bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic stenting for post‐transplant biliary stricture: usefulness of a novel removable covered metal stent
Authors: Hu Bing , Gao Dao‐jian , Yu Feng‐hai , Wang Tian‐tian , Pan Ya‐min , Yang Xiao‐ming 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundEndoscopic management of biliary anastomotic stricture (AS) following liver transplantation (LT) remains challenging. There are no dedicated self‐expandable metal stents (SEMS) for this setting.MethodsA short fully covered SEMS (FCSEMS) with a retrieval suture was designed. Between July 2008 and June 2010, 13 patients with post‐LT AS had this FCSEMS placed endoscopically, keeping the whole stent inside the bile duct across the AS with the retriever out of the papilla. The stents were removed by forceps under endoscopy according to a schedule. Technical success, complications, AS resolution and the outcome for the patients were observed.ResultsPlacement of the FCSEMS was successful on the first attempt in all patients. One patient with complicated infection did not respond to the stenting therapy and underwent stent retrieval ahead of schedule. Others kept well during stenting for a mean (SD) duration of 5.4 (1.7) months (range 2–8) without stent migration. All stents were removed successfully without great difficulty. AS resolution was obtained in all 12 patients, who were closely followed up for a mean (SD) time of 12.1 (8.0) months (range 1–26.5) after stent removal. Stricture recurrence occurred in one, who underwent a successful re‐intervention with a second FCSEMS. Others remain free from symptoms and have normal liver function up to now.ConclusionsEndoscopic treatment of post‐LT AS using a removable FCSEMS is technically feasible, safe, and effective. This dedicated method may play an increasing role in the future management of benign biliary strictures.
Land‐use and edge effects unbalance seed dispersal and predation interactions under habitat fragmentation
Authors: Magrach Ainhoa , Guitián José , Larrinaga Asier R. , Guitián Javier 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe process of fragmentation can greatly influence plant–animal interactions. To assess the degree to which it affects the balance between two interactions of opposite sign, namely seed dispersal and post‐dispersal seed predation, we selected 16 patches of chestnut forest in O Courel and El Bierzo, northwestern Spain. We assessed the effect of fragmentation over two different seed dispersal–predation systems usingHelleborus foetidusandIlex aquifoliumas model species. In the first case, field experiments consisted of seed‐offering trays with selective exclusion of rodents and ants in a two‐way orthogonal design. In the second experiment, we placed experimental branches and trays on the floor to assess seed dispersal and predation. The interactions between several fragment traits and the relative contribution of rodents, ants and birds to seed removal were analyzed by means of generalized linear mixed models. Results show that forH. foetidus, differences in seed dispersal–predation were accounted for by patch shape, which affected mainly the dispersal phase. Major seed dispersal took place in patches with a smaller edge to core ratio and high plant cover (abandoned patches), whilst the latter also showed maximum seed predation. ForI. aquifolium, fragmentation effects were significant only for seed predation, which was increased in abandoned patches. This shows that the effects of habitat fragmentation can emerge at different phases depending on specific traits of the interacting animals. It also highlights the importance of traditional land‐use practices in species interactions.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Double‐Tail Trisiloxane Surfactants with High Spreading Ability
Authors: Peng Zhongli , Huang Shangfu , Cao Meina 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA new type of double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants of the general formula R1NR2CH2CH(OH)CH2O(CH2CH2O)xCH3 (x = 8.4, 12.9, 17.5, 22; R1 = Me3SiOSiMe(CH2)3OSiMe3, R2 = CH2CH(OH)CH2OR3, R3 = CH2CH(C2H5)CH2(CH2)2CH3) has been synthesized by reacting single‐tail trisiloxane surfactants with 2‐ethylhexyl glycidyl ether. Their structures were characterized with 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. These double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants reduce the surface tension of water to less than 24 mN/m at a level of 10−5 mol/L. The spreading ability (SA) of the double‐tail trisiloxane surfactant solution on Parafilm (or Ficus microcarpa leaf) surfaces is better than that on polyethylene terephthalate surface. The SA of the solution of the double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants 1J with average ethoxy units of 8.4 is far better than the others, and its solution (5.0 × 10−3 mol/L) possesses an SA value of over 15 within 10 min on Parafilm and Ficus microcarpa leaf surfaces. The surface tension values of aqueous solutions (1.0 × 10−3 mol/L) of the double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants 1J are still less than 25 mN/m over 21 days in an acidic environment (pH 4.0) and 139 days in an alkaline environment (pH 10.0), respectively. It is suggested that the SA and hydrolysis resistance of double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants are able to be improved by changing the structure of the hydrophobic group, such as increasing the molar ratio of methyl to methylene.
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Induces Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue of Coconut Oil‐Fed Mice but not Soy Oil‐Fed Mice
Authors: Ippagunta S. , Hadenfeldt T. J. , Miner J. L. , Hargrave‐Barnes K. M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMice fed diets containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) are leaner than mice not fed CLA. This anti‐obesity effect is amplified in mice fed coconut oil‐containing or fat free diets, compared to soy oil diets. The present objective was to determine if CLA alters lipolysis in mice fed different base oils. Mice were fed diets containing soy oil (SO), coconut oil (CO), or fat free (FF) for 6 weeks, followed by 10 or 12 days of CLA or no CLA supplementation. Body fat, tissue weights, and ex vivo lipolysis were determined. Relative protein abundance and activation of perilipin, hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), and adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) were determined by western blotting. CLA feeding caused mice to have less (P < 0.05) body fat than non‐CLA fed mice. This was enhanced in CO and FF‐fed mice (CLA × oil source, P < 0.05). There was also a CLA × oil source interaction on lipolysis as CO + CLA and FF + CLA‐fed mice had increased (P < 0.05) rates of lipolysis but SO + CLA‐fed mice did not. However, after 12 days of CLA consumption, activated perilipin was increased (P < 0.05) only in SO + CLA‐fed mice and total HSL and ATGL were decreased (P < 0.05) in CO + CLA‐fed mice. Therefore, the enhanced CLA‐induced body fat loss in CO and FF‐fed mice appears to involve increased lipolysis but this effect may be decreasing by 12 days of CLA consumption.
L’ectopie testiculaire pénienne: à propos d’un cas
Authors: Diabaté I. , Bray K. , Sow I. 
Published: June 2011

Résumé
L’ectopie testiculaire pénienne (ETP) est une anomalie congénitale rare dont l’étiopathogénie est encore mal connue. Nous rapportons un cas d’ETP dorsale chez un enfant de deux ans. Le diagnostic évident n’a nécessité aucune exploration complémentaire. L’orchidopexie in dartos après avoir abaissé le testicule a été facile en raison de la longueur suffisante du cordon spermatique. Après trois ans, le testicule abaissé présentait un aspect normal. Au regard de la littérature, nous passons en revue les autres formes d’ETP et celles nécessitant une exploration complémentaire.
Perspectives on cloud computing: interviews with five leading scientists from the cloud community
Authors: Blair Gordon , Kon Fabio , Cirne Walfredo , Milojicic Dejan , Ramakrishnan Raghu , Reed Dan , Silva Dilma 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Abstract
Cloud computing is currently one of the major topics in distributed systems, with large numbers of papers being written on the topic, with major players in the industry releasing a range of software platforms offering novel Internet-based services and, most importantly, evidence of real impact on end user communities in terms of approaches to provisioning software services. Cloud computing though is at a formative stage, with a lot of hype surrounding the area, and this makes it difficult to see the true contribution and impact of the topic.
Cloud computing is a central topic for the Journal of Internet Services and Applications (JISA) and indeed the most downloaded paper from the first year of JISA is concerned with the state-of-the-art and research challenges related to cloud computing. The Editors-in-Chief, Fabio Kon and Gordon Blair, therefore felt it was timely to seek clarification on the key issues around cloud computing and hence invited five leading scientists from industrial organizations central to cloud computing to answer a series of questions on the topic.
White paper on radiation protection by the European Society of Radiology
Authors:   European Society of Radiology (ESR)
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In the past decade, the medical effective dose per caput has increased in most European countries because of CT; it now ranges between 0.4 and 2 mSv/year. The biological impact of diagnostic imaging exposure is dominated by stochastic effects: based on the linear-no-threshold hypothesis, the risk of cancer induction is estimated to increase proportionally to organ dose, reaching around 0.5% at an effective dose of 100 mSv. The risk is higher the younger the age at the time of exposure, it is different for different organs, and women are more susceptible than men. Fluoroscopy-based imaging, above all intervention, may reach the dose threshold for deterministic effects, observed most often at the skin above around 3 Gy, and it is also the major source of occupational exposure in radiology. This white paper discusses the role of justification, evidence-based referral guidelines, optimization, diagnostic reference levels, clinical audits and quality assurance programs. The ESR strongly supports education and training of the medical staff involved in imaging by ionizing radiation. It disseminates information regarding radiation protection, takes initiatives, cooperates with partners and supports projects in justification as well as optimization. To reach these aims, the ESR cooperates with other organizations involved in radiation protection.
The Black Gender Gap in Educational Attainment: Historical Trends and Racial Comparisons
Authors: McDaniel Anne , DiPrete Thomas A. , Buchmann Claudia , Shwed Uri 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
It is often asserted that the gender gap in educational attainment is larger for blacks than whites, but historical trends comparing the black and white gender gap have received surprisingly little attention. Analysis of historical data from the U.S. census IPUMS samples shows that the gender gap in college completion has evolved differently for whites and blacks. Historically, the female advantage in educational attainment among blacks is linked to more favorable labor market opportunities and stronger incentives for employment for educated black women. Blacks, particularly black males, still lag far behind whites in their rates of college completion, but the striking educational gains of white women have caused the racial patterns of gender differences in college completion rates to grow more similar over time. While some have linked the disadvantaged position of black males to their high risk of incarceration, our estimates suggest that incarceration has a relatively small impact on the black gender gap and the racial gap in college completion rates for males in the United States.
Repeat traumatic brain injury in the developing brain
Authors: Prins M.L. , Giza C.C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Center for Disease Control estimates that there are 1.7 million brain injuries in the US each year with 51% of these injuries occurring during periods of cerebral development. Among this population there is a growing population of individuals with repeat traumatic brain injury (RTBI). While the exact incidence is unknown, estimates range from 5.6 to 36% of the TBI population. This review summarizes the clinical problems/challenges and experimental research models that currently exist. It is intended to reveal the critical areas that need to be addressed so that age‐relevant clinical management guidelines can be established to protect this population.
Building capacity for cervical cancer screening in outpatient HIV clinics in the Nyanza province of western Kenya
Authors: Huchko Megan J. , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Cohen Craig R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes of cervical cancer screening within HIV care and treatment clinics in Kenya.MethodsBeginning in October 2007, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), colposcopy, and loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) were added to the clinical services offered at Family AIDS Care and Education Services (FACES) clinics in Kisumu, Kenya, after a systematic campaign to build capacity and community awareness.ResultsFrom October 2007 to October 2010, 3642 women underwent VIA as part of routine HIV care. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 was identified in 259 (7.1%) women, who were offered excisional treatment by LEEP in the clinic. Among those women offered screening, uptake was 87%. Clinical staff reported a high level of satisfaction with training for and implementation of cervical cancer screening strategies.ConclusionCervical cancer screening and prevention are feasible, acceptable, and effective within HIV care and treatment clinics. Screening test performance characteristics need to be defined for an HIV‐positive population to determine the cost/benefit ratio of lower cost strategies that will ultimately be necessary to provide universal access to cervical cancer screening in low‐resource settings.
Having or Doing Intellectual Property Rights? Transgenic Seed on the Edge between Refeudalisation and Napsterisation
Authors: Schubert Johannes , Böschen Stefan , Gill Bernhard 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn contrast to neoliberal rhetoric, the commercialisation of knowledge has proved to be an intricate endeavour that implies unexpected effects. Taking Monsanto’s transgenic canola and its propertisation regime as an example, we will shed some light on the counterintuitive phenomenon that strong intellectual property rights are in heavy contrast to the liberal utopia of full commodification,i.e.universal competition and ideal type market relationships. We will find that Monsanto, in order to avoid Napsterisation, has established and still maintains a rather repressive commercialisation regime that maximises property control by strongly reducing the exchangeability of seed and crops. It can therefore be interpreted as a new form of landlord dominion which contradicts the modernist idea of concordance between market liberalisation and individual emancipation.
Transborder Membership Politics in Germany and Korea
Authors: Brubaker Rogers , Kim Jaeeun 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper examines changing German and Korean policies towards transborder coethnics (Germans in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, and Koreans in Japan and China) during the high Cold War and post-Cold War eras. The paper contributes to the emerging literature on transborder forms of membership and belonging by highlighting and explaining the selective, variable, contingent, contested, and revocable nature of states’ embrace of transborder coethnics. The explanation highlights the relationship of transborder populations to predecessor polities; changing geopolitical contexts and domestic political conjunctures; the constitutive, group-making – and group-unmaking – power of state categorization practices; and the enduring institutional legacies and unintended consequences of such practices.
Administering Secularization: Religious Education in New South Wales since 1960
Authors: Mayrl Damon 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the development of religious education policy in the government schools of New South Wales (Australia) since 1960. The New South Wales religious education curriculum features three components: (1) teacher-led “general religious education” (gre); (2) right-of-entry denominational instruction provided by visiting clergy (“special religious education”, orsre); and (3) occasional additional devotional exercises such as hymns and prayers. Between 1960 and 1980, this system underwent a partial secularization.grewas transformed from a straightforward course in Christianity built around government-produced Scripture readers to a flexible curricular component built around the academic study of multiple religions. At the same time,srewas strengthened and had its position in the curriculum secured; and devotional exercises were allowed to continue only in those settings where they formed an “appropriate” match with the community. I find that “secularizing” reforms were most consistently driven by teachers and administrators with practical motives: avoiding controversy, improving working conditions, and facilitating class management. This finding both challenges and complements recent works that interpret secularization as a political process driven by politicians and professionals primarily interested in enhancing their power or prestige at the expense of religious actors.
Thick Concepts and the Moral Brain
Authors: Abend Gabriel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDrawing on Williams’ distinction between thin and thick ethical concepts, I argue that current moral neuroscience and psychology unwarrantedly restrict their researches to thin morality only. Experiments typically investigate subjects’ judgments about rightness, appropriateness, or permissibility, that is, thin concepts. The nature and workings of thick concepts –e.g., dignity, integrity, humanness, cruelty, pettiness, exploitation, or fanaticism – have not been empirically investigated; hence, they are absent from recent theories about morality. This may seem like a minor oversight, which some additional research can redress. I argue that the fix is not that simple: thick concepts challenge one of the theoretical backbones of much moral psychology and neuroscience; they challenge the conception of a hardwired and universal moral capacity in a way that thin concepts do not. In the conclusion I argue that the burgeoning science of morality should include both thin and thick, and that it should include the contributions of psychologists and neuroscientists as well as those of anthropologists, historians, and sociologists.
AN ELEMENTARY PROOF OF JAMES’ CHARACTERIZATION OF WEAK COMPACTNESS
Authors: MOORS WARREN B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this paper we provide an elementary proof of James’ characterization of weak compactness in separable Banach spaces. The proof of the theorem does not rely upon either Simons’ inequality or any integral representation theorems. In fact the proof only requires the Krein–Milman theorem, Milman’s theorem and the Bishop–Phelps theorem.
Cultural-practice packages and trash management effects on sugarcane ratoons under sub-tropical climatic conditions of India
Authors: SINGH S. N. , SINGH A. K. , MALIK J. P. S. , KUMAR R. , SUNDERPAL  , SHARMA M. L. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYSugarcane (Saccharumspp.) ratoon crops comprise more than 0·50 of India's sugarcane acreage and reduce the cost of cultivation by 25–30%. However, ratooning is seldom practised beyond 1–2 ratoons because the yield declines in successive ratoons due to compacted soils with decreased fertility restricting root development and plant growth. Therefore, a field experiment on sugarcane was conducted from 1998 to 2003 at the Sugarcane Research Institute, Muzzaffarnagar (Uttar Pradesh), India to evaluate the effects of combinations of trash management with key cultural practices (stubble shaving, ridge dismantling, sub-soiling along stubble rows, trash mulching and earthing-up) on growth and yield of sugarcane up to the third ratoon. Two treatment combinations (ridge dismantling+stubble shaving+sub-soiling along stubble rows+trash mulching at 8 t/ha (T5) and all these plus earthing-up in June (T6)) showed similar growth, yield and economics of ratoon crops. Both these treatments produced significantly higher shoot populations, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter (DM) accumulation, net assimilation rate (NAR), number of millable canes, ratoon cane yield and sugar, soil organic carbon (SOC) content at harvest and higher net returns besides lowering weed density, weed dry weight and bulk density of soil compared with other treatments. T6produced the highest cane yield of 77, 72 and 65 tonnes (t)/ha, which was 23, 27 and 29% more than trash burning alone (T1) in first, second and third ratoon crops, respectively. Although T6had the same yield as T5, it led to significantly lower soil bulk density at 0–150 mm depth, higher SOC contents and greater benefit: cost ratios in the first, second and third ratoon crops, respectively compared with trash burning only. Adoption of the crop management components, separately or in combination, improved on trash burning only (the control treatment). Trash mulching sustained the improved yield and economic returns of sugarcane ratoon crops.
X-ray emission of Xe30+ ion beam impacting on Au target
Authors: Zhang Xiaoan , Zhao Yongtao , Hoffmann Dieter H.H. , Yang Zhihu , Chen Ximeng , Xu Zhongfeng , Li Fuli , Xiao Guoqing 
Published: June 2011

AbstractX-ray emission from Xe30+ ions at 350–600 keV impacting on an Au target was investigated at the Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou. Characteristic X-rays of Xe ions at energy of about 1.65 keV were observed. This X-ray emission is induced by the decay of very high Rydberg states of Xe ions. It was also found that the yield of such characteristic X-rays is decreasing with increasing the projectile kinetic energy. Simultaneously, the yield of the characteristic Au X-rays from the M shell increases also. These phenomena are qualitatively analyzed with the classical Coulomb over the Barrier Mode (COBM) for highly charged ions interacting with solid state surfaces.
The Golod-Shafarevich inequality for Hilbert series of quadratic algebras and the Anick conjecture
Authors: Iyudu Natalia , Shkarin Stanislav 
Published: June 2011

We study the question of whether the famous Golod-Shafarevich estimate, which gives a lower bound for the Hilbert series of a (non-commutative) algebra, is attained. This question was considered by Anick in his 1983 paper, ‘Generic algebras and CW-complexes’ (Princeton University Press), where he proved that the estimate is attained for the number of quadratic relations d ≤ ¼n2 and d ≥ ½n2, and conjectured that it is the case for any number of quadratic relations. The particular point where the number of relations is equal to ½n(n – 1) was addressed by Vershik. He conjectured that a generic algebra with this number of relations is finite dimensional.We prove that over any infinite field, the Anick conjecture holds for d ≥ (n2 + n) and an arbitrary number of generators n, and confirm the Vershik conjecture over any field of characteristic 0. We give also a series of related asymptotic results.