bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China
Authors: Riley J. R. , Reynolds D. R. , Smith A. D. , Edwards A.S. , Zhang X.-X. , Cheng X.-N. , Wang H.-K. , Cheng J.-Y. , Zhai B.-P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe autumn migration of the rice leaf roller moth, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée, in eastern China was studied at two sites (one in southern Jiangsu Province and one in northern Jiangxi Province), using radar and aerial netting. It was confirmed that C. medinalis is a high-altitude nocturnal windborne migrant, with large numbers of moths taking-off at dusk and flying continuously for several hours. Migration was post-teneral and the females had immature ovaries. Maximum densities of the moths typically occurred between 250 and 550 m above ground, and layering was intense on some nights. Moth layers often occurred at an altitude where there was a wind-speed maximum. In early September, migrant C. medinalis from southern Jiangsu Province were carried on the winds in an approximately westward direction. However, the winds prevailing in late September and October took migrants from both sites towards the south-west or south. Forward trajectories for C. medinalis and other insects emigrating from northern Jiangxi during October indicated that they were able to reach the tropical rice-growing areas near the south China coast, where year-round breeding would be possible. Incidental observations on the migratory flight of other lepidopteran pests, including Mythimna separata (Walker), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius), Ctenoplusia agnata (Staudinger) and Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (all Nocturidae), Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius) and particularly Omiodes indicata (Fabricius) (both Pyralidae) are presented.
The value of the larval head pattern for differentiating Simulium exiguum s.l. and S. gonzalezi (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the onchocerciasis focus of Ecuador
Authors: Charalambous M. , Lowry C. A. , Lowell S. , Shelley A. J. , Arzube M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the Esmeraldas focus of onchocerciasis in Ecuador, the larvae of the primary vector Simulium exiguum Roubaud are found in sympatry with the non-vector S. gonzalezi Vargas & Díaz Nájera. Distinguishing the pre-ultimate stage larvae of these two species usually relies on the pattern of markings on the cephalic apotome. These patterns appear either as dark spots against a pale cuticle (positive head pattern) or as pale spots within a darkened area of the cuticle (negative head pattern). Larvae of S. exiguum s.l. usually exhibit positive or no head patterns whilst those of S. gonzalezi usually have negative head patterns. The purpose of this paper was to investigate head pattern variation (scored in one of six categories) in (polytene) chromosomally identified larvae of the two species and cytotypes of S. exiguum from three collection sites in Ecuador (including one in the onchocerciasis focus). The head patterns of a total of 1183 larvae were studied. Chromosomal identification of penultimate instar larvae revealed only the presence of the Cayapa and Quevedo cytotypes of S. exiguum (n=208). Both cytotypes exhibited a wide range of head patterns from positive to negative. The results indicate that negative head patterns cannot be used to reliably distinguish between larvae of S. exiguum s.l. and S. gonzalezi. All except one larva with negative head patterns were females (n=53), suggesting that head pattern in this species complex might be a sex-linked character.
Revision of the genusMaliarpha(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), based on adult morphology with description of three new species
Authors: Cook Mark 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhat has previously been referred to in the literature as the African white rice borerMaliarpha separatella, is a complex of three closely related stemborers. These are described and the genus revised. The generaBiafraRagonot andEthitropaHampson are synonymized withMaliarphaRagonot. All primary types available have been examined. The revised genusMaliarphais a monophyletic group defined by the apomorphic, tri-lobed form of the male gnathos. Six species ofMaliarphaare treated, of whichbrunnella, fuscicostellaandlongisignumellaare described as new. The speciesBiafra rhodinella(Ragonot),Singhalia haemocharis(Meyrick),Ethiotropa phromerella(Hampson) andBiafra taxiarchaMeyrick are synonymized withMaliarpha concinnella(Ragonot), andBiafra concinnellaRagonot andSaluria rosella(Hampson) are recombined withMaliarpha. The adult moths are illustrated and line drawings of the genitalia are provided for all species.
Breeding structure ofGlossina pallidipes(Diptera: Glossinidae) populations in East and southern Africa
Authors: Krafsur E. S. , Griffiths N. , Brockhouse C. L. , Brady J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGene diversity and gene flow inGlossina pallidipesAusten were studied by using allozyme electrophoresis on samples from southern and East Africa. Recorded were 30 alleles segregating at eight loci. Gene diversity was 0.212±0.085 S.E. in four southern African populations and 0.163±0.076 in seven Kenyan populations. All loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Pgmand 6pgdwere sex linked. Spatial components of gene diversity were measured by usingFstatistics. Mating was random within each population. The ‘fixation index’FSTwas 0.133±0.062 among southern African populations. Among the Kenyan populations.FSTwas 0.159±0.069.FSTwas 0.238±0.051 among all populations. Analysis of variance of gene frequencies showed that 65.8% of the genetic variance lay within populations and 34.2% of the genetic variance lay between Kenyan and southern African populations. These data suggest a strong measure of genetic drift among tsetse populations even in a region where it is thought they are continuously distributed. The causes of this drift require investigation.
Observations on Scale-insects (Coccidae)—IV
Authors: Newstead Robert 
Published: July 2009

Llaveia abrahami, sp. nov.Female, adult. Ovate, strongly gibbose above and flattened beneath; segmentation both on the dorsum and venter distinct. Colour, in alcohol, buff-yellow; with a thin deposit of white secretion in the hollows between the segments; legs and antennae yellowish brown. It is highly probable that much of the secretion had disappeared in the alcohol in which the specimens were preserved. Antennae of eleven segments, 2nd and 11th longest; 3rd a little shorter than the latter, but much longer than the succeeding ones, which are submoniliform in shape; average length 0·8–0·9 mm. Legs relatively short; tarsi a little more than half the length of the tibiae; front pair shortest, measuring 0·85 mm.; posterior pair longer, measuring 1–1·1 mm.; hairs relatively long and slender; claws simple, though in one example two of these organs have a well-marked tooth-like projection dorsally, just above the curved tip. Derm both dorsally and ventrally rather thickly set with very short fine hairs; margin with a narrow band of long fine hairs, the longest of which measure 0·6–0·7 mm. Pores dorso-ventrally relatively very small, circular and with beaded rims; these are less numerous than the fine hairs; those at the margins are slightly larger, much more numerous, and many have clear triangular-shaped centres. Anal segment of abdomen with three large ovate rings, the central one being slightly the largest and measuring about 0·2 mm. in its longest axis. Length, after maceration in KOH, 8–9 mm.
A portable Stable Trap for capturing Mosquitos
Authors: Magoon E. H. 
Published: July 2009

An illustrated description is given of the construction details of a stable trap in Jamaica to catch Anopheline mosquitos. This trap is of knock-down type, which is more portable than many traps used for the same purpose.Mosquito “ catches ” from stable traps are a means of obtaining information for planning anti-Anopheline work in a new area. These “ catches ” can be carried out with regularity and can give data to indicate the need of strengthening control measures to deal with the seasonal emergence of different mosquitos in specified zones.The area in which the Health Officer of Kingston requires information about the prevalence of Anophelines is so extensive that nearly fifty regular mosquito catching stations should be visited at least twice a month. In order to obtain the needed data with the present staff, the writer recommends the simultaneous use of six portable stable traps.
Observations on the Control of Insects by Hand-collection
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H. 
Published: July 2009

The paper deals with the control of insects by hand-collection. An experimental study of the method as used against Antestia on coffee in Kenya is described. The rate of increase of the yield of insects collected falls off in a definite and measurable manner as the time spent on the work increases. The formula for the curve fitting the results is P = 100(1 − (V.e.)−t) where “ P ” is the percentage collected of the total Antestia present, “ t ” is the time spent collecting, and “ V ” is a coefficient which has different values according to the conditions prevailing. In practice one careful experimental picking provides data for the calculation of the formula which may be used to determine the cost of hand-picking any percentage.The results show that in theory 100 per cent. of the insects can never be obtained by hand-picking, and that in practice the cost of picking an adequate percentage is almost invariably prohibitive.It is probable that the experimental results obtained will prove valid in other cases of hand-picking. Much of the expenditure on this method is unproductive.Details of a thorough long-continued attempt to control Antestia on thirty-five acres of coffee by hand-picking are given. The attempt proved unsuccessful, and it is suggested that it may actually have been responsible for the maintenance of the severe attack.The kind co-operation and assistance of a number of coffee planters are acknowledged. Except for the first experiments in 1933 Mr. H. Naismith Jones assisted me throughout, and the investigation owes a great deal to his careful supervision of much of the field work.
Fumigation Trials with Ethylene Dibromide for the Control of Eggs and Larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) in Citrus Fruit
Authors: Grunberg A. , Polac'ek K. , Peleg J. 
Published: July 2009

Experiments in the treatment of Citrus fruit by fumigation with ethylene dibromide for the control of the damage caused by the Mediterranean Fruit-fly (Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)) were conducted during 1951–52 and 1952–53.Jaffa and Valencia oranges were found to tolerate a concentration of 18 gm./m.3 at approximately 20°C. and exposure time of 2½ hours.Grapefruit was found to tolerate a concentration of 15 gm./m.3 at approximately 20°C. for 2½ hours' exposure. When the exposure time is prolonged to 6 hours the maximum tolerance is 8 gm./m.3A kill of 75 per cent. of the larvae of Ceratitis inside the Citrus fruits was obtained by exposure for 2½ hours at a concentration of 15 gm./m.3Citrus fruit for export from Israel is normally fumigated with Decco (NC13) against certain fungus diseases. The exposure in this case is 6 hours. The possibility of combining the treatment with Decco and ethylene dibromide was examined. It was found that the treatments were compatible and that, at an exposure of 6 hours, a dosage of 6 gm./m.3 of ethylene dibromide gave a kill of up to 93·5 to 96·4 per cent.Fumigation of fruit for export, in batches of 3,000 cases at a time, showed that 6 gm./m.3 of ethylene dibromide (all other conditions being equal) killed up to 98·5 per cent. of Ceratitis larvae (provided no gas leakage occurred in the fumigation chamber). This concentration did not cause injury to Jaffa and Valencia oranges. In the case of grapefruit, slight damage occurred—especially in over-ripe fruit (during the second half of April) which was not intended for shipping.
Studies on the Chemical Control of Wireworms (Agriotes spp.). I.—The Direct and Residual Effects of BHC, DDT, D-D, and Ethylene Dibromide
Authors: Potter C. , Healy M. J. R. , Raw F. 
Published: July 2009

Following crop failures due to wireworm (Agriotes spp.) attack on Little Hoos Field, Bothamsted, two experiments were made on the use of four chemicals to prevent wireworm attack on wheat. The chemicals used were BHC, technical DDT, ethylene dibromide and D-D.Benzene hexachloride in the form of a dust containing 3·5 per cent. crude BHC was broadcast at the rate of 7·9 lb./acre crude BHC ≡ 15·2–16·0 oz. γ isomer per acre and was combine-drilled with the seed at rates ranging from 0·98–3·92 lb./acre crude BHC ≡ 1·9–8·0 oz. γ isomer per acre. It was also applied as a seed dressing at the rate of 2 oz./bushel of a dressing containing 20 per cent. technical γ isomer of BHC. DDT was drilled with the seed at 7·2 lb./acre technical DDT and ethylene dibromide and D-D were injected into the soil as soil fumigants by means of a special machine at 45·5 lb./acre and 210 lb./acre, respectively.
The dynamics of trypanosome infections in natural populations of tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) studied using wing-fray and ovarian ageing techniques
Authors: Leak S. G. A. , Rowlands G. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrypanosome infections in approximately 110,000 tsetse of 12 species or subspecies, at sites in six African countries, were studied over various periods from 1983 to 1994. Infection rates ranged from 0.2% inGlossina fuscipes quanzensisPires at a site in Zaire, to 18% inGlossina tabaniformisWestwood at a site in Gabon. Statistical models were fitted to data for nine species or sub-species of tsetse (G. pallidipesAusten,G. morsitans morsitansWestwood,G. morsitans submorsitansNewstead,G. fuscipes fuscipesNewstead,G. fuscipes quanzensisPires,G. palpalis palpalisRobineau-Desvoidy,G. palpalis gambiensisVanderplank,G. tachinoidesWestwood andG. tabaniformisWestwood), recorded across eight sites. The prevalence of mature trypanosome infections increased with age, as determined by wing-fray category, for bothTrypanosoma vivax- andT. congolense-typeinfections, although forG. palpalis,G. tabaniformisandG. tachinoidesthe rate ofT. vivax-type infections decreased in older age categories. Infection rates forT. bruceiwere very low and statistical analysis was not possible for this species. Overall prevalences ofTrypanosoma vivax-type infections were significantly higher in female than male flies in four tsetse species;G. pallidipes, G. palpalis, G. tabaniformisandG. tachinoides. At sites where ovarian ages were also determined, close correlations between wing-fray category and ovarian age were found.
Methods for dispensing odour attractants for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Torr S. J. , Hall D. R. , Phelps R. J. , Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMethods for dispensing tsetse attractants using sealed polyethylene sachets and bottles were studied in the laboratory and field. 1-Octen-3-ol (octenol), 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol were dispensed singly or as blends from sachets 25–200 cm2in surface area and with a wall thickness of 0.06–0.32 mm; butanone was dispensed from polyethylene bottles. The release rates of attractants, assessed gravimetrically or by GC analysis of volatiles released, were independent of the amount present. The rates were related directly to surface area, inversely related to wall thickness and increased exponentially with temperature. With blends of the attractants, the release rates of the two phenols were directly proportional to the concentration present, but that of octenol showed an exponential dependence. A similar exponential effect was seen with blends of the attractants and an involatile diluent. For mixtures of chemicals, the ratio of the released components was not affected significantly by temperature, sachet size or wall thickness. Release rates from polyethylene sachets and bottles in the field varied 100-fold according to temperature differences related to the time of day, season, and degree of insolation. Day-degree models to predict the losses of attractants from a polyethylene sachet in shade or in full sunlight were highly correlated (r2= 0.84 and 0.81 respectively) with observed losses. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Studies on the maize stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its major parasitoid, Dolichogenidea fuscivora (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), in eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Yitaferu K. , Walker A. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies on the lepidopterous stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) and its major larval parasitoid, Dolichogenidea fuscivora Walker were carried out in the field and the laboratory in eastern Ethiopia. Larvae of B. fusca are also parasitized in the field by the braconid, Bracon sesamiae Cameron and the sarcophagid, Sarcophaga sp., but in low numbers. Parasitism of B. fusca by D. fuscivora is as high as 71% during the dry season (November-March) and approximately 18% in the wet season (June-September). Dolichogenidea fuscivora is active throughout the year. In the laboratory it requires nearly 26 days at 24 ± 1°C to complete the development of one generation (egg to egg laying). Longevity of adults is affected by the availability of food and water. Mating and oviposition reduced the life spans of males and females, respectively. Sixty five to 75 larvae emerged from eggs laid by a single female. The sex ratio ranged from 1:1 to 7:1 (female:male), the average being 5:1.
Changes over twelve years in populations of Glossina pallidipes and Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae) subject to varying trapping pressure at Nguruman, south-west Kenya
Authors: Brightwell R. , Dransfield R. D. , Stevenson P. , Williams B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLong term changes in the size of populations of the tsetse Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. longipennis Corti were monitored over a 12 year period at Nguruman in south-western Kenya. Tsetse populations were subject to droughts of varying intensity and, from 1987, to trapping, initially by a research organization, and later by a community-based development project. Populations were mainly sampled using odour-baited biconical traps, with data from other monitoring traps corrected accordingly. Mark–release–recapture studies were carried out to relate trap catches to absolute population size, and to quantify movement between subpopulations. Trypanosomiasis incidence rates in a herd of local cattle were also monitored for much of this period. Trap catches were shown to be well correlated with estimates of absolute population size, with no evidence of any seasonal change in trap efficiency. The intensity of trapping and level of seasonal immigration appeared to be the main determinants of population trends, with effective control being achieved when traps were well maintained. Movement between the two lowland subpopulations was shown to be greater for females, and to be inversely related to temperature. An analytical model was used to investigate the responses of a partially isolated population to trapping pressure. Predictions of a deterministic simulation model demonstrated that the observed changes are consistent with an adult trapping mortality of 4–8% per day, and immigration of 100,000 G. pallidipes females per month in the long rains (April and May), 5000 per month in the short rains (November), and about 500 per month during the dry seasons. Trypanosomiasis incidence in local cattle was greatly reduced during the period of community-based tsetse control. When tsetse were sampled exactly where the cattle were grazing, disease incidence was shown to be linearly related to G. pallidipes catches. Arguments for trap resistance and residual populations were examined, and found to be inconsistent with the data. The future for tsetse control by the Nguruman community is considered.
Population characteristics and tungro transmission by Nephotettix virescens (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on selected resistant rice cultivars
Authors: Dahal G. , Hibino H. , Aguiero V. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRice green leafhopper Nephotettix virescens (Distant) populations were collected in 1985 from fields planted with a leafhopper resistant rice, Oryza sativa cultivar IR64 in South Cotabato, Philippines. The populations were reared on IR64 for eight generations and tested on six cultivars, including susceptible TN1, moderately resistant IR26 and IR36, and resistant IR54, IR62, and IR64. Leafhoppers excreted larger amounts of basic honeydew, efficiently transmitted two tungro associated viruses, and showed greater population increase and lower nymphal mortality on all cultivars except IR62 than a greenhouse population reared on TN1. Nephotettix virescens were transferred and maintained on TN1, IR26, IR36, IR64, or a mixture of the four cultivars plus IR54 and IR56 in equal proportion. When the TN1-maintained colony was tested at the third generation, its feeding behaviour and tungro transmission rates on test cultivars were similar to those of the original population but amounts of basic honeydew excretion and the transmission rate on the resistant test cultivars were greatly reduced at the seventh or later generations. When the IR26-maintained colony was tested at the sixth, ninth, or 13th generation, it exhibited lower amounts of basic honeydew excretion on the resistant test cultivars but exhibited similar transmission efficiencies on other test cultivars. When the colonies maintained on IR36, IR64, or the cultivar mixture were tested similarly, their population characteristics and virus transmission efficiency were similar to the original population. These results indicate that N. virescens retain their ‘virulence’ to resistant cultivars when maintained on resistant cultivars, but quickly lose their ‘virulence’ when maintained on a susceptible cultivar. Colonies continuously reared on IR26, IR36 or IR64 showed ‘cross-virulence’ to many cultivars possessing a variety of genes for N. virescens resistance but often differed in feeding behaviour, virus transmission efficiency, and nymphal mortality on cultivars with the same genes for leafhopper resistance.
A comparative study of a new insecticide-impregnated fabric trap for monitoring adult mosquito populations resting indoors
Authors: Das P. K. , Sivagnaname N. , Amalraj D. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn insecticide impregnated fabric (IIF) trap was developed at the Vector Control Research Centre, India. The mosquito sampling efficiency of this new trap, relative to hand catches of indoor resting mosquitoes, was evaluated in human dwellings and cattle sheds in a filariasis endemic area. The predominant species collected in human dwellings wasCulex quinquefasciatusSay, a vector of bancroftian filariasis; whereas mosquitoes of theCulex vishnuigroup Theobald andAnopheles subpictusGrassi were caught in relatively greater numbers in cattle sheds. The numbers of mosquitoes in the trap were significantly correlated with the numbers caught in hand catches, and the numbers of mosquitoes collected per two traps per day in the three habitats during the study period were 1.79, 0.95 and 2.27x those collected by hand-catches. The number of occasions on which mosquitoes were detected by both methods was comparable. There was no evidence for a systematic difference in the age-structure and parasite distribution between the two sampling methods, suggesting that the trap is able to monitor both insect vectors and parasite infections. Therefore, the calculation of infection and infectivity rates necessary to monitor filariasis transmission should be possible from the IIF trap in filariasis endemic areas where control measures are being taken.