bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Follow-Up Testing for Metabolic Disease Identified by Expanded Newborn Screening Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Executive Summary
Authors: Dietzen Dennis J , Rinaldo Piero , Whitley Ronald J , Rhead William J , Hannon W Harry , Garg Uttam C , Lo Stanley F , Bennett Michael J 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground: Almost all newborns in the US are screened at birth for multiple inborn errors of metabolism using tandem mass spectrometry. Screening tests are designed to be sufficiently sensitive so that cases are not missed. The NACB recognized a need for standard guidelines for laboratory confirmation of a positive newborn screen such that all babies would benefit from equal and optimal follow-up by confirmatory testing.Methods: A committee was formed to review available data pertaining to confirmatory testing. The committee evaluated previously published guidelines, published methodological and clinical studies, clinical case reports, and expert opinion to support optimal confirmatory testing. Grading was based on guidelines adopted from criteria derived from the US Preventive Services Task Force and on the strength of recommendations and the quality of the evidence. Three primary methods of analyte measurement were evaluated for confirmatory testing including measurement of amino acids, organic acids, and carnitine esters. The committee graded the evidence for diagnostic utility of each test for the screened conditions.Results: Ample data and experience were available to make strong recommendations for the practice of analyzing amino acids, organic acids, and acylcarnitines. Likewise, strong recommendations were made for the follow-up test menu for many disorders, particularly those with highest prevalence. Fewer data exist to determine the impact of newborn screening on patient outcomes in all but a few disorders. The guidelines also provide an assessment of developing technology that will fuel a refinement of current practice and ultimate expansion of the diseases detectable by tandem mass spectrometry.Conclusions: Guidelines are provided for optimal follow-up testing for positive newborn screens using tandem mass spectrometry. The committee regards these tests as reliable and currently optimal for follow-up testing. .
The importance of herbivory in the decline of a seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow near a fish farm: an experimental approach
Authors: Ruíz Juan M. , Pérez Marta , Romero Javier , Tomas Fiona 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A 6-month macrograzer exclusion field experiment was conducted in an altered Posidonia oceanica meadow affected by organic effluents from a fish farm. This experiment was carried out in order to ascertain whether or not overgrazing had contributed to the meadow degradation observed, because higher densities of macrograzers (mainly the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, 20 to 60 times higher density) were found in the degraded meadow than in an undisturbed reference meadow located nearby. The plant variables measured (shoot density, shoot biomass, leaf growth rate and epiphyte load) had consistently lower values in unmanipulated plots of the degraded meadow than in plots of the undisturbed reference meadow, with the exception of herbivore pressure, which was 2 to 5 times higher. In the herbivore exclusion plots established in the degraded meadow, shoot biomass and epiphyte load increased to values similar to those in the reference plots in the undisturbed meadow. At the end of the experimental period, shoot density had significantly decreased by up to 30–50% of the initial values in the control (unmanipulated) plots, while no changes were observed in the exclusion plots or in the reference meadow. Our results show that the impact of macrograzers on shoot features made a significant contribution to the reported decline of the P. oceanica meadow next to the fish farm. It is also suggested that organic effluents generated as a result of aquaculture activities may help to increase grazing activity in these seagrass communities, although the mechanisms by which nutrient loads control the behaviour of herbivores remain unclear.
Association study of AMP-activated protein kinase subunit genes in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Sproul Kari , Jones Michelle R , Azziz Ricardo , Goodarzi Mark O 
Published: July 2009

ObjectiveTo examine the genes for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) subunits α2 (PRKAA2) and γ3 (PRKAG3) as candidates for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its component traits.Design and methodsA total of 287 white PCOS women were recruited from the reproductive endocrinology clinic at the University of Alabama at Birmingham and 187 white control subjects were recruited from the surrounding community. Seven PRKAA2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and four PRKAG3 SNPs were genotyped in PCOS cases and controls. Genotyping and association analysis were performed at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.ResultsNominal associations of PRKAA2 variants with insulin-related traits and the PRKAG3 Pro71Ala variant with PCOS were not statistically significant after multiple testing correction. Among PCOS patients, there were no associations between variants in AMPK subunit genes and androgenic or reproductive traits.ConclusionsVariants in genes for AMPKα2 and AMPKγ3 were not associated with PCOS or its component traits. Our evidence does not demonstrate that AMPK is a major genetic risk factor for PCOS.
Characterisation of natural organic matter (NOM) removed by magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX® Resin)
Authors: Mergen M. R. D. , Adams B. J. , Vero G. M. , Price T. A. , Parsons S. A. , Jefferson B. , Jarvis P. 
Published: July 2009

The aim of the research presented in this paper was to gain greater insight into the characteristics of NOM removed by MIEX® Resin. Previous studies have shown that MIEX® Resin increases the level of removable DOC when used in combination with coagulation, suggesting that these two processes target a different type of organics.
Initially the characteristics of DOC in regenerant solutions from four different MIEX® Resin treatment plants were analysed and compared to DOC in the respective raw water. Following this the raw water and the regenerant solutions were coagulated and the characteristics of the residual DOC analysed and compared to the regenerant solutions prior to coagulation.
From the regenerant solutions it was seen that MIEX® Resin targets DOC of increased UV254 absorbance, increased charge density and of mid to low molecular weight (5 to 2 kDa). In terms of hydrophobicity no preference of MIEX® Resin for a specific NOM type was seen. The presence of hydrophilic neutral acids in the regenerant solution was unexpected since the removal of only highly charged organic species was expected. Charge density measurements however revealed the presence of functional groups, allowing hydrophilic neutrals to be removed by anion exchange. Comparative coagulation of the raw water and regenerant solution showed that both a residual DOC of similar hydrophobicity in the sub 3 kDa area. Considering that this DOC fraction was present in the regenerant it was concluded that MIEX® Resin removes organics recalcitrant to coagulation from raw water and therefore increases DOC removal when both methods are combined.
Utilization of Occlusal Index and Layering Technique in Class I Silorane-based Composite Restorations
Authors: Araujo E. M. , De Goes M. F. , Chan D. C. N. 
Published: July 2009

PURPOSE
This article describes a technique that uses an occlusal index to restore teeth back to their original contour and anatomy with minimal finishing. A new type of ring-opening silorane composite reported to have less than 1% volumetric shrinkage was used in the restoration. For the silorane-based composite, there is no oxygen-inhibited layer to be polished away. The final composite layer is cured under pressure and further minimizes voids and gap formation. The technique can also be used on multiple posterior restorations under rubber dam isolation. Overall, if used properly, this technique helps the clinician produce superb anatomy and reduces time for posterior composite restorations.
Effect of Er,Cr: YSGG Laser on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Two Different Adhesives to the Sound and Caries-affected Dentin
Authors: Ergücü Z. , Çelik E. U. , Ünlü N. , Türkün M. , Özer F. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
The microtensile bond strength of a three-step etch-and-rinse and a two-step self-etch adhesive is not negatively affected by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation in sound and caries-affected dentin.
Shear Bond Strength Evaluation of Resin Composite Bonded to GIC Using Three Different Adhesives
Authors: Gopikrishna V. , Abarajithan M. , Krithikadatta J. , Kandaswamy D. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
The bond strength of resin composite to glass-ionomer cement can be enhanced when a self-etching primer is employed over unset GIC or when a glass-ionomer based adhesive is employed over set GIC when compared to using a total-etch adhesive.
Effects of Storage Temperature on the Shelf Life of One-step and Two-step Self-etch Adhesives
Authors: Ma S. , Fujita (Nakajima) K. , Nishiyama N. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
Storage temperature affects the alteration rate of one-step adhesives for all-in-one adhesive systems and self-etching primer for two-step adhesive systems. Their shelf life is strongly dependent on the storage temperature and time period. Storage under 20°C extends their shelf life.
Chlorhexidine-containing Acid Conditioner Preserves the Longevity of Resin-dentin Bonds
Authors: Stanislawczuk R. , Amaral R. C. , Zander-Grande C. , Gagler D. , Reis A. , Loguercio A. D. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
The addition of CHX digluconate in the acidic conditioner may be an excellent tool to increase the stability of collagen fibrils within the hybrid layer against host-derived metaloproteinases without the need for additional steps for the bonding protocol.
The Combination of a Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and an Adhesive Restorative Approach to Treat a Crown-root Fracture Coupled with Lateral Root Perforation in a Mandibular Second Molar: A Case Report
Authors: Wang P. , Wang S. , Ni L. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
Crown-root fractures extending well below the alveolar crest, coupled with root perforations of posterior teeth, can be successfully treated with the combination of mineral trioxide aggregate and an adhesive restorative approach in a one-step restoration procedure.
In Vivo Chlorhexidine Stabilization of Hybrid Layers of an Acetone-based Dentin Adhesive
Authors: Brackett M. G. , Tay F. R. , Brackett W. W. , Dib A. , Dipp F. A. , Mai S. , Pashley D. H. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
Extensive degradation of dentin hybrid layers formed with an acetone-based dentin adhesive beneath Class I resin composite restorations was evident after one year unless the teeth received an application of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate after etching.
Influence of Photoactivation Protocol and Light Guide Distance on Conversion and Microleakage of Composite Restorations
Authors: Fróes-Salgado N. R. G. , Pfeifer C. S. C. , Francci C. E. , Kawano Y. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
In this study, soft-start photoactivation methods were demonstrated to be able to reduce microleakage with only a discrete reduction in the degree of conversion. This was achieved when this protocol was associated with a 7 mm distance from the light guide, which is common in deep preparations in clinical practice.
Bond Strengths of Resin Cements to Astringent-contaminated Dentin
Authors: Harnirattisai C. , Kuphasuk W. , Senawongse P. , Tagami J. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
The contamination of the dentin surface with an astringent-containing aluminum chloride does not reduce the bond strength of either the resin cement used in conjunction with an etch-and-rinse or the resin cement with a self-etching adhesive. However, the contamination probably interferes with the etching ability of the self-etching primer and the adaptation of the resin cement to the dentin surface.
In Vitro Wear of New Indirect Resin Composites
Authors: Jain V. , Platt J. A. , Moore B. K. , Borges G. A. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
The application of indirect resin composites for full-coverage restorative purposes still remains a concern due to wear. New indirect composites behave differently under different wear-testing conditions. Overall, Belleglass-NG showed the lowest wear when tested in vitro under different wear tests.
Fracture Strength of Endodontically-treated Teeth Restored with Post and Cores and Composite Cores Only
Authors: Özcan M. , Valandro L. F. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
In teeth with no coronal dentin, metallic posts should be the preferred method over FRC posts or core built-up only. Surface conditioning and the silanization of titanium posts improve attachment of the resin core material to the posts.
An In Vitro Comparison of Different Cementation Strategies on the Pull-out Strength of a Glass Fiber Post
Authors: Amaral M. , Santini M. F. , Wandscher V. , Amaral R. , Valandro L. F. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
A three-step etch&rinse adhesive system, combined with a dual-cured resin cement and a simplified self-adhesive resin cement, appears to be a good strategy for fiber post cementation.
A 36-month Clinical Evaluation of Ethanol/Water and Acetone-based Etch-and-Rinse Adhesives in Non-carious Cervical Lesions
Authors: Reis A. , Loguercio A. D. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
Based on the findings of this clinical trial, one may conclude that non-carious cervical lesions should be restored with the ethanol/water-based two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive Single Bond, instead of the acetone-based One Step, as the latter presents a high number of debonded restorations after short- and long-term recalls. However, other literature findings should also be taken into account before reaching a clinical decision.
Dentin Hypersensitivity: A Randomized Clinical Comparison of Three Different Agents in a Short-term Treatment Period
Authors: Ozen T. , Orhan K. , Avsever H. , Tunca Y. M. , Ulker A. E. , Akyol M. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
The three tested desensitizing agents were equally effective in relieving dentin hypersensitivity and showed statistically significant pain reduction when compared to a placebo.
Effect of the C-factor and Dentin Preparation Method in the Bond Strength of a Mild Self-etch Adhesive
Authors: Marques M. S. M. , Kenshima S. , Muench A. , Ballester R. Y. , Rodrigues Filho L. E. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
A course cut carbide bur should be avoided prior to a mild self-etch adhesive, because it adversely affected bond strength. In contrast, a fine cut carbide bur provided the best combination: high bond strength with low variability, which suggests more reliable bond strength performance.
The Effect of Surface Treatments on the Micro-shear Bond Strength of a Resin Luting Agent and Four All-ceramic Systems
Authors: Torres S. M. P. , Borges G. A. , Spohr A. M. , Cury A. A. D. B. , Yadav S. , Platt J. A. 
Published: July 2009

Clinical Relevance
The bond strength between ceramics and a resin luting agent is affected by the ceramic surface treatment, which is dependent on the ceramic composition.
Nuclear scintigraphic assessment of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations
Authors: Gillen A. , Dyson S. , Murray R. 
Published: July 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: The results of nuclear scintigraphic examination of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations (facet joints) have to date been poorly documented. Objectives: To establish an objective scintigraphic grading system for the facet joints; to investigate the relationship between the presence or absence of clinical signs of back pain and increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU); and to compare the results of scintigraphy and radiography. Methods: Nuclear scintigraphic images of the 13th thoracic (T13) to first lumbar (L1) vertebrae were graded subjectively (visual assessment of the image) and objectively (using region of interest analysis) from 31 clinically normal horses in full work (Group N) and 65 horses with clinical evidence of thoracolumbar region pain and osteoarthritis of ≥1 facet joint (Group B). Sensitivity and specificity of IRU for detection of back pain and radiographic abnormalities were assessed. A Spearman correlation was performed to test for an association between the grade of IRU and the classification of radiographic abnormality. Results: The objective scintigraphic grades were matched by 96.7% of subjective grades. IRU was seen more commonly in Group B (61.5%) than in Group N (25.8%), and moderate or intense IRU was only seen in Group B. The strongest association between radiographic abnormalities and scintigraphy was seen in horses with intense IRU. Conclusions: Moderate or intense IRU in a facet joint is more likely to be seen in horses with back pain than in clinically normal horses. Potential relevance: Nuclear scintigraphy is a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of a horse with thoracolumbar region pain.
Arthroscopic visualisation of the third metacarpal and metatarsal condyles in the horse
Authors: Vanderperren K. , Martens A. , Haers H. , Duchateau L. , Saunders J. H. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Arthroscopy of the fetlock joints is a routine surgical procedure in the horse. It is unclear how much of the articular surface of the condyles of the metacarpal (MCIII)/metatarsal (MTIII) bone can be visualised using either the dorsal or palmar/plantar arthroscopic approach.Objectives: To investigate which part of the articular surface of the MCIII/MTIII condyles of the fetlock joints can be evaluated arthroscopically using: 1) dorsal approach in combination with flexion; 2) standard palmar/plantar approach; or 3) additional portal at the base of the sesamoid bone with joint extension.Methods: All 3 arthroscopic approaches were performed on 20 fore‐ and 20 hindlimbs of 14 cadavers. For each approach, a curette was inserted ipsilaterally to create a lesion at the most distal part of the condyle that could be seen. After disarticulation and placement of a nail in each lesion, the maximally reachable angle was calculated on a perfect lateromedial radiograph. The 0° angle was determined as the distal crossing of the best fitting circle around the condyle with a line parallel to the dorsal MCIII/MTIII bone running through the circle centre (positive angle dorsal to 0°, negative palmar/plantar to 0°).Results: Using the dorsal approach with flexion, a significantly larger area of visualisation was present in the hind‐ (−23.4°) compared to the forelimb (+2.7°). Using the palmar/plantar approach (fore: −60.4°; hind: −70.7°) and the approach at the base of the sesamoid bone (fore: −36.3°; hind: −47.6°) more cartilage could be seen in the fore‐ compared to the hindlimb. When combining the 3 approaches, the remaining nonvisible part measured 38.9° in the fore‐ and 24.2° in the hindlimb, both located palmaro/plantarodistally.Conclusions: The use of dorsal and palmar/plantar arthroscopic approaches in combination with flexion and extension of the fetlock joint allows visualisation of the majority of the cartilage of the MCIII/MTIII condyles. The nonvisible section is smaller in the hindlimb compared to the forelimb.Potential relevance: Knowledge of the specific areas of visualisation of the condyles on arthroscopy is important for both diagnostic and therapeutic planning of fetlock disorders.
Radiographic retrospective study of the caudal cervical articular process joints in the horse
Authors: Down S. S. , Henson F. M. D. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Arthropathy of the caudal cervical articular process joints (APJs) in the horse is documented as a cause of ataxia and paresis secondary to spinal cord compression. Enlargement of the caudal APJs is reported to increase with age, but there are no known associations of any other factors. No association of the degree of APJ enlargement with neurological signs seen has been documented. This study investigated the associations of cervical APJ enlargement at the C5‐C6 and C6‐C7 articulations with case subject details (breed, age, sex, usage) and clinical signs.Objectives: To ascertain if there are of any associations between: the subject details and enlargement of the caudal cervical APJs; and the degree of APJ enlargement and the presence and type of clinical signs.Hypotheses: There would be an effect of age, breed and usage on APJ grade, with no effect of sex. Association between grade and clinical signs seen was also investigated.Materials and methods: The radiographs of 122 horses qualified for inclusion. Horses were excluded if they were known to have a neck lesion cranial to C5‐C6, or if the radiographs were rotated or of poor quality. In order to standardise the interpretation of APJ enlargement, a novel grading system was developed and used.Results: An association was found between age and APJ grade at C5‐C6 but not C6‐C7. There was no association between grade, breed, sex and usage, or clinical signs seen. Data also showed a trend for increasing enlargement the more caudal the APJ.Conclusion and potential relevance: The data in this study support that the size of the caudal cervical APJ at the level of C5‐C6, appear to increase with age, but this enlargement may not be significant. Enlargement cannot be associated with breed, sex or discipline of the horse at present, and specific grades and therefore degree of enlargement, cannot necessarily be assumed to be the cause of neurological deficits.
Effect of altrenogest‐treatment of mares in late gestation on adrenocortical function, blood count and plasma electrolytes in their foals
Authors: Neuhauser S. , Palm F. , Ambuehl F. , Möstl E. , Schwendenwein I. , Aurich C. 
Published: July 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Mares with compromised pregnancies are often treated with altrenogest to prevent abortion. However, there is only limited information about effects on the foal when altrenogest treatment is continued during final maturation of the fetus. Objectives: To determine effects of altrenogest treatment during late gestation in mares on maturity, haematology changes, adrenocortical function and serum electrolytes in their newborn foals. Methods: Six mares were treated with altrenogest (0.088 mg/kg bwt) once daily from Day 280 of pregnancy until foaling and 7 mares served as controls. Results: Foals born to altrenogest‐treated mares had a significantly lower neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio on the first day after birth than control foals (P<0.05). Basal plasma cortisol concentrations immediately after birth were higher in foals of altrenogest‐treated mares than in control foals (P<0.05). Cortisol release in response to exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ‐ except for higher values 15 min after ACTH injection in foals of altrenogest‐treated mares on Day 1 ‐ revealed no differences in adrenocortical function between the groups of foals. Plasma potassium concentration in foals from altrenogest‐treated mares compared to control foals was significantly lower immediately after birth (P<0.05) and plasma ionised calcium concentration was significantly lower 3 h after birth (P = 0.01). Conclusions and potential relevance: Altrenogest treatment of pregnant mares prolonged labour had no major effects on adrenocortical function in foals. A reduced neutrophil/ lymphocyte ratio in these foals may suggest either immunomodulatory effects of altrenogest or dysmaturity of the foals.