bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actions Can Speak as Loud as Words: Measuring Behavior in Psychological Science
Authors: Lewandowski Jr Gary W. , Strohmetz David B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt has been argued that there is a growing trend in personality and social psychological science concerning the preference of self‐report measures over the use of direct observations of behavior for the outcome variables of interest. Augmenting the use of self‐reports with measures of behavior helps achieve methodological pluralism that allows researchers to triangulate on the phenomenon of interest and have increased confidence in understanding the phenomenon. To facilitate this process, we discuss a sample of social psychological and personality studies published during APA’s ‘Decade of Behavior’ that use straightforward and innovative ways of measuring behavioral outcome variables. Specifically, we identify three different strategies for incorporating behavior in a study: behavioral traces, behavioral observations, and behavioral choice. In each case, we show how measures of behavior complement self‐report measures. By making a conscientious effort to include more behavior measures in our research, we can broaden the appeal of psychological science by enhancing our understanding of the causes and antecedents of human behavior.
Does deprivation index modify the acute effect of black smoke on cardiorespiratory mortality?
Authors: Carder M , McNamee R , Beverland I , Elton R , Cohen G R , Boyd J , Van Tongeren M , Agius R M 
Published: September 2009

ObjectivesTo investigate whether deprivation index modifies the acute effect of black smoke on cardiorespiratory mortality.MethodsGeneralised linear Poisson regression models were used to investigate whether deprivation index (as measured by the Carstairs deprivation index) modified the acute effect of black smoke on mortality in two largest Scottish cities (Glasgow and Edinburgh) between January 1981 and December 2001. Lag periods of up to 1 month were assumed for the effects of black smoke.ResultsDeprivation index significantly modified the effect of black smoke on mortality, with black smoke effects generally increasing as level of deprivation increased. The interaction coefficient from a parametric model assuming a linear interaction between black smoke (μg/m−3) and deprivation in their effect on mortality—equivalent to a test of ‘linear trend’ across Carstairs categories—was significant for all mortality outcomes. In a model where black smoke effects were estimated independently for each deprivation category, the estimated increase in respiratory mortality over the ensuing 1-month period associated with a 10 μg/m3increase in the mean black smoke concentration was 8.0% (95% CI 5.1 to 10.9) for subjects residing in the ‘most’ deprived category (Carstairs category 7) compared to 3.7% (95% CI −0.7 to 8.4) for subjects residing in the ‘least’ deprived category (Carstairs category 1).ConclusionsThe results suggest a stronger effect of black smoke on mortality among people living in more deprived areas. The effect was greatest for respiratory mortality, although significant trends were also seen for other groups. If corroborated, these findings could have important public health implications.
Pneumoconiosis among underground bituminous coal miners in the United States: is silicosis becoming more frequent?
Authors: Laney A Scott , Petsonk Edward L , Attfield Michael D 
Published: September 2009

ObjectivesEpidemiological reports since 2000 have documented increased prevalence and rapid progression of pneumoconiosis among underground coal miners in the United States. To investigate a possible role of silica exposure in the increase, we examined chest x-rays (CXRs) for specific abnormalities (r-type small opacities) known to be associated with silicosis lung pathology.MethodsUnderground coal miners are offered CXRs every 5 years. Abnormalities consistent with pneumoconiosis are recorded by National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) B Readers using the International Labour Organization Classification of Radiographs of Pneumoconioses. CXRs from 1980 to 2008 of 90 973 participating miners were studied, focussing on reporting of r-type opacities (small rounded opacities 3–10 mm in diameter). Log binomial regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios adjusted for miner age and profusion category.ResultsAmong miners from Kentucky, Virginia and West Virginia, the proportion of radiographs showing r-type opacities increased during the 1990s (prevalence ratio (PR) 2.5; 95% CI 1.7 to 3.7) and after 1999 (PR 4.1; 95% CI 3.0 to 5.6), compared to the 1980s (adjusted for profusion category and miner age). The prevalence of progressive massive fibrosis in 2000–2008 was also elevated compared to the 1980s (PR 4.4; 95% CI 3.1 to 6.3) and 1990s (PR 3.8; 95% CI 2.1 to 6.8) in miners from Kentucky, Virginia and West Virginia.ConclusionsThe increasing prevalence of pneumoconiosis over the past decade and the change in the epidemiology and disease profile documented in this and other recent studies imply that US coal miners are being exposed to excessive amounts of respirable crystalline silica.
Identification of Candidate Biomarkers of Therapeutic Response to Docetaxel by Proteomic Profiling
Authors: Zhao Liangli , Lee Brian Y. , Brown David A. , Molloy Mark P. , Marx Gavin M. , Pavlakis Nick , Boyer Michael J. , Stockler Martin R. , Kaplan Warren , Breit Samuel N. , Sutherland Robert L. , Henshall Susan M. , Horvath Lisa G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Docetaxel chemotherapy improves symptoms and survival in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). However, ∼50% of patients do not respond to Docetaxel and are exposed to significant toxicity without direct benefit. This study aimed to identify novel therapeutic targets and predictive biomarkers of Docetaxel resistance in HRPC. We used iTRAQ-mass spectrometry analysis to identify proteins associated with the development of Docetaxel resistance using Docetaxel-sensitive PC3 cells and Docetaxel-resistant PC3-Rx cells developed by Docetaxel dose escalation. Functional validation experiments were performed using recombinant protein treatment and siRNA knockdown experiments. Serum/plasma levels of the targets in patient samples were measured by ELISA. The IC50 for Docetaxel in the PC3-Rx cells was 13-fold greater than the parent PC-3 cell line (P = 0.004). Protein profiling identified MIC-1 and AGR2 as respectively up-regulated and down-regulated in Docetaxel-resistant cells. PC-3 cells treated with recombinant MIC-1 also became resistant to Docetaxel (P = 0.03). Conversely, treating PC3-Rx cells with MIC-1 siRNA restored sensitivity to Docetaxel (P = 0.02). Knockdown of AGR2 expression in PC3 cells resulted in Docetaxel resistance (P = 0.007). Furthermore, increased serum/plasma levels of MIC-1 after cycle one of chemotherapy were associated with progression of the cancer (P = 0.006) and shorter survival after treatment (P = 0.002). These results suggest that both AGR2 and MIC-1 play a role in Docetaxel resistance in HRPC. In addition, an increase in serum/plasma MIC-1 level after cycle one of Docetaxel may be an indication to abandon further treatment. Further investigation of MIC-1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target for Docetaxel resistance in HRPC is warranted. [Cancer Res 2009;69(19):7696–7703]
[18F]Fluoromethyl-[1,2-2H4]-Choline: A Novel Radiotracer for Imaging Choline Metabolism in Tumors by Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Leyton Julius , Smith Graham , Zhao Yongjun , Perumal Meg , Nguyen Quang-De , Robins Edward , Årstad Erik , Aboagye Eric O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCurrent radiotracers for positron emission tomography imaging of choline metabolism have poor systemic metabolic stability in vivo. We describe a novel radiotracer, [18F]fluoromethyl-[1,2-2H4]-choline (D4-FCH), that employs deuterium isotope effect to improve metabolic stability. D4-FCH proved more resistant to oxidation than its nondeuterated analogue, [18F]fluoromethylcholine, in plasma, kidneys, liver, and tumor, while retaining phosphorylation potential. Tumor radiotracer levels, a determinant of sensitivity in imaging studies, were improved by deuterium substitution; tumor uptake values expressed as percent injected dose per voxel at 60 min were 7.43 ± 0.47 and 5.50 ± 0.49 for D4-FCH and [18F]fluoromethylcholine, respectively (P = 0.04). D4-FCH was also found to be a useful response biomarker. Treatment with the mitogenic extracellular kinase inhibitor PD0325901 resulted in a reduction in tumor radiotracer uptake that occurred in parallel with reductions in choline kinase A expression. In conclusion, D4-FCH is a very promising metabolically stable radiotracer for imaging choline metabolism in tumors. [Cancer Res 2009;69(19):7721–8]
Ambulatory Monitoring Detects Sorafenib-Induced Blood Pressure Elevations on the First Day of Treatment
Authors: Maitland Michael L. , Kasza Kristen E. , Karrison Theodore , Moshier Kristin , Sit Laura , Black Henry R. , Undevia Samir D. , Stadler Walter M. , Elliott William J. , Ratain Mark J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Hypertension is a mechanism-based toxicity of sorafenib and other cancer therapeutics that inhibit the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway. This prospective, single-center, cohort study characterized ambulatory blood pressure monitoring as an early pharmacodynamic biomarker of VEGF signaling pathway inhibition by sorafenib.
Experimental Design: Fifty-four normotensive advanced cancer patients underwent 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring before and between days 6 and 10 of sorafenib therapy. After blood pressure changes were detected among the first cohort within 10 days, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was done during the first 24 hours of treatment for the second cohort.
Results: For the entire patient population, the blood pressure increase [mean systolic, +10.8 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 8.6-13.0; range, −5.2 to +28.7 mm Hg; mean diastolic, +8.0 mm Hg; 95% CI, 6.3-9.7; range, −4.4 to +27.1 mm Hg] was detected between days 6 and 10 (P &lt; 0.0001 for both) and plateaued thereafter. Variability in blood pressure change did not associate with: age, body size, sex, self-reported race, baseline blood pressure, or steady-state sorafenib plasma concentrations. In the second cohort, the blood pressure elevation was detected during the first 24 hours (mean systolic, +8.2 mm Hg; 95% CI, 5.0-11.3; mean diastolic, +6.5 mm Hg; 95% CI, 4.7-8.3; P &lt; 0.0001 for both).
Conclusions: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring detects the blood pressure response to VEGF signaling pathway inhibition by sorafenib during the first 24 hours of treatment. The magnitude of blood pressure elevation is highly variable and unpredictable but could be important in optimizing the therapeutic index of VEGF signaling pathway inhibitor therapy. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(19):6250–7)
Heat Losses in Newborn Infants of Different Body Size Measured by Direct Calorimetry in a Thermoneutral and a Cold Environment
Authors: Kajtár P. , Jéquier E. , Prod’hom L.S. 
Published: September 2009

Small-for-date infants (less than the 10th weight percentile, group I), appropriate-for-date (between the 10th and the 90th percentile, group II), and large-for-date infants (above the 90th percentile, group III) were exposed to ambient temperatures (T<sub>a</sub>) of 28 and 32 °C in a direct calorimeter. Total heat losses (&Rdot; + Ċ + Ė) expressed per unit body surface were similar in the three groups, but when expressed per kg of body weight, (&Rdot; + Ċ + Ė) were more elevated in group I than in groups II and III. At 28 °C T<sub>a</sub> (&Rdot; + Ċ + Ė) was 4.35 ± 0.15, 3.6 ± 0.1, and 3.04 ± 0.09 W/kg in groups I, II and III, respectively. Metabolic rate was higher at 28 than at 32 °C in the three groups. Heat storage (⋅) at 28 °C was negative in the three groups; at 32 °C, ⋅ was negative in group I, but thermal equilibrium was reached in groups II and III (⋅ = 0). Thermal body insulation between the three groups was not significantly different. In order to practically determine the dry heat losses of a newborn infant a cooling constant of 5.7·W·m<sup>––</sup><sup>2</sup>·°C <sup>––1</sup> was calculated. Our results show that at low T<sub>a</sub>, the surface-body mass ratio of small-sized infants plays a more important role in inducing a negative thermal balance, than a lack of stimulation of heat production or an inefficient thermal body insulation.
The role of monocytes in thrombotic disorders
Authors: Lip Gregory , Shantsila Eduard 
Published: September 2009

SummaryAlthough, the main physiological role of monocytes is attributed to innate immunity (that is, phagocytosis) and the development of tissue macrophages and dendritic cells, the pathophysiological role of these goes far behind these (simplistic) limits. Indeed, monocytes constitute a major source of blood tissue factor, a key element of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. Monocytes actively bind to platelets, thus forming very prothrombotic monocyte-platelet aggregates. Additionally, these cells link inflammation and the procoagulant state observed in various prothrombotic conditions. However, monocytes are also crucial for successful thrombus recanalisation. In this article, we review the available data on potential mechanisms that link monocytes with thrombosis-related processes.
Effect of crystal composition and growth rate on sector zoning in solid solutions grown from aqueous solutions
Authors: Shtukenberg A. G. , Punin YU. O. , Artamonova O. I. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSector zoning in solid solutions of Tutton’s salts (NH4)2M(SO4)2.6H2O (M = Co, Ni, Zn, Mg) and nitrates of divalent metals Me(NO3)2 (Me = Sr, Pb, Ba) grown from low-T aqueous solutions under controlled conditions is studied. The effect of crystal composition and growth rate (supersaturation) on the intersector difference in concentrations of isomorphic components is examined experimentally and modelled theoretically based on the phenomenological approach to crystallization in a ‘solid solution—aqueous solution’ system. Calculations show a predominating contribution of the selective adsorption phenomena in the formation of a sector-zoned crystal with usually minor, but sometimes a major contribution of growth kinetics.
Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction studies of the structure of johnbaumite [Ca10(AsO4)6(OH,F)2] and synthetic Pb-, Sr- and Ba-arsenate apatites and some comments on the crystal chemistry of the apatite structure type in general
Authors: Henderson C. M. B. , Bell A. M. T. , Charnock J. M. , Knight K. S. , Wendlandt R. F. , Plant D. A. , Harrison W. J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe chemical composition oft he natural arsenate-apatite mineral johnbaumite [nominally Ca10(AsO4)6(OH)2] and its alteration product hedyphane [Ca4Pb6(AsO4)6Cl2] have been determined by electron microprobe analysis and the structures ofjohnbaumite and synthetic Sr-, Ba- and Pbarsenate apatites have been studied by As K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. All samples belong to the holosymmetric apatite space group P63/m with As5+substituted for P5+in the tetrahedral structural site. Johnbaumite contains small amounts ofF and Pb (~0.9 and ~4.4 wt.% respectively) and hedyphane has the ideal composition (formula given above); the compositions of these coexisting phases define the two limbs ofa solvus occurring between Ca- and Pb-arsenate apatite end members. The unit-cell parameters and cation–oxygen bond lengths for the arsenate apatites studied are discussed alongside published data for end-member Ca-, Sr-, Ba- and Pbphosphate apatite analogues with (OH), F, Cl or Br as the anions at the centres of the channels in the apatite structure. This discussion rationalizes the relationships between the two structural sites A(1) and A(2) occupied by divalent cations in terms of the size of the A–O polyhedra and the distortion of the A(1)–O polyhedron as measured by the metaprism twist angle [O(1)–A(1)–O(2) projected onto (001)].
Mineralogy of peralkaline lamproites from the Raniganj Coalfield, India
Authors: Mitchell R. H. , Fareeduddin  
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwo mineralogically distinct lamproites occurring as dykes in the Raniganj coalfield of eastern India are described in terms of a mineralogical-genetic classification as: (1) peralkaline olivine-ilmenitephlogopite- K-feldspar lamproite (var. Damodar); and (2) peralkaline pseudoleucite-phlogopite-amphibole- K-feldspar lamproite (var. Damodar). Compositional and paragenetic data are provided for major, accessory and trace minerals. Minerals common to both rocks include: chlorite-pseudomorphed phenocrystal olivine, phenocrystal Ti-rich Al-poor phlogopite and tetraferriphlogopite, groundmass potassic amphiboles, Sr-rich apatite and monazite-(Ce), late stage Na-poor K-feldspar and quartz. The rocks differ in terms of the character of the amphiboles (Ti-potassian arfvedsonitevs. K-richterite– K-magnesioarfvedsonite–K-arfvedsonite solid solution), spinel compositions (qandilite–chromite– magnetitevs. chromite–ulvöspinel–magnetite), the presence or absence of: pseudoleucite, microphenocrystal magnesian ilmenite, diopside, titanian aegirine, lorenzenite, an unamed Ti-silicate, an unnamed Mg-Zr silicate, bazirite, rutile, dolomite and norsethite. The rocks are considered to be members of a spectrum of modally-diverse peralkaline rocks, formed from a common parental magma produced by the partial melting of the ancient metasomatized lithospheric mantle of the northern Singhbhum craton. None of the rocks can be considered as aillikites, minettes, orangeites or kimberlites.
Portuguese students' knowledge of antibiotics: a cross-sectional study of secondary school and university students in Braga
Authors: Azevedo Maria Manuel , Pinheiro Céline , Yaphe John , Baltazar Fátima 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Recent surveys show that the knowledge of the general public about the correct use of antibiotics is limited. This contributes to the problem of inappropriate antibiotic use, leading to a progressive loss of bacterial sensitivity to these drugs and the spreading of resistant strains of bacteria.

Methods
In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire about antibiotic use was given to a sample of students in the 9th and 12th grades of secondary school and in the first year of university in the north of Portugal.

Results
349 students returned completed questionnaires. Deficits were found in the students' knowledge of antibiotics and their correct use. Only 4% of 9th grade students were aware that antibiotics are used to treat bacteria only, while 14% of 12th grade students and 29% of first-year university students were aware of this. Fewer students were aware that antibiotics are used to treat tuberculosis. There were deficiencies in the knowledge of timing and duration of therapy. However close to 70% of these students are aware that inappropriate use of antibiotics can contribute to resistance to these drugs.

Conclusion
This study has observed a lack of general knowledge on correct antibiotic use in Portugal, as has been found in other countries. Since this may be due to a lack of formal education on this subject, we believe that a teaching unit on infectious diseases should be included in the 9th and 12th grades, in all curricular areas, with emphasis on bacterial and viral pathogens and correct antibiotic use. In addition, education on the correct use of medications may need to begin at much earlier ages.
Temporal patterns of inflammatory gene expression in local tissues after banding or burdizzo castration in cattle
Authors: Pang Wanyong , Earley Bernadette , Sweeney Torres , Gath Vivian , Crowe Mark A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Castration of male cattle has been shown to elicit inflammatory reactions and acute inflammation is initiated and sustained by the participation of cytokines.

Methods
Sixty continental × beef bulls (Mean age 12 ± (s.e.) 0.2 months; Mean weight 341 ± (s.e.) 3.0 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of three treatments (n = 20 animals per treatment): 1) untreated control (Con); 2) banding castration at 0 min (Band); 3) Burdizzo castration at 0 min (Burd). Samples of the testis, epididymis and scrotal skin were collected surgically from 5 animals from each group at 12 h, 24 h, 7 d, and 14 d post-treatment, and analysed using real-time PCR. A repeated measurement analysis (Proc GLM) was performed using SAS. If there was no treatment and time interaction, main effects of treatment by time were tested by ANOVA.

Results
Electrophoresis data showed that by 7 d post-castration RNA isolated from all the testicle samples of the Burd castrated animals, the epididymis and middle scrotum samples from Band castrates were degraded. Transitory effects were observed in the gene expression of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α at 12 h and 24 h post treatment. Burd castrates had greater (P < 0.05) testicular IFN-γ mRNA levels compared with Band and Con animals, but lower (P < 0.05) testicular TNF-α mRNA levels compared with Con animals. Band castrates had greater (P < 0.05) testicular IL-6 mRNA levels than Burd castrates at 12 h post-castration. Burd castrates had greater (P < 0.05) testicular IL-8 mRNA levels than Band and Con animals at 24 h post-castration. In the epididymis, Burd castrates had greater (P < 0.05) IL-6 mRNA (both at 12 h and 24 h post treatment) and IL-8 mRNA (12 h post treatment) levels compared with Band and Con animals; Burd castrates had greater (P = 0.049) IL-10 mRNA levels than Band castrates at 12 h post-castration.

Conclusion
Banding castration caused more inflammatory associated gene expression changes to the epididymis and scrotum than burdizzo. Burdizzo caused more severe acute inflammatory responses, in terms of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, in the testis and epididymis than banding.
Education and support needs during recovery in acute respiratory distress syndrome survivors
Authors: Lee Christie M , Herridge Margaret S , Matte Andrea , Cameron Jill I 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Introduction
There is a limited understanding of the long-term needs of survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as they recover from their episode of critical illness. The Timing it Right (TIR) framework, which emphasizes ARDS survivors' journey from the ICU through to community re-integration, may provide a valuable construct to explore the support needs of ARDS survivors during their recovery.

Methods
Twenty-five ARDS survivors participated in qualitative interviews examining their needs for educational, emotional and tangible support for each phase of the TIR framework. Transcripts were analyzed using framework methodology.

Results
ARDS survivors' support needs varied across the illness trajectory. During the ICU stay, survivors were generally too ill to require information. The transfer to the general ward was characterized by anxiety surrounding decreased surveillance and concern for future health and treatment. Information needs focused on the events surrounding the acute illness, while physical and emotional needs revolved around physical therapy and psychological support for depression and anxiety. As patients were preparing for hospital discharge, they expressed a desire for specific information about the recovery and rehabilitation process following an episode of ARDS (e.g., outpatient physiotherapy, long-term sequela of the illness). Once in the community, survivors wanted guidance on home care, secondary prevention, and ARDS support groups.

Conclusions
Our findings support the need for future educational and support interventions to meet the changing needs of ARDS survivors during their recovery.