bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistive switching of crossbar memories with carbon nanotube electrodes
Authors: Shen Jun , Zhang Chaoying , Chen Qing 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe carbon nanotube/oxide/metal/crossed carbon nanotube (COMC) structure was first fabricated and demonstrated to be capable of stable bipolar resistive switching. The linewidth of the crossbar is smaller than 20 nm, and can be further scaled down by using smaller carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The reset current is as small as 10 μA, which is of great advantage for low power applications. Electroforming‐free planar devices were also fabricated to be compared with COMC devices. The resistive switching with CNT electrodes could be extended to other one‐dimensional nanowires or nanotubes with cylindrical surface. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A 3D cloud‐construction algorithm for the EarthCARE satellite mission
Authors: Barker H. W. , Jerg M. P. , Wehr T. , Kato S. , Donovan D. P. , Hogan R. J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article presents and assesses an algorithm that constructs 3D distributions of cloud from passive satellite imagery and collocated 2D nadir profiles of cloud properties inferred synergistically from lidar, cloud radar and imager data. It effectively widens the active–passive retrieved cross‐section (RXS) of cloud properties, thereby enabling computation of radiative fluxes and radiances that can be compared with measured values in an attempt to perform radiative closure experiments that aim to assess the RXS. For this introductory study, A‐train data were used to verify the scene‐construction algorithm and only 1D radiative transfer calculations were performed.The construction algorithm fills off‐RXS recipient pixels by computing sums of squared differences (a cost function F) between their spectral radiances and those of potential donor pixels/columns on the RXS. Of the RXS pixels with F lower than a certain value, the one with the smallest Euclidean distance to the recipient pixel is designated as the donor, and its retrieved cloud properties and other attributes such as 1D radiative heating rates are consigned to the recipient. It is shown that both the RXS itself and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery can be reconstructed extremely well using just visible and thermal infrared channels. Suitable donors usually lie within 10 km of the recipient. RXSs and their associated radiative heating profiles are reconstructed best for extensive planar clouds and less reliably for broken convective clouds.Domain‐average 1D broadband radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) for (21 km)2 domains constructed from MODIS, CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) data agree well with coincidental values derived from Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) radiances: differences between modelled and measured reflected shortwave fluxes are within ±10 W m−2 for ∼35% of the several hundred domains constructed for eight orbits. Correspondingly, for outgoing longwave radiation ∼65% are within ±10 W m−2. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown in the right of Canada
Frailty modelling for survival data from multi‐centre clinical trials
Authors: Ha Il Do , Sylvester Richard , Legrand Catherine , MacKenzie Gilbert 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDespite the use of standardized protocols in, multi‐centre, randomized clinical trials, outcome may vary between centres. Such heterogeneity may alter the interpretation and reporting of the treatment effect. Below, we propose a general frailty modelling approach for investigating, inter alia, putative treatment‐by‐centre interactions in time‐to‐event data in multi‐centre clinical trials. A correlated random effects model is used to model the baseline risk and the treatment effect across centres. It may be based on shared, individual or correlated random effects. For inference we develop the hierarchical‐likelihood (or h‐likelihood) approach which facilitates computation of prediction intervals for the random effects with proper precision. We illustrate our methods using disease‐free time‐to‐event data on bladder cancer patients participating in an European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer trial, and a simulation study. We also demonstrate model selection using h‐likelihood criteria. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Walk on the Chemical Landscape: The Role of B33 along the B1–B2 Phase Transition in RbF and NaBr
Authors: Leoni Stefano , Eddine Boulfelfel Salah , Baburin Igor A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA comparative atomistic study of the high‐pressure polymorphism in crystalline RbF and NaBr is presented. For RbF a pair potential is developed from coarse‐graining DFT‐LDA calculations. The results clearly indicate the intermediate role of structural motifs of B33 type. In RbF it appears as an interfacial motif, in NaBr B33 phase grows larger from an initial inset within the pristine B1 structure, highlighting the role of chemical reactivity and smooth reactivity trends in high‐pressure experiments.
Relationship between behavior, adrenal activity, and environment in zoo‐housed western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Clark Fay E. , Fitzpatrick Malcolm , Hartley Andy , King Andrew J. , Lee Tracey , Routh Andrew , Walker Susan L. , George Katherine 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMonitoring adrenal activity through noninvasive fecal hormone sampling is rapidly gaining popularity as a tool to assess zoo animal welfare. However, few studies have sought to investigate the interrelationships between behavior, adrenal activity, and environment, and ask whether both behavioral and adrenal monitoring strategies are required to assess welfare sufficiently. We present the findings of a 9‐month study of a small group (one male, two females) of Western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. First, we examined the effect of environmental variables on gorilla behavior. Second, we examined the effect of environmental variables on the concentration of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGC) and the relationship between behavior and FGC. Environmental variables had similar effects on all three gorillas. Negative vigilance of visitors (NVV; staring, posturing, and charging at visitors) significantly increased in all subjects as environmental noise levels increased, and food‐related behavior significantly decreased in all subjects as crowd size increased. Exhibit modifications had a number of positive effects on behavior. Notably, when privacy screens were used, NVV significantly decreased in two subjects. We found no significant effects of environmental variables on FGC. However, we did find significant relationships between behavior and FGC in one female. Specifically, her NVV was significantly higher one day before, and on the same day as, raised FGC. Also, hair plucking significantly increased in the two days following raised FGC. Overall, this study demonstrates how concurrent noninvasive fecal and behavioral monitoring can be used for gorilla welfare assessment. Zoo Biol 31:306–321, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐hospital Delay Increases the Risk of Perforation in Adults with Appendicitis
Authors: Busch Mirjam , Gutzwiller Florian S. , Aellig Sonja , Kuettel Rolf , Metzger Urs , Zingg Urs 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe influence of in‐hospital delay (time between admission and operation) on outcome after appendectomy is controversial.MethodsA total of 1,827 adult patients underwent open or laparoscopic appendectomy for suspected appendicitis in eleven Swiss hospitals between 2003 and 2006. Of these, 1,675 patients with confirmed appendicitis were included in the study. Groups were defined according in‐hospital delay (≤12 vs. >12 h).ResultsDelay > 12 h was associated with a significantly higher frequency of perforated appendicitis (29.7 vs. 22.7%; P = 0.010) whereas a delay of 6 or 9 h was not. Size of institution, time of admission, and surgical technique (laparoscopic vs. open) were independent factors influencing in‐hospital delay. Admission during regular hours was associated with higher age, higher frequency of co‐morbidity, and higher perforation rate compared to admission after hours. The logistic regression identified four independent factors associated with an increased perforation rate: age (≤65 years vs. >65 years, odds ratio (OR) 4.5, P < 0.001); co‐morbidity (Charlson index > 0 vs. Charlson index = 0, OR 2.3, P < 0.001); time of admission (after hours vs. regular hours, OR 0.8, P = 0.040), in‐hospital delay (>12 vs. ≤12 h, OR 1.5, P = 0.005). Perforation was associated with an increased reintervention rate (13.4 vs. 1.6%; P < 0.001) and longer length of hospital stay (9.5 vs. 4.4 days; P < 0.001).ConclusionsIn‐hospital delay negatively influences outcome after appendectomy. In‐hospital delay of more than 12 h, age over 65 years, time of admission during regular hours, and the presence of co‐morbidity are all independent risk factors for perforation. Perforation was associated with a higher reintervention rate and increased length of hospital stay.
Interaction between the Surface Properties of the Textiles and the Deposition of Cationic Softener
Authors: Agarwal Gaurav , Perwuelz Anne , Koehl Ludovic , Lee Kenneth S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this study we categorised the surface properties of different knitted fabrics by their electro‐kinetic behaviour and liquid up‐take phenomena of the knitted textiles in order to understand the interaction of the surface properties of the textiles with cationic softener deposition. The electro‐kinetic and liquid uptake properties of textiles were measured by their zeta‐potential and liquid absorption ability. We also examined the influence of fabric softener on the surface characteristics of the textiles. We used solvent extraction followed by cationic titration to determine the cationic softener level present on the textiles. The major finding of this study was the different behaviour of individual loads and mixed loads in terms of cationic pick up from the rinse cycle softener. Fibre type plays the most critical role in determining the zeta potential of the fibre, filtration efficiency and water retaining capability of the fabrics, which in turn play the most important role in softener deposition on the textile. The charge on the textile surface is negative; this plays a key role in the deposition of the cationic softener in both kinds of loading conditions. Capillary diffusion could be a key parameter only in the individual load condition. It was found that there is a significant reduction in the liquid adsorption weight when fabrics are treated with levels of softener that are much higher than those associated with normal consumer use. As soon as the fabric comes into contact with the liquid, the fabric softener molecules transfer from the fabric to the liquid and reduce the surface energy of the liquid. This results in an increase in the wetting weight of the fabric.
Interscapular hibernoma—Case report and literature review
Authors: Chen Cheng‐Lung , Chen Wei‐Chou , Chiang Jung‐Hwa , Ho Cheng‐Feng 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHibernoma is a rare benign tumor that arises from the vestiges of fetal brown fat. We present a case of interscapular hibernoma. Computed tomography scan showed a well‐circumscribed, hypodense mass with peripheral enhancement, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed intermediate high T1 and T2 signal intensities with incomplete fat suppression. Although it is rare, hibernoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of lipomatous soft‐tissue tumors. This is a benign tumor with no malignant potential. Complete excision is the treatment choice.
Serial serum VEGF‐A, angiopoietin‐2, and endostatin measurements in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
Authors: Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chuang Wan‐Long 
Published: May 2011

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin‐2, and endostatin have been reported to be related with angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The potential feasibility of serial serum VEGF‐A, angiopoietin‐2, and endostatin measurements in cirrhotic patients with HCC treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) was investigated. VEGF‐A, angiopoietin‐2, and endostatin serum level were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay 1 day before and 7 days after TACE in 40 patients. Then they were followed up for 3 months. The results showed that TACE could cause significant increase of VEGF‐A (p < 0.01) and angiopoietin‐2 (p = 0.01); whereas there was no significant change of endostatin (p > 0.1). Twenty‐five patients with rapid growth of HCC within 3 months after TACE had higher proportion of American Joint Committee on Cancer HCC staging >II and higher increase of VEGF‐A after TACE than 15 patients without rapid growth (all p < 0.05). Stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that VEGF‐A >16.7 pg/mL 7 days after TACE selected by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (p < 0.05) was the only independent predictor for rapid growth of HCC (odds ratio 6.33, 95% confidence interval: upper 26, lower 1.54, p < 0.05; sensitivity 76%, specificity 66.7%, accuracy 72.5%, positive predictive level 79.2%, negative predictive level 62.5%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, significant increases of serum level VEGF‐A and angiopoietin‐2 after TACE have been demonstrated from this study. Therefore, serial VEGF‐A level 1 day before and 7 days after TACE may be used to predict rapid HCC growth.
Compliance, tolerability and safety of two antioxidant-rich diets: a randomised controlled trial in male smokers
Authors: Karlsen Anette , Svendsen Mette , Seljeflot Ingebjørg , Sommernes Mary-Ann , Sexton Joseph , Brevik Asgeir , Erlund Iris , Serafini Mauro , Bastani Nasser , Fagertun Remberg Siv , Borge Grethe I. , Hauger Carlsen Monica , Kjølsrud Bøhn Siv , Myhrstad Mari C. , Dragsted Lars O. , Duttaroy Asim K. , Haffner Karin , Laake Petter , Drevon Christan A. , Arnesen Harald , Collins Andrew , Tonstad Serena , Blomhoff Rune 
Published: May 2011

It has been suggested that antioxidants attenuate oxidative stress and prevent oxidative stress-related diseases. Paradoxically, randomised controlled trials (RCT) using pharmacological doses of antioxidant supplements have demonstrated harmful effects in smokers. The aim of the present study was to test the compliance, tolerability and safety of two food-based antioxidant-rich diets in smokers. One of the diets provided antioxidants at levels similar to that used in RCT using supplements which previously have generated harmful effects. The present study followed a randomised, parallel-arm dietary intervention for 8 weeks (n102) in male smokers (age ≥ 45 years). Participants were randomised to either antioxidant-rich diet, kiwi fruit or control groups. The antioxidant-rich foods provided about 300 mmol antioxidants/week from a wide range of plant-based food items. The kiwi fruit group consumed three kiwi fruits/d. Compliance to both diets was good. Only mild, undesirable events were reported by a minority of the participants. The safety of both diets was demonstrated as no potentially harmful or pro-oxidative effects were observed. In the antioxidant-rich diet group, the mean intake of antioxidants increased from 30 mmol/d at baseline to 62 mmol/d during the intervention. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that male smokers can comply with two food-based antioxidant-rich diets. Furthermore, the present study is the first to demonstrate the tolerability and safety of dietary antioxidants at levels similar to dosages provided in RCT using supplements. Such diets may be useful in future studies investigating whether dietary antioxidants may reduce oxidative stress and related diseases.
GOTHIC HISTORY AND CATHOLIC ENLIGHTENMENT IN THE WORKS OF CHARLES DODD (1672–1743)
Authors: GLICKMAN GABRIEL 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe clergyman-scholar Charles Dodd used the study of the past to articulate a defence of the English Catholic community that enjoyed a rich legacy. His Church history proclaimed a vision of Catholic patriotism that appealed to the influence of medieval and Reformation history on contemporary religious debates, and informed the later push for civil emancipation. Dodd's work brought together two fashionable but seemingly contrary, historical sensibilities: grounded upon antiquarian recoveries of the gothic past, but shaped by a cosmopolitan spirit of ‘reason’ that drew upon continental reformist schools. Challenging the narratives forged through the Reformation, he pitched his works across a wide spectrum of English scholarly life, seeking dialogue with high-churchmen, constitutionalists, and supporters of religious toleration. But Dodd's later reputation as a herald of Catholic Enlightenment belied the controversies roused in his career. In delivering his view of history, Dodd was forced to suppress radical thoughts on the nature of English monarchy, stumbled into conflicts with fellow clergymen, and risked the taint of heresy with reflections upon the Holy See. Conceived to construct a new intellectual platform for his co-religionists within their national community, his works served inadvertently to reveal the complexity and fragility of English Catholic life.
‘TAME TORY HACKS’? THE ULSTER PARTY AT WESTMINSTER, 1922–1972
Authors: JACKSON ALVIN 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTWhile the historiography on Ulster Unionism after partition has grown considerably in recent years, there has been no extended investigation of Unionism at Westminster (‘the Ulster Party’), its structures and effectiveness. This article uses new archival material to shed light upon the Party's membership, governance, coherence, and wider engagement. The later sections of the article review the nature of the ties binding the Party to Stormont and to Conservatism, unravelling some of their complexity, and placing a particular emphasis upon the relationship between Westminster Unionism and the fall of the devolved government in 1972. Here, new evidence is adduced from several underexploited or fresh sources to shed light upon the workings of the Party in the years immediately before this debacle. It is argued that the Westminster Unionists' (at best) highly ambiguous reaction to direct rule was a fitting culmination to fifty years of often jealous and defensive interaction with Stormont.
POSTMODERN INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES LAW, OR WE ARE ALL COASTAL STATES NOW
Authors: Serdy Andrew 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInternational fisheries law is no longer driven by the clash of interests between coastal and distant-water fishing States, but is increasingly about how States in existing international fisheries, mostly with some degree of responsibility for their depletion, are striving to exclude newcomers. The residual freedom of fishing on the high seas is an obstacle to regulation by international commissions since States outside are not bound by treaties to which they are not party—which in turn creates a disincentive for States inside to accept the necessary restraints. Rules to limit entry to international fisheries are therefore now needed, and articles 8 and 17 of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement come close to this, but their transformation into custom (or that of regulations adopted by fisheries commissions into objective regimes) so as to bind non-parties is being stunted by commissions' self-serving views on what cooperation with them by new entrants to the fisheries entails for the latter. The result is that the modern arguments for exclusion of newcomers bear an uncomfortable resemblance to the discredited 1950s abstention doctrine. This article suggests why those arguments are now meeting little resistance, despite being advanced by States collectively unwilling even to restore depleted stocks to the biomass corresponding to their maximum sustainable yield, as the doctrine would have required (and the current law also does).
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, MARITAL STATUS AND CHILDLESSNESS IN MEN AND WOMEN: AN ANALYSIS OF CENSUS DATA FROM SIX COUNTRIES
Authors: FIEDER MARTIN , HUBER SUSANNE , BOOKSTEIN FRED L. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThis study compares the effects of two distinct forms of human capital – income and education – on marital status and childlessness separately by sex in six different countries. Nearly 10 million individual records on individuals aged 16 to 50 were used from censuses from Brazil, Mexico, Panama, South Africa, USA and Venezuela dating from 2000 or later, to analyse the relationship between education, income and marital status and childlessness in men and women. Regarding income, the findings for both outcome variables are strongly consistent across all six countries. Highest-income males and lower-income females have the highest proportion of ever-married and the lowest proportion of childlessness (using a proxy for childlessness: own children in the household or not). There is no corresponding consistency of findings as regards education either between the sexes or among the countries. To conclude, a lower percentage of low-income men are selected by females, because for women male status and resources provided by men are important criteria in mate selection. Therefore a higher proportion of low-income men remain unmarried and childless. Thus selection seems to play a role in modern societies.
Facial muscle contraction in response to mechanical stretch after severe facial nerve injury: Clapham's sign
Authors: Clapham L , Thomas S , Allen D , Arunachalam R , Cole J 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Following the onset of facial palsy, physiotherapists routinely inspect the inside of the patient's mouth and cheek for complications such as ulceration or trauma. In several patients with complete facial nerve palsy, it was noticed that when the cheek was stretched there was subsequent spasm of the muscles of facial expression. This also occurred in patients whose facial nerve had been transected.Case reports:We present four patients in whom this response was demonstrated. We consider the mechanism of this response and its relevance in the management of patients with facial paralysis.Conclusion:Following severe or complete denervation, contraction of the facial muscles following mechanical stretch provides evidence of preservation of activity in the facial muscle's excitation–contraction apparatus. Further research will investigate the clinical significance of this sign and whether it can be used as an early predicator of the development of synkinesis, as well as its relevance to facial nerve grafting and repair.
Adaptive impedance controller design for flexible-joint electrically-driven robots without computation of the regressor matrix
Authors: Chien Ming-Chih , Huang An-Chyau 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper focus on the adaptive impedance control of robot manipulators with consideration of joint flexibility and actuator dynamics. Controller design for this problem is difficult because each joint of the robot has to be described by a fifth-order cascade differential equation. In this paper, a backstepping-like procedure incorporating the model reference adaptive control strategy is employed to construct the impedance controller. The function approximation technique is applied to estimate time-varying uncertainties in the system dynamics. The proposed control law is free from the calculation of the tedious regressor matrix, which is a significant simplification in implementation. Closed-loop stability and boundedness of internal signals are proved by the Lyapunov-like analysis with consideration of the function approximation error. Computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed scheme.