bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of maternal and paternal IQ on offspring health and health behaviours: Evidence for some trans-generational associations using the 1958 British birth cohort study
Authors: Whitley E. , Gale C.R. , Deary I.J. , Kivimaki M. , Singh-Manoux A. , Batty G.D. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPurposeIndividuals scoring poorly on tests of intelligence (IQ) have been reported as having increased risk of morbidity, premature mortality, and risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, poor diet, alcohol and cigarette consumption. Very little is known about the impact of parental IQ on the health and health behaviours of their offspring.MethodsWe explored associations of maternal and paternal IQ scores with offspring television viewing, injuries, hospitalisations, long standing illness, height and BMI at ages 4 to 18 using data from the National Child Development Study (1958 birth cohort).ResultsData were available for 1446 mother-offspring and 822 father-offspring pairs. After adjusting for potential confounding/mediating factors, the children of higher IQ parents were less likely to watch TV (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for watching 3+ vs. less than 3 hours per week associated with a standard deviation increase in maternal or paternal IQ: 0.75 (0.64, 0.88) or 0.78 (0.64, 0.95) respectively) and less likely to have one or more injuries requiring hospitalisation (0.77 (0.66, 0.90) or 0.72 (0.56, 0.91) respectively for maternal or paternal IQ).ConclusionsChildren whose parents have low IQ scores may have poorer selected health and health behaviours. Health education might usefully be targeted at these families.
Die Bedeutung von Gesundheit in der Stadtentwicklungsplanung aus Sicht des Gesunde Städte-Netzwerkes
Authors: Weth Claus 
Published: April 2012

Einleitung
Gesundheit und Stadtentwicklungsplanung hatten in der Vergangenheit keine besondere gemeinsame Bedeutung. Seit einigen Jahren beobachten wir, dass Städte in „gute“ und „belastete“ Stadtteile zerfallen. Die Gesunden Städte haben mit der „Kölner Entschließung“ ein gemeinsames Handeln aller Akteure und gesellschaftlichen Kräfte eingefordert, sozialen und gesundheitlichen Benachteiligungen entgegen zu wirken. Wir sehen heute, dass sich in immer mehr Kommunen die Verantwortlichen aus den unterschiedlichen Ressorts an einen Tisch setzen und unter Bürgerbeteiligung Stadtentwicklungsplanung betreiben.
A drop of active matter
Authors: Joanny Jean-François , Ramaswamy Sriram 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe study theoretically the hydrodynamics of a fluid drop containing oriented filaments endowed with active contractile or extensile stresses and placed on a solid surface. The active stresses alter qualitatively the wetting properties of the drop, leading to new spreading laws and novel static drop shapes. Candidate systems for testing our predictions include cytoskeletal extracts with motors and ATP, suspensions of bacteria or pulsatile cells, or fluids laden with artificial self-propelled colloids.
National Construction of Occupational Identity: Jewish Clerks in British-Ruled Palestine
Authors: De Vries David 
Published: April 2012

This essay addresses the relationship between white-collar workers and nationalism by introducing a cultural-symbolic approach to examine how national discourse became an essential “point of production” of white-collar identities, particularly those of clerks and clerical work. Based on an analysis of the imagery that clerks use to describe their work experience, this discussion attempts to document and explain how and why nationalism, as a cultural system with an internal logic and specific stylistic devices, was employed by the clerks “from below” to construct their occupational identity.The association between white-collar workers and nationalism, particularly in the context of state building, has long attracted the attention of sociologists and historians. First, the emergence of non-manual workers as the social basis of bureaucratic organizations was linked to state formation. Second, the role of white-collar workers in the evolution of national-capitalist economies and urban consumer communities was regarded as essential in linking state building and economic change. Third, political and social histories of the nationalist Right centered on bureaucrats and clerical employees as standard-bearers of conservative politics.
From Fetishism to Sincerity: On Agency, the Speaking Subject, and their Historicity in the Context of Religious Conversion
Authors: Keane Webb 
Published: April 2012

Central to much recent work in both anthropology and history is the concept of agency. This essay examines some problems with this concept that arise when we look for it across historical and ethnographic contexts. This study focuses on how agency is expressed in differences among the powers that people impute to spoken words and the kinds of subjects to which they attribute the authorship of words. In this article I want in particular to show how attention to the intersections between speechpracticesand speakers' beliefsaboutlanguage can shed light on the historical and cultural worlds in which those speakers act.The problem of agency is often raised by anthropologists and historians in the effort to be inclusive, to take account of “all the players in the game” (Comaroff and Comaroff 1991:9). Furthermore, the question of agency increasingly reflects an ethical imperative. As Talal Asad has recently remarked, “The doctrine of action has become essential to our recognition of other people's humanity” (1996:272). The anthropologist's quest for local agency is often portrayed as an antidote to earlier assumptions about tradition-bound natives and timeless structures or to triumphalist narratives of empire and modernity.
Manners, Deference, and Private Property in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Graeber David 
Published: April 2012

This essay is an attempt to map out the rudiments of a theory of manners and formal deference and to demonstrate how such a theory can be usefully applied to certain long-standing problems in the historical sociology of Europe. It is also meant to demonstrate the continuing relevance of comparative ethnography for social theory—something which has been somewhat cast into doubt in recent years.The historical problems I have in mind is how Max Weber's famous observations (1930) about how the rise of Puritanism was related to the emergence of a commercial economy in early modern Europe can be related to processes that other scholars have noted during that same general period, the rise of “puritanism” in its more colloquial sense, even in areas totally unaffected by Calvinist theology. I am thinking particularly here of the work of Norbert Elias and Peter Burke.
AFRICANS AND LUSO-AFRICANS IN THE PORTUGUESE SLAVE TRADE ON THE UPPER GUINEA COAST IN THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: NEWSON LINDA A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTUsing previously unknown account books, found in archives in Peru, of three New Christian Portuguese slave traders on the Upper Guinea Coast, this article examines the extent and nature of African and Luso-African involvement in the Atlantic trade during the early seventeenth century. Beads, textiles, and wine that figured most prominently among Portuguese imports were traded predominantly by Luso-Africans. Meanwhile, slaves were delivered in small numbers by people from a diverse range of social backgrounds. This trade was not a simple exchange of imported goods for slaves, but was a complex one that built on pre-European patterns of exchange in locally-produced commodities.
SLAVERY, FREEDOM, AND FAILED RANSOM NEGOTIATIONS IN WEST AFRICA, 1730–1900
Authors: LOFKRANTZ JENNIFER , OJO OLATUNJI 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis article builds upon previous work on the impact of ransoming on processes of captivity, enslavement, and slavery in West Africa. Ransoming is defined as the release of a captive prior to enslavement in exchange for payment. It was a complicated process with no guarantee of success. This article examines the responses of families of captives to the failure of ransom negotiations. The ability to respond to failed ransom negotiations and the type of response chosen was dependent on the political climate and the resources available to those seeking the release of a captive.
THE EFFECT OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE RESTRICTION ON SYSTEMATIC REVIEW-BASED META-ANALYSES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES
Authors: Morrison Andra , Polisena Julie , Husereau Don , Moulton Kristen , Clark Michelle , Fiander Michelle , Mierzwinski-Urban Monika , Clifford Tammy , Hutton Brian , Rabb Danielle 
Published: April 2012

Objectives:The English language is generally perceived to be the universal language of science. However, the exclusive reliance on English-language studies may not represent all of the evidence. Excluding languages other than English (LOE) may introduce a language bias and lead to erroneous conclusions.Study Design and Setting:We conducted a comprehensive literature search using bibliographic databases and grey literature sources. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they measured the effect of excluding randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported in LOE from systematic review-based meta-analyses (SR/MA) for one or more outcomes.Results:None of the included studies found major differences between summary treatment effects in English-language restricted meta-analyses and LOE-inclusive meta-analyses. Findings differed about the methodological and reporting quality of trials reported in LOE. The precision of pooled estimates improved with the inclusion of LOE trials.Conclusions:Overall, we found no evidence of a systematic bias from the use of language restrictions in systematic review-based meta-analyses in conventional medicine. Further research is needed to determine the impact of language restriction on systematic reviews in particular fields of medicine.
Aggregation in agent-based models of economies
Authors: Page Scott E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAgent-based models are often described as bottom-up because macro-level phenomena emerge from the micro-level interactions of agents. These macro-level phenomena include fixed points, cycles, dynamic patterns, and long transients. In this paper, I explore the link between micro-level characteristics—learning rules, diversity, network structure, and externalities—and the macro-level patterns they produce. I focus on why we need agent-level modeling, on how these models produce emergent phenomenon, and on how agent-based models help understand outcomes of social systems in a way that differs from the analytic, equilibrium approach.
Individual evolutionary learning with many agents
Authors: Arifovic Jasmina , Ledyard John 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIndividual Evolutionary Learning (IEL) is a learning model based on the evolution of a population of strategies of an individual agent. In prior work, IEL has been shown to be consistent with the behavior of human subjects in games with a small number of agents. In this paper, we examine the performance of IEL in games with many agents. We find IEL to be robust to this type of scaling. With the appropriate linear adjustment of the mechanism parameter, the convergence behavior of IEL in games induced by Groves–Ledyard mechanisms in quadratic environments is independent of the number of participants.
Outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes infection in healthcare workers in a paediatric intensive care unit: transmission from a single patient
Authors: MONTES M. , TAMAYO E. , OÑATE E. , PÉREZ-YARZA E. G. , PÉREZ-TRALLERO E. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYA 15-h stay in a paediatric intensive care unit by a girl with generalized dermal lesions superinfected with Streptococcus pyogenes led to four streptococcal infections in healthcare workers. Phenotypic and molecular analyses of the strains revealed that four isolates, characterized as emm87/ST62/T28, were identical to the isolate obtained from the index case. The occurrence of this outbreak, despite of the girl's brief hospital stay and appropriate patient management, highlights the high transmissibility of this pathogen.
Trial-based psychotherapy and the efficacy of trial-based thought record in changing unhelpful core beliefs and reducing self-criticism
Authors: de Oliveira Irismar Reis , Hemmany Curt , Powell Vania B. , Bonfim Thaís D. , Duran Érica P. , Novais Nilma , Velasquez Michella , Di Sarno Elaine , Alves Gledson L. , Cesnik Joici A. 
Published: April 2012

IntroductionThe best prevention against relapse results when patients are taught to restructure negative core beliefs (CBs). Efficacy of the trial-based thought record (TBTR) in decreasing the credit given by patients to negative CBs and corresponding emotions was evaluated.MethodPatients (n = 166) were submitted to a simulation of a legal trial to assess their adherence to negative CBs and corresponding emotions after each cognitive therapy technique incorporated by TBTR.ResultsSignificant reductions existed in percent values after the first and second defense attorney pleas, as well as after jury's verdict and initial preparation for the appeal (p < 0.001), relative to the investigation phase. Significant differences also emerged between the defense attorney's first and second pleas and between the defense attorney's second plea and jury's verdict, as well as preparation for the appeal (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between percentages presented by patients submitted to TBTR used in the empty chair format relative to the conventional format. Similarly, there was no difference between outcomes, regardless of therapists’ level of exposure to TBTR.ConclusionTBTR may help patients reduce attachment to negative CBs and corresponding emotions. Outcomes were significantly favorable regardless of the format use and therapists’ level of exposure to TBTR.
Diversity patterns and activity of uncultured marine heterotrophic flagellates unveiled with pyrosequencing
Authors: Logares Ramiro , Audic Stephane , Santini Sebastien , Pernice Massimo C , de Vargas Colomban , Massana Ramon 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Flagellated heterotrophic microeukaryotes have key roles for the functioning of marine ecosystems as they channel large amounts of organic carbon to the upper trophic levels and control the population sizes of bacteria and archaea. Still, we know very little on the diversity patterns of most groups constituting this evolutionary heterogeneous assemblage. Here, we investigate 11 groups of uncultured flagellates known as MArine STramenopiles (MASTs). MASTs are ecologically very important and branch at the base of stramenopiles. We explored the diversity patterns of MASTs using pyrosequencing (18S rDNA) in coastal European waters. We found that MAST groups range from highly to lowly diversified. Pyrosequencing (hereafter ‘454’) allowed us to approach to the limits of taxonomic diversity for all MAST groups, which varied in one order of magnitude (tens to hundreds) in terms of operational taxonomic units (98% similarity). We did not evidence large differences in activity, as indicated by ratios of DNA:RNA-reads. Most groups were strictly planktonic, although we found some groups that were active in sediments and even in anoxic waters. The proportion of reads per size fraction indicated that most groups were composed of very small cells (∼2–5 μm). In addition, phylogenetically different assemblages appeared to be present in different size fractions, depths and geographic zones. Thus, MAST diversity seems to be highly partitioned in spatial scales. Altogether, our results shed light on these ecologically very important but poorly known groups of uncultured marine flagellates.
DISCOURSES ON ANTISEMITISM AND ISLAMOPHOBIA IN ARAB MEDIA
Authors: Webman Esther 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the relationship between antisemitism and Islamophobia, focusing on debates in Arab newspapers in the wake of the Second Intifada and 9/11 and then in response to two issues of contention for Muslim communities in Europe, the Danish cartoon crisis in 2006 and the Swiss referendum on building minarets in 2009. The paper relates these debates to major UN and EU resolutions for combating racism, Islamophobia and antisemitism. The aim of this paper is to explore how far discussion of antisemitism and Islamophobia in the Arab world is dominated by those who see Islamophobia as the real danger in today's Europe and antisemitism as a Zionist ploy, and how far antisemitism and Islamophobia have become two competing terms relating to two communities that perceive themselves as victims of prejudice and racism and also of each other. The paper seeks to qualify this image. It acknowledges that the entanglement of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict adds a political aspect to the discussion of the two terms, intensifies competition between them for recognition as unique forms of racism and discrimination, and curtails the creation of positive ground for dialogue. However, it also demonstrates the presence of other voices which are more open to addressing both forms of exclusion.
The PROTECT in‐hospital risk model: 7‐day outcome in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure and renal dysfunction
Authors: O'Connor Christopher M. , Mentz Robert J. , Cotter Gad , Metra Marco , Cleland John G. , Davison Beth A. , Givertz Michael M. , Mansoor George A. , Ponikowski Piotr , Teerlink John R. , Voors Adriaan A. , Fiuzat Mona , Wojdyla Daniel , Chiswell Karen , Massie Barry M. 
Published: April 2012

AimsIn patients with acute heart failure (AHF), early worsening heart failure (WHF) predicts a significant proportion of post‐discharge readmissions and mortality. We aimed to identify the predictors of 7‐day heart failure events or death in patients hospitalized with AHF.Methods and resultsA predictive model and risk score for the short‐term primary composite endpoint of 7‐day death, HF rehospitalization, or WHF was created using variables collected within 24 h of admission from patients with complete data (n = 2015) enrolled in the PROTECT trial of AHF patients. The 7‐day composite was experienced by 294 patients (14.6%), with a mortality rate of 1.8% (n = 37), HF rehospitalization rate of 0.5% (n = 9), and WHF rate of 13.1% (n = 264). In multivariable analyses, the strongest predictor of short‐term morbidity and mortality was higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. Additional independent predictors of a worse outcome were lower serum albumin, cholesterol, and systolic blood pressure, as well as higher heart rate and respiratory rate. Model coefficients were converted to an additive risk score for predicting the 7‐day composite endpoint with a total point range of 0–100. The risk score allowed discrimination of a wide spectrum of risk (4.8% risk with score ≤35, to 28.7% risk with score >55).ConclusionsUsing the PROTECT 7‐day risk model and score, the main determinants of an adverse outcome for AHF patients included impaired metabolic status, neurohormonal activation, and reduced cardiac performance, gauged by BUN, serum albumin and cholesterol levels, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate.
Historical changes in mental health practice
Authors: Rose Nikolas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
However we define ‘community psychiatry’, it is clear that, in contemporary societies, practices addressed to the mental troubles of individuals have proliferated across everyday life. Psychiatric interventions occur in mental hospitals, psychiatric wards in general hospitals, special hospitals, medium secure units, day hospitals, outpatient clinics, child guidance clinics, prisons, children’s homes, sheltered housing, drop-in centres, community mental health centres, domiciliary care by community psychiatric nurses, multiple forms of psychological therapies, and, of course, in the general practitioner’s surgery, not least through the increasing prescription of psychiatric drugs. No phase of life is unknown to these practices: infertility, pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period; infancy; childhood at home and at school; sexual normality, perversion, impotence, and pleasure; family life, marriage and divorce, employment and unemployment, mid-life crises, and failures to achieve; old age, terminal illness, and bereavement.
Wherever problems arise — in our homes, on the streets, in factories, schools, hospitals, the army, courtroom, or prison — experts with specialist knowledge of the nature, causes, and remedies for mental distress are on hand to provide its diagnoses and propose remedial action. And, of course, there is a wider penetration of psychiatry, broadly defined, into popular culture, as psychiatrists, mental hospitals, those with mentally illness, and the problems of mental health feature daily in political and social debates, in our newspapers, in television documentaries, exposés, talk shows, and soap operas. The languages that have been disseminated have given us new vocabularies in which to think and talk about our problems — stress, trauma, depression, neuroses, compulsions, phobias. They have also provided us with new ways of explaining, judging, and accounting for our personal miseries, of distinguishing the normal and the abnormal, identifying what is illness, when to seek assistance and from whom. It would not, therefore, be too much of an exaggeration to say that we lived in a ‘psychiatric society’. ‘Community psychiatry’, then, is one dimension of the ‘psychiatric societies’ that has taken shape over the course of the 20th century. There have been many international variations in the historical paths followed in different national contexts, but the rationalities and practices that have taken shape are remarkably similar across the Western world. In this chapter, focusing upon the United Kingdom, I want to sketch out some of the key moments in this history.
Mental health policy in modern America
Authors: Grob Gerald N. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the United States a variety of factors have shaped and continuously modified mental health policy: the changing composition of the population with severe mental disorders; concepts of the aetiology and nature of mental illnesses; shifting diagnostic systems; the organization and ideology of psychiatry; funding mechanisms; and existing popular, political, social, and professional attitudes and values. Equally significant has been the structure of the American political system, which divides authority between local, state, and national government.