bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Location of Genes Conditioning Resistance in Corn to Leaf Feeding of the European Corn Borer1
Authors: Scott Gene E. , Dicke F. F. , Pesho G. R. 
Published: July 2010

Chromosomal interchanges were used to determine which chromosome arms of resistant corn inbreds, C.I.31A and B49, carry genes for resistance to European corn borer leaf feeding. All corn plants were infested manually with corn borer egg masses in field studies conducted in 1961 through 1964.Resistant inbred C.I.31A was found to possess a gene or genes contributing to resistance on the short arm of chromosomes 1, 2, and 4, and on the long arm of chromosomes 4 and 6. Resistant inbred B49 appears to have genes for resistance on these same chromosome arms (possibly allelic to those of C.I.31A) plus an additional gene for resistance on the long arm of chromosome 8.
Transfer of Resistance to Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici from Khapli Emmer and Yuma Durum to Hexaploid Wheat1
Authors: Briggle L. W. 
Published: July 2010

‘Khapli’ emmer is resistant to those cultures of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici with which it has been inoculated. ‘Yuma’ durum, which had Khapli as one parent, is resistant to the same E. graminis tritici cultures. Both Khapli and Yuma are tetraploids.A dominant gene for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus, herein designated as Pm4, has been transferred from Khapli into the genetic background of the hexaploid wheat variety Chancellor. The new line of Chancellor (Khapli ✕ Chancellor8) is homozygous for resistance and appears identical to Chancellor in morphological characters.A dominant gene for resistance to E. graminis tritici has been transferred from Yuma into Chancellor. Present evidence indicates that this gene is identical with that in Chancellor from Khapli.The gene from Khapli (Pm4) has been shown to be at a locus different from Pm1, Pm2, and Pm3.
Three Loci in Wheat Involving Resistance to Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici1
Authors: Briggle L. W. 
Published: July 2010

With the advent of high yielding, strong straw, semi‐dwarf varieties of wheat, growers have increased rates of fertilizer, particularly nitrogen, and are producing more wheat under irrigation. Consequently, losses caused by Erysiphe graminis tritici have increased. Breeding for resistance is the only practical means of control.Of 23 resistant varieties or selections studied, 11 apparently had in common a gene designated Pml (formerly Ml1). Four had Pm2 (formerly Mlu) and eight had Pm3 (formerly Mls, Mla, or Mlc). Some varieties or selections within each group could be differentiated by appropriate Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici cultures. Either a series of multiple alleles occurred at each of the three loci or other genes for resistance were present but not revealed by cultures 3, 22, and 27. Additional tests designed to establish or refute presence of multiple alleles are underway.Data from intercrosses between varieties or selections representing the three loci indicate independence of genes for resistance.A multiple allelic series presents restrictions on combining specific genes for resistance under conventional breeding methods. Utilization of two alleles simultaneously is possible with hybrid wheat.
Factors Involved in Seed Production of Red Clover Clones and Their Polycross Progenies at Two Diverse Locations1
Authors: Taylor Norman L. , Dade Eugene , Garrison C. S. 
Published: July 2010

To assess the role of differential seed‐producing capacity as a factor in genetic shifts during seed multiplication, we examined seed production of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) clones and their progenies at Lexington, Ky., and at Prosser, Wash.Number of heads was the primary factor in governing seed yields per clonal plant. Number of seeds per head and seed weight were of less importance within each of the locations.Clonal and progeny seed yields within and between locations were not correlated. Significant correlations indicated that, at Prosser, early clones produced the most heads and the highest seed yields. Progenies of these clones also produced the highest seed yields. Some evidence suggested that the high yielding progenies were also earlier than average to flower. Although this earliest to flower‐high seed yield relationship was not significant at Lexington, we inferred that it might have been present if seed had been harvested throughout the season rather than from only the regrowth following the harvest of the first crop as hay.This work suggests that the higher seed production by early clones could account for some of the shifts found when red clover seed is multiplied. This indicated the need for further investigation of this possible relationship and the effect of different management practices on natural selection for undesirable forage characteristics.
Evaluation of Reserve Carbohydrates in Midland Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.)1
Authors: Burris J. S. , Brown R. H. , Blaser R. E. 
Published: July 2010

Midland bermudagrass was grown at 35 and 30 C day and night temperatures with 300 and 30 pounds of nitrogen. The rhizomes were harvested at 7‐day intervals and reserve carbohydrates determined by 0.2 N H2SO4, 2% H2SO4, taka‐diasl:ase, alpha‐amylase, and perchloric acid extractionsThe glucose extracted by either acid or taka‐diastase was compared with starch extracted by alpha‐amylase. It was found that at the 5% level the glucose extracted by 0.2 N H2SO4 and taka‐diastase was the same as the starch; while the 2% H2SO4 was higher. This correlation may not be applicable to other studies or other plant materials where weak structural materials may contribute glucose to the acid extractions.
Carbohydrates in Grasses. II. Sugar and Fructosan Composition of the Stem Bases of Bromegrass and Timothy at Several Growth Stages and in Different Plant Parts at Anthesis1
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

The predominant fructosans in timothy varied in molecular weight with growth stage and plant part. At mature growth stages when the water‐soluble carbohydrate content was high, a series of fructosans was present in the stem bases and they were predominately of longchain length. Only short‐chain fructosans were found in the stem bases during periods of active vegetative growth when water‐soluble carbohydrates were low. Timothy plants at anthesis contained only short‐chain fructosans in the inflorescence, leaf blades, and in the upper sheaths and internodes, but the lower sheath, internodes, and roots contained predominately long‐chain units. Fructosans were of short‐chain length in all comparable samples of bromegrass. The chain lengths of fructosans were relative determinations based on their differential solubility in various elhanol concentrations and water.The percentages of total free sugars, fructosans, and total water‐soluble carbohydrates in bromegrass at anthesis increased from the top to bottom leaf blade, sheath, and internode above the stem base. Such a gradient was noted only among the internodes of timothy for the later two fractions.At anthesis, the stem (internodes plus the stem base) of both species contributed the largest proportion of the grams of total dry matter and total water‐soluble carbohydrates in the tillers, followed by the inflorescence. The contributions of the leaf blades atid sheaths were least and similar.
Mitochondrial Activity in Germinating New and Old Soybean Seeds1
Authors: Abu‐Shakra Salah S. , Ching Te May 
Published: July 2010

Mitochondria isolated from dark‐grown seedling‐axes of new and old soybeans exhibited differential phosphorylative efficiency when identical cofactors and substrate were provided. The P/O ratio of mitochondria from aged material was 40 to 70% of the new material. Oxygen uptake per unit weight of mitochondrial nitrogen in aged material was 110 to 140% of the new seed.Addition of serum albumin increased P/O ratio for both materials; sodium fluoride slightly unproved P/O ratio of the new material but had no influence on the old material; and 2,4‐dinitrophenol at 10−3M reduced P/O ratio of both materials and supressed oxygen uptake of the old material.Experimental data indicated that mitochondria from aged seed seems to be endogenously uncoupled and the uncoupling is not due to loss of fatty acids or exogenous ATPase activity. Electron micrograph of the mitochondrial pellets showed a very dense matrix in the mitochondria of germinable but old seeds.
Genotype ✕ Environment Interactions in the Regional Testing of Soybean Strains1
Authors: Schutz W. M. , Bernard R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Estimates of genotype ✕ environment interactions were obtained from seven regional Uniform Soybean Tests grown in 1954‐56. All of the second order and nearly all of the first order interactions were significantly different from zero at the .05 level of probability. Estimates of the genotype ✕ year interactions were generally smaller than estimates of the genotype ✕ location interactions but in practice will have a greater effect on the error variance of a line mean, since testing over a long period of time is seldom done.Evidence was cited to suggest that locations may be effectively substituted for years in regional tests to permit a rapid turnover of breeding material and that data from 10 to 15 locations in a single year should be sufficient to eliminate low‐yielding strains.
Effects of Shade Applied at Different Stages of Plant Development on Corn (Zea mays L.) Production1
Authors: Early E. B. , McIlrath W. O. , Seif R. D. , Hageman R. H. 
Published: July 2010

The effects of reducing the amount of sunlight at the vegetative, reproductive, and maturation phases on the morphology, grain yield, and chemical composition was determined for two corn hybrids.The shade treatments exerted significant reductions inall components measured except those established prior to initiation of treatment. Shading for 21 days during the reproductive phase was more detrimental to grain production per plant than shading for longer periods during vegetative and maturation phases. When shaded at 60, 70, and 80% during the vegetative or reproductive phase, Hy2 ✕ Oh41 produced more grain per plant than WF9 ✕ C103, while the reverse was true during the maturation phase. The hybrids exhibited a differential response to shade treatments only during the vegetative phase. With respect to number of kernels and grain yield, shading during the vegetative phase was more detrimental to WF9 ✕ C103 than Hy2 ✕ Oh41 while the reverse was true during the reproductive phase. During maturation the reduction in grain protein was not proportionally as great as the reduction in grain yield for both hybrids.Extensive vegetative growth during the first 54 days was not a prerequisite for a high grain yield per plant. These observations provide an explanation for the frequent failure of starter fertilizers to enhance grain yield and suggest management practices that might produce higher yields.Plants shaded at 60% or higher during the reproductive phase had a full complement of normal leaves, but initiated and developed only a limited number of kernels. Weight per kernel and stover weight per plant at the end of the season were less than that of the control plant. Since these leaves were exposed to full sunlight from August 8 to the end of the season, they must have been essentially nonoperative during this period.
High Temperature Seed Dormancy in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)1
Authors: George Donald W. 
Published: July 2010

Seed samples of 12 wheat varieties grown in 1960 and 1961 were tested for post‐harvest dormancy under several temperature regimens at harvest time and at intervals for 80 days after harvest. Seed harvested in 1960 was tested both years. Speed and completeness of germination was expressed as a Promptness Index (PI).PI was not significantly below that of the control in any variety at 10 C germination temperature. At 20 C, all 12 varieties were dormant at harvest and this dormancy persisted from 20 to 60 days, depending upon variety.At 30 C, all 12 varieties displayed a deep, persistent dormancy from which only ‘Burt’ nearly recovered after 80 days. Testing of l‐year‐old seed revealed that, of the 12 varieties, only ‘Federation,’ ‘Columbia,’ and Butt had lost all 30 C sensitivity 1 year after harvest.A diurnal regimen of 5 C for 8 hours and 30 C for 16 hours displayed a small but persistent reduction in PI which was still present in several varieties 75 days after harvest.In nondormant seed, PI appears directly related to germination temperature; in dormant samples, the relationship is inverse.
Effects of DMPA (Zytron) on Colonial Bentgrass, Kentucky Bluegrass, and Red Fescue Root Growth1
Authors: Gibeault V. A. , Skogley C. R. 
Published: July 2010

Greenhouse and laboratory tests were designed to study root and foliar response of colonial bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and red rescue to various application rates of granular DMPA. Bentgrass, a pest in the Kentucky bluegrass‐red rescue lawn, has exhibited injury from DMPA. The object of this study was to observe the selectivity and nature of the injury.In the greenhouse test it was found that most rates of granular DMPA reduced the turf quality of colonial bentgrass and red rescue. All rates reduced root weights of the three grasses.When grown on treated soil, adventitious roots of bentgrass which formed on the stolen nodes were unable to penetrate the soil surface. In comparison to the check, they were thicker and had root hairs and lateral roots closer to the root tips. Tips from several treatments had root hairs growing on the extremity of the root. Since root hairs and lateral roots are located in mature zones of the root, it was concluded that a reduction of meristematic activity occurred when bentgrass roots were grown in contact with DMPA.The inability of adventitious roots to penetrate the soil surface would account for the reduced root weight and also the reduced turfgrass quality of treated bentgrass plants.
Varietal Resistance of Sorghum to the Sorghum‐Shoot‐Fly (Atherigona varia var. soccata)1
Authors: Blum A. 
Published: July 2010

Five sorghum lines from Indian germ plasm and two susceptible varieties (Tx7078 and RS‐610 hybrid) were evaluated for resistance to the sorghum‐shoot‐fly (Ath. erlgona varia). The lines were tested under both natural and artificial infestation.Three selections possessed a satisfactory rate of resistance, controlled by three mechanisms: a) nonprelerence for oviposition, b) avoiding larva penetration through the leaf sheaths, and c) resistance of tillers formed after the growing apex destruction.
A Chemical and Structural Analysis of the Caryopsis of an Autotetraploid Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Freeman J. E. , Yahl K. R. , Watson S. A. 
Published: July 2010

Caryopses of an experimental autotetraploid corn (Zea mays L.) were compared with caryopses of a commercial diploid single cross hybrid. The autotetraploid caryopses were about 25% larger than those of the diploid. The tetraploid had a high level of carotenoid pigments and a somewhat larger apparent average size of starch molecules. Otherwise, the two grains were remarkably similar. Protein, fat, and starch contents and relative proportions of germ, endosperm, and combined pericarp and tip cap fractions of the two grains were essentially identical. Wet milling properties of the tetraploid corn were normal. Solubility patterns of both unmodified endosperm protein and gluten protein were similar with the two grains. An estimated 60 to 75% of the salt soluble protein, 40% of the alkali soluble protein and 60 to 90% of the initially insoluble protein from sequential extraction of the endosperm was solubilized by steeping in dilute SO2. On the other hand, essentially none of the zein was solubilized by steeping.Granule size, gelatinization temperature, swelling power and solubles, Brabender viscosity, Scott viscosity, fat content, and iodine affinity of the two starches were quite similar.
Growth of Birdsfoot Trefoil and Alfalfa. II Morphological Development and Dry Matter Distribution1
Authors: Nelson C. J. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

Dry weight increases of ‘Empire’ birdsfoot trefoil plants were primarily from the production of topgrowth. In contrast, roots and crowns of alfalfa also increased in weight during the season.Trefoil developed a higher number of axillary branches on the shoots than did alfalfa during spring and summer. Branching of trefoil shoots continued after the plants began to flower and gave it an incessant habit of growth. Both species had few branches during autumn.The spring growth of both species originated from the crown. Subsequent regrowth (buds and shoots) of alfalfa arose at nodes on the stem bases as the tops approached maturity. Regrowth of trefoil began after cutting, was slower than alfalfa, and came largely from axillary buds at nodes on the upper ends of the cut shoots. Few buds on the crowns of trefoil developed into shoots during summer. Shoots of both species acted as winter annuals. Buds on the bases of the cut spring shoots enlarged during autumn, overwintered, and produced the initial growth of the next spring.
Root Temperature and Carbohydrate Status of Young Cotton Plants1
Authors: Guinn Gene , Hunter Richard E. 
Published: July 2010

Tests were conducted to determine the effects of root temperature on carbohydrate status of leaves, epicotyls, hypocotyls, and roots of young cotton plants when the tops remained warm. Glucose, fructose, and sucrose were separated by paper chromatography and estimated colorimetrically. Reducing sugars, total sugars, and starch were also estimated by standard colorimetric tests.Low root temperatures caused rapid increases in sugar contents of all plant parts. Hypocotyls contained the most sucrose, whereas epicotyls contained the most glucose, fructose, and total sugars. Roots contained the lowest concentrations of glucose and fructose.Low root temperatures also increased the starch contents of leaves, epicotyls, and hypocotyls, except that a root temperature of 10 C caused wilting and a very low starch content of leaves. Roots contained very little starch.Since starch as well as sugars accumulated at low root temperatures, the accumulations of sugars were not likely caused by starch breakdown, except in wilted leaves on plants whose roots were chilled at 10 C. On the basis of other reports, the effects of temperature on respiration rate and rate of conversion of sugars to other compounds appear to be more probable causes of the observed carbohydrate accumulations.
Heterotic Response for Vegetative and Mature Plant Characters in Grain Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Kirby J. S. , Atkins R. E. 
Published: July 2010

Comparative expressions of heterosis for 13 vegetative and mature plant characters were examined from 24 F1 hybrid populations of grain sorghum. Significant average heterosis was expressed by the hybrids for grain yield, mature plant height, stalk diameter and for measures of height and leaf number taken at a vegetative growth stage. Hybrids also exhibited longer and wider leaves giving more area per leaf, earlier blooming, more seeds per head, increased numbers of heads per plant and larger seed, but significance was not shown for the hybrid advantage in comparison with the parental means.Significant variation among hybrids for percentage heterosis was expressed for all characters except stalk diameter, seeds per head and heads per plant. Greatest heterotic response was observed for grain yield where hybrids averaged 122% of the mid‐parent values, with a range of 106 to 147% among individual hybrids.Variance analyses indicated that general combining ability effects were more often significant than were specific combining ability effects. However, significance for the s.c.a, component was shown for 6 of the 13 characters, and the mean square for parents vs. hybrids was significant for 5 of the characters, indicating that non‐additive gene effects were important in the expression of these traits.Inter‐character correlations among hybrids indicated that seeds per head was the character most highly associated with grain yield. Correlations between the mid‐parent mean and hybrid performance were significant for each character, but the coefficients for many of the characters were not large enough to indicate that mid‐parent values would be highly effective indicators of hybrid performance.
Inheritance of Glume Size and Awn Length in Sorghum1
Authors: Jowett D. 
Published: July 2010

Genetic studies on the inheritance of awn length and glume size in sorghum indicate that (a) both characters are inherited in a quantitative fashion, (b) short awns and small glumes are strongly (but incompletely) dominant, (c) awnless is apparently due to an accumulation of short‐awn alleles, (d) epistasis is important in the inheritance of glume size but not of awn length, and (e) linkage may be important in the inheritance of awn length.Analysis into Mather's D and H components of variance was unsatisfactory owing to the high correlation of D and H. Analysis into Hayman's components of the mean was more satisfactory, but cannot be regarded as quantitatively accurate.
Resistance of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emend. Lam.) Cereal Leaf Beetle (Oulema melanopus L.)1
Authors: Hahn Sang Ki 
Published: July 2010

The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., was first identified in North America at Galien, Michigan, in 1962. Shortly after identification, the search for host resistance of barley Hordeum vulgare L. emend. Lam., was initiated. On the basis of the field and laboratory screening results, eight parental lines were selected to make a diallel cross set in order to investigate the genetic basis of resistance. The progenies from six parents were used in the laboratory, and the progenies from the eight parents were tested in the field. In addition, the back‐cross Larker 2✕ CI 6671 was made.The F1 progenies from the 6‐parent diallel were tested for resistance in the laboratory. The F2 progenies from the 8‐parent diallel and from the backcross were tested in the field.The resistance to cereal leaf beetle in barley appears to be recessive. The mechanism seems to be due to both nonpreference of the barley plant by feeding larvae and differential egg laying.The most resistant combination from the 8‐parental diallel cross was CI 6671 ✕ CI 6469. Transgressive inheritance was found in the cross of these two lines which indicates the possibility of obtaining higher resistance.
Association and Inheritance of “Black Chaff” and Stem Rust Reactions in Conley Wheat Crosses1
Authors: Sheen Shuh‐Ji , Ebeltoft David C. , Smith Glenn S. 
Published: July 2010

Reactions to “black chaff,” a physiologic disease, and to race 15B of stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.f.sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) were controlled by single partially dominant major genes in several crosses with Conley hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. en. Thell.). Resistance to stem rust was associated with susceptibility to “black chaff” with apparent linkage values ranging from 21 to 24%. Monosomic study ratios suggested that the controlling genes were located on chromosome 3B.Major genes for 15B stem rust resistance in ‘Conley’ and CT 231 were different and additive in their effects, giving progenies both transgressively resistant and transgressively susceptible. Controlled temperatures during incubation were used to distinguish the dihybrid genotypes.