bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen and Sulfur Nutrition of Sweet Corn in Relation to Fertilization and Water Composition1
Authors: Daigger L. A. , Fox R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe external and internal S and N requirements of field‐grown sweet corn (Zea mays) were investigated. The experimental soil was a Bridgeport fine sandy loam of western Nebraska. It contained 4 ppm extractable sulfate‐S. Irrigation water contained 3 ppm S. Nitrification rate was 14 ppm during 10 days at 25 C. Five N levels (45, 90, 135, 180, and 225 kg/ha as NH4NO3) and 3 S levels (0, 22, and 666 kg/ha as gypsum) were arranged factorial combination, randomized block with five replications. Increases in yield from S fertilization were observed at low rates of applied N. Critical levels of S and N in the ear leaf were about 0.24% and 2.9% respectively. Yields were closely associated with N percentage of the ear leaf and N percentage of the ear leaf was increased by both N and S fertilization. When no S was added, 225 kg N/ha was required for maximum yield (13.5 tons), but when 66 kg S/ha was applied, yield was maximum (13.4 tons) at 135 kg N/ha. A case for the usefulness N:S ratios could not be made from the data examined. Sampling at silking stage is probably too late for effective foliar diagnosis of S deficiency in corn. The probability that S was borderline deficient under these conditions suggests that the external requirement for SOM4‐S in the soil solution is about 3 ppm.
Effect of Night Air Temperature on Grain Yield of Corn, Wheat, and Soybeans1
Authors: Peters D. B. , Pendleton J. W. , Hageman R. H. , Brown C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn an unreplicated test, high air temperatures at night reduced corn (Zea mays L.) yield about 40%, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield almost 50%, and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) yield about 10% as compared with yields of crops growing at cool night temperatures.
Energy Balance and Water Use of Rice Grown in the Central Valley of California1
Authors: Lourence F. J. , Pruitt W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVery little basic work has been done within the USA on the energy balance of a rice crop (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by surface and climatic conditions.During 1968 and 1969, energy‐balance studies were conducted in the middle of a very large rice field 40.2 km (25 mi) north of Davis, California. Evapotranspiration data obtained were compared with data from a large weighing lysimeter at Davis, planted to grass. From daily ratios thus obtained, estimates of normal monthly evapotranspiration for rice were obtained, using data from the long‐term lysimeter study at Davis. For a May 1 to October 1 period, a normal seasonal use for rice of 920 mm (36.2 in) was indicated, a value only 3.5% greater than the 10‐year mean of 889 mm of water used by fescue (Festuca eliator L.) at Davis during the same period.Air temperature differences between the rice site and the Davis lysimeter were rather minor, but humidities were markedly higher over the rice. Lower wind speed at the rice site, no doubt, contributed to the higher humidity, although the very extensive up‐wind fetch of rice (2 km or greater) was probably a more important factor. The much higher humidities and somewhat lower wind speeds at the rice site are believed to have reduced the evaporation potential by as much as 20 to 25% below that at Davis. Although in this study evapotranspiration by rice and by grass was very similar, it is estimated that losses by rice, in a plot similar in size to the grass plot, would have exceeded the loss by grass by as much as 20 to 25% if the two crops had been grown at Davis.
Yield and Quality Response of Burley Tobacco to Nitrogen and Potassium1
Authors: Colyer Dale , Pohlman G. Gordon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments by the Ohio Valley Experiment Station at Point Pleasant, West Virginia were conducted over an eight‐year period to test for response to nitrogen and potassium fertilizer by burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Both yield and quality were affected by the level of fertilizer use, with the effects due to nitrogen more pronounced. Quality as measured by price is maximized with an average rate of 184 kg N/ha, a lower application rate than the 271 kg/ha required to maximize yield. The opposite prevailed for potassium fertilization with quality maximized with 330 kg K/ha and yield with 300 kg/ha. Average gross value of tobacco per hectare would be maximized with 242 kg N and 322 kg K, while net returns would be greatest at 237 kg N and 308 kg of K.
Effects of Fall Fertilization on Cold Resistance, Color, and Growth of Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Wilkinson James F. , Duff D. Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFall fertilization of turf is usually avoided because it is thought to reduce cold resistance of plants composing the sward. Turf receiving N during this season exhibits color longer in fall and earlier in spring. The effects of periodic fall nitrogenous fertilization on the cold resistance, color, and growth of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) were measured from September, 1970, to June, 1971, to ascertain if there is a period during the fall when N may be applied to produce color longer, yet not predispose plants to cold injury. Determinations of the cold resistance of crown tissue were made utilizing conductivity techniques for measurement of solutes diffused after cold treatment. Nitrogen at 2 kg N/200 m2 (as NH4NO3) was applied to different plots on October 1 and 15, November 1 and 15, and December 1 and 15, 1970. An additional treatment received 1 kg N/200 m2 on each date.The cold resistance of all treatments increased through the fall and early winter, peaked near the end of January, decreased slowly through February, and was lost rapidly in March and April. Early fall fertilization (through November 1) resulted in the greatest reduction in cold resistance in the fall, while late fall fertilization (after November l) resulted in the greatest reduction in the spring.Fertilization up until November 1 resulted in a color increase (i.e., chlorophyll increase) shortly after fertilization, and maintenance of color into early winter. Fertilization after November 1 did not produce substantial fall green‐up. All treatments produced good spring green‐up by mid‐March; however, late fall fertilized plots (after November 1) had a higher chlorophyll content by mid‐April.No treatment produced any measurable topgrowth from the end of November until May. Plots fertilized before November 1 produced additional yields in the fall, while plots fertilized later produced additional yields in the spring.
Hypocotyl and Radicle Elongation of Cotton as Affected by Soil Environment1
Authors: Wanjura D. F. , Buxton D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedling growth during emergence was studied under controlled conditions to estimate the main and interacting effects of soil temperature, moisture, and physical impedance on hypocotyl and radicle elongation. This information additionally provided a data base for the development of an elongation model for an emerging cotton hypocotyl which is not included in this report. Soil temperature increasing from 15.6 to 32.2 C resulted in more rapid and greater total elongation of hypocotyls and radicles. Increasing physical impedance decreased elongation of both hypocotyls and radicles, with hypocotyls being the most sensitive. Decreased hypocotyl elongation was consistently noted with increasing soil moisture tension; however, radicle elongation tended to be greater at 3.0 bars than for .3 bar. A marked temperature‐moisture interaction was evident for hypocotyl and radicle elongation at 37.8 C which is near the hot null temperature (40 C) for cotton. However, this interaction did not exist at 15.6 which is near the cold null (14 C). A relative slow‐down in hypocotyl elongation rate between 2.5 and 5.0 cm occurred at 37.8 C and .3 bars soil moisture, and at 32.2 C and 3.0 bars.
Burning vs Incorporation of Rice Crop Residues1
Authors: Williams W. A. , Morse M. D. , Ruckman J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of burning and incorporating rice (Oryza sativa) straw on grain production and the N economy of the crop was evaluated over a 5‐year period in a field planted annually to ‘Colusa’ rice. An additional variable was vetch (Vicia benghalensis) planted in the previous autumn for green manure. The rice crop was fertilized annually at rates of 0, 45, 90, 135 kg/ha N.The amounts of straw produced ranged from 33 to 85 ql/ha (dry), and the N concentration varied from 0.42 to 0.59%, depending on the N and vetch treatments. Amounts of N incorporated in the straw or presumably volatilized by burning the straw ranged from 13 to 50 kg/ha, and N uptake measured in the grain‐plus‐straw ranged from 38 to 115 kg/ha, but burning caused no measurable decrease in the uptake of N. Highest yields were obtained from 135 N or 90 N plus vetch. Vetch had a positive effect on yield equivalent to about 45 kg/ha of fertilizer N.Five‐year averages of yields of grain show no measurable difference between burning and incorporation at any level of fertilizer or vetch N.
Aerial Thermal Scanner to Determine Temperatures of Soils and of Crop Canopies Differing in Water Stress1
Authors: Bartholic J. F. , Namken L. N. , Wiegand C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn airplane‐mounted thermal scanner was used to measure irradiance in the 8‐ to 14‐μm wavelength interval over an extensively instrumented agricultural area. The area included soils differing in water and tillage condition, and replicated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plots with a wide range of plant water stress. The scanner data were recorded on analog magnetic tape and on 70‐mm film. The film densities of the various soil and cotton treatments and film calibration information were determined with a microdensitometer. The observed irradiances corresponded to cotton plant canopy temperature differences up to 6 C between the most and the least water‐stressed plots. The irradiance data from soils showed large differences as a function of time after tillage and irrigation. It is concluded that thermal imagery offers potential as a useful aid for delineating waterstressed and nonstressed fields, evaluating uniformity of irrigation, and evaluating surface soil water conditions.
Effects of North‐ and South‐facing Slopes on Yield of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) with Variable Rate and Time of Nitrogen Application1
Authors: Bennett O. L. , Mathias E. L. , Henderlong P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant responses to differences in slope orientation have been observed for many years, but attempts to identify and measure specific responses and microclimatic factors are limited. Field studies were conducted near Morgantown, W.Va, during the 1966 to 1969 growing seasons to determine the effect of slope orientation on the yield of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) treated with 0, 112, 224, 448, and 672 kg/ha rates of N applied singly and in up to four split applications. Slopes were approximately 35%. Soil on both slopes was Gilpin silt loam. The rate of growth, total yield, seasonal distribution of yield, and N recovery in plants were influenced greatly by slope orientation. Production on the north facing slope was more than twice that on the south‐facing slope. Splitting the N applications tended to produce a higher yield and more uniform seasonal distribution. More than 11,000 kg/ha of bluegrass forage were produced on the north‐facing slope in 1967 as compared to 4,000 kg/ha on the south‐facing slope. A combination of high soil temperatures and low soil moisture levels appeared to limit growth on the south‐facing slope. Maximum soil temperature on the north‐facing slopes were from 8 to 10 C less than on the south‐facing slope. Temperatures were measured 2.5 cm (1 in) below the soil surface under the bluegrass sod. Yield differences due to slope orientation completely overshadowed any yield responses from specific fertility treatments.
Effect of Leaf Color, Chlorohyll Concentration, and Temperature on Photosynthetic Rates of Isogenic Barley Lines1
Authors: Ferguson Hayden , Cooper C. S. , Brown Jarvis H. , Eslick R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaf color and chlorophyll content may affect canopy temperature and, indirectly, plant metabolism and dry matter production. Photosynthesis (P), light saturation, specific leaf weight (SLW, mg/cm2), and chlorophyll content (mg/dm2) of barley lines isogenic for color were measured over a range of temperatures using plants grown in one field and two greenhouse experiments.In the first greenhouse experiment P of all lines did not differ at temperatures of 20, 15, and 30 C. Differences in P occurred among three cultivars, but the differences between isogenic pairs were significant for the cultivar ‘Colsess’ only. In the second greenhouse experiment P was highest at 25 and 30 C, slightly lower at 35 C, and lowest at 15 and 20 C. P on a leaf area basis differed only for the isogenes of ‘Betzes’ but on a unit of chlorophyll basis was significantly higher for each pale green or golden member of an isogenic pair. Pale barley leaf blades had a higher light saturation point than normal green leaf blades. SLW was greater for the green member of one isogenic pair but not significantly different between members of other pairs.Highest P of field grown plants occurred at 25 C. Green members of isogenic pairs had significantly higher P than pale green or golden members. SLW of field grown green isogenes was significantly higher than that of pale green or golden isogenes and higher than SLW of plants grown in the greenhouse.
Prediction of Available Soil Zn, Cu, and Mn Using Chemical Extractants1
Authors: Haq A. U. , Miller M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate various extractants for predicting available Zn in soils. The amount of Zn extracted from 85 soils by four extractants (EDTA, DTPA, EDDHA, and HCl + H2SO4), was related to the Zn concentration in corn (Zea mays L.) grown in the greenhouse for 16 days. The effect of other soil variables was determined by including them in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. EDTA and DTPA extractable Zn were superior to the other two extractants, with r values of 0.607 and 0.603, respectively. Of the soil variables tested soil pH had the greatest effect with an r value of −0.586. The inclusion of pH along with EDTA or DTPA extractable Zn gave R2 values of 0.745 and 0.759, respectively. For a given level of extractable Zn, the Zn content of corn increased with decreasing pH. The most significant finding of this study is the effect of pH on the use of EDTA or DTPA as a measure of available Zn. If these extractants are to be used for soils with pH values below 7.0, the pH must be included to obtain a satisfactory measure of available Zn.The concentration of Cu and Mn in the corn was not closely related to the amount extracted by EDTA or DTPA. It was concluded that these extractants were not suitable for measurement of available Cu and Mn in the soils used in this study.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilization and Other Factors on Yield, Prussic Acid, Nitrate, and Total Nitrogen Concentrations of Sudangarss Cultivars1
Authors: Harms C. L. , Tucker Billy B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHerbage yields, total N, prussic acid, and nitrate‐N concentration of seven sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf] forages treated with five levels of N (O, 22, 44, 88, and 176 kg/ha applied at seeding and after the first and the second clippings) were determined from a field experiment. The sudangrass cultivars represented included: sudangrass varieties (‘Piper’ and ‘Sweet’), sudangrass‐sudangrass hybrid (‘Trudan I’), forage sorghumsudangrass hybrids (‘Sweet Sioux’ and ‘Haygrazer’), and grain sorghum‐sudangrass hybrids (‘DeKalb SX‐11’ and ‘Horizon SP‐110’).Yield increases from N applications were nonsignificant for the first clipping but increased with increasing N increments through the 88 kg N/ha for'clippings 2 and 3. Nitrogen fertilization increased total N, prussic acid, and nitrate concentration at each clipping. The Sudangrass varieties (Sweet and Piper) and sudangrass hybrid (Trudan I) were the highest in total N percentage. Haygrazer and Horizon SP‐110 generally contained the lowest N percentage.
Effect of Corn Stover on Phosphorus in Run‐off From Nontilled Soil1
Authors: Ketcheson J. W. , Onderdonk J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCultural practices can modify losses of soil and nutrients from cropland, but little quantitative information is available on the extent. In this study the effect of stover on soil and phosphorus (P) removal was determined for a well‐drained till soil (Guelph loam) with 7% slope. Corn (Zea mays L.) was planted without tillage after 32P‐tagged P fertilizer was applied broadcast and covered with a corn stover mulch in one treatment or left bare in a second treatment. Run‐off was collected and analysed from one simulated and from two natural rainfall events.Stover reduced soil P in run‐off by 65% and fertilizer P by 97%. These reductions were achieved by a decrease in total run‐off and by a decrease in the concentration of suspended soil in it. Of the 29 kg of fertilizer P applied per ha, 3.85 kg (13%) and 0.13 kg (<1%) were removed over all run‐off events from the no stover and stover treatments, respectively. This corresponded to 8.5 and 1.3%, respectively, of the total P removal, which varied from 45 kg/ha without stover to 10 kg/ha with stover. The liquid fraction of the run‐off carried the least amounts of either soil or fertilizer P. Proportionately more fertilizer P was found in the coarse (>50μ) soil than in the fine fraction (<50μ), whereas proportionately more soil P was found in the latter than in the former, suggesting that fertilizer P is preferentially associated with the coarse fraction.
Interaction of Selected Pesticides and Rhizobium japonicum in Pure Culture and Under Field Conditions1
Authors: Kapusta George , Rouwenhorts D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations were conducted to determine the influence of selected pesticides on the growth of Rhizobium japonicum Kirch. Buch. in pure culture and in soil. In addition, nodulation and seed yield of inoculated soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cultivar ‘Wayne’] were studied under field conditions.Commercial formulations of 24 pesticides were screened for bacteriostatic activity on rhizobia using a gradient plate technique. Isopropyl m‐chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) and o,o‐diethyl‐s‐[2‐(ethylthio)‐ethyl] phosphorodithioate (disulfoton) were the only pesticides that inhibited growth. In addition to these pesticides, 4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐N, N‐dipropylaniline (nitralin) and 1‐napthyl N‐methylcarbamate (carbaryl) were selected for further study to substantiate the laboratory results.Six U. S. Department of Agriculture rhizobia strains were cultured in pesticide‐amended medium 79 and subsequent growth was determined turbidimetrically. Nitralin exhibited little effect on the rhizobia, whereas chlorprophram, disulfoton, and carbaryl evoked a differential strain response.Most probable number determinations of pesticidetreated soil samples indicated that naturalized soil populations of R. japonicum remained unaltered four weeks after pesticide application. Recommended rates of the pesticides studied did not influence soybean nodulation or seed yield.
‘Kenwell’ vs ‘Kentucky 31’ Tall Fescue under Grazing1
Authors: Carlson G. E. , Bond James , Hart R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferences in palatability, as measured in short‐term cafeteria grazing trials, are not always reflected in animal performance under season‐long grazing. ‘Kenwell’ tall fescue, selected for greater palatability, and ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue were grazed with yearling beef steers for 4 years. Mean stocking rate, average daily gain, and gain per hectare were all lower on Kenwell. Forage availability was the same on both varieties in 3 years, and higher on Kenwell in 1 year.
Leaf Number and Maturity in Hybrid Corn1
Authors: Allen James R. , McKee Guy W. , McGahen Joseph H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo field and two greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the effects of environmental factors and genotype on leaf number in hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) and the relationship of leaf number to maturity. Data were secured on leaf number, leaf area, plant height, and the time required from planting to either silking or tasseling, depending upon the experiment. For 126 commercial hybrids grown in four counties in 1968, leaf number was significantly correlated with plant height, silking date and moisture at harvest. For the same hybrid, leaf number was only slightly (generally one leaf or less) if at all affected by seed source and growing conditions, either locations in the same year or between years. In this experiment, hybrids were grouped by reputed maturity and grown in a location appropriate to their maturity. Results were similar in 1969 when 95 of the 126 hybrids were grown at one location. Under greenhouse conditions, where temperatures were comparable and soil fertility, water stress, and pests controlled, days to tassel in 16 hybrids and leaf number were significantly correlated with maturity rating and with accumulated solar radiation. When grown during two seasons, spring and summer, a hybrid required approximately the same number of langleys of solar and sky radiation from planting to tasseling even though mean elapsed days varied significantly between seasons, for the 16 hybrids a mean of 64.6 days versus 48.8 days, respectively. Based upon the results of this experiment and reports of other researchers, it is suggested that leaf number could be a characteristic of potential use in rating corn hybrids for maturity.
Crop Responses to No‐till Management Practices on Hilly Terrain1
Authors: Bennett O. L. , Mathias E. L. , Lundberg P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManagement practices are needed that will permit economic crop production in hilly terrain without excessive soil and water losses. Field studies were conducted over a 3‐year period to determine the effects of two rates of atrazine on yield of corn (Zea mays L.) sod planted in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) for 2 years and to determine the residual effect of atrazine on germination and growth of 16 agricultural plant species the third year. Atrazine at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha was applied at planting time for sod‐planted corn and compared with two different methods of growing corn using conventional tillage. Regrowth of orchardgrass in sod‐planted treatments was measured following harvest of corn. Temperature and soil water measurements were made in sodplanted and conventionally‐tilled corn over a 2‐year period. Silage and grain yields were significantly higher from sod‐planted corn than from conventionally tilled corn. No soil losses were noted in areas where corn was sod‐planted as compared to heavy losses in conventionally‐tilled corn. Soil temperatures in no‐till corn averaged about 10 C less than under conventional tillage methods, with significantly higher amounts of available soil water present in no‐till plots than in conventionally‐tilled plots throughout the growing season. Residual studies with 16 different plant species indicated very little detrimental effect from residual atrazine after 2 years of application. Growth of many plant species was significantly higher following application of atrazine.
Photomicrographic Record of Light Reflected at 850 Nanometers by Cellular Constituents of Zebrina Leaf Epidermis1
Authors: Gausman Harold W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLight reflected at the 850‐nm wavelength by cellular constituents of living Zebrina leaf epidermal cells was measured with a microspectrophotometer assembly to ascertain if discontinuities other than cell wall‐air interfaces in plant leaves contribute to infrared light reflectance. Results showed that cellular membranes and middle lamellae reflected more light than the surrounding protoplasm and cell walls, respectively. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that refractive index discontinuities other than cell wall‐air interfaces also reflect near‐infrared light.