bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supercapacitors with graphene coated paper electrodes
Authors: Andres Britta , Forsberg Sven , Vilches Ana Paola , Zhang Renyun , Hummelgård Magnus , Bäckström Joakim , Olin Håkan , Andersson Henrik 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Paper based supercapacitors are prepared by stacking a paper between two graphene electrodes and soaking these in an aqueous electrolyte. We demonstrate that supercapacitors can easily be manufactured by using proven paper technologies. Several different electrode materials were compared and two types of contacting material, silver and graphite foil were tested. The influence of the paper used as separator was also investigated. The supercapacitors with a graphene-gold nanoparticle composite as electrodes showed a specific capacitance of up to 100 F/g and an energy density of 1.27 Wh/kg. The energy density can further be increased by using other electrolytes. The silver contacts showed a pseudo capacitance, which the graphite contacts did not. The papers tested had a minor effect on the capacitance, but they have an influence on the weight and the volume of the supercapacitor.
Dynamics of moisture interaction with polyelectrolyte multilayers containing nanofibrillated cellulose
Authors: Granberg Hjalmar , Coppel Ludovic Gustafsson , Eita Mohamed , de Mayolo Eduardo Antunez , Arwin Hans , Wågberg Lars 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Recent findings have shown that it is possible to use the Layer-by-Layer technique to create nanofibrillated cellulose / polyethyleneimine interference films whose colour change with relative humidity. This study uses different optical models to describe spectral ellipsometry measurements data of interference films and how the film properties alter in dry and humid environments. The results indicate that water condensation initially is filling the surface pores within seconds whereas relaxation of the film to adjust to the added water is a slower process that reaches a steady state after »20 min. The maximum swelling ratio of the LbL films is almost independent of the number of layers within the film, but decreases considerably by crosslinking via heat treatment. The films show a distinct birefringence with optical axis perpendicular to the surface. Analysis of the moisture response with different optical models indicates that the films swell uniformly in the thickness direction with no separate water film on top. The results provide important understanding for the design of NFC based LbL films for visual moisture sensors and interactive security paper.
Les établissements de l'enseignement supérieur Culture
Authors: Sotto Marie-Françoise 
Published: June 2012

Résumé	Réalisée régulièrement en collaboration avec le ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, l’enquête concerne les établissements publics et privés relevant de l’enseignement supérieur Culture dans les domaines des arts plastiques, du spectacle vivant, du patrimoine, du cinéma et de l’audiovisuel. Elle fait le point sur le nombre d’établissements dispensant des formations supérieures artistiques et culturelles, le nombre d’étudiants, leur répartition selon les domaines et leurs caractéristiques, et le nombre de diplômés pour l’année universitaire 2010-2011.
Transactional sex and HIV: understanding the gendered structural drivers of HIV in fishing communities in Southern Malawi
Authors: MacPherson Eleanor E , Sadalaki John , Njoloma Macdonald , Nyongopa Victoria , Nkhwazi Lawrence , Mwapasa Victor , Lalloo David G , Desmond Nicola , Seeley Janet , Theobald Sally 
Published: June 2012

BackgroundIn Southern Malawi, the fishing industry is highly gendered, with men carrying out the fishing and women processing, drying and selling the fish. Research has shown that individuals living in fishing communities in low‐income countries are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection. One of the key drivers of HIV in fishing communities is transactional sex. In the fishing industry this takes the form of “fish‐for‐sex” networks where female fish traders exchange sex with fishermen for access to or more favourable prices of fish. By controlling the means of production, the power dynamics in these exchanges favour men and can make it more difficult for women to negotiate safe sex.MethodsQualitative methods were used to collect data on gendered drivers of transactional sex in the fishing community and how different groups perceive HIV risk in these transactions. Observation, focus group discussions and semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with members of the fishing communities, including men and women directly and indirectly involved in fishing.ResultsIn fishing communities transactional sex was prevalent across a spectrum ranging from gift giving within relationships, to sex for fish exchanges, to sex worker encounters. Power differences between couples in transactional sexual encounters shape individual’s abilities to negotiate condom use (with women being at a particularly disadvantaged negotiating position). The context and motivations for transactional sex varied and was mediated by economic need and social position both of men and women. Female fish traders new to the industry and boat crew members who travelled for work and experienced difficult living conditions often engaged in transactional sex.ConclusionsTransactional sex is common in Malawian fishing communities, with women particularly vulnerable in negotiations because of existing gendered power structures. Although knowledge and understanding of the HIV risk associated with transactional sex was common, this did not appear to result in the adoption of risk reduction strategies. This suggests that specially targeted strategies to increase women’s economic empowerment and tackle the structural drivers of women’s HIV risk could be important in fishing communities.
Individual and contextual factors influencing patient attrition from antiretroviral therapy care in an urban community of Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Musheke Maurice , Bond Virginia , Merten Sonja 
Published: June 2012

IntroductionDespite the relatively effective roll‐out of free life‐prolonging antiretroviral therapy (ART) in public sector clinics in Zambia since 2005, and the proven efficacy of ART, some people living with HIV (PLHIV) are abandoning the treatment. Drawing on a wider ethnographic study in a predominantly low‐income, high‐density residential area of Lusaka, this paper reports the reasons why PLHIV opted to discontinue their HIV treatment.MethodsOpened‐ended, in‐depth interviews were held with PLHIV who had stopped ART (n = 25), ART clinic staff (n = 5), religious leaders (n = 5), herbal medicine providers (n = 5) and lay home‐based caregivers (n = 5). In addition, participant observations were conducted in the study setting for 18 months. Interview data were analysed using open coding first, and then interpreted using latent content analysis. The presentation of the results is guided by a social‐ecological framework.FindingsPatient attrition from ART care is influenced by an interplay of personal, social, health system and structural‐level factors. While improved corporeal health, side effects and need for normalcy diminished motivation to continue with treatment, individuals also weighed the social and economic costs of continued uptake of treatment. Long waiting times for medical care and placing “defaulters” on intensive adherence counselling in the context of insecure labour conditions and livelihood constraints not only imposed opportunity costs which patients were not willing to forego, but also forced individuals to balance physical health with social integrity, which sometimes forced them to opt for faith healing and traditional medicine.ConclusionsComplex and dynamic interplay of personal, social, health system and structural‐level factors coalesces to influence patient attrition from ART care. Consequently, while patient‐centred interventions are required, efforts should be made to improve ART care by extending and establishing flexible ART clinic hours, improving patient‐provider dialogue about treatment experiences and being mindful of the way intensive adherence counselling is being enforced. In the context of insecure labour conditions and fragile livelihoods, this would enable individuals to more easily balance time for treatment and their livelihoods. As a corollary, the perceived efficacy of alternative treatment and faith healing needs to be challenged through sensitizations targeting patients, religious leaders/faith healers and herbal medicine providers.
Synthesis of a Ni‐Containing Porous SiOC Material From Polyphenylmethylsiloxane by a Direct Foaming Technique
Authors: Idesaki Akira , Colombo Paolo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA Ni‐containing porous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) material was produced from a blend of polyphenylmethylsiloxane (PPMS), azodicarbonamide (ADA) and nickel(II) acetylacetonate (Ni(acac)2) by a direct foaming technique. Homogeneous foaming of PPMS with well‐controlled macropore size distribution in the range of 0.1–0.5 mm was achieved, by controlling parameters such as the composition of starting mixture, the heating rate and the sample aspect ratio. A porous SiOC material with metallic Ni was obtained by pyrolysis below 900 °C in Ar. However, open porosity of the obtained porous SiOC was about only 37%. Therefore, the addition of fillers or an extraction treatment process were examined in order to obtain high levels of open, interconnected porosity. It was found that the extraction treatment of foamed PPMS by ethanol is effective in producing highly open porous SiOC ceramics. The Ni‐containing porous SiOC material synthesized by this treatment possessed an open porosity of about 70% and gas permeability constant of 4.10 × 10−10 m2 for k1 (Darcian permeability constant) and 3.17 × 10−6 m for k2 (non‐Darcian permeability constant). These values are sufficiently high for its application as a catalyst material. According to the results above, the synthesis of a Ni‐catalyst supported on a porous SiOC ceramic by a simple one‐pot process was demonstrated.
Controlling Surface Plasmon Optical Transmission with an Electrochemical Switch Using Conducting Polymer Thin Films
Authors: Baba Akira , Tada Kohji , Janmanee Rapiphun , Sriwichai Saengrawee , Shinbo Kazunari , Kato Keizo , Kaneko Futao , Phanichphant Sukon 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSurface plasmon resonance (SPR)‐enhanced optical transmission is actively controlled by an electrochromism of conducting polymer thin films. Polyaniline and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) thin films are deposited on a thin gold grating surface. SPR‐enhanced optical transmission is demonstrated by irradiating white light on the conducting polymer thin film–gold grating surface and detecting the transmitted light from the back side. The transmission SPR system is combined with an electrochemical setup to manipulate the resonance. The wavelength of the sharp peak in the transmission light spectra is tuned by electrochemical doping/dedoping of the conducting polymer thin films. The present study of controllable SPR‐enhanced optical transmission should provide novel active plasmonic devices such as active bandpass filters or biosensors.
Probe‐Based Electro‐Oxidative Lithography of OTS SAMs Deposited onto Transparent ITO Substrates
Authors: Meroni Daniela , Ardizzone Silvia , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hoeppener Stephanie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTransparent conductive oxides like indium tin oxide (ITO) play a pivotal role in a wide range of innovative applications, such as new generations of solar cells. In many of these applications the tailoring of surface properties on the nanometer scale represents a highly desirable target. The local oxidation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) using a scanning probe is a promising technique to achieve surface modifications on the nanometer scale. So far, electro‐oxidative lithography of SAMs has been reported mainly on Si wafers while there are no previous reports on transparent oxides. Here, we report the oxidative lithography of n‐octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) SAM deposited onto an ITO layer. A local overoxidation of the substrate is observed while the simultaneously occurring monolayer oxidation is indirectly confirmed by the site‐selective deposition of silver nanoparticles onto electro‐oxidized areas. The process of lithography is compared to that on OTS‐Si substrates and its mechanism is systematically investigated by means of scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM).
Discoidal Porous Silicon Particles: Fabrication and Biodistribution in Breast Cancer Bearing Mice
Authors: Godin Biana , Chiappini Ciro , Srinivasan Srimeenakshi , Alexander Jenolyn F. , Yokoi Kenji , Ferrari Mauro , Decuzzi Paolo , Liu Xuewu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPorous silicon (pSi) is emerging as a promising material in the development of nanovectors for the systemic delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents. The integration of photolithographic patterning, typical of the semiconductor industry, with electrochemical silicon etching provides a highly flexible strategy to fabricate monodisperse and precisely tailored nanovectors. Here, a microfabrication strategy for direct lithographic patterning of discoidal pSi particles is presented that enables precise and independent control over particle size, shape, and porous structure. Discoidal pSi nanovectors with diameters ranging from 500 to 2600 nm, heights from 200 to 700 nm, pore sizes from 5 to 150 nm, and porosities from 40 to 90% are demonstrated. The degradation in serum, interaction with immune and endothelial cells in vitro, and biodistribution in mice bearing breast tumors are assessed for two discoidal nanovectors with sizes of 600 nm × 400 nm and 1000 nm × 400 nm. It is shown that both particle types are degraded after 24 h of continuous gentle agitation in serum, do not stimulate cytokine release from macrophages or affect endothelial cell viability, and accumulate up to about 10% of the injected dose per gram tissue in orthotopic murine models of breast cancer. The accumulation of the discoidal pSi nanovectors into the breast tumor mass is found to be up to five times higher than for spherical silica beads with similar diameters.
Recent Progress in Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Yonggang , Yi Jin , Xia Yongyao 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBuilding a low‐carbon society supported by sustainable energy is a worldwide topic. The aqueous lithium‐ion battery (LIB) has been demonstrated to be one of the most promising stationary power sources for sustainable energies such as wind and solar power. The aqueous LIB may solve both the safety problem associated with the lithium‐ion batteries which use highly toxic and flammable organic solvents, and the poor cycling life associated with commercialized aqueous rechargeable batteries including lead‐acid and nickel‐metal‐hydride systems. During the past decades, many efforts have been made to improve the performance of the aqueous lithium‐ion battery. The present work reviews the latest advances in the exploration and development of battery systems and relative materials. Also the main approaches, achievements, and challenges in this field are briefly commented on and discussed.
Carbon Nanotube‐Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Tune Daniel D. , Flavel Benjamin S. , Krupke Ralph , Shapter Joseph G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDue to the high cost of silicon photovoltaics there is currently great interest in finding alternative semiconductor materials for light harvesting devices. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes are an allotrope of carbon with unique electrical and optical properties and are promising as future photovoltaic materials. It is thus important to investigate the methods of exploiting their properties in photovoltaic devices. In addition to already extensive research using carbon nanotubes in organic photovoltaics and photoelectrochemical cells, another way to do this is to combine them with a relatively well understood model semiconductor such as silicon. Nanotube‐silicon heterojunction solar cells are a recent photovoltaic architecture with demonstrated power conversion efficiencies of up to ∼14% that may in part exploit the photoactivity of carbon nanotubes.
A new syndrome of microtia with unilateral renal agenesis and short stature
Authors: Caglayan Ahmet Okay , Stevens Servi J.C. , Albrechts Jozefa C.M. , Dundar Munis , Engelen John 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe report on a 13‐month‐old girl of first cousin parents who presented with a combination of short stature, bilateral microtia, proportionate short stature, distinctive facial features (bitemporal narrowing, long philtrum), and agenesis of the left kidney and a small right kidney. Clinical findings did not match any previously described syndromes with the anomalies seen in the patient. We performed SNP array analysis to characterize the observation as a novel syndrome and this was normal. We propose that this represents a new syndrome, likely of autosomal recessive inheritance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterozygous tandem duplication within the PTCH1 gene results in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Authors: Kosaki Rika , Nagao Kazuaki , Kameyama Kohzoh , Suzuki Maiko , Fujii Katsunori , Miyashita Toshiyuki 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by developmental defects and tumorigenesis. The gene responsible for NBCCS is PTCH1. Using multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification, we identified a heterozygous tandem duplication within the PTCH1 gene in a 14‐year‐old girl with typical NBCCS. We have sequenced the chromosomal breakpoint and determined the duplication as tandem in orientation and 18,814 bp in size. The fusion occurred between non‐repetitive elements with an overlap of three nucleotides. The duplicated segment began at exon 10 and ended at intron 17. Subsequent analysis of cDNA from the patient showed the expression of mutant mRNA species containing a duplicated segment spanning exons 11–17, resulting in a frameshift and premature stop codon. This is the first reported case of NBCCS due to a tandem multiexon duplication of PTCH1 representing a novel mechanism leading to the NBCCS phenotype, and highlights the importance of copy number analysis as an adjunct to exon sequencing in identifying infrequent mutational events in PTCH1. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Coffin–Siris syndrome: A proposed diagnostic approach and assessment of 15 overlapping cases
Authors: Schrier Samantha A. , Bodurtha Joann N. , Burton Barbara , Chudley Albert E. , Chiong Mary Anne D. , D'avanzo Maria Gabriella , Lynch Sally Ann , Musio Antonio , Nyazov Dmitriy M. , Sanchez‐Lara Pedro A. , Shalev Stavit A. , Deardorff Matthew A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCoffin–Siris syndrome (CSS) is a rare, clinically heterogeneous disorder often considered in the setting of cognitive/developmental delay and 5th finger/nail hypoplasia. Due to the clinical variability of facial and other features, this diagnosis is often difficult to confirm clinically and the existence of this disorder as a specific diagnosis has been at times an issue of debate. In an effort to further delineate the spectrum and key phenotypic features, we reviewed 80 previously reported cases to define features in patients that most closely correlated with a convincing diagnosis. There appear to be two subtypes of CSS, one which displays the “classic” coarse facial features previously described; another displays “variant” facial features which are less striking. Using these features, we defined an algorithm to rank the confidence of diagnosis and applied it to 15 additional patients who had been previously characterized by chromosome microarray. This approach will also facilitate uniform categorization for whole‐exome analysis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laryngeal malformation in Richieri‐Costa Pereira syndrome: New findings
Authors: Miguel Haline Coracine , Carneiro Christiano Giácomo , Tabith Alfredo , Zechi‐Ceide Roseli Maria , Genaro Katia Flores 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLaryngeal structural anomalies were described in 13 cases of Richieri‐Costa Pereira syndrome, and four previously reported cases were reviewed. The 17 individuals examined had the typical laryngeal anomalies and vocal disorders previously described. The new findings are the laryngeal microweb observed in three cases and arytenoid anteriorization movement observed in 14 cases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wheat flour fortification with folic acid: Changes in neural tube defects rates in Chile
Authors: Cortés Fanny , Mellado C. , Pardo R.A. , Villarroel L.A. , Hertrampf E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn January 2000, Chilean Ministry of Health mandated the addition of folic acid (FA) to wheat flour in order to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs). This policy resulted in significant increases in serum and red cell folate in women of fertile age 1 year after fortification. To evaluate the effect of wheat flour fortification on the prevalence of NTDs in Chile we designed a prospective hospital‐based surveillance program to monitor the frequency of NTDs in all births (live and stillbirths) with birth weight ≥500 g at the nine public maternity hospitals of Santiago, Chile from 1999 to 2009. During the pre‐fortification period (1999–2000) the NTD rate was 17.1/10,000 births in a total of 120,566 newborns. During the post‐fortification period (2001–2009) the NTD rate decreased to 8.6/10,000 births in a total of 489,915 newborns, which translates into a rate reduction of 50% (RR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.42–0.59) for all NTDs. The rate reduction by type of NTD studied was: 50% in anencephaly (RR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.38–0.67), 42% in cephalocele (RR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37–0.89), and 52% in spina bifida (RR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.38–0.6). Rates showed significant reduction both in stillbirths and live births: 510.3 to 183.6/10,000 (RR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.25–0.53) and 13.3 to 7.5/10,000 (RR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.47–0.68), respectively. In Chile, fortification of wheat flour with FA has proven to be an effective strategy for the primary prevention of NTDs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiepileptic drugs and pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Wlodarczyk Bogdan J. , Palacios Ana M. , George Timothy M. , Finnell Richard H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe treatment of epilepsy in women of reproductive age remains a clinical challenge. While most women with epilepsy (WWE) require anticonvulsant drugs for adequate control of their seizures, the teratogenicity associated with some antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is a risk that needs to be carefully addressed. Antiepileptic medications are also used to treat an ever broadening range of medical conditions such as bipolar disorder, migraine prophylaxis, cancer, and neuropathic pain. Despite the fact that the majority of pregnancies of WWE who are receiving pharmacological treatment are normal, studies have demonstrated that the risk of having a pregnancy complicated by a major congenital malformation is doubled when comparing the risk of untreated pregnancies. Furthermore, when AEDs are used in polytherapy regimens, the risk is tripled, especially when valproic acid (VPA) is included. However, it should be noted that the risks are specific for each anticonvulsant drug. Some investigations have suggested that the risk of teratogenicity is increased in a dose‐dependent manner. More recent studies have reported that in utero exposure to AEDs can have detrimental effects on the cognitive functions and language skills in later stages of life. In fact, the FDA just issued a safety announcement on the impact of VPA on cognition (Safety Announcement 6‐30‐2011). The purpose of this document is to review the most commonly used compounds in the treatment of WWE, and to provide information on the latest experimental and human epidemiological studies of the effects of AEDs in the exposed embryos. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.