bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 263–289 (July/August 2008) Microbiological assessment of the ultraviolet screening effect of sunscreen preparations
Authors: Gomaa Y. A. , Aboulmagd E. , Boraei N. A. , Darwish I. A. , El‐khordagui L.K. 
Published: July 2009

This paper was presented as a poster in the Industrial Pharmacy section at the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) Congress, Cairo, 2005.SynopsisThe purpose of this study was the development of a microbiological method for the assessment of the ultraviolet (UV) screening effect of sunscreen preparations and determination of their sun protection factor. The method is based on the lethal effect of UV radiation on Escherichia coli and the protective ability of sunscreens. The time of UV exposure required for the reduction of the E. coli viable count by 90% (decimal reduction time, DRT) was used as the photoprotection assessment parameter. The method was tested by assessing the effect of selected experimental variables on the DRT. The suitability of the method as a quality control tool for sunscreen preparations was then checked by assessing the influence of selected formulation variables on the photoprotective effect of a series of o/w emulsion formulations with different compositions. The method proved valid for detecting changes in the photoprotective effect of a market sunscreen product as a result of modifying experimental conditions. It also proved valid for ranking market sunscreen products according to their UV screening effect. Equally important, the method could successfully detect changes in the photoprotective effect of sunscreen test formulations as a function of the concentration and type of the sunscreen agents.
Sleep problems, sleepiness and daytime behavior in preschool‐age children
Authors: Goodlin‐Jones Beth , Tang Karen , Liu Jingyi , Anders Thomas F. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Sleep problems are a common complaint of parents of preschool children. Children with neurodevelopmental disorders have even more disrupted sleep than typically developing children. Although disrupted nighttime sleep has been reported to affect daytime behavior, the pathway from sleep disruption to sleep problems, to impairments in daytime performance or behavior is not clear. This multi‐method, preliminary study assessed this path in 68 children with autism, matched to 57 children with developmental delay without autism and 69 children developing typically.Methods: Actigraphy, structured questionnaires, laboratory assessments, and parent reports were obtained in 194 children.Results: Controlling for diagnosis and developmental age of the child, nighttime sleep problems determined by parent reports were significantly associated with decrements in daytime behavior, also measured by parent report instruments. However, actigraph‐defined sleep problems and objective measures of daytime sleepiness were not associated with decrements in daytime performance.Conclusions: Parent report measures substantiate relationships between disrupted sleep patterns and waking behavior. Further understanding of the pathway from sleep disorders to daytime sleepiness and decrements in waking performance, however, may require more rigorous methods of assessment such as polysomnography and the multiple sleep latency test.
Effect of weaning time on the growth rate and food intake of the spiny mouse pup
Authors: Yarmolinsky L. , Kam M. , Khokhlova I. S. , Degen A. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe spiny mouse Acomys cahirinus produces well‐developed pups although it is a relatively small mammal (45 g). We envisioned two opposing hypotheses on the effect of early weaning on the growth rate of pups. The first predicts little effect since the increase in energy intake of dams above non‐reproducing females is relatively low, suggesting that pups consume a large portion of their energy as solid food, and the pups are very well developed at birth. The second predicts a substantial effect since the ‘index of precociality’, that is the energy intake for maintenance of a pup as a proportion of that predicted for a rodent of its body mass, falls within values for altricial rodents, suggesting an extended maternal dependence of the young. To test these hypotheses, we measured the growth rate and food intake of pups weaned after either 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. Only three of 12 pups weaned after 7 days survived and, consequently, the latter hypothesis was supported. All pups weaned at 14–28 days survived. There was a significant decrease in growth rate during the first day after weaning in pups weaned at 7, 14 and 21 days but not after 28 days, suggesting that pups did not require parental care by day 28. Peak growth rate in pups weaned at 14 days occurred in the second week but occurred in the third week in pups weaned at 21 and 28 days. In spite of these differences, pups in all treatments had similar body mass at 64 days, indicating compensatory growth. We concluded that pups of A. cahirinus are precocial from a morphological aspect in that they are well developed at birth but altricial from a nutritional aspect in that they require extended maternal support.
On the relationship between occipital cortex activity and inhibition of return
Authors: Prime David J. , Jolicœur Pierre 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe present study explored the relationship between inhibition of return (IOR) and visual processes by seeking evidence that IOR and changes in event‐related potential (ERP) indices of occipital cortex activity covary in response to experimental manipulation. The presence or absence of a central reorienting event was manipulated within the context of a cue–target experiment. When a reorienting event was presented in the interval between cue and target, IOR was accompanied by reductions in the amplitudes of early occipital ERP peaks on validly cued trials relative to invalidly cued trials. When a reorienting event was not presented, neither IOR nor modulations of the occipital ERP peaks was observed. These results provide strong evidence that IOR arises from changes in occipital visual processing. We propose that IOR arises from a slowing of response‐selection processes on validly cued trials due differences in the perceptual input to the decision‐making process.
Modulation of the error‐related negativity by response conflict
Authors: Danielmeier Claudia , Wessel Jan R. , Steinhauser Marco , Ullsperger Markus 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn arrow version of the Eriksen flanker task was employed to investigate the influence of conflict on the error‐related negativity (ERN). The degree of conflict was modulated by varying the distance between flankers and the target arrow (CLOSE and FAR conditions). Error rates and reaction time data from a behavioral experiment were used to adapt a connectionist model of this task. This model was based on the conflict monitoring theory and simulated behavioral and event‐related potential data. The computational model predicted an increased ERN amplitude in FAR incompatible (the low‐conflict condition) compared to CLOSE incompatible errors (the high‐conflict condition). A subsequent ERP experiment confirmed the model predictions. The computational model explains this finding with larger postresponse conflict in far trials. In addition, data and model predictions of the N2 and the LRP support the conflict interpretation of the ERN.
Communalities and differences in fear potentiation between cardiac defense and eyeblink startle
Authors: Sánchez María B. , Guerra Pedro , Muñoz Miguel A. , Mata José Luís , Bradley Margaret M. , Lang Peter J. , Vila Jaime 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study examines similarities and differences in fear potentiation between two protective reflexes: cardiac defense and eyeblink startle. Women reporting intense fear of animals but low fear of blood or intense fear of blood but low fear of animals viewed pictures depicting blood or the feared animal for 6 s in 2 separate trials in counterbalanced order. An intense burst of white noise, able to elicit both a cardiac defense response and a reflexive startle blink, was presented 3.5 s after picture onset. Both cardiac and blink responses were potentiated when highly fearful individuals viewed fearful pictures. However, differences appeared concerning picture order. This pattern of results indicates communalities and differences among protective reflexes that are relevant for understanding the dynamics of emotional reflex modulation.
Proteomic analysis reveals novel binding partners of dysbindin, a schizophrenia‐related protein
Authors: Hikita Takao , Taya Shinichiro , Fujino Yasutaka , Taneichi‐Kuroda Setsuko , Ohta Kanae , Tsuboi Daisuke , Shinoda Tomoyasu , Kuroda Keisuke , Funahashi Yusuke , Uraguchi‐Asaki Junko , Hashimoto Ryota , Kaibuchi Kozo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSchizophrenia is a complex mental disorder with fairly high level of heritability. Dystrobrevin binding protein 1, a gene encoding dysbindin protein, is a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia that was identified by family‐based association analysis. Recent studies revealed that dysbindin is involved in the exocytosis and/or formation of synaptic vesicles. However, the molecular function of dysbindin in synaptic transmission is largely unknown. To investigate the signaling pathway in which dysbindin is involved, we isolated dysbindin‐interacting molecules from rat brain lysate by combining ammonium sulfate precipitation and dysbindin‐affinity column chromatography, and identified dysbindin‐interacting proteins by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins involved in protein localization process, including Munc18‐1, were identified as dysbindin‐interacting proteins. Munc18‐1 was co‐immunoprecipitated with dysbindin from rat brain lysate, and directly interacted with dysbindin in vitro. In primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons, a part of dysbindin was co‐localized with Munc18‐1 at pre‐synaptic terminals. Our result suggests a role for dysbindin in synaptic vesicle exocytosis via interaction with Munc18‐1.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor infused intracerebroventricularly shows reduced catabolic effects when linked to the TAT protein transduction domain
Authors: Vieira André S. , Rezende Alexandre C. S. , Grigoletto Jessica , Rogério Fabio , Velloso Lício A. , Skaper Stephen D. , Negro Alessandro , Langone Francesco 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCiliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) regulates the differentiation and survival of a wide spectrum of developing and adult neurons, including motor neuron loss after injury. We recently described a cell‐penetrant recombinant human CNTF (rhCNTF) molecule, formed by fusion with the human immunodeficiency virus‐1 transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domain (TAT‐CNTF) that, upon subcutaneous administration, retains full neurotrophic activity without cytokine‐like side‐effects. Although the CNTF receptor is present in hypothalamic nuclei, which are involved in the control of energy, rhCNTF but not TAT‐CNTF stimulates signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 phosphorylation in the rat hypothalamus after subcutaneous administration. This could be due limited TAT‐CNTF distribution in the hypothalamus and/or altered intracellular signaling by the fusion protein. To explore these possibilities, we examined the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of TAT‐CNTF in male adult rats. TAT‐CNTF‐induced weight loss, although the effect was smaller than that seen with either rhCNTF or leptin (which exerts CNTF‐like effects via its receptor). In contrast to rhCNTF and leptin, TAT‐CNTF neither induced morphological changes in adipose tissues nor increased uncoupling protein 1 expression in brown adipose tissue, a characteristic feature of rhCNTF and leptin. Acute intracerebroventricular administration of TAT‐CNTF induced a less robust phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 in the hypothalamus, compared with rhCNTF. The data show that fusion of a protein transduction domain may change rhCNTF CNS distribution, while further strengthening the utility of cell‐penetrating peptide technology to neurotrophic factor biology beyond the neuroscience field.
Pore morphology characteristics of vesicular horizons in undisturbed and disturbed arid soils; implications for arid land management
Authors: Yonovitz M. , Drohan P. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe compared the pore morphology of an arid lands vesicular soil horizon in a disturbed and undisturbed state. This surface vesicular horizon is characterized by non‐connected pores that hinder soil water infiltration and thus plays a central role in arid ecosystem hydrodynamics. Disturbance is hypothesized to result in a change in pore morphology that could alter water movement through the horizon and potentially affect ecosystem function. To test this hypothesis, we examined the pore morphology of the vesicular horizon as expressed in area, perimeter, length and width; comparisons were also made for particle size, pH, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), electrical conductivity (EC) and the abundance and types of pores in undisturbed soils and adjacent disturbed soils within a year of disturbance. The results indicate no significant differences between treatments in chemistry, particle size or pore morphological measures within a year following disturbance. Vesicles, vughs and interstitial pores were found in vesicular horizons in both treatments and no significant differences in these parameters were found between treatments. Vesicular horizon development may be related to the geological age of the surface materials. Certain old land surfaces are perhaps more susceptible to the formation of vesicular horizons regardless of disturbance. The results suggest that soil functions dependent upon vesicular porosity, for example hydraulic conductivity, may return to a pre‐disturbance condition within one year of disturbance, a finding of importance to the management of arid lands.
The pinwheel pattern and its application to the manufacturer's pallet‐loading problem
Authors: Yi Junmin , Chen Xing‐Guang , Zhou Jing 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo solve the manufacturer's pallet‐loading problem (MPLP), pallet‐loading patterns with regular, sound and optimum number layouts should be presented. In this paper, we present a pinwheel pattern as an alternative solution to the pallet‐loading problem. The definition, elements, categories, and practical advantages, generating algorithms of the pinwheel patterns, are discussed, and a uniform notation is proposed. With the ranges for all pinwheel instances within an area ratio no more than 76 boxes calculated, the study of geometry shows that each pinwheel pattern has a specific range of box ratio, and it may achieve optimality. The pinwheel pattern can be found for all non‐prime numbers of boxes. Further discussions are focused on the dataset, loophole constraint and asymmetric pinwheels. The study suggests that the pinwheel pattern is an advantageous alternative to implement the MPLP.
Integrating customer's preferences in the QFD planning process using a combined benchmarking and imprecise goal programming model
Authors: Cherif Mohamed Sadok , Chabchoub Habib , Aouni Belaïd 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQuality function deployment (QFD) is a customer‐oriented design tool for developing new or improved products to achieve higher customer satisfaction by integrating various functions of an organization. The engineering characteristics (ECs) affecting the product performances are designed to match the customer attributes (CAs). However, from the viewpoint of the QFD team, product design processes are performed in imprecise environments, and more than one factor must be taken into account in determining the target levels of ECs, especially the limited resources and increased market competition. This paper presents an imprecise goal programming (GP) approach to determine the optimum target levels of ECs in QFD for maximizing customer satisfaction under resource limitation and considerations of market competition. Based on benchmarking data of CAs, the concept of satisfaction functions is utilized to formulate explicitly the customer's preferences and to integrate the competitive analysis of target market into the modelling and solution process. In addition, the relationships linking CAs and ECs and the ECs to each other are integrated by functional relationships. The proposed approach will be illustrated through a car door design example.
Combination CCNU and vinblastine chemotherapy for canine mast cell tumours: 57 cases
Authors: Cooper Maureen , Tsai XinRu , Bennett Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a CCNU and vinblastine chemotherapy protocol for canine mast cell tumours. Fifty‐seven tumours in 56 dogs were evaluated, 37 had macroscopic disease and 20 had microscopic disease. A 57% response rate was seen in dogs with macroscopic disease for a median duration of 52 weeks. Dogs with macroscopic disease had a median progression free survival time (PFST) of 30 weeks and a median overall survival time (OST) of 35 weeks. Dogs with microscopic disease had a median PFST of 35 weeks and a median OST of 48 weeks. Toxicity was recorded in 54% of the dogs treated, with the majority of events being mild. This chemotherapy protocol appears to be well tolerated and should be considered for canine mast cell tumours.
Self‐Reported Pain and Utilization of Pain Treatment Between Minorities and Nonminorities in the United States
Authors: Meghani Salimah H. , Cho Eunhee 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
Objectives: To investigate differences in reported pain and pain treatment utilization (use of over‐the‐counter and prescription pain medications, seeing a pain specialist, and use of complementary and alternative medicine) among minorities and nonminorities in the general population.Design: Secondary analysis of a national probability survey conducted by the CBS News/New York Times in January 2003.Sample: Adult population in the United States, 18 years or older, having a telephone line at home.Measurements: The survey asked respondents a series of questions about demographics, pain characteristics, and utilization of pain treatment; logistic regression was used to identify variables predicting reported utilization of pain treatment.Results: Of the 902 respondents completing the survey, 676 (75%) reported experiencing “any type of pain.” Of these, 17% reported being diagnosed with chronic pain. Minorities reported a higher average daily pain than Whites (4.75 vs. 3.72; p<.001). However, race/ethnicity did not explain utilization of pain treatment; income, education, age, gender, and pain levels explained more variability in different pain treatment utilization variables than race/ethnicity.Conclusions: Although minorities report higher pain levels than Whites, race/ethnicity does not explain utilization of treatment for pain. Future studies should consider more nuanced examination of interactions among race/ethnicity, pain, and socioeconomic variables.
A Comparison of Diabetes Learning With and Without Interactive Multimedia to Improve Knowledge, Control, and Self‐Care Among People With Diabetes in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Ju‐Ping , Chen Hsing‐Hsia , Yeh Mei‐Ling 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
Objective: Given the increased popularity of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), this study aimed to evaluate the effects of interactive media on self‐directed learning in patients' knowledge of diabetes and related CAM/TCM strategies, the ability to control blood sugar levels, and self‐care in people with diabetes.Design: An experimental study design was used. The experimental group received patient education through interactive multimedia about diabetes for 3 months, while the control group received a routine 3‐month patient education.Sample: On completion, 60 subjects from Taiwan were evaluated—30 in an experimental group and 30 in a control group.Measurements: Data were collected from both groups at baseline and at the completion of the patient education. The findings were then compared to evaluate the effects of the intervention on the subjects' knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self‐care.Results: The experimental group showed greater improvement in understanding diabetes than the control (t=3.29, p<.001). There was no significant difference in control of blood sugar levels (t=−1.72, p=.10) and self‐care (F=1.03, p=.32).Conclusions: The use of an interactive multimedia device to intervene in diabetes self‐care was effective only in raising the subjects' knowledge about the disease. Additionally, the subjects may need more time to implement more effective blood sugar control and self‐care activities after receiving instruction.
Reasons for Enrollment, the Informed Consent Process, and Trust Among Low‐Income Women Participating in a Community‐Based Participatory Research Study
Authors: Kneipp Shawn M. , Lutz Barbara J. , Means Deirdra 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
Objective: Research is essential for guiding public health nursing practice with low‐income and/or minority populations. Despite this, little is known about fundamental recruitment problems, the degree to which the informed consent process is comprehended, or how critical a role trust may play in conducting successful research with these groups. This article describes factors influencing recruitment of underrepresented groups, preferences for the informed consent process, and degree of trust participants extended to researchers.Design/Sample: A descriptive survey was used in this community‐based participatory research study with low‐income women.Results: The response rate was 58% (n=35 of 60 sample). The most compelling reason for enrolling was that the researchers recognized an unmet health need among the population (91%), followed by the opportunity to talk with other women in similar circumstances (74%), and the fact that nurses were conducting the study (57%). Comprehension of informed consent was high, most preferred a “group” consent process, and 100% trusted the researchers to follow procedures outlined in the informed consent document.Conclusion: Although findings support previous research regarding increased likelihood of enrollment when there is concordance between enrollees' goals and study topic, the establishment of trust between potential enrollees and researchers cannot be underestimated.
Pursuing paradoxical proconvulsant prophylaxis for epileptogenesis
Authors: Armstrong Caren , Morgan Robert J. , Soltesz Ivan 
Published: July 2009

SummaryThere are essentially two potential treatment options for any acquired disorder: symptomatic or prophylactic. For acquired epilepsies that follow a variety of different brain insults, there remains a complete lack of prophylactic treatment options, whereas at the same time these epilepsies are notoriously resistant, once they have emerged, to symptomatic treatments with antiepileptic drugs. The development of prophylactic strategies is logistically challenging, both for basic researchers and clinicians. Nevertheless, cannabinoid‐targeting drugs provide a very interesting example of a system within the central nervous system (CNS) that can have very different acute and long‐term effects on hyperexcitability and seizures. In this review, we outline research on cannabinoids suggesting that although cannabinoid antagonists are acutely proconvulsant, they may have beneficial effects on long‐term hyperexcitability following brain insults of multiple etiologies, making them promising candidates for further investigation as prophylactics against acquired epilepsy. We then discuss some of the implications of this finding on future attempts at prophylactic treatments, specifically, the very short window within which prevention may be possible, the possibility that traditional anticonvulsants may interfere with prophylactic strategies, and the importance of moving beyond anticonvulsants—even to proconvulsants—to find the ideal preventative strategy for acquired epilepsy.