bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of fibers obtained from shredded tires
Authors: Parres F. , Crespo‐Amorós J. E. , Nadal‐Gisbert A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe importance of recovering waste materials generated by industrialised societies is mainly due to the environmental impact they have, and one of the principal problem areas is tires. In recent years, an enormous amount of tires have been recycled. Metals contained in them have been recovered and the tire particles have been used in diverse applications. A third material that appears in the recovery process is the fibers, which act as reinforcement. Before addressing the possible reuse of these fibers, it is necessary to characterise and identify them. The diverse techniques of thermal analysis allow these fibers to be identified through melt point analysis, the results of which show the presence of polyamide 6 and 6.6. Moreover, the combination of pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/mass spectrometry corroborates the identification made with the techniques previously mentioned and also indicates the presence of certain additives used in the manufacture of tires, such as resorcinol and benzothiazole. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Carbon‐black‐reinforced natural rubber/polystyrene full interpenetrated polymer networks: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Heidary Seyed Hamid , Amraei Iraj Amiri , Payami Arash 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis and properties of carbon‐black‐reinforced natural rubber/polystyrene full interpenetrated polymer networks were studied in detail. The interpenetrated polymer networks were prepared with the sequential method. The natural rubber was reinforced with 30 phr carbon black and crosslinked with 4 phr dicumyl peroxide. In all cases, natural rubber was the dominant phase in the interpenetrated polymer networks. When the polystyrene content of the interpenetrated polymer networks was increased to 12%, a good improvement in the tensile properties was observed, and the strength dropped with greater polystyrene content. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that when the tensile strength improved, there was a single phase, and a broad glass‐transition temperature peak was observed in a plot of the loss factor versus the temperature. On the contrary, when the tensile strength dropped, there was phase separation, and two glass‐transition temperature peaks were observed in a plot of the loss factor versus the temperature. In fact, there was a good relation between the static properties and dynamic properties, so we could predict static properties such as the tensile strength by an analysis of the dynamic properties. It was revealed that the phase separation of natural rubber and polystyrene depended on the component ratio and carbon black content. Also, the presence of carbon black reduced the miscibility of natural rubber and polystyrene. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the interpenetrated polymer networks, regardless of their composition, had better thermal properties than the corresponding homopolymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effects of the binder polymer and powder type on the resolution and edge curl of a silver electrode formed by a photolithographic process
Authors: Kim Soon Hak , Han Yoon Soo , Kwon Younghwan , Kwak Giseop , Kwon Oh Hyeong , Park Lee Soon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSilver (Ag) electrodes with a high resolution and a low edge curl dimension for plasma display panels were successfully fabricated through a photolithographic process using photosensitive Ag pastes with several polymeric binders. The gap and line resolutions of the photosensitive Ag pastes were examined as a function of the molecular weights and acid values of the acrylic binders with carboxylic acid groups. The effect on the formation of edge curls was also investigated with dry‐ and wet‐processed Ag powders. Ag electrode patterns with a line resolution of 20 μm, a gap resolution of 40 μm, and an edge curl dimension of 0.8 μm could be achieved with the developing process in 34.5 s (break point × 1.5) when the photosensitive Ag paste was prepared with the polymeric binder with a molecular weight of 23,320 g/mol and an acid value of 94.98 mg of KOH/g of polymeric binder and with dry‐processed Ag powder. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Extraction, characterization, and application of seaweed nanoparticles on cotton fabrics
Authors: Sheeba J. Mercy , Thambidurai S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe seaweed Turbinaria conoides was collected from the east seashore of the south India. The dried seaweeds were converted into fine powder, mixed with acetone, and their antibacterial substance was extracted. The extracted substance was characterized by the use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy for functional group identification. The presence of bromine, amine, and phenolic groups was confirmed. Nanosized particles were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy studies. The extract was applied on the enzyme scoured and dyed cotton fabric for bioantibacterial finish. The antibacterial activity of extract on the finished fabric was confirmed by the test results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Application of poly 3‐methylthiophene for removal of silver ion from aqueous solutions
Authors: Ansari Reza , Delavar A. Fallah 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article deals with application of poly (3‐methyl thiophene) synthesized chemically on the surface of wood sawdust (termed as P3MTh/SD) and then was used for removal of silver ions (Ag+) from aqueous solution. The polymer was synthesized directly on the surface of sawdust, which has previously soaked in monomer solution using ferric chloride as chemical oxidant. The sorption experiments were performed on both batch and column systems under simple open circuit conditions. The effects of some important parameters such as pH, initial concentration, sorbent dosage, and exposure time on uptake of silver ion were investigated. The treatment of the data was also carried out using both Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms. To find out the possibility of the regeneration and reuse of the exhausted adsorbent, desorption studies were also performed. It was found that sawdust modified with polythiophene is an efficient system for uptake or recovery of the silver ions from aqueous solutions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Prediction of the effective dielectric constant in SWNT polyimide nanocomposites using the Bruggemann model
Authors: Pérez Ricardo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Bruggemann model is used in this work to predict the effective dielectric constant of two kinds of single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) polyimide nanocomposites. Electrical conductivity and dielectric constant exhibit a dramatic enhancement at low content of SWNT fillers with a percolation threshold at 0.06 vol %. Results of the Bruggemann model are compared with the experimental values of the dielectric constant in CP2/SWNT and βCN/SWNT polyimide nanocomposites. A reasonable agreement for SWNT contents under the percolation threshold and a SWNT dielectric constant of 2000 was found between the Bruggeman model modified by Giordano and the experimental values. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study on electrochemical behavior of Nano‐ZnO modified alkyd‐based waterborne coatings
Authors: Dhoke Shailesh K , Khanna A.S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA nano‐composite coating was formed using nano‐ZnO as pigment in different concentrations, to a specially developed alkyd‐based waterborne coating. The nano‐ZnO modified composite coatings were applied on mild steel substrate by dipping. The dispersion of nano‐ZnO particles in coating system was investigated by scanning electron microscopic and atomic force microscopic techniques. The effect of the addition of these nano‐pigments on the electrochemical behavior of the coating was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Coating modified with higher concentration of nano‐ZnO particles showed comparatively better performance as was evident from the pore resistance (Rpo) and coating capacitance (Cc) values after 30 days of exposure. In general, the study showed an improvement in the corrosion resistance of the nano‐particle modified coatings as compared with the neat coating, confirming the positive effect of nano‐particle addition in coatings. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
About the activation energies of the main and secondary relaxations in cured styrene butadiene rubber
Authors: Ghilarducci Ada , Salva Horacio , Marzocca Angel J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article studies the influence of the network structure on the activation energies of the α and β relaxations in vulcanized styrene butadiene rubber, SBR. A cure system based on sulphur and TBBS (N‐t‐butyl‐2‐benzothiazole sulfenamide) was used in the formulation of several compounds cured at 433 K. The activation energies were evaluated from internal friction (loss tangent) data of the compounds using an automated subresonant forced pendulum in a wide frequency range and between 80 K and 273 K. The internal friction data of the samples reveal two transitions, α and β, characterized by the temperatures Tα and Tβ, due to the glass transition and the phenyl group rotation of the copolymer, respectively. Although Tα increases at higher crosslink density, it shows also a dependence with the amount of polysulphide and monosulphide linkages present in the samples. The highest activation energy for this process is obtained for the samples with high crosslink density and 30% of monosulphides in this structure. In the case of the β‐relaxation, there is a pronounced change in the activation energy between the uncured and the cured samples. The type of structure formed during vulcanization has an important effect in the activation energy of the segmental mode‐process. In the case of the β‐process, the cis‐trans isomerization that takes place during vulcanization in the butadiene part of the SBR, might be the cause of conformational changes in the surrounding of the phenyl rings that affect the energy barrier associated to the phenyl rotation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Catalytic activity during the preparation of PE/clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization with metallocene catalysts
Authors: Zapata Paula , Quijada Raúl , Covarrubias Cristian , Moncada Edwin , Retuert Jaime 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCatalytic activity during the formation of polyethylene (PE)/clay nanocomposites by in situ polymerization with metallocenes was studied. Ethylene polymerization was carried out with the homogeneous metallocene in the presence of the clay particles and using the clay‐supported metallocene catalyst. It was found that the catalytic activity of the homogeneous metallocene does not decrease in the presence of the clay particles and only a slight decrease of activity occurs using the clay‐supported catalyst. The modification of the clay with MAO cocatalyst as well as its intercalation with ODA surfactant were found to play an important role during the in situ formation of the PE/clay nanocomposite. ODA‐intercalated clay apparently facilitates the activation and monomer insertion processes on zirconocene centers located in internal sites of the clay structure. Although metallocene supported on MAO‐treated clay exhibited somewhat lower catalytic activity than that supported directly on the ODA‐intercalated clay, both systems favored the production of PE nanocomposites containing highly exfoliated clay particles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Structure and properties of regenerated Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin filaments
Authors: Zuo Baoqi , Liu Leigen , Zhang Feng 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDegummed Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (APSF) fibers were dissolved in a lithium thiocyanate solution that was dialyzed against distilled water for 3 days. Solution‐cast APSF films were dissolved in hexafluoroisopropanol to prepare a spinning solution. Wet spinning was employed to prepare APSF filaments. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, solid‐state 13C cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to study the regenerated APSF filaments. The results showed a uniform distribution of molecular weights, and the largest one may have been greater than 200 kDa. The regenerated filaments contained β‐sheet, α‐helix, and random‐coil conformations, and their breaking strength was 52.20% of the breaking strength of the native fibers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Fe(acac)n and Co(acac)n bearing different bis(imino)pyridine ligands for ethylene polymerization and oligomerization
Authors: Wang Jingdai , Li Wei , Jiang Binbo , Yang Yongrong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA series of iron and cobalt complexes ligated with different bis(imino)pyridyl ligands were synthesized and used in ethylene polymerization. The reaction temperature and Al/Fe ratio had a great influence on the activities and properties of the polymer in the iron system when methylaluminoxane was used as the cocatalyst. Bimodal polyethylene, unimodal polyethylene, and oligomers were achieved with ethylene polymerization according to the structures of the ligands and polymerization conditions. The cobalt systems showed low activities when bis(imino)pyridyl was used as the ligand in comparison with the iron system catalysts. Ethylene oligomerization was conducted, and the main products were 1‐butylene and 1‐hexene. A fast deactivation process was observed from the curve of the polymerization kinetics. The polymerization mechanism was examined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether on skin layer formation kinetics of asymmetric membranes
Authors: Li Xin , Chen Cuixian , Li Jiding , Su Yi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe present work was concerned with skin layer formation kinetics of Polyethersulfone with Cardo (PES‐C) asymmetric membranes by the phase inversion method. Gelation process was observed using an online optical microscope–CCD camera experimental system, the result indicated that a single linear correlation between square value of precipitation front move (X2) and time (t) did not exist for the whole gelation process, which was different from the traditional conclusion. The effect of Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGME) on skin layer gelation process was investigated, and the skin layer formation kinetics equation was determined, which could be described with gelation rate constant equation. The gelation rate constant decreased with the increase of concentration of EGME. EGME concentrations affected the viscous flow activation energy, and the increase of viscous flow activation energy led to the decrease of gelation rate. The change trend of the gelation rate was exactly the same as that of the flux. The results helped to understand the asymmetric membrane skin layer formation process better, which was important for controlling the membrane separation properties and designing the membranes for a specific application. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Optimizing halogenation conditions of N‐halamine polymers and investigating mode of bactericidal action
Authors: Ahmed Abd El‐Shafey I. , Hay John N. , Bushell Michael E. , Wardell John N. , Cavalli Gabriel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn N‐Halamine biocidal polymer was prepared by co‐polymerizing toluene‐2,6‐diisocyanate with a new heterocyclic uramil‐based azo‐monomer, followed by halogenation. The mode of action of N‐halamine polymers on bacteria was investigated and halogenation conditions (temperature, halogenation time, halogen concentration) were optimized for bactericidal action against E. coli and S. aureus. It was found that the mode of action of this type of polymer is a combination of different factors; contact, release, and through interaction of the polymer with the bacterial medium. The most effective halogenation conditions were stirring 1 g polymer in 10 mL sodium hypochlorite (10 %) for 1 h at ambient temperature (22°C). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The transference onto God
Authors: Merkur Dan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMagical religious practices, defined as instrumental uses of the divine, are devoted to gods and God, in Winnicott's terms, as “subjectively perceived objects,” whereas the comparatively rare phenomenon of non‐magical religion is devoted to “objective objects.” In a “bargain with fate,” the divine is a transferential figure whose response to symptomatic cultic behavior is predictable and makes cultic behavior a magical means to control fate. The bargain with fate may be treated as a sublimation of the mother–infant dyad that is isomorphic with pre‐Oedipal and Oedipal fixations. The therapeutic goal, at both interpersonal and religious levels of discourse, is to facilitate advance from “object‐relating” to “object‐usage.” Analysis of the transference, arriving at a conception of the divine as a free agent, replaces the concept of fate with a concept of divine grace, interrupting the religious repetition‐compulsion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concept theory
Authors: Hjørland Birger 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt cannot be overemphasized that changes in concepts have far more impact than new discoveries(Mayr, 1997, p. 98)Concept theory is an extremely broad, interdisciplinary and complex field of research related to many deep fields with very long historical traditions without much consensus. However, information science and knowledge organization cannot avoid relating to theories of concepts. Knowledge organizing systems (e.g., classification systems, thesauri, and ontologies) should be understood as systems basically organizing concepts and their semantic relations. The same is the case with information retrieval systems. Different theories of concepts have different implications for how to construe, evaluate, and use such systems. Based on “a post‐Kuhnian view” of paradigms, this article put forward arguments that the best understanding and classification of theories of concepts is to view and classify them in accordance with epistemological theories (empiricism, rationalism, historicism, and pragmatism). It is also argued that the historicist and pragmatist understandings of concepts are the most fruitful views and that this understanding may be part of a broader paradigm shift that is also beginning to take place in information science. The importance of historicist and pragmatic theories of concepts for information science is outlined.
Extracting speaker‐specific functional expressions from political speeches using random forests in order to investigate speakers' political styles
Authors: Suzuki Takafumi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this study we extracted speaker‐specific functional expressions from political speeches using random forests to investigate speakers' political styles. Along with methodological development, stylistics has expanded its scope into new areas of application such as authorship profiling and sentiment analysis in addition to conventional areas such as authorship attribution and genre‐based text classification. Among these, computational sociolinguistics, which aims at providing a systematic and solid basis for sociolinguistic analysis using machine learning and linguistically‐motivated features, is a potentially important area. In this study we showed the effectiveness of the random forests classifier for such tasks by applying it to Japanese prime ministers' Diet speeches. The results demonstrated that our method successfully extracted the speaker‐specific expressions of two Japanese prime ministers, and enabled us to investigate their political styles in a systematic manner. The method can be applied to sociolinguistic analysis of various other types of texts, and in this way, this study will contribute to developing the area of computational sociolinguistics.
Betonangriff in eisendisulfidhaltigen Böden
Authors: Breitenbücher Rolf , Wisotzky Frank , Eisenberg Vera , Siebert Björn 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn verschiedenen Regionen Deutschlands enthalten oberflächennahe Böden Eisendisulfid. Bei Zutritt von Sauerstoff, z. B. durch Bodenauflockerung im Zuge von Baumaßnahmen, kann dieses Mineral oxidieren und unter Anwesenheit von Wasser die Reaktionsprodukte Schwefelsäure und Sulfat freisetzen. Infolgedessen können sich im Baugrund saure und sulfatreiche Umgebungsbedingungen einstellen, die auf angrenzende Betonbauwerke einen kombinierten Säure‐Sulfat‐Angriff ausüben.Das tatsächliche Ausmaß der Eisendisulfidoxidation im Baugrund und die daraus resultierenden Schädigungen in angrenzenden Betonbauwerken wurden im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären DFG‐Forschungsprojekts an der Ruhr‐Universität Bochum untersucht. Erste Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich in eisendisulfidhaltigen Böden in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen physikalischen und chemischen Faktoren pH‐Werte von bis zu pH 2 und Sulfatkonzentrationen von über 20.000 mg/l einstellen können. Unter diesen Bedingungen finden im angrenzenden Beton Korrosionsprozesse statt, die zunächst primär auf einen lösenden Angriff schließen lassen. Nach längerer Einwirkung von etwa einem Jahr und länger lassen sich jenseits der (Säure‐)Korrosionsfront in tieferen, bis dato ungestörten Bereichen jedoch Neubildungen sulfathaltiger Minerale beobachten, die unter Umständen auf einen voranschreitenden Sulfatangriff hindeuten.
Bauzeit und Baukosten für Stahlbetonarbeiten – Berechnungsmethoden und Anwendung
Authors: Hofstadler Christian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDie Bauzeit hat entscheidende Bedeutung hinsichtlich eines wirtschaftlich effektiven Einsatzes der Produktionsfaktoren. Zu kurze Bauzeiten führen i. d. R. zu höheren Kosten, schlechterer Qualität und zu mehr Streitigkeiten. Im Beitrag wird die Berechnung der Bauzeit unter Berücksichtigung von wesentlichen baubetrieblichen Randbedingungen gezeigt. Neben einer einfachen deterministischen Methode werden Berechnungsmöglichkeiten unter Berücksichtigung der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung dargestellt. Die beschriebenen Vorgehensweisen für die Ermittlung von Bauzeit und auch der Baukosten werden anhand eines Hochbauprojekts verdeutlicht.Mit der deterministischen Methode wird für jeden Berechnungsdurchgang ein Wert ausgegeben (Berechnungsmodus 1). Für den Berechnungsmodus 2 wird in einfacher Weise die Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung eingesetzt und es können für die jeweiligen Eingangsgrößen Bandbreite und Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeiten berücksichtigt werden. Für die dritte Berechnungsmethode, wird die Monte‐Carlo Methode mittels des Softwareprogramms @RISK eingesetzt. Als Ergebnis wird für die gesuchten Größen jeweils eine Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung dargestellt.