bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annealing of Amorphous Ni-Nb/Cu Overlayer Films - Thermal Groove Kinetics
Authors: Farrens S. N. , Perepczko J. H. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTRecent studies have shown that sputter deposited amorphous NixNb1−x (60≤×≤75) alloy films are effective diffusion barriers for operation at temperatures up to 6(X) °C[1]. The thermal stability of the amorphous films has been established on Si and GaAs substrates and may be modified by interactions wilji polycrystalline metal overlayer films. In the current work a detailed microstructural examination by cross-sectional TEM was performed on the annealing behavior of 50 nm polycrystalline Cu films on amorphous Ni60Nb40. Specifically, the development of grooves at the intersection of grain boundaries in the Cu film with both the free surface and the amorphous Ni60Nb40 base was monitored to evaluate the low temperature interfacial diffusion processes. Based upon measurements of the groove dimensions and dihedral angle during vacuum annealing at 450 °C, the surface diffusion coefficient of Cu was determined as 7.4 × 10-20 m2/sec and the surface energy for Cu derived from groove kinetics was in good agreement with other reported determinations. In addition, the grain boundary grooves that were present at the Cu/amorphous Ni60Nb40 interface in the as-deposited condition were observed to be eliminated during annealing. Again, by following the kinetics of groove healing the interfacial diffusivity was determined to be of the order of 10-28m2/sec at 500 °C and the interfacial energy for the amorphous film/Cu surface was estimated to be ≥ 340 mJ/cm2. The benefits of utilizing amorphous Ni-Nb alloys as underlays to retard thermal grooving and electromigration failure in copper arc discussed.
Blanket and Selective Copper CVD from Cu (Fod)2 For Multilevel Metallization
Authors: Kaloyeros Alain E. , Saxena Arjun N. , Brooks Kenneth , Ghosh Sumanta , Eisenbraun Eric 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAs the focus of integration technology inevitably shifts from the present very large scale integration (VLSI) to ultra large scale integration (ULSI) schemes, thus leading to continuous decrease in circuit dimensions, the limitations of present multilevel metallization technologies become increasingly important. Because of the appreciably higher speeds and more complex multi-functional layering involved in the newest ULSI circuits, the electrical resistance and capacitance of presently used interconnects and their electromigration and stress resistance stand as major limiting factors to signal processing throughput. In this paper, some recent results achieved by the present investigators in their studies of blanket and selective low-temperature metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (LTMOCVD) of copper for potential use in multilevel metallizations in ULSIC’s are presented. The films were produced at 300–400°C in atmospheres of pure H2 or Ar from the β-diketonate precursor bis(6, 6, 7,7, 8, 8, 8-heptafluoro-2, 2-dimethy1-3, 5-octanediono)copper(II), Cu(fod)2. The films were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford Backscattering (RBS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), and four-point resistivity probe. The results of these studies showed that films deposited on metallic substrates were uniform, continuous, adherent, highly pure, and exhibited very low resistivity, as low as 1.8 μΩcm for films deposited in pure H2 atmosphere. Preliminary investigations of selective LTMOCVD of copper showed that selectivity is indeed possible, but is a function of a wide range of parameters that include reactor geometry, substrate type and temperature, working pressure, type of carrier gas, and precursor chemistry.
A Microstructural Investigation into the Effect of the Ambient Atmosphere on Chromium/Polyimide Interfaces
Authors: Peddada S.R. , Robertson I.M. , Birnbaum H.K. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the effect of the ambient atmosphere (air, vacuum and deuterium) during thermal cycling on chromium/polyimide (Cr/PI) interfaces. Cross-section TEM has been employed to reveal the interface microstructure and morphology. The extent of interdiffusion across the metal/polyimide interface was determined by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy in the STEM. The nature of the mechanical failure was identified by SEM and the locus of failure determined by Auger Electron Spectroscopy. It was observed that in the Cr/Cu/Cr/PI/Si system, tensile cracks form in the metal layers that originate at the Cr/PI interface after thermal cycling in any of the ambient atmosphere. Also, after annealing, the Cr/PI interface remains sharp, with no significant diffusion of Cr across the interface, irrespective of the ambient atmosphere.
Applied Mechanics of Materials in Conservation Research
Authors: Mecklenburg Marion F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMuch of the damage found in cultural and artistic objects is not chemical in nature but results from mechanical responses to stimuli such as changes in temperature, relative humidity, impact, and vibration. Analytical tools of engineering mechanics are available that allow us both to diagnose existing problems as well as to predict the effects of future potential hazardous conditions for many objects. A systematic approach of applying engineering principles to cultural objects requires two fundamental steps: 1, determining the mechanical properties of the constitutive material found in objects, and 2, developing analytical procedures that determine the overall effect of the individual material responses to various stimuli on the object as a whole. The individual material properties are typically defined as the yield and ultimate strengths, the elastic modulus, and the strains to yield and failure.For the vast proportion of cultural objects, the materials are organic, and their mechanical properties are dramatically altered by environmental factors such as changes in temperature and relative humidity.One of the most successful analytical techniques is Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using the digital computer. This method will allow one to numerically model an object, to mathematically induce environmental changes as well as determine the mechanical effects of these changes on the object modeled.
Ion Beam Analysis of Pigments
Authors: Cho Barbara , Baum Joanna , Revesz P. , Taft W.S. , Mayer D. , Mayor J.W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have analyzed single and multiple layer paint samples to evaluate 3 MeV external beam proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) for elemental analysis of inorganic pigments. The results are compared to those from energy dispersive electron microprobe analysis and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The advantage of PIXE is that the protons' penetration depth of 100 microns is more than 25 times greater than that of 20 keV electrons and 10 times greater than 3 MeV alpha particles, thus allowing analysis of relatively thick samples of up to 100 microns. The proton beam is passed into the atmosphere (external to the vacuum system) through a thin polymer film, and the beam area on target is 1 mmz. Electron microprobe and RBS require vacuum compatible samples; therefore, the pigments were painted on silicon wafers. Calibration was obtained from metallic thin-film samples of known thickness. The cross calibration of the three analytical techniques allowed evaluation of external PIXE analysis of paint films. We suggest that this nondestructive method is suitable for elemental analysis of drawings and paintings provided that further studies indicate no long term damage is caused.
Laser Spectroscopy of Materials Used in Paintings
Authors: Larson Londa J. , Shin Kyeong-Sook Kim , Zink Jeffrey I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA wide variety of natural resins, waxes, gums, drying oils and proteinaceous materials used on paintings are photoluminescent. The photoluminescence spectra of these materials are reported and discussed. The application of this technique towards the identification of these materials is considered. Both bulk materials and films prepared from selected bulk materials were studied and a comparison is made between the bulk and film samples. Temperature and excitation wavelength studies are reported and discussed for several of the samples.
Electron and Optical Microscopy of Prehispanic Mural Paintings
Authors: Magaloni Diana , Aguilar Miguel , Castaño Victor 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn 1984, archaeologists discovered an important group of mural paintings at the site of Cacaxtla, Mexico. Research has been undertaken to analyze the Prehispanic pigments and the painting techniques employed in these paintings. The present work is focused on the use of colors in these paintings by means of optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The stratigraphic structure of painting layers support the presence of an organic binding media. In addition, Maya blue is for the first time described physically by TEM.
The Use of Epoxy Resins for Stone Consolidation
Authors: Selwitz Charles M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn overview on the causes and methods of treatment of stone deterioration is presented. The reasons for and prejudices against epoxy resins for stone consolidaton are described in terms of achieving deep penetration, improvement in mechanical strength and good water repellancy without the inhibition of water vapor transmission. Early work which failed to understand the nature of epoxy curing in solution is outlined, and more recent research, where this problem has been solved, is discussed.
Toward a Better Understanding of B72 Acrylic Resin/Methyltrimethoxysilane Stone Consolidants
Authors: Wheeler G.S. , Shearer G.L. , Fleming S. , Kelts L.W. , Vega A. , Koestler R.J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractB72 acrylic resin/methyltrimethoxysilane (YMTMOS) mixtures are frequently employed as consolidants for deteriorated limestones, sandstones and marbles- The addition of B72 to MTMOS imparts adhesive properties to the consolidant but it is not known to what degree the B72 affects the reactions which MTMOS must undergo to form a solid polymer network. This paper examines the following chemical, physical, and mechanical properties in order to better understand B72/MTMOS systems: 1. viscosity 2. vapor pressure 3. reaction mechanism and kinetics 4. chemical nature of polymer solids 5. rupture moduli of polymer solids and 6. rupture moduli of stone/consolidant composites.
Contour Scaling on Building Facades - Dependence on Stone Type and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Wendler Eberhard , Klemm Dietrich D. , Snethlage Rolf 
Published: March 2011

AbstractContour scaling is often observed on building facades, especially built from clay-rich sandstones. The paper shows that a soluble salt enriched zone and a decrease of the flexural strength below the stone surface can be detected even if a damage is not yet visible. A computer simulated wetting-drying process demonstrates that the mean humidity maximum is situated below the surface. Its depth coincides with the depth of the salt maximum and strenth minimum.
Cathodoluminescence Signature of White Marble Artefacts
Authors: Barbin Vincent , Ramseyer K. , Burns S. J. , Decrouez D. , Maier J. L. , Chamay J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe cathodoluminescence characteristics of more than 500 white marble samples from known classical quarrying sites and surrounding areas in Greece, Turkey and Italy were analysed to develop a rapid and low-cost method for the characterization of white marbles. In most cases, the observed cathodoluminescence colors, intensity and intensity distribution form a distinct “cathodomicrofacies” which is commonly unique for a given area, quarry or parts of a quarry.In cases where the cathodomicrofacies is common to more than one quarrying area, the stable isotope signature of the white marbles provides an effective complement to cathodoluminescence, and allows additional distinctions between marbles to be made.The study of field samples from ancient quarrying areas can identify the source of white marble used for ancient sculptures and buildings. This new approach has been successfully tested on ancient marble sculptures and sarcophaguses from the collection of the Art and History Museum in Geneva.
Dynamic Studies of Materials Using the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Doehne Eric , Stulik Dusan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDynamic studies allow the observation of microscopical changes of materials over time as various factors alter an object. Using this methodology, processes important in art conservation and archaeology such as the wetting and drying of consolidated and unconsolidated building materials or the corrosion of metals from air pollutants can be studied in situ and in tempora. The development of the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope has made it possible to videotape these dynamic processes at nearly the same resolution limits as traditional SEM technologies without elaborate sample preparation. Experiments examining salt crystallization, shrinkage in adobe, and lead corrosion illustrate the value and applicability of the new E-SEM technology.
Painterly Ceramics in Classical Athens and Renaissance Italy
Authors: Kingery W. David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFired clay vessels began to be produced in the Near East about 8,000 years ago; these vessels were utilitarian, undecorated, fired at a relatively low temperature and seem to have been derived from brick-making practices. By about 6,000 B.C., pottery making was a well developed craft and the use of slip coatings, ocher red and black decoration with control of oxidation-reduction during firing, impressed designs, rouletting, manganese oxide and spinel black pigments, coil and slab construction, burnishing, joining, paddle and anvil shaping, carving, trimming and preparing clays by decanting a suspension were widely known [1]. By the fifth millennium, these techniques had become quite sophisticated and were used to produce polychrome wares and glossy surfaces. Painted and glazed designs were confined to decorative motifs appropriate to a particular technique and culture.
Ceramic Imagery in Ancient Near Eastern Literature
Authors: Polinger Karen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAncient Near Eastern literature includes numerous metaphors, similes, and other figures of speech referring to ceramics. This paper presents selected examples of Sumerian, Akkadian, Egyptian, and Biblical texts using clay, empty or filled vessels, potsherds, potters and the tools of their trade, and potters′ quarters. By examining systematically for the first time the literary, art historical, and archaeological contexts for ceramic imagery, new light may be shed on the role and meaning of ceramics in the ancient Near East. Among the topics considered are: (1) the importance of ceramics in creation imagery; (2) the nature of ceramic death and destruction imagery; (3) ceramic imagery with cornucopial connotations; and (4) literary perceptions of clay, pottery, and the status of potters. The material assembled in this study adds significantly to the evidence gleaned from stylistic and technical analysis of ancient Near Eastern ceramics.
Statistical Analysis of Lead Isotope Data in Provenance Studies
Authors: Reedy Terry J. , Reedy Chandra L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTracing artifacts to ore sources is different from assigning ore samples to time epochs. Until now, archaeometrists working with lead isotopes have used the ratio methods developed by geochronologists. For provenance studies, however, the use of composition data (the fraction of each of the four isotopes) leads to fewer arbitrary choices, two standard types of plots (labelled ternary and canonical variable), and a consistent method of discriminant analysis for separating groups of samples from different sources.
Use Technologies: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Kalinga Pottery
Authors: Aronson Meredith , Skibo James M. , Stark Miriam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt is difficult to assess the relative importance of technical and non-technical factors in inferring modes of technological decision-making in prehistory. Examination of pottery use technology among the Kalinga using both ethnoarchaeological material and laboratory analysis demonstrates the importance of not only technical (physical properties or functional), but also behavioral or social aspects of technological choices. Kalinga consumers may select pots for functional superiority, or for reasons of village allegiance. Explaining the resulting pattern in the material record requires attention to both technical and behavioral aspects of the pottery technology.
A Compositional and Microstructural Study of Korean Celadon Glazes of the 11th to 15th Centuries
Authors: Newman Richard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCeladons--stonewares with pale green or greenish-blue glazes--have a rich and varied history in ancient China that begins in the Eastern Han period (A.D. 20-220) and extends nearly 1500 years [1]. The initial development of celadon wares in Korea probably dates to the late 9th century [2,3]. The zenith of production was in the llth-12th centuries, during the Koryŏ dynasty (918-1392); celadons continued to be produced into the 15th century. In form and type, the earliest Korean celadons were clearly based on Chinese models, although by the middle of the Koryo period uniquely Korean forms and decorative techniques had been developed, notably the use of white and black inlays. During the Koryŏ period, celadons were probably produced exclusively for court circles and for use in Buddhist temples. Some 270 Koryŏ period celadon kilns have been found to date. The greatest concentration (about 240) occurs in Chllla province in the south; the major areas of production were around Kangjin and Puan.
Electron Microprobe and Petrographic Analyses of Prehistoric Hohokam Pottery to Deter. Mine Ceramic Exchange Within The Salt River Vallty, Arizona
Authors: Abbott David R. , Schaller David M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCeramic analysis with an electron microprobe and thin-section petrography are used to investigate prehistoric exchange among the Hohokam of the Salt River valley, Arizona. These complimentary techniques can be useful for resolving the special problems that arise when studying ceramic exchange over short distances.
Research on the Techniques of Making Pottery Figurines of the Qin Army
Authors: Qu H.J. , Cheng Z.H. , Wu Xiao Jie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA description of the excavations of the Qin pottery army is given first. Analyses of the raw materials are reported. The construction techniques of the soldiers and horses are detailed separately. Lastly, analysis and reconstruction of the firing technology and post-fire paints are presented.
Non-Destructive Analysis of Ancient Chinese Bronzes Utilizing Industrial Computed Tomography
Authors: Avril Ellen B. , Bonadies Stephen D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIndustrial computed tomography was used to study eight Chinese bronzes from the collection of the Cincinnati Art Museum. With industrial CT two different types of images can be formed, the digital radiograph (DR) which produces a twodimensional image of the object and computed tomography (CT) which takes a crosssectional slice. A further advancement discussed is the use of General Electric's Digital Replica™ method to create a three-dimensional reconstruction of the object which enables one to view interior surfaces and to dissect joins. The paper discusses the numerous advantages of the industrial CT over conventional radiography.
Estimating Original Firing Tempieraiure in Low Fired Prehistoric Ceramics
Authors: Feathers James K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe river valley clays used for prehistoric pottery throughout much of Eastern North America require a nonplastic additive, or temper, to improve their workability and reduce drying shrinkage. During the Late Prehistoric (roughly after 900 AD) crushed shell was added as temper along most of the river valleys of the Midwest and along portions of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts.
The Use of Acryloid B-72 in the Treatment of Archaeological Ceramics: Minimal Intervention
Authors: Koob Stephen P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe treatment of archaeological ceramics, whether on site or in the laboratory, can be effectively carried out with the use of one synthetic material, Acryloid B-72. This acrylic copolymer provides excellent properties for the strengthening or consolidation of weak and friable ceramics, and also makes an excellent adhesive. The strength and durability of B-72 make it a suitable adhesive for a broad range of ceramics, from low-fired earthenwares to china and porcelain.Acryloid B-72 is easily prepared on site, and for most applications can be dissolved in acetone. Various concentrations are recommended and application can be modified to suit local conditions and needs. Flaking and fragile fragments can be consolidated insitu(if dry) and lifted for individual attention in the laboratory. Soluble salts may be extracted from consolidated ceramics by soaking or using poultices.The well-known stability and reversibility of Acryloid B-72 allow for easy retreatment, or subsequent repair of additional fragments.
Chemical Characterization of Roman Glass Vessels, Enamels and Tesserae
Authors: Henderson Julian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChemical characterization of Roman glass vessels, enamels and tesserae has revealed compositional relationships between enamels and tesserae including the use of high magnesia red and orange glass, normally considered to have gone out of use hundreds of years earlier. The conservative use of glass recipes over a 300 year period is reflected in the compositions; the results of mass-production versus more restricted production are discussed.
Fabrication of Platinum-Gold Alloys in Pre-Hispanic South America: Issues of Temperature and Microstructure Control.
Authors: Handwerker Carol A. , Lechtman Heather N. , Marinenko Ryna B. , Bright David S. , Newbury Dale E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPlatinum and platinum-gold metallurgy was fully developed by smiths in the Esmeraldas-Tumaco Pacific coast area of present day Ecuador and Colombia long before the arrival of Europeans in South America and centuries before platinum metallurgy became practicable in the Western world. Using gold to sinter together nuggets of native placer platinum, then alternately working and annealing the resultant solid, these South American smiths produced hard, fairly homogeneous platinum-gold alloys of a range of colors for fabrication into items of adornment, and small tools, such as needles, tweezers, awls, and fishhooks.The microstructures and compositions of sintered Pt-Au objects from La Tolita, Ecuador, and of experimentally simulated Pt-Au alloy samples were analyzed using new electron microprobe microanalysis (EPMA) techniques and data from the Pt-Au phase diagram in an effort to determine the fabrication temperatures used by Pre-Hispanic South American smiths. A comparison of EPMA results from the simulated materials with the corresponding results from the La Tolita Pt-Au objects suggests that the Pt-Au objects were never heated as high as 1100°C and probably never contained a liquid phase. As illustrated by this comparison, the qualitative and quantitative information provided by these new digital acquisition and display techniques far exceeds what conventional line scan and x-ray dot maps could provide.
Correlation of Laboratory Results with Observations on Long-Term Corrosion of Iron and Copper Alloys
Authors: McNeil M. B. , Mohr D. W. , Little B. J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe data base for compounds produced during long-term corrosion of iron and copper objects is reviewed. Compounds are identified that occur in long-term but not in short-term corrosion. Where possible, the formation of these compounds is explained or at least rationalized. An effort is made to discriminate those compounds whose formation depends on microbiological action from those forming abiotically.