bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the Eye of the Southern Right Whales (Eubalaena australis)
Authors: Buono Mónica R. , Fernández Marta S. , Herrera Yanina 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRecently, there has been a growing interest in the anatomy and optics of the visual system of cetaceans. However, much of the new information has been focused on odontocetes, and relatively little is known about the visual anatomy of baleen whales. The aim of this study was describe the eye anatomy of the southern right whale (Eubalaena australis). Eye samples were collected from 26 calves, four adults with known body length, as well as two specimens of unknown body length that had stranded near their nursery ground at Península Valdés, Argentina, over 6 years. We provide anatomical descriptions of the eyeball and extraocular structures, as well as quantitative data in the form of eyeball, corneal, scleral, and lens measurements. To explore the sensitivity of the eye to light, the f‐number was estimated in one specimen. We found that the eyes of the calves differed from those of the adults in having less periorbital fat surrounding the eyeball. We also observed variations in the abundance of periorbital fat among the adult specimens. The regression analysis revealed a correlation between body length and eyeball size. By contrast, the dimensions of the cornea were only weakly correlated with body length. The estimated f‐number suggests that the optical sensitivity of the Eubalaena australis eye is relatively low. However, caution had to be taken in interpreting f‐number as a proxy of eye sensitivity because it depends on the lens size, which can be affected by the fixation methods used. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spinal cathepsin S and fractalkine contribute to chronic pain in the collagen‐induced arthritis model
Authors: Clark Anna K. , Grist John , Al‐Kashi Adam , Perretti Mauro , Malcangio Marzia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe induction of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by active and passive immunization of mice results in the development of pain at the same time as the swelling and inflammation, with both peripheral and central sensitization contributing to joint pain. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of pain in the rat model of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) and to evaluate the contribution of neuroimmune interactions to established arthritis pain.MethodsMechanical hypersensitivity was assessed in female Lewis rats before and up to 18 days after induction of CIA by immunization with type II collagen. The effect of selective inhibitors of microglia were then evaluated by prolonged intrathecal delivery of a cathepsin S (CatS) inhibitor and a fractalkine (FKN) neutralizing antibody, from day 11 to day 18 following immunization.ResultsRats with CIA developed significant mechanical hypersensitivity, which started on day 9, before the onset of clinical signs of arthritis. Mechanical hypersensitivity peaked with the severity of the disease, when significant microglial and astrocytic responses, alongside T cell infiltration, were observed in the spinal cord. Intrathecal delivery of microglial inhibitors, a CatS inhibitor, or an FKN neutralizing antibody attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity and spinal microglial response in rats with CIA.ConclusionThe inhibition of microglial targets by centrally penetrant CatS inhibitors and CX3CR1 receptor antagonists represents a potential therapeutic avenue for the treatment of pain in RA.
T cell lessons from the rheumatoid arthritis synovium SCID mouse model: CD3‐rich synovium lacks response to CTLA‐4ig but is successfully treated by interleukin‐17 neutralization
Authors: Koenders Marije I. , Marijnissen Renoud J. , Joosten Leo A. B. , Abdollahi‐Roodsaz Shahla , Di Padova Franco E. , van de Loo Fons A. , Dulos John , van den Berg Wim B. , Boots Annemieke M. H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo provide an intermediate step between classic arthritis models and clinical trials, the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium SCID mouse model is a valuable tool for use during preclinical research. We undertook this study to investigate the validity of this humanized mouse model using anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) and anti–interleukin‐1 (anti–IL‐1) treatment and to investigate the direct effect of T cells– and B cell–related therapies on the transplanted RA synovial tissue.MethodsCB17/SCID mice were engrafted with human RA synovial tissue and systemically treated with anti‐TNF, anti–IL‐1, anti–IL‐17, CTLA‐4Ig, anti‐CD20, or isotype control antibodies.ResultsValidation of the model with anti‐TNF treatment significantly reduced serum cytokine levels and decreased histologic inflammation, whereas anti–IL‐1 therapy did not show any effect on the RA synovial grafts. In mice engrafted with B cell–rich synovial tissue, anti‐CD20 treatment showed clear therapeutic effects. Surprisingly, CTLA‐4Ig treatment did not show any effects in this transplantation model, despite prescreening of the synovial tissue for the presence of CD3+ T cells and the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86. In contrast, great therapeutic potential was observed for anti–IL‐17 treatment, but only when CD3+ T cells were abundantly present in the RA synovial tissue.ConclusionThis human RA synovium SCID mouse model enabled us to show that CTLA‐4Ig lacks direct effects on T cell activation processes in the synovial tissue. Further evidence was obtained that IL‐17 might indeed be an interesting therapeutic target in RA patients with CD3‐rich synovial tissue. Further characterization of the RA patients' individual synovial profiles is of great importance for achieving tailored therapy.
Enhancement of Photoresponse Properties of Conjugated Polymers/Inorganic Semiconductor Nanocomposites by Internal Micro‐Magnetic Field
Authors: Hu Chenglong , Chen Yujie , Chen Xudong , Zhang Bin , Yang Jin , Zhou Juying , Zhang Ming Qiu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper, the effect of the internal micro‐magnetic field (IMMF) on the photocurrent property of conjugated polymer/inorganic semiconductor nanocomposites is reported and analyzed. By using the redox reaction, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated on the surface of highly active nanorods of conjugated polyaniline (PANI), forming an internal micro‐magnetic electron donor (i.e., Fe3O4@PANI). After subsequent incorporation of CdS nanoparticles (serving as electron acceptors), the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the system (Fe3O4@PANI‐CdS) was found to be as high as 3.563 %, contrasting sharply with the value (1.135 %) of the hybrid without Fe3O4 (PANI‐CdS). This obvious enhancement originated from the fact that the IMMF increased the number of singlet polaron pairs through field‐dependent intersystem crossing (ISC), giving a positive contribution to the photocurrent generation. Additionally, the dependence of the photocurrent on the remnant magnetization of the Fe3O4@PANI‐CdS nanocomposites was investigated. A percolation behavior was observed, which was due to the appearance of interpenetrating networks consisting of donor and acceptor phases, leading to the recombination of charge carriers through trapping. The outcomes of the present work might help to produce a new family of conjugated organic/inorganic semiconductor nanocomposites with designed optoelectronic performances.
N‐Bound Primary Nitramines Based on 1,5‐Diaminotetrazole
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Martin Franz A. , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: December 2011

Abstract1,5‐Diaminotetrazole can be nitrated under very mild conditions by using nitronium tetrafluoroborate to result in 5‐amino‐1‐nitriminotetrazole (1) in good yields. The same reaction can be performed with 1‐amino‐5‐amino‐4‐methyltetrazole to yield 5‐amino‐4‐methyl‐1‐nitriminotetrazole (2). Both compounds have been isolated and completely characterized by using vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, X‐ray diffraction measurements of the neutral compounds could be obtained; they indicated the structure of both compounds to be zwitterionic. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit extremely high sensitivities to impact and friction and high positive heats of formation of 496 (1) and 453 kJ mol−1 (2), respectively. Additionally, high‐nitrogen‐containing salts of 1 have been synthesized by metathesis reactions of silver 5‐amino‐1‐nitriminotetrazolate with the corresponding halides so as to investigate the changes in sensitivity and thermal stability. All ionic compounds have been synthesized in good yields and characterized by means of vibrational and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as X‐ray diffraction measurements. Thermal stabilities have been evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, whereas sensitivity measurements have been performed according to standardized Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) tests. Theoretical calculations have been performed to investigate the heats of formation as well as the performance characteristics of the compounds.
Morphology‐Controlled Synthesis of Poly(oxyethylene)silicone or Alkylsilicone Surfactants with Explicit, Atomically Defined, Branched, Hydrophobic Tails
Authors: Gonzaga Ferdinand , Grande John B. , Brook Michael A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSilicone surfactants are widely used in commerce because of the unusual surface activity when compared with fluorocarbon or hydrocarbon surfactants. However, most silicone surfactants are comprised of ill‐defined mixtures, which preclude the development of an understanding of structure–surface activity relationships. Herein, we report a synthetic strategy that permits exquisite control over silicone structure by using the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed condensation of hydro‐ and alkoxysilanes. Six different, precise hydrophobes were then mated to hydrophilic poly(oxyethylene)s of three different molecular weights by a metal‐free click cyclization to generate a library of explicit silicone surfactants. These compounds were calculated to have a relatively linear value range of the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance, ranging from about 8 to about 15. The solubility of some of the compounds was too low to measure a critical micelle concentration (CMC). The others exhibited a broad range of surface tension values at the CMC that depend both on the length of the hydrophilic tail and, more importantly, the nature of the hydrophobic head group. Subtle distinctions in surfactant‐related properties, which can be attributed to the three‐dimensional structures, can be seen for compounds with comparable numbers of hydrocarbons and silicon groups.
Synthesis of hierarchical structured porous MoS2/SiO2 microspheres by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
Authors: Yao Songdong , Song Chaojie , Nan Feihong , Botton Gianluigi A. , Chen Jinwen , Fairbridge Craig , Hui Rob , Zhang Jiujun 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHierarchical structure porous MoS2/SiO2 microspheres were prepared by ultrasonic pyrolysis technique. The nanostructured MoS2/SiO2 materials were characterised by scanning electron micrograph (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), as well as nitrogen isotherm. The MoS2/SiO2 microspheres, synthesised using polystyrene latex spheres as a template, showed two pore sizes: 5.8 and 68 nm. The micro‐, meso‐ and macropore volume was also calculated. Effect of PSL:SiO2 ratio on the hierarchical structure was also investigated. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Effect of impeller type on continuous‐flow mixing of non‐Newtonian fluids in stirred vessels through dynamic tests
Authors: Patel Dineshkumar , Ein‐Mozaffari Farhad , Mehrvar Mehrab 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMixing of non‐Newtonian fluids with axial and radial flow impellers is prone to a significant extent of nonideal flows (e.g., dead zones and channelling) within the stirred reactors. To enhance the performance of the continuous‐flow mixing of pseudoplastic fluids with yield stress, close‐clearance impellers were utilised in this study. We explored the effects of various parameters such as the type of close‐clearance impeller (i.e., the double helical ribbon (DHR) and anchor impellers), impeller speed (25–500 rpm), impeller pumping direction, fluid rheology (0.5–1.5% xanthan gum solution), fluid flow rate (3.20–14.17 L min−1) and the locations of outlet (configurations: top inlet–top outlet, top inlet–bottom outlet) on the dynamic performance of the mixing vessel. The performance of the DHR impeller was then compared to the performance of various types of impellers such as axial‐flow (Lightnin A320) and radial‐flow (Scaba 6SRGT) impellers. The dynamic tests showed that the DHR impeller was the most efficient impeller for reducing the extent of nonideal flows in the continuous‐flow mixer among the impellers employed in this study. In addition, the mixing quality was further improved by optimising the power input, increasing the mean residence time, decreasing the fluid yield stress, using the up‐pumping impeller mode and using the top inlet–bottom outlet configuration. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Meso‐scale simulations of solid–liquid flow and strategies for meso–macro coupling
Authors: Derksen J. J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSolid–liquid flows span a large parameter space, with dimensionless coordinates such as Stokes numbers, the solids volume fraction, the density ratio between the phases, and Reynolds numbers (e.g., associated with the continuous phase flow). We are interested in systems with appreciable inertia effects—that is, nonzero Stokes and Reynolds numbers—having density ratios of the order of one and solids volume fractions of order 0.1. In such flows, direct numerical simulations are desired to reveal the relevant interactions. The resolution required for DNS limits the size of the systems that we are able to simulate to the meso‐scale. In this article, examples of direct simulations based on the lattice‐Boltzmann method of dense solid–liquid flows are presented, along with suggestions as to how to use their results at the macro‐scale. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
The role of DNA methyltransferase 3b in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Miao‐Fen , Lu Ming‐Shian , Lin Paul‐Yang , Chen Ping‐Tsung , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Lee Kuan‐Der 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The identification of potential tumor markers can improve therapeutic planning and patient management. The objective of this study was to highlight the role of DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).METHODS:One hundred seventy‐three esophageal SCC samples were analyzed using immunohistochemical staining to correlate the expression of DNMT3b with clinical outcome. Furthermore, a human esophageal SCC cell line, CE81T, was selected for cellular and animal experiments to investigate changes in tumor behavior and treatment response after the manipulation of DNMT3b expression.RESULTS:The incidence of nuclear DNMT3b immunoreactivity in esophageal cancer specimens was significantly higher than in nonmalignant epithelium, and this incidence was linked positively to developing distant metastasis (56% in localized disease vs 80% in distant metastasis; P = .002). Furthermore, increased expression of DNMT3b was linked significantly to lower treatment response rates (P = .002) and reduced survival rates (P = .000). Inhibition of DNMT3b expression resulted in slower cellular proliferation, increased cell death, a less invasive capacity, and less epithelial‐mesenchymal‐transition changes. Moreover, DNMT3b silencing vectors sensitized esophageal cancer cells to irradiation and cisplatin treatment. The current results also indicated that constitutional activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling associated with inhibited expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) may be the mechanism underlying more aggressive tumor growth in DNMT3b‐positive esophageal cancer.CONCLUSIONS:DNMT3b was linked significantly to a poor prognosis for patients with esophageal cancer. Moreover, the current results indicated that targeting this enzyme may be a promising strategy for treating esophageal cancer, as evidenced by inhibited aggressive tumor behavior and treatment resistance. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Prognostic impact of extranodal involvement in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in the rituximab era
Authors: Takahashi Hiroyuki , Tomita Naoto , Yokoyama Masahiro , Tsunoda Saburo , Yano Takahiro , Murayama Kayoko , Hashimoto Chizuko , Tamura Kazuo , Sato Kazuya , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Extranodal involvement is considered a poor prognostic factor for patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL); however, the prognostic impact of specific sites of involvement has not been fully elucidated.METHODS:The authors retrospectively analyzed 1221 patients treated uniformly with standard R‐CHOP therapy between 2003 and 2006. Patients with distinct forms of DLBCL such as intravascular lymphoma, primary effusion lymphoma, pyothorax‐associated lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and intraocular lymphoma were also excluded. The authors evaluated 26 extranodal sites of involvement with respect to prognostic impact. The median age was 64 years (range, 15‐91 years).RESULTS:Univariate analysis revealed that patients with involvement of specific extranodal sites had significantly worse overall survival (OS) than did patients without such involvement; these sites included nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, lung, pleura, small intestine, peritoneum, liver, pancreas, stomach, spleen, adrenal gland, testis, bone, bone marrow, peripheral blood, skin, and subcutaneous tissue. Patients with Waldeyer ring involvement had significantly better OS. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with the involvement of the pleura (P < .001), small intestine (P = .015), peritoneum (P = .002), adrenal gland (P < .001), testis (P = .005), bone marrow (P < .001), and peripheral blood (P = .002) had significantly worse OS, whereas those with Waldeyer ring involvement had significantly better OS (P = .038). Subgroup analysis with the nodal and/or Waldeyer patient group also showed prognostic impact of Waldeyer ring by multivariate analysis (relative risk, 0.3; P = .04).CONCLUSIONS:Extranodal involvement affects the prognosis of patients undergoing R‐CHOP therapy for DLBCL. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The citation networks model with random aging
Authors: Geng Xianmin , Wang Ying 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn citation networks, the age of the articles published plays an important role in deciding the preferential attachment probability of the publishing article. In this article, we consider the aging to be cited of the article decays as (t−ti) −η, where t − ti denotes the time when node i exists in the networks, η is a random variable and denotes the aging decay exponent of the article published. We deduce that the degree distribution of a citation network also shows power‐law dependence P(k) ∼ k −γ with exponent γ ≈ 3. At the same time, we study the clustering property of this networks, calculate the clustering coefficient of node i in citation network. We find that the clustering coefficient of node i is larger if its neighbors add into the net earlier. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012.
Human mate choice is a complex system
Authors: Smaldino Paul E. , Schank Jeffrey C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFrom a psychological perspective, human mate choice has been viewed as a problem of identifying the individual cognitive preferences and decisions that explain empirical results such as similarity in attractiveness between mates and the right‐skewed unimodal marriage hazard curves for marriage rates. Agent‐based models provide a powerful theoretical tool for investigating this relationship, but until now have not considered the effects of local neighborhoods or mobility on emergent population dynamics. In failing to do so, they have effectively ruled out the population‐level complexity inherent in human mate choice. Real people live in physical space, and their interactions are constrained by their location in and mobility among physical neighborhoods and social networks. We developed a general model of human mate choice in which agents are localized in space, interact with close neighbors, and tend to range either near or far. At the individual level, our model uses two oft‐used but incompletely understood decision rules: one based on preferences for similar partners, the other for maximally attractive partners. We show that space and mobility can interact nonlinearly with these individual decision rules and nonspatial aspects of the population structure. In particular, local interactions and limited mobility decrease interpair matching and increase mate search time. We also show that it is too easy to fit various model configurations to the scant available data. More data and more specific predictions are required. Human mate choice is a complex system with properties that emerge from space, mobility, and other factors that structure social dynamics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011.
Redox Reactions of a [RuIII(hedtra)(pz)] Complex with Biochemically Important Reductants: Kinetic, Mechanistic and Antimicrobial Studies
Authors: Chatterjee Debabrata , Ghosh Sarita , Pal Ujjwal , Mukhopadhyay Sudit 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe kinetics of the reduction of [RuIII(hedtra)(pz)] (hedtra3– = N‐hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetate; pz = pyrazine) by biologically important reducing agents, Red (Red = L‐ascorbic acid, catechol and cysteine), resulting in the formation of the corresponding red‐coloured ruthenium(II) complex has been studied spectrophotometrically using both conventional mixing and stopped‐flow techniques. The time course of the reaction was followed as a function of [Red], pH and temperature. Alkali metal ions were found to have an insignificant effect on the reaction rate. Kinetic data and activation parameters are interpreted in terms of an outer‐sphere electron‐transfer mechanism, and discussed with reference to the data reported for the corresponding RuIII–edta (edta4– = ethylenediamineteraacetate) complex. The antibacterial activity of the [RuIII(hedtra)(pz)] complex in inhibiting the growth has been explored. Results of the biological studies have been discussed in terms of the cleavage of chromosomal DNA of the bacteria by the [RuIII(hedtra)(pz)] complex in the presence of cysteine under aerobic conditions.
Towards the Total Synthesis of Mycaperoxide B: Probing Biosynthetic Rationale
Authors: Silva Eduarda M. P. , Pye Richard J. , Brown Geoffrey D. , Harwood Laurence M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStudies towards the biomimetic synthesis of mycaperoxide B (1) are described. We have established the synthesis of four diastereoisomers of mycaperoxide B methyl ester (1a) by employing a Michael addition across an α,β‐unsaturated ester precursor 2 as the key step. This result strongly suggestsstereocontrol in the addition of the hydroperoxide functionality to the E double bond and discloses the importance of choosing the correct geometry of the α,β‐unsaturated double bond when attempting to synthesise mycaperoxide B. Four diastereoisomeric tetrahydrofurans derived from an intramolecular rearrangement of the 1,2‐dioxolane enolate 12 were also isolated and characterised.