bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic risk factors of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Castro‐Marrero Jesús , Balada Eva , Vilardell‐Tarrés Miquel , Ordi‐Ros Josep 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThe possibility of a genetic predisposition to develop antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and to produce anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant has been addressed by family studies and population studies. Various studies suggest a familial occurrence of anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant, with or without clinical evidence of APS. This familial tendency could be genetically determined. Multiple human leucocyte antigen‐DR or ‐DQ associations with antiphospholipid antibodies have been described. Genetic studies of a representative antigen, beta2‐glycoprotein‐I (β2GPI), have been carried‐out and a particular valine247/leucine polymorphism could be a genetic risk for presenting anti‐β2GPI antibodies and APS. Many other thrombosis‐related genetic factors have been investigated in APS, but no additional risk for thrombosis has been indicated in affected patients. Although the mechanisms and pathophysiology of thrombosis in APS are highly heterogeneous and multifactorial, different genes and acquired factors seem to be involved. In this review, we will focus on those genetic variants that could contribute to the development of thrombosis in APS.
Alpine biogeography of Parnassian butterflies during Quaternary climate cycles in North America
Authors: SCHOVILLE SEAN D. , RODERICK GEORGE K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGrowth of alpine glaciers during the Pleistocene had profound effects on montane landscapes in North America and the organisms now inhabiting alpine ecosystems. Biogeography of this region has often been viewed as a system of sky islands despite the fact that species richness patterns deviate from a strict island biogeographic model. One explanation is that alpine species are not in equilibrium because of late Quaternary geographic range shifts. Genetic data can provide evidence of nonequilibrium dynamics and the distributional shifts that occur during glaciation events in alpine landscapes. Using mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data, we examine the evolutionary history of butterflies in the Parnassius phoebus complex. We test explicit, alternative models of the biogeographic history of Parnassius smintheus and Parnassius behrii, including an equilibrium island model, ancestral radiation and fragmentation, an expanding alpine archipelago and an alpine archipelago refuge model. Our results support the alpine archipelago refuge model, in which alpine butterflies undergo population contraction during glacial climates followed by population expansion during interglacial phases. While butterflies can disperse between distant mountain ranges during glacial periods, gene flow is rare. We find evidence of recent connectivity between California and Colorado, population expansion events following deglaciation ∼20 000 years B.P., and small population sizes during the last glacial period. An analysis of lineage splitting suggests that morphological differences in P. smintheus and P. behrii are the result of late Pleistocene divergence (∼48 000 years B.P.) with limited gene flow. Our results demonstrate that spatially complex and nonequilibrium population dynamics influence alpine diversity patterns.
Signatures of vicariance, postglacial dispersal and spawning philopatry: population genetics of the walleyeSander vitreus
Authors: STEPIEN C. A. , MURPHY D. J. , LOHNER R. N. , SEPULVEDA‐VILLET O. J. , HAPONSKI A. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPopulation genetic relationships reveal the signatures of current processes such as reproductive behaviour and migration, as well as historic events including vicariance and climate change. We analyse population structure of native walleyeSander vitreusacross North America, encompassing 10 nuclear DNA microsatellite loci, 26 spawning sites and 921 samples from watersheds across the Great Lakes, Lake Winnipeg, upper Mississippi River, Ohio River and Mobile Bay of the Gulf Coast. Geographical patterning is assessed using phylogenetic trees, pairwiseFSTanalogues, hierarchical partitioning, Mantel regression, Bayesian assignment and Monmonier geographical networks. Results reveal congruent divergences among population groups, corresponding to historic isolation in glacial refugia, dispersal patterns and basin divisions. Broad‐scale relationships show genetic isolation with geographical distance, but reproductive groups within basins do not – with some having pronounced differences. Greatest divergence distinguishes outlying Gulf Coastal and northwest populations, the latter tracing to dispersal from the Missourian refugium to former glacial Lake Agassiz, and basin isolation ∼7000 ya. Genetic barriers in the Great Lakes separate groups in Lakes Superior, Huron’s Georgian Bay, Erie and Ontario, reflecting contributions from Mississippian and Atlantic refugia, and changes in connectivity patterns. Walleye genetic patterns thus reflect vicariance among watersheds and glacial refugia, followed by re‐colonization pathways and changing drainage connections that established modern‐day northern populations, whose separations are maintained through spawning site fidelity. Conservation management practices should preserve genetic identity and unique characters among these divergent walleye populations.
Lineage diversification in a widespread species: roles for niche divergence and conservatism in the common kingsnake, Lampropeltis getula
Authors: ALEXANDER PYRON R. , BURBRINK FRANK T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNiche conservatism and niche divergence are both important ecological mechanisms associated with promoting allopatric speciation across geographical barriers. However, the potential for variable responses in widely distributed organisms has not been fully investigated. For allopatric sister lineages, three patterns for the interaction of ecological niche preference and geographical barriers are possible: (i) niche conservatism at a physical barrier; (ii) niche divergence at a physical barrier; and (iii) niche divergence in the absence of a physical barrier. We test for the presence of these patterns in a transcontinentally distributed snake species, the common kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula), to determine the relative frequency of niche conservatism or divergence in a single species complex inhabiting multiple distinct ecoregions. We infer the phylogeographic structure of the kingsnake using a range‐wide data set sampled for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. We use coalescent simulation methods to test for the presence of structured lineage formation vs. fragmentation of a widespread ancestor. Finally, we use statistical techniques for creating and evaluating ecological niche models to test for conservatism of ecological niche preferences. Significant geographical structure is present in the kingsnake, for which coalescent tests indicate structured population division. Surprisingly, we find evidence for all three patterns of conservatism and divergence. This suggests that ecological niche preferences may be labile on recent phylogenetic timescales, and that lineage formation in widespread species can result from an interaction between inertial tendencies of niche conservatism and natural selection on populations in ecologically divergent habitats.
Landscape discontinuities influence gene flow and genetic structure in a large, vagile Australian mammal,Macropus fuliginosus
Authors: NEAVES LINDA E. , ZENGER KYALL R. , PRINCE ROBERT I. T. , ELDRIDGE MARK D. B. , COOPER DESMOND W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarge vagile mammals typically exhibit little genetic structuring across their range, particularly when their habitat is essentially continuous. We investigated the population genetic structure of a large vagile Australian macropodid,Macropus fuliginosus,which is continuously distributed across most of southern Australia, using nine highly polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. Five distinct genetic units were identified across the range, four on the mainland and one on Kangaroo Island. In addition to the predicted historic Nullarbor Plain Barrier, two unexpected mainland barriers to gene flow were identified. Both were associated with landscape discontinuities (Swan River, Flinders Ranges), which appear within the dispersal capabilities ofM. fuliginosus.Typical of large vagile mammals,M. fuliginosusdisplays high genetic diversity (with the exception of an insular population) and weak genetic structuring (within genetic units). However, the expansion ofM. fuliginosusfrom southwestern Australia during the Pleistocene has resulted in significantly reduced genetic diversity in eastern populations. No significant sex‐biased dispersal was detected, although differences in habitat, densities and climatic conditions between the eastern and western regions of the range appear to influence dispersal with the effects of isolation by distance only evident in the west. These results suggest that the biogeography of southern Australia is more complex than previously thought and reveal that seemingly minor landscape features can significantly impact genetic structuring in large vagile mammals.
Endovascular treatment of supra‐celiac aortic pseudoaneurysms following liver transplantation
Authors: Heidenhain Christoph , Werk Michael , Gebauer Bernhard , Gerlach Undine , Puhl Gero , Neuhaus Peter , Heise Michael 
Published: July 2009

Heidenhain C, Werk M, Gebauer B, Gerlach U, Puhl G, Neuhaus P, Heise M. Endovascular treatment of supra‐celiac aortic pseudoaneurysms following liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01046.x © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  The development of supra‐celiac pseudoaneurysms following aorto‐hepatic reconstruction during liver transplantation represents a major and surgically challenging complication. However, the use of endovascular stent grafts for the exclusion of aortic aneurysms is now a standard procedure with low morbidity and mortality. We demonstrate the successful endovascular repair of three cases of supra‐celiac pseudoaneurysms, which developed after liver transplantation. A 40‐yr‐old woman, a 61‐yr‐old man, and a 45‐yr‐old woman underwent liver transplantation for end‐stage liver disease. Between three months and five yr after the transplantation the patients developed large supra‐celiac pseudoaneurysms leading to thrombosis of the hepatic artery and biliary complications. The stent graft implantation was uneventful, one endoleak Type I occluded spontaneously. There were no intervention‐related complications. Unfortunately, one patient died one month after the procedure due to progressive liver failure and one died after five months due to multiple organ failure. One patient is still alive and in good condition.
Procalcitonin as a prognostic factor in severe acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: RAMMAERT Blandine , VERDIER Nicolas , CAVESTRI Béatrice , NSEIR Saad 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Little is known about the value of procalcitonin in predicting mortality in patients with an exacerbation of COPD. This study evaluated the clinical and biological predictors of intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in patients with a severe acute exacerbation of COPD.Methods:  A prospective observational cohort study was conducted of consecutive patients with severe acute exacerbation of COPD requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. At ICU admission, data were collected on the patients' clinical condition, blood leukocyte count, C‐reactive protein and procalcitonin. Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the risk factors for ICU mortality.Results:  One hundred and sixteen patients were included in this study. Mean age was 67 years. The mean simplified acute physiology score was 43. Sixty‐five per cent of study patients had chronic respiratory insufficiency. Bacteria were cultured at levels considered significant in 36% of study patients. Logistic organ dysfunction score (hazard ratio (95% CI) = 1.19 (1.03–1.37), P = 0.013), rapidly fatal underlying disease (3.33 (1.40–7.87), P = 0.003) and procalcitonin level (1.01 (1–1.03), P = 0.018) were independently associated with increased risk for ICU mortality. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation use before intubation was independently associated with reduced risk for ICU mortality (0.34 (0.14–0.84), P = 0.020).Conclusions:  In patients with severe acute exacerbation of COPD requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation, logistic organ dysfunction score, rapidly fatal underlying disease and procalcitonin are independently associated with increased risk for ICU mortality. Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation use before intubation was independently associated with reduced risk for ICU mortality.
Fast oscillations in cortical‐striatal networks switch frequency following rewarding events and stimulant drugs
Authors: Berke J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOscillations may organize communication between components of large‐scale brain networks. Although gamma‐band oscillations have been repeatedly observed in cortical‐basal ganglia circuits, their functional roles are not yet clear. Here I show that, in behaving rats, distinct frequencies of ventral striatal local field potential oscillations show coherence with different cortical inputs. The ∼50 Hz gamma oscillations that normally predominate in awake ventral striatum are coherent with piriform cortex, whereas ∼80–100 Hz high‐gamma oscillations are coherent with frontal cortex. Within striatum, entrainment to gamma rhythms is selective to fast‐spiking interneurons, with distinct fast‐spiking interneuron populations entrained to different gamma frequencies. Administration of the psychomotor stimulant amphetamine or the dopamine agonist apomorphine causes a prolonged decrease in ∼50 Hz power and increase in ∼80–100 Hz power. The same frequency switch is observed for shorter epochs spontaneously in awake, undrugged animals and is consistently provoked for < 1 s following reward receipt. Individual striatal neurons can participate in these brief high‐gamma bursts with, or without, substantial changes in firing rate. Switching between discrete oscillatory states may allow different modes of information processing during decision‐making and reinforcement‐based learning, and may also be an important systems‐level process by which stimulant drugs affect cognition and behavior.
Behavioural and neurobiological effects of colostrum ingestion in the newborn lamb associated with filial bonding
Authors: Val‐Laillet David , Meurisse Maryse , Tillet Yves , Nowak Raymond 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn sheep, the onset of filial bonding relies on early intake of colostrum. The aim of our work was to describe in the newborn lamb housed with its mother the immediate post‐ingestive effects of colostrum intake, in terms of behaviour and brain activity. In Experiment 1, lambs received five nasogastric infusions of colostrum, or saline, or sham intubations during the first 6 h after birth. Mother–young interactions were recorded before and after the first, third and fifth infusions. The activity of the dam and of the young, which diminished over time in all groups, was temporarily increased in both partners just after each intubation procedure. The number of high‐pitched bleats was significantly lower in lambs that received colostrum than in the sham group, suggesting soothing or satiating properties of colostrum. In Experiment 2, newborn lambs received a single nasogastric infusion of colostrum or saline 4.5 h after birth, or were sham intubated. Neuronal activation was investigated 1.5 h later for maximum c‐Fos activity. Infusion of colostrum and saline induced different patterns of c‐Fos‐like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus as compared with the sham group. A specific oxytocinergic/vasopressinergic (OT/VSP) cell population in the paraventricular nucleus was activated following colostrum and saline infusion, but not sham intubation. Only colostrum induced the activation of the cortical amygdala and insular cortex, two structures involved in learning, associative processes, reward and emotion. We hypothesize that filial bonding may be triggered through colostrum‐rewarded learning/calming processes and that the OT/VSP system may play a role.
Diversity of urea‐degrading microorganisms in open‐ocean and estuarine planktonic communities
Authors: Collier Jackie L. , Baker Kristopher M. , Bell Sheryl L. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryUrea is an important and dynamic natural component of marine nitrogen cycling and also a major contributor to anthropogenic eutrophication of coastal ecosystems, yet little is known about the identities or diversity of ureolytic marine microorganisms. Primers targeting the gene encoding urease were used to PCR‐amplify, clone and sequence 709 urease gene fragments from 31 plankton samples collected at both estuarine and open‐ocean locations. Two hundred and eighty‐six amplicons belonged to 22 distinct sequence types that were closely enough related to named organisms to be identified, and included urease sequences both from typical marine planktonic organisms and from bacteria usually associated with terrestrial habitats. The remaining 423 amplicons were not closely enough related to named organisms to be identified, and belonged to 96 distinct sequence types of which 43 types were found in two or more different samples. The distributions of unidentified urease sequence types suggested that some represented truly marine microorganisms while others reflected terrestrial inputs to low‐salinity estuarine areas. The urease primers revealed this great diversity of ureolytic organisms because they were able to amplify many previously unknown, environmentally relevant urease genes, and they will support new approaches for exploring the role of urea in marine ecosystems.
The seasonal structure of microbial communities in the Western English Channel
Authors: Gilbert Jack A. , Field Dawn , Swift Paul , Newbold Lindsay , Oliver Anna , Smyth Tim , Somerfield Paul J. , Huse Sue , Joint Ian 
Published: July 2009

SummaryVery few marine microbial communities are well characterized even with the weight of research effort presently devoted to it. Only a small proportion of this effort has been aimed at investigating temporal community structure. Here we present the first report of the application of high‐throughput pyrosequencing to investigate intra‐annual bacterial community structure. Microbial diversity was determined for 12 time points at the surface of the L4 sampling site in the Western English Channel. This was performed over 11 months during 2007. A total of 182 560 sequences from the V6 hyper‐variable region of the small‐subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA) were obtained; there were between 11 327 and 17 339 reads per sample. Approximately 7000 genera were identified, with one in every 25 reads being attributed to a new genus; yet this level of sampling far from exhausted the total diversity present at any one time point. The total data set contained 17 673 unique sequences. Only 93 (0.5%) were found at all time points, yet these few lineages comprised 50% of the total reads sequenced. The most abundant phylum was Proteobacteria (50% of all sequenced reads), while the SAR11 clade comprised 21% of the ubiquitous reads and ∼12% of the total sequenced reads. In contrast, 78% of all operational taxonomic units were only found at one time point and 67% were only found once, evidence of a large and transient rare assemblage. This time series shows evidence of seasonally structured community diversity. There is also evidence for seasonal succession, primarily reflecting changes among dominant taxa. These changes in structure were significantly correlated to a combination of temperature, phosphate and silicate concentrations.
Genomic analysis of multiple Roseophage SIO1 strains
Authors: Angly Florent , Youle Merry , Nosrat Bahador , Srinagesh Shailaja , Rodriguez‐Brito Beltran , McNairnie Patrick , Deyanat‐Yazdi Gordafaried , Breitbart Mya , Rohwer Forest 
Published: July 2009

SummaryRoseophage SIO1 is a lytic marine phage that infects Roseobacter SIO67, a member of the Roseobacter clade of near‐shore alphaproteobacteria. Roseophage SIO1 was first isolated in 1989 and sequenced in 2000. We have re‐sequenced and re‐annotated the original isolate. Our current annotation could only assign functions to seven additional open reading frames, indicating that, despite the advances in bioinformatics tools and increased genomic resources, we are still far from being able to translate phage genomic sequences into biological functions. In 2001, we isolated four new strains of Roseophage SIO1 from California near‐shore locations. The genomes of all four were sequenced and compared against the original Roseophage SIO1 isolated in 1989. A high degree of conservation was evident across all five genomes; comparisons at the nucleotide level yielded an average 97% identity. The observed differences were clustered in protein‐encoding regions and were mostly synonymous. The one strain that was found to possess an expanded host range also showed notable changes in putative tail protein‐coding regions. Despite the possibly rapid evolution of phage and the mostly uncharacterized diversity found in viral metagenomic data sets, these findings indicate that viral genomes such as the genome of SIO1‐like Roseophages can be stably maintained over ecologically significant time and distance (i.e. over a decade and ∼50 km).
High prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in urban Latin America: the CARMELA Study
Authors: Escobedo J. , Buitrón L. V. , Velasco M. F. , Ramírez J. C. , Hernández R. , Macchia A. , Pellegrini F. , Schargrodsky H. , Boissonnet C. , Champagne B. M. ,   on behalf of the CARMELA Study Investigators
Published: July 2009

AbstractAims  Cardiovascular risk is increased with glucose metabolism abnormalities. Prevalence data can support public health initiatives required to address this risk. The Cardiovascular Risk Factor Multiple Evaluation in Latin America (CARMELA) study was designed to estimate the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and related risk factors in seven urban Latin American populations.Methods  CARMELA was a cross‐sectional, population‐based study of 11 550 adults 25–64 years of age. With a multi‐stage sample design of a probabilistic nature, approximately 1600 subjects were randomly selected in each city.Results  Overall, the prevalence of diabetes was 7.0% (95% confidence intervals 6.5–7.6%). The prevalence of individuals with diabetes or impaired fasting glucose increased with increasing age. In the oldest age category, 55–64 years of age, prevalence of diabetes ranged from 9 to 22% and prevalence of impaired fasting glucose ranged from 3 to 6%. Only 16.3% of people with prior diagnosis of diabetes and who were receiving pharmacologic treatment, were in good glycaemic control (fasting glucose < 6.1 mmol/l). The prevalence of diabetes in individuals with abdominal obesity was approximately twofold higher. Participants with hypertension, elevated serum triglycerides and increased common carotid artery intima‐media thickness were also more likely to have diabetes.Conclusions  The prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose is high in seven major Latin American cities; intervention is needed to avoid substantial medical and socio‐economic consequences. CARMELA supports the associations of abdominal obesity, hypertension, elevated serum triglycerides and carotid intima‐media thickness with diabetes.