bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fall of the Moche: A Critique of Claims for South America’s First State
Authors: Quilter Jeffrey , Koons Michele L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Moche archaeological culture of the North Coast of Peru has been reified into a political system and claimed as the first state in South America. While some recent scholarship has reduced the size of the proposed state, the idea of Moche as a distinct political, social, or ethnic entity remains. In this article we demonstrate that even by the “classic” neoevolutionary theory of the 1960s—1980s the criteria for Moche statehood were not met. We suggest that neoevolutionary models for one or more Moche states are inadequate for understanding an archaeological culture that endured for more than six centuries, and we offer suggestions for directions for future research.
Bone Chemistry at Cerro Oreja: A Stable Isotope Perspective on the Development of a Regional Economy in the Moche Valley, Peru During the Early Intermediate Period
Authors: Lambert Patricia M. , Gagnon Celeste Marie , Billman Brian R. , Katzenberg M. Anne , Carcelén José , Tykot Robert H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this paper we test the hypothesis that an intensification of maize production preceded the development of a regional Moche political economy in the Moche Valley of north coastal Peru during the Early Intermediate period (400 B.C.—A.D. 600). To do so we analyze stable isotopic signatures of 48 bone apatite and 17 tooth enamel samples from human remains recovered from the site of Cerro Oreja, a large urban and ceremonial center in the Moche Valley. These remains date to the Guañape, Salinar, or Gallinazo phases and provide a diachronic picture of subsistence before the appearance of the Southern Moche state. The most notable patterns identified in the study include a lack of significant change in δ13Capatitevalues from the Guañape to Satinar phases, followed by a significant enrichment in δ13Capatitevalues from the Salinar to Gallinazo phases. Several lines of evidence, including archaeological context, dental data, and comparative carbon stable isotope data from experimental animal studies and studies of archaeological human remains support the interpretation that the observed13C enrichment in stable isotope values in the Gallinazo phase primarily reflects maize intensification. The stable isotope data from Cerro Oreja thus suggest that a shift in subsistence toward a highly productive and storable crop may have served as an important precursor to state development during the Early Intermediate period in the Moche Valley.
Structure and Electrochemical Performance of Carbide‐Derived Carbon Nanopowders
Authors: Pérez Carlos R. , Yeon Sun‐Hwa , Ségalini Julie , Presser Volker , Taberna Pierre‐Louis , Simon Patrice , Gogotsi Yury 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMicroporous carbon materials are widely used in gas storage, sorbents, supercapacitor electrodes, water desalination, and catalyst supports. While these microporous carbons usually have a particle size in the 1–100 μm range, here the synthesis of porous carbide‐derived carbon (CDC) with particle diameters around 30 nm by extraction of titanium from nanometer‐sized titanium carbide (TiC) powder at temperatures of 200 °C and above is reported. Nanometer‐sized CDCs prepared at 200–400 °C show a disordered structure and the presence of CN sp1 bonds. Above 400 °C, the CN bond disappears with the structure transition to disordered carbon similar to that observed after synthesis from carbide micropowders. Compared to CDCs produced from micrometer‐sized TiC, nano‐CDC has a broader pore size distribution due to interparticle porosity and a large contribution from the surface layers. The material shows excellent electrochemical performance due to its easily accessible pores and a large specific surface area.
An Antithrombogenic Citric Acid‐Crosslinked Gelatin with Endothelialization Activity
Authors: Inoue Motoki , Sasaki Makoto , Nakasu Asako , Takayanagi Mariko , Taguchi Tetsushi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA novel citric acid‐crosslinked gelatin matrix with endothelialization activity and anti‐adhesive properties for platelets is prepared. The matrix is characterized using an endothelial cell culture and an antithrombogenic activity test. The number of endothelial cells cultured on the surface of the trisuccinimidyl citrate (TSC)‐crosslinked gelatin increases as the concentration of TSC increases to 20 mM, and then decreases with further increases in TSC concentration. Compared with glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked gelatin, platelet number and fibrin network formation on the TSC‐crosslinked gelatin are minimal at high TSC concentration. The biocompatibility of the matrix is evaluated by bioluminescence imaging. This indicates that the inflammation reaction of the TSC‐crosslinked gelatin is lower than that of glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked gelatin. Physicochemical analysis of TSC‐crosslinked gelatin with different TSC concentrations shows that the high concentration of the cell adhesion sequence, arginine–glycine–aspartic acid, contributes to the promotion of endothelial cell adhesion and subsequent endothelial cell growth. Analysis of the carboxyl groups in the TSC‐crosslinked gelatin showed that the antithrombogenic activity is due to the increased negative charge derived from the hydrolyzed active ester groups of TSC. These findings show that TSC‐crosslinked gelatin has the potential for use in biomedical devices in contact with blood, such as stents, artificial blood vessels, and artificial heart valves.
Functionalizations of Aryl CH Bonds in 2‐Arylpyridines via Sequential Borylation and Copper Catalysis
Authors: Niu Liting , Yang Haijun , Yang Daoshan , Fu Hua 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSelective functionalizations of aryl CH bonds in 2‐arylpyridines have been developed via sequential borylation and aerobic oxidative copper catalysis, and the corresponding aryl halides, sulfones, azides and arylamines were obtained in good yields. The protocol uses cheap and readily available boron tribromide (BBr3) as the borylating reagent, and inorganic salts (potassium iodide, ammonium bromide, sodium alkylsulfinates, sodium azide) as the functional group sources. This method makes functionalizations of aryl CH bonds easy.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Aryl‐β‐isocyano Esters
Authors: Morana Fabio , Basso Andrea , Bella Marco , Riva Renata , Banfi Luca 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe asymmetric addition of malonates to in situ generated N‐formylimines of aromatic aldehydes was achieved under phase‐transfer catalysis using Cinchona alkaloids‐derived quaternary ammonium salts. The resulting β‐formamidomalonates have been efficiently converted into β‐aryl‐β‐isocyano esters. Their utility in the multicomponent Ugi reaction with chiral cyclic imines has been demonstrated.
Synthesis of Bi‐ and Tricyclic 1,2‐Dihydroquinoline Derivatives from Arylamines and Alkynes by a Consecutive Zinc‐Ammonium Salt Catalysis
Authors: Purkait Nibadita , Blechert Siegfried 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA relay catalysis of a cationic zinc complex and N,N‐dimethylaniline hydrotrifluoromethyl sulphonate induces a multiple CC bond and CN bond formation. The one‐step synthesis make highly substituted bi‐ and tricyclic 1,2‐dihydroquinoline derivatives easily available from simple starting materials. The high yielding process consists of several simultaneous operating steps.
Prevalence of hearing loss in the United States by industry
Authors: Masterson Elizabeth A. , Tak SangWoo , Themann Christa L. , Wall David K. , Groenewold Matthew R. , Deddens James A. , Calvert Geoffrey M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundTwenty‐two million workers are exposed to hazardous noise in the United States. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of hearing loss among U.S. industries.MethodsWe examined 2000–2008 audiograms for male and female workers ages 18–65, who had higher occupational noise exposures than the general population. Prevalence and adjusted prevalence ratios (PRs) for hearing loss were estimated and compared across industries.ResultsIn our sample, 18% of workers had hearing loss. When compared with the Couriers and Messengers industry sub‐sector, workers employed in Mining (PR = 1.65, CI = 1.57–1.73), Wood Product Manufacturing (PR = 1.65, CL = 1.61–1.70), Construction of Buildings (PR = 1.52, CI = 1.45–1.59), and Real Estate and Rental and Leasing (PR = 1.59, CL = 1.51–1.68) had higher risks for hearing loss.ConclusionsWorkers in the Mining, Manufacturing, and Construction industries need better engineering controls for noise and stronger hearing conservation strategies. More hearing loss research is also needed within traditional “low‐risk” industries like Real Estate. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:670–681, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triumphs and tribulations of ΛCDM, the double dark theory
Authors: Primack J.R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractΛCDM has become the standard cosmological model because its predictions agree so well with observations of the cosmic microwave background and the large‐scale structure of the universe. However ΛCDM has faced challenges on smaller scales. Some of these challenges, including the “angular momentum catastrophe” and the absence of density cusps in the centers of small galaxies, may be overcome with improvements in simulation resolution and feedback. Recent simulations appear to form realistic galaxies in agreement with observed scaling relations. Although dark matter halos start small and grow by accretion, the existence of a star‐forming band of halo masses naturally explains why the most massive galaxies have the oldest stars, a phenomenon known as known as galactic “downsizing.” The discovery of many faint galaxies in the Local Group is consistent with ΛCDM predictions, as is the increasing evidence for substructure in galaxy dark matter halos from gravitational lensing flux anomalies and gaps in cold stellar streams. However, the “too big to fail” (TBTF) problem challenges ΛCDM. It arose from analysis of the Acquarius and Via Lactea very high‐resolution ΛCDM simulations of dark matter halos like that of the Milky Way. Each simulated halo has ∼10 subhalos that were so massive and dense that they would be too big to fail to form lots of stars. The TBTF problem is that none of the observed satellite galaxies of the Milky Way or Andromeda have stars moving as fast as would be expected in these densest subhalos. This may indicate the need for a more complex theory of dark matter – or perhaps just better understanding of dark matter simulations and/or baryonic physics.
Physicochemical characterization of celluloses extracted from Esparto “Stipa tenacissima” of Eastern Morocco
Authors: El Idrissi Abderahmane , El Barkany Soufian , Amhamdi Hassan , Maaroufi Abdel‐Karim 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIncreasing ecological concerns have given rise to renewed interest in the use of natural materials, considering their renewability and possibility of disposal at the end of their life cycle without damage to the environment. In this study, we examined the isolation of cellulose from Esparto “Stipa tenacissima” of Eastern Morocco by two different ways; the first one using an acetic acid solution catalyzed by nitric acid. The objective is to determine the optimum amount of this catalyst needed to the extraction. The second way consists to study the cellulose extraction with change of the alkaline solution concentration in order to choose the required value. The cellulosic samples were characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction, the morphology of the isolated fibers was investigated by optical microscopy. Thermal analysis (DT‐TGA) were carried out to study the thermal behavior of the cellulose isolated compared with the control sample. The degree of polymerization (DP) of the samples extracted is estimated from the intrinsic viscosity value using the Mark‐Houwink equation in two different solutions (DMAc/9%LiCl) and (6%NaOH/4%urea/90%H2O). We have demonstrated that the extraction using an acetic acid solution has been very successful by adding 2% in volume of nitric acid (HNO3). However, the extraction process using an alkaline solution (NaOH; 1M) is preferable because of the absence of acetylating reaction and the high purity and the nondegradation of the resulted fibers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Efficacy of artificial refuge to enhance survival of young Barrens topminnows exposed to western mosquitofish
Authors: Westhoff Jacob T. , Watts Allison V. , Mattingly Hayden T. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT

Artificial refugia have been implemented in freshwater and marine systems to increase structural complexity and achieve a variety of fisheries management goals. The use of artificial refuge to promote coexistence between an invasive species and a native species has not been widely studied but may serve as a viable management option.
Range expansion of the invasive western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, across the Barrens Plateau of Tennessee has contributed to local extirpations of the native Barrens topminnow, Fundulus julisia, from parts of its historic range. Recent laboratory and field observations suggest that young topminnows may be vulnerable to injury from, or predation by, mosquitofish in the wild.
In this study, an artificial refuge was tested in the laboratory and in situ to determine if it could increase survival, growth, or recruitment of juvenile topminnows exposed to mosquitofish.
Adult topminnows and small mosquitofish caused negligible mortality to juvenile topminnows regardless of refuge presence in the laboratory trial. However, topminnow 20‐day survival in the presence of large mosquitofish was 13% when refuge was present and 7% when refuge was absent. Juvenile topminnow growth did not differ among treatments indicating that the addition of refuge or the type of potential antagonist did not significantly affect topminnow growth.
Field trial results showed no statistical differences in the number of juvenile topminnows captured at sites with refuges and those without, except during July sampling. In both trials, juvenile topminnows were observed to use the refuges, but no evidence exists that would indicate refuges are a feasible management tool for promoting the coexistence of topminnows with mosquitofish. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycoprotein 96 perpetuates the persistent inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Huang Qi‐Quan , Koessler Renee E. , Birkett Robert , Dorfleutner Andrea , Perlman Harris , Haines G. Kenneth , Stehlik Christian , Nicchitta Christopher V. , Pope Richard M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe mechanisms that contribute to the persistent activation of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of endogenous gp96 in Toll‐like receptor (TLR)–mediated macrophage activation in RA.MethodsRA synovial fluid was used to activate macrophages and HEK–TLR‐2 and HEK–TLR‐4 cells. Neutralizing antibodies to TLR‐2, TLR‐4, and gp96 were used to inhibit activation. RA synovial fluid macrophages were isolated by CD14 negative selection. Cell activation was measured by the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or interleukin‐8 messenger RNA. Arthritis was induced in mice by K/BxN serum transfer. The expression of gp96 was determined by immunoblot analysis, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Arthritis was treated with neutralizing anti‐gp96 antiserum or control serum.ResultsRA synovial fluid induced the activation of macrophages and HEK–TLR‐2 and HEK–TLR‐4 cells. RA synovial fluid–induced macrophage and HEK–TLR‐2 activation was suppressed by neutralizing anti‐gp96 antibodies only in the presence of high (>800 ng/ml) rather than low (<400 ng/ml) concentrations of gp96. Neutralization of RA synovial fluid macrophage cell surface gp96 inhibited the constitutive expression of TNFα. Supporting the role of gp96 in RA, joint tissue gp96 expression was induced in mice with the K/BxN serum–induced arthritis, and neutralizing antibodies to gp96 ameliorated joint inflammation, as determined by clinical and histologic examination.ConclusionThese observations support the notion that gp96 plays a role as an endogenous TLR‐2 ligand in RA and identify the TLR‐2 pathway as a therapeutic target.
Brief Report: Effect of ambrisentan treatment on exercise‐induced pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis: A prospective single‐center, open‐label pilot study
Authors: Saggar Rajeev , Khanna D. , Shapiro S. , Furst D. E. , Maranian P. , Clements P. , Abtin F. , Dua Shiv , Belperio J. , Saggar Rajan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveExercise‐induced pulmonary hypertension (ePH) may represent an early, clinically relevant phase in the spectrum of pulmonary vascular disease. The purpose of this pilot study was to describe the changes in hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) spectrum–associated ePH treated with open‐label daily ambrisentan.MethodsPatients were treated with ambrisentan, 5 mg or 10 mg once daily, for 24 weeks. At baseline and 24 weeks, patients with SSc spectrum disorders exercised in a supine position, on a lower extremity cycle ergometer. All patients had normal hemodynamics at rest. We defined baseline ePH as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of >30 mm Hg with maximum exercise and a transpulmonary gradient (TPG) of >15 mm Hg. The primary end point was change in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) with exercise. Secondary end points included an improvement from baseline in 6‐minute walking distance, health‐related quality of life assessments, and cardiopulmonary hemodynamics.ResultsOf the 12 enrolled patients, 11 completed the study. At 24 weeks there were improvements in mean exercise PVR (85.8 dynes × second/cm5; P = 0.003) and mean distance covered during 6‐minute walk (44.5 meters; P = 0.0007). Improvements were also observed in mean exercise cardiac output (1.4 liters/minute; P = 0.006), mean pulmonary artery pressure (−4.1 mm Hg; P = 0.02), and total pulmonary resistance (−93.0 dynes × seconds/cm5; P = 0.0008). Three patients developed resting pulmonary arterial hypertension during the 24 weeks.ConclusionExercise hemodynamics and exercise capacity in patients with SSc spectrum–associated ePH improved over 24 weeks with exposure to ambrisentan. Placebo‐controlled studies are needed to confirm whether this is a drug‐related effect and to determine optimal therapeutic regimens for patients with ePH.
Design of Robust Predictive Control Laws Using Set Membership Identified Models
Authors: Canale M. , Fagiano L. , Signorile M.C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates the robust design of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) laws that employ approximated models, derived directly from process input‐output data. In particular, a nonlinear set membership (NSM) identification technique is used to obtain a system model and a bound of the related uncertainty. The latter is used to carry out a robust control design, via a min‐max formulation of the optimal control problem underlying the NMPC methodology. A numerical example with a nonlinear oscillator shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
The genome in space and time: Does form always follow function?
Authors: Duan Zhijun , Blau Carl Anthony 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRecent systematic studies using newly developed genomic approaches have revealed common mechanisms and principles that underpin the spatial organization of eukaryotic genomes and allow them to respond and adapt to diverse functional demands. Genomes harbor, interpret, and propagate genetic and epigenetic information, and the three‐dimensional (3D) organization of genomes in the nucleus should be intrinsically linked to their biological functions. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying both the topological organization of genomes and the various nuclear processes is still largely incomplete. In this essay, we focus on the functional relevance as well as the biophysical properties of common organizational themes in genomes (e.g. looping, clustering, compartmentalization, and dynamics), and examine the interconnection between genome structure and function from this angle. Present evidence supports the idea that, in general, genome architecture reflects and influences genome function, and is relatively stable. However, the answer as to whether genome architecture is a hallmark of cell identity remains elusive.
A new dynamic model for highly efficient mass transfer in aerated bioreactors and consequences for kLa identification
Authors: Müller Stefan , Murray Douglas B. , Machne Rainer 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGas–liquid mass transfer is often rate‐limiting in laboratory and industrial cultures of aerobic or autotrophic organisms. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient kLa is a crucial characteristic for comparing, optimizing, and upscaling mass transfer efficiency of bioreactors. Reliable dynamic models and resulting methods for parameter identification are needed for quantitative modeling of microbial growth dynamics. We describe a laboratory‐scale stirred tank reactor (STR) with a highly efficient aeration system (kLa ≈ 570 h−1). The reactor can sustain yeast culture with high cell density and high oxygen uptake rate, leading to a significant drop in gas concentration from inflow to outflow (by 21%). Standard models fail to predict the observed mass transfer dynamics and to identify kLa correctly. In order to capture the concentration gradient in the gas phase, we refine a standard ordinary differential equation (ODE) model and obtain a system of partial integro‐differential equations (PIDE), for which we derive an approximate analytical solution. Specific reactor configurations, in particular a relatively short bubble residence time, allow a quasi steady‐state approximation of the PIDE system by a simpler ODE model which still accounts for the concentration gradient. Moreover, we perform an appropriate scaling of all variables and parameters. In particular, we introduce the dimensionless overall efficiency κ, which is more informative than kLa since it combines the effects of gas inflow, exchange, and solution. Current standard models of mass transfer in laboratory‐scale aerated STRs neglect the gradient in the gas concentration, which arises from highly efficient bubbling systems and high cellular exchange rates. The resulting error in the identification of κ (and hence kLa) increases dramatically with increasing mass transfer efficiency. Notably, the error differs between cell‐free and culture‐based methods of parameter identification, potentially confounding the determination of the “biological enhancement” of mass transfer. Our new model provides an improved theoretical framework that can be readily applied to aerated bioreactors in research and biotechnology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2997–3006. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.