bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical and geocryological characteristics of wedge and thermokarst‐cave ice in the CRREL permafrost tunnel, Alaska
Authors: Douglas Thomas A. , Fortier Daniel , Shur Yuri L. , Kanevskiy Mikhail Z. , Guo Laodong , Cai Yihua , Bray Matthew T. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPartially eroded ice wedges and lenticularly shaped bodies of massive thermokarst‐cave ice in ice‐rich syngenetic permafrost (yedoma) are exposed in the CRREL tunnel near Fairbanks, Alaska. The ice wedges, which formed 25 000 − 40 000 years ago, were subsequently affected by localised thermal erosion, resulting in underground cavities that filled with surface water infiltrating through a network of conduits. This water froze inward from the walls of the cavity. We report the biogeochemical characteristics of one of these thermokarst‐cave ice features and four nearby ice wedges. The thermokarst‐cave ice has 30 times the dissolved organic carbon concentration, 20 times the total dissolved nitrogen concentration and five to 20 times the inorganic solute concentrations of the surrounding (original) ice wedge material. Based on these results we present a schematic model to describe how the thermokarst‐cave ice was formed and preserved and what processes led to its current biogeochemical characteristics. Current estimates of soluble solutes stored in permafrost may underestimate the total carbon and nutrient load where wedge material has been extensively replaced by surface water rich in organic carbon, nutrients or inorganic solutes. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Box–Muller transformation
Authors: Scott David W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe generation of pseudo‐random numbers is critical for modern statistical computing. Given any of the well‐tested pseudo‐random generators for the uniform distribution, the probability integral transform may be employed to provide an exact algorithm for transformation to any desired probability distribution. However, if the cumulative distribution function does not afford a simple form, then this strategy is not effective. In particular, the cumulative distribution function of the normal density is not easy to work within this framework. This article describes the ingenious transformation described by Box and Muller in 1958. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 177–179 DOI: 10.1002/wics.148This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Random Number Generation
Posttranscriptional regulation in Drosophila oocytes and early embryos
Authors: Lasko Paul 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMolecular asymmetries underlying embryonic axis patterning and germ cell specification are established in Drosophila largely by position‐dependent translational regulation of maternally expressed messenger RNAs. Here, I review several mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation in the Drosophila oocyte and syncytial embryo, and how they relate to embryonic patterning, with a strong emphasis on the most recent advances in the area. The review is not exhaustive, but focuses on examples that illustrate the interplay between specific regulatory events and the general metabolic machinery that governs translation and mRNA stability. Biophysical investigations into how the Bicoid gradient is formed are discussed, as are the elaborate mechanisms controlling how the Oskar and Nanos proteins become restricted to the posterior pole of the embryo. Work on Vasa, a translational activator of some germ line mRNAs and on 4EHP, a negative regulator that unproductively binds the 5′ cap structure of target mRNAs, is also briefly reviewed. Finally, the emerging understanding of the role of microRNAs in regulating translation of germ line mRNAs is also discussed. WIREs RNA 2011 2 408–416 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.70This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
PPh4{MoNCI3[N(SiMe3)2]}, ein Nitrido‐Amido‐Komplex von MoIybdän(VI)
Authors: Fenske D. , Frankenau A. , Dehnicke K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. PPh4{MoNCl3[N(SiMe3)2]} entsteht aus PPh4[MoNCl4] und N,N,N′‐Tris‐(trimethylsilyl)benzamidin in siedendem Dichlormethan in Form bernsteinfarbener Kristalle, die wir IR‐spektroskopisch und durch eine röntgenographische Strukturanalyse charakterisiert haben. Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 4, R = 4,3% für 5168 unabhängige beobachtete Reflexe. Die Gitterkonstanten betragen für −65°C: A = 918,9; b = 2850,5; c = 1353,9 pm; β = 107,51°. Die Verbindung besteht aus PPh4+‐Ionen und Anionen [MoNCl3[N(SiMe3)2]}–, in denen das Molybdänatom verzerrt tetragonal‐pyramidal von dem Nitridoliganden in Apical‐Position (r MoN = 165 pm), von drei Chloratomen und von dem N‐Atom des Bis(trimethylsilyl)amido‐Liganden (r MoN = 194 pm) umgeben ist. Das N‐Atom des Amido‐Liganden besitzt eine planare Umgebung.PPh4{MoNCl3[N(SiMe3)2]}, a Nitrido Amido Complex of Molybdenum (VI)PPh4{MoNCl3[N(SiMe3)2}] has been prepared by the reaction of PPh4[MoNCl4] with N,N,N′‐Tris(trimethylsilyl)benzamidine in boiling dichloromethane, forming amber coloured crystals, which were characterized by their IR spectrum as well as by an X‐ray structure determination. Space group P21/n, Z = 4, R = 0.043 for 5168 observed independent reflexions. The lattice dimensions are at −65°C: A = 918.9; b = 2850.5; c = 1353.9 pm; β = 107.51°. The compound consists of PPh4+ ions and anions {MoNCl3[N(SiMe3)2]}– in which the complex molybdenum anion forms a distorted tetragonal pyramid with the nitrido ligand (r MoN 165 pm) in the apical position and the chlorine atoms along with the nitrogen atom of the amido ligand (r MoN 194 pm) in the basical positions. The N atom of the amido ligand has a planar geometry.
Chemie polyfunktioneller Moleküle. 101 [1]: Synthese eines Diphenylphosphin‐substituierten Cyclophosphamide und Röntgenstrukturanalyse seines Oxidations‐produkts
Authors: Ellermann J. , Knoch F. , Moll M. , Will N. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Diphenylphosphin und rac‐Cyclophosphamid (ClCH2CH2)2NP(O)N(H)(CH2)3O (1) reagieren in Gegenwart von n‐Butyllithium zu einem Zwischenprodukt, das mit Wasser das diphenylphosphinsubstituierte Cyclophosphamid, (Ph2PCH2CH2)2NP(O)N(H)(CH2)3O, (2) bildet. Metallierung von 2 mit n‐BuLi am N(3)‐Atom und Umsetzung mit D2O führt zum N(3)‐Deuteroderivat 2a. Mit H2O2 reagiert 2 zur all‐Phosphinoxid Verbindung, [Ph2P(O)CH2CH2]2NP(O)N(H)(CH2)3O, (4), die mit 0,5 Mol Wasser auskristallisiert und von der zur Charakterisierung des H‐Bückenbindungssystems eine Röntgenstrukturanalyse angefertigt wurde. Die NMR‐Spektren (1H, 13C, 31P, 14N) weisen 2–4 als dynamische Moleküle aus.Chemistry of Polyfunctional Molecules. 101. Synthesis of a Diphenylphosphinesubstituted Cyclophosphamide and the X‐ray Diffraction of its Oxidation ProductDiphenylphosphine and rac‐cyclophosphamide, (ClCH2CH2)2NP(O)N(H)(CH2)3O, (1) react in the presence of n‐BuLi to an intermediate which hydrolyses to the diphenylphosphine substituted Cyclophosphamide, (Ph2PCH3CH2)2NP(O)N(H)(CH2)3O, (2). Metallation of 2 with n‐BuLi at the N(3) atom, followed by treatment with D2O yields the N(3)‐deuterated derivative 2a. With H2O2 2 forms the all‐phosphine‐oxide compound, [Ph2P(O)CH2CH2]2NP(O)N(H)(CH2)3O, (4), which crystallizes with 0.5 mole of water. In order to characterize the H‐bridge bonding system a X‐ray structure analysis of 4 was carried out. The NMR‐Spectra (1H, 13C, 31P, 14N) indicate 2–4 as dynamic molecules.
Notiz zur Kenntnis der roten Monohalogenide des Indiums, InX (X = CI, Br, I)
Authors: Meyer Gerd , Staffel Thomas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Synthese (aus den Elementen; Einkristalle durch Sublimation im Gradienten: 200 → 100°C) und Strukturverfeinerung von InI (orthorhombisch, Cmcm, Z = 4; a = 476,3(1); b = 1278,1(1); c = 490,9(1) pm) werden beschrieben. Ein Vergleich mit InBr und InCl (alle TlI‐Typ) weist auf die Bedeutung des 5s2‐Elektronenpaares von In+ für diesen Strukturtyp und auf attraktive Wechselwirkungen in Richtung auf die Ausbildung eines Dimeren, In22+, hin.Note on the Red Monohalides of Indium, InX (X = CI, Br, I)Synthesis (from the elements; single crystals by sublimation in a 200 → 100°C gradient) and structure refinement of InI (orthorhombic, Cmcm, Z = 4, a = 476.3(1), b = 1278.1(1), c = 490.9(1) pm) are reported. A comparison with the isotypic halides InBr and InCl (all TlI type) hints at the importance of the 5s2 electron pair of In+ for this structure type. Attractive interactions in the direction of the formation of a dimer, In22+, could play a role.
Zur Bildung und Stabilität von Difluormethylenphosphoranen, R3P⊕‐C̄–F2
Authors: Riesel L. , Vogt H. , Kolleck V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Die Reaktion von Difluorhalogenmethanen, CF2X2, mit Phosphanen, R3P, in Gegenwart von Metallen und Carbonylverbindungen, R″R′CO, führt zur Bildung geminaler Difluorolefine, R″R′C=CF2. Die sorgfältige Untersuchung der Einzelschritte dieser komplexen Reaktion zeigt, daß intermediär Difluorhalogenmethylphosphoniumhalogenide, [R3P–CF2X]X, und Difluormethylenphosphorane, R3P⊕ – c̄⊖‐F2, gebildet werden. Die Phosphoniumsalze sind stabil und können als kristalline Substanzen isoliert werden. Durch Metalle oder Phosphene werden sie zu den instabilen Difluormethylenphosphoranen reduziert. Diese zersetzen sich beim Fehlen geeigneter Reaktionspartner in Phosphan und Difluorcarben, CF2. Ihre Bildung durch Addition von CF2 an R3P ist nicht möglich. Mit Halogenwasserstoffen bilden sie Difluormethylphosphoniumsalze, [R3P‐CHF2]X.Formation and Stability of Difluoromcthylene Phosphoranes, R3P⊕ —c̄F2In the presence of metals and carbonyl compounds, R″R′CO, the reaction of difluoro‐halomethanes, CF2X2, with phosphanes, R3P, leads to the formation of geminal difluoroolefins, R″R′C=CF2. Our investigations have proved that difluorohalomethylphosphonium halides, [R3P–CF2X]X, and difluoromethylene phosphoranes, R3P⊕–C̄⊖F2, are formed intermediately. The phosphonium salts are stable. They can be isolated as crystalline substances. They are reduced by metals or phosphanes forming unstable difluoromethylene phosphoranes as intermediates. These decompose into phosphane and difluorocarbene, CF2, if suitable reactants are absent. Their reaction with hydrogen halides, HX, yields difluoromethylphosphonium salts, [R3P–CHF2]X. The formation of difluoromethylene phosphoranes by addition of CF2 to R3P is not possible.
Zur Kenntnis von Sr2CuO2Br
Authors: Boehlke A. , MÜller‐Buschbaum H K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Sr2CuO2Br wurde in geschlossenen Cu‐Bömbchen dargestellt und an Einkristallen röntgenographisch untersucht (a = 4,0235; c = 28,5103 A; Raumgruppe D52d–R$3m). Sr2+ besitzt oktaedrische Koordinationspolyeder aus je drei Br– und O2–. Die Oktaeder sind in Doppelschichten angeordnet und werden von hantelförmig koordinierten Cu+‐Ionen längs [001] verknüpft.About Sr2CuO2BrSingle crystal of the unknown compound Sr2CuO2Br were prepared in closed Cu‐tubes and examined by single X‐ray diffractometer investigation (a = 4.0235; c = 28.5109 A; space group D53d–R$3m). Sr2+ has octahedral coordination of 3 Br– and 3 O2–. Cu+ shows a dumb‐bell‐like O2– surrounding.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Magnetic Properties, and Electronic Structure of New Copper(II) μ‐isophthalato Dimers
Authors: Shakhatreh Saleh K. , Bakalbassis Evangelos G. , Tsipis Constantinos A. , Mrozinski Jerzy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFive new Cu(II) dimers were obtained by reacting piperidinium isophthalate with Cu(ClO4)2 · 6H2O and the corresponding polyamine in methanol. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis and by their IR, UV‐VIS reflectance, and EPR spectra. The exchange parameters, J values of −1.10 to −0.10 cm–1 were found (least‐squares fitting to the spin Hamiltonian H = −2 J · S1 · S2) by evaluation of the magnetic susceptibility of all complexes in the temperature range 4.2 to 290 K. Despite the low experimental J values derived, there is a dependence of the J values on both the local geometry around each magnetic center and the bonding mode of the intervening isophthalato ligand. These effects, are further investigated through EHMO calculations performed on model compounds exhibiting a wide range of stereochemistry on the two magnetic centers. Estimates of the J parameters experimentally derived were in close agreement with corresponding trend theoretically calculated.Synthese, spektroskopische Charakterisierung, magnetische Eigenschaften und elektronische Struktur neuer Kupfer (II)‐μ‐isophthalato DimereInhaltsübersicht. Fünf neue CuII‐Dimere wurden durch Reaktion des Piperidiniumisophthalats mit Cu(ClO4)2 · 6H2O und eines Polyamins in Methanol erhalten. Die Komplexe wurden durch Elementaranalyse sowie ihre IR, UV‐VIS und EPR‐Spektren charakterisiert. Die magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten der Komplexe im Bereich von 4,2 bis 290 K ergaben Austauschparameter, J‐Werte, von −1,10 bis −0,10 cm−1 auf der Basis eines Spin‐Hamiltonoperators, H = −2J · S1 · S2; die J‐Werte wurden mit der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate über die magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten gefittet. Obwohl die experimentell ermittelten J‐Werte sehr niedrig liegen, kann eine Abhängigkeit der J‐Werte sowohl von der lokalen Geometrie jedes magnetischen Zentrums als auch von der Bindungsart des dazwischenliegenden Isophthalato‐Liganden festgestellt werden. Diese Effekte wurden ferner durch EHMO‐Berechnungen an Modellverbindungen, unter Variation der lokalen Geometrie an den zwei magnetischen Zentren, untersucht. Die Reihe der experimentell ermittelten J‐Parameter steht in guter Übereinstimmung mit den entsprechenden berechneten Werten.
Lipoproteinstoffwechsel und koronare Herzkrankheit
Authors: Utermann G. 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung
Untersuchungen von genetischen Störungen des Lipoproteinstoffwechsels und deren Zusammenhang mit der koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK) haben eine VorreiteroIIe für das Verständnis der Genetik komplexer Erkrankungen gespielt. Sie haben darüber hinaus zur Entwicklung von Medikamenten zur Prävention der Atherosklerose als häufigster Todesursache in den lndustrieländem geführt. So hat die Analyse der familiären Hypercholesterinämie (FH), deren häufigste Ursache Mutationen im LDLR-Gen sind, zur Entwicklung der HMG-CoA-Reduktasehemmer (Statine) beigetragen. Mittlerweile wurden durch genomweite Assoziationsstudien (GWAS) Varianten in über 90 Genen gefunden, die die Konzentrationen von Plasmalipiden beeinflussen. Diese erklären aber nur einen geringen Teil der genetischen Varianz. Am Beispiel des klassischen Apo-E-Polymorphismus wird als ein möglicher Grund für die „missing heritability“ die Auswahl der auf den Arrays repräsentierten SNPs diskutiert und gezeigt, dass Interaktionen dazu führen können, dass Assoziationen von Genotypen mit Erkrankungen übersehen werden. Aufgrund genetischer Untersuchungen nach dem Prinzip der „Mendelian randomization“ ist die pathophysiologische Relevanz einer hohen Lp(a)-Konzentration als Risikofaktor für KHK heutzutage unbestritten. Für Patienten mit terminaler Niereninsuffizienz ist jedoch ein Polymorphismus (KIV-2-CNV) im LPA-Gen ein besserer Prädiktor für die KHK als erhöhte Lp(a)-Konzentrationen im Plasma.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in muscle tissue of complex regional pain syndrome type I patients
Authors: Tanl Edward C.T. , Janssenl Antoon J.M. , Roestenbergl Peggy , van den Heuvell Lambert P. , Gorisl R. Jan A. , Rodenburgl Richard J.T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are known to be involved in the pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). Since the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a major source of ROS, we hypothesized that mitochondria play a role in the pathophysiology of CRPS I. The hypothesis was tested by studying mitochondrial energy metabolism in muscle tissue from amputated limbs of CRPS I patients. We observed that mitochondria obtained from CRPS I muscle tissue displayed reduced mitochondrial ATP production and substrate oxidation rates in comparison to control muscle tissue. Moreover, we observed reactive oxygen species evoked damage to mitochondrial proteins and reduced MnSOD levels. It remains to be established if the mitochondrial dysfunction that is apparent at the end‐stage of CRPS I is also present in earlier stages of the disease, or are secondary to CRPS I. The observation of a reduced mitochondrial energy production combined with reactive oxygen species induced damage in muscle tissue from CRPS I patients warrants further studies into the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunctioning in the pathophysiology of CRPS I.
Accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid for cervical cancer screening
Authors: Sauvaget Catherine , Fayette Jean‐Marie , Muwonge Richard , Wesley Ramani , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo provide an updated estimation of the accuracy of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) in detecting true disease.MethodsA PubMed search provided original studies on VIA accuracy in which the gold standard for confirmatory testing was histology alone or colposcopy followed by biopsy. The numbers of true‐positive, false‐positive, false‐negative, and true‐negative results were extracted from each study. Meta‐analyses were then performed with different categories of studies according to confirmatory diagnosis threshold, category of women who received confirmatory testing, and whether a medical condition that could affect VIA accuracy was present at screening. The reference category consisted of 26 studies in which VIA was performed on asymptomatic women who all underwent confirmatory testing and in which the disease threshold was cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2.ResultsWe report an 80% sensitivity (range, 79%–82%) and a 92% specificity (range, 91%–92%) for VIA. Study region, capacity of screener, or size of the study population did not modify VIA accuracy. The positive predictive value was 10% (range, 9%–10%).ConclusionScreening for precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions using VIA is a simple, low‐cost, and efficient alternative to cytologic testing in low‐resource areas.
Prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence among women attending HIV voluntary counseling and testing in northern Tanzania, 2005–2008
Authors: Prabhu Malavika , Mchome Bariki , Ostermann Jan , Itemba Dafrosa , Njau Bernard , Thielman Nathan ,   KIWAKKUKI‐Duke VCT Study Group
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) among women at an HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) center in northern Tanzania.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, the lifetime history of IPV experienced by women attending an HIV VCT center in Moshi, Tanzania, from June 2005 to January 2008 was assessed. Bivariate and ordered logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for IPV.ResultsOf 2436 enrolled women, 432 (17.7%) reported IPV during their lifetime. Older, unemployed, and less‐educated women, and those with children were more likely to have experienced IPV (P < 0.05). IPV exposure differed by marital status (P < 0.001). Adjusting for sociodemographics, the odds ratio of IPV was 1.51 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–2.07) for married women and 2.25 (95% CI 1.63–3.10) for divorced women, compared with single women. HIV prevalence did not differ by IPV exposure or severity; however, 22.4% of single women who had experienced IPV were HIV seropositive, compared with 15.1% of women with no experience of IPV (P = 0.041).ConclusionGiven that IPV represents both a risk factor for and a consequence of HIV infection, VCT sites are an appropriate and accessible venue for IPV screening and counseling in resource‐poor settings.
Lohnt sich die partizipative Entscheidungsfindung?
Authors: Klemperer David 
Published: January 2011

Einleitung
Das Konzept der partizipativen Entscheidungsfindung (Synonym: Shared Decision Making) ist ein wesentliches Element der Patientenorientierung. Die Systematik, die der partizipativen Entscheidungsfindung (PEF) zugrunde liegt, soll sicherstellen, dass der Arzt alle Aspekte anspricht, die für eine von beiden Seiten getragene medizinische Entscheidung relevant sind.
Modification of anin vitromodel simulating the whole digestive process to investigate cellular endpoints of chemoprevention
Authors: Stein Katrin , Borowicki Anke , Scharlau Daniel , Scheu Kerstin , Brenner-Weiß Gerald , Obst Ursula , Hollmann Jürgen , Lindhauer Meinolf , Wachter Norbert , Glei Michael 
Published: January 2011

In vitrogut fermentation systems are relevant tools to study health benefits of foodstuffs. Most of them are commonly used to investigate the degradation of nutrients or the development of gut flora. Using these models, strong cytotoxic effects of the resulting samples on cultured cells were observed. Hence, the aim of the present study was to develop a modifiedin vitrofermentation model that simulates the whole digestive tract and generates fermented samples that are suitable for testing in cell culture experiments. Wholemeal wheat flour (wwf) was digested and fermentedin vitrowith a fermentation model using different ox gall concentrations (41·6 and 0·6 g/l). The resulting fermentation supernatants (fs) were characterised for metabolites and biological effects in HT29 cells. The fermentation of wwf increased chemopreventive SCFA and decreased carcinogenic deoxycholic acid (DCA). The strong cytotoxic effects of the fs, which were partly due to cholic acid and DCA, were diminished by lowering the ox gall concentration, allowing the use of the samples in cell culture experiments. In conclusion, anin vitrodigestion model, which can be used to study the effects of foodstuffs on chemoprevention and gut health in colon cells, is introduced and its physiological relevance is demonstrated.
Periconceptional folic acid supplementation and anthropometric measures at birth in a cohort of pregnant women in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Pastor-Valero Maria , Navarrete-Muñoz Eva Maria , Rebagliato Marisa , Iñiguez Carmen , Murcia Mario , Marco Alfredo , Ballester Ferran , Vioque Jesus 
Published: January 2011

We examined the relationship between dietary folate intake and periconceptional use of folic acid (FA) supplements, and small-for-gestational age for weight (SGA-W) and height (SGA-H). The study is based on 786 Spanish women aged 16 years or above, who attended the first-term prenatal population-based screening programme (10–13 weeks) at the reference hospital ‘La Fe’, Valencia, with singleton pregnancy. Periconceptional use of FA supplements was categorised as non-users, moderate users ( ≤ 1 mg/d) and high users (>1 mg/d). Babies born to mothers who used high doses of FA supplements had a significant reduction in mean birth height compared with babies of non-users (β = − 0·53, 95 % CI − 0·96, − 0·09). As regards weight, mothers using moderate and high doses of FA supplements had lower-birth-weight babies for gestational age than non-users (β = − 22·96, 95 % CI − 101·14, 55·23; β = − 89·72, 95 % CI − 188·64, 9·21, respectively), although these decreases were not significant. Results from the multivariate logistic regression models showed that high FA supplement users had a higher significant risk for SGA-H (OR 5·33, 95 % CI 2·08, 13·7), and that users of moderate doses were not associated with a higher risk of either a SGA-W or a SGA-H baby. In contrast, increased quintiles of the dietary intake of folate were associated with a decreased risk of SGA-W (Pfor trend = 0·002), although no association was observed for SGA-H. Our findings suggest that periconceptional use of FA supplements greater than 1 mg/d is associated with decreased birth height and may entail a risk of decreased birth weight.