bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of endometrial volume and vascularization using transvaginal 3D power Doppler angiography in women with postmenopausal bleeding
Authors: Rossi Alberto , Forzano Leonardo , Romanello Irene , Fachechi Giorgio , Marchesoni Diego 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the usefulness of 3D power Doppler angiography (3D‐PDA) and endometrial thickness measurement by 2D Doppler ultrasound in the distinction of benign from malignant disease in postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and an endometrial thickness greater than 4.5 mm.MethodsForty‐eight women with AUB and an endometrial thickness greater than 4.5 mm on 2D ultrasound underwent 3D‐PDA. The endometrium and a 5‐mm subendometrial “shell” were evaluated at rotation angles of 9° and 30°. Endometrial volume, vascularity index, flow index, and vascularization flow index were obtained.ResultsThe histologic findings were normal or benign for 38 women (79%) and malignant for 10 (21%). All vascular indices were significantly higher in the group with malignancies except for the vascularization flow index. There were no differences in the values obtained using the 9° or the 30° angle. Receiver‐operating characteristics curves were traced for all indices. The vascularity index had the best area under the curve (0.78), 77.8% sensitivity, and 82.6% specificity. The areas under the curve were smaller for the shell than for the endometrium.Conclusion3D‐PDA was not found better than 2D ultrasound at distinguishing benign from malignant disease in women with AUB and an endometrial thickness greater than 4.5 mm.
Finite-sample-size effects on convection in mushy layers
Authors: Zhong J.-Q. , Fragoso A. T. , Wells A. J. , Wettlaufer J. S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe report theoretical and experimental investigations of the flow instability responsible for mushy-layer convection with chimneys, drainage channels devoid of solid, during steady-state solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride. Under certain growth conditions a state of steady mushy-layer growth with no flow is unstable to the onset of convection, resulting in the formation of chimneys. We present regime diagrams to quantify the state of the flow as a function of the initial liquid concentration, the porous-medium Rayleigh number, and the sample width. For a given liquid concentration, increasing both the porous-medium Rayleigh number and the sample width drove a transition from a weakly convecting chimney free state to a state of mushy-layer convection with fully developed chimneys. Increasing the concentration ratio stabilized the system and suppressed the formation of chimneys. As the initial liquid concentration increased, onset of convection and formation of chimneys occurred at larger values of the porous-medium Rayleigh number, but the critical cell widths for chimney formation are far less sensitive to the liquid concentration. At the highest liquid concentration, the mushy-layer mode of convection did not occur in the experiment. The formation of multiple chimneys and the morphological transitions between these states are discussed. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of a previous theoretical analysis of finite amplitude convection with chimneys, with a single value of the mushy-layer permeability consistent with the liquid concentrations considered in this study.
Turbulent–laminar coexistence in wall flows with Coriolis, buoyancy or Lorentz forces
Authors: Brethouwer G. , Duguet Y. , Schlatter P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDirect numerical simulations of subcritical rotating, stratified and magneto-hydrodynamic wall-bounded flows are performed in large computational domains, focusing on parameters where laminar and turbulent flow can stably coexist. In most cases, a regime of large-scale oblique laminar-turbulent patterns is identified at the onset of transition, as in the case of pure shear flows. The current study indicates that this oblique regime can be shifted up to large values of the Reynolds number$\mathit{Re}$by increasing the damping by the Coriolis, buoyancy or Lorentz force. We show evidence for this phenomenon in three distinct flow cases: plane Couette flow with spanwise cyclonic rotation, plane magnetohydrodynamic channel flow with a spanwise or wall-normal magnetic field, and open channel flow under stable stratification. Near-wall turbulence structures inside the turbulent patterns are invariably found to scale in terms of viscous wall units as in the fully turbulent case, while the patterns themselves remain large-scale with a trend towards shorter wavelength for increasing$\mathit{Re}$. Two distinct regimes are identified: at low Reynolds numbers the patterns extend from one wall to the other, while at large Reynolds number they are confined to the near-wall regions and the patterns on both channel sides are uncorrelated, the core of the flow being highly turbulent without any dominant large-scale structure.
Spatial optimal growth in three-dimensional compressible boundary layers
Authors: Tempelmann David , Hanifi Ardeshir , Henningson Dan S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper represents a continuation of the work by Tempelmann et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 646, 2010b, pp. 5–37) on spatial optimal growth in incompressible boundary layers over swept flat plates. We present an extension of the methodology to compressible flow. Also, we account for curvature effects. Spatial optimal growth is studied for boundary layers over both flat and curved swept plates with adiabatic and cooled walls. We find that optimal growth increases for higher Mach numbers. In general, extensive non-modal growth is observed for all boundary layer cases even in subcritical regions, i.e. where the flow is stable with respect to modal crossflow disturbances. Wall cooling, despite stabilizing crossflow modes, destabilizes disturbances of non-modal nature. Curvature acts similarly on modal as well as non-modal disturbances. Convex walls have a stabilizing effect on the boundary layer whereas concave walls have a destabilizing effect. The physical mechanisms of optimal growth in all studied boundary layers are found to be similar to those identified for incompressible flat-plate boundary layers.
Perturbation response and pinch-off of vortex rings and dipoles
Authors: O’Farrell Clara , Dabiri John O. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe nonlinear perturbation response of two families of vortices, the Norbury family of axisymmetric vortex rings and the Pierrehumbert family of two-dimensional vortex pairs, is considered. Members of both families are subjected to prolate shape perturbations similar to those previously introduced to Hill’s spherical vortex, and their response is computed using contour dynamics algorithms. The response of the entire Norbury family to this class of perturbations is considered, in order to bridge the gap between past observations of the behaviour of thin-cored members of the family and that of Hill’s spherical vortex. The behaviour of the Norbury family is contrasted with the response of the analogous two-dimensional family of Pierrehumbert vortex pairs. It is found that the Norbury family exhibits a change in perturbation response as members of the family with progressively thicker cores are considered. Thin-cored vortices are found to undergo quasi-periodic deformations of the core shape, but detrain no circulation into their wake. In contrast, thicker-cored Norbury vortices are found to detrain excess rotational fluid into a trailing vortex tail. This behaviour is found to be in agreement with previous results for Hill’s spherical vortex, as well as with observations of pinch-off of experimentally generated vortex rings at long formation times. In contrast, the detrainment of circulation that is characteristic of pinch-off is not observed for Pierrehumbert vortex pairs of any core size. These observations are in agreement with recent studies that contrast the formation of vortices in two and three dimensions. We hypothesize that transitions in vortex formation, such as those occurring between wake shedding modes and in vortex pinch-off more generally, might be understood and possibly predicted based on the observed perturbation responses of forming vortex rings or dipoles.
Using surfactants to stabilize two-phase pipe flows of core–annular type
Authors: Bassom Andrew P. , Blyth M. G. , Papageorgiou D. T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe stability of a core–annular fluid arrangement consisting of two concentric fluid layers surrounding a solid cylindrical rod on the axis of a circular pipe is examined when the interface between the two fluid layers is covered with an insoluble surfactant. The motion is driven either by an imposed axial pressure gradient or by the movement of the rod at a prescribed constant velocity. In the basic state the fluid motion is unidirectional and the interface between the two fluids is cylindrical. A linear stability analysis is performed for arbitrary layer thicknesses and arbitrary Reynolds number. The results show that the flow can be fully stabilized, even at zero Reynolds number, if the base flow shear rate at the interface is set appropriately. This result is confirmed by an asymptotic analysis valid when either of the two fluid layers is thin in comparison to the gap between the pipe wall and the rod. It is found that for a thin inner layer the flow can be stabilized if the inner fluid is more viscous than the outer fluid, and the opposite holds true for a thin outer layer. It is also demonstrated that traditional core–annular flow, for which the rod is absent, may be stabilized at zero Reynolds number if the annular layer is sufficiently thin. Finally, weakly nonlinear simulations of a coupled set of partial differential evolution equations for the interface position and surfactant concentration are conducted with the rod present in the limit of a thin inner layer or a thin outer layer. The ensuing dynamics are found to be sensitive to the size of the curvature of the undisturbed interface.
Maximum likelihood estimation of individual inbreeding coefficients and null allele frequencies
Authors: HALL NATHAN , MERCER LAINA , PHILLIPS DAISY , SHAW JONATHAN , ANDERSON AMY D. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryIn this paper, we developed and compared several expectation–maximization (EM) algorithms to find maximum likelihood estimates of individual inbreeding coefficients using molecular marker information. The first method estimates the inbreeding coefficient for a single individual and assumes that allele frequencies are known without error. The second method jointly estimates inbreeding coefficients and allele frequencies for a set of individuals that have been genotyped at several loci. The third method generalizes the second method to include the case in which null alleles may be present. In particular, it is able to jointly estimate individual inbreeding coefficients and allele frequencies, including the frequencies of null alleles, and accounts for missing data. We compared our methods with several other estimation procedures using simulated data and found that our methods perform well. The maximum likelihood estimators consistently gave among the lowest root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of all the estimators that were compared. Our estimator that accounts for null alleles performed particularly well and was able to tease apart the effects of null alleles, randomly missing genotypes and differing degrees of inbreeding among members of the datasets we analysed. To illustrate the performance of our estimators, we analysed previously published datasets on mice (Mus musculus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
Sequential cohort study comparing chlorine dioxide wipes with automated washing for decontamination of flexible nasendoscopes
Authors: Phua C Q , Mahalingappa Y , Karagama Y 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Flexible nasoendoscope is an important tool in otorhinolaryngology practice. The endoscope needs to be decontaminated prior to use in the next patient. The 2005 ENT-UK guidance for cleaning fibre-optic laryngoscopes stated that the ideal disinfecting agent and process should be effective and have low capital and maintenance costs.Objective:To compare the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of chlorine dioxide wipes versus automated washer, for decontamination of flexible nasendoscopes.Methods:A sequential cohort,in vitrostudy was performed to test the efficacy of chlorine dioxide wipes and automated washer. Costs were also calculated.Results:After deliberate bacterial contamination of the nasendoscope and subsequent decontamination, swab samples from the endoscope showedStaphylococcus epidermidisgrowth in 2 per cent (1/50 swabs) of the chlorine dioxide wipe group and in 28 per cent (14/50 swabs) of the automated washer group (p = 0.00). Based on a projected 10-year cost calculation, the automated washer was cheaper.Conclusion:Further studies are required to test whether these results are replicable. A similar study should be performed using real patients, to check the significance of improper decontamination.
Traumatic tympanic membrane perforation by a needlefish: case report
Authors: Bijoor P , Rourke T , Thomson H 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectives:We report a unique case of traumatic tympanic membrane perforation caused by a needlefish beak. We describe the mechanism of injury, the clinical findings and the treatment.Case report:An 11-year-old boy presented with otorrhoea and hearing loss secondary to a traumatic tympanic membrane perforation by a needlefish. The perforation was repaired by performing a myringoplasty, with satisfactory post-operative audiological results.Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of its kind. It is recommended that careful examination of the middle-ear space should always be carried out prior to and during myringoplasty if there is a possibility of a foreign body.
Hoarseness secondary to haemodialysis: case report and literature review
Authors: Santhirakumar M , Phua C Q , Karagama Y 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroduction:Hoarseness is common and can have a major impact on patients’ quality of life. We report a rare case of hoarseness secondary to haemodialysis.Case report:A 62-year-old man described developing transient hoarseness after haemodialysis sessions, which he underwent three times weekly. Fibre-optic nasendoscopy showed incomplete glottis closure due to bowing of the vocal folds. A computed tomography scan of the neck and thorax was unremarkable. Speech therapy was unhelpful. The renal physicians concluded that no change could be made to his dialysis regime. The patient subsequently underwent injection laryngoplasty with calcium hydroxylapatite, with marked improvement of his symptoms.Discussion:A literature search found one relevant article reporting that 60 per cent of patients suffered post-dialysis hoarseness and decreased vocal fold thickness. It is postulated that dialysis causes dehydration of Reinke's space, affecting vocal fold thickness and the patient's voice.Conclusion:Hoarseness caused by haemodialysis is uncharted territory. Further research is required to determine its prevalence and contributing factors.
Differential diagnosis of recurrent or bilateral peripheral facial palsy
Authors: Oosterveer D M , Bénit C P , de Schryver E L L M 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:To describe the differential diagnosis of recurrent or bilateral peripheral facial palsy.Method:Case report and literature review.Results:Two patients with recurrent, alternating, peripheral facial palsy are described. In both patients, additional investigation was performed to search for a specific diagnosis. In the first patient, only a positive family history was found, indicating a possible familial susceptibility. In the other patient, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were identified as risk factors.Conclusion:There is an important and extensive differential diagnosis of recurrent or bilateral facial palsy. However, in a large proportion of patients the cause remains unknown.
Rapidly progressing giant invasive prolactinoma
Authors: Care R H , Sunkaraneni V S , Theaker J , Harries P G 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective:We report an extremely rare case of a giant invasive prolactinoma presenting as a nasopharyngeal tumour.Method:Case report and literature review regarding giant prolactinoma.Results:Giant prolactinoma is a rare form of prolactinoma which accounts for 0.5–4.4 per cent of all pituitary tumours. It is more common in men and generally presents with symptoms of endocrine disturbance or neurological deficit.Conclusion:To our knowledge, this is the first report of giant prolactinoma presenting with symptoms of sinusitis and nasopharyngeal tumour.
Diagnosis and treatment of depression following routine screening in patients with coronary heart disease or diabetes: a database cohort study
Authors: Burton C. , Simpson C. , Anderson N. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundDepression is common in chronic illness and screening for depression has been widely recommended. There have been no large studies of screening for depression in routine care for patients with chronic illness.MethodWe performed a retrospective cohort study to examine the timing of new depression diagnosis or treatment in relation to annual screening for depression in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) or diabetes. We examined a database derived from 1.3 million patients registered with general practices in Scotland for the year commencing 1 April 2007. Eligible patients had either CHD or diabetes, were screened for depression during the year and either received a new diagnosis of depression or commenced a new course of antidepressant (excluding those commonly used to treat diabetic neuropathy). Analysis was by the self-controlled case-series method with the outcome measure being the relative incidence (RI) in the period 1–28 days after screening compared to other times.ResultsA total of 67358 patients were screened for depression and 2269 received a new diagnosis or commenced treatment. For the period after screening, the RI was 3.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.44–3.78] for diagnosis and 1.78 (95% CI 1.54–2.05) for treatment. The number needed to screen was 976 (95% CI 886–1104) for a new diagnosis and 687 (95% CI 586–853) for new antidepressant treatment.ConclusionsSystematic screening for depression in patients with chronic disease in primary care results in a significant but small increase in new diagnosis and treatment in the following 4 weeks.
Heterogeneity in fishers' and managers' preferences towards management restrictions and benefits in Kenya
Authors: MCCLANAHAN TIMOTHY R. , ABUNGE CAROLINE A. , CINNER JOSHUA E. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYIncreasing the chances that resource users engage in and comply with management regulations is a continual problem for many conservation initiatives globally. This is particularly common when resource users perceive more personal costs than benefits from specific management actions. Analysis of interviews with managers and fishers from 22 landing sites along the coast of Kenya indicated how key stakeholders perceived the scale of benefits and costs from different management strategies. Potential underlying causes of divergent perceptions towards different management tools were evaluated, including marine protected areas, no-take fisheries closures, gear use, minimum size of fish caught and species restrictions. The analysis identified three distinct opinion groups: (1) a group of nine landing sites that scaled their preference for most management restrictions neutral to low, with exceptions for minimum sizes of captured fish and gear restrictions; (2) a group of eight landing sites that scaled their preference for the above and species restrictions and closed season higher, and were more neutral about closures and marine protected areas; and (3) a group containing four landing sites and the managers’ offices that rated their preference for the above and closed areas and marine protected areas as high. Logistic regression was used to examine whether these groups differed in wealth, education, age, perceptions of disparity in benefits, dependence on fishing and distance to government marine protected areas. The most frequent significant factor was the resource users’ perceived disparity between the benefits of the management to themselves and their communities, with the benefits to the government. Consequently, efforts to reduce this real or perceived disparity are likely to increase adoption and compliance rates. Most widespread positively-viewed restrictions, such as gear use and minimum size of fish, should be promoted at the national level while other restrictions may be more appropriately implemented at the community level.
One-Year Follow-up of Non-institutionalized Dependent Older Adults: Mortality, Hospitalization, and Mobility
Authors: Sarria Cabrera Marcos Aparecido , Gomes Dellaroza Mara Solange , Trelha Celita Salmaso , Cecilio Celso Henrique , Souza Sara Ellias de 
Published: July 2012

RÉSUMÉLes aînés dépendants qui ne sont pas institutionnalisées présentent une forte morbidité et mortalité, exigent des soins de leurs familles et consomment de ressources primaires de soins de santé. Pour élargir les connaissances en ce qui concerne ce groupe, nous avons effectué une étude prospective d’un an, basée sur la population de cohorte de 130 personnes âgées dépendantes et non-institutionnalisées (60 ans et plus). Cette étude a été stratifiée en fonction du degré de la mobilité: la marche indépendante (groupe A), l’utilisation des aides pour la marche (groupe B), et alité ou confiné au fauteuil roulant (groupe C). Les résultats analysés étaient les suivants: la mort, l’hospitalisation, et l’incapacité de se déplacer. La mortalité totale était au pourcentage de 8.5 (p = 0,05). Le taux global d’hospitalisation était au pourcentage de 34,6, les principales causes étant l’AVC et la pneumonie. La mortalité totale était de 8,5 pour cent (p = 0,05). Le taux global d’hospitalisation était de 34,6 pour cent, les principales causes étant l’AVC et la pneumonie. À la fin d’un an, la proportion de sujets classés comme capables de marcher d’une façon indépendante a baissé (57% contre 43%, p = 0,03). Nous pourrions déduire qu’il y avait un taux élevé de mortalité et d’hospitalisation dans ce groupe de personnes âgées dépendantes, et une proportion croissante de gens handicapés après un an.
Sperm motility initiation by egg jelly of the anuran,Discoglossus pictusmay be mediated by sperm motility-initiating substance of the internally-fertilizing newt,Cynops pyrrhogaster
Authors: Takayama-Watanabe Eriko , Campanella Chiara , Kubo Hideo , Watanabe Akihiko 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe egg jelly ofDiscoglossus pictuscontains sperm motility-activating activity, the molecular basis of which has not been studied.Discoglossus pictussperm initiated motility immediately after immersion in egg-jelly extract, as well as after immersion in hyposmotic solution, which initiates sperm motility in the external fertilization of anuran amphibians. Sequential treatment of theD. pictussperm with these two solutions revealed the predominant effect of hyposmolality in initiation of motility. The motility initiation induced by jelly extract was suppressed by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that is specific for the 34 kDa sperm motility-initiating substance (SMIS) in the egg jelly of the newt,Cynops pyrrhogaster.Immunoblotting using the anti-SMIS mAb revealed several antigenic proteins that included major ones with sizes of 18- and 34-kDa inD. pictusjelly extract. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed that granules of jelly matrix, in which SMIS localizes and which have a critical role in the internal fertilization ofC. pyrrhogaster, were not observed near the surface of theD. pictusegg jelly. These results suggest that sperm motility-activating activity in egg jelly ofD. pictusmay be mediated by SMIS homologous proteins that act through a mechanism that is partially different from that ofC. pyrrhogaster.