bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel fluorescent amphiphilic poly(allylamine) and their supramacromolecular self‐assemblies in aqueous media
Authors: Hoskins Clare , Lin Paul Kong Thoo , Tetley Laurence , Cheng Woei Ping 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFluorescent amphiphilic polymers were produced by grafting different types and levels of hydrophobic pendant groups with intrinsic fluorescent properties (fluorenylmethoxy carbonyl (Fmoc), dimethylamino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonyl (Dansyl), and naphthalene (Naphth) to a water soluble homopolymer backbone, polyallylamine (PAA). Non‐fluorescent hydrophobic pendant group (cholesteryl moieties) were also grafted onto PAA. The polymers were characterized with elemental analysis, NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. All polymers formed self‐assemblies by probe sonication in water with sizes ranging from 120 to 199 nm and TEM images showed the presence of spherical particles. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) varied from 0.093 to 1.5 mg ml−1 depending on the type of hydrophobic pendant groups. The Cholesteryl and Dansyl polymers showed the presence of one CAC while the Fmoc and Naphth grafted polymers revealed the presence of two CACs. The first CAC observed was possibly due to intermolecular aggregation while the second CAC at the higher polymer concentration was the result of excimer formation revealed by their fluorescent spectra. We reasoned that Naphth and Fmoc aromatic pendant groups possess a flat stereochemistry, thus allowing π–π stacking at higher concentrations. The presence of the N‐dimethylamino group in the Dansyl moiety gives rise to a 3D structure, thus hindering any stacking. The understanding of the supramolecular assemblies formed by these fluorescent amphiphilic polymers will aid in the engineering of advanced materials with superior functionality for biomedical applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Room temperature DC magnetron sputtering deposition and field emission of Al‐doped ZnO films
Authors: Ye Fan , Cai Xing‐Min , Dai Fu‐Ping , Zhang Dong‐Ping , Fan Ping , Liu Li‐Jun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAl doped ZnO films were prepared by reactive direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The targets were metallic Al and Zn while the gases were Ar and O2. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the films are of hexagonal structure and Al is successfully doped into ZnO without secondary phases detected. Raman scattering spectra of the films contain the E1 mode of ZnO. Seebeck effect shows that the films are n‐type and four probe instrument shows that the films are very resistive. The high resistivity is due to the compensation of acceptors such as oxygen vacancies and substitutional nitrogen atoms. The acceptors reduce the electron density and increase the work function of ZnO, which therefore weakens the field emission of Al doped ZnO films.
Observations and modelling of the solar and terrestrial radiative effects of Saharan dust: a radiative closure case‐study over oceans during the GERBILS campaign
Authors: Haywood J.M. , Johnson B.T. , Osborne S.R. , Mulcahy J. , Brooks M.E. , Harrison M.A.J. , Milton S.F. , Brindley H.E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMineral dust events exert a significant perturbation to the Earth's radiation balance via scattering and absorption in both solar and thermal infrared wavelengths. This study documents aircraft‐based measurements of the solar and terrestrial radiative effects of a mineral dust outbreak off the west coast of Africa while the FAAM BAe‐146 was in transit to the GERBILS observational measurement campaign. By comparing model and measurements of upwelling irradiance, an instantaneous top‐of‐atmosphere broadband solar direct radiative effect (DRE) of −33 ± 6 W m−2 is determined for an aerosol optical depth at 0.55 μm (τ0.55) of around 0.26 ± 0.04 with the variability in τ0.55 being estimated from the uncertainty in the aerosol models used in the radiative transfer calculations. Measurements of the spectral dependence of the solar radiative effect indicate that this is well modelled both above and below the dust layer whether using spherical, spheroid or irregular particle models. The terrestrial radiative impact at the top of the atmosphere is estimated to be +9 ± 3 W m−2 or around 25–30% of the solar radiative effect in this particular case, although the relative magnitude will of course be dependent on the underlying surface albedo, surface skin temperature, and details of the vertical profile of dust, temperature and humidity. The DRE retrieved from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) is in reasonable agreement with the aircraft measurements. Mineral dust aerosol optical depths derived from the Met Office global numerical weather prediction model show a reasonable spatial distribution but a general underestimation when compared against SEVIRI. Additionally, as expected from a relatively low‐resolution global‐scale model, the high τ0.55 values associated with mesoscale convective events are not well reproduced. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown Copyright, the Met Office
Ensemble prediction of transitions of the North Atlantic eddy‐driven jet
Authors: Frame T. H. A. , Ambaum M. H. P. , Gray S. L. , Methven J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe consistency of ensemble forecasts from three global medium‐range prediction systems with the observed transition behaviour of a three‐cluster model of the North Atlantic eddy‐driven jet is examined. The three clusters consist of a mid jet cluster taken to represent an undisturbed jet and south and north jet clusters representing southward and northward shifts of the jet. The ensemble forecasts span a period of three extended winters (October–February) from October 2007–February 2010. The mean probabilities of transitions between the clusters calculated from the ensemble forecasts are compared with those calculated from a 23‐extended‐winter climatology taken from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 40‐Year Re‐analysis (ERA40) dataset. No evidence of a drift with increasing lead time of the ensemble forecast transition probabilities towards values inconsistent with the 23‐extended‐winter climatology is found. The ensemble forecasts of transition probabilities are found to have positive Brier Skill at 15 day lead times. It is found that for the three‐extended‐winter forecast set, probabilistic forecasts initialized in the north jet cluster are generally less skilful than those initialized in the other clusters. This is consistent with the shorter persistence time‐scale of the north jet cluster observed in the ERA40 23‐extended‐winter climatology. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The CASSCF method: A perspective and commentary
Authors: Olsen Jeppe 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe CASSCF method of Roos and coworkers is reviewed and compared to other approaches. It is argued that the implementation of the CASSCF method marks the beginning of large scale multiconfigurational self consistent field calculations and thus has been important in many fields of the molecular sciences. It is further argued that CASSCF and related approaches will continue to play an important role in the development of a molecular understanding of structures and processes in many fields of science, as these approaches constitute the appropriate starting point for wave function descriptions of molecules and complexes containing transition metals. This development will, however, require a way to avoid the exponential scaling of the complexity of the underlying wave function and several ways to eliminate this scaling is reviewed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 111:3267–3272, 2011
Coprime‐inner/outer factorization of SISO time‐delay systems and FIR structure of their optimal H‐infinity controllers
Authors: Gumussoy S. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYThe approach in Foias et al. (Robust control of Infinite Dimensional: Frequency Domain Methods. Springer: Berlin, 1996) is one of the well‐developed methods to design H‐infinity controllers for general infinite dimensional systems. This approach is applicable if the plant admits a special coprime‐inner/outer factorization. We give the largest class of single‐input–single‐output (SISO) time‐delay systems for which this factorization is possible and factorize the admissible plants. Based on this factorization, we compute the optimal H‐infinity performance and eliminate unstable pole‐zero cancellations in the optimal H‐infinity controller. We extend the results on the finite impulse response structure of optimal H‐infinity controllers by showing that this structure appears not only for plants with input/output delays, but also for general SISO time‐delay plants. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agile software product lines: a systematic mapping study
Authors: da Silva Ivonei Freitas , da Mota Silveira Neto Paulo Anselmo , O'Leary Pádraig , de Almeida Eduardo Santana , de Lemos Meira Silvio Romero 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground: Software product lines and Agile methods have been an effective solution for dealing with the growing complexity of software and handling competitive needs of software organizations. They also share common goals, such as improving productivity, reducing time‐to‐market, decreasing development costs and increasing customer satisfaction. There has been growing interest in whether the integration of Agile and SPL could provide further benefits and solve many of the outstanding issues surrounding software development. Objective: This study investigates the state‐of‐the‐art in Agile SPL approaches, while identifying gaps in current research and synthesizing available evidence. It also provides a basis for a deeper understanding of the issues involved in the integration of Agile and SPL. Method: A mapping study was undertaken to analyze the relation between Agile and SPL methods. A set of four research questions were defined in which the 32 primary studies were evaluated. Results: This study provides insights into the integration of Agile and SPL approaches, it identifies the current gaps in the research, synthesize the available evidence and propose specific Agile methods and practices for integration in SPL. Conclusions: In general, few studies describe the underlying Agile principles being adopted by proposed Agile SPL solutions. The most common Agile practices proposed by the studies came from the XP and Scrum methods, particularly in the pro‐active SPL strategy. We identify certain Agile methods that are being overlooked by the Agile SPL community, and propose specific SPL practices areas suitable for adoption of Agile practices. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ranking of software engineering metrics by fuzzy‐based matrix methodology
Authors: Garg R. K. , Sharma Kapil , Nagpal C. K. , Garg Rakesh , Garg Rajpal , Kumar Rajive , Sandhya  
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYThis research paper presents a framework for ranking of software engineering metrics based on expert opinion elicitation and fuzzy‐based matrix methodology. The proposed methodology is able to accommodate the imprecise and inexact data involved in the problem of ranking of software engineering metrics, vagueness and ambiguity occurring during expert (human) decision making and to depart from the complexity of formulation of the objective and the constraint function. The matrices lend themselves to mechanical manipulations and are useful for analyzing and deriving systems functions expeditiously to meet the objectives. The current research is based on software engineering metrics identified in an earlier study conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A set of ranking criteria were identified. Software engineering metrics are then ranked in ascending order using experts' opinion in accordance with the value of Permanent function on their criteria matrix. The proposed methodology has also been compared with other known methodologies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic detection of oligomannosidic n glycans in alpha‐mannosidosis: a method of monitoring treatment
Authors: Avenarius Derk Frederik Matthaus , Svendsen John‐Sigurd , Malm Dag 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn Alpha‐mannosidosis (MIM 248500) the patients accumulate mainly unbranched oligosaccharide chains in the lysosomes in all body tissues, including the brain. With ensuing therapeutic modalities in man (BMT and ERT) non‐invasive methods of monitoring the effect of treatment are needed. Paramount is the possible effect of the treatment on the brain, since this organ is regarded as difficult to reach because of the blood‐brain barrier. We therefore performed proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the brain in two untreated patients, and a 16‐year‐old patient treated with BMT at the age of 10 to assess whether this non‐invasive method could be applied in the monitoring of the accumulation of abnormal chemicals in the brain of patients. We found an abnormal peak that was not present in the treated patient. A similar pattern was also found in MRS of urine from patients, reflecting the concentration of oligosaccharides in serum and tissues. We therefore conclude that MRS can be a useful method to monitor the effect of treatment for Alpha‐Mannosidosis.
Molecular insights into the pathogenicity of variants associated with the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
Authors: Montioli Riccardo , Cellini Barbara , Borri Voltattorni Carla 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDopa decarboxylase (DDC or AADC) is a pyridoxal 5’‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of L‐aromatic amino acids into the corresponding aromatic amines. AADC deficiency is an inborn error of neurotransmitters biosynthesis with an autosomal recessive inheritance. About 30 pathogenic mutations have been identified, but the enzymatic phenotypes causing AADC deficiency are unknown, and the therapeutic management is challenging. Here, we report biochemical and bioinformatic analyses of the human wild‐type DDC and the pathogenic variants G102S, F309L, S147R and A275T whose mutations concern amino acid residues at or near the active site. We found that the mutations cause, even if to different extents, a decreased PLP binding affinity (in the range 1.4‐170‐fold), an altered state of the bound coenzyme and of its microenvironment, and a reduced catalytic efficiency (in the range 17‐930‐fold). Moreover, as compared to wild‐type, the external aldimines formed by the variants with L‐aromatic amino acids exhibit different spectroscopic features, do not protect against limited proteolysis, and lead to the formation, in addition to aromatic amines, of cyclic‐substrate adducts. This suggests that these external Schiff bases are not properly oriented and anchored, i.e., in a conformation not completely productive for decarboxylation. The external aldimines that the variants form with D‐Dopa also appear not to be correctly located at their active site, as suggested by the rate constants of PLP‐L‐Dopa adduct production higher than that of the wild‐type. The possible therapeutic implications of the data are discussed in the light of the molecular defects of the pathogenic variants.
Quantity and Quality of Free Oil Recovered from Enzymatically Disrupted Soybean Oleosomes
Authors: Towa Lili T. , Kapchie Virginie N. , Wang Guang , Hauck Catherine , Wang Tong , Murphy Patricia A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe operational variables impacting the quantity and quality of free oil recovered from isolated soybean oleosomes by enzymatic extraction were evaluated to optimize this process. Those variables were: protease concentration (0–2.5%), protease hydrolysis time (3 vs. 18 h), and slurry destabilization time (30 min vs. 3 h). Analysis of interactions between these variables and the yield of free oil revealed that the protease concentration was the most significant variable. The quantity of free oil extracted by using 3 h of oleosomes hydrolysis and 30 min of slurry destabilization was not significantly different from that using 18 h of oleosomes hydrolysis and 3 h of slurry destabilization. The optimum conditions, 0.5% Protex 6L, 3 h of hydrolysis, and 30 min of destabilization, resulted in 90% free oil. Oils extracted by the aqueous process had a fatty acid composition similar to conventional hexane‐based process with oxidative stability indices ranging from 9 to 12 h. Enzyme assisted aqueous extraction resulted in a high quality oil which has 88% less free fatty acids than hexane‐extracted oil. The optimal conditions generated 85.5% soybean storage proteins in skim with peptides smaller than 6.5 kDa and the degree of hydrolysis of 19.5%. The present study demonstrates that oil can be extracted from soybeans efficiently without hexane or other petroleum solvents.
Comparison of Flavor Volatiles and Some Functional Properties of Different Soy Protein Products
Authors: Wu Nana , Wang Lijuan , Yang Xiaoquan , Yin Shouwei , Teng Zi , Zheng Erli 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFlavor volatiles profiles and some functional properties of soy protein products produced by five different extraction methods were studied. A method, consisting of Ethanol Washing and a Hydrothermal cooking Treatment, was proposed to produce a soy protein product (EWHT). Flavor volatiles profiles, emulsifying ability and whiteness of EWHT were improved in comparison with those of Acid Precipitated soy protein product (AP), soy protein product with Oil‐Body Associated proteins and Polar Lipids removed (OBA/PL‐less), soy protein product obtained from Countercurrent Extraction (CE) and Oil‐Body Associated protein product with Polar Lipids (OBA/PL). The GC‐MS and sensory analysis showed that the flavor volatiles content of EWHT was lower than that of the other soy protein products. The results from high performance size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering showed that proteins with larger molecular weights and larger hydrodynamic radii were contained in EWHT, suggesting that EWHT formed soluble larger protein aggregates with a more flexible structure, thus the solubility of EWHT was similar to that of AP, OBA/PL‐less and CE. The surface hydrophobicity of EWHT (994.8) was higher than that of the other soy protein products. Therefore the process for preparing EWHT can be an ideal processing method to produce soy protein with good quality relative to flavor and functionality.
Early pregnancy with an intrauterine device in place
Authors: Roline Chad E. , Heegaard William G. , Anderson Karen S. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Case report
A 22-year-old female presented with the complaint of vaginal bleeding 1 week after a positive pregnancy test. An emergency department bedside transvaginal ultrasound revealed an early intrauterine pregnancy (IUP) in the presence of an intrauterine device (IUD).

Discussion
While a rare event, pregnancy can occur in the presence of an IUD. The emergency physician should be aware of the complications of this obstetrical condition.
Pseudotumoural soft tissue lesions of the foot and ankle: a pictorial review
Authors: Van Hul Erik , Vanhoenacker Filip , Van Dyck Pieter , De Schepper Arthur , Parizel Paul M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the foot and ankle region, benign neoplasms and pseudotumoural soft tissue lesions are significantly more frequent than malignant tumours. The pseudotumoural lesions constitute a heterogeneous group, with highly varied aetiology and histopathology. This article reviews the imaging features of the most common pseudotumours of the soft tissues in the foot and ankle. Although the imaging characteristics of several of the lesions discussed are non-specific, combining them with lesion location and clinical features allows the radiologist to suggest a specific diagnosis in most cases.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Cats
Authors: Foster Susan F , Martin Patricia 
Published: April 2011

Practical relevance Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in cats can be due to bacteria, parasites, fungi and viruses. This review details the practical investigation of these infections and highlights specific therapy where possible. The aim is to avoid the all-too-frequent temptation in practice to treat cats with lower respiratory tract signs empirically for feline bronchial disease (FBD)/asthma. This is potentially hazardous as immunosuppressive therapy for FBD/asthma could exacerbate disease due to a LRTI. Empirical treatment of suspected LRTI is also difficult to recommend given the wide range of potential pathogens. Clinical challenges Making a clinical ante-mortem diagnosis of LRTI in a cat can be challenging. Consistent historical, clinical, haematological and radiographic abnormalities are often lacking and findings may be non-specific. Astute clinical acumen, thorough investigation and high quality laboratory analysis are usually required for a diagnosis. Bronchoalveolar lavage, if feasible, and tests for lungworm should be routine in cats with lower respiratory tract signs. Lung fine needle aspiration may be useful in cases of diffuse or nodular pulmonary disease. Histopathology is rarely employed in ante-mortem investigations. Evidence base The authors have reviewed a substantial body of literature to provide information on many of the reported bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral pathogens, including some that occur in Asia. Attention has been given to specific therapy for each pathogen, with evidence-based comments when there is a deviation from routine recommendations.
Feline Herpesvirus-1
Authors: Gould David 
Published: April 2011

Practical relevance Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is a major cause of feline morbidity. Following exposure to the virus, virtually all cats become persistently infected and many of these will develop recrudescent disease on one or more occasions during their lifetime. Acute ocular herpetic disease manifests as conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration and keratitis, and can be severe and painful. Repeated bouts of recrudescent ocular disease can lead to progressive corneal pathology that can be ultimately blinding in affected cats. Global importance FHV-1 has a worldwide distribution, with reported exposure rates in some cat populations of up to 97%. As such it is a significant cause of clinical disease in the global cat population. Patient group Young and adolescent cats are most at risk of acute primary disease, and the vast majority of these will become persistently infected. Around half of all persistently infected cats will shed virus at some stage in their life and these may develop recrudescent ocular disease. Clinical challenges Treatment of FHV-1 ocular disease is challenging. Antiviral medications may be expensive, and require good owner and patient compliance. Clinical responses in patients can be variable. Selecting the appropriate therapeutic approach requires good clinical judgement, with assessment of factors such as severity and stage of clinical disease, patient and owner compliance, and financial considerations. Evidence base Although a wide range of antiviral treatments is available, few have been tested in controlled clinical trials. Therapeutic decisions are, therefore, often based on results of in vitro studies, case-based reports and anecdote. Large, masked, controlled clinical trials are required in order to determine the efficacy of the antiviral drugs currently available to treat FHV-1.