bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Organochlorine Insecticides in Rivers of the Russian Federation
Authors: Zhulidov Alexander V. , Headley John V. , Pavlov Dmitriy F. , Robarts Richard D. , Korotova Larisa G. , Fadeev Valery V. , Zhulidova Olga V. , Volovik Yegor , Khlobystov Vladimir 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is a lack of information on organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in waters of Russian rivers. This hampers evaluation of the transboundary transport. Studies were undertaken from 1988 to 1994 to: (i) characterize the levels and geographical distribution of OCPs in major Russian river basins, and (ii) determine trends in temporal dynamics of the waterborne contaminants. Russian rivers were contaminated by OCPs to an extent similar to that found in many countries one to two decades earlier. γ‐HCCH (1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexachlorocyclohexane) was the most widespread pesticide, followed by α‐HCCH, DHC (2,4,5,6,7,8,8‐heptachlor 4,7‐endo‐methylbicyclo [4,3,0]‐5‐nonene), HCB (hexachlorobenzene), DOT (1,1‐di (4′‐chlorphenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichlorethane), β‐HCCH, DDE (1,1‐di (4′‐chlorphenyl)‐2,2‐dichlorethylene), and DDD (1,1‐di (4′‐chlorphenyl)‐2,2‐dichlorethylene) based on data from the State Network of Environmental Monitoring (SNEM). Concentrations seldom exceeded maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) and mean concentrations met National Russian ambient water quality criteria. Highest exceedence (expressed as a percentage of the number of water samples) of the MAC occurred for γ‐HCCH (19%) and α‐HCCH (17.3%), with lower exceedences observed for DOT (4.3%), DDE (1.3%), and DDD (0.2%). Complementary observations were made using established QA/QC protocols. The latter studies showed that much lower exceedences had occurred: γ‐HCCH (2.4%), DDT (2.1%), α‐HCCH (2.0%), with negligibly low exceedences observed for DDE (0.4%), β‐HCCH (0.3%), and DDD (0.1%). In general, levels of OCPs in Russian inland water during 1991 to 1993 was similar to that found in Western countries a decade earlier.
Evaluating Management and Soil and Weather Contributions to Potential Nitrate Leaching from a Pennsylvania Dairy Farm using NLEAP
Authors: Saporito L. S. , Lanyon L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeveloping approaches to reduce nitrate‐N (NO3‐N) leaching from farms requires an understanding of the factors influencing the potential for NO3‐N leaching. An annual screening analysis, NLEAP, was used to determine NO3‐N leaching potential (NL) from a 110‐ha mixed crop and dairy farm in a central Pennsylvania limestone valley for each of 9 yr. The farmer management goal was to meet the animal and crop needs as much as posssible with internal farm resources. Nitrate‐N leaching potential was estimated from annual field N balances (NAL) and a yearly soil and weather factor (SWF) based on winter and summer rainfall, soil bulk density, rooting depth, and soil hydrologic group. Primary crops grown were corn (Zea mays L) and alfalfa‐timothy (Medicago sativa L.‐Phleum pratense L.). A geographic information system was used to calculate and map SWF, NAL, and NL The magnitutude and aerial distribution of field SWF was significantly different (Kolomogorov‐Smirnov, D‐max, p = 0.05) for most year‐to‐year comparisons. The excess of N inputs over outputs (field NAL) was low for all fields and did not vary significantly during the 9‐yr period. The NL was <25 kg ha−1 for 75% of the farm and <50 kg ha−1 for 85% of the farm for all years of the study. The careful and conservative N management strategy by the farmer, reflected in the consistently low NAL, had an overriding impact on potential NO3‐N leaching from the farm.
Corn Yield, Runoff, and Sediment Losses from Manure and Tillage Systems
Authors: Ginting D. , Moncrief J. F. , Gupta S. C. , Evans S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne challenge in land application of manure is to maximize its benefit to crops without harming the environment. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of manure addition on corn yield, and sediment losses in snowmelt and rainfall runoff under moldboard plow (MP) and ridge tillage (RT) systems. Corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield and sediment losses in surface runoff after a one‐time spring application of (16.2 dry Mg ha−1) solid beef (Bos taurus) manure on a 12% slope Forman (fine‐loamy, mixed Udic Argiborolls)‐Buse (fine‐loamy, mixed Udorthentic Haploborolls) complex were measured from 1992 through 1994. In 1993, there was no effect of manure on grain yield irrespective of tillage because of high rainfall. Under average rainfall conditions in 1994, grain yield (10.2 Mg ha−1) in the manure RT treatment was 1.0, 0.9, and 0.7 Mg ha−1 greater than that in no‐manure RT, manure MP, and no‐manure MP treatments, respectively. Snowmelt runoff was not affected by manure application and it transported <0.1 Mg sediment ha−1. Manure reduced rainfall runoff by 10 mm in 1993 and 3.2 mm in 1994, which led to reduction in sediment loss of 2.5 and 0.2 Mg ha−1, respectively. The RT system resulted in lower rainfall runoff compared with the MP system for all 3 yr. Onetime manure application reduced rainfall runoff and associated sediment loss in both tillage systems. However, manure application was more effective in minimizing runoff and sediment losses during intense rainfall in the RT than in the MP system.
Degradation and Side Effects of Three Sulfonylurea Herbicides in Soil
Authors: Dinelli Giovanni , Vicari Alberto , Accinelli Cesare 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil degradation and side effects of triasulfuron [3‐(6‐methoxy‐4‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)‐1‐(2‐(2‐chloroethoxy) phenylsulfonyl)‐urea],primisulfuron methyl [2‐(4,6‐bis(difluoromethoxy)‐pyrimidin‐2‐ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)benzoic acid], and rimsulfuron [1‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐3‐(3‐ethylsulfonyl‐2‐pyridylsuifonyl)‐urea] were investigated under laboratory conditions in a pH 6.5 sandy loam soil. In microbially active and sterile soil, the degradation of the three sulfonylureas followed first‐order kinetics and was independent of the herbicide soil concentration up to 5 mg a.i. kg−1 of soil. In microbially active soil the mean half‐lives of triasulfuron (26.2 d), primisulfuron methyl (30.2 d) and rimsulfuron (7.5) were, respectively, 4.0 3.7, and 1.9 times lower than those in sterile soil, thus confirming the decisive contribution of biological processes in soil degradation of the three sulfonylureas. At the concentrations of 0.2 and 5 mg a.i. kg−1 of soil, no detrimental effects of the three sulfonylureas on soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity were detected. Indeed, soil amended with the three sulfonylureas at 5 mg a.i. kg−1 of soil showed a transient increase of both respiration and dehydrogenase activity. Results showed that triasulfuron, primisulfuron methyl, and rimsulfuron have probably no effects on soil microbial activities at the concentrations used in agricultural practice, which are approximately 1/10 of the lowest concentration tested in the present study.
Water Quality in Walnut Creek Watershed: Setting and Farming Practices
Authors: Hatfield J. L. , Jaynes D. B. , Burkart M. R. , Cambardella C. A. , Moorman T. B. , Prueger J. H. , Smith M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNonpoint‐source pollution has been linked to agricultural practices; however, there is a need for quantitative information describing the effect of specific farming practices on ground and surface water quality. Lack of information at the watershed scale limits our ability to make decisions about the effect of potential changes in either farming practices or landscape management that would enhance water quality. A multidisciplinary study was designed to evaluate the effect of farming practices on subsurface drainage, surface runoff, stream discharge, groundwater, volatilization, and soil processes that influence water quality. Walnut Creek watershed is a 5130‐ha intensively cropped area in central Iowa on the Des Moines Lobe landform region. Soils within the watershed are in the Clarion‐Nicollet‐Webster (Typic Hapludoll‐Aquic Hapludoll‐Typic Haplaquoll) soil association, and the underlying surficial material is glacial till. Land use is predominantly corn (Zea mays L.)‐soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Fertilizer use, herbicide application, tillage practices, and crop selection were obtained through surveys of each field operator. Atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine], cyanazine [2‐[[4‐chloro‐6‐(ethylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl]amino]‐2‐methylpropanenitrile], EPTC [S‐ethyl dipropyl carbamothioatel, and metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methyiphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide] are the primary herbicides used within the watershed at rates similar to those for the state. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as anhydrous ammonia on 60% of the corn fields at an average rate of 153 kg ha−1 for the 1991–1994 period, but the frequency of corn fields receiving <112 kg ha−1 has increased.
Water Quality in Walnut Creek Watershed: Herbicides in Soils, Subsurface Drainage, and Groundwater
Authors: Moorman T. B. , Jaynes D. B. , Cambardella C. A. , Hatfield J. L. , Pfeiffer R. L. , Morrow A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHerbicide transport in subsurface drainage can result in unacceptable levels of contamination in surface waters. This study assessed the extent of atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3‐,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] and metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethyethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one] transport to subsurface drainage and shallow groundwater. A corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation was used with corn receiving banded atrazine applications of 459 g ha−1 in 1992 and 561 g ha−1 in 1994. Soybean were treated with metribuzin at 420 g ha−1 in 1993 and 1995. Monthly flow‐weighted average concentrations of atrazine in drainage water did not exceed 3 µg L−1 and annual losses ranged from 0.02 to 2.16 g ha−1 during the 4‐yr study. Less than 3% of the groundwater samples contained atrazine concentrations exceeding the 3 µg L−1 maximum contaminant level for drinking water (MCL). Atrazine was detected more frequently in groundwater beneath the lowest parts of the field, despite greater than average sorption to soils in that area. Metribuzin was also found in groundwater, but only half as frequently as atrazine. The patterns observed in subsurface drainage and groundwater reflected the persistence of atrazine and metribuzin in soil. Atrazine was detected in >90% of surface soil samples up to 23 mo after application, whereas metribuzin was rarely detected during the second year following application. Atrazine was found far more commonly than metribuzin in soil below 30 cm depth.
Tributary Stream Infiltration as a Source of Herbicides in an Alluvial Aquifer
Authors: Burkart Michael R. , Simpkins William W. , Squillace Paul J. , Helmke Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhere Walnut Creek flows across the South Skunk River alluvial aquifer, it provides a potential source of herbicides and herbicide metabolites. This straightened reach of the creek loses water and dissolved contaminants to the alluvial aquifer through a layer of fine‐grained flood plain deposits. Estimates of potential flux of chemicals were based on measurements taken during baseflow in April 1994 before herbicides were applied to the watershed and in June 1994 after chemical application and when stream discharge included runoff and tile‐drainage water. Hydraulic head measurements between the creek and flood plain deposits and between the creek and aquifer confirmed the potential for downward groundwater flow during both sampling periods. Hydraulic conductivity estimates from slug tests were used to calculate an average linear groundwater velocity of 0.5 m d−1 in the fine‐grained flood plain deposits. At this velocity, contaminants could be advectively transported to the aquifer within 6 d. The potential for atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) flux to the aquifer from the creek was estimated to be between 60 and 3000 µg d−1 m−2. This rate is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the estimated flux via leaching beneath a typical field. If the process of vertical stream leakage occurs in many hydrologic settings, it may constitute a substantial source of herbicides to shallow alluvial aquifers in many areas of the Midwest.
Field‐Scale Metolachlor Volatilization Flux Estimates from Broadcast and Banded Application Methods in Central Iowa
Authors: Prueger J. H. , Hatfield J. L. , Sauer T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVolatilization of pesticides has been considered to be a large part of the loss from fields after application; however, there have been relatively few studies conducted to quantify the amount lost to the atmosphere. This study was designed to evaluate volatilization rates of a preemergent herbicide Dual [a.i. metolachlor 2.24 kg ha−1 (2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐acetamide)] from two fields (175 and 45 ha) in central Iowa under contrasting tillage operations and pesticide application scenarios. Metolachlor vapor was trapped using polyurethane foam plugs at six heights on a profile mast. Average concentrations were measured at each height every 2 h for the first 4 d after application, then every 4 h thereafter. Volatilization rates were calculated with a flux‐gradient technique using data from Bowen ratio and eddy correlation measurements. Flux profile concentrations of metolachlor were large during the first 24 h and quickly declined for the duration of the study. There was approximately a threefold greater cumulative volatilization loss of applied metolachlor from the broadcast (22%) treatment than from the banded treatment (6%) for the 10‐d study period. Metolachlor volatilization was affected by residue cover, spatial concentration on the surface, and timing of precipitation.
Development and Verification of a Model Simulating Ammonia Volatilization from Soil and Manure
Authors: Hengnirun S. , Barrington S. , Prasher S. O. , Lyew D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe VOLAT model was developed to simulate ammonia volatilization in manure and soil and to be integrated as a submodel into a larger model called Manurial Nitrogen Management: Environmental Aspects (MANIMEA). The MANIMEA model simulated the transformation and transportation processes affecting N in manure‐amended soils. A major feature of MANIMEA is that the manure and soil can be considered as separate components. This is important because manure is usually left on the soil surface for a period following application and prior to its incorporation into the soil; a significant amount of ammonia is lost by volatilization during this period. The VOLAT model was based on a nonpoint source and used a first‐order governing equation. An overall rate constant was used to take into account the effects of temperature, soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), and the air flow rate on volatilization. The VOLAT model was verified by comparing it to an analytical solution and by using experimental conditions and data given in the literature. Comparison of results demonstrated similar trends with some differences that can be attributed to the ability of VOLAT to account for variations in temperature, CEC, and air flow rates.Simulations were done for two manure application methods: surface application and injection. Results demonstrated that VOLAT rendered a simulation of N loss through volatilization that fell within acceptable limits.
Modeling Evaluation of Alternative Management Practices and Reclaimed Water for Turfgrass Systems
Authors: King K. W. , Balogh J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation is being implemented to conserve potable water supplies. Reclaimed water coupled with alternative management strategies may reduce offsite loadings of fertilizers and pesticides. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) water quality model was used to evaluate alternative management practices and reclaimed water for a southern turfgrass system. One green and fairway were modeled for a 65‐yr period of climatic record with four treatments. Specifically, the treatments were normal water normal management (NWNM), normal water reduced management (NWRM), reclaimed water normal management (RWNM), and reclaimed water reduced management (RWRM). Surface and subsurface nitrate (NO3‐N), fenamiphos (ethyl 3‐methyl‐4‐(methylthio)phenyl (1‐methylethyl)phosphoramidate), and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) losses were evaluated. Significant differences were predicted in NO3‐N runoff and leachate losses from green management. Mean annual NO3‐N losses from runoff were 2.85 kg ha−1 (NWNM) and 2.05 kg ha−1 (RWRM). Significant reductions in mean annual surface and subsurface NO3‐N losses from fairway conditions were simulated when comparing NWNM (5.11 kg ha−1 surface; 1.68 kg ha−1 subsurface) to RWRM (2.69 kg ha−1 surface; 0.90 kg ha−1 subsurface). The cited differences in NO3‐N losses in runoff and leachate from green and fairway conditions were attributed primarily to irrigation strategies and excess rainfall. Predicted average annual pesticide recovery in runoff and leachate was <0.01% of applied and no significant differences were predicted with respect to treatments. This modeling strategy provides valuable insight into the relative efficacy of implementing reduced management practices for turfgrass systems.
Evaluation of Revegetation Techniques of a Saline Flue Gas Desulfurization Sludge Pond
Authors: Salo L. F. , Artiola J. F. , Goodrich‐Mahoney J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCodisposal of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) sludge with low‐volume generating station waste simplifies disposal but creates a saline, high‐boron (B) waste that may be difficult to revegetate after site closure. Studies on a delta of waste material in a codisposal pond in eastern Arizona evaluated management techniques, amendments, and plants for revegetating this material. One study investigated leaching and ridging techniques and a second evaluated amendment with manure, wood shavings, and fly ash. Four salt‐tolerant grass species and four saltbushes (Atriplex spp.) were evaluated in the two studies. Criteria for success were high survival rates and growth, as measured by grass height and shrub height × width. Leaching salts and B from the waste was not necessary for establishment and growth of transplanted shrubs and grasses. Ridging was not a successful technique, due to limited moisture and high levels of salinity and B on these structures. Gardner saltbush [A. gardneri (Moq.) D. Dietr.] and a fourwing saltbush [A. canescens (Pursh) Nutt.] accession from the site were the most successful shrubs and alkali sacaton [Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. ‘Saltalk‘] was the most successful grass at this disposal pond. Amendment with manure, wood shavings, or fly ash did not increase plant survival. Growth of grasses was improved with all amendments and was greatest with manure, but growth of shrubs was not improved with any amendment.
Growth of Woolgrass in Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Demchik Michael , Garbutt Keith 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcid mine drainage (AMD) has impacted more than 3200 km (2000 miles) of streams in West Virginia. Constructed wetlands have been used for passive AMD treatment since the early 1980s, and plant growth studies in constructed wetlands are scarce. Two populations of woolgrass [Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth], a bulrush species common in naturally present AMD wetlands, were investigated to determine population level differences in aboveground and belowground growth response to AMD. Differences at the level of population were found in aboveground parameters. One population had significantly greater aboveground growth than the other population during portions of the growing season when growing in AMD, suggesting greater ability to grow in AMD wetlands. Differences at the level of population were also found for root growth; however, the root growth response to AMD was not different between populations. Treatment with AMD slightly increased aboveground growth but reduced belowground growth. This suggests a potential for differential allocation to different growth components under AMD treatment. These results suggest there is a potential for selecting genotypes of woolgrass for increased performance in the presence of AMD.
Gas Exchanges in Soybean as Affected by Landfill Biogas Atmosphere
Authors: Marchiol L. , Mori A. , Leita L. , Zerbi G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA problem in the ecologicai restoration of closed landfills is the production of potentially toxic gases by decomposition of refuse that affects the root system and physiology of plants growing on these sites. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects induced by landfill biogas contamination on gas‐exchanges of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Simulated landfill and control gases were supplied to soybean plants under laboratory conditions for 10 d. The composition of the simulated landfill gas used was: 16% O2, 8% CO2, 3% CH4, and 73% N2; a control gas was also tested (21% O2, 0.035% CO2, and 78% N2). Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were significantly affected by the gas treatment after 3 d; in the course of the experiment, biogas treatment progressively reduced Amax, in light‐saturation curves. The fresh and dry weight, leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content were not affected by the treatment. A metabolic adaptation to the biogas in the roots of treated plants was related to the disappearance of a fraction of the protein pool.
Tree‐Ring Cation Response to Experimental Watershed Acidification in West Virginia and Maine
Authors: DeWalle David R. , Tepp Jeffrey S. , Swistock Bryan R. , Sharpe William E. , Edwards Pamela J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe impact of experimental watershed acidfication on xylem cation chemistry was evaluated in eight tree species at two sites in West Virginia (Clover Run and Fernow) and one site in Maine (Bear Brook). All sites had received regular additions of (NH4)2SO4 equivalent to twice the ambient annual wet plus dry atmospheric deposition of N and S. Multiple wood cores were extracted from tree boles in five trees of each species on treatment and control areas at each site with increment borers. Cores were divided into several age segments and composited for each tree. Ground wood samples were destructively analyzed for Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al concentrations using inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP) methods. All tree species sampled at the two West Virginia sites exhibited significant Ca and/or Mg concentration decreases and Mn concentration increases in sapwood on the treated relative to control areas after 8 yr of treatment. At Bear Brook, tree‐ring concentrations in three species showed similar trends after 5 yr of treatment, but differences were generally not significant. Sapwood molar ratios of Ca/Mn and Mg/Mn were better indices to soil acidification than Ca/Al, due to low Al concentrations and insensitivity of sapwood Al concentrations to treatments. Overall, sapwood chemistry appeared to be a reliable indicator of the current nutrient status of trees; but, except for Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Sieb. and Zucc.), sapwood chemistry did not preserve a record of the chronology of past changes due to treatments.