bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some new or imperfectly known Madreporaria from the Coral Rag and Portland Oolite of the Counties of Wilts, Oxford, Cambridge, and York
Authors: Tomes Robert F. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction—I much regret that in the preparation of the present paper I have not, as on the occasion of my former contribution towards the history of the Madreporaria of the Jurassic formation, had the advantage of repeated personal investigations of the strata from which the specimens were obtained. This expression of regret, however, may perhaps seem unnecessary after the appearance of the very ample and able paper on the Corallian rocks of England by Messrs. Blake and Hudleston; but I would observe that as their conclusions were drawn rather from the study of the Mollusca and Echinodermata than from that of the Corals, we are yet in ignorance respecting the exact stratigraphical position of the latter. Consequently it is not by any means certain that the conclusions arrived at by these geologists might not have undergone some modification if the Corals had received more careful examination. Possibly more than one Coralliferous period might have been observed in the Corallian beds, just as more than one has been pointed out in the Inferior Oolite; and as some Madreporarian forms are peculiar to the Coral Rag, it would be interesting to know more fully than we at present do their range in time.
It has always been a matter of some surprise that while the Coral Rag of this country fulfils so completely the conditions of a Coralliferous deposit, and is in so many places crowded with Corals, the number of species should be so small. MM. Milne-Edwards and number of species
The Estuaries of the Severn and its Tributaries; an Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of their Tidal Sediment and Alluvial Flats
Authors: Sollas W. J. 
Published: October 2009

The tidal channel of the Severn is notorious for its mud. At high tide it is filled with a sea of turbid water, thick and opaque with tawny-coloured sediment; as the tide ebbs a broad expanse of shining mud flats is revealed fringing the coast; but so like is the water to the mud that, seen from a distance, it is often hard to tell where the sea ends and the shore begins. It is the same with its tributaries, the Wye, the Usk, Ely, and Rhymney on the Welsh side, the Avon, Yeo, Parrot, and others on the English coast.
The source of this mud has been made a subject of much dispute.
That it is chiefly supplied by the rivers themselves to their respective estuaries might sound to geologists like an obvious truth ; but such is certainly not the opinion of those who have most closely inquired into the matter. Engineers like Mr. C. Richardson and Mr. Howard have long been of opinion that the sediment of the tidal Avon is furnished to it by the Severn ; the like is asserted of the Parrot, and I do not think one stands in any fear of contradiction when stating as a general truth that all the estuaries opening into the Severn derive their mud at least immediately from the main channel. This being so, whence then has the Severn obtained it? The answers given to this inquiry by engineers are various: some attribute it to the
Appendix
Authors: Topley W. 
Published: October 2009

The foregoing paper is a brief notice of the main results arrived at by Mr. Diller when attached as geologist to the United States Assos Expedition. The field-work extended through two summers, and was supplemented by researches in the petrological laboratory of Heidelberg. A MS. draft of Mr. Diller's geological map (scale 1 : 100,000) was sent to me for the service of the new Geological Map of Europe (and its borders) which is now being prepared by a Committee of the International Geological Congress. The map here given is a reduction of this map; but some of the igneous rocks are grouped, and some other details are necessarily omitted. The heights are inserted from various sources—the English Admiralty Charts, the Austrian Military map, and others.
The map has been prepared in England, and Mr. Diller has not seen a proof; he is therefore not responsible for errors or imperfections therein.
The Assos Expedition was sen tout by the Archæological Institute of America, and was under the direction of Mr. J. T. Clarke. The archæological work was mainly confined to Assos, on the southern coast of the Troad, and hence Mr. Diller's work is more complete there than elsewhere. Preliminary Reports have already been printed, but the present paper gives fuller information as regards the classification of the igneous rocks, the result of microscopical examination at Heidelberg. The Reports, on the other hand, deal more fully with the sedimentary rocks and with the physical geography, which are only briefly alluded to here.
Petrological Notes on some North-of-England Dykes
Authors: Teall J. J. H. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
object of the present paper is to give a petrological account of some North-of-England dykes. The specimens on which the observations are based were mostly collected by myself during the winter of 1881–82; a few, however, were given me by Prof. Lebour and other friends.

In the microscopic work I have derived great assistance from my friends Mr. I’Anson of Darlington and Dr. Trechmann of Hartlepool. To Mr. I’Anson I am indebted in another way; for he kindly handed over to me the analysis of the Great Ayton rock which was prepared for him by Mr. Stock. My indebtedness to the latter gentleman, and also to Mr. Stead of Middlesborough, will appear in the sequel. Without the valuable chemical work communicated by these gentlemen my paper would indeed be incomplete. It is no part of my purpose to describe the mode of occurrence of these dykes, and therefore the general course of each is indicated mainly by reference to works already published. One or two new facts of importance are, however, given; especially in relation to the dying-out of dykes beneath the surface.
The dykes are first of all described in the order of their occurrence from south to north, and at the conclusion of the paper some general remarks on their mutual relations are given.
On Strain in Connexion with Crystallization and the Development of Perlitic Structure
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

I
n
a paper on “The Microscopic Structure of the Vitreous Rocks of Montana, U. S. A.,” read in connexion with a paper upon the mode of occurrence of those rocks by Mr. J. Eccles, and since published in the Quarterly Journal of this Society (vol. xxxvii. p. 391), I had occasion to allude to a peculiar phenomenon of depolarization in the little grains of obsidian constituting a rock which was very aptly called obsidian sandstone by the officers of the U. S. Geological Survey. I there pointed out the relation which the depolarization bore to the perlitic structure visible in the little obsidian fragments, and also indicated the probable connexion of these strains in the glass with the development of crystals.

The following notes may serve still more clearly to verify the statements then made.
The present observations were made upon a small but thick slice of obsidian from Java, given me some years ago by Prof. W. Chandler Roberts. On examining this section under the microscope, in plane polarized light, a considerable number of crystals may be seen, and in nearly every instance the surrounding glass, where it comes in contact with the crystal, shows very well-marked depolarization, which I think I might say, without any doubt, is due to the tension or strain produced in the glassy obsidian by the development of crystals or by a strain preceding the development of crystals, as I suggested in the paper already alluded to.
In Pl. XVIII. fig. 1, for instance
On a new Specimen of
Megalichthys
from the Yorkshire Coal-field
Authors: Miall L. C. 
Published: October 2009

A
large
and unusually complete example of
Megalichthys Hibberti
was lately found in the roof of the Halifax Hard Bed at Mr. F. B. Ellison’s Firebrick Works, Idle, near Leeds, by Mr. Andrew Oldroyd. The fossil, which was presented by Mr. Ellison to the Museum of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, is externally in good preservation and but little disturbed; the ventral surface is uppermost, and the pectoral, ventral, anal, and caudal fins can be more or less satisfactorily made out. The dorsal surface and vertebral column are altogether absent; but nevertheless this specimen gives more information concerning
Megalichthys
than any other which has come to my knowledge. Quite unusual pains were taken by Mr. Oldroyd to recover every fragment of the fish. The remains measure 3 feet 8½ inches in length, of which the head includes about 10 inches and the tail about a foot; 5 or 6 inches appear to be wanting from the end of the tail. The fine skull of
Megalichthys
figured by Agassiz in the Poissons Fossiles, and still in the Leeds Museum, is a trifle larger than the corresponding part of the new specimen.
Megalichthys
may therefore have attained a length of from 4 to 5 feet.

The skull of the fossil now under description shows the mandible and mandibular teeth, a little of the fore end of the snout, the opercula and the jugular plates; but no novel feature is thereby brought to light.
The pectoral fins are quite distinct and nearly
Observations on the Geology of the Line of the Canadian Pacific Railway
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

H
aving
had an opportunity last summer of passing over the line of this railway, and of examining some of the sections exposed on the road and in its vicinity, it may be useful to note the facts observed.

All of the country on both sides of the line has been more or less explored by the officers of the Geological Survey, more especially by Dr. Selwyn, Dr. G. M. Dawson, and Dr. R. Bell; and without repeating what they have published, I shall confine my remarks chiefly to facts discovered or brought into greater prominence in the construction of the road.
Between Ottawa and Port Arthur the road was only partially opened last summer, though it had penetrated into the region of typical Huronian rocks north of Georgian Bay. Next summer it will be opened throughout, or at least to Algoma Mills, whence steamers will run on Lake Superior to Port Arthur. This section of the road will be of great geological interest, as it abounds in cuttings through Laurentian and Huronian rocks, and will also expose the Kewenian or Upper Copper-bearing series and other formations which, though newer than the Huronian, are believed to be Pre-Cambrian. Last summer, travellers were conveyed by steamer from Collingwood to Port Arthur, through Lakes Huron and Superior, and it was at Port Arthur that their geological experiences began.
Port Arthur is at the head of Thunder Bay and opposite it are the grand trappean masses of Thunder Cape and of the islands in
On the Serpentine and associated Rocks of Porthalla Cove
Authors: Collins J. H. 
Published: October 2009

T
hese
rocks were briefly described by me in a paper communicated to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, in the year 1879, as “much-contorted strata of slaty green and red serpentine and hornblende rocks in numerous alternations, all, however, having a strike to the N.N.E.”

In the same paper I stated my belief that the whole series consisted of “highly altered Lower Silurian stratified rocks.”
The Cove has been more recently visited by Prof. Bonney, and his remarks thereon were published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for February 1883. A brief reference is therein made to my paper, and the Professor considers that I have “completely mistaken the relations of the rocks to each other”. I am glad therefore to be permitted to bring my views on this subject under the notice of the Society in sufficient detail to enable me to justify the opinions so distinctly controverted, so far at least as to show that the hornblende schist, serpentine, and other rocks described are distinctly interstratified, and that there is a real “passage” from one to the other. I am more especially glad of this opportunity, because the real question at issue is that of the origin of certain masses of serpentine rock, than which there are few more interesting or more important in the whole range of chemical geology. With much of what Prof. Bonney has written concerning the rocks of the Lizard district I very cordially agree, and I can from personal observation corroborate
On the Recent Encroachment of the Sea at Westward Ho !, North Devon
Authors: Spearing Herbert Green 
Published: October 2009

F
or
the last nine years the sea has been encroaching on the land near Westward Ho ! at the rate of about 30 feet a year. This encroachment only affects about a mile of the coast-line, but it is of special interest both on account of the formations which it exposes and the rapidity with which the sea has eaten into a district which had hitherto been apparently but little injured by it.

I have not been able to obtain any correct map of the district older than the parish map of Northam, and that does not give the actual limits of high tide with any accuracy, so that it is impossible to say how much further the land may have extended seaward when Westward Ho! was still unnamed and almost uninhabited. A very old inhabitant, however, told me that the grass used to extend for several yards beyond the old road leading from the ladies’ baths to the Burrows, which was still in existence in 1875, when I first went to Westward Ho!
The accompanying map is reduced from one constructed from an actual survey that I made in 1879, but the line of the top of the former ridge in 1875 was sketched in from memory, aided by the parish map.
The district which is principally affected by the encroachment is a large sandy common called the Northam Burrows. This common is the southern part of the delta of the united rivers Taw and Torridge, and the inland part
On Further Discoveries of the Footprints of Vertebrate Animals in the Lower New Red Sandstone of Penrith
Authors: Smith George Varty 
Published: October 2009

H
itherto
not many footprints have been met with in the Penrith Sandstone. Impressions of the same nature as those found in the equivalent strata at Dumfries have been previously met with at Brownrigg in Plumpton, about five miles north-west of Penrith; and the late Mr. Binney and Prof. Harkness have noticed similar impressions in the flaggy beds near Penrith, but they were not so distinct as those found at Brownrigg. A notice of the discovery of a variety of impressions in the Lower New Red Sandstone of Penrith may therefore be interesting, and may serve to throw some light upon the general nature of the terrestrial vertebrate life of that period.

The footprints now referred to were met with in a quarry situate on the eastern slope of a hill, at a point about 200 yards north of the highway from Penrith to Alston, and about three and a half miles east of Penrith.
The geological position of the sandstone is shown approximately in the accompanying diagram section, which is based upon one by Prof. Harkness. This shows that the Penrith Sandstone rises from beneath the Magnesian Limestone, traces of the latter rock being found at a short distance to the north-east of the quarry, in the bank of the river Eden.
The tracks on cast No. 1 appear to be those of an animal which evidently used its fore feet simply as supports, while throwing the weight of its body mainly on its hind feet. The impressions made by
The Range of the Palæozoic Rocks beneath Northampton
Authors: Eunson Henry John 
Published: October 2009

I. P
revious
K
nowledge
of the U
nderground
G
eology
.

T
he
first investigation into the underground geology of Northamp-tonshire, or the strata lying immediately beneath the thick deposit of the Liassic series, consisting of limestones and clays, which covers the county to a large extent, was made in the year 1836. A company was then formed and a shaft sunk near the village of Kings-thorpe, about two and a half miles N.E. of the town of Northampton, for the purpose of reaching the Coal-measures, which, upon the advice of practical men, it was thought could be found at no great depth below the surface, ”though competent scientific individuals, as Mr. Smith, the father of English geology, and Mr. Richardson, then of the British Museum, expressly denounced it as a mistaken enterprise“.

An account of this shaft (fig. 4, p. 496) has been given by the late Mr. S. Sharp, F.G.S., in the ‘Geological Magazine,’ from which I extract the following passage t :—
“No accurate detailed section of the shaft was taken at the time; but at a depth of 210 feet from the surface, a water-yielding ‘Limestone rock’ in the Middle Lias (Marlstone)was pierced, which produced 36,000 gallons of water per hour. At a depth of 880 feet (as is stated in pencil-notes on a diagram in my possession, which notes are said to have been made by Dr. William Smith, F.R.S., F.G.S., &e.) the New Red Sandstone was reached, and a flow of brackish water of a like volume
On the Internal Structures and Classificatory Position of
Micrabacia coronula
, Goldfuss, sp.
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

Micrabacia coronula, Goldfuss, sp., called
Cyclolites
by William Smith (1816), is a characteristic fossil of the Upper Greensand, and has been found at Warminster and, according to W. Smith, at Chute Farm and Paddle Hill, near Dunstable, and in the beds at Essen and Le Mans; it is also found in the “Cambridge Greensand.” Bolsche has described a
Micrabacia
from the Senonian.

The external characters of the species have been beautifully delineated by Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, in their monograph of the British Fossil Corals , and the description of the specimen used as a type is, as might be anticipated, careful and correct. Allowing for variation in some parts, the description permits any specimen to be recognized, specifically, from the appearance of the external structures. It does not appear that these authors made sections of this coral, and as their work was classificatory and not necessarily morphological, they probably did not think it necessary to investigate the internal structures specially.

The generic diagnosis of the type was also carefully given by Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, and the genus
Micrabacia
was separated from the genus
Fungia
, Dana, by them.

They placed the genus in the family of Aporose Corals called Fungidæ by Dana, and in their own subfamily Funginæ, which includes Fungidæ with perforated walls. The generic and specific diagnoses and the synonymy are given in the ‘Histoire Naturelle des Coralliaires,’ vol. iii. p. 29.
After the careful descriptions of these authors had appeared, came the work of M. de
On the New Railway-Cutting at Guildford:—The Pleistocene Sands and Drift-Gravels observed there
Authors: Godwin-Austen H. H. 
Published: October 2009

In December 1880 the following note of the southern end of the cutting on the Main Line just north of Guildford station was taken, the eastern side having been recut to widen the line:—

This section, though not so clear as it was when fresh cut, is still well displayed, and the shell-bed is very distinctly seen.
This cutting was described long ago by Prof. Prestwich; but the details of the Woolwich and Reading beds may be useful for comparison with the section on the other side of the valley.
The new cutting north-east of Guildford, on the Guildford and Surbiton direct Line, now in process of formation, is of great interest, not only as showing a thick mass of drift, resting very irregularly on the Chalk, but also as again opening up the Reading beds, which are so rarely seen in this neighbourhood. It begins near the eastern end of King’s Road (Stoke road), and in a sharply curving course cuts the London road just north of Alderney Place, and then runs roughly parallel with that road to the south of Oak Lodge; so that it is about a mile long.
Owing to the northerly dip the Eocene beds occur only at either end, the central and deeper part of the cutting being more to the south, and showing only chalk beneath the drift, the thickness of which latter, moreover, may have some effect in carrying the boundary-line of the Eocene beds to the north.
At the western end
Notes on the Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the Deep Boring at Richmond
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: October 2009

These comprise six specimens of
Cristellaria
and one
Lituola
. The latter may be regarded as
L. nautiloidea
, var., and is small, discoidal, depressed (slightly biconcave), with blunt or rounded edge. It belongs to the
Haplophragmium
division, is much like the recent
H. emaciatum
, H. B. Brady, ‘Report on the Foraminifera obtained during the Voyage of the “Challenger,” p. 305, pl. 33. f. 27, and is not far removed from
H. nanum
, H. B. B., and
H. acutidorsatum
, Hantken; but the last is involute, instead of evolute, in its growth.

The specimen before us may be termed
Lituola nautiloidea
Lam., var. (
Haplophragmium
)
depressa
, nov., or, for convenience,
L. depressa
. It looks so smooth and worn that it is possibly a
derived fossil
. Pl. XXXIV. fig. 2.

Of the
Cristellarice
, which are all of small size, and some minute, there are the following species or varieties:—

(1)

Cristellaria rotulata
(Lamarck), thin-edged, with convex umbilicus, and raised septal lines; the chambers are rather small, very oblique and subfalcate, about nine in the last whorl (Pl. XXXIV. fig. 9). There is also a very small, ill-grown
C. rotulata
, with the posterior angle of some of the chambers projecting from the circular edge; not an uncommon condition.

(2)

Cristellaria cultrata
(Montfort), with keel, central boss, thick and raised septa, and about 7 chambers in the last whorl, Pl. XXXIV. fig. 11.

(3)
A less circular (more elliptical) variety of the last-mentioned form, with 6 chambers visible, the last of
On a new Deposit of Pliocene Age at St. Erth, near the Land's End, Cornwall
Authors: Wood Searles V. 
Published: October 2009

In the autumn of 1883 my friend Mr. F. W. Harmer, F.G.S., being at Penzance, chanced to hear of the occurrence near that place of a bed containing some shells not recognized as now living on the coast of Cornwall. Being introduced to Mr. Thos. Cornish, of Penzance, as a gentleman who had taken an interest in the matter, he got him to forward to me such of the shells as he possessed. These consisted of specimens of
Nassa mutabilis, N. serrata
, and
Turritella triplicata
; and I sent them to Mr. Robert Bell, F.G.S., to see and to show to Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys. We all three doubted their being genuine, the
Nassœ
presenting, indeed, the appearance of imperfect fossilization.

Sometime afterwards Mr. Cornish sent me some more specimens. These removed my doubts; but from the incredulity with which Mr. Bell was met in the comparisons which he made of them for me with specimens in the recent and foreign collections of the British Museum, I pointed out the desirability of having the pits reopened before I brought the matter to the attention of the Society, and this Mr. Cornish determined to have done.
The past exceptionally dry summer in Cornwall has afforded the opportunity for this; and on the 26th of August last a party consisting of our Foreign Secretary, Prof. Warington Smyth, and twelve other gentlemen, mostly geologists, residing in the county, accompsnied Mr. Cornish and witnessed the reopening of one of the disused excavations, obtaining also a