bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of kapok fiber enhanced oil sorption resins by suspended emulsion polymerization
Authors: Wang Jintao , Zheng Yian , Wang Aiqin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this work, a series of polybutylmethacrylate/kapok fiber (PBMA/KF) composites were synthesized by suspended emulsion polymerization and well characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effects of reaction parameters, such as amount of initiator, crosslinker, emulsifier, KF content on oil absorbency, were investigated in detail. The optimum polymerization conditions were obtained as initiator of 0.4 wt %, crosslinker of 1.0 wt %, emulsifier of 2.0 wt %, and KF content of 8.0 wt %. Compared with PBMA, the as‐prepared PBMA/KF (8 wt % KF) showed better oil sorption capacity, with the increase percentage of 58.7% in toluene and 66.7% in chloroform. Swelling behavior indicated that the sorption equilibrium was established basically within 15 min, and the incorporation of KF can promote the oil sorption rate. Furthermore, the composite exhibited better reusability and oil retention capabilities, and can be recognized as a kind of low‐cost oil sorption materials for oil pollution treatment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of compatibilizer content on PA/NBR blends properties: Unusual characterization and evaluation methods
Authors: Gomes A. C. O. , Soares B. G. , Oliveira M. G. , Pessan L. A. , Paranhos C. M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNBR/PA6 blends were prepared at the melt state and with the use of masterbatches. Compatibilization with NBR‐oxazoline was tested with the aim of enhancing the blend performance and to obtain more appropriated morphology. The effect of compatibilizer content was studied through the characterization of blend mechanical properties, creep behavior, swelling, PA6 phase crystallinity, morphology, and rheological properties, including pressure‐volume‐temperature behavior. The results show a more significant elastomeric behavior for blends with 5 and 7 phr of compatibilizer, with deleterious effects for higher content. The migration of compatibilizer into elastomeric phase was documented by electronic microscopy, and corroborated by an increase in free volume of the samples. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synergistic effect of organic silicon on the flame retardancy and thermal properties of polycarbonate/potassium‐4‐(phenylsulfonyl) benzenesulfonate systems
Authors: Yuan Dan‐dan , Deng Lian‐tian , Yin Hai‐qing , Cai Xu‐fu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMelt blending was used to prepare a series of flame‐retardant hybrids based on bisphenol A, polycarbonate (PC), potassium‐4‐(phenylsulfonyl)benzenesulfonate (KSS), and the organic silicon compounds N‐(β‐aminoethyl)‐γ‐aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane (KH‐602) and diphenylsilanediol. The flame retardancy and thermal stability of the hybrids were investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL‐94 vertical burning test, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the flame retardancy of the PC/KSS system and the weight of the residues improved with the addition of the organic silicon. When the content of diphenylsilanediol was 4 wt % and KH‐602 was 1 wt %, the LOI value of the PC/KSS system was found to be 47, and Class V‐0 of the UL‐94 test was achieved. The microstructures observed by scanning electron microscopy indicated that the surface of the char for PC/KSS systems with KH‐602 and diphenylsilanediol hold a more cohesive and denser char structure when compared with the pure PC/KSS system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, thermal degradation, and flame retardancy of a novel charring agent aliphatic—aromatic polyamide for intumescent flame retardant polypropylene
Authors: Yi Jiangsong , Liu Yi , Pan Dongdong , Cai Xufu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this article, the laboratory‐made poly(p‐ethylene terephthalamide) (PETA) was used as a novel charring agent; it was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR. PETA combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare the intumescent flame retardant (IFR), which was applied in polypropylene (PP). The flame retardancy of IFR on PP was investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the UL‐94 (vertical flame) test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the LOI value of the IFR‐PP (30/70) system reached the highest 35%, and the system passed V‐0 rating, when the weight ratio of PETA to APP was 1 : 3. The TGA data indicated that the charring ability of PETA was relatively poor with 18.0 wt % char residue at 800°C. However, the residual weight of the IFR was promoted with 28.1 wt % at 800°C, while it was 22.8 wt % based on calculation. The SEM showed that the intumescent and dense charring layer was formed after the combustion of the IFR‐PP(30/70) system. In addition, the thermal degradation mechanism of PETA and IFR was studied by thermogravimetry‐Fourier transform infraredspectroscopy and IR, and it demonstrated that the reaction between APP and PETA was happened and the POC structure was got. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Toward a therapeutic jurisprudence analysis of medication refusal in the court review model
Authors: Zito Julie Magno , Vitrai Jozsef , Craig Thomas J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA therapeutic jurisprudence analysis attempts to discern the role of legal proceedings, lawyers and judges in producing therapeutic or anti‐therapeutic consequences. This paper will attempt to use the therapeutic jurisprudence framework to analyze the legal and administrative aspects of court review as it was reported during a one year epidemiologic study of drug refusal. Characteristics of the review process, the effect on patient refusal, and the attitudes of treating psychiatrists are presented. To broaden the clinical context of the administrative findings, selected clinical characteristics of refusing patients, their attitudes toward mental illness, reasons for refusing medication and satisfaction with court review will be described. The discussion attempts to show how the initial administrative study findings may be interpreted in the broader context of their relationship to the achievement of therapeutic outcomes.
Can Ziskin withstand his own criticisms? problems with his model of cross‐examination
Authors: Rogers Richard , Bagby R. Michael , Perera Cheryl 
Published: May 2012

AbstractZiskin has mounted a concerted attack on the scientific basis of psychology and psychiatry and their ability to provide expertise to the courts. He has assailed both the clinical methods and conclusions rendered by these mental health professionals. To rebut expert testimony, Ziskin has proposed general principles of cross‐examination. We discuss the limitations of this model and provide an initial study of its effectiveness.
Community policing to take guns off the street
Authors: Shaw J. Wilford 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDespite the difficulty in current attempts to precisely measure gun density or availability (Cook, 1991), there can be little doubt from research that firearm availability does impact the homicide and other violent crime rates. There is nonetheless a dearth of information regarding specific police strategies for reducing gun violence (Reiss & Roth, 1993). Describing one component of the Weed and Seed strategy in Kansas City, Missouri, this article examines an innovative approach with this goal as the primary focus. Specific questions addressed were (1) whether the police can successfully gain community support in obtaining immediate, pertinent information about illegal gun carrying, and (2) whether the police can successfully use that information to seize illegally carried guns. The fact that this program did not produce the desired gun tips or gun arrests may be useful for other jurisdictions seeking new strategies by both identifying a number of potential problems and suggesting areas for improvement.
Firearms and the mentally ill: A legislative overview and jurisprudential analysis
Authors: Edwards Arthur A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article examines federal and state laws that prohibit the mentally ill from possessing firearms and assesses the jurisprudence that has developed as courts have applied the federal law. It argues that although there is little or no empirical data linking the mentally ill with firearms violence, legislative activity and popular political debate invariably include such restrictions on the mentally ill. Notwithstanding the proliferation of firearms and antecedent violence, this article suggests that legislators and policy‐makers must separate this issue from the broader and more emotional issue of “gun control” in order to effectuate better public policy and simultaneously protect the constitutional rights of the mentally ill.
Effect of initial bacteria concentration on hydrogen gas production from cheese whey powder solution by thermophilic dark fermentation
Authors: Kargi Fikret , Eren Nur Seza , Ozmihci Serpil 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDark fermentative hydrogen gas production from cheese whey powder solution was realized at 55°C. Experiments were performed at different initial biomass concentrations varying between 0.48 and 2.86 g L−1 with a constant initial substrate concentration of 26 ± 2 g total sugar (TS) per liter. The highest cumulative hydrogen evolution (633 mL, 30°C), hydrogen yield (1.56 mol H2 mol−1 glucose), and H2 formation rate (3.45 mL h−1) were obtained with 1.92 g L−1 biomass concentration. The specific H2 production rate decreased with increasing biomasss concentration from the highest value (47.7 mL g−1 h−1) at 0.48 g L−1 biomass concentration. Total volatile fatty acid concentration varied beetween 10 and 14 g L−1 with the highest level of 14.2 g L−1 at biomass concentration of 0.48 g L−1 and initial TS content of 28.4 g L−1. The experimental data were correlated with the Gompertz equation and the constants were determined. The most suitable initial biomass to substrate ratio yielding the highest H2 yield and formation rate was 0.082 g biomass per gram of TS. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 931–936, 2012
3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine as a cell adhesion molecule in serum‐free cell culture
Authors: La Wan‐Geun , Bhang Suk Ho , Shin Jung‐Youn , Yoon Hee Hun , Park Jooyeon , Yang Hee Seok , Yu Seung‐Ho , Sung Yung‐Eun , Kim Byung‐Soo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this article, we examined the feasibility of using 3,4‐dihydroxy‐L‐phenylalanine (DOPA) as a cell adhesion molecule in serum‐free cultures of anchorage‐dependent mammalian cells. DOPA is a critical, functional element in mussel adhesive proteins and is known to bind strongly to various natural or synthetic materials. DOPA coating on culture plates was confirmed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were cultured on DOPA‐coated, fibronectin‐coated, or no material‐coated culture plates in serum‐free medium. HDFs cultured on DOPA showed the highest cell adhesion ratio, spreading, and viability but the lowest apoptotic activity. Therefore, DOPA may be a useful cell‐adhesion molecule for serum‐free culture. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 1055–1060, 2012
The lactate conundrum in wound healing: Clinical and experimental findings indicate the requirement for a rapid point‐of‐care diagnostic
Authors: Britland Stephen , Ross‐Smith Oliver , Jamil Humzah , Smith Annie G. , Vowden Kath , Vowden Peter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe increasing prevalence of chronic wounds has significant financial implications for nations with advanced healthcare provision. Although the diseases that predispose to hard‐to‐heal wounds are recognized, their etiology is less well understood, partly because practitioners in wound management lack specialized diagnostic support. Prognostic indicators for healing may be inherent to wound biochemistry but remain invisible under routine clinical investigation; lactate is an example of this. In this study, lactate concentration in exudate obtained from 20 patients undergoing wound management in hospital was variable but in some cases approached or exceeded 20 mM. In vitro viability studies indicated that fibroblasts and endothelial cells tolerated low levels of lactate (1–10 mM), but cell viability was severely compromised by high lactate concentrations (=20 mM). Scratched monolayer experiments revealed that cell migration was affected earlier than viability in response to increasing lactate dose, and this was shown by immunocytochemistry to be associated with cytoskeletal disruption. A prototype enzyme‐based colorimetric assay for lactate generating a color change that was rapid in the context of clinical practise, and capable of functioning within a gel vehicle, was developed with point‐of‐care dipstick applications in mind. A randomized single‐blinded trial involving 30 volunteers and using a color chart to calibrate the assay demonstrated that lactate concentration could be reliably estimated with 5 mM precision; this suggesting that “physiological” and “pathological” lactate concentration could be distinguished. The present data suggest that a dipstick‐type colorimetric assay could comprise a viable diagnostic tool for identifying patients at‐risk from high‐wound lactate. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 917–924, 2012
Liquid–liquid extraction for recovery of paclitaxel from plant cell culture: Solvent evaluation and use of extractants for partitioning and selectivity
Authors: McPartland Timothy J. , Patil Rohan A. , Malone Michael F. , Roberts Susan C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA major challenge in the production of metabolites by plant cells is the separation and purification of a desired product from a number of impurities. An important application of plant cell culture is the biosynthesis of the anticancer agent paclitaxel. Liquid–liquid extraction plays a critical role in the recovery of paclitaxel and other valuable plant‐derived products from culture broth. In this study, the extraction of paclitaxel and a major unwanted by‐product, cephalomannine, from plant cell culture broth into organic solvents is quantified. Potential solvent mixtures show varying affinity and selectivity for paclitaxel over cephalomannine. The partition coefficient of paclitaxel is highest in ethyl acetate and dichloromethane, with measured values of 28 and 25, respectively; however, selectivity coefficients are less than 1 for paclitaxel over cephalomannine for both solvents. Selectivity coefficient increases to 1.7 with extraction in n‐hexane, but the partition coefficient decreases to 1.9. Altering the pH of the aqueous phase results in an increase in both recovery and selectivity using n‐hexane but does not change the results for other solvents significantly. The addition of extractants trioctylamine (TOA) or tributylphosphate (TBP) to n‐hexane gives significantly higher partition coefficients for paclitaxel (8.6 and 23.7, respectively) but no selectivity. Interestingly, when 20% hexafluorobenzene (HFB) is added to n‐hexane, the partition coefficient remains approximately constant, but the selectivity coefficient for paclitaxel over cephalomannine improves to 4.5. This significant increase in selectivity early in the purification process has the potential to simplify downstream processing steps and significantly reduce overall purification costs. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 28: 990–997, 2012
Fast continuous collision culling with deforming noncollinear filters
Authors: Du Peng , Tang Min , Tong Ruofeng 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a novel culling algorithm that uses deforming noncollinear filters to improve the performance of continuous collision detection (CCD) algorithms. The underlying idea is to use simple and effective filters, deforming noncollinear filters (NCFs), that reduce the number of false positives between the primitives. These filters are derived from the collinear conditions and can be easily combined with other culling methods. We have tested its performance on several benchmarks. Comparing with previous methods, we can reduce the number of false positives significantly and improve the overall performance of CCD algorithms, especially for simulations with large time steps. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of multiple fluids with solid–liquid phase transition
Authors: Wang Changbo , Zhang Qiang , Xiao Huajun , Shen Qiuyan 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTPhysically based multiphase fluid simulation has been a hot topic in computer graphics. Since there are complex changing interface topology and interactions among air, solid, and different fluids, few papers have devoted to simulate the multiple fluids phenomena with solid–liquid phase transition. In this paper, the thermal fluid model for phase transition combined with free surface tracking is used to describe the interaction between air and fluids. Then a new model based on hierarchical lattice is proposed to process the solid–liquid interaction and the phase transition in the solid–liquid interface. Further, with the use of hybrid interaction with multidistribution functions, different realistic multiple fluids phenomena are rendered with different lattice sizes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Feed Properties for Conceptual Process Design Involving Complex Mixtures
Authors: Josch Jan Pablo , Strube Jochen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe market for products made by biotechnology is diverse and has significantly grown in recent years. Despite this growing demand, the first proposal of product purification processes for these complex mixtures remains purely experimentally based and is not methodically targeted. The present work represents an initial study to demonstrate the benefits of a systematic approach. The study focuses on the adaptation of established methods for process development to these so‐called complex mixtures. It also assesses the suitability of these methods for complex mixtures, given the current state of research. Based on the described adaption, the most efficient method for the conceptual process development is identified and is subsequently developed. The resulting methodology consists of model‐based cost accounting with a miniaturized experimental determination of model parameters, accompanied by a comprehensive error analysis. The developed approaches are successfully validated by using a protein mixture.
Design of digital allpass‐based two‐channel quincunx QMF banks
Authors: Lee Ju‐Hong , Shieh Yi‐Lin 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a novel structure for constructing two‐channel quincunx quadrature mirror filter (QQMF) banks. The analysis and synthesis filters of the QQMF bank are composed of two‐dimensional (2‐D) recursive digital allpass filters with symmetric half‐plane support regions. Using the 2‐D doubly complementary half‐band property possessed by the analysis and synthesis filters, we facilitate the design of the digital allpass‐based two‐channel QQMF banks. For finding the coefficients of the 2‐D recursive symmetric half‐plane digital allpass filters, the design problem is appropriately formulated to result in an optimization problem that can be solved by using a weighted least‐squares algorithm in the minimax (L∞) optimal sense. The novelty of the proposed design method is that the designed 2‐D QQMF bank achieves perfect magnitude response and possesses satisfactory phase response without requiring extra phase equalizer. Simulation results are also provided for illustration and comparison. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tin(II) and Tin(IV) Compounds with Scorpion‐Shaped Ligands – Intramolecular N→Sn vs. Intermolecular O→Sn Coordination
Authors: Iovkova‐Berends Ljuba , Berends Thorsten , Zöller Thomas , Bradtmöller Gerrit , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja , Jurkschat Klaus 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe syntheses of new potentially tetradentate ligands of the type RN(CH2CMe2OH)2 (1, R = Me2NCH2CH2; 2, R = MeOCH2CH2), their tin(II) derivatives RN(CH2CMe2O)2Sn (3, R = Me2NCH2CH2; 4, R = MeOCH2CH2), the pentacarbonyltungsten complexes RN(CH2CMe2O)2SnW(CO)5 (5, R = Me2NCH2CH2; 6, R = MeOCH2CH2) and their oxidation products with bromine, RN(CH2CMe2O)2SnBr2 (7, R = Me2NCH2CH2; 8, R = MeOCH2CH2), are reported. The compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. DFT calculations on compounds 3, 7 and 8 suggest the preference of dimeric over monomeric structures.
A Facile Synthesis of 2H‐Chromenes and 9‐Functionalized Phenanthrenes through Reactions between α,β‐Unsaturated Compounds and Arynes
Authors: Zhang Tiexin , Huang Xian , Luling Wu and 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFacile syntheses of 2H‐chromenes or 9‐functionalized phenanthrenes under mild conditions in moderate to good yields have been developed. They each involve annulations of arynes with α,β‐unsaturated compounds bearing different electron‐withdrawing groups (EWGs). Depending on the natures of the different EWGs, the reactions proceed by different pathways: enals react with arynes through a tandem [2+2] cycloaddition/thermal electrocyclic ring‐opening/6e‐electrocyclization sequence to afford 2H‐chromenes, whereas acyl‐/ethoxycarbonyl‐/cyano‐substituted styrenes undergo Diels–Alder reactions with arynes followed by aromatization to afford 9‐functionalized phenanthrenes. The scope, limitations, regioselectivities and mechanisms have been studied and are discussed in detail.
Pile‐head kinematic bending in layered soil
Authors: Di Laora Raffaele , Mylonakis George , Mandolini Alessandro 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYKinematic effects at the head of a flexible vertical pile embedded in a two‐layer soil deposit are investigated by means of rigorous three‐dimensional elastodynamic finite‐element analyses. Both pile and soil are idealized as linearly viscoelastic materials, modelled by solid elements, without the restrictions associated with the use of strength‐of‐materials approximations. The system is analyzed by a time‐Fourier approach in conjunction with a modal expansion in space. Constant viscous damping is considered for each natural mode, and an FFT algorithm is employed to switch from frequency to time domain and vice versa in natural or generalized coordinates. The scope of the paper is to: (a) elucidate the role of a number of key phenomena controlling the amplitude of kinematic bending moments at the pile head; (b) propose a simplified semi‐analytical formula for evaluating such moments; and (c) provide some remarks about the role of kinematic bending in the seismic design of pile foundations. The results of the study provide a new interpretation of the interplay between interface kinematic moments and corresponding head moments, as a function of layer thickness, pile‐to‐soil stiffness ratio, and stiffness contrast between the soil layers. In addition, the role of diameter in designing against kinematic action, with or without the presence of an inertial counterpart, is discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.