bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear experiential influences on the development of fear reactions
Authors: Miller David B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFailure to find an obvious or linear relationship between a developmental experiential factor and a developmental outcome often leads investigators to posit concepts such as “biological preparedness” and “evolved predispositions” that allude to hypothetical geneticmechanisms that may not exist. However, experiential nonlinearities alone may explain the development of certain instinctive behaviors, as shown by studies on alarm call responsivity in mallard ducklings.
The generalized expectancy bias: An explanatory enigma
Authors: Plaud Joseph J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAccording to Davey, generalized expectancy biases cause fearrelevant behavior and may complement Seligman's biological preparedness model. Expectancy biases do not explain the preparedness phenomenon, because such cognitive (or covert behavioral) processes are themselves controlled by social and other environmentally based contingencies. Davey's own examination of the importance of cross-cultural factors can show the relationship between FR stimuli and behavior without needing cognitive agency to explain the behavioral phenomenon.
What is the critical evidence favoring expectancy bias theory, and where is it?
Authors: Tomarken Andrew J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDavey has failed to clarify the critical evidence that could corroborate the expectancy bias hypothesis and refute preparedness theory. Such a clarification is necessary because each theory could potentially allow for multiple distal and proximal influences on selective associations. Expectancies are not the only proximal mediators. Our recent findings indicate that affective response matching may be an additional factor promoting such associations.
Brain imaging, ethology, and the nonhuman mind
Authors: Burghardt Gordon M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPosner & Raichle's (1994) exciting, wonderfully illustrated book describes the past successes and future potential of the relatively noninvasive imaging of the nervous systems of living people. The focus has been on cognitive processes but there is no reason why emotional and motivational systems cannot also be tapped. Although the authors do not formally address such contentious issues as consciousness and the private experience of other species, imaging methods may hold promise for helping us to understand these phenomena, as well as to integrate psychological processes into ethological and phylogenetic research in general.
Broca's area: Motor encoding in somatic space
Authors: Fox Peter T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEncoding articulate speech is widely accepted as the principal (or sole) role of the frontal operculum. Clinical observations of speech apraxia have been confirmed by brain-imaging studies of speech production. We present evidence that the frontal operculum also programs limb movements. We argue that this area is a ventral counterpart of the dorsal premotor area. The two are functionally distinguished by specialization for somatic and visual space, respectively.
The neurodynamics of heavy PETing, at/intention, learning, functional recovery, and rehabilitation
Authors: Goldberg Gary , Mayer Nathaniel H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractResearch reported by Posner & Raichle may be usefully applied to the rehabilitation of persons with brain damage. Their findings are related to the “dual premotorsystems hypothesis” that reciprocally interactive medial and lateral brain systems are involved in attention and learning. Recent studies show that “brain healing” occurs through dynamic reorganization involving attentional networks postulated by Posner & Raichle.
Fables of the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Grafman Jordan , Partiot Arnaud , Hollnagel Caroline 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOn the basis of neuroiinaging studies, Posner & Raichle summarily report that the prefrontal cortex is involved in executive functioning and attention. In contrast to that superficial view, we briefly describe a testable model of the kinds of representations that are stored in prefrontal cortex, which, when activated, are expressed via plans, actions, thematic knowledge, and schemas.
PET may image the gates of awareness, not its center
Authors: Halgren Eric 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPET detects changes in metabolism between task periods and is thus insensitive to areas that are activated during all or most of cognition. Depth-recorded, evokedpotentials indicate that many multimodal and limbic cortical areas may be activated during most cognitive tasks. Thus, PET may be insensitive to some core processes of awareness that are difficult to eliminate from the control periods.
Neuroimaging studies of language should connect with (psycho)linguistic theories
Authors: Poeppel David , Johnson Susan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPET studies in domains like vision and attention have been successful because the experiments are the product of highly articulated theories. In contrast, the results of PET studies investigating language processing are difficult to interpret. We suggest that this difficulty is due to the more tentative connection of these experiments with the insights of psycholinguistics and linguistic theory.
The meaning of baselines
Authors: Robinson David Lee 
Published: February 2010

AbstractImages of mindsuperbly summarizes work on cognitive neuroscienee using PET scanning. Some of the data emphasized suggests that parietal cortex is involved in the disengagement of attention. We have discovered neurons in awake monkeys which could perform this function. Another point of emphasis is the concept of neutral cues. Although an appealing concept, it is extremely difficult to define what is actually neutral.
Computation, PET images, and attention
Authors: Tsotsos John K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPosner & Raichle (1994) is a nice addition to the Scientific American Library and the average reader will both enjoy the book and learn a great deal. As an activeresearcher, however, I find the book disappointing in many respects. My two major disappointments are in the illusion of computation that is created throughout the volume and in the inadequate perspective of the presentation on visual attention.
Epistemology, two types of functionalism, and first-person authority
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMy target article did not attribute a pervasive ontological significance to phenomenology, so it escapes Bogdan's “epistemological illusion.” Pust correctly pinpoints an ambiguity between contentinclusive and content-exclusive forms of folk functionalism. Contrary to Fodor, however, only the former is plausible, and hence my third argument against functionalism remains a threat. Van Brakel's charity approach to first-person authority cannot deal with authority vis-a-vis sensations, and it has some extremely odd consequences.
Do the calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases play a role in neuroplasticity?
Authors: Xia Zhengui , Choi Eui-Ju , Storm Daniel R. , Blazynski Christine 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEvidence from invertebrate systems including Aplysia and Drosophila, as well as studies carried out with mammalian brain, suggests that Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclases may be important for long-term synaptic changes and learning and memory. Furthermore, some forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus elevate cyclic AMP (cAMP) signals, and activation of adenylyl cyclases and cAMP-dependent protein kinase may be required for late stages of LTP. We propose that long-term changes in neurons and at synapses may require synergism between the cAMP and Ca2+ signal transduction systems which regulates transcription and synthesis of specific proteins required for long-term synaptic changes. During LTP, protein kinase C is activated and intraccllular Ca2+ increases. We hypothesize that the calmodulin (CaM)-regulated adenylyl cyclases may be activated during LTP because of increases in intracellular Ca2+, release of free CaM from neuromodulin, activation by protein kinase C, release of neurotransmitters, or a combination of these events. Synergistic activation of CaM-sensitive adenylyl cyclases may produce a robust or prolonged cAMP signal required for transcriptional control. Furthermore, the coupling of the Ca2+ and cAMP systems may provide positive feedback regulation of Ca2+ channels by cAMP-dependent protein kinase
Correlation of phenotype with genotype in inherited retinal degeneration
Authors: Daiger Stephen P. , Sullivan Lori S. , Rodriguez Joseph A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDiseases causing inherited retinal degeneration in humans, such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular dystrophy, are genetically heterogeneous and clinically diverse. More than 40 genes causing retinal degeneration have been mapped to specific chromosomal sites; of these, at least 10 have been cloned and characterized. Mutations in two proteins, rhodopsin and peripherin/RDS, account for approximately 35% of all cases of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and a lesser fraction of other retinal conditions. This target article reviews the genes and mutations causing retinal degeneration and proposes mechanisms whereby specific mutations lead to particular clinical consequences, that is, the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Retinitis pigmentosa and macular dystrophy are genetically heterogeneous diseases that cause retinal degeneration in humans and often result in severe visual impairment or blindness. Although many of the genes causing these diseases have not been identified, three photoreceptor-specific proteins have been implicated: rhodopsin, peripherin/RDS, and the P-subunit of rod phosphodiesterase. Mutations in the genes for these three proteins can cause either dominant retinitis pigmentosa, recessive retinitis pigmentosa, dominant congenital stationary night blindness, or dominant macular degeneration. Why this multiplicity of clinical phenotypes? Our target article summarizes the genetic and biochemical background to this question and proposes a number of possible explanations. Discussion focuses mainly on 73 distinct disease-causing mutations of rhodopsin. We feel that rhodopsin and other photoreceptor proteins can serve as model systems for unraveling the connection between genotype and phenotype, not only for inherited retinal diseases but for other degenerative disorders as well.
The structure of rhodopsin and mechanisms of visual adaptation
Authors: Crouch Rosalie K. , Corson D. Wesley 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRapidly advancing studies on rhodopsin have focused on new strategies for crystallization of this integral membrane protein for x-ray analysis and on alternative methods for structural determination from nuclear magnetic resonance data. Functional studies of the interactions between the apoprotein and its chromophore have clarified the role of the chromophore in deactivation of opsin and in photoactivation of the pigment.
The key to rhodopsin function lies in the structure of its interface with transducin
Authors: Dratz Edward A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLight activated rhodopsin functions by catalyzing the exchange of GTP for GDP on numerous copies of transducin. Peptide mapping has shown that at least six regions, three on rhodopsin and three on the transducin alpha subunit, are involved in the active interface between the two proteins. The most informative structural studies of rhodopsin should include focus on the transducin interaction.
Does calmodulin play a functional role in phototransduction?
Authors: Gray-Keller Mark P. , Detwiler Peter B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMolday and Hsu review results from invitroexperiments, which indicate that Ca-bound calmodulin reduces the cGMP sensitivity of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel of photoreceptor cells, and speculate about the role they might play in the recovery of the light response. We discuss results from invivoexperiments that argue against the participation of Ca-calmodulin in photorecovery.
Channel structure and divalent cation regulation of phototransduction
Authors: Hurwitz Richard L. , Srivastava Devesh , Hurwitz Mary Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe identification of additional subunits of the cGMP-gated cation channel suggests exciting questions about their regulatory roles and about structure/functional relationships. How do the different subunits interact? How is the complex assembled into the plasma membrane? Divalent cations have been implicated in the regulation of adaptation. One often overlooked cation is magnesium. Could this ion play a role in phototransduction?
Linking genotypes with phenotypes in human retinal degenerations: Implications for future research and treatment
Authors: Kaplan Michael W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlthough undoubtedly it will be incomplete by the time it is published, the target article by Daiger et al. organizes mutations in genes that produce retinal degenerations in humans into categories of clinically relevant phenotypes. Such classifications should help us understand the link between altered photoreceptor cell proteins and subsequent cell death, and they may yield insight into methods for preventing consequent blindness.
Crucial steps in photoreceptor adaptation: Regulation of phosphodiesterase and guanylate cyclase activities and Ca2+-buffering
Authors: Koch Karl-Wilhelm 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis commentary discusses the balance of phosphodiesterase and guanylate cyclase activities in vertebrate photoreceptors at moderate light intensities. The rate of cGMP hydrolysis and synthesis seem to equal each other. Ca2+as regulator of both enzyme activities is also effectively buffered in photoreceptor cells by cytoplasmic buffer components.
Gene therapy, regulatory mechanisms, and protein function in vision
Authors: McGinnis James F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHereditary retinal degeneration due to mutations in visual genes may be amenable to therapeutic interventions that modulate, either positively or negatively, the amount of protein product. Some of the proteins involved in phototransduction are rapidly moved by a lightdependent mechanism between the inner segment and the outer segment in rod photoreceptor cells, and this phenomenon is important in phototransduction.
A novel protein family of neuronal modulators
Authors: Takamatsu Ken 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA number of proteins homologous to recoverin have been identified in the brains of the several vertebrate species. The brainderived members originally contain four EF-hand domains, but NH2-terminal domain is aberrant. Many of these proteins inhibited light-induced rhodopsin phosphorylation at high [Ca2+], suggesting that the brain-derived members may act as a Ca2+-sensitive modulator of receptor phosphorylation, as recoverin does.
Cyclic nucleotides as regulators of light-adaptation in photoreceptors
Authors: Willardson Barry M. , Yoshida Tatsuro , Bitensky Mark W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCyclic nucleotides can regulate the sensitivity of retinal rods to light through phosducin. The phosphorylation state of phosducin determines the amount of G available for activation by Rho*. Phosducin phosphorylation is regulated by cyclic nucleotides through their activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The regulation of phosphodiesterase activity by the noncatalytic cGMP binding sites as well as Ca2+/calmodulin dependent regulation of cGMP binding to the cation channel are also discussed.
Future directions for rhodopsin structure and function studies
Authors: Hargrave Paul A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) may be useful for determining the structure of retinal and its environment in rhodopsin, but not for determining the complete protein structure. Aggregation and low yield of fragments of rhodopsin may make them difficult to study by NMR. A long-term multidisciplinary attack on rhodopsin structure is required.
Genetic and functional complexity of inherited retinal degeneration
Authors: Daiger Stephen P. , Sullivan Lori S. , Rodriguez Joseph A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRecent findings emphasize the complexity, both genetic and functional, of the manifold genes and mutations causing inherited retinal degeneration in humans. Knowledge of the genetic bases of these diseases can contribute to design of rational therapy, as well as elucidating the function of each gene product in normal visual processes.
Secondary sociopathy and opportunistic reproductive strategy
Authors: Belsky Jay 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMealey's analysis of secondary sociopathy has much in common with Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper's (1991) evolutionary theory of socialization. Both draw attention to the potential influence of early rearing in the promotion of a cold, detached, manipulative, and opportunistic style of relating to others and, in so doing, raise the question of whether secondary sociopathy represents a facultative reproductive strategy.
Putting cognition into sociopathy
Authors: Blair R. J. R. , Morton John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe make three suggestions with regard to Mealey's work. First, her lack of a cognitive analysis of the sociopath results in underspecified mappings between sociobiology and behavior. Second, the developmental literature indicates that Mealey's implicit assumption, that moral socialisation is achieved through punishment, is invalid. Third, we advance the use of causal modelling to map the developmental relationships between biology, cognition, and behaviour.
Sociopathy or hyper-masculinity?
Authors: Campbell Anne 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDefinitional slippage threatens to equate secondary sociopathy with mere criminality and leaves the status of noncriminal sociopaths ambiguous. Primary sociopathy appears to show more environmental contingency than would be implied by a strong genetic trait approach. A reinterpretation in terms of hypermasculinity and hypofemininity is compatible with the data.
Prisoner's Dilemma, Chicken, and mixedstrategy evolutionary equilibria
Authors: Colman Andrew M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMealey's interesting interpretation of sociopathy is based on an inappropriate two-person game model. A multiperson, compound game version of Chicken would be more suitable, because a population engaging in random pairwise interactions with that structure would evolve to an equilibrium in which a fixed proportion of strategic choices was exploitative, antisocial, and risky, as required by Mealey's interpretation.
Sociopathy and sociobiology: Biological units and behavioral units
Authors: Erickson Carl J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBehavioral biologists have long sought to link behavioral units (e.g., aggression, depression, sociopathy) with biological units (e.g., genes, neurotransmitters, hormones, neuroanatomical loci). These units, originally contrived for descriptive purposes, often lead to misunderstandings when they are reified for purposes of causal analysis. This genetic and biochemical explanation for sociopathy reflects such problems.
The primary/secondary distinction of psychopathy: A clinical perspective
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this brief commentary the author concentrates on the treatment perspectives of Mealey's model. The main weakness of the model is that it does not provide a satisfactory theoretical connection between treatment and different types of target behavior. Even within the primary-secondary distinction, there are large individual differences that should not be overlooked in the planning of treatment.
Genes, hormones, and gender in sociopathy
Authors: Hoyenga Katharine 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlthough serotonin, testosterone, and genes contribute to sociopathy, the relationships are probably indirect and subject to modifiers (e.g., present only under certain conditions of rearing and temperament). Age at menarche may be a marker variable as well as a causal factor. Since the genders differ in all four areas, sex differences in sociopathy represent a very complex interaction of these factors.
An evaluation of Mealey's hypotheses based on psychopathy checklist: Identified groups
Authors: Kosson David S. , Newman Joseph P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAlthough Mealey's account provides several interesting hypotheses, her integration across disparate samples renders the value of her explanation for psychopathy ambiguous. Recent evidence on Psychopathy Checklist-identified samples (Hare, 1991) suggests primary emotional and cognitive deficits inconsistent with her model. Whereas high-anxious psychopaths display interpersonal deficits consistent with Mealey's hypotheses, low-anxious psychopaths' deficits appear more sensitive to situational parameters than predicted.
Genetic issues in “the sociobiology of sociopathy”
Authors: Maxson Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA consideration of the genetics of sociopathy suggests the following. The author's Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS) types 2 to 4 are more likely than types 1 and 5 in crimes of violence, and there may not be an ESS for crimes of property or for sociopathy. Correlations between sociopathy and crimes of property are also more likely due to environmental than to genetic variants, and correlations between sociopathy and crimes of property are due more to environmental than genetic variants.
Pathways to sociopathy: Twin analyses offer direction
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the bases of complex behavioral phenotypes, such as sociopathy, is assisted by an evolutionary approach, in addition to other theoretical perspectives. Unraveling genetic and environmental factors underlying variant forms of sociopathy remains a key challenge for behavioral science investigators. Twin research methods (e.g., longitudinal analyses; twins reared apart) offer informative means of assessing novel hypotheses relevant to sociopathic behaviors.
Is sociopathy a type or not? Will the “real” sociopathy please stand up?
Authors: Snyder James 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe validity of the classification of “primary sociopaths” as a qualitatively distinct group in the general population is questioned. Cenetic variation in the experience and expression of emotions may play a role in the development of antisocial behavior. However, research clearly documents that socialization environments powerfully modify the expression of genetic biases in a manner that increases or decreases the risk for “sociopathy.”
The role of attachment in the development and prevention of sociopathy
Authors: Van IJzendoorn Marinus H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMealey's sociobiological model of sociopathy could profit from attachment theory, in particular, the theory and research on the basis of the Adult Attachment Interview (Main & Goldwyn 1985–1993). Findings of an adult attachment study in a forensic psychiatric setting are summarized. Three attachment-oriented strategies for families, schools, and forensic settings are proposed to help reduce or prevent secondary sociopathy and criminal recidivism.
Moral judgments by alleged sociopaths as a means for coping with problems of definition and identification in Mealey's model
Authors: Wolf Yuval 
Published: February 2010

AbstractProblems of definition and identification in the integrated evolutionary model of sociopathy are suggested by Schoenfeld's (1974) criticism of the field of race differences in intelligence. Moral judgments by those labeled primary and secondary sociopaths may offer a way to validate the assumptions of the model.