bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diarrhea in neutropenic children with cancer: An Egyptian center experience, with emphasis on neutropenic enterocolitis
Authors: Sherief Laila M , Beshir Mohamed R , Kamal Naglaa Mohamed , Gohar Maha K , Gohar Ghada K 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Background: Diarrhea is a frequent complication in children with cancer who received intensive chemotheraputic regimens. It may be caused by several factors, neutropenic enterocolitis (NE) being the most serious. Aim: To study diarrhea in neutropenic cancer patients in the pediatric age group, with its underlying etiologies and risk factors, especially the bacterial causes, with special concern on NE. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Units, Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt, from January 2009 to September 2010. All children with malignant diseases who are ≤12 years of age were included. Patients who were neutropenic (<500/ mm 3 ) on admission or who became neutropenic during their stay in the hospital were monitored regularly (daily) for diarrhea. Neutropenic cancer patients with diarrhea were grouped into two groups: Group 1, with NE, and group 2, with neutropenic diarrhea rather than NE. On the first day of diarrhea, patients were subjected to complete blood count, blood cultures, stool microscopy and culture. Abdominal ultrasonography was carried out within 3 days of diarrhea. Results: A total of 200 children ≤12 years old, suffering from different malignancies, with a total of 180 neutropenic episodes were followed. Diarrhea was observed in 100 episodes (55.5%). NE constituted 16% of these diarrheal episodes. All patients with NE had significantly more severe neutropenia, and this was of longer duration than the other group. All patients with NE were febrile, with 100% positive blood culture. Stool analysis diagnosed giardiasis in 4.8% of the non-NE patients and in none of the NE patients, while stool culture was positive in 75% of the NE patients compared with 40.5% of the other group. Conclusions: Diarrhea is a common complication in neutropenic cancer children. Gram negative bacteria and Candida are the most incriminated pathogens. Duration and severity of neutropenia carry a great risk for the development of NE.
Cytokeratin 19 immunoreactivity in the diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Bose Debdas , Das Ram Narayan , Chatterjee Uttara , Banerjee Uma 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Context: The diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is based on nuclear features. These features may be present in focal areas in benign thyroid diseases and follicular adenoma (FA), leading to diagnostic difficulty. Aims: To evaluate the expression and pattern of the distribution of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) in PTC and compare its reactivity with other neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions to assess its potential as a useful marker for PTC. Materials and Methods: Twenty two cases of papillary carcinoma (usual type, follicular and diffuse sclerosing variant), eight follicular adenomas, eight multinodular goiters (MNG) were collected for a period of two years and six months. Sections were taken from thyroidectomy specimens fixed in 10% buffered neutral formalin. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for CK19 were done using standard protocol. Results were semiquantitatively scored as follows: 1+ (<5% positively stained cells), 2+ (5-25%), 3+ (25-75%) and 4+ (>75%), and then analyzed. Statistical Analysis and Results: All 22 (100%) papillary carcinomas showed diffuse and strong (3+ and 4+) CK19 expression. Six out of eight (75%) FAs and four out of eight (50%) MNG were positive for CK19, but it was of weaker intensity (1+ and 2+) and focal in distribution. Conclusion: Focal CK19 staining may be found in benign disease, but diffuse and strong positivity is characteristic of PTC, which can be used in the diagnosis of PTC in lesions of equivocal morphological appearances.
Guidelines for locoregional therapy in primary breast cancer in developing countries: The results of an expert panel at the 8 th Annual Women′s Cancer Initiative - Tata Memorial Hospital (WCI-TMH) Conference
Authors: Munshi Anusheel , Gupta Sudeep , Anderson Benjamin , Yarnold John , Parmar Vani , Jalali Rakesh , Sharma Suresh , Desai Sangeeta , Thakur Meenakshi , Baijal Gunjan , Sarin Rajiv , Mittra Indraneel , Ghosh Jaya , Badwe Rajendra ,   other Locoregional Panel Members
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Background: Limited guidelines exist for breast cancer management in developing countries. In this context, the Women′s Cancer Initiative - Tata Memorial Hospital (WCI-TMH) organised its 8 th Annual Conference to update guidelines in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Appropriately formulated guideline questions on each topic and subtopic in the surgical, radiation and systemic management of primary breast cancer were developed by the scientific committee and shared with the guest faculty of the Conference. Majority of the questions had multiple choice answers. The opinion of the audience, comprising academic and community oncologists, was electronically cumulated, followed by focussed presentations by eminent national and international experts on each topic. The guidelines were finally developed through an expert panel that voted on each guideline question after all talks had been delivered and audience opinion elicited. Separate panels were constituted for locoregional and systemic therapy in primary breast cancer. Results: Based on the voting results of the expert panel, guidelines for locoregional therapy of breast cancer have been formulated. Voting patterns for each question are reported. Conclusions: The updated guidelines on locoregional management of primary breast cancer in the context of developing countries are presented in this article. These recommendations have been designed to allow centers in the developing world to improve the quality of care for breast cancer patients.
Expression and Epigenetic Change of the AR and FSHR Genes in the Granulosa Cells of Endometriosis Patients
Authors: Hayashi Mika , Yamashita Yoshiki , Hayashi Atsushi , Yoshida Yoko , Kawabe Sachiko , Hayashi Masami , Terai Yoshito , Kamegai Hideki , Ohmichi Masahide 
Published: August 2012

Background Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases associated with infertility. Endometriosis may affect the androgen receptor (AR) mRNA expression in human granulosa cells and the methylation of the promoter region of AR. We investigated 28 patients with endometriosis and 47 subjects without endometriosis undertaking IVF treatment. Methods Granulosa cells were obtained from 28 patients with endometriosis and 47 subjects without endometriosis as a control. Expressions of AR and FSHR mRNA were then evaluated by OneStep real-time PCR analysis, and the level of methylation of the promoter region was qualified by methylation-specified PCR (MSP). Results The expression of AR mRNA in the endometriosis group was statistically lower than that in the control group. As well, FSHR mRNA expression in the control group showed a positive correlation with AR mRNA expression; however, there was no such correlation in endometriosis patients. In the control group, AR mRNA expression was statistically higher in pregnant subjects compared with non-pregnant subjects; however, in the endometriosis group, no significant difference was identified. The promoter of AR was heavily methylated in all endometriosis cases; however, only 5 (45.4%) were methylated in the control group. Conclusion Lower AR mRNA expression and methylation of the AR promoter region might affect the expression of AR and FSHR the presence of endometriosis, thus leading to a disturbance in the regulation of AR and FSHR.
The Effect of Membrane Thickness on a Microvascular Gas Exchange Unit
Authors: Nguyen Du T. , Leho Y T. , Esser‐Kahn Aaron P. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFor reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions, carbon capture and sequestration technologies benefit from the creation of new and efficient gas exchange systems. Vascularized systems provide a means of exchanging CO2 by providing high specific surface areas and patterned, intimate contact between capture fluids and gases. The well‐defined geometrical arrangement of fluid and gas channels, separated by semipermeable membranes, also provides a new platform for augmenting the function of liquid chemical solutions to carbon capture. In particular, the separation distance of the channels, or polymer membrane thickness, is closely related to the absorption rate as gases must permeate through the membrane before reacting with a fluid. Here, a study of the relationship between the membrane thickness in 3D microvascular contactors and absorption rates via a selective etching process is reported. By decreasing the membrane thickness, the mass transport rate of CO2 in the vascular contactor is increased by up to 160%.
Fabrication of Transistors on Flexible Substrates: from Mass‐Printing to High‐Resolution Alternative Lithography Strategies
Authors: Moonen Pieter F. , Yakimets Iryna , Huskens Jurriaan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this report, the development of conventional, mass‐printing strategies into high‐resolution, alternative patterning techniques is reviewed with the focus on large‐area patterning of flexible thin‐film transistors (TFTs) for display applications. In the first part, conventional and digital printing techniques are introduced and categorized as far as their development is relevant for this application area. The limitations of conventional printing guides the reader to the second part of the progress report: alternative‐lithographic patterning on low‐cost flexible foils for the fabrication of flexible TFTs. Soft and nanoimprint lithography‐based patterning techniques and their limitations are surveyed with respect to patterning on low‐cost flexible foils. These show a shift from fabricating simple microlense structures to more complicated, high‐resolution electronic devices. The development of alternative, low‐temperature processable materials and the introduction of high‐resolution patterning strategies will lead to the low‐cost, self‐aligned fabrication of flexible displays and solar cells from cheaper but better performing organic materials.
A new semi‐empirical equation for compressed liquid densities of n‐alkanes
Authors: Sun Yanjun , Wang Xiaopo , Liu Zhigang 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTIn this work, a new six‐parameter semi‐empirical equation has been developed for the predictions of the compressed liquid densities of n‐alkanes from C2 to C10. The resulting functional form was established with the quasi‐Newton optimization algorithm, which considers the experimental data sets for different fluids simultaneously. During the fitting process, the functional form of the equation is numerically very stable, and the substance‐specific coefficients can be obtained easily. The calculated values from the new model were compared with the available experimental data and the values from reference equations in the literature. In most cases, the deviations are not more than ±0.5% for temperatures up to 0.7 times the critical temperature, whereas the agreement is within ±1.0% in the temperature range from the triple point to the critical point at reduced pressure up to 15. It was shown that the new semi‐empirical equation was able to represent the compressed liquid densities of n‐alkanes in wide thermodynamic ranges. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterizations of polybenzoxazines from coal‐based products via microwave and conventional heat treatments
Authors: İnan Tulay Y. , Karaca Birsen Y. , Dogan H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAbout 43% clay containing humic acid (HA) was used as a phenol source for the production of polybenzoxazine composites. The use of humic acid as a phenol source from coal is the first attempt for the production of these materials. For poly(benzoxazine) precursor synthesis, solvent‐less conventional and more economical and time‐saving microwave heat treatments were applied. Molecular structures of the poly(benzoxazine) precursors were investigated by spectral analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis were used for the thermal characterizations. Nearly 300 and 250°C decomposition temperatures and 40 and 30% char yields were obtained at 900°C for HA‐based polybenzoxazines and bisphenol‐based polybenzoxazines, respectively. The morphology of the polybenzoxazines was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray analyses. The obtained results show the possibility of manufacturing the new polybenzoxazine composite materials by the method of solvent‐less microwave process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Elevated concentrations of plasma adenosine in obese children
Authors: Escudero Andrea , Carreño Barbara , Retamal Nicole , Celis Cristian , Castro Luis , Aguayo Claudio , Acurio Jesenia , Escudero Carlos 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThere are no data regarding adenosine levels in obese children, even though is a ubiquitous molecule implicated in the regulation of lipid metabolism in humans. To determinate whether adenosine plasma levels are related with anthropometric and biochemical markers in children, we studied 51 students belong to Ramon Belmar School in Linares, Chile. Review of clinical data and frequent food questionnaire were taken in order to collect the information. Plasma adenosine levels were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography and biochemical parameters including insulin, glucose, total proteins, and lipid profile by using standard colorimetric assays. Children with detectable (above 0.1 μM) adenosine plasma levels (n = 30; BMI, 22.3 ± 0.7) had higher total cholesterol (P < 0.05); triglycerides (P < 0.01) and LDL‐cholesterol (P < 0.05) concentrations than children with undetectable adenosine levels (n = 21; BMI, 23.9 ± 0.61). Among the analyzed variables, only BMI and BMI standard deviation score (BMI‐SDS) were positively correlated with adenosine levels. Besides, obese children (n = 10) showed significantly high adenosine levels compared to controls (n = 11; 1.8 ± 0.2 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1 μM/mg protein, respectively. P < 0.05), but not compared to overweight children (n = 9). In conclusion, obesity in children is associated to high adenosine plasma levels. This study opens a new perspective to investigate the role of adenosine in the regulation of lipid metabolism in obese children. © 2012 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation as a tool in neurobiology
Authors: Nikoletopoulou Vassiliki , Tavernarakis Nektarios 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCell lines with the ability to differentiate into all types of somatic and germ cells represent a pluripotent developmental stage that transiently exists in vivo in the epiblast cells of the pre‐implantation embryo. Given the lack of access to human neurons, together with the limited numbers and heterogeneity of neurons obtainable from rodent primary cultures, the directed differentiation of pluripotent cell lines into defined cells of the neural lineage has provided a novel versatile tool in neurobiology. Offering a potentially unlimited source of material, directed differentiation of pluripotent cell lines has been particularly well combined with high‐throughput transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses. Here, we first overview the potential of different pluripotent lines to give rise to different types of neurons. Then, we discuss the emerging use of neuronal differentiation systems as a tool for unravelling mechanisms that regulate neuronal development and specification, modelling complex neurological diseases and understanding neuronal dysfunction. Beyond providing original insights in many aspects of neuronal biology, these tools have greatly facilitated the development of novel therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders.
The pattern of cell wall deterioration in lignocellulose fibers throughout enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis
Authors: Li Xinping , Clarke Kimberley , Li Kecheng , Chen Aicheng 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCell wall deterioration throughout enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass is greatly affected by the chemical composition and the ultrastructure of the fiber cell wall. The resulting pattern of cell wall deterioration will reveal information on cellulose activity throughout enzymatic hydrolysis. This study investigates the progression and morphological changes in lignocellulose fibers throughout enzymatic hydrolysis, using (transmission electron microscopy) TEM and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). Softwood thermo‐mechanical pulp (STMP) and softwood bleached kraft pulp (SBKP), lignocellulose substrates containing almost all the original fiber composition, and with lignin and some hemicellulose removed, respectively, was compared for morphology changes throughout hydrolysis. The difference of conversion between STMP and SBKP after 48 h of enzymatic hydrolysis is 11 and 88%, respectively. TEM images revealed an even fiber cell wall cross section density, with uneven middle lamella coverage in STMP fibers. SKBP fibers exhibited some spaces between cell wall and lamella layers due to the removal of lignin and some hemicellulose. After 1 h hydrolysis in SBKP fibers, there were more changes in the fiber cross‐sectional area than after 10 h hydrolysis in STMP fibers. Cell wall degradation was uneven, and originated in accessible cellulose throughout the fiber cell wall. FE‐SEM images illustrated more morphology changes in SBKP fibers than STMP fibers. Enzymatic action of STMP fiber resulted in a smoother fiber surface, along with fiber peeling and the formation of ribbon‐disjunction layers. SBKP fibers exhibited structural changes such as fiber erosion, fiber cutting, and fiber splitting throughout enzymatic hydrolysis. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
In situ pH maintenance for mammalian cell cultures in shake flasks and tissue culture flasks
Authors: Pradhan Ketaki , Pant Tejal , Gadgil Mugdha 
Published: August 2012

AbstractpH in animal cell cultures decreases due to production of metabolites like lactate. pH control via measurement and base addition is not easily possible in small‐scale culture formats like tissue‐culture flasks and shake flasks. A hydrogel‐based system is reported for in situ pH maintenance without pH measurement in such formats, and is demonstrated to maintain pH between 6.8 and 7.2 for a suspension CHO cell line in CD CHO medium and between 7.3 and 7.5 for adherent A549 cells in DMEM:F12 containing 10% FBS. This system for pH maintenance, along with our previous report of hydrogels for controlled nutrient delivery in shake flasks can allow shake flasks to better mimic bioreactor‐based fed batch operation for initial screening during cell line and process development for recombinant protein production in mammalian cells. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Conversions of Osmabenzyne and Isoosmabenzene
Authors: Zhao Qianyi , Zhu Jun , Huang Zi‐Ao , Cao Xiao‐Yu , Xia Haiping 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe report herein the first example of the conversion of metallabenzyne II and isometallabenzene III. The osmium hydride vinylidene complex 1 reacts with HCCCH(OEt)2 to give osmabenzyne 3 via isoosmabenzene 2. Compound 3 exhibits high thermal stability in air. Nonetheless, nucleophilic attack at 3 provides isoosmabenzenes 4 a and 4 b, or opens the ring to produce 5 a and 5 b. We propose mechanisms to disclose the intrinsic connection between the six‐membered metallacycles, and carry out DFT calculations to rationalize the regioselectivity of the nucleophilic addition reactions.
A Novel Thiophene Derivative‐based Conjugated Polymer for Polymer Solar Cells with High Open‐circuit Voltage
Authors: Chen Lie , Shen Xingxing , Chen Yiwang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA novel D‐A alternative conjugated polymer PBDTDMCT containing benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) and dimethyl thiophene‐3,4‐dicarboxylate (DMCT), was designed and synthesized by Stille cross‐coupling reaction. The copolymer exhibited excellent solubility and good thermal stability. The optical band gap determined from the onset of absorption of the polymer film was 2.10 eV. By incorporation of the ester groups into the polymer side chain, the HOMO level of polymer PBDTDMT was tuned to be deep‐lying (−5.65 eV). Open‐circuit voltage of polymer solar cells constructed based on PBDTDMT and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) can be tuned to achieve values as high as ca. 1.0 V.
Imidazole‐catalyzed Three‐component Cascade Reaction for the Facile Synthesis of Highly Substituted 3,4‐Dihydropyridin‐2‐one Derivatives
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Tan Lu , Wu Qi , Lin Xianfu 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA novel one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of valuable 3,4‐dihydropyridin‐2‐ones from the condensation of aldehyde with cyanoacetamide and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of imidazole was developed. A series of aldehydes and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds were employed to examine the scope of substrates for this protocol. This reaction proceeded through the formation of one ring and four new bonds (two CC, one CN, one CC) via the sequence involving Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition and intramolecular cyclization with moderate to excellent yields. All new compounds were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS.
Projecting prostate cancer mortality in the PCPT and REDUCE chemoprevention trials
Authors: Pinsky Paul F. , Black Amanda , Grubb Robert , Crawford E. David , Andriole Gerald , Thompson Ian , Parnes Howard 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND.Two recent chemoprevention trials demonstrated significant reductions in overall prostate cancer incidence. However, a possible increase in high‐grade disease has raised concerns that the harms of the drugs, including mortality because of high‐grade disease, may outweigh the benefits. The authors attempted to estimate the effect of these drugs on prostate cancer mortality to be able to better evaluate the cost‐benefit tradeoff.METHODS.The authors analyzed prostate cancer incidence in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial, which evaluated finasteride and the related compound dutasteride, respectively (both vs placebo). They used 13‐year prostate cancer survival data from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) trial to project prostate cancer mortality from incidence patterns; survival rates were applied to incident cancers according to prognostic strata, which were defined by Gleason score, prostate‐specific antigen level, and clinical stage. For PCPT, the analysis was performed using both original trial results and previously published adjusted analyses that attempted to account for artifacts related to the drugs' effect on prostate volume.RESULTS.For the PCPT trial, the estimated relative risk (RR) for prostate cancer mortality was 1.02 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.85‐1.23) using the original trial results and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.72‐1.06) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.76‐1.09) based on the adjusted PCPT analyses. For the REDUCE trial, the RR for prostate cancer mortality was 0.93 (95% CI, 0.80‐1.08).CONCLUSIONS.Projecting a mortality outcome of the PCPT and REDUCE trials as an approach to weighing benefits versus harms suggests at most a small increase in prostate cancer mortality in the treatment arms, and possibly a modest decrease. Cancer 2013. © 2012 American Cancer Society.