bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Growth Mechanism of Vertically Aligned ZnO Nanowire Arrays on Non‐epitaxial Si(100) Substrates
Authors: Yin Yu‐Tung , Chen Yen‐Zhi , Chen Ching‐Hsiang , Chen Liang‐Yih 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this report, we have investigated the Au‐assisted growth of ZnO nanowires at a low temperature (550 °C) using low melting point Zn metal as a source. We supplied various Ar gas flow rate to carry Zn vapor onto Au catalysts coated Si(100) substrates to grow ZnO nanowires. When a high Ar gas flow rate was supplied, a large amount Zn vapor was carried onto the substrate and reacted with O2 to form a ZnO buffer layer covering the surface of the Au catalysts. This ZnO buffer layer has a highly c‐axis preferential orientation, which helps form vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays. In this condition, no Au catalysts appeared on the tips of the ZnO nanowires. When low Ar gas flow rate was supplied, Zn vapor is too low to form ZnO buffer layer on the surface of Au catalysts. From TEM analysis, we can observe that Au catalysts remain solid during growth. The detail growth mechanism of ZnO nanowires with various carrier flow rates was studied by field‐emission electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD).
Preparation and preliminary biological evaluation of 177Lu‐labeled GluDTPA‐cyclo(RGDfK) for integrin ανβ3 receptor‐positive tumor targeting
Authors: Kim Jin‐Hwan , Lim Jae‐Cheong , Yun Ki‐Cheol , Choi Sun‐Ju , Hong Young‐Don 
Published: November 2011

Integrin ανβ3 is a receptor and is highly expressed on activated and proliferating endothelial cells during the growth and metastasis of solid tumors but not on resting endothelial cells and normal organs. Because RGD peptide binds to integrin ανβ3 receptor, a variety of radiolabeled RGD peptides have been evaluated for non‐invasive imaging of integrin ανβ3‐positive tumors.In an attempt to develop RGD‐based radiopharmaceuticals, a novel GluDTPA‐cyclo arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid‐d‐phenylalanine‐lysine (GluDTPA‐cycloRGDfK) was simply synthesized and radiolabeled with 177Lu. Also, tumor targeting and retention of the radiolabeled complex were evaluated in U87MG glioma‐bearing mice.The 177Lu‐labeled GluDTPA‐cyclo(RGDfK) was formulated with a high radiolabeling yield (>98%) under mild condition, and the radiochemical purity was sustained in both saline and serum for over 4 days at 37°C. The radiolabeled compounds were rapidly cleared from the blood pool and non‐target tissue. Tumor‐to‐blood ratio was 12.09 at 2 h post injection and increased to 134.67 at 24 h, while tumor to liver ratio was 2.01 at 24 h similar to that of 2 h.Though it is inappropriate for targeted therapy due to its low uptake in tumor (~ 1 %ID/g), the acceptable results on radiochemistry and biodistribution propose to take a further assessment for non‐invasive imaging and detection of integrin ανβ3‐positive tumors by applying diagnostic radionuclides. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water Content of Hydrated Polymer Brushes Measured by an In Situ Combination of a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry
Authors: Ramos Jagoba J. Iturri , Moya Sergio E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPoly(methacryloyloxy ethyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC), poly(sulfopropylmethacrylate potassium salt), or poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes are synthesized by means of the atom transfer radical polymerization technique from gold surfaces coated with a monolayer of the initiator ω‐mercaptoundecyl bromo isobutyrate. The brush growth is followed in situ and in real time by the combination of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation technique (QCM‐D) and spectroscopic ellipsometry in a single device. The combination of QCM‐D and ellipsometry allows for the simultaneous determination of both the acoustic mass, macous, comprising the mass of the polymer and the solvent, and the optical mass, mopt, which corresponds to the polymer mass alone. Brush hydration is calculated from the difference between the values obtained for macous and mopt for each polymer synthesized. Brush hydration is then used to quantify the percentage of water released in the brush during collapse; a 30–40% release of water for PMETAC and PSPM brushes in 1 M NaCl and 80% for PNIPAM brushes when the temperature is increased to values above the lower critical solution temperature is observed.
Exactly solving a two‐level location problem with modular node capacities
Authors: Addis Bernardetta , Carello Giuliana , Ceselli Alberto 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn many telecommunication networks, a given set of client nodes must be served by different sets of facilities—providing different services and having different capabilities—which must be located and dimensioned in the design phase. Network topology must be designed as well, by assigning clients to facilities and facilities to higher level entities, when necessary. We tackle a particular location problem, where two sets of facilities have to be located, and in which different devices can be installed at each site, providing different capacities at different costs. We optimize location and dimensioning of these facilities simultaneously. We introduce a compact formulation of that problem, we use discretization and Dantzig–Wolfe reformulation techniques to improve models, and we design an exact optimization algorithm. We test our approach on a set of instances derived from existing literature on facility location. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012
Mass spectrometry analyses of κ and λ fractions result in increased number of complementarity‐determining region identifications
Authors: Broodman Ingrid , de Costa Dominique , Stingl Christoph , Dekker Lennard J. M. , VanDuijn Martijn M. , Lindemans Jan , van Klaveren Rob J. , Luider Theo M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSera from lung cancer patients contain antibodies against tumor‐associated antigens. Specific amino acid sequences of the complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) in the antigen‐binding fragment (Fab) of these antibodies have potential as lung cancer biomarkers. Detection and identification of CDRs by mass spectrometry can significantly be improved by reduction of the complexity of the immunoglobulin molecule. Our aim was to molecular dissect IgG into κ and λ fragments to reduce the complexity and thereby identify substantially more CDRs than by just total Fab isolation. We purified Fab, Fab‐κ, Fab‐λ, κ and λ light chains from serum from 10 stage I lung adenocarcinoma patients and 10 matched controls from the current and former smokers. After purification, the immunoglobulin fragments were enzymatically digested and measured by high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Finally, we compared the number of CDRs identified in these immunoglobulin fragments with that in the Fab fragments. Twice as many CDRs were identified when Fab‐κ, Fab‐λ, κ and λ (3330) were combined than in the Fab fraction (1663) alone. The number of CDRs and κ:λ ratio was statistically similar in both cases and controls. Molecular dissection of IgG identifies significantly more CDRs, which increases the likelihood of finding lung cancer‐related CDR sequences.
Ammonia Plasma Functionalized Polycarbonate Surfaces Improve Cell Migration Inside an Artificial 3D Cell Culture Module
Authors: Bergemann Claudia , Quade Antje , Kunz Friederike , Ofe Stefan , Klinkenberg Ernst‐Dieter , Laue Michael , Schröder Karsten , Weissmann Volker , Hansmann Harald , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Nebe Barbara 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture module was used to test the requirements of scaffold material properties for improved bone cell ingrowth. For this purpose polycarbonate (PC) samples were treated with microwave‐excited ammonia plasma in a defined time frame of 1–300 s and the influence on initial attachment of osteoblast‐like cells was determined. Perforated PC slices were treated by 30 s of ammonia plasma and mounted on a clamp for 3D cell ingrowth. Plasma treatment conditions were ascertained to stimulate cell adhesion and the migration of human bone cells into the depth of this artificial scaffold.magnified image
Study on Terahertz Time‐Domain Spectroscopy of HNS by Sample Measure and Quantum Chemistry Calculation
Authors: Huang Ping , Shi Weifan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe absorption spectra of 2,2′,4,4′,6,6′‐Hexanitrostilbene (HNS), in the frequency range between 0.2 and 4.0 THz, are calculated using quantum chemistry calculations and resulted in 1.9 THz and 3.3 THz. The experimental result offered by THz time‐domain spectroscopy and FTIR shows that the characteristic peaks are located at 1.7 THz and 3.1 THz. Compared with experimental results, all the evidences indicate that HNS has distinct characteristic peaks, which agree with the simulation results. It is believed that this method can detect this material quickly and accurately, which means a lot to the explosives detection.
Low voltage organic field effect transistors with a poly(hexylthiophene)–ZnO nanoparticles composite as channel material
Authors: Machado Wagner S. , Hümmelgen Ivo A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe report on solution processable organic field effect transistors prepared using a poly(3‐hexylthiophene)–ZnO nanoparticles composite as channel semiconductor material and cross‐linked polyvinyl alcohol as gate insulator. Our transistors show a field effect mobility of 0.35 ± 0.06 cm2/V s, threshold voltage of –1.30 ± 0.11 V, and Ion/Ioff ratio of (1.0 ± 0.1) × 103. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Comparative metabolic profiling to investigate the contribution ofO. oeniMLF starter cultures to red wine composition
Authors: Malherbe Sulette , Tredoux Andreas G J , Nieuwoudt Hélène H , du Toit Maret 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this research work we investigated changes in volatile aroma composition associated with four commercial Oenococcus oeni malolactic fermentation (MLF) starter cultures in South African Shiraz and Pinotage red wines. A control wine in which MLF was suppressed was included. The MLF progress was monitored by use of infrared spectroscopy. Gas chromatographic analysis and capillary electrophoresis were used to evaluate the volatile aroma composition and organic acid profiles, respectively. Significant strain-specific variations were observed in the degradation of citric acid and production of lactic acid during MLF. Subsequently, compounds directly and indirectly resulting from citric acid metabolism, namely diacetyl, acetic acid, acetoin, and ethyl lactate, were also affected depending on the bacterial strain used for MLF. Bacterial metabolic activity increased concentrations of the higher alcohols, fatty acids, and total esters, with a larger increase in ethyl esters than in acetate esters. Ethyl lactate, diethyl succinate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl 2-methylpropanoate, and ethyl propionate concentrations were increased by MLF. In contrast, levels of hexyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, 2-phenylethyl acetate, and ethyl acetate were reduced or remained unchanged, depending on the strain and cultivar evaluated. Formation of ethyl butyrate, ethyl propionate, ethyl 2-methylbutryate, and ethyl isovalerate was related to specific bacterial strains used, indicating possible differences in esterase activity. A strain-specific tendency to reduce total aldehyde concentrations was found at the completion of MLF, although further investigation is needed in this regard. This study provided insight into metabolism in O. oeni starter cultures during MLF in red wine.
Approach to epigenetic analysis in language disorders
Authors: Smith Shelley D. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Language and learning disorders such as reading disability and language impairment are recognized to be subject to substantial genetic influences, but few causal mutations have been identified in the coding regions of candidate genes. Association analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms have suggested the involvement of regulatory regions of these genes, and a few mutations affecting gene expression levels have been identified, indicating that the quantity rather than the quality of the gene product may be most relevant for these disorders. In addition, several of the candidate genes appear to be involved in neuronal migration, confirming the importance of early developmental processes. Accordingly, alterations in epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and histone modification are likely to be important in the causes of language and learning disorders based on their functions in gene regulation. Epigenetic processes direct the differentiation of cells in early development when neurological pathways are set down, and mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation are known to cause cognitive disorders in humans. Epigenetic processes also regulate the changes in gene expression in response to learning, and alterations in histone modification are associated with learning and memory deficits in animals. Genetic defects in histone modification have been reversed in animals through therapeutic interventions resulting in rescue of these deficits, making it particularly important to investigate their potential contribution to learning disorders in humans.
Developmental trajectories of intentional self regulation in adolescence: The role of parenting and implications for positive and problematic outcomes among diverse youth☆
Authors: Bowers Edmond P. , Gestsdottir Steinunn , Geldhof G. John , Nikitin Jana , von Eye Alexander , Lerner Richard M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis study assessed 1574 Grades 5 to 11 youth (63.6% female) from the 4‐H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), a longitudinal study involving U.S. adolescents, to assess if patterns of intentional self regulation (ISR) existed; whether these trajectories differed in relation to several Grade 5 parenting characteristics; and whether ISR trajectories were linked to positive and negative developmental outcomes at Grade 11. Growth mixture modeling identified a four‐group solution of ISR trajectories: Steady Decline, Elevated, Late Onset, and Pronounced Decline. Most adolescents reported an incremental decrease in ISR from Grades 5 to 11 (Steady Decline). Lower levels of parental warmth, monitoring, and school involvement at Grade 5 predicted Late‐Onset ISR development while Pronounced Decline adolescents reported lower levels of PYD and Contribution at Grade 11. We discuss the finding that youth at initially similar levels of ISR diverged over adolescence, while youth at initially disparate levels converged.
The role of ecological assets in positive and problematic developmental trajectories☆
Authors: Bowers Edmond P. , von Eye Alexander , Lerner Jacqueline V. , Arbeit Miriam R. , Weiner Michelle B. , Chase Paul , Agans Jennifer P. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTTwo theoretical perspectives have been proposed to describe, explain, and intervene in adolescent development – prevention science and positive youth development (PYD). An integrative model bridging these two perspectives posits that it is important to assess the extent to which the same, similar, or complementary mechanisms may be responsible for preventing problem behavior and promoting PYD. Therefore, using data from the 4‐H Study of PYD, the present study examines the role of assets in the family, school, and neighborhood in differentiating trajectories of goal‐optimization and delinquency in a sample of 626 youth (50.9% female) from Grades 5 to 11. The results indicated that collective activity in the family best predicted membership for the five goal‐optimization trajectories while school‐based assets differentiated the four delinquency trajectories that were identified. The findings suggest that multidimensional approaches may be most effective to promote PYD and prevent problem behaviors.
Induced flow due to blowing and suction flow control: an analysis of transpiration
Authors: Woodcock James D. , Sader John E. , Marusic Ivan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIt has previously been demonstrated that the drag experienced by a Poiseuille flow in a channel can be reduced by subjecting the flow to a dynamic regime of blowing and suction at the walls of the channel (also known as ‘transpiration’). Furthermore, it has been found to be possible to induce a ‘bulk flow’, or steady motion through the channel, via transpiration alone. In this work, we derive explicit asymptotic expressions for the induced bulk flow via a perturbation analysis. From this we gain insight into the physical mechanisms at work within the flow. The boundary conditions used are of travelling sine waves at either wall, which may differ in amplitude and phase. Here it is demonstrated that the induced bulk flow results from the effect of convection. We find that the most effective arrangement for inducing a bulk flow is that in which the boundary conditions at either wall are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. We also show that, for the bulk flow induced to be non-negligible, the wavelength of the boundary condition should be comparable to, or greater than, the height of the channel. Moreover, we derive the optimal frequency of oscillation, for maximising the induced bulk flow, under such boundary conditions. The asymptotic behaviour of the bulk flow is detailed within the conclusion. It is found, under certain caveats, that if the amplitude of the boundary condition is too great, the bulk flow induced will become dependent only upon the speed at which the boundary condition travels along the walls of the channel. We propose the conjecture that for all similar flows, if the magnitude of the transpiration is sufficiently great, the bulk flow will depend only upon the speed of the boundary condition.
A study of two-fluid model equations
Authors: Ueyama K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA theoretical study of the interaction term in the two-fluid model equations is presented. The relevant Navier–Stokes equation is volume-integrated in a control volume fixed in a field of dispersed two-phase flow; then it is time-integrated. An expression for the interaction term is obtained in the limit of infinitesimal control volume, which rigorously fits to the two-fluid model equation based on time averaging. The interaction term is then analysed for dispersed two-phase flow with homogeneous particle size. The mathematical expression of the resulting interaction term clearly shows its property, which has been overlooked for more than 40 years. It can be decomposed into the conventional interaction term and an additional ‘virtual force’ term. The virtual force term is evaluated approximately for two types of dispersed multiphase flow in order to demonstrate its effectiveness. The first is solid–liquid dispersed two-phase flow with spherical solid particles undergoing creeping flow, and the second is gas–liquid dispersed two-phase flow with large bubbles in a highly turbulent flow field. For solid spherical particles in a homogeneous creeping flow, the term vanishes, as was found numerically by Ten Cate and Sundaresan (Intl J. Multiphase Flow, vol. 32, 2006, pp. 106–131), although the term could be significant for a flow field with velocity gradient. For large bubbles in bubble columns in a recirculating turbulent flow regime, the term is significant. The two-fluid model equations are corrected by the introduction of these virtual force terms, which in some circumstances are important in simulating the macroscopic properties of dispersed two-phase flow with spatial variations.
Urbanisation, nutrition transition and cardiometabolic risk: the Benin study
Authors: Delisle Hélène , Ntandou-Bouzitou Gervais , Agueh Victoire , Sodjinou Roger , Fayomi Benjamin 
Published: November 2011

A rising prevalence of CVD and diabetes has been observed in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in cities. The aim of the present study conducted in Benin was to examine the mediating role of nutrition transition in the relationship of urbanisation level and socio-economic status (SES) to cardiometabolic risk markers. A total of 541 subjects in apparent good health were randomly selected from the main city of Cotonou, a small town and its surrounding rural areas. SES was assessed based on a proxy for income and on education. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed with at least two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Scores for micronutrient adequacy and preventive diet were used as indicators of diet quality. Cardiometabolic risk markers were BMI, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, serum cholesterol and insulin resistance according to homeostasis model assessment. A more advanced stage of nutrition transition, which correlated with lower diet quality scores and less physical activity, was observed in the large city compared with less urbanised locations. More obesity and more adverse cholesterol profiles, but also lower blood pressure, were present in the large city. Urbanisation, income, sedentary lifestyle and alcohol consumption, but not diet quality, independently contributed to higher BMI and WC. Higher micronutrient adequacy was independently associated with a better cholesterol profile. The study confirmed the positive rural–urban gradient in nutrition transition and cardiometabolic risk, except for blood pressure. This risk could be mitigated by a more adequate diet, particularly micronutrient intake, and a more active lifestyle.
Combining the Hazards of Ministerial Appointment AND Ministerial Exit in the Canadian Federal Cabinet
Authors: Kerby Matthew 
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The Canadian federal cabinet stands out among Westminster parliamentary democracies because of the large number of first-time ministers who are appointed to cabinet without any previous parliamentary or political experience. Several explanations have been put forward to account for this peculiarity but no attempt has been made to examine how Canadian prime ministers overcome the information deficit associated with appointing ministers with no experience. How can prime ministers be confident that they are making the right choice? This paper explores the subject by estimating the survival functions of ministerial turnover for potential, but not yet appointed, cabinet ministers were they to survive to a defined political benchmark; these survival rates are included in a logit model of Canadian ministerial appointment following four general elections (1957, 1979, 1984 and 2006) in which the prime minister was tasked with appointing a cabinet with ministerial neophytes.Résumé. Le Conseil des ministres fédéral du Canada se démarque dans l'ensemble des démocraties parlementaires britanniques en raison du grand nombre de ministres novices qui sont nommés au Conseil alors qu'ils ne possèdent aucune expérience parlementaire ou politique antérieure. Plusieurs explications de cette anomalie ont été proposées, mais aucune démarche d'analyse ne s'est encore penchée sur la manière dont les premiers ministres du Canada arrivent à surmonter le manque d'information associé à la nomination de ministres sans expérience. Comment les premiers ministres peuvent-ils être certains d'avoir fait le bon choix? Cette étude scrute le sujet en évaluant le coefficient de survie, en cas de remaniement ministériel, pour les ministres du Conseil potentiels, mais pas encore mandatés, advenant que ces derniers survivent à certains jalons politiques précis. Ces taux de survie font partie intégrante d'un modèle de répartition des nominations ministérielles qui sont survenues à la suite de quatre élections générales (1957, 1979, 1984 et 2006) où le premier ministre a dû constituer un Conseil des ministres composé de néophytes.