bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying plant DNA barcodes to identify species of Parnassia (Parnassiaceae)
Authors: YANG JUN‐BO , WANG YI‐PING , MÖLLER MICHAEL , GAO LIAN‐MING , WU DING 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDNA barcoding is a technique to identify species by using standardized DNA sequences. In this study, a total of 105 samples, representing 30 Parnassia species, were collected to test the effectiveness of four proposed DNA barcodes (rbcL, matK, trnH‐psbA and ITS) for species identification. Our results demonstrated that all four candidate DNA markers have a maximum level of primer universality and sequencing success. As a single DNA marker, the ITS region provided the highest species resolution with 86.7%, followed by trnH‐psbA with 73.3%. The combination of the core barcode regions, matK+rbcL, gave the lowest species identification success (63.3%) among any combination of multiple markers and was found unsuitable as DNA barcode for Parnassia. The combination of ITS+trnH‐psbA achieved the highest species discrimination with 90.0% resolution (27 of 30 sampled species), equal to the four‐marker combination and higher than any two or three marker combination including rbcL or matK. Therefore, matK and rbcL should not be used as DNA barcodes for the species identification of Parnassia. Based on the overall performance, the combination of ITS+trnH‐psbA is proposed as the most suitable DNA barcode for identifying Parnassia species. DNA barcoding is a useful technique and provides a reliable and effective mean for the discrimination of Parnassia species, and in combination with morphology‐based taxonomy, will be a robust approach for tackling taxonomically complex groups. In the light of our findings, we found among the three species not identified a possible cryptic speciation event in Parnassia.
When What Had to Happen Was Not Bound to Happen: History, Chance, Narrative, Evolution
Authors: Beatty John , Carrera Isabel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
What is it for history to matter? Stephen Gould argued that unpredictability is part of the answer. For example, the “fact” that repeated replays of the history of life would end differently every time is a sign that history matters to the course of evolution. But there is a problem here: if a particular point in the past leaves open alternative possible futures, then in what sense does that point in the past matter with regard to which of the outcomes occurs? We argue that unpredictability is central to the importance of history. However, it is not the unpredictability of the future, but rather the unpredictability of the past itself that is the key. History matters when a particular future depends on a particular past that was not bound to happen, but did.
Aus Nordcarolina: The Jewish American South in German Jewish Periodicals of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Hieke Anton 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
For many German Jewish papers of the nineteenth century, the United States of America was held up as an ideal. This holds true especially for the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums, then Germany’s most influential Jewish publication. In America, Jews had already achieved what their co-religionists in Germany strove for until complete legal emancipation with the formation of the German Empire in 1871: the transition from ‘Jews in Germany’ via ‘German Jews’ to ‘Germans of the Jewish faith.’ Thus, the experiences of Jews from Germany in America represented the post-emancipation hopes for those who had remained behind.2 When examined for the representation of Jewry living in the American Southern states,3 it becomes apparent that German Jewish papers in their coverage of America largely refrained from a regionalization. Most articles and accounts concerning Jewish life in the South do not show any significant distinctiveness in the perception of the region and its Jews. The incidents presented or the comments sent to the papers might in fact have occurred in respectively dealt with any region of the United States at the time, barring anything that remotely dealt with slavery or secession prior to 1865. When the Jewish South was explicitly dealt with in the papers, however, it either functioned as an ‘über-America’ of the negative stereotypes in respect to low Jewish piety, or took the place of an alternative America of injustice and slavery—the ‘anti-America.’ Jewish Southerners who actively supported the region during the Civil War, or who had internalized the South’s moral values as supporters of the Confederacy and/or slavery were condemned in the strongest words for endangering the existence of ‘America the Ideal.’ As the concept of the United States and its Jewish life is represented in a largely unrealistic manner that almost exclusively focused on the positive aspects of Jewish life in America, the concept of the Jewish South was equally far from being accurate.
Paving the Way: Ismaʿili Genealogy and Mobility along Tajikistan’s Pamir Highway
Authors: Mostowlansky Till 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article is an ethnographic study of Ismaʿili communities along the Pamir Highway. “The road,” as it is referred to locally, links Southern Kyrgyzstan with settlements in the eastern part of Tajikistan; its construction traces back to Soviet modernization policy. However, the highway’s construction in the course of the twentieth century led not only to a physical, but also a social transformation of the region. Labor migration of Ismaʿili Tajiks to various settlements along the road resulted in ethnically and confessionally mixed communities. Thus, the Pamir Highway as an ethnographic point of reference provides an entry to discussion of topics such as genealogy, identity, diaspora, and the notion of an Ismaʿili heartland.
Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee: Origins, Status and Activities
Authors: Jendrośka Jerzy 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe article aims to provide a background to a new series of reports presenting current cases related to the implementation of the Aarhus Convention. To this end the article briefly presents the origins and legal basis of the Committee as well as its structure and procedures, pointing to some of its particular features and providing some personal observations in this respect.
"To Sympathize and Exploit": Filipinos, Americans, and the Bataan Death March
Authors: Murphy Kevin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Bataan Death March of 1942 has entered historical consciousness as one of the ultimate measures of Japanese wartime barbarity. At a level bound up with deference to the veterans who experienced such hardship, a compelling reality emerges: Helpless Americans marched under the watchful eyes and cruel bayonets of the Japanese oppressor, and the Filipinos, in despair over the defeat of their defenders, wept in sympathy as they watched. The pattern reinforces pleasing notions of a benevolent colonial relation, the "good war" against a barbarous enemy, and loyal allies enlisted in a righteous cause. Yet thousands of men, women, and children of three nationalities and various classes participated in the complex drama that came to represent the Death March. Their complexity demands an interpretation that goes beyond the simplicity of "oppressor – victim – sympathetic observer." This article finds another story which does not replace the first but which includes American racism and colonial support for Filipino elites, and Filipino divisiveness, poverty, resentment, and Death March exploitation of American weakness and need.
Charity Stamps and Famine Relief in China in the 1920s: The American Connection
Authors: Moskoff William 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWhen famine overwhelmed ?ve North China provinces in 1920, one of the ways that funds were raised to combat the disaster was through the sale of "cinderella" stamps, stamps that could not be used as legal postage but rather could be pasted onto envelopes or packages as decorations. There were two such efforts during the 1920s and both mainly sold their stamps in the United States. The first fundraising drive was organized by the American Committee for the China Famine Relief Fund which sold a 3-cent stamp, the announced cost of feeding one Chinese person for one day. This effort raised nearly &dollar;4.4 million and ceased operations in early June 1921 after only about three months of activity. The second campaign, organized by the China International Famine Relief Commission (CIFRC), was considerably less successful in raising money. It issued a wider variety of stamps, probably between 1923 and 1929 and in 1924, the CIFRC even established a special department to coordinate the sale of stamps in China and the United States, mostly during the Christmas and New Year's season. Sales were uneven and always low; even in years where there were profits, they were trivial. The sale of these stamps ceased at the end of the decade.
Synthesis and Enhanced Radical Scavenging Activity of a Conformationally Constrained Epigallocatechin Analogue
Authors: Imai Kohei , Nakanishi Ikuo , Anzai Kazunori , Ozawa Toshihiko , Miyata Naoki , Urano Shiro , Okuda Haruhiro , Nakamura Asao , Fukuhara Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The freely rotating single bond between the pyrogallol and chroman substructures in epigallocatechin (EGC) was constrained by reaction of EGC with acetone in the presence of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to prepare the rigidified analog in good yield. The synthesized analog was examined for free radical scavenging activity toward the galvinoxyl radical and was found to be 27-fold more potent than EGC.
Mediterranean and Continental Tall Fescue: I. Effects of Endophyte Status on Leaf Extension, Proline, Mono‐ and Disaccharides, Fructan, and Freezing Survivability
Authors: Dierking R. M. , Young C. A. , Kallenbach R. L. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTTall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb. syn. Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] is widely used for hay and pasture in the Eastern regions of the United States, with new types of Mediterranean tall fescue possessing superior growth under cool growing conditions. However, they do not survive Midwestern winters. To date, little research has examined the role of endophyte infection on the ability of tall fescue to grow under cold conditions or survive freezing conditions. This study's objectives determined the endophyte's role in tall fescue growth and production of metabolites for nonfreezing conditions. Additionally, the role of endophyte infection on the ability of plants to survive freezing temperatures was determined. This experiment used five genotypes of tall fescue. Half of the plants from each genotype were endophyte infected (E+), with the remaining genotypes being endophyte free (E–). We report for the first time the effects of endophyte status on proline, simple sugars, and fructan accumulation when plants were grown under cold, nonfreezing temperatures and the survivability at various freezing temperatures. Endophyte removal only affected fructan concentrations at 4.5°C; however, plant genotype affected leaf extension rate, proline, sugars, and fructan concentration. The freezing test found no effect of the endophyte on tiller survival, while plant genotype was significant. These data indicate that endophyte removal has little influence on the measured traits, and plant genotype is more critical for survival under cold conditions.
System to Uniquely Name Wheat Plant Structures
Authors: Moragues Marc , McMaster Gregory S. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTUniquely naming wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant parts is useful for communicating plant development research and the effects of environmental stresses on normal wheat development. Over the past 30+ years, several naming systems have been proposed for wheat shoot, leaf, spike, spikelet, floret, and caryopsis structures. While these systems work very well in most field situations, several problems have emerged that can lead to confusion in uniquely naming all possible tillers and leaves. This confusion is unnecessary and leads to errors in communication that can be avoided. This paper describes a naming system that extends the previous systems so that all canopy structures are uniquely identified and additionally incorporates a phenological component if desired.
Assessment of Genetic Diversity in Zoysia Species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers
Authors: Kimball Jennifer A. , Zuleta M. Carolina , Kenworthy Kevin E. , Lehman Virginia G. , Milla‐Lewis Susana 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTZoysia spp. are warm‐season turfgrass species widely used in the transition zone and southern regions of the United States for their superior heat tolerance and relatively low input requirements. A better understanding of the levels of genetic diversity present in Zoysia germplasm could aid in the utilization of these materials in future breeding efforts. The objective of this study was to compare levels of molecular diversity within and among Zoysia spp. {Z. japonica Steud., Z. matrella (L.) Merr., Z. machrostachya Franch. & Sav., Z. minima (Colenso) Zotov, Z. pacifica (Goudswaard) M. Hotta & Kuroki [syn. Z. matrella (L.) Merr. var. pacifica Goudswaard], and Z. sinica Hance} and germplasm types (cultivars, plant introductions, and collections). Two hundred and forty‐one Zoysia accessions from public and private sources were genotyped with 12 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer pairs. Five hundred and fifty‐two polymorphic AFLP loci were scored. Genetic similarity values (Sij) among genotypes ranged from 0.60 to 0.81, with the average being 0.68. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) results indicated that 28 and 54% of the total AFLP variation could be explained by differences among and within species, respectively. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCO) identified high levels of similarity among all genotypes. Analyses revealed that individuals from the same species type occasionally failed to cluster into one distinct group, reflecting a predominantly outcrossing mating system and high levels of gene flow among the species types studied. Understanding the distribution of genetic diversity within and among Zoysia spp. may enhance cultivar development efforts.
Physiological Traits Contributing to Differential Canopy Wilting in Soybean under Drought
Authors: Ries Landon L. , Purcell Larry C. , Carter Thomas E. , Edwards Jeffery T. , King C. Andy 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTDelayed wilting is observed in a few unusual soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes, but the reasons and importance of this trait for conferring agronomic drought tolerance are poorly understood. We hypothesized that soybean genotypes with delayed wilting conserve soil moisture by restricting transpiration and that this would be reflected in decreased radiation use efficiency (RUE) and/or improved water use efficiency (WUE). Water conserved when soil moisture was plentiful would be available later in the season when drought is usually more severe. Irrigated field experiments in eight environments compared RUE of genotypes known to wilt differently during drought. In addition, we measured stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination (CID), volumetric soil‐moisture content, stomatal density, and canopy temperature depression. In six of the eight environments, slow‐wilting genotypes generally had lower RUE than fast‐wilting genotypes, which is consistent with our hypothesis. Three of four slow‐wilting genotypes had higher soil moisture immediately before irrigation than fast‐wilting genotypes, which is also consistent with the hypothesis. Genotypic differences in CID (a proxy for WUE) were present but were not consistently related with slow wilting. No genotypic differences were detected in stomatal conductance or canopy temperature. These results suggest that multiple mechanisms involving RUE and WUE could result in soil‐water conservation in these diverse genotypes.
Growth Chamber Evaluation of a Tobacco ‘Beinhart 1000’ × ‘Hicks’ Mapping Population for Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Resistance to Multiple Races of Phytophthora nicotianae
Authors: Vontimitta V. , Lewis R. S. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTMultiple races of Phytophthora nicotianae (van Breda de Haan) cause the black shank disease of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Identification of novel alleles affecting resistance and associated DNA markers might help increase the range and level of cultivar resistance. A doubled haploid mapping population generated from a highly resistant × susceptible cross (‘Beinhart 1000’ × ‘Hicks’) was evaluated for resistance after inoculation with either race 0 or race 1 in a growth chamber and also genotyped at 206 microsatellite marker loci. Multiple interval mapping identified two major genomic regions affecting resistance to both races. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) on linkage group 8 explained 54.7 and 45.5% of the observed variation for end percent survival after race 0 and race 1 inoculation, respectively. A QTL on linkage group 4 explained a larger proportion (16.8%) of phenotypic variation for race 1 resistance as compared to race 0 resistance (1.8%). In combination with previously reported field data, the study authenticates the role of these two regions on black shank resistance. Correlations of line performance under field and growth chamber environments were good, and agreement was excellent at extreme levels of resistance or susceptibility. With appropriate isolate selection, growth chamber inoculations may provide a superior alternative to field evaluations for mapping QTL affecting black shank resistance. Identified QTL and associated markers may be useful for increasing levels of resistance to P. nicotianae in tobacco cultivars.
Integrales Management von gravitativen Naturrisiken in der Schweiz
Authors: Hollenstein Kurt , Hess Josef 
Published: December 2011

Integral management of gravitational natural hazards in Switzerland
The management of gravitational natural hazards has undergone several fundamental changes in the past centuries. As late as the 17th century, natural catastrophes were considered to be strokes of fate or the expression of divine or satanic dealings. In the age of Enlightenment the comprehension of the processes involved in these dangers grew, together with the conviction that it was possible by technical means to protect oneself against them. A long way into the 20th century this concept of protection from danger had a large following. The natural catastrophes of the second half of the 20th century then showed ever more clearly the technical and financial limits of this concept. By the middle of the 1960s protection from natural hazards began to be considered within the context of overall land-use development. Nowadays integral risk management, which includes risk analysis, evaluation, and response, is well anchored in practice as regards gravitational natural hazards. Nonetheless, in order to make the best use of the potential of this approach, it is now necessary to improve certain basic politico-legal, organisational, and professional conditions.
Enrichment of circulating interleukin‐17–secreting interleukin‐23 receptor–positive γ/δ T cells in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Kenna Tony J. , Davidson Stuart I. , Duan Ran , Bradbury Linda A. , McFarlane Janelle , Smith Malcolm , Weedon Helen , Street Shayna , Thomas Ranjeny , Thomas Gethin P. , Brown Matthew A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveAnkylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common inflammatory arthritis affecting primarily the axial skeleton. IL23R is genetically associated with AS. This study was undertaken to investigate and characterize the role of interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) signaling in AS pathogenesis.MethodsThe study population consisted of patients with active AS (n = 17), patients with psoriatic arthritis (n = 8), patients with rheumatoid arthritis, (n = 9), and healthy subjects (n = 20). IL‐23 receptor (IL‐23R) expression in T cells was determined in each subject group, and expression levels were compared.ResultsThe proportion of IL‐23R–expressing T cells in the periphery was 2‐fold higher in AS patients than in healthy controls, specifically driven by a 3‐fold increase in IL‐23R–positive γ/δ T cells in AS patients. The proportions of CD4+ and CD8+ cells that were positive for IL‐17 were unchanged. This increased IL‐23R expression on γ/δ T cells was also associated with enhanced IL‐17 secretion, with no observable IL‐17 production from IL‐23R–negative γ/δ T cells in AS patients. Furthermore, γ/δ T cells from AS patients were heavily skewed toward IL‐17 production in response to stimulation with IL‐23 and/or anti‐CD3/CD28.ConclusionRecently, mouse models have shown IL‐17–secreting γ/δ T cells to be pathogenic in infection and autoimmunity. Our data provide the first description of a potentially pathogenic role of these cells in a human autoimmune disease. Since IL‐23 is a maturation and growth factor for IL‐17–producing cells, increased IL‐23R expression may regulate the function of this putative pathogenic γ/δ T cell population.
The expression and function of microRNAs in chondrogenesis and osteoarthritis
Authors: Swingler Tracey E. , Wheeler Guy , Carmont Virginia , Elliott Hannah R. , Barter Matthew J. , Abu‐Elmagd Muhammad , Donell Simon T. , Boot‐Handford Raymond P. , Hajihosseini Mohammad K. , Münsterberg Andrea , Dalmay Tamas , Young David A. , Clark Ian M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo use an in vitro model of chondrogenesis to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) with a functional role in cartilage homeostasis.MethodsThe expression of miRNAs was measured in the ATDC5 cell model of chondrogenesis using microarray and was verified using quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. MicroRNA expression was localized by in situ hybridization. Predicted miRNA target genes were validated using 3′‐untranslated region‐Luc reporter plasmids containing either wild‐type sequences or mutants of the miRNA target sequence. Signaling through the Smad pathway was measured using a (CAGA)12‐Luc reporter.ResultsThe expression of several miRNAs was regulated during chondrogenesis. These included 39 miRNAs that are coexpressed with miRNA‐140 (miR‐140), which is known to be involved in cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis (OA). Of these miRNAs, miR‐455 resides within an intron of COL27A1 that encodes a cartilage collagen. When human OA cartilage was compared with cartilage obtained from patients with femoral neck fractures, the expression of both miR‐140‐5p and miR‐455‐3p was increased in OA cartilage. In situ hybridization showed miR‐455‐3p expression in the developing limbs of chicks and mice and in human OA cartilage. The expression of miR‐455‐3p was regulated by transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) ligands, and miRNA regulated TGFβ signaling. ACVR2B, SMAD2, and CHRDL1 were direct targets of miR‐455‐3p and may mediate its functional impact on TGFβ signaling.ConclusionMicroRNA‐455 is expressed during chondrogenesis and in adult articular cartilage, where it can regulate TGFβ signaling, suppressing the Smad2/3 pathway. Diminished signaling through this pathway during the aging process and in OA chondrocytes is known to contribute to cartilage destruction. We propose that the increased expression of miR‐455 in OA exacerbates this process and contributes to disease pathology.