bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Organisational Culture in Schools and Readiness of Teachers for Those Changes
Authors: Salumaa Tarmo 
Published: August 2009

Changes in Organisational Culture in Schools and Readiness of Teachers for Those Changes
An investigation into Estonia's educators' representations of organisational culture, based on the typologies of R. Harrison and C. Handy, and into the educators' cognitive orientation on the basis of J. Rotter's internality/externality scale was carried out. The aim was to determine, whether the organisational culture in Estonia's schools supports the sustainable development of teachers. The study revealed that amongst Estonia's teachers the individuality-oriented individualistic culture dominated, and that almost half of the teachers had an external locus of control. The conclusion was drawn that the culture of learning organisation was not characteristic of Estonia's schools, while that type of culture would best support the professional and sustainable development of teachers.
Education Policies and Teacher Education Programs: Meeting the Millennium Development Goals
Authors: Ololube Nwachukwu , Egbezor Daniel , Kpolovie Peter 
Published: August 2009

Education Policies and Teacher Education Programs: Meeting the Millennium Development Goals
This paper explores the present situation regarding the education policies and teacher education programs in Nigeria in light of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) cited in the 2000 United Nations Millennium Declaration. The MDGs declaration helped awaken nations to the need for structural features that empower education policy makers and planners in creating effective educational systems. A survey was used to gather data from teachers and school administrators in Nigeria. The data suggested that both teachers and school administrators are discontented with the lethargic policies and implementation of programs in meeting global standards. In particular, the empiric data could be useful for education policymakers, planners, administrators, and researchers who need information that might help them to improve their activities and deal with the controversial issues.
Genotoxic mechanisms for the carcinogenicity of the environmental pollutants and carcinogens o-anisidine and 2-nitroanisole follow from adducts generated by their metabolite N-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine with deoxyguanosine in DNA
Authors: Stiborová Marie , Naiman Karel , Martínková Markéta , Martínek Václav , Svobodová Martina , Schmeiser Heinz , Frei Eva 
Published: August 2009

Genotoxic mechanisms for the carcinogenicity of the environmental pollutants and carcinogenso-anisidine and 2-nitroanisole follow from adducts generated by their metaboliteN-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine with deoxyguanosine in DNAAn aromatic amine,o-anisidine (2-methoxyaniline) and its oxidative counterpart, 2-nitroanisole (2-methoxynitrobenzene), are the industrial and environmental pollutants causing tumors of the urinary bladder in rats and mice. Both carcinogens are activated to the same proximate carcinogenic metabolite,N-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine, which spontaneously decomposes to nitrenium and/or carbenium ions responsible for formation of deoxyguanosine adducts in DNAin vitroandin vivo. In other words, generation ofN-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine is responsible for the genotoxic mechanisms of the o-anisidine and 2-nitroanisole carcinogenicity. Analogous enzymes of human and rat livers are capable of activating these carcinogens. Namely, human and rat cytochorme P450 2E1 is the major enzyme oxidizingo-anisidine toN-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine, while xanthine oxidase of both species reduces 2-nitroanisole to this metabolite. Likewise,O-demethylation of 2-nitroanisole, which is the detoxication pathway of its metabolism, is also catalyzed by the same human and rat enzyme, cytochorme P450 2E1. The results demonstrate that the rat is a suitable animal model mimicking the fate of both carcinogens in humans and suggest that both compounds are potential carcinogens also for humans.
Muscle Deficits Persist After Unilateral Knee Replacement and Have Implications for Rehabilitation
Authors: Valtonen Anu , Pöyhönen Tapani , Heinonen Ari , Sipilä Sarianna 
Published: August 2009

BackgroundKnee joint arthritis causes pain, decreased range of motion, and mobility limitation. Knee replacement reduces pain effectively. However, people with knee replacement have decreases in muscle strength (“force-generating capacity”) of the involved leg and difficulties with walking and other physical activities.Objective and DesignThe aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the extent of deficits in knee extensor and flexor muscle torque and power (ability to perform work over time) and in the extensor muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) after knee joint replacement. In addition, the association of lower-leg muscle deficits with mobility limitations was investigated.MethodsParticipants were 29 women and 19 men who were 55 to 75 years old and had undergone unilateral knee replacement surgery an average of 10 months earlier. The maximal torque and power of the knee extensor and flexor muscles were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. The knee extensor muscle CSA was measured with computed tomography. The symmetry deficit between the knee that underwent replacement surgery (“operated knee”) and the knee that did not undergo replacement surgery (“nonoperated knee”) was calculated. Maximal walking speed and stair-ascending and stair-descending times were assessed.ResultsThe mean deficits in knee extensor and flexor muscle torque and power were between 13% and 27%, and the mean deficit in the extensor muscle CSA was 14%. A larger deficit in knee extension power predicted slower stair-ascending and stair-descending times. This relationship remained unchanged when the power of the nonoperated side and the potential confounding factors were taken into account.LimitationsThe study sample consisted of people who were relatively healthy and mobile. Some participants had osteoarthritis in the nonoperated knee.ConclusionsDeficits in muscle torque and power and in the extensor muscle CSA were present 10 months after knee replacement, potentially causing limitations in negotiating stairs. To prevent mobility limitations and disability, deficits in lower-limb power should be considered during rehabilitation after knee replacement.
Millennially averaged accumulation rates for the Vostok Subglacial Lake region inferred from deep internal layers
Authors: MacGregor Joseph A. , Matsuoka Kenichi , Koutnik Michelle R. , Waddington Edwin D. , Studinger Michael , Winebrenner Dale P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAccumulation rates and their spatio-temporal variability are important boundary conditions for ice-flow models. The depths of radar-detected internal layers can be used to infer the spatial variability of accumulation rates. Here we infer accumulation rates from three radar layers (26, 35 and 41 ka old) in the Vostok Subglacial Lake region using two methods: (1) the local-layer approximation (LLA) and (2) a combination of steady-state flowband modeling and formal inverse methods. The LLA assumes that the strain-rate history of a particle traveling through the ice sheet can be approximated by the vertical strain-rate profile at the current position of the particle, which we further assume is uniform. The flowband model, however, can account for upstream strain-rate gradients. We use the LLA to map accumulation rates over a 150 km × 350 km area, and we apply the flowband model along four flowbands. The LLA accumulation-rate map shows higher values in the northwestern corner of our study area and lower values near the downstream shoreline of the lake. These features are also present but less distinct in the flowband accumulation-rate profiles. The LLA-inferred accumulation-rate patterns over the three time periods are all similar, suggesting that the regional pattern did not change significantly between the start of the Holocene and the last ~20 ka of the last Glacial Period. However, the accumulation-rate profiles inferred from the flowband model suggest changes during that period of up to 1 cma–1 or ~50% of the inferred values.
Mesocrystals—Ordered Nanoparticle Superstructures
Authors: Song Rui‐Qi , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMesocrystals are 3D ordered nanoparticle superstructures, often with internal porosity, which receive much recent research interest. While more and more mesocrystal systems are found in biomineralization or synthesized, their potential as material still needs to be explored. It needs to be revealed, which new chemical and physical properties arise from the mesocrystal structure, or how they change by the ordered aggregation of nanoparticles to fully exploit the promising potential of mesocrystals. Also, the mechanisms for mesocrystal synthesis need to be explored to adapt it to a wide class of materials. The last three years have seen remarkable progress, which is summarized here. Also potential future directions of this reaserch field are discussed. This shows the importance of mesocrystals not only for the field of materials research and allows the appliction of mesocrystals in advanced materials synthesis or property improvement of existing materials. It also outlines attractive research directions in this field.
Brains versus brawn: An empirical test of Barker's brain sparing model
Authors: Baker Jack , Workman Megan , Bedrick Edward , Frey M. Anderson , Hurtado Magdalena , Pearson Osbjorn 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Barker model of the in utero origins of diminished muscle mass in those born small invokes the adaptive “sparing” of brain tissue development at the expense of muscle. Though compelling, to date this model has not been directly tested. This article develops an allometric framework for testing the principal prediction of the Barker model—that among those born small muscle mass is sacrificed to spare brain growth—then evaluates this hypothesis using data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). The results indicate clear support for a negative relationship between the allometric development of the two tissues; however, a further consideration of conserved mammalian fetal circulatory patterns suggests the possibility that system‐constrained patterns of developmental damage and “bet‐hedging” responses in affected tissues may provide a more adequate explanation of the results. Far from signaling the end of studies of adaptive developmental programming, this perspective may open a promising new avenue of inquiry within the fields of human biology and the developmental origins of health and disease. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contractures and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a novel FHL1 mutation
Authors: Knoblauch Hans , Geier Christian , Adams Stephanie , Budde Birgit , Rudolph André , Zacharias Ute , Schulz‐Menger Jeannette , Spuler Andreas , Yaou Rabah Ben , Nürnberg Peter , Voit Thomas , Bonne Gisele , Spuler Simone 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe investigated a large German family (n = 37) with male members who had contractures, rigid spine syndrome, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Muscle weakness or atrophy was not prominent in affected individuals. Muscle biopsy disclosed a myopathic pattern with cytoplasmic bodies. We used microsatellite markers and found linkage to a locus at Xq26‐28, a region harboring the FHL1 gene. We sequenced FHL1 and identified a new missense mutation within the third LIM domain that replaces a highly conserved cysteine by an arginine (c.625T>C; p.C209R). Our finding expands the phenotypic spectrum of the recently identified FHL1‐associated myopathies and widens the differential diagnosis of Emery–Dreifuss–like syndromes. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:136–140
The child is father to the man: Developmental roles for proteins of importance for neurodegenerative disease
Authors: Rogers Danny , Schor Nina F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAlthough Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases predominately affect elderly adults, the proteins that play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases are expressed throughout life. In fact, many of the proteins hypothesized to be important in the progression of neurodegeneration play direct or indirect roles in the development of the central nervous system. The systems affected by these proteins include neural stem cell fate decisions, neuronal differentiation, cellular migration, protection from oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. Insights into the developmental roles of these proteins may ultimately impact the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and lead to the discovery of novel treatments. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:151–158
Synthesis, structure and muscarinic agonist activity of substitutedN‐(silatran‐1‐ylmethyl)acetamides
Authors: Pukhalskaya Vera G. , Kramarova Eugeniya P. , Kozaeva Larisa P. , Korlyukov Alexander A. , Shipov Alexander G. , Bylikin Sergey Yu. , Negrebetsky Vadim V. , Poryadin Gennady V. , Baukov Yuri I. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSubstitutedN‐(silatran‐1‐ylmethyl)acetamides,N‐methyl‐N‐[1‐(3′,7′,10′‐trimethylsilatran‐1‐yl)methyl]acetamide (2a) andN‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐[1‐(3′,7′,10′‐trimethylsilatran‐1‐yl)methyl]acetamide (2b) were prepared by the reactions of triisopropanolamine withN‐methyl‐N‐(trimethoxysilylmethyl)acetamide (1a) and 2,2‐dimethoxy‐4‐acetyl‐1‐oxa‐4‐aza‐2‐silacyclohexane (1b), respectively. According to X‐ray data, the structures of the silatrane moieties are superpositions of unsymmetrical and symmetrical stereoisomers. The O → Si coordination between the central atom and exocyclic substituent is absent in both compounds. Silatranes 2a and 2b are partial muscarinic agonists which demonstrate submaximal effect and mimic the effect of acetylcholine by binding directly to cholinoreceptors of the ileal smooth muscle. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis in polymeric membrane reactors: the membrane role
Authors: Buonomenna M.G. , Choi S.H. , Drioli E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPolymeric catalytic membrane reactors (PCMRs) combine a polymeric membrane that controls transfers and a catalyst that provides conversion. This review focuses on the polymeric membrane. Depending on the application, the micro‐environment of the catalyst in the PCMR may be quite different from that existing in conventional reactors. This could originate different performances of the catalyst properties compared to its use without membrane. In some cases, catalysts for use in PCMR might require a specific design.In particular, the study of PCMR is a multidisciplinary activity, including material science, chemistry, and chemical engineering. Membrane based reactive separation processes, which combine two distinct functions, i.e. reaction and separation, have been around as a concept since the early stages of the membrane field itself, but have only attracted substantial technical interest during the last decade or so. Liquid phase catalytic oxidations are involved in numerous industrial processes ranging from fine to bulk chemical synthesis. PCMR polymeric membranes may also play a significant role in this field. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane reactor modelling, validation and simulation for the WGS reaction using metal doped silica membranes
Authors: Battersby S. , Ladewig B. P. , Duke M. , Rudolph V. , Diniz da Costa J. C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this work, a Matlab Simulink© model was developed to analyse and predict the performance of a metal doped silica membrane reactor for H2 production via both the high and low temperature water gas shift reaction. An activated transport model for mixed gas separation with combined reaction was developed to model the effects within a membrane reactor unit. The membrane reactor was modelled as a number of perfectly mixed compartments containing a catalyst bed and a gas selective membrane. The combined model provided a good fit to experimentally measured results for higher conversions up to equilibrium, which is generally the case for industrial applications. Simulation results showed that H2 separation and H2 recovery improved with pressure, due to the H2 concentration driving force across the membrane. For a single stage membrane reactor unit, a maximum conversion of 93% could be achieved with a H2 recovery rate of 95%. In addition, the membrane reactor efficiency increased at higher temperatures and lower H2O:CO feed ratios, allowing for CO conversion improvements by the membrane reactor. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a perfluorocarbon‐Pluronic F 68‐based emulsion on a Phanerochaete chrysosporium biofilm immobilised in a membrane gradostat bioreactor
Authors: Ntwampe S. K. O. , Sheldon M. S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe present study highlights the application of perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB), an oxygen carrier, in a fixed‐film membrane gradostat reactors (MGRs) in which biofilms of Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKMF‐1767 (ATCC 24725) were immobilised. The nutrient medium used in the MGRs was supplemented with PFOB and Pluronic F 68 (PF 68) to alleviate limitations associated with the performance of the immobilised fungus. Lower lignin peroxidase production in PFOB/PF 68 cultures was observed compared to manganese peroxidase production, suggesting an insignificant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lipid peroxidation, quantified by the formation of malondialdehyde, was lower in the immobilised cultures. After successfully applying PFOB and PF 68 to immobilised P. chrysosporium biofilms in the MGRs, the following results were obtained:1 reduced ethanol production,2 reduced trace element accumulation,3 lower β‐glucan production and4 an improved dissolved oxygen penetration ratio in the immobilised biofilms. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive design
Authors: Faust Jurgen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article is focused on the changes needed in design to create positive solutions for all involved in design processes. It draws upon the rich discussion and discourse from a conference focused on positive design involving managers, designers, and IT specialists, all focused on overcoming the problem‐based focus and decision paradigms to enhance all phases of the design processes to develop sustainable solutions for real issues in a changing world. Therefore, all fields using design, consciously or not, including management, Information Communication Technology (ICT), and designers as well, need to redesign their processes and first rethink their design paradigms on a meta level.
Disorderly reasoning in information design
Authors: Hall Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe importance of information visualization as a means of transforming data into visual, understandable form is now embraced across university campuses and research institutes world‐wide. Yet, the role of designers in this field of activity is often overlooked by the dominant scientific and technological interests in data visualization, and a corporate culture reliant on off‐the‐shelf visualization tools. This article is an attempt to describe the value of design thinking in information visualization with reference to Horst Rittel's (1988) definition of “disorderly reasoning,” and to frame design as a critical act of translating between scientific, technical, and aesthetic interests.
Communication clothing design
Authors: Gupta Sanjay 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCommunicative clothing is emerging as the next generation of intelligent clothing, with communication being achieved between clothing and the wearer or between clothing and the external environment or people. In both cases, “communicative” clothing refers to any clothing or textile accessory that receives or emits information out of the structure that composes it. The market for this clothing is foreseen in specific area applications, including professionals, healthcare, everyday life, sports or leisure, and so on; however, large‐volume production and application in everyday use is still a dream for manufacturers. One of the main roadblocks to successful adoption of these technologies among fashion designers and retailers is that access to ready materials with which to experiment and develop commercially successful products is limited. Communication clothing is the result of integration of a number of different technical elements such as control interfaces, sensors, data‐processing devices, output devices, energy sources, and connectors. It is reasonable to expect that these technologies/elements are known and available as standard tools and accessories, usable by fashion designers to add value to any garment ensemble.
From craft to production: Technology transfer in extreme textiles
Authors: McQuaid Matilda 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIncredible innovations are being made in the world of textiles due to collaborations across disciplines that allow incorporation of technology and textiles. The author uses research she did to curate the Cooper‐Hewitt National Design Museum's 2005 exhibit Extreme Textiles: Designing for High Performance to further explore developments in textile engineering in aerospace, the military, athletics, and architecture that benefit from technology transfer, or moving a technology developed for one organization or environment into another. Through these collaborations, ways of using “smart” or “electronic” textiles, which can sense and react to their environments, have made significant advancements—developments that have proven useful not only in the field for which they are intended but across industries. Craft, particularly embroidery, is an important piece of this work, often providing the answer to the questions of, for example, how to keep circuitry closed, as with the Antennae Vest, or how to maintain aesthetics of conductive fabrics, as with the Fuzzy Light Switch. The author demonstrates how textiles, as a craft, fit easily with contemporary technology.
Cell adhesion on ligand gradient substrates: A thermodynamic study
Authors: Sarvestani Alireza S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGradient distribution of bio‐adhesive proteins can regulate multiple cellular processes, including adhesion, growth, and migration. The ability to control the cell function by changing the surface density of immobilized ligands has become increasingly important in design of implantable medical devices and tissue regenerating scaffolds. Recent techniques in fabrication of substrates with controlled surface properties allow the examination of cell sensitivity to a wide range of adhesion gradients. Understanding the mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to these directional cues warrants a quantitative assessment of macroscopic cellular response to the surface gradients, supported by predictive theoretical models. This article presents a theoretical basis to examine the effect of ligand gradients on cellular adhesion, using an equilibrium thermodynamic model. The model facilitates a systematic investigation of the complex interplay of cell–substrate specific adhesions, non‐specific repulsions, and membrane elasticity. This purely mechanistic model predicts a biphasic dependence between the extent of cell spreading and its position across the gradient substrate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 172–183. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.