bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strabismus and employment: the opinion of headhunters
Authors: Mojon‐Azzi Stefania M. , Mojon Daniel S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  The aim of this study was to determine the influence of strabismus on an individual’s ability to find employment based on the opinion of Swiss headhunters.Methods:  Forty Swiss headhunters retrieved from a Swiss online telephone directory were interviewed using a validated questionnaire in order to determine if strabismus would have an impact on a person's ability to find employment. Photographs of a strabismic man and woman as well as of other computer‐generated facial anomalies could be downloaded from the Internet during the interview.Results:  72.5% of headhunters judged that strabismic individuals would have more difficulties in finding a job than orthotropic persons. These difficulties were judged to be stronger in women than in men (P = 0.006), and in exotropic compared to esotropic persons (P = 0.01). Asked about seven facial anomalies, exotropia was found to have the third and esotropia the fourth (women) or fifth (men) most strongly negative impact on finding employment, after having strong acne and a visible missing tooth. Headhunters judged that persons with strabismus are significantly perceived as less attractive and less intelligent by potential employers.Conclusion:  Visible strabismus negatively influences individuals’ ability to find a job and therefore has an impact on their economic status. Successful strabismus surgery realigns the visual axes, producing a normal facial appearance and therefore eliminating the negative impact of strabismus on employability.
Ocular involvement in paediatric haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Authors: Sturm Veit , Menke Marcel N. , Landau Klara , Laube Guido F. , Neuhaus Thomas J. 
Published: July 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 804–807Abstract.Purpose:  The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency and severity of ocular involvement in paediatric patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS).Methods:  The study was designed as an institutional, retrospective, observational case series. Charts for all 87 paediatric patients with HUS treated at the University Children’s Hospital Zurich between 1995 and 2007 were reviewed. Patients with ocular involvement were identified and clinical findings presented.Results:  Three of 69 examined patients with HUS showed ocular involvement. Ophthalmic findings in two children were consistent with bilateral Purtscher retinopathy, showing multiple haemorrhages, exudations and superficial retinal whitening. The third child presented with bilateral isolated central intraretinal haemorrhages as a milder form of ocular involvement. In one of the children with Purtscher retinopathy, laser photocoagulation was required for bilateral rubeosis irides and development of disc neovascularization. Longterm outcomes in the two severely affected children showed decreased visual acuity caused by partial atrophy of the optic nerves. In the milder case visual acuity was not impaired at any time.Conclusions:  A minority of paediatric patients with HUS developed ocular involvement. Acute ocular findings varied in severity from isolated intraretinal haemorrhages to Purtscher‐like retinopathy with retinal ischaemia. Longterm complications included the development of neovascularizations and consecutive optic nerve atrophy. Although ocular involvement in HUS seems to be rare, physicians should be aware of this complication because of its possible vision‐endangering consequences.
Mimicking natural systems: methane hydrate formation-decomposition in depleted sediments
Authors: Eaton M. W. , Jones K. W. , Mahajan Devinder 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have initiated a systematic study of sediment–hydrate interaction under subsurface-mimic conditions to initially focus on marine hydrates. A major obstacle to studying natural hydrate systems has been the absence of a sophisticated mimic apparatus in which the hydrate formation phenomenon can be reproduced with precision. We have designed and constructed a bench-top unit, namely flexible integrated study of hydrates (FISH), for this purpose. The unit is fully instrumented to precisely record temperatures, pressures and changes in gas volume during absorption/evolution. The Labview software allows rapid and continuous data collection during the hydrate formation/dissociation cycle. In our integrated approach, several host sediments collected from Blake Ridge, a well-researched hydrate site, were characterized using the computed microtomography technique at Beamline X-26A of the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The characterized depleted sediments were then used to study the hydrate formation/decomposition kinetics under various pressures in the FISH unit. We report two hydrate formation methods: one under continuous methane gas-flow conditions (dynamic mode) and the other in which hydrates are formed from the dissolved gas phase by diffusion (static mode). Also reported is a depressurization method, namely the step-down pressure method, to yield gas evolution data. Data from such runs with host sediment from the deepest site (667 metres) is presented. During hydrate formation, the data reveals a temperature signature that is consistent with an exothermic hydrate formation event. In the decomposition cycle, data at various pressures was analysed to yield curves with similar slopes, suggesting a zero-order dependence. The capabilities of the FISH unit and the implications of these runs in establishing a database of sediment–hydrate kinetics and pore saturation are discussed.
Effects of solid surfaces on hydrate kinetics and stability
Authors: Kvamme B. , Graue A. , Buanes T. , Kuznetsova T. , Ersland G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Reservoirs of clathrate hydrates of natural gases (hydrates), found worldwide and containing huge amounts of bound natural gases (mostly methane), represent potentially vast and yet untapped energy resources. Since CO
2
‐containing hydrates are considerably more stable thermodynamically than methane hydrates, if we find a way to replace the original hydrate-bound hydrocarbons with the CO
2
, two goals can be accomplished at the same time: safe storage of carbon dioxide in hydrate reservoirs, and
in situ
release of hydrocarbon gas. We have applied the techniques of magnetic resonance imaging as a tool to visualize the conversion of CH
4
hydrate within Bentheim sandstone matrix into the CO
2
hydrate. Corresponding model systems have been simulated using the phase field theory approach. Our theoretical studies indicate that the kinetic behaviour of the systems closely resembles that of CO
2
transport through an aqueous solution. We have interpreted this to mean that the hydrate and the matrix mineral surfaces are separated by liquid-containing channels. These channels will serve as escape routes for released natural gas, as well as distribution channels for injected CO
2
.
Gas hydrate growth and dissociation in narrow pore networks: capillary inhibition and hysteresis phenomena
Authors: Anderson R. , Tohidi B. , Webber J. B. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Marine sediments hosting gas hydrates are commonly fine-grained (silts, muds, clays) with very narrow mean pore diameters (∼0.1 µm). This has led to speculation that capillary phenomena could play an important role in controlling hydrate distribution in the seafloor, and may be in part responsible for discrepancies between observed and predicted (from bulk phase equilibria) hydrate stability zone (HSZ) thicknesses. Numerous recent laboratory studies have confirmed a close relationship between hydrate inhibition and pore size, stability being reduced in narrow pores; however, to date the focus has been hydrate
dissociation
conditions in porous media, with capillary controls on the equally important process of hydrate
growth
being largely neglected. Here, we present experimental methane hydrate growth and dissociation conditions for synthetic mesoporous silicas over a range of pressure–temperature (
PT
) conditions (273–293 K, to 20 MPa) and pore size distributions. Results demonstrate that hydrate formation and decomposition in narrow pore networks is characterized by a distinct hysteresis: solid growth occurs at significantly lower temperatures (or higher pressures) than dissociation. Hysteresis takes the form of repeatable, irreversible closed primary growth and dissociation
PT
loops, within which various characteristic secondary ‘scanning’ curve pathways may be followed. Similar behaviour has recently been observed for ice–water systems in porous media, and is characteristic of liquid–vapour transitions in mesoporous materials. The causes of such hysteresis are still not fully understood; our results suggest pore blocking during hydrate growth as a primary cause.
Can CO
2
hydrate assist in the underground storage of carbon dioxide?
Authors: Rochelle C. A. , Camps A. P. , Long D. , Milodowski A. , Bateman K. , Gunn D. , Jackson P. , Lovell M. A. , Rees J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

The sequestration of CO
2
in the deep geosphere is one potential method for reducing anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere without necessarily incurring a significant change in our energy-producing technologies. Containment of CO
2
as a liquid and an associated hydrate phase, under cool conditions, offers an alternative underground storage approach compared with conventional supercritical CO
2
storage at higher temperatures. We briefly describe conventional approaches to underground storage, review possible approaches for using CO
2
hydrate in CO
2
storage generally, and comment on the important role CO
2
hydrate could play in underground storage. Cool underground storage appears to offer certain advantages in terms of physical, chemical and mineralogical processes, which may usefully enhance trapping of the stored CO
2
. This approach also appears to be potentially applicable to large areas of sub-seabed sediments offshore Western Europe.
Hydrocarbon gas hydrates in sediments of the Mississippi Canyon area, Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: McGee T. , Macelloni L. , Lutken C. , Bosman A. , Brunner C. , Rogers R. , Dearman J. , Sleeper K. , Woolsey J. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico Hydrates Research Consortium has begun installing a seafloor observatory to monitor gas hydrate outcrops and the hydrate stability zone in Mississippi Canyon Area Lease Block 118. Relevant background information concerning the Mississippi Canyon Area and gas hydrate occurrences in the northern Gulf of Mexico is presented. Microbial influences and possible scenarios of hydrate accumulation are considered. The design of the observatory was based on field data recorded in the Mississippi Canyon Area, principally lease block 118 (MC118) and the vicinity of lease block 798 (MC798). Swath bathymetry by autonomous underwater vehicle played a large part, as did seismic imaging within the hydrate stability zone and core sampling. These data and the results of their analyses are discussed in detail. Discussion and interim conclusions are presented.
The pore-scale distribution of sediment-hosted hydrates: evidence from effective medium modelling of laboratory and borehole seismic data
Authors: Minshull T. A. , Chand S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Much of our knowledge on hydrate distribution in the subsurface comes from interpretations of remote seismic measurements. A key step in such interpretations is an effective medium theory that relates the seismic properties of a given sediment to its hydrate content. A variety of such theories have been developed; these theories generally give similar results if the same assumptions are made about the extent to which hydrate contributes to the load-bearing sediment frame. We have further developed and modified one such theory, the self-consistent approximation/differential effective medium approach, to incorporate additional empirical parameters describing the extent to which both the sediment matrix material (clay or quartz) and the hydrate are load-bearing. We find that a single choice of these parameters allows us to match well both
P
and
S
wave velocity measurements from both laboratory and
in situ
datasets, and that the inferred proportion of hydrate that is load-bearing varies approximately linearly with hydrate saturation. This proportion appears to decrease with increasing hydrate saturation for gas-rich laboratory environments, but increases with hydrate saturation when hydrate is formed from solution and for an
in situ
example.
Philadelphia-positive patients who already harbor imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutations have a higher likelihood of developing additional mutations associated with resistance to second- or third-line tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Authors: Soverini Simona , Gnani Alessandra , Colarossi Sabrina , Castagnetti Fausto , Abruzzese Elisabetta , Paolini Stefania , Merante Serena , Orlandi Ester , de Matteis Silvia , Gozzini Antonella , Iacobucci Ilaria , Palandri Francesca , Gugliotta Gabriele , Papayannidis Cristina , Poerio Angela , Amabile Marilina , Cilloni Daniela , Rosti Gianantonio , Baccarani Michele , Martinelli Giovanni 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Dasatinib and nilotinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) developed to overcome imatinib resistance in Philadelphia-positive leukemias. To assess how Bcr-Abl kinase domain mutation status evolves during sequential therapy with these TKIs and which mutations may further develop and impair their efficacy, we monitored the mutation status of 95 imatinib-resistant patients before and during treatment with dasatinib and/or nilotinib as second or third TKI. We found that 83% of cases of relapse after an initial response are associated with emergence of newly acquired mutations. However, the spectra of mutants conferring resistance to dasatinib or nilotinib are small and nonoverlapping, except for T315I. Patients already harboring mutations had higher likelihood of relapse associated with development of further mutations compared with patients who did not harbor mutations (23 of 51 vs 8 of 44, respectively, for patients who relapsed on second TKI; 13 of 20 vs 1 of 6, respectively, for patients who relapsed on third TKI).
Expression of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ gene is repressed by DNA methylation in visceral adipose tissue of mouse models of diabetes
Authors: Fujiki Katsunori , Kano Fumi , Shiota Kunio , Murata Masayuki 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background

Adipose tissues serve not only as a store for energy in the form of lipid, but also as endocrine tissues that regulates metabolic activities of the organism by secreting various kinds of hormones. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation that induces the expression of adipocyte-specific genes in preadipocytes and mediates their differentiation into adipocytes. Furthermore, PPARγ has an important role to maintain the physiological function of mature adipocyte by controlling expressions of various genes properly. Therefore, any reduction in amount and activity of PPARγ is linked to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.

Results

In this study, we investigated the contribution of epigenetic transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, to the expression of the PPARγ gene, and further evaluated the contribution of such epigenetic regulatory mechanisms to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome. In 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, the promoter of the PPARγ2 gene was hypermethylated, but was progressively demethylated upon induction of differentiation, which was accompanied by an increase of mRNA expression. Moreover, treatment of cells with 5'-aza-cytideine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, increased expression of the PPARγ gene in a dose-dependent manner. Methylation in vitro of a PPARγ promoter-driven reporter construct also repressed the transcription of a downstream reporter gene. These results suggest that the expression of the PPARγ gene is inhibited by methylation of its promoter. We next compared the methylation status of the PPARγ promoters in adipocytes from wild-type (WT) mice with those from two diabetic mouse models: +Lepr

db

/+Lepr

db
and diet-induced obesity mice. Interestingly, we found increased methylation of the PPARγ promoter in visceral adipose tissues (VAT) of the mouse models of diabetes, compared to that observed in wild-type mice. We observed a concomitant decrease in the level of PPARγ mRNA in the diabetic mice compared to the WT mice.

Conclusion

We conclude that the expression of PPARγ gene is regulated by DNA methylation of its promoter region and propose that reduced expression of PPARγ owing to DNA methylation in adipocytes of the VAT may contribute to the pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome.
Trefoil Factor-1 (TFF1) Enhances Oncogenicity of Mammary Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Amiry Naeem , Kong Xiangjun , Muniraj Nethaji , Kannan Nagarajan , Grandison Prudence M. , Lin Juan , Yang Yulu , Vouyovitch Cécile M. , Borges Sahra , Perry Jo K. , Mertani Hichem C. , Zhu Tao , Liu Dongxu , Lobie Peter E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe functional role of autocrine trefoil factor-1 (TFF1) in mammary carcinoma has not been previously elucidated. Herein, we demonstrate that forced expression of TFF1 in mammary carcinoma cells resulted in increased total cell number as a consequence of increased cell proliferation and survival. Forced expression of TFF1 enhanced anchorage-independent growth and promoted scattered cell morphology with increased cell migration and invasion. Moreover, forced expression of TFF1 increased tumor size in xenograft models. Conversely, RNA interference-mediated depletion of TFF1 in mammary carcinoma cells significantly reduced anchorage-independent growth and migration. Furthermore, neutralization of secreted TFF1 protein by polyclonal antibody decreased mammary carcinoma cell viability in vitro and resulted in regression of mammary carcinoma xenografts. We have therefore demonstrated that TFF1 possesses oncogenic functions in mammary carcinoma cells. Functional antagonism of TFF1 can therefore be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for mammary carcinoma.
The Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase, Src Homology-2 Domain Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-2, Is a Crucial Mediator of Exogenous Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling to Human Trophoblast
Authors: Forbes Karen , West Gemma , Garside Rebecca , Aplin John D. , Westwood Melissa 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdequate fetal growth depends on placental transfer of nutrients and gases from the mother; thus, as pregnancy progresses, the placenta must grow to meet the increasing demands of the developing fetus. IGFs control proliferation, differentiation, and survival of trophoblast in first-trimester placenta via intracellular tyrosine kinase signaling cascades, the activation of which is also regulated by tyrosine phosphatases. The protein-tyrosine phosphatase, Src homology-2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-2, is crucial for mouse placental development and is known to mediate IGF actions in other systems. In this study we examined the role of SHP-2 in regulating IGF-mediated proliferation in human trophoblast. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that SHP-2 is expressed strongly in cytotrophoblast and only weakly in syncytium. After small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of SHP-2 in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells and human first-trimester placental explants, IGF-induced trophoblast proliferation, examined using immunohistochemical analysis of Ki67 and 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation, was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.05). Kinase activation assays suggested that SHP-2 interacts with the MAPK pathway to mediate these effects. Markers of trophoblast differentiation were elevated after SHP-2 knockdown. This study demonstrates a role for tyrosine phosphatases in human trophoblast and establishes SHP-2 as a component of the IGF signaling pathway that is required for normal placental growth.
On the utilization of pin-on-disc simulative tests for the calibration of friction in metal cutting
Authors: Cristino V A M , Rosa P A R , Martins P A F 
Published: July 2009

This article proposes a new design for pin-on-disc machines and introduces a research methodology that aims at providing a new level of understanding for the influence of surface texture and roughness on the average value of the friction coefficient. The new design for pin-on-disc machines increases the overall stiffness, eliminates the need for counter weights, and allows tests to be carried out under variable loading conditions and includes a unit for producing and regenerating the desired texture and roughness in the surface of the discs after completion of each test. The comparison between the friction coefficient obtained with pin-on-disc tests and that acquired in metal cutting laboratory conditions allows concluding that pin-on-disc tests, when performed with an adequate control of texture and surface roughness, are capable of providing a good estimate of the average value of the friction coefficient in metal cutting applications.
Synthesis and Properties of Stable 1,2-Bis(metallocenyl)disilenes: Novel d–π Conjugated Systems with a Si=Si Double Bond
Authors: Yuasa Akihiro , Sasamori Takahiro , Hosoi Yoshinobu , Furukawa Yukio , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Stable 1,2-bis(metallocenyl)disilenes were synthesized for the first time and were characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analyses. On the basis of cyclic voltammograms, (E)-1,2-bis(ferrocenyl)-1,2-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)disilene (1a) was found to be a stable five-electron redox system with four steps, while (E)-1,2-bis(ruthenocenyl)-1,2-bis(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)disilene (1b) showed four-step redox couples with four electrons. The UV–vis spectra and theoretical calculations for these disilenes suggested that they should be novel d–π conjugated systems containing a disilene unit. In addition, chalcogenation reactions of 1a resulted in the formation of new heterocyclic compounds bearing ferrocenyl units. For example, the first stable 1,2,3,4-dithiadisiletane derivative was obtained by the sulfurization reaction of 1a.
Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Cycloalkanones with In Situ Generated Hydrogen Peroxide from Alcohols and Molecular Oxygen Using NHPI as a Key Catalyst
Authors: Kamae Kenichiro , Obora Yasushi , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
One-pot Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of cycloalkanones was successfully achieved by allowing them to react with hydrogen peroxide generated in situ from benzhydrol and molecular oxygen assisted by N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). This method provides an alternative synthetic route to lactones from cycloalkanones using sec-alcohols and molecular oxygen assisted by NHPI.
Accelerated Examination & Grant of Japanese Biotechnology Patents
Authors: Tessensohn John A. , Yamamoto Shusaku 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The healthcare transformational capacity of biotechnology intellectual property makes it fundamental that such biotech patents are issued promptly in order to have clarity and certainty in the research community and the marketplace. In these economically challenging times, accelerated patent grants will make biotech patent owners more attractive to investors and licensors ensuring their survival. Japanese universities have aggressively patented and licensed their biotech research and utilized the accelerated patent system to procure the world's first ever induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) patent. This article examines the various accelerated examination procedures available at the Japan Patent Office and how biotechnology patent applicants can secure early patent protection in Japan, the world's second largest biopharmaceutical market.