bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Reamer–Irrigator–Aspirator May Reduce Tumor Dissemination During Intramedullary Fixation of Malignancies
Authors: Cipriano Cara A. , Arvanitis Leonidas D. , Virkus Walter W. 
Published: January 2012

Intramedullary nail fixation is the treatment of choice for impending and pathologic fractures secondary to metastatic cancer; however, this procedure has been shown to cause systemic embolization of intramedullary contents. This article reports the use of the reamer–irrigator–aspirator (RIA) (Synthes, Paoli, Pennsylvania) instead of a standard femoral reamer to decrease tumor intravasation during femoral intramedullary nail fixation for impending or pathologic fractures.
Twenty-one consecutive patients indicated for fixation of malignant femoral lesions were treated with intramedullary nail placement. The RIA was used for canal preparation, and solid reamings were collected and submitted for analysis by a single pathologist. The volume of each specimen was recorded, and representative samples were examined histologically to determine their percent tumor content. These data were then used to estimate the volume of tumor retrieved by the RIA in each case. The mean volume of reamings collected by the RIA was 75.0 cc per case (range, 23.4–196.0 cc), and the mean tumor content was 24.8% (range, 1.0%–60.0%). The mean estimated volume of tumor retrieved in each case was 16.7 cc (range, 0.35–36.0 cc). In 2 cases, the tip of the RIA dissociated from the device intraoperatively but was retrieved without adverse consequence to the patient. Use of the RIA in cases of femoral intramedullary nail fixation for pathologic lesions or fractures effectively retrieves variable amounts of intramedullary contents, including tumor. By preventing the systemic dissemination of malignant cells, this technique may reduce the risk of distant metastases.
Hemiarthroplasty in a Patient With Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Shoulder
Authors: Park Jung Ho , Park Jong Woong , Shin Jae Seung , Lee Jae Moon , Lee Jung Il 
Published: January 2012

We report the 2-year follow-up results of a hemiarthroplasty in a 29-year-old patient with pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) with extra-articular extension and severe bony destruction. The patient presented with diffuse pain and swelling of the right shoulder for several years. Radiographs showed severe osteolytic lesions in the humeral head and neck, greater tuberosity, and a small osteolytic lesion in the glenoid neck area. Further examination with magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder joint showed a large, lobulated soft tissue mass extending from the subdeltoid area to the chest wall invading the adjacent bony structures. The operative findings included a large, multilobulated, yellowish-brown mass extending from the subdeltoid area to the axillary pouch, subacromial space, and thoracic wall. The mass invaded the anatomical neck area of the humeral head and caused a fracture of the humeral head. We observed a complete rupture of the long head of the biceps tendon, supraspinatus tendon, and infraspinatus tendon, but the subscapularis tendon was partially ruptured. We performed the complete excision and cemented hemiarthroplasty. At 2-year follow-up, no signs of local recurrence were present. The patient had no significant pain and achieved a good functional result.
To the best of our knowledge, 1 report with shoulder hemiarthroplasty in PVNS of the shoulder has been published in the English literature. For PVNS of the shoulder with a large extra-articular extension and bony destruction, shoulder arthroplasty with total synovectomy produces the lowest recurrence rates because of better access and excision to the posterior location of the PVNS lesion.
Clinico-Pathological Characteristics of Triple Negative and Non Triple Negative High Grade Breast Carcinomas with and without Basal Marker (CK5/6 and EGFR) Expression at a Rural Tertiary Hospital in India
Authors: Choccalingam Chidambharam , Rao Lakshmi , Rao Sruti 
Published: January 2012

Aims of the study were to evaluate the expression Cytokeratin 5/6(CK5/6) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) among triple negative breast cancers and high grade infiltrating duct carcinomas. Further to probe if triple negative phenotype can be a surrogate marker for basal phenotype and to correlate the expression of basal markers with disease free survivals among triple negative phenotype and high grade infiltrating duct carcinomas. Methods Expression of CK5/6 and EGFR were studied by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 31 triple negative and 19 non-triple negative high grade breast carcinomas. Results 21 of the 31 triple negative phenotype (67.7%) breast carcinomas and 7 out of 19 non-triple negative (36.8%) breast carcinomas showed expression of basal markers (CK5/6 and/or over-expression of EGFR). There were statistically significant associations of all the basal-like tumors with negative hormonal status. The basal markers positive phenotype subjects had a shorter disease free interval as compared to basal markers negative phenotype subjects. Conclusion Basal-like breast carcinomas constitute a unique clinical and pathological entity, characterized by high tumor grade and a propensity for lack of ER, PR and HER2 expression. Basal phenotypes have a more aggressive course than non-basal phenotype. “Triple negative” status cannot be used as a surrogate for “basal marker expression”.
Building Teachers’ Understanding of Classroom Action Research: A Rural Case Study in Indonesia
Authors: Sukmayadi Dodi , Chandrawati Titi , Susilo Adhi , Marsinah Ngadi , Herawati [None] , Jovanka Della Raymena , Setiawati Denny , Kartono [None] , Hasanudin [None] , Afriani [None] 
Published: January 2012

Indonesia Open University (UT: Universitas Terbuka) is a large, open university delivering distance education to students throughout Indonesia. An important aspect of its mission is to provide opportunities for Indonesian teachers to improve their education in-service. This includes two courses on classroom action research. In order to assess the effectiveness of these courses and, if necessary, improve them, a team of lecturers from UT conducted an investigation of the challenges teachers were facing in learning to conduct classroom action research through the UT modules. The team found that the modules did not adequately reflect an understanding of the actual characteristics of the teachers they were serving and were thus less effective than they might be in teaching teachers to conduct classroom action research. Changes in both the content and scheduling of the modules are recommended in order to more effectively promote classroom action research in Indonesian schools. Key Words: Classroom Action Research, Distance Education, Indonesia, Teacher Development
Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study from Spain
Authors: Martín-Peña Almudena , Márquez Rafael Luque , Guerrero M José Marco , Espinosa Nuria , Blanco Yolanda , Ibeas José , Ríos-Villegas Ma José , Miguel Cisneros José ,   The Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases
Published: January 2012

Purpose Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are common among patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis (HD) worldwide. The aim of this study was look into the incidence, epidemiology, and risk factors for CRBSI in four medical centers and Spanish dialysis facilities following a common protocol for insertion and management of tunneled hemodialysis catheters (THCs). Methods. Prospective study including all THCs inserted from September-04 to October-05. Follow-up was from THC insertion to its withdrawal, onset of CRBSI or end of study. Data of all THCs, CRBSI episodes, and catheter complications were collected. A descriptive analysis of CRBSI incidence and etiology and multivariate Cox regression to identify risk factors for CRBSI was performed. Results. A total of 130 THCs in 123 patients were inserted. There were 34 879 catheter-days. Twelve CRBSI in 11 patients with a CRBSI rate of 0.34/1000 catheter-days were recorded. CRBSI was caused by gram-positive coccus in 91.7% of the cases. Vascular cause of renal disease (HR 25.5 CI95% 5.5–117.2), and a previous THC (HR 5.1 CI95% 1.3–19.1) were identified as risk factors for CRBSI. CRBSI were satisfactorily resolved in 83.3% of the cases. Overall mortality was 14.6% (18/123), in two cases (2/11) death occurred within 30 days after CRBSI onset. Conclusions. Although some factors, such as vascular cause of renal disease and previous THC medical history, have been related to the onset of tunneled catheter-related bloodstream infections, the incidence of these bacteremia, mainly produced by gram-positive coccus, is low among hemodialysis patients and the mortality rate is not high.
Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Photoconversion: A New Method to Stabilize Fluorescently Labeled Cellular Elements for Electron Microscopic Analysis
Authors: Colello Raymond J. , Tozer Jordan , Henderson Scott C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhotoconversion, the method by which a fluorescent dye is transformed into a stable, osmiophilic product that can be visualized by electron microscopy, is the most widely used method to enable the ultrastructural analysis of fluorescently labeled cellular structures. Nevertheless, the conventional method of photoconversion using widefield fluorescence microscopy requires long reaction times and results in low‐resolution cell targeting. Accordingly, we have developed a photoconversion method that ameliorates these limitations by adapting confocal laser scanning microscopy to the procedure. We have found that this method greatly reduces photoconversion times, as compared to conventional wide field microscopy. Moreover, region‐of‐interest scanning capabilities of a confocal microscope facilitate the targeting of the photoconversion process to individual cellular or subcellular elements within a fluorescent field. This reduces the area of the cell exposed to light energy, thereby reducing the ultrastructural damage common to this process when widefield microscopes are employed. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:2.15.1‐2.15.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of Channelrhodopsin for Activation of CNS Neurons
Authors: Britt Jonathan P. , McDevitt Ross A. , Bonci Antonello 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOptogenetics—the use of optically activated proteins to control cell function—allows for control of neurons with an unprecedented degree of spatial, temporal, and neurochemical precision. Three protocols are presented in this unit describing the use of channelrhodopsin‐2 (ChR2), a light‐activated cation channel. These protocols emphasize practical issues of working with ChR2, including guidelines for selecting a gene delivery method, light source, and method of tissue implantation, as well as steps for fabricating fiber optic patch cables and chronic implantable optical fibers. The first protocol describes the use of ChR2 in electrophysiological recordings from brain slices. The second and third involve the use of ChR2 in vivo, with light delivered through chronic fiber implants or guide cannula. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:2.16.1‐2.16.19. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Culture of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons
Authors: Gong Qizhi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOlfactory sensory neurons, located in the nasal epithelium, detect and transmit odorant information to the central nervous system. This requires that these neurons form specific neuronal connections within the olfactory bulb and express receptors and signaling molecules specific for these functions. This protocol describes a primary olfactory sensory neuron culture technique that allows in vitro investigation of olfactory sensory neuron differentiation, axon outgrowth, odorant receptor expression, and function. Olfactory epithelium is obtained from the nasal cavity and is enzymatically treated to reduce stroma tissue. Dissociated olfactory sensory neurons are cultured directly on a layer of cortical astrocytes to support their survival. Using this method, cultured olfactory sensory neurons maintain their bipolar morphology and express odorant signal transduction molecules, which are specific for olfactory sensory neurons. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:3.24.1‐3.24.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Skilled Forelimb Movement in Rats: The Single Pellet Reaching Test and Staircase Test
Authors: Klein Alexander , Dunnett Stephen B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBrain damage, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Huntington's disease can cause severe motor deficits in skilled forelimb use in both humans and rats. These deficits are typically analyzed in a reach‐to‐eat paradigm. Skilled reaching in rats has been found to be a good model of human skilled reaching. Therefore, rats serve as an excellent tool to monitor the development of deficits after neurological insults or changes after medical intervention. The following protocols comprise two different tests of rat skilled reaching. The single pellet reaching test is a paradigm that involves detailed rating and analysis of qualitative aspects of the reaching movement itself. The staircase test is an objective, high‐throughput reaching task that allows reaching success (number of pellets eaten) to be investigated in multiple rats at the same time. Both tests have been used extensively to investigate motor deficits and effects of treatment. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:8.28.1‐8.28.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) Kindling Model of Epilepsy
Authors: Dhir Ashish 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis unit describes a protocol to perform chemical kindling in mice. Kindling is a chronic animal model of epilepsy that has been extensively studied to understand the process of epileptogenesis and discover novel anti‐epileptic compounds. Kindling is a phenomenon where a sub‐convulsive stimulus (either chemical or electrical), if applied repetitively and intermittently, will ultimately lead to the generation of full‐blown convulsions. Kindling can be induced either by (1) electrical stimulation of different brain regions (electrical kindling) or (2) using various chemical agents (chemical kindling). This unit discusses in detail the methodology to execute pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; a GABAA receptor antagonist)–induced chemical kindling in mice. PTZ is administered chronically at a sub‐convulsive dose for a number of days. Seizure score is calculated after each PTZ injection. The effect of test/reference compounds can be tested by administering them either prior to the initiation of kindling (pre‐kindling phase) or after animals are fully kindled (post‐kindling phase). Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:9.37.1‐9.37.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Rubric for Extracting Idea Density from Oral Language Samples
Authors: Chand Vineeta , Baynes Kathleen , Bonnici Lisa M. , Farias Sarah Tomaszewski 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhile past research has demonstrated that low idea density (ID) scores from natural language samples correlate with late life risk for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease pathology, there are no published rubrics for collecting and analyzing language samples for idea density to verify or extend these findings into new settings. This unit outlines the history of ID research and findings, discusses issues with past rubrics, and then presents an operationalized method for the systematic measurement of ID in language samples, with an extensive manual available as a supplement to this unit (Analysis of Idea Density, AID). Finally, reliability statistics for this rubric in the context of dementia research on aging populations and verification that AID can replicate the significant association between ID and late‐life cognition are presented. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 58:10.5.1‐10.5.15. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Violet Ratiometric Membrane Probe for the Detection of Apoptosis
Authors: Telford William G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis unit describes the use of a novel violet‐excited membrane‐binding probe F2N12S [4′‐N,N‐diethylamino‐6‐(N,N,N‐dodecyl‐methylamino‐sulfopropyl)‐methyl‐3‐hydroxyflavone] for the flow cytometric detection of the changes in membrane asymmetry, fluidity, and charge that accompanies apoptosis. This reagent inserts into the plasma membrane and undergoes a shift in emission from orange to green during the membrane alterations that occur during apoptosis. Since its mechanism of action differs from annexin V, it can be used in situations where annexin V binding is problematic, as in adherent cells removed from their growth substrate. Like annexin V, it can also be readily combined with other flow cytometric assays for apoptosis, allowing detailed multiparametric analysis of the apoptotic process. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 59:9.38.1‐9.38.12. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Characterization of Surface FAS—Quantitative Morphological Analysis Using Quantitative Imaging Cytometry
Authors: Zecchini Heather Ireland , English William R. , Reichelt Stefanie 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLong‐term benefits of cardiovascular therapeutic interventions are often reduced due to reocclusion of the treated vessels. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy to reduce neointima formation would be of great interest. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells would be key in the development of such a strategy. Efficient activation of caspase‐8 regulated apoptosis is largely dependent on the aggregation of FAS at the cell surface, and a method to facilitate the study of FAS clustering and its role in apoptosis in these cells would be particularly useful. Here we describe a protocol for the antibody staining of cell surface FAS foci and the application of the iCys Research Imaging Cytometer for the quantitative and morphological analysis of the cell surface FAS foci. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 59:12.25.1‐12.25.17. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Respiratory Function During Anesthesia: Effects on Gas Exchange
Authors: Hedenstierna Göran , Rothen Hans Ulrich 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAnaesthesia causes a respiratory impairment, whether the patient is breathing spontaneously or is ventilated mechanically. This impairment impedes the matching of alveolar ventilation and perfusion and thus the oxygenation of arterial blood. A triggering factor is loss of muscle tone that causes a fall in the resting lung volume, functional residual capacity. This fall promotes airway closure and gas adsorption, leading eventually to alveolar collapse, that is, atelectasis. The higher the oxygen concentration, the faster will the gas be adsorbed and the aleveoli collapse. Preoxygenation is a major cause of atelectasis and continuing use of high oxygen concentration maintains or increases the lung collapse, that typically is 10% or more of the lung tissue. It can exceed 25% to 40%. Perfusion of the atelectasis causes shunt and cyclic airway closure causes regions with low ventilation/perfusion ratios, that add to impaired oxygenation. Ventilation with positive end‐expiratory pressure reduces the atelectasis but oxygenation need not improve, because of shift of blood flow down the lung to any remaining atelectatic tissue. Inflation of the lung to an airway pressure of 40 cmH2O recruits almost all collapsed lung and the lung remains open if ventilation is with moderate oxygen concentration (< 40%) but recollapses within a few minutes if ventilation is with 100% oxygen. Severe obesity increases the lung collapse and obstructive lung disease and one‐lung anesthesia increase the mismatch of ventilation and perfusion. CO2pneumoperitoneum increases atelectasis formation but not shunt, likely explained by enhanced hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction by CO2. Atelectasis may persist in the postoperative period and contribute to pneumonia. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:69‐96, 2012.
History of Respiratory Mechanics Prior to World War II
Authors: West John B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe history of respiratory mechanics is reviewed over a period of some 2,500 years from the ancient Greeks to World War II. A cardinal early figure was Galen (130‐199 AD) who made remarkably perceptive statements on the diaphragm and the anatomy of the phrenic nerves. The polymath Leonardo da Vinci (1452‐1519) contributed observations on pulmonary mechanics including the pleural space and bronchial airflow that still make good reading. Vesalius (1514‐1564) produced magnificent illustrations of the lung, ribcage, and diaphragm. In the 17th century, the Oxford School including Boyle, Hooke, Lower, and Mayow were responsible for many contributions on mechanical functions including the intercostal muscles and the pleura. Hales (1677‐1761) calculated the size and surface area of the alveoli, the time spent by the blood in the pulmonary capillaries, and intrathoracic pressures. Poiseuille (1799‐1869) carried out classical studies of fluid mechanics including one of the first demonstrations of flow limitation in collapsible vessels. The culmination of the pre‐World War II period was the outstanding contributions of Rohrer (1888‐1926) and his two Swiss countrymen, Wirz (1896‐1978) and von Neergaard (1887‐1947). Rohrer developed the first comprehensive, quantitative treatment of respiratory mechanics in the space of 10 years including an analysis of flow in airways, and the pressure‐volume behavior of the respiratory system. von Neergaard performed landmark studies on the effects of surface tension on pressure‐volume behavior. Progress over the 2,500 years was slow and erratic at times, but by 1940 the stage was set for the spectacular developments of the next 70 years. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:609‐619, 2012.
Renal Medullary Circulation
Authors: Pallone Thomas L. , Edwards Aurélie , Mattson David L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe renal medullary microcirculation is a distinctive arrangement of blood vessels that serve multiple functions in the renal medulla. This article begins with a description of the unique anatomy of this vascular bed and the role it plays in transport and countercurrent exchange in the medulla. A segment of the review is then devoted to the important role mathematical modeling has played in the understanding of this vascular bed's function. Succeeding sections focus upon the hematocrit in the vasa recta capillaries and methods utilized to assess blood flow in the renal medulla. An extensive portion of the article is then devoted to the regulation of the medullary circulation, from ion channel architecture to neurohormonal signaling. Finally, we discuss the importance of the renal medullary circulation in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and arterial blood pressure regulation. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:97‐140, 2012.