bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Über die Rolle von Pheroprax bei der Besiedlung der Fichte durch den Buchdrucker (Ips typographus L.)1
Authors: BOMBOSCH S. , ENGLER I. , GOSSENAUER H. , HERRMANN B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn the role of Pheroprax influencing the settlement of Ips typographus L. on spruce The attractants of Pheroprax are effective only with flying bark‐beetles. A concentration gradient of their impact is observed. When combined with a clearly visible elongated silhouette they guide the beetles in a direct approach to the source of the attractant. In absence of this silhouette an attraction and landing of the beetles is still registered but the latter is directed much less distinctly to the source of the attractant.In consequence it is assumed that further compounds hitherto unknown are responsible for the recognition of the host, the distribution on the trunk, and the finding of the mates.ZusammenfassungDie im Pheroprax enthaltenen Lockstoffe wirken nur auf fliegende Buchdrucker. Ihre Wirkung ist konzentrationsabhängig. In Verbindung mit einer deutlich sichtbaren, langgestreckten Silhouettc führen sie zu gerichteten Anflügen der Duftstoffquelle. Fehlt diese Silhouette, kommt es auch zu Anlockung und Landung, jedoch ist diese wesentlich weniger auf die Duftquelle ausgerichtet. Danach müssen für die Wirtsfindung, die Verteilung am Stamm sowie das Auffinden der Geschlechter weitere, bisher nicht bekannte Verbindungen verantwortlich sein.
Atmospheric humidity and aphid reproduction
Authors: LEATHER SIMON R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApterous exules of the bird cherry‐oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) were significantly more fecund on oat seedlings at lower relative humidities (35% RH) than at higher relative humidities (55% RH). This was considered to be due to the increased transpiration rates of the plants under low humidity conditions. The significance of these results in relation to the practice of spring irrigation of cereals in Finland is discussed.ZusammenfassungLuftfeuchtigkeit und Reproduktion bei BlattläusenUngeflügelte Exulantien der Vogelkirschen‐Hafer‐Blattlaus Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) waren sig‐nifikant fruchtbarer an Hafer‐Sämlingen bei niedriger (35 %) als höherer rel. Luftfeuchte (55 %). Es wird angenommen, daß dies auf der gesteigerten Transpirationsrate der Pflanze bei niedriger Luftfeuchte beruhte. Die Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse in Bezug auf die Praxis von Frühjahrs‐Berieselungen bei Getreide in Finnland wird erörtert.
Zur Steuerung der Populationsdichte von phytophagen Insekten durch ihre Wirtspflanze
Authors: LUNDERSTÄDT J. , AHLERS SABINE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs to control of the population density of phytophagous insects by their food‐plant. 3. Control of the physiological performance Larvae of Gilpinia hercyniae were reared on spruce branches from the 13th day after hatching at 20°C, 18‐h‐photoperiod. The branches were harvested in May, July, and October respectively and were used as food source for the larvae at 25°C, 18‐h‐photoperiod until the beginning of the measurements.From the 13th day onward the biological data were registered every second day until the imagines were developed, while the corresponding biochemical data were determined from the 13th day until pupation. On the basis of the rates of intake of 16 proteinbound amino acids and 9 non‐amino compounds, the control function for the regulation of the physiological performance of the insects in response to the changes of the external conditions was formulated which is valid for all three experiments. It is concluded from the sequence of the extrema of the rates of intake of quinic acid, shicimic acid, piceine, proteinbound valine and phenylalanine that they carry the information of the control process.ZusammenfassungLarven von Gilpinia hercyniae wurden im Mai, Juli und Oktober ab 13. Tag nach Schlupf bei 20°C, 18‐h‐Tag, an Fichtenäste angesetzt, die bei 25°C, 18‐h‐Tag, von frischgeschlüpften Larven bis zum 13. Tag vorbefressen worden waren. In zweitägigem Abstand wurden vom 13. Lebenstag an die biologischen Daten und vom 13. Lebenstag bis zur Verpuppung die zugehörigen biochemischen Daten erfaßt. Über die Aufnahmerate von 16 Proteinaminosäuren und 9 Nichtaminoverbindungen wird die Einsteuerung des Regelintervalls in Form einer für alle 3 untersuchten Fälle gültigen Steuergleichung angegeben, gemäß der die physiologische Leistung der Insekten auf sich ändernde Außenbedingungen eingestellt wird. Aus der zeitlichen Abfolge der Extrema der Aufnahmeraten von Chinasäure, Catechin, Picein sowie proteingebundenem Valin und Phenylalanin wird geschlossen, daß sie Informationsträger des Steuerungsprozesses sind.
Proof‐of‐concept trial on the efficacy of sodium tungstate in human obesity
Authors: Hanzu F. , Gomis R. , Coves M. J. , Viaplana J. , Palomo M. , Andreu A. , Szpunar J. , Vidal J. 
Published: July 2010

Aim: Considering the poor long‐term success of current dietary and pharmacological interventions, we aimed to evaluate the potential effect of sodium tungstate in the treatment of grade I and II obesity (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00555074). Methods: Prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, proof‐of‐concept study was carried out. Following a 2‐week lead‐in period, 30 obese (body mass index, BMI 30.0–39.9 kg/m2), non‐diabetic subjects were randomized to receive either sodium tungstate (100 mg bid) or placebo for 6 weeks. The primary study endpoint was the absolute change in body weight relative to the time of randomization. Results: Treatment with sodium tungstate [−0.135 ± 0.268 kg (95% CI −0.686 to +0.416 kg)] was not associated with a significant weight loss compared to placebo [−0.063 ± 0.277 kg (95% CI −0.632 to +0.507 kg)] (p = 0.854). Likewise, treatment with sodium tungstate was not associated with significant changes in fat mass (DEXA), resting energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) or caloric consumption (3‐day food records). Conclusion: Our data do not support sodium tungstate as a pharmacological agent in the treatment of human obesity.
Ways of seeing environmental change: Participatory research engagement in Yunnan, China, with ethnic minority Hani participants
Authors: McKinnon John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article, I reflect on a participatory learning and action (PLA) and participatory geographic information system (PGIS) project undertaken in two adjacent Hani villages in southern Yunnan, China. After a lengthy process to gain research authorisations, Hani villagers worked with a group of visiting researchers (Hani, Han Chinese and New Zealanders) to articulate local visions of land‐use change and environmental challenges. PLA exercises produced a diverse range of hand‐made and PGIS products over a 10‐week period. As villagers became more accustomed to the ‘outsider team’, methods – both designed and spontaneous – diversified. Afterwards, based on the results and acting on their own initiative, local leaders backed by popular support moved quickly to reassert traditional and ritually prescribed Hani conservation measures. Nevertheless, these endogenously driven solutions were not necessarily universally beneficial. In describing the complexities encountered in implementing a participatory framework and the ambiguities of the outcomes engendered, I argue that privileging local coherence and celebrating such participatory approaches should not be done at the expense of ignoring the intricacies of on‐going contradictory behaviours in a rapidly changing arena. Yet, in China, where authorities often remain suspicious of those seeking to undertake long‐term fieldwork, especially among ethnic minorities, PLA offers a potential route forward.
PRECONVULSIVE CHANGES IN BRAIN GLUCOSE METABOLISM FOLLOWING DRUGS INHIBITING GLUTAMATE DECARBOXYLASE
Authors: Horton R. W. , Meldrum B. S. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—Brain glucose and glycogen concentrations have been studied in mice treated with allylglycine, 4‐deoxypyridoxine and isoniazid, and the effects compared with the preconvulsive increase in brain glucose and glycogen concentration that follows d, l‐methionine sulphoximine treatment. Allylglycine (180 mg/kg), 4‐deoxypyridoxine (250 mg/kg), isoniazid (150 mg/kg) and d,l‐methionine sulphoximine (300 mg/kg) when given to mice at room temperature, cause a fall in rectal temperature which can be prevented by maintaining the mice in an incubator at 33‐34°C. An increase in brain glucose concentration is seen after allylglycine (+ 133%), d,l‐methionine sulphoximine (+ 113%) and 4‐deoxypyridoxine (+ 70%) treatment when mice are kept at room temperature and killed before convulsions occur. This is associated with a rise in blood glucose concentration after allylglycine, but not after the other drugs. Preventing the fall in rectal temperature reduces, but does not abolish, the rise in brain glucose concentration seen after allylglycine, d,l‐methionine sulphoximine and 4‐deoxypyridoxine. Brain glycogen concentration increases at room temperature after D,L‐methionine sulphoximine and 4‐deoxypyridoxine, but in mice with maintained body temperature only 4‐deoxypyridoxine produces an increase in brain glycogen. Isoniazid does not increase brain glucose or glycogen at room temperature, but reduces their concentration in mice kept in the incubator. All four drugs are known to act on amino acid metabolism; d,l‐methionine sulphoximine potently inhibits glutamine synthetase whereas 4‐deoxypyridoxine, allylglycine and isoniazid inhibit glutamate decarboxylase. The connection, if any, between a block in the further metabolism of glutamate and an increase in brain glucose and glycogen is unknown.
A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR MEASURING 14‐3‐2 PROTEIN IN CELL EXTRACTS
Authors: Revoltella R. , Bertolini L. , Diamond L. , Vigneti E. , Grasso A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—A rapid and sensitive radioimmunoassay for the neuron‐specific protein, 14‐3‐2, has been developed. The assay was used to determine the amounts of 14‐3‐2 protein in soluble extracts prepared from clones of the C 1300 murine neuroblastoma and from C 1300 × L cell hybrid clones. The values obtained with the radioimmune procedure correlated with those obtained in microcomplement fixation and microprecipitin assays.
Dopamine Metabolism in Hypoxanthine‐Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase‐Deficient Variants of PC12 Cells
Authors: Bitler Catherine M. , Howard Bruce D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLesch‐Nyhan syndrome results from a deficiency of hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltrans‐ferase (HPRT). It is manifest by behavioral abnormalities, including self‐mutilation, and evidence of abnormal 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) metabolism. To assess whether an HPRT deficiency in a dopaminergic cell can adversely affect dopamine metabolism in that cell, dopamine metabolism was examined in HPRT‐defi‐cient variants of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and in cells that had regained HPRT activity by virtue of transformation with a recombinant retrovirus containing the human gene for HPRT. There was no correlation between HPRT activity and endogenous dopamine levels, dopamine uptake, dopamine release, or monoamine oxidase activity. Transformation with the HPRT retrovirus did not adversely affect dopamine metabolism.
Conversion of Leumorphin (Dynorphin B‐29) to Dynorphin B and Dynorphin B‐14 by Thiol Protease Activity
Authors: Devi Lakshmi , Goldstein Avram 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDynorphin B (rimorphin) is formed from leumorphin (dynorphin B‐29) by the action of a thiol protease from rat brain membranes, in a single step. This represents a “single‐arginine cleavage” between threonine‐13 and arginine‐14 of the substrate. We have observed that in addition to dynorphin B, dynorphin B‐14 is formed from dynorphin B‐29. Among the various protease inhibitors tested, none except p‐chloromercuriben‐zensulfonic acid inhibited the formation of the two products. Both temperature and pH had similar effects on the formation of dynorphin B‐14 and dynorphin B. The inhibitory potencies of adrenocorticotropic hormone, peptide E, and dynorphin A were virtually identical for the formation of the two products. These results suggest that the same enzyme may be responsible for the formation of dynorphin B‐14 and dynorphin B.
Extracellular Overflow of Neuroactive Amino Acids During Severe Insulin‐Induced Hypoglycemia: In Vivo Dialysis of the Rat Hippocampus
Authors: Sandberg Mats , Butcher Steven P. , Hagberg Henrik 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHypoglycemia‐evoked changes in levels of extracellular excitatory and inhibitory amino acids were studied using the microdialysis technique. A newly designed dialysis probe was inserted stereotaxically into the rat hippocampus. Animals were then subjected to insulin‐induced hypoglycemia; then blood glucose levels were restored by glucose injections after a 30‐min period of isoelectric electroencephalography. Dialysates were collected before, during, and after the isoelectric period. Amino acids in the dialysates were analyzed by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection following automatic precolumn derivatization with o‐phthaldialdehyde. During the isoelectric phase, the concentration of aspartate increased 15‐fold, whereas glutamate, γ‐aminobutyric acid, taurine, and phosphoethanolamine levels were elevated three‐ to sixfold. Smaller increases were observed for nonneuroactive amino acids such as asparagine, alanine, and phenylalanine. In contrast to all other amino acids, the glutamine content was reduced to <30% of preisoelectric values. The concentrations of the neuroactive amino acids were restored to normal in the postisoelectric phase. These data demonstrate that there is an extracellular overflow of neuroactive amino acids, especially aspartate, during severe hypoglycemia.
Effect of CDP‐Choline on Hypocapnic Neurons in Culture
Authors: Mykita S. , Golly F. , Dreyfus H. , Freysz L. , Massarelli R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeuronal cultures from chick embryo cerebral hemispheres were protected against a hypocapnic injury by adding to their growth medium 10‐‐6M CDP‐choline before or after the injury. The protection obtained with CDP‐choline was analyzed by a morphometric analysis and showed that pretreatment of neuronal cultures with CDP‐choline maintained the number of cell aggregates and of primary neuronal processes at control values after hypocapnic shock. Various experiments showed that the intact molecule was responsible for the protective action, since pretreatment with different concentrations of various nucleosides and nucleotides (up to 10‐‐5M), choline, and phosphorylcholine was without protective effect. The addition of CDP‐choline after the hypocapnic injury resulted in a protection of the cultures as shown by morphological observation. Incubation of neurons with radioactive choline showed that hypocapnia increased the incorporation of the label into phospholipids whereas the presence of CDP‐choline reduced it. The de novo synthesis of choline was affected by neither hypocapnia nor CDP‐choline treatment. The results indicate that CDP‐choline may have the capacity to protect neurons under conditions of basic pH and that cellular proliferation may be stimulated by the compound.
A Neurotrophic Factor Derived from Goldfish Brain: Characterization and Purification
Authors: Mizrachi Yaffa , Rubinstein Menachem , Kimhi Yosef , Schwartz Michal 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Previous studies carried out in our laboratory have demonstrated that goldfish brain contains substances that promote neurite extension from regenerating retinae in culture. Fractionation of the brain extract by molecular sieving chromatography revealed the presence of several molecular species, including two peaks that have neurotrophic activity, representing low‐molecular‐weight substances. One peak was eluted (P‐a) with an apparent molecular weight of about 13 kDa and was designated substratum neurite extension factor (SNEF) because it retained its neurotrophic activity when adsorbed onto the substratum. This recovered Sephadex fraction (P‐a) when applied in vivo intraocularly caused an earlier capacity of the corresponding retinae to sprout in vitro. Thus, at 3 and 5 days after injury the neuritic growth indices from the factor‐treated retinae were of 0.9 ± 0.2 and 2.8 ± 0.5, respectively, as compared with indices of 0.3 ± 0.1 and 0.9 ± 0.2, respectively, in retinae of injured but nontreated nerves. The factor was further purified by two steps of HPLC (ion exchange followed by reversed phase). The results showed that it is an acidic glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 10 kDa.
Depolarization‐Dependent Protein Phosphorylation in Rat Cortical Synaptosomes: Characterization of Active Protein Kinases by Phosphopeptide Analysis of Substrates
Authors: Dunkley Peter R. , Baker Christine M. , Robinson Philip J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Depolarization of synaptosomes is known to cause a calcium‐dependent increase in the phosphorylation of a number of proteins. It was the aim of this study to determine which protein kinases are activated on depolarization by analyzing the incorporation of 32P1 into synaptosomal phosphoproteins and phosphopeptides. The following well‐characterized phosphoproteins were chosen for study: phosphoprotein “87K,” synapsin Ia and Ib, phosphoproteins IIIa and IIIb, the catalytic subunits of calmodulin kinase II, and the B‐50 protein. Each was initially identified as a phosphoprotein in lysed synaptosomes after incubation with [γ‐32P]ATP. Mobility on two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gels and phosphorylation by specific protein kinases were the primary criteria used for identification. A technique was developed that allowed simultaneous analysis of the phosphopeptides derived from all of these proteins. Phosphopeptides were characterized in lysed synaptosomes after activating cyclic AMP‐, calmodulin‐, and phospholipid‐stimulated protein kinases in the presence of [γ‐32P]ATP. Phosphoproteins labelled in intact synaptosomes after incubation with 32Pi were then compared with those seen after ATP‐labelling of lysed synaptosomes. As expected from previous work, phosphoprotein “87K,” and synapsin Ia and Ib were‐labelled, but for the first time, phosphoproteins IIIa, IIIb, and the B‐50 protein were identified as being labelled in intact synaptosomes; the calmodulin kinase II subunits were hardly phosphorylated. From a comparison of the phosphopeptide profiles it was found that cyclic AMP‐, calmodulin‐, and phospholipidstimulated protein kinases are all active in intact synaptosomes and their activity is dependent on extrasynaptosomal calcium. The activation of cyclic AMP‐stimulated protein kinases in intact synaptosomes was confirmed by the addition of dibutryl cyclic AMP and theophylline which specifically increased the labelling of phosphopeptides in synapsin Ia and Ib and in phosphoproteins IIIa and IIIb. On depolarization of intact synaptosomes, a number of phosphopeptides showed increased labelling and the pattern suggested that cyclic AMP‐, calmodulin‐, and phospholipid‐stimulated protein kinases were all activated. No new peptides were phosphorylated, suggesting that depolarization simply increased the activity of already active protein kinases and that there was no depolarization‐specific increase in protein phosphorylation.
Mononucleotide Metabolism in the Rat Brain After Transient Ischemia
Authors: Onodera Hiroshi , Iijima Kunihiro , Kogure Kyuya 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Nucleotide metabolism was studied in rats during and following the induction of 10 min of forebrain ischemia (four‐vessel occlusion model). Purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, nucleosides, and bases in forebrain extracts were quantitated by HPLC with an ultraviolet detector. Ischemia resulted in a severe reduction in the concentration of nucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, UTP, and CTP) and an increase in the concentration of AMP, IMP, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, and guanosine. During the recovery period, both the phosphocreatine level and adenylate energy charge were rapidly and completely restored to the normal range. ATP was only 78% of the control value at 180 min after ischemic reperfusion. Levels of nucleosides and bases were elevated during ischemia but decreased to values close to those of control animals following recirculation. Both the decrease in the adenine nucleotide pool and the incomplete ATP recovery were caused by insufficient reutilization of hypoxanthine via the purine salvage system. The content of cyclic AMP, which transiently accumulated during the early recirculation period, returned to the control level, paralleling the decrease of adenosine concentration, which suggested that adenylate cyclase activity during reperfusion is modulated by adenosine A2 receptors. The recovery of CTP was slow but greater than that of ATP, GTP, and UTP. The GTP/GDP ratio was higher than that of the control animals following recirculation.
Transport of Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids by the Choroid Plexus: Its Characterization and Physiological Significance
Authors: DiBenedetto F. E. , Bito L. Z. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Choroid plexi from the lateral ventricles of rabbits, cats, and dogfish (Mustelus canis) were used to characterize the prostaglandin (PG) uptake process and to establish its kinetic parameters and substrate specificity. The apparentKtfor PGF2αtransport by the rabbit choroid plexus was 20 μM; theJmaxwas 27 nmol g−1mm−1. TheKiof inhibition of PGF2αtransport by PGE2was 20 μM; theJmaxof PGF2αtransport was unaltered by PGE2. A concentration ofp‐aminohippuric acid of up to 1 mMdid not appreciably affect theK1or theJmaxof PGF2αtransport. The rate of PGF2αaccumulation by rabbit choroid plexus was reduced by incubation at 4°C, under anaerobic conditions, in the absence of sodium or in the presence of ouabain, probenecid, or bromcresol green. The choroid plexi of all three species also accumulated thromboxane B2, PGI2, and 6‐keto‐PGF1α, suggesting that most, if not all, eicosanoids are substrates for this transport system. It is concluded that the choroid plexus transport system satisfies all the criteria of an active, energy‐dependent transport system and that this system functions effectively at concentrations of eicosanoids present in the ventricular system under normal or pathological conditions. Hence, this transport system must make an important contribution to the pharmacokinetics of eicosanoids within the brain.