bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment by Nano-indentation of the Hardness and Elasticity of the Resin-Dentin Bonding Area
Authors: Van Meerbeek B. , Willems G. , Celis J.P. , Roos J.R. , Braem M. , Lambrechts P. , Vanherle G. 
Published: November 2010

The hardness and Young's modulus of the successive layers across a resin-dentin bonding area were determined by nano-indentation for four commercially-available dentin adhesive systems, of which two were also applied with a different conditioning agent. With a computer-controlled nano-indentation technique, minute triangular indentations were made within a small area of a few micrometers' diameter at a load of a few milli-Newtons. The load and displacement of the indenter were continuously monitored during the loading-unloading sequence, so hardness and Young's modulus could be computed as a function of the indenter geometry and the applied load. The hardness of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone was significantly lower than that of unaltered dentin. A gradient of moduli of elasticity was observed from the rather stiff dentin over a more elastic resin-dentin interdiffusion zone and adhesive resin layer to the restorative composite. That gradient was more substantial in those systems that produced relatively thick adhesive resin layers or supplementally provided a filled low-viscosity resin as an intermediate layer between the adhesive resin and the bulk restorative composite. Such an elastic bonding area might have a strain capacity sufficient to relieve stresses between the shrinking composite restoration and the rigid dentin substrate, thereby improving the conservation of the dentin bond and, as a consequence, the marginal integrity and retention of the restoration.
Hydrophobic Effect and Substrate Specificity in Reaction of Thioester and Amine in Water
Authors: Torihata Atsushi , Kuroda Chiaki 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The extent of hydrophobic effect in amidation reaction of alkyl thioester with alkylamine in water was studied. The yield of the products was primarily dependent on the alkyl group of amine. For example, the reaction of S-dodecyl dodecanethioate with dodecylamine proceeded in good yield, while the reaction did not occur with cyclohexylamine, piperidine, and dipropylamine. The effect of chain length of n-alkylamine was studied to suggest the presence of hydrophobic effect. The yield of amide also depended on the alkyl group of the thioester secondarily, but the effect was smaller than amine.
Crystal Structure of Fast Lithium-ion-conducting Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12
Authors: Awaka Junji , Takashima Akira , Kataoka Kunimitsu , Kijima Norihito , Idemoto Yasushi , Akimoto Junji 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The detailed crystal structure of cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 has been successfully determined by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The three-dimensional network of the Li-ion migration pathway with short Li–Li distance and occupational disordering is formed in the garnet-type framework structure. The basic unit of the pathway can be expressed as a loop constructed by the Li1 and Li2 sites. The loop links to another one, where only the Li1 site is shared by two loops as a junction.
All-Cause Mortality Trends in a Large Population-Based Cohort With Long-Standing Childhood-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Secrest Aaron M. , Becker Dorothy J. , Kelsey Sheryl F. , LaPorte Ronald E. , Orchard Trevor J. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE
Although management of type 1 diabetes improved dramatically in the 1980s, the effect on mortality is not clear.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We report trends in 30-year mortality using the Allegheny County (Pennsylvania) childhood-onset (age &lt;18 years) type 1 diabetes registry (n = 1,075) with diagnosis from 1965–1979, by dividing the cohort into three diagnosis year cohorts (1965–1969, 1970–1974, and 1975–1979). Local (Allegheny County) mortality data were used to calculate standardized mortality ratios (SMRs).

RESULTS
As of 1 January 2008, vital status was ascertained for 97.0% of participants (n = 1,043) when mean age ± SD and duration of diabetes were 42.8 ± 8.0 and 32.0 ± 7.6 years, respectively. The 279 deaths (26.0%) observed were 7 times higher than expected (SMR 6.9 [95% CI 6.1–7.7]). An improving trend in SMR was seen by diagnosis cohort at 30 years of diabetes duration (9.3 [7.2–11.3], 7.5 [5.8–9.2], and 5.6 [4.0–7.2] for 1965–1969, 1970–1974, and 1975–1979, respectively). Although no sex difference in survival was observed (P = 0.27), female diabetic patients were 13 times more likely to die than age-matched women in the general population (SMR 13.2 [10.7–15.7]), much higher than the SMR for men (5.0 [4.0–6.0]). Conversely, whereas 30-year survival was significantly lower in African Americans than in Caucasians (57.2 vs. 82.7%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001), no differences in SMR were seen by race.

CONCLUSIONS
Although survival has clearly improved, those with diabetes diagnosed most recently (1975–1979) still had a mortality rate 5.6 times higher than that seen in the general population, revealing a continuing need for improvements in treatment and care, particularly for women and African Americans with type 1 diabetes.
Les prisons françaises et européennes : différentes ou semblables ?
Authors: Morel d’Arleux Julien 
Published: November 2010

Résumé Est-il possible d’évaluer la situation du système pénitentiaire français en le comparant à ceux de nos voisins européens ? Cette situation est en constante évolution (loi pénitentiaire du 24 novembre 2009, rénovations immobilières, recrutement de personnels...) et il peut être utile de s’appuyer sur les travaux du Conseil de l’Europe, d’un point de vue normatif ou statistique, pour mieux cerner la place de notre pays. Cette comparaison européenne permet également d’esquisser les contours d’un système pénitentiaire auquel la France doit pouvoir contribuer de manière positive, à l’instar du travail réalisé depuis le printemps 2006 pour diffuser et mettre en pratique les règles pénitentiaires européennes ( rpe ).
Transparent Alumina/Ceria Nanocomposites By Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Alvarez‐Clemares Isabel , Mata‐Osoro Gustavo , Fernández Adolfo , Lopez‐Esteban Sonia , Pecharromán Carlos , Palomares Javier , Torrecillas Ramón , Moya José Serafín 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe influence of oxides (such as MgO, TiO2, CaO, etc.) on the transparency of polycrystalline alumina compacts are widely studied in the literature. In this work, a completely different approach is developed, consisting of precipitating 0.5 wt.‐% CeO2 nanoparticles (< 5 nm) on the surface of the starting alumina nanopowder (d50 approximately 170 nm) using cerium(III) acetate as precursor. It is shown that the ceria nanoparticles strongly enhance the transparency of the spark plasma sintered compacts due to: i) the ceria nanoparticles acting as powder lubricant, increasing by around 15% the initial density of the powder in the SPS die, and, ii) the CeO2 nanoparticles, having a very low solid solubility in the alumina grains, locating at grain boundaries, hindering alumina grain growth by pinning during SPS sintering at 1 430 °C, 80 MPa for 2 min. This effect is found to be effective only under SPS vacuum conditions. In order to explain the light scattering behavior in the near‐infrared and visible range, a light scattering model under the Rayleigh‐Gans‐Debye approximation for polycrystalline alumina is used. This model offers an additional and simple tool for a completed bulk evaluation of the SPS compacts microstructure.
Comparative microcomputed tomography and histological study of maxillary pneumatization in four species of new world monkeys: The perinatal period
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Rossie James B. , Cooper Gregory M. , Schmieg Robin M. , Bonar Christopher J. , Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn anthropoid primates, it has been hypothesized that the magnitude of maxillary sinus growth is influenced by adjacent dental and soft tissue matrices. Relatively, little comparative evidence exists for the perinatal period when secondary pneumatization is at its earliest stages in some primates. Here, dental and midfacial variables were studied in a perinatal sample of four anthropoid primates, including three callitrichines (Leontopithecus, Saguinus, and Callithrix) and Saimiri boliviensis. In the latter species, the maxillary recess (the ontogenetic precursor to a “true” maxillary sinus) does not undergo secondary pneumatization. Using histological methods and micro‐computed tomography, midfacial and dental dimensions and radiographic hydroxyapatite density of tooth cusps were measured. The distribution of osteoclasts and osteoblasts was also documented. Kruskal–Wallis's one‐way analysis of variance tests indicates significant (P < 0.05) differences among groups for dental and midfacial measurements. In particular, the posterior maxillary dentition is relatively larger and more mineralized in Saimiri compared to the callitrichines. At posterior dental levels, Saimiri has the lowest palatonasal index [interdental (palatal) width/width of the nasal cavity] and highest bizygomatic–interorbital index. Distribution of osteoclasts indicates that the inferomedial surfaces of the orbits are resorptive in perinatal Saimiri, whereas, in all callitrichines, these surfaces are depository. Taken together, these findings suggest that pneumatization in Saimiri is suppressed by an inward growth trajectory of the orbits, relatively large posterior dentition, and a correspondingly compressed nasal region. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paleoamerican morphology in the context of European and East Asian late Pleistocene variation: Implications for human dispersion into the new world
Authors: Hubbe Mark , Harvati Katerina , Neves Walter 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEarly American crania show a different morphological pattern from the one shared by late Native Americans. Although the origin of the diachronic morphological diversity seen on the continents is still debated, the distinct morphology of early Americans is well documented and widely dispersed. This morphology has been described extensively for South America, where larger samples are available. Here we test the hypotheses that the morphology of Early Americans results from retention of the morphological pattern of Late Pleistocene modern humans and that the occupation of the New World precedes the morphological differentiation that gave rise to recent Eurasian and American morphology. We compare Early American samples with European Upper Paleolithic skulls, the East Asian Zhoukoudian Upper Cave specimens and a series of 20 modern human reference crania. Canonical Analysis and Minimum Spanning Tree were used to assess the morphological affinities among the series, while Mantel and Dow‐Cheverud tests based on Mahalanobis Squared Distances were used to test different evolutionary scenarios. Our results show strong morphological affinities among the early series irrespective of geographical origin, which together with the matrix analyses results favor the scenario of a late morphological differentiation of modern humans. We conclude that the geographic differentiation of modern human morphology is a late phenomenon that occurred after the initial settlement of the Americas. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactions between epoxidized natural rubber and palm oil‐based alkyds at ambient temperature
Authors: Lee Siang Yin , Gan Seng Neon , Hassan Aziz , Terakawa Katsumi , Hattori Takayuki , Ichikawa Naoya , Choong Dick Hong 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe reactions between epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and a low‐molecular weight palm oil‐based alkyd (A1) have been investigated. Experimental results (FTIR and toluene swelling tests) showed that the alkyd having both hydroxyl and carboxylic groups could react with the epoxide groups of ENR at ambient temperature to cause crosslinking. To establish the predominant reaction, alkyd A1 was chemically modified to vary the amount of hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. A1 was treated with maleic anhydride under two different temperatures of 130 and 185°C. At 130°C, the anhydride has reacted partially with the hydroxyl groups to produce alkyd A2 with higher carboxylic content and lower hydroxyl content. On the other hand, at 185°C, the anhydride has reacted completely to produce alkyd A3 with similar carboxylic acid content as A1 but lower hydroxyl content. Subsequent reactions of A2 and A3 with ENR under similar conditions have demonstrated that the predominant reaction with epoxide groups was due to the carboxylic groups from the fact that A2 could form higher amount of crosslinkages than A3, which has lower carboxylic content similar to A1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Ethylene/1‐octadecene copolymerization using [η5:η1‐C5Me4‐4‐R1‐6‐R‐C6H2O]TiCl2 catalysts
Authors: Li Jincai , Li Hongchun , Zhang Yuetao , Mu Ying 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCopolymerization of ethylene with 1‐octadecene was studied using [η5:η1‐C5Me4‐4‐R1‐6‐R‐C6H2O]TiCl2 [R1 = tBu (1), H (2, 3, 4); R = tBu (1, 2), Me (3), Ph (4)] as catalysts in the presence of Al(i‐Bu)3 and [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4]. The effect of the concentration of comonomer in the feed and Al/Ti molar ratio on the catalytic activity and molecular weight of the resultant copolymer were investigated. The substituents on the phenyl ring of the ligand affect considerably both the catalytic activity and comonomer incorporation. The 1/Al(i‐Bu)3/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] catalyst system exhibits the highest catalytic activity and produces copolymers with the highest molecular weight, while the 2/Al(i‐Bu)3/[Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] catalyst system gives copolymers with the highest comonomer incorporation under similar conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A simulation‐powered approach to ventilation, lighting and shading systems control
Authors: Schuss Matthias , Pröglhöf Claus , Orehounig Kristina , Mahdavi Ardeshir 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper reports on ongoing work toward implementing a predictive control approach for buildings systems for ventilation, lighting, and shading. The main objective of this method is the optimized control of multiple devices toward usage of passive cooling and natural lighting. In this way, control options (various opening positions of windows, shades, etc.) are generated and computationally assessed using a combination of option space navigation via genetic algorithms and numeric simulation.Simulationsgestütztes Konzept zur Regelung und Steuerung von Lüftungs‐, Beleuchtungs‐ und Verschattungseinrichtungen. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird über laufende Arbeiten zur Entwicklung eines prädiktiven Konzepts zur Regelung und Steuerung von Lüftungs‐, Beleuchtungs‐ und Verschattungssystemen in Gebäuden berichtet. Dabei geht es im Wesentlichen um die Optimierung der Regelung und Steuerung von Einrichtungen zur verstärkten Nutzung von passiver Kühlung und natürlicher Beleuchtung. Auf diese Weise werden Optionen zur Regelung und Steuerung (z. B. unterschiedliche Öffnungspositionen für Fenster und Sonnenschutz, usw.) erzeugt und digital beurteilt, wobei eine Kombination aus Optionsraum‐Navigation (anhand genetischer Algorithmen) und numerischer Simulation zur Anwendung kommt.
Biochemical investigation and gene expression analysis of the immunostimulatory functions of an edible Salacia extract in rat small intestine
Authors: Oda Yuriko , Ueda Fumitaka , Kamei Asuka , Kakinuma Chihaya , Abe Keiko 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRoots and bark from plants belonging to genus Salacia of the family Hippocrateaceae (Salacia reticulata, Salacia oblonga, etc.) have been used for traditional Ayurvedic medicine, particularly for the treatment of diabetes. In our study, we evaluated the gene expression profiles in the small intestinal epithelium of rats that were given a Salacia plant extract to gain insight into its effects on the small intestine. In detail, DNA microarray analysis was performed to evaluate the gene expression profiles in the rat ileal epithelium. The intestinal bacterial flora was also studied using T‐RFLP (Nagashima method) in these rats. Expressions of many immune‐related genes, especially Th1‐related genes associated with cell‐mediated immunity, were found to increase in the small intestinal epithelium and the intestinal bacterial flora became similar to those in the case with Salacia plant extract administration. Our study thus revealed that Salacia plant extract exerts bioregulatory functions by boosting intestinal immunity.
Modeling human diseases in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Markaki Maria , Tavernarakis Nektarios 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGenes linked to human diseases often function in evolutionarily conserved pathways, which can be readily dissected in simple model organisms. Because of its short lifespan and well‐known biology, coupled with a completely sequenced genome that shares extensive homology with that of mammals, Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the most versatile and powerful model organisms. Research in C. elegans has been instrumental for the elucidation of molecular pathways implicated in many human diseases. In this review, we introduce C. elegans as a model organism for biomedical research and we survey recent relevant findings that shed light on the basic molecular determinants of human disease pathophysiology. The nematode holds promise of providing clear leads towards the identification of potential targets for the development of new therapeutic interventions against human diseases.
Inextensible elastic rods with torsional friction based on Lagrange multipliers
Authors: Spillmann Jonas , Harders Matthias 
Published: November 2010

AbstractElastic rods are thin flexible objects typically undergoing large non‐linear deformations that cannot be modeled with linear methods. They are used in a number of research fields, e.g., to represent hair or ropes in animations, or catheters or needles in medical simulations. In this paper, we propose a deformation model for inextensible elastic rods. The method of Lagrange multipliers is employed to enforce the inextensibility of the rod, and to couple the material frames with the centerline. The resulting system is banded, allowing for an efficient linear time solution. We also propose a manifold projection method to incorporate the non‐penetration constraints resulting from contact handling into our constrained Lagrangian mechanics (CLM) problem. We further augment the contact model by treating torsional friction. This allows to reproduce friction effects such as dynamic rolling and twisting of rods. Various examples underline the benefits and applicability of our model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐Plasma Catalysis for Methane Partial Oxidation to Methanol: Role of the Copper‐Promoted Iron Oxide Catalyst
Authors: Chen L. , Zhang X. , Huang L. , Lei L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMethane‐air partial oxidation to methanol over a ceramic‐supported Fe2O3‐CuO catalyst was investigated in a post‐plasma catalytic reactor at ambient conditions. The multicomponent catalyst exerted a better catalytic performance than the monocomponent Fe2O3 catalyst. Characterization of the catalysts by XPS showed that incorporation of the CuO additive to a Fe2O3‐based catalyst resulted in an increase of lattice oxygen in the surface of the catalyst which facilitated selective methane oxidation. Hydrogen temperature‐programmed reduction revealed that addition of the CuO promoter could improve the reduction performance of the catalyst. Moreover, this catalyst showed excellent stability and resistance against carbon deposition in the extended reactions while maintaining catalytic activity. A post‐plasma catalytic mechanism is proposed with three main pathways to methanol synthesis.
Preparation of Polyglycidylmethacrylate Macropore Beads and Application in Candidaspecies 99–125 Lipase Immobilization
Authors: Zhao R. , Lu J. , Tan T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPolyglycidylmethacrylate beads with macroporous structure were synthesized by suspension polymerization and directly used for Candida species 99–125 lipase immobilization because of their rich surface epoxy groups. The properties of the synthesized polymer beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FT‐IR spectroscopy. To increase the enzyme activity, divinyl benzene and toluene/heptane were used as cross‐linker and porogen, respectively, and the effects of cross‐linker content and porogen content on lipase immobilization were studied. After optimizing the synthesis conditions, the optimum lipase concentration for immobilization was determined as 10 mg mL–1. The immobilized lipase showed a broader pH stability and higher temperature stability. The immobilized enzyme could be reused for ten batches with 62 % of residual activity.
Synthesis of Ferrite Nanocrystals Stabilized by Ionic‐Liquid Molecules through a Thermal Decomposition Route
Authors: Zhang Yu , Liu Dapeng , Wang Xiao , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA series of MxFe3−xO4 (M=Fe, Co, Ni, Zn; 0≤x≤1) ferrite nanocrystals stabilized by ionic‐liquid molecules have been successfully synthesized through a thermal decomposition route. Instead of the widely used long‐chain lipid surfactants and high‐boiling solvents, the ionic‐liquid molecules not only played the role of surfactants, but also served as reaction and dispersion media simultaneously in the preparation of ferrite nanocrystals. Due to their good fluidity under magnetic fields and high ionic conductivity, the ionic‐liquid molecules and MxFe3−xO4 ferrite nanocrystal‐based conducting ferrofluids were successfully used as electrolytes in an AC circuit. The open or closed state of the circuit was directly controlled by moving a permanent magnet so as to tune the position of the ferrofluids, and consequently, resulted in the “off” or “on” state of the four indicative yellow‐light‐emitting diodes. These results demonstrate that the conducting ferrofluids successfully play the role of “magnetic switch”.
Aromatic/Proaromatic Donors in 2‐Dicyanomethylenethiazole Merocyanines: From Neutral to Strongly Zwitterionic Nonlinear Optical Chromophores
Authors: Andreu Raquel , Galán Elena , Orduna Jesús , Villacampa Belén , Alicante Raquel , Navarrete Juan T. López , Casado Juan , Garín Javier 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPush–pull compounds, in which a proaromatic electron donor is conjugated to a 2‐dicyanomethylenethiazole acceptor, have been prepared, and their properties compared to those of model compounds featuring an aromatic donor. A combined experimental (X‐ray diffraction, 1H NMR, IR, Raman, UV/Vis, nonlinear optical (NLO) measurements) and theoretical study reveals that structural and solvent effects determine the ground‐state polarisation of these merocyanines: whereas 4H‐pyran‐4‐ylidene‐ and 4‐pyridylidene‐containing compounds are zwitterionic and 1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene derivatives are close to the cyanine limit, anilino‐derived merocyanines are essentially neutral. This very large range of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) gives rise to efficient second‐order NLO chromophores with μβ values ranging from strongly negative to strongly positive. In particular, pyranylidene derivatives are unusual in that they show an increase in the degree of ICT on lengthening the π‐spacer, a feature that lies behind the very large negative μβ values they display. The linking of the formally quinoidal 2‐dicyanomethylenethiazole moiety to proaromatic donors seems a promising approach towards the optimisation of zwitterionic NLO chromophores.