bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water Resource Development in the Quaternary Ryukyu Limestone Regions of Japan: Application of the GIS to the Site Selection of Underground Dams
Authors: JIANG Kaijun , FURUKAWA Hiroyasu , ONOYAMA Yuji , ESAKI Testuro , Xinzhu Edited By Liu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBased on the natural and social conditions as well as hydrogeological characteristics of the Ryukyu limestone, a major aquifer in the Ryukyu Islands, a conception of underground dam, was proposed in the early 1970s in order to develop ground water resources in the Quaternary Ryukyu limestone regions of Japan. The practice of nearly thirty years has shown that the underground dam is an environment‐friendly and effective way for developing ground water in these regions.To further improve the technology associated with underground dam, the authors introduced related analytic methods. The application of the geographical information system technology to site selection of the underground dam is reported in this paper.
Engineering Geology of Limestone in Malaysia
Authors: Boon‐Kong TAN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the engineering geology of limestone. Limestone is of rather wide occurrence in Malaysia. It is interesting in view of the unique landforms and karstic features that are encountered in limestone terrains, e.g. steep, subvertical limestone cliffs rising abruptly and majestically above the ground surface and highly variable and pinnacled subterranean limestone bedrock. The karstic features and associated engineering geological problems of both the limestone hills and the bedrock are discussed in the paper. Rockfalls, sinkholes, cavities, etc. are some of the common engineering geological problems associated with limestone terrains. Some local case studies are provided as illustrations. Finally the rock mechanical properties of limestone is discussed at the end of the paper.
Fluid Activity and Tectonic Evolution in the Northern Qilian High‐pressure Metamorphic Belt
Authors: Bin LIU , Kun SHEN 
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The Northern Qilian high‐pressure metamorphic belt has experienced multiple deformation‐metamorphism, which consists of at least four stages.In 550.8–526 Ma, eclogites were formed. High temperature and pressure caused the escape of a large quantity of gas‐liquid fluids from rocks while silicate melt was generated. In the late stage, small amounts of CO2 and H2O infiltrating along fractures were introduced.In the formation of glaucophane schist (447‐362 Ma), devolatilization reactions were dominated during the subduction‐uplift stage of the paleoplate.In the uplift‐exhumation stage (400‐380 Ma) the increase of internal space of fractures in the rocks favoured fluid infiltration and concentration. These fluids participated in hydration reactions in the retro‐metamorphism. The fluids participating in the mineral reactions have the compositions of CaCl2‐NaCl‐H2O.In subsequent thrusting (<380 Ma), the metamorphic terrain was uplifted to the shallower crust and ductile‐shearing deformation took place, which caused mainly dehydration reactions of minerals. In a near‐surface environment the metamorphic terrain experienced brittle deformation, forming many accompanying fractures. Immiscible CO2 and low‐salinity aqueous fluids occurred in these secondary microfractures and were trapped and sealed.The thermodynamic conditions of different deformation‐metamorphic stages of the metamorphic terrain were calculated and the corresponding P‐T‐t path was deduced, showing that the metamorphic terrain has experienced a clockwise path indicated by T‐ and P‐rising, and T‐ and P‐falling processes. This reveals that the subduction zone has undergone multiple tectono‐dynamic processes, i.e. initial deep burial, subsequent quick uplift and near‐surface tectonism.
Quaternary Lake Deposits of Nam Co, Tibet, with a Discussion of the Connection of Nam Co with Ring Co‐Jiuru Co
Authors: Dagang ZHU , Xitao ZHAO , Xiangang MENG , Zhonghai WU , Zhenhan WU , Xiangyang FENG , Zhaogang SHAO , Qisheng LIU , Meiling YANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractShorelines are widespread and lake deposits and lake geomorphology are well developed on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Through field observations of lacustrine deposits of Nam Co—the highest and largest Quaternary lake in Tibet, the authors found four‐step shore terraces composed of sands and clays with well‐developed horizontal bedding and 3–12 m, 15–22 m, 25–30 m and 35–45 m higher than the lake surface respectively, lacustrine deposits resting on the bedrocks and 60–150 m higher than the lake surface, and up to −50 levees composed of oblate lakeshore gravels. Moreover they found lacustrine and lakeshore deposits making up the terraces and levees on the bottoms of wide dividing valleys connecting Nam Co with the Rencoyuema, Rencogongma and Jiuru Co northwest of Nam Co (the valley bottoms are 20 m, 90 m and 60 m higher than the above‐mentioned three lakes) and on slopes north of it, i.e. terraces II and III of Nam Co. Thus they confirm that Nam Co and Ring Co‐Jiuru Co had connected with each other several times, i.e. formed a unified large lake several times, rather than had been different lakes connected only by river channels. From indications such as the distribution of the highest shoreline and lake deposits and geomorphology, the authors conclude that the total area of the old large lakes on the northern Tibetan Plateau is a few times larger than that of the modern lakes and that the last‐stage old large lakes formed in the interglacial interval of the last glaciation.
A Comprehensive Investigation of an Offshore Active Fault in the Western Sagami Bay, Central Japan
Authors: Shiguo WU , SAKAMOTO Izumi , Jiren XU , WONG How Kin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOffshore active faults, especially those in the deep sea, are very difficult to study because of the water and sedimentary cover. To characterize the nature and geometry of offshore active faults, a combination of methods must be employed. Generally, seismic profiling is used to map these faults, but often only fault‐related folds rather than fracture planes are imaged. Multi‐beam swath bathymetry provides information on the structure and growth history of a fault because movements of an active fault are reflected in the bottom morphology. Submersible and deep‐tow surveys allow direct observations of deformations on the seafloor (including fracture zones and microstructures). In the deep sea, linearly aligned cold seep communities provide indirect evidence for active faults and the spatial migration of their activities.The Western Sagami Bay fault (WSBF) in the western Sagami Bay off central Japan is an active fault that has been studied in detail using the above methods. The bottom morphology, fractured breccias directly observed and photographed, seismic profiles, as well as distribution and migration of cold seep communities provide evidence for the nature and geometry of the fault. Focal mechanism solutions of selected earthquakes in the western Sagami Bay during the period from 1900 to 1995 show that the maximum compression trends NW‐SE and the minimum stress axis strikes NE‐SW, a stress pattern indicating a left‐lateral strike‐slip fault.
Geotectonic Settings of Large and Superlarge Mineral Deposits on the Southwestern Margin of the North China Plate
Authors: Zhongli TANG , Yunlai BAI , Zhilin LI 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe geotectonic setting refers to the three‐dimensional space and related events based on which a metallogenic system is formed and an ore‐forming process takes place. This paper discusses the tectonic evolution of the southwestern margin of the North China paleocontinent and related geotectonic settings in which large or superlarge deposits are formed. Emphasis is put on the geodynamic conditions of the Jinchuan nickel‐copper deposit, the Baiyin copper‐polymetallic deposit and the Hanshan gold deposit. It is significant that the three deposits occur together as a “trinity” on the same paleocontinental margin. The Jinchuan nickel‐copper deposit was formed during the early stage of rifting of the paleocontinental margin; the Baiyin copper‐polymetallic deposit was formed during the splitting stage of a continental‐margin arc. The continental‐margin arc spitting resulted in an “island arc rift” in the early stage of evolution. The Hanshan gold deposit was formed within the Altun sinistral strike‐slip fault system and its provenance is the “intraoceanic arc” volcanic rocks.
Metallogenic Epoch and Ore‐forming Environment of the Lamasu Skarn‐porphyritic Cu‐Zn deposit, western Tianshan, Xinjiang, NW China
Authors: Zuoheng ZHANG , Zhiliang WANG , Longsheng WANG , Guochao ZUO 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGranitic rocks, widely developed in the Lamasu copper ore region, western Tianshan were formed at 390.5±7.7 Ma according to the SHRIMP zircon U‐Pb dating of the plagioclase granite porphyry. Based on the regional tectonic evolution and published chronological data of both diagenesis and mineralization, the Biezhentao‐ Kokirqin region was rolled into the orogen associated with the closure of Yili Ocean during early Devonian. The N‐S‐trending thrust faults were formed during this period and accompanied by the intrusion of granitic rocks. On this stage, the paleo‐Asian Ocean Plate entered into the early collision orogenic phase and the plagioclase granite porphyry intruded (390.5±7.7 Ma) and replaced with limestone of the Mesoproterozoic Kusongmuqieke Group, Jixianian System and formed the early phase of skarn‐type copper mineralization in the Lamasu region. Furthermore, the subduction‐melting of Bayingou Ocean Plate during Carboniferous generated a deep‐seated magmatic chamber in the Lamasu copper ore region which located in the northwestern part of the Paleozoic Biezhentao‐Kokirqin island arc. The magmatic chamber segregated Cu‐bearing magmas, which transported upward to the shallow earth crust along the faults or fractures and formed the Cu‐hosting porphyry. According to the research on the characteristics of the ore deposit and the ore‐forming environment as mentioned above, the Lamasu Cu‐Zn deposit was characterized by the superposing of mineralization at different geological settings and it was skarn‐porphyritic type.
Exhalative Lead‐Zinc Deposits in Shallow Sea, Southern Xicheng Belt, Gansu Province
Authors: Xinyou ZHU , Dongbo WANG , Zhiguo WEI , Xiaoping QIU , Ruiting WANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSEDEX‐type lead‐zinc deposits in the southern belt of the Xicheng Devonian basin, Gansu Province has been already identified. However, the sedimentary environment of the limestone and philite of the Xihanshui Group within which the lead‐zinc deposits occur is littoral and shallow sea. This is different from those in the northern belt such as the Changba‐Lijiagou lead‐zinc deposits, which were formed in deep sea. The reef and bioclastic limestone are widespread in the southern belt. Particularly they are associated with lead‐zinc ores and there are no striae and banding but massive or disseminated structures. It is discovered that the black chimney consists of sphalerite, ankerite, pyrite and galena, in which black, coarse and radial sphalerite occurs as irregularly veins or cylindricality with a width of 10–40 cm in the center, and it is surround by fine ankerite and minor celestite with ribbon structure. The immediate wall rock of the chimney, reef limestone, was unaltered and the outside reef and bioclastic limestone were intensively silicified. Those silicified reef and bioclastic limestone host disseminated lead‐zinc ores of the Luoba and Bijiashan type. It is concluded that the exhalative system occurred in a shallow sea in the Givetian of the middle Devonian. Brine is boiled due to low pressure, and a great deal of lead and zinc was dispersed in the interface between the limestone and phyllite and formed a source bed. In the Triassic period, meta‐hydrothermal fluids leached and extracted metals from the source bed, and then moved and mineralized in open space such as arches and inverse limbs of anticlines, and formed massive and vein ores such as the Jianyagou and Dengjiashan type deposits.
Experimental Study of the Distribution of Au and Cu in Aqueous Vapor Phase at High Temperatures and Its Role on Ore‐forming Transportation
Authors: Ronghua ZHANG , Shumin HU , Xuetong ZHANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on experiments of Au and Cu dissolved in vapor phase in hydrothermal fluids. Experiments prove that Au and Cu can re‐distribute in vapor phase and liquid phase during separation of Au‐ and Cu‐bearing supercritical fluids to vapor and liquid phases. These experimental results can illustrate some ore geneses, where boiling phenomena of ore fluids were found. Au‐ and Cu‐ bearing NaHCO3‐HCl solutions were heated up to more than 350°C in the main vessel, and then passed through a phase separator in a temperature range from 250°C to 300°C, separated into vapor and liquid phases. We collected and analyzed the liquid and vapor samples separately, and found that Au and Cu dissolved and distributed in vapor phase. In some cases, the concentrations of Au and Cu in vapor are higher than those in liquid phase. Those experiments are used to interpret field observations of fluid inclusion data of some Au and Cu deposits, and demonstrate that some Au and Cu ore deposits are derived from metals transportation in vapor phase.
Permafrost Characteristics of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Methods of Roadbed Construction of Railway
Authors: Fujun NIU , Jian XU , Zhanju LIN , Qingbai WU , Guodong CHENG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPermafrost along the Qinghai‐Tibet railway is featured by abundant ground ice and high ground temperature. Under the influence of climate warming and engineering activities, the permafrost is under degradation process. The main difficulty in railway roadbed construction is how to prevent thawing settlement caused by degradation of permafrost Therefore the proactively cooling methods based on controlling solar radiation, heat conductivity and heat convection were adopted instead of the traditional passive methods, which is simply increasing thermal resistance. The cooling methods used in the Qinghai‐Tibet railway construction include sunshine‐shielding roadbeds, crushed rock based roadbeds, roadbeds with rock revetments, duct‐ventilated roadbeds, thermosyphon installed roadbeds and land bridges. The field monitored data show that the cooling methods are effective in protecting the underlying permafrost, the permafrost table was uplifted under the embankments and therefore the roadbed stability was guaranteed.
Distribution of Palygorskite in the Lingtai Profile of Chinese Loess Plateau: Its Paleoclimatic Implications
Authors: Qiaoqin XIE , Tianhu CHEN , Jun CHEN , Junfeng JI , Huifang XU , Xiaochun XU 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPalygorskite is a typical indicator mineral of the arid and strong evaporation environment. Distribution of palygorskite in loess‐red clay sequences may act as an important indicator for reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate. In this paper, field emission scanning electron microscope and high‐resolution transmission electron microscope observations on the red clay‐loess‐paleosol of the Renjiapo profile at Lingtai, Gansu Province indicate that palygorskite occurs widely in red clay sequences formed before 3.6 Ma, but no occurrence has been found in eolian sediments since 3.2 Ma. Micromorphological features and microstructure of palygorskite show that it is an autogenic mineral formed during pedogenesis, and transformed from illite‐montmorillonite under the pore water action. In the Lingtai profile, the disappearance horizon of palygorskite is consistent with those of increasing magnetic susceptibility, dust flux and depositional rate. The distribution of palygorskite in the profile indicates that the interval of around 3.6 Ma was an important transformation period of the East Asian paleomonsoon, when changes took place in the East Asia paleoclimate pattern, i.e. a high‐frequency strong fluctuation alternative evolution of the environment. Therefore, palygorskite is a key indicator mineral of the East Asian paleomonsoon evolution of that time.
Removal of Arsenic(V) from Aqueous Solutions by Lanthanum‐loaded Zeolite
Authors: Hongping PU , Jiangbo HUANG , Zhe JIANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new adsorption process for the removal of As(V) ion from aqueous solutions is studied in this paper using lanthanum‐loaded zeolite. The removal efficiency of different adsorbents, activated alumina and activated carbon are obtained in the study for comparison. The results show that lanthanum‐loaded zeolite is an effective adsorbent for the removal of As(V) from aqueous solutions. Then, the pH effect and regeneration of modified zeolite on the As(V) removing efficiency are also assessed. It functions with a wide range of pH (2–8). After adsorption, zeolite adsorbed with As(V) ions can be regenerated successfully with 1M NaOH. Based on the data obtained, an adsorption mechanism and the possible complex structure are tentatively presented. Compare to other adsorbents, easy availability of this adsorbent, excellent adsorption capacity, wide optimum pH range, and regeneration are expected to be utilized in practical operations.
Three Practical Methods for Analyzing Slope Stability
Authors: Shiguang XU , Shitao ZHANG , Chuanbing ZHU , Ying YIN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSince the environmental capacity and the arable as well as the inhabitant lands have actually reached a full balance, the slopes are becoming the more and more important options for various engineering constructions. Because of the geological complexity of the slope, the design and the decision‐making of a slope‐based engineering is still not practical to rely solely on the theoretical analysis and numerical calculation, but mainly on the experience of the experts. Therefore, it has important practical significance to turn some successful experience into mathematic equations. Based upon the abundant typical slope engineering construction cases in Yunnan, Southwestern China, 3 methods for analyzing the slope stability have been developed in this paper. First of all, the corresponded analogous mathematic equation for analyzing slope stability has been established through case studies. Then, artificial neural network and multivariate regression analysis have also been set up when 7 main influencing factors are adopted.
Cucina Roma
Authors: CHINSAM NATALIE , SPRAAKMAN GARY 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFocusing on a client organization wanting to outsource its food services, this case provides the opportunity for students to analyze the issues from the perspectives of both the outsourcing company and the food service company (Cucina Roma). The client wants employees to increase their use of the café in order to improve employee morale, productivity, and work‐life balance. The Cucina Roma case requires students to use a budget to dynamically plan tactics that will encourage employees to use the company café. Students are tested for budgeting and planning, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The challenge for students is to convert the qualitative analysis into numbers.
Description of the first recorded major occurrence of equine viral arteritis in France
Authors: PRONOST S. , PITEL P. H. , MISZCZAK F. , LEGRAND L. , MARCILLAUD‐PITEL C. , HAMON M. , TAPPREST J. , BALASURIYA U. B. R. , FREYMUTH F. , FORTIER G. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: The vast majority of equine arteritis virus (EAV) infections are inapparent or relatively mild, but may occasionally cause outbreaks of equine viral arteritis. The event observed in France during the summer of 2007 was the most important seen in the country, with mortality and disruption of economic activity.Objectives: To describe the different stages seen during the outbreak and to show how molecular tools were used for both the detection and management of the crisis.Methods: EAV detection was performed by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in blood, nasal swabs, semen or organ samples. Characterisation of EAV strains was performed by sequencing the ORF5 fragment.Results: The outbreak affected 18 premises in 5 counties in western France, which represented the index, 8 primary and 9 secondary premises. Artificial insemination in draught horses was responsible for the virus spread. Eight mortality cases were observed, including one fetus, 5 young foals and 2 mature horses. Forty‐three individuals had positive results by real‐time RT‐PCR. The range of measured cycle threshold (Ct) values varied from 19.8 to 40.4 depending on the biological samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 33 isolated strains all clustered within the EU‐2 subgroup.Conclusions: The mortality rate attests to the virulence of the strain involved in this outbreak. Real‐time RT‐PCR was used for the first time in order to follow‐up an epidemic disease in horses.Potential relevance: The early detection of 3 signals with high Ct values attest the importance of taking low signals into account in field conditions.
Cytokine and catabolic enzyme expression in synovium, synovial fluid and articular cartilage of naturally osteoarthritic equine carpi
Authors: KAMM J. L. , NIXON A. J. , WITTE T. H. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Understanding the expression of catabolic and anabolic genes during osteoarthritis progression should help to identify the major mediators of the disease.Objective: To compare the cytokine and anabolic marker concentrations in synovium, synovial fluid and cartilage between normal and osteoarthritic joints.Methods: Carpi from horses age 2–11 years were used. Tissues were harvested at the time of surgery or euthanasia, and RNA was isolated for RT‐PCR analysis. Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin‐1beta (IL‐1β), aggrecanase 1 (ADAMTS‐4), aggrecanase 2 (ADAMTS‐5), matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13), interleukin 17 (IL‐17) and collagen type I alpha 1(Col‐1) expression were determined in synovium. TNFα, IL‐1β, ADAMTS‐4, ADAMTS‐5, MMP‐13, IL‐17, collagen type IIB (Col‐2B), and aggrecan expression were determined in cartilage. TNFα concentration in the synovial fluid was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: Expression of TNFα, ADAMTS‐5 and MMP‐13 was significantly increased in synovial tissue from OA joints. Synovial membrane IL‐1β abundance showed only moderate elevations in OA, without reaching significant levels. Cytokine expression was increased significantly in OA cartilage samples, particularly TNFα, IL‐1β, ADAMTS‐4 and MMP‐13; and collagen type I expression was significantly increased in synovial tissues from OA groups. Collagen type II message was diminished in mild and moderate stages of OA, but rebounded to significant elevations in severely degenerate joints. Conversely, aggrecan levels significantly declined in cartilage from all OA groups. Synovial fluid TNFα peptide concentration was significantly increased in severe OA cases.Conclusion: TNFα was increased in all degrees of equine OA, and was abundantly expressed in synovial membrane and cartilage. IL‐1β was overexpressed in OA cartilage, but not to a significant extent in synovium.Potential relevance: Control of TNFα should be considered further as a target in the treatment of OA. ADAMTS‐4 may be the primary aggrecanase causing cartilage breakdown in OA.