bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Links between viruses and prokaryotes throughout the water column along a North Atlantic latitudinal transect
Authors: De Corte Daniele , Sintes Eva , Yokokawa Taichi , Reinthaler Thomas , Herndl Gerhard J 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Viruses are an abundant, diverse and dynamic component of marine ecosystems and have a key role in the biogeochemical processes of the ocean by controlling prokaryotic and phytoplankton abundance and diversity. However, most of the studies on virus–prokaryote interactions in marine environments have been performed in nearshore waters. To assess potential variations in the relation between viruses and prokaryotes in different oceanographic provinces, we determined viral and prokaryotic abundance and production throughout the water column along a latitudinal transect in the North Atlantic. Depth-related trends in prokaryotic and viral abundance (both decreasing by one order of magnitude from epi- to abyssopelagic waters), and prokaryotic production (decreasing by three orders of magnitude) were observed along the latitudinal transect. The virus-to-prokaryote ratio (VPR) increased from ∼19 in epipelagic to ∼53 in the bathy- and abyssopelagic waters. Although the lytic viral production decreased significantly with depth, the lysogenic viral production did not vary with depth. In bathypelagic waters, pronounced differences in prokaryotic and viral abundance were found among different oceanic provinces with lower leucine incorporation rates and higher VPRs in the North Atlantic Gyre province than in the provinces further north and south. The percentage of lysogeny increased from subpolar regions toward the more oligotrophic lower latitudes. Based on the observed trends over this latitudinal transect, we conclude that the viral–host interactions significantly change among different oceanic provinces in response to changes in the biotic and abiotic variables.
Implicit and explicit alcohol cognitions and observed alcohol consumption: three studies in (semi)naturalistic drinking settings
Authors: Larsen Helle , Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Wiers Reinout W. , Granic Isabela , Spijkerman Renske 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAims  Dual‐process models imply that alcohol use is related to implicit as well as explicit cognitive processes. Few studies have tested whether both types of processes are related to ad libitum drinking. In a series of three studies, we tested whether both implicit and explicit alcohol‐related cognitions predicted the amount of alcohol consumed in an ad libitum (semi)naturalistic drinking situation.Design  Two experimental studies used trained confederates (same‐sex peers) who consumed either alcoholic or non‐alcoholic beverages, while observing participants' drinking behaviour in a 30‐minute session. The third study involved observations of participants' alcohol use during a 45‐minute session in which participants spent time with five to seven friends.Setting  A (semi)naturalistic drinking setting, a laboratory bar.Participants  Participants were undergraduates recruited at Radboud University (study 1: n = 115; study 2: n = 121; study 3: n = 200).Measurements  We used coding of drinking behaviour from observations, questionnaire data on positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use patterns and implicit association tests to assess alcohol associations.Findings  Implicit associations were not related to observed alcohol use, whereas explicit positive expectancies were related positively to observed alcohol use in study 1 and study 2.Conclusions  Among undergraduate students in (semi)naturalistic drinking settings with peers, implicit alcohol‐related cognitions do not predict the amount of alcohol consumed.
The ColRS system of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is required for virulence and growth in iron‐limiting conditions
Authors: SUBRAMONI SUJATHA , PANDEY ALOK , VISHNU PRIYA M. R. , PATEL HITENDRA KUMAR , SONTI RAMESH V. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice, produces siderophores only under iron‐limiting conditions. We screened 15 400 mTn5‐induced mutants of X. oryzae pv. oryzae and isolated 27 mutants that produced siderophores even under iron‐replete conditions. We found that the mTn5 insertions in 25 of these mutants were in or close to six genes. Mutants with insertions in five of these genes [colS, XOO1806 (a conserved hypothetical protein), acnB, prpR and prpB] exhibited a deficiency for growth on iron‐limiting medium and a decrease in virulence. Insertions in a sixth gene, XOO0007 (a conserved hypothetical protein), were found to affect the ability to grow on iron‐limiting medium, but did not affect the virulence. Targeted gene disruptants for colR (encoding the predicted cognate regulatory protein for ColS) also exhibited a deficiency for growth on iron‐limiting medium and a decrease in virulence. colR and colS mutants were defective in the elicitation of hypersensitive response symptoms on the nonhost tomato. In addition, colR and colS mutants induced a rice basal defence response, suggesting that they are compromised in the suppression of host innate immunity. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis demonstrated that a functional ColRS system is required for the optimal expression of several genes encoding components of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) of X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Our results demonstrate the role of several novel genes, including colR/colS, in the promotion of growth on iron‐limiting medium and the virulence of X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
Influence of urbanisation on the prevalence of protozoan parasites of bumblebees
Authors: GOULSON DAVE , WHITEHORN PENELOPE , FOWLEY MARC 
Published: January 2012

1. Increasing urbanisation is often cited as a cause of declining biodiversity, but for bumblebees there is evidence that urban populations of some species such as Bombus terrestris L. may be more dense than those found in agricultural landscapes, perhaps because gardens provide plentiful floral resources and nesting opportunities.2. Here we examine the influence of urbanisation on the prevalence of the main protozoan parasites of bumblebees in west central Scotland. We would expect transmission rates and prevalence of parasites to be higher in high density host populations, all else being equal.3. Workers of two bee species, B. terrestris and B. pascuorum, were sampled over a 45‐day period in mid to late summer, and parasites were detected in faeces and via dissection. A comparison of the two methods suggests that faecal sampling is considerably less sensitive than dissection, failing to detect infection in 27.8%, 55.1%, and 80% of cases of infection with the parasites Crithidia bombi, Nosema bombi, and Apicystis bombi, respectively.4. For all three parasites, broad patterns of prevalence were similar, with prevalence tending to increase with urbanisation in B. terrestris but not in B. pascuorum. The different patterns of seasonal prevalence in the two bee species suggest that intraspecific transmission is more important that interspecific transmission.5. Our observation of greater parasite prevalence among B. terrestris in urban compared with rural areas suggests that urban habitats may present greater opportunities for parasite transmission. Greater bee densities in urban areas may be the driving factor; however, further study is still needed. For example, differences in disease prevalence between habitats could be driven by differences in the types and abundance of flowers that are available, or in exposure to environmental stressors.
Nutritional counselling and oral nutritional supplements in head and neck cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Valentini V. , Marazzi F. , Bossola M. , Miccichè F. , Nardone L. , Balducci M. , Dinapoli N. , Bonomo P. , Autorino R. , Silipigni S. , Giuliani F. , Tamanti C. , Mele M. C. , Martorana G. E. 
Published: January 2012

How to cite this article: Valentini V., Marazzi F., Bossola M., Miccichè F., Nardone L., Balducci M., Dinapoli N., Bonomo P., Autorino R., Silipigni S., Giuliani F., Tamanti C., Mele M.C. & Martorana G.E. (2012) Nutritional counselling and oral nutritional supplements in head and neck cancer patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy. J Hum Nutr Diet. 25, 201–208AbstractBackground:  The role of nutritional counselling (NC) with or without oral nutritional supplements (ONS) in patients receiving chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for head and neck cancer (HNC) still remains to be clearly defined, particularly with regard to CRT‐related toxicity.Methods:  Patients undergoing CRT for HNC received NC by the dietitian within the first 4 days of radiotherapy and weekly for the course of radiotherapy (approximately 6 weeks). A weekly supply of oral nutrition supplements [1560 kJ (373 kcal) per 100 g] for up to 3 months was provided to all patients.Results:  Twenty‐one patients completed CRT. Mucositis G3 developed in seven (33.3%) patients, whereas mucositis G4 was absent. Dysphagia was present before the start of treatment in four patients. In the remaining 17 patients, dysphagia G3 developed during/at the end of treatment in five cases. The percentage of patients interrupting anti‐neoplastic treatment for was 28% for ≥6 days, 28% for 3–5 days and 44% for 0–2 days. Mucositis G3 frequency was lower in patients with a baseline body mass index (BMI, kg m−2) ≥25 (two out of 12; 16.6%) than in patients with BMI <25 (five out of nine; 55.5%) (P = 0.161) and in patients with a baseline mid arm circumference >30 cm than in those with a mid arm circumference in the range 28.1–30 cm and <28 cm, and higher in patients with a greater weight loss and a greater reduction of serum albumin and mid arm circumference.Conclusions:  Nutritional counselling and ONS are associated with relatively low CRT‐related toxicity and with mild deterioration of nutritional parameters.
Nematicidal activity of the leaf powder and extracts of Myrtus communis against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica
Authors: Oka Y. , Ben‐Daniel B. , Cohen Y. 
Published: January 2012

Nematicidal activity of the leaf powder, leaf extracts and formulated leaf extracts of Myrtus communis, an evergreen shrub that is widely distributed in Israel and other Mediterranean countries, was evaluated using the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in in vitro and pot experiments. Leaf powder added to sand at 0·1% (w/w) reduced the number of juveniles recovered from the sand by more than 50%. Reduction in galling index and number of nematode eggs on tomato roots was also observed by incorporating the leaf powder at 0·1–0·4% (w/w) in the soil in pot experiments. Leaf powder extracts with methanol or ethanol showed the highest nematicidal activity among all extracts tested. Emulsifiable concentrates of leaf‐paste extract at a concentration as low as 0·005% (a.i., w/w) reduced the number of juveniles recovered from treated sand and the gall index of cucumber seedlings. The extract paste at 26 g m−2 was also effective in reducing the gall index of tomato plants in field‐plot experiments. The leaf powder at 0·2% and the formulated leaf‐paste extract at 0·02% were also nematicidal to Tylenchulus semipenetrans and Ditylenchus dipsaci, but not to Pratylenchus penetrans or Steinernema feltiae. At least three nematicidal compounds were found in the leaf extract upon fractionation by thin‐layer chromatography. The results suggest that the leaf powder and paste extract of M. communis are potential nematicides against root‐knot nematodes.
Wound infiltration with local anesthetics for post‐operative pain relief in lumbar spine surgery: a systematic review
Authors: KJÆRGAARD M. , MØINICHE S. , OLSEN K. S. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundIn this systematic review, we evaluated double‐blind, randomized and controlled trials on the effect of wound infiltration with local anesthetics compared with the effect of placebo on post‐operative pain after lumbar spine surgery.MethodsMedline, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched for appropriate trials. Qualitative analysis of post‐operative effectiveness was evaluated by assessment of significant difference (P < 0.05) between study groups regarding pain relief using pain scores, supplemental analgesic consumption and time to first analgesic request as outcome measures. Data on adverse effects were extracted and evaluated.ResultsNine trials including 12 comparisons and 529 patients met the inclusion criteria. Ten comparisons presented data on pain scores. In only three of these 10 comparisons (30%), a reduction in pain score using local anesthetic infiltration was observed averaging between 8 and 40 mm on a 100 mm visual analog scale. In six out of 12 comparisons, the local anesthetic infiltration significantly reduced the supplemental opioid consumption after surgery. Observed reductions in analgesic consumption over the first 24 h averaged between 2.5 mg and approximately 15 mg of morphine. Data on opioid‐related adverse effects were incomplete and difficult to interpret.ConclusionInterpretation of the results was difficult because of diversity of the studies. However, clinical significance was in general questionable, with only a few trials showing a small or a modest reduction in pain intensity, which was observed mainly immediately after the operation. Similarly, although more frequently observed, only a minor and probably not clinically relevant reduction in opioid consumption was shown.
Porokeratosis in Singapore: An Asian perspective
Authors: Tan Lucinda Siyun , Chong Wei‐Sheng 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPorokeratosis is a rare disorder of skin keratinisation characterised by a cornoid lamella. We reviewed its associations with immunosuppression and phototherapy, as well as the risks of malignant progression. This is a retrospective review on all cases of porokeratosis seen at the National Skin Centre, Singapore, between 2000 and 2010. A total of 94 patients were reviewed. Clinical and histological diagnoses were confirmed in 63% patients. Most patients were Chinese (89%) with a mean age of 51.6 years. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. The four main clinical variants were classical porokeratosis of Mibelli (56%), disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) (18%), disseminated superficial porokeratosis (DSP) (11%), and linear porokeratosis (13%). Phototherapy‐induced porokeratosis, seen in three patients, is rare. Seven cases of porokeratosis occurred in patients who were immunosuppressed. Progression of porokeratosis to malignancy is uncommon and was observed in three patients. The most common treatments included cryotherapy (26.5%) as well as topical steroids or retinoids (38.1%). A good response, defined as clear or almost clear lesions, occurred in 16% patients. The most common presentation of porokeratosis in our review was a middle‐aged male patient with an asymptomatic lesion of porokeratosis of Mibelli over the extremities. No particular immunosuppressive drug was implicated. Porokeratosis associated with ultraviolet phototherapy or malignancy is rare. Progression of porokeratosis to malignancy arose in the disseminated variants, with a possible correlation with age. This is the largest institutional retrospective review of porokeratosis to date and highlights the major epidemiological characteristics of this condition.
Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity
Authors: Bellard Céline , Bertelsmeier Cleo , Leadley Paul , Thuiller Wilfried , Courchamp Franck 
Published: January 2012

Ecology Letters (2012) 15: 365–377AbstractMany studies in recent years have investigated the effects of climate change on the future of biodiversity. In this review, we first examine the different possible effects of climate change that can operate at individual, population, species, community, ecosystem and biome scales, notably showing that species can respond to climate change challenges by shifting their climatic niche along three non‐exclusive axes: time (e.g. phenology), space (e.g. range) and self (e.g. physiology). Then, we present the principal specificities and caveats of the most common approaches used to estimate future biodiversity at global and sub‐continental scales and we synthesise their results. Finally, we highlight several challenges for future research both in theoretical and applied realms. Overall, our review shows that current estimates are very variable, depending on the method, taxonomic group, biodiversity loss metrics, spatial scales and time periods considered. Yet, the majority of models indicate alarming consequences for biodiversity, with the worst‐case scenarios leading to extinction rates that would qualify as the sixth mass extinction in the history of the earth.
Anterior suspension combined with posterior reconstruction during robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy improves early return of urinary continence: a prospective randomized multicentre trial
Authors: Hurtes Xavier , Rouprêt Morgan , Vaessen Christophe , Pereira Helder , Faivre d'Arcier Benjamin , Cormier Luc , Bruyère Franck 
Published: January 2012

Study Type – Therapy (RCT)Level of Evidence 1bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Urinary incontinence is one of the major drawbacks of radical prostatectomy, regardless of the procedure used (i.e. open, laparoscopic or robotic‐assisted). Several technical modifications have been described to improve postoperative continence, highlighting the role of puboprostatic ligaments and posterior reconstruction of the rhabdomyosphincter. The results obtained are inconsistent when applied to robotic surgery.The present multicentre randomized study shows that anterior suspension combined with posterior reconstruction is a safe and easy‐to‐perform technique for improving early continence after robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.OBJECTIVE
To assess the impact on urinary continence of anterior retropubic suspension with posterior reconstruction during robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP).
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In total, 72 patients who were due to undergo prostatectomy between July 2009 and July 2010 were prospectively randomized into two groups: group A underwent a standard RALP procedure and group B had anterior suspension and posterior reconstruction during RALP.
The primary outcome measure was urinary continence, assessed using the University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index questionnaire at 15 days, and at 1, 3 and 6 months, after surgery. Other data recorded were operation duration, blood loss, length of hospital stay, duration of bladder catheterization, complications and positive margin rate.
RESULTS
The continence rates at 15 days, and at 1, 3 and 6 months, after surgery were 3.6%, 7.1%, 15.4% and 57.9%, respectively, in group A, and 5.9%, 26.5%, 45.2% and 65.4%, respectively, in group B. The continence rates differed statistically between groups at 1 and 3 months (P = 0.047 and P = 0.016, respectively).
There was no significant difference between groups regarding complications (P = 0.8) or positive margin rate (P = 0.46).
CONCLUSION
Anterior suspension associated with posterior reconstruction during RALP improved the early return of continence, without increasing complications.
Corticosteroid insensitivity is reversed by formoterol via phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase inhibition
Authors: Rossios C , To Y , Osoata G , Ito M , Barnes PJ , Ito K 
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) show a poor response to corticosteroids, which has been linked to oxidative stress. Here we show that the long‐acting β2‐agonist formoterol (FM) reversed corticosteroid insensitivity under oxidative stress via inhibition of phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K) signalling.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Responsiveness to corticosteroids dexamethasone (Dex), budesonide (Bud) and fluticasone propionate (FP) was determined, as IC50 values on TNF‐α‐induced interleukin 8 release, in U937 monocytic cell line treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with COPD or severe asthma.KEY RESULTS PBMCs from severe asthma and COPD were less sensitive to Dex compared with those from healthy subjects. Both FM (10−9 M) and salmeterol (SM, 10−8 M) reversed Dex insensitivity in severe asthma, but only FM restored Dex sensitivity in COPD. Although H2O2 exposure decreased steroid sensitivity in U937 cells, FM restored responsiveness to Bud and FP while the effects of SM were weaker. Additionally, FM, but not SM, partially inhibited H2O2‐induced PI3Kδ‐dependent (PKB) phosphorylation. H2O2 decreased SM‐induced cAMP production in U937 cells, but did not significantly affect the response to FM. The reduction of SM effects by H2O2 was reversed by pretreatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, or IC87114, a PI3Kδ inhibitor.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FM reversed oxidative stress‐induced corticosteroid insensitivity and decreased β2 adrenoceptor‐dependent cAMP production via inhibition of PI3Kδ signalling. FM will be more effective than SM, when combined with corticosteroids, for the treatment of respiratory diseases under conditions of high oxidative stress, such as in COPD.
Relationship between perceived time pressure during visits and burnout among home visiting nurses in Japan
Authors: NARUSE Takashi , TAGUCHI Atsuko , KUWAHARA Yuki , NAGATA Satoko , WATAI Izumi , MURASHIMA Sachiyo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim:  The rapidly rising number of older people has inevitably caused an increasing demand for home visiting nurses. Nursing managers must develop a healthy workplace to recruit and retain a workforce of nurses. This study focused on home visiting nurses’ perceptions of time pressure as a changeable work demand. The aim was to investigate perceptions of time pressure and reveal the relationship between perceived time pressure and burnout among home visiting nurses.Methods:  From 32 agencies in three districts, 28 home visiting nurses agreed to participate in this study. Two hundred and eight home visiting nurses received an anonymous self‐administered questionnaire by mail, and 177 (85.1%) filled out and returned the questionnaire to the researchers. The Job Demands‐Resources model for burnout, which explains the relationship between a work environment and employee well‐being, was used as a conceptual guide. Three survey instruments were employed: questions on sociodemographic variables and worksite environments, including time pressure; the Japanese burnout inventory; and a Japanese version of the job content questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships between time pressure and burnout inventory scores.Results:  About 30% of home visiting nurses perceived time pressure frequently. When home visiting nurses perceived time pressure more frequently, they experienced higher emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.Conclusion:  Time pressure was often perceived as another job demand and had a significant relationship with burnout. This indicates the importance of lessening time pressure to develop healthy work places for community health nurses.