bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms for identifying and regulating opportunistic behavior of personnel in a company
Authors: Yuzhakova N. A. 
Published: June 2024

Aim. To summarize the main mechanisms of regulating and limiting opportunistic behavior in the company.Objectives. To study the tools to prevent opportunistic behavior presented in the studies of consulting companies; to establish which methods of identifying opportunism are more effective; to describe the main mechanisms aimed at reducing the risk of opportunistic behavior in the company.Methods. The author applied methods of generalization of theoretical and practical base of mechanisms aimed at regulating opportunistic behavior, as well as processing and generalization of analytical materials of consulting companies and professional associations.Results. In order to reduce the risk of opportunistic behavior in the company, it is necessary to build an effective recruitment process. Companies need a third-party or internal security service that will reduce the percentage of risk of hiring employees who are detrimental to the company. Companies should also develop preventive measures to combat opportunistic behavior of employees (rules of business conduct enshrined in an official company document, with which the employee should be familiarized). In order to detect opportunism expressed in the so-called shirking, you can install special software on the work computer and use pass systems to track the time of arrival and departure of the employee. In addition, it is necessary to competently build the process of introducing mechanisms to regulate the manifestation of opportunistic behavior in order to avoid organizational conflicts and resistance on the part of the workforce. Creation of an effective system of personnel motivation will draw the attention of personnel to the achievement of the company's goals, because, having achieved them, they will achieve the reward for the work done. This will reduce the risk of opportunistic behavior, and the formation of the personnel reserve of the organization will allow the management to reduce the level of opportunism expressed in the form of misinforming the employer, hiding the true objectives of staying in a new workplace.Conclusions. In practice, there are many mechanisms for regulating and limiting opportunistic behavior of personnel. According to surveys of consulting companies, the first place is occupied by the policy of counteraction to corporate fraud, the second place is shared by the hotline and monitoring of suspicious activity, in which employees are involved by anonymous reporting of information. Then comes training for employees and company management, and data analytics. Tip-offs are used to detect 42 % of corporate fraud, with employees reporting illegal activities in 55 % of cases. Some companies conduct internal investigations, but almost 50 % of them do not respond to opportunism, including fraud.
Implementation a Different Segmentation Method as a Joint Prior Model to Reconstruction the Bayesian Image analysis
Authors: M. Al. Gezeri Salem , Elabd Othman Kamla 
Published: June 2024

The basic concepts in the application of Bayesian approaches to image analysis have been introduced as advanced method. The Bayesian approach contains benefits in respect to image analysis and interpretation because it permits the use of prior knowledge concerning the situation under study. This paper use to investigate the application of some of the well-known procedures (determines number labels of image under several conditions like noise of image, resolution of image) for the Bayesian image analysis with segmentation as a joint prior model in order to estimate the Maximum Likelihood (ML). Markov random field with segmentation which resulted by mean of posterior (MP). This paper contains several sections. Firstly, includes introduction about the image analysis with, Bayes frame work and statistical background to Markov's random field and its relationship through Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Secondly, section, which directly addresses solutions by using a principle of segmentation, which is a representation in threshold, is simply type introduced. Thirdly, presents the description of Experiment of Segmentation by depend on histogram also study of the factor (one prior) and the same model by adding segmentation (joint prior) based on techniques presented in the previously section are discussed . Fourthly, this section contains on the second prior implementation and simulation by using phantom data (Castle from south East Asia) also steps of estimation. Finally, result of experiment as well as estimation and summary.
الثقافة البيئية والوعي بمشكلاتها - دراسة في المفاهيم
Authors: علي محمد البوسيفي د. الصادق 
Published: June 2024

كثيرا ما يصادفنا لفظ "البيئة" خلال قراءتنا لمقال أو كتاب، أو استماعنا لمحاضرة معينة بل وحتى في المحادثات العادية بين عامة الناس، فغالبا ما تتردد على أسماعنا أو يقع ناظرنا على مصطلحات مثل: البيئة الجغرافية، البيئة لثقافية، البيئة الاقتصادية، البيئة الاجتماعية، البيئة السياسية ... الخ. ([1])
ورغم تعدد واختلاف المواضيع أو المجالات التي تم التعبير عنها بالبيئة، إلا أنها تعني جميعها "الوسط"، فإلى وقت ليس ببعيد، لم يشغل مفهوم البيئة بال الباحثين والدارسين ولم يحاولوا سبر أغواره، إلى غاية النصف الثاني من القرن العشرين، وبالتحديد سنه 1972م حين تم عقد مؤتمر ستوكهولم العالمي حول البيئة بسب التدهور والتلوث الذي مسها في مختلف مناطق العالم.
ومنذ ذلك الحين أصبح موضوع البيئة الشغل الشاغل للباحثين والدارسين في مختلف حقول العلوم الدقيقة والعلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية على حد سواء، فبعد البيولوجيا وعلم الاقتصاد والقانون وعلم النفس، انضم علم الاجتماع إلى العلوم المهتمة بالبيئة محاولا إيجاد تفسيرات للعلاقة القائمة بين البيئة الطبيعية والنظم الاجتماعية القائمة، ومن البديهي والمنطقي أن أول ما يقوم به العالم في دراسته لموضوع معين هو تحديد دقيق لمفهوم ذلك الموضوع، وعليه سنسعى من اللبس حول مفهوم البيئة.

([1]) أحمد حسن اللقاني و حسن محمد فارعة، التربية البيئية بين الحاضر والمستقبل، القاهرة، عالم الكتب، 1996، ص 122.
Validez de los contratos informáticos en el derecho positivo panameño
Authors: Fong Buckridge Jaime 
Published: June 2024

Hoy día las transacciones comerciales, y otras operaciones de carácter convencional, necesitan lograr validez y reconocimiento, ante el frenesí de los tiempos modernos. Lograr negociar un contrato, en el que se discutan las cláusulas para lograr un acuerdo, ya no es una prioridad, sino lo que se busca lograr es velocidad y volumen, y para esto la herramienta más eficaz son los contratos informáticos.

En virtud de lo anterior, los canales digitales o electrónicos, representan la ruta idónea, para que el comercio nacional e internacional, no se ralentice y por tanto, las operaciones sean cada vez más eficientes, pero a la vez, que aseguren a las partes involucradas, los derechos y obligaciones que dimanan de los mismos.

El presente artículo analiza la relación existente entre el Derecho y la Informática a partir de los contratos informáticos y las normas de Derecho Positivo que los regulan, según sus características y objeto.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Perception regarding antibiotic use and its associated resistance among the general public in Lahore, Pakistan.
Authors: Ikram Momina , Muhammad Aaliyan Khan  , Haris Javed  , Muhammad Asif Shareef  , Iqra Mushtaq  , Muhammad Ashraf Choudhary  
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Increasing misuse and irrational prescribing of antibiotics by physicians has led to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) posing a major global threat. Furthermore, only a few studies have been conducted to evaluate this domain in Pakistan. The objective of this study is to assess the general public’s knowledge, attitude, and perception towards antibiotic use and its resistance, and to determine positive associations between the various socio-demographic variables.
METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023. A convenient sampling technique was employed, selecting participants ≥ 18 years of age (n= 339). Structured questionnaires were distributed on different study sites and random participants were asked to respond immediately.
RESULTS: Results showed that assessing antibiotics use among these 342 participants in the last year, it was determined that the majority of them had only used antibiotics once 108(31.6%). A closer number of individuals had used antibiotics more than thrice 101(29.5%) shows no significant association between rural and urban with a p-value=0.941>0.05. The majority were also aware of fatal allergic reactions produced by some antibiotics and agreed to stop antibiotic use if any adverse reaction were to occur 277(81.0%)p-value=0.674>0.05. No significance was observed, although some near-significant values of importance were noted and discussed.
CONCLUSION: Antibiotic usage is commonly observed among all individuals; however, views contain many deviations. Constraints, including sample bias, Lahore’s urban dominance, and the omission of doctor-prescribing evaluations, highlight the study's limitations and have further skewed our results.
Deep Optical Emission-line Images of Nine Known and Three New Galactic Supernova Remnants
Authors: Fesen Robert A. , Drechsler Marcel , Strottner Xavier , Falls Bray , Sainty Yann , Martino Nicolas , Galli Richard , Ludgate Mathew , Blauensteiner Markus , Reich Wolfgang , Walker Sean , di Cicco Dennis , Mittelman David , Morgan Curtis , Kaeouach Aziz Ettahar , Rupert Justin , Benkhaldoun Zouhair 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Deep optical emission-line images are presented for nine known plus three new Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs), all but one having at least one angular dimension >1°. Wide-field images taken in Hα and [O iii] λ5007 reveal many new and surprising remnant structures including large remnant shock extensions and “breakout” features not seen in published optical or radio data. These images represent over 12,000 individual images totaling more than 1000 hr of exposure time taken over the last 2 yr mainly using small aperture telescopes, which detected fainter nebular line emissions than published emission-line images. During the course of this imaging program, we discovered three new SNRs, namely G107.5-5.1 (the Nereides Nebula), G209.9-8.2, and G210.5+1.3, two of which have diameters >1.°5. In addition to offering greater structural detail on the nine already known SNRs, a key finding of this study is the importance of [O iii] emission-line imaging for mapping the complete shock emissions of Galactic SNRs.
Differentially expressed morphological characters depend on sex and ontogenetic stage in the crab Goniopsis cruentata (Crustacea: Grapsidae)
Authors: Nunes da Silva Lucas , De Melo Junior Mauro , Shinozaki-Mendes Renata Akemi 
Published: June 2024

The hypothesis of this study was that significant variations in the growth rates of Goniopsis cruentata are related to intersexual and age-related characteristics, particularly in areas identified as secondary sexual (pleon, carapace and chelipeds). From February 2019 to January 2020, a total of 713 individuals were captured, 378 males and 335 females, with a carapace width ranging from 0.42 to 6.59 cm. Males and females showed negative allometry (β0<1) for all linear morphometric relationships, with an ontogenetic difference (p=0.0001) for all comparisons. In geometric morphometry, the dorsal view showed a significant difference in sexual comparisons (p=0.0001), in which males were wider in the posterior region than females. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the abdominal region between young and adult females (p=0.0001), with the young ones being triangular and the adults oval, a characteristic brachyuran behaviour. We observed morphological separation in cheliped shape in sexual comparison (F×M) and laterality (R×L) (p=0.0001), with no ontogenetic variations (A×J). Goniopsis cruentata showed a noteworthy ontogenetic and sexual dimorphism. In addition, the discovery of cheliped variation was recorded for arboreal species that do not show a high degree of heterochely. Understanding these ontogenetic variations is crucial for effective conservation strategies because it allows specific life stages and their corresponding needs to be identified.
Amphotericin B Deoxycholate Treatment of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in India
Authors: Sundar Shyam , Chakravarty Jaya , Singh Jitendra , Verma Deepak , Agrawal Neha , Dinkar Anju 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT.
Post–kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is widely prevalent in the endemic regions of India, but its treatment remains unsatisfactory. The WHO recommends a 12-week treatment with oral miltefosine, but its ocular toxicities are a serious concern. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the use of sodium stibogluconate and amphotericin B (AmB) for a brief period. Both drugs had frequent adverse events and were expensive, and the duration of treatments was unacceptably long. This retrospective study evaluated, analyzed, and reported the outcomes of PKDL patients treated with a shorter course of AmB, the most effective antileishmanial drug. The hospital records of PKDL patients treated with AmB by 30 alternate-day infusions over 60 days (instead of conventional 60–80 infusions over 100–120 days) between September 2010 and August 2016 were reviewed. Only patients with confirmed parasitological diagnosis were included. Their records were studied for treatment-related adverse events, end-of-treatment parasitological status, and 12-month follow-up results. One hundred two patients were eligible for this study between September 2010 and August 2016. After therapy, 92/102 (90.2%) patients improved; 3 (2.9%) had to cease treatment owing to severe adverse effects, and one died of severe diarrhea unrelated to AmB. Six (5.9%) patients withdrew consent before the treatment was complete. At the 12-month evaluation, 89/102 (87.3%) patients attained a final cure. A 30-infusion regimen of AmB remains highly effective in PKDL. Without a shorter, safer, and more economical regimen for the treatment of PKDL, it should be used until a better regimen is available.
Decomposition Analysis of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Vaccination Dropout in Remote and Underserved Settings in Ethiopia
Authors: Shiferie Fisseha , Gebremedhin Samson , Andargie Gashaw , Tsegaye Dawit A. , Alemayehu Wondwossen A. , Fenta Teferi Gedif 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT.
Despite increments in immunization coverage over the past decades, substantial inequality due to wealth status has persisted in Ethiopia. This study aimed to decompose the concentration index into the contributions of individual factors to socioeconomic inequalities of childhood vaccination dropout in remote and underserved settings in Ethiopia by using a decomposition approach. A wealth index was developed by reducing 41 variables related to women’s household living standards into nine factors by using principal component analysis. The components were further totaled into a composite score and divided into five quintiles (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, and richest). Vaccination dropout was calculated as the proportion of children who did not get the pentavalent-3 vaccine among those who received the pentavalent-1 vaccine. The concentration index was used to estimate socioeconomic inequalities in childhood vaccination dropout, which was then decomposed to examine the factors contributing to socioeconomic inequalities in vaccination dropout. The overall concentration index was −0.179 (P <0.01), confirming the concentration of vaccination dropout among the lowest wealth strata. The decomposition analyses showed that wealth index significantly contributed to inequalities in vaccination dropout (49.7%). Place of residence also explained −16.2% of the inequality. Skilled birth attendance and availability of a health facility in the kebele (the lowest administrative government structure) also significantly contributed (33.6% and 12.6%, respectively) to inequalities in vaccination dropout. Wealth index, place of residence, skilled birth attendance, and availability of a health facility in the kebele largely contributed to the concentration of vaccination dropout among the lowest wealth strata. Policymakers should address vaccination inequality by designing more effective strategies.
Malnutrition: From Mother to Child
Authors: Petri William A. , Hendrick Jennifer , Haque Rashidul 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT.
Malnutrition in children, defined as a child who is more than 2 standard deviations below the norm for height- or weight-for-age, is a pervasive, population-wide problem in low- and middle-income countries. Malnutrition is associated with increased infant mortality and delayed neurocognitive development. A recent pooled analysis of more than 30 longitudinal cohort studies demonstrated that the conditions mothers lived in during pregnancy, and their access to adequate nutrition, was a major factor in the subsequent growth and health of their children. We review here this analysis and the hypothesis that interventions to address childhood malnutrition need to start before birth and continue throughout the critical first 1,000 days of life.
The dynamics of hybrid-immune and immunodeficient susceptible individuals and the three stages of COVID-19 vaccination
Authors: Nwaibeh E. A. , Ali M. K. M. , Adewole M. O. 
Published: June 2024

The World Health Organization has disclosed that the hybrid-immune and immunodeficient individuals are two distinct classes of individuals susceptible to the COVID-19 virus. To model this unique characteristics of two distinct categories of susceptible individuals and the dynamics of the three phases of a vaccination program implemented by the World Health Organization in Malaysia, which have not been accounted for in previous studies, a twelve compartmental SSVEIHQR-D epidemiological model was developed. This model aimed to accurately capture the spread of the COVID-19 virus by fitting real-life data to the model and obtaining updated estimates of the reproduction number. The study also focused on assessing current control measures and exploring strategies to eradicate the virus and mitigate future outbreaks. Mathematical analyses of the model included investigations into stability, equilibrium points, the basic reproduction number R0, optimal control strategies, and sensitivity analyses. Estimation and fitting of the model parameters were conducted using daily situation reports from the Ministry of Health of Malaysia. The obtained value of the basic reproduction number, based on fitted parameter values, indicated stability and reflected the current pandemic situation more realistically. Additionally, the herd immunity threshold was calculated and interpreted in the context of the study findings. Finally, practical insights and recommendations derived from the model’s results were provided to inform government agencies, public health organizations, and intervention bodies, aimed at controlling the spread of the COVID-19 virus.
Setting the Stage for Play: Exploring the Relationship Between Play Type and Positive Caregiving Strategies During Therapeutic Playgroup
Authors: Fabrizi Sarah , Tilman Ann 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Importance: Although play and positive caregiving strategies have been associated with child well-being, little is known about the relationship between play type and strategies used by caregivers in early childhood.
Objective: To investigate whether a relationship exists between play type and positive caregiving strategies.
Design: Exploratory correlational nonexperimental design.
Setting: Early childhood center.
Participants: A convenience sample that included 60 observations of 14 caregivers during a therapeutic playgroup with 14 children with and without disabilities ages 15 mo to 3 yr (4 fathers, 3 mothers, 1 nanny, and 6 female early childhood teachers; age range = 30–39 yr). The caregivers were Black (n = 1; 7.1%), Hispanic (n = 5; 35.7%), and White (n = 8; 57.1%).
Outcomes and Measures: Positive caregiving strategies were scored using the Parenting Interactions with Children: Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes.
Results: Results revealed no significant correlations between play type and positive caregiving strategy. There was a positive, significant correlation between caregiving strategies (affection, responsiveness, encouragement, teaching, and total; rpbs = .767–.970, n = 58, p = .001). The play type and caregiver type variables did not predict total positive caregiving strategies, F(2, 57) = 2.147, p = .126. One variable, caregiver type, added statistical significance to the prediction (p = .045).
Conclusions and Relevance: The findings show no relationship between play type and positive caregiving strategy. Consideration of the types of caregivers participating in a therapeutic playgroup and their roles and use of positive strategies during play is worthy of further investigation.
Plain-Language Summary: This study explored how parent and teacher caregivers supported children (both with and without disabilities) during a therapeutic playgroup at an early childhood center. Therapeutic playgroups are a special type of group play in which a trained professional helps guide play activities to support participation. The researchers wanted to see whether there was a connection between the type of play the children engaged in and how the adult caregivers interacted with them. The surprising finding was that there was no link between play type and how caregivers interacted. However, the caregivers often used positive strategies with the children, regardless of the play activity. Interestingly, type of caregiver (parent, teacher) seemed to make a slight difference in how they interacted with the children during playtime. Overall, this study suggests that more research is needed to understand how the types of play activities and objects might influence caregiver interactions during group play.
Die Krux mit den Fusarien
Authors: Schaal René 
Published: June 2024

Frankfurt a.M. Fusarien gehören zu den weltweit bedeutendsten Schadpilzen im Getreide. Sie verursachen Nekrosen an Blättern und Halmen sowie Kümmerkörner. Außerdem kann die Keimfähigkeit des Saatguts vermindert werden. Das Pilzgeflecht breitet sich im Halminneren aus, was zu Ertragseinbußen und Qualitätsverlusten führt.