bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OFTIPHODYTES GERRIPHAGUS(HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) INLIMNOPORUS DISSORTISEGGS (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE)
Authors: Sousa João M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInvestigations of preimaginal development inTiphodytes gerriphagusMarchal reveal two larval instars, based on counting exuviae and comparing mandible length during development withinLimnoporus dissortisDrake & Harris eggs.Tiphodytes gerriphaguseggs are stalked, as is typical of scelionids, and are 282.6 ± 3.48 μm (mean ±SE) long. The chorion ruptures at 8–9 h postoviposition and releases a nonfeeding embryo into the host. Feeding begins at 18–20 h postoviposition, after the embryonic cuticle is shed and a fully differentiated and active larva is released. The first larval stage is teleaform and lasted up to 5 days postoviposition, and its total length increased from 183.6 ± 3.35 to 517.0 ± 14.67 μm. The second larval stage is hymenopteriform and lasted from 5 to 13 days postoviposition, and grew from 920.2 ± 24.65 to 1352.4 ± 11.89 μm total length before pupating. The pupal period lasted about 11 days, with male pupae being shorter and thinner than female pupae. These findings differ from previous descriptions ofT. gerriphagus, and it is suspected that the first instar was mistakenly divided into two stadia. The sex ratio under laboratory conditions was female biased (22% males), and males were smaller but did not emerge significantly earlier than females.
FEEDING MENTHOL TO HONEYBEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE): ENTRY AND PERSISTENCE IN HAEMOLYMPH WITHOUT CAUSING MORTALITY
Authors: Kevan S.D. , Nasr M.E. , Kevan P.G. 
Published: November 2009

Tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), are important parasites of honeybees, Apis mellifera L. (Morse and Flottum 1997). They enter the prothoracic tracheae and feed through the walls on haemolymph. Currently, these mites are controlled by applying 50 g of menthol crystals in a perforated bag per hive when ambient temperatures are 15°C or more. Even then, it takes 2 weeks for the menthol to perfuse the hive (Herbert et al. 1988; Wilson et al. 1990). In cold climates, sublimation of menthol is too slow to be effective in controlling mites, especially in spring and fall when control is most needed (Scott-Dupree and Otis 1992).Because menthol fumes enter the bees' trachea and kill the mites therein, it may be possible to kill the mites with menthol that is delivered to them via the haemolymph. Therefore, finding if menthol could become systemic when ingested by bees and it could kill tracheal mites by that route, an ingestible menthol medicament for the bees would hold potential for mite control (Kevan and Kevan 1997).
CHEMICAL ACARICIDES IN APIS MELLIFERA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) COLONIES; DO THEY CAUSE NONLETHAL EFFECTS?
Authors: Westcott Lynn C. , Winston Mark L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractColonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, infested with the parasitic mites Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) or Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Acari: Varroidae) require acaricidal treatment to control infestations that could affect colony growth and honey production. We investigated the effects of three acaricides, fluvalinate (formulated as Apistan®), formic acid, and menthol, on honey bee colony population growth, foraging activity, adult worker longevity, and honey production. Effects of in-hive treatments of Apistan® and formic acid were measured by examining colony weight gain, brood survival, sealed-brood area, emerged-bee weight, number of returning foragers, pollen-load weight, and worker longevity. These characteristics were not different between fluvalinate-treated colonies, formic-acid-treated colonies, and control colonies. Adult bee population, brood survival, number of returning foragers, and honey production did not vary among menthol-treated colonies, formic-acid-treated colonies, and control colonies. Sealed-brood area was lower in formic-acid-treated colonies than control colonies, but not different from menthol-treated colonies. Although not statistically significant, formic-acid-treated colonies experienced lower honey production than both menthol-treated and control colonies. Numbers of workers attending the queen in the retinue and queen behaviour patterns were not different after colonies were treated with formic acid.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOLIAR CHEMISTRY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NORWAY SPRUCE (PINACEAE) TOPRISTIPHORA ABIETINA(HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Schafellner Christa , Berger Roland , Dermutz Arno , Führer Erwin , Mattanovich Jutta 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFollowing a 3-year period of high populations of the little spruce sawfly,Pristiphora abietinaChrist, a monophagous species infesting Norway spruce,Picea abiesKarst., we compared variations in foliar nutrients (nitrogen, water, soluble carbohydrates, starch) and potential defensive compounds (fiber, quinic and shikimic acids, tannins) of trees that had been subjected to high or very low levels of defoliation. During the time of needle expansion a substantial decline in leaf quality occurred: nitrogen, water, and carbohydrate levels decreased, whereas fiber and starch concentrations increased. Allelochemicals such as tannins and organic acids, however, peaked at bud break and then rapidly declined. More heavily attacked trees had higher nitrogen, water, and fiber contents but lower starch and organic acid concentrations than lightly attacked trees. The needle tannin content was significantly lower in heavily attacked trees throughout the period of larval feeding. Needle tannin levels and the nitrogen to tannin ratios seem to be the most probable traits to distinguish sawfly-resistant from sawfly-susceptible Norway spruce trees.
PARASITOIDS REARED FROM THE OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) INFESTING RASPBERRIES
Authors: Li S.Y. , Fitzpatrick S.M. , Troubridge J.T. , Sharkey M.J. , Barron J.R. , O’Hara J.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFourteen species of parasitoids (13 hymenopterans, 1 dipteran) were reared from larvae or pupae of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana(Harris), collected from commercial raspberry fields in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, over 3 years. Levels of parasitism ranged from 5 to 15%. Among these 14 species, five represent new host records. A polyembryonic wasp,Macrocentrus nigridorsisViereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was the most abundant parasitoid. External feeding on the final host instar is obligatory forM.nigridorsisto complete development. On average, each parasitized host larva produced about 36M.nigridorsis, in either unisexual or mixed-gender groups. Overall male to female sex ratio was 1:4. Head capsules of mature parasitized host larvae were significantly larger than those of unparasitized ones, suggesting thatC.rosaceanalarvae parasitized byM.nigridorsismight have an extra larval stage.
RESISTANCE OF TRANSGENIC POTATOES TO ATTACK BY EPITRIX CUCUMERIS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Stewart Jeff G. , Feldman Jennifer , LeBlanc Debby A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPotato plants (Solanum tuberosum, cv. Russet Burbank) genetically altered to produce the CryIIIA protein from Bacillus thuringiensis var tenebrionis were tested for susceptibility to attack by the potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris), on Prince Edward Island, Canada, from 1993 to 1996. Average weekly damage to the fourth terminal leaf of transgenic potato plants was 31% lower in 1993 and 20% lower in 1994 compared with nontransgenic plants. Transgenic plants had 29% fewer potato flea beetle adults when compared with nontransgenic plants in 1994, although no difference was detected between the two plant types in 1993. Recovery of potato flea beetle pupae in the soil was noticeably lower from transgenic plants expressing the CryIIIA protein in all parts of the plant (Construct No. RBBT02-10Y1) than from either the transgenic plants that expressed the CryIIIA protein primarily in the green foliage (Construct No. RBBT04-01) or the nontransgenic plants. Adult potato flea beetles, when given a choice between transgenic and nontransgenic leaf material, fed preferentially on nontransgenic material. In contrast, when adults were not given a choice, feeding damage was similar between treatments. These results suggest that the reason for reduced feeding on transgenic potato plants by the potato flea beetle is, at least in part, due to some toxicity of the plants to immature growth stages and a preference for adults to feed on nontransgenic material when it is available.
MONITORING FOR RESISTANCE TO ORGANOPHOSPHORUS, CARBAMATE, AND PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES IN THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Kanga L.H.B. , Pree D.J. , van Lier J.L. , Walker G.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDevelopment of resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), has caused great concern regarding the sustainability of peach production in Ontario, Canada. Thus, a resistance management program was implemented and a procedure was developed to monitor for resistance to insecticides in adult moths. Diagnostic concentrations needed to distinguish susceptible genotypes from resistant individuals were determined to be carbofuran (0.1 μg per vial), carbaryl (1.0 μg per vial), malathion (0.5 μg per vial), and cypermethrin (2.5 μg per vial). Significant survival of field-collected moths to diagnostic concentrations of cypermethrin suggested that resistance to pyrethroids might be widespread. The seasonal patterns of resistance of several Oriental fruit moth populations from the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario indicated a decrease in frequencies of resistance to all insecticides tested from 1996 through 1998. Resistance levels were unstable, thus suggesting that resistance could be successfully managed. Our data confirmed the usefulness of the vial test to monitor for resistance to insecticides in the adult Oriental fruit moth, and provided the basis for the development of a resistance management strategy designed to extend the efficacy of all classes of insecticides used for control.
PARASITOID COMPLEX OF ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND EVALUATION OF TYCHERUS OSCULATOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT
Authors: West R.J. , Kenis M. , Butt G.W. , Bennett S.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA survey of larval and pupal populations of the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura and Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), conducted from 1994 to 1996 in eastern Newfoundland, disclosed that the incidence of endemic parasitism by Hymenoptera was up to 50% for Tycherus osculator (Thünberg) (Ichneumonidae), up to 15% for Earinus zeirapherae (Walley), under 3% for Ascogaster (Wesmael 1835) sp. and Clinocentrus (Haliday 1833) sp. (Braconidae), and under 1% for Lamachus (Foerster 1868) sp. and Triclistus (Foerster 1868) sp. (Ichneumonidae). Tycherus osculator, E. zeirapherae, Ascogaster sp., and Clinocentrus sp. represent new distributional range extensions to Newfoundland, and to the nearctic region in the case of T. osculator. The biology of European populations of T. osculator was studied on a natural host, Zeiraphera diniana (Guenée). Only females overwintered and ovarian maturation did not occur until after several months of exposure to near-freezing temperatures. Tycherus osculator successfully parasitized prepupae and pupae of Z. diniana of all ages but, in the laboratory, appeared to prefer pupae. Host feeding by T. osculator was common but not necessary for ovarian maturation. Tycherus osculator imported from Europe attacked and successfully developed within the spruce bud moth host in laboratory screenings. Morphological comparisons indicated that T. osculator reared from Z. canadensis were smaller than those reared from Z. diniana. Tycherus osculator obtained from either Newfoundland or Europe may have potential as a biological control of Z. canadensis in mainland Canada, where it is presently absent.
STAGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL OF STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Fidgen L.L. , Sweeney J.D. , Quiring D.T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA 2-year field study was carried out to determine densities and stage-specific survival of eggs, second- and third-instar larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults of Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen in a black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (Pinaceae), seed orchard located in New Brunswick, Canada. Trends in stage-specific survival were similar for both years. Most individuals died during the second-instar stage, we suspect mostly because of failure to establish. The lowest stage survival occurred during the prepupal and pupal stages, due primarily to predation by ground-dwelling invertebrates.
DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) FROM CHILE
Authors: Pintureau Bernard , Gerding Marcos , Cisternas Ernesto 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSouth American Trichogrammatidae are poorly known. In this paper we describe a new species ofTrichogrammaand two new species ofUscanafrom Chile. TheTrichogrammaspecies belongs to theperkinsigroup and parasitizes the eggs ofRhyacionia buoliana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). OneUscanaspecies belongs to thesenexgroup (new name proposed for the B group) and parasitizes eggs ofPseudopachymerina spinipes(Coleoptera: Bruchidae), and the otherUscanaspecies belongs to thefumipennisgroup (new name proposed for the C group) and parasitizes eggs ofBruchus pisorum(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). These new species might be useful in biological control, especially againstR.buolianaandB.pisorum, important pests of pines and peas, respectively, in Chile.
ESTABLISHMENT OF ACERIA MALHERBAE (ACARI: ERIOPHYIDAE) AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR FIELD BINDWEED (CONVOLVULACEAE) IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Authors: McClay A.S. , Littlefield J.L. , Kashefi J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA European gall mite, Aceria malherbae Nuzzaci, was released and established in southern Alberta and Montana as a biological control agent for field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae). Populations of the mite survived for up to 4 years at some sites and caused slight to severe damage to the weed. The establishment of A. malherbae in these areas suggests that it could be established throughout the North American range of field bindweed.
OVIPOSITION TRAP TO SAMPLE EGGS OF OPEROPHTERA BRUCEATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) AND OTHER WINGLESS GEOMETRID SPECIES
Authors: Hébert Christian , St-Antoine Luc 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor the last 50 years, populations of the Bruce spanworm, Operophtera bruceata Hulst, and other wingless geometrid species have been sampled using sticky bands placed around host-tree trunks to catch wingless females in search of oviposition sites. This method is tedious and, because of trap saturation by males, may underestimate female populations at moderate to high levels. A standard oviposition trap was developed to sample eggs of the Bruce spanworm and other wingless geometrid species. A small polyurethane foam band placed on a post covered by a Multi-Pher® plate detected low populations and was almost unsaturable during outbreaks. Sub-sampling can be easily done in such situations. Egg density on oviposition traps was higher than female density on sticky bands for both the Bruce spanworm and the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harris. This suggests that the oviposition trap might be useful to sample other wingless geometrid species. Operating this system was easy and could involve woodlot owners and companies to reduce the traveling costs necessary to collect samples.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF TWO AGROECOSYSTEM PREDATORS,PTEROSTICHUS MELANARIUS(COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) ANDCOCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), TO HABITAT-COMPOSITION AND FRAGMENTATION-SCALE MANIPULATIONS
Authors: Banks John E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUsing alternating patches of weeds and crop [broccoli,Brassica oleracea(L.) (Brassicaceae)], vegetation composition and the spatial scale at which the vegetation was fragmented were manipulated in a factorial design field experiment. The effects of these manipulations were different for two common agroecosystem predators sampled. Sevenspotted lady beetles,Coccinella septempunctata(L.), were unaffected by vegetation-composition treatments but responded strongly to fragmentation-scale manipulations. The beetlePterostichus melanarius(Illiger) was unaffected by both fragmentation-scale and vegetation-composition manipulations. These findings highlight the challenge of developing a predictive theory of the effects of vegetation diversification on assemblages of predators in agroecosystems.
ATTACK BY BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FOLLOWING SPACING OF MATURE LODGEPOLE PINE (PINACEAE) STANDS
Authors: Safranyik L. , Shore T.L. , Linton D.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVariation in bark beetle attack following spacing of mature lodgepole pine stands in the East Kootenays of British Columbia was analyzed in relation to stand location (site), spacing treatment, and harvesting injury. Observations were made on three sites, each having three treatments: 4 × 4 m spacing, 5 × 5 m spacing, and untreated control. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of attacked trees among sites or treatments. However, in the spaced plots 94.3% of the attacked trees sustained harvesting injury or were located adjacent to skid trails. Dendroctonus valens LeConte was the dominant species attacking trees on the two drier sites, and Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins was the dominant species on the third site. There was no statistically significant variation in the percentage of attacked stumps among sites or spacing treatments. On average, 80.7% of the stumps were attacked; attacked stumps had larger diameters than unattacked stumps. Thirteen species of bark beetles were found attacking stumps. Hylurgops porosus LeConte was the most numerous species at all three sites. Based on the fit of the Michaelis–Menten equations to species accumulation curves, an estimated 76–90% of the number of species attacking stumps at the three sites were observed in bark samples. Margalef’s index of diversity for the two drier sites (Cranbrook = 1.15, Parson = 1.13) was nearly identical and higher than at the moist site (Elkford = 0.89). Pairs of sites had five to six species in common, and the Sorensen coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.52 to 0.71, indicating moderate similarity in species composition. The abundance versus species rank relationship was fitted by three models: the MacArthur broken stick model, the geometric series, and the Zeta distribution. The latter gave good fit to data from two sites, but none of the fitted models gave satisfactory fit to data from the third site, mainly because of the high abundance of the second ranked species (Orthotomicus caelatus Eichhoff). Our results indicated that stand characteristics affected species assemblages and abundances of bark beetle species that attacked stumps. Management practices that minimize injury to trees during the spacing operations are emphasized to reduce attack by bark beetles.
EVALUATION OF ICE-NUCLEATING MICROORGANISMS FOR REDUCING THE SUPERCOOLING CAPACITY AND COLD-HARDINESS OF CACOPSYLLA PYRICOLA (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
Authors: Lee Richard E. , Litzgus Jacqueline D. , Mugnano John A. , Lee Marcia R. , Horton David R. , Dunley John 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn laboratory studies, suspensions of killed and live ice-nucleating microorganisms were used to decrease the supercooling capacity of the winter form of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Dry, untreated adults supercooled extensively before they froze at −22.7 °C. Application of 1000 ppm of a preparation of the killed ice-nucleating bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall 1902 (Pseudomonadaceae), significantly decreased the adults’ supercooling capacity causing some individuals to freeze at temperatures as high as −3.9 °C. Topical application of several live microorganisms also reduced the supercooling capacity of adults significantly; Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan 1989) was the most effective, causing more than 80% of C. pyricola adults to freeze at −15 °C or higher. Furthermore, the temperature of crystallization of adults treated with P. putida remained significantly higher than controls for at least lid post-treatment. Application of ice-nucleating microorganisms also reduced the capacity of adults to survive short-term exposure to high subzero temperatures comparable to a mild frost. Realization of this approach for biological control of pear psylla will require the development of methods for the delivery of microorganisms to overwintering adults under field conditions.
SELF-SUPERPARASITISM IN THE SOLITARY PARASITOID MONOCTONUS PAULENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, APHIDIINAE): PROXIMATE MECHANISMS
Authors: Chau Amanda , Mackauer Manfred 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMonoctonus paulensis (Ashmead) was reared in the laboratory on the four nymphal instars of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). Females frequently laid clutches of two eggs during a single ovipositor probe; however, clutches of more than two eggs were rare. The time needed to capture and position an aphid for oviposition increased with aphid instar but was independent of the number of eggs laid. Oviposition time was proportional to egg number, which shows that eggs were laid one at a time rather than clumped together as a package. Intensity of parasitism (i.e., number of eggs per parasitized host) increased with host instar but declined with the number of hosts attacked in quick succession. Our results suggest that clutch size in M. paulensis is not accidental but controlled by the female.
DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND OVERWINTERING STAGE IN THE FIR CONEWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Trudel Richard , Bauce Éric , Guertin Claude , Cabana Jean 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA laboratory experiment was conducted to identify the overwintering stage of the fir coneworm,Dioryctria abietivorella(Grote), in eastern Canada and determine the influence of photoperiod on diapause induction. In another experiment, different developmental stages were exposed to field conditions to evaluate their capacity to survive the overwintering period. Insects were either placed in the duff or exposed to ambient (above ground) conditions to assess the importance of overwintering site on winter survival. Exposure of the fir coneworm to constant short-days or a daily decreasing photoperiod during larval development induced almost all insects to initiate diapause at the fifth instar. Third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae survived the overwintering period when placed in the duff. Because the fir coneworm must leave its host tree and drop to the ground to avoid rigorous winter conditions, we concluded that only fifth-instar larvae could resume development in spring using such a strategy.