bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical model reduction at multiple scales
Authors: Yuan Zheng , Fish Jacob 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA hierarchical model reduction approach aimed at reducing computational complexity of non‐linear homogenization at multiple scales is developed. The method consists of the following salient features: (1) formulation of non‐linear unit cell problems at multiple scales in terms of eigendeformation modes that a priori satisfy equilibrium equations at multiple scales and thus eliminating the need for costly solution of discretized non‐linear equilibrium, (2) the ability to control the discretization of the eigendeformation modes at multiple scales to maintain desired accuracy, and (3) hierarchical solution strategy that requires sequential solution of single‐scale problems.A two‐scale formulation is verified against an one‐dimensional model problem for which an analytical solution can be obtained and a three‐scale formulation is validated against tube crash experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved assumed strain solid–shell element formulation with physical stabilization for geometric non‐linear applications and elastic–plastic stability analysis
Authors: Abed‐Meraim Farid , Combescure Alain 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the earlier formulation of the SHB8PS finite element is revised in order to eliminate some persistent membrane and shear locking phenomena. This new formulation consists of a solid–shell element based on a purely three‐dimensional approach. More specifically, the element has eight nodes, with displacements as the only degrees of freedom, as well as an arbitrary number of integration points, with a minimum number of two, distributed along the ‘thickness’ direction. The resulting derivation, which is computationally efficient, can then be used for the modeling of thin structures, while providing an accurate description of the various through‐thickness phenomena. A reduced integration scheme is used to prevent some locking phenomena and to achieve an attractive, low‐cost formulation. The spurious zero‐energy modes due to this in‐plane one‐point quadrature are efficiently controlled using a physical stabilization procedure, whereas the strain components corresponding to locking modes are eliminated with a projection technique following the assumed strain method. In addition to the extended and detailed formulation presented in this paper, particular attention has been focused on providing full justification regarding the identification of hourglass modes in relation to rank deficiencies. Moreover, an attempt has been made to provide a sound foundation to the derivation of the co‐rotational coordinate frame, on which the calculations of the stabilization stiffness matrix and internal load vector are based. Finally to assess the effectiveness and performance of this new formulation, a set of popular benchmark problems is investigated, involving geometric non‐linear analyses as well as elastic–plastic stability issues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taylor‐Galerkin B‐spline finite element method for the one‐dimensional advection‐diffusion equation
Authors: Kadalbajoo Mohan K. , Arora Puneet 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe advection‐diffusion equation has a long history as a benchmark for numerical methods. Taylor‐Galerkin methods are used together with the type of splines known as B‐splines to construct the approximation functions over the finite elements for the solution of time‐dependent advection‐diffusion problems. If advection dominates over diffusion, the numerical solution is difficult especially if boundary layers are to be resolved. Known test problems have been studied to demonstrate the accuracy of the method. Numerical results show the behavior of the method with emphasis on treatment of boundary conditions. Taylor‐Galerkin methods have been constructed by using both linear and quadratic B‐spline shape functions. Results shown by the method are found to be in good agreement with the exact solution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Dimensional study of thermoplastic parts made using sequential injection molding
Authors: Aisa Jorge , Castany Javier 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAs a result of new aesthetical and economical requirements in injection molding, several processes have been developed during last years. In spite of conventional process, sequential injection molding is a versatile technique based on independent control for each gate opening. This procedure allows part filling without weld lines or, at least, these defects can be relocated in suitable positions. A short discussion about sequential principles is made introducing computer simulations. Pressure required for part filling and molding shrinkage were evaluated using experimental procedures with a prototype mold and using conventional and sequential methods. Several setting up parameters were also used to analyze the effect on injection process. Final results show that shrinkage in sequential injection is similar to conventional process but some new effects could be induced by the process asymmetry and should be investigated further. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Sulfonation of solid polystyrene using gaseous sulfur trioxide
Authors: Kucera F. , Jancar J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractKinetics of the heterogeneous sulfonation of polystyrene (PS) beads using gaseous SO3 was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron diffraction scattering spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to study the kinetics of diffusion of SO3 into the PS particles. The diffusion of SO3 through the barrier of sulfonated polystyrene (SPS) on the beads surface was the primary parameter determining the rate and the yield of the sulfonation reaction. The measurement of the time dependence of the thickness of sulfonated layer formed on the solid PS surface provided for the hypothesis that the sulfonation in heterogeneous phase was diffusion controlled. Diffusion coefficients of SO3 in PS at −5°C, 22°C, and at 50°C and activation energy of SO3 diffusion to the solid PS were determined from these experimental data assuming in the first approximation a simple diffusion unaffected by the ongoing sulfonation reaction. The experimental data were fitted using Johanson‐Mehl‐Avrami‐Jerofyeev‐Kolgomorov's equation to obtain an overall rate constant of heterogeneous sulfonation on solid PS surface. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
The effect of plasma‐polymerised silicon hydride‐rich polyhydrogenmethylsiloxane on the adhesion of silicone elastomers
Authors: Nwankire Charles E , Ardhaoui Malika , Dowling Denis P 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Silicone elastomers have outstanding material properties including good thermal stability, low electrical conductivity, biocompatibility and resilient physical and chemical properties. These elastomers, however, exhibit relatively poor adhesion to stainless steel, and the use of a nanometre thick plasma‐polymerised primer layer as a means of enhancing this adhesion was investigated in this study. The primer coatings studied consisted of polyhydrogenmethylsiloxane (PHMS), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and mixtures of these two liquid precursors.RESULTS: The plasma‐polymerised primer coatings were deposited onto stainless steel substrates using a PlasmaStream™ atmospheric pressure plasma jet system. Deposited coatings were examined using ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, optical profilometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The adhesion of silicone elastomers bonded to the primed and bare stainless steel surfaces was assessed using 45° adhesion strength measurements. Elastomer adhesion was correlated with surface energy, thickness and roughness.CONCLUSION: An up to 15‐fold increase in adhesive fracture energy was observed for silicone elastomers bonded to the primed versus untreated stainless steel. The highest adhesion was observed for a coating deposited from a PHMS‐to‐TEOS precursor molar ratio of 3 to 1. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Using a partnership between academic faculty and a physical therapist liaison to develop a framework for an evidence‐based journal club: a discussion
Authors: Austin Tricia M. , Richter Randy R. , Frese Tracy 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEvidence‐based practice (EBP) in rehabilitation is increasingly recognized as important. Despite the importance of EBP, physical therapists' knowledge of EBP varies. Journal clubs have been used to educate clinicians about EBP. This discussion paper describes the partnership between academic faculty members and a physical therapist at a community hospital, and the process used to develop a framework to implement an evidence‐based journal club. The partnership blended the expertise of academic faculty members and a physical therapist with knowledge of EBP who served as the liaison between members of the partnership team and the clinicians at the community hospital. The three‐step framework developed enabled the clinicians to learn about critical appraisal, participate in guided practice of critical appraisal with the liaison, and lead critical appraisal of a paper with the assistance of the liaison as needed. This process could be easily replicated by other partnerships between academic faculty members and clinicians. Developing partnerships like the one described enables academicians to provide service to the profession, may enhance physical therapists' knowledge of the principles of EBP and may encourage EBP. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib in prostate cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Festuccia Claudio , Gravina Giovanni Luca , Biordi Leda , D'Ascenzo Sandra , Dolo Vincenza , Ficorella Corrado , Ricevuto Enrico , Tombolini Vincenzo 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDErlotinib is a small‐molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeted EGFR, known to be overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including prostate cancer. Clinical trials showed insignificant clinical benefit in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer both when EGFR inhibitors were administered as monotherapy or in association with antiandrogens or chemotherapeutics. Why, differently to other tumors, have EGFR inhibitors been so ineffective in human prostate cancer? This is the question that we have set in this report.METHODSFor this purpose, the effectiveness of erlotinib, a selective EGFR inhibitor, in a wide range of prostate cancer cells (wild type or engineered to overexpress peculiar proteins including androgen receptor and PTEN).RESULTSWe demonstrated that the effectiveness of erlotinib was inversely correlated to the EGFR/Her2 ratio rather than EGFR/p‐EGFR or Her2/p‐Her2 levels. Chronic treatment with bicalutamide induced overexpression of Her2 and reduction of EGFR/Her2ratio and this was associated with increased Akt and Erk activity. In these conditions of treatment a reduced efficacy of erlotinib was observed. At the same time, an increased efficacy versus erlotinib was documented in cancer cells chronically exposed to DHT. In these culture conditions low levels of Her2 and increased EGFR/Her2 ratio were evidenced.CONCLUSIONSTaken together, our results seem to suggest that a low EGFR/Her2 ratio and PTEN absence are the main factors responsible of erlotinib inefficacy. Therefore the inhibition of EGFR could have important antitumor effects in hormone‐naive rather than in hormonally treated patients. Prostate 69: 1529–1537, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The FOXF2 pathway in the human prostate stroma
Authors: van der Heul‐Nieuwenhuijsen Leonie , Dits Natasja , Van IJcken Wilfred , de Lange Don , Jenster Guido 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDForkhead box 2 (FOXF2) is a member of the large family of forkhead transcription factors and its expression pattern suggests a role in prostate cancer development. FOXF2 expression is stroma‐specific and higher expressed in the prostate transition zone than the prostate peripheral zone. Moreover, expression of FOXF2 is decreased in prostate cancer.METHODSTo identify the genes and pathways regulated by FOXF2, we compared microarray expression profiles of primary prostate stromal cells (PrSC) treated with control or small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against FOXF2.RESULTSFrom our microarray analyses, we selected 190 differentially expressed genes, of which 104 genes were higher expressed in PrSC cells treated with FOXF2 siRNA and 86 were higher expressed in PrSC cells treated with negative control siRNA. Eight of the strongest differentially expressed genes were validated by RT‐PCR. Genes down‐regulated by FOXF2 included MT1E, MT1F, PDGFA, ITGB1, and PSG7 and genes up‐regulated by FOXF2 included WASF2, BAMBI, and CXCL12. Ingenuity pathway analysis showed several pathways significantly regulated by FOXF2, including PPAR signaling, PDGF signaling, and extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling. GSEA analysis revealed that FOXF2 up‐regulated genes were down‐regulated in the same PrSC cells treated with transforming growth factor 3 (TGFβ3).CONCLUSIONSThe distinct expression pattern of FOXF2 in the prostate, its effect on expression of ECM signaling, and its opposing role in the TGFβ3 pathway, suggests a role for FOXF2 in prostate homeostasis and stroma–epithelial interactions. Prostate 69: 1538–1547, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B‐biotype Bemisia tabaci
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Yao Mingde , Wu Yidong 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The B‐type Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has become established in many regions in China, and neonicotinoids are extensively used to control this pest. Imidacloprid resistance in a laboratory‐selected strain of B‐type B. tabaci was characterised in order to provide the basis for recommending resistance management tactics.RESULTS: The NJ‐Imi strain of B‐type B. tabaci was selected from the NJ strain with imidacloprid for 30 generations. The NJ‐Imi strain exhibited 490‐fold resistance to imidacloprid, high levels of cross‐resistance to three other neonicotinoids, low levels of cross‐resistance to monosultap, cartap and spinosad, but no cross‐resistance to abamectin and cypermethrin. Imidacloprid resistance in the NJ‐Imi strain was autosomal and semi‐dominant. It is shown that enhanced detoxification mediated by cytochrome‐P450‐dependent monooxygenases contributes to imidacloprid resistance to some extent in the NJ‐Imi strain. Results from synergist bioassays and cross‐resistance patterns indicated that target‐site insensitivity may be involved in imidacloprid resistance in the NJ‐Imi strain of B. tabaci.CONCLUSION: Although oxidative detoxification mediated by P450 monooxygenases is involved in imidacloprid resistance in the NJ‐Imi strain of B‐type B. tabaci, target‐site modification as an additional resistance mechanism cannot be ruled out. Considering the high risk of cross‐resistance, neonicotinoids should be regarded as a single group when implementing an insecticide rotation scheme in B. tabaci control. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Biological control of Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae) in commercial mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation: a comparison between Hypoaspis miles and Steinernema feltiae
Authors: Jess Stephen , Schweizer Heinrich 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Mushroom cultivation may be adversely affected by insect pests, including sciarids (Lycoriella spp.), which were previously controlled by application of chemical pesticides. However, owing to food safety and environmental concerns, availability of pesticides for use during mushroom cultivation has diminished. Consequently, it is imperative to investigate alternative control strategies, not reliant on chemical pesticides, which may be used in an integrated pest management system.RESULTS: Application of the predatory mite Hypoaspis miles Berlese to commercial mushroom‐growing beds at the beginning of spawn run or just prior to casing (830 mites m−2) significantly reduced immature sciarids, Lycoriella ingenua (Dufour), in the growing substrate and also adult activity towards the conclusion of cropping. A trend towards lower sciarid emergence from substrates and reduced adult sciarid activity was observed following the application of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (1.5 × 106 nematodes m−2) at casing. No significant treatment effects on mushroom yield were observed. However, contamination of the mushroom crop by adult sciarids increased in untreated controls. Application of H. miles required a 12‐fold increase in labour when compared with application of S. feltiae.CONCLUSION: Contingent upon the development of an effective application system, H. miles has potential for the biological control of sciarids in commercial mushroom production. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Duncan's model for X̄‐control charts: sensitivity analysis to input parameters
Authors: Mortarino Cinzia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDuncan's model is a well‐known procedure to build a control chart with specific reference to the production process it has to be applied to. Although many papers report true applications proving the procedure's noteworthy economic advantages over control charts set purely on the basis of standard statistical criteria, this method is often perceived only as an academic exercise. Perhaps the greater barrier preventing its practical application stems from the difficulty in making cost items explicit. In this paper a sensitivity analysis is proposed for misspecification in the cost parameters for optimal solutions of Duncan's model. While similar contributions published in the literature perform sensitivity analyses with a one‐factor‐at‐a‐time scheme, the original contribution of this paper is represented by the focus given on interactions among changes in values of different cost parameters. The results obtained here denote that all factors significantly affect optimal solutions through quite complicated interactions. This should not, in our opinion, discourage the implementation of Duncan's model, pointing conversely to
its robust versions, already available in the current literature. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization‐seeking experimentations: Design of anRL‐circuit via the vs‐optimality criterion
Authors: Ginsburg Hilla , Ben‐Gal Irad 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn this paper we explore the Vs‐optimality criterion that was proposed in Ginsburg and Ben‐Gal (IIE Trans. 2006;38:445–461) as a new design‐of‐experiment (DOE) alphabetic optimality criterion. The Vs‐optimality criterion seeks to minimize the variance of the optimal solution of an empirically fitted model. We show that the Vs‐optimality citerion is well related to known alphabetic DOE criteria. However, it focuses on an 'optimization‐seeking' experimental approach rather than an 'information‐seeking' approach, which is often adopted by traditional optimality criteria. We illustrate the differences between these two approaches by a detailed example of a robust design of anRL‐circuit. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An automated georeferencing tool for watershed scale fluvial remote sensing
Authors: Carbonneau P. E. , Dugdale S. J. , Clough S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn recent years, remotely sensed image datasets with ground resolutions below 10 cm have seen widening applications in fluvial sciences with the development of methods for image based measurements of bathymetry, grain sizes and habitat types. However, given that these datasets typically contain hundreds or thousands of images, one of their key limitations is the need to georeference this large volume of imagery. Automated registration of remotely sensed imagery based on pattern matching algorithms has been the focus of much publication in other disciplines and there are now methods capable of automatically registering a newly sensed image to a pre‐existing reference image. Based on such strategies, this paper presents an automated georeferencing tool specifically designed for fluvial remote sensing which uses a simple and well established pattern matching algorithm. This new method allows for very large image databases to be automatically georeferenced without the recourse to ground control points from the field and thus requiring minimal labour. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of surface modification with nitric acid on the mechanical and tribological properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic polyimide composite
Authors: Li J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPolyacrylamideacrylate (PAN)‐based carbon fibers were submitted to nitric acid oxidation treatments to improve the interfacial adhesion of the carbon fiber (CF)‐reinforced polyimide (CF/PI) composite. The carbon fiber surfaces were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Nitric acid oxidation not only affects the oxygen concentration but also produces an appreciable change in the nature of the chemical functions, namely the conversion of hydroxy‐type oxygen into carboxyl functions. Nitric acid oxidation treatment modifies the element constituting the fiber, the nitrogen concentration being about 1.2 times higher at the fiber external surface compared to the untreated one. The mechanical and tribological properties of the polymide (PI) composites reinforced by the carbon fibers treated with nitric acid oxidation were investigated. Results showed that the tensile strength of the CF/PI composites improved remarkably due to nitric acid treatment along with enhancement in friction and wear performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated engineering skills for improving the system competence level
Authors: Riel Andreas , Tichkiewitch Serge , Messnarz Richard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIntegrated product development is increasingly a challenge of understanding and predicting the complete product lifecycle, and of treating the product as a whole in all phases of development. This article points out that this trend has significant implications on the competence profiles of engineers, which are nowadays insufficiently taken into account by education and training programs, as well as skill certification schemes. Building on the highly innovative and successful European‐wide professional training and certification scheme of the European Certificates and Qualification Association (ECQA), it suggests a basic skill profile that is characteristic for modern job roles in Integrated Engineering, and justifies the integration into the ECQA platform. It points out that this initiative marks a major step towards the improvement of engineers' system competence levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.