bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zum genus substantivi der Fremdwörter im Althochdeutschen bis zum 8. Jahrhundert
Authors: Petkov Marin 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The German language has borrowed many words from other languages due to their strong cultural influence which lasted for centuries. As most of these have been substantives, they have obligatorily received grammatical gender. The present article is an attempt at showing the principles which determined the grammatical gender of the loan-words witnessed in OHG sources from the 8th century.
Application of ASTM Standard Practice D6602 in the Investigation of Outdoor Environmental Surface Particulate Including Darkening Agents
Authors: Millette James R. , Rook Harry L. , Compton Steven 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
ASTM D6602 “Standard Practice for Sampling and Testing of Possible Carbon Black Fugitive Emissions or Other Environmental Particulate, or Both” was developed for the investigation of outdoor sooty surface problems and distinguishing manufactured carbon black, in the N100 to N900 series, from other environmental particulates. It is a microscopy technique that is well suited for the study of darkening agent complaints. Samples are collected from surfaces with cotton balls, wipes, and tape-lifts. The particulate is then analyzed by light microscopy and electron microscopy. The practice is used as a means to differentiate between darkening caused by fungal growth (biofilms), soots, or other dark particles. Polarized light microscopy provides information about the relative amounts of the different types of particles present and some information about the type of biofilm, if present. Transmission electron microscopy provides confirmation of aciniform soot, if present, and some information about the possible source of the soot. An investigation of dark surface particulate in a city where both a carbon black manufacturing facility and an oil refinery were possible industrial sources provides an illustration of the use of the method.
Evaluation of Measured and Estimated Dynamic Moduli for Selected Asphalt Mixes
Authors: Singh Dharamveer , Zaman Musharraf , Commuri Sesh 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
An accurate measurement or estimation of dynamic modulus (|E*|) of a hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix is important to understand stress–strain behavior of flexible pavements under loading and unloading conditions. The Mechanistic Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) (Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2004) recommends that |E*| be used in all three levels of design (i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3). For Level 1, |E*| is measured in the laboratory, while it is estimated using the Witczak models for Level 2 and Level 3 designs. The measurement of |E*| in the laboratory is not always feasible because it requires costly equipment and skilled personnel. Consequently, use of empirical models seems to be a reasonable approach to estimate |E*|. Several researchers have reported that the accuracy of the Witczak models varies with local materials and volumetric properties. The present study was undertaken to compare the measured and the estimated |E*| for some commonly used mixes in Oklahoma. Specifically, |E*| of five different HMA mixes, comprised of aggregates from several sources and sizes, binder grades, and air voids, were measured in the laboratory. The Witczak 1999 model (Andrei et al., 1999) was used to estimate |E*| for each of these mixes. A comparison was made between the measured and the estimated |E*| at four different levels of air voids, namely, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12%. It was observed that the Witczak 1999 model overestimates |E*| at all four levels of air voids. To address these overestimates, the Witczak 1999 model was calibrated. The calibrated model was similar in form to the Witczak 1999 model but having different numerical coefficients. Verification of this model was done using a mix that was not used in the calibration process. Furthermore, two full depth field cores were obtained to further verify the accuracy of the calibrated model. Three different criteria, namely, goodness-of-fit statistics, matching the measured and the estimated |E*|, and average relative error (%), revealed that the calibrated model exhibits much better performance compared to the Witczak 1999 model. It is expected that the calibrated model would be useful in estimating |E*| for the Level 2 and Level 3 designs for the implementation of the MEPDG in Oklahoma.
The Use of the Normalization Data Reduction Technique for Measuring Upper Shelf Toughness Under Impact Loading Rates
Authors: Lucon Enrico 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The multiple-specimen method (low-blow or stop-block tests) is the conventional approach for measuring the upper shelf fracture toughness of steels under impact loading rates, using fatigue precracked Charpy (PCC) specimens tested with an instrumented pendulum machine. The method is fairly simple but requires a relatively large number of specimens. As an alternative, the single-specimen method denominated normalization data reduction (NDR) is based on the analysis of the instrumented force/displacement trace and does not need dedicated instrumentation for the measurement of crack extension during the test. In this study, the NDR technique was applied to low-blow tests performed at different temperatures on two reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels, 20MnMoNi55 and A553B Cl. 1. Analyses were performed after applying a double fitting approach to the raw test data, which allows selecting a limited set of force/displacement data which are representative of the whole instrumented trace. Results show that the NDR technique provides acceptable accuracy in terms of both ductile crack initiation and resistance to crack propagation (tearing modulus).
Hypogonadism as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in men: a meta-analytic study
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Rastrelli Giulia , Monami Matteo , Guay André , Buvat Jaques , Sforza Alessandra , Forti Gianni , Mannucci Edoardo , Maggi Mario 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo verify whether hypogonadism represents a risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and to verify whether testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) improves CV parameters in subjects with known CV diseases (CVDs).DesignMeta-analysis.MethodsAn extensive Medline search was performed using the following words ‘testosterone, CVD, and males’. The search was restricted to data from January 1, 1969, up to January 1, 2011.ResultsOf the 1178 retrieved articles, 70 were included in the study. Among cross-sectional studies, patients with CVD have significantly lower testosterone and higher 17-β estradiol (E2) levels. Conversely, no difference was observed for DHEAS. The association between low testosterone and high E2levels with CVD was confirmed in a logistic regression model, after adjusting for age and body mass index (hazard ratio (HR)=0.763 (0.744–0.783) and HR=1.015 (1.014–1.017), respectively, for each increment of total testosterone and E2levels; bothP<0.0001). Longitudinal studies showed that baseline testosterone level was significantly lower among patients with incident overall- and CV-related mortality, in comparison with controls. Conversely, we did not observe any difference in the baseline testosterone and E2levels between case and controls for incident CVD. Finally, TRT was positively associated with a significant increase in treadmill test duration and time to 1 mm ST segment depression.ConclusionsLower testosterone and higher E2levels correlate with increased risk of CVD and CV mortality. TRT in hypogonadism moderates metabolic components associated with CV risk. Whether low testosterone is just an association with CV risk, or an actual cause–effect relationship, awaits further studies.
Assessment of Volumetric Changes with a Best-Fit Method in Three-Dimensional Stereophotograms
Authors: Ongkosuwito E.M. , Goos J.A.C. , Wattel E. , Van Der Wal K.G.H. , Van Adrichem L.N.A. , Van Neck J.W. 
Published: August 2011

Objective Different three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry systems and analyzing methods exist that often use landmarks for comparison. Measurement errors in landmark or surface comparison are mostly within 1 mm, which seems clinically acceptable. The aim of this study was to validate a three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric best-fit method of assessing volumetric changes and to compare three devices. Methods The validation of the best-fit method was at first done on a life-size dummy head. Scans were made in the ideal position, as well as in four additional positions, and a scan was made in which a soft putty specimen was added to the dummy head. The comparison was executed with a best-fit method using triangulation. Student's t tests were used to detect statistically significant differences. Second, comparisons were made among scans of a white man in the ideal position and with volume changes added. Results The different positions tested for the dummy head showed no significant volume differences within each system or among systems. The differences found when adding a soft putty specimen fell into the same range as the differences between various positions. The differences within a live situation were 10 times greater compared with the dummy-head situation. Conclusions In a dummy-head situation, the different systems gave similar results when tested with a best-fit method. However, in live situations the differences may become 10 times greater, possibly due to different facial expressions. These differences may become clinically relevant and, therefore, further research in volumetric changes is needed.
3D Modelling Photogrammetry Wellhead Inspection and Repair
Authors: Sloan Andrew , Ramsay Derek , MacCormick Marie , Hall Anthony , Trower Alastair 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In December 2009, an unplanned operation during subsea operations caused substantial damage to a subsea wellhead, leaving the tree-hub, H-4 profile and Internal Tree Cap severely deformed. The wellhead was not in production at the time and well integrity was maintained.
As part of an initiative to ascertain the extent of the damage and bring the well back online, Chevron contracted Welaptega to perform two 3D modelling photogrammetry surveys. Welaptega collected high quality digital still images of the tree-hub surface, and processed them to construct geometrically accurate 3D models representing the inside and outside geometry of the tree-hub.
The 3D model was imported into OEM design software for comparison to as-built drawings, and then used to design a bespoke Internal Tree Cap hold-down tool to ensure well integrity during VX gasket removal. Using the 3D model, a phased work plan was constructed, involving customised cutting tools, to return the tree-hub to a condition which would allow the BOP to be run back onto the tree.
In two separate DSV interventions, divers removed the damaged VX gasket with hydraulic arms, and cut the damaged area using a diamond rope cutter and Grayserv cutter. It was then possible to trial fit an H-4 connector over the tree hub, complete with a custom gasket which was designed to form a seal.
Dysregulation of Placental Endothelial Lipase in Obese Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gauster Martin , Hiden Ursula , van Poppel Mireille , Frank Sasa , Wadsack Christian , Hauguel-de Mouzon Sylvie , Desoye Gernot 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
This study addressed the hypothesis that placental endothelial lipase (EL) expression is affected by pregnancies complicated by obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
EL expression in placental tissues from pregnancies complicated by obesity, GDM, or obesity combined with GDM (obese-GDM) was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. Moreover, primary placental cells were isolated and treated with insulin, glucose, leptin, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and EL expression was measured. Inhibitors of nuclear factor (NF)-κB or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were used to detect potential pathways of EL regulation in primary placental endothelial cells (ECs).

RESULTS
In placentas from obese-GDM pregnancies, EL expression was upregulated by 1.9-fold (P &lt; 0.05) compared with lean pregnancies, whereas obesity or GDM alone had no significant effect. Analyses of metabolic parameters in maternal venous and umbilical venous plasma revealed significantly increased insulin and leptin as well as slightly increased glucose and TNF-α values in the obese and obese-GDM groups. Cell culture experiments identified TNF-α and leptin, but not glucose or insulin, as regulators of EL expression in ECs. Induction of EL expression by these mediators occurred in a para/endocrine manner, since only leptin and TNF-α receptors, but not the cytokines themselves, were expressed in ECs. Inhibitor experiments suggested that TNF-α and leptin-mediated upregulation of EL may occur via two different routes. Whereas TNF-α induced EL upregulation in ECs by activation of the NF-κB pathway, leptin did not stimulate NF-κB or MAPK signaling pathways in these cells.

CONCLUSIONS
Metabolic inflammation with high leptin and locally increased TNF-α concentrations at the fetal-placental interface regulates placental EL expression.
GLUT2 Accumulation in Enterocyte Apical and Intracellular Membranes
Authors: Ait-Omar Amal , Monteiro-Sepulveda Milena , Poitou Christine , Le Gall Maude , Cotillard Aurélie , Gilet Jules , Garbin Kevin , Houllier Anne , Château Danièle , Lacombe Amélie , Veyrie Nicolas , Hugol Danielle , Tordjman Joan , Magnan Christophe , Serradas Patricia , Clément Karine , Leturque Armelle , Brot-Laroche Edith 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
In healthy rodents, intestinal sugar absorption in response to sugar-rich meals and insulin is regulated by GLUT2 in enterocyte plasma membranes. Loss of insulin action maintains apical GLUT2 location. In human enterocytes, apical GLUT2 location has not been reported but may be revealed under conditions of insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subcellular location of GLUT2 in jejunal enterocytes was analyzed by confocal and electron microscopy imaging and Western blot in 62 well-phenotyped morbidly obese subjects and 7 lean human subjects. GLUT2 locations were assayed in ob/ob and ob/+ mice receiving oral metformin or in high-fat low-carbohydrate diet–fed C57Bl/6 mice. Glucose absorption and secretion were respectively estimated by oral glucose tolerance test and secretion of [U-14C]-3-O-methyl glucose into lumen.

RESULTS
In human enterocytes, GLUT2 was consistently located in basolateral membranes. Apical GLUT2 location was absent in lean subjects but was observed in 76% of obese subjects and correlated with insulin resistance and glycemia. In addition, intracellular accumulation of GLUT2 with early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) was associated with reduced MGAT4a activity (glycosylation) in 39% of obese subjects on a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. Mice on a low-carbohydrate/high-fat diet for 12 months also exhibited endosomal GLUT2 accumulation and reduced glucose absorption. In ob/ob mice, metformin promoted apical GLUT2 and improved glucose homeostasis. Apical GLUT2 in fasting hyperglycemic ob/ob mice tripled glucose release into intestinal lumen.

CONCLUSIONS
In morbidly obese insulin-resistant subjects, GLUT2 was accumulated in apical and/or endosomal membranes of enterocytes. Functionally, apical GLUT2 favored and endosomal GLUT2 reduced glucose transepithelial exchanges. Thus, altered GLUT2 locations in enterocytes are a sign of intestinal adaptations to human metabolic pathology.
Nrf2 Represses FGF21 During Long-Term High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity in Mice
Authors: Chartoumpekis Dionysios V. , Ziros Panos G. , Psyrogiannis Agathoklis I. , Papavassiliou Athanasios G. , Kyriazopoulou Venetsana E. , Sykiotis Gerasimos P. , Habeos Ioannis G. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Obesity is characterized by chronic oxidative stress. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has recently been identified as a novel hormone that regulates metabolism. NFE2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that orchestrates the expression of a battery of antioxidant and detoxification genes under both basal and stress conditions. The current study investigated the role of Nrf2 in a mouse model of long-term high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and characterized its crosstalk to FGF21 in this process.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Wild-type (WT) and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-KO) mice were fed an HFD for 180 days. During this period, food consumption and body weights were measured. Glucose metabolism was assessed by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test. Total RNA was prepared from liver and adipose tissue and was used for quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Fasting plasma was collected and analyzed for blood chemistries. The ST-2 cell line was used for transfection studies.

RESULTS
Nrf2-KO mice were partially protected from HFD-induced obesity and developed a less insulin-resistant phenotype. Importantly, Nrf2-KO mice had higher plasma FGF21 levels and higher FGF21 mRNA levels in liver and white adipose tissue than WT mice. Thus, the altered metabolic phenotype of Nrf2-KO mice under HFD was associated with higher expression and abundance of FGF21. Consistently, the overexpression of Nrf2 in ST-2 cells resulted in decreased FGF21 mRNA levels as well as in suppressed activity of a FGF21 promoter luciferase reporter.

CONCLUSIONS
The identification of Nrf2 as a novel regulator of FGF21 expands our understanding of the crosstalk between metabolism and stress defense.
Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of HDLs Are Impaired in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Morgantini Cecilia , Natali Andrea , Boldrini Beatrice , Imaizumi Satoshi , Navab Mohamad , Fogelman Alan M. , Ferrannini Ele , Reddy Srinivasa T. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
In mice, 4F, an apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide that restores HDL function, prevents diabetes-induced atherosclerosis. We sought to determine whether HDL function is impaired in type 2 diabetic (T2D) patients and whether 4F treatment improves HDL function in T2D patient plasma in vitro.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
HDL anti-inflammatory function was determined in 93 T2D patients and 31 control subjects as the ability of test HDLs to inhibit LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity in human aortic endothelial cell monolayers. The HDL antioxidant properties were measured using a cell-free assay that uses dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Oxidized fatty acids in HDLs were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In subgroups of patients and control subjects, the HDL inflammatory index was repeated after incubation with L-4F.

RESULTS
The HDL inflammatory index was 1.42 ± 0.29 in T2D patients and 0.70 ± 0.19 in control subjects (P &lt; 0.001). The cell-free assay was impaired in T2D patients compared with control subjects (2.03 ± 1.35 vs. 1.60 ± 0.80, P &lt; 0.05), and also HDL intrinsic oxidation (cell-free assay without LDL) was higher in T2D patients (1,708 ± 739 vs. 1,233 ± 601 relative fluorescence units, P &lt; 0.001). All measured oxidized fatty acids were significantly higher in the HDLs of T2D patients. There was a significant correlation between the cell-free assay values and the content of oxidized fatty acids in HDL fractions. L-4F treatment restored the HDL inflammatory index in diabetic plasma samples (from 1.26 ± 0.17 to 0.71 ± 0.11, P &lt; 0.001) and marginally affected it in healthy subjects (from 0.81 ± 0.16 to 0.66 ± 0.10, P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with T2D, the content of oxidized fatty acids is increased and the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of HDLs are impaired.
Low Bone Mineral Density and Its Predictors in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Evaluated by the Classic Statistics and Artificial Neural Network Analysis
Authors: Eller-Vainicher Cristina , Zhukouskaya Volha V. , Tolkachev Yury V. , Koritko Sergei S. , Cairoli Elisa , Grossi Enzo , Beck-Peccoz Paolo , Chiodini Iacopo , Shepelkevich Alla P. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate factors associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in type 1 diabetes by classic statistic and artificial neural networks.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 175 eugonadal type 1 diabetic patients (age 32.8 ± 8.4 years) and 151 age- and BMI-matched control subjects (age 32.6 ± 4.5 years) were studied. In all subjects, BMI and BMD (as Z score) at the lumbar spine (LS-BMD) and femur (F-BMD) were measured. Daily insulin dose (DID), age at diagnosis, presence of complications, creatinine clearance (ClCr), and HbA1c were determined.

RESULTS
LS- and F-BMD levels were lower in patients (−0.11 ± 1.2 and −0.32 ± 1.4, respectively) than in control subjects (0.59 ± 1, P &lt; 0.0001, and 0.63 ± 1, P &lt; 0.0001, respectively). LS-BMD was independently associated with BMI and DID, whereas F-BMD was associated with BMI and ClCr. The cutoffs for predicting low BMD were as follows: BMI &lt;23.5 kg/m2, DID &gt;0.67 units/kg, and ClCr &lt;88.8 mL/min. The presence of all of these risk factors had a positive predictive value, and their absence had a negative predictive value for low BMD of 62.9 and 84.2%, respectively. Data were also analyzed using the TWIST system in combination with supervised artificial neural networks and a semantic connectivity map. The TWIST system selected 11 and 12 variables for F-BMD and LS-BMD prediction, which discriminated between high and low BMD with 67 and 66% accuracy, respectively. The connectivity map showed that low BMD at both sites was indirectly connected with HbA1c through chronic diabetes complications.

CONCLUSIONS
In type 1 diabetes, low BMD is associated with low BMI and low ClCr and high DID. Chronic complications negatively influence BMD.
Quality of Medical Care in Diabetic Women Undergoing Fertility Treatment
Authors: Riskin-Mashiah Shlomit , Auslander Ron 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Diabetic women are at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes that can be improved by preconception care. Our goal was to evaluate the quality of medical care in diabetic women who undergo fertility treatment and compare it with the quality of medical care in diabetic women with spontaneous pregnancies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This retrospective study on reproductive-age women undergoing fertility treatment in Clalit Health Services (CHS) used data on fertility treatments, prescription fillings, HbA1c levels, and demographics extracted from CHS computerized systems. The control group comprised women with spontaneous pregnancy. Three quality measures in the periconception period were evaluated: folic acid prescription fillings, evaluation and level of HbA1c, and use of potentially hazardous drugs.

RESULTS
There were 230 fertility treatment cycles in 83 diabetic women, and 30 diabetic women had spontaneous pregnancy. Women in the fertility group were older and had fewer children. There were no significant differences in marital status or ethnicity. Regular folic acid use, HbA1c recording, and the percentage of women with HbA1c &lt;7% was similar between women in fertility treatment and those with spontaneous pregnancy (23.9, 57.8, and 31.3% vs. 20.0, 73.3, and 40.0%, respectively). Several women in both groups continued the use of potentially hazardous medication.

CONCLUSIONS
The periconception medical care of diabetic women who undergo fertility treatment is suboptimal and no better than that of diabetic women with spontaneous pregnancies. More intensive and targeted counseling regarding the importance of folic acid and glycemic control is needed to optimize periconception care of these diabetic patients.