bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yellow dextrins: Evaluating changes in structure and colour during processing
Authors: Terpstra K. Ronald , Woortman Albert J. J. , Hopman Johan C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of a yellow dextrin is thoroughly characterized during different stages of its production process with a SEC system equipped with four detectors (light scattering, viscosity, UV and RI). With this system, also referred to as SEC‐4D, it was shown that the changes in characteristics are only in line with initial expectations up to 5 h after initiation of the reaction. After 5 h, changes in molar mass, intrinsic viscosity and colour point to the presence of significantly different structures. The combined results of the SEC‐4D measurements indicate the formation of aggregate like structures made of small starch fragments which are intensely coloured and physically linked. The obtained results also indicate that the aggregate like structures are probably still susceptible to repolymerization and transglycosylation. The newly derived parameter YI‐400 nm played an important role in defining a plausible cause for the observed changes in characteristics.
Structural steelwork for St&&num;345;&&num;237;&&num;382;kov underground station, Prague
Authors: Vácha Jaroslav 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new underground station at St&&num;345;&&num;237;&&num;382;kov in Prague has been designed and built as a special structure with a high level of aesthetics. The hall structure is 160 m long, 42 m wide and 20 m high. Two crossing hingeless main arches spanning 160 m are fixed to concrete pylons. The roof structure is suspended from the main arches using a system of prestressed rods and supported by columns around the roof. Most of the members are curved with variable cross‐sections (the majority of sections are welded boxes with a plate thickness of 10—35 mm except the columns, which are welded I‐sections). The geometry of all parts made design, fabrication and erection very difficult. The whole structure was built under the direct supervision of the architect. The underground station was opened to the public in May 2008.
Dubai International Airport expansion A self‐adjusting prestressed tension rod façade system with parametric design
Authors: Helbig Thorsten , Gabler Markus , Oppe Matthias 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDubai International Airport experienced an increase in passenger numbers from 4.3 million in 1990 to some 40 million in 2008, and this figure is expected to rise further. To meet the needs of this influx of travellers and airlines, the government of Dubai launched a major expansion of the airport in 2002, involving the construction of the new terminal 3 plus its concourses 2 and 3 — a total investment of US$ 4.1 billion.The envelope of the double‐curvature concourses, 950 m and 600 m long respectively, is intersected by 142 triangular façades, the “teardrop‐windows”. The prestressed tension rod system has been designed to adjust automatically to the different geometries of the individual façades with up to 475 m2 of surface area. Besides the filigree appearance, easy and reliable installation and pretensioning are the major advantages of the system. The structure of the teardrop‐windows consists of two orthogonally arranged tension rods with opposing curvature. The tension rod system is connected to a perimeter edge beam and is therefore self‐retaining, similar to the well‐known “tennis racket” system. Thus, no reaction forces caused by pretensioning are transferred into the primary steel construction.
Maritime Museum, Lingang New City, China
Authors: Goetze Nikolaus , Sobek Werner , Tarazi Frank , Brensing Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmong the many new towns in China, Lingang New City is probably the one with the most exceptional design history and urban layout. Inspired by a drop hitting the water’s surface and causing ripples, Meinhard von Gerkan’s (gmp) design for the entire town for 800 000 people 60 km south of Shanghai is being built entirely on reclaimed land. Water plays a pivotal role in every sense in the overall urban scheme. For example, the centre of the town is marked by a huge artificial lake covering 8 km2, thus creating the paradox of what one might call an “empty” centre. It therefore does not come as a surprise to learn that China’s first National Maritime Museum (Fig. 1) is one of the first buildings to be realized in Lingang New City, a town literally built on water.
Genome-wide gain-of-function screen identifies novel regulators of pluripotency
Authors: Abujarour Ramzey , Efe Jem , Ding Sheng 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are characterized by the capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into all the cell types of the body. To identify novel regulators of pluripotency, we screened cDNA libraries (&gt;30,000 clones) in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells for factors that modulate the expression of a luciferase reporter driven by the promoter of the pluripotency master regulator Nanog. Ninety confirmed hits activated the reporter and 14 confirmed hits inhibited the reporter by more than two-fold. The identified hits were evaluated by gain- and loss-of-functions approaches. The reporter-activating hits Timp2, Hig2, and Mki67ip promoted embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal when episomally overexpressed in ES cells, whereas the reporter-inhibiting hits PU.1/Spi1, Prkaca, and Jun induced differentiation of ES cells. Conversely, the knockdown of the activating hits Timp2, Mki67ip, Esrrg, and Dusp7 in ES cells induced differentiation, whereas the knockdown of the reporter-inhibiting hit PU.1/Spi1 led to inhibition of differentiation. One of the novel hits, the RNA-binding protein Mki67ip was further characterized, and found to be overexpressed in ES cells and in early development and downregulated during differentiation. The knockdown of Mki67ip led to the differentiation of ES cells, decreased growth rate, reduction in pluripotency markers, and induction of lineage-specific markers. In addition, colocalization and coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggest that Mki67ip promotes ES cell self-renewal via a mechanism involving nucleophosmin, a multifunctional nucleolar protein upregulated in stem cells and cancer.
Concise review: Nanoparticles and cellular carriers-allies in cancer imaging and cellular gene therapy?
Authors: Tang Catherine , Russell Pamela J. , Martiniello-Wilks Rosetta , J. Rasko John E. , Khatri Aparajita 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Ineffective treatment and poor patient management continue to plague the arena of clinical oncology. The crucial issues include inadequate treatment efficacy due to ineffective targeting of cancer deposits, systemic toxicities, suboptimal cancer detection and disease monitoring. This has led to the quest for clinically relevant, innovative multifaceted solutions such as development of targeted and traceable therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the intrinsic ability to “home” to growing tumors and are hypoimmunogenic. Therefore, these can be used as (a) “Trojan Horses” to deliver gene therapy directly into the tumors and (b) carriers of nanoparticles to allow cell tracking and simultaneous cancer detection. The camouflage of MSC carriers can potentially tackle the issues of safety, vector, and/or transgene immunogenicity as well as nanoparticle clearance and toxicity. The versatility of the nanotechnology platform could allow cellular tracking using single or multimodal imaging modalities. Toward that end, noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is fast becoming a clinical favorite, though there is scope for improvement in its accuracy and sensitivity. In that, use of superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (SPION) as MRI contrast enhancers may be the best option for tracking therapeutic MSC. The prospects and consequences of synergistic approaches using MSC carriers, gene therapy, and SPION in developing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics are discussed.
Gα Subunit Coordinates with Ephrin-B to Balance Self-Renewal and Differentiation in Neural Progenitor Cells
Authors: Murai Kiyohito , Qiu Runxiang , Zhang Heying , Wang Jun , Wu Chen , Neubig Richard R. , Lu Qiang 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Proper development of the mammalian brain requires that neural progenitor cells balance self-renewal and differentiation under precise temporal and spatial regulation, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we identify Gα subunit as a positive regulator of mammalian neurogenesis, working with the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)-mediated ephrin-B signaling pathway as two opposing forces to maintain a balance between self-renewal and differentiation in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. Multiple Gαi subunits are expressed by cortical neural progenitor cells during the course of cortical neurogenesis. Activation of Gαi signaling, through in utero electroporation-mediated expression of wild-type and constitutively active Gαi subunits, counteracts the function of ephrin-B in cortical neural progenitors to induce differentiation. Genetic knock-in of an RGS-insensitive G184SGαi2 causes early cell cycle exit and a reduction of cortical neural progenitor cells and leads to a defect in the production of late born cortical neurons, similar to what is observed in mutant mice with deficiency in ephrin-B reverse signaling pathway. This study reveals a role of Gα subunit in mammalian neurogenesis and uncovers a developmental mechanism, coordinated by the Gα and ephrin-B signaling pathways, for control of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in neural progenitor cells.
Krüppel-Like Transcription Factor 4 Contributes to Maintenance of Telomerase Activity in Stem Cells
Authors: Wong Chui-Wei , Hou Pei-Shan , Tseng Shun-Fu , Chien Chung-Liang , Wu Kou-Juey , Chen Hsin-Fu , Ho Hong-Nerng , Kyo Satoru , Teng Shu-Chun 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The zinc finger Krüppel-like transcription factor 4 (KLF4) has been implicated in cancer formation and stem cell regulation. However, the function of KLF4 in tumorigenesis and stem cell regulation are poorly understood due to limited knowledge of its targets in these cells. In this study, we have revealed a surprising link between KLF4 and regulation of telomerase that offers important insight into how KLF4 contributes to cancer formation and stem cell regulation. KLF4 sufficiently activated expression of the human telomerase catalytic subunit, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), in telomerase-low alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT), and fibroblast cells, while downregulation of KLF4 reduced its expression in cancerous and stem cells, which normally exhibits high expression. Furthermore, KLF4-dependent induction of hTERT was mediated by a KLF4 binding site in the proximal promoter region of hTERT. In human embryonic stem cells, expression of hTERT replaced KLF4 function to maintain their self-renewal. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that hTERT is one of the major targets of KLF4 in cancer and stem cells to maintain long-term proliferation potential.
Nasal‐bone length in euploid fetuses at 16–24 weeks' gestation by three‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Persico N. , Molina F. , Borenstein M. , Azumendi G. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo establish a normal range of nasal‐bone length at 16–24 weeks' gestation by the use of three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound and to investigate the effect of deviations from the exact mid‐sagittal plane on the measurement of nasal‐bone length.MethodsWe acquired 3D volumes of the fetal profile from 135 normal fetuses at 16–24 weeks' gestation. The multiplanar mode was used to obtain the exact mid‐sagittal plane and to produce parasagittal and oblique views of the fetal face. Nasal‐bone length was measured in each plane and the sonographic landmarks of each profile view were examined.ResultsNasal‐bone length increased with gestational age from a mean of 4.1 mm at 16 weeks to 7.1 mm at 24 weeks. There was a tendency to underestimate nasal‐bone length when the measurements were taken in parasagittal planes and to overestimate the measurements when they were taken in oblique views, compared to the exact mid‐sagittal plane. The mean difference in nasal‐bone length from the one in the mid‐sagittal plane was 0.42 and 0.63 mm for parasagittal measurements at 1 and 2 mm, respectively, from the midline, −0.08 and −0.51 mm for oblique measurements at 10° and 20° rotation along the z‐axis and −0.69 mm for rotation of 20° along the z‐axis and 10° along the y‐axis. The vomeral bone was the only sonographic landmark defining the exact mid‐sagittal plane of the face that was not visible in the parasagittal and oblique planes.ConclusionsParasagittal and oblique scanning planes may produce different degrees of under‐ or over‐estimation of nasal‐bone length compared to measurements systematically taken in the exact mid‐sagittal plane. Inclusion of the vomeral bone in the definition of the exact mid‐sagittal plane of the face could improve the reproducibility of measurements of nasal‐bone length. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid models of tumor growth
Authors: Rejniak Katarzyna A. , Anderson Alexander R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCancer is a complex, multiscale process in which genetic mutations occurring at a subcellular level manifest themselves as functional changes at the cellular and tissue scale. The multiscale nature of cancer requires mathematical modeling approaches that can handle multiple intracellular and extracellular factors acting on different time and space scales. Hybrid models provide a way to integrate both discrete and continuous variables that are used to represent individual cells and concentration or density fields, respectively. Each discrete cell can also be equipped with submodels that drive cell behavior in response to microenvironmental cues. Moreover, the individual cells can interact with one another to form and act as an integrated tissue. Hybrid models form part of a larger class of individual‐based models that can naturally connect with tumor cell biology and allow for the integration of multiple interacting variables both intrinsically and extrinsically and are therefore perfectly suited to a systems biology approach to tumor growth. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 115–125 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.102This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Dynamical Methods
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Effective Encapsulation of Europium(3+) by a Heptadentate Schiff‐Base Ligand
Authors: Dröse Peter , Blaurock Steffen , Hrib Cristian G. , Edelmann Frank T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe bright yellow Schiff‐base complex Eu(TRENDSAL) (1) (TRENDSAL = N[CH2CH2N=CH(2‐OH‐3,5‐tBu2C6H2)]3) was prepared in 71 % yield by treatment of EuCl3·6H2O simultaneously with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylicaldehyde and tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine in the presence of triethylamine. X‐ray crystal structure analyses of the solvates 1·DME (DME = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane) and 1·MeCN demonstrated the tight encapsulation of the Eu3+ ion, allowing not even the “slim” acetonitrile to enter the coordination sphere of europium.
Posterolateral Instability of the Elbow in an Adolescent Boy with a Lateral Epicondyle Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Capo John , Khamsi Babak , Nourbakhsh Ali 
Published: July 2010

Background Posterolateral rotatory instability of elbow is considered to be due to the disruption of the ulnar part of the lateral collateral ligament (LUCL). This instability pattern may also be induced by a fracture of components of the lateral column. Results We present the case of a 16-year-old boy who fell on his left outstretched arm as he attempted to jump over a tennis net. On initial physical examination, the elbow had instability found on varus stress and the radial head could be felt posteriorly. With attempted valgus and supination force combined with axial loading, the elbow gapped open and the patient had a sense of increased instability. X-rays showed a fracture of the lateral humeral epicondyle and posterolateral subluxation of the elbow. In the operating room, the patient was found to have reproducible posterolateral instability of the elbow. The lateral epicondyle was found to be fractured off the humerus with the LUCL still attached to the fragment. The elbow was reduced, and the injury was stabilized with small screws and suture anchors. At 6-month follow-up, the patient was pain-free, and physical examination revealed 170° of flexion, full extension, 90° of pronation, and 65° of supination. X-rays showed healing of the fracture with concentric reduction of the elbow joint. Conclusion In lateral epicondyle fractures, the affected elbow should be assessed for any signs of associated instability. If signs of clear instability are seen that would prohibit proper postinjury rehabilitation, then surgical reduction and fixation of the epicondyle with reinforcement of the LUCL is an effective method of treatment.
trans‐Fatty Acid Isomers in Adipose Tissue Have Divergent Associations with Adiposity in Humans
Authors: Smit Liesbeth A. , Willett Walter C. , Campos Hannia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between adipose tissuetrans‐fatty acid isomers and adiposity. This cross‐sectional study included 1,785 subjects from Costa Rica. Fatty acid concentrations (as a percentage of the total fatty acids) in subcutaneous adipose tissue were assessed by gas–liquid chromatography. Dietary intakes were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. Multivariate linear regression models were used to relate adipose tissuetrans‐fatty acid content to BMI, waist circumference, and skinfold thickness while adjusting for age, sex, and area of residence. To account for variations in lifestyle, we adjusted for smoking, physical activity, income, self‐reported history of diabetes and hypertension, and for adipose tissue alpha‐linolenic acid and energy intake in a third model. After adjustments, positive associations were found between 18:2t‐fatty acids (primarily from partially hydrogenated oils) and BMI, waist circumference, and skinfold thickness (Pfor each association <0.01). Rumenic acid was positively associated with skinfold thickness (P< 0.0001), but not with BMI or waist circumference (P> 0.05). Inverse associations were found between 16:1n‐7t‐fatty acids and skinfold thickness and between 18:1t‐fatty acids and BMI and waist circumference (P< 0.0001). This study suggests that individualtrans‐fatty acid isomers may have divergent effects on adiposity. 18:2t‐fatty acids show consistent positive associations with measures of adiposity. These isomer‐specific associations are an interesting new finding. Other prospective and intervention studies are necessary to examine these relationships further.
A new approach to modelling schistosomiasis transmission based on stratified worm burden
Authors: GURARIE D. , KING C. H. , WANG X. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYBackground/Objective.Multiple factors affect schistosomiasis transmission in distributed meta-population systems including age, behaviour, and environment. The traditional approach to modelling macroparasite transmission often exploits the ‘mean worm burden’ (MWB) formulation for human hosts. However, typical worm distribution in humans is overdispersed, and classic models either ignore this characteristic or makead hocassumptions about its pattern (e.g., by assuming a negative binomial distribution). Such oversimplifications can give wrong predictions for the impact of control interventions.Methods.We propose a new modelling approach to macro-parasite transmission by stratifying human populations according to worm burden, and replacing MWB dynamics with that of ‘population strata’. We developed proper calibration procedures for such multi-component systems, based on typical epidemiological and demographic field data, and implemented them using Wolfram Mathematica.Results.Model programming and calibration proved to be straightforward. Our calibrated system provided good agreement with the individual level field data from the Msambweni region of eastern Kenya.Conclusion.The Stratified Worm Burden (SWB) approach offers many advantages, in that it accounts naturally for overdispersion and accommodates other important factors and measures of human infection and demographics. Future work will apply this model and methodology to evaluate innovative control intervention strategies, including expanded drug treatment programmes proposed by the World Health Organization and its partners.
Tackling Neglect and Mental Health Reform in a Devolved System of Welfare Governance
Authors: COSTA-FONT JOAN , SALVADOR-CARULLA LUIS , CABASES JUAN M. , ALONSO JORDI , McDAID DAVID 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA system of devolved welfare governance, it is argued, increases participation in welfare services. However, limited empirical evidence has been reported on how it influences welfare reform. This paper draws upon evidence from the mental health system in Spain, where health care is devolved to the regional states (autonomous communities), to examine whether policy reform of neglected policy areas may be triggered through heightened policy awareness and better participation of interested stakeholders. We find that regional devolution has helped to scale up mental health in some of Spain's autonomous regions relative to support for other services. Evidence suggests that whilst fragmentation and certain historical legacies remain path dependent, regional devolution has indeed enhanced experimentation, reform and policy innovation in mental health care. However, the expansion of mental health care coverage has been constrained by the lack of a clear definition of public coverage, as well as the need to meet the demands of evidence-based policy in an era of cost-containment. Inequalities in access to mental health care remain; they are compounded by the stigma and discrimination experienced by people with mental health problems, which is a common challenge for all health systems in Europe.
The securitisation of avian influenza: international discourses and domestic politics in Asia
Authors: CURLEY MELISSA G. , HERINGTON JONATHAN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfectious disease outbreaks primarily affect communities of individuals with little reference to the political borders which contain them; yet, the state is still the primary provider of public health capacity. This duality has profound effects for the way disease is framed as a security issue, and how international organisations, such as the World Health Organization, assist affected countries. The article seeks to explore the role that domestic political relationships play in mediating the treatment of diseases as security issues. Drawing upon an analysis of the securitisation of avian influenza in Vietnam and Indonesia, the article discusses the effect that legitimacy, competing referents and audiences have on the external and internal policy reactions of states to infectious diseases, specifically in their interpretation of disease as a security threat. In doing so, we extend upon existing debates on the Copenhagen School's securitisation framework, particularly on the impact of domestic political structures on securitisation processes in non-Western, non-democratic and transitional states.