bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maximum likelihood estimation of error covariances in ensemble‐based filters and its application to a coupled atmosphere–ocean model
Authors: Ueno Genta , Higuchi Tomoyuki , Kagimoto Takashi , Hirose Naoki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe propose a method for estimating optimal error covariances in the context of sequential assimilation, including the case where both the system equation and the observation equation are nonlinear. When the system equation is nonlinear, ensemble‐based filtering methods such as the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) are widely used to deal directly with the nonlinearity. The present approach for covariance optimization is a maximum likelihood estimation carried out by approximating the likelihood with the ensemble mean. Specifically, the likelihood is approximated as the sample mean of the likelihood of each member of the ensemble. To evaluate the sampling error of the proposed ensemble‐approximated likelihood, we construct a method for examining the statistical significance using the bootstrap method without extra ensemble computation. We apply the proposed methods to an EnKF experiment where TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry observations are assimilated into an intermediate coupled model, which is nonlinear, and estimate the optimal parameters that specify the covariances of the system noise and observation noise. Using these optimal covariance parameters, we examine the estimates by the EnKF and the ensemble Kalman smoother (EnKS). The effect of smoothing decreases by 1/e approximately one year after the filtering step. One of the properties of the smoothed estimate is that westerly wind anomalies over the western Pacific are not reproduced around the period of an El Niño event, while those over the central Pacific are strengthened. From additional experiments, we find that (1) the westerly winds in the western Pacific are phenomena outside of the coupled model and are not necessary to model El Niño, (2) the model El Niño is maintained by the westerlies over the central Pacific, and (3) the modelled evolution process of the sea‐surface temperature (SST) requires improvement to reproduce the westerly winds over the western Pacific. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Coexistence of Vapor–Liquid–Solid and Vapor–Solid–Solid Growth Modes in Pd‐Assisted InAs Nanowires
Authors: Heun Stefan , Radha Boya , Ercolani Daniele , Kulkarni Giridhar U. , Rossi Francesca , Grillo Vincenzo , Salviati Giancarlo , Beltram Fabio , Sorba Lucia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the growth of InAs nanowires from Pd catalyst particles on InAs(111)A substrates, two distinct classes of nanowires are observed with smooth or zigzagged sidewalls. It is shown that this is related to a bimodal distribution of the wire‐tip diameter: above a critical diameter wires grow with smooth sidewalls, and below with zigzagged morphology. Transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that the catalyst particles at the tip of zigzagged wires are smooth and have a higher aspect ratio than those at the tip of smooth wires. Zigzagged wires grow from liquid particles in the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mode whereas the smooth ones grow from solid particles in the vapor–solid–solid (VSS) mode.
Gain-of-Function of Olig Transcription Factors Enhances Oligodendrogenesis and Myelination
Authors: Maire Cécile L. , Wegener Amélie , Kerninon Christophe , Nait Oumesmar Brahim 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 are required for oligodendrocyte specification and differentiation during central nervous system (CNS) development but the effects of overexpression of these factors in murine development are not well understood. To test whether Olig1 and Olig2 may reprogram CNS stem/progenitors toward an oligodendroglial fate for myelination, we generated transgenic mice with doxycycline (Dox)-inducible expression of Olig1 or Olig2 in nestin-expressing stem/progenitor cells of the CNS. Overexpression of Olig1 or Olig2 from E8.5 to E12.5 was sufficient to promote the generation of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor alpha + oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) in the spinal cord. We also demonstrated that overexpression of Olig2, but not Olig1, enhanced the stem/progenitor cell proliferation and generation of motoneuron precursors and inhibited the development of V3 interneurons. In the postnatal brain, Dox-inducible expression of Olig2 but not Olig1 in nestin+ stem/progenitors of the subventricular zone increased the generation of OPCs that migrated and differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes in the corpus callosum, cortex and olfactory bulb, leading to increased and precocious myelination. Altogether, our data indicate that Olig2 is a potential therapeutic target to enhance myelination and remyelination in the CNS.
Climate change adaptation and peace
Authors: Tänzler Dennis , Maas Achim , Carius Alexander 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClimate change may have dramatic consequences for several regions. Most vulnerable are fragile countries with limited capacities to adapt. Without timely action, the stresses induced by climate change may increase the risk of violent conflict. Designing and implementing adaptation strategies is becoming imperative to mitigate conflict potentials and prevent escalation. This article will discuss existing national and international approaches with focus on the UNFCCC process. It will be emphasized that a purely technical understanding of adaptation is insufficient to cope with the socio‐political consequences of climate change. Indeed, adaptation may even contribute to conflict potentials if ill‐designed. Thus, it is necessary to develop conflict‐sensitive approaches complemented by internationally supported capacity development measures. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Targeting the epigenome: effects of epigenetic treatment strategies on genomic stability in healthy human cells
Authors: Purrucker Jan C. , Mahlknecht Ulrich 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Epigenetic treatment concepts have long been ascribed as being tumour-selective. Over the last decade, it has become evident that epigenetic mechanisms are essential for a wide range of intracellular functions in healthy cells as well. Evaluation of possible side-effects and their underlying mechanisms in healthy human cells is necessary in order to improve not only patient safety, but also to support future drug development. Since epigenetic regulation directly interacts with genomic and chromosomal packaging density, increasing genomic instability may be a result subsequent to drug-induced epigenetic modifications. This review highlights past and current research efforts on the influence of epigenetic modification on genomic stability in healthy human cells.
The first description of eggs in the male reproductive system of Physaloptera bispiculata (Nematoda: Spiruroidaea)
Authors: Oliveira-Menezes A. , Lanfredi-Rangel A. , Lanfredi R.M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhysaloptera bispiculata (Nematoda: Spiruroidaea) is a parasite of Nectomys squamipes (Rodentia: Cricetidae), a water rat that only occurs in Brazil. Naturally infected rodents were captured in the municipality of Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Adult P. bispiculata worms were collected, prepared and analysed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Under scanning electron microscopy, several eggs were seen glued by cement to the cloacal aperture. Light microscopy revealed that some male worms had an uncountable number of embryonated eggs in the ejaculatory duct, cloaca and also in the posterior portion of the intestine. The probable explanation is that the eggs developing in the female uterus are pumped by the female or sucked by the male to the cloacal opening and from this point to the intestine and ejaculatory duct. The male probably does not have the ability to expel the eggs and for this reason a large number were found in these organs. On the other hand, this could be an important adaptation for the parasite, i.e. male worms expelled by the host can carry a large number of eggs and spread them to intermediate hosts when ingested by these hosts. As far as we know this is the first record of a physalopterid nematode harbouring eggs in the cloacal region, ejaculatory duct or intestine.
Understanding gangs as armed groups
Authors: Hazen Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGangs have long been considered a source of violence and insecurity, but they are increasingly identified as a cause of instability and a threat to the state. Yet gangs operate mainly in non-conflict settings, raising questions about whether applying a conflict lens to understand gangs is appropriate. Marked differences appear between armed groups and gangs when considering concepts of ungoverned spaces, the state, violence, and sustainability. Few gangs reach the threshold of posing a direct challenge to the state; this makes comparisons with other armed groups difficult and suggests the need for a more specific analytical lens.
Thrombin-activated human platelets acutely generate oxidized docosahexaenoic-acid-containing phospholipids via 12-lipoxygenase
Authors: Morgan Lloyd T. , Thomas Christopher P. , Kühn Hartmut , O'Donnell Valerie B. 
Published: July 2010

Arachidonate-containing oxidized phospholipids are acutely generated by 12-LOX (12-lipoxygenase) in agonist-activated platelets. In the present study, formation of structurally related lipids by oxidation of DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)-containing phospholipids is demonstrated using lipidomic approaches. Precursor scanning reverse-phase LC (liquid chromatography)–MS/MS (tandem MS) identified a new family of lipids that comprise phospholipid-esterified HDOHE (hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid). Two diacyl and two plasmalogen PEs (phosphatidylethanolamines) containing predominantly the 14-HDOHE positional isomer (18:0p/14-HDOHE-PE, 18:0a/14-HDOHE-PE, 16:0a/14-HDOHE-PE and 16:0p/14-HDOHE-PE) were structurally characterized using MS/MS and by comparison with biogenic standards. An involvement of 12-LOX was indicated as purified recombinant human 12-LOX also generated the 14-HDOHE isomer from DHA. Pharmacological studies using inhibitors and recombinant platelet 12-LOX indicate that they form via esterification of newly formed non-esterified HDOHE. HDOHE-PEs formed at significant rates (2–4 ng/4×107 cells) within 2–180 min of thrombin stimulation, and their formation was blocked by calcium chelation. In summary, a new family of oxidized phospholipid was identified in thrombin-activated human platelets.
The Importance of Leadership in Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infection: Results of a Multisite Qualitative Study
Authors: Saint Sanjay , Kowalski Christine P. , Banaszak-Holl Jane , Forman Jane , Damschroder Laura , Krein Sarah L. 
Published: July 2010

Objective.Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is costly and causes substantial morbidity. We sought to understand why some hospitals were engaged in HAI prevention activities while others were not. Because preliminary data indicated that hospital leadership played an important role, we sought better to understand which behaviors are exhibited by leaders who are successful at implementing HAI prevention practices in US hospitals.Methods.We report phases 2 and 3 of a 3-phase study. In phase 2, 14 purposefully sampled US hospitals were selected from among the 72% of 700 invited hospitals whose lead infection preventionist had completed a quantitative survey on HAI prevention during phase 1. Qualitative data were collected during 38 semistructured phone interviews with key personnel at the 14 hospitals. During phase 3, we conducted 48 interviews during 6 in-person site visits to identify recurrent and unifying themes that characterize behaviors of successful leaders.Results.We found that successful leaders (1) cultivated a culture of clinical excellence and effectively communicated it to staff; (2) focused on overcoming barriers and dealt directly with resistant staff or process issues that impeded prevention of HAI; (3) inspired their employees; and (4) thought strategically while acting locally, which involved politicking before crucial committee votes, leveraging personal prestige to move initiatives forward, and forming partnerships across disciplines. Hospital epidemiologists and infection preventionists often played more important leadership roles in their hospital's patient safety activities than did senior executives.Conclusions.Leadership plays an important role in infection prevention activities. The behaviors of successful leaders could be adopted by others who seek to prevent HAI.
Rising trends of gastric cancer and peptic ulcer in the 19th century
Authors: Sonnenberg A. , Baron J. H. 
Published: July 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 901–907SummaryBackground  The risk of dying from gastric cancer appears to have increased among consecutive generations born during the 19th century.Aim  To follow the time trends of hospitalization for gastric cancer and test whether they confirm such increase.Methods  Inpatient records of the last two centuries from four hospitals in Scotland and three US hospitals were analysed. Proportional rates of hospitalization for gastric cancer, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer were calculated during consecutive 5‐year periods.Results  The data from all seven cities revealed strikingly similar patterns. No hospital admissions for gastric cancer or peptic ulcer were recorded prior to 1800. Hospital admissions for gastric cancer increased in an exponential fashion throughout the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. In a majority of cities, the rise in hospitalization for gastric cancer preceded a similar rise in hospitalization for gastric ulcer. Hospitalization for these two latter diagnoses clearly preceded hospitalization for duodenal ulcer by 20–40 years.Conclusions  The occurrence of gastric cancer, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer markedly increased during the 19th century. Improvements in hygiene may have resulted in the decline of infections by other gastrointestinal organisms that had previously kept concomitant infection by Helicobacter pylori suppressed.
Meta‐analysis: interferon improves outcomes following ablation or resection of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Singal A. K. , Freeman Jr D. H. , Anand B. S. 
Published: July 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 851–858SummaryBackground  Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is third most common cause of tumour‐related death in the US with hepatitis C virus (HCV) the most common aetiology. Surgical resection and tumour ablation are curative in patients who cannot be transplanted. With native liver having cirrhosis, HCC recurrence is a potential problem.Aim  To perform a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies evaluating efficacy of IFN to prevent HCC recurrence after its curative treatment in HCV‐related cirrhosis.Methods  Ten studies (n = 645, 301 treated with IFN) on the use of IFN after resection or ablation of HCV‐associated HCC were analysed.Results  Pooled data showed benefit of IFN for HCC prevention with OR (95% CI) of 0.26 (0.15–0.45); P < 0.00001. The proportion of patients surviving at 5 years (n = 505 in 6 studies) was in favour of IFN with OR of 0.31 [(95% CI 0.21–0.46); P < 0.00001]. Data were homogeneous for HCC recurrence (χ2 12.05, P = 0.21) and survival (χ2 6.93, P = 0.44). The benefit of IFN was stronger with sustained virological response compared with nonresponders for HCC recurrence [0.19 (0.06–0.60); P = 0.005] and survival [0.31 (0.11–0.90); P = 0.03].Conclusion  Interferon treatment after curative resection or ablation of HCC in HCV‐related cirrhotics prevents HCC recurrence and improves survival.
Minimum local analgesic concentration of ropivacaine for intra‐operative caudal analgesia in pre‐school and school age children
Authors: Deng X. M. , Xiao W. J. , Tang G. Z. , Luo M. P. , Xu K. L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe compared the minimum local analgesia concentration of ropivacaine for intra‐operative caudal analgesia in pre‐school and school age children. Fifty‐one boys, undergoing hypospadius repair surgery, were stratified into pre‐school or school age groups. After induction of anaesthesia, caudal block was performed with ropivacaine 1 ml.kg−1 of the desired concentration. The first child in each group received ropivacaine 0.125%, and subsequent concentrations were determined by the analgesic response of the previous patient using Dixon’s up‐and‐down method. Under general anaesthesia with 0.7 minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane, the minimum local analgesia concentration of ropivacaine for intra‐operative caudal block was 34% greater in school age than in pre‐school age boys (0.143% (95% CI 0.132–0.157%) vs 0.107% (95% CI 0.089–0.122%), respectively; p < 0.001). This study indicates that a higher concentration of ropivacaine is needed for school age than pre‐school age children to provide intra‐operative caudal analgesia when combined with general anaesthesia.
Corticosteroid Therapy for Acquired F VIII:C Inhibitors
Authors: Spero J. A. , Lewis J. H. , Hasiba U. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.The appearance of an acquired inhibitor to factor VIII clotting activity (F VIII:C) in a non‐haemophiliac is an uncommon phenomenon; but, when it occurs, represents a difficult therapeutic problem. Cyclophosphamide has been the most frequently used form of therapy while corticosteroids, when used alone, have been felt to be ineffective. During the past 25 years, 18 of these patients have been evaluated in Pittsburgh. Their mean age was 63·7 years. Nine were female and nine male. Sixteen of the 18 received corticosteroids as their primary form of therapy. Eleven of the 16 (69%) showed clinical and laboratory improvement. Seven of the 11 had a complete response and the remaining four a partial response. Five patients demonstrated no improvement with corticoid therapy. The time to response varied from 4 to 41 d (x̄ 15·8). It was concluded that corticosteroids when used alone provide therapeutic results comparable to immunosuppressive therapy in the treatment of acquired inhibitors to F VIII:C and therefore represent a therapeutic alternative to immunosuppressive agents.
Assessment of bone marrow histology in Hodgkin's disease: correlation with clinical factors
Authors: Bartl R. , Frisch B. , Burkhardt R. , Huhn D. , Pappenberger R. 
Published: July 2010

Summary.Bone marrow biopsies of 491 untreated and 170 treated patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were investigated. Marrow involvement was found in 10% and 25% respectively. Positive biopsies were rare in clinical stages I and II (1% and 2%), but the incidence rose to 25% and 45% in stages III and IV. HD patients with nodular sclerosis in lymph node histology had a low incidence of bone marrow involvement (4%), while those with lymphocytic depletion had a high incidence (22%). Of nine clinical and six histological parameters tested, bone marrow involvement proved to be the most significant predictive factor indicating an unfavourable course. Moreover, classification of the bone marrow manifestations according to the degree of lymphocytic infiltration, proved to be simple, reproducible and prognostically significant. Normal haematopoietic tissue was found in only 20% of the negative biopsies of untreated patients. The remaining 80% were characterized by a variety of non‐specific reactions. These included marrow hypoplasia and leukaemoid and exudative reactions each of which indicated a poor prognosis; and epithelioid‐cell granulomas and lymphoid nodules which predicted favourable survival curves. Adequate bone marrow biopsy is a valuable part of the investigation of patients with HD, as both positive and negative biopsies provide information of prognostic significance.
Measurement of the density of human platelets and its relationship to volume
Authors: Martin J. F. , Shaw T. , Heggie J. , Penington D. G. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. New methods are described for platelet isolation and buoyant density determination using low‐speed centrifugation in continuous density gradients of Percoll. The conditions used do not induce loss of granule or cytoplasmic markers and enable reproducible platelet frequency distributions to be obtained in linear density gradients. Such frequency distributions are normal with a mode of 1·0645 ± 0·0015 g cm−3 (mean ± SD, n= 20). Platelets fixed in 0·1% glutaraldehyde show a modal density of 1·0712 ± 0·0005 g cm−3. Content of protein, lactate dehydrogenase, beta‐thromboglobulin and 3H‐serotonin correlate closely with platelet numbers throughout the density distribution.The frequency distribution of platelet volume between 2·2 and 21 fl fits a log normal model and cell volume in density subfractions from the most dense to the least dense also approximate log normality. There is a positive correlation between mean platelet volume and buoyant density with a small increment between the least and the most dense extremes. Platelet subfractions separated by volume using a FACS II cell sorter differ substantially from each other in cell volume but the difference in mean density of four different volume fractions is negligible. In discontinuous density gradients of Stractan factors other than platelet density must influence the separation of platelets, as rebanding of platelets from interfaces shows a wide variation in buoyant density when analysed in continuous gradients.It is concluded that analysis of platelet buoyant density in continuous Percoll gradients supports the view that platelet density, like platelet volume, is determined primarily during thrombocytopoiesis and that volume and density are largely independent elements of platelet heterogeneity.
Paraproteinaemia plus osteolytic lesions in typical hairy‐cell leukaemia
Authors: Jansen J. , Bolhuis R. L. H. , Nieuwkoop J. A. van , Schuit H. R. E. , Kroese W. F. Stenfert 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Most cases of hairy‐cell leukaemia (HCL) involve proliferations of neoplastic B lymphocytes. In rare cases, M‐proteins or osteolytic lesions have been documented in patients with HCL.In this study two patients with typical HCL are reported in whom both paraproteinaemia and osteolytic lesions of the femoral neck developed. In one of the patients the production of the M‐protein by hairy cells could be established. In the other patient, at autopsy no signs of myeloma were found. The hairy cells from inside the osteolytic lesion had the same immunological phenotype as hairy cells from the peripheral blood, the spleen, and other parts of the bone marrow.These cases once more confirm the B‐cell nature of many cases of HCL, and show that hairy cells can have functional capacities usually attributed to much more mature B lymphocytes, i.e. plasma cells.