bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State and trait markers of emotionally charged visual event‐related potentials (P300) in drug‐naïve schizophrenia
Authors: Mori Keiichiro , Morita Kiichiro , Shoji Yoshihisa , Matsuoka Toshimasa , Fujiki Ryo , Uchimura Naohisa 
Published: May 2012

Aim:  In the present study, we investigated the changes in P3 component in the emotionally charged visual event‐related potentials (ERP) in 30 drug‐naïve schizophrenic patients for up to 1 year.Methods:  Visual oddball event‐related potential was recorded from six recording sites for crying baby or smiling baby photographs. ERP were recorded before the treatment (session 1 [S1]), after 3 months (session 2 [S2]), and after 12 months (session 3 [S3]), as well as in 30 healthy subjects.Results:  Before taking medicine, there were no significant differences in the P300 amplitude between viewing photographs of a crying and a smiling baby. The P300 amplitude was significantly larger at S2 and S3 than at S1 for a crying baby, while there was no significant difference among sessions for a smiling baby after medication. A significant difference of the P300 amplitude was only observed between S3 and healthy subjects for a smiling baby. The P300 latency only when viewing a smiling face became significantly longer at S3 than those at S1 and S2. A significant negative correlation was obtained between the P300 amplitude changes upon viewing crying faces and negative syndrome score changes at the Pz site.Conclusion:  The P300 amplitude induced by crying‐face stimuli may be a state marker and the P300 amplitude caused by smiling‐face stimuli may be a trait marker during recovery in schizophrenic patients. Atypical antipsychotic medications may be useful and may recover cognitive function reflected by the emotionally charged visual P300 components in schizophrenic patients.
Differential relationships between personality and brain function in monetary and goal‐oriented subjective motivation: Multichannel near‐infrared spectroscopy of healthy subjects
Authors: Sato Toshimasa , Fukuda Masato , Kameyama Masaki , Suda Masashi , Uehara Toru , Mikuni Masahiko 
Published: May 2012

Aim:  To examine relationships between personality traits and cerebral cortex reactivity under different motivating conditions.Methods:  Relationships between personality traits assessed using the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised (NEO‐PI‐R) and cerebral cortex reactivity during a verbal fluency task monitored using multichannel near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were examined under three different motivational conditions: control, monetary reward, and goal‐oriented, in healthy young male volunteers.Results:  Significant correlations between cerebral cortex reactivity and personality traits were found in the frontopolar region: a positive correlation with agreeableness and a negative correlation with the neuroticism and conscientiousness scores of the NEO‐PI‐R under the three motivational conditions. Higher scores for agreeableness were more strongly associated with a greater increase in total hemoglobin concentration ([total‐Hb]) under the goal‐oriented and control conditions than under the monetary reward condition. In addition, higher scores for neuroticism were more strongly associated with a greater increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([deoxy‐Hb]) under the monetary reward condition than the goal‐oriented condition, and higher scores for conscientiousness were more strongly associated with a greater increase in [deoxy‐Hb] under control conditions than under the goal‐oriented condition.Conclusion:  Using multichannel NIRS, certain personality traits of the big‐five model are related to frontopolar reactivity. These relationships vary depending on the motivational condition when brain functions are monitored: agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness are all related to frontopolar reactivity depending on the motivational condition.
Object relations in adolescence: A comparison of normal and inpatient adolescents
Authors: Sekiya Hideko , Sato Atsushi , Sakai Yoshie , Naka Yasushi , Suzuki Keiko , Kashima Haruo , Mimura Masaru 
Published: May 2012

Aims:  We aimed to study the development of object relations in adolescents and their correlation with their mothers' defense styles in inpatient and normal adolescents.Methods:  We administered the Thematic Apperception Test to adolescents in the adolescent unit (junior high, n = 16; senior high, n = 22) and normal controls (junior high, n = 16; senior high, n = 16). Results were analyzed using the Complexity of Representations Scale (CRS). We administered the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ40) to the subjects' mothers (patients, n = 38; controls, n = 32) to determine whether adolescents' CRS scores correlated with mothers' DSQ scores.Results:  There was a nearly significant interaction for group‐by‐school‐year for the children's CRS scores. In the control group, senior high school students' scores (mean [SD] = 3.52 [0.49]) were significantly higher (F [1,66] = 12.3, P = 0.001) than those of junior high school students' (mean [SD] = 3.03 [0.31]). In the patient group, no significant difference was observed between senior high and junior high. For mothers' DSQ40, mature defense scores were significantly higher in the control group than in the patient group (mean [SD] = 10.8 [1.89] vs 9.35 [1.40] in junior high, and 11.8 [1.67] vs 9.36 [1.81] in senior high, F [1,66] = 22.1, P < 0.001, two‐way anova). A significant, positive correlation (r = 0.37, P = 0.04) was observed between the mothers' mature defense and the children's CRS scores in the control group only.Conclusions:  Whatever diagnoses are provided, the problems of adolescents with non‐psychotic pathologies are related to the arrest of object relations development. A patient's mother cannot employ mature mechanisms to alleviate signals of anxiety sent by her child.
Cytokines in schizophrenia: Possible role of anti‐inflammatory medications in clinical and preclinical stages
Authors: Mansur Rodrigo Barbachan , Zugman André , Asevedo Elson de Miranda , da Cunha Graccielle Rodrigues , Bressan Rodrigo Affonseca , Brietzke Elisa 
Published: May 2012

Aims:  In this paper, we review the literature on the efficacy of anti‐inflammatory agents as neuroprotectors in clinical and preclinical stages of schizophrenia.Method:  A synthetic and integrative approach was applied to review studies stemming from epidemiology, phenomenology, cognition, genetics and neuroimaging data. We provide conclusions and future directions of research on early‐onset schizophrenia.Results:  Abnormal inflammatory activation has been demonstrated in schizophrenia. Increases or imbalances in cytokines before birth or during childhood may impact neurodevelopment and produce vulnerability to schizophrenia. The specificity of inflammatory abnormalities in psychiatric disorders is controversial. Similar increases in pro‐inflammatory cytokines have been described in other disorders, especially mood and anxiety disorders. One of the most important challenges at this point is the understanding of neurobiological correlates of prodromal stages of schizophrenia.Conclusion:  Although future research should investigate the exact role of different cytokines in pathophysiology of schizophrenia, these mediators emerge as promising molecular targets to its prevention and treatment.
Do exotic pine plantations favour the spread of invasive herbivorous mammals in Patagonia?
Authors: LANTSCHNER MARÍA‐VICTORIA , RUSCH VERÓNICA , HAYES JOHN P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractChanges in land use patterns and vegetation can trigger ecological change in occupancy and community composition. Among the potential ecological consequences of land use change is altered susceptibility to occupancy by invasive species. We investigated the responses of three introduced mammals (red deer,Cervus elaphus; wild boar,Sus scrofa; and European hare,Lepus europaeus) to replacement of native vegetation by exotic pine plantations in the Patagonian forest‐steppe ecotone using camera‐trap surveys (8633 trap‐days). We used logistic regression models to relate species presence with habitat variables at stand and landscape scales. Red deer and wild boar used pine plantations significantly more frequently than native vegetation. In contrast, occurrence of European hares did not differ between pine plantations and native vegetation, although hares were recorded more frequently in firebreaks than in plantations or native vegetation. Presence of red deer and wild boar was positively associated with cover of pine plantations at the landscape scale, and negatively associated with mid‐storey cover and diversity at the stand scale. European hares preferred sites with low arboreal and mid‐storey cover. Our results suggest that pine plantations promote increased abundances of invasive species whose original distributions are associated with woodlands (red deer and wild boar), and could act as source or pathways for invasive species to new areas.
Visual perception of bodily interactions in the primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Rossetti Angela , Miniussi Carlo , Maravita Angelo , Bolognini Nadia 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBrain imaging studies in humans have revealed the existence of a visuo‐tactile system, which matches observed touch with felt touch. In this system, the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) appears to play a causal role in the visual processing of tactile events. Whether this visuo‐tactile mechanism for touch in SI applies to the sight of ‘any’ touch, or whether it is restricted to the domain of body‐related tactile experiences remains unresolved. To address this issue, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was used to determine whether activity in SI is strictly related to the visual processing of human body‐part interactions, or is also involved in processing the contact between inanimate objects, or between human body‐parts and objects. The results show that rTMS over SI selectively impaired the processing of a contralateral visual stimulus depicting a human body‐part being touched by a human agent, while it did not affect the visual perception of contact between objects, or between human body‐parts and objects. Correlation analysis shows that this effect was associated with the intensity and embodiment of the observed touched. This result suggests that SI is more suited to represent social touch, contributing to our understanding of the effect of interpersonal tactile interactions between people.
Intra‐operative transanal near infrared imaging of colorectal anastomotic perfusion: a feasibility study
Authors: Sherwinter D. A. , Gallagher J. , Donkar T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim  Anastomotic dehiscence is a devastating complication. Inadequate blood supply is felt to be the prevailing cause. This study describes the use of near infrared imaging to evaluate transanally anastomotic tissue perfusion following low anterior resection.Method  Twenty patients undergoing low anterior resection for benign and malignant disease were studied. After completing the anastomosis, indocyanine green (ICG) was injected via a peripheral intravenous catheter. An endoscopic near infrared imaging system (Pinpoint, Novadaq, Canada) was then used transanally to visualize mucosal perfusion of the colon, rectum and the anastomotic staple line.Results  All patients underwent a technically successful ICG angiogram. The angiogram was abnormal in four patients. Two of these had a protective loop ileostomy and showed no sign of anastomotic breakdown. The other two patients were found on CT scan to have a peri‐anastomotic collection consistent with anastomotic leakage. Both were managed conservatively with resolution.Conclusion  This study confirms that transanal ICG angiography is feasible and provides imaging of mucosal and anastomotic blood flow. The technique warrants further study in a larger group of patients to assess its ability to identify defects in tissue perfusion that may lead to anastomotic breakdown.
Adaptive functional specialisation of architectural design and fibre type characteristics in agonist shoulder flexor muscles of the llama, Lama glama
Authors: Graziotti Guillermo H. , Chamizo Verónica E. , Ríos Clara , Acevedo Luz M. , Rodríguez‐Menéndez J. M. , Victorica C. , Rivero José‐Luis L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLike other camelids, llamas (Lama glama) have the natural ability to pace (moving ipsilateral limbs in near synchronicity). But unlike the Old World camelids (bactrian and dromedary camels), they are well adapted for pacing at slower or moderate speeds in high‐altitude habitats, having been described as good climbers and used as pack animals for centuries. In order to gain insight into skeletal muscle design and to ascertain its relationship with the llama’s characteristic locomotor behaviour, this study examined the correspondence between architecture and fibre types in two agonist muscles involved in shoulder flexion (M. teres major – TM and M. deltoideus, pars scapularis – DS and pars acromialis – DA). Architectural properties were found to be correlated with fibre‐type characteristics both in DS (long fibres, low pinnation angle, fast‐glycolytic fibre phenotype with abundant IIB fibres, small fibre size, reduced number of capillaries per fibre and low oxidative capacity) and in DA (short fibres, high pinnation angle, slow‐oxidative fibre phenotype with numerous type I fibres, very sparse IIB fibres, and larger fibre size, abundant capillaries and high oxidative capacity). This correlation suggests a clear division of labour within the M. deltoideus of the llama, DS being involved in rapid flexion of the shoulder joint during the swing phase of the gait, and DA in joint stabilisation during the stance phase. However, the architectural design of the TM muscle (longer fibres and lower fibre pinnation angle) was not strictly matched with its fibre‐type characteristics (very similar to those of the postural DA muscle). This unusual design suggests a dual function of the TM muscle both in active flexion of the shoulder and in passive support of the limb during the stance phase, pulling the forelimb to the trunk. This functional specialisation seems to be well suited to a quadruped species that needs to increase ipsilateral stability of the limb during the support phase of the pacing gait. Compared with other species, llama skeletal muscles are well suited for greater force generation combined with higher fatigue resistance during exercise. These characteristics are interpreted as being of high adaptive value, given the llama’s habitat and its use as a pack animal.
Genetic evidence of inbreeding avoidance in pronghorn
Authors: Dunn S. J. , Clancey E. , Waits L. P. , Byers J. A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere is ample evidence that inbreeding, or mating between relatives, can lead to increased homozygosity and decreased fitness. However, some animals have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. In a previous study of theNationalBisonRange,Montana, pronghornAntilocapra americana, we detected moderate levels of inbreeding, as well as inbreeding depression, following a bottleneck. Here, we evaluated whether there was genetic evidence of inbreeding avoidance in pronghorn. We found that females were more related to all males in the population than they were to their mates, suggesting that pronghorn can avoid inbreeding. However, relatedness between females and the males they sampled prior to estrus did not differ from relatedness between females and all males, nor from relatedness between females and their mates. Inbreeding avoidance appears to occur during the female estrus period rather than during the female mate sampling period. Further work is needed to discover the sensory cues that female pronghorn use to avoid mating with relatives.
Petrology and tectonic significance of metabasite slivers in the Lesser and Higher Himalayan domains of Sikkim, India
Authors: FAAK K. , CHAKRABORTY S. , DASGUPTA S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe metamorphic history of the Himalayas has been constrained mostly through studies of the ubiquitous metapelitic rocks. Non‐eclogitic metabasite rock lenses that occur intercalated with the metapelites have received little attention and it is not clear whether they share a common metamorphic history. This study reports the results of a petrological study of the metabasite lenses (dm3–m3) from the Lesser Himalayan (LH) and the Higher Himalayan (HH) domains in Sikkim. These have similar bulk chemical compositions and chemical affinities (sub‐alkaline tholeiitic basalts), with plagioclase and amphibole as the dominant mineralogical constituents. Garnet and clinopyroxene occur in some samples depending on small variations in bulk chemistry; and orthopyroxene is developed as a retrograde phase in some rocks. Minor phases are ilmenite, chlorite, titanite and rutile. The rocks were metamorphosed at similar conditions (∼9–12 kbar, 800 °C). Minor differences in bulk chemical composition lead to different phase assemblages and mineral chemistry in adjacent metabasite lenses, a feature that is used to demonstrate that metamorphic conditions (peak P–T as well as retrograde P–T path) can be reliably retrieved through a combination of pseudosection analysis and kinetically constrained individual thermobarometry. The peak P–T conditions of the metabasites from this region are independent of the present geographic or tectonic (i.e. within the LH or HH) location of the samples and they differ from the conditions at which the regional metapelites (i.e. metapelites not immediately adjacent to the metabasite lenses) were metamorphosed. Metapelites that are immediately adjacent to the metabasite lenses differ in their appearance, phase assemblage and recorded P–T history from those of the regional metapelites, either because they were emplaced as slivers along with the metabasites, or because they were modified when they came in contact with the metabasites. The retrograde P–T paths of the LH and HH metabasites are different: the HH samples underwent steep decompression whereas the LH followed a more gentle exhumation path. The P–T conditions of peak metamorphism (9–12 kbar, 800 °C) are commensurate with a thermal perturbation at the base of a crust of average thickness and may be the signature of a widespread (samples found across different regions in the Himalaya) and long‐lasting (e.g. homogeneous garnet compositions) crustal underplating event that occurred during the early stages (?subduction) of the Himalayan orogeny, or earlier if the metamorphism was pre‐Himalayan.
Challenges and Strategies for Research in Prisons
Authors: Apa Zoltán L. , Bai RuoYu , Mukherejee Dhritiman V. , Herzig Carolyn T. A. , Koenigsmann Carl , Lowy Franklin D. , Larson Elaine L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this article, we discuss some of the challenges encountered while conducting research in two maximum security prisons and approaches we found helpful to facilitate the research process through the development of collaborative relationships, the establishment of prison contacts, and the implementation of rigorous research methods. As a result of our experiences, we have been successful at maintaining a high rate of inmate participation (>80%) and a well‐functioning multidisciplinary team. The approaches described may be useful to other investigators planning to conduct research in a challenging setting such as prisons.
Pediatric and Neonatal Extracorporeal Life Support Technology Component Utilization: Are US Clinicians Implementing New Technology?
Authors: Reed‐Thurston Deborah , Qiu Feng , Ündar Akif , Haidet Kim Kopenhaver , Shenberger Jeffrey 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe objective of this investigation is to describe recent changes made in extracorporeal life support (ECLS) technology in the US Postal survey to directors and coordinators of all 125 US ECLS centers identified by Extracorporeal Life Support Organization as of November 2010, with follow‐up of nonrespondents. Spearman coefficients were used to correlate the method of updating knowledge of ECLS technology with the likelihood of changing technology, and to correlate decision‐making hierarchy with the likelihood of changing equipment. The response rate was 75% representing 34 states, and the majority of respondents were ECLS coordinators (56.6%). Respiratory diagnosis is the predominant indication for ECLS at any age. Over 40% of centers are using a hollow‐fiber oxygenator for neonates and 80% of pediatric patients. Roller pumps are used in 70% of neonatal and pediatric ECLS. Forty‐two percent of centers changed the oxygenator type within the past 3 years, while 30% changed both the oxygenator and pump. Less than 10% of centers reported problems with either oxygenator or pump in both neonates and pediatric ECLS. Forty‐six percent of respondents that changed oxygenators cited that the primary reason for changing was “clinical preference/experience,” while the other half was split between “FDA approval” and “Research results.” In 40% of centers, a multidisciplinary group made decisions on changing technology. This survey indicates that over one‐half of ECLS centers implemented new technology within the past 3 years. Knowledge of ECLS technology and safe operation of ECLS circuit components is essential in preventing some of the mechanical complications.
Comparison Between a Novel Bovine Xenoimplant and Autogenous Cancellous Bone Graft in Tibial Tuberosity Advancement
Authors: Kuipers von Lande Richard G. , Worth Andrew J. , Guerrero Tomas G. , Owen Mark C. , Hartman Angela 
Published: May 2012

ObjectiveTo compare radiographic healing and clinical outcome of a frontal‐opening wedge osteotomy of canine tibiae when the osteotomy site is packed with either a novel bovine xenograft or standard autogenous cancellous bone graft (ACBG).Study DesignCohort study.AnimalsDogs (n = 82) with partial or complete rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament that had tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA).MethodsIn 48 dogs, the osteotomy was packed with a novel bovine xenograft and in 34 dogs, ACBG was used. Eight week postoperative radiographs from both groups were graded for osteotomy healing using a 0–4‐point scale. Data were analyzed using a Mann–Whitney test with significance set at P < .05.ResultsThirty‐four dogs (39 stifles) with xenoimplants had complete records and radiographic follow‐up at 8 weeks. No significant differences between xenografting and autografting were identified in grading of osteotomy fill, osteointegration, or healing of the distal osteotomy. Significant differences were noted in grading of osteotomy healing proximally (autograft > xenoimplant) and of opacity in the osteotomy site (xenoimplant > autograft).ConclusionsRadiographic evidence of healing of the xenoimplanted portion of the TTA osteotomy was equivalent to results with ACBG. Healing of the proximal osteotomy site (above the cage) was improved when ACBG was used as the graft.