bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of low‐level laser therapy in a rat model of intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Kirkby Kristin A. , Freeman David E. , Morton Allison J. , Ellison Gary W. , Alleman Arthur R. , Borsa Paul A. , Reinhard Mary K. , Robertson Sheilah A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of low‐level laser therapy applied to the serosal surface of the rat jejunum following ischemia and reperfusion.Materials and MethodsNinety‐six male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to 15 groups and anesthetized. Small intestinal ischemia was induced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes. A laser diode (70 mW, 650 nm) was applied to the serosal surface of the jejunum at a dose of 0.5 J/cm2either immediately before or following initiation of reperfusion. Animals were maintained under anesthesia and sacrificed at 0, 1, and 6 hours following reperfusion. Intestinal, lung, and liver samples were evaluated histologically.ResultsIntestinal injury was significantly worse (P < 0.0001) in animals treated with laser and no ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) compared to sham. Intestinal injury was significantly worse in animals that underwent IRI and laser treatment at all time points compared to sham (P < 0.001). In animals that underwent IRI, those treated with laser had significantly worse intestinal injury compared to those that did not have laser treatment at 0 (P = 0.0104) and 1 (P = 0.0015) hour of reperfusion. After 6 hours of reperfusion there was no significant difference in injury between these two groups. Lung injury was significantly decreased following IRI in laser‐treatment groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionsAt the dose and parameters used, low‐level laser did not protect against intestinal IRI in the acute phase of injury. However, laser did provide protection against distant organ injury. Failure to observe a therapeutic response in the intestine may be due to inappropriate dosing parameters. Furthermore, the model was designed to detect the histologic response within the first 6 hours of injury, whereas the beneficial effects of laser, if they occur, may not be observed until the later phases of healing. The finding of secondary organ protection is important, as lung injury following IRI is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 580–587, 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modification of Polycarbonate and Glycol Modified Poly(ethylene terephthalate) by Addition of Silica‐Nanoparticles Grafted with SAN Copolymer Using “Classical” and ARGET ATRP
Authors: Haase Andreas , Hesse Pascal , Brommer Lars , Jacobs Olaf , Abetz Clarissa , Handge Ulrich A. , Boschetti‐de‐Fierro Adriana , Abetz Volker 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study presents a nanocomposite manufacturing route starting from non‐functionalized nanosilica and SAN surface modification via “grafting from” ATRP up to processing of transparent polycarbonate and glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites. Synthesis limitations of low molecular weight graft SAN derived from “classical” ATRP are overcome by employment of the emerging ARGET ATRP. Mechanical investigations of polycarbonate and glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites present up to 80% enhancement of creep performance and additionally 70% enhancement against wear abrasion for glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites. Strength and tensile modulus are only moderately influenced by the addition of nanoparticles. Morphological studies confirm that the present modification route is able to create uniform dispersions of single particles and small particle aggregates in polymer matrices. magnified image
UV‐Cured Acrylic Conductive Inks for Microelectronic Devices
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Chiolerio Alessandro , Marti Giulio , Martino Paola 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUV‐curable inks based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) matrix and containing a dispersion of aqueous Ag nanoparticles in different amounts from 10 to 50% are prepared for the fabrication of inkjet printed resistors. The composition is adapted to the inkjet requirements in terms of viscosity, surface tension, and particle size. The gel content, glass transition temperature, conversion, UV‐Vis absorption, morphology, and DC electrical properties of the materials are characterized. It is found that the NPs dispersed in the polymeric matrix realize a percolating path by aligning themselves in chains, which results in a reduction of the percolation threshold. Thus, resistivity is well beyond the dissipative range. magnified image
The Importance of Crosslinking and Glass Transition Temperature for the Mechanical Strength of Nanofibers Obtained by Green Electrospinning
Authors: Giebel Elisabeth , Getze Julia , Röcker Thorsten , Greiner Andreas 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCrosslinked particles containing butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and allyl methacrylate are prepared by free‐radical emulsion polymerization. The glass transition temperatures of the polymers are varied by the crosslinking densities in the latex particles. Aqueous acrylate dispersions with polymers of different glass transition temperatures are electrospun with PVA as the matrix polymer. The effects of crosslinking density and Tg on the structure and mechanical properties of the fibers are studied. Crosslinking of unreacted allyl groups is induced by UV irradiation to stabilize the fibers by interparticle crosslinking. Both the ability to undergo interparticle crosslinking and the E modulus depend on the merging of the particles during the electrospinning process. magnified image
Open Drug Discovery Teams: A Chemistry Mobile App for Collaboration
Authors: Ekins Sean , Clark Alex M. , Williams Antony J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Open Drug Discovery Teams (ODDT) project provides a mobile app primarily intended as a research topic aggregator of predominantly open science data collected from various sources on the internet. It exists to facilitate interdisciplinary teamwork and to relieve the user from data overload, delivering access to information that is highly relevant and focused on their topic areas of interest. Research topics include areas of chemistry and adjacent molecule‐oriented biomedical sciences, with an emphasis on those which are most amenable to open research at present. These include rare and neglected diseases, and precompetitive and public‐good initiatives such as green chemistry. The ODDT project uses a free mobile app as user entry point. The app has a magazine‐like interface, and server‐side infrastructure for hosting chemistry‐related data as well as value added services. The project is open to participation from anyone and provides the ability for users to make annotations and assertions, thereby contributing to the collective value of the data to the engaged community. Much of the content is derived from public sources, but the platform is also amenable to commercial data input. The technology could also be readily used in‐house by organizations as a research aggregator that could integrate internal and external science and discussion. The infrastructure for the app is currently based upon the Twitter API as a useful proof of concept for a real time source of publicly generated content. This could be extended further by accessing other APIs providing news and data feeds of relevance to a particular area of interest. As the project evolves, social networking features will be developed for organizing participants into teams, with various forms of communication and content management possible.
Quantitative chemical exchange sensitive MRI using irradiation with toggling inversion preparation
Authors: Jin Tao , Kim Seong‐Gi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractChemical exchange (CE) sensitive MRI contrast acquired with an off‐resonance irradiation pulse is affected by other relaxation mechanisms, such as longitudinal and transverse relaxations. In particular, for intermediate CEs, the effect of transverse relaxation often dominates CE contrast. Since water relaxation rates can change significantly in many pathological conditions or during physiological challenge, it is crucial to separate these relaxation effects in order to obtain pure CE contrast. Here we proposed a novel acquisition scheme in which a toggling inversion pulse is applied prior to the off‐resonance irradiation. By combined acquisition of irradiation images with and without an inversion pulse at both the labile proton frequency and the reference frequency, longitudinal and transverse relaxation contributions are cancelled, and the quantification of CE parameters, such as the exchange rate and the labile proton concentration, can be simplified. Furthermore, the CE‐mediated relaxation rate can be readily determined with a relatively short irradiation pulse and without approaching the steady state, therefore, reducing the limitations on hardware and specific absorption rate requirements. The signal characteristics of the proposed method are evaluated by numerical simulations and phantom experiments. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discrete element modeling of tool‐rock interaction I: rock cutting
Authors: Huang H. , Lecampion B. , Detournay E. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYTool‐rock interaction processes can be classified as indentation or cutting depending on the direction of motion of the tool with respect to the rock surface. The modes of failure induced in the rock by an indenting or a cutting tool can be ductile and/or brittle. The ductile mode is associated with the development of a damage zone, whereas the brittle mode involves the growth of macrocracks. This is the first part of a series of two papers concerned with an analysis of the cutting and the indentation processes based on using the discrete element method. In this paper, numerical simulations of the cutting process are conducted to reproduce the transition from a ductile to a brittle failure mode with increasing depth of cut, which is observed in experiments. The numerical results provide evidence that the critical depth of cut d *  controlling the failure mode transition is related to the characteristic length ℓ = (KIc ∕ σc)2 with KIc denoting the material toughness and σc its unconfined compressive strength. The nature of frictional contact between the cutter face and the rock in the ductile failure mode is also examined. It is shown that the inclination of the total cutting force is controlled by a multi‐directional flow mechanism ahead of the cutter that is related to the formation of a wedge of failed material, intermittently adhering to the cutter. As a result, the inclination of the total cutting force varies with the rake angle of the cutter and cannot be considered an intrinsic measure of the interfacial friction between the cutter and the rock. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of maleic anhydride grafting on nanokaolinclay reinforced polystyrene/high density polyethylene blends
Authors: George Tresa Sunitha , Krishnan Asha , Joseph Newly , Anjana R. , George K.E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNanofillers have revolutionized the field of polymer modification. Modification of polymer blends with nanofillers opens up a myriad of opportunities to develop materials of choice. Polystyrene (PS) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) are two widely used standard plastics. To generate high modulus and strength a PS rich blend of PS/HDPE (80/20) was selected and the blend was modified using low cost nanokaolin clay, a 1:1 alumina silicate. The effect of maleic anhydride grafted PS/PE as compatibilizer in this system was studied. The incorporation of the compatibilizer improves the mechanical properties. This can be correlated with better interfacial adhesion as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. The optimum in these properties was obtained at a compatibilizer concentration of 10–15%. The composites were characterized byX‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetric, and dynamic mechanical analyzer techniques. This study shows that kaolin can be used as potential modifier of PS/HDPE blend. POLYM. COMPOS. 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
The tensile behavior of off‐axis loaded plant fiber composites: An insight on the nonlinear stress–strain response
Authors: Shah Darshil U. , Schubel Peter J. , Clifford Mike J. , Licence Peter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractComposites in load‐bearing applications are often exposed to off‐axis loads. For plant fiber composites (PFCs) to be seriously and readily considered in structural applications, knowledge and reliable prediction of their response to off‐axis loads is critical. This article (i) characterizes the stress–strain response, (ii) investigates the tensile properties, and (iii) analyses the fracture modes, of unidirectional flax‐polyester composites subjected to off‐axis tensile loading. A key finding of this study is that due to the nonlinear stress–strain response of PFCs, the apparent stiffness of the composite reduces by ∼30% in the strain range of 0.05 to 0.25%. In addition, through cyclic tests on the composites, the elastic strain limit is found to be only ∼0.15%. This has major implications on the strain range to be used for the determination of the composite elastic Young's modulus. Consequently, it is proposed that the tensile modulus for PFCs should be measured in the strain range of 0.025 to 0.100%. Through comparison with experimental data, conventional composite micromechanical models are found to be adequate in quantitatively describing the tensile behavior of off‐axis loaded PFCs. The application of such models has also enabled the determination of, otherwise difficult to measure, material properties, such as fiber shear and transverse modulus. Off‐axis loaded PFCs fail by three distinct fracture modes in three different off‐axis ranges; each fracture mode produces a unique fracture surface. POLYM. COMPOS. 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of organosilane coupling agents on microstructure and properties of nanosilica/epoxy composites
Authors: Yu Zhi‐Qiang , You Shu‐Li , Baier Horst 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThree types of silane coupling agents, γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, were used as modifiers to modify the surface of the nanosilica, respectively, and the nanocomposites of the epoxy resin filled with nano‐sized silica modified by three silane coupling agents were prepared by physical blending. The properties of the modified silica nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrum and particle‐size analyzer. The microstructure, mechanical behavior, and heat resistant properties of the nanocomposites were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermo gravimetric analyses, differential thermal gravity, differential scanning calorimetry, and flexural tests. The results showed that these modifiers are combined to the surfaces of nanosilica by the covalent bonds, and they change the surface properties of nanosilica. The different structures of coupling agents have different effects on the dispersibility and stability of modified particles in the epoxy matrix. In comparison, the silica nanoparticles modified by γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane exhibit a good dispersivity. The nanocomposites with 4 wt% weight fraction nanosilica modified by γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane have higher thermal decomposing temperature and glass transition temperature than those of the other two composites with the same nanosilica contents, and they are raised by 43.8 and 8°C relative to the unmodified composites, respectively. The modified silica nanoparticles have good reinforcing and toughening effect on the epoxy matrix. The ultimate flexural strengths of the composites with 4 wt% nanoparticles modified by γ‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, γ‐glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, and γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane are increased by 10, 30, and 8% relative to the unmodified composites, respectively. The flexural fracture surfaces of modified composites present ductile fracture features. POLYM. COMPOS. 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Abnormal increase of glass transition temperature of poly(propylene carbonate) modified with rubber particles
Authors: Wang Xiang , Li Zhuoxin , Cao Xingzhong , Wang Baoyi , Qi Guicun , Zhang Xiaohong , Gao Jianming , Li Binghai , Song Zhihai , Qiao Jinliang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPoly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) modified with CBS‐UFPR rubber particle was used as an example to explore the abnormal increase of glass transition temperature (Tg) of thermoplastics modified with rubber particle. TEM and AFM results showed that CBS‐UFPR was dispersed well in PPC with diameter of about 100 nm. The concentration and size of free‐volume in blends were measured by PALS, which indicated the existence of interfacial interaction between PPC and CBS‐UFRP. A schematic two‐layer model was proposed and the thickness of the interfacial layer was calculated. POLYM. COMPOS. 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Unchanged prevalence of Down syndrome in the Netherlands: results from an 11‐year nationwide birth cohort
Authors: van Gameren‐Oosterom Helma B. M. , Buitendijk S. E. , Bilardo C. M. , van der Pal‐de Bruin Karin M. , Van Wouwe J. P. , Mohangoo A. D. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate trends in prevalence of Down syndrome (DS) births in the Netherlands over an 11‐year period and how they have been affected by maternal age and introduction of prenatal screening.MethodNationwide data of an 11‐year birth cohort (1997–2007) from the Netherlands Perinatal Registry were analyzed. First‐trimester combined screening was introduced in 2002, free of charge only for women 36 years of age or older and only on patients' request. Changes in maternal age, prevalence of DS births, and rates of births at <24 weeks (legal limit for termination of pregnancy in the Netherlands) during the study period were evaluated using logistic and linear regression analyses.ResultsIn total, 1 972 058 births were registered (91% of the births in 1997–2007). Mean prevalence of DS was 14.57 per 10 000 births (95% confidence interval 14.43; 14.73); 85% of DS were live births. No significant trend in overall prevalence of DS births was observed (p = 0.385), in spite of a significant increase of mean maternal age during the same period (p < 0.001). The increased prevalence of DS births at ≥24 weeks among women ≥36 years of age (p = 0.011) was offset by a significant increase in the proportion of DS births at <24 weeks among women aged <36 years (p = 0.013).ConclusionThe proportion of DS births in the Netherlands has not changed during the period 1997–2007. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoidant personality disorder
Authors: Maruta Toshimasa , Kato Masaaki , Matsumoto Chihiro , Iimori Makio 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we discuss avoidant personality disorder and its complexities by presenting a case in which the differential diagnosis was extremely difficult. The presented case concerns a patient, who initially received the diagnosis of ‘Taijin kyofusho’, a diagnosis commonly made in the traditional psychiatry in Japan, and later, his diagnosis was changed to avoidant personality disorder as the DSM‐III gained popularity. His chief complaint was his concern over his odour from his genitourinary organs, which led him to avoid interpersonal relationships. During the course of illness, his concern over his body odour and appearance grew to the extent that he sought surgical treatment, but he managed to succeed in his business. Currently, he is being treated with the medium dose of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in addition to psychotherapy, but his symptoms concerning interpersonal relationships still remain. Many symptoms other than typical ones of avoidant personality disorder were observed, and other psychiatric diagnoses, including delusional disorder, somatization disorder, and body dysmorphic disorder, were considered for differential diagnosis. Although they were ruled out in light of the criteria in the current diagnostic classification, this case illustrates the complex nature of the diagnosis of avoidant personality disorder, and furthermore, of psychiatric diagnoses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward the design of LPEI containing block copolymers: Improved synthesis protocol, selective hydrolysis, and detailed characterization
Authors: Tauhardt Lutz , Kempe Kristian , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline)‐b‐linear poly(ethylenimine) (PEtOx‐b‐LPEI) copolymers by selective basic hydrolysis of PEtOx‐b‐poly(2‐H‐2‐oxazoline) (PEtOx‐b‐PHOx) is described. For this purpose, an easy method for the preparation of the 2‐H‐2‐oxazoline (HOx) monomer was developed. Based on the microwave‐assisted polymerization kinetics for this monomer, PEtOx‐b‐PHOx copolymers were prepared. Subsequently, the block copolymers were selectively hydrolyzed to PEtOx‐b‐LPEI under basic conditions. The success of the polymerizations and subsequent post‐polymerization reactions was demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI‐TOF‐MS investigations of the obtained polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Thermal Regime of a Cold Air Trap in Central Pennsylvania, USA: the Trough Creek Ice Mine
Authors: Edenborn Harry M. , Sams James I. , Kite J. Steven 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTAir temperatures internal and external to a talus cave (‘ice mine’) in central Pennsylvania were measured hourly for three years. Despite its location near the base of a talus slope, the cave demonstrated the thermal characteristics of an apparently static cave, with limited connections to the external environment other than through the cave entrance. Congelation ice that lasted until late spring formed as drip or flowstone and ponded ice from the limited influx of infiltrating water during late winter/early spring. A closed period of thermal stratification and slow warming of cave air was followed by an open period in winter months during which the cave was cooled by the influx of cold dry air. Unlike the occasionally strong and localised cooling induced by the flow of cold air from vents at the base of talus slopes, static cold traps retain their cold air and have little apparent effect on surrounding biota, instead providing potential refugia for organisms that prefer colder temperatures. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.