bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Selected Commercial Starter Feeds for Sunfish Fry Culture
Authors: Dudenhoeffer Gregory A , Wetzel James E , Omara-Alwala Thomas R 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Sunfishes Lepomis spp. are cultivated as sport fish, and recently interest has been shown in culturing them as a food fish based on commercially available feeds that vary in composition according to the life stage of the fish. We evaluated seven commercial larval starter feeds with northern bluegill L. macrochirus macrochirus and redear sunfish L. microlophus in the effort to relate growth performance to diet nutrient composition. The dependent variables were production weight, survival rate, feed conversion ratio, and mean individual weight and length. The proximate composition and fatty acid and amino acid compositions of feeds were related to the dependent variables. Survival rate ranged from 84% to 96% for bluegills and from 15% to 35% for redear sunfish, and individual mean weights ranged from 67 to 238 mg and from 31 to 78 mg for these two species. Relating the compositional analysis of feeds to the dependent variables indicated that isoleucine influenced mean individual weight for both species. Northern bluegill growth performance suggested a negative correlation with carbohydrates, while redear sunfish growth indicated a positive relationship with energy. This study shows that commercial starter feeds can vary greatly in how they influence sunfish growth performance. Further study is needed to determine what dietary variables, including factors other than nutrient profiles, are most important.
Comparative Production of Channel Catfish and Channel × Blue Hybrid Catfish Subjected to Two Minimum Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations
Authors: Green Bartholomew W , Rawles Steven D 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The effect of daily minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on the growth and yield of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and channel catfish hybrids (female channel catfish × male blue catfish I. furcatus) sharing the Jubilee strain of channel catfish as the maternal parent was evaluated in a 234-d study in sixteen 0.1-ha earthen ponds (15,113 fish/ha). Ponds were managed to maintain a minimum DO concentration of 25% or 50% of saturation. The total consumption of 32%-protein feed at the high and low DO concentrations was 12,973 and 10,262 kg/ha, respectively, for channel catfish and 12,805 and 11,592 kg/ha, respectively, for hybrid catfish. The net yield of hybrid catfish (8,069 kg/ha) did not differ from that of channel catfish (8,037 kg/ha), but the mean individual weight of hybrid catfish was significantly greater. Net yield (8,740 kg/ha), individual weight (0.75 kg/fish), and feed consumption (12,889 kg/ha) were higher for fish in the high DO than in the low DO concentration treatment (7,366 kg/ha, 0.65 kg/fish, and 10,927 kg/ha, respectively). Net yield, individual weight, and feed consumption for channel catfish were 22, 23, and 21% lower, respectively, for the low-DO treatment than for the high-DO treatment, whereas the respective differences for the hybrid catfish were 10, 4, and 10%. Growth did not differ between fish genetic groups but was faster in the high-DO treatment. Channel catfish grew faster in the high-DO treatment, whereas the growth of hybrid catfish did not differ with respect to DO concentration.
Preliminary Tests of Responses of New Zealand Mudsnails Potamopyrgus antipodarum to Copper-Based Substrates
Authors: Myrick Christopher A , Conlin Sarah K 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
New Zealand mudsnails (NZMSs) Potamopyrgus antipodarum can enter aquaculture facilities by crawling upstream through effluent discharges. Controlling or preventing this movement would aid the growing number of facilities that discharge into waters containing NZMSs. We quantified the distance traveled and residence time of NZMSs on four copper-based substrates and evaluated their potential for use as barriers or deterrents. Polyvinyl chloride test surfaces were left untreated (control) or were coated with copper sheet, copper mesh, an ablative marine antifouling paint containing cuprous thiocyanate, or a nonablative marine antifouling paint containing cuprous oxide. The mean distance traveled on treated surfaces was 6–16% of the distance traveled on control surfaces. When an untreated refuge area was available to NZMSs, the most effective substrate for reducing NZMS movements was copper sheet. When NZMSs had no access to a refuge area, however, the substrate treated with ablative marine antifouling paint was more effective. Copper-based substrates could potentially be used to deter the upstream movement of NZMSs.
Performance and Macronutrient Composition of Age-0 Burbot Fed Four Diet Treatments
Authors: Jensen Nathan R , Anders Paul J , Hoffman Carol A , Porter Lucas S , Ireland Susan C , Cain Kenneth D 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
As there are few larval-diet rearing methods for burbot Lota lota, it is important to develop these methods for ongoing conservation and future commercial aquaculture efforts. The performance and macronutrient composition of age-0 burbot were compared after fish were fed four different diets for 8 weeks. Diets included three commercial larval-rearing diets and Daphnia magna. Performance metrics involved mean length and weight, survival, and cannibalism. The macronutrient composition (dry matter) of fish and diets was measured as the percentages of moisture, lipid, protein, and ash, along with energy content. Significant differences in mean length and weight occurred, although survival and cannibalism were not different among treatments at the end of the experiment. Mean weight and length were significantly higher with diets 1 and 2. Fish fed diet 2 had the greatest mean survival (32%), followed by those fed the D. magna diet (30%), diet 3 (27%), and diet 1 (25%). Fish fed diet 1 experienced the greatest amount of cannibalism (48%), followed by those fed the D. magna diet (43%), diet 3 (43%), and diet 2 (26%). The macronutrient compositions of whole-body burbot were 81.83–86.91% for moisture, 4.42–20.49% for lipid, 63.53–75.65% for protein, and 8.41–14.25% for ash, and energy content was 4,818–5,915 kcal/g. Diets 1 and 2 provided the best performance among the all diets and may be used in ongoing and future burbot aquaculture efforts. This study demonstrates that burbot can be reared with multiple commercial larval diets and provides the first reported macronutrient compositions and relative cannibalism of age-0 burbot. This study will help advance the ongoing Kootenai Tribal burbot conservation aquaculture program and may have important applications in other conservation and future commercial production efforts.
Isometamidium Chloride Reduces Mortality of Adult Chinook Salmon due to Cryptobia salmositica
Authors: Chen Martin F , Cheng Yuk W , Popochock Denis , Russell Brian , Kerwin John , Bertolini James , Gleckler Jan , Snekvik Kevin , Han Sushan 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The hemoflagellate protozoan parasite Cryptobia salmositica causes severe mortality during the 2–4-month sexual maturation period of adult spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha at the Solduc State Fish Hatchery, Washington. A single injection of isometamidium chloride hydrochloride in sterile deionized water at 2 mg/kg of body weight significantly reduced broodstock mortality. The progeny of injected adults showed better survival than those of controls (injected with only sterile deionized water) at the eyed-embryo and first-feeding stages. No developmental abnormalities were observed in progeny of treated adults at 78 d after first feeding.
Successful Implementation of a Window for Routine Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Shorter than That of the World Health Organization Standard
Authors: Misteli Heidi , Widmer Andreas F. , Weber Walter P. , Bucher Evelyne , Dangel Marc , Reck Stefan , Oertli Daniel , Marti Walter R. , Rosenthal Rachel 
Published: August 2012

Objective.To evaluate the feasibility of implementation of the refined window for routine antimicrobial prophylaxis (RAP) of 30-74 minutes before skin incision compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard of 0-60 minutes.Design.Prospective study on timing of routine antimicrobial prophylaxis in 2 different time periods.Setting.Tertiary referral university hospital with 30,000 surgical procedures per year.Methods.In all consecutive vascular, visceral, and trauma procedures, the timing was prospectively recorded during a first time period of 2 years (A; baseline) and a second period of 1 year (B; after intervention). An intensive intervention program was initiated after baseline. The primary outcome parameter was timing; the secondary outcome parameter was surgical site infection (SSI) rate in the subgroup of patients undergoing cholecystectomy/colon resection.Results.During baseline time period A (3,836 procedures), RAP was administered 30–74 minutes before skin incision in 1,750 (41.0%) procedures; during time period B (1,537 procedures), it was administered in 914 (56.0%; P < .001). The subgroup analysis did not reveal a significant difference in SSI rate.Conclusions.This bundle of interventions resulted in a statistically significant improvement of timing of RAP even at a shortened window compared to the WHO standard.
Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infection Surveillance outside the Intensive Care Unit: A Multicenter Survey
Authors: Son Crystal H. , Daniels Titus L. , Eagan Janet A. , Edmond Michael B. , Fishman Neil O. , Fraser Thomas G. , Kamboj Mini , Maragakis Lisa L. , Mehta Sapna A. , Perl Trish M. , Phillips Michael S. , Price Connie S. , Talbot Thomas R. , Wilson Stephen J. , Sepkowitz Kent A. 
Published: August 2012

Objective.The success of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) prevention programs in intensive care units (ICUs) has led to the expansion of surveillance at many hospitals. We sought to compare non-ICU CLABSI (nCLABSI) rates with national reports and describe methods of surveillance at several participating US institutions.Design and Setting.An electronic survey of several medical centers about infection surveillance practices and rate data for non-ICU Patients.Participants.Ten tertiary care hospitals.Methods.In March 2011, a survey was sent to 10 medical centers. The survey consisted of 12 questions regarding demographics and CLABSI surveillance methodology for non-ICU patients at each center. Participants were also asked to provide available rate and device utilization data.Results.Hospitals ranged in size from 238 to 1,400 total beds (median, 815). All hospitals reported using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definitions. Denominators were collected by different means: counting patients with central lines every day (5 hospitals), indirectly estimating on the basis of electronic orders (n = 4), or another automated method (n = 1). Rates of nCLABSI ranged from 0.2 to 4.2 infections per 1,000 catheter-days (median, 2.5). The national rate reported by the CDC using 2009 data from the National Healthcare Surveillance Network was 1.14 infections per 1,000 catheter-days.Conclusions.Only 2 hospitals were below the pooled CLABSI rate for inpatient wards; all others exceeded this rate. Possible explanations include differences in average central line utilization or hospital size in the impact of certain clinical risk factors notably absent from the definition and in interpretation and reporting practices. Further investigation is necessary to determine whether the national benchmarks are low or whether the hospitals surveyed here represent a selection of outliers.
Decreasing Operating Room Environmental Pathogen Contamination through Improved Cleaning Practice
Authors: Munoz-Price L. Silvia , Birnbach David J. , Lubarsky David A. , Arheart Kristopher L. , Fajardo-Aquino Yovanit , Rosalsky Mara , Cleary Timothy , DePascale Dennise , Coro Gabriel , Namias Nicholas , Carling Philip 
Published: August 2012

Objective.Potential transmission of organisms from the environment to patients is a concern, especially in enclosed settings, such as operating rooms, in which there are multiple and frequent contacts between patients, provider's hands, and environmental surfaces. Therefore, adequate disinfection of operating rooms is essential. We aimed to determine the change in both the thoroughness of environmental cleaning and the proportion of environmental surfaces within operating rooms from which pathogenic organisms were recovered.Design.Prospective environmental study using feedback with UV markers and environmental cultures.Setting.A 1,500-bed county teaching hospital.Participants.Environmental service personnel, hospital administration, and medical and nursing leadershipResults.The proportion of UV markers removed (cleaned) increased from 0.47 (284 of 600 markers; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-0.53) at baseline to 0.82 (634 of 777 markers; 95% CI, 0.77-0.85) during the last month of observations (P < .0001). Nevertheless, the percentage of samples from which pathogenic organisms (gram-negative bacilli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus species) were recovered did not change throughout our study. Pathogens were identified on 16.6% of surfaces at baseline and 12.5% of surfaces during the follow-up period (P = .998). However, the percentage of surfaces from which gram-negative bacilli were recovered decreased from 10.7% at baseline to 2.3% during the follow-up period (P = .015).Conclusions.Feedback using Gram staining of environmental cultures and UV markers was successful at improving the degree of cleaning in our operating rooms.
Evaluation of Potential Environmental Contamination Sources for the Presence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Linked to Wound Infections in Combat Casualties
Authors: Keen Edward F. , Mende Katrin , Yun Heather C. , Aldous Wade K. , Wallum Timothy E. , Guymon Charles H. , Cole David W. , Crouch Helen K. , Griffith Matthew E. , Thompson Bernadette L. , Rose Joel T. , Murray Clinton K. 
Published: August 2012

Objective.To determine whether multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative organisms are present in Afghanistan or Iraq soil samples, contaminate standard deployed hospital or modular operating rooms (ORs), or aerosolize during surgical procedures.Design.Active surveillance.Setting.US military hospitals in the United States, Afghanistan, and Iraq.Methods.Soil samples were collected from sites throughout Afghanistan and Iraq and analyzed for presence of MDR bacteria. Environmental sampling of selected newly established modular and deployed OR high-touch surfaces and equipment was performed to determine the presence of bacterial contamination. Gram-negative bacteria aerosolization during OR surgical procedures was determined by microbiological analysis of settle plate growth.Results.Subsurface soil sample isolates recovered in Afghanistan and Iraq included various pansusceptible members of Enterobacteriaceae,Vibriospecies,Pseudomonasspecies,Acinetobacter Iwojfii, and coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus(CNS). OR contamination studies in Afghanistan revealed 1 surface with aMicrococcus luteus. Newly established US-based modular ORs and the colocated fixed-facility ORs revealed no gram-negative bacterial contamination prior to the opening of the modular OR and 5 weeks later. Bacterial aerosolization during surgery in a deployed fixed hospital revealed a mean gram-negative bacteria colony count of 12.8 colony-forming units (CFU)/dm2/h (standard deviation [SD], 17.0) during surgeries and 6.5 CFU/dm2/h (SD, 7.5;P= .14) when the OR was not in use.Conclusion.This study demonstrates no significant gram-negative bacilli colonization of modular and fixed-facility ORs or dirt and no significant aerosolization of these bacilli during surgical procedures. These results lend additional support to the role of nosocomial transmission of MDR pathogens or the colonization of the patient themselves prior to injury.
Graphene/silicon carbide-based scaffolds
Authors: Mynbaeva M G , Sitnikova A A , Kirilenko D A , Kotousova I S 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
3D-SiC/2D-C structures were fabricated from SiC wafers by first producing a micro-porous material by anodization, and then using a two-step annealing process to modify the porous matrix and initiate the formation of a 2D-carbon coating through a self-organized process. Topological features of the obtained structures extend from the macro- down to the nano-scale. It is expected that such a topology, in combination with the high corrosion resistance and bio-compatibility of both SiC and nano-carbon, will make the 3D-SiC/2D-C structures suitable for applications in bio-engineering.
Comparative characteristics of the home care nursing services used by community‐dwelling older people from urban and rural environments
Authors: Borowiak Ewa , Kostka Tomasz 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimTo compare home care nursing services use by community‐dwelling older people from urban and rural environments in Poland.BackgroundIn the current literature, there is a lack of data based on multidimensional geriatric assessment concerning the provision of care delivered by nurses for older people from urban and rural environments.DesignCross‐sectional random survey.MethodBetween 2006–2010, a random sample of 935 older people (over 65 years of age) from an urban environment and 812 from a neighbouring rural environment were interviewed in a cross‐sectional survey.FindingsThe rural dwellers (82·8%) nominated their family members as care providers more often than the city inhabitants (51·2%). Home nursing care was provided to 4·1% of people in the city and 6·5% in the county. Poststroke condition, poor nutritional status, and low physical activity level, as well as low scores for activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, and Mini‐Mental State Examination values, were all determinants of nursing care, both in urban and rural areas. In the urban environment, additional predictors of nursing care use were age, presence of ischaemic heart disease, diabetes and respiratory disorders, number of medications taken, and a high depression score.ConclusionsPoor functional status is the most important determinant of nursing care use in both environments. In the urban environment, a considerable proportion of community‐dwelling elders live alone. In the rural environment, older people usually have someone available for potential care services. The main problem seems to be seeking nursing care only in advanced deterioration of functional status.
The end of growth? Analysing NHS nurse staffing
Authors: Buchan James , Seccombe Ian 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimTo present an overview of UK National Health Service nurse staffing changes across the last 10 years.BackgroundNational Health Service funding is now being constrained as part of the overall measures to reduce UK public expenditure. This has implications for future staffing levels and deployment. Government and professional associations are disagreeing about the current extent of actual and likely National Health Service nurse staffing decline.DesignThe paper reviews ‘official’ data and evidence on National Health Service staffing to assess actual National Health Service nurse staffing trends in recent years, highlights the results of scenario modeling of future National Health Service nursing numbers and relates this to national policies on staffing.DiscussionThe available evidence now points to nurse staffing growth having tailed off and a likely pattern of overall decline in National Health Service nurse staffing is emerging. This is a policy concern in the UK, but also in many other countries.Implications for nursingWhilst there has been a ‘recession benefit’ to the UK nursing labour market, this supply side boost cannot continue indefinitely. Any continued trend towards reduced intakes to training and reduced staffing levels will intensify the debate about the appropriate staffing levels and skills mix.ConclusionsWe have seen significant National Health Service nurse staffing growth in the last 10 years, which is likely now to reverse. The real measure of the effectiveness of local and national National Health Service nursing workforce policy is not how many nurses are employed, it is that sufficient are deployed to provide safe care.
The small regulatory RNA FasX controls pilus expression and adherence in the human bacterial pathogen group A Streptococcus
Authors: Liu Zhuyun , Treviño Jeanette , Ramirez‐Peña Esmeralda , Sumby Paul 
Published: August 2012

SummaryBacterial pathogens use cell surface‐associated adhesion molecules to promote host attachment and colonization, and the ability to modulate adhesion expression is critical to pathogen success. Here, we show that the human‐specific pathogen the group A Streptococcus (GAS) uses a small regulatory RNA (sRNA) to regulate the expression of adhesive pili. The fibronectin/fibrinogen‐binding/haemolytic‐activity/streptokinase‐regulator‐X (FasX) sRNA, previously shown to positively regulate expression of the secreted virulence factor streptokinase (SKA), negatively regulates the production of pili on the GAS cell surface. FasX base pairs to the extreme 5′ end of mRNA from the pilus biosynthesis operon, and this RNA:RNA interaction reduces the stability of the mRNA, while also inhibiting translation of at least the first gene in the pilus biosynthesis operon (cpa, which encodes a minor pilin protein). The negative regulation of pilus expression by FasX reduces the ability of GAS to adhere to human keratinocytes. Our findings cement FasX sRNA as an important regulator of virulence factor production in GAS and identify that FasX uses at least three distinct mechanisms, positive (ska mRNA) and negative (pilus operon mRNA) regulation of mRNA stability, and negative regulation of mRNA translation (cpa mRNA), to post‐transcriptionally regulate target mRNAs during infection.
Achieving yield gains in wheat
Authors: REYNOLDS MATTHEW , FOULKES JOHN , FURBANK ROBERT , GRIFFITHS SIMON , KING JULIE , MURCHIE ERIK , PARRY MARTIN , SLAFER GUSTAVO 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWheat provides 20% of calories and protein consumed by humans. Recent genetic gains are <1% per annum (p.a.), insufficient to meet future demand. The Wheat Yield Consortium brings expertise in photosynthesis, crop adaptation and genetics to a common breeding platform. Theory suggest radiation use efficiency (RUE) of wheat could be increased ∼50%; strategies include modifying specificity, catalytic rate and regulation of Rubisco, up‐regulating Calvin cycle enzymes, introducing chloroplast CO2 concentrating mechanisms, optimizing light and N distribution of canopies while minimizing photoinhibition, and increasing spike photosynthesis. Maximum yield expression will also require dynamic optimization of source: sink so that dry matter partitioning to reproductive structures is not at the cost of the roots, stems and leaves needed to maintain physiological and structural integrity. Crop development should favour spike fertility to maximize harvest index so phenology must be tailored to different photoperiods, and sensitivity to unpredictable weather must be modulated to reduce conservative responses that reduce harvest index. Strategic crossing of complementary physiological traits will be augmented with wide crossing, while genome‐wide selection and high throughput phenotyping and genotyping will increase efficiency of progeny screening. To ensure investment in breeding achieves agronomic impact, sustainable crop management must also be promoted through crop improvement networks.