bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐validation of MR elastography and ultrasound transient elastography in liver stiffness measurement: discrepancy in the results of cirrhotic liver
Authors: Motosugi Utaroh , Ichikawa Tomoaki , Amemiya Fumitake , Sou Hironobu , Sano Katsuhiro , Muhi Ali , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Araki Tsutomu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate individual differences in liver stiffness measurement using both MR elastography (MRE) and ultrasound transient elastography (UTE) in patients with chronic liver disease.Materials and Methods:This study included 80 patients with chronic liver disease who underwent both UTE and MRE. MRE and UTE were performed using a pneumatic driver (60 Hz) and an ultrasound probe with a vibrator (50 Hz), respectively. Liver stiffness data measured using the two techniques (μUTE and μMRE) were compared with respect to shear modulus. The patients were subdivided into four quartiles on the basis of average of the μUTE and μMRE values for each patient.Results:The analysis of the 4 quartile groups revealed that μUTE was significantly higher than μMRE in the two most stiff liver groups: μUTE versus μMRE, 7.5 (1.2) versus 6.0 (0.72) kPa for the group with [μUTE + μMRE]/2 of 5.6–8.0 kPa; 15.1(4.2) versus 6.7 (1.4) kPa for the group with >8.0 kPa. However, in the least stiff liver group (i.e., the group with [μUTE + μMRE]/2 < 3.2 kPa), μUTE was significantly lower than μMRE.Conclusion:The shear modulus measured by UTE and MRE are not equivalent, especially in patients with stiff livers. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:607‐610. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grafting of silica with a hydrophilic triol acrylamide polymer via surface‐initiated “grafting from” method for hydrophilic‐interaction chromatography
Authors: Peng Xi‐Tian , Yuan Bi‐Feng , Feng Yu‐Qi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA novel hydrophilic polymer‐coated silica sorbent has been prepared using the radical “grafting from” polymerization method through surface‐bound azo initiators for hydrophilic‐interaction chromatography (HILIC). The azo groups were introduced to the surface of silica gel through the reaction with amino groups on the surface of silica gel with 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanopentanoic acid chloride) (ACVC). The resultant azo‐immobilized silica gel served as surface initiator to polymerize hydrophilic triol acrylamide monomer N‐acryloyltris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane (NA) in methanol to get hydrophilic polymer‐coated silica sorbent. The obtained poly(NA)‐coated silica (pNA‐sil) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), elemental analysis (EA), and nitrogen sorption porosimetry (NSP). Then the pNA‐sil was packed into the stainless‐steel column and evaluated in high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Good chromatographic performance for the separation of peptides and nucleosides was obtained under HILIC mode. The results indicated that the pNA‐sil stationary phase behaved as mixed‐mode retention mechanisms of hydrophilic and ionic interactions. Furthermore, the pNA‐sil phase was used to separate tryptic digest of β‐casein and our results showed that more than 12 peptides peaks were resolved and well distributed within the elution window. Finally, the pNA‐sil stationary phase was demonstrated to possess remarkable reproducibility and stability. Taken together, the pNA‐sil stationary phase prepared in the current study offers a potential application in proteomics study.
Determination of carbohydrates in Folium Lysium Chinensis using capillary electrophoresis combined with far‐infrared light irradiation‐assisted extraction
Authors: Fu Yuejiao , Zhang Luyan , Chen Gang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this work, a method based on capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection and far‐infrared‐assisted extraction has been developed for the determination of mannitol, sucrose, glucose and fructose in Folium Lysium Chinensis, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. The water‐soluble constituents in the herbal drug were extracted with double distilled water with the assistance of far‐infrared radiations. The effects of detection potential, irradiation time, and the voltage applied on the infrared generator were investigated to acquire the optimum analysis conditions. The detection electrode was a 300‐μm‐diameter copper disk electrode at a detection potential of +0.65 V. The four carbohydrates could be well separated within 18 min in a 50‐cm length fused‐silica capillary at a separation voltage of 9 kV in a 50‐mM NaOH aqueous solution. The relation between peak current and analyte concentration was linear over about three orders of magnitude with detection limits (S/N=3) ranging from 0.66 to 1.15 μM for all analytes. The results indicated that far infrared significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency of the carbohydrates in Folium Lysium Chinensis. The extraction time was significantly reduced to 7 min compared with several hours for conventional hot solvent extraction.
A simple explicit–implicit finite element tearing and interconnecting transient analysis algorithm
Authors: González José A. , Park K.C. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYA simple explicit–implicit finite element tearing and interconnecting (FETI) algorithm (AFETI‐EI algorithm) is presented for partitioned transient analysis of linear structural systems. The present algorithm employs two decompositions. First, the total system is partitioned via spatial or domain decomposition to obtain the governing equations of motions for each partitioned domain. Second, for each partitioned subsystem, the governing equations are modally decomposed into the rigid‐body and deformational equations. The resulting rigid‐body equations are integrated by an explicit integrator, for its stability is not affected by step‐size restriction on account of zero‐frequency contents (ω  =  0). The modally decomposed partitioned deformation equations of motion are integrated by an unconditionally stable implicit integration algorithm. It is shown that the present AFETI‐EI algorithm exhibits unconditional stability and that the resulting interface problem possesses the same solution matrix profile as the basic FETI static problems. The present simple dynamic algorithm, as expected, falls short of the performance of the FETI‐DP but offers a similar performance of implicit two‐level FETI‐D algorithm with a much cheaper coarse solver; hence, its simplicity may offer relatively easy means for conducting parallel analysis of both static and dynamic problems by employing the same basic scalable FETI solver, especially for research‐mode numerical experiments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed H2/H∞ robust output feedback sliding mode control
Authors: Juma Bader , Werner Herbert 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents an output feedback sliding mode control scheme for uncertain dynamical systems. The design problem is solved in two steps, involving first a state feedback and then an output feedback problem. First, using the null space dynamics, the sliding surface for the unmatched uncertainty is designed. Then, by tuning the sliding surface, a robust controller is constructed for the whole uncertainty; this problem takes the form of static‐output feedback. Based on this, a dynamic output feedback controller for the system augmented with the sliding surface is designed. The synthesis involves the solution of an Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) and Bilinear Matrix Inequality (BMI) problem; the BMI problem is solved iteratively. The proposed approach is illustrated by applying it to a well‐known robust benchmark problem and also experimentally on a spring mass system with variable stiffness. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms previous approaches in terms of robust performance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly fluorinated poly(ether‐imide)s derived from 2,2′‐bis(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether and aromatic dianhydrides
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Sadeghi‐abendansari Hamid 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new diamine, 2,2′‐bis(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl ether (FPAPE) was synthesized through the Suzuki coupling reaction of 2,2′‐diiodo‐4,4′‐dinitrodiphenyl ether with 3,4,5‐trifluorophenylboronic acid to produce 2,2′‐bis(3,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐4,4′‐dinitrodiphenyl ether (FPNPE), followed by palladium‐catalyzed hydrazine reduction of FPNPE. FPAPE was then utilized to prepare a novel class of highly fluorinated all‐aromatic poly(ether‐imide)s. The chemical structure of the resulting polymers is well confirmed by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic methods. Limiting viscosity numbers of the polymer solutions at 25 °C were measured through the extrapolation of the concentrations used to zero. Mn and Mw of these polymers were about 10 000 and 25 000 g mol−1, respectively. The polymers showed a good film‐forming ability, and some characteristics of their thin films including color and flexibility were investigated qualitatively. An excellent solubility in polar organic solvents was observed. X‐ray diffraction measurements showed that the fluoro‐containing polymers have a nearly amorphous nature. The resulting polymers had Tg values higher than 340 °C and were thermally stable, with 10% weight loss temperatures being recorded above 550 °C. Based on the results obtained, FPAPE can be considered as a promising design to prepare the related high performance polymeric materials. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure and optical properties of silicon layers with GaSb nanocrystals created by ion‐beam synthesis
Authors: Komarov F. , Vlasukova L. , Milchanin O. , Mudryi A. , Dunets B. , Wesch W. , Wendler E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe have studied the ion‐beam synthesis of GaSb nanocrystals in Si by high‐fluence implantation of Sb and Ga ions followed by thermal annealing. RBS, TEM/TED, RS, and photoluminescence (PL) were employed to characterize the implanted layers. It was found that the nanocrystals size increases from 5 to 60 nm in the samples annealed at 900 °C up to 20–90 nm in the samples annealed at 1100 °C. An existence of significant mechanical stresses within implanted layers has been detected. The stress values have been calculated from the shift of the Si first order Raman band. For the samples annealed at 900 °C a broad band in the spectral region of about 0.75–1.05 eV is detected in the PL spectra. The nature of this PL band is discussed.
Effects of Doppler spread on adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiplexing channel capacity employing diversity in multipath environments
Authors: Le Khoa N. , Dabke Kishor P. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper derives the capacity of a fading channel with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission employing diversity techniques and adaptive policies in Rayleigh fading environments. The effects of Doppler shift fd on channel capacity are analysed. The main contribution of this work is to model intercarrier interference as a function of fd and symbol duration Ts. Two diversity techniques are considered (i) maximal ratio combining (MRC) and (ii) selective combining (SC). Three adaptive policies are combined with MRC and SC to estimate the following channel capacity: (i) optimal rate adaptive; (ii) optimal power and rate adaptive; and (iii) channel inversion with fixed rate adaptive. Closed‐form expressions and bounds on channel capacity employing different diversity techniques are derived. Simulation results are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soluble expression of recombinant human CD137 ligand in Escherichia coli by co-expression of chaperones
Authors: Wang Shuzhen , Tan Aimin , Lv Junfang , Wang Peng , Yin Xiaojin , Chen Yijun 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
CD137 ligand (CD137L) is a member of the tumor-necrosis factor superfamily that binds CD137 to provide positive co-stimulatory signals for T cells activation. Co-stimulation through CD137/CD137L has become one of the promising approaches for cancer therapy. Previous reports have shown that CD137L expressed in Escherichia coli resulted in inclusion bodies or low yield. In this study, the effects of five different chaperone teams on the soluble expression of recombinant human CD137L protein were explored and analyzed. The poor expression of CD137L in the cytoplasm of E. coli was improved significantly by co-expression of chaperone GroES-GroEL-Tf. After dual induction and affinity chromatography, purified recombinant CD137L was obtained at a yield of 3 mg protein per liter with purity greater than 98% from original undetectable level. Additionally, the purified recombinant CD137L could bind CD137-positive cells in a dose-dependent manner, markedly promote the growth of activated mice T cells, and elevate the release of IL-2. The present work provides an effective system for soluble expression of functional human co-stimulatory molecule CD137L, which will facilitate the clinical developments of recombinant protein drugs.
An XRI naming system for dynamic and federated clouds: a performance analysis
Authors: Celesti Antonio , Villari Massimo , Puliafito Antonio 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Cloud platforms are dynamic, self-optimizing, continuously changing environments where resources can be composed with other ones in order to provide many types of services to their users, e.g., companies, governments, organizations, and desktop/mobile clients. In order to enable cloud platforms to manage and control their assets, they need to name, identify, and resolve their virtual resources in different operating contexts. In such a scenario, naming, resource location, and information retrieval raise several issues regarding name space management. This paper aims to propose a standard practice for the implementation of a cloud naming system based on the eXtensible Resource Identifier (XRI) technology. More specifically, by means of the development of a Cloud Name Space Management (CNSM) front-end interacting with the OpenXRI architecture, we investigate its performance simulating typical cloud name space management tasks.
Just the facts, and only the facts, about human rationality?
Authors: Foss Jeffrey 
Published: October 2011

AbstractElqayam & Evans' (E&E's) laudable program to keep the scientific investigation of human reasoning norm-free and focused on the facts alone is an essential part of a long tradition in the philosophy of science – but it faces deeper difficulties than the authors seem to realize, since reasoning is a competence, and the very concept of competence is normative.
Throwing the normative baby out with the prescriptivist bathwater
Authors: Achourioti Theodora , Fugard Andrew , Stenning Keith 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is neither desirable nor possible to eliminate normative concerns from the psychology of reasoning. Norms define the most fundamental psychological questions: What are people trying to do, and how? Even if no one system of reasoning can be the norm, pure descriptivism is as undesirable and unobtainable in the psychology of reasoning as elsewhere in science.
Competence, reflective equilibrium, and dual-system theories
Authors: Buckwalter Wesley , Stich Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA critique of inferences from “is” to “ought” plays a central role in Elqayam & Evans' (E&E's) defense of descriptivism. However, the reflective equilibrium strategy described by Goodman and embraced by Rawls, Cohen, and many others poses an important challenge to that critique. Dual-system theories may help respond to that challenge.
Normativism versus mechanism
Authors: Thompson Valerie A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractUsing normative correctness as a diagnostic tool reduces the outcome of complex cognitive functions to a binary classification (normative or non-normative). It also focuses attention on outcomes, rather than processes, impeding the development of good cognitive theories. Given that both normative and non-normative responses may be produced by the same process, normativity is a poor indicator of underlying processes.
Probability theory and perception of randomness: Bridging “ought” and “is”
Authors: Sun Yanlong , Wang Hongbin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe argue that approaches adhering to normative systems can be as fruitful as those by descriptive systems. In measuring people's perception of randomness, discrepancies between human behavior and normative models could have resulted from unknown properties of the models, and it does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that people are irrational or that the normative system has to be abandoned.
Ergodic optimization of super-continuous functions on shift spaces
Authors: QUAS ANTHONY , SIEFKEN JASON 
Published: October 2011

AbstractErgodic optimization is the process of finding invariant probability measures that maximize the integral of a given function. It has been conjectured that ‘most’ functions are optimized by measures supported on a periodic orbit, and it has been proved in several separable spaces that an open and dense subset of functions is optimized by measures supported on a periodic orbit. All known positive results have been for separable spaces. We give in this paper the first positive result for a non-separable space, the space of super-continuous functions on the full shift, where the set of functions optimized by periodic orbit measures contains an open dense subset.
Justice and authority in the global order
Authors: NARDIN TERRY 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe global justice debate has largely ignored law. But that debate presupposes a legal order within which principles of justice could be implemented. Paying attention to law alters our understanding of global justice by requiring us to distinguish principles that are properly prescribed and enforced within a legal order from those that are not. Given that theories of global governance depreciate law and that cosmopolitan and confederal theories are utopian, the most promising context for a realistic global justice discourse is one that is focused on strengthening, not transcending, the international legal order.
International law and the limits of global justice
Authors: MECKLED-GARCIA SALADIN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere are two central theses to this article, the first is that a special kind of governance authority is needed for principles of distributive social justice (‘social justice’ from now on) to be applicable to any sphere of human action. The second is that international law does not and cannot represent that kind of governance authority. It is not ‘social justice-apt’, in my terminology. This is due to the limits inherent in the statist character of international law, a character that underlies the point and purpose of international law in the first place. Putting these together, one can conclude that international law cannot be used to govern the global order according to those principles of social justice that liberal theorists typically defend in the domestic context. This shows that if the cosmopolitan project of extending social justice to the global arena does not find an alternative form of governance for the international order (the problem of ‘cosmopolitan coordination’) it ceases to be a viable project.
The Alternative Three‐Factor Model: An Alternative beyond US Markets?
Authors: Walkshäusl Christian , Lobe Sebastian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe investigate the performance of the alternative three‐factor model across markets. The important US evidence of Chen et al. (2010) in favour of the alternative model does not translate to a test setting using data from 40 non‐US stock markets. The three‐factor model of Fama and French provides persistently a better description of average returns. Our analysis is robust across developed and emerging markets, robust to alternative measures of investment and profitability, to seasonality effects, to size‐segmented subsamples and subperiods, to various test assets, and to the two‐stage cross‐section regression approach to test for priced factors.
Report of the first nationally implemented clinical routine screening for fetal RHD in D− pregnant women to ascertain the requirement for antenatal RhD prophylaxis
Authors: Clausen Frederik Banch , Christiansen Mette , Steffensen Rudi , Jørgensen Steffen , Nielsen Christian , Jakobsen Marianne Antonius , Madsen Rikke Dyhrberg , Jensen Karina , Krog Grethe Risum , Rieneck Klaus , Sprogøe Ulrik , Homburg Keld Mikkelsen , Grunnet Niels , Dziegiel Morten Hanefeld 
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND: A combination of antenatal and postnatal RhD prophylaxis is more effective in reducing D immunization in pregnancy than postnatal RhD prophylaxis alone. Based on the result from antenatal screening for the fetal RHD gene, antenatal RhD prophylaxis in Denmark is given only to those D− women who carry a D+ fetus. We present an evaluation of the first national clinical application of antenatal RHD screening.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In each of the five Danish health care regions, blood samples were drawn from D− women in Gestational Week 25. DNA was extracted from the maternal plasma and analyzed for the presence of the RHD gene by real‐time polymerase chain reaction targeting two RHD exons. Prediction of the fetal RhD type was compared with serologic typing of the newborn in 2312 pregnancies, which represented the first 6 months of routine analysis.RESULTS: For the detection of fetal RHD, the sensitivity was 99.9%. The accuracy was 96.5%. The recommendation for unnecessary antenatal RhD prophylaxis for women carrying a D− fetus was correctly avoided in 862 cases (37.3%), while 39 women (1.7%) were recommended for antenatal RhD prophylaxis unnecessarily. Two RHD+ fetuses (0.087%) were not detected, and antenatal RhIG was not given.CONCLUSION: These data represent the first demonstration of the reliability of routine antenatal fetal RHD screening in D−, pregnant women to ascertain the requirement for antenatal RhD prophylaxis. Our findings should encourage the implementation of such screening programs worldwide, to reduce the unnecessary use of RhIG.
A repeated survey of sexual behavior among female university students in Sweden
Authors: TYDÉN TANJA , PALMQVIST MARIA , LARSSON MARGARETA 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective. To investigate sexual behavior and use of contraceptives among female university students in 2009, and compare the results with surveys from 1999 and 2004. Design. Comparative, repeated cross‐sectional surveys. Setting. A Student Health Center in Sweden. Population. Female university students (n=350). Methods. Multiple‐choice waiting‐room questionnaire. Main outcome measures. Number of sexual partners, sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptive methods. Results. Mean age was 23.5 years and 57% (n=198) had a stable relationship. Almost all of the women, 99% (n=345), had had intercourse; 97% (n=328) had received and 94% (n=328) had given oral sex. The mean number of sexual partners had increased to 11.0, compared with 7.4 in 2004 and 5.4 in 1999. Sixty‐five percent had had ‘first‐date’ intercourse without using a condom, compared to 45% in 2004 and 37% in 1999. More than one‐third (39%) had experience of anal intercourse compared with 32% in 2004 and 27% in 1999. Experience of sexually transmitted infections had increased (29% in 2009, 21% in 2004, and 14% in 1999). Condoms were often used at very first intercourse (76%) and oral contraceptives were used at latest intercourse (54%). The use of emergency contraceptive pills had increased to 67%, compared with 52% in 2004 and 22% in 1999. Conclusions. The sexual lifestyle of female university students has become riskier and this might have serious consequences for their sexual and reproductive health in the future.