bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accountability of Foundation Trusts in the English Nhs: Views of Directors and Governors
Authors: Dixon Anna , Storey John , Rosete Arturo Alvarez 
Published: February 2010

Objectives To map and describe the formal accountability relationships of foundation trusts in England and to explore the interpretations of these relationships by the key actors. Methods Documentary analysis and interviews with chief executives, chairs, directors and governors in six acute trusts and two Strategic Health Authorities. Results Although vertical accountability to the Department of Health (via Strategic Health Authorities) has, in formal terms, been removed some foundation trusts continue to be held to accountability by Strategic Health Authorities, albeit informally. Directors of foundation trusts perceive strong accountable to their regulator, Monitor, particularly for financial performance, but there is some confusion about where accountability for quality of care rests. Horizontal lines of accountability to the local population (through Local Involvement Networks and local government Overview and Scrutiny Committees) remain weak. Conclusions Contrary to the major policy objectives of giving greater autonomy to foundation trusts and making them more accountable to the local population, they continue to look towards the Department of Health rather than to the local population and its representatives. The accountability of foundation trusts needs to be simplified, clarified and strengthened.
Patients' and Staffs' Experiences of an Automated Telephone Weather Forecasting Service
Authors: Cooper Richard , O'Hara Rachel 
Published: February 2010

Objectives Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have recently been offered severe weather warnings and medication reminders using an automated telephone service and interactive voice recognition technology. Our aim was to explore patients' and health care staffs' perceptions and experiences of the technologies, their contribution to the management of COPD and implementation issues. Methods Qualitative semi-structured telephone interviews were undertaken with 18 patients and six staff from five primary care centres in the Bradford area, England. Interview transcripts were thematically analysed. Results Patients considered the telephone service was an appropriate way to deliver information but there was some variation in perceived usefulness. Many patients praised the service, valuing reassurance and medication reminders, but others were indifferent and even critical. Criticism tended to reflect scepticism over the reliability of weather forecasts information rather than the automated telephone service itself. There was limited impact on the management strategies of patients apart from some patients ordering medication. Primary care staff considered the service a success but some felt that it lacked participation by hard-to-reach groups (non-English speaking, mild COPD patients). Our concerns about the resource implications of successful implementation were also raised. Conclusions An automated telephone service was generally acceptable to patients but changes in COPD management were limited, possibly because the patients already had a good understanding of their condition and self-management strategies. Implications for practice include the need for strategies to target hard-to-reach groups which may need more resources.
Patient Information Websites
Authors: Wright Kath , Harden Melissa , Light Kate , Stirk Lisa , Misso Kate 
Published: February 2010

Patient information websites have become one of the main means of providing advice and information to individuals. The range of topics covered and the reliability of the information provided means that they can also be a valuable resource to practitioners and researchers. We first reviewed patient information websites in 2003 and this column updates that review. One of the developments since then is that information is now being presented using visual resources, such as podcasts and video clips, as well as text. If you would like to alert readers to useful web pages or suggest topics for this column, please send details to:
A Practical Approach to Medication Reconciliation by Pharmacists in a Community Hospital Emergency Department
Authors: Thomas Michael C. 
Published: February 2010

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of medication reconciliation by an emergency department (ED) pharmacist. Summary The ED pharmacist has many opportunities to interact with patients. Medication reconciliation by a pharmacist helps ensure a complete and accurate list of medications is obtained and documented. The process can be broken down into 3 categories—database, validation, and documentation. The database and validation steps involve gathering and confirming information related to medications patients are taking. These are the most challenging and time-consuming steps. The database step involves gathering current and previous information about the patient and using clinical skills to ensure a patient's medical problems are adequately treated. Many times patients do not know their medications well enough to provide the necessary information. To overcome this barrier, calls to pharmacies, physician offices, and other health care facilities may be necessary. At times, the use of electronic drug information databases to show patients images of medications is necessary for validation. Standard questions have been developed that probe patients on medications commonly left off of medication lists. The documentation step completes the process because it demonstrates a complete and accurate medication list for the patient's next health care provider. Conclusion The process of medication reconciliation is more than a translation of a medication list. Clinical skills are often necessary to ensure medication reconciliation is performed accurately and completely. Following the process of database, validation, and documentation helps ensure optimal pharmaceutical care.
Colchicine Overdose—The Need for a Specific Antidote
Authors: Fagan Nancy L. , Wear Robert E. , Malesker Mark A. , Morrow Lee E. , Schuller Dan 
Published: February 2010

PurposeTo report the case of a colchicine overdose to highlight current limitations in the treatment of this toxicologic emergency.SummaryA 23-year-old man was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after attempting suicide via polypharmacy ingestion, which included 80 to 100 colchicine 0.6 mg tablets (approximately 0.9 mg/kg of body weight). He was taken to the emergency department where gastric decontamination was initiated. Because attempts to obtain a colchicine-specific antibody fragment (Fab) were unsuccessful, only supportive therapies were provided throughout his hospitalization. Over the course of several days, the patient experienced the 3 separate evolutionary phases of colchicine toxicity ultimately leading to multiple organ failure and hemodynamic collapse, and death.ConclusionAcute colchicine intoxication is a rare, but potentially life-threatening event. Although 1 case report demonstrated the successful use of a colchicine-specific Fab fragment in the management of acute colchicine overdose, there is presently no commercially-available antidote for colchicine toxicity. Prompt recognition of the overdose, aggressive gastrointestinal decontamination, and supportive therapies directed at the multi-organ failure remain the standard of care.
Slow Dynamics in Liquid Metals as Seen by QENS
Authors: Demmel Franz , Howells Spencer , Morkel Christoph , Pilgrim W.-C. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The quasielastic dynamics in liquid metals has been investigated by neutron scattering extensively during the past years. Precise measurements of the self-particle dynamics and the coherent quasielastic response provided conclusive evidence that the relaxation dynamics is governed by at least two processes. These two time scales in the correlation functions appear as two dynamical processes in their associated memory functions. One process shows a fast decay and is related to stochastic binary collisions. The second slow process stems from a non-linear coupling of slow collective modes. These slow density fluctuations arise mainly from the dynamics around the structure factor maximum. A rigorous treatment of these effects can be accomplished by mode coupling theory. A few selective experiments from monatomic metals are presented to demonstrate the influence of slow effects on the dynamics. Experiments and MD-simulations show a surprising good agreement with predictions of mode coupling theory on a quantitative level. The slow decay process appears to be related to structural arrest in the supercooled state and might indicate a link to the solidification process, starting deep in the liquid state. Accurate quasielastic neutron scattering experiments are still and will remain a fundamental pillar for elucidating the complex dynamics in the liquid state of metals.
Dynamics of Propylene adsorbed in Na-Y and Na-ZSM5 Zeolites: A QENS and MD Simulation Study
Authors: Sharma V. K. , Gautam S. , Mitra S. , Mukhopadhyay R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Here we report dynamics of propylene (smallest asymmetric hydrocarbon) adsorbed in two different host systems – Na-Y and Na-ZSM5 zeolites as studied by quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation techniques. MD simulation studies suggested that the rotational motion of propylene is much faster than the translation. Therefore, two different spectrometers were used to determine the translational and rotational contributions. Analysis of the QENS data (ΔE~200 μeV) revealed that the translational motion of propylene in Na-ZSM5 zeolite is a factor of 3 slower than that in Na-Y zeolite. This is consistent with the smaller void volume available in Na-ZSM5 zeolite as also the fact that the adsorption of propylene is stronger in Na-ZSM5 as compared to that in Na-Y zeolite as indicated in the Fourier Transformed Infra Red (FTIR) studies. This result is further corroborated by the MD simulation studies. It was found that the translation motion occurs at three time scales in both the systems, only one of which corresponds to that observed through the QENS measurements. To probe the faster rotational motion experiments were carried out on a Triple axis spectrometer with wider energy window (ΔE~3meV). The variation of the elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) suggests that the observed QE broadening corresponds to isotropic rotational motion of propylene in both the hosts. Rotational diffusion coefficients of propylene molecules are found to be of the same order in both zeolites. Trajectories obtained from MD simulation corresponding to the rotational motion revealed that although on a large time scale, the rotation appears isotropic, but at short time scales the channel structure of the Na-ZSM5 restrict the rotation of propylene molecules. This is in contrast with propylene adsorbed in Na-Y zeolite where rotation remains isotropic even at short time scale. A comparison with other hydrocarbon-zeolite systems as studied by us is also presented here.
Dynamics in Clays - Combining Neutron Scattering and Microscopic Simulation
Authors: Malikova Natalie , Dubois Emmanuelle , Marry Virginie , Rotenberg Benjamin , Turq Pierre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMobility of ions and water in clays is at the heart of their remarkable properties of water retention and ion-exchange. It has been addressed here using two microscopic techniques: neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. Neutron scattering gives access exclusively to water dynamics in clays, due to the exceptional sensitivity of neutrons to H atoms. The data interpretation can be challenging, especially for natural clays such as montmorillonite, with inhomogeneous swelling characteristics. A great improvement is achieved with the use of synthetic materials, as demonstrated here on the case of synthetic (fluoro)hectorite. The standard analytical models for long-range diffusive motion, isotropic translation and its derivative, powder averaged two dimensional translation, have been used to interpret the neutron scattering data. They both agree on the order of magnitude for the diffusion coefficient of water in monohydrated and bihydrated clays, 10−10m2s−1and 10−9m2s−1respectively. While the two-dimensional nature of water diffusion in clays is seen clearly from molecular dynamics simulations, its signature in neutron scattering data is obscured by the powder-averaging of the signal. A novel method, based on a multi-resolution analysis of scattering functions from powder samples, allows never-the-less a clear determination of the dimensionality of water motion in the system. Extracting information on local water motion is difficult on the basis of neutron scattering data only. Various models for localised motion, rotation on a sphere or jump diffusion, have been proposed and used to interpret the observed neutron data, however their applicability is questionable in light of information from molecular dynamics simulations. Aside from aiding the interpretation of neutron scattering data, MD simulations are most valuable in providing information on the behaviour of ions in clays. MD estimates the interlayer ion coefficients as of the some order of magnitude as water, even if the details of ionic motion are strikingly different between the two ions considered here, Na+and Cs+. Further, MD has also allowed to address the topic of ion exchange between clay interlayers and bulk aqueous solution. The microscopic picture of water and ion motion in clays, emerging from neutron scattering and MD simulations, should be treated as a building block of the overall modelling of macroscopic transport in clays, the ultimate property of interest for many clay applications.
Study of Protein Dynamics vs. Amyloid Formation
Authors: Natali Francesca , Marasini Carlotta , Ferrando Riccardo , Gliozzi Alessandra 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Protein fibril formation has been often associated to manifestation of serious and devastating amyloyd diseases, including Alzheimer and BSA. The main mechanism for the formation of amyloid fibrils is the accumulation of protein aggregates in body´s organs.In this paper, we try to compare the dynamical behaviour of two amyloidogenic proteins, the Insulin and the Myoglobin. Insulin has been chosen for its pharmacological extensive use in diabete´s therapy, while Myoglobin is used as control, since its dynamics is now largely known. The investigation has been performed through incoherent elastic neutron scattering over a wide temperature range. Our results suggest an enhanced stiffness of Insulin with respect to Myoglobin.
Monomer Dynamics in SDS Micellar Solution
Authors: Sharma V. K. , Verma Gunjan , Gautam S. , Hassan P. A. , Mitra S. , Mukhopadhyay R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Monomer dynamics in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar solution at room temperature as studied by quasi elastic neutron scattering (QENS) technique is reported. The elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) obtained from the analysis of QENS data suggests that the SDS chains perform uniaxial rotational diffusion along the long molecular axis. The rotation diffusion coefficient was found to decrease with the increase in the concentration of the surfactants. It is observed that on addition of electrolyte (0.8 M NaCl) the motion is arrested. Addition of salt is known to induce the growth in SDS micelles, here it is found to affect the dynamics of monomers also. This is due to the combined effect of closer packing of the monomers within the micelle and the tendency of amphiphilic molecules to stabilize due to the presence of electrolytes.
Dynamics of Caged Hydronium Ions and Super-protonic Conduction in (H3O)SbTeO6
Authors: Krzystyniak Maciej , Lopez-Anton Ricardo , Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann Aris , Lerch Martin , Fernández-Alonso Felix 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The defect pyrochlores have become the focus of attention for the development and optimization of novel solid-state proton conductors as alternatives to costly polymer-based materials. A promising candidate is (H3O)SbTeO6, a super-proton conductor characterized by an outstanding conductivity of 10–1 S cm–1 at ambient conditions. The crystal structure of this compound has been known for some time yet, to date, the physical mechanism underpinning proton conduction has remained elusive. Structurally, (H3O)SbTeO6 consists of corner-shared (Sb/Te)O6 octahedra forming a cubic framework of three-dimensional interconnected cages partially occupied with hydronium H3O+ ions. These ions are connected to the inorganic framework by weak hydrogen bonds. In this work, we present the first characterization of this compound by means of quasielastic and inelastic neutron spectroscopy over a wide temperature range (T = 1.5–500 K), as well as by heat capacity measurements. Our results show that the onset of low-frequency stochastic motions of the hydronium moiety takes place around room temperature and persists up to the highest temperatures investigated. Unlike other inorganic proton conductors, these motions are effectively decoupled from vibrational motions at higher frequencies, as evidenced by the temperature dependence of the vibrational density of states. These findings have important implications for the exploitation of the defect pyrochlores as proton-conducting media for fuel-cell and gas-sensing applications.
Design of Well Placement for an Economic Heat Recovery from Naturally Fractured Geothermal Systems
Authors: Shaik Abdul Ravoof 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Predicting fluid movement in naturally fractured reservoir is a challenging area in geothermal engineering. This is often addressed in practice by using flow modeling procedures based on continuum approach. With recent advancements in reservoir characterization techniques geological models were able to provide discrete fracture representation. However, this type of representation is too detailed for direct use in continuum approach based flow models. Prediction of hot water production from such systems remains a major challenge for economic evaluation and therefore, development of these resources. Moreover, Most of the geothermal systems are low permeable and needs permeability enhancement through reservoir pressurization. There is a clear need for procedures that provide accurate and efficient production forecasting from highly resolved geological characterizations.
This paper presents an innovative methodology to design and evaluate well placement estimate hot water production for Australian geothermal fields. This model can be used to design and optimization of parameters of production system such as water injection rate, well placement. Moreover, it can be used to, determine the amount of permeability enhancement needed and also reducing the risk of short circuiting between injection and producer due to excessive permeability enhancement. This model makes use of previously developed permeability tensor model, stimulation model and couples them with poroelastic reservoir model to estimate hot water production before and after stimulation.
This paper depicts that a geothermal reservoir can be efficiently pressurized through a pair of induced fracture which increases well injectivity and reduces pressure loss across the reservoir. Fracture density, fracture interconnectivity and matrix permeability play a significant role in economic development of geothermal reservoirs in general and Australian Geothermal Systems in particular.
Paradoxical Phenomena in Deep Waters
Authors: Kulakova O. A. , Kulakova K. A. Antipova 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Hydrocarbon accumulation is an open natural chemical reactor in which all physical and chemical phenomena arise from the rock, hydrocarbon and water interactions in a single system. All of the processes that take place in hydrocarbon accumulation during its formation leave traces at both the rock and hydrocarbon level, which have a great influence on the drilling and development processes. The processes of drilling and development are complicated by a great number of arbitrary factors which cannot be taken into account on the basis of existing theories. A radically new model of oil and gas reservoirs is elaborated, revealing certain regularities which allow revision of the existing design techniques.
Pore-Level Mechanisms of Surfactant-Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Sagatov Ernar 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The technique of injecting water is used for about 50% of the world's oil production. However, recovery efficiency of water injection in fractured reservoirs can be very low because, guided by capillary forces, the injected fluid will preferentially flow in the fractures rather than through the matrix. As a result, most of the oil in the matrix is not contacted by the injected water and remains within the matrix. To access this oil, the role of capillary forces on fluid flow can be minimized by adding surfactants and surface-active agents to injected water. Surfactants dramatically change the interfacial properties by reducing the surface tension.
In this study, micromodels were used in a series of experiments to compare the results of forced and spontaneous imbibition tests in the presence of aqueous surfactant solutions. These micromodels contain a repeated flow pattern that is etched onto silicon and roughly offer the pore-size distribution and pore sizes of sandstone. Two-dimensional movement of fluids is studied under a Nikon Optiphot-M reflected light microscope and 10X pictures are taken. Matlab is used to run image analysis on these pictures to interpret quantitatively the residual oil saturation, oil recovery and the porosity values.
A screening study of 6 surfactants at different concentrations was run to choose the system that was most compatible with low-viscosity crude oil (~4.95cP). Solutions that were 2 % (by volume) were used in forced imbibition at 1 m/Day Darcy velocity. The same surfactant solution was also used in spontaneous imbibition Darcy velocity. Forced displacement compared to spontaneous displacement improves recovery efficiency. If most of the oil was removed in secondary injection of surfactant solution in forced displacement, only about 1% of oil was removed in secondary injection of surfactant solution in spontaneous displacement.
Ethics of Human Enhancement: 25 Questions & Answers
Authors: Allhoff Fritz , Lin Patrick , Moor James , Weckert John 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper presents the principal findings from a three-year research project funded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF) on ethics of human enhancement technologies. To help untangle this ongoing debate, we have organized the discussion as a list of questions and answers, starting with background issues and moving to specific concerns, including: freedom & autonomy, health & safety, fairness & equity, societal disruption, and human dignity. Each question-and-answer pair is largely self-contained, allowing the reader to skip to those issues of interest without affecting continuity.