bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the release characteristics of HCN and NH3 during coal gasification
Authors: Sun Lu Shi , Shi Jinming , Xiang Jun , Zhao Qingsen , Hu Song , Su Sheng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe release characteristics of the coal‐gasification products were inspected in the thermo gravimetric analysis and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA‐FTIR) online instruments. Pingdingshan bituminous coals of three sizes had been selected to study in three kinds of atmosphere. The study indicated that there are remarkable influences of the sizes and the atmosphere to the release characteristics of HCN and NH3. The smaller the sizes are, the faster the volatile matter releases, thus the releasing velocity of HCN is easy to most early. Meanwhile, the more the pores are, the more are the active locations for coal gasification. The concentration of CO2 ([CO2]) could influence the releasing characteristic of the N‐containing components: The lower the concentration of CO2, the more difficult is the HCN conversion to NH3 or N2. The littler the coverage rate of active locations is, and the slower C and N containing function component react and the slower active H releases, the slower is the transformation of HCN to NH3 to increase the concentration of HCN. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogels assembled by inclusion complexation of poly(ethylene glycol) with alpha‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Wang Jie , Li Li , Zhu Yunying , Liu Peng , Guo Xuhong 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPolymeric hydrogels were prepared based on the inclusive complexation between α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Because the rheological property of a thermodynamic stable hydrogel should be gap‐independent, it is found in this work that the uniformed hydrogel can be distinguished from gel‐like aggregation by changing the plate gap during the rheological measurement. By this rheological method it is determined that suitable storage duration is necessary for the preparation of uniform hydrogels. However, the sonication technique after mixing CD and PEG solutions or increasing PEG concentration can shorten the time to form stable hydrogels. Moreover, the molecular weight of PEG should be high enough (≥8000 g/mol) for sol‐gel transition. The higher the molecular weight of PEG is, the longer storage time is needed to obtain a uniform hydrogel. From the observation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) of prepared hydrogels, we concluded that the driving force of networks should be attributed to the crystallization of complexed α‐CDs in the α‐CD/PEG pseudo‐polyrotaxanes. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SCT reaction kinetics model and diffusion for p.c. combustion in TGA
Authors: Fu Pei‐Fang , Zhou Huai‐Chun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRecently, the process of char burnout is extensively concerned. Global model used widely cannot predict the extent of char burnout at the later burning stage. For the need of predicting the burnout degree in industrial pulverized coal (p.c.) fired furnace by making use of the experimental data from such as thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) and drop tube furnace, based on the simple collision theory (SCT) of chemical reaction kinetics, the SCT model is educed. The p.c. combustion is considered as the results of strike and oxidation of oxygen molecules on the surface of p.c. particles, and the frequency of effective strike was determined by Boltzmann factor. Strike and oxidation occur on the oxygen accessible specific surface area (OASA). Chemical regime controlled is at temperature below 1200 K, and molecules diffusion regime controlled is at the temperature above 1600 K, at which OASA corresponds to the specific surface area with pore diameter more than 38 nm of p.c particles in coal‐fired boiler. The OASA of p.c. particles increases with the char burning, for the particles swells, shrinks and cracks. The burning rates calculated based on SCT model have shown good correspondence with experimental data reported. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antinucleating action of polystyrene on the isothermal cold crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Wellen Renate M. R. , Rabello Marcelo S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of polystyrene (PS) on the kinetics of the cold crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was thoroughly investigated. The PET/PS blends were essentially immiscible, as observed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, which showed two distinct glass‐transition temperatures, and by scanning electron microscopy. The neat PET and its blends were isothermally cold‐crystallized at various temperatures, and the kinetic parameters were determined with the Avrami approach. PET and its blends presented values of the Avrami exponent close to 2, and the kinetic constant increased with the crystallization temperature increasing. For all the crystallization temperatures studied, the presence of only 1 wt % PS significantly reduced the rate of cold crystallization of PET. A further increase in the PS concentration did not show any significant influence. The blends presented higher values of the activation energy for cold crystallization, which was estimated from Arrhenius plots. The equilibrium melting temperature of neat PET was determined on the basis of the linear Hoffman–Weeks extrapolative method to be ∼ 255°C. This value decreased in the presence of PS, and this suggested limited solubility between PET and PS. From the spherulitic growth equation proposed by Hoffman and Lauritzen, the nucleation parameter was obtained, and it was shown to be higher for the neat PET than for the blends. Moreover, a transition of regimes (I → II) was observed in both PET and its blends. From the investigations conducted here, it is clear that PS in small amounts causes a reduction in the rate of PET crystallization, acting as an antinucleating agent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Sodium alginate polymeric floating beads for the delivery of cefpodoxime proxetil
Authors: Gadad Anand P. , Patil Mrityunjaya B. , Naduvinamani Suma N. , Mastiholimath Vinayak S. , Dandagi Panchaxari M. , Kulkarni Anandrao R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSodium alginate (SA) floating beads containing cefpodoxime proxetil, a third‐generation cephalosporin antibiotic, were prepared by precipitation method using calcium carbonate as gas generating agent.Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was used in all the four formulations in different proportions (F1, F2, F3, and F4) as swelling agent to control the release of the drug. Gas generating agent forms pores on the surface of the beads because of the rapid escape of CO2 during the curing process in precipitating media. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed their porous and grossly spherical structure, and the size of the beads were in the range of 700–1000 μm. The size of the beads increases with the increase in the concentration of gas‐forming agent and decreases with the increase in the concentration SA. The drug entrapment efficiency was found to be in the range of 85.3–91.1%. F2 shows least entrapment, whereas F3 shows maximum entrapment. The percentage porosity was 82.1–89.1%, and the mean pore diameter was 0.41–0.52 μm. The porosity depends on the concentration of gas‐forming agent. The mechanical strength of the beads was 591–1073 g. All the formulations showed good floating time. The in vitro release was performed in glycine dissolution media according to USP for about 12 h. The cumulative % drug release was found to be 67.5–87.3%. The in vitro dissolution study reveals that the concentration of the gas generating agent and SA affects the release rate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The removal of toxic heavy metal cations by polysulfonebenzylthiourea reactive hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes
Authors: Wang Bing , Liu Wei , Huang Lei 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe hollow fiber asymmetric matrix membranes were prepared with phase inversion by utilization of the chloromethyl polysulfone/polyethylene glycol/DMAC casting solution and chloromethyl polysulfone as membrane materials. The effects of composition of spinning casting solution and process parameters of dry–wet spinning on the structure of hollow fiber matrix membrane were investigated. Through the reaction between matrix membrane and thiourea, the highly qualified polysulfonebenzylthiourea reactive hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes were able to afford. The adsorption isotherms of the polysulfonebenzylthiourea hollow fiber membrane for Cd2+ and Zn2+ were determined and the effects of mobile phase conditions and the operating parameters on removal performance of the polysulfonebenzylthiourea hollow fiber membrane for Cd2+ and Zn2+ were also investigated. The experimental results showed that adsorption isotherms of Cd2+ and Zn2+ could be described by the Langmuir isotherm, the polysulfonebenzylthiourea hollow fiber membrane could be operated at high feed flow rate, and a large‐scale removal of Cd2+ and Zn2+ could be realized. According to required recovery of Cd2+ and Zn2+ and the saturation degree of polysulfonebenzylthiourea hollow fiber membrane, the optimum loading amount of Cd2+ and Zn2+ should be selected in the actual removal of Cd2+ and Zn2+. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Characterization of an anisotropic hydrogel tissue substrate for infusion testing
Authors: Lee Sung Jin , Pishko Gregory L. , Astary Garret W. , Mareci Thomas H. , Sarntinoranont Malisa 
Published: June 2009

AbstractArtificial tissue models that capture specific transport properties are useful for investigating physical phenomena important to drug delivery. In this study, an in vitro tissue model was developed and characterized with the goal of mimicking aligned tissue. An anisotropic porous medium was developed by the construction of a 1% agarose hydrogel implanted with different volume fractions (∼ 5, 10, and 20%) of 10‐μm‐diameter glass fibers. The developed substrate was able to capture anisotropic transport after the direct infusion of a macromolecular tracer, Evans blue albumin (EBA). To further characterize the test substrate, the diffusion tensor of water was measured by diffusion tensor imaging, and the ratios of the diffusivities in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the glass fibers were 1.16, 1.20, and 1.26 for 5, 10, and 20% fiber volume fractions, respectively. The hydraulic conductivity was estimated by the measurement of pressure gradients across samples under controlled microflow conditions in the direction parallel to implanted fibers. The hydraulic conductivities at various hydrogel concentrations without fibers and in a 1% hydrogel with various fiber volume fractions were measured; for example, K∥ = 1.20 × 10−12 m4 N−1 s−1 (where K∥ is the conductivity component in the direction parallel to the glass fibers) for 20% fiber volume fractions. Also, EBA distributions were fit to porous medium transport models to estimate hydraulic conductivity in the direction perpendicular to glass fibers. The estimated ratio of directional hydraulic conductivity, K∥/K⟂ (where K⟂ is the conductivity component in the direction perpendicular to the glass fibers), ranged from approximately 3 to 5, from 6 to 10, and from 40 to 90 for 5, 10, and 20% fiber volume fractions, respectively. These agarose hydrogel models provided convenient media for quantifying infusion protocols at low flow rates. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Comparison of the effects of collagen and modified collagen fillers on the properties of XNBR rubber
Authors: Chrońska K. , Przepiórkowska A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the effects of 5 to 30 parts by weight of unmodified and modified collagen on the properties of XNBR rubber vulcanized with a cross‐linking system. This study is a part of experimental series concerning polymeric materials that are biodegradable due to their filling with a waste protein such as collagen. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study of the influence of IPPD on thermo‐oxidation process of elastomeric hose
Authors: Colom X. , Andreu‐Mateu F. , Cañavate F. J. , Mujal R. , Carrillo F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the influence of the N‐isopropyl‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (IPPD) antioxidant agent on degradation of composites NBR/SiO2. The inhibition of the early stages of the degrading process has been particularly analyzed.Several NBR‐SiO2 matrix samples with and without IPPD have been exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere at 140°C for periods between 0 and 120 h. Besides, IPPD alone has been subject to the same aging thermo‐oxidizing process. The degraded samples have been characterized by ATR‐FTIR, TG, and SEM. Mechanical properties and degree of crosslinking have been determined. The results show that the IPPD improves the mechanical behavior of the composites submitted to thermo‐oxidization, increasing the time in which composite retains rather good mechanical properties. IPPD decreases the ability of crosslinking of the rubber. ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy study shows that the degradation process increases the volatility of the plasticizer and generates new unsaturation sites, which later will be the nuclei of crosslinking. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of low molar mass liquid crystal and lubricant on miscibility and thermal properties of syndiotactic polystyrene blends
Authors: Pahupongsab Pichet , Thongyai Supakanok , Wacharawichanant Sirirat , Praserthdam Piyasan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis research concerned with the miscibility and thermal properties of syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) blended with several polymers such as poly (α‐methyl styrene)—PaMS, poly(ethyl methacrylate)—PEMA, poly(n‐butyl methacrylate)—PBMA, poly(cyclohexyl acrylate)—PCHA, and poly(cis‐isoprene)—PIP. The SPS synthesized by using metallocene catalyst and modified‐methylaluminoxane (MMAO) as cocatalyst. From the experimental results, it was found that the SPS can be miscible with PaMS, PEMA, PBMA, PCHA, and PIP. Furthermore, the effects of the addition of low molar mass liquid crystal (cyclohexyl‐biphenyl‐cyclohexane, CBC33) and lubricant (glycerol monostearate, GMS) on thermal properties of the blended polymers with SPS are concerned. Both CBC33 and GMS can lower the crystallization temperature (Tc) of the blend and can also slightly lower the melting temperature (Tm) of the blends. This might be because of the higher mobility of SPS molecules induced the separation from the crystal both in the case of the depression of Tc or Tm. The higher mobility of the blends happened together with the further reduction of the melt viscosity of the blends according to CBC33 that can be proven by Motong et al. in 2008 (Motong et al., J Appl Polym Sci 2008, 107, 1108). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Nanocomposites of urethane and montmorillonite clay in emulsion: In situ preparation and characterization
Authors: Yuan Guo‐Li , Li Wen‐Ming , Yin Sheng , Zou Fang , Long Kai‐Chun , Yang Zhong‐Fang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNanocomposites of polyurethane‐montmorillonite (PU‐MMT) were successfully prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization. The PU‐MMT particles size in emulsion was controlled in nanolevel, which was confirmed by laser scattering size distribution analyzer. The morphology of MMT in PU‐MMT composites was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Wide angle x‐ray diffraction (WAXD) was also used to detect the dispersion of MMT in composites. The thermal property was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis. Mechanical and fracture properties were also been tested. Gas barrier property was discussed on the basis of testing oxygen permeability of PU‐MMT films. The permeability coefficient of the films is found to reduce after composing with MMT, which indicates that the potential application of PU‐MMT could be realized as coating materials to prevent metal rusting. It is also found that dimethyl distearylbenzyl ammonium chloride (DMDSBA) is a better modifier for MMT in PU than dimethyldistearyl ammonium chloride (DMDSA). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of a novel amphiphilic copolymer capable as anti‐biofouling coating material
Authors: Feng Shijun , Wang Qiang , Gao Yu , Huang Yangen , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA novel cross‐linked copolymer containing hydrophobic perfluoropolyether and hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) units was synthesized and characterized. The anti‐biofouling properties of the fluoropolymer were evaluated by laboratory assays using the fouling diatom Nitzschia and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results from the preliminary study showed that this fluorinated copolymer has promising anti‐biofouling performance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Differences in benthic cover inside and outside marine protected areas on the Great Barrier Reef: influence of protection or disturbance history?
Authors: Myers Monique R. , Ambrose Richard F. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are being used increasingly to manage and protect marine resources. Most studies of MPAs have focused on fish. In this study, the influence of MPA protection on coral reef benthic organisms on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) was investigated. In addition, the interaction between protection and natural disturbance history was examined.
Differences in benthic cover inside and outside MPAs were assessed at 15 pairs of Protected and General Use reefs on the GBR using annual monitoring data from the Australian Institute of Marine Science's Long‐Term Monitoring Programme (LTMP). At each reef, benthic cover was determined using a benthic video survey at three sites, with each site consisting of five 50 m transect lines separated by at least 250 m running parallel to the reef crest at 6–9 m depth.
Benthic cover was related to both protection status and disturbance history, but natural perturbations exerted a stronger influence on benthic cover than did protection status. The influence of natural perturbation was most noticeable for hard coral.
Most reefs where no natural disturbance events had occurred (‘undisturbed reefs’) had higher hard coral cover and lower soft coral cover than General Use reefs. While the high levels of hard coral on Protected reefs may be a result of protection status, it might also have resulted from selection bias that occurred during the initial zoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (i.e. managers may have given protection status to reefs with high coral cover).
These results are likely influenced by the relatively low intensity of human use, both on the Great Barrier Reef in general and at the particular monitoring sites studied. Over time, as local populations and tourism increase, the effect of protection may become more evident at LTMP sites. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chagos feels the pinch: assessment of holothurian (sea cucumber) abundance, illegal harvesting and conservation prospects in British Indian Ocean Territory
Authors: Price A. R. G. , Harris A. , Mcgowan A. , Venkatachalam A. J. , Sheppard C. R. C. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Data are analysed from visual censuses of shallow‐water holothurians (sea cucumbers) in 72 shallow water transects 100 m×2 m within four atolls of Chagos. Mean holothurian abundance in Diego Garcia, where harvesting is absent, was 18.5 individuals/transect (all transects) and 55.4 individuals/transect (only those containing holothurians). In the three exploited atolls, mean abundance did not exceed 3.5 and 5.2 individuals/transect, respectively.
Comparison with data collected during this study and an earlier investigation reveals a marked decline over four years in both mean and maximum density of commercially valuable Stichopus chloronotus and Holothuria atra in Salomon and Peros Banhos, both exploited atolls, and also for Holothuria nobilis in the latter.
Holothurian counts were also made along an extensive transect (21 km×4 m) encircling Salomon atoll. Abundance showed highly significant negative correlation with fishing pressure, the latter estimated using an ordinal (0–3) scale (Rs=−0.605, P⩽0.01). Harvesting effects were not discernible using data from 200 m2 transects.
While recent studies have shown Chagos is virtually pristine regarding contaminant levels, its holothurian resources are under increasing pressure. Results from this study, and examination of Sri Lanka's fishing activity in distant waters, point to heavy and illegal harvesting.
Stronger measures are needed to control the illegal fishery, to prevent holothurian abundances falling to the non‐sustainable levels now prevalent across much of the Indo‐Pacific, and to ensure that Chagos remains a biodiversity hotspot and environment of international renown. Use of smaller surveillance vessels would facilitate this.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implications of recreational fishing for elasmobranch conservation in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Authors: Lynch Ann‐Maree J. , Sutton Stephen G. , Simpfendorfer Colin A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
309 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park recreational fishers were surveyed to examine recreational catch and harvest of elasmobranchs and to explore recreational fishers' handling behaviour and attitudes.
Elasmobranchs represented 6% of fishers' total catch of all fish (including released individuals), and 0.8% of fishers' total harvest (i.e. retained individuals) across all survey days. The majority of elasmobranchs caught by fishers were released, primarily because they were perceived as being inedible.
Recreational fishers' self‐reported handling and release behaviour for elasmobranchs is largely consistent with ‘best practice’ guidelines except that fishers had low use of circle hooks and barbless hooks, and a significant proportion (33%) reported using stainless steel hooks.
Most fishers had positive attitudes towards elasmobranchs, placing high importance on releasing sharks and rays in good condition (86%), high value on their existence (84%), and low value on catching them (63%).
Results indicate that post‐release mortality is probably the largest source of recreational fishing mortality of elasmobranchs in the Great Barrier Reef. Future research should be targeted at obtaining better estimates of species‐specific post‐release mortality levels, understanding how post‐release survival can be increased by changing fishing techniques or fisher behaviour, and developing more effective methods of engaging fishers in elasmobranch conservation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Dimeric Quinazolin‐2‐one, 1,4‐Benzodiazepin‐2‐one, and Isoalloxazine Compounds as Inhibitors of Amyloid Peptides Association
Authors: Barthel Alexander , Trieschmann Lothar , Ströhl Dieter , Kluge Ralph , Böhm Gerald , Csuk René 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of dimeric compounds derived from quinazolin‐2‐one and 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐one possessing a piperazine or homopiperazine spacer was investigated. In addition, a piperazine spacered bis‐isoalloxazine and a bis‐riboflavin compound were prepared and their ability to interrupt the association of prion proteins and Alzheimer‐specific Aβ peptides was investigated using a fast screening system based on flow cytometry. The bis‐isoalloxazine 14 was identified as a new lead structure.