bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 2‐Alkylidene‐1,2,3,4‐ tetrahydropyrimidines
Authors: Lu Wei , Song Wangze , Hong Deng , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA one‐pot synthesis of N‐sulfonyl‐2‐alkylidene‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrimidines via a highly selective and copper‐catalyzed multicomponent reaction of sulfonyl azides, terminal alkynes and α,β‐unsaturated imines has been developed. The α,β‐unsaturated imine substrates could be generated from amines and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in a one‐pot process. The procedure is concise, general and efficient.
Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Mannich‐Type Reactions of α‐Cyano Ketones with N‐Boc Aldimines Catalyzed by Chiral Bifunctional Urea
Authors: Lee Ju Hee , Kim Dae Young 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe catalytic enantioselective electrophilic Mannich‐type reaction promoted by chiral bifunctional organocatalysts is described. The treatment of α‐cyano ketones with N‐Boc‐aldimines under mild reaction conditions afforded the corresponding β‐amino‐α‐cyano ketones with excellent diastereoselectivities (up to syn/anti=100/0), and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee).
Ruthenium(II) Acetate Catalyst for Direct Functionalisation of sp2‐CH Bonds with Aryl Chlorides and Access to Tris‐ Heterocyclic Molecules
Authors: Požgan Franc , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe in situ generated (p‐cymene)ruthenium diacetate [Ru(OAc)2(p‐cymene)] catalyst 2, prepared from the (p‐cymene)ruthenium dichloride dimer {[RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2, 1} and potassium acetate (KOAc), acts as an excellent catalyst for ortho CH bond functionalisation of 2‐pyridylbenzene with unactivated aryl chlorides in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3). Quantitative diarylation can be reached in 1 h at 120 °C. The diarylation of 2‐pyridylbenzene with 2‐halopyridines and 2‐ and 3‐halothiophenes was performed with 1 in the presence of KOAc or K2CO3 under more drastic conditions to generate the potential tridentate ligands, tris[1,2,3‐(2‐pyridyl)]benzenes and bis(2,6‐thiophenyl)2‐pyridylbenzenes.
Kalte Moleküle: Herstellung, Anwendungen und Herausforderungen
Authors: Schnell Melanie , Meijer Gerard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDie Forschung an kalten Molekülen hat sich in den letzten Jahren rasant entwickelt. Es gibt mittlerweile eine Reihe etablierter Methoden, um Moleküle in der Gasphase auf Temperaturen im Millikelvin‐Bereich zu kühlen. Dennoch konzentriert sich ein Schwerpunkt der aktuellen Forschung darauf, neue Wege zu finden, um die Temperaturen der Moleküle dem absoluten Nullpunkt noch näher zu bringen. Proben kalter Moleküle bieten nicht nur wichtige Anwendungen für die hochauflösende Spektroskopie, die von den verlängerten Wechselwirkungszeiten der langsamen Moleküle mit der elektromagnetischen Strahlung profitiert. Sie versprechen auch einen Zugang zu einem exotischen Regime der chemischen Reaktivität, in dem Phänomene wie Quantentunneln und ‒resonanzen vorherrschen. Dieser Aufsatz beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Methoden, mit denen kalte Moleküle hergestellt werden können, mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf der Stark‐Abbremsung und auf Molekülfallen. Ein wichtiger Teil des Aufsatzes ist neben den teilweise bereits realisierten auch den zukünftig möglichen Anwendungen kalter Moleküle gewidmet, die beide mithilfe ausgewählter Beispiele näher beleuchtet werden.
Synthesis and In‐Vitro Anti‐Hepatitis‐B Virus Activity of 6H‐[1]Benzothiopyrano[4,3‐b] quinolin‐10‐ols
Authors: Jia Wei , Zhao Yanfang , Li Rongdong , Wu Yanjiao , Li Zebiao , Gong Ping 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of 9‐methoxy‐6H‐[1]benzothiopyrano[4,3‐b]quinolin‐10‐ols with a Mannich side chain were synthesized and evaluated for their anti‐Hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity in HepG2.2.15 cells. Some compounds showed significant anti‐HBV activity with IC50 values less than 41 μM. Among them, compound 9b was the most effective anti‐HBV agent (IC50 = 1.7 μM, SI = 60.3).
GPR, ERT and magnetic investigations inside the Martyrium of St Philip, Hierapolis, Turkey
Authors: Nuzzo Luigia , Leucci Giovanni , Negri Sergio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHierapolis, Denizli, Turkey, was one of the most important Hellenistic‐Roman cities in Asia Minor. Located about 250 km east of Izmir, the area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its magnificent archaeological remains and the white travertine pool formations created by its peculiar geothermal setting. The Italian Archaeological Mission in more than 50 years of activity in Hierapolis has brought to light and restored important vestiges of the ancient city, helping to understand the urban layout in the various epochs of its development. In 2001–2003 geophysical surveys were performed by the University of Lecce in several areas inside the archaeological site of Hierapolis to support the archaeological excavations. This paper reports the results of the integrated geophysical surveys performed in 2003 inside the Martyrium of Saint Philip, a mausoleum built on the place where it is believed that the Apostle was martyred. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and magnetic gradient investigations were carried out in the central octagonal room, whereas the accessible lateral rooms were surveyed with GPR and occasionally ERT. The acquisition was performed along a series of closely spaced lines and the processed data were visualized as two‐dimensional vertical sections (GPR), map view (magnetic gradiometry), depth slices or three‐dimensional volumes (GPR and ERT) to allow an integrated interpretation of the geophysical results. The analysis of the geophysical datasets revealed a series of anomalies in both the central and lateral rooms that could be ascribed to the building foundations and to other possible archaeological structures, probably related to earlier stages of the sacred building and to tombs, as well as other anomalies (voids, fractures) of presumable natural origin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic skeletal disorders of the fetus and infant: Pathologic and molecular findings in a series of 41 cases
Authors: Konstantinidou Anastasia E. , Agrogiannis Georgios , Sifakis Stavros , Karantanas Apostolos , Harakoglou Vassileios , Kaminopetros Petros , Hatzaki Angeliki , Petersen Michael B. , Karadimas Charalampos , Velissariou Voula , Velonis Stylianos , Papantoniou Nikolaos , Antsaklis Aristeidis , Patsouris Efstratios 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Genetic skeletal disorders of the fetus and infant are a large group of genetic disorders, comprising the groups formerly assigned as skeletal dysplasias (osteochondrodysplasias), dysostoses, and malformation syndromes with a skeletal component. Genetic skeletal disorders may be prenatally detected by ultrasonography or result in intrauterine or early postnatal death, constituting one difficult diagnostic field met by the pathologist who performs the perinatal autopsy. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we have gathered radiologic, physical, histopathologic, and molecular data regarding 41 cases of genetic skeletal disorders diagnosed among 1980 fetal and perinatal autopsies over a 10‐year period. RESULTS: Our series of cases were classified according to the 2006 Nosology and Classification of Genetic Skeletal Disorders. The overall frequency of genetic skeletal disorders was 1:48 autopsies. The FGFR3 group and osteogenesis imperfecta type 2 were the more frequently encountered disorders. The mean gestational age at autopsy was 21.9 weeks (range, 12–37 weeks). A final diagnosis was obtained in 95% of cases. Genetic skeletal disorders were detected by prenatal ultrasound in 90% of cases, with a correct typing of the disorder achieved in only 34%. Molecular analysis was confirmative in 5 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The central role of the perinatal pathologist in collaboration with specialized services is essential for the correct interpretation of the radiologic, physical, and histopathologic findings, to accurately classify specific types of genetic skeletal disorders and enable genetic counseling. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Women's perspectives on counseling about risks for medication‐induced birth defects
Authors: Santucci Aimee K. , Gold Melanie A. , Akers Aletha Y. , Borrero Sonya , Schwarz Eleanor Bimla 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPURPOSE: This qualitative study explored women's experiences with counseling about medication‐induced birth defects, as well as how and when they would like to receive information on medication‐induced birth defects from their health care providers (HCPs). METHODS: We conducted four focus groups with 36 women of reproductive age (18–45 years old) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Twenty‐one women were using medications to treat a chronic health condition, and two were pregnant. Content analysis was performed by three independent coders using a grounded theory approach. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: Women reported depending on their HCPs for information about the risks of teratogenic effects of medications on a pregnancy, but felt the information they had been provided was not always comprehensive. Women want HCPs to initiate discussions about potentially teratogenic medications at the time the medications are prescribed, regardless of whether the woman is sexually active or planning a pregnancy. Women want clear information about all potential outcomes for a fetus. Factors women reported as being critical to effective teratogenic risk counseling included privacy, sufficient time to discuss the topic, and a trusting relationship with their HCP. CONCLUSIONS: Women of reproductive age think that providing information about the possible teratogenic effects of medications could be improved by routine discussions of teratogenic risks at the time medications are prescribed. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vom Samentier zur Samenzelle: Die Neudeutung der Zeugung im 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Vienne Florence 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFrom Spermatic Animalcules to Sperm Cells: The Reconceptualization of Generation in the 19th Century. At the end of the 18th and still at the beginning of the 19th century most naturalists considered spermatic animalcules to be parasites of the seminal fluid that played no role in procreation. This view was progressively questioned by 19th century physiologists. They gradually redefined the spermatic animals as (cellular) products of the male organism, as agents of fertilization and bearers of the male heredity material. This article discusses this change from two different perspectives: on a microhistorical level, it analyzes the experimental research of the naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729–1799) and of the physiologist Albert Kölliker (1817–1905) in order to show how spermatozoa were turned into a new epistemic object of biology – the sperm cell. Further, it asks how the role of the reconceptualization of spermatic animalcules affected the long‐term transformations that gave rise of our modern understanding of heredity, generation and the sexed body. By combining these two perspectives, the article aims to connect historiographies that are often kept separate: the macrohistorical narratives about gender and the body in the modern age and the microhistorical studies of biomedical practices and objects.
Zitation, Legitimation, Affirmation. Schreibweisen des medizinischen Menschenexperiments 1750–1840
Authors: Sabisch Katja 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCitation, Legitimation, Affirmation. Notations of Medical Experiments on Human Subjects 1750–1840. This paper deals with the problem of representing human subjects in experimental records and focuses the early experimentation on human beings between 1750 and 1840. Unlike the scientific fragmentation of the body since 1840, which coincides with a specific technique of writing down experiments on human subjects by making them disappear behind numbers and charts, a close reading of different experimental records before the ‘vivisectional turn’ shows the status of the experimental subject as a witness or even as an agreer. Based on the assumption that the individual played a crucial role in representing experimental practices until the middle of the nineteenth century, the paper wants to point out how this was linked to the discursive practice of citation, legitimation, and affirmation.
An elaborate education of basic genetic programming using C++
Authors: Sahoo Nirod C. , Chin Jeremy G. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEvolutionary search is a global search method based on natural selection. In engineering curriculum, these techniques are taught in courses like Evolutionary Computation, Engineering Optimization, etc. Genetic algorithm (GA) is popular among these algorithms. Genetic programming (GP), developed by John Koza, is a powerful extension of GA where a chromosome/computer program (CP) is coded as a rooted point‐labeled tree with ordered branches. The search space is the space of all possible CPs (trees) consisting of functions and terminals appropriate to the problem domain. GP uses, like GA, crossover and mutation for evolution. Due to tree‐structured coding of individuals, the initial population generation, genetic operators' use, and tree decoding for fitness evaluations demand careful computer programming. This article describes the programming steps of GP implementation (using C++ language) for students' easy understanding with pseudocodes for each step. Two application examples are also illustrated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 434–448, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com; DOI 10.1002/cae.20165
Effects of β‐carotene on antioxidant status in rats with chronic alcohol consumption
Authors: Lin Wan‐Teng , Huang Chi‐Chang , Lin Tien‐Jen , Chen Jiun‐Rong , Shieh Ming‐Jer , Peng Hsiang‐Chi , Yang Suh‐Ching , Huang Chih‐Yang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effects of β‐carotene on antioxidant status in rats with chronic alcohol consumption. At the beginning of experiment (week 0), according to both the plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, rats (n = 24) were divided into 3 groups and fed with a standard diet (group C), a diet containing ethanol (group E), or a diet containing ethanol and β‐carotene (group E+B). After 10 weeks, plasma AST and ALT, fat accumulation in the liver, antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes and the liver, malondialdehyde (MDA), and α‐tocopherol and retinol in plasma and hepatic samples were analyzed. The chronic alcohol diet significantly increased AST and ALT levels in plasma, and these changes were prevented by supplementing the diet with β‐carotene. Glutathione (GSH) in erythrocytes and in the liver was significantly elevated in rats fed with a diet containing β‐carotene. The results indicate that β‐carotene supplementation can prevent ethanol‐induced liver damage and increase GSH concentrations in erythrocytes and the liver. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeting Mitochondria with Organelle‐Specific Compounds: Strategies and Applications
Authors: Yousif Lema F. , Stewart Kelly M. , Kelley Shana O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMitochondria are the energy factories of the cell and also serve as a checkpoint regulating programmed cell death. Not surprisingly, dysfunctional mitochondria are implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from metabolic disorders to cancer. Treatment of these diseases through the delivery of targeted drugs, however, is impeded by the difficulty of penetrating the membranes that define this organelle. The properties of this barrier serve as a major obstacle to drug delivery and a lack of effective transporters has hindered the advancement of mitochondrial medicine. Recently, however, synthetic transporters that show promise for the mito‐specific delivery of bioactive cargos have begun to emerge. This review summarizes the most exciting of these developments and discusses their applications.
Phosphodiester Substrates for Incorporation of Nucleotides in DNA Using HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Giraut Anne , Dyubankova Natalia , Song Xiao‐ping , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn previous research we demonstrated that some amino acid derivatives of deoxyadenosine 5′‐O‐monophosphate act as substrates for incorporation into DNA by HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase while retaining the canonical base‐pair selectivity for all natural bases. Thus, some amino acids mimic the pyrophosphate group in the polymerization process with this enzyme. Herein we extended this study to the evaluation of a range of potential new leaving groups with aromatic and aliphatic structures carrying one or two carboxylic acid functions. Out of this series, the isophthalic acid derivative of deoxyadenosine 5′‐O‐monophosphate gave single‐nucleotide incorporation results similar to those obtained with the L‐aspartic acid phosphoramidate of deoxyadenosine monophosphate. The glycolic acid analogue is a better substrate than the glycine congener, supporting the good leaving group properties of a phosphodiester linkage. These investigations provide new insight into the structural requirements for leaving groups that can mimic the pyrophosphate moiety of nucleoside triphosphates.
Numerical Simulation of Mold Filling Processes with Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Geier S. , Winkler C. , Piesche M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDesign and dimensioning of manufacturing processes based on filling molds with polyurethane foams still require the use of highly empirical approaches. This includes numerous experimental runs with expensive prototypes. Therefore, a method has to be found to analyze the molding process at an early stage of product development to shorten time‐to‐market cycles and cut costs by using fewer prototypes. With the computational power available today and growing computational power in the future, the tool of choice is the numerical simulation of mold filling processes with computational fluid dynamics software.
A Heat‐Integrated Reverse‐Flow Reactor Concept for Endothermic High‐Temperature Syntheses. Part II: Development of a Reformer Prototype for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Tellaeche C. , Glöckler B. , Kolios G. , Nieken U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the first part of the contribution, the asymmetric operation of a reverse‐flow reactor for endothermic high‐temperature syntheses has been introduced and front phenomena have been discussed. The current part presents the implementation of the concept to the production of hydrogen by methane steam reforming. A key element of the developed reformer is the integration of combustion chambers for in situ heat generation during reheating of the bed. To avoid local temperature peaks, the concept of flameless combustion is used. The concept was adapted to the requirements of the unsteady operation. A proper design of the combustion chamber was developed using computational fluid dynamics calculations, tracer experiments and tests in a single combustion chamber. The concept was further tested under periodic operation in a laboratory setup. The formation of the desired, axially extended high‐temperature plateau in the center of the reactor could be shown experimentally. The results prove the adequacy of the reverse‐flow reformer to attain a stable periodic operation without excess temperatures.
A Heat‐Integrated Reverse‐Flow Reactor Concept for Endothermic High‐Temperature Syntheses. Part I: Fundamentals – Short‐Cut Theory and Experimental Verification of a Traveling Endothermic Reaction Zone
Authors: Glöckler B. , Kolios G. , Tellaeche C. , Nieken U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCoupling endothermic and exothermic reactions in multifunctional reactors poses a challenge concerning the reactor temperature control. A reactor concept particularly suitable to combine high productivity and efficient thermal integration with moderate temperatures is presented. This is accomplished by operating an adiabatic fixed‐bed reactor in an asymmetric reverse‐flow mode with alternating production and regeneration cycles. The key feature of this reactor concept is a distributed heat supply during the regeneration cycle, enabling a rigid temperature control and efficient utilization of the heat capacity of the fixed bed. This issue is divided into two parts. The first part (this article) presents a short‐cut method for analysis and for optimal reactor design as well as the experimental evidence of the existence of traveling endothermic reaction zones. The second part describes the experimental implementation of the concept in the prototype of a methane steam reformer for hydrogen production using controlled heat release by flameless combustion.
Conceptual Design of Integrated Chromatographic Processes for the Production of Single (Stereo‐)Isomers
Authors: García Palacios J. , Kaspereit M. , Kienle A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA fundamental investigation is performed for integrated processes that combine continuous chromatography and isomerization reactions to produce a single (stereo‐)isomer. The focus is on the conceptual design of different process concepts and their theoretical analysis. The investigated process variants include reactor‐separator‐recycle systems, schemes with side reactors, and chromatographic reactors. As a new option, continuous chromatographic reactors with internally distributed functionalities are suggested. Using parameters of a model system, the performance of the processes is compared based on optimizations of corresponding models. The results reveal the potential and the limits of the different approaches under various conditions. It is found that the suggested new options can allow for significantly enhanced process performance.
Lewis Acid Controlled Regioselectivity in Styrene Hydrocyanation
Authors: Bini Laura , Pidko Evgeny A. , Müller Christian , van Santen Rutger A. , Vogt Dieter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAccording to present knowledge, the Ni‐catalyzed hydrocyanation of styrene leads predominantly to the branched product 2‐phenylpropionitrile (98 %). We observed a dramatic inversion of the regioselectivity upon addition of a Lewis acid. Up to 83 % of the linear product 3‐phenylpropionitrile was obtained by applying phosphite ligands in the presence of AlCl3. The mechanism of the Ni‐catalyzed reaction and the influence of additional Lewis acids have been investigated by means of deuterium labeling experiments, NMR studies, and DFT calculations. Furthermore, the behavior of different Lewis acids, such as CuCN, could be rationalized and predicted by DFT calculations.