bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivar Dependent Sugarcane Response to Nitrogen1
Authors: Gascho G. J. , Anderson D. L. , Ozaki H. Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSugarcane (a complex trispecies of Saccharum) in Florida is moving from N‐rich Histosols to N‐deficient sands. Since little is known about the N‐use efficiency of cultivars grown in the continental United States, we conducted studies with four cultivars to compare N‐use efficiencies under varying N levels. Three of the cultivars were originally selected as commercial cultivars from the breeding program conducted on N‐rich Histosols of the Everglades while the fourth (CP 65‐357) was selected from N‐deficient soils in Louisiana. A greenhouse experiment, conducted in nutriculture solutions with three N concentrations (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mmol L−1) indicated that the highest dry weights were obtained at the second N level from CP 65‐357. However, CP 65‐357 did not accumulate more N than the other cultivars, suggesting more efficient utilization of accumulated N. The field study was conducted for 2 yr on a complex of Pompano (Typic Psammaquants) and Myakka (Aerie Haplaquod) fine sands of low‐N status. Nitrogen levels applied to the first crop were 0, 56, 112, and 224 kg ha−1. The cultivar CP 65‐357 gave the highest yields of cane and sucrose, had the highest external and internal N‐use efficiencies (kg yield kg−1 applied N and kg yield kg−1 N accumulated in above ground plant parts, respectively) regardless of N rate or year. In the ratoon crop, the external and internal N‐use efficiencies for sucrose yield were 24 and 110 kg kg−1, respectively, for CP 65‐357 over all N rates, and 7 and 44 kg kg−1, respectively, for CP 63‐588, the least N‐efficient but the most widely grown cultivar on Histosols in Florida during the period 1975 to 1981. The results suggest that N‐use efficiency of sugarcane can be enhanced by selection under low‐N conditions.
Isolated Plot Technique for Studying Seedling Growth of Turfgrasses1
Authors: Brede A. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField research with turfgrass seedlings is frequently complicated by weather disruptions and sampling error. A technique was developed for affixing turf seeds to a seedbed in the field for the purpose of monitoring field survival and growth of seedlings over time. Isolated plots of turfgrass seeds, 25 mm in diam and spaced 75 mm apart on a seedbed, were held in place with a liquid latex‐based mulch and a non‐woven fabric mulch. Seed displacement from rainwashing was held below 0.1% with this technique. The latex/fabric mulches had the same effect on seedling growth as do conventional mulches of straw or wood fiber; therefore, use of the latex/fabric mulches in this technique did not seem to constitute a serious deviation from standard planting practices. Results from field evaluations revealed that field survival (percent germination) was accurately assessed using this technique without the added variance associated with subsampling of solid stands. Field survival of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seedlings sown at 59 200 seeds m−2 could be measured with 9% variability (CV), vs. 35 to 51% variability with traditional sampling‐probe methods. Values of field survival obtained using isolated plots corresponded closely with values found in solid stands but with lesser variability. Plant growth parameters (leaves, shoots, roots) in isolated plots and solid stands diverged over time; interspecific competition occurred sooner in solid stands than in isolated plots. Care should be taken when extrapolating seedling growth results found using this technique to solid stand conditions since the seedlings are essentially space planted.
Effect of Tillage on Residual Nitrogen Availability From Alfalfa to Succeeding Corn Crops1
Authors: Levin A. , Beegle D. B. , Fox R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been shown that there are significant differences in the potential rate of mineralization and nitrification between conventional and no‐till soils. However, the practical effect of this difference on the availability of residual N from a legume and yield of a succeeding corn crop is unclear. Two field experiments in which corn (Zea mays L.) followed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were conducted on a Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) and on a Gilpin channery silt loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) to determine the effect of no‐tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) methods on residual N availability from the legume as measured by yield and N uptake of the succeeding corn crop. Five rates of N (0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg ha−1) as ammonium nitrate were surface applied as either at‐planting or sidedress applications. The mean soil N‐supplying capability was 126 kg N ha−1 at both sites. There was no interaction between tillage method and N response, indicating that the fertilizer N recommendations for first‐year corn following alfalfa should be similar for NT and CT methods. Optimum economic grain yields for first‐year corn resulted with the application of 83 and 88 kg N ha−1 for the NT and CT treatments, respectively, at one site and with no added N at a second site, confirming this conclusion. The experiment was repeated for the second year at one site and the results for the second year also indicated that there was no difference in N fertilizer response due to tillage and no interaction between tillage and N response. Again this would indicate that N recommendations should be similar for the two tillage systems. There was no yield response to time of N application.
Enhancement of Field Hay Curing with Potassium Carbonate
Authors: Mullahey J. J. , Mueller J. P. , Green J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTreating alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) herbage with solutions of K2CO3 reduces curing time. However, there is a lack of information concerning the effectiveness of K2CO3 solutions as a hay drying agent in the humid environment of the southeastern USA. The objective of this research was to quantify the influence of several concentrations [3.5‐17.2 kg Mg−1 of dry matter (DM)] and solution volumes (25–166 L Mg−1 DM) of K2CO3 on the time required to dry first‐, second‐, and third‐cutting alfalfa to 800 g kg−1 DM under field conditions in the humid southeastern USA. Field experiments were conducted during 1984 and 1985 on a Typic Hapludult soil in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. In all trials, applying K2CO3 solutions to alfalfa significantly reduced field drying time compared with untreated forage. Treating alfalfa with K2CO3 at mowing reduced field drying time from 3 to 22 h compared with untreated forage. Relative to untreated forage, drying time was reduced by 29 to 72% due to K2CO3 treatment. In five of seven trials, the treated forage reached a DM concentration of 800 g kg−1 1 d before untreated forage. Increasing the K2CO3 concentration from 3.5 to 14 kg Mg−1 of DM resulted in a small but statistically significant reduction in drying time of the forage in three of seven trials. These differences were considered to be biologically insignificant. Increasing K2CO3 solution volume from 25 to 166 L Mg−1 of DM did not affect drying time of alfalfa forage. Potassium carbonate applied as low as 3.5 kg Mg−1 of the forage DM in a solution volume of 25 L Mg−1 of DM has the potential to significantly reduce the field drying time of alfalfa hay in the humid southeastern USA.
Planting System and Weed Control Effects on Soybean Grown on Clay Soil
Authors: Elmore C. Dennis , Heatherly L. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDryland soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production on clay soils in the Mississippi River alluvial flood plain (Delta) is economically marginal, and production inputs must be minimized to achieve economic feasibility. One scheme for reduction of inputs is stale seedbed planting. Three chemical weed control options (none, preemergence only, and post‐emergence only) were compared in both stale and tilled seedbeds on a Sharkey clay (very‐fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) in 1981 and 1982. Four soybean cultivars representing Maturity Groups V, VI, and VII were used. Yields from the two seedbed treatments with preemergence weed control were equal, but seed yield from the tilled seedbed treatment with no herbicide averaged 225 kg ha−1 greater than the stale seedbed treatment with comparable weed control. Percent weed cover was lowest both years in the tilled seedbed with postemergence weed control. Weed species present in the greatest abundance were prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.), and slender aster (Aster exilis Ell.). An unfilled seedbed is a viable choice with effective weed management to enable producers to minimize tillage inputs and still maintain yield on clay soils.
Critical Stress Periods Affecting Productivity of No‐Till Winter Wheat in Western Canada
Authors: Entz M. H. , Fowler D. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of prevailing environmental conditions on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield, grain protein, and yield components is dependent on plant development stage. This study identified critical stress periods influencing the productivity of no‐till winter wheat produced on the Canadian prairies. Grain yield, grain protein, aerial dry matter, harvest index, and individual yield components were related to weather and soil water factors at 11 field locations between 1984 and 1986. Soil types included Typic Haploborolls, Udic Haploborolls, and Vertic Haploborolls. Pan evaporation, precipitation, and growing degree‐days were totalized for six 15‐d periods corresponding with Zadok growth scale stages 21 to 32, 32 to 46, 46 to 65, 65 to 74, 74 to 83, and 83 to 91, respectively. Extractable soil water to 1.3 m was measured at the stem elongation (stage 31), anthesis (stage 65), and soft dough (stage 85) development stages. Environmental stress between stages 21 and 65 most influenced grain yield, aerial dry matter production, harvest index, grain protein yield, spikes per square meter, kernels per spike, and kernels per square meter. Kernel weight was most dependent on prevailing conditions after anthesis. Grain protein concentration was influenced by environmental stresses both before and after anthesis. Evaporation, followed by root zone extractable soil water and precipitation, had the largest influence on crop performance of all the environmental‐water parameters considered. Prediction equations that included these variables explained 91% of grain yield, 82% of aerial dry matter, 84% of the harvest index, 73% of protein concentration, 82% of protein yield, 47% of spikes per square meter, 83% of kernels per spike, 83% of kernels per square meter, and 82% of kernel weight variability observed.
Forage Legume Effects on Soil Nitrogen and Grain Yield, and Nitrogen Nutrition of Wheat
Authors: Badaruddin M. , Meyer D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation on the effect of hayed legumes on soil fertility and subsequent crop productivity is needed to evaluate the use of legumes in place of summerfallow in the northern Great Plains. The objectives of these studies were to determine (i) the seeding‐year hay yield, and root and crown N content of five forage legumes, (ii) the spring soil NO−3‐N status following the forage legumes, and (iii) the forage legume effects on grain yield, grain yield components, and N nutrition of the subsequent hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop at 0, 75, or 150 kg of fertilizer N ha‐1. Field experiments were conducted on a Fargo silty clay (fine, montmorillonitic, frigid Vertic Haplaquolls) soil at Fargo, ND and on a Perella‐Bearden silty clay loam (fine‐silty, mixed, frigid Typic Haplaquolls, fine‐silty, frigid Aeric Calciaquolls) soil at Prosper, ND from 1984 to 1986. The legume species were not significantly different in hay yields, and root and crown N content across environments, although alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sweetclover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.] had 35 to 83% greater N contents than other species. Fall regrowth, crowns, and roots were incorporated into the soil in late fall. Soil NO−3‐N in the spring following legumes was greater than following fertilized wheat, but less than following fallow across environments. Grain yield and N uptake of wheat following forage legumes generally were equal to those following fallow, but greater than those following wheat. Nitrogen use efficiency of unfertilized wheat following forage legumes was greater than following fallow or wheat in 1986, but equal in 1985. Grain yield to total N uptake ratio and N partitioning to grain following legumes were greater than following fallow or wheat in two of four environments. These results suggest that including 1‐yr forage legumes in crop sequence would be a better option than fallow in the higher moisture areas of the northern Great Plains.
Stubble Height Effect on Winter Wheat in the Northern Great Plains: II. Plant Population and Yield Relations
Authors: Black A. L. , Bauer Armand 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPartial winterkill of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a potential problem each year in the northern Great Plains, reducing plant population and yield potential, and forcing a decision to retain or destroy the crop. The objective was to develop algorithms relating postwinter agronomic characters to potential grain yield. Field trials were conducted 4 yr on Williams loam (fine‐loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls) to measure the effect of four stubble heights (0, 5, 20, and 36 cm) on postwinter plant populations and agronomic characteristics of three cultivars (Roughrider, Mironovskaya, and Centurk) planted with two drills (disk‐ and hoe‐opener) on an area without and with 50‐mm supplemental water applied 1 to 2 wk before planting. Postwinter, pretilllering plant population, spike population at harvest, and grain yield differed among stubble heights and cultivars each year. Plant populations ranged from < 10 to >220/m2. Average spike/seedling population ratio ranged from about 2.5 to 5.5 with the largest ratio associated with the smallest plant population. Curvilinear relationships of spikes/m2 to plants/m2, grain yield (kg/ha) to spikes/m2, and grain yield (kg/ha) to plants/m2, respectively, were associated with R2 of 0.94, 0.97, and 0.95. The curvilinear function, no intercept option, of grain yield kg/ha (Y) to plants/m2 (X) was Y = 41.04x − 0.18x2 + 0.00021x3. This algorithm is a definitive measure of grain yield potential when postwinter plant population is known.
Spring Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation Models for Dryland Hard Red Winter Wheat
Authors: Vaughan B. , Barbarick K. A. , Westfall D. G. , Chapman P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen fertilizer recommendations for dryland hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are more reliable when based on spring rather than fall soil and plant measurements. Objectives of this research were to develop spring N recommendations based on soil available N, plant tissue N, and/or climatic variables measured in the spring. Grain yield variation was described by simple and multiple regression analysis with various levels of complexity. Soil NH4‐N levels in the spring explained more grain yield variation than did NO3‐N. Spring soil sampling to depths >60 cm explained no additional grain yield variation. Percent sand in the soil surface (0‐30 cm) explained more grain yield variation between experimental sites than did other site variables. Simple Cate‐Nelson III models were more accurate than complex multiple regression equations. Cate‐Nelson III models, for available soil NH4‐N plus NO3‐N (0‐30 and 0‐60 cm) and Feekes 5 leaf N, predicted required N rates in the spring within ±22 kg N ha−1, 87 to 95% of the time. Spring N recommendations were improved when spring N rates were based on both available soil N and Feekes 5 leaf N. These results indicate (i) that analysis of available soil N in the spring must include soil NH4‐N to prevent over‐fertilization, and (ii) that simple Cate‐Nelson models are sufficient for calibration of spring N rates to available soil and plant N levels measured in the spring.
Inorganic Nitrogen Distribution and Soil Chemical Transformations Associated with Injected Liquid Beef Manure
Authors: Sawyer J. E. , Schmitt M. A. , Hoeft R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome producers have reported corn (Zea mays L.) production problems associated with injected liquid manure. These have included uneven corn growth, plant stunting, yellowing and chlorosis. Field studies were initiated in northwestern Illinois on a Derinda silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) soil where these problems had been reported. This research evaluated inorganic N distribution and soil chemical transformations associated with liquid beef manure (28 and 37 Mg ha−1) injected with and without nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl pyridine]. Injection methods included knife (vertical) and sweep (horizontal). Movement of NH4, or NO3, was limited to less than 12.7 cm from the point of knife injection. High concentrations of NH+4 were found within the knife injection zone compared to low concentrations within the sweep injection zone. Horizontally spreading the liquid manure under the soil surface by sweep injection produced a more uniform lateral distribution of manure and inorganic N (25 cm from the center of the injection point). Nitrapyrin was effective in slowing nitrification with sweep but not knife injection. Conditions known to adversely affect root growth; including incipient toxic levels of NH3(aq), high moisture content, and high levels of NO2, were present for approximately 7 to 8 wk within knife injected manure zones. Root observations indicated growth in soil adjacent to the knife injected manure, but no growth within the zone during this same period. Sweep injection reduced or eliminated the length of time that these conditions existed.
Growth Form and Yield Responses of Four Cotton Cultivars to Ozone
Authors: Temple Patrick J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCultivars of crop plants can differ widely in their susceptibilities to yield losses induced by the air pollutant ozone (O3), but relatively little is known of the physiological mechanisms that account for these differences. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars differ in degree of determinance, which may affect cultivar responses to O3 through effects on rates of maturation of the cultivars. Four cultivars of cotton grown in the field on a Hanford coarse sandy loam (coarseloamy, mixed, nonacid, Thermic Xerorthents) were exposed to three levels of O3 in open‐top chambers to determine their relative susceptibility to O3, and to relate differences in susceptibility to morphological and physiological characteristics of the cultivars. Susceptibility to O3,‐induced yield losses in these cultivars was directly correlated with degree of determinance so that cultivar rank in order of both increasing determinance and susceptibility to O3 was: SJ‐2 < C1 < GC510 < SS2086. Differences among the cultivars in susceptibility to O3, were not associated with differences in rates of stomatal conductance. Instead, determinate cultivars appeared to be more susceptible to O3 because periods of peak flowering and boll set coincided with periods of high O3 concentration. Also, indeterminate cultivars appeared to have greater flexibility in altering branching patterns in response to O3,‐induced leaf abscission than did determinate lines. Since most high‐yielding, short‐season cotton cultivars have a determinate growth habit, these results suggest that production from short‐season cotton cultivars may be limited by the prevalence of O3 air pollution in many cotton‐growing regions of the USA.
Sweet Potato Root and Biomass Production with and without Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Hill Walter A. , Hortense Dodo , Hahn S. K. , Mulongoy K. , Adeyeye S. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious work suggests that some sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas, L.) cultivars can produce high storage root yields on soils without fertilizer N addition. This study was conducted to compare storage root yields, total biomass, N uptake and fibrous root weights of sweet potato cultivars grown on low N level soils with and without N addition. In 1987 and 1988, improved sweet potato cultivars developed at International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan, Nigeria were grown with and without 50 kg N ha−1 in Oxic Paleustalfs with low N and C concentrations. Yields of 21 to 38 Mg ha−1 were produced for four of the five improved cultivars grown in soil without N addition. Total biomass, foliage, fibrous root and storage root weights and N concentration in leaves were not influenced by fertilizer N addition. Up to 158 and 89 kg N ha−1 uptake in total biomass occurred with the +N and −N treatments, respectively. Indigenous soil N levels and fibrous root weights for − N vs. +N treatments could not account for the total N uptake and biomass produced on soils without N addition.
Differences among Certified Wheat Seedlots in Response to Trifluralin
Authors: Morrison I.N. , Nawolsky K.M. , Entz M.H. , Smith A.E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInjury to wheat from trifluralin [2,6‐Dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐4‐(trifluoromethy1)benzenamine] residue occurs under a range of environmental and field conditions and may influence crop stand density, seed quality, and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between seed quality, stand density, and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at trifluralin dosages typical of residue levels occurring under western Canadian conditions. Three certified seedlots of ‘Katepwa’ spring wheat designated S1, S2, and S3 were planted into trifluralin‐treated soil under field conditions at Portage la Prairie, Manitoba in 1988 and 1989. All three seedlots had high germination percentages (> 95), however, S1 was darker colored and had a higher thousand‐kernel weight and a greater proportion of large kernels than either S2 or S3. Both cold germination and cold growth tests indicated that S1 and S2 were more vigorous than S3, however no differences in physiological vigor between S1 and S2 were observed. Significant seedlot ✕ trifluralin interactions (P ≤ 0.05) occurred for crop emergence and seed yield in both years, with S1 being less affected than either S2 or S3 as trifluralin dosages increased. For example, in 1988 where 0.25 kg ha−1 trifluralin was present at seeding, emergence of S1 was reduced by 22% compared to 27% for S2 and 31% for S3 relative to the untreated controls. In 1989, the comparative percentage reductions were 9, 12, and l8%, respectively. Similarly, at 0.25 kg ha−1, seed yields in plots sown to S1, S2, and S3 were 3, 7, and 13% less than in the untreated plots in 1988; and 5, 7, and 11% less in 1989. Results of this study substantiate that wheat response to soil trifluralin level at seeding can be modified by qualitative and quantitative differences in seed quality.