bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical, radiographic, microbiological, and immunological outcomes of flapped vs. flapless dental implants: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Tsoukaki Marina , Kalpidis Christos D. R. , Sakellari Dimitra , Tsalikis Lazaros , Mikrogiorgis George , Konstantinidis Antonis 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare the placement of flapped vs. flapless dental implants utilizing clinical, radiographic, microbiological, and immunological parameters.Material and methodsA total of 20 patients received 30 dental implants following a one‐stage protocol. The patients were randomly assigned into two study groups: control group with 15 flapped implants and test group with 15 flapless implants. Follow‐up examinations were carried out after 1, 2, 6, and 12 weeks. Clinical recordings, sulcular fluid sampling, microbiological analysis, and digital subtraction radiography were utilized to compare the two surgical approaches.ResultsPeri‐implant sulcus depth was significantly greater in flapped implants at both 6 and 12 postsurgical weeks (P < 0.001). Flapped implants showed crestal bone loss (0.29 ± 0.06 mm), whereas no bone resorption was detected around flapless implants. Matrix metalloproteinase‐8 values were higher to a statistically significant level in the control group at 1 (P = 0.003) and 6 weeks (P = 0.007) after placement. In the test group, the presence of
Porphyromonas gingivalis was significantly higher at the 2nd postoperative week (P = 0.005), whereas the counts of
Tannerella forsythia were significantly elevated at the 1st (P = 0.005), 2nd (P = 0.001), and 12th (P = 0.002) postoperative weeks, possibly indicating an earlier formation and maturation of the peri‐implant sulcus. Patients reported more pain after flapped implant placement.ConclusionsFlapless implant placement yielded improved clinical, radiographic, and immunological outcomes compared with flapped implantation. In addition, patients seem to better withstand flapless implant placement.
NEX‐TRAP, a Novel Method for In Vivo Analysis of Nuclear Export of Proteins
Authors: Raschbichler Verena , Lieber Diana , Bailer Susanne M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTransport of proteins between cytoplasm and nucleus is mediated by transport factors of the importin α‐ and β‐families and occurs along a gradient of the small GTPase Ran. To date, in vivo analysis as well as prediction of protein nuclear export remain tedious and difficult. We generated a novel bipartite assay called NEX‐TRAP (Nuclear EXport Trapped by RAPamycin) for in vivo analysis of protein nuclear export. The assay is based on the rapamycin‐induced dimerization of the modules FRB (FK506‐rapamycin (FR)‐binding domain) and FKBP (FK506‐binding protein‐12): a potential nuclear export cargo is fused to FRB, to EYFP for direct visualization as well as to an SV40‐derived nuclear localization signal (NLS) for constitutive nuclear import. An integral membrane protein that resides at the trans Golgi network (TGN) is fused to a cytoplasmically exposed FKBP and serves as reporter. EYFP‐NLS‐FRB fusion proteins with export activity accumulate in the nucleus at steady state but continuously shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. Rapamycin‐induced dimerization of FRB and FKBP at the TGN traps the shuttling protein outside of the nucleus, making nuclear export permanent. Using several example cargoes, we show that the NEX‐TRAP is superior to existing assays owing to its ease of use, its sensitivity and accuracy. Analysis of large numbers of export cargoes is facilitated by recombinational cloning. The NEX‐TRAP holds the promise of applicability in automated fluorescence imaging for systematic analysis of nuclear export, thereby improving in silico prediction of nuclear export sequences.
Multiple generation effects of high temperature on the development and fecundity of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B
Authors: Guo Jian‐Ying , Cong Lin , Wan Fang‐Hao 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInsects are ectotherms and their ability to resist temperature stress is limited. The immediate effects of sub‐lethal heat stress on insects are well documented, but longer‐term effects of such stresses are rarely reported. In this study, survival, development and reproduction of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype B, were compared over five consecutive generations at 27, 31 and 35 °C and for one generation at 37 °C. Both temperature and generation significantly affected the fitness of the whitefly. These impacts were more dramatic with increasing generations and temperatures. Among the experimental temperatures, the most favorable for development and reproduction were 27 °C and 31 °C. At 27 °C, survival, development and fecundity were all stable over these five generations. At 31 °C, immature survival rate was the highest in the fifth generation, but female fecundities decreased in the fourth and fifth generations. At 35 °C, egg hatching rate, immature survival rate and female fecundity decreased significantly in the fourth and fifth generations. At 37 °C, survival of B. tabaci was not adversely affected, but female fecundity at 37 °C was less than 10% of that at 27 °C or 31 °C. These results demonstrate that the lethal high temperature for B. tabaci is over 37 °C, and the whitefly population continued expanding in the five generations at 35 °C. The ability of B. tabaci biotype B to survive high temperature stress will play an important role in its population extension under global warming.
Photoinduced Oxidation of Sterically Hindered Amines in Acetonitrile Solutions and Titania Suspensions (An EPR Study)
Authors: Barbieriková Zuzana , Mihalíková Mária , Brezová Vlasta 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe reactions of sterically hindered amines (SHA) were investigated in acetonitrile solutions and TiO2 suspensions upon exposure to monochromatic radiation, λ = 365 nm, by means of in situ EPR spectroscopy. The formation of singlet oxygen, as one of the possible oxidation agents for SHA, in these systems is affected significantly by solvent used and the experimental conditions. Experiments in homogeneous media evidenced alternative pathways for the SHA oxidation with a variety reactive oxygen species involved. In anhydrous acetonitrile solutions containing KO2, the SHA oxidation was negligible not only in the dark but also on continuous exposure. However, the presence of water, even at low concentrations, led to the transformation of O2•− to singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which served as a source of hydroxyl radicals. These species participated in oxidation of SHA resulting in the generation of nitroxide radicals. To investigate the influence of different competitive reactions of SHA with other ROS formed upon TiO2 photoexcitation, a series of experiments using different additives (e.g. KO2, H2O2, NaN3, dimethylsulfoxide, methanol as organic cosolvents) under air or argon were performed. The detailed analysis of paramagnetic intermediates formed upon the irradiation of the studied systems was accomplished using EPR spin trapping technique.
Near‐IR Absorbing Solar Cell Sensitized With Bacterial Photosynthetic Membranes
Authors: Woronowicz Kamil , Ahmed Saquib , Biradar Archana A. , Biradar Ankush V. , Birnie Dunbar P. , Asefa Tewodros , Niederman Robert A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCurrent interest in natural photosynthesis as a blueprint for solar energy conversion has led to the development of a biohybrid photovoltaic cell in which bacterial photosynthetic membrane vesicles (chromatophores) have been adsorbed to a gold electrode surface in conjunction with biological electrolytes (quinone [Q] and cytochrome c; Magis et al. [2010] Biochim. Biophys. Acta1798, 637–645). Since light‐driven current generation was dependent on an open circuit potential, we have tested whether this external potential could be replaced in an appropriately designed dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC). Herein, we show that a DSSC system in which the organic light‐harvesting dye is replaced by robust chromatophores from Rhodospirillum rubrum, together with Q and cytochrome c as electrolytes, provides band energies between consecutive interfaces that facilitate a unidirectional flow of electrons. Solar I–V testing revealed a relatively high Isc (short‐circuit current) of 25 μA cm−2 and the cell was capable of generating a current utilizing abundant near‐IR photons (maximum at ca 880 nm) with greater than eight‐fold higher energy conversion efficiency than white light. These studies represent a powerful demonstration of the photoexcitation properties of a biological system in a closed solid‐state device and its successful implementation in a functioning solar cell.
A Mouse Model for Fetal Maternal Stem Cell Transfer during Ischemic Cardiac Injury
Authors: Kara Rina J. , Bolli Paola , Matsunaga Iwao , Tanweer Omar , Altman Perry , Chaudhry Hina W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFetal cells enter the maternal circulation during pregnancies and can persist in blood and tissues for decades, creating a state of physiologic microchimerism. Microchimerism refers to acquisition of cells from another individual and can be due to bidirectional cell traffic between mother and fetus during pregnancy. Peripartum cardiomyopathy, a rare cardiac disorder associated with high mortality rates has the highest recovery rate amongst all etiologies of heart failure although the reason is unknown. Collectively, these observations led us to hypothesize that fetal cells enter the maternal circulation and may be recruited to the sites of myocardial disease or injury. The ability to genetically modify mice makes them an ideal system for studying the phenomenon of microchimerism in cardiac disease. Described here is a mouse model for ischemic cardiac injury during pregnancy designed to study microchimerism. Wild‐type virgin female mice mated with eGFP male mice underwent ligation of the left anterior descending artery to induce a myocardial infarction at gestation day 12. We demonstrate the selective homing of eGFP cells to the site of cardiac injury without such homing to noninjured tissues suggesting the presence of precise signals sensed by fetal cells enabling them to target diseased myocardium specifically. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 321–328
Fyn Kinases Play a Critical Role in Neuronal Apoptosis Induced by Oxygen and Glucose Deprivation or Amyloid‐β Peptide Treatment
Authors: Du Cai‐Ping , Tan Ran , Hou Xiao‐Yu 
Published: June 2012

SummaryAims
Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SrcPTKs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain ischemia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated whether Src and Fyn kinases, two major members of SrcPTKs in the brain, have distinct roles in the oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ)‐induced neuronal apoptosis.Methods and resultsThe DAPI staining and caspase‐3 activation analysis showed that small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) knockdown of Src or Fyn attenuated SH‐SY5Y cells apoptosis after OGD and Aβ treatment. Fyn knockdown had a more potent neuroprotective effect than Src knockdown, suggesting a principal pathological significance of Fyn in brain ischemia and AD. Previously, we reported that brain ischemia promotes the phosphorylation of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD‐95) at tyrosine 523 (Y523), which is associated with postsynaptic mechanisms of excitotoxicity. Here, immunoblot analysis indicated that not only OGD but also Aβ incubation increased the PSD‐95Y523 phosphorylation. Src knockdown, especially Fyn knockdown, significantly inhibited such phosphorylation.Conclusion
Fyn mediates PSD‐95Y523 phosphorylation, which may be responsible for the excitotoxic signal cascades and neuronal apoptosis in brain ischemia and Aβ neurotoxicity. Fyn is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke and AD.
Seeking a Rapprochement Between Anthropology and the Cognitive Sciences: A Problem‐Driven Approach
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey , Cohen Emma 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBeller, Bender, and Medin question the necessity of including social anthropology within the cognitive sciences. We argue that there is great scope for fruitful rapprochement while agreeing that there are obstacles (even if we might wish to debate some of those specifically identified by Beller and colleagues). We frame the general problem differently, however: not in terms of the problem of reconciling disciplines and research cultures, but rather in terms of the prospects for collaborative deployment of expertise (methodological and theoretical) in problem‐driven research. For the purposes of illustration, our focus in this article is on the evolution of cooperation.
Cultural Psychology as a Bridge Between Anthropology and Cognitive Science
Authors: Fryberg Stephanie A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe theory and methods of cultural psychology begin with the assumption that psychological processes are socioculturally and historically grounded. As such, they offer a new approach for understanding the diversity of human functioning because they (a) question the presumed neutrality of the majority group perspective; (b) take the target’s point‐of‐view (i.e., what it means to be a person in a particular context); (c) assume that there is more than one viable way of being a competent or effective person; and (d) provide a road map for understanding and reducing social inequities. As illustrated in this essay, a cultural psychological approach provides a bridge between anthropology and the cognitive sciences, and in so doing it offers an alternative set of explanations and interventions for group differences.
THE EFFECT OF ACCESS TO IMPROVED WATER SOURCES AND SANITATION ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY: THE CASE OF SUB‐SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES
Authors: HALKOS GEORGE E. , TZEREMES NICKOLAOS G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper evaluates the effect of access to improved water sources and sanitation on 41 sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries' economic efficiency and growth. For this reason data envelopment analysis (DEA), bootstrap techniques and probabilistic approaches are used. The empirical results indicate that SSA countries' economic efficiency is positively influenced by the access of population both on improved water sources and sanitation. Finally, when the provision of access to improved water sources is provided to more than 50% of the population, the positive effect on countries' economic efficiency is much greater compared with the effect of providing sustainable access to improved sanitation to the same proportion of population.
FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY AND THE FISCAL REACTION FUNCTION FOR SOUTH AFRICA: ASSESSMENT OF THE PAST AND FUTURE POLICY APPLICATIONS
Authors: BURGER PHILIPPE , STUART IAN , JOOSTE CHARL , CUEVAS ALFREDO 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHow does the South African government react to changes in its debt position? In investigating this question, this paper estimates fiscal reaction functions using various methods (ordinary least squares, threshold autoregressive, state‐space modelling and vector error‐correction model). This paper finds that since 1946, the South African government has run sustainable fiscal policy by reducing the primary deficit or increasing the surplus in response to rising debt. Looking ahead, this paper considers the use of fiscal reaction functions to forecast the debt/gross domestic product (GDP) ratio and gauging the likelihood of achieving policy goals with the aid of probabilistic simulations and fan charts.
Early-Modern Literature on International Law and the Usus Modernus
Authors: Wijffels Alain 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA single, fairly simple proposition lies at the heart of the present contribution, viz. that the development of early-modern literature on international law should be regarded as a specific form of the early usus modernus during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century.In Section 1 that general proposition and some of its ramifications will receive some further explanation. First, the main characteristics of usus modernus will be set out, and, subsequently, their applicability to early-modern literature on international law will be outlined. In addition, the question should be raised, what purpose the characterisation of that literature as part of the more general usus modernus may serve. These considerations may inevitably appear somewhat abstract. Section 2 will therefore aim to provide a particular illustration, based on two contemporary works on the law of naval warfare, viz. A. Gentili's Hispanicae Advocationis Libri Duo and H. Grotius' De jure praedae.
The Preaching of the First Crusade and the Persecutions of the Jews
Authors: Shepkaru Shmuel 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Although the versions of Pope Urban’s call for the First Crusade focus on the need to liberate the Holy Land from the Muslims, crusaders and locals attacked first the communities of the Franco-German (Ashkenazic) Jews. Both contemporary and modern historians have offered a variety of explanations for these uncalled-for devastating attacks. Without discounting some of these proposals, this article applies the psychological explanation of Displacement to offer an additional reason. The article suggests that the urgent call to retaliate against the Muslims immediately and the many graphic descriptions of alleged Muslim atrocities against Eastern Christians and Christian pilgrims in the propaganda of the First Crusade created mounting frustration in Europe. And since this frustration could not be expressed immediately and directly against its source, i.e., the faraway Muslims, the attackers displaced their aggression onto the nearby Jews. Moreover, Displacement also explains the many close parallels between the images of Muslim atrocities in crusading rhetoric and the idiosyncratic manifestations of the violence against European Jews in the early stages of the First Crusade.
Jerusalem: Image of Hilary’s Christocentric Eschatology in the Tractatus super Psalmos
Authors: Scully Ellen 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In his lengthy Tractatus super Psalmos, Hilary of Poitiers states only twice that humans are to “live the life of the angels.” Nevertheless, these rare statements seem to undermine both the role of the human body in eschatological life and the christocentrism of Hilary’s soteriology. However, this paper will argue that Hilary’s designation of different eschatological locations for humans and angels—namely in Mt. Zion and Jerusalem, respectively—in the Tractatus super Psalmos demonstrate that Hilary, at least in this later work, believes that while humans will resemble angels in certain aspects, ultimately they will be conformed to Christ whose body is the holy temple or Church of the heavenly Jerusalem, Mt. Zion itself.
L'Envers et l'endroit de l'interprétation islamiste du concept de jihad en droit islamique
Authors: Mabley Bruce 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEn droit islamique, le concept de jihad occupe une place privilégiée parmi les différentes sources d'inspiration juridique. Ne faisant pas partie des sources du droit (usul al-fiqh), la notion de jihad revêt un intérêt conceptuel et tout moderne. La coupure épistémologique ou l'avènement du conformisme en droit né d'un consensus des juristes islamiques vers le 9esiècle bouleversera l'évolution du jihad. Ainsi cette fermeture de la porte de l'innovation en droit (ijtihad) aura un impact important sur le contexte juridique défini en partie par la pratique des fatwas ou consultations ainsi que la distribution géopolitique de la souveraineté musulmane en Afrique et ailleurs dans le monde. Aux yeux des islamistes, jihad devient à la fois un moyen, un témoignage et même la fin du droit islamique. Tel est son rôle particulier car si la mise en œuvre de la shari'a rallie bon nombre de musulmans, cela n'exclut pas pour autant l'idée de faire appel au jihad pour y parvenir. En dernier lieu, trois exemples de jihad contemporains sont évalués à la lumière du droit islamique ayant comme toile de fond la fin de l'innovation juridique.
L'Afrique et le système de justice pénale internationale
Authors: Manirakiza Pacifique 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAfrica has been ravaged by armed conflicts and/or oppressive regimes for decades. During those conflicts or oppressive regimes, heinous crimes such as genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity have been committed and made millions of victims. Among these, only a handful number saw some justice. This was possible essentially because the international community took a vigorous stance against the impunity of war criminals and genocidaires by creating international judicial mechanisms, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), to deal with it. Also, some individual African States have prosecuted international crimes within their municipal courts as well as some western States based on the universal jurisdiction principle. This article analyses the African contribution to the building of the international criminal justice system. It also addresses the African objections against the ICC intervention in Africa and the use of the universal jurisdiction criticized as a form of imperialism and neo-colonialism disguised in a judicial form. It concludes by exploring the feasibility of an African Criminal Court.
Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples
Authors: Segata Nicola , Haake Susan Kinder , Mannon Peter , Lemon Katherine P , Waldron Levi , Gevers Dirk , Huttenhower Curtis , Izard Jacques 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background
To understand the relationship between our bacterial microbiome and health, it is essential to define the microbiome in the absence of disease. The digestive tract includes diverse habitats and hosts the human body's greatest bacterial density. We describe the bacterial community composition of ten digestive tract sites from more than 200 normal adults enrolled in the Human Microbiome Project, and metagenomically determined metabolic potentials of four representative sites.

Results
The microbiota of these diverse habitats formed four groups based on similar community compositions: buccal mucosa, keratinized gingiva, hard palate; saliva, tongue, tonsils, throat; sub- and supra-gingival plaques; and stool. Phyla initially identified from environmental samples were detected throughout this population, primarily TM7, SR1, and Synergistetes. Genera with pathogenic members were well-represented among this disease-free cohort. Tooth-associated communities were distinct, but not entirely dissimilar, from other oral surfaces. The Porphyromonadaceae, Veillonellaceae and Lachnospiraceae families were common to all sites, but the distributions of their genera varied significantly. Most metabolic processes were distributed widely throughout the digestive tract microbiota, with variations in metagenomic abundance between body habitats. These included shifts in sugar transporter types between the supragingival plaque, other oral surfaces, and stool; hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide production were also differentially distributed.

Conclusions
The microbiomes of ten digestive tract sites separated into four types based on composition. A core set of metabolic pathways was present across these diverse digestive tract habitats. These data provide a critical baseline for future studies investigating local and systemic diseases affecting human health.
Optimierungsansätze für die Bioverfahrenstechnik
Authors: Tolle Henning , Bettenhausen Kurt Dirk , Gehlen Stefan , Marenbach Peter 
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung
Zwei rechnergestützte Verfahren für die biotechnologische Prozessführung werden vorgestellt und diskutiert: Ein Off-line-Verfahren zur Unterstützung der Modellbildung und ein On-line-Verfahren zur schrittweisen Optimierung der Produktausbeute.