bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychometric properties of the revised Norwegian dispositional resilience (hardiness) scale
Authors: HYSTAD SIGURD WILLIAM , EID JARLE , JOHNSEN BJØRN HELGE , LABERG JON CHRISTIAN , THOMAS BARTONE PAUL 
Published: December 2009

Hystad, S. W., Eid, J., Johnsen, B. H., Laberg, J. C. & Bartone, P. T. (2010) Psychometric properties of the revised Norwegian dispositional resilience (hardiness) scale. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51, 237–245.In the 30 years that have elapsed since it was first introduced, the concept of hardiness has continued to attract the attention and interest of researchers from all over the world. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and factor structure of a revised Norwegian hardiness scale (Dispositional Resilience Scale 15; DRS‐15). Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic strategies with a large sample of working adults (N = 7,280), support was found for a hierarchical structure comprising a general hardiness dimension and three sub‐dimensions (commitment, control, and challenge). Overall, the results support the reliability and validity of the revised DRS‐15 and underscore the importance of examining the psychometric properties and cultural appropriateness of translated scales.
The Experienced Traveller as a Professional Author: Friedrich Ludwig Langstedt, Georg Forster and Colonialism Discourse in Eighteenth‐Century Germany
Authors: TZOREF‐ASHKENAZI CHEN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to show the centrality of the concept of experience in the cultural industry of travel writing in eighteenth‐century Germany as well as examining the influence of British colonial discourse on German interpretations of the non‐European world. The first aim is achieved through analysing the literary career of Friedrich Ludwig Langstedt, who on the basis of a five‐year stay in India, was able to claim the status of expert on the non‐European world and become the author of many books on a variety of subjects related to travel. His case is compared to that of Georg Forster, whose career was similarly shaped by the experience of travel. Both of them represent relatively rare examples in the eighteenth century of literary agents with actual experience in travel outside Europe. The second aim is achieved through an analysis of Langstedt's interpretations of India, showing how his support for East India Company rule was based on uncritical borrowings from British sources. A comparison with Forster's more critical treatment of British colonialism in India shows that Forster was much influenced by British sources.
How Did Rupert Hand Get Out Of Jail? Colombia and the Atlantic Empires, 1830–1833
Authors: BROWN MATTHEW 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article explores the reality of foreign influence in the newly independent republics of South America in the 1830s. It takes as its case study the republic of New Granada (known as Colombia since 1863), and focuses on international relations in the years 1830–3. In particular, the article delves into the murky waters of one judicial process, the trial of Rupert Hand between 1831 and 1833, in order to examine the day‐to‐day personal workings of relations between New Granada and the imperial powers rather than the high‐level diplomatic inter‐state negotiations that are generally studied by researchers. This approach reveals a history of chaos and unintended consequences, where events were dictated by often bewildering mixtures of elite leadership, subaltern agency and the interventions of foreigners.
The Persian Gulf in the 1940s and the Question of an Anglo‐American Middle East
Authors: DAVIS SIMON 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUsing archival materials dating from the early 1940s before most conventional analyses of the cold war begin, this article reappraises current views on Anglo‐American cooperation in the Middle East. It proposes that antagonism between American ‘new deal internationalism’ and British ‘guided development’ created a dysfunctional rather than a ‘special’ relationship. Two different versions of western overseas capitalism were competing for primacy, with the ‘free world’ central to American projections being predicated on opening up rather than sustaining Britain's political and economic ascendancy in the region. Although the British were left with prime military responsibilities after 1947, these implied no civil‐sector prerogatives; instead, American policy advanced new core–periphery development principles which assumed unrestricted access to indigenous client‐allies. In subsequent crises, this determined American disassociation from Britain's Middle Eastern interests in all but progressively reduced form, notwithstanding spasmodic doubts during future moments of cold war strategic ‘overstretch’ elsewhere in the world.
Skeletal advance and arrest in giant non‐metamorphosing African clawed frog tadpoles (Xenopus laevis: Daudin)
Authors: Kerney Ryan , Wassersug Richard , Hall Brian K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study examines the skeletons of giant non‐metamorphosing (GNM) Xenopus laevis tadpoles, which arrest their development indefinitely before metamorphosis, and grow to excessively large sizes in the absence of detectable thyroid glands. Cartilage growth is isometric; however, chondrocyte size is smaller in GNM tadpoles than in controls. Most cartilages stain weakly with alcian blue, and several cartilages are calcified (unlike controls). However, cartilages subjacent to periosteum‐derived bone retain strong affinities for alcian blue, indicating a role for periosteum‐derived bone in the retention of glycosaminoglycans during protracted larval growth. Bone formation in the head, limb, and axial skeletons is advanced in comparison with stage‐matched controls, but arrests at various mid‐metamorphic states. Both dermal and periosteum‐derived bones grow to disproportionately large sizes in comparison to controls. Additionally, mature monocuspid teeth form in several GNM tadpoles. Advances in skeletal development are attributable to the old ages and large sizes of these tadpoles, and reveal unexpected developmental potentials of the pre‐metamorphic skeleton.
Coupling hydrocarbon degradation to anaerobic respiration and mineral diagenesis: theoretical constraints
Authors: ONSTOTT T. C. , HINTON S. M. , SILVER B. J. , KING JR H. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe diagenetic mineral assemblages in petroleum reservoirs control the formation fluid pH and pCO2. Anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum is controlled by the transfer of electrons from reduced organic species to inorganic, redox sensitive, aqueous and mineral species in many cases through intermediates such as H2 and CH3COO−. The terminal electron accepting reactions induce the dissolution or precipitation of the same minerals that control the ambient pH and pCO2 in petroleum reservoirs. In this study, we develop a model for anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum that couples the production of acetate and H2 to ‘late stage’ diagenetic reactions. The model reveals that the principal terminal electron accepting process and electron donor control the type of diagenetic reaction, and that the petroleum biodegradation rate is controlled through thermodynamic restriction by the minimum ΔG required to support a specific microbial metabolism, the fluid flux and the mineral assemblage. These relationships are illustrated by modeling coupled microbial diagenesis and biodegradation of the Gullfaks oil reservoir. The results indicate that the complete dissolution of albite by acids generated during oil biodegradation and the corresponding elevated pCO2 seen in the Gullfaks field are best explained by methanogenic respiration coupled to hydrocarbon degradation and that the biodegradation rate is likely controlled by the pCH4. Biodegradation of Gullfaks oil by a consortium that includes either Fe3+‐reducing or ‐reducing bacteria cannot explain the observed diagenetic mineral assemblage or pCO2. For octane, biodegradation, not water washing, was the principal agent for removal at fluid velocities <20 m Myr−1.
Comparison of voxel‐based specific region analysis of Alzheimer's disease and simple computed tomography evaluation of medial temporal atrophy in psychiatric patients
Authors: YOKOYAMA Yuichi , KITAMURA Hideaki , SOMEYA Toshiyuki 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground:  The present study was designed to find a good alternative to the voxel‐based specific region analysis of Alzheimer's disease (VSRAD) on magnetic resonance images, which has high accuracy for discriminating between very early Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and healthy controls. Because magnetic resonance imaging is not necessarily available in ordinary psychiatric hospitals in Japan, this type of study is of clinical significance.Methods:  In 30 psychiatric inpatients with a variety of diagnoses, the mean area of the inferior horn (Area), the mean width of the medial temporal lobe (Width), and their ratio (Area/Width) were measured on computed tomography (CT) section that was parallel to the orbitomeatus line. These three indices of medial temporal atrophy were compared separately with Z‐scores from VSRAD, which indicate the degree to which the mean values deviate from control. Specifically, higher Z‐scores indicate a smaller volume of the medical temporal lobe.Results:  The mean (± SD) of the CT indices Area, Width, and Area/Width were 39.6 ± 22.1 mm2, 10.3 ± 3.01 mm, and 4.65 ± 4.03, respectively. The mean (± SD) of the Z‐scores from VSRAD was 1.47 ± 0.76. The CT indices were all significantly correlated with the Z‐scores while controlling for age (Area, r = 0.38, d.f. = 27, P = 0.04; Width, r = −0.45, d.f. = 27, P = 0.01; Area/Width, r = 0.57, d.f. = 27, P = 0.001). Of the three CT indices, Area/Width had the largest area under the curve (AUC) in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis regarding Z‐scores ≥1.0 as the gold standard for the detection of subtle medial temporal atrophy.Conclusion:  Although we cannot conclude that Area/Width from CT scans is a perfect alternative to Z‐scores from VSRAD ≥1.0 because of its lower sensitivity, it was found that we can expect Z‐scores ≥1.0 at an Area/Width ratio ≥4.0. Further research with a larger sample size and prospective design is required to confirm the usefulness of our CT method in the evaluation of medial temporal atrophy in psychiatric patients.
Human Perception of Dental Porcelain Translucency Correlated to Spectrophotometric Measurements
Authors: Liu Min‐Chieh , Aquilino Steven A. , Lund Peter S. , Vargas Marcos A. , Diaz‐Arnold Ana M. , Gratton David G. , Qian Fang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPurpose:This study evaluated the relationship between instrumental measurements and subjective visual assessment of differences in dental porcelain translucency.Materials and Methods:Unshaded feldspathic porcelain was used with controlled amounts of tin oxide to create two groups of 12‐mm diameter disks with incremental changes in opacity. Contrast ratio (CR = Yb/Yw) was determined with a spectrophotometer, and used as a measure of porcelain translucency (Group A = 0.20 to 0.40; Group B = 0.6–0.8). Within each group, there were 14 specimens with 11 CRs. Three observer groups (first year dental students, residents, faculty with >10 years of shade matching experience) were recruited to assess the translucency between porcelain disks under two lighting conditions (reflected light, transmitted light). Each subject's ability to distinguish between specimens of differing translucency was determined. Descriptive statistics and three‐way ANOVA followed by a post‐hoc Tukey‐Kramer test were used to evaluate the translucency perception threshold (TPT) of subjects (α= 0.05).Results:The overall mean TPT (ΔC) was 0.07, while 50% of the subjects could perceive a 0.06 CR difference between porcelain specimens. Three‐way ANOVA revealed a significant difference in translucency perception among the observer groups (p< 0.0001), whereas the main effects for porcelain opacity (p= 0.3038) and lighting condition (p= 0.0645) were not significant, and no significant interactions were found. Post‐hoc Tukey‐Kramer test indicated that the mean TPT observed in the faculty group (ΔC = 0.04) was significantly lower than those observed in student (ΔC = 0.09) and resident groups (ΔC = 0.08), while there was no significant difference between students and residents.Conclusions:The overall mean TPT of all subjects was 0.07, and 50% of the study population perceived a 0.06 CR difference in translucency. Increased shade matching experience (≥10 years) significantly improved the ability to perceive differences in translucency; however, neither the viewing condition nor porcelain opacity affected the perceived translucency threshold.
Anatomic and histological analysis in a goat model used for maxillary sinus floor augmentation with simultaneous implant placement
Authors: Derong Zou , Lian Guo , Jiayu Lu , Xiuli Zhang , Zhiyuan Zhang , Xinquan Jiang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to carry out an anatomic survey on the goat maxillary sinus in order to provide accurate and definite anatomic parameters for the design of sinus floor elevation and dental implantation studies in this valuable preclinic animal model.Material and methods: The anatomic topographic structure of the maxillary sinuses was studied bilaterally in 10 adult goats by a gross survey as well as a histological analysis with parasagittal or coronal sections. Then following parameters were defined and measured: (1) maxillary alveolar height (MAH): vertical height from the alveolar crest to the sinus floor; (2) sinus lateral floor width (SLFW): horizontal distance from the lateral border of the anteroposterior bone crest to the sinus lateral wall; (3) infraorbital canal diameter (ICD); and (4) maxillary sinus volume (MSV): the volume occupied by water injected into the sinus. The data were presented with mean±SD on both sides.Results: The goat has a maxillary sinus similar to humans, with a slender pyramidal shape that pneumatizes the entire maxilla, and a sinus wall covered with a mucosal lining. From the maxillary sinus floor, there is an anteroposterior bone crest protruding with the infraorbital canal enveloped. It divides the maxillary sinus floor into two parts. The SLFW of the lateral part of the maxillary sinus floor becomes broader, about 5.905±1.475 mm in the third premolar site, and the MAH increases towards the posterior area, where the maxillary sinus floor is close to the related teeth roots. According to original metrical data, we also proposed a possible operation procedure for sinus floor augmentation.Conclusions: There is enough space in the lateral floor of the maxillary sinus for dental implantation, and the third premolar area might be a suitable position suggested for maxillary sinus augmentation with simultaneous implant placement in a goat model. To cite this article:
Zou D, Guo L, Lu J, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Jiang X. Anatomic and histological analysis in a goat model used for maxillary sinus floor augmentation with simultaneous implant placement. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 65–70.
Weak microlensing
Authors: Coles Jonathan , Saha Prasenjit , Schmid Hans Martin 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A nearby star having a near-transit of a galaxy will cause a time-dependent weak lensing of the galaxy. Because the effect is small, we refer to this as weak microlensing. This could provide a useful method to weigh low-mass stars and brown dwarfs. We examine the feasibility of measuring masses in this way and find that a star causes measurable weak microlensing in a galaxy even at 10 Einstein radii away. Of the order of 1 mag I≤ 25 galaxy comes close enough to one or the other of the ∼100 nearest stars per year.
QUANTITATIVE DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ANALYSIS OF FIVE DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF SWEET POTATO TO DETERMINE SENSORY AND TEXTURAL PROFILES
Authors: LEIGHTON C.S. , SCHÖNFELDT H.C. , KRUGER R. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT A trained sensory panel was used to establish terminology for describing the sensory attributes of different cultivars orange‐fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) and white‐fleshed sweet potato (WFSP). Quantitative descriptive analysis was applied to evaluate the samples in terms of the aroma, texture, flavor and aftertaste attributes. Thirteen attributes were identified. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify any factors differentiating between the sweet potato cultivars. The findings indicated that the main differences were, in PC1, the flavor and density and adhesive textural characteristics, and, in PC2, the grainy and firm textural characteristics of the different cultivars. OFSP displayed a more dense and pasty texture, which was most intense in the Resisto cultivar. W119 had a more grainy texture when compared with the other cultivars tested. WFSP was more moist and fibrous. Therefore, OFSP differed in color, was sweeter and displayed flavor characteristics of yellow vegetables (such as butternut and pumpkin) when compared with WFSP. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAlthough standard sensory evaluation techniques were used in this project, the materials used were sweet potatoes, which are of interest. Sweet potato is a root vegetable, and in this project, a lexicon for the textural properties, as well as a flavor profile of sweet potato, was developed. Such information can be used for sensory evaluation of other root vegetables. The shear force of the sweet potatoes was measured, and the methodology to determine shear forces and its contribution to the overall evaluation of the texture of sweet potatoes is included in the article. Furthermore, white‐fleshed sweet potatoes are commonly known, and the flavor of WFSP is compared with that of orange‐fleshed sweet potatoes.
RESPONSE SURFACE MAPPING OF THE SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS AND ACCEPTABILITY OF CHOCOLATE ICE CREAM CONTAINING ALTERNATE SWEETENING AGENTS
Authors: SOUKOULIS CHRISTOS , TZIA CONSTANTINA 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT In the present study, grape juice concentrate and sugarcane molasses were used as partial substitutes of sucrose in chocolate ice cream. The effect of the concentration of total sugar solids (14, 16 and 18%) and sucrose substitution level (10, 20 and 30%) on the sensory characteristics and overall acceptability of ice cream was investigated. Response surface methodology was used to map the co‐active effects of total sugar solids and alternate sweetener presence on selected sensory characteristics and degree of overall liking of samples. Our data revealed that both materials can be used as potential sweetening agents furnishing improved creamy texture, reducing the coarse and watery sensation defects, and controlling the flavor perception. Considering the data of overall acceptability, the use of grape juice concentrate led to the most acceptable samples regarding those containing sugarcane molasses. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOver the last years, a noticeable interest for incorporating functional and traditional ingredients in a great number of dairy products, ice cream included, has been observed. This trend is associated with the constantly increasing awareness of consumers on healthy, natural, fortified and low caloric ice cream preparations. Fruit juice concentrates as well as natural sweeteners, such as molasses or honey, can be used as alternate sweetness‐delivering ingredients and potential texture improvers in ice cream systems. Moreover, such ingredients having a high content in trace metals (e.g., ferrous, zinc and calcium) and natural antioxidants may offer functional advantages in the final product. The taste and flavor compatibility, and the specific effects on texture of grape juice concentrate (commonly produced in the Mediterranean basin) and sugarcane molasses (a low‐cost by‐product of the sugarcane industry) were extensively evaluated in the present study, offering an innovative concept on functional ice cream manufacture.
LEXICON FOR THE SENSORY DESCRIPTION OF FRENCH BREAD IN JAPAN
Authors: HAYAKAWA FUMIYO , UKAI NAOKO , NISHIDA JUNJI , KAZAMI YUKARI , KOHYAMA KAORU 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT A lexicon for describing the sensory attributes of French bread was developed. A panel of experts generated 187 expressions by a sensory evaluation of 24 bread samples from different bakeries. Of these expressions, 96 terms were selected as candidates for the lexicon. The panelists participated in a sensory evaluation of 14 bread samples according these 96 descriptors in accordance with ISO 11035. A principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed that the 96 terms could be classified into 23 groups. The lexicon consisting of 23 terms (11 for appearance, five for aroma, one for taste and six for texture) was then made up by selecting a representative term for each cluster and determining a suitable definition and reference. The lexicon was verified against 23 samples prepared under various conditions in the laboratory by a sensory evaluation. The results show that all of the 23 descriptors were useful to differentiate the sensory qualities of French bread samples. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSelecting and defining descriptors is a critical step in a descriptive sensory analysis. A well‐developed lexicon helps sensory researchers to conduct a precise sensory analysis. Fine‐quality French bread has a good appearance, aroma, flavor and texture; therefore, French bread needs to be evaluated for all these factors. The lexicon for French bread developed in this study proved useful in the precise descriptive analysis of French bread found in Japan, with potential applications to the description of French bread in other countries. The lexicon will contribute to the development of products that match consumer acceptability, and also be useful in basic research.
LEXICON TO DESCRIBE FLAVOR OF FRESH LEAFY VEGETABLES
Authors: TALAVERA‐BIANCHI MARTIN , CHAMBERS IV EDGAR , CHAMBERS DELORES H. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT Trends such as organic farming and breeding to increase nutrition and functional health components have increased interest in understanding the flavor of vegetables, such as leafy greens. The main objective of this study was to select, define and reference a lexicon for describing the flavor of fresh leafy vegetables. A highly trained descriptive sensory panel determined a list of 32 sensory attributes that was able to describe the flavor of the fresh leafy greens studied. This lexicon includes five “green” attributes; mouthfeel characteristics such as pungent, bite, tooth‐etch and heat/burn; fundamental tastes including bitter and umami; seven terms that describe unique flavors related to specific vegetables such as cabbage, celery, lettuce, spinach, parsley, beet and radish leaves; and a group of other terms including citrus, piney, woody, water‐like, musty/earthy, floral, sulfur, metallic, soapy, petroleum‐like and overall sweet.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUnderstanding the effects that different breeding, growing, harvesting, shipping and storage technologies have on properties of leafy vegetables has increased the need for appropriate evaluation tools. Using this lexicon can guide researchers to a better understanding of differences in flavor among various fresh leafy vegetables and can help in understanding changes in flavors of those vegetables resulting from various alterations in the breeding and production systems. This project provides researchers with specific sensory terminology to track changes in fresh leafy greens instead of using generic terms such as “taste” or “typical flavor.”