bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mountain research
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The newly incorporated International Mountain Society (IMS) will in May begin publication of an interdisciplinary scientific journal, Mountain Research and Development. The quarterly will be copublished with the United National University; additional support will come from UNESCO.A primary objective of IMS is to ‘help solve mountain land‐use problems by developing a foundation of scientific and technical knowledge on which to base management decisions,’ according to Jack D. Ives, president of the Boulder‐based organization. ‘The Society is strongly committed to the belief that a rational worldwide approach to mountain problems must involve a wide range of disciplines in the natural and human sciences, medicine, architecture, engineering, and technology.’
The petroleum exponential (again)
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The U.S. production and reserves of liquid and gaseous petroleum have declined since 1960, at least in the lower 48 states. This decline stems from decreased discovery rates, as predicted by M. King Hubbert in the mid‐1950's. Hubbert's once unpopular views were based on statistical analysis of the production history of the petroleum industry, and now, even with inclusion of the statistical perturbation caused by the Prudhoe Bay‐North Alaskan Slope discovery (the largest oil field ever found in the United States), it seems clear again that production is following the exponential curve to depletion of the resource—to the end of the ultimate yield of petroleum from wells in the United States.In a recent report, C. Hall and C. Cleveland of Cornell University show that large atypical discoveries, such as the Prudhoe Bay find, are but minor influences on what now appears to be the crucial intersection of two exponentials [Science, 211, 576–579, 1981]: the production‐per‐drilled‐foot curve of Hubbert, which crosses zero production no later than the year 2005; the other, a curve that plots the energy cost of drilling and extraction with time; that is, the cost‐time rate of how much oil is used to drill and extract oil from the ground. The intersection, if no other discoveries the size of the Prudhoe Bay field are made, could be as early as 1990, the end of the present decade. The inclusion of each Prudhoe‐Bay‐size find extends the year of intersection by only about 6 years. Beyond that point, more than one barrel of petroleum would be expended for each barrel extracted from the ground. The oil exploration‐extraction and refining industry is currently the second most energy‐intensive industry in the U.S., and the message seems clear. Either more efficient drilling and production techniques are discovered, or domestic production will cease well before the end of this century if the Hubbert analysis modified by Hall and Cleveland is correct.
Seismic reflection data available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

High‐resolution seismic reflection data are now available for the area offshore the southeast Georgia embayment associated with Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) lease sale 56.Approximately 6400 km of high‐resolution data were gathered from 286 tracts that covered 1,625,251 million acres in water depths from 14 m to 2025 m. These data were gathered to help evaluate the geological hazards related to oil and gas development in the area.
Science policy fellowships
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

To encourage scientists to contribute to public policy issues that involve the natural sciences, the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C., has established a Science Policy Fellowship program, slated to begin with the 1981–1982 academic year. The program will bring senior scientists to Washington for 1 year to work with the Brookings staff on science policy issues.Fellowships will be awarded annually to three scientists from among candidates nominated by an advisory committee, by departments of natural science at universities and private research institutions, and by the public sector. The new program is supported by a 3‐year grant from the Sloan Foundation.
North Carolina state revamps geosciences
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

North Carolina State University's Department of Marine Sciences and Engineering and the Department of Geosciences have been combined to form the Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, according to university chancellor Joab L. Thomas. The new department is headed by Jay Langfelder, former head of the marine sciences and engineering department.Langfelder said that the new department will be able to provide a stronger program for students. The marine science and engineering department has traditionally been graduate and research oriented, while undergraduate studies were emphasized in the other department, he said. ‘The combination should help both programs.’
Wetlands may clean geothermal water
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Development of geothermal resources may help to ease energy problems, but water quality problems could result from the disposal of spent geothermal brines. Research by EG&G Idaho shows that man‐made wetlands may provide a more economic disposal system than do conventional treatment and disposal methods.Most geothermal water contains high concentrations of dissolved solids and trace elements, including fluoride and boron, which can be harmful to water quality and organisms. Because of these high concentrations, only a limited number of methods can be used to dispose of used geothermal water. These include injection wells, evaporation ponds, and disposal into surface waterways.
NAS forms geological sciences board
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A new board to help guide geological research has been formed by the National Academy of Sciences' Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences. The 15‐member Geological Sciences Board probably will hold its first official meeting in April, according to board chairman William R. Dickinson of the University of Arizona.The board's formation was spurred by the lack of systematic and continuous attention given to geological sciences in the past and by the increasing contributions geology makes to society, explained Joseph W. Berg, Jr., executive secretary of NAS' Office of Earth Sciences. The board is expected to fill a gap in NAS activities where disciplines such as hydrology, paleontology, and geological engineering have not been represented, Dickinson added. These topics have been handled by ad hoc committees.
Reagan finalizes budget cuts
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

As expected, President Reagan's revisions to the budget request made in January by then‐President Carter slash R&D funds; most geophysics programs barely keep pace with inflation under the plan. Reagan had outlined proposed cuts in late February (Eos, March 3, p. 90) and on March 10 filled in the details and chopped an additional $13.8 billion from the total budget. Of the agencies and programs impacting geophysicists, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is probably the hardest hit, with a reduction of 24% from Carter's January proposals.Total budget under the Reagan plan is $695.3 billion, down from Carter's proposed $739.3 billion (Eos, February 10, p. 49). Congressional action could alter the budget, however.
Mt. St. Helens has little weather effect
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Despite the ash spewed into the atmosphere, Mount St. Helens had less effect on the weather than might have been anticipated. The ash from the eruption had no effect upon precipitation and had a lower nitrate content than particulates in air samples unaffected by the fallout, according to recent reports by NOAA.A team led by Rudolf Pueschel of the Air Resources Laboratories measured airborne particles and cloud droplets upwind and downwind of the volcano in April 1980. Downwind, the mass of particles in the air was thousands of times greater, but the ash appeared to have no effect on the amount of water in clouds or the size of water droplets.
Official earthquake council statement
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The following is the statement issued by the National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council on January 27 (see story above for details).At the request of the Government of Peru, the director of the U.S. Geological Survey has convened the National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council to review the prediction of a major earthquake in Peru. Specifically, the prediction by Drs. Brian Brady and William Spence states that a series of large earthquakes will begin at the end of June 1981, off the coast of Peru.
Venus cloud studies
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Observations of the pattern of atmospheric changes on Venus have been made on the basis of on 2 years of Pioneer orbiter data. The results indicate a long‐term period of change for both the planet's wind patterns and for the existence of a haze layer above the cloud tops, according to a recent NASA release. The Pioneer orbiter has taken about 1000 pictures of Venus clouds and extensive measurements of the particles comprising those clouds.Among the most noteworthy of the results is that Venus' planetwide wind patterns change dramatically over a period of several years. Two patterns have been discerned; a mid‐latitude jet stream pattern and a cloud and wind pattern that acts like a solid body. It was also observed that the high‐altitude haze layer, which completely envelopes Venus' clouds, appears and disappears over several‐year periods. This haze is a ‘smog layer’ extending above the main cloud region by about 30 km. This altitude on Earth would be well into our stratosphere.
Ocean objectives for the '80s
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Seven goals and objectives for services to ocean operations in the coming decade are outlined in a recent report by a task group of the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmospheres (NACOA). The group also identified the principal driving forces expected to influence ocean use.NACOA (Eos, February 24, p. 76) advises the President on ocean and atmospheric affairs. The Task Group on Services to Ocean Operations, chaired by Robert M. White at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, is one of six task forces established by NACOA to identify goals for ocean activities. The task group's recent report focuses solely on civilian programs.
Petroleum data available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

New geological and geophysical data associated with certain regions in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska (NPRA) are available to the public from the National Geophysical and Solar‐Terrestrial Data Center.These data were collected and processed by several companies under contract to the U.S. Geological Survey. Purpose of the data collection was to evaluate the petroleum potential of portions of the NPRA.
Extractive Metallurgy Program funded
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

In an effort to concentrate research on ore dressing and metal production, the National Science Foundation (NSF) formed a new basic research program as a part of its Chemical and Process Engineering Division. This program will be under the auspices of NSF's Engineering Directorate. Research is to be supported on every step of extractive metallurgy, from mining to processing to production, and even to reprocessing and disposal. Budgeting for the new program is expected to be on the order of $1.2 million for fiscal year 1981.A program of this nature was apparently considered seriously by the Carter administration as a joint Department of Interior‐private industry project of considerable size. Then‐Secretary of Interior Cecil Andrus evidently did not support the program, but there is wide agreement throughout the mineral industries and the university community that such research is badly needed for the U.S. to compete. A joint program could benefit by cutting across the many difficult regulations that now are blamed for slowing research in minerals processing in this country.
Dynamics Explorer twins
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Two spacecraft that will ride piggyback into orbit next July are currently undergoing vigorous prelaunch testing at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Called Dynamics Explorer (DE)‐A and ‐B, the twin satellites are scheduled to be stacked together and placed into coplanar polar orbits by a Delta 3913 launch vehicle from the Western Space and Missile Center, Lompoc, Calif., on July 31.Their mission will be to explore the boundary region between Earth and space that affects the atmosphere, auroral displays, radio transmissons, and perhaps climate and weather. Solar radiation and the solar wind have a dynamic impact on the near‐Earth environment, the results of which affect the state of the atmosphere, ionosphere, magnetosphere, and the more familiar phenomena—weather, auroral displays, and radio disturbances.
Aeromagnetic survey of Kansas
Authors: Yarger Harold L 
Published: October 2011

An aeromagnetic survey of Kansas, conducted by the Kansas Geological Survey during the past 5 years, has been completed. The total intensity magnetic field contour map, along with spectrally filtered versions, reveals largescale magnetic patterns, which we correlate with basement composition and paleotectonics.A second vertical derivative map clearly demonstrates that the southern part of the Proterozoic Central North American Rift System (CNARS) does not terminate in central Kansas but continues along a southwestern trend to at least the Oklahoma border. Some of the current seismicity within the state appears to be correlated with reactivated faults within the CNARS.Apparent in northeastern Kansas is the presence of numerous highly magnetic shallow granitic plutons, known from drilling to be approximately 1350 m.y. old, embedded within the older, 1600—1700‐m.y.‐old mesozonal granitic crust.The total intensity magnetic field map reveals a series of magnetic lows trending approximately east‐west across the state. These may correspond to a paleoplate boundary between the older granitic terrane to the north and the younger, 1400‐m.y. rhyolitic and epizonal granitic terrane to the south.
P78–1 satellite status
Authors: Landecker Peter 
Published: October 2011

The P78–1 satellite was launched on February 24, 1979, into a 580‐km sun‐synchronous polar orbit. This U.S. Air Force Space Test Program mission is currently operational and continues to collect important earth and solar‐related data.Gamma ray spectrometers supplied by Lockheed (Palo Alto) measure sources with excellent spatial (≈100 km), spectral (3.5 keV FWHM at 511 keV), and temporal resolution (32 ms). Characteristics of energetic particle fluxes in the vicinity of the satellite are also monitored by Lockheed. Cosmic γ ray bursts have been observed with fine energy resolution. Mappings have been made of several bremsstrahlung X ray events resulting from electron precipitation, events which varied strongly with time (flux changes by 1–2 orders of magnitude in 5–10 s) and which extended coherently over distances of several hundred kilometers. Energy spectra of precipitating electrons have been observed with peaks as narrow as 20 keV, suggesting wave‐particle interactions with waves of very narrow bandwidth (<1 kHz).
Volcano activity increases
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The Cascade volcanos in the Pacific Northwest may be entering a period of heightened activity, reports the U.S. Geological Survey. Seismic rumblings also have increased along the northern part of the San Andreas fault, indicating additional tectonic activity. In response to these stirrings, the USGS plans to expand its volcano monitoring, hazards mapping, and risk management.This expansion includes four new starts scheduled for this fiscal year, according to Roy A. Bailey, coordinator of the Volcano Hazards Program at the USGS National Center in Reston, Virginia. Monitoring equipment will be installed on Mount Ranier (Washington), Three Sisters (Oregon), Lassen Peak (California), and Mono‐Inyo (California). Seismographs, tiltmeters, and geodimeters will be installed to monitor changes in these volcanos that could signal an impending eruption. Most of these monitoring systems will be installed in July or August, Bailey said, and will remain in place for several years until a data base has been established.
OSCAR: The acid rain project
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Energy are jointly undertaking a project to evaluate the causes and effects of precipitation caused by coal smoke in the atmosphere. OSCAR (oxidation and scavenging characteristics of April rain' Chem. Eng. News, April 20, 1981, p. 26) is the acronym for a program to track acid rain from its origin to downwind locations. Several aircraft and several tens of precipitation samplers are located throughout North America to collect data.The study is concentrated in an area near Ft. Wayne, Ind., an area in a strategic position to receive emissions dissolved and otherwise incorporated in rain thought to originate from the coal‐burning plants in the Ohio river valley region.
Fulbright Award opportunities
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

More than a dozen opportunities are available to geophysicists in the 1982–1983 Fulbright Awards program for United States scholars to study abroad. The lecturing and research awards are listed in a new brochure published by the Council for International Exchange of Scholars. Geophysics‐related opportunities are also available in geography, engineering, and technology.The majority of grants are for the academic year in the host country. All are subject to availability of funds and changes in program priorities.
First space shuttle payload
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Preparations are being made at the Kennedy Space Center for installation of the first payload to be carried into space aboard the space shuttle Columbia during STS‐2, its second test flight, now scheduled for this fall.The payload is called OSTA‐1 for NASA's Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications, which is providing most of the seven experiments. It is designed to demonstrate the space shuttle's capability as an operational space platform for scientific and applications research. The experiments are concerned primarily with remote sensing of land resources, atmospheric phenomena and ocean conditions.
Scientists CCOPE with storms
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The sun gently noses its way above the horizon in southeastern Montana with the seeming promise of a carefree, sunny day. But that promise won't hold true for 200 scientists readying themselves for another frenetic day in the largest field research experiment on storms and thundershowers.Fieldwork for the 4‐month project dubbed CCOPE (Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment) began this week near Miles City, Mont. CCOPE's principal objective is to measure storm development in detail to learn precisely how rain and hail are produced, with the eventual harvest being timely warnings for severe storms and accurate precipitation predictions. This knowledge will aid in the planning of water supply strategies.
HEAO‐2 completes flight mission
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The second High‐Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO 2) has expended its control gas supply, completing its flight mission.The spacecraft was launched Nov. 13, 1978. It carried the world's largest focusing X ray telescope and an array of imaging and analyzing astronomy instruments. During its extra‐long lifetime, it performed thousands of studies of X‐ray‐emitting stars, supernova remnants, galaxies, and quasars.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Daniel P. Beard was appointed executive director of the Renewable Natural Resources Foundation, effective May 1. He succeeds Gordon Fredine, who has retired.Farouk El‐Baz, of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, was presented with the Arab Republic of Egypt ‘Order of Merit‐First Class’ by President Anwar Sadat. El‐Baz, cited for his contributions to space geology, advises Sadat on scientific matters. The presentation was made at the First Science Celebration Day in Cairo, on April 14.
Improved weather satellite
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The second of three improved geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) was launched May 14 for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched the satellite from the Kennedy Space Center, placing it in orbit at an altitude of 36,000 km (see figure).Ultimately, the spacecraft will replace an older and similar satellite that monitors the eastern half of the United States and Canada, all of Central and South America, and much of the Atlantic Ocean. The new satellite will watch hurricane development and movement in the Caribbean and provide data on the Gulf Stream and crop killing frost for mariners and Florida citrus growers, respectively.
An extraordinary SAR Arc Event
Authors: Slater Donald W. , Kleckner Edward W. 
Published: October 2011

For at least the first 12 hours of March 6, 1981 (UT), the nightside earth was encompassed by an extraordinary example of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc (see figure); one of the more intense of the last several years. Initial analysis of data received from several ground stations indicates 6300‐Å (O(′D)) emission intensity of 2 to 2.5 KR, which remained rather constant throughout a major portion of the local evening and morning sectors. Interestingly, the arc dimmed significantly prior to morning twilight, perhaps as a result of reduced energy input or the diurnal variation of thermospheric composition. Simultaneous measurements from various latitudes yielded estimates of altitude of maximum emission and location which are 400–500 km and L = 2.8, respectively.Of particular note in this event was the extremely pronounced separation from the more northerly auroral precipitation seen in the Figure, a separation in excess of 4 L‐shells.
Index to water data
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey recently published the seventh edition of the index to the information catalog on surface and ground water data. The data, collected at more than 100,000 sites across the country, are based on information provided by federal, state, and local agencies. The index also includes data for parts of Canada and Mexico.The catalog does not contain the actual data, but it does provide information on where and by whom data are being collected, the types of data acquired, and how to obtain the data.
NSF funding trends in EPS
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

National Science Foundation trends in funding for research in universities in the Earth and Planetary Sciences (EPS) during the 5‐year period 1975–1980 show gradual increases (see figure). The trend for ocean sciences has taken a mostly continuous increase that will continue if the Ocean Margin Drilling Program is supported in fiscal year 1983 as proposed. Support of the program has been in jeopardy in Congress during the past months, but right now the prospects for continued support of the project appear to be favorable.Astronomical sciences have what appears to be a levelling off in funding, but at a substantial base. Astronomy will be getting a boost in one sector—space telescope—during the present decade, with NASA funding.
Geophysics at sea: Rising fuel costs
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

In the past year or two the costs of fuel for research vessels have seriously affected geophysical and oceanographic studies at sea. Many vessels have not left the dock during that period, others have been used sparsely, and research programs have suffered.The National Science Foundation has considered new efficient vessels to replace the currently existing fleet. New propulsion systems are being considered, although for this decade, no large breakthroughs are expected in the efficiency of diesel engines.