bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Tubular Necrosis of the Kidneys Accompanied by Liver Changes Due to Dioxan Poisoning
Authors: de Navasquez S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Dioxan when given intravenously and by stomach tube to guinea-pigs, rabbits and cats produces a state of drunken intoxication.2. The minimum lethal dose for rabbits and cats is 1·5 c.c. per kg. intravenously and 2·0 c.c. per kg. by stomach tube.3. Tolerance is rapidly acquired and recovery is complete after repeated sublethal doses.4. In human beings lethal doses of dioxan produce primarily a necrosis of the intralobular arteries of the kidney with resulting necrosis of the parenchyma; whereas in laboratory animals, it has a selective action on the convoluted tubules, which undergo an acute hydropic degeneration, causing intrarenal obstruction and anuria with subsequent death from uraemia.5. The so-called “necrosis” of the liver produced in rabbits with dioxan is a transitory phenomenon due to the presence of glycogen. This may be equally so in the “central zonal necrosis” seen in dioxan poisoning in human beings.6. It is suggested that the toxicity of dioxan to human beings is relatively low and that large doses are required to produce lethal effects.
An investigation into cancer mortality among males in certain Sheffield trades
Authors: Turner H. Midgley , Grace H. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. Details have been given of the cancer mortality for twelve occupational groups of males in the City of Sheffield 1926–35 inclusive.2. Of these groups six show a significantly greater cancer mortality than that experienced by clerks, business and professional men in the City. The six groups are:(1) Engineers, machinists, cutlers, etc.(2) Steel foundry and furnace workers, etc.(3) Grinders and sandblasters.(4) Workers in precious and non-ferrous metals.(5) Workers in transport and communication.(6) Coal miners.3. The excessive cancer mortality in certain of the sites in the first three of these occupational groups is thought to be definitely associated with their occupation.4. Cancer of the tonsil is particularly excessive among the steel workers both in the foundry and the shop.5. Significantly excessive mortality from cancer of the respiratory tract is marked in engineers, foundry workers and grinders and is seen in no other occupational group.6. Cancer of the alimentary tract is most excessive in foundry and furnace workers. It is suggested that the carcinogenic factor may be hydrocarbons ingested from smoke and fumes.7. Cancer of the pancreas is excessive only in engineers, etc., and in workers in non-ferrous metals. The theory is advanced that excessive absorption of iron in engineers, and possibly copper in workers in non-ferrous metals, are the respective causes of the findings with regard to cancer of the pancreas in these two occupational groups.8. Cancer of the skin is significantly excessive in both foundry, etc., workers and engineers, and this is believed to be a direct result of their occupational environment.9. Tumours of the central nervous system showed no significant variation from the control in any occupational group.10. The findings in this research indicate that there is a field for further investigation with regard to the carcinogenic properties of iron and copper, particularly with reference to cancer of the pancreas. Some further investigation is re uired with reference to the occupations exposed to the inhalation and ingestion of silica. Is the high cancer rate amongst grinders associated with the silica risk or with the inhalation and ingestion of iron dust from the article ground? On the preventive side the findings support the view that measures should be elaborated to improve the protection of workers from gases, fumes and dust in the iron and steel and allied industries.
The Kinds of Bacteria found in River Water
Authors: Jordan Edwin Oakes 
Published: May 2009

1. The kinds of bacteria that are isolated by the gelatin plate method from certain river waters freshly polluted with sewage are different from those found in the same water collected a long distance below the point of pollution.2. In the freshly polluted river water non-chromogenic Staphylococci were found much more abundantly than in the purer waters.3. In the freshly polluted water the fluorescent bacteria and a group of non-gas-producing, non-liquefying bacteria (Group XI.) were less abundant than in the purer waters.4. A larger proportion of organisms belonging to the Proteus group were isolated from gelatin plates than from fermentation tubes. The reverse is true of the B. coli and B. lactis aerogenes types. A certain selective influence even upon gas-producing organisms would seem from this to be exerted by the conditions within the fermentation tube.5. The study of a rather large number of separately isolated cultures belonging to the class of fluorescent microorganisms shows that the differences between the ‘liquefying’ and ‘non-liquefying’ varieties are more constant than is sometimes assumed. The action of these forms upon milk is just as diagnostic as their action upon gelatin. All the strains of fluorescent bacteria that were encountered (58) proved to be motile.6. Considering as a whole the various physiological tests applied to the several groups of microorganisms, it is found that within almost every group as constituted in the accompanying tables divergence is shown by closely allied organisms in respect to indol formation and reduction of nitrates. The formation of a surface pellicle on broth is also a phenomenon that presents no apparent correlation with more s alient physiological characteristics.
Some experiments on the Intravascular use of Antiseptics
Authors: Shaw W. V. 
Published: May 2009

The prominence given to the intravascular use of antiseptics has hardly been in accord with the results achieved by this method.The injection of formalin in various amounts and strengths has been given an extended trial in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, and is claimed to have produced beneficial results. Similarly Baccelli has injected corrosive sublimate intravenously in the treatment of syphilis, cerebro-spinal meningitis, and acute rheumatism in man. In animals he has used intravenous injections of corrosive sublimate in the treatment of aphtha epizootica. In this disease he claims that the intravenous injections of corrosive sublimate are of undoubted use in terminating an attack of the disease.
Some Experiments with Fluorescein as an Agent for the Detection of Pollution of Wells
Authors: McCrae J. , Stock P. G. 
Published: May 2009

Most towns augment their water supply from wells, and in South Africa, where the rivers are said to run underground, Johannesburg is no exception.Its chief supply is from deep wells in the dolomite some 20 miles to the south-west of the town, but one of the suburbs—Parktown—is not connected to the main supply, but at present draws its water from two wells (the property of the Rand Water Board) which will be subsequently referred to as No. 1 and No. 2, sunk in the shales of the upper Witwatersrand beds. From here the water is pumped to two Water Towers situated at the highest point of the suburb from whence it is distributed by gravitation. For various reasons, the Rand Water Board had decided on replacing the pumping machinery at these wells by electrically driven gear, and advantage was to be taken of the change to properly line and deepen the wells by a steel bore-hole.
On the Estimation of Free Diphtheria Toxin: with reference to the relations existing between lethal doses, lethal times and loss in weight of the guinea-pig
Authors: Craw J. A. , Dean George 
Published: May 2009

1. The relation between lethal doses of diphtheria toxin and the times in which they kill guinea-pigs, or lethal times, is approximately such that the lethal dose multiplied by the corresponding lethal time gives a constant value—a hyperbolic relation.2. Deductions with regard to lethal doses from deaths occurring on the first day or on any day after the sixth give such widely divergent results that, in our opinion, they are at present of negligible value.3. Under the ordinary circumstances of standardisation of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin the relation given in conclusion No. 1 is as close an approximation as any alternative likely to prove of practical utility.4. The graphic representation of L+ doses against lethal times gives a straight line relationship.5. Five of the best investigated toxins confirmed Ehrlich's views in so far as that with toxicities diminishing by 50% their neutralising powers remained practically unimpaired.6. The individual sensitivities of guinea-pigs to free diphtheria toxin render any general relation between lethal times and doses of little value when a small number, e.g. 5, of test animals is inoculated.7. Even with a dose of toxin which would, in any ordinary series of tests, be regarded as an L+ dose, 5 out of 33 guinea-pigs survived the sixth day or 15%1, and the m.l.d. of a well-investigated toxin showed similar variations; consequently both the L+ and m.l.d. values of a toxin are not those amounts which kill with certainty in a fixed time, but those which will cause death in that time with the greatest probability.8. After inoculation, guinea-pigs unless suffering from the consequent “shock,” continue to increase in weight throughout the first day, even with doses that may subsequently prove lethal, and with highly toxic doses the variation in weight during this time is of little significance.9. The greater the amount of free toxin injected, the more rapid is the increment in weight followed by a decrement.10. The weight of a test animal at the end of 24 hours after inoculation forms a better normal or origin with which to compare the subsequent time-weight relations than the initial weight before injection.11. On the basis of Conclusion 10 the general connection is found that with increasing amounts of free toxin the position of the maximum loss of weight is gradually transferred from the second to the fifth day for guinea-pigs which survive over six days.12. The time-weight ratios for almost certainly lethal doses give straight line connections, corresponding probably to starvation curves of the guinea-pig.
The Para-dimethyl-amido-benzaldehyde Test for Indole
Authors: Marshall William E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The high estimate formed by Böhme of the utility of this test has been fully confirmed.2. Other substances, such as skatole-carboxylic acid, which tended to confuse the results of the older method, do not give an indole-like reaction with this reagent.3. The test is more delicate, and the time required to ascertain the presence of indole is shortened.4. The method lends itself to accurate colorimetric quantitative estimations, and the amount of indole present at various stages during the cultivation of certain organisms has been determined.
Trench Fever. Final Report of the War Office Trench Fever Investigation Committee
Authors: Bruce David 
Published: May 2009

1. The organism of Trench Fever is present in the “whole blood.”2. The evidence seems to be in favour of the organism being an extra-corpuscular rather than an intra-corpuscular parasite.3. The smallest quantity of whole blood which has given rise to the disease was 0.5 c.c.4. The blood is infective from the first day of the disease, and in one case was found to be still infective after 443 days.5. The microscopical examination of the blood has not up to the present revealed the organism or at least has not differentiated it from other granules present in blood.6. There is some evidence that the organism may leave the body in the sputum and urine, but the chief and only way which has any practical significance is by means of a blood-sucking insect, the louse.7. There is no evidence that infection takes place through food, drink or air, but only by inoculation of the organism by means of this insect.8. The chief method of infection is not, as might be expected, by the bite of the louse, but by the infected excreta of the louse being brought in contact with an abraded surface of the skin.9. After a louse has fed on a case of Trench Fever, five to nine days elapse before the excreta become infective.10. If lice are fed on a case for some time a high percentage of the lice become infective.11. There is no transmission of the organism of Trench Fever from infected lice through the egg to their offspring.12. The tenth of a milligram of excreta has been found sufficient to set up the disease.13. The organism of Trench Fever retains its virulence in louse excreta for at least four months.14. The virulence of lice excreta is lost by exposure to dry heat of 100°C. for 20 minutes; to moist heat of 60°C. for a similar time.15. It is doubtful if any of the laboratory animals are susceptible to Trench Fever.16. It would appear that most men are susceptible to the disease, only a very few individuals having been found apparently naturally immune.17. One attack seems to produce only a partial and limited immunity.18. In regard to the etiology of Trench Fever there is strong evidence that the Rickettsia-like bodies found in infected louse excreta are the micro organisms of the disease, but as they have never been cultivated outside the body the final proof is still wanting.19. The organism cannot be said to be a filter-passer; the evidence would seem to be more in favour of its being a small body such as the so-called Rickettsia.
The Permanence of the Serological Paratyphoid B Types, with Observations on the Non-specificity of Agglutination with “Rough” Variants
Authors: Schütze H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Amoung a large number of strains belonging to the various absorption types of the paratyphoid B group and kept under observation in laboratory culture over a number of years, constancy of type has been demonstrated.2. Only two alterations in the serological nature of certain cultures have been noted; they were due (a) to the development of so-called “rough” variants, (b) to the degeneration of strains into antigenically less effective “substrains.”Though both are variations within the limits of the absorption type, the serological character of the affected strains may be so obscured that a greater variation than has actually taken place may be ascribed to them, unless the precautions indicated are observed.3. When “rough” strains are in question, agglutination results are to be mistrusted, for a marked cosmopolitanism in respect of this test has been seen to exist among such alien species as B. enteritidis Gärtner, B. paratyphosus A and B. paratyphosus B.
Studies on the Effects of Tuberculin
Authors: Holst Peter M. 
Published: May 2009

In order to obtain knowledge of the fate of tuberculin in the organism the substance was injected into normal animals. After injection, tuberculin rapidly disappears from the vascular system and does not reappear in the urine till after several hours. In the meantime the substance is bound in the organism, probably in the bones and in the liver. Living cellsin vitroalso have the faculty of binding tuberculin.Through numerous experiments a difference is demonstrated between the complements of different sera, a fact which strongly supports the theory of the plurality of complements. Evidence is brought forth which points to a difference between tuberculous and non-tuberculous complement.Tuberculin is highly noxious to the vitality of the white blood corpuscles, and more toxic to corpuscles from tuberculouos organisms than from not-tuberculous organisms. A certain protective power in regard to the toxic action of tuberculin is found in the serum. This power is greater in serum from normal organisms, than in serum from tuberculous organisms.By means of vital staning a difference is demonstrated between the effects of tuberculin upon the leycocytes from normal and tuberculous animals.
A Study of the Chick-Martin Test for Disinfectants
Authors: Garrod Lawrence P. 
Published: May 2009

1. A study of the suspension of dried faeces used in the Chick-Martin test, and of the process of disinfection in this test has shown that:(a) The suspension of faeces is unstable, and rapidly forms a compact deposit.(b) Surviving bacteria in critical dilutions of the disinfectant are contained exclusively in this deposit.(c) Uncontrolled factors affect the degree of subdivision of the particles of faeces.(d) The degree of subdivision of these particles materially affects the activity of a disinfectant in their presence.2. It is suggested that these facts among others may account for inconstant results which the test is said to give.3. A suspension of yeast is proposed as a possible alternative form of organic matter in such a test.
Further Studies on the Survival Time of the Bovine Tubercle Bacillus in Soil, Soil and Dung, in Dung and on Grass, with Experiments on Feeding Guinea-Pigs and Calves on Grass Artificially Infected with Bovine Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Maddock E. C. G. 
Published: May 2009

Autopsies on all the guinea-pigs kept for as long as 20 months failed to reveal any trace of tuberculosis, although the grass grazed by the animals was proved by subcutaneous inoculation to bear virulent organisms, which might have been expected to reach the alimentary tract in considerable numbers, at least in the earlier experiments.By repeated infection of a grazing area it has been possible to induce tuberculosis in guinea-pigs grazed in the open and in those fed indoors on cut grass. In the 1932 experiment a total of thirty guinea-pigs were allowed access to plots of grass which had been infected, one, four and eight days previously and all failed to become infected. The combined experiments (1932 and 1933) suggest that under some weather conditions, animals, although admitted to pasture within a very short time of its infection may escape infection with tuberculosis, but that repeated infection of pasture results in a high incidence of disease in animals grazing on it.
A new species of micro-organism (Proteus melanovogenes) causing black rot in eggs
Authors: Miles A. A. , Halnan E. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. An organism is described as a specific cause of black rot in two consignments of hens' eggs imported into England.2. It produces the rot experimentally when inoculated into fresh eggs, and penetrates apparently normal egg shells.3. Four hens inoculated with the organisms laid eggs that failed to develop the specific rot. The number of hens used was small, and no definite conclusion about the mode of infection can be drawn from the result of this experiment.4. The organism is found in English soils and manures.5. Eleven of 100 English hen sera agglutinated the organism in dilutions of 1 in 80 to 1 in 320.6. The organism is provisionally placed in theProteusgroup, and the nameProteus melanovogenesis assigned to it.
A serological study ofHaemophilus influenzae
Authors: Platt A. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Of eighty-six strains of Haem.influenzaeisolated from the naso-pharynx of normal persons, sixteen had the general characters of Pittman's “smooth” type.2. These sixteen strains and one “smooth” strain isolated from a case of meningitis were submitted to various serological tests, including the separation and partial purification of a carbohydrate fraction from the meningeal strain and from four of the sixteen strains.3. By precipitin tests carried out with these purified fractions, it was possible to identify three of the five “smooth” naso-pharyngeal strains and the meningeal strain, as belonging to Pittman's typee, and one of the “smooth” naso-pharyngeal strains to Pittman's type a.4. Some indication of grouping, within this small sample of smooth strains, was obtained by various other methods, such as precipitin tests carried out with simple saline washings or agglutination reactions; but, apart from the four type strainsa,b,eandf, received from Miss Pittman, no strain could be satisfactorily typed by any of these methods. Only by using partially purified polysaccharide fractions was it possible to assign any of the “smooth” nasopharyngeal strains to their correct type.5. The testing of these naso-pharyngeal strains against antisera prepared against typesa,b,eandfby direct agglutination, showed that either many of these strains contained some proportion of the smooth antigens, or that the antisera contained antibodies acting on other antigenic components, although, in relation to the type strains themselves, they appeared to be specific.6. The examination of the eighty-six strains, as a whole, revealed the extreme antigenic heterogeneity that has been noted by many previous workers.
Vaccination of guinea-pigs and human beings against leptospiral infections
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Guinea-pig vaccination experiments have shown that these animals can be rendered completely immune from infection with virulent strains of L. icterohaemorrhagiae when they are treated with non-virulent living vaccines, or formalinized, heat-killed, phenolized, and dettolized suspensions of virulent cultures.2. Vaccination with homologous strains of L. icterohaemorrliagiae produced better immunity than when heterologous strains such as L. hebdomadis or L. icterohaemorrhagiae Rachmat are employed.3. Immune bodies are demonstrable in the serum of guinea-pigs vaccinated with L. icterohaemorrhagiae Weil, and a lytic titre of 1/6 appears to indicate that sufficient protective antibodies are present.4. Following upon vaccination and inoculation with virulent cultures, carrier conditions have developed in animals treated with chemically killed vaccines of L. icterohaemorrhagiae Weil and with living non-virulent suspensions of the heterologous strain L. hebdomadis and L. icterohaemorrhagiae Rachmat.
A Modified tellurite medium for the detection and isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in routine diagnostic work
Authors: Kerrin J. C. , Gaze H. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. A further improvement in the modified McLeod's medium (Gaze, 1933) has resulted from the substitution of saccharose for glucose with the addition of Andrade's indicator.2. Of the total positive swabs, the saccharose-containing medium detected about 22 per cent which were negative on Loeffler's medium, whereas it failed to detect only 0·36 per cent.3. On this medium colonies typical of the gravis, intermediate and mitis types are formed and can be easily differentiated with the aid of a hand lens. It is also invaluable for the isolation of pure cultures.
On the occurrence of dysentery-like organisms in the urinary tract of man in Mauritius
Authors: Webb J. Lewis 
Published: May 2009

1. Organisms biochemically resembling the metadysentery bacilli of Castellani (1927) or sensu largo B. coli anaerogenes of Lembke (1896) have been recovered locally from the urinary passages of man.2. These organisms were found in cases of enteric-like fevers, pyelitis and cystitis.3. Similar to Dudgeon's slow lactose-fermenting bacilli of the urinary tract, they have been shown to possess marked haemolytic action for red blood corpuscles.4. Serologically, they appear to fall into at least two groups of bacilli.5. They are believed to be pathogenic.