bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Gas‐Liquid Flow in a Stirred Tank with Swirl Modification
Authors: Zhang Y.‐H. , Yong Y.‐M. , Mao Z.‐S. , Yang C. , Sun H.‐Y. , Wang H.‐L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAlthough the standard k‐ϵ model is most frequently used for turbulence modeling, it often leads to poor results for strongly swirling flows involved in stirred tanks and other processing devices. In this work, a swirling number, RS, is introduced to modify the standard k‐ϵ model. A Eulerian‐Eulerian model is employed to describe the gas‐liquid, two‐phase flow in a baffled stirred tank with a Rushton impeller. The momentum and the continuity equations are discretized using the finite difference method and solved by the SIMPLE algorithm. The inner‐outer iterative algorithm is used to account for the interaction between the rotating impeller and the static baffles. The predictions, both with and without RS corrections, are compared with the literature data, which illustrates that the swirling modification could improve the numerical simulation of gas‐liquid turbulent flow in stirred tanks.
Particle Shape, Density, and Size Effects on the Distribution of Phase Holdups in an LSCFB Riser
Authors: Razzak S. A. , Zhu J.‐X. , Barghi S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractElectrical resistance tomography (ERT) as a non‐invasive technique based on conductivity measurement of the continuous phase was employed for the study of phase holdup in a liquid‐solid circulating fluidized bed (LSCFB). Local solid holdup was also measured by an optical fibre probe and pressure transducers to compare and verify the results obtained by ERT. Good agreement was observed among the three methods. Tap water was used as the continuous and conductive phase and glass beads (spherical shape) and lava rocks (irregular shape) of two different sizes were used as the solid and non‐conductive phase. Radial non‐uniformities of solid holdups were observed for all four types of particles under different superficial liquid velocities in different axial locations. The solid holdup was higher in regions close to the wall and low in the central region. Non‐uniformity in the phase holdup decreased with increasing liquid velocity. The axial flow profile was found uniform along axial locations of the riser except at the lower location closer to the distributor zone.
Optimization of a Photo‐assisted Fenton Oxidation Process: A Statistical Model for MDF Effluent Treatment
Authors: Galehdar Maedeh , Younesi Habibollah , Hadavifar Mojtaba , Zinatizadeh Ali Akbar 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the present study, the effects of initial COD (chemical oxygen demand), initial pH, Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio and UV contact time on COD removal from medium density fiberboard (MDF) wastewater using photo‐assisted Fenton oxidation treatment were investigated. In order to optimize the removal efficiency, batch operations were carried out. The influence of the aforementioned parameters on COD removal efficiency was studied using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions for maximum COD removal efficiency from MDF wastewater under experimental conditions were obtained at initial COD of 4000 mg/L, Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio of 0.11, initial solution pH of 6.5 and UV contact time of 70 min. The obtained results for maximum COD removal efficiency of 96% revealed that photo‐assisted Fenton oxidation is very effective for treating MDF wastewater.
Sample stability and variability of B‐cell subsets in blood from healthy subjects and patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Belouski Shelley Sims , Wallace Daniel , Weisman Michael , Ishimori Mariko , Hendricks Lisa , Zack Debra , Vincent Mike , Rasmussen Erik , Ferbas John , Chung James 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjective:Characterization of peripheral leukocytes is an important aspect of monitoring the effect of immunotherapeutic interventions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We analyzed cell surface markers commonly used to assess patients with SLE, focusing on the effect of holding blood prior to processing/analysis and the relative reliability of the measurements that were conducted.Methods:Healthy volunteers (HV; n = 20) and patients with SLE (n = 42) were studied. Whole blood was collected for flow cytometric analysis on days 1, 8, 15, 105, 195, 285, and 375 and held overnight for analysis. A subset of samples was additionally analyzed on the day of collection.Results:Variability arising from overnight storage of whole blood was found to be within 20% for most lymphocyte subsets. There was greater between rather than within subject variability over a 1‐year period. As anticipated, the data showed higher CD38 and lower CD19 densities on B cells from patients with SLE compared to HV. Although a higher percentage of cells with markers of plasmablasts/cells were observed in the blood of patients with SLE relative to HV, these measurements were found to be among the least reliable (i.e., most variable).Conclusions:This study provides technical perspectives for those conducting immunophenotypic analyses of B‐cells in patients with SLE. We envision that our data, which addresses sample stability issues and presents a method to describe the relative reliability of one measure over another, holds value for clinical assessments of B‐cells in SLE and the evaluation of investigational agents designed to modify the B‐cell compartment. © 2009 Clinical Cytometry Society
Influence of gully erosion control on amphibian and reptile communities within riparian zones of channelized streams
Authors: Smiley Peter C. , Knight Scott S. , Shields F. Douglas , Cooper Charles M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRiparian zones of streams in northwestern Mississippi have been impacted by agriculture, channelization, channel incision, and gully erosion. Riparian gully formation has resulted in the fragmentation of remnant riparian zones within agricultural watersheds. One widely used conservation practice for controlling gully erosion is the installation of drop pipes. This practice involves placing earthen dams across eroding gullies and embedding a metal standpipe within the dam to convey water from the field to stream level. Installation of this structure halts gully erosion and incidentally replaces eroding gullies with riparian habitats. Previous research evaluating gully erosion control structures have not considered the ecological impacts of these conservation practices on amphibian and reptile communities. We compared amphibian and reptile communities among riparian sites containing actively eroding gullies and four riparian habitat types created by drop pipe installation. Amphibians and reptiles were sampled from four gullies and four sites of each drop pipe‐created habitat type from 1994 to 1996. Amphibian and reptile diversity and abundance were the greatest in created habitat types with mean habitat areas >1000 m2 and mean pool volumes >420 m3. Amphibian and reptile diversity and abundance within the created riparian habitats were also positively correlated with hydrology. Our results suggest that the use of drop pipes to control gully erosion is capable of creating needed riparian wetlands for amphibian and reptile communities. Additionally, altering the installation design will increase the ecological benefits resulting from this conservation practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of sediment‐associated water quality processes for a Mississippi delta lake
Authors: Chao Xiaobo , Jia Yafei , Douglas Shields F. , Wang Sam S. Y. , Cooper Charles M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThree major sediment‐associated processes were presented to describe the effects of sediment on the water quality processes, including the effect of sediment on the light intensity for the growth of phytoplankton (PHYTO), the adsorption–desorption of nutrients by sediment and the release of nutrients from the bed sediment layer. A formula was generated from field measurements to calculate the light attenuation coefficient by considering the effects of concentrations of chlorophyll and suspended sediment (SS). The concentrations of adsorbed and dissolved nutrients because of adsorption–desorption were calculated using two formulas that were derived based on the Langmuir Equation. The release rates of nutrients from the bed sediment were calculated by considering the effects of the concentration gradient across the water‐sediment interface, pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. Model algorithms describing the adsorption and desorption of nutrients from sediment particles as well as the release of nutrients from bed sediment were tested using experimental data. These sediment‐associated water quality processes were included in a three‐dimensional (3D) water quality model, CCHE3D_WQ, developed by the National Center for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering (NCCHE), to simulate the concentrations of PHYTO and nutrients in a shallow Mississippi Delta lake with special emphasis on sediment‐related processes. The simulated concentration of PHYTO (as chlorophyll) and nutrients were generally in good agreement with field observations. This study shows that there are strong interactions between sediment‐associated processes and water quality constituents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adenovirus 5‐ and 35‐based immunotherapy enhances the strength but not breadth or quality of immunity during chronic SIV infection
Authors: Soloff Adam C. , Liu Xiangdong , Gao Wentao , Day Richard D. , Gambotto Andrea , Barratt‐Boyes Simon M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHeterologous adenovirus‐based vectors hold promise as preventative HIV vaccines but their capacity to induce effective T‐cell immunity in established infection has not been explored. We vaccinated rhesus macaques chronically infected with SIVmac251 and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) with human adenovirus serotype 5‐based vectors expressing SIV Gag, Env, and Nef with and without IL‐15 and evaluated vaccine immunogenicity. Vaccination increased Ag‐specific T cells 20‐fold but did not expand the breadth of epitopes recognized or the quality of response, as the majority of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells produced only one cytokine irrespective of vaccination. Immunization transiently restored blood CD4+ central memory T cells (Tcm) and boosted CD4+ and CD8+ Tcm and effector cell responses but did not prevent virus rebound upon cessation of ART. Boosting with human adenovirus serotype 35‐based vectors during a second ART cycle increased Ag‐specific T cells to 50‐fold above pre‐vaccination levels and boosted CD4+ Tcm numbers but did not expand the breadth or quality of immunity or control virus levels following drug discontinuation. The number of blood CD4+ Tcm correlated positively with complexity of T‐cell responses and negatively with virus load, suggesting that more complete restoration of this subset through vaccination would be beneficial.
Attenuation of Th1 response through galectin‐9 and T‐cell Ig mucin 3 interaction inhibits autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice
Authors: Chou Feng‐Cheng , Shieh Shing‐Jia , Sytwu Huey‐Kang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGalectin‐9 (gal‐9), widely expressed in many tissues, regulates Th1 cells and induces their apoptosis through its receptor, T‐cell Ig mucin 3, which is mainly expressed on terminally differentiated Th1 cells. Type 1 diabetes is a Th1‐dominant autoimmune disease that specifically destroys insulin‐producing β cells. To suppress the Th1 immune response in the development of autoimmune diabetes, we overexpressed gal‐9 in NOD mice by injection of a plasmid encoding gal‐9. Mice treated with gal‐9 plasmid were significantly protected from diabetes and showed less severe insulitis compared with controls. Flow cytometric analyses in NOD‐T1/2 double transgenic mice showed that Th1‐cell population in spleen, pancreatic lymph node and pancreas was markedly decreased in gal‐9 plasmid‐treated mice, indicating a negative regulatory role of gal‐9 in the development of pathogenic Th1 cells. Splenocytes from gal‐9 plasmid‐treated mice were less responsive to mitogenic stimulation than splenocytes from the control group. However, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from gal‐9‐treated or control mice caused diabetes in NOD/SCID recipients with similar kinetics, suggesting that gal‐9 treatment does not induce active tolerance in NOD mice. We conclude that gal‐9 may downregulate Th1 immune response in NOD mice and could be used as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diabetes.
CD8+ T‐cell responses to Theileria parva are preferentially directed to a single dominant antigen: Implications for parasite strain‐specific immunity
Authors: MacHugh Niall D. , Connelley Timothy , Graham Simon P. , Pelle Roger , Formisano Principia , Taracha Evans L. , Ellis Shirley A. , McKeever Declan J. , Burrells Alison , Morrison W. Ivan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAlthough immunodominance of CD8+ T‐cell responses is a well‐recognised feature of viral infections, its role in responses to more antigenically complex pathogens is less clear. In previous studies we have observed that CD8+ T‐cell responses to Theileria parva exhibit different patterns of parasite strain specificity in cattle of different MHC genotypes. In the current study, we demonstrated that animals homozygous for the A10 and A18 MHC haplotypes have detectable responses to only one of 5 T. parva antigens. Over 60% of the responding T cells from the A18+ and A10+ animals recognised defined epitopes in the Tp1 and Tp2 antigens, respectively. Comparison of T‐cell receptor β chain expression profiles of CD8+ T‐cell lines and CD8+ T cells harvested ex vivo confirmed that the composition of the T‐cell lines was representative of the in vivo memory CD8+ T‐cell populations. Analysis of the Tp1 and Tp2 antigens revealed sequence polymorphism, which was reflected by differential recognition by T‐cell lines. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a profound immunodominance in the CD8+ T‐cell response to T. parva, which we propose is a major determinant of the parasite strain specificity of the response and hence immune protection.
Ethylnitrosourea‐induced thymus‐defective mutants identify roles ofKIAA1440, TRRAP, andSKIV2L2in teleost organ development
Authors: Iwanami Norimasa , Okada Minoru , Hoa Vu Q. , Seo Yasuhito , Mitani Hiroshi , Sasaki Takashi , Shimizu Nobuyoshi , Kondoh Hisato , Furutani‐Seiki Makoto , Takahama Yousuke 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe thymus is an organ where T lymphocytes develop. Thymus development requires interactions of cells derived from three germ layers. However, the molecular mechanisms that control thymus development are not fully understood. To identify the genes that regulate thymus development, we previously carried out a large‐scale screening for ethylnitrosourea‐induced mutagenesis using medaka,Oryzias latipes, and established a panel of recessive thymus‐lacking mutants. Here we report the identification of three genes responsible for these mutations. We found that the mutations inKIAA1440,TRRAP, andSKIV2L2caused the defects in distinct steps of thymus development. We also found that these genes were widely expressed in many organs and that the mutations in these genes caused defects in the development of various other organs. These results enabled us to identify previously unknown roles of widely expressed genes in medaka organ development. The possible reasons why thymus‐defective teleost mutants could be used to identify widely expressed genes and future strategies to increase the likelihood of identifying genes that specifically regulate thymus development are discussed.
Novel Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Pyridylarsanes by a Chiral Palladium Template Promoted Asymmetric Hydroarsanation Reaction
Authors: Liu Fengli , Pullarkat Sumod A. , Li Yongxin , Chen Shuli , Leung Pak‐Hing 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe asymmetric hydroarsanation reactions between diphenylarsane and (E)‐1‐phenyl‐3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2‐propenone and (E)‐1‐methyl‐3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2‐propenoate have been achieved by use of the organopalladium complex containing ortho‐metalated (R)‐[1‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]naphthalene as the chiral reaction template in high regio‐ and stereoselectivities under mild conditions. Hydroarsanation of (E)‐1‐phenyl‐3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2‐propenone with diphenylarsane generated two stereoisomeric products in the ratio of 3:1 as five‐membered As–N bidentate chelates on the chiral naphthylamine palladium template. Using the same chiral metal template, the corresponding hydroarsanation reaction with (E)‐1‐methyl‐3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐2‐propenoate gave only one product as a six‐membered As–N bidentate chelate. The naphthylamine auxiliary could be removed chemoselectively by treatment with concentrated hydrochloric acid to form the corresponding optically pure neutral complexes. Subsequent ligands displacement from the palladium using aqueous potassium cyanide generated the optically pure keto‐ and ester‐functionalized chiral pyridylarsane ligands. The absolute configuration and the coordination properties of the pyridylarsanes have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cobalt‐Catalyzed C–N Bond‐Forming Reaction between N‐Aromatic 2‐Chlorides and Secondary Amines
Authors: Toma Gabriel , Fujita Ken‐ichi , Yamaguchi Ryohei 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSecondary amines react with N‐aromatic 2‐chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of cobalt chloride. When DPPP was added as ligand, the yield was further improved. The N‐aromatic‐containing tertiary amines formed are interesting due to their potential biological activity. This work represents the first cobalt‐catalyzed approach to C–N bond formation involving N‐aromatic 2‐chlorides and secondary amines having a certain amount of versatility and functional group tolerance.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Phosphonylation of 2‐Amino‐ and 2‐Amido‐3‐bromopyridines and 2‐Amino‐3‐chloroquinoxalines with Triethyl Phosphite
Authors: Adam M. Shaker S. , Kindermann Markus K. , Köckerling Martin , Heinicke Joachim W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Tavs reaction of 2‐amino‐ and 2‐acylamido‐3‐bromopyridines 1 and 2 with triethyl phosphite in the presence of palladium acetate or chloride allows the synthesis of 2‐amino‐ and 2‐acylamidopyridine‐3‐phosphonates 3 and 4. A second ring nitrogen atom causes strong activation and leads to excellent yields in the phosphonylation of 2‐amino‐3‐chloroquinoxalines. 2,3‐Dichloroquinoxaline does not need a catalyst and undergoes double phosphonylation with sodium diethyl phosphite under Michaelis–Becker conditions. The results show an activating influence of pyridine nitrogen (–M) and deactivating influence of the amino group (+M). The reactivity of 1 and 2 in the Tavs coupling is compared with that of the 3‐NH‐2‐bromopyridine position isomers and 2‐bromoanilines and discussed in terms of the opposite effects of pyridine and amino(amido) nitrogen and different position of the N atoms towards the reaction site. The advantage of the Tavs reaction is the easy optimization because neither auxiliary ligands are required nor a base to trap the halide or a solvent. Triethyl phosphite itself acts as ligand and forms Pd0{P(OEt)3}n in the initial phase of the reaction. The structures of the products and the expected intramolecular N–H···O=P hydrogen bridging bonds were proven by solution NMR and by X‐ray crystal structure analysis of single crystalline 3c.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Lift maximization with uncertainties for the optimization of high‐lift devices
Authors: Tang Z. , Périaux J. , Bugeda G. , Oñate E. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the aerodynamic shape optimization problems with uncertain operating conditions have been addressed. After a review of robust control theory and the possible approaches to take into account uncertainties, the use of Taguchi robust design methods in order to overcome single point design problems in aerodynamics is proposed. Under the Taguchi concept, a design with uncertainties is converted into an optimization problem with two objectives which are the mean performance and its variance, so that the solutions are as less sensitive to the uncertainty of the input parameters as possible. Furthermore, the modified non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithms are used to capture a set of compromised solutions (Pareto front) between these two objectives. The flow field is analyzed by Navier–Stokes computation using an unstructured mesh. In order to reduce the number of expensive evaluations of the fitness function a response surface modeling is employed to estimate the fitness value using the polynomial approximation model. During the solution of the optimization problem, a semi‐torsional spring analogy is used for the adaption of the computational mesh to all the obtained geometrical configurations. The proposed approach is applied to the robust optimization of the 2D high‐lift devices of a business aircraft by maximizing the mean and minimizing the variance of the lift coefficients with uncertain free‐stream angle of attack at landing flight condition. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsule with memantine in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease: a 26‐week, open‐label, prospective trial (Study ENA713B US32)
Authors: Olin Jason T. , Bhatnagar Vinod , Reyes Patricio , Koumaras Barbara , Meng Xiangyi , Brannan Stephen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveRivastigmine, a dual cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI), is widely approved for the symptomatic treatment of both mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease dementia. Orally administered ChEIs may be associated with gastrointestinal (GI) side effects and add‐on therapy with memantine, an N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonist, approved for moderate‐to‐severe AD, may ameliorate such side effects. This was a 26‐week, prospective, multicenter, single‐arm, open‐label pilot study to assess the safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules plus memantine in patients with moderate AD.MethodsThe primary objective was to assess the safety and tolerability of rivastigmine capsules 6–12 mg/day plus memantine (5–20 mg/day) as measured by the incidences of vomiting and nausea compared with those reported in the rivastigmine United States Prescribing Information (US PI). A total of 117 patients were enrolled with 116 receiving at least one dose of study medication.ResultsThe incidences of nausea and vomiting (30% and 13%, respectively) observed in patients who received 6–12 mg/day rivastigmine plus memantine were lower than those stated in the US PI for rivastigmine monotherapy 6–12 mg/day (47% and 31%, respectively). The most common adverse events were nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.ConclusionResults from this study suggest the combination of rivastigmine capsule and memantine in patients with moderate AD is safe and tolerable. A greater reduction in the GI tolerability of rivastigmine has been established with rivastigmine transdermal patch. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.