bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Second Ecdysis of the Infective Larvae of Certain Trichostrongylidae in Solutions of Sodium Sulphide and of Organic Compounds containing Sulphur
Authors: Lapage Geoffrey 
Published: June 2009

1. The second ecdysis of infective nematode larvae readily occurs in watery infusions of chopped up garlic bulbs and the cast sheaths are dissolved after the larvae have left them. No particular change in the sheaths was observed before the ecdyses occurred.2. Ecdyses also occurred readily in 1% sodium sulphide in distilled water, the sheaths being, however, remarkably distended and thinned before the ecdysis occurred.3. In 0·1% solutions of cystein hydrochloride ecdyses occurred with changes in the sheath similar to those recorded by the writer in mixtures of HCl and NaOH and leading to detachment of a cap, but with little distension or thinning of the sheaths. The cast sheaths were usually not dissolved. Similar ecdyses occurred in 1% sodium taurocholate and 1% saccharin in distilled water, but the former of these two solutions seemed more toxic to the larvae than either saccharin or cystein hydrochloride.4. Some ecdyses occurred in 0·2% sulphonal with detachment of a cap and some osmotic distension and thinning of the sheaths. The empty sheaths were all slowly dissolved in the medium.5. In 1% sodium thiosulphate a few ecdyses occurred with some thinning and distension of the sheaths, but the larvae were usually shrunken and often died quickly.6. The solutions here described could be used for artificial production of ecdyses, 1% sodium sulphide being probably the best for this purpose; but none are so useful as the 1 in 20 dilution of Milton hypochlorite used by the writer (1933 b), because this also sterilises the exsheathed larvae and the medium in which they exsheath.
The Effect of Sublethal Doses of the Molluscicide (N-tritylmorpholine) on the Development of Schistosoma mansoni in Biomphalaria glabrata (Say)
Authors: Massoud J. , Webbe G. 
Published: June 2009

1. The effects of a sublethal concentration (0·0165 p.p.m.) of N-tritylmorpholine on the development of S. mansoni in B. glabrata are described.2. A total of 160 snails were infected with S. mansoni and then divided into 4 groups. Each group was treated separately with N-tritylmorpholine for a period of 24 hours.3. The first group was treated 10 days after infection (early prepatent stage); the second group 20 days after infection (late prepatent stage); the third group 42 days after infection (patent stage); and the fourth group was left untreated and kept as an infected but untreated control group.4. Three groups of uninfected snails were treated simultaneously with the infected groups, and a fourth uninfected group was left untreated and maintained as an uninfected and untreated control group.5. In the early and late prepatent groups treated with N-tritylmorpholine a relatively short incubation period was observed compared with those in the patent and untreated infected groups.6. No significant difference was observed between the cercarial infection rates of the 4 infected groups of snails (x2 = 0·744; p > 0·5).7. In all infected groups peak cercarial production was observed about 15–20 days after the emergence of cercariae was first noted, after which numbers declined. No significant difference was observed between the total cercarial production of the early prepatent, late prepatent or patent groups and that of the untreated infected control group (p > 0·4).8. The mortality rate of snails in the patent group was significantly higher than in the corresponding uninfected control group (x2 = 6·04; p <0·02).9. Treated infected snails in all three groups ultimately had a lower survival rate than did treated uninfected snails.10. The survival rate of untreated infected snails while initially as good as that of the untreated and uninfected group, was ultimately much poorer.
“Parthenogenesis” in Schistosoma mattheei
Authors: Taylor M. G. , Amin M. B. A. , Nelson G. S. 
Published: June 2009

Experimental studies in mice have shown that with single sex female infections of S. mattheei there is a slow maturation of the worms with evidence of incomplete parthenogenesis; at 9 weeks no eggs were produced but at 17 weeks there was an average of 500 eggs per mouse. These were all non viable. Under similar conditions S. mansoni females failed to produce eggs.When the females of S. mattheei were paired with males of S. mansoni, the females reached full maturity and produced large numbers of eggs typical of their own species-many of the eggs were non viable but some contained active miracidia.It is considered that this is an example of parthenogenesis and not hybridisation. Cross specific pairings of schistosomes must occur frequently in man particularly with S. haematobium, S. mansoni and S. mattheei and this phenomenon could be of considerable clinical, epidemiological and biological significance. Parthenogenesis in mixed infections probably accounts for the large number of non-viable S. haematobium eggs seen in rectal biopsies, and it may also be important in reducing the transmission potential of schistosomes to man since cross pairing must result in the “sterilisation” of a considerable proportion of the female worms in mixed infections. This phenomenon may also explain the observed reproductive isolation of schistosome species which simultaneously infect the same host.
On the GenusOpisthorchisR. Blanchard, 1895, with a Note on the Occurrence ofO. geminus(Loose, 1896) in New Avian Hosts
Authors: Bisseru B. 
Published: June 2009

This paper is devoted to a critical analysis and revision of the systematics of the trematode genusOpisthorchis. It is shown that there is no justification for the recognition of the generaAmphimerusBarker, 1911,NotaulusSkrjabin, 1913,GomtiaThapar, 1930,EvranorchisSkrjabin, 1944 andEuamphimerusYamaguti, 1941.The generic diagnosis of the genusOpisthorchishas been amplified, and on the basis of the information available in the literature mainly, certain species in this genus are suggested to be synonyms of earlier recorded forms. A list is presented of the species recognized and the host or hosts are indicated as far as is possible.Opisthorchis geminusis recorded from two new hosts,Plectropterus gambensisandDendrocygna viduata.
On an Unusual Brood Capsule from a Hydatid Cyst of a Goat in Ceylon
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Paramananthan D. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. An unusual type of brood capsule is described with the cuticle on the outside and with 70 scolices which are fully developed and projecting outwards. The brood capsule is much larger than the normal brood capsule.2. This type of brood capsule has been described earlier in cultures by Coutelen (1927) and a similar mode of origin has been suggested for this particular brood capsule.
The Behaviour and Development of Brugia patei (Buckley, Nelson and Heisch, 1958) in a Mosquito Host, Mansonia uniformis (Theobald)
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Pester F. R. N. 
Published: June 2009

1. The behaviour and development of Brugia patei has been followed in the mosquito host, Mansonia uniformis, from ingestion of the microfilariae to the development of the infective stages.2. The microfilariae penetrated very rapidly out of the stomach into the abdomen of the mosquito; 80% of them escape from the stomach during the first 50 minutes after a blood meal.3. The microfilariae migrate from the abdomen to the thorax through fat body cells and the heart during the first 140 minutes followed engorgement and begin to penetrate the indirect flight muscles within 15 minutes from engorgement. During this migration microfilariae were found in close association, suggesting that they follow similar pathways of migration through the body of the mosquito.4. Most microfilariae (98%) have settled in the indirect flight muscles within 2 hours of engorgement. In these muscles the larvae digest away the muscle surrounding them but do not begin to elongate until the third or fourth day after the blood meal. The rate of development varies from one mosquito host to another, but about 80% of the larvae have developed to the infective stage by the ninth to tenth days after the infective feed. The infective stages concentrate in the head and proboscis of the mosquito vector. The development of B. patei is faster than that of B. pahangi in mosquitoes from the same colony.5. The efficiency of M. uniformis as a vector of B. patei is compared with the similar efficiency of M. longipalpis as a vector of B. malayi. In both mosquitoes the majority of the microfilariae ingested develop to the infective stage. M. uniforms is also an efficient vector of B. pahangi.6. The development of the parasite is discussed briefly with reference to knowledge of the physiological events within the mosquito host subsequent to the blood meal.
Studies on Bunostomum trigonocephalum Rudolphi, 1808. V. Biology in Abnormal Hosts, Mouse and Guineapig
Authors: Srivastava V. K. , Subramanian G. 
Published: June 2009

1. The infective stage larvae of Bunostomum trigonocephalum (Rudolphi, 1808) penetrate the intact skin and undergo skin-lung migration in the mouse and skin-lung-intestine migration in the guineapig. After percutaneous infection in guineapigs, they moult in the lungs to the fourth stage and to the fifth stage in the intestine. Relatively few of them undergo this partial development in the guineapig and they are stunted in growth.2. In the abnormal hosts, the penetrating larvae cause extensive tissue disorganisation. The histopathology of the skin and lungs is described. There is a cellular reaction to the parasites.3. In guineapigs, the infective stage larvae reach the lungs after per os infection but they are few in number do no persist for more than six days.
Hybridization between different strains of Schistosoma intercalatum Fisher, 1934 from Cameroun and Zaïre
Authors: Frandsen Flemming 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe offspring from hybridization experiments between Schistosoma intercalatum, Cameroun (intermediate host Bulinus forskalii) and S. intercalatum, Zaïre (intermediate host B. globosus) was investigated. Reciprocal crosses between the two forms were performed.F1–and F2– miracidia developed in both parental intermediate hosts. The minimum prepatent period was 24 days at 26°C, an average of the prepatent periods for the two parental strains.The total cercariae production per 100 exposed snails decreased sharply from 121 000 for the parental strain from Cameroun in B. forskalii to 21 000 and 5000 from the F1–and F2–generations, respectively. The figures for S. intercalatum, Zaïre in B. globosus were 270 000, 134 000 and 3000, respectively. F1–and F2–generations were from the cross between males from Cameroun and females from Zaïre.The viability of the four cross-breeding experimentas carried out (two with each combinations of the parental strains) were low. It was only possible to obtain F2–cercariae. No miracidia were hatched from eggs produced by the F2–generation.
Egg-laying and hatching rhythms in the monogeneanDiplozoon homoion gracilefrom the southern barbel (Barbus meridionalis)
Authors: Macdonald S. , Jones A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDiplozoon homoion gracilefrom the southern barbel (Barbus meridionalis) displays an egg-laying and an egg hatching rhythm, the latter being more clearly defined. Egg laying continues both day and night but significantly more eggs are laid at night. The oncomiracidia hatch at dusk. If parasite eggs are eaten by the host they pass through the gut undamaged and hatch normally.
Life history of Allocreadium fasciatusi Kakaji, 1969 (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) from the freshwater fish Aplocheilus melastigma McClelland
Authors: Madhavi R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe life history of Allocreadium fasciatusi which occurs in the intestine of a freshwater fish Aplocheilus melastigma has been worked out in detail. The snail Amnicola travancorica acts as the first intermediate host. The miracidium hatching out from the eggs attacks the snail and passes through two generations of rediae. Cercariae are of ophthalmoxiphidiocercous type with very long tail and are identical to Cercariae Indicae XLIX Sewell, 1922. The cercariae penetrate and develop into metacercariae in the haemecoel of the copepods Mesocyclops leuckarti, Microcyclops varicans and Marcocyclops distructus. Upon ingestion by the definitive host, the metacercariae excyst and develop into adults. All the stages in the life cycle are described and the life cycle is compared with other allocreadiid life cycles. The original description of A. fasciatusi is revised and Psilostomum chilkai Chatterji, 1956 from Lates calcalifer is synonymized with it.
The influence of some physico-chemical factors on the host-finding capacity of Fasciola hepatica miracidia
Authors: Christensen Niels Ørnbjerg , Nansen Peter , Frandsen Flemming 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA study was made on the host-finding capacity of Fasciola hepatica miracidia in relation to time, number of miracidia per snail, and several physico-chemical environmental factors. Specimens of Lymnaea truncatula were exposed to radiolabelled miracidia and the subsequent snail-bound radioactivity was used to measure the host-finding capacity of the larvae.Maximum snail-bound radioactivity was achieved after 45–60 minutes exposure to miracidia in a volume of 80 ml water. The efficiency of the snail-location was unaltered up to a volume of 4.5 liters. A linear proportionality was demonstrated between the number of miracidia and the amount of radioactivity obtained in exposed snails. After 4 hours exposure snails placed in darkness took up the same amount of radioactivity as snails placed in bright illumination. Additional experiments showed that miracidia preferentially scan the lighted zone of a given environment, but if no snails are available in this zone, snails in shade are also effectively located.The host-finding capacity was unaltered up to a salinity level of 3.79%. At 4.74% and 5.68% the snail-location proceeded at a slower rate, but the final levels reached after 3 hours were comparable to that obtained at low salinity. The over-all host-finding capacity was reduced at a salinity level of 7.58% and at 9.47% the capacity had ceased. The host-finding capacity was unaltered in the pH range 5.4 to 8.4, but it was reduced at pH 8.9. Further studies showed that the host-finding capacity was clearly inhibited in water with a high turbidity level.
Phaneropsolus aspinosus sp. n. (Lecithodendriidae: Phaneropsolinae) from the leaf monkey Macaca fascicularia (Raffles)
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Krishnasamy M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPhaneropsolus aspinosus sp. n. is described from the leaf monkey Macaca fascicularis in central Pahang, West Malaysia. Morphological characteristics are compared with both the subgenera Phaneropsolus and Primatotrema.
A study of the relationship between the energy contents of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae and their death during penetration of mammalian host skin
Authors: Ghandour A. M. , Ibrahim A. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTImmersion of Biomphalaria pfeifferi in 1.5% glucose solution showed that the snails did not absorb any glucose during the first six hours but that almost 30% of the glucose was absorbed after 24 hours. The glycogen content of such “glucose-fed” snails was much higher than that of control normal snails. Cercariae of S. mansoni collected from the former snails exhibited a much lower level of death (20%), during penetration of mouse skin, than that of control normal cercariae (36%).It is suggested that death of S. mansoni cercariae during penetration of mammalian host skin is probably due to exhaustion of their energy reserves.
Intestinal mast cells during experimental ancylostomiasis
Authors: Vardhani V. , Johri G. N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe alterations of mast cell counts induced in the gut of swiss albino mice by infection with Ancylostoma caninum larvae have been studied, both in single and multiple infections. It was found that mast cell rise was greater in females than males. In singly infected animals, mast cell increase was influenced by the infective dose of inoculated larvae. In case of repeatedly infected mice, mast cell counts were decreased because of their earlier degranulation.
Species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from the Black-tailed Wallaby, Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) from eastern Australia
Authors: Beveridge I. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSpecies of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) are reported and/or described from the stomach of the macropodid marsupial Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest, 1804) collected in eastern Australia. Nematodes were examined from 26 hosts collected in 3 states and the number of species of Cloacina in any one host was 2 – 7. The following species were encountered: C. wallabiae Johnston and Mawson, 1939, C. gallardi Johnston and Mawson, 1940, C. edwardsi Mawson, 1972 and C. cornuta (Davey and Wood, 1938) the last named constituting a new host record. The following new species are described: C. mawsonae sp. nov., C. papillata sp. nov., C. annulata sp. nov., C. castor sp. nov. and C. pollux sp. nov.
Phaneropsolus mulkiti sp. n.(Lecithodendriidae: Phaneropsolinae) from the sand lizard Liolepis belliana belliana Gray, 1827 from West Malaysia
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Krishnasamy M. , Sullivan John T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPhaneropsolus mulkiti sp. n. is described from the sand lizard Liolepis belliana Gray, 1827 from Bukit China, West Malaysia. Morphologically it is separate from all reported species of the genus Phaneropsolus Looss, 1899 and is the second species reported from a poikilothermic host.
Collyricloides massanae Vaucher, 1969, in a starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) in the Netherlands
Authors: Borgsteede F. H. M. , Smit TH. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTCollyricloides massanae (Trematoda: Collyriclidae) is described from cysts in the wall of the small intestine of a starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.) in the Netherlands. The original description was from a yellow necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior), so this is the first record of this species in birds.
Necator americanusin infant rabbits: complete development, humoral antibody, leukocyte response and serum protein changes following infection
Authors: Bhopale M. K. , Menon Sushila , Kulkarni Laxmi 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTNecator americanus, originally isolated from man, developed completely in infant rabbits (RSG-1). This infection was serially passed in infant rabbits up to the 6th generation without using any immunosuppressant. Two day old infant rabbits demonstrated a high degree of susceptibility toN. americanus. Studies revealed the retention of worms in the intestine for more than 150 days during which egg production was high. In this experimental model the leukocyte, antibody and serum protein responses due toN. americanusinfection were monitored. Results showed that eosinophil numbers rose significantly from day 28 to 170. A maximum was observed on day 80 (41%) in rabbits of the fourth generation. Antibodies toN. americanuswere detectable in infected rabbits by counterimmunoelectrophoresis using third stage larval antigen (Rabbit strain). Generally, total globulins increased with decrease in albumin. Serum protein increase was associated with alpha-2, beta and gamma globulin components.
Taeniasis, cysticercosis and echinococcosis/hydatidosis in Nigeria: III — prevalence of bovine and porcine cysticercosis, and hydatid cyst infection based on joint examination of slaughtered food animals
Authors: Dada B. J. O. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA survey was carried out in the abattoirs in Kano (Sudan zone), Kaduna and Zaria (Northern Guinea zone) and Jos (Bauchi plateau zone) to assess the actual prevalence of bovine and porcine cysticercosis, and of hydatid cyst infections in slaughtered food animals.Hydatid cysts were detected in all species of animals slaughtered at the abattoir in the Sudan zone where the prevalence was: camels (55.5%), cattle (14.70%), sheep (11.4%), goats (26.4%). In the Northern Guinea zone, the prevalence was: camels (50%), cattle (0%), pigs (0%), sheep (0.21%) and goats (0.79%). In the Bauchi plateau zone, sheep were found to harbour hydatid cysts, with a prevalence of 1.4%. In the various animal species, hydatid cysts were detected in the lungs, liver and spleen. Fertility rates of the hydatid cysts from various hosts were as follows: camels 94.5%, cattle 7.4%, goats 81.3%, and sheep 59.7%.Cysticercus bovis was detected in slaughtered cattle from the three zones surveyed. Northern Guinea zone had the highest prevalence (4%), followed by Bauchi plateau zone (2.1%) and Sudan (1.9%). C. bovis was detected in the tongue, masseter muscle, heart, diaphragm and the quarters of infected cattle.C. cellulosae was detected in 18.4% and 1.76% of slaughtered pigs examined in Northern Guinea and Bauchi plateau zones respectively. The cysts were found in the tongue, masseter muscle, heart, diaphragm, thigh and fore-limbs. No pigs were available for examination in the Sudan zone.The data obtained in this survey are believed to be a better indication of the rate of infection in the various animal species than data obtained from previous abattoir records.
Erythrokinetic studies on baboons (Papio anubis) with acute experimental schistosomiasis mansoni
Authors: Holmes P. H. , James E. R. , Maclean J. M. , Nelson G. S. , Taylor M. G. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe erythrokinetics of three baboons were studied over a twelve week period after infection with 3 000 cercariae of S. mansoni and compared with three uninfected control animals. In addition to monitoring changes in haematological and parasitological parameters several radioisotopic techniques were used concurrently to measure alterations in red cell kinetics. In particular 51Cr-labelled red cells and 59Fe-ferric citrate were used to measure red cell production, circulating volume, survival time and routes of loss.All the animals remained in good condition despite heavy infection and the pathophysiological changes were in general mild and transient in nature. The principle alterations were associated with patency and consisted of a modest fall in haematocrit, some inappetence and the appearance of blood-stained mucus in the faeces. Red cell survival was reduced in the infected animals and this was correlated with an increase in faecal blood loss and haemodilution. There was no evidence of haemolytic factors or depressed erythropoiesis having any aetiological role in the anaemia.The results confirmed the complexities of schistosomal anaemia as well as the ability of primates to withstand heavy parasitic burdens for short periods with minimal pathophysiological disturbance.
Alkali denaturation of oxyhaemoglobins of some digenetic trematodes and their hosts
Authors: Haider S. Ashfaq , Siddiqi Ather H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOxyhaemoglobins of six digenetic trematodes,—Srivastavaia indica, Gastrothylax crumenifer, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Fasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis, Isoparorchis hypselobagri, and of their 3 vertebrate hosts, Bubalus, bubalis, Sus scrofa, Wallago attu, were subjected to alkali denaturation at a pH of 12·4. All oxyhaemoglobins from trematodes and their hosts differ from each other in the rate and extent of alkali denaturation which may be explained due to variations in the amino acid sequences of a particular haem protein in addition to other factors.