bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutral and Cationic Silicon Species Containing Aryl‐OCO‐ or Aryl‐SCS‐Type Pincer Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, Bonding, and Comparison with Aryl‐NCN Systems
Authors: Bockholt Andreas , Jutzi Peter , Mix Andreas , Neumann Beate , Stammler Anja , Stammler Hans‐Georg 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe reaction of dichloro(methyl)silane, dichloro(phenyl)silane or dichloro(dimethyl)silane with one equivalent of the lithiated aryl pincer ligands [2,6‐(DoCH2)2H3C6]Li leads to the chlorosilanes [2,6‐(DoCH2)2H3C6]SiRR′Cl 1–6, respectively, as thermolabile oily compounds. Treatment of 1–6 with trimethylsilyl triflate leads to the crystalline ionic silicon triflates [2,6‐(DoCH2)2H3C6SiRR′]+·X– 7–12, respectively [(X = OSO2CF3), 1, 7: Do = OMe, 2, 8: Do = SMe, 1, 2, 7, 8: R = Me, R′ = H; 3, 9: Do = OMe, 4, 10: Do = SMe, 3, 4, 9, 10: R = Ph, R′ = H; 5, 11: Do = OMe, 6, 12 = SMe, 5, 6, 11, 12: R, R′ = Me]. The compounds 1–12 are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, by conductivity measurements, and by X‐ray crystallography (8–12). The NMR parameters δ Si, 1J(SiH) and δ H(SiH) and some structural data are compared with those of known compounds containing one NCN‐pincer aryl ligand or two aryl substituents of the type [2‐(DoCH2)2H4C6]. Differences in bonding depending on the type of the donor Do (NMe2, OMe, SMe) are discussed.
A Nanodot Array Modulates Cell Adhesion and Induces an Apoptosis-Like Abnormality in NIH-3T3 Cells
Authors: Pan Hsu-An , Hung Yao-Ching , Su Chia-Wei , Tai Shih-Ming , Chen Chiun-Hsun , Ko Fu-Hsiang , Steve Huang G 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Micro-structures that mimic the extracellular substratum promote cell growth and differentiation, while the cellular reaction to a nanostructure is poorly defined. To evaluate the cellular response to a nanoscaled surface, NIH 3T3 cells were grown on nanodot arrays with dot diameters ranging from 10 to 200 nm. The nanodot arrays were fabricated by AAO processing on TaN-coated wafers. A thin layer of platinum, 5 nm in thickness, was sputtered onto the structure to improve biocompatibility. The cells grew normally on the 10-nm array and on flat surfaces. However, 50-nm, 100-nm, and 200-nm nanodot arrays induced apoptosis-like events. Abnormality was triggered after as few as 24 h of incubation on a 200-nm dot array. For cells grown on the 50-nm array, the abnormality started after 72 h of incubation. The number of filopodia extended from the cell bodies was lower for the abnormal cells. Immunostaining using antibodies against vinculin and actin filament was performed. Both the number of focal adhesions and the amount of cytoskeleton were decreased in cells grown on the 100-nm and 200-nm arrays. Pre-coatings of fibronectin (FN) or type I collagen promoted cellular anchorage and prevented the nanotopography-induced programed cell death. In summary, nanotopography, in the form of nanodot arrays, induced an apoptosis-like abnormality for cultured NIH 3T3 cells. The occurrence of the abnormality was mediated by the formation of focal adhesions.
Solution Grown Se/Te Nanowires: Nucleation, Evolution, and The Role of Triganol Te seeds
Authors: Tao Hong , Shan Xudong , Yu Dapeng , Liu Hongmei , Qin Donghuan , Cao Yong 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We have studied the nucleation and growth of Se–Te nanowires (NWs), with different morphologies, grown by a chemical solution process. Through systematic characterization of the Se–Te NW morphology as a function of the Te nanocrystallines (NCs) precursor, the relative ratio between Se and Te, and the growth time, a number of significant insights into Se–Te NW growth by chemical solution processes have been developed. Specifically, we have found that: (i) the growth of Se–Te NWs can be initiated from either long or short triganol Te nanorods, (ii) the frequency of proximal interactions between nanorod tips and the competition between Se and Te at the end of short Te nanorods results in V-shaped structures of Se–Te NWs, the ratio between Se and Te having great effect on the morphology of Se–Te NWs, (iii) by using long Te nanorods as seeds, Se–Te NWs with straight morphology were obtained. Many of these findings on Se–Te NW growth can be further generalized and provide very useful information for the rational synthesis of group VI based semiconductor NW compounds.
Solubilizing and Hydrotropic Properties of Isosorbide Monoalkyl‐ and Dimethyl‐Ethers
Authors: Durand Morgan , Zhu Ying , Molinier Valérie , Féron Thierry , Aubry Jean‐Marie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIsosorbide is a diol readily obtained from starch that can be used as a polar building block for the synthesis of derivatives ranging from solvents to surfactants: dimethyl isosorbide (DMI) is a “sustainable solvent” already on the market, used notably in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations; monoalkyl derivatives of isosorbide are non‐ionic hydrotropes that could be potential substitutes to short‐chain glycol ethers. The use of these isosorbide derivatives as bio‐sourced alternatives to petroleum‐derived products for applications such as compatibilizers in liquid detergent formulations or solubilizing agents in aqueous hard‐surface cleaning is discussed in this paper. DMI reveals to have interesting coupling properties for the former applications, whereas the monopentyl ether of isosorbide (C5Iso) is a particularly efficient hydrotrope for the latter.
Products Formed During Thermo‐oxidative Degradation of Phytosterols
Authors: Rudzińska Magdalena , Przybylski Roman , Wąsowicz Erwin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOxidative degradation of cholesterol has been extensively researched, however, not all products formed have been established. When a phytosterols standard was heated at 60, 120 and 180 °C for different period of time the following groups of components were detected: oxidized phytosterols, fragmented phytosterol molecules, volatile compounds and oligomers. Taking into account all the components formed, we were able to balance the amounts of disappearing sterols with components formed. We established that the amount and type of products formed during thermo‐oxidative degradation is affected by temperature and time. The amount of intact phytosterols decreased when temperature and time increase. The amount of oxidized phytosterols was at the highest level when a temperature of 120 °C was applied, whereas the lowest amounts were observed when a temperature of 60 °C was used. At a temperature of 180 °C the amount of oxidized sterols was lower than at 120 °C and it decreased when the heating time was increased. This indicates that oxidized sterols were the main precursors involved in the formation of other components during thermo‐oxidative degradation. The amount and type of volatile compounds formed increased when time and temperature increased. We observed diversified groups of volatile compounds formed and most of them are defined as off‐flavor compounds for rancid oils.
Chromosome analysis of human refrozen embryos following fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Otsu Eiko , Sato Akiko , Utsunomiya Takafumi , Araki Yasuhisa , Ujiie Seiji 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurposeSeveral recent reports have discussed refrozen and thawed embryo transfer; however, the process may cause a degree of chromosomal damage and subtle genomic mutation. In view of this possibility, the purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of aneuploidy in refrozen embryos.MethodsIn order to investigate the incidence of aneuploidy and mosaicism observed in chromosome 1, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used on surviving embryos that first underwent one freeze‐thaw cycle, then were allowed to develop to the blastocyst stage, and subsequently survived a second freeze‐thaw cycle.ResultsOf 1,132 blastomeric nuclei analyzed from 15 refrozen embryos, disomy was found in 82.9%. In contrast, for the 11 blastocysts subjected to only one freeze‐thaw cycle, disomy was noted in 78.4%. Of the 197 blastomeric nuclei analyzed in all arrested embryos, disomy was found in 51.8%.ConclusionsThe refreezing process did not increase aneuploidy. The good and fair morphology groups demonstrated a higher percentage of disomy than the poor morphology group regardless of whether they were frozen once or twice.
Tectonics, sea-level changes and palaeoenvironments in the early Pleistocene of Rome (Italy)
Authors: Cosentino Domenico , Cipollari Paola , Di Bella Letizia , Esposito Alessandra , Faranda Costanza , Giordano Guido , Gliozzi Elsa , Mattei Massimo , Mazzini Ilaria , Porreca Massimiliano , Funiciello Renato 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe historical site of the Monte Mario lower Pleistocene succession (Rome, Italy) is an important marker of the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Recently, the Monte Mario site was excavated and restudied. A spectacular angular unconformity characterizes the contact between the Monte Vaticano and the Monte Mario formations, which marks the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary. Biostratigraphical analyses carried out on ostracod, foraminifer, and calcareous nannofossil assemblages indicate an Early Pliocene age (topmost Zanclean, 3.81–3.70 Ma) for the underlying Monte Vaticano Formation, whereas the Monte Mario Formation has been dated as early Pleistocene (Santernian, 1.66–1.59 Ma). Palaeomagnetic analyses point to C2Ar and C1r2r polarity chrons for the Monte Vaticano and the Monte Mario formations, respectively. The Monte Mario Formation consists of two obliquity-forced depositional sequences (MM1 and MM2) characterized by transgressive systems tracts of littoral marine environments at depths, respectively, of 40–80 m and 15–20 m. The data obtained from foraminifer and ostracod assemblages allow us to reconstruct early Pleistocene relative sea-level changes near Rome. At the Plio/Pleistocene transition, a relative sea-level drop of at least 260 m occurred, as a result of both tectonic uplift of the central Tyrrhenian margin and glacio-eustatic changes linked to early Pleistocene glaciation (Marine Isotope Stage 58).
In uteroand postnatal exposure to a high-protein or high-carbohydrate diet leads to differences in adipose tissue mRNA expression and blood metabolites in kittens
Authors: Vester Brittany M. , Liu Kari J. , Keel Tonya L. , Graves Thomas K. , Swanson Kelly S. 
Published: May 2009

The objective of the present study was to measure the differences in body composition, adipose tissue gene expression, blood metabolite and hormone concentrations, and insulin sensitivity in kittens exposed to high-protein (HP) or high-carbohydrate (HC) nutritionin uteroand through the growth period. Eight dams were randomised onto two test diets, and fed the diets throughout gestation and lactation. Male offspring were evaluated for 9 months. Kittens were weaned at 2 months of age onto the same treatment diet as the dam and were allowed to consume dietsad libitum. The HC diet contained 34·3 % crude protein (CP), 19·2 % fat and 30·8 % digestible carbohydrate, while the HP diet contained 52·9 % CP, 23·5 % fat and 10·8 % digestible carbohydrate. Blood samples were collected at 6 months after birth. Body composition was determined at 2 and 8 months of age and an intravenous glucose tolerance test, neutering and adipose tissue biopsy conducted at 8 months of age. Physical activity was quantified at 6 and 9 months. Energy intake, DM intake and body weight were not different between groups. At 2 months, blood TAG were greater (P < 0·05) in kittens fed the HP diet. At 8 months, blood leptin was higher (P < 0·05) in kittens fed the HC diet, while chemokine receptor 5, hormone-sensitive lipase, uncoupling protein 2, leptin and insulin receptor mRNA were greater (P < 0·05) in kittens fed the HP diet. The present results demonstrate some of the changes in blood metabolites and hormones, physical activity and mRNA abundance that occur with feeding high protein levels to kittens.
Inhibition of markers of bone resorption by consumption of vitamin D and calcium-fortified soft plain cheese by institutionalised elderly women
Authors: Bonjour Jean-Philippe , Benoit Valérie , Pourchaire Olivier , Ferry Monique , Rousseau Brigitte , Souberbielle Jean-Claude 
Published: May 2009

Acceleration of bone remodelling increases the risk of fragility fractures. The objective of the present study was to explore in elderly women whether a vitamin D and Ca-fortified dairy product providing about 17–25 % of the recommended intakes in vitamin D, Ca and proteins would reduce secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone remodelling in a way that may attenuate age-related bone loss in the long term. Thirty-seven institutionalised women, aged 84·8 (sd 8·1) years, with low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (5·5 (sd 1·7) ng/ml) were enrolled into a multicentre open trial to consume during 1 month two servings of soft plain cheese made of semi-skimmed milk providing daily 686 kJ (164 kcal), 2·5 μg vitamin D, 302 mg Ca and 14·2 g proteins. The primary endpoint was the change in serum carboxy terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), selected as a marker of bone resorption. Thirty-five subjects remained compliant. Mean serum changes were: 25-hydroyvitamin D, +14·5 % (P = 0·0051); parathyroid hormone (PTH), − 12·3 % (P = 0·0011); CTX, − 7·5 % (P = 0·01); tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP 5b), − 9·9 % (P < 0·0001); albumin, +6·2 % (P < 0·0001); insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I),+16·9 % (P < 0·0001); osteocalcin, +8·3 % (P = 0·0166); amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen (P1NP),+19·3 % (P = 0·0031). The present open trial suggests that fortified soft plain cheese consumed by elderly women with vitamin D insufficiency can reduce bone resorption markers by positively influencing Ca and protein economy, as expressed by decreased PTH and increased IGF-I, respectively. The rise in the bone formation marker P1NP could be explained by a protein-mediated increase in IGF-I. Thus, such a dietary intervention might uncouple, at least transiently, bone resorption from bone formation and thereby attenuate age-related bone loss.
Naturally ordered bands
Authors: Howie J. M. 
Published: May 2009

In the terminology of Clifford and Preston [2], a band B is a semigroup in which every element is idempotent. On such a semigroup there is a natural (partial) order relation defined by the ruleIf the order relation ≧ is compatible with the multiplication in B, in the sense that e ≧ f and g ≧ h together imply that eg ≧ fh, we shall say that B is a naturally ordered band. The object of this note is to describe the structure of naturally ordered bands.
An algebraically closed field
Authors: Rayner F. J. 
Published: May 2009

Letkbe any algebraically closed field, and denote byk((t)) the field of formal power series in one indeterminatetoverk. Letso thatKis the field of Puiseux expansions with coefficients ink(each element ofKis a formal power series intl/rfor some positive integerr). It is well-known thatKis algebraically closed if and only ifkis of characteristic zero [1, p. 61]. For examples relating to ramified extensions of fields with valuation [9, §6] it is useful to have a field analogous toKwhich is algebraically closed whenkhas non-zero characteristicp. In this paper, I prove that the setLof all formal power series of the form Σaitei(where (ei) is well-ordered,ei=mi|nprt,n∈ Ζ,mi∈ Ζ,ai∈k,ri∈ Ν) forms an algebraically closed field.
Sets of integers containing no n terms in geometric progression
Authors: Riddell J. 
Published: May 2009

R. A. Rankin [3] considered the problem of finding, for each integer n ≧ 3, a sequence of positive integers containing no n−term geometric progression. He constructed such sets Bn having asymptotic densityFor example A3 ≑ 0·71975, A4 ≑ 0·8626, and An→1 as n → ∞.
The inversion of Hankel transforms of order zero and unity
Authors: Sneddon Ian N. 
Published: May 2009

In teaching the elements of transform theory to students of physics and engineering it is very useful to have available, as early as possible, the inversion theorem for the Hankel transformThe difficulty is that a valid proof for general values of v (cf. [1], p. 456) is complicated and involves a greater familiarity with the processes of analysis and the properties of Bessel functions than is possessed by most science students.
Quadruple integral equations and operators of fractional integration
Authors: Ahmad M. Iftikhar 
Published: May 2009

Cooke [1] modified a technique used by Erdelyi and Sneddon [2] to solve triple integral equations of a certain type. In this paper, we extend this method to solve the quadruple integral equationswhere F1, G2, F3 and G4 are prescribed functions of p and ψ(ξ) is to be determined. With no loss of generality we shall assume that G2(p)≡0, G4(p)≡0.
On entire functions with gap power series
Authors: Anderson J. M. , Binmore K. G. 
Published: May 2009

In this note we consider transcendental entire functionswhose power series contain gaps, i.e.where Λ = {λk} is a suitable set of positive integers. We denote the set of all such functions f(z) by E(Λ). As usual M(r) = M(r, f) denotes the maximummodulus of f(z) on the circle |z| = r. The order p and the lower order λ of f(z) are defined byrespectively.
Some convexity theorems for matrices
Authors: Fillmore P. A. , Williams J. P. 
Published: May 2009

The numerical range of a bounded linear operator A on a complex Hilbertspace H is the set W(A) = {(Af, f): ║f║ = 1}. Because it is convex andits closure contains the spectrum of A, the numerical range is often a useful toolin operator theory. However, even when H is two-dimensional, the numerical range of an operator can be large relative to its spectrum, so that knowledge of W(A) generally permits only crude information about A. P. R. Halmos [2] has suggested a refinement of the notion of numerical range by introducing the k-numerical rangesfor k = 1, 2, 3, …. It is clear that W1(A) = W(A). C. A. Berger [2] has shown that Wk(A) is convex.
Comparison theorems for the square integrability of solutions of (r(t)y')'+q(t)y=f(t, y)
Authors: Bradley John S. 
Published: May 2009

Bellman [1], [2, p. 116] proved that, if all solutions of the equationare in L2, ∞) and b(t) is bounded, then all solutions ofare also in L2(a, ∞). The purpose of this paper is to present conditions on the function f that guarantee that all solutions ofbe in the class L2(a, ∞) whenever all solutions of the equationhave this property. It is assumed that r(t) >0, r and qare continuous on a half line (a, ∞) and f is continuous. Actually the continuity assumptions may be weakened to local integrability and L2 (a, ∞) may be replaced by Lp(a, ∞) for any p > 1.
The solution of certain triple integral equations involving inverse Mellin transforms
Authors: Tweed J. 
Published: May 2009

In this paper, we shall be concerned with the solution of triple integral equations of the typewhere M−1 is the inverse Mellin transform, nis a positive integer, and — 1 < Res < 0. The use of these equations will be illustrated by their application to two well-known problems in the mathematical theory of elasticity and further applications will be reported later.
Chain conditions on posets
Authors: Geoffroy Cynthia D. , Scheiblich H. E. 
Published: May 2009

The aim of this note is to generalize to an arbitrary partially ordered set (poset) (P, ≦) the standard lattice results on the Jordan–Dedekind Chain Condition (abbreviated hereafter to J.D.C.C.). Birkhoff [1] defines semimodularity for a lattice L by(ξ) if x, y cover a and x # y, then x ∨ y covers x and y.
Minimal line graphs
Authors: Sumner David P. 
Published: May 2009

In this paper all graphs will be ordinary graphs, i.e. finite, undirected, and without loops or multiple edges. For points x and y of a graph G, we shall indicate that x is adjacent to y by writing x ⊥ y, and if x is not adjacent to y we shall write xy. We shall denote the degree of a point x by δ(x) and the minimal degree of G by δ(G).By the line graph of a graph G we shall mean the graph L(G) whose points are the edges of G, with two points of L(G) adjacent whenever they are adjacent in G. A graph G is said to be a line graph if there exists a graph H such that G = L(H).
A test for commutators
Authors: Liebeck Hans 
Published: May 2009

In the course of a study of commutator subgroups I. D. Macdonald [1] presented the free nilpotent group G4 of class 2 on 4 generators as an example of a nilpotent group whose commutator subgroup has elements that are not commutators. To demonstrate this he proceeded as follows: let G4 = 〈a1, a2, a3, a4〉 and put cij = [ai, aj] for 1 ≦ i < j ≦ 4. Then the relations in G4 are [cij, ak] = 1 for 1 ≦ i < j ≦ 4 and 1 ≦ k ≦ 4, and their consequences. Macdonald observed that an arbitrary commutator may be written aswhich simplifies towhere δij = αiβj - αjβi The indices δij satisfy the relationIt follows that the element c13c24 in G′4 (for which δ12 = δ14 = δ23 = δ34 = 0 and δ13 = δ24 = 1) is not a commutator.
The convolution x-r*xs
Authors: Fisher B. 
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper [1], Jones extended the definition of the convolution of distributions so that further convolutions could be defined. The convolution w1*w2 of two distributions w1 and w2 was defined as the limit ofithe sequence {wln*w2n}, provided the limit w exists in the sense thatfor all fine functions ф in the terminology of Jones [2], wherew1n(x) = wl(x)τ(x/n), W2n(x) = w2(x)τ(x/n)and τ is an infinitely differentiable function satisfying the following conditions:(i) τ(x) = τ(—x),(ii)0 ≤ τ (x) ≤ l,(iii)τ (x) = l for |x| ≤ ½,(iv) τ (x) = 0 for |x| ≥ 1.
Characterization of certain differential operators in the solution of linear partial differential equations
Authors: Heersink Rudolf 
Published: May 2009

In this paper we consider differential equations of the formwhere the coefficients Ai are holomorphic functions in a domain G1 × G2 ⊂ C × C. We restrict our attention to those equations for which it is possible to represent the solutions in the formwhere g1(z1) and g2(z2) are arbitrary holomorphic functions in G1 and G2 respectively. The coefficients a1, k and a2, k depend on the given differential equation. Within the last ten years a number of publications have been devoted to this kind of representation of solutions.
On the divisibility of r2(n)
Authors: Scourfield E. J. 
Published: May 2009

During the past few years, some papers of P. Deligne and J.-P. Serre (see [2], [9], [10] and other references cited there) have included an investigation of certain properties of coefficients of modular forms, and in particular Serre [10] (see also [11]) obtained the divisibility property (1) below. Letbe a modular form of integral weight k ≧ 1 on a congruence subgroup of SL2(Z), and suppose that each cn belongs to the ring RK of integers of an algebraic number field K finite over Q. For c ∈ RK and m ≧ 1 an integer, write c ≡ 0 (mod m) if c ∈ m RK and c ≢ 0 (mod m) otherwise. Then Serre showed that there exists α > 0 such thatas x → ∞, where throughout this note N(n ≦ x: P) denotes the number of positive integers n ≦ x with the property P.
Convergent processes, projective systems of measures and martingale decompositions
Authors: Blake Louis H. 
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this paper is to show the equivalence of convergence, an associated projective system of measures and a martingale decomposition for a uniformly integrable stochastic process. Emphasis is placed on a direct juxtaposition of these concepts and on displaying underlying mechanisms.The impact of the martingale convergence theorem on contemporary probability theory has been immense. Therein lies the reason for numerous generalizations of both the basic martingale convergence theorem and the martingale concept itself.
Results on common fixed points on complete metric spaces
Authors: Fisher Brian 
Published: May 2009

The following theorem was proved in [1].Theorem 1. Let S and T be continuous, commuting mappings of a complete, bounded metric space (X, d) into itself satisfying the inequalityfor all x, y in X, where 0 ≤ c < 1 and p, p′, q, q′ ≥ 0 are fixed integers with p + p′, q + q′ ≥ 1. Then S and T have a unique common fixed point z. Further, if p′ or q′ = 0, then z is the unique fixed point of S and if p or q = 0, then z is the unique fixed point of T.