bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the composition of underarm and forearm skin using confocal raman spectrscopy
Authors: Wu J. Q. , Kilpatrick‐Liverman L. 
Published: February 2011

SynopsisMany studies have reported differences in skin composition as a function of body site and age. However, rarely has axilla (underarm) skin been included in these studies. This report highlights the results of a clinical study where confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to assess the differences between underarm and volar forearm skin. In the reported study, the concentration of natural moisturizing factor (NMF), urea, lactic acid, cholesterol, trans urocanic acid (t‐UCA) and ceramide 3 (N‐octadecanoyl‐phytosphingosine) was evaluated as a function of depth, body site (underarm vs. forearm) and age. Two age groups of women were included: (i) between 20 and 30 years and (ii) older than 55 years (post‐menopause). The levels of cholesterol, ceramide 3 and lactic acid were highest in the underarm regardless of the age group whereas the forearm contained higher amounts of NMF. Ceramide 3, urea and lactic acid were significantly lower for women 55 years or older in the underarm. No age‐related differences were detected within the forearm site..
Lifting properties of the alkamide fraction from the fruit husks of Zanthoxylum bungeanum
Authors: Artaria C. , Maramaldi G. , Bonfigli A. , Rigano L. , Appendino G. 
Published: February 2011

SynopsisThe fruits of various Zanthoxylum species are used as a spice in the Chinese and Japanese cuisine because of their delicate flavour and tingling properties. The lipophilic hydroxyalkamides hydroxy α‐ and β‐sanshools (1a,b) have been identified as the tingling principles of these plants, and previous studies have validated a sanshool‐rich lipophilic extract from the fruit husks of Z. bungeanum Maxim. (Zanthalene®) as an anti‐itching cosmetic ingredient. Because tingling is a sort of ‘paralytic pungency’, and Zanthalene® potently inhibits synaptic transmission, we have investigated its capacity to relax subcutaneous muscles and act as a topical lifting agent for wrinkles. An anti‐wrinkles extract rich in spilanthol (2), a lipophilic alkamide having sensory properties similar to those of Zanthalene®, was used as a reference. Short‐term (lifting effect) and long‐term (anti‐wrinkle) improvements of skin roughness parameters were evaluated by both objectives’ and subjectives’ measurements. An immediate ‘lifting’ effect was observed with the sanshool‐rich lipophilic extract, at dosages at which the reference alkamide extract was inactive in the objective assays. Limited desensitization after repeated application and good overall tolerability were observed, although a modest long‐term anti‐wrinkle effect was shown by both products. Taken together, these observations validate the use of sanshool‐rich lipophilic extracts as an efficacious, immediate‐action lifting agent, and exemplify the relevance of sensory observations to foster the development of innovative cosmetic ingredients.
Efficacy and safety of topical steroids in paediatric atopic dermatitis
Authors: Lane Alfred T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground Atopic dermatitis (AD) affects 10–15% of children in the USA and up to 20% of children in the UK. Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy to control acute flares of AD in both children and adults.Aim In paediatric patients, it is especially important to ensure that local application of a corticosteroid used is limited to the least amount needed to produce a therapeutic response, as children are particularly prone to systemic adverse effects of these agents. The development of newer corticosteroid molecules is aimed at achieving maximum activity and minimal unwanted side effects.Review Mometasone furoate (Elocon®), a medium potency topical corticosteroid, is the only topical steroid approved for use in children in the USA. Mometasone furoate undergoes biotransformation in the liver into three different metabolites with very little intrinsic activity. Local side effects are minimal, with an atrophogenic potential comparable with that of 1% hydrocortisone ointment, and the risk of adrenal suppression is low. In clinical trials including over 300 infants and children, once‐daily 0.1% mometasone furoate was found to be statistically significantly more effective than twice‐daily 1% or 2.5% hydrocortisone, twice‐daily 0.05% alclometasone dipropionate and twice‐daily 0.05% fluticasone propionate.Conclusion The once‐daily regimen of mometasone furoate is also useful in promoting compliance and reducing the potential for adverse effects.
A Comparison of Association Methods Correcting for Population Stratification in Case–Control Studies
Authors: Wu Chengqing , DeWan Andrew , Hoh Josephine , Wang Zuoheng 
Published: February 2011

SummaryPopulation stratification is an important issue in case–control studies of disease‐marker association. Failure to properly account for population structure can lead to spurious association or reduced power. In this article, we compare the performance of six methods correcting for population stratification in case–control association studies. These methods include genomic control (GC), EIGENSTRAT, principal component‐based logistic regression (PCA‐L), LAPSTRUCT, ROADTRIPS, and EMMAX. We also include the uncorrected Armitage test for comparison. In the simulation studies, we consider a wide range of population structure models for unrelated samples, including admixture. Our simulation results suggest that PCA‐L and LAPSTRUCT perform well over all the scenarios studied, whereas GC, ROADTRIPS, and EMMAX fail to correct for population structure at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that show strong differentiation across ancestral populations. The Armitage test does not adjust for confounding due to stratification thus has inflated type I error. Among all correction methods, EMMAX has the greatest power, based on the population structure settings considered for samples with unrelated individuals. The three methods, EIGENSTRAT, PCA‐L, and LAPSTRUCT, are comparable, and outperform both GC and ROADTRIPS in almost all situations.
Feminist Resources for Biomedical Research: Lessons from the HPV Vaccines
Authors: De Melo-Martín Inmaculada , Intemann Kristen 
Published: February 2011

Several feminist philosophers of science have argued that social and political values are compatible with, and may even enhance, scientific objectivity. A variety of normative recommendations have emerged regarding how to identify, manage, and critically evaluate social values in science. In particular, several feminist theorists have argued that scientific communities ought to: 1) include researchers with diverse experiences, interests, and values, with equal opportunity and authority to scrutinize research; 2) investigate or “study up” scientific phenomena from the perspectives, interests, and conditions of marginalized stakeholders potentially affected by the research; and 3) make gender, ethnicity, class, and geographical location “visible,” or use them as categories of analysis when appropriate. Yet, more work is needed to determine what exactly these recommendations would require, and the benefits they would yield, in specific research contexts.Using the recent development of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, we examine how these three feminist recommendations would have applied. We argue that these principles would have yielded several epistemic and social benefits in the HPV case, as well as in biomedical research more generally. That is, biomedical research guided by these principles would not only be epistemically superior, but also more socially responsible.
Low‐dose thiazide diuretics in children with idiopathic renal hypercalciuria
Authors: Choi Ji Na , Lee Jae Seung , Shin Jae Il 
Published: February 2011

AbtractAim:  To evaluate the therapeutic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in idiopathic renal hypercalciuria.Methods:  We retrospectively analysed the data of 28 children (6.0 ± 4.1 years, M:F = 19:9) diagnosed as having idiopathic renal hypercalciuria from the years 1991 to 2008. The dose of hydrochlorothiazide was initially 0.5 mg/kg/day and gradually increased to achieve the appropriate hypocalciuric effect (urinary calcium/creatinine <0.2 mg/mg) in some unresponsive patients.Results:  Twenty‐two patients (79%) had gross haematuria, 6 (21%) microscopic haematuria, 2 left flank pain, 6 (21%) urolithiasis and 9 (32%) urinary tract infection at the diagnosis of hypercalciuria. The low doses (0.5 mg/kg/day) of hydrochlorothiazide reduced urinary calcium excretion in 25 patients (89%) and 3 (11%) required the increased doses (1–2 mg/kg/day). Haematuria and urolithiasis gradually resolved in accordance with the improvement of hypercalciuria. Nineteen patients (68%) maintaining hypocalciuria during hydrochlorothiazide therapy were discontinued after 12.5 ± 5.3 months of treatment. Eleven of the 19 patients maintained normocalciuria, while 8 showed increased urinary calcium excretion at 2.9 ± 2.3 months after treatment was stopped, requiring thiazide retreatment.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that low dose (0.5 mg/kg/day) of hydrochlorothiazide may be safe and effective in controlling renal hypercalciuria in children.
Health‐related quality of life of Estonian adolescents: reliability and validity of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scales in Estonia
Authors: Viira Roomet , Koka Andre 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  The main aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ 4.0 (PedsQL™ 4.0) Generic Core Scales among Estonian adolescents. Gender differences in health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) were also investigated.Methods:  The 654 adolescents (309 boys and 345 girls) aged 13–14 years (M age = 13.57 years, SD = 0.62) completed Estonian version of the PedsQL™ 4.0.Results:  Results of the confirmatory factor analysis for a five‐factor model of the Estonian version of PedsQL™ 4.0 approached the criteria of acceptable fit after setting error covariance to be free between some of the items within physical health, emotional functioning and social functioning subscales. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients exceeded the minimum criterion of 0.70 for all subscales except for days missed from school because of illness subscale. With regard to gender differences, consistent with previous studies, girls reported lower level on total score of HRQoL as well as its aspects of physical health, emotional functioning and psychosocial health.Conclusion:  The present study revealed that after some modifications, the PedsQL™ 4.0 could be considered as suitable instrument to measure HRQoL among Estonian adolescents.
The soft quiescent spectrum of the transiently accreting 11-Hz X-ray pulsar in the globular cluster Terzan 5
Authors: Degenaar N. , Wijnands R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We report on the quiescent X-ray properties of the recently discovered transiently accreting 11-Hz X-ray pulsar in the globular cluster Terzan 5. Using two archival Chandra observations, we demonstrate that the quiescent spectrum of this neutron star low-mass X-ray binary is soft and can be fit to a neutron star atmosphere model with a temperature of kT∞∼ 73 eV. A power-law spectral component is not required by the data and contributes at most ∼20 per cent to the total unabsorbed 0.5–10 keV flux of ∼9 × 10−14 erg cm−2 s−1. Such a soft quiescent spectrum is unusual for neutron stars with relatively high inferred magnetic fields and casts a different light on the interpretation of the hard spectral component, which is often attributed to magnetic field effects. For a distance of 5.5 kpc, the estimated quiescent thermal bolometric luminosity is ∼6 × 1032 erg s−1. If the thermal emission is interpreted as cooling of the neutron star, the observed luminosity requires that the system is quiescent for at least ∼100 yr. Alternatively, enhanced neutrino emissions can cool the neutron star to the observed quiescent luminosity.
Can rotation explain the multiple main-sequence turn-offs of Magellanic Cloud star clusters?
Authors: Girardi Léo , Eggenberger Patrick , Miglio Andrea 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Many intermediate-age star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds present multiple main-sequence turn-offs (MMSTOs), which challenge the classical idea that star formation in such objects took place over short time-scales. It has been recently suggested that the presence of fast rotators among main-sequence stars could be the cause of such features, hence relaxing the need for extended periods of star formation. In this Letter, we compute evolutionary tracks and isochrones of models with and without rotation. We find that, for the same age and input physics, both kinds of models present turn-offs with an almost identical position in the colour–magnitude diagrams (CMDs). As a consequence, a dispersion of rotational velocities in coeval ensembles of stars could not explain the presence of MMSTOs. We construct several synthetic CMDs for the different kinds of tracks and combinations of them. The models that best reproduce the morphology of observed MMSTOs are clearly those assuming a significant spread in the stellar ages – as long as ∼400 Myr – added to a moderate amount of convective core overshooting. Only these models produce the detailed ‘golf club’ shape of observed MMSTOs. A spread in rotational velocities alone cannot do anything similar. We also discuss models involving a mixture of stars with and without overshooting, as an additional scenario to producing MMSTOs with coeval populations. We find that they produce turn-offs with a varying extension in the CMD direction perpendicular to the lower main sequence, which are clearly not present in observed MMSTOs.
A STATISTICAL TEST FOR RANKING DATA FROM PARTIALLY BALANCED INCOMPLETE BLOCK DESIGNS
Authors: BEST D.J. , RAYNER J.C.W. , ALLINGHAM DAVID 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe analysis of partially balanced incomplete block (PBIB) ranked data is discussed. Two examples are given to illustrate two alternative approaches. Analysis of PBIB ranking data is not covered in any of the standard sensory evaluation texts and this expository note is meant to help fill this gap. For some data sets, the calculations for the first approach are simple enough to do by hand. The second approach that we consider assumes that computer software for general analysis of variance is available. Such analysis of variance software should cope with missing values via a regression method. A suggested multiple comparisons algorithm is also illustrated. R code is given to allow easy application of our first approach.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSensory fatigue can be a problem in some sensory evaluation trials. In the taste‐test area, this is sometimes called “palate paralysis.” To cope with this fatigue, balanced incomplete block designs can be employed. However, these restrict the sensory scientist to particular combinations of products, subjects and evaluations per subject. Sometimes, such restrictions can be prohibitive, and then partially balanced designs, which allow more freedom in the choice of these parameters, can be used. Here we consider statistical analysis of ranking data from partially balanced incomplete block designs.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY DURING ORAL PROCESSING IN RELATION TO MECHANICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF SOFT GELS
Authors: ISHIHARA SAYAKA , NAKAUMA MAKOTO , FUNAMI TAKAHIRO , TANAKA TOSHIE , NISHINARI KATSUYOSHI , KOHYAMA KAORU 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTTo relate to mechanical and sensory properties of soft gels, electromyography (EMG) of the suprahyoid musculature during palatal reduction (i.e., compression between the tongue and the hard palate) followed by normal swallowing was investigated. EMG was recorded using healthy adults as subjects to monitor the activities of the masseter muscle and the suprahyoid musculature during oral processing. Mechanical properties of gels were examined by compression tests at various strains and deformation rates. The duration of oral processing was prolonged and the EMG activity of the suprahyoid musculature increased with increasing concentration of gelling agents. The EMG activity of the suprahyoid musculature correlated well with the compression load of gels at extremely large strains (e.g., 90% strain) and with sensory perceived hardness. The EMG activity of the suprahyoid musculature is an effective parameter in analyzing human oral processing of soft gels and is deducible objectively by compression load at large strains.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSTexture design of nursing‐care foods is important challenges in the food industry, as there is an increasing demand with increasing number of people with difficulties in mastication and/or swallowing in this aged society. The electromyography (EMG) activity of the suprahyoid musculature can be used as an objective parameter to analyze eating behavior of soft gels that are broken down through palatal reduction without chewing before swallowing. Surface EMG provides food manufactures with a strategy for the texture design of nursing‐care foods because soft gels are the base of these food products.
INTERPLAY BETWEEN PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS, ORAL PHYSIOLOGY AND TEXTURE PERCEPTION OF CELLULAR BRITTLE FOODS
Authors: VAN VLIET TON , PRIMO‐MARTÍN CRISTINA 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTHard solid foods encompass a large variety of dry products as well as products with high water content. Most of these foods have a cellular structure, which is generally characterized by connected fairly rigid cell walls, enclosing a fluid material that may be liquid‐like (fruit and vegetables) or a gas (mainly manufactured cellular foods). Typical for many hard solid products is their brittle fracture behavior, mostly accompanied by acoustic emission. The latter characteristic is essential for their crispy or crunchy character. Other main texture attributes are hardness and brittleness and for fruits and vegetables juiciness. The latter requires that the liquid content of the cells is released during mastication. Aspects of fracture behavior of cellular food products, oral processing of these products, and the interplay between product characteristics and perception of some main texture attributes (hardness and crispness) will be discussed.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIt has become more and more clear that texture perception by consumers of hard solid (brittle) foods is based on the interplay between product structure, fracture behavior, oral processing and final grading by the brain. Better understanding of the relations between these aspects is essential for the production of healthy, tasteful food that is liked by consumers. This article focus on the interplay between physical properties of hard solid foods and oral processing in relation to the perception of selected texture attributes (hardness and crispness).
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FIBER SUSPENSIONS. I: EFFECT OF HOMOGENIZATION
Authors: BENGTSSON HANNA , TORNBERG EVA 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTDifferent physicochemical properties and the chemical composition of soluble and insoluble fiber were studied. The influence of fiber source (apple, tomato, carrot and potato pulp), concentration and homogenization were investigated. The fiber suspensions respond in different ways to homogenization. This can, for most physicochemical properties investigated, be due to the fundamentally different microstructure. Carrot and potato pulp suspensions were found to consist of large cell clusters and aggregates, respectively, which were degraded to smaller cell clusters when homogenized. Apple and tomato suspensions were found to consist of large, single cells and cell fragments before homogenization. Tomato suspensions were easily degraded by homogenization, affording a high water‐holding capacity. Apple suspensions were only slightly affected by homogenization, but had the highest elasticity. However, no change in the composition of soluble and insoluble fiber was detected in the homogenized fiber suspensions.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSProcessing of dietary fiber before use as an additive in food products can change its physicochemical properties. These changes must be understood in order to predict the changes in the product resulting from the addition of dietary fiber. Processing in the form of pressure homogenization of the fiber suspensions gave rise to smaller particles and an increased elasticity. Furthermore, it was shown that the more aggregated the microstructure of the fiber suspension the lower its water‐holding capacity and elastic modulus. This knowledge represents a great potential for the product development process which can then be less time consuming. Thus more products fortified with dietary fiber can appear on the market, increasing the consumption of dietary fiber.
EFFECT OF DATE FLESH FIBER CONCENTRATE ADDITION ON DOUGH PERFORMANCE AND BREAD QUALITY
Authors: BORCHANI CHEMA , MASMOUDI MANEL , BESBES SOUHAIL , ATTIA HAMADI , DEROANNE CLAUDE , BLECKER CHRISTOPHE 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTDate flesh fiber concentrate (DFFC) of Deglet Nour variety were extracted and incorporated in a bakery product. Dough rheological characteristics showed that water absorption, stability, index quality, resistance to deformation increased with the amount of added fiber, whereas degree of softening and extensibility decreased in all levels of fiber. Bread evaluation revealed that DFFC addition caused an increase of bread yield especially for the highest levels, a change of crumb color and an insignificant decrease of bread volume. Breads are subjected to sensory evaluation for odor, taste, crumb color, crumb smoothness and overall acceptability. Significant differences were not found (P > 0.05) between scores for all sensory parameters.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSConsumption of dietary fiber offers health benefits including protection against cardiovascular diseases, cancer and other degenerative diseases. However, fiber intake is commonly lower than recommended. In consequence, the application of fiber in food production should be desirable. This work intended to add value to the second‐grade dates (with a hard texture) from the potential Tunisian cultivars “Deglet Nour,” which has a very good sensory quality and a high commercial value. This by‐product could be regarded as an important source of dietary fiber with interesting functional properties and many beneficial effects on human health. Then, date flesh fiber concentrate could be used in value‐added applications such as bread making.