bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRIOCEPHALUS OBSOLETUS, Rand., AND ASEMUM MŒSTUM, Hald
Authors: Chagnon G. 
Published: February 2010

Abbé Provancher in his work on the Coleoptera of Canada, page 585, gives a brief description of an insect he calls Criocephalus obseletus, Rand, and adds that it is very common.After a careful reading of his description, I have come to the conclusion that it can not apply to Criocephalus obsoletus, but to Asemum mœstum, a common longhorn throughout eastern Canada. C. obsoletus is a much rarer insect in Canada, and, in fact, I have no record of its having been captured in the Province of Quebec; it is not even mentioned by Mr. Harrington in his list of Ottawa Cerambycidæ
NOTES ON THE LARVA OF THE PITCHER - PLANT MOSQUITO
Authors: Mitchell Evelyn Groesbeeck 
Published: February 2010

Since the discovery of Wyeomyia Smithiiin the leaves of Pitcher plants in New Jersey, by Dr.J.B. Smith, it has been reported from Massachusetts and Florida.On June 16tg of the present year, the writer found a larva of the second stage in a Pitcher-plant in a greenhouse in the Botanical Gardens, Washington, D.C. July 8th, three more specimens were taken there The plants had been brought from South Carolina, and had been in the greenhouse for several Years.
MOSQUITO NOTES.—No. 4
Authors: Ludlow C. S. 
Published: February 2010

The “confusion worse confounded” in which the mosquitoes of America are at present enveloped may be illustrated by the two following instances:In the August number, Canadian Entomologist (1904) I described a mosquito from Benecia, Cal, as Grabhamia de Neidmannii, and, some time afterward, received a note from Mr. Coquillett, stating he believed it to be his Culex squamiger (orginally published as Tœniorhynchus).
A FURTHER NOTE ON EUCHŒCA COMPTARIA AND THE ALLIED SPECIES
Authors: Taylor Geo. W. 
Published: February 2010

I am glad that Dr. Dyar has given us a note on the Euchœca comptaria problem, and that up to certain point he supports my view.Without a doubt, he is right in insisting that the type species of Nomenia must be called 12-lineata, Packard.
A NEW CRYPTINE GENUS FROM CUBA
Authors: Ashmead William. H. 
Published: February 2010

Some years ago Mr. J. M. Espin, of Guantanamo, Cuba, sent to Dr. L. O. Howard for names some parasitic Hymenopetera, among which I indicated a new genus, but which I neglected to describe. As Mr. Espin has rcently written about it aand desires its early description, I submit the following:Neslinoceras, new genus.
THREE NEW CANADIAN FLEAS
Authors: Rothschild N. Charles 
Published: February 2010

1. Chœtopsylla setosus sp. nov.— Nearest to Ch. ursi, Rothsch. (1902), but easily recognized by the shape of the abdominal sclerites and the tarsi.Head.—The labial palpus consists of about ten segments, reaching beyond the trochanter, while in ursi there are seven or eight segments only. There is one row of four or five bristles before the eye. The occiput bears two or three hairs behind the base of the antenna, a lateral row of four or five bristles in the centre, and a subapical row.
SOME NEW GEOMETRIDÆ FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Taylor Geo. W. 
Published: February 2010

The species described below were all included in a paper on B.C. Geometridæ, which was read by title before the Royal Society of Cananda last May.Unfortunaterly, it was not possible (owing to pressure of other work) for me to complete the paper in time for publication in this year's volume of the Transactions, and as the names have all appeared in a “Check List of the Lepidoptera of British Columbia,” recently published by the Provincial Department of Agriculture, it seems better to print the descriptions now in the Canadian Entomologist than to wait the appearance of next year's volume of the Royal Society's Transactions.
NEW LEPIDOPTERA
Authors: Weeks Andrew Gray 
Published: February 2010

Habitat: Suapure, Venezuela. Expanse, 1.60 inches.Head and thorax dark brown above, with a slight whtie dot at base of each antenna; below nearly white. Palpi black above, white below. Abdoment dark brown above, below nearly white, with a dusting of tawny scales of the last two segments. Antenn♀ dark brown.
CATALOGUE OF THE GENERA OF THE HEMIPTEROUS FAMILY APHIDÆ, WITH THEIR TYPICAL SPECIES, TOGETHER WITH A LIST OF THE SPECIES DESCRIBED AS NEW FROM 1885 TO 1905
Authors: Kirkaldy G. W. 
Published: February 2010

57. Tychea, Koch 1857, Pflanzelause, 296 t. graminis, Koch.*58. Smynthurodes, Westwood, 1849, Gardener's Chron. 420, t. beta, Westw.
The Single IgG IL-1–Related Receptor Controls TLR Responses in Differentiated Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Khan Mohammed A. , Steiner Theodore S. , Sham Ho Pan , Bergstrom Kirk S. , Huang Jingtian T. , Assi Kiran , Salh Bill , Tai Isabella T. , Li Xiaoxia , Vallance Bruce A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are constantly exposed to enteric microbes. Although IECs express TLRs that recognize bacterial products, the activation of these TLRs is strictly controlled through poorly understood mechanisms, producing a state of hyporesponsiveness and preventing unwanted inflammation. The single IgG IL-1–related receptor (Sigirr) is a negative regulator of TLRs that is expressed by IECs and was recently shown to inhibit experimental colitis. However, the importance of Sigirr in IEC hyporesponsiveness and its distribution within the human colon is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of Sigirr in regulating epithelial-specific TLR responses and characterized its expression in colonic biopsy specimens. Transformed and nontransformed human IECs were cultured as monolayers. Transient gene silencing and stable overexpression of Sigirr was performed to assess innate IEC responses. Sigirr expression in human colonic biopsy specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. Bacterial infection of IECs and exposure to flagellin transiently decreased Sigirr protein expression, concurrent with secretion of the neutrophil chemokine IL-8. Sigirr gene silencing augmented chemokine responses to bacterial flagellin, Pam3Cys, and the cytokine IL-1β. Conversely, stable overexpression of Sigirr diminished NF-κB–mediated IL-8 responses to TLR ligands. We also found that Sigirr expression increased as IECs differentiated in culture. This observation was confirmed in biopsy sections, in which Sigirr expression within colonic crypts was prominent in IECs at the apex and diminished at the base. Our findings show that Sigirr broadly regulates innate responses in differentiated human IECs; therefore, it may modulate epithelial involvement in infectious and inflammatory bowel diseases.
C-Type Lectin SIGN-R1 Has a Role in Experimental Colitis and Responsiveness to Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Saunders Sean P. , Barlow Jillian L. , Walsh Caitriona M. , Bellsoi Agustin , Smith Philip , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , Fallon Padraic G. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) function to maintain the balance between controlled responses to pathogens and uncontrolled innate immune activation leading to inflammation. In the context of commensal bacteria and the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease, although a role for the TLRs is known, there is a less defined function for C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). We demonstrate that mice deficient (−/−) in the CLR specific intracellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin homolog-related 1 (SIGN-R1) (CD209b) have reduced susceptibility to experimental colitis, with a reduction in the disease severity, colon damage, and levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. To determine whether SIGN-R1−/− mice had a systemic defect in innate activation, we examined the responsiveness of macrophages from SIGN-R1−/− mice to TLR ligands. SIGN-R1−/− peritoneal macrophages, but not bone marrow-derived macrophages, have a specific defect in IL-1β and IL-18 production, but not other cytokines, in response to the TLR4 ligand LPS. In vivo SIGN-R1−/− mice had significantly reduced susceptibility to LPS-induced shock. To address the synergistic relationship between SIGN-R1 and TLR4 in the context of experimental colitis, SIGN-R1/TLR4−/− mice were generated. SIGN-R1/TLR4−/− mice displayed reduced susceptibility to experimental colitis relative to severity of disease observed in wild-type or TLR4−/− mice. The in vivo use of a blocking mAb confirmed a functional role for SIGN-R1 in LPS-induced shock and experimental colitis. These data indicate a role for SIGN-R1 in the regulation of inflammation in a model of experimental colitis and illustrate that SIGN-R1 is a critical innate factor in response to LPS.
Inflammatory Cytokine-Induced Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are Critical for Immunosuppression
Authors: Ren Guangwen , Zhao Xin , Zhang Liying , Zhang Jimin , L'Huillier Andrew , Ling Weifang , Roberts Arthur I. , Le Anh D. , Shi Songtao , Shao Changshun , Shi Yufang 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Cell–cell adhesion mediated by ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 is critical for T cell activation and leukocyte recruitment to the inflammation site and, therefore, plays an important role in evoking effective immune responses. However, we found that ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were critical for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-mediated immunosuppression. When MSCs were cocultured with T cells in the presence of T cell Ag receptor activation, they significantly upregulated the adhesive capability of T cells due to the increased expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. By comparing the immunosuppressive effect of MSCs toward various subtypes of T cells and the expression of these adhesion molecules, we found that the greater expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by MSCs, the greater the immunosuppressive capacity that they exhibited. Furthermore, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were found to be inducible by the concomitant presence of IFN-γ and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α or IL-1). Finally, MSC-mediated immunosuppression was significantly reversed in vitro and in vivo when the adhesion molecules were genetically deleted or functionally blocked, which corroborated the importance of cell–cell contact in immunosuppression by MSCs. Taken together, these findings reveal a novel function of adhesion molecules in immunoregulation by MSCs and provide new insights for the clinical studies of antiadhesion therapies in various immune disorders.
MicroRNA Regulation of IFN-β Protein Expression: Rapid and Sensitive Modulation of the Innate Immune Response
Authors: Witwer Kenneth W. , Sisk Jeanne M. , Gama Lucio , Clements Janice E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
IFN-β production is an inaugural event in the innate immune response to viral infections, with relatively small fold changes in IFN-β expression resulting in the activation of important antiviral signaling cascades. In our rapid SIV/macaque model of HIV encephalitis, the virus enters the CNS within 4 d of infection, accompanied by a marked IFN-β response that wanes as SIV replication is controlled. The centrality of IFN-β to the innate antiviral response in the CNS combines with the potential inflammatory damage associated with long-term activation of this pathway to suggest that IFN-β may be subject to regulatory fine-tuning in addition to well-established transcriptional and message stability mechanisms of regulation. In this paper, we present for the first time evidence that microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-26a, -34a, -145, and let-7b, may directly regulate IFN-β in human and macaque cells. In primary primate macrophages, the main cell type implicated in HIV and SIV infection in the CNS, specific miRNAs reduce, whereas miRNA inhibitors enhance, IFN-β protein production. The potential biologic significance of this regulation is supported by evidence of an apparent negative feedback loop, with increased expression of three IFN-β–regulating miRNAs by primate macrophages exposed to recombinant IFN-β or stimulated to produce IFN-β. Thus, miRNAs may contribute significantly to the regulation of IFN-β in innate immune responses.
The Role of the LAT–PLC-γ1 Interaction in T Regulatory Cell Function
Authors: Chuck Mariana I. , Zhu Minghua , Shen Shudan , Zhang Weiguo 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The interaction between the linker for activation of T cells (LAT) with PLC-γ1 is important for TCR-mediated Ca2+ signaling and MAPK activation. Knock-in mice harboring a mutation at the PLC-γ1 binding site (Y136) of LAT develop a severe lymphoproliferative syndrome. These mice have defective thymic development and selection and lack natural regulatory T cells, implicating a breakdown of both central and peripheral tolerance. To bypass this developmental defect, we developed a conditional knock-in line in which only LATY136F is expressed in mature T cells after deletion of the wild type LAT allele. Analysis of LATY136F T cells indicated that the interaction between LAT and PLC-γ1 plays an important role in TCR-mediated signaling, proliferation, and IL-2 production. Furthermore, the deletion of LAT induced development of the lymphoproliferative syndrome in these mice. Although Foxp3+ natural Treg cells were present in these mice after deletion, they were unable to suppress the proliferation of conventional T cells. Our data indicate that the binding of LAT to PLC-γ1 is essential for the suppressive function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
Cutting Edge: Bacterial Infection Induces Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Expansion in the Absence of TLR Signaling
Authors: Scumpia Philip O. , Kelly-Scumpia Kindra M. , Delano Matthew J. , Weinstein Jason S. , Cuenca Alex G. , Al-Quran Samer , Bovio Ian , Akira Shizuo , Kumagai Yutaro , Moldawer Lyle L. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) can be activated by type I IFNs, TLR agonists, viruses, and bacteria to increase hematopoiesis. In this study, we report that endotoxin treatment in vivo induces TLR4, MyD88, and Toll/IL-1 resistance domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent expansion of BM HSPCs. Bacterial infection by Staphylococcus aureus or cecal ligation and puncture also induces HSPC expansion, but MyD88, TRIF, type I IFN, cytokine, PG, or oxidative stress pathways are not required for their expansion. S. aureus-induced HSPC expansion in MyD88−/−TRIF−/− mice is also normal, but is associated with BM remodeling as granulocyte stores are released peripherally. Importantly, reduction in BM cellularity alone can reproduce HSPC expansion. These data show in vivo HSPC responses to bacterial infection are complex and not absolutely dependent upon key inflammatory signaling pathways.
Gastrointestinal parasites of Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) inhabiting the fragmented landscape of the Santa Marta mountain range, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Valdespino Carolina , Rico‐Hernández Guillermo , Mandujano Salvador 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn recent years populations of howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in southeastern Mexico have decreased substantially due to the transformation and loss of natural habitats. This is especially evident in the Santa Marta mountain range, Veracruz, Mexico where several studies have evaluated the impact of fragmentation on howler monkey populations in order to propose management programs for their conservation. The conditions generated by fragmentation likely change the rates of parasitic infection and could decrease howler survival. In this study, gastrointestinal parasite species richness, prevalence, and egg density of infection were determined in howler groups inhabiting five forest fragments at the Santa Marta mountain range. Two hundred and seventy‐eight fresh fecal samples were collected between October 2002 and April 2003. Three parasite species were found during the dry and the wet season in all forest fragments sampled: one unidentified species of Eimeriidae;Trypanoxyuris minutus(Oxyuridae); andControrchis biliophilus(Dicrocoeliidae). Both the prevalence ofT. minutusand infection density for all parasites differed between seasons and fragments (the largest fragment consistently differed from other fragments). Host density, distance to the nearest town, fragment size, fragment shape, and total basal area of food trees explained parasite prevalence, but each species had a different pattern. Although parasite richness was lower, prevalence and density were higher than values reported for howlers in conserved forests. These results suggest that the establishment of biological corridors and animal translocation programs must take into account the parasite ecology of each fragment to avoid higher infection rates and preclude potential consequent mortality. Am. J. Primatol. 72:539–548, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Properties of water‐soluble acrylic copolymer/montmorillonite nanocomposites for warp sizing
Authors: Chen Min , Zhu Pu‐Xin , Gao Ming , Du Zong‐Liang , Chen Yong , Zhou Dong‐Liang , Jian Yu‐Lin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAcrylic copolymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites for warp sizing were prepared in the presence of Na+‐MMT by the in situ intercalative polymerization of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and methyl acrylate in water solution. The properties of the solution and cast film were tested according to an application in sizing process of the nanocomposite size with various MMT contents. The results indicate that, for an exfoliated structure corresponding to the MMT content increasing to 7 wt %, the performance parameters of solution viscosity, glass‐transition temperature, and tensile strength of the film increased and the moisture sorption, abrasion loss, and elongation at break of the film decreased. When the intercalated structure of MMT was 9 wt %, the gathered MMT layers acted as a common inorganic filler in the copolymer matrix, with limited contribution to the properties of the composite. The adhesion work of the nanocomposite solution was calculated by use of the Young–Dupre relation, which showed maximum values at an MMT content of 3 wt % on the surfaces of both the polyester and cellulose films. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and in vitro drug‐release behavior of 5‐fluorouracil‐loaded poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyhexanoate) nanoparticles and microparticles
Authors: Lu Xiao‐Yun , Zhang Yali , Wang Liang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPoly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) copolymeric microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the double‐emulsion solvent‐evaporation technique. 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐Fu), an anticancer drug, was entrapped in PHBHHx NPs and MPs. A variety of parameters, including the species and concentration of different surfactants, power and time of ultrasonication for particle dispersion, and organic/aqueous solution ratio, that affected the production of the 5‐Fu‐loaded PHBHHx NP and MP particles and the release of 5‐Fu were studied. The results show that the prepared NPs and MPs were spherical in shape and about 160 nm and 3 μm in size, respectively, when cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide was used as the emulsifier. The drug‐loading content (DLC) varied from 3.53 to 8.03% for 5‐Fu‐loaded NPs and from 4.83 to 18.87% for 5‐Fu‐loaded MPs and depended on the different initial feeding amounts of 5‐Fu. The encapsulation efficiency decreased with increasing DLC. The in vitro drug‐release characteristics appeared to have two phases with an initial burst effect occurring within the first 8 h; this was more obvious for the particles with low DLCs. The NPs with high DLC (8.03%) had the slowest release rate, 49.6% of 5‐Fu within 24 h. Therefore, PHBHHx copolymeric NPs and MPs can possibly be applied as drug‐delivery carrier materials in the future. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) and Nylon 6/12 nanofibers produced by melt electrospinning system equipped with a line‐like laser beam melting device
Authors: Shimada Naoki , Tsutsumi Hideaki , Nakane Koji , Ogihara Takashi , Ogata Nobuo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new melt electrospinning system equipped with a line‐like laser beam melting device developed for the mass production of nanofibers is introduced; this system enables fibers to be produced from locally melted polymer sheets in the presence of an electric field. Using this system, fibers were produced from poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol)(EVOH) and Nylon 6/12 sheets. The fiber formation mechanism was investigated with a video camera and a thermographic camera. It was found that (1) many Taylor cones are formed on the molten end surface of the sheet at almost regular intervals; (2) a single fiber is produced from the apex of each Taylor cone; and (3) the temperature in the Taylor cone changes markedly during the fiber production. Furthermore, it is found that fibers with an average diameter smaller than 1 μm can be produced from EVOH and Nylon 6/12 sheets by the optimization of manufacturing parameters such as laser output power, voltage, sheet thickness and the feed rate of the sheet. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of fiber characteristics on the mechanical and rheological properties of poly(butylene terephthalate)/glass fiber composites
Authors: Jang Seon Ho , Kim Youn Hee , Lim Soonho , Choi Gi Dae , Kim Se Hyun , Kim Woo Nyon 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMorphological, mechanical, and rheological properties of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/glass fiber (GF) composites and their fiber lengths after extrusion were studied, along with the molecular weight of PBT and the sizing effect of the fiber. From the molecular weight effect of PBT on mechanical properties, the lower molecular weight PBT composites prepared showed higher flexural and tensile strengths compared to the PBT/GF composites prepared with a higher molecular weight PBT when the fiber content was over 20 wt %. This behavior was mainly due to the increased fiber length of the PBT/GF composite prepared with lower molecular weight PBT. For the PBT composites with GF coated with organic materials having polarity similar to that of the PBT matrix, better mechanical properties were observed due to higher bonding forces between the matrix and fibers. Due to the effect of fiber length on the complex viscosity of the PBT/GF composite and its resulting high elasticity, the shear thinning behavior was more significant for the composites containing long fibers than in composites containing short fibers. From the above results, it is suggested that the optimum mechanical properties of the fiber‐reinforced polymer composite can be achieved by varying the processing conditions such as molecular weight of the matrix polymer, surface treatment of the fiber, and feeder location of the fiber. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010