bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insular Countercurrents
Authors: Mcfarland Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the literature concerning the limiting of freedom by necessity. It suggests that this type of attitude towards freedom, elaborated by the great German Romantic philosophers, was conditioned first and foremost by the ramifications of the subject considered as a pure disposition of thought. The views of the German Romantic philosophers appear to have been also influenced by the massive social fervour that resulted from the French Revolution.
Fictional Reading
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the varied uses to which literary references to reading are incorporated within novels. It argues that, by incorporating references to reading, novelists were attempting to question dominant ideas about the relationship between women’s reading practices and their responses to what they read. Polemic against the common expectation that women automatically and unreflectingly identified with central women characters, or that they would be unfailingly corrupted by reading about matters concerning sexuality, was met head on within the pages of those very books which caused conservative commentators the greatest anxiety. Many of the numerous references to the reading of women and girls which one encounters in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fiction are utterly predictable. They confirm the messages that are endlessly reiterated in advice books and magazine articles: that reading fiction itself is something only to be indulged in moderation; that romantic novels, in particular, carry with them a propensity to corrupt; that French publications are the worst of all.
Hopes, Beliefs, and Experiments
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLionel George Curtis was born on 7 March 1872 at The Outwoods near Derby, his mother's family home. This chapter describes the milieu of Lionel's birthplace. Friendship was of almost sacred importance to Curtis. He had several friends whom he attributed the major influence on his life. Robert Holland was one of his friends that he met when he was just ten years old. He went to Haileybury College and New College, Oxford. While at college, he joined the Christian Social Union. With his new interest in chronic poverty, he spent two vacations disguised as a tramp and walking the roads to discover whether oppression did exist. Lionel Hichens was a friend that he met in college and he influenced Curtis for the rest of his life. This chapter narrates Curtis's life after college until he volunteered for the South African War.
Writing Selborne's Memorandum
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLord Selborne arrived in South Africa to succeed Milner, the dominant political question was whether so soon after the war the Southern African colonies should or could come together in closer union. Curtis was astonished to find as he travelled that federation was a universal topic of debate. On his return to Johannesburg, Curtis began to work on factual analysis so that Selborne might be persuaded into ‘professedly undertaking the work of preparing materials as David prepared the materials for the Temple which he himself did not profess to build’. This chapter states that Curtis wrote the greater part of the Memorandum. He steeped himself in South African history, proposing to construct a historic case for closer union to ‘relieve the monotony of mere narrative and fact and ensure that the eye of the reader is reading between the lines as he goes.’
The New South Africa, 1910
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCurtis made a speech when the House came to debate the recommendation for a National Convention. He assumed that while the principle of Union would be decided by the elected representatives, the constitutional details must be the legitimate concern of the Upper House. He began with the most difficult question — the franchise, arguing that the Imperial Government and the Cape would not accept a union in which people of colour were unrepresented. This chapter tells that to Curtis, the principle of equal rights for all civilized men must be upheld. He advocated a Commission to produce reports on which legislation could be based for the establishment of local authorities, the assimilation of taxation and administrative law, and the reorganization of the civil service. Finally, he turned to the Convention, saying that since it would be drafting rather than deciding the constitution, its proceedings should be private.
European Union and a Commonwealth of All Nations
Authors: Lavin Deborah 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAt the end of the war, Curtis compiled a definitive statement based on the arguments of his various pamphlets and the discussion they had provoked among the leave-groups. Curtis reacted to the European movement, as he said, ‘like a staff officer who has had actual battle experience’. Curtis wrote supporting United Europe and suggesting that the old German states might be included from the start in any post-war European federation. Curtis made a particular point of keeping potential sympathisers in America and the Dominion abreast of events. Curtis had never seen European union and Commonwealth unity as alternatives, but he correctly anticipated that some opposition to the European scheme might take the form of an argument for Dominion solidarity and reminded the British that the common institutions of the Commonwealth meant as much, if not more than, regional Europeanism.
The First London Companies
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe attraction of playing in London was by far the strongest influence on the playing companies, and the strongest factor determining their development between 1574 and 1642. No other place had the resource in population, let alone wealth, to let players offer their plays there on a regular daily basis. Playgoing as a distinctive, though relatively expensive, form of public entertainment was popular at all levels of society in Tudor England. Fixing the main playing-places in London, a process that started in the 1560s and became firm when the first custom-built playhouses appeared in the suburbs in the 1570s, was the key that unlocked many doors for the companies. The other giant factor that affected playing was the creation of the Queen’s Men in 1583. When the city opposed playgoing, the players built their theatres in the suburbs, outside the Lord Mayor’s jurisdiction. Very little direct evidence survives about the attitudes of patrons to their companies. A substantial part of this question about the possible relations between patrons and their companies belongs as much to religion as to politics.
Lording it Over the Players
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe main instruments of change in the years when the playing companies were first securing a foothold in London were the companies themselves, with their determination to establish a grip on the financial resources that the thousands of London’s paying customers offered them daily. The significant agents of change were the great lords of the Privy Council who gave them patronage. Until the companies acceded to royal patronage in 1603, three or four leading patrons led the fight against the city authorities’ opposition to playing. One figure looms particularly large in the story of how they secured their London foothold: Charles Howard, Lord Effingham, later Lord Admiral and later still the earl of Nottingham. Before looking at his actions in these years, though, it is appropriate to consider the first of the official controllers of companies, a man who was Howard’s kin and whom Howard patronized, Edmund Tilney. This chapter looks at the official controllers’ policies regarding playing companies, the plays performed by the companies, and the playhouses where they performed.
The Lesser Elizabethan Competitors: Oxford’s Hertford’s, and Chandos’s
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThroughout the Elizabethan period, playing companies were struggling to get a secure place in the steep hierarchy of players with noble patrons. That security meant heading for London, both as cause and effect of rising in the hierarchy. Some of the companies existed mainly during the last twenty years of Elizabeth’s reign, standing below and competing for distinction with the Queen’s Men. The strongest five of these competitors were Strange’s/Derby’s and Pembroke’s, the Chamberlain’s, the Admiral’s, and Worcester’s. This chapter deals with the other companies that at one time or another from 1580, however briefly, found a foothold in London: Oxford’s Men, Hertford’s Men, and Chandos’s Men. It focuses on their history, performances, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, their playing sharers, and their travelling records.
The Origins of Modern Literary Yiddish: Concepts, Sources, and Strategies
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEarly Yiddish literature originated from the Western Yiddish. Eastern Yiddish later on added influencial components through its writings. That was the start of modern literature. Eastern Yiddish then proceeded to dominate well until the nineteenth century. This however, was not without various critics and scholars protesting against change. Again, traditions were stubborn and were not flexible. This chapter, however, discusses the old and new literature like two worlds, both interesting enough to discover and both respected for their artistic beauty. It examines the points of shifts between the two forms, termed as transition for reprinting and linguistic revision of old literature, and shifts for completely new translations of the later times. These both apply to the written and the spoken language.
Introduction
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Tsene rene re-edition in 1786 was one of the earliest in Yiddish literature to have an enormous amount of alteration to fit modern Eastern Yiddish. What is noteworthy is that this was done in an extremely organized manner. This was a narration of Biblical proportions and was considered to have a huge influence and popularity during its time. Its recognition prompted numerous re-prints and re-editions, with over 100 editions known. Tsene rene therefore served as a prototype for analysis of a substantial alteration to cater to modern literature. This included adaptations to High German, Western, and Central European forms. Four editions have been selected for comparison of the changes that occurred in this extensive act to modernize Yiddish literature, one that paved the way for other works to follow.
Linguistic Easternization ofTsene rene(Hanau, 1622; Amsterdam, 1726; Lemberg, 1786)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe emergence of colonies in Eastern and Western Europe urged writers to come up with works that fitted its readers. This chapter focuses and analyzes the changes that occurred with regard to syntax, morphology, spelling, and organization. One of the most prominent transitions is that of the forms of nouns, verbs, adverbs, and several other sentence compositions. They have been replaced dramatically to fit modern language. One consideration in this is that it must fit both Eastern and Western Yiddish dialects. It was at this time that the concept of Eastern Yiddish was closely related to modern literature, and was maintained as a norm.
Morpho-syntax
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWith regards to morpho-syntax, the changes were very visible in the featured writings. Among these was the removal of the definite article of certain nouns after the preposition, the presentation of the pronoun subject; and the deletion of the definite article after certain prepositions, of full attributive adjective declension, and of the role of short adjectives as a noun modifier. It is through these transformations that a fluid and organized construction towards modernization was possible. Some versions are not without conservatism, and it was presumed that the editors must have some sort of resistance, as adherence to traditional forms prevented extensive change. Even the Eastern Yiddish language had little impact on such versions.
Introduction
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe late eighteenth century was a period of transition, a time of evolution, with the Yiddish literature transforming into its modern phase. The following chapters lend an analysis into the texts that cover this time. Although each has a similar core component, it is still noteworthy to examine each work in its distinct form. This is from the view of Eastern Yiddish language, and a detailed description on the continuing reformation is presented in this chapter. It also shows the influence of other regions, particularly those in the Northeast and Southeast. The chapter explores a vast field in the constant change and renovation of the Eastern Yiddish literature, and its struggle to receive a new adaptation in order to conform to the changing times.
Party Games: Le Crocheteur borgne and Cosi-Sancta
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses two of Voltaire's earliest works, which are believed to be Le Crocheteur borgne and Cosi-Sancta. These stories are considered to be tributes to Louise de Bourbon, the wife of Louis XIV's oldest legitimate son. Voltaire is believed to have written these stories during his stay in the house of the Duchesse du Maine at Sceaux.
Hearts and Minds: LʼIngénu
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses one of Voltaire's popular works, LʼIngénu, which is a comic satire which was published in July 1767. This work features a ‘noble savage’, and by the end of the story readers are left confused about what Voltaire was actually trying to say. The discussions included in this chapter are the relations and similarities LʼIngénu has with Rousseau, and the constant metamorphosis that goes on in the story. One concept introduced in this work is that of textual politics.
‘Lʼunivers en raccourci’: La Princesse de Babylone and Les Lettres dʼAmabed
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the dominating features of the two stories that follow LʼIngénu: La Princesse de Babylone and Les Lettres dʼAmabed. These stories seek to present the virtues of enlightenment on a universal basis and even provide a retreat from ambivalence in terms of the values of ‘civilisation’. As in most of Voltaire's contes, these stories feature a reality that is more remarkable and less excusable for seeming so utterly incredible.
Reading the Rhythm
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe are still a long way from knowing how to read the rhythms of free verse, a poetry which has been largely neglected by metrical theory. This study indicates the strategies of reading needed if justice is to be done to free verse's rhythmic versatility. The core of the book is an analysis of key French 20th-century poets and poems, including Perse's Éloges, Cendrars's Prose du Transsibérien, Dix-neuf poèmes élastiques, and Documentaires; Apollinaire's Calligrammes; Supervielle's Gravitations; and Reverdy's Sources de vent. Contemporary trends in the visual arts — Cubism, Futurism, Orphism, photography — are called upon as perceptual models to illuminate free verse, and a further perspective is added by the theme of travel and movement. In addition to the examination of the rhythms of free verse, and of its implications for our reading of regular verse, the book provides a study of modernist poetics.
Blaise Cendrars, Dix-neuf poèmes élastiques(1919)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Blaise Cendrars' poetry, in particular his Dix-neuf poèmes élastiques and the prevailing prosody of Orphism surrounding his poetry. In this chapter, the elements of rhythm, prosody, scansion, and metre are evaluated and assessed in Cendrars'Dix-neuf poèmes élastiques within the principles and context of the new visual art movement Orphism.
Pierre Reverdy, Sources Du Vent(1929)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Pierre Reverdy, his poem Gravitations, and his opinion and reflections of the reading of verses, of the aesthetic principles of Cubism, and of the experimental approach of calligrammes. This chapter largely focuses on the rhythmic, metric, and prosodic features of Reverdy's poems. In this chapter, the Cubist principles which were the source of meaning in Reverdy's poems, which are structural in relationships rather than in content, and which are more abstract and conceptual rather than concrete and autobiographical are discussed and analyzed.
Monstrous Inversions: Decadence and Degeneration in Galdόs'sÁngel Guerra
Authors: JAGOE CATHERINE 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe notion of inevitable decline or degeneration produced an aesthetic movement that revolved around a group of ‘decadent’ or Symbolist writers and painters of the late 19th century whose subjects and style had a considerable impact on European and American literature. United in their belief that God, morality, love, and nature were shibboleths of a pre-Darwinian age, the decadents were dedicated to maximising the sensations of the moment. Using Charles Baudelaire's Fleurs du mal as a model, they explored the strange terrain of sexual perversions, exoticism, and the occult. Decadents espoused a ‘love of art for art's sake’, unimpeded by any extra-aesthetic considerations. While their aesthetic theory is clearly alien to Benito Pérez Galdós's outlook, which is deeply concerned with morality and very far from the ‘art for art's sake’ of the aesthetes, some of their subject-matter does find its way into Ángel Guerra, in nuanced form.
Exoticism and the Politics of Difference in Late Nineteenth-Century Spanish Periodicals
Authors: CHARNON-DEUTSCH LOU 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter's exoticism is a psychological mediation that plays a role both in international identity politics and in national sexual ideologies that determine gender roles at the level of the individual family. The fetishism of the female body not only interacted with the hierarchical positions of masculinity and femininity in bourgeois society: in its simultaneous disavowal and insistence upon difference, it constituted a favoured medium to explore what was both threatening and necessary to male subjectivity. When one attempts to determine the ideal consumer of the hundreds of illustrations and narratives that presented a sexualised version of the non-European woman, and the ways that this literature impacted on Spanish gender ideology, the obvious conclusion to reach is that, as masters of this and nearly every other system of representation, it was primarily men who indulged in the pleasurable reading of exotic sexuality.
The BBC and Funding
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe agony of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) was only just beginning, a slow but relentless assault on the political and fiscal integrity of the Corporation by a Conservative government bent on changing the BBC. The then Home Secretary, Douglas Hurd, declaimed that the licence fee was not ‘eternal’. Apparently, the government was considering establishing—as part of its examination of renewal of the BBC royal charter—a Public Service Broadcasting Council, partly funded by the licence fees which had hitherto gone only to the BBC. The context in which this was taking place was clear: the rise of the ‘new media’ of cable and satellite; the effective privatising of the ITV system, which in effect shed public service obligations despite an alleged commitment to ‘quality’; and a consistent policy of squeezing the real value of the licence fee.
Conquerors, Culture, and Communication: The Foundation of Post-war Japanese Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe extraordinary feature of the development of broadcasting policy in immediate post-war Japan is that one can so readily see the formation of the cultural geology. The American policy-making machinery had in fact been split between advocates of a soft peace and a hard peace, between those who believed in ripping apart the whole fabric of Japanese society and those who argued for taking the continuing strengths and merits of Japan and building on them, through such institutions as broadcasting. Joseph Ballantine, Director of the Office of Far Eastern Affairs, was also a member of a key State Department committee known as the Coordinating Committee, one of a system of committees preparing policy papers for the period of occupation. Eugene Dorman, another influential figure who worked very closely with Ballantine, viewed the programme of the Occupation from the same perspective.
Video Kombat and Highway-Building
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

Abstract1993 was a time when waves of corporate decisions broke on the shores of the old order, when the imperative of commerce and the immanent characteristics of technology seemed to be approaching critical mass. It was also a time when the collisions between old and new became contained within very particular events and individual biographies. Two men in particular figured prominently in what was to prove to be an extraordinary year in communications. John Malone of Tele-Communications Inc. and John Birt of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) both sought to capture, and shape to their own ends, the shifting ecology of the media. Malone seemed to be the master of ceremonies, organising the theatre of the new, setting the scene for the twenty-first century. Birt desperately tried to change the BBC as an organisation without appearing to betray its traditions. His was very much the highwire act, without a net.
Cognition, Emotion, Brain-Processes, and Narration
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents a general outline of the way in which the brain processes information and the connections between this processing and the basic structures of visual fiction. It describes the ways in which basic forms of aesthetic experience are related to perceptual, associational, and sequential structures, and to innate autonomic emotional reactions. It provides models of the experiential flow, based on the mental flow from perception via emotional evaluation and cognitions to enaction; and it shows that experienced modal qualities of the flow (intense, saturated, tense, and autonomic experiences) are effects of the mental flow as cued by narratives.
Comic Fictions
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides new descriptions of central dimensions in comic fictions. It discusses comic fictions as hypotheses of reality-status and shows that the perception of humour is an illocutionary mental act, related to an autonomic response, laughter, at a high level of arousal and mental overload. It discusses the relations between the comic and pleasure, and the role of empathy and voluntary acts as exemplified in our relations to clowns. It also discusses the role of the comic in narrative sequences, especially the way in which, as a parasympathetic reaction, it supports ‘fusion’ and incorporation.
Melodrama, Lyrics, and Autonomic Response
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyses aspects of the melodrama, emphasizing especially its nature as a conflict between active and passive reactions. It illustrates lyrical and melodramatic patterns in Gone With the Wind and Vertigo, with emphasis on the relations between temporal rearrangements and passive, lyrical, or melodramatic-autonomic mechanism, and on the mechanisms of relabelling arousal.