bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an illustrated index of tooth appearance–perception‐based quantification of tooth discolouration and surface defects
Authors: MODI SOMA , WILLIAMS LUCY , GREENWOOD ROSEMARY , DAVEY NEIL , CRAWFORD PETER 
Published: June 2010

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2010; 20: 293–304 Background.  Existing indices to quantify tooth discolouration are mostly aetiology‐specific. An index of tooth appearance (IOTA), derived from all types of tooth discolouration and surface defects, would allow the quantification of attractiveness for psychological assessment and treatment planningObjective.  To develop a perception based IOTA for quantification of all forms of tooth discolouration and surface defects.Methods.  One hundred images of discoloured teeth were twice ranked by a panel of judges according to perceived attractiveness. Mean image score was then used to arrange the images into a continuum of attractiveness and from these, ten images were selected, to constitute the illustrated IOTA. A second panel of judges assessed 35 clinical pictures using the IOTA, on two occasions.Results.  The first 100 images were assessed with a correlation of 0.79–0.81 between the two ranking sessions and with intra‐group reproducibility of 0.8–0.94. The second panel of judges used the developed IOTA quickly, with an intra‐judge correlation of 0.87 and inter‐judge reliability of 0.72 and 0.74 for two sessions.Conclusions.  The IOTA could be used by clinicians as a tool for quantifying disfigurement in teeth, irrespective of aetiology or histology.
The chemical code of porcine enteric neurons and the number of enteric glial cells are altered by dietary probiotics
Authors: Di Giancamillo A. , Vitari F. , Bosi G. , Savoini G. , Domeneghini C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  The enteric nervous system (ENS) contains chemically coded populations of neurons that serve specific functions for the control of the gastrointestinal tract. The ability of neurons to modify their chemical code in response to luminal changes has recently been discovered. It is possible that enteric neuronal plasticity may sustain the adaptability of the gut to changes in intestinal activity or injury, and that gut neurons may respond to an altered intestinal environment by changing their neuropeptide expression.Methods  We used immunohistochemical methods to investigate the presence and localization of several neuronal populations and enteric glia in both the small (ileum) and large (cecum) intestine of piglets. We assessed their abundance in submucosal and myenteric plexus from animals treated with the probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici compared with untreated controls.Key Results  The treated piglets had a larger number of galanin‐ and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐immunoreactive neurons than controls, but this was limited to the submucosal plexus ganglia of the ileum. Moreover, immunohistochemistry revealed that glial fibrillary acidic protein‐positive enteric glial cells were significantly higher in the inner and outer submucosal plexuses of treated animals.Conclusions & Inferences  The neuronal and glial changes described here illustrate plasticity of the ENS in response to an altered luminal environment in the gastrointestinal tract.
Sex‐related adaptive responses to interaction of drought and salinity in Populus yunnanensis
Authors: CHEN LIANGHUA , ZHANG SHENG , ZHAO HONGXIA , KORPELAINEN HELENA , LI CHUNYANG 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTWe used Populus yunnanensis Dode., a native dioecious species in southwestern China, as a model species to study morphological, physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural responses to drought, salinity and their combination. Females exhibited more growth inhibition, gas exchange rate depression and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; higher lipid peroxide levels, lower osmotic adjustment capacity and ascorbate–glutathione cycle enzyme activities; and more damage to cell organelles than did males under drought, salinity and especially under their combination. In addition, we found sex‐specific responses in total chlorophyll content (TC), carotenoid concentration and carbon isotope composition under different osmotic stresses. Our results indicated that: (1) females are more sensitive and suffer from greater negative effects than do males under drought, salinity and especially under their combination; (2) sexual differences in adaptive responses to drought, salinity and their combination are context dependent; and (3) sex‐specific reactions under a combination of stresses are distinct from single‐stress responses. Thus, these results provide evidence for adaptive differentiation between sexes in responses to osmotic stresses and in the sensitivity to environmental change.
Structure of a silica diagenetic transformation zone: the Gjallar Ridge, offshore Norway
Authors: IRELAND MARK T. , DAVIES RICHARD J. , GOULTY NEIL R. , CARRUTHERS DANIEL 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThree‐dimensional seismic data from the Gjallar Ridge were used together with X‐ray diffraction data, scientific boreholes and wireline logs to analyse the seismic structure of a silica diagenetic transformation zone. The following features were identified: (i) an interval some 150 to 300 m thick that contains anomalously high‐amplitude reflections; (ii) a strong reflection event at the top of this interval which cross‐cuts stratigraphy, interpreted as the transformation boundary between opal‐A‐rich and opal‐CT‐rich sediment; (iii) amplitude variations on stratigraphic reflections within the interval, attributed to variations in the proportions of opal‐A and opal‐CT; and (iv) a second, deeper, cross‐cutting reflection event within the interval, interpreted as the transformation boundary between opal‐CT‐rich and quartz‐rich sediment. The base of the interval containing the anomalously high‐amplitude reflections is interpreted as a stratigraphic reflection demarcating the base of the silica‐rich strata. On a stratigraphic reflection within the interval of high amplitudes, roughly circular regions of anomalously high amplitude with diameters of 0·8 to 2·5 km are separated by lower amplitude regions. This pattern is similar to the cells previously identified at the opal‐A to opal‐CT transformation boundary and probably results from more complete transformation of opal‐A to opal‐CT. All of these observations provide the first recognition from seismic data that silica diagenetic transformations are not always narrow boundaries represented by single cross‐cutting seismic reflection events, as implied previously, but can be heterogeneous and hundreds of metres in thickness, as observed at outcrop.
Population genomic analysis of Tunisian Medicago truncatula reveals candidates for local adaptation
Authors: Friesen Maren L. , Cordeiro Matilde A. , Penmetsa R. Varma , Badri Mounawer , Huguet Thierry , Aouani Mohamed E. , Cook Douglas R. , Nuzhdin Sergey V. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryGenome‐wide association studies rely upon segregating natural genetic variation, particularly the patterns of polymorphism and correlation between adjacent markers. To facilitate association studies in the model legume Medicago truncatula, we present a genome‐scale polymorphism scan using existing Affymetrix microarrays. We develop and validate a method that uses a simple information‐criteria algorithm to call polymorphism from microarray data without reliance on a reference genotype. We genotype 12 inbred M. truncatula lines sampled from four wild Tunisian populations and find polymorphisms at approximately 7% of features, comprising 31 419 probes. Only approximately 3% of these markers assort by population, and of these only 10% differentiate between populations from saline and non‐saline sites. Fifty‐two differentiated probes with unique genome locations correspond to 18 distinct genome regions. Sanger resequencing was used to characterize a subset of maker loci and develop a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐typing assay that confirmed marker assortment by habitat in an independent sample of 33 individuals from the four populations. Genome‐wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) extends on average for approximately 10 kb, falling to background levels by approximately 500 kb. A similar range of LD decay was observed in the 18 genome regions that assort by habitat; these LD blocks delimit candidate genes for local adaptation, many of which encode proteins with predicted functions in abiotic stress tolerance and are targets for functional genomic studies. Tunisian M. truncatula populations contain substantial amounts of genetic variation that is structured in relatively small LD blocks, suggesting a history of migration and recombination. These populations provide a strong resource for genome‐wide association studies.
Lay perceptions of kala‐azar, mosquitoes and bed nets in Bihar, India
Authors: Mishra Rabindra N. , Singh S. P. , Vanlerberghe Veerle , Sundar Shyam , Boelaert Marleen , Lefèvre Pierre 
Published: June 2010

SummaryObjective  To describe the lay perception of kala‐azar (KA) in an endemic area of Muzaffarpur District, Bihar, India: local names, symptoms, affected persons, perceived severity and modes of transmission, as well as perceived mosquito nuisance, modes of protection and use of bed nets.Methods  We held 16 focus group discussions (FGD) in eight remote villages with altogether 157 participants in March 2008. Separate FGDs were held according to gender, socio‐economic status (SES) and with key informants.Results  Kala‐azar is most commonly named pilahi. Poor people were said to be the most affected. Knowledge about symptoms was satisfactory. Fever and prolonged fever were the most stated symptoms. KA was perceived as a life‐threatening disease with a heavy economic burden. Mosquito bites were perceived as the main mode of transmission but in lower socio‐economic groups, non‐vector‐related explanations were also provided. The main modes of protection from mosquitoes mentioned were the use of fumes and bed nets. Season was the strongest factor influencing the use of bed nets and non‐affordability for not owning them.Conclusions  Although the sand fly is not recognised as the vector, the relatively good awareness of disease transmission by mosquitoes and the nuisance caused by their high density might be an entry point for adopting preventive measures to protect from mosquito bite and thereby indirectly preventing from KA. Educational campaigns targeted to the poorer segments of society are needed to enhance knowledge about KA, its mode of transmission, risks of getting infected and to increase bed net use.
Hyperpolarization‐activated ion channels as targets for nitric oxide signalling in deep cerebellar nuclei
Authors: Wilson Gary W. , Garthwaite John 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMost biological effects of nitric oxide (NO) in the brain are mediated by guanylyl cyclase‐coupled NO receptors, whose activation results in increased intracellular cGMP levels. Apart from protein kinase activation little is known about subsequent cGMP signal transduction. In optic nerve axons, hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐modulated cation (HCN) channels, which bind cGMP or cAMP directly, were recently suggested to be a target. The aim here was to test this possibility more directly. Neurones of the rat deep cerebellar nuclei were selected for this purpose, their suitability being attested by immunocytochemistry showing that the principal neurones expressed guanylyl cyclase protein and that NO synthase‐containing fibres were abundant in the neuropil. Using whole‐cell voltage‐clamp recording, HCN channels in the neurones were activated in response to isoprenaline and exogenous cAMP but only occasionally did they respond to NO, although exogenous cGMP was routinely effective. With the less invasive sharp microelectrode recording technique, however, exogenous NO modulated the channels reproducibly, as measured by the size of the HCN channel‐mediated voltage sag following hyperpolarization. Moreover, NO also blunted the subsequent rebound depolarizing potentials, consistent with it increasing the hyperpolarization‐activated current. Optimizing the whole‐cell solution to improve the functioning of NO‐activated guanylyl cyclase failed to restore NO sensitivity. Minimizing cellular dialysis by using the perforated‐patch technique, however, was successful. The results provide evidence that HCN channels are potential downstream mediators of NO signalling in deep cerebellar nuclei neurones and suggest that the more general importance of this transduction pathway may have been overlooked previously because of unsuitable recording methods.
Characterisation of behavioural and neurodegenerative changes induced by intranigral 6‐hydroxydopamine lesions in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Grealish Shane , Mattsson Bengt , Draxler Peter , Björklund Anders 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDespite the widespread use of mice as models of Parkinson’s disease there is a surprising lack of validation and characterisation of unilateral lesion models in mice and the extent of behavioural impairments induced by such lesions. The aim of the present study was to characterise the behavioural deficits observed after injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine unilaterally into the substantia nigra, and correlate the behavioural impairments with the extent of damage to the mesostriatal dopaminergic pathway. We found that a recently introduced test for assessment of sensorimotor impairment, the corridor task, was particularly useful in determining lesion severity, and that this test, in combination with standard drug‐induced rotation tests, can be used to select animals with profound (≥ 80%) dopaminergic lesions that are stable over time. Based on these data we propose criteria that can be used to predict the extent of lesion, classified as severe, intermediate or mild lesions of the mesostriatal pathway. The correlation of cell loss and striatal innervation with the performance in each test provides a useful tool for the assessment of functional recovery in neurorestoration and cell transplantation studies, and for the evaluation of the in vivo efficacy and performance of stem cell‐derived dopamine neuron preparations.
The impact of an insecticide on insect flower visitation and pollination in an agricultural landscape
Authors: Brittain Claire , Bommarco Riccardo , Vighi Marco , Barmaz Stefania , Settele Josef , Potts Simon G. 
Published: June 2010

Pesticides are considered a threat to pollinators but little is known about the potential impacts of their widespread use on pollinators. Less still is known about the impacts on pollination, comprising the ecosystem service that pollinators provide to wildflowers and crops.
The present study measured flower visitation and pollination in an agricultural landscape, by placing potted flowering plants (Petunia sp.) in vine fields sprayed with a highly toxic insecticide (fenitrothion). During two sampling rounds, insect visitors to the petunias were observed and measures of pollination were recorded by counting and weighing seeds.
In the earlier sampling round, a lower species richness of insect visitors was observed in fields that had received an early application of insecticide. No negative impacts were found from later applications. The results obtained suggest a greater potential harm to insect pollinators and flower visitation as a result of insecticide application early in the season.
No reduction in pollination was found in fields that received an early insecticide application. Pollination was greater with two insecticide applications between sampling rounds rather than one application.
In the present study system, insecticide application had a negative effect on pollinators but a possible positive effect on pollination services. In some cases, it may be that actions for conserving biodiversity will not benefit pollination services to all plants.
Endobacteria affect the metabolic profile of their host Gigaspora margarita, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus
Authors: Salvioli Alessandra , Chiapello Marco , Fontaine Joel , Hadj‐Sahraoui Anissa Lounes , Grandmougin‐Ferjani Anne , Lanfranco Luisa , Bonfante Paola 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe aim of this paper was to understand whether the endobacterium identified as Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum has an effect on the biology of its host, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita, through the study of the modifications induced on the fungal proteome and lipid profile. The availability of G. margarita cured spores (i.e. spores that do not contain bacteria), represented a crucial tool to enable the comparison between two fungal homogeneous populations in the presence and the absence of the bacterial components. Our results demonstrate that the endobacterial presence leads to a modulation of fungal protein expression in all the different conditions we tested (quiescent, germinating and strigolactone‐elicited germinating spores), and in particular after treatment with a strigolactone analogue. The fungal fatty acid profile resulted to be modified both quantitatively and qualitatively in the absence of endobacteria, being fatty acids less abundant in the cured spores. The results offer one of the first comparative metabolic studies of an AM fungus investigated under different physiological conditions, reveal that endobacteria have an important impact on the host fungal activity, influencing both protein expression and lipid profile, and suggest that the bacterial absence is perceived by G. margarita as a stimulus which activates stress‐responsive proteins.
The CyAbrB transcription factor CalA regulates the iron superoxide dismutase in Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120
Authors: Agervald Åsa , Baebprasert Wipawee , Zhang Xiaohui , Incharoensakdi Aran , Lindblad Peter , Stensjö Karin 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn the present investigation the results of induced over‐production of the CyAbrB transcription factor CalA (Cyanobacterial AbrB‐like, annotated as Alr0946) in the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 were analysed. The CalA overexpression strain showed a bleaching phenotype with lower growth rate and truncated filaments 2 days after induction of overexpression. The phenotype was even more pronounced when illumination was increased from 35 to 125 µmol m−2 s−1. Using gel‐based quantitative proteomics, the induced overexpression of CalA was shown to downregulate the abundance of FeSOD, one of two types of superoxide dismutases in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120. The change in protein abundance was also accompanied by lower transcript as well as activity levels. Purified recombinant CalA from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 was shown to interact with the promoter region of alr2938, encoding FeSOD, indicating a transcriptional regulation of FeSOD by CalA. The bleaching phenotype is in line with a decreased tolerance against oxidative stress and indicates that CalA is involved in regulation of cellular responses in which FeSOD has an important and specific function in the filamentous cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7120.
Lethal infection thresholds of Paenibacillus larvae for honeybee drone and worker larvae (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Behrens Dieter , Forsgren Eva , Fries Ingemar , Moritz Robin F. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe compared the mortality of honeybee (Apis mellifera) drone and worker larvae from a single queen under controlled in vitro conditions following infection with Paenibacillus larvae, a bacterium causing the brood disease American Foulbrood (AFB). We also determined absolute P. larvae cell numbers and lethal titres in deceased individuals of both sexes up to 8 days post infection using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR). Our results show that in drones the onset of infection induced mortality is delayed by 1 day, the cumulative mortality is reduced by 10% and P. larvae cell numbers are higher than in worker larvae. Since differences in bacterial cell titres between sexes can be explained by differences in body size, larval size appears to be a key parameter for a lethal threshold in AFB tolerance. Both means and variances for lethal thresholds are similar for drone and worker larvae suggesting that drone resistance phenotypes resemble those of related workers.
Missing voices: representations of autism in British newspapers, 1999–2008
Authors: Huws Jaci C. , Jones Robert S. P. 
Published: June 2010

Accessible summary

This study examines how autism is portrayed in newspapers in the United Kingdom.
The findings indicate that many of the stories about autism are not based on interviews with individuals with autism.
Newspaper accounts tend to focus on stories about children with autism, rather than on adults.

SummaryPast research indicates that newspaper representations of developmental disability reinforce negative stereotypes. The aim of this study was to examine depictions of autism in British newspapers. A qualitative content and discourse analysis of newspaper accounts of autism was conducted over four 1‐month time points, every 3 years, between May 1999 and May 2008. The analysis indicated that conceptualisations of autism could be categorised under three themes: missing voices; the burden of autism; and, sensationalising, misconceptions and misuse of a label. Autism was also portrayed in a standardised and homogenised way that failed to recognise human diversity, and the focus predominated on childhood and third‐hand accounts of autism.
Planned pregnancy, planned parenting: enabling choice for adults with a learning disability
Authors: Conder Jennifer , Mirfin‐Veitch Brigit , Sanders Jackie , Munford Robyn 
Published: June 2010

Accessible summary Most adults, including many with a learning disability, want to be parents. Parents with a learning disability can care for their children well. To do this, they may need support from their family or friends and a range of services. Researchers interviewed parents with a learning disability about their pregnancy and the help that they were given after their baby was born. They were interested to find out how the parent made choices about parenting and what information they had when they made their choices. From the stories of four parents, this article discusses: The findings from this research can be used to help people with a learning disability make good decisions about becoming a parent.SummaryFor adults with learning disabilities, becoming a parent can fulfil childhood dreams to take their place in society through a highly valued social role. Recent research aimed at describing the experience of parents with a learning disability suggests that there are barriers to successful planning for both pregnancy and parenthood. However, with the right support, these parents can provide a secure and loving environment for their child. Enabling informed decisions about becoming a parent could increase the number of parents who successfully raise their own child. In this article, stories that highlight the experiences of six parents are used to illustrate issues relevant to informed decision‐making, including knowledge of contraception, the development of parenting skills and the importance of social support. Through their contrasting stories, a combination of family support and appropriately responsive services was identified as critical to the development of a positive parenting context. This finding highlights the need for professionals and support people who work with young people with a learning disability to ensure that they educate and support them to make informed decisions about contraception, pregnancy and parenting.