bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venture Capital Meets Violence against Women
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The UN agendas of human security (HS) and ending conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) (which falls within Women, Peace, and Security, WPS) were conceived to smoothen the Constitution’s globalization (Globalization), that is, globalize its policies (for example, privatized health and market solutions for tackling climate change.) As a result, the very policies that trigger conflict (for example, privatization) are recycled to promote HS and end CRSV and treat CRSV victims. This chapter establishes this aspect by using a Global Studies or a LPE or a Constitutional and political economy (CPE) perspective and drawing on the UN Family’s official explanations and through numerous examples drawn from the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), Bosnia-Herzegovina, India, Bangladesh, the Maldives, and the Central African Republic (CAR). By establishing their common Constitutional origins, these aspects about HS and CRSV agendas are identified. First, because HS is framed to combat multidimensional ‘insecurities’ (consistent with the Constitution’s scope), Bangladesh and Maldives combat environmental insecurities through market-based solutions that hurt the poor. In this way, HS advances climate injustice. Second, UN peace missions mandated to end CRSV in the CAR did not engage in new activities that are unrelated or contrary to building peace the regular way (by adopting the Constitution and laws). Third, HS and CRSV are implemented in the same way world-wide, by both, conflict-torn (CAR) and stable countries (India): through market-based solutions. HS and the CRSV agendas are the engines globalizing market-friendly human rights which reap profits for the transnational capitalists but hurt the poor.
Underground Violence
Authors: de la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Why is terrorism such a slippery concept? Unlike other concepts employed in studies of conflict, terrorism is particularly hard to pin down. Can terrorism be equated with civilian victimization? Is it a refined form of coercive violence, based on the spread of terror? Despite the endless terminological debate, there is an underlying logic in the way in which we speak about terrorism. This book is aimed at uncovering this logic, providing a systematic, coherent, and rigorous conceptualization of the phenomenon. Terrorism is a unique form of political violence due to the underground nature of its violence. Unlike other forms of violence, underground political violence does not require any control of the territory in which the attack takes place. The quintessential underground attack is an improvised explosive device in the enemy’s terrain. Because terrorist attacks do not presuppose territorial control, they tend to be ephemeral. Understanding terrorism as underground political violence makes sense of many traits that are commonly associated with the concept: its international dimension, the possibility of lone-actors, and state terrorism as covert operations abroad. Terrorism tends to emerge in highly asymmetric conditions and is frequently used by the weaker party (hence the motto that terrorism is the weapon of the weak). Through large-n empirical tests and case studies (ETA, Tupamaros, the Shining Path, Fatah, ISIS, and the Palestinian insurgent groups), this book shows that the conception of terrorism as underground political violence has some ‘organizing’ power and can be used in empirical analysis to shed light on the determinants and dynamics of terrorism.
Introduction
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction starts with a careful comparison of two attacks carried out by the Shining Path during the civil war in Peru. One of them fits well the kind of violence that is typical of rural insurgencies; the other one is unmistakably terrorist. A brief comparison between the two attacks (both target civilians and are aimed at spreading fear within wider communities, but tactically and operationally are very different) leads into the central question of the book: terrorism and its underground nature. The main argument is introduced, a brief methodological justification is advanced, the empirical consequences of the central argument are hinted, and the structure of the book is presented.
Comets and Seneca’s Double Miratio
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses book 7 of the Natural Questions, which treats the subject of comets. At the opening of this book, Seneca outlines two possible forms of miratio, or wonder, in the face of comets. The first type of wonder, which this chapter calls “elevated miratio,” is a gentle feeling of amazement in the face of a divine order. The second, which this chapter calls “common miratio” is a sense of thrill in response to unusual or flashy phenomena. From a moral perspective, Seneca clearly privileges the former type of wonder over the latter. However, for individuals whose ignorance impedes them from experiencing elevated miratio, even common miratio can provide valuable Stoic lessons, alerting them to the intentional design of the cosmos. Overall, then, Seneca harnesses morally ambiguous affects for quasi-moral ends.
Hope, Fear, and the Future in Seneca’s Troades
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter treats Seneca’s tragedy Troades. It argues that this play presents hopeless grief as an alternative to and salve against the toxic passions of hope and fear. The women in this play turn to a variety of methods of consolation in the face of their uncertain future—some take comfort in Stoic rationalization, whereas others find paradoxical solace in extreme forms of grief. In this play, the latter, “tragic” form of consolation proves more effective than “proper” philosophical methods. In fact, consolatory methods rooted in extreme grief expose the ways in which strictly Stoic approaches to a troubling future gloss over, aestheticize, and sometimes even take enjoyment in, human suffering.
Epilogue
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter briefly gestures toward the ways in which the book’s overall argument might be applied to other Senecan texts, providing as an example Seneca’s Consolation to Marcia. This consolation, addressed to a woman, draws out the gendered implications of Seneca’s investment in affective therapies, illustrating the ways in which a redemption of affect also constitutes a vindication of the feminine. Throughout the letter, Marcia’s gender-ambiguous status as a masculine woman generally serves to exhort readers to overcome their feminine fears and achieve virile self-control. However, certain moments in the letter follow the opposite trajectory, encouraging men to accept their “womanly” emotions, which can prove therapeutically useful.
Greek and Roman Antiquity in First World War Poetry
Authors: Hardwick Lorna , Harrison Stephen , Vandiver Elizabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book examines how, when, and why four First World War poets engaged with Greek and Roman antiquity. Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, and Charles Sorley all died in the war. They came from diverse social, educational, and cultural backgrounds but for all of the writers engagement with classical material was decisive in shaping their war poetry The world views and cultural hinterlands of Brooke and Sorley were framed by the Greek and Latin texts they had studied at school, whereas for Owen, who struggled with Latin, classical texts were a part of his aspirational literary imagination. Rosenberg’s education was limited but he encountered some Greek and Roman literature through translations, and through mediations in English literature. The various ways in which the poets engaged with classical literature are analysed in the commentaries, which are designed to be accessible to classicists and to users from other subject areas. The extensive range of connections made by the poets and by subsequent readers is explained in the Introduction to the volume. The commentaries illuminate relationships between the poems and attitudes to the war at the time, in the immediate post-war years, and subsequently. They also probe how individual poems reveal various facets of the poetry of unease, the poetry of survival, and the poetics of war and ecology. Links to the online Oxford Classical Receptions Commentaries will enable readers to follow up their special interests.
Rupert Brooke (1887–1915)
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the war poetry of Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), one of the best known English poets of the First World War, from the perspective of classical reception. It shows that his celebrated 1914 sonnet ‘The Soldier’ draws on imagery and topics from Homer, Greek tragedy, and Greek epigram. These are all texts he would have known from his elite classical education at Rugby School and the University of Cambridge. It also looks at the Homeric connection of his last fragments written on the voyage to Gallipoli in early 1915, which he like others of his education imagined as a reprise of the Homeric Trojan War. It further analyses classical elements in Brooke’s most famous pre-war poem, ‘The Old Vicarage, Grantchester’, as a comparison and contrast.
Charles Sorley (1895–1915)
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the war poetry of the English poet Charles Sorley (1895–1915), from the perspective of classical reception. It shows that his 1915 poem ‘I have not brought my Odyssey’ draws on the literary framework of Horace’s poetic letters to friends in his Epistles, as well as the Odyssey of Homer advertised in its title, both texts he would have encountered in his elite classical education at Marlborough College. It also analyses Sorley’s most famous poem, the 1915 sonnet, ‘When you see millions of the mouthless dead’. Here it shows that the poem combines elements from Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey in resignation about death and an imagining of the Underworld. It further suggests that this last element is partly seen through the Christian perspective of John Henry Newman’s ‘Dream of Gerontius’, one of the most famous Victorian poems about the afterlife.
Isaac Rosenberg (1890–1918)
Authors: Hardwick Lorna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Rosenberg was killed in France in 1918. The poems he wrote in the war were his major achievement. The Introduction and commentaries discuss the interaction in the poems’ subject matter, diction, and forms between his life experiences and his embedded sensitivity to the poetry of the Hebrew Bible and to scenes and motifs in classical texts, mainly Homer and Aeschylus, which he encountered in translations. Born in Bristol in 1890, he was the son of poor Jewish immigrants. His cultural heritage was supplemented by a limited school education and by his study of art (at the Slade) and of English literature (at Birbeck College). The extant paramaterial he sent back from France includes drawings and letters that record physical and mental suffering and antisemitism. Rosenberg thought that poets should be ‘perverse’ and the subject matter and aesthetic of his work frequently subvert cultural and ethical expectations. The poems themselves are not poems of overt protest against the war. They focus on images and episodes that resonate with those in ancient texts but which are also transformed materially and imaginatively by the effects of war on the contemporary environment. Unease, premonitions of disaster, and relief at temporary survival are threaded through his poems, which deploy techniques of affinity, ghosting, and improvisation rather than depending on intertextuality with the classical material. Rosenberg’s poems create ‘thick’ classical receptions, a deep and sometimes subterranean engagement with war poetry that focuses on images and reflections. The commentaries explain the stretched taxonomy this entails, and discuss a variety of critical approaches, including associations with eco-criticism and catastrophe literature.
The New Globalization and the Economic Consequences of Brexit
Authors: James Harold 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter first analyses the development of globalization in response to multiple shocks, the 2008 financial crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Ukraine war. Geopolitics, industrial policy, and deep technological transformation transformed the globalization paradigm. In the UK, differences in global strategy among Brexit supporters, retreat from globalization on the one hand and enhanced global engagement on the other, came as a result of strains in British society. The outcome was shaped by long-term influences in political psychology, economic orientation, and political language, with the UK seeing international politics as a question of balancing rather than of integration.
Fisheries
Authors: Butler Graham 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Fisheries in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) are provided for in Articles 493 to 511 TCA. This chapter highlights the fact that the TCA, whilst providing for no tariffs and charges (fiscal measures) on fisheries products moving between the two jurisdictions, has reintroduced new non-tariff (non-fiscal) measures on such movements when private parties are engaging in the export of fisheries to each other’s jurisdiction. For some, the TCA is the cod’s pollocks: short-term predictability for the fisheries industry was maintained by the TCA by suspending any changes to fisheries arrangements through the insertion of an adjustment period, applying until at least 2026. For others, the TCA could be considered a damp squid, given that post-2026, annual and multiannual negotiations will be introduced, which can amend various fishing opportunities concerning fishing quotas, stocks, and access to waters. This chapter provides an outline of the main fisheries provisions of the TCA, which adds to the EU’s growing repertoire of international agreements regulating fisheries.
Aviation and Road Transport
Authors: Łazowski Adam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) comprehensively regulates aviation and road transport in EU-UK relations. Alas, behind the negotiations of dozens of pages worth of legal text, there was a general desideratum of a downgrade from EU membership to a looser relationship of sorts. Even a cursory look at the agreed provisions clearly demonstrates that mission has been accomplished. In terms of aviation, the UK had to say au revoir to the liberalized regime, which is at the heart of the EU aviation acquis. In similar vein, it no longer benefits from liberalized arrangements for road haulage cabotage. This chapter takes a closer look at the post-Brexit EU-UK legal regime applicable to both aviation and road transport, the only two modes of transport which are comprehensively regulated in the TCA.
English Administrative Law History
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The history of administrative law has not hitherto been written, although there have been valuable academic contributions on particular topics. This introductory chapter offers a lens through which to view two different conceptions of that history, which are termed ‘perception’ and ‘reality’. The commonly held view about English administrative law is that it is of recent origin: some dating it from the mid-20th century and some venturing back to the late 19th century. This view is premised on assumptions concerning doctrinal case law and regulation. There is an empirical and a normative foundation underlying both assumptions. The discussion thereafter is concerned with what I term the ‘reality’. It is argued that the commonly held view does not cohere empirically with reality concerning case law or regulation and that the normative assumptions are misconceived concerning the foundational period of administrative law, which runs from the mid-16th century onwards.
The Administrative State: Subject Matter
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The preceding chapters considered the regulatory state from a vertical and horizontal perspective. An understanding of the historical trajectory of administrative law from the mid-16th century requires analysis of the administrative state. That is the object of this chapter and the next chapter. This chapter offers a ‘vertical’ perspective through consideration of different subject matter areas, while the chapter that follows adopts a ‘horizontal’ perspective, addressing central themes salient to the administrative state that cut across particular domains. Five subject matter areas were selected: bankruptcy, excise, flood protection, poor law, and municipal improvement. The principal criteria informing the selection were the diversity of the administrative regimes, combined with the importance of the regulated area. The study of the five topics considers the administrative system, followed by the powers that were accorded, weaving together the legal and historical sources to produce an informed picture.
The Administrative State: Central Features
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Administrative law requires an understanding of the administrative state. This is as true for the 16th century as it is for the 21st century. The vertical perspective from the previous chapter is complemented by the horizontal perspective considering central features of the administrative state. To this end, the chapter divides the temporal landscape into three periods, which reflect divisions commonly made by historians. The discussion begins with administration and the state prior to 1780. The Privy Council, and later the Cabinet Council, were the principal executive authorities. This is followed by discussion of the changes wrought to administration and the state by the ‘Economical Reform’ movement that ran from 1780 to 1788. The third section of the chapter addresses the nature of the administrative state from 1788 to 1870. The final section considers issues of continuity and change in the administrative state in the 20th to 21st centuries.
The Administrative State: Decision-Making and Rulemaking
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter complements previous discussion by focusing on the modality through which the administration acted to discharge its assigned task. They could make individual decisions or orders directed at a particular person, based directly on the enabling legislation; or they could make rules, regulations, or by-laws pursuant to rulemaking power granted by Parliament, which would then be applied to particular cases that fell within their remit. The chapter begins with consideration of individualized decision-making, which is the standard method through which a statutory scheme is administered. The discussion then turns to rulemaking. It begins with some introductory comments concerning the nature of rulemaking its rationale and control. This is followed by discussion of the incidence of rulemaking, with analysis as to how the rules thus made were legitimated and controlled. The final part of the chapter considers continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries.
Delegation, Fettering, and Purpose
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Legal systems impose constraints on the way in which discretion is exercised. This chapter deals with controls on discretion that flow from delegation, fettering, and propriety of purpose. They were recognized by the courts from the 17th century onwards. The principle delegatus non potest delegare expresses the foundational idea that discretionary power should be exercised by the person to whom the power is given by the enabling legislation; the no-fettering principle expresses the equally foundational idea that the person to whom the power has been accorded should not be disabled from exercising it through external constraint derived from, for example, contract; and constraint cast in terms of propriety of purpose captures the basic precept that discretion cannot be exercised to attain ends different from those in the empowering statute.
Damages and Restitution
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The focus in the final chapter shifts to damages and restitution. The salient issue for administrative lawyers is the extent to which the causes of action were adapted by reason of the fact that the defendant was a public body. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the main causes of action. Discussion thereafter focuses on four different ways in which they were adapted by the courts and legislature. The cause of action could be limited through grant of immunity in relation to particular public bodies. It could be shaped at creation because the principal defendants were public bodies. The causes of action that were prima facie general could be modified in their operation when applied to public bodies. The cause of action could be developed by and through its application to public bodies. The chapter concludes with reflections on continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries.
David Charles on Wittgenstein, Aristotle, and Artisans
Authors: Snowdon Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects critically on some ideas that David Charles has formulated in a comparison between Wittgenstein’s and Aristotle’s views of the unlikely trio of concepts, understanding, and manual workers. The main disagreement with Charles is whether the master craftsperson is a clearcut model of realist thinking, as Charles contends. Charles’ Aristotle holds that the master craftsperson’s grasp of concepts such as ‘elm wood’ consists (inter alia) in understanding part of the nature of the kind elm wood as such and that this explanatory grasp richly informs their various craft practices. The chapter, however, argues that the master craftsperson’s practices are compatible with, and thus fail to undermine, Wittgenstein’s anti-realist account of language learning and concept mastery.
Aristotle on How Essence Grounds Necessity
Authors: Peramatzis Michail 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A distinctive commitment of Aristotle’s essentialism is that essences are metaphysically basic relative not only to particular substances but also to the substance-kinds that particular substances are essentially the members of. Moreover, they are prior to the characteristic necessary features of particular substances and their kinds. This chapter discusses this issue by engaging with two important themes in Aristotle’s theoretical philosophy, both of which are central to David Charles’ work: (1) What is the relation between our practices of explaining and defining, and what is the correlate underlying bond between cause and essence? (2) What is Aristotle’s view of essence and necessity? The chapter argues that Aristotle does not conceive of necessity as basic. Rather, he maintains that necessary features of things are grounded in things’ essences. In his view, modality is grounded in essence, while the converse is not the case. After sketching the main aspects of this view, the chapter discusses whether and, if so, how Aristotle’s essentialism can sustain this asymmetry. It argues that to underwrite this asymmetry we have to adopt a strong interpretation of Aristotle’s thesis that essence and cause are the same: any essence intrinsically involves not only a thin, formal but also a robust, efficient, final, or material type of cause. Conversely, too, at least in the central cases an Aristotelian cause is sensitive to the nature of the relevant item caused in that it determines (at least partly) that item’s identity.