bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prefrontal space ratio in second‐ and third‐trimester screening for trisomy 21
Authors: Yazdi B. , Sonek J. , Oettling C. , Hoopmann M. , Abele H. , Schaelike M. , Kagan K. O. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the prefrontal space ratio (PFSR) in second‐ and third‐trimester euploid fetuses and fetuses with trisomy 21.MethodsThis was a retrospective study utilizing stored mid‐sagittal two‐dimensional images of second‐ and third‐trimester fetal faces that were recorded during prenatal ultrasound examinations at the Department of Prenatal Medicine at the University of Tuebingen, Germany and at a private center for prenatal medicine in Nuremberg, Germany. For the normal range, 279 euploid pregnancies between 15 and 40 weeks' gestation were included. The results were compared with 91 cases with trisomy 21 between 15 and 40 weeks. For the ratio measurement, a line was drawn between the leading edge of the mandible and the maxilla (MM line) and extended in front of the forehead. The ratio of the distance between the leading edge of the skull and the leading edge of the skin (d1) to the distance between the skin and the point where the MM line was intercepted (d2) was calculated. The PFSR was determined by dividing d2 by d1.ResultsIn the euploid and trisomy 21 groups, the median gestational age at the time of ultrasound examination was 21.1 (range, 15.0–40.0) and 21.4 (range, 15.0–40.3) weeks, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that PFSR was independent of maternal and gestational age. In the euploid group, the mean PFSR was 0.97 ± 0.29. In fetuses with trisomy 21, the mean PFSR was 0.2 ± 0.38 (P < 0.0001). The PFSR was below the 5th centile in 14 (5.0%) euploid fetuses and in 72 (79.1%) fetuses with trisomy 21.ConclusionThe PFSR is a simple and effective marker in second‐ and third‐trimester screening for trisomy 21. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron transport and optical properties of curved aromatics
Authors: Zoppi Laura , Siegel Jay S. , Baldridge Kim K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe extended family of curved carbon π‐systems offers a unique possibility for building up structures with a tunable spectrum of structural and electronic properties. Such a structure–property profile motivates the creative use of these materials as active components in molecular devices. Key to these functional building blocks is the curvature, which confines the electronic states in one or more directions (nanoscale directions) imparting remarkable physical phenomena to a material. In this respect, the formation of electronic excitations in form of excitons has a fundamental role in determining the optical and transport properties of this class of materials. The role of the curvature on electronics properties of curved aromatics is discussed for systems of varying dimensionalities, ranging from 0D (fullerenes, molecular bowls) to 1D (carbon nanotubes) and 3D (bulk crystals). Recent progress in the area of optical and transport properties of the largest classes of curved aromatic systems is discussed, and focus is given to molecules in isolation, molecules on surfaces, crystalline systems, and molecular nanojunctions.This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures
Nuclear and renewables: compatible or contradicting?
Authors: Mez Lutz 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSince the report of Club of Rome, ‘The Limits to Growth’, the exhaustion of fossil energy sources has been under discussion. Coal, oil, and gas—and energy technologies relying upon them—will be exhausted in the future. High expectations for nuclear energy have given way to the insight that nuclear fission is at best a bridging technology. The risks of this technology became apparent by nuclear catastrophes such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, and uranium resources are limited. Furthermore, fast breeder technology has failed and fourth generation reactors are still pure fiction. Before the industrial revolution, nearly all energy demands were supplied by renewable energy worldwide. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, fossil fuel was used in a steadily increasing amount for heating, lighting, transport, and other energy purposes. Electricity as scientific form of energy played an important role in the transformation of agricultural to industrial societies. Electricity systems are the basic infrastructure of modern societies, influencing the industrial organization, the degree of automation, the communication system, and the industrial future. Today the electrical power industry is at a crossroads, last but not least for environmental reasons. Beside the large cathedrals of electricity generation, other types of generation technologies, each of which brings totally different social relations between energy producers and consumers, have a historical chance to emerge. The solar age will replace the fossil and the nuclear age sooner or later. This transformation is not only a technical and economic, but also a social and political problem.This article is categorized under:

Energy Systems Economics > Economics and Policy
Energy and Climate > Economics and Policy
Energy and Development > Economics and Policy
Cervical Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment Interventions for Racial and Ethnic Minorities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Glick Susan B. , Clarke Amanda R. , Blanchard Anita , Whitaker Amy K. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
To systematically review the literature to determine which interventions improve the screening, diagnosis or treatment of cervical cancer for racial and/or ethnic minorities.

DATA SOURCES
Medline on OVID, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane Systematic Reviews.

STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS
We searched the above databases for original articles published in English with at least one intervention designed to improve cervical cancer prevention, screening, diagnosis or treatment that linked participants to the healthcare system; that focused on US racial and/or ethnic minority populations; and that measured health outcomes. Articles were reviewed to determine the population, intervention(s), and outcomes. Articles published through August 2010 were included.

STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS
One author rated the methodological quality of each of the included articles. The strength of evidence was assessed using the criteria developed by the GRADE Working Group.45,46

RESULTS
Thirty-one studies were included. The strength of evidence is moderate that telephone support with navigation increases the rate of screening for cervical cancer in Spanish- and English-speaking populations; low that education delivered by lay health educators with navigation increases the rate of screening for cervical cancer for Latinas, Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans; low that a single visit for screening for cervical cancer and follow up of an abnormal result improves the diagnosis and treatment of premalignant disease of the cervix for Latinas; and low that telephone counseling increases the diagnosis and treatment of premalignant lesions of the cervix for African Americans.

LIMITATIONS
Studies that did not focus on racial and/or ethnic minority populations may have been excluded. In addition, this review excluded interventions that did not link racial and ethnic minorities to the health care system. While inclusion of these studies may have altered our findings, they were outside the scope of our review.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS
Patient navigation with telephone support or education may be effective at improving screening, diagnosis, and treatment among racial and ethnic minorities. Research is needed to determine the applicability of the findings beyond the populations studied.
A Roadmap and Best Practices for Organizations to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
Authors: Chin Marshall H. , Clarke Amanda R. , Nocon Robert S. , Casey Alicia A. , Goddu Anna P. , Keesecker Nicole M. , Cook Scott C. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Over the past decade, researchers have shifted their focus from documenting health care disparities to identifying solutions to close the gap in care. Finding Answers: Disparities Research for Change, a national program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, is charged with identifying promising interventions to reduce disparities. Based on our work conducting systematic reviews of the literature, evaluating promising practices, and providing technical assistance to health care organizations, we present a roadmap for reducing racial and ethnic disparities in care. The roadmap outlines a dynamic process in which individual interventions are just one part. It highlights that organizations and providers need to take responsibility for reducing disparities, establish a general infrastructure and culture to improve quality, and integrate targeted disparities interventions into quality improvement efforts. Additionally, we summarize the major lessons learned through the Finding Answers program. We share best practices for implementing disparities interventions and synthesize cross-cutting themes from 12 systematic reviews of the literature. Our research shows that promising interventions frequently are culturally tailored to meet patients’ needs, employ multidisciplinary teams of care providers, and target multiple leverage points along a patient’s pathway of care. Health education that uses interactive techniques to deliver skills training appears to be more effective than traditional didactic approaches. Furthermore, patient navigation and engaging family and community members in the health care process may improve outcomes for minority patients. We anticipate that the roadmap and best practices will be useful for organizations, policymakers, and researchers striving to provide high-quality equitable care.
Real Time Study of Detergent Concentration Influence on Solid Fatty Acid Film Removal Processes
Authors: Favrat Olivier , Gavoille Joseph , Aleya Lotfi , Monteil Guy 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCleaning in an aqueous solution is a complex mechanism which depends on several parameters. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique was used to investigate the detachment, using an anionic and a nonionic detergents, of stearic acid (C18H36O2) films deposited on gold‐coated quartz surfaces. The cleaning mechanism was observed in real time by measuring the frequency of a quartz crystal during the fatty acid film removal. These observations reveal two successive phenomena: firstly, adsorption and absorption of water and detergent on the stearic acid layer and, secondly, the detachment of the fatty acid layer. A relationship between removal time and detergent concentration was highlighted: fatty acid removal time decreases as detergent concentration increases until an asymptotic value is reached. Initial contamination greatly influences cleaning duration. Increased sample contamination actually leads to increased removal time. However, no real correlation between the two parameters can be established. As a result, optimal parameters can be determined for each detergent, thus the QCM technique appears to be of great interest in monitoring and optimising cleaning protocol.
Gas reservoirs in the Dead Sea area: evidence from chemistry of combustion metamorphic rocks in Nabi Musa fossil mud volcano
Authors: Sokol E.V. , Kozmenko O.A. , Kokh S.N. , Vapnik Ye. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Nabi Musa located at the northern tip of the Dead Sea at 31°48′ N, 35°25′ E is one of fifteen complexes of the Hatrurim Formation or the so-called “Mottled Zone” (MZ) which are fossil mud volcanoes. Self ignition of methane during their eruptions in the Middle–Late Pleistocene caused combustion metamorphism of sediments. Melting foci have been discovered in two craters of Nabi Musa volcano, with numerous veins of paralavas having particular calcic-silicic compositions (Ca2SiO4- and CaSiO3-normative). Their major- and trace-element spectra bear signature of a mixed sedimentary protolith consisting of Cretaceous marine carbonates, marl, and quartz sand. The paralavas inherit high Sr, P, and U enrichments, positive La/La* and Y anomalies, and a negative Ce/Ce* anomaly from calcareous marine sediments, including bituminous and apatite-rich chalks. The presence of quartz arenite in the protolith is responsible for relatively high Ti, Nb, Zr, and Hf while the marl pelitic component accounts for MREE and LREE depletion. The suggested mixing models predict that the Nabi Musa paralavas result from combustion metamorphism of a sediment mixture with 53–60 wt.% chalk, 5–14 wt.% marl, and 27–44 wt.% quartz arenite. The history of mud volcanism at Nabi Musa began with small eruptions that mobilized gas and water from shallow (within 300 m) Turonian carbonate aquifers, and later explosive activity triggered violent gas blowouts from the older terrigenous reservoir of Aptian–Albian Nubian-type sandstone lying as deep as 1300–1500 m.
New biostratigraphical constraints on the Lower and lower Middle Cambrian of the Kharaulakh Mountains (northeastern Siberian Platform, Chekurovka anticline)
Authors: Korovnikov I.V. , Novozhilova N.V. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The Cambrian section of the western limb of the Chekurovka anticline was studied, with layer-by-layer collection of animal fossils. This permitted us to refine the biostratigraphic division of this section. Four biostratigraphic units (beds) with small shelly fossils were identified: Lapworthella tortuosa, Lapworthella bella, Mobergella radiolata, and Rhombocorniculum cancellatum. They characterize most of the Tommotian and Atdabanian Stages of the Lower Cambrian. The Lower Tyuser Subformation and the Sekten Formation were constrained by small shelly fossils for the first time. Numerous trilobite finds helped to reveal intervals correlating with the Delgadella anabara–Nevadella and Judomia–Uktaspis (Prouktaspis) Regional Zones in the upper Atdabanian.
The upper Sekten Formation (black shales) forms the Kuonamka Formation. Within this interval, the following trilobites were found: Triplagnostus gibbus, Tomagnostus sibiricus, Pseudanomocarina sp., Eodiscus oelandicus, Paradoxides sacheri, and Ptychagnostus aff. atavus. They are widespread in the vast territory of the eastern Siberian Platform, within the Kuonamka Formation.
Also, Korobovia khorbosuonica, Charaulaspis postprimus, and Hebediscus convexus trilobites were observed, which had been found earlier in the Khorbosuonka River section (Olenek uplift). This permits a detailed correlation between these localities.
Similarity was observed between Triangulaspis annio trilobites and young Charaulaspis. This casts doubt upon the fact that the first Triangulaspis annio finds in the northeastern Siberian Platform belonged to the upper Atdabanian.
Strain and displacement rates during a large earthquake in the South Baikal region
Authors: Timofeev V.Yu. , Ardyukov D.G. , Boyko E.V. , Gribanova E.I. , Semibalamut V.M. , Timofeev A.V. , Yaroshevich A.V. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Crustal kinematic characteristics such as strain and displacement rates are important in the monitoring of present-day processes in zones of seismic and industrial hazard. Strain measurements on different temporal and spatial baselines reveal potentially hazardous zones. Data on coseismic displacements and strain can be used to refine earthquake models, and long-term characteristics are important in searching for earthquake precursors and studying the rheology of the crust and fault zones. Tilt measurements in the adit of the Talaya seismic station (51.68° N, 103.64° E, South Baikal region) began in 1985; strain measurements, in 1990; and GPS measurements, in 2000.
The data reflect time variation in the local strain parameters and permit a comparison with the GPS data on the region and western Central Asia. The data on strain variations obtained in the Ala-Archa underground observatory (42.63° N, 74.50° E, North Tien Shan) are analyzed together with those obtained in the region by GPS methods.
Strain rates on very long baselines were determined using data from permanent IGS stations for Central Asia—the territory expanding from Dzungaria in the south to the Siberian Platform in the north and from the Tien Shan in the west to Lake Baikal in the east. We consider the example of using strain gaging and GPS data to construct a dislocation model and refine the parameters of the Kultuk earthquake (South Baikal region, 27 August 2008, M = 6.3).
High-frequency induction data affected by biopolymer-based drilling fluids
Authors: Surodina I.V. , Epov M.I. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Biopolymer-based drilling fluids affect data of high-frequency isoparametric induction logging. Highly conductive fluid invaded into drilling-induced flaws produces zones of high resistivity contrasts. Thus the logs acquire new features that never appear in drilling with argillic mud. These effects have been simulated with regard to high resistivity contrasts for the case of flawed borehole walls, and the modeling results were checked against experimental data.
Effects of a mudcake on Stoneley waves in a fluid-filled porous formation around a borehole
Authors: Sinev A.V. , Romensky E.I. , Dorovsky V.N. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A mudcake formed on the borehole wall between a fluid-filled porous formation and the borehole fluid can affect Stoneley wave propagation used to estimate the formation permeability. The mudcake effect on the permeability dependence of radial oscillations of borehole fluid is investigated in a system with a source generating radial acoustic waves in the borehole and hydrophones (pressure sensors) that record the respective attenuating oscillations of the borehole fluid. The permeability of the porous formation is estimated from theoretical permeability dependence of the attenuation exponent, knowing the time dependence of the exponential attenuation of borehole fluid oscillations.
Inversion of heterogeneous anisotropic magnetotelluric responses
Authors: Plotkin V.V. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Inversion of laterally heterogeneous MT responses collected by a dense synchronous 2D array allows a new approach to estimating electrical anisotropy. The procedure includes solving an overdetermined equation system, assuming distant-dependent anisotropy in a smooth approximation. Inversion is performed using an effective conductivity tensor which approximates some limited domain of the survey polygon. The algorithm for simulating 2D array MT responses with the effective conductivity tensor approach implies correlation of surface components of the EM field measured simultaneously at all stations within the chosen domain of the survey polygon. The suggested technique of data acquisition and processing ensures reconstruction of the full conductivity tensor from laterally variable components of the EM field.
Determining the stability of steady two-dimensional flows through imperfect velocity-impulse diagrams
Authors: Luzzatto-Fegiz P. , Williamson C. H. K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn 1875, Lord Kelvin stated an energy-based argument for equilibrium and stability in conservative flows. The possibility of building an implementation of Kelvin’s argument, based on the construction of a simple bifurcation diagram, has been the subject of debate in the past. In this paper, we build on work from dynamical systems theory, and show that an essential requirement for constructing a meaningful bifurcation diagram is that families of solutions must be accessed through isovortical (i.e. vorticity-preserving), incompressible rearrangements. We show that, when this is the case, turning points in fluid impulse are linked to changes in the number of the positive-energy modes associated with the equilibria (and therefore in the number of modes likely to be linearly unstable). In addition, the shape of a velocity-impulse diagram, for a family of solutions, determines whether a positive-energy mode is lost or gained at the turning point. Further to this, we detect bifurcations to new solution families by calculating steady flows that have been made ‘imperfect’ through the introduction of asymmetries in the vorticity field. The resulting stability approach, which employs ‘imperfect velocity-impulse’ (IVI) diagrams, can be used to determine the number of positive-energy (likely unstable) modes for each equilibrium flow belonging to a family of steady states. As an illustration of our approach, we construct IVI diagrams for several two-dimensional flows, including elliptical vortices, opposite-signed vortex pairs (of both rotating and translating type), single and double vortex rows, as well as gravity waves. By also considering an example involving the Chaplygin–Lamb dipole, we illustrate how the stability of a specific flow may be determined, by embedding it within a properly constructed solution family. The stability data from our IVI diagrams agree precisely with results in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, for a few of the flows considered here, our work yields the first available stability boundaries. Further to this, for several of the flows that we examine, the IVI diagram methodology leads us to the discovery of new families of steady flows, which exhibit lower symmetry.
Rigid bounds on heat transport by a fluid between slippery boundaries
Authors: Whitehead Jared P. , Doering Charles R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRigorous bounds on heat transport are derived for thermal convection between stress-free horizontal plates. For three-dimensional Rayleigh–Bénard convection at infinite Prandtl number ($\mathit{Pr}$), the Nusselt number ($\mathit{Nu}$) is bounded according to $\mathit{Nu}\leq 0. 28764{\mathit{Ra}}^{5/ 12} $ where $\mathit{Ra}$ is the standard Rayleigh number. For convection driven by a uniform steady internal heat source between isothermal boundaries, the spatially and temporally averaged (non-dimensional) temperature is bounded from below by $\langle T\rangle \geq 0. 6910{\mathit{R}}^{\ensuremath{-} 5/ 17} $ in three dimensions at infinite $\mathit{Pr}$ and by $\langle T\rangle \geq 0. 8473{\mathit{R}}^{\ensuremath{-} 5/ 17} $ in two dimensions at arbitrary $\mathit{Pr}$, where $\mathit{R}$ is the heat Rayleigh number proportional to the injected flux.
Pilot Study of the Use of Personal Carbon Monoxide Monitoring to Achieve Radical Smoking Reduction
Authors: Beard Emma , West Robert 
Published: July 2012

Background and aims: This study examined whether providing smokers with a personal monitor for measuring expired-air carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations would be a feasible method of achieving a reduction in smoke intake. Methods: Ten smokers were given a CO monitor and asked to use it regularly throughout the day for 6 weeks with the aim of maintaining their CO reading below 10 ppm. They were advised to use nicotine replacement therapy, but this was not provided. At baseline and follow-up, smokers were asked to comment on their use of the monitors and motivation to stop smoking. Demographic characteristics, cigarette consumption, and nicotine dependence, was also assessed. Additionally, during the first 2 weeks participants were instructed to record how often they used their CO monitor, their average readings and cigarette consumption. Results: Eight smokers had an average daily CO concentration below their baseline on at least 93% of the days in the 2 weeks of daily monitoring, while three had CO levels below 10 ppm on 36% of the days. At the 6-week follow-up, all participants’ CO concentrations were below their baseline value; two were below 10 ppm. Average daily cigarette consumption reduced from 14.1 (SD 6.03) at baseline to 9.8 (SD 4.95) during the 2 weeks of daily CO monitoring (t = 2.46, df 9, p = 0.036) and 9.5 (SD 5.50) at 6 weeks follow-up (t = 1.73, df 7, p = 0.127). Use of the CO monitors was generally found to be acceptable and to increase motivation to stop smoking completely. Five smokers attempted to quit smoking. Conclusions: Regular personal CO monitoring may be a useful method for reducing smokers’ cigarette intake and increasing their motivation to stop completely. A controlled trial with long-term follow up is warranted.