bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Fungal Infections in Surgery
Authors: Giamarellou Helen , Antoniadou Anastasia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOver the past decade, the incidence of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections caused by Candida strains has risen, while the implicated species have changed. Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida glabrata all have increased in incidence. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that, between 1980 and 1990, Candida emerged as the sixth most common nosocomial pathogen (7.2.%) and was the fourth most common pathogen in nosocomial bloodstream infections, surpassed only by coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and enterococci. The incidence of candidemia is dramatically higher in high-risk critical-care units: 25% of cases occur in surgical intensive-care units (ICUs) versus 25% in bone marrow transplantation units, 20% in medical ICUs, 20% in general medical wards, and 10% in oncology-hematology units. Burns and gastrointestinal surgery predispose to nosocomial candidemia. Independent risk factors include prior therapy with multiple antibiotics, isolation of Candida from sites other than blood, and prior hemodialysis. Crude mortality exceeds 55% and is associated with older age and concomitant renal failure, hepatic failure, acute respiratory diseases, or postoperative shock. In addition to extreme vigilance for early recognition of Candida sepsis in critically ill surgical patients, the high risk for candidemia probably necessitates fungal surveillance cultures and initiation of preemptive antifungal therapy in high-risk surgical patients.
Healthcare Workers' Attitudes and Compliance With Universal Precautions Gender, Occupation, and Specialty Differences
Authors: Jeffe Donna B. , Mutha Sunita , L'Ecuyer Paul B. , Kim Lynn E. , Singal Renee B. , Evanoff Bradley A. , Fraser Victoria J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe describe variations in healthcare workers' attitudes toward double gloving and reporting needlesticks, and in their readiness to comply with double gloving and hepatitis B vaccine. Differences related to occupation, specialty, and gender have implications for the need to tailor interventions for specific groups of healthcare workers to improve compliance with Universal Precautions.
Risk Features for Surgical-Site Infections in Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Authors: Vuorisalo Sailaritta , Haukipuro Kari , Pokela Risto , Syrjälä Hannu 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVE: To identify preoperative and perioperative features that may lead to a risk of surgical-site infection (SSI) after coronary artery bypass surgery.DESIGN: 884 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in 1992 and 1993 were studied. The associations between 23 preoperative and perioperative features and the presence of SSI at the donor site or in the chest area were evaluated by univariate analysis followed by multivariate logistic regression analysis.SETTING: A university hospital.RESULTS: 172 patients (19.5%) either had an SSI recorded before discharge or had received antibiotics prescribed for a suspected SSI during the 1-month surveillance period after discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an extreme body mass index (BMI; P=.015), female gender (P=.023), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; P=.030) to be independent risk features for SSI. The donor site was infected in 136 patients (15.4%), an event for which female gender (P=.003) was the only independent risk feature. Forty-seven patients (5.3%) had an SSI of the chest area, with diabetes (P=.003) and extreme BMI (P=.010) as independent risk features.CONCLUSION: Extreme BMI, female gender, and COPD are highly significant independent predictors of the development of SSI. Female gender is a risk feature specifically for SSI at the donor site, whereas diabetes and extreme BMI predict it in the chest area.
Comparing Nosocomial Infection Rates Among Surgical Intensive-Care Units: The Importance of Separating Cardiothoracic and General Surgery Intensive-Care Units
Authors: Keita-Perse Olivia , Edwards Jonathan R. , Culver David H. , Gaynes Robert P. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTAmong surgical intensive-care units (ICUs), we assessed differences in risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates between cardiothoracic (CT) and general surgery ICUs, using National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance data from 1987 to 1995. Device-associated rates and average length of stay were significantly lower in CT ICUs. Comparisons of risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates among CT ICUs should be made separately from rates from general surgery ICUs.
Modeling Measles, Mumps, and Rubella: Implications for the Design of Vaccination Programs
Authors: Gay Nigel J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMathematical models of disease transmission are being used increasingly in the design of population-based vaccination programs. Their use is illustrated in a review of some modeling studies that have implications for the use of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Investigations of vaccination strategy options yield predictions for effectiveness and cost-effectiveness analyses. A quantitative understanding of the factors affecting disease transmission enables the setting of targets for vaccination programs and underpins disease elimination initiatives.
Critical-Care–Unit Bedside Design and Furnishing: Impact on Nosocomial Infections
Authors: Harvey Maurene A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHospitals in the process of building or renovating intensive-care units (ICUs) often establish multidisciplinary design teams. However, these teams rarely include infection control professionals. Because nosocomial infection is common in the ICU, design features can affect the risk of infection transmission, and outbreaks can occur during construction, this exclusion seems shortsighted. Infection control professionals are familiar with the relevant research, as well as the regulations and guidelines related to ICU design and infection control practices. Not only is their input essential to the design and construction of safe and effective units but their presence on the design team can allow the prospective collection of comparative data to turn the building project into a research project.
Simultaneous linearization of holomorphic germs in presence of resonances
Authors: Raissy Jasmin 
Published: September 2009

Let

f

1

,
…
,

f

m

f_{1}, \dots , f_{m}

be

m
≥
2

m\ge 2

germs of biholomorphisms of

C

n

\mathbb {C}^{n}

, fixing the origin, with

(

d

f

1

)

O

(\mathrm {d}f_{1})_{O}

diagonalizable and such that

f

1

f_{1}

commutes with

f

h

f_{h}

for any

h
=
2
,
…
,
m

h=2,\dots , m

. We prove that, under certain arithmetic conditions on the eigenvalues of

(

d

f

1

)

O

(\mathrm {d}f_{1})_{O}

and some restrictions on their resonances,

f

1

,
…
,

f

m

f_{1}, \dots , f_{m}

are simultaneously holomorphically linearizable if and only if there exists a particular complex manifold invariant under

f

1

,
…
,

f

m

f_{1}, \dots , f_{m}

.
First Occurrence of Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Caused by Race 3-5 of Podosphaera fusca in Spain
Authors: Torés J. A. , Sánchez-Pulido J. M. , López-Ruiz F. , de Vicente A. , Pérez-García A. 
Published: September 2009

A new race of cucurbit powdery mildew was observed for the first time on melon (Cucumis melo) in three research greenhouses in the Axarquia area of southern Spain during the spring of 2008. Fungal growth appeared as white powdery colonies initially restricted to the upper leaf surfaces. Morphological characteristics of colonies, conidiophores, conidia, germ tubes, and appressoria indicated that the powdery mildew fungus was Podosphaera fusca (also known as P. xanthii) (3), a fungal pathogen extensively reported in the area (1). However, the fungus developed on plants of melon cv. PMR 6, which is resistant to races 1 and 2 of P. fusca, suggesting that the fungus could belong to race 3, a race of P. fusca not yet reported in Spain. Race determination was carried out by inoculating the third true leaf of a set of differential melon genotypes that were maintained in a greenhouse. Symptoms and colonization observed on cvs. Rochet, PMR 45, PMR 6, and Edisto 47 indicated that the isolates belonged to race 3-5 of P. fusca. Fungal strains of races 1, 2, and 5 of P. fusca (all present in Spain) were used as controls. Pathotype designation was determined by inoculating different cucurbit genera and species (2). In addition to melon, the isolates were pathogenic on zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) cv. Diamant F1, but failed to infect cucumber (C. sativus) cv. Marketer and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cv. Sugar Baby; therefore, the isolates were pathotype BC (2). Races 1, 2, 4, and 5 of P. fusca have been previously reported in the area (1). The occurrence of race 3-5 represents another challenge in the management of cucurbit powdery mildew in Spain. References: (1) D. del Pino et al. Phytoparasitica 30:459, 2002. (2) E. Křístková et al. Sci. Hortic. 99:257, 2004. (3) A. Pérez-García et al. Mol. Plant Pathol. 10:153, 2009.
Root Rot of Hydroponically Grown Lettuce Caused by Phytophthora drechsleri in Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez-Alvarado G. , Pérez-Cáliz M. I. , Caudillo-Ruiz K. B. , Garay-Serrano E. , Rodríguez-Fernández R. , Fernández-Pavía S. P. 
Published: September 2009

During March of 2008, bibb lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants with severe wilting and root rot were observed in a commercial liquid-hydroponic greenhouse in Guanajuato, Mexico. By July of that year, the disease affected most plants in the facility. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from diseased roots on potato carrot agar. Several Phytophthora isolates were morphologically characterized. Sporulation was achieved by placing colonized disks of clarified V8 juice agar (V8A) into nonautoclaved soil extract (10 g avocado soil/1,000 ml distilled water, stirred for 3 h, and filtered). Sporangia were persistent, nonpapillate, and 40 to 58 μm long × 30 to 40 μm wide. External and internal proliferation was observed. Hyphal swellings were predominantly rounded. Oospores were not observed. The isolates grew on V8A at 35°C. Pathogenicity tests were conducted twice by utilizing a representative isolate (AC1) on bibb lettuce seedlings (10 replicates per experiment). Seeds were placed on sterile, water-soaked paper in petri dishes. After 10 days, each lettuce seedling was placed into a tube containing approximately 2 ml of sterile distilled water and 2,000 zoospores. Control plants were placed in tubes with water only. Plants were incubated for 7 days in a moist chamber at 25°C. Symptoms of wilting and root necrosis were observed 2 to 3 days after inoculation. All plants were dead 5 to 7 days after inoculation. A Phytophthora sp. was always isolated from the roots of inoculated plants. Control plants remained healthy. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker according to morphological characteristics. To confirm the identity of the pathogen, sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) were obtained from three representative isolates. The ITS sequences that were obtained shared 100% homology to several strains of P. dreschleri, including isolates from cucurbits (GenBank Accession No. AF228097). The ITS sequence was deposited in NCBI as Accession No. FJ790770. P. cryptogea and P. dreschleri have been reported as causing root rot on lettuce grown hydroponically in the United States and Korea (1,2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. drechsleri causing root rot on lettuce in Mexico. References: (1) H. J. Jee et al. Plant Pathol. J. 17:311, 2001. (2) A. R. Linde et al. Plant Dis. 74:1037, 1990.
First Report of Fusarium Wilt of Endive (Cichorium endivia) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Gilardi G. , Troisi M. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: September 2009

In the summer of 2007, a wilt of endive (Cichorium endivia) cv. Myrna plants was observed on several commercial farms near Alessandria in northern Italy. Approximately 40% of the plants on each farm were symptomatic. Affected plants were stunted and yellow and their root systems were poorly developed. Basal leaves eventually wilted. Black streaks were observed in the proximal part of the leaf vascular system. Fusarium oxysporum was consistently isolated from symptomatic vascular tissue on a Fusarium-selective medium (1). To confirm identification of the pathogen, the translation elongation factor 1α and the ribosomal DNA intergenic spacer (IGS) region were partially sequenced (2). Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia growing on potato dextrose agar. Amplification of the EF-1α region generated a sequence of 648 bp; the IGS amplicon was 2,500 bp. The EF-1α sequence (GenBank Accession No GQ398152) was 99% similar to the sequence of a F. oxysporum strain isolated from soil and a strain pathogenic on cotton plants (GenBank Accession No. EU246574). The IGS sequence (GenBank Accession No GQ398153) was 97% similar to the sequence of a F. oxysporum strain (GenBank Accession No. EF661647). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 15-day-old endive plants (cv. Myrna). Ten plants were inoculated by dipping their roots in a 1 × 106 CFU/ml suspension of one of the isolates recovered from a wilted endive plant. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were transplanted into pots filled with steamed soil and maintained in a glasshouse at 23 to 28°C. Wilt symptoms and vascular discoloration of the roots, crown, and veins developed 60 days after inoculation. F. oxysporum was consistently reisolated from infected plants. Noninoculated plants remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was conducted twice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of wilt caused by F. oxysporum on endive in Italy. References: (1) H. Komada. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 8:114, 1975. (2) G. Mbofung et al. Phytopathology 97:87, 2007.
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a critical evaluation of cytomorphological features in seven cases
Authors: Das P. , Iyer V. K. , Mathur S. R. , Ray R. 
Published: September 2009

P. Das, V. K. Iyer, S. R. Mathur and R. Ray Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a critical evaluation of cytomorphological features in seven casesObjective:  Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a rare subtype of non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma that is difficult to diagnose on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Detailed descriptions about the cytomorphological features of ALCL are few and do not illustrate the various categories of cells, which we have done in this study.Methods:  Eight FNAC specimens from seven patients with biopsy‐proven ALCL over a period of 6 years were reviewed. Cytomorphological details were analysed and the various cell types identified were enumerated on Papanicolaou and May–Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG)‐stained smears.Results:  Of the seven cases, five were of conventional type, one of the lymphohistiocytic variant and one of the small cell variant. Aspiration from the conventional type showed a mixed population of lymphoid cells with many plasma cells. The tumour cells were intricately admixed within and distributed as single cells without grouping. Distinct hallmark cells, doughnut cells, embryo cells, tennis racket cells, cells with wreath‐like nuclei, Reed–Sternberg‐like cells and nondescript cells were seen. Nucleoli were rounded, occasionally tubular in shape. The tumour cells showed abundant blue cytoplasm on MGG stain with a perinuclear hoff. Aspiration from the lymphohistiocytic and small cell variants showed a small number of similar characteristic giant cells. All cases were confirmed as ALK‐1 positive.Conclusions:  The morphological spectrum of ALCL is wide and it may be misdiagnosed as a metastatic poorly differentiated malignant tumour on FNAC. Identification of unusual giant cells on FNAC helps in establishing a diagnosis on an early lymph node biopsy.
Assessing effects of water abstraction on fish assemblages in Mediterranean streams
Authors: BENEJAM LLUIS , ANGERMEIER PAUL L. , MUNNÉ ANTONI , GARCÍA‐BERTHOU EMILI 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. Water abstraction strongly affects streams in arid and semiarid ecosystems, particularly where there is a Mediterranean climate. Excessive abstraction reduces the availability of water for human uses downstream and impairs the capacity of streams to support native biota.2. We investigated the flow regime and related variables in six river basins of the Iberian Peninsula and show that they have been strongly altered, with declining flows (autoregressive models) and groundwater levels during the 20th century. These streams had lower flows and more frequent droughts than predicted by the official hydrological model used in this region. Three of these rivers were sometimes dry, whereas there were predicted by the model to be permanently flowing. Meanwhile, there has been no decrease in annual precipitation.3. We also investigated the fish assemblage of a stream in one of these river basins (Tordera) for 6 years and show that sites more affected by water abstraction display significant differences in four fish metrics (catch per unit effort, number of benthic species, number of intolerant species and proportional abundance of intolerant individuals) commonly used to assess the biotic condition of streams.4. We discuss the utility of these metrics in assessing impacts of water abstraction and point out the need for detailed characterisation of the natural flow regime (and hence drought events) prior to the application of biotic indices in streams severely affected by water abstraction. In particular, in cases of artificially dry streams, it is more appropriate for regulatory agencies to assign index scores that reflect biotic degradation than to assign ‘missing’ scores, as is presently customary in assessments of Iberian streams.
Consumer body composition and community structure in a stream is altered by pH
Authors: LARRAÑAGA A. , LAYER K. , BASAGUREN A. , POZO J. , WOODWARD G. 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. Low pH inhibits microbial conditioning of leaf‐litter, which forms the principal energy input to many headwater streams. This reduces food quality and availability for the shredder assemblage, thereby creating a potential bottleneck in the flux of energy and biomass through acidified food webs.2. We explored the consequences of acidity on the well‐characterised community of Broadstone Stream in southeast England, by quantifying the physiological condition (protein and lipid content) of three dominant shredder species (Leuctra nigra,L. hippopusandNemurella pictetii) and relating this to changes in the numerical abundance and biomass of invertebrates across a longitudinal pH gradient (5.3–6.5).3. Total taxon richness increased with pH, as did shredder diversity. The acid‐tolerant stonefly,L. nigra, exhibited a positive correlation between pH and protein content, but its abundance was suppressed in the less acid reaches. These results suggest that the impacts of environmental stressors might be manifested differently at the population (i.e. numerical and biomass abundance) versus the physiological (i.e. protein content of individuals) levels of organisation. Body composition ofL. hippopusandN. pictetiidid not exhibit any significant relationship with stream pH in the field.4. The survey data were corroborated with a laboratory rearing experiment usingN. pictetii, in which survival rate, growth rate, and protein and lipid content of individuals were measured in stream water of differing pH and acid versus circumneutral microbial conditioning regimes. Acid‐conditioned leaves were associated with increased mortality and reduced protein content in consumers’ tissues, with acid water also having the latter effect.5. Our results suggest that biochemical constraints within key taxa might create energy flux bottlenecks in detrital‐based food webs, and that this could ultimately determine the productivity of the entire system. Hence assays of the body composition of macroinvertebrates could be an effective new tool that complements population level studies of the impacts of stressors in fresh waters.
Strong growth limitation of a floating plant (Lemna gibba) by the submerged macrophyte (Elodea nuttallii) under laboratory conditions
Authors: SZABO SANDOR , SCHEFFER MARTEN , ROIJACKERS RUDI , WALUTO BEATA , BRAUN MIHALY , NAGY PETER T. , BORICS GABOR , ZAMBRANO LUIS 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. The asymmetric competition for light and nutrients between floating and submerged aquatic plants is thought to be key in explaining why dominance by either of these groups can be stable and difficult to change.2. Although the shading effect of floating plants on submerged plants has been well documented, the impact of submerged plants on floating plants has been poorly explored hitherto.3. Here, we used laboratory experiments to examine how submerged plant (Elodea nuttallii) alter nutrient conditions in the water column and how this affects the growth of floating plants (Lemna gibba).4. We demonstrate that, at higher nutrient concentrations, Lemna is increasingly likely to outcompete Elodea.5. Under low nutrient concentrations (0.1–2 mg N L−1) Elodea can strongly reduce the growth of Lemna. Growth of floating plants virtually stopped in some of the experiments with Elodea.6. Extremely reduced tissue N, Mn, chlorophyll and elongated roots indicated that the growth inhibition of Lemna by Elodea was predominantly caused by the latter’s impact on the nutrient conditions for floating plants.7. These results strengthen the hypothesis that submerged plants can prevent colonization of a lake by floating plants.
Biomass and structure of planktonic communities along an air temperature gradient in subarctic Sweden
Authors: JANSSON MATS , JONSSON ANDERS , ANDERSSON AGNETA , KARLSSON JAN 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. Air temperature will probably have pronounced effects on the composition of plankton communities in northern lake ecosystems, either via indirect effects on the export of essential elements from catchments or through direct effects of water temperature and the ice‐free period on the behaviour of planktonic organisms.2. We assessed the role of temperature by comparing planktonic communities in 15 lakes along a 6 °C air temperature gradient in subarctic Sweden.3. We found that the biomass of phytoplankton, bacterioplankton and the total planktonic biomass were positively related to air temperature, probably as a result of climatic controls on the export of nitrogen from the catchment (which affects phytoplankton biomass) and dissolved organic carbon (affecting bacterioplankton biomass).4. The structure of the zooplankton community, and top down effects on phytoplankton, were apparently not related to temperature but mainly to trophic interactions ultimately dependent on the presence of fish in the lakes.5. Our results suggest that air temperature regimes and long‐term warming can have strong effects on the planktonic biomass in high latitude lakes. Effects of temperature on the structure of the planktonic community might be less evident unless warming permits the invasion of fish into previous fishless lakes.