bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of cascaded voltage collapse and protection of many induction machine loads upon load characteristics viewed from bulk transmission system
Authors: Kumano Teruhisa 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAs is well known, two of the fundamental processes which give rise to voltage collapse in power systems are the on‐load tap changers of transformers and the dynamic characteristics of loads such as induction machines. It is well established that, of these two, the former makes for a slower collapse while the latter makes for a faster collapse. However, in realistic simulations, the load levels of the induction machines are not uniform and it may be expected that some of the loads will collapse first, followed by the collapse of the loads which did not go into instability during the preceding collapses. In such situations, the overall equivalent collapse behavior viewed from the bulk transmission level becomes somewhat different from the simple collapse driven by one aggregated induction machine.This paper studies the process of cascaded voltage collapse among many induction machines by time simulation, in which the load distribution on a feeder line is modeled by several hundred induction machines and static impedance loads. It is shown that in some cases voltage collapse actually cascades among induction machines, with the macroscopic load dynamics viewed from the upper level resulting in a slower collapse than expected from the aggregated load model. We also show the effects of machine protection of induction machines, which results in slower collapse. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(2): 19–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20894
Investigation of Intermediates Involved in the Photochemical Formation of Mo‐Blue Nanoring by Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ito Takeru , Yamase Toshihiro 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) was employed to detect the intermediates involved in the photochemical formation of the Mo‐blue nanoring [MoV28MoVI114O429H10(H2O)49(CH3CO2)5(C2H5CO2)]30– ≡ Mo142(Ac)5(Pr) in the photolysis of the [Mo7O24]6–/CH3CO2H system at pH 3.4. The CE electropherogram indicated successful separation of the photolyte species into three migration times. The relative peak areas of the three kinds of signals were dependent on the duration of the photolysis. The signals in two of the regions could be identified to species (with additional defects due to the removal of binuclear {Mo2} ≡ [MoVI2O5(H2O)2]2+ linkers) derived from the intermediates {Mo37} to {Mo42} and Mo‐blue nanoring Mo142(Ac)5(Pr). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Photosensitizers for Long‐Range Electron Transfer: Occurrence of a Coulomb Barrier
Authors: Hanss David , Freys Jonathan C. , Bernardinelli Gérald , Wenger Oliver S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSix cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes were investigated to assess their potential as photosensitizers for long‐range electron transfer, and two of them were incorporated directly into covalent donor–bridge–acceptor molecules. The influence of ligand substitutions on the excited‐state properties and the photoredox behavior of the iridium complexes was explored by optical absorption, steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence spectroscopy, as well as by electrochemical methods. Bimolecular electron transfer between the photoexcited complexes and 10‐methylphenothiazine and methylviologen was found to be only weakly dependent on the ligand substitutions. Intramolecular long‐range electron transfer from phenothiazine to photoexcited iridium(III) in the dyads is slow due to the occurrence of a Coulomb barrier. Consequently, an electron‐transfer photoproduct is only observable in the transient absorption spectrum of a donor–bridge–acceptor molecule with a fluorinated photosensitizer that exhibits a very long excited‐state lifetime. A flash‐quench technique is necessary for detection of an electron‐transfer product in the dyad with a non‐fluorinated photosensitizer. The occurrence of a Coulomb barrier associated with intramolecular (excited‐state) long‐range electron transfer in the dyads with cyclometalated iridium(III) photosensitizers represents an important difference to previously investigated similar donor–bridge–acceptor molecules with photosensitizers based on d6 metal diimine complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cooling the heat of temptation: Mental self‐control and the automatic evaluation of tempting stimuli
Authors: Hofmann Wilhelm , Deutsch Roland , Lancaster Katie , Banaji Mahzarin R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe present research investigated whether mental self‐control strategies can reduce the automatic positivity elicited by tempting stimuli. In two studies employing chocolate as the temptation of interest, we found that participants instructed to imagine a chocolate product in a nonconsummatory manner exhibited significantly less automatic positivity with regard to the product as compared to participants instructed to imagine the hedonic, consummatory aspects of the product and control participants engaged in a neutral task. These findings were replicated in a second study. Additionally, in Study 2 we found that automatic evaluations of chocolate were lowest for participants instructed to form implementation intentions to refrain from consumption. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that mental self‐control strategies such as nonconsummatory transformation and implementation intentions extend to the level of automatic processing by reducing the positivity of automatically activated affective responses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional vibration control of high‐tech facilities against earthquakes and microvibration using hybrid platform
Authors: Hong Xiao‐Jian , Zhu Songye , Xu You‐Lin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHigh‐tech equipments engaged in the production of ultra‐precision products have very stringent vibration criteria for their functionality in normal operation conditions and their safety during an earthquake. Most previous investigations were based on simplified planar models of building structures, despite the fact that real ground motions and structures are always three‐dimensional. This paper hence presents a three‐dimensional analytical study of a hybrid platform on which high‐tech equipments are mounted for their vibration mitigation. The design methodology of the hybrid platform proposed in this study is based on dual‐level performance objectives for high‐tech equipments: safety against seismic hazard and functionality against traffic‐induced microvibration. The passive devices (represented by springs and viscous dampers) and the active actuators are designed, respectively, to meet vibration criteria corresponding to safety level and functionality level. A prototype three‐story building with high‐tech equipments installed on the second floor is selected in the case study to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid platform. The optimal location of the platform on the second building floor is determined during the design procedure in terms of the minimalH2cost function of absolute velocity response. The simulation of the coupled actuator‐platform‐building system subjected to three‐dimensional ground motions indicates that the optimally designed hybrid platform can well achieve the dual target performance and effectively mitigate vibration at both ground motion levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term effects of revegetation on soil hydrological processes in vegetation‐stabilized desert ecosystems
Authors: Yu Zhongbo , Lü Haishen , Zhu Yonghua , Drake Sam , Liang Chuan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPlanting of sand‐binding vegetation in the Shapotou region on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert began in 1956. The revegetation programme successfully stabilized formerly mobile dunes in northern China, permitting the operation of the Baotou‐Lanzhou railway. Long‐term monitoring has shown that the revegetation programme produced various ecological changes, including the formation of biological soil crusts (BSCs). To gain insight into the role of BSCs in both past ecological change and current ecological evolution at the revegetation sites, we used field measurements and HYDRUS‐1D model simulations to investigate the effects of BSCs on soil hydrological processes at revegetated sites planted in 1956 and 1964 and at an unplanted mobile dune site. The results demonstrate that the formation of BSCs has altered patterns of soil water storage, increasing the moisture content near the surface (0–5 cm) while decreasing the moisture content in deeper layers (5–120 cm). Soil evaporation at BSC sites is elevated relative to unplanted sites during periods when canopy coverage is low. Rainfall infiltration was not affected by BSCs during the very dry period that was studied (30 April to 30 September 2005); during periods with higher rainfall intensity, differences in infiltration may be expected due to runoff at BSC sites. The simulated changes in soil moisture storage and hydrological processes are consistent with ongoing plant community succession at the revegetated sites, from deep‐rooted shrubs to more shallow‐rooted herbaceous species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of the channel routing module in SWAT
Authors: Kim Nam Won , Lee Jeongwoo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe objective of this study is to demonstrate that the channel flow routing techniques used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) can be sometimes inappropriate for runoff simulation in small basins. Simulated hydrographs have a tendency to underestimate peak flows or may send a false signal during the recession periods when SWAT is applied to the Mihocheon Basin in South Korea. This was particularly evident for sub‐basins that had a short travel time of much less than a day. In order to enhance the channel routing module in SWAT, an alternative routing technique in which Manning relationship is combined with a simple channel reach continuity equation is proposed in the present study. The advantage of the proposed routing technique is that parameters are readily available from channel morphological data and that it is applicable to small basins. Through simulations of specific events, this routing module that is incorporated into SWAT is almost free from instability errors and produces realistic flow depths and velocities unlike the original version of SWAT with Muskingum method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lentivirus delivery by adsorption to tissue engineering scaffolds
Authors: Shin Seungjin , Salvay David M. , Shea Lonnie D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBiomaterial scaffolds capable of localized gene delivery are being investigated for numerous regenerative medicine applications and as model systems for fundamental studies of tissue formation. In this manuscript, we investigate the delivery of lentivirus from a tissue engineering scaffold using a surface immobilization strategy. Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLG) was employed as the biomaterial for delivery, which has been widely used for a number of tissue engineering applications. The virus was immobilized by freezing and subsequent lyophilization of the virus with the scaffold. The presence of sucrose during freezing and lyophilization maintained the activity of the lentivirus, and was similar to an adenovirus control. Collagen and fibronectin were investigated for their ability to enhance surface immobilization. Fibronectin modestly increased binding and transduction of the adenovirus, yet did not significantly impact the lentivirus delivery. Most of the immobilized lentivirus was released from the scaffold within 24 h. In vivo implantation of the scaffolds yielded transgene expression that persisted for at least 4 weeks. These findings indicate the potential for delivering lentivirus from tissue engineering scaffolds using a surface immobilization strategy. To our knowledge, this report is the first to investigate lentivirus delivery from porous tissue engineering scaffolds. Delivery of lentiviral vectors from PLG scaffolds could provide an efficient and versatile gene delivery system for use with in vitro and in vivo models of tissue formation, and ultimately for therapeutic applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Chemical and physical modifications to poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfaces affect adhesion of Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Wang Lin , Sun Bing , Ziemer Katherine S. , Barabino Gilda A. , Carrier Rebecca L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone elastomer is extensively used in soft lithography processes to fabricate microscale or nano scale systems for microfluidic or cell culture applications. Though PDMS is biocompatible, it is not an ideal material for cell culture due to its poor cell adhesion properties. In this study, PDMS surfaces were modified to promote intestinal cell adhesion, in the interest of testing feasibility of using microfabricated PDMS systems for high throughput drug screening. Modification techniques included changing chemical composition of PDMS (i.e., varying curing to mixing agent ratio, and oxidization of PDMS surface by oxygen plasma), surface treatment of PDMS by coating with charged molecules (i.e., poly‐D‐lysine, L‐α‐phosphatidylcholine, and a layer bylayer coating), and deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (i.e., laminin, fibronectin, and collagen). The influence of these modifications on PDMS properties, including elastic modulus and surface properties (wettability, chemical composition, topography, and protein adsorption) were characterized. Modification techniques were all found to change PDMS properties and influence the attachment and proliferation of Caco‐2 cells over three days of culture to varying degrees. Generally, Caco‐2 cells preferred to attach on collagen‐coated, fibronectin‐coated, and fibronectin‐coated oxygen‐plasma treated PDMS. The results highlight the importance of considering multiple physical and chemical factors that may be influenced by biomaterial modification and result in altered cell attachment to microfabricated systems, including surface hydrophobicity, chemical composition, stiffness, and topography. This study provides a foundation for further miniaturization, utilizing soft lithography techniques, of Caco‐2 cell‐based system for high‐throughput screening of drug intestinal absorption during lead optimization in drug discovery. The understanding of different surface modifications on adjusting cell adhesion on PDMS allows systemic design of Biomicroelectromechanical Systems (BioMEMS) with tunable cell adhesion properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Fabrication and characterization of novel hybrid organic/inorganic microparticles to apply in bone regeneration
Authors: Jayasuriya A. Champa , Bhat Archana 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to fabricate and characterize the novel hybrid organic/inorganic microparticles (MPs) to apply in bone regeneration. These hybrid MPs were fabricated using a scale‐up method we have developed to increase the yield of chitosan (CS) MPs. The MPs were based on the CS and consist of inorganic components such as dibasic calcium phosphate (CaHPO4) or calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Tripolyphosphate (TPP) has been used as a cross‐linking agent to form cross‐links between the amine groups in CS and phosphate groups in TPP. Four types of hybrid MPs were fabricated: CS; CS‐10%CaHPO4; CS‐20%CaHPO4; CS‐10% CaCO3. SEM images revealed that all types of MPs were approximately spherical in shape and most of them were with a diameter range of 30–60 μm. XRD reveals the evidence of having CaHPO4 or CaCO3 in the CS‐10%CaHPO4, CS‐20%CaHPO4, or CS‐10%CaCO3 MPs, respectively. All types of MPs have shown the existence of cross‐links according to FTIR. We have studied the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) attachment on the surfaces of all types of MPs compared to control wells at 4, 8, 25, and 48 h. The attached MSCs on all types of MPs were increased more than two‐fold at 48 h compared with that of 4 h. These hybrid MPs have a great potential to apply as a bone‐void filler or bone tissue engineering scaffold to treat the bone defects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
The phenotypic responses of human anterior cruciate ligament cells cultured on poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) and chitosan
Authors: Shao Hung‐Jen , Chen Chiang Sang , Lee Yu‐Tsang , Wang Jyh‐Horng , Young Tai‐Horng 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the phenotypic responses of human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) cells on two biodegradable materials: poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) and chitosan. ACL cells cultured on PCL displayed phenotypes that were well spread with a developed cytoskeleton. In comparison, chitosan was not an appropriate substrate to support the attachment and spreading of ACL cells, which was attributed to the low fibronectin (FN) adsorption of chitosan. However, ACL cells cultured on chitosan exhibited a dramatic effect on increasing transcripts of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1) and collagen III. After coating FN on chitosan surface, cell morphology and the mRNA levels of all tested genes had the similar levels on PCL and FN‐coated chitosan. This indicates the expression of TGF β1 and collagen III mRNA of human ACL cells was seem to correlate closely with the adhesion behavior of human ACL cells and was influenced by the underlying substrate properties. Since an ideal scaffold used in ACL tissue engineering is not only for cell attachment but also for extracellular matrix deposition during ligament regeneration, chitosan may be considered as a scaffold for ACL tissue engineering, which can upregulate the expression of specific genes of matrix production and wound healing in human ACL cells to synthesize more quantity of FN and TGF β1 proteins. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2010
Role of estrogenic compounds (diethylstibestrol, 17β‐estradiol, and bisphenol A) in the phosphorylation of substrate by protein kinase Cα
Authors: Kang Jeong‐Hun , Niidome Takuro , Katayama Yoshiki 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEstrogenic compounds can activate protein kinase C (PKC), which is a calcium and phospholipid‐dependent serine/threonine kinase. In the present study, we investigated the role of 17β‐estradiol (E2), diethylstibestrol (DES), and bisphenol A (BPA) in the phosphorylation of substrate by PKCα using the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The level of phosphorylated peptide was low in the absence of phosphatidylserine (PS). Moreover, reduction of phosphorylation ratios was identified in the presence of diacylglycerol (DAG) and Ca2+ or PS and Ca2+ after adding E2, DES, and BPA. However, no change in phosphorylation ratios was found in the presence of DAG and PS. Addition of E2, DES, and BPA also had no influence on the phosphorylation reaction of substrate by cell or tissue lysate samples. Our study suggests that E2, DES, and BPA can bind to the C2 domain of PKCα but have no effects on the phosphorylation reaction of substrates in the presence of DAG and PS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:318–323, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20294
Platelet‐activating factor interaction with the human erythrocyte membrane
Authors: Mrówczyńska Lucyna , Hägerstrand Henry 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPlatelet‐activating factor (PAF) is a soluble signal messenger present in blood at nanomolar concentration. PAF has a wide spectrum of biological activities and is produced by and effective in different cell types. Owing to its important physiological role, we wanted to characterize membrane intercalation and interaction of PAF‐16 (1‐O‐hexadecyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) by studying its capacity to induce during short‐term incubations at high concentrations cell shape alterations, phosphatidylserine exposure, and hemolysis in human erythrocytes. Our results showed that PAF‐16 at micromolar concentrations rapidly (≤1 min) induces stable but wash‐sensitive echinocytosis and hemolysis, but no substantial phosphatidylserine exposure. In conclusion, our study characterizes PAF‐16 as a highly membrane partitioning non‐permeable molecule accumulating in the outer membrane leaflet. These membrane interacting properties of PAF should, also at physiological concentrations, be important part of its nature as a membrane affector molecule. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:345–348, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20297
Upregulation of oxidative stress markers in human microvascular endothelial cells by complexes of serum albumin and digestion products of glycated casein
Authors: Deo Permal , Glenn Josephine V. , Powell Lesley A. , Stitt Alan W. , Ames Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe extent of absorption of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is not fully known. The possible physiological impact of these absorbed components on inflammatory processes has been studied little and was the aim of this investigation. Aqueous solutions of bovine casein and glucose were heated at 95°C for 5 h to give AGE‐casein (AGE‐Cas). Simulated stomach and small intestine digestion of AGE‐Cas and dialysis (molecular mass cutoff of membrane = 1 kDa) resulted in a low molecular mass (LMM) fraction of digestion products, which was used to prepare bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐LMM‐AGE‐Cas complexes. Stimulation of human microvascular endothelial cells with BSA‐LMM‐AGE‐Cas complexes significantly increased mRNA expression of the receptor of AGE (RAGE), galectin‐3 (AGE‐R3), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and a marker of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway (MAPK‐1), as well as p65NF‐κB activation. Cells treated with LMM digestion products of AGE‐Cas significantly increased AGE‐R3 mRNA expression. Intracellular reactive oxygen species production increased significantly in cells challenged with BSA‐LMM‐AGE‐Cas and LMM‐AGE‐Cas. In conclusion, in an in vitro cell system, digested dietary AGEs complexed with serum albumin play a role in the regulation of RAGE and downstream inflammatory pathways. AGE‐R3 may protect against these effects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 23:364–372, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20301
Protecting king cash from fraud
Authors: Burnett Royce D. , Friedman Mark , Quintana Olga 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn today's troubling economic environment, many executives are scrambling to maintain a healthy cash position. But cutting cash‐related expenses is only part of the solution. The authors take a comprehensive look at the different kinds of cash fraud and show you how to stop it. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing cash if hyperinflation hits
Authors: Wolf Fran , Tackett James A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn an effort to prevent further widespread economic collapse, the U.S. government began an ultra‐aggressive fiscal and monetary stimulus. Officials have pumped trillions of dollars into the financial sector, creating a skyrocketing national debt. Many fear the result will be runaway inflation, with the cost of goods and services soaring out of controlIf this happens, how can companies manage cash to compensate? © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.