bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case‐Oriented Configura‐Tional Research: Qualitative Comparative Analysis (Qca), Fuzzy Sets, and Related Techniques
Authors: Rihoux Benoît 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article investigates the tradition of case-oriented configurational research, focusing specifically on qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as a tool for causal inference. It first presents two analytic procedures commonly used by comparative researchers. A short description of the state-of-the-art of QCA applications is offered, in terms of discipline, types of cases, models, combinations with other methods, and software development. It then reviews different uses of QCA, as well as generic ‘best practices’. Some key recent evolutions are illustrated: on the one hand the development, beyond dichotomous ‘crisp set’ QCA (csQCA), of multi-value QCA (mvQCA), fuzzy sets, and fuzzy-set QCA (fsQCA), and on the other hand technical advances and refinements in the use of the techniques. Finally, the article gives some concluding reflections as to expected developments, upcoming innovations, remaining challenges, expansion of fields of application, and cross-fertilization with other approaches.
Borgs in the Org? Organizational Decision Making and Technology
Authors: Griffith Terri L. , Northcraft Gregory B. , Fuller Mark A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Data warehousing and the development of the World Wide Web both augment information gathering (search) processes in individual decision making by increasing the availability of required information. Imagine, for example, that one wanted to buy new golf clubs. Thirty years ago, the cost of information gathering would likely have limited an individual's search process to geographically proximal vendors and the golf clubs they stocked. Today, a prospective purchaser can log onto the World Wide Web to find out what types of golf clubs are available anywhere; consult databases, chat rooms, and bulletin boards (e.g., epinions.com) to gather product information and user opinions; and compare prices across vendors around the world.
On The Implications of Behavioral Decision Theory for Managerial Decision Making: Contributions and Challenges
Authors: Shapira Zur 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the implications of behavioral decision theory to managerial decision making by looking at the contributions made and the challenges its findings pose in attempting to contribute more to decision making in and by organizations. This article does not survey behavioral decision theory because extensive reviews of the literature exist that describe the major findings of this research field. The heuristics and biases paradigm shows that in estimating probabilities and frequencies under uncertainty, people use heuristics (rules of thumb) such as availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment. The use of such heuristics is natural for human beings because in many cases such as the prediction of future stock prices people do not have all the information needed to make proper estimates according to established quantitative models.
It's Not Just for Communists Any More
Authors: Marens Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The thesis of this article is that organizational theorists could gain a great deal of insight regarding the evolution, structure, and behavior of organizations by better understanding their social, economic, and historical context as analyzed by such Marxian theorists as Aglietta, Arrighi, and others. Marxian political economy is particularly useful because of its relative success in understanding the dynamics of capitalism as a largely self-contained system. This starting point obviates the need to rely on unpredictable exogenous shocks to explain changes in the broader social environment of organizations. Despite the failure of regimes supposedly committed to Marxist principles, Marxian analysis ‘remains a powerful critique of bourgeois and capitalist society…still useful in examining the events taking place’. Even politically conservative scholars have acknowledged the explanatory power of a Marxian approach for understanding social and economic change.
A Durkheimian Approach to Globalization
Authors: Hirsch Paul , Fiss Peer C. , Hoel‐Green Amanda 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The work of Émile Durkheim, and particularly his theory of the division of labor, occupies a somewhat peculiar place in the pantheon of classical sociologists. This article extends Durkheim's analysis of Europe's transformations in the early twentieth century to suggest how his theoretical apparatus might be used to interpret subsequent developments in the twenty-first. In particular, it suggests that Durkheim's concern with solidarity—a key theme of his work—has been largely neglected in the current field of organization studies, which might be reinvigorated by a greater concern for issues of inequality in the global arena.
Parsons as an Organization Theorist
Authors: Heckscher Charles 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Talcott Parsons was America's most influential sociologist in the 1950s and 1960s—bringing Max Weber's work to America, building a multidisciplinary social sciences approach at Harvard, and developing a highly integrated and complex theory of social action. Even before his death in 1979, however, his star had greatly dimmed; today his work is rarely read. And that, this article argues, is unfortunate, because he still has far more to say than anyone before or since on the core concepts of sociology: trust, values, commitment, and other ‘normative’ aspects of behavior. The article also argues, by using his model to think through the current growth of collaborative systems in business firms, that it still generates many fruitful avenues for organization theory.
Entrepreneurship, Self-employment and the Labour Market
Authors: Parker Simon C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article surveys the entrepreneurship literature as it relates to the labour market. The purpose of this article is to describe, from a mainly but not exclusively economic perspective, the principal theoretical methods and empirical findings in the field. Entrepreneurship intersects with labour markets in several other ways. For example, human capital theory can be used to help explain entrepreneurs' business performance; and labour supply models can be used to help understand their work effort patterns. Both topics attract policy interest, because policy-makers frequently express interest in promoting successful enterprises, and fostering an ‘enterprise culture’ in which hard work is encouraged and rewarded. Policy-makers also promote entrepreneurship because they believe it creates employment growth and reduces unemployment.
The Social Dimensions of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Licht Amir N. , Siegel Jordan I. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecent years have witnessed an emergence of entrepreneurship research in mainstream economics, some of which relates to legal institutions. The current literature exhibits considerable methodological disarray, however. There is no agreed definition for entrepreneurship — for example, whether innovation is a necessary element or whether self-employment suffices, or whether self-employment and ownership of a small business firm are equally entrepreneurial. Likewise, there is often no clear definition of, and distinction among, various social institutions. This makes it difficult to compare and even relate studies to one another. This article adopts an institutional economics approach its basic analytical framework. Social institutions are thus defined as the written and unwritten ‘rules of the game’: laws, norms, beliefs, and so forth. This framework is enriched primarily with insights from cross-cultural psychology, the discipline that specializes in cross-national comparisons of culture.
Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies
Authors: Estrin Saul , Meyer Klaus , Bytchkova Maria 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the opportunities and constraints for entrepreneurship offered by the evolving institutional environment and the characteristics of the people who stepped up to the challenge. It places the concept of entrepreneurship in a transition context, before identifying in the third section the unique features of entrepreneurship in transition economies. The article discusses the evolving business environment, and reports the scale and nature of entrepreneurship in transition economies. The personal characteristics and the business strategies of entrepreneurs in transition economies are also discussed. The article concludes by outlining directions for future work.
Strategic Management and HRM
Authors: Allen Mathew R. , Wright Patrick M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to discuss this intersection between strategic management and HRM, what we know, and future directions for Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) research. It begins by briefly discussing the concept of strategy and the popularization of the resource-based view (RBV) of the firm. Next it addresses its role in creating the link between HRM and strategic management including key questions that the RBV has raised in relation to SHRM. It then examines the current state of affairs in SHRM, the progress made, and key questions and concerns occupying the attention of SHRM researchers. Finally, it concludes with a personal view on future directions for SHRM research.
Policy Analysis for Democracy
Authors: Ingram Helen , Schneider Anne L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article suggests that the contexts for most public policies are experiencing rapid changes. This requires a focus on the democracy gap, which has previously been ignored by policy analysts. The article presents a brief discussion of the meanings of conditions for democracy, and conceives some possible linkages between democratic conditions and public policy content or design. These linkages are then developed as the subject matter for policy analysis which forms most of the article's discussion. The article concludes with a careful study of how the tools and purposes of contemporary policy analysts need to change in order to serve the democracy better.
Policy Analysis as Critique
Authors: Dryzek John S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the concept of critique, which is treated rightly as basic to the entire enterprise of policy analysis. Critical policy analysis is also discussed in this article, along with two of its opposites, namely accommodation and technocracy. The article determines that critical policy analysis is a demanding vocation, due to the number of obstacles that stand in its way. However, it is slowly being incorporated into an emerging network society of decentralized problem solving. In the democratic world, critical policy analysis has the capacity to help realize the idea of a policy science of democracy.
Ordering through Discourse
Authors: Hajer Maarten , Laws David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses ordering through discourse, beginning with two sections on how to deal and understand ambivalence. The influence of different interpretative schemata in a crisis is highlighted in another section. The article briefly discusses three conceptual approaches to ordering. Beliefs, frames, and narrative and discourse are subsequently discussed. The final section of the article attempts to answer the question: how do policy makers know what to do?
The Politics of Policy Evaluation
Authors: Bovens Mark , 't Hart Paul , Kuipers Sanneke 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the politics of policy evaluation and approaches this in two ways, each with its own shortcomings and crucial strengths. The first approach looks at the roles and functions of policy evaluation and puts them in the wider politics of public policy making. The second looks at how the key schools of policy analysis propose to deal with the contested and inherently political nature of evaluation. The article ends with an original view of how policy analysis may cope with the challenge of ex post evaluation.
The Impact of Electoral Laws on Political Parties
Authors: Grofman Bernard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article looks at the impact of electoral laws on political parties. It focuses on empirical research, rather than on the implicitly normative foundations of different voting rules or on formal modeling results. The discussion presents comparisons of a limited number of polar electoral system types. The article lists forms of proportional election methods and plurality elections, which are considered to be two of the most important methods of voting. Finally, the article serves to report the results of one of the four main concerns of the field by observing the electoral system effects on the number of parties, etc.
Does Bicameralism Matter?
Authors: Cutrone Michael , McCarty Nolan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reviews and analyzes many arguments that are made on behalf of bicameralism. The tools used to make these arguments are the spatial model, the multilateral bargaining theory, and a game of incomplete information. The article attempts to distinguish the effects of bicameralism from the effects of other institutional features that often accompany it, such as differing terms of office and super-majoritarian requirements.
The New Separation‐of‐Powers Approach to American Politics
Authors: de Figueiredo Rui J. P. , Jacobi Tonja , Weingast Barry R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to elaborate on the logic of the new separation-of-powers approach and draw its implications for American politics. The first three sections in the article discuss the new separation of powers as it applies to the bureaucracy, the courts, and the presidency. A survey of a series of works that emphasize the new separation-of-powers approach to American politics is provided in the article as well.
Politics, Delegation, and Bureaucracy
Authors: Huber John D. , Shipan Charles R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies some of the recent models and associated empirical research on politics, delegation, and bureaucracy. It describes the four core theoretical arguments that constantly emerge from these models and the empirical tests that focus on patterns of delegation strategies. The article also reviews some of the recent theoretical models that are able to provide insights into the circumstances under which the logic of these theoretical arguments breaks down.
Constitutions As Expressive Documents
Authors: Brennan Geoffrey , Hamlin Alan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at constitutions as expressive documents. Two concepts are the main focus of this article: the constitution and the notion of expressiveness. The article tries to clarify these concepts by appeal of a contrast, which will be between a constitution as a legal document and the more general idea of a constitution, which is envisaged by the Constitutional Political Economy (CPE). It also tries to clarify the notion of expressive activity, followed by a discussion on the issue of how expressiveness operates in electoral politics. Finally, a simple two-by-two matrix is used to explore the role of expressive elements in constitutions.
The Role of the State in Development
Authors: Bates Robert H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies the role of the state in development. It provides a review of the relevant literature and gives a distinctive argument that highlights areas suitable for empirical investigation. One of these areas is the politics that descend into predation, while the others turn developmental. It determines the conditions under which the provision of security and the creation of wealth become rational political acts. The article also discusses stateless societies, societies with states, state failure, and the development of the state.
Old Questions and New Answers about Institutions: The Riker Objection Revisited
Authors: Shepsle Kenneth A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article revisits some old issues about institutions and suggests some new considerations. The article is focused on micro-analytical aspects of institutions and on interpretations of institutions that are micro-analytical, and that explicitly involve human agency, and are game theoretic. It then determines how institutions are chosen and maintained, before moving on to a discussion of the Riker Objection and modes of procedural change.
The ICT paradigm
Authors: Freeman Chris 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
By the end of the twentieth century it was already clearly evident that the new leading ICT industries were firmly established as the leading sectors of the economy in the United States. Indeed, although they still accounted for a relatively small proportion of aggregate production and employment, their rate of growth was so high that they accounted for over half of total growth in the US economy in the 1990s, and gave rise to a huge financial bubble early in the next century. This article deals with the origins and definition of the paradigm concept; with the formation and collapse of the Bubble; and finally with a critique of some myths that have attended diffusion of The ICT Paradigm which were (and to some extent still are) the intellectual counterpart of the financial bubble.
Surveillance, power, and everyday life
Authors: Lyon David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Surveillance grows constantly, especially in the countries of the global north. Although as a set of practices it is as old as history itself, systematic surveillance became a routine and inescapable part of everyday life in modern times and is now, more often than not, dependent on information and communication technologies (ICTs). Indeed, it now makes some sense to talk of ‘surveillance societies’, so pervasive is organizational monitoring of many kinds. Fast developing technologies combined with new governmental and commercial strategies mean that new modes of surveillance proliferate, making surveillance expansion hard to follow, let alone analyse or regulate.
Intention‐Based Semantics
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
There is a sense in which it is trivial to say that one accepts intention- (or convention-)based semantics. For if what is meant by this claim is simply that there is an important respect in which words and sentences have meaning (either at all or the particular meanings that they have in any given natural language) due to the fact that they are used, in the way they are, by intentional agents (i.e. speakers), then it seems no one should disagree. For imagine a possible world where there are physical things which share the shape and form of words of English or Japanese, or the acoustic properties of sentences of Finnish or Arapaho, yet where there are no intentional agents (or where any remaining intentional agents don't use language). In such a world, it seems clear that these physical objects, which are only superficially language-like, will lack all meaning.
Relevance Theory—New Directions and Developments
Authors: Carston Robyn , Powell George 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Much work in relevance theory relies on the kinds of method and data familiar to linguistic philosophers: essentially introspection and native speaker intuitions on properties such as truth conditions, truth values, what is said, etc. Recently, however, relevance theorists have been at the forefront of a newly-emerging research field, experimental pragmatics, which aims to apply the empirical techniques of psycholinguistics to questions about utterance interpretation. Over the last few years, this new research methodology has thrown up interesting and sometimes surprising insights into the psychological processes underlying human communication and comprehension, some of which are discussed in this article.
What I Know When I Know a Language
Authors: Smith Barry C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEvery speaker of a language knows a bewildering variety of linguistic facts, and will come to know many more. It is nowledge that connects sound and meaning. Questions about the nature of this knowledge cannot be separated from fundamental questions about the nature of language. The conception of language we should adopt depends on the part it plays in explaining our knowledge of language. This article explores options in accounting for language, and our knowledge of language, and defends the view that individuals' languages are constituted by the standing knowledge they carry from one speech situation to another.
War, Trade, and State Formation
Authors: Spruyt Hendrik 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a short account of European state formation. The generative factors behind the transformation of late medieval forms of government to new types of authority are discussed in the first section. This transformation was conducted through the selection and convergence among these distinct types of authority. The article moves on to a discussion of the process of state formation and its effects on the type of regime that emerged in different states. It determines how state formation implicated the rise of constitutionalist or absolutist forms of rule and highlights how the accounts of state formation in Europe currently inform the study of state development in newly emerging countries. Finally, the article identifies rather intriguing topics for further enquiry.
Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Varshney Ashutosh 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article focuses on ethnic conflict and ethnic identity. It begins by differentiating these from nationalism, national identity, and civil wars. It presents a survey of the explanations provided in four traditions of enquiry, and also provides an analysis of the inadequacies or merits of arguments within each tradition. The article also reviews the evolution of arguments related to this field.
Regulation of the type IV pili molecular machine by dynamic localization of two motor proteins
Authors: Bulyha Iryna , Schmidt Carmen , Lenz Peter , Jakovljevic Vladimir , Höne Andrea , Maier Berenike , Hoppert Michael , Søgaard‐Andersen Lotte 
Published: September 2009

SummaryType IV pili (T4P) are surface structures that undergo extension/retraction oscillations to generate cell motility. In Myxococcus xanthus, T4P are unipolarly localized and undergo pole‐to‐pole oscillations synchronously with cellular reversals. We investigated the mechanisms underlying these oscillations. We show that several T4P proteins localize symmetrically in clusters at both cell poles between reversals, and these clusters remain stationary during reversals. Conversely, the PilB and PilT motor ATPases that energize extension and retraction, respectively, localize to opposite poles with PilB predominantly at the piliated and PilT predominantly at the non‐piliated pole, and these proteins oscillate between the poles during reversals. Therefore, T4P pole‐to‐pole oscillations involve the disassembly of T4P machinery at one pole and reassembly of this machinery at the opposite pole. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments showed rapid turnover of YFP–PilT in the polar clusters between reversals. Moreover, PilT displays bursts of accumulation at the piliated pole between reversals. These observations suggest that the spatial separation of PilB and PilT in combination with the noisy PilT accumulation at the piliated pole allow the temporal separation of extension and retraction. This is the first demonstration that the function of a molecular machine depends on disassembly and reassembly of its individual parts.