bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vasopressin receptors in ocular tissues and their impact on ocular hydrodynamics
Authors: BOGNER B , TOCKNER B , RUNGE CW , STROHMAIER C , GRABNER G , REITSAMER HA 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To investigate the effect of intravenous applied vasopressin on aqueous flow and to localize involved receptor types in ocular tissues. Methods In anesthetized rabbits mean arterial pressure (MAP), intraocular pressure (IOP) and orbital venous pressure (OVP) were measured by direct cannulation of the central ear artery, the vitreous, and the orbital venous sinus, respectively. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to record CilBF continuously. Aqueous flow (AF) was measured simultaneously by fluorophotometry. After baseline measurements arginine‐vasopressin (AVP) was applied intravenously (infusion rate: 0.08 ng/kg/min). Immunostaining (SABC‐method, immunofluorescence) was performed to localize potential vasopressin receptors in ocular tissues. Results AVP caused a considerable increase of MAP (+6,90±1,21%; p < 0,001), a significant decrease of IOP (‐9,56±2,35%; p = 0,003), a highly significant reduction of AF (‐21.34±4.08%; p < 0,001) and no significant change of CilBF (‐2.37±3.38%; n.s.). Immunofluorescent stainings show a characteristic pattern of V1‐ and V2‐receptor distribution. Both, V1 and V2 receptors are detectable in choroidal, ciliary and iridal vessels. Moreover, they are localized in the ciliary epithelium, whereas the labeling is more intensive in the non‐pigmented epithelium than in the pigmented epithelium. Conclusion Although the applied dose of AVP did not changed CilBF considerably, a highly significant reduction of AF was observed. This suggests that the reduction of AF is predominantly caused by affecting the secretory mechanisms in the ciliary epithelium. The localization of vasopressin receptors in ciliary epithelium supports this assumption.
Chromosomal number aberrations and transformation in adult mouse retinal stem cells in vitro
Authors: DJOJOSUBROTO M , BOLLOTTE F , WIRAPATI P , RADTKE F , STAMENKOVIC I , ARSENIJEVIC Y 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The therapeutic potential of stem cells on degenerative diseases and damaged tissues such as retinal degeneration has been recognized. Generation of high numbers of retinal stem cells (RSCs) in vitro would thus be beneficial for retinal transplantation. As long‐term cultivated cells might be unstable and have a risk of transformation, it is important to assess the stability of these cells. Methods We analyzed chromosomal aberrations of RSC lines isolated from adult and postnatal day 1 mouse retinas. Then, selected cell lines were tested for anchorage‐dependent proliferation, and for possibility of transformation by transplantation in immunocompromised mice. Results Aneuploidy occurred in all adult cell lines, albeit to different levels. Neonatal RSCs were the most stable and displaying a normal karyotype until at least passage 9. We observed that two of the adult RCS lines tested were transformed and identified several cell cycle proteins that might support the cell continuous proliferation and transformation. Conclusion The aneuploidy level of adult RSCs did not necessarily correlate with cell transformation. Only the adult RSC lines passaged for longer period and with higher dilution ratio underwent transformation, showing that culture condition plays an important role in supporting the selection and growth of transformed cells.
Hypertonicity‐induced decrease in aquaporin‐4 expression in retinal pigmented epithelial cells
Authors: WILLERMAIN F , PIENS I , JANSSENS S , ARSENIJEVIC T , OP DE BEEK A , MAKHOUL M , BOLAKY N , CASPERS L , PERRET J , DELPORTE C 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Osmotic gradients regulate subretinal water content and might be acutely changed during macular oedema. Moreover, since RPE cells express tight junctions, water molecules must use specific channels to cross their hydrophobic membrane. Aquaporins (AQP) are good candidates to assume this function. In this work, we investigated the effects of osmotic stress on the expression of AQP in RPE cells. Methods ARPE‐19 cells were grown in different hypertonic conditions. AQP1 and AQP4 expressions were assessed by Western blot and RT‐PCR. Chemical inhibitors were used to specifically block lysosomes and proteasome function. Cell proliferation was investigated by BRDU incorporation, and cell viability by flow cytometry. Cell cycle was studied by Western blot and flow cytometry. Results Hypertonic stress rapidly decreased AQP4 expression on ARPE cells. The effect was reversed by proteasome inhibition, but was likely ubiquitinylation‐independent. At 24h post‐hypertonic stress, cell viability was not affected but cell proliferation was decreased. Cell cycle was also modified as the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase decreased and the percentage of cells in S and G2/M phase increased. Conclusion Hypertonic stress strongly reduced AQP4 expression and RPE cell proliferation. Those results might contribute to our understanding of macular oedema formation.
The Bmi1 polycomb gene as a target for therapies against retinal degeneration
Authors: ARSENIJEVIC Y , VAN LOHUIZEN M , ZENCAK D 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose In several neurodegenerative diseases the reactivation of cell cycle proteins is a key event that precedes neuronal apoptosis. We asked whether a similar phenomenon occurs in Rd1 mice, a model of retinitis pigmentosa widely used to study photoreceptor (PR) loss. Methods We used different knockout mouse models to reveal whether proteins involved in the cell cycle regulation are responsible for photoreceptor loss in the Rd1 mouse. Results At P12, an early stage of the disease, Rd1 mice displayed an increased expression of CDK4 and CDK2 among PR nuclei. PRs also undergo DNA synthesis. At P12, the polycomb protein Bmi1 was expressed in virtually all the nuclei in the inner and outer nuclear layer of both wild‐type (WT) and Rd1 mice. Bmi1 promotes cell cycle progression via the repression of tumor suppressor genes. We reasoned that Bmi1 deletion could impede the aberrant CDK reactivation that characterizes neuronal apoptosis and may therefore delay retinal degeneration. We compared the histology of WT, Rd1 and Rd1;Bmi1‐/‐ and observed the presence of 7 rows of PRs in Rd1;Bmi1‐/‐ mice at P33, while Rd1 littermates displayed a single scattered row of PRs. ERG recordings revealed the ability of Rd1:Bmi1‐/‐ retinas to respond to light stimuli. Both DNA synthesis and CDK4 were strongly decreased in Rd1;Bmi1‐/‐ mice, respectively by 70% and 50% as compared to Rd1 littermates. Conclusion In conclusion, our data show for the first time a mechanism of retina degeneration involving a reactivation of the cell cycle that precedes PR death in Rd1 mice and reveal that the partial inhibition of cell cycle re‐entry strongly delays PR loss.
Relationship between standard automated perimetry and high‐resolution optical coherence tomography in glaucoma patients
Authors: CALVO PEREZ P , FERRERAS A , ABADIA B , PABLO LE , PAJARIN AB , LARROSA JM 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To determine the relationship between the main indices of standard automated perimetry (SAP) and the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measured with spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with glaucomatous visual field defects. Methods 47 consecutive patients with open‐angle glaucoma were included in the study. Only one eye per subject was randomly selected. SAPs were performed with a Humphrey perimeter and the 24‐2 SITA standard algorithm. All of them underwent imaging with the Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Left eye data were converted to a right eye format. The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was applied to check that the data were normally distributed. Pearson correlations were calculated between SAP indices (mean deviation, pattern standard deviation, and visual field index) and OCT parameters Results The average visual field mean deviation was ‐6.50 dB. Mild to moderate correlations were observed between SAP indices and most OCT parameters. The strongest correlations were found between the inferior quadrant thickness and pattern standard deviation (‐0.544). Conclusion The RNFL thicknesses measured with high‐resolution OCT showed moderate correlations with SAP indices in glaucoma patients. These results may help to understand the relationship between structural and functional changes in open‐angle glaucoma.
The retinal nerve fiber layer and the optic nerve head morphology after glaucoma surgery
Authors: GRACNER T , PAHOR D 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To detect and quantify changes in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and the optic nerve head (ONH) morphology after glaucoma surgery. Methods 13 eyes of 13 patients with open‐angle glaucoma in which goniotrephining with scleral flap without intraoperative antimetabolites for progressive glaucoma damage was done were included in this prospective study. Before and 6 months after the surgery: the intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured, the thicknes of the RNFL was measured with a scanning laser polarimeter (GDx VCC), the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy measurements of ONH with Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT 3) were performed and the visual field was tested with Humphrey Field Analyser. Results The mean IOP before surgery was 24.5 ? 2.3 mmHg decreasing 6 months after to a mean of 13.9 ? 3.0 mmHg (p<0.05). The RNFL measurements with GDx VCC revealed no differences between the mean TSNIT Avarage (p=0.383), mean Superior Avarage (p=0.756) and mean Inferior Avarage (p=0.269) before and after surgery. The ONH measurements with HRT 3 revealed postoperatively a significant increase in the mean Rim Area, Rim Volume and Cup Shape Measure, whereas Cup Area, Cup Volume and Linear Cup/Disc Ratio decreased (p<0.05). There were no differences between the mean Height Variation Contour (p=0.678) and Mean RNFL Thickness (p=0.064) before and after surgery. Preoperatively the mean value of the Mean Deviation on automated perimetry was –18.82 ? 8.5 dB improving 6 months postoperatively to a mean of –16.63 ? 7.9 dB (p<0.05). Conclusion Our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of IOP reduction obtained with glaucoma surgery on visual field indices and ONH parameters evaluated by HRT 3.
Preterm and at term children: morphological and functional analysis of optic nerve and visual pathway with OCT, HRT and pVEP
Authors: ANGELI R , RUBERTO G , GUAGLIANO R , BERTONE C , BARILLA D , TRAVERSA E , SUZANI M , RUSTIONI G , PICCININI P , TINELLI C , VANDELLI G , MILANO G , BIANCHI PE 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare optic nerve morphology and visual function in 14 preterm children(mean gestational age:33,38) with normal cerebral ultrasound at birth and 15 at term children (mean gestational age:39,67). Methods Mean preterm age was 7,6 years, mean at term was 9,1 years. Children underwent to complete functional and morphological evaluation of Optic Nerve Head (ONH) with Heidelberg Retinal Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography. The same children were evaluated at birth and at the time of morphological examinations by mean of transient and steady state pVEP. Results Mean visual acuity was 9,85 in the preterm, 10 in the at term children. HRT in preterm and at term children at term(n=28) preterm(n=25) P value mean sd mean sd Disc Area 2,5 0,7 2,34 0,68 0,38 Cup Area 0,50 0,44 0,58 0,47 0,51 Rim Area 2 0,45 1,76 0,37 0,047 C/D Area Ratio 0,18 0,12 0,22 0,14 0,23 C/D Linear Ratio 0,4 0,15 0,45 0,16 0,30 Mean RNFL Thick 0,2 0,07 0,24 0,2 0,26 Tab.1 A statistically significant reduction was found in preterm children as regard rim area (p=0,047,tab 1) at HRT and superior RNFL thickness (p=0,01), temporal and inferior inner macular thickness (p=0,03) at OCT. Differences in the pVep latencies were found at 3 and 8 months after birth, but not at the time of morphological examination. Steady State pVEP amplitudes differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion Morphologic optic disk and macula differences between term and preterm children seems not functionally affect the visual pathway.
Visual outcomes and safety of Intacs versus KeraRing intracorneal ring segment implantation in keratoconus
Authors: CANADAS SUAREZ P , HERNÁNDEZ‐VERDEJO J , MARINA C , TEUS‐GUEZALA M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare the safety and eficacy when two different types of intrastromal ring segments (ICRS): Intacs vs. KeraRing were used to treat keratoconus. Methods Interventional, retrospective, comparative case serie study. A total of 53 keratoconic eyes were separated in two groups matched by age and degree of keratoconus: 31 (Group A) treated with Intacs ICRS and 22 (Group B) treated with KeraRing ICRS. Main outcomes were uncorrected, best corrected visual acuity (UVA and BCVA), sphere, astigmatism, spherical equivalent (EE) and mean keratometric values (km) pre and 3 month after implantation. Safety of the procedure was also evaluated. In both groups the femtosecond laser (IntraLase Corp, Irvine CA) were used to create the tunnel. Results 3 month postop UVA were 0,26?0,2 vs 0,30?0,2 in Group A and B (p=0,6). BCVA was 0,61?0,2 and 0,67?0,2 in Group A and B (p=0,4). Postop sphere, cylinder and EE were ‐1,3?3,6D, 2,9?1,9D and ‐2,6?3,4D in Group A vs ‐1,3?1,8D, ‐3,1?2,0D and ‐2,2?2,4D in Group B respectively (p>0,05 in all comparison). Group A mean km was 43,1?12,6D vs 44,7?5.0D in Group B (p=0,6). Rate of explantation was 16,6% in Group A due to extrusion, neovascularization or non‐controled inflamation vs none in Group B. Conclusion In this serie Intacs or KeraRing implantation to correct keratoconus seems to induce the same visual outcomes. However the tolerance of keraRing was better than intacs.
Comparision of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty results in different TGFβI corneal dystrophies
Authors: NOWINSKA A , WYLEGALA E 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare the results of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty in eyes with TGFβI corneal dystrophies. Methods 10 eyes of 8 patients with TGFβI corneal dystrophies after DALK were recruited for the study. There were 5 eyes with LCD1 (R124C), 2 eyes with atypical LCD (H626R), 2 eyes with TBCD (R555Q), and 1 eye with GCD1 (R555W). Main outcome measures were: complication noticed during Descemet membrane air dissection, 6 month graft and stromal bed clarity, presence of stromal bed folds during OCT exam, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), corneal astigmatism and endothelial cell density (ECD). Results Local Descemet membrane perforation during DALK occurred in 1 eye with R555W mutation and 2 eyes with H626R mutation. Descemet membrane detachment was diagnosed postoperatively in one eye with R124C mutation. DMD resolved spontaneously within one month. At 6 month all grafts reminded clear, but there were thick stromal bed folds visible during OCT exam in 1 eye with R555W mutation and 2 eyes with H626R mutation. BCVA was 0,8 in eyes with R555Q, 0,4 in eyes with R124C, 0,2 in eyes with H626R and 0,3 in eye with R555W mutation. There were no differences noticed in corneal astigmatism or ECD at 6 month. Mean corneal astigmatism was 3,3 D (± 0,43) and ECD was 2156 cells/mm2 (± 758). Conclusion The TGFβI dystrophy type influences on the results after DALK. TBCD and LCD1 with no deep stromal or Descemet involvement are good candidates for DALK.
SITA‐SWAP and SITA‐SAP in glaucoma suspects
Authors: MILANO G , BOSSOLESI L , COLOMBO M , BORDIN M , LANTERI S , RAIMONDI M , ROSSI G 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare the ability of Standard and Short‐Wavelength Automated Perimetry to point out early functional defects in glaucoma suspects picked up using imaging tests such as GDx‐VCC and HRT‐III Methods Randomly selected 90 eyes of 90 patients screened on the basis of clinical suspicion of having early glaucoma, were submitted to a complete ophthalmic examination including GDx and HRT. Moorfields regression analysis(MRA), cup shape measure (CSM), rim area (RA) for HRT‐III and nerve fiber indicator (NFI), superior and inferior TSNIT average for GDx‐VCC were taken into account. If at least one of the parameters was found out of the normal limits, a 24‐2 SITA‐SAP and SITA‐SWAP tests. Mean defect (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), number of points significantly depressed <5% and <1% in the pattern deviation plot and test duration for SAP and SWAP were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test and Bland and Altman plot. Media opacities >1 according to LOCS‐III were excluded Results According to the results of the Wilcoxon test SWAP gave a significantly larger MD and PSD defect than SAP (p<0.01) and a larger number of depressed points with p<1%(p<0.01). SWAP test duration was shorter than SAP(p<0.01). These results were not confirmed by Bland and Altman plot that could not point out significant differences between the parameters provided by SWAP and SAP Conclusion In patients with suspicion of early glaucomatous damage given by imaging techniques (GDx‐VCC and HRT‐III), SITA‐SWAP is not able to identify a functional loss in all cases. The SITA applied to SWAP can improve the ability of the perimetric test to pick up early defects involving short‐wavelength sensitive ganglion cells at least in some patients and in a shorter test time than SITA‐SAP
Nitric oxide and cGMP protect the retina from ischemia and mediate somatostatin's neuroprotective effects
Authors: THERMOS K , KIAGIADAKI F , MASTRODIMOU N 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The neuropeptide somatostatin has been shown to modulate retinal circuitry by activating its receptors (sst1‐sst5) found in retinal neurons and to influence the levels of other neuroactive substances such as nitric oxide (NO) and cGMP. In addition, it displays neuroprotective properties against retinal chemical ischemia and excitotoxicity. In another paradigm, somatostatin was shown to protect cortical cultures against NMDA induced neuronal death via a cGMP mechanism. These findings led us to investigate whether NO and/or cGMP could protect the retina from ischemia, and possibly underlie somatostatin’s neuroprotective actions. Methods A model of chemical ischemia was employed in rat retina in order to examine the neuroprotective effects of arginine, the substrate of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and a number of NO donors. Subsequently, blockade of NOS and guanylyl cyclase in the presence of somatostatin receptor (sst2) agonists was attempted to investigate the role of NO/cGMP in somatostatin’s protection of the retina in the chemical ischemia model and in a model of AMPA induced excitotoxicity. Results The NO donors SIN‐1 and NONOate and 8‐Br‐cGMP protected the retina in a concentration‐dependent manner, as shown by ChAT immunoreactivity and TUNEL staining. L‐cysteine (the peroxynitrite scavenger) partially reduced the SIN‐1 protective effect. NOS and guanyl cyclase inhibitors reversed the protective effect of sst2 agonists in the chemical ischemia and excitotoxicity model. Conclusion NO/peroxynitrite and cGMP appear to be important mediators in the protection of the retina from chemical ischemia. The NO/sGC/cGMP pathway is involved in the neuroprotective effects of the sst2 ligands in the same model and against AMPA excitotoxic insults.
Genetic influences on biomarkers in AMD
Authors: CHONG V 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To describe the genetic influences on biomarkers in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods We have previously demonstrated that AMD is associated with systemic activation of complement factors, alternation of cytokine levels, and changes in the matrix protein level. In this study, we examine the association of these changes with the genotype of the common "AMD" genes. Results Activation of complement factors were closely associated with "at risk" complement factor polymorphisms. Plasma cytokine levels were not associated with complement factor H polymorphisms, but were associated with the "at risk" HTRA1 polymorphisms. Plasma matrix protein showed a trend association with the "at risk" HTRA1 polymorphisms. Conclusion Traditional genotype‐phenotype correlation is based on clinical phenotype. Biomarker research is leading to a new area of genotype‐phenotype correlation research. It is unclear at this stage, how important these correlations are. Further studies are required.
Functional genomics of systemic complement activation in AMD
Authors: EDWARDS AO 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To describe the current status of genetic variants associated with age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and present functional genomic association studies demonstrating that systemic complement activation is inlfuenced by haplotypes in AMD risk loci and increases the risk of having age‐related macular degeneration. Methods A genome wide association study using the Illumina 370 Beadchip on over 3000 subjects was performed. Focused genetic association and haplotype studies investigating the genetic mechanisms increasing AMD risk in complement and non‐complement AMD risk loci were performed using standard methods. Functional genomic association studies relating genetic risks for AMD to plasma complement levels measured using ELISA assays were performed. Results The collaborative genome‐wide association study revealed novel pathways increasing the risk of AMD and will be discussed. The established genetic variants in the CFH, CFHR, FI, ARMS2 (10q26), and ApoE loci will be reviewed with a focus on insights from genetic studies on functional consequences. The proteogenomic association study showed that haplotypes in complement genes associated with AMD altered plasma levels of complement substrates, regulators, and activation by‐products. The majority of the difference between case and control levels of complement proteins in plasma was explained by the genetic variants associated with AMD. Conclusion Multiple independent pathways leading to AMD have been identified using the genetic approach. Detailed genetic studies and functional genomic studies are beginning to suggest mechanisms through which AMD risk is increased.
Commercial interest
Recent developments of dry eye in children
Authors: BREMOND‐GIGNAC D 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Dry eye syndrome in children is a rare disease sometimes difficult to diagnose. The research of the etiology can contribute to adjust the treatment. Methods Two features of dry eye syndrome in children can be distinguished. Dry eye integrated in general disease with evidence of diagnosis and etiology and asymptomatic dry eye which needs a careful check up to recognize the primary etiology. Keratitis sicca usually does not lead to children complaint and simple signs as rubbing or blinking are often observed. Clinical and practical cases are described. Results Review of literature confirms common conditions with adult dry eye but also the specificity of the pediatric dry eye. Dry eye in children is also commonly an inflammatory condition of the ocular surface. New treatment with their indications are listed including tear‐like topical therapies and anti‐inflammatory or immunosuppressive drugs for ocular surface with specificities in children. Conclusion Dry eye syndrome in children must be recognized and diagnosed. In addition to classical tear‐like treatment, specific therapy should be adapted to the etiology.