bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPORTEMENT AU VOISINAGE DE 1 DE LA FONCTION DE RÉPARTITION DE φ(n)/n
Authors: TOULMONDE VINCENT 
Published: January 2010

Let φ denote Euler's totient function, and G be the distribution function of φ(n)/n. Using functional equations, it is shown that φ(n)/n is statistically close to 1 essentially when prime factors of n are large. A function defined by a difference-differential equation gives a quantitative measure of the statistical influence of the size of prime factors of n on the closeness of φ(n)/n to 1. As a corollary, an asymptotic expansion at any order of G(1)-G(1-ε) is obtained according to negative powers of log (1/ε), when ε tends to 0+. This improves a result of Erdős (1946) in which he gives the first term of it. By optimally choosing the order of this expansion, an estimation of G(1)-G(1-ε) is deduced, involving an error term of the same size as the best known error term involved in prime number theorem. Soit φ l'indicatrice d'Euler. Nous étudions le comportement au voisinage de 1 de la fonction G de répartition de φ(n)/n, via la mise en évidence d'équations fonctionnelles. Nous obtenons un résultat mesurant l'influence statistique de la taille du plus petit facteur premier d'un entier générique n quant à la proximité de φ(n)/n par rapport à 1. Ce résultat met en jeu une fonction définie par une équation différentielle aux différences. Nous en déduisons un développement limité à tout ordre de G(1)-G(1-ε) selon les puissances de 1/(log 1/ε), améliorant ainsi un résultat d'Erdős (1946) dans lequel il obtient le premier terme de ce développement. Une troncature convenable de ce développement fournit un terme d'erreur comparable à celui actuellement connu pour le théorème des nombres premiers.
Memetic Algorithms for Continuous Optimisation Based on Local Search Chains
Authors: Molina Daniel , Lozano Manuel , García-Martínez Carlos , Herrera Francisco 
Published: January 2010

Memetic algorithms with continuous local search methods have arisen as effective tools to address the difficulty of obtaining reliable solutions of high precision for complex continuous optimisation problems. There exists a group of continuous local search algorithms that stand out as exceptional local search optimisers. However, on some occasions, they may become very expensive, because of the way they exploit local information to guide the search process. In this paper, they are called intensive continuous local search methods. Given the potential of this type of local optimisation methods, it is interesting to build prospective memetic algorithm models with them. This paper presents the concept of local search chain as a springboard to design memetic algorithm approaches that can effectively use intense continuous local search methods as local search operators. Local search chain concerns the idea that, at one stage, the local search operator may continue the operation of a previous invocation, starting from the final configuration (initial solution, strategy parameter values, internal variables, etc.) reached by this one. The proposed memetic algorithm favours the formation of local search chains during the memetic algorithm run with the aim of concentrating local tuning in search regions showing promise. In order to study the performance of the new memetic algorithm model, an instance is implemented with CMA-ES as an intense local search method. The benefits of the proposal in comparison to other kinds of memetic algorithms and evolutionary algorithms proposed in the literature to deal with continuous optimisation problems are experimentally shown. Concretely, the empirical study reveals a clear superiority when tackling high-dimensional problems.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell–derived type I interferon is crucial for the adjuvant activity of Toll-like receptor 7 agonists
Authors: Rajagopal Deepa , Paturel Carine , Morel Yannis , Uematsu Satoshi , Akira Shizuo , Diebold Sandra S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There is a high demand for the development of adjuvants that induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which are crucial for the elimination of intracellular pathogens and tumor cells. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are prime candidates to fulfill this role because they induce innate immune activation and promote adaptive immune responses. The successful application of the TLR7 agonist R837 for treatment of basal cell carcinoma shows the potential for exploiting this pathway in tumor immunotherapy. Imidazoquinolines like R837 and stimulatory ssRNA oligonucleotides both trigger TLR7-mediated immune activation, but little is known about their comparative ability to promote immunity induction. We investigated differences in innate immune activation and adjuvant activity between the imidazoquinoline R848 and the ssRNA TLR7 agonist polyUs21. In contrast to R848, polyUs21 induced detectable levels of intracellular interferon-α (IFN-α) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs). In immunization studies, only polyUs21 led to robust priming of type 1 T helper cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and it was more efficient in inducing antitumor immunity than R848. Notably, exogenous IFN-α augmented the adjuvant activity of R848, whereas depletion of PDC abrogated the adjuvanticity of polyUs21. This study, therefore, identifies sufficient IFN-α production by PDC as an important determinant of vaccine efficacy.
Shakespeare Aftershocks: Shylock
Authors: Conkie Rob 
Published: January 2010

Aftershocks, this paper argues, are repetitions of Shakespearean characters, narratives and themes which make no conscious connection to, or acknowledgement of, the source which helps to register their impact (Garber xviii). The idea behind the aftershocks is that Shakespeare's plays, and especially controversial ones most visibly and differently marked by their culture, provide an earthquake-like impact, the vibrations of which continue to register throughout history. The aftershocks described in the paper are describe are faint enough to sound no explicit connection to their centre and yet they reverberate in specifically similar patterns. Here, The Merchant of Venice aftershocks in contemporary film texts such as Star Wars: The Phantom Menace, Tropic Thunder and Borat .
Changing the Concepts to Justify the Standards*
Authors: O'brien Patricia C. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I discuss the current project to converge the IASB and FASB conceptual frameworks, specifically efforts to purge the converged framework of concepts that hinder the promotion of balance sheet valuation using fair values. I discuss why I believe these efforts to be misguided, based on how investors who analyze financial statements employ accounting information. I focus on stewardship, reliability, and earnings — terms either demoted in importance or at risk of being eliminated in the framework convergence project. I explain their salience to financial statement users and argue against their deletion or demotion.
The Impact of Corporate Governance and Audit Quality on the Cost of Private Loans*
Authors: Chu Ling , Mathieu Robert , Mbagwu Chima 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper is to examine whether banks discriminate between firms on the basis of their financial condition when assessing the credit default risk, and to what extent corporate governance and auditor quality mitigate such risks in the pricing of new bank loans. The results indicate that, depending on the probability of bankruptcy, banks rely on different monitoring devices. For firms with a low probability of bankruptcy, banks do not rely on the quality of corporate governance or the auditor's industry specialization. However, auditor tenure and a change in auditor affect the spread. For firms with a high probability of bankruptcy, the spread is adjusted for the quality of corporate governance and the auditor's specialization. These results are robust to alternative specifications and measures.
New records of subtidal benthic marine algae from Wake Atoll, Central Pacific
Authors: Tsuda Roy T. , Fisher Jack R. , Vroom Peter S. , Abbott Isabella A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The marine flora of Wake Atoll is phytogeographically interesting because the atoll is a small (6.5 km2) isolated coral reef structure located in the central Pacific between the north-western Hawaiian Islands and the Marshall Islands. Eighty-one of the 103 species of subtidal marine benthic algae collected in October 2005 and April–May 2007 during two NOAA cruises to Wake Atoll represent new records for the atoll. Previously published collections include five species collected in December 1841 during the US Exploring Expedition, 35 additional species representing collections made in June 1998 by US Fish and Wildlife personnel, and incidental specimens collected by various biologists and deposited in the Herbarium Pacificum of the Bishop Museum, Honolulu. The 121 species of marine benthic algae now documented from Wake Atoll contain components from the Hawaiian Islands and Marshall Islands, but show a closer resemblance to those of the Hawaiian Archipelago.
The shift from OV to VO and an analytic tendency of languages
Authors: Gawelko Marek 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Some linguists discovered the importance of the shift from OV to VO order to the development of the Indo-European languages. A question arises whether the shift OV > VO has only affected the development of some categories or, maybe, also the analytic tendency of the Indo-European languages. A comparison of some features permitting the differentiation of languages on a synthetic – analytic scale in Latin (with an OV order) and in Polish (with a VO order) would contribute towards the solution of this problem: Latin is only a little more synthetic than Polish. The complex problem why Polish is only a little more analytic still awaits explanation.
Buchbesprechung
Authors: Retzlaff Steffen 
Published: January 2010

Zusammenfassung
SRUBAR, HELENA, Ambivalenzen des Populären. Pan Tau und Co. in Ost und West. Konstanz: UVK, 2008, 400 S. 24 Abb. ISBN 3867640475, 978-3867640473
Osteogenesis in an In Vitro Coculture of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts and Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Neeley Wendell W. , Carnes David L. , Cochran David L. 
Published: January 2010

Background:Periodontal bone healing is a complex process involving many cells and processes that must function flawlessly for proper healing to occur. The exact progenitor cells that contribute to this process are not fully characterized. Periodontal fibroblasts and pericytes were postulated to be potential osteoprogenitor cells. This study describes a viable coculture model for the in vitro study of osteogenesis.Methods:Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) and human periodontal ligament (HPDL) fibroblasts were cocultured in a layered model and monitored for the development of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (runx2) and desmin expression by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Conditions shown to be osteogenic (bone morphogenetic protein [BMP]‐2 and enamel matrix derivative [EMD]) were compared to a control coculture that was unstimulated.Results:The HMVEC migrated into a layer of collagen containing only HPDL cells as monitored by fluorescent labeling. runx2 and desmin expressions were increased in stimulated cocultures in week 2 compared to controls. At week 3, the unstimulated control cocultures developed the expression of runx2 and desmin, and the cocultures that were stimulated with EMD and BMP‐2 achieved significantly higher levels of these factors than any of the other conditions.Conclusions:Signs of osteogenesis were present in the cocultures in unstimulated and stimulated conditions. However, in the stimulated condition, osteogenic markers were increased at earlier time points. As such, this model may provide a good method for the study of specific cellular processes that may lead to osteogenesis and eventually for understanding the regeneration of periodontal bone in vivo.
Association of Single Nucleotide Gene Polymorphism at Interleukin‐1β +3954, −511, and −31 in Chronic Periodontitis and Aggressive Periodontitis in Dravidian Ethnicity
Authors: Shete Abhijeet Rajendra , Joseph Rosamma , Vijayan Neetha N. , Srinivas Lekshmy , Banerjee Moinak 
Published: January 2010

Background: Interleukin (IL)‐1β gene polymorphisms are considered a potential risk factor for periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to identify the association of IL‐1β gene polymorphisms with chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis in a Malayalam‐speaking Dravidian population from South India.Methods: The case‐control study consisted of 43 patients with chronic periodontitis and 54 patients with aggressive periodontitis as cases, and the control group consisted of 101 healthy subjects. All subjects were genotyped for IL‐1β +3954, −511, and −31 loci by polymerase chain reaction amplification followed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. Genotype, allele, and haplotype analyses were done.Results: Analyses for allele and genotypes showed a high frequency of the C allele and CC genotype for single nucleotide polymorphism IL‐1β +3954 in the group with chronic periodontitis and no difference for patients with aggressive periodontitis compared to controls (P <0.05). Haplotype analysis showed that IL‐1β −31 and −511 were in strong linkage disequilibrium in all groups. The IL‐1β −31 allele T was in linkage with allele T of IL‐1β +3954 in the control group.Conclusions: In the Malayalam‐speaking Dravidian population, allele C of IL‐1β +3954 appeared to be an important risk factor for chronic periodontitis. The IL‐1β −31 allele T was in linkage with allele T of IL‐1β +3954 in the control group. No gene polymorphisms were found in patients with aggressive periodontitis. More studies with a larger sample size involving the entire cluster of the IL‐1β gene are necessary to determine the exact role of IL‐1β gene polymorphisms in periodontal disease.
Adipokines and Inflammatory Mediators After Initial Periodontal Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Kardeşler Levent , Buduneli Nurcan , Çetinkalp Şevki , Kinane Denis F. 
Published: January 2010

Background: This study was performed to evaluate the effects of initial periodontal treatment on clinical periodontal measurements, glycemic control, and systemic inflammatory mediator levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis.Methods: Thirteen well‐controlled (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] <7%) and 12 poorly controlled (HbA1c ≥7%) patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis and 15 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis were enrolled. Blood samples were collected at baseline from all patients and 1 and 3 months after the initial periodontal treatment from patients with diabetes. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, C‐reactive protein (CRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, adiponectin, and leptin were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The study groups showed similar improvements in clinical periodontal variables at all evaluation times (P <0.05). HbA1c levels in the poorly controlled group with diabetes decreased significantly at 3 months after completion of the initial periodontal treatment (P <0.05), whereas no significant changes were evident in the well‐controlled group. There were insignificant decreases in TNF‐α and CRP levels (P >0.05). IL‐6 levels decreased in well‐controlled patients with diabetes and in the systemically healthy group (P <0.05). Adiponectin levels increased in the systemically healthy group (P <0.05). Leptin levels increased at 1 month in well‐controlled patients with diabetes (P <0.05).Conclusions: Within the limits of this study, patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic periodontitis exhibited similar clinical periodontal improvements as their systemically healthy counterparts. Initial periodontal treatment appeared to improve glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with diabetes. Decreases in levels of IL‐6, TNF‐α, CRP, and leptin and an increase in adiponectin levels after periodontal therapy may be a function of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
The Effect of Photodynamic Therapy for Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Azarpazhooh Amir , Shah Prakesh S. , Tenenbaum Howard C. , Goldberg Michael B. 
Published: January 2010

Background: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for periodontitis in adults as a primary mode of treatment or as an adjunct to non‐surgical treatment of scaling and root planing (SRP) compared to a conventional non‐surgical SRP treatment.Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, other relevant databases, and the International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched from their inception until May 2009 for randomized controlled trials of PDT compared to a placebo, no intervention, or non‐surgical treatment in an adult population. Data on changes in clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth, gingival recession, and full‐mouth plaque or bleeding scores were extracted and meta‐analyzed, and the pooled mean difference (MD) was reported.Results: Five studies were included in this review. These studies had a small sample size for some of the performed analysis with a moderate to high risk of biases. There were clinical heterogeneities among included studies. PDT as an independent treatment or as an adjunct to SRP versus a control group of SRP did not demonstrate statistically or clinically significant advantages. Combined therapy of PDT + SRP indicated a probable efficacy in CAL gain (MD: 0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05 to 0.63) or probing depth reduction (MD: 0.25 mm; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.45 mm).Conclusions: PDT as an independent treatment or as an adjunct to SRP was not superior to control treatment of SRP. Therefore, the routine use of PDT for clinical management of periodontitis cannot be recommended. Well‐designed clinical trials are needed for proper evaluation of this therapy.
Spontaneous Pigmentation of Non‐Pigmented Palatal Tissue After Periodontal Surgery
Authors: Holtzclaw Dan , Toscano Nicholas J. , Tal Haim 
Published: January 2010

Background: A 22‐year‐old African American female was referred for augmentation of keratinized gingiva around implants at the right and left maxillary second premolar sites. Presurgical evaluation revealed generalized melanosis of the buccal gingiva and a lack of keratinized tissue around implants at sites #4 and #13. No pigmentation was noted on the palatal tissues.Methods: Thick free gingival grafts were harvested bilaterally from the non‐pigmented palate and secured to the recipient sites with bioabsorbable sutures. Hemostasis was achieved at the palatal donor sites with moistened gauze, and an acrylic stent was delivered for patient comfort.Results: Both palatal donor sites healed with spontaneous pigmentation. The pigmentation intensified with time but resulted in no adverse outcome.Conclusions: Post‐surgical healing in patients with gingival pigmentation is not entirely predictable, as multiple studies have demonstrated widely inconsistent results in regards to gingival pigmentation upon healing. When performing periodontal plastic surgery in patients with pigmented oral tissues, it is important to discuss all possible outcomes, including spontaneous pigmentation.
Evaluation of Stress Induced by Implant Type, Number of Splinted Teeth, and Variations in Periodontal Support in Tooth‐Implant–Supported Fixed Partial Dentures: A Non‐Linear Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Lin Chun‐Li , Wang Jen‐Chyan , Chang Shih‐Hao , Chen Shiang‐Ting 
Published: January 2010

Background: This study investigated the biomechanical interactions in tooth‐implant–supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs) with variations in periodontal support, implant system, number of splinted teeth, and load type using the non‐linear finite element (FE) approach.Methods: The section contours of the alveolar bone, abutment teeth, and prosthesis were acquired using computed tomography (CT) and micro‐CT to construct the FE models with normal periodontal support (NPS) and compromised periodontal support (CPS) containing one‐ and two‐piece implants splinted to the first and second premolars. Realistic interface conditions within the implant system were simulated using frictional contact elements. The main effects for each level of investigated factors in terms of stress values and dissimilar mobility of natural teeth and the implant were computed for all models.Results: Analytic results indicated that the load condition was the predominant factor affecting stress developed in the implant, bone, and prosthesis. Additionally, the oblique occlusal forces increased the stress values relative to that of axial analogs. A splinted system with a two‐piece implant increased stress on the bone and decreased stress on the prosthesis compared to that of the one‐piece implant. The splinted system with a CPS only slightly increased implant stress on the bone compared to that of the splint system with NPS. Splinting an additional tooth did not significantly impact stress values for the tooth‐implant–supported FPD.Conclusions: A one‐piece structure implant may be better than that of a two‐piece structure implant in decreasing bone stress when a natural tooth is planned to connect with an implant. The factors of periodontal support and number of splinted teeth only slightly influenced stress in tooth‐implant–supported FPDs.
Accuracy of Two Stereolithographic Guide Systems for Computer‐Aided Implant Placement: A Computed Tomography‐Based Clinical Comparative Study
Authors: Arısan Volkan , Karabuda Z. Cuneyt , Özdemir Tayfun 
Published: January 2010

Background: Stereolithographic surgical guides provide significant benefits during the simultaneous placement of multiple implants with regard to the final prosthetic plan. However, deviation from the planning poses a significant risk. Deviations of implants that were placed by bone‐, tooth‐, and mucosa‐supported stereolithographic surgical guides were examined in this study.Methods: After enrolling 54 eligible patients, 294 implants were planned on cone‐beam computerized tomography CB(CT)‐derived images. Sixty guides, both single‐ and multiple‐type, were produced using two commercial systems. Mucosa‐supported guides were fixed with osteosynthesis screws. Implants were inserted, and at the end of osseointegration period, a new CB(CT) scan was performed. Preoperative planning was merged with the new CB(CT) data to identify the deviations between the planned and placed implants for each support type and manufacturer. The Kruskal‐Wallis and Mann‐Whitney U tests were used for comparison (P <0.05).Results: There were no damage‐related complications in any critical anatomy. Implants that were placed by bone‐supported guides had the highest mean deviations (5.0° ± 1.66° angular, and 1.70 ± 0.52 mm and 1.99 ± 0.64 mm for implant shoulder and tip, respectively), whereas the lowest deviations were measured in implants that were placed by mucosa‐supported guides (2.9° ± 0.39° angular, and 0.7 ± 0.13 mm and 0.76 ± 0.15 mm for implant shoulder and tip, respectively).Conclusions: Computer‐aided planning and manufacturing surgical guides in accordance with CB(CT) images may help clinicians place implants. Rigid screw fixation of a single guide incorporating metal sleeves and a special drill kit further minimizes deviations.