bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in the Kuskokwim River Drainage Support the Recurrent Evolution Hypothesis for Sockeye Salmon Life Histories
Authors: McPhee Megan V. , Tappenbeck Tyler H. , Whited Diane C. , Stanford Jack A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRiverine sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka (those that do not use nursery lakes for juvenile rearing) tend to be characterized by greater genetic diversity and weaker population structure than lake‐type populations. These findings have led to the “recurrent evolution” hypothesis for sockeye salmon life histories, which proposes that riverine sockeye salmon are the principal colonizing form and play the dominant role in the long‐term persistence of sockeye salmon in a dynamic landscape. However, previous studies in Kamchatka (Russia) and Alaska have suggested that the general patterns of riverine sockeye salmon do not apply in all parts of the species' range. In this study, we examined genetic diversity and population structure in lake‐type and riverine sockeye salmon from the Kwethluk and Holitna rivers (Kuskokwim drainage, western Alaska), near the northern edge of the species' range in North America. As expected, lake‐type sockeye salmon exhibited lower genetic diversity and stronger genetic structure over short distances than did neighboring riverine populations, which is consistent with increased straying of the riverine form. In the Kwethluk River, allele identity and genetic evidence of population bottlenecks in lake‐type samples suggested that lake‐type sockeye salmon were derived from riverine ancestors. These findings further support the recurrent evolution hypothesis and are consistent with the dynamic nature of the floodplain habitats that support these riverine sockeye salmon.
Ontogenetic Shifts in Diets of Juvenile and Subadult Coho and Chinook Salmon in Coastal Marine Waters: Important for Marine Survival?
Authors: Daly Elizabeth A. , Brodeur Richard D. , Weitkamp Laurie A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSuccessfully shifting to a more piscivorous diet may be an important factor in the growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha during their first summer in the northern California Current. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis of diets by size showed several distinct groupings as the salmon grew during their first marine summer. These size‐based diet differences were clearly driven by increased rates of piscivory for both species. Fish prey composition, feeding intensity, and fish prey–predator length ratios all significantly increased for coho salmon at approximately 240 mm fork length when they changed from diets dominated by juvenile rockfishes Sebastes spp., the larvae of crabs Cancer spp., and adult euphausiids to one of predominantly juvenile forage fish. As Chinook salmon grew, they gradually increased the proportional contribution (by weight) of fish prey in their diets—from 55% in the smallest length‐class examined (80–100 mm) to 95% in the largest one (>375 mm). Chinook salmon fed in the same marine environments as coho salmon and consistently ate more and longer fish prey at a given size than coho salmon but had lower overall feeding intensity, perhaps owing to a higher level of prey selection. Relating subsequent interannual adult salmon returns to juvenile diets showed mixed results. During lower‐survival years, coho salmon ate fewer and smaller fish prey, while subyearling Chinook salmon had less total food and more empty stomachs. We did not find consistent trophic patterns for yearling Chinook salmon in relation to their ultimate survival.
The Use of Acoustic Tags to Determine the Timing and Location of the Juvenile Coho Salmon Migration out of the Strait of Georgia, Canada
Authors: Chittenden C. M. , Beamish R. J. , Neville C. M. , Sweeting R. M. , McKinley R. S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe migration of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch out of the Strait of Georgia in 2006 was investigated by means of acoustic telemetry. During July and September, 173 juvenile coho salmon were caught in the strait with a purse seine, surgically implanted with acoustic tags, and released the same day. In 2006, approximately 19% of the fish tagged in July and 52% of those tagged in September left the Strait of Georgia. Most of these fish did so in October and November through Juan de Fuca Strait and not by a northward migration through Queen Charlotte Strait. This movement was several months later than that observed for coho salmon migrating out of Puget Sound. A small number of coho salmon that moved out of the Strait of Georgia migrated south to areas off the coast of Washington and Oregon. The documentation of a movement out of the Strait of Georgia late in the year was important, as it shows that population changes of the juvenile coho salmon that enter the strait during spring and summer are a consequence of ecosystem‐related effects within the strait.
Microalbuminuria, Preeclampsia, and Preterm Delivery in Pregnant Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Jensen Dorte M. , Damm Peter , Ovesen Per , Mølsted-Pedersen Lars , Beck-Nielsen Henning , Westergaard Jes G. , Moeller Margrethe , Mathiesen Elisabeth R. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To study the association between microalbuminuria and development of preeclampsia and preterm delivery in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a population-based prospective study in 846 normoalbuminuric or microalbuminuric women with type 1 diabetes without antihypertensive treatment in early pregnancy. Data were collected prospectively by one to three caregivers in each center and reported to a central registry.

RESULTS
The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the first trimester was 10%, median diabetes duration was 11 years, and third-trimester A1C was 6.6%. The frequencies of preeclampsia and preterm delivery before 34 weeks in the microalbuminuric group were 40 and 13%, both significantly higher than those in the normoalbuminuric group (12 and 6%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001). After adjustments for possible confounders, significant predictors for development of preeclampsia were microalbuminuria (odds ratio 4.0 [95% CI]), nulliparity (3.1 [1.9–5.1]), and third-trimester A1C (1.3 [1.1–1.5] per 1% increase). Delivery before 34 weeks was associated with early microalbuminuria in univariate analyses, but in multivariate analyses A1C was the only significant predictor of this outcome. Preeclampsia was associated with a threefold higher risk of delivery before 34 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS
The presence of microalbuminuria in early pregnancy is associated with a fourfold increased risk of developing preeclampsia. A1C values during pregnancy are highly predictive of both preeclampsia and preterm delivery. Future research with antihypertensive treatment in normotensive, microalbuminuric pregnant women to prevent preeclampsia is proposed.
Glycemia and Its Relationship to Outcomes in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Trial
Authors: Rowan Janet A. , Gao Wanzhen , Hague William M. , McIntyre Harold David 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine how glucose control in women with GDM treated with metformin and/or insulin influenced pregnancy outcomes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Women randomly assigned to metformin or insulin treatment in the Metformin in Gestational Diabetes (MiG) trial had baseline glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results and A1C documented, together with all capillary glucose measurements during treatment. In the 724 women who had glucose data for analysis, tertiles of baseline glucose values and A1C and of mean capillary glucose values during treatment were calculated. The relationships between maternal factors, glucose values, and outcomes (including a composite of neonatal complications, preeclampsia, and large-for-gestational-age [LGA] and small-for-gestational-age infants) were examined with bivariable and multivariate models.

RESULTS
Baseline OGTT did not predict outcomes, but A1C predicted LGA infants (P = 0.003). During treatment, fasting capillary glucose predicted neonatal complications (P &lt; 0.001) and postprandial glucose predicted preeclampsia (P = 0.016) and LGA infants (P = 0.001). Obesity did not influence outcomes, and there was no interaction between glycemic control, randomized treatment, or maternal BMI in predicting outcomes. The lowest risk of complications was seen when fasting capillary glucose was &lt;4.9 mmol/l (mean ± SD 4.6 ± 0.3 mmol/l) compared with 4.9–5.3 mmol/l or higher and when 2-h postprandial glucose was 5.9–6.4 mmol/l (6.2 ± 0.2 mmol/l) or lower.

CONCLUSIONS
Glucose control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin and/or insulin is strongly related to outcomes. Obesity is not related to outcomes in this group. Targets for fasting and postprandial capillary glucose may need to be lower than currently recommended.
Age-related changes in substance P-immunoreactive nerve structures of the rat recto-anal region
Authors: Lazarov Nikolai , Itzev Dimitar , Usunoff Kamen , Negrev Negrin , Radomirov Radomir 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The recto-anal region is innervated by extrinsic and intrinsic nerves and a number of neuropeptides including substance P (SP) have been suggested to participate in the regulation of intestinal movements. We examined the age-related changes in the distribution of SP-immunoreactive nerve structures in the distal part of the rat large intestine. Using immunohistochemistry, the presence of SP was studied in fresh tissues from Wistar rats at different ages taken at three sampling sites, the distal rectum, anal canal and internal anal sphincter. In the 15-day old rats the myenteric plexus of the distal rectum and anal canal was well outlined by numerous SP-immunoreactive varicose nerve fibres encircling immunonegative perikarya. In the circular muscle layer, nerve fibres and small nerve bundles ran parallel to the muscle cells, while in the longitudinal muscle layer, only occasional nerve fibres were seen. At the level of the internal anal sphincter, no myenteric ganglia were present. Here, thin varicose fibers ran parallel to the smooth muscle cells. In the 3-month old rats, a larger number of intensely staining SP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were found and in the circular muscle layer, thicker nerve strands were observed. In the 26-month old rats, the density and staining intensity of SP-immunopositive nerve fibres in the myenteric plexus was lower than in the 3-month-old rats. Similar changes in the SP-immunostained fibres in the internal anal sphincter were observed. Degenerative alterations in SP-containing fibres during aging appear to play a role in ano-rectal motility and sphincter control.
Properties of a poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer membrane
Authors: Zhu Guo-Quan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPoly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG) copolymer was synthesized by the ester exchange reaction of PBLG-block-PEG copolymer with a PEG chain. Surface morphology of the PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG copolymer membrane was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Mechanical and chemical properties of the PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG copolymer membrane were investigated by tensile testing and contact angle testing. The effects of grafting ratio on the properties of PEG-block-PBLG-graft-PEG copolymer membrane were primarilly studied.
Integrated CMOS system and thermally actuated optical switch for wavelength modulation/lock in communication network
Authors: Liou J. , Tseng F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe advancement of communication technology and growth of internet traffic have continuously driven the fast evolution of networks. Compared to the traditional optoelectronic switch, all-optical switch provides high throughput, rich routing functionalities, and excellent flexibility for rapid signal exchange in fiber optical network. Among various all-optical switches, thermal actuated ring switch provides the advantages of high accuracy, easy actuation, and reasonable switching speed. However, when scale up, thermal ring switch may encounter issues related to fabrication error, non-accurate wavelength response, and large terminal numbers in the control circuit. In this research, we propose the employment of an integrated CMOS control circuit to compensate the fabrication error and tune as well as lock the wavelength in a thermal-actuated ring-type optical switch through a frequency modulation scheme. Additional functionalities can also be added in this circuit by tailoring externally the roundtrip loss or coupling constants of the ring. The design concept can be easily scaled up for large array optical switch system without much change in the terminal numbers thanks to the three-dimensional hierarchy of control circuit design, which effectively reduces the terminal numbers into the cubic root of the total control unit numbers. The integrated circuit has been designed, simulated, as well as fabricated, and demonstrated a decent performance with free spectral range (FSR) equal to 1.5 nm at 1534 nm and very accurate wavelength modulation to 0.3 nm within 0.01 nm fluctuation for thermal actuated ring type optical switch.
Clinical Presentation of Acute Hepatic Failure - A Study of 40 Cases
Authors: Islam N , Zaman A , Abdullah ABM 
Published: October 2009

Acute hepatic failure (ALF) is a medical emergency. The clinical presentation of acute liver failure depends upon the causes. A total 40 patients of ALF were observed for clinical presentation during the period from January 2003 to July 2004. The patients were admitted in three different tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh. The patients were selected randomly by the diagnostic criteria. Male predominant majority of the patients were between the age 10 - 40 years & presented within the 4th week of illness. Patients presented with jaundice and varying grades of hepatic encepalopathy. Most of the patients presented with nausea, Vomiting and loss of appetite. About a quarter patients presented with bleeding manifestation. About half of the patients presented with fever but itching & ascites were the least presenting features in this study. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3607 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 31-33
Post Operative Chylothorax after Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Hassan MK , Hosain SN , Hasan KA , Ahsan NAK , Chowdhury MMG 
Published: October 2009

We reviewed the management of 6 cases of chylothorax (5 male, 1 female; 1-12 years old) following 500 cardiothoracic procedures during January 2004- December 2006 at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka. Results: The surgical procedures preceding the occurrence of lymph leak included ligation of PDA in 3 patients (50%), modified Blalock-Taussig Shunt in 2 cases (33.33%), bidirectional Glenn shunt in 1 case (16.67%). A protocol for management of postoperative chylothorax was applied for all patients. In this protocol, non-surgical management was always the first line of treatment for patients with postoperative chylothorax in the form of intercostal tube drainage and diet modification using either medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). All of our patients responded to conservative therapy. Conclusions: Conservative management of postoperative chylothorax should be the first line of treatment in postoperative chylothorax either by MCT diet alone or (in case of failure) to be followed by TPN and complete bowel rest. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3610 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 42-43
Menopause and Hormone Therapy
Authors: Yasmin Nahid , Sultana Sayeeda , Habib Shahin Akhter Jahan 
Published: October 2009

Background: Menopause is a natural biological process, not a medical illness. Although it is associated with hormonal, physical and psychosocial changes in life, it is not the end of youth or of sexuality. Several generations ago, few women lived beyond menopause, Today, women may spend as much as half of their life after menopause. Hormone therapy (HT) has been widely used in recent decades to relieve the signs and symptoms of menopause and - doctors thought- to prevent disease associated with aging. However, new long term evidence has demonstrated that hormone therapy may actually increase risk of serious health conditions, such as heart disease , breast cancer and stroke. Oestrogen therapy is still a safe, short -term option for some women, but numerous other therapies also are available to help women manage menopausal symptoms and stay healthy during this important phase of life. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3612 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 48-51
Evaluation of Impact of Existing Extra Curricular Activities at Undergraduate Medical and Dental Education in Bangladesh
Authors: Talukder Md Humayun Kabir , Faruque Mohammad , Alam Kazi Khairul , Nargis Tahmina , Hussain Syed Md Akram , Hossain Md Zakir , Nazneen Rumana , Rahman Md Zubaidur 
Published: October 2009

With an objective to evaluate the impact of existing extracurricular activities at undergraduate medical and dental education in Bangladesh this descriptive study was designed and collected information conveniently from 515 students and 155 teachers from randomly selected medical and dental colleges of the country. The respondents (100%) supported more than one extracurricular activity for the medical and dental students. More than 65% were in favor of games, sports and cultural functions. Some students clubs are also popular among the respondents but only 10.8% respondents supported student politics. The respondents who were against student politics viewed that it hamper educational activities and disciplines in their institutes. About half the respondents (48.8%) were unsatisfied with the present academic activities in their medical colleges. Respondents advised to develop infrastructures, accommodation facilities, teaching aids, libraries, administrative supervisory in the institutes. They also demand more trained teachers, good students-teachers relationship to raise standard of the medical and dental colleges to a satisfactory level. Key words: Extracurricular activities, Evaluation, Impact. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i1.3600 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(1) 2008 6-9
Retrospective Study on Suicidal Cases at Sir Salimullah Medical College Morgue House in the Year 2008
Authors: Das Tejendra Chandra , Rahim Mostaque , Hoq Md Nazmul , Ahmed Mosahef Uddin , Yasmin Sharmin , Sarker Tamim Rahman 
Published: October 2009

Suicide is one of the commonest causes of unnatural death in the world. The number of suicide is increasing over the period of time. Our research focused on a number of factors associated with the occurrence of suicide, these includes- age, gender, religion, cause of death, modes of death. A total of 95 cases of suicide were studied in Sir Salimullah Medical College morgue house in the year 2008. The victims were composed of 33 males (34%) & 62 females (66%) and the age group of 21-30 years was the most common, which indicates occurrence of suicide is more common in young females. Of 95 cases, the most common cause of death was due to asphyxia, 88 cases (92%). Other cases include respiratory failure- 3 cases (3%), hemorrhage & shock- 4 cases (5%). In the discrimination of cause of death, we obtained information on victims & witness as well as investigating the scene & post mortem examination of the victim. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3593 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 50-51
Le Cortijo de Doña Marina: un exemple d'organisation systématique de l'espace rural sur l'altiplano grenadin
Authors: Humbert André 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In the heart of the Granada Uplands, a wide cortijo was cultivated up to the Civil War by approximately ten families, submitted to community constraints, with a systematic parcel organization, of a strict openfield type. The assumption that a similar system of land cultivation and space organization developed from the XVIth century onwards, on an important part of the altiplano of the Subbetic Range, can be deduced from archeological and historical evidence. It fell into disuse faiily rapidly, but the landscapes still bear its deep marks. The aspect of the landscapes, which resulted from the settlement on this stretsch of land, reveals a great many similarities with others areas colonized or recolonized at the beginning of modern times — a good example being Lori aine, some 1.200 miles away.
Le livre et la civilisation écrite dans la communauté morisque aragonaise (1540-1620)
Authors: Fournel-Guerin Jacqueline 
Published: October 2009

Resumen
El libro y la cultura escrita en la comunidad morisca aragonesa (1540-1620). A pesar de la censura inquisitorial, los moriscos de Aragon conservan y leen libros prohibidos. En secreto, las escuelas coránicas intentan transmitir la cultura tradicional del Islam. El mercado clandestino del libro esta suministrado por copistas que fabrican principalmente Coranes. Igualmente circulan entre los nuevos convertidos textos jurfdicos, científicos y literarios.
Céramiques médiévales: les méthodes de la description analytique aux productions de l'Espagne orientale. II Les poteries décorées. Chronologie des productions médiévales
Authors: Bazzana André 
Published: October 2009

André Bazzana
Céramiques médiévales: les méthodes de la description analytique appliquées aux productions de l'Espagne orientale. II les poteries décorées. Chronologie des productions médiévales.
Cet article est inclus dans une étude sur la typologie de la forme et de la décoration des céramiques du Moyen Age dans la partie orientale de la Péninsule Ibérique. Dans l'article précédent, il s'agissait d'unifier la terminologie descriptive au niveau de la forme, en fixant les grandes lignes de l'évolution typologique des principales formes de céramique, et en soulignant la nécessité de consacrer une importance croissante à l'étude des productions communes. Ce second article présente une série de normes pour l'étude des décorations de la céramique du Moyen Age, visant à établir la chronologie des différentes productions. De cette façon, après avoir examiné les principaux types iconographiques, l'auteur tire des conclusions de type chronologique. Actuellement, de nombreux restes de céramique attendent d'être classés. Leur étude serait facilitée par l'utilisation de la méthodologie proposée par l'auteur et par une mécanisation progressive des centres de données.
Vilhan et Nicolas Pépin: les origines légendaires de la carte à jouer en Espagne
Authors: Étienvre Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2009

Jean-Pierre Etienvre
Vilhán et Nicolas Pépin. Les origines légendaires de la carte à jouer en Espagne.
On ne sait quasiment rien sur les origines historiques de la carte à jouer en Espagne. Les rares documents connus, qui sont examinés à nouveau, permettent à peine d'avancer quelque hypothèse sur la diffusion du jeu dans la Péninsule. Mais les Espagnols (qui ont effectué peu de recherches sur ce sujet) ont élaboré très tôt, dans les dernières années du XVIe s., des légendes sur l'invention des cartes à jouer, qu'ils ont attribuée à deux personnages dont on étudie ici la fortune et la fonction. Ces légendes, en particulier celle de Vilhân, ont en effet laissé de nombreuses traces dans la littérature. Et la casuistique elle-même s'est emparée de ce personnage pour démontrer, par une ingénieuse argumentation étymologique, la nocivité de son invention.