bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic behavior of doxycycline after intramuscular injection in sheep
Authors: Castro Robles Luis J. , Sahagún Prieto Ana M. , Diez Liébana M. Jose , Martínez Nélida Fernández , Vega Matilde Sierra , Vieitez Juan J. García 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of a commercial formulation of doxycycline hyclate after IM administration of a single dose to sheep.
Animals—11 healthy domestic sheep.
Procedures—For each sheep, doxycycline was administered as a single dose of 20 mg/kg, IM. Blood samples were obtained prior to and for 84 hours after doxycycline administration. Plasma concentrations of doxycycline were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Pharmacokinetic data were analyzed with noncompartmental methods.
Results—Mean ± SD values for pharmacokinetic parameters included maximum plasma concentration (2.792 ± 0.791 μg/mL), time to reach maximum plasma concentration (0.856 ± 0.472 hours), mean residence time (91.1 ± 40.78 hours), elimination half-life (77.88 ± 28.45 hours), and area under the curve (65.67 ± 9.877 μg•h/mL).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that doxycycline had prolonged absorption and elimination in sheep after IM administration. A daily dose of 20 mg/kg would be sufficient to reach effective plasma concentrations against Chlamydia spp (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.008 to 0.031 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.12 μg/mL). Doxycycline administered IM could be an option for therapeutic use in sheep, although further studies are needed.
Crawfish Frog Behavioral Differences in Postburned and Vegetated Grasslands
Authors: Engbrecht Nathan J. , Lannoo Michael J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAmphibians are threatened globally and, with the increased emphasis on using prescribed fire as an important tool to manage ecosystems, it is essential to understand how amphibians respond when exposed to habitats managed by fire. Most studies have focused on survivorship and population-level effects; how survivors react to postburn landscapes has received less attention. Crawfish frogs (Lithobates areolatus Baird and Girard) are an obligate crayfish burrow-dwelling North American grassland species in steep decline. Individuals spend their nonbreeding season associated with a single crayfish-built burrow, which protects them from dangers, including fire. We compared activity patterns and behaviors of crawfish frogs occupying vegetated and postburned prairie grassland habitats. In total, 24 581 images representing six weeks of observations on eight crawfish frogs (four each in vegetated and postburn habitats) were analyzed. While the number of individuals followed was small, our dataset demonstrated interesting differences in activity patterns and behaviors. In particular, while frogs occupying postburn and vegetated habitats exhibited similar nocturnal behaviors, diurnal behaviors were different. In daylight, crawfish frogs in vegetated habitats spent more time on their feeding platform away from their burrow entrance, while frogs in postburn areas spent most of their time at or in their burrow entrance. Further, frogs in postburn areas first emerged later in the day than frogs in vegetated areas. We conclude that while crawfish frog adults occupying a postburn landscape exhibit different behaviors compared to animals in vegetation, prescribed burns have little effect on adult crawfish frog survivorship and few indirect effects on fitness.
The Epidemiology and Etiology of Keratoconus
Authors: Gordon-Shaag Ariela , Millodot Michel , Shneor Einat 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTKeratoconus is a noninflammatory disorder characterized by ectasia of the central or inferior portion of the cornea. This review presents the scant epidemiological information known to date and the factors believed to cause the development of the disease. They are the genetic factors for which evidence come from family studies, twin studies and genetic loci. There appears to be multiple genes causing a keratoconus phenotype with variable penetration. However, the genetic predisposition might not be enough; environmental factors, such as eye rubbing, atopy and UV exposure, may have a role in generating the disease.How to cite this articleGordon-Shaag A, Millodot M, Shneor E. The Epidemiology and Etiology of Keratoconus. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):7-15.
Collagen Cross-Linking and Keratoconus in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Pikkel Joseph , Garzozi Hanna 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To evaluate the efficacy of corneal cross-linking on keratoconic eyes in the pediatric age group.

Setting
Private laser center, Haifa, Israel, affiliated to Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem.

Methods
This is a retrospective study of 29 eyes of 20 children treated with corneal cross-linking with aim to arrest the progression of keratoconus. We preformed collagen corneal cross-linking using riboflavin 0.1% and UVA irradiation. Follow- up ranged between 6 and 46 months (mean 25.5 months). Evaluation included uncorrected visual acuity, best spectacle corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, slit lamp examination and corneal topography. Ocular response analyzer was used to assess the corneal resistance factor, corneal hysteresis and cornea compensated intraocular pressure.

Results
The results show improvement in uncorrected visual acuity and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and reduction in astigmatism. There was no statistically significant change in sphere, keratometry, corneal resistance factor, corneal hysteresis or cornea compensated intraocular pressure.

Conclusion
Corneal cross-linking demonstrates efficacy in arresting the progression of keratoconus as well as improving uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity and reducing astigmatism.

How to cite this article
Barbara R, Pikkel J, Garzozi H, Barbara A. Collagen Cross-Linking and Keratoconus in Pediatric Patients. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):57-60.
Alternative Feedstocks for Synthesis
Authors: Behr Arno , Johnen Leif 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionRenewable Resources as Natural FeedstockChallenges of Using Renewable ResourcesCarbohydratesPolysaccharidesCelluloseStarchDisaccharidesSucroseLactoseMonosaccharidesd‐Glucosed‐FructoseLigninFats and OilsCatalytic Derivatization of Unsaturated Fatty CompoundsSelective Catalytic HydrogenationSelectiveCCLinkage ReactionsCNLinkage ReactionsCOLinkage ReactionsGlycerolGlycerol EstersEtherificationGlycerol Oxidation and DehydrationTerpenesCarbon DioxideReactions with Alkanes, Alkenes, and DienesConversion to Formic Acid and DimethylformamidePlasma Activation of Carbon Dioxide
Biological Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Tao Junhua , Chu Alex 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBiocatalysis is one of the greenest technologies for the synthesis of industrially useful molecules due to its exquisite regio‐ and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. For example, protection and deprotection of functional groups are usually not required for biotransformations, utilization of organic solvents can often be circumvented, and high‐ or low‐temperature reactions often minimized. This chapter focuses on the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant compounds by both isolated enzymes and whole cells.
Chemistry Beyond Functional Group Transformation
Authors: Li Zhiping , Yu Rong 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

C

H
Bond Activation

sp

3
C

H
Bond Activation

C

C
Bond Formation

C

N
Bond formation

C

O
Bond Formation

sp

2
C

H
Bond Activation

C

C
Bond Formation

C

N
Bond Formation

C

O
Bond Formation

C

C
Bond Activation

Utilization of Strained Molecules

Utilization of Chelating Substrates

Utilization of Activating Functional Groups

C

O
Bond Activation

C

F
Bond Activation

C

N
Bond Activation

Small Molecule Activation

H

2

O

2

CH

4

Conclusions and Outlook

List of Abbreviations
Formation of Nanoparticles Assisted by Ionic Liquids
Authors: Scholten Jackson D. , Prechtl Martin H.G. , Dupont Jairton 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areMetal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: SynthesisReduction of Organometallic PrecursorsDecomposition of Organometallic PrecursorsTransfer from an Aqueous/Organic Phase to the Ionic Liquid PhaseBombardment of Bulk MaterialsMetal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: StabilizationMetal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids: Recyclable Multiphase Catalyst‐SystemsHydrogenation of Multiple Bonds with Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic LiquidsCarbon–Carbon Cross‐Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic LiquidsFunctionalization and Defunctionalization Reactions Using Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic LiquidsIsotope Exchange Catalyzed by Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic LiquidsApplication of Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts in Ionic Liquids for Energy‐ and Environment‐Related SystemsGeneral Remarks
Green Synthesis and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Rossi Liane M. , Parize Alexandre L. , Rubim Joel C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGreen Synthesis of Magnetic NanoparticlesBackgroundThermal Decomposition MethodsMicroemulsion MethodsPreparation of MagneticNPsUsing Renewable ResourcesSynthesis of MagneticNPsin Ionic LiquidsOther MethodsMagnetic Separation as a Green Separation ToolBackgroundOil Spill Containment and RecoveryHeavy Metal RecoveryCatalyst Recovery and RecyclingMetal Complex CatalystsMetal Nanoparticle CatalystsOrganocatalystsConclusion
Nanomaterials from Biobased Amphiphiles: the Functional Role of Unsaturations
Authors: Balachandran Vijai Shankar , Jadhav Swapnil Rohidas , John George 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPlant/Crop‐Based Resources for Practicing Sustainable ChemistrySelf‐Assembly and Noncovalent Strategy for the Synthesis of Soft‐MaterialsCashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)Extraction ofCNSLand Its ComponentsLipid Nanotubes and Helical Fibers from Cardanyl GlycolipidsSelf‐Assembled Gels from Cardanyl GlycosidesAntibacterial Nanocomposite Films for CoatingsStimuli‐Responsive Nature of UnsaturationsConclusion
Differential Toxicity Characterization of Green Alternative Chemicals
Authors: Judson Richard 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionChemical Properties Related to Differential ToxicityModeling Chemical Clearance – Metabolism and ExcretionPredicting Differential Inherent Molecular ToxicityCell Types/Cell LinesHigh‐Throughput Screening (HTS)High‐Content Screening (HCS)Whole‐Genome ApproachesIntegrating In Vitro Data to Model Toxicity PotentialDatabases Relevant for Toxicity CharacterizationExample of Differential Toxicity AnalysisConclusionDisclaimer
Understanding Mechanisms of Metabolic Transformations as a Tool for Designing Safer Chemicals
Authors: Osimitz Thomas G. , Nelson John L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Role of Metabolism in Producing Toxic MetabolitesPhaseIMetabolismPhaseIIMetabolismMechanisms by Which Chemicals Produce ToxicityCovalent Binding to MacromoleculesEnzyme InhibitionIschemia/HypoxiaOxidative StressReceptor–Ligand InteractionsConclusion
Structural and Toxic Mechanism‐Based Approaches to Designing Safer Chemicals
Authors: DeVito Stephen C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areToxicophoresElectrophilic ToxicophoresDesigning Safer Electrophilic SubstancesStructure–Activity RelationshipsAliphatic Carboxylic AcidsOrganonitrilesQuantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSARs)Isosteric Substitution as a Strategy for the Design of Safer ChemicalsIsosteric Substitution in the Design of Safer Drug SubstancesIsosteric Substitution in the Design of Safer PesticidesIsosteric Substitution in the Design of Safer Commercial ChemicalsConclusionDisclaimer
Life‐Cycle Concepts for Sustainable Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Nanoproducts
Authors: Nowack Bernd , Gottschalk Fadri , Mueller Nicole C. , Som Claudia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionLife‐Cycle Perspectives in Green NanotechnologiesRelease of Nanomaterials from ProductsExposure Modeling of Nanomaterials in the EnvironmentDesigning Safe NanomaterialsConclusion
Property‐Based Approaches to Design Rules for Reduced Toxicity
Authors: Voutchkova Adelina , Kostal Jakub , Anastas Paul 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article arePossible Approaches to Systematic Design Guidelines for Reduced ToxicityAnalogy with Medicinal ChemistryDo Chemicals with Similar Toxicity Profiles Have Similar Physical/Chemical Properties?Proposed Design Guidelines for Reduced Human ToxicityConsiderations for Reducing Human AbsorptionExample: Reducing Carcinogenicity by Decreasing Oral BioavailabilityUsing Property Guidelines to Design for Reducing Acute Aquatic ToxicityPredicting the Physicochemical Properties and Attributes Needed for Developing Design RulesSolvent‐Related PropertiesHydrophobicitySolubilitypKaElectronic PropertiesOrbital EnergiesMolecular Dipole Moment and PolarizabilityMolecular Surface AreaConclusion
Interaction of Chemicals with the Endocrine System
Authors: Osimitz Thomas G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areInteraction with the Endocrine SystemIntroductionImportance ofSARandQSARin Understanding the Chemical Nature of Endocrine Active ChemicalsEstrogensGeneralFeatures of the Natural LigandE2That Contribute toERBindingFeatures of Xenobiotics That Contribute toERBindingCriteria for Binding With the Estradiol TemplatePrediction of PotentialERBindingInitial FiltersStructural AlertsDecision Tree‐Based ModelPredictive Approach for Priority SettingPhaseI: Rejection FiltersAlkylphenolsPolybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)Phytoestrogens and MycoestrogensHydroxylated Triphenylacrylonitrile DerivativesAndrogensGeneralGeneral Structure–Activity RelationshipsHypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Thyroid (HPT) AxisGeneralGeneral Structure–Activity RelationshipsBrominated Flame RetardantsMonohydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)Endocrine Disruptor Data Development EffortsResearch Needs and Future
Discrete‐time neural control for electrically driven nonholonomic mobile robots
Authors: Alanis Alma Y. , Lopez‐Franco Michel , Arana‐Daniel Nancy , Lopez‐Franco Carlos 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYAn inverse optimal neural controller for discrete‐time unknown nonlinear systems, in the presence of external disturbances and parameter uncertainties, is presented. It is based on a discrete‐time recurrent high‐order neural network trained with an extended Kalman filter‐based algorithm. The applicability of the proposed approach is first tested via simulations for an electrically driven nonholonomic mobile robot, and finally, the proposed methodology is implemented on real time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐Free Non‐Covalent Organocatalysis: Enantioselective Addition of Nitroalkanes to Alkylideneindolenines as a Flexible Gateway to Optically Active Tryptamine Derivatives
Authors: Fochi Mariafrancesca , Gramigna Lucia , Mazzanti Andrea , Duce Sara , Fantini Stefano , Palmieri Alessandro , Petrini Marino , Bernardi Luca 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA catalytic asymmetric addition of nitroalkanes to alkylideneindolenines, generated in situ from arylsulfonylindoles, is presented. Despite the weakness of the non‐covalent H‐bond interactions between catalyst and substrates, the performance of the bifunctional organocatalyst used was found to be essentially unaffected by the polarity of the reaction medium. Nitroalkanes, mostly used in nearly stoichiometric amounts, could thus function both as solvents and reagents, resulting in a truly solvent‐free reaction. The broad substrate scope shown by the present transformation allowed the preparation of some optically active tryptamine precursors that are not accessible through the previous catalytic asymmetric methods.
Imparting insect repellency to nylon 6 fibers by means of a novel MCT reactive dye
Authors: Akbarzadeh Abolfath , Mokhtari Javad , Kolkoohi Shirin , Amin Sarli Mohammad 
Published: April 2012

AbstractInsect repellency of fiber is a property which makes the fiber to be of interest in the field of military and health. The insect‐repellent substrate could be prepared using either functional finishing or applying an insect‐repellent dye. In this article, insect‐repellent nylon 6 is obtained using a novel insect‐repellent reactive dye containing N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide. To do this, N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide (DEET) was first nitrated at the p‐position relative to amide functionality. The nitrated product was reduced in the presence of C2H5OH, SnCl2, and HCl. The produced amine was then condensed with 2,4,6‐trichloro‐1,3,5‐triazine (cyanuric chloride) as a reactive group in below 5°C. The resultant adduct was finally reacted with an amino group present in 6‐amino‐1‐hydroxy naphthalene‐3‐sulfonic acid (J‐acid) to produce 7‐(4‐chloro‐6‐(4‐(diethylcarbamoyl)‐2‐methylphenylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐ylamino)‐4‐hydroxynaphthalene‐2‐sulfonic acid. To synthesis azo dye, sulfanilic acid was diazotized using HCl and NaNO2 and then coupled to the above prepared component to produce insect‐repellent reactive dye. An analog dye was prepared via the same route without insect‐repellent group making stage. The chemical structures of the novel dyes were characterized using FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The spectroscopic properties of the dyes were determined in terms of λmax and εmax in aqueous solution. The novel dyes were then reacted with nylon 6 and bonded to it covalently to provide permanent insect‐repellent substrate. The insect‐repellent efficacy of the reacted nylon 6 was studied using standard methods for Anophele mosquito repellent. The insect‐repellent dye reacted nylon 6 showed insect‐repellent activity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Study on poly(lactic acid)/natural fibers composites
Authors: Zhang Qi , Shi Longmin , Nie Jun , Wang Haiyan , Yang Dongzhi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRecently, the natural fibers‐reinforced composites have attracted substantial attention as a potential structural material for low cost applications. The composites of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with three kinds of natural fibers, such as bamboo fibers, wood fibers, and coconut fibers (CTFs), were prepared by solution‐casting technique. The natural fibers were modified by aluminum acid ester coupling agent and stearic acid to improve compatibility. To compare the mechanical and thermal properties of composites, tensile test, dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scan calorimeter, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Vicat softening point test were carried. The results showed that the addition of three kinds of natural fibers all could improve the mechanical and thermal properties of composites, and natural fibers after modification could further improve tensile strength of composites. And in comparison, the composite of PLA/CTF had highest tensile strength and best thermal properties. When the content of natural fibers were 2%, the highest tensile strength of PLA/modified CTF composites was highest, and it reached 22.5 Mpa which was 20.4% higher than that of pure PLA, and VST of this composite increased compared with pure PLA. Meanwhile, the results of SEM indicated that the modified CTF had best interfacial compatibility to PLA. These results indicated that PLA/natural fiber composites had higher strength and better heat resistance than pure PLA. This study provided the application of PLA industry with a feasible method. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Dispersion polymerization of acrylamide with water‐soluble chitosan as the stabilizer
Authors: Liu Juan , Wang Chuanxing , Wu Yumin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA cationic polyelectrolyte of P (CMTC‐AM‐DMC) was synthesized by dispersion polymerization in aqueous solution of ammonium chloride, with acrylamide and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride as main raw materials. N‐carboxymethylthioureidochitosan was used as both the reactant and the stabilizer, and 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (V‐50) as the initiator. The effects of the major reaction variables such as the concentration of inorganic salt and initiator, temperature, reaction time, and pH on the polymerization were discussed in this article. The optimal conditions of the polymerization were determined by orthogonal tests. The results showed that an increase in salt concentration resulted in an increase of molecular weight and particle size and a decrease of apparent viscosity, while when salt concentration was up to 23.9%, apparent viscosity was slightly higher than others. Molecular weight, particle size, and apparent viscosity all decreased with the increase of initiator. The apparent viscosity, molecular weight, and particle size would decrease with pH, and the product would be coagulated when pH > 7. Temperature influenced the characteristic a lot. Overall conversion was less dependent on these factors except for the temperature. Molecular weight and overall conversion increased gradually with the time, and the monomers could react completely at about 5–7 h. Flocculation occurred with 13% of salt concentration, 0.005% of initiator, and pH > 7. The optimal reaction conditions for obtaining a stable aqueous dispersion were 22.3% for ammonium chloride, 0.007% for initiator, react under 55 °C for 5 h at pH = 4. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activities of Some Triazolothiadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Deng Xian‐Qing , Dong Zheng‐Qi , Song Ming‐Xia , Shu Bing , Wang Shi‐Ben , Quan Zhe‐Shan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe present study describes the synthesis and anticonvulsant activity evaluation of 6‐substituted‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives (4a–4x) and their partially dehydrogenated products 5,6‐dihydro‐6‐substituted‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives (5a–5n). The bioevaluation demonstrated that most compounds in the series of 4a–4x exhibited potent anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock test. Among which, 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (4h) emerged as the most promising candidate on the basis of its favorable ED50 value of 23.7 mg/kg and PI value of 10.8. In addition, the potency of compound 4h against seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole, 3‐mercaptopropionic acid, and bicuculline in the chemical‐induced seizure tests suggested that compound 4h displayed broad‐spectrum activity in several models, and it may exert its anticonvulsant activity through affecting the GABAergic system.
LRRC8 proteins share a common ancestor with pannexins, and may form hexameric channels involved in cell‐cell communication
Authors: Abascal Federico , Zardoya Rafael 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLeucine‐rich repeat‐containing 8 (LRRC8) proteins are composed of four transmembrane helices and 17 leucine‐rich repeats (LRR). Although LRRC8 proteins have been associated with important processes, like maturation of B cells or adipocyte differentiation, their biology and molecular function are largely unknown. We found that LRRC8 proteins originated from the combination of a pannexin and an LRR domain (most likely related to the SHOC2, LAP, RSU1 and LRRIQ4 protein families) before the diversification of chordates. We propose that, like pannexins, LRRC8 proteins form hexameric channels, which participate in cell‐cell communication processes. According to the inferred topological model, and contrary to what was previously assumed, the six LRR domains are located in the cytoplasm, and could participate in the organisation of signalling cascades. By compiling available proteomics and gene expression data, and on the basis of the LRRC8 proposed hexameric channel structure, we present clues to the function of this family.Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Pannexins, distant relatives of the connexin family with specific cellular functions? Abstract