bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult T‐cell leukemia cells expressing OKT 17 antigen in the activated state
Authors: Tsuda Hiroyuki , Takatsuki Kiyoshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe surface phenotype and the functional activities of leukemic cells from seven patients with adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) were studied using monoclonal antibodies OKT 3, 4 and 8, anti‐Tac, and OKT 17. The latter defines the heterogeneity of the activated T4+ T cell subset. In all cases, ATL cells with the typical OKT3‐T4+ T8‐ phenotype expressed OKT 17 antigen. In addition, in five out of the seven cases the fresh ATL cells possessed Tac antigen which is expressed on activated T cells in varying degree. After cultivation with PWM, most populations of ATL cells acquired Tac even in the cases expressing little antigen in uncultured preparations. However the PWM activated ATL cells did not lose OKT 17 antigen. Functional assays showed the suppressor activity of ATL cells on normal B cell differentiation in three out of six cases examined. These results suggest that ATL cells most probably arise from a particular subset characterized by OKT 17 antigen within the activated OKT4+ T cell subset.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia and genetic events at 9q34
Authors: Lewis Jerry P. , Watson‐Williams E. John , Lazerson Jack , Jenks Helen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAssessment of cytogenetic patterns associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) suggests that genetic events at band q34 of chromosome nine are critical in the conversion of benign to malignant hematopoiesis. A break at this band is identified in almost all cases of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) positive CML, is also noted in some cases of Ph1 negative CML and cannot be excluded in the remaining cases. The human cellular homolog of the Abelson retrovirus oncogene (c‐abl) is situated at band 9q34 and is translocated with the genetic sequences distal to the break point at this site in Ph1 positive disease. This oncogene has been shown experimentally to transform pre‐B cells and it is expressed in primitive cells of the granulocytic series which are involved in CML. Although the break in CML chromosomes at 9q34 and the location of c‐abl at 9q34 could be unrelated, it seems more likely that the two genetic events are associated with evolution of malignant hematopoiesis of man.
Phenotypic and cytogenetic characteristics of a new epstein‐barr virus negative cell line (SKW 4) derived from A B‐Cell lymphoma
Authors: Nilsson Kenneth , Sundström Christer , Klareskog Lars , Ralph Peter , Zech Lore 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) negative cell line SKW 4 has been established in vitro from a patient with diffuse histiocytic lymphoma. The SKW 4 seems to be an authentic human tumour cell line as evidenced by its EBV negativity, monoclonality and aneuploidy tested during early in vitro passage. The cell line expresses surface μ and kk‐chains, HLA‐DR antigen, C3 and Fc receptors and B‐cell lineage antigens. The karyotypic analyses demonstrated many numerical and structural aberrations. No Burkitt lymphoma associated translocations (t8;14, t2;8, t;22) were detected, but most of the markers found are those commonly associated with various types of human cancer. The SKW 4 thus represents the most common type of ‘histiocytic lymphoma’, that with a B‐lymphoid cell phenotype, but is unique among HL derived lymphoma lines in its strong expression of a Helix pomatia A agglutinin binding surface glycoprotein of an apparent molecular weight of 75 000 daltons.
B‐Lymphoproliferative disorders: A Proposed unified pathogenetic pathway
Authors: Ezdinli Ediz Z. , Nanus David M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe clinical features of lymphoproliferative diseases associated with paraproteinemia are briefly reviewed and correlated with current immunologic concepts in an effort to clarify the pathophysiology of B‐lymphocyte disorders. B‐lymphocyte maturation proceeds in a predictable manner from the Pre‐B cell to the formation of idiotype specific plasma cells and memory B‐lymphocytes. The immunoglobulin isotype produced by the mature plasma cell is determined by a site specific process of gene switching which proceeds from μ to a production. Lymphoproliferative diseases are the result of disordered B cell maturation and their clinical features can be explained by identifying the locus of the maturational defect.
Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase as a differentiation marker for the human mononuclear phagocyte system
Authors: Radzun H. J. , Kreipe H. , Parwaresch M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman blood monocytes (BM) were stimulated with various immune modulators in short‐term cultures. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TAcP) activity was demonstrated with an enzyme cyto‐chemical method. Other members of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), such as peritoneal (PM) and alveolar macrophages (AM), were also tested. Unstimulated BM and physiologic functional forms of macrophages, with the exception of AM, were invariably TAcP negative. On appropriate stimulation, particularly with media containing lymphokines, cultured BM became TAcP positive. The results suggest that TAcP is an inducible differentiation marker that indicates transformation of monocytes into cells belonging to a distinct subset of the MPS.
Defining targets in myeloproliferative disorders: reflecting on what is important
Authors: Griesshammer Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe current lack of curative options for essential thrombocythaemia (ET) leads to the goal of reducing the risk of potentially life‐threatening thrombohaemorrhagic complications with long‐term treatment. The setting of relevant treatment targets is an important consideration in this process, allowing the monitoring of disease control. Recent revisions to the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria for the chronic MPDs 1 have implications not only for the diagnosis of patients, but also for the management of their disease and the continuing assessment of their progress. The purpose of this article is to discuss recent revisions to the WHO guidelines, and their influence on the setting of treatment targets in patients with ET. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Mind the gap!’ rethinking the role of health in the emergency and development divide
Authors: O'Dempsey Tim , Munslow Barry 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ‘Emergency Relief—Rehabilitation—Development’ model is highly problematic, especially in fragile states which fluctuate in and out of crisis. Lack of definition as to what constitutes a humanitarian emergency and the absence of rules of engagement of NGOs and donors further complicates the problem. Restricted mandates and budgets of institutions and funding bodies lead to gaps in the provision of health services for affected populations. Reducing the gap between emergency and developmental healthcare requires approaching the issue from both sides, recognizing that the emergency‐development gap is not a single uniform entity but a complex dynamic of heterogeneous gaps. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Out of sight, out of mind? The psychosocial needs of children formerly associated with armed forces: a case study of Save the children UK's work in Beni and Lubero territories, North Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Stott Katharine 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch into the psychosocial needs of children formerly associated with armed forces (CAAF) has aroused much interest in the past 60 years. Despite this, much debate remains surrounding how to optimally address these issues. The overwhelming stance of modern authors is that intervention must move away from the former focus on purely psychological intervention, to encompass broader social and cultural issues in addition. Hosted by Save the Children UK (SCUK), this qualitative research explores the perceptions of former CAAF, their communities and local SCUK staff of the psychosocial needs of former CAAF. Semi‐structured interviews and focussed group discussions were conducted with 62 former CAAF (29 boys, 33 girls), 21 community members and 7 staff members of SCUK or its partner organizations in Beni and Lubero territories of North Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Findings are presented and were analysed within a conceptual framework proposed by the Psychosocial Working Group. It was found that whilst the social needs of former CAAF and their communities are great, psychological challenges are prevalent and serious; moreover these psychological challenges impact the social integration of former CAAF. In addition, the needs of female former CAAF should be addressed differently to those of males, due primarily to the children most of the girls have conceived during their time with armed groups. The current movement of psychosocial theory from a psychological to a social focus is reflective of an attempt to address developmental concerns at the neglect of humanitarian needs. In consequence, former CAAF are being offered substandard assistance which fails to optimize their chances for successful civilian reintegration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue residue approach for chemical mixtures
Authors: Dyer Scott , St J Warne Michael , Meyer Joseph S , Leslie Heather A , Escher Beate I 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
At the SETAC Pellston Workshop “The Tissue Residues Approach for Toxicity Assessment,” held in June 2007, we discussed mixture toxicology in terms of the tissue residue approach (TRA). This article reviews the literature related to the TRA for mixtures of chemicals and recommends a practical, tiered approach that can be implemented in regulatory or risk assessment applications. As with the toxicity of individual chemicals, addressing mixture toxicity by means of the TRA has a number of significant advantages. Early work provided a theoretical basis and experimental data to support the use of TRA for mixtures; later work provided a field-based validation of the integration. However, subsequent development has been hindered by the lack of mixture toxicity data expressed in tissue or preferably target-site concentrations. We recommend a framework for addressing the toxicology of mixtures that integrates the TRA and mixture toxicology in a 3-tier approach. Tier I uses concentration addition (CA) to estimate the toxicity of mixtures regardless of the mechanism of action of the components. However, the common approach that uses a bioaccumulation factor (BAF) to predict TR from the exposure–water concentration for organics must be modified slightly for metals because, unlike organics, the BAF for a metal changes as 1) the aqueous exposure concentration changes, and 2) the concentration of other metals changes. In addition, total tissue residues of a metal are not a good predictor of toxicity, because some organisms store high concentrations of metals internally in detoxified forms. In tier I, if the combination of measured concentrations in the mixture exceeds that predicted to produce adverse effects or above-reference levels, it is necessary to proceed to tier II. Tier II is a mixed model that employs CA and independent action to estimate mixture toxicity. Tiers I and II estimate the toxicity of mixtures to individual species. In tier III, the TRA is integrated with the multisubstance potentially affected fraction (ms-PAF) method to derive TR levels that are protective of a selected percentage of species in aquatic communities (e.g., hazardous concentration for 5% of the species [HC5]). Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:99–115. © 2010 SETAC
HMM‐based graph edit distance for image indexing
Authors: Xiao Bing , Gao Xinbo , Tao Dacheng , Li Xuelong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost of the existing graph edit distance (GED) algorithms require cost functions which are difficult to be defined exactly. In this article, we propose a cost function free algorithm for computing GED. It only depends on the distribution of nodes rather than node or edge attributes in graphs. Hidden Markov model (HMM) is employed to model the distribution of feature points and thus dissimilarity measure of graphs can be posed as distance of HMMs. A fast algorithm of Kullback‐Leibler Distance, suitable for computing the distance between two probability models, is adopted to compute the distance of HMMs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed GED algorithm can characterize the structure variety of graphs effectively and is available for clustering and indexing images of both rigid and nonrigid bodies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 209–218, 2008
Image indexing and retrieval using an ART‐2A neural network architecture
Authors: Fernandes de Mello Rodrigo , Bueno Josiane Maria , Senger Luciano José , Yang Laurence T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTraditional content‐based image retrieval (CBIR) systems use low‐level features such as colors, shapes, and textures of images. Although, users make queries based on semantics, which are not easily related to such low‐level characteristics. Recent works on CBIR confirm that researchers have been trying to map visual low‐level characteristics and high‐level semantics. The relation between low‐level characteristics and image textual information has motivated this article which proposes a model for automatic classification and categorization of words associated to images. This proposal considers a self‐organizing neural network architecture, which classifies textual information without previous learning. Experimental results compare the performance results of the text‐based approach to an image retrieval system based on low‐level features. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 202–208, 2008
What mothers don't know and doctors don't say: Detecting early developmental delays
Authors: Smith Leann E. , Akai Carol E. , Klerman Lorraine V. , Keltner Bette R. ,   The Centers for the Prevention of Child Neglect
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study examined the detection of early developmental delays of high‐risk infants by first‐time mothers in a community sample of families (N = 451). About half of the mothers were adolescents at time of childbirth, and two thirds reported household incomes below $20,000 annually. Children were assessed at 12 and 24 months of age on standardized measures of cognitive, language, adaptive, and socioemotional development. According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (PL101‐476) guidelines, about 1 in 4 children was eligible for intervention services at 12 months, and about 1 in 3 children was eligible at 24 months. Despite receiving regular medical services, mothers reported that very few eligible children (2% at 12 months and 9% at 24 months) were identified by medical professionals as having any problems that could interfere with development. Much like medical professionals, few mothers were appropriately worried about development, and the likelihood of expressing concerns was related to mothers' knowledge about infant development. These findings highlight the need for medical providers to frequently screen high‐risk children and for parents to become more knowledgeable about infant development.
International commission on irrigation and drainage (ICID): its objectives, achievements and plans
Authors: Madramootoo Chandra , Lee Peter S. , Gopalakrishnan M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), a global network organization with 106 member countries in its fold, is dedicated to the promotion of best practices in water for agriculture, and addresses water supply and management for food production, including drainage and flood control. While striving to improve water and land management, and enhancing the world supply of food and fibre, ICID takes on board environmental concerns and seeks sustainable solutions. In its efforts to contribute positively to achieving the primary goal of halving the number affected by hunger, as set forth in the Millennium Development Goals, ICID aims to improve quality of life and reduce poverty in developing countries.ICID's efforts in stimulating and promoting the development of the art, science and techniques of engineering, agriculture, economics, ecology and social sciences for better land and water management are achieved through specialized internationally composed work groups. These work bodies attempt to produce updates that are focused not only on the scientific and technological aspects, but also emerging trends in management and sustainable solutions of water management for agriculture.ICID played a crucial role, together with other leading international organizations, to develop a joint vision on water for future generations. This included leading in the formation of the World Water Council.In the paper, an attempt has been made to highlight some of the recent achievements and other roles that ICID has played in the global water arena. ICID's strong country network enables best practices to be implemented at the local level. Thanks to the inherent strength of its broad‐based National Committees, ICID's efforts and activities trickle down to irrigators, food producers and water user groups. The National Committees are also a source of identification of unique problems and challenges in the field, which require the concerted attention of the global body of expertise residing in ICID. The immediate challenges facing ICID are responses to the current global food crisis and the impacts of the global financial crisis on water and food security in a global context. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting to hydrologic impacts of climate change: an international development perspective
Authors: Svendsen Mark , Künkel Nana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper reviews important water‐related effects of climate change and assesses their impacts on developing countries and, in particular, on developing country agriculture. It assesses the relative importance of change‐driven water supply and water demand effects on agriculture and examines the concepts of vulnerability, adaptation, and adaptive capacity. It suggests some measures available to developing countries to begin the process of adaptation to the impacts of climate change and outlines a possible role for external development cooperation in that process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural water productivity and poverty: A conceptual pathway to link global, basin and local understanding
Authors: Cook S.E. , Fisher M.J. , Harrington L.W. , Huber‐Lee A. , Vidal A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAgricultural water productivity (WPAg) is considered by many as a valuable concept that links agricultural water use to the benefits it generates in terms of food (kg m−3, kcal m−3) or income (US$ m−3). By extension, it can be hypothesized that WPAg is linked to rural poverty, and that its improvement would enable more people to benefit from a finite shared water resource.By reviewing case studies and analyses from four river basins and elsewhere, we find that WPAg and poverty are related, but that the strength of the relationship and its nature vary with scale. At a global scale, the link seems causal; improved water productivity will enable an expanding global population to feed itself from a finite water resource. At the local scale, improved water productivity is more often a consequence of other changes, such as crop productivity or value. At the intermediate scale of a basin or sub‐basin, WPAg represents the state of ecosystem services1

“The benefits people obtain from ecosystems. These include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as flood and disease control; cultural services such as spiritual, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services such as nutrient cycling that maintain the conditions for life on Earth.” (Green Facts Glossary) http://www.greenfacts.org/glossary/def/ecosystem‐services.htm
through which agriculture consumes water and from which groups of people generate food and income. In the absence of clear definitions of the links between water use by multiple actors and the outcomes produced, there is no evidence of causal linkages between agricultural water consumption and poverty. Awareness of WPAg of itself is unlikely to induce changes in agricultural practice that improve the livelihoods of water users, even though WPAg may increase as a result of general improvements in agricultural practice. Such linkages may, however, occur increasingly with water valuation in which users pay the real cost of the water that they use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Homestead‐ and community‐scale multiple‐use water services: unlocking new investment opportunities to achieve the Millennium development Goals
Authors: van Koppen Barbara , Smits Stef , Mikhail Monique 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince the early 2000s, a new participatory approach to water services delivery is emerging: multiple‐use water services (MUS). By overcoming sectoral boundaries within the water sector, new opportunities are opened up that better align with people's practice of using water from multiple sources for multiple uses. Two opportunities are discussed in this paper on the basis of past research by the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food, among others. One new opportunity is homestead‐scale MUS. Providing double or triple the quantities of the design norms in the domestic subsector in poor rural and periurban areas allows water users to take up significant productive activities besides meeting domestic needs. Cost–benefit ratios are favourable. Homestead‐scale MUS is the most effective way of using water to contribute to all Millennium Development Goals. A related second new opportunity is community‐scale MUS. This participatory approach to water services considers communities' holistic water‐ and landscapes and supports incremental improvements in infrastructure according to people's own priorities and needs, which are often in favour of homestead‐scale MUS. New synergies in infrastructure intakes, storage and conveyance are tapped. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priority issues of least developed countries in Africa
Authors: Musa I. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis is an outcome of contributions from stakeholders in the Africa region in the identification of critical priority issues in irrigation and drainage practices in the least developed countries (LDCs) in Africa, and ways in which the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) can assist to address them.The LDCs are characterised by endemic poverty, human resources weaknesses and economic vulnerability that are partly contributed to by the instability of their agricultural production which is dependent on rainfall and its vagaries. Out of the 51 countries classified as LDCs, 34 are in Africa. They have a predominantly agrarian economy with underdeveloped irrigation potential, and are faced with inconsistent and poor policies, poor environmental stewardship, insufficient investment and high cost of irrigation development, non‐inclusive and non‐participatory governance, threats of climate change, and weak research capacity among other challenges.The following priority irrigation and drainage issues were identified based on their relevance to these challenges, their impact on the majority – who live below the poverty line – and those in which ICID has a comparative advantage to assist:

database management and information sharing;

pro‐poor irrigation and drainage policies;

participatory irrigation management;

capacity building of all stakeholders;

technological learning, research and development.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.