bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral antinociceptive effects of inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase in a rat model of inflammatory pain
Authors: Guindon Josée , Guijarro Ana , Piomelli Daniele , Hohmann Andrea G. 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) is degraded primarily by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). We compared peripheral antinociceptive effects of JZL184, a novel irreversible MGL inhibitor, with the reversible MGL‐preferring inhibitor URB602 and exogenous 2‐AG in rats.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHNociception in the formalin test was assessed in groups receiving dorsal paw injections of vehicle, JZL184 (0.001–300 µg), URB602 (0.001–600 µg), 2‐AG (ED50), 2‐AG + JZL184 (at their ED50), 2‐AG + URB602 (at their ED50), AM251 (80 µg), AM251 + JZL184 (10 µg), AM630 (25 µg) or AM630 + JZL184 (10 µg). Effects of MGL inhibitors on endocannabinoid accumulation and on activities of endocannabinoid‐metabolizing enzymes were assessed.KEY RESULTSIntra‐paw administration of JZL184, URB602 and 2‐AG suppressed early and late phases of formalin pain. JZL184 and URB602 acted through a common mechanism. JZL184 (ED50Phase 1: 0.06 ± 0.028; Phase 2: 0.03 ± 0.011 µg) produced greater antinociception than URB602 (ED50Phase 1: 120 ± 51.3; Phase 2: 66 ± 23.9 µg) or 2‐AG. Both MGL inhibitors produced additive antinociceptive effects when combined with 2‐AG. Antinociceptive effects of JZL184, like those of URB602, were blocked by cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) antagonists. JZL184 suppressed MGL but not fatty‐acid amide hydrolase or N‐arachidonoyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D activitiesex vivo. URB602 increased hind paw 2‐AG without altering anandamide levels.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSMGL inhibitors suppressed formalin‐induced pain through peripheral CB1and CB2receptor mechanisms. MGL inhibition increased paw skin 2‐AG accumulation to mediate these effects. MGL represents a target for the treatment of inflammatory pain.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Dopaminergic mechanisms of reinstatement of MDMA‐seeking behaviour in rats
Authors: Schenk S , Gittings D , Colussi‐Mas J 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAnimal models of drug‐seeking suggest that exposure to cues associated with self‐administered drugs and drug primes might precipitate relapse via activation of central dopaminergic substrates.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe effects of priming injections of dopamine and 5‐HT agonists on drug‐seeking and effects of dopamine antagonists on methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)‐produced potentiation of drug‐seeking following extinguished MDMA self‐administration were examined.KEY RESULTSDrug‐seeking was produced by exposure to a light stimulus that had been paired with self‐administered MDMA infusions and this effect was potentiated by experimenter‐administered injections of the dopamine D2‐like receptor agonist, quinpirole, the indirect agonist, amphetamine and the uptake inhibitor, GBR 12909. Drug‐seeking was not elicited by the dopamine D1‐like receptor agonist, SKF 81297 or the non‐selective agonist, apomorphine. The 5‐HT receptor agonists DOI or mCPP also failed to elicit drug‐seeking. The 5‐HT uptake inhibitor, clomipramine, attenuated drug‐seeking produced by the MDMA‐associated stimulus but failed to alter the potentiated response produced by GBR 12909. The D1receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 or the D2receptor antagonist, eticlopride attenuated the potentiation of drug‐seeking produced by MDMA.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese data provide evidence of dopaminergic mechanisms in drug‐seeking following extinction of MDMA self‐administration. Because tissue levels of 5‐HT were significantly decreased following MDMA self‐administration, we suggest that MDMA begins to preferentially activate dopaminergic substrates to potentiate the drug‐seeking response.
Cough: an unmet clinical need
Authors: Dicpinigaitis Peter V. 
Published: December 2010

Cough is among the most common complaints for which patients worldwide seek medical attention. Thus, the evaluation and treatment of cough result in tremendous financial expenditure and consumption of health care resources. Yet, despite the clinical significance of cough, research efforts aimed at improving diagnostic capabilities and developing more effective therapeutic agents have been, to date, disappointing in their limited scope and outcomes. Acute cough due to the common cold represents the most common type of cough. Currently, available medications for the symptomatic management of acute cough are inadequate due to lack of proven efficacy and/or their association with undesirable or intolerable side effects at anti‐tussive doses. Subacute cough, often representing a prolonged post‐viral response, is typically refractory to standard anti‐tussive therapy. Few clinical trials have evaluated therapeutic options for subacute cough. Diagnostic challenges facing the clinician in the management of chronic cough include the determination of whether symptoms of upper airway cough syndrome (formerly, postnasal drip syndrome) or gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease are indeed the underlying cause of cough. Chronic, refractory unexplained (formerly, idiopathic) cough must be distinguished from cough that has not been fully evaluated and treated according to current guideline recommendations. Eagerly awaited are new safe and effective anti‐tussive agents for use when cough suppression is desired, regardless of underlying aetiology of cough, as well as practical, validated ambulatory cough counters to aid clinical assessment and future research in the field of cough.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Respiratory Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐1
Lycopene: features and potential significance in the oral cancer and precancerous lesions
Authors: Lu Rui , Dan Hongxia , Wu Ruiqing , Meng Wenxia , Liu Na , Jin Xin , Zhou Min , Zeng Xin , Zhou Gang , Chen Qianming 
Published: December 2010

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 40: 361–368Data from epidemiological studies have indicated that diets rich in fruits and vegetables are likely to benefit many aspects of the prevention of oral malignancy. Lycopene is a red‐coloured carotenoid predominantly accumulated in tomatoes as well as other fruits and vegetables. It has been claimed to alleviate chronic diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular disease. Hence, the aim of this review is to summarize the features and its potential significance of lycopene in the development, prevention and treatment of oral premalignant lesions and oral cancer. Studies showed that lycopene might have beneficial effects in the management of some premalignant lesions in the oral cavity including oral submucous fibrosis and oral leukoplakia and may be an adjunct in the prevention and therapy of oral cancer. However, more mechanistic studies and randomized controlled trials of large sample size are necessary to further confirm these effects and to eventually make lycopene to be used in the community prevention and clinically routine management of these diseases.
Behavior of REE Fractionation during Weathering of Dolomite Regolith Profile in Southwest China
Authors: Qingjie GONG , Gaixia ZHANG , Jing ZHANG , Biao JIANG , Nan MA 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:REE fractionation during the weathering of dolomite has been recognized for decades. A regolith profile on dolomite in southwest Yunnan of China was selected to investigate the behaviors of REE during weathering. The weathering of dolomite is divided into two stages: the pedogenesis stage and soil evolution stage, corresponding to the saprolites and soils respectively in the regolith profile. SiO2, TiO2, P2O5, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta were immobile components during the weathering by and large, while Al2O3, K2O and Fe2O3 were lost during the soil evolution stage in the physical form (clay minerals probably). REE were fractionated during the whole weathering of dolomite. The field weathering profile and the lab acid‐leaching experiments on dolomite indicate that MREE were enriched clearly relative to other REE during the pedogenesis stage in a “capillary ascending‐adsorption” mechanism, but they did not fractionate clearly in the soil evolution stage. REE were lost and accumulated in the weathering front of dolomite during the soil evolution stage in a “physical‐chemical leaching” mechanism.
New Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology of the Post‐kinematic Granitic Plutons in the Diancang Shan Metamorphic Massif along the Ailao Shan‐Red River Shear Zone and Its Geological Implications
Authors: Shuyun CAO , Junlai LIU , LEISS Bernd , Chunqiang ZHAO 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:The Ailao Shan‐Red River fault zone is the boundary between the Yangtze block to the northeast and the Indochina block to the southwest. It is an important tectonic zone due to its role in the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina block during and subsequent to the Indian‐Eurasian collision. Diancang Shan (DCS) high‐grade metamorphic complex, located at the northwest extension along the Ailao Shan‐Red River (ASRR) shear zone, is a representative metamorphic complex of the ASRR tectonic belt. Structural and microstructural analysis of sheared rocks in the high‐grade metamorphic rocks reveals that they are coherent with solid‐state high‐temperature ductile deformation, which is attributed to left‐lateral shearing along the ASRR shear zone. New LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb geochronological and microstructural studies of the post‐kinematic granitic plutons provide a straightforward time constraint on the termination ductile left‐lateral shearing and exhumation of the metamorphic massif in the ASRR shear zone. It is suggested that the left‐lateral shearing along the ASRR shear zone ended at ca. 21 Ma at relative lower‐temperature or decreasing temperature conditions. During or after the emplacement of the young dikes at ca. 21 Ma, rapid brittle deformation event occurred, which makes the DCS massif start fast uplift/exhumation and cooling to a shallow crustal level.
LA‐ICP‐MS Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology and Petrology of the Muchang Alkali Granite, Zhenkang County, Western Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Lin YE , Wei GAO , Zengtao CHENG , Yulong YANG , Yan TAO 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:The Muchang composite intrusion is located about 14 km southeast of the Fengwei town and south of the Baoshan‐Zhenkang block. The rift‐related intrusion consists of the early‐stage riebeckite nordmarkite in the east and west sides and the discontinuous marginal zone, the late‐stage main body of dominant riebeckite granite, and minor aegirine granite. Studies on petrological geochemistry and LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb dating of the late‐stage riebeckite granite, origin and evolution of the Muchang alkali granite and the relationship between the granite and the associated skarn‐type Luziyuan Pb‐Zn deposit are discussed in this paper. The results show that the Muchang alkali granites belong to A‐type granites, which are characterized by enrichment in Al2O3, SiO2, total alkali and Fe, depletion in MgO and CaO contents with high FeOT/MgO ratios. The REE concentrations are relatively high, exhibiting highly fractionated LREE patterns with significantly Eu negative anomaly. The Muchang granites are obviously enriched in lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, K, U and Th) and high field strength elements (e.g., Zr, Hf, Nb, Y and Ga) with high 10000×Ga/Al ratios and depleted in Sr, Ba, Ti, Cr and Ni, which are similar to those of the A‐type granites and quite different from those of S‐type and I‐type granites. The LA‐ICP‐MS zircon dating results of the Muchang granite gave a weighted mean age of 266.2±5.4 Ma (2σ), suggesting that they were formed in the stage of extension at the end of post‐collision at Middle Permian and the consumption of Paleo‐Tethys ocean took place before 266 Ma. It is suggested that the unexposed intermediate‐acid intrusive rocks in the Luziyuan ore district, which is the “sister” rocks material of the Muchang granites and related closely to Luziyuan Pb‐Zn mineralization, were the product of Middle Permian.
Evaluation of Four Commercial Systems for the Diagnosis of Epstein-Barr Virus Primary Infections
Authors: de Ory Fernando , Guisasola María Eulalia , Sanz Juan Carlos , García-Bermejo Isabel 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTTo compare the performance of four diagnostic commercial systems for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) serology (for IgM and IgG virus capsid antigen [VCA] and EBV nuclear antigen [EBNA] antibodies), a collection of 125 samples from clinically suspected infectious mononucleosis cases was studied. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) for VCA IgM and IgG antibodies and anticomplement immunofluorescence for EBNA antibodies (Meridian Bioscience Inc.) were used as reference methods. By these methods, the cases were classified EBV primary infection (presence of IgM to VCA or IgG to VCA in the absence of EBNA antibodies;n= 82), EBV past infection (presence of VCA IgG and EBNA antibodies in the absence of VCA IgM;n= 26), or no infection (negative for the three markers;n= 17). The following systems were tested: two chemiluminescent immunoassays (CLIAs; the Liason [CLIA-L; DiaSorin] and the Immulite 2000 [CLIA-I; Siemens]), immunofiltration (IF; All.Diag), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; DiaSorin). In the IgM assays, sensitivities ranged from 67.1% (ELISA) to 92.2% (CLIA-L) and specificities ranged from 93.8% (CLIA-L) to 100% (IF). In the VCA IgG assays, sensitivities varied from 79.4% (IF) to 94.4% (CLIA-I) and specificities varied from 94.4% (IF and CLIA-L) to 100% (CLIA-I and ELISA). In EBNA assays, sensitivities ranged from 78.1% (IF) to 93.8% (CLIA-I) and specificities ranged from 32.3% (CLIA-L) to 91.4% (IF). In relation to EBV profiles, the corresponding figures for sensitivity (in detecting primary infection) for IF, CLIA-L, CLIA-I, and ELISA were 92.7%, 93.8%, 89%, and 89.6%, respectively, and those for specificity (to exclude primary recent infection) were 90.7%, 94.6%, 97.7%, and 95.2%, respectively. Although there were limitations in some individual markers, especially CLIA-L for EBNA IgG, the systems evaluated appear to be useful for diagnosis of EBV infection.
Performance of the Aptima High-Risk Human Papillomavirus mRNA Assay in a Referral Population in Comparison with Hybrid Capture 2 and Cytology
Authors: Clad Andreas , Reuschenbach Miriam , Weinschenk Johanna , Grote Ruth , Rahmsdorf Janina , Freudenberg Nikolaus 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

This study compared the Aptima human papillomavirus (HPV) (AHPV; Gen-Probe Incorporated) assay, which detects E6/E7 mRNA from 14 high-risk types, the Hybrid Capture 2 HPV DNA (HC2; Qiagen Incorporated) test, and repeat cytology for their ability to detect high-grade cervical lesions (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ [CIN2+]) in women referred to colposcopy due to an abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. A total of 424 clinical specimens, stored in liquid-based cytology (LBC) vials at room temperature for up to 3 years, were tested by repeat cytology, the AHPV assay, and the HC2 test. Assay results were compared to each other and to histology results. The overall agreement between the AHPV assay and the HC2 test was 88.4%. The sensitivity (specificity) of cytology, the HC2 test, and the AHPV assay for the detection of CIN2+ was 84.9% (66.3%), 91.3% (61.0%), and 91.7% (75.0%) and for the detection of CIN3+ was 93.9% (54.4%), 95.7% (46.0%), and 98.2% (56.3%), respectively. Of the disease-positive specimens containing high-risk HPV (HR HPV) DNA as determined by Linear Array (Roche Diagnostics), the AHPV assay missed 3 CIN2 and 1 microfocal CIN3 specimen, while the HC2 test missed 6 CIN2, 4 CIN3, and 1 cervical carcinoma specimen. The AHPV assay had a sensitivity similar to but a specificity significantly higher (
P
< 0.0001) than the HC2 test for the detection of CIN2+. The AHPV assay was significantly more sensitive (
P
= 0.0041) and significantly more specific (
P
= 0.0163) than cytology for the detection of disease (CIN2+).
Rapid Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex and Rifampin Resistance in Smear-Negative Clinical Samples by Use of an Integrated Real-Time PCR Method
Authors: Moure Raquel , Muñoz Laura , Torres Miriam , Santin Miguel , Martín Rogelio , Alcaide Fernando 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Sixty-four of 85 (75.3%) smear-negative respiratory (
n
= 78) and nonrespiratory (
n
= 7) samples with positive cultures of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex (MTC) were detected by the GeneXpert system using the Xpert MTB/RIF assay (GX). In addition, GX found
rpoB
mutations in all six of the rifampin-resistant strains detected. The test was negative in 20 culture-negative and 20 nontuberculous culture-positive samples (100% specificity). GX offers high potential for the diagnosis of tuberculosis due to its capacity for direct detection of MTC, its rapidity, and its simplicity.
Current Molecular Epidemiology of Lassa Virus in Nigeria
Authors: Ehichioya Deborah U. , Hass Meike , Becker-Ziaja Beate , Ehimuan Jacqueline , Asogun Danny A. , Fichet-Calvet Elisabeth , Kleinsteuber Katja , Lelke Michaela , ter Meulen Jan , Akpede George O. , Omilabu Sunday A. , Günther Stephan , Ölschläger Stephan 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Recent Lassa virus strains from Nigeria were completely or partially sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the predominance of lineage II and III strains, the existence of a previously undescribed (sub)lineage in Nigeria, and the directional spread of virus in the southern part of the country. The Bayesian analysis also provided estimates for divergence times within the Lassa virus clade.
Population Modeling of Influenza A/H1N1 Virus Kinetics and Symptom Dynamics
Authors: Canini Laetitia , Carrat Fabrice 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Influenza virus kinetics (VK) is used as a surrogate of infectiousness, while the natural history of influenza is described by symptom dynamics (SD). We used an original virus kinetics/symptom dynamics (VKSD) model to characterize human influenza virus infection and illness, based on a population approach. We combined structural equations and a statistical model to describe intra- and interindividual variability. The structural equations described influenza based on the target epithelial cells, the virus, the innate host response, and systemic symptoms. The model was fitted to individual VK and SD data obtained from 44 volunteers experimentally challenged with influenza A/H1N1 virus. Infection and illness parameters were calculated from best-fitted model estimates. We predicted that the cytokine level and NK cell activity would peak at days 2.2 and 4.2 after inoculation, respectively. Infectiousness, measured as the area under the VK curve above a viral titer threshold, lasted between 7.0 and 1.3 days and was 15 times lower in participants without systemic symptoms than in those with systemic symptoms (
P
< 0.001). The latent period, defined as the time between inoculation and infectiousness, varied from 0.7 to 1.9 days. The incubation period, defined as the time from inoculation to first symptoms, varied from 1.0 to 2.4 days. Our approach extends previous work by including the innate response and providing realistic estimates of infection and illness parameters, taking into account the strong interindividual variability. This approach could help to optimize studies of influenza VK and SD and to predict the effect of antivirals on infectiousness and symptoms.
The Vaccinia Virus Complement Control Protein Modulates Adaptive Immune Responses during Infection
Authors: Girgis Natasha M. , DeHaven Brian C. , Xiao Yuhong , Alexander Edward , Viner Kendra M. , Isaacs Stuart N. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTComplement activation is an important component of the innate immune response against viral infection and also shapes adaptive immune responses. Despite compelling evidence that complement activation enhances T cell and antibody (Ab) responses during viral infection, it is unknown whether inhibition of complement by pathogens alters these responses. Vaccinia virus (VACV) modulates complement activation by encoding a complement regulatory protein called the vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP). Although VCP has been described as a virulence factor, the mechanisms by which VCP enhances VACV pathogenesis have not been fully defined. Since complement is necessary for optimal adaptive immune responses to several viruses, we hypothesized that VCP contributes to pathogenesis by modulating anti-VACV T cell and Ab responses. In this study, we used an intradermal model of VACV infection to compare pathogenesis of wild-type virus (vv-VCPwt) and a virus lacking VCP (vv-VCPko). vv-VCPko formed smaller lesions in wild-type mice but not in complement-deficient mice. Attenuation of vv-VCPko correlated with increased accumulation of T cells at the site of infection, enhanced neutralizing antibody responses, and reduced viral titers. Importantly, depleting CD8+T cells together with CD4+T cells, which also eliminated T helper cell-dependent Ab responses, restored vv-VCPko to wild-type levels of virulence. These results suggest that VCP contributes to virulence by dampening both antibody and T cell responses. This work provides insight into how modulation of complement by poxviruses contributes to virulence and demonstrates that a pathogen-encoded complement regulatory protein can modulate adaptive immunity.
Structural Comparison of HIV-1 Envelope Spikes with and without the V1/V2 Loop
Authors: Hu Guiqing , Liu Jun , Taylor Kenneth A. , Roux Kenneth H. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTWe have used cryoelectron tomography of vitreous-ice-embedded HIV-1 virions to compare the envelope (Env) spikes of a wild-type strain with those of a mutant strain in which the V1/V2 loop has been deleted. Deletion of V1/V2 results in a spike with far more structural heterogeneity than is observed in the wild type, likely reflecting greatly enhanced gp120 protomer flexibility. A major difference between the two forms is a pronounced loss of mass from the “peak” of the native Env spike. The apparent loss of contact among three gp120 protomers likely accounts for the more open structure, heterogeneity in configuration, and previous observations that broadly neutralizing epitopes and reactive sites on other structural elements are more exposed in such constructs.