bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of antigen‐specific B cells by concurrent monitoring of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and antigen binding with microwell array chip system equipped with a CCD imager
Authors: Kinoshita Koshi , Ozawa Tatsuhiko , Tajiri Kazuto , Kadowaki Shinichi , Kishi Hiroyuki , Muraguchi Atsushi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractB cells are very heterogeneous, consisting of more than 109 B‐cell clones with distinct specificities for antigens in each individual. To identify single B cells with antigen specificity, we have been developing cell microarray technology using microwell array chips whose microwells each capture a single B cell. Using microwell array chips, we detected antigen‐specific B cells by monitoring antigen‐induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization with a CCD scanner (MAC‐CCD system) or the binding of fluorescence‐labeled antigen to cells with a confocal laser scanner. We retrieved target cells from the chip, cloned immunoglobulin genes, and produced antigen‐specific antibodies. However, these methods present some difficulties: the former technique could not detect cells whose frequency was less than 0.05% and the latter one took a long time to identify the objective cells although it could detect cells at a frequency of 0.01%. Here, we have combined the advantages of these two methods. Monitoring antigen‐induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilizations and the binding of fluorescence‐labeled antigens simultaneously with a MAC‐CCD system enabled us to detect rapidly, antigen‐specific B cells whose frequency was less than 0.01% with high efficiency. Our system provides a superior screening system for antigen‐specific B cells and extends the horizons of multiparameter single‐cell analysis in heterogeneous cell populations. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A comparative analysis of fine‐needle capillary cytology vs. fine‐needle aspiration cytology in superficial lymph node lesions
Authors: Sajeev Suraj , Siddaraju Neelaiah 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFine‐needle capillary cytology (FNCC) has been attempted in various organs and studies have shown this procedure to yield qualitatively superior material compared with fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Studies evaluating the efficacy of this technique in lymph nodes are rare. The present study has attempted to assess the relative advantages and disadvantages of the FNCC technique in comparison to the more widely applied FNAC technique.Thirty enlarged lymph nodes from 26 patients were sampled by both the FNCC and FNAC techniques. The smears obtained were routinely stained by May–Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG) and Papanicolaou staining. The quality of smears was evaluated using an objective scoring system originally devised by Mair et al., for various organs. The score of individual parameters in each case as well as the total scores for FNAC and FNCC procedures were calculated separately and Mann‐Whitney's test was performed; a P‐value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Statistical results showed smears obtained by FNCC to be qualitatively better than those obtained by FNAC. Though, individual parameters were not statistically significant, FNCC smears showed better scores as compared with those of FNA smears. Also, the technique was found to be easier to perform and less apprehensive to the patient.Our study convincingly proved the technical superiority of the FNCC technique in cellular lymph node lesions, emphasizing the need for this less publicized procedure to be more widely applied. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Strongyloides stercoralis in a bronchial washing specimen processed as conventional and Thin‐Prep smears: Report of a case and a review of the literature
Authors: Grapsa Dimitra , Petrakakou Efthalia , Botsoli‐Stergiou Efi , Mikou Panagiota , Athanassiadou Pauline , Karkampasi Athina , Ioakim‐Liossi Anna 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStrongyloidiasis is an opportunistic infection which may result in a fatal hyperinfection syndrome in immunocompromised patients. We report the case of a pulmonary infection with Strongyloides stercoralis in a 61‐year‐old male with a history of a long‐term administration of corticosteroids. Cytologic examination of a bronchial washing specimen, processed both as conventional and as Thin‐Prep smears, revealed an abundance of the typical larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis, amidst a cellular population comprising several acute inflammatory cells as well as bronchial epithelial cells with features of basal cell hyperplasia or regenerative atypia. To the best of our knowledge there is only one previous report describing Strongyloides stercoralis in thin‐layer smears, and there are no previous studies comparing its morphology in conventional and thin‐layer preparations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developing medical countermeasures: from BioShield to BARDA
Authors: Tucker Jonathan B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe U.S. Congress passed the Project BioShield Act in 2004 to create market incentives for the private sector to develop medical countermeasures (MCMs) against high‐priority chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. Two years later, Congress patched recognized gaps in the BioShield legislation by adopting the Pandemic and All‐Hazards Preparedness Act of 2006, which established the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). BARDA provides financial and managerial support for companies developing MCMs. This article examines U.S. government efforts in the MCM field and prospects for the future. Drug Dev Res 70:224–233, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developing technologies in biodefense research: computational drug design
Authors: Clark Matthew , Meshkat Sia , Talbot George , Konteatis Zenon , Ludington Jennifer , Zou Jinming , Freedman Steven J. , Wiseman Jeffrey S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe development of small‐molecule drugs to counter the threat of bioterrorism will differ from classical drug discovery because it will be impossible to evaluate efficacy in clinical trials for many agents. This difference focuses biodefense on the identification of multiple drug candidates for each threat organism so that multiple treatments can be mounted simultaneously when needed to maximize the probability of success. Accordingly, drug discovery will become the rate‐ and cost‐limiting phase of the overall drug development process. We address the potential of computational chemistry to optimize efficiency and efficacy in the discovery phase. The major elements required for a successful computational approach are the calculation of binding free energy, accounting for changes in solvation on ligand binding, and compensating for protein flexibility. Drug Dev Res 70:279–287, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smart planner: radically accelerating R&D to combat a biothreat
Authors: Chadwick Andrew T. , Edwards Roger A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractConventional R&D processes are ill‐suited to biothreats and biothreat preparation because they are intended to support risk‐averse decisions for patients and are designed for longer expected development times. The Smart Planner tool is a risk visualization framework developed to help contingency and R&D planners quantify and balance risk, uncertainty, and time. The tool incorporates the following capabilities: (1) visualization of the risks of inaction; (2) identification of critical areas of uncertainty where new information can really make a difference; (3) decision support for (i) development and treatment options and (ii) optimization of tradeoffs given various timescales. The tool facilitates alignment of research planners' acceptance of risks with policy‐makers' strategic views of benefits in the context of apparent or overt threats. Policy and ethical implications for application of the tool are also discussed. Drug Dev Res 70:335–348, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perception of overweight and self‐esteem during adolescence
Authors: Perrin Eliana M. , Boone‐Heinonen Janne , Field Alison E. , Coyne‐Beasley Tamera , Gordon‐Larsen Penny 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective:To examine sex‐ and race/ethnicity‐specific relationships between adolescents' self‐esteem and weight perception.Method:Descriptive analysis and logistic regression of Wave II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 6,427 males, 6,574 females; ages 11–21) examined associations between low self‐esteem and perceived overweight within body mass index (BMI) percentile categories, controlling for sociodemographics and stratified by sex and race/ethnicity.Results:25.1% and 8% of normal weight females and males, respectively, perceived themselves as overweight, with variation by race/ethnicity. Low self‐esteem was most strongly associated with misperceived overweight in moderate BMI percentile categories (males: OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.60–3.41; females: OR = 2.39; 95% CI: 1.82, 3.16). Odds of correctly perceived overweight were higher for low (versus high) self‐esteem in white and black females but not males of any race/ethnicity.Discussion:Understanding subgroup differences by race/ethnicity in perceived overweight‐self‐esteem relationships may inform eating disorders' prevention strategies. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010
The Passerini Reaction with CF3‐Carbonyl Compounds – Multicomponent Approach to Trifluoromethyl Depsipeptides
Authors: Gulevich Anton V. , Shpilevaya Inga V. , Nenajdenko Valentine G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe first detailed investigation of the Paserini reaction with CF3‐carbonyl compounds is reported. The reaction provides a new approach to trifluorolactic acid derivatives and CF3‐substituted depsipeptides. The method is promising for the synthesis of chiral trifluoromethyl depsipeptides, i.e. orthogonally protected building blocks for incorporation into naturally occurring depsipeptides.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Enantiomerically Pure Vinylcyclopropylboronic Esters
Authors: Hohn Erwin , Paleček Jiří , Pietruszka Jörg , Frey Wolfgang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractVinylcyclopropanes are versatile intermediates and products in organic synthesis. The corresponding enantiomerically pure boronic esters should lead to highly flexible building blocks with a variety of applications. A detailed study towards the selective synthesis of (E)‐ and (Z)‐vinyl derivatives starting from the known diastereo‐ and enantiopure cyclopropylmethanols 3 and 4 is presented. The boronic esters were activated via their trifluoroboronates; the optimization of the reaction is discussed. The endeavour culminated in the synthesis of (–)‐(1S,2S)‐dictyopterene A (38). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Salt karst and tectonics: sinkholes development along tension cracks between parallel strike‐slip faults, Dead Sea, Jordan
Authors: Closson Damien , Karaki Najib Abou 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis work deals with the tectonic interpretation of an alignment of more than 300 sinkholes stretching along the Jordanian coast of the Dead Sea, Ghor Al Haditha area. Its dimensions are 6 km long with a width of 600 m. Sinkholes appeared during the last decades as a consequence of the very rapid lowering of the lake level. The linear shape was inferred from ground collapse inventories carried out between 1991 and 2008. The lineament is replaced and analyzed in its structural setting at regional and local scales. Its direction (N 24° E) is sub‐parallel to the ones displayed by many focal mechanisms, especially the one associated with the earthquake of the 23 April, 1979 (mb = 5·1; N 20° E ± 5°), which is representative of all focal mechanisms calculated on a fault plane compatible with the general direction of the Jordan‐Dead Sea Transform fault system for the east coast of the Dead Sea area.The alignment of sinkholes is constituted by 13 minor linear segments separated by as many empty spaces. Four minor linear units present an en‐echelon arrangement from which one can deduce the presence of a local extensional stress field. In this context, the sinkhole locations provide information of subsurface discontinuities interpreted as hidden fractures. In a close future, such results could support the work of decision‐makers and engineers in the projected development of the area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and Characterisation of Pelletised Glass Electrolytes for Fuel Cells
Authors: Nogami M. , Tanaka K. , Uma T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper reports on the preparation and characterisation of pelletised glass electrolytes that were fabricated with a proton conducting glass derived from a sol–gel technique, and several kinds of binders. The electrolytes, consisting of a glass powder that had been pulverised by planetary ball milling and mixed with an orthophosphoric acid binder, gave rise to a maximum proton conductivity of 1.3 × 10–2 S cm–1 measured at 80 °C and 80% relative humidity. The pore diameter of the PGE was in this case ∼2 nm. The hydrogen gas permeability was analysed as a function of the temperature and was found to be on the order of 10–10 mol cm–1 s–1 Pa–1 at 100 °C. Current–voltage measurements were carried out at room temperature using the PGE under H2 and O2 flow. Power densities were obtained from the I–V curves during fuel cell operation at 80 °C and 100% R.H.
Acheulean artifact accumulation and early hominin land use, Garden Route Casino Road, Pinnacle Point, South Africa
Authors: Thompson Erin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn Early Stone Age Acheulean lithic assemblage collected along a 1.5‐km transect at the Garden Route Casino near Pinnacle Point, Mossel Bay, South Africa, was examined in order to assess the relative degree to which assemblage variability is impacted by post‐occupational processes and/or terrain. It was found that post‐occupational variables do vary across the study area, and they affect the positions of artifacts to different degrees. Terrain structure was determined to have minimal effect on artifact movement. Three analysis sections were identified as having artifacts that were likely close to their original positions and compositions. Future interpretations of differential land use can now be tempered with considerations of the post‐occupational processes that formed the recovered assemblage. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of potential direct insolation as a degradation factor of cave paintings in Villar del Humo, Cuenca, Central Spain
Authors: Díez‐Herrero Andres , Gutiérrez‐Pérez Ignacio , Lario Javier , Cañaveras Juan C. , Benavente David , Sánchez‐Moral Sergio , Alonso‐Azcárate Jacinto 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to assess the impact of direct sunlight on eleven given points of interest in Villar del Humo (Cuenca, Central Spain), and to determine to what extent this direct insolation, which is affected by both the regional and the local geomorphological configuration, influences the state and type of degradation of the paintings or of the host rock. The analysis of potential direct insolation with geographical information system (GIS) tools and morphometric field measurements shows that in latitudes such as the ones studied in this case, not only insolation time but also the maximum angle of solar elevation above the horizon seem to be of relevance when it comes to determining the influence of direct insolation. We believe this to be useful information, in particular with regard to the management and preservation of this archaeological heritage, declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HRD as a profession: Current status and future directions
Authors: Kahnweiler William M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWhere does HRD stand as a bona fide profession? Where does it need to go in the future in its quest to become an established and widely recognized profession? What short‐ and long‐range strategies are needed to get it there? What issues and challenges need to be addressed that will enable HRD to continue evolving, growing, and advancing as a profession? This article is an attempt to begin addressing these critical and complex questions. An assessment of where HRD currently stands as a profession and two potential strategies that might assist HRD to elevate its professional stature are offered.
The effect of learning organization culture on the relationship between interpersonal trust and organizational commitment
Authors: Song Ji Hoon , Kim Hong Min , Kolb Judith A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe primary purpose of this research was to assess the effect of learning organization culture on the linkage between interpersonal trust and organizational commitment. The study sample was obtained from employees of two major Korean conglomerates. Online questionnaires were completed by 321 respondents. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to detect the effects of learning organization culture on the basis of the model fit to data comparisons and the significance of path coefficient estimates in the hypothesized model. The results suggest that learning organization culture works as a mediating variable to explain the association between interpersonal trust and organizational commitment. Recommendations for future research and implications for human resource development research and practice are discussed.
Toward development of a generalized instrument to measure andragogy
Authors: Holton Elwood F. , Wilson Lynda Swanson , Bates Reid A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAndragogy has emerged as one of the dominant frameworks for teaching adults during the past 40 years. A major and glaring gap in andragogy research is the lack of a measurement instrument that adequately measures both andragogical principles and process design elements. As a result, no definitive empirical test of the theory has been possible. The purpose of this article is to report on initial attempts to develop a survey instrument that corrects this shortcoming in the andragogy research literature. The instrument developed for this study was part of a comprehensive examination of andragogical principles and process design elements and their effect on student satisfaction and learning outcomes in a postsecondary education setting. It was administered to 404 adults enrolled in an adult‐oriented postgraduate degree program. Exploratory factor analysis revealed promising scales to measure five of the six andragogical principles and six of the eight process design elements. This instrument is the most successful attempt to date to measure andragogical principles and elements. It holds promise for advancing research on andragogy, and subsequently advancing the field of HRD by explaining affective and cognitive responses to andragogical instructional strategies across a spectrum of learning environments. Additional implications for future research to strengthen the instrument are also discussed.
Effects of topography on the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration over a complex terrain using two‐source energy balance model with ASTER data
Authors: Kafle H. K. , Yamaguchi Y. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpatial distribution of evapotranspiration (ET) over a complex terrain is estimated using a new approach of the conventional two‐source energy balance (TSEB) model by considering the effect of topography (difference in slope and aspect). We name this approach topography considered two‐source energy balance (T2SEB) model. The novelty of this model is the estimation of incoming shortwave solar radiation considering slope, aspect, altitude, latitude, longitude, and the day of calculation in the TSEB model, so that the new model should have wider applicability than existing models over topographically complex areas. In this study, high spatial resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data and meteorological data are used. ET over a complex terrain of Nagoya, Japan, on three different dates, 4 November 2005, 25 May 2004 and 30 October 2003, is estimated using both TSEB and T2SEB models. To validate both models, estimated results are compared with ground observation data at the flux tower site. Moreover, estimated results from TSEB and T2SEB models are compared in five different locations of different topography within the study area. Variation of net radiation absorbed by the surface (Rn) with topographical variables is also studied with the help of scatter plots. Estimated results for all three dates agreed within ±75 W m−2 with calculated values from both models at the flux tower site. TSEB underestimated/overestimated ET in sunlit/shaded areas in hilly areas. The T2SEB model estimated ET in hilly areas better than the TSEB model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of stem water storage on diurnal estimates of whole‐tree transpiration and canopy conductance from sap flow measurements in Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress trees
Authors: Kumagai Tomo'omi , Aoki Sayaka , Otsuki Kyoichi , Utsumi Yasuhiro 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe amount of water stored in the stem introduces uncertainty when estimating diurnal whole‐tree transpiration (ET) and canopy stomatal conductance (GC) using sap flow measured at the base of the stem (Q). Thus, to examine how ET can be calculated from Q, we obtained ET using sap flow and stem water content measurements and a whole‐tree water balance equation, and compared it with Q. In this study, we measured sap flows in 33‐year‐old individual trees of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don and Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. using constant‐heat sap flow probes. Sap flows were measured at several depths at the base of the stem, and at the upper trunk as a surrogate of ET. Stem water contents were measured at three vertical positions on the trunk using amplitude‐domain reflectometry (ADR) sensors. We also measured sapwood volumes of the study trees. Using simultaneous sap flow and stem water content measurements along the tree stem, we confirmed that stem water storage has impacts on the transpiration stream. These include sap flow lags along the tree heights and an enhanced peak of transpiration from stem sap flow. These results enabled us to calculate the correct ET by multiplying Q by 1·18 and shifting its time series forward by 30 min. The ET value was then used to calculate GC for both tree species. The factor of 1·18 is based on the fact that at noon, the value of ET was higher than that of Q, due to the prolonged Q during the evening. Establishing the time lag was relatively simple and was determined by comparing Q and vapor pressure deficit. The multiplier is more challenging to ascertain due to the difficulty in obtaining ET correctly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.