bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental assessment of endothelial viability of grafts
Authors: THURET G , PIPPARELLI A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Endothelial quality of penetrating keratoplasty or posterior lamellar grafts (be they manually, mechanically or femto laser dissected) remains of paramount importance for the graft survival in recipients, especially when the recipient endothelial cell peripheral reserve is weak or absent (bullous keratopathy) Methods 1/Review of the literature on the available methods to measure the endothelial quality. 2/presentation of a new concept: experimental quantification of the actual endothelial cell density of cell deemed viable, thus representing the actual number of cells capable of surviving in the recipient eye. This method uses a live/dead assay coupled with the microscopy analysis of the whole endothelium. A comparative series of graft pre‐cut for DMEK versus intact organ cultured paired corneas will illustrate our method Results For the first time the exact number of viable endothelial cells can be directly measured. The notion of viable endothelial cell density is introduced. Though it cannot be a routine technique but only a laboratory one, the method can be ‐and perhaps should be‐ applied for all kind of graft preparation during its experimental development. Lamellar posterior grafts are good candidates. As expected, the viable ECD is lower than the ECD determined with the routine method used in eye banks, even the most precise ones Conclusion The new notion of viable ECD may participate in our understanding of the dramatic endothelial cell loss ineluctably observed shortly after all types of grafts
Endothelial grafts with manually dissected endothelio‐Descemet. Eye bank and surgical point of view
Authors: MURAINE M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose to describe a manual technique for the preparation of thin endothelial grafts or DMEK and to report clinical results in patients with Fuchs dystrophy. Methods We report here a series of 92 patients with Fuchs dystrophy undergoing endothelial keratoplasty. A manual dissection is performed on an artificial chamber to obtain posterior graft. After completing the learning curve, it is possible to select the depth of dissection: from pure descemet membrane isolation, to very thin posterior graft. Results Visual acuity is significantly higher after DMEK (0.7) than after thin posterior grafts (0.58), 6 months after surgery. However, endothelial density is much lower with 1190 cel/mm² after DMEK compared to thin posterior grafts which have 1870 cell/mm² 6 months after grafting. Conclusion Manual dissection is more difficult to perform than automated techniques but allow preparation of much thinner grafts. Among these, pure descemet membrane grafts have the best visual rehabilitation but less endothelial cells due to surgical manipulations.
Comparison of spectral‐domain and time‐domain optical coherence tomography for evaluation of macular thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: GARCIA MARTIN E , PUEYO V , PINILLA I , IDOIPE M , GIL ARRIBAS L , FUERTES I , FERNANDEZ J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To compare Cirrus HD Fourier‐domain optical coherence (OCT) with Stratus time‐domain OCT for measuring retinal and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods Fifty eyes from 25 patients with MS (7 men and 18 women, aged 28 to 69 years) were prospective and consecutively studied. All of them underwent a ophthalmic examination that included assessment of visual acuity and colour vision visual field examination, Stratus OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.) and 3 Cirrus HD‐OCT (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc.). Both OCT devices were used to evaluate RNFL and macular thickness. Comparison of OCTs measurements were done for the following parameters: peripapillary quadrants and RNFL clock hour sectors and the 9 macular areas corresponding to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). Coefficients of variation (COV) using Cirrus OCT were calculated. Results Mean RNFL average thickness were 95.70 ±15.43 and 87.19 ±14.52 μm using Cirrus and Stratus OCT, respectively. RNFL measurements did not show significant differences. Mean total RT was 273.65 ±20.17 μm using Cirrus OCT and 200.33 ±24.10 μm using Stratus OCT. Retinal thickness measurements from Cirrus HD‐OCT were approximately 46.91 µm larger than those from Stratus OCT. All retinal measurements showed significant differences (p<0.001). Mean COV was 3.68 ±2.75% (ranged from 0.92 to 8.41%). Conclusion MS patients evaluate with Cirrus and Stratus OCT show differences in their macular measurements in, but no at the RNFL. All measurements obtained using Cirrus OCT show good reproducibility in these patients.
Oxidative effects on the glutathione enzyme systems
Authors: LÖFGREN S 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Lens ageing is associated with oxidative processes, with photo‐oxidation as one of the stressors. Cataract has traditionally been viewed as a one‐way progressive event, but in vivo and in vitro animal studies on ultraviolet radiation‐induced cataract during the last years show repair capacity in the lens. Little is known about what these repair systems are and how they might be influenced by pharmaceuticals. The glutathione redox enzymes have critical antioxidative functions and are a potential target for pharmaceutical intervention. Methods Primary cultures of lens epithelial cells were obtained from mouse and human pediatric lens capsules. The cells were stressed with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The short‐term activity pattern of primary glutathione‐reducing enzymes and other glutathione‐associated enzymes were determined. Results The main picture was a concentration‐dependent decrease in enzyme activity within 15 minutes, with subsequent recovery within one hour. Conclusion The time frame for enzyme inhibition is co‐inciding with that of maximally efficient exposure time in ultraviolet radiation‐induced cataract.
Enhanced age‐related and diabetes‐induced cataract in mice lacking CuZn‐superoxide dismutase
Authors: OLOFSSON EM , MARKLUND SL , BEHNDIG A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose In the lens, light and oxygen generate harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may cause age‐related cataract. In diabetes mellitus, increased glucose levels may contribute to increased generation of ROS which may accelerate cataract formation. We have here explored the role of the antioxidant enzyme copper‐zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) in the protection against age‐related and diabetes‐induced cataract development. Methods Cataract formation in relation to the oxidative status of the lens was evaluated in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic as well as in non‐diabetic SOD1 null and wild‐type mice. Also, the spontaneous age‐related cataract development was followed in both genotypes. Results Cataract was seen in the SOD1 null and the wild‐type mice after 8 weeks of diabetes, although the SOD1 null mice showed a more pronounced cataract formation than the wild‐type mice in relation to the level of hyperglycaemia. As cataract formation was accentuated the lenses showed diminishing levels of glutathione but increasing amounts of protein carbonyls, suggesting a reduced lens anti‐oxidative capacity as well as increased lens protein oxidation. Spontaneous incipient age‐related cataract was seen in the 1‐year old SOD1 null mice whereas the wild‐type mice showed equivalent changes at 2 years of age. Conclusion The results presented here show that SOD1 null mice are more prone to develop diabetes‐induced and age‐related cataract than wild‐type mice. The findings thus further endorse the importance of oxidative stress as a contributor to cataract development and indicate that superoxide radicals may be damaging to the lens. We therefore conclude that the antioxidant enzyme SOD1 is important for the protection against cataract.
Rehabilitative treatment of alexia
Authors: VILLAFRUELA I , GANGOITI L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Homonymous hemianopia is the commonest form of acquired homonymous visual field defect; it can affect visual search and reading, producing alexia. For these patients we use different rehabilitative techniques such us eye movement‐based therapies, in which the damaged visual field is more effectively sampled with compensatory or adaptative eye movements. Methods Four left occipital stroke patients with complete right homonymous hemianopia (2 female) aged 40 to 70 years, took part. They were Spanish speaking and right‐handed. All of them had complete impairment of right parafoveal vision assessed with a Humphrey perimeter. Recordings were made while the participants silently read 10 trails of single words, 10 trails each of three‐and‐five word arrays. For word arrays, the average fixation time per word was calculated. Single‐ word and text reading speed and comprehension and several cognitive functions were assessed in all patients. Results Eye movement’s therapy approaches to rehabilitation attempt to improve visual performance by the application of a regularized framework of eye movement training, with practice over 20 h of intensive training.As a group the patients had significantly shorter mean single word and text reading and comprehension after training (p<0.001) and demonstrated a variety of mechanisms to account for this. Improvements were confined to the training period and maintained at follow up. Conclusion Patients can improve visual search and reading with practice. These changes translate to improved overall reading and visual function, assessed objectively and subjectively, suggesting that they represent good training effects. The underlying mechanism may involve the adoption of compensatory eye movement strategies and these techniques all rely on mass practice.
We're still under pressure: postoperative hypertony
Authors: STALMANS I 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Postoperative hypertony is a frequent complication after trabeculectomy. This problem may occur from the early, to the late stages, and may be an acute or chronic situation. The aim of this lecture is to review the various causes with their clinical presentation and therapeutic strategy. Methods An overview will be provided on the different mechanisms that may cause hypertony after trabeculectomy, ranging from tight flap sutures or blocking of the constructed channel by various substances, over encapsulation and failing bleb to steroid response. For each of these situations, the clinical presentation and differential diagnosis will be discussed. Finally, the therapeutic options will be reviewed. Photographic and video material will be used to illustrate the various clinical presentations and therapeutic interventions. Conclusion This lecture will provide the audience with a practically oriented overview of the clinical management of hypertony after trabeculectomy.
Help, I've been too successful: postoperative hypotony
Authors: ZEYEN T 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To give an overview of the etiology and treatment of hypotony post‐trabeculectomy. Methods Postoperative hypotony is most commonly caused by either overfiltration or bleb leakage. This condition can lead to a flat anterior chamber, hypotony maculopathy, choroidal detachment, and cataract. Results Possible strategies to decrease overfiltration and heal bleb leaks will be highlighted. We will review when and how to refill the anterior chamber, and discuss the proper timing and technique to treat choroidal detachments. Finally, the indications, pros and cons of cataract surgery after trabeculectomy will be discussed. Conclusion This presentation will give guidance on how to diagnose and treat hypotony after trabeculectomy.
Immune responses to gene therapy vectors in the context of corneal transplantation
Authors: RITTER T , WILK M , GONG N , PLEYER U , NOSOV M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The genetic engineering of grafts or cells prior to transplantation is an attractive approach to protect the graft from allogeneic rejection. Virus vector‐based gene therapy is a promising method for successful ex‐vivo gene transfer however, the induction of an immune response against gene‐modified tissues raises concern. Methods Different virus families (Adenovirus, Retrovirus, Adeno‐associated virus, Herpesvirus) have been studied as gene therapy vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. Moreover, different serotypes or envelope proteins have been used to modulate transduction efficiencies of target cells or to evade pre‐existing immunity. Results Here we review gene therapeutic applications using viral vectors in the context of cornea transplantation. Both local and systemic expression of immunomodulatory molecules have led to the prevention of corneal graft rejection. However, different results have been obtained with regard to the induction of immune responses after local or systemic expression of the gene therapy vector. Not surprisingly over‐expression of anti‐inflammatory molecules not only modulated allograft rejection but also influenced the immune response against the viral vector and virally transduced cells. Conclusion Recent clinical trials indicate that the application of viral vectors in ophthalmology is promising however, the generation of immune responses against the viral vector or virally transduced cells are still a serious obstacle for a broader application of gene therapy. Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG Pl 150/14‐1 and Ri 764/10‐1) and Science Foundation of Ireland (SFI 06/RFP/BIC056 and SFI 07/IN.1/B925)
Gene therapy: can we prevent/modulate apoptosis in EC?
Authors: FUCHSLUGER T , JURKUNAS U , KAZLAUSKAS A , DANA R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Regardless of the inciting cause, CEC loss is a common denominator of corneal graft failure. CEC loss during storage results in significant loss of suitable tissue for grafting, CEC loss after transplantation is a major cause of graft failure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of apoptosis in CEC in order to prevent CEC loss during storage. Methods Gene transfer of Lenti‐Bcl‐xL or –p35 was accomplished in human donor corneas, primary cultured CEC and an immortalized CEC line and compared to untreated controls. Cell death (apoptosis) was induced by Actinomycin or Etoposide (external vs. internal apoptotic pathway, respectively). In addition, CEC loss during preservation was studied both during Optisol GS (4C) and organ culture storage (37C, Biochrome Medium I). Both storage media were diluted with PBS to promote cell loss. CEC were enumerated, apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining and confocal microscopy. Results The percentage of TUNEL‐positive CEC provoked by the apoptotic inducers was significantly reduced relative to controls. Transfected corneas preserved an almost intact endothelial monolayer while controls nearly entirely lost vital CEC. During long‐term storage experiments at 4C and at 37C, CEC counts in corneas expressing anti‐apoptotic genes remained significantly higher compared to the controls. Conclusion Protection of CEC by anti‐apoptotic genes appears to be an effective method to reduce CEC loss during storage. The application of this technique could increase the amount of high quality grafts in eye banking and further reduce graft failure following corneal transplantation, and is be of specific interest as to precut corneas and DSAEK procedures.
Orbital and periorbital cystic lesions in Indian children : A retrospective analysis from a tertiary care hospital
Authors: SETHI S , BAJAJ MS , PUSHKER N , MEHTA M , KASHYAP S , SEN S , CHAWLA B , GHOSE S 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Cystic lesions in orbital and periorbital area constitute a group with diverse etiopathogenesis and varied clinical and histopathologic findings. Through this study we present a review of all patients 18 years or less diagnosed histopathologically as orbital or periorbital cystic lesions, over a period of 3 years. Methods Retrospective observational case series of histopathologically proven cysts or lesions with cystic changes, in patients 18 years or less, from Jan 2006 to Dec 2008. Results There were a total of 97 patients, age 4 months to 18 years (mean 11.63 ± 4.48). Cysts of the surface epithelium were the most frequent lesion seen (n:50; 51.5%), of which 39 (40.2%) were dermoid cysts and 11 (11.3%) were simple epithelial cysts. Other lesions in decreasing order of frequency were: inflammatory cystic lesions ‐ abscesses and parasitic cysts (n:16, 16.5%); neural cysts associated with ocular maldevelopment or associated with brain and meningeal tissue (n:14; 14.4%); non‐cystic lesions with cystic components like lymphangioma (n:12; 12.4%); and secondary cysts ‐ mucoceles and lacrimal cysts (n:5; 5.2%). Conclusion In our series cysts of the surface epithelium were the most commonly seen cystic lesion. Also noticeable is the high frequency of inflammatory lesions including parasitic and cysticercosis cysts. Cystic lesions behave clinically as benign lesions, however significant morbidity can be associated because of aesthetic considerations and vision loss owing to optic nerve compression.
Metastatic cancer presenting with ocular symptoms: a series of cases
Authors: PEREZ GARCIA D , TOBENA PUYAL M , VALYI Z , IBANEZ J , ROJO ARNAO M , JIMENEZ DEL RIO B , CRISTOBAL JA , FERRER A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Choroidal metastasis is the most frequent intraocular tumour. Lung cancer in men and breast cancer in women are the most common primary sources, followed by the digestive tract. The incidence of uveal metastasis is much higher after authopsy than in clinical series so its impact is underestimated. We present a series of cases of choroidal metastasis as the initial presentation of malignant disease. Methods We collected 5 patients in our hospital from August 2006 to April 2009 of choroidal metastasis as initial presentation of malignant disease. Primary sources, clinical and therapeutic management were analysed. Results 3 of the 5 patients were women (60%). Ophthalmological symptoms were decreased visual acuity in 2 patients (40%) and metamorphopsia in 3 (60%). As primary source were found lung cancer in 2 cases ( 1 adenocarcinoma and 1 oat cell carcinoma), pancreas adenocarcinoma in 2 cases and 1 unknown origin. Only one of the patients was considered candidate to receive brachytherapy. Conclusion Metastasis to the uvea is not a rare event due to the prolonged survival time of many cancer patients. Ophthalmologist should be aware of incidence, clinical features and management of choroidal metastasis as well as the prognosis for affected patients.
Comparison of mono‐ and bicanalicular silicone stent intubation in dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: BELTRAM M , PAJTLER A , DRNOVSEK‐OLUP B 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Silicone stent intubation is used in DCR procedures to prevent a restenosis of the surgical ostium. However, use is not generally accepted due to concers on cost/effectiveness. The goal of our study was to analyze the types and rate of complications associated with monocanalicular and bicanalicular silicones stent intubation nad success rate of DCR procedure. Methods A consecutive series of 114 patients who underwent 120 DCR procedures at our institution from November 2005 on has been included in the study. All DCR (transcanalicular laser DCR’s) procedures were performed under general anaesthesia. One of two types of silicone intubation was inserted at each procedure: bicanalicular silicone stent (72 cases), and inferior monocanalicular stent alone (38 cases). In the former a metallic clip was used to secure the stents in the nasal cavity, in the latter a double knot was applied. The intubation has been removed after 4 months. Results We encountered the following complications: cheese‐wiring of lacrimal punctum (14 cases), prolaps of intubation at the punctual side (9 cases), irritation of conjunctiva (3 cases), corneal erosion (1 case), retention of metallic clip in lacrimal sac (1 case). We statistically analyzed and compared the rate of complications for both types of intubation. Decubitus of the lacrimal punctum was less frequent with monocanalicular intubation compared to bicanalicular intubation; other complications were present at similar rates. Conclusion Complications with silicone stent intubation are not difficult to cope with and normally do not produce adverse effect on DCR success rate with the exception of early and complete prolaps of intubation, which is associated with a lesser success rate of DCR.
Optico‐anatomical changes of prematurity children eyes
Authors: KRIAUCIUNIENE L , AUKSTIKALNIENE R , PAUNKSNIS A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The aim of our work was to determine changes in optical‐anatomical elements of myopic eyes of full‐term and premature children during accommodation by means of precise ultrasonic biometry. Methods The study was made on healthy full‐term children’s eyes with emmetropic refraction (group, n = 20); full‐term 1st degree myopic children’s eyes with refraction from ‐1.0 D to ‐3.0 D (group 2, n = 16), and premature children’s myopic eyes with refraction ‐1.0 D to ‐3.0 D (group 3, n = 12). The age of children ranged from 6 to 15 years. Gestation age in the pre‐term group ranged from 25 to 34 weeks. All were seen in the clinic for the risk of developing retinopathy of prematurity. Results Ultrasonic biometry evaluates optical‐anatomical parameters in premature children’s myopic eyes. Axial length was longer than in healthy and full‐term myopic children’s eyes (mean, 24.09 ± 0.69 mm) and lens thickness was bigger (mean 3.35 ± 0.14 mm). In the healthy children’s group: axial length was 23.49 ± 0.48 mm and lens thickness 3.00 ± 0.07 mm, and in the full‐term myopic children’s group the axial length was 23.79 ± 0.59 mm and lens thickness 3.24 ± 0.14 mm. Conclusion In the group of premature children changes in the optical‐anatomical elements parameters of myopic eyes were more pronounced than in the group of full‐term children, and it could lead to higher myopia development.
Wavefront map analysis of single vision and progressive ophthalmic lenses
Authors: PHILIPPAKI E , PLAINIS S , PALLIKARIS A , PAPADIAMANTIS A , PALLIKARIS IG 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To evaluate and compare wavefront aberration maps in single‐vision (SVL) and progressive power lenses (PPL) of different materials and designs. Methods The monochromatic wavefront aberrations of SVL and PPL were evaluated using a Shack‐Hartmann wavefront sensor. The lenses were categorized according to their material, power, design and refractive index. Measurements were taken along vertical and horizontal axes starting from the lens optical center and moving towards its periphery in 3mm steps. Artificial pupils of 3mm and 6mm diameter were used to simulate photopic / mesopic viewing conditions. For each point the average of three measurements was analysed. Zernike expansion coefficients up to 4th order, defocus sphere, astigmatism and paraxial curvature matching were calculated using custom‐made scripts in Matlab computational software. Results In all cases the magnitude of aberrations was higher when a 6mm viewing pupil was used. The most prominent aberrations were the second order astigmatic components, especially in PPLs and positive SVLs. Spherical aberration and third order aberrations (coma and trefoil) were more pronounced in specific designs. Finally, the magnitude and the pattern of aberrations are affected by lens material, power and refractive index. Conclusion Wavefront aberration data offers, in addition to the common power mapping, the evaluation of the higher order aberrations profiles of the lens, which may compromise visual performance. This allows a more accurate assessment of the visual enhancement provided by modern PPLs with advanced designs.