bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Geology of a Part of Venezuela and of Trinidad
Authors: Wall G. P. 
Published: October 2009

F
or
our earliest distinct notions of the physical conformation and geological structure of this portion of the South American continent, we are indebted to the researches of that illustrious observer, Humboldt, who, on his visit to equinoctial America (1799), first landed on the coast of Venezuela, and prosecuted during a period of sixteen months a series of investigations in several departments of that State, thus rendering the most essential service to all subsequent travellers; for whilst some of his conclusions must be modified or rejected in accordance with the advance of science during the last sixty years, yet many of the results at which he arrived form a permanent addition to our knowledge, and will be verified by each of his followers.

A quarter of a century later, the French chemist Boussingault visited the same territory, and executed a number of researches, less general, but more detailed, and relating especially to the composition of the thermal waters and the distribution of the natural asphaltum.
The year 1841 witnessed the publication of the labours of Colonel Codazzi on the physical geography of Venezuela*, including a series of maps prepared from the topographical surveys and measurements conducted by him during more than ten years. This is an especially important work for the geological inquirer, furnishing him with many of the data so essential to the accuracy of his observations. It is not only the execution of these maps, though numerous and faithful, but also the precision with which the external features, the
On the Relative Positions of certain Plants in the Coal-Bearing Beds of Australia
Authors: Clarke W. B. 
Published: October 2009

In the “Observations on the Flora of the Oolite,” by Baron de Zigno, published in the Quarterly Journal of the Society, No. 62, there is a paragraph respecting the supposed non-verification of certain genera of plants in the Australian coal-fields, which were reported by me in 1847.
It is only right that I should offer a few words of comment on. that paragraph.
By reference to the same number of the Quarterly Journal (p. 147), it will be seen that Mr. Selwyn has already recognized in Eastern Victoria “true Carboniferous plants;” and he further states that “in Tasmania the coal-bearing beds rest quite conformably on and pass downwards into calcareous beds, the fossils from which are, I believe, nearly all Carboniferous or Devonian forms.”

Now this is precisely the case in New South Wales, in which colony the plants said to be Jurassic occur (coal-cliffs, Mulubimba, near Newcastle, mouth of Hunter River) in the same beds and blocks with heterocercal Fishes, one of which is figured by Dana as
Urosthenes australis
, and was acknowledged by Agassiz to be a palæozoic fish.

In other portions of New South “Wales, and in the new colony of Queensland, in close connexion with calcareous beds holding abundance of “Carboniferous and Devonian” zoological forms, occur shales and fine calcareous grits charged with the plants which I reported in 1847, and which Baron de Zigno does not find verified by Messrs. Morris and McCoy.
On the Geology of the Country between Lake Superior and thePacific Ocean (between the 48th and 54th parallels of latitude), visited by the Government Exploring Expedition under the command of Captain J. Palliser (1857–60)
Authors: Hector James 
Published: October 2009

In the spring of 1857 Her Majesty's Government, at the suggestion of the Royal Geographical Society, constituted an expedition to explore the British Territories in Worth America lying in the neighbourhood of the boundary-line of the United States, and stretching westward from Lake Superior. Public attention was at that time directed to the nature and resources of the vast territory which had been ceded to the keeping of the Hudson's Eay Fur Company, as there was a prospect of its being to some extent thrown open to colonization by the lapse of part of that Company's rights.
Principally through the efforts of Sir Roderick Murchison (at that time President of the Royal Geographical Society), General Sabine (acting for the Royal Society), Sir W. Hooker and Dr. Hooker, and of Mr. Ball (then Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies), the Expedition was organized and committed to the charge of Captain Palliser, whose previous adventurous travels in that region had given assurance of the ability and energy necessary to penetrate unexplored country, and to preserve a friendly footing with the savage tribes that were to be encountered.
I was selected by Sir Eoderick Murchison to accompany this Expedition in the combined capacity of surgeon and geologist; and, at the request of Government, he furnished me with instructions as to how I should turn to best advantage my opportunities for geological research.
Note on the Bone-caves of Lunel-Viel, Herault
Authors: Serres Monsieur Marcel de 
Published: October 2009

Abridged.
The discovery of the bone-caves on the Mazet estate, near Lunel-Viel, already dates back thirty-eight years. Since then I have visited some twenty others, of which the names are solely known by the descriptions given of them by myself and my collaborateurs.
The femur of an Aurochs brought me by Colonel Prost and Captain Rompleur, R.E., led me to presume that it had been transported into the caves of M. Bouquet and belonged to a bone-deposit of late geological date. The partial search that I immediately made justified my predictions, and the government accorded me a sum sufficient for me to collect every specimen. I had the soil containing the bones sifted, and I was thus able to collect a large number of the bones, which are now in the collection of the “Faculté des Sciences.”
Unfortunately several of the bones were taken from me by some persons more alive to the marvellous than to the interests of science. I still regret this loss—a loss the more felt as those who permitted themselves the pilfering did so out of mere curiosity, and I found it impossible to recover them. I am ignorant to what species these purloined specimens may have belonged.

The discovery of the large cavern was soon followed by that of several others. I have specified them all in my work under the designation of “fissure” and “gut,” in consequence of their small size compared with the first cave
*
. The fissure was filled with bones of different
On a Volcanic Phenomenon witnessed in Manilla
Authors: Veitch John G. 
Published: October 2009

On the 1st ult. a portion of the River Pasig, on the banks of which the city of Manilla is situated, presented an extraordinary appearance, which continued with but slight interruption from 6 to 10
A.M.
The oldest inhabitant never remembers having seen or heard of a similar phenomenon.

The river, for the space of a quarter of a mile from east to west, and having at this point a depth of 15 to 18 feet, appeared in a state of violent fermentation, as if some commotion were taking place in parts invisible to the eye.
Quantities of air-bubbles rose to the surface, until the river became covered with foam, and presented the appearance of simmering water. The temperature of the water where this appeared was 100° to 105° Fahr., that of the remainder of the river being 80°.
The most remarkable circumstance was the effect produced on the bed of the river. Mounds of mud were raised several feet above the surface of the water, and appeared as if a huge bank of mud had been permanently thrown up in the midst of the river.
The temperature of the soil thrown up was 60° to 65° only; but it smelt so offensively as to taint the atmosphere for a considerable distance in the immediate neighbourhood.
After having been thus disturbed for the space of four hours, the bed subsided, and the river again resumed its ordinary appearance.
I trust this imperfect description may enable you to judge as to
On the Lines of Deepest Water around the British Isles
Authors: Everest R. 
Published: October 2009

From two papers by Mr. Godwin-Austen we learn that the English Channel was, in all probability, a valley of depression. If, by the light thus afforded us, we examine the locality as laid down in a good chart, we shall see that as there is a valley of depression, so is there also an axis of depression, if the term may be used. We have in common use the term “axis of elevation” to signify the line of greatest elevation in a mountain-range; and in a similar way we would employ the phrase “axis of depression” to mean the line of deepest water in a narrow sea.
If we take a point (see Map) nearly south of Dungeness in Kent, or in north lat. about 50° 30′, and east long. rather less than 1° and from this draw a straight line a little to the south of west, passing through the middle of the deep water, and meeting about north lat. 48° 20′, and west long. 8° 20′, and another line of a similar kind passing through the deepest water of the St. George's Channel between Ireland and England, we find, tracing the course of our line, that it first passes between the two pits, called “North Deep” and “South Deep,” in the same longitudinal or axial direction as both of them; it cuts the “fWest Deep” in its deepest part, and nearly in the same longitudinal direction; it passes through the “Hurds Dyke” from end to end, and meets
On the Ice-worn Rocks of Scotland
Authors: Jamieson T. F. 
Published: October 2009

§ 1. AT the bottom of all the Drift-beds there is in our northern latitudes a phenomenon which, if rightly understood, would dispel much of the obscurity that still envelopes the history of that period; I mean that curious scoring and polishing of the rocky bed on which the Drift is found so frequently reposing. Saussure, in his Alpine journeys, had often remarked those rounded masses which he called roches moutonn~es, and also did not omit to note the polishing of the rocky surface ; curiously enough, however, although so familiar with glaciers, he did not refer these appearances to their true cause, but attributed this scoring of the rocks to the passage over them of boulders hurried along by a rush of water. Colonel Imrie, also, and Sir James Hall, who in 1812 both described the same appearances in Scotland, sought to explain them in a similar manner. As this theory of their origin has found favour with several geologists, I am induced to describe here a ease of some interest which came under my notice, and was peculiarly fitted to test the sufficiency of a powerful torrent, carrying with it great boulders and stony debris, to affect the rocks in the manner under consideration.
§ 2. In the county of Argyle an artificial channel was cut, a good many years ago, between the Sound of Jura and Loch Fyne, called the Crinan Canal ; it is about 9 miles long, and lies in an E. and W. direction
On the Occurrence of Mesozoic and Permian Faunæ in Eastern Australia
Authors: Clarke W. B. 
Published: October 2009

Since I forwarded my remarks on the “Relative Positions of certain Plants in the Coal-hearing Beds of Australia,” which were published in the Quarterly Journal, vol.xvii. pp. 354–362, I have received, from a friend who is engaged, under my direction, in exploring the country between the Balonne and Maranoa Rivers (now a portion of the new colony of Queensland), a collection of fossils which will serve, to a certain degree, to meet the remark I made at p, 361, respecting “the want of good unmistakeable deposits in which the animal remains will leave no further room for doubt.” Mr. W. P. Gordon, a young squatter on Wollumbilla Creek, one of the branches of the “Yahoo River” of Leichhardt, was requested by me to search his neighbourhood and the Fitzroy Downs for fossils; and he has been enabled to send me a very goodly collection. The specimens are accompanied by the pale sandstones of the Creek, and hard red conglomerates and quartzites from between Wollumbilla and the River Amby of Mitchell, including a tract on Fitzroy Downs nearly halfway to Mount Abundance.
On receiving them, I reported at once to Sir Henry Barkly, the Governor of Victoria, who has taken a deep interest in the little matters of difference in opinion between Prof. M'Coy and myself respecting the Coal-epochs, that I had obtained Mesozoic evidence (enumerating many of the genera), and that I should be obliged if he would submit them to Prof. M'Coy, to whom I wished them referred, because
On the Flora of the Devonian Period in North-eastern America
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

The existence of several species of land-plants in the Devonian rocks of New York and Pennsylvania was ascertained many years ago by the Geological Surveys of those States, and several of those plants have been described and figured in their Reports *. In Canada Sir W. E. Logan had ascertained, as early as 1843, the presence of an abundant, though apparently monotonous and simple, flora in the Devonian strata of Gasp6; but it was not until 1859 that these plants were described by the author in the ' Proceedings' of this Society*. More recently Messrs. Matthew and Hartt, two young geologists of St. John, New Brunswick, have found a rich and interesting flora in the semi-metamorphic beds in the vicinity of that city, in which a few fossil plants had previously been observed by Dr. Gesner, Dr. Robb, and Mr. Bennett of St. John; but they had not been figured or described. These plants, however, I described in the ‘Canadian Naturalist‚ †, together with some additional species, of the same age, found at Perry, in the State of ~aine, and preserved in the collection of the Natural History Society of Portland. The whole of the plants thus described I summed up in the paper last mentioned as consisting of 21 species, belonging to 16 genera, exclusive of genera like Sternbergia and Lepidostrobu,% which represent parts of plants only.
In the past summer I visited St. John; and, in company with Messrs. Matthew and Hartt, explored the localities of the plants
On
Peltocaris
, a new Genus of Silurian Crustacea
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Of this form an imperfect individual, from the anthracite-shales (Llandeilo-flags) of Dumfriesshire, was formerly described by the author as
Dithyrocaris ? aptychoides
. Better specimens have enabled him to distinguish it as a new generic form, still belonging to the Phyllopods, not far removed from
Hymenocaris
and
Dithyrocaris
. A fragment of another larger form, from the same locality, is described by the author as
Peltocaris ? Harknessi
. Mr. Salter also explained his views of the relationship of the palæozoic
Phyllopoda
among themselves and with the recent forms, and illustrated them by a diagram in which they were arranged in chronological succession.
On a Crustacean Track in the Llandeilo Flags of Chirbury, Shropshire
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This track consists of numerous, short, narrow, oblique, chisel-shaped imprints, on the ripple-ridges of the slab; and, according to the author, it must have been caused by a large undescribed Crustacean with a bifid or two-pronged tail. To a like agency, but to a distinct genus, Mr. Salter refers some curious markings described by M. Brébisson as occurring in the Lower Silurian sandstone of Noron in the Falaise (Normandy).
On Certain Fossil Plants from the Hempstead Beds of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Heer O. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
Geologists are perhaps aware that not long since a systematic and careful exploration was made of the deposit of lignite, clay, and sand at Bovey Tracey in Devonshire, in the hope of determining its age; that a large number of fossil plants, of various kinds, were found, and all submitted to the Rev. Dr. O. Heer, Professor of Botany at Zurich; and that two papers, embodying the results of the investigation, were recently presented to the Royal Society.

From Professor Heer's determinations, it appears that forty-nine species of fossil plants occur in the Bovey beds, of which twenty-nine are new to science, whilst the remaining twenty "are well-known Miocene forms of Continental Europe; that, following the subdivision of the Miocene beds adopted by some geologists on the Continent, sixteen of the twenty species occur in the Tongrian or lowest stage, nineteen in the Aquitanian, twelve in the Mayencian, five in the Helvetian, and eight in the Oeningian; that those common to the Aquitanian and any other stage are found, in almost every instance, in a greater number of localities in the former than in the latter, and in only one case (that of
Vaccinium acheronticum
, Ung.) in fewer; and that the only one of the twenty species (
Celastruz pseudoilex
, Ett.) not found in the Aquitanian stage occurs in the Tongrian below and the Mayencian above, but only in a single locality in each, and may therefore be looked for, sooner or later, in the Aquitanian also. Accordingly the Bovey
Experimental Researches on the Granites of Ireland. Part III. On the Granites of Donegal
Authors: Haughton Samuel 
Published: October 2009

I.
Geographical Position of Granite of Donegal.
.—The granite axis of Donegal extends for sixty miles from Malin Head to the neighbourhood of Ardara, in a direction 43° south of west (true), well marked by the two great, though not continuous, valleys of Glenveagh and Gweebarra, which occupy a nearly central position in the granite band, nine miles wide, that traverses the County from N.E. to S.W., from Glen to Doocharry Bridge, opposite which latter place the Gweebarra valley ceases to be central, as the granite expands out to a breadth of eighteen miles, of which three miles lie to the south-east, and fifteen miles to the north-west in the direction of Dunglow. At the south-western extremity of the granite axis, it is separated from the granite of Ardara by the intervention of metamorphic slates; and at its north-eastern extremity, it is separated by quartz-rock and the sea from the granite of Dunaff Head and Malin Head, with which it is evidently continuous.

To the south-east of the granite axis, there is an isolated patch of granite, divided into two portions by the Barnesmore, or Great Gap, through which the road from Donegal to Stranorlar and Strabane passes. The bearing of this important pass is 42° 15′ south of west; and the granite-mass which it divides has its greatest diameter in a direction 40° south of east, and its least diameter in a direction coinciding with that of the Barnesmore Gap.
Still further to the S.E., at Beleek and Castlecaldwell, in
On the Geology of Zanzibar
Authors: Thornton Richard 
Published: October 2009

Our route lay from Mombas to the S.W., over the Shimba, thence N.W. to the Kadiaro, then S.W. to the Pare, then north to the Lake Yipe, thence through Dafeta to Kilema, where we made one attempt to ascend the Kilimandjaro, but had to turn back at an elevation of about 8000 feet. We then went round by the foot of the mountain to Madjami, thence we returned by Dafeta, Lake Yipe, Pare, and the north foot of Usambara, to Wanga on the coast, which we reached on the 101st day from Mombas.
We did not succeed in reaching the top of the Kilimandjaro; but I have its altitude from six different stations, connected by tolerable triangles at distances varying from 15 to 50 miles. From these I believe the height of the Kilimandjaro to be about 20,000 feet.
As seen from the east, the snow forms only a thick cap to the Kilimandjaro, with a broad tongue creeping down the south slope; and, when the sun is high, several long streaks of snow are seen lying in small ravines descending from the cap. As seen from Madjami, the snow partially covers the S.W. face of the dome (about one-fourth the height of the mountain), but several large bare patches of rock show out above the snow: the snow here seems to lie at its steepest possible angle; so that fresh snow, falling on this side, must at once slip down to the foot of the face of the dome.
On a Deposit containing
Diatomaceæ
, Leaves, &c., in the Ironore Mines near Ulverston
Authors: Hodgson E. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.—In the ‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,’ vol. xviii. p. 274, &c., there is a paper by John Bolton, Esq., “On a Deposit with Insects, Leaves, &c.,” met with in or near the Iron-ore Mines of Lindale, in Low Furness, North Lancashire; which deposit, for reasons stated in the paper, is presumed to be of great antiquity.

Before determining either the age of the deposit, or its origin, it seems important that geologists should be made acquainted with some circumstances connected with the district, which would rather induce one to interpret it as being a cavern-deposit, carried down to these depths by means of currents,—the currents passing through what are called “Swallow-holes,”—the cavernous and otherwise open state of the ground being favourable to such an interpretation, and the nature of the deposit itself likewise tending to strengthen that belief.
The deposit when first brought up is soft, damp, clammy to the touch, of a dark colour* and nauseous smell, and is capable of being cut through with a knife. Even after remaining at the mouth of the shaft of the Water-way (No. 11) four years, the part of it partially covered with other material retained its soft, moist condition. Kept dry for a time, it assumes a much lighter, greyish appearance.

Tarns
.—The Tarns, or small lakes, laid down on the Ordnance-map are not wholly unworthy of notice. “Standing Tarn,” a small sheet of water, situatetd about a mile to the south-west of Lindale, has no surface-inlet or -outlet; but
On the Upper Silurian Passage-beds at Linley, Salop
Authors: Roberts George E. , Randall John 
Published: October 2009

A
zone
of thin-bedded, often conglomeratic, sandstones, forming the passage-bed between two great formations, is frequently found to include within its series of deposits one or more hands of shell- or bone-breccia. Perhaps the most important of these zones is the one which lies between the mudstones of the Upper Silurian series and the lowest Old Red Cornstone, the most northerly extension of which forms the subject of this paper. This, from the number and variety of its organic contents, may almost be called a formation by itself. The continuance of Silurian forms of life is, however, too strongly marked to permit any division of it from that great series of deposits. On the other hand, its uppermost layers are allied, by physical constitution and fossil contents, so nearly with the overlying Old Red, that, although this new exposure at Linley adds to our knowledge of the series, it does not, in our opinion, enable us to draw a more definite boundary-line between the Silurian deposits and the Old Red Sandstone.

In commenting generally upon these passage-beds, we cannot choose a more fitting preface than the following passage from ‘Siluria’:—
“During the accumulation of nearly all the Silurian deposits of Britain, which were characterized by a certain fauna, the bottom of the sea was, to a wide extent, occupied by dark- and grey-coloured sediments. At the close of that period a great change occurred, over large areas, in the nature and colour of the submarine detritus. In and around the