bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A scientometric analysis of dermoscopy literature over the past 25 years
Authors: Tasli L. , Kaçar N. , Argenziano G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  Dermoscopy is a useful method allowing the non‐invasive visualization of dermal and epidermal structures.Objective  To determine the scientific output in dermoscopy between 1985 and 2009 using ISI Web of Knowledge.Methods  The ISI Web of Knowledge was searched for articles on dermoscopy published between 1985 and 2009 using appropriate terms. Articles were characterized each year by publication type and journal type.Results  The search yielded 1490 dermoscopy publications, of which 1198 (80%) appeared in dermatology journals. A cubic increase in the number of publications over time was observed (R2 = 95.3%, P < 0.0001). Most of these publications were published in high‐impact dermatologic journals, including Archives of Dermatology (209, 14%), Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (161, 10.8%) and British Journal of Dermatology (113, 7.6%). Italy produced 29% of all articles followed by the United States with 22% and Austria with 15%. The number of dermoscopy publications associated with a given country correlated with melanoma incidence and Growth Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of that country (r = 0517 P = 0.02, and r = 0486 P = 0.03 respectively).Conclusion  The number of scientific publications in the field of dermoscopy has increased significantly over the past 25 years. Italy, the United States and Austria have dominated the field of dermoscopy.
Is More ‘Brussels’ the Solution? New European Union Member States' Preferences about the European Financial Architecture*
Authors: SPENDZHAROVA ANETA 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe changes in the European financial architecture in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis have highlighted the tension between the need for greater centralization of financial regulation at the EU level and the reluctance of some Member States to give up national regulatory autonomy. This article analyses the attitudes of new EU Member States toward the EU financial regulatory reforms. It investigates whether the extent of foreign ownership in the domestic financial sector, Euroscepticism, government support for deregulation and recent experiences of a severe financial crisis have an impact on countries' reservations. According to the results of the analysis, the higher the foreign ownership of a country's financial sector, the more reservations it expresses. The Eurosceptic attitude of the political parties in government matters as well. The more the governing political parties are opposed to EU integration in general, the more reservations one finds in a country's official position on the new EU financial architecture.
Lobbying Institutional Key Players: How States Seek to Influence the European Commission, the Council Presidency and the European Parliament*
Authors: PANKE DIANA 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn governance arrangements on the local, state, regional and international levels, lobbying as a strategy to gain influence on policy outcomes via informal channels takes place. While most studies focus on how individuals, companies, interest groups or non‐governmental organizations try to exert influence via state actors, we know much less about whether and how frequently states themselves engage in lobbying. How effectively do state actors seek to further their own preferences informally in lobbying institutional key actors in governance arrangements beyond the nation‐state? To shed light on these blind spots, this article draws on the example of the European Union and analyses the conditions under which states are especially inclined to use this informal influence strategy as well as the conditions for lobbying success. Is shows that states use lobbying strategies more often, the more capacities they possess, the lower the transaction costs of lobbying and also the stronger their incentives of getting active are for particular policies. Additionally, it is not only a high frequency of lobbying that increases the chances of informally influencing policies, but also the type of reasoning applied, its quality and its fit to the nature of the issue at stake.
Enlargement and the Environment: The Changing Behaviour of the European Parliament*
Authors: BURNS CHARLOTTE , CARTER NEIL , WORSFOLD NICHOLAS 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt was widely anticipated before European Union enlargement that the accession states would have a negative impact on EU environmental governance. By extension, the European Parliament's (EP) reputation as an environmental champion might be threatened by the influx of MEPs from accession states. An analysis of all EP amendments to environmental legislation between 1999 and 2009 reveals that post‐enlargement the EP was more successful at securing the adoption of its amendments into law but that these amendments were less radical. These changes arise from the institutional adaptation prompted by enlargement and a broad ideological shift to the right within the EP.
Explaining EU Activism and Impact in Global Climate Politics: Is the Union a Norm‐ or Interest‐Driven Actor?
Authors: VAN SCHAIK LOUISE , SCHUNZ SIMON 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis contribution examines the driving factors behind the European Union's activism in global climate politics since the mid‐1990s. Two alternatives are considered: norms and interests. Norms underlying the EU's stance include its belief in multilateralism, sustainable development and the precautionary principle. Interests comprise economic opportunities and the climate change–security nexus. It is argued here that the normative orientation has dominated the EU's ‘leading by example’ strategy in global negotiations. In Copenhagen, it yielded little influence as it was insufficiently geared towards the context of the negotiations. This challenges the notion of ‘normative power’ Europe and makes a review of the Union's external climate policy necessary.
Ocean‐scale prediction of whale shark distribution
Authors: Sequeira Ana , Mellin Camille , Rowat David , Meekan Mark G. , Bradshaw Corey J. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim  Predicting distribution patterns of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) in the open ocean remains elusive owing to few pelagic records. We developed multivariate distribution models of seasonally variant whale shark distributions derived from tuna purse‐seine fishery data. We tested the hypotheses that whale sharks use a narrow temperature range, are more abundant in productive waters and select sites closer to continents than the open ocean.Location  Indian Ocean.Methods  We compared a 17‐year time series of observations of whale sharks associated with tuna purse‐seine sets with chlorophyll a concentration and sea surface temperature data extracted from satellite images. Different sets of pseudo‐absences based on random distributions, distance to shark locations and tuna catch were generated to account for spatiotemporal variation in sampling effort and probability of detection. We applied generalized linear, spatial mixed‐effects and Maximum Entropy models to predict seasonal variation in habitat suitability and produced maps of distribution.Results  The saturated generalized linear models including bathymetric slope, depth, distance to shore, the quadratic of mean sea surface temperature, sea surface temperature variance and chlorophyll a had the highest relative statistical support, with the highest percent deviance explained when using random pseudo‐absences with fixed effect‐only models and the tuna pseudo‐absences with mixed‐effects models (e.g. 58% and 26% in autumn, respectively). Maximum Entropy results suggested that whale sharks responded mainly to variation in depth, chlorophyll a and temperature in all seasons. Bathymetric slope had only a minor influence on the presence.Main conclusions  Whale shark habitat suitability in the Indian Ocean is mainly correlated with spatial variation in sea surface temperature. The relative influence of this predictor provides a basis for predicting habitat suitability in the open ocean, possibly giving insights into the migratory behaviour of the world’s largest fish. Our results also provide a baseline for temperature‐dependent predictions of distributional changes in the future.
Reflectance confocal microscopy for the evaluation of acute epidermal wound healing
Authors: Terhorst Dorothea , Maltusch Adrienne , Stockfleth Eggert , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Susanne , Sterry Wolfram , Ulrich Martina , Lange‐Asschenfeldt Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe dynamic process of wound healing is routinely evaluated by clinical or histological evaluation. Recently, a number of non‐invasive imaging techniques have been evaluated for their clinical applicability in dermatology. Among them, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) represents a non‐invasive imaging technique that allows the in vivo characterization of the skin at near‐histological resolution. The aim of this study was to monitor epidermal wound repair using RCM in a model of tissue damage induced by cryosurgery. For this purpose, contact cryosurgery was performed at −32 °C for 10 seconds on the volar forearm of five healthy volunteers. Clinical and RCM evaluations were performed at nine consecutive time points. RCM allowed the visualization of edema formation and blood vessel dilatation immediately after cryosurgery, as well as morphologic features of wound repair, including the formation of finger‐like protusions of keratinocytes into the wound bed, the appearance of hairpin‐like vessels, and inflammatory cells. This pilot study illustrates that RCM represents a promising technique for quasi‐real‐time monitoring the kinetics of wound repair non‐invasively and over time, thus offering new insights into in vivo processes of cutaneous wound repair and angiogenesis, as well as potential effects of topically applied drugs on the process of tissue repair.
The efficacy of silver dressings and antibiotics on MRSA and MSSA isolated from burn patients
Authors: Percival Steven L. , Thomas John G. , Slone Will , Linton Sara , Corum Linda , Okel Tyler 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this study our objectives were (1) to investigate whether meticillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) showed an increased tolerance to silver wound dressings compared with meticillin‐sensitive S. aureus (MSSA); and (2) to evaluate the effects of bacterial phenotypic states of MRSA and MSSA, and pH, on the activity of silver wound dressings and two antibiotics, ampicillin and clindamycin. Twenty MRSA strains and 10 MSSA strains isolated from burns patients in South Africa were evaluated for their susceptibility to a silver alginate and a silver carboxymethyl cellulose wound dressing, employing a corrected zone of inhibition assay, conducted on Mueller Hinton agar and a poloxamer‐based biofilm model. When exposed to the two silver dressings, all 30 S. aureus strains showed susceptibility. Possible enhanced antimicrobial efficacy of the silver dressings occurred when pH was lowered to 5.5, compared with a pH of 7.0. When all S. aureus were grown in the biofilm phenotypic state and exposed to both silver dressings and antibiotics, enhanced tolerance was noted. Susceptibility to silver was overall higher for MRSA when compared with MSSA. This study showed that the effect of pH and bacterial phenotypic state must be considered when the antimicrobial activity of silver wound dressings is being investigated. It is evident from the data generated that both pH and the bacterial phenotypic state are factors that induce changes that affect both antimicrobial performance and bacterial susceptibility.
Intravenous Acetaminophen for Pain after Major Orthopedic Surgery: An Expanded Analysis
Authors: Sinatra Raymond S. , Jahr Jonathan S. , Reynolds Lowell , Groudine Scott B. , Royal Mike A. , Breitmeyer James B. , Viscusi Eugene R. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground and Methods:  From the time that Sinatra et al. (Anesthesiology. 2005;102:822) was published to FDA apaproval of intravenous (IV) acetaminophen, an expanded analysis of the original raw study data became necessary for the regulatory submission. The following analyses were conducted: (1) sum of pain intensity differences over 24 hours (SPID24) using currently accepted imputation methods to account for both missing data and the effects of rescue; (2) efficacy results after the first 6 hours; (3) effects of gender, race/ethnicity, age, weight, surgical site, ASA Class, and serotonin antagonists; and (4) a stepwise regression analysis of why adverse events of nausea and vomiting were numerically (although not statistically) higher in the IV acetaminophen group compared with placebo.Results:  Sum of pain intensity differences over 24 hours using a 0‐ to 100‐mm visual analog scale was statistically significantly (P < 0.001) in favor of IV acetaminophen (n = 49) compared with placebo (n = 52). Time to rescue was found to be 3.9 and 2.1 hours, respectively, for total hip and knee arthroplasty compared with 0.8 hours for the placebo group. Rescue medication consumption, requests, and actual administration were all significantly lower in the IV acetaminophen group compared with placebo for each dosing interval, except in the 6‐ to 12‐hours interval where a numerical trend was observed. Analysis of various subset variables demonstrated similar efficacy for each variable. A stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that AE reports of nausea and vomiting were most likely due to prerandomization events, particularly opioid consumption and presence of nausea prior to randomization.Conclusion:  Repeated‐dose 24‐hours end points were found to be as robust as previously published results. IV acetaminophen efficacy and safety appeared to be unaffected by specific subset variables.▪
Sentinel node procedures in gynecologic cancers: an overview
Authors: VAN OOSTRUM NOORTJE H. M. , MAKAR AMIN P. H. , VAN DEN BROECKE RUDY 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the value of sentinel lymph node procedures in gynecologic cancers. A systematic literature overview, using the PubMed database, was performed. In early stage vulvar, endometrial and cervical cancer, lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor. Lymphadenectomy, performed for adequate staging, is associated with high morbidity rates. Sentinel node procedures hold the promise of adequate staging with less treatment‐related morbidity. Sentinel lymph node procedures in patients with early‐stage vulvar cancer are associated with low recurrence rates, excellent survival, lower morbidity and shorter hospital stay compared to classical inguinal dissection. Therefore, these procedures should be the standard of care in early‐stage unilateral vulvar cancer. Reports on sentinel lymph node procedures in endometrial and cervical cancer are ambiguous. The procedures in these cancers are reported in small studies only. Detection rates vary depending on the used injection sites and the used tracers. Bilateral detection rates are low and are not mentioned by default. Large controlled multi‐institutional studies are necessary to evaluate the validity and the prognostic significance of the sentinel lymph node procedures in endometrial and cervical cancer.
Geographies of Urban Politics: Pathways, Intersections, Interventions
Authors: MGUIRK PAULINE 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper deals with urban political geographies and, most particularly, with political economy perspectives on urban politics. It offers an account that narrates what I see as influential pathways and intersections, theoretical debates, and methodological developments that have shaped contemporary urban political geographies in this vein since the 1970s, including: the ‘new urban politics’, intersections with postmodernism, and postcolonialism; urban neoliberalism and the contingency of urban politics; and, most recently, poststructural political economy and the notion of assemblage. This leads me to trace the implications of the shift in understanding from urban political geography to geographies of urban politics, and the growing emphasis on practice, contingency, relationality, and assemblage that accompany this shift. I conclude with reflections on new directions, new productive questions and tensions, and on the knowledge politics of how we do and might do contemporary urban political geographies.
Insights into osteoarthritis from MRI
Authors: TAN York Kiat , CONAGHAN Philip G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has added a new dimension to the study of osteoarthritis, a long‐known degenerative joint disease with limited therapeutic options. It has advanced our understanding of joint pathophysiology and identifying that osteoarthritis as a simple ‘wear and tear’ process of the articular cartilage has indeed become a thing of the past. Recent work has focused on the study and validation of MRI scoring/quantification systems, as well as the identification of MRI predictors of symptoms/disease progression. The latter may serve to identify patients at greater risk for osteoarthritis disease progression to be enrolled in clinical trials. Like all imaging tools, MRI use has its associated problems. Structural changes seen in patients with osteoarthritis are often seen in asymptomatic subjects and this makes an MRI definition of osteoarthritis less straightforward. The ability to pick up multiple structural abnormalities simultaneously and high sensitivity in delineating structural changes can makes interpretation of true pathology more complicated. Although there has been much progress in the field of MRI in osteoarthritis, there remain many clinical/technical issues that need to be addressed. Until more data are obtained from clinical trials, the question of whether MRI is useful in therapeutics intervention in osteoarthritis remains unanswered.
Biochemical and Thermodynamic Analyses of Salmonella enterica Pat, a Multidomain, Multimeric
N
ε
-Lysine Acetyltransferase Involved in Carbon and Energy Metabolism
Authors: Thao Sandy , Escalante-Semerena Jorge C. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

In the bacterium
Salmonella enterica
, the CobB sirtuin protein deacetylase and the Gcn5-related
N
ε
-acetyltransferase (GNAT) Pat control carbon utilization and metabolic flux via
N
ε
-lysine acetylation/deacetylation of metabolic enzymes. To date, the
S. enterica
Pat (
Se
Pat) acetyltransferase has not been biochemically characterized. Here we report the kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of the
Se
Pat enzyme using two of its substrates, acetyl coenzyme A (Ac-CoA) synthetase (Acs; AMP forming, EC 6.2.1.1) and Ac-CoA. The data showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic behavior when Ac-CoA was held at a saturating concentration while Acs was varied, and a sigmoidal kinetic behavior was observed when Acs was saturating and the Ac-CoA concentration was varied. The observation of sigmoidal kinetics and positive cooperativity for Ac-CoA is an unusual feature of GNATs. Results of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments showed that binding of Ac-CoA to wild-type
Se
Pat produced a biphasic curve having thermodynamic properties consistent with two distinct sites. Biphasicity was not observed in ITC experiments that analyzed the binding of Ac-CoA to a C-terminal construct of
Se
Pat encompassing the predicted core acetyltransferase domain. Subsequent analytical gel filtration chromatography studies showed that in the presence of Ac-CoA,
Se
Pat oligomerized to a tetrameric form, whereas in the absence of Ac-CoA,
Se
Pat behaved as a monomer. The positive modulation of
Se
Pat activity by Ac-CoA, a product of the Acs enzyme that also serves as a substrate for
Se
Pat-dependent acetylation, is likely a layer of metabolic control.

IMPORTANCE
For decades,
N
ε
-lysine acetylation has been a well-studied mode of regulation of diverse proteins involved in almost all aspects of eukaryotic physiology. Until recently,
N
ε
-lysine acetylation was not considered a widespread phenomenon in bacteria. Recent studies have indicated that
N
ε
-lysine acetylation and its impact on cellular metabolism may be just as diverse in bacteria as they are in eukaryotes. The
S. enterica
Pat enzyme, specifically, has recently been implicated in the modulation of many metabolic enzymes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how this enzyme controls the activity of diverse enzymes by
N
ε
-lysine acetylation will advance our understanding of how the prokaryotic cell responds to its changing environment in order to meet its metabolic needs.
miR-221 Silencing Blocks Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Promotes Survival
Authors: Park Jong-Kook , Kogure Takayuki , Nuovo Gerard J. , Jiang Jinmai , He Lei , Kim Ji Hye , Phelps Mitch A. , Papenfuss Tracey L. , Croce Carlo M. , Patel Tushar , Schmittgen Thomas D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) face a dismal prognosis because of a lack of any effective therapies. To address this situation, we conducted a preclinical investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of oligonucleotides directed against the oncogenic microRNA miR-221, which has been implicated in HCC. Of 9 chemistries evaluated, we determined that a 2′-O-methyl phosphorothioate-modified anti-miR-221 oligonucleotide was most effective at reducing proliferation in vitro. A cholesterol-modified isoform of anti-miR-221 (chol-anti-miR-221) exhibited improved pharmacokinetics and liver tissue distribution compared with unmodified oligonucleotide. Chol-anti-miR-221 significantly reduced miR-221 levels in liver within a week of intravenous administration and in situ hybridization studies confirmed accumulation of the oligonucleotide in tumor cells in vivo. Within the same period, chol-anti-miR-221 reduced tumor cell proliferation and increased markers of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest, elevating the tumor doubling time and increasing mouse survival. Taken together, our findings offer a preclinical proof of efficacy for chol-anti-miR-221 in a valid orthotopic mouse model of HCC, suggesting that this targeted agent could benefit treatment for patients with advanced HCC. Cancer Res; 71(24); 7608–16. ©2011 AACR.
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Is a p53-Regulated Gene That Switches Cancers between Early and Advanced Stages
Authors: Dhar Sanjit K. , Tangpong Jitbanjong , Chaiswing Luksana , Oberley Terry D. , St. Clair Daret K. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a critical role in the survival of aerobic life, and its aberrant expression has been implicated in carcinogenesis and tumor resistance to therapy. However, despite extensive studies in MnSOD regulation and its role in cancer, when and how the alteration of MnSOD expression occurs during the process of tumor development in vivo are unknown. Here, we generated transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of human MnSOD promoter-enhancer elements and investigated the changes of MnSOD transcription using the 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-l3-acetate (TPA) multistage skin carcinogenesis model. The results show that MnSOD expression was suppressed at a very early stage but increased at late stages of skin carcinogenesis. The suppression and subsequent restoration of MnSOD expression were mediated by two transcription-factors, Sp1 and p53. Exposure to DMBA and TPA activated p53 and decreased MnSOD expression via p53-mediated suppression of Sp1 binding to the MnSOD promoter in normal-appearing skin and benign papillomas. In squamous cell carcinomas, Sp1 binding increased because of the loss of functional p53. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and both knockdown and overexpression of Sp1 and p53 to verify their roles in the expression of MnSOD at each stage of cancer development. The results identify MnSOD as a p53-regulated gene that switches between early and advanced stages of cancer. These findings also provide strong support for the development of means to reactivate p53 for the prevention of tumor progression. Cancer Res; 71(21); 6684–95. ©2011 AACR.