bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Cracking of Vulcanized Rubber
Authors: Turner H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Surface cracking of vulcanized rubber has been the subject of a number of publications, to which reference has been made in an excellent summary by Evans (Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind., 5, 442 (1930)). Others have followed since that summary appeared and reference will be made to some of them. Certain conditions are commonly believed to be essential for cracking to take place. Van Rossem and Talen (Kautschuk, 7, 79, 115 (1931)), as a result of a comprehensive and valuable investigation of the subject, came to the conclusion that two factors are necessary, (1) stretching of the rubber, and (2) the action of ozone. The first conclusion, as is pointed out, is in agreement with the work of Haushalter (India Rubber J., 70, 897 (1925)) and of Kearsley (Rubber Age (New York), 27, 649 (1930)). Williams (Ind. Eng. Chem., 18, 367 (1926)) had previously attributed cracking to ozone, and stated that it had no effect on unstrained rubber. Shepard, Krall, and Morris (Ibid., 615) also found no cracking of unstretched samples when exposed to sunlight for months. That stretching is always necessary is not accepted by Merz (Kautschuk, 8, 73 (1932)), who conducted experiments with “collapsible boat materials” and obtained cracking on exposing the samples out of doors in an unstretched condition.
Studies on the Nature of the Action of Organic Accelerators for Rubber Vulcanization. VII. The Effect of Heat on the Surface Tension of Rubber Solutions
Authors: Shimada Keiichi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In the previous paper on the effect of heat on the viscosity of rubber solutions (J. Rubber Soc., Japan,3, 413 (1931)), the present author suggested that the reduction in viscosity of dilute solutions of rubber on heating is probably a sign of depolymerization and not of physical disaggregation. In this report, the surface tension of rubber solutions has been investigated in an attempt to elucidate the effect of heat on rubber solutions and to draw some more definite conclusions. It should be possible, in the author's opinion, to detect depolymerization of rubber molecules by observing the surface tension variations of rubber solutions on heating, since the depolymerization of rubber would produce molecules differing widely in physical and chemical properties from the polymerized substance, and having most probably a different effect on the surface tension of the solution, whereas disaggregation of the dissolved substance in a solution is likely to produce no change in the surface tension, as aggregation implies merely coalescing particles to form larger groups, with no change in molecular species. it is possible that in solution a dynamic equilibrium exists between the particles and the aggregates, though the actual concentration of disaggregated material may be small. The results of the present work offer support to the theory that the effect of heat on dilute rubber solutions involves chemical depolymerization, that is, a breaking up of the long rubber molecules into shorter ones.
Silver–Polymer Composite Stars: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Homan Kimberly A. , Chen Jeffrey , Schiano Adriane , Mohamed Mona , Willets Katherine A. , Murugesan Sankaran , Stevenson Keith J. , Emelianov Stanislav 
Published: February 2011

AbstractColloidal “silver stars” were synthesized upon poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic) acid nanosphere templates via a facile two‐step silver reduction method. Myriad dendrimer‐like Ag star morphologies were synthesized by varying the amount of poly(vinyl alcohol) and trisodium citrate used during silver reduction. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that star‐shaped silver–polymer composites possessing nanoscopic, fractal morphologies with diameters ranging from 500 nm to 7 μm were produced. These composites have broad applications from antibacterial agents to catalysis; two such applications were tested here. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) studies showed multiple hot spots of SERS activity within a single star. Electrochemical catalysis experiments demonstrated the feasibility of using the silver stars instead of platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline fuel cells.
Synthesis and Characterization of Acceptor‐Substituted Oligothiophenes for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Mishra Amaresh , Uhrich Christian , Reinold Egon , Pfeiffer Martin , Bäuerle Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report the synthesis of novel acceptor‐substituted oligothiophenes and their application in m‐i‐p type planar heterojunction solar cells. Optical absorption spectra and electrochemical properties of the dyes are investigated. The determined energy levels of these dyes suggest that they should be ideal for use in heterojunction solar cells. We further investigate the influence of acceptor groups on the device performance by introducing 1,1‐dicyano‐2‐methyl‐vinyl and 1,1‐dicyano‐2‐phenyl‐vinyl groups, respectively, as acceptor units. Photovoltaic devices incorporating these dyes show an open circuit voltage of up to 0.96 V and power conversion efficiencies in the range of 1.5–3.0% under full sun illumination (simulated AM 1.5G sunlight, 100 mW cm−2).
Mechanisms and clinical relevance of TRAIL‐triggered responses in the synovial fibroblasts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Audo Rachel , Calmon‐Hamaty Flavia , Baeten Dominique , Bruyer Angelique , Combe Bernard , Hahne Michael , Morel Jacques 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveResults of studies in mice suggest a protective role for TRAIL in arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TRAIL in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsIn the present study, we compared RA fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) that were resistant or sensitive to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis and the expression of TRAIL receptors in these cells, and also investigated the clinical features of the patients from whom the FLS were derived. Furthermore, we evaluated the levels of TRAIL and its soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) in patients with RA, patients with osteoarthritis (OA), and patients with spondylarthritis (SpA).ResultsSensitivity to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis varied in FLS from different patients, and the severity of disease in patients with RA was inversely correlated with the susceptibility of their FLS to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. TRAIL‐sensitive cells expressed significantly lower levels of TRAILR‐1, and silencing of TRAILR‐1 increased TRAIL‐induced apoptosis in RA FLS. TRAIL levels were elevated in the arthritic joints of patients with established RA, and TRAIL levels in the synovial fluid of these patients were elevated compared with levels in the synovial fluid of patients with OA or SpA. At baseline, a low OPG‐to‐TRAIL ratio in the sera of patients with early RA was associated with a better evolution of disease activity, but high serum levels of TRAIL at followup were associated with joint damage.ConclusionThese findings suggest that TRAIL has a dual role in RA, and that the resistance of RA FLS to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis is associated with a disease‐promoting activity of TRAIL in RA.
A novel N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea–induced mutation in phospholipase Cγ2 causes inflammatory arthritis, metabolic defects, and male infertility in vitro in a murine model
Authors: Abe Koichiro , Fuchs Helmut , Boersma Auke , Hans Wolfgang , Yu Philipp , Kalaydjiev Svetoslav , Klaften Matthias , Adler Thure , Calzada‐Wack Julia , Mossbrugger Ilona , Rathkolb Birgit , Rozman Jan , Prehn Cornelia , Maraslioglu Miriam , Kametani Yoshie , Shimada Shin , Adamski Jerzy , Busch Dirk H. , Esposito Irene , Klingenspor Martin , Wolf Eckhard , Wurst Wolfgang , Gailus‐Durner Valerie , Katan Matilda , Marschall Susan , Soewarto Dian , Wagner Sibylle , de Angelis Martin Hrabě 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveIt is difficult to identify a single causative factor for inflammatory arthritis because of the multifactorial nature of the disease. This study was undertaken to dissect the molecular complexity of systemic inflammatory disease, utilizing a combined approach of mutagenesis and systematic phenotype screening in a murine model.MethodsIn a large‐scale N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea mutagenesis project, the Ali14 mutant mouse strain was established because of dominant inheritance of spontaneous swelling and inflammation of the hind paws. Genetic mapping and subsequent candidate gene sequencing were conducted to find the causative gene, and systematic phenotyping of Ali14/+ mice was performed in the German Mouse Clinic.ResultsA novel missense mutation in the phospholipase Cγ2 gene (Plcg2) was identified in Ali14/+ mice. Because of the hyperreactive external entry of calcium observed in cultured B cells and other in vitro experiments, the Ali14 mutation is thought to be a novel gain‐of‐function allele of Plcg2. Findings from systematic screening of Ali14/+ mice demonstrated various phenotypic changes: an abnormally high T cell:B cell ratio, up‐regulation of Ig, alterations in body composition, and a reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride levels in peripheral blood. In addition, spermatozoa from Ali14/+ mice failed to fertilize eggs in vitro, despite the normal fertility of the Ali14/+ male mice in vivo.ConclusionThese results suggest that the Plcg2‐mediated pathways play a crucial role in various metabolic and sperm functions, in addition to initiating and maintaining the immune system. These findings may indicate the importance of the Ali14/+ mouse strain as a model for systemic inflammatory diseases and inflammation‐related metabolic changes in humans.
Disease named entity recognition using semisupervised learning and conditional random fields
Authors: Suakkaphong Nichalin , Zhang Zhu , Chen Hsinchun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInformation extraction is an important text‐mining task that aims at extracting prespecified types of information from large text collections and making them available in structured representations such as databases. In the biomedical domain, information extraction can be applied to help biologists make the most use of their digital‐literature archives. Currently, there are large amounts of biomedical literature that contain rich information about biomedical substances. Extracting such knowledge requires a good named entity recognition technique. In this article, we combine conditional random fields (CRFs), a state‐of‐the‐art sequence‐labeling algorithm, with two semisupervised learning techniques, bootstrapping and feature sampling, to recognize disease names from biomedical literature. Two data‐processing strategies for each technique also were analyzed: one sequentially processing unlabeled data partitions and another one processing unlabeled data partitions in a round‐robin fashion. The experimental results showed the advantage of semisupervised learning techniques given limited labeled training data. Specifically, CRFs with bootstrapping implemented in sequential fashion outperformed strictly supervised CRFs for disease name recognition. The project was supported by NIH/NLM Grant R33 LM07299–01, 2002–2005.
Multiple use of an industrial‐distributed control system in control engineering education
Authors: Dittmar Rainer , Kahlcke Thomas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe paper demonstrates how a four‐tank laboratory process equipped with a modern distributed control system (DCS) is used in different control engineering laboratories for the undergraduate and graduate levels. This includes the utilization of commercial tools for DCS engineering as well as the design and commissioning of traditional and advanced control solutions. Using the same pilot plant and control system in different modules lowers the costs, allows the reutilization of results and enables an efficient laboratory organization. It also supports the process of learning the inner context of different process control related subjects. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 313–321, 2013
Flow cytometric osmotic fragility—An effective screening approach for red cell membranopathies
Authors: Warang Prashant , Gupta Maya , Kedar Prabhakar , Ghosh Kanjaksha , Colah Roshan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground:Among the red cell membrane disorders, hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is one of the most common causes of inherited hemolytic anemia. The aim of this study was to compare the flow‐cytometric approach for screening of red cell membrane disorders based on osmotic fragility with the eosin‐5‐maleimide (E5′M) dye test. A group of β‐thalassemia heterozygotes were also studied.Methods:A red cell suspension was spiked with deionized water during acquisition and the count of residual red cells measured sequentially in real‐time using flow cytometry. Fluorescence intensity of red cells stained with eosin‐5‐maleimide was also measured.Results:The hereditary spherocytosis (HS) group showed significantly decreased percentage residual red cells (9.31% ± 3.75%) (P = 0.0091) whereas the β‐thalassemia group showed a significant increase (93.56% ± 12.98%) (P = 0.0008) compared to the normal control group (46.26% ± 11.33%). The cut off value of the flow cytometric osmotic fragility (FCM OF) test for red cell membrane disorders was 23.59% giving a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 98%.Conclusions:The advantages of the FCM OF test are that it is quantitative, time effective and requires only deionized water for the measurement of osmotic fragility. It could be an effective first line screening approach for red cell membrane disorders in hematology laboratories where a flow cytometer is available. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Improved compensation of the fluorochrome AmCyan using cellular controls
Authors: DiGiuseppe Joseph A. , Cardinali Jolene 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground:Implementation of polychromatic flow cytometry in the clinical laboratory often requires the use of newer fluorochromes, with which experience may be comparatively limited. In the course of implementing polychromatic flow cytometry in our laboratory, we have observed significant differences in compensation values derived for the violet‐excited dye, AmCyan, when cells rather than a commercially available set of polystyrene microparticles (BD CompBeads) are used as compensation controls.Methods:Compensation values were calculated for AmCyan and several other fluorochromes using the BD CompBeads Set according to the manufacturer's protocol, and using unstained and singly stained lymphocytes as compensation controls.Results:When the BD CompBeads Set was used to determine compensation values, spillover from AmCyan into V450 was overcompensated, while spillover from AmCyan into FITC was undercompensated. In contrast, when compensation values were calculated using unstained and singly stained lymphocytes, spillover into V450 and FITC from cells stained brightly with AmCyan‐conjugates was compensated appropriately. Although significant differences were observed in the compensation of spillover from AmCyan into V450 and FITC using cells rather than the BD CompBeads Set as compensation controls (P < 0.0001, two‐tailed Wilcoxon signed‐rank test), such differences were not observed in control experiments using fluorochromes excited by the blue (FITC and PE) or red (APC) lasers.Conclusion:Improved compensation of the violet‐excited dye, AmCyan, is obtained when cells rather than the BD CompBeads Set are used as compensation controls. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Cell screening assay for identifying inhibitors of eosinophil proliferation
Authors: Kempe‐Dustin Jessica J. , Aboul‐Fadl Tarek , Christensen Clarissa , Palais Robert , Parsawar Krishna , Gleich Gerald J. , Wagner Lori A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a cell‐based screening assay for identification of small molecules for the treatment of asthma. Eosinophils are leukocytes that contribute to the pathology of asthma. Lidocaine inhibits interleukin‐5 (IL‐5)‐mediated survival and activation of human eosinophils, and it is able to replace inhaled glucocorticoids for the treatment of asthma; however, lidocaine has many side effects, including anesthesia. Therefore, a collection of commercial and novel, synthesized lidocaine analogues were investigated for inhibitory activity of the IL‐5‐stimulated proliferation of TF‐1 cells, a CD34+, cytokine‐dependent, erythroleukemic cell line model for eosinophil growth. Among 74 investigated compounds, 10 were more potent inhibitors of cell proliferation than lidocaine (average IC50 = 223 µM), with IC50 values ranging within 1–119 µM. This cell‐based assay is an effective method for screening chemical compounds and has revealed promising lead compounds for the treatment of asthma. Drug Dev Res 72: 353–360, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved in vitro dissolution parameters and in vivo hypolipidemic efficiency of atorvastatin calcium through the formation of hydrophilic inclusion complex with cyclodextrins
Authors: Hussein Amal K. , Ibrahim Mohamed A. , Amin Mohamed A. , Ahmed Osama A.A. , Afouna Mohsen I. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn aim of the present study was to improve the dissolution of the inherently low water solubility hypolipidemic agent, Atorvastatin calcium (ATC), through the preparation and characterization of ATC with cyclodextrins (CDs) inclusion complexes employing different techniques. A second goal was to study the in vivo hypolipidemic efficacy of ATC‐complexes with enhanced dissolution characteristics. Inclusion complexation of ATC with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) was evaluated in aqueous and solid states. ATC formed inclusion complexes with β‐CD and HP‐β‐CD depending to a great extent upon ATC ionization state. Evaporation and freeze‐drying were the most efficient techniques to achieve complexation. In contrast, kneading was an inefficient tool to create true inclusion complexes, which could reflect the hindrance of drug–CDs interactions in the semisolid medium. The ATC:CD ratio of 1:2 showed better dissolution characteristics compared to a 1:1 ratio. Moreover, the in vivo hypolipidemic activities of ATC‐CDs (β‐CD and HP‐β‐CD) complexes were greater (P<0.05) than the other investigated formulations. Thus the nature of the carrier did not play a critical role in the dissolution characteristics of the inclusion system. In contrast, the carrier molar ratio, and the employed complexation technique were found to be key factors in enhancing the ATC dissolution rate, yielding performances as well as the in vivo hypolipidemic efficacies. Drug Dev Res 72: 379–390, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 2′,3′‐Modified Carbocyclic L‐Nucleoside Analogues
Authors: Jessel Sönke , Meier Chris 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNew divergent approaches to 2′,3′‐modified carbocyclic L‐nucleoside analogues starting from enantiomerically pure (1R,2S)‐ or (1S,2R)‐2‐(benzyloxymethyl)cyclopent‐3‐enol are described. In the key step, stereochemically pure cyclopentanols were condensed with N3‐protected thymine through a modified Mitsunobu protocol. Moreover, several routes to different cyclopentanol derivatives, to prepare carbocyclic L‐2′,3′‐didehydro‐2′,3′‐dideoxynucleosides (L‐d4N), L‐2′,3′‐dideoxynucleosides (L‐ddN), and L‐ribonucleosides are reported.
Mycelium‐bound lipase production from Aspergillus niger MYA 135, and its potential applications for the transesterification of ethanol
Authors: Colin Verónica Leticia , Baigorí Mario Domingo , Pera Licia María 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe potential biotecnological applications of both constitutive and inducible lipase sources from Aspergillus niger MYA 135 were evaluated. To this end, the effect of environmental conditions on mycelium‐bound lipase production from this strain was studied, when cultured either in the absence or presence of 2% olive oil. It was previously reported that mycelium‐bound lipase from Aspergillus niger MYA 135 possess high stability in reaction mixtures containing ethanol; which could be especially important for their use in biodiesel synthesis. In this connection, the performance of the lipase sources produced in the transesterification of ethanol using p‐nitrophenyl palmitate as acyl donor was also explored.Under our assay conditions, hydrolytic and synthetic activity of the mycelia produced in the absence or presence of olive oil were not highly correlated. While the hydrolytic activity was strongly increased by the addition of lipid to the culture medium, the best performance in the transesterification reactions of ethanol were associated with mycelia produced in absence of olive oil. Interestingly, the supplementation of the culture medium with Fe+3 increased the transesterification activity by 71%, as compared to the activity previously reported for this strain. Therefore, the constitutive lipase sources from Aspergillus niger MYA 135 are considered to be promising for industrial biodiesel‐fuel production. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efflux mediated adaptive and cross resistance to ciprofloxacin and benzalkonium chloride in Pseudomonas aeruginosa of dairy origin
Authors: Pagedar Ankita , Singh Jitender , Batish Virender K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to investigate the role of efflux pump activity (EPA) in conferring adaptive and cross resistances against ciprofloxacin (CF) and benzalkonium chloride (BC) in dairy isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilm formation potential was correlated with development of adaptive resistance in originally resistant strains. Irrespective of parent strains's susceptibility, isolates developed substantial adaptive resistance against CF and BC. Significant difference was observed in ability of non resistant isolates to develop adaptive resistance against CF and BC (P < 0.02) and subsequent cross resistance. EPA was quantified using EtBr (Ethidium Bromide) model and its role was more prominent [confirmed by its inhibition using efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP)], in conferring adaptive resistance (P = 0.147) than cross resistance (P = 0.343). Reduction in adaptive resistances due to EPI was more evident in originally non resistant strains, which reaffirms EPA as probable mechanism of adaptive resistance. The present study perhaps first of its kind, suggests an active role of EPA in conferring adaptive and cross resistances in food related P. aeruginosa isolates and supports reverse hypothesis that antibiotic‐resistant organisms eventually become tolerant to other antibacterial agents as well. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative evaluation of prokaryotic 16S rDNA clone libraries and SSCP in groundwater samples
Authors: Larentis Michael , Alfreider Albin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA comparison of ribosomal RNA sequence analysis methods based on clone libraries and single‐strand conformational polymorphism technique (SSCP) was performed with groundwater samples obtained between 523–555 meters below surface. The coverage of analyzed clones by phylotype–richness estimates was between 88–100%, confirming that the clone libraries were adequately examined. Analysis of individual bands retrieved from SSCP gels identified 1–6 different taxonomic units per band, suggesting that a single SSCP band does often represent more than one single prokaryotic species. The prokaryotic diversity obtained by both methods showed an overall difference of 42–80%. In comparison to SSCP, clone libraries underestimated the phylogenetic diversity and only 36–66% of the phylotypes observed with SSCP were also detected with the clone libraries. An exception was a sample where the SSCP analysis of Archaea identified only half of the phylotypes retrieved by the clone library. Overall, this study suggests that the clone library and the SSCP approach do not provide an identical picture of the prokaryotic diversity in groundwater samples. The results clearly show that the SSCP method, although this approach is prone to generate methodological artifacts, was able to detect significantly more phylotypes than microbial community analysis based on clone libraries. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)