bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of different levels of all-meal feeding for fattening pigs
Authors: Braude R. , Mitchell K. G. , Cray A. S. , Franke A. , Sedgwick P. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Results are reported of an experiment carried out under commercial conditions to obtain information on the effect of four different levels of allmeal feeding on the performance and carcass grading results of fattening pigs.2. There were four treatments. All pigs were given the same meal mixtures and were fed dry and ad lib. up to four different daily maximums, namely, 6½, 6, 5½ and 5 lb. meal/pig/day. There were five pens of nine group-fed pigs on each treatment, involving a total of 180 pigs. The pigs were on experiment from approximately 8 weeks of age to bacon weight. Comprehensive carcass measurements were made on all pigs.3. The results showed that as the level of feeding was decreased, the growth rate of the pigs, back fat thickness and belly thickness were reduced, and the depth and breadth of eye muscle were increased, while the efficiency of food utilization, carcass dressing percentage and carcass length were not markedly affected. Commercial grading results similarly improved as the level of feeding was reduced.4. It was concluded that under the conditions prevailing, the maximum daily meal allowance should be of the order of 5½ lb./pig in order to obtain relatively satisfactory carcass grading.5. Subdivision of the carcass measurement and commercial grading data according to sex of pig showed that in general at each level of feeding the carcasses of the female pigs were superior to those of the male animals.The possibilities of segregating pigs according to sex during fattening as a means whereby undue retardation in the growth rate of the females might be prevented without adversely affecting their carcass grading, was discussed.
Studies of the chemical composition of kales and rapes. II. The rapes
Authors: Jones D. J. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Three varieties of giant rape, two broad leaved Essex rapes, Hungry Gap Kale and Rape-Kale, were grown at two centres in mid-Wales. They were sampled in the early winter period and the samples divided into separate leaf and stem samples. These samples were used to calculate leaf to stem ratios on a green and dry-matter basis.2. The levels of the proximate constituents, silica, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chlorine, total sulphur, sulphate sulphur and ‘organic’ sulphur were determined in the dried samples. Whole plant values were calculated from the leaf and stem values with the appropriate leaf to stem ratios.3. The leaf values for ether extract, crude protein, silica-free ash, silica, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, chlorine, total sulphur and ‘organic’ sulphur are higher than the corresponding stem values. For dry matter, crude fibre, nitrogen-free extractives and sodium the reverse is found, whilst for sulphate sulphur there is no definite distribution.4. There are no significant differences in composition between the main groups of varieties, and the rape-type kales are very similar to the other rapes in this respect.
The growth and development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) under tropical field conditions
Authors: Littleton E. J. , Dennett M. D. , Elston J. , Monteith J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe CO2 exchange of leaves, pods and peduncles was measured in cowpea crops grown at Ibadan, Nigeria, using a portable infra-red gas analysis system. Most leaves had maximum rates of photosynthesis (Pm) of about 1·4 mg CO2/m2/sec and maintained this value for 20 days from full expansion. Early leaves had slightly slower rates. Pm decreased when leaf temperature exceeded 35 °C. The maximum efficiency of photosynthesis, ɛm, was about 2 g CO2/E (0·045 mol CO2/E). ɛmdecreased with temperature for leaves, but increased for pods. The latter response probably results from the effect of the high CO2 concentrations within the pod on the ribulose disphosphate carboxylation reaction. Water shortage reduced Pm but not ɛm. Pods and peduncles had a slightly negative CO2 exchange rate at light saturation but this was considerably less than the rate of CO2 evolution in the dark.
The relationship between yield of milk solids of dairy cows and response to change in plane of nutrition
Authors: Broster W. H. , Broster Valerie J. , Clements A. June , Smith T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA study is reported of the effect of initial potential for milk production of individual cows on the change in milk output consequent upon a change in amount of feed allowed per day. In this study equal initial rations and equal changes in ration were imposed on all cows. The main conclusion was that the greater the initial yield of milk, of milk fat, of solids-not-fat (SNF) or the SNF content of the milk of a cow the greater was the effect of a change in feed allowance on that attribute. It is argued that the effects are large enough to warrant consideration in practical feeding systems.
Fat-tailed Awassi and German Mutton Merino Sheep Under Semi-Arid Conditions: 2. Total Body Water and Water Turnover During Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Degen A. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe total body water (TBW) and water turnover of fat-tailed Awassi ewes, a dairy breed well adapted to desert conditions, and of German Mutton Merino (GMM) ewes, a mutton breed that evolved in a temperate climate, were measured during the 3rd, 4th and 5th months of pregnancy and during the 1st month of lactation. Measurements were taken under grazing conditions with unrestricted water in a semi-arid region.Both breeds of sheep lost weight during this period. The percentage of TBW increased, especially during the 5th month of pregnancy when the GMM increased their TBW by 5·2% and the Awassi by 1·0%. It was concluded that the nutritive intake was not sufficient to supply the increased energy demands and that the ewes were mobilizing body solids, the GMM at a faster rate.The GMM ewes turned over about 20% more water per kg wt.0·82 during pregnancy and lactation than did the Awassi ewes. There was little difference in water turnover between the control and pregnant sheep within either breed during gestation. During lactation the experimental Awassi increased their water turnover by 29% over the control Awassi and the experimental GMM increased their water turnover by 26% over the control GMM. In both breeds the increase in water turnover during lactation was smaller than that found in other lactating semi-arid ruminants and the increase in water turnover during pregnancy and lactation was smaller than that recommended by the Agricultural Research Council (1965).
Development of resistance of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) to Du-Ter
Authors: Attal Z. M. El , Moustafa Omayma K. , Abdallah M. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe rate of development of resistance to Du-Ter in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) has been determined. The results show that true resistance to Du-Ter could not be induced throughout 33 successive generations. Also, it was found that the rate of development of resistance to DDT in the DDT + Du-Ter strain after being selected with DDT + Du-Ter pressure for 17 successive generations was 11·5- and 43-fold that in the DDT strain. It is concluded that the application of DDT and Du-Ter mixture, having dissimilar modes of action, considerably controls the development of resistance to DDT.
The timing of parturition in dairy cattle
Authors: Edwards Sandra A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe time of parturition was recorded for 522 Friesian cows. Calvings were evenly distributed throughout the 24 hours with no bias towards day or night calving. Cows about to enter their third or subsequent lactation, but not younger cows, showed a significantly lower incidence of calving during the hours when milking was occurring. Possible mechanisms which would account for this rinding are discussed.
Varietal Responses in Spring Barley to Natural and Artificial Lodging and to a Growth Regulator
Authors: Stanca A. M. , Jenkins G. , Hanson P. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEight varieties of spring barley differing in their morphology and resistance to lodging were grown in a trial as main plots which were split for seven treatments: a natural control (C), a control with plots which were mechanically supported (S) and four artificially induced lodging treatments: permanent early lodging (PEL); temporary early lodging (TEL); permanent late lodging (PLL) and temporary late lodging (TLL). The seventh treatment (GR) was an application of the growth regulator BAS 09800W. In comparison with S, treatments PEL, TEL, PLL and TLL reduced grain yield by 38–1, 24–8, 22–0 and 13–9 % respectively. Natural lodging in C plots reduced the yield of the two weakest strawed varieties, Guilden and Jupiter, by 8 and 10% respectively in comparison with treatment S. Yields (C) of these two varieties were increased by GR which had no effect on the yield of other varieties, but reduced grain size in some cases. Treatment GR significantly reduced but did not eliminate natural lodging in weaker strawed varieties and reduced the length of the top four internodes. Lodging reduced grain size in terms of 1000–grain weight and sieving fractions and increased the content of husk and protein. Lodging susceptibility was positively correlated with plant height but showed no clear relationship with the number of vascular bundles, stem diameter, wall thickness, or with the content of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose in the basal internodes. Lodging resistance appeared to be closely associated with short basal internodes.
The development of calves reared on varying amounts of whole milk
Authors: Tibbits Janet P. 
Published: March 2009

The response of calves to varying amounts of whole milk, as revealed by two experiments at the University of Reading farm at Sonning, is considered as a study of growth and development.In the first experiment, which had been carried out between 1944 and 1951, seventy-five Shorthorn calves were divided into three groups (A, B and C) reared on 90, 65 and 40 gal. respectively. The treatments produced significant and prolonged differences in live weight.A second experiment, carried out between 1952 and 1954, consisted of twenty-eight Shorthorn and twenty-eight Friesian calves in four groups (I–IV) reared on 100, 79, 57 and 35 gal. respectively. Very much less response to the treatments was found in live weight, and the effects on thirteen body measurements were even smaller, though still statistically significant. A marked difference in the response of the two breeds was apparent, the Shorthorns showing greater treatment effects in live weight and most of the body measurements.
The effect of the age of the hen on the porosity of the egg
Authors: Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The rate of loss of weight has been determined for eggs from aged hens and from pullets by methods which used both an incubator at 102° F. and a desiccator at room temperature.2. For both lots of eggs the weight loss per unit area of shell was about three times greater in the incubator than in the desiccator.3. For the same method the eggs from the aged hens lost one and a half times as much weight per unit area as the eggs from pullets.
Rhizosphere soil nitrogenase (C2H2reduction) as influenced by the nitrogen management in intermediate deep water rice
Authors: Rao J. L. N. , Reddy B. B. , Rajaramamohan Rao V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a field experiment, the influence of different forms and methods of application of urea nitrogen on the rice rhizosphere soil nitrogenase was evaluated under simulated intermediate deep water situations. Nitrogenase was high when the soil received small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus with a water level of 20–25 cm. Moreover, during and after the flash floods the nitrogenase activity was considerably increased. There was a significant reduction in the nitrogenase activity when the nitrogen was applied to the shallow water through urea briquettes, but when it was applied either behind the plough or between the rows, the activity was stimulated. Increased water level of about 50 cm for prolonged periods considerably reduced the nitrogenase activity. Results indicate that the method of application of urea nitrogen and the water level influenced the rhizosphere soil nitrogenase activity under intermediate deep water situations.
Effect of zinc on nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.)
Authors: Yadav O. P. , Shukla U. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNumber of nodules and leghaemoglobin content of nodules increased with increasing Zn application up to 7·5 μg/g soil. Dry-matter yield and N fixation increased with Zn up to 10 μg/g soil. Both nodulation and N fixation decreased at higher levels. Soil N content showed an initial depletion but increased during the late season. Critical lower and upper levels for maximum N fixation were 1·75–2·5, and 10–14 μg of DTPA extractable Zn/g soil, respectively. In the present studies 5–10 μg Zn/g soil was sufficient for maximum N fixation in chickpea.
Genetics of morphological characters related to plant type in peas (Pisum sativumL.)
Authors: Gupta K. R. , Dahiya B. S. , Singh K. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGenetic analysis for eight morphological traits, number of days from sowing to first flower, to complete pod filling, and to first mature pod, height of plant from the ground to the first fruiting node, distance between the first and last fruiting nodes, number of nodes from the ground to the first pod-bearing node, average internode length and number of flowers per axil, was done by following numerical and graphical approaches in a nine parental half diallel. Components as well as the graphical approach showed the importance of non-additive gene effects for height of plant from the ground to the first fruiting node, number of nodes from the ground to the first pod-bearing node and number of days from sowing to first mature pod, while for other traits additive genes were important. The high performance of number of nodes from the ground to the first pod-bearing node and number of flowers per axil was governed by recessive alleles while other traits were governed by dominant alleles. Consequently for developing an efficient plant type hybridization between parents like P23, EC109182, EC109196, LMR200 and LMR8 is advocated. Leafless segregants from the present set of crosses which exhibited potential for high yield in national tests have been isolated.
Effects of various planting and harvesting times on the yield, HCN, dry-matter accumulation and starch content of four cassava varieties in a tropical rainforest region
Authors: Kayode G. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYResults of a 2-year study in a rainforest zone of south-western Nigeria to determine the effects of various planting and harvesting times on the yield, HCN, dry-matter accumulation and starch contents of cassava showed that times of planting and harvesting significantly affected all the variables studied. May planting gave highest yield arid starch contents, which suggests that large-scale production of cassava for industrial starch and human consumption should be planted in the month of May.The harvesting time experiment shows that cassava tuber will continue to increase until the 24th month, although, because of increasing demand for land, it will not be economic to leave cassava on the field for more than 15 months. For optimum starch and dry-matter accumulation, cassava should be harvested between 12 and 15 months.
The water balance of post-monsoonal dryland crops
Authors: Angus J. F. , Hasegawat S. , Hsiao T. C. , Liboon S. P. , Zandstra H. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix dryland crops (mungbean, cow pea, soya bean, groundnut, maize and sorghum) and two rice cultivars (C·171·136 and IR 36) were grown under rainfed and irrigated conditions on a dryland site with a clay loam soil at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. After the first 30 days of growth there was no effective rain, and the rainfed crops encountered different water deficits. Crop productivity, leaf area, plant water status, root distribution, and soil water use were measured.Neither rice cultivar yielded seed under rainfed conditions, but all other crops did. With mungbean and cow pea there was little difference between the yields under rainfed and irrigated conditions, but groundnut, soya bean, sorghum and maize gave higher yields under irrigation.The rainfed crops extracted different amounts of stored soil water, ranging from 100 mm for IR 36 to 250 mm for groundnut. The different amounts were associated with different growth durations, rooting depths and rates of soil water depletion from within the root zone. Biological productivity of the six rainfed crops with the C 3 photosynthetic pathway was linearly related to transpiration, which was estimated from soil water extraction and soil evaporation. Biological productivity per unit of transpiration for the two crops with the C 4 pathway was 2·2 times higher than for those with the C 3 pathway. The different seed yields of the rainfed crops were due to differences in harvest index and the chemical composition of seeds, as well as to biological productivity.The results are discussed in relation to the potential for growing dryland crops after rice in rice-based cropping systems.
Jaws of adult culled ewes
Authors: Richardson Carol , Richards M. , Terlecki S. , Miller W. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe jaws of 481 adult culled ewes were examined visually and radiographically for dental abnormality and changes in skeletal structure; the findings were correlated with ante-mortem body condition score and breed. Only two ewes had normal buccal morphology; the remainder of the sample showed a range of abnormalities which included loose and missing teeth, gingival hypertrophy, food-filled gingival pockets, ridging and shearing of the occlusal surfaces. There was a general loss of bone structure. Dental abnormality was not strongly correlated with breed but showed a significant relationship with radiographic assessment of bone density. Body condition did not appear to be adversely affected by dental disease. Skull dimensions and dental pad position were strongly associated with breed. The state of the incisor teeth alone was a poor indicator of cheek tooth condition.
Changes in the cell wall components of laboratory silages and the effect of various additives on these changes
Authors: Morrison I. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA series of laboratory silages were prepared and opened after 2, 20, 60 and 150 days. The silages were made without any additive and with formaldehyde, formic acid, hexanoic acid, benzoic acid or sulphuric acid. The cellulose, hemicellulose, acetyl, alkali-labile phenolic acids and core lignin were determined in all silages as well as the composition of the hemicelluloses. In all the silages, the core lignin remained unchanged while the cellulose content only decreased by up to 5%. Large losses of acetyl residues and alkali-labile phenolic acids were observed in all the silages and losses of 10–20% of the hemicelluloses were found. The losses of hemicellulose were not uniform. The arabinose side chains were preferentially cleaved relative to the xylose residues. It was shown that part of the loss of carbohydrate could have been caused by the acidic conditions in the silage as well as by microbial activity. The silages made using the acidic additives with the highest pKa values lost the greatest proportion of carbohydrate. The implications of these results on rumen activity are discussed.
Body temperature, respiration and pulse rate in Corriedale, Marwari and Magra sheep in the Rajasthan desert
Authors: Mittal J. P. , Ghosh P. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDuring summer the morning (08.00 h) to afternoon (15.00 h) increases in rectal temperature, respiratory rate and pulse rate of free grazing Marwari and Magra sheep (rams) of the desert areas of north-western India were compared with those of Corriedale rams, which are being imported into India to improve the productivity of local stock through cross-breeding. Basal (morning) values for all three measurements were similar in the three breeds. While the afternoon values in respect of all three characters were significantly higher than the morning values in all the breeds, the increases were greatest in the Corriedales.
Diseases of winter oil-seed rape: occurrence, effects and control
Authors: Rawlinson C. J. , Muthyalu G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe results of observations begun in 1973 and of disease surveys carried out on winter oil-seed rape crops on ten farms in Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire between 1975 and 1978 are reported. The major diseases encountered in the surveys, namely downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica (FT.) Tull.), canker (Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. & de Not.), light leafspot or scorch (Pyrenopeziza brassicae Sutton & Rawlinson) and grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Fr.) are discussed in relation to diseases of rape grown elsewhere and the results of experiments on disease control reported. Symptoms of virus infection and root disease were rare.Early (before stem extension) use of two applications of benomyl (1·2 kg a.i./ha) decreased the incidence and severity of light leaf spot and canker and increased yield by up to 33%. Benomyl plus thiram seed treatment (5 and l·5ga.i./kg) was less effective than a benomyl foliar spray. In field experiments differences in severity of light leaf spot and canker explained a substantial part of variation in yield but downy mildew did notaccount for further variation.
The association between altitude, environmental variables, maize growth and yields in Kenya
Authors: Cooper P. J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA Kenya Highland maize was planted at three altitudes, 1268, 1890 and 2250 m. Development rate, dry-matter accumulation and leaf area production were recorded during vegetative growth, together with grain formation and dry-matter accumulation in the primary cob. Rainfall, insolation, soil and air temperatures were continuously recorded at all sites. Maize developed faster at low warm altitudes, the rate being dependent on soil and air temperature. During vegetative growth, this relationship could be satisfactorily explained by an integrated temperature, but during the reproductive phase, some allowance had to be made for over optimal temperatures at low warm altitudes. Altitude had little effect on crop leaf area at any particular development stage, but leaf area production rates were closely related to leaf emergence rates. Before establishment of complete ground cover, large differences in dry-matter accumulation rates were observed which appeared related to rate of leaf area production. Once full ground cover was established, crop growth rates became much more similar. Potential number of grains per embryonic primary cob was greatest at low altitudes, but the final number of grains per cob at harvest was greatest at high altitudes. Rate of increase of grain weight was constant and very similar at all sites until growth stopped abruptly at 69, 83 and 96 days after tasselling at low, medium and high altitudes respectively. Rate of accumulation and partition of total dry matter in the primary cobs was similar at all sites, but owing to greater duration of development at high altitudes, dry matter per cob increased with altitude. Large yield differences were found at harvest, yield decreasing with decreasing altitude. Yield differences were mainly due to variations in number of grains per plant, although grain size also contributed. In this and other trials it was shown that the number of grains per plant at harvest was closely related to the mean thermal growth rate (expressed in units of g/plant/growing degree day) during the grain site initiation period.