bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New broadband methods for resonance classification and high-resolution imagery of fish with swimbladders using a modified commercial broadband echosounder
Authors: Stanton Timothy K. , Chu Dezhang , Jech J. Michael , Irish James D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractStanton, T. K., Chu, D., Jech, J. M., and Irish, J. D. 2010. New broadband methods for resonance classification and high-resolution imagery of fish with swimbladders using a modified commercial broadband echosounder. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 365–378. A commercial acoustic system, originally designed for seafloor applications, has been adapted for studying fish with swimbladders. The towed system contains broadband acoustic channels collectively spanning the frequency range 1.7–100 kHz, with some gaps. Using a pulse-compression technique, the range resolution of the echoes is ∼20 and 3 cm in the lower and upper ranges of the frequencies, respectively, allowing high-resolution imaging of patches and resolving fish near the seafloor. Measuring the swimbladder resonance at the lower frequencies eliminates major ambiguities normally associated with the interpretation of fish echo data: (i) the resonance frequency can be used to estimate the volume of the swimbladder (inferring the size of fish), and (ii) signals at the lower frequencies do not depend strongly on the orientation of the fish. At-sea studies of Atlantic herring demonstrate the potential for routine measurements of fish size and density, with significant improvements in accuracy over traditional high-frequency narrowband echosounders. The system also detected patches of scatterers, presumably zooplankton, at the higher frequencies. New techniques for quantitative use of broadband systems are presented, including broadband calibration and relating target strength and volume-scattering strength to quantities associated with broadband signal processing.
Structure investigations of ferromagnetic Co‐Ni‐Al alloys obtained by powder metallurgy
Authors: MAZIARZ W. , DUTKIEWICZ J. , LITYŃSKA‐DOBRZYŃSKA L. , SANTAMARTA R. , CESARI E. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryElemental powders of Co, Ni and Al in the proper amounts to obtain Co35Ni40Al25 and Co40Ni35Al25 nominal compositions were ball milled in a high‐energy mill for 80 h. After 40 h of milling, the formation of a Co (Ni, Al) solid solution with f.c.c. structure was verified by a change of the original lattice parameter and crystallite size. Analytical transmission electron microscopy observations and X‐ray diffraction measurements of the final Co (Ni, Al) solid solution showed that the crystallite size scattered from 4 to 8 nm and lattice parameter a = 0.36086 nm. The chemical EDS point analysis of the milled powder particles allowed the calculation of the e/a ratio and revealed a high degree of chemical homogeneity of the powders. Hot pressing in vacuum of the milled powders resulted in obtaining compacts with a density of about 70% of the theoretical one. An additional heat treatment increased the density and induced the martensitic transformation in a parent phase. Selected area diffraction patterns and dark field images obtained from the heat‐treated sample revealed small grains around 300 nm in diameter consisting mainly of the ordered γ phase (γ’), often appearing as twins, and a small amount of the L10 ordered martensite.
Transmission electron microscopy study of erbium silicide formation from Ti/Er stack for Schottky contact applications
Authors: RATAJCZAK J. , ŁASZCZ A. , CZERWINSKI A. , KĄTCKI J. , PHILLIPP F. , VAN AKEN P.A. , RECKINGER N. , DUBOIS E. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryIn this paper, we present results of transmission electron microscopy studies on erbium silicide structures fabricated under various thermal conditions. A titanium cap has been used as a protective layer against oxidation during rapid thermal annealing of an erbium layer in a temperature range of 300–700°C. Both layers (200 nm Ti and 25 nm Er) were deposited by electron‐beam sputtering. The investigations have shown that the transformation of the 25‐nm‐thick erbium into erbium silicide is completed after annealing at 500°C. At higher temperatures, the formation of a titanium silicide layer above erbium silicide is observed. The lowest Schottky barrier has been measured in the sample annealed at 700°C.
Exposure to anaesthetic trace gases during general anaesthesia: CobraPLA vs. LMA classic
Authors: SCHEBESTA K. , LORENZ V. , SCHEBESTA E. M. , HÖRAUF K. , GRUBER M. , KIMBERGER O. , CHIARI A. , FRASS M. , KRAFFT P. 
Published: January 2010

Background: To prospectively investigate the performance, sealing capacity and operating room (OR) staff exposure to waste anaesthetic gases during the use of the Cobra perilaryngeal airway (CobraPLA) compared with the laryngeal mask airway classic (LMA).Methods: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to the CobraPLA or the LMA group. Insertion time, number of insertion attempts and airway leak pressures were assessed after induction of anaesthesia. Occupational exposure to nitrous oxide (N2O) and Sevoflurane (SEV) was measured at the anaesthetists' breathing zone and the patients' mouth using a photoacoustic infrared spectrometer.Results: N2O waste gas concentrations differed significantly in the anaesthetist's breathing zone (11.7±7.2 p.p.m. in CobraPLA vs. 4.1±4.3 p.p.m. in LMA, P=0.03), whereas no difference could be shown in SEV concentrations. Correct CobraPLA positioning was possible in 28 out of 30 patients (more than one attempt necessary in five patients). Correct positioning of the LMA classic was possible in all 30 patients (more than one attempt in three patients). Peak airway pressure was higher in the CobraPLA group (16±3 vs. 14±2 cmH2O, P=0.01). The average leak pressure of the CobraPLA was 24±4 cmH2O, compared with 20±4 cmH2O of the LMA classic (P<0.001; all values means±SD).Conclusion: Despite higher airway seal pressures, the CobraPLA caused higher intraoperative N2O trace concentrations in the anaesthetists' breathing zone.
Vocal Behavior During Territorial Intrusions in the Lusitanian Toadfish: Boatwhistles Also Function as Territorial ‘Keep‐Out’ Signals
Authors: Vasconcelos Raquel O. , Simões J. Miguel , Almada Vítor C. , Fonseca Paulo J. , Amorim M. Clara P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMale signals are frequently studied in a single behavioral context, but in some cases they may assist multiple functions, namely for both male–male competition and female mate choice. Boatwhistles are known as the mate attraction calls of toadfishes typically produced during the breeding season. However, recent observations with the Lusitanian toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus (Batrachoididae) indicate that the emission of boatwhistles is not restricted to this period, which suggests a function in other behavioral contexts such as agonistic territorial interactions. We experimentally manipulated the social context of toadfish males to investigate whether boatwhistles are produced during territorial defense, by introducing ‘intruders’ in an experimental tank containing nesting ‘resident’ males. Furthermore, we examined whether parental care (eggs in the nest) affected the behavioral responses of resident males during territorial defense. Resident males defended their shelters producing sounds, mostly boatwhistles, towards intruders. Parental males revealed higher aggression levels, exhibiting additional threatening and attack behaviors. Boatwhistles registered during agonistic events were compared with the mate advertising boatwhistles recorded from small aggregations of nesting males in a natural breeding intertidal area. Agonistic boatwhistles were produced in lower and variable calling rates comparing with the advertising ones that were typically emitted in long series of calls. Agonistic boatwhistles were similar in duration and frequency harmonic structure (with a middle tonal phase) to the advertising calls, but presented less amplitude modulation, and lower dominant and fundamental frequencies. These acoustic differences were probably related to differences in calling rates and broadcast demands associated to the distance to the intended receiver. We provide first evidence that, apart from attracting mates, the toadfish boatwhistles also function as active ‘keep‐out’ signals during territorial defense.
Effects of spectrum modification on fatigue crack growth
Authors: KUJAWSKI D. , STOYCHEV S. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to investigate experimentally the effects associated with modification of a loading spectrum recorded from P‐3 a maritime aircraft on fatigue crack growth behaviour. The material is 2324‐T39 Al alloy widely used in the aircraft industry. Experiments were conducted using the full spectrum and modified versions of it such as only ‘positive’ (no negative loads) or with reduced (clipped) high peaks. The results show that the compressive loads decrease fatigue life of the specimen by ∼300%. Furthermore, by running tests with clipped peaks it was found that the fatigue life was shorten significantly due to reduction of crack growth retardation caused by highest tensile peaks. Multiple tests were conducted in order to establish a scatter in the experimental data under spectrum loads.
Combining Probability Forecasts
Authors: Ranjan Roopesh , Gneiting Tilmann 
Published: January 2010

SummaryLinear pooling is by far the most popular method for combining probability forecasts. However, any non-trivial weighted average of two or more distinct, calibrated probability forecasts is necessarily uncalibrated and lacks sharpness. In view of this, linear pooling requires recalibration, even in the ideal case in which the individual forecasts are calibrated. Towards this end, we propose a beta-transformed linear opinion pool for the aggregation of probability forecasts from distinct, calibrated or uncalibrated sources. The method fits an optimal non-linearly recalibrated forecast combination, by compositing a beta transform and the traditional linear opinion pool. The technique is illustrated in a simulation example and in a case-study on statistical and National Weather Service probability of precipitation forecasts.
Signed Directed Acyclic Graphs for Causal Inference
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Robins James M. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryFormal rules governing signed edges on causal directed acyclic graphs are described and it is shown how these rules can be useful in reasoning about causality. Specifically, the notions of a monotonic effect, a weak monotonic effect and a signed edge are introduced. Results are developed relating these monotonic effects and signed edges to the sign of the causal effect of an intervention in the presence of intermediate variables. The incorporation of signed edges in the directed acyclic graph causal framework furthermore allows for the development of rules governing the relationship between monotonic effects and the sign of the covariance between two variables. It is shown that when certain assumptions about monotonic effects can be made then these results can be used to draw conclusions about the presence of causal effects even when data are missing on confounding variables.
Criteria for Surrogate end Points Based on Causal Distributions
Authors: Ju Chuan , Geng Zhi 
Published: January 2010

SummaryWhen a treatment has a positive average causal effect (ACE) on an intermediate variable or surrogate end point which in turn has a positive ACE on a true end point, the treatment may have a negative ACE on the true end point due to the presence of unobserved confounders, which is called the surrogate paradox. A criterion for surrogate end points based on ACEs has recently been proposed to avoid the surrogate paradox. For a continuous or ordinal discrete end point, the distributional causal effect (DCE) may be a more appropriate measure for a causal effect than the ACE. We discuss criteria for surrogate end points based on DCEs. We show that commonly used models, such as generalized linear models and Cox’s proportional hazard models, can make the sign of the DCE of the treatment on the true end point determinable by the sign of the DCE of the treatment on the surrogate even if the models include unobserved confounders. Furthermore, for a general distribution without any assumption of parametric models, we give a sufficient condition for a distributionally consistent surrogate and prove that it is almost necessary.
Yoga lifestyle intervention reduces blood pressure in HIV‐infected adults with cardiovascular disease risk factors*
Authors: Cade WT , Reeds DN , Mondy KE , Overton ET , Grassino J , Tucker S , Bopp C , Laciny E , Hubert S , Lassa‐Claxton S , Yarasheski KE 
Published: January 2010

ObjectivePeople living with HIV infection are at increased risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Safe and effective interventions for lowering CVD risk in HIV infection are high priorities. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled study to evaluate whether a yoga lifestyle intervention improves CVD risk factors, virological or immunological status, or quality of life (QOL) in HIV‐infected adults relative to standard of care treatment in a matched control group.MethodsSixty HIV‐infected adults with mild–moderate CVD risk were assigned to 20 weeks of supervised yoga practice or standard of care treatment. Baseline and week 20 measures were: 2‐h oral glucose tolerance test with insulin monitoring, body composition, fasting serum lipid/lipoprotein profile, resting blood pressures, CD4 T‐cell count and plasma HIV RNA, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF)‐36 health‐related QOL inventory.ResultsResting systolic and diastolic blood pressures improved more (P=0.04) in the yoga group (−5 ± 2 and −3 ± 1 mmHg, respectively) than in the standard of care group (+1 ± 2 and+2 ± 2 mmHg, respectively). However, there was no greater reduction in body weight, fat mass or proatherogenic lipids, or improvements in glucose tolerance or overall QOL after yoga. Immune and virological status was not adversely affected.ConclusionAmong traditional lifestyle modifications, yoga is a low‐cost, simple to administer, nonpharmacological, popular behavioural intervention that can lower blood pressure in pre‐hypertensive HIV‐infected adults with mild–moderate CVD risk factors.
Case Reports: Physical Therapy Treatment of Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder During Pregnancy: A Case Report
Authors: Rosenbaum Talli Yehuda 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) is described as the spontaneous, intrusive, and unwanted genital arousal in the absence of sexual interest and desire. Whether the etiology of this disorder is essentially central or peripheral is unclear; however, a presenting symptom may be persistent engorgement of genital erectile and vascular tissue.

Aim
To describe a case of a distressed 27 year old pregnant woman with symptoms consistent with PGAD, and the intervention leading to the resolution of symptoms.

Methods
A patient with symptoms of PGAD was assessed. Information regarding this condition was offered. A manual therapy treatment was provided to decrease muscle hypertonus near the pudendal nerve, and a home intervention was suggested.

Results
Complete resolution of symptoms per patient’s report 1 week later.

Conclusion
Treatment with pelvic floor manual therapy directed at the pudendal nerve may provide safe and significant relief from PGAD symptoms in a pregnant woman patient.
An assay for screening microbial cultures for chalkophore production
Authors: Yoon Sukhwan , Kraemer Stephan M. , DiSpirito Alan A. , Semrau Jeremy D. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryMethanotrophs, bacteria that utilize methane as their sole carbon and energy source, are known to have high requirements for copper. These bacteria have recently been found to synthesize a copper‐chelating agent, or chalkophore, termed methanobactin. To aid in screening methanobactin production by methanotrophs, a plate assay developed from the chrome azurol S (CAS) assay for siderophore production, was modified. In the typical CAS assay, a colour change from blue to orange in iron–CAS plates is observed as iron (III) ion weakly bound to CAS is sequestered by siderophores with higher affinities. In our modified assay, iron (III) chloride of the original CAS solution was substituted with copper (II) chloride, and removal of copper from CAS caused a colour change from blue to yellow. Assay results indicated that of the four tested methanotrophs (Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, Methylomicrobium album BG8 and Methylocystis parvus OBBP), only M. trichosporium OB3b, M. capsulatus Bath and M. album BG8 produced chalkophores capable of competing with CAS for copper, while M. parvus OBBP did not or did not export sufficient concentrations of methanobactin for detection by this assay. It was also found using Fe–CAS plates that at least M. trichosporium OB3b and M. album BG8 produce siderophores. These results may be expanded for the detection of chalkophores in other microorganisms as well as for screening of putative mutants of chalkophore synthesis.
Analysis
of Bioheat Transport Through a Dual Layer Biological
Media
Authors: Mahjoob Shadi , Vafai Kambiz 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of bioheat transport through a double layer and multilayer biological media is presented in this work. Analytical solutions have been developed for blood and tissue phase temperatures and overall heat exchange correlations, incorporating thermal conduction in tissue and vascular system, blood-tissue convective heat exchange, metabolic heat generation, and imposed heat flux, utilizing both local thermal nonequilibrium and equilibrium models in porous media theory. Detailed solutions as well as Nusselt number distributions are given, for the first time, for two primary conditions, namely, isolated core region and uniform core temperature. The solutions incorporate the pertinent effective parameters for each layer, such as volume fraction of the vascular space, ratio of the blood, and the tissue matrix thermal conductivities, interfacial blood-tissue heat exchange, tissue/organ depth, arterial flow rate and temperature, body core temperature, imposed hyperthermia heat flux, metabolic heat generation, and blood physical properties. Interface temperature profiles are also obtained based on the continuity of temperature and heat flux through the interface and the physics of the problem. Comparisons between these analytical solutions and limiting cases from previous works display an excellent agreement. These analytical solutions establish a comprehensive presentation of bioheat transport, which can be used to clarify various physical phenomena as well as establishing a detailed benchmark for future works in this area.
Neurophenomenology
Authors: Peters Frederic H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough the subject matter of religious studies is essentially phenomenal (e.g., conscious acts, attitudes, intentions, worldviews), the analysis of the basic datum, consciousness itself, remains of necessity incomplete because of the discipline's restriction to the phenomenal envelope. Philosophical and psychological analysis contributed to our understanding of consciousness, but, lacking access to the neurological engine-room of consciousness, their explanatory power is compromised as well. Neuroscience, on the other hand, has moved beyond the behaviorist denial of consciousness and recent research indicates that the evolutionary development of the brain's representational capacity may well account for its ability to generate consciousness. These advances provide an opportunity to marry objective explanation with phenomenological descriptions of the view from the inside, creating a powerful new analytic tool: Neuro-phenomenology. Comprised of an exaggerated differentiation between conscious state and informational content, and constituting an important phenomenological category within many Hindu and Buddhist programs, lucid consciousness makes an ideal subject with which to assess the analytic power of Neurophenomenology.
Syncretism versus synthesis1
Authors: Pye Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBy first examining the academic, theoretical discourse that takes up the concept of syncretism, and then looking at its application in a Japanese case study, the argument put forward in this paper looks at a) how the usage of the term syncretism in cultural studies has become disconnected from its theoretical framework, b) how syncretism is not synthesis and c) how, within the process of acculturation, syncretism is a necessary theoretical concept that demands academic attention. In order to demonstrate clearly the viability of the concept of syncretism, this article explicates characteristics of syncretistic patterns in a case study. What becomes evident is that the concept of syncretism has emerged as a powerful analytic tool in the study of religions.
Inculturation & the Book of Revelation
Authors: King Fergus 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFor some, couching theology in contemporary (and non-Christian) terms can seem to be a theological method which is novel and dangerous. By examining the book of Revelation, we can see that John (the writer responsible for recording the visions of Revelation) has used elements from pagan and magical language and symbolism to develop his theology. This method does not compromise his message, but rather enhances it. He further shows that it is possible to use very alien elements in the construction of a faithful theology. In his boldness, John anticipates and gives a biblical precendent for the theological message known currently as inculturation.
Beyond Indigenization
Authors: Chung Chai-sik 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe question of indigenization, contextualization, inculturation--the various ways in which the message of the gospel is clothed in local cultural forms--has been an important issue. The gospel is always culturally conditioned. Yet, the problem of how Christianity can contribute toward the transformation and development of the resources found in local cultures is just as important. This paper attempts to find a way out of the moral directionlessness of Korean society today by reflecting upon the meaning of the transcendent character of Christianity as a force for cultural transformation and integration.
Paneconomism as a Missiological Concern
Authors: Grundmann Christoffer H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract"Paneconomism," which the author defines as "the all-encompasing priority given today in all parts of the globe to economic considerations," presents a major challenge to missiology. Because of an all-pervading market perspective, an obsession with financial feasibility and the negative impact of globalization, economic rather than human values seem to be driving political and social decisions. Witness that engages this situation with the vision of the gospel should form the "cutting edge" of missiological reflection and ecclesial practice. The author pleads for a "competent, well-informed contribution by missiologists on economic issues."