bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast charge transport of titania nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Li Kang-Le , Xie Zhi-Bin , Adams Stefan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Vertically oriented nanotubular titania arrays with a length of ca. 12 μm were fabricated by anodisation of titanium foils. Rietveld refinements of grazing incidence and wide angle XRD patterns for the annealed nanotube titania array showed that they consist of anatase crystals with a pronounced size anisotropy and a moderate preferred orientation. The energy conversion efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells based on the annealed nanotubular anatase array exceeds 6% under standard AM1.5 100 mW/cm2 irradiance and thus outperforms solar cells based on anatase nanoparticles when comparing analogous back illumination cell designs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was employed to clarify the origin of the improved short circuit current and conversion efficiency. It was found that the effective diffusion length in the nanotube cells reaches >100 μm and no longer limits the onversion efficiency. The faster electron transport can be traced back to the larger crystallite size and the reduced intergrain orientation mismatch in the titania nanotubes.
From magnesium based intermetallics to metal hydrides: structures, properties and reaction pathways
Authors: Kohlmann Holger 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMagnesium based intermetallics may be hydrogenated to the corresponding hydrides, which show a huge variety of compositions, crystal structures, chemical bonding and physical properties. With the late transition metals (groups 7–10) hydridometallate complexes are formed, such as the hydrogen storage material Mg2NiH4. Salt-like hydrides are found for ternary compounds of magnesium with the alkaline, alkaline earth and rare earth metals. Some of these can be synthesized by hydrogenating the analogous intermetallic compounds, involving a metal to semiconductor transition. In contrast to such electron precise compounds, palladium rich intermetallics of magnesium form interstitial hydrides with considerable homogeneity ranges with respect to hydrogen. In MgPd3and related compounds hydrogen induces a rearrangement of the intermetallic structure from one (ZrAl3type) to another (AuCu3type) superstructure of a cubic closest packing of metal atoms.
Neonatal Informatics—Dream of a Paperless NICU: Part Three: Complex Crashes
Authors: Drummond Willa H. 
Published: February 2010

Tracking changes over time is key for clinical decision-making in intensive care units (ICUs). Critical caregivers need fast data from the laboratory and monitoring and treatment machines as well as time-stamped drug and fluids information. Workflow interactions with temporal urgencies complicated by multiple handovers and delays in return of laboratory results and delivery of care products are common in all ICUs. Temporally and physiologically integrating critical clinical information, spotting deteriorating trends, and conveying the information asynchronously to the health-care team in ICUs historically was accomplished by redundant, overlapping human workflow systems. Current computerized information systems for “charting” and “ordering” have fragmented capabilities for recording and managing date/time elements, falling far behind fast-moving events because they require time-consuming typed data entry. These facts contribute to slow recognition of subtly deteriorating patient conditions.
Root cause analysis of problem situations often leads to discovery of the reason(s) for a poor outcome. Problem situations develop progressively from delays in generating and moving information. There is no predictable lull in the action in most critical care units; perinatal emergencies cannot wait for computers.
Human workarounds continue to support ongoing clinical processes, including family visits, despite the information flow chaos that emerges when emergencies occur at change of shift. Expert neonatal clinicians cope by using teamwork-based, multilayered methods. Existing clinical computer systems rarely are capable of supporting multitasking clinicians effectively.
Decision support could assist caregivers in critical care situations with a computer system that “watches” for expected laboratory results via an institutional protocol that differs by care unit, then notifies the correct covering person when the time limit is exceeded. Adequate critical care decision support requires highly robust HISs; fail-over servers; fault-tolerant software architecture designs; and modular, maintainable, standards-based, integrated utility systems (eg, laboratory, pharmacy, radiology, blood bank) that communicate time-stamped information in real-time using “standardized” health-care messaging. An engineering solution is needed, with attention to human factors engineering. The United States health-care computerization effort needs a parallel project to define and develop political and business management systems solutions to ascertain adequate funding for developing, disseminating, implementing, and maintaining airplane quality, real-time hospital information management systems for neonates and other critical patients.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Predicts Outcomes for Children With Nonaccidental Trauma
Authors: Aaen Gregory S. , Holshouser Barbara A. , Sheridan Clare , Colbert Cherie , McKenney Melinda , Kido Daniel , Ashwal Stephen 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE:We evaluated proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) findings for children with traumatic brain injury attributable to nonaccidental trauma (NAT) early after injury, to determine whether brain metabolite changes predicted outcomes.METHODS:Proton MRSI (1.5 T) was performed (mean: 5 days after injury [range: 1–30 days]) through the level of the corpus callosum for 90 children with confirmed NAT. Regional N-acetylaspartate/total creatine, N-acetylaspartate/total choline, and choline/creatine ratios and the presence of lactate were measured. Data on long-term outcomes defined at ≥6 months were collected for 44 of 90 infants. We grouped patients into good (normal, mild disability, or moderate disability; n = 32) and poor (severe disability, vegetative state, or dead; n = 12) outcome groups.RESULTS:We found that N-acetylaspartate/creatine and N-acetylaspartate/choline ratios (mean total, corpus callosum, and frontal white matter) were significantly decreased in patients with poor outcomes (P &lt; .001). A logistic regression model using age, initial Glasgow Coma Scale score, presence of retinal hemorrhage, lactate on MRSI scans, and mean total N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio predicted outcomes accurately in 100% of cases.CONCLUSIONS:Reduced N-acetylaspartate levels (ie, neuronal loss/dysfunction) and elevated lactate levels (altered energy metabolism) correlated with poor neurologic outcomes for infants with NAT. Elevated lactate levels may reflect primary or secondary hypoxic-ischemic injury, which may occur with NAT. Our data suggest that MRSI performed early after injury can be used for long-term prognosis.
The Political Economy of Texts: A Case Study in the Structuration of Tourism
Authors: Heller Monica , Pujolar Joan 
Published: February 2010

The field of tourism, particularly in linguistic minority contexts, shows how texts are situated within struggles over the legitimization of symbolic and material resources. In order to understand this field, we distance ourselves from some of the prevailing assumptions in discourse analysis, which presents texts and contexts as separate entities for which a certain autonomy can be assumed. We offer instead a view of texts as some among many artifacts produced in communicative practice (and hence in social processes), and which therefore require apprehension as processual, and not as objects. We argue that an ethnographic approach to text production and circulation is central to such forms of analysis. We analyze a sample of texts as embedded in their production by linguistic minority stakeholders in historically situated institutions. We interpret these texts as evidence of discursive and social changes brought about by globalization. We argue that behind texts that formally recall modernizing discourses of language and identity, what we encounter are processes of adjustment towards new economic and political conditions that lead minorities to commodify identity within global markets.
Coronary Artery Disease in an Asymptomatic Population Undergoing a Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) Coronary Angiography
Authors: Zaid Ghassan , Yehudai Dana , Rosenschein Uri , Zeina Abdel-Rauf 
Published: February 2010

Aim:
To assess the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in asymptomatic subjects using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and its relationships to demographic and clinical risk factors.

Material and method:
We enrolled consecutive asymptomatic volunteers with no evidence of ischemic heart disease that underwent MDCT for the early detection of CAD. All MDCT findings were correlated with demographic and risk factors. A total of 2820 coro-nary segments were analyzed in 188 asymptomatic subjects (150 males and 38 females), aged 54.4 ± 7.4 years.

Results:
A total of 128 (68%) demonstrated MDCT findings compatible with CAD; of these 111 (86.7%) had non-significant (diameter stenosis ≤ 50%) and 17 (13.3%) had significant CAD (diameter stenosis ≥ 50%). Compared with older subjects (mean age 56±8 years), younger subjects had a lower prevalence of MDCT findings of CAD 55.5% vs. 12.5%, respectively (P<0.001), regardless of risk factors. Males had more CAD (mostly non-significant) compared with females (109 [72.7%] vs. 19 [50.3%], respectively; P= 0.007). Subjects with ≥ 2 risk factors had a higher prevalence of CAD in general and significant CAD in particular (P<0.001).

Conclusion:
CAD in asymptomatic population seems to be not uncommon. Using MDCT a high prevalence of non-significant and low prevalence of significant CAD was discovered in middle age asymptomatic population.
Alcohol-Related Deaths and Hospitalizations by Race, Gender, and Age in California
Authors: Stahre Mandy , Simon Michele 
Published: February 2010

Introduction:
Excessive alcohol use is the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States each
year and responsible for about 10,000 deaths in California alone. In addition, excessive alcohol use is responsible for
many hospitalizations due to injuries and illnesses. Alcohol consumption is known to differ by age, sex, and race/ethnicity
and these consumption patterns can lead to differences in alcohol-related outcomes.

Methods:
Using data from a variety of sources, alcohol-attributable deaths and nonfatal hospitalizations for illnesses and
injuries were calculated for California for the year 2006.

Results:
Excessive alcohol use resulted in over 10,000 deaths and 72,000 nonfatal hospitalizations in California. The
majority of consequences (51%) were due to chronic illnesses associated with long-term excessive use of alcohol. Overall,
males reported more deaths and nonfatal hospitalizations due to excessive alcohol use than women. Alcohol-attributable
deaths and hospitalizations are more likely to occur among individuals aged 50-64 years for illnesses and individuals aged
20-34 years for injuries. Older individuals suffered from more chronic conditions such as alcoholic liver disease, while
younger individuals were more likely to suffer from injuries, the most common being motor-vehicle traffic crashes.
Significant differences in the rate of deaths and nonfatal hospitalizations by race/ethnicity were more common due to
injuries and violence than chronic diseases.

Conclusions:
This study highlighted key findings of demographic differences in consequences suffered by excessive
alcohol use in California. Continued efforts to better evaluate the contribution of alcohol to morbidity and mortality by
demographic factors, especially by race and ethnicity, is warranted to prevent and reduce the harm associated with this
behavior.
Spanish Experience in Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Pérez-Cachafeiro Santiago , Ruano-Raviña Alberto , Couceiro-Follente José , Benedí-Alcaine Jose Antonio , Nebot-Sanchis Ignacio , Casquete-Román Ciriaco , Bello-Prats Santiago , Couceiro-Sánchez Gonzalo , J. Blanco Francisco 
Published: February 2010

Introduction:
The Spanish Ministry of Health commissioned the Galician Agency for Health Technology Assessment to monitor and follow-up Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) used to treat chondral lesions of the knee in Spain. The objective of this monitoring was to assess efficacy and safety of the technique.

Design:
One-hundred and eleven consecutive patients with knee chondral lesions were included in a multi-center study between January 2001 and January 2005. ACI was used in these patients as a second-line treatment option (or a first-line treatment option if the cause was Osteocondritis dissecans). The Cincinnati score and the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire were used to assess the patients’ self-reported satisfaction with the outcomes of ACI. A descriptive analysis was performed and non-parametric tests were used to establish correlations and compare results among subgroups. A multivariate analysis was also performed to measure the effect of different variables on changes in the condition of the knee.

Results:
Eighty men (72%) and 31 women (21%) with an age range from 16 to 49 years, underwent ACI surgery. Among these subjects, the most common previous first-line treatment was debridement (64 individuals, 74.4%). The mean size of the lesion treated with ACI was 3.82 cm2, and the most frequent location of the lesion was the inner femoral condyle (53.6%). The patient satisfaction was high or very high in 36 subjects (66.7%). Overall knee joint assessment improved from 4.32 points to 6.78. All SF-36 questionnaire categories improved, notably those related to physical condition.

Conclusions:
The results of this study indicate that ACI is safe; however, further studies are mandated to assess the efficacy of ACI compared to alternative treatment options.
Technology Development Through Pooling ARV Drug Patents: A Vision from China
Authors: Liu Li , Lu Hongzhou 
Published: February 2010

Unaffordable prices still bar the end-users in China from accessing ARV drugs. Patent protection of ARV drugs has dramatically limited the availability of these lifesaving drugs to AIDS patients in China.
The way Chinese government can go to breakthrough the ARV drug patents are suggested as:

- Make more generic drugs available through compulsory licensing, impartment from other countries or building ARVs plants by partnerships between governments or generic drug companies.

- Do a thorough and detailed research on the patent application of ARV drugs to find out the loophole.

- Try patent pool to make AIDS medicines more affordable and appropriate for patients.
Identification of Serum Biomarkers in End Stage Liver Disease
Authors: Koutsogiannis D. , Summers K. , George B. , Adams P. , Marotta P. , Chakrabarti S. 
Published: February 2010

Background:
Progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis, clinically presenting as end-stage liver disease are common
outcomes in alcoholic hepatitis as well as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). In these processes, a series of
changes occurs in liver tissues leading to cell death, remodeling, fibrosis and regeneration. The aim of this study is to
identify potential novel biomarkers for non-invasive diagnosis of cirrhosis due to alcoholic etiology or NAFLD.

Methods:
Serum from patients with biopsy proven end-stage liver disease of various etiologies, namely NAFLD(n=9), alcohol(
n=5), and other end-stage liver diseases(n=6), who underwent liver transplant during the first six months of 2007
were utilized for retrospective analysis. Serum samples were also collected from a group of healthy volunteers (n=7). The
samples were analysed using Luminex technology or ELISA for 27 biomarkers that are known to be involved in pathologic
processes such as cell death, regeneration and fibrosis.

Results:
Of the 27 serum markers examined, 16 were elevated in the serum in all groups with end-stage liver diseases
compared with the control group. They include adipokines, apoptosis and inflammatory mediators and growth factors. Interestingly,
the serum of NAFLD patients showed significantly elevated HGF levels and trend towards increase in sFAS,
TGF􀀁1, TNFR-1, TNFR-2 and leptin. The level of serum markers showed excellent correlation with each other indicating
a complex interdependent pathogenetic mechanism.

Conclusions:
The data from this study indicate that a large number of serum markers are altered in end-stage liver diseases.
A panel of such markers may potentially be useful in assessing advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with
chronic end stage liver diseases.
Computed tomographic and cross-sectional anatomic characterization of myofascial compartments and soft tissue spaces in the manus in cadavers of dogs without forelimb disease
Authors: Ober Christopher P. , Jones Jeryl C. , Larson Martha M. , Lanz Otto I. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the computed tomographic (CT) and cross-sectional anatomic features of myofascial compartments and soft tissue spaces in the manus of cadavers of dogs without forelimb disease.
Animals—33 cadavers of adult medium- to large-breed dogs without forelimb disease.
Procedures—Forelimbs were removed from the cadavers within 4 hours after euthanasia or within 6 hours after thawing from initial freezing. Specimens were then frozen for variable periods and thawed for approximately 16 hours before use. Each manus of 60 forelimbs underwent CT before and after injection of a radiopaque, blue-staining contrast medium into locations where soft tissue spaces and myofascial compartments were predicted (on the basis of pilot study data [6 forelimbs]). Two veterinary radiologists reviewed CT images and recorded the presence or absence of a discrete space or compartment at each injection site. Each manus was subsequently dissected or sectioned transversely. Locations of blue-staining contrast medium accumulation were compared with locations of contrast enhancement in CT images. Anatomic structures within each soft tissue space or myofascial compartment were described.
Results—13 soft tissue spaces and 5 myofascial compartments were identified in the manus. Three myofascial structures that were examined were determined not to be compartments.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Knowledge of soft tissue spaces and myofascial compartments are used to map the likely spread of disease in the hands and feet of humans. Thus, understanding the locations and extent of similar structures in the canine manus may improve the effectiveness of surgical interventions in dogs with injury or inflammation of this region of the forelimb.
Evaluation of diffusion of triamcinolone acetonide from the distal interphalangeal joint into the navicular bursa in horses
Authors: Boyce Mary , Malone Erin D. , Anderson Lorraine B. , Park Seijin , Godden Sandra M. , Jenner Florien , Trumble Troy N. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether triamcinolone acetonide diffuses from the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) to the navicular bursa, diffusion is direct or systemic, and addition of sodium hyaluronan has an effect on diffusion in horses.
Animals—11 adult horses without forelimb lameness.
Procedures—1 randomly chosen forelimb DIPJ of each horse received an injection of 10 mg of triamcinolone acetonide plus 20 mg of sodium hyaluronan (group 1), and the contralateral forelimb DIPJ received an injection of 10 mg of triamcinolone acetonide plus 2 mL of lactated Ringer's solution (group 2). Synovial fluid samples were taken from both forelimb navicular bursae and 1 hind limb navicular bursa (systemic control group) at 6 hours. Triamcinolone acetonide concentrations in synovial fluid were quantified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography plus tandem mass spectrometry. Data were logarithmically transformed, and contrast analysis was performed on the 3 groups.
Results—Triamcinolone acetonide was detected in navicular bursal samples in all groups. Groups 1 and 2 had significantly greater concentrations of triamcinolone acetonide than the systemic control group. There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Triamcinolone acetonide diffused directly from the DIPJ into the navicular bursa in clinically normal horses, and diffusion was not affected by addition of hyaluronan. Injection into the DIPJ with triamcinolone acetonide or a triamcinolone acetonide–hyaluronan combination can potentially be used for treatment of navicular syndrome, but further studies are needed to determine whether triamcinolone acetonide diffuses similarly in horses with navicular syndrome.
Effects of glucocorticoids and interleukin-1β on expression and activity of aggrecanases in equine chondrocytes
Authors: Busschers Evita , Holt Jeff P. , Richardson Dean W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of interleukin (IL)-1β and glucocorticoids on total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss and aggrecanase-mediated matrix degradation in equine cartilage.
Sample Population—Cartilage from 24 equine cadavers free of sepsis and musculoskeletal disease.
Procedures—Effects of IL-1β, IL-1β with glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and triamcinolone, 10−6 and 10−7M), and glucocorticoids alone on degradation of equine articular and nasal cartilage explants were assessed by measuring GAG release in media and GAG content in cartilage. Aggrecanase-mediated cleavage within the interglobular domain at Glu373-Ala374 was evaluated via western blot analysis and ELISAs. Steady-state mRNA concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)4, and ADAMTS5 were assessed by use of real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay (cartilage explants) and northern blot analysis (cell culture).
Results—IL-1β increased GAG release and aggrecanase activity (11-fold). The MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS4 mRNA were upregulated with IL-1β, whereas ADAMTS5 mRNA was increased (13-fold), but significantly less than ADAMTS4 mRNA (27-fold), suggesting a role for both ADAMTS4 and ADAMTS5 in degradation of cytokine-stimulated cartilage. Despite downregulation of MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA, glucocorticoids did not alter GAG degradation. A further increase in aggrecanase activity was detected with ELISAs and western blot analysis, whereas ADAMTS4 mRNA was downregulated and ADAMTS5 mRNA was maintained or upregulated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS4 were regulated differently than ADAMTS5. Glucocorticoids increased aggrecanase activity despite down-regulation of ADAMTS4 mRNA, suggesting a major role of ADAMTS5. Effects of glucocorticoids on aggrecanase activity have important implications in terms of treatment.