bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identification of the Larvae of Anopheles stephensi Liston and Anopheles superpictus Grassi in Iraq
Authors: Pringle G. 
Published: July 2009

An investigation on the taxonomy of A. stephensi and A. superpictus larvae in Iraq is reported upon.As a result it is suggested that 90 per cent. of the larvae of these species can be separated on the relative length of the filaments of the abdominal palmate hairs.
Upwind flight responses of tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae) to acetone, octenol and phenols in nature: a video study
Authors: Brady John , Griffiths Nigel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVideo observations were made of tsetse flies (mainly Glossina pallidipes Austen) as they approached, responded to and left a vertical (1 m square) black target in odour plumes of acetone, or a 4:1:8 mixture of octenol:propylphenol: methylphenol, or acetone plus this “4:1:8” mixture, or in no odour. No differences in mean flight speed or turn size in any of these situations were detected. With the odour source 5 m upwind of the target, the flight tracks of tsetse arriving at and leaving the target were significantly biased towards upwind, highly so when 4:1:8 was present, marginally so in acetone alone. With the source 10 m upwind, the same biases were still present but weaker. Circling flights around the black target were more frequent in acetone plus 4:1:8 than in no odour (26% vs 15%), but in either odour alone were only just significantly more than in no odour. Upwind turning at the target was more frequent (25% vs 17%) in acetone alone that in no odour (though not in 4:1:8 alone). It is concluded that 4:1:8 elicits an upwind anemotactic response comparable in strength to that in CO2, and that acetone elicits a similar response more weakly, but may be more involved in potentiating visual responses.
Distinguishing the females ofPhlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) martiniandP. (S.) celiae(Diptera: Phlebotominae), vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in southern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebre-Michael T. , Lane R. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe inability to distinguish the females of East AfricanSynphlebotomusspp. (P. martiniParrot,P. vansomerenaeHeisch, Guggisberg & Teesdale andP. celiaeMinter) was a major constraint on epidemiological studies of visceral leishma niasis (VL) in the region. An intensive morphometric study of two sympatricSynphlebotomusspp. (P. martiniandP. celiae) in a VL focus of southern Ethiopia based on both isofemale broods and wild-caught parent specimens (identified by their male progenies) showed that laboratory-bred females were separable by eight morphological characters, but only two (labrum length and labrum length/wing length ratio) successfully distinguished the wild-caught parent females of the two species; the latter were used to identify wild-caughtSynphlebotomusfemales from southern Ethiopia (Aba Roba) during subsequent epidemiological studies. A further difference between the two species was seen in the length of the spermathecal ducts.
A field trial of pyriproxyfen-treated targets as an alternative method for controlling tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Hargrove J. W. , Langley P. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA juvenile hormone mimic (pyriproxyfen) was used with odour-baited targets to assess its suitability for controlling tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In August 1991, 41 odour-baited targets identical to those used with insecticide in tsetse control operations, were each treated with 4 g of pyriproxyfen and deployed near Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, in a 12.3 km2 block of woodland habitat of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. After three months, emergence rates from puparia of the two species collected in the block fell to 34% and 20% of control levels; 50 and 70%, respectively, of puparia of the two species collected were found, on dissection, to show arrested development. Changes in mean ovarian age and wing-fray category in the tsetse population during the trial were due partially to the pyriproxyfen and partially to high mortality, in the larval/pupal stages and in young adult flies, which occurs each year in the hot/dry season. Chemical analysis of cloth samples indicated that after four months 68–85% of the pyriproxyfen had been lost, a large proportion apparently dripping off the bottom of the target. If the technical problem of persistence can be solved pyriproxyfen could substitute for pesticides in target-based tsetse control operations.
The identification and characterization of resistance in wild species of Arachis to Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Stevenson Philip C. , Blaney Wally M. , Simmonds Monique J. S. , Wightman John A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFourteen wild species of Arachis (Leguminosae) were investigated under field and laboratory conditions to evaluate their effect on the survival and development of the larvae of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius). All of the species studied were observed to be resistant compared to the susceptible control, Arachis hypogaea (genotype TMV2). Overall, the mortality and development of larvae recorded in the field were similar to those recorded for larvae on excised leaves of the same species in the laboratory. When neonate larvae were exposed to excised leaves of A. batizogaea, A. kemph-mercadoi, A. appresipila, A. paraguariensis, A. stenophyla and A. villosa mortality was greater than 94% compared to less than 20% on TMV2. Third stadium larvae lost weight when exposed to both field plants and excised leaves of eight of the wild species, whereas larvae feeding on TMV2 gained weight. When third stadium larvae were fed pulped leaves they gained more weight than when exposed to intact leaves, except in the case of A. chacoensis and Arachis spp. 30007. A penetrometer was used to determine the relative toughness of the leaves. The leaves of most of the wild species were shown to require a greater biting effort for feeding than the leaves of TMV2. There was a negative correlation between toughness of whole leaves and larval development. Observations of larval behaviour indicated that, overall, larvae were deterred from feeding on the leaves of the wild species. Diets containing the chemical extracts of dried leaves of A. kemph-mercadoi, A. paraguariensis, A. appresipila, A. chacoensis, A. glabrata and A. pseudovillosa resulted in low larval weight gain. The physical quality of the leaves and foliar chemicals are implicated as being responsible for the observed resistance. The implications and potential applications of these results are discussed.
Predicting the abundance of the blowflyLucilia sericata(Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Wall R. , French N. P. , Morgan K. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPopulations of the blowflyLucilia sericataMeigen in sheep pastures were monitored for three years (1990–1992) using sticky targets. A simulation model, developed previously from detailed analyses of the effects of temperature on the component stages of the life-cycle ofL. sericata, was used to predict the pattern of seasonal abundance expected during these years at the temperatures observed. After inclusion of the effects of temperature over each catching interval, the model was able to explain 67%, 52% and 49% of the variance in catch in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively. The model was validated by using regression coefficients and constants derived from data collected over previous years to predict the expected catch in the following year. Up to 50% of the variance in catch was explained by this analysis. The results confirm value of the day-degree modelling approach for this blowfly species and suggest that such predictive models may play an important role in the development of strategic control for flystrike prevention.
Pheromone disseminating structures in tergites of male phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Ward R. D. , Hamilton J. G. C. , Dougherty M. , Falcao A. L. , Feliciangeli M. D. , Perez J. E. , Veltkamp C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFollowing the examination of 53 Lutzomyia spp., seven Phlebotomus spp. and five Sergentomyia spp. (Diptera: Psychodidae) new observations are recorded on the presence of pheromone disseminating structures on the tergites of male phlebotomine sandflies. Descriptions are given of 11 of the species which include structures such as simple cuticular pores in craters, pores with emergent spines, and mammiform papules with or without spiny processes. Pheromone papule distribution on the tergites of Lutzomyia pessoai (Coutinho & Barretto) is plotted and gas chromatography and GC-mass spectroscopy have been used to demonstrate the presence of a diterpene compound similar to a sexual attractant pheromone observed in some L. longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) populations.
Metamorphosis behaviour and regulation in tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) (Diptera: Glossinidae): a review
Authors: Žďárek J. , Denlinger D. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis review examines the recent literature on tsetse (Glossinaspp.) metamorphosis behaviour and its regulation. The behavioural events associated with metamorphosis are highly specific and most occur only once during the life of the fly. The review begins with the larva's commitment to metamorphosis and then discusses the behaviour associated with parturition, wandering of the third instar larva, pupariation, pupation and adult eclosion. While certain aspects of tsetse metamorphosis behaviour are common to the higher Diptera, the peculiar reproductive strategy of tsetse has dictated many modifications. Most notable of the tsetse peculiarities are the larva's late commitment to metamorphosis, the contribution by the mother in deciding the onset of the wandering period, the brevity of the wandering period, the involvement of the nervous system in co-ordinating puparial tanning, the tight pack aging of the pupa within the puparium, the long duration of pharate adult development, and the great expansion of the body that occurs following eclosion. A final section discusses the potential for disrupting tsetse metamorphosis.
The large-scale Control of the Cotton Jassid in the Gezira and White Nile Areas of the Sudan
Authors: Snow O. W. , Taylor J. 
Published: July 2009

The damage caused by the Cotton Jassid to the Egyptian-type cottons in the Gezira and White Nile areas of the Sudan is very considerable. Realisation of this fact has been greatly aided by chemical control of the pest in small-scale experiments, followed by large-scale work with tractor-drawn sprayers and with helicopters fitted with spraying equipment. This paper deals primarily with examination of available records pertaining to the cotton crops in the four seasons from 1946/47 to 1949/50, preceded firstly by an introduction which emphasises the importance of yield records in the appraisal and interpretation of losses from pests, and secondly by an account of certain aspects of the pest in the Gezira Scheme.Large-scale spraying to control the pest started in the Gezira in the crop season 1945/46; yield increases from about 1,250 feddans (acres) sprayed with 0·1 per cent. DDT emulsion were very satisfactory. In succeeding seasons increasing areas were sprayed; in 1947/48 spraying was extended to the cotton farms along the White Nile between Khartoum and Kosti; in 1949/50 the total area sprayed in the Sudan was over 150,000 feddans. Material and also methods and dates of application varied considerably.
Parasites of the Frit-fly,Oscinella frit(L.), in eastern North America
Authors: Simmonds F. J. 
Published: July 2009

An account is given of an investigation made of the life-histories ofOscinella fritand its parasites in Ontario, Canada, with a view to the possible introduction of suitable parasites into England. The various Chloropid species associated withO. fritin North America are discussed.The life-history of the frit-fly in Ontario is similar to that in England except wheat, not oats, is attacked, and that there appears to be no regular grain-infesting generation, but the insect is never a major pest in Canada.The life-histories of the following six species of parasites are described :Hexacolasp. n.,Polyscelissp. n.,Loxotropasp.,Cyrtogastersp.,Callitula bicolorandSpalangia drosophilae. Other hosts from which these parasites have been reared include Chloropids associated withO. fritin wheat, namelyO. carbonaria, O. soror, O. minorandMeromyza americana.A brief account is given of the control exerted by these parasites on the population of frit-fly in Ontario and a comparison is made between the Canadian and English parasite complexes. From this it is concluded thatS. drosophilaemight exert some control of frit-fly if introduced into England.
Some Notes on the Life-history and Habits of Theraptus sp. (Coreidae)
Authors: Tait E. M. 
Published: July 2009

The life-history and bionomics of the Coreid bug, Theraptus sp., which causes premature nutfull of coconuts in Zanzibar, were studied in the laboratory and in the field.From the various experiments carried out it is concluded that:—The development of the insect from the egg to the adult took from 26–39½ days depending on temperature and the food available.The average length of life of the female is 45 days during which time she may produce over 100 fertile eggs.The primary host-plant of Theraptus is the coconut palm, but the bug readily infests mango, guava, cinnamon and cacao trees when they are fruiting.The pest will attack and develop successfully on nuts from the newly emerged to the mature ones.Agents which exert a measure of biological control include the tree-nesting ant, Oecophylla longinoda (Latr.), an internal Strepsipteran parasite, an unidentified Reduviid, two unidentified Hymenopterous egg-parasites and possibly some small ant species which prey on the eggs. Of these, only the ant, O. longinoda, is capable of giving complete protection to the palm which it occupies.
Some Experiments in Cross-breeding of the Coreid Bug, Theraptus sp.
Authors: Tait E. M. 
Published: July 2009

Theraptus sp. from Zanzibar, Pemba and Tanganyika have been inter-bred.Individuals of the F1 generation are fertile, but a partial sterility in some crosses may exist.It is concluded that there is only one species but possibly three varietal strains.
Further Trials with Parathion Dusts against Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)
Authors: Talhouk A. S. 
Published: July 2009

Experiments were carried out in Syria with parathion dusts for the control of Eurygaster integriceps Put. on wheat to ascertain the best time to apply the dust and the most suitable rate of application using a 6 h.p. dusting machine mounted on a “ jeep ”.A field experiment is described in which a dust containing 0·75 per cent. parathion was applied under a drag-sheet to three plots of wheat at rates of 40, 20 and 10 kg. per hectare, respectively. The insects onthe wheat were mostly in the first three instars and the population was assessed by making 100 hand sweeps with a net at both 60 hours and 70 hours after treatment on each plot. The effect of treatment when compared with a control plot was to reduce the insect population in the three plots by 98·4 per cent., 83 per cent. and 65 per cent., respectively.A further field experiment on a larger scale was carried out in an area in which plots of wheat were interplanted with plots of barley. In this case, the great majority of the insects were fourth-stage nymphs or adults. Five plots of wheat were treated with a dust containing 0·8 per cent. parathion at a rate of 35 kg. per hectare without using a drag-sheet. In two of the plots which were dusted in calm weather, about 89 per cent. control was obtained, in the other plots the effectiveness of the dusting was appreciably reduced by wind.A cage containing 1,406 live specimens was placed, prior to dusting, in one of the plots of the latter experiment (dusted under calm conditions) and 6¾ hours after treatment all were dead. In the control only two specimens out of a total of 239 originally caged were found dead 24 hours later.
Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VI.—Applications of a coarse Aerosol containning DDT to control the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans Westw., Glossina swynnertoni Aust. and Glossina pallidipes Aust.
Authors: Hocking K. S. , Yeo D. , Anstey D. G. 
Published: July 2009

An experiment is described where applications of a coarse aerosol were made to savannah woodland containing the tsetse flies, Glossina moritans Westw., G. swynnertoni Aust. and G. pallidipes Aust.Seven applications were made, each at a nominal dosage of 0·25 lb. of technical DDT per acre and 0·25 gallons of solution per acre. The applications in any particular part of the treaed woodland covered an interval of 90 days, or rather more than two pupal periods.The coarse aerosol was produced by emitting the insecticidal solution under pressure through fine nozzles fitted to a boom. It had a mass median diameter of approximately 60 microns, and droplet dismeters varied from a few microns to approximately 200 microns.The population of G. pallidipes was so drastically reduced that it has subsequently dies out. The reduction of G. morsitans was approximately 95 per cent. The differences between the reductions are attributed mainly to differences between the ease with which the three species can be killed. It is pointed out that this is not necessarily equivalent to differences in susceptibility.Comparisons are made with previous experiments, and the different results of the various experiments are difficult to explian satisfactory. The increased cover in savannah areas during the leafy period may have reduced the effectiveness of the applications, and the total periods covered by the various series of applications were probably also important. Random effects, leading to ineffective treatments, may also be important.Costs are discussed.
Mosquitos breeding in Tree Cavities in Queensland
Authors: Hamlyn-Harris R. 
Published: July 2009

Beattie & Howland's recent studies of the bionomics of some tree-hole mosquitos emphasize the importance of the food factor, total organic nitrogen, and the apparent lack of correlation between hydrogen ion concentration and larval incidence. In Queensland mosquitos selecting such breeding-places are with a few exceptions distinctly arboreal, and the presence of domestic mosquitos in tree-cavities is dependent upon proximity to human habitations. It is a curious fact that when this is the case both Aëdes argenteus and Culex fatigans will breed in smaller accumulations of water than Aëdes notoscriptus does.Appended herewith are the results of a recent survey made in midsummer of trees situated within the Brisbane Area of 385 square miles. Pine trees and gum trees do not lend themselves to the production of cavities and therefore offer very little opportunity for breeding.The poincianas hold the highest actual percentage, but on account of the far greater number of figs containing potential breeding cavities, the latter constitute a greater actual menace. The amount of water contained in each cavity varies considerably with the time of year.
A new Species of Erythroneura (Homoptera, Jassoidea) injurious to French Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Sudan
Authors: China W. E. 
Published: July 2009

Erythroneura lubiae, sp. n.Colour :—Pale green covered with a whitish pruinosity ; middle of pronotum and apices of tibiae, tarsi and ovipositor of ♀, slightly darker green ; a spot at middle of apical margin of pronotum and a broad stripe down middle two-thirds of scutellum, opaque white. Eyes dark greenish grey, apex of rostrum brown. In some female specimens the head and pronotum are uniformly greenish yellow and the white spots are obsolete. Tegmina more or less hyaline, the veins, clavus, brachial and suprabrachial areas, sub-opaque, suffused with pale green or greenish yellow ; the membrane infuscate towards apex and along inner margin ; claval commissure very narrowly and extreme inner margin of membrane beyond apex of clavus, dark brown ; costal plaque distinct, pallid. Wings whitish hyaline, faintly infuscate towards apex, veins white. Abdomen pale whitish green, basal tergite and anal segment greenish yellow. Tibial spines white.Structure :—Ocelli absent ; head as wide across eyes as pronotum across humeral angles (47 : 47) ; seen from above slightly less than half as long in middle as wide between eyes (13 : 27), only slightly longer than length at eye (13 : 11) ; face (including clypeus) about 2·25 times as long as wide between antennae (50 : 22) ; frons three times as long as clypeus (36 : 12), which is apically sub-angulate. Pronotum about half as long as wide across humeral angles (23 : 47).
A Study of the Sandfly Population in Endemic Foci of Infantile Kala-azar in Italy
Authors: Adler S. , Theodor O. 
Published: July 2009

The sandflies of the two largest Italian foci of visceral leishmaniasis, Naples and Catania, were studied.The following species were found : P. papatasii, P. perniciosus, P. sergenti, P. vesuvianus, sp. n., P. parroti var. italicus var. n.P. papatasii and P. perniciosus are the commonest sandflies in the areas examined.Out of 1,547 ♀♀ dissected none showed a natural infection with Leishmania.P. papatasii was infected with Italian strains of L. infantum by feeding on cultures through membranes. The infection rate was low, but in contrast to Indian strains of L. donovani in the same sandfly, the infection once established did not die out.
On the Reproduction of Organisms with overlapping Generations
Authors: Thompson W. R. 
Published: July 2009

In the great majority of organisms, the reproducing individual does not engender all of its progeny simultaneously. Between the beginning and the end of the reproductive period there is usually a certain interval of time, during which the production of offspring continues in a manner depending, on the one hand, upon the specific characteristics of the organism, and on the other, upon the conditions under which it lives. From this simple fact follow some interesting consequences.If the successive generations are separated by a long interval of time and conditions during this interval are of such a nature that the organism is inactive and in the condition of obligatory dormancy, known as diapause, then, in spite of the increase of the population, the generations will remain separate and distinct, and a comparison of the total populations in the successive reproductive periods will enable us to determine the rate of increase.On the other hand, if the interval between generations is short and favourable to activity and the organism does not pass through a period of obligatory dormancy at this time, then, as the species increases, the successive generations will come to overlap, and the amount of overlapping will increase progressively as time goes on.This is primarily due to the fact that when there is reproduction over a period of time-intervals, in a typical individual of the species, and conditions remain constant then the number of time-intervals during which births occur will increase from generation to generation.