bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional contents of three edible oyster mushrooms grown on two substrates at Haramaya, Ethiopia, and sensory properties of boiled mushroom and mushroom sauce
Authors: Michael Henock W. , Bultosa Geremew , Pant Lalit M. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe effects of wheat and bean straw growing substrates on nutrient contents of three edible oyster mushrooms and sensory properties of two mushroom foods were investigated. Moisture (fresh weight basis), crude protein, fat, fibre, ash, total carbohydrate, Fe, P and Zn (db) were ranged: 85.18–88.86%, 30.04–37.63%, 1.61–2.55%, 9.33–13.29%, 6.83–9.38%, 29.68–32.53%, 4.86–5.66 mg per 100 g, 12.39–15.36 g kg−1 and 54.61–65.98 mg kg−1, respectively. Moisture, fat and fibre were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by substrates, species and their interactions. Substrates showed no differences on ash, Fe and P (P > 0.05). Protein content was high for mushrooms grown on bean straw. Pleurotus sajor‐caju grown on bean straw had high protein, ash, Fe and P contents. No significant (P > 0.05) sensory acceptability differences were observed for boiled mushroom and mushroom sauce except colour of boiled mushrooms. In Ethiopia, if mushroom consumption is popularised, the support for food nutrition security is substantial.
Injury mortality in rural South Africa 2000 – 2007: rates and associated factors*
Authors: Garrib Anupam , Herbst Abraham J. , Hosegood Victoria , Newell Marie‐Louise 
Published: February 2011

SummaryObjective  To estimate injury mortality rates in a rural population in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa and to identify socio‐demographic risk factors associated with adult injury‐related deaths.Methods  The study used population‐based mortality data collected by a demographic surveillance system on all resident and non‐resident members of 11 000 households. Deaths and person‐years of observation (pyo) were aggregated for individuals between 01 January 2000 and 31 December 2007. Cause of death was determined by verbal autopsy, coded using ICD‐10 and further categorised using global burden of disease categories. Socio‐demographic risk factors associated with injuries were examined using regression analyses.Results  We analysed data on 133 483 individuals with 717 584.6 person‐years of observation (pyo) and 11 467 deaths. Of deaths, 8.9% were because of injury‐related causes; 11% occurred in children <15 years old. Homicide, road traffic injuries and suicide were the major causes. The estimated crude injury mortality rate was 142.4 (134.0, 151.4)/100 000 pyo; 116.9 (108.1, 126.5)/100 000 pyo among residents and 216.8 (196.5, 239.2)/100 000 pyo among non‐residents. In multivariable analyses, the differences between residents and non‐residents remained but were no longer significant for women. In men and women, full‐time employment was significantly associated with lower mortality [adjusted rate ratios 0.6 (0.4, 0.9); 0.4 (0.2, 0.9)]; in men, higher asset ownership was independently associated with increased mortality [adjusted rate ratio 1.5 (1.1, 1.9)].Conclusions  Reducing the high levels of injury‐related mortality in South Africa requires intersectoral primary prevention efforts that redress the root causes of violent and accidental deaths: social inequality, poverty and alcohol abuse.
Validation study of the Japanese version of the faecal incontinence quality of life scale
Authors: Ogata H. , Mimura T. , Hanazaki K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim  The aim of the present study was to conduct a psychometric validation of the Japanese version of the FIQL (JFIQL).Method  A retrospective analysis of data from the JFIQL was conducted. Wexner scores and Faecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) scores were collected prospectively in patients with faecal incontinence who visited our centre between 2008 and 2009. For convergent validity, the JFIQL scores were compared with stages on the Wexner scale for lifestyle alteration. To evaluate reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was calculated for internal consistency, whereas a test–retest study was performed to evaluate reproducibility. In assessing responsiveness, JFIQL scores before and after treatments were compared in patients whose FISI scores decreased by ≥ 50%.Results  Convergent validity and internal consistency were determined in 70 patients (49 women; median age 68.5 years). The JFIQL scores were significantly associated with lifestyle alteration stages on the Wexner scale, demonstrating convergent validity in all four domains and the generic score. Cronbach’s alpha was > 0.7 for generic scores and all domains except Embarrassment. The intraclass correlations for the 27 patients available for the test–retest study were > 0.7 for generic scores and all domains except Embarrassment. The median JFIQL score improved significantly after treatment in the 23 patients whose FISI scores decreased ≥ 50%, indicating good responsiveness in all four domains and the generic score.Conclusion  The JFIQL has been validated and is now ready for use in evaluating the symptom‐specific quality of life in Japanese patients with faecal incontinence.
Cytokinin‐mediated source/sink modifications improve drought tolerance and increase grain yield in rice under water‐stress
Authors: Peleg Zvi , Reguera Maria , Tumimbang Ellen , Walia Harkamal , Blumwald Eduardo 
Published: February 2011

SummaryDrought is the major environmental factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. We hypothesized that it is possible to enhance drought tolerance by delaying stress‐induced senescence through the stress‐induced synthesis of cytokinins in crop‐plants. We generated transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants expressing an isopentenyltransferase (IPT) gene driven by PSARK, a stress‐ and maturation‐induced promoter. Plants were tested for drought tolerance at two yield‐sensitive developmental stages: pre‐ and post‐anthesis. Under both treatments, the transgenic rice plants exhibited delayed response to stress with significantly higher grain yield (GY) when compared to wild‐type plants. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant shift in expression of hormone‐associated genes in the transgenic plants. During water‐stress (WS), PSARK::IPT plants displayed increased expression of brassinosteroid‐related genes and repression of jasmonate‐related genes. Changes in hormone homeostasis were associated with resource(s) mobilization during stress. The transgenic plants displayed differential expression of genes encoding enzymes associated with hormone synthesis and hormone‐regulated pathways. These changes and associated hormonal crosstalk resulted in the modification of source/sink relationships and a stronger sink capacity of the PSARK::IPT plants during WS. As a result, the transgenic plants had higher GY with improved quality (nutrients and starch content).
Implicit Hierarchical Quad‐Dominant Meshes
Authors: Panozzo Daniele , Puppo Enrico 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe present a method for producing quad‐dominant subdivided meshes, which supports both adaptive refinement and adaptive coarsening. A hierarchical structure is stored implicitly in a standard half‐edge data structure, while allowing us to efficiently navigate through the different level of subdivision. Subdivided meshes contain a majority of quad elements and a moderate amount of triangles and pentagons in the regions of transition across different levels of detail. Topological LOD editing is controlled with local conforming operators, which support both mesh refinement and mesh coarsening. We show two possible applications of this method: we define an adaptive subdivision surface scheme that is topologically and geometrically consistent with the Catmull–Clark subdivision; and we present a remeshing method that produces semi‐regular adaptive meshes.
Skin atrophogenic potential of methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA)
Authors: Ortonne J.P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe most prominent and most discussed local side effect of topical corticosteroids is the thinning of the skin. Therefore, the atrophogenic potential is an important indication of the quality of a new corticosteroid. Several studies have been conducted to investigate this parameter. In rats, the effect of breaking strength of the skin, the most appropriate model for evaluating atrophogenicity in animals, showed that MPA and prednicarbate (PC) reduced the breaking strengh only slightly compared to clobetasol propionate (CBP). These results indicate that MPA could be classified as a corticosteroid with low local atrophogenic potential. This was confirmed in humans by a placebo controlled double‐blind study comparing intra/interindividuals MPA (cream, ointment and fatty ointment) and bethamethasone‐17‐valerate (BMV), CBP and PC (cream only) under occlusive dressing over 6 weeks. Three different parameters were assessed (dermal atrophy (clinical picture), surfometric measurement of the dermatoglyphic pattern, visual evaluation of telangiectasia). In all three formulations, MPA is of lower atrophogenic potential than CBP. While there is no statistical difference between BMV and MPA, the atrophogenic potential of MPA is low. In order to reflect more the clinical use of topical corticosteroids, MPA preparations (cream 0.1% and fatty ointment) has been evaluated in comparison to BMV in an 8‐week non‐occluded application test. MPA was applied once a day (5 days a week) and BMV twice in 20 healthy subjects according to a double‐blind randomized design. Assessment of atrophogenic potential was performed weekly using clinical scores (atrophy and telangiectasia) as main criteria and skin thickness measurements (ultrasound imaging) as a second criterion. BMV cream gives higher numbers of telangiectasia than MPA preparations and vehicles. From the skin thickness measurements, MPA treatments once a day has a lower thinning potential than BMV twice a day. These findings were confirmed by clinical trials. In 1145 patients suffering from various types of eczema who used MPA in cream and ointment, mild atrophy of the skin was observed in only one patient. Moreover, clinical signs of atrophy were present in only two out of a group of 673 patients (590 adult and 83 children) treated with MPA fatty ointment. In a group of 66 patients who used this same MPA fatty ointment during 3–4 months, no signs of skin atrophy were observed. Considering animal and human studies, MPA can be classified as a corticoid with low atrophogenic potential.
Preclinical evaluation of a new topical corticosteroid methylprednisolone aceponate
Authors: Zentel H.J. , Töpert M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective: Preclinical characterization of methylprednisolone aceponate.Results: The local antiinflammatory potency of methylprednisolone aceponate was equal to the very strong glucocorticoid clobetasol 17‐propionate but higher than the potency of hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate after topical application in 2 animal models of inflammation. Methylprednisolone aceponate is activated enzymatically in the skin. This activation proceeds faster in inflamed tissue. In contrast to clobetasol 17‐propionate, methylprednisolone aceponate was devoid of systemic effects after topical application for 3 days. Finally, whereas clobetasol 17‐propionate induced marked skin atrophy, methylprednisolone aceponate induced only slight atrophogenic changes after long‐term application (up to 43 days) on rat skin, comparable to the effects of hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate.Conclusions: Methylprednisolone aceponate combines high local antiinflammatory potency with very low systemic side effects and only minor local atrophogenic activity. The reason for the dissociation between local antiinflammatory and atrophogenic effects is not known so far. It may be speculated that one of the reasons for the very strong local antiinflammatory activity may reside in the faster enzymatic activation in inflamed tissue. Methylprednisolone aceponate represents a new corticosteroid with which it is possible to improve the dissociation between desired antiinflammatory activity and undesired side effects of topical glucocorticoids.
Optimal use of topical corticosteroids in inflammatory skin diseases
Authors: Giannotti B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe optimal use of topical corticosteroids (TC) in the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the skin is related to a number of factors concerning the drug on the one hand (potency, pharmacological properties, formulation), and the patient on the other hand (type and phase of the disease, characteristics of the lesion, site to be treated, age and general conditions). The careful balance between drug and disease/patient allows the establishment of a simple series of gold standard guidelines for TC treatment.
A Brief History of the Berlin Mission Society in South Africa
Authors: Pakendorf Gunther 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Berlin Mission Society (BMS) was one of four German Protestant mission societies active in 19th and 20th century South Africa. Born out of the tradition of Pietism in Germany and at the time of evangelical revival after the Napoleonic wars, the BMS sent its first missionaries to South Africa in 1834; it was formally disbanded in 1972. After an initial period of hardship and disappointments, it experienced an upsurge in its activities after 1859, which lasted up to World War One. In the latter half of the 19th century, the BMS was moderately represented in the Free State, the Eastern Cape and Natal and had a very strong presence in the northern and eastern parts of the Transvaal Boer republic. Events in Europe between 1914 and 1945 affected mission work negatively and made contact between the Board in Berlin and the missionaries in South Africa difficult, at times even impossible. The post‐1945 period was fraught with problems resulting from the division of Germany and its former capital, Berlin; global challenges resulting from the Cold War and decolonisation in Africa; and lastly, the racial policies of the apartheid government. The BMS was part of the broad evangelical mission movement and was thus barely distinct from other societies. Yet, both its Pietist and Lutheran heritage and its relative distance from the colonial powers that be resulted in its characteristic emphasis on spiritual inwardness, its uncompromising stand on puritanical values such as morality, hard work and self‐discipline and its difficulties with urban cosmopolitanism – and ultimately also in its inability to speak and act decisively against injustice and racial discrimination.
Writing the Worlds of Our Fathers and Mothers: The Fall and Rise of American Jewish Labor History
Authors: Breitzer Susan Roth 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAmerican Jewish labor history stands out as a place where labor, immigration, Jewish, and other specialties meet and interact – often uneasily. The changing fortunes of this area of study have not always coincided with those of American Jewish history, which was established as a field well in advance of the rise of the new social history. As a result, American Jewish labor history became marginalized just as American Jewish history as a field had become mainstream enough to become comfortably critical as opposed to self‐consciously celebratory. Part of the reason for this has been a relatively narrow geographic and chronological focus, as well as an emphasis on institutions and lack of attention to (or even dismissiveness) of gender issues. Additionally, the focus has traditionally been more celebratory and memoiristic than critical, due to the fact that most of the earliest published histories have been written by former activists. In addition, the general narrative, popularized by Irving Howe’s The World of our Fathers has made the Lower East Side tailor the symbol and stereotype of the Jewish worker. In the last decade, however, more critical approaches, as well crossover scholarship from the fields of women’s, immigration, and labor history, have resulted in the study themes and topics that have been previously ignored or slighted, as well as new approaches that incorporate gender, social history, and comparative perspectives and challenge long‐accepted conventional wisdom.
Impact of Patent Foramen Ovale on Left Atrial Linear Lesions in the Context of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation
Authors: MIYAZAKI SHINSUKE , SHAH ASHOK J. , NAULT ISABELLE , WRIGHT MATTHEW , JADIDI AMIR S. , FORCLAZ ANDREI , LIU XINGPENG , LINTON NICK , XHAËT OLIVIER , RIVARD LENA , DERVAL NICOLAS , SACHER FRÉDÉRIC , HOCINI MÉLÈZE , JAÏS PIERRE , HAÏSSAGUERRE MICHEL 
Published: February 2011

Impact of PFO on LA Linear Ablation. Introduction: We investigated the impact of the mode of left atrial (LA) access via patent foramen ovale (PFO) versus transseptal (TS) puncture on LA linear lesions during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.
Methods and Results: We investigated 139 (PFO: 25) consecutive patients who underwent mitral isthmus (MI) and/or LA roof linear ablation. Technical endpoint was completeness of linear lesions and duration of radiofrequency (RF) application. During the initial procedure, complete MI and LA roof blocks were created in 13 of 19 (68%) and 14 of 17 (82%) patients in the PFO group, and in 57 of 94 (61%) and 54 of 70 (74%) patients in the TS group, respectively (P = NS). There was no significant difference in RF durations at MI (11.1 ± 8.9 and 15.1 ± 7.6 minutes, P = 0.11), and LA roof (10.1 ± 3.5 and 8.3 ± 5.0 minutes, P = 0.21) between the 2 groups. Among 28 patients who underwent repeat linear ablation, complete MI and LA roof blocks were created in 3 of 4 (75%) and 0 of 1 (0%) patients in the PFO group, and in 16 of 21 (76%) and 7 of 10 (70%) patients in the TS group, respectively (P = NS). There was no significant difference in RF durations at MI (15.3 ± 8.3 and 19.5 ± 18.3 minutes, P = 0.71), and LA roof (19.0 and 10.3 ± 5.4 minutes, P = 0.19) between the 2 groups. Clinical outcomes at 12 months were also similar.
Conclusion: There were no significant differences in the procedural success rates, durations of RF application, 12‐month clinical outcomes, and complication rates of LA linear ablation between the PFO and TS groups. Accessing the LA via a PFO is not an unfavorable approach toward LA linear ablation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 846‐850, August 2011)
Underpaid and overworked: A cross‐national perspective on care workers
Authors: RAZAVI Shahra , STAAB Silke 
Published: February 2011

Abstract.This article defines paid care work and explains why it has become an important arena for research and policy. Drawing on cross‐national and country‐level analyses of selected occupations, it highlights three findings: first, the employment situation of care workers often mirrors broader, country‐specific labour market conditions and problems; second, the State's role as an employer of care workers is changing as governments increasingly outsource such work; and third, social policy regimes also shape opportunities for and conditions of care employment. It concludes that both care workers and care recipients are likely to benefit from improved employment conditions of care work.
Love of God and Neighbor: Living Charity in Aquinas’ Ethics
Authors: Clark Meghan J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of charity in the moral life by focusing on the nature of charity and its requirements. What does it mean to say that someone has charity? Through an examination of the virtue of charity: subject, object and order, I will establish the necessary way in which charity functions as love of neighbor, including the love of God through love of neighbor. Focusing then on love of neighbor, I will examine what, for Aquinas, is constitutive of living charity through mercy, beneficence and almsgiving. Throughout, I will argue that one cannot have charity without living charity through love of neighbor.
Models for the clustering of far-infrared and submillimetre selected galaxies
Authors: Short Jo , Coles Peter 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We discuss and compare two alternative models for the two-point angular correlation function of galaxies detected through the submillimetre emission using the Herschel Space Observatory. The first, now-standard Halo Model, which represents the angular correlations as arising from one-halo and two-halo contributions, is flexible but complex and rather unwieldy. The second model is based on a much simpler approach: we incorporate a fitting function method to estimate the matter correlation function with approximate model of the bias inferred from the estimated redshift distribution to find the galaxy angular correlation function. We find that both models give a good account of the shape of the correlation functions obtained from published preliminary studies of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) and the Herschel-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) performed using Herschel, and yield consistent estimates of the minimum halo mass within which the submillimetre galaxies must reside. We note also that both models predict an inflection in the correlation function at intermediate angular scales, so the presence of the feature in the measured correlation function does not unambiguously indicate the presence of intra-halo correlations. The primary barrier to more detailed interpretation of these clustering measurements lies in the substantial uncertainty surrounding the redshift distribution of the sources.
Mind‐wandering While Reading: Attentional Decoupling, Mindless Reading and the Cascade Model of Inattention
Authors: Smallwood Jonathan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWhen the mind wanders to unrelated thoughts and feelings while reading, the eyes often continue to scan the words without due attention to their meaning. This mindless reading, similar to states such as daydreaming or absentminded lapses, is a state of decoupled processing in which attention to ongoing perceptual information is reduced often in favor of the active consideration of internally generated thoughts and feelings. Normal reading involves a complex interaction between bottom‐up representations of the text that is being read and top‐down representations of the more general context that help to keep the readers mind on what they are doing. Since states of decoupling involve a reduced processing of sensory information, the coupling between the reader and the text breaks down during mindless reading. This reduced external coupling is one reason why mind‐wandering during reading has significant implications for reading comprehension. Following the presentation of a model of the decoupled state and a specific consideration of mind‐wandering during reading, five key unresolved issues for future research in mindless reading are identified.