bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Word-Smithing: Some Metallurgical Terms in Hebrew and Aramaic
Authors: Levene Dan , Rothenberg Beno 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The collaboration between Dr Dan Levene and Prof. Beno Rothenberg on a project that aims to identify references to metals and metalworking techniques in what are primarily Judaic sources has been a bringing together of two different approaches to studying the past: philology and archaeometallurgy. This paper highlights the way in which the lexicography of certain terms must inevitably rely on knowledge of the relevant technology and its history. To illustrate this point two terms are examined: 1. the word srp and the shifting meanings of some of its cognates across time; and 2. the word 'nk, that appears in Amos 7.7-8.
Description of one new, and new data on two known, species of Enchodelus Thorne, 1939 (Dorylaimida: Nordiidae) from Iran
Authors: Pourjam Ebrahim , Robbins Robert , Pedram Majid , Ye Weimin , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis contribution provides a study of one new and two known species of Enchodelus. Enchodelus sardashtensis sp. n. is characterised by its 1.3-1.5 mm long body, lip region 13-15 μm broad and offset by marked depression, odontostyle 22-27 μm or 1.5-1.8 lip region diam. long, neck 290-310 μm long, pharyngeal expansion 100-110 μm long or 35-38% of total neck length, a dorsal cellular mass (pseudocoelomocyte) present between cardia and proximal end of anterior ovary, uterus tripartite and 95-145 μm long, V = 44-48, female tail rounded conoid (19-23 μm, c = 61-76, c′ = 0.7-0.8) and bearing saccate bodies, and male unknown. This species is close to E. altherri and E. arcticus. Enchodelus groenlandicus and E. longispiculus are recorded for the first time in Iran and in Asia, respectively and compared to other known populations of these species. A molecular characterisation of E. longispiculus is also performed based on ribosomal DNA near-full-length small subunit 18S gene, internal transcribed spacer and partial 5.8S gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed E. sardahtensis sp. n. and E. longispiculus to be in a monophyletic clade with all other Enchodelus with rounded tail.
Prothallonema tomici n. sp. (Tylenchida: Sphaerulariidae) parasitising Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Bulgaria
Authors: Pilarska Daniela , Takov Danail , Nedelchev Sevdan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractProthallonema tomici n. sp. (Tylenchida: Sphaerulariidae) is described as a parasite of the bark beetle Tomicus piniperda (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytidae). The new species is characterised by the relatively short body (0.3-0.5 mm) and short prolapsed uterus ((0.16-0.44) × (0.065-0.15) mm), relatively anterior position of the vulva (83.8-85.5%), stylet with fine asymmetrical basal knobs, hemizonid and hemizonion, four incisures, subterminal phasmids and tail terminus always curved dorsad. The entomoparasitic and mycetophagous generation were observed in the body cavity of T. piniperda. Comparing the two generations of J4 showed that the mycetophagous generation had a longer and more robust body, shorter pharynx and tail, longer reproductive system and vulva located further posteriorly. It can be concluded that, in the haemocoel, the entomoparasitic generation can develop through all stages whilst the mycetophagous generation develops to the J4 and then dies.
A Jewish Neo-Aramaic Translation of Genesis Recorded in Mosul, Iraq, ca. 1841 (Ms. Syr. 7, Houghton Library, Harvard University)
Authors: Burns Joshua Ezra 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The subject of the present study is a transcription of the first two chapters of Genesis in an undocumented Jewish Neo-Aramaic literary dialect. Recorded in the vicinity of Mosul, Iraq, at some point during the mid-nineteenth century, the Genesis manuscript is accompanied by another of identical provenance preserving a selection from the Gospel of Matthew in the same ostensibly Jewish dialect. The purpose of my analysis is to establish the provenance of this exceptional pair of documents, and, upon the basis of this determination, to analyze the contents of the Genesis manuscript in light of other attested Jewish Neo-Aramaic renderings of the biblical text.
The Narratological Purpose of Aramaic Prose in Ezra 4.8 – 6.18
Authors: Berman Joshua 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Regnant documentary theories do not account for the large amount of Aramaic narrative framing seen in Ezra 4–6. The discourse employed by this narrator shows him to be a Samarian in orientation. The implied author constructs this narrative perspective as a poetic device through which the reader/listener learns that the foes of his time—Samarian and Persian—are not as formidable as he may have thought them to be, and that the God of Israel works in ways that he may not have appreciated without this external testimony.
Reexamination of the Bare Preterite Base in the Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Zakho
Authors: Gutman Ariel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn Neo-Aramaic dialects the historic passive participle is used as the base form for the preterite tense. Nonetheless, the scholarly tradition saw it as a passive form, especially when it appears alone as a 'bare form'. A wide corpus study of Jewish Zakho Neo-Aramaic shows, however, that in some cases it is justified to see this form as bearing an active function. This is established through the examination of the information-structure associated with the form. A comparison to an older stratum of Neo-Aramaic, namely the Nerwa texts from the 17th century, provides a possible diachronic explanation of this change.
Telltale Signs of a Semitic Prototext for the Peshitta of Daniel
Authors: Lund Jerome 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Earlier scholars concluded correctly that the Peshitta of Daniel was translated from a Semitic prototext, but their arguments were less than compelling. Basing the argument on vocabulary, to wit the consistent rendering of Hebrew as and Aramaic as, the use of Persian loanwords, and the preservation of a rare Semitic adverb, provides a more convincing case than offered in the past. Though not necessary to prove the point, the author suggests that what could be interpreted as a peal passive participle may in fact be an internal peal passive suffix conjugation form. This suggestion is presented for scholarly consideration and should not be considered fundamental to the major thesis.
"Fickle Fate Has Exhausted My Burning Heart": An Egyptian Engineer of the 19th Century Between Belief in Progress and Existential Anxiety
Authors: Konrad Felix 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLittle is known about the worldview and self-image of low-ranking Egyptian civil servants and graduates of state schools of the mid-19th century. Based on an unusual self-referential text which the young irrigation engineer Muhammad Kānīal-Baqlī had printed in 1865, this article seeks to discover the social and cultural orientation of a simple efendi of the mid-19th century and how he interpreted his world. It will show how al-Baqlī acted as an individual in a world defined by constraints and dependencies and how he tried to realise his ambitions for social recognition and advancement. Despite his subaltern position, al-Baqlī participated in the dominant hegemonic discourse about reform, progress and civilisation, and he aimed to adapt it to his own ambitious purposes. He also attempted to define what ought to be provided for him as an individual and as a member of an emerging social group, the afandīya, by a progressive and just government.
Al-Mustabsirūn, "Those Who Are Able To See The Light": Sunnī Conversion to Twelver Shī'ism in Modern Times
Authors: Sindawi Khalid 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe present study's objective is to analyze the phenomenon of the mustabsirūn in Twelver Shī'ism in modern times. The term mustabsir is used among (Twelver) Shī'ites to refer to someone who has left his previous faith, converted to Shī'ism and adopted its doctrines. In this study we inquire into the meaning of the term in general, in the Qur'ān and its commentaries, and as a specific term. We examine the motivation for conversion to Shī'ism, the types and status of converts and the reasons which drive them to convert, the pressures and threats which converts face from Sunnī circles and how converts cope with these and respond to the attacks on them. The study also surveys mustabsir websites and their contents, books which such converts have written, describing their conversion experience, as well as factors which have contributed to the popularity of the conversion movement, among them the support which Iranian cultural missions provide to converts, the Lebanon War of 2006 and the burgeoning popularity of Hasan Nasr Allāh, the political protection which many converts enjoy, monetary and economic emoluments given to converts, and Shī'ite satellite TV stations and websites. The study's main conclusion is that the terms mustabsir ("he who has had his eyes opened", convert to Twelver Shī'ism) and istibsār (the verbal noun: conversion) have taken on a clear and definite meaning, denoting a real trend in recent years, although still relatively limited in scope, so that at present and in the foreseeable future Sunnī Muslims have no reason to fear this trend.
Questioning Hierarchies of Harm: Women, Forced Migration, and International Criminal Law
Authors: Ramji-Nogales Jaya 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThough international criminal law has made great strides in addressing harm perpetrated against women in wartime, its gendered structure diverts attention away from other significant harms that women endure as a result of armed conflict. In particular, international criminal law's hierarchy of harm elevates crimes committed as part of a plan or pattern across political groups over equally serious forms of harm perpetrated randomly, often within political groups. Thus the private and opportunistic harms enabled by situations of displacement and perpetrated against female forced migrants do not fall clearly within the framework of international criminal law. This vacuum of accountability extends beyond international criminal law, as female forced migrants cannot rely on their own governments, their host governments, and often even international humanitarian organisations to protect them against opportunistic violence. International criminal law could fill the void only after quite serious reconstruction, namely expansion of its scope and restructuring of its focus. It may be that a structure designed specifically to prevent and account for opportunistic violence against female forced migrants would be better equipped to perform that task. Criminal accountability might be better performed in national legal systems or informal justice systems created within camp environments. There are also solutions other than criminal accountability, such as human rights law, that might be more appropriate in addressing such harms. In the meantime, until a solution is found that places these 'private' crimes on equal footing with 'public' attacks currently prohibited by international criminal law, the serious and frequent harms suffered by forcibly displaced women will continue to be overlooked, relegated to the bottom of the hierarchy of harm.
The Paradoxical Feminist Quest for Remedy: A Case Study of Jane Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front and Anouar Haddam
Authors: Bennoune Karima 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article analyses Jane Doe v. Islamic Salvation Front et al., an Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) case brought in the United States by the late Rhonda Copelon, a leading feminist international lawyer. Bennoune explores the experiences of the Jane Doe plaintiffs, exposing the limited legal avenues that were available to them at the time. She finds that Copelon's creative ATCA litigation strategy embodied a symbolic, feminist act in the paradoxical quest for justice, armed with the knowledge that it would likely become a losing battle. The article ultimately shows that the ACTA litigation, even if unsuccessful in the end, recognised that non-state actors can harm human rights, and provided a powerful avenue for expressing plaintiffs' grievances when no other court would hear them.
Assessing Civil Liability for Harms to Women during Armed Conflict: The Rulings of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
Authors: Reed Lucy 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article provides a descriptive account of rulings of the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (EECC) related to harms inflicted during the Ethiopia-Eritrea armed conflict that disproportionately affected women. Following the introduction, it presents a brief overview of the creation of the EECC and its jurisdiction, procedure and rulings. It then discusses the EECC's rulings on sexual violence, describing the special considerations for applying its standard and quantum of proof in relation to liability and damages in rape claims. The next part focuses on the import of the EECC's rulings in relation to expelled and other displaced civilians (including internally displaced persons), who were largely women and other vulnerable populations. Although the EECC did not, for the most part, find displacement itself to be a violation of the jus in bello, it did award significant amounts of compensation for harms suffered by expelled and displaced civilians and for relief provided to such persons, who were predominantly women and other vulnerable populations, as well as for Eritrea's violation of the jus ad bellum.
Lumen in obscuris: The Winding Road of Modern Endoscopy
Authors: Pogliano Claudio 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe historical process leading to the recent invention of endoscopic capsules that are swallowed and travel through the alimentary canal, or to virtual voyages inside the human body one of the last amazing digital technologies has been long and winding. This essay seeks to retrace some steps of that process, since the second half of the 18th century. Numerous medical practitioners, technicians, and instrument makers aimed to explore inner body parts and interspaces by means of the sense of sight. In the mid-19th century Endoscope was called the instrument that would allow to bring light into unknown recesses and visualize them; urethra and bladder were the organs at first investigated, but soon the medical gaze proceeded to penetrate the esophagus and the stomach, not without several obstacles to be overcome.
The Importance of Being Florentine: A Journey around the World for Wax Anatomical Venuses
Authors: de Ceglia Francesco Paolo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article reconstructs the 19th century history of events regarding a few female wax anatomical models made in Florence. More or less faithful copies of those housed in Florence's Museum of Physics and Natural History, these models were destined for display in temporary exhibitions. In their travels through Europe and the United States, they transformed the expression "Florentine Venus" into a sort of brand name used to label and offer respectability to pieces of widely varying quality.
Coupling Modes among Action Centers of Wave–Mean Flow Interaction and Their Association with the AO/NAM
Authors: Zhao Nan , Liang Sujie , Ding Yihui 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Arctic Oscillation/Northern Hemisphere annular mode (AO/NAM) is attributed to wave–mean flow interaction over the extratropical region of the Northern Hemisphere. This wave–mean flow interaction is closely related to three atmospheric centers of action, corresponding to three regional oscillations: the NAO, the PNA, and the stratosphere polar vortex (SPV), respectively. It is then natural to infer that local wave–mean flow interactions at these three centers of action are dynamically coupled to each other and can thus explain the main aspects of the three-dimensional coherent structure of the annular mode, which also provides a possible way to understand how the local NAO–PNA–SPV perspective and the hemispheric AO/NAM perspective are interrelated. By using a linear stochastic model of coupled oscillators, this study suggests that two coupling modes among the PNA, NAO, and SPV are related to the two-dimensional pattern in sea level pressure of the AO. Although both of them may contribute to the AO/NAM, only one is related to the three-dimensional equivalent barotropic structure of the NAM, while the other one is mainly restricted to the troposphere. So the equivalent barotropic structure of the NAM, as usually revealed by the regression of the zonal wind against the AO index, is the manifestation of just one coupling mode. Another coupled mode is a baroclinic mode that resembles the NAM only in the troposphere. However, this similarity in spatial structures does not imply that the total variability of the AO/NAM index can be explained by those of the NAO–PNA–SPV or their coupling modes, because of the existence of the variability that may contribute to the AO/NAM, produced outside of these three regions. It is estimated that the coupling modes can jointly explain 44% of the variance of the AO/NAM index.
Extratropical Influence on ITCZ Shifts in Slab Ocean Simulations of Global Warming
Authors: Frierson Dargan M. W. , Hwang Yen-Ting 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Recent studies with climate models have demonstrated the power of extratropical forcing in causing the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) to shift northward or southward, and paleoclimate data support the notion that there have been large shifts in the ITCZ over time. It is shown that similar notions apply to slab ocean simulations of global warming. Nine slab ocean model simulations from different modeling centers show a wide range of ITCZ shifts in response to doubling carbon dioxide concentrations, which are experienced in a rather zonally symmetric way in the tropics. Using an attribution strategy based on fundamental energetic constraints, it is shown that responses of clouds and ice in the extratropics explain much of the range of ITCZ responses. There are also some positive feedbacks within the tropics due to increasing water vapor content and high clouds in the new ITCZ location, which amplify the changes driven from the extratropics. This study shows the clear importance of simulating extratropical climate responses with fidelity, because in addition to their local importance, the impacts of these climate responses have a large nonlocal impact on rainfall in the tropics.
Properties of thermally modified medium-density fibreboards
Authors: Bonigut Jürgen , Krug Detlef , Stephani Beate 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Thermal treatment of solid timber and oriented strandboards (OSB) improves durability against fungal decay and dimensional stability (swelling and shrinking). It is not clear whether thermal treatment of medium-density fibreboards (MDF) has the same effects. In this work, four variants of phenol-formaldehyde (PF)-bonded MDF with varying contents of resin and hydrophobing agent were thermally post-treated according to the Mühlböck procedure at three different maxi-mum temperatures. The short-term properties internal bond, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, thickness swelling and equilibrium moisture content and the long-term property creep behaviour of treated variants and of one untreated variant have been tested. The results are presented and discussed in comparison with the respective European standards. Altogether, the thermal treatment had a positive effect on most of the tested mechanical short-term properties. The moisture-related properties, i.e., thickness swelling and equilibrium moisture content, were also positively influenced. The creep behaviour of heat-treated MDF could also be improved by thermal modification.
Estimating Water Retention Characteristics of Sands from Grain Size Distribution using Idealized Packing Conditions
Authors: Jaafar Rani , Likos William J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
A new approach is presented for estimating the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) of granular porous media along a drainage path using the relatively simple measurements of grain size distribution (GSD) and mass-volume relationships (void ratio). GSD measured using mechanical sieve analysis is converted into an equivalent population of smooth, spherical particles. Pore size distributions representing relatively loose and relatively dense packing conditions are calculated from the geometry of idealized two-dimensional unit pores formed among particle groups randomly assembled from the simulated particle population. The Young–Laplace equation is used to quantify the amount of pore water retained in the form of thin films, liquid bridges, and completely filled pockets, thus allowing the SWCC to be modeled over the entire saturation range. The measured void ratio is used to constrain the modeled SWCC via the theoretical consideration of the work done to expand air-water interfaces throughout the matrix. Nine sets of results for sands and glass beads are used to evaluate the model’s performance. SWCCs are most effectively predicted in the capillary and funicular saturation regimes (20 % &lt; S &lt;100 %), with more deviation observed in the pendular regime (S &lt; 20 %). Air-entry pressure is predicted within an average error of 8 %. Assumptions and constraints required in the framework restrict the general applicability of the approach to poorly graded materials with predominant grain sizes in the sand- to silt-sized range.
Pulsed Laser Deposition and In Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Pd clusters supported on alumina
Authors: Casari C.S. , Foglio S. , Corbetta M. , Passoni M. , Bottani C.E. , Li Bassi A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWith the aim of addressing the material gap issue between model and real systems in heterogeneous catalysis, we exploited Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) to produce Pd clusters supported on ultrathin alumina films (Pd/Al2O3/NiAl(001) and Pd/Al2O3-x/HOPG). The structural properties have been investigated by in situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) in ultra high vacuum (UHV). At first, Pd clusters were deposited by evaporation and by PLD on Al2O3 surfaces grown by thermal oxidation of NiAl(001). The system shows thermal stability up to 650 K. By PLD we deposited Pd clusters with a good size control obtained by varying the background gas pressure and the target-to-substrate distance. We then realized aPd/Al2O3-x/HOPG system where both Pd clusters and the alumina film are produced by PLD showing that, by exploiting the same deposition technique, it is possible to synthesize both a model system addressable by in situ STM and a thick film (∼100 μm) closer to realistic systems.
Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy Study on the Spontaneous Formation of Erbium Monoantimonide Nanoparticles on Indium Antimonide Surfaces
Authors: Onishi Takehiro , Lohn Andrew J. , Coleman Elane , Tompa Gary S. , Kobayashi Nobuhiko P. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWe describe an ex-situ monitoring technique for a small amount (∼30 mono-layers) of erbium monoantimonide (ErSb) deposited on an indium antimonide (InSb) epitaxial layer prepared on InSb(100) substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Our objective is to improve thermoelectric properties of nanocomposites that employ nanometer size semi-metallic ErSb particles (ErSb nanoparticles) embedded in ternary group III-V compound semiconductor host materials such as indium gallium antimonide (InGaSb) and indium antimonide arsenide (InSbAs). The formation of ErSb nanoparticles embedded in a host material is spontaneous and needs to be carefully controlled to tune the size and volume density of the ErSb nanoparticles. We used an ex-situ monitoring technique based on glancing-angle infrared-absorption, reflection absorption infra-red spectroscopy (RAIRS), to study the formation of ErSb nanoparticles to correlate the amount of delivered ErSb and surface morphology of the surface of InSb covered with ErSb.