bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Transport in the Tire Aging Test and Intracarcass Pressure Issues
Authors: Kerchman Vladimir 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Development of the laboratory-based accelerated service life testing—“tire aging test”—encountered difficulties due to the complexity of multidisciplinary processes in the tire materials and structures while trying to induce thermooxidative degradation similar to that taking place in the “worst case” in-service. Preliminary experience with the oven aging at elevated temperatures showed that in some light truck tires damaging conditions occur in the form of sidewall blisters/detachments and casing separations due to inflation gas built up in interior tire layers during oven aging, even prior the roadwheel endurance testing (DOT HS 810 799, Research Report to Congress on Tire Aging), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Washington, D.C., 2007, http://www.cbsatlanta.com/download/2010/0512/23529107.pdf). Analysis and comprehensive modeling techniques are developed for gas diffusion and oxidation in the tire structure, with focus on the intracarcass pressure (ICP) build-up predictions. In finite element models, the temperature dependent diffusion properties are used with account for their high heterogeneity in different tire components. Results of transient simulations predict higher oxidation/degradation rate in the sidewall and a detrimental effect of ICP build-up for Load Range E tires—mainly due to excessive nitrogen permeation. Influence of the butyl liner barrier permeability and gauge is evaluated, as well as impact of other tire construction variations. Predicted trends agree with the available observations and measurements. ICP levels in simulations of the long-term gas diffusion under regular service conditions are significantly lower than in the oven aging test modeling. Mechanical aspects of the ICP-induced sidewall separation are also discussed. Modified aging test conditions are proposed that will greatly reduce the deleterious side-effect of the ICP buildup, as assessed in simulations.
Inherent Differences in Nasal and Tracheal Ciliary Function in Response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa Challenge
Authors: Zhao Ke-Qing , Goldstein Natalia , Yang Haibin , Cowan Andrew T. , Chen Bei , Zheng Chunquan , Palmer James N. , Kreindler James L. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: July 2011

Background Sinonasal mucosal biofilms are recognized as contributors to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Attachment of bacteria to the sinonasal surface is an initial step in biofilm formation. A critical defense against this occurrence is mucociliary clearance (MCC). To ascertain whether the ciliary component of MCC is uniform throughout the airway we compared ciliary beat frequency (CBF) in the murine nasal septum and trachea at baseline and after challenge with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common pathogen of CRS. Methods Murine septal and tracheal air–liquid interface cultures were evaluated for basal and stimulated CBF after exposure to control or conditioned media from Pseudomonas. Additionally, the attachment of Pseudomonas to nasal and tracheal cultures was assessed after pretreatment with control or conditioned media. Results Basal CBF is significantly slower in primary nasal airway cultures compared with tracheal airway cultures. Tracheal airway cultures show resistance to Pseudomonas secreted ciliotoxins not evident in nasal septal cultures. Furthermore, after challenge with viable Pseudomonas, significantly more bacteria attach to the nasal cultures compared with the tracheal cultures. Conclusion Using primary murine nasal and tracheal airway cultures we show inherent differences in cilia function and increased susceptibility of the upper airway to attachment by Pseudomonas. Understanding the differences between upper and subglottic airway mucociliary clearance should lead to novel approaches in the management of upper airway infection.
Olopatadine 0.6% Nasal Spray Protects from Vasomotor Challenge in Patients with Severe Vasomotor Rhinitis
Authors: Smith Peter K. , Collins Joel 
Published: July 2011

Background Vasomotor rhinitis (VMR) is a hypersensitivity syndrome with heightened reactivity to environmental triggers. Methods Twenty-two patients with severe VMR were treated nasally with either normal saline or 0.6% olopatadine and challenged nasally with a hyperosmolar mannitol solution. Results Treatment with 0.6% olopatadine resulted in an improvement in instantaneous nasal symptom scores at 5 and 30 minutes (p < 0.01) compared with baseline and at 30 minutes after hyperosmolar challenge compared with saline-pretreated individuals (p < 0.01). There was also an improvement in nasal peak inspiratory flow rate at 30 minutes after hyperosmolar challenge compared with saline-pretreated individuals (p < 0.01. Conclusion In this patient population 0.6% olopatadine appears to be efficacious in symptom reduction in VMR and protects from hyperosmolar challenge.
Stenting the Nasal Airway for Maximizing Inspiratory Airflow: Internal Max-Air Nose Cones versus External Breathe Right Strip
Authors: Raudenbush Bryan 
Published: July 2011

Background Several nasal dilator devices designed to stent the anterior nasal airway to increase peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) currently exist; however, comparisons of such devices are limited. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of two different nasal dilator devices, an internal device (Max-Air Nose Cones; Sanostec Corp., Beverly Farms, MA) and an external device (Breathe Right nasal strip; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex, U.K.) on stenting of the anterior nasal airway to maximize PNIF. Methods Repeated measurements of PNIF were obtained in 30 individuals noting complaints of sleep-disordered breathing due to nasal breathing discomfort and nasal airway obstruction, both with and without the two different nasal dilator devices. Results A one-within analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed among the three conditions (control, Max-Air Nose Cones, and Breathe Right nasal strip), and a statistically significant effect was found (F[2,58] = 298.13; p< 0.00001). Tukey post hoc contrasts revealed that the control condition PNIF (66.07 L/min) was significantly lower than both the Max-Air Nose Cones (138.73 L/min) and the Breathe Right nasal strip (102.17 L/min) conditions. The Max-Air Nose Cone increased inspiratory airflow by 73 L/min, or a 110% improvement over baseline. In addition, the Max-Air Nose Cone condition PNIF was significantly higher than both the control condition and the nasal strip condition. Conclusion Although both the Max-Air Nose Cones and the Breathe Right nasal strips increased PNIF from baseline, the Max-Air Nose Cones showed significantly greater efficacy at stenting the anterior nasal airway, providing twice the improvement in PNIF over baseline than did the Breathe Right nasal strips.
Paranasal Sinus Mucoceles with Ophthalmologic Manifestations: A 17-year Review of 96 Cases
Authors: Kim Yoo-Suk , Kim Kyubo , Lee Jeung-Gweon , Yoon Joo-Heon , Kim Chang-Hoon 
Published: July 2011

Background The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of paranasal sinus mucoceles with ophthalmologic manifestations with a focus on optic neuropathy. Methods From January 1993 to May 2010, 96 consecutive patients diagnosed with paranasal sinus mucoceles with ophthalmologic manifestations were investigated. Clinical and therapeutic factors and demographics were reviewed from medical records. Statistical associations between clinical and therapeutic factors and visual outcomes after surgery were also analyzed. Results A total of 352 patients were diagnosed with paranasal sinus mucoceles and underwent surgical treatment. Ninety-six of them presented with ophthalmologic symptoms, and periorbital swelling and pain were the most common symptoms (36.4%) in those patients. Among the 96 patients with ophthalmologic manifestations, 18 (18.8%) were diagnosed with optic neuropathy based on the deterioration of their visual acuity and unilateral relative afferent papillary defect. Ten of these 18 patients showed improvements in their vision after surgical intervention. The statistical analysis of the association between clinical and therapeutic factors and visual outcomes showed that the presence of infection was the only significant factor (p = 0.023). Conclusion Paranasal sinus mucoceles present various ophthalmologic manifestations. Among them, optic neuropathy may be one of the most devastating conditions. In treating optic neuropathy caused by mucoceles, the presence of infection was the only factor that had any influence on postoperative visual outcomes. Therefore, we conclude that not only surgical drainage and ventilation of the sinus are necessary, but infection control is also a vital factor in treating mucoceles with optic neuropathy.
Characterization of Bacterial Community Diversity in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Infections Using Novel Culture-independent Techniques
Authors: Stressmann Franziska A. , Rogers Geraint B. , Chan Samuel W. , Howarth Peter H. , Harries Philip G. , Bruce Ken D. , Salib Rami J. 
Published: July 2011

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with or without polyps is a common chronic upper airway condition of multifactorial origin. Fundamental to effective treatment of any infection is the ability to accurately characterize the underlying cause. Many studies have shown that only a small fraction of the total range of bacterial species present in CRS is detected through conventional culture-dependent techniques. Consequently, culture data are often unrepresentative of the true diversity of the microbial community within the sample. These drawbacks, along with the length of time required to complete the analysis, strongly support the development of alternative means of assessing which bacterial species are present. As such, molecular microbiological approaches that assess the content of clinical samples in a culture-independent manner could significantly enhance the range and quality of data obtained routinely from such samples. We aimed to characterize the bacterial diversity present in tissue and mucus samples taken from the CRS setting using molecular nonculture-dependent techniques. Methods Through 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene clone sequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, the bacteria present in 70 clinical samples from 43 CRS patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery were characterized. Results Bacterial T-RFLP profiles were generated for 70 of 73 samples and a total of 48 separate bands were detected. Species belonging to 34 genera were identified as present by clone sequence analysis. Of the species detected, those within the genera Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Haemophilus, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus were found numerically dominant, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa the most frequently detected species. Conclusion This study has validated the use of the culture-independent technique T-RFLP in sinonasal samples. Preliminary characterization of the microbial diversity in CRS suggests a complex range of common and novel bacterial species within the upper airway in CRS, providing further evidence for the polymicrobial etiology of CRS.
Transforming Growth Factor Beta: A Role in the Upper Airway and Rhinosinusitis—Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus–Induced Apoptosis with Pulmonary Alveolar Cells
Authors: Frisella Patrick D. , Silverberg Jonathan , Joks Rauno , Frieri Marianne 
Published: July 2011

Background There is a link with the upper and lower airway and disruption of alveolar epithelial cells, which is a potential trigger for the reactivation of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit (EMTU) and induced characteristic airway changes associated with allergic asthma. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus is a common inhalant indoor allergen and is known for causing allergic rhinitis and airway inflammation. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) is a major participant in the airway remodeling of asthma, a component of cellular stress response pathways, and enhanced epithelial immunoreactivity is known to occur in allergic rhinitis. Methods In this study, we show the ability of D. pteronyssinus allergens from dialyzed standardized immunotherapy extract to induce apoptosis and increase TGF-beta1 secretion in a confluent A549 cell line model. A549 cells were treated with either 600 AU/mL dialyzed D. pteronyssinus immunotherapy extract (eDp) or Ctl media (Ctl) for 24 hours. Cells and supernatants were collected, washed, and treated with Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit II (BD Pharmingen, La Jolla, CA) and then analyzed by flow cytometry. TGF-beta1 secretion was determined by ELISA using cell culture supernatants. Results The eDp group showed a fourfold increase in early apoptotic cells with a twofold increase in late apoptotic cells versus the Ctl group, along with a 1.65-fold increase of TGF-beta1. Conclusion eDp induced viable A549 cells to undergo apoptosis determined by flow cytometry analysis with a significant increase in TGF-beta1 secretion compared with Ctl.
“It's Too Late Baby, Now, It's Too Late?“ Frustration and Resignation in Recent Books on Climate Change Policy
Authors: Raymond Leigh 
Published: July 2011

Hulme, Mike. 2009. Why We Disagree About Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction, and Opportunity. Cambridge University Press.Malone, Elizabeth L. 2009. Debating Climate Change: Pathways through Argument to Agreement. Sterling, VA: Earthscan.Stehr, Nico and Hans von Storch. 2010. Climate and Society: Climate as Resource, Climate as Risk. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific.
ProvenCare lung cancer: A multi‐institutional improvement collaborative
Authors: Katlic Mark R. , Facktor Matthew A. , Berry Scott A. , McKinley Karen E. , Bothe Albert , Steele Glenn D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGeisinger's ProvenCareTM Program (for elective coronary artery bypass surgery, total hip replacement, and others) has shown that the principles of reliability science, facilitated by a robust electronic health record and institutional commitment, allow the re‐engineering of complicated clinical processes. This eliminates unwarranted variation and promotes the completion of evidence‐based elements of care. It has not been established that ProvenCare can be generalized to other institutions. Now, under the auspices of the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer, ProvenCare has been adapted to a multi‐institutional collaborative for the care of the patient with resectable lung cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society, Inc.
Online videos to promote sun safety: results of a contest
Authors: Dawson Annelise Lorelei , Hamstra Ashley A. , Huff Laura Sturgess , Gamble Ryan G. , Howe William , Kane Ilima , Dellavalle Robert P. 
Published: July 2011

Seventy-percent of Americans search health information online, half of whom access medical content on social media websites. In spite of this broad usage, the medical community underutilizes social media to distribute preventive health information. This project aimed to highlight the promise of social media for delivering skin cancer prevention messaging by hosting and quantifying the impact of an online video contest. In 2010 and 2011, we solicited video submissions and searched existing YouTube videos. Three finalists were selected and ranked. Winners were announced at national dermatology meetings and publicized via a contest website. Afterwards, YouTube view counts were monitored. No increase in video viewing frequency was observed following the 2010 or 2011 contest. This contest successfully identified exemplary online sun safety videos; however, increased viewership remains to be seen. Social media offers a promising outlet for preventive health messaging. Future efforts must explore strategies for enhancing viewership of online content.
Biomechanical Properties of Axially Myopic Cornea
Authors: Altan Cigdem , Demirel Berna , Azman Engin , Satana Banu , Bozkurt Ercüment , Demirok Ahmet , Yilmaz Omer Faruk 
Published: July 2011

Purpose To investigate biomechanical parameters of the cornea measured with ocular response analyzer (ORA) in myopic eyes with high axial length and the relationship between these parameters and axial length (AL). Methods A total of 165 eyes of 165 consecutive patients were included. Eyes with AL greater than 26 mm were named group 1 and eyes with AL shorter than 26 mm were named group 2. Axial length and keratometric values were measured by intraocular lens (IOL) Master optical biometry. Metrics of corneal biomechanical properties, including corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF), were measured with the ORA. The ORA also determined the values of intraocular pressure (IOPg) and corneal compensated IOP (IOPcc). Results The mean age of total subjects was 43.0 ± 15.6 years. Eighty-three eyes were included in group 1; 82 eyes were included in group 2. The CH and CRF of group 1 were significantly lower than group 2. The IOPcc was significantly higher in group 1 than group 2. When group 1 and group 2 were combined for analysis, CH was negatively correlated with age. Both CH and CRF were significantly correlated with SE. However, CH and CRF were negatively correlated with AL. Also, there was significant correlation between AL and IOPcc (p<0.05). Conclusions Highly myopic eyes showed decreased CH and CRF. As the AL increased the IOPcc also increased and the CH decreased. We conclude that the biomechanical properties of the cornea change with elongation of the eye and this may have an impact on IOP measurement.
Flushing of Intravascular Access Devices (IVADs) - Efficacy of Pulsed and Continuous Infusions
Authors: Guiffant Gérard , Durussel Jean Jacques , Merckx Jacques , Flaud Patrice , Vigier Jean Pierre , Mousset Patrice 
Published: July 2011

Purpose To compare, under controlled conditions similar to practical situations, the efficacy of pulsed and continuous infusion for flushing IVADs. For both of them different flow rates, flushing volumes, and times were tested. Methods The PU catheter lumens were filled with a mixture of fibronectin and bovine albumin to simulate physiologic protein depot. Flushing was performed with normal saline. An adapted pump controlled the flow rates. Efficacy was measured by the amount of albumin recovered from the lumen of the tested devices. Flow rate, volumes, and times tested were based upon values reported and/or measured in nursing practices. We compared: (A) single 10 mL bolus and 6 flushing times, (B) continuous infusion of 500 mL in 24 hours, (C) 10 successive boluses 1 mL flushed in 0.5 s each and 6 different time intervals between each bolus. Statistics were performed using the Mann and Whitney U test. Results In group A, the maximum percentage of recovered protein (79.1% was achieved with the 10 mL bolus flushed in 2.5. In group B, 77% of protein was recovered at 24h. In group C: maximum efficacy (90 +/- 3%) was obtained when the time interval between 2 boluses was 0.4 s. Conclusions We conclude that hydrodynamics has a determinant effect on the efficacy and that the adjunction of an intermittent component in the flow increases it. Flow type and the time interval between 2 boluses are the 2 critical variables.
Electric Actuation of Nanostructured Thermoplastic Elastomer Gels with Ultralarge Electrostriction Coefficients
Authors: Kim Bori , Park Youn Duk , Min Kyoungho , Lee Jin Hong , Hwang Seung Sang , Hong Soon Man , Kim Bong Hoon , Kim Sang Ouk , Koo Chong Min 
Published: July 2011

AbstractElectrostriction facilitates the electric field‐stimulated mechanical actuation of dielectric materials. This work demonstrates that introduction of dielectric mismatched nanodomains to a dielectric elastomer results in an unexpected ultralarge electrostriction coefficient, enabling a large electromechanical strain response at a low electric field. This strong electrostrictive effect is attributed to the development of an inhomogeneous electric field across the film thickness due to the high density of interfaces between dielectric mismatched periodic nanoscale domains. The periodic nanostructure of the nanostructured gel also makes it possible to measure the true electromechanical strain from the dimensional change monitored via in situ synchrotron small angle X‐ray scattering. The work offers a promising pathway to design novel high performance dielectric elastomers as well as to understand the underlying operational mechanism of nanostructured multiphase electrostrictive systems.
Combined effects of temperature and Reynolds number on drag‐reducing characteristics of a cationic surfactant solution
Authors: Wei Jinjia , Wang Jianfeng , Zhang Chengwei , Kawaguchi Yasuo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe drag‐reducing characteristics in the turbulent channel flow of dilute cationic surfactant solution, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC)/sodium salicylate (NaSal) aqueous solution, were experimentally investigated in a closed loop fluid flow facility at different temperatures. The mass concentrations of the surfactant solution ranged from 75 to 200 ppm, and the temperatures ranged from 15 to 55°C. The cationic surfactant solution showed a great drag‐reducing ability, which was greatly affected by concentration, temperature, and Reynolds number. It was found that there existed a critical temperature Tc in each solution at different concentrations. Above Tc, drag‐reduction level decreases and reaches the behaviour of water flow without drag‐reducing ability. A new temperature parameters Tf, was proposed, and the difference between Tc and Tf can represent the effective temperature range for the drag reduction at a certain Reynolds number. The variation tendency of Tf and Tc with Reynolds numbers can give the guidance of selecting effective drag reduction range to the practical application in the district heating systems (DHS). It was supposed that temperature and shear stress are two kind of energy applied on the surfactant microstructure, which can be helpful to the surfactant network formation or dissociation depending on their values. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
More Than Just Milk: A Review of Prolactin's Impact on the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Strike Melanie K. , Norris Sandhaya , Kearney Sarah , Norris Mark L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveIn completing this review, we aim to educate readers about the physiological importance of the hormone prolactin (PRL) in the treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodA comprehensive review of PRL was undertaken using existing published literature with specific focus on domains pertinent to the treatment of AN.ResultsProlactin influences multiple biological processes throughout the body. Disruption in its regulation can impact women's health issues such as menstruation and bone health, which are pertinent to AN treatment. The use of antipsychotics with high D2 receptor affinity for the augmented treatment of AN increases the potential risk of PRL‐mediated adverse effects.DiscussionAlthough not intrinsic to underlying disease underpinnings, PRL has the capacity to affect and influence multiple outcome variables in treatment of patients with AN. Improved understanding, better screening and the completion of further prospective research are necessary to help facilitate and incorporate ongoing knowledge translation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.