bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of thyroid nodules: stratification of malignancy risk using follicular proliferation grading, clinical and ultrasonographic features
Authors: Rorive Sandrine , D'Haene Nicky , Fossion Caroline , Delpierre Isabelle , Abarguia Nizar , Avni Freddy , Decaestecker Christine , Salmon Isabelle 
Published: March 2010

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and the additive contribution brought by clinical and ultrasound (US) features.MethodCytological and histological diagnoses were compared in a series of 924 patients who underwent US-guided FNA before surgery. We additionally developed a grading system for follicular proliferation (FP) FNA diagnosis, and investigated its impact on the malignancy risk as well as the additive contribution of clinical and US features by means of decision tree analysis.ResultsExcluding FP cases (n=395), our data demonstrated that strictly benign or malignant FNA diagnoses exhibit great concordance with benign or malignant histological diagnoses (97.8% accuracy). Our grading system that was applied to the 395 FP cases revealed that grades 1, 2 and 3 were associated with a 7.7, 17.7 and 45.7% incidence of malignancy respectively. Decision tree analysis resulted in a classification model which involved FP grade, patient's age, serum thyroglobulin level, nodule size and nodule uniqueness. This model identified a subgroup of patients with grade 1 FP nodules who were older than 50 years, and who had a higher risk of malignancy (17.9%). In addition, high serum thyroglobulin levels were associated with a very high malignancy risk (75.0%) for patients with grade 3 FP nodules. Finally, among grade 2 FP patients, unique and large nodules were associated with a high malignancy risk of 36.1%.ConclusionsThe integration of FP grade, clinical and US features allows the stratification of patients with FP cytology according to their risk of malignancy.
Mingus, Cassavetes, and the Birth of a Jazz Cinema
Authors: Lipman Ross 
Published: March 2010

In November 1958, John Cassavetes premiered his revolutionary independent film Shadows in a series of midnight screenings at the Paris Theater in New York City. Village Voice critic Jonas Mekas immediately proclaimed it a work of genius, calling it “the most frontier-breaking American feature in at least a decade.” Most audience members, including Cassavetes, hated it.Cassavetes reassembled his cast and crew and shot extensive new footage, modifying old scenes and adding new ones. The final version premiered at Amos Vogel’s legendary Cinema 16 on November 11, 1959, and was an overnight critical sensation.One of the myths that propelled Shadows to instant notoriety was its improvisational origins. It’s considered by many to be the first “true” cinematic jazz narrative, both for its racially charged subject and its unconventional, unscripted making in the streets of Manhattan.4 It’s been further celebrated for an original score by one of the all-time jazz greats, Charles Mingus. However much of the legend is deceptive. Little of Mingus’s music appears in the final film. Actual jazz scenes are conspicuously absent. And recent writingsby Ray Carney, Tom Charity and others have attempted to debunk or clarify much of the improvisation myth.
Phase Equilibria Relevant to Acid Gas Injection, Part 1-Non-Aqueous Phase Behaviour
Authors: Carroll J.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The design of an acid gas injection scheme requires a significant amount of information regarding phase equilibria. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature for the available experimental data, and survey methods for calculations of the non-aqueous equilibria. This study will be limited to the following components: hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, and, to some extent, water.
It is demonstrated that the widely available Peng-Robinson equation of state is adequate for predicting the non-aqueous phase equilibria in these mixtures. However, the design engineer should be cognizant of the capabilities of the model selected to perform the calculations. If uncertain, it is wise to verify the software package, and more importantly the chosen model, by comparing it with experimental data. Available data are compiled as a part of this paper.

ACID GAS INJECTION
Acid gas injection has become the environmentally friendly way to deal with the unwanted by-product of the sweetening of natural gas. In the future it may become a means of dealing with carbon dioxide from other sources as well.
In a basic acid gas injection scheme, the acid gas off the amine regenerator tower is compressed and transported via pipeline to an injection well. From there, it is injected into a suitable formation for disposal. The formation is selected based on geological criteria such as the size of the disposal reservoir, and the containment of the injected acid gas. In an acid gas injection scheme, pressures can range from near atmospheric up to 30 MPa or more; the upper limit is dictated by the selected reservoir. The temperature can range from about 30 °C up to as much as 200 °C; again the upper limit is being the reservoir conditions.
The design of the injection scheme requires a thorough knowledge of the phase equilibria encountered in wet acid gas mixtures. This paper reviews the experimental investigations into the relevant systems. This study is limited to the following components: hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, and water. Even so, an interesting variety of phase equilibria will be presented. The design engineer is advised to be aware of all of the various phenomena encountered in mixtures of these components, as they will have a significant effect on the design.

Experimental Investigations
In this section, experimental investigations important to acid gas injection will be reviewed. Typically, in acid gas injection schemes, we are not concerned with hydrocarbons heavier than propane. So, for this study, only equilibrium between the acid gas components and methane, ethane, and propane will be considered.

Hydrogen Sulfide +Carbon Dioxide
The most important non-aqueous system involved in acid gas injection is the binary mixture hydrogen sulfide +carbon dioxide, since acid gas is composed almost exclusively of these components.
Two early studies of the phase equilibrium in the system hydrogen sulfide +carbon dioxide were Bierlein and Kay(1) and Sobocinski and Kurata(2).
Rules of Thumb in Well Testing: What Works and Doesn't Work-and Why
Authors: Brown L.P. , Hawkes R.V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Rules of thumb appear in every profession. They are developed when practitioners observe a repeated cause and effect relationship. This paper presents some rules of thumb used by practitioners in well testing, examines their validity and limits, and in some cases, develops their theoretical basis. The paper is presented as a forum for discussion among well testing practitioners.

Introduction
Rules of thumb evolve in every civilization and culture as humans experience and observe cause and effect relationships. Rules that don't work are discarded; rules that do work become part of the culture, tradition, practice, or science.
Rules may be very general (i.e., Well groomed people are more pleasant than poorly groomed people) or quite specific (i.e., Sands in this area with less than 5% porosity are not productive). Rules, as illustrated in the above examples, can also lull us into false security or even devastating error.
Rules, whether general or specific, are empirical and may be based on sound, if not well understood, physical, economic, social, or other principles. They allow us to shortcut some thinking processes and, in doing so, can cause us to make costly mistakes. As we grow more and more experienced, we personally develop and adopt new rules of thumb. It is important that we periodically, or at least initially, examine those rules to make sure that they are appropriate for each new situation.
In well testing, we use and misuse various rules of thumb. In this discussion, we investigate some of the more common and even private rules to discover their theoretical justifications and the limits of their applicability. Contributors to this paper were invited to submit their favorite rules and to present the physical justification for their existence.

A Rule of Thumb Gone Bad
In reviewing rules of thumb, we will examine one from the world of medicine to avoid bringing discredit on the practice of petroleum engineering. This rule was applied with sometimes disastrous results.
The practice of "bleeding" to cure various ailments was widespread prior to the 20th century. Bleeding involves draining not insignificant quantities of blood from a sick patient. Today, we laugh at the thought that physicians routinely used bleeding on patients and are glad that the practice has been discontinued. How did the practice come about and why was it popular?
Contemporary experiments on laboratory animals show that bleeding reduces fever in sick animals. We can speculate that someone, at some time in the past, observed this effect and applied it successfully to reduce fever in humans. Having success, he "published" his results, probably by word of mouth, and others tried it. The practice got out of control when practitioners applied it outside of the narrow window of symptoms which it effectively addressed.
Today, we don't bleed people, even to reduce fever. We have developed modern pharmaceutical methods for fever control. Perhaps these too will someday be regarded as misapplications.
On Lateral and Helical Buckling of a Rod in a Tubing
Authors: Lukasiewicz S.A. , Knight C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The paper analyzes lateral and helical buckling of a rod sub-merged in fluid in tubing. The purpose of the paper is to revisit the controversy regarding the formula for the helical buckling load that still exists in the literature. The relation between the critical helical buckling force and the helix-pitch has been reexamined. Our analytical calculations and experimental tests confirm the results obtained by Cheatham and P.D. Pattillo(1). The effect of the pressure acting on the rod was included in the analysis to explain the so-called "fictitious forces" introduced by Lubinski(2).

Introduction
In the oil and gas industry, Lubinski's equation(2) for the critical buckling load for a rod in a tube has been given high credibility. However, this equation causes some controversy [see Equation (15) of the present paper]. Lubinski's equation is often used to evaluate the stability of tubes. It is also important in the analysis of the stability of sucker rods. The oil pressure and the forces resulting from pump action cause the compressive force acting on the rod at the bottom of the well. Often this compressive force causes the rod to buckle; specifically, to buckle in a helical form. The rod first buckles laterally. However, with the increase of the compressive force, the helical buckling occurs. The rod coils around the inside of the tube and the axial stiffness of the rod is reduced significantly. The buckling of the rod can produce large negative effects on the work of the pump. The helically-buckled sucker rod has muchlower axial stiffness and reduces the stroke of the plunger. The buckling-related lateral deformations cause much greater wearing of the rod, the tubing, and the pump. It is therefore important to determine the correct value of the critical buckling force.
There are different opinions about Lubinski's equation. For example, J.B. Cheatham and P.D. Pattillo(1), solving the problem by means of virtual work principle, found that the critical helical buckling force is two times smaller than the force predicted by Lubinski. They are of the opinion that there are two critical force relations corresponding to loading and unloading and that the value of the real critical buckling force lies between these two forces. Y.W. Kwon(3), solving the problem using the beam-column equation, obtained a result identical to Lubinski's formula.
In this paper, the lateral and helical buckling of a rod submerged in a fluid in a tube has been reexamined. Using virtual works and modifications that allow for the elimination of some approximations used in Cheatham and Pattillo's(1) work, an equation for the critical helical buckling force has been developed. This equation sets the buckling force two times lower than Lubinski's equation. The formula for the critical helical buckling load for the rod or tube submerged in a liquid has been derived for a case of constant compressive force and side surface pressure. It has been assumed that the weight of the rod is negligible as compared to other forces.
Evaluation of the Bottom Water Reservoir VAPEX Process
Authors: Frauenfeld T. , Jossy C. , Rispler K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In 1998, Butler and Mokrys proposed a "Closed-Loop Extraction Method for the Recovery of Heavy Oils and Bitumens Underlain by Aquifers." The process has potential application to many Alberta and Saskatchewan heavy oil reservoirs. The objective of our work was to produce an experimental evaluation of solvent-assisted process options for bottom water reservoirs. The current work is entirely experimental, and provides data that may be used to back up a numerical simulation effort.
The experimental series modelled a bottom water process in order to determine its feasibility for a field-scale oil recovery scheme. A series of five experiments were run in an acrylic visual model. Pujol and Boberg's scaling criteria(1) were used to produce a lab model scaling a field process by a geometric ratio of 100:1, and compressing field time by a ratio of 10,000:1. The model simulated a slice of a 30 m thick reservoir with a 10 m thick bottom water zone, containing a pair of horizontal wells at the oil-water interface, offset by 25 m. For field prediction, experimental results were scaled up to represent a 30 m thick reservoir (20 m thick oil zone) with 500 m horizontal wells.
The experimental rates were negatively impacted by continuous low permeability layers and by oil with an initial gas content. The lower effective diffusion rates required that the surface area exposed to solvents be increased in order to achieve commercial oil recovery rates. The Bottom Water Process described in this report offers the opportunity to do just that, as the large surface area of the oil water interface between the wells will provide contact for solvent by injecting gas at the interface. Given an appropriate well spacing, high production rates should be possible.

Introduction
The Alberta Research Council (ARC) has done several years of investigative work into solvent-assisted heavy oil recovery processes(2, 3). The present report describes a particular contribution to solvent-assisted oil recovery technology; a comparative scaled physical model study of bottom water process options. The results of this work showed scaled field rates of 25.3 m3/d and a live oil scaled rate of 16.5 m3/d, both at 25 m offset well spacing.

Mechanisms of the Bottom Water VAPEX Process
The Bottom Water VAPEX Process, illustrated in Figure 1, is a recovery process depending on the interplay of several mechanisms for its success. The solubility of the gas in the oil is controlled by the k-values of the oil/solvent system. Diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, and swelling also play a role in the movement of gas into the reservoir oil.
The oil flow is enabled by viscosity reduction due to the dissolution of solvent in the oil. Oil-solvent contact is further augmented by capillary pressure moving some oil into the vapour chamber zone, as was observed in Experiment #2. Heterogeneity of the reservoir sand further increased the surface produced by capillary action, but excessive layering can hinder the movement of oil, as was shown by Experiment #3.
Laboratory Model Flow Tests
Authors: Maguss H. , Flock D.L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The problem of utilization of core laboratory model flow tests for thepurposes of field evaluations has been studied by an investigation of scaledlaboratory model experiments. Results have indicated that under a wide range ofconditions where stabilization has not been attained the recovery obtained bywater frontal displacement in model flow tests is rate sensitive. The problemhas been approached by considering the unsteady state equations describinglinear flow through a porous medium which are not subject to formal solution.Variables and parameters have been grouped to form "scaling coefficients" forcorrelation purposes. Results obtained and explanations of the observedphenomena are presented and discussed.

Introduction
There is ample evidence in the literature as to the effect of waterinjection rates on oil recovery both in water wet and oil wet systems. Variousinvestigations have shown that with increased water injection rates, the oilrecovery would be increased, decreased, or rate independent. Although thesestudies have clarified certain aspects of linear waterflooding behavior, therestill exists some contradictory or misunderstood concepts which affect theapplicability of laboratory model flow tests for field performanceprediction.
On the basis of developed theory it is realized that flooding behavior isdependent upon the length of the system, the rate of injection, core propertiesand the fluid viscosities. Moreover, this theory suggests that linearwaterfloods, if carefully conducted, should exhibit scaling and stabilizationproperties. An experimental investigation verifying these properties in anoil-wet system was performed by Rapoport and Leas. However, in water-wetsystems, experimental results appear inconsistent. This may be attributed tothe fact that the scaling and stabilization properties have not beensatisfactorily attained in many cases.
The tests reported in this paper were conducted on what was believed to bewater-set systems using water as the displacing fluid and low viscosity oils asthe displaced fluid. The results of waterflood tests performed on anunconsolidated sand pack, an alundum core, and a limestone core are presented.The application of such data for reservoir prediction is discussed.
Made in Canada - One Manufacturer's Approach
Authors: Jones C.R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Due to the pressure exerted on foreign industry to build their products inCanada, extensive studies were conducted by Cooper-Bessemer of Canada over aseven year period. Their approach to the normal necessary large capitalexpenditure for a low unit volume, cyclic heavy equipment market, along withpictures of components produced, purchased or imported is presented. By leasinga plant in a surplus labour area and installing only general purpose machinetools that can be kept busy, overhead and direct labour costs can becontrolled. Components in various stages of manufacture are purchased fromforty to fifty Canadian suppliers. A formula applied to U.S. costs comparedwith Canadian costs dictates whether a component is made, purchased orimported. Canadian suppliers have done an outstanding job of producing pistons, cylinders, heads, flywheels, crossheads, nuts, bolts and so forth for the largeslow speed engines and compressors they are building. "Canadian content" isoften discussed in terms of man-hours, material, dollars or percentages. Due tothe differences in accounting policies of various companies, the results areoften misleading. A realistic and simplified interpretation that makescomparisons meaningful is gaining general acceptance. It is suggested that"Canadian content" should be interpreted as the difference between the sellingprice and the value of the goods and services imported. Customs set standardvaluations so comparisons are fair and easy to audit. Any money that does notleave the country adds to the gross national product, be it expenditure, profitor taxes.

Introduction
There has been a gradual increase of pressure put on suppliers who importtheir products to manufacture in Canada for about ten years now. The approachto the problem used by Cooper-Bessemer of Canada Ltd. may be of generalinterest. It should be understood that this Company is not recommending, oreven suggesting, that what it is doing would work for others. However, in theauthor's opinion, it can be said that there is no easy way to produce heavyengines and compressors in Canada at a profit. The concept which Cooper-Bessemer of Canada is using, does allow it to get a high Canadiancontent with a relatively low capital investment.
Further Comments on Considerations in Bank Financing of Producing Oil Properties
Authors: Humphries R.G. 
Published: March 2010

The budget proposals contained in the Minister of Finance budgetspeech of April 10th, 1962, will have rather significant effects on theeconomics of the oil and gas industry in Western Canada, assuming they areimplemented by the next Government after the June, 1962 election. With respectto the acquisition of producing oil properties, Resolution 8, which proposesthat the amount paid for the right, license or privilege to explore for, drillfor, or take petroleum and natural gas in Canada, are to be classed as drillingor exploration expenses for the purpose of computing deductions from income, will be most significant. The effect of this change is demonstrated byreference to the numerical examples which were part of the paper"Considerations In Bank Financing of Producing Oil Properties" presented to the13th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Division of the Canadian Institute of Mining & Metallurgy.
The total acquisition cost of a producing property would be apportionedbetween tangibles, which are depreciated as formerly, and intangibles, whichwould be written off against income to the extent that it is available.
In the case of Tables I and II, where the purchaser of the working interesthas a full tax liability with no other write-offs, the net cash income to theworking interest after tax is increased by $216.8 thousand or 16.6% where theproperty is purchased by cash and 27.6% where the property is purchased by cashand loan. The increase in net cash income is equivalent to the tax which wouldbe paid on the intangible portion of the acquisition cost after depletion underthe present tax laws.
Depletion allowance will still be allowed, so that in the case of Table Ithe total of the write-off plus depletion over the life of the property will be $940.6 thousand compared with $507.2 thousand under the present tax laws. In Table II the total write-off plus depletion will be $918.6 thousand compared with $485.2 thousand at present.