Soluble Factors and Circulating Tumor Cells in Inflammatory Breast Cancer.
Authors: Cohen E. , Lee B. , Gao H. , Andreopoulou E. , Jackson S. , Parker C. , Tin S. , Li Y. , Galland M. , Cristofanilli M. , Reuben J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an insidious form of breast cancer. Cytokines and chemokines direct the metastatic potential of disease and serve as biomarkers for disease progression. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are an independent prognostic factor in metastatic disease. Further, TGF-β is involved in the induction of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which regulates the metastatic ability of IBC. As prognostic factors of aggressive disease, we measured serum cytokines and leukocyte phenotypes, and correlated the values with known CTC results of IBC and non-IBC patients.Methods: Peripheral blood (PB) from 35 IBC patients (18 non-metastatic and 17 metastatic) and 19 non-IBC patients (7 LABC, 12 MBC) was collected prior to starting a new therapy to measure a panel of 33 cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in serum by Luminex; CTC by CellSearch™; and PB leukocyte immunophenotype by FACS. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests determined the differences in cytokine levels between IBC, non-IBC and healthy donors (HD) and presence of CTCs.Results: There were no differences in serum cytokine, chemokine or growth factor levels between IBC and non-IBC patients. EGF, IP-10, MIG, Eotaxin, MCP-1 and TNF-RI were significantly elevated in breast cancer patients compared to HD. TNF-RI, EGF, HGF, IP-10, MIG, Eotaxin, MCP-1 and interleukin (IL)-10 were higher in IBC patients than in HD. Compared to IBC patients, non-IBC patients had fewer dysregulated cytokines relative to HD including higher EGF, Eotaxin, MCP-1 and IL-8.Perhaps counter-intuitively, non-metastatic IBC patients had higher plasma levels of IL-2, -2R, -4, -5, -10, -12p70, -15, -17, FGF-b, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, and MIP1-α than metastatic IBC patients. Moreover, these differences were not observed between LABC and MBC patients. Furthermore, compared to HD, metastatic IBC had lower IL-4, -7, -17, -12p70, IFN-γ, RANTES, but higher levels of IP-10, Eotaxin, MCP-1, and TNF-RI. These data suggest that non-metastatic IBC patients are more immune competent than metastatic IBC patients. Finally, there were differences in the immunophenotype as well as cytokine levels between IBC patients with and without CTCs. IBC patients with CTC had a lower %T-cells (p=0.003) and higher %B-cells (p=0.008) and TNF-RI (p=0.01) than IBC patients without CTCs which may lead to a decrease in cellular immunity. Cell-mediated immunity may be further compromised by the elevated levels of serum TGF-β (p= 0.064) that can also promote EMT and metastatic progression.Conclusion: We report a comprehensive analysis of the serum cytokine and chemokine profiles in IBC patients. More importantly, this is the first report of potential interactions between soluble factors, CTC, and immune parameters in IBC patients. Non-metastatic IBC patients are more immune competent than metastatic IBC patients as evidenced by the high levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors; however, the presence of CTC in IBC tends to shift the immune response to a TH2 polarization with a decrease in T-cells, and a concomitant increase in B-cells and serum TGF-β and TNF-RI levels. Additional studies are needed to determine the role of soluble factors in the pathogenesis and progression of IBC and the impact on clinical outcome.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2135.