bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound grading of cerebral ventricular dilatation in preterm neonates
Authors: Grasby DC , Esterman A , Marshall P 
Published: October 2010

Objective:  To compare three grading systems previously described for the measurement of cerebral ventricular dilatation in preterm neonates using ultrasound scans and then to compare these with expert clinical judgement.Methods:  Eighty‐one preterm neonates <1500 g birthweight or < 32 weeks’ gestation, with normal, mild, moderate or severely dilated ventricles recorded predominantly during the first 2 weeks of life were selected to ensure a broad representation of ventricular size. Their cranial ultrasound scans obtained nearest to 6 weeks of age were studied. The ventricular index, the diagonal width in the coronal plane and the ventricular height in the parasagittal plane were measured adjacent to the foramen of Monro and were used to grade the degree of dilatation. In 20 of these neonates, this grading was compared with grading based on expert clinical judgement.Results:  Grading according to the ventricular index defined 79% of the scans as normal. However, only 44% and 39% were considered to be normal according to vertical height and diagonal width, respectively. There was a high level of correlation between expert clinical judgement and grading based on ventricular height measurement (r = 0.812; area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve = 0.922) and the diagonal width (r = 0.806; area under ROC curve = 0.935). Ventricular index correlated poorly with clinical judgement (r = 0.298; area under ROC curve = 0.604).Conclusions:  The measurement of ventricular height and the measurement of diagonal width correlated well with expert clinical judgement. The ventricular index correlated poorly and was less sensitive to mild dilatation. There was no correlation between the ventricular index and the other two measures. The ventricular height and the diagonal width are more appropriate for assessing ventricular dilatation in preterm neonates.
Peak inspiratory flows in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Gauld LM , Briggs K , Robinson P 
Published: October 2010

Objective:  To show that in children with moderately severe cystic fibrosis lung disease: (i) inspiratory flow may be reduced; and (ii) peak inspiratory flow may be predicted from height, expiratory flow analysis or body mass index.Methods:  All children attending the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, between May and July, 2001 who had cystic fibrosis, were aged > 5 years, were able to perform spirometry reproducibly and who had a forced expiratory volume in 1 s < 60% predicted were prospectively enrolled. Height, weight, peak inspiratory flow, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and forced vital capacity were recorded. Linear regression analysis was performed.Results:  The age range was 9.4−19.9 years. Sixteen boys and 11 girls were studied. All children had a peak inspiratory flow > 0.5 L/s. There was a significant relationship between peak inspiratory flow and forced vital capacity (R2 = 0.50) especially in boys (R2 = 0.65). In boys, peak inspiratory flow was significantly related to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (R2 = 0.47). There was no relationship between peak inspiratory flow and predicted values of expiratory flow, age, height, weight or body mass index. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability that peak inspiratory flow was < 2.0 L/s for a given forced vital capacity. If the forced vital capacity is > 2.5 L, peak inspiratory flow is likely to be > 2.0 L/s.Conclusions:  In children with significant cystic fibrosis lung disease, peak inspiratory flow is likely to be > 0.5 L/s, which is required to activate dry powder inhalers. If the forced vital capacity is < 2.5 L, the peak inspiratory flow may be < 2.0 L/s, and a metered dose inhaler and spacer should be considered. Further studies that investigate the relationship between expiratory flow and peak inspiratory flow against an internal resistance are needed.
Is pentoxifylline therapy effective for the treatment of acute rheumatic carditis? A pilot study
Authors: Narin N , Karakukcu M , Narin F , Akcakus M , Erez R , Halici C 
Published: October 2010

Objective:  The aim of the present study was to determine whether pentoxifylline has a beneficial effect on the treatment of rheumatic carditis.Methods:  A total of 33 children between the ages 6 and 16 were studied in two groups. The first group (5 boys, 10 girls, mean age: 12.2 ± 2.9 years) was treated with steroid plus pentoxifylline and the second group (6 boys, 12 girls, mean age; 11.6 ± 2.8 years) was treated with steroid only for 3−6 weeks until the acute‐phase reactants became normal. At admission and on the 7th, 30th, and 90th days of the treatment, laboratory studies including white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein, throat culture and cytokines (interleukin‐1α, tumour necrosis factor‐α) were performed. Cardiac evaluation with chest X‐ray, electrocardiography and echocardiography was performed in all patients. In the control group (12 boys, 3 girls, mean age; 10.7 ± 3.2 years) all parameters were evaluated once only.Results:  In both groups, the similar white blood cell count was significantly decreased on the 90th day, and there was no significant difference between the two groups. C‐reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and interleukin‐1α were significantly decreased on the 30th and 90th days. In the first group (treated with steroid plus pentoxifylline), the cardiothoracic index was significantly greater at the beginning of the therapy. In the first group, tumour necrosis factor‐α became normal on the 30th day and in the second group, tumour necrosis factor‐α became normal on the 7th day of therapy. For all parameters, there was no significant difference between the two groups with respect to the type of therapy used.Conclusion:  The present study showed that pentoxifylline plus steroid treatment has no beneficial effects on the treatment of acute rheumatic carditis when compared with steroid alone.
Cutaneous lymphadenoma
Authors: Inalöz HS , Chowdhury MMU , Knight AG 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLymphoepithelial neoplasms are biphasic tumours that contain both epithelial and lymphoid components. This heterogeneous group includes benign cutaneous lymphadenoma (CL), malignant lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the skin and dermal thymus. We present two cases of CL in male subjects of 14 and 64 years of age. The latter man had a history of multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and solar keratoses. Histological sections of both tumours revealed similar features of an invasive non‐ulcerated tumour with a mixed architecture of BCC and trichoepithelioma. Immunocytochemical examination revealed a biphasic epithelial tumour of follicular differentiation, possibly a variant of trichoepithelioma or a BCC. Within the epithelial islands there was a heavy infiltration that was confirmed as CD3‐positive T cells and S‐100‐positive dendritic cells by immunocytochemistry.
Gene Flow and Genetic Restoration: The Florida Panther as a Case Study
Authors: HEDRICK PHILIP W. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Populations of some endangered species have become so small that they have lost genetic variation and appear to have become fixed for deleterious genetic variants. To avoid extinction from this genetic deterioration individuals from related subspecies or populations may have to be introduced for genetic restoration i.e., elimination of deleterious variants and recovery to a normal level of genetic variation. I construct a general population genetics framework from which to evaluate the potential for genetic restoration, and I discuss its specific application to the Florida panther. The translocation of Texas cougars into the free‐ranging Florida panther population has been recommended to genetically restore the Florida panther, a subspecies of Felis concolor that appears to have both a low level of genetic variation and low fitness. Specific recommendations recently given by a scientific panel are to introduce enough animals so that there is approximately 20% gene flow in the first generation of translocation and approximately 2–4% in the generations thereafter. I evaluated these recommendations in a theoretical population genetics framework and found that they should result in the removal of most detrimental genetic variation and an increase in the standing genetic variation without a high probability of loss of any adaptive Florida panther alleles. Unless the population of the free‐ranging Florida panthers is very small, the planned translocation should result in genetic restoration of the Florida panther.Flujo de genes y restauractión: La pantera de la Florida como un estudio de caso
Landscape Characteristics of Fragmented Shrubsteppe Habitats and Breeding Passerine Birds
Authors: KNICK STEVEN T. , ROTENBERRY JOHN T. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: We examined the influence of local and landscape‐level attributes of fragmented habitats in shrubsteppe habitats on the breeding distributions of Sage (Amphispiza belli) and Brewer's (Spizella breweri) Sparrows, Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus), Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris), and Western Meadowlarks (Sturnella neglecta) in the Snake River Plains of southwestern Idaho. We developed habitat (resource) selection models for each species by combining bird counts conducted from 1991 through 1933 with local vegetation characteristics and landscape attributes derived from satellite imagery. Site selection by shrubsteppe species (Sage and Brewer's Sparrows, and Sage Thrashers) depended on local vegetation cover and landscape features, such as the patch size of shrub habitats or the spatial similarity of sites. Marginal sites for these species (with species present in one of three years) were intermediate between unoccupied (never present) and occupied sites along environmental gradients characterized by increasing size of shrub habitat patches and total shrub cover and by decreasing disturbance. Horned Larks and Western Meadowlarks, typical grassland species, were not sensitive to landscape features, and their occupancy depended on the amount of grassland or shrub cover. In contrast to shrubsteppe species, sites that varied by occupancy rates of Western Meadowlarks did not significantly differ in vegetation or landscape components. Our results demonstrate that fragmentation of shrubsteppe significantly influenced the presence of shrub‐obligate species. Because of restoration difficulties, the disturbance of semiarid shrubsteppe may cause irreversible loss of habitat and significant long‐term consequences for the conservation of shrub‐obligate birds.Características del paisaje en ambientes fragmentados de estepas arbustivas y pájaros paserínidos en estado reproductivo
Effects of Patch Size on Birds in Old‐Growth Montane Forests
Authors: SCHIECK JIM , LERTZMAN KEN , NYBERG BRIAN , PAGE RICK 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Following habitat alteration or fragmentation, competition, parasitism, and predation from species that live in the new habitats may reduce the survival and reproductive success of species living in the original habitats. Negative influences from species that live outside the remnant patches are expected to be greater in small rather than in large remnant patches because more “external” species are expected to move through the centers of small remnant patches. We surveyed birds within remnant patches of old‐growth montane forests on Vancouver Island, Canada, (1) to evaluate whether the richness and abundance of non‐old‐growth bird species were larger at the center of small rather than large patches and (2) to evaluate whether the opposite was true of old‐growth bird species. More non‐old‐growth bird species were present at the center of small remnant patches of old growth than in large old‐growth patches. We found no relationship, however, between patch size and richness or abundance of old‐growth bird species at the center of remnant patches of old growth. This was true for old‐growth species with open, cup‐shaped nests and cavity nests. Old‐growth birds may have been affected less in our study area than in other areas because they evolved within heterogeneous montane forests and interacted with non‐old‐growth species throughout their evolutionary histories or because the contrast between old‐growth forests and logged areas was less than that between the forests and agricultural/urban areas that were surveyed in other studies.Efectos del tamaño de parches sobre las aves en bosques primarios de montaña
Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Understory Hummingbirds in Amazonian Brazil
Authors: STOUFFER PHILIP C. , BIERREGAARD RICHARD O. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:We sampled understory bummingbirds in Amazonian forest fragments from before isolation through nine years after isolation. We recorded 377 captures of eight species in five 1‐ba fragments and four 10‐ha fragments. The three species netted before isolation, Phaethornis superciliosus, Phaethornis bourcieri,andThalurania furcata,were nearly equally abundant at that time. After isolation abundance ofP. bourcieriandT. furcatadid not change, butP. superciliosusbecame nearly twice as common. Five additional species that were netted only after isolation represented about 10% of the post‐isolation sample. The species recorded only after isolation were forest species usually found above the levels of nets; fragments were not colonized by nonforest species. Use of fragments did not differ between 1‐and 10‐ba fragments. The landscape surrounding the fragments included active cattle pasture, abandoned pasture, andCecropia‐dominated second growth, but this variation bad little effect on use of fragments by hummingbirds. The results suggest that these understory hummingbirds can persist in a matrix of fragments, secondary growth, and large forest patches. This response is much different than that of the insectivorous birds that dominate the understory bird community at the site, which are much more vulnerable to fragmentation.Efectos de la fragmentación del bosque sobre los colibrís de sotobosque en la Amazonia Brasileña
The Long‐Term Effects of Tiger Poaching on Population Viability
Authors: KENNEY JOHN S. , SMITH JAMES L. D. , STARFIELD ANTHONY M. , MCDOUGAL CHARLES W. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Poaching tigers, primarily for their bones, has become the latest threat to the persistence of wild tiger populations throughout the world. Anecdotal information indicates the seriousness of this new threat. It is important, however, to provide a quantitative analysis of poaching as a basis for strong policy action. We therefore created a tiger simulation model to explore the effects of realistic levels of poaching on population viability. The model is an individually based, stochastic spatial model that is based on the extensive data set from Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We found that as poaching continues over time, the probability of population extinction increases sigmoidally; a critical zone exists in which a small, incremental increase in poaching greatly increases the probability of extinction. The implication is that poaching may not at first be seen as a threat but could suddenly become one. Moreover, even if poaching is effectively stopped, tiger populations will still be vulnerable and could go extinct due to demographic and environmental stochasticity. Our model also shows that poaching reduces genetic variability, which could further reduce population viability due to inbreeding depression. The longer poaching is allowed to continue, the more vulnerable a population will be to these stochastic events. At currently reported rates of poaching our analysis indicates that many wild tiger populations will be extirpated during the latter half of the 1990s.Los efectos a largo plazo de la caza furtiva de tigres sobre la viabilidad poblacional
A Conservation Gap Analysis of Brazil's Amazonian Vegetation
Authors: FEARNSIDE PHILIP M. , FERRAZ JOÃO 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Vegetation types lacking protection in the existing conservation units of the nine states in the Brazilian Legal Amazon were identified, and locations were noted where these vegetation types could be protected. Maps of vegetation, protected areas, and semi‐protected areas, such as Amerindian and forestry reserves, were digitized and overlaid using a geographic information system. There are 28 natural vegetation types in the Brazilian Legal Amazon. Locations of new areas for protection were selected using a minimum criterion of protecting at least one example of each vegetation type in each state (here called “vegetation zones”). There are 111 vegetation zones in the Legal Amazon, of which only 37 (33%) have some portion of their area protected. There are few protected areas in the most heavily deforested states along the southeastern fringe of the forest. In Maranhão, where 60% of the original forest had been lost by 1990, only one of 10 vegetation types is protected. Negotiating agreements with indigenous tribes, and to a lesser extent with extractivists who harvest nontimber products from the forest, represents a major opportunity to increase significantly the area and representativeness of the conservation units. Additional conservation units need to be established quickly before rapidly increasing deforestation and land prices preclude this opportunity; otherwise, some vegetation types may virtually disappear.Un análisis de conservación de la vegetación Amazónica del Brasil
Tree‐Dependent Lichens and Beetles as Indicators in Conservation Forests
Authors: NILSSON SVEN G. , ARUP ULF , BARANOWSKI RICKARD , EKMAN STEFAN 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: We tested whether the conspicuous lichen Lobaria pulmonaria indicates the number of tree‐dependent, red‐listed species in a hemiboreal forest in southern Sweden. In 18 naturally regenerated, mainly old deciduous forest plots considered to be of high or very high conservation value, the number of red‐listed tree lichens or wood beetles was not positively correlated with the area of the forest stands studied (8–56 ha). The 8 stands with L. pulmonaria had about nine (median) red‐listed lichens, but 10 stands without L. pulmonaria had only about one such species, a highly significant difference. Similarly, the variation between stands in the number of red‐listed wood beetles was considerable, but it was very weakly correlated with the number of red‐listed lichens. The number of red‐listed wood beetles dependent on dead trees was not different in areas with or without Lobaria pulmonaria, but the number of red‐listed wood beetles dependent on hollow trees was higher in stands with Lobaria pulmonaria (median of seven species) than in those without (three species) the lichen. Stands with this lichen species also contained significantly more of other types of lichens that have been proposed as indicators of forest continuity according to three lists. We stress the need for identification of species that could serve as indicators of different types of forest continuity and identify some organism groups that may indicate the different types.Los líquenes y coleópteros dependientes de árboles como indicadores en los bosques bajo conservación
Genetic Estimates of Variability and Relatedness for Conservation of an Ozark Cave Crayfish Species Complex
Authors: KOPPELMAN JEFFREY B. , FIGG DENNIS E. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract: Allozyme‐based genetic distances were used to determine the distinctness of six species of cave crayfish from the Ozark Plateau in Missouri, Arkanasa, and Oklahoma. One of the cave species is in the subgenus Erebicambarus and the others are in Jugicambarus. Four of the six species are very rare and are found in only one to three known sites each. In addition, most populations of all the species are presumed to be small; rarely are more than a few individuals observed. A chela (claw) was collected from sixty individuals representing the six species, including all known populations of the four rare species. Variability and distance estimates were based on 20 presumptive gene loci. Populations samples with identical genotypes were pooled. Thirteen loci were polymorphic, but average heterozygosity was low (H = 1%) compared to epigean crayfish species. Pairwise genetic distances within Jugicambarus ranged from D = 0.051 to 0.522, and mean distance between subgenera was D = 0.676. The underground water systems in Ozark caves are defined by discreet recharge zones. Groundwater pollution threatens the stability of cave ecosystems, including the survival of cave crayfish. If restoration of threatened or extirpated populations becomes necessary, a database genetic variability and relatedness estimates for known populations of all the species will aid decisions about numbers and sources of individuals for propagation or transfer.Tolerancia a la hipoxia en cíclidos del Africa oriental: Refugios con bajo contenido de oxígeno en el lago Victoria
Melt loss and the preservation of granulite facies mineral assemblages
Authors: White R. W. , Powell R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe loss of a metamorphic fluid via the partitioning of H2O into silicate melt at higher metamorphic grade implies that, in the absence of open system behaviour of melt, the amount of H2O contained within rocks remains constant at temperatures above the solidus. Thus, granulite facies rocks, composed of predominantly anhydrous minerals and a hydrous silicate melt should undergo considerable retrogression to hydrous upper amphibolite facies assemblages on cooling as the melt crystallizes and releases its H2O. The common occurrence of weakly retrogressed granulite facies assemblages is consistent with substantial melt loss from the majority of granulite facies rocks. Phase diagram modelling of the effects of melt loss in hypothetical aluminous and subaluminous metapelitic compositions shows that the amount of melt that has to be removed from a rock to preserve a granulite facies assemblage varies markedly with rock composition, the number of partial melt loss events and the P–T conditions at which melt loss occurs. In an aluminous metapelite, the removal of nearly all of the melt at temperatures above the breakdown of biotite is required for the preservation of the peak mineral assemblage. In contrast, the proportion of melt loss required to preserve peak assemblages in a subaluminous metapelite is close to half that required for the aluminous metapelite. Thus, if a given proportion of melt is removed from a sequence of metapelitic granulites of varying composition, the degree of preservation of the peak metamorphic assemblage may vary widely.