bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonwords and Generalization in Children With Phonological Disorders
Authors: Gierut Judith A. , Morrisette Michele L. , Ziemer Suzanne M. 
Published: May 2010

Purpose
To evaluate the effects of using nonword (NW) stimuli in treatment of children with phonological disorders relative to real words (RWs).

Methods
Production data from 60 children were examined retrospectively. Thirty of the participants were previously treated on sounds in error using NWs, and the other 30 had been treated using RWs. Generalization was the dependent variable, with measurement of accurate production of treated and untreated sounds immediately posttreatment and longitudinally following the withdrawal of treatment.

Results
Under both stimulus conditions, and at both sampling points in time, there was greater generalization to treated sounds compared with untreated. NWs, as opposed to RWs, induced greater, more rapid systemwide generalization as a function of treatment. Children exposed to NWs sustained those levels of performance even after treatment was withdrawn. Children exposed to RWs eventually reached comparable levels of phonological generalization, but not until 55 days after the cessation of treatment.

Conclusion
The findings support the ecological validity of NWs in phonological treatment. The differential results hint that NWs may benefit treatment efficacy and efficiency, but this remains to be determined through prospective study. Consideration is given to a potential theoretical account of the NW effects, with appeal to the literature on novel word learning.
Predictive Ability of Positive Clinical Culture Results and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, to Identify and Classify Noninvasive Staphylococcus aureus Infections: A Validation Study
Authors: Tracy LaRee A. , Furuno Jon P. , Harris Anthony D. , Singer Mary , Langenberg Patricia , Roghmann Mary-Claire 
Published: May 2010

Objective.To develop and validate an algorithm to identify and classify noninvasive infections due to Staphylococcus aureus by using positive clinical culture results and administrative data.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System.Methods.Data were collected retrospectively on all S. aureus clinical culture results from samples obtained from nonsterile body sites during October 1998 through September 2008 and associated administrative claims records. An algorithm was developed to identify noninvasive infections on the basis of a unique S. aureus-positive culture result from a nonsterile site sample with a matching International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9-CM), code for infection at time of sampling. Medical records of a subset of cases were reviewed to find the proportion of true noninvasive infections (cases that met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network [NHSN] definition of infection). Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for all infections and according to body site of infection.Results.We identified 4,621 unique S. aureus-positive culture results, of which 2,816 (60.9%) results met our algorithm definition of noninvasive S. aureus infection and 1,805 (39.1%) results lacked a matching ICD-9-CM code. Among 96 cases that met our algorithm criteria for noninvasive S. aureus infection, 76 also met the NHSN criteria (PPV, 79.2% [95% confidence interval, 70.0%–86.1%]). Among 98 cases that failed to meet the algorithm criteria, 80 did not meet the NHSN criteria (NPV, 81.6% [95% confidence interval, 72.8%–88.0%]). The PPV of all culture results was 55.4%. The algorithm was most predictive for skin and soft-tissue infections and bone and joint infections.Conclusion.When culture-based surveillance methods are used, the addition of administrative ICD-9-CM codes for infection can increase the PPV of true noninvasive S. aureus infection over the use of positive culture results alone.
Methods for Determining Relative Average Number of Channels per Maize Starch Granule and Digestion of Raw Granules of Mutant Maize Cultivars by Amyloglucosidase
Authors: Widya Yenny , Gunawan Ninik , BeMiller James N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSix methods were investigated for determining the relative average numbers of channels per granule in populations of starch granules. The first method involved digestion of raw starch granules with amyloglucosidase. There were differences in the rates of digestion of starch of the same mutation in two different inbred‐line backgrounds, but we concluded that a better method was needed. Three methods involved measuring either all channel proteins or one specific protein. Extraction of granules using 70% 2‐propanol containing 1% 2‐mercaptoethanol (ME) was successful in removing the majority of external surface proteins (<31 kDa). Further extraction of starch granules using 0.1% SDS containing 0.2% ME, pH 8, removed channel proteins without extracting matrix proteins. By measuring SDS‐PAGE band intensities of protein clusters at 31–97.4 kDa or a marker protein at ≈42 kDa, methods to quantify relative average degrees of channelization (RADC) in different maize backgrounds were developed. Using either method, Oh43 had the highest RADC and B73 had the lowest RADC among the inbred lines examined. Another method involves extraction of total proteins using 2% SDS containing 0.2% ME from granules with the majority of surface proteins removed. The extract is subjected to SDS‐PAGE and Western blotting, followed by location and quantification of the actin band using antibodies to maize pollen actin. These four methods give somewhat different results for six inbred lines of corn with a relatively narrow range of RADC. In an attempt to relate them to the actual number of observed pores (channel openings to the surface), granules were treated with α‐amylase to enlarge the pores, with and without prior treatment with a protease. We concluded that this treatment revealed something about the nature of the granules and the action of α‐amylase on them, but it was not an indication of the number of channels present. The outcome of this research provides evidence that the number of channels in corn starch granules varies with the genetic makeup of the parent plant. We concluded that measuring granule actin is the preferred method.
Comparing naturalized alien plants and recipient habitats across an east–west gradient in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Arianoutsou Margarita , Delipetrou Pinelopi , Celesti‐Grapow Laura , Basnou Corina , Bazos Ioannis , Kokkoris Yannis , Blasi Carlo , Vilà Montserrat 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim  To investigate alien plant species invasion levels in different habitats and alien species traits by comparing the naturalized flora in different areas of the same biogeographical region.Location  Spain, Italy, Greece and Cyprus.Methods  Comparison of floristic composition, species traits and recipient habitats of naturalized alien neophytes across an east–west gradient comprising four countries in the European Mediterranean basin.Results  A total of 782 naturalized neophytes were recorded; only 30 species were present in all four countries. Although floristic similarity is low, the four alien floras share the same patterns of growth form (mostly herbs), life cycle (mostly perennials) and life form (mostly therophytes, hemicryptophytes and phanerophytes). The majority of the recipient habitats were artificial. Wetlands were the natural habitats, with the highest numbers of naturalized species. Floristic similarity analyses revealed: (1) the highest floristic similarity between Italy and Spain, both of which were more similar to Greece than to Cyprus; (2) two groups of floristic similarity between habitat categories in each country (Greece–Cyprus and Italy–Spain); (3) a higher degree of homogenization in the plant assemblages in different habitats in Greece and Cyprus and a lower degree of homogenization in those in Italy and Spain; and (4) a higher degree of homogenization in artificial and natural fresh‐water habitats than in the other natural habitats.Main conclusions  The floristic similarity of naturalized neophytes between the four countries is low, although the overall analysis indicates that the western group (Italy–Spain) is separated from the eastern group (Greece–Cyprus). Similar patterns emerged regarding the life‐history traits and recipient habitats. The artificial habitats and the natural wet habitats are those that are invaded most and display the greatest homogenization in all four countries. Coastal habitats display a lower degree of homogenization but a high frequency of aliens. Dry shrubs and rocky habitats display a lower degree of homogenization and a low frequency of aliens.
Degree of Behavioral Neoteny Differentiates Canid Polymorphs
Authors: Coppinger R. , Glendinning J. , Torop E. , Matthay C. , Sutherland M. , Smith C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs with juvenile wolves or coyotes, adult livestock conducting dogs displayed the first‐half segment of a functional predatory system of motor patterns and did not express play or social bonding toward sheep; whereas, like wolf or coyote pups, adult livestock protecting dogs displayed sequences of mixed social, submissive, play and investigatory motor patterns and rarely expressed during ontogeny (even when fully adult) predatory behaviors. The most parsimonious explanation of our findings is that behavioral differences in the two types of livestock dogs are a case of selected differential retardation (neoteny) of ancestral motor pattern development.
Behavioural Responses to Crowding Modification and Home Intrusion in Acanthopleura gemmata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora)
Authors: Chelazzi Guido , Parpagnoli Daniele 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe intertidal chiton Acanthopleura gemmata (Blainville) is a central place forager which rests in a dug scar and moves at nocturnal low tide. The fraction of chitons abandoning the home during each potential foraging phase is reduced after experimental overcrowding. On the contrary, reduced crowding in the natural population increases number of active chitons. Feeding excursions after increasing or reducing crowding are shorter than in control chitons. Also the orientation of migration is scattered after manipulation. Animals sharing their home with a conspecific suppress migrations, but local overcrowding when body‐contact is lacking also reduces activity. Rest zonation in overcrowded areas shifts upward, and most imported chitons fail to home. Induced home co‐ownership is followed by overt aggressive patterns and by a “waiting war”. Conflicts are resolved according to size ratio between contestants.
Aspects of the Social Organisation of the European Wild Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Cowan David P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe social organisation of a free‐living population of wild rabbits was examined. Discrete breeding groups were recognised which consisted of individuals who shared access to underground refuges. Males attempted to maximise their access to females by a) occupying large home ranges; b) defending female access indirectly through territorial defence; c) defending female access directly within groups. Females defended nest site access within groups. Intergroup interactions between females were rare because of limited home range overlap. Interruption of female‐female aggression by males was observed suggesting that conflicts of interest arose between the sexes. Adult‐juvenile aggression was primarily intra‐sexual; females initiated more interactions than males who adopted a protective role in some cases.
The Behavioral Ecology of Libellula luctuosa (Burmeister) (Anisoptera: Libellulidae): I. Temporal Changes in the Population Density and the Effects on Male Territorial Behavior
Authors: Moore Allen J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA single population of a common pond dragonfly, Libellula luctuosa, was studied at a site where the density of males increased dramatically during the breeding season. Early in the summer one active male was found on each territory on the pond. Satellite males were only occasionally found on the territories. Later in the season the number of males per territory increased so that two or more males simultaneously defended on many of the territories, and several satellite males occupied each of the territories. The number and rate of female visitations per day did not change over the summer. These factors resulted in a change in the operational sex ratio with variations in male density. Male behavior was also altered with increasing population density. As male density increased, males were less likely to be seen perching on their territories and more likely to be seen performing aggressive acts such as chasing nearby territorial males and chasing intruders. At high male density, the duration of territorial behaviors was shorter than at low male density. Thus, the percent of a time budget spent in any one activity did not change despite the change in number of males present. Male activity in L. luctuosa is not strictly determined by the opportunity for aggression. Costs of aggression associated with territoriality are minimized by maintaining flexible territorial behaviors.
Social Status and Circulating Levels of Hormones in Flocks of House Sparrows, Passer domesticus
Authors: Hegner Robert E. , Wingfield John C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCaptive groups of house sparrows Passer domesticus formed stable social hierarchies during a two‐week test period. Higher‐ranking individuals were more aggressive during the first week of testing and had higher plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) at the end of that week. Higher‐ranking individuals continued to be more aggressive during the second week of testing, but concentrations of LH and T in blood no longer were related to social status. Higher‐ranking individuals also did not have higher levels of these hormones on the day the tournament began. Circulating titers of dihydrotestosterone and corticosterone were random with respect to social status. These results support the hypothesis that social rank and aggressiveness are related to circulating levels of T, but this relationship is expressed only when social status is being established or is actively ‘challenged’.
The Perception of Sex‐specificity in Long Calls of the Tamarin (Saguinus labiatus labiatus)
Authors: Masataka Nobuo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLong calls given by red‐chested moustached tamarins (Saguinus l. labiatus), typically 1–2 s in duration and made up of individual syllables, reveal distinctive sex‐specificity as well as population and individual differences in their acoustic structure. Distributions of male calls and female vocalizations are discrete with regard to two acoustic parameters, i.e. number of syllables and mean inter‐syllable intervals. Mean number of syllables produced in a given time is much greater in male than in female calls. I played back synthetic versions of the long calls varying in mean inter‐syllable intervals to captive tamarins and found that the sex differences were encoded in a relatively simple acoustic form. The tamarin is able to identify the sex of unfamiliar calling conspecifics by voice alone.
Slides of Group Members as Representations of the Real Animals (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Dasser Verena 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThree long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) apparently recognized the identity of group members presented by means of colour slides. After training on a minimum of examples, the subjects correctly identified in unique transfer trials novel views of the stimulus animals used in training. In first trials, one subject matched different face views, and face views with other body parts, of the same animal significantly more often than by chance when the animals were group members. Slides of group members can therefore be used as representations of monkeys individually known to the subjects.
Quantitative Analysis of Animal Vocal Phonology: an Application to Swamp Sparrow Song
Authors: Clark Christopher W. , Marler Peter , Beeman Kim 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSound spectrograms have been a traditional method for comparing animal vocalizations and demonstrating their similarities or differences, but quantification of the comparative process has been difficult. This lack of quantification has hindered progress in documenting the timing and degree of song development in song birds. With this in mind, computer‐based methods for sound comparison and sound averaging were developed. These methods utilize a numerical representation of a sound's frequency‐time structure to compute a similarity value between any two sounds and an average sound spectrogram for a set of sounds. These analytical techniques were applied to an analysis of song notes of the swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). The results demonstrate the usefulness of the methods and reveal new details in the description of the swamp sparrow's set of species‐universal note types and in the decrease of note variability during the course of developmental transitions from subsong, through plastic song to song crystallization.
Nestmate Recognition in Leptothoracine Ants: Testing Fielde's Progressive Odor Hypothesis
Authors: Stuart Robin J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFielde's progressive odor hypothesis postulates that certain hereditary nestmate recognition odors in adult ants change progressively with age such that workers will often not accept older siblings that differ from them in age by as little as 40–60 days unless they eclosed among siblings of that age class and learned their recognition cues. Fielde's hypothesis was based on extensive but unsystematic experimental studies which fail to provide unequivocal evidence for this phenomenon. The present study tested this hypothesis for three closely‐related ant species, Leptothorax ambiguus, L. curvispinosus, and L. longispinosus, by introducing workers between groups with known age structures and a minimum age difference of eight months. The results invalidate Fielde's hypothesis for these ants. However, progressive odors may yet be found in other species and may be associated with age polyethism.
Yawning: Relation to Sleeping and Stretching in Humans
Authors: Provine Robert R. , Hamernik Heidi B. , Curchack Barbara C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe temporal relations among yawning, sleeping, and stretching were investigated by having undergraduate college students record the occurrences of these behaviors during a one‐week period. Yawning was most frequent during the hour before sleeping and after waking. In contrast, stretching was common only during the hour after waking. Concurrent yawning and stretching were common but stretching was accompanied more often by yawning than vice‐versa. The temporal proximity of yawning to sleep and waking times is probably the basis for yawning as a paralinguistic signal for drowsiness. The role of contagious yawning in synchronizing the behavior and physiological state of a group is considered.
Foraging Rules for Group Feeders: Area Copying Depends upon Food Density in Shoaling Goldfish
Authors: Pitcher T. J. , House A. C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe decision rules governing forage area copying behaviour were investigated in shoaling fish. Shoaling goldfish were offered two equal food patches, one of which was adjacent to an equal‐sized shoal feeding behind a transparent barrier. When food was low, goldfish foraged according to an area copying rule, but under high and zero food area copying disappeared. Only under high food density did equal numbers of fish feed at both sites as predicted by foraging theory. Under zero food the fish were less certain about where to forage. Precise visual cues from feeding fish were required: non‐feeders did not attract area copiers. Furthermore, area copying was task‐dependent since it reappeared strongly if fish were not able to forage on patches like their fellows. Control experiments eliminated an increase in group size for anti‐predator advantage as an explanation. Two sequential decisions: to stay or move, and to join or leave may explain the results, which are not accommodated by simple optimality models. These decisions may be based on a comparison of current food intake with the anticipation of a higher reward by foraging socially.
Resource Defense and Alternative Mating Tactics in the Banksia Bee, Hylaeus alcyoneus (Erichson)
Authors: Alcock John , Houston Terry F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSome males of the Australian colletid bee Hylaeus alcyoneus defend single flowering spikes of various species of Banksia, selecting spikes in the maturational state most attractive to foraging females. Other males do not engage in food resource defense but instead nonaggressively patrol a circuit that takes them to many spikes, some occupied, others not held by territorial males. When territory owners are experimentally removed, replacement males quickly claim the vacated spikes. Some of these males have been patrolling previously, showing that patrolling and territoriality are alternative tactics in a conditional strategy. Territorial males are larger on average than patrolling males, replacement territory holders, and females. Male territoriality at flowers appears in several other Hylaeus, and in these and other bees, resource defense tactics are often associated with specialized foraging requirements of females and a patchily distributed resource.
Spacing in Colonial Spiders: Effects of Environment and Experience
Authors: Cangialosi Karen R. , Uetz George W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractColonial orb‐weaving spiders from Mexico (Metepeira spp.), show considerable geographic variation and temporal flexibility in group size and social spacing. A series of laboratory studies was conducted to test whether the variation observed in the field is the result of behavioral plasticity, or the result of genetic mechanisms inherent in different populations. Spiders from source populations in desert and moist tropical habitats were collected as eggs and raised in the laboratory under identical controlled conditions. To test for the effect of experience on conspecific tolerance, experiments were conducted rearing tropical and desert spiderlings in isolation and in communal groups. Measurements of spacing in laboratory colonies and observations of web building behavior show significant differences between populations, suggesting genetic differences between them. Desert spiders show an initial effect of isolation on tolerance of conspecifics — greater inter‐individual distance that is eventually modified by communal adult experience. Tropical spiders put together after isolation show spacing patterns opposite those observed for desert spiders, and nearest neighbor distances similar to those seen in the communally reared (tropical) groups. These findings support the hypothesis that these populations represent separate species that differ with respect to their level of sociality.
Effects of Carrion‐Independent Pheromone Emission by Male Burying Beetles (Silphidae: Necrophorus)
Authors: Müller J. K. , Eggert A. K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAll former publications on the reproductive biology of burying beetles (genus Necrophorus) state that in these species copulations take place on carcasses only, this being the only place for the sexes to meet. Our laboratory investigations have shown that males emit pheromones if no carrion is around. We now present data from a field investigation showing the effects of pheromone emission by males that have not secured a carcass. Such males are successful in attracting conspecific females. But conspecific males and individuals of other species are also attracted by the scent. Possible benefits for attracted individuals of different species and sex are discussed.Pheromone emission and attraction of conspecifics are restricted to a distinct species‐specific period of the day in at least two of the common species.