bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Easy Separation of Optically Active Secondary Alcohols by Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Soluble Polymer-Supported Carbonates
Authors: Okudomi Masayuki , Shimojo Megumi , Nogawa Masaki , Hamanaka Ayae , Taketa Natsue , Nakagawa Takuya , Matsumoto Kazutsugu 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The enzyme-mediated enantioselective hydrolysis of middle molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-supported carbonates is disclosed. The representative water-soluble substrate was prepared by the immobilization of (±)-1-phenylethanol onto a monomethoxy PEG (MPEG, av. Mw 5000) or PEG (av. Mw 4600) through a carbonate linker. Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) enantioselectively catalyzed the hydrolysis of the polymer-supported substrate in a mixed solvent (hexane/buffer = 9/1) at 0 °C to afford the corresponding optically active compounds. In this system, the separation of the remaining (S)-substrate and the resulting (R)-alcohol was achieved by a simple procedure without any laborious column chromatography. The substrate was easily hydrolyzed with NaOH in MeOH–H2O to give the (S)-alcohol. This procedure was also applicable to the preparation of other optically active secondary alcohols. As expected, an introduction of a hydrophobic spacer between the MPEG moiety and the carbonate linker affected both the reactivity and enantioselectivity. An o-substitution produced a lower conversion than those of the reaction of the m- and p-substituted substrates. While the substrate with a p-phenylethyl spacer gave the best E value (&gt;200) with low conversion, the reaction of the substrate with a p-phenylmethyl spacer smoothly proceeded with high enantioselectivity (E value = 151).
Our own courtyard: Post-traumatic Polish cinema
Authors: Misiak Anna 
Published: February 2010

This article probes contemporary Polish cinema, examining it through the sociological theory of cultural trauma. The majority of post-1989 Polish films correlate with national tragic narratives that emphasize the negative social effects of the fairly recent systemic transformation.
The author chooses to analyse two films (The Wedding (2004) and The Debt (1999)) as her case studies. Both productions received many awards in the home country. To Polish critics, the two films demonstrated a significant achievement of the country's film industry that should
be capable of exporting and promoting Polish culture in the international arena. Yet, the worldwide success proved to be beyond the reach of the directors and with only a few honourable mentions and special jury awards, they won no major trophies outside Poland. Going straight to DVD, The
Debt has never been widely released in the cinemas either in the United Kingdom or in the United States, while The Wedding opened with a three-year delay in the United Kingdom in a few cinemas only, but there has not been an international DVD release as yet.
Made at crucial moments
for the political and social history of the country, both films depict ethically dislocated and confused post-traumatic characters and both reverberate the post-1989 collective Polish experience. For the domestic audience the two films cumulate and amplify post-traumatic syndromes, emblematizing
a larger thematic tendency of the Polish contemporary cinema. This new inclination distinguishes current developments in the Polish cinematic culture from the country's past productions. The author argues that the thematic reliance on the post-traumatic becomes the main facet of the national
Polish film production, which by adhering to its own social reality celebrates its cultural otherness and thus limits its appeal to domestic audiences and a handful of international experts who specialize in the subject of Eastern European cinema.
Relationship of Job Satisfaction, Psychological Distress and Stress‐Related Biological Parameters among Healthy Nurses: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Amati Monica , Tomasetti Marco , Ciuccarelli Marida , Mariotti Laura , Tarquini Lucia Miria , Bracci Massimo , Baldassari Maurizio , Balducci Cristian , Alleva Renata , Borghi Battista , Mocchegiani Eugenio , Copertaro Alfredo , Santarelli Lory 
Published: February 2010

Relationship of Job Satisfaction, Psychological Distress and Stress‐Related Biological Parameters among Healthy Nurses: A Longitudinal Study: Monica Amati, et al. Department of Molecular Pathology and Innovative Therapies, Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, ItalyObjectiveTo examine the relationship between job satisfaction, psychological distress, psychosocial processes and stress‐related biological factors, and to evaluate whether over time changes of work satisfaction could affect the immunological‐inflammatory status of workers.MethodsOne hundred and one nurses were enrolled at the Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy. Perceived job satisfaction, psychological distress, and social support were assessed every 4 mo over a 1‐yr period using 4 self‐reported questionnaires. T lymphocytes CD3, CD4+, CD8+, CD8+‐CD57+, B lymphocyte CD19+, NK cells CD56+, and NK cell activity were determined.ResultsJob satisfaction was associated with reduced psychological distress and was characterized by low cell numbers of CD8+suppressor T cells, CD8+‐CD57+activated T cells, CD56+NK cells and low IL‐6 levels. Over time changes in psychological parameters were related to changes in the immunological‐inflammatory variables. Subjects who increased their job satisfaction showed a reduced psychological stress associated with reduced number of CD8+‐CD57+activated T cells and inflammatory cytokines.ConclusionsJob (dis)satisfaction is related with psychological mechanisms in stress affecting cellular immune function.
Validation of Alternative Formulations of Job Strain
Authors: Courvoisier Delphine S. , Perneger Thomas V. 
Published: February 2010

Validation of Alternative Formulations of Job Strain: Delphine S. Courvoisier, et al. Clinical Epidemiology Division, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, SwitzerlandObjectiveTo examine the construct validity of different formulations of job strain based on the demand‐control(‐support) model in the context of a hospital‐based survey.MethodsWe defined the best measure of job strain as the one that would be better predicted by professional status and job characteristics and better predict health outcomes, stress and back‐pain leave. We received 1,298 responses from collaborators at the University Hospitals of Geneva who responded to a questionnaire survey including all the constructs cited above and the Job Content Questionnaire.ResultsThe difference between decision latitude and psychological demands (strain by subtraction), corresponded to the definition of the best measure of job strain and significantly, albeit weakly, predicted all outcomes. The logarithmic approach was the second best measure of job strain and was in fact a better predictor of stress.ConclusionsWe would encourage researchers to explore different formulations of job strain, in particular the subtraction approach, to compute strain from demands and decision latitude.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Burnout among Doctors in Yemen
Authors: Al‐Dubai Sami Abdo Radman , Rampal Krishna Gopal 
Published: February 2010

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Burnout among Doctors in Yemen: Sami Abdo Radman Al‐Dubai, et al. Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Medical Center, MalaysiaObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the level and factors contributing to burnout among doctors in Sana'a City, Yemen and to determine the relationship between burnout and psychological morbidity.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of 563 working doctors in the four main hospitals in Sana'a City, Yemen. The 12‐item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) was used as a measure of psychological morbidity and the 22‐item Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was used to measure emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. Sources of job stress were determined using a 37‐item scale questionnaire. The questionnaire elicited information about socio‐demographic and work characteristics.ResultsOn the MBI, 356 doctors showed high emotional exhaustion (63.2%), 109 showed high depersonalization (19.4%) and 186 showed low personal accomplishment (33.0%). Sixty six doctors (11.7%) were identified as experiencing a high degree of burnout (high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low personal accomplishment). The prevalence of high degree of burnout was significantly higher in those with duration of work ≤10 yr (OR=2.8, 95% CI 1.18–6.8), in those working ≥40 h/ wk (OR=2.1, 95% CI 1.25‐3.62) and in those who had psychological morbidity (OR=5.3, 95% CI 2.22–12.39). Thirteen out of 37 sources of stress were significantly associated with high degree of burnout. In multivariate analysis, the significant predictors of high burnout were: dealing with patient's psychosocial problems, feeling of isolation, disturbance of home/family life by work, not chewing khat, long working hours and psychological morbidity.ConclusionThe prevalence of high degree of burnout as well as emotional exhaustion in Yemeni doctors was higher than those reported internationally and was associated with psychological morbidity and many important sources of job stress.
Assessment of Workplace Bullying and Harassment: Reliability and Validity of a Japanese Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire
Authors: Takaki Jiro , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Fujii Yasuhito , Taniguchi Toshiyo , Hirokawa Kumi , Hibino Yuri , Lemmer Richard J. , Nashiwa Hitomi , Wang Da‐Hong , Ogino Keiki 
Published: February 2010

Assessment of Workplace Bullying and Harassment: Reliability and Validity of a Japanese Version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire: Jiro Takaki, et al. Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesObjectivesInterest in workplace bullying and harassment has been increasing in Japan. At present, the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) is one of the most frequently used questionnaires for assessing these issues. The purpose of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the NAQ.MethodsWe translated the original version of the NAQ using a back‐translation method. Participants in this study were recruited from 737 workers at a manufacturing company in Japan. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 517 respondents (response rate: 70.1%).ResultsWe used a cross‐validation approach. A three‐factor model was obtained from exploratory factor analyses. The confirmatory factor analysis for this model revealed values of 0.94, 0.91, 0.95, and 0.054 for the goodness‐of‐fit index, the adjusted goodness‐of‐fit index, the comparative fit index, and the root mean square error of approximation, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients for the NAQ scores with the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) support scores and the Effort‐Reward Imbalance Questionnaire scores for respect and job security were significant (p<0.001) and the direction of these associations were consistent with our expectations, with the exceptions of the correlations between the NAQ sexual harassment score and the JCQ support scores. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the scores on the entire NAQ scale and on three subscales (person‐related bullying, work‐related bullying, and sexual harassment) were 0.90, 0.84, 0.60, and 0.60, respectively.ConclusionsA Japanese version of the NAQ was developed and it appears to have acceptable levels of internal consistency reliability and factor‐ and construct‐validity.
Serum Cholinesterase Levels of Thai Chilli‐Farm Workers Exposed to Chemical Pesticides: Prevalence Estimates and Associated Factors
Authors: Kachaiyaphum Prasit , Howteerakul Nopporn , Sujirarat Dusit , Siri Sukhontha , Suwannapong Nawarat 
Published: February 2010

Serum Cholinesterase Levels of Thai Chilli‐Farm Workers Exposed to Chemical Pesticides: Prevalence Estimates and Associated Factors: Prasit Kachaiyaphum, et al. Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, ThailandObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, abnormal serum cholinesterase (SChE) levels among chilli‐farm workers in Chatturat District, Chaiyaphum Province.MethodsA total of 350 chilli‐farm workers aged 18–60 yr were randomly sampled and interviewed. A reactive‐paper finger‐blood test was used to assess SChE levels.ResultsThe prevalence of abnormal SChE levels was 32.0%. The most common pesticide‐related symptoms were dizziness (38.0%), headache (30.9%), nausea/vomiting (26.9%), and fever (26.9%). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed 7 factors were independently associated with abnormal SChE level: male gender, single/separated/ divorced, being a permanent worker, spraying pesticide more than 3 times per month, having moderate or poor pesticide‐use behaviors, and low perceived susceptibility and severity of pesticide use.ConclusionsThe prevalence of abnormal SChE levels among chilli‐farm workers was quite high. It would be beneficial to decrease pesticide use and encourage alternative measures. Effective preventive interventions to increase correct perceptions of pesticide use, the use of personal protective measures and continuing monitoring for blood cholinesterase, especially for male permanent farm workers, are recommended.
Exploring Population‐Level Effects of Fishery Closures during Spawning: An Example Using Largemouth Bass
Authors: Gwinn Daniel C. , Allen Micheal S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe used an age‐structured model to evaluate the impacts of recreational angling during spawning on populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and the potential benefits of seasonal fishing closures. We simulated fisheries with average and high capture rates (i.e., fractions of the stock caught by anglers). We manipulated mortality rates to mimic the effects of various regulations, including (1) an open fishery with no closures, (2) a full fishery closure during the spawning season, (3) a catch‐and‐release fishery during the spawning season, and (4) a year‐round catch‐and‐release fishery. We simulated two hypothetical populations: a high‐productivity, low‐latitude population and a low‐productivity, high‐latitude population. Spawning season closures produced the largest relative increases in adult abundance when applied to low‐productivity populations and when capture rates were high (e.g., 70%) and harvest rates were relatively low (20%). This resulted because very high capture rates imply that most spawning fish will be caught by anglers and potentially lose their broods to nest predators. The existing evidence suggests that these conditions (very high capture rates combined with low harvest rates) are the exception rather than the rule across largemouth bass fisheries. Understanding capture and harvest rates is critical to the use of seasonal closures in recreational fisheries.
Changes to Rainbow Trout Abundance and Salmonid Biomass in a Washington Watershed as Related to Hatchery Salmon Supplementation
Authors: Pearsons Todd N. , Temple Gabriel M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe evaluated the changes in (1) the abundance, size, and biomass of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, (2) the abundance of spring Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha parr, and (3) the combined biomass of rainbow trout and Chinook salmon parr after nine annual releases of approximately 250,000 Chinook salmon and coho salmon O. kisutch smolts into the North Fork of the Teanaway River, Washington. The trout and salmon were sampled in two treatment locations consisting of five sites and three control locations consisting of seven sites before (1990–1998) and during hatchery releases (1999–2007). We detected statistically significant decreases of rainbow trout abundance and biomass in both treatment streams relative to two of the three control streams. Furthermore, all of the differences in abundance between treatment and control streams were in the negative direction. All but one of the differences in biomass was negative. The only statistically significant change in the combined biomass of spring Chinook salmon parr and rainbow trout before and during supplementation was negative, and five of the six differences in combined biomass were negative. Only one of the four comparisons of the ratio of the log‐transformed weight to length of rainbow trout was statistically significant, and it decreased during supplementation; one‐half of the comparisons were positive and the other half negative. The changes to rainbow trout abundance and biomass were probably the result of the cumulative impacts from hatchery‐released Chinook salmon smolts and an increase in naturally produced Chinook salmon parr.
Growth and Methylmercury Accumulation in Juvenile Chinook Salmon in the Sacramento River and Its Floodplain, the Yolo Bypass
Authors: Henery Rene E. , Sommer Ted R. , Goldman Charles R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe literature indicates a strong correlation between inundation of previously oxidized soils, as can occur on a floodplain, and increased microbial methylation of mercury. There is special concern over the potential for increased methylmercury levels in the Yolo Bypass, a 24,000‐ha floodplain for California's Sacramento River and its tributaries. The objective of our first study component was to compare methylmercury accumulation between juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Yolo Bypass and those in the Sacramento River during a winter 2005 flood event. For each location, we tested accumulation in two groups of hatchery Chinook salmon juveniles: (1) free‐ranging, coded‐wire‐tagged fish that were released into the floodplain and river and recaptured by downstream sampling and (2) fish that were reared in enclosures at fixed locations in both the river and floodplain. We found that free‐ranging juvenile Chinook salmon in the floodplain accumulated 3.2% more methylmercury per day than did free‐ranging fish in the river. However, fish in the floodplain grew 0.7% more per day than fish in the river. Variance in growth and in methylmercury content was significantly higher in the free‐ranging fish than in the enclosure‐reared fish, suggesting suboptimal rearing conditions in the enclosures. In a second study component, we analyzed methylmercury levels of free‐ranging Chinook salmon released in the Yolo Bypass during hydrologically variable years (2001–2003 and 2005); the objective was to determine whether interannual differences in the primary source of floodwater to the Yolo Bypass were associated with different patterns of mercury accumulation in Yolo Bypass Chinook salmon. Fish in the Yolo Bypass showed different patterns of methylmercury accumulation in 2001, 2002, 2003, and 2005. Methylmercury accumulated linearly with time in years when Cache Creek provided the primary source of flood flow but followed a quadratic pattern in years when flood flow was dominated by the Sacramento River.
Effects of Turbidity and Cover on Prey Selectivity of Adult Smallmouth Bass
Authors: Carter Mark W. , Shoup Daniel E. , Dettmers John M. , Wahl David H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEnvironmental factors such as turbidity and habitat complexity affect many aspects of aquatic food webs, including predator–prey interactions. We examined the effects of turbidity (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) and cover (presence or absence) on prey selection by adult smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu (mean ± SD = 290 ± 41 mm total length) in laboratory pools. Individual predators were given a choice of five northern crayfish Orconectes virilis, five golden shiners Notemigonus crysoleucas (a pelagic fish), or five round goby Neogobius melanostomus (an invasive benthic fish). Smallmouth bass selected round goby at low turbidities (0 and 5 NTU) and golden shiners at the highest turbidity (40 NTU) in trials without cover. With cover, smallmouth bass increased selectivity for golden shiners, particularly at the turbidity extremes (0, 20, and 40 NTU). Northern crayfish were negatively or neutrally selected in all trials across both turbidity and cover treatments. Turbidity had a greater effect than cover on prey consumption rate, which decreased as turbidity increased. Our results suggest that turbidity and cover, two important environmental variables, can influence prey selectivity by smallmouth bass.
In Situ Swimming Behavior of Lake Trout Observed Using Integrated Multibeam Acoustics and Biotelemetry
Authors: Dunlop Erin S. , Milne Scott W. , Ridgway Mark S. , Condiotty Jeff , Higginbottom Ian 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMultibeam echo sounder systems allow the in situ observation of swimming and foraging behavior and give insights into the ecology of fish at the individual level. In Lake Opeongo, Ontario, 16 adult lake trout Salvelinus namaycush were surgically implanted with ultrasonic tags, released, and studied by means of mobile fisheries acoustics. The transmitted pulses from the ultrasonic tags could be detected and displayed within the multibeam echogram in real time. Tagged lake trout were relocated on 131 occasions over 12 d, for a total of 11.7 h of echogram observations. From these events we observed and quantified the spatial relationships of individual lake trout to other fish targets, schools of cisco Coregonus artedi, and the surrounding habitat. We found that all but one tagged lake trout spent at least a portion of their time close to the lake's bottom, but interestingly, many made rapid vertical swimming movements into the water column. These burst vertical movements were sometimes targeted at schools of cisco, such attacks always occurring from below the schools. During such interactions, the lake trout showed distinct peaks in swimming speed when they were between 2.4 and 6.4 m from the schools; we interpret this as the range of their reactive distance in the field. Some of the lake trout were also found to travel alongside of or to actively swim toward other fish targets, whereas others were more solitary. This type of information, made possible by the integration of fisheries acoustics and biotelemetry technology, gives us a fuller understanding of the ecology of aquatic predators and their prey and provides the direct measurements needed to quantify the bioenergetics of lake trout in their natural environment.