bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study comparing ocular pressure pulse and ocular fundus pulse in dependence of axial eye length and ocular volume
Authors: Berisha Fatmire , Findl Oliver , Lasta Michael , Kiss Barbara , Schmetterer Leopold 
Published: March 2010

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 766–772Abstract.Purpose: There is a long‐standing discussion about whether myopia is associated with decreased choroidal blood flow, as suggested by pneumotonometric measurements of pulsatile ocular blood flow (POBF). However, it has been noted previously that calculations of POBF depend on intraocular volume.Methods: In the present study we investigated this volume dependence through the comparison of ocular pressure pulse and ocular fundus pulse. Fifty‐one healthy participants with different refractive errors participated in the study. Pulse amplitude (PA) and POBF were measured using pneumotonometry. Fundus pulsation amplitude (FPA) was measured with laser interferometry. Axial eye length (AEL) was measured with partial coherence interferometry. A mathematical model was used to calculate choroidal volume changes based on FPA. The ocular pressure pulse was converted into pulse volume (PV) according to the standard procedure used for pneumotonometry.Results: PA and POBF were found to decrease with increasing axial length (r = −0.55, p < 0.001 andr = −0.57, p < 0.001, respectively). A similar relationship existed for PV (r = −0.57, p < 0.001) and FPA (r = −0.46, p = 0.001). In addition, there was a significant association between PV and choroidal volume change during the cardiac cycle (r = 0.61, p < 0.001).Conclusion: The present study confirms experimentally that PA, FPA and POBF are dependent on ocular volume and indicates that the pulsatile component of ocular blood flow is not reduced in myopic patients. Accordingly, the relationship between AEL and POBF described previously appears to be a consequence of different ocular volumes. Our findings have important implications for studies using PA or POBF.
Forgotten achievements of Polish retinal research in international ophthalmology
Authors: Grzybowski Andrzej 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.The development of ophthalmology was greatly restricted in Poland in the 19th century, because it was partitioned and occupied by its three dominant neighbours. Polish medical universities were closed, and in Polish hospitals, only clinical work was possible. Those who wanted to study medicine and become ophthalmologists were forced to live and work in exile. Nevertheless, there were some Polish ophthalmologists at that time who had some international influence on retinal research. They contributed to colour vision physiology and pathology, ophthalmoscopy, retinal detachment and gyrate chorioretinal atrophy and congenital choroidal coloboma. The most prominent were Wiktor Szokalski, Ksawery Gałęzowski, Bolesław Wicherkiewicz, Kaziemierz Noiszewski and Michał Borysiekiewicz.
BOUNDARIES IN NATURE: EATING WITH ANIMALS IN THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C.
Authors: OSBORNE CATHERINE 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
‘On the day that Adam went out of the garden he offered frankincense, galbanum and stacte and spices, as a food offering of soothing odour; and so he did every day in the morning, at sunrise from the day he covered his shame. And on that day the mouths of all the wild animals and the cattle and the birds, and of everything that walks or moves, were shut, so that they could no longer speak (for up till then they had all spoken with one another in a common tongue). And he sent out of the garden of Eden all creatures that were in it; and they were scattered to the places naturally suited to them, according to their kinds and species. And Adam alone, as distinct from all the wild animals and the cattle, did he cause to cover his shame.’ Jubilees 3.27–30
THE PUZZLE ABOUT THE PUZZLE OF FALSE BELIEF: THEAETETUS 188A-C
Authors: CHAPPELL TIMOTHY 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Theaetetus 188a-c sets up this puzzle about false belief: ‘False belief cannot involve mis-identifying anything that is unknown, because the unknown does not even occur in the believer's thoughts; but it cannot involve mis-identifying anything that is known either, because the believer cannot go wrong about what he knows.’ The puzzle about this puzzle is why any serious theory of knowledge would find it puzzling. But that is precisely Plato's point. Some theories of knowledge are really puzzled by it, and for that very reason are reduced to absurdity. The discussion of false belief in 187–201 gradually clarifies which these theories of knowledge are: they are those which start from certain empiricist assumptions about the nature of thought and knowledge. The upshot is that Tht. 187–201 is really a large-scale reductio ad absurdum of certain sorts of empiricism.
AN APULIAN VOLUTE-CRATER INSPIRED BY EURIPIDES' DICTYS
Authors: KARAMANOU IOANNA 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper aims to substantiate the relation of an Apulian vase-painting to a fourth-century revival of Euripides' Dictys. The obverse shows Perseus returning to Seriphos with the Gorgon's head, with Danae and Dictys as suppliants at Poseidon's altar, and king Polydectes. Its dramatic inspiration is suggested by the depiction of characters in stage-costumes, the ‘speaking’ gesture used by Dictys, the conventional aedicula-pattern, and the Dionysiac scene on the reverse. The lack of evidence for Aeschylus' Polydectes implies its reduced popularity, and makes it unlikely to have inspired this vase-painting, as against the reasonable number of quotations from the Dictys and the wide popularity of Euripidean drama in South-Italian pottery. This altar scene confirms that the accounts of Ps. Apollodorus and Theon reflect the plot of the Dictys, and offers evidence for the basic reconstruction of the play.
THE FORMATION OF THE TEXT OF VERGIL — AGAIN
Authors: COURTNEY E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This article resumes one published in this journal in 1981, in which it was argued, on the basis of universal conjunctive errors, that the capital manuscripts of Vergil descend from an archetype. Timpanaro among others argued in response that such errors, where they existed, were due to horizontal transmission. That view is here countered, and some of the passages discussed in 1981 are revisited, as well as some others about which problems have been raised in the meantime (Ecl. 6.61–73, Georg. 4.520–21, Aen. 9.914, 10.366).
CICERO's BRUTUS: THE END OF ORATORY AND THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY?
Authors: STEEL C. E. W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The ostensible function of the Brutus is to record the history of oratory at Rome and thereby confirm that it has ceased to exist under Caesar's dictatorship. But the gulf between Cicero's ideal of oratory and its actual use mean that he is unable to implement his inclusive selection criteria, as the absences of Marius, Sulla, Catiline and Clodius from the catalogue indicate; and his discussions of speakers have to concentrate on technique and not content. And whilst the narrative logic of the work tends towards Cicero himself as the culmination of Roman eloquence, his ultimate failure to inscribe himself into the canon shows that he is not yet willing to withdraw from political activity and cease to be an orator.
CLYTAIMESTRA'S NEGATIVES AND THE FINAL LINE OF AGAMEMNON
Authors: LAVERY JOHN 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Lines 1672–73 of Agamemnon are lacunose. Various supplements have been proposed. The paper restates the problems with the solutions available to date, and on the basis of the dramatic context, the structure of Clytaimestra's speeches in this section of the play and external evidence for Greek political vocabulary relevant to the political situation in Argos after the murder of Agamemnon offers new readings.
THEOPHRASTUS AND ARISTOXENUS: CONFUSIONS IN MUSICAL METAPHYSICS
Authors: BARKER ANDREW 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Theophrastus frag. 716 attacks the thesis that differences between musical pitches are quantitative. Most of its fire-power is directed at harmonic theory in the ‘mathematical’ or ‘Pythagorean’ style, but one short passage (lines 108 ff.) is not. Previous commentators have identified its target as Aristoxenus; but I argue that Theophrastus' account does not fit Aristoxenus' position, and that we should look for his target in the work of earlier‘empirical’ theorists. After reviewing and rejecting various possibilities, I tentatively suggest that Theophrastus' conception of the empiricists' standpoint may originate in a plausible but probably mistaken interpretation of Republic 531a-b. I then argue that so far from criticizing Aristoxenus' ideas, Theophrastus' polemic makes substantial use of them. Finally, I explain how this phase of his discussion returns us to the intriguing questions from which his whole anti-quantitative tirade began.
Bimodality in a Monostable Climate–Ecosystem: The Role of Climate Variability and Soil Moisture Memory*
Authors: Liu Zhengyu 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The probabilistic modal response of vegetation to stochastic precipitation variability is studied in a conceptual climate–ecosystem model. It is found that vegetation can exhibit bimodality in a monostable climate–ecosystem under strong rainfall variability and with soil moisture memory comparable with that of the vegetation. The bimodality of vegetation is generated by a convolution of a nonlinear vegetation response and a colored stochastic noise. The nonlinear vegetation response is such that vegetation becomes insensitive to precipitation variability near either end state (green or desert), providing the potential for two preferred modes. The long memory of soil moisture allows the vegetation to respond to a slow stochastic forcing such that the vegetation tends to grow toward its equilibrium states. The implication of the noise-induced bimodality to abrupt changes in the climate–ecosystem is also discussed.
Structures and Seasonal Variations of Surface Winds Blowing through the Tsushima Strait
Authors: Shimada Teruhisa 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Surface winds blowing through the Tsushima Strait are statistically investigated using satellite wind measurements and atmospheric reanalysis data. This study first presents structures and seasonal variations of the northeasterly and southwesterly along-strait winds by imposing newly proposed conditions for defining them. Although the speeds of the northeasterly along-strait winds are generally high within the entire strait, the maximum wind speeds are located downwind of the two channels. The southwesterly along-strait winds start to accelerate at the west exit within the strait. Weak-wind regions are formed in the lee of Tsushima Island in both cases. The occurrence frequencies of the northeasterly and southwesterly along-strait winds are high (low) in the warm (cool) season. The northeasterly along-strait winds are more often observed than the southwesterly along-strait winds. The frequency of the northeasterly along-strait wind is extraordinarily high in September, but the averaged wind speed is comparable to those in the other months. Most of the southwesterly along-strait wind cases fall within low-Froude-number regimes, suggesting the significant effects of Tsushima Island on the wind in the strait. Synoptic situations favorable for the along-strait winds are investigated. Correlations between the along-strait wind component and sea level pressure (SLP) indicate that the along-strait winds are induced by SLP perturbations primarily over the Japan Sea and secondarily on the south of the strait. In addition, cluster analysis of the SLP fields shows four representative SLP fields favorable for the along-strait winds and their monthly occurrence frequencies.
Persistent Multiple Jets and PV Staircase
Authors: Yoo Changhyun , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The persistence of multiple jets is investigated with a quasigeostrophic, two-layer, β-plane channel model. Linearly unstable normal modes are found to be capable of qualitatively describing the eddy fluxes of the nonlinear model. For a persistent double jet (PDJ) state, the most unstable normal mode has its largest amplitude located between the two jets, with a downshear tilt that acts to keep the jets separated. The opposite tilt occurs for a double jet state that is intermittent. An analysis of these normal modes, which utilized the concept of counterpropagating Rossby waves (CRWs), suggests that the downshear tilt in the interjet region hinges on the presence of critical latitudes only in the lower layer. This conclusion in turn suggests that the initial generation of the persistent jets requires L/Cgy &lt; r−1, where L is the distance between the wave source (jet) and sink (interjet), Cgy is the meridional group velocity, and r is the linear damping rate. Similar CRW analysis for a conventional normal mode, which has its largest amplitude at the jet centers, suggests that the downshear tilt adjacent to the jet maxima is associated with the presence of critical latitudes only in the upper layer. The PDJ is found to be accompanied by potential vorticity (PV) staircases in the upper layer, characterized by a strong PV gradient at the jet centers and a broad region of homogenized PV between the jets. This PV mixing is realized through baroclinic waves that propagate slowly westward in the interjet region. Nonlinear evolution of the most unstable normal mode of the PDJ shows that northward heat flux by these waves is crucial for broadening the interjet PV mixing zone necessary for producing the PV staircase.
Upstream Internal Jumps in Stratified Sill Flow: Observations of Formation, Evolution, and Release
Authors: Cummins Patrick F. , Armi Laurence 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The time-dependent response of upstream undular bores and internal hydraulic jumps from initial formation to eventual release is documented. Two events, characterized by qualitatively different responses, are discussed. In the first case, an undular bore develops upstream of the sill crest. This disturbance remains upstream through the ebb tidal flow but is transformed to a hydraulic jump as its amplitude increases. Toward the end of ebb tide, it is released and subsequently disperses into a group of solitary-like waves. During the second event, an upstream jump also develops at an early stage of the tide. However, it is subsequently swept downstream by the tidal flow such that the upstream region then appears featureless. Approaching slack tide, as an exchange flow becomes established, a large bore or gravity current is emitted. The different responses seen in these two events are interpreted in terms of the Froude number associated with the near-surface stratification.
Atmospheric Scale Interaction on Wintertime Intermountain West Low-Level Inversions
Authors: Gillies Robert R. , Wang Shih-Yu , Booth Marty R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPersistent winter inversions result in poor air quality in the Intermountain West of the United States. Although the onset of an inversion is relatively easy to predict, the duration and the subsequent breakup of a persistent inversion event remains a forecasting challenge. For this reason and for this region, historic soundings were analyzed for Salt Lake City, Utah, with reanalysis and station data to investigate how persistent inversion events are modulated by synoptic and intraseasonal variabilities. The results point to a close linkage between persistent inversions and the dominant intraseasonal (30 day) mode that characterizes the winter circulation regime over the Pacific Northwest. Meteorological variables and pollution (e.g., particulate matter of ≤2.5-μm diameter, PM2.5) revealed coherent variations with this intraseasonal mode. The intraseasonal mode also modulates the characteristics of the synoptic (6 day) variability and further influences the duration of persistent inversions in the Intermountain West. The interaction between modes suggests that a complete forecast of persistent inversions is more involved and technically beyond numerical weather prediction models intended for the medium range (∼10 day). Therefore, to predict persistent inversions, the results point to the adoption of standard medium-range forecasts with a longer-term climate diagnostic approach.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients
Authors: Ragia Georgia , Nikolaidis Eleftherios , Tavridou Anna , Arvanitidis Kostas I , Kanoni Stavroula , Dedoussis George V , Bougioukas George , Manolopoulos Vangelis G 
Published: March 2010

Introduction. Candidates for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) represent a group of patients with well documented, severe coronary artery disease (CAD). Genetic polymorphisms of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) components have been associated with CAD. We examined the association of polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensinogen (AGT), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor) with severe CAD in CABG patients. Materials and methods. One hundred and fifty-four CABG patients and 155 non-CAD controls were included in the study. Established PCR methods were used for genotyping of AGT M235T, AGT T174M, AT1 receptor A1166C, and ACE I/D polymorphisms. Cumulative effect of analysed polymorphisms was assessed by calculation of each individual’s RAAS gene score (addition of 0.5 points for each variant allele and then calculating the sum for all four polymorphisms). Results. No association between AGT M235T, AGT T174M, ACE I/D and AT1 receptor A1166C polymorphisms and CAD was observed. Within CABG patients, the frequency of homozygous AGT 235TT genotype was higher in hypertensive compared to normotensive CABG patients (21.7% vs. 6.3%, p=0.03). RAAS gene score did not differ between CABG patients and non-CAD controls. Conclusions. There is no association of the analysed RAAS polymorphisms with severe CAD in CABG patients. However, within these patients, an association was found between AGT 235TT genotype and hypertension.
How I use hydroxyurea to treat young patients with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Ware Russell E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHydroxyurea has many characteristics of an ideal drug for sickle cell anemia (SCA) and provides therapeutic benefit through multiple mechanisms of action. Over the past 25 years, substantial experience has accumulated regarding its safety and efficacy for patients with SCA. Early proof-of-principle studies were followed by prospective phase 1/2 trials demonstrating efficacy in affected adults, then adolescents and children, and more recently infants and toddlers. The phase 3 National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute–sponsored Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea trial proved clinical efficacy for preventing acute vaso-occlusive events in severely affected adults. Based on this cumulative experience, hydroxyurea has emerged as an important therapeutic option for children and adolescents with recurrent vaso-occlusive events; recent evidence documents sustained long-term benefits with prevention or reversal of chronic organ damage. Despite abundant evidence for its efficacy, however, hydroxyurea has not yet translated into effective therapy for SCA. Because many healthcare providers have inadequate knowledge about hydroxyurea, patients and families are not offered treatment or decline because of unrealistic fears. Limited support for hydroxyurea by lay organizations and inconsistent medical delivery systems also contribute to underuse. Although questions remain regarding its long-term risks and benefits, current evidence suggests that many young patients with SCA should receive hydroxyurea treatment.
Elevated brain natriuretic peptide predicts mortality in interstitial lung disease
Authors: Corte T.J. , Wort S.J. , Gatzoulis M.A. , Engel R. , Giannakoulas G. , Macdonald P.M. , Wells A.U. 
Published: March 2010

Elevated pulmonary vascular resistance portends a poor prognosis across interstitial lung disease (ILD), irrespective of the histospecific diagnosis. Currently, no noninvasive surrogate prognostic marker exists. We explore the prognostic value of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and echocardiography across ILD.ILD patients with BNP concentrations performed during 2005–2007 were reviewed (n = 90). Echocardiography tapes were reviewed by a cardiologist blinded to other results. Outcome was evaluated for survival against BNP and echocardiograph parameters.A priorithreshold values and composite markers were evaluated against survival.During follow-up (20±9 months) there were 28 deaths (31%). BNP correlated with right heart echocardiographic indices, including right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) (R2= 0.18, p = 0.0002) but not with parameters of left heart function. Nonsurvivors had higher BNP and RVSP levels than survivors. BNP ≥20 pmol·L−1(hazard ratio (HR) 2.93, 95% CI 1.28–6.73; p = 0.01) and moderate–severe pulmonary hypertension (HR 2.53, 95% CI 1.15–5.57; p = 0.02) were associated with increased mortality, independent of age, sex and pulmonary function. Patients with BNP ≥20 pmol·L−1had a 14-fold increased mortality over those with BNP <4 pmol·L−1.Increased BNP levels and/or echocardiographic markers of right ventricular dysfunction were associated with increased mortality across ILD. The link between vascular parameters and mortality supports the concept that pulmonary vascular disease contributes to the final common pathway seen across ILD.
Tetrahydrobiopterin and the regulation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
Authors: Francis B.N. , Wilkins M.R. , Zhao L. 
Published: March 2010

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for nitric oxide synthases (NOS). This study investigated the effect of increasing BH4levels on hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV).Sprague Dawley rats and hph-1 (BH4deficient) mice were given BH4before and during HPV in an isolated perfused lung preparation. BH4inhibited HPV in a concentration-dependent manner and increased NO metabolites in the perfusate. Bradykinin-induced reductions in HPV were blunted in hph-1 mice and pre-administration of BH4restored the response. The effect of BH4was attenuated byl-NAME (NOS inhibitor), PTIO (NO scavenger), and catalase (H2O2catalyser) administered prior to HPV but enhanced by MnTMPyP (superoxide dismutase mimetic). The effect of BH4on HPV was partially recapitulated by NH4, a stereoisomer that shares antioxidant properties with BH4but is not a NOS cofactor.The bioavailability of BH4is an important determinant of the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. Its effects are mediatedvianitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and its antioxidant properties, and are attenuated by oxidant stress. Pharmacological administration of BH4may have therapeutic potential in pulmonary hypertension.