bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a Transported Mass of Ampthill Clay in the Boulder-Clay at Biggleswade (Bedfordshire)
Authors: Home Henry 
Published: October 2009

The section to be described has been exposed in the construction of a well, which is being sunk into the water-bearing strata of the Lower Greensand, about 2 miles south-south-east of Biggleswade Railway-station, and less than half a mile north of Bleak Hall on the western side of the Roman Way. The excavation down to the 70-foot level was about 14 feet in diameter, and below that depth about 10 feet.
Bed No. 1 calls for no remark.

Bed No. 2 contains well-striated boulders and fossils, chiefly belemnites and
Gryphœce
of the Oxford Clay and Lower Lias.

Bed No. 3: thickness 67 feet. On the excavation entering this bed it was seen that the clay had not the characteristics of the Gault. It was a dark indigo-coloured selenitiferous clay, laminated, and becoming shaly on exposure to dry weather. A large number of septarian nodules occurred throughout it, some in regular layers parallel to the bedding of the clay, and others irregularly.

One layer of which special notice was taken, situated at a depth of 37 feet from the surface, dipped west-south-westward at an angle of 9°. Some of these septarian nodules had an area of as much as 20 square feet and weighed about 2 tons. They nearly all contained water. The characteristic fossil that was found throughout the greater part of this bed was
Ammonites (Cardioceras) excavatus
, which occurs also in a pyritized form.
Thracia depressa
too was present at all levels.

The following fossils obtained from this bed
The Rhætic and Lower Lias of Sedbury Cliff, near Chepstow (Monmouthshire)
Authors: Richardson Linsdall 
Published: October 2009

On the opposite side of the Severn to Aust Cliff, and 2 miles north-north-west of that section, there is a corresponding elevation known as Beachley, Aunard's, or Sedbury Cliff. Chepstow lies to the west-north-west, and in a direct line is distant
about 1¼ miles, but by road
about 2	¼ miles. I have distinguished the cliff-section as that of Sedbury, since Sedbury Park, the country-seat of Sir William Marling, Bart.—to whom, and to Mr. S. S. Marling, I am indebted for permission to examine the cliff and for kind assistance—is situated on the Rhætic and Liassic outlier.

The literature relating to the section is not voluminous. In that which has come under my notice I find it incidentally mentioned in several papers,1 and briefly noticed in two other communications. The earliest account is that given by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, but it is based upon information supplied by Mr. Higgins. This account may be summarized as follows. There is a development of true ‘Insect-Limestone’ above the ‘Landscape-Stone,’ and although they are separated one from the other by 4 feet of shale at the eastern end of the section, at the western they thin out and blend as at Aust. The ‘Landscape-Stone’ contains a great variety of insect-remains, some of which are tolerably perfect. The ‘
Cypris
- and Plant-Bed’ is seen in its proper position, and in every case possesses a true ‘Landscape’ character. Sir W. V. Guise observed that this section closely resembled the exposure at Aust, yet presented differences which
Description of a Species of
Heterastræa
from the Lower Rhætic of Gloucestershire
Authors: Tomes Robert F. 
Published: October 2009

I Have been favoured by Mr. L. Richardson, F.G.S., of Cheltenham, with the loan of a small compound coral which he took from the Lower Rhætic Beds at Deerhurst (Gloucestershire). It is undoubtedly a species of
Heterastrœa
, differing chiefly from the several Liassic species in the small size of the corallum, and in the small size of its calices. Mr. Richardson writes of its locality and stratigraphical position as follows:—

‘The exposure where the coral was obtained is situated about three-quarters of a mile east-south-east of Deerhurst Church, in a deeply-cut wheel-track. The gate giving access to this track is almost opposite a barn which is situated less than a quarter of a mile south-west of ‘The Folly.’ The Upper Keuper red marls constitute the subsoil of the field, and in the bank opposite the oak-tree the Tea-green Marls are visible. In the winter of 1901 the following beds were revealed by a very little excavating, but unfortunately the measurements were not taken
From the foregoing it is evident that the coral occurs only a very little way above the Bone-Bed, which there, as in many other places, is a hard micaceous sandstone. It is specifically new, and generically new to the Rhætic formation, and, as I shall presently show, has a very Jurassic relationship.
The corallum, as is so commonly the case with the compound corals of the Rhmtic deposits, is small, and, so far as may be determined by the much-embedded specimen, has a somewhat peduncular form,with a
Two Toarcian Ammonites
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: October 2009

Two ammonites belonging to the family Hildoceratidæ have been found by members of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field-Club, and have been given to me to name. Both happen to be new forms; and they are of particular interest—one for the geological information which it gives, the other from a biological point of view. The allies of both these species have been figured in my Monograph on the Inferior-Oolite Ammonites (Pal. Soc.)—particularly in the Supplement thereto; but as I have passed the place where they should have been included, I deem it desirable to lay them before the Geological Society. That they are both new species, and that one of them is particularly distinct, shows that in spite of the number of species described, new forms still crop up, and much work yet remains to be accomplished.

Denckmannia bredonensis
, sp. nov. (P1. XXVII, figs. 1–4
b
.)

Description.—Platy - subleptogyral; subangustumbilicate: whorls bullate (on inner margin), rursi-subflexicostate; septicarinate, parvicarinate; periphery subtabulate; subdensiseptate, with superior lateral lobe broad and subtrilobulate.
Remarks.—Degenerative changes are marked after about 50 mm. diameter. After that the ornament declines, till in another half-whorl costæ and bullæ are nearly lost, expansion of the umbilicus begins, and the subtabulate periphery declines to convexi-fastigate.

Affinity and Distinction.—This species is nearest to
Denckmannia torquata
, S. Buckm., but the degenerative changes begin at an early age, consequently it soon shows marked decline of ornament, of which that species gives little indication.

The small carina distinguishes it from species of
Haugia
.

History of
On the Occurrence of
Edestus
in the Coal-Measures of Britain
Authors: Newton Edwin Tulley 
Published: October 2009

The presence of marine beds in the Coal-Measures of North Staffordshire was first made known by Mr. J. Ward [1], of Longton, in 1865; but their occurrence in other districts had already been observed by the officers of the Geological Survey [2 & 3].
These marine bands are chiefly met with during the sinking of shafts; and Mr. J. T. Stobbs, F.G.S., of Stoke-on-Trent, has for some time past been studying those that occur in North Staffordshire. It is due to the vigilant observations of that gentleman, and to the assistance of the pupils of his mining class, that these beds are found to occur with much greater frequency than has hitherto been supposed.
Mr. Stobbs very courteously called the attention of the Geological Survey to one of these marine bands, found at about 18 yards below the 'Twist Coal,' in the Smallthorne sinking of Messrs. Robert Heath & Son's pits at Nettlebank (North Staffordshire).

An interesting series of fossils has been found in the shales and impure limestones brought to bank from this particular band ; and with the permission of the colliery-owners, the fossil-collector of the Geological Survey, Mr. J. Pringle, went to Smallthorne to secure a series of these fossils. Among the specimens thus obtained, there is one which calls for special notice, as it establishes for the first time the occurrence in Britain of the remarkable genus of fishes known as
Edestus
. This genus was originally described from the Coal-Measures of the United States, but was
A Contribution to the Glacial Geology of Tasmania
Authors: Gregory J. Walter 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The existence of Pleistocene glaciation in Southern Australia has been so often affirmed on unsatisfactory evidence, that the assertion of a recent glaciation in Tasmania has been received with doubt. Two years ago I read through the literature on the glaciation of Tasmania, and came to the conclusion that, except for such traces of high-level glacial action as those at Mount Sedgwick, recorded by E. J. Dunn and T. B. Moore, and those near the summit of Mount Ida, recorded by Officer, Balfour, and Hogg, the evidence consisted of material that was either not of glacial origin, or was due to glacial action at some Upper Palaeozoic date. The advocates of a low-level, recent glaciation in Tasmania were men who had apparently received no special geological training, and who had not written other papers by which the value of their geological observations could be tested. The professional and the trained geologists were almost unanimous in denying the existence of signs of recent ice-action in the lower valleys of Tasmania.
II. The Geology and Topography of the Area.
It may be advisable here to introduce a short statement of the geological structure and physical geography of that part of Tasmania in which the deposits described as glacial occur. Most of them have been recorded from the country beside the West-Coast Range, and the western part of the Central Plateau of Tasmania. The West-Coast Range runs north and south, at a distance of 20 to 25 miles from the western
Notes on the Garnet-bearing and Associated Rocks of the Borrowdale Volcanic Series
Authors: Walker Edward Eaton 
Published: October 2009

I.
The Intrusive Complex of Blea Crag, Langstrath

During the past year I have spent the greater part of my vacations in the study of the garnet-bearing rocks associated with the Borrowdale Volcanic Series. Being unable to proceed further with this work, I venture to put forward the results of my observations, in the hope that they may be of use to those who continue the study of these rocks. I should like, at the outset, to say how greatly indebted I am to Mr. Marr for all the help that he has given me; he has not only placed at my disposal his own maps of the area and the details of his own observations, but has always been ready with encouragement and advice. My thanks are also due to Mr. Harker for the kind help and advice that he has given me during the progress of the work.
The Volcanic Series runs in a broad belt, 12 or 13 miles wide, across Cumberland and Westmorland. In order to become acquainted with the various features of the garnetiferous rocks, I have attempted to cover some 130 square miles of ground ; and as the greater part of this area has only been visited once, I feel some diffidence in drawing any conclusions from so hurried a survey.
Perhaps the most interesting of these garnet-bearing rocks are those which occur as dykes and sills intrusive in the Volcanic Series. They are chiefly to be found in the central part of
On the Probable Occurrence of an Eocene Outlier off the Cornish Coast
Authors: Reid Clement 
Published: October 2009

During the new geological survey of the Hampshire Basin fresh evidence was discovered of the westerly extension of certain of the deposits, in the form of Eocene river-gravels. This evidence tended to link more closely the Eocene deposits of Devon with those of the Hampshire Basin; but it did not seem to throw any light on the Eocene geology of Cornwall, nor of any part of the area west of Dartmoor.
Some years since (in 1897) during a holiday-visit to the Lizard, I was much impressed by the character of the material which forms the extensive shingle-beach at Gunwalloe, on the western side of the Lizard promontory, not far from Mullion. The shingle, which was being extensively carted away for gravel, was so perfectly rounded, and in appearance was so unlike anything that I had expected to find in Cornwall, that I examined it closely, taking away samples to give to the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street. The coarser beach proved to consist largely (about 70 per cent. by weight.) of Chalk-flint and Greensand-chert, only 30 per cent. being Palaeozoic at the spot where it was examined. A large quantity of the fine shingle yielded :—
At the time, I was unable to carry the matter further; for, although well aware that scattered Chalk-flints were not uncommon in Cornwall, I could not understand why so many had collected at this spot, almost to the exclusion of the local rocks. The absence of Chalk-flints from the Pliocene gravels of St.
Implementiferous Sections at Wolvercote (Oxfordshire)
Authors: Bell Alexander Montgomerie 
Published: October 2009

A section at Wolvercote, a village 1½miles north of Oxford, has been open for the past ten years, and-will reward study by geologists interested in the phenomena of Pleistocene time, whether their object is to study the ehanges of laud and elimate, or whether, as was the ease with the writer, they seek for some detail in the fragmentary story of Palælithic Man.
The section eontains four parts, which may thus be named in the order of their age: (1)the Oxford Clay beneath, which is largely quarried for bricks; (2)an old surface, in which pits or troughs chiefly filled with gravel are seen enveloped in weathered clay; (3) a river-bed, containing gravel at the base, and layers of variouslyeoloured clay above; and (4)a surface-layer of humus over all, about 2 feet thick, containing h'eolithie remains. The relation which the various paris bear one to the other is also plain. The old Pleistoeene surface lies upon eroded Oxford Clay; the river-bed has worn a channel in the old Pleistocene surface; between the river-bed and the Neolithic surface is the trail usually named ‘warp,’ which, however, is not discussed in this paper.
The river-bed first attracted my attention : it lies on the summit of land between the Isis and Cherwell, at an equal height above either river. There seems to be no reason to doubt that it represents the deposits of a stream whieh contained the united waters of both rivers, at a time before they became
The Igneous Rocks associated with the Carboniferous Limestone of the Bristol District
Authors: Morgan Conwy Lloyd , Reynolds Sidney Hugh 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In the ‘Summary of Progress’ of the Geological Survey for 189S (pp. 104–1l) Sir Archibald Geikie & Mr. Aubrey Straban contributed an admirable section on the Volcanic Group associated with the Carboniferous Limestone of Northern Somerset. Although in this summary the evidence for the contemporaneous character of the igneous rocks is clearly set forth, the subject is of sufficient interest and importance to justify some further record
The earliest-published reference to these volcanic rocks, with which we are acquainted, occurs in a note contributed by the Rev. D. Williams to the Geological Society on June 10th, 1840. The note refers to the occurrence of ‘fine porphyritic trap’ in the Uphill Cutting, near Weston-super-Mare, of the Bristol & Exeter (now Great Western)Railway-line. in the figure which accompanics Williams's short paper the igneous rock is described as ‘ trap, apparently substituted for the originally continuous limestone, by slow fusion and conversion.’ Dean Buckland appears, however, to have observed the occurrence of igneous rocks at another locality in the district as early as 1817, though the first-published record of the fact occurs in his Presidential Address to the Somersetshire Archaeological & Natural History Society in 1849. Although no detailed evidence is given, his brief statement suggests that he had recognized the volcanic nature of the beds. ‘The vents,’ he says, ‘that have discharged igneous rocks in the hills of Somerset arc few,’ and adds that one of these occurs on the N.W. shoulder of Broadfield Down near the upper terminus of
A Description of some Rhætic Sections in the Bristol District, with Considerations on the Mode of Deposition of the Rhætic Series
Authors: Short A. Rendle 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

This paper is a condensation of a longer memoir, the parts omitted being chiefly lists of fossils and remarks on the same. It embodies the results of some five years' study of the Rhætic Series, chiefly in the Bristol district, maple easier by the fact that I reside in that district.

II. D
escription
of
four
new
R
h
æ
tic
E
xposures
.

(A) Redland, Bristol.
A number of exposures have been recently made here in cutting a new road. One of these has already been briefly dealt with in a local memoir by Mr. W. H. Wickes (46), and again by Mr. Parsons (47). I give, with slight modifications, Mr. Wickes's classification of the beds, and his list of fossils, enumerating those that I have found in addition. The lettering corresponds to that used by the late Edward Wilson for the Pylle-Hill section (36). The fossils are not obtained solely from the exposure originally described, but from the newer exposures as well. It is impracticable to separate them, as the material thrown out has been mixed.
Such is the original exposure, which furnished the material for Mr. Wickes's paper.
The next section to be opened, about a quarter of a mile or less away, displayed upturned beds of Upper Carboniferous Limestone, cut off flat, with the Rhætic Beds deposited on them unconformably. The limestone-beds are very massive, and dip at 35° south 80° east. Between these beds little pockets of yellow clay pass down for a variable distance, due to greater erosion
Eocene and Later Formations surrounding the Dardanelles
Authors: English Thomas 
Published: October 2009

I.
Pre-Eocene Formations

A description of the Tertiary and post-Tertiary deposits surrounding the Dardanelles can hardly be made clear without some reference to the older rocks upon which they rest, but our knowledge of the conditions under which the pre-Eocene strata in Thrace and Anatolia were deposited and broken up is as yet very limited.
The pre-Eocene sedimentary formations are, as a rule, so highly metamorphosed that no fossils are visible; and they are so much dislocated that the general appearance is that of an archipelago of old rocks in the Eocene Sea. A succession of mica- and hornblende-schists, crystalline limestones, and marble, with, occasional gneiss or granite and serpentine, upon which the Tertiary deposits rest unconformably, can be traced from Olympus and Athos, along the Thracian coast, including the island of Thasos, into the Sea of Marmora. The Eocene shore-lines and fringing coral-reefs can be identified in some instances, but an inspection of the map (Pl. XXI) will show the probable islands of the pre-Eocene archipelago more clearly than any description. I shall, therefore, only refer to a few localities hitherto unnoticed, or where some correction to previous accounts appears to be necessary.
At Tenedos Island I found the south-eastern face for about 2 miles in length, from Cape Marmora to Oinos Point, to be formed of white marble.
Along the southern shore of the Sea of Marmora, a stretch of about 35 miles, from Boz Burnu to Kara Burnu, and thence halfway up the Gulf of Artaki, shows,
Phenomena bearing upon the Age of the Lake of Geneva
Authors: Du Riche Preller C. S. 
Published: October 2009

[Abstract.]
Following up his investigations concerning the age of the principal Alpine lake-basins, the Author has, during a recent prolonged stay on the Lake of Geneva, examined the low-level gravel-beds and other alluvia in the Rhone Valley, from Geneva to the Jura-bar near Fort, de l'Écluse, as well as the high-level gravel-beds of La Côte above Rolle and of the Jorat district above Lausanne, and, further, the rock-formations on both sides of the lake, inview of evidence of flexures as the primary cause of the formation of the present deep lake-basin.
After describing the phenomena around the Lake of Geneva, and comparing them with those around the Lake of Zurich, he is led to the following conclusions:—
(1) The low-level gravel-beds of the Rhone Valley near Geneva, overlying the Molasse and underlying the glacial alluvia, are, like the deep-level gravel-beds of the Limmat Valley near Zurich, fluviatile deposits of the second Interglacial Period, and were formed before the present deep lake-basin came into existence.
(2) The high-level gravel-beds of La Côte above Rolle and of the Jorat district above Lausanne are, like the corresponding deposits of the Uetliberg near Zurich, and of the Dombes and of Lyons, true Deckenschotter. Hence the term alluvion ancienne should, in its proper acceptation, only apply to the high-level deposits.
(3) The formation of the present deep lake-basin of Geneva was,like that of Zurich, primarily due to the lowering of the valley-floor by flexures of the bfolasse and its contactzones, posterior to the maximum glaciation,
The Valley of the Teign
Authors: Jukes-Browne Alfred John 
Published: October 2009

The problem of the Teign Valley attracted my attention soon after I came to live in Devonshire ; and I have lost no opportunity of considering it from different points of view, both in the study and in the field. The following pages are the outcome of this consideration, and constitute an attempt to explain the peculiar course which the river takes in passing from its sources on Dartmoor to the sea at Teignmouth.
The Teign Valley is, in fact, one of the most remarkable in the British Islands, because it is not a simple transverse valley, nor a longitudinal one between more or less parallel ridges, nor does it take such a course as the general slope or gradient of the country below its sources would suggest. On the contrary, although the earlier part of its course is in accordance with this general gradient, it afterwards takes a curve which leads it to run at right angles to its primary direction, and to traverse a depression which has the aspect of a longitudinal valley. From this it debouches into a plain; and in this plain it again turns at right angles, to pass through a gap which is clearly a transverse valley excavated out of the ridge that borders the seaward side of the longitudinal valley. This gap is now occupied by the estuary of the Teiffn.
As might be imagined, a valley which exhibits so curious a succession of changes presents also a variety of physical features, different
The Genesis of the Gold-Deposits of Barkerville (British Columbia) and the Vicinity
Authors: Atkin Austin J. R. 
Published: October 2009

I.
INTRODUCTION.

The characters of the basic sills of Caernarvonshire have been described in detail by several writers, notably by Mr. ttarker in his well-known essay on the Bala Volcanic Series. There is a marked absence of dykes in association with the outbursts of this period, and the numerous basic dykes of this area have generally been assigned to a later series of eruptions. The evidence upon which this assumption rests is, however, not always satisfactory; and although Mr. Harker is inclined to favour their post-Carboniferous age, he does not conceal the uncertainty of this conclusion in several eases, and he adduces evidence which seems to point, at least in some instances, to the possibility of the existence of more than one group of these intrusions. Dr. C. A Matley, also, finds that in Northern Anglesey at least two groups of dykes occur, of which the earlier are pre-Silurian and the later post-Ordovician But Mr. E. Greenly maintains that the later dykes of Anglesey, including those of the Menai Straits, are certainly post-Carboniferous, and may possibly be evea of Tertiary age.
With regard to the Llyn-Padarn dykes, with which this paper is ciliefly concerned, no very detailed description appears to have been published, although several authors have incidentally referred to them, as will be mentioned hereafter. It appears to have been generally assumed that these dykes are of the same age as those of the Menai Straits, to which they are supposed to bear a general resemblance, both, in petrographical