bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors associated with cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplant patients: a prospective, epidemiological study
Authors: Delgado J.F. , Manito N. , Almenar L. , Crespo‐Leiro M. , Roig E. , Segovia J. , Vázquez de Prada J.A. , Lage E. , Palomo J. , Campreciós M. , Arizón J.M. , Rodríguez‐Lambert J.L. , Blasco T. , de la Fuente L. , Pascual D. , Rábago G. 
Published: October 2010

J.F. Delgado, N. Manito, L. Almenar, M. Crespo‐Leiro, E. Roig, J. Segovia, J.A. Vázquez de Prada, E. Lage, J. Palomo, M. Campreciós, J.M. Arizón, J.L. Rodríguez‐Lambert, T. Blasco, L. de la Fuente, D. Pascual, G. Rábago. Risk factors associated with cytomegalovirus infection in heart transplant patients: a prospective, epidemiological study Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 136–144. All rights reservedBackground. The objectives of this epidemiological, prospective study were to describe the characteristics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in heart transplant (HT) recipients and to identify the variables that may influence the development of CMV viremia and CMV disease in these patients.Methods. HT recipients ≥18 years of age (n=199) were included in the study. Variables studied included CMV serostatus, immunosuppressive treatment, and administration of anti‐CMV prophylaxis.Results. The mean age of the population was 52 years, and 84% were males. Immunosuppressive regimens were administered as induction therapy to 92.5% of patients; 88.5% of patients received calcineurin inhibitors as maintenance therapy. Anti‐CMV treatment was given to 59% of 199 patients as prophylaxis (70%), preemptive therapy (10%), or to treat CMV infection (20%). Overall, 43% of patients had at least 1 positive viremia test. No patient with a high‐risk serostatus (donor+/recipient−) receiving prophylaxis developed CMV syndrome, and only 2.5% of 199 patients developed CMV invasive disease. Multivariate analysis showed that having a positive donor CMV serostatus was associated with an increased risk of developing CMV viremia (P<0.012), while use of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors was associated with a decreased risk (P=0.005).Conclusions. In a population of HT recipients, the CMV infection rate was similar to that seen in previous studies, but the progression to overt CMV disease was very low. Having a CMV‐positive donor was identified as an independent risk factor for developing CMV viremia, while the use of mTOR inhibitors was protective against viremia.
Why do junior doctors not want to work in a rural location, and what would induce them to do so?
Authors: Rogers Mary E. , Searle Judy , Creed Peter A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective:  Identify the most important factors associated with choosing rural medical practice. Design:  Cross‐sectional design using a web survey to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Participants:  One hundred and ninety junior doctors – 91 interns, 99 PGY2. Main outcome measures:  Choice of practice location (urban/rural), reason for choosing location, enticement to a rural location. Results:  Twenty‐seven per cent of junior doctors preferred a rural practice location. Preference to practice in a rural area was associated with medical placement bonding schemes, rural background, rural placement experience and being older. High levels of professional expectations and prestige were associated with a preference for an urban location. The most important reasons for choosing a practice location included consideration of partner, family and friends (35.3%), preference for a location (20.5%), lifestyle goals (19.5%) and career opportunities, specialty requirements and infrastructure (17.9%). Those who preferred an urban compared with a rural location gave more importance to factors concerning partner, family and friends. The factors that would entice a doctor to a rural location included partner and family considerations (27.0%), professional support (20.3%), and career opportunities, specialty requirements and infrastructure (16.3%). Women gave more importance to partner and family factors than men. Conclusions:  Our findings support the continuation of policies that are known to encourage choice of rural practice, but highlight the need for additional strategies that consider the personal and professional needs of this generation of doctors.
Improving the quality of diabetes care in general practice
Authors: Reddy Prasuna , Ford Dale , Dunbar James A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective:  The evidence treatment gap for patients with type 2 diabetes. Design:  A summary of convenience sample of seven general practices. Setting:  Metropolitan and rural Victoria, Australia. Participants:  561 patients of general practices (75% from rural general practices). Main outcome measures:  Demographic data, duration of diabetes, diabetes complications, HbA1c and lipid levels, blood pressure and score on PHQ‐9. Results:  Patients with depression show more severe, progressive and intensively treated diabetes. The prevalence of depression in diabetes is about twice that of the general population. Conclusion:  Australian guidelines for diabetes should recommend screening for depression.
Undergraduate nursing students' experiences in a rural clinical placement
Authors: Webster Sue , Lopez Violeta , Allnut Jane , Clague Liesa , Jones Deborah , Bennett Paul 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective:  This paper draws on questionnaire findings and analysis of students' comments to demonstrate the aspects of rural placements that were effective in engaging students in the learning process. It also examined how a primary health care clinical placement in Aboriginal communities can provide nursing students with a rich and varied learning experience and an insight into the complex aspects of rural life including Aboriginal health. Design:  A cohort of eight second‐year nursing students from the Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, in partnership with the Broken Hill University Department of Rural Health (BHUDRH), participated in a 4 weeks' rural placement in far western New South Wales. A pre‐test/post‐test questionnaire was used to capture their experiences with the students completing the questionnaires before and after their clinical placements. Such placements offer students opportunities to deepen their understanding of issues related to rural health in clinical, professional, social and community contexts. Results:  The results suggest that clinical experience in rural areas can positively influence attitudes, preparedness for practice and engage students on many levels, deepened their understanding of rural communities and issues related to rural health. Conclusion:  This group of undergraduate nursing students indicated they all had a positive learning experience in their rural clinical placement. The value of rural placements as a method for increasing nursing student's practical experience should be promoted.
Cancer death from non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer: Report of the Japanese Urological Association of data from the 1999–2001 registry in Japan
Authors: Okajima Eijiro , Fujimoto Hiroyuki , Mizutani Yoichi , Kikuchi Eiji , Koga Hirofumi , Hinotsu Shiro , Shinohara Nobuo , Miki Tsuneharu ,   the Cancer Registration Committee of the Japanese Urological Association
Published: October 2010

Objectives: Our aim was to clarify the risk factors of cancer death in order to reduce mortality from T1 bladder cancer.Methods: The Japan registration database (1999–2001) was used for the analysis. Data were collected at least 3 years after the initial diagnosis. Cause‐specific survival using a Kaplan–Meier survival estimation with the log–rank method was evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model was also carried out. The 1997 TNM classification was used for pathological staging, and the 1973 WHO classification was used for pathological grading.Results: There were 76 cancer deaths among a total of 1919 clinical T1 cases. Regardless of the subsequent treatment strategies, non‐papillary tumor appearance, non‐peduncular tumor stalk, multiple tumors, a tumor size greater than 3 cm, positive urinary cytology and pathological grade 3 were found to be statistically significant in cancer death by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, non‐papillary tumor appearance, positive urinary cytology and a tumor size greater than 3 cm were confirmed as significant risk factors. Cancer death cases were found in 47.4% of worst‐grade 2 tumors, and in 67.1% of predominantly grade 1 or 2 tumors.Conclusion: Non‐papillary tumor appearance, positive urinary cytology and a tumor size greater than 3 cm should be included to enable the assessment of risk criteria in cancer death from T1 bladder cancer.
Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition
Authors: Deniau Jean‐Michel , Degos Bertrand , Bosch Clémentine , Maurice Nicolas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDeep brain electrical stimulation has become a recognized therapy in the treatment of a variety of motor disorders and has potentially promising applications in a wide range of neurological diseases including neuropsychiatry. Behavioural observation that electrical high‐frequency stimulation of a given brain area induces an effect similar to a lesion suggested a mechanism of functional inhibition. In vitro and in vivo experiments as well as per operative recordings in patients have revealed a variety of effects involving local changes of neuronal excitability as well as widespread effects throughout the connected network resulting from activation of axons, including antidromic activation. Here we review current data regarding the local and network activity changes induced by high‐frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus and discuss this in the context of motor restoration in Parkinson’s disease. Stressing the important functional consequences of axonal activation in deep brain stimulation mechanisms, we highlight the importance of developing anatomical knowledge concerning the fibre connections of the putative therapeutic targets.
Deep brain stimulation in clinical trials and animal models of depression
Authors: Hamani Clement , Nóbrega José N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is currently being investigated as a therapy for the treatment of depression. Despite promising results of recent clinical trials, neural and chemical mechanisms responsible for the effects of stimulation are still unclear. In this article, we review clinical and laboratory findings on DBS for depression. Particular emphasis will be given to aspects involved in the translation of data from animal models to humans and in our findings on the potential substrates involved in the antidepressant effects of DBS in rats.
Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson’s disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach
Authors: Fuentes Romulo , Petersson Per , Nicolelis Miguel A. L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSpecific motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be treated effectively with direct electrical stimulation of deep nuclei in the brain. However, this is an invasive procedure, and the fraction of eligible patients is rather low according to currently used criteria. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS), a minimally invasive method, has more recently been proposed as a therapeutic approach to alleviate PD akinesia, in light of its proven ability to rescue locomotion in rodent models of PD. The mechanisms accounting for this effect are unknown but, from accumulated experience with the use of SCS in the management of chronic pain, it is known that the pathways most probably activated by SCS are the superficial fibers of the dorsal columns. We suggest that the prokinetic effect of SCS results from direct activation of ascending pathways reaching thalamic nuclei and the cerebral cortex. The afferent stimulation may, in addition, activate brainstem nuclei, contributing to the initiation of locomotion. On the basis of the striking change in the corticostriatal oscillatory mode of neuronal activity induced by SCS, we propose that, through activation of lemniscal and brainstem pathways, the locomotive increase is achieved by disruption of antikinetic low‐frequency (<30 Hz) oscillatory synchronization in the corticobasal ganglia circuits.
Sing the mind electric – principles of deep brain stimulation
Authors: Kringelbach Morten L. , Green Alexander L. , Owen Sarah L. F. , Schweder Patrick M. , Aziz Tipu Z. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe remarkable efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for a range of treatment‐resistant disorders is still not matched by a comparable understanding of the underlying neural mechanisms. Some progress has been made using translational research with a range of neuroscientific techniques, and here we review the most promising emerging principles. On balance, DBS appears to work by restoring normal oscillatory activity between a network of key brain regions. Further research using this causal neuromodulatory tool may provide vital insights into fundamental brain function, as well as guide targets for future treatments. In particular, DBS could have an important role in restoring the balance of the brain’s default network and thus repairing the malignant brain states associated with affective disorders, which give rise to serious disabling problems such as anhedonia, the lack of pleasure. At the same time, it is important to proceed with caution and not repeat the errors from the era of psychosurgery.
Consequences of adaptive behaviour for the structure and dynamics of food webs
Authors: Valdovinos Fernanda S. , Ramos‐Jiliberto Rodrigo , Garay‐Narváez Leslie , Urbani Pasquinell , Dunne Jennifer A. 
Published: October 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1546–1559AbstractSpecies coexistence within ecosystems and the stability of patterns of temporal changes in population sizes are central topics in ecological theory. In the last decade, adaptive behaviour has been proposed as a mechanism of population stabilization. In particular, widely distributed adaptive trophic behaviour (ATB), the fitness‐enhancing changes in individuals’ feeding‐related traits due to variation in their trophic environment, may play a key role in modulating the dynamics of feeding relationships within natural communities. In this article, we review and synthesize models and results from theoretical research dealing with the consequences of ATB on the structure and dynamics of complex food webs. We discuss current approaches, point out limitations, and consider questions ripe for future research. In spite of some differences in the modelling and analytic approaches, there are points of convergence: (1) ATB promotes the complex structure of ecological networks, (2) ATB increases the stability of their dynamics, (3) ATB reverses May’s negative complexity–stability relationship, and (4) ATB provides resilience and resistance of networks against perturbations. Current knowledge supports ATB as an essential ingredient for models of community dynamics, and future research that incorporates ATB will be well positioned to address questions important for basic ecological research and its applications.
No Preacher Left Behind: A New Prerequisite for the Introductory Preaching Course
Authors: Resner André 
Published: October 2010

AbstractM.Div. programs sequence curriculum in order to cumulatively build competencies for wise, faithful, reflective, appropriate and effective ministerial practices. That is why the introductory preaching course typically is positioned somewhere near the middle of the program. The author of this article discovered that students who, in the semester immediately preceding the introductory preaching course, were apprenticed in the art of critical theological reflection on previously preached sermons entered the introductory course more eager, with more finely attuned expectation levels, and with anxiety levels that promoted rather than hampered learning.
Relationship between smoking‐induced oxidative stress and the clinical severity of psoriasis
Authors: Attwa E. , Swelam E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  Psoriasis is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory skin disease, known as an oxidative stress condition. Smoking augments the risk of development of psoriasis. Although the relative importance of potential mechanisms of smoking‐induced psoriasis is unknown, direct delivery of oxidants has been implicated in the pathogenesis of smoking‐induced psoriasis.Objectives  This study aimed to investigate the smoking‐induced oxidative stress in psoriatic patients and its correlation with the severity of the disease.Methods  The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured in 25 psoriatic patients (10 smokers, 10 non‐smokers and 5 ex‐smokers) and 20 healthy control subjects (10 smokers and 10 non‐smokers). Clinical severity of psoriasis was determined according to the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) score.Results  Our results showed a significant increase in serum MDA and decrease in the blood SOD levels in psoriatic patients compared with those in control subjects and those in smokers compared with those in non‐smokers. The concentrations of MDA and SOD were significantly correlated with PASI score. There was a significant increase in PASI score in smoker patients compared with that in non‐smokers and it increased with increasing the pack‐years of smoking.Conclusions  Our results indicate that smoking‐induced oxidative damage resulting from increased reactive oxygen species production along with insufficient capacity of antioxidant mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
Beyond Intergovernmentalism: European Security and Defence Policy and the Governance Approach
Authors: NORHEIM‐MARTINSEN PER M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOver the last decade, the EU has developed into a regional institution whose military ambitions extend well beyond Europe. This development counteracts the assumptions of realist and intergovernmental theories, raising the question of what concepts are appropriate for understanding security and defence policy in the EU. It has been argued that governance approaches are particularly well‐suited to describe the functioning of the EU. Yet analyses of the EU's common security and defence policy (CSDP) have to date not been granted the benefits of this insight. This article seeks to remedy this by venturing down the yet unfulfilled EU trail of a burgeoning literature on security governance. Exploring five features of security governance, the article identifies the most promising questions and approaches of the so‐called governance turn in IR theory, ending up with a putative EU security governance research agenda that will lead to a deeper understanding of the kind of security actor that the EU has evolved into.
Analysis of strain‐dependent prepulse inhibition points to a role for Shmt1 (SHMT1) in mice and in schizophrenia
Authors: Maekawa Motoko , Ohnishi Tetsuo , Hashimoto Kenji , Watanabe Akiko , Iwayama Yoshimi , Ohba Hisako , Hattori Eiji , Yamada Kazuo , Yoshikawa Takeo 
Published: October 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1374–1385.AbstractDeficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) are known in mental illnesses, including schizophrenia. NMDA receptor function affects PPI integrity and d‐serine and glycine are endogenous co‐agonists for the receptor. Our previous quantitative trait loci analysis using C57BL/6 (B6) mice with better PPI performance and C3H/He (C3) with lower PPI score, shows that genes for both d‐serine synthesizing enzyme and enzyme for reversible conversion between glycine and l‐serine (Srr and Shmt1, respectively) are located in the same PPI‐quantitative trait loci peak. Therefore, we set out to determine which gene is likely to explain the PPI difference and whether the gene is potentially relevant to schizophrenia. We first examined brain interstitial fluid levels of the two amino acids using microdialysis. Recovery of d‐serine and glycine from the dialysate was higher in B6, compared to C3. Next, we analyzed expression levels and genetic polymorphisms of the two genes. There were promoter polymorphisms in Shmt1, which elicit lower transcriptional activity in B6 compared to C3 conforming to the results of brain expression levels, but no functional genetic variants in Srr. Finally, we evaluated expression levels of the two genes in the postmortem brains of schizophrenia and genetic associations with the disease. The SHMT1 levels were higher in schizophrenic brains compared to controls, but no changes in SRR levels. We detected a nominal association between SHMT1 and schizophrenia. These results suggest that Shmt1 (SHMT1), but not Srr, is likely to be one of the genetic components regulating PPI in mice and possibly relevant to schizophrenia.
Heat sources and trigger mechanisms of exhumation of HP granulites in Variscan orogenic root
Authors: LEXA O. , SCHULMANN K. , JANOUŠEK V. , ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , GUY A. , RACEK M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe structure of the Moldanubian domain is marked by felsic granulites of Ordovician protolith age forming the cores of domes that are separated from mid‐crustal Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks that occur in synclines by a late Ordovician to Silurian metabasic unit. Reflection and refraction seismic sections combined with gravity inversion modelling suggest the presence of a low density layer at the bottom of the crust (interpreted as felsic granulite) overlain by a denser layer (interpreted as amphibolite) with layers of intermediate density at the top (interpreted as metasedimentary rocks). It is proposed that the granulite domes surrounded by middle crustal rocks reflect transposed horizontal layering originally similar to that preserved in the deep crust and imaged by the geophysical surveys. This geological and geophysical structure is considered to be a result of Viséan gravity redistribution initiated by radioactive heating of felsic crust tectonically emplaced at the bottom of a Palaeozoic orogenic root. The radioactive layer with heat production of 4 μW m−3 corresponds geochemically and isotopically to Ordovician felsic metaigneous rocks of the Saxothuringian domain that have been emplaced at Moho depth under thickened crust during late Devonian–early Carboniferous continental subduction. Part of the continental crust continued to be subducted and produced fluids/low‐volume melts which directly contaminated and enriched the local lithospheric mantle by lithophile elements, most notably Cs, Rb, Li, Pb, U, Th and K. Thermal incubation of 10–15 Myr was sufficient to heat and convert the underplated felsic layer into granulites via dehydration melting and melt segregation. The process of melt loss was responsible for the removal of radioactive elements and for switching off the heat at the beginning of the exhumation process. At the same time, the metasomatized underlying mantle was heated producing characteristic ultrapotassic magmas. Gravitational instability was then induced by the density contrast between the light granulites and the overlaying denser mafic lower crustal layer and a viscosity drop related to thermal weakening and partial melting of the latter.
Romantic Love, Altruism, and Self‐Respect: An Analysis of Simone De Beauvoir
Authors: Morgan Kathryn Pauly 
Published: October 2010

I examine Beauvoir's moral assessment of Romantic Love in The Second Sex.I first set out Beauvoir's central philosophical assumptions concerning the nature and situations of women, setting the framework for her analysis of the intersubjective dynamic which constitutes the phenomenology of romantic loving. In this process four double‐bind paradoxes are generated which can lead, ultimately, to servility in the woman who loves.In a separate analysis, I ask whether it is wrong for a woman to aspire to and/or choose this form of servitude. I distinguish two kinds of considerations: (1) those having to do with the intrinsic moral nature of the commitment or decision, and (2) those based on considerations of harm: first, to the woman who loves; second, to the loved Other; third to the nature of the relationship; and fourth, to society in general.