bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Inversion Height and Surface Heat Flux on Downslope Windstorms
Authors: Smith Craig M. , Skyllingstad Eric D. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Simulations are presented focusing on the role of temperature inversions in controlling the formation and strength of downslope wind storms. Three mechanisms are examined depending on the relative height of the inversion with respect to the mountain and the stability of vertically propagating mountain waves. For low-level inversions, flows are generated that closely resemble a reduced gravity shallow water hydraulic response with a large vertical displacement of the inversion on the lee side of the mountain. For higher-level inversion cases, simulated flows more closely followed a stratified hydraulic behavior with the inversion acting as a rigid reflective lid. In the third mechanism, downslope winds were forced by a self-induced critical layer located below the inversion height. The presence of the inversion in this case had little effect on the resulting downslope winds.
Observations made on the Falkland Islands show that downslope windstorms may preferentially occur in early morning even without synoptic-scale changes in atmospheric structure. Most windstorms on the Falkland Islands generally have a short jet length; rare, longer jet length storms typically occur in conjunction with a strong low-level inversion. Idealized numerical experiments tend to produce a similar response depending on the presence of strong low-level inversion and surface cooling. Results suggest that surface heating can have significant control on the flow response by reducing the low-level inversion strength, or by changing the stratification and wind velocity below the inversion, thereby preventing a strong downslope windstorm.
The Relative Humidity in an Isentropic Advection–Condensation Model: Limited Poleward Influence and Properties of Subtropical Minima
Authors: O’Gorman Paul A. , Lamquin Nicolas , Schneider Tapio , Singh Martin S. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
An idealized model of advection and condensation of water vapor is considered as a representation of processes influencing the humidity distribution along isentropic surfaces in the free troposphere. Results are presented for how the mean relative humidity distribution varies in response to changes in the distribution of saturation specific humidity and in the amplitude of a tropical moisture source. Changes in the tropical moisture source are found to have little effect on the relative humidity poleward of the subtropical minima, suggesting a lack of poleward influence despite much greater water vapor concentrations at lower latitudes. The subtropical minima in relative humidity are found to be located just equatorward of the inflection points of the saturation specific humidity profile along the isentropic surface. The degree of mean subsaturation is found to vary with the magnitude of the meridional gradient of saturation specific humidity when other parameters are held fixed.
The atmospheric relevance of these results is investigated by comparison with the positions of the relative humidity minima in reanalysis data and by examining poleward influence of relative humidity in simulations with an idealized general circulation model. It is suggested that the limited poleward influence of relative humidity may constrain the propagation of errors in simulated humidity fields.
On the Patterns of Wind-Power Input to the Ocean Circulation
Authors: Roquet Fabien , Wunsch Carl , Madec Gurvan 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Pathways of wind-power input into the ocean general circulation are analyzed using Ekman theory. Direct rates of wind work can be calculated through the wind stress acting on the surface geostrophic flow. However, because that energy is transported laterally in the Ekman layer, the injection into the geostrophic interior is actually controlled by Ekman pumping, with a pattern determined by the wind curl rather than the wind itself. Regions of power injection into the geostrophic interior are thus generally shifted poleward compared to regions of direct wind-power input, most notably in the Southern Ocean, where on average energy enters the interior 10° south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current core. An interpretation of the wind-power input to the interior is proposed, expressed as a downward flux of pressure work. This energy flux is a measure of the work done by the Ekman pumping against the surface elevation pressure, helping to maintain the observed anomaly of sea surface height relative to the global-mean sea level.
On the Probability and Spatial Distribution of Ocean Surface Currents
Authors: Ashkenazy Yosef , Gildor Hezi 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Insights into the probability distribution of ocean currents are important for various applications such as the chance to encounter extreme events, which may affect, for example, marine construction, and for estimating the energy that can be extracted from the ocean. In addition, for devising better parameterizations for submesoscale mixing, which present climate models cannot resolve, one should understand the velocity distribution and its relation to the various forcing of surface ocean circulation. Here, the authors investigate the probability distribution of surface currents from the Gulf of Eilat/Aqaba measured by high-frequency radar. Their results show that the distribution of ocean current speeds can be approximated by a Weibull distribution. Moreover, the authors demonstrate the existence of spatial variations of the scale and shape parameters of the Weibull distribution over a relatively small region of only a few kilometers. They use a simple surface Ekman layer model to investigate this spatial variability. They find that, when forced by local winds, this model does not reproduce the observations. The addition of Gaussian noise to the zonal and meridional components of the bottom geostrophic currents has only a slight effect on the surface current distribution. However, noise added to the components of the local wind (mimicking wind gusts) has a much greater effect on the distribution of surface currents, suggesting that wind spatial and temporal variability underlay the observed spatial variability of the parameters of the Weibull distribution.
Multiscale Evaluation of Extreme Rainfall Event Predictions Using Severity Diagrams
Authors: Ceresetti Davide , Anquetin Sandrine , Molinié Gilles , Leblois Etienne , Creutin Jean-Dominique 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Observations and simulations of rainfall events are usually compared by analyzing (i) the total rainfall depth produced by the event and (ii) the location of the rainfall maximum. A different approach is proposed here that compares the mesoscale simulated rainfall fields with the ground rainfall observations within the multiscale framework of maximum intensity diagrams and severity diagrams. While the first simply displays the maximum rainfall intensity of an event at a number of scales, the second gives the frequency of occurrence of the maximum rainfall intensities as a function of the spatial and temporal aggregation scales, highlighting the space–time scales of the event severity. For use in a region featuring complex relief, severity diagrams have been generalized to incorporate the regional behavior of heavy rainfall events. To assess simulation outputs from a meteorological mesoscale model, three major storms that have occurred in the last decade over a mountainous Mediterranean region of southern France are analyzed. The severity diagrams detect the critical space–time scales of the rainfall events for comparison with those predicted by the simulation. This validation approach is adapted to evaluate the ability of the mesoscale model to predict various types of storms with different regional climatologies.
Development of UV absorbers for sun protective fabrics
Authors: Oda Hironori 
Published: July 2011

The textiles for protection against harmful UV radiation have become the focus of great interest in the present time. However, not all apparel is well-protected against UV light. Therefore, the application and improvement of UV absorbers for sun protective fabrics is being sought. In this study, various benzophenone UV absorbers containing benzotoriazolyl groups were prepared, and the Ultraviolet Protection Factors (UPF) and improving the light fastness of dyes was examined. A series of hydroxybenzophenones bearing a built-in benzotriazole moiety showed a very high UPF, and played a very important role in the improvement of light fastness of dyes. It was found that 2,2’,4,4’-tetrahydroxy-5,5’-dibenzotriazolylbenzophenonesulfonic acid or the methyl derivative shows very high UPF, and plays an important role in improving the light fastness of dyes. It was further demonstrated that the combined use of these UV absorbers and singlet oxygen quencher, NTS (Nickel p-toluenesulfonate), can be applied as effective stabilizers against the photofading of dyes.
Vestibular sensitivity in vestibular migraine: VEMPs and motion sickness susceptibility
Authors: Boldingh Marion Ingeborg , Ljøstad Unn , Mygland Åse , Monstad Per 
Published: July 2011

Background: Vestibular migraine (VM) has gained recognition as a distinct clinical entity in recent years. The pathophysiology is unclear. Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) is a validated method to test the vestibulocollic reflex and peripheral vestibular hypersensitivity to noise. The aim of our study was to evaluate the vestibular function and sensitivity in a series of VM patients in comparison to ordinary migraine (M) patient and healthy controls. Methods: Thirty-seven patients diagnosed with VM according to the Neuhauser criteria, 32 migraineurs, and 30 healthy persons underwent VEMP testing (response and sound intensity threshold) and a motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire. Results: We found absence of unilateral or bilateral VEMP response at 90  dB normal hearing level (nHL) in 44% of the VM patients, in 25% of the migraineurs, as compared to in 3% of the healthy controls ( p  =  0.001). The sound intensity threshold and latencies were similar in all the groups. Migraineurs (VM > M) reported more motion sickness than healthy controls ( p  =   0.006). Conclusion: The results indicate more pathology in the VEMP circuitry in migraineurs than in healthy controls. We did not find support for peripheral vestibular hypersensitivity in terms of lower VEMP threshold among VM patients, but they are more sensitive for motion triggers than other migraineurs.
A new type of headache, headache associated with airplane travel: Preliminary diagnostic criteria and possible mechanisms of aetiopathogenesis
Authors: Berilgen M Said , Müngen Bulent 
Published: July 2011

Background: In recent years, there has been an increase in the reports indicating a form of headache that occurs during commercial aircraft travel. This headache, called airplane headache by some authors, is believed to be a new type of headache. The headache has very specific characteristics and all of the cases exhibited very stereotypical symptoms. Methods: The headache starts suddenly during the ascent and/or descent of the commercial aircraft. It has a mean duration of 20 minutes, which is usually unilateral and commonly localized to periorbital region. The headache is described to be severe, and has a stabbing or jabbing nature, and generally subsides in a short time. In some cases, an organic cause can be identified whereas in others no organic pathology could be found. Results and conclusion: We described the clinical features of 22 cases who suffered from a headache that occurred during airplane travel. We examined other cases with similar features reported in the literature and proposed preliminary diagnostic criteria for this new form of headache. We also discussed the possible patholophysiological mechanisms that may cause this headache.
A probable cluster headache case from a textbook of 1726: Francisco Suárez de Rivera’s description
Authors: Palma J-A , Palma F 
Published: July 2011

Background: Few descriptions of cluster and cluster-like headache made before the 19th century have been reported. Case description: We present a previously unreported early description of a probable cluster headache case made by Francisco Suárez de Rivera (1686− c.1751), one of the main physicians of the Spanish Age of Enlightenment, writer of almost 40 textbooks about medicine, surgery, pharmacology, and therapeutics. Discussion: The depiction here reported of a woman with probable cluster headache is possibly one of the earliest known and, to our knowledge, the first in Hispanic literature. We also review other descriptions of cluster and cluster-like headache from the same time period.
Increased internal noise cannot account for motion coherence processing deficits in migraine
Authors: Webster Kathryn E , Edwin Dickinson J , Battista Josephine , McKendrick Allison M , Badcock David R 
Published: July 2011

Aim: This study aimed to revisit previous findings of superior processing of motion direction in migraineurs with a more stringent direction discrimination task and to investigate whether increased internal noise can account for motion processing deficits in migraineurs. Methods: Groups of 13 migraineurs (4 with aura, 9 without aura) and 15 headache-free controls completed three psychophysical tasks: one detecting coherence in a motion stimulus, one discriminating the spiral angle in a glass pattern and another discriminating the spiral angle in a global-motion task. Internal noise estimates were obtained for all tasks using an N-pass method. Results: Consistent with previous research, migraineurs had higher motion coherence thresholds than controls. However, there were no significant performance differences on the spiral global-motion and global-form tasks. There was no significant group difference in internal noise estimates associated with any of the tasks. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that variation in internal noise levels is not the mechanism driving motion coherence threshold differences in migraine. Rather, we argue that motion processing deficits may result from cortical changes leading to less efficient extraction of global-motion signals from noise.
Head tremor related to CACNA1A mutations
Authors: Geerlings Rianne PJ , Koehler Peter J , Haane Danielle YP , Stam Anine H , de Vries Boukje , Boon Elles MJ , Haan Joost 
Published: July 2011

Introduction: Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is characterized by the familial occurrence of migraine attacks with fully reversible transient hemiplegia. Mutations in three different genes have been identified; CACNA1A (FHM1), ATP1A2 (FHM2) and SCN1A (FHM3). Besides hemiplegia, several other symptoms have been described in FHM 1–3 mutation carriers, including epilepsy and cerebellar symptoms. Case report: We describe two patients in whom hemiplegic attacks were not the presenting symptom, but in whom an otherwise unexplained head tremor led us to search for FHM mutations. Both patients carried a mutation in the CACNA1A gene. Discussion: CACNA1A mutations can give significant symptoms other than (hemiplegic) migraine as reason for presentation.
Cycle-resolved measurements of in-cylinder constituents during diesel engine transients and insight into their impact on emissions
Authors: Hagena J R , Assanis D N , Filipi Z S 
Published: July 2011

Diesel engine transients, in particular the rapid increase of load from idle, lead to significant excursions of operating parameters from normal, steady-state operation. A typical transient event is initiated by a sudden increase of fuelling followed by a turbo lag period. The trajectories of key parameters, such as boost pressure, air/fuel ratio, and amount of residual in the cylinder, depend on the complex interplay between the control system behaviour, actuator response, and time scales of physical processes. The end result is a significant deviation of the combustion event and emission formation. For example, it has been shown that transient spikes of soot may be responsible for up to half of total particulate emissions during a city driving cycle. The present paper introduces an experimental technique to quantify cycle-resolved pre-combustion in-cylinder constituents during transient engine operation and uses measurements to generate insight into mechanisms that cause increased emissions during a diesel engine transient event. A 6.0-litre V-8 diesel engine is instrumented for fuel injector needle lift and injection pressure measurements, cylinder pressure, simultaneous fast measurements of CO2 concentrations in the exhaust and in the cylinder, and fast measurements of NO and particulate spectrum. Analytical techniques are introduced to process measurements and determine cycle-resolved mass of fuel, air, and stoichiometric combustion products, thus providing insight into reasons for significant variations of emission during the transient. The technique is utilized to study engine behaviour over an FTP-72 driving cycle.
Double-shock control bump design optimization using hybridized evolutionary algorithms
Authors: Lee D S , Gonzalez L F , Periaux J , Bugeda G 
Published: July 2011

This study investigates the application of two advanced optimization methods for solving active flow control (AFC) device shape design problem and compares their optimization efficiency in terms of computational cost and design quality. The first optimization method uses hierarchical asynchronous parallel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm and the second uses hybridized evolutionary algorithm with Nash-Game strategies (Hybrid-Game). Both optimization methods are based on a canonical evolution strategy and incorporate the concepts of parallel computing and asynchronous evaluation. One type of AFC device named shock control bump (SCB) is considered and applied to a natural laminar flow (NLF) aerofoil. The concept of SCB is used to decelerate supersonic flow on suction/pressure side of transonic aerofoil that leads to a delay of shock occurrence. Such active flow technique reduces total drag at transonic speeds which is of special interest to commercial aircraft. Numerical results show that the Hybrid-Game helps an EA to accelerate optimization process. From the practical point of view, applying a SCB on the suction and pressure sides significantly reduces transonic total drag and improves lift-to-drag ( L/ D) value when compared to the baseline design.
A repertoire-independent and cell-intrinsic defect in murine GVHD induction by effector memory T cells
Authors: Juchem Kathryn W. , Anderson Britt E. , Zhang Cuiling , McNiff Jennifer M. , Demetris Anthony J. , Farber Donna L. , Caton Andrew J. , Shlomchik Warren D. , Shlomchik Mark J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEffector memory T cells (TEM) do not cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), though why this is has not been elucidated. To compare the fates of alloreactive naive (TN) or memory (TM) T cells, we developed a model of GVHD in which donor T cells express a transgene-encoded TCR specific for an antigenic peptide that is ubiquitously expressed in the recipient. Small numbers of naive TCR transgenic (Tg) T cells induced a robust syndrome of GVHD in transplanted recipients. We then used an established method to convert TCR Tg cells to TM and tested these for GVHD induction. This allowed us to control for the potentially different frequencies of alloreactive T cells among TN and TM, and to track fates of alloreactive T cells after transplantation. TEM caused minimal, transient GVHD whereas central memory T cells (TCM) caused potent GVHD. Surprisingly, TEM were not inert: they, engrafted, homed to target tissues, and proliferated extensively, but they produced less IFN-γ and their expansion in target tissues was limited at later time points, and local proliferation was reduced. Thus, cell-intrinsic properties independent of repertoire explain the impairment of TEM, which can initiate but cannot sustain expansion and tissue damage.
β-thalassemia: a model for elucidating the dynamic regulation of ineffective erythropoiesis and iron metabolism
Authors: Ginzburg Yelena , Rivella Stefano 
Published: July 2011

Abstractβ-thalassemia is a disease characterized by anemia and is associated with ineffective erythropoiesis and iron dysregulation resulting in iron overload. The peptide hormone hepcidin regulates iron metabolism, and insufficient hepcidin synthesis is responsible for iron overload in minimally transfused patients with this disease. Understanding the crosstalk between erythropoiesis and iron metabolism is an area of active investigation in which patients with and models of β-thalassemia have provided significant insight. The dependence of erythropoiesis on iron presupposes that iron demand for hemoglobin synthesis is involved in the regulation of iron metabolism. Major advances have been made in understanding iron availability for erythropoiesis and its dysregulation in β-thalassemia. In this review, we describe the clinical characteristics and current therapeutic standard in β-thalassemia, explore the definition of ineffective erythropoiesis, and discuss its role in hepcidin regulation. In preclinical experiments using interventions such as transferrin, hepcidin agonists, and JAK2 inhibitors, we provide evidence of potential new treatment alternatives that elucidate mechanisms by which expanded or ineffective erythropoiesis may regulate iron supply, distribution, and utilization in diseases such as β-thalassemia.
A reliable ex vivo invasion assay of human reticulocytes by Plasmodium vivax
Authors: Russell Bruce , Suwanarusk Rossarin , Borlon Céline , Costa Fabio T. M. , Chu Cindy S. , Rijken Marcus J. , Sriprawat Kanlaya , Warter Lucile , Koh Esther G. L. , Malleret Benoit , Colin Yves , Bertrand Olivier , Adams John H. , D'Alessandro Umberto , Snounou Georges , Nosten Francois , Rénia Laurent 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCurrently, there are no reliable RBC invasion assays to guide the discovery of vaccines against Plasmodium vivax, the most prevalent malaria parasite in Asia and South America. Here we describe a protocol for an ex vivo P vivax invasion assay that can be easily deployed in laboratories located in endemic countries. The assay is based on mixing enriched cord blood reticulocytes with matured, trypsin-treated P vivax schizonts concentrated from clinical isolates. The reliability of this assay was demonstrated using a large panel of P vivax isolates freshly collected from patients in Thailand.