bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 9: Industrial Training and the Nuclear Engineer
Authors: Shaw M. K. 
Published: June 2010

With the expansion of the application of nuclear power, it would now seem reasonable that the initial formal training of all mechanical engineers should contain instruction in some basic nuclear technology, including physics, special materials, safety, engineering in radioactive environments, reactor types, and basic control problems. The professional institutions should be encouraged to co-operate with the universities and technical colleges in formulating a basic syllabus. Students should be encouraged to pursue post-graduate work in related subjects but this work should not become simply an extension of first degree work. Universities and technical colleges should establish a close relationship with industry and the government establishments so that research projects and practical work correspond to the industry's needs. Industry should provide the education which adapts the new graduate to local engineering conditions and traditions, and also provide imaginative programmes. The organization structure should have the necessary flexibility to allow experience to grow and should not insist on too early a specialization.
Paper 1: Dragon Reactor Fuel-Handling Equipment
Authors: Kinkead A. N. , Smith P. C. 
Published: June 2010

The fuel-handling equipment for the Dragon reactor experiment has presented some unusual engineering problems because its design was completed in advance of that for any similar equipment on other reactors using helium as coolant. The adoption of an in-built charge/discharge machine has facilitated access to the core for removal and replacement of numerous fuel element designs during off-load refuelling periods. The general scheme for fuel changing is outlined and reasons are given for special measures specified initially with the aim of ensuring functional uniformity combined with maximum reliability. The charge/discharge machine is described in some detail as one of the unique features in the fuel cycle system. Component development testing is mentioned and a report is given of operational experience with the equipment over a period of four years.
Paper 6: Tyre Forces as Functions of Cornering and Braking Slip on Wet Road Surfaces
Authors: Holmes K. E. , Stone R. D. 
Published: June 2010

The pure braking and cornering forces of a given tyre on a given wet surface at a given speed are functions of braking slip and slip angle respectively. These functional relationships are of great importance in connection with the handling and stability of vehicles and the behaviour of brakes and antilocking devices. When cornering and braking occur simultaneously the forces interact and the functional relationships are modified, with consequent effects on vehicle characteristics. The empirical data available at the Laboratory on these relationships, both for pure forces and for forces in combination, are presented. The known effects of such factors as speed, road surface texture, tread pattern, tread resilience, and tyre construction are reported, but since the work was carried out at various times and for various purposes the coverage is incomplete and uneven. The test vehicle, test procedure and the methods of measuring and evaluating the data are briefly described. Some data have been analysed statistically to discover the dependence of the various frictional coefficients on factors such as those mentioned above. It is believed that greater use should be made of these statistical techniques in future work. Raw data can also be converted into such practical quantities as braking distances, wheel locking times, etc., by computing theoretically the behaviour of model braking systems. An example of such a study is given. The principal features of the mutual effect of braking and cornering forces may be summarized as follows: (a) If curves of sideway force against slip angle are plotted for constant values of braking force, there is little change of initial slope, but the maximum sideway force and the slip angle at which it occurs are reduced. If, however, the curves are plotted for constant braking slip, then the initial slope is decreased and the slip angle for maximum sideway force is increased; at this same angle the sideway force at zero braking slip will only be slightly greater. (b) The presence of a fixed amount of angular slip reduces the initial slope of the curve of braking force against braking slip, reduces the maximum value of the force, and increases the slip at which it is attained. (c) In a few cases examined, if resultant force is plotted against resultant slip for a given speed, tyre, and surface, there is a tendency for the points to lie in a fairly definite band having a form similar to that of the braking force–braking slip curve.
Paper 4: A New Loose Inverse Procedure for Matching Tyres and Car Using a Mathematical Model
Authors: Chiesa A. , Rinonapoli L. 
Published: June 2010

Differences of car-handling behaviour between normal and emergency conditions have been investigated by mathematically simulating manoeuvres of change of lane, entry into a curve, going out from a curve, and straight running in gusty crosswinds. A new ‘loose inverse procedure’ has been utilized to simulate these manoeuvres: the trajectory of each is followed, just as in actual road tests, by a tolerance which depends not only on the characteristics of the tyres and the car but also on the behaviour of the driver. Calculations have shown that stronger tyres (i.e. of greater cornering stiffness) make the emergency manoeuvres less dangerous, since they increase the stability and the response of the car. Nevertheless, tyres of greater cornering stiffness may increase driver-stress in normal manoeuvres, since the same steer errors produce larger trajectory errors. This inconvenience may be eliminated if front roll understeer of the car is increased when these tyres are to be utilized.
Paper 6: Lubrication of Bearings and Gears for Operation in a Space Environment
Authors: Harris C. L. , Warwick M. G. 
Published: June 2010

The lubrication of moving mechanical parts in the environment of space presents problems not ordinarily encountered in conventional operating conditions on earth. The special effects to be considered include those of weighlessness, radiation, temperature extremes, and prolonged exposure to hard vacuum. Of these, the last probably represents the most fundamental obstacle to the application of conventional designs, lubricants, and techniques. The high degree of reliability required in mechanisms for use in space instruments or vehicles necessitates the use of test chambers which have an ultra-high vacuum capability in the range 10-7–10-10 torr. The paper will describe the techniques used and the results obtained from a large number of such tests, conducted in this laboratory, on miniature ball bearings, gears, and jewel bearings. Lubricants studied include low vapour pressure oils and greases, lamellar solids, soft metals, and composites. Basic materials range from plastics to hardened tool-steel. Over 200 vacuum life tests have been performed on pairs of bearings mounted in specially designed eddy-current motors operating at 3000 rev/min. With certain oils and greases, up to two years' continuous life has been demonstrated. The most successful performance, in terms of life and reliability, has been obtained by the application of the soft metal, lead, as a thin film coating. The longest running test motor has completed in excess of 30 000 h continuous operation at 3000 rev/min in vacuum of 10-10 torr.
Paper 11: Degradation of Lubricating Fluids in a Vacuum
Authors: Laurenson L. , Holland L. , Baker M. A. 
Published: June 2010

Examination of oil vapours emitted from an oil-sealed rotary pump using gas–liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry showed their molecular weight was significantly less than the average value of the parent oil. It was suspected that the predominantly low molecular weight of the vapour was due to the evolution of inherent light fractions in the oil and to cracking products resulting from friction processes in the pump. To separate these effects small amounts of lubricants were subjected to controlled frictional working conditions under vacuum. The emitted vapour was analysed by a rapid scan mass spectrometer and the residual fluid examined for changes in composition by gas–liquid chromatography.
Paper 13: Design of an Experimental Arm Prosthesis: Biological Aspects
Authors: McWilliam R. 
Published: June 2010

The design of a prosthesis should take into account a number of factors, some of which are in conflict. Information is needed, not only on the requirements for each aspect, but also on the interaction between them. A prosthesis for dysmelic children is being built, embodying a deliberate compromise between as many of the factors as possible, in order to study first the specification and design problems and then the function and acceptability of the result. The problems of movement and control will be discussed in detail, including the choice of control sites, the movements patterns needed, and the means by which these are linked. Initial experience with the device will be reported.
Paper 17: Research into the Possibility of a Substitute for Proprioception
Authors: Carruthers M. T. , Pottinger J. M. 
Published: June 2010

The powered prosthetic replacement of part or the whole of the human upper limb does not currently provide the user with the sensory information associated with the normal human limb. The artificial provision of part of this missing information might lead to significant improvement of the amputee's performance. This paper describes an objective evaluation of the hypothesis that prosthesis-operator information transfer will be beneficial to a limb-deficient person. The various ways in which the information transfer could be achieved are discussed, and a rationale is proposed for the choice of vibrotactile stimulation of the skin. Objective experiments to test the basic hypothesis are presented.
Paper 21: Lability and Stability of Human Position Sense
Authors: Craske B. 
Published: June 2010

It is argued that when normal humans make reaching movements, they move their limbs from a kinaesthetically appreciated starting position. There is a considerable amount of evidence, however, to support the contention that this ‘felt position’ of the limb is highly labile, notwithstanding the apparently contradictory evidence for the existence of receptors which directly determine joint angle. It is proposed that the lability of ‘felt’ position sense in limbs is a transient emergency response of the human localizing system. It is suggested that such a response enables adequate localization to occur subsequent to an error of localization being made when none was intended. (This does not exclude the possibility of lability being associated with other conditions.) Lability is also shown to be a factor in an individual's appreciation of direction of gaze, thus simple experimental protocols can lead to visual misperception of the direction of distal objects. The evidence supports the idea that the visual control system is reset by means of cross modal checking, namely seeing limb extremities to be where they are felt to be. There is also evidence which indicates that kinaesthesis can be altered and stabilized by using visual or auditory position information. This circularity, that vision can modify kinaesthesis and that kinaesthesis can modify apparent direction of gaze, leads to a problem as to the nature of the fixed referent for the human localization system.
Paper 1: Project Management of Bloodhound
Authors: Rowley D. , Metcalfe H. 
Published: June 2010

The Bloodhound anti-aircraft surface-to-air defence project in two main Marks has been under development and in production for some 18 years, with total costs of well over £100 million. It has been subjected to about 20 different operational requirements, including the need to satisfy three Air Forces and an Army with different defence needs, there have been numerous reorganizations of the Ministries responsible for development and the companies concerned have been reorganized and in some cases merged. The Guided Weapons (G.W.) team at the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) responsible for Bloodhound has graduated from a single product line to a multi-project business and from developing a pilotless supersonic aircraft of unique design, to recognizing and handling the complete weapon system and the management tasks arising from substantial sales. The project started before sophisticated management techniques were respectable in England, but it has been found worthwhile to apply many of the principles and procedures even during the later stages. Major sub-contractors have been coordinated under a variety of contractual arrangements. Despite its kaleidoscopic background, the project has been a successful one both for the company and the nation. A number of considerable risk situations have been dealt with as a result of successful negotiations between government departments, the company, the customers and the various sub-contractors. A number of shortcomings on our techniques still exist and the paper concludes by suggesting priorities for management of future major systems.
Paper 2: The Engineering of Large Projects
Authors: Gott H. H. 
Published: June 2010

Without attempting or wishing for an exact permanent definition of the term ‘large project’ this paper is an attempt to extract valid and useful generalizations from my experience, in particular in cases where the success of the project fell below what I regard as acceptable, in the guidance of a number of power plant projects costing typically £80–£100m. Though the degree of abstraction is considerable it is not expressed in mathematical notation but as an argument covering, and it is hoped linking, the various aspects of engineering complex projects. Such projects are presently characterized by some or all of the following features, not necessarily in order of importance: Long time span from commitment to completion. The project may occupy a significant fraction of an engineer's working lifetime, and a period unhappily long when related to the rate of technical evolution and to ‘characteristic times’ for planning purposes. Capital commitments which are of ‘national’ magnitude. Lack of coherence in total labour force arising from complexity of organization, large number of organizations participating, often with only partial loyalty to the complete entity of the project. High cost, in absolute terms, of engineering charges and lack of clear basis for discussion of optimum expenditure in this area. Complex relationship to existing matrix of usage, the nature of which is unfolded by technical assessment as the project develops, which offers to modify ‘the project itself’ and also the existing matrix. Arguments are developed which may be used to increase the probability of success, in the type of work under discussion, and which may also be relevant to other forms of engineering work of shorter time span.
Paper 4: Integration and Supervision of Industrial Training in Sandwich Degree Courses
Authors: Osborne-Moss J. 
Published: June 2010

The meaning and objectives of integrated sandwich courses are defined, including the importance of establishing the relevance of previous academic studies to a period of industrial training. The several constraints imposed on a college proposing to introduce an integrated sandwich degree course are discussed, and attention is drawn to the relative standards of skills required during industrial training, with additional reference to training in observation and in analysis and criticism of existing processes. The necessity of regular visits to students in training by the appropriate college tutors is emphasized and the object and frequency of visits is considered together with methods of assessing the training. A method of establishing comparative assessment with academic achievement is outlined. Attention is drawn to the problems of a satisfactory commencement of the project work during the final period of industrial training and a method of assessing the project in comparison with academic examination performances is suggested. The problems of both college and industry in placing students in industrial training are discussed and reference is made to Booklet No. 5 of the Engineering Industry Training Board.
Paper 5: The Part-Time Degree and Creativity
Authors: Beale R. J. 
Published: June 2010

The preferred alternative route to attain the academic educational standard of the engineering profession (alternative, that is, to the normal full-time or full-time sandwich education) should be by a part-time degree course, probably C.N.A.A. degree; and such a part-time course should foster the creative potential of the student as a major objective. The professional engineer must be broadly educated as well as technically trained. The part-time degree course must be designed to assist the student in his awareness of the human, sociological, and economic effects of his future professional work. Courses based largely on a tutorial system could be well suited to the part-time student, who has not the time to attend a number of specified formal instruction and laboratory periods, and is in a good position to undertake individual guided creative exercises—much of them in his own time. These could often be used to introduce and illustrate the fundamentals of engineering science. Obvious examples are design work at all levels of complexity, and the selection of apparatus and instrumentation for a specified experimental investigation; possibly they could be in collaboration with the student's employment. The course could be of equal academic and intellectual level as the traditional university degree, but with greater scope for originality. Some outline suggestions are given for a part-time degree course of this type.
Paper 9: The C.E.I. Approach to Qualification of Chartered Engineers
Authors: Baxter A. D. 
Published: June 2010

The Charter granted to C.E.I. calls for those wishing to become Chartered Engineers to have passed the Council's examination, which is to be at a standard not lower than that of a U.K. degree, or to have been exempted from it by a degree level qualification. While most professional engineers are expected to qualify by exemption, the examination provides a yardstick for assessment of exempting qualifications, and a net for those who miss the opportunity to study to degree level through the usual routes. These routes are described, together with the policy for recognition of exemptions, with provision for interim arrangements. The examination is intended to provide a broad common foundation in Part 1 for later studies in Part 2 which can be specialized to a greater or lesser degree. The pattern of the examination and its evolution is discussed. Mention is made of entry requirements, subjects to be taken at each session, part-time preparation, referment, interim provision for taking two Part 2 subjects in certain circumstances, and of the compulsory subject ‘The Engineer in Society’.
Paper 1: Centrifugal Compressors for Gas Turbines
Authors: Ferguson T. B. 
Published: June 2010

The trends in fluid mechanical development of centrifugal compressors are discussed. The main developments in the impeller are the application of quasi-three-dimensional isentropic methods together with some separation criteria based on two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer theory. Diffusers are sometimes designed on a simplified two-dimensional basis but channel diffusers still appear to be preferred especially at high Mach numbers. Recent visualization studies have shown how far the actual flow in impellers may depart from the actual model and there is a lack of systematic quantitative experimental work on limiting blade loading and pressure gradients both in impellers and diffusers. A summary of gas turbine centrifugal compressors is also made.
Paper 4: Gas-Turbine Cycles and Associated Problems
Authors: Burdett R. H. , Thomas D. W. 
Published: June 2010

The practical value of cycle efficiency is influenced by the extent of the capital investment necessary to achieve that efficiency and also by the quality, and hence the cost, of the fuel necessary for the successful attainment of the operating parameters necessary to the given efficiency level. This paper shows how such considerations have led to proposals for combined gas/steam cycles. The gas turbine in electricity supply has been severely limited in its extent of application because of the considerable problems and implied limitations of cheap fuels. In the future the coolant of gas-cooled nuclear reactors could offer greatly widened scope for the application of gas turbine technology. This paper explores the prospects in the context of the developments which may be expected in advanced gas-cooled reactor technology as it is evolving in Great Britain.
Paper 5: A Cycle Analysis Technique for Small Gas Turbines
Authors: Rodgers C. 
Published: June 2010

Aerothermodynamic analysis studies for open Brayton cycles are often conducted treating the component efficiencies as independent variables. However, as maximum output power is decreased and maximum cycle temperature increased, turbomachinery component sizes diminish resulting in lower component efficiencies. A meaningful small gas turbine cycle analysis should, therefore, treat the component efficiencies as dependent variables. A discussion of such a treatment, as employed during the cycle analysis phase of a small gas turbine, is presented. The particular aerodynamic configuration examined is one comprising a single-stage radial compressor and a single-stage radial turbine. Additionally, cycle performance charts for the selected configuration are presented indicating optimum cycle parameter combinations, attainable performance levels, and typical small gas turbine engine weights.
Paper 6: Recent Developments in the Aerodynamic Design of Axial Flow Compressors
Authors: Gostelow J. P. , Horlock J. H. , Marsh H. 
Published: June 2010

Work on subsonic compressors is reviewed and traditional British and American methods of design are compared. Transonic compressors are now well established and recent progress, demonstrating the necessity for properly shaped blades in machines having high tip speeds, is examined. Advances in the computer-aided design of turbomachinery are described: these include the ‘Matrix through-flow’ and ‘Streamline curvature’ methods of calculating the meridional flow. Experimental results give preliminary confirmation of a method of annulus wall boundary layer prediction. Finally, current and future developments are discussed and an attempt is made to describe how an axial flow compressor may be designed a decade hence.
Paper 7: Radial Gas Turbines
Authors: Barnard M. C. S. , Benson R. S. 
Published: June 2010

The optimum speed range for radial gas turbines is given and the practical advantages of this type of turbine are discussed with reference to some current applications. One-dimensional flow considerations are briefly reviewed and the representation of nozzle and rotor loss data described. Two- and three-dimensional flows in the rotor turbine are examined in the light of recent numerical techniques. Comparison is made of the predictions in the rotor losses using these techniques and some experimental results. The design performance of a small radial gas turbine is given. The mechanical and thermal stresses of rotor life together with materials and methods of manufacture are examined. The results of service experience are reviewed with particular reference to rotor and nozzle life. Future trends in development of the radial gas turbine are indicated.