bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Church: Authority and Revolution
Authors: KERR DONAL A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The revolutionary movement of 1848 has generally been written off as a farcical shambles. 1848 had been an astounding year, full of contrasts and contradictions, not least for the Church. The tight discipline imposed by bishops limited their scope, and the discouraging sequence of events in France and Italy, which Clarendon exploited effectively as counter-revolutionary propaganda, made them draw back. The hopelessness of an ill-prepared insurrection finally made them decide either to stand aloof or to prevent their people from taking part in it. It was a chastening moment for the clergy. For almost 20 years Russell had been maturing a plan to achieve the integration of the Catholic Church into the United Kingdom as a central part of his whole Irish policy. Now, after suppressing the rebellion, the government was in a strong position.
The Queen’s Colleges or the Catholic University?
Authors: KERR DONAL A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
While anger at the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill had united English and Irish Catholics, both laity and clergy, it had not brought unity to the Irish bishops. The question of the Queen’s Colleges still sharply divided them. Archbishop Murray remained calmly, if not obstinately, convinced of the value of the colleges despite the shock of the Titles bill. His long and excellent record as pastor and administrator for 40 years gave him a high standing within and without his own Church. Opposing those who accepted the Queen’s Colleges was a zealous group of bishops and priests who had distrusted the scheme from the start as dangerous to the faith and morals of Catholic youth. After the death of Murray, a Catholic university became feasible. The death of Murray removed a major obstacle. The Church had opted against integration into the state system and had set up a parallel Catholic system.
Modern Scholars and their Methods
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A new era in the study of Irish saints' Lives begins with the work of the Revd William Reeves (1813–1891), a learned curate to whom preferment in the Church of Ireland came only late in life. Reeves frequently cites from the Lives of other Irish saints from the medieval collections, and his papers in the library of Trinity College include a number of transcripts of Lives, often made from the Bollandist edition, collated with the two Dublin manuscripts. The year 1882 marks a turning-point in the history of hagiography. In that year, publication of Analecta Bollandiana began, a major indicator of the reorganization achieved by Fr. Charles De Smedt (1831–1911) in the work of the Bollandists. His new methods included the systematic cataloguing of hagiographical manuscripts in European libraries and an increase in the linguistic range and detail of the Acta Sanctorum from the first volume of November. This chapter looks at other modern scholars of Irish saints' Lives and the methods they used, including Revd Charles Plummer and James Kenney.
Manuscripts of the Dublin Collection
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The best-known Irish collection of vitae, commonly referred to as the Codex Kilkenniensis, survives in two parchment manuscripts, both now in Dublin libraries. The contents of these manuscripts are called the Dublin collection. This manuscript was probably that now in Marsh's Library. Revd William Reeves denied this connexion, identifying the Marsh's Library manuscript with the volume Patrick Fleming referred to as the Codex Ardmachanus. The latter identification he sufficiently proved, but he failed to establish that this was different from John Colgan's Kilkenniensis. Colgan had an extremely high opinion of the Lives of this collection, assigning some of them to the late sixth century, and others to dates in the seventh century. For the two manuscripts, Revd Charles Plummer's symbols M and T are retained, but the symbol D is introduced to represent the recension common to both.
A Group of Texts Shared by S and O
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In his discussion of the Oxford collection, Revd Charles Plummer refers to ten texts where the recension of S is identical with that in O. Characteristically, he lists the Irish saints in alphabetical order: Baithéne, Ciarán of Saigir, Coemgen, Colmán of Dromore, Comgall, Fintán alias Munnu, Moling, Molua, Senán, and Tigernach. Plummer lists texts where S and O cover much the same ground, but show another recension. The Lives he mentions in this connexion are those of SS. Aed mac Bricc, Ailbe, Cainnech, Ciarán of Clonmacnoise, Colmán Elo, Columba of Terryglas, Finán, Finnian of Clonard, Fintán of Clonenagh, Flannán, Fursu, Maedóc, and Ruadán. The qualifications added in the footnotes remove the impression that this second list consists of texts which all exhibit a similar relationship to one another. One of the extant manuscripts of O was written before the S-collection was assembled.
The O'Donohue Group of Texts in SDO
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at a group of nine Irish saints' Lives preserved in all three collections, together with a possible tenth, the Life of St Columba of Terryglass, in S and O. This group is known as the O'Donohue group, whose definition rests on formal, textual, and linguistic arguments. The O'Donohue group consists of texts which are long and detailed in form in S and were available to both D and O, the compilers of which edited the texts according to their habits. The evidence of a number of textual errors detectable even in the different recensions establishes the existence of a common archetype. The forms of Irish names, whose antiquity Revd Charles Plummer noticed in passing, consistently adhere to Old Irish orthography while the Latin vocabulary includes words which had become obsolete or had changed their meaning by the time the later recensions in D and O were made.
The End of the War
Authors: Edwards Jill 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Winston Churchill's references to Spain in May 1944 intensified fears in the Soviet Union of the formation of a Western bloc, a long held axiom of Russian foreign policy. So far as the United States was concerned, no bloc was yet envisaged and certainly not one which would include Francisco Franco. If Churchill's speech had been a miscalculation, difficulties increased a month later, when, during the United States Senate debate on foreign policy, questions were asked as to whether Churchill had extracted promises of aid from Franklin D. Roosevelt before 1941. By the end of 1944, disquiet in the United States and Britain on the Spanish question was rising. There were also reservations as evidence continued of Franco's support for the Axis powers. It was during September that the British realized that their own position in Spain in contrast to that of the United States was rapidly slipping.
The Monarchist Option
Authors: Edwards Jill 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
During the first post-war phase, British and American analysts examined separately the possibility of restoration of the Spanish monarchy as one of the main options for replacing Francisco Franco with a regime more acceptable to democratic opinion. Questions surrounding the restoration movement which flourished after the war are central to an understanding of the innately contrasted differences in formulation of foreign policy towards Spain of, on the one hand, the monarchical democracy of Britain locked in retreat from empire, and on the other, the republican democracy of the United States determined to enjoy the fruits of its recent success on the international scene. However, growing consensus for a monarchical solution came too late and was never convincing enough to gain the vital support of the British and the Americans who by then were intent on consolidating what security they had in Europe and were in no mood for doubtful experiments.
The Senate, Spain, and the North Atlantic Treaty
Authors: Edwards Jill 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In addition to economic questions, in early 1949 the Franco problem was prominent again on the agenda of Britain, France, and the United States as they braced themselves for the next session at the United Nations (UN). Having failed to bring Francisco Franco in to the rapidly shaping bipolar system through the back door of the Marshall Plan, attention in the United States turned again to the possibility of rescinding the UN resolution on withdrawing ambassadors from Spain. The submission of the North Atlantic Treaty to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for pre-ratification hearings provided the opportunity for the Senate to review Harry S. Truman's foreign policy as a whole. The central issue in the Senate was the inconsistency of Truman's policy.
The European Context
Authors: Edwards Jill 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The historiography of Hispano-United States relations during the Cold War has been dominated for the past thirty years by studies of the latter's negotiations for, and signing of, base agreements with Spain in September 1953. In the post-Cold War era, the significance of the 1953 agreements lies as much in the light that they cast on Spain's role in the global rivalry between Western powers, and shifting power patterns, as in the impact these had on Spain itself. Striking differences in attitude of the United States and Britain towards Spain illuminate their changing roles in the Western Mediterranean, as the gateway to the Middle East to which the Straits of Gibraltar were the key. The question of the western Mediterranean was always closely bound to Spain's Iberian neighbours, Gibraltar and Portugal. The Rock of Gibraltar was the fortress which had long ensured Britain's access to the Mediterranean. Aside from its celebrated rich resources of mercury, copper, and other minerals, the Spanish potential for uranium bearing ores was also of interest to other countries.
The ‘Tail of the Kite’
Authors: Edwards Jill 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By 1950, American public opinion had swung into a clear majority in favour of bringing Spain into the NATO. This was a climate in which the American Chiefs of Staff, long sold on the strategic importance of Spain, and backed by powerful commercial lobbies, could at last begin to make headway. For those few military planners in the know, the critical need for nuclear minerals added to their belief that the United States could no longer afford to wait on European approval. If Europe would not co-operate over Spain, the United States would go it alone. There was another equally pressing aspect of the nuclear question, that is, the need for bases to accommodate nuclear primed bombers, and give cover from the south of the kind it was hoped that British nuclear bases afforded from northern Europe. The subject of Spain was now routinely incorporated in intensive ongoing bilateral military talks with Britain and in updating United States long-term nuclear strategic planning.
The Accords and British Reaction
Authors: Edwards Jill 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
After successfully blocking United States economic aid to Spain for some time, President Harry S. Truman finally authorized credit for Spain, whittled down from the original proposal of $100 million to $62.5 million. United States military and commercial interest in Spain was now undisguised, and Truman's stance on the issue was ever more isolated in the context of current formulation of American foreign policy as a whole. Since the beginning of 1949, the State Department had been conducting detailed negotiations with France for base rights in French territory in Mediterranean and North African areas. Agreements signed in September 1953 were a series of twenty-seven accords or pacts covering Defense, Economic Aid, and Mutual Defense Assistance. This chapter examines Britain's reaction to the military bases agreements signed by the United States with other countries, the rise to power of the Conservative Party in British politics, and the aftermath of the base agreements.
Social Security in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reflections on Policy Challenges
Authors: von Braun Joachim 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter deals with the formal elements of social-security provision, as these may form important building blocks of social-security systems in the long run. It points out that for a considerable time to come, social-security policy in sub-Saharan Africa will have to concentrate on the basic needs of food and health. The chapter further emphasizes that food-security policy and health and sanitation policy are, therefore, cornerstones for social-security policy, and observes that existing formal social-security systems in Africa tend to be urban biased and to serve the privileged rather than the poor. It opines that broader approaches to social security, however, have a part to play in development and actually do already play a significant role; yet, in most instances they are, at this stage, not State-based, but rather community- and family-based systems.
The Development of a System: Adam Smith and the Physiocrats
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Adam Smith's early writings on economics (apart from two short fragments on the division of labour) are contained in the two sets of lecture notes currently available to us and in the document first discovered by W. R. Scott and described by him as an ‘Early Draft’ of the Wealth of Nations. The account that Smith provides in the second set of lecture notes is concerned with an economic system featuring the activities of agriculture, manufacture, and commerce where these activities are characterized by a division of labour, with the patterns of exchange facilitated by the use of money. There are three main features of the central analysis: the treatment of the division of labour, the analysis of price and allocation, and the exposure of the mercantile fallacy. This chapter also discusses Smith's account of the physiocratic system, which consists of proprietors, cultivators, manufacturers, and merchants. It also considers Smith's application of the basic principles of the system to a relatively neglected area of physiocracy — international trade.
The Responsibilities of Office
Authors: LUCAS J. R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the responsibility of officials, judges, and members of the professions. Professions have collective responsibilities not only to their clients and to the community at large, but to potential clients too. There is a standing temptation to restrict entry to the profession by raising the standard required, which provides a Rolls Royce service for those who get it, but means that many go without their Fords. With medical services in particular, one does indeed need to be careful, but medical auxiliaries who are actually available do more for health than highly qualified doctors who are not. A profession needs to take the wider view. So, too, in a different way, lawyers ought to take collective action about the dilatoriness of the law. It is easy for the individual solicitor or barrister to drag his heels when it is in the interests of his client to do so, and pass the buck when his client is suffering from the law's delays, and blame the other side, the courts, or the Inland Revenue. But society suffers. And the legal profession, if it is a profession at all, should take responsibility for identifying and remedying the causes of its failure to serve society properly.
Conditionals
Authors: McCall Storrs 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that the branched model provides a clear and definite answer to the question of truth-conditions not only for counterfactuals, but also for all conditionals with contingent antecedent and consequence. It illustrates that some conditionals have truth-values, some have only probability values, and some have both. In order to separate the two classes of conditional this chapter first attempts to establish a pre-theoretic line between them, based on considerations of grammar and linguistic usage. Subsequently it explains how this intuitive, everyday distinction may be grounded in theory.
Shakespeare: Scepticism and Tragedy
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCavell understands that the problematic known to philosophy as scepticism is under examination in Shakespearean texts in the form of tragedy. This chapter examines his reading of The Winter's Tale in some detail. Cavell understands our relation to Shakespearean dramatic art in terms of his model of redemptive reading. This aspect of Cavell's interest in Shakespeare is woven into every one of the readings of particular plays he has published since ‘The Avoidance of Love’. Just as his understanding of the nature of scepticism is altered by its specific appearance and development in each of those plays, so his understanding of the process of redemption or recovery that the plays themselves work to achieve in their audience is differently inflected in each case. Perhaps the most important of these readings, in terms of their influence on Cavell's conception of both levels of his interpretative project, is his essay on The Winter's Tale entitled ‘Recounting Gains, Showing Losses’.
‘Philosophy Cannot Say Sin’
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents a serious critique of Cavell' overall project. The claim that the standard lines of criticism fail to provide good reasons for rejecting Cavell's project is not to claim that this project is beyond criticism. It identifies two main aspects of Cavell's project that remain unaddressed: the political dimension of Emersonian perfectionism and the relation between Cavell's philosophical practice and the writings of certain pivotal figures in modern Christianity (especially Kierkegaard).
Reason, Imagination, and Moral Experience
Authors: Denham A. E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe epistemic status of moral discourse turns in part on the explanation of divergent moral beliefs. Whether differences of moral opinion there are best explained by a failure accurately to represent specifically moral features of actions and characters, or whether they are better explained by cognitively blameless differences of preference and desire, not only matters to the cognitive claims of moral discourse. The answer to this question should also shed light on the phenomenology of moral experience and the epistemology of moral judgement. Crispin Wright's arguments suggest that an inferential account of moral belief can only be avoided by positing some anomalous faculty of moral perception. This chapter argues that the genesis of moral experience is one in which cognition and affect are jointly implicated, but that their cooperation does nothing to undermine the thought that moral discourse is, for the most part, both conceptually autonomous and genuinely representational. The concepts of moral reasons, rational conflict, moral competence, imagination, and basic moral judgements are also discussed.
Identifying Metaphor
Authors: Denham A. E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe reliability of one's moral judgements depends on his/her ability to conceive of others' inner lives sympathetically, where sympathy is a matter of appreciating others' thought and experience as from their own point of view, and doing so in a way which features, in varying degrees, not only the content but the phenomenology of their relevant psychological states. This chapter examines whether metaphors have cognitive significance — that is, whether they are properly assessed as true or false, and whether they can stand as proper objects of knowledge. It argues that a metaphor often expresses cognitively significant judgements, and that many metaphors are ‘conceptually autonomous’ in the sense that their truth conditions cannot be expressed in non-figurative terms. It also explains why figurative language has played a prominent role in the cultivation and articulation of normative judgements.
Before and After
Authors: Vallance J. T. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Ascelepiadean corpuscular hypothesis can be related quite closely to certain aspects of Erasistratean physiology. A series of reports also suggest that Asclepiades and Erasistratus adopted a similar type of approach to pathological explanation. The background is highly complex, the origins and development of a typical disease followed a pattern even more involved than the Asclepiadean. Even the Methodists seem to have the same theory and the question is asked as to why the Methodists adopted such theory in the first place when they criticised Asclepiades for falling into the trap of speculating about the nature of man? However, looking closely, the motivations of Asclepiades may not have been wholly dissimilar which thus explains the similarity in belief system influencing their approach and practice.
The Completeness Issue
Authors: Cohen L. Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Completeness, as a property of certain deductive systems, may be viewed as a limiting-case of probabilistic complementationality. It follows that proof criteria for incomplete systems generate probabilities that do not conform to the mathematical calculus of chance. Such probabilities measure what Keynes called ‘weight’ and have a non-complementational negation principle. One such probability is that which the consequent of any generalized conditional has on the truth of its antecedent, if this probability is equated with the level of inductive support that exists for the generalization. This concept is shown to play an important part in the way in which lay juries are expected to assess proofs of fact in Anglo-American lawcourts.
The Difficulty about Conjunction
Authors: Cohen L. Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In most civil cases, the plaintiff's contention consists of several component elements. So the multiplication law for the mathematical probability of a conjunction entails that, if the contention as a whole is to be established on the balance of mathematical probability, there must either be very few separate components in the case or most of them must be established at a very high level of probability. Since this constraint on the complexity of civil cases is unknown to the law, the mathematicist analysis is in grave difficulties here. To point out that such component elements in a complex case are rarely independent of one another is no help. Therefore, a mathematicist might claim that the balance of probability is not to be understood as the balance between the probability of the plaintiff's contention and that of its negation, but as the balance between the probability of the plaintiff's contention and that of some contrary contention by the defendant. However, this would misplace the burden of proof. To regard the balance of probability as the difference between prior and posterior probabilities is open to other objections. To claim that the plaintiff's contention as a whole is not to have its probability evaluated at all is like closing one's eyes to facts one does not like.
The Difficulty about Inference upon Inference
Authors: Cohen L. Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the difficulty about inference upon inference. Where a proof in a civil case involves several tiers of inference, the courts normally insist that each tier prior to the final one should rest on proof beyond reasonable doubt. However, a mathematicist analysis would permit many multi-tier inferences to go through even though each tier was proved merely on the balance of probabilities. So this kind of analysis has to suppose that the courts' requirement here springs from a special legal rule. But the rationale of such a rule is obscure if the mathematical analysis is correct. On the other hand, the courts' requirement here does jibe with common-sense ideas about chains of inference.