bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Deinstitutionalization Increase Suicide?
Authors: Yoon Jangho , Bruckner Tim A. 
Published: June 2009

Objectives.(1) To test whether public psychiatric bed reduction may increase suicide rates; (2) to investigate whether the supply of private hospital psychiatric beds—separately for not‐for‐profit and for‐profit—can substitute for public bed reduction without increasing suicides; and (3) to examine whether the level of community mental health resources moderates the relationship between public bed reduction and suicide rates.Methods.We examined state‐level variation in suicide rates in relation to psychiatric beds and community mental health spending in the United States for the years 1982–1998. We categorize psychiatric beds separately for public, not‐for‐profit, and for‐profit hospitals.Principal Findings.Reduced public psychiatric bed supply was found to increase suicide rates. We found no evidence that not‐for‐profit or for‐profit bed supply compensates for public bed reductions. However, greater community mental health spending buffers the adverse effect of public bed reductions on suicide. We estimate that in 2008, an additional decline in public psychiatric hospital beds would raise suicide rates for almost all states.Conclusions.Downsizing of public inpatient mental health services may increase suicide rates. Nevertheless, an increase in community mental health funding may be promising.
Health Care Expenditures for Urban and Rural Veterans in Veterans Health Administration Care
Authors: West Alan N. , Weeks William B. 
Published: June 2009

Objective. To compare Veterans Health Administration (VA) patients, non‐VA‐using veterans, and nonveterans, separated by urban/rural residence and age group, on their use of major categories of medical care and payment sources.Data Source. Expenditures for health care–using men in Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys from 1996 through 2004.Study Design. Retrospective, cross‐sectional analysis.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Controlling for demographics, health status, and insurance, we compared groups on population‐weighted expenditures for inpatient, hospital‐based outpatient, office‐based, pharmacy, and other care, by major payers (self/family, private insurance, Medicare, other sources, and VA).Results. VA users received most of their health care outside of the VA system, paid through private insurance or Medicare; self‐payments were substantial. VA users under 65 reported worse health if they were rural residents but also lower expenditures overall and less care through private insurance.Conclusions. VA health care users get most of their medical care from non‐VA providers. Working‐age VA users have less insurance coverage and rely more on VA care if they live in rural areas.
Understanding organic nitrates – a vein hope?
Authors: Miller Mark R , Wadsworth Roger M 
Published: June 2009

The organic nitrate drugs, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN; nitroglycerin), are clinically effective in angina because of their dilator profile in veins and arteries. The exact mechanism of intracellular delivery of nitric oxide (NO), or another NO‐containing species, from these compounds is not understood. However, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (mtALDH) has recently been identified as an organic nitrate bioactivation enzyme. Nitrate tolerance, the loss of effect of organic nitrates over time, is caused by reduced bioactivation and/or generation of NO‐scavenging oxygen‐free radicals. In a recent issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Wenzl et al. show that guinea‐pigs, deficient in ascorbate, also have impaired responsiveness to GTN, but nitrate tolerance was not due to ascorbate deficiency that exhibited divergent changes in mtALDH activity. Thus, the complex function of mtALDH appears to be the key to activation of GTN, the active NO species formed and the induction of tolerance that can limit clinical effectiveness of organic nitrate drugs. British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) 157, 565–567; doi:10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00193.xThis article is part of a themed section on Endothelium in Pharmacology. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009 The paper by Wenzl et al. is available from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi‐bin/fulltext/122221718/PDFSTART
Vascular KATP channels: dephosphorylation and deactivation
Authors: Tammaro Paolo 
Published: June 2009

Vascular ATP‐sensitive potassium (KATP) channels (Kir6.1/SUR2B) are regulated by both cell metabolism and chemical transmitters. They are the target for a number of vasodilators and vasoconstrictors whose mechanisms of action involve activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC), respectively. The article by Orie et al. in this issue of the BJP sheds new light on the (opposing) role of protein phosphatases in the regulation of this ion channel activity. Their data suggest that calcineurin, a Ca2+‐dependent protein phosphatase, modulates Kir6.1/SUR2B by inhibiting PKA‐dependent phosphorylation of the channel. This novel mechanism may provide a modulation opposing the action of vasodilators on the KATP channel. British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) 157, 551–553; doi:10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00204.xThis article is a commentary on Orie et al., pp. 554–564 of this issue and is part of a themed section on Endothelium in Pharmacology. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Endothelium in pharmacology: 30 years on
Authors: McGrath JC 
Published: June 2009

In this issue, BJP is proud to publish an Endothelium Themed Section to celebrate the life of Robert F. Furchgott, who died on May 19th 2009. It is 30 years since he discovered endothelium‐derived relaxant factor and a decade since he was awarded the Nobel Prize for this work. His discovery has led to an array of new therapeutic targets. The themed section includes three reviews on the pathophysiology of the endothelium and the drug targets that this presents, four research papers and three commentaries on research.This themed section also forms the nucleus of an online Virtual Issue that collects in one place further reviews and research papers on the topic of the ‘Endothelium’ that BJP and our sister journal BJCP have published in the past year, and that should help researchers and students to find the latest work in this field.To view the entire Endothelium Themed Section and the Endothelium Virtual Issue, please visit: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009 British Journal of Pharmacology (2009) 157, 491–493; doi:10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2009.00366.xThis article is part of a themed section on Endothelium in Pharmacology. For a list of all articles in this section see the end of this paper, or visit: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009
Caregiver perceptions of seizure severity in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Wagner Janelle L. , Smith Gigi M. , Ferguson Pamela L. , Wannamaker Braxton B. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Seizure severity has been investigated using multiple tools over the years, and its defining features continue to be debated. Severity ratings are necessary for medical, psychological, and epidemiologic investigations. Adults with epilepsy have been evaluated more than youth with epilepsy.Methods:  Seizure severity was evaluated as part of a larger study that included youth and caregiver self‐report measures of the emotional and social variables that occur in epilepsy.Results:  The results indicate that a longer recovery time from the last seizure and a longer duration of seizure influence how severe a caregiver judges seizures. The usual elements such as type of epilepsy, frequency of seizures, and most recent seizure were not significantly related to severity rating. Behavior ratings were also not related to severity rating.Discussion:  Clinicians often rely heavily on caregiver information during clinic visits to help inform treatment decisions; therefore, a standard measure of seizure severity from the caregivers’ perception has clinical utility. Rather than assuming what makes a seizure severe to a parent, more research should be conducted on what elements contribute to severity, as judged by both the parent and youth.
A Cluster‐Randomized Trial of an Educational Intervention to Reduce the Use of Physical Restraints with Psychogeriatric Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Huizing Anna R. , Hamers Jan P. H. , Gulpers Math J. M. , Berger Martijn P. F. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of an educational intervention on the use of physical restraints with psychogeriatric nursing home residents.DESIGN: Cluster‐randomized trial.SETTING: Fifteen psychogeriatric nursing home wards in the Netherlands.PARTICIPANTS: In total, 432 psychogeriatric nursing home residents from 15 psychogeriatric nursing home wards in seven nursing homes were selected for participation; 404 consented, and 371 of these were available at baseline. Two hundred forty‐one from 14 wards had complete data and were included in the data analyses.INTERVENTION: The nursing home wards were assigned at random to educational intervention or control status. The educational intervention consisted of an educational program for nursing staff combined with consultation with a nurse specialist (registered nurse (RN) level).MEASUREMENTS: Data were collected at baseline and 1, 4, and 8 months postintervention. At each measurement, the use of physical restraints was measured using observations of blinded, trained observers on four separate occasions over a 24‐hour period. Other resident characteristics, such as cognitive status, were determined using the Minimum Data Set.RESULTS: Logistic and linear regression analyses showed no treatment effect on restraint status, restraint intensity, or multiple restraint use in any of the three postintervention measurements. Furthermore, only small changes occurred in the types of restraints used with residents in the experimental group.CONCLUSION: An educational program for nursing staff combined with consultation with a nurse specialist (RN level) had no effect on the use of physical restraints with psychogeriatric nursing home residents. In addition to restraint education and consultation, new measures to reduce the use of physical restraints with psychogeriatric nursing home residents should be developed.
Serum Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 Binding Proteins 1 and 2 and Mortality in Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Authors: Hu Donglei , Pawlikowska Ludmila , Kanaya Alka , Hsueh Wen‐Chi , Colbert Lisa , Newman Anne B. , Satterfield Suzanne , Rosen Clifford , Cummings Steven R. , Harris Tamara B. , Ziv Elad ,   for the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between serum insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), IGF‐1 binding protein 1 (IGFBP‐1), and IGF‐1 binding protein 2 (IGFBP‐2) and fasting insulin, fasting glucose, adiposity, and mortality in older adults.DESIGN: A prospective cohort study with mean follow‐up of 6.2 years.SETTING: Participants were recruited and followed at two centers affiliated with academic medical institutions.PARTICIPANTS: Six hundred twenty‐five men and women aged 70 and older and in good health at the time of enrollment.MEASUREMENTS: Serum IGF‐1, IGFBP‐1, and IGFBP‐2; fasting serum insulin; fasting serum glucose; visceral fat; and total percent fat.RESULTS: Higher IGFBP‐1 and higher IGFBP‐2 were significantly associated with lower fasting insulin, lower fasting glucose, and lower adiposity, but higher IGFBP‐1 and IGFBP‐2 were associated with greater mortality. In multivariate adjusted models, the hazard ratio for all‐cause mortality was 1.48 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.14–1.92) per standard deviation (SD) increase in IGFBP‐2 and 1.34 (95% CI=1.01–1.76) per SD increase in IGFBP‐1. No association was found between IGF‐1 and all‐cause mortality.CONCLUSIONS: Higher IGFBP‐1 and IGFBP‐2 are associated with lower adiposity and decreased glucose tolearance but also with greater all‐cause mortality. Higher levels of serum IGF‐1 binding protein (IGFBP) may indicate greater IGF‐1 activity and thus represent an association between higher IGF‐1 activity and mortality in humans.
Bruising as a Marker of Physical Elder Abuse
Authors: Wiglesworth Aileen , Austin Raciela , Corona Maria , Schneider Diana , Liao Solomon , Gibbs Lisa , Mosqueda Laura 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVES: To describe bruising as a marker of physical elder abuse.DESIGN: Consenting older adults were examined to document location and size of bruises and assess whether they were inflicted during physical abuse. An expert panel confirmed physical abuse. Findings were compared with results of an earlier study of accidental bruising in older adults.SETTING: Residences of participants.PARTICIPANTS: Sixty‐seven adults aged 65 and older reported to Adult Protective Services (APS) for suspected physical elder abuse.MEASUREMENTS: Age, sex, ethnicity, race, functional status, medical conditions, cognitive status, history of falls, bruise size and location, recall of cause, and responses to Revised Conflicts Tactics Scale and Elder Abuse Inventory.RESULTS: Seventy‐two percent (n=48) of older adults who had been physically abused within 30 days before examination had bruises. The physically abused older adults had significantly larger bruises; more of them knew the cause of their bruises (43 (89.6%) vs 16 (23.5%) of the comparison group); and they were significantly more likely to have bruises on the face, lateral aspect of the right arm and the posterior torso (including back, chest, lumbar, and gluteal regions) than older adults from an earlier study who had not been abused (n=68).CONCLUSION: Bruises that occur as a result of physical elder mistreatment are often large (>5 cm) and on the face, lateral right arm, or posterior torso. Older adults with bruises should be asked about the cause of the bruises to help ascertain whether physical abuse occurred.
A Laboratory Procedure for Optimal Implant Abutment Preparation
Authors: Özcelik Tuncer Burak , Yilmaz Burak 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSimplicity and predictability have made cement‐retained implant crowns the recent restoration of choice. The taper of the abutment is of particular importance for cement‐retained implant restorations. The ideal taper of the implant abutment allows the clinician to control the overall retention of restorations. The technique described in this report presents the laboratory preparation of an implant abutment for a cement‐retained crown using a counter gauge to control the preparation taper.
Comparison of a New Braid Fixation System to an Interlocking Intramedullary Nail for Tibial Osteotomy Repair in an Ovine Model
Authors: LU YAN , NEMKE BRETT , LORANG DOUGLAS M. , TRIP ROEL , KOBAYASHI HIROHITO , MARKEL MARK D. 
Published: June 2009

Objectives—To compare bone healing of tibial osteotomy repaired with Nitinol wire braid and hardened steel rods (Braid system) and polymethylmethacrylate bone cement with an interlocking intramedullary (IM) nail fixation in an ovine model.Study Design—In vitro and in vivo experimental study.Animals—Adult female sheep (n=22).Methods—Using sheep tibia, a middiaphyseal transverse osteotomy was performed in the right tibia, which were then randomly assigned to the Braid system group or IM nail group (n=5). The left tibia were used as controls. The torsional properties of tibial constructs were compared. The study was repeated in vivo in 12 sheep and mechanical properties and bone healing were evaluated at 12 weeks.Results—In vitro, there was no significant difference in torsional stiffness between the groups. In vivo, operative time for the Braid system group was significantly shorter than the IM nail group. At 12 weeks, there were no significant differences in maximum torque and torsional stiffness between IM nail and Braid system groups nor were there significant radiographic or histologic differences between the groups.Conclusions—The Braid system might decrease operative time for repair of transverse middiaphyseal tibial fractures and result in similar bone healing at 12 weeks after surgery compared with an interlocking IM nail repair.Clinical Relevance—A Nitinol Braid system may be a treatment option for transverse midshaft tibial fractures.
p16 Expression differentiates between desmoplastic Spitz nevus and desmoplastic melanoma
Authors: Hilliard Nicholaus J. , Krahl Dieter , Sellheyer Klaus 
Published: June 2009

Background:  Loss of p16 in melanomas reflects worse outcomes for patients. It is associated with depth of invasion, ulceration, vascular invasion, lymph node metastases, metastases, recurrence of melanoma and decreased 5‐year survival. Desmoplastic melanoma is an insidious malignant melanoma subtype that commonly occurs on sun‐damaged skin of the head and neck area in elderly patients. The diagnostic conundrum occurs with confusion of desmoplastic melanoma with scars, hyalinizing blue nevi, desmoplastic Spitz nevi and diffuse neurofibromas.Methods:  The present study uses immunohistochemistry with a p16 antibody to differentiate desmoplastic Spitz nevi (n = 15 cases) from desmoplastic melanomas (n = 11). To date, no other studies have been published defining the expression pattern of p16 in desmoplastic melanoma.Results:  81.8% of desmoplastic melanomas were negative for p16 and 18.2% were only weakly stained. In contrast, all desmoplastic Spitz nevi were moderately to strongly positive for p16.Conclusions:  The staining pattern for p16 in desmoplastic melanomas and Spitz nevi in conjunction with the histopathologic features, S100 staining, Ki67 proliferation index and clinical scenario may aid in the difficult differential diagnosis between these two entities. Further confirmatory studies are indicated.
Remifentanil analgosedation in preterm newborns during mechanical ventilation
Authors: Giannantonio Carmen , Sammartino Maria , Valente Elisabetta , Cota Francesco , Fioretti Maria , Papacci Patrizia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim:  To assess efficacy of remifentanil in preterm newborns during mechanical ventilation.Methods:  Remifentanil was administered by continuous intravenous infusion to provide analgesia and sedation in 48 preterm infants who developed respiratory distress and required mechanical ventilation. We examined the doses needed to provide adequate analgesia, extubation time after the discontinuation of opioid infusion, the presence of side effects and safety of the use.Results:  Remifentanil provided adequate analgesia, with a significant reduction of NIPS and COMFORT score since 1 h after starting the infusion of remifentanil. The drug was initially administered at a dose of 0.075 μg/kg/min, but in 73% of newborns the latter had to be increased; at a dose of 0.094 ± 0.03 (mean ± standard deviation) μg/kg/min, 97% of the newborns received adequate analgesia and sedation. The time elapsed between the discontinuation of remifentanil infusion and extubation was 36 ± 12 min. Treatment was started between the 1st and the 17th day of life. The mean duration of therapy was 5.9 ± 5.7 days. No side effects on the respiratory or cardiovascular system were observed.Conclusion:  Remifentanil is a manageable and effective opioid in the newborn undergoing mechanical ventilation, though randomized controlled trials and information about long‐term outcomes are necessary.
Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy
Authors: Furuhjelm Catrin , Warstedt Kristina , Larsson Johanna , Fredriksson Mats , Böttcher Malin Fagerås , Fälth‐Magnusson Karin , Duchén Karel 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMaternal intake of omega‐3 (ω‐3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) during pregnancy has decreased, possibly contributing to a current increased risk of childhood allergy.Aim:  To describe the effects of maternal ω‐3 long‐chain PUFA supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on the incidence of allergic disease in infancy.Methods:  One hundred and forty‐five pregnant women, affected by allergy themselves or having a husband or previous child with allergies, were included in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Daily maternal supplementation with either 1.6 g eicosapentaenoic acid and 1.1 g docosahexaenoic acid or placebo was given from the 25th gestational week to average 3–4 months of breastfeeding. Skin prick tests, detection of circulating specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies and clinical examinations of the infants were performed.Results:  The period prevalence of food allergy was lower in the ω‐3 group (1/52, 2%) compared to the placebo group (10/65, 15%, p < 0.05) as well as the incidence of IgE‐associated eczema (ω‐3 group: 4/52, 8%; placebo group: 15/63, 24%, p < 0.05).Conclusion:  Maternal ω‐3 fatty acid supplementation may decrease the risk of food allergy and IgE‐associated eczema during the first year of life in infants with a family history of allergic disease.
How does surrounding vegetation affect the course of succession: A five‐year container experiment
Authors: Lanta Vojtěch , Lepš Jan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractQuestion: How does location and time of insertion affect the course of succession in experimental containers?Location: Benešov nad Lipou, Českomoravská vrchovina (Czech‐Moravian uplands), Czech RepublicMethods: We designed a 5‐year container experiment in which plant succession started from scratch. Soil conditions were constant and all containers were filled with homogeneous substrate containing no propagules. We placed the containers in two contrasting habitats (meadow and floodplain) under identical climatic conditions but differing in surrounding vegetations and hence seed input. New containers were installed (and hence succession started) in two subsequent years, twice in each year (spring and autumn). We assume that the individual dates would lead to differences in propagule input and weather conditions.Results: Although both year and season of succession initiation considerably affected the initial species composition, we observed a pronounced convergence within the set of containers located in each habitat. However, the similarity of containers initiated at the same time but located in different habitats decreased over the course of succession. Final composition of the meadow and floodplain containers was therefore mostly determined by permanent seed input from their nearby neighborhood.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that propagule availability is an important determinant of the course of succession, and that differential seed input leads to different pathways of succession, even when all other environmental conditions are equal.