bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Animal-Related Motorcycle Collisions in North Dakota
Authors: Bramati Patricia S. , Heinert Lynn F. , Narloch Lindsey B. , Hostetter Jeff , Finkielman Javier D. 
Published: January 2012

Objective To study the epidemiology and mortality of animal-motorcycle collisions. Methods A retrospective study of all motorcycle collisions recorded in the North Dakota Department of Transportation Crash Reporting System from January 2007 to December 2009 was conducted. Mortality was designated as the main outcome measure. Results Seven hundred sixty-six collisions involving 798 motorcycles were included in this study; 48 of these collisions were with animals (6.3% of all motorcycle collisions). Deer were the most common animal involved (81%). Most animal-motorcycle collisions took place during nighttime with clear weather and on straight rural roads. Drivers were older in animal collisions compared with nonanimal collisions (median of 44 vs 30 years old, respectively, P < .0001). Most drivers were males, whereas most passengers were females. Helmets were worn by only 32% of drivers and 12% of passengers. There were 4 (8%; 95% CI, 3%–20%) fatal animal collisions; 9% of the collisions with large animals were fatal compared with 3% of nonanimal collisions ( P = .0411). Conclusions Animal-motorcycle collisions are a small subgroup of all motorcycle collisions, but with a high mortality rate. Efforts should be made to increase helmet usage, mitigate these collisions, and increase awareness of this problem among motorcycle riders.
Wildlife and oil in the Antarctic: a recipe for cold disaster
Authors: Ruoppolo Valeria , Woehler Eric J. , Morgan Kerri , Clumpner Curtiss J. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe increasing rate of incidents involving vessels in the Southern Ocean (including vessels sinking) has highlighted the potential for substantial fuel spills into the Antarctic environment. An increasing number of tourist and fishing vessels, often without ice strengthened hulls, are penetrating farther into, and staying longer in, Antarctic waters, with a focus for destinations of wildlife concentrations. Based on a survey of national operators in the Antarctic, there is little preparation for an oil spill event that involves Antarctic wildlife. This is a recipe for a catastrophic spill event, with the potential for high numbers of oiled wildlife in a remote part of the world where there are major logistical constraints on the provision of equipment and skilled response personnel. Here we chronicle shipping incidents that have led to oil spills in the Southern Ocean, the current legislation and contingency plans currently in place by national Antarctic operators, and examine their preparedness and expertise for an oiled wildlife event response. It is clear that national, fishing and tourism operators are manifestly unprepared for an oiled wildlife event in the Southern Ocean. We identify five critical constraints to any response and provide recommendations that address these constraints.
Medical comforts during the heroic age of Antarctic exploration
Authors: Guly H. R. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn the literature of the exploration of the Antarctic in the early 20th century, there are many references to ‘medical comforts’. While ‘medical comforts’ was sometimes used as a euphemism for alcoholic beverages, the term, which originated in the army, covered all foods and drinks used for the treatment and prevention of illness and during convalescence. This article describes the use of medical comforts during the Antarctic expeditions of the so called ‘heroic age’. Apart from alcohol, medical comforts included beef extracts, milk extracts and arrowroot. These products were extensively advertised to the medical and nursing professions and to the general public and the Antarctic connection was sometimes used in the advertising. The products were largely devoid of vitamins and their use may have contributed to some of the disease that occurred on these expeditions.
Childhood maltreatment is associated with increased body mass index and increased C-reactive protein levels in first-episode psychosis patients
Authors: Hepgul N. , Pariante C. M. , Dipasquale S. , DiForti M. , Taylor H. , Marques T. R. , Morgan C. , Dazzan P. , Murray R. M. , Mondelli V. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundThe high incidence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with psychosis is mainly attributed to antipsychotic treatment. However, it is also possible that psychological stress plays a role, inducing a chronic inflammatory process that may predispose to the development of metabolic abnormalities. We investigated the association between childhood maltreatment and inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in subjects with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls.MethodBody mass index (BMI), weight and waist circumference were measured in 95 first-episode psychosis patients and 97 healthy controls. Inflammatory and metabolic markers were measured in a subsample of 28 patients and 45 controls. In all the subjects we collected information on childhood maltreatment and recent stressors.ResultsPatients with childhood maltreatment had higher BMI [25.0 (s.e.=0.6) kg/m2] and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels [1.1 (s.e.=0.6) mg/dl] when compared with healthy controls [23.4 (s.e.=0.4) kg/m2,p=0.030 and 0.2 (s.e.=0.1) mg/dl,p=0.009, respectively]. In contrast, patients without childhood maltreatment were not significantly different from healthy controls for either BMI [24.7 (s.e.=0.6) kg/m2,p=0.07] or CRP levels [0.5 (s.e.=0.2) mg/dl,p=0.25]. After controlling for the effect of BMI, the difference in CRP levels across the three groups remained significant (F2,58=3.6,p=0.035), suggesting that the increase in inflammation was not driven by an increase in adipose tissue.ConclusionsChildhood maltreatment is associated with higher BMI, and increased CRP levels, in patients with a first-episode psychosis. Further studies need to confirm the mechanisms underlying the putative causal relationship between childhood maltreatment and higher BMI, and whether this is indeed mediated by increased inflammation.
Modernist Habit
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChapter One traces philosophical treatments of habit from Aristotle and Burke through Walter Pater and Viktor Shklovsky. It examines pragmatism’s distinctively modern contributions to this genealogy and offers extended readings of the role of habit in Dewey and William James. The chapter argues that pragmatic modernism shares with the historical avant-garde a focus on the relation between habit and shock, and that-despite meaningful differences in tone and emphasis-both consider the consequences of this relation for social change. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the surprising affinities between representations of habit in André Breton’s Nadja (1928), Walter Benjamin’s essays on Surrealism, and Deweyan pragmatism.
“Peaceful and Exciting”
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChapter Two considers Stein’s literary treatments of pragmatist habit: her writerly experiments with punctuation, syntax, grammar, cliché, and repetition. The chapter argues that habit informs Stein’s modernism both formally and philosophically. In Stein, habit is at once a discursive structure and a subject of inquiry. Habit links Stein’s repetitions, perhaps her most characteristic literary mannerism, to her treatment of questions of national and institutional identity, literary history, and the intimate domestic routines she refers to as “daily island living.” Her literary experiments relate the minutiae of daily life to textual habits such as punctuation, syntax, and cliché, and to the collective habits of thought that create institutions, literary canons, and national identities. Stein takes as one of her most serious engagements the duty of rendering habit visible, and her literary materializations of the problem of habit make her one of our most striking, and unexpected, theorists and practitioners of pragmatic modernism.
Jamesian Institutions
Authors: Schoenbach Lisi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChapter Three addresses pragmatic modernism’s complex approach to the problem of institutionally-grounded change. It does so by examining a term, “prediction,” that captures one of the central contradictions of modernity. On the one hand, modernity offered an unprecedented range of freedoms, and modernist artists emphasized the dizzying contingency and unpredictability of these new liberties. On the other, modern institutional forms were invented or redesigned to manage risk and minimize contingency. “Prediction”-the central term of Oliver Wendell Holmes’s seminal essay, “The Path of the Law”-functions as a point of entry into the questions raised by the new professional and managerial mode of which Holmes was an early advocate. It signals the potential conflict between pragmatism’s administrative, modernizing, and bureaucratic tendencies, on the one hand, and its commitment to open-endedness, ongoing inquiry, and deferments of judgment on the other. Taking James’s late novel The Wings of the Dove (1902) as the surprising obverse of Holmes’s prediction theory, this chapter concludes by considering the ethical limitations of prediction as a mode of conduct.
The Design of the Optimal Abuse Tests
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe objective of competition law is to maximise long-term social welfare. However, an abuse test that required proof that the conduct under review reduces long-term social welfare would lack both the qualities that a legal test should possess: certainty and administrability. It is therefore necessary to frame a test, or several tests, that, by relying on elements other than direct proof that a reduction of competitive pressure on the dominant firm has a negative impact on long-term social welfare, are capable of distinguishing conduct that is harmful to competition from precompetitive behaviour. This chapter discusses the possible abuse tests applicable to exclusionary, exploitative, and discriminatory abuses. It starts by asking the fundamental question of whether, from a normative standpoint, there should be one abuse test. It then goes on to examine the tests that have emerged in the literature or in the case law. The tests are discussed in the following order: intent, which also includes naked exclusion, naked exploitation, and naked discrimination; no economic sense; as efficient competitor, which also includes the test for abusive discrimination; and consumer harm, covering both exclusionary and exploitative abuses. The conclusion of this chapter sets out the test that, from a normative point of view, should apply to exclusionary, exploitative, and discriminatory conduct.
The As Efficient Competitor Test
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter is structured as follows. First, it examines the development of the as efficient competitor test in predation and, in particular, the cost benchmarks that are relevant to the application of the test. Next, it examines the extension of the test to margin squeeze, above-cost rebates, mixed bundling, and exclusivity. Then, it discusses discriminatory abuses as a further extension of the as efficient competitor test. In discrimination, the efficiency benchmark is not the dominant undertaking because the latter does not compete on the market where the anti-competitive effects occur. Rather, the efficiency benchmark is the undertakings benefiting from the discrimination. Discrimination is capable of affecting the ability to compete of firms that are as efficient as firms benefiting from the discrimination and are placed at a competitive disadvantage because of the dominant undertaking's conduct. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
Defences
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter starts by examining the burden of proof and the standard of anti-competitive effects. The burden of proof and the standard of anti-competitive effects determine the boundaries between what must be proved by a competition authority or claimant to establish a prima facie case and the point at which defences become relevant. Next, proportionality defences are discussed, with a focus on the meeting of competition defence. The chapter goes on to examine the proportionality framework of the objective justification defence, distinguishing between the efficiency defence and the social welfare defence. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
Single Dominance
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the concept of dominance and demonstrates that, under Article 102, dominance is the ability to harm competition. This dynamic concept of dominance is consistent with the objective of Article 102, which is not to address market failures resulting from market power but to prohibit certain unilateral conduct that harms long-term social welfare. Having defined dominance, it goes on to examine the three necessary elements of the dominance test: substantial and durable market power, the presence of dynamic barriers to entry, and the absence of countervailing buyer power.
The Idea of European Union Administration—Its Nature and Development
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the three models or perspectives — functional, organizational, and procedural — that are particularly helpful in understanding EU administration and administrative law. The functional aspect of administration refers to the totality of the tasks of administration, no matter who undertakes them and how they are carried out. The organizational perspective emphasizes the organization and structure of the institutions, bodies, and actors engaged in undertaking such tasks. A procedural understanding of administration observes the processes which link the various actors and authorities in the performance of administrative functions.
A Typology of Administrative Tasks in the European Union
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter offers a typology of administrative tasks in the European Union. The tasks of public administration in the EU are multifaceted, polycentric, and joint, to be performed largely within a framework of multidimensional cooperation. The multifaceted nature of Union administrative tasks reflects both their key role and purpose, and their location, within the architecture of this supranational organization. Administrative action is undertaken in the framework of, and for the purpose of achieving, the overall policies and goals of the EU. This action takes place within the sphere of the Union's competences and operation, implementing the specific objectives of individual subject areas within that sphere. The broad framework for this is found in the specification of the overall mission of the EU as set out in the founding Treaties, especially in Article 3 of the Treaty of the European Union.
Administrative Procedures
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter deals with administrative procedures. Centralized administrative procedures for the application of Union law have been established only in limited areas, such as competition, state aid, and anti-dumping. In such procedures, the need for sufficient powers in the Commission to investigate, decide upon, and sanction the infringement of Union law effectively, may collide with the privileges of national authorities, and with the fundamental rights of those subject to investigation or allegation. Also, in the procedures which the Commission has to conduct for the adoption of implementing rules (when these are necessary for the uniform application of Union law), the Member States have retained considerable powers of involvement and supervision. This contrasts, at least until recently, with the more limited role of the European Parliament, and the rare possibilities for the structured participation of civil society. The integrated nature of European administration raises most serious issues in the case of composite procedures, where supranational and national authorities contribute in various formations to the application of Union law. Procedures in that context are often characterized by a lack of accountability and clear allocation for responsibility of their political and judicial supervision.
Information and Administration
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Information is the raw material of public decision-making. Within the sphere of European Union law, administrative decision-making relies heavily for this raw material on information networks based upon systems of decentralized information gathering and subsequent information sharing. The generation and use of information within network administration is thus one of the most essential elements of EU administration, and thus an essential subject of EU administrative law. This chapter addresses the various rules and principles — written and unwritten — on the generation, use, and dissemination of information by European and national administrative bodies for implementing EU law, focusing especially on those of general applicability across all sectoral areas.
Administrative Rules
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses administrative rule-making. Administrative rule-making is one of the central tools for an administration to guide its own administrative procedures and the exercise of discretions. Internal administrative rule-making in turn may also have the indirect external effect of increasing predictability in policy implementation. Administrative rule-making can be established in various forms, often referred to as guidelines, notices, frameworks, communications, declarations, and many others. Administrative rule-making by EU authorities will generally be undertaken unilaterally by the institution. Exceptionally, in some areas, the authorities' exercise of discretion will be subject to and restricted by administrative rules which result from a negotiated rule-making process involving the Commission and one or more Member States.
Enforcement
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter details the legal framework for measures and methodologies of enforcement. Enforcement is considered essentially as an activity undertaken by the administration. It implies that legal precepts or administrative decisions are carried through to their conclusion, and that behavioural demands imposed on individuals or organizations typically external to the public administration are in fact met. The need for enforcement, seen this way, logically implies that the mere existence of rights and obligations, without measures capable of ensuring that they are realized, would call into question the very purpose of a system under the rule of law. This view reflects, indeed, the often asserted proposition that without sanctions there is, strictly speaking, no system of law. Without needing to subscribe unqualifiedly to that proposition, it is clear that the functionality of a complex and pluralistic system of government based on law, as the EU, would be severely restricted without the capacity for and means of enforcement of rules and decisions.
Administrative Supervision
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with internal administrative supervision, that is, supervision and control of public administrative action within the European Union public administration itself. The idea of internal supervision in the EU administration considered holistically needs, however, some explication. It includes narrowly internal supervision in the sense of supervision within the main Union administrative organ, the Commission. It also includes administrative supervision of European agencies and even networks, and is thus somewhat less obviously internal. In addition, it encompasses administrative supervision of Member State administrations. The latter are, without doubt, a part of the integrated European administration but, there too, their supervision may, at first, appear not to be really internal although it should, in this chapter's view, be understood as such.
Judicial Supervision
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Judicial supervision, generally occurring subsequently both to administrative action and to measures of administrative supervision, is designed to correct errors which have already occurred and to provide compensation for losses resulting from them. It is in this sense quite different from both administrative and political supervision of the administration which can occur both ex ante and ex post. This chapter discusses the various avenues for judicial review of EU administrative action in detail, assessing first direct legal actions for annulment and failure to act, before turning to incidental forms of review. The focus then shifts to the remedy of damages and concludes with an overview of interim relief proceedings.
The Present and Future Condition of European Union Administrative Law
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter offers a view of the current place, function, and nature of Union administrative law, and how this body of law can and should develop in order to serve the tasks with which it has been charged within the overall political and legal order of the European Union. A review of European public law has shown that the most substantial and encompassing challenge is that in regard to establishing, enhancing, and extending the accountability of networks. The specific nature of the EU inheres to a large degree in the exercise of shared sovereignty by integrated executives through such networks. Thus, the most profound challenges facing public law in the European Union emerge in relation to the conceptual and practical features of its administrative law, especially in relation to networks.
Local Business Voice and the Chambers of Commerce
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview. It defines chambers of commerce and the related bodies studied in lesser detail: chambers of trade, trade protection societies, chambers of agriculture, and how these interface with sector and national organizations. It shows how primary historical, economic, and political analysis is combined to give statistical overviews, highlighting local contingency, personality, and the geography of place—to explain why chambers are, and were, where they are: to define their Unique Selling Point (USP). It also shows how analysis of management and member choices is combined to understand how chambers have been used, managed, and valued. It introduces the wide range of local and national archives employed, explaining how historical data have been aligned.
Chamber Voice from the Corn Laws to the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter combines a full analysis of the Parliamentary Papers archive, giving an overview of all chamber parliamentary lobby activity, with detailed assessments of the main campaigns. It shows growth of lobbying in the mid-nineteenth century and through the twentieth century. It shows the frame-changing effect of the Corn Law abolition as a relaunch of the chamber brand. The extended tensions over free trade and tariffs are given new insights. A crucial new analysis is given of chamber cooperation with government in disseminating consular information after 1917—arguably the first example of corporatism in the UK. Resistance to municipal enterprise and high local taxes (the Rates) form major themes of the twentieth century. Modern lobbies have focused on partnering government, but attacking over-regulation.