bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cag Repeat Number in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Madjunkova S , Eftimov A , Georgiev V , Petrovski D , Dimovski A , Plaseska-Karanfilska D 
Published: July 2012

Cag Repeat Number in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Prostate CancerProstate cancer (PC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. The effects of androgens on prostatic tissue are mediated by the androgen receptor (AR) gene. The 5' end of exon 1 of the AR gene includes a polymorphic CAG triplet repeat that numbers between 10 to 36 in the normal population. The length of the CAG repeats is inversely related to the transactivation function of the AR gene. There is controversy over association between short CAG repeat numbers in the AR gene and PC. This retrospective case-control study evaluates the possible effect of short CAG repeats on the AR gene in prostate cancer risk in Macedonian males. A total of 392 male subjects, 134 PC patients, 106 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and 152 males from the general Macedonian population were enrolled in this study. The CAG repeat length was determined by fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of exon1 of the AR gene followed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) on a genetic analyzer. The mean repeat length in PC patients was 21.5 ±2.65, in controls 22.28 ±2.86 (p= 0.009) and in BPH patients 22.1 ±2.52 (p= 0.038). Short CAG repeats (<19) were found in 21.64% of PC patientsvs.9.43% in BPH patients (p= 0.0154). We also found an association of low Gleason score (<7) with short CAG repeat (<19) in PC patients (p= 0.0306), and no association between the age at diagnosis of PC and BPH and CAG repeat length. These results suggest that reduced CAG repeat length may be associated with increased prostate cancer risk in Macedonian men.
Thermal Performance Analysis of Solar Collectors Installed for Combisystem in the Apartment Building
Authors: Žandeckis A. , Timma L. , Blumberga D. , Rochas C. , Rošā M 
Published: July 2012

Thermal Performance Analysis of Solar Collectors Installed for Combisystem in the Apartment Building
The paper focuses on the application of wood pellet and solar combisystem for space heating and hot water preparation at apartment buildings under the climate of Northern Europe. A pilot project has been implemented in the city of Sigulda (N 57° 09.410 E 024° 52.194), Latvia. The system was designed and optimised using TRNSYS - a dynamic simulation tool. The pilot project was continuously monitored. To the analysis the heat transfer fluid flow rate and the influence of the inlet temperature on the performance of solar collectors were subjected. The thermal performance of a solar collector loop was studied using a direct method. A multiple regression analysis was carried out using STATGRAPHICS Centurion 16.1.15 with the aim to identify the operational and weather parameters of the system which cause the strongest influence on the collector's performance. The parameters to be used for the system's optimisation have been evaluated.
Assumption of Risk and Consent Doctrine in Sport
Authors: Mohamadinejad Azadeh , Mirsafian Hamidreza , Nemes Andras , Soltanhoseini Mohammad 
Published: July 2012

AbstractEverybody who illegally harms another not only must recover the injured person, but also, may be committed a crime and be punished. According to this doctrine, every time that a participant in a sport activity touches a fellow player, or consciously runs the risk that an opponent may be touched during the game, an offence is committed and he or she is liable. This is clearly an unacceptable situation. If this were the usual way a participant in violence was dealt with by the courts, nobody would play sport, as the risk of conviction would be too great. Sport would be unable to continue in the form that we presently know it. On the other hand, sports often have inherent risks that cannot be eliminated without destroying the very essence of the activity. Consent and assumption of risk defenses in sport accident cases significantly affect resolving the conflict between performing sport as a useful and beneficial activity versus a dangerous practice, and prevent liability from being imposed for just participation in sport activity. Thus, discussion about these defenses can help athletes be more aware of their rights.
Developing a Holistic Understanding of Health and Health Behavior in People Undergoing Resocialization in Prison under the “Active Today, Different Tomorrow”
Authors: Łapiński Piotr 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe main purpose of detention in a modern, humanitarian prison system is to bring the prisoners to live in a free society in a manner consistent with applicable laws and morals. The indicators of modernity are also ways and means by which attempts are made to achieve this goal. In many European and non-European prisons, physical culture achievements are commonly used in working with prisoners. They organize programmed resocialization activities for prisoners with a substantial share of physical education and recreational free time activities. Sometimes, prisoners are offered the chance to take their own initiatives to encourage healthy lifestyles. In addition to teaching, during which the prisoners participate in physical activity, they use interaction with sports authorities in the form of discussion meetings between prisoners and athletes. Such meetings are also organized at the House of Detention in Inowrocław, which operates a half-open unit for the convicts. These meetings are the part of the activities of “Paragraph”, the Olympian club (based at the Inowrocław prison) subject to the Polish Olympic Committee. The author participated in several such meetings as an invited guest or co-organizer and observed that they are primarily of a recollective character. But it was hard to find in them specific, praxeologically structured and conceptually implemented resocialization interactions. Teleological vagueness initiated the search for the real purpose of these meetings by means of observation. The meetings clearly appeared to have more of an ad hoc (referring to the conditions in prison) than a prospective character (undertaken with a view to the period after release). These findings were the inspiration for the development of the main objectives of a two-step strategy of a change in scenarios of the meetings between the convicts and athletes, the ultimate goal of which was to give them the characteristics of programmed rehabilitation. They defined the procedure for involving sportsmen to accomplish the objectives in the area of mental health and social development and made the selection and development of tools to measure the effects of these interactions. The article is a report on research designed to determine differences in perception of health, as well as on conducting health activities among those inmates who participated in the program “Active today, different tomorrow” and those who did not participate in it. The study involved 67 penitentiary recidivists. Two questionnaires by Siegfried Juczyński were used: the List of Health Criteria and Health Behaviour Inventory. The results gave the possibility to formulate important methodological implications for practitioners who involve prominent sportsmen in resocialization. They also proved useful in efforts to create another resocialization program that uses sports activity in resocialization.
An Iconographic Analysis of Photographs of Two Famous Football Players: Additional Information about the Career of Puskás and Deák
Authors: Horváth H. Attila 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe lifestyle reform movements at the turn of the century played a remarkably important role in the growing priority attributed to physical education. Sports clubs could be considered the most influential nongovernmental organizations at the beginning of the 20th century. Sports were given special priority and were even supported by legal measures in Hungary between the two world wars. Playing football gained vast popularity. We focus on two famous football players, Puskás, “the most famous Hungarian” and Deák, a Guinness record-holding top goal scorer. To be precise, we focus on their photos: we have similar ones of a young Puskás and a young Deák. These photos depict a very important moment in the lives of both youngsters. We conduct an iconographic analysis in order to illustrate connections the two young football players have to their clubs and to the sport.
Spatial and temporal plant phenological niche differentiation in the Wadi Degla desert ecosystem (Egypt)
Authors: Hegazy Ahmad K. , Alatar Abdelrahman A. , Lovett-Doust Jon , El-Adawy Hosam A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTwenty dominant plant species representing different life forms were investigated phenologically over a period of 36 months (January 2004 to December 2006). Plant populations were sampled at down-, mid-, and upstream sites in a desert wadi ecosystem. The results were analyzed using TWINSPAN, DCA and CCA techniques. Five phenological niches were apparent: (1) species flowering all year round, with peaks in spring and autumn such asOchradenus baccatus; (2) species flowering during winter includingLycium shawiiandTamarix nilotica; (3) species flowering during spring, e.g.,Zillaspinosa, Zygophyllum coccineumandCapparis spinosa; (4) species flowering during summer includingIphiona mucronataandDeverra triradiata; and (5) species flowering during autumn that includeAtriplex halimusand twoAnabasisspecies. The climatic variables, including temperature, rainfall and relative humidity, affect the phenological niches and between-species differences. Within-species variations occurred between years and there were no between-site variations for most study species. The different plant species exhibited phenological diversity along the course of the wadi ecosystem. The phenological niches are species-specific and environmentally dependent rather than local selective pressures.
Genetic characterization of Genista sericea Wulfen (Cytiseae – Fabaceae) as revealed by nuclear DNA content and its nrDNA region analysis
Authors: Vižintin Liliana , Kosovel Vera , Feoli Chiapella Laura 
Published: July 2012

Summary-Genista sericeaWulfen, a northern Illyrian amphi-Adriatic species, presents a certain morphological variability. To clarify whether the genetic variations support the morphological differences among accessions of different geographic origin, analysis of nuclear DNA content and polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) dataset was studied. The variation in nuclear DNA content ofG. sericeavar.sericeaand var.rigidais minimal (2.09 and 2.08 pg/nucleus respectively) and is correlated with equal chromosome numbers in both varieties. Intraspecific variability of the ITS region was studied on 13 accessions ofG. sericea, 6 belonging to var.sericeaand 7 to var.rigida. These accessions were analyzed in comparison to closely related species already studied. ITS sequences ofG. sericearevealed large polymorphism and formed two main clusters. One cluster (6 accessions) comprehends var.sericeaof northern Italy, Slovenia and northern Croatia; the other cluster (7 accessions) includes five accessions of var.rigidafrom southern Croatia and Montenegro and two from the Pollino massif (southern Italy). The later two accessions considerably differed from other accessions of var.rigida. This genetic analysis supports the previous assumptions, which subdividedG. sericeainto at least two taxa. On the basis of the results presented, it is here suggested that the subdivision ofG. sericeainto var.sericeaand var.rigidashould be maintained.
The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current Review
Authors: Gaweł Eliza , Grzelak Mieczysław 
Published: July 2012

The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current ReviewOne of the supplements that can replace antibiotic growth promoters is a protein xanthophyll extract from the leaves of alfalfa. Green matter of alfalfa contains 17-22% of total protein, rich in non-essential (exogenous) amino acids, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids. The crude fibre content in green matter of alfalfa is relatively high (about 23.0-30.0% dry weight). However, protein-xanthophyll extract (EFL) contains about 1-2% of crude fibre. Like the whole plants of alfalfa, the protein-xanthophyll extract contains secondary metabolites such as plant phytoestrogens (isoflavones and coumestrol) and antinutritional components (phytates, L-canavanine and saponins). Protein-xanthophyll concentrate (PX) as a natural feed supplement has a positive effect on animal organisms. When supplemented to animals, this extract enhanced production results, increased feed efficiency, and improved the quality of meat, milk and eggs. Also, PX reduced methane emissions and soil pollution with nitrogen compounds when used in animal nutrition. The aim of this review was to gather the current literature describing the effects of using protein-xanthophyll extract in animal nutrition.
Effects of Betaine on Energy Utilization in Growing Pigs - A Review
Authors: Lipiński Krzysztof , Szramko Ewa , Jeroch Heinz , Matusevičius Paulius 
Published: July 2012

Effects of Betaine on Energy Utilization in Growing Pigs - A ReviewOne of the well known biological functions of betaine is that of a methyl donor. Therefore, betaine may partly replace choline and methionine in the diet. Another widely documented role of betaine is to restore and maintain the osmotic balance. As an organic osmotic compound, betaine regulates the water balance, thus exerting a stabilizing influence on tissue metabolism, particularly within the digestive tract. As a donor of methyl groups necessary for various reactions in the body, betaine is indirectly involved in lipid metabolism. Due to its metabolic functions, betaine is also believed to play a significant role in energy metabolism in pigs. Of particular note are the results of experiments in which a positive effect of betaine supplementation was observed as the energy content of the diet was decreased.
Determination of the Absolute Number of Transgene Copies in CMVFUT Transgenic Pigs
Authors: Lipiński Daniel , Zeyland Joanna , Pławski Andrzej , Słomski Ryszard 
Published: July 2012

Determination of the Absolute Number of Transgene Copies in CMVFUT Transgenic PigsThe aim of this research was to determine the number of transgene copies in the DNA of transgenic pigs. The copy number of the transgene was analysed in the transgenic animals with introduced pCMVFUT genetic construct containing a coding sequence of human H transferase under a control of CMV promoter. The copy number of the transgene that had integrated with the genome of the transgenic animals was analysed by qPCR with SYBR Green dye, which enabled nonspecific double-stranded DNA detection. CMVFT-2F and CMVFT-2R primers were used to amplify a 149 bp fragment of DNA. Forward primer had a sequence complementary to a promoter sequence and reverse primer to a coding sequence of H transferase. The copy number of the transgene in the examined samples was established by plotting the CTvalues obtained on a standard curve, which had been set by the usage of the CTvalues for the successive standard dilutions with known copy number (1.438-1.431copies). As a standard we used pCMVFut genetic construct hydrolyzed withNotI restriction enzyme to a linear form. The real-time PCR results helped to establish the range of 3 - 4 as the number of the transgene copies that had integrated to the swine genome.
Quantified Analyses of Aggression Pattern in a Captive Population of Musk Deer (Moschus Sifanicus)
Authors: Meng Xiuxiang , Sih Andrew , Li Haitao , Cody Nicholas 
Published: July 2012

Quantified Analyses of Aggression Pattern in a Captive Population of Musk Deer (Moschus Sifanicus)Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) are endangered as a result of habitat degradation and loss and centuries of widespread poaching. Consequently, musk deer farming was introduced as a measure to not only protect musk deer but also to provide a means for sustainable musk supply. An increased understanding of the social structure of captive populations is essential for both successful farming and improved welfare of individuals. This study recorded agonistic interactions between captive individuals at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF), northwest China. The relationship between aggressive interactions and the individual's age and gender and opponent health was analysed. From our observations we found that stable social hierarchies developed within both captive male and gender-mixed musk deer groups. There was no significant correlation found between only age of individual and their status in the social hierarchy, and it was thus concluded, as social rank was not determined singularly by age, that a combination of other factors, such as experience and origin of the individual, better explain rank orders. Three forms of aggressive behaviour were expressed between males, in which threatening (56.38%±7.28%) was significantly more frequent than attacking (17.86%±5.94%) and displacing behaviours (25.78%±3.66%). There was no attacking behaviour observed in interactions initiated by males towards females, however displacing (70.85%±4.15%) was more common than threatening (29.15%±4.15%). Conflict-initiating male deer demonstrated more attacking and threatening behaviour towards male opponents than to female ones, however the differences were statistically insignificant. These results can be implemented into musk deer farming management practices through 1) rotating individuals within an enclosure on a frequent basis; 2) removing males from female enclosures after successful mating and 3) enclosing males in single sex enclosures. Furthermore, in order to improve musk deer farming and captive musk deer welfare, management systems should be kept relatively consistent in order to assist in establishing the stable social hierarchy patterns in captive populations.
Oil point pressure of Indian almond kernels
Authors: Aregbesola O. , Olatunde G. , Esuola S. , Owolarafe O. 
Published: July 2012

Oil point pressure of Indian almond kernels
The effect of preprocessing conditions such as moisture content, heating temperature, heating time and particle size on oil point pressure of Indian almond kernel was investigated. Results showed that oil point pressure was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by above mentioned parameters. It was also observed that oil point pressure reduced with increase in heating temperature and heating time for both coarse and fine particles. Furthermore, an increase in moisture content resulted in increased oil point pressure for coarse particles while there was a reduction in oil point pressure with increase in moisture content for fine particles.
Pelletization process of postproduction plant waste
Authors: Obidziński S. 
Published: July 2012

Pelletization process of postproduction plant waste
The results of investigations on the influence of material, process, and construction parameters on the densification process and density of pellets received from different mixtures of tobacco and fine-grained waste of lemon balm are presented. The conducted research makes it possible to conclude that postproduction waste eg tobacco and lemon balm wastes can be successfully pelletized and used as an ecological, solid fuels.
Methane fermentation process for utilization of organic waste
Authors: Frąc M. , Ziemiński K. 
Published: July 2012

Methane fermentation process for utilization of organic wasteBiogas is a renewable and sustainable energy carrier generatedviaanaerobic digestion of biomass. This fuel is derived from various biomass resources and depending on its origin it contains methane (40-75%), carbon dioxide (20-45%) and some other compounds. The aim of this paper is to present the current knowledge and prospects of using the methane fermentation process to dispose of various types of organic wastes as well as conditions and factors affecting the methane fermentation process.
Influence of moisture content on physical properties of maize
Authors: Barnwal P. , Kadam D. , Singh K. 
Published: July 2012

Influence of moisture content on physical properties of maizeThe physical properties of maize kernels have been evaluated as a function of moisture content (12.8-29.0% w.b.). The maize kernel length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity and kernel volume increased linearly with increase in moisture content. The bulk density and true density decreased while porosity and thousand grains mass increased with increasing moisture content. The static coefficient of friction increased for mild steel sheet, galvanized iron sheet and aluminium sheet surfaces while rupture or cutting force and energy absorbed decreased with increasing moisture content.
Estimating wild boar Sus scrofa population size using faecal DNA and capture‐recapture modelling
Authors: Ebert Cornelia , Knauer Felix , Spielberger Bettina , Thiele Bernhard , Hohmann Ulf 
Published: July 2012

Increasing populations of wild boar and feral domestic pigs Sus scrofa have evoked growing concern due to their potential as disease reservoir and as an origin of agricultural damages. Reliable population estimates are needed for effective management measures of this species. As an alternative to traditional methods, non‐invasive genetic population estimation approaches based on hair or faeces sampling have yielded promising results for several species in terms of feasibility and precision. We developed and applied a non‐invasive population estimation approach based on wild boar faeces in a study area situated in the Palatinate Forest, southwestern Germany. We collected 515 faeces samples along transects in January 2008. We carried out genotyping using six microsatellite markers to discriminate between individuals. During the trial, we identified 149 individual wild boar. Using multimodel inference and model averaging, we obtained relatively consistent estimates. Population densities calculated using the estimated population sizes ranged from 4.5 (2.9‐7.8) to 5.0 (4.0‐7.0) wild boar/km2. In the future, to further improve the precision of population estimates based on wild boar faeces, the detection probability should be increased. However, even when comparing a conservative population estimate to the hunting bag, our results show that the present hunting regime in our study area is not effective in regulating the wild boar population. The method which we present here offers a tool to calibrate hunting or other management measures for wild boar.