bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A two‐wavelength pyrometer for temperature measurements in gas‐solids systems
Authors: Themelis N. J. , Gauvin W. H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe measurement of particle temperature in gas‐solids suspensions by conventional pyrometric methods is complicated by a lack of knowledge of the particle emissivity and the absorption strength of the cloud. Further difficulties may be caused by background re‐radiation, variations in geometrical factors and ‐ if the particles are undergoing chemical reaction ‐ rapid changes in the particle temperature. These difficulties can be eliminated if the radiant energies emitted by the particles at two different wavelengths (close in value) are measured simultaneously.A pyrometer based on this principle was designed and constructed for measuring temperatures both in the infra‐red (500–900 C.) and the visible (800–1200°C.) ranges. The radiation from the particles was passed through suitable pairs of monochromatic filters inserted in diametrical opposition into a metal disk rotating at speeds up to 8,000 r.p.m. The two alternating beams were focused on the cathode of a photoelectric cell, and the resulting voltages measured by means of a cathode‐ray oscilloscope. The instrument was used successfully in an investigation of the rate of reduction of small iron oxide particles in the presence of hydrogen at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1100°C.
A generalization of the residence time concept
Authors: Rudd Dale F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn abstraction and generalization of the residence time distribution function method of analysis of distributed property reactor systems is developed for the special cases of well‐mixed and fixed residence time reactors. By defining a generalized describing variable and applying a conservation law, the event space distribution function method is developed. With this method it is possible to formulate and solve reactor problems that are beyond the scope of the residence time distribution method. The residence time method is shown to be a special case of the event space method. Several applications of the method are presented.
Carbon dioxide absorption and desorption in a packed tower using water and solutions of sodium carbonate and of triethanolamine
Authors: Berg L. Van Den 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe relative efficiencies of water, sodium carbonate solutions (0.025 to 0.4 M), and triethanolamine solutions (0.05 to 1.0 M) for the removal of carbon dioxide from air containing up to 12% of the gas, at 40–50°F., was determined using 12 in. diameter towers packed to a depth of 40 in. with 1‐in. Raschig rings. Coefficients of absorption for sodium carbonate and triethanolamine solutions were 30–60% less than comparable coefficients for water. Desorption coefficients for sodium carbonate and triethanolamine solutions were larger than absorption coefficients under comparable conditions but somewhat less than desorption coefficients for water, except for dilute conditions. Desorption coefficients for dilute solutions (less than 0.15 M) were up to three times as large as those for water. These results indicate that the use of sodium carbonate or triethanolamine solutions instead of water (as frequently used at present) would permit the use of smaller desorption equipment in applications such as scrubber systems for the removal of carbon dioxide from controlled atmosphere storage rooms for fruits and vegetables.Solubility data for carbon dioxide in sodium carbonate and triethanolamine solutions at temperatures and carbon dioxide partial pressures of interest in this study were also determined.
Sieve tray gas and liquid film efficiencies
Authors: Ellis S. R. M. , Rose L. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA method is proposed for determining the relative number of solute gas and liquid phase transfer units by vaporising the solute and the solvent into air, and so using the relevant mass transfer data for the solvent to minimise differences in operating conditions on the measured value for mass transfer of the solute.Experimental solute NOG and solvent NG values are determined from the amount of solute and solvent vaporised together into air from a low solute concentration in the liquid solvent. The NG of the solvent is used to calculate NG for the solute, and then, knowing NOG, to calculate NL for the solute. This method allows for variations in foam structure in different systems and gives more accurate NG and NL solute values than those calculated from water vaporisation and oxygen desorption experiments.NG and NL results are presented for the solutes methyl alcohol and acetone in the solvents water and carbon tetrachloride from vaporisation experiments in a 4″ diameter sieve tray column.
The absorption of carbon dioxide by sodium hydroxide on a sieve plate
Authors: Harris I. J. , Roper G. H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe absorption of carbon dioxide by sodium hydroxide solutions has been studied on a single sieve plate. For sodium hydroxide concentrations from 0.001 to 0.14 lb. mole/ft.3 and for carbon dioxide concentrations in the gas phase from 0.8 to 1.9%, the results were correlated by the equation‐

The rate of absorption was found to be a maximum with solutions approximately 0.125 lb.mole/ft.3 total sodium and at temperatures close to 125°F.
Kinetic studies on the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Marier P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractKinetic studies have been made of the thermal decomposition of precipitated calcium carbonate, powdered calcite, and regular fragments of calcite crystals. The powdered materials were examined in the form of pellets, which were prepared by compacting the powder to about 70% of its theoretical density. The work was done at one atmosphere of pressure in a flow of air containing various amounts of carbon dioxide. It was observed that the decomposition of the pellets, which were prepared in a variety of shapes, was characterized by the same advancing interface mechanism as that observed for single specimens of crystal fragments. When the rates of decomposition were normalized for the change in of interfacial area accompanying decomposition, it was possible to correlate the observed rates of decomposition for a variety of pellet shapes, and to relate these rates, as a function of particle size and pellet roughness, to the rates of decomposition of large fragments of calcite crystals. The activation energy for the decomposition reaction was found to be 40.6 kcal./mole. At a constant temperature, the decrease in reaction rate with increasing carbon dioxide pressure was found to be proportional to the difference between the equilibrium dissociation pressure and the back pressure of carbon dioxide. A reaction mechanism based on diffusion through a constant thickness of active calcium oxide is suggested.
Kinetics of the reaction of niobium pentachloride with water vapor
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Whalley B. J. P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhen niobium pentachloride is exposed to moist air, hydrogen chloride is liberated and hydrated niobium pentoxide or niobic acid remains. It is believed that the rate of the reaction is controlled by the rate of diffusion of water across a layer of unidentified intermediate product of constant thickness (about 0.2 mm.). The constant thickness of the layer is maintained by the spalling and cracking of the product after it exceeds a critical thickness. Since the reaction takes place at an interface between the niobium pentachloride and the layer of intermediate, it is necessary to normalize the results for the decrease in interfacial area as the reaction proceeds. When this is done, the rate of the reaction, expressed in terms of grams of niobium pentachloride reacting per square centimetre of interface per hour, is:
The pipeline flow of capsules: Part 3 ‐ An experimental investigation of the transport by water of single cylindrical and spherical capsules with density equal to that of the water
Authors: Ellis H. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAs the first part of an experimental investigation of the transport of shaped solids through pipelines, laboratory studies have been made on the transport of single cylindrical and spherical capsules by a stream of water, the capsules having the same density as the water. The studies were concerned with the effects of water velocity and capsule/pipe diameter ratio on the velocity of both cylindrical and spherical capsules, and also with the effects of capsule length/diameter ratio and end‐shape on the velocity of cylindrical capsules.The investigation was carried out in a 35‐ft. horizontal length of 1 1/4 in. diameter transparent acrylic plastic pipe. The velocity of the capsules was found to vary from 1.05 to about 1.5 times the average water velocity, which ranged from 0.20 to 12.15 ft./sec. A decrease of diameter increased the velocity of both cylindrical and spherical capsules relative to the average water velocity. Increasing the length of cylindrical capsules had a similar effect, while an ellipsoidal nose increased the velocity of smaller diameter cylindrical capsules, but the effect on the largest diameters was negligible. The presence of a capsule appeared to delay the onset of turbulence in the annulus between the capsule and the pipe wall to a much higher value of Reynolds number than would hold in unobstructed fluid flow.
Hydrocracking, an example of modern hydrogen processing
Authors: Maclaren D. D. , Cunningham A. R. , Hendricks G. W. , Kelley A. E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHydrocracking as defined in this paper is a catalytic process for converting relatively high boiling hydrocarbons to lower boiling products with a net consumption of hydrogen. As such, hydrocracking is a combination hydrogen/catalytic process. The paper discusses the modern hydrocracking process by reviewing its past history, discussing the mechanism of the reactions which occur, describing the types of catalysts which can be employed, presenting typical results on a variety of feedstocks and, finally, showing the economic attractiveness of hydrocracking by comparing the value of a variety of refinery stocks as hydrocracking feed as compared to their more normal alternate disposition.
Activation energy calculation from a linearly‐increasing‐temperature experiment
Authors: Ingraham T. R. , Marier P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA simplified method has been developed for the determination of the activation energy of a heterogeneous reaction having linear kinetics.The thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate has been used as an example and it has been shown that when the logarithm of the weight loss per unit area of powder compacts is plotted against the reciprocal of absolute temperature, for a run done with a linear heating rate, a linear relationship is obtained. When the logarithms of the heating rate and the absolute temperature are included, results for a variety of heating rates can be completely correlated. Heating rates of less than 5 degrees per minute are recommended.An activation energy of 48.4 ± 2 kilocalories per mole has been estimated for the decomposition reaction and 7 ± 3 kilocalories per mole for the formation reaction.
Some segregation effects in packed‐fluidized beds
Authors: Sutherland J. P. , Wong K. Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn a fluidized bed, particles of different size are subject to a force imbalance that promotes segregation. However, in conventional gas‐fluidized systems this tendency is masked by the high solids mixing rates that exist. The addition of packing or baffles permits the use of high aspect ratios and also restricts large‐scale solids movement. As a result, segregation is more pronounced. Experiments have been carried out to assess the extent of segregation occurring in gas‐fluidized systems containing an open‐ended cylindrical screen packing. The degree of segregation has been found to depend on gas flow rate and bed height. Some rate studies have also been made.
Dehydrogenation of n‐butylenes over calcium nickel phosphate: Determination of relative adsorption coefficients
Authors: Firko J. , Alexander D. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe reaction rate constant, and the relative adsorption coefficients of steam and butadiene, were determined during the dehydrogenation of n‐butylenes over calcium nickel phosphate catalyst.The calculated conversions from the integrated rate equation are in agreement with the experimental values obtained in a small reactor and with pilot plant data.A method for estimating the conversions in commercial units at different operating conditions has been indicated.
Computational Investigation of the Effect of pH on the Color of Firefly Bioluminescence by DFT
Authors: Pinto da Silva Luís , Esteves da Silva Joaquim C. G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn spite of recent advances towards understanding the mechanism of firefly bioluminescence, there is no consensus about which oxyluciferin (OxyLH2) species are the red and yellow‐green emitters. The crystal structure of Luciola cruciata luciferase (LcLuc) revealed different conformations for the various steps of the bioluminescence reaction, with different degrees of polarity and rigidity of the active‐site microenvironment. In this study, these different conformations of luciferase (Luc) are simulated and their effects on the different chemical equilibria of OxyLH2 are investigated as a function of pH by means of density functional theory with the PBE0 functional. In particular, the thermodynamic properties and the absorption spectra of each species, as well as their relative stabilities in the ground and excited states, were computed in the different conformations of Luc. From the calculations it is possible to derive the acid dissociation and tautomeric constants, and the corresponding distribution diagrams. It is observed that the anionic keto form of OxyLH2 is both the red and the yellow‐green emitter. Consequently, the effect of Luc conformations on the structural and electronic properties of the Keto‐(−1) form are studied. Finally, insights into the Luc‐catalyzed light‐emitting reaction are derived from the calculations. The multicolor bioluminescence can be explained by interactions of the emitter with active‐site molecules, the effects of which on light emission are modulated by the internal dielectric constant of the different conformations. These interactions can suffer also from rearrangement due to entry of external solvent and changes in the protonation state of some amino acid residues and adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
The emergence and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids
Authors: Hudson Simon , Ramsey John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn late 2008, several synthetic cannabinoids were detected in herbal smoking mixtures. Typical of these products were ‘Spice Gold’, ‘Spice Silver’ and ‘Yucatan Fire’, but many other products have since appeared. The analytes detected, such as JWH‐018 and CP47,497 are experimental compounds, some of which were never designed for human use.Both scientific and anecdotal evidence suggest that these compounds are more potent than traditional cannabis and are being widely used. As a result, authorities around the world are now beginning to control them by either naming individual compounds or using generic legislation.This, however, is easier said than done as the synthetic cannabinoids detected are constantly changing in attempts by manufacturers to evade legislation.This paper includes background information in the style of a brief monograph, as an aid to rapidly understanding the pharmacological aspects of these compounds in the forensic context, and then presents a comprehensive set of data, obtained from analysis of purchased products by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) and liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
{Rh(PiBu3)2}+ Fragments Ligated to Arenes: From Benzene to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Part I – An Experimental Approach
Authors: Woolf Anthony , Chaplin Adrian B. , McGrady John E. , Alibadi Muhsen A. M. , Rees Nicholas , Draper Sylvia , Murphy Frances , Weller Andrew S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe report the synthesis, structural characterisation andsolution‐phase dynamics of a series of polyaromatic hydrocarbon complexes of the 12‐electron {Rh(PiBu3)2}+ fragment. Crystal structures of this fragment with benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, triphenylene and coronene are described, alongside their solution NMR spectroscopic data. The ligands map out a systematic increase in size of the aromatic subunit, and represent an approach to the limiting case of coordination to a graphene surface. The solid‐state and solution structures of a {Rh(COD)}+ fragment coordinated to a hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene are also reported.
{Rh(PiBu3)2}+ Fragments Ligated to Arenes: From Benzene to Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons, Part II – Computational Analysis of Pathways for Haptotropic Migration
Authors: Woolf Anthony , Alibadi Muhsen A. M. , Chaplin Adrian B. , McGrady John E. , Weller Andrew S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDensity functional theory has been used to probe the structures and solution dynamics of a series of polyaromatichydrocarbon complexes of the 12‐electron fragment {Rh(PiBu3)2}+. These studies suggest that the strength of the binding of the metal to the hydrocarbon surface is controlled by the electronic demands of both the metal (16‐electron configuration) and ligand (maximum retention of aromaticity). In cases where these two factors can be satisfied simultaneously an energetically isolated equilibrium structure emerges and haptotropic shifts are blocked. In cases where a compromise between the requirements of the metal and ligand is unavoidable the potential energy surface is rather flatter, leading to rapid haptotropic shifts between near iso‐energetic isomers.
High‐resolution temperature observations to monitor soil thermal properties as a proxy for soil moisture condition in clay‐shale landslide
Authors: Krzeminska Dominika M. , Steele‐Dunne Susan C. , Bogaard Thom A. , Rutten Martine M. , Sailhac Pascal , Geraud Yves 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe heterogeneity of hillslope material and variations in its hydrological characteristics affect the spatial and temporal fluctuation of soil moisture patterns within a landslide. Moisture conditions of the unsaturated zone influence the distribution, intensity and time delay of groundwater recharge from precipitation. High‐resolution monitoring of hydrological features of the near‐surface soil layer is necessary to advance understanding of the temporal behaviour of complex landslides and their displacement dynamics. This paper aims to show the potential of high temporal and spatial resolution temperature sensing for hydrological analysis of unstable slopes. The main focus of this research is to detect the spatial and temporal variation in soil moisture conditions through the monitoring of soil thermal properties. We present qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil temperature data collected during three field campaigns in the black marls mudslide of Super‐Sauze (France). The temperature data are used to determine soil thermal parameters that are affected by bulk density and soil moisture content. On the basis of the spatial and temporal variation of the soil thermal parameters, the information about soil moisture content fluctuations could be obtained. Promising empirical relationships between apparent thermal diffusivity and soil moisture content have been obtained when accounting for local heterogeneities in soil characteristics. Furthermore, the requirements and limitation of the proposed methodology for clay shale material is elaborated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New insights into the prevention and treatment of familial breast cancer
Authors: Euhus David M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIndividuals who inherit a deleterious mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at very high risk for breast cancer but there are several strategies available for successfully managing this risk. Breast cancers that develop in the context of germline BRCA gene mutation present challenges for management but also opportunities. DNA damaging agents, like cisplatin, and the new class of drugs called PARP inhibitors exploit the underlying defect in DNA damage repair to great effect. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:294–298. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The promise of nanotechnology for solving clinical problems in breast cancer
Authors: Grobmyer Stephen R. , Morse David L. , Fletcher Bradley , Gutwein Luke G. , Sharma Parvesh , Krishna Vijay , Frost Susan C. , Moudgil Brij M. , Brown Scott C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractApproaches for breast cancer treatment are invasive, disfiguring, have significant side‐effects, and are not always curative. Nanotechnology is an emerging area which is focused on engineering of materials <100 × 10−9 m. There is significant promise for advancing nanotechnology to improve breast cancer diagnosis and treatment including non‐invasive therapy, monitoring response to therapy, advanced imaging, treatment of metastatic disease, and improved nodal staging. Current approaches and important future directions are discussed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:317–325. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical outcomes of the KYOCERA Physio Hinge Total Knee System Type III after the resection of a bone and soft tissue tumor of the distal part of the femur
Authors: Matsumine Akihiko , Ueda Takafumi , Sugita Takashi , Yazawa Yasuo , Isu Kazuo , Kawai Akira , Abe Satoshi , Yakushiji Toshitake , Hiraga Hiroaki , Sudo Akihiro , Uchida Atsumasa ,   The Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe KYOCERA Physio Hinge Total Knee System Type III (PHKIII) was developed to reconstruct bony defects of the distal femur. The PHKIII is originative in that the metallic parts are fully made of titanium alloy, and this prosthesis has a unique semi‐rotating hinge joint and was designed especially for people with the Asian physical body‐type. The clinical outcomes of the PHKIII after the resection of musculoskeletal tumors of the distal femur were evaluated.MethodsThere were 41 males and 28 females with a median age of 48‐years. The median duration of follow‐up was 57 months.ResultsEleven early complications and 37 late complications were observed, including 10 recurrences, 7 deep infections, 7 aseptic loosenings, 4 stem breakages, 4 displacements of shaft cap, and one wear of rotation sleeve. Twenty four prosthesis (35%) required a secondary operation because of complications. The five‐year overall prosthetic survival rates, ‐prosthetic survival rate without aseptic loosening, and ‐limbs preservation rate were 85%, 90%, and 86%, respectively. The mean functional score according to the classification system of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society was 20.5 points (68%).ConclusionsAlthough continuous follow‐up is required, reconstructions using PHKIII are considered to achieve more acceptable functional results. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:257–263. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersion and Exfoliation of Graphene in Rubber by an Ultrasonically‐Assisted Latex Mixing and In situ Reduction Process
Authors: Zhan Yanhu , Wu Jinkui , Xia Hesheng , Yan Ning , Fei Guoxia , Yuan Guiping 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNR/GE composites were prepared by an ultrasonically‐assisted latex mixing and in situ reduction process. Graphene oxide was dispersed in NRL using an ultrasonic field and was then reduced in situ, followed by latex coagulation to obtain the NR/GE masterbatch. The results show that the process produces a much better dispersion and exfoliation of GE in the matrix and contributes to an increase in the tensile strength compared to conventional direct mixing. Compared to pure rubber, the tensile strength and tear strength for NR/(2 wt.‐%)GE composites were increased by ≈47 and 50%, respectively. With increasing GE content, the maximum torque, crosslink density, elastic modulus, and thermal conductivity of NR/GE composites were found to increase. magnified image