bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonized soil profile data for applications at global and continental scales: updates to the WISE database
Authors: Batjes N. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVersion 3.1 of the ISRIC‐WISE database holds selected site and horizon data for some 10 250 soil profiles from 149 countries. Profile data were extracted from a wide range of sources and harmonized with respect to the original (1974) and revised (1988) Legend of the FAO‐Unesco Soil Map of the World. Profiles have been described, sampled, and analysed according to methods and standards in use in the originating countries; analytical results for the same property cannot always be compared directly; as a result the amount of measured data available for modelling is sometimes much less than expected. WISE was specifically developed for land‐related applications at continental and global scales.
Gender as a Moderator of the Relationship between Child Exposure to the World Trade Centre Disaster and Behavioural Outcomes
Authors: Bannon William , DeVoe Ellen R. , Klein Tovah P. , Miranda Claudia 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:  This study examined the moderating effect of gender on the relationship of child exposure to the World Trade Centre (WTC) disaster and child behavioural difficulties among a sample of very young children who resided in New York City on September 11, 2001.Methods:  The authors interviewed 180 parents of children who were age five or younger on September 11th, 2001. Parents were asked to provide information concerning family demographic characteristics, their own and their children’s mental health, their children’s behavioural difficulties in the aftermath of the WTC disaster, the number of WTC disaster experiences their children were exposed to, and the number of stressful life events their children experienced prior to the disaster.Results:  Gender moderated the relationship between child exposure to the WTC disaster and several behavioural outcomes. Specifically, among children who were highly exposed boys evidenced significantly higher scores on parent report measures of internalising and total behavioural difficulties relative to girls.Conclusions:  Findings are contrary to other research on children and trauma, in which gender differences are more often reported with higher rates of internalising behaviour among girls. Future research is needed that examines how and whether younger children’s vulnerabilities in the face of trauma may differ by gender.
Unexplained fetal death: Are women with a history of fetal loss at higher risk?
Authors: MEASEY Mary‐Anne , TURSAN d’ESPAIGNET Edouard , CHARLES Adrian , DOUGLASS Catherine 
Published: March 2009

Aims: To identify factors, including the loss of a previous pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation, which are associated with increased risk of singleton antepartum unexplained fetal death (UFD) in Western Australia (WA) using information recorded in routine data collections.Methods: All fetal deaths in WA from 1990 to 1999 that underwent thorough post‐mortem investigations were classified using the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand Perinatal Death Classification System. All UFDs were selected as cases and unmatched controls were randomly drawn from all live births in WA occurring during the study period. Demographic and clinical information on cases and controls was obtained from the WA Midwives’ Notification System. Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to determine the independent effect of risk factors and calculate odds ratios.Results: Almost one quarter (22%) of stillbirths were unexplained. Primigravid and primiparous women with a history of pregnancy loss before 20 weeks were at higher risk of UFD than multiparous women who had not experienced any loss. Women with a history of fetal death (after 20 weeks) had the highest risk of UFD.Conclusion: The current practice of closely monitoring pregnant women with a history of fetal loss or death should continue as this study suggests they may have a higher risk of poor obstetric outcome. Larger studies are needed to confirm the association between previous pregnancy loss and UFD.
High frequency oscillations (80–500 Hz) in the preictal period in patients with focal seizures
Authors: Jacobs Julia , Zelmann Rina , Jirsch Jeffrey , Chander Rahul , Dubeau Claude‐Édouard Châtillon François , Gotman Jean 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Intracranial depth macroelectrode recordings from patients with focal seizures demonstrate interictal and ictal high frequency oscillations (HFOs, 80–500 Hz). These HFOs are more frequent in the seizure‐onset zone (SOZ) and reported to be linked to seizure genesis. We evaluated whether HFO activity changes in a systematic way during the preictal period.Methods:  Fifteen minutes of preictal intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were evaluated in seven consecutive patients with well‐defined SOZ. EEG was filtered at 500 Hz and sampled at 2,000 Hz. Ripples (80–250 Hz) and fast ripples (250–500 Hz) were visually marked, and spectral analysis was performed in seizure‐onset as well as nonseizure‐onset channels. Linear regressions fitted to the power trends corresponding to intervals of 1, 5, and 15 min before the seizure onset was calculated.Results:  Total rates of HFOs were significantly higher in the SOZ than outside. Preictal increases and decreases in HFO rates and band power could be detected in all patients, and they were not limited to the SOZs. These measures were very variable, and no systematic trends were observed when comparing patients or seizures in the same patient.Discussion:  High frequencies in the range of 80–500 Hz are present during the preictal period and are more prominent in the SOZ. They do not change in a systematic way before seizure onset for the horizons we tested. The 80–500 Hz band may be used for the localization of seizure‐onset areas but may be more difficult to use for seizure prediction purposes.
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND INTROGRESSION IN TWO CULTIVATED SPECIES (PORPHYRA YEZOENSISANDPORPHYRA TENERA) AND CLOSELY RELATED WILD SPECIES OFPORPHYRA(BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Niwa Kyosuke , Iida Satoko , Kato Aki , Kawai Hiroshi , Kikuchi Norio , Kobiyama Atsushi , Aruga Yusho 
Published: March 2009

We investigated the genetic variations of the samples that were tentatively identified as two cultivatedPorphyraspecies (Porphyra yezoensisUeda andPorphyra teneraKjellm.) from various natural populations in Japan using molecular analyses of plastid and nuclear DNA. From PCR‐RFLP analyses using nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and plastid RUBISCO spacer regions and phylogenetic analyses using plastidrbcL and nuclear ITS‐1 rDNA sequences, our samples from natural populations ofP. yezoensisandP. tenerashowed remarkably higher genetic variations than found in strains that are currently used for cultivation. In addition, it is inferred that our samples contain four wildPorphyraspecies, and that three of the four species, containingPorphyra kinositae, are closely related to cultivatedPorphyraspecies. Furthermore, our PCR‐RFLP and molecular phylogenetic analyses using both the nuclear and plastid DNA demonstrated the occurrence of plastid introgression fromP. yezoensistoP. teneraand suggested the possibility of plastid introgression from cultivatedP. yezoensisto wildP. yezoensis. These results imply the importance of collecting and establishing more strains of cultivatedPorphyraspecies and related wild species from natural populations as genetic resources for further improvement of cultivatedPorphyrastrains.
NITZSCHIA OVALIS(BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) MONO LAKE STRAIN ACCUMULATES 1,4/2,5 CYCLOHEXANETETROL IN RESPONSE TO INCREASED SALINITY1
Authors: Garza‐Sánchez Fernando , Chapman David J. , Cooper James B. 
Published: March 2009

The growth of microalgae in hypersaline conditions requires that cells accumulate osmoprotectants. In many instances, these are polyols. We isolated the diatomNitzschia ovalisH. J. Arn. from the saline and alkaline water body Mono Lake (CA, USA). This isolate can grow in salinities ranging from 5 to 120 parts per thousand (ppt) of salt but normally at 90 ppt salinity. In this report, we identified the major polyol osmoprotectant as 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol by electron ionization‐mass spectrometry (EI–MS),1H,13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and infrared (IR) and showed an increase in cellular concentration in response to rising salinity. This increase in the cyclitol concentration was evaluated by gas chromatography of the derived tetraacetylated cyclohexanetetrol obtaining an average of 0.7 fmol · cell−1at 5 ppt and rising to 22.5 fmol · cell−1at 120 ppt. The 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol was also detected in the red algaPorphyridium purpureum. Analysis of the free amino acid content inN. ovaliscultures exposed to changes in salinity showed that proline and lysine also accumulate with increased salinity, but the cellular concentration of these amino acids is about 10‐fold lower than the concentration of 1,4/2,5 cyclohexanetetrol. The comparison of amino acid concentration per cell with cyclitol suggests that this polyol is important in compensating the cellular osmotic pressure due to increased salinity, but other physiological functions could also be considered.
Quality Indicators for Geriatric Emergency Care
Authors: Terrell Kevin M. , Hustey Fredric M. , Hwang Ula , Gerson Lowell W. , Wenger Neil S. , Miller Douglas K. ,   on behalf of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Geriatric Task Force
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Emergency departments (EDs), similar to other health care environments, are concerned with improving the quality of patient care. Older patients comprise a large, growing, and particularly vulnerable subset of ED users. The project objective was to develop ED‐specific quality indicators for older patients to help practitioners identify quality gaps and focus quality improvement efforts.Methods:  The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Geriatric Task Force, including members representing the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), selected three conditions where there are quality gaps in the care of older patients: cognitive assessment, pain management, and transitional care in both directions between nursing homes and EDs. For each condition, a content expert created potential quality indicators based on a systematic review of the literature, supplemented with expert opinion when necessary. The original candidate quality indicators were modified in response to evaluation by four groups: the Task Force, the SAEM Geriatric Interest Group, and audiences at the 2007 SAEM Annual Meeting and the 2008 American Geriatrics Society Annual Meeting.Results:  The authors offer 6 quality indicators for cognitive assessment, 6 for pain management, and 11 for transitions between nursing homes and EDs.Conclusions:  These quality indicators will help researchers and clinicians target quality improvement efforts. The next steps will be to test the feasibility of capturing the quality indicators in existing medical records and to measure the extent to which each quality indicator is successfully met in current emergency practice.
Beta‐adrenoceptor blockade delays granulation tissue formation in polyurethane sponge implants
Authors: Romana‐Souza Bruna , Santos Jeanine S. , Desmoulière Alexis , Monte‐Alto‐Costa Andréa 
Published: March 2009

Background:  The role of adrenoceptors in granulation tissue formation is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of alpha‐ and beta‐adrenoceptor blockade on granulation tissue development using polyurethane (PU) implants in the rat.Methods:  Animals were treated orally with propranolol (beta1‐ and beta2‐antagonist), atenolol (beta1‐antagonist) or phentolamine (alpha1‐ and alpha2‐antagonist) until euthanasia. The control group received only water. All animals received subcutaneous implants of PU sponges. After 14 days, implants were collected, formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius red and immunostained for CD68 and alpha‐smooth muscle actin.Results:  The number of inflammatory cells and the volume density of myofibroblasts and blood vessels were lower in the control group than in the propranolol‐ and atenolol‐treated groups. The collagen fiber score was greater in the control group than in the propranolol‐ and atenolol‐treated groups. The inflammatory infiltrate, collagen fiber score, blood vessel density or myofibroblast differentiation was not affected by phentolamine. The percentage of fibrovascular invasion was greater in the antagonist‐treated groups than in the control group.Conclusions:  Blockade of beta1‐ and beta2‐adrenoceptors, but not alpha‐adrenoceptors, impairs granulation tissue development in PU implants due to interference with the inflammatory response.
Simple non‐staining method to demonstrate urate crystals in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded skin biopsies
Authors: Weaver Joshua , Somani Najwa , Bauer Thomas W. , Piliang Melissa 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Gouty tophi classically occur as nodules over joints and the helix. The ideal fixative for preservation of gout crystals has traditionally been alcohol because the crystals are formalin and water soluble. However, most biopsies are submitted in formalin fixative, which results in dissolution of urate crystals leaving behind a non‐specific pale amorphous area. Although complex staining methods to show urate crystals in tissue have been described, the present study elucidates a simple non‐staining method utilizing a thick unstained coverslipped microscopy slide that allows detection and confirmation of birefringence of urate crystals in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue.Methods:  Twenty‐nine cases of cutaneous gouty tophi were evaluated using a hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E)‐stained section, a 10‐μm unstained coverslipped section and a 4‐μm unstained coverslipped section. In all cases, the specimen was received and submitted in formalin.Results:  Polarizable crystals were not identified in any of the H&E sections. The use of the thicker unstained coverslipped section was more sensitive than the standard 4 μm section by recognizing the characteristic urate crystals in 48% and 38% of the cases, respectively.Conclusions:  This inexpensive adjunctive tool can be used to document gout crystals in almost half of skin biopsies.
Trends in Western Canada's Potato Industry
Authors: Hobbs Jill E. , Kerr William A. 
Published: March 2009

The potato industry in Western Canada is expanding as it becomes part of the continental market which is developing in response to NAFTA initiatives. Two segments of the industry have been responsible for most of this growth – seed potatoes and frozen french fries. Climatic conditions and relative isolation combine to make Western Canadian seed potatoes competitive in the US market. Transnational potato processing firms, seeking to diversify their sources of supply, have been expanding or extending operations to Western Canada. The availability of additional irrigated land will be a crucial determinant of future expansion of the industry in Western Canada.Le secteur de la production de la pomme de terre de l'Ouest du Canada prend de l'expansion grâce au marché continental qui se développe dans la foulée de l'ALÉNA. Deux segments du secteur sont à l'origine d'une bonne partie de cette croissance ‐ les pommesfrites surgelées et les pommes de terre de semence. Les conditions climatiques ainsi que l'isolement relatif contribuent à rendre les pommes de terre de semence de l'Ouest canadien concurrentielles sur le marché américain. Les entreprises transnational de transformation de la pomme de terre qui cherchent à diversifier leurs sources d'approvisionnement ont également pris racine dans l'Ouest canadien. L'expansion du secteur de production de la pomme de terre dans ce coin du pays dépendra dans une large mesure de la disponibilité d'une plus grande superficie de terres irriguées.
The Continuing Problem of Asthma in Very Young Children: A Community‐Based Participatory Research Project
Authors: Nelson Belinda Wilburn , Awad Daniel , Alexander Jeffrey , Clark Noreen 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  Asthma is a chronic health condition that has a disproportionate effect on low‐income minority children who reside in large urban areas. AfricanAmerican children report significantly higher rates than the general population of children and have more‐severe asthma and poorer outcomes. This article describes the prevalence of asthma in a particularly vulnerable group: children aged 2‐5 participating in Detroit Head Start programs.Methods:  Health screens were distributed to caretakers of all children attending 6 Head Start agencies. Caretakers of children identified with active asthma symptoms were asked to complete an in‐depth phone interview regarding their child’s asthma.Results:  Data collected from 3,254 children (78% African American) revealed that 27% met criteria for probable asthma. Of those with persistent symptoms, 26% were undiagnosed, and 21% were untreated. Baseline data (n = 675) showed that 95% had a regular doctor, but 36% had had no health care visit for asthma in the previous year. Of children with a history of asthma episodes, more than half reported 3 or more episodes in the preceding year. Forty‐three percent of caretakers had discussed their child’s asthma with Head Start, and 31% had an asthma action plan on file with Head Start.Conclusions:  Asthma remains a significant problem in this population, especially for African Americans, as evidenced by high levels of undiagnosed children with persistent symptoms and questions regarding the care they receive. Head Start is a way to reach young children with asthma, but may need help to develop the capacity to assist families.
Adolescents’ Sleep Behaviors and Perceptions of Sleep
Authors: Noland Heather , Price James H. , Dake Joseph , Telljohann Susan K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  Sleep duration affects the health of children and adolescents. Shorter sleep durations have been associated with poorer academic performance, unintentional injuries, and obesity in adolescents. This study extends our understanding of how adolescents perceive and deal with their sleep issues.Methods:  General education classes were randomly selected from a convenience sample of three high schools in the Midwest. Three hundred eighty‐four ninth‐ to twelfth‐grade students (57%) completed a self‐administered valid and reliable questionnaire on sleep behaviors and perceptions of sleep.Results:  Most respondents (91.9%) obtained inadequate sleep (≤ 9 hours) on most school nights of the week, with 10% reporting less than 6 hours of sleep each week night. The majority indicated that not getting enough sleep had the following effects on them: being more tired during the day (93.7%), having difficulty paying attention (83.6%), lower grades (60.8%), increase in stress (59.0%), and having difficulty getting along with others (57.7%). Some students reported engaging in harmful behaviors to help them sleep: taking sleeping pills (6.0%), smoking a cigarette to relax (5.7%), and drinking alcohol in the evening (2.9%). Students who received fewer hours of sleep were significantly more likely to report being stressed (p = .02) and were more likely to be overweight (p = .04).Conclusions:  Inadequate sleep time may be contributing to adolescent health problems such as increased stress and obesity. Findings indicate a need for sleep hygiene education for adolescents and their parents. A long‐term solution to chronic sleep deprivation among high school students could include delaying high school start times, such as was done successfully in the Minneapolis Public School District.
Microsatellite markers for Spergularia media (L.) C. Presl. (Caryophyllaceae) and their cross‐species transferability
Authors: PRINZ KATHLEEN , SCHIE STEPHAN , DEBENER THOMAS , HENSEN ISABELL , WEISING KURT 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe developed 11 polymorphic microsatellite markers for Spergularia media (Caryophyllaceae), a perennial halophyte of coastal salt meadows and continental areas of western Eurasia. The number of alleles per locus observed in a single population of 20 individuals from the German North Sea coast ranged from 3 to 20. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.200 to 0.850 and from 0.278 to 0.936 respectively. Observed heterozygosities were lower than expected heterozygosities at all loci, presumably as a consequence of inbreeding. All markers cross‐amplified in the closely related S. salina. Of these, nine were polymorphic in the heterologous species. Only two primer pairs generated PCR products in S. diandra.
Ocular haemodynamic changes after single treatment with photodynamic therapy assessed with non‐invasive techniques
Authors: Maar Noemi , Pemp Berthold , Kircher Karl , Luksch Alexandra , Weigert Günther , Polska Elzbieta , Tittl Michael , Stur Michael , Schmetterer Leopold 
Published: March 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate in patients with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD) the changes in ocular perfusion caused by single treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT) by different non‐invasive methods; to evaluate correlations between relative changes of ocular haemodynamic parameters after PDT among each other and compared to morphological parameters; and to assess this in relation to early changes of visual acuity.Methods:  Study population: 17 consecutive patients with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) caused by ARMD scheduled for PDT without previous PDT treatment (four patients with predominantly classic CNV and 13 patients with occult CNV). Observation procedures: best‐corrected visual acuity (before PDT, 6 and 8 weeks after PDT), fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, haemodynamic measurements with laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), laser interferometry and ocular blood flow (OBF) tonometry (baseline and 1, 2, 6 and 8 weeks after treatment). Main outcome measures: choroidal blood flow (CHBF), fundus pulsation amplitude (FPA), pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF), visual acuity. Changes smaller than 20% were considered clinically irrelevant.Results:  Ocular haemodynamic parameters did not change significantly in the follow‐up period. Changes of haemodynamic parameters showed no correlation to treatment spot, morphological changes or visual acuity. Changes of visual acuity were comparable to results of earlier studies.Conclusion:  Single treatment with PDT did not modify ocular blood flow parameters above 20% as assessed with different non‐invasive methods.