bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Trypanosoma avium Danilewsky 1885 III. Life Cycle in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts
Authors: Baker J. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life cycle of Trypanosoma avium in both its hosts is described.2. In the vector (Ornithomyia avicularia) it undergoes a cyclical development in the alimentary canal. Multiplication occurs while the flagellate is in the crithi-dial stage, and, finally, pyriform haptomonad crithidia appear in the insect's hind-gut: these change into the infective metacyclic trypanosomes.3. After penetrating the mucous membranes of the bird (following its ingestion of the louse-fly), the metacyclic trypanosomes probably invade the lymph system, and there develop (by growth alone) into the large forms seen in the bird's blood some 18–24 hr. later.4. The trypanosomes persist in their natural hosts (but not in canaries) throughout the winter, more-or-less restricted to the bone-marrow. In the spring they reappear in the peripheral blood.
Camallanidae parasitic in some Ceylon fish
Authors: Kulasiri C. , Fernando C. H. 
Published: June 2009

1. Camallanus anabantis is recorded from Ceylon in Anabas testudineus, Ophicephalus punctatus, Puntius filamentosus and Rasbora daniconius. P. filamentosus, R. daniconius and O. punctatus are new hosts for this species.2. Camallanus sweeti is recorded from Ceylon in Anabas testudineus, Ophicephalus punctatus, Ophicephalus striatus and Rasbora daniconius. One third stage larva was observed in each of O. punctatus and Clarias batrachus. O. punctatus, O. striatus and R. daniconius are new hosts for this species.3. Procamallanus planoratus is recorded in Clarias batrachus, Ophicephalus punctatus and Ophicephalus striatus from Ceylon. O. punctatus and O. striatus are new hosts for this species.4. Variations in the anatomy of the posterior ends of the three species are mentioned.5. No Camallanidae were obtained from Macropodus cupanus, Puntius chola, P. dorsalis, P. vittatus, Panchax panchax, Nemacheilus botia botia, Etroplus macu-latus and Etroplus suratensis.6. Reasons are given for suggesting direct infection of the host from the first intermediate host, although a ‘carrier host’ may exist.
Studies on parasitic worms of sheep in Scotland
Authors: Silverman Paul H. , Campbell J. Allan 
Published: June 2009

Laboratory studies on the embryonic and larval development of Haemonchus contortus under constant temperatures of 0·0°, 7·2°, 11°, 14·4°, 21·7° and 37° C., and varying moisture conditions were carried out. Reports of preliminary studies on Ostertagia spp., Trichostrongylus spp. and Oesophagostomum venulosum are included.Observations showed that eggs in the same culture may behave in several ways: (1) eggs may develop at different rates; (2) eggs may exhibit intermittent stages of active and inhibited development; and (3) eggs may fail to develop and die at any stage from unknown causes.
The anatomy ofPhyllobothrium sinuosicepssp.nov. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) fromHexanchus griseus(Geilin) the six gilled shark
Authors: Williams H. Harford 
Published: June 2009

The external features, the excretory, nervous and genital systems ofPhyllobothrium sinuosicepssp.nov. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) fromHexanchus griseusare described in detail, particular attention being given to the genitalia.The species is compared withPhyllobothrium dohrnii, a well-known cestode.The systematic position ofP. sinuosicepsis discussed and the differences betweenP. sinuosiceps, P. lactuca and P. radioductumare tabulated.The simple arrangement of the nervous and excretory systems, the specialized features of the genitalia and host distribution suggest thatP. sinuosicepsmay be one of the most primitive species belonging to the family Phyllobothriidae.
The incidence and distribution in Britain of the trematodes of Talpa europaea
Authors: Frankland Helga M. T. 
Published: June 2009

1. Moles were collected from four main areas, Suffolk, Cheshire-Staffordshire, Westmorland-Yorkshire, and south-west Scotland, and examined for the presence of flukes. Three species were found: Itygonimus lorum from all the areas (and in one mole from Oxford); I ocreatus from Suffolk; Omphalometra flexuosa from Suffolk and Cheshire-Staffordshire.2. The sex of the host has no effect on the incidence of parasitism with flukes.3. I. lorum is almost exclusively a parasite of the lower half of the intestine, whereas I.ocreatus and O. flexuosa are predominantly parasites of the upper half of the intestine.4. The commonest number of flukes of any of the three species to find in a mole is one, though two individuals is almost as common a number in the case of I. lorum. Nevertheless, large populations of I. ocreatus or O. flexuosa and moderate numbers of I. lorum are on occasion found in one mole.5. Premunition does not occur with infestations of I. lorum and probably not with I. ocreatus and O. flexuosa.6. The distribution of each species even within an area where it occurs is very patchy and local. This is probably bound up with restricted movement of the hosts, whether final or intermediate, and may also be associated with the influence of soil conditions on the intermediate hosts.7. There appears to be no seasonal variation in the presence of flukes in moles.8. Simultaneous infestation with more than one species of fluke is rare. It is possible for O. flexuosa to live in company with I. lorum or I. Ocreatus, but the two Itygonimus species were never found together in the same mole.9. The presence of flukes in a mole has no effect on the rest of the intestinal helminth population of the host.
Observations on the genusPterygosoma(Acari: Pterygosomidae)
Authors: Jack K. M. 
Published: June 2009

A generic diagnosis is given together with notes on infraspecific variation of known species in the subgeneraPterygosomaPeters, 1849, andGerrhosaurobiaLawrence, 1958, and first descriptions of the following hitherto unrecorded stages. Males ofP. transvaalensis, P. triangulare, P. hirsti hirsti, P. melanum melanum, P. melanum longipalpe, P. agamae aculeatumandP. persicum; nymphae ofP. transvaalense, P. neumanni, P. agamae agamaeandP. persicum; larvae ofP. neumanniandP. agamae agamae. The following species are here considered to be subspecies:P. hirsti bedfordiLawrence, 1936,P. melanum longipalpeLawrence, 1936,P. agamae aculeatumLawrence, 1936. The following species are reduced to synonymy:P. neumanni hirstielliAbdussalam, 1941 (=P. neumanniBerlese, 1910),P. rubicundumLawrence, 1958 (=P. agamae agamaePeters, 1849). Three subspecies and two species are described for the first time, namely,P. fimbriata problematica, P. melanum angolae, P. melanum capensis, P. benguellaeandP. spinosa. A list of parasitized lizard species with their scale-mite parasites is presented together with unparasitized lizard species of the Gerrhosauridae and the agamid generaCalotesandAgama. Support is given to Lawrence's (1936) conclusions on the factors preventing parasitization of the lizards. This is followed by a brief discussion of host-parasite relations and similarities between different species are evinced.Sincere thanks are tendered to Dr A. J. Hesse, Chief Entomologist, South African Museum, for the loan of paratype material of many species; to Dr R. F. Lawrence for making available slides ofP. fimbriata, P.(G.)gerrhosauriand co-types ofP. rubicundum; to Dr G. O. Evans, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), for advice and for the loan of Hirst's material ofP. agamae, P. persicum, P. neumanniandP. inermis; to Mr J. C. Battersby and Miss Alice Grandison of the Reptile Section of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for facilitating the collection of parasites from the lizards under their care; and finally to Mr T. E. Hughes and Dr F. A. Turk for their invaluable advice and encouragement.
Studies on the life history of Hymenolepis farciminosa (Goeze, 1782) (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae)
Authors: Dutt S. C. , Mehra K. N. 
Published: June 2009

1. The life history of Hymenolepis farciminosa (Goeze), first reported in 1955, has been described.2. The grasshoppers Acrotylus humbertianus Sauss., Acrida exaltata Walk., Oedaleus abruptus Thunb., Crotogonus sp. and Aiolopus sp. were found, experimentally, to serve as intermediate hosts. The cysticercoid has been described and figured. A crow was experimentally infected with the cysticercoid and the adult tapeworm recovered.The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mr L. Sahai, M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., the then Director of the Institute, for providing the requisite facilities, and to Dr H. D. Srivastava, M.Sc., D.Sc., F.N.I., Head of the Division of Parasitology, for valuable advice. They are grateful to Dr B. P. Uvarov, Director, Anti-Locust Research Centre, London, and to Dr A. P. Kapoor of the Zoological Survey of India for the identification of the insects.
Anthelmintic studies: I. A controlled critical entero-nemacidal test
Authors: Steward J. S. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the technique and interpretation of a test which can be used for the detection of anthelmintics active against threadworm (Enterobius) in man and a number of the helminth infections in herbivorous animals.It can also be used for the qualitative comparison of active compounds.It has been used to investigate some of the fundamental practices in the use of anthelmintics—the results of which are to be published elsewhere.
The louse populations of some cricetid rodents
Authors: Cook Edwin F. , Beer James R. 
Published: June 2009

In 1952 and 1953, 798 specimens ofPeromyscus maniculatus,Microtus pennsylvanicusandClethrionomys gapperiwere examined for total louse populations. Two species of sucking lice,Hoplopleura acanthopusandH. hesperomydis, were found on these species.H. acanthopuswas found almost exclusively onMicrotus pennsylvanicusandClethrionomys gapperi, andHoplopleura hesperomydiswas found almost exclusively onPeromyscus maniculatus.Contamination appears to account for the apparently abnormal associations. The rates of infestation varied from host to host and from year to year. In general the higher infestations were found on host populations which were stable or declining, and the lower rates were on hosts which were increasing in density.Microtus pennsylvanicushad the highest infestation rate followed byPeromyscus maniculatus, withClethrionomys gapperinearly free of lice.The age of the host apparently had little to do with rate of infestation or population size.The louse populations were made up of about equal numbers of adults and nymphs. The adult sex ratio was, in each sample, unbalanced in favour of the females.The average population size varied between sexes of host and years. The male hosts had a higher average population than the female.
On the histology and ultrastructure ofCysticercus longicollis, the cysticercus ofTaenia crassicepsZeder, 1800, (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Baron P. J. 
Published: June 2009

Studies with both the light and electron microscope on the bladder wall ofCysticercus longicollishave revealed details of its structure and shown that it contains structures comparable with those of adult cestodes. The structure of the everted scolex of the fully developed cysticercus has also been studied. Development of the scolex and rostellum has been briefly considered and is similar to that ofC. fasciolarisandC. pisiformis. The importance of the tegument in both bladder wall and scolex is emphasised.The rostellar hooks appear first as small cones to which a base is added after some growth has occurred. Mature and immature hooks probably contain keratin. Results of histochemical tests on this and other parts of the cysticercus have been given.Thanks are due to Dr L. G. Goodwin, Director of the Nuffield Institute of Comparative Medicine, London Zoo, for allowing the author to use the EM 6 B and photographic facilities. Dr J. Mahon of Imperial College, London, kindly read the script, gave advice on it and provided photomicrographic facilities. The author is grateful to the Principal and Governors of West Ham College of Technology for general and financial support of the project.
The skin reactions of two species of Southeast Asian Chiroptera to notoedrid and teinocoptid mites
Authors: Lavoipierre M. M. J. , Rajamanickam C. 
Published: June 2009

The host–parasite relationships of several notoedrid and teinocoptid mites of two Malaysian bats, Cheiromeles torquatus (the hairless bat) and Cynopterus brachyotis (the common fruit bat), were studied.C. torquatus is parasitized by five species of Notoedres (family Sarcoptidae)—N. alexfaini, N. longisetosus, N. elongatus, N. rajamanickami and N. cheiromeles. Two, N. alexfaini and N. longisetosus, are responsible for generalized mange, which affects mainly the trunk. The three remaining species produce small, discrete lesions, each having a distinctive morphology and polarity.Notoedres elongatus causes papilliform swellings, usually over the bony parts of the wing. It inhabits deep burrows in the swellings, which consist largely of hyper-plastic connective tissue heavily infiltrated with round cells. The lesions produced by N. rajamanickami resemble those of N. elongatus, except that they are located on the head in the neighbourhood of the vibrissae and are not elevated. N. cheiromeles dwells in cupules in the stratum corneum on various parts of the body, including the wings. These cupules are formed as a result of an intense hyper-keratosis in the immediate vicinity of the mites.The reaction of the skin of Cynopterus brachyotis to the teinocoptid mite, Teino-coptes asiaticus (family Teinocoptidae), expresses itself chiefly as an extensive acanthosis. There is little or no thickening of the stratum corneum except on the lips of the epidermal cupule in which the anterior end of the mite rests. The dermis underlying the mite undergoes moderate fibroblastic proliferation.We would like to thank Mr Lim Boo Liat of the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, and Mr Eric Alfred of the National Museum, Singapore, who very kindly allowed us to examine material from their collections. Mr Lim also assisted in other ways and proved to be a genial and helpful host when we visited his laboratory at the IMR. We are also most grateful to Professor John Harrison, who so generously provided us with space in his department.
The life-cycle of Echinoparyphium serratum sp.nov. (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)
Authors: Howell M. J. 
Published: June 2009

Echinoparyphium serratum sp.nov., with 37 collar spines, is described from experimentally infected ducklings and chickens. It appears to be most closely related to E. aconiatum but differs from it in having smaller eggs, fewer tegument spines, almost confluent vitellaria in the post-testicular region, and the inner margin of the ventral sucker is serrated. The natural host is unknown but thought to be a bird.Bile composition may account for the markedly different recovery percentages of adult worms from the two experimental hosts.Miracidia hatch between 9 and 11 days at 22 °C. Experimental infections of snails with miracidia have not been obtained.Rediae occur naturally in Isidorella brazieri Smith, and free-swimming cercariae encyst in the pericardium of the same species of snail.This latter part of the life-cycle is based on strong circumstantial evidence. A few cysts were occasionally found in the pericardium of Lenameria sp. but the enclosed metacercariae were dead.The cercaria can be distinguished from Cercaria echinata, the cercaria of E. aconiatum, and C. equispinosa in having cystogenous gland cells containing granular material only, and the inner margin of the ventral sucker serrated.I would like to record my sincere thanks to Professor J. D. Smyth for his advice, and comments on the manuscript.
The effect of temperature on the development and survival of the infective larvae of Strongyloides ratti Sandground, 1925
Authors: Barrett J. 
Published: June 2009

The development of the free-living infective larvae of a homogonic strain Strongyloides ratti is described.The larvae develop only between 15 and 34 °C. Transfer experiments show the temperature block to be in the preparation for the second moult.Within the temperature range 15–34 °C, increasing the temperature speeds up the rate of development of all the larval stages equally, the Q10 for development being 2·5.The maximum percentage development occurs at 20 °C. The percentage development is highest in faeces–peat culture (95% development at 20 °C), whilst the percentage development in charcoal and vermiculite cultures is about the same (75% development at 20 °C.).Larvae grown on charcoal cultures are larger than those grown on vermiculite, which are larger than those grown on peat. No significant difference was found in the length:oesophagus and length:width ratios or in the variability of larvae grown at different temperatures or on different culture media.Different worm densities in the cultures of from 2000 to 10000 larvae per g of culture did not affect either the size of the infective larve or the percentage development.The optimum temperature for survival is 15 °C. Worms grown at 20 °C lived longer than worms grown at any other temperature. There was no evidence of temperature adaptation by the larvae.The infective larvae are positively thermotactic, and show maximum activity at 37 °C.I should like to thank my supervisor, Dr Tate, for his advice and encouragement. The work was carried out during the tenure of a Medical Research Council Scholarship.
The infection of Boophilus microplus with Babesia bigemina
Authors: Callow L. L. 
Published: June 2009

Experiments were performed to determine at what phase or phases of its parasitic development Boophilus microplus becomes infected with Babesia bigemina. Problems due to Boophilus microplus being a one-host tick were overcome by artificially transferring ticks from one host to a second just prior to a moult. In several experiments, a babesiacide was used to eliminate parasites so that the exposure of ticks to infection could be restricted to one phase of their development. Further information was obtained by correlating the presence or absence of patent parasitaemia in the bovine with the presence or absence of infection in ticks which fed on it.It was found that ticks were susceptible to infection for approximately the last day of their parasitic life. Infection at other times, that is, during larval, nymphal and the major part of the adult stages was not usual. Four of five attempts to infect larvae and all five attempts to infect nymphs were negative.Infection of ticks always resulted when a patent parasitaemia coincided with the last day of parasitic life. Ticks were infected in all thirteen instances when these conditions existed but in only seven of eighteen instances when the animal was a carrier but was not showing parasitaemia.Stage-to-stage transmission did not occur, although suitable conditions for this existed on nine occasions.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford , Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

Five tame monkeys (3Macacus sinicusand 2M. rhesus) have been treated with emetine bismuthous iodideper os, in order to study the effects of the alkaloid upon their intestinal amoebae (and other protozoa).These monkeys were originally infected withEntamoeba histolytica(large and small strains),Entamoeba coli, Endolimax nana, Enteromonas(=Tricercomonas), andGiardia. Treatment with emetine ultimately eradicated theE. histolyticainfections from four out of five animals, but did not remove any of their other intestinal protozoa.It has been found necessary to administer 60 mg. of emetine bismuthous iodide daily for about a week to a macaque weighing about 5 kg. in order to eradicate an infection withE. histolytica. Such dosage was toxic to four of the five monkeys used.The general conclusion drawn is that emetine affects the various intestinal protozoa ofM. sinicusandM. rhesusexactly as it does the comparable species in man; and it is suggested that macaques can therefore be utilized—if similar methods be employed—in place of men in future chemotherapeutic experiments directed towards the discovery of remedies for human amoebic dysentery.
The development of single infections of Nematodirus battus in lambs
Authors: Mapes C. J. , Coop R. L. 
Published: June 2009

The course of single infections of Nematodirus battus was studied and the developmental phases of the fourth larval stage described. The third moult occurred between days 2 and 4 after infection and the fifth between days 8 and 10. The period of maximum larval penetration of the intestinal mucosa occurred around day 4 and most of the larvae had returned to the mucosal surface by day 6, during the middle of the fourth-stage. Some larvae remained deep in the mucosa and moulted to the fifth-stage in this site.The relationship between growth and morphological development was not constant and was different in worm populations from different sites. Some larvae grew very rapidly during the early fourth-stage and then entered a period of lethargus while continuing to develop sexually, while others grew and developed throughout the larval stage.The worms recovered from the second 30% of the small intestine were consistently smaller and less advanced morphologically than those from the first 30%. The worms in the posterior region of the small intestine were preferentially lost from the mucosa in the third- and fourth-stages between days 2 and 4 and from the mucosal surface as adults between days 12 and 16.