bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory Control and the Frontal Eye Fields
Authors: Muggleton Neil G. , Chen Chiao-Yun , Tzeng Ovid J. L. , Hung Daisy L. , Juan Chi-Hung 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Inhibitory control mechanisms are important in a range of behaviors to prevent execution of motor acts which, having been planned, are no longer necessary. Ready examples of this can be seen in a range of sports, such as cricket and baseball, where the choice between execution or inhibition of a bat swing must be made in a brief time interval. The role of the FEFs, an area typically described in relation to eye movement functions but also involved in visual processes, was investigated in an inhibitory control task using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). A stop signal task with manual responses was used, providing measures of impulsivity and inhibitory control. TMS over FEF had no effect on response generation (impulsivity, indexed by go signal RT) but disrupted inhibitory control (indexed by stop signal RT). This is the first demonstration of a role for FEF in this type of task in normal subjects in a task which did not require eye movements and complements previous TMS findings of roles for pre-SMA and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in inhibitory control.
The Emergence of Perceived Position in the Visual System
Authors: Fischer Jason , Spotswood Nicole , Whitney David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRepresenting object position is one of the most critical functions of the visual system, but this task is not as simple as reading off an object's retinal coordinates. A rich body of literature has demonstrated that the position in which we perceive an object depends not only on retinotopy but also on factors such as attention, eye movements, object and scene motion, and frames of reference, to name a few. Despite the distinction between perceived and retinal position, strikingly little is known about how or where perceived position is represented in the brain. In the present study, we dissociated retinal and perceived object position to test the relative precision of retina-centered versus percept-centered position coding in a number of independently defined visual areas. In an fMRI experiment, subjects performed a five-alternative forced-choice position discrimination task; our analysis focused on the trials in which subjects misperceived the positions of the stimuli. Using a multivariate pattern analysis to track the coupling of the BOLD response with incremental changes in physical and perceived position, we found that activity in higher level areas—middle temporal complex, fusiform face area, parahippocampal place area, lateral occipital cortex, and posterior fusiform gyrus—more precisely reflected the reported positions than the physical positions of the stimuli. In early visual areas, this preferential coding of perceived position was absent or reversed. Our results demonstrate a new kind of spatial topography present in higher level visual areas in which an object's position is encoded according to its perceived rather than retinal location. We term such percept-centered encoding “perceptotopy”.
Knowing Your Lines but Missing Your Cue: Rostral Prefrontal Lesions Impair Prospective Memory Cue Detection, but Not Action-intention Superiority
Authors: Uretzky Sharon , Gilboa Asaf 
Published: January 2010

AbstractProspective memory (PM) deficits are a common consequence of lesions to PFC, but their underlying neurocognitive mechanisms and processes are poorly understood. Here, we report on a patient, Z. P., who suffers from a chronic focal PM deficit, while other cognitive functions including memory are intact. His lesion involves right polar PFC (Brodmann's areas 10 and 9). Z. P. was very impaired on tasks that require detection of PM cues during an ongoing task. He was impaired regardless of whether the PM cues involved effortful or nearly effortless detection on the part of controls. By contrast, on tasks that tap the underlying (implicit) representations of intentions to perform an action, Z. P. showed normal patterns of intention superiority effects (ISEs) for to-be-performed actions and an inhibition effect for prospective actions after they had been performed. Thus, this is the first report of a neuropsychological dissociation between preserved privileged representation of prospective intentions and impaired detection of cues that support the opportune recovery of PM. Our data are compatible with the “gateway hypothesis” of rostral PFC, but also suggest there are components that are unique to PM and that remain intact after lesions to this region.
Multisensory Facilitation of Behavior in Monkeys: Effects of Stimulus Intensity
Authors: Cappe Céline , Murray Micah M. , Barone Pascal , Rouiller Eric M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Multisensory stimuli can improve performance, facilitating RTs on sensorimotor tasks. This benefit is referred to as the redundant signals effect (RSE) and can exceed predictions on the basis of probability summation, indicative of integrative processes. Although an RSE exceeding probability summation has been repeatedly observed in humans and nonprimate animals, there are scant and inconsistent data from nonhuman primates performing similar protocols. Rather, existing paradigms have instead focused on saccadic eye movements. Moreover, the extant results in monkeys leave unresolved how stimulus synchronicity and intensity impact performance. Two trained monkeys performed a simple detection task involving arm movements to auditory, visual, or synchronous auditory–visual multisensory pairs. RSEs in excess of predictions on the basis of probability summation were observed and thus forcibly follow from neural response interactions. Parametric variation of auditory stimulus intensity revealed that in both animals, RT facilitation was limited to situations where the auditory stimulus intensity was below or up to 20 dB above perceptual threshold, despite the visual stimulus always being suprathreshold. No RT facilitation or even behavioral costs were obtained with auditory intensities 30–40 dB above threshold. The present study demonstrates the feasibility and the suitability of behaving monkeys for investigating links between psychophysical and neurophysiologic instantiations of multisensory interactions.
Neural Correlates of Foreign-language Learning in Childhood: A 3-Year Longitudinal ERP Study
Authors: Ojima Shiro , Nakamura Naoko , Matsuba-Kurita Hiroko , Hoshino Takahiro , Hagiwara Hiroko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A foreign language (a language not spoken in one's community) is difficult to master completely. Early introduction of foreign-language (FL) education during childhood is becoming a standard in many countries. However, the neural process of child FL learning still remains largely unknown. We longitudinally followed 322 school-age children with diverse FL proficiency for three consecutive years, and acquired children's ERP responses to FL words that were semantically congruous or incongruous with the preceding picture context. As FL proficiency increased, various ERP components previously reported in mother-tongue (L1) acquisition (such as a broad negativity, an N400, and a late positive component) appeared sequentially, critically in an identical order to L1 acquisition. This finding was supported not only by cross-sectional analyses of children at different proficiency levels but also by longitudinal analyses of the same children over time. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that FL learning in childhood reproduces identical developmental stages in an identical order to L1 acquisition, suggesting that the nature of the child's brain itself may determine the normal course of FL learning. Future research should test the generalizability of the results in other aspects of language such as syntax.
Differential Contributions of the Intraparietal Sulcus and the Inferior Parietal Lobe to Attentional Blink: Evidence from Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Authors: Kihara Ken , Ikeda Takashi , Matsuyoshi Daisuke , Hirose Nobuyuki , Mima Tatsuya , Fukuyama Hidenao , Osaka Naoyuki 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When two targets (T1 and T2) are to be identified in rapid serial visual presentation, the response to T1 induces impairment of T2 report if T2 appears within 500 msec after T1 (attentional blink: AB). AB is thought to reflect temporal limitations of attention which affect target perception. Recent research suggests that the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) contributes to an attentional set associated with task goals, whereas the inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is associated with the disengagement and reorienting of attention to a relevant stimulus presented outside the current focus of attention. We investigated respective involvement of the IPS and the IPL in AB using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The results of Experiment 1 showed that the magnitude of AB deficit decreased TMS disrupted activity of the IPS after T1 onset. In addition, an increased AB deficit occurred when TMS was delivered over the IPS or IPL after T2 onset. In Experiment 2, where participants were instructed to ignore T1, they showed an AB-like T2 deficit only when TMS was delivered to the IPS after a T2 onset. Findings are discussed in terms of hypotheses about the respective roles of the IPS, in realizing an attentional set, and the IPL, in contributing to a disengagement of attention (from T1 to T2) during an AB period.
Verbal Labels Modulate Perceptual Object Processing in 1-Year-Old Children
Authors: Gliga Teodora , Volein Agnes , Csibra Gergely 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhether verbal labels help infants visually process and categorize objects is a contentious issue. Using electroencephalography, we investigated whether possessing familiar or novel labels for objects directly enhances 1-year-old children's neural processes underlying the perception of those objects. We found enhanced gamma-band (20–60 Hz) oscillatory activity over the visual cortex in response to seeing objects with labels familiar to the infant (Experiment 1) and those with novel labels just taught to the infant (Experiment 2). No such effect was observed for objects that infants were familiar with but had no label for. These results demonstrate that learning verbal labels modulates how the visual system processes the images of the associated objects and suggest a possible top–down influence of semantic knowledge on object perception.
Cerebro-cerebellar Interactions Underlying Temporal Information Processing
Authors: Aso Kenji , Hanakawa Takashi , Aso Toshihiko , Fukuyama Hidenao 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe neural basis of temporal information processing remains unclear, but it is proposed that the cerebellum plays an important role through its internal clock or feed-forward computation functions. In this study, fMRI was used to investigate the brain networks engaged in perceptual and motor aspects of subsecond temporal processing without accompanying coprocessing of spatial information. Direct comparison between perceptual and motor aspects of time processing was made with a categorical-design analysis. The right lateral cerebellum (lobule VI) was active during a time discrimination task, whereas the left cerebellar lobule VI was activated during a timed movement generation task. These findings were consistent with the idea that the cerebellum contributed to subsecond time processing in both perceptual and motor aspects. The feed-forward computational theory of the cerebellum predicted increased cerebro-cerebellar interactions during time information processing. In fact, a psychophysiological interaction analysis identified the supplementary motor and dorsal premotor areas, which had a significant functional connectivity with the right cerebellar region during a time discrimination task and with the left lateral cerebellum during a timed movement generation task. The involvement of cerebro-cerebellar interactions may provide supportive evidence that temporal information processing relies on the simulation of timing information through feed-forward computation in the cerebellum.
Fixed boundaries, fluid landscapes
Authors: Cederlöf Gunnel 
Published: January 2010

This article focuses on questions of the formation of new polities and ruler–subject relations as a result of British colonial conquest of northern east Bengal and neighbouring states in the early nineteenth century. It emphasises ecological and climatic structuring conditions and is a contribution to research on changing spatial relations and transactions, transformation of hill–plain relations, and collisions between synoptic political visions and knowledge systems, and their implementation on particular landscapes and people. Particular attention is given to the time and place–bound formation of law for the control and access of land and natural resources. The study thus explores the tense relationship between a fluid, continuously changing land-scape and the fixed notions of boundaries, government control and polities held by the British East India Company (EIC) and which they strove to implement in military and fiscal control in northern east Bengal. The study suggests that the means and principles by which bureaucratic control was established formed the basis for a form of fiscal citizenship whereby the subject was acknowledged as a person with rights and in communication with government. Such control was established in the former Nawab’s territories which mainly consisted of plains and therefore were landscapes that were intended to be agrarian. It is further suggested that when the neighbouring independent states and autonomous villages were brought under EIC rule, this was done by other means which in turn shaped different ruler–subject relations and eventually paved the way for the formation of dual polities under one government.
Editorial: Memory CD8 T cells now join “Club 21”
Authors: Tagaya Yutaka 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The role of IL-21 on CD8 memory T cells is discussed regarding the relevance of emerging data.
In this volume, Nguyen and Weng [1] show an intriguing study in which they observed an antagonizing effect by IL-21 on the IL-7- or IL-15-driven expansion of CD28− nonfunctional memory CD8 T cells and thereby, proposed a new role for IL-21 to keep the memory pool fresh and competent. I will summarize previous studies and discuss the recent advancement in this context.
Autism in fiction and autobiography
Authors: Bates Gordon 
Published: January 2010

SummaryMany memorable characters in Western culture could be viewed as having features of autism or Asperger syndrome. In spite of the familiarity of autistic stereotypes such as Star Trek‘s Mr Spock, more completely described characters with autism are still unusual. In recent years there has been a growing interest in autism, mirrored by an increase in depictions of autism in popular works of fiction and autobiography. In this article I will outline the issues that have preoccupied writers and the techniques they have used to demonstrate autistic difference. Some writers have illuminated aspects of the autistic triad of social impairment, abnormalities of language and need for sameness. Other writers have opened our eyes to the autistic world view in its strangeness and richness. Still more have started to examine prejudice, disability rights and the implications of an international autism community. As in other areas of mental health, literature can help inform, entertain and question our attitudes and values.
Medical professionalism in psychiatry
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Gupta Susham 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe principles of primacy of patient welfare, patient autonomy and social justice are fundamental to medical and psychiatric professionalism. Medical professionalism is also about encouraging and celebrating good practice. As a set of values and behaviours on the one hand, and relationships with patients, carers and other stakeholders on the other, the implicit contract between psychiatry and society needs to be renegotiated regularly. Serious threats to medical professionalism in the past 30 years have led to the demoralisation of professionals. Learned helplessness and a perceived loss of autonomy have been recognised as important factors in the ‘loss’ of professionalism. Psychiatry as a profession needs to identify its core attributes, skills and competencies. Professionalism should allow individuals to set and maintain their own standards of care.
Understanding offenders with autism-spectrum disorders: what can forensic services do?
Authors: Murphy David 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThis commentary aims to support and elaborate on some of the specific issues raised by Dein & Woodbury-Smith. Although I agree with many of their comments, I believe that the role of neuropsychological and sensory impairments, as well as dysfunctional coping strategies among individuals with an autism-spectrum disorder who offend, need to be expanded from a psychological perspective. In my experience, the assessment of these factors plays a crucial role in guiding opinions on mental capacity, individual interventions, risk assessment and management. Elements of psychopathy in autism also require clarification. It could be argued that by understanding these issues, any attempts at social inclusion and preventing offending will be more successful.
Revision of the classification of mental disorders in ICD–11 and DSM–V: work in progress
Authors: Sartorius Norman 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThis editorial summarises the work done to prepare ICD–11 and DSM–V (which should be published in 2015 and 2013 respectively). It gives a brief description of the structures that have been put in place by the World Health Organization and by the American Psychiatric Association and lists the issues and challenges that face the two organisations on their road to the revisions of the classifications. These include dilemmas about the ways of presentation of the revisions (e.g. whether dimensions should be added to categories or even replace them), about different versions of the classifications (e.g. the primary care and research versions), about ways to ensure that the best of evidence as well as experience are taken into account in drafting the revision and many other issues that will have to be resolved in the immediate future.
Gate Stack Reliability of High-Mobility 4H SiC Lateral MOSFETs with Deposited Al2O3 Gate Dielectric
Authors: Lichtenwalner Daniel J , Misra Veena , Dhar Sarit , Ryu Sei-Hyung , Agarwal Anant 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLateral nMOSFETs have been fabricated on 4H-SiC utilizing deposited dielectrics and gate-last processing. A bi-layer dielectric was utilized consisting of thin nitrided SiO2 covered by 25nm of Al2O3 deposited using atomic layer deposition. Field-effect mobility and threshold voltage (VT) were found to vary with SiC nitric oxide (NO) anneal temperature. High peak mobility values of 106 cm2/V·s were obtained, with a corresponding VT of 0.8 V, using an 1175 °C 20 min NO anneal of the SiC before Al2O3 deposition. Constant voltage stressing (CVS) of the gate (3 MV/cm) for 1000s induces a VT increase of only 0.12 V for the devices stressed at RT, whereas a VT shift of 0.34 V occurs for devices stressed at 150 °C. Heating unstressed devices to 200 °C reveals a stable VT with temperature. Negative charge in the gate region allows for the attainment of positive VT, while VT stability does not suffer.
ZnO-based MESFET Devices
Authors: Grundmann Marius , Frenzel Heiko , Lajn Alexander , von Wenckstern Holger , Schein Friedrich , Lorenz Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present transistors and inverters based on the MESFET principle. The channel consists of thin ZnO:Mg thin films on sapphire, deposited with pulsed laser deposition. The ohmic source and drain contacts are formed with sputtered gold. The Schottky gate electrode is formed by metal oxides providing high barrier height and a reliable contact. The voltage swing of our inverters is superior to any other reported oxide devices. Annealing studies show that our devices withstand temperatures up to 150°C, partly improving during annealing.
Cyan electroluminescence from n-ZnO/i-CdZnO/p-Si heterojunction diodes
Authors: Li Lin , Yang Zheng , Liu Jianlin 
Published: January 2010

Abstractn-ZnO/i-CdZnO thin film was grown on p-type Si substrate by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). Rectifying I-V curves show typical diode characteristics. Cyan electroluminescence emissions at around 473 nm were observed when the diodes were forward-biased at room temperature. The emission intensity increases with the increase of the injection current. Room temperature photoluminescence verifies the electroluminescence emissions come from CdZnO layer.
Electrical and thermal stress analysis of In2O3-Ga2O3-ZnO thin-film transistors
Authors: Fujii Mami , Maruyama Tomoki , Horita Masahiro , Uchiyama Kiyoshi , Jung Ji Sim , kwon jang yeon , Uraoka Yukiharu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDegradation of In2O3-Ga2O3-ZnO (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs)) was studied. We evaluated degradation caused by applying gate voltage and drain voltage stress. A parallel shift of the transfer curve was observed under gate voltage stress. Joule heating caused by the drain current was observed. We tried to reproduce this degradation of the transfer curve change by device simulation. When we assumed the trap level as the density of state (DOS) model and increased two kinds of trap density, we obtained properties that show the same trends as the experimental results. We concluded that two degradation mechanisms occur under gate and drain voltage stress conditions. And then, we tried to improve the TFT characteristics using high pressure water vapor (HPV) annealing. We also found that the cooling conditions after HPV annealing affect the IGZO TFT characteristics.
MBE-grown NiyMg1-yO and ZnxMg1-xO Thin Films for Deep Ultraviolet Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Mares Jeremy West , Boutwell Ryan Casey , Falanga Matthew Thomas , Scheurer Amber , Schoenfeld Winston Vaughan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report on the heteroepitaxial growth of high-quality single crystal cubic ZnxMg1-xO and NiyMg1-yO thin films by radio frequency oxygen plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF-MBE). Film compositions over the ranges x = 0 to x = 0.65 and y = 0 to y = 1 have been grown on lattice-matched MgO (100) and characterized optically, morphologically, compositionally, and electrically. Both of these ternary materials are shown to have bandgaps which vary directly as a function of transition metal (Ni or Zn) concentration. Optical transmission measurements of NiyMg1-yO show the bandgap to shift continuously over the approximate range 3.5 eV (for NiO) to 4.81 eV (for y=0.075). Similarly, the bandgap of cubic ZnxMg1-xO is shifted from about 4.9 eV (for x = 0.65) to 6.25 eV (for x=0.12). Films exhibit good morphological quality and typical roughness of NiyMg1-yO films is 5 Å while that of ZnxMg1-xO is less than 15 Å, as measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) is employed to confirm crystal orientation and to determine the films' lattice constants. Film compositions are interrogated by Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) and electrical characterization is made by room-temperature Hall measurements.