bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomimetic Artificial Nanostructured Surfaces
Authors: Stratakis Emmanuel I. , Zorba Vassilia 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionLearning from Nature: Properties of Natural Nanostructured SurfacesWetting PropertiesWater Repellency and Self‐Cleaning PropertiesSuper‐HydrophilicityIncreased Water‐Supporting ForceAntifoggingUnder‐Water Air‐Retaining SurfacesMechanical and Adhesive PropertiesDry AdhesionWet AdhesionFriction ReductionMechanical Stiffness and StretchingOptical PropertiesStructural ColorationBroad‐Range Coloration and Strong Flicker ContrastAntireflection CoatingsIntelligent Biological Nanostructured SurfacesAnisotropic WettabilitySmart Friction ReductionResponsive Coloration ChangeThermal ResponseVapor ResponseFabrication of Biomimetic Artificial NanostructuresWetting Properties of Biomimetic Artificial NanostructuresHierarchical Super‐Hydrophobic SurfacesHierarchical Super‐Hydrophilic SurfacesAnisotropic Wettability of Hierarchical StructuresAdhesion Properties of Biomimetic Artificial NanostructuresOptical Properties of Biomimetic Artificial NanostructuresStructural ColorationIridescence and Chiral ReflectorsAntireflection CoatingsApplications of Biomimetic Artificial NanostructuresWetting ApplicationsAdhesion ApplicationsOptical ApplicationsConclusions and Future Outlook
Natural and Modified Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications
Authors: Yuan Guodong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAluminosilicate NanomaterialsOccurrence and Structure of Natural Aluminosilicate NanomaterialsSurface Properties of Aluminosilicate NanomaterialsSurface AreaPorositySurface Charge and Functional GroupsSurface Modification of Aluminosilicate NanomaterialsAcid ActivationThermal TreatmentIntercalationPillaringChemical Modifications of Allophane and ImogoliteEnvironmental Applications of Aluminosilicate NanomaterialsAdsorbents of Metal IonsAdsorbents of AnionsAdsorbents of Nonionic Organic CompoundsAdsorbents of GasesAssessment of Aluminosilicate Nanomaterials for Environmental ApplicationsSummary and Future PerspectivesAcknowledgments
S‐Layer Protein Lattices Studied by Scanning Force Microscopy
Authors: Pum Dietmar , Tang Jilin , Hinterdorfer Peter , Herrera Jose‐Luis Toca , Sleytr Uwe B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDescription ofS‐Layer ProteinsOccurrence, Location, and UltrastructureS‐Layer Fusion ProteinsS‐Layer Self‐AssemblyCrystal Growth at InterfacesS‐Layer Protein MicrostructuresPhotolithographySoft Lithography: Micromolding in CapillariesSoft Lithography: Microcontact PrintingS‐Layer Protein Reassembly at InterphasesHigh‐Resolution Imaging ofS‐Layer Lattices in Contact ModeForce–Distance CurvesProbing the Mechanical Properties ofS‐LayersControlled Unzipping ofS‐Layer Protein LatticesS‐Layer Proteins Lattices with Functional Groups for Recognition Imaging and Molecule TemplatingPrinciples of Single‐Molecule Recognition Force SpectroscopySingle‐Molecule Recognition Force Spectroscopy Investigations onS‐LayersMACModeAFMImagingPrinciples of Topography and Recognition ImagingTopography and Recognition Imaging ofS‐LayerFabrication of Molecule and Nanoparticle Arrays Templated byS‐Layer LatticesReassembly ofS‐Layer Proteins on Solid Supports with Modified Surface PropertiesHydrophilic versus Hydrophobic SupportsReassembly on MicaReassembly on Silicon SubstratesReassembly on Silanized Silicon SubstratesPolyelectrolyte MultilayersDialkyldisulfide DerivativesChemical, Thermal, and Mechanical StabilityApplicationsSummary and ConclusionsAcknowledgments
Chitin Nanocomposites for Medical Applications
Authors: Mathew Aji P. , Oksman Kristiina 
Published: February 2012

AbstractChitin, a natural polysaccharide found widely in crustaceans and insects, may be while extensively deacetylated to produce chitin. As chitin/chitosan is nontoxic, biosorbable, antibacterial, bioactive and biocompatible, it has emerged as an interesting and unique polymer for the production of hydrogels, films, fibers, sponges, etc., for a variety of applications. These materials have shown potential in biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound dressing, bone substitution, and sutures. Chitin is highly crystalline, and therefore less reactive and insoluble in solvents, while chitosan has a low stability in aqueous environments and is pH‐sensitive, which limits its potential use in commercial applications or products. Hence, both physical and chemical treatments and manipulations are required to develop useful products based on the chitin biopolymer. During recent years, several chitin‐based nanocomposites have been developed, where chitin acts as the matrix phase or reinforcing phase in the form of nanocrystals. This chapter describes chitosan‐based nanocomposites as a novel group of biomaterials with the potential to support and facilitate cell growth, for controlled drug delivery, and as biosensors to detect glucose, creatine, etc., in the body. Details are included of nanocomposites developed for biomedical applications, where carbon nanotubes, inorganic metal nanoparticles or montmorillonite‐based and biobased nanowhiskers (chitin or cellulose) are used to provide reinforcement in chitosan matrices. The processing methodologies reported to date, as well as the applications of these biobased nanocomposites, are summarized. Finally, the progress, limitations, and the future possibilities in this area are discussed.
Gold–Polymer Nanocomposites for Bioimaging and Biosensing
Authors: Uehara Nobuo , Nagaoka Tsutomu 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFabrication of Gold NanocompositesGeneral Aspects“Grafting‐From” Modifications“Grafting‐To” ModificationsPost‐ModificationImaging and Labeling with Gold NanocompositesOptical ImagingMagnetic Resonance Imaging,X‐Ray Imaging, and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering ImagingGold Nanocomposites as IndicatorsColorimetric SensorsGeneral AspectsRed‐to‐Blue SensorsCrosslinking AggregationNon‐Crosslinking AggregationBlue‐to‐Red SensorsFluorometric Systems with Gold NanocompositesFluorescence QuenchingSystemA: Disruption ofdsDNALinkerSystemB: Disruption of Biological InteractionSystemC: Cleavage of Linking Aptamer and PeptideTime‐Resolved Fluorometry and Fluorescence PolarizationElectrochemical Applications of Gold Nanoparticles and Their CompositesAuNPs Assembled on Electrode Surfaces for Enhanced Electrode ResponsesConducting Polymer/AuNP Composites on ElectrodesApplications of Conducting Polymer/AuNP Composites on ElectrodesOther Composite Materials for Electrochemical MeasurementsComposite Nanoparticles and Their Applications as LabelsQuantification StrategiesSensitivity EnhancementsPerspective
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Biosensors
Authors: Lee Jeong‐O , So Hye‐Mi 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Sensing Mechanisms of Nanotube Biosensors

The Immobilization of Biomolecules on
SWNTs

Covalent Binding

Noncovalent Binding

Other Immobilization Methods (Metal Particles, etc.)

Various Receptors for Nanotube Biosensors

Aptamers

Fragment Antibodies

Enzymes and Proteins

Other Receptor Types

The Application of Nanotube Biosensors to Pathogen Detection

The Future of Nanotube Biosensors
Environmental Impact of Fullerenes
Authors: Shinohara Naohide 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMethods Used to Prepare Fullerene SuspensionsSolubility of FullereneAqueous Suspensions of FullerenesToxicity of Aqueous Fullerene Suspensions as a Factor of the Dispersion MethodToxicological Data Relating to FullerenesToxicological Effects of C60on FishToxicological Effects of C60on InvertebratesToxicological Effects of C60on AlgaeToxicological Effects of C60on Bacteria and Soil MicrobesToxicological Effects of C60on Other OrganismsPossible Emission Sources of C60The Environmental Fate of C60Fullerenes in the EnvironmentConclusion
Carbon Nanotubes for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zeineldin Reema 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCancerConventional Cancer Chemotherapy versus Nanocarrier‐Mediated Drug DeliveryChallenges with Chemical Compounds as Therapeutic AgentsAdvantages of Nanocarriers as Drug‐Delivery VehiclesCarbon Nanotubes as Drug‐Delivery VehiclesCellular Uptake ofCNTsFunctionalization ofCNTswith Polyethylene GlycolTargeting of CancersPassive TargetingActive TargetingTrafficking of Targeted Drug‐Delivery VehiclesTargeted Cancer Therapy EmployingCNTsand a Critique of Current StudieserbBFamily MembersFolate Receptor αBiotin ReceptorIntegrinsMarkers for Lymphomas or LeukemiasDisialoganglioside (GD2)Summary and Future PerspectiveAcknowledgments
Synthesis and Characterization of Polymeric Nanogels
Authors: Amamoto Yoshifumi , Otsuka Hideyuki , Takahara Atsushi 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Polymeric Nanogels

Chemical Nanogels

Polymerization in Templates

Crosslinked Micelles and Star Polymers

Polymer Reaction of Linear Chain, Nanoparticles, and Nanocomplexes

Physical Nanogels

Hydrogen Bonding

Ionic Bonding and Coordination Bonding

Hydrophobic Interaction

Protein Denaturation

Degradable Chemical Nanogels

Characterization of Polymeric Nanogels
Self‐Assembled Peptide Nanostructures and Their Controlled Positioning on Surfaces
Authors: Farsari Maria , Mitraki Anna 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Vertical and Horizontal Alignment on Surfaces

Printing Using Inkjet Technology

Vapor Deposition Methods

Positioning Using Dielectrophoresis

Laser Patterning

Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer

Direct Transfer

Self‐Assembly of Peptides on
LIFT
‐Patterned Biotin

Nonlinear Lithography

Summary and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Polymersomes and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Battaglia Giuseppe 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Chemistry of Polymersomes

Polymersomes: Physico‐Chemical Properties

Membrane Conformations

Responsive Polymersomes

Surface Chemistry of the Polymersomes

Polymersomes Formation and Preparation

Biomedical Applications

Medical Imaging

Cancer Therapy

Polymersomes as Delivery Vectors

Nanoreactors

Artificial Cells and Organelles

Gene Therapy

Conclusions
Organic Nanoparticles Using Microfluidic Technology for Drug‐Delivery Applications
Authors: Cheng Wei , Capretto Lorenzo , Hill Martyn , Zhang Xunli 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBatch Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesSpecifications of Reactors: Macroscale versus Microscale SynthesesProperties and Application of Organic Nanoparticles for Drug DeliveryMicrofluidic Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesOverview: Unique Features of Microfluidic Reactors for the Controlled Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesMicrofluidic Reactors for Organic NanoparticlesEmulsionsNanoprecipitationLiposomesControlled Operating Parameters of Microfluidic ReactorsFlow Velocity, Microfluidic Dimension, and Mixing TimeMixing Time, Aggression Time, and the Damkohler NumberSynthetic OperationsMicromixingOnline Process of Various ReactantsThermal Control and Heat TransferSpatial and Temporal Kinetic ControlSelf‐Assembly Mechanism and Competitive ReactionMicrofluidic‐Related Organic Nanoparticles for Drug DeliveryDrug Encapsulation and ReleaseStimuli‐Responsive ReleaseNanomedicine Delivery to Target CellsConclusions and Prospective StudyMaterials, Design, and FabricationHigh‐Throughput Microfluidic ProcessesControlled Synthesis of Organic NanoparticlesSpatial and Temporal Kinetics Investigation of Nanoparticles
Lipid–Polymer Nanomaterials
Authors: Clawson Corbin , Esener Sadik , Zhang Liangfang 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionLipopolymersSynthesis and Fabrication of LipopolymersProperties and Characterization of LipopolymersApplications of Lipopolymers in the Life SciencesLipid–Polymer Hybrid NanoparticlesSynthesis and Fabrication of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid NanoparticlesSynthesis of Polymer‐Protected Lipidic NanoparticlesSynthesis of Lipid‐Coated Polymeric NanoparticlesCharacterization of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid NanoparticlesApplications of Lipid–Polymer Hybrid NanoparticlesLipid–Polymer Films and CoatingsSynthesis of Lipid–Polymer Films and CoatingsCharacterization of Lipid–Polymer Films and CoatingsApplications of Lipid–Polymer Films and CoatingsSummary and Future Perspective
Rosette Nanotubes for Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Suri Sarabjeet Singh , Fenniri Hicham , Singh Baljit 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPeptide‐Based NanotubesSelf‐Assembling Rosette NanotubesSelf‐Assembly PeptidesG∧CMotif Self‐Assembly: Novel Helical Rosette NanotubesNoveltyG∧CMotif Self‐Assembly ProcessBuilt‐In Strategy for Manipulating the Properties ofRNTsBiological Functions ofRNTsStability IssuesNanomaterials for Receptor‐Mediated TargetingHuman Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)Vasoactive Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase (VPAC)‐Activating Peptide ReceptorsTransferrin Receptor (TfR)Folate Receptor (FR)Ethical Issues and Future DirectionsConclusions
The relationship between musculoskeletal stress markers and biomechanical properties of the humeral diaphysis
Authors: Niinimäki Sirpa 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMusculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) at entheses and bone biomechanical properties are used in activity reconstructions. The effect of physical activity on bone biomechanical properties is well established but the relative role of physical activity on MSM is less well known. In this article, it is hypothesized that the same causal mechanisms should affect MSM development as those responsible for bone biomechanical properties. Further, there should be a correlation between MSMs and bone cross‐sectional properties as both are considered to reflect physical activity. This was tested using three skeletal samples: early 20th century Finnish (Helsinki) and two medieval English (Blackgate and York) populations. Torsional/average bending rigidity (J) for four cross‐sectional locations at 80, 65, 50, and 35% of humeral length from the distal end was calculated and pectoralis major, teres major, and deltoid were scored for MSM. Correlations between MSM and size‐standardizedJwere significant for many comparisons, although they were stronger in males than in females, especially on the right side. In ANOVAs, sample was found to be a significant influence on the right side in both sexes. Using an aggregated MSM score, covariance betweenJand high MSM scores was again stronger in males. Covariance betweenJand MSM was found both at cross‐sectional locations under muscle insertions and at more distant locations, demonstrating both direct and general effects of muscular loadings applied to diaphyses. Thus, the two types of skeletal markers appear to be related to similar underlying mechanical factors, but effects may also be sex‐ and sample‐specific. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telocytes in Parotid Glands
Authors: Nicolescu Mihnea I. , Bucur Alexandru , Dinca Octavian , Rusu Mugurel C. , Popescu Laurentiu M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractStromal cells appear as paraductal networks in the human parotid gland. Stromal cells are
immunostained with vimentin. See Figure 1 (left panel) in Nicolescu et al., on page 380, in this issue.
Is Comet C/1853 E1 (Secchi) extrasolar?
Authors: Branham R.L. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractComet C/1853 E1 (Secchi) has a hyperbolic orbit with eccentricity 1.01060 and perihelion outside of the Earth's orbit. Integrating the orbit with barycentric coordinates backwards to 50000 AU, the approximate edge of the Oort cloud, shows that the orbit remains hyperbolic. This is still true even if plutoids additional to Pluto are included in the integration. Nor does including Galactic tidal and disc effects and possible nongravitational forces change the orbit to a high eccentricity ellipse. Although certain factors, such as unknown massive plutoids, gravitational effects by interstellar gas clouds, or unmodelled nongravitational forces operating on the comet, could change this situation, the tentative conclusion that the origin of this comet is extrasolar remains the one most consistent with the observations (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Possible portrait of Galileo Galilei as a young scientist
Authors: Molaro P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe describe here the possible discovery of a portrait of Galileo Galilei in his youth. The painting is not signed and the identification is mainly physiognomic. In fact, the face reveals clear resemblance to Domenico Tintoretto's portrait and to Giuseppe Calendi's engraving derived from a lost portrait made by Santi di Tito in 1601. Along with the portraits by Tintoretto, Furini, Leoni, Passignano, and Sustermans this could be another portrait of Galileo made al naturale, but, unlike the others, it depicts the scientist before he reached fame. Galileo looks rather young, at age of about 20–25 years. His eyes in the portrait are clear and the expression intense and appealing. From Galileo's correspondence we know of a portrait made by his friend Ludovico Cigoli. Rather interesting, though admittedly quite improbable, is the possibility of a self‐portrait whose existence is mentioned in the first biography of Galileo by Salusbury in 1664 (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Pioneer anomaly and new physics
Authors: Eiermann K.E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe Pioneer anomaly is one of the most important problems in modern physics. The observed blueshift of the Doppler signals coming back from the space probes Pioneer 10 and 11 is interpreted as being due to an anomalous acceleration ap = (8.74 ± 1.33) × 10–8 cm s–2 towards the Sun. In this paper the blueshift is explained by the frequency shifts of the receivers. These frequency shifts result from an increase in elementary particle masses in time, the rate of increase being tied up with the present‐day Hubble parameter H0. The result is that the seeming acceleration ap is the product of H0 and the velocity of light. Taking new physics into consideration, this paper presents a new explanation of the Pioneer anomaly based on the assumption that the Universe is eternal and infinite without expansion or contraction (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The extinction curve in the visible and the value of RV
Authors: Zagury F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the interstellar extinction curve in the visible and the value of the ratio of absolute to selective extinction RV = AV/E (B – V). It is concluded that the visible extinction curve is likely to be linear in the visible and that indirect estimates of RV from tentative determinations of AV or from infrared and UV observations are questionable. There is currently no evidence of any variation of RV with direction. If RV is close to 3, as it has been inferred from mid‐infrared data, starlight in the visible is extinguished by a factor F /F0 = (2.5 e–2μm/λ)E (B –V). But if the visible wavelength range alone is considered, 4 appears as its most natural and probable value and F /F0 = e–2E (B –V)/λ (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genome‐wide transcription analysis of Escherichia coli in response to extremely low‐frequency magnetic fields
Authors: Huwiler Simona G. , Beyer Christian , Fröhlich Jürg , Hennecke Hauke , Egli Thomas , Schürmann David , Rehrauer Hubert , Fischer Hans‐Martin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe widespread use of electricity raises the question of whether or not 50 Hz (power line frequency in Europe) magnetic fields (MFs) affect organisms. We investigated the transcription of Escherichia coli K‐12 MG1655 in response to extremely low‐frequency (ELF) MFs. Fields generated by three signal types (sinusoidal continuous, sinusoidal intermittent, and power line intermittent; all at 50 Hz, 1 mT) were applied and gene expression was monitored at the transcript level using an Affymetrix whole‐genome microarray. Bacterial cells were grown continuously in a chemostat (dilution rate D = 0.4 h−1) fed with glucose‐limited minimal medium and exposed to 50 Hz MFs with a homogenous flux density of 1 mT. For all three types of MFs investigated, neither bacterial growth (determined using optical density) nor culturable counts were affected. Likewise, no statistically significant change (fold‐change > 2, P ≤ 0.01) in the expression of 4,358 genes and 714 intergenic regions represented on the gene chip was detected after MF exposure for 2.5 h (1.4 generations) or 15 h (8.7 generations). Moreover, short‐term exposure (8 min) to the sinusoidal continuous and power line intermittent signal neither affected bacterial growth nor showed evidence for reliable changes in transcription. In conclusion, our experiments did not indicate that the different tested MFs (50 Hz, 1 mT) affected the transcription of E. coli. Bioelectromagnetics 33:488–496, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modification of macroporous titanium tracheal implants with biodegradable structures: Tracking in vivo integration for determination of optimal in situ epithelialization conditions
Authors: Vrana Nihal Engin , Dupret‐Bories Agnes , Bach Charlotte , Chaubaroux Christophe , Coraux Christelle , Vautier Dominique , Boulmedais Fouzia , Haikel Youssef , Debry Christian , Metz‐Boutigue Marie‐Helene , Lavalle Philippe 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPreviously, we showed that macroporous titanium implants, colonized in vivo together with an epithelial graft, are viable options for tracheal replacement in sheep. To decrease the number of operating steps, biomaterial‐based replacements for epithelial graft and intramuscular implantation were developed in the present study. Hybrid microporous PLLA/titanium tracheal implants were designed to decrease initial stenosis and provide a surface for epithelialization. They have been implanted in New Zealand white rabbits as tracheal substitutes and compared to intramuscular implantation samples. Moreover, a basement membrane like coating of the implant surface was also designed by Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) method with collagen and alginate. The results showed that the commencement of stenosis can be prevented by the microporous PLLA. For determination of the optimum time point of epithelialization after implantation, HPLC analysis of blood samples, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and Chromogranin A (CGA) analyses and histology were carried out. Following 3 weeks the implant would be ready for epithelialization with respect to the amount of tissue integration. Calcein‐AM labeled epithelial cell seeding showed that after 3 weeks implant surfaces were suitable for their attachment. CRP readings were steady after an initial rise in the first week. Cross‐linked collagen/alginate structures show nanofibrillarity and they form uniform films over the implant surfaces without damaging the microporosity of the PLLA body. Human respiratory epithelial cells proliferated and migrated on these surfaces which provided a better alternative to PLLA film surface. In conclusion, collagen/alginate LbL coated hybrid PLLA/titanium implants are viable options for tracheal replacement, together with in situ epithelialization. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:2134–2146. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.