bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albatrosses, eagles and newts, Oh My!: exceptions to the prevailing paradigm concerning genetic diversity and population viability?
Authors: Reed D. H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNumerous recent papers have demonstrated a central role for genetic factors in the extinction process or have documented the importance of gene flow in reversing population declines. This prompted one recent publication to declare that a revolution in conservation genetics has occurred. Contemporaneously with this revolution are a series of papers demonstrating long‐term population persistence for several species despite having little or no detectable genetic variation. In a couple of notable cases, populations have been shown to have survived for centuries at small population size and with depleted levels of genetic variation. These contradictory results demand an explanation. In this review, I will show that these results do not necessarily fly in the face of theory as sometimes stated. The reconciliation of these two sets of observations relies on the incorporation of two major concepts. (1) Genetic factors do not act in a vacuum and it is their interaction with the environment, the strength and type of selection imposed, and the life history of the organism that determine the relative importance of genetic factors to extinction risk. (2) The relationship between molecular estimates of genetic variation and evolutionary potential, the relevance of genetic bottlenecks to adaptive genetic variation, and the nature of the stochastic process of extinction must be better integrated into expectations of population viability. Reports of populations persisting for hundreds of generations with very little detectable genetic variation provide us not only with valuable information but also with hope. However, recent studies suggest that we should not be sanguine about the importance of genetic diversity in the conservation of biodiversity.
Self‐pacing in interval training: A teleoanticipatory approach
Authors: Edwards Andrew M. , Bentley Maria B. , Mann Michael E. , Seaholme Timothy S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate whether the concurrent use of Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and a new Perceived Readiness (PR) scale facilitates optimal interval training performance outcomes. Eleven competitive male runners completed outdoor interval track‐running trials at a pre‐set RPE. The PR scale was used to facilitate self‐determined recovery, while minimum heart rate (HR) and work to rest ratio (WR) strategies were used as comparative conditions. Duplicate PR trial performances were similar but intercondition comparisons identified that the HR trial was significantly slower than both WR and PR conditions. There was no difference in performance between WR and PR, but recoveries for both PR trials were significantly shorter than for WR. Since the aim of interval training is to sustain performance with the shortest possible recovery time, the concurrent use of RPE and PR scales appears to be a useful psychophysiological technique to self‐ determine both work and rest in interval training.
Modification of skin discoloration by a topical treatment containing an extract ofDianella ensifolia: a potent antioxidant
Authors: Mammone Thomas , Muizzuddin Neelam , Declercq Lieve , Clio Dominique , Corstjens Hugo , Sente Ilse , Van Rillaer Katrin , Matsui Mary , Niki Yoko , Ichihashi Masamitsu , Giacomoni Paolo U. , Yarosh Dan 
Published: June 2010

SummarySkin hyperpigmentation, and the reactions that precipitate it, have been linked to free radicals by the fact that free radical scavengers or antioxidants can slow that hyperpigmentation. We have screened several hundred plant extracts for antioxidants and discovered one that is both a strong antioxidant and can reduce skin hyperpigmentation. Extracts ofDianella ensifoliacontain 1‐(2,4‐dihydrophenyl)‐3‐(2,4‐dimethoxy‐3‐methylphenyl) propane (DP), which was found to inhibit the free radical 1‐1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) with an EC50value of 78 μm. DP was also found to inhibit Ultraviolet (UV)C‐induced lipid oxidation with an EC50of about 30 μm. We next investigated the effects of this antioxidant on skin hyperpigmentation. The reduction of discoloration by different topical treatments has been assessed in human volunteers using anin vivoassay for the rate of fading of UVB‐induced tan. Two pharmaceutical formulas containing 4% hydroquinone (HQ) were used as positive controls, and we tested the ability of DP, a plant‐derived amphoteric antioxidant, to increase performance of non‐HQ cosmetic formulations. We found that the cosmetic formula containing DP produced an increase in the rate of fading compared to the two pharmaceutical treatments containing HQ.
Mitochondria: a new focus as an anti‐aging target in skin care
Authors: Menon Gopinathan K , Dal Farra Claude , Botto Jean‐Marie , Domloge Nouha 
Published: June 2010

SummaryMitochondria, long considered to have the primary role in cellular energetic, have been the center of much research interest in the recent past. Technological advances in microscopy and development of new and specific fluorescent dyes for visualization of mitochondrial dynamics in living cells have facilitated the newfound interest in these fascinating organelles, which are now implicated in diverse cellular functions crucial in health and disease. Mitochondria play crucial roles in several age‐related diseases, and in the physiology of normal aging. In this review, we discuss the structural and functional aspects of mitochondria and their implications to the aging process, as well as its significance to skin aging. Available information on active molecules that can impact the mitochondrial functions, and their potential use in skin care products is also discussed, highlighting these organelles as a new focus for anti‐aging strategies in personal care.
The clinical utility of a hand‐held computerized optical imaging system at assessing skin discoloration
Authors: Fisk Nathan A , Jensen Kurt , Knaggs Helen , Ferguson Scott 
Published: June 2010

SummaryBackground  A hand‐held computerized optical device (HCOD) that can be used by a layperson has been developed which is capable of imaging facial skin and assessing multiple skin attributes, including discoloration.Objectives  The aim of this study was to assess the HCOD’s ability to measure changes in discoloration induced over an 8‐week course of treatment by comparing data obtained from the HCOD with the assessments of a trained research dermatologist.Methods  Ten female Caucasian subjects, aged between 41 and 79 years, exhibiting moderate facial dyspigmentation used a combination 0.01% fluocinolone acetonide, 4% hydroquinone, and 0.05% tretinoin cream twice daily for 8 weeks. Subjects were evaluated at weeks 0, 4, and 8 by a dermatologist. Images were also taken with high resolution digital photography and with the HCOD. Human testing was directed by a dermatologist, used approved consent forms, and products approved by the FDA.Results  Facial dyspigmentation as scored by a clinician significantly decreased from 4.10 to 2.70 by week 8. HCOD discoloration area scores also significantly decreased from 100,989 to 87,276 by week 8. Assessment of pigmented area by the HCOD proved to be the most reliable in terms of correlating to a clinician’s score.Limitations  The study had a small sample size and was not placebo controlled because the effectiveness of the HCOD was being evaluated, not the skin lightening product.Conclusions  The HCOD’s discoloration area count statistically correlated with the clinician dyspigmentation scores when evaluating the effect of a prescription skin lightening cream on subjects with moderate facial discolorations.
A Pilot Evaluation of Dialectical Behavioural Therapy in Adolescent Long‐Term Inpatient Care
Authors: McDonell Michael G. , Tarantino Jessica , Dubose Anthony P. , Matestic Patricia , Steinmetz Kristin , Galbreath Holly , McClellan Jon M. 
Published: June 2010

Background:  There is a paucity of research investigating psychosocial treatments for youth receiving long‐term residential care.Objective:  This study describes the implementation and impact of dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT) in a long‐term psychiatric hospital located in the United States of America.Method:  Changes in overall functioning, number of psychotropic medications prescribed, non‐suicidal self‐injurious behaviour (NSIB), and locked seclusions were investigated in 106 consecutive unique adolescent patients who received DBT. In addition, a comparison group of historical controls was used to examine the effect of DBT in youth with the highest rates of NSIB.Results:  A statistically significant increase in overall functioning, as well as a decrease in number of psychotropic medications and non‐suicidal self‐injurious behaviour (NSIB) was observed within the DBT group. A decrease in locked seclusions was not observed. Accounting for the effects of age, gender, length of stay, and time, youth who received DBT were less likely to engage in NSIB relative to historical controls.Conclusions:  These preliminary data suggest that DBT is beneficial for youth with NSIB in long term inpatient psychiatric care.
Operations research and ethics: development trends 1966–2009
Authors: Wenstøp Fred 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe paper tracks development trends in the literature on operations research (OR) and ethics from Kenneth Boulding's vision in 1966 of OR as a tool for benevolent decision making, and up to today's constructive papers in this special issue ofITOR. Although this review does not intend to give a complete picture of the relevant literature, two main themes stand out clearly: “Guidelines for the practice of OR” and “How can OR be applied for good purpose?” The first issue is about ethical principles and the second about ethical consequences. Although there is a continued interest in guidelines, few OR societies follow up with their own guidelines, and only a limited number of papers report on the ethicality of real OR applications in relation to guidelines. On the other hand, there is an increasing interest in OR as a tool for benevolent decision making, as we can witness in this special issue ofITOR.
Development and Validation of a Disease‐Specific Risk Adjustment System Using Automated Clinical Data
Authors: Tabak Ying P. , Sun Xiaowu , Derby Karen G. , Kurtz Stephen G. , Johannes Richard S. 
Published: June 2010

Objective. To develop and validate a disease‐specific automated inpatient mortality risk adjustment system primarily using computerized numerical laboratory data and supplementing them with administrative data. To assess the values of additional manually abstracted data.Methods. Using 1,271,663 discharges in 2000–2001, we derived 39 disease‐specific automated clinical models with demographics, laboratory findings on admission, ICD‐9 principal diagnosis subgroups, and secondary diagnosis‐based chronic conditions. We then added manually abstracted clinical data to the automated clinical models (manual clinical models). We compared model discrimination, calibration, and relative contribution of each group of variables. We validated these 39 models using 1,178,561 discharges in 2004–2005.Results. The overall mortality was 4.6 percent (n=58,300) and 4.0 percent (n=47,279) for derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Common mortality predictors included age, albumin, blood urea nitrogen or creatinine, arterial pH, white blood counts, glucose, sodium, hemoglobin, and metastatic cancer. The average c‐statistic for the automated clinical models was 0.83. Adding manually abstracted variables increased the average c‐statistic to 0.85 with better calibration. Laboratory results displayed the highest relative contribution in predicting mortality.Conclusions. A small number of numerical laboratory results and administrative data provided excellent risk adjustment for inpatient mortality for a wide range of clinical conditions.
Role of perinuclear mitochondria in the spatiotemporal dynamics of spontaneous Ca2+ waves in interstitial cells of Cajal‐like cells of the rabbit urethra
Authors: Hashiatni Hikaru , Lang Richard J , Suzuki Hikaru 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although spontaneous Ca2+ waves in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)‐like cells (ICC‐LCs) primarily arise from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ release, the interactions among mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering, cellular energetics and ER Ca2+ release in determining the spatiotemporal dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ remain to be elucidated.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Spontaneous Ca2+ transients in freshly isolated ICC‐LCs of the rabbit urethra were visualized using fluo‐4 Ca2+ imaging, while the intracellular distribution of mitochondria was viewed with MitoTracker Red.KEY RESULTS Spontaneous Ca2+ waves invariably originated from the perinuclear region where clusters of mitochondria surround the nucleus. Perinuclear Ca2+ dynamics were characterized by a gradual rise in basal Ca2+ that preceded each regenerative Ca2+ transient. Caffeine evoked oscillatory Ca2+ waves originating from anywhere within ICC‐LCs. Ryanodine or cyclopiazonic acid prevented Ca2+ wave generation with a rise in basal Ca2+, and subsequent caffeine evoked a single rudimentary Ca2+ transient. Inhibition of glycolysis with 2‐deoxy‐glucose or carbonyl cyanide 3‐chlorophenylhydrazone, a mitochondrial protonophore, increased basal Ca2+ and abolished Ca2+ waves. However, caffeine still induced oscillatory Ca2+ transients. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake inhibition with RU360 attenuated Ca2+ wave amplitudes, while mitochondrial Ca2+ efflux inhibition with CGP37157 suppressed the initial Ca2+ rise to reduce Ca2+ wave frequency.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Perinuclear mitochondria in ICC‐LCs play a dominant role in the spatial regulation of Ca2+ wave generation and may regulate ER Ca2+ release frequency by buffering Ca2+ within microdomains between both organelles. Glycolysis inhibition reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering without critically disrupting ER function. Perinuclear mitochondria may function as sensors of intracellular metabolites.
Histamine H1 receptor antagonist cetirizine impairs working memory processing speed, but not episodic memory
Authors: Van Ruitenbeek P , Vermeeren A , Riedel WJ 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The histaminergic neurotransmitter system is currently under investigation as a target for drug treatment of cognitive deficits in clinical disorders. The therapeutic potential of new drugs may initially be screened using a model of histaminergic dysfunction, for example, as associated with the use of centrally active antihistamines. Of the selective second generation antihistamines, cetirizine has been found to have central nervous system effects. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cetirizine can be used as a tool to model cognitive deficits associated with histaminergic hypofunction.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The study was conducted according to a three‐way, double‐blind, cross‐over design. Treatments were single oral doses of cetirizine 10 and 20 mg and placebo. Effects on cognition were assessed using tests of word learning, memory scanning, vigilance, divided attention, tracking and visual information processing speed.KEY RESULTS Cetirizine 10 mg impaired tracking performance and both doses impaired memory scanning speed. None of the other measures indicated impaired performance.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Cetirizine affects information processing speed, but these effects were not sufficient to serve as a model for cognitive deficits in clinical disorders.
Shorter Telomere Length in Peripheral Blood Cells Associated With Migraine in Women
Authors: Ren Hua , Collins Veronica , Fernandez Francesca , Quinlan Sharon , Griffiths Lyn , Choo K. H. Andy 
Published: June 2010

(Headache 2010;50:965‐972)Objective.— To evaluate relative telomere length of female migraine patients.Background.— Migraine is a debilitating disorder affecting 6‐28% of the population. Studies on the mechanisms of migraine have demonstrated genetic causes but the pathophysiology and subcellular effects of the disease remain poorly understood. Shortened telomere length is associated with age‐related or chronic diseases, and induced stresses. Migraine attacks may impart significant stress on cellular function, thus this study investigates a correlation between shortening of telomeres and migraine.Methods.— Relative telomere length was measured using a previously described quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. A regression analysis was performed to assess differences in mean relative telomere length between migraine patients and healthy controls.Results.— The leukocyte telomeres of a cohort of 142 Caucasian female migraine subjects aged 18‐77 years and 143 matched 17‐77‐year‐old healthy control Caucasian women were examined. A significantly shorter relative telomere length was observed in the migraine group compared with the control group after adjusting for age and body mass index (P = .001). In addition, age of onset was observed to associate with the loss of relative telomere length, especially at early age of onset (<17 years old). No association was observed between relative telomere length and the severity and frequency of migraine attacks and the duration of migraine.Conclusion.— Telomeres are shorter in migraine patients and there is more variation in telomere length in migraine patients.
Association Between Dietary Quality of Rural Older Adults and Self‐Reported Food Avoidance and Food Modification Due to Oral Health Problems
Authors: Savoca Margaret R. , Arcury Thomas A. , Leng Xiaoyan , Chen Haiying , Bell Ronny A. , Anderson Andrea M. , Kohrman Teresa , Gilbert Gregg H. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the association between food avoidance and modification due to oral health problems, to examine the association between food practices and dietary quality, and to determine foods associated with these self‐management behaviors.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.SETTING: Rural North Carolina.PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred thirty‐five community‐dwelling adults aged 60 and older.MEASUREMENTS: Demographic and food frequency data and oral health assessments were obtained during home visits. Avoidance (0, 1–2 foods, 3–14 foods) and modification (0–3 foods, 4–5 foods) due to oral health problems were assessed for foods representing oral health challenges. Food frequency data were converted into Healthy Eating Index‐2005 (HEI‐2005) scores. Linear regression models tested the significance of associations between HEI‐2005 measures and food avoidance and modification.RESULTS: Thirty‐five percent of participants avoided three to 14 foods, and 28% modified four to five foods. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, poverty, education, and tooth loss, total HEI‐2005 score was lower (P<.001) for persons avoiding more foods and higher for persons modifying more foods (P<.001). Those avoiding three to 14 foods consumed more saturated fat and energy from solid fat and added sugar and less nonhydrogenated fat than those avoiding fewer than three foods. Those who modified four to five foods consumed less saturated fat and solid fat and added sugar but more total grains than those modifying fewer than four foods.CONCLUSION: Food avoidance and modification due to oral health problems are associated with significant differences in dietary quality. Approaches to minimize food avoidance and promote food modification by persons having eating difficulties due to oral health conditions are needed.
Physician‐Assisted Suicide Attitudes of Older Mexican‐American and Non‐Hispanic White Adults: Does Ethnicity Make a Difference?
Authors: Espino David V. , Macias R. Lillianne , Wood Robert C. , Becho Johanna , Talamantes Melissa , Finley M. Rosina , Hernandez Arthur E. , Martinez Rubén 
Published: June 2010

Little is known about attitudes toward physician‐assisted suicide (PAS) in various ethnic groups. This study compares attitudes held by older Mexican Americans and non‐Hispanic whites and examines subject characteristics that may influence their responses. A convenience sample of 100 older Mexican Americans and 108 non‐Hispanic whites (n=208) aged 60 to 89 were recruited from four primary care community‐based practice sites in San Antonio, Texas. Interview items measured attitudes toward PAS, cognitive status, functional status, and religiosity.Older Mexican Americans (52.7%) reported stronger agreement than non‐Hispanic whites (33.7%) with PAS. Male sex (odds ratio (OR)=2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09–6.35) predicted agreement with legalization in Mexican Americans, whereas lower religiosity scores (OR=0.84, 95% CI=0.75–0.94) were predictive of agreement in older non‐Hispanic whites.This study is the first to find positive attitudes among community‐dwelling older Mexican Americans toward PAS that are higher than those of older non‐Hispanic white adults. Sex and religious views were important determinants of positive attitudes toward PAS. Larger, more‐generalizable studies should be conducted to confirm the attitudinal patterns that have been identified in this study.
Motivations, Job Procurement, and Job Satisfaction Among Current and Former Ultrasound Fellows
Authors: Moak James H. , Gaspari Romolo J. , Raio Chris C. , Hart Kimberly W. , Lindsell Christopher J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Over the past decade, emergency medicine ultrasound (US) fellowships have proliferated, yet there are no published data describing employment trends among fellowship graduates. This study sought to assess factors motivating emergency physicians to pursue an US fellowship and to characterize their employment and job satisfaction after graduation.Methods:  An electronic survey was conducted of US fellows and graduates representing all 35 known fellowship programs. Non‐responders were contacted at 2 weeks to encourage participation. Primary outcome measurements were the importance of factors motivating individuals to pursue an US fellowship (as rated on a numeric scale), job satisfaction among US fellowship graduates, the proportion of respondents practicing in academic versus community hospitals, clinical hours per week, and the rate of procurement of one’s top choice of job after graduation. The chi‐square test or Fisher’s exact test was used for categorical variables, and the Mann‐Whitney U‐test was used to compare continuous variables between two groups.Results:  Of 170 invitations sent, 10 were undeliverable. The response rate was 61%; 74 graduates and 23 fellows completed the survey. Enhancing job opportunities, enjoyment of US, long‐term job satisfaction and gaining skills not learned in residency rated highest as reasons for pursuing an US fellowship. Among graduates, 20% are satisfied with their current job, while 78% are very satisfied or extremely satisfied. Nearly one‐third of graduates (31%) work primarily in non‐academic hospitals, while only 9% of current fellows aspire to work in non‐academic settings in the future. There was no difference in job satisfaction between academic‐ and community‐based graduates. In comparison to those graduating in previous years, fellows graduating in 2008 were less likely to get their top job (97% vs. 75.0%, p = 0.018).Conclusions:  Job satisfaction is high among US fellowship graduates and is unrelated to academic versus community affiliation. Three‐fourths of recent graduates obtain their top choice of job upon completion of fellowship.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:644–648 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine