bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drives, Affects, Behavior-And Learning: Approaches to A Psychobiology of Emotion and to An Integration of Psychoanalytic and Neurobiology Thought
Authors: Schwartz Andrew 
Published: June 2009

Drawing on concepts and data from psychoanalysis, neuroscience, ethology, and experimental psychology, this paper suggests that affects are the prime movers of human motivation and, have, in addition, these properties:(1) they are neurophysiologically generated, sensationlike signals originating not in classical sensory systems, but in limbic structures; (2) activation of the neurobiologic affect generators reliably triggers motor stereotypes-like facial expression, posture, and tone of voice-which in turn transmit the physical data underlying empathy and emotional communication; and(3) appetitively sought pleasant emotions-sensations and aversive dysphoric feelings serve respectively as the ultimate, “brain-synthesized” positive and negative reinforcers of emotional learning. The latter ideas point to derivative hypotheses: that parental nonverbal behavior and communication evoke in children the affects that guide character development and choice of defense, and that these processes are consistent with an affect-reinforced associative learning model comprising both operant and classical conditioning paradigms. Psychoanalysis as therapy, then, may mechanistically rely for its clinical effectiveness on extinctionlike processes in which new experience in the analyst-patient relationship leads to the modulation or extinction of initially crippling signal affects associatively linked to various other affects, appetites, and behaviors. Finally, the core hypotheses mesh both with recent findings from the cellular study of affect and learning mechanisms and wotj associative learning-unlearning assumptions variably exlplicit in psychoanalytic writings since the time of freud's (1895) Project.
The Play of Transference: Some Reflections on Enactment In the Psychoanalytic Situation
Authors: Mclaughlin James T. 
Published: June 2009

The incessant play of nonverbal activity between patient and analyst actualizes and amplifies the primary verbal data of the psychoanalytic dialogue. Both parties must inevitably register this kinesic level of communication, and read with capacities acquired in and elaborated from earliest childhood. The analyst's apperceptive (unfocused) looking, as part of his freely hovering attentiveness, utilizes these capabilities gradually to perceive and organize patterns combining the verbal and nonverbal data. It is through the recognizing and eventual understanding of these gestalts that the analyst builds up his knowledge of his patients. In these patterns can be identified: (a) conspicuous behaviors, idiosyncratic for the individual, which often yield to psychoanalytic inquiry to reveal their dynamic-historical antecedents; and (b) inconspicuous background kinesics, habitual to the individual, which ordinarily are opaque to analytic exploration, yet hold rich meaning. Observing these small behaviors in relation to verbal content provides evidence of their linkage to, and enactment of, pregenital-and genital-level conflicts over diadic and triadic object relations, even in highly structured personalities. These enactments combine elements of play, miming, and drama to constitute an experiential dimension that actualizes and externalizes the patients' inner life of conflict and relation to objects.
Fantasy or Structural Defect? The Borderline Dilemma as Viewed From Analysis of an Experience of Nonhumanness
Authors: Singer Melvin 
Published: June 2009

The experience of nonhumanness, a crucial aspect of the phenomenal self of borderline states, is studied in two cases to test assumptions concerning the application of the classic ego-psychological or object-relations and self-psychological models. Are these experiences to be seen as fantasy and treated as manifest content, with dynamically active unconscious conflict and meaning, requiring interpretation, or as a developmental arrest in which structural disturbances are ameliorated through clarifying and empathic interventions? The first case is of a patient with a neurotic depression and hysterical and obsessional character traits, treated in a classic psychoanalysis. Even though dyadic oral and anal fantasies were strongly in evidence, the ego was well integrated. The second case is of a severe borderline patient who showed. depressive panic and agoraphobia. Her major ego disturbances, poorly integrated and differentiated self- and object representations, and primitive defenses prevented effective psychoanalytically oriented treatment. Interventions were used to consolidate self-representations, internalize tension-regulating structures, promote adaptive ego functions and reality testing. These clarifications were necessary to move the patient to where she could tolerate facing unconscious dynamic conflicts. Only at that point could repression be lifted, memory emerge, and interpretation be utilized.
Abstract Art and Emotion: Expressive Form and the Sense of Wholeness
Authors: Rose Gilbert J. 
Published: June 2009

This paper limits itself to abstract art the better to concentrate on the relation between the emotionally expressive power of esthetic form–apart from its narrative content-and emotional responsiveness. The emotionally expressive power of art—not to be confused with the artist's own emotions–has to do with the way sensuous esthetic forms highlight the rhythmic changes of tension and release inherent in ordinary perceptual experience. Tension and release are useful terms in thinking about how the perception of an esthetic structure is transformed (transduced) into feelingful psychological meanings, and contributes to the subjective sense of wholeness. The sense of wholeness may be illusory and/or authentic depending on the mix of elements in the individual's responsiveness. It comes about through a unified organization of tension and release, as embodied in expressive forms such as rhythm and rhyme, resonating with tension and release evoked in the observer's associations to such psychological issues as separation and reunion. Having stirred the viewer's emotional responsiveness, the art work provides a reliable “container” for the objectification of latent emotions.
Psychoanalysis, Psychobiology, and Homosexuality
Authors: Friedman Richard C. , Downey Jennifer 
Published: June 2009

The potential role of biological influences in human sexual orientation was considered more seriously during the early phases of psychoanalysis than in the years since World War II.Recently studies of homosexuality and heterosexuality in the neurosciences have attracted widespread attention both in the scientific and lay communities. The salience of these new data for psychoanalytic theory and practice is just beginning to be explored.In this article, we review research on sexual orientation in the following areas: genetics, crosscultural studies, studies of development in individuals with abnormal prenatal hormone exposure, childhood play patterns, and brain studies in both nonhumans and humans. Differences between male and female homosexuality are explored.We propose that psychoanalytic theory can grow and profit from a careful consideration of new findings in the psychobiology of sexuality, and that the interaction between mind and body is the appropriate purview of psychoanalysis.
OBSERVING THE OTHER: REFLECTIONS ON ANTHROPOLOGICAL FIELDWORK
Authors: Buckley Peter 
Published: June 2009

Aspects of anthropological fieldwork are examined from a psychoanalytic viewpoint using two sources: (1) Malinowski's A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term, a fieldwork journal he kept in New Guinea and the Trobriand Islands "as a means of self-analysis"; (2) the analysis of an anthropologist both before and after she returned from the field. Malinowski's Diary, written in a virtually free-associative form, illustrates how fieldwork stimulates derivatives of significant early infantile conflicts. The patient's analysis revealed the unconscious meaning of, and motivation for, fieldwork for this particular individual. Based on these data, it is postulated that during fieldwork a new, emotionally charged object relationship, with its concomitant transference responses, may be unconsciously established by the anthropologist with the alien society being studied. "But the wilderness had found him out early---I think it had whispered to him things about himself which he did not know, things of which he had no conception till he took counsel with this great solitude---and the whisper had proved irresistibly fascinating."---J. Conrad---Heart of Darkness
OEDIPUS AND THE SPHINX: TRIUMPH AND CATASTROPHE
Authors: Palombo Stanley R. 
Published: June 2009

The downfall of Oedipus in Sophocles' most famous play, Oedipus Tyrannus, is the reversal of his triumphant entry into the city of Thebes 17 years earlier. The oracle at Delphi has told the Thebans that the plague will end only when the murderer of Laius is identified and punished. The unconscious collusion between Oedipus and the Thebans to ignore the unsolved murder breaks down. Told by Teiresias that he is the culprit, Oedipus begins a desperate effort to find evidence to refute this accusation. When other witnesses come forward, his cause is lost. The effect of Oedipus's collusive interaction with the Thebans is balanced in Sophocles' account by the story of the riddle of the Sphinx. The Sphinx is a goddess of discontinuity. She represents the unconscious forces at work both in Oedipus's personal fantasies and in the collective fantasies of the Thebans. The tragedy results from the interaction of these fantasies in the government of the polis. Sophocles' play thus exemplifies the intricate intertwining of the child's innate wishes and the reaction they evoke from the environment during the oedipal period. The neurotic patient's illusion of sexual triumph over his or her father or mother as a child can be best understood through the interaction of these factors.
The Perverse Subject of Analysis
Authors: Ogden Thomas H. 
Published: June 2009

In this paper I suggest that the analysis of perversion necessarily involves the elaboration and analysis of a perverse transference countertransference. Both analyst and analysand contribute to and participate in the perverse transference-countertransference which intersubjective construction is powerfully shaped by the perverse structure of the patient's unconscious internal object world. In the fragment of an analysis that is presented, I illustrate the way in which the analyst makes use of his experience in (of) the transference-countertransference in gaining understanding of the perverse scenario that the patient is utilizing as a form of psychic organization, defense, communication, and object relatedness. I discuss the analyst's use of his own unobtrusive, mundane thoughts, feelings, fantasies, ruminations, sensations, and so on, in the service of understanding the perverse transference-countertransference, which understanding is utilized in the formulation of transference interpretations. The perversity of the transference-countertransference is viewed as deriving from the patient's defensive use of particular forms of sexualization as a way of protecting himself or herself against the experience of psychological deadness. Compulsive erotization is understood as representing a method of creating an illusory sense of vitality. The subversion of the recognition of the experience of psychological deadness is achieved in part through compulsively enlisting others in the enactment of exciting, erotized. and often dangerous substitutes for the experience of being alive.
Model calibration in the continual reassessment method
Authors: Lee Shing M , Ying Kuen Cheung  
Published: June 2009

Background The continual reassessment method (CRM) is an adaptive model-based design used to estimate the maximum tolerated dose in dose finding clinical trials. A way to evaluate the sensitivity of a given CRM model including the functional form of the dose-toxicity curve, the prior distribution on the model parameter, and the initial guesses of toxicity probability at each dose is using indifference intervals. While the indifference interval technique provides a succinct summary of model sensitivity, there are infinitely many possible ways to specify the initial guesses of toxicity probability. In practice, these are generally specified by trial and error through extensive simulations. Methods By using indifference intervals, the initial guesses used in the CRM can be selected by specifying a range of acceptable toxicity probabilities in addition to the target probability of toxicity. An algorithm is proposed for obtaining the indifference interval that maximizes the average percentage of correct selection across a set of scenarios of true probabilities of toxicity and providing a systematic approach for selecting initial guesses in a much less time-consuming manner than the trial-and-error method. The methods are compared in the context of two real CRM trials. Results For both trials, the initial guesses selected by the proposed algorithm had similar operating characteristics as measured by percentage of correct selection, average absolute difference between the true probability of the dose selected and the target probability of toxicity, percentage treated at each dose and overall percentage of toxicity compared to the initial guesses used during the conduct of the trials which were obtained by trial and error through a time-consuming calibration process. The average percentage of correct selection for the scenarios considered were 61.5 and 62.0% in the lymphoma trial, and 62.9 and 64.0% in the stroke trial for the trial-and-error method versus the proposed approach. Limitations We only present detailed results for the empiric dose toxicity curve, although the proposed methods are applicable for other dose—toxicity models such as the logistic. Conclusions The proposed method provides a fast and systematic approach for selecting initial guesses of probabilities of toxicity used in the CRM that are competitive to those obtained by trial and error through a time-consuming process, thus, simplifying the model calibration process for the CRM.
Evaluating the benefit of event adjudication of cardiovascular outcomes in large simple RCTs
Authors: Pogue Janice , Walter Stephen D , Yusuf Salim 
Published: June 2009

Background Event adjudication in randomized controlled trials is thought to be a necessary step to remove noise and potential bias from the results [1,2]. However, this hypothesis has not been widely evaluated. We conducted a meta-analysis of a series of cardiovascular outcomes trials and estimated the effect of adjudication on treatment estimates and on the number of outcomes included the trials. Methods Data were retrieved from all cardiovascular outcomes trials conducted at the Population Health Research Institute (PHRI) between 1993 and 2006. These data included 10 trials with over 9000 events from 95 038 individuals. Differences in the log odds ratios between adjudicated and reported outcomes were analyzed and summarized using a ratio of odds ratios. Both masked and unmasked trials were included in this analysis. Results There were no effects of event adjudication on the estimates of treatment effect for the primary outcomes, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or cardiovascular/vascular death. For the trial primary outcomes, the effect of adjudication vs. reported events was OR ratio = 1.00 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97—1.02]. There were also no significant differences in the number of outcomes included in the trials. Results were the same for masked and unmasked trials. Limitations The number of unmasked trials were small, and this analysis was restricted to cardiovascular endpoints reported from trials managed by a single coordinating center, with similar sets of procedures. Individual patient data were not used for the analysis. Conclusions This systematic meta-analysis failed to detect any effect of event adjudication on study conclusions and the numbers of events included in the final analyses were minimally changed. Given the considerable effort required to perform adjudication, there is a need to demonstrate that this process does indeed increase the sensitivity of trials. There is a need to conduct more systematic analyses of the effect of event adjudication in other trials to determine if this process is truly worthwhile.
Synaptotagmin-like protein 1 interacts with the GTPase-activating protein Rap1GAP2 and regulates dense granule secretion in platelets
Authors: Neumüller Olga , Hoffmeister Meike , Babica Jan , Prelle Carola , Gegenbauer Kristina , Smolenski Albert P. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The small guanine-nucleotide–binding protein Rap1 plays a key role in platelet aggregation and hemostasis, and we recently identified Rap1GAP2 as the only GTPase-activating protein of Rap1 in platelets. In search of Rap1GAP2-associated proteins, we performed yeast-2-hybrid screening and found synaptotagmin-like protein 1 (Slp1) as a new binding partner. We confirmed the interaction of Rap1GAP2 and Slp1 in transfected COS-1 and HeLa cells and at endogenous level in human platelets. Mapping studies showed that Rap1GAP2 binds through amino acids T524-K525-X-T527 within its C-terminus to the C2A domain of Slp1. Slp1 contains a Rab27-binding domain, and we demonstrate that Rap1GAP2, Slp1, and Rab27 form a trimeric complex in transfected cells and in platelets. Purified Slp1 dose-dependently decreased dense granule secretion in streptolysin-O–permeabilized platelets stimulated with calcium or guanosine 5′-O-[gamma-thio] triphosphate. The isolated C2A domain of Slp1 had a stimulatory effect on granule secretion and reversed the inhibitory effect of full-length Slp1. Purified Rap1GAP2 augmented dense granule secretion of permeabilized platelets, whereas deletion of the Slp1-binding TKXT motif abolished the effect of Rap1GAP2. We conclude that Slp1 inhibits dense granule secretion in platelets and that Rap1GAP2 modulates secretion by binding to Slp1.
Reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation in pediatric patients ineligible for myeloablative therapy: results of the Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Consortium Study ONC0313
Authors: Pulsipher Michael A. , Boucher Kenneth M. , Wall Donna , Frangoul Haydar , Duval Michel , Goyal Rakesh K. , Shaw Peter J. , Haight Ann E. , Grimley Michael , Grupp Stephan A. , Kletzel Morris , Kadota Richard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe role of reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) regimens in pediatric cancer treatment is unclear. To define the efficacy of a busulfan/fludarabine/antithymocyte globulin RIC regimen in pediatric patients ineligible for myeloablative transplantation, we completed a trial at 23 institutions in the Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplant Consortium. Forty-seven patients with hematologic malignancies were enrolled. Sustained engraftment occurred in 98%, 89%, and 90%, and full donor chimerism was achieved in 88%, 76%, and 78% of evaluable related bone marrow/peripheral blood stem cells (BM/PBSCs), unrelated BM/PBSCs, and unrelated cord blood recipients. With a median follow-up of 24 months (range, 11-53 months), 2-year event-free survival, overall survival (OS), transplantation-related mortality, and relapse were 40%, 45%, 11%, and 43%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed an inferior outcome when patients had undergone previous total body irradiation (TBI)–containing myeloablative transplantation (2-year OS, 23% vs 63% vs 52%, previous TBI transplantation vs no TBI transplantation vs no transplantation, P = .02) and when patients not previously treated with TBI had detectable disease at the time of the RIC procedure (2-year OS, 0% vs 63%, detectable vs nondetectable disease, P = .01). Favorable outcomes can be achieved with RIC approaches in pediatric patients in remission who are ineligible for myeloablative transplantation. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00795132.
Power of QTL detection by either fixed or random models in half-sib designs
Authors: Kolbehdari Davood , Jansen Gerald B. , Schaeffer Lawrence R. , Allen Brian O. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the variance component approach for QTL linkage mapping in half-sib designs to the simple regression method. Empirical power was determined by Monte Carlo simulation in granddaughter designs. The factors studied (base values in parentheses) included the number of sires (5) and sons per sire (80), ratio of QTL variance to total genetic variance (λ = 0.1), marker spacing (10 cM), and QTL allele frequency (0.5). A single bi-allelic QTL and six equally spaced markers with six alleles each were simulated. Empirical power using the regression method was 0.80, 0.92 and 0.98 for 5, 10, and 20 sires, respectively, versus 0.88, 0.98 and 0.99 using the variance component method. Power was 0.74, 0.80, 0.93, and 0.95 using regression versus 0.77, 0.88, 0.94, and 0.97 using the variance component method for QTL variance ratios (λ) of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively. Power was 0.79, 0.85, 0.80 and 0.87 using regression versus 0.80, 0.86, 0.88, and 0.85 using the variance component method for QTL allele frequencies of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.8, respectively. The log10 of type I error profiles were quite flat at close marker spacing (1 cM), confirming the inability to fine-map QTL by linkage analysis in half-sib designs. The variance component method showed slightly more potential than the regression method in QTL mapping.
The combined use of embryos and semen for cryogenic conservation of mammalian livestock genetic resources
Authors: Boettcher Paul J. , Stella Alessandra , Pizzi Flavia , Gandini Gustavo 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The objective of this empirical simulation study was to evaluate the use of a combination of semen and embryos in the creation of gene banks for reconstruction of an extinct breed. Such an approach was compared for banks with varying proportions of embryos on the basis of the amount of the material to be stored, time for reconstruction, maintenance of genetic variability, and probability of failure during reconstruction. Four types of populations were simulated, based on reproductive rate: single offspring, twinning, enhanced reproduction, and litter bearing. Reconstruction was simulated for banks consisting of different combinations of semen and reduced numbers of embryos (expressed as a percentage of the material needed for a bank containing exclusively embryos and ranging from 10 to 90%). The use of a combination of semen and embryos increased the number of insemination cycles needed for reconstruction and the level of genetic relatedness in the reconstructed population. The risk for extinction was unacceptably high when a very low proportion of embryos (< 20%) was used. However, combining semen with embryos could decrease costs, allowing for the conservation of more breeds, and specific strategies for semen use could decrease the level of relationships in the reconstructed breed.