bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the pharmacokinetics of oral ketamine in children undergoing burns procedures
Authors: Brunette Katharine E.J. , Anderson Brian J. , Thomas Jennifer , Wiesner Lubbe , Herd David W. , Schulein Simone 
Published: March 2011

SummaryAims:  The aim of this study was to describe ketamine pharmacokinetics when administered orally to children suffering from burn injury in >10% body surface area.Methods:  Children (n = 20) were given ketamine 5 or 10 mg·kg−1 orally 20 min prior to presentation for surgical procedures. Anesthesia during procedures was maintained with a volatile anesthetic agent. Additional intravenous ketamine was given as a bolus (0.5–1 mg·kg−1) to nine children during the procedure while a further nine children were given an infusion (0.1 mg·kg−1·h−1) continued for 4–19 h after the procedure. Blood was assayed for ketamine and norketamine on six occasions over the study duration of 8–24 h. Data were pooled with those from an earlier analysis (621 observations from 70 subjects). An additional time–concentration profile from an adult given oral ketamine was gleaned from the literature (17 observations). A population analysis was undertaken using nonlinear mixed‐effects models.Results:  The pooled analysis comprised 852 observations from 91 subjects. There were 20 children who presented for procedures related to burns management (age 3.5 sd 2.1 years, range 1–8 years; weight 14.7 sd 4.9 kg, range 7.9–25 kg), and these children contributed 214 ketamine and norketamine observations. A two‐compartment (central, peripheral) linear disposition model fitted data better than a one‐compartment model. Bioavailability of the oral formulation was 0.45 (90% CI 0.33, 0.58). Absorption half‐time was 59 (90% CI 29.4, 109.2) min and had high between‐subject variability (BSV 148%). Population parameter estimates, standardized to a 70‐kg person, were central volume 21.1 (BSV 47.1%) l·70 kg−1, peripheral volume of distribution 109 (27.5%) l·70 kg−1, clearance 81.3 (46.1%) l·h−1·70 kg−1, and inter‐compartment clearance 259 (50.1%) l·h−1·70 kg−1. Under the assumption that all ketamine was converted to norketamine, the volume of the metabolite was 151.9 (BSV 39.1%) l·70 kg−1 with an elimination clearance of 64.4 (BSV 63.4%) l·h−1·70 kg−1 and a rate constant for intermediate compartments of 26.2 (BSV 52.1%) h−1·70 kg−1.Conclusions:  The ketamine pharmacokinetics in children with minor burns are similar to those without burns. The peak ratio of norketamine/ketamine at 1 h is 2.8 after oral administration allowing an analgesic contribution from the metabolite at this time. There is low relative bioavailability (<0.5) and slow variable absorption. Dose simulation in a child (3.5 years, 15 kg) suggests a dose regimen of oral ketamine 10 mg·kg−1 followed by intravenous ketamine 1 mg·kg−1 i.v. with the advent of short‐duration surgical dressing change at 45 min.
Do Pre‐entry Interventions such as ‘Aimhigher’ Impact on Student Retention and Success? A Review of the Literature
Authors: Thomas Liz 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews the potential impact of pre‐entry widening access interventions on student retention and success in higher education. It thus addresses two contemporary policy concerns: What is the impact of pre‐entry widening access interventions; and how can we improve student retention and success? A review of academic and practitioner literature finds limited research about the impact of pre‐entry interventions in general and very little on the impact of pre‐entry interventions on students' retention and success in higher education. A review of the research, however, identifies the importance of factors which pre‐entry interventions address: pre‐entry decision making, expectations about higher education and academic preparation. To date, however, the impact of pre‐entry interventions on retention in higher education has been largely ignored. Thus pre‐entry activities, such as Aimhigher, should be evaluated for their impact on student retention. The paper offers an outline evaluation framework, including evaluation topics and suggested key performance indicators to bridge this gap.
Children and global social policy: Exploring the impact of international governmental organisations
Authors: Axford Nick 
Published: March 2011

Axford N. Children and global social policy: exploring the impact of international governmental organisationsInternational governmental organisations (IGOs) seek to influence child welfare policy and practice in individual sovereign states. But do they succeed and, if so, in what way? This article outlines the nature of selected IGOs' work, explores the nature of their impact and seeks to explain the pattern that emerges. It also notes areas for further research.
Interest of (18)F‐FDG PET‐CT scanning for staging and management of merkel cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 15 patients
Authors: Maury G. , Dereure O. , Du‐Thanh A. , Mariano‐Goulart D. , Guillot B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground  The additional benefit of 18FDG‐Positron Emission Tomography‐Computed Tomography (FDG PET‐CT) compared with conventional imaging is still a controversial issue in MCC.Objectives  This study was designed to evaluate the ability of FDG PET‐CT to detect secondary lesions clinically inconspicuous and not shown by conventional imaging.Methods  Clinical records of 15 MCC patients were retrospectively reviewed to investigate the specific interest of FDG PET‐CT compared with X‐computed tomography (CT). The main endpoint was the ability of FDG PET‐CT to detect secondary lesions and the possible resulting changes in disease staging and management compared with pre‐FDG PET‐CT data including clinical examination, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), and diagnostic CT.Results  FDG PET‐CT was relevant with a single false negative result and led to significant changes in disease staging and management in 46% of patients compared with clinical examination alone. However, additional secondary lesions not detected by CT were evidenced during follow‐up in a single patient with an already known metastatic disease, data which did not result in any change in staging and treatment. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were respectively 0.66, 1, 1 and 0.8 for SLNB, 0.89, 1, 1 and 0.93 for CT and 0.89, 1, 1 and 0.93 for FDG PET‐CT. No additional neoplasm was detected by FDG PET‐CT.Conclusion  Although FDG PET‐CT is of questionable value in MCC management when used in parallel with CT, it may be considered as a valuable option as a single whole‐body survey procedure.
The temporal dynamics of two response‐focused forms of emotion regulation: Experiential, expressive, and autonomic consequences
Authors: Dan‐Glauser Elise S. , Gross James J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study examines the early affective consequences of two close forms of suppression. Participants (N=37) were shown negative, positive, and neutral pictures and cued either to attend to the pictures, or to perform expressive or physiological suppression (i.e., reduce body reactions). Continuous measures of experience, expressivity, and autonomic responses showed that both suppression strategies produced rapid response modulation. Common effects of the two strategies included a transient increase in negative feeling, a durable decrease in positive feeling, and a decrease in expressivity, cardiovascular activity, and oxygenation. The two strategies were significantly different only in response to positive stimuli, with physiological suppression showing a larger decrease in experience intensity and blood pressure. These results suggest a strong overlap between the two suppression strategies in terms of their early impact on emotional responses.
European Integration and the Radical Right: Three Patterns of Opposition
Authors: Vasilopoulou Sofia 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article argues that radical right parties can be seen as displaying three patterns of opposition towards European integration: rejecting, conditional and compromising. These three patterns are identified through the careful examination of party attitudes on four different aspects related to European integration and the EU. These include the idea of a common identity of European peoples, the principle of cooperation at a European multilateral level, the EU policy practice and the desire to build a future European polity. In light of this conceptualization of radical right opposition to European integration, the article conducts a qualitative analysis of party literature of 12 radical right parties from 10 European countries during the latter part of the 2000s.
Design of a Centrifugal Blood Pump: Heart Turcica Centrifugal
Authors: Demir Onur , Biyikli Emre , Lazoglu Ismail , Kucukaksu Suha 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA prototype of a new implantable centrifugal blood pump system named Heart Turcica Centrifugal (HTC) was developed as a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for the treatment of end‐stage cardiac failure. In the development of HTC, effects of blade height and volute tongue profiles on the hydraulic and hemolytic performances of the pump were investigated. As a result, the prototype was manufactured using the best blade height and volute tongue profiles. Performance of the prototype model was experimentally evaluated in a closed‐loop flow system using water as the medium. The hydraulic performance requirement of an LVAD (5 L/min flow rate against a pressure difference of 100 mm Hg) was attained at 2800 rpm rotational speed.
The Hemodynamic Effect of Total Liquid Ventilation in Piglets With Reduced Cardiac Function After Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Jiang Lijun , Yu Ceyan , Ma Liang , He Jinxian , Ni Chengyao , Wang Qiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTotal liquid ventilation (TLV) is a promising treatment for severe lung injury and heart resuscitation. We aim to investigate the hemodynamic effect of TLV in piglets with preexisting cardiac dysfunction. After onset of cardiopulmonary dysfunction induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), piglets were randomly treated with TLV (n = 6) or conventional gas ventilation (n = 6) for 240 min. Hemodynamics was monitored before and at a 30‐min interval after CPB. CPB with cardiac arrest resulted in significant decrease in cardiac index (CI) (96.19 ± 6.74 vs. 48.58 ± 3.96 mL/min/kg, P < 0.001) and increase of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (1123.38 ± 198.97 vs. 8180.62 ± 1041.35 dyne·s/cm5, P <  0.001). Compared with conventional gas ventilation, there was no further significant decrease of CI or increase of PVR during TLV throughout the experiment. No significant difference was observed on other hemodynamic variables including heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and central venous pressure between both groups. The fluctuation of mean arterial blood pressure was 3.95 ± 1.68 mm Hg during TLV. No evidence of fluorothorax or cardiac tamponade was observed in either group. We conclude that TLV does not further impair hemodynamics in piglets with preexisting cardiac dysfunction immediately after CPB.
Crop insurance policies and purchases in France
Authors: Enjolras Geoffroy , Sentis Patrick 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhile many crop insurance systems have been reformed around the world, few academic researches have addressed the determinants of the decision on crop insurance at the farm's micro level. In this article, both the financial and the agricultural literature lead to the identification of many rationales for the crop insurance decision. Using data from the period 2003–2006 on a representative survey of French farms (FADN‐RICA), we investigate the different factors that incite farmers to insure against crop risk. We emphasize that the highest risk farms are more likely to have insurance and this decision is positively related to the past amount of claims. Insurance is subscribed by larger farms because insurance appears too expensive for smaller farms, which are indeed naturally less diversified. Interestingly, financial variables (such as capital structure or return on investment) do not significantly determine the insurance decision.
An immunohistochemical comparison between MiTF and MART‐1 with Azure blue counterstaining in the setting of solar lentigo and melanoma in situ*
Authors: Hillesheim Paul B. , Slone Steve , Kelley Denise , Malone Janine , Bahrami Soon 
Published: March 2011

Background: Evaluation of cutaneous pigmented lesions can be diagnostically challenging and represents an activity often supplemented by immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical studies typically employ 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (DAB) resulting in brown staining of both melanocytes and melanin. Difficulty may thus arise in distinguishing different cell types in heavily melanized lesions. Azure blue counterstaining has been used in conjunction with melanoma antigen recognized by T‐cells (MART‐1) to differentiate melanocytes from melanin by highlighting the latter blue‐green. Microphthalmia transcription factor (MiTF) represents an alternative immunomarker that shows nuclear reactivity, which facilitates ease of interpretation. Methods: Twenty examples of solar lentigo and melanoma in situ (MIS) were independently evaluated utilizing MiTF and MART‐1/Azure blue for melanocyte quantification. Melanocyte counts were averaged over five high‐power fields (×400) to obtain a mean melanocytic count. Results: There was no significant difference in the mean melanocytic count between MART‐1/Azure blue and MiTF as assessed in the solar lentigo group and as assessed independently in the MIS group. MiTF nuclear staining facilitated interpretation and required less laboratory preparation, as an additional counterstain was not necessary. Conclusions: MiTF is as effective as MART‐1/Azure blue in identifying melanocytes in the context of solar lentigo or MIS. On the basis of our results, we favor expanding the use of MiTF as an immunohistochemical marker, as it provides an efficient alternative to MART‐1 with Azure blue counterstaining in the evaluation of cutaneous pigmented lesions.Hillesheim PB, Slone S, Kelley D, Malone J, Bahrami S. An immunohistochemical comparison between MiTF and MART‐1 with Azure blue counterstaining in the setting of solar lentigo and melanoma in situ.
Presence of B‐cell clones in T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Zaki Mona A.A. , Wada Naoki , Kohara Masaharu , Ikeda Junichiro , Hori Yumiko , Fujita Shigeki , Ogawa Hiroyasu , Sugiyama Haruo , Hino Masayuki , Kanakura Yuzuru , Morii Eiichi , Aozasa Katsuyuki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectives:  The presence of B‐cell clones in 76 cases with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) and precursor T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) and its correlation with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was studied.Methods:  DNA was extracted from paraffin sections and/or fresh‐frozen samples and then used for clonality analysis using a modified BIOMED‐2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based method.Results:  T‐ and B‐cell clones were detected in 59 (77.6%) and 14 (18.4%) of 76 patients, respectively: 90% and 30% of cases with PTCL, not otherwise specified, 76.4% and 17.6% of cases with angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma, 77% and 7.6% of cases with adult T‐cell lymphoma, 50% and 0% of cases with anaplastic large T‐cell lymphoma, 62.5% and 12.5% of cases with T‐LBL, and 50% and 0% of cases with intestinal T‐cell lymphoma, respectively. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of large B cells in lesional tissues, which were occasionally monoclonal. The presence of B‐cell clones was highly associated with EBV positivity, as revealed by in situ hybridization. In two cases that were evaluated by serial histological and molecular examination, EBV‐positive cells persisted in one and disappeared in the other.Conclusions:  These findings suggest a role for EBV in the evolution of B‐cell clones in T‐cell lymphomas.
Beyond species area curves: application of a scale‐free measure for spatial variability of species richness
Authors: Laurie Henri , Perrier Edith 
Published: March 2011

We report a novel pattern in species richness, complementary to the well‐known species–area relationship. We show that, as sample area increases, the variation in relative richness decreases among otherwise comparable spatial units. This pattern holds for southern African birds, French birds, Cape Proteaceae and the trees of Barro Colorado Island.We propose a scale‐free method for quantifying this pattern by measuring the multifractal intensity of species richness, which is the multi‐scale tendency of adjacent patches with the same area to differ in richness. By this measure, spatial variability is strongest for Cape Proteaceae and weakest for Barro Colorado Island trees.Our results have implications for area‐dependent estimates of species‐richness, for example in reserve planning and in simulation‐based studies. They imply that such estimates are most accurate for large areas, and will be subject to substantial uncertainty when the multifractal intensity is high and the area is small. For comparative purposes, multifractal intensity may be used as a supplement or as an alternative to mean richness, as well as for other ecological densities, such as biomass distribution and local abundance.
Seasonal occurrence and distribution of Bryde's whales in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand
Authors: Wiseman Nicky , Parsons Stuart , Stockin Karen A. , Baker C. Scott 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Hauraki Gulf is a large, shallow embayment located north of Auckland City (36°51′S, 174°46′E), New Zealand. Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) are the most frequently observed balaenopterid in these waters. To assess the use of the Hauraki Gulf for this species, we examined the occurrence and distribution in relation to environmental parameters. Data were collected from a platform of opportunity during 674 daily surveys between March 2003 and February 2006. A total of 760 observations of Bryde's whales were recorded throughout the study period during 371 surveys. The number of Bryde's whales sighted/day was highest in winter, coinciding with the coolest median sea‐surface temperature (14.6°C). Bryde's whales were recorded throughout the Hauraki Gulf in water depths ranging from 12.1–59.8 m (mean = 42.3, SD = 5.1). Cow–calf pairs were most frequently observed during the austral autumn in water depths of 29.9–53.9 m (mean = 40.8, SD = 5.2). Data from this study suggest Bryde's whales in the Hauraki Gulf exhibit a mix of both “inshore” and “offshore” characteristics from the Bryde's whales examined off the coast of South Africa.
Emotion, Language, and the Brain
Authors: Kotz Sonja A. , Paulmann Silke 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn social interactions, humans can express how they feel inwhat(verbal) they say andhow(non‐verbal) they say it. Although decoding of vocal emotion expressions occurs rapidly, accumulating electrophysiological evidence suggests that this process is multilayered and involves temporally and functionally distinct processing steps. Neuroimaging and lesion data confirm that these processing steps, which support emotional speech and language comprehension, are anchored in a functionally differentiated brain network. The present review on emotional speech and language processing discusses concepts and empirical clinical and neuroscientific evidence on the basis of behavioral, event‐related brain potential, and functional magnetic resonance imaging data. These data allow shaping our understanding of how we communicate emotions to others through speech and language. It leads to a multistep processing model of vocal and visual emotion expressions.
Integrating the Study of Culture and Religion: Toward a Psychology of Worldview
Authors: Johnson Kathryn A. , Hill Eric D. , Cohen Adam B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe propose a psychology of worldview as an integrative framework for the study of culture and religion. We propose six aspects of worldview, each influenced by national and religious cultures: ontology (existential beliefs), epistemology (what can be known and how one should reason), semiotics (language and symbols used to describe the world), axiology (proximate goals, values, and morals), teleology (ultimate goals and the afterlife consequences of action), and praxeology (proscriptions and prescriptions for behavior). More attention to worldview can help remedy a lack of attention to: (i) the mutual influences of these different kinds of cultures (including national and religious), (ii) trans‐national religious groups, (iii) non‐religious belief systems, and (iv) the psychological predictors of cultural conflict. Worldviews can predict both individual and group behaviors and, further, afford a more nuanced understanding of cultural and religious processes as well as providing a platform for interdisciplinary dialogue.
jMHC: software assistant for multilocus genotyping of gene families using next‐generation amplicon sequencing
Authors: STUGLIK MICHAŁ T. , RADWAN JACEK , BABIK WIESŁAW 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGenotyping of multilocus gene families, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), may be challenging because of problems with assigning alleles to loci and copy number variation among individuals. Simultaneous amplification and genotyping of multiple loci may be necessary, and in such cases, next‐generation deep amplicon sequencing offers a great promise as a genotyping method of choice. Here, we describe jMHC, a computer program developed for analysing and assisting in the visualization of deep amplicon sequencing data. Software operates on FASTA files; therefore, output from any sequencing technology may be used. jMHC was designed specifically for MHC studies but it may be useful for analysing amplicons derived from other multigene families or for genotyping other polymorphic systems. The program is written in Java with user‐friendly graphical interface (GUI) and can be run on Microsoft Windows, Linux OS and Mac OS.
Icariin attenuates cardiac remodelling through down-regulating myocardial apoptosis and matrix metalloproteinase activity in rats with congestive heart failure
Authors: Song Yao-Hong , Cai Hui , Gu Ning , Qian Chun-Fa , Cao Shou-Pei , Zhao Zhi-Ming 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Objectives
In this study, the anti-heart failure effect of icariin, a natural flavonol glycoside, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated.

Methods
Heart failure was induced by isoproterenol in male Sprague–Dawley rats. Matrix metalloproteinase activity was determined by gelatin zymography assay. The mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR. The protein expression was determined by Western bolt. Mitochondria structure was examined by transmission electron microscopy.

Key findings
Isoproterenol administration resulted in a severe heart failure, as shown by the increased levels of left ventricular weight index, heart rate, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, maximal rate of left ventricular pressure decline (dp/dtmin), decreased levels of left ventricular systolic pressure and maximal rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dp/dtmax). Against these, icariin dose-dependently reversed the changes of these cardiac morphometric and haemodynamic parameters. In addition, icariin significantly inhibited serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, noradrenaline, angiotensin II and brain natriuretic peptide in rats with congestive hear failure and improved the histological changes, including cardiocyte hypertrophy, cardiocyte degeneration, inflammatory infiltration and cardiac desmoplasia. Furthermore, the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, which regulate collagen production, were also blocked by icariin. Moreover, myocardial apoptosis was remarkably attenuated by icariin through regulating Bcl-2/Bax axle.

Conclusions
Icariin ameliorates left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac remodelling through down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 activity and myocardial apoptosis in rats with congestive heart failure.