bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A probabilitic pragmatics for dogwhistles
Authors: Henderson Robert , McCready Elin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
While we propose that dogwhistles involve a kind of meaning mostly novel to formal semantics, namely social meaning, in an ideal situation the pragmatic mechanisms that operate over these meanings will be those same mechanisms involved in reasoning about standard truth-conditional content. This chapter lays the foundation for this kind of unified account of the pragmatics of truth-conditional and social meanings. We do so by introducing the Bayesian Rational Speech Act (RSA) framework (Franke and Degen 2016; Franke and Jager 2016; Goodman and Frank 2016, among others). After reviewing the recent pragmatics literature making use of RSA, we then introduce the reader to so-called Social Meaning Games (SMGs), which are a variety of RSA signaling games introduced by Burnett (2017, 2019) to unify variationalist sociolinguistics and modern game-theoretic pragmatic theory. This game-theoretic approach to sociolinguistic interaction will provide firm ground for building an account of dogwhistles.
Identifying dogwhistles
Authors: Henderson Robert , McCready Elin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to understand what contextual conditions make so-called ‘identifying’ dogwhistles possible, to understand when it is rational for speakers to use identifying dogwhistles, and to understand what kind of language makes for a good 56identifying dogwhistle. To reach these goals we must go beyond standard sociolinguistic theory in terms of how to think about variants, and also beyond the formal model of variation developed in Burnett 2017, 2019. Interactions involving identifying dogwhistles do not just seem more complicated, but prove to require richer formals systems to model them. By building such a model in this chapter, we will begin to see more clearly the shape of the phenomenon. In particular, we extend Burnett 2017, 2019 and show how dogwhistles arise under various parameter settings of the model.
Enriching dogwhistles
Authors: Henderson Robert , McCready Elin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we turn to another type of dogwhistle, the enriching dogwhistle, where the recognition of the dogwhistle alters the semantic content of the utterance that hosts it. Our aim is to propose an account of dogwhistles of this type. We propose an account on which recognition of speaker persona invites certain kinds of inferences, which result in alterations of the meaning recovered by ‘savvy’ interpreters. Doing so requires some explication of the nature of personas and ideologies, and of the ways in which the recognition of someone’s persona influences our views of the attitudes and beliefs they have. We claim that certain kinds of personas, mainly those 76associated with ideologies and political stances, ‘project’ sets of beliefs and values. Such projections enable certain kinds of invited inferences which, we claim, ground the phenomenon of enriching dogwhistles.
Beyond dogwhistles
Authors: Henderson Robert , McCready Elin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to considering some additional phenomena and questions that arise with respect to our analysis of dogwhistles. First, we consider situations in which speakers choose not to dogwhistle, but rather to say objectionable things flat out. We show that these can be given an explanation within our model as certain parameters move toward extreme settings. We then discuss the relationship between personas, perspectives, and standpoints in the sense of standpoint epistemology, which shows some advantages of treating things in this way but also some potential pitfalls. Finally, we consider the scope of our model beyond dogwhistles to other kinds of coded speech and covert communication. We argue that all speech, at some level, is coded speech, and so our theory has applications far beyond dogwhistles; this claim concludes the book.
The Christian Origins of Tolerance
Authors: Atkins Jed W 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A quintessential liberal value, tolerance, according to a common liberal narrative, addresses the problem of monotheistic religious violence by protecting the individual freedoms of religion and conscience through the separation of church and state and side-lining judgments about the common good. Setting aside this liberal narrative, my book recovers tolerance’s origins in a North African Christian tradition that derives accounts of political judgment and patience within pluralistic communities from theological reflection on God’s roles as a patient father and just judge. By recovering this forgotten tradition, we can better understand and assess the choices made by leading theorists of liberal tolerance and, as a result, think better about how to achieve peaceful coexistence in a world in which many members of the world’s two largest religions, Christianity and Islam, are skeptical of liberalism.
Tertullian and the Freedom of Religion
Authors: Atkins Jed W 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the originator of the North African Christian tradition of tolerance, Tertullian. Sometimes called the West’s first major (post-apostolic) Christian theologian, I argue that his Apology should also make him the West’s first political theologian. In this work, Tertullian takes up a problem left for him by Paul’s account of political judgment: if, as Paul argues, conscience provides one reason why Christians should obey political authority, what should Christians do if this authority requires them to act against conscience? Drawing on Roman law (another resource that Paul occasionally used) and the republican view of liberty as non-domination, the Apology offers a profound account of how a political community should accommodate a plurality of religious groups, including dissenting minority groups. The Apology both launches the North African Christian tradition and provides a key building block for later thinkers within this tradition, as they seek to integrate questions about community (space) and their accounts of patience (time).
Tertullian, Cyprian, and the Virtue of Tolerance
Authors: Atkins Jed W 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Tertullian also inaugurated reflection on patience within the North African Christian tradition in On Patience. Focusing on Tertullian’s account and its appropriation by the third-century bishop Cyprian of Carthage, Chapter 5 examines how the North African Christian tradition develops the idea of tolerance (tolerantia) as a virtue that depends on the beliefs, already present in Paul, that God is a patient father and a just judge. Cyprian’s account of tolerance opens important questions about how we are to understand human and divine judgment; the relationship between tolerance, political justice, and political judgment; and how tolerance as a personal virtue relates to tolerance as a political policy. These questions will be answered more fully by his successors Lactantius and Augustine.
Epilogue
Authors: Atkins Jed W 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue asks how our historical unearthing of the North African Christian tradition of tolerance could impact contemporary political thinking about tolerance by revisiting the choices made by Locke and influential later liberals in light of our reinterpretation of this earlier tradition. Through the case study of Islamic tolerance, we examine some of the implications of decisions by Locke, Rawls, and other prominent liberal theorists for the relationships between liberalism, Christianity, and Islam. Attention given to tolerance’s early history leads to the need for more capacious forms of liberalism and conceptions of tolerance not wedded to the modern, liberal idea of the separation of state and religion. It represents a first step toward acknowledgment by Christians and Muslims, members of the world’s two most populous religions, that they have common resources within their traditions that can lead to peaceful coexistence in an increasingly polarized and violent world.
Addressing causal relationship between drinking behavior and metabolic syndrome: one-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Yang Chuan-Wei , Wei Yu-Syuan , Li Chia-Ing , Liu Chiu-Shong , Lin Chih-Hsueh , Lin Cheng-Chieh , Li Tsai-Chung 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Aims
Alcohol drinking is associated with central obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, which further causes metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, prior epidemiological studies on such associations lack experimental evidence for a causal relationship. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between drinking behavior and MetS in Taiwan population by using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted using the Taiwan Biobank database, which comprised 50 640 Han Chinese who were 30–70 years old without cancer from 2008 to 2020. In MR analysis, we constructed weighted and unweighted genetic risk scores by calculating SNP alleles significantly associated with alcohol drinking. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI) by using a two-stage regression model.

Results
A total of 50 640 participants were included with a mean age of 49.5 years (SD: 1.67 years), 36.6% were men. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of MetS per 5% increase in the likelihood of genetic predisposition to drink based on weighted genetic risk score with adjustment was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.12, P &lt; .001). Analysis was also conducted by grouping the likelihood of genetic predisposition to drink based on quartiles with multivariate adjustment. Using Q1 as the reference group, the aORs of MetS for Q2, Q3, and Q4 were 1.19 (1.12, 1.27, p &lt; .001), 1.31 (1.23, 1.40, p &lt; .001), and 1.87 (1.75, 2.00, p &lt; .001), respectively, for the weighted genetic risk score.

Conclusions
This study shows a modest relationship between drinking behavior and MetS by using MR analysis.
On exact randomization-based covariate-adjusted confidence intervals
Authors: Fiksel Jacob 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
Randomization-based inference using the Fisher randomization test allows for the computation of Fisher-exact P-values, making it an attractive option for the analysis of small, randomized experiments with non-normal outcomes. Two common test statistics used to perform Fisher randomization tests are the difference-in-means between the treatment and control groups and the covariate-adjusted version of the difference-in-means using analysis of covariance. Modern computing allows for fast computation of the Fisher-exact P-value, but confidence intervals have typically been obtained by inverting the Fisher randomization test over a range of possible effect sizes. The test inversion procedure is computationally expensive, limiting the usage of randomization-based inference in applied work. A recent paper by Zhu and Liu developed a closed form expression for the randomization-based confidence interval using the difference-in-means statistic. We develop an important extension of Zhu and Liu to obtain a closed form expression for the randomization-based covariate-adjusted confidence interval and give practitioners a sufficiency condition that can be checked using observed data and that guarantees that these confidence intervals have correct coverage. Simulations show that our procedure generates randomization-based covariate-adjusted confidence intervals that are robust to non-normality and that can be calculated in nearly the same time as it takes to calculate the Fisher-exact P-value, thus removing the computational barrier to performing randomization-based inference when adjusting for covariates. We also demonstrate our method on a re-analysis of phase I clinical trial data.
Role of effective atomic number of paraspinal muscles in the prediction of acute vertebral fracture risk assessment: a cross-sectional case-control study
Authors: Mai Chunhua , Liu Yandong , Xu Dongfeng , Geng Jian , Wang Wenzhang , Zhu Kaibang , Lu Huoli , Zhou Fengyun , Wang Haoya , Zhang Zhenguang , Wang Ling 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
We aim to investigate the relations among effective atomic number (Zeff), density, and area of paraspinal muscles, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and acute vertebral fractures (VF) by using spectral base images (SBIs) and routine CT images.

Methods
A total of 223 patients (52 men and 171 women) with acute lumber VF and 776 subjects (286 men and 390 women) without VF of at least 60 years were enrolled and underwent dual-layer detector CT scans. We quantified the cross-sectional area, density (paraSMD), and Zeff of paraspinal muscles by CT images and SBIs and measured vBMD of the lumbar spine by quantitative CT.

Results
Higher vBMD was associated with lower VF risk in both sexes (adjusted OR, 0.33 and 0.43). After adjusting for age and body mass index, the associations of paraSMD with VF were not significant in men, and in women the association was borderline significant (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.64-1.00). However, higher Zeff of paraspinal muscles was associated with lower VF risk in men (adjusted OR, 0.59; 0.36-0.96) but not in women. The associations of all muscle indexes with VF were not significant after further adjusting for vBMD.

Conclusions
A higher Zeff of paraspinal muscles is associated with lower VF risk in older men but not in older women. The density, area, and Zeff of paraspinal muscles were not vBMD independent risk factors for acute VF.

Advances in knowledge
The effective atomic number of paraspinal muscles might be a potential marker for VF risk prediction.
Focal cortical dysplasia II caused by brain somatic mutation of IRS-1 is associated with ERK signaling pathway activation
Authors: Li Xiao , Wang Tianshuang , Liu Nana , Cai Aojie , Zhang Junjiao , Zhang Fan , Liu Qingzhu , Wang Jingmin , Wu Ye , Gao Kai , Jiang Yu-Wu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Somatic mutations have been identified in 10% to 63% of focal cortical dysplasia type II samples, primarily linked to the mTOR pathway. When the causative genetic mutations are not identified, this opens the possibility of discovering new pathogenic genes or pathways that could be contributing to the condition. In our previous study, we identified a novel candidate pathogenic somatic variant of IRS-1 c.1791dupG in the brain tissue of a child with focal cortical dysplasia type II. This study further explored the variant’s role in causing type II focal cortical dysplasia through in vitro overexpression in 293T and SH-SY5Y cells and in vivo evaluation via in utero electroporation in fetal brains, assessing effects on neuronal migration, morphology, and network integrity. It was found that the mutant IRS-1 variant led to hyperactivity of p-ERK, increased cell volume, and was predominantly associated with the MAPK signaling pathway. In vivo, the IRS-1 c.1791dupG variant induced abnormal neuron migration, cytomegaly, and network hyperexcitability. Notably, the ERK inhibitor GDC-0994, rather than the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, effectively rescued the neuronal defects. This study directly highlighted the ERK signaling pathway’s role in the pathogenesis of focal cortical dysplasia II and provided a new therapeutic target for cases of focal cortical dysplasia II that are not treatable by rapamycin analogs.
The Use of Long-term Antibiotics for Suppression of Bacterial Infections
Authors: Horne Molly , Woolley Ian , Lau Jillian S Y 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Suppressive antibiotic therapy is prescribed when a patient has an infection that is presumed to be incurable by a defined course of therapy or source control. The cohort receiving suppressive antibiotic therapy is typically highly comorbid and the infections often involve retained prosthetic material. In part due to a lack of clear guidelines regarding the use of suppressive antibiotics, and in part due to the complex nature of the infections in question, patients are often prescribed suppressive antibiotics for extremely long, if not indefinite, courses. The risks of prolonged antibiotic exposure in this context are not fully characterized, but they include adverse drug effects ranging from mild to severe, the development of antibiotic-resistant organisms, and perturbations of the gastrointestinal microbiome. In this narrative review we present the available evidence for the use of suppressive antibiotic therapy in 4 common indications, examine the gaps in the current literature, and explore the known and potential risks of this therapy. We also make suggestions for improving the quality of evidence in future studies, particularly by highlighting the need for a standardized term to describe the use of long courses of antibiotics to suppress hard-to-treat infections.
Personalized peritoneal dialysis prescription—beyond clinical or analytical values
Authors: Slon-Roblero María Fernanda , Sanchez-Alvarez J Emilio , Bajo-Rubio Maria Auxiliadora 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
Traditionally, dialysis adequacy has been assessed primarily by determining the clearance of a single small solute, urea. Nevertheless, it has become increasingly evident that numerous other factors play a crucial role in the overall well-being, outcomes and quality of life of dialysis patients. Consequently, in recent years, there has been a notable paradigm shift in guidelines and recommendations regarding dialysis adequacy. This shift represents a departure from a narrow focus only on the removal of specific toxins, embracing a more holistic, person-centered approach. This new perspective underscores the critical importance of improving the well-being of individuals undergoing dialysis while simultaneously minimizing the overall treatment burden. It is based on a double focus on both clinical outcomes and a comprehensive patient experience. To achieve this, a person-centered approach must be embraced when devising care strategies for each individual. This requires a close collaboration between the healthcare team and the patient, facilitating an in-depth understanding of the patient's unique goals, priorities and preferences while striving for the highest quality of care during treatment. The aim of this publication is to address the existing evidence on this all-encompassing approach to treatment care for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis and provide a concise overview to promote a deeper understanding of this person-centered approach.
Use of eHealth and remote patient monitoring: a tool to support home dialysis patients, with an emphasis on peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Lew Susie Q , Ronco Claudio 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
Implementing eHealth requires technological advancement, universal broadband and internet access, and devices to conduct telemedicine and remote patient monitoring in end-stage kidney disease patients receiving home dialysis. Although eHealth was beginning to make inroads in this patient population, the COVID-19 pandemic spurred telemedicine usage when many regulations were waived during the Public Health Emergency to limit the spread of infection by endorsing social distancing. At the same time, two-way communication automatic peritoneal dialysis cyclers were introduced to advance remote patient monitoring. Despite the numerous advantages and potential benefits afforded by both procedures, challenges and untapped resources remain to be addressed. Continuing research to assess the use of eHealth and technological innovation can make eHealth a powerful tool in home dialysis. We review the past, present and future of eHealth and remote patient monitoring in supporting home dialysis.
Impact of Upadacitinib Induction and Maintenance Therapy on Health-related Quality of Life, Fatigue, and Work Productivity in Patients with Moderately-to-severely Active Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Ghosh Subrata , Feagan Brian G , Parra Rogério Serafim , Lopes Susana , Steinlauf Adam , Kakuta Yoichi , Joshi Namita , Lee Wan-Ju , Lacerda Ana P , Zhou Qian , Xuan Si , Kligys Kristina , Shukla Nidhi , Louis Edouard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Quality of life in patients with active Crohn’s disease may be significantly reduced. We evaluated the effects of upadacitinib induction and maintenance therapy on fatigue, quality of life, and work productivity in the phase 3 trials U-EXCEL, U-EXCEED, and U-ENDURE.

Methods
Clinical responders to upadacitinib 45 mg in U-EXCEL and U-EXCEED induction trials were re-randomised 1:1:1 to upadacitinib 30 mg, 15 mg, or placebo for 52 weeks of maintenance in U-ENDURE. Clinically meaningful improvements in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire [IBDQ] response, IBDQ remission, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue [FACIT-Fatigue], and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment were evaluated. Percentages of patients achieving clinically meaningful improvements were assessed at induction Weeks 4 and 12 and maintenance Week 52.

Clinical Registration number
U-EXCEED induction trial [NCT03345836], U-EXCEL induction trial [NCT03345849], U-ENDURE maintenance trial [NCT03345823].

Results
Analysis included 1021 and 502 patients assessed at induction and maintenance, respectively. In U-EXCEL, greater improvements [all p ≤ 0.001] in IBDQ response [71.0% vs 50.2%], IBDQ remission [44.2% vs 23.7%], and FACIT-Fatigue [42.0% vs 27.0%] were observed in upadacitinib-treated patients versus placebo at Week 4. Improvements in IBDQ response, IBDQ remission, and FACIT-Fatigue were similar or greater at Week 12. Clinically meaningful improvement in overall work impairment [52.1% vs 38.1%, p ≤ 0.05] was demonstrated at Week 12. Similar results were observed in U-EXCEED. Improvements were sustained through 52 weeks of upadacitinib maintenance treatment.

Conclusions
In patients with active Crohn’s disease, upadacitinib treatment relative to placebo significantly improved fatigue, quality of life, and work productivity as early as Week 4. These effects were sustained through 52 weeks of maintenance.
Lung volume reduction surgery: a micro-costing analysis from a national tertiary referral centre
Authors: Mulryan Kathryn , Sorensen Jan , Waller David , Redmond Karen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) is a clinically effective palliation procedure for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. LVRS has recently been commissioned by the NHS England. In this study, a costing model was developed to analyse cost and resource implications of different LVRS procedures.

METHODS
Three pathways were defined by their surgical procedures: bronchoscopic endobronchial valve insertion (EBV-LVRS), video-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS and robotic-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS. The costing model considered use of hospital resources from the LVRS decision until 90 days after hospital admission. The model was calibrated with data obtained from an observational study, electronic health records and expert opinion. Unit costs were obtained from the hospital finance department and reported in 2021 Euros.

RESULTS
Video-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS was associated with the lowest cost at €12 896 per patient. This compares to the costs of EBV-LVRS at €15 598 per patient and €13 305 per patient for robotic-assisted thoracic surgery LVRS. A large component of EBV-LVRS costs were accrued secondary to complications, including revision EBV-LVRS.

CONCLUSIONS
This study presents a comprehensive model framework for the analysis of hospital-related resource use and costs for the 3 surgical modalities. In the future, service commissioning agencies, hospital management and clinicians can use this framework to determine their modifiable resource use (composition of surgical teams, use of staff and consumables, planned length of stay and revision rates for EBV-LVRS) and to assess the potential cost implications of changes in these parameters.