bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal stability of high-speed steels as characterized by X-ray diffraction profile analysis
Authors: Leitner H. , Clemens H. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In practice the thermal stability of high-speed steels is assessed by simple hardness tests. As high-speed steels can be seen as a composite material of a particle-strengthened metallic matrix and coarse primary carbides, the measured hardness is a mixture of both microstructural constituents. Whereas the primary carbides do not change during tempering, the particle-strengthened matrix is prone to microstructural changes, thus affecting the mechanical properties. Consequently, characterization methods which are sensitive only to the matrix have to be applied. In this study single-peak profile analysis were carried out to investigate the thermal stability of high-speed steel matrices. By applying this method the lattice distortion was obtained and compared to classical hardness tests. In a first step, the applicability of this method was investigated. Afterwards, four different high-speed steels were analyzed. The investigations showed that the distortion of the lattice of the matrix depends on their microstructure and composition, which both depend on the heat treatment history. The observed differences in hardness can be correlated to differences in lattice distortion of the matrix and the present amount of primary carbides.
Recrystallization and grain growth in the nickel-based superalloy allvac 718Plus
Authors: Sommitsch Christof , Huber Daniel , Ingelman-Sundberg Fredrik , Mitsche Stefan , Stockinger Martin , Buchmayr Bruno 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The nickel-based superalloy Allvac 718Plus was developed in order to combine formability and cost advantages of Alloy 718 with high temperature strength of Alloy 720. Typical applications for this new material are turbine disks that are produced by closed die forging, e. g. by screw pressing. The final mechanical properties are strongly related to the microstructure, which forms during hot forming. It is therefore of great interest to model both the dynamic and static grain structure development during processing. In this work, dynamic and static recrystallization as well as normal grain growth models are described for this material. The calculated grain structure evolution in Allvac 718Plus is compared to that of Alloy 718 in the typical process range of disk forging. Additionally, both the experimental program and structure analysis methodology are specified.
On the role of eutectics during recrystallization in a single crystal nickel-base superalloy – CMSX-4
Authors: Wang Li , Pyczak Florian , Zhang Jian , Singer Robert F. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The role of eutectics in recrystallization in a single crystal nickel-base superalloy – CMSX-4 – was studied by electron backscatter diffraction and electron probe micro-analysis techniques. It was shown that eutectics can initiate recrystallization by a particle stimulated nucleation mechanism which operates in interdendritic regions. During grain growth in the course of recrystallization, eutectics were observed to inhibit the motion of the advancing recrystallization grain boundary. Alternatively, a recrystallization grain boundary can migrate through eutectics by forming a large ′ phase particle behind the advancing front, either with the same crystal orientation as the eutectic the boundary advances into or, in some cases, with completely new orientations, i. e. neither the same as the eutectic it grows into nor the same as the recrystallized grains surrounding it.
Short-term creep behavior of a Cr Mo V hot-work tool steel
Authors: Wurmbauer Harald , Leitner Harald , Panzenböck Michael , Scheu Christina , Clemens Helmut 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Hot-work tool steels are used for die casting, extrusion molding and drop forging tools and thus are exposed to high temperatures and elevated stresses during application. To get insight into the materials' behavior under those conditions, short-term creep tests are performed at temperatures in the range of 550 – 590 °C and at stress levels ranging from 400 – 750 MPa. A steady-state creep range is not observed. Instead only a minimum strain rate appears. This minimum is followed by an extended tertiary creep range. Based on the observed stress exponent at 590 °C recovery-controlled dislocation creep has been identified as the dominant creep mechanism. During creep carbide coarsening, recovery and recrystallization occur, as observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
Design strategy for new biodegradable Mg–Y–Zn alloys for medical applications
Authors: Hänzi Anja C. , Sologubenko Alla S. , Uggowitzer Peter J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The aim of this article is to describe the design strategy deployed in developing new biodegradable Mg–Y–Zn alloys. The development approach is based on a microalloying concept which aims to restrict grain growth considerably during alloy casting and forming. We discuss the efficiency of the design approach, and evaluate the characteristics of the new alloys using metal-physical experiments, thermodynamic calculations and transmission electron microscopy analysis. Our results show that after extrusion the alloys have very fine grains (< 10 m), exhibit high ductility (uniform elongation: 17 – 20 %) at considerable strength (ultimate tensile strength: 250 – 270 MPa) and reveal the presence of finely distributed intermetallic particles which are stable upon annealing. Due to an attractive combination of mechanical, electrochemical and biological properties, the new alloys are very promising not only for applications in medicine but also in other fields.
Influence of deposition conditions on texture development and mechanical properties of TiN coatings
Authors: Mayrhofer Paul H. , Geier Markus , Löcker Christian , Chen Li 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The influence of varying substrate temperature, N2 partial pressure, ion energy, and ion-to-Ti flux ratio on the texture development and mechanical properties of TiN is investigated in detail. We show that during low substrate temperature (T
s
= 300 °C) reactive sputtering of TiN in a mixed Ar + N2 discharge a change from 111- to 001-oriented growth occurs when increasing the ion-to-Ti ratio J
i/J
Ti above 2.5 while using a low ion energy E
i of 30 eV. This texture change can be reversed to a 111-oriented growth by increasing the ion energy to 60 and 90 eV when using high ion-to-Ti ratios J
i/J
Ti of 2.5 and 9, without introducing strain. Thereby the hardness can be increased from ∼31 to 37 GPa with only minor changes in compressive stresses. Consequently, by defining the ion-to-Ti ratio and the ion energy during low substrate temperature reactive sputtering of TiN the texture development towards 111- or 001-oriented growth can be controlled. Based on previous studies and the texture development as a function of substrate temperature and N2-partial pressure, we propose that varying the ion-to-Ti ratio and the ion energy result in different N-terminated surfaces and hence different Ti-fluxes from 111- to 001-oriented grains and vice versa.
Management of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Rajapakse Senaka , Rodrigo Chaturaka , Wijewickrema Eranga S. 
Published: August 2009

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in a significant proportion of patients with severe sepsis, and is an important cause of mortality in such patients. Current concepts of pathogenesis of AKI are shifting from vasoconstriction-ischaemia induced injury to toxic and immune mediated injury and hyperaemic injury resulting in apoptosis of renal cells. Renal replacement therapy is the mainstay of management of AKI. Adequacy of dialysis is likely to be linked to better outcome, but there is still no clear consensus on the timing, modality, intensity or frequency of dialysis. Haemodynamically unstable patients usually require modes of continuous renal replacement therapy. Biocompatible dialyser membranes are likely to be safer than older cellulose membranes. Bicarbonate is preferred to acetate and lactate as dialysate buffer. Anticoagulation has to be undertaken with care to prevent excessive haemorrhage in the setting of already deranged haemostasis. Adequate volume resuscitation and maintenance of renal perfusion by the use of vasopressors is beneficial; norepinephrine is the vasopressor of choice. There is no place for the use of low- or renal-dose dopamine, mannitol or frusemide in the setting of sepsis-induced AKI, and in fact they may be detrimental. Prevention of kidney damage by nephrotoxic drugs and radio-contrast media is of vital importance. Careful dose management of nephrotoxic drugs will prevent renal injury. Hydration prior to administration of contrast media prevents nephrotoxicity, but the benefit of N-Acetylcysteine is unclear. Tight glycaemic control may have renoprotective effects, though its place in the management of severe sepsis is now controversial. No clear evidence of benefit is seen with other newer therapies.Keywords: Critical care; acute kidney injury; dialysis; renal replacementCitation: Rajapakse S, Rodrigo C, Wijewickrema ES. Management of Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury. Sri Lanka Journal of Critical Care 2009;1:3-14DOI: 10.4038/sljcc.v1i1.937
Katrina: It Reshaped the Gulf Coast – How Will it Reshape Washington, D.C.? Remarks by Admiral Thad Allen, Commandant, United States Coast Guard
Authors: Allen Admiral Thad W. 
Published: August 2009

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, two of the most powerful storms in history, devastated the Gulf Coast region in 2005. These natural disasters not only destroyed lives, neighborhoods and communities but also challenged the local, state and federal governments' emergency response infrastructure. To learn from these events and the government's response to them, The George Washington University School of Public Policy and Public Administration (SPPPA) held a symposium on December 2, 2005, which featured the following keynote address by then Vice Admiral Thad Allen, the principal federal official managing the federal government's response efforts to Hurricane Katrina. In his speech, Admiral Allen described his own efforts and the federal government's efforts to respond to the hurricanes in a timely and efficient manner. For the audience, the chance to hear Admiral Allen – who spoke from the Gulf Coast region via remote technology – provided an opportunity to hear an in-person, first-hand account of the value of public administration.
Novel Multifunctional Properties Induced by Interface Effects in Perovskite Oxide Heterostructures
Authors: Jin Kui‐juan , Lu Hui‐bin , Zhao Kun , Ge Chen , He Meng , Yang Guo‐zhen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMultilayer structures have emerged as a leading research topic and researchers expect that multilayers may lead to interesting artificial materials with novel properties. In this Research News we show that the introduction of interfaces into perovskite oxides can induce a series of novel properties including an unusual positive magnetoresistance, great enhancement of lateral photovoltage in La0.9Sr0.1MnO3/SrNb0.01Ti0.99O3, and an electrical modulation of the magnetoresistance in multi‐p‐n heterostructures of SrTiO3−δ/La0.9Sr0.1MnO3/SrTiO3−δ/La0.9Sr0.1MnO3/Si. This novel positive magnetoresistance is attributed to the creation of a space charge region at the interface where the spin of the carriers is anti‐parallel to that of the carriers in the region far from the interface of manganese oxide in the heterostructures.
Clinical lessons learned from the International Research Symposium on ankyloblepharon‐ectodermal defects‐cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndrome
Authors: Bree Alanna F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe International Research Symposium on ankyloblepharon‐ectodermal defects‐cleft lip/palate (AEC) Syndrome, that was supported by the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias (NFED) through a grant from the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and the National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases (NIH‐ORD), brought together physicians, scientists, and 23 individuals affected by AEC syndrome from 13 families. Eighteen of the AEC‐affected individuals were enrolled in an IRB‐approved protocol through Baylor College of Medicine. Enrolled participants had clinical evaluations by multiple subspecialists, and additionally submitted blood for mutational analysis and skin specimens for pathologic evaluation. One of the goals of the conference was to define clinical and pathologic findings for improved diagnostic criteria, with the hope of determining genotype–phenotype correlations that might aid in predicting prognosis or directing therapeutics. What we found was wide interfamilial and intrafamilial variability in the manifestations of the syndrome. We were unable to identify any specific genotype–phenotype correlations. This may relate to our small sample size or other unknown epigenetic factors that are also at play in the expression and manifestation of the syndrome in specific individuals. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Common origin of pure and interrupted repeat expansions in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2)
Authors: Ramos Eliana Marisa , Martins Sandra , Alonso Isabel , Emmel Vanessa E. , Saraiva‐Pereira Maria Luiza , Jardim Laura Bannach , Coutinho Paula , Sequeiros Jorge , Silveira Isabel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by gait and limb ataxia. This disease is caused by the expansion of a (CAG)nlocated in theATXN2, that encodes a polyglutamine tract of more than 34 repeats. Lately, alleles with 32–33 CAGs have been associated to late‐onset disease cases. Repeat interruptions by CAA triplets are common in normal alleles, while expanded alleles usually contain a pure repeat tract. To investigate the mutational origin and the instability associated to theATXN2repeat, we performed an extensive haplotype study and sequencing of the CAG/CAA repeat, in a cohort of families of different geographic origins and phenotypes. Our results showed (1) CAA interruptions also in expandedATXN2alleles; (2) that pathological CAA interrupted alleles shared an ancestral haplotype with pure expanded alleles; and (3) higher genetic diversity in European SCA2 families, suggesting an older European ancestry of SCA2. In conclusion, we found instability towards expansion in interruptedATXN2alleles and a shared ancestralATXN2haplotype for pure and interrupted expanded alleles; this finding has strong implications in mutation diagnosis and counseling. Our results indicate that interrupted alleles, below the pathological threshold, may be a reservoir of mutable alleles, prone to expansion in subsequent generations, leading to full disease mutation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced 3‐O‐methyl‐dopa levels in OCD patients and their unaffected parents is associated with the low activity M158 COMT allele
Authors: Delorme Richard , Betancur Catalina , Chaste Pauline , Kernéis Solen , Stopin Astrid , Mouren Marie‐Christine , Collet Corinne , Bourgeron Thomas , Leboyer Marion , Launay Jean‐Marie 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene is considered as a candidate gene in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Specifically, theCOMTlow‐activity M158 allele has been suggested to be associated with OCD. However, there is no study reporting that COMT activity is decreased in OCD patients and that the decrease is mediated by the V158M polymorphism. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to assess COMT activity in OCD by measuring plasma levels of 3‐O‐methyl‐dopa (3‐OMD), which result from the methylation of levodopa by COMT, and to investigate the relationship between 3‐OMD levels and the V158M polymorphism. We also examined whether 3‐OMD levels represented an endophenotype, associated with the genetic liability to OCD, by assessing unaffected relatives of OCD patients. We assessed plasma 3‐OMD levels in a sample of drug‐free OCD probands (n = 34) and their unaffected parents (n = 63), and compared them with controls (n = 85). TheCOMTV158M polymorphism was genotyped in all participants. Lower plasma 3‐OMD levels were found in OCD probands and their unaffected parents compared to controls. TheCOMTM158 allele was associated with reduced plasma 3‐OMD levels in a co‐dominant manner, both in OCD probands and their relatives, but not in controls. Our results suggest that COMT activity could act as a limiting factor for the production of 3‐OMD in OCD patients and in their relatives. These findings further support a role of COMT in the susceptibility to OCD and provide evidence that 3‐OMD levels could represent an endophenotype in OCD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FKBP5 polymorphisms and antidepressant response in geriatric depression
Authors: Sarginson Jane E. , Lazzeroni Laura C. , Ryan Heather S. , Schatzberg Alan F. , Murphy Greer M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGenetic variation at the FKBP5 locus has been reported to affect clinical outcomes in patients treated with antidepressant medications in several studies. However, other reports have not confirmed this association. FKBP5 may regulate the sensitivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. We tested two FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1360780 and rs3800373) in a sample of 246 geriatric patients treated for 8 weeks in a double‐blind randomized comparison trial of paroxetine and mirtazapine. These two polymorphisms had previously been reported to predict efficacy in depressed patients treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as paroxetine, and those treated with mirtazapine, an agent with both serotonergic and noradrenergic actions. However, we found no significant associations between these FKBP5 genetic variants and clinical outcomes. Neither mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores nor time to remission or response were predicted by FKBP5 genetic variation. These results suggest that FKBP5 is unlikely to play a major role in determining antidepressant treatment outcomes in geriatric patients. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase‐2 Suppresses Lymph Node Metastasis via VEGF‐C
Authors: Liu Huidong , Yang Yanmei , Xiao Jianbing , Lv Yanhong , Liu Yan , Yang Huike , Zhao Linghui 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMost experimental work addressing cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor has focused on suppressing hematogenic spread. Little is known about the mechanism by which this inhibitor can also block lymphatic metastasis. Here, the effects of COX‐2 inhibitor on vascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C) expression, lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis were investigated. Utilizing the highly metastatic human lung adenocarcinoma cell line Anip973 and its parental line AGZY83‐a, which has a low metastatic capacity, we found elevated VEGF‐C and COX‐2 immunoreactivity in Anip973 cells compared with AGZY83‐a cells. Celecoxib down‐regulated expression of VEGF‐C mRNA and protein in Anip973 cells while PGE2 up‐regulated expression of VEGF‐C mRNA and protein in AGZY83‐a cells in a concentration‐dependent manner. The expression of COX‐2 and VEGF‐C was significantly increased in xenografted Anip973 tumors compared with AGZY83‐a tumors. The Anip973 tumors showed more lymphatic vessels and lymph node metastasis than the AGZY83‐a tumors. In vivo, celecoxib decreased VEGF‐C expression in Anip973 tumor‐treated mice to a similar level to that in the AGZY83‐a tumor‐treated mice. Consistent with this decrease in VEGF‐C expression, the density of lymphatic vessels and lymph node metastasis in Anip973 tumor‐treated mice were suppressed to approximately that found in the AGZY83‐a tumor‐treated ones. Taken together, our results suggest that the differential expression of COX‐2 and VEGF‐C might help explain the different metastasis phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma cancer, and that COX‐2 inhibitor mediates VEGF‐C to block lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Thus, COX‐2 may be a potential therapeutic target for blocking lymph node metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical and Histochemical Characteristics of the Olfactory System of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Teleostei, Poecilidae)
Authors: Bettini Simone , Lazzari Maurizio , Ciani Franco , Franceschini Valeria 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOlfaction in fish has been studied using preferentially macrosmatic species as models. In the present research, the labelling patterns of different neuronal markers and lectins were analyzed in the olfactory neurons and in their bulbar axonal endings in the guppy Poecilia reticulata, belonging to the group of microsmatic fish. We observed that calretinin immunostaining was confined to a population of olfactory receptor cells localized in the upper layers of the sensory mucosa, probably microvillous neurons innervating the lateral glomerular layer. Immunoreactivity for S100 proteins was mainly evident in crypt cells, but also in other olfactory cells belonging to subtypes projecting in distinct regions of the bulbs. Protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) was not detected in the olfactory system of the guppy. Lectin binding revealed the presence of N‐acetylglucosamine and α‐N‐acetylgalactosamine residues in the glycoconjugates of numerous olfactory neurons ubiquitously distributed in the mucosa. The low number of sugar types detected suggested a reduced glycosidic variability that could be an index of restricted odorant discrimination, in concordance with guppy visual‐based behaviors. Finally, we counted few crypt cells which were immunoreactive for S100 and calretinin. Crypt cells were more abundant in guppy females. This difference is in accordance with guppy gender‐specific responses to pheromones. Cells immunoreactive to calretinin showed no evidence of ventral projections in the bulbs. We assumed the hypothesis that their odorant sensitivity is not strictly limited to pheromones or sexual signals in general. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delay‐dependent robust stabilization for uncertain stochastic switching systems with distributed delays
Authors: Shen Hao , Xu Shengyuan , Song Xiaona , Luo Jianwen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of robust stabilization for a class of uncertain stochastic switching systems with distributed delays. The purpose is to design a memory controller, which guarantees that the resulting closed‐loop system is mean‐square asymptotically stable. In terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities, a delay‐dependent condition is proposed and a robust memory controller is designed. Two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society