bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination Foam/Fluid Fracturing
Authors: Bullen R.S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper describes the newly developed combination foam/fluid fracturing technique, dealing with the objectives of the process" the equipment required, a typical sand schedule, the calculation for frac area, fluid cleanup procedures and, finally, the advantages of combination fracturing. The areal extent of a combination fracturing treatment is discussed in the Appendix, along with fracture capacity and the fluid co-efficient for foam.

Introduction
One of the most significant innovations in fracturing technology in recent years -was the development of foam as a fracturing fluid in the fall of 1973. First conceived and researched by Blauer et al.(1) as a thesis project at the Colorado School of Mines, the process was quickly recognized by the oil and gas industry as a technique with a number of advantages resulting from the unique rheological properties of foam. Foam is now widely used as a fracturing fluid, for stimulating productivity of oil and gas wells, with a high ratio of success.(2,3)
"Combination Fracturing" was first introduced in February of 1977 as a further improvement of the Blauer form frac process, incorporating the best features of both foam and conventional fluid fracturing treatments in one job. Results of jobs performed to date indicate that Combination Fracs achieve equal or higher productivity increases than either foam fracs or fluid fracs alone.

Description of the Process
A Combination Frac is actually two different fracturing operations conducted in sequence on a' well first a foam frac, followed by a fluid fracture treatment. These two fracs are continuous, with transition from one type of operation to the other effected by increasing the pumping rates of the liquid and at the same time reducing the rate of the gas volumes pumped.
The first stage of a Combination Frac is generated by treated fluids and a specific N2 ratio to develop 75% quality foam at bottom-hole conditions. The foam is injected into the well as the base fluid of the fracturing treatment, with sand being added at concentrations of 1 to 2 pounds/gallon of foam. The rheological properties of foam, including its excellent sand carrying properties and low fluid loss, are such that it develops a fracture of considerable areal extent reaching deep into the formation.
In the second stage of a Combination Frac, the aeration and the foaming agent ratios are reduced. Simultaneously, the pumping rate is increased and sand ratios are increased to concentrations as high as 8 to 10 pounds per gallon. The increased viscosity of this fluid stage, combined with the increased rate, develops a greater crack width. This widening of the fracture, as? described in the Appendix, results in a higher flow capacity over the total frac area developed by the treatment.

Objective of a Combination Frac
The productivity of a well following fracturing is proportional to both the permeability contrast (flow capacity of the fracture in md-ft divided by the flow capacity of the formation in md-ft) and the extent of the fracture area, as illustrated in Figure I.
Installation of a Subsea Completion In the Canadian Arctic Islands
Authors: Hood G.L. , Masterson D.M. , Watts J.S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In April 1978, the world"s first Arctic subsea producing gas well was successfully completed and produced to shore by means of a wet tree and flowline bundle. This paper describes the unique design of a combination land and offshore drilling rig and air-transportable blowout preventer for drilling and completing subsea wells from a floating ice platform. The design, installation and connection of the flowline bundle and shore crossing protection system is described as an integral part ofthe over-all completion. The completion demonstrated the ability to develop the extensive gas reserves offshore in the Canadian Arctic Islands.

INTRODUCTION
In 1974, Panarctic Oils Ltd. developed a system to drill exploratory gas wells offshore between the Canadian Arctic Islands(1,2). Since 1974, exploratory drilling from ice platforms (Figure in full paper) has been successfully conducted, proving the existence of substantial natural gas deposits offshore in the Arctic Islands. As this system of exploratory drilling has been effective in water depths ranging from 60 to 365 m and up to 35 km from shore (Fig. 1), it is apparent that the system has wide application within the Arctic Islands. For this reason, in 1976 planning commenced to develop a system for drilling and completing an Arctic offshore gas well and for constructing and installing a marine flowline bundle to an onshore control facility using the thick ocean ice as a work platform. This project involved the design and construction of a new and larger ice-supported rig, a larger and more conventional subsea B.O.P. stack, a subsea tree and flowline connector, flowlines and contro lines to shore, and shore-based test facilities.

Project Location
In order to minimize the total cost of the project, a location was chosen to meet the following requirements:A minimum length of flowline.A well location in deep enough water to be free of ice scour.A relatively steep shore crossing to minimize the length of pipe requiring protection from sea ice.A suitable onshore area for pipe makeup.A reasonably level area of seabed in the vicinity of the wellhead where the flowline connection was to take place.
The location selected was Drake F-76 (Fig. 1), on the east side of Sabine Peninsula in the Drake Point gas field. The location was 1200 m offshore in 55 m of water.

Drilling and Completion Systems
A study was conducted in 1976 by Tri Ocean Engineering of Calgary to determine the most suitable means of drilling, completing and testing an offshore well, to demonstrate technology that can be used to develop offshore gas reserves in the Arctic Islands.

Design Criteria
Conceptual design criteria were based on four years of prior ice platform drilling experience.System components were to be designed to function in water depths to 460m.The drilling rig was to be a 3600-m-capacity land rig modified to enable drilling and completing offshore wells during the winter months and land wells during the summer months.
Technical Service Council — A Unique Placement Service
Authors: Agnew G.R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
THE CANADIAN job market today has been termed the worst in 25 years. Yet, as it did in the beginning, the Technical Service Council continues to provide a unique service to both the professional seeking employment and the Canadian employer in the recruitment process.
During a train trip to Peterborough, Ontario in 1927, Robert A. Bryce, a wealthy mining engineer, and Professor H.E. T. Haultain, the originator of the Professional Engineer's iron ring, became involved in a discussion about the then tremendous problem of the "brain drain ". In the 1920s, 20% - 30% of the engineering and science graduates were emigrating to the United States, due in part to lack of opportunities in Canada. But more discouraging was the absence of information on the availability of Canadian jobs. How could the professional seeking a new position really find out what was going on in Canada? Bryce and Haultain decided to do something about this problem. They enlisted the support of Canon Cody, then president of the University of Toronto, Sir Edward Kemp, and others to set up the Technical Service Council, with the objective of halting the "brain drain" and keeping talented professionals in Canada. As a practical means of doing so, the TSC decided to operate a non-profit placement service. Today, 55 years later, the Technical Service Council is still going strong, even through these difficult times, guided by a board of notable industrialists, under the direction of a president of long, distinguished service, Neil A. Macdougall.
After a study of placement operations in other countries, the Technical Service Council opened a Toronto office in 1927 to serve as a national clearing house for employers and job-seeking professionals. R. E. Smythe, a Taranto engineering graduate, was hired to launch this innovative concept. Initially, 30 Canadian businesses and industries agreed to cover the expenses. Currently, almost 700 Canadian companies and their 600 affiliated companies contribute to the membership of the TSC.
The Council had barely started when the 1929 Depression arrived, so survival (just like today!) was the keynote while attempting to place professionals in other than menial jobs. What opportunities there were, were concentrated in Ontario and Quebec. Special arrangements were therefore made to put graduates from Maritime and Western universities in touch with employers in Central Canada. In spite of the Depression, 111 men and women were placed in one year (1933) by the TSC's small staff of two. During World War II, it had regained its vigor so as to direct hundreds of professionals into important strategic assignments. The Technical Service Council was the only private placement service allowed to operate during the war period.
The post-war boom created new problems. Veterans made classes bulge. Canadian employers desired a "one-stop service ". The TSC met needs by expanding into placing executives, accountants, marketing, production and personnel staff. The TSC staff called on numerous small firms to persuade them to hire their first engineer.
Offshore Exploration: I
Authors: Branscombe Art 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
WHILE I was working with Imperial Oil in Alberta in 1962, my wife and I took a two-month trip to Europe. This, made us wonder what it might be like to live overseas. So, a year later, when I was offered a temporary assignment as senior drilling engineer to look after five onshore wells in England, I had the opportunity to find out first-hand what life in Europe was like.
My first posting was to London, and I must say that commuting to an office in the Haymarket could certainly not be considered a hardship post. Very early on, we realized that we could meet North Americans at home and so resolved to associate as much as possible with the locals, to study their culture and to see the countryside in many short trips. A love of exploring London and of taking advantage of visiting museums and art galleries of attending the opera at Covent Garden, and collecting antiques was always to remain with us and to have a lasting effect on' our family. Years later our daughter would return there to do six year's post-graduate work in music.
In 1965, Esso Exploration of New York offered me a permanent position overseas. The choice of becoming "permanent" or remaining with them on a temporary basis was not easy. With permanency, I would have the advantage of substantial financial bonuses, but would have to resign from Imperial Oil in Canada. Willis Gibson, then Assistant under Tip Moroney, advised: "why don't you take the permanent and if you don't like it, you can always come back with us."
My first permanent assignment was supposed to be Australia onshore. When I arrived at the Sydney office (managed by John Hamlin, now retired) in the spring of 1965, however, I was diverted to the Glomar No.3 drill ship which by then was drilling its second well in the Bass Stralt. It was this hole that found oil and was t.o be the first of many holes to produce the prolific reservoirs that were subsequently developed in Australia. Historically, this was the first fully floating vessel to operate outside the continental U.S. waters. Fullyfloating vessels with sub-sea blowout preventors had only been used in the States for a year, so, in a sense, we were still developing offshore drilling methods as we went along.
Soon I was to find that the drilling was the easier part of mastering offshore drilling. Contending with the sea was another matter. The weather was unpredictable and, in those days, there were no satellites or weather ships between the Bass Strait and the Antarctic. Normally, travelling ships report the weather as they proceed, but in this area there was a complete absence of shipping lines to do that. Storms, known as "southerly busters", blew up from the Antarctic and generated 40-foot waves and 200-foot swells which made operations difficult because the length of the drill ship was only 256 feet.
Taxes And Incentives - Moving Targets
Authors: Parsons Robert B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
For the fourth time in fifteen years, the oil patch is being forced to deal with a major reform of tax and incentive provisions. Following significant overhauls of the "rules of the game" in 1970, 1975, and 1980, the oil and gas industry is busy trying to sort out the latest series of changes announced in the Western Accord on March 27, 1985 and by the Province of Alberta on June 24.
Tax Topics seeks to set out a general overview of these latest changes, which will clearly have an important impact on many of the ways of doing business in Canada.

Introduction
The Canadian oil and gas industry might be well advised to be wary of the year 1990, considering the apparent trend for this country's law makers to overhaul the fiscal rules of the game every five years. In 1970, the full extent of tax reform was unveiled. Five years later in 1975, the federal and provincial capitals went mildly berserk and implemented dramatic changes to all of the oil and gas rules. In 1980, the now largely defunct NEP made its unwelcome appearance on the scene, with a whole host of new taxes and incentives. And, in 1985 we have witnessed the demise of the NEP, and, once again, new sets of tax rules at both the federal and provincial levels have been devised. The year 1990 might be a good time to be out of the country on sabbatical, if one believes in five-year cycles!

Executive Summary
This year, the first shoe fell on March 27 when the federal government and the three producing western provinces announced the signing of the Western Accord. That agreement dealt exclusively with changes to federal legislation, and tossed the ball to the producing provinces to make their own tax changes with a similar positive thrust.
The second shoe fell almost three months later on June 24 when the Province of Alberta announced changes to the province's royalty and incentive regimes.

Federal Changes
Very briefly, the Western Accord, in conjunction with Finance Minister Wilson's May 23, 1985 budget, announced the following changes to the fiscal regime facing the oil and gas industry.The Natural Gas and Gas Liquids Tax, the Incremental Oil Revenue Tax, the Canadian Ownership Special Charge, he Petroleum Compensation Charge, and export charges on both product and crude exports are to be repealed.The Petroleum Incentives Program (PIP) is to continue until March 31, 1986.The Petroleum and Gas Revenue Tax (PGRT) will be phased out from 1986 to 1989.Royalties and incentives applicable to operators in the Canada Lands are to be studied.
Contending With Corporate Tax Reform
Authors: Parsons R.B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Canada's oil and gas industry could be adversely affected by corporate tax reform proposals actively being considered by the Department of Finance in Ottawa. When the next set of proposals for tax reform is released later this year as promised by Finance, the industry had better be prepared to take a hard look.

Introduction
As if the oil and gas industry did not have enough problems to contend with, the sector of corporate tax reform threatens to pose a not inconsequential disruption for oil and gas investors and producers. Two federal budgets ago, in May 1985, Finance Minister Wilson tabled budget papers that were more massive in terms of volume than most federal budgets. Buried in this mass of documentation is a discussion paper entitled "The Corporate Income Tax System — A Direction For Change ", When the discussion paper was tabled over a year ago, reaction from the business sector was almost non-existent. By and large, the paper was regarded as nothing more than one more federal publication of mild academic interest.
But, recent events suggest that this discussion paper for corporate tax reform could be the cornerstone for a series of changes to the tax laws which would have more profound and widespread effects for all sectors of the economy than any reform since 1971. No industry in Canada can afford to ignore the movement afoot in Ottawa for corporate tax reform.
The May 1985 discussion paper states unequivocally that the present corporate income tax system is in need of re-examination. There is a noticeable sentiment in Ottawa that the current tax system is "distorting of market driven business decisions ", and that a revised system "could lead to a more efficient allocation of resources ". The paper sets out an "illustrative proposal ", which would result in a significant reduction in statutory tax rates for all corporations, coupled with reductions in the most rapid rates of write-off and the elimination of investment tax credits.
The paper identifies four fundamental principles for corporate tax reform.Market efficiency — "The corporate tax system should interfere as little as possible with the market signals that form the basis of business decisions. "Certainty — "The corporate tax system should be stable over time, "Simplicity — "The corporate tax system should be as simple and certain in its application as possible. "Stability of tax revenues — "The corporate tax system should provide a predictable and stable revenue base for the federal and provincial governments. "
According to the paper, tax reform would not be designed to raise corporate tax revenues — it would be revenue neutral.

Present System
The paper provides a capsule analysis of the present tax system. In particular, a handful of rules are identified as being in need of further scrutiny, including:the fast rate of write-off for certain classes of capital cost allowance, including oil and gas production and refining machinery and equipment;the 100% write-off of research and development expenditures;
An Evaluation Of Survey Accuracy At Cold Lake
Authors: Gust D.A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Directional survey accuracy has become increasingly important in many development drilling projects. Recently, Esso Resources Canada Limited conducted a three-part survey evaluation program in Cold Lake to de/ermine the most cost-effective method of surveying.
The first part of the program consisted of surveying 21 wells with a rate-integrating gyroscope. These wells had been drilled using magnetic single shot surveys. The gyroscope indicated that many of the high-angle wells oriented in an east-west direction were outside of acceptable target limits. A more accurate method of surveying these wells while drilling was required. The second part of the evaluation program consisted of drilling 43 wells using alternate survey methods including: Measurement While Drilling (MWD) on 26 wells: gyroscopes on 5 wells: and eleclronic single shot instruments on 12 wells. Electronic multi-shot tools were run in 16 wells prior to running casing providing multiple survey runs on some wells. A rate-integrating gyroscope was run in 18 cased wells to provide a comparison to the wells surveyed during the first part of the evaluation program. The third part of the program was the implementation of the use of a survey system based on recommendations from the second part of the program.

Introduction

Description of Cold Lake Production Project
Esso Resources Canada Limited started commercial development of the Cold Lake Held in October 1983. Each phase of the Cold Lake Production Project (CLPP) consists of 10 twenty well pads for a total of approximately 200 wells in each phase. The directional wells are designed to kick off at 25 m and build angle at a rate of 2.5 degrees per 30 m to an inclination of 9.5 degrees at 140 m measured depth (MD). Additional angle, if required, is built at rates of up to 4.5 degrees per 30 m. Maximum inclinations vary from 15 to 55 degrees with approximately 60% of the wells having inclinations greater than 35 degrees. Horizontal displacements vary from 55 m to 310 m with wells being drilled in all directions as shown in the pad layout in Figure 1. The average drilling time in Cold Lake is less than 2 days per well.

Importance of Accurate Surveys
Cold lake targets are defined by an 8 m by 13 m rectangle with the major axis oriented along the preferential steam path direction N30 °E ("on-trend ").
If the target is missed, inefficient sweep of the reservoir caused by early communication between wells, results in some heavy oil being left in the reservoir. The amount of oil left in place is estimated using a reservoir analysis model and is referred to as "lost recovery ". Figure 2 shows the value of lost recovery versus the distance between the well and target centre. Two lines are shown, one for the off-trend direction and the other for the on trend direction. With the development of the lost recovery model, and the subsequent increase in concern for hitting small targets, the need to evaluate survey accuracy and the cost of accurate surveying was identified.
Canada's Position In Petroleum R&D
Authors: Shaw David H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Canada is richly endowed with petroleum resources. Conventional crude reserves are still substantial, although new discoveries are being made in increasingly inhospitable locations. Even more massive are the resources of natural gas, heavy crude, oil sands, and coal. These should easily meet Canada's energy needs for the next several hundred years. The role of research in Canada is to provide technology to unlock these resources for future generations of Canadians. The major Challenge is the economic production and conversion of these resources into fuels and specialty products. The economic constraint is severe, dictating that new technology makes maximum use of the existing infrastructure, which is geared to conventional crudes. This paper will briefly review the level and focus of petroleum research effort in Canada in both private and government laboratories. Advances in production research are briefly described. Greater emphasis will be given to advances in the upgrading of heavy crude to light transportation fuels. The evolution of conventional fuels, alternate fuels and lubricants will be discussed, and an outlook for the future will be presented.

Introduction
The petroleum industry in Canada has a high visibility with government, the media and the population at large. The average person is reminded of the petroleum industry on almost a weekly basis as they pull into a gas station to refuel, and find that the price of gasoline has changed. Gasoline price volatility is caused by market forces, tax changes, and especially crude oil price changes. This latter factor has a major impact on revenues for both industry and governments and so not surprisingly elicits dramatic action to try to restore financial stability.
What does this have to do with research in the petroleum industry? The answer is "a lot" as both companies and government look to research to provide options that will smooth the ride on the crude oil price roller-coaster. Strategies to develop these options can best be explained in the context of the supply-demand situation for fossil fuels. Table 1 shows that at present consumption rates conventional oil will be exhausted in about 11 years, whereas heavy oil, gas and coal will last from 27 to 530 years(1, 2).
These numbers do not take into account additional reserves that will undoubtedly be found, or changes in consumption patterns. Another representation of the Canadian fossil fuel energy picture (2, 3, 4) is shown in Table 2. Potential resources are the ultimate amounts predicted to be in place. Even though only a fraction of these resources is likely to be produced it is clear that Canada has the raw resources to meet its energy demands far into the future. In addition to the relative volumes of different raw materials it is interesting to compare their relative prices, Table 3. Clearly our high dependence on oil reflects the high efficiency with which we transport and transform it into useful forms compared to gas and coal. An additional factor impacting upon Canadian petroleum research is shown(5) in Figure 1.