bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unspecified Arguments in Episodic and Habitual Sentences
Authors: MITTWOCH ANITA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The omissibility of unspecified objects is for many verbs subject to contextual factors. A relatively small number of verbs allow object drop freely in episodic sentences. Many more allow it in habitual sentences. This chapter argues that this is, in large part, connected to the fact that such sentences tend to have unquantized objects, and that the objects, if present, would be backgrounded.
Resultatives Under the ‘Event-Argument Homomorphism’ Model of Telicity
Authors: WECHSLER STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a novel semantic analysis of the English resultative construction that crucially models telicity (aspectual boundedness) in terms of the event-argument homomorphism model (Krifka 1998) rather than the commonly assumed result state model (Dowty 1979). This assumption, together with recent insights on the semantics of scalar adjectives (Hay et al. 1999; Kennedy 1999; Kennedy and McNally 1999), leads us to an explanation for a myriad of facts. Corpus data from Boas (2000) strongly support our conclusions. The central idea of this analysis is that resultatives involve an abstract ‘path’ argument corresponding to degrees along the scale denoted by the resultative predicate.
Change-of-State Verbs: Implications for Theories of Argument Projection
Authors: HOVAV MALKA RAPPAPORT , LEVIN BETH 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Verbs showing multiple argument projection options, often with concomitant shifts in aspectual classification or assignment of the ‘aspectual’ roles measure or incremental theme, are ubiquitous. Their pervasiveness has given rise to two hypotheses concerning argument realization: argument expression is not lexically determined and only aspectual notions determine argument expression. This chapter argues against both hypotheses through an examination of change of state verbs. It shows that the argument expression possibilities of these verbs are determined by a nonaspectual, lexicalized property – change of state – and cannot be handled by purely aspectual nonlexical theories of argument projection. Therefore, the meaning that is lexicalized in a verb determines its grammatical and interpretive properties to a large degree, contrary to the hypothesis that argument expression is not lexically determined. Furthermore, these lexical properties do not correspond to well-known aspectual notions, contrary to the hypothesis that only aspectual notions are relevant to argument expression.
3 The International Economic Law Background
Authors: CASS DEBORAH Z. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses how WTO constitutionalization models emerged from international economic law, and argues that the field is characterized by a number of tendencies which fuelled speculation about WTO constitutionalization. These tendencies include an increasing conflation of institutions with constitutions; integration of world markets through globalization; a consensus on the benefits of liberalization; an expansion of law to take in new forms of regulation; and an anxiety about how to define and limit the field of economic law and its role in transforming international order.
Enrichment
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The identification of an enrichment goes to the very heart of a restitutionary action which is founded on reversal of the defendant's unjust enrichment, for until an enrichment has been identified and valued it is not possible to ascertain exactly what should be returned to the claimant. In a typical claim where the defendant has received money from the claimant, the defendant is always regarded as enriched by the money since it is the measure of value. However, in those restitutionary actions where the claimant seeks to recover the value of non-money benefits, such as goods or services, the identification of an enrichment and its valuation is a matter of some complexity. This chapter discusses the relevance of enrichment, objective and subjective tests of enrichment, particular types of enrichment (money, property, and services), methods of overriding subjective devaluation, incontrovertible benefit, subjective revaluation, restitution without enrichment, part-performance of a contract, and valuation of enrichment.
At the Expense of the Claimant
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Where the claimant wishes to obtain restitution from the defendant on the ground of unjust enrichment, it is not enough to show that the defendant has been enriched in circumstances which fall within one of the grounds of restitution. The claimant must also establish that this enrichment was obtained at the claimant's expense. This requires the claimant to establish a connection between the receipt of an enrichment by the defendant and the claimant's loss so as to justify the restitutionary claim against the defendant. One important question is whether the claimant's gain must correspond with the defendant's loss. This chapter discusses the privity principle and exceptions to this principle, including restitutionary claims to vindicate the claimant's proprietary rights, restitutionary claims founded on wrongdoing, agency, and the principle of interceptive subtraction. The issue of whether non-money benefits received by the defendant were received at the claimant's expense is also considered.
Compulsion
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although compulsion is not a ground of restitution in its own right, it is a general principle which underlies a number of specific grounds of restitution, most notably duress. The essence of the principle of compulsion is that it arises where pressure has been placed on the claimant to transfer a benefit to the defendant. Compulsion operates in a similar way to mistake as an explanation of why the receipt of an enrichment by the defendant can be regarded as unjust, namely, that the effect of the pressure is treated as vitiating the claimant's intention that the defendant should receive the enrichment. This chapter discusses the principle of compulsion, the different types of enrichment, vitiation of contracts for compulsion, the grounds of restitution, illegality, duress, undue pressure, legal compulsion, and threats to secure the performance of a statutory duty.
Incapacity
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Where the claimant lacks capacity to enter into a transaction this in itself should constitute a ground of restitution to enable him or her to recover any benefits transferred to the defendant pursuant to the transaction. Two reasons can be identified to justify the recognition of incapacity as a ground of restitution in its own right: absence or vitiation of intent and defendant's incapacity as a defence. This chapter discusses the general principles of incapacity, categories of incapacity (mental disorder, intoxication, somnambulism, minority, corporate incapacity, and incapacity of public authorities).
General Principles
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines restitutionary claims that are founded on the commission of a wrong by the defendant. Four types of wrongdoing may trigger the award of restitutionary remedies: tort, breach of contract, equitable wrongdoing, and the commission of a criminal offence. The issue of whether, once the claimant has shown that the defendant has committed a wrong, the claimant can obtain a restitutionary remedy from the defendant is discussed. The chapter considers the essence of restitution for wrongs, including the relationship between restitution for wrongs and the reversal of the defendant's unjust enrichment; the principles underlying the award of restitutionary remedies for wrongs; types of restitutionary remedy for wrongdoing; relationship between restitutionary and compensatory remedies for wrongdoing; causation; available defences for restitution for wrongs; and recommendations for reform.
Restitution for Torts
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Where the claimant is the victim of a tort, exemplary damages may be awarded to punish the defendant for cynically committing a tort. Other remedies are available which are purely restitutionary in effect, notably restitutionary damages and money had and received. The most important question relating to the award of restitutionary remedies for torts is whether they are available regardless of the tort which is committed or whether they are only available in respect of certain torts. If the latter is the case, it is then necessary to identify the criteria which are used to identify those torts for which restitutionary relief is available. This chapter focuses on the so-called doctrine of ‘waiver of tort’ which has been particularly influential in the development of the law in this area. Torts for which restitutionary remedies are available include trespass to land, trespass to goods, conversion, interference with intellectual property rights, nuisance, deceit, and invasion of privacy.
Establishing Proprietary Restitutionary Claims
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Two different principles on which restitutionary claims can be founded are unjust enrichment and wrongdoing. This chapter examines the third and final principle on which such claims may be based, namely, the vindication of the claimant's property rights. All restitutionary claims which are founded on the vindication of the claimant's proprietary rights are properly classified as proprietary claims, since they are dependent solely upon the identification and protection of proprietary rights. But the restitutionary remedies by virtue of which these property rights are vindicated are not necessarily proprietary remedies, since, depending on the particular circumstances of the case, the appropriate remedy may either be proprietary or personal. The chapter discusses the nature of proprietary restitutionary claims, distinction between vindication of property rights and reversal of unjust enrichment, relationship between proprietary restitutionary claims and restitution for wrongs, nature of the restitutionary remedy, framework for analysing a typical proprietary restitutionary claim, identification of the proprietary interest, and the following and tracing rules.
Restitutionary Claims and Remedies to Vindicate Property Rights
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Once a claimant has established that he or she has a legal or equitable proprietary interest which can be followed or traced into property which is in the defendant's possession or under the defendant's control, the claimant can establish a restitutionary claim to vindicate his or her property rights. This chapter examines the nature of the claim to this property and the appropriate remedy to vindicate this proprietary right. These remedies can take two forms. The first are proprietary remedies where the claimant is able to recover the property itself or at the very least acquire a security interest in the property in the defendant's hands. The second are personal remedies where the defendant is able to recover only the value of the property received by the defendant. The chapter discusses common law proprietary claims and remedies, personal claims and remedies at common law, personal claims and remedies in equity, and the future of personal claims and remedies.
The Defence of Bona Fide Purchase
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the defence of bona fide purchase. This defence is not generally available to all restitutionary claims, but rather is available to defeat those claims which are based on the claimant's legal or equitable property rights, in other words proprietary restitutionary claims. The defence is not available where the claim is founded on the reversal of the defendant's unjust enrichment, or where the claim is founded on the commission of a wrong, except where the wrong involves the claimant proving that the defendant had interfered with property in which the claimant has a proprietary interest. The chapter discusses the function of the defence, ambit of the defence (common law, equity, and rescission), conditions for establishing the defence (good faith and purchase for value), and operation of the defence.
Fundamental Principles and General Bars
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines general defences and bars, which are of general application to all, or almost all, restitutionary claims. Whereas a bar relates to the establishment of the cause of action, a defence only arises once the claimant has established the cause of action. Thus, the claimant bears the burden of proving that one of the bars to restitutionary claims is not applicable and, if the claimant is unable to show this, his or her claim will fail. If, however, the claimant can establish the claim, the burden then shifts to the defendant to plead and prove that one of the general defences is applicable. The chapter discusses the function and ambit of general defences and bars, principles underlying the general defences and bars, and general bars to restitutionary claims (exclusion of the right to restitution by contract, voluntary transfers, res judicata or issue estoppel, counter-restitution, and natural obligations).
Limitation Periods and Laches
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
For reasons of public policy, most civil actions are subject to a time bar whose effect is that, once a particular period of time has passed, the defendant can no longer be sued on that particular action. There are two distinct legal regimes relating to the barring of restitutionary actions by the passage of time. The first and most important regime is contained in the Limitation Act 1980, which specifies particular limitation periods for different types of actions. The second regime is the equitable defence of laches, which determines whether an equitable action is time barred by reference to the justice of the case having regard to all the surrounding circumstances. This chapter discusses reversal of the defendant's unjust enrichment, qualification of the general limitation period for particular restitutionary claims, restitutionary claims founded on the commission of tort or breach of contract, restitutionary claims founded on equitable wrongs, vindication of proprietary rights, and function of the laches defence.
Content and Construction
Authors: FREEDLAND FBA MARK R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter seeks to complete the analysis of the identity, nature, and main attributes of personal work or employment contracts by considering how, in the law of personal work or employment contracts, the content of those contracts is conceived and constructed. The first section explains the idea of guiding principles in relation to the express and implied terms of personal work or employment contracts. The succeeding sections articulate each of the guiding principles in more detail.
Microscopic Physics of Quantum Liquids
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere are two ways to study quantum liquids. One is the fully microscopic treatment, which can be realised either by numerical simulations of the many-body problem, or for some special ranges of the material parameters, analytically. The other is a phenomenological approach in terms of effective theories. The hierarchy of the effective theories corresponds to the low-frequency, long-wavelength dynamics of quantum liquids in different ranges of frequency. This chapter discusses the microscopic (atomic) physics of quantum liquids which is the analog of the Theory of Everything — the Planck scale physics, difference between microscopic particles and emerging quasiparticles, the interplay of microscopic and effective symmetries, the origin of fundamental constants and hierarchy of Planck energy scales in the ‘Theory of Everything’, vacuum pressure and vacuum energy and scenario of vanishing of cosmological constant. These are considered using the model of weakly interacting Bose gas, the model of quantum liquid, and the real liquid 4He.
Momentum Space Topology Protected By Symmetry
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn some fermionic systems the total topological charge of the Fermi point vanishes. However, the discrete symmetry may produce the nonzero p-space topological invariant, which protects the nodal point in the spectrum. Examples are provided by the planar phase of triplet superfluid/superconductor and the Standard Model of particle physics. This chapter discusses the momentum space topology protected by symmetry and Dirac mass emerging due to violation of symmetry. Theory is applied to the Standard Model and its extension, the Pati–Salam unification of quarks and leptons, which is represented in terms of spinons and holons. The generating function for the p-space topological invariants constrained by symmetry is introduced. Because of the discrete symmetry of the Standard Model all quark and leptons are massless in the symmetric phase of the Standard Model, while the violation of this symmetry gives mass to all fermions. The chapter also discusses re-entrant violation of special relativity at low energy, and p-space topology of exotic fermions with semi-Dirac spectrum.
Fermion Zero Modes on Vortices
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers fermion zero modes on vortex lines and cosmic strings. The quantum numbers, which characterize the energy spectrum of these fermionic excitations, are the linear (pz) and angular (Q) momenta along the string. There are two types of fermion zero modes: true and approximate. The approximate fermion zero modes have spectrum which crosses zero as function of Q. Due to discrete nature of angular momentum these modes have a small gap called minigap. This occurs in the core of vortices in conventional s-wave superconductors. The number of the anomalous branches is determined by the winding number of a vortex. This analog of index theorem is obtained using topology in combined (p,r) space. The true fermion zero modes have spectrum which crosses zero as function of pz. These modes take place inside vortices in triplet superconductors and 3He-B. The singly quantized vortex in 3He-A contains branch with exactly zero energy for all pz, while half-quantum vortex contains Majorana fermions. Both true and approximate zero modes are obtained using the semi-classical approach which is valid because the core size is much larger than the inverse wavelength of fermions. Analysis is extended to fermions on asymmetric vortices.
Conclusion
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAccording to the modern view, elementary particles (electrons, neutrinos, quarks, etc.) are excitations of some more fundamental medium called the quantum vacuum. This is the new aether of the 21st century. The electromagnetic and gravitational fields, as well as the fields transferring the weak and the strong interactions, all represent different types of collective motion of the quantum vacuum. Among the existing condensed matter systems, the particular quantum liquid, superfluid 3He-A most closely resembles the quantum vacuum of the Standard Model. The most important property of 3He-A is that its quasiparticles are very similar to the chiral elementary particles of the Standard Model (electrons and neutrinos), while its collective modes are very similar to gravitational, electromagnetic and SU (2) gauge fields, and the quanta of these collective modes are analogs of gravitons, photons, and weak bosons. The reason for this similarity between the two systems is a common momentum space topology.
Loss-of-Function Mutations of Retromer Large Subunit Genes Suppress the Phenotype of anArabidopsis zigMutant That Lacks Qb-SNARE VTI11
Authors: Hashiguchi Yasuko , Niihama Mitsuru , Takahashi Tetsuya , Saito Chieko , Nakano Akihiko , Tasaka Masao , Morita Miyo Terao 
Published: January 2010

AbstractArabidopsis thaliana zigzag (zig) is a loss-of-function mutant of Qb-SNARE VTI11, which is involved in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the vacuole. zig-1 exhibits abnormalities in shoot gravitropism and morphology. Here, we report that loss-of-function mutants of the retromer large subunit partially suppress the zig-1 phenotype. Moreover, we demonstrate that three paralogous VPS35 genes of Arabidopsis have partially overlapping but distinct genetic functions with respect to zig-1 suppression. Tissue-specific complementation experiments using an endodermis-specific SCR promoter show that expression of VPS35B or VPS35C cannot complement the function of VPS35A. The data suggest the existence of functionally specialized paralogous VPS35 genes that nevertheless share common functions.
Cytochrome P450 Family Member CYP704B2 Catalyzes the ω -Hydroxylation of Fatty Acids and Is Required for Anther Cutin Biosynthesis and Pollen Exine Formation in Rice
Authors: Li Hui , Pinot Franck , Sauveplane Vincent , Werck-Reichhart Danièle , Diehl Patrik , Schreiber Lukas , Franke Rochus , Zhang Ping , Chen Liang , Gao Yawei , Liang Wanqi , Zhang Dabing 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe anther cuticle and microspore exine act as protective barriers for the male gametophyte and pollen grain, but relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of the monomers of which they are composed. We report here the isolation and characterization of a rice (Oryza sativa) male sterile mutant, cyp704B2, which exhibits a swollen sporophytic tapetal layer, aborted pollen grains without detectable exine, and undeveloped anther cuticle. In addition, chemical composition analysis indicated that cutin monomers were hardly detectable in the cyp704B2 anthers. These defects are caused by a mutation in a cytochrome P450 family gene, CYP704B2. The CYP704B2 transcript is specifically detected in the tapetum and the microspore from stage 8 of anther development to stage 10. Heterologous expression of CYP704B2 in yeast demonstrated that CYP704B2 catalyzes the production of ω -hydroxylated fatty acids with 16 and 18 carbon chains. Our results provide insights into the biosynthesis of the two biopolymers sporopollenin and cutin. Specifically, our study indicates that the ω -hydroxylation pathway of fatty acids relying on this ancient CYP704B family, conserved from moss to angiosperms, is essential for the formation of both cuticle and exine during plant male reproductive and spore development.
Global Epigenetic and Transcriptional Trends among Two Rice Subspecies and Their Reciprocal Hybrids
Authors: He Guangming , Zhu Xiaopeng , Elling Axel A. , Chen Liangbi , Wang Xiangfeng , Guo Lan , Liang Manzhong , He Hang , Zhang Huiyong , Chen Fangfang , Qi Yijun , Chen Runsheng , Deng Xing-Wang 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The behavior of transcriptomes and epigenomes in hybrids of heterotic parents is of fundamental interest. Here, we report highly integrated maps of the epigenome, mRNA, and small RNA transcriptomes of two rice (Oryza sativa) subspecies and their reciprocal hybrids. We found that gene activity was correlated with DNA methylation and both active and repressive histone modifications in transcribed regions. Differential epigenetic modifications correlated with changes in transcript levels among hybrids and parental lines. Distinct patterns in gene expression and epigenetic modifications in reciprocal hybrids were observed. Through analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms from our sequence data, we observed a high correlation of allelic bias of epigenetic modifications or gene expression in reciprocal hybrids with their differences in the parental lines. The abundance of distinct small RNA size classes differed between the parents, and more small RNAs were downregulated than upregulated in the reciprocal hybrids. Together, our data reveal a comprehensive overview of transcriptional and epigenetic trends in heterotic rice crosses and provide a useful resource for the rice community.