bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Response Monitoring of Breast Cancer During Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Relevance of Breast Cancer Subtype
Authors: Loo Claudette E. , Straver Marieke E. , Rodenhuis Sjoerd , Muller Sara H. , Wesseling Jelle , Vrancken Peeters Marie-Jeanne T.F.D. , Gilhuijs Kenneth G.A. 
Published: January 2011

Purpose To evaluate the relevance of breast cancer subtypes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers for monitoring of therapy response during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Patients and Methods MRI examinations were performed in 188 women before and during NAC. MRI interpretation included lesion morphology at baseline, changes in morphology, size, and contrast uptake kinetics (initial and late enhancement). By using immunohistochemistry, tumors were divided into three subtypes: triple negative, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive, and estrogen receptor (ER) positive/HER2 negative. Tumor response was assessed dichotomously (ie, presence or absence of residual tumor in the surgical specimen). Complementary, a continuous scale assessment was used (the breast response index [BRI], representing the relative change in tumor stage). Multivariate regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic analysis were employed to establish significant associations. Results Residual tumor at pathology was present in 31 (66%) of 47 triple-negative tumors, 23 (61%) of 38 HER2-positive tumors, and 96 (93%) of 103 ER-positive/HER2-negative tumors. Multivariate analysis of residual disease showed significant associations between breast cancer subtype and MRI (area under the curve [AUC], 0.84; P < .001). BRI also showed significant correlation among breast cancer subtype, MRI, and age (Pearson's r = 0.465; P < .001). In subset analysis, this was only significant for triple-negative tumors (P < .001) and HER2-positive tumors (P < .05). Residual tumor after NAC in the triple-negative and HER2-positive group is significantly associated with the change in largest diameter of late enhancement during NAC (AUC, 0.76; P < .001). No associations were found for ER-positive/HER2-negative tumors. Conclusion MRI during NAC to monitor response is effective in triple-negative or HER2-positive disease but is inaccurate in ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer.
Engineering or environmentalism: Changing views of the water question in Spain
Authors: Garca-Tornel Francisco Calvo 
Published: January 2011

La desigual distribucin de los recursos hdricos en Espaa, debido a la diversidad climtica de la Pennsula, se ha contemplado tradicionalmente como una grave limitacin al desarrollo econmico general. Desde finales del siglo XVIII se propugna una poltica de redistribucin de recursos mediante
grandes obras hidrulicas, que culmin en los grandes proyectos de transferencias entre cuencas (desde el Tajo hacia el Sureste peninsular y desde el Ebro hacia Levante y Sur). Finalizando el siglo XX y desde puntos de vista ambientalistas y sociales, se critica esta poltica de oferta, desarrollando
un nuevo discurso que tiene como objetivo regular la demanda de agua utilizando la planificacin territorial y aplicando criterios ambientalistas. Los discursos tericos se han trasmitido al debate poltico general de forma fragmentada y con diferentes matices, segn se trate de territorios que
disponen de mayor o menor abundancia de recursos propios. La estructura del Estado espaol permite que los distintos puntos de vista se utilicen como argumentos polticos contradictorios en las distintas regiones, incluso ms all de las fronteras ideolgicas entre partidos. La inquietud social,
generada tanto en los territorios que exigen ms agua como en aquellos que habran de cederla en su caso, se utiliza para robustecer el apoyo popular de unos u otros con fines electorales.
The unequal distribution of water resources in Spain, due to climatic variations in the Peninsula, has
traditionally been seen as a serious limitation on economic development. Since the end of the eighteenth century the emphasis has been on a policy of redistribution of resources by means of major hydraulic infrastructure works, which culminated in the major projects for transferring water
between rivers (from the Tagus to the southwest of the Peninsula and from the Ebro to the Levante and to the south). Towards the end of the twentieth century, and from an environmental and social perspective, this policy of supply has come under attack, leading to the development of a new
discourse that aims to regulate the demand for water through regional planning and the application of environmental criteria. Academic debates entered the general political arena in a fragmented manner and with differing emphases in different regions, depending on the extent to which they
had sufficient water resources or not. The structure of the Spanish state is such that different points of view are used in different regions to sustain contradictory political arguments, which go beyond the ideological differences between political parties. Social concern, both in the territories
which demand more water and in those who have to give it away, is often used to electoral advantage in order to increase popular support for one side or the other.
Development of a Geothermal Snow Melting System for Highway Overlays and Its Performance Validations
Authors: Seo Youngguk , Seo Unjong , Eum Juyong , Lee Seok-Jin 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Geothermal energy has been applied to a snow melting system for highway overlays. This paper described practical steps for the design, construction, and validation of the system. These steps were carried out both in a laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, a series of heat conductivity tests were carried out to understand the heat transfer characteristics in a pavement layer and to determine an optimum pipe pitch at 50 mm depth. Steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) was proposed as the pavement material to make the system durable in overlays subjected to heavy traffic, and its resistance to construction cracks was tested in the field. In 2009, the first trial version of the geothermal snow melting system was built into a 50 mm thick SFRC overlay. Since then, its snow melting performance has been monitored and evaluated under different snowfall accumulations and intensities. Given the design variables, it took about 30 to 60 minutes to remove snow and ice even under heavy snowfalls. Finally, the construction and operation costs of the developed system were calculated and compared with those of other snow melting methods. It is expected that the developed system will be installed on tunnel entrances and bridge decks on highways once its durability is verified under heavy axle loads.
The Resolution of Sexual Antagonism by Gene Duplication
Authors: Connallon Tim , Clark Andrew G 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDisruptive selection between males and females can generate sexual antagonism, where alleles improving fitness in one sex reduce fitness in the other. This type of genetic conflict arises because males and females carry nearly identical sets of genes: opposing selection, followed by genetic mixing during reproduction, generates a population genetic “tug-of-war” that constrains adaptation in either sex. Recent verbal models suggest that gene duplication and sex-specific cooption of paralogs might resolve sexual antagonism and facilitate evolutionary divergence between the sexes. However, this intuitive proximal solution for sexual dimorphism potentially belies a complex interaction between mutation, genetic drift, and positive selection during duplicate fixation and sex-specific paralog differentiation. The interaction of these processes—within the explicit context of duplication and sexual antagonism—has yet to be formally described by population genetics theory. Here, we develop and analyze models of gene duplication and sex-specific differentiation between paralogs. We show that sexual antagonism can favor the fixation and maintenance of gene duplicates, eventually leading to the evolution of sexually dimorphic genetic architectures for male and female traits. The timescale for these evolutionary transitions is sensitive to a suite of genetic and demographic variables, including allelic dominance, recombination, sex linkage, and population size. Interestingly, we find that female-beneficial duplicates preferentially accumulate on the X chromosome, whereas male-beneficial duplicates are biased toward autosomes, independent of the dominance parameters of sexually antagonistic alleles. Although this result differs from previous models of sexual antagonism, it is consistent with several findings from the empirical genomics literature.
Water Consumption and Use, Trihalomethane Exposure, and the Risk of Hypospadias
Authors: Iszatt Nina , Nieuwenhuijsen Mark J. , Nelson Paul , Elliott Paul , Toledano Mireille B. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVES:Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly that affects up to 70 in 10 000 males. Ingestion of drinking-water–disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes (THMs) has been associated with hypospadias in a small sample. We examined risk of hypospadias and exposure to THMs through water consumption and use.METHODS:Between September 2000 and March 2003, we interviewed mothers of 471 boys with hypospadias and 490 controls in southeast England about maternal water consumption, dishwashing, showering, bathing and swimming. We obtained residential THM concentrations from the water companies and linked them by using Geographical Information Systems, which provided data on 468 case-subjects and 485 controls.RESULTS:THM exposures, except for ingestion of ≥6 μg/day of bromodichloromethane (odds ratio [OR]: 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–2.69]), were not associated with risk of hypospadias. Elevated risk of hypospadias was associated with estimates of consumption of cold tap water at home (OR: 1.71 [95% CI: 1.07–2.76]), total water (OR: 1.70 [95% CI: 1.09–2.67]), bottled water (OR: 1.64 [95% CI: 1.09–2.48]), and total fluid (OR: 1.55 [95% CI: 1.01–2.39]) for the highest versus the lowest categories; the first 2 showed dose-response trends.CONCLUSIONS:Evidence for an association between maternal water consumption and risk of hypospadias did not seem to be explained by THM exposure. Factors that influence maternal water consumption or other contaminants in tap or bottled water might explain this finding. It is important that women maintain an adequate fluid intake during pregnancy.
Gender Differences in Food Insecurity and Morbidity Among Adolescents in Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Belachew Tefera , Hadley Craig , Lindstrom David , Gebremariam Abebe , Michael Kifle Wolde , Getachew Yehenew , Lachat Carl , Kolsteren Patrick 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE:Several studies have shown the adverse health consequences of food insecurity on household members. To what extent this relationship is mediated by gender among adolescents has not been documented. We hypothesized that the health consequences of food insecurity would be more pronounced in girls compared with boys.METHODS:We used the first-round data from a 5-year longitudinal family survey of 2084 adolescents aged 13 to 17 years from urban, semiurban, and rural areas of southwest Ethiopia. Stratified random sampling was used to select households and adolescents. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare self-reported morbidity according to food-security status and gender after adjusting for nutritional and socioeconomic covariates.RESULTS:Overall, 29.9% of girls and 19.2% of boys reported illness during the previous 1 month before the survey. Food-insecure girls were twice as likely to report suffering from an illness (P &lt; .01) compared with boys, and the risk of reported illness tripled when girls were food insecure and were part of food-insecure households (P &lt; .01). Girls were 7.4 and 7.0 times more likely to report difficulties with activities because of poor health and having a feeling of tiredness/low energy compared with boys, respectively (P &lt; .001).CONCLUSIONS:We report that in a food-insecure situation, gender is an important predictor of an adolescent's self-reported health status. Food-security interventions should consider gender as a key variable to narrow the gap in health between boys and girls.
Research into Witchcraft in Psychoanalysis and History
Authors: Gerlach Alf 
Published: January 2011

Witchcraft and witch-hunting have been a topic for numerous historical and psychoanalytical research projects. But until now, most of these projects have remained rather isolated from one from the other, each in their own context. In this article I shall attempt to set up a dialogue between psychoanalysis and history by way of the example of research into witchcraft. However, I make no claim to covering the different psychoanalytical and historical approaches in full. As a historical ‘layman’, my interest lies in picking out some of the approaches that seem to me particularly well suited to contribute to reciprocal enhancement.Historische und psychoanalytische Ansätze in der Hexenforschung sind bisher realtiv isoliert voneinander geblieben. Eine Schwierigkeit psychoanalytischer Deutungsversuche der Hexenverfolgungen liegt darin, dass diese Interpretationen zu wenig auf die zeitliche und örtliche Differenzierung der Quellen achten. Der Autor schlägt eine Annäherung mit der von G. Devereux entickelten komplementaristischen Methode vor. Dessen Unterscheidung zwischen einem ethnischen und einem idiosynkratischen Unbewussten kann, wenn es auf die vertikale Zeitachse der Geschichtswissenschaft übersetzt wird, zu einem fruchtbaren Dialog zwischen Psychoanalyse und Geschichtswissenschaft führen. Beispiele von Hexenphantasien aus der klinisch-psychoanalytischen Arbeit können so mit kollektiven Phantasien in Bezug gesetzt warden, die sowohl der historischen Hexenverfolgung wie auch heute noch vorfindbaren Massenneurosen zugrunde liegen.
Association between navicular bone fragmentation and shape in Belgian Warmblood horses
Authors: Claerhoudt S. , Pille F. , Vanderperren K. , Hauspie S. , Duchateau L. , Van der Vekens E. , Saunders J. H. 
Published: January 2011

Summary
Objectives: To investigate whether in navicular bones (NB) from warmbloods, distal border fragmentation is associated with the shape of the proximal articular border or other radiological findings.
Methods: Radiographs of the front feet of 325 normal, subadult horses presented for admission as breeding stallions were reviewed.
Results: The proximal articular border of the total of 650 NB was classified as straight (n = 278), convex (n = 184), undulating (n = 147) or concave (n = 41). Distal border fragments were present in 57 NB (8.8%). They were significantly more prevalent in NB with a concave (9/41; 22%) or undulating (19/147; 13%) proximal articular border compared to NB with a straight (17/278; 6%) or convex shape (12/184; 7%). No other significant associations were found.
Clinical significance: Hypothetically, since a shape-fragment association was found and the distribution of biomechanical forces exerted on the navicular bone are assumed to be shape dependent, distal border fragments may be a result of unfavourable loading of the navicular region.
The efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal precursor cells for the repair of an ovine tibial segmental defect
Authors: McGee M. , Stanley R. , Ruthenbeck G. , Papadimitrakis T. , Zannettino A. , Gronthos S. , Itescu S. , Field J. R. 
Published: January 2011

Summary
Introduction: Synthetic void-fillers offer an alternative to autograft or allograft bone in the repair of segmental defects. However, the reparative process is delayed as only osteo-conductive elements are present. The inclusion of pluripotential cells may resolve this limitation, and the use of allogeneic tissue provides the opportunity for an off-the-shelf remedy. The current study evaluated the utilisation of mesenchymal precursor cells (MPC) for the repair of an ovine critical-size tibial segmental defect.
Methods: Twenty-four, mature female sheep underwent surgery for the creation of a 3 cm tibial diaphyseal defect. In one group of 12 sheep the scaffold was used alone, and in the second group the scaffold was seeded with MPC. The defect was stabilised using a locking intramedullary nail and allowed to heal over a nine-month-period. Outcome assessments of healing included radiology of callus formation, computed tomography, assessment of new-bone volume, mechanical attributes, and histological evaluation of linear bone apposition rate and tissue response.
Results: The MPC-treated group displayed a significantly greater level of callus formation and rate of bone apposition in the defect.
Discussion: The incorporation of allogeneic MPC to a synthetic void filler stimulated early repair of critical-size diaphyseal segmental defects and holds potential as an off-the-shelf therapy for augmenting bone regeneration.
Concentration of platelets and growth factors in canine autologous conditioned plasma
Authors: Stief M. , Gottschalk J. , Ionita J.-C. , Einspanier A. , Oechtering G. , Böttcher P. 
Published: January 2011

Summary
Objectives: To report the concentration of blood cells and selected growth factors in canine autologous conditioned plasma (ACP).
Methods: The density of blood cells in whole blood (WB), ACP and standard plasma preparation (SP) of 10 healthy mature dogs was determined. In both ACP and SP, the concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor-AA, platelet-derived growth factor-AB, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and transforming growth factor-β2 was measured using the ELISA technique. In another ten dogs, ACP was prepared using an ultra-soft spinning protocol, and again blood cell density was compared to that obtained in WB.
Results: The density of platelets in ACP was significantly higher than that in SP (p = 0.0002), but there was not any significant difference between ACP and WB, nor between WB and ACP prepared using softer centrifugations. Interestingly, only for IGF-1, PDGFBB, and TGF-β1 could reliable measurements be obtained, showing a significant increase in PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 concentrations in ACP compared to SP (p = 0.001, p = 0.0028). Regarding IGF-1 content, there was not any significant difference between ACP and SP.
Clinical significance: Canine ACP prepared according to the manufacturer’s recommendations, or by using a softer spin does not show the same specifications as human ACP, which shows a doubling in platelet count compared to WB. Even though canine ACP has a similar number of platelets per injected volume and consequently, probably the same amount of injected growth factors than WB, application of canine ACP would not be associated with the proinflammatory potential reported for WB, as it is almost free of erythrocytes and nucleated cells.
Chemokine Transcripts as Targets of the RNA-Binding Protein HuR in Human Airway Epithelium
Authors: Fan Jinshui , Ishmael Faoud T. , Fang Xi , Myers Allen , Cheadle Chris , Huang Shau-Ku , Atasoy Ulus , Gorospe Myriam , Stellato Cristiana 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
HuR is a regulator of mRNA turnover or translation of inflammatory genes through binding to adenylate-uridylate–rich elements and related motifs present in the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. We postulate that HuR critically regulates the epithelial response by associating with multiple ARE-bearing, functionally related inflammatory transcripts. We aimed to identify HuR targets in the human airway epithelial cell line BEAS-2B challenged with TNF-α plus IFN-γ, a strong stimulus for inflammatory epithelial responses. Ribonucleoprotein complexes from resting and cytokine-treated cells were immunoprecipitated using anti-HuR and isotype-control Ab, and eluted mRNAs were reverse-transcribed and hybridized to an inflammatory-focused gene array. The chemokines CCL2, CCL8, CXCL1, and CXCL2 ranked highest among 27 signaling and inflammatory genes significantly enriched in the HuR RNP-IP from stimulated cells over the control immunoprecipitation. Among these, 20 displayed published HuR binding motifs. Association of HuR with the four endogenous chemokine mRNAs was validated by single-gene ribonucleoprotein-immunoprecipitation and shown to be 3′UTR-dependent by biotin pull-down assay. Cytokine treatment increased mRNA stability only for CCL2 and CCL8, and transient silencing and overexpression of HuR affected only CCL2 and CCL8 expression in primary and transformed epithelial cells. Cytokine-induced CCL2 mRNA was predominantly cytoplasmic. Conversely, CXCL1 mRNA remained mostly nuclear and unaffected, as CXCL2, by changes in HuR levels. Increase in cytoplasmic HuR and HuR target expression partially relied on the inhibition of AMP-dependent kinase, a negative regulator of HuR nucleocytoplasmic shuttling. HuR-mediated regulation in airway epithelium appears broader than previously appreciated, coordinating numerous inflammatory genes through multiple posttranscriptional mechanisms.
Normative and Critical Criteria for Iliotibial Band and Iliopsoas Muscle Flexibility
Authors: Ferber Reed , Kendall Karen D. , McElroy Lindsay 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
The Ober and Thomas tests are subjective and involve a “negative” or “positive” assessment, making them difficult to apply within the paradigm of evidence-based medicine. No authors have combined the subjective clinical assessment with an objective measurement for these special tests.

Objective:
To compare the subjective assessment of iliotibial band and iliopsoas flexibility with the objective measurement of a digital inclinometer, to establish normative values, and to provide an evidence-based critical criterion for determining tissue tightness.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Clinical research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Three hundred recreational athletes (125 men, 175 women; 250 in injured group, 50 in control group).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Iliotibial band and iliopsoas muscle flexibility were determined subjectively using the modified Ober and Thomas tests, respectively. Using a digital inclinometer, we objectively measured limb position. Interrater reliability for the subjective assessment was compared between 2 clinicians for a random sample of 100 injured participants, who were classified subjectively as either negative or positive for iliotibial band and iliopsoas tightness. Percentage of agreement indicated interrater reliability for the subjective assessment.

Results:
For iliotibial band flexibility, the average inclinometer angle was −24.59° ± 7.27°. A total of 432 limbs were subjectively assessed as negative (−27.13° ± 5.53°) and 168 as positive (−16.29° ± 6.87°). For iliopsoas flexibility, the average inclinometer angle was −10.60° ± 9.61°. A total of 392 limbs were subjectively assessed as negative (−15.51° ± 5.82°) and 208 as positive (0.34° ± 7.00°). The critical criteria for iliotibial band and iliopsoas flexibility were determined to be −23.16° and −9.69°, respectively. Between-clinicians agreement was very good, ranging from 95.0% to 97.6% for the Thomas and Ober tests, respectively.

Conclusions:
Subjective assessments and instrumented measurements were combined to establish normative values and critical criterions for tissue flexibility for the modified Ober and Thomas tests.