bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realism in systematics through biogeographical consilience
Authors: Capellari Renato S. , Santos Charles Morphy D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThere is an overlooked gap between any phylogenetic hypothesis and the natural world shaped by historical evolutionary processes, since the main concern during phylogenetic analyses is solely the search for congruence among characters under a defined criterion. Given a scientific realistic view, however, phylogenetic hypotheses are scientific theories that try to depict the historical series of cladogenetic events among biological entities. In this sense, the challenge is to establish a form of measuring the degree of truthfulness of our phylogenetic hypotheses. Here, we advocate the use of consilient biogeographical hypotheses to recognize the biological meaning of a phylogenetic inference apart from its instrumentalist value. Our proposal is based on the assumption that robust biogeographical hypotheses allows us to be close to the real evolutionary history of taxa.© The Willi Hennig Society 2011.
Intelligence quotient (IQ) in adolescence and later risk of alcohol‐related hospital admissions and deaths—37‐year follow‐up of Swedish conscripts
Authors: Sjölund Sara , Allebeck Peter , Hemmingsson Tomas 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To investigate the relationship between intelligence measured at ages 18–19 and later alcohol‐related hospital admission and mortality among men, while controlling for possible confounders.Design  Cohort study.Setting and participants  A total of 49 321 Swedish men who were conscripted for military training in 1969–70 and followed until 2007.Measurements  Intelligence quotient (IQ) measured at conscription is the exposure, while alcohol‐related hospital admission and death are the two outcomes. Adjustments for following variables were made: early life circumstances [childhood socio‐economic position (SEP), father's drinking], mental health, social adjustment and behavioural factors measured at age 18 (psychiatric diagnosis, contact with police and child care, low emotional control, daily smoking, risky use of alcohol) and adult social position (attained education, SEP and income at age 40).Findings  IQ had an inverse and graded association with later alcohol‐related problems. For alcohol‐related hospital admissions the crude hazard ratio (HR) was 1.29 (95% CI = 1.26–1.31) and for alcohol‐related mortality it was 1.21 (95% CI = 1.17–1.24) for every one point decrease on the nine‐point IQ scale. Adjustment for risk factors measured at age 18 attenuated the association somewhat for both outcomes. After adjustment for social position as adult, the HR was considerably lower resulting in a HR of 1.06 (95% CI = 1.02–1.10) for alcohol‐related hospital admissions and 1.01 (95% CI = 0.95–1.08) for alcohol‐related mortality.Conclusions  In Swedish men there is an association between IQ in early adulthood and later alcohol‐related hospital admission and death. Social position as adult could be an important contributory factor.
Skin conditions are the commonest new reason people present to general practitioners in England and Wales
Authors: Schofield J.K. , Fleming D. , Grindlay D. , Williams H. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Background Knowledge of the prevalence and incidence of skin conditions is a prerequisite for designing clinical services and providing appropriate training for primary health care professionals. In the U.K. the general practitioner and practice nurse are the first point of medical contact for persons with skin conditions.
Objectives We aimed to obtain contemporary data in age-, gender- and diagnosis-specific detail on persons presenting to primary care with skin problems. Comparisons were made with similar data for other major disease groups and with similar data from other recent years.
Methods We used surveillance data collected in the Weekly Returns Service (WRS) of the Royal College of General Practitioners during 2006 and trend data for subsequent years. The WRS sentinel practices monitor all consultations by clinical diagnosis in a representative population of 950 000 in England and Wales.
Results For conditions included in chapter XII of the International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision (ICD9), 15% of the population consulted; a further 9% presented with skin problems classified elsewhere in the ICD9, making a total of 24%. There was no evidence of increasing or decreasing trend since 2006. Skin infections were the commonest diagnostic group, while 20% of children &lt; 12 months were diagnosed with atopic eczema. Considered collectively, the incidence of new episodes of skin disorders (including diagnoses outside chapter XII) exceeded incidences for all other major disease groupings.
Conclusions Compared with other major disease groups, skin conditions are the most frequent reason for consultation in general practice. This result emphasizes the need for appropriate education and training for all medical students and particularly for continuing education in dermatology for all primary health care professionals.
A comparative split-face study of photodynamic therapy with indocyanine green and indole-3-acetic acid for the treatment of acne vulgaris
Authors: Jang M.S. , Doh K.S. , Kang J.S. , Jeon Y.S. , Suh K.S. , Kim S.T. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Background Recently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a variety of light sources and photosensitizers has been used for the treatment of acne vulgaris. PDT with aminolaevulinic or methylaminolaevulinic acid has also been used in clinical trials as a treatment for acne, but adverse effects such as pain, erythema and pustular eruption are common. Indocyanine green (ICG) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), newer photosensitizers, are known to have minimal adverse effects.
Objectives This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of PDT using ICG and PDT using IAA in the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.
Methods In this prospective, single-blind, clinical trial, 34 patients with mild to moderate acne were treated with IAA with green light (520 nm) on half of the face and with ICG with near-infrared radiation (805 nm) on the other half. The procedure was carried out five times at 1-week intervals.
Results With regard to acne lesions (inflammatory and noninflammatory) and sebum secretion, there were statistically significant reductions at each time point compared with the baseline values (P &lt;0·05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two treatment types (P &gt;0·05). Both ICG-PDT and IAA-PDT showed better responses for inflammatory lesions than for noninflammatory lesions (P &lt;0·05). Subjective satisfaction score were statistically significant at 4 and 5 weeks of treatment as well as at 1, 2 and 3 months follow-up (P &lt;0·05).
Conclusions Both PDT with ICG and PDT with IAA are safe and effective for the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.
Early UK experience in the use of clofarabine in the treatment of relapsed and refractory paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: O’Connor David , Sibson Keith , Caswell Mark , Connor Philip , Cummins Michelle , Mitchell Chris , Motwani Jayashree , Taj Mary , Vora Ajay , Wynn Robert , Kearns Pamela R. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryClofarabine is a second‐generation purine nucleoside analogue, which has shown promising activity in relapsed and refractory paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). This report summarizes the early United Kingdom experience of clofarabine for the treatment of paediatric ALL in 23 patients, outside of the context of a clinical trial. Our results demonstrated that clofarabine‐based chemotherapy regimes were effective and well‐tolerated in this heavily pre‐treated group, with an overall response rate of 67% when used in combination regimes. Responses were seen in both B and T cell disease and in patients with adverse cytogenetics.
Chromosome abnormalities in advanced stage T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma of children and adolescents: a report from Japanese Paediatric Leukaemia/Lymphoma Study Group (JPLSG) and review of the literature
Authors: Sekimizu Masahiro , Sunami Shosuke , Nakazawa Atsuko , Hayashi Yasuhide , Okimoto Yuri , Saito Akiko M. , Horibe Keizo , Tsurusawa Masahito , Mori Tetsuya 
Published: June 2011

SummaryT‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T‐ALL) and T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) are combined into one category as T lymphoblastic leukaemia/lymphoma in the current World Health Organization (WHO) classification. However, there is still ongoing discussion on whether T‐ALL and T‐LBL are two separate entities or represent two variant phenotypes of the same disease. Cytogenetic analysis has been used to identify the molecular background of haematological malignancies. To compare the distribution of chromosomal abnormalities of T‐ALL and T‐LBL, large series of cytogenetic data are required, but are absent in T‐LBL in contrast to the abundant data in T‐ALL. Among 111 T‐LBL cases in our clinical trial, we obtained complete cytogenetic data from 56 patients. The comparison between our cytogenetic findings and those from three published T‐LBL studies revealed no significant difference. However, meta‐analysis showed that translocations involving chromosome region 9q34 were significantly more common in T‐LBL than in T‐ALL. In particular, four out of the 92 T‐LBL cases, but none of the 523 paediatric T‐ALL cases, showed translocation t(9;17)(q34;q22–23) (P = 0·0004). Further studies are needed for the possible linkage between abnormal expression of genes located at 9q34 and/or 17q22–23 and the unique ‘lymphoma phenotype’ of T‐LBL.
Dry deposition of ammonia gas drives species change faster than wet deposition of ammonium ions: evidence from a long‐term field manipulation
Authors: Sheppard Lucy J. , Leith Ian D. , Mizunuma Toshie , Neil Cape John , Crossley Alan , Leeson Sarah , Sutton Mark A. , van Dijk Netty , Fowler David 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAlthough the effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on species composition are relatively well known, the roles of the different forms of nitrogen, in particular gaseous ammonia (NH3), have not been tested in the field. Since 2002, we have manipulated the form of N deposition to an ombrotrophic bog, Whim, on deep peat in southern Scotland, with low ambient N (wet + dry = 8 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and S (4 kg S ha−1 yr−1) deposition. A gradient of ammonia (NH3, dry N), from 70 kg N ha−1 yr−1 down to background, 3–4 kg N ha−1 yr−1 was generated by free air release. Wet ammonium (NH4+, wet N) was provided to replicate plots in a fine rainwater spray (NH4Cl at +8, +24, +56 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Automated treatments are coupled to meteorological conditions, in a globally unique, field experiment. Ammonia concentrations were converted to NH3‐N deposition (kg N ha−1) using a site/vegetation specific parameterization. Within 3 years, exposure to relatively modest deposition of NH3, 20–56 kg NH3‐N ha−1 yr−1 led to dramatic reductions in species cover, with almost total loss of Calluna vulgaris, Sphagnum capillifolium and Cladonia portentosa. These effects appear to result from direct foliar uptake and interaction with abiotic and biotic stresses, rather than via effects on the soil. Additional wet N by contrast, significantly increased Calluna cover after 5 years at the 56 kg N dose, but reduced cover of Sphagnum and Cladonia. Cover reductions caused by wet N were significantly different from and much smaller than those caused by equivalent dry N doses. The effects of gaseous NH3 described here, highlight the potential for ammonia to destroy acid heathland and peat bog ecosystems. Separating the effects of gaseous ammonia and wet ammonium deposition, for a peat bog, has significant implications for regulatory bodies and conservation agencies.
Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses
Authors: Sandel Brody , Dangremond Emily M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOver the next century, changes in the global climate are expected to have major consequences for plant communities, possibly including the exacerbation of species invasions. We evaluated this possibility in the grass flora of California, which is economically and ecologically important and heavily invaded. We used a novel, trait‐based approach involving two components: identifying differences in trait composition between native and exotic components of the grass flora and evaluating contemporary trait–climate relationships across the state. The combination of trait–climate relationships and trait differences between groups allows us to predict changes in the exotic‐native balance under climate change scenarios. Exotic species are more likely to be annual, taller, with larger leaves, larger seeds, higher specific leaf area, and higher leaf N percentage than native species. Across the state, all these traits are associated with regions with higher temperature. Therefore, we predict that increasing temperatures will favor trait states that tend to be possessed by exotic species, increasing the dominance of exotic species. This prediction is corroborated by the current distribution of exotic species richness relative to native richness in California; warmer areas contain higher proportions of exotic species. This pattern was very well captured by a simple model that predicts invasion severity given only the trait–climate relationship for native species and trait differences between native and exotic species. This study provides some of the first evidence for an important interaction between climate change and species invasions across very broad geographic and taxonomic scales.
Pain, discomfort, and use of analgesics following the extraction of primary canines in children with palatally displaced canines
Authors: NAOUMOVA JULIA , KJELLBERG HEIDRUN , KUROL JÜRI , MOHLIN BENGT 
Published: June 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2011; 22: 17–26Background.  Pain following the extraction of the primary canine in children with palatally displaced canines (PDC) as an interceptive treatment has not been investigated.Aims.  To describe pain, discomfort, dental anxiety, and use of analgesics following the extraction of primary canines in children with PDC.Design.  Forty‐four children, aged 10–13 with PDC, were included. Pain intensity, discomfort, and analgesic consumption were rated the first evening and 1 week after the extraction of the primary canine. Dental anxiety was assessed pre‐extraction, using the dental anxiety scale (DAS). A matched reference group also completed the DAS.Results.  No significant differences were found between the study and the reference group regarding the pre‐extraction assessments. Post‐extraction pain and discomfort was low. The experience of the injection was graded worse than the extraction, and more pain was rated at the evening post‐extraction than during the extraction. Analgesics were used only the first evening. High correlation was detected between DAS and pain during injection and extraction.Conclusions.  The experience of pain and discomfort during and after extraction of the primary canines is low, despite that 42% of the children used analgesics. Therefore, appropriate analgesics and recommendation doses pre‐ and post‐extraction should be prescribed.
Snails can survive passage through a bird’s digestive system
Authors: Wada Shinichiro , Kawakami Kazuto , Chiba Satoshi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim  Predation is generally viewed as a factor that limits the distribution of animal prey species. However, in certain instances, such as seed dispersal, predation may enhance the dispersal capability of prey species. In a prior study, we found that land snails are preyed upon by the Japanese white‐eye (Zosterops japonicus) and the brown‐eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) in the Ogasawara Islands. In this paper we provide experimental and field evidence indicating that land snails could potentially be dispersed through bird predation.Location  Hahajima Island of the Ogasawara Islands in the western Pacific.Methods  Experimentation was first performed to test whether the land snail Tornatellides boeningi could remain alive after being swallowed and passed through the bird digestive system. Next, in order to investigate the potential role of internal bird transport and dispersal of this snail, we investigated the relationship between the distribution of population genetic diversity in the snail and the regional geographical abundance of predatory birds. The population genetic structure of T. boeningi and isolation by distance were inferred with Arlequin. The association between nucleotide diversity in T. boeningi populations and population density of predators was examined using a generalized linear mixed model. We conducted a likelihood ratio test for the full model and for another model that removed the fixed effect.Results  Of the 119 snails fed to Japanese white‐eyes and 55 snails fed to brown‐eared bulbuls, 14.3% and 16.4% of the snails, respectively, passed through the gut alive. Additionally, one snail gave birth to juveniles after emerging from a bird’s gut. Significant heterogeneity among the populations of T. boeningi on Hahajima was indicated using AMOVA; however, there was no evidence of isolation by distance. A positive correlation was found between levels of mitochondrial DNA variation among and within T. boeningi populations and the density of Japanese white‐eyes in the wild.Main conclusions  Bird predation appears to be a method of dispersal for T. boeningi, and our results suggest that bird‐mediated dispersal plays a role in land snail population structure.
Research utilisation and critical thinking among newly graduated nurses: predictors for research use. A quantitative cross‐sectional study
Authors: Wangensteen Sigrid , Johansson Inger S , Björkström Monica E , Nordström Gun 
Published: June 2011

Aim.  The aim was to describe research utilisation among newly graduated nurses and to explore critical thinking dispositions and other individual and contextual factors as possible predictors for research use.Background.  Nurses are expected to be research users, and variations in research utilisation are explained by individual and contextual factors. To our knowledge, critical thinking dispositions have not earlier been explored as predictors for research use.Design.  A cross‐sectional design was chosen.Methods.  Data collection was carried out from October 2006 to April 2007 using the Research Utilization Questionnaire (RUQ) and the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI). The response rate was 33% (n = 617). Pearson’s chi‐square test and regression analyses were used for statistical calculations.Results.  The respondents reported a positive attitude towards research, but only 24% (n = 148) were defined as research users. A significantly higher proportion of research users reported high critical thinking scores. Critical thinking explained 20% of the variance in attitude towards research and 11% of the variance in research use. Availability and support to implement research findings was the second strongest predictor for research use.Conclusions.  Critical thinking, a significant predictor for attitude towards research and for the use of research, should be recognised and strengthened in nursing education and clinical practice. Contextual factors seem to be important for newly graduated nurses’ use of research.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurse leaders play an important role in nurturing newly graduated nurses’ critical thinking and assisting them in transferring their positive attitude towards research into research use. Nurse educators play a significant role in supporting, challenging and supervising nursing students to be critical thinkers and strong believers in research utilisation.
From limitation to mastery: exercise experience for adolescents with mild congenital heart disease
Authors: Chiang Yueh‐Tao , Chen Chi‐Wen , Chen Yueh‐Chih 
Published: June 2011

Aim. To describe the subjective experience of engaging in exercise for adolescents with mild congenital heart disease (CHD).Background. Most children with mild CHD are now expected to survive to adolescence and even into adulthood. With early intervention, cardiopulmonary function and exercise capacity in most are comparable to those of normal peers. However, the exercise behaviours of these adolescent patients and their determinants remain largely undefined.Design. A descriptive phenomenological design was used.Methods. Eight adolescents with CHD who perceived no or only mild symptoms after engaging in exercise were individually interviewed using a semi‐structured interview. Interviews were transcribed and non‐verbal communication recorded within 24 hours of the interview. Transcriptions were analysed and perceptions and attitudes grouped according to theme expressed.Findings. The essence of the adolescents with mild CHD engaging in exercise was from limitation to mastery. Four themes emerged: (1) self‐awareness: understanding the limitations of their disease and its impact on exercise; (2) perception: focusing on strengths and admitting limitations; (3) transcendence: developing coping strategies and maintaining balance; and (4) living with the disease: mastering oneself and living a normal life.Conclusions. The findings indicated that, when adolescents faced and accepted their exercise limitation, they would assess their condition, develop coping strategies from their accumulated experience and participate in exercise to maintain a healthy body and mind.Relevance to clinical practice. The findings provide a scientific knowledge base for nursing professionals to instruct adolescents with mild CHD in exercise and help families build the confidence of these adolescents.
Long‐term population trends in three grassland insect groups: a comparative analysis of 1951 and 2009
Authors: Schuch S. , Bock J. , Krause B. , Wesche K. , Schaefer M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDevelopment of farming practices has caused drastic changes in European agricultural landscapes during the past 50 years. As a consequence of these changes, insect diversity is widely expected to decline. We performed a comparative analysis with long‐term data of three insect groups: Auchenorrhyncha, Heteroptera and Orthoptera. In 2009, we revisited nine grassland sites in northern Germany that were originally sampled in 1951 using the same techniques and during a similar time frame. We found that the insect community exhibited no consistent trends between years. Species richness of Auchenorrhyncha and Heteroptera increased on plot level as well as on landscape level but remained unchanged for Orthoptera. Abundance of Auchenorrhyncha and Orthoptera significantly decreased, while Heteroptera increased. There is a strong trend towards homogeneity in community composition for Heteroptera and a weak one for Auchenorrhyncha. The frequency and abundance of species preferring disturbed and/or eutrophic habitats increased, whereas the number of species preferring low‐productive habitats declined. This trend is especially pronounced in Auchenorrhyncha. Generalistic species were more abundant in relative proportions as well as in absolute numbers. We hypothesize that these trends arise from alterations of Central European landscapes because of agricultural intensification over the last several decades.