bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Deletion Variant of Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase (Nnt) Does Not Affect Insulin Secretion or Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Wong Nicole , Blair Amy R. , Morahan Grant , Andrikopoulos Sofianos 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The C57BL/6J (B6J) strain is the most widely used mouse strain in metabolic research. B6J mice produce a truncated form of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT), an enzyme that pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has been proposed that this results in B6J mice having reduced insulin secretion and glucose intolerance compared with other strains of mice (e.g. C3H/HeH and DBA/2) that have a full-length NNT. The aim of this study was to determine whether truncated NNT was associated with reduced insulin secretion and glucose intolerance, comparing B6 substrains that differ in having a truncated NNT. C57BL/6N (B6N) mice have wild-type Nnt. We compared Nnt expression and activity levels as well as in vivo insulin secretion and glucose tolerance between these mice and B6J. Body weights and specific fat-pad depot masses were alike and Nnt expression and activity levels were similar between B6N and B6J mice. Glucose-mediated insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were comparable between the two groups of mice, as were plasma glucose and insulin levels during the oral glucose tolerance test. The presence of a truncated Nnt did not affect insulin secretion or glucose tolerance on the C57BL/6 background. We suggest that low or normal levels of NNT (regardless of truncation) have little effect on insulin secretion. Rather, it is the increase in expression of Nnt that regulates and enhances insulin secretion. Our data confirm that B6J is a reasonable control strain for diabetes research; this is especially important considering that it is the strain commonly used to generate genetically modified animals.
Unraveling the Directional Link between Adiposity and Inflammation: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Approach
Authors: Welsh Paul , Polisecki Eliana , Robertson Michele , Jahn Sabine , Buckley Brendan M. , de Craen Anton J. M. , Ford Ian , Jukema J. Wouter , Macfarlane Peter W. , Packard Chris J. , Stott David J. , Westendorp Rudi G. J. , Shepherd James , Hingorani Aroon D. , Smith George Davey , Schaefer Ernst , Sattar Naveed 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Context: Associations between adiposity and circulating inflammation markers are assumed to be causal, although the direction of the relationship has not been proven.
Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the causal direction of the relationship between adiposity and inflammation using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach.
Methods: In the PROSPER study of 5804 elderly patients, we related C-reactive protein (CRP) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1800947 and rs1205) and adiposity SNPs (FTO and MC4R) to body mass index (BMI) as well as circulating levels of CRP and leptin. We gave each individual two allele scores ranging from zero to 4, counting each pair of alleles related to CRP levels or BMI.
Results: With increasing CRP allele score, there was a stepwise decrease in CRP levels (P for trend &lt; 0.0001) and a 1.98 mg/liter difference between extremes of the allele score distribution, but there was no associated change in BMI or leptin levels (P ≥ 0.89). By contrast, adiposity allele score was associated with 1) an increase in BMI (1.2 kg/m2 difference between extremes; P for trend 0.002); 2) an increase in circulating leptin (5.77 ng/ml difference between extremes; P for trend 0.0027); and 3) increased CRP levels (1.24 mg/liter difference between extremes; P for trend 0.002).
Conclusions: Greater adiposity conferred by FTO and MC4R SNPs led to higher CRP levels, with no evidence for any reverse pathway. Future studies should extend our findings to other circulating inflammatory parameters. This study illustrates the potential power of Mendelian randomization to dissect directions of causality between intercorrelated metabolic factors.
The Obscene, Violent Supplement of State Power: Korean Welfare and Class Warfare in Interwar Japan
Authors: Kawashima Ken C. 
Published: November 2009

This article reconsiders the concept of the state apparatus by looking at the micropolitics and history surrounding the largest “Korean welfare organization” in interwar Japan, the Sôaikai (), or Mutual Love Association. As a welfare organization of Korean workers in Japan, the Sôaikai not only operated as the largest institutional supplier of Korean day workers to the construction industry; it was also considered as a “preventive police organization” by the Japanese police. This connection to the police revealed a bloody history that has yet to be accounted for fully in historical studies of Korean workers in Japan.
My thesis is that the history of the Sôaikai teaches us that the concept of the state apparatus must be considered in terms of its internal splitting, between a publicly avowed appearance and its publicly disavowed, spectral, or supplemental forms of organization. The stakes of understanding this splitting of state power, however, is that it compels us to reconsider the concept of the social “margin,” for the Sôaikai did not simply police Koreans in the “margin” of Japanese society. Rather, its work marked the division of Korean surplus populations in Japan as the ground for commodification and political repression. I call this the “divided margin.” The divided margin represented a larger colonial and policing strategy of dividing and conquering Korean proletarian movements and working-class identification by promoting and supporting ethnic identity instead—but only to the point where the ethnic consciousness did not become radicalized to the point of promoting national liberation. The problem of political repression has to be considered in light of the failings of this effort to neutralize proletarian identification through the promotion of ethnic identity.
I then analyze anti-Sôaikai political movements by Korean workers, movements that coincided with the rise to parliamentary fame of the Sôaikai's cofounder, Pak Ch'um-gum, who became the first colonial subject elected into the Japanese National Diet in 1932. The inimitable and not quite indomitable Pak Ch'um-gum was arguably Japan's most famous colonial opportunist, and he failed consistently and miserably as a parliamentarian. As I discuss in the last pages of the article, Pak's failings as a parliamentarian reveal important aspects of how the Japanese empire tried to govern and represent its colonial populations in Korea and in Japan.
Interrelationship between True Stress–True Strain Behavior and Deformation Microstructure in the Plastic Deformation of Neutron-Irradiated or Work-Hardened Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Kondo K. , Miwa Y. , Tsukada T. , Yamashita S. , Nishinoiri K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
True stress–true strain relation and deformation microstructure have been examined for high purity Fe-18Cr-12Ni alloy and its alloys doped with 0.7 wt % Si or 0.09 wt % C. In high purity alloy and C-doped alloy irradiated at 240°C up to 3 dpa, the work hardening rate is equivalent to that in unirradiated alloys. These alloys show dislocation channel structure after irradiation and deformation. In irradiated Si-doped alloy, however, the work hardening rate is different from that in unirradiated alloys. This alloy shows fully developed dislocation cell structure after deformation, as seen in unirradiated deformed stainless steels. The cell structure in irradiated Si-doped alloy was much smaller than that in unirradiated Si-doped alloy and in type 316L stainless steel. One of the factors affecting the change in the work hardening rate of irradiated austenitic stainless steel at 240°C is strong obstacles such as γ precipitate that acts as dislocation pining and dislocation loops such as Frank loops that do not act as obstacles.
Pathogenicity of Streptococcus ictaluri to Channel Catfish
Authors: Pasnik David J. , Evans Joyce J. , Klesius Phillip H. , Shoemaker Craig A. , Yeh Hung-Yueh 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The pathogenicity of a Streptococcus ictaluri isolate in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus at the fry (0.5 g), fingerling (15 g), and juvenile (55 g) stages was determined by experimental bath immersion and injection experiments. Channel catfish were exposed in 1-L immersion baths containing 108, 109, 1010, 1011, or 1012 colony-forming units (cfu) of S. ictaluri. Fish were also injected intraperitoneally with 0.1 mL of bacterial solution for final doses of 104, 105, 106, 107, or 108 cfu of S. ictaluri per fish. Streptococcus ictaluri caused mortality in fry, fingerling, and juvenile channel catfish within 21 d postinfection. When mortalities were calculated based on size and challenge route, the cumulative percent mortalities were 11% for fry and 0% for fingerlings by the bath immersion route and 14% for fingerlings and 6% for juveniles by the injection route. Isolation of S. ictaluri from moribund and dead catfish was confirmed by the newly established BIOLOG profile (MicroLog3 system). The results indicate that channel catfish were only susceptible to high concentrations of S. ictaluri and that juvenile channel catfish were less susceptible, possibly explaining why little mortality has been attributed to S. ictaluri infection in catfish aquaculture.
Outbreaks of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in Redtail Barbs Barbus haasi in a Mediterranean Stream during Drought
Authors: Maceda-Veiga A. , Salvadó H. , Vinyoles D. , De Sostoa A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In 2008, inland waterways in Catalonia (northeast Iberian Peninsula, Spain) experienced one of the worst droughts recorded in this region in recent decades. During this period, an epizootic of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was detected for the first time in a Mediterranean stream, with 21% prevalence in a population of redtail barbs Barbus haasi. Environmental features and the fish population in this stream were compared during 2007–2009. Fish density and the average fish size were reduced significantly after the outbreak of I. multifiliis in this population. During 2008, parasitized fish were significantly larger than nonparasitized fish. In addition, a significant, positive correlation was found between parasite load and fish size. The origin of I. multifiliis is unknown, but an introduced species detected in April 2007 may have carried it. The combination of stress to the redtail barbs due to suboptimal conditions and favorable environmental conditions for parasite multiplication (e.g., suitable water temperature and low water flow) could have enhanced fish susceptibility to the parasite in April 2008. Further studies are needed to establish the incidence of freshwater fish diseases in Mediterranean watersheds, and water management policies should be reviewed to improve the conservation of native fish fauna.
Development and Validation of a Short-Time Cell Culture and Multiplex Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Mexican Farm-Sampled Rainbow Trout
Authors: Barrera-Mejía Magda , Simón-Martínez J. , Salgado-Miranda Celene , Vega Fernando , Ortega César , Aragón Andrés 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) affects several species of freshwater and marine fish. In Mexico, IPNV has an important impact on farming of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss; however, IPNV distribution in Mexico is unclear. The diagnosis of IPNV is laborious; usually it is based on isolation tests in cell culture followed by immunological identification using techniques of serum neutralization, immunofluorescence, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It has recently been demonstrated that reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is an adequate method for the detection of aquatic birnaviruses. However, its diagnostic use is still limited because very low titers of viable virus cannot be easily detected. In this study, a combination of short-time cell culture and multiplex RT-PCR was established for the diagnosis of IPNV in rainbow trout obtained from farms in the state of Mexico. Three primer sets were used in a single reaction in the multiplex RT-PCR to increase the probability of identifying all serotypes of IPNV serogroup A as well as to help prevent a false-negative result. This approach was able to identify samples with an IPNV concentration of just 0.01 tissue culture infective dose with 50% endpoint (TCID50)/mL, and it identified more infected fish than RT-PCR alone or first-passage cell culture alone. Moreover, this technique made the same identifications as second-passage cell culture but in approximately 30% of the time needed for second-passage cell culture. Consequently, the time and cost efficiency of IPNV diagnosis were greatly reduced.
Evaluation of Dairy–Yeast Prebiotic Supplementation in the Diet of Juvenile Goldfish in the Presence or Absence of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton
Authors: Savolainen L. C. , Gatlin D. M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Prebiotics recently have been shown to increase immune responses and disease resistance in certain fish species; therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the commercially available dairy–yeast prebiotic, GroBiotic-A, for use with juvenile goldfish Carassius auratus. The study consisted of two 10-week feeding trials in which juvenile goldfish were fed practical diets that were either unsupplemented or supplemented with the dairy–yeast prebiotic at 2% by dry weight. Juvenile fish were sorted by size and stocked into 12 units within each of two culture systems: one indoor system supplied with recirculated well water and one system located outdoors with a continuous flow of pond water to provide a source of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Both diets were fed to fish in six units within each system at the same fixed percentage of body weight twice daily. Culture system (i.e., presence or absence of phytoplankton and zooplankton) was the primary factor influencing (P &lt; 0.0001) percent weight gain, feed efficiency, and survival of goldfish during the feeding trials. No dietary effect was detected, although there was a significant (P &lt; 0.05) interaction between culture system and diet, with supplementation of the dairy–yeast prebiotic tending to improve weight gain and feed efficiency of fish in the presence of phytoplankton/zooplankton. During a controlled disease challenge with an intraperitoneally administered dose of Aeromonas hydrophila that was equivalent to a predetermined LD50 (dose lethal to 50% of test fish), average survival values ranged between 67% and 83% for fish that previously had access to phytoplankton/zooplankton compared with 17–33% for fish that had no access to phytoplankton/zooplankton. The dairy–yeast prebiotic, however, did not enhance resistance of goldfish to the bacterial pathogen and did not greatly alter microbiota of the anterior or posterior gastrointestinal tract based on denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. In conclusion, the dairy–yeast prebiotic did not improve feed efficiency in goldfish or resistance to a bacterial pathogen as previously observed in golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas and hybrid bass (white bass Morone chrysops × striped bass M. saxatilis).
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Freshwater Crayfish Hemocytes for the Examination of Physiological Status in Wild and Captive Animals
Authors: Taylor Sean , Landman Michael J. , Ling Nicholas 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Enumeration of invertebrate hemocytes is a potentially powerful tool for the determination of physiological effects of extrinsic stressors, such as hypoxia, disease, and toxicant exposure. A detailed flow cytometric method of broad application was developed for the objective characterization and enumeration of the hemocytes of New Zealand freshwater crayfish Paranephrops planifrons for the purpose of physiological health assessment. Hemocyte populations were isolated by flow cytometric sorting based on differential light scatter properties followed by morphological characterization via light microscopy and software image analysis. Cells were identified as hyaline, semigranular, and granular hemocytes based on established invertebrate hemocyte classification. A characteristic decrease in nuclear size, an increase in granularity between the hyaline and granular cells, and the eccentric location of nuclei in granular cells were also observed. The granulocyte subpopulations were observed to possess varying degrees of granularity. The developed methodology was used to perform total and differential hemocyte counts from three lake populations and between wild and captive crayfish specimens. Differences in total and differential hemocyte counts were not observed among the wild populations. However, specimens held in captivity for 14 d exhibited a significant 63% reduction in total hemocyte count, whereas the relative hemocyte proportions remained the same. These results demonstrate the utility of this method for the investigation of subacute stressor effects in selected decapod crustaceans.
Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy May Promote Periodontal Healing Through Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Braham Pam , Herron Caroline , Street Cale , Darveau Richard 
Published: November 2009

Background: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an adjunctive treatment in addition to scaling and root planing for the treatment of periodontitis has been shown to be clinically useful. Its beneficial effect is reported to be due to its potent bactericidal activity. However, aPDT treatment has the potential to inactivate bacterial and host factors that contribute to disease. In this report, we demonstrate that aPDT treatment can simultaneously kill Porphyromonas gingivalis and inactivate its virulence‐associated protease. It also inactivates host destructive cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β.Methods: We developed a 96‐well‐based bacterial killing and protease inactivation assay that determined aPDT bactericidal and protease inactivation from the same sample. A cytokine inactivation assay that measured E‐selectin expression in response to TNF‐α and IL‐1β was developed to measure the ability of aPDT to inactivate cytokine function.Results: A single aPDT treatment in vitro potently inactivated protease activity and resulted in a 4‐log10 reduction in the viability of P. gingivalis. Dose and time‐of‐exposure experiments revealed that protease inactivation occurred at lower concentrations of photosensitizer and less time of light exposure. Also, aPDT treatment potently and functionally inactivated IL‐1β and TNF‐α.Conclusions: aPDT treatment may augment periodontal treatment by increasing bacterial killing, inactivating bacterial virulence factors, and inactivating host cytokines that impair periodontal restoration. Therefore, aPDT treatment may provide a more favorable healing environment.
A Comparison of the Periodontal Status in Patients With Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Schellinck Austin E. , Rees Terry D. , Plemons Jacqueline M. , Kessler Harvey P. , Rivera‐Hidalgo Francisco , Solomon Eric S. 
Published: November 2009

Background: Mucous membrane pemphigoid (MMP) is a heterogenous group of blistering autoimmune disorders of unknown etiology. Intraoral manifestations of MMP feature the formation of vesiculobullous lesions that eventually rupture, leading to pseudomembrane‐covered, irregularly‐shaped ulcerations. The presence of these often painful oral lesions may hinder oral hygiene efforts resulting in increased plaque accumulation and may increase the risk of developing periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in periodontal status in patients with MMP after a period of 5 years.Methods: Twenty patients, 10 diagnosed with MMP and 10 controls matched for age, gender, and smoking history, were chosen to participate in a study evaluating their periodontal status. Parameters evaluated included the plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, probing depths, recession, clinical attachment level, mobility, furcation involvement, number of missing teeth, and periodontitis. Data from the same MMP and control patients were available for comparison from an identical baseline evaluation performed 5 years earlier.Results: Patients with MMP exhibited a statistically significant higher gingival index and amount of lingual gingival recession at both time periods compared to controls. Both groups exhibited statistically significant increases in attachment loss and facial/lingual recession, but the difference in change between groups was not statistically significant.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that patients diagnosed with MMP appear to be no more at risk than controls matched for age, gender, and smoking history in developing or having an increased progression of periodontal disease.
Alveolar Bone Regeneration by Transplantation of Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells and Bone Marrow Stem Cells in a Canine Peri‐Implant Defect Model: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kim Su‐Hwan , Kim Kyoung‐Hwa , Seo Byoung‐Moo , Koo Ki‐Tae , Kim Tae‐Il , Seol Yang‐Jo , Ku Young , Rhyu In‐Chul , Chung Chong‐Pyoung , Lee Yong‐Moo 
Published: November 2009

Background: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and bone marrow SCs (BMSCs) on alveolar bone regeneration in a canine peri‐implant defect model.Methods: Four adult, male beagle dogs were used in this study. Autologous BMSCs from the iliac crests and PDLSCs from extracted teeth were cultured. Three months after extraction, BMSC‐ and PDLSC‐loaded hydroxyapatite/β‐tricalcium phosphate (HA/TCP) (test groups) and cell‐free HA/TCP (control group) were implanted in three rectangular, saddle‐like peri‐implant defects, respectively. The left side of the mandible was initially prepared, and after 8 weeks, the right side was also prepared. The animals were sacrificed after an 8‐week healing period. Undecalcified ground sections were prepared. New bone formation and bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) were measured histomorphometrically. BMSCs and PDLSCs were fluorescently labeled and traced.Results: Alveolar bone regeneration in surgically created peri‐implant saddle‐like defects was more effective in test groups than the control group. The BMSC group had the highest new bone formation (34.99% and 40.17% at healing times of 8 and 16 weeks, respectively) followed by the PDLSC group (31.90% and 36.51%) and control group (23.13% and 28.36%), respectively. Test groups exhibited a significantly higher new bone formation than the control group at 8 weeks, but the same was true for only the BMSC group at 16 weeks (P <0.05). Fluorescently labeled cells were identified adjacent to HA/TCP carriers and, partly, near connective tissues and osteoids.Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of using stem cell–mediated bone regeneration to treat peri‐implant defects.