bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The excretion of Salmonella typhimurium in the faeces of calves fed milk substitute
Authors: Hinton M. , Ali E. A. , Allen Vivien , Linton A. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 495 calves in 16 batches were examined (117 calves in 4 batches in 1979 and 378 in 12 batches in 1982). They were purchased in markets, transported by road to a farm in Somerset and reared ona milk substitute diet for a period of up to five weeks. Salmonella typhimurium phage type DT 193 was endemic in 1979 and phage type DT 204c in 1982. The mortality rates in the two years were 9·4% and 1·9% respectively. The causes of death were not investigated although the majority were probably due to salmonellosis.The rate of isolation of S. typhimurium from the rectal faeces of calves in all groups was either zero or relatively low on arrival. It rose to a peak (which was higher in 1979) in the second or third weeks before declining to low levels by the end of the fourth week of residence on the farm.Data from 162 calves, examined twice weekly for four weeks in 1982, indicated that the distributionof infected calves, based on the number of times that S. typhimurium was isolated from each, was not random. The calves could be assigned to two main categories; those from which the organism was never isolated and those from which it was isolated at least twice. This suggested that salmonella infected calves actively excreted the organism.The association between salmonella excretion and medication of sick animals with antibacterial drugs was strongest during the second week. Over the four-week period nearly 40% of the calves found to be excreting S. typhimurium were not treated, indicating a high incidence of subclinical infection.Salmonella excretion by the calves followed a regular pattern and infection was self-limiting within five weeks. The peak in the salmonella excretion rate and the mortality rate were higher in 1979 when phage type DT 193 was the endemic strain. However, in 1982 the calves received 100 p.p.m. furazolidone in their milk ration during the first week of their stay on the farm, and this may have contributed to the differences noted between the two years.
Campylobacter jejunias a bacterial cause of diarrhoea in Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Authors: Olusanya O. , Adebayo J. O. , Williams Bolanle 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 495 diarrhoea and non-diarrhoea patients whose ages ranged between 5 and 39 years were examined for the presence ofCampylobacter jejuni, SalmonellaandShigellaspecies. About 12% of the specimens from diarrhoea patients were positive forCampylobacter jejunicompared with 6% and 10% forSalmonellaandShigellaspecies. In contrast 2%, 0% and 1% of the samples from non-diarrhoea patients were positive forCampylobacter jejuni, SalmonellaandShigellaspecies respectively.Most (62%) of theCampylobacter jejunifrom diarrhoea patients were isolated from children under the age of 10 years. This compared with 26 % and 37 % forSalmonellaandShigellaspecies in this age group. The frequency of isolation ofCampylobacter jejuniin diarrhoea patients was highest during the dry months of the year. This study demonstrates the importance ofCarnpylobacter jejunias a major bacterial cause of diarrhoea in this part of the world.
Epidemiological features of an outbreak of gastroenteritis/cholera in Katsina, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Umoh J. U. , Adesiyun A. A. , Adekeye J. O. , Nadarajah M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn April 1982, Katsina, in Northern Nigeria, was affected by an outbreak of gastroenteritis associated withVibrio choleraeserotype ‘Ogawa’ and 662 patients were admitted to the Katsina General Hospital during a 16-week period. The outbreak affected all ages and both sexes and all parts of the town and its immediate surroundings except the Government Residential Area (GRA). The overall case fatality rate was 7·7%. Male specific case fatality and female specific case fatality rates were 9·7 and 6·2% respectively. ‘Adults’ and those in the 11–20 and 21–30 age groups accounted for most of the cases. The epidemic curve was of a propagated and protracted nature. About 51·7% of all the patients spent between 2 and 5 days in the hospital. A similar pattern was observed for all age groups regardless of sex.Cholera vibrio ‘Ogawa’, Shigellaspp.,Salmonellaspp.,Proteusspp. andEscherichia coliwere isolated from 16 patients. All well-water samples obtained from the compounds of the cases were contaminated with MPN/100 ml index ranging from 540 to greater than 2400. All samples were positive for faecal coliforms.Salmonellaspp.,Shigellaspp.,Proteusspp. and non-0, group 1 (non-0 1)V. choleraewere isolated. Water sellers probably facilitated the spread of the outbreak.
Bacterial meningitis in Nottingham
Authors: Ispahani P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYRecords of 171 cases of bacterial meningitis admitted to Nottingham hospitals from January 1974 to June 1980 were reviewed. The distribution of organisms producing meningitis and the factors influencing mortality in different age groups were assessed. Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus infiuenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 69% of all proven cases. The overall mortality was 26% being lowest in patients with meningococcal meningitis (0%) and highest in those with pneumococcal meningitis (53%). The following factors were associated with a poor prognosis: age more than 40 years, or less than 2 months; state of consciousness on admission; high CSF protein concentration; and a positive blood culture. There was no evidence that antibiotic therapy prior to admission affected prognosis. Although many laboratory findings were altered by prior treatment with antibiotics, this did not prevent the establishment of a diagnosis in the individual patient.
Microbial investigation of the air in an apartment building
Authors: Simard Carole , Trudel Michel , Paquette Gilles , Payment Pierre 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe microbial and viral flora in the ventilating ducts of an apartment building was evaluated. Several types of sampler (slit sampler, Andersen sampler, large volume air sampler) were used to evaluate the hourly, weekly and seasonal variation of this flora. The mean bacterial concentration was 17·2 c.f.u./m3with a maximum level at 07.30 h (41·3 c.f.u./m3) and a minimal concentration in the early afternoon (8 c.f.u./m3). The bacterial concentration observed correlated with the relative humidity in the air-ducts although there were no seasonal differences. The bacteria were mainly gram-positive cocci (73·5%) represented by a large number ofMicrococcaceae(47·1 %); gram-positive bacilli accounted for 14·2% of the isolates, gram-negative bacilli 120% and gram-negative cocci 0–3%. The majority of the bacteria-carrying particles were in the respirable range with 80·4 % of them being less than 5 γm. The methods used did not result in the isolation of viruses during the winter sampling period.
Recognition of historic influenza epidemics from parish burial records: a test of prediction from a new hypothesis of influenzal epidemiology
Authors: Hope-Simpson R. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYOn the current conception of the epidemiology of epidemic influenza, as caused by a mechanism of direct spread of the virus from the sick, epidemics must have travelled much more slowly in former times than at present. In contrast, a new hypothesis involving virus latency with seasonal reactivation predicts that in previous centuries influenza epidemics would have spread across the country at much the same speed as in the twentieth century. The study of burial registers in Gloucestershire parishes reported in this paper shows that lethal influenza epidemics at least as early as the sixteenth century can be recognized and dated as at present by the characteristic brief but large excess mortality that they cause. Examples are given showing that the character of the excess mortality caused by lethal influenza has not changed significantly over the centuries, a finding that supports the prediction of the new hypothesis but would not be expected on the current conception of influenzal epidemiology.In each century, influenzal excess mortalities in Gloucestershire parishes coincided with the date of the relevant influenza epidemic as recorded from widely different parts of Britain, thus further supporting the prediction of the new hypothesis as against current conceptions.
Epidemiology of BHV 1 virus infections in dairy herds
Authors: van Nieuwstadt A. P. , Verhoeff J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1) infections was studied in 20 dairy herds. Periodic serological surveillance of these herds during three consecutive years (1980–82) was combined with clinical studies. In 19 herds seropositive cows were found indicating previous exposure to BHV 1.One herd had its first experience with BHV 1 during the study. No indication of virus circulation for at least three years was found in eight herds. In five herds an interval of 2 years without an indication of virus circulation was followed by infections in yearlings, first- and second-calf cows during the third year. One or two cycles of virus circulation in calves and/or yearlings during the 3 year survey were detected in six herds. Most BHV 1 infections passed unnoticed. Signs of respiratory disease inassociation with BHV 1 infection were observed in three herds: young animals were most seriously affected. Clinical manifestations of BHV 1 infections were less pronounced than a few years ago when infections in cows caused frank signs and diagnosis was frequently possible on the basis of a typical clinical picture. BHV 1 was the cause of abortions in the herd that experienced its first infections during thissurvey. A survey of the age-specific BHV 1 neutralizing antibody pattern may be helpful for tracing animals and herds at risk of an outbreak of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis.
Efficacy of alpha-chlorhydrin in sewer rat control
Authors: Andrews R. V. , Belknap R. W. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA single application of the male chemosterilant, α-chlorhydrin, to a problem sewer rat infestation resulted in reductions of rat numbers and distribution which was comparable to effects of warfarin baiting methods. Rat numbers were reduced by more than 85% by both methods. More rapid mortality and recruitment were evident for warfarin effects; the α-chlorhydrin treated population had a longer lag phase of growth so that reinfestation of sewer habitat to pre-treatment numbers, and distribution over a 40 square block area, required approximately 1·5–2 times longer after α-chlorhydrin treatment when compared with warfarin treatment. Comparisons of changes in rat densities in infested sewers following the two treatments indicate that recovery of warfarin treated populations is achieved by reproductive recruitment followed by dispersal while α-chlorhydrin treated populations recover by slower immigration and later reproductive recruitment. Alpha-chlorohydrin should be a useful addition to a limited arsenal of rat control agents because of its specificity for the Norway rat, its single dose effectiveness as a toxicant-chemosterilant, and its short environmental half-life.
Nocardial infection of the skin
Authors: Hay R. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThis paper describes the relationship between different forms of nocardia infection involving the skin. The best recognized of these conditions are systemic nocardiosis and actinomycetoma due toNocardiaspp. in which the organisms are present in either filamentous or grain form respectively. Attention is drawn to evidence for the existence of a primary cutaneous form of nocardiosis which follows inoculation and in which the organisms grow in filamentous phase. It is not clear whether such cases can progress to mycetoma formation if left untreated, or whether other factors are involved. The clinical and laboratory features of these different clinical varieties of nocardia infection are discussed.
A comparison of two modifications of Rappaport's enrichment medium (R25 and RV) for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage polluted natural water
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe development of Rappaport's enrichment medium and elevated temperature incubation as methods of salmonella isolation is traced. The recent recording of a merger of the two techniques by means of Rappaport–Vassiliadis medium is noted (RV medium).In Cardiff, we have found an earlier modification of Rappaport's enrichment (R25) by Vassiliadis to be efficient in salmonella recovery from environment samples. The current study compares the two media using sewage polluted natural water as test material. Under the conditions of experiment, R25 was more successful in salmonella isolation than RV, although the latter medium inhibited competitive organisms better.R25 is a convenient enrichment broth for routine use. In combination with pre-enrichment it allows the use of a loop for subculture rather than a pipette. This increases safe manipulation. It also produces a high proportion of positive isolations at the 24 h subculture time in contrast to other enrichment broths. For these reasons it forms an integral part of salmonella isolation methodology in our laboratory.
Resistance ofEscherichia coliin faeces and the use of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of hospital patients
Authors: Degener J. E. , Smit A. C. W. , Michel M. F. , Valkenburg H. A. , Muller L. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYResistance of faecalEscherichia colito ampicillin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole and gentamicin was studied in patients admitted to seven different departments in two hospitals. The resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline and sulphamethoxazole in the seven patient groups was 27–57%, 26–56% and 35–63%, respectively. Resistance to gentamicin was found in only one department. AnE. coliflora predominantly resistant to ampicillin, tetracycline or sulphamethoxazole (> 50% of theE. colistrains in a faecal sample resistant) was found in 10–38%, 4–30% and 21–35% of the samples. A cross-sectional study focusing on the influence of the use of antimicrobial agents on the occurrence of resistant strains revealed a positive correlation between the annual turnover of broad-spectrum penicillins in various departments and the occurrence of predominantly ampicillin-resistantE. colistrains in these departments.
Assessment of the remanent antibacterial effect of a 2% triclosan-detergent preparation on the skin
Authors: Bartzokas C. A. , Corkill J. E. , Makin T. , Pinder D. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA method of quantifying the remanent antibacterial effect of a 2% triclosan preparation in detergent following three consecutive applications on the forearm of 20 volunteers over 2 h, is described with reference to its efficacy against a gentamicin-and multiply-resistant scrotype ofKlebsiella aerogenes. The relevance of the residual activity of triclosan and other skin antiseptics in surgical and hygienic hand disinfection are discussed.
Persistent streptococcal throat infection in a preparatory school for boys
Authors: Briscoe J. H. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn outbreak of streptococcal throat infection which took place in a preparatory school for boys (some of whom were choristers) over three terms from November 1983 to June 1984 is described. Typing of the organism revealed that four successive outbreaks, each due to a different type, had occurred. Thirty-nine per cent of the boys were affected, the incidence of infection being higher among boarders than day boys. Infection seemed to spread via the forms, dormitories and choir. Recurrent attacks occurred in 32% of infected boys. The complication rate was 8%. Treatment with penicillin was always effective but did not prevent reinfection. Suggestions for the management of an outbreak of sore throat in a school are given.
Growth and enterotoxin production ofStaphylococcus aureusin shrimp
Authors: Beckers H. J. , van Leusden F. M. , Tips P. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYStrains ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from shrimp were examined for phage pattern and enterotoxin production; 63% of the strains isolated from North Sea shrimp were typable with the International and additional set of phages, as were 38% of the strains isolated from South-East Asian shrimp. Staphylococcal enterotoxin(s) (SE) were produced by 48% and 35% of strains isolated from North Sea and South-East Asian shrimp respectively. Growth and enterotoxin production byS. aureusin shrimp was examined in storage experiments at 22 °C.S. aureusincreased by 1–2 log units in 24 h when the organism was only a minor part of the total microflora of shrimp. WhenS. aureuswas an equivalent part of the total flora its numbers increased by 3–4 log units in 24 h. Enterotoxins A and B became detectable when the number ofS. aureusexceeded 107per g in aseptically peeled shrimp. Results indicate thatS. aureusis able to produce enterotoxin in shrimp, but its production depends upon a number of factors, including the relationship betweenS. aureusand competitive micro-organisms. It is concluded that the presence ofS. aureuson commercially produced shrimp represents a potential hazard to health.
Antibiotic-resistant pneumococci in hospitalized children
Authors: Robins-Browne R. M. , Kharsany Ayesha B. M. , Koornhof H. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA search for nasopharyngeal carriers ofStreptococcus pneumoniaewas conducted in 573 children hospitalized in Durban, South Africa. Study subjects were divided into two groups, comprising 305 new admissions and 268 patients who had been hospitalized for more than 24 h. Of the 573 children 178(31%) yielded pneumococci on nasopharyngeal culture; 99 (32%) and 79 (29%) children in the new admission and in-patient categories respectively. Twenty-one (12%) pneumococci were resistant to penicillin, including 11 strains that were resistant to more than one antibiotic. Resistant pneumoeoeei belonged exclusively to serotypes 6 and 19 (Danish nomenclature), which were also the commonest serotypes among penicillin-sensitive strains. Factors that correlated with carriage of penicillin-resistant Pneumococci were hospitalization for more than 24 h, young age and recent exposure to beta-lactam antibiotics.
Epidemiological and bacteriological investigation ofSerratia marcescensepidemic in a nursery and in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Montanaro D. , Grasso G. M. , Annino I. , de Ruggiero N. , Scarcella A. , Schioppa F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn epidemic caused bySerratia marcescensthat involved 26 infants admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and 82 infants admitted to the Nursery of the 2nd Medical School of Naples is reported. Two different biotypes ofS. marcescenswith two completely different epidemiological patterns were identified. The prevalent biotype (A8b trigonelline –) was isolated in the delivery room, in the operating room, in the Nursery and in the NICU from items, healthy infant excreters and affected infants; the second biotype (A3a) was isolated only in the NICU from staff, two healthy infant excreters and two affected infants. Colonization of the throat and the gastrointestinal tract was frequent. Infected and colonized infants were the most important reservoir for serratia in the Nursery and in the NICU particularly for the type strain A3a. A mucus aspiration apparatus contaminated in the delivery room and the contamination of several instruments and items probably had a major role in the initiation and maintenance of the spread of the A8b strain. Mass contamination of the nursery has been related to overcrowding and a lack of the control measures; the transfer of high-risk colonized infants caused spread in the NICU.In the NICU the attack rate was 26%; 69% of infants became ill; the case fatality ratio was 19%. Epidemiological investigation of the infants at risk showed some factors predisposing to infection with serratia. The hygienic measures failed to control the spread of serratia and it was necessary to refuse new admissions to pregnant women in order to decontaminate and re-organize the wards.
Susceptibility of various animals to the vesiculovirus Piry
Authors: Wilks C. R. , House J. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTo determine the pathogenic potential of the vesiculovirus Piry for domestic animals, two ponies, two steers, three sheep, three goats and three pigs were inoculated intradermally in the tongue or, in the case of the pigs, in the snout, heel and coronary band. Inoculated animals were housed in one room and allowed to mingle freely with an equal number of uninoculated contact animals of each species. Clinical signs of infection, consisting of elevated temperature and ulcers at the inoculation sites, were only observed in the ponies, but all inoculated animals developed specific antibody following inoculation. In addition, one of the contact sheep had neutralizing antibody to Piry at 7 and 29 days post inoculation suggesting a contact infection. Virus was not demonstrated in tissues, other than tongue, of any animal.The failure of Piry virus to produce lesions in steers, sheep, goats and pigs and only limited ulcerations in ponies suggests that this virus is not similar pathogenically to New Jersey and Indiana strains of vesiculoviruses which produce classical vesicular stomatitis.Lethal infections were produced by inoculation into suckling mice and hamsters, adult hamsters and embryonating chicken eggs. Further, lethal infections followed contact of adult female hamsters with their inoculated litters.
A one-year survey of campylobacter enteritis and other forms of bacterial diarrhoea in Hong Kong
Authors: Ho B. S. W. , Wong W. T. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe following enteropathogens were isolated from the faeces of 769 (10·2%) of 7,545 patients of whom 5,704 had diarrhoea or abdominal pain, attending a teaching hospital in Hong Kong during one year: salmonellae 458 (6·1%);Vibrio parahaemolyticus125 (1·7%); campylobacters 108 (1·4%); shigellae 83 (1·1%); others 19 (0·3 %). Further identification of the campylobacter isolates showed that 63 (58%) wereCampylobacter jejunibiotype 1, 44 (41%) wereC. coliand only one wasC. jejunibiotype 2. Seventy-five (69%) of the 108 campylobacters were isolated from children under two years of age, mostly during the second year of life. Faecal specimens from 1,841 children under the age of two years without gastrointestinal symptoms yielded almost the same percentages of salmonellae, campylobacters and shigellae as children with diarrhoea.Salmonellae, shigellae and vibrios were isolated most often in the hot late summer months (August to October), but, contrary to the pattern in Europe and North America, bothC. jejuniandC. coliwere most prevalent in the coolest months of the year (January to March). The reasons for this ‘reversed’ trend are unknown.