bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual-tree growth dynamics of mature Abies alba during repeated irregular group shelterwood (Femelschlag) cuttings
Authors: Puettmann Klaus J. , D’Amato Anthony W. , Kohnle Ulrich , Bauhus Jürgen 
Published: December 2009

This study investigated the individual-tree diameter response of mature silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) to reproduction harvests (Femelschlag: an irregular group shelterwood method) on six sites in the Black Forest, Germany. On each site, four different treatments were applied, including a control treatment and short-, medium, and long-term regeneration periods aimed at the complete removal of overstory trees within 20, 35, and 50 years, respectively. These treatments created a wide variety of growing conditions for individual trees. Relationships between relative diameter growth and stand-level and neighborhood interaction indices were evaluated. Growing conditions for individual trees in control conditions were best characterized using Lorimer’s index for a 16 m radius neighborhood. Equations predicting tree growth in control stands underpredicted initial growth of trees after harvesting operations, suggesting a release effect that is not captured by postharvest density. This effect was larger for smaller trees and influenced by removal intensity. Growth response to density reductions was also influenced by previous harvests. Our results suggest that the growth response of mature trees to reproduction harvests may become an important consideration when increased emphasis is placed on managing for long-term regeneration periods.
The outbreak history of Dothistroma needle blight: an emerging forest disease in northwestern British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Welsh Cedar , Lewis Kathy , Woods Alex 
Published: December 2009

Native pathogens are normally limited in the damage they cause by host resistance and (or) environmental conditions that limit one or more phases of the disease cycle. Changes to host or environmental conditions can relax these limits and result in disease emergence. Until recently, Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma), caused by Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) Morelet, has had only minor impacts on native forest trees in western North America. Over the past decade in the forests of northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Dothistroma has caused extensive mortality in managed plantations of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.), and even mature pine trees are succumbing. We used dendrochronological techniques to reconstruct the temporal patterns of past Dothistroma outbreaks in the area using tree-ring series from sites with documented outbreaks. We found that Dothistroma outbreaks in northwest British Columbia have occurred periodically over the last 174 years, with an increase in outbreak incidence and extent since the 1940s. The most distinct change observed in the outbreak history has been the greater severity and synchrony among the sites affected during the current outbreak. A recently observed climate change trend over the study area may represent an environmental trigger that synchronized the current outbreak causing the widespread emergence of the disease.
The sensitivity of nitrogen fixation by a feathermoss–cyanobacteria association to litter and moisture variability in young and old boreal forests
Authors: Gundale Michael J. , Gustafsson Helena , Nilsson Marie-Charlotte 
Published: December 2009

We conducted a pair of experiments to assess whether nitrogen (N) fixation by a feathermoss–cyanobacteria association was sensitive to moisture availability and quality of litter inputs, and whether sensitivity to these factors differed between young and old forests. In our first greenhouse experiment, we experimentally varied the frequency of water addition to Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt. collected from young and old forest sites. This experiment revealed that the extreme drought treatment reduced N fixation capacity (measured via acetylene reduction), whereas daily watering increased N fixation capacity. The experiment also demonstrated that sensitivity to moisture variability was greater in old forests than in young forests. In a second greenhouse experiment, we repeatedly applied litter extracts from six common boreal species, Pinus sylvestris L., Picea abies (L.) Karst., Betula pubescens Ehrh., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Vaccinium vitis-idaea L., and Empetrum hermaphroditum Lange ex Hagerup. After 43 days, we found no significant effects of litter or litter by stand age interaction on N fixation capacity of P. schreberi, whereas stand age remained a significant factor. These experiments suggest that the N fixation capacity of the P. schreberi – cyanobacteria association is relatively resistant to short-term variation of litter as an environmental driver but that precipitation extremes in old forests may significantly alter the N fixation capacity of the association.
Dendrochronology of Quercus ilex L. and its potential use for climate reconstruction in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Campelo F. , Nabais C. , García-González I. , Cherubini P. , Gutiérrez E. , Freitas H. 
Published: December 2009

Holm oak ( Quercus ilex L.) is a long-lived species widely distributed across the Mediterranean Basin, with potential value for dendrochronology and dendroclimatology. However, tree-ring dating in Q. ilex is a complex task that has limited the number of dendrochronological studies using this evergreen species. In the present work, it was investigated if old Q. ilex trees showed annual tree rings and whether they can be used as climate proxies. A long tree-ring chronology (126 years) of Q. ilex was developed using cross sections of 20 trees from the Guadiana river basin (Portugal). The high correlation among tree-ring series suggested that tree growth was controlled mainly by climate. Response function analysis showed a positive correlation between tree-ring width and precipitation from October(t–1)of the previous year to January(t)of the current year and in May(t). Tree-ring width was negatively correlated with the North Atlantic oscillation that exerts a strong influence on the precipitation over Iberia. Negative pointer years were triggered by dry years and became more frequent during the last decade of the 20th century. In conclusion, it is possible to accurately date old Q. ilex trees, and their tree rings could be used for climate reconstructions across the Mediterranean.
ASSESSMENT OF MARITAL COMMUNICATION AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF TWO SCALES
Authors: CHEUNG SIU-KAU 
Published: December 2009

Preliminary psychometric data are presented for two Chinese self-report scales that assess marital communication and conflict resolution. These scales were based on English versions of the scales but adapted to fit the local cultural context. Results showed that the 11-item Marital Communication Scale and the 8-item Chinese Ineffective Arguing Scale produced scores that were internally consistent. Their correlations with the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale were high and significant. There was moderate evidence to support that the scales distinguished between respondents with and without marital problems. 本文报导关於两个婚姻关系量表的发展过程和检订结果。量表之一名为「婚姻沟通量表」，它的内容主要取材于西方有关的量表。在检订前，研究员已按本地文化修订其项目，亦就其原内容不足之处增添了两条题目。第二个量表名为「无效的争辩方式」量表，它有八条题目，亦是按有关的西方量表经修订后采用的。检订结果显示，婚姻沟通量表在删除一条题目后，有颇高的内在一致性信度，而无效的争辩方式量表中八题的分数亦有很高的内在一致性。两个量表的分数和肯萨斯州婚姻满意程度量表有很高的相关，量表的分数亦有助区分带有婚姻问题者和没带婚姻问题者。这些结果都为量表的信度和效度，提供初步的支持。
华人辅导法: 迈向本土化的途径
Authors: 李 怀敏 
Published: December 2009

本文提出一个新的问题：在现代中国人的心灵里，中国古代心理思想是否已成为被博物馆化了的文化古董，连满足情绪需要和治疗心灵创伤的实用价值都没有了，以致我们无法在此基础上，建构出一套适合华人的心理辅导法？在中国古代心理思想中，其实一直存有一套庞大心理辅导体系和颇为缜密的范式。今天需要的是一种足以梳理中国古代心理思想的知识考古方法，并且采用扎根理论 (Grounded Theory) 的研究进路，在结合观察现今华人日常生活的心理运作及行为的基础上，设计出本土的辅导理论和方法，即选择华人所熟悉的心理想法或经验为研究概念，考虑中华文化、社会体系反映在个体心理体系 (包括语言意义系统) 的情况，从中找出华人行为的真正意义，进而寻找适合研究华人及其心理概念的设计及工具，并且在这些设计及工具的基础上，进一步发展足以解释华人心理行为的模式和理论，并据此建立辅导华人的知识体系。 This paper discusses possible ways to develop indigenous counselling theories and techniques that are based on the philosophies and knowledge of Chinese traditional counselling practices. Indigenous theories and techniques should have their own knowledge substance, terminology and language, to describe and understand the Chinese behaviours, which are very different from what are described in the Western counselling theories. To begin with, this paper will give a brief overview of the rationale for developing indigenous counseling theories and techniques. There is a strong psycho-social component in accord with Chinese philosophies about human and nature in the majority of Chinese classical canons. This psycho-social component has a solid scientific ideology and has voluminous empirical evidence. Based upon these materials, this paper suggests that it is possible to develop indigenous counselling approaches that are in accordance with the Chinese world view and cultural practices. All the new indigenous theories, counselling processes and specific interventions should reflect the foundation of Chinese thought. They are the fundamental platform upon which indigenous counselling approaches are built.
香港社会工作本土化的沉思 (一) 本土化的回顾与前瞻
Authors: 叶 锦成 
Published: December 2009

社会工作本土化对面对西方文化霸权产生下的社会工作模式的本土应用是必需的反省。但本土化本身就是一个非常复杂的过程，社会工作本质也异常复杂，因此社会本土化基本是一个不易进行的反省。本文作者尝试从有关本地文献中去检视香港社会工作本土化的发展。香港社会工作从 “西方化” 的西方理论的硬套，慢慢地对香港本土的处境有所反省，到九十年代这讨论变得比较热闹。社会工作理念的本土反省和地道知识追寻也揭开序幕。寄望廿一世纪香港社会工作本土化能从理念和处境的反省渐渐展开对本土社会工作理论的追寻。 Social work indigenisation is a necessary reflection under the Western cultural imperialism. However, indigenisation is a highly complicated and multi-dimensional process. The natures of social work are also controversial and diversified. In this paper, the writer tries to discuss the process of indigenisation in social work practice in Hong Kong. It seems that social work practice in Hong Kong gradually removed its attachment on "Westernised model" to reflection of local social and cultural contexts. In the 1990s, the debates on indigenisation began to gain enough momentum for a more comprehensive and holistic reflection of social work practice in Hong Kong.
MANAGERIALISM AND SMALL NGOS IN HONG KONG
Authors: CHANG SIU-WAH 
Published: December 2009

Nine Hong Kong small NGO Chief Executive Officers gathered to discuss their perceptions based on their experience during the welfare reform. The paper focuses on tension, opportunities and ways in addressing the issues brought along by the arrival of managerialism in the local welfare scene. 九间香港小型非牟利机构的总干事一起讨论在福利改革中的体验和观感。 本文集中讨论管理主义降临香港社会福利界带来 的压力、 机遇和应变的方法。
CARE OR CONTROL: THE STRUGGLES OF PROBATION OFFICERS IN WORKING WITH YOUNG PROBATIONERS WHO ABUSED PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN HONG KONG
Authors: SIM TIMOTHY 
Published: December 2009

Psychotropic drug abuse among young persons below 21 years old has been increasing at an alarming rate in Hong Kong recently. Probation officers when working with young probationers who abuse psychotropic drugs need to contend not only with a complex phenomenon, but be challenged by the dilemmas of the nature of their profession between care and control. This article, by drawing from a discussion with a group of probation officers and feedback from a group of young probationers, raises some issues and questions for probation service in Hong Kong pertaining to working with young probationers who abuse psychotropic drugs. Some suggestions are made for probation officers to achieve more effective planning and interventions in working with young probationers who abuse psychotropic drugs. 由 於 滥 用 精 神 药 物 是 一 个 颇 复 杂 的 现 象， 身 兼 数 职 的 感 化 官 要 有 效 地 帮 助 日 益 增 多 的 滥 用 精 神 药 物 的 青 少 年， 委 实 不 易。 本 文 根 据 一 次 与 香 港 感 化 官 的 讨 论 和 一 群 接 受 感 化 的 青 少 年 的 回 应， 探 讨 感 化 官 处 理 青 少 年 滥 用 精 神 药 物 问 题 时 所 遇 的 挑 战， 并 建 议 符 合 社 会 工 作 价 值 和 香 港 情 况 的 方 案。
范 式 转 移 —— 新 社 会 下 的 社 会 福 利 与 社 会 工 作
Authors: 冯 可 立 
Published: December 2009

在 市 场 化、 全 球 化、 程 序 化 的 新 社 会 下， 社 会 福 利 和 社 会 工 作 面 临 范 式 转 移 的 挑 战。 社 会 福 利 的 两 个 意 义：安 然 状 态 与 官 民 关 系， 都 已 经 被 重 新 诠 释。 生 产 力 已 经 成 为 了 主 要 论 述， 严 爱 已 取 代 了 仁 爱。 社 会 工 作 者 以 往 的 专 业 自 主， 与 案 主 的 密 切 关 系， 也 被 解 构 了。 作 为 社 会 渐 进 改 革 派 的 社 会 工 作 专 业， 应 该 怎 样 走 下 去 呢？ Under the New Society of globalisation, marketisation and programisation, there was a paradigm shift in social welfare and social work. The two meanings of social welfare – the state of well-being and the political relationship between the State and its people – were being reconstructed. Productivity began to replace the sense of well-being, and "tough love" also replaced kindness. Professional autonomy and the close relationship of "worker-client" of social work were also deconstructed. What should social work, as a force of gradual social reform, do to this paradigm shift?
中国传统文化对社区支援网络手法的影响: 十年实务经验的反思
Authors: 叶 锦成 , 罗 崇安 
Published: December 2009

基督教联会那打素社会服务辖下的爱邻中心从1991年到现在，十年以来一直沿用睦邻为本的自然支援网络手法 (Natural Locality Based Networking Approach)，去帮助在秀茂坪区的独居又长期患病的长者。经过十年多的理论和实践，这支援网络手法已日渐成熟。工作人员在与独居长者建立社区支援网络时发现，中国传统文化的社会取向(social orientation)如：家庭取向、关系取向、权威取向和他人取向的特色，不断影响著社区支援网络的建设过程。笔者就此对中国文化作出反思，并从实务案例中说明如何利用这些传统文化的特色去协助建立及推行社区支援网络。 Locality Based Networking Approach has been used for more than ten years by the United Christian Nethersole Community Health Services for supporting those lonely singleton disabled elderly in public housing. Thoughout these years of practical experience, the writers discovered that the formation and function of these social support networks were greatly affected by the Chinese social orientation, as suggested by Yang (1995). In this paper, the writers list all these culturally based practical experiences in details.
社会服务令的争议与再定位
Authors: 卢 铁荣 
Published: December 2009

刑罚有不同的目的和作用，它们是：让罪犯补偿社会、复康、重投社会；使罪犯获得报应；阻吓他人；从社会移除害群之马，如监禁。前三者正是社会服务令的目的，它旨在协助罪犯补偿社会，从而改过自新和重投社会怀抱。而在谢霆锋案中，後三者却是很多社会人士所强烈要求的惩罚目的。为了避免日後再有类似的争论发生，社会服务令的重新定位是刻不容缓的。确立社会服务令为短期监禁的代替刑及订立清楚的换算方式，不但会减少争议，也能增加法庭的判刑选择，在扩大运用社区刑罚的同时，也能为上述各种惩罚目的找到更佳的平衡点，这将有助於我们迈向一个富有复和司法的社会。 Sentencing has various objectives and functions, including reparation, rehabilitation, reintegration, retribution, deterrence and removal from society, such as incarceration. Community service orders incorporate the first three functions. They assist offenders to make reparation to society for the crimes they have committed, to turn over a new leaf, and to reintegrate into society. In the case of singer Nicholas Tse, the last three functions were demanded by the community. To avoid similar conflicts in the future, to reposition community service orders is inevitable. There is an urgent need to reiterate community service orders as alternatives to imprisonment, and to establish a clear guideline for conversion between service hours and jail days. This approach would minimise conflicts in society, increase sentencing options and community penalties for the court, strike a balance between different penal goals, and strive for a restorative society.
MISSING OLDER PERSONS WITH DEMENTIA — A HONG KONG VIEW
Authors: LAI CLAUDIA K.Y. , CHUNG JENNY C.C. , WONG THOMAS K.S. , FAULKNER LAWRENCE W. , NG LOUISE , LAU LIAM K.P. 
Published: December 2009

This paper reviews missing person incidents that occurred in older persons with dementia reported in local newspapers from 1 January 1999 to 1 May 2002. Ten relevant incidents, two of which happened to the same person, were found in WiseNews, an electronic database of 21 local newspapers. There were four (44%) males and five (56%) females with a mean age of 77 (standard deviation=5). In six (60%) cases, the missing persons eloped from home and four (40%) outside of home. Nine (90%) of the cases required less than a day to three days to locate the missing person. Six (60%) cases resulted in injuries or death due to falls or traffic accidents. It is not uncommon for dementia patients to get lost. Public awareness and understanding of the phenomenon is very important because the survival of missing persons depends on the implementation of timely and effective search and rescue. This analysis confirms the need for a prospective study to further examine the characteristics of missing older adults and missing incidents, as well as the search strategies adopted by caregivers. 这篇文章旨在回顾由一九九九年一月一日至二零零二年五月一日以来在本地报章上报导过的有关老年痴呆症患者走失的个案。WiseNews是一个包含二十一份本地报章的电子资料库。我们通过WiseNews搜索到十宗有关的报导，其中两宗个案发生在同一个患者身上。走失患者当中有四名男性，五名女性，年龄由七十到八十六岁［平均数：七十七］。在六宗［六成］走失个案当中，患者是从居所走失的，而另外四宗［四成］则发生在居所以外的地方。九宗［九成］个案需要少於一天至三天的时间去寻回走失患者。六宗［六成］个案涉及受伤或死亡。走失现象在老年痴呆症患者当中颇为普遍，走失患者的安危取决於及时和有效率的搜索及拯救策略。因此，大众需要对这现象有更多的了解。本文的分析显示本地需要对此问题作前瞻性的调查，使本地社会及健康服务从业员能掌握走失痴呆症患者的特徵，一般走失的情况及照顾者面对这问题的策略，从而提供合宜的协助。
DESIGNING WEB-BASED SOCIAL SERVICE PROGRAMMES: EXPERIENCE LEARNT FROM THE CYBER-PARENTING PROJECT
Authors: AU CHOR-FAI 
Published: December 2009

As the home computer and the Internet are becoming more and more popular, social service agencies in Hong Kong are beginning to show interests in making use of the new technology to extend social welfare services to the community. This paper presents the results of an empirical study to evaluate the Cyber-Parenting Project as a pioneer attempt in providing parenting education through the Internet and gives recommendations for future attempts of similar nature. The discussion covers the conceptualisation, design, implementation and utility of the Cyber-Parenting Project, and the recommendations include issues on system design, provision, testing, and monitoring of web-based social service programs.由於家用電腦及萬維網的應用日益普及，本港的社會服務機構亦開始思考如何應用這新科技去進一步延展社會福利服務到社區；而“Cyber親職教育網”便是利用萬維網去提供親職教育的一項創新計劃。本文就對該計劃進行的實證研究結果去評估該計劃在構思、設計、執行、及效用各方面的得失，並因應評估結果作出關乎系統設計、提供、測試、及監控等多方面的建議，供有興趣發展網上服務的福利機構及人仕參考。
SEX DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL HEALTH OF OLDER PEOPLE
Authors: LAI DANIEL W. L. , IP CONITA K. C. 
Published: December 2009

This study examines the differences in mental health between older men and women. A cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted with a representative sample of 504 older adults aged 55 years and older. Mental health was measured by a revised Chinese version of the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Mental Component Summary (MCS) of a Chinese version of SF-36. Mental health differences between men and women were not identified, but gender was found to have an effect on mental health in the 54 to 64 age group, when being a female predicted a poorer status of mental health. The poorer financial status of women was the reason for the gender effect. Mental health predictors for men and women were also compared. The findings concluded that interventions to strengthen financial assistance for aging women were important for enhancing mental health. 這研究對五百零四名五十五歲或以上的長者進行電話調查。結果發現男、女長者精神健康差別在五十五至六十四歲的組別中顯示，較差的經濟狀況是影響女性精神健康的因素。比較男、女精神健康指標的結果顯示，經濟援助對強化女性精神健康的重要性。.
SOCIAL NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS AND NETWORK SATISFACTION OF PEOPLE WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISABILITIES LIVING IN THE COMMUNITY
Authors: YAU SANIA S. W. , LEUNG BONNIE Y. L. , LEUNG SAMUEL S. M. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To understand the social network characteristics and network satisfaction of people with psychiatric disabilities living in the community in Hong Kong. Method: A modified scale was administered to 251 service users attending 5 Community Mental Health Link (LINK) Services measuring the above variables. Findings: The study suggested that people with psychiatric disabilities living in the community have a small social network. Moreover, network satisfaction is related to network size and physical proximity. The results are discussed in terms of their consistency with overseas findings and the implications for social work practice in network building for people with psychiatric disabilities. Conclusion: The results provided an initial understanding of social network characteristics and network satisfaction of service users receiving LINK service, with particular reference to network size and physical proximity. 目的：探討本地精神病康復者的社交網絡特質及他們對社交網絡的滿意程度。方法： 共251名來自5個「精神健康連網」的服務使用者填寫一份問卷，量度他們的社交網絡特質及對社交網絡的滿意程度。結果： 在社區生活的精神病康復者的社交網絡較小，而他們對社交網絡的滿意程度與其網絡的大小及地域的距離有明顯的關係。研究結果與海外的研究結果一致，爲社會工作實務上提供初步的討論。結論： 研究結果爲探討精神病康復者社交網絡的特質及他們對社交網絡的滿意程度提供初步的了解，更爲研究網絡的大小及地域的距離提供參考。.
资本主义社会的女性地位
Authors: 杨罗 观翠 , 余 锦伟 
Published: December 2009

香港城市大学社会科学部于一九九五年以问卷的方式，访问了二百三十五名香港女性行政人员，该访问的其中一个主要目的，是探讨这阶层的妇女在家庭及工作单位的处境和地位。本文的目的，是报告是次研究的结果，并藉著有关的研究资料，讨论香港妇女在资本主义社会的地位。本文得到的结论，是不同阶层的妇女在工作岗位及家庭所经验的，并不一定相同。因此，就是在男权主导下的社会，有部份妇女在工作上既可取得高薪厚职，在家中又可取得较高的地位，是不足为奇的。然而，这并不表示，大部份妇女便可凭自己的工作能力，改善其社会地位。资本主义运作复杂，其如何影响妇女的社会地位，仍须进一步研究和分析。 In 1995, the Division of Social Studies in the City University of Hong Kong interviewed 235 women in managerial positions with the aim of exploring their status and roles in the family and workplace. This paper presents the findings of that study. Our main argument is that women from difference social classes have difference experiences in developing their careers and looking after their families. It is possible for some women to achieve a high status at work and, at the same time, enjoy a greater share of power at home in a capitalist society. However, this should not be taken as an indication that the majority of women in Hong Kong could enhance their social status solely through participation in the labour market. There are some structural factors in the capitalist system that require further exploration.
中国特色: 经济市场化与福利社会化
Authors: 莫 邦豪 , 刘 继同 
Published: December 2009

经济体制改革令市民对福利之需要与供应发生重大改变。经济市场化引导福利向社会化发展。其原则分实践、理论和哲学三个层次。服务策略是：福利供应范围扩大化；多元化兴办福利事业；倡导自助和社会互助；资金来源多元化；福利供应 “地方化” 和 “社区化” ；培育社会服务市场；建立发展功能的福利制度。福利社会化实质是福利制度之创新，社会化的福利供应是过渡性质的福利，目标是建立含有 “发展取向” 的社会福利制度。 Recent structural economic reforms in China have had an enormous impact on the demand and supply of welfare services. The socialist economy is moving towards a market orientation and, as a result, welfare services need to be socialized. "Socialized welfare" can be understood from practical, theoretical and philosophical perspectives. In terms of service strategies, a mixed economy of welfare is preferred. "Socialized welfare" is in fact a reformed welfare system, the nature of welfare by socialized welfare provided is transitional, the primary objective of which is to build a developmental social welfare system.
The role of engineering geology in risk-based land contamination management for tomorrow's cities
Authors: Nathanail C. P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Tomorrow's cities will be built, at least in part, on yesterday's industrial, and probably chemically contaminated, land. Successful risk-based management of the contaminated land legacy of past industrial activity is an important component of managing urban land in a way that is potentially sustainable. Engineering geology has an essential role to play in ensuring that both risk assessments and remediation options are applied, appraised and implemented in ground investigations. Engineering geological parameters, such as particle size distribution (PSD) and soil organic matter (SOM), influence the fate and transport of contaminants in the solid, liquid, vapour and dissolved phases. PSD, SOM and other parameters, including calorific value and moisture content, also determine the feasibility of remediation technologies. Therefore, it is vital that engineering geologists play a central role in managing the risks posed by contaminated land.