bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light-induced degradation in compensated p- and n-type Czochralski silicon wafers
Authors: Geilker Juliane , Kwapil Wolfram , Rein Stefan 
Published: March 2011

Light-induced degradation (LID) due to boron-oxygen complex formation seriously diminishes the minority carrier lifetime of p-type Czochralski-grown (Cz) wafers. Depending linearly on the boron concentration NA in uncompensated silicon, the boron-oxygen defect density was suggested to depend on the net doping concentration p0 = NA − ND in compensated p-type samples, containing similar amounts of boron and phosphorus [D. Macdonald, F. Rougieux, A. Cuevas, et al., Journal of Applied Physics 105, 093704 (2009)]. However, this dependency contradicts observations of LID in compensated n-type silicon wafers [T. Schutz-Kuchly, J. Veirman, S. Dubois, et al., Applied Physics Letters 96, 1 (2010)], which are confirmed in this study by investigating the boron-oxygen complex formation on a large variety of compensated p- and n-type samples. In spite of their high boron content, compensated n-type samples may show a less pronounced LID than p-type samples containing less boron. Our experiments indicate that in compensated silicon, the defect concentration is only a function of the compensation ratio RC = (NA + ND)/(NA – ND).
Characterization study of an intensified complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor active pixel sensor
Authors: Griffiths J. A. , Chen D. , Turchetta R. , Royle G. J. 
Published: March 2011

An intensified CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) has been constructed for operation in low-light-level applications: a high-gain, fast-light decay image intensifier has been coupled via a fiber optic stud to a prototype “VANILLA” APS, developed by the UK based MI3 consortium. The sensor is capable of high frame rates and sparse readout. This paper presents a study of the performance parameters of the intensified VANILLA APS system over a range of image intensifier gain levels when uniformly illuminated with 520 nm green light. Mean–variance analysis shows the APS saturating around 3050 Digital Units (DU), with the maximum variance increasing with increasing image intensifier gain. The system's quantum efficiency varies in an exponential manner from 260 at an intensifier gain of 7.45 × 103 to 1.6 at a gain of 3.93 × 101. The usable dynamic range of the system is 60 dB for intensifier gains below 1.8 × 103, dropping to around 40 dB at high gains. The conclusion is that the system shows suitability for the desired application.
New host for carbon in the deep Earth
Authors: Boulard Eglantine , Gloter Alexandre , Corgne Alexandre , Antonangeli Daniele , Auzende Anne-Line , Perrillat Jean-Philippe , Guyot François , Fiquet Guillaume 
Published: March 2011

The global geochemical carbon cycle involves exchanges between the Earth’s interior and the surface. Carbon is recycled into the mantle via subduction mainly as carbonates and is released to the atmosphere via volcanism mostly as CO
2
. The stability of carbonates versus decarbonation and melting is therefore of great interest for understanding the global carbon cycle. For all these reasons, the thermodynamic properties and phase diagrams of these minerals are needed up to core mantle boundary conditions. However, the nature of C-bearing minerals at these conditions remains unclear. Here we show the existence of a new Mg-Fe carbon-bearing compound at depths greater than 1,800 km. Its structure, based on three-membered rings of corner-sharing (CO
4
)
4-
tetrahedra, is in close agreement with predictions by first principles quantum calculations [Oganov AR, et al. (2008) Novel high-pressure structures of MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
and CO
2
and their role in Earth’s lower mantle.
Earth Planet Sci Lett
273:38–47]. This high-pressure polymorph of carbonates concentrates a large amount of Fe
(III)
as a result of intracrystalline reaction between Fe
(II)
and (CO
3
)
2-
groups schematically written as 4FeO + CO
2
→ 2Fe
2
O
3
+ C. This results in an assemblage of the new high-pressure phase, magnetite and nanodiamonds.
Quantum automorphisms of twisted group algebras and free hypergeometric laws
Authors: Banica Teodor , Bichon Julien , Curran Stephen 
Published: March 2011

We prove that we have an isomorphism of type

A

a
u
t

(

C

σ

[
G
]
)
≃

A

a
u
t

(

C

[
G
]

)
σ

A_{aut}(\mathbb C_\sigma [G])\simeq A_{aut}(\mathbb C[G])^\sigma

, for any finite group

G
G

, and any

2
2

-cocycle

σ
\sigma

on

G
G

. In the particular case

G
=

Z

n
2

G=\mathbb Z_n^2

, this leads to a Haar measure-preserving identification between the subalgebra of

A
o

(
n
)

A_o(n)

generated by the variables

u

i
j

2

u_{ij}^2

and the subalgebra of

A
s

(

n
2

)

A_s(n^2)

generated by the variables

X

i
j

=

∑

a
,
b
=
1

n

p

i
a
,
j
b

X_{ij}=\sum _{a,b=1}^np_{ia,jb}

. Since

u

i
j

u_{ij}

is “free hyperspherical” and

X

i
j

X_{ij}

is “free hypergeometric”, we obtain in this way a new free probability formula, which at

n
=
∞

n=\infty

corresponds to the well-known relation between the semicircle law and the free Poisson law.
Climate forcing and the California Current ecosystem
Authors: King Jacquelynne R. , Agostini Vera N. , Harvey Christopher J. , McFarlane Gordon A. , Foreman Michael G. G. , Overland James E. , Di Lorenzo Emanuele , Bond Nicholas A. , Aydin Kerim Y. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
King, J. R., Agostini, V. N., Harvey, C. J., McFarlane, G. A., Foreman, M. G. G., Overland, J. E., Di Lorenzo, E., Bond, N. A., and Aydin, K. Y. 2011. Climate forcing and the California Current ecosystem. –ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1199–1216. The Climate Forcing and Marine Ecosystem (CFAME) Task Team of the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) was formed to address climate forcing impacts on ecosystem structure and productivity of marine species. For the California Current system, the Task Team described the physical processes, built an overview of species across trophic levels, and described how the population dynamics of these species have changed over time. Based on the synthesis work, conceptual models were developed describing the potential pathways linking climate forcing, oceanography, and species' responses. The resultant empirical data scenarios draw on ecosystem histories to provide a synopsis of expected change given global climate change. The multidisciplinary team faced challenges and limitations in their attempt to draw connections between the outputs from global climate models (GCMs), the physical processes, and the subsequent impacts on species via the identified pathways. To some degree, there was a mismatch of variables that fishery scientists identified as important in determining species' response to climate and physical forcing and the variables that current GCMs can now resolve at the regional level. These gaps will be important for researchers to consider as they begin to develop higher-resolution climate and regional oceanographic models for forecasting changes in species' productivity.
C‐Glycosylflavone and Lignan Diglucoside Contents of Commercial, Regular, and Whole‐Wheat Spaghetti
Authors: Hirawan Rhanissa , Beta Trust 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTConsumption of whole‐wheat products, including whole‐wheat spaghetti, is associated with beneficial health effects. Flavonoids and lignans are antioxidant phytochemicals that have received much attention from researchers. Investigations were conducted on the content of flavonoid glycosides, lignan diglucoside, and secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) as contributors to the health‐promoting properties of whole‐wheat spaghetti. Flavonoid glycosides present in regular and whole‐wheat spaghetti samples were identified as 6‐C‐glucosyl‐8‐C‐arabinosyl apigenin and the sinapic acid ester of apigenin‐C‐diglycoside while, in a previous study, the sinapic acid ester of apigenin‐C‐diglycoside was found only in wheat germ tissues. The content of these compounds was significantly higher in whole‐wheat spaghetti (17.0 and 15.1 μg of apigenin equivalent/g) compared to the regular brands (9.5 and 5.8 μg apigenin equivalent/g). SDG content was also significantly higher in whole‐wheat spaghetti (41.8 μg/g) compared to the regular brands (12.9 μg/g). These findings lend further support to the notion that phenolic compounds, along with dietary fiber, are concentrated in the bran layers of the wheat kernel; hence, consumption of whole grain products is strongly recommended to obtain significant levels of health‐promoting phytochemicals.
Vigilance and grouping in the southern African ground squirrel (Xerus inauris)
Authors: Edwards Sarah , Waterman Jane M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAnimals may form groups in response to the foraging–vigilance trade‐off, through enhanced predator detection (collective detection hypothesis) or reduced predation risk to the individual (dilution hypothesis), allowing individuals to decrease vigilance levels. Both hypotheses predict decreasing individual vigilance levels with increasing group size; however, the collective detection hypothesis also predicts increasing overall group vigilance with increasing group size. However, in species in which vigilance and foraging are not mutually exclusive, where vigilance may not be as costly, neither of these hypotheses may apply. Here, we examine the relationship between group size and vigilance in the social Cape ground squirrel (Xerus inauris), a species that can combine foraging and vigilance behaviours. Ten groups were observed using scan sampling, measuring both group and individual vigilance and group size. A negative relationship existed between individual vigilance and group size and a positive relationship between group vigilance and group size. Therefore, in Cape ground squirrels, vigilance seems to be costly even though it can be combined with foraging behaviours. Furthermore, group vigilance behaviour gives support to the collective detection hypothesis, whilst individual vigilance gives support to both hypotheses.
Can diabetes management be safely transferred to practice nurses in a primary care setting? A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Houweling Sebastiaan T , Kleefstra Nanne , van Hateren Kornelis JJ , Groenier Klaas H , Meyboom‐de Jong Betty , Bilo Henk JG 
Published: March 2011

Aims and objectives.  To determine whether the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a primary care setting can be safely transferred to practice nurses.Background.  Because of the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the burden of caring for individual patients, the demand type 2 diabetes mellitus patients place on primary health care resources has become overwhelming.Design.  Randomised controlled trial.Methods.  The patients in the intervention group were cared for by practice nurses who treated glucose levels, blood pressure and lipid profile according to a specified protocol. The control group received conventional care from a general practitioner. The primary outcome measure was the mean decrease seen in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels at the end of the follow‐up period (14 months).Results.  A total of 230 patients was randomised with 206 completing the study. The between‐group differences with respect to reduction in HbA1c, blood pressure and lipid profile were not significant. Blood pressure decreased significantly in both groups; 7·4/3·2 mm Hg in the intervention group and 5·6/1·0 mm Hg in the control group. In both groups, more patients met the target values goals for lipid profile compared to baseline. In the intervention group, there was some deterioration in the health‐related quality of life and an increase in diabetes‐related symptoms. Patients being treated by a practice nurse were more satisfied with their treatment than those being treated by a general practitioner.Conclusion.  Practice nurses achieved results, which were comparable to those achieved by a general practitioner with respect to clinical parameters with better patient satisfaction.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study shows that diabetes management in primary care can be safely transferred to practice nurses.
Use of a Web‐based clinical decision support system to improve abdominal aortic aneurysm screening in a primary care practice
Authors: Chaudhry Rajeev , Tulledge‐Scheitel Sidna M. , Parks Doug A. , Angstman Kurt B. , Decker Lindsay K. , Stroebel Robert J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends a one‐time screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) with ultrasonography for men aged 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked. However, despite a mortality rate of up to 80% for ruptured AAAs, providers order the screening for a minority of patients. We sought to determine the effect of a Web‐based point‐of‐care clinical decision support system on AAA screening rates in a primary care practice.Methods  We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of male patients aged 65 to 75 years who were seen at any of our practice sites in 2007 and 2008, before and after implementation of the clinical decision support system.Results  Overall screening rates were 31.36% in 2007 and 44.09% in 2008 (P‐value: <0.001). Of patients who had not had AAA screening prior to the visit, 3.22% completed the screening after the visit in 2007, compared with 18.24% in 2008 when the clinical support system was implemented, 5.36 times improvement (P‐value: <0.001).Conclusions  A Web‐based clinical decision support for primary care physicians significantly improved delivery of AAA screening of eligible patients. Carefully developed clinical decision support systems can optimize care delivery, ensuring that important preventive services are delivered to eligible patients.
Association Between HLA‐E *0101 Homozygosity and Recurrent Miscarriage in Egyptian Women
Authors: Mosaad Y. M. , Abdel‐Dayem Y. , El‐Deek B. S. , El‐Sherbini S. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe objective was to investigate the frequency of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐E alleles in Egyptian women with and without recurrent miscarriage (RM) to evaluate their role on the maintenance of pregnancy. A case–control study was adopted. HLA‐E gene polymorphism typing was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism for 108 women with RM and 120 fertile female controls. The frequency of HLA‐E *0101 allele was higher in patients with RM and HLA‐E*0103 allele was higher in fertile controls, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.003, Pc = 0.006). HLA‐E*0101/0101 genotype was the most frequent genotype in patients (45.4%), followed by HLA‐E*0101/0103 (44.4%) and finally HLA‐E*0103/0103 genotype (10.2%). The difference in the frequency of HLA‐E*0101/0101 homozygous genotype in patients with RM compared with that in the fertile controls was statistically significant (OR =2.02, 95% CI = 1.13–3.62, P = 0.011, Pc = 0.033). We found an increased frequency of homozygosity for HLA‐E*0101 in Egyptian women with RM. HLA‐E*0101 homozygosity may thus be a risk factor for RM.
Truncation of the mRNA Cap‐Binding Protein eIF4E is Specific for the Non‐Invasive Implantation in Pigs
Authors: Wollenhaupt K , Reinke K , Brüssow K‐P , Spitschak M , Kanitz W , Tomek W 
Published: March 2011

ContentsThe mechanism of implantation is species specific (pig: epitheliochorial, bovine: synepitheliochorial, mouse: hemochorial). Recently, we have shown that proteolytical cleavage of the prototypical 25 kDa mRNA cap‐binding protein eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) produces a stable variant with a molecular mass of approximately 23 kDa in porcine endometrium at the time of implantation. Here, we investigate if an eIF4E truncation also takes place in the endometrium of species with other implantation forms. Thus, eIF4E and its repressor protein 4E‐BP1 were investigated in porcine, murine and bovine endometrium during the time of implantation. Our results show that eIF4E truncation is specific for the porcine implantation. In bovine and mouse uterine tissue, no cleavage of eIF4E was observed. Whereas no difference of bovine 4E‐BP1 was found, in murine samples, increased phosphorylation during implantation was observed. However, porcine samples exhibit an opposite behaviour, the abundance and mainly the phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 decrease. We propose that the translation initiation in the endometrium is differently regulated by the two eIF4E forms with regard to different 4E‐BP1 abundance and phosphorylation as well as different eIF4E/4E‐BP1 binding dynamic depending on the type of implantation.
N‐Acetylcysteine modulates acute lung injury induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in rats
Authors: Xu Jin‐Fu , Qu Jie‐Ming , Li Hui‐Ping 
Published: March 2011

Summary1. In critically ill patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa‐induced pneumonia and the lung injury associated with infection are major causes of mortality. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective properties of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) in rats infected with P. aeruginosa and the role of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) protein in this process.2. Pneumonia was induced in rats by infecting them with P. aeruginosa intratracheally. One group of rats was treated with NAC (150 mg/kg per day, i.p., for 7 days). An untreated group served as the control. Samples were collected both before (0 h) and after infection (24 h). Bacterial loads in lung tissue, the lung wet : dry (W/D) ratio and pulmonary vascular permeability were assessed. Total cell and polymorphonuclear leucocyte cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were determined. The expression of inducible (i) NOS and endothelial (e) NOS protein was analysed and correlated with indices of lung injury using Pearson’s correlation analysis.3. Bacterial load, lung injury indices and NOS expression increased after infection. Pretreatment with NAC mitigated lung injury although it did not significantly change bacterial loads. Furthermore, NAC treatment increased eNOS protein expression, but decreased iNOS expression, in lung tissues after infection. The expression of iNOS protein was positively correlated with indices of lung injury, whereas there was a negative correlation between eNOS expression and lung injury indices.4. N‐Acetylcysteine modulated P. aeruginosa‐induced lung injury in rats. The results suggest that this effect maybe due to regulation of iNOS and eNOS protein expression by NAC.
Management of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia: Is a new radiometer applicable for all wavelengths and light source types?
Authors: Kuboi Toru , Kusaka Takashi , Yasuda Saneyuki , Okubo Kensuke , Isobe Kenichi , Itoh Susumu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate the clinical effects of phototherapy for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, it is necessary to measure the rate of cyclobilirubin production, which represents the main photochemical pathway of bilirubin metabolism. Since the Atom Phototherapy Analyzer can be used to calculate the theoretical relative light energy of irradiance as a means of assessing the cyclobilirubin production rate for each wavelength spectrum, the clinical effect of phototherapy can be evaluated regardless of the light source type. Using the Atom Phototherapy Analyzer, the correlation between the irradiance of various light sources with different peak wavelengths and the rate of cyclobilirubin production was investigated in vitro. We also investigated the utility of green LED in vitro.Methods:  A bilirubin‐albumin complex solution was prepared, poured into tubes, and irradiated using various light sources. All light sources used were bed‐type phototherapy devices; that is, green and blue LED and green and blue fluorescence tubes. The concentrations of photoisomers were measured after irradiation and compared with the irradiance of the light sources.Results:  The irradiance measured by the Atom Phototherapy Analyzer decreased in the following order: blue fluorescence tube > green LED > blue LED > green fluorescence tube. The cyclobilirubin production rates and irradiance values of the light sources were significantly positively correlated (R2= 0.93, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Our data indicate that the Atom Phototherapy Analyzer can be used to objectively evaluate the effects of phototherapy using various light sources. Further, the effects of green LED were similar to those of other light sources in vitro.
Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in pediatric cardiac anesthesia
Authors: Wong Grace L. S. , Morton Neil S. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryAlthough inhalational anesthesia with moderate‐ to high‐dose opioid analgesia has been the mainstay of pediatric cardiac anesthesia, the availability of new short‐acting drugs, new concepts in pharmacokinetic modeling and computer technology, and advances in surgery and perfusion have made total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) an attractive option. In this article, we review some of the TIVA techniques used in pediatric cardiac anesthesia.
Lessons from CCAMLR on the implementation of the ecosystem approach to managing fisheries
Authors: Constable Andrew J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) is widely recognized as a leading international organization in developing best practice in the ecosystem approach to managing fisheries. CCAMLR provides a useful case study for examining the impediments to implementing ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) because it has EBFM principles embedded within its convention rather than having to make a transition from single‐species management to an ecosystem approach. CCAMLR is demonstrating that (i) EBFM does not need to equate to complexity in management and (ii) methods can be developed to decide on spatial management strategies for fisheries so that predators of target species are not disproportionately affected as a result of spatial and/or temporal dependencies of predators on their prey. Science has an important role in implementing EBFM, not only in measuring and assessing the status of target species and their predators but also in designing cost‐effective management strategies and in resolving disputes. Importantly, attention needs to be given to developing the capability and tools to overcome differences amongst scientists in providing advice to managers. The CCAMLR experience suggests that, without adequate safeguards, voluntary participation by fishing States in CCAMLR and its consensus environment do not provide strong foundations for achieving, in the long term, the ecosystem‐based principles for managing fisheries when there is any degree of scientific uncertainty. Some solutions to these issues are discussed. Overall, broader‐than‐CCAMLR solutions amongst the international community as well as the continued commitment of CCAMLR Members will be required to resolve these issues.