bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A tetrahedral tip as a probe for tip‐enhanced Raman scattering and as a near‐field Raman probe
Authors: Bortchagovsky Eugene G. , Fischer Ulrich C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe use a tetrahedral glass fragment which is coated with a thin film of gold (T‐tip) to form a local tip source by illuminating the tip from within its transparent glass body. We demonstrate the potential of this apertureless tip source for tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) as an alternative to the standard scheme with an external illumination. We found that T‐tips with different optical properties result from the process of tip fabrication. For some tips, the Raman signal persists for a small number of molecules picked up by the retraction of the tip from a tunnel contact. In these cases, the tip itself gives rise to the TERS signal without a gold substrate close to the tip. Other tips only exhibit a TERS signal when there is a contact to a gold substrate. Tips covered by Raman active nonresonant molecules serve as a new kind of near‐field Raman probe for local properties of a sample. As the Raman spectrum of the coated tip is sensitive to the local light intensity, it may be used to monitor the field‐enhancement properties of metal films and metal nanostructures. A near‐field Raman probe avoids problems due to bleaching of a fluorescent near‐field probe and, furthermore, such a near‐field Raman probe may be highly selective for specific surface properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elemental content and nutritional study of blood orange juice
Authors: Cautela Domenico , Santelli Francesca , Boscaino Floriana , Laratta Bruna , Servillo Luigi , Castaldo Domenico 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The elemental content of Sicilian red orange juices and the bioaccessibility of many elements of particular nutritional interest was evaluated.RESULTS: The elemental content of fresh juices from Sicilian blood oranges was analysed by ICP–OES, GF AAS, HG–AAS and CV AAS. Among the macroelements (Na, Ca, K, Mg and P), potassium occurred in the greatest amount, with 3.64% of the requested RDA for 100 mL of juice daily intake. The values of RDA 100 mL−1 of juice for Mg, P, Ca and Na resulted 1.61%, 1.26%, 0.59% and 0.09% respectively. For the trace elements Cr, Cu and Se, the RDA 100 mL−1 of juice were 9.20%, 7.14% and 1.82%, respectively.In vitro tests simulating the digestive process showed high bioaccessibility only for boron and manganese while that of copper, zinc and iron were consistently lower.CONCLUSIONS: Sicilian blood orange juices gave different results from non‐pigmented orange juices in terms of a higher content of copper, boron and lower content of chromium and manganese. However, among the nutritionally important elements, only manganese showed high bioaccessibility. The low bioaccessibility found for iron, zinc and copper is likely due to the presence in the orange juice of ligands such as polyphenols and organic acids. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The Development of Genipin‐Crosslinked Poly(caprolactone) (PCL)/Gelatin Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Kim Min Sup , Jun Indong , Shin Young Min , Jang Wonhee , Kim Sun I. , Shin Heungsoo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractComposite nanofibers of poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and gelatin crosslinked with genipin are prepared. The contact angles and mechanical properties of crosslinked PCL‐gelatin nanofibers decrease as the gelatin content increases. The proliferation of myoblasts is higher in the crosslinked PCL‐gelatin nanofibers than in the PCL nanofibers, and the formation of myotubes is only observed on the crosslinked PCL‐gelatin nanofibers. The expression level of myogenin, myosin heavy chain, and troponin T genes is increased as the gelatin content is increased. The results suggest that PCL‐gelatin nanofibers crosslinked with genipin can be used as a substrate to modulate proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts, presenting potential applications in muscle tissue engineering.magnified image
Control of Osteogenic Differentiation and Mineralization of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Composite Nanofibers Containing Poly[lactic‐co‐(glycolic acid)] and Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Lee Ji Hye , Rim Nae Gyune , Jung Hyun Suk , Shin Heungsoo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe fabricated composite fibrous scaffolds from blends of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) and nano‐sized hydroxyapatite (HA) via electrospinning. SEM‐EDX and AFM analysis demonstrated that HA was homogeneously dispersed in the nanofibers, and the roughness increased along with the amount of incorporated HA. When hMSCs were cultured on these PLGA/HA composite nanofibers, we found that incorporation of HA on the nanofibers did not affect cell viability whereas increased ALP activity and expression of osteogenic genes as well as the calcium mineralization of hMSCs. Our results indicate that the composite nanofibers can be offered as a potential bone regenerative biomaterial for stem cell based therapies.magnified image
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Biodegradable/Biocompatible Poly[propylene‐co‐(ethylene succinate)] Random Copolyesters
Authors: Papageorgiou George Z. , Bikiaris Dimitrios N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRandom biocompatible/biodegradable poly[propylene‐co‐(ethylene succinate)]s were prepared. Mechanical properties and crystallization rates decreased with propylene succinate content. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) varied between those for the homopolymers. DSC and TMDSC findings showed that multiple melting behaviour of PPESu samples is related to melting–recrystallization–remelting. WAXD observations, eutectic behaviour, and thermodynamic analysis of the equilibrium melting point depression indicated isodimorphic cocrystallization. The copolymers showed enzymatic hydrolysis rates between those of the homopolymers and cytotoxicity/biocompatibility similar to PLA.magnified image
Tailoring of Low Bandgap Polymer and its Performance Analysis in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Janietz Silvia , Krueger Hartmut , Schleiermacher Hans‐Frieder , Würfel Uli , Niggemann Michael 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNew conjugated, alternating ter‐polyfluorene prepared by Suzuki reaction and a LUMO energy level of −3.3 eV, which is sufficient for electron transfer to the PCBM is presented. A solar cell power conversion efficiency of 0.8% is reached for the composition P6: PCBM 1:4. From optical simulations were derived a maximum short circuit current density exceeding 16 mA · cm−2 at 500 nm thick films. Comparative measurements of the field effect hole mobility give an indication of two orders of magnitude lower charge carrier mobility of P6 in comparison to P3HT. The combined optical and electrical simulations of this system with a variation of the charge carrier mobilities support suspicion of a predominant limitation of the charge carrier mobility.magnified image
Thiol‐Ene Radical Addition of L‐Cysteine Derivatives to Low Molecular Weight Polybutadiene
Authors: Lotti Luca , Coiai Serena , Ciardelli Francesco , Galimberti Maurizio , Passaglia Elisa 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe functionalisation of a low molecular weight, liquid 1,2‐polybutadiene (PBL) was performed by the addition of either N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine or its methyl ester through the thiol‐ene radical reaction. The functionalisation runs were carried out in 1,4‐dioxane solution and in the presence of a free radical initiator (2,2′‐azobisisobutyrronitrile, AIBN). The initial feed ratio polymer/cysteine derivative/initiator was varied, in order to highlight the occurrence of side reactions and to understand their possible influence on the process. The 1H NMR determination of the functionalisation degree brought out high addition degrees of thiols, regardless of the initial thiol/double bonds ratio. This caused a drastic change in the macroscopic properties of the PBL with improved solubility in hydrophilic solvents (for instance in alkaline aqueous solutions) and impressive increase of the glass transition temperature. The propagation of chiral properties from the functionalising agents to the modified polymers was evaluated by polarimetry and circular dichroism in solution.magnified image
Phenylenevinylene Block Copolymers via Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Yu Chin‐Yang , Kingsley James W. , Lidzey David G. , Turner Michael L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFully conjugated block copolymers containing 1,4‐ and 1,3‐phenylenevinylene repeating units can be prepared by the sequential ring opening metathesis polymerization of strained cyclophanedienes, initiated by ruthenium carbene complexes (Grubbs metathesis catalysts). The molecular weight of the constituent blocks can be tightly controlled by changing the catalyst to monomer ratio and the volume fraction of the block copolymers independently tailored by the ratio of the monomers employed. Extensive phase separation between the constituent blocks is observed in thin films of these polymers by atomic force microscopy and efficient energy transfer between blocks containing 1,4‐ and 1,3‐phenylenevinylene units can be seen in the photoluminescence of these materials.magnified image
Electrically conductive carbon nanofiber/polyethylene composite: effect of melt mixing conditions
Authors: Al‐Saleh Mohammed H. , Sundararaj Uttandaraman 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effect of melt mixing conditions on the morphological, rheological, electrical, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), and tensile properties of 7.5 vol% vapor grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF)/polyethylene composites were investigated. 7.5 vol% VGCNF was used because such loading is required to obtain a composite with satisfactory EMI SE. The composites were compounded by melt mixing and the parts were prepared by hot‐compression molding. The dispersion and distribution of nanofibers were enhanced by increasing the mixing energy, i.e. mixing time and/or rotation speed. The influence of mixing energy on the electrical and EMI SE properties was found to be a function of rotation speed, i.e. shear stress. For composites compounded at 20 rpm, increasing the mixing energy from 70 to 2300 J/ml decreased the EMI SE from 29.5 to 23.9 dB. However, for composites prepared at 100 rpm, increasing the mixing energy from 600 to 1700 J/ml decreased the EMI SE from 25.4 to 18.6 dB. No considerable influence on the yield stress, Young's modulus, and strain at break were found for different processing conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Out‐of‐hospital medication errors: a 6‐year analysis of the national poison data system
Authors: Shah Kanan , Barker Kimberly A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPurposePrevious research and reporting has focused on the incidence and prevention of medication errors in the hospital setting; however, no previous study has reported the frequencies, characteristics and outcomes of out‐of‐hospital medication (OHME) errors.MethodData from the National Poison Data System (NPDS) was collected for 2000–2005 and information regarding out‐of‐hospital medication errors reported to Poison Control Centers (PCC) was collected by a trained investigator.ResultsFrom 2000–2005 there were 1,166,116 OHME reported to PCC. Of these patients, 88,451 (7.5%) received medical evaluation by a healthcare provided and 229 (0.01%) deaths reported. The most common drug classes involved included cough/cold medications, analgesics, cardiovascular agents, antihistamines, antidepressants and antimicrobial agents. The most common error reported in both children and adults was taking or giving medication twice.ConclusionsOHME occur frequently and the NPDS may be a useful resource for data collection and evaluation in this previously overlooked population. The majority of OHME reported did not result in any significant morbidity or mortality and were managed at home without need for healthcare referrral. Further study of OHME is needed, and in particular whether healthcare professionals can target educational instruction to patients so as to effectively reduce the frequency of the most common or injurious errors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
U.S. physician knowledge of the FDA‐approved indications and evidence base for commonly prescribed drugs: results of a national survey
Authors: Chen Donna T. , Wynia Matthew K. , Moloney Rachael M. , Alexander G. Caleb 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPurposeThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates prescription drug marketing, not prescribing. However, off‐label use is common, often lacks supporting evidence, and may expose patients to unwarranted risk. We sought to determine physicians' knowledge of the FDA‐approved indications of commonly prescribed drugs, and to assess whether physicians' belief that an indication is FDA‐approved increases with level of evidence supporting such use.MethodsWe conducted a national random sample mail survey of 599 primary care physicians and 600 psychiatrists from November 2007 to August 2008. Physicians were presented with 14 drug‐indication pairs (e.g., gabapentin [Neurontin®] for diabetic neuropathy) that varied in their FDA‐approval status and levels of supporting evidence.ResultsThe adjusted response rate was 47%, respondents were similar to non‐respondents, and physicians commonly prescribed the drugs examined. The average respondent accurately identified the FDA‐approval status of just over half of the drug‐indication pairs queried (mean 55%; median 57%). Accuracy increased modestly (mean 60%, median 63%) when limited to drugs the respondent reported having prescribed during the previous 12 months. There was a strong association between physicians' belief that an indication was FDA‐approved and greater evidence supporting efficacy for that use (Spearman's ρ 0.74, p < 0.001). However, 41% of physicians believed at least one drug‐indication pair with uncertain or no supporting evidence (e.g., quetiapine [Seroquel®] for dementia with agitation) was FDA approved.ConclusionsThese findings highlight a pressing need for more effective methods to inform physicians about the evidence base, or lack thereof, for drugs they prescribe off label. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effect of bionic fungicide 2‐allylphenol on Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.) in vitro
Authors: Gong Shuangjun , Hao Jianjun , Xia Yuanyuan , Liu Xili , Li Jianqiang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: 2‐Allylphenol is a registered fungicide in China to control fungal diseases on tomato, strawberry and apple. It is synthetic and structurally resembles the active ingredient ginkgol isolated from Ginkgo biloba L. bark. 2‐Allylphenol has been used in China for 10 years. However, its biochemical mode of action remains unclear. An in vitro study was conducted on the biochemical mechanism of 2‐allyphenol inhibiting Botrytis cinerea (Pers. ex Fr.).RESULTS: The inhibition was approximately 3 times stronger when the fungus was grown on non‐fermentable source, glycerol, than that on a fermentable carbon source, glucose. Inhibition of B. cinerea and Magnaporthe oryzae (Hebert) Barr mycelial growth was markedly potentiated in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), an inhibitor of mitochondrial alternative oxidase. Furthermore, at 3 h after treatment with 2‐allylphenol, oxygen consumption had recovered, but respiration was resistant to potassium cyanide and sensitive to SHAM, indicating that 2‐allylphenol had the ability to induce cyanide‐resistant respiration. The mycelium inhibited in the presence of 2‐allylphenol grew vigorously after being transferred to a fungicide‐free medium, indicating that 2‐allylphenol is a fungistatic compound. Adenine nucleotide assay showed that 2‐allylphenol depleted ATP content and decreased the energy charge values, which confirmed that 2‐allylphenol is involved in the impairment of the ATP energy generation system.CONCLUSION: These results suggested that 2‐allylphenol induces cyanide‐resistant respiration and causes ATP decrease, and inhibits respiration by an unidentified mechanism. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of thermal treatment conditions employed in sol–gel method on the structure of ZnO thin films
Authors: Ehara Takashi , Otsuki Takafumi , Abe Junya , Ueno Takaaki , Ito Masahiro , Hirayama Takafumi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe have prepared ZnO thin films by the sol–gel method from a 2‐methoxyethanol solution of zinc acetate dihydrate stabilized by 2‐aminoethanol on SiO2 substrates. The structure of the films showed a significant dependency on thermal treatment temperature, not only in the final thermal‐annealing process at several hundreds of degrees, but also in the heat‐treatment after spin coating at lower temperature, which is performed to evaporate the organic solvent in the films. The intensity of the (0002) peak in X‐ray diffraction showed significant dependence on the heat treatment conditions after spin coating, which ranged from 100 to 300 °C. The temperature employed in the initial 10 min of the heat treatment was found to be important in determining the structure of the film. The results indicate that the elimination condition of the organic components is important for achieving high crystallinity
Mass spectral studies towards more reliable measurement of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and other perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in food matrices using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lloyd Antony S. , Bailey Victoria A. , Hird Simon J. , Routledge Anne , Clarke Don B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLiquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) experiments are described, leading to a reliable method for the measurement of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and other perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in foods. Separations were performed on new fluorinated stationary phases, RP Octyl (‐C8F17) or propyl‐perfluorobenzene (‐C3H6‐C6F5), to ensure resolution of PFOS and interfering taurohydroxycholate isomers. Aqueous ammonium formate (5 mM) and methanol were used as the mobile phases. The mass spectrometer was operated in negative electrospray ionisation mode, recording two transitions for each analyte and one for each internal standard. The purities of the analytical standards for the eleven target perfluoro analytes (C7 to C12 carboxylic acids, C4, C6 and C8 sulfonic acids, and octanesulfonamide (PFOSA)) were found to be in close agreement with the supplied values; the lowest purity was 91%. Five candidate internal standards were investigated, 13C4‐PFOS, 13C4‐perfluorooctanoic acid, 13C2‐perfluorodecanoic acid, D9‐n‐ethylperfluorooctanesulfonamidoethanol (D9‐n‐Et‐FOSE) and D3‐n‐methylperfluorooctanesulfonamide (D3‐n‐Me‐FOSA); the purities were all >98%. The use of tetrahydro‐PFOS generated backgrounds (>1 µg/kg) for perfluoroheptanoic acid and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid. Similarly D9‐n‐Et‐FOSE was unacceptable and D3‐n‐Me‐FOSA was volatile, leaving no clear candidate for normalisation of the measurement of PFOSA. Severe matrix‐induced suppression and enhancement effects influenced ionisation, making external calibration and quantification problematic. This was addressed by a parallel standard addition and matrix‐matching approach, comparing ionisation in methanol, in procedural blanks and in food‐based extracts. The limits of detection (LODs) of 0.001–0.01 µg/kg in solvent and 0.01–1 µg/kg in foods demonstrate that this method is suitable for the determination of PFCs in all food to the required 1 µg/kg reporting level. © Crown copyright 2009. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimum design of deep‐space downlinks affected by tropospheric attenuation
Authors: Matricciani Emilio 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the paper, we propose an optimum design of deep‐space downlinks made with 2 hops, at Ka band and above, in which each hop should be designed for providing half of the total noise‐to‐signal power ratio. We have derived this result from maximizing the ratio between the tropospheric attenuation in the 2‐hop downlink and that in the 1‐hop downlink. The design of the 1st hop (free‐space) of the 2‐hop downlink can reduce the spacecraft power, for the same antennas physical size, by increasing the carrier frequency from Ka band (32 GHz) to W band (80 GHz). This choice is not available in 1‐hop downlink design because of the huge Earth tropospheric attenuation expected in the W frequency band. To show a practical design, we have applied the theory to compare 1‐hop downlink design at 32 GHz to 2‐hop downlink design that adopts 32 or 80 GHz in the 1st hop. The calculations refer to spacecrafts located at two astronomical units (300×106 km, about planet Mars) and to NASA and ESA receiving stations located in Goldstone (California), Cebreros (Madrid, Spain), Canberra and New Norcia (Australia). At 0.1% outage probability, in an average year or in the worst month, 1‐hop downlinks show performance critical or close to fail, because of the large tropospheric attenuation (except at Goldstone), while 2‐hop downlinks always work. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible High‐Conductivity Carbon‐Nanotube Interconnects Made by Rolling and Printing
Authors: Tawfick S. , O'Brien K. , Hart A. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractApplications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in flexible and complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐based electronic and energy devices are impeded due to typically low CNT areal densities, growth temperatures that are incompatible with device substrates, and challenges in large‐area alignment and interconnection. A scalable method for continuous fabrication and transfer printing of dense horizontally aligned CNT (HA‐CNT) ribbon interconnects is presented. The process combines vertically aligned CNT (VA‐CNT) growth by thermal chemical vapor deposition, a novel mechanical rolling process to transform the VA‐CNTs to HA‐CNTs, and adhesion‐controlled transfer printing without needing a carrier film. The rolling force determines the HA‐CNT packing fraction and the HA‐CNTs are processed by conventional lithography. An electrical resistivity of 2 mΩ · cm is measured for ribbons having 800‐nm thickness, while the resistivity of copper is 100 times lower, a value that exceeds most CNT assemblies made to date, and significant improvements can be made in CNT structural quality. This rolling and printing process could be scaled to full wafer areas and more complex architectures such as continuous CNT sheets and multidirectional patterns could be achieved by straightforward design of the CNT growth process and/or multiple rolling and printing sequences.