bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different mechanisms of Ca2+regulation that influence synaptic transmission: Comparison between crayfish and Drosophila neuromuscular junctions
Authors: Desai‐Shah Mohati , Cooper Robin L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA brief historical background on synaptic transmission in relation to Ca2+dynamics and short‐term facilitation is described. This study focuses on the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in high output terminals of larvalDrosophilacompared to a low‐output terminal of the crayfish neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Three processes; plasmalemmal Na+/Ca2+exchanger [NCX], Ca2+‐ATPase (PMCA), and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) are important in regulating the [Ca2+]iare examined. When the NCX is compromised by reduced [Na+]o, no consistent effect occurred; but a NCX blocker KB‐R7943 decreased the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) amplitudes. Compromising the PMCA with pH 8.8 resulted in an increase in EPSP amplitude but treatment with a PMCA specific inhibitor carboxyeosin produced opposite results. Thapsigargin exposure to block the SERCA generally decreases EPSP amplitude. Compromising the activity of the above Ca2+regulating proteins had no substantial effects on short‐term depression. The Kum170TSstrain (with dysfunctional SERCA), showed a decrease in EPSP amplitudes including the first EPSP within the train. Synaptic transmission is altered by reducing the function of the above three [Ca2+]iregulators; but they are not consistent among different species as expected. Results in crayfish NMJ were more consistent with expected results as compared to theDrosophilaNMJ. It is predicated that different mechanisms are used for regulating the [Ca2+]iin high and low output synaptic terminals. Synapse 63:1100–1121, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthese und Charakterisierung von binären Molekülverbindungen der Gruppe 15 Elemente mit P2As2‐, PSb2‐, PBi2‐, PBi3‐ und P2Bi4‐Gerüst
Authors: von Hänisch Carsten , Stahl Sven 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe reaction of tBuPh2SiPLi2 with (Me3Si)2CHAsCl2 in molar ratio 1:1 yields the compound [(SiMe3)2CHAsPSitBuPh2]2 (1). The structure of 1 reveals the formation of a As2P2 ring compound. In contrast, the reactions of tBuPh2SiPLi2 with (Me3Si)2CHSbCl2 or (Me3Si)2CHBiCl2 yield the chloro bridged species [tBuPh2SiP{SbClCH(SiMe3)2}2] (2) and [tBuPh2SiP{BiClCH(SiMe3)2}2] (3). Starting from RMe2SiPLi2 (R = Thex, Me) the compounds [P{BiClCH(SiMe3)2}3] (4) and [P2{BiClCH(SiMe3)2}4] (5) were obtained from the reactions with (Me3Si)2CHBiCl2. The compounds 1 – 5 were characterised by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis as well as IR and NMR techniques.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Bixbyite‐Type Solid Solution Zr0.43Er0.57O1.07N0.43
Authors: Meyer Stefanie , Martinez Meta Neil J. , Schweda Eberhard , Eibl Oliver 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA powder of the composition 40 mol‐% Er2O3 and 60 mol‐% ZrO2 has been prepared. The anion deficient fluorite related compound Zr3Er4O12 [R\bar{3}: a = 971.79(7) pm and c = 907.976(0) pm] was produced. This precursor was treated with gaseous ammonia at temperatures between 25 and 1200 °C. The reaction was followed in situ by X‐ray diffraction in a high temperature reaction chamber under a constant flow of ammonia. The nitridation of Zr3Er4O12 led to a nitride oxide of the solid‐solution‐type with an apparent composition Zr0.43Er0.57O1.07N0.43 The compound crystallizes isostructural to bixbyite due to vacancy ordering [Ia\bar{3}: a = 1036.37(4) pm]. The reoxidation of the nitride oxide was monitored in DTA/TG experiments exhibiting an almost complete reoxidation to the starting composition except for some inclusions of dinitrogen.
Mucin‐producing bile duct tumors: radiological–pathological correlation and diagnostic strategy
Authors: Lim Jae Hoon , Jang Kee‐Taek 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMucin‐producing bile duct tumors are characterized by intraductal papillary tumors producing large amounts of mucin. The tumor comprises macroscopically prominent intraductal papillary neoplastic epithelia and produces a large amount of viscid mucin, resulting in dilatation of the bile ducts. The surface of the tumor is frond‐like, velvety, or serrated. The tumor exhibits five intraductal growth patterns; polypoid intraductal growth, mucosal spreading growth, cast‐like intraductal growth, cystic tumor, and intraductal floating tumors. Imaging features reflect the interplay between the morphology of the tumor, the amount of mucin production, and biliary dilatation. This review article describes the radiological manifestations of the tumor, based on pathological‐radiological correlation and biological behavior.
Four New Fatty Acid Esters from the Feces of Trogopterus xanthipes
Authors: Yang Nian‐Yun , Tao Wei‐Wei , Duan Jin‐Ao , Guo Jian‐Ming , Cao Ling‐Ling 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour new fatty acid esters have been isolated from Feces Trogopterus. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods to be bis(7‐hydroxyheptyl) icosanedioate (1), bis(7‐hydroxyheptyl) heptadecanedioate (2), bis(7‐hydroxyheptyl) decanedioate (3), and bis(7‐hydroxyheptyl) octanedioate (4). In the anticoagulative assay, compounds 3 and 4 had significant antithrombin activity.
Timing of surgical treatment for type III supracondylar humerus fractures in pediatric patients
Authors: Yildirim Ahmet Ozgur , Unal Vuslat Sema , Oken Ozdamar Fuad , Gulcek Murat , Ozsular Metin , Ucaner Ahmet 
Published: July 2009

Background Type III supracondylar humeral fracture is a common cause of emergency hospitalization among children requiring surgical treatment. The configuration of the internal fixation material, surgical technique, and optimal timing of surgery (TS) have always been popular topics of debate. The TS in uncomplicated cases is usually determined by surgeons. Methods In this study, we prospectively followed children with type III supracondylar fractures. We aimed to clarify the effects of injury side, gender, and post-injury delay on switching to open surgery and the ease of the reduction. Results Based on our results, the probability of switching to open surgery increased by a factor of 4 every 5 h beginning 15 h after injury. Open surgery was necessary after 32 h. Conclusion Reduction became technically more difficult as TS increased.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) prevents the transformed phenotypes induced by 17 β‐estradiol in human breast epithelial cells
Authors: Kocdor Hilal , Kocdor Mehmet A. , Russo Jose , Snider Kara E. , Vanegas Johana E. , Russo Irma H. , Fernandez Sandra V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHuman chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy, can elicit life‐long refractoriness to carcinogenesis by differentiation of the breast epithelium. Human breast epithelial cells MCF‐10F form tubules in collagen, mimicking the normal ductules. We have shown that 17 β‐estradiol (E2) alter the ductulogenic pattern of these cells. The effect of the recombinant hCG (rhCG) in vitro was evaluated on the transformation of MCF‐10F induced by E2. MCF‐10F cells were treated with 70 nM E2 alone or in combination with 50 IU/ml rhCG during 2 weeks, while the controls were treated with DMSO (the solvent in which E2 was dissolved) or rhCG alone. At the end of treatment, the cells were plated in type I collagen matrix (3D‐cultures) for detecting 2 main phenotypes of cell transformation, namely the loss of ductulogenic capacity and the formation of solid masses. Although E2 significantly increased solid mass formation, this effect was prevented when MCF‐10F cells were treated with E2 in combination with rhCG. Furthermore, E2 increased the main duct width (p < 0.001), and caused a disruption of the luminal architecture, whereas rhCG increased the length of the tubules (p < 0.001) and produced tertiary branching. In conclusion, rhCG was able to abrogate the transforming abilities of estradiol, and had the differentiating property by increasing the branching of the tubules formed by breast epithelial cells in collagen. These results further support our hypothesis, known as the terminal differentiation hypothesis of breast cancer prevention, that predicts that hCG treatment results in protection from tumorigenic changes by the loss of susceptible stem cells 1 through a differentiation to refractory stem cells 2 and increase differentiation of the mammary gland.
Delivery options and convexity in Treasury bond and note futures
Authors: Grieves Robin , Marcus Alan J. , Woodhams Adrian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUsing Treasury bond and note futures to hedge fixed‐income portfolios is complicated by the large number of bonds that are eligible to deliver against the contract. Grieves and Marcus [Grieves, R. and A. Marcus. (2005). Delivery options and Treasury bond futures hedge ratios. Journal of Derivatives, 13, 70–76.] show that, in some circumstances, only two bonds—those with the highest and the lowest duration—are relevant for the hedging problem, which makes computation of analytic hedge ratios tractable. We evaluate the empirical efficacy of their two‐relevant‐bonds model. We compare the maturities of actual cheapest‐to‐deliver bonds to the prediction of the two‐deliverables model and calculate empirical price values of a basis point for Treasury futures contracts to determine whether contract prices display the negative convexity predicted by the model. The model has worked very well for the note contract and very poorly for the bond contract. We show that the difference in model performance is related to the shape of the yield curve.
Dietary capsanthin, the main carotenoid in paprika (Capsicum annuum), alters plasma high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and hepatic gene expression in rats
Authors: Aizawa Koichi , Inakuma Takahiro 
Published: July 2009

The effects of dietary capsanthin, the main carotenoid in paprika (Capsicum annuum), on lipid metabolism were examined. Young male Wistar rats were fed diets containing paprika powder, paprika organic solvent extract, residue of paprika extract, and purified capsanthin. Administration of purified capsanthin for 2 weeks resulted in a significant increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol (P < 0·05) without detectable differences in plasma total cholesterol and TAG concentrations. A statistically significant correlation (r0·567;P < 0·001) was found between dietary capsanthin concentrations and plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Animals receiving diets containing two different capsanthin concentrations exhibited dose-dependent increases in plasma HDL-cholesterol (r0·597;P < 0·005). While capsanthin was absent in the liver of animals fed the basal diet, it increased markedly in capsanthin-fed animals (P < 0·001). Quantitative analyses of hepatic mRNA levels revealed that capsanthin administration resulted in up-regulation of mRNA for apoA5 and lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), without significant differences in other mRNA levels related to HDL-cholesterol metabolism. These results suggest that capsanthin had an HDL-cholesterol-raising effect on plasma, and the potential to increase cholesterol efflux to HDL particles by increasing apoA5 levels and/or enhancement of LCAT activity.
From grapheme to word in reading acquisition in Spanish
Authors: CUETOS FERNANDO , SUÁREZ-COALLA PAZ 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe relationship between written words and their pronunciation varies considerably among different orthographic systems, and these variations have repercussions on learning to read. Children whose languages have deep orthographies must learn to pronounce larger units, such as rhymes, morphemes, or whole words, to achieve the correct pronunciation of some words. However, children whose languages have transparent orthographies need only learn to pronounce graphemes to be able to read any word. In this study, the reading evolution of Spanish-speaking children was investigated for the purpose of discovering when and for what types of stimuli lexical information is used in Spanish. Five- to 10-year-old children were presented with lists of stimuli in which lexicality, frequency, and length were manipulated. The results in terms of reading accuracy and speed showed that the influence of stimulus length is great in the early grades and later diminishes, and just the opposite is the case for lexicality and frequency. These data suggest that reading acquisition in Spanish constitutes a continuum that ranges from phonological recoding to the use of lexical strategies, and that this transition is made at a very early stage, at least for the most frequent words.
Gender differences in language development in French Canadian children between 8 and 30 months of age
Authors: BOUCHARD CAROLINE , TRUDEAU NATACHA , SUTTON ANN , BOUDREAULT MARIE-CLAUDE , DENEAULT JOANE 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to examine the language of girls and boys between 8 and 30 months of age, using the Quebec French version of The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. The findings from this parental report measure confirm those of earlier research, which showed the linguistic superiority of girls over boys at a young age. More specifically, the results show that girls produce significantly more words than boys; their utterances contain a greater number of grammatical forms, and are more complex syntactically. On the qualitative level, the data illustrate distinctive characteristics associated with gender in the acquisition of the first 100 words. These findings suggest that caution is necessary when assessing young children to interpret performance in light of factors that may contribute to it, including gender. These results are discussed in light of whether separate normative data are warranted for young boys and girls learning Canadian French.
Effects of forest age on fruit composition and removal in tropical bird-dispersed understorey trees
Authors: Lumpkin Heather A. , Boyle W. Alice 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:Little is known about how land-use changes affect interspecific interactions such as fruit–frugivore mutualisms. Forest age could affect both fruit sugar concentrations via differences in light availability or disperser abundance, and fruit removal rates via differences in bird and plant community composition. We examined how these two factors are affected by forest age in a Costa Rican rain forest. We compared seven young-secondary forest species, seven old-growth forest species, andMiconia nervosagrowing in both forests. We measured sugar concentrations in fruits and manipulated the location of paired fruiting branches, measuring subsequent fruit removal. Sugar concentration means were on average 2.1 percentage points higher in young-secondary forest species than in old-growth forest species, but did not differ amongMiconia nervosafruits from the two forests. Fruit removal rates were higher in young-secondary forest for 86% of young-secondary forest species, 71% of old-growth forest species, and on average for both young-secondary and old-growth forestMiconia nervosaindividuals. Higher sugar concentrations in young-secondary forest plants could reflect stronger competition for dispersers, while experimental fruit removal results suggests the opposite patterns of competition; fruits are more likely to be removed by dispersers in young-secondary forest independent of fruit nutrient concentration.
The contribution of epiphytes to the abundance and species richness of canopy insects in a Mexican coffee plantation
Authors: Cruz-Angón Andrea , Baena Martha L. , Greenberg Russell 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:The abundance of epiphytes has been assumed to be important in explaining the high diversity of tropical canopy arthropods. In this study we assessed the possible role that the presence of epiphytes may have on the diversity and abundance of canopy insects in an experimental study conducted in a coffee plantation in Coatepec, Veracruz, Mexico. Epiphytes were removed from trees in one of two plots in two sites of the coffee plantation. In each plot we collected insects from threeInga jinicuiltrees by knockdown insecticide fogging. Insects were sorted to morphospecies, counted and measured. Trees with epiphytes had significantly higher numbers of species and individuals and insects larger than 5 mm were also more species-rich and abundant in trees with epiphytes. The magnitude of the enhancement was surprisingly large with the epiphyte plot samples having on average 90% more individuals and 22% more species than plots without epiphytes. These differences were even greater for large (>5 mm) insects (184% and 113% respectively). Our results support the tenet that epiphytes provide valuable resources to arthropods, which we have illustrated for canopy insects in shade trees of coffee plantations.
“To demonstrate the exactness of the instrument”: Mountainside Trials of Precision in Scotland, 1774
Authors: Reeves Nicky 
Published: July 2009

ArgumentThe British Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne, spent four months on a Scottish mountainside in 1774, making observations of zenith stars and coordinating a detailed survey of the size and shape of the mountain Schiehallion, in order to demonstrate and quantify what was known as “the attraction of mountains.” His endeavors were celebrated in London, where it was stated that he had given proof of the universality of Newtonian gravitation and allowed for a calculation of the relative densities of the earth as a whole and the earth near its surface. This paper argues that the “Schiehallion Experiment” was as much a trial of the precision of Maskelyne's instruments and their expert management as it was a trial of Newtonian theory. By tracing the biography of the key instrument used by Maskelyne, his zenith sector, we see how much personal credibility was a stake for him in Scotland. By considering the mountainside as a place to test and reveal the precision of astronomical instruments we see a link between the Scottish endeavors and Maskelyne's ambitions for the Greenwich Observatory.
The Hotel that Became an Observatory: Mount Faulhorn as Singularity, Microcosm, and Macro-Tool
Authors: Aubin David 
Published: July 2009

ArgumentOne of the first high-altitude observatories was a hotel. Established in 1823, the chalet on Mount Faulhorn became a highpoint of nineteenth-century science. In this paper, I take this mountain as my entry point into the examination of the special attraction that mountains exerted on scientists. I argue that Mount Faulhorn stood for three different conceptions of the usefulness of the mountain in science: (1) in observation networks, stations were usually chosen for pragmatic rather than scientific reasons, but mountains representedsingularspots in such networks, which deserved special attention; (2) the mountain also was amicrocosmwhere altitude differences were thought to capture essential features of latitude differences; (3) the mountain was sometimes no more than amacro-toolfor the pursuit of science, just a middle ground between the heaven and the earth.
Inherited Territories: The Glarus Alps, Knowledge Validation, and the Genealogical Organization of Nineteenth-Century Swiss Alpine Geognosy
Authors: Westermann Andrea 
Published: July 2009

ArgumentThe article examines the organizational patterns of nineteenth-century Swiss Alpine geology. It argues that early and middle nineteenth-century Swiss geognosy was shaped in genealogical terms and that the patterns of genealogical reasoning and practice worked as a vehicle of transmission toward the generalization of locally gained empirical knowledge. The case study is provided by the Zurich geologist Albert Heim, who, in the early 1870s, blended intellectual and patrilineal genealogies that connected two generations of fathers and sons: Hans Conrad and Arnold Escher, Albert and Arnold Heim. Two things were transmitted from one generation to the next, a domain of geognostic research, the Glarus Alps, and a research interest in an explanation of the massive geognostic anomalies observed there. The legacy found its embodiment in the Escher family archive. The genealogical logic became visible and then experienced a crisis when, later in the century, the focus of Alpine geology shifted from geognosy to tectonics. Tectonic research loosened the traditional link between the intimate knowledge of a territory and the generalization from empirical data.
The Storm Lab: Meteorology in the Austrian Alps
Authors: Coen Deborah R. 
Published: July 2009

ArgumentWhat, if anything, uniquely defines the mountain as a “laboratory of nature”? Here, this question is considered from the perspective of meteorology. Mountains played a central role in the early history of modern meteorology. The first permanent year-round high-altitude weather stations were built in the 1880s but largely fell out of use by the turn of the twentieth century, not to be revived until the 1930s. This paper considers the unlikely survival of the Sonnblick observatory (3105 m.) in the Austrian Alps. By examining the arguments of the Sonnblick's critics and defenders, it reveals a seemingly paradoxical definition of the mountain as a space that simultaneously maximized isolation and communication. Drawing on the social and environmental history of the Alps, it shows how the Sonnblick came to appear as the perfect embodiment of this paradox.
The Elusive Placelessness of the Mont-Blanc Observatory (1893–1909): The Social Underpinnings of High-Altitude Observation
Authors: Le Gars Stéphane , Aubin David 
Published: July 2009

ArgumentFrom 1893 to 1909 when it definitely sunk into the glacier, the Mont-Blanc Observatory (MBO) struggled to find its scientific purpose. In this article, we use recent literature on the social characterization of place to analyze this struggle. Our first goal is to investigate where the observatory may fit in the laboratory-field dyad. We investigate various kinds of conceptual “borderlands” between these places and look at the networking activities between particular knowledge production sites. We argue that part observatory, part laboratory, and part field station, the place of the MBO was “heterotopic” space in Foucault's sense. We then examine the social underpinnings that led to the foundation of this observatory in the context of French Third Republic at the turn of the century. Following some of the ways the MBO was connected to other scientific sites and surveying some of its visitors' scientific practices, we finally hint at the fact that some of these practices played a part in the emergence of a regime of science production that endured into the twentieth century (astrophysical aeronautical practices, spatial stations, polar exploration, etc.)
Optimality in goal-dependent analysis of Sharing
Authors: AMATO GIANLUCA , SCOZZARI FRANCESCA 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe face the problems of correctness, optimality, and precision for the static analysis of logic programs, using the theory of abstract interpretation. We propose a framework with a denotational, goal-dependent semantics equipped with two unification operators for forward unification (calling a procedure) and backward unification (returning from a procedure). The latter is implemented through a matching operation. Our proposal clarifies and unifies many different frameworks and ideas on static analysis of logic programming in a single, formal setting. On the abstract side, we focus on the domainsharingby Jacobs and Langen (The Journal of Logic Programming, 1992, vol. 13, nos. 2–3, pp. 291–314) and provide the best correct approximation of all the primitive semantic operators, namely, projection, renaming, and forward and backward unifications. We show that the abstract unification operators are strictly more precise than those in the literature defined over the same abstract domain. In some cases, our operators are more precise than those developed for more complex domains involving linearity and freeness.