bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soldier and Citizen in the Seventeenth-Century English East India Company
Authors: Stern Philip J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines the role of fortifications, garrisons, and militia service in the English East India Company’s early settlements in Asia and the Atlantic. Affecting everything from the physical space of such a settlement to the status and rights of its inhabitants, the institutions and ideologies of a variety of forms of military service revealed the degree to which Company leadership had early on come to understand their settlements in Asia not as mere trading factories, but as colonial plantations, and their role as a government in Asia. Even if their lofty ambitions rarely met expectations, the Company sought within them to cultivate law, jurisdiction, and a robust civic life that could in turn ensure an active, obedient, and virtuous body of subjects and, in a sense, citizens. The attitudes toward and policies concerning soldiering also revealed the degree to which the Company’s seventeenth-century regime, so often treated as unique amongst English overseas ventures and Europeans in Asia, in fact drew and innovated upon models of governance across Europe, the Atlantic, and Asia.
Temple Theology
Authors: MacDonald William 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAt the outset of the literary work of the Society for Pentecostal Studies it is prudential to raise the issue of theological direction. What kind of theology characterizes us now, and how can we sharpen the focus? What traditions will we conserve, and what new ground will we break? What ethos will permeate our scholarly craftmanship? In short, what kind of theologizing will we do? This article proposes that as to our presuppositional stance and overall methodology we have an orientation unique and significant, not to be equated with the fish of "biblical theology" (as developed in twentieth-century neoorthodoxy), nor the fowl of "systematic theology" in its dominant traditional forms. But first we must inquire as to the general nature of theology before we assess presuppositional types, and then put forth a presuppositional model of our own.
A Pentecostal Response To Roman Catholic Teaching On Mary
Authors: Sandidge Jerry L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe ninth meeting of the Dialogue between the Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity of the Roman Catholic Church and leading representatives of some of the Classical Pentecostal Churches was conducted in Vienna (Austria), October 4-10,1981.1 The major topic of discussion was the doctrine of Mary. It was anticipated by both sides to be an extremely controversial exchange. But the dialogue ended with a deeper sense of understanding and consensus than was first expected.
The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and General International Law
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAfter addressing some preliminary points, the presentation first stresses the importance of distinguishing clearly between jurisdiction and applicable law. Then it considers how a court or tribunal whose jurisdiction ratione materiae is largely con fined to the interpretation and application of a particular treaty may nevertheless refer to general international law. The author suggests six possible ways in which recourse may be had to general international law and analyzes the case-law of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in that regard. He then points out the relevance of expertise in general international law for the composition of the Tribunal. By way of conclusion, the author suggests that when any court or tribunal acting under a limited conferral of jurisdiction has recourse to general international law, it should—in the interest of transparency and so as to avoid the appearance of an excess of jurisdiction— explain the basis on which it is doing so. In his view, the Tribunal has made an important contribution to the law of the sea and to certain issues of general international law while acknowledging that the law of the sea can only be properly understood within the context of international law as a whole.
Operationalising Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Adapting to Sea Level Rise through Coastal Law: Where Does India Stand?
Authors: Puthucherril Tony George 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWith an overwhelming majority of India’s population living on the coast and depending on coastal resources for their sustenance and livelihood, sustainable coastal development is of critical importance to this country. India is also susceptible to the impacts of climate change and sea level rise. This article reviews India’s attempts to manage its long coastline and coastal resources through the instrumentality of law. The salient features of its first coastal law of 1991 and the subsequent draft law of 2008, culminating with a new law adopted in 2011, are analyzed in detail. Specifically, this article examines how these laws provide for integrated coastal zone management, the primary methodology to attain sustainable coastal development, and how they further adaptation to sea level rise. The article argues that, as it stands, India’s coastal law is ineffective to further these two objectives.
Global Problem—Regional Solution? International Law Reflections on an EU CO2 Emissions Trading Scheme for Ships
Authors: Ringbom Henrik 
Published: March 2012

AbstractInternational law questions linked to a potential future European Union ‘emission trading scheme’ for shipping are addressed. If such a scheme were to be introduced (which is not yet clear), and if it were designed to cover emissions that have occurred beyond the territorial waters of the Member States or even in other States’ maritime zones (which, in that case, seems likely), it would evoke interesting questions of principle relating to the jurisdiction of States to impose requirements on foreign ships for matters which take place beyond their territory. Different approaches to the question are discussed, starting from the law of the sea, but also including a brief review of other potentially relevant branches of international law. It is concluded that international law does not necessarily prevent the establishment of such a scheme, but places a number of important limitations on its design.
The United States’ Application of Precaution in Managing Living Marine Resources
Authors: Allen J. Rodney 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article surveys the application of “precaution” by the United States (US) in its management of living marine resources. The US has not yet implemented the precautionary principle into its environmental legislation, but regulators, courts, and agencies often rely on precautionary approaches in applying the legislation. An overview of precaution, its background and a description of the many forms it can take is presented first, followed by an overview of the major US federal legislation intended to protect living marine resources, how regulators, courts and agencies apply precautionary approaches in applying the legislation and how federal rules allow individual states to manage living marine resources. A sampling of states and regional state alliances that have applied precautionary approaches is provided and finally a unique international agreement that applies precaution in managing the waters of the Great Lakes is assessed.
Recent Issues on Coastal Management in Japan
Authors: Nakahara Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper highlights recent issues on coastal management in Japan. It first addresses the issue of boundary disputes with Korea, China and Russia. Considerable emphasis in the paper is placed on the Japanese Government's recent mitigation policy for coastal management. Japan's Ministry of Construction once drafted a law similar to the CZMA in the USA, but it has never been enacted due to the opposition of other ministries, which claim that the many existing laws and regulations are sufficient to manage virtually all issues pertaining to coastal use and conflicts. However, Japan is experiencing ongoing conflict between fisheries activity, which has traditionally enjoyed priority status in the field, and all other viable maritime interests.
Experience of a Small Island State in Siting Industrial I Plants and Pollutive Facilities
Authors:   Lin Sien Chia
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper focuses on the management of industrial plants and polluting facilities, with particular reference to the siting of such facilities. There has been no public outcry in Singapore regarding any problem associated with industrial pollution since its independence in August 1965. One notable success in Singapore is the extremely high degree of compliance with environmental regulations, about 90 per cent in the manufacturing sector today. A number of factors contributing to success in this area are pointed out, one of which is the role of the multinational corporations which tend to conduct operations within stricter parameters than those of the national standards, and this helps to raise the standards of local small and medium-sized enterprises as well.
Are Twentieth-Century Marine Conservation Conventions Adaptable to Twenty-First Century Goals and Principles?: Part I
Authors: Birnie Patricia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTreaties, especially those concluded before UNCLOS and the United Nations Conferences on the Human Environment and on Environment and Development are having to find ways of responding to the many new principles and concepts developed through the conventions, declarations and action plans formulated by these processes, inter alia. Different treaties are responding in different ways-by renegotiation, by amending protocols; or by broad interpretation of existing terms to take account of the new approaches. This article examines the relevant law and practice, especially concerning the powers of organs established by treaty to interpret their constitutive conventions in the absence of dispute settlement procedures. Part 2 provides some case studies of problems emerging, notably in the International Whaling Commission and the Conference of the Parties to the London (Dumping) Convention.
The Contribution of Channels to the Definition of Straits Used For International Navigation
Authors: Stelakatos-Loverdos Michael C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe questions of what is "a strait used for international navigation", and the regime applicable in such waterways or even in "broad" straits, remain unsettled in the LOS Convention. However, channels of navigation may assist in determining the "geographical situation" of international straits. It is submitted, therefore, that, where there is only one coastal state bordering more than one strait connecting the same parts of the high seas or the EEZ, the claim of transit passage through straits of secondary importance may be abusive. Obviously, the non-application of transit passage on the grounds of abuse of rights is not able to modify the international character of such waterways, the regime of non-suspendable innocent passage being thus applicable. Moreover, modalities of passage evidenced by the existence of maritime traffic through channels of navigation may be useful when determining the "extent" of the regime of transit passage in the so-called "broad" straits.
Virtus Lapidum.- Zur Philosophischen Begründung Der Magischen Wirksamkeit Und Der Physikalischen Beschaffenheit Kostbarer Mineralien in Der Naturphilosophie Alberts Des Grossen
Authors: Jeck Udo Reinhold 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn his treatment of magic, Albert the Great was not guided by traditional biases. Important testimonies to that effect are found in his De mineralibus, one of his works on natural philosophical matters, which explained the allegedly magic ef fects of precious stones in terms of a systematically elaborated theory. Albert invoked in this context suitable metaphysical principles: the power of a particular stone (virtus lapidis) derives, according to his view, from its respective species and the forma substantialis associated with it. By thus integrating magical effects into the rational and conceptual framework of natural philosophy, the Dominican left the methods of other mineralogical authors far behind. The resulting demystification allowed the science of mineralogy to reach a new level of philosophical and scientific sophistication.
The Quest for Ubuntu in a Coming-of-Age South Africa – Questions Arising from Dietrich Bonhoeffer's Latter Ideas
Authors: Barrett Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBonhoeffer's latter prison letters contained radical questions about his church's theology in its approach to the secularization (or coming-of-age) of post-Enlightenment Western society. These led him to a burst of remarkable theological exploration in his desire to 'go right back to the beginnings' and try to produce a christologically-based 'non-religious interpretation of biblical concepts'. Here we attempt to follow his exploratory ideas, unworked out as they are, and look for links with the present South African scene: first, the theological scene with its question whether this is the moment for a new Kairos Document and, second, the more general scene in which black intellectuals in particular have been challenged to help awaken the vision and practice of ubuntu (the concept of fullness of being-in-relatedness) – which is too important an objective to be treated in merely socio-political terms. Can Bonhoeffer's legacy, then, encourage fruitful discussion between Christian theology and the proposed intellectual discourse?
Androgyny and Early Christianity
Authors: Vorster Johannes 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe fusion of two sexes into one body has often been interpreted as symbolising humankind's yearning for unity, harmony and equality. Studies of early Christianity have 'discovered' in the imagery of the androgynous being a possibility for resisting the prevailing phallocratic Graeco-Roman culture, thereby portraying the first steps toward an egalitarian community. This article contests this 'discovery' and it is argued that the imagery of androgyny represents not a harmonious utopian future, but rather a discordant, chaotic present. As a matter of fact, the imagery of the androgyny represents phallogocentric discourses, using the notion of the deformed male body as strategy for its maintenance and reproduction.
Did Jesus Rise Bodily From the Dead? Yes and no!
Authors: Craffert Pieter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDid Jesus rise bodily from the dead? Even those who give an affirmative answer to this question do not all agree on the reasons why. According to the Gospels, Jesus's close circle of followers believed in his resurrection because he has appeared to them. For almost twenty centuries, Christian believers affirmed a bodily resurrection based on their belief in one of the central elements of the Christian belief system. In response to the rationalist denial of such beliefs by critical New Testament scholarship, orthodox New Testament scholars design affirmations based on historical proof. They defend a literal bodily resurrection based on historical plausibility and the possibility of divine intervention in a world-view which tolerates paranormal events in history against the scientific rejection of a bodily resurrection by critical scholars. The aim of this article is to offer both a meta-analysis of these viewpoints about Jesus's resurrection and an alternative understanding of the resurrection accounts in the New Testament itself. The social-scientific perspective employed provides both tools for the analysis of the above positions and the framework for offering an alternative answer to the question of Jesus's literal bodily resurrection.
Skrifgetrouheid en Jesusfilms
Authors: Engelbrecht Johan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWith the history of the film The last temptation of Christ in the world and especially in South Africa in mind, the question arises whether only films about Jesus which portray the Gospels literally should be made. A further question, however, is whether it is possible to portray the Gospels literally. This article points out the problems related to these questions and answers both questions in the negative. While there certainly are films which portray the Gospels more literally than others, even these are not exactly 'true to Scripture' in view of the specific problems regarding the Gospels and the canon.
Truth
Authors: Hulley Leonard D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPilate's question to Jesus 'What is truth?' is still a valid question today. Kant and Bonhoeffer provide disparate answers to it. Kant insists on what he calls the categorical imperative, the prime example being telling the 'truth' despite circumstances. For Bonhoeffer 'truth' is what gives expression to what is 'real before God'. Truth is then embodied in human integrity.
The Rules of the Game: History and Historical Method in the Context of Faith: The Via Media of Methodological Naturalism
Authors: Webb Robert L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis essay explores how it is possible for scholars who have a faith perspective to still participate in historical-Jesus research in a critical manner that is credible to the wider academic community. The focus is on the tensions created for the scholar when the primary sources use divine causation as an explanation for an event. The first part of the essay considers what the term 'history' means and how a historian goes about doing history (i.e., the 'rules of the game'). The second part considers three different approaches used in biblical studies to handle descriptions and explanations in the primary sources that use divine causation. The ontological-naturalistic approach rejects such explanations while the critical-theistic approach is open to such explanations. Distinguishing these two approaches from each other are different ontological worldviews. Based upon the understanding of history developed in the first part, the essay argues for a via media between these approaches that sets aside the ontological impasse. Methodological naturalism views history and historical method to be limited to human causation. This is an acknowledged methodological limitation, rather than an ontological one. Issues of divine causation are left to the distinct discipline of theology.
Evangelical Christians and Historical-Jesus Studies: Final Reflections
Authors: Powell Mark Allan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article presents an overall response to critical essays and ensuing discussion on the part of prominent historical-Jesus scholars regarding whether and how evangelical Christians can engage in such study in a manner that will be approved by the guild at large. It critiques arguments put forward by evangelical scholars Darrell Bock and Craig Keener as historically unpersuasive but nevertheless contends that their work meets the guild's standards of legitimacy in a manner that deserves a fair hearing. It supports Robert Miller and AmyJill Levine's contention that historical research must be able to yield negative results to have integrity, but picks up on a point by Robert Webb to suggest that such negative results may be defined methodologically ('this cannot be verified') rather than ontologically ('this did not happen').
The OSCE Chairmanship-in-Office's election procedure: is there a need for formalized criteria?
Authors: Vandewoude Cécile 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines whether the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) would benefit from having formalized criteria for selecting candidates for the Chairmanship-in-Office (CiO). Currently, no such requirements exist. States voluntarily present their candidacy for chairmanship which is then endorsed or not by the other 55 participating states. Throughout the OSCE's history, electing a CiO has never been controversial, until Kazakhstan submitted its candidacy in 2006. Human rights defenders and some nations questioned Kazakhstan's ability to lead the OSCE due to its poor human rights record. This triggered a debate on whether any criteria for the CiO (can) exist. This article examines the current election system and the benefits that would flow from maintaining that system. The article compares the current system with two alternative scenarios and evaluates their advantages, disadvantages and possible consequences for the OSCE.
Ignes fatui or apt similitudes ?- the apparent denunciation of metaphor by Thomas Hobbes1
Authors: Musolff Andreas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThomas Hobbes's condemnation of metaphor as one of the chief "abuses of speech" in Leviathan occupies a famous (to some critics, infamous) place in the history of thinking about metaphor. From the viewpoint of cognitive metaphor theory, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980,1981) have depicted Hobbes and John Locke as the founding fathers of a tradition in which "metaphor and other figurative devices [became] objects of scorn". Similar verdicts on Hobbes and on Locke as arch-detractors of metaphor can be found in many other accounts of the history of semantics. However, these indictments stand in marked contrast to a considerable number of scholarly publications that have shown that Hobbes's assessment of rhetoric and metaphor is far from a 'straightforward' denunciation of anything non-'literal'. In this paper I shall use results of this research in an analysis of key-passages from Leviathan to re-assess Hobbes's views on metaphor. I shall demonstrate that some critics of Hobbes have overlooked crucial differentiations (in particular, of different kinds of metaphor and similitude) in his concept of metaphor as a key-issue of public communication. Furthermore, I shall argue that Hobbes's foregrounding of the 'dangers' of metaphor use in political theory and practice should be interpreted as an acknowledgement rather than as a denial of its conceptual and cognitive force.
The Non-normative Nature of Hobbesian Natural Law
Authors: Herbert Gary 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I attempt to defend an older, non-normative approach to Hobbes's philosophy. I argue, against recent theories that maintain Hobbes's philosophy contains a normative theory of human behavior “which prescribes proper or morally permissible modes of action both within civil society and outside it”, that Hobbesian natural right and natural law are not normative postulates of a moral (normative) theory of political obligation but, rather, were considered by Hobbes to be, in the case of natural right, empirically verifiable hypotheses about human nature, and in the case of the laws of nature, nothing more than rationally consistent principles of natural self-interest, or the logic of natural right, based on the principles of Hobbes's physics and psychology.
Hobbes and Sex
Authors: Hillyer Richard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHobbes could not have written Paradise Lost: the longest of his few references to the story of Adam and Eve drains their relationship of drama and complexity; most aspects of human sexuality he addresses only in classifying them as off limits because of their indecency, neglecting topics in some respects germane to the clarification of his philosophy; and his original English verse amounts to one line for each of that epic's twelve books. This short poem nonetheless represents an intriguing persuasion to love written in his extreme old age. Moreover, his treatment of “LUST” in The Elements of Law takes a significantly non-judgmental form by the standards of his time, though not marking so substantial an innovation as Simon Blackburn takes it to be. Most importantly, the anti-puritanical thrust of Hobbes's attack on Presbyterian preachers in Behemoth again illustrates his capacity for entertaining—however briefly—an essentially uncensorious view of human sexuality, this time in conjunction with a critique of sexual repression, as imposed by those clergymen in their role as spiritual advisers, that sheds invaluable light on the self-consciously scandalous libertinism of younger contemporaries often identified in his own day and since as “Hobbists”.