bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The education level and socio-demographic determinants of physical activity in czech adults
Authors: Vašíčková Jana , Jr. Donald N. Roberson , Frömel Karel 
Published: April 2012

PurposePrevious research has shown that physical activity (PA) is determined by several variables, such as gender, social economic condition (SES) and place of residence. The main purpose of this study was to study the association between education and PA of the Czech adult population as well as discovering any other socio-demographic factors that may influence PA.MethodsA population-based survey conducted in 2008 resulted in 6,989 International Physical Activity Questionnaires (short version) from Czech adults aged 26-69 years. This survey included all regions in the Czech Republic. The data were analysed using frequencies and binomial logistic regression separately for gender and education level. The dependent variables were classified as either the "healthy minimum" and "health promotion" according to the amount of PA criteria the individuals met.ResultsPeople with a university education had less PA than other groups of different education levels. The "health promotion" category was met by 9.9% of women and 6.5% of men with elementary education, 67.4% of women and 71.3% of men with a secondary education, and 22.7% of women and 22.2% of men with a university education. The "health promotion" category is also more likely to be met by males (OR 1.33, CI 1.20-1.48, <i>p</i> < 0.001), people with elementary (OR 1.67, CI 1.36-2.06, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and secondary education (OR 1.60, CI 1.42-1.80, <i>p</i> < 0.001), those living with a family with children (OR 1.49, CI 1.07-1.53, <i>p</i> < 0.001), living in villages (OR 1.35, CI 1.14-1.60, <i>p</i> < 0.001) or small towns (OR 1.27, CI 1.10-1.61,<i> p</i> < 0.001), those who have a dog (OR 1.15, CI 1.04-1.27, <i>p</i> < 0.05), and those who participate in organized PA (OR 1.30, CI 1.17-1.44, <i>p</i> < 0.001).ConclusionsThere was a surprising low amount of PA among those who studied at a university. Programs that promote PA among university students and future graduates should be considered.
Weed Hosts of Root-Knot Nematodes in Tomato Fields
Authors: Gharabadiyan Fatemeh , Jamali Salar , Yazdi Amir , Hadizadeh Mohammad , Eskandari Ali 
Published: April 2012

Weed Hosts of Root-Knot Nematodes in Tomato Fields
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the three most economically damaging genera of plant parasitic nematodes on horticultural and field crops. Root-knot nematodes are distributed worldwide, and are obligate parasites of the roots of thousands of plant species. All major field crops, vegetable crops, turf, ornamentals, legumes and weeds are susceptible to one or more of the root-knot species. In this study, nineteen weed species were found to be hosts for Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria race 2, and M. hapla in tomato fields in Khorasan Province, Iran. Egg mass production and galling differed (p < 0.05) among these weed species: Amaranthus blitoides, Portulaca oleracea, Polygonum aviculare, Convolvulus arvensis, Cyperus rotundus, Plantago lanceolatum, Rumex acetosa, Solanum nigrum, Datura stramonium, Acroptilon repens, Alcea rosa, Alhaji camelorum, Chenopodium album, Echinochla crusgalli, Hibiscus trionum, Kochia scoparia, Malva rotundifolia, Setaria viridis, Lactuca serriola. The species P. oleracea, A. blioides, S. nigrum, P. lanceolatum, Ch. album, and C. arvensis are major threats to the natural ecosystem in the Iranian province of Khorasan. A. blitoides collected from tomato fields was a good host for 4 Meloidogyne species. C. arvensis, as an important weed, was a distinguished appropriate host for M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica. S. nigrum and Ch. album were good hosts for M. hapla, M. javanica, M. incognita race 1, and M. arenaria race 3. In this survey, we reported E. crusgalli as a new host of M. javanica and C. rotundus was a good host for M. arenaria and M. incognita. S. nigrum was also reported as a new host of M. hapla. R. acetosella was reported as a host of M. arenaria. M. incognita was recently described as a new species infecting D. stramonium worldwide.
A Comparison Of Physiological Responses To Various Intermittent And Continuous Small-Sided Games In Young Soccer Players
Authors: Köklü Yusuf 
Published: April 2012

A Comparison Of Physiological Responses To Various Intermittent And Continuous Small-Sided Games In Young Soccer Players
The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological responses to various intermittent and continuous small-sided games (SSGs) - including 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side games - in young soccer players. Twenty soccer players (average age 16.6±0.5 years; mean body height 176.2±4.6 cm; mean body mass 65.9±5.6 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. The subjects underwent anthropometric measurements followed by the YoYo intermittent recovery test. Then, they played intermittent (SSGint) and continuous (SSGcon) 2-a-side, 3-a-side, and 4-a-side soccer-specific SSGs in random order at 2-day intervals. Paired t-tests were used to assess differences between the training regimens (intermittent and continuous) in terms of heart rate (HR), percentage of maximum HR (%HRmax), and blood lactate concentration (LA). The differences in LA, HR and %HRmax between the 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGint or the 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side SSGcon were identified using a one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. The results demonstrated that the 3-a-side SSGint and SSGcon measurements were significantly higher than the 2-a-side and 4-a-side games in terms of HR and %HRmax, whereas the 2-a-side SSGint and SSGcon resulted in higher LA responses compared to other SSG types. The study results also demonstrated that SSGint and SSGcon are similar in terms of physiological responses except for 2-a-side game LA responses. The results of this study suggest that both SSGint and SSGcon could be used for the physiological adaptations required for soccer specific aerobic endurance.
The Effect of Immediate Post-Training Active and Passive Recovery Interventions on Anaerobic Performance and Lower Limb Flexibility in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Rey Ezequiel , Lago-Peñas Carlos , Casáis Luis , Lago-Ballesteros Joaquín 
Published: April 2012

The Effect of Immediate Post-Training Active and Passive Recovery Interventions on Anaerobic Performance and Lower Limb Flexibility in Professional Soccer Players
The capacity to recover from intense training, competition and matches is considered an important determinant in soccer performance. At present, there is no consensus on the effect of post-training recovery interventions on subsequent training session. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of active (12 min submaximal running and 8 min of static stretching) and passive recovery (20 min sitting on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on anaerobic performances (CMJ, 20 m sprint and Balsom agility test) and lower limb flexibility 24 h after the training. During two experimental sessions, 31 professional soccer players participated in a randomized fully controlled trial design. The first session was designed to evaluate the player's anaerobic performances and lower limb flexibility (pretest). After baseline measurements, participants performed a standardized soccer training during which heart rate and RPE were recorded to evaluate the training load. At the end of the training unit all players were randomly assigned to the active recovery group and the passive recovery group. A second experimental session was organized to obtain the posttest values. Players performed the same test, administered in the same order than in the first trial. No significant differences between groups were observed in heart rate and RPE. No significant effect due to recovery interventions was found on lower limb flexibility and anaerobic performances except CMJ that posttest value was significantly greater in the active recovery group than in the passive group (p < 0.05).
Recognition and assessment of sinkholes as geosites: lessons from the Island of Gozo (Malta)
Authors: Coratza Paola , Galve Jorge , Soldati Mauro , Tonelli Chiara 
Published: April 2012

Recognition and assessment of sinkholes as geosites: lessons from the Island of Gozo (Malta)
There is a wide literature on sinkhole or doline classification, formation and evolution. However, despite the fact that they are often characterised by spectacular morphological features, sinkholes are not normally described as geological resources which might be valuable for the society and worth of being promoted for their geomorphological importance. A series of sinkholes have been investigated in the Island of Gozo (Malta), some of which of notable size and high aesthetic interest. These sinkholes have been assessed applying a methodology which has been specifically set up with the aim of verifying whether any of them could be considered as geosites according to their scientific, additional (ecological, aesthetic, cultural) and use values. The paper shows the geosite assessment procedure and discusses its outputs, according to which 6 out of the 17 investigated sinkholes can be considered as geosites of geomorphological interest (geomorphosites). Finally, issues related to their enhancement and fruition are taken into account in the frame of potential geotourism strategies.
Geodiversity map of the Tatra National Park for geotourism
Authors: Zwoliński Zbigniew , Stachowiak Jakub 
Published: April 2012

Geodiversity map of the Tatra National Park for geotourism
The paper indicates the relations between geodiversity and geotourism in the Tatra National Park. Geodiversity of the Tatra Mountains is visualized by its geodiversity map, whereas geotouristic attractions are measured by touristic attractions along touristic trails on geodiversity map. Areas of the highest geodiversity cover merely 8.2% of the Tatar National Park area. These are mainly areas close to the Tatra Mountains' main ridge. It is so due to geology, landform energy, slopes, landform fragmentation and geoecological belts. Most of the analyzed thematic layers categorizes ridges as more geodiversed than valley areas. The trails situated in the valley bottoms usually cross by areas of low geodiversity, however, from geotouristic point of view, it should be noted that slopes and ridges circumvolving the valley can be marked by high geodiversity. The mountain slopes and ridges are within tourist's sight, what increases trail's geotouristic attractiveness. Amongst many geotouristically interesting parts of the Tatra Mountains Dolina Pięciu Stawów valley appears to be the most appealing with its high quantity and high variety of post-glacial forms on valley's bottom as well as on its slopes.
The Effect of Presmoothing Images on Optical Flow Computation
Authors: Condell Joan , Scotneyb B. , Morrow P. 
Published: April 2012

The Effect of Presmoothing Images on Optical Flow Computation
The computation of optical flow has been proposed as a pre-processing step for many high-level vision algorithms. One of the main approaches to the optical flow problem is the gradient-based approach which differentiates the image intensity to compute the optical flow. Often motion vectors computed using various approaches are not reliable. Spatial smoothing of the image sequence is advisable in order to improve velocity estimates in the presence of noise. That is, the application of some kind of linear operation to the images in the sequence before solving for the flow. The pre-processing typically takes the form of some type of spatial Gaussian smoothing or scale specific band-pass filtering of the input images. The main objectives of such filtering have been to lessen the effects of noise, to isolate image structure of interest and to attenuate temporal aliasing and quantization effects in the input images.
This paper investigates the effect of presmoothing on this computation of optical flow. The well known method of Horn and Schunck as well as our own finite element method are implemented and tested for improvements due to presmoothing. Discussions are provided on the effects of presmoothing for a variety of image sequences. In our experiments, smoothing is carried out on a selection of five well known sequences in both time and space. Improvements are shown for many image sequences using the finite element method with presmoothing.
A video coding technique with BTC-PF method for fast decoding
Authors: Dhara Bibhas , Saha Sanjoy , Chanda Bhabatosh 
Published: April 2012

A video coding technique with BTC-PF method for fast decoding
We have presented a video coding system that enables fast decoding and there by caters the need of the real time applications like video on demand, video play back, video retrieval. Proposed methodology relies on a fast motion estimation scheme, hierarchical BTC-PF based redundancy removal technique and finally it uses entropy decoding. As the encoding method is free from transformation and quantization steps, the decoding becomes faster. It also maintains the quality within the acceptable limit and improves bpp.
Anomaly detection system based on sparse signal representation
Authors: Andrysiak Tomasz , Saganowski Łukasz 
Published: April 2012

Anomaly detection system based on sparse signal representation
In this paper we present further expansion of our matching pursuit methodology for anomaly detection in computer networks. In our previous work we proposed new signal based algorithm for intrusion detection systems based on anomaly detection approach on the basis of the Matching Pursuit algorithm. This time we present completely different approach to generating base functions (atoms) dictionary. We propose modification of K-SVD [1] algorithm in order to select atoms from real 1-D signal which represents network traffic features. Dictionary atoms selected in this way have the ability to approximate different 1-D signals representing network traffic features. Achieved dictionary was used to detect network anomalies on benchmark data sets. Results were compared to the dictionary based on analytical 1-D Gabor atoms.
S-Nitrosothiols: Materials, Reactivity and Mechanisms
Authors: Szaciłowski Konrad , Stasicka Zofia 
Published: April 2012

The article provides a comprehensive view of S-nitrosothiols, chemical behaviour, the pathways leading to their synthesis, their spectral properties, analytical methods of detection and determination, chemical and photochemical reactivity, kinetic aspects and suggested mechanisms. The structure parameters of S-nitrosothiols and the parent thiols are analysed with respect to their effect on the strengthening or weakening the S–NO bond, and in consequence on the S-nitrosothiol stability. This depends also on the ease of S–S bond formation in the product disulphide. These structural features seem to be crucial both to spontaneous as well as to Cu-catalysed decomposition. Principal emphasis is given here to the S-nitrosothiols’ ability to act as ligands and to the effect of coordination on the ligand properties. The chemical and photochemical behaviours of the complexes are described in more detail and their roles in chemical and biochemical systems are discussed. The aim of the article is to demonstrate that the contribution of S-nitrosothiols to chemical and biochemical processes is more diverse than supposed hitherto. Nevertheless, their role is predictable and, based on the correlation between structure and reactivity, many important mechanisms of biochemical processes can be interpreted and various applications designed.
Modified Nernst Equation for Electroless Metal Deposition
Authors: Dimitrov Vasili , Gorker Lev 
Published: April 2012

Electrochemical reduction of a metal can proceed both in the presence and absence of an external current source, in the latter case the electrode potential being oscillated ( e.g., electroless copper deposition). A valid model for these oscillations has been unavailable up to date. Using self-catalyzed electroless copper deposition as an experimental basis, it is shown that the model of the Dynamic Electrical Double Layer (DEDL) allows for calculation of steady oscillations by a modified differential Nernst equation on the assumption that the process on the whole is either one of quasi-equilibrium or weakly non-equilibrium and that the current values of electrode potential conform to the current electrolyte composition, the experimental conditions being given. This enhances the applicability of the main electrochemical law for the description of self-catalyzed electrochemical plating.
Landscapes of Nostalgia: Life Scientists and Literary Intellectuals Protecting Belgium's 'Wilderness', 1900-1940
Authors: de Bont Raf , Heynickx Rajesh 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The nature protection movement in early twentieth-century Belgium mobilised activists of diverse backgrounds. Among these, two circles stand out. On the one hand, there was a group of life scientists, who gathered in the Belgian League for the Protection of Nature; on the other, a group of literary intellectuals, who organised themselves in the Society for Natural and Urban Beauty. In this article, the discursive strategies employed by both groups are compared. The article argues that, despite the differences in background, both groups ascribed value to unspoiled nature by staging it as a place of knowledge production, a source of aesthetic experience, and a space of reconnection with the far-off past. The differences between the two groups, thus, have to be sought not in the interests, rhetoric or ideas of the respective scientists and intellectuals, but rather in the instrumentalisation of their ideas. Unlike the literary intellectuals, the biologists were able to combine their activism with concrete inventories of places to protect, based on scientific surveys. This does not detract from the fact that, once the inventory was made, they defended it with the same topoi as their non-scientific colleagues.
Nature on the Home Front: British Ecologists' Advocacy for Science and Conservation
Authors: Bocking Stephen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the 1940s British ecologists successfully advocated for establishment of the Nature Conservancy: a national agency that would conduct ecological research, designate and maintain nature reserves and advise on conservation. This initiative was, in part, a response to the political and institutional circumstances of wartime and postwar Great Britain. A corporatist political culture that was receptive to scientific advice, as well as wartime urgency and postwar enthusiasm for planning, assisted ecologists in their advocacy for a new perspective on British landscapes. Prospects for postwar development encouraged agreement that this new perspective was necessary. However, ecologists' advocacy also reflected a new phase in the development of their discipline. By the late 1930s leading British ecologists, such as Arthur Tansley, Charles Elton and William Pearsall were contemplating new approaches to ecological research: a focus on processes and ecosystems and greater use of experiments and long-term observations in the field. They were also shifting their geographical perspective from an imperial orientation to one more focused on the British landscape. These innovations required the conditions - protected areas, stable support for research and autonomy in choice of research questions - that the Nature Conservancy could provide. Thus, ecologists viewed conservation as essential to both the protection of the ecological and aesthetic values of the British landscape and the development and transformation of their research.
Book Reviews
Authors: Paolisso Michael , Paolini Federico , Carr Jacqueline , Gournay Isabelle , Chamberlin Silas , Veale Lucy , Goodall Heather 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Christine Keiner, The Oyster Question (Michael Paolisso)
Luigi Piccioni, Primo di cordata (Federico Paolini)
Michael Rawson, Eden on the Charles (Jacqueline Carr)
Michèle Dagenais, Montréal et l'eau (Isabelle Gournay)
Joy Parr, Sensing Changes (Silas Chamberlin)
Sarah Johnson (ed.), Landscapes (Lucy Veale)
Mahesh Rangarajan and K. Sivaramakrishnan (eds.), India's Environmental History (Heather Goodall)
Avant-propos
Authors: Alméras Guillaume 
Published: April 2012

Ce n’est pas la première fois que des pays se retrouvent au bord de la faillite et, après tout, la Grèce ou le Portugal ne sont pas encore exactement dans la situation qu’a connue l’Argentine il y a quelques années. Pourtant, la crise qui frappe l’Europe méditerranéenne parait être bien plus qu’une crise économique. Au-delà des questions d’endettement, elle a d’ores et déjà provoqué un vaste désenchantement, sous plusieurs facettes : déception face à la construction européenne, mal-être dans la mondialisation, crise de l’avenir, perspectives de délitement social. Comment traduire cette inquiétude apparue depuis près de deux ans en Europe ?
An Evolutionary View of the Mechanism for Immune and Genome Diversity
Authors: Kato Lucia , Stanlie Andre , Begum Nasim A. , Kobayashi Maki , Aida Masatoshi , Honjo Tasuku 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An ortholog of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) was, evolutionarily, the first enzyme to generate acquired immune diversity by catalyzing gene conversion and probably somatic hypermutation (SHM). AID began to mediate class switch recombination (CSR) only after the evolution of frogs. Recent studies revealed that the mechanisms for generating immune and genetic diversity share several critical features. Meiotic recombination, V(D)J recombination, CSR, and SHM all require H3K4 trimethyl histone modification to specify the target DNA. Genetic instability related to dinucleotide or triplet repeats depends on DNA cleavage by topoisomerase 1, which also initiates DNA cleavage in both SHM and CSR. These similarities suggest that AID hijacked the basic mechanism for genome instability when AID evolved in jawless fish. Thus, the risk of introducing genome instability into nonimmunoglobulin loci is unavoidable but tolerable compared with the advantage conferred on the host of being protected against pathogens by the enormous Ig diversification.
T Cell Factor-1 and β-Catenin Control the Development of Memory-like CD8 Thymocytes
Authors: Sharma Archna , Chen Qinghua , Nguyen Trang , Yu Qing , Misra Sen Jyoti 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Innate memory-like CD8 thymocytes develop and acquire effector function during maturation in the absence of encounter with Ags. In this study, we demonstrate that enhanced function of transcription factors T cell factor (TCF)-1 and β-catenin regulate the frequency of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)-expressing, IL-4–producing thymocytes that promote the generation of eomesodermin-expressing memory-like CD8 thymocytes in trans. In contrast, TCF1-deficient mice do not have PLZF-expressing thymocytes and eomesodermin-expressing memory-like CD8 thymocytes. Generation of TCF1 and β-catenin–dependent memory-like CD8 thymocytes is non–cell-intrinsic and requires the expression of IL-4 and IL-4R. CD8 memory-like thymocytes migrate to the peripheral lymphoid organs, and the memory-like CD8 T cells rapidly produce IFN-γ. Thus, TCF1 and β-catenin regulate the generation of PLZF-expressing thymocytes and thereby facilitate the generation of memory-like CD8 T cells in the thymus.