bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of (+)-Catechin from Acacia Catechu (Cutch Tree) by a Convenient Method
Authors: Hye M. A. , Taher M. A. , Ali M. Y. , Ali M. U. , Zaman Shahed 
Published: April 2009

Biologically important polyphenol (+)-catechin was isolated from catechu, the extract of the red heartwood of Acacia Catechu tree (Khoiyer tree). The isolation procedure was developed to get better yield (25%) and to reduce the isolation cost and time. The structure of the isolated (+)-catechin was confirmed with several spectral analyses and chemical studies. Keywords:Â Acacia Catechu; (+)-catechin; Polyphenol. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.Â DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.1635
Wavelet Order Statistics Filters for Image Denoising
Authors: Gallegos-Funes F , Martínez-Valdés J , Cruz-Santiago R , López-Bonilla J 
Published: April 2009

This paper presents the wavelet order statistics filters for the removal of impulsive and speckle noise in color image applications. The proposed filtering scheme is defined as two filters in the wavelet domain to conform to the structure of a general filter that can be modified in some headings. The first filter is based on redundancy of approaches and the second one is the wavelet domain iterative center weighted median algorithm. With the structure of the proposed filter different implementations for the estimation of the noisy sample are carried out using different order statistics algorithms that by their good performance can be beneficial in color image processing applications. Keywords: Wavelet domain; Order statistics filters. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.2311
Shift–share Analysis of manufacturing as a measuring instrument for Human Resource Management
Authors: Kleynhans Ewert Philippus 
Published: April 2009

Shift-share analysis of employment as a measuring instrument for human resource management is proposed by this study. The results obtained through this technique can assist human resource
management on the macro-level in making informed and strategic decisions regarding future employment practices and trends. This technique is often applied to studies of economic geography,
and is illustrated in this article through its application to the estimation of future employment potential of manufacturing industries of South Africa’s Southern District Municipality. The economy in this region is mainly dependent on gold mining, which is declining as gold reserves are becoming depleted. As a result, a large section of the area’s population will be unemployed in future, causing adversity and other development needs. Shift-share analysis provides insight into the shifts of employment in the various sectors over time, as well as insight into the national share effect on employment in the region, including the regional-industrial mix and the competitive share effects. It was found that the
sectors with the highest employment creation potential are: transport equipment, wood and paper products, metal products, and furniture. Some suggestions are also made regarding the ways that this information can be utilised in human resource management.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Unsaturated Endoperoxides. A New Peroxide‐Preserving Reaction
Authors: Emerzian Michael A. , Davenport William , Song Jiangao , Li Jim , Erden Ihsan 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageUnsaturated bicyclic endoperoxides are efficiently cyclopropanated with excess diazomethane in the presence of catalytic palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] in a stereoselective manner. This method represents a new peroxide‐preserving transformation. Whereas the unsaturated endoperoxides in the [2.2.1] series are attacked by the carbene from the exo face, the analogs with larger bridges are preferentially attacked from the face syn to the peroxo bridge. Only in the case of the benzannelated [2.2.2] system does the attack occur exclusively from the face proximal to the benzene ring. Certain strained cyclopropanated endoperoxides are reduced by diazomethane to give cis‐diols. 2‐Methylfuran endoperoxide gives rise to cis‐1‐formyl‐2‐acetylcyclopropane in excellent yield.
Copper‐Mediated Aryl‐Aryl Couplings for the Construction of Oligophenylenes and Related Heteroaromatics
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageEfficient methods for the syntheses of biaryls by the copper‐mediated homocoupling of arylmetals are summarized. First, a smooth transmetallation between arylzinc halides and copper(II) salts has been employed for the selective homocoupling of arylzinc halides to produce either biphenylenes or tetraphenylenes. This reaction has been applied to the synthesis of cyclic oligothiophenes. Second, an efficient method for the homocoupling of aryl halides by the electron‐transfer (ET) oxidation of Lipshutz cuprates [Ar2Cu(CN)Li2] with organic electron acceptors has been developed. The ET oxidation of cuprates with 1,4‐benzoquinones proceeds smoothly to afford the corresponding coupling products in moderate to high yields. The ET oxidation of cuprates has been applied to the synthesis of either thiophene‐ or benzene‐fused 10‐membered ring cyclophanes. For the synthesis of macrocyclic cyclophanes, a linear CCuC structure of Lipshutz cuprates should be maintained in the dimetallacyclic intermediates to efficiently produce large‐ring cyclophanes. Moreover, nonaphenylenes and dodecaphenylenes have been synthesized using the ET oxidation of cuprates with duroquinone. Interestingly, hexadodecyloxynonaphenylene exhibits different nanostructures between fibrous materials in solution and cast films on a surface. Films of this compound can detect vaporized nitroaromatics such as dinitrobenzene and trinitrobenzene.
Tumor‐associated macrophages infiltrate plasmacytomas and can serve as cell carriers for oncolytic measles virotherapy of disseminated myeloma
Authors: Peng Kah‐Whye , Dogan Ahmet , Vrana Julie , Liu Chunsheng , Ong Hooi T. , Kumar Shaji , Dispenzieri Angela , Dietz Allan B. , Russell Stephen J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn multiple myeloma, some of the neoplastic plasma cells are diffusely dispersed among the normal bone marrow cells (bone marrow resident), whereas others are located in discrete, well‐vascularized solid tumors (plasmacytomas) that may originate in bone or soft tissue. Interactions between bone marrow‐resident myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are important determinants of myeloma pathogenesis. However, little is known of the factors sustaining myeloma growth and cell viability at the centers of expanding plasmacytomas, where there are no BMSCs. Histologic sections of 22 plasmacytomas from myeloma patients were examined after immunostaining. Abundant CD68+, CD163+, S100‐negative macrophage infiltrates were identified in all tumors, accompanied by scattered collections of CD3+ T lymphocytes. The CD68+ tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) accounted for 2–12% of nucleated cells and were evenly distributed through the parenchyma. The TAM generally had dendritic morphology, and each dendrite was in close contact with multiple plasma cells. In some cases, the TAM were strikingly clustered around CD34+ blood vessels. To determine whether cells of the monocytic lineage might be exploitable as carriers for delivery of therapeutic agents to plasmacytomas, primary human CD14+ cells were infected with oncolytic measles virus and administered intravenously to mice bearing KAS6/1 human myeloma xenografts. The cell carriers localized to KAS6/1 tumors, where they transferred MV infection to myeloma cells and prolonged the survival of mice bearing disseminated human myeloma disease. Thus, TAM are a universal stromal component of the plasmacytomas of myeloma patients and may offer a promising new target for therapeutic exploitation. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long‐tailed macaques in the Andaman Sea region of Thailand
Authors: Gumert Michael D. , Kluck Marius , Malaivijitnond Suchinda 
Published: April 2009

AbstractStone hammering in natural conditions has been extensively investigated in chimpanzees and bearded capuchins. In contrast, knowledge of stone tool use in wild Old World monkeys has been limited to anecdotal reports, despite having known for over 120 years that Macaca fascicularis aurea use stone tools to process shelled foods from intertidal zones on islands in the Andaman Sea. Our report is the first scientific investigation to look at the stone tools used by these macaques. We observed they were skilled tool users and used stone tools daily. They selected tools with differing qualities for differing food items, and appeared to use at least two types of stone tools. Pounding hammers were used to crush shellfish and nuts on anvils and axe hammers were used to pick or chip at oysters attached to boulders or trees. We found significant physical differences between these two tools. Tools at oyster beds were smaller and exhibited scarring patterns focused more often on the points, whereas tools found at anvils were larger and showed more scarring on the broader surfaces. We also observed grip differences between the two tool types. Lastly, macaques struck targets with axe hammers more rapidly and over a wider range of motion than with pounding hammers. Both our behavioral and lithic data support that axe hammers might be used with greater control and precision than pounding hammers. Hand‐sized axe hammers were used for controlled chipping to crack attached oysters, and larger pounding hammers were used to crush nuts and unattached shellfish on anvils. In addition to stones, they also used hand‐sized auger shells (Turritella attenuata) as picks to axe attached oysters. Pound hammering appears similar to the stone tools used by chimpanzees and capuchins, but axe hammering has not yet been documented in other nonhuman primates in natural conditions. Am. J. Primatol. 71:594–608, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solution‐Based Evolution and Enhanced Methanol Oxidation Activity of Monodisperse Platinum–Copper Nanocubes
Authors: Xu Dan , Liu Zhaoping , Yang Hongzhou , Liu Qingsheng , Zhang Jun , Fang Jiye , Zou Shouzhong , Sun Kai 
Published: April 2009

AbstractKatalysatoren aus Maßarbeit: Pt‐Cu‐Nanowürfel mit einheitlicher Form und einer mittleren Größe von 8 nm (siehe Bild, Maßstab 20 nm) wurden bei hohen Temperaturen in einem organischen Lösungsmittel unter Zusatz mehrerer schützender Liganden synthetisiert. Die kubischen Pt‐Cu‐Nanokristalle präsentieren {100}‐Flächen und waren ähnlich großen Pt‐Cu‐ und Pt‐Nanokügelchen als Katalysatoren in der Methanoloxidation überlegen.magnified image
A Hydride‐Rich Magnesium Cluster
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle , Hill Michael S. , MacDougall Dugald J. , Mahon Mary F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEine glatte Reaktion zwischen dem Magnesiumsilylamidoaddukt eines N‐heterocyclischen Carbens und Phenylsilan ergibt ein {Mg4H6}‐Clustermolekül, das als eine Art Käfig bestehend aus zwei Magnesiumdihydriden und zwei Magnesiummonohydriden beschrieben werden kann.magnified image
Highly Selective Catalytic Conversion of Phenolic Bio‐Oil to Alkanes
Authors: Zhao Chen , Kou Yuan , Lemonidou Angeliki A. , Li Xuebing , Lercher Johannes A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOil and water: A new energy‐efficient and atom‐economical catalytic route for the production of alkanes and methanol by upgrading the phenolic fraction of bio‐oil has been developed. The one‐pot aqueous‐phase hydrodeoxygenation process is based on two catalysts facilitating consecutive hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and dehydration reactions.magnified image
Structural Tracking of a Bimolecular Reaction in Solution by Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Haldrup Kristoffer , Christensen Morten , Cammarata Marco , Kong Qingyu , Wulff Michael , Mariager Simon O. , Bechgaard Klaus , Feidenhans'l Robert , Harrit Niels , Nielsen Martin M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMolecular movies: Time‐resolved X‐ray scattering provides direct structural information on an electronically excited complex while it is formed in the bimolecular reaction between excited octahydrogen[tetrakis‐μ‐diphosphito‐1κP:2κP′‐diplatinate](4‐) (PtPOP*) and thallium ions. In the exciplex one thallium(I) and two platinum(II) ions are found to be collinear.magnified image
Enantioselective Robinson‐Type Annulation Reaction Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoric Acids
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Katoh Takuya , Mori Keiji 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLet′s resolve our differences: Implementation of an enantioselective Michael addition followed by an intramolecular aldol reaction catalyzed by two phosphoric acids has enabled the synthesis of cyclohexenone derivatives with excellent enantioselectivities. Prominent kinetic resolution was observed in the latter reaction. Ar=aromatic group, X=H, halogen, Y=H, Me, halogen.magnified image
Synthesis and characterization of novel Schiff base polyurethanes
Authors: Raghu A. V. , Gadaginamath G. S. , Jeong Han Mo , Mathew N. T. , Halligudi S. B. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEight different types of novel polyurethanes (PUs) were synthesized through the polyaddition reaction of 4,4′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diylidenedinitrilo)diphenol and 4,4′‐(pentane‐1,5‐diylidenedinitrilo)diphenol with four different diisocyanates: 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The resulting PUs were soluble in polar, aprotic solvents. Structures of the diols and PUs were established with ultraviolet–visible, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy data. FTIR and NMR spectral data indicated the disappearance of both hydroxyl and isocyanate groups in the PUs. The thermal properties were investigated with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The weight losses, glass transitions, onset temperatures, and crystalline melting temperatures were measured. All the PUs exhibited semicrystalline and amorphous morphologies, as indicated by X‐ray diffraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009.
The preparation and properties of cellulose/chitin blend filaments
Authors: He Chunju , Ma Bomou , Sun Junfen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe focus of this article is the preparation and characterization of cellulose/chitin blend filaments obtained from cellulose/chitin xanthate blend solution over the experimental blend ratio, i.e., 2.89% and 6.46% (w/w) chitin content. The addition of chitin xanthate into cellulose xanthate leads to an increase of intermittence rate and the blend solution has good filtering property. Scanning electronic microscope photos shows that there exist grooves on the filaments surface, which are becoming coarse with increasing chitin content. The mechanical properties of the spun blend filaments is much higher than that of Crabyon® fiber, which proves that the viscose method we adopt here is an efficient way to prepare cellulose/chitin blend filaments with satisfactory mechanical properties and processing property. Based on the data from X‐ray, sonic velocity, equilibrium regain rate, and accessibility, it is concluded that the degree of crystallinity, modulus, degree of orientation, density, equilibrium regain rate, and accessibility of blend filaments decreases with increasing chitin content in the blend filaments in the experiment scope. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of ultrafine poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) and polystyrene fibers by electrospinning
Authors: Cécile Corine , Hsieh You‐Lo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFiber formation from atactic polystyrene (aPS) and alternating poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) (PSMA) synthesized by free radical polymerization (AIBN, 90°C, 4 h) were investigated by electrospinning from various solutions. aPS was soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, styrene, and benzene, whereas PSMA was soluble in acetone, DMF, THF, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, and methanol. aPS fibers could be electrospun from 15 to 20% DMF and 20% THF solutions, but not from styrene nor toluene. PSMA, on the other hand, could be efficiently electrospun into fibers from DMF and DMSO at 20 and 25%, respectively. Few PSMA fibers were, however, produced from acetone, THF, or ethyl acetate solutions. Results showed that solvent properties and polymer–solvent miscibility strongly influenced the fiber formation from electrospinning. The addition of solvents, such as THF, generally improved the fiber uniformity and reduced fiber sizes for both polymers. The nonsolvents, however, had opposing effects on the two polymers, i.e., significantly reducing PSMA fiber diameters to 200 to 300 nm, creating larger and irregularly shaped aPS fibers. The ability to incorporate the styrene monomer and divinylbenzene crosslinker in aPS fibers as well as to hydrolyze PSMA fibers with diluted NaOH solutions demonstrated potential for post‐electrospinning reactions and modification of these ultrafine fibers for reactive support materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry investigation of epoxy resin curing behavior in real time
Authors: Awaja Firas , van Riessen Grant , Fox Bronwyn , Kelly Georgina , Pigram Paul J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and principal components analysis were used in real time to monitor the progress of curing reactions on the surface of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) epoxy resin blend reacted with the diamine hardener isophorone diamine at different time intervals. Molecular ions in the mass spectra that characterized the curing reactions steps, including blocking, coupling, branching, and crosslinking, were identified. The aliphatic hydrocarbon ions were correlated to the curing reaction rate, and this indicated that coupling and branching occurred much faster than the blocking and crosslinking curing reactions steps. The total conversion of the coupling and branching reaction steps were followed on the basis of changes with time in the relative ion intensity of molecular ions assigned to the DGEBA/DGEBF, aliphatic hydrocarbon, epoxide, and aromatic ring structures. Indicative measures of crosslinking density were monitored through the observation of changes in the ratio of the relative intensities of the aliphatic hydrocarbon and hydroxyl molecular ions over time. The curing reaction conversion was established by the observation of the changes in the relative ion intensity of the molecular ions that were related to the DGEBA/DGEBF molecules. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and properties of new novolacs based on heteroatom‐bridged phenol derivatives
Authors: Nemoto Tadamasa , Konishi Gen‐Ichi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe describe the synthesis and properties of new novolacs prepared by addition‐condensation of heteroatom‐bridged phenol derivatives and formaldehyde. The trifluoroacetic acid‐catalyzed polymerization of equimolar amounts of bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) ether (1a) and formaldehyde proceeded homogeneously to afford the polymer (2a) in 49% yield (Mn 2600, Mw/Mn 1.8). From the FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectra of 2a, it was evident that the polymer had methylene moieties‐bridged repeating units in the polymer backbone. A higher molecular weight novolac (2a′) (yield 99%, Mn 16,600, Mw/Mn 12.9) could be prepared by using an excess of formaldehyde. Bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) sulfone novolac (2b) (Mn 1300, Mw/Mn 1.2) and bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) sulfide novolac (2d) (Mn 1200, Mw/Mn 1.9) were also prepared. However, the polymerization of bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (1c) did not proceed, even when it was attempted under various reaction conditions. From TGA, the temperatures at 10% loss in weight (T10) for 2a, 2a′, and 2b were found to be 413, 430 and 393°C, respectively. These results suggested that heteroatom‐bridged novolacs based on phenol derivatives have good thermal stability than other organosoluble polymers; moreover, these novolacs could be expected to function as processable materials, polymer blends for engineering plastics, etc. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly(vinyl chloride) and wood flour press mould composites: New bonding strategies
Authors: Rocha Nuno , Coelho Jorge F.J. , Fonseca Ana C. , Kazlauciunas Algy , Gil Maria H. , Gonçalves Pedro M. , Guthrie James T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this work, different strategies for improving the association between hydrophilic wood flour surfaces and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) hydrophobic surfaces were tested. Three new coupling agents, based on living radical polymerisation (LRP), involving PVC were synthesised and tested in formulations with PVC and wood flour. The melt mixing behaviour was analysed in terms of the torque exerted by the mixing blades and related to the structural properties of the mixture. These products were ground and sheets were produced by press moulding. The composites were characterised by dynamic mechanical analysis. It was found that the use of a new block copolymer poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride), prepared by LRP, increases the elastic modulus of the composite, under controlled conditions, involving the use of specific amounts of the copolymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Circulating concentration of infliximab and response to treatment in ankylosing spondylitis: Results from a randomized control study
Authors: Krzysiek Roman , Breban Maxime , Ravaud Philippe , Prejean Maria Vittoria , Wijdenes John , Roy Carine , Henry Yves‐Dominique , Barbey Carole , Trappe Gérard , Dougados Maxime , Emilie Dominique 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveA minority of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) fail to respond to infliximab treatment. This study compared the circulating infliximab concentration and the presence of clinical symptoms in patients continuously treated with infliximab or after treatment interruption.MethodsPatients with active AS were randomly assigned at week 0 to receive infliximab either at weeks 4, 6, 10, and then every 6 weeks (continuous treatment), or at weeks 4, 6, and 10 and then upon symptom recurrence (on‐demand treatment). The circulating concentration of infliximab was determined early during treatment and at weeks 46 and 52 for the continuous treatment group or upon relapse for the on‐demand group. Response in the continuous treatment group was defined at week 58 using the ASsessment in AS International Working Group Criteria for 20% improvement.ResultsAmong the 93 patients in the continuous treatment group, treatment failure was not associated with a low circulating concentration of infliximab, either during early treatment or at 1 year. Eleven (39.2%) of the 28 nonresponders had an infliximab concentration of >10 μg/ml at week 52, whereas 9 (13.8%) of the 65 responders had an infliximab concentration of <1 μg/ml. In the on‐demand group, the infliximab concentration at relapse closely correlated with the time to relapse. However, 24 (36.9%) of 65 patients had a resurgence of clinical symptoms at an infliximab concentration of >10 μg/ml, whereas 25 patients (38.4%) had a relapse at an infliximab concentration of <0.5 μg/ml.ConclusionResponsiveness to infliximab treatment is highly heterogeneous among individuals with AS, and this parameter overcomes the circulating infliximab concentration to explain treatment success or failure.