bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xerostomia, hyposalivation and sialadenitis in patients with chronic hepatitis C are not associated with the detection of HCV RNA in saliva or salivary glands
Authors: Grossmann Soraya de Mattos Camargo , Teixeira Rosângela , Oliveira Guilherme Corrêa de , Gleber-Netto Frederico Omar , Araújo Flávio Marcos Gomes , Araújo Filipe Maia , Carmo Maria Auxiliadora Vieira do 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveSalivary gland disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) have been considered oral extrahepatic manifestations, reinforcing the hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a sialotropic virus. Hence, the authors investigated the prevalence of HCV RNA in saliva and salivary glands and its possible association with xerostomia, hyposalivation and sialadenitis in patients with CHC.Patients and methodsIn 65 patients with confirmed CHC, the HCV RNA was investigated by nested RT-PCR in saliva samples and minor salivary glands. Xerostomia, hyposalivation, clinical and histopathological evidence of sialadenitis were also evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to verify associations.ResultsHCV RNA was detected in the saliva of 26/65 (40.0%) patients and in 12/65 (18.5%) salivary glands. Xerostomia was reported by 23/65 (35.4%) patients, and hyposalivation was diagnosed in 13/65 (20.0%) patients. Sialadenitis was confirmed by histopathological features in 31/65 (47.7%) patients. Twelve (38.7%) of the 31 patients with sialadenitis presented HCV RNA in saliva and 2/31 (6.5%) in salivary glands. No associations were found between xerostomia, hyposalivation or sialadenitis and the detection of HCV RNA in saliva or in salivary glands.ConclusionsAlthough xerostomia, hyposalivation and sialadenitis are frequent findings in CHC patients, our study did not confirm the association between the detection of HCV RNA in saliva or salivary glands with these salivary gland disorders. However, an indirect role of HCV by immune-mediated virus mechanisms in the pathogenesis of salivary gland disorders in this group of patients cannot be ruled out.
Colorectal duplication in adults: report of seven cases and review of the literature
Authors: Mourra Najat , Chafai Najim , Bessoud Bertrand , Reveri Valeria , Werbrouck Anabelle , Tiret Emmanuel 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundGastrointestinal duplications are uncommon congenital abnormalities, usually recognised before the age of 2 (80%). Colorectal duplications (CDDs) occur in only 6.8% of cases, rarely in adults, and are revealed by abdominal pain and intestinal obstruction. Malignant changes are uncommon, but are most often found in the colon.Methods and resultsDuring the last 7 years, the authors have observed seven cases of CDD (three men) with mean age 50.7 years (range 32–73). Four cases were revealed by abdominal pain, and three by intestinal obstruction. Five duplications were located in the caecum, one in the transverse colon, and one in the sigmoid colon. All CDDs were of the cystic type (4.42 cm, range 2–7.5), and three had a communication with the intestinal lumen. All patients except one underwent ‘en bloc’ resection of the cyst with the adjacent colon. On microscopic examination, CDDs contained multiple layers of the bowel wall, including colonic or small intestinal mucosa. Heterotopic gastric mucosa was observed in only one case, high-grade dysplasia in one case, and low-grade dysplasia in another. No invasive carcinoma was found.ConclusionAlthough uncommon, CDDs should be included in the differential diagnosis of all abdominal masses. The treatment approach is excision, in order to avoid any complication. En bloc resection of the colon with CDD may be necessary, because of the intimate attachments of the common wall. Thorough sampling of the specimen is mandatory in order to detect any malignant changes.
Chirotherium
, the Liverpool footprint hunters and their interpretation of the Middle Trias environment
Authors: Bowden A. J. , Tresise G. R. , Simkiss W. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The footprints called ‘
Chirotherium
’, because of their resemblance to human hands, were found in Triassic sandstones from Germany in 1834 and Cheshire in 1838. As no bones or other fossil remains were found at either locality, the trackmaker's identity was a mystery. Marsupial mammals were first suggested but in 1842 Richard Owen confidently identified the prints as those of labyrinthodont amphibians. Later discoveries in Cheshire and elsewhere indicated that the trackmakers were more likely to have been pseudosuchian reptiles. In 1965 strong confirmation of this view came from the discovery in Switzerland of the skeleton of
Ticinosuchus ferox.

The absence of fossil remains associated with the footprints has always been ascribed to the arid climate of Triassic times – a view reinforced by Henry Charles
Beasley in 1907
. A more moderate viewpoint was put forward by George Highfield Morton in 1898, who took note of the traces of flora found in the local Triassic strata. Pictorial representations of the Anisian through the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries indicate varying interpretations of the degree of aridity from sparsely vegetated landscapes to sand sea desert. Recent work shows that the environment in a local context was more richly vegetated and humid than had previously been supposed and that the historical interpretation of aridity has probably been overstated. A modern context may, perhaps, be seen in the river valleys of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile. Here, permanent fertile fluvial systems support a mixed indigenous flora of giant horsetails and conifers. The flora displays an adaptation to high groundwater salinity, which may have lessons in interpretation of the Anisian environment.
Pneumaticity, the early years: Wealden Supergroup dinosaurs and the hypothesis of saurischian pneumaticity
Authors: Naish Darren 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Saurischian dinosaurs were pneumatic animals. The presence of invasive skeletal foramina leading to large internal chambers within the skeleton strongly indicate the presence of avian-style skeletal pneumaticity of the skeleton in sauropodomorphs and non-avian theropods. While the hypothesis of skeletal pneumaticity has undergone a renaissance in recent years, it was initially promoted during the late 1800s after dinosaur fossils from the English Lower Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup led Richard Owen and Harry Seeley to note the pneumatic, bird-like features of the vertebrae they described (Hermann von Meyer had also briefly alluded to skeletal pneumaticity in dinosaurs during the 1830s). In describing the theropod
Becklespinax altispinax
from the Hastings Beds Group (at the time referred to
Megalosaurus
), Richard Owen proposed that the laminae on the neural arch served to house ‘parts of the lungs’. He evidently imagined
Becklespinax
to exhibit avian-style post-cranial skeletal pneumaticity. In 1870 Harry Seeley described two sauropod vertebrae from the Wealden Supergroup, naming them
Ornithopsis hulkei
. Contrary to what is often stated, Seeley did not identify
Ornithopsis
as a pterosaur, but as an animal that might ‘bridge over’ the gap between birds and pterosaurs, while at the same time having some affinity with dinosaurs. The lateral foramina and internal bony cavities of one of these specimens were regarded by Seeley as allowing ‘the prolongation of the peculiarly avian respiratory system into the bones’, and he emphasized ‘the lightest and airiest plan’ of the specimen. In 1876 Owen described the Wessex Formation sauropod
Chondrosteosaurus gigas
. While regarding the lateral fossae as probably having ‘lodged a saccular process of the lung’, Owen now took the opportunity to attack Seeley's claims of pneumaticity in
Ornithopsis
, arguing that the internal cavities in
Chondrosteosaurus
‘were occupied in the living reptile by unossified cartilage, or chondrine’. The name
Chondrosteosaurus gigas
(‘giant cartilage and bone lizard’) also looks like a direct assault on Seeley's proposal of a pneumatic vertebral interior. Owen's actions seem odd given that he was familiar with the internal morphology of avian vertebrae (which are often strikingly similar to those of sauropods). However, both authors have proved insighful in correctly identifying skeletal pneumaticity during this early phase of dinosaur research. A thorough historical review of early ideas on dinosaurian pneumaticity is still required.
The history of Late Jurassic pterosaurs housed in Hungarian collections and the revision of the holotype of
Pterodactylus micronyx
Meyer 1856 (a ‘Pester Exemplar’)
Authors: Ősi Attila , Prondvai Edina , Géczy Barnabás 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The history and scientific significance of three Late Jurassic pterosaur specimens housed in different Hungarian palaeontological collections are described. One of these is the holotype of
Pterodactylus micronyx
Meyer 1856 that was thought to be lost, but with its rediscovery in the 1980s the ‘Pester Exemplar’ becomes the name-bearing type again. The second specimen is an articulated, partially three-dimensional skeleton of a
Rhamphorhynchus muensteri
; and the third is an articulated right hindlimb of a
Pterodactylus
sp. – both donated by Andor Semsey to the Hungarian Geological Institute. The anatomical revision of the holotype of
P. micronyx
indicated the osteological immaturity of the specimen; however, there is insufficient data on this taxon to assess its taxonomic validity.
The early history of pterosaur discovery in Great Britain
Authors: Martill David M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

The first pterosaur fossil was described by Cosimo Alessandro Collini in 1784, but the epithet
ptero dactyle
was not applied until Georges Cuvier recognized the fossil as that of a volant animal in 1801. In eighteenth-century Britain, pterosaur bones had been discovered in Jurassic strata at Stonesfield, Oxfordshire but were considered to be bird bones, and largely went unnoticed. Bones of pterosaurs considerably larger than those of the first pterosaurs were discovered in the early nineteenth century by Gideon Mantell, but because of their comparatively large size were considered by Cuvier to also be the bones of birds. This perception by early nineteenth-century palaeontologists, including William Buckland and Gideon Mantell, that pterosaurs were relatively small animals was probably the reason their remains went unrecognized in British Jurassic and Cretaceous strata for several decades. Furthermore, the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century dogmatic acceptance that fossil birds
were
present in the Jurassic Stonesfield ‘slate’ of Oxfordshire delayed the identification of medium-sized pterosaurs until the late 1820s, when Dean William Buckland described the Liassic
Pterodactylus
(=
Dimorphodon
)
macronyx
in 1829. Even after that date many fragmentary, but large, pterosaur bones were misidentified as avian, despite there being no convincing evidence for Mesozoic birds until the discovery of
Archaeopteryx
in the 1860s. Truly gigantic pterosaurs were first discovered in Great Britain some 20 years before
Pteranodon
was found in the Late Cretaceous of Kansas. However, the British material was so fragmentary that it was easily eclipsed by the spectacular, near-complete skeletons of
Pteranodon
found by O. C. Marsh and others from the 1870s onwards.
Enoxaparin Versus Dabigatran or Rivaroxaban for Thromboprophylaxis After Hip or Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Huisman Menno V. , Quinlan Daniel J. , Dahl Ola E. , Schulman Sam 
Published: October 2010

Background—
Dabigatran and rivaroxaban are novel oral anticoagulants approved for prevention of venous thromboembolism after hip or knee arthroplasty. However, information assessing clinically important efficacy and bleeding outcomes of these 2 new agents versus low-molecular-weight heparin (enoxaparin) is lacking.

Methods and Results—

We separately pooled efficacy and safety data from 6 phase III randomized trials (18 405 participants) comparing equivalent durations of treatment with enoxaparin (40 mg once daily [od] or 30 mg twice daily) versus dabigatran (220 mg od) or versus rivaroxaban (10 mg od) after hip or knee arthroplasty. Odds ratios (OR) for individual outcomes were calculated for each trial and were pooled using the Mantel-Haenszel method. Compared with dabigatran, enoxaparin had a similar risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism plus all-cause mortality (0.9% versus 1.1%; OR, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44 to 1.31; I
2
=76%) and bleeding (5.0% versus 5.6%; OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.15; I
2
=0%). Compared with rivaroxaban, enoxaparin had a 2-fold higher risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism plus all-cause mortality (1.2% versus 0.6%; OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.32 to 3.17;
P
<0.001; number needed to treat, 167; I
2
=0%) but demonstrated a significant lower risk of bleeding (2.5% versus 3.1%; OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.99;
P
=0.049; number needed to harm, 167; I
2
=0%).

Conclusions—
In patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty, enoxaparin and dabigatran showed similar rates of efficacy and bleeding. Enoxaparin was less effective than rivaroxaban but had a lower risk of bleeding. These results may have important implications for the choice of prophylactic agent in major joint arthroplasty.
India–Australia Strategic Partnership
Authors: Panda Rajaram , Baruah Pranamita 
Published: October 2010

In recent years, the bilateral relationship between India and Australia has grown significantly encompassing political, economic, defence and strategic aspects. Despite periodic hiccups on specific matters, the contours and spirit of the relationship have never been diluted. India has assumed prominence in the Australian strategic radar as a front rank player in its search for international partnership. Considering that a sizable portion of its maritime trade towards the West passes through the Indian Ocean, the area provides the primary basis for strengthening the strategic partnership between the two countries. The bilateral relationship is estimated to grow stronger as Indian Navy will play an important role in safeguarding maritime commerce. The counterterrorism protocol 2003 between the two states has also been instrumental in expanding ‘strategic convergence’ on the bilateral front. Despite the disagreements between India and Australia on issues of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, both countries’ commitment towards nuclear disarmament has brought about yet another dimension to their strategic partnership. In the present era of climate change, clean coal technology and renewables too will probably emerge as great potential collaborators of India–Australia strategic relationship. Shared security concerns such as terrorism, Afghanistan, nuclear proliferation, Chinese military modernization, etc., will definitely provide additional incentives to the evolving strategic relationship.
Critical Conversations
Authors: Alva Kimberly A. , Gordon Errol , Killu Claude , Levy Ruth , Oropello John , Palestrant David , Wartenberg Katja E. , Hackner Dani 
Published: October 2010

Case The patient is a 20-year-old male who was a pedestrian struck by a moving motor vehicle at a speed of 40 to 50 miles per hour. He was brought in to the emergency department (ED) with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 5 (V1, E2, M2). He was intubated in the ED. His vital signs were as follows: heart rate of 126 beats per minute, blood pressure of 130/78, spontaneous breathing but on the ventilator, and neurological examination consisting of flexor posturing in the upper extremities and slight withdrawal in the lower extremities. His pupils were 4 mm and reactive, there was no blink to threat, and he did not open his eyes to voice or deep stimuli. His initial CT head scan demonstrated a small left subdural hematoma, blood in the left lateral ventricle, a left orbital fracture, and a right occipital fracture. Subsequent imaging also showed pneumocephalus in the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles and small blood in the posterior pons. This hospital has a designated specialized neuro-ICU, with 24/7 coverage, residents, and NPs. However, there were no beds available at this time. The patient was admitted to a medical-surgical ICU.
Robust assignment of cancer subtypes from expression data using a uni-variate gene expression average as classifier
Authors: Lauss Martin , Frigyesi Attila , Ryden Tobias , Höglund Mattias 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
Genome wide gene expression data is a rich source for the identification of gene signatures suitable for clinical purposes and a number of statistical algorithms have been described for both identification and evaluation of such signatures. Some employed algorithms are fairly complex and hence sensitive to over-fitting whereas others are more simple and straight forward. Here we present a new type of simple algorithm based on ROC analysis and the use of metagenes that we believe will be a good complement to existing algorithms.

Results
The basis for the proposed approach is the use of metagenes, instead of collections of individual genes, and a feature selection using AUC values obtained by ROC analysis. Each gene in a data set is assigned an AUC value relative to the tumor class under investigation and the genes are ranked according to these values. Metagenes are then formed by calculating the mean expression level for an increasing number of ranked genes, and the metagene expression value that optimally discriminates tumor classes in the training set is used for classification of new samples. The performance of the metagene is then evaluated using LOOCV and balanced accuracies.

Conclusions
We show that the simple uni-variate gene expression average algorithm performs as well as several alternative algorithms such as discriminant analysis and the more complex approaches such as SVM and neural networks. The R package rocc is freely available at http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rocc/index.html.
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective trial to evaluate the effect of vildagliptin in new-onset diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation
Authors: Haidinger Michael , Werzowa Johannes , Voigt Hans-Christian , Pleiner Johannes , Stemer Gunar , Hecking Manfred , Döller Dominik , Hörl Walter H , Weichhart Thomas , Säemann Marcus D 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
New-onset diabetes mellitus after transplantation (NODAT), a frequent and serious complication after transplantation, is associated with decreased graft and patient survival. Currently, it is diagnosed and treated primarily according to existing guidelines for type II diabetes. To date, only a few trials have studied antidiabetic drugs in patients with NODAT. Vildagliptin is a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that improves pancreatic islet function by enhancing both α- and β-cell responsiveness to increased blood glucose. Experimental data show potential protective effects of DPP-4 inhibitors on islet function after exogenous stress stimuli including immunosuppressants. Therefore, the therapy of NODAT with this class of compounds seems attractive. At present, vildagliptin is used to treat type II diabetes as monotherapy or in combination with other antidiabetic drugs, since that it efficiently decreases glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values. Additionally, vildagliptin has been shown to be safe in patients with moderately impaired kidney function. This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of vildagliptin monotherapy in renal transplant recipients with recently diagnosed NODAT.

Methods/Design
This study is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective phase II trial. Using the results of routinely performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) in stable renal transplant patients at our center, we will recruit patients without a history of diabetes and a 2 h glucose value surpassing 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l). They are randomized to receive either 50 mg vildagliptin or placebo once daily. A total of 32 patients with newly diagnosed NODAT will be included. The primary endpoint is the difference in the 2 h glucose value between baseline and the repeated OGTT performed 3 months after treatment start, compared between the vildagliptin- and the placebo-group. Secondary endpoints include changes in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). The safety of vildagliptin in renal transplant patients will be assessed by the number of symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes (glucose <72 mg/dl or 4 mmol/l), the number of adverse events, and possible medication-associated side-effects.

Discussion
NODAT is a severe complication after kidney transplantation. Few trials have assessed the safety and efficacy of antidiabetic drugs for these patients. The purpose of this study is to assess the safety and efficacy of vildagliptin in renal transplant patients with NODAT.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00980356
Treatment of Civilian and Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with Topiramate
Authors: Andrus Miranda R , Gilbert Elizabeth 
Published: October 2010

Objective: To evaluate the use of topiramate for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Data Sources: Ovid MEDLINE (1950 to June week 4, 2010), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to May 2010), ISI Web of Science (1945 to July 3, 2010), and Iowa Drug Information Service (searched July 6, 2010) were searched using the terms posttraumatic stress disorder and topiramate. Guidelines and other sources were identified from bibliography searches. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language human studies and case reports that evaluated the use of topiramate for treatment of PTSD were evaluated. Data Synthesis: One case report, 1 case series, 2 open-label trials, and 1 placebo-controlled trial that used topiramate (monotherapy or adjunct) to treat civilian PTSD were identified and evaluated. The case report and case series reported subjective reduction of symptoms, and the open-label trials reported a significant reduction in PTSD Checklist–Civilian score. The placebo-controlled trial found no significant difference in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) score. One open-label trial and 2 placebo-controlled trials that used topiramate in combat-related PTSD were identified and evaluated. The open-label trial reported a significant reduction in CAPS score, and 1 placebo-controlled trial reported a statistically significant difference in CAPS score. However, the other placebo-controlled trial found no significant differences. In some of the trials evaluated, the clinical significance of outcomes reported is difficult to determine. Adverse effects were reported throughout the trials but generally were not considered serious. Conclusions: Based on the limited evidence available, topiramate is a possible alternative or adjunct option for patients with PTSD that is refractory to standard treatments.