bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigenic modulation ofBordetella pertussis
Authors: Lacey B. W. 
Published: May 2009

The antigenic structure ofBordetella pertussisvaries continuously with environmental conditions of growth and, under suitable conditions, any of three forms (or modes) with markedly different antigenic surfaces may be developed. High temperatures and certain ions, such as sodium, potassium, halides, formate and nitrate, favour growth like that on Bordet and Gengou's medium at 35° C. Low temperatures and other ions, such as magnesium, sulphate and mono- and dicarboxylic acids with more than two carbon atoms, favour growth with a markedly different antigenic structure and character. These two extreme forms have been called X mode and C mode respectively. A third mode (called I mode) is induced within a narrow range of intermediate temperatures and ion ratios. Bacterial cells in C mode, unlike those in X mode, do not agglutinate red-blood cells, are not haemolytic or agglutinable by heavy metal salts, have no surface antigen related toBordetella parapertussisorB. bronchisepticaand are serotypically homogeneous.The influence of ions is a function of their species and ratios and not of their absolute concentrations or total ionic strength. A number of ions has been arranged in a pattern. In this the influence of any salt is represented at the centre of a line joining its component ions, and a measure of the influence of any salt mixture is given by the position of its imaginary centre of inertia. (For calculating this,massis represented by the product of salt concentration and conductance ratio andradius of gyrationby distance.) The influences of ions and temperature appear not to interact since their combined influence is proportional to the sum of their separate influences.The change from one mode to another (modulation) occurs without mutation or selection, is complete within 7–15 cell divisions and appears to stem from altered rates of synthesis of at least three kinds of antigen molecule. During the process of modulation, antigens not detectable by agglutination in any of the three equilibrium modes (X, I and C) may appear transiently at the surface.Mutants may or may not modulate. Modulatable mutants may be distinguishable from the wild type in only one mode. Almost all convalescent antibodies are directed against X mode, but C-mode antibodies have been found in several adults with persistent cough and infection.I wish particularly to thank Dr E. K. Andersen for her generous gifts of sera, Drs P. L. Kendrick, H. Proom, A. F. B. Standfast and A. J. H. Tomlinson for gifts of cultures and Mr M. Breach for his invaluable help in the preparation of media and sera. I am also indebted to the University of London Central Research Fund and the Governors of Westminster Hospital for grants towards the purchase of materials.
Isolation of trachoma virus from patients in West Africa
Authors: Sowa J. , Collier L. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. By inoculating conjunctival scrapings into the chick embryo yolk-sac trachoma virus was isolated from twenty-four of thirty patients, whereas inclusions were demonstrated in only eighteen of them.2. Bacterial contamination of the chick embryos can be greatly reduced by treating the scrapings with streptomycin 20,000 μg./ml.3. In twenty-four of twenty-five isolations, virus was first detected in embryos inoculated directly with conjunctival material.4. The viruses usually kill the chick embryos, which may show haemorrhagic lesions, but it is not unusual for embryos to survive a large inoculum.5. The viruses isolated all appear in the chick embryo yolk sac as elementary bodies similar to other members of the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group. Of the twenty-four strains, two also induced the formation of compact aggregates of elementary bodies containing a carbohydrate, probably glycogen.6. It is anticipated that this method of isolation will be useful in studying the virology and epidemiology of trachoma, in assessing the influence of treatment, and as a test of cure.We are deeply indebted to Dr I. A. McGregor for all the facilities made available to us at the M.R.C. Laboratories in the Gambia. Our thanks are also due to the medical officers and sisters at the research ward for their kindness and unfailing co-operation in the care of those trachomatous patients who had to be hospitalized. The excellent technical assistance of Miss A. M. Fischer is gratefully acknowledged.
Identification of bacteria by specific antibody conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate
Authors: Chadwick P. , Slade J. H. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. The reaction of slowly growing pathogenic bacteria with specific fluorescent antibody provided a means for their rapid identification.2. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was used to label the globulins of antisera as it had a number of advantages over fluorescein isocyanate.3. Several other isothiocyanates and a few sulphonyl chlorides tested were inferior to flurescein isothiocyanate as labelling agents. Some of the compounds caused protein precipitation, and others gave a less intense or less distinctive fluorescence than did dluorescein isothiocyanate.4. The tests were performed by taking impressions of bacterial micro-colonies on glass cover-slips, drying and fixing the preparations, staining them with labelled antiserum, washing in saline and mounting in glycerol saline. The preparations were than examined microscopically under ultra-violet light.5. Micro-colonies ofBr. suis, Past. tularensisandPast. pestis, when treated with homologous labelled antiserum, fluoresced brightly under ultra-violet light and the individual bacteria were sharply defined and stained at the periphery.6. Micro-colonies of these and other bacteria stained with normal labelled serum, or heterologous labelled antiserum, showed either very dim fluorescence under ultra-violet light, with poor definition of in dividual bacteria, or no fluorescence at all.7. The technique described permitted specific identification ofBr. suis, Past. pestisandPast. tularensiswithin 20 hr. of inoculation of agar plates with material suspected of containing one of these organisms.This investigation arose out of a line of work suggested by Dr G. S. Wilson. We should like to thank Dr D. W. Henderson and Major L. H. Kent for providing facilities for the work, Mr E. O. Powell for continual encouragement and supervision of the microscopy, Dr D. W. Henderson, Dr M. C. Lancaster and Dr D. A. L. Davies for supplying antisera, and Mr T. W. Pearce for valuable technical assistance and the photographs.
The antigens of Trichomonas foetus isolated from cows and pigs
Authors: Robertson Muriel 
Published: May 2009

The serological properties of the two strains of Trichomonas foetus (strain B and strain M) isolated from uterine infections in cows in Belfast and in northern England, respectively, and two strains isolated from the caecum of pigs were in vestigated with rabbit antisera to each of the four strains by direct agglutination and by precipitation of a saline extract of the dired organisms in tubes and in gel-diffusion plates.There was considerable cross-reaction between the four strains. By the use of predominantly polysaccharide fractions from strains B and M and the predominantly protein fraction TF 4 from stratin B, the polysaccharide complex of lines could be distinguished from the protein lines.The major protein antigens were common to all four strains, but the major polysaccharide antigens were only partially shared.The cow strains B and M were readily distinguished from each other but had a variable though slight serological relationship. The two pig strains were very closely related to each other but were not identical. Cross-reaction revealed a relation between the cow and the pig strains. The cow strain B was more closely related than the M strain to the pig strains.The serological distinctions do not justify the separation of the pig and the cow strains of T. foetus into two species.I wish to thank Prof. W. T. J. Morgan, F.R.S. for preparations of diethylene glycol extracts and kind advice and Dr Winifred Watkins for ethanol fractionation of antigen and for enzyme preparations. I am also grateful to Dr A. E. Pierce of the Institute of Animal Physiology at Babraham for the isolation of clones from the S2 strain.
A serological relationship between mumps and sendai viruses
Authors: Gardner P. S. 
Published: May 2009

Sixty-six paired sera from patients suffering from mumps were examined with Sendai and mumps virus particle antigen: 50% showed a rise of complementfixing antibodies to mumps virus particle antigen only and the rest to both antigens.This relationship was further substantiated by the occurrence of both antibodies in a proportion of the sera of 362 blood transfusion donors and 978 sera from antenatal patients.The occurrence of both antibodies in patients' sera is discussed and the conclusion is reached that one of the components of the mumps antigen complex is indistinguishable from the essential components of the Sendai virus.I am indebted to the Maternity Department of the Edgware General Hospital for supplying the antenatal sera, and to Dr Preston of the Regional Transfusion Centre, Oxford, for the blood donor sera.
A standard culture medium for general bacteriology
Authors: Marshall J. H. , Kelsey J. C. 
Published: May 2009

An easily prepared and readily reproducible culture medium for general use is described. A wide range of standard media can be prepared from it by simple modifications.We should like to thank Mr P. D. Laverack and Mr D. Garwes for their exellent technical assistance, and Marmite Ltd. for much useful information about their product.
Ventilation of operating-theatres.
Authors: Blowers Robert , Crew Beryl 
Published: May 2009

1. Pathogenic bacteria are removed from air by relatively simple filters having an efficiency of 99·9% for 5-μ particles.2. To prevent ingress of contaminated air from other parts of the hospital an operating-room should be pressurized by a flow of filtered air. An input flow of 1200 cu. ft. (34 cu. m.) per min. will ensure this if mechanical exhaust fans are replaced by pressure-relief valves.3. Other rooms of the suite should be ventilated in this way with flow rates depending on door area, and with pressure gradients adjusted by relief-valve loadings to cause air flow from dirtier to cleaner zones.4. All openings between the rooms of an operating-suite should be fitted with doors to prevent airborne cross-contamination and high-level loss of ventilating air.5. The relative merits of turbulent and downward-displacement ventilation have been studied and are discussed. The choice between them depends on the sites from which pathogenic bacteria are mainly disseminated during operations; these are not yet fully understood but the available evidence favours the displacement system. Methods for producing turbulent and displacement ventilation are described.6. Discomfort from overheating of operating-rooms is largely due to faulty design and siting of sterilizing equipment. In Britain, if these faults are avoided, ventilation without cooling equipment can give comfortable conditions except on very rare occasions.
Salmonella saint-paul infection in England and Wales in 1959
Authors: Galbraith N. S. , Archer J. F. , Tee G. H. 
Published: May 2009

An investigation of Salm. saint-paul infection in England and Wales in 1959 is described. In one-third of the human incidents the infection was attributed to home-produced meat coming from two infected abattoirs.Animal infection was demonstrated and was probably due to contaminated imported animal feedingstuffs.The clinical histories of 55 of the 89 cases reported during the year were studied. There was one death. In ten patients the illness commenced with fever and malaise and diarrhoea was absent or did not occur until 24–48 hr. later. One patient developed meningitis and another an abdominal abscess.
The incidence of poliomyelitis virus in normal children aged 0–5 years A report on a study by the Public Health Laboratory Service and Local Health Authorities
Authors: Spicer C. C. 
Published: May 2009

A survey has been made of a sample of children aged 0–5 years in a number of areas in England and Wales for the presence of symptomless excreters of poliomyeitis virus.The investigation covered a 2-year period from the spring of 1957 to the summer of 1959.Altogether 28, 797 specimens were examined of which 140 were positive for Type 1 virus, 24 for Type 2, and 44 for Type 3, the corresponding rates being 4·85, 0·83, and 1·53 per 1000 specimens respectively.It is estimated that for every notified case of poliomyelitis there were about 140 symptoinless excreters of Type 1 virus. No accurate estimates of this ratio were possible for the other two types, but it was certainly much higher.The incidence of positive specimens was 15 per 1000 in the first and 2·6 per 1000 in the second year of the survey, but there were considerable local variations.Type 2 virus was not isolated during the second year. Most specimens were examined for the presence of salmonellae and shigellae which both had a frequency of about 2 per 1000. The salmonellae were mainly S. typhimurium, and all the shigellae were Sh. sonnei.Some information was obtained on the prevalence of other viruses. Coxsackie B virus was the most commonly isolated and in the second year was commoner than poliomyelitis virus. Its seasonal incidence was roughly the same as that of polio myelitis virus.Adenoviruses were isolated in about 6 per 1000 specimens and were most common in the winter. ECHO viruses were about half as common as adenoviruses and the maximum incidence was in the autumn.The limitations of the sampling method used and the problems of analysis of the results are discussed.
The detection of the typhoid carrier state
Authors:   Report of the P.H.L.S. Working Party on the Bacteriological Examination of Waterworks Employees
Published: May 2009

1. The existing procedures recommended for the detection of carriers of enteric pathogens are reviewed.2. The techniques employed in this work at present were re-examined.3. An investigation of the sera of 67 chronic typhoid carriers and 343 normal persons, suggested that titrations for typhoid Vi, O and H agglutinins are useful screening tests for the detection of typhoid carriers. The examination may be usefully extended to the titration of H agglutinins against paratyphoid B and paratyphoid A, the former as a possible indicator of the carriage ofSalm.paratyphid B, the latter as an indicator of previous inoculation with T.A.B. vaccine.4. Inoculation did not appear to increase the proportion of positive reactions with TVi bacterial suspension, which in uninfected persons was about 1%. In contrast, the proportion of positive reactors with TO suspension rose from 8·8% in uninoculated to 25·3% in inoculated persons, at a serum dilution of 50; and with TH suspension the positive figure rose from 2·7% in uninoculated to 71·4% in inoculated persons at a serum dilution of 25. Inoculation thus impairs the value of TO agglutination and destroys that of TH agglutination as indicators of infection.5. The investigation of 29 chronic carriers showed that a single bacteriological examination of excreta for the presence ofSalm. typhiis not a reliable method of carrier detection. Increasing the number of specimens to three greatly raises the probability of detection.6. The findings are discussed and a revised form of paragraph 5 of the Ministry of Health Memorandum on the safeguards recommended for adoption by water undertakings is suggested.The Working Party is grateful to a number of pathologists for the supply of sera from chronic carriers and we should also like to thank Mr F. J. Flyn of the Central Enteric Reference Laboratory for his great technical help.
The soluble antigens of varicella-zoster virus produced in tissue culture
Authors: Caunt Anne E. , Rondle C. J. M. , Downie A. W. 
Published: May 2009

It has been found that antigens suitable for routine tests for complement-fixing or precipitating antibodies in the sera of suspected cases of chickenpox or zoster can be readily prepared from tissue cultures of human amnion infected with zostervaricella virus.Useful antigens were obtained when infected cells were incubated at 36°–38° C. in bovine amniotic fluid diluted with an equal volume of Hanks' solution.Virus strains gave a good yield of antigen after two or more passages in tissue culture but one strain in its fiftieth passage did not.Harvested culture fluids require 5- to 20-fold concentration for complement-fixation tests and 100- to 200-fold for precipitation tests; concentration of culture fluids was readily effected by drying from the frozen state after removal of salts by dialysis. Tissue culture antigens gave results by complement-fixation tests which were comparable to those given by a good vesicle fluid.Some evidence was obtained that the antigens responsible for precipitation were not identical with those fixing complement with convalescent sera.
A modified metabolic inhibition test for the titration of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Mussett Marjorie V. , Dimic Mileva , Ege Nermin , Tobin J. O'H. 
Published: May 2009

A modification of the metabolic inhibition test for titrating poliomyelitis antibody is described. The method depends on the substitution of galactose for glucose in the initial medium to eliminate colour change during the period of virus activity. Neutralization is detected by the addition of glucose at the end of the period, when the usual colour changes associated with this type of test occur. A statistical analysis of the results obtained is given.This method can also be used for titrating antibodies to other enteric viruses.Thanks are due to Dr Hélène Mair, Dr D. R. Gamble and Dr A. D. Macrae for strains of enteroviruses, and to Miss Patricia Jerram, for valuable technical assistance in the early days of this work.
The virulence of strains of poliovirus for cynomolgus monkeys after subcutaneous injection
Authors: Coid C. R. , Beswick T. S. L. , Tobin J. O'H. 
Published: May 2009

The virulence of strains of the three types of poliovirus have been examined by the subcutaneous injection of monkeys. The strains used were the Sabin attenuated Types 1, 2 and 3, Cox attenuated Types 1, 2 and 3, the Brunenders Type 1 partially attenuated strain, MEF-1, Type 2 and Saukett, Type 3.The results obtained indicated that the subcutaneous route of injection offers a promising method for comparing and characterizing strains of poliovirus.
Q fever in South Australia: an outbreak in a meat-works
Authors: Beech Margaret D. , Duxbury A. E. , Warner Peter 
Published: May 2009

This paper consists of an epidemiological study of 52 cases of Q fever occurring in metropolitan Adelaide in 1957 and also a description of the results of a survey of 516 sera obtained from abattoir workers.The only case occurring outside the abattoirs was a dairy farmer who probably became infected while visiting the abattoirs. If this were so the incubation period (35 days) of his disease would have been exceptionally long.The general features of the outbreak, which lasted several months, differed from those on the North American continent in that the latter occurred explosively within a few days with very high attack rates. The situation in the Adelaide abattoirs is similar to that in Brisbane, where the disease appears to be endemic. However, unlike in Adelaide, cases are commonly recognized outside the abattoirs in Brisbane.In the abattoirs the disease affected mainly inspectors, those working on killing beef, and those working on offal. Mutton workers were not so severely affected. However, all these groups had similar incidences of low titre antibodies suggesting that in the past Q fever spread equally in all killing departments. In departments not directly associated with slaughtering the incidence both of cases in 1957 and low titre antibodies was relatively small.It was suggested that the epidemiological features of Q fever in Adelaide could be explained by the irregular appearance of animals from infected herds situated perhaps in Queensland—a known endemic area. Perhaps the appearance of such animals in the Adelaide abattoirs might be governed by meteorological conditions such that they were prevented from going to the ordinarily most convenient slaughterhouse.
Concentration and partial purification of poliomyelitis viruses
Authors: Fantes K. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Conditions are described under which the three types of live or formalin-inactivated poliomyelitis viruses can be concentrated 10–100 times in good yield, with elimination of approximately 90% of the extraneous protein normally present in poliovaccines.2. It was shown that 0·1–0·2 mg./ml. AlPO4almost quantitatively adsorbed the antigens, provided the adsorptions were carried out at a pH round about 5. Re-elution of the antigens occurred readily at pH 7–pH 8.3. No noticeable conversion of the ‘D-antigen’ to the ‘C-antigen’ occurred during the concentration.
A laboratory determination of the destruction of α-amylase and salmonellae in whole egg by heat pasteurization
Authors: Shrimpton D. H. , Monsey J. B. , Hobbs Betty C. , Smith Muriel E. 
Published: May 2009

The conditions of heating necessary to destroy salmonellae in liquid whole egg have been compared with those necessary to destroy the activity of the α-amylase of whole egg. All conditions of pasteurizing from the mildest at 61·1° C. (142° F.) for 1 min. to the most severe at 65·5° C. (150° F.) for 5 min. eliminated Salm. typhimurium. The heat-resistant strain of Salm. senftenberg N.C.T.C. 9959 (775 W) was not recovered after heating at 64·4° C. (148° F.) for 2½ min. and at the lower temperatures when the heating period was 3 min. or more. The activity of α-amylase was also destroyed by heating at 64·4° C. (148° F.) for 2½ min. but not at lower temperatures.Because the baking properties of egg are not impaired by heating at 64·4° C. (148° F.) for 2½ min. it is proposed that the inactivation of the α-amylase of whole egg can be used as a test for controlling the pasteurization process, and a routine test has been developed which can be completed within 1 hr.
Effect of Naseptin cream prophylaxis on staphylococcal infection in adult surgical wards and infant nurseries
Authors: Stokes E. Joan , Milne Shelagh E. 
Published: May 2009

A controlled trial of Naseptin cream, as an anti-staphylococcaiprophylactic, made in two adult wards, showed the cream to be effective in reducing nasal carriage, including antibiotic resistant strains. There was no marked effect on wound infection.A controlled trial of Naseptin cream and Sterzac powder prophylactically in maternity nurseries was found to be effective in reducing nasal carriage and infection.These findings are discussed, and recommendations on the use of Naseptin cream as a prophylactic are made.
An outbreak of aseptic meningitis associated with Coxsackie B5 and A9 viruses in Northern Japan, 1961. Virological and serological studies
Authors: Hinuma Yorio , Murai Yoshimichi , Fukuda Minoru , Numazaki Yoshio , Ishida Nakao , Nakao Tooru 
Published: May 2009

Virological and serological studies on an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in association with Coxsackie B5 virus, and Coxsackie A9 virus to a lesser extent, are reported. Coxsackie B5 virus was isolated from spinal fluids of 60 patients and Coxsackie A 9 virus from one spinal fluid. Fifty Coxsackie B 5 and 13 Coxsackie A 9 viruses were recovered from patients' faeces. The evidence that the epidemic was caused by these viruses was confirmed by determination of neutralizing antibody in paired sera.The plaque variants of Coxsackie B5 virus isolated from the faecal specimens and the poor antibody response in Coxsackie A 9 infection were reported as points of virological and serological interest.