bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palaeoenvironmental context of the Late‐glacial woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) discoveries at Condover, Shropshire, UK
Authors: Allen J. R. M. , Scourse J. D. , Hall A. R. , Coope G. R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn 1986/1987 the remains of several mammoths, Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach), were discovered on the spoil heap of an actively working gravel pit at Condover, Shropshire, England. The discovery of the remains posed two questions that could be addressed by analyses of biological proxies. First, as none of the bones was found in situ it was necessary to confirm the stratum in which the remains occurred. Second, what was the environment in which these animals lived and died? A range of biological indicators was used to address these questions, including pollen, spore and algal, plant macrofossil, invertebrate, anuran and biological mineral analyses. Multivariate statistical analyses of palynological and Pediastrum data, along with evidence from the Coleopteran assemblages, support the attribution of the mammoth bones to a unit of dark grey clayey sandy silt, although they may have lived at the time of the overlying green detritus mud. The palaeobiological data supports the correlation of these sediments to the Devensian Late‐glacial. The mammoths entered this basin at the start of the Late‐glacial Interstadial (Greenland Interstadial 1e) (ca. 14 830—3930 cal. year BP; 12 300 ± 110 14C year BP) and became mired in soft cohesive sediments. Palaeotemperature reconstructions, based on the Coleopteran assemblages, from the time when the mammoths actually became mired, show that the climate was temperate with mean July temperatures between 15 and 19°C and mean January temperatures between −13 and +6°C. Biological indicators from the sediments encasing the mammoths indicate that the landscape surrounding the basin was treeless and dry, contrasting with rich vegetation within the basin itself that had possibly attracted the mammoths to the site. Evidence of sedimentary disturbance suggests that the mammoths caused large‐scale bioturbation of the deposits making palaeoenvironmental interpretations difficult. Fossils of terrestrial blowflies, carcass and dung beetles show that some of the decaying corpses must have lain exposed on the land surface for sufficient time for the soft parts to have rotted away and skin and bones to have become desiccated before many of them sank into the dark grey clayey sandy silt. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐glacial mammoth skeletons (Mammuthusprimigenius) from Condover (Shropshire, UK): anatomy, pathology, taphonomy and chronological significance
Authors: Lister Adrian M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Condover mammoths, discovered by chance in 1986, are a remarkably well‐preserved assemblage of partial skeletons unique in western and central Europe. The skeletons were preserved in a kettle‐hole infill and recoveredex situ, requiring careful anatomical reconstruction. This revealed the skeleton of a 28‐year‐old adult male woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), largely complete except for the cranium, the partial skeletons of four or five juveniles in the age range 3–6 years, plus sparse remains of a subadult individual. The adult skeleton bears several traces of pathology, particularly a badly fractured but re‐healed scapula. The presence of blowfly puparia within bone cavities, together with other environmental data and a consideration of mammoth biology, allow a detailed reconstruction of the taphonomy of the skeletons, which appear to have become mired within the kettle‐hole. The discovery of complete skeletons from a stratified, dated context contributes strong evidence for the survival of mammoths in Britain and western Europe into the Devensian Late‐glacial ca. 14.5–14.0 ka cal BP, within Greenland Interstadial 1. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐glacial remains of woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Shropshire, UK: stratigraphy, sedimentology and geochronology of the Condover site
Authors: Scourse J. D. , Coope G. R. , Allen J. R. M. , Lister A. M. , Housley R. A. , Hedges R. E. M. , Jones A. S. G. , Watkins R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn 1986 remains of an adult woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach), were discovered at Norton Farm Pit, Condover, south of Shrewsbury, UK. Preliminary stratigraphical investigations indicated that this individual dated to the Devensian Late‐glacial Interstadial, then the first evidence for survival of mammoth in Britain following the Last Glacial Maximum. Initial radiocarbon analysis confirmed this interpretation. Subsequent excavations in 1987/1988 recovered the remains of a further three juvenile mammoth individuals. All of these remains were found in the spoil heaps of overburden (ex situ) and their true stratigraphical context had to be reconstructed from the remnants surviving in the Pit. The 1987/1988 excavations enabled stratigraphical investigation of the site and submission of samples for radiocarbon (14C) dating, including the use of ultrafiltration pretreatment for bone samples, with the aims of reconstructing the geological and palaeoenvironmental evolution of the site and the sedimentary context of the unstratified mammoth remains. These results are presented here. This investigation indicates that the woolly mammoth remains at Condover derive from a dead‐ice landscape dominated by eskers, kames and kettle‐hole basins, and that the sedimentary sequence in which the mammoth remains were found forms the infilling of a kettle‐hole basin. The sedimentary infilling and formation of the kettle‐hole basin through ice block melt‐induced subsidence were syngenetic. 14C determinations indicate that basin infill was initiated prior to Greenland Interstadial 1, and probably in Greenland Stadial 2 i.e. before 14.7 ka BP and that it continued until the early Holocene, around 8 ka BP. The sedimentological and 14C data indicate that the unstratified mammoth remains can be attributed to a dark grey clayey sandy silt (Unit C1), which accumulated during the earlier part of Greenland Interstadial 1 (14 to 14.5 ka BP) within an actively subsiding slow‐flowing, beaded, fluvial network characterized by channels and pools/lakes, and with relatively shallow marginal slopes. The sedimentary architecture indicates survival of the buried ice block into Greenland Interstadial 1 and final melting only towards the end of the Interstadial at ca. 12.65 ka BP. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maintaining retinal astrocytes normalizes revascularization and prevents vascular pathology associated with oxygen‐induced retinopathy
Authors: Dorrell Michael I. , Aguilar Edith , Jacobson Ruth , Trauger Sunia A. , Friedlander Jeffrey , Siuzdak Gary , Friedlander Martin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAstrocytes are well known modulators of normal developmental retinal vascularization. However, relatively little is known about the role of glial cells during pathological retinal neovascularization (NV), a leading contributor to vision loss in industrialized nations. We demonstrate that the loss of astrocytes and microglia directly correlates with the development of pathological NV in a mouse model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR). These two distinct glial cell populations were found to have cooperative survival effects in vitro and in vivo. The intravitreal injection of myeloid progenitor cells, astrocytes, or astrocyte‐conditioned media rescued endogenous astrocytes from degeneration that normally occurs within the hypoxic, vaso‐obliterated retina following return to normoxia. Protection of the retinal astrocytes and microglia was directly correlated with accelerated revascularization of the normal retinal plexuses and reduction of pathological intravitreal NV normally associated with OIR. Using astrocyte‐conditioned media, several factors were identified that may contribute to the observed astrocytic protection and subsequent normalization of the retinal vasculature, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Injection of VEGF or bFGF at specific doses rescued the retinas from developing OIR‐associated pathology, an effect that was also preceded by protection of endogenous glia from hypoxia‐induced degeneration. Together, these data suggest that vascular‐associated glia are also required for normalized revascularization of the hypoxic retina. Methods developed to target and protect glial cells may provide a novel strategy by which normalized revascularization can be promoted and the consequences of abnormal NV in retinal vascular diseases can be prevented. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of antigen processing and presenting molecules by Schwann cells in inflammatory neuropathies
Authors: Meyer Zu Horste Gerd , Heidenreich Holger , Lehmann Helmar C. , Ferrone Soldano , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Wiendl Heinz , Kieseier Bernd C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSchwann cells are the myelinating glia cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and can become targets of an autoimmune response in inflammatory neuropathies like the Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). Professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) are known to promote autoimmune responses in target tissues by presenting self‐antigens. Other cell types could participate in local autoimmune responses by acting as nonprofessional APCs. Using a combined approach of immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry analysis we demonstrate that human Schwann cells express the antigen processing and presenting machinery (APM) in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, cultured human Schwann cells increase the expression of proteasome subunit delta (Y), antigen peptide transporter TAP2, and HLA Class I and HLA Class II complexes in an inflammatory environment. In correlation with this observation, Schwann cells in sural nerve biopsies from GBS patients show increased expression of antigen processing and presenting molecules. Furthermore, cultured human Schwann cells can proteolytically digest fluorescently‐labeled nonmammalian antigen ovalbumin. Taken together, our data suggest antigen processing and presentation as a possible function of Schwann cells that may contribute to (auto)immune responses within peripheral nerves. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrogen sulfide‐releasing NSAIDs attenuate neuroinflammation induced by microglial and astrocytic activation
Authors: Lee Moonhee , Sparatore Anna , Del Soldato Piero , Mcgeer Edith , McGeer Patrick L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEndogenously generated hydrogen sulfide (H2S) may have multiple functions in brain. It has been shown that H2S attenuates the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated microglia. Here we demonstrate a neuroprotective effect of NaSH and three H2S‐releasing compounds, ADT‐OH, S‐diclofenac, and S‐aspirin. When activated by LPS and γ‐interferon, human microglia and THP‐1 cells release materials that are toxic to human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells. These phenomena also occur with γ‐interferon‐stimulated human astroglia and U118 cells. When these cell types are pretreated with aspirin, diclofenac, NASH, or ADT‐OH, the supernatants are significantly less toxic. When they are treated with the NSAID‐H2S hybrid molecules S‐diclofenac and S‐aspirin, which are here referred to as S‐NSAIDs, there is a significant enhancement of the protection. The effect is concentration and incubation time dependent. Such pretreatment also reduces the release of the proinflammatory mediators TNFα, IL‐6, and nitric oxide. The H2S‐releasing compounds are without effect when applied directly to SH‐SY5Y cells. These data suggest that hybrid H2S releasing compounds have significant antiinflammatory properties and may be candidates for treating neurodegenerative disorders that have a prominent neuroinflammatory component such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of cathepsin B in the processing and secretion of interleukin‐1β in chromogranin A‐stimulated microglia
Authors: Terada Kayo , Yamada Jun , Hayashi Yoshinori , Wu Zhou , Uchiyama Yasuo , Peters Christoph , Nakanishi Hiroshi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCathepsin B (CB) is a cysteine lysosomal protease implicated in a number of inflammatory diseases. Although it is now evident that caspase‐1, an essential enzyme for maturation of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), can be activated through the inflammasome, there is still evidence suggesting the existence of lysosomal‐proinflammatory caspase pathways. In the present study, a marked induction of pro‐IL‐1β, its processing to the mature form and secretion were observed in the primary cultured microglia prepared from wild‐type mice after stimulation with chromogranin A (CGA). Although pro‐IL‐1β also markedly increased in microglia prepared from CB‐deficient mice, CB‐deficiency abrogated the pro‐IL‐1β processing. CA‐074Me, a specific inhibitor for CB, inhibited the pro‐IL‐1β maturation and its release from microglia. Furthermore, the caspase‐1 activation was also inhibited by CA‐074Me and E‐64d, a broad cysteine protease inhibitor. After treatment with CGA, CB was markedly induced at both protein and mRNA levels. The induced pro‐CB was rapidly processed to its mature form. The immunoreactivity for CB co‐localized with both that for caspase‐1 and the cleaved IL‐1β, in the acidic enlarged lysosomes. Inconsistent with these in vitro observations, the immunoreactivity for the cleaved IL‐1β was markedly observed in microglia of the hippocampus from aged wild‐type but not CB‐deficient mice. These observations strongly suggest that CB plays a key role in the pro‐IL‐1β maturationthrough the caspase‐1 activation in enlarged lysosomes ofCGA‐treated microglia. Therefore, either pharmacological or genetic inhibition of CB may provide therapeutic intervention in inflammation‐associated neurological diseases. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gatekeeping versus direct‐access when patient information matters
Authors: González Paula 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe develop a principal‐agent model in which the health authority acts as a principal for both a patient and a general practitioner (GP). The goal of the paper is to weigh the merits of gatekeeping versus non‐gatekeeping approaches to health care when patient self‐health information and patient pressure on GPs to provide referrals for specialized care are considered. We find that, when GPs incentives matter, a non‐gatekeeping system is preferable only when (i) patient pressure to refer is sufficiently high and (ii) the quality of the patient's self‐health information is neither highly inaccurate (in which case the patient's self‐referral will be very inefficient) nor highly accurate (in which case the GP's agency problem will be very costly). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do regional primary‐care organisations influence primary‐care performance? A dynamic panel estimation
Authors: Scott Anthony , Coote William 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe role of regional primary‐care organizations (PCOs) in health‐care systems is not well understood. This is the first study to attempt to isolate the effect of regional PCOs on primary‐care performance. We examine Divisions of General Practice in Australia, which were established in 1992. A unique Division‐level panel data set is used to examine the effect of Divisions, and their activities, on various aspects of primary‐care performance. Dynamic panel estimation is used to account for state dependence and the endogeneity of Divisions' activities. The results show that Divisions were more likely to have influenced general practice infrastructure than clinical performance in diabetes, asthma and cervical screening. The effect of specific Division activities, such as providing support for practice nurses and IT support, was not directly related to changes in the level of general practice performance. Specific support in the areas of diabetes and asthma was associated with general practice performance, but this was due to reverse causality and the effect of unobservable factors, rather than the direct effect of Divisions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duloxetine in obese binge eater outpatients: preliminary results from a 12‐week open trial
Authors: Leombruni Paolo , Lavagnino Luca , Gastaldi Filippo , Vasile Alessia , Fassino Secondo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveAttempts have been made to find appropriate drug regimens to treat binge eating disorder (BED). Several reports have examined the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or mood stabilizers; both serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have been reported to be useful for binge eating, but the available data are limited. We evaluated the efficacy of duloxetine, an SNRI, in 45 obese patients who reported binge eating.MethodsForty‐five patients with BED or binge eating with sub‐threshold symptoms (s‐BED) with high eating impulsivity, received duloxetine 60–120 mg/day for 12 weeks.ResultsA significant reduction in number of binges/week was observed in BED patients; statistical analyses performed on the whole sample revealed significant reductions in scores on the binge eating scale (BES) and the Beck depression inventory (BDI), weight, body mass index (BMI), clinical global impression, and the bulimia scale of the eating disorder inventory‐2. The reduction in BES and BDI scores was not statistically different between BED and s‐BED subjects.ConclusionsAlthough preliminary, results from this open trial suggest that duloxetine may be a successful option to reduce binge eating and depressive symptoms in both obese BED and s‐BED outpatients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes (SPARROW) and regional classification frameworks
Authors: Hoos Anne B. , McMahon Gerard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUnderstanding how nitrogen transport across the landscape varies with landscape characteristics is important for developing sound nitrogen management policies. We used a spatially referenced regression analysis (SPARROW) to examine landscape characteristics influencing delivery of nitrogen from sources in a watershed to stream channels. Modelled landscape delivery ratio varies widely (by a factor of 4) among watersheds in the southeastern United States—higher in the western part (Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi) than in the eastern part, and the average value for the region is lower compared to other parts of the nation. When we model landscape delivery ratio as a continuous function of local‐scale landscape characteristics, we estimate a spatial pattern that varies as a function of soil and climate characteristics but exhibits spatial structure in residuals (observed load minus predicted load). The spatial pattern of modelled landscape delivery ratio and the spatial pattern of residuals coincide spatially with Level III ecoregions and also with hydrologic landscape regions. Subsequent incorporation into the model of these frameworks as regional scale variables improves estimation of landscape delivery ratio, evidenced by reduced spatial bias in residuals, and suggests that cross‐scale processes affect nitrogen attenuation on the landscape. The model‐fitted coefficient values are logically consistent with the hypothesis that broad‐scale classifications of hydrologic response help to explain differential rates of nitrogen attenuation, controlling for local‐scale landscape characteristics. Negative model coefficients for hydrologic landscape regions where the primary flow path is shallow ground water suggest that a lower fraction of nitrogen mass will be delivered to streams; this relation is reversed for regions where the primary flow path is overland flow. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No one true path: uncovering the interplay between geography, institutions, and fractionalization in economic development
Authors: Tan Chih Ming 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDo institutions rule when explaining cross‐country divergence? By employing regression tree analysis to uncover the existence and nature of multiple development clubs and growth regimes, this paper finds that to a large extent they do. However, the role of ethnic fractionalization cannot be dismissed. The findings suggest that sufficiently high‐quality institutions may be necessary for the negative impact on development from high levels of ethnic fractionalization to be mitigated. Interestingly, I find no role for geographic factors—neither those associated with climate nor physical isolation—in explaining divergence. There is also no evidence to suggest a role for religious fractionalization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphoproteome sequence analysis and significance: Mining association patterns around phosphorylation sites utilizing MAPRes
Authors: Ahmad Ishtiaq , Mehmood Abid , Khurshid Ahmed , Qazi Wajahat M. , Hoessli Daniel C. , Walker‐Nasir Evelyne , Shakoori Abdul Rauf , Nasir‐ud‐Din  
Published: June 2009

AbstractPhosphorylation, one of the most common protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs) on hydroxyl groups of S/T/Y is catalyzed by kinases and involves the presence or absence of certain amino acid residues in the vicinity of the phosphorylation sites. Using MAPRes, we have analyzed the substrate proteins of Phospho.ELM 7.0 and found that there are both general and specific requirements for the presence or absence of particular amino acids in the vicinity of phosphorylated S/T/Y for both of the phosphorylation data, whether or not kinase information was taken into account. Patterns extracted by MAPRes for kinase‐specific data have been utilized to find the consensus sequence motifs for various kinases required to catalyze the process of phosphorylation on S/T/Y. These consensus sequences for different kinase groups, families, and individual members are consistent with those described earlier with some novel consensus reported for the first time. A comparison study for the patterns mined by MAPRes with the results of existing prediction methods was performed by searching for these patterns in the vicinity of phosphorylation sites predicted by different available method. This comparison resulted in 87–98% conformity with the results of the predictions by available methods. Additionally, the patterns mined by MAPRes for substrate sites included 61 kinases, the highest number analyzed so far. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 64–74, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.