bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and changes in BMI among Brazilian fourth graders after 1-year follow-up
Authors: Sichieri Rosely , Yokoo Edna M , Pereira Rosangela A , Veiga Glória V 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveWe examined whether drinking water per se is associated with drinking less of other beverages and whether changes in BMI are associated with the intake of water and other beverages.DesignSecondary analysis of a randomized trial of fourth graders followed over 1 year.SettingPublic schools in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.SubjectsParticipants were 1134 students aged 10–11 years.ResultsAt baseline, a higher frequency of water consumption was associated with a greater daily intake of fruit juice (P = 0·02) and a higher daily frequency of milk (P = 0·005). In the intervention group, the baseline frequency of water consumption was negatively associated with weight change over 1 year but without statistical significance (coefficient = −0·08 kg/m2; 95 % CI −0·37, 0·24 kg/m2), whereas fruit juice intake frequency was positively associated with weight change: each increase in fruit juice intake of 1 glass/d was associated with a BMI increase of 0·16 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·30) kg/m2.ConclusionsOur findings do not support a protective effect of water consumption on BMI, but confirm consumption of juice drinks as a risk factor for BMI gain. Students who reported high water consumption also reported high intake of other beverages; therefore, the promotion of water consumption per se would not prevent excessive weight gain.
Reflections on the implications of evolutionary psychology for the theory of institutions
Authors: EASTWOOD JONATHAN 
Published: June 2012

Abstract:In this paper I consider the implications of work in evolutionary psychology for institutional analysis. I respond to Pascal Boyer and Michael Bang Petersen (‘The Naturalness of (Many) Social Institutions: Evolved Cognition as their Foundation’; 2012), who put forward a programmatic statement in this connection. I argue that their discussion overstates the explanatory power of evolutionary psychology and does not take sufficient account of what we already know about institutions. At the same time, I suggest that they, and the empirical work upon which they draw, make an important contribution by helping us to establish more clearly the boundary conditions of institutional analysis. I call for ongoing cooperation and for the establishment of a unified research tradition that brings together both evolutionary psychology and institutionalism.
Distributed extensional deformation in a zone of right‐lateral shear: Implications for geodetic versus geologic rates of deformation in the eastern California shear zone‐Walker Lane
Authors: Foy T. Andrew , Frankel Kurt L. , Lifton Zachery M. , Johnson Christopher W. , Caffee Marc W. 
Published: June 2012

The eastern California shear zone (ECSZ)‐Walker Lane belt represents an important, evolving component of the Pacific‐North America plate boundary. Geodetic data suggest the northern ECSZ is accumulating dextral shear at a rate of ∼9.3 mm/a, more than double the total measured late Pleistocene rate at ∼37.5°N. At this latitude, the Silver Peak‐Lone Mountain (SPLM) extensional complex plays an important role in accommodating and transferring slip among the strike‐slip and normal faults of the ECSZ and Walker Lane. To better understand the recent geodynamic evolution of this region, we determined late Pleistocene extension rates for the Clayton Valley fault zone, one of a series of down‐to‐the‐northwest normal faults comprising the SPLM, using geologic mapping, differential GPS fault scarp surveys, and cosmogenic nuclide geochronology. Extension rates along the Clayton Valley fault zone are time‐invariant at 0.1 ± 0.1 to 0.3 ± 0.1 mm/a (depending on fault dip) since ∼137 ka. When combined with other published fault slip rates at this latitude, the cumulative late Pleistocene geologic slip rate is ∼3.3 to 5.2 mm/a. This rate is lower than both the geodetic rate of dextral shear and other long‐term slip rate budgets in the northern ECSZ. Our results suggest that deformation in Clayton Valley is spread across a diffuse set of normal faults and that not all of the deformation is recorded in the surficial geology. We suggest that the low cumulative geologic slip rate in the northern ECSZ may be a result of this distributed extension, which can cause long‐term rates of deformation to be significantly underestimated.
The spatial extent of source influences on modeled column concentrations of short‐lived species
Authors: Turner A. J. , Henze D. K. , Martin R. V. , Hakami A. 
Published: June 2012

Providing top‐down constraints on emissions is an important application of model‐based analysis of remote‐sensing observations of chemically reactive species, yet the degree to which column concentrations are governed by local vs distant sources within models themselves has yet to be fully characterized. We use a chemical transport model and its adjoint to quantify source contributions to weekly column concentrations of ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and formaldehyde. This efficient approach for quantifying the spatial extent of source influences is validated and then applied to an array of sites and seasons. Overall, we find instances for each species where emissions from at least 500 km away must be taken into account to retrieve 90% of the total column influence. This demonstrates that the common practice of assuming a local relationship between satellite observations and emissions in top‐down constraints could lead to considerable biases, an issue that will be exacerbated as the resolution of models and observations are refined in coming years.
Insights to slip behavior on rough faults using discrete element modeling
Authors: Fournier Thomas , Morgan Julia 
Published: June 2012

We simulate a range of fault slip behaviors using the discrete element method (DEM) to examine the controls on different slip modes on rough faults. Shear strain is imposed upon a 2‐D bonded particle assemblage that contains a predefined fault. Slip modes on the fault vary from creep, to slow‐slip, to stick‐slip behavior, both spatially and temporally. The mode of slip is controlled largely by the local stress field along the fault, which depends on the local fault roughness. Portions of the fault that fail in relatively low normal stress regimes tend to slide continuously, whereas areas with high clamping stress produce stick‐slip events. During stick‐slip events, regions within the rupture zone that experience high slip are associated with physical asperities on the fault; ruptures terminate at barriers and through dissipation of the stored elastic energy. The simulated events show stress drops between 0.2–50 MPa, a slightly larger range than is inferred for natural earthquakes. Simulated events also have higher slip magnitudes than are observed during earthquakes for a given rupture length. The simulation produces many characteristics of fault behavior and is shown to be a successful avenue for future studies on the mechanics of fault slip.
Kinematic analysis of vertical collapse on volcanoes using experimental models time series
Authors: Ruch J. , Acocella V. , Geshi N. , Nobile A. , Corbi F. 
Published: June 2012

Volcanoes are often associated with vertical collapse, due to deeper magma withdrawal. Calderas are the most notable type of vertical collapse, on the summit of volcanoes. Caldera collapse has been observed and monitored only at Miyakejima (Japan; 2000), Dolomieu (Reunion; 2007) and Fernandina (Galapagos; 1968), highlighting our limited knowledge on its kinematic behavior. Here we use experimental models to investigate the kinematic evolution of calderas and vertical collapses in general. We extract velocity and strain fields using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique, generating time series. Experimental vertical collapses undergoing constant subsidence velocity show three main kinematic behaviors: (1) continuous collapse, whose velocity is similar to the source subsidence velocity; (2) incremental collapse, with episodic (stepwise) accelerations along pre‐existing ring structures; (3) sudden collapse, resulting from the upward migration of a cavity, only for T/D > 2 (T and D are the depth and width of the magma chamber, respectively) and without ring structures. The velocity in the collapsing column may increase up to four orders of magnitude with regard to the constant subsidence velocity of the source. Comparison to nature suggests that: (1) there are close kinematic similarities with monitored collapse calderas, explaining their incremental subsidence after the development of ring structures; (2) sudden pit crater formation is induced by the upward propagation of cavities, due to magma removal at depth and in absence of ring structures; (3) all these types of vertical collapses have a consistent mechanism of formation and kinematic behavior, function of T/D and the presence/absence of ring structures.
Upstream stimulatory factor 1 activates GATA5 expression through an E-box motif
Authors: Chen Bohao , Hsu Rona , Li Zhenping , Kogut Paul C. , Du Qingxia , Rouser Kelly , Camoretti-Mercado Blanca , Solway Julian 
Published: May 2012

Silencing of GATA5 gene expression as a result of promoter hypermethylation has been observed in lung, gastrointestinal and ovarian cancers. However, the regulation of GATA5 gene expression has been poorly understood. In the present study, we have demonstrated that an E (enhancer)-box in the GATA5 promoter (bp −118 to −113 in mice; bp −164 to −159 in humans) positively regulates GATA5 transcription by binding USF1 (upstream stimulatory factor 1). Using site-directed mutagenesis, EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift analysis) and affinity chromatography, we found that USF1 specifically binds to the E-box sequence (5′-CACGTG-3′), but not to a mutated E-box. CpG methylation of this E-box significantly diminished its binding of transcription factors. Mutation of the E-box within a GATA5 promoter fragment significantly decreased promoter activity in a luciferase reporter assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identified that USF1 physiologically interacts with the GATA5 promoter E-box in mouse intestinal mucosa, which has the highest GATA5 gene expression in mouse. Co-transfection with a USF1 expression plasmid significantly increased GATA5 promoter-driven luciferase transcription. Furthermore, real-time and RT (reverse transcription)–PCR analyses confirmed that overexpression of USF1 activates endogenous GATA5 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. The present study provides the first evidence that USF1 activates GATA5 gene expression through the E-box motif and suggests a potential mechanism (disruption of the E-box) by which GATA5 promoter methylation reduces GATA5 expression in cancer.
Indirect Estimates of Jaw Muscle Tension in Children With Suspected Hypertonia, Children With Suspected Hypotonia, and Matched Controls
Authors: Connaghan Kathryn P. , Moore Christopher A. 
Published: June 2012

PurposeIn this study, the authors compared indirect estimates of jaw-muscle tension in children with suspected muscle-tone abnormalities with age- and gender-matched controls.MethodJaw movement and muscle activation were measured in children (ages 3 years, 11 months, to 10 years) with suspected muscle-tone abnormalities (Down syndrome or spastic cerebral palsy;n= 10) and controls (n= 11). Two measures were used to infer jaw tension: a kinematic index of mass-normalized stiffness and electromechanical delay (EMD). The kinematic index used video-based kinematics to obtain the slope of the peak velocity-displacement relationship. The EMD was derived from the interval between the onset of suprahyoid muscle activity and the onset of jaw depression.ResultsNeither measure differentiated the groups. The kinematic index revealed differences between stressed and unstressed syllables in 3-syllable productions by the participants with cerebral palsy and controls, but not in 2-syllable productions by the participants with Down syndrome and controls.ConclusionThis preliminary investigation included the novel application of 2 measures to infer the jaw-muscle tension of children with suspected tone abnormalities. Although the results do not support the hypothesis that suspected muscle-tone abnormalities affect jaw movement sufficiently to influence speech production, considerations for interpreting the findings include methodological limitations and possible compensatory muscle coactivation.
Additive Effects of Lengthening on the Utterance-Final Word in Child-Directed Speech
Authors: Ko Eon-Suk , Soderstrom Melanie 
Published: June 2012

PurposeThe authors investigated lengthening effects in child-directed speech (CDS) across the sentence, testing the additive effects on duration of Word Position, Register, Focus, and Sentence Mode (statement/question).MethodFive theater students produced 6 sentences containing 5 monosyllabic words in a simulated dialogue, varying in Register, Focus, and Sentence Mode. The authors segmented a total of 1,800 sentences using forced-alignment tools, and they analyzed the duration of each word.ResultsThe results show significant effects of Register, Word Position, and their interactions. The simple effect of Register was significant in all 5 word positions, indicating a global elongation effect in CDS. Interestingly, there was no proportional increase of the final word in CDS. In addition, the 3-way interactions Register × Word Position × Focus and Register × Word Position × Sentence Mode were significant, which converge to the conclusion that the utterance-final word in CDS is additively elongated when it is focused and in a statement.ConclusionElongation in CDS is a global effect, but the additive effects of duration demonstrated in the authors' data suggest that the effect of enhanced utterance-final lengthening in CDS in naturalistic samples may be a by-product of discourse characteristics of CDS.
Pfirsch–Schlüter current-driven edge electric fields and their effect on the L–H transition power threshold
Authors: Aydemir A.Y. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
An important contribution to the magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium at the tokamak edge comes from the Pfirsch–Schlüter current. The parallel electric field that can be associated with these currents is necessarily poloidally asymmetric and makes a similarly nonuniform contribution to the radial electric field on a flux surface. Here the role of the poloidal variation of this radial electric field in the L–H transition power threshold is investigated. Dependence of the resulting electric fields on magnetic topology, geometric factors such as the upper/lower triangularity and elongation, and the relative position of the X-point(s) in the poloidal plane are examined in detail. Starting with the assumption that an initially more negative radial electric field at the edge helps lower the transition power threshold, we find that our results are in agreement with a variety of experimental observations. In particular, for a ‘normal’ configuration of the plasma current and toroidal field we show the following. (i) The net radial electric field contribution by the Pfirsch–Schlüter currents at the plasma edge is negative for a lower single null and positive for a corresponding upper single null geometry. (ii) It becomes more negative as the X-point height is reduced. (iii) It also becomes more negative as the X-point radius is increased. These observations are consistent with the observed changes in the L–H transition power threshold P
LH under similar changes in the experimental conditions. In addition we find that (iv) in USN with an unfavourable ion ∇
B drift direction, the net radial electric field contribution is positive but decreases as the X-point radius decreases. This is consistent with the C-Mod observation that an L–I mode transition can be triggered by increasing the upper triangularity in this configuration. (v) Locally the radial electric field is positive above the outer mid-plane and reverses sign with reversal of the toroidal field, consistent with DIII-D observations in low-power L-mode discharges. Thus, taken as a whole, the Pfirsch–Schlüter current-driven fields can explain a number of observations on the L–H or L–I transition and the required power threshold P
LH levels not captured by simple scaling laws. They may indeed be an important ‘hidden variable’.
Testing gyrokinetic simulations of electron turbulence
Authors: Holland C. , DeBoo J.C. , Rhodes T.L. , Schmitz L. , Hillesheim J.C. , Wang G. , White A.E. , Austin M.E. , Doyle E.J. , Peebles W.A. , Petty C.C. , Zeng L. , Candy J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
An extensive set of tests comparing gyrokinetic predictions of temperature-gradient driven electron turbulence to power balance transport analyses and fluctuation measurements are presented. These tests use data from an L-mode validation study on the DIII-D tokamak (Luxon 2002 Nucl. Fusion
42 614) in which the local value of

is varied by modulated electron cyclotron heating; the GYRO code (Candy and Waltz 2003 J. Comput. Phys.
186 545) is used to make the gyrokinetic predictions. Using a variety of novel measures, both local and global nonlinear simulations are shown to predict key characteristics of the electron energy flux Q
e and long-wavelength (low-k) T
e fluctuations, but systematically underpredict (by roughly a factor of two) the ion energy flux Q
i. A new synthetic diagnostic for comparison to intermediate wavelength Doppler backscattering measurements is presented, and used to compare simulation predictions against experiment. In contrast to the agreement observed in the low-k
T
e fluctuation comparisons, little agreement is found between the predicted and measured intermediate-k density fluctuation responses. The results presented in this paper significantly expand upon those previously reported in DeBoo et al (2010 Phys. Plasmas
17 056105), comparing transport and multiple turbulence predictions from numerically converged local and global simulations for all four experimental heating configurations (instead of only fluxes and low-k
T
e fluctuations for one condition) to measurements and power balance analyses.
Detector configuration of KAGRA–the Japanese cryogenic gravitational-wave detector
Authors: Somiya Kentaro ,   for the KAGRA Collaboration
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The construction of the Japanese second-generation gravitational-wave detector KAGRA (previously called LCGT) has been started. In the next 6–7 years, we will be able to observe the spacetime ripple from faraway galaxies. KAGRA is equipped with the latest advanced technologies. The entire 3 km long detector is located in the underground to be isolated from the seismic motion, the core optics are cooled down to 20 K to reduce thermal fluctuations and quantum non-demolition techniques are used to decrease quantum noise. In this paper, we introduce the detector configuration of KAGRA, its design, strategy and downselection of parameters.
Data quality studies of enhanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors
Authors: McIver Jessica ,   for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and the Virgo Collaboration
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Data quality assessment plays an essential role in the quest to detect gravitational wave signals in data from the LIGO and Virgo interferometric gravitational wave detectors. Interferometer data contain a high rate of noise transients from the environment, the detector hardware and the detector control systems. These transients severely limit the statistical significance of gravitational wave candidates of short duration and/or poorly modeled waveforms. This paper describes the data quality studies that have been performed in recent LIGO and Virgo observing runs to mitigate the impact of transient detector artifacts on the gravitational wave searches.
Recent results for the search of continuous waves with the LIGO and Virgo detectors
Authors: Astone P ,   for the LIGO Scientific Collaboration and for the Virgo Collaboration
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The ‘First Generation Era’ of gravitational wave detectors is now over, but the data analysis effort for the search of continuous gravitational waves is still ongoing and active. Many results have been produced but still many searches are underway. I present and discuss here the most recent results for this search, together with short discussions on analysis which are now underway and plans for the near future. The discussion on long-term plans and perspectives for the so-called Advanced Detector Era are beyond the scope of this paper.
SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN TAMOXIFEN RETINOPATHY—A CASE REPORT
Authors: Nair Sandhya Narayanan , Anantharaman Giridhar , Gopalakrishnan Mahesh , Vyas Jyothiprakash 
Published: June 2012

Purpose:
To report spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in a case of typical tamoxifen retinopathy.

Methods:
In this observational case report, a patient with tamoxifen retinopathy was imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fundus auto fluorescence.

Results:
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography showed numerous hyperreflective spots within the retina, mainly in the inner retinal layers in both the eyes. The external limiting membrane, the Inner Segment-Outer Segment junction, and the photoreceptors were not discernable at the fovea in the right eye. In the left eye, there was foveal atrophy with total loss of photoreceptors. The autofluorescent images showed macular hypofluorescence with foveal hyperfluorescence.

Conclusion:
Spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated abnormalities in the outer retinal layers in tamoxifen retinopathy. There were also characteristic alterations in the autofluorescence pattern at the macula in tamoxifen retinopathy.
Paxillus involutus Strains MAJ and NAU Mediate K+/Na+ Homeostasis in Ectomycorrhizal Populus × canescens under Sodium Chloride Stress
Authors: Li Jing , Bao Siqin , Zhang Yuhong , Ma Xujun , Mishra-Knyrim Manika , Sun Jian , Sa Gang , Shen Xin , Polle Andrea , Chen Shaoliang 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Salt-induced fluxes of H+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ were investigated in ectomycorrhizal (EM) associations formed by Paxillus involutus (strains MAJ and NAU) with the salt-sensitive poplar hybrid Populus × canescens. A scanning ion-selective electrode technique was used to measure flux profiles in non-EM roots and axenically grown EM cultures of the two P. involutus isolates to identify whether the major alterations detected in EM roots were promoted by the fungal partner. EM plants exhibited a more pronounced ability to maintain K+/Na+ homeostasis under salt stress. The influx of Na+ was reduced after short-term (50 mm NaCl, 24 h) and long-term (50 mm NaCl, 7 d) exposure to salt stress in mycorrhizal roots, especially in NAU associations. Flux data for P. involutus and susceptibility to Na+-transport inhibitors indicated that fungal colonization contributed to active Na+ extrusion and H+ uptake in the salinized roots of P. × canescens. Moreover, EM plants retained the ability to reduce the salt-induced K+ efflux, especially under long-term salinity. Our study suggests that P. involutus assists in maintaining K+ homeostasis by delivering this nutrient to host plants and slowing the loss of K+ under salt stress. EM P. × canescens plants exhibited an enhanced Ca2+ uptake ability, whereas short-term and long-term treatments caused a marked Ca2+ efflux from mycorrhizal roots, especially from NAU-colonized roots. We suggest that the release of additional Ca2+ mediated K+/Na+ homeostasis in EM plants under salt stress.