bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Scope of the Medical Duty to Treat: An Analytical Study under Jordanian Law and Common Law
Authors: Masadeh Aymen Khaled 
Published: November 2010

AbstractUnder common law, a physician may not have a duty to treat in the absence of a physician-patient contractual relationship. This is generally called the ‘no duty’ rule. This paper argues against the application of this rule to emergency cases. A number of recent cases have made remarkable development with regards to the ‘medical duty to treat’. Jordanian law imposes the ‘medical duty to treat’ in emergency cases and gives physicians the choice to accept or refuse to treat in non-emergency cases. Jordanian law allows physicians to discontinue treating their patients provided that no harm results from this abandonment and that patients are appropriately informed of how to continue their treatment. This paper argues against this legal approach in cases where a patient contracts with a physician to treat him personally. This paper concludes that physicians should be required, in all jurisdictions, to provide medical care in all emergency cases regardless of whether a physician-patient contract exists. It also submits that Jordanian law should not allow physicians to abandon their patients in cases where they are contractually required to provide medical care personally.
The Role of Religious Ritual in Social Capital Formation for Poverty Alleviation and Social Development. Theoretical and Methodological Points of Departure of a South African Exploration
Authors: Wepener Cas , Barnard Marcel , Swart Ignatius , ter Haar Gerrie 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe article is a presentation of a South African research project in which researchers in the fields of ritual-liturgical studies and social development are collaborating to explore the role of religious ritual in the kinds of social capital formation that have a direct significance and implication for alleviating poverty and promoting social development at grassroots level. Focusing on Christian congregations in poor socio-economic contexts in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal, the aim of the research is to understand social capital formation through the lens of religious ritual. The research project builds on the hypothesis that social capital has a role to play in the related goals of poverty alleviation and social development, something which it seeks to conceptualise and explore in greater detail. Within this framework the discussion explores and contextualises the conceptual link between social capital and the practice of religious ritual in present-day South African society by drawing on existing research and theoretical debates, both nationally and internationally. This enables the authors to present some additional notes on the key theoretical, conceptual and methodological points of departure of the undertaken project. These are followed by a number of concluding observations about the modes of investigation and action steps through which the research topic is currently being further developed.
Behavioural precursors and HIV testing behaviour among African American women
Authors: Uhrig Jennifer D , Davis Kevin C , Rupert Doug , Fraze Jami 
Published: November 2010

Objective: To examine whether there is an association between knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, reported intentions to get an HIV test, and reported HIV testing behaviour at a later date among a sample of African American women. Design: Secondary analysis of data collected from October 2007 through March 2008 for a randomized controlled experiment that was one part of a comprehensive evaluation of the ‘Take Charge. Take the Test’ HIV social marketing campaign. Method: A series of logistic regression models were estimated to assess the effects of baseline knowledge and attitudes and beliefs on intention at two and six weeks post-baseline. Logistic regression models were also estimated to assess the effects of intention on HIV testing at both follow-ups. Results: A statistically-significant association between baseline attitudes and beliefs and subsequent HIV testing intentions was found. Knowing where to get a free HIV test at baseline was also significantly associated with reported intentions at follow-up. Reported intentions were significantly associated with reported HIV testing at follow-up. Conclusion: The study’s findings reiterate the importance of applying behaviour change theories and measuring behavioural precursors in the design and evaluation of HIV testing campaigns.
The Hsp90 inhibitor IPI-504 overcomes bortezomib resistance in mantle cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo by down-regulation of the prosurvival ER chaperone BiP/Grp78
Authors: Roué Gaël , Pérez-Galán Patricia , Mozos Ana , López-Guerra Mónica , Xargay-Torrent Sílvia , Rosich Laia , Saborit-Villarroya Ifigènia , Normant Emmanuel , Campo Elias , Colomer Dolors 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Despite the promising introduction of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), not all patients respond, and resistance often appears after initial treatment. By analyzing a set of 18 MCL samples, including cell lines with constitutive or induced resistance to bortezomib, we found a high correlation between loss of sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitor and up-regulation of the prosurvival chaperone BiP/Grp78. BiP/Grp78 stabilization was ensured at a posttranscriptional level by an increase in the chaperoning activity of heat shock protein of 90 kDa (Hsp90). In bortezomib-resistant cells, both BiP/Grp78 knockdown and cell pretreatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor of the ansamycin class, IPI-504, led to synergistic induction of apoptotic cell death when combined with bortezomib. Cell exposure to the IPI-504–bortezomib combination provoked the dissociation of Hsp90/BiP complexes, leading to BiP/Grp78 depletion, inhibition of unfolded protein response, and promotion of NOXA-mediated mitochondrial depolarization. The IPI-504–bortezomib combination also prevented BiP/Grp78 accumulation, thereby promoting apoptosis and inhibiting the growth of bortezomib-resistant tumors in a mouse model of MCL xenotransplantation. These results suggest that targeting unfolded protein response activation by the inhibition of Hsp90 may be an attractive model for the design of a new bortezomib-based combination therapy for MCL.
A Markov decision analysis of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation versus chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first remission
Authors: Kurosawa Saiko , Yamaguchi Takuhiro , Miyawaki Shuichi , Uchida Naoyuki , Kanamori Heiwa , Usuki Kensuke , Yamashita Takuya , Watanabe Masato , Yakushiji Kazuaki , Yano Shingo , Nawa Yuichiro , Taguchi Jun , Takeuchi Jin , Tomiyama Junji , Nakamura Yuko , Miura Ikuo , Kanda Yoshinobu , Takaue Yoichi , Fukuda Takahiro 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Various prospective trials have been performed to assess the roles of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) and chemotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR1). However, the results have not always been consistent, and there has been a limited evaluation of quality of life (QOL) in these postremission strategies. We performed a Markov decision analysis that enabled us to compare survival outcomes with a QOL evaluation using a database of 2029 adult AML patients who achieved CR1. The Markov decision model compared 2 strategies: allo-HCT or chemotherapy in CR1. Patients who had intermediate- or unfavorable-risk AML had a longer life expectancy when they received allo-HCT in CR1 than patients treated with chemotherapy alone. Likewise, patients who had a suitable related donor who received allo-HCT in CR1 had a longer life expectancy. The life expectancy was shortened to a greater degree by adjustment for QOL in the allo-HCT group. Nevertheless, QOL-adjusted life expectancies in most of the subgroups remained longer in the allo-HCT group than in the chemotherapy group. Our results showed that older patients with a related donor and younger patients with unfavorable cytogenetics benefited the most from allo-HCT in CR1.
Combining two Meishan F2 crosses improves the detection of QTL on pig chromosomes 2, 4 and 6
Authors: Tortereau Flavie , Gilbert Hélène , Heuven Henri CM , Bidanel Jean-Pierre , Groenen Martien AM , Riquet Juliette 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
In pig, a number of experiments have been set up to identify QTL and a multitude of chromosomal regions harbouring genes influencing traits of interest have been identified. However, the mapping resolution remains limited in most cases and the detected QTL are rather inaccurately located. Mapping accuracy can be improved by increasing the number of phenotyped and genotyped individuals and/or the number of informative markers. An alternative approach to overcome the limited power of individual studies is to combine data from two or more independent designs.

Methods
In the present study we report a combined analysis of two independent design (a French and a Dutch F2 experimental designs), with 2000 F2 individuals. The purpose was to further map QTL for growth and fatness on pig chromosomes 2, 4 and 6. Using QTL-map software, uni- and multiple-QTL detection analyses were applied separately on the two pedigrees and then on the combination of the two pedigrees.

Results
Joint analyses of the combined pedigree provided (1) greater significance of shared QTL, (2) exclusion of false suggestive QTL and (3) greater mapping precision for shared QTL.

Conclusions
Combining two Meishan x European breeds F2 pedigrees improved the mapping of QTL compared to analysing pedigrees separately. Our work was facilitated by the access to raw phenotypic data and DNA of animals from both pedigrees and the combination of the two designs with the addition of new markers allowed us to fine map QTL without phenotyping additional animals.
Robust patterns in the stochastic organization of filopodia
Authors: Husainy Asma N , Morrow Anne A , Perkins Theodore J , Lee Jonathan M 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Filopodia are actin-based cellular projections that have a critical role in initiating and sustaining directional migration in vertebrate cells. Filopodia are highly dynamic structures that show a rich diversity in appearance and behavior. While there are several mathematical models of filopodia initiation and growth, testing the capacity of these theoretical models in predicting empirical behavior has been hampered by a surprising shortage of quantitative data related to filopodia. Neither is it clear how quantitatively robust the cellular filopodial network is and how perturbations alter it.

Results
We have measured the length and interfilopodial separation distances of several thousand filopodia in the rodent cell line Rat2 and measured these parameters in response to genetic, chemical and physical perturbation. Our work shows that length and separation distance have a lognormal pattern distribution over their entire detection range (0.4 μm to 50 μm).

Conclusions
We find that the lognormal distribution of length and separation is robust and highly resistant to perturbation. We also find that length and separation are independent variables. Most importantly, our empirical data is not entirely in agreement with predictions made based on existing theoretical models and that filopodial size and separation are an order of magnitude larger than what existing models suggest.
Recovery from depressive symptoms, state anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in women exposed to physical and psychological, but not to psychological intimate partner violence alone: A longitudinal study
Authors: Blasco-Ros Concepción , Sánchez-Lorente Segunda , Martinez Manuela 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
It is well established that intimate male partner violence (IPV) has a high impact on women's mental health. It is necessary to further investigate this impact longitudinally to assess the factors that contribute to its recovery or deterioration. The objective of this study was to assess the course of depressive, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and suicidal behavior over a three-year follow-up in female victims of IPV.

Methods
Women (n = 91) who participated in our previous cross-sectional study, and who had been either physically/psychologically (n = 33) or psychologically abused (n = 23) by their male partners, were evaluated three years later. A nonabused control group of women (n = 35) was included for comparison. Information about mental health status and lifestyle variables was obtained through face-to-face structured interviews.

Results
Results of the follow-up study indicated that while women exposed to physical/psychological IPV recovered their mental health status with a significant decrease in depressive, anxiety and PTSD symptoms, no recovery occurred in women exposed to psychological IPV alone. The evolution of IPV was also different: while it continued across both time points in 65.21% of psychologically abused women, it continued in only 12.12% of physically/psychologically abused women while it was reduced to psychological IPV in 51.5%. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that cessation of physical IPV and perceived social support contributed to mental health recovery, while a high perception of lifetime events predicted the continuation of PTSD symptoms.

Conclusion
This study shows that the pattern of mental health recovery depends on the type of IPV that the women had been exposed to. While those experiencing physical/psychological IPV have a higher likelihood of undergoing a cessation or reduction of IPV over time and, therefore, could recover, women exposed to psychological IPV alone have a high probability of continued exposure to the same type of IPV with a low possibility of recovery. Thus, women exposed to psychological IPV alone need more help to escape from IPV and to recuperate their mental health. Longitudinal studies are needed to improve knowledge of factors promoting or impeding health recovery to guide the formulation of policy at individual, social and criminal justice levels.
Private and public health care in rural areas of Uganda
Authors: Konde-Lule Joseph , Gitta Sheba N , Lindfors Anne , Okuonzi Sam , Onama Virgil ON , Forsberg Birger C 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn many low and middle income countries, the private sector is increasingly becoming an important source of health care, filling gaps where no or little public health care is available. However, knowledge on the private sector providers is limited The objective of this study was to determine the type and number of different types of health care providers, and the quality, cost and utilization of care delivered by those providers in rural Uganda.MethodsThe study was carried out in three rural districts. Methods included (1) mapping of health care providers; (2) a household survey to determine morbidity and health care utilization; (3) a health facility survey to assess quality of care; (4) focus group discussions to get qualitative information on providers and provider choice; and (5) key informant interviews to further explore service characteristics.Results95.7% of all 445 facilities surveyed were private while 4.3% were public. Traditional practitioners and general merchandise shops that sold medicines comprised 77.1% of all providers. They had limited infrastructure and skills but were often located in the villages and therefore easily accessible. Among the formal providers there were 4 times as many private for profit providers than public, 76 versus 18. However, most of the private units were one-person drug shops.In the household survey, 2580 persons were interviewed. 1097 (42%) had experienced illness during the preceding month. Care was sought in 54.1% of the cases. 35.6% were given self-treatment and in 10.3% no action was taken. Of the episodes for which people sought care at a health care facility, 37.0% visited a public health care provider, 39.7% a for profit provider, 11.8% a private not for profit provider, and 10.6% a traditional practitioner. Private for profit facilities were the most popular for ambulatory health care, while public facilities were preferred for more serious conditions and for hospitalization. Traditional practitioners were many but saw relatively few patients. They were mostly used for social problems and limited medical specific conditions.ConclusionsPrivate providers play a major role in health care delivery in rural Uganda; reaching a wide client base. Traditional practitioners are many but have as much a social as a medical function in the community. The significance of the private health care sector points to the need to establish a policy that addresses quality and affordability issues and creates a strong regulatory environment for private practice in sub-Saharan Africa.
TOPBP1 missense variant Arg309Cys and breast cancer in a German hospital-based case-control study
Authors: Blaut Magda A , Bogdanova Natalia V , Bremer Michael , Karstens Johann H , Hillemanns Peter , Dörk Thilo 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The DNA double strand break repair gene TOPBP1 has been suggested as a breast cancer susceptibility gene and a missense variant Arg309Cys was observed at elevated frequency in familial breast cancer cases compared to healthy controls from Finland. We found the Arg309Cys allele at a 13% carrier frequency in a hospital-based series of 1064 German breast cancer patients and at a 14% carrier frequency in 1014 population controls (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.69-1.15; p = 0.4). Arg309Cys carriers were not enriched among patients with a family history of breast cancer (OR = 0.87, 95%CI 0.53-1.43, p = 0.6) and were slightly underrepresented in patients with bilateral disease (OR = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.24-0.99; p = 0.047). In the latter group, the mean age at diagnosis was 62 years in carriers and 54 years in non-carriers (p = 0.004). We conclude that there is no evidence for the TOPBP1*Arg309Cys variant to confer an increased risk for breast cancer in the German population.
Role of interleukin-18 in intrahepatic inflammatory cell recruitment in acute liver injury
Authors: Kimura Kiminori , Sekiguchi Satoshi , Hayashi Seishu , Hayashi Yukiko , Hishima Tsunekazu , Nagaki Masahito , Kohara Michinori 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
Although the innate immune system has been demonstrated to play important roles as the first line of defense against various infections, little is known about the interactions between intrahepatic inflammatory cells and the cytokine network in the liver. Here, we examined the role of IL-18 in IHL recruitment in acute liver injury. C57BL/6 mice were injected with an αCD40 mAb, and their serum IL-18 levels were observed to increase, with subsequent recruitment of IHLs into the liver. NKT cells were involved in this liver injury, as the serum ALT levels were reduced in NKT KO mice through the suppression of macrophage and monocyte migration and cytokine production. In contrast, depletion of neutrophils exacerbated the liver injury associated with high levels of TNF-α and IL-18 and increased numbers of macrophages and monocytes. Treatment with a neutralizing antibody against IL-18 reduced the serum ALT levels and inflammatory cell accumulation in the liver. Finally, additional administration of rIL-18 with αCD40 injection caused severe liver injury with increased IFN-γ production by NK cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that IL-18 modulates liver inflammation by the recruitment of inflammatory cells, including NKT cells, macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils.
Stress Vulnerability during Adolescent Development in Rats
Authors: Jankord Ryan , Solomon Matia B. , Albertz Jennifer , Flak Jonathan N. , Zhang Rong , Herman James P. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Adolescent development is proposed to represent a time of increased susceptibility to stress. During adolescence, the brain demonstrates a high level of plasticity and can be positively or negatively affected by the environment. This study tests the hypothesis that adolescent development is a stage of enhanced vulnerability to chronic stress. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to our 14-d chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm at three developmental stages: 1) early adolescence (35 d; age at initiation of CVS); 2) late adolescence (50 d); or 3) adulthood (80 d). We examined the effects of CVS on the following: 1) depression-like behavior; 2) somatic indices; 3) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity; and 4) neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus. Results show, regardless of age, CVS exposure: 1) decreased body weight; 2) increased adrenal size; 3) decreased fat weight; and 4) increased HPA response to stress. The somatic effects of CVS were exaggerated in late adolescent animals, and late adolescent animals were the only group where CVS decreased oxytocin expression and increased basal corticosterone. In response to CVS, adult animals increased immobility during the forced-swim test while early and late adolescent animals were resistant to the effects of chronic stress on depression-like behavior. Results show that adolescent animals were protected from the effect of chronic stress on depression-like behavior while late adolescent animals were more susceptible to the somatic, HPA axis, and neuropeptide effects of chronic stress. Thus, adolescent development is a unique window of vulnerabilities and protections to the effects of chronic stress.
Adipose Triglyceride Lipase-Null Mice Are Resistant to High-Fat Diet–Induced Insulin Resistance Despite Reduced Energy Expenditure and Ectopic Lipid Accumulation
Authors: Hoy Andrew J. , Bruce Clinton R. , Turpin Sarah M. , Morris Alexander J. , Febbraio Mark A. , Watt Matthew J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAdipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) null (−/−) mice store vast amounts of triacylglycerol in key glucoregulatory tissues yet exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. The mechanisms underpinning these divergent observations are unknown but may relate to the reduced availability of circulating fatty acids. The aim of this study was to determine whether the enhancements in insulin stimulated glucose metabolism in ATGL−/− mice persist when challenged with a high-fat diet. ATGL−/− mice fed a low-fat diet exhibit improved whole-body insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance compared with wild-type mice. Wild-type mice became hyperlipidemic and insulin-resistant when challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat) for 4 wk. ATGL−/− mice fed a HFD had elevated circulating fatty acids but had reduced fasting glycemia compared to pre–high-fat diet levels and were refractory to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. This protection from high-fat diet–induced metabolic perturbations was associated with a preference for fatty acid utilization but reduced energy expenditure and no change in markers of mitochondrial capacity or density. The protection from high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance in ATGL−/− mice was due to increased cardiac and liver insulin-stimulated glucose clearance despite increased lipid content in these tissues. Additionally, there was no difference in skeletal muscle insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, but there was a reduction observed in brown adipose tissue. Overall, these results show that ATGL−/− mice are protected from HFD-induced insulin resistance and reveal a tissue specific disparity between lipid accumulation and insulin sensitivity.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of Dimethylmethylenebis(iminonitroxide) Diradical
Authors: Suzuki Shuichi , Itoh Noriyuki , Furuichi Kimiaki , Kozaki Masatoshi , Shiomi Daisuke , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Ohi Hiromi , Itoh Shinobu , Okada Keiji 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Dimethylmethylenebis(iminonitroxide) diradical 1 was prepared from 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropanal in five steps. The structure, ESR spectrum, and magnetic properties are reported: 1 exhibited an antiferromagnetic interaction of J/kB = −72 K (H = −2JS1·S2).