bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Throughput Screening Identifies Two Classes of Antibiotics as Radioprotectors: Tetracyclines and Fluoroquinolones
Authors: Kim Kwanghee , Pollard Julianne M. , Norris Andrew J. , McDonald J. Tyson , Sun Yingli , Micewicz Ewa , Pettijohn Kelly , Damoiseaux Robert , Iwamoto Keisuke S. , Sayre James W. , Price Brendan D. , Gatti Richard A. , McBride William H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurpose: Discovery of agents that protect or mitigate normal tissue from radiation injury during radiotherapy, accidents, or terrorist attacks is of importance. Specifically, bone marrow insufficiency, with possible infection due to immunosuppression, can occur after total body irradiation (TBI) or regional irradiation and is a major component of the acute radiation syndrome. The purpose of this study was to identify novel radioprotectors and mitigators of the hematopoietic system.Experimental Design: High-throughput screening of small-molecule libraries was done using viability of a murine lymphocyte line as a readout with further validation in human lymphoblastoid cells. The selected compounds were then tested for their ability to counter TBI lethality in mice.Results: All of two major classes of antibiotics, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, which share a common planar ring moiety, were radioprotective. Furthermore, tetracycline protected murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell populations from radiation damage and allowed 87.5% of mice to survive when given before and 35% when given 24 h after lethal TBI. Interestingly, tetracycline did not alter the radiosensitivity of Lewis lung cancer cells. Tetracycline and ciprofloxacine also protected human lymphoblastoid cells, reducing radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks by 33% and 21%, respectively. The effects of these agents on radiation lethality are not due to the classic mechanism of free radical scavenging but potentially through activation of the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase and altered chromatin structure.Conclusions: Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones can be robust radioprotectors and mitigators of the hematopoietic system with potential utility in anticancer radiotherapy and radiation emergencies. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(23):7238–45)
Hindi Stop Consonants: an Acoustic and Fiberscopic Study
Authors: Benguerel André-Pierre , Bhatia Tej K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Fiberscopic films and audio recordings were made of two native speakers of Hindi, producing # Ci, iCi, iC# utterances where C was one of the four types of stops and affricates. The voiced unaspirated type showed voicing through the whole consonant and no ab-/adduction gesture. The other three types, in the intervocalic case, all showed an ab-/adduction gesture, but the timing and the amplitude of this gesture differed for the three types. For the voiceless unaspirated type, the gesture started at the beginning of the consonant and ended at the release, whereas for the voiced aspirated type, it started at the release and ended at the end of the consonant. For the voiceless aspirated type, it started and ended with the consonant, reaching a glottal width approximately double of the latter two types. Similar results were obtained in initial and final position. Voice onset time values and durations of oral closure are examined. Pros and cons of the terms ‘voiced aspirated’, ‘murmured aspirated’, and ‘voiced phonoaspirated’ are discussed. Finally a mechanism underlying stop production is suggested.
Variability of Vowel Formant Frequencies and the Quantal Theory of Speech: A First Report
Authors: Pisoni David B. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper reports the results of a study in which variability of formant frequencies for different vowels was examined with regard to several predictions derived from the quantal theory of speech. Two subjects were required to reproduce eight different steady-state synthetic vowels which were presented repeatedly in a randomized order. Spectral analysis was carried out on the vocal responses in order to obtain means and standard deviations of the vowel formant frequencies. In the spirit of the quantal theory, it was predicted that the points vowel. /i/, /a/ and /u/ would show lower standard deviations than the nonpoint vowels because these vowels are assumed to be produced at places in the vocal tract where small perturbations in articulation produce only minimal changes in the resulting formant frequencies. That is, these vowels are assumed to be quantal vowels. The results of this study provided little support for the hypothesis under consideration. A discussion of the outcome of the results as well as some speculation as to its failure to find support for the quantal theory is provided in the report. Several final comments are also offered about computer simulation studies of speech production and the need for additional empirical studies on vowel production with real talkers.
Dichotic and Monotic Masking of CV Syllables by CV Second Formants with Different Steady-State Durations
Authors: Porter Robert J. , Cullen John K. , Whittaker Ronald G. , Castellanos Xavier 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Listeners were asked to identify 295-ms synthetic CVs (45-ms transitions + 250-ms steady states) in the presence of monotically or dichotically competing isolated second-formant ‘bleats’ from CVs. Bleat duration was varied, by cutting back the steady-state portions, from 295-ms total to a transition alone (45 ms). This temporal variation in the bleats was chosen to focus on the extent to which ‘nonphonetic’ structural characteristics of signals determine the presence and amount of interference. Dichotic identification varied as a continuous, monotonic function of bleat duration, with greatest interference observed with the largest steady-state value and least interference for no steady state (i.e., transition alone). In contrast, monotic identification was relatively poor and constant across duration values. These results, together with an analysis of errors, lead to the conclusion that monotic interference does not depend on signals’ steady-state durations; consistent with other peripheral masking studies, monotic results seem, instead, dependent upon which segments of two signals are simultaneous and whether these temporally overlapping parts have energy in similar frequency ranges. In contrast, dichotic interference does depend on steady-state duration. This suggests dichotic interference is a form of ‘central masking’ which occurs because of the disruption of processes concerned with specifying the overall time-by-frequency characteristics of signals, independent of their interpretation as phonetic events.
The Attempt to Reform Family Law in Mali
Authors: Soares Benjamin F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this paper, I am concerned with understanding the recent efforts to reform the laws governing marriage and inheritance, the code de la famille or the Family Code in Mali. Since the advent of multiparty elections in the 1990s, prominent members of the Malian government and civil servants, Malian women's rights activists, secular NGOs, and international and bilateral donors have made efforts to promote various social reforms, including the advancement of women's rights and the promotion of gender equality, particularly through changes in the Family Code. While some observers have attributed the lack of reform to the increased influence of “Islamists” and/or to religiously conservative Muslims, I draw on historical research and ethnography to propose an alternative reading of the lack of institutional law reform. As I argue, the gap between Malian civil law relating to the family and the lived experiences and social practices of many Malians, who are overwhelmingly Muslim, has become even more apparent in this era of political liberalization and promotion of global human rights discourses. This has helped to make such proposed social reforms as the promotion of women's rights and family law reform more contentious and the ultimate outcome even more uncertain.
Sacred Embodiment: Fertility Ritual, Mother Goddess, and Cultures of Belly Dance
Authors: Karayanni Stavros Stavrou 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis essay examines belly dance movement as a mimetic ritual of universal significance in its representations of the birthing of the human race and the worship of the Mother Goddess. In this examination, the contested politics of female fertility and birthing rituals will be discussed. The essay's scope expands to include discussions of the popular tropes of “body memory” and “in the blood,” fascinating instances of identity definition and ideological location before originary questions of human embodiment, descent, and gender tensions. Movement is directly connected to identity. Movement and choreography may function as story telling—a narrative of the body's history, a fluid and kinaesthetic record of the individual body, and, by extension, the community and in some ways humanity itself.
Assidui or proletarii? Property in Roman Citizen Colonies and the vacatio militiae
Authors: Roselaar Saskia 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article argues that colonists in fourth- and third-century BC colonies with Roman citizen status remained proletarii, because allotments of two iugera of land were not sufficient to raise them to the fifth census class. The vacatio militiae recorded by Livy as a privilege enjoyed by these colonies does not mean that the colonists had become assidui. The article argues that instead the vacatio served to ensure that all colonists in such colonies remained exempt from military service, even if their possessions would rise sufficiently to allow them to become assidui. This ensured that such colonies maintained an adequate manpower supply and thus continued to fulfil their role in the defensive strategy of the Roman Republic.
The ECJ and the ECtHR: The Future Relationship between the Two European Courts
Authors: Lock Tobias 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe current relationship between the two European courts has been discussed in some great detail while the future of that relationship has been widely neglected. This is somewhat surprising as the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty and with it of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the EU's succession to the ECHR are probably going to take place before too long. The article first examines Article 52(3) of the Charter, which prescribes that the ECHR be the minimum standard of human rights in the EU. It is argued that Article 52 (3) does not entail a reference to the ECtHR's case law so that the ECJ will not be bound by that case law. After an accession of the EU to the ECHR, it is likely that both courts will assert that they have exclusive jurisdiction over the ECHR in inter-state cases, which creates a jurisdictional conflict for which a solution must be found. In addition, the article explores whether after an accession, the Bosphorus case law will have a future and whether the dictum found in Opinion 1/91 will be applicable, according to which the ECJ is bound by the decisions of courts created by an international agreement to which the EC is a party.
Leukemic transformation by the APL fusion protein PRKAR1A-RARα critically depends on recruitment of RXRα
Authors: Qiu Jihui J. , Lu Xiaoxi , Zeisig Bernd B. , Ma Zhigui , Cai Xun , Chen Saijuan , Gronemeyer Hinrich , Tweardy David J. , So Chi Wai Eric , Dong Shuo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
PRKAR1A (R1A)–retinoic acid receptor-α (R1A-RARα) is the sixth RARα–containing fusion protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Using the murine bone-marrow retroviral transduction/transformation assay, we showed that R1A-RARα fusion protein could transform bone-marrow progenitor/stem cells. In gel-shift assays, R1A-RARα was able to bind to a panel of retinoic acid response elements both as a homodimer and as a heterodimer with RXRα, and demonstrated distinct DNA-binding characteristics compared with wild-type RARα/RXRα or other X-RARα chimeric proteins. The ratio of R1A-RARα to RXRα proteins affected the retinoic acid response element interaction pattern of R1A-RARα/RXRα complexes. Studies comparing R1A-RARα with R1A-RARα(ΔRIIa) demonstrated that the RIIa protein interaction domain located within R1A was responsible for R1A-RARα homodimeric DNA binding and interaction with wild-type R1A protein. However, the RIIa domain was not required for R1A-RARα–mediated transformation because its deletion in R1A-RARα(ΔRIIa) did not compromise its transformation capability. In contrast, introduction of point mutations within the RARα portion of either R1A-RARα or R1A-RARα(ΔRIIa), previously demonstrated to eliminate RXRα interaction or treatment of transduced cells with RXRα shRNA or a RXRα agonist, reduced transformation capability. Thus, leukemic transformation by APL fusion protein PRKAR1A-RARα is critically dependent on RXRα, which suggests RXRα is a promising target for APL.
Anomalous superficial peroneal nerve and variant cutaneous innervation of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot: a case report
Authors: Nagabhooshana Somayaji , Vollala Venkata Ramana , Rodrigues Vincent , Rao Mohandas 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Background
The superficial peroneal nerve is a branch of common peroneal nerve. There are reports about the variant course and distribution of this nerve. The sural nerve arises from the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. The variations of the above nerves described here are unique and provide significant information to surgeons dissecting lower limb.

Case presentation
The present case is about some important anatomic variations observed in left lower limb of approximately 55 - year - old male cadaver. The variations were; high division of superficial peroneal nerve into medial and lateral branches, lateral branch descending in the anterior intermuscular septum in a peroneal tunnel before piercing the deep fascia and variant distribution of sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot. The probable clinical significances of the variation are discussed.

Conclusion
Awareness of anatomical variations of superficial peroneal and sural nerves such as those presented here becomes important to avoid injury in real clinical situations.
Menschen und das Datenweb: Semantische Textverarbeitung für Nicht-ExpertenHumans and the Web of Data: Semantic Text Authoring for the non-Expert
Authors: Luczak-Rösch Markus , Heese Ralf , Paschke Adrian 
Published: November 2009

Zusammenfassung
Durch die vielversprechende Linked Data Initiative ist das World Wide Web als ein Web das aus (HTML-)Dokumenten besteht, die mittels Hyperlinks vernetzt sind und dessen Informationen nur für die menschlichen Nutzer erschließbar sind, im Wandel zu einem so genannten Datenweb begriffen. Dennoch ist der Wert eines Datenwebs für Benutzer, die ohne technische Intention und Vorbildung das Web nutzen, bis heute kaum bekannt. Einige Merkmale semantischer Daten sind überdies nahezu unvereinbar mit dem etablierten Umgang mit Inhalten für das Web und der menschlichen Denk- und Arbeitsweise. Mit loomp präsentieren wir einen Ansatz für direkte semantische Textverarbeitung und die Verwaltung von Linked Data durch Nicht-Experten. Ziel ist es, der semantischen Annotation von Inhalten einen Vorrang vor der autorengetriebenen Formatierung zu geben und so den Zusatzaufwand, den manuelle Annotation bisher erzeugt, zu minimieren. Ferner wird eine Benutzerschnittstelle vorgestellt, die das Erzeugen, Verwalten und Durchsuchen von RDF-Daten im Datenweb in einer Form ermöglicht, die dem intuitiven Umgang der meisten technisch unerfahrenen Nutzer mit dem Web folgt.
Mit Social Semantic Bookmarking zur nützlichen OntologieWith Social Semantic Bookmarking towards useful ontologies
Authors: Braun Simone , Schmidt Andreas , Zacharias Valentin 
Published: November 2009

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Artikel präsentiert das SOBOLEO-System und das zugrundeliegende Ontologiereifungsprozessmodell für die kollaborative Ontologieentwicklung. Man kann beobachten, dass die meisten aktuellen Ontologieentwicklungsprozesse und -werkzeuge von einer organisatorischen, personellen, technischen und zeitlichen Trennung zwischen Entwicklung und Nutzung der Ontologie ausgehen – eine Trennung, die wiederum häufig zu kostspieligen und nicht an ihre Nutzung angepasste Ontologien führt. Unser Ansatz überwindet die durch diese Trennung verursachten Schwierigkeiten mittels Methoden und Werkzeugen, die die Nutzer der Ontologie in die Lage versetzen, diese selbst zu entwickeln, und zwar im gleichen System, das die Ontologie nutzt und zu dem Zeitpunkt und Umfang wie jeweils nötig (arbeits integriert).
Charles Darwin: Genius or Plodder?
Authors: Wilkins Adam S 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
There is no doubt about the magnitude of Charles Darwin's contributions to science. There has, however, been a long-running debate about how brilliant he was. His kind of intelligence was clearly different from that of the great physicists who are deemed geniuses. Here, the nature of Darwin's intelligence is examined in the light of Darwin's actual style of working. Surprisingly, the world of literature and the field of neurobiology might supply more clues to resolving the puzzle than conventional scientific history. Those clues suggest that the apparent discrepancy between Darwin's achievements and his seemingly pedestrian way of thinking reveals nothing to Darwin's discredit but rather a too narrow and inappropriate set of criteria for “genius.” The implications of Darwin's particular creative gifts with respect to the development of scientific genius in general are briefly discussed.
A global meta‐analysis of soil exchangeable cations, pH, carbon, and nitrogen with afforestation
Authors: Berthrong Sean T. , Jobbágy Esteban G. , Jackson Robert B. 
Published: November 2009

Afforestation, the conversion of non‐forested lands to forest plantations, can sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide, but the rapid growth and harvesting of biomass may deplete nutrients and degrade soils if managed improperly. The goal of this study is to evaluate how afforestation affects mineral soil quality, including pH, sodium, exchangeable cations, organic carbon, and nitrogen, and to examine the magnitude of these changes regionally where afforestation rates are high. We also examine potential mechanisms to reduce the impacts of afforestation on soils and to maintain long‐term productivity.Across diverse plantation types (153 sites) to a depth of 30 cm of mineral soil, we observed significant decreases in nutrient cations (Ca, K, Mg), increases in sodium (Na), or both with afforestation. Across the data set, afforestation reduced soil concentrations of the macronutrient Ca by 29% on average (P< 0.05). Afforestation byPinusalone decreased soil K by 23% (P< 0.05). Overall, plantations of all genera also led to a mean 71% increase of soil Na (P< 0.05). Mean pH decreased 0.3 units (P< 0.05) with afforestation.Afforestation caused a 6.7% and 15% (P< 0.05) decrease in soil C and N content respectively, though the effect was driven principally byPinusplantations (15% and 20% decrease,P< 0.05). Carbon to nitrogen ratios in soils under plantations were 5.7–11.6% higher (P< 0.05). In several regions with high rates of afforestation, cumulative losses of N, Ca, and Mg are likely in the range of tens of millions of metric tons. The decreases indicate that trees take up considerable amounts of nutrients from soils; harvesting this biomass repeatedly could impair long‐term soil fertility and productivity in some locations. Based on this study and a review of other literature, we suggest that proper site preparation and sustainable harvest practices, such as avoiding the removal or burning of harvest residue, could minimize the impact of afforestation on soils. These sustainable practices would in turn slow soil compaction, erosion, and organic matter loss, maintaining soil fertility to the greatest extent possible.
Combining Explicit and Implicit Measures of Racial Discrimination in Health Research
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Carney Dana , Lancaster Katie , Waterman Pamela D. , Kosheleva Anna , Banaji Mahzarin 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. To improve measurement of discrimination for health research, we sought to address the concern that explicit self-reports of racial discrimination may not capture unconscious cognition. Methods. We used 2 assessment tools in our Web-based study: a new application of the Implicit Association Test, a computer-based reaction-time test that measures the strength of association between an individual's self or group and being a victim or perpetrator of racial discrimination, and a validated explicit self-report measure of racial discrimination. Results. Among the 442 US-born non-Hispanic Black participants, the explicit and implicit measures, as hypothesized, were weakly correlated and tended to be independently associated with risk of hypertension among persons with less than a college degree. Adjustments for both measures eliminated the significantly greater risk for Blacks than for Whites (odds ratio = 1.4), reducing it to 1.1 (95% confidence interval = 0.7, 1.7). Conclusions. Our results suggest that the scientific rigor of research on racism and health will be improved by investigating how both unconscious and conscious mental awareness of having experienced discrimination matter for somatic and mental health.
The Return to English in a Non-English Speaking Country: Russian Immigrants and Native Israelis in Israel
Authors: Lang Kevin , Siniver Erez 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Using a unique sample of Russian immigrants and native Israelis, we examine the return to English knowledge. Panel and cross-section estimates of the return to English are substantial for highly educated immigrants and natives. Hebrew and English language acquisition contribute to immigrant/native earnings convergence, but most convergence is explained by other factors. While immigrants with low levels of education do not benefit from knowing English, native Israelis may. Conditional on occupation, English and Hebrew acquisition are largely orthogonal. Therefore earlier work on the importance of knowledge of the host-country language (Hebrew) is not significantly biased by unmeasured English knowledge.
Effect of Sparse Long-chain Branching on the Film-casting Behavior for a Series of Well-defined HDPEs
Authors: McGrady C. D. , Seay C. W. , Baird D. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The effect of sparse long chain branching, LCB, on the film-casting process is analyzed using a molecular model for the rheological behavior for a series of well-characterized, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resins and a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) resin at various drawdown ratios. A full rheological characterization in both shear and shear-free flows is also presented. At low drawdown ratios, the LDPE exhibited the least degree of necking at distances less than the HDPE frostline. The sparsely-branched HDPE resins films had similar final film-widths that were larger than those of the linear HDPE. As the drawdown ratio was increased, film width profiles separated based on branching level. Small amounts of LCB were found to reduce the amount of necking at intermediate drawdown ratios. At higher drawdown ratios, the sparsely-branched HDPE resins of lower LCB content had film-widths that mimicked that of the linear HDPE, while the sparsely-branched HDPE resins of higher LCB content retained a larger film width. Molecular structural analysis via the Pom-Pom constitutive model suggested that branching that was distributed across a larger range of backbone lengths served to improve resistance to necking. As the drawdown ratio increased, the length of the backbones dominating the response decreased, so that the linear chains were controlling the necking behavior of the sparsely-branched resins of lower LCB content while remaining in the branched regime for higher LCB content HDPEs. Other processing variables such as shear viscosity magnitude, extrudate swell, and non-isothermal processing conditions were eliminated as contributing factors to the differences in the film width profile.