bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Akathisia Induced by Gabapentin Withdrawal
Authors: See Sharon , Hendriks Erin , Hsiung Leslie 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of akathisia in a patient with type 2 diabetes after abrupt discontinuation of gabapentin. CASE SUMMARY: A 76-year-old female with type 2 diabetes was admitted for change in mental status, agitation, and restless limb movements. She had been taking gabapentin 3600 mg daily for approximately 1 month for diabetic neuropathy. Her other home medications were glyburide 10 mg twice daily, oxycodone/acetaminophen 5 mg/325 mg every 6 hours as needed for leg pain, and zolpidem 5 mg at bedtime. She had taken none of these drugs for 4 days prior to admission because she was unable to have the prescriptions refilled. Subsequently, the patient exhibited repeated arm and leg motions in response to an inner restlessness. Upon admission to the emergency department, she was agitated and restless; all vital signs and results of laboratory studies were within normal limits. Gabapentin was restarted at the original dosage and the symptoms resolved within 8 hours. Because the patient developed lethargy, the gabapentin dosage was reduced and titrated to the original level over 2 days. After 3 days, the patient was well oriented and experienced no further symptoms. She was discharged on the original dosage of gabapentin. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first reported cases of akathisia induced by gabapentin withdrawal. Available case reports suggest that gabapentin withdrawal can occur at doses ranging from 400-8000 mg/day. Patients experienced symptoms similar to those that develop with benzodiazepine withdrawal and were taking gabapentin for as little as 3 weeks to as long as 5 years. This is the first case report to describe akathisia induced by gabapentin withdrawal. The Naranjo probability scale revealed a probable relationship between akathisia and gabapentin withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: If gabapentin discontinuation is desired, it is prudent to gradually taper the dose to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which may occur after as little as 1 month of treatment. Should the patient experience withdrawal symptoms, the optimal treatment is to restart gabapentin.
Application of instrumental neutron activation analysis for the examination of oil pigments
Authors: Chung Y.-S. , Kim S.-H. , Sun G.-M. , Lim J.-M. , Moon J.-H. , Kim Y.-J. , Lim S.-J. , Song Y.-N. , Kim K. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This study is to investigate the applicability of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) as a non-destructive examination tool for the quantitative chemical composition analysis associated with authentication, restoration and conservation of art objects in the field of cultural heritage. The quantitative analysis of major, minor and trace elements in Rembrandt´s® oil pigments recently collected at the Korean market as one of the art objects was carried out using INAA facilities of the HANARO research reactor at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute in collaboration with the National Museum of Contemporary Art in Korea. Analytical quality control was implemented using NIST SRM 2709, certified reference materials and metal standards. The analytical results for seventeen characteristic elements of thirty-one measured elements were statistically treated to identify the characteristic correlations and patterns between color and source of oil pigment and similarity degree of constituents using a cluster and discriminate analysis.
Adsorption interaction of astatine species with quartz and gold surfaces
Authors: Serov A. , Aksenov N. V. , Bozhikov G. A. , Eichler R. , Dressler R. , Lebedev V. Ya. , Petrushkin O. , Piguet D. , Shishkin S. , Tereshatov E. , Türler A. , et al.  
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The adsorption interaction of various astatine species with quartz and gold surfaces was investigated by gas chromatography methods. Due to variations of the redox potential of the carrier gas elemental astatine, astatine oxide and hypo-astatic acid have been produced. The identification of the astatine compounds is based on the analogy assumption to the gas phase chemistry of the closest homologues in group 17 of the periodic table, iodine and bromine. The deposition temperatures as well as enthalpies of adsorption have been determined for the astatine species. The enhancement of the metallic character within group 17 towards higher Z is clearly confirmed. Macroscopic properties (sublimation enthalpy) of previously unstudied AtO2 and HAtO were estimated. The determined data for elemental astatine were compared to available literature data. Based on the obtained experimental results possible designs of experiments for studying of chemical properties of the recently discovered element 117 can be suggested.
Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plastics
Authors: Gugutsidze G. , Draškovič F. 
Published: June 2011

Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plasticsWood is a polymeric material with many valuable features and which also lacks some negative features. In order to keep up with high construction rates and the minimization of negative effects, wood has become one of the most valuable materials in modern engineering. But the use of timber material economically is also an actual problem in order to protect the environment and improve natural surroundings. A panel of scientists is interested in solving these problems and in creating rational structures, where timber can be used efficiently. These constructions are as follows: glue-laminated (gluelam), composed and reinforced wooden constructions. Composed and reinforced wooden constructions are examined less, but according to researches already carried out, it is clear that significant work can be accomplished in creating rational, highly effective and economic timber constructions. The paper deals with research on the formation of composed fiber-reinforced beams (CFRP) made of timber and provide evidence of their effectiveness. The aim of the paper is to investigate cross-bending of CFRP-reinforced gluelaminated timber beams. According to the results we were able to determine the additional effectiveness of reinforcement with CFRP (which depends on the CFRP material's quality, quantity and module of elasticity) on the mechanical features of timber and a whole beam.
Special dynamic soilstructure analysis procedures demonstrated for two tower-like structures
Authors: Koleková Y. , Petronijević M. , Schmid G. 
Published: June 2011

Special dynamic soilstructure analysis procedures demonstrated for two tower-like structuresMany problems in Earthquake Engineering require the modeling of the structure as a dynamic system including the sub-grade. A structural engineer is usually familiar with the Finite Element Method but has a problem modeling the sub-grade when its infinite extension and wave propagation are the essential features. If the dynamic equation of a soil-structure system is written in a frequency domain and the variables of the system are total displacements, then the governing equations are given as in statics. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the system is obtained as the sum of the stiffnesses of the structure and sub-grade sub-structures. To illustrate the influence of the sub-grade on the dynamic behavior of the structure, the frequency response of two tower-like structures excited by a seismic harmonic wave field is shown. The sub-grade is modeled as an elastic homogeneous half-space. The structure is modeled as a finite beam element with lumped masses
An Onofri-type Inequality on the Sphere with Two Conical Singularities
Authors: Zhou Chunqin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we give a new proof of the Onofri-type inequalityon the sphere S with Gaussian curvature 1 and with conical singularities divisor for β ∈ (–1, 0); here p1 and p2 are antipodal.
Hot Corrosion of Nimonic 105 in Sodium Sulfate-Sodium Chloride Melts
Authors: Sequeira C. A. C. , Hocking M. G. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of Nimonic 105 in molten Na2SO4, NaCl, and mixtures of these two salts, at 900 C, in laboratory air and under O2 + SO2/SO3 atmospheres has been evaluated by potentiodynamic, potential decay, and free corrosion potential measurements. In addition, the corrosion products were examined using several electron-optical techniques, and by other analytical methods. Pure Na2SO4 in air did not seem to be very corrosive towards Nimonic 105. Addition of NaCl to the molten Na2SO4 resulted in increased dissolution of Nimonic 105, which was in general nonuniform, alloy constituents nickel and cobalt dissolving more than others. Evidence of internal attack and enhancement of dissolution of the Ni alloy by SO3 was significant only when the corrosion conditions were prolonged. In pure NaCl, catastrophic corrosion occurs, which has been attributed to the depletion, dissolution, and vaporization of some alloy species.
Hydrogen Induced Delayed Cracking of Type III Steel Specimens
Authors: Chu Wu-Yang , Hsiao Chi-Mei , Ju Shur-Yahn , Wang Cheng 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The influence of loading mode on the apparent yield stress, which is the external stress required to cause the local macroscopic plastic deformation, and the possibility of hydrogen induced delayed cracking of Type III specimens are investigated. Results showed that the apparent torsional yield stress of the severly charged Type III specimen did not decrease and hydrogen induced delayed cracking and fracture would not occur on the original crack or notch plane. For a combined Type I + III specimen, the apparent torsional yield stress could be decreased only when KI was so large that hydrogen induced delayed plastic deformation could occur under the action of KI itself. For the charged Type III cracked or notched specimens of ultra high strength steel, the hydrogen induced delayed cracking could occur along the planes inclined at an angle of 135° to the original crack or notch plane after a large enough torque has been sustained for a sufficiently long period of time. This delayed failure was a typical intergranular fracture. A flat shear fracture would be obtained on the original crack or notch plane if the charged Type III specimen was twisted to fracture immediately. For the uncharged or outgased Type III specimen, no delayed cracking or failure occurred even if a maximum torque had sustained for a long time. The interactive energy between shear stress field of the Type III crack and the strain field of an interstitial hydrogen atom is calculated. The result shows that the interactive energy has a minimum value on the planes inclined at an angle of 135° to the original crack or notch plane. Hence, atomic hydrogen will diffuse to and be enriched in these planes and hydrogen induced delayed cracking and fracture will occur along these planes when the concentration of hydrogen in these planes reaches a critical value.
The Effect of Nickel on Hydrogen Cracking Resistance in Low Alloy Steels—A Review
Authors: Craig Bruce D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Literature is reviewed on the effect of nickel in low alloy steels on their resistance to hydrogen stress cracking. The greatest portion of literature pertains to H2S environments since there is a controversy in the petroleum industry as to the effect of Ni. Addition of greater than 1 % Ni to carbon and low alloy steels is considered to be either detrimental or of no effect in an alloy's resistance to hydrogen stress cracking. This review should provide a starting point from which more organized studies can be performed to evaluate the true effect of Ni on hydrogen cracking resistance.
Sensitization of Austenitic Stainless Steels, I. Controlled Purity Alloys
Authors: Briant C. L. , Mulford R. A. , Hall E. L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a study of the effects of carbon, nitrogen, molybdenum, and manganese on the sensitization of high-purity austenitic stainless steels of composition similar to Type 304. The modified Strauss test (ASTM-A262-E), the oxalic acid etch test (ASTM-A262A) and analytical electron microscopy were used to determine the degree and nature of sensitization in the steels. The alloy compositions are considered in terms of effective chromium content, and from plots of this parameter versus sensitization time a strong effect of carbon content is seen. Additions of nitrogen, molybdenum, and manganese are found to delay sensitization at any given carbon concentration. In the case of nitrogen, the amount of improvement depends on both the carbon content and the sensitization temperature. Strong evidence is presented that nitrogen acts to retard the nucleation and/or growth of carbides at grain boundaries and hence increase the time necessary for sensitization. Molybdenum appears to increase the ease with which the steel passivates; thus more chromium depletion is required before sensitization will be detected. The combination of molybdenum plus nitrogen is found to be particularly effective in retarding nucleation and/or growth of carbides; molybdenum alone does not have this effect. Only limited experimental evidence is presented concerning the role of manganese. Beneficial effects of this element are primarily seen at low sensitizing temperatures, where manganese assists nitrogen in slowing carbide formation.
Electrochemical Behavior of Steel in Concrete as a Result of Chloride Diffusion into Concrete: Part 2
Authors: Dehghanian Changiz , Locke Carl E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Penetration of chloride salts into concrete from sources such as deicing-salts or sea water causes a severe corrosion problem to reinforcing steel.
In this paper, the effect of salt penetration into concrete on the corrosion process was investigated by electrochemical techniques such as anodic and cathodic polarization. The potential measurements of steel in concrete were also made to compare the data with the results obtained from the polarization curves.
Concretes made of Type I and Type V Portland cement were used. It was found that corrosion of steel in Type I Portland cement concrete is more rapid than in the Type V Portland cement concrete when the steel is exposed to salt solutions. This may be due to the differences in alkalinites which exist between the Types I and V Portland cement, whereas steel in the concrete with high pH can tolerate more Cl− than in concrete with lower pH.
Corrosion of steel is more severe in the presence of chlorides added externally to hardened concrete than in the presence of chloride mixed with fresh concrete.
Anodic and cathodic current densities for steel in concrete made of Types I and V Portland cement increase with the time that the concrete remains in the salt solutions.
Examination of Passive Films on Iron-Nickel Alloys by Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Burstein G. T. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Detailed analysis of anodic films formed on amorphous iron-nickel alloys containing phosphorus, boron, and molybdenum has been performed by Auger electron spectroscopy. These films contain considerable quantities of P and B both of which are highest at the metal/film interface. Phosphorus accumulates on the metal side of the interface while boron accumulates on the film side, with continuous variation throughout the film thickness. In the film phase, phosphorus shows complex oxidation states. Molybdenum is also found in the films at low concentrations. Polarization curves show that these alloys exhibit greater passivity in 1M HCl than a comparable polycrystalline iron-nickel alloy.
A Study of the Inhibiting Action of Benzene Thiols and Related Compounds on the Corrosion of Zinc in Acidic Media
Authors: Abdel Aal M. S. , Abdel Wahab A. A. , Saied A. El 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effect of benzenethiol and its methyl, amino, and carboxylic ring substituted derivatives, benzylthiol and thioglycollic acid on the electrochemical and corrosion behavior of zinc in CH3COOH, H2SO4, and HCl solutions was studied using the galvanostatic technique. In CH3COOH, compounds which function by an adsorption mechanism were found to have inhibitive effects on the corrosion of zinc, while those functioning by surface chelation were ineffective. In H2SO4 and HCl, with the exception of o-methylbenzenethiol (H2SO4 and HCl) and benzylthiol (H2SO4), all investigated compounds were found to accelerate zinc dissolution. Adsorption of the inhibitors followed the Langmuir isotherm, and the mechanism of both the hydrogen evolution reaction and zinc dissolution were found to be the same in the uninhibited and inhibited states.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloy 600 Using the Constant Strain Rate Test
Authors: Bulischeck T. S. , Rooyen D. Van 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Nuclear grade production tubing of Alloy 600 was evaluated for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility in high purity water at 365, 345, 325, and 290 C. Reverse tube U-bend specimens provided crack initiation data and constant extension rate tests were employed to determine the crack velocities experienced in the crack propagation stage. Initial results indicate that a linear extrapolation of data received from high temperature tests can be used to predict the service life of steam generator tubing that has been plastically deformed or is continually deforming by “denting.”
The Oxidation of a Monophase Co-8.03 Wt% Cu Alloy at 700 to 1000 C
Authors: Viani F. , Gesmundo F. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The oxidation of a monophase cobalt-copper alloy at high temperature has been Studied to examine the effect of the copper addition to cobalt on the oxidation kinetics as well as on the scale morphology and composition. The rate law remains parabolic as for pure cobalt but the rate constant is higher at all temperatures. This result is interpreted as being due mainly to the doping of CoO by monovalent copper ions by means of a detailed calculation of the rate constant for the alloy making use of the experimental profile of the copper concentration in the scale and of a suitable model for the defect structure of cobalt oxide.
The Effects of Alloying Additions to Ferritic Steels upon Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance
Authors: Parkins R. N. , Slattery P. W. , Poulson B. S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effects of Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mo, Si, and Ti additions in varying amounts to ferritic steels upon the stress corrosion cracking susceptibilities in a nitrate, a hydroxide, and a carbonate-bicarbonate solution have been determined for the steels in the annealed condition. The effects of the alloying additions vary with the environment, but Cr and Ti, in sufficient amounts, most frequently produced improvements in cracking resistance in the different solutions. The influences of the various alloying additions are mostly dependent upon their effects on dissolution and passivation characteristics, although their effects upon carbon distribution in the steel and mechanical properties are also of importance.
Calculations of Oxidation Rates of Zirconium
Authors: Condon J. B. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The rates of oxidation for zirconium metal in oxygen are calculated using perfusive-precipitation modeling with the boundary conditions that: (1) there is no moving boundary and (2) metal matrix saturation is reached for oxygen solubility. The perfursive-precipitation model is a diffusion model with a chemical reaction. It uses Fick's Second Law of Diffusion with an added sink term. The sink term is an overall second order reaction, first order with respect to each the dissolved oxygen and the metal. The stationary boundary condition is valid for the ductile zirconium as long as the expansion due to the reaction product formation does not cause metal failure or spalling. The metal matrix saturated condition implies an upper limit to the metastable solubility of oxygen in the zirconium metal and is approximated from the phase diagram. The calculated rates are compared to the rates listed in the literature. These calculated rates, using no variable parameters, are in good agreement with experimental data.
Comparative Electron Microscopy (SEM) Examination of Fe, Au, and Zn Electrode Surfaces Polarized in Different Regions of Potentiostatic E/I Behavior
Authors: Podestá J. J. , Piatti R. C. V. , Arvia A. J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The surface morphology of some metals (Fe, Au, and Zn) after potentiostatic polarization was studied through SEM examination. The following electrochemical systems were investigated at 25 C: (1)Fe/1 M H2SO4; (2) Au/1 M HCl; and (3) Zn/2 M NaOH. The polarization potentials were chosen in the active dissolution region, in the passivity region, and in the potential range where periodic oscillations of the anode current are observed. The changes in the morphologies of attack on the various metals were related to the film forming species and of anion adsorption.
The Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized Stainless Steel in Thiosulfate Solutions
Authors: Isaacs H. S. , Vyas B. , Kendig M. W. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of sensitized Type 304 stainless steel in thiosulfate solutions has been studied using constant extension rate tests. Very low concentrations of about 6.10−7M Na2S2O3 (0.1 ppm) gave cracking. With boric acid added, higher concentrations (1 ppm) were required. The SCC was shown to be electrochemically controlled. Below −0.5 VSCE (−0.75SHE) no SCC took place; above this potential, the rate of SCC increased with potential. Straining was required before SCC continued at 0.5 V if the potential was held at or below −0.5 V for extended times.
Discussion:
The Significance of External Polarization on Stress Corrosion Crack Growth by Anodic Dissolution
Authors: Poulson Bryan 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The following is a discussion of the article entitled “The Significance of External Polarization on Stress Corrosion Crack Growth by Anodic Polarization” by P. Doig and P. E. J. Flewitt, published in Corrosion, Vol. 37, p. 378 (1981) July.
Effect of Hydrogen on the Apparent Yield Stress—Research on the Cause of Hydrogen Induced Delayed Plasticity
Authors: Chu Wu-Yang , Li Shi-Qun , Hsiao Chi-Mei , Ju Shur-Yahn 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effect of hydrogen on the apparent yield stress, which is a necessary exterior stress to cause the local macroscopic plastic deformation, was investigated for various carbon and low alloy steels with a wide range of tensile strength. Smooth tensile, bent beam, and precracked WOL specimens were used. The results show that the effect of hydrogen on the yield strength of a smooth tensile specimen is insignificant. However, for the smooth bent beam or precracked specimens with a stress gradient, hydrogen decreases the apparent yield stress considerably if the strength of steel and the amount of hydrogen entering into the specimen exceed critical values. This is the cause of hydrogen induced delayed plastic deformation and then hydrogen induced delayed cracking. The apparent yield stress of the charged specimen decreases with increasing tensile strength and the amount of hydrogen in the steel. It depends evidently on the strain rate and test temperature and is reversible, but is not related to the prestrain condition. The variation of the apparent yield stress of the charged specimens with the test temperature is not monotonous, there is a minimum near room temperature. According to these results, a possible mechanism of hydrogen induced apparent yield stress reduction has been suggested.