bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bird fat reductions in forests treated with dimilin®
Authors: Whitmore Robert C. , Cooper Robert J. , Sample Bradley E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Indirect, nonacutely toxic, effects of pesticide applications on birds have been largely overlooked. Diflubenzuron (trade name Dimilin®) has extremely low toxicity to birds (LD50 &gt; 3,762 mg/kg for red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus). It has gained widespread use for control of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) populations in Eastern forests. However, Dimilin® has been implicated in mortality of nontarget insects, many of which have been shown to be food for birds. This study examined the overall condition of birds breeding on Dimilin®-treated and untreated plots by determining the percentage of dry weight fat for a group of common forest songbirds. It was found that seven of the nine tested bird species had significantly (p &lt; 0.05) lower fat reserves on treated plots than those on nontreated plots. Although the two nonsignificantly different bird species were permanent residents (black-capped chickadee and tufted titmouse), all of the remaining seven species were neotropical migrants. Possible causes of the fat reductions center on (a) reduction in food, resulting in a decrease in biomass of ingested food; (b) increase cost in obtaining food; and (c) reduction in food quality. Whether or not the reduced fat levels cause concomitant reductions in adult/juvenile survival could not be demonstrated.
Bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-P-dioxin in feral fish collected from a bleach-kraft paper mill receiving stream
Authors: Schell John D. , Campbell Dean M. , Lowe Edgar 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Bleach-kraft mill (BKM) processes may result in the formation and release of a number of chlorinated organic compounds, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Contamination of aquatic ecosystems by TCDD is of concern due to the chemical's toxicity, bioaccu-mulation potential, and persistence in the environment. Sediment samples and tissues from three species of fish and one invertebrate were collected downstream from a BKM facility and were analyzed for TCDD. Concentrations of TCDD were greatest in the bowfin, particularly in the ovary of a gravid female (46.1 pg/g). There appeared to be no correlation between either trophic position or habitat classification (i.e., epibenthic or pelagic) and TCDD tissue concentrations. Sediments collected near the mill outfall contained elevated levels of TCDD as great as 52.8 ppt. Sediment-based BAFs and lipid- and carbon-normalized bioavailability indexes (BI) were calculated for the fish livers and gonads, and blue crab hepatopancreas. BAF*s varied by a factor of 27, depending on species and organ, whereas Bis had an approximate seven-fold variation. It appears that organic carbon-and lipid-normalization factors may be more accurate predictors of the extent of bioaccumulation in resident biota from TCDD-contaminated sediments than either BAF*s or BCFs. As there is currently only a limited understanding of species variability in absorption and deposition of TCDD, a more accurate estimation of TCDD levels in feral fish tissues may not be possible.
Toxicity and bioaccumulation of soil PCBs in crickets: Comparison of laboratory and field studies
Authors: Paine Jennifer M. , McKee Michael J. , Ryan Maryann E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Laboratory and field studies were used to investigate toxicity and bioaccumulation of PCBs in crickets exposed to contaminated soil A 14-d laboratory soil bioassay with the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) yielded an LC50 of 1,200 ppm Aroclor 1254 Mean whole body concentrations of Aro-clor 1254 in exposed crickets were 11, 48, 92, 149, and 144 ppm for soil test concentrations of 100, 250, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 ppm, respectively A whole body concentration of about 150 ppm appears to be a threshold concentration above which acute mortality will be observed House crickets placed in cages on a PCB contaminated landfill accumulated 1 6 and 0 9 ppm of PCBs (whole body concentration) after 3 and 7 d of exposure, respectively Although this represents a rapid uptake of PCBs, whole body concentrations remained considerably below levels expected to cause acute mortality Abundance of another species, the field cricket (Gryllus pennsylvamcus), was investigated using pitfall traps placed at the PCB contaminated landfill and a reference site No adverse effect on abundance was observed at the contaminated site, nor was pitfall trap success correlated to soil PCB concentration These data indicate that PCBs in soil can rapidly move into epigeic fauna but that the likelihood of acquiring sufficient body burdens to cause acute mortality is low
Wetlands: History, current status, and future
Authors: Hook Donal D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Wetlands have been intricately linked with humankind throughout the ages. Evidence of rice culture dates to the earliest age of humans, long before the era of historical records. Drain-field and raised-field agriculture occurred in wetlands throughout large areas of Mesoamerica before Hispanic exploration of the region. About 40% of the world's population uses rice as a major staple; rice culture currently occupies about 15% of the world's wetland area. Wetlands are valued for high biological productivity; as filters, sinks, and transformers for sediments, nutrients, and pollutants; and as buffers between aquatic systems and human activities on upland areas. Because of their varied ecological functions, wetlands are of interest to ecotoxicologists as potential sites for detoxifying pollutants. Estimates are that wetlands occupy about 3 to 6% of the world's land area. Attempts to define, delineate, monitor, and regulate the use of wetlands in the United States have proven to be extremely complex. Considerable progress has been made in classifying and monitoring changes in wetland areas on a nationwide basis, but less success has been achieved in defining and delineating wetlands. The United States experience should be a useful model for developing countries to study as they attempt to deal with wetland management and protection. As long as the world's population continues to grow at exponential rates, it seems highly probable that pressure to use wetlands to meet society's demands will increase. Consequently, opportunities to set aside reserves will decrease, and the role that wetlands play in maintaining quality of life will depend more and more on our collective ability to develop and promote compatible uses on wetlands.
Geochemical processes and nutrient uptake by plants in hydric soils
Authors: McKee William H. , McKevlin Martha R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Soil reduction caused by flooding has profound effects on species adaptation and mineral nutrition of higher plants. Anaerobic conditions inhibit normal root respiration of higher plants. Alternate metabolic pathways may be utilized in combination with the development of anatomical characteristics that result in the internal movement of oxygen to the roots. Soil organisms use other oxidants when the oxygen supply is interrupted, which results in profound changes in oxidative states of many metals and nonmetals, and changes in soil reaction and conductivity. The products of reduction are primarily nitrogen gas, manganous manganese, ferrous iron, sulfide sulfur, methane, and organic acids. These reduction products alter the availability of soil nutrients and can drastically alter the soil acidity. Plant-soil interactions on flooded soils can sometimes be altered, as has been demonstrated by the use of phosphorus fertilizer on southern pine and zinc on rice.
Sexual dimorphism in Chironomus riparius (meigen): Impact on interpretation of growth in whole-sediment toxicity tests
Authors: Day K.E. , Kirby R. Scott , Reynoldson T.B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in fourth-instar larvae and adults was studied for Chironomus riparius. Wet weight of fourth-instar male chironomids was on average 29.4% lower than that of fourth-instar female chironomids at day 10 post-hatch of eggs, when organisms were reared individually in 250-ml beakers with 60 g sediment. This weight differential continued to the adult stage and was enhanced with males weighing 39.8% less than females (dry weight). When animals were reared in groups of 15 larvae per beaker, differences between the sexes in larval wet weight were not statistically significant, but males were still 7.4% smaller than females; however, adult males weighed an average of 42.7% less than females upon emergence. Stage of development (fourth instar) was confirmed by head capsule measurement; no significant differences in head capsule widths were detected between the sexes. Animals reared alone, regardless of sex, weighed more than animals reared as a group, indicating that initial larval densities and size of bioassay container can significantly affect larval growth. The probability of making a type I error in sediment toxicity tests due to sexual dimorphism in weight was estimated to be only 3% when dimorphism was most enhanced, that is, for animals reared individually. The effect of dimorphism on data interpretation when animals are reared in groups of 15 to 50 animals per container is thought to be minimal. It is recommended that both larval weight and head capsule width (millimeters) be measured as end points in sediment toxicity tests to differentiate reduced growth from retardation of instar development.
Acute toxicity of 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, terbufos and trichlorfon to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) as affected by salinity and temperature
Authors: Brecken-Folse Jeri A. , Mayer Foster L. , Pedigo Leslie E. , Marking Leif L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The toxicities of two industrial chemicals (4-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol) and two organophosphate insecticides (terbufos and trichlorfon) to juvenile grass shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variega-tus) were determined by static, 96-h toxicity tests in a factorial design with 12 combinations of salinity and temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 ppt × 17, 22, 27°C). Concentrations of the toxicants, including bioconcentration, were determined as appropriate by gas or liquid chromatography and the use of 14C-labeled compounds. The 96-h LC50s for 4-nitrophenol ranged from 12 to 31 mg/L and for 2,4-dinitrophenol from 13 to 50 mg/L. Toxicity decreased as salinity increased for 4-nitrophenol and both test organisms. Toxicity decreased as salinity increased for 2,4-dinitrophenol and sheepshead minnows, but toxicity to grass shrimp increased as salinity increased. Toxicity decreased with increased temperature for grass shrimp exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol and sheepshead minnows exposed to 4-nitrophenol, increased with temperature for sheepshead minnows exposed to 2,4-dinitrophenol, and no change was observed for grass shrimp exposed to 4-nitrophenol. Bioconcentration of phenols in both test organisms increased as concentration increased. The 96-h LC50s for terbufos ranged from 3.4 to 6.6 μg/L and for trichlorfon from 6.3 to 19,300 μg/L. Terbufos and trichlorfon toxicity to grass shrimp and sheepshead minnows increased with increased temperature. BCFs for terbufos were greater in sheepshead minnows than grass shrimp, but were reversed for trichlorfon.
Ecotoxicity of mixtures of metals to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
Authors: Kraak Michiel H.S. , Lavy Daphna , Schoon Hans , Toussaint Merel , Peeters Wilma H.M. , van Straalen Nico M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of equitoxic mixtures of CuCl2, ZnCl2, and CdCl2 on the filtration rate of the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha were determined. The amounts of added metals were expressed in toxic units, and a range of toxic units was tested. Cu + Zn was less than concentration additive, Zn + Cd was concentration additive, and Cu + Cd was more than concentration additive in their effects on the filtration rate of Dreissena polymorpha. An equitoxic mixture of all three metals was concentration additive. The effect of a mixture could not be predicted from the effects of the single metals. The concentrations at which Cu and Cd contributed to the toxicity of a mixture of Cu + Zn + Cd were at or below the NOECs for these metals, determined in single-metal toxicity tests. At low but elevated Cu and Zn concentrations in water, no accumulation of these metals in the mussels took place; Cd, on the contrary, was accumulated at all Cd concentrations in the water.
Interactive effects of prochloraz and malathion in pigeon, starling and hybrid red-legged partridge
Authors: Johnston Gail , Walker Colin H. , Dawson Alistair 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Recent laboratory studies with hybrid red-legged partridges have shown that the interaction of certain combinations of agricultural pesticides can lead to an enhancement of toxicity. In view of this finding, captive feral pigeons (Columba livia) and European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), in addition to hybrid red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa cross), were used in a laboratory study to extend investigations of the enhancement of toxicity of the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide malathion in birds predosed with the ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting (EBI) fungicide, prochloraz. Following pretreatment with either 90 or 180 mg/kg prochloraz, both pigeons and partridges showed significantly greater inhibition of serum butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity (1.4- to 2.1-fold increase for pigeons and 1.3- to 3.8-fold increase for partridges) when dosed with malathion than control birds; this difference was evident at some or all of the blood-sampling time points. On the other hand, starlings given either 180 or 300 mg/kg prochloraz showed no difference from controls in serum BuChE inhibition after dosing with malathion. The enhanced inhibition of serum BuChE in the pigeon and the partridge after malathion dosing was attributed to the increased activation of malathion to malaoxon following induction of the hepatic monooxygenase system by prochloraz. Serum BuChE inhibition may be useful in studying the interactive effects of OPs and EBI fungicides in the field.
Evaluation of equilibrium partitioning theory for predicting acute toxicity of field-collected sediments contaminated with DDT, DDE and DDD to the amphipodHyalella azteca
Authors: Hoke R.A. , Cotter A.M. , Goldenstein T. , Kosian P.A. , van dermeiden F.M. , Ankley G.T. , Phipps G.L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDDT is a persistent and toxic nonionic organic chemical commonly present as a contaminant in aquatic sediments. As a result of effluent discharges by a chemical company manufacturing DDT on the Redstone Army Arsenal near Huntsville, Alabama, the water column, sediment, and biota of the Huntsville Spring Branch-Indian Creek stream system (HSB-IC) became heavily contaminated with DDT and its metabolites, DDE and DDD. Because DDT appeared to be the primary contaminant in the system, an investigation was begun to evaluate equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP) as a basis for predicting the free pore-water concentrations in and toxicity of DDT-contaminated sediments from the system. In 10-d laboratory, flow-through, water-only exposures with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, LC50 values of 0.07 (0.06-0.28), 1.66 (1.55-1.78), and 0.19 (0.16-0.41) μg/L were determined for p,p′-DDT, DDE, and DDD, respectively. Bulk sediment toxicity assays also were conducted with Hyalella azteca and pore waters analyzed for the p,p′- and o,p′-isomers of DDT, DDE, and DDD. Measured and EqP-predicted pore-water chemical concentrations generally agreed within one order of magnitude. Predicted or measured Hyalella azteca 10-d pore-water LC50 values for DDT and DDD also were similar to water-only LC50 values for Hyalella azteca. These data demonstrate an effect-based EqP prediction of the toxicity of field-collected sediments contaminated by a nonionic organic compound and the potential utility of the EqP approach for developing sediment quality criteria.
Joint toxicity of ethyleneamines to algae, daphnids and fish
Authors: van Wijk R J , Postma J F , van Houwelingen H 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The joint toxicity of some ethyleneamines to Selenastrum capricornutum Daphria magna, and Poecilia reticulata have been determined as a contribution to the environmental risk assessment of wastewater discharges A few combinations showed antagonistic or synergistic effects, but the majority of combinations were additive at the lethal level Thus additivity appears to be a reasonable assumption for risk assessment purposes of wastewater discharges The design of tests and the bio metrical approach using models describing isobolograms to evaluate test results are described in detail This method and subse quent statistical evaluation procedure were found to be very suitable to determine additivity in aquatic toxicity tests
Chemical fate and transport in a domestic septic system: Site description and attenuation of dichlorobenzene
Authors: Robertson W.D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The mobility and attenuation of dichlorobenzene (DCB) in a septic system groundwater contaminant plume with a very detailed monitoring network was evaluated by conducting a tracer experiment in which 450 ml of a plumbing line cleaner containing DCB and 1 kg NaBr were injected into the septic system. DCB concentrations of up to 3,460 μg/L were observed in the septic tank effluent, up to 650 μg/L in the unsaturated zone 0.45 m below the tile bed, and up to 13 μg/L at the water table at 2 m depth. Peak DCB concentrations arrived at the water table after 57 d at a source-normalized concentration of 0.02, whereas peak Br− concentrations arrived at the water table after only 10 d at a normalized concentration of 0.61, thus demonstrating DCB attenuation and retardation during migration through the aerobic unsaturated zone at this site. Model simulations of DCB breakthrough at the water table provided an adequate fit with the field data when a retardation factor of 6.5 and decay half-life of 15 d were used. Evidence for biodegradation of DCB was provided by the occurrence of a 7-d lag (biota acclimation period), after which increased attenuation of DCB was observed in the unsaturated zone and by the preferential attenuation of two of the three isomers of DCB. Vigorous biodegradation of trace volatile organic compounds such as halogenated and substituted benzenes was indicated in the unsaturated zone below this septic system.
Metabolism of aniline under different anaerobic electron-accepting and nutritional conditions
Authors: Alexandra De M. , O'Connor Owen A. , Kosson David S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The biodegradability of aniline was evaluated under two different anaerobic conditions, denitrifying and methano-genic. In addition, under denitrifying conditions, the influence of bicarbonate was studied. Anaerobic sewage digester sludge and estuarine sediment were used as heterogeneous sources of bacteria. Under anaerobic denitrifying conditions amended with bicarbonate, aniline was completely mineralized to CO2 and N2. After an initial lag period, N2 recoveries of 74 and 100% were obtained for sludge and sediment cultures, respectively. Under anaerobic denitrifying conditions with no bicarbonate, aniline depletion was observed; however, stoichiometric quantities of N2 were not produced from mineralization and were in fact inhibited below background controls. Under methanogenic conditions, aniline concentrations remained unchanged for &gt;31 weeks. A metabolite of aniline, 4-hydroxybenzoate, was detected in bicarbonate-amended denitrifying cultures.
Comparative toxicity of chemicals to earthworms
Authors: Callahan C A , Skirazi M A , Neuhauser E F 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The concentration-response (mortality) relationships of four species of earthworms, Eisenia fetida (Savigny), Allo lobophora tuberculata (Eisen), Eudrilus eugemae (Kinberg), and Perionyx excavatus (Perrier) are summarized for 62 chemi cals and two test protocols A Weibull function is used to summarize these data for each chemical in terms of sensitivity and toxicity in addition to the LC50 The estimation of the Weibull parameters a and k summarize the entire concentration response relationship This technique should be applicable to a variety of testing protocols with different species whenever the goal is summarizing the shape of the concentration-response curves to fully evaluate chemical impact on organisms In some cases for these data four orders of magnitude separate LC50s of the soil test and the contact test for the same chemical and species All four species appear to be similar in range of toxicity and tolerance to these chemicals, suggesting that Eisenia fetida may be rep resentative of these four species and these chemicals
Bioaccumulation of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran and extractable organic chlorine at a bleached-kraft mill site in a northern canadian river system
Authors: Owens J.W , Swanson S M , Birkholz D.A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Abiotic and biotic environmental compartments in a northern Canadian river system have been analyzed for poly chlorinated dibenzo p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlonnated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and extractable organochlormes (EOC1) down stream of a bleached-kraft mill The water column, deposited and suspended sediments, invertebrates, and tissues from several fish species were analyzed The data indicate that (a) conversion of the mill bleaching process to 100% chlorine dioxide virtu ally eliminated the discharge of PCDDs and PCDFs, (b) PCDD, PCDF, and EOCl transport occurred primarily in suspended sediments, and (c) the food choice of filter feeding insects by specific fish species such as the mountain whitefish (Prosopium wdhamsoni) was an important determinant in the food chain transfer of the principal compounds, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p dioxin (TCDD) and 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) Relative to mountain whitefish, TCDD and TCDF levels in another bottom feeding species, longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), were at least an order of magnitude lower Food chain biomagmfication of TCDD and TCDF was not observed in omnivorous and predatory species, burbot (Lota lota) and walleye (Stizostedmm vitreum), for which hpid-adjusted levels were similar to those in the longnose sucker These data indicate that organism lipid levels alone are not sufficient to predict species specific bioaccumulation of these hydrophobic compounds, and that site specific transport and species food choice parameters should be included in bioaccumulation models for hydrophobic compounds such as PCDDs and PCDFs
Biodegradation in soil of hydrophobic pollutants in nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs)
Authors: Efroymson Rebecca A. , Alexander Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the mineralization in soil and subsoil of hydrophobic organic compounds present in several nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs). When present in soil in some NAPLs, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was not appreciably mineralized, phenanthrene was slowly transformed after an acclimation phase, and hexadecane and naphthalene were biodegraded rapidly. The extent of suppression of biodegradation of test compounds varied with different solvents as NAPLs. The rate of mineralization in subsoil of phenanthrene dissolved in some NAPLs was very slow, but additions of N and P enhanced the degradation. The addition of N and P to soil did not increase the mineralization of DEHP dissolved in NAPLs. The existence of a NAPL in polluted environments may thus markedly affect the susceptibility of organic compounds to biodegradation.