bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical Rectus Muscle Transposition for Correcting Abduction Deficiency in Duane's Syndrome Type 1 and Sixth Nerve Palsy
Authors: Yazdian Ziaeddin , Rajabi Mohammad Taher , Yazdian Mohammad Ali , Rajabi Mohammad Bagher , Akbari Mohammad Reza 
Published: March 2010

Purpose:
To report the clinical outcome and complications of the Scott Foster procedure for treating abduction deficiency in patients with Duane's syndrome type 1 and sixth nerve palsy.

Methods:
A retrospective, interventional case series included 62 consecutive patients (62 eyes: 38 eyes with Duane's syndrome and 24 eyes with sixth nerve palsy) who underwent the Scott Foster procedure for treatment of abduction deficiency. The main outcome measures were deviation, face turn, and abduction deficiency.

Results:

In patients with sixth nerve palsy, mean distance deviation improved from 44.7 ± 7.2 prism diopters (PD) before surgery to 12.5 ± 4.0 PD after surgery (
P
< .05), and in patients with Duane's syndrome type 1, mean distance deviation improved from 31.5 ± 4.3 PD preoperatively to 9.2 ± 3.1 PD. Mean near deviation improved from 27.1 ± 4.5 PD to 6.2 ± 2.5 PD in patients with Duane's syndrome and from 40.3 ± 6.2 PD to 13.7 ± 3.4 PD in patients with sixth nerve palsy. Mean abduction deficiency improved from −4 to −2 (
P
< .05) in both groups. Face turn improved significantly after surgery. No patient had an overcorrection. No recurrence was detected.

Conclusion:
The Scott Foster procedure is effective for improving deviation, abduction deficiency, and face turn in patients with Duane's syndrome type 1 and especially in those with sixth nerve palsy.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2010;47:96–100.]
"Why not? But I can't" – Influence of a 'culture of poverty' on learning - A case study
Authors: Perera Marie 
Published: March 2010

Based on a sub set of data from a study which investigated the role of motivation as a contributing factor in second language learning in a disadvantaged school setting in Sri Lanka, this paper attempts to show the relationship between a ‘culture of poverty' and learning. Lewis, (1970 : p.85) states that ‘in addition to being a condition of chronic economic poverty, the culture of poverty is characterized by the cognitive poverty of its ‘members', instilling a fatalism with reference to any possibility of ever achieving a different way of life'. Although education is one way in which such people could be empowered to develop a sense of self confidence and self worth, children acquire the adult fatalism early and become learned helpless. The findings of the study indicate that there is a correlation between motivation and a 'culture of poverty'. Further, in spite of the adverse socio-economic backgrounds from which the students come, their motivation to learn the second language can be enhanced. However, it is not the 'culture of poverty' per se that affects motivation but the type of attributions that the students make regarding their prior learning experiences. Thus a relationship between attributions and 'cognitive poverty' was visible. DOI: 10.4038/suslj.v6i1.1687 Sabaragamuwa University Journal, vol 6, no. 1, pp 23-34
The Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Stock Prices in Emerging Sri Lankan Stock Market
Authors: Menike LMCS 
Published: March 2010

This study investigates the effects of macroeconomic variables on stock prices in emerging Sri Lankan stock market using monthly data for the period from September 1991 to December 2002. The multivariate regression was run using eight macroeconomic variables for each individual stock. The null hypothesis which states that money supply, exchange rate, inflation rate and interest rate variables collectively do not accord any impact on equity prices is rejected at 0.05 level of significance in all stocks. The results indicate that most of the companies report a higher R2 which justifies higher explanatory power of macroeconomic variables in explaining stock prices. Consistent with similar results of the developed as well as emerging market studies, inflation rate and exchange rate react mainly negatively to stock prices in the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE). The negative effect of Treasury bill rate implies that whenever the interest rate on Treasury securities rise, investors tend to switch out of stocks causing stock prices to fall. However, lagged money supply variables do not appear to have a strong prediction of movements of stock prices while stocks do not provide effective hedge against inflation specially in Manufacturing, Trading and Diversified sectors in the CSE. These findings hold practical implications for policy makers, stock market regulators, investors and stock market analysts. DOI: 10.4038/suslj.v6i1.1689 Sabaragamuwa University Journal, vol 6, no. 1, pp 50-67
‘Refuse of All Classes’? Social Indicators and Social Deprivation
Authors: Geoff Payne , Judy Payne , Mark Hyde 
Published: March 2010

The development and electronic accessibility of indices of poverty and social deprivation have yet to be fully exploited by mainstream sociology, not least in the field of class analysis where it might seem likely to be taken up. While reasons for this can be suggested, there are several conceptual frameworks within sociological debates about class that might accommodate deprivation and its indicators, and also valuable empirical resources in the form of indices which are now available to researchers interested in contemporary social inequality. The potential of this approach in the UK is demonstrated by an examination of patterns of social deprivation in 1991 Census data for 391 wards in the South West of England, using the Townsend, Jarman, Breadline Britain and the new DoE Local Conditions indices. Urban and rural patterns are demonstrated in inter-pair correlations between index scores, component variable values, and social class represented as SEGs. A factor analysis similarly shows distinct patterns for urban areas, small towns and rural areas. However, in all cases class, single-parent families, and children living in low- income households show the strongest associations with other deprivation indicators. An explanation for the empirical findings may be found in two main strands of class analysis. First, following Weber, deprivation and occupational class both derive from market situations, but the reported deprivation patterns cannot be entirely explained in terms of class: other factors (such as life-cycle) need to be included. Second, while there is no clear evidence of residualization in the data, some aspects of consumption sector theory seem to be born out; for example, differential opportunities for access to consumption. In addition, it is suggested that the rural/urban differences raise issues for ameliorative policies, further demonstrating the potential for a closer integration of the social indicators approach into the techniques of sociological analysis.
Crown Street Revisited
Authors: Moore Robert 
Published: March 2010

This note describes a study to discover the extent to which it would be possible to follow the respondents in a 1978/79 social survey in inner Liverpool. The follow up would be used to describe the ways in which peoples’ circumstances had changed in the intervening 17 years. It would also provide an opportunity to discover how the respondents themselves viewed the changes that had taken place in inner Liverpool (if that was where they still lived) and the extent to which they had realized the aspirations they expressed in 1978/79 (wherever they now lived). An additional benefit of the research was to ‘test the water’ for forthcoming policy related research in Liverpool. The results of the pilot study are clear and unambiguous: it was not possible to follow up the previous respondents. Reasons for this are believed to include changing attitudes towards giving information and to reservations about collaborating in research projects which in the context of inner city Liverpool are seen to have no benefits to local people. The prognosis for future survey-based research is poor. These findings are consistent with more anecdotal evidence from colleagues working elsewhere in inner city areas and in sharp contrast to similar work undertaken in the very different political climate of the 1970s.
A comprehensive kinetic model for high‐temperature free radical production of styrene/methacrylate/acrylate resins
Authors: Wang Wei , Hutchinson Robin A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstractn‐Butyl methacrylate/styrene/n‐butyl acrylate (BMA/ST/BA) high‐temperature starved‐feed solution semibatch copolymerization and terpolymerization experiments with varying monomer feed composition, final polymer content, monomer feed time, and reaction temperature were carried out. A comprehensive mechanistic terpolymerization model implemented in PREDICI includes methacrylate depropagation, acrylate backbiting, chain scission, and macromonomer propagation, as well as penultimate chain‐growth and termination kinetics. The generality of the model was verified by comparison with terpolymerization data sets from two laboratories that demonstrate the impact of high‐temperature secondary reactions on polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Formation of liquid bridges between porous matrix blocks
Authors: Dejam Morteza , Hassanzadeh Hassan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIt is widely accepted that, in fluid flow and transport in fractured porous media, there exists some degree of block‐to‐block interaction that may lead to capillary continuity. The formation of liquid bridges causing interaction between blocks will affect oil recovery from naturally fractured reservoirs. However, the accurate modeling of the growth and detachment of liquid bridges that may cause capillary continuity between matrix blocks remains a controversial topic. In an attempt to improve our understanding of the problem, a mechanistic model is developed in this work for the formation of liquid bridges between porous blocks. The proposed model considers growth and detachment of pendant liquid droplets perpendicular to the horizontal and smooth fracture between porous matrix blocks. The liquid bridge model is then coupled with various upscaled fracture capillary pressure models to study the liquid bridge formation process. An expression is obtained that relates the commonly used fracture capillary pressure to the critical length of the liquid element. Results based on various fracture capillary pressure models reveal that the threshold Bond number is an important parameter in the formation of liquid bridges. We introduce a simple mechanistic model for the formation of liquid bridges in a horizontal fracture between two porous blocks, advancing our understanding of the two‐phase flow in fractured porous media. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Studies of a pervaporation membrane batch reactor
Authors: Siva Kumar K. , Satyanarayana S.V. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPervaporation processes are being increasingly adopted for environmental applications, and also for developments in many industrial reactions and their reactor systems. This study is related to pervaporation‐facilitated esterification. A parametric study was carried out in order to provide a fundamental understanding of the reactor behaviour. A batch reactor integrated with a pervaporation unit was selected as the model system. The model validity was confirmed by comparison with literature data. Simulations demonstrated that conversions exceeding equilibrium limits can be achieved by using pervaporation to remove water from the reaction mixtures, and that complete conversion of one reactant is possible when the other reactant is present in excess. Simulations also showed that conversion was less effected by the presence of water, which can be either in the reaction medium or as an impurity of the reacting reagent. The influence of several process parameters on reaction performance is discussed; for example membrane permeability, membrane area, volume of the reaction mixtures, temperature, excess reactant versus conversion, and water concentration in the reactor. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silica microcapsules and microtubes prepared from rod‐like and needle‐like polyaniline templates
Authors: Jung Woo‐Hyuk , Choi Yeon‐Sil , Moon Jung‐Min , Han Sang‐Cheol , Kim Yang , Lee Jang‐Oo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRod‐like or needle‐like particles of polyanilinium p‐toluene sulfonate have been used as templates for the formation of silica microcapsules or microtubes. Thus, an alkaline aqueous suspension of the needles was treated with tetraethyl orthosilicate to form silica‐coated needles, which were subsequently calcined to remove the polyanilinium templates. The rod‐like or needle‐like polyaniline particles, their silica‐coated derivatives and silica microcapsules or microtubes have been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and transmission electron microscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Optical parameters and absorption studies of UV‐irradiated azo dye‐doped PMMA films
Authors: Zidan H. M. , El‐Khodary A. , El‐Sayed I. A. , El‐Bohy H. I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPMMA and PMMA films doped with different contents of azo dye have been made by using the casting technique. The absorption spectral analysis showed that the doped films have two absorption bands attributed to the π‐π* and n‐π* transition of chromophore groups. These bands disappear upon UV‐irradiation, suggesting that the studied system undergoes a photo degradation process. The absorption coefficient and optical energy gap (Eg) have been obtained from the absorption edge in the 200–900 nm range. It was found that Eg decreases with increasing doping levels, whereas it increases with increasing irradiation time. The width of the tail of localized states in the band gap (ΔE) was evaluated using the Urbach edge method. Some optical parameters were determined from the reflection and transmission spectra in the spectral range of 200–2500 nm. The dependence of the refractive index on irradiation time and doping level have been discussed. It was found that the photo‐induced refractive index changes are very large. These changes suggest the applicability of the studied system in optical devices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Cationic polymerization of 2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran using 12‐tungstophosphoric acid as a solid acid catalyst
Authors: Aouissi Ahmed 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe bulk polymerization of 2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran catalyzed by 12‐tungstophosphoric acid was investigated. The effects of the time, temperature, and amount of the catalyst on the polymerization reaction were studied. The propagation exclusively involved CC bonds. Propagation by ring opening was not observed. The total polymerization time and the melting temperature decreased as the proportion of the catalyst and the temperature were increased because of the increase in the number of active centers and the chain‐transfer reaction, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Blends of thermoplastic polyurethane and polypropylene. II. Thermal and morphological behavior
Authors: Govorčin Bajsić Emi , Pustak Anđela , Šmit Ivan , Leskovac Mirela 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNeat thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polypropylene (PP), and TPU/PP blends with different weight ratios that were prepared in a twin‐screw extruder were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and light and scanning electron microscopy. The results confirmed PP matrix to TPU matrix phase inversion in the concentration region between 60/40 and 80/20 TPU/PP blends. The total degree of crystallinity of the blends and the crystallization temperature of PP decreased with increasing TPU content. On the other hand, the addition of elastomeric TPU to PP significantly increased the spherulite size of PP. The TPU melt islands in the PP matrix prolonged the crystallization of PP during solidification, and this enhanced the growth of spherulites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Hybrid fiber fabric composites from poly ether ether ketone and glass fiber
Authors: Shekar R. Indu , Kotresh T. M. , Prasad A. S. Krishna , Rao P. M. Damodhara , Kumar M. N. Satheesh , Siddaramaiah  
Published: March 2010

AbstractPoly ether ether ketone (PEEK) polymer was extruded into filaments and cowoven into unidirectional hybrid fabric with glass as reinforcement fiber. The hybrid fabrics were then converted into laminates and their properties with special reference to crystallization behavior has been studied. The composite laminates have been evaluated for mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), and flexural strength. The thermal behavior of the composite laminates were analyzed using differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analyzer, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). The exposure of the fabricated composite laminates to high temperature (400 and 500°C) using radiant heat source resulted in an improvement in the crystallanity. The morphological behavior and PEEK resin distribution in the composite laminates were confirmed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nondestructive testing (NDT). Although DMA results showed a loss in modulus above glass transition temperature (Tg), a fair retention in properties was noticed up to 300°C. The ability of the composite laminates to undergo positive thermal expansion as confirmed through TMA suggests the potential application of glass–PEEK composites in aerospace sector. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 117:1446–1459, 2010
Poly(imide‐amide)s and poly(imide‐ester)s obtained from N,N′‐(4,4′‐Me,R‐diphthaloyl)‐bis‐glycine acid dichloride (R = Me, Et): Synthesis, characterization, and thermal studies
Authors: Tagle L. H. , Terraza C. A. , Leiva A. , Yazigi N. , Lopez L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPoly(imide‐amide)s (PIAs) and poly(imide‐ester)s (PIEs) containing two Si‐atoms in the repeating unit were synthesized from acid dichlorides and diamines and diphenols, respectively. The acid dichlorides were obtained from the dianhydrides, which reacted first with glycine and then with thionyl chloride. The dianhydrides were obtained from the tetramethyl derivatives, which were oxidized to the tetra acids and then the dianhydrides were obtained with acetic anhydride. PIAs were obtained in N,N‐dimethylacetamide solution at low temperature and the PIEs in a CHCl3 solution. Monomers and polymers were characterized by IR and 1H, 13C, and 29Si‐NMR spectroscopy and the results were in agreement with the proposed structures. The ηinh values were indicative of low molecular weight species and of oligomeric nature. The glass transition (Tg) and thermal decomposition temperatures (TDT) values of PIAs were higher than those of PIEs due to the presence of the aromatic rings of the diamine. The aliphatic groups bonded to the Si atom of the acid dichloride moiety promoted the decrease of the thermal stability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Viscosity study of salt tolerant polymers
Authors: Rashidi Masoud , Blokhus Anne Marit , Skauge Arne 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe rheological characteristics of copolymers of acrylamide (AM) with sodium salt of 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (PAMS), and of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) have been studied in both NaCl solutions and synthetic seawater. PAMS may possible have high salt tolerance and thereby find use in enhanced oil recovery processes for high salinity reservoirs. The viscosity and solubility effect of the PAMS copolymers have been systematically studied with variations in sulfonation degree and molecular weight. Emphasis has been studies as a function of shear rate, polymer concentration, NaCl and divalent ions concentration in aqueous phase. Shear rate dependence of PAMS varies with sulfonation degree, and PAMS with higher sulfonation degree is found to be less shear rate dependent. PAMS with high sulfonation degree are more salt tolerant also compared to HPAM. Also the effect of divalent ions on viscosity of PAMS is lower compared to HPAM. Two parameters will increase the solubility effect of the PAMS copolymers in mix brine, one is sulfonation degree and the other is in the presence of NaCl. Both parameters have a direct effect on the solubility of PAMS copolymer in mixed brine. In all cases the PAMS copolymers are more salt tolerant than HPAM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Solvent effects in the polyethylene terephthalate surface modification by cold argon plasma‐induced grafting polymerization of methacrylic acid
Authors: Shi Laishun , Liu Yanpu , Wang Luyan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe studied the surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by grafting with methacrylic acid (MAA) through plasma‐induced polymerization method. The results show that the grafting yield increases with the increase of reaction temperature. The grafting yield is in proportion to the increase of monomer concentration. The grafting yield increases along with the prolonging of reaction time. The solvent has great influence to the grafting reaction. The grafting yield increases with the increase of volume ratio R, which is defined by the volume of water to the volume of alcohol, when using alcohol and water as mixed solvent. The grafting yield is not zero when only using methanol, ethanol or isopropanol as the solvent. The red shift in UV spectrum could be ascribed to different reactive activities of MAA in different solvents, which also can explain the change trend of the grafting yield. The UV‐vis absorbance difference and the FTIR integrated peak area of the CO stretching increase steadily with the increase of grafting yield, which are almost linear relationship. It was confirmed that MAA was grafted onto the PET surface in terms of UV‐vis spectrophotometric, FTIR and atomic force microscopy analysis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
One‐step synthesis of triarm block copolymers via simultaneous reversible‐addition fragmentation chain transfer and ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Öztürk Temel , Göktaş Melahat , Hazer Baki 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOne‐step synthesis of star copolymers by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) by using a novel dual initiator is reported. Triarm block copolymers comprising one polystyrene (or polyacrylamide) arm and two poly(β‐butyrolactone) arms were synthesized in one‐step by simultaneous RAFT polymerization of styrene (St) (or acrylamide, designated as AAm) and ROP of β‐butyrolactone (BL) in the presence of a novel trifunctional initiator, 1,2‐propanediol ethyl xanthogenate (RAFT‐ROP agent). This dual initiator was obtained through the reaction of 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propanediol with the potassium salt of ethyl xanthogenate. The principal parameters such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and polymerization time that affect the one‐step polymerization reaction were evaluated. The characterization of the products was achieved using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR), Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fractional precipitation (γ) techniques. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010