bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Sharing in Manufacturing Business Groups
Authors: Sköld Martin , Karlsson Christer 
Published: October 2011

Technology represents the primordial force for companies and organizations in securing long‐term competitiveness. In the intensive search to access new technology, organizations are more and more looking beyond the borders of the focal firm and becoming involved in various networks with suppliers, consultants, partners, and others. However, the distinction between the focal firm, on the one hand, and networks, on the other, is in this paper argued to be too extensive without intermediating nuances. Less focus is given to an in‐between perspective configured by business groups or concerns here defined as parent corporations with subsidiary companies. It is this perspective of business groups with characteristics between individual firms and open networks that is of interest in this paper. The focus is on manufacturing business groups in which the companies will typically have individual as well as common technologies.The research aim is to develop a framework to be used as an analytical tool for understanding and organizing technology sharing in manufacturing business groups. The research approach was to study technology sharing in a natural setting combining multiple in‐depth sources of evidence in a clinical research setting. A prestudy identified key dimensions in classifying cases leading to four clusters of typified cases. Data were gathered from meetings with 24 managers from various research and development (R&D) units who met regularly every other week during seven months, in‐depth interviews, internal documents and protocols, and workshops. Following the clinical field‐study approach, findings are theoretically validated in relation to literature. The analysis identifies and depicts four different types of technology‐sharing scenarios in manufacturing business groups. Each type has particular characteristics of its own. The four scenarios together provide a synthesized portfolio with different types of dimensions. A first dimension makes a distinction between sharing new technology development versus existing technology. Another distinguishes between technologies aimed at the whole business group and those aimed at specific segments. The two dimensions together comprise four different types of technology‐sharing alternatives. Each one of them can be used at the focal firm, and together, they are applicable from a business group perspective comprising technology‐sharing portfolios of manufacturing business groups.
Developing a Third‐year Emergency Medicine Medical Student Curriculum: A Syllabus of Content
Authors: Tews Matthew C. , Wyte Collette Marie Ditz , Coltman Marion , Grekin Peter A. , Hiller Kathy , Oyama Leslie C. , Pandit Kiran , Manthey David E. 
Published: October 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:S36–S40 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractEmergency medicine (EM) educators have published several curricular guides designed for medical student rotations and experiences. These guides primarily provided brief overviews of opportunities to incorporate EM into all 4 years of the medical student curriculum, with one specific to the fourth year. However, there are no published guidelines specific to third‐year medical students rotating in EM. Given the differences between third‐year and fourth‐year students in terms of clinical experience, knowledge, and skills, the Clerkship Directors in Emergency Medicine (CDEM) established the Third‐year EM Medical Student Curriculum Work Group to create a third‐year curriculum. The work group began this process by developing consensus‐based recommendations for the content of a third‐year medical student EM rotation, which are presented in this syllabus.
Academic Career Selection in American Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Burkhardt John , Kowalenko Terry , Meurer William 
Published: October 2011

Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18:S48–S53 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractBackground:  The future of academic emergency medicine (EM) is based on the continued successful recruitment and cultivation of new faculty from EM residents. Little data exist as to the current rate of residents initially choosing an academic career path or which residency programs are best situated to result in new faculty.Objectives:  Our study was designed to initially describe the current career demographics of graduating residents and then through statistical analysis investigate likely programmatic factors that affect academic career selection.Methods:  Data were collected via an online survey sent to EM residency program directors. Responders were asked to describe their graduates and their program characteristics over the past 5 years. A total of 103 survey responses, with complete data from 65 (76 responses contained enough data for national career selection rates), were received. Relevant covariates were tested for association with academic career entry using t‐tests or analysis of variance. An adjusted multivariable linear regression analysis model was then fitted.Results:  Survey responses indicated that 26.1% of residents chose an academic career (community 57.1%, fellowship 13.5%, military/Veteran’s Administration [VA] 2.6%, other 0.6%) with an approximately normal distribution. There were no significant differences found between programs when presence of mentorship programs, career track programs, or city size were analyzed. Multivariable linear regression analysis demonstrated significantly greater academic career choice among programs located in the Northeast/Mid‐Atlantic and the Midwest, larger programs (>12 residents/year), and programs with increased resident academic productivity (presentations given, non–peer‐reviewed publications), but did not demonstrate a difference between 3‐ and 4‐year programs. Overall, the model fitted using the above variables accounted for approximately 30% of the variation seen between programs (adjusted R2 = 0.295).Conclusions:  Our data indicate that program region, size, and research productivity were best associated with academic career selection. Program length was not found to be significantly associated with academic career selection by residents, in contrast to previous studies. While many of these factors are not changeable, academic productivity can be cultivated by decision‐makers wishing to increase their residents’ academic career selection as opposed to changing program length to extend training for an additional year. It is our belief that our model provides a good description of programmatic factors affecting career choice. Additional research is necessary to further validate these findings, as well to provide important context to their general applicability for policy‐makers and program directors.
Subgaleal hemorrhage: risk factors and outcomes
Authors: SWANSON AMY E. , VELDMAN ALEX , WALLACE EUAN M. , MALHOTRA ATUL 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSubgaleal hemorrhage in the newborn is a serious adverse event that is often unrecognized and under‐appreciated. This retrospective case series aimed to determine perinatal factors associated with subgaleal hemorrhage and subsequent neonatal outcomes. Obstetric and neonatal details of 21 infants with subgaleal hemorrhage over a 10‐year period were collected. The mother was primiparous in 95% cases, 48% had a prolonged second stage (>120 minutes) and 43% had prolonged rupture of membranes (>12 hours). Thirteen infants (62%) were born by instrumental vaginal delivery. Ten infants (48%) required resuscitation at delivery. The severity of subgaleal hemorrhage was mild in four infants (19%), moderate in 10 (48%) and severe in seven (33%). Hypovolemic shock developed in 10 infants (48%), encephalopathy in 13 (62%) and coagulopathy was present in five infants (24%). There were three (14%) deaths. Long‐term outcomes were good in the surviving infants.
A cluster of factor XI‐deficient patients due to a new mutation (Ile 436 Lys) in northeastern Italy*
Authors: Girolami Antonio , Scarparo Pamela , Bonamigo Emanuela , Santarossa Liliana , Cristiani Andrea , Moro Stefano , Lombardi Anna Maria 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new mutation (Ile 436 Lys) was found in a cluster of patients in northeastern Italy. The mutation was present in five patients at the homozygote level and in one patient as a compound heterozygote with an already known mutation namely Glu 117 stop. All these patients showed a mild bleeding tendency mainly associated with deliveries or surgery. The first two patients were two sisters, and their parents were consanguineous. The third patient was the only homozygote in the family, and parents apparently were not consanguineous. The fourth and fifth patients were a brother and a sister, and in this case too, parents were not consanguineous. The sixth patient, a compound heterozygote, negated also the existence of consanguinity between his parents. There were also seven heterozygotes among the family members of the patients homozygous for this new mutation (Ile 436 Lys). Finally, there were two heterozygotes for the Glu 117 stop mutation in the family of the sixth patient. The heterozygotes, regardless of the mutation, were asymptomatic. The Ile436Lys mutation is characterized by low factor XI activity and antigen, namely is a cross‐reaction material negative form. Molecular modeling indicates that the Ile436Lys mutation causes a large conformational change within the 432–442 loop. No relation could be traced among the different families; however, all their ancestors were autochthonous of the same two small towns. Furthermore, no Jewish ancestry could be found. The close geographical area in which all these patients were found and the absence of the same mutation in the general population of the area strongly suggests a founder effect and that the mutation is responsible for the defect. The compound heterozygosis with the Glu 117 stop mutation, common among Jews, was not surprising because of the past strict ties of the Republic of Venice with the Middle East.
Evaluation of doctoral nursing programs by doctoral students in Japan: Cross‐sectional questionnaire survey
Authors: MIKI Yuko , GREGG Misuzu F. , ARIMOTO Azusa , NAGATA Satoko , MURASHIMA Sachiyo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to examine the current state and issues of doctoral nursing programs from the perspective of recipients of the educational process.Methods:  All 46 doctoral nursing programs in Japan in 2008 were asked to participate in this study and 28 programs agreed to participate. The questionnaire had 3 sections that evaluated the quality of doctoral education, which are 17 items on the program features, 12 items on the quality of faculty, and 9 items on resources.Results:  The questionnaire was distributed to 304 graduate students and 127 students returned by mail. Most of the students agreed that the program goal and curriculum were consistent with the philosophy and mission of the university. The quality of the faculty and of the resources, such as library and computing facilities, were highly rated, while faculty mentorship and support staff for student research were viewed as areas for improvement. Only 30% of the students reported that a periodic assessment of the doctoral program was available in the university, and even when such an assessment did exist, students and graduates were not often involved in the program evaluation.Conclusions:  To improve the quality of doctoral nursing education in Japan, there is an urgent need for faculty development and the provision of research support services for faculty and students including more technical and support staff. Furthermore, it is imperative to conduct periodic evaluation of doctoral nursing programs in Japan.
“Public” Interests and the Development of Tanzanian Environmental Policy
Authors: ELLIOTT‐TEAGUE GINGER 
Published: October 2011

“Public interest” narratives are practical tools for policy makers to justify policy choices and methods of implementation. Few studies have been conducted on the narratives of the public interest in semidemocratic, less‐developed countries, however. In Western scholarship, the public interest has been conceptualized in three ways: as the common good, as the aggregation of public preferences, or as a deliberative process. This article examines how narratives of the public interest were used in the development of environmental policy in Tanzania over more than a decade. Looking at three stages of administrative policy making, the findings suggest that narratives differ according to the audience perceived to be most important to policy makers.Las narrativas sobre el “interés público” son herramientas prácticas que los legisladores usan para justificar la elección de cierta política y su método de implementación. Sin embargo, se han realizado pocos estudios acerca de las narrativas de interés público en países semidemocráticos y menos desarrollados. En la literatura occidental, el interés público ha sido conceptualizado de tres formas: como el bien común, la agregación de las preferencias públicas, o como un proceso deliberativo. Este artículo examina cómo las narrativas del interés público fueron usadas para el desarrollo de la política ambiental en Tanzania durante más de una década. Observando tres etapas del proceso administrativo, los hallazgos sugieren que las narrativas difieren de acuerdo a la audiencia que los legisladores consideran como más importante.
Curcumin: a potential therapeutic polyphenol, prevents noradrenaline-induced hypertrophy in rat cardiac myocytes
Authors: Ahuja Suchit , Kohli Shrey , Krishnan Shruti , Dogra Deepika , Sharma Dinesh , Rani Vibha 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Objectives
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of curcumin on H9c2 cardiac cell line and primary rat cardiac myocytes, using purified noradrenaline as a hypertrophy-inducing agent.

Methods
The concentration of curcumin at which cells were treated was determined by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The effect of this safe dose in preventing noradrenaline-induced cardiac hypertrophy was assessed by biochemical analysis (estimating total protein content), molecular analysis (using RT-PCR to study the expression of fetal genes like ANF), immunological analysis (by determining the nuclear localization of GATA-4) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA; to study DNA binding activity of GATA-4).

Key findings
Curcumin at a concentration of 8 µm was found to suppress the increase in cell size, protein content and enhanced marker gene expression (ANF) caused by noradrenaline. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that curcumin suppressed the localization of transcription factor GATA-4 in the nucleus. It also showed a reduced DNA-binding activity in the presence of noradrenaline as confirmed by EMSA.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that curcumin reduces the hypertrophic marker gene expression by inhibiting nuclear localization and DNA binding activity of GATA-4. Thus it has a great anti-hypertrophic potential.
Role of PPARg2 transcription factor in thiazolidinedione-induced insulin sensitization
Authors: Saraf Neha , Sharma Promod K , Mondal Sambhu C , Garg Vipin K , Singh Avnesh K 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Adipose tissue is the key regulator of energy balance, playing an active role in lipid storage and metabolism and may be a dynamic buffer to control fatty acid flux. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma isoform-2 (PPARg2), an isoform of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, has been implicated in almost all aspects of human metabolic alterations such as obesity, insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia. The PPARg2 isoform is highly present in adipose tissue where it functions as a thrifty phenotype, which promotes adipocyte differentiation and triglyceride storage. Thiazolidinediones, antidiabetic drugs, induce insulin sensitivity by controlling adipokines. The thiazolidinediones bind with PPARg2 in adipocytes and exert an agonist effect by enhancing adipogenesis and fatty acid uptake. Thiazolidinediones stimulate PPARg2, by which they down-regulate tumour necrosis factor-α, leptin, interleukin-6 and plasminogen and also enhance insulin sensitivity. The aim of this work is to define role of PPARg2 transcription factor in thiazolidinedione-induced insulin sensitization.

Key findings
The PPARg2 alters the transcription of the target gene. This altered gene transcription results in the up-regulation of insulin-sensitizing factors and down-regulation of insulin-resistant factors. The variant Pro12Ala of the PPARg2 gene is an important modulator in metabolic control in the body. Thiazolidinediones stimulate PPARg2 transcription factor by which PPARg2 binds to responsive elements located in the promoter regions of many genes and modulates their transcriptive activity. There is a strong mutual relationship between receptor binding and agonism, which is evidence of the insulin-sensitizing target of thiazolidinediones in PPARg2. This evidently increases the biological potency of the glucose-lowering effect of thiazolidinediones in vivo as well as their antidiabetic activity.

Conclusions
PPARg2 transcription factor plays an important role in treatment of type-2 diabetes with thiazolidindiones. The variant Pro12Ala of the PPARg2 gene promotes the activity of thiazolidinediones in minimizing insulin resistance. Transcriptional activity of Pro12Ala variant improves the activity of insulin. Thus thiazolidinediones promote the phosphorylation of PPARg2 to induce insulin sensitivity.
Direct and indirect measures of Level‐2 perspective‐taking in children and adults
Authors: Surtees Andrew D. R. , Butterfill Stephen A. , Apperly Ian A. 
Published: October 2011

Studies with infants show divergence between performance on theory of mind tasks depending on whether direct or indirect measures are used. It has been suggested that direct measures assess a flexible but cognitively demanding ability to reason about the minds of others, whereas indirect measures assess distinct processes which afford more efficient but less flexible theory of mind abilities (Apperly & Butterfill, 2009). This leads to the prediction that performance on indirect measures should be subject to signature limits. The current study tested whether the Level‐1/Level‐2 distinction might constitute one such limit. The study adapted a task that has shown evidence of Level‐1 perspective‐taking on both direct and indirect measures (Samson, Apperly, Braithwaite, Andrews, & Bodley‐Scott, 2010). The aim was to test Level‐2 perspective‐taking in a sample of 6‐ to 11‐year‐olds (N = 80) and adults (N = 20). Participants were able to make Level‐2 judgements on the direct measure. In contrast with the findings from Level‐1 perspective‐taking, there was no evidence of automatic processing of Level‐2 perspectives on the indirect measure. This finding is consistent with the view that theory of mind abilities assessed by indirect measures are subject to signature limits. The Level‐1/Level‐2 distinction, suitably refined, marks one way in which efficient but inflexible theory of mind abilities are limited.
Technical Note: Further development of a resolution modification routine for the simulation of the modulation transfer function of digital x‐ray detectors
Authors: Konstantinidis Anastasios C. , Olivo Alessandro , Speller Robert D. 
Published: October 2011

Purpose:This paper proposes the further development of a resolution modification routine which is used to simulate the presampling modulation transfer function (pMTF) of digital x‐ray detectors.Methods:It suggests a method to reconstruct anisotropic two dimensional (2D) pMTF matrices from the experimentally measured horizontal and vertical 1D pMTFs. In this study, the horizontal dimension of the detector is 17.3 cm, while the vertical one is 24 cm. This matrix is multiplied with the 2D Fourier transform of the super‐sampled ideal input image to simulate blurring. Then, the restored image is sampled to form the pixels of the digital image. The authors suggest convolution with the comb function instead of the rectangular function to avoid the correction with the sinc function required by the latter. It is demonstrated that this correction is avoided when the comb function is used. Moreover, this study suggests a way to effectively sample the images in the case when the ratio between the “analog” pitch of the super‐sampled input image and the pixel pitch of the digital x‐ray detector is a semi‐integer.Results:The validation of the simulation algorithm demonstrated that when the comb function was used the average absolute difference between the pMTF measured from the output images and the input ones was less than 1%, while this was of 13% when the rectangular function was used. When a sinc correction was applied in the latter case the difference decreased again to less than 1%.Conclusions:The developed modification routine provides the means to simulate the spatial resolution of digital x‐ray detectors under a wider range of conditions.
A2 Identifying barriers and facilitators to improving prehospital care of asthma: views of ambulance clinicians
Authors: Shaw D , Knowles S , Siriwardena A N 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundIn 2008/2009 there were nearly 80 000 emergency hospital admissions for asthma. Current UK guidelines emphasise the importance of evidence-based prehospital assessment and treatment of asthma for improving patient outcomes and reducing hospitalisation, morbidity and mortality. National benchmarking of ambulance clinical performance indicators for asthma have revealed important unexplained variations in care across ambulance services. Little research has been undertaken to understand the reasons for poor levels of care.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to gather data on ambulance clinicians' perceptions and beliefs around prevailing and best practice for management of asthma. This was used to identify the factors which prevent or enable better asthma care in ambulance services.MethodsWe used a phenomenological qualitative approach, which addresses how individuals use their experiences to make sense of their world, focusing on participants' lived experiences of care delivery for asthma. We used focus groups of ambulance clinicians to gather data on barriers and facilitators to better asthma care. Recordings and notes were taken, transcribed and then analysed using QSR NVivo 8. A coding framework was developed based on a priori concepts but with emergent themes added during the analysis.ResultsTwo focus groups were conducted with eight and five participants respectively. A number of preliminary themes and subthemes were identified. The study identified issues relating to clarity of ambulance guidelines, conflicts between training and guidance, misconceptions about the importance of objective assessment and over reliance on non-objective assessment. Some practitioners believed that hospital staff were not interested in prehospital peak flow assessments.ConclusionOur findings will inform improved systems of care for asthma and the effect on indicators will be measured using time series methods. This approach could be used more widely to improve management of specific clinical conditions where quality of care is demonstrated to be suboptimal.