bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary and secondary variants of juvenile psychopathy differ in emotional processing
Authors: Kimonis Eva R. , Frick Paul J. , Cauffman Elizabeth , Goldweber Asha , Skeem Jennifer 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAccumulating research suggests that psychopathy can be disaggregated into low-anxious primary and high-anxious secondary variants, and this research may be important for understanding antisocial youths with callous–unemotional traits. Using model-based cluster analysis, the present study disaggregated 165 serious male adolescent offenders (M age = 16) with high scores on the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory into primary and secondary variants based on the presence of anxiety. The results indicated that the secondary, high-anxious variant was more likely to show a history of abuse and scored higher on measures of emotional and attentional problems. On a picture version of the dot-probe task, the low-anxious primary variant was not engaged by emotionally distressing pictures, whereas the high-anxious secondary variant was more attentive to such stimuli (Cohen d = 0.71). Although the two groups differed as hypothesized from one another, neither differed significantly in their emotional processing from a nonpsychopathic control group of offending youth (n = 208). These results are consistent with the possibility that the two variants of psychopathy, both of which were high on callous–unemotional traits, may have different etiological pathways, with the primary being more related to a deficit in the processing of distress cues in others and the secondary being more related to histories of abuse and emotional problems.
Study of the first blastomeres in Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Authors: Roldán Brian Effer , Rueda Rubén Sánchez , Madrid Andrea Ubilla , Villalobos Elías Figueroa , Isler Iván Valdebenito 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThere is a lack of information on the morphology of the first blastomeres that could be used as a diagnostic tool for the first stages of embryonic development for Coho salmon. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to characterize morphometrically the first blastomeres of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). In total, 660 embryonic discs from a pool of eggs that had been fertilized and incubated at 5°C and after 19 h of incubation were extracted and photographed. Of these, 20 microphotographs of blastodiscs of normal appearance were analyzed morphologically (control blastodiscs: CB) and 100 random microphotographs from the whole group were classified as either symmetrical or asymmetrical according to their morphology and then compared with the CB. The length and width of each blastomere and the proportions of length and width were measured to determine symmetry in the embryos at the 4-cell stage. Seven categories were created to characterize the blastomeres: 38% normal (G1); 26% unequal (G2); 10% ‘pie-shaped’ (G3); 10% amorphous (G4); 8% with three equal and one unequal blastomere (G5); 6% ‘clover-shaped’ blastomeres (G7), and 3% with inclusions. The mean of the proportions of lengths and widths of the groups of blastomeres that were measured was 0.87 ± 0.08 and 0.85 ± 0.07, respectively. The morphometric results that were obtained in this investigation are compared with the results observed by other authors for teleostei and are discussed.
CARNAP ON EXTREMAL AXIOMS, “COMPLETENESS OF THE MODELS,” AND CATEGORICITY
Authors: SCHIEMER GEORG 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper provides a historically sensitive discussion of Carnap’s theory of extremal axioms developed first in the late 1920s. The main focus is set on the unpublished documents of the projected second part of his manuscriptUntersuchungen zur allgemeinen Axiomatik(RC 081-01-01 to 081-01-33). Carnap’s theory will be assessed with respect to two interpretive issues. The first concerns his mathematical sources, that is, the mathematical axioms on which his extremal axioms were based. The second concerns Carnap’s understanding of the relationship between the “completeness of the models” and other metatheoretic notions investigated by him at the time, most notably that of categoricity. The paper surveys Carnap’s different attempts to explicate the extremal properties of a theory and puts his results in context with related metamathematical research at the time.
Laboratory experiments on crater scaling‐law for sedimentary rocks in the strength regime
Authors: Suzuki A. , Hakura S. , Hamura T. , Hattori M. , Hayama R. , Ikeda T. , Kusuno H. , Kuwahara H. , Muto Y. , Nagaki K. , Niimi R. , Ogata Y. , Okamoto T. , Sasamori T. , Sekigawa C. , Yoshihara T. , Hasegawa S. , Kurosawa K. , Kadono T. , Nakamura A. M. , Sugita S. , Arakawa M. 
Published: July 2012

We systematically conducted impact cratering experiments with sedimentary rocks at 0.8–7.1 km/s using various projectiles with 1.1–15 g/cm3in density. The crater diameter, depth, and volume are investigated and compared with the results for igneous rocks. Then, using the non‐dimensional parameters, the normalized crater diameterπD, the normalized depth πd, the normalized volume πV, the target strength per specific energy π3, and the target and projectile density ratio π4, the scaling laws, πD = (1.43 ± 0.25)π3−0.22±0.02 π40.11±0.07, πd = (0.22 ± 0.04)π3−0.25±0.02 π40.01±0.05, and πV = (0.11 ± 0.04) π3−0.71±0.05 π40.23±0.17, are obtained. The comparison with the results of igneous rocks suggests that the characteristic properties of sedimentary rocks such as the lower strength and the strong shock wave attenuation rate are actually effective for the cratering of sedimentary rocks.
High mass resolution time of flight mass spectrometer for measuring products in heterogeneous catalysis in highly sensitive microreactors
Authors: Andersen T. , Jensen R. , Christensen M. K. , Pedersen T. , Hansen O. , Chorkendorff I. 
Published: July 2012

We demonstrate a combined microreactor and time of flight system for testing and characterization of heterogeneous catalysts with high resolution mass spectrometry and high sensitivity. Catalyst testing is performed in silicon-based microreactors which have high sensitivity and fast thermal response. Gas analysis is performed with a time of flight mass spectrometer with a modified nude Bayard-Alpert ionization gauge as gas ionization source. The mass resolution of the time of flight mass spectrometer using the ion gauge as ionization source is estimated to m/Δm &gt; 2500. The system design is superior to conventional batch and flow reactors with accompanying product detection by quadrupole mass spectrometry or gas chromatography not only due to the high sensitivity, fast temperature response, high mass resolution, and fast acquisition time of mass spectra but it also allows wide mass range (0–5000 amu in the current configuration). As a demonstration of the system performance we present data from ammonia oxidation on a Pt thin film showing resolved spectra of OH and NH3.
Non-resonant magnetic braking on JET and TEXTOR
Authors: Sun Y. , Liang Y. , Shaing K.C. , Liu Y.Q. , Koslowski H.R. , Jachmich S. , Alper B. , Alfier A. , Asunta O. , Buratti P. , Corrigan G. , Delabie E. , Giroud C. , Gryaznevich M.P. , Harting D. , Hender T. , Nardon E. , Naulin V. , Parail V. , Tala T. , Wiegmann C. , Wiesen S. , Zhang T. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The non-resonant magnetic braking effect induced by a non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbation is investigated on JET and TEXTOR. The collisionality dependence of the torque induced by the n = 1, where n is the toroidal mode number, magnetic perturbation generated by the error field correction coils on JET is observed. The observed torque is located mainly in the plasma core (normalized radius ρ < 0.4) and increases with decreasing collisionality. The neoclassical toroidal plasma viscosity (NTV) torque in the collisionless regime is modelled using the numerical solution of the bounce-averaged drift kinetic equation. The calculated collisionality dependence of the NTV torque is in good agreement with the experimental observation on JET. The reason for this collisionality dependence is that the torque in the plasma core on JET mainly comes from the flux of the trapped electrons, which are still mainly in the 1/ν regime. The strongest NTV torque on JET is also located near the plasma core. The magnitude of the NTV torque strongly depends on the plasma response, which is also discussed in this paper. There is no obvious braking effect with n = 2 magnetic perturbation generated by the dynamic ergodic divertor on TEXTOR, which is consistent with the NTV modelling.
Open field equilibrium current and cross-field passing electrons as an initiator of a closed flux surface in EC-heated toroidal plasmas
Authors: Maekawa T. , Yoshinaga T. , Uchida M. , Watanabe F. , Tanaka H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A model for the non-inductive initiation of a closed flux surface observed in electron cyclotron (EC) heated toroidal plasmas is presented. First, a pressure-driven equilibrium toroidal current develops under a weak external vertical field so as to counter balance the pressure-ballooning and current-hoop forces. When the self-field from the current almost cancels out the external vertical field, a forward energetic part of electrons in the velocity space begins to make cross-field passing (CFP) orbits. The CFP electrons are generated by the EC heating of bulk electrons and subsequent pitch-angle scattering, which is analyzed using the Fokker–Planck equation. They provide an additional current that closes the field lines. The model is examined for experiments in the small low aspect ratio device of LATE and in the large conventional device of JT-60U with a search for appropriate modes of EC heating. Simultaneous coincidence of the model with these two experiments is obtained in terms of microwave power and driven current. The results predict that initiation of a closed flux surface requires more and more EC power as the plasma major radius increases. In particular, careful injection of high N
‖ EC waves is needed for large devices, both for initiation of a closed flux surface and for subsequent enlargement of the flux surface by the usual EC current drive onto the closed flux area.
Finite beta effects on MHD equilibria and energetic ion losses in a rippled tokamak
Authors: Bunno M. , Nakamura Y. , Suzuki Y. , Shinohara K. , Matsunaga G. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The efficiency of energetic ion confinement is reduced by ripple fields, which are mainly generated by the finite number of toroidal field coils in a tokamak reactor. Finite beta effects alter magnetic field structures and energetic ion orbits. Finite beta effects on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibria have been thoroughly researched. However, it is not known how finite beta effects affect energetic ion losses. To investigate this, the MHD equilibrium was calculated using the VMEC code. Finite beta effects on the ripple ratio were accurately investigated and it was found that the non-axisymmetric poloidal field generated by the plasma current could not be ignored. The guiding centre orbit equation was solved to clarify physical considerations of finite beta effects on the energetic ion losses. The energetic ion orbits were found to be strongly affected by the diamagnetic effect. By performing calculations for energetic ions with the same initial position, it was found that the diamagnetic effect produced two opposing effects: it reduced particle loss due to the closed |B| contour and it increased particle loss due to the high curvature of the |B| contour.
Algorithms and complexity of enumerating minimal precursor sets in genome-wide metabolic networks
Authors: Acuña Vicente , Milreu Paulo Vieira , Cottret Ludovic , Marchetti-Spaccamela Alberto , Stougie Leen , Sagot Marie-France 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMotivation: In the context of studying whole metabolic networks and their interaction with the environment, the following question arises: given a set of target metabolites T and a set of possible external source metabolites , which are the minimal subsets of that are able to produce all the metabolites in T. Such subsets are called the minimal precursor sets of T. The problem is then whether we can enumerate all of them efficiently.Results: We propose a new characterization of precursor sets as the inputs of reaction sets called factories and an efficient algorithm to decide if a set of sources is precursor set of T. We show proofs of hardness for the problems of finding a precursor set of minimum size and of enumerating all minimal precursor sets T. We propose two new algorithms which, despite the hardness of the enumeration problem, allow to enumerate all minimal precursor sets in networks with up to 1000 reactions.Availability: Source code and datasets used in our benchmarks are freely available for download at http://sites.google.com/site/pitufosoftware/download.Contact: vicente77@gmail.com, pvmilreu@gmail.com or marie-france.sagot@inria.fr
Computational prediction of N-linked glycosylation incorporating structural properties and patterns
Authors: Chuang Gwo-Yu , Boyington Jeffrey C. , Joyce M. Gordon , Zhu Jiang , Nabel Gary J. , Kwong Peter D. , Georgiev Ivelin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMotivation: N-linked glycosylation occurs predominantly at the N-X-T/S motif, where X is any amino acid except proline. Not all N-X-T/S sequons are glycosylated, and a number of web servers for predicting N-linked glycan occupancy using sequence and/or residue pattern information have been developed. None of the currently available servers, however, utilizes protein structural information for the prediction of N-glycan occupancy.Results: Here, we describe a novel classifier algorithm, NGlycPred, for the prediction of glycan occupancy at the N-X-T/S sequons. The algorithm utilizes both structural as well as residue pattern information and was trained on a set of glycosylated protein structures using the Random Forest algorithm. The best predictor achieved a balanced accuracy of 0.687 under 10-fold cross-validation on a curated dataset of 479 N-X-T/S sequons and outperformed sequence-based predictors when evaluated on the same dataset. The incorporation of structural information, including local contact order, surface accessibility/composition and secondary structure thus improves the prediction accuracy of glycan occupancy at the N-X-T/S consensus sequon.Availability and Implementation: NGlycPred is freely available to non-commercial users as a web-based server at http://exon.niaid.nih.gov/nglycpred/.Contact: ivelin.georgiev@nih.govSupplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
First Report of Anthracnose in Chinese Hickory (Carya cathayensis) Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in China
Authors: Zhang C. Q. , Xu B. C. 
Published: July 2012

Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) has become one of the important economic forest crops in Zhejiang and Anhui Provinces in China. In May 2009, sporadic occurrence of leaf damage by anthracnose in C. cathayensis was observed in Lin'an city, Zhejiang Province. During May 2011, nearly 50% of Chinese hickory orchards in Zhejiang Province were affected by anthracnose disease. Symptoms were extensive with lesions on stems and leaves. Under wet conditions, orange masses of conidia were produced in acervuli in the center of lesions. Infected tissue samples were surface sterilized with 1.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1.5 min, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 26°C in the dark for 1 week. Developing colonies were gray and contained masses of orange conidia. Conidia were hyaline, aseptate, straight with rounded or bulbous ends, and averaged 15.3 ± 1.7 μm long and 2.5 ± 0.8 μm wide. The ribosomal internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 from DNA extracted from mycelium and nucleotide sequences showed 100% similarity to records for C. gloeosporioides in GenBank (Accession Nos. AY266391.1 and JQ676187.1). Uninfected leaves of C. cathayensis were sprayed either with a conidia suspension of 107 conidia per ml in distilled water as inoculum, or with distilled water only to provide an uninoculated control, wrapped in plastic bags to retain moisture, and incubated for 24 h. For each isolate, 10 leaves per tree and a total of 13 trees were inoculated. After 1 week, 11 of 13 isolates caused lesions on inoculated leaves whereas no symptoms developed on the non-inoculated controls. Cultures reisolated from lesions and cultured on PDA exhibited morphological characteristics identical to those of C. gloeosporioides (1, 2, 3), confirming Koch's postulates. Inoculation tests were repeated once. Since C. gloeosporioides was found in the main production area, it poses a threat to Chinese hickory production in China. The identification of the pathogen now allows for appropriate management measures. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose in C. cathayensis. References: (1) K. D. Hyde et al. Fung. Diversity 39:147, 2009. (2) P. M. Kirk et al. Page 159 in: The Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th edition. CABI Bioscience, UK, 2008. (3) A. J. Palmateer et al. Plant Dis. 91:631, 2007.
Biofertilizers and/or some micronutrients role on wheat plants grown on newly reclaimed soil
Authors: Eleiwa Mona E. , Hamed Eman R. , Shehata Heba Sh. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPot experiment was conducted to study the effect of biofertilizers (inoculation with different bacterial isolates), foliar spraying with some micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe and Mn+Zn+Fe) and their interaction on growth, physiological parameters and nutrients content of wheat plants grown on reclaimed soil. Pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of National Research center, The experimental design was split plot with four replicates. Four biofertilizer treatments (un‐inoculated, Bacillus polymyxa, Azotobacter chroococcum or Azosprillium barasilense) were used and randomly distributed in the main pots. The foliar treatments with micronutrients were randomly distributed in the sub plots. The growth parameters (plant height, leaf area, roots, shoots and whole plant dry weights and number of tillers & leaves per plant); some physiological parameters (soluble sugar %, protein %, polysaccharide %, chl. A+b μg cm−1 leaf per plant, carotenoids μg g−1, IAA mg kg−1 and psll mol DCPIP reduced per mg chl. per h) and nutrient contents (N, P, K, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu) of wheat plants were significantly increased by inoculating wheat grains with different bacteria as compared with un‐inoculated plants (control). The highest values of all the mentioned parameters were obtained by using Azospirillum brasilense followed by Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus polymyxa in decreasing order. Foliar spraying treatments significantly increased the growth parameters, physiological parameters as well as nutrients content of wheat plants as compared with control. Highest values were obtained by using (Mn+Fe+Zn) treatment followed by Zn, Fe and Mn in decreasing order. Micronutrients in wheat plants differed as the foliar treatments were differed, so application of any micronutrient individually significantly increased its content and enhanced the content of other micronutrients in wheat. Interaction between the used biofertilizers and foliar spraying with micronutrients significantly affected all the studied parameters of wheat plants, the highest were obtained by inoculating wheat grains with Azospirillum brasilense and spraying the plants with (Mn+Fe+Zn) treatment, while the lowest values were attained by un‐inoculated grains (control) and spraying the wheat plants with tap water (control). Effective microorganisms in combination with micronutrients could be recommended to farmers to lead higher wheat yield.
Randomised clinical trial: alosetron improves quality of life and reduces restriction of daily activities in women with severe diarrhoea‐predominant IBS
Authors: Cremonini F. , Nicandro J. P. , Atkinson V. , Shringarpure R. , Chuang E. , Lembo A. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundPatients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea (IBS‐D) experience restriction in daily activities and decreased health‐related quality of life (QOL).AimTo investigate effects of alosetron on patient‐reported health‐related QOL, satisfaction and productivity in women with severe IBS‐D.MethodsA total of 705 women (severe IBS‐D, Rome II criteria) randomised to alosetron 0.5 mg QD, 1 mg QD, 1 mg BID, or placebo for 12 weeks were studied. IBSQOL, treatment satisfaction, daily activities, and lost workplace productivity (LWP) were evaluated at randomisation and Week 12.ResultsOne or more doses of alosetron significantly improved all IBSQOL domains except for sexual function from baseline vs. placebo. The magnitude of IBSQOL changes was consistent with a clinically meaningful effect. Alosetron 0.5 mg QD and 1 mg BID significantly reduced IBS interference with social/leisure activities and LWP from baseline vs. placebo [social/leisure (mean ±S.E.) days lost: −6.7 ± 0.8, −7.0 ± 0.9, P < 0.01; LWP (mean ± S.E.) h lost: −11.0 ± 3.3, −21.1 ± 4.1, P < 0.05 respectively]. Significantly more patients treated with alosetron reported satisfaction vs. placebo. Improvements in IBSQOL, LWP, and treatment satisfaction significantly correlated with global improvement of IBS symptoms. The incidence of adverse events with alosetron was low with constipation being the most commonly reported event. A single case of ischaemic colitis occurred, in a patient receiving alosetron 0.5 mg QD.ConclusionsIn women with severe IBS‐D, alosetron treatment, including 0.5 mg QD, resulted in statistically significant and clinically relevant improvements in health‐related QOL, restriction of daily activities and treatment satisfaction over placebo. IBS symptom improvement corresponded with positive changes in IBSQOL, LWP and treatment satisfaction.
Mathematical model of heterogeneous cancer growth with an autocrine signalling pathway
Authors: Hu G.‐M. , Lee C.‐Y. , Chen Y.‐Y. , Pang N.‐N. , Tzeng W. J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectivesCancer is a complex biological occurrence which is difficult to describe clearly and explain its growth development. As such, novel concepts, such as of heterogeneity and signalling pathways, grow exponentially and many mathematical models accommodating the latest knowledge have been proposed. Here, we present a simple mathematical model that exhibits many characteristics of experimental data, using prostate carcinoma cell spheroids under treatment.Materials and methodsWe have modelled cancer as a two‐subpopulation system, with one subpopulation representing a cancer stem cell state, and the other a normal cancer cell state. As a first approximation, these follow a logistical growth model with self and competing capacities, but they can transform into each other by using an autocrine signalling pathway.Results and conclusionBy analysing regulation behaviour of each of the system parameters, we show that the model exhibits many characteristics of actual cancer growth curves. Features reproduced in this model include delayed phase of evolving cancer under 17AAG treatment, and bi‐stable behaviour under treatment by irradiation. In addition, our interpretation of the system parameters corresponds well with known facts involving 17AAG treatment. This model may thus provide insight into some of the mechanisms behind cancer.