bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ethological Perspective on Common Cross-Language Utilization of F₀ of Voice
Authors: Ohala John J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The author suggests that the following seemingly disparate phenomena have an underlying relationship: (a) cross-language similarities in the intonation contours for statements versus questions, (b) cross-cultural similarities in the vocal expression via intonation of attitude and affect, (c) cross-language patterns in the use of tone, vowels, and consonants in ‘sound symbolic’ vocabulary, (d) cross-species use of F₀ in threatening or non threatening vocalizations, (e) cross-cultural and cross-species use of certain facial expressions (involving distinct mouth shape), and (f) the existence of sexual dimorphism in the vocal anatomy of humans (and certain non humans). He argues that all arise due to an innately specified ‘frequency code’, which associates high acoustic frequency with the primary meaning of ‘small vocalizer’ and thus such secondary meanings as ‘subordinate, submissive, non threatening, desirous of the receiver’s goodwill, etc’ and associates with low acoustic frequency the primary meaning of ‘large vocalizer’ and such secondary meanings as ‘dominant, aggressive, threatening, etc’
Zur Frage des visuellen und phonologischen Zugangs zum mentalen Lexikon
Authors: Gfroerer Stefan , Günther Hartmut , Weiss Leonhard 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In a lexical decision experiment we investigated whether the mental lexicon is accessed directly by a visual code or by phonological mediation. Subjects were asked to make lexical decisions where phonological coding was either beneficial or detrimental. It was found that subjects used phonological coding when it was helpful and abandoned this strategy when it was a hindrance. These results support the hypothesis that lexical decisions can be based on variable coding operations. The fact that subjects were faster in classifying words when they did not rely on phonological codes is consistent with the assumption of faster visual access to the mental lexicon. Taken as a whole, these results are consistent with models which assume phonological coding to take place after lexical access as well as with models postulating parallel access to the mental lexicon. They are not compatible with models postulating mandatory prelexical phonological coding.
Phonetic Explanation in Phonology: The Feature Fortis/Lenis
Authors: Kohler Klaus J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the wide spectrum of phonetic properties associated with the phonological distinctions between consonant classes such as /p, t, k/ and /b, d, g/ in a great variety of languages (including languages with multivalued contrasts) and evaluates their relationship to the features [ ± voiced], [ ± aspirated], [ ± fortis]. The discussion separates word-initial, word-medial and word-final positions according to their different production and signalling constraints. A power feature, realized in articulatory timing and/or phonatory power/tension, is set up as the essential differentiator, thus providing a phonetic basis for the fortis/lenis dichotomy. The incorporation of the time dimension into phonology is regarded as a necessary prerequisite to the solution of phonological problems in general and to an adequate treatment of the [ ± voiced] feature in particular, voice onset time being only one temporal aspect.
Articulation Rate and Its Variability in Spontaneous Speech: A Reanalysis and Some Implications
Authors: Miller Joanne L. , Grosjean François , Lomanto Concetta 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It is by now well established that during normal conversation talkers often produce large variation in the rate at which they speak. However, existing research suggests that this modification is largely due to changes in the amount of pausing during conversation, and much less to actual changes in articulation rate, that is, the rate at which the speech itself is produced. In an attempt to examine this issue further, we used a modified measurement procedure to reanalyze the speech data from 30 talkers in an interview situation. In contrast to the earlier analyses, we found that there was indeed substantial variation in articulation rate for these speakers, even within a single utterance of a single talker. The implications of these findings for theories of segmental perception and for models of speech planning are discussed.
A Study of VOT in Nepali Stop Consonants
Authors: Poon Pamela G. , Mateer Catherine A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Speech samples (720 CVC words) from 10 adult male Nepali speakers are analyzed with the aid of a video spectrograph. The distributions of VOT based on group data for each of four phonemic stop categories show that only three of the categories can be differentiated by VOT alone: voice lead, short-lag and long-lag stops. The fourth category, voiced aspirate, contains VOT values from both pre- and postrelease areas of the VOT timeline. Analysis of individual data reveals marked intersubject variability in the VOT distribution of the voiced aspirate category supporting the necessity of multiple subject samples in acoustically based cross-linguistic studies.
An Acoustic Study of the Effects of Tempo and Stress on Segmental Intervals in Modern Greek
Authors: Fourakis Marios 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Changes in stress and rate of speech have been shown to have different effects on the durations of speech intervals. We examined the effects of such changes on syllable and intrasyllabic segment durations in the word-initial syllable of three-syllable words in Modern Greek, and in conflict with previously reported results for other languages, found rate and stress to have equal effects. We propose that languages may differ in terms of temporal programming in the same sense as they differ in terms of syntactic or phonological rule systems.
Effects of Lexical Stress on Phonetic Categorization
Authors: Connine Cynthia M. , Clifton Jr. Charles , Cutler Anne 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Three experiments investigated the use of lexical stress in auditory word recognition. Speech voicing continua were created in which lexical status resulted in one end-point constituting a real word and the other end a nonword (e.g. diGRESS-tiGRESS, in which digress is a real word, and DIgress-TIgress, in which tigress is a real word). Subjects’ identification of the initial segment of these items was biased in the midrange of the continua in that they were more likely to report a segment that resulted in a real word than one that resulted in a nonword. Alternative acoustically based explanations are discounted in favor of a lexically based account of the data. Possible mechanisms underlying the effect of lexical stress on speech perception are discussed.
How Well Does Average Fundamental Frequency Correlate with Speaker Height and Weight?
Authors: Künzel Hermann J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation is to shed some more light on the conflicting views about a number of acoustic parameters which might carry information on some general somatic features of the speaker. In an experiment, average fundamental frequency (F₀) values of 105 male and 78 female adult subjects were correlated with their individual height and weight data. No significant correlations between acoustic and physical parameters were found. The results are discussed with respect to earlier studies with completely different approaches to the issue, namely direct estimation of physical traits from the speech signal by listeners.
P-Center Judgments Are Generally Insensitive to the Instructions Given
Authors: Whalen D.H. , Cooper André M. , Fowler Carol A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The perceptual moment of occurrence of a syllable, its P-center, has frequently been examined by instructing subjects to adjust a series of speech sounds until they sounded isochronous. The present two experiments examined the effect of changing the instructions. In addition to the overall isochrony instructions, we asked subjects to align pairs of syllables so that the syllable onsets, vowel onsets, or syllable offsets sounded isochronous. In the first experiment, 3 of 4 subjects showed no difference among the first three instruction sets, and the changes introduced by the fourth went in the wrong direction. All subjects found it impossible to make alignments with respect to offsets. In the second experiment, vowel durations of two versions of some stimuli differed by 100 ms, to enhance the difference in syllable rhyme durations. Two subjects received the same instruction sets as in Experiment 1, and again found alignment with respect to offsets impossible. These subjects showed differences among the other instruction sets, although the direction and magnitude of the differences indicated that they had not succeeded in changing their timing criteria. The results indicate that P-center alignments are the syllable timing judgments that subjects most naturally make, and they may, indeed, be the only isochrony judgments that subjects can make reliably.
Gradient Effects of Fundamental Frequency on Stop Consonant Voicing Judgments
Authors: Whalen D.H. , Abramson Arthur S. , Lisker Leigh , Mody Maria 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The post-stop-release rise or fall of fundamental frequency (F₀) is known to affect voicing judgments of syllables with ambiguous voice onset times (VOTs). In 1986, Silverman claimed that the critical factor was not direction of F₀ change but rather its direction relative to the intonational contour. He further claimed that only F₀s that start above and fall to the contour have an effect proportional to the size of the frequency change; F₀s that rise to the contour by different amounts were claimed to be equivalent. In our first experiment, we examined the effect on voicing judgments of five onset F₀s preceding a single, flat contour. Only falling F₀s were differentiated in the first set of judgments, but after increased exposure to the syllables, even F₀s below the contour differentially affected the voicing judgment. In a second experiment, the contour of the final part of the syllable was flat, rising or falling. F₀ contour affected the judgments, as did onset F₀s, but the two factors did not interact, indicating that the onset values were not being judged by reference to the contours. However, the contour which was predicted to result in more voiceless judgments also ended at a higher F₀ in the vowel, and another effect of voicing is that the F₀ is higher throughout the vowel after voiceless stops. In a third experiment, F₀ contours were created to contrast contour and mean F₀. The effect of the F₀ during the vocalic segment appeared to be attributable to the average F₀ rather than the contour. In all three experiments, the F₀ onset values contributed to the voicing judgment whether they were above or below the putative intonation contour. The contribution of the lower F₀s, while significant, was not as great as that of the higher F₀s, which argues for a noncategorical contribution of intonation.
The Stop/Glide Boundary Shift: Modelling Perceptual Data
Authors: Oller D. Kimbrough , Eilers Rebecca E. , Miskiel Edward , Burns Rebecca , Urbano Richard 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Research in speech perception has suggested that listeners often adjust category boundary locations for differing contexts. The stop/glide (e.g., /ba/ vs. /wa/) boundary shift occurring with changes in syllable duration has been interpreted as reflecting ‘rate normalization’ by some, whereas others have suggested an auditory basis for the shift. Clarification of both the causes and the effects of the stop/glide shift is being sought through experimentation intended to expand our knowledge of variations in the shift across different experimental treatments. The present study extends research on the stop/ glide shift by (1) showing that the shift is not an artifact of a particular stimulus pattern that had been present in all the previous studies of the effect, (2) further demonstrating the nonlinear character of the identification shift, (3) providing additional evidence of the role of presentation format (mixed vs. blocked) in the identification shift, and (4) exploring boundary locations in various discrimination paradigms. The complex outcomes of the studies reported here as well as a variety of previous results are interpreted as compatible with expanded versions of the durational contrast hypothesis. Two versions are considered, one in which the shift is seen as due to a mechanism of contrastive perception that applies to events of comparable duration, and one in which the shift is seen as a perceptual error that occurs when the auditory system attempts to track frequency trajectories that change (i.e., pivot) over time.
The Timing Control of Geminate and Single Stop Consonants in Japanese: A Challenge for Nonnative Speakers
Authors: Han Mieko S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The stop closure durations and voice onset time of geminate and single voiceless stops in Japanese were examined with two groups of subjects: native Japanese and fluent Americans. The two groups were found to have different manners of timing control of these segments. The results indicated that the 10 native speakers distinguished between the geminate and single stops by controlling the closure durations in the mean ratio of 2.8:1.0, while the 4 fluent Americans pronounced the same tokens in diverse and random manners. The timing control of geminate and single stop consonants is a challenge for nonnative speakers who may either miss the contrast, or may pronounce geminate and single stops with the ratio of approximately 2.0:1.0.
The Elusive / Illusive Syllable
Authors: Fokes Joann , Bond Z.S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A common phonological reduction in casual speech is vowel loss in unstressed syllables as in s ‘pose. How the phonetic detail of this reduction is implemented in production and how it is perceived is the focus of the study. Three types of test words were selected for investigation, initial /sp/ and /sk/ clusters, two- and three-syllable words beginning with an unstressed /s/ plus vowel followed by /p/ or /k/ in the stressed syllable, and words with a cluster created by the loss of the vowel. A representative triad is sport, support, and s ‘port. Some speakers differentiated between real clusters and created clusters while others did not. The relationships between production characteristics and word identification were complex in that there were no invariant acoustic cues determining syllabicity.
Effects of Time Pressure on the Phonetic Realization of the Dutch Accent-Lending Pitch Rise and Fall
Authors: Caspers J. , van Heuven V.J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The goal of this experiment is to find the most important phonetic features of Dutch accent-lending pitch movements, in terms of shape, pitch level and alignment with the segmental structure. Time pressure is used as a heuristic method to isolate important phonetic aspects of pitch movements, assuming that under time pressure the speaker will preserve those aspects. In a production experiment, accent-lending rises (‘l’) and falls (‘A’) were realized under various types of time pressure. The pitch rise is time-compressed under all pressure types, which would mean that the shape of the rise is relatively unimportant. The segmental alignment of the rise proved to be more important: the onset of the rise is synchronized with the syllable onset. For the fall no fixed synchronization point was found, but its shape was relatively invariant, indicating that shape rather than exact timing is the more important feature of the fall.
A Gestural Production Model and Its Application to Reduction in German
Authors: Kröger Bernd J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A quantitative speech production model has been computer-implemented based on specifications of gestures as its input. Articulatory gestures serve the central role of phonological/phonetic units in speech organization. The present model is not based on task dynamics, but it still assumes a critically damped linear second-order system. The capability of this model is partially demonstrated by its application to reduction phenomena in conversational speech in German. Explanations in terms of timing and magnitude alterations of gestures in different articulators use only a few general principles for a variety of apparent segmental alterations. Some salient examples have been synthesized based on the current model, which also contributed to the evaluation of the parameter values involved in sample gestures.
Durational Correlates of Quantity in Swedish, Finnish and Estonian: Cross-Language Evidence for a Theory of Adaptive Dispersion
Authors: Engstrand Olle , Krull Diana 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Audio recordings of lively conversational speech produced by 3 Swedish, 4 Finnish and 3 Estonian speakers were analyzed for durational correlates of quantity distinctions. The data suggest that duration contrasts are maintained more consistently by Finnish and Estonian than by Swedish speakers. This is attributed to the unusually complex structure of the Finnish and Estonian quantity systems, and to the fact that Finnish and Estonian, in contrast to Swedish, do not use vowel quality or diphthongization as correlates to quantity distinctions.
Native Speakers of Spanish Show Rate-Dependent Processing of English Stop Consonants
Authors: Flege James Emil , Schmidt Anna Marie 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
English monolinguals and native Spanish speakers of English used a 9-point scale to rate syllable-initial stops for goodness as realizations of the English /p/ category. Voice onset time (VOT) was varied in a set of short-duration (‘fast-rate’) consonant-vowel (CV) stimuli, and in a set of longer-duration (‘slow-rate’) CV stimuli. The VOT values ranged from values typical for English /b/ to values which exceeded those typical for English /p/. Results for the native English (NE) subjects replicated those obtained previously using the same two continua. Goodness ratings systematically increased, then decreased as VOT values extended beyond the range typical for English /p/. The NE subjects gave their highest ratings to stimuli with VOT values of about 50 ms. For stops with longer VOT values, their ratings were higher for stimuli in the slow-rate than fast-rate continuum. The native Spanish (NS) subjects were assigned to two subgroups based on degree of foreign accent in their pronunciation of English sentences. Both proficient and nonproficient NS subjects gave their highest ratings to stimuli with much the same VOT values as the NE subjects, even though /p/ is realized with short-lag VOT in Spanish. The nonproficient, but not the proficient NS subjects showed significantly smaller rate effects on goodness ratings than did the NE subjects. However, the subjects in both NS groups gave significantly higher ratings to stimuli with short-lag VOT values than did the NE subjects. The results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that adult learners of a second language may establish new perceptual phonetic categories for phonetic segments not found in the native language.
C-Centers Revisited
Authors: Byrd Dani 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This report considers the articulatory organization of English consonant sequences with their adjacent vowels. Electropal-atography is used to examine the production of sequences of one to four consonants in length. Two aspects of the production of consonant sequences are investigated. First, the phenomenon of compensatory shortening is addressed. Second, the evidence for a global timing organization for consonant sequences is investigated. This experiment evaluates predictions of Browman and Goldstein [1988] regarding the significance of the C-center in the timing of consonant sequences. Some support for global timing relationships is found; however, underlying syllable affiliations are suggested to be important in the selection of timing arrangements.
Variability of Lip and Jaw Movements in the Speech of Children and Adults
Authors: Smith Bruce L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
One purpose of the present study was to examine displacement variability of lower lip and jaw movements to determine whether sounds that are generally learned earlier and should, therefore, have been practiced more (e. g., stops and nasals) would be less variable than sounds that tend to develop later (e. g., fricatives). It was also of interest to determine whether individual articulators such as the lower lip and the jaw show any differences in displacement variability, given that lower lip gestures may need to be more precise than jaw movements. Repetitions of several labial-initial, CVC stimuli embedded in short phrases produced by three groups of children (5––, 8––, and 11––year-olds) and a group of adults were examined to determine the variability of articulatory gestures. No evidence was found to suggest that fricatives were more variable than stops or nasals for any of the groups. For the children but not the adults, lower lip gestures tended to be more variable than jaw movements.
The Acquisition of a Complex Phonological Contrast: Voice Timing Patterns of English Initial Stops by Native French Speakers
Authors: Laeufer Christiane 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study examines the acquisition of the glottal and supra-glottal timing patterns of English initial stops by French speakers. French speakers have greater difficulty reducing the duration of glottal pulsing for English /bdg/ than producing long-lag voice onset time (VOT) and the concurrent reduction in closure duration for /ptk/. This is ascribed to the greater articulatory complexity of English /bdg/ for French speakers, the lower degree of perceptual salience of differences in glottal pulsing, compared to differences in VOT, the existence in English of a competing pattern of more fully voiced /bdg/, and the existence in French of aspirated contextual variants of the lingual stops before high vowels. The latter also explains why long-lag VOT is more difficult to acquire for the labial than for the lingual stops. Acquisition of English-like VOT appears to proceed from (1) positive transfer from French of long voicing lag for lingual stops in high vowel contexts, to (2) distributional extension to nonhigh vowel contexts and to the labial stop, and to (3) gradual stretching of the lag to better approximate the English norm. The acquisition of English-like voicing appears to proceed in a similar fashion.
Speaking Rate Effects on Stops Produced by Spanish and English Monolinguals and Spanish/English Bilinguals
Authors: Schmidt Anna Marie , Flege James Emil 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Four groups of 10 subjects each (English and Spanish monolinguals, and two groups of Spanish/English bilinguals) produced Spanish or English sentences at speaking rates designated ‘normal’, ‘slow’, and ‘fast’. Voice onset time (VOT) was measured in word-initial tokens of /p/ and /t/ found in sentence-initial, -medial, and -final words. The four groups produced comparable changes in sentence duration across the three rates. The speaking rate changes exerted less effect on the VOT in stops spoken by the Spanish than the English monolinguals. Moreover, whereas English monolinguals produced /p, t/ (with shorter VOT at a fast than at a normal rate, many Spanish monolinguals showed a trend in the opposite direction. As expected, all 10 early bilinguals produced English stops with VOT values that were similar to the English monolinguals’. They also showed speaking rate effects on VOT that were similar to those observed for the English monolinguals. The late bilinguals, who had begun learning English as adults, showed smaller effects of speaking rate on VOT than did the English monolinguals. Their mean VOT values for English stops spanned a wide range of values. Just 3 of the late bilinguals produced English stops with VOT values that fell within the range of values observed for the English monolinguals.