bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MALE GENITAL TRACT OF THE INDIAN MEGACHIROPTERAN BAT CYNOPTERUX SPHINX GANGETICUS AND
Authors: VAMBURKAR S. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The testes are permanently abdominal in position and there is no scrotum. The testes are globular. The caput and cauda epididymidis are similar in shape and size. The vasa deferentia open into the collecting tubules of the seminal vesicles.
The seminal vesicles are large glandular bodies, divisible into an anterior glandular portion and a posterior ductus portion. The paired ducts open into the muscular urethra on the summit of a crista urethrae.
The prostate is a compact glandular mass, lying outside the muscular urethra below the neck of the bladder. It completely surrounds the muscular urethra only in the breeding season; at other times it is incomplete along the dorsal side. Its ducts are numerous, and open into the muscular urethra independently near the crista urethrae.
The muscular urethra is a simple muscular tube between the bladder and the penis. The genital ducts open into it.
The urethral gland which surrounds the muscular urethra is minute and is covered by the muscle of the urethra. The numerous short ducts of the urethral gland open into the muscular urethra.
A utriculus prostaticus is absent.
Cowper's glands are large and lie in the region of the muscular urethra into which they open by a pair of short ducts.
The penis is large, pendulous conical and directed caudally. It is divisible into three regions.

The glans is large and complicated in structure. Its surface is covered by numerous minute denticles. There is a deep gutter projecting into the substance from its distal dorsal side. There are three lips, one ventral and two dorso‐lateral, at the tip.The corpora cavernosa together are horse‐shoe shaped in section and enclosed in a common sheath; but internally the two are separated by the septum. The corpus spongiosum is simple and surrounds the penile urethra up to the external orifice. An accessory corpus cavenosum is absent.The os‐penis is a simple cartilaginous curved plate, pointed terminally. It is restricted to the distal half of the glans.The penile urethra presents a pair of blind diverticula at its distal end.

The whole genital system shows a marked enlargement in size during breeding season.
AGE CHANGES IN THE CRANIAL CAPACITY AND FORAMEN MAGNUM OF HOMINOIDS
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , SPENCE T. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Data for the cranial capacities and for the dimensions of the foramen magnum have been derived from 198 chimpanzees, 223 gorillas, 69 orang‐utans and 575 men at various stages of development.
The pattern of endocranial growth in the extant apes is similar to that in man.
The age changes in the foramen magnum follow those in the endocranial cavity–some 95 per cent of adult size being reached by the time the first permanent molars are in place.
Comparison between these new data and the stated endocranial volumes of the Australopithecinae confirms that in this feature the South African fossils are ape‐like.
The cranial capacity and the area of the foramen magnum are sufficiently closely correlated to enable the one to be predicted from the other.
The relationship between the area of the foramen magnum and the cranial capacity of the Australopithecinae was apparently similar to that in extant apes and an estimate is made on this basis of the endocranial volume of an immature specimen of Paranthropus crassidens (SK 47) of which the skull base only is preserved.
THE IDENTITY OF THE BRITISH FISH PARVICLINUS SPINOSUS
Authors: WHEELER ALWYNE C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The statue of the clinid fish from the Conway River, North Wales, described by Fraser‐Brunner as Parmclinus spinosus, has been a matter of doubt since its discovery.
The unique holotype has been re‐examined, and certain errors in the description corrected. It is considered to be identical with the Caribbean species Staihmonotus (Auchenistius) stahli.
The methods by which introduction of the specimen could have taken place are discussed, and it is concluded that the most likely is as an accidental introduction by a passing ship. A similar case is cited in this respect.
THE ASYMMETRY OP THE LARVAL AMPHIOXUS
Authors: BONE QUENTIN 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe various views that have been put forward of the asymmetry of the amphioxus larva are discussed, and a modification of Garstang's view is proposed. Upon this view, the asymmetry of the amphioxus larva is directly related to its mode of feeding; the essentials of this process in the young larva are discussed and it is concluded that the body cilia play an important part in the feeding process. The derivation of amphioxus from the Ascidiacea is discussed, and various points are indicated which suggest that the original position of the mouth in the ancestry of amphioxus was ventral, as Garstang suggested.
THE FOSSIL SUIDAE OF MAKAPANSGAT
Authors: EWER R. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe whole of the known fossil suid material from the Limeworks Quarry at Makapan is examined and described. Most of the specimens belong to the same species as the mandible described by Dale (1948) and named Pronotochoerus shawi. Reasons are given for concluding that the reference of this material to the genus Pronotochoerus is not correct. The specimens are considered to belong to the genus Potamochoeroides Dale, but to represent a species distinct from Potamochoeroides hypsodon Dale; they are therefore referred to Potamochoeroides shawi (Dale).Diagnoses are given for the genus Potamocoeroides Dale and for the two species P. shawi (Dale) and P. hypsodon Dale.The rest of the identifiable suid material from Makapan all belongs to Notochoerus euilus (Hopwood).The process of third molar elaboration which has taken place in the evolution of the African Suidae is discussed and an attempt is made to assess the relationships of Potamochoeroides to other genera. The relationships of Notochoerus capevsis and N. euilus are also discussed and it is concluded that the differences in cusp pattern are sufficient to warrant a subgeneric division: Leakey's name Gerontochoerus is therefore revived as a subgenus and Notochoerus (Gerontochoerus) euilus is thus distinguished from Notochoerus (Notochoerus) capensis. The form described by van Hoepen & van Hoepen as Kolpochoerus sinuosus is considered to be a species distinct from, but closely related to, N. capensis and it is therefore referred to Notochoerus (Notochoerus) sinuosus (van Hoepen & van Hoepen).The bearing of the suid fauna on the question of the probable date of the Makapan deposit is considered: it is concluded that the deposit belongs to the lower Pleistocene.An attempt is made to estimate the age composition of the population of Potamochoeroides shawi and the possible influence on age composition of the manner in which bones have come to be included in a deposit is considered.
REPRODUCTION IN THE EAST AFRICAN LUNG‐FISH PROTOPTERUS AETHIOPICUS HECKEL
Authors: GREENWOOD P. H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Four occupied nests, which differ in form and environment, of P. aethiopicus are described from Lake Victoria. These constitute the first definite records of the nests of this species. Evidence is adduced which strengthens the possibility that certain structures previously thought by other authors to be nests were in fact those of lung‐fishes.
The oxygen content of one nest was determined and found to be low, probably never exceeding 3 p.p.m. During the breeding periods studied, the modal day water temperature was 23oC. and the temperature range 17‐8o to 25‐0oC. The least diurnal temperature variation was 0–5o and the greatest 3–6oC.
From one nest over 5,000 larvae were recovered and from another (incompletely sampled) more than 2,000. Some broods showed a distinct fractioning into several ontogenetic stages. It is concluded that fractioning is attributable to slight initial differences in the time of fertilization and reinforced by individual variation in developmental rates. The scanty data available suggest that more than one female spawns in a nest.
Larval P. aethiopicus begin air‐breathing when they have reached a length of 23 to 25 mm. It seems probable that whilst the larvae remain in the nest they are not dependent on aerial respiration.
In its external features, the embryology of P. aethiopicus closely resembles that of P. annectens. Slight differences in ontogeny are discussed. The ova, embryos and larvae of P. aethiopicus are larger than those of P. annectens, and have a slower‐ developmental rate. Also, the larvae attain a larger size before the yolk is fully resorbed.
At ca 23oC. young P. aethiopicus remain in the nest for fifty to fifty‐five days. Pre‐hatching development takes about fifteen days; thereafter the young grow to a length of ca 35 mm. in forty days.
Post larval P. aethiopicus live actively in the matted papyrus roots and the root systems of swamp grasses. There is no evidence to support an earlier idea that they pass the first year of life in a quiescent condition.
The external gills are ciliated. Data relating to the development and subsequent necrosis of these gills is reviewed and summarized.
The breeding cycles of P. aethiopicus in Lake Victoria are imperfectly known. Observations made on ovarian conditions indicate a peak breeding season from November to April. Occupied nests were found in this period, and in September. This latter nest suggests that spawning may also occur during unseasonal. wet periods.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY OF HALIPHYSEMA (FORAMINTFERA)
Authors: HEDLEY R. H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Haliphysema tumanowiczii Bowerbank, is an attached foraminifer and the natural variation described is such that the following forms are probably synonyms of it; H. primordiale Haeckel, H. echinoides Haeckel, H. globigerina Haeckel, and H. advena Cushman.
An unattached form of H. tumanowiczii is described which is released from the attached animal. The unattached individual moves over the substratum and eventually settles and forms the basal disc. This newly attached stage becomes a typical attached individual.
The test wall is composed of sponge spicules and other foreign matter cemented together with an acid mucopolysaccharide. On the inside of this wall, in the basal disc and first quarter of the pedicle, there is an organic sheath composed of a mucoprotein. This component is flexible and enables a form such as H. tumanowiczii to survive the rough conditions of the littoral zone.
Multinucleate and uninucleate individuals are recorded among both the attached and unattached forms.
DACTYLOPUSIOIDES MACROLABRIS (CLAUS) (COPEPODA: HACPACTICOIDA) AND ITS FROND MINING NAUPLIUS
Authors: Green J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe nauplius of Dactylopusioides macrolabris (Claus) is described and figured. The second antenna is modified to form a biting appendage, while the mandibles are not capable of biting.The nauplii and an associated adult female were found in galleries in the fronds of the brown alga Dictyota dichotoma, from Torquay, Devon. This is the first British record of this copepod, and the first record of a copepod mining the fronds of a member of the Phaeophyceae.
A STUDY OF SOME DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE THELYCUM AND ITS RELATION TO THE SPERMATOPHORES IN THE PRAWN PENAEUS JAPONICUS BATE*
Authors: TIRMIZI N. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The thelycum Qf P. japonicus Bate consists of two parts (i) an interior triangular plate, and (ii) a posterior pouch.
The formation of the pouch is described. It is a complicated process involving folding and tucking in of the lateral arms of the U‐shaped plate and anterior growth, notably of the transverse median portion of this plate.
The structure of the spermatophores is described, and their relation to the thelycum in an impregnated female. This description supports Heldt's work on Penaeus trisulcatus Leach.
THE ABDOMINAL MUSCULATURE OF NYMPHAL CHLOEONDIPTERUM L. (INSECTA: EPHEMEROPTERA) IN RELATION TO GILL MOVEMENT AND SWIMMING
Authors: EASTHAM L. E. S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The nymph of Chloeon dipterum is a pelagic animal living in ponds, Its plate‐like bilamellate gills are described.
By means of metachronal rhythmical movements of the gills, in which members of pairs beat synchronously, currents of water are set up over the body. These currents which are on the whole axial to the body explose water from all regions surrounding the body.
The gill and abdominal musculature is described and it is shown that a modification of normal musculature has occurred to provide direct muscles to the gill bases and also to make possible the habit of swimming by rhythmical movements of the abdomen rather than by limbs. These movements are lateral and are made about a vertical axis. Swimming is always preceded by a vigorous up and down movement of the caudal filaments. This movemelit about a transverse axis as in the tail flukes of a whale is then abandoned as the side to side movements of the abdomen take charge, when the animal swims aa does a fish.
THE GROWTH OF CONFINED COLONIES OF THE WILD HOUSE‐MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS L.): THE EFFECT OF DISPERSAL ON FEMALE FECUNDITY
Authors: CROWCROFT PETER , ROWE F. P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Post‐mortem examination of female house mice from a confined population showed a higher proportion of non‐fecund females than would be found in a wild‐caught sample of similar age composition.
A similar population was allowed to disperse into a larger pen, whereupon the reproductive rate increased. The result was not clear‐cut, however, as the increase began too soon to be attributable to dispersal alone.
Another similar population was divided into two colonies of unequal size. Non‐fecund females transferred to a new large pen with few other mice became fecund and reproduced successfully, while those placed in a new small crowded pen remained non‐fecund.
A completely adult population in which no litters had been born for over six months was allowed to disperse into a large pen. A majority of females became fecund and conceived within about one week. The numbers were doubled within eight weeks.
The results suggest the existence of a self‐regulatory mechanism, which operates at population densities seldom, if ever, reached in free‐living populations.
A NEW SPECIES OF EUKROHNIA FROM THE SOUTHERN OCEAN WITH A NOTE ON FERTILIZATION
Authors: David P. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA new species of the genus Eukrohnia, E. bathyantarctica, is described; it is a deep living form, so far only found in the Southern Ocean. It resembles both E. fowleri and E. hamata in many features. Evidence is given which suggests that in this species, and also in E. fowleri the seminal vesicles function as spermatophores and are attached intact to the external opening of the oviduct by a fine tube which is probably the vas deferens.
Benefits of video home training on families’ health and interaction: evaluation based on follow‐up visits
Authors: Häggman‐Laitila Arja , Seppänen Raija , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri , Pietilä Anna‐Maija 
Published: August 2010

Aim.  The aim of this study is to describe the benefits of video home training on families’ health and interaction from the perspective of parents six months after the training.Background.  There is hardly any empirical knowledge of how a resource‐enhancing approach could be used in nursing practice and how nursing in a home context affects the families’ health outcomes and interaction.Design.  The study was designed as a descriptive qualitative service evaluation.Methods.  Fifteen families with 66 family members participated in the study. The study material consisted of videotapes recorded at homes and family service plans produced during the process of the video home training. The data were analysed by qualitative content analysis and by the method of analysing photographs and videotapes.Results.  Video home training was found to bring about many positive effects on families’ health and interaction. The families had reached their goals related to parenthood, relationship between the partners, childcare skills and child‐rearing skills.Conclusion.  The entire family benefited from the video home training. Video home training can be recommended in providing families with early support and anticipating and preventing family problems.Relevance to clinical practice.  Video home training is applicable to family nursing owing to the concrete and interactive nature of the method. It supports the realisation of family centredness and family orientation.
1. On the Chimpanzees and their Relationship to the Gorilla.
Authors: Keith Arthur 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The Gorilla may be distinguished in life from the Chimpanzee by its sullen, untamable, ferocious nature; its long nasal bones descending far below the level of the infra‐orbital margin; its great alar nasal folds running to the margin of the upper lip; its great peculiar molar, premolar, and canine teeth; its broad, short, thick webbed hands and feet; its long her1 and the great length of its upper arm with the smaller development of the forearm.
On a Case of Imperfect Development in Echinus esculentus
Authors: Ritchie James , McIntosh D. C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The imperfect development of this test of Echinus esculentus is expressed in:—

General shape.—Flattened, with a bulge at one portion of the ambitus, and above the bulge a depressed area of the corona.
Major symmetries.—The left posterior ambulacrum does not exist after its twenty‐ninth plate (counting from the peristome). The corresponding ocular plate is present, but its shape is unusual and its pore is a mere pin‐hole.
Plate details.—On the twenty‐eighth, twenty‐ninth, or thirtieth plate of each of the ten ambulacral rows a series of abnormalities begins, the abnormalities consisting, for the most part, of deficiencies in the number of primitive plates forming a compound plate.

Less marked divergencies from the normal can be detected in the sizes of some of the plates and in the irregular courses of certain of the sutures.The stoppage of the growth of the ambulacrum and the plate abnormalities occurred approximately at the same time, and it is suggested that they may be due to functional disturbance caused by some external agent. The distortion of the test subsequent to the arrested development of the ambulacrum has been brought about by a process of regulation.The specimen of Echinus esculentus above described has been deposited in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh.
The Classification, Morphology, and Evolution of the Echinoidea Holectypoida
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The Holectypoida are restored to the rank of an order of the Echinoidea Irregularia. A classification, somewhat modified from that proposed by Gregory (50), is given, and revised diagnoses of the families, subfamilies, and genera are drawn up. A comparative study of the morphology of the skeletal structures of typical genera of the group is given; and, in the light of the results of this study, the course of evolution both within and beyond the limits of the order is indicated.The Holectypoida are regarded as an annectant group of the Irregular Echinoids, whose characters retain a considerable uniformity owing to a persistent retardation of evolution. At various periods offshoots from the Holectypoid stock appeared, which, usually with a relatively accelerated differentiation, developed into the various orders and families of the Irregularia. The order commenced in the Liasic period, and became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous. Two of the groups of Echinoids now living retain many features that were characteristic of the Holectypoida (the Echinoneidæ and the Fibulariidæ). The other groups of Irregular Echinoids show a much greater departure from the primitive character, but they all possess some features which indicate their Holectypoid anptzy.Two new names are introduces in the Systematic Part:—Megapygus as a subgenus of Pygaster, corresponding with the Pygaster (sens. str.) of Pomel (37), with type M. umbrella; and Conulopsis, a genus including the “Echinoconus” of Desor (21), with type C. roemeri d'Orbigny. The latter group will be studied in greater detail in a forthcoming paper.
The Structure and Development of the Caudal Skeleton of the Teleostean Fish, Pleuragramma antarcticum.
Authors: Totton A. Knyvett 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The development of the vertebral column begins at the caudal end, the hypaxial elements being the first to appear. This coincides with a down‐bending of the notochord (compare with this the analogous condition of the vertebral column in the Ichthyosauria). Epaxial elements do not appear until this condition has given way to the straight condition again. Arches appear as paired cartilages at the sides of the caudal artery and vein and of the nerve‐cord. They are separated from the notochord by connective tissue.
The notochord is of a relatively enormous size, and persists with only slight constriction throughout life. The centra consist of thin papery lamellæ of membrane‐bone. Ossification is generally weak.
The neural and hæmal arches of the penultimate centrum are double, owing to the splitting of single rudiments. Similar phenomena are to be observed in other fishes. They may be produced by different causes:—(1) Splitting of an originally single rudiment.(2) Crowding of two arches on to one centrum.(3) Fusion of the first epiural apophysis with the last neural arch.(4) Exceptional equal development of both arch and intercalary.(5) Secondary diplospondyly, i. e. fusion of two centra.
Large cartilages are present above and below the last two centra in the adult, which support a dorsal and a ventral series of procurrent fin‐rays. Their great size is probably connected with the weakness of general ossification.
The hypural bones of the adult are formed by a fusion of hæmal arches and radials. This compound nature of the hypurals may be seen anteriorly in adult Selachians and in the Sturgeon, but it has not been shown before, as far as I am aware, in Teleosts.
A Coral Reef in the New Hebrides
Authors: Baker John R. , Scholar Christopher Welch 
Published: August 2010

Summary.On the north‐east coast of Gaua, in the New Hebrides, there is a fringing reef about half‐a‐mile wide. Coral growth is most active near the shore, the dominant coral in this zone being Montipora ramosa. Outside the double boulder zone coral growth is not very active, and Lithothamnium does not flourish as it does in so many reefs.It is suggested that a fringing coral‐reef not only grows outwards on its own talus bed, but also grows inwards to form a thin layer lying on a flat shallow platform produced by the erosion of the coast.
The Skull, the Face, and the Teeth of Primates, with special reference to Dolichocephaly and the Centres of Growth in the Face.—Part I
Authors: Harris H. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The author's radiographic method of determining the form of the endocranial cavity of the skull has been applied to a large series of Primate skulls. Leptoprosopy and dolichocephaly are shown to be normal features of certain Primates. The degree of dolichocephaly in the Gorilla is as great as that in Man, so that dolichocephaly, per se, cannot be regarded as a humanoid feature.
The central canal of the chin is shown for the first time to be a normal but inconstant feature of the mandible of Primates.
Mental and infraorbital foramina are analysed with special reference to their multiplicity, their relative position, and the associated direction of growth in the upper jaw and mandible.