bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustained effects of thoracocentesis on oxygenation in mechanically ventilated patients
Authors: WALDEN Andrew P. , GARRARD Christopher S. , SALMON Jonathon 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  No consensus exists as to the benefit of pleural drainage in mechanically ventilated patients with conflicting data concerning the effects on gas exchange. We determined the effects on gas exchange over a 48‐hour period of draining, by thoracocentesis, large volume pleural effusions.Methods:  A total of 15 thoracocenteses were performed in 10 mechanically ventilated patients with ultrasound evidence of pleural effusions predicted to be greater than 800 mL in volume. Gas exchange, mixed expired CO2, dynamic lung compliance, ventilator settings before procedure and at 30 min, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h were determined. Data were analysed using paired t‐tests and repeated‐measure anova.Results:  Following thoracocentesis there was a 40% increase in the PaO2 from 82.0 ± 10.6 mm Hg to 115.2 ± 31.1 mm Hg (P < 0.05) with a 34% increase in the P:F ratio from 168.9 ± 55.9 mm Hg to 237.8 ± 72.6 mm Hg (P < 0.05). These effects were maintained for a period of 48 h. There was a correlation between the amount of fluid drained and the effects on oxygenation with an increase in the PaO2 of 4 mm Hg for each 100 mL of pleural fluid drained. A‐a gradients continued to improve over the course of the study together with a reduction in the dead space fraction and improved dynamic compliance.Conclusions:  Drainage of large pleural effusions in mechanically ventilated patients leads to a significant improvement in gas exchange, and these effects are sustained for 48 h after the procedure supporting a role in the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation.
A pilot methodology study for the photographic assessment of post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation in patients treated with tretinoin
Authors: Rossi AB , Leyden JJ , Pappert AS , Ramaswamy A , Nkengne A , Ramaswamy R , Nighland M 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common occurrence in patients with acne vulgaris, particularly in those with skin of colour.Aims  A previous study has demonstrated the benefit of tretinoin (retinoic acid) in the treatment of PIH; however, there is currently no standard protocol to evaluate change in PIH following treatment. Based on these findings, we performed a pilot, exploratory, blinded, intraindividual‐controlled methodology study that consisted of a photographic assessment protocol with facial mapping.Materials and methods  The study was based on a secondary analysis of a phase 4, community‐based trial of 544 acne patients who were treated with tretinoin gel microsphere 0.04% or 0.1%. Only patients with Fitzpatrick types III–V (skin of colour) were included in the study; subjects with Fitzpatrick skin type VI were excluded because the photographic assessment did not allow for proper evaluation.Results  Despite the small number of subjects evaluated (n = 25), the results revealed consistent assessment of improvement in PIH between two independent graders (weighted κ = 0.84).Conclusion  Further study with a larger population is recommended to validate the accuracy of this method.
Reported challenges in nurse‐led randomised controlled trials: an integrative review of the literature
Authors: Vedelø Tina Wang , Lomborg Kirsten 
Published: July 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 194–200

Reported challenges in nurse‐led randomised controlled trials: an integrative review of the literature Aims:  The purpose of this integrative literature review was to explore and discuss the methodological challenges nurse researchers report after conducting nurse‐led randomised controlled trials in clinical hospital settings. Our research questions were (i) what are the most commonly experienced methodological barriers and challenges and (ii) which lessons can be learned from these reports?Method:  A database search of Medline, Cinahl, The Cochrane Library and Embase was carried out. Variants of the following search terms were used: randomised controlled trial, controlled clinical trial, clinical trial, methods, nursing research, nursing, research, challenges, barriers, nurse’s role, nurse attitude, attitude of health personnel.Findings:  The literature on reported challenges and barriers between 1999 and 2009 showed that the most often experienced problems were (i) sufficient patient recruitment, (ii) nonadherence to research protocols and (iii) economic and organisational obstacles. These three challenges and barriers were inter‐related and all were affected by time and timing.Conclusion:  Randomised controlled trials are complex, expensive, time‐consuming and highly demanding for researchers and the clinical nursing staff. Two lessons learned from this integrative review can be highlighted. First, we recommend researchers openly to share their experiences of barriers and challenges. They should describe factors that may have inhibited the desired outcome. Second, efforts to improve the collaboration between nurse researchers and clinicians, including education, training and support may increase the success rate and quality of nurse‐led studies using the randomised controlled trial.
Reduction of the risk of transfusion‐transmitted human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by using an HIV antigen/antibody combination assay in blood donation screening in Cameroon
Authors: Tagny Claude Tayou , Mbanya Dora , Leballais Lionel , Murphy Edward , Lefrère Jean‐Jacques , Laperche Syria 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND: Improving blood safety without introducing nucleic acid testing in blood screening may be possible using antigen/antibody (Ag/Ab) combination assays, especially in resource‐poor countries.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To evaluate the potential reduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐transmitted infection using such an assay, a study was carried out aimed to compare the routine strategy for blood screening (S1), combining a rapid test (Determine HIV‐1/‐2, Inverness) and an enzyme immunoassay (human HIV‐1/‐2, Human Diagnostic) with an HIV Ag/Ab assay (S2, Genscreen ULTRA HIV Ag‐Ab, Bio‐Rad) in 2000 blood donations tested in Cameroon. Western blot and HIV RNA polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm the infection in reactive donors, and genotype was determined in HIV RNA–positive samples.RESULTS: Of the 2000 donors, 3.1% were positive with S1 and 4.3% with S2. Of the 97 samples positive with S1 and/or S2 tested for confirmation, 54.7% were positive, 38.1% indeterminate, and 7.2% negative. There were significant differences between S1 and S2 in terms of sensitivity (S1, 79.2%; S2, 100%), irrespective of the genotype, and in specificity (S1, 99.0; S2, 98.3%). The most frequent genotype (49%) was CRF02_AG.CONCLUSIONS: A testing strategy using Genscreen ULTRA HIV Ag/Ab could prevent 55 HIV transmissions per 10,000 donations. However, this would be at a cost of discarding 170 per 10,000 negative donations that would test false positive, showing that the implementation of new techniques in blood screening need an optimization before routine use. Using confirmatory assays, HIV Ab prevalence in blood donors in Cameroon was estimated at 2.65%.
A Season for Disarmament
Authors: BLIX HANS 
Published: July 2010

Is President Barack Obama's proposal for zero nuclear weapons realistic? Will it make the world more secure, or more prone to wars since they are no longer unthinkable?To evaluate this bold strategic initiative, we have invited comments from two former US secretaries of state, a former director of the CIA and the former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency who led the hunt for Saddam's non‐existent weapons of mass destruction on the eve of the Iraq war.
Better to Remain Ambiguous on Nukes
Authors: KISSINGER HENRY 
Published: July 2010

Is President Barack Obama's proposal for zero nuclear weapons realistic? Will it make the world more secure, or more prone to wars since they are no longer unthinkable?To evaluate this bold strategic initiative, we have invited comments from two former US secretaries of state, a former director of the CIA and the former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency who led the hunt for Saddam's non‐existent weapons of mass destruction on the eve of the Iraq war.
Brazil and Turkey Shift Global Politics
Authors: FULLER GRAHAM E. 
Published: July 2010

The world is rapidly evolving on many fronts. Brazil, Turkey and other emerging powers are taking their own initiatives and building their own global links outside the old frameworks of the G‐8, the United Nations Security Council and NATO. The “third way” politics of Tony Blair that embraced globalization from the left of center in Britain has given way to the Tory party once again. Just as recovery from the financial crash seemed on the horizon, Europe's sovereign debt crisis has erupted. The historically unprecedented pace and scale of urbanization in China is transforming the politics of the Communist Party.President Lula of Brazil, former US treasury secretary Henry Paulson, Singapore's foreign minister George Yeo and others take stock of these manifold developments.
The Rise and Fall of New Labour
Authors: GIDDENS ANTHONY 
Published: July 2010

The world is rapidly evolving on many fronts. Brazil, Turkey and other emerging powers are taking their own initiatives and building their own global links outside the old frameworks of the G‐8, the United Nations Security Council and NATO. The “third way” politics of Tony Blair that embraced globalization from the left of center in Britain has given way to the Tory party once again. Just as recovery from the financial crash seemed on the horizon, Europe's sovereign debt crisis has erupted. The historically unprecedented pace and scale of urbanization in China is transforming the politics of the Communist Party.President Lula of Brazil, former US treasury secretary Henry Paulson, Singapore's foreign minister George Yeo and others take stock of these manifold developments.
Cytochemical demonstration of ‘platelet’ peroxidase at the light microscope level
Authors: Khalaf M. R. , Hayhoe F. G. J. 
Published: July 2010

A reliable and reproducible modified method was developed for the cytochemical demonstration of the so‐called ‘platelet’ peroxidase at the light microscopy (LM) level. Interestingly, not only normal platelets and megakaryocytes showed the peroxidase activity, but also normal lymphocytes. As with the ultrastructural platelet peroxidase (PPO) method, myeloperoxidase (MPO) was also demonstrated in granulocytes. Peroxidase activity was exhibited by blast cells of acute myeloid leukaemia, including megakaryoblasts of megakaryoblastic leukaemia, by hairy cells of hairy cell leukaemia, by centroblasts of centroblastic lymphoma and by plasma cells of plasma cell leukaemia. The enzyme activity was also demonstrated in the mast cells of systemic mastocytosis. It seems that different forms of peroxidase are present in most haemic cells. Fixation and conditions of incubation are probably the determining factors for their demonstration.The method may allow further cytochemical discrimination at the LM level between blast cell populations which are negative for MPO by standard methods.
II. Comparison of Automated Haematology Analysers
Authors: Stølsnes B. , Skare E. V. , Taverner P. , Ommundsen T. , Aga I.B. , Sandberg S. 
Published: July 2010

A comparison of the differential white blood cell count using the Technicon H1, the Tech‐nicon H6000 and the Coulter VCSAbstract:  One hundred blood samples were analysed on Technicon HI, Technicon H6000, and Coulter VCS hematology analysers, and the white cell differential counts were compared. All three instruments showed very good agreement for neutrophiles and lymphocytes, good agreement for eosinophiles, and acceptable agreement for monocytes. For the material analysed there were no disparities of clinical significance between the results obtained from the three instruments. Eur J Haematol 1990: 45 suppl. 53: 37–39.
The deoxyuridine suppression test in HIV‐1 positive patients: the role of azydothymidine (AZT)
Authors: García‐Die F. , Remacha A. , Cadafalch J. , Barceló M. J. , Parelladaxy6 M. M. , Arza B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe deoxyuridine suppression test (dUST) was used to evaluate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 positive (HIV‐1) patients with low serum levels of vitamin B12 and/or low red cell folate and to assess any possible interferences of azydothymidine (AZT) in this test. The dUST was studied in 29 HIV‐1 positive patients, 18 without low serum vitamin B12 or low red cell folate and 11 with low serum vitamin B12 (6 patients), low red cell folate (4 patients) and 1 case with both. The role of AZT was studied using different concentrations (0.2, 2.5 and 10 μM/ml) in 2 groups: 1 group of 5 patients with vitamin B12 and/or folate deficiency and another group consisting of 13 healthy subjects. Methotrexate (MTX) (50 μg/ml) was added to induce a folate megaloblastic pattern in the latter group. Results of the dUST in the HIV‐1 group without low levels of serum vitamin B12 fell within the health‐related reference interval values. A vitamin B12 deficiency was only detected in 1 case in the HIV‐1 group with low serum vitamin B12, although a folate deficiency pattern was observed in the 4 patients with low red cell folate. In the healthy subjects AZT induced a dose‐dependent decrease of the MTX‐induced folate megaloblastic pattern. The pattern was also observed in the group of patients with vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, although AZT did not entirely interfere with the dUST. The effect of AZT on the dUST was attributed to a decrease in the incorporation of the isotope in the absence of deoxyuridine. The dUST is useful in differentiating vitamin B12 deficient patients from HIV‐1 infected patients with low levels of serum vitamin B12.
Comparison of oral mucosal pH values in bulimia nervosa, GERD, BMS patients and healthy population
Authors: Aframian DJ , Ofir M , Benoliel R 
Published: July 2010

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 807–811Objectives:  The aim of this study was to compare the oral mucosal pH in healthy individuals to patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Bulimia nervosa (BN) and burning mouth syndrome (BMS).Subjects and methods:  Using a flat pH meter sensor, pH levels were established in eight mucosal sites in 26 healthy individuals, 26 GERD patients, 22 BN patients and 29 BMS patients.Results:  A significantly lower pH was found in the BN and GERD groups (6.38 ± 00.45, 6.51 ± 0.32 respectively, P < 0.05) and a higher, but non‐significant, pH level in the BMS group (7.01 ± 0.34, P > 0.05) compared with the control (C) group (6.82 ± 0.33).Conclusions:  BMS patients showed no pH differences from C group. The mucosa of BN and GERD patients was significantly acidic relative with controls; thus this simple technique may serve as a diagnostic tool for identifying gastro‐esophageal conditions.
Application of self‐efficacy theory in dental clinical practice
Authors: Kakudate N , Morita M , Fukuhara S , Sugai M , Nagayama M , Kawanami M , Chiba I 
Published: July 2010

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 747–752In clinical practice, self‐efficacy refers to how certain a patient feels about his or her ability to take the necessary action to improve the indicators and maintenance of health. It is assumed that the prognosis for patient behaviour can be improved by assessing the proficiency of their self‐efficacy through providing psychoeducational instructions adapted for individual patients, and promoting behavioural change for self‐care. Therefore, accurate assessment of self‐efficacy is an important key in daily clinical preventive care. The previous research showed that the self‐efficacy scale scores predicted patient behaviour in periodontal patients and mother’s behaviour in paediatric dental practice. Self‐efficacy belief is constructed from four principal sources of information: enactive mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological and affective states. Thus, self‐efficacy can be enhanced by the intervention exploiting these sources. The previous studies revealed that behavioural interventions to enhance self‐efficacy improved oral‐care behaviour of patients. Therefore, assessment and enhancement of oral‐care specific self‐efficacy is important to promote behaviour modification in clinical dental practice. However, more researches are needed to evaluate the suitability of the intervention method.
Convenient and reproducible in vivo gene transfer to mouse parotid glands
Authors: Zheng C , Shinomiya T , Goldsmith CM , Di Pasquale G , Baum BJ 
Published: July 2010

Oral Diseases (2010) 17, 77–82Objectives:  Published studies of gene transfer to mouse salivary glands have not employed the parotid glands. Parotid glands are the likely target tissue for most clinical applications of salivary gene transfer. The purpose of the present study was to develop a convenient and reproducible method of retroductal gene transfer to mouse parotid glands.Methods:  The volume for vector delivery was assessed by infusion of Toluidine Blue into Stensen’s ducts of Balb/c mice after direct intraoral cannulation. Recombinant, serotype 5 adenoviral vectors, encoding either firefly luciferase or human erythropoietin (hEpo), were constructed and then administered to parotid glands (107 vector particles/gland). Transgene expression in vivo was measured by enzyme activity (luciferase) or an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (hEpo). Vector biodistribution was measured by real‐time quantitative (Q) PCR.Results:  The chosen volume for mouse parotid vector delivery was 20 μL. Little vector was detected outside of the targeted glands, with both QPCR and luciferase assays. Transgene expression was readily detected in glands (luciferase, hEpo), and serum and saliva (hEpo). Most secreted hEpo was detected in saliva.Conclusion:  These studies show that mouse parotid glands can be conveniently and reproducibly targeted for gene transfer, and should be useful for pre‐clinical studies with many murine disease models.
A rare case of local relapsing oral melanoma
Authors: Gauwerky Katharina J. , Ehrenfeld Michael , Bakos Renato M. , Volkenandt Matthias , Ruzicka Thomas , Berking Carola 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMelanoma of the oral mucosa is an extremely rare tumor. At the time of diagnosis most melanomas are in an advanced stage because of few clinical signs. Therefore the prognosis of melanoma of the oral mucosa is often very poor. We present a 48‐year‐old patient with melanoma of the oral mucosa first diagnosed 22 years ago. Over 20 years several wide excisions were necessary because of multiple local relapses. Eventually, the patient died from brain metastases.
MRSA in dermatology – Prospective epidemiological study in employees and patients of a dermatological department of a university hospital
Authors: Reich‐Schupke Stefanie , Geis Gabriele , Reising Matthias , Altmeyer Peter , Stücker Markus 
Published: July 2010

Summary Background: In recent years, the prevalence of MRSA has increased worldwide. There is a lack of systematic epidemiological studies evaluating the prevalence of MRSA in dermatology in Germany. Objective: What is the prevalence of MRSA in the employees and hospitalized patients in a dermatological department? What dermatological diagnoses have the highest risk for MRSA? Patients and methods: Nasal swabs taken twice (at admission and discharge) from all consenting hospitalized patients and once from all consenting employees were analyzed for MRSA. Results: Analysis von 798 swabs (715 patients, 83 employees). Detection of MRSA in 31 swabs (MRSA rates: all = 4.3 %, patients = 3.7 %, employees = 4.8 %). Patients with a chronic leg ulcer had a significantly increased risk for MRSA (p = 0.03). Increased MRSA rates without statistical significance were found for men, patients with at least one hospitalization during the last 12 weeks and a hospitalization of at least 5 days. None of the patients with psoriasis had MRSA. Conclusions: In comparison to international studies, the prevalence of MRSA in the current study is in the lower third. In dermatology, patients with a chronic leg ulcer have an increased risk for MRSA and should be screened at admission. A general screening for MRSA seems to be not reasonable in view of the low MRSA rates in the investigated department.
Between a Pristine Myth and an Impoverished Future
Authors: Clement Charles R. , Junqueira André B. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTEarly European naturalists saw Amazonian landscapes as pristine, but modern research has found a complex historical ecology, similar to that of other tropical and temperate regions. Although the pristine myth has been thoroughly debunked, too many biodiversity researchers fail to incorporate historical ecology into their analyses. For a world society out of balance with its natural resource base, careful interpretation is essential to understand trends, including impoverishment of planetary biodiversity. If world society avoids civilizational collapse, parts of Amazonia's historical ecology can contribute to future sustainability and improved survival of its biodiversity.
Will Tropical Biodiversity Survive our Approach to Global Change?
Authors: ter Steege Hans 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTBecause global change is almost synonymous with climate change, research has emphasized perhaps too much the effects of climate change over other global concerns that might be equally detrimental to biodiversity and humanity. These include unsustainable land use and massive conversion and degradation of natural habitats. Perhaps by the time we understand the effects of global climate change on tropical forests, there may not be any left to admire.
He Iwi Kotahi Tatou Trust: Post‐development practices in Moerewa, Northland
Authors: FitzHerbert Stephen , Lewis Nicolas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines community development projects in Moerewa, a small town in Te Tai Tokerau (central Northland) decimated by industrial decline in the late 1980s. It builds on a series of conversations with Ngahau Davis of He Iwi Kotahi Tatou Trust, which has sought to revitalise Moerewa by challenging conventional understandings of development. The paper is part of an on‐going engagement with the Trust, which includes involving it with a second year undergraduate field course. In the paper, we argue for the political and theoretical potential of post‐development inquiry and practice in communities like Moerewa.
(Re)making space for kiwi: beyond ‘fortress conservation’ in Northland
Authors: Blue Lyndsay , Blunden Greg 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMainstream conservation has been long dominated globally by the protected area paradigm. This approach has been widely challenged in recent years, and new conservation initiatives have emerged. The situation is mirrored in New Zealand, where ongoing biodiversity loss has prompted reappraisal. Within this context, we highlight the plight of kiwi, focusing on Northland and efforts there to (re)make space for this iconic bird which is at risk of extinction. While the state has primarily responded by fortifying ‘islands’ on public conservation land, Far North communities are working in a variety of ways and localities, both within and beyond ‘the fortress’, to secure a future for the ‘people's bird’.
Note on genus Achlya Billberg, 1820 from China (Lepidoptera, Thyatiridae)
Authors: PAN Zhao‐Hui , ZHOU Yong‐Quan , HAN Hui‐Lin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe genus Achlya Billberg, 1820 is reported for the first time from China as A. jezoensis (Matsumura, 1927), which is a species collected from Maorshan, Heilongjiang Province. The adult and genitalia characters of the species are briefly redescribed and illustrated, distribution data is provided.