bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternate Drying and Rewetting Effects on Chemical and Physical Properties and Moisture‐Salinity Relationships of a Histosol1
Authors: Giskin M. , Levin I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnder field conditions, cycles of drying and wetting take place naturally. Extreme fluctuations in the moisture content of Histosols have been reported to affect a number of soil processes and constituents. The purpose of the study was to investigate the possible influences on soil management of changes in chemical and physical properties resulting from a Histosol being carried through several successive dryings and wettings. Soil from the 0 to 30 cm layer of a low moor Histosol with a pH of 7.6 and organic matter content of 55.3% was used. The soil was put through three successive cycles of air‐drying and rewetting; subsamples were removed at each stage and physical and chemical determinations were carried out. The saturation percentage of the field sample decreased from 95.9 to 87.3% after the third drying cycle. The elecrtical conductivity of the saturation extract decreased at each drying stage, due to the large differences in the nitrate content between the dry and wet stages (8 vs. 380 ppm). Moisture retention curve data showed a 5% difference in available water between the moist field sample and the same sample after air‐drying. The data show that laboratory measurements of soil‐water relations for a Histosol change with time, i.e., with each exposure to drying and rewetting prior to sampling. This information will have a direct bearing on the management of a Histosol, i.e., when determining the amount of irrigation waters to be applied.
Influence of Growth Stage and Soil Conditions on Bermudagrass Susceptibility to Glyphosate1
Authors: Whitwell Ted , Santelmann Paul W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) is a perennial grass weed species in many crop and industrial situations. Glyphosate (N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine) has provided some control of this weed, but results have been variable. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the conditions under which bermudagrass is most susceptible to glyphosate. Fall, spring, or summer glyphosate applications were made for bermudagrass control in 1974, 1975, and 1976. Bermudagrass at five growth stages was also treated with 1.7, 3.4, and 5.0 kg/ha of glyphosate. In the laboratory the influence of temperature, soil moisture, and N stresses before or after glyphosate treatments were evaluated for their influence on the degree of control achieved. The soil type was a Teller sandy loam soil (Udic arguistoll; fine loamy, mixed thermic).Glyphosate applications from July to early October, at a rate of 3.4 kg/ha or more, were the most effective for controlling bermudagrass. Spring glyphosate applications were ineffective even at 5.0 kg/ha. Substantial foliage (> 17 cm tall) had to be present to obtain the maximum control with August glyphosate applications. A 5‐day 20 C temperature pretreatment or cool temperatures during treatment did not decrease bermudagrass control with glyphosate. Dry soil conditions or wilted plants at treatment significantly reduced the effectiveness of glyphosate.Effective bermudagrass control with glyphosate appears to require actively growing plants, with the major portion of the photosynthates moving into the stems and roots. Plant stress prior to treatment reduces the control obtained.
Nitrapyrin Degradation and Movement in Soil1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Hoeft R. G. , Welch L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine] is applied with ammonium‐N fertilizers to control nitrification in soil. However, little information is available on the persistence or loss of field.applied nitrapyrin. The objective of this study was to monitor movement and degradation of nitrapyrin in soil. Nitrapyrin was applied with anhydrous ammonia in the fall of 1975 and spring of 1975 and 1976. These field studies were located on Drummer silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll) and Cisne silt loam (Mollie Albaqualf) soil, Detailed sampling from a concentric zone around the point of ammonia/nitrapyrin release in the soil was conducted periodically during the spring and summer. Measurable quantities of nitrapyrin were not found beyond 7.5 cm from the point of release in the soil. The distance that nitrapyrin moved from the point of release in the soil was not affected by nitrapyrin rates. Greater nitrapyrin movement was not detected in one direction from the point of release in the soil than in another direction. Increasing rates of anhydrous ammonia had no effect on nitrapyrin movement or degradation. The most rapid rate of degradation occurred soon after application and decreased with time. The highest concentrations of nitrapyrin were found within 2.5 cm from the point of release in the soil and a concentration gradient existed out to 7.5 cm. The greatest percentage of applied nitrapyrin was recovered within the concentric zone 2.5 to 5.0 cm from the point of release in the soil. Both nitrapyrin movement away from the point of application and degradation were less in a silty clay loan soil which had a relatively high organic matter level than in a silt loam soil which had a lower organic matter level. Relatively high concentrations of nitrapyrin were found in the soil after nitrification was completed and significant concentrations were found several months after application. The data suggest that nitrapyrin degradation and movement will depend on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil. Even though degradation rates decrease with time, we did not find indications that soil accumulations of nitrapyrin will result from once‐a‐year applications.
Complete Neutralization of a Portion of Calcareous Soil as a Means of Preventing Iron Chlorosis1
Authors: Wallace A. , Mueller R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans (Glycine max L. Merr., PI 54619‐5‐1) that are susceptible to Fe chlorosis, were grown in a glasshouse with calcareous (10% CaCO3) Hacienda loam soil (fineloamy, mixed, thermic aquic Natrargid) with a portion of the soil neutralized vs. equivalent mixing of sulfuric acid with all the soil. The objective was to determine if complete neutralization of only a small part of the mass of a calcareous soil could effectively prevent Fe chlorosis. Small acidified spots of soil, equivalent to as little as 0.4% of the CaCO3 in the 1,000 g of the soil used in each pot, placed 3 cm deep under seedlings, was sufficient to prevent the Fe chlorosis. These glasshouse results suggest that comparable procedures be tried for field experimentation with row crops which are susceptible to Fe chlorosis.
Effects of Planting Configuration on Water Use and Economics of Drip Irrigation Systems1
Authors: Singh S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe drip irrigation system is expensive to install and warrants further study. To evaluate the cost of laterals needed and the amount of water used, cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis L.), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) crops were grown on a loamy sand soil in rectangular, square, equilateral, and hexagonal planting geometries. The rectangular, both square and equilateral, and hexagonal planting geometries resulted in single, double, and triple row configurations and required four, two, and one drip lateral per 2.40 m plot width, respectively. The yield and quality of the produce were the same in both double and single row planting geometries. Thus, double row planting reduced cost and water use by 50%. The cost and water use were reduced 75% for the hexagonal planting geometry, but yields were 26 to 52% less than for the rectangular planting geometry; the produce quality was such that 37% heads of cabbage, 42% of cauliflower, and 23% of turnip balls were unmarketable. The quality of tomato, however, was not affected. Therefore, the hexagonal planting geometry in tomato with two separate laterals per 2.40 m should reduce cost and water use equal to that for double row planting and achieve a yield potential of twice the present production rate of 55 metric tons/ha.
Effects of Fluidized Bed Combustion Waste on the Ca, Mg, S, and Zn Levels in Red Clover, Tall Fescue, Oat, and Buckwheat1
Authors: Stout W. L. , Sidle R. C. , Hern J. L. , Bennett O. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluidized bed combustion, a desulfurization process for coal‐fired power plants, produces a waste that contains large amounts of calcium oxide and calcium sulfate. Since approximately 200 kg of fluidized bed combustion waste (FBCW) is generated per metric ton of coal burned, it represents a significant potential source of lime that must be evaluated before it can be properly utilized. In this study, FBCW was compared with calcium hydroxide as a lime source in a greenhouse study with red clover, tall fescue, oat, and buckwheat. The FBCW and calcium hydroxide were applied at rates calculated to adjust the pH of Westmoreland silt loam (Ultic Hapludalf, mixed, mesic) to 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5. Though the loading rates from FBCW were higher than those from calcium hydroxide, FBCW treatments increased Ca levels more than did calcium hydroxide only in red clover. Only dry matter yields of buckwheat were higher for FBCW than for calcium hydroxide applications. All species showed higher FBCW‐induced Mg and S increases than hydrated lime. In spite of the Zn loading, Zn levels in herbage decreased as the pH levels increased as a result of FBCW application. Soil pH increases in FBCW and Calcium hydroxide treatments were comparable when the materials were applied in equivalent amounts. It was concluded that FBCW may be valuable as a lime, Mg, or S source when the effects of heavy metals in the material are evaluated.
An Analysis of the Relationship between Stem Diameter and Leaf Water Potentials1
Authors: So H. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in stem diameter of a plant are known to follow those in its leaf water potentials; however, a time lag between them and the failure to account for it has been largely responsible for the lack of agreement between measured leaf water potentials and those calculated from stem diameters.A dynamic method is described which infers leaf water potentials continuously from changes in stem diameter and is essentially nondestructive. The method is based on an analogy between a tensiometer‐soil and linear variable difference transformer (LVDT) plant system and requires continuous monitoring of stem diameters and at least two measurements of leaf water potentials as a calibration.Using published data, the method was tested for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) and good agreement was obtained between calculated and measured leaf water potentials. The method is simple, accurate, anl easily calculated. It would be useful for both laboratory and field measurements, particularly where a small number of plants is involved.
Genotypic Differences of Corn for Ion Uptake1
Authors: Baligar V. C. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEfficiency of fertilizer uptake may be improved by selecting genotypes that absorb a greater proportion of the nutrients in the soil. The objective of this investigation was to examine genotypic differences in ion influx (uptake rate per cm of root) properties of corn (Zea mays L.) roots that may influence efficiency of fertilizer uptake. Six genotypes developed in Florida and six genotypes developed in Indiana were investigated. Each represented two single‐cross hybrids and their parents. They were grown for 15 days in nutrient solution in a controlled climate chamber and the influx parameters of K, Ca, Mg, and P were determined by measuring the depletion of these ions from solution.All hybrids exhibited heterosis in the growth of shoots and roots. Florida genotypes had finer roots than Indiana genotypes. Florida genotypes had higher average Imax (maximum influx) values for Ca and P. Parent lines of Florida hybrids had higher average Imax values for Ca and lower for K and Mg than hybrids. Indiana genotypes had higher average Km, Michaelis‐Menten, values for K uptake and lower Km values for P uptake than Florida genotypes. Florida genotypes had significantly higher average Cmin (concentration in solution where net influx is zero) values for Mg and P and lower for K than Indiana genotypes. Even though Florida and Indiana genotypes originated in different geographic regions they exhibited little difference in their average net influx rates for Ca and Mg, however, there were small but significant differences between these genotypes in average influx values for P and K. Florida inbreds with higher P influx rates tended to have hybrids with higher P influx rates. While the differences in this study were not large, investigation of a larger number of genotypes is needed to determine the possibilities of developing hybrids with roots that are more effective nutrient absorbers.
A Method for Obtaining Undisturbed Samples from Soil Columns
Authors: Mulchrone S. , Morgan M. A. , Mullen G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLack of a suitably simple technique to study the fate of nutrients applied to soil columns of given bulk density and water‐table exposure prompted the development of the apparatus described here. The system has a split pipe, containing the soil column, housed in an outer jacket. Peat or mineral soil can be packed into the split pipe to pre‐selected bulk density values which vary little with depth. The split pipe/outer jacket assembly can be subjected to various water‐table treatments according to the position of a drainage outlet in the associated water jacket, and drainage water from the assembly can be collected via the drainage outlet. Undisturbed soil samples are obtained after removing the split pipe from its jacket and breaking its watertight seal. The apparatus is economically constructed and may be used for a variety of experimental objectives.
Relation of Soil Properties and Other Environmental Factors to Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Grown at International Sites1
Authors: Karathanasis A. D. , Johnson V. A. , Peterson G. A. , Sander D. H. , Olson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVaried performance of different genotypes of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) has been recognized in different areas of the world. It was the objective of this study to evaluate the role of measurable soil properties on the performance of 30 winter wheat varieties grown in nurseries at 31 international sites during 1975 and 1976. Soil samples from the rooting profile of these sites were collected and analyzed for carrying out this correlation study.Despite substantial variability among nursery sites in soil type, climate, and soil management, 17 to 74% of the variation in the grain yield and 20 to 94% in the grain protein content was explained by the soil variables. Lowest grain yields were observed on soils with pH lower than 6.0 or on highly calcareous soils. Residual mineral N in the soil profile at most nursery sites was more than enough to produce maximum grain yield and protein, but soil P level appeared to be the main factor limiting yields of most cultivars. Soil K had positive influence on grain yield only at sites with <100 ppm exchangeable K and was generally negative in its influence on protein, while soil SO4‐S correlated positively with grain protein. The trace nutrients Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe appeared to be important for the nutrition of certain cultivars. Winterkill was the main environmental factor depressing yields in some nurseries while seasonal rainfall had low significance or a negative effect on the yield and quality performance.
Trickle Irrigation and Fertilization of Tomatoes in Highly Calcareous Soils1
Authors: Kafkafi U. , Bar‐Yosef B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLarge areas of the world consist of marginal desert soils. Introducing these soils to agricultural production requires development of new irrigation and fertilization techniques. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that such soils can be used provided one can control soil water content and nutrient concentration of the soil solution in the root zone by supplying nutrients daily through a trickle irrigation system.Six fertilizer combinations at two irrigation levels were tested on a tomato crop of a determinate type of growth (Lycopersicum esculantum var. S‐5), grown on a virgin desert soil containing 85% calcium carbonate and EC of 7 mmho/cm. The highest yield, 80 tons/ha, was obtained with 400 mm water (40% of evaporation from a Class A pan) plus KNO3, superphosphate, and KH2PO4 fertilizers. In the root volume of this treatment the nitrate concentration in the soil solution was about 160 ± 30 ppm NO3‐N throughout the season. A total soil water potential of about −2 to −4 bars during the first month of growth resulted in a lower canopy yield but earlier fruit ripening as compared with total water potential of −1 to −2 bars.
Soil Test Correlation Problems with Two Phosphorus Methods on Similar Soils1
Authors: Varvel G. E. , Anderson F. N. , Peterson G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurvey data on the fertility status of soils in western Nebraska, on which sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris) were grown, indicated that 78% of the fields tested were high in Bray P‐1 P. These results seemed questionable, especially when compared to the results being obtained on samples from the area by the NaHCO3 method. A study was then initiated to correlate and calibrate the Bray P‐1 and NaHCO3 methods on the soils in the area for sugarbeets. Observations from the first year of research indicated that a separation of the sites according to soil series, Mitchell or Tripp, despite their similarities in pH, CaCO3 content, organic matter, and texture, greatly improved correlation. Therefore, an additional objective was added to compare extractable P by both methods with sugarbeet response to P fertilization on each of the series. Twenty‐two field experiments were conducted from 1974 through 1976 on these soil series. The experiments consisted of six rates (0, 23, 45, 67, 112, and 224 kg/ha) of P on sugarbeets with four replications. Yields were determined from samples harvested in the fall of each year.Correlation of crop response with soil‐test P levels by either soil test method was very poor when used across all locations. However, separation by soil series and the use of the Bray P‐1 and NaHCO3 methods on the Tripp and Mitchell series respectively, greatly improved the correlation. This improvement was obtained by using available soil classification data, which had already separated these soils, despite their similarity in many physical and chemical properties generally used to explain the problem.
A Comparison of Soybean Leaf Water Potential and Leaf Temperature under Progressive Drought1
Authors: Scott H. D. , Jung P. K. , Ferguson J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is limited on the relationship between leaf water potential (Ψ) and leaf temperature (T) of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown in the field. Therefore, measurements of Ψ and T were made with a pressure chamber and infrared thermometer, respectively, in five study periods during a field study in 1978. The season was characterized by progressive drought. ‘Forrest’ soybeans were grown at two moisture regimes on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf).Linear relationships were found between T and Ψ. Leaf temperature of the nonirrigated soybeans was more sensitive to changes in Ψ than that of the irrigated soybeans and became more sensitive as the drought progressed. The regression equations relating Ψ to T in each of the five study periods were not unique for a given moisture treatment. However, the regression equations expressing the Ψ vs. T relationship for the single linear equation would suffice for describing the Ψ vs. T relationship throughout the season for each moisture treatment, but a different one would be required to express that relationship for a different moisture treatment.
Mass and Energy Exchanges of a Soybean Canopy under Various Environmental Regimes1
Authors: Baldocchi Dennis D. , Verma Shashi B. , Rosenberg Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe environment of the east central Great Plains of North America can be very extreme during the course of a growing season. A field study was thus conducted during the summer of 1979 to examine the exchange of mass and energy between the atmosphere and a soybean canopy [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] for various environmental conditions experienced in the east central Great Plants of North America. The crop was planted in a Typic Argiudoll (Sharpsburg silty, clay loam) soil. Measurements of mass and energy exchange rates were made using the Bowen‐ratio energy balance technique.Hot, clear days dominated by sensible heat advection limited CO2 exchange but increased latent heat flux. As a result, the CO2‐water flux ratio (CWFR), a measure of water‐use efficiency, was low. Cloudy days suppressed both CO2 and latent heat flux. This effect caused CWFR to be greater. Optimal conditions for photosynthesis and CWFR occurred in the absence of sensible heat advection on clear days with moderate temperatures.Our measurements indicate that a developed soybean canopy (LAI of 4.1) did not become light saturated at photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels exceeding 400 Wm−2. Optimal air temperatures for CO2 exchange ranged between 29 and 32 C. Higher temperatures led to a reduction in CO2, exchange. The CWFR was found to be dependent on both net radiation and sensible heat advection.
Stand Establishment and Yield of Corn as Affected by Herbicides and Seed Vigor1
Authors: Johnson R. R. , Wax L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeed quality and herbicide injury are factors that might interact to affect corn {Zea mays L.) yields. Field studies were conducted to determine if corn grown from low‐quality seed was more susceptible to herbicide injury than corn grown from high‐quality seed. Seed lots with standard warm germinations above 90% but cold test germinations ranging from 50 to 96% were obtained for three U.S. Corn Belt hybrids. Herbicide treatments of cyanazine {2‐[[4‐chloro‐6‐(ethylamino)‐s‐triazin‐2‐yl] amino]‐2‐methylpropionitrile}, metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl) acetamide], and EPTC+ [S‐ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate plus R‐25788 (N,N‐dially1‐2,2‐dichloroacetamide)] were preplant incorporated at rates ranging from one to three times those normally used for soil types common to these experiments. The soils were Drummer silty clay loam (Typic Haplaquoll) and Flanagan silt loam (Aquic Arguidoll). Seed quality, hybrid, and seedbed environment all interacted to affect emergence, herbicide injury, stand density at harvest, and grain yield. Seedlings from seed lower in vigor received greater herbicide injury in two of the five seedbed environments investigated, but this interaction was not significant for percent seedling emergence, plant density at maturity, and grain yield. Some herbicide treatments caused grain yield reductions of 4 to 13% but were limited to above‐normal rates of cyanazine and EPTC+ and were not associated with plant death. Visual symptoms of herbicide injury on seedlings were usually out‐grown with no resultant effect on grain yield. Grain yield reductions of up to 32% occurred from seed low in cold test germination. Yield reductions from low quality seed did not occur with all hybrids or in all seedbeds, but when yield reductions did occur, they were associated with decreases in plant density. We conclude that any interaction of corn seed quality with herbicides applied at recommended rates is minor compared with effects of poor seed quality per se, unwarranted high herbicide rates, hybrid differences, or limited soil moisture.