bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Action of Coast-Ice on an Oscillating Area
Authors: Milne John 
Published: October 2009

[In this paper the author commenced by discussing those theories which have been proposed to account for glacial markings by the assumption of a polar ice-cap. He argued that even if such vast sheets of ice as are accepted by many geologists could have produced the grooves and other markings, and the drift deposits ascribed to their agency, the action of the sea during subsequent submergence and upheaval of the regions where these phenomena are displayed would certainly have effaced all such traces of ice-action. Other objections might also be raised to the hypothesis of great ice-sheets; and he thought it desirable to consider fully “whether other agents may not have shared the work with which they have been credited.” He proceeds as follows:—]
Excepting glacier-action, which will generally have taken place in elevated regions, I think it can be shown that the modelling and scratching has in many instances been produced by an agent the existence of which is certain, and which acted under conditions favourable to the preservation of its work. Such an agent is coast or floe-ice acting on a rising area.
Examples of the work done, and being done, by such an agent under the stated conditions I shall take from Newfoundland, Labrador, and Finland. Every year the shores of these countries are surrounded by a fringe of ice. During the process of freezing and at other times, by various causes, such as tides, currents, wind, the driving in of pack-ice from the sea, this is
On Coal-pebbles and their Derivation
Authors: Jordan H. K. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
author commenced by referring to the discovery by the late Sir William Logan, as early as 1840, of a pebble of cannel coal in a layer of indurated clay at Penclawdd, and of coal-pebbles interstratified with the Pennant Sandstones in considerable abundance (Proc. Geol. Soc. vol. iii. p. 276). The late Sir Henry de la Beche also discovered coal-pebbles in several areas of the coal-field both in Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire (Mem. Geol. Surv. vol. i. pp. 193, 194).

The author noticed the division of the coal-bearing strata of the part of the Welsh coal-field east of the Vale of Neath into two groups. The higher, consisting of the sandstones known as the Pennant Grit, with comparatively few coal-seams, varies from 3000 feet in thickness at the Vale of Neath to 900 feet at its eastern outcrop near Pontypool; the lower, consisting chiefly of argillaceous shales with numerous seams of coal and ironstone, is about 1600 feet thick to the lowest workable coal-seam. According to his observations, coal-pebbles are not found in the shales of the lower group, but they occur towards the base of the Pennant Sandstones, sometimes associated with granite pebbles.
Sir W. Logan's pebble of cannel-coal was found in a layer of indurated clay overlying a seam of ordinary coal; and it was supposed to have been derived from a coal-seam about 2000 feet lower in the series. This view the author regards as untenable, as it would imply the elevation and denudation of the lower in
On the Cretaceous Dentaliidæ
Authors: Gardner J. S. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
this paper are described and grouped the shells of the family Dentaliidæ which have been obtained from the Cretaceous rocks of Great Britain. It includes all the forms I know of; but there may be in local museums and private collections specimens I have not seen.

In the genus
Dentalium
I have included all the forms belonging to this family which are not fissured at the apex, and those which are not swollen or constricted at the aperture.

The Cretaceous species here described, included in the genus
Dentalium
thus constituted, may for the present be arranged under two subdivisions.

A.

Dentalium
proper, comprising the larger forms, all of which are striated.

B.
The smaller and smooth forms.

In the first of these groups four species are described: two of these are new ; and two,
D. decussatum
and
D. medium
, which were given by Sowerby in the ‘Mineral Conchology,’ are redescribed, as it seemed to me that his descriptions are incomplete. My description of
D. decussatum
is based on more than 50 specimens in my collection ; and with it I have been able to incorporate
D. Striatum
and
D. ellipticum
of Sowerby, as they are not distinct species. The latter was regarded by D'Orbigny as a synonym of
D. decussatum
. The description of
D. medium
is based upon specimens in the British Museum, the Jermyn-Street Museum, and Mr. Meyer's collection. Sowerby's figured specimen is evidently an internal cast, in which,
On the Influence of the Advent of a higher Form of Life in modifying the Structure of an older and lower Form
Authors: Owen Richard 
Published: October 2009

I
n
tracing the modifications of structure in a series of animals so similar to one another as to be termed a ‘natural group,’ one is led to consider the relations to such modifications of concomitant changes in external influences during the geological period of the existence of such group. A difference in the density of the parts of the earth's surface habitually trodden by hoofed quadrupeds has been suggested, for example, as a concomitant, if not causal condition in the transmutation of a five-hoofed perissodactyle (
Coryphodon
, e.g.) to a three-hoofed one (
Palæotherium
, e. g.), thence verging in simplification, through
Hipparion
, to the existing single-hoofed Equines*. Thus it has been observed:—“As the surface of the earth consolidated, the larger and more produced mid hoof of the old three-toed pachyderms took a greater share in sustaining the animal's weight; and more blood being required to meet the greater demand of the more active middle toe, it grew; whilst the side toes, losing their share of nourishment, and becoming more and more withdrawn from use, shrank, and so on, according to the hardening of the ground, until only the hidden rudiments of metapodials remained, and one hoof became maximized for all the work”†.

To this it may be objected that demonstration of such progressive gain of hardness and resistance in parts of the earth's surface, trodden by successive Tertiary forms of hoofed beasts, has not yet been had.
There is, however, another series of conditions which is demonstrated, and which may be legitimately
Note on certain Modes of Occurrence of Gold in Australia
Authors: Daintree Richard 
Published: October 2009

I
n
a paper read before the Geological Society in April 1872, on “The Geology of Queensland,” it was pointed out that a large area of Devonian rocks existed in that colony, and that numbers of goldfields had been opened on such areas.

Attention was, however, drawn to the fact that the auriferous tracts were entirely confined to such of those Devonian districts as were found to be penetrated by certain plutonic rocks, principally pyritous diorites.
In these diorites, and at and near their intersection with the Devonian strata, auriferous quartz, calc-spar, and pyritous reefs had been examined, and were proved to be rich in gold, whilst the extension of such veins at any considerable distance from the intrusive rocks was found to be barren.
Instances were also adduced to show that the pyrites sporadically distributed through the diorites were occasionally decidedly auriferous, and by their decomposition and degradation had yielded alluvial drifts containing gold in paying quantities to work.
Since this was written I learn from Mr. C. Wilkinson, the Government Geologist of New South Wales, that the same facts hold good for those New-South-Wales gold-fields which lie in Devonian or Upper Silurian areas; and Mr. G. Ulrich, the talented Curator of the Technological Museum in Melbourne, in his Catalogue of the rocks in that Museum, gives details which prove beyond doubt that the Upper Silurians of Victoria owe their auriferous character to the same cause.
He describes the diorites as occuring in Victoria, mostly as dykes varying in thickness
On the Chronological Value of the Triassic Strata of the South-western Counties
Authors: Ussher W. A. E. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
no part of the south-western counties is a more detailed section of the Triassic rocks exhibited than on the South-Devon coast. It is the district in which the subdivisions seem to have attained their maximum thickness; and though they may be traced in unbroken conformity to Williton, near the shores of the Bristol Channel, the absence of the lower members of the group to the east of Taunton, and a study of the variable relations of land and water during the period in different parts of the area, render the proof of the following propositions a necessary supplement or second part of the paper which I have already had the honour of communicating to the Society*.

F
irst
P
roposition
.—That the South-Devon and West-Somerset Triassic area was not connected with that of Gloucester and the midland counties till the later stages of the Keuper period.

Proof.
—(a) The tailing-off of Triassic. sediments towards the Mendip country.

(b) The representation of the Trias on the north of the Poldens by marls alone, the Dolomitic conglomerate being a contemporary beach.
(c) The abnormal thinning-out of the Trias on the north of the Mendips. Thus at Tyning pit, near Radstock†, it was bottomed at 186 feet; at Norton-Hill pit at 172 feet; at Batheaston (under Rhætic) at 54 feet ; in Mangotsfield cutting at 25 feet. The general results arrived at by Mr. Moore give an average thickness of 50 feet to the Trias within the coal-basin.
(d) The fact that these marls, being in
Notes on the Geology of Japan
Authors: Godfrey J. G. H. 
Published: October 2009

O
ne
of the first published accounts of the geology of Japan is contained in the paper read by Baron von Richthofen before the Geological Society of Berlin in 1873.

That author stated his belief that the backbone of the Japanese islands was formed by three systems of mountain-ranges composed chiefly of Silurian and Devonian strata accompanied by granite. The first and main system, of which the axis trends from W. 30° S. to E. 30° N., extends through the island of Kiushiu, and afterwards continues up to the great bend in Nippon, the largest island of the group. This first system is intersected at either end by another which runs S.S.W. to N.N.E. On the west it commences in Kiushiu and extends southward in the direction of the Liukiu Islands, whilst on the east it constitutes the northern branch of the main island, and with a slight deviation in its course continues through the islands of Yesso and Saghalien. A third system, not properly belonging to Japan, is indicated by the S.W. and N.E. line of the Kuril Islands. The first system, where it occupies the country for itself alone, is comparatively free from volcanoes; the second is accompanied by volcanoes; but the greatest accumulation of volcanic rocks as well as extinct volcanoes is found in the places of intersection, or those regions where the lines of two systems cross each other, and also in that region where the third system branches off from the second.
Amongst the details regarding
Palæontology of the Coasts of the Arctic Lands visited by the late British Expedition under Captain Sir George Nares, R.N., K.C.B., F.R.S.
Authors: Etheridge R. 
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction
.

I
t
is no easy matter to parallel or attempt to correlate the older Palæozoic rocks of the northern extremity of British North America with the probably contemporaneous rocks extending as far northward as within 7° of the Pole, much more with those of Northern Europe and Britain.

The collection made by Capt. Feilden, Lieut. Aldrich, Drs. Coppinger and Moss, and Mr. Hart clearly shows that great masses of metamorphic and Palæozoic rocks occur, and occupy an extensive area, both in Grinnell Land, Grant Land, and Greenland, Whether these can be shown to be a continuous portion of the Laurentian* or Huronian rocks of Canada, or the fundamental or oldest gneiss of the north-west coast of Scotland and the Western Islands, remains yet to be proved. There is every probability that these ancient hornblendic schists do extend from North Britain to North America, and underlie the greater part, if not the whole, of the North Atlantic and Polar Sea.
Hitherto the Laurentian type of Canada has not been discovered in the British Isles, neither have we amongst the ‘Alert’ and ‘Discovery’ collections any specimens that can be said to agree with the Magnesian and Eozoonal conditions of this fundamental rock. The North-Atlantic Ocean, which occupies so large an area, may, indeed, rest upon a great expansion of our Hebridean Gneissose series, and Huronian or Cambrian and Silurian rocks may overlie this ; and probably, if clear sections could be seen, and superposition determined, they would be found to pass upwards
On Concretionary Patches and Fragments of other Rocks contained in Granite
Authors: Phillips J. Arthur 
Published: October 2009

No one who is in the habit of visiting granite-quarries, or who has had frequent opportunities of examining granite, either in a dressed or in a polished state, can have failed to observe that it frequently contains patches which resemble imbedded fragments of older rock. These patches or nests are usually, although not always, darker in colour than the granites in which they occur, while their form may be either rounded or more or less angular. In the first case the patch resembles an enclosed pebble, while in the second it often presents the appearance of a fragment of slate or mica-schist. Such patches most frequently have their outlines clearly and sharply defined, but they occasionally merge by almost insensible gradations into the enclosing granite.
They are usually finer in grain than the granites in which they are found, and, from being less easily attacked by atmospheric agencies, not uncommonly stand out in considerable relief from the surfaces of weather-worn boulders. The union of the enclosed patch with the enclosing rock is generally complete, and their cohesion is so perfect that it is seldom difficult to obtain hand specimens exhibiting the line of junction of the two.
Such bodies sometimes enclose crystals of felspar similar in all respects to those of the enclosing granite, excepting that in the majority of cases their angles are more distinctly rounded; patches of this kind occasionally contain others either of a lighter or of a darker colour than themselves. The inclusions in granitic rocks,
On the Cambrian (Sedgw.) and Silurian Beds of the Dee Valley, as compared with those of the Lake District
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2009

In comparing the beds of the Dee valley* with those of the Lake district, we find a strong similarity in strata referred to the same age, as we might expect, considering the proximity of the two areas. The chief differences appear to be due to the two areas having been affected by intense volcanic action at somewhat different periods, the effects of which were felt throughout the ages which followed the period of outburst. This had the effect of causing a local physical break to occur earlier in the northern than in the southern district. But such local breaks as occur in volcanic districts, although more apparent than breaks more widely spread in extent, which are frequently somewhat obscure (owing probably to a uniform action of upheaval, and hence a check of denudation), cannot be of any thing like such value as the latter in assisting classification.
The end of the period of great volcanic activity in the Lake district, being soon followed by a period of depression (during the deposition of the Coniston-Limestone series), did not allow of much denudation of the volcanic materials. On the other hand, in the North Welsh area, the period of great vulcanicity was soon succeeded by a period of upheaval (viz. that at the end of the Cambrian epoch); hence the products of volcanic activity were not covered by much sediment, but suffered great denudation; and in consequence of this the Silurian beds of the Dee valley are, as a general rule, composed
Notes on the Strata exposed in laying out the Oxford Sewage-farm, at Sandford-on-Thames
Authors: Cobbold Edgar S. 
Published: October 2009

The strata under consideration consist of the upper and middle members of the Oxford Oolites, together with the Kimmeridge Clay; and though little novelty can be expected in a paper on such well-studied and readily accessible deposits, it is hoped that at least one or two important facts may be put on record.
The area treated of is only about 1½ mile in length from east to west, and one mile from north to south. It is situated about 4 miles S.E. of Oxford, on the south side of the Thame and Aylesbury branch of the Great Western Railway, and east of the turnpike road from Oxford to Dorchester & Henley. Though small, it presents some interesting variations in the strata.
Previous to the laying-out of the 350 acres selected for sewage-irrigation, a number of trial-holes were dug to ascertain the nature of the subsoils and substrata, and subsequently a complete system of land-drainage was carried out, necessitating the digging of trenches from 3 to 8 feet deep and not more than 66 feet apart all over the land. There was therefore ample opportunity for obtaining accurate information on the superficial development of the various strata.
At Headington a generalized section of the beds appears to be somewhat as follows :—

In the neighbourhood of Sandford and Littlemore, the Coral Rag and part of the Coralline Oolite are replaced by marls which are in places full of small oysters and
Serpulœ
, with a few other fossils, but show no trace*
On the Zones of Marine Fossils in the Calciferous Sandstone Series of Fife
Authors: Kirkby Jas. W. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
presence of marine beds in the Calciferous Sandstones of the east of Scotland has been noticed by various authors. The officers of the Geological Survey, for example, draw attention to their occurrence in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh and in East Lothian, in their memoirs of those districts. The Rev. Thomas Brown also gives an account of several beds containing marine fossils in his paper on the Carboniferous strata of Fife; and, more recently, Mr. R. Etheridge, jun., has published a paper, in the Journal of this Society, on the Invertebrate fauna of the rocks of this series in the vicinity of Edinburgh, which includes all the marine species known to him from that district.

As supplementary to these and other notices, I propose in this paper to describe the marine beds that I have met with in an examination of the Calciferous Sandstones of the east of Fife. These beds I shall notice in their descending order of position, together with such details of the intermediate measures and fossils as may assist in the attainment of a general idea of the palæontology of the formation.
In the east of Fife these rocks form the coast-line from near St. Monan's, on by Fife Ness, to St. Andrew's ; but the most complete section is that exposed at their first outcrop, at a point east of the first-named place to Anstruther, a distance of two miles or more. The strata of this section dip to the west, usually at a high
Notes upon the Coal found in Süderöe, Faröe Islands
Authors: Stokes Arthur H. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the following paper I have the honour to lay before the Society the result of a recent exploration of the coal-seams found in Süderöe, one of the Faröe Islands.

In the summer of 1873 (a few months before my connexion with H.M. service commenced) I visited Süderöe for the purpose of reporting upon this coal-field. During my leave of absence from official work this summer (1879) I again visited the island, and also two other islands forming part of the group called Faröe. The island to which this paper specially refers is the most southern, and lies in the parallels of latitude 61° 25′ and 61° 42′, occupying a geographical extent of about 20 miles by 5 miles.
Any paper bearing upon the extension of the area of coal-seams within reach of countries using that fuel must possess peculiar interest, and the details of some observations made in a recent visit to Süderöe may not be uninteresting to the Members of this Society.
The position of the coal-fields will be best understood by reference to the map (p. 621), the shaded part indicating the extent, or area, under which coal is found.
The Glaciation of the Orkney Islands
Authors: Peach B. N. , Horne John 
Published: October 2009

Introduction

I
n
a former paper which we communicated to the Society on “ The Glaciation of the Shetland Isles,” we endcavoured to show how the evidence supplied by the striated surfaces, the
roches moutonnées
, and the dispersal of the stones in the Boulder-clay points to the conclusion that Shethland had been glaciated by Scandinavian ice. It was further argued that during the climax of glacial cold the Scandinavian and Scotch ice-sheets coalesced on the floor of the North Sea, and that the great outlet for the combined ice-sheets was towards the north-west by the Pentland Firth and the Orkney Islands.

In the course of the autumn of 1879 we visited nearly all the Orkney Islands for the purpose of continuing our researches with reference to the extension of the ice in the North Sea in the Glacial period. In the paper now presented to the Society we purpose to give a summary of the results of our observations. At the outset we may state that they furnish a remarkable confirmation of the conclusions already arrived at regarding the westerly and northwesterly movement of the ice. Moreover, the presence of stones in the Boulder-clay, which must have been derived from the mainland of Scotland, and the discovery of abundant remains of marine shells in the same deposit, though in a fragmentary state, are of the utmost importance in guiding us to a satisfactory solution of the question.
No description of the glacial phenomena of Orkney has hitherto been published. Some references were
On Abnormal Geological Deposits in the Bristol District
Authors: Moore Charles 
Published: October 2009

In making excavations at Redland, on the edge of Durdham Down, about 45 years ago, some conglomerates, associated with Carboniferous Limestone, were opened up, which contained the teeth and scattered and broken bones of reptilia, described by Messrs. Riley and Stuchbury in the ‘Proceedings of the Geological Society’ for 1836 under the names of
Thecodontosaurus
and
Palæosaurus
. As they were then the oldest known reptilia and of a high order, much interest has always attached to them. A few years since, in drainage-works at the same spot, this conglomerate was again crossed, and some other bones added to the series deposited in the Museum of the Bristol Philosophical Society. The collection has since been reviewed and described by Professor Huxley, F.R.S., and an account of the physical characters of the district given by Mr. Etheridge, F.R.S.

Much uncertainty has prevailed as to the geological age of the Durdham-Down conglomerate. At first it was supposed to be Permian; but we have as yet no conclusive evidence of true Permian beds in the West of England. Mr. Etheridge has placed it on the horizon of the Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Keuper; whilst, owing to the discovery by myself of the same genera of reptilia, under somewhat similar physical conditions, in the Rhætic deposits of Holwell, and since then of true Rhætic remains on Clifton Down, I had referred them to the latter age—a point to be reviewed below.
In my paper on the abnormal conditions presented in the Frome district I especially