bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anterior medial amygdala transmits sexual odor information to the posterior medial amygdala and related forebrain nuclei
Authors: Maras Pamela M. , Petrulis Aras 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn Syrian hamsters, reproductive behavior relies on the perception of chemical signals released from conspecifics. The medial amygdala (MEA) processes sexual odors through functionally distinct, but interconnected, sub‐regions; the anterior MEA (MEAa) appears to function as a chemosensory filter to distinguish between opposite‐sex and same‐sex odors, whereas the posterodorsal MEA (MEApd) is critical for generating attraction specifically to opposite‐sex odors. To identify how these sub‐regions interact during odor processing, we measured odor‐induced Fos expression, an indirect marker of neuronal activation, in the absence of either MEAa or MEApd processing. In Experiment 1, electrolytic lesions of the MEAa decreased Fos expression throughout the posterior MEA in male hamsters exposed to either female or male odors, whereas MEApd lesions had no effect on Fos expression within the MEAa. These results indicate that the MEAa normally enhances processing of sexual odors within the MEApd and that this interaction is primarily unidirectional. Furthermore, lesions of the MEAa, but not the MEApd, decreased Fos expression within several connected forebrain nuclei, suggesting that the MEAa provides the primary excitatory output of the MEA during sexual odor processing. In Experiment 2, we observed a similar pattern of decreased Fos expression, using fiber‐sparing, NMDA lesions of the MEAa, suggesting that the decreases in Fos expression were not attributable exclusively to damage to passing fibers. Taken together, these results provide the first direct test of how the different sub‐regions within the MEA interact during odor processing, and highlight the role of the MEAa in transmitting sexual odor information to the posterior MEA, as well as to related forebrain nuclei.
Fast‐spiking interneurons of the rat ventral striatum: temporal coordination of activity with principal cells and responsiveness to reward
Authors: Lansink Carien S. , Goltstein Pieter M. , Lankelma Jan V. , Pennartz Cyriel M.A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough previous in vitro studies revealed inhibitory synaptic connections of fast‐spiking interneurons to principal cells in the striatum, uncertainty remains about the nature of the behavioural events that correlate with changes in interneuron activity and about the temporal coordination of interneuron firing with spiking of principal cells under natural conditions. Using in vivo tetrode recordings from the ventral striatum in freely moving rats, fast‐spiking neurons were distinguished from putative medium‐sized spiny neurons on the basis of their spike waveforms and rates. Cross‐correlograms of fast‐spiking and putative medium‐sized spiny neuron firing patterns revealed a variety of temporal relationships, including peaks of concurrent firing and transient decrements in medium‐sized spiny neuron spiking around fast‐spiking unit activity. Notably, the onset of these decrements was mostly in advance of the fast‐spiking unit firing. Many of these temporal relationships were dependent on the sleep–wake state. Coordinated activity was also found amongst pairs of the same phenotype, both fast‐spiking units and putative medium‐sized spiny neurons, which was often marked by a broad peak of concurrent firing. When studying fast‐spiking neurons in a reward‐searching task, they generally showed a pre‐reward ramping increment in firing rate but a decrement specifically when the rat received reward. In conclusion, our data indicate that various forms of temporally coordinated activity exist amongst ventral striatal interneurons and principal cells, which cannot be explained by feed‐forward inhibitory circuits alone. Furthermore, firing patterns of ventral striatal fast‐spiking interneurons do not merely correlate with the general arousal state of the animal but display distinct reward‐related changes in firing rate.
Laparoscopic colonic resection in inflammatory bowel disease: minimal surgery, minimal access and minimal hospital stay
Authors: Boyle E. , Ridgway P. F. , Keane F. B. , Neary P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective  Laparoscopic surgery for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is technically demanding but can offer improved short‐term outcomes. The introduction of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) as the default operative approach for IBD, however, may have inherent learning curve‐associated disadvantages. We hypothesise that the establishment of MIS as the standard operative approach does not increase patient morbidity as assessed in the initial period of its introduction into a specialised unit, and that it confers earlier postoperative gastrointestinal recovery and reduced hospitalisation compared with conventional open resection.Method  A case–control study was undertaken on laparoscopic resection (LR) vs open colon resection (OR) for IBD. The LR group was collated prospectively and compared with a pathologically matched historical control set. Outcomes measured included: postoperative length of stay, time to normal bowel function and postoperative morbidity. Statistical analysis was performed using spss.Results  Twenty‐eight patients were investigated (14 LR, 14 OR). The two groups were matched for type of operation, type of disease and age. There were no conversions in the LR group. Morbidity and readmissions did not differ significantly between the groups. Those undergoing laparoscopic resection had a quicker return to diet (median 2 vs 4 days; P = 0.000002), time to first bowel motion (2 vs 4 days; P = 0.019) and shorter postoperative length of stay (5.5 vs 12.5; P = 0.0067).Conclusion  These findings support the routine use of MIS for the elective surgical management of IBD in our department. Patients undergoing laparoscopic colectomies for IBD can expect faster return of gastrointestinal function and shorter hospitalisation.
Ownership–efficiency relationship and the measurement selection bias
Authors: Bozec Richard , Dia Mohamed , Breton Gaétan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study analyses the bias in the selection of performance measures for ownership comparisons, which depends on the specific objectives of the firms being compared. Our sample includes 13 Canadian state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), commercialized and/or privatized between 1976 and 2001. To replace profitability measures and reduce biases, we propose the use of technical efficiency, which provides for SOEs’ specificities. Overall, the results clearly support the view that privatization has no impact on a firm's technical efficiency, the only positive impact being related to a change in the objectives of the firm while using profitability measures. The results of this study raise the question of the validity of comparisons between SOEs and private firms when using profitability indicators. The potential bias in favour of the private firms contributes to a misleading image of the public sector being presented as inferior and inefficient. The use of more sophisticated measures, such as data envelopment analysis, suggests conflicting conclusions. This study also casts doubt on the legitimacy of the privatization program initiated around the world and more specifically in Canada in which the main justification for such a reform has been to increase the performance of SOEs.
Otra Empanada en la Parilla: Examining the Role of Culture and Information Sharing in Chile and Australia
Authors: Salter Stephen B. , Schulz Axel K.‐D. , Lewis Philip A. , López V. Juan Claudio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOne of the biggest assets of a firm is its information base. Included in this information base is a knowledge of prior errors and failures. Extant research suggests that while the propensity to share “bad news” (i.e. a prior error) is dependent on the cost of sharing, the perceived value of that cost may be culturally dependent. One area of interest that has received substantial attention in the prior literature has been cross‐cultural differences in negative information sharing in general, as well as the particular context in which the individual's superior is either present or absent during the information‐sharing process. Our study examines the role of the two cultural values (individualism/collectivism and to a lesser extent power distance) in explaining national differences in information sharing. By focusing on a sample from Chile and Australia, we were able to remove the regional cultural dimension of face, which has been inherent in prior studies that used Greater China as the representative of a collectivist society. Results from our quasi experiment show that when a supervisor is present during information sharing, collectivist Chilean decision‐makers are more willing to share negative information with their colleagues than their counterpart and individualist Australian decision‐makers. Our results also show that when a supervisor is absent, both Australian and Chilean decision‐makers are willing to share more negative information but the increase in the Australian propensity is significantly greater than that of the Chileans.
A method of combatting the homing shortage. The Perequation of Rents
Authors: MILHAUD Edgard 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYI PRELIMINARY POSTULATES. 1. Need for the legal protection of tenants. – 2. Need for a very active resumption of the building of dwellings. – 3. Need for financial intervention by public authorities. – 4. Need for special encouragement for non‐profit forms of building. – 5. Need for protective legislation for the tenants of new buildings. – II. HOW WE ARE LED TO THE IDEA OF THE PEREQUATION OF RENTS (1). 1. The duality of rent rates and the problem caused by it. – 2. Three solutions: a levelling off at the top; a levelling off at the base; a perequation. – III. THE PEREQUATION OF RENTS. 1. The principles. – 2. Problems and conditions of application. – 3. Results to be expected to be expected. – Conclusion.
A Continuous Latent Spatial Model for Crack Initiation in Bone Cement
Authors: Heron Elizabeth A. , Walsh Cathal D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryHip replacements rovide a means of achieving a higher quality of life for individuals who have, through aging or injury, accumulated damage to their natural joints. This is a very common operation, with over a million people a year benefiting from the procedure. The replacements themselves fail mainly as a result of the mechanical loosening of the components of the artificial joint due to damage accumulation. This damage accumulation consists of the initiation and growth of cracks in the bone cement which is used to fixate the replacement in the human body. The data come from laboratory experiments that are designed to assess the effectiveness of the bone cement in resisting damage. We examine the properties of the bone cement, with the aim being to estimate the effect that both observable and unobservable spatially varying factors have on causing crack initiation. To do this, an explicit model for the damage process is constructed taking into account the tension and compression at different locations in the specimens. A gamma random field is used to model any latent spatial factors that may be influential in crack initiation. Bayesian inference is carried out for the parameters of this field and related covariates by using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.
A Marginalized Diffusion Model for Estimating Age at First Lower Endoscopy use from Current Status Data
Authors: Miglioretti Diana L. , Brown Elizabeth R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWe propose an approach for estimating the age at first lower endoscopy examination from current status data that were collected via two series of cross-sectional surveys. To model the national probability of ever having a lower endoscopy examination, we incorporate birth cohort effects into a mixed influence diffusion model. We link a state-specific model to the national level diffusion model by using a marginalized modelling approach. In future research, results from our model will be used as microsimulation model inputs to estimate the contribution of endoscopy examinations to observed changes in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality.
Wage Determination in Post‐War Italy
Authors: Baici Eliana 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: A bargaining model is proposed and tested in order to explain the irrelevance of the general labour market conditions to wage settlements in the post‐war Italian economy.The model is a “right to manage model”, but the solution cannot be improved, being both on the labour demand curve and on the contract curve. The reason for such an outcome is that both firms and unions have priorities, and distinguish the labour force between insiders and outsiders. Different definitions of insiders are used, but in the postwar Italian economy the employees and ex‐employees of the industrial sector appear to be the share of the labour force which have been better protected by both contractual parties.
The Political System as a Problem for the Trade Unions in Italy: 1975‐1983
Authors: Carrieri Mimmo , Donolo Carlo 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: This article focuses on a particular aspect of the evolution of the Italian trade unions, that is the problems faced by them in dealing with the political institutions and structures, or, in other words, the political system.We consider this period from the mid‘70s to the early 80s, because it represents the culmination of a gradual development in both unions and institutions during the previous years, and the resulting problems that evolved in the interaction between them and the political institutions. We look at how the unions’political action was modified during this lapse of time, and draw some conclusions about the unions resulting political role.
Male–female wage discrimination in Chinese industry Investigation using firm‐level data1
Authors: Zhang Liqin , Dong Xiao‐Yuan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe use firm‐level data to analyze male–female wage discrimination in China's industry. We find that there is a significant negative association between wages and the share of female workers in a firm's labour force. However, we also find that the marginal productivity of female workers is significantly lower than that of male workers. Comparing wage gaps and productivity gaps between men and women, we notice an intriguing contrast between state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) and private firms. The wage gap is smaller than the productivity gap in SOEs, while the converse is true for private firms. These results suggest that women in the state sector receive wage premiums, whereas women in the private sector face wage discrimination.
Resource abundance and regional development in China1
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo , Xing Li , Fan Shenggen , Luo Xiaopeng 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOver the past several decades, China has made tremendous progress in market integration and infrastructure development. Demand for natural resources has increased from the booming coastal economies, causing the terms of trade to favour the resource sector, which is predominantly based in the interior regions of the country. However, the gap in economic development level between the coastal and inland regions has widened significantly. In this paper, using a panel dataset at the provincial level, we show that Chinese provinces with abundant resources perform worse than their resource‐poor counterparts in terms of per capita consumption growth. This trend that resource‐poor areas are better off than resource‐rich areas is particularly prominent in rural areas. Because of the institutional arrangements regarding property rights of natural resources, most gains from the resource boom have been captured either by the government‐ or state‐owned enterprises. Thus, the windfall of natural resources has more to do with government consumption than household consumption. Moreover, in resource‐rich areas, greater revenues accrued from natural resources bid up the price of non‐tradable goods and hurt the competitiveness of the local economy.
Educating‐and involving‐the decision maker
Authors: ELLIOTT JAMES 
Published: August 2010

No, nurse. You should not be sitting down eating with the patients: it's not only bad for discipline, but you're eating their food. In any case, you'll have to pay the fuIl cost of the meal, And that ridiculous spotted shirt you're wearing ‐ quite unprofessional! Appropriate uniform is provided and paid for by the management and approved by the Whitley Council. Haven't you heard of the national uniform for nurses?And while I'm about it, I see you're using odd pieces of crockery at the table‐that's not Ministry issue ‐ all the colours are diferent. What's that? Bought it out of ward funds? What ward funds? Wheie is your account book und receipts? You've what? You let the patients club together ‐ the money's in a cocoa tin! Does the treasurer know? Who turned that side‐room into a disco? And papered the walls? The patients did it? Did the works officer approve the paper you used? Is it washable, or firepsoof? I've had complaints from committee members about nude pin‐ups in‐ the men's dormitories: they say you are putting ideas into innocent minds.Did I see patients at the stove when I passed your kitchen just now? Cooking snacks? For themselves? You know there's a hospital regulation against it ‐ ever since Doris Brown got burned in 1957 and we had that committee of inquiry. And what about that student volunteer group from the university this evening? We can't have these people unsupervised. You'll be with them yourself? But according to the list you're ofl duty at five. You're going ofl now and coming back later? Does the allocations officer know? Don't you know the group nursing policy about hours of duty? What's the good of having central policies if people like you don't conform?
SOCIAL TRAINING IN A WARD SITUATION
Authors: Cox R. , Owen W. J. , Charge E. Paul , Scholey G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTwo groups of adult male trainees of varying levels of retardation were instructed and monitored over a period of 9 months in various aspects of social education. The training took place in an up‐graded home‐orientated atmosphere. Group A and B together showed an increase of 44 per cent in skill competence over the 9 month period and 46 per cent increase over the control group.
PREVENTION OF STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Authors: Masotti R. E. , Simons C. , Stewart J. F. H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn a long‐stay hospital for the mentally retarded, with an epileptic population of 300, the average yearly incidence of admission for status epilepticus, to the Acute Medical‐Surgical Ward, was 26. There was a five‐fold reduction in the years 1971 and 1972 following the introduction of a prophylactic routine using intramuscular diazepam. This routine consisted of giving I.M. diazepam after any single seizure lasting longer than 5 minutes or after any second seizure occurring within 24 hours. No complications from the programme have been identified. There has been a three‐fold reduction in deaths in known epileptics suggesting that seizure activity, either prolonged or serial, had been contributing to the previously high epileptic death rate. We conclude that intramuscular diazepam, administered by the nursing staff, is a reasonable, safe and effective method of preventing, status epilepticus in institutionalized epileptics.
The needs of young mentally retarded adults
Authors: Reiter Shunit , Whelan Edward 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe needs of young retarded adults were analysed from responses made to a series of photographs. Content analysis was carried out and the frequency of occurrence of certain ideas was recorded for each subject. Findings are interpreted in the light of Maslow's theory of the Hierarchy of Needs. It is concluded that young retarded adults are motivated by the needs for “Safety and Belonging” — the lower order needs in Maslow's Hierarchy. The higher order needs for “Esteem and Self Actualisation”, were not found to occur in the responses.
KNOWING, BUT NOT DOING, MAKATON
Authors: BAILEY R. D. , TAIT E. 
Published: August 2010

A detailed 12–month study with five hearing, severely mentally handicapped, non‐communicating young adults showed comprehension to be an important factor in Makaton Vocabulary Training. There was a general lack of spontaneous expression by all the students in the training. Possible reasons for this are reflected in the results that showed individual differences in comprehension and the rate of learning by the mentally handicapped students.It is agreed that comprehension precedes Makaton expression. This is in keeping with what we know about the normal development of spoken language. It is also shown that the level of understanding of spoken language improved along with the improvement in understanding Makaton. It is suggested that understanding is an important predictor of the ability to sign but not, in itself, a predictor of spontaneous Makaton expression. The role that it might play as a predictor of Makaton success, understanding and using Makaton, is briefly discussed. Retention scores were investigated to assess this problem. It is also argued that there is a need for working communication models to take account of the different processes that may be involved in learning and using Makaton signing.
Where should the parents of mentally handicapped pre‐school children be trained?
Authors: WOOD JIM , BERRY IAN 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIt is frequently assumed that the best place to train parents how to teach their handicapped children is at home. There are, however, certain economic and organisational advantages in teaching the parents in a hospital/clinic base. In addition, training in such a setting may be more effective in helping the parents acquire a variety of skills and in encouraging them to use such skills independently.
Mentally handicapped children's responses to vibro‐tactile and other stimuli as evidence for the existence of a sensory hierarchy
Authors: BYRNE DAVID J. , STEVENS CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The responses of 16 mentally handicapped children to a series of sensory stimuli were investigated. Stimuli were either vibro‐tactile, visual or auditory. In addition to their mental handicap, all the children were impaired visually and most suffered a hearing defect. An index of skill development was related to sensory function as derived from the number of their responses to the various sensory stimuli. It was found that.The vibro‐tactile and visual modalities were the most effective source of stimulation for the majority of the research group.Children placed higher in the index of skill development tended to score higher on the visual conditions.
The supportive role of the community mental handicap nurse
Authors: BANKS DAVID 
Published: August 2010

In the last few years there has been an encouraging growth in the number of mental handicap nurses working in the community. The role they have to play in providing a service to mentally handicapped people and their carers is becoming increasingly recognised.Amongst the functions of the community mental handicap nurse is that of giving support to families. The following article attempts to identify some aspects of this supportive work and to suggest some ways in which the nurse may usefully fulfil this function.
The Douglas Ward activity project
Authors: KELLY BRIDGET , HOLLAND JOHN , WEBSTER JOHN 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis project demonstrated that it was possible to organise and maintain an effective learning environment at ward level for high dependency female adults.The important aspects of the project may be seen as: firstly, the organisation of the residents into small, family‐sized groups; secondly, the allocation of named members of staff to each of the groups; thirdly, the organisation of weekly meetings to discuss management issues and monitor progress; and finally, the correct choice of activities for each of the residents.