bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Potato Processing Waste Water on Agricultural Land
Authors: Smith J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the total N and NO3−‐N concentrations in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) processing plant waste water and in the soil solution at several depths in a treatment field where the waste water was applied were studied for a 2‐year period. The COD decreased 95 to 99% from 850 to 2,000 ppm in waste water to 4 to 40 ppm after passing through 150 cm of soil. A similar decrease in the total N concentration was found. The NO3−‐N concentration in the waste water ranged from 0.1 to 9.0 ppm and the concentration in the soil solution at the 150‐cm depth was generally < 1.0 ppm. During the second year 1,076 kg N/ha were applied in the waste water. The grass crop removed about 320 kg N/ha (about 30% of that applied). Results indicated that only about 10 kg N/ha passed into the water table each year. Land disposal is a practical method for disposing of potato processing waste waters with a low pollution potential.
Residual Effect of Liquid Sewage Sludge on Coastal Bermudagrass and Soil Chemical Properties
Authors: Touchton J. T. , King Larry D. , Bell Henry , Morris H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the residual effect of liquid sewage sludge on soil and sludge crust properties and on yield and elemental composition of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) grown on a Cecil sandy clay loam (Typic Hapludult). Several applications of sewage sludge were made in 1969 and 1970 at total rates of 6.9, 13.8, 20.0, and 40.0 cm. A chemical fertilizer (NPK) treatment consisting of a total of 1,198 301, and 695 kg/ha of N, P, and K, respectively, from 1969 to 1973, and a control treatment were also included. In 1970 plots were split and 6.7 metric tons/ha of dolomitic limestone were broadcast on one subplot from each main plot. In 1973 an additional 4.5 metric tons/ha of dolomitic limestone were broadcast on the limed subplots which had received the two highest sludge rates.Yields for 1971 and 1973 showed no detrimental effect from sludge application. In 1973 treatments had no significant effect on concentrations of P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Cd, Cr, or Pb in forage except for the NPK treatment. The K concentration of forage was below the deficiency level (1.5%) except for forage receiving the NPK treatment. The Ca concentration in forage from sludge and NPK plots was significantly higher than the concentration in forage from control plots. Plant concentration of Mn was reduced and Zn concentration was increased by sludge treatment. Lime decreased the Zn concentration in forage from plots receiving high sludge rates.The depth of the sludge crust remaining on the soil surface increased with sludge rate up to 3.8 cm for the highest rate. Lime applications decreased concentrations of P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, and Cd in the crust, but only Zn in the soil beneath the crust.
Nitrogen Effects on Mobility and Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge Applied to Soil Columns
Authors: Giordano P. M. , Mortvedt J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCation movement in soil under leaching conditions has been associated with N fertilization. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine whether the mobility of some heavy metals applied in the inorganic form or in sewage sludge is enhanced in the presence of various sources of N. Columns of heavy metal‐amended soil in plastic well casings were cropped with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and leached three times with deionized H2O. Heavy metal concentrations above check values were not detected in leachates from any column. Mobility of the heavy metals from the inorganic sources was slightly greater than that from the sewage sludge. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect the downward movement of Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, or Ni in soil but enhanced uptake of these metals by fescue because of increased growth. These results suggest that heavy metal contamination of ground water is not likely in heavy textured soils when sewage sludge applications are accompanied by N fertilization, at least for short periods of time.
Simplified Long Term Concept for Evaluating Leaching of Nitrogen from Agricultural Land
Authors: Fried Maurice , Tanji Kenneth K. , Van De Pol Ronald M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rather simple concept is proposed for predicting the contribution of crop production practices to ground‐water N pollution. It is a steady state long term concept. One of the consequences is that the myriad reactions that take place in the soil body itself need not be evaluated. Application of this concept indicates that, in general, the single most important practice under man's control that affects potential pollution is fertilizer use efficiency. As long as yield response is obtained to N fertilizer additions, fertilizer should contribute lesser amounts of N to the ground water providing fertilizer use efficiency is maintained at a high level.
The Fate of Disulfoton in Portneuf Silt Loam Soil
Authors: Clapp D. W. , Naylor D. V. , Lewis G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe formation of metabolites of disulfoton (O,O‐diethyl S‐[2‐(ethylthio) ethyl] phosphorodithioate) was followed in a Portneuf silt loam soil. The insecticide oxidized to its sulfoxide and sulfone but none of its oxygen analogs were detected. The disulfoton and disolfoton sulfoxide degraded in 32 days or less while the disulfoton sulfone persisted for more than 64 days.The influences of soil moisture content, temperature, and disulfoton concentration were found to be interrelated in their effects on the rate of disulfoton dissipation and sulfone formation. In general, the most rapid degradation of disulfoton on a percentage basis occurred at lower initial concentrations of disulfoton, irrespective of the moisture content of the soil and the temperature, and the slowest degradation occurred at higher initial levels of disulfoton in association with higher moisture levels and high or low temperatures. The conditions for the greatest percent conversion of disulfoton to its sulfone generally coincided with the conditions of the most rapid dissipation of the disulfoton.
Chemical and Microbiological Degradation of Malathion and Parathion in an Estuarine Environment
Authors: Walker W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMalathion was essentially completely degraded during 18 days incubation in sterile and nonsterile water, while respective parathion losses ranged from 16 to 23% after 40 days. Malathion abatement was in direct proportion to increasing salinity, while parathion was quite persistent, even in high salinity (25 parts per thousand [ppt]) water.Microorganisms capable of degrading malathion and parathion were isolated from insecticide‐enriched sediment. Four bacteria isolated from malathion‐enriched sediment readily degraded malathion, one to malathion half‐ester and another to malathion dicarboxylic acid through the half‐ester intermediate, and three bacteria isolated from parathion‐enriched sediment were efficient in parathion metabolism. One bacterium isolated from parathion‐enriched sediment was capable of degrading malathion to the diacid through the half‐ester intermediate.
Influence of Vanadium on Soil Phosphatase Activity
Authors: Tyler Germund 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcid phosphatase activity of an organic soil (spruce needle mor) from southern Sweden was significantly reduced by vanadium in concentrations occurring in urban and suburban areas and due largely to fuel oil combustion. The inhibiting power of different forms of added vanadium (100 mg/kg dry weight) decreased in the order Na3VO4 > NaVO3, VOSO4 > V2O5. Na2SO4 and NaCl did not influence the activity. Above 100 mg/kg dry weight, phosphatase activity was inversely proportional to the logarithm of the added NaVO3 concentration.
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Redox Potential and Nitrate Removal in Flooded Swamp and Marsh Soils
Authors: Engler R. M. , Antie D. A. , Patrick W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe O2 depletion rates, NO3− loss, and the effects of added O2 on NO3− disappearance and redox potential in four flooded or intermittently flooded soils from the swamp and coastal marshes of Louisiana were quantitatively characterized in a laboratory study. The NO3− added either to the shallow floodwater or mixed with the soil in a suspension rapidly disappeared. Eighty to ninety parts per million NO3− was lost from the soil suspensions in 1 to 4 days and from the floodwater over a soil in 10 to 20 days. No NO3− was lost from floodwater separated from the soils. Oxygen depletion in the soil suspensions occurred in 15 minutes to 4 hours. Redox potential curves exhibited a characteristic inflection after O2 disappearance in all soils studied. Nitrate disappearance did not appear to be inhibited by as much as 16 ppm O2 dissolved in the soil suspensions because the O2 was rapidly consumed.
Effects of Sewage Sludge Composition, Application Rate, and Lime Regime on Plant Availability of Heavy Metals
Authors: John Matt K. , Van Laerhoven Cornelis J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrimary digested sludge from the metropolitan Vancouver sewage treatment plant and commercially available Milorganite were applied to unlimed (pH 5.6) and limed (pH 6.4) silt loam at 0, 5, 10, 25, and 100 g/kg in a growth chamber study involving romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) and beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn, and Fe in lettuce, beet tops, and beet tubers were not simply or solely dependent upon the resultant sludge‐borne heavy metal contamination of the soil but a complexity of factors. Plant availability of the metals was influenced by the nature as well as the rate of sludge applied, lime regime, their interaction, the increase in soil acidity associated with Milorganite application and metal adsorption, and release from organic matter supplied.
Performance Evaluation of an Evaporative Pad Greenhouse System for Utilization of Power Plant Reject Heat
Authors: Olszewski M. , Trezek G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe overall performance of an evaporative pad greenhouse is considered in terms of the pad heat and mass transfer, the energy budget of the vegetation, and the performance of the power plant. An analytical predictive model for the pad performance was developed utilizing the Merkel total heat approximation. Data obtained from actual greenhouse performance provides an experimental verification of the pad model. Energy balance considerations on the vegetation provide a means of viewing optimal plant growth in terms of the power plant energy dissipation. In general, the results indicate that when an evaporative pad greenhouse system is used for waste heat dispersal, the vegetation can be maintained within its thermal requirement zone, crop irrigation requirements are significantly reduced, and the power plant performance is comparable with conventional closed loop heat rejection systems.
Irrigation of Corn with Simulated Municipal Sewage Effluent
Authors: Karlen D. L. , Vitosh M. L. , Kunze R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of applying 25, 50, 100, and 200 cm of simulated municipal sewage effluent to corn (Zea mays L.) grown on a tile‐drained loam soil. A soil water balance was determined by measuring rainfall, irrigation, evapotranspiration, and tile flow. Deep percolation losses were estimated by difference. The effects of these annual loading rates were determined by measuring corn silage and grain yields. Silage yields were maximized at the 50‐cm loading rate, however, the grain yields were maximized at the 200‐ and 100‐cm rates in 1973 and 1974, respectively. The fate of applied nutrients was determined by measuring losses through drainage water, uptake by the corn, and changes within the soil profile. Nitrogen losses in the drainage water ranged from 0.1 to 18 kg ha−1 year−1 with maximum weekly losses of 3 kg/ha at the 100‐ and 200‐cm loading rates. The P concentration in drainage water was higher than expected due to an apparent short circuiting of the effluent through sand smears; however, the maximum loss was only 0.6 kg ha−1 year−1. Potassium losses ranged from 0.2 to 8.5 kg ha−1 year−1. Nitrogen recovery through plant uptake at the 25‐, 50‐, and 100‐cm loading rates exceeded 40% of the N applied through effluent and starter fertilizer when the corn was harvested as silage. Nitrogen uptake in the grain at these loading rates exceeded 50% in 1973, but was much lower in 1974. When the entire plant was harvested, P uptake at the 25‐ and 50‐cm loading rates exceeded the P applied; however, at the 100‐ and 200‐cm rates or when only the grain was harvested, P uptake was less indicating a gradual buildup in the soil. The K uptake exceeded 90% when the corn was harvested as silage, but was < 40% if only the grain was removed. The distribution of NO3 and Cl and the Cl/NO3 ratios suggested that much of the unrecovered N was denitrified. Measurements of exchangeable K and Na indicated that if effluents which are low in K and high in Na are to be renovated through land disposal supplemental K must be applied.
Accumulation of Nutrients in Soil Beneath Hog Manure Lagoons
Authors: Miller M. H. , Robinson J. B. , Gallagher D. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe soil beneath four hog manure lagoons was sampled and analyzed for NO3‐N, NH4‐N and soluble P. Nitrate levels were essentially zero in all samples taken shortly after the lagoons were emptied. Soluble P levels were high immediately below the lagoon but decreased to background levels within 20–30 cm. Ammonium levels were very high immediately below the lagoon. The levels decreased to background levels within 20–30 cm on two lagoons on fine‐textured soils that had been in use for 2 years. In a medium‐textured soil and a coarse‐textured soil beneath older lagoons, very high levels existed to the maximum depth sampled. It is suggested that this accumulation of NH4‐N presents a serious hazard should the lagoon be abandoned and the soil become aerobic. Earthen manure lagoons should not be recommended on medium or coarse‐textured soils.
Losses of Nitrogen in Surface Runoff in the Blackland Prairie of Texas
Authors: Kissel D. E. , Richardson C. W. , Burnett Earl 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOur objective in this study was to determine NO3−‐N and total N losses in surface runoff from Houston Black clay, a swelling clay soil with a relatively low infiltration rate. The study was carried out on duplicate 4‐ha watersheds cropped to a rotation of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.]), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum [L.]), and oats (Avena sativa [L.]), all fertilized at recommended rates of N application. The loss of NO3−‐N varied considerably during the study, depending on events before each runoff‐producing storm. Concentrations of NO3−‐N were usually highest just after fertilizer application when the soil was near field capacity and lowest when large amounts of water infiltrated into dry soil immediately before runoff. During runoff‐producing storms just after fertilizer application, the concentrations were lowest in the initial runoff and highest near the end of the runoff event. To compute NO3−‐N losses with reasonable accuracy on these soils, the shape of the entire NO3−‐N concentration curve needed to be well defined.In general, the results of this study indicate that a small and probably insignificant amount of N is lost to surface waters when crops are fertilized at recommended N rates in the Texas Blackland Prairie. For the entire 5‐year study, the mean concentration of NO3−‐N in runoff was 2.9 and 2.3 ppm NO3−‐N for the duplicate watersheds. The mean total loss of NO3−‐N was 3.2 kg ha−1 year−1. Losses of sediment associated N were about 5 kg N ha−1 year−1.
The Availability of Environmental Radioactivity to Honey Bee Colonies at Los Alamos
Authors: Hakonson T. E. , Bostick K. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData are presented on the availability of tritium, cesium‐137, and plutonium to honey bee colonies foraging in the environment surrounding the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. Sources of these radionuclides in the laboratory environs include liquid and atmospheric effluents and buried solid waste.Honey bee colonies were placed in three canyon liquid waste disposal areas and were sampled frequently, along with honey, surface water, and surrounding vegetation, to qualitatively determine the availability of these radionuclides to bees (Apis mellifera) and to identify potential food chain sources of the elements.Tritium concentrations in bee and honey samples from the canyons increased rapidly from initial values of < 1 pCi/ml moisture to as much as 9.2 nCi/ml in 75 days after placement of the hives in the canyons. Seasonal patterns in foraging activities as influenced by weather and food availability were apparent in the data. It appears that several sources of tritium were utilized by the colonies, including surface water in the canyons and vegetation receiving tritium from atmospheric effluents and buried solid waste.Concentrations of cesium‐137 and plutonium were generally low or undetectable in bees throughout the study. However, levels of both nuclides increased by factors of 10–20 in bees from two of the canyon study areas during a 3‐month period in 1973. It was speculated that the liquid effluents in the two canyons were the source of the increased concentrations in bee samples, since this water was the only significant source of 137Cs in the environs.The existence of at least three radionuclide sources in the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) environs complicates the interpretation of the data. However, it is apparent that honey bees can acquire 3H, 137Cs, and Pu from multiple sources in the environs.
Residues of Dichlobenil in Irrigation Water
Authors: Bowmer K. H. , O'Loughlin E. M. , Shaw K. , Sainty G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField trials were made on two unlined irrigation channels to measure the extent of water contamination due to residues of dichlobenil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile) which had been applied to the empty channel the previous winter. Ten weeks after application, the herbicide remaining in the soil was about 6% of the initial application. About 4 months after application, water was passed through the channels and wasted into drains. The maximum herbicide concentration in this flushing water was 0.18 ppm and was judged to present no potential hazard to crops. The need for prolonged channel flushing is questioned. An alternative procedure, displacing the static water in the channel following by a period of ponding, is suggested as a means of avoiding high herbicide residues in irrigation water.
Nitrogen in Subsurface Discharge from Agricultural Watersheds
Authors: Burwell R. E. , Schuman G. E. , Saxton K. E. , Heinemann H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nitrogen in subsurface discharge and surface runoff was measured from four agricultural watersheds on Missouri Valley deep loess near Treynor, Iowa, from April 1969 through March 1974.The data showed that, with the agricultural management practices used on the watersheds, the subsurface discharge of water ranged from 62 to 88% of the average annual stream flow. Nitrate in subsurface discharge accounted for 84 to 95% of the total average annual soluble N discharged in stream flow.A terraced watershed continuously cropped to corn (Zea mays L.) had reduced surface runoff, sheet‐rill erosion, and associated nitrate‐nitrogen discharges, but had increased subsurface discharge of water and soluble N as compared with two contoured corn watersheds. Nitrogen fertilizer applied at a high rate (448 kg ha−1 year−1) exceeding crop needs on the terraced and contoured corn watersheds, increased five‐ and threefold the average annual subsurface discharge of NO3‐N, respectively, as compared with a contoured watershed fertilized with N at a normal rate (168 kg ha−1 year−1).To control the watershed discharge of N and subsequent pollution of stream flow from the Iowa and Missouri deep loess hills requires N fertilizer application rates that do not exceed crop needs and using conservation practices that minimize soil erosion and deep percolation.
Interactions between Insects and Chemical Components of Sweetclover
Authors: Manglitz G. R. , Gorz H. J. , Haskins F. A. , Akeson W. R. , Beland G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis review concerns the relationship between chemical components found in sweetclover [Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. and M. alba Desr.] tissues and insects feeding on these tissues. Coumarin and its related compounds did not appear to influence the feeding of sweetclover aphids [Therioaphis riehmi (Börner)], pea aphids [Acyrthosiphum pisum (Harris)] or potato leafhoppers [Empoasca fabae (Harris)], however, these materials appeared attractive to sweetclover weevils (Sitona cylindricollis Fåhraeus) and to adult sweetclover root borers [Walshia miscecolorella (Chambers)]. Conversely the feeding of four species of blister beetles (Epicauta sp.) was inhibited by cis‐o‐hydroxycinnamic acid glucoside and coumarin, but was not affected by trans‐o‐hydroxycinnamic acid glucoside. An artificial method of feeding sweetclover weevils was used to bioassay substances extracted from sweetclover. Three classes of feeding stimulants were found: (i) three sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose); (ii) a chloroform‐soluble stimulant(s) (possibly a lipid); and (iii) adenosine. Two feeding deterrents were found. Deterrent “A” was partially characterized as a substituted phenolic compound, and deterrent “B” was identified as the nitrate ion. The relative concentrations of the stimulant and deterrent substances in the resistant plants were found to change as the plant matured. Thus, no one substance is responsible for resistance throughout the life of the plant. In seedlings of resistant plants, the nitrate ion plays the principal role in resistance to weevil feeding, but in more mature plants resistance seems to result from the relative amounts of other deterrents and stimulants. It may be possible to use this knowledge to screen for resistance without using insects or to protect the plants artificially by increasing levels of deterring substances, such as nitrate ion, by means of fertilizer applications.
Effect of a Secondary Treated Effluent on the Movement of Viruses through a Cypress Dome Soil
Authors: Bitton G. , Masterson N. , Gifford G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was undertaken on the movement of viruses through a sandy soil sampled in a cypress dome, north of Gainesville, Florida. It was found that the adsorption of bacterial phage T2 and poliovirus type 1 onto soil columns treated with a secondary effluent was substantially lower than in columns treated with tap water. The secondary effluent had also the ability to desorb viruses from soil particles. The interference of organic materials present in waste water effluents with the interaction between viruses and soil particles was suggested. The movement of the viruses through the cypress dome is discussed.
Soil Temperatures and Heat Loss for a Hot Water Pipe Network Buried in Irrigated Soil
Authors: Alpert J. E. , VanDemark S. C. , Fritton D. D. , DeWalle D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 0.09‐ha field prototype of a simultaneous waste heat and waste water disposal system was constructed and instrumented. Data are reported for soil, pipe, soil surface, and air temperatures; heat loss (0.068–0.117 cal cm−2 min−1); and soil thermal conductivity (3.61–5.63 mcal [cm sec°C] −1). The data are used to evaluate the heat flow theory which is currently being used to predict the land area required for waste heat disposal with a buried hot water pipe network. Predicted heat loss was consistently lower than experimental heat losses. The results of the experiment indicate that substantial improvements need be made in the existing theory to account for the transient heat flow and heat storage. Research is currently being conducted to develop better predictive models.