bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermoporometry applied to hydrothermally aged silica hydrogels
Authors: Titulaer M. K. , van Miltenburg J. C. , Jansen J. B. H. , Geus J. W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAged porous 13 wt% silica hydrogel beads were characterized by measuring the freezing point depression of water in silica gel pores, which provides information about the ice crystal radius (Rn), the ice‐pore volume (Vn), the pore shape (F), and the ice‐surface area (An). Hydrothermal treatment at high temperatures increases both the pore size and apparent pore volume of not previously dried hydrogel beads. The ice crystal radius, is increased from 8.6 to 27 nm after ageing for 7 h at 473K, while the apparent ice‐pore volume increases from 0.9 to 1.4 ml/g. The pore size and pore volume decrease upon drying. At Rn values of 8.6 and 27 nm, the drop ΔRn on drying is 5.1 and 7 nm, respectively, and the decrease of Vn, ΔVn, is 0.4 and 0.6 ml/g, which amounts to 44 and 38%, respectively. The exceptionally small decrease of pore volume for a gel upon drying suggests that this measurement is underestimated by thermoporometry. The soft gel is compressed as liquid is drained from the network during freezing. The apparent increase of the pore volume of the hydrogel must be interpreted to indicate the effect of stiffening (through ageing) on the amount of compression during the measurement. Based on the probably real pore volume Vn of the hydrogel of 1.4 ml/g, instead of 0.9 ml/g, the pore volume decrease at Rn = 8.6 nm would be 0.9, not 0.4 ml/g, so the percentage change would be 64%, rather than 44%. By contrast, at a Rn value of 10.9 and 25 nm, the thermoporometric surface area An* of the hydrogels, which is the surface area of the ice crystals corrected for a non‐freezing layer of water, is equal to the BET surface areas of the xerogel measured by nitrogen sorption, which indicates that no pores are enclosed. The increase in pore volume of the aged xerogels by both mercury penetration and thermoporometry is real. It reflects the coarsening and stiffening by ageing, which leads to less shrinkage during drying. The xerogels are probably stiff enough that they experience little contraction on application of thermoporometry.
The initial oxidation of polycrystalline thorium
Authors: Bagge‐Hansen M. , Outlaw R. A. , Zhu M. Y. , Manos D. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe initial oxidation of clean, polycrystalline α‐Th from background CO/CO2 and saturation of the Th surface by O2 has been examined by angle‐resolved Auger electron spectroscopy (ARAES) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). Following dissociative adsorption of very low doses of background CO/CO2 (<1 L), the carbon surface population was dominant and spontaneously formed thorium carbide. The accompanying oxygen population increased at a rate roughly one‐third that of the carbon, suggesting simultaneous oxygen incorporation into the bulk. To further corroborate the surface kinetics of adsorbed oxygen, O2 was admitted, following heating and sputter cleaning of the Th; some oxygen atoms continued to diffuse into the bulk until formation of stoichiometric ThO2 at ∼37 L. ARAES measurements showed an oxygen concentration gradient in the near‐surface region confirming rapid oxygen incorporation at low doses; however, once the surface is saturated, virtually no variation in the oxygen intensity is observed. AES and ToF‐SIMS depth profiling revealed complete oxide formation to a depth of 2 nm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interval estimation of the over‐dispersion parameter in the analysis of one‐way layout of count data
Authors: Saha Krishna K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe over‐dispersion parameter is an important and versatile measure in the analysis of one‐way layout of count data in biological studies. For example, it is commonly used as an inverse measure of aggregation in biological count data. Its estimation from finite data sets is a recognized challenge. Many simulation studies have examined the bias and efficiency of different estimators of the over‐dispersion parameter for finite data sets (see, for example, Clark and Perry,Biometrics1989; 45:309–316 and Piegorsch,Biometrics1990; 46:863–867), but little attention has been paid to the accuracy of the confidence intervals (CIs) of it. In this paper, we first derive asymptotic procedures for the construction of confidence limits for the over‐dispersion parameter using four estimators that are specified by only the first two moments of the counts. We also obtain closed‐form asymptotic variance formulae for these four estimators. In addition, we consider the asymptotic CI based on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator using the negative binomial model. It appears from the simulation results that the asymptotic CIs based on these five estimators have coverage below the nominal coverage probability. To remedy this, we also study the properties of the asymptotic CIs based on the restricted estimates of ML, extended quasi‐likelihood, and double extended quasi‐likelihood by eliminating the nuisance parameter effect using their adjusted profile likelihood and quasi‐likelihoods. It is shown that these CIs outperform the competitors by providing coverage levels close to nominal over a wide range of parameter combinations. Two examples to biological count data are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug delivery: Layer‐By‐Layer‐Assembled Capsules and Films for Therapeutic Delivery (Small 17/2010)
Authors: Becker Alisa L. , Johnston Angus P. R. , Caruso Frank 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPolymeric materials formed via layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly have promise for use as drug delivery vehicles. These multilayered materials, both as capsules and thin films, can encapsulate a high payload of toxic or sensitive drugs, and can be readily engineered and functionalized with specific properties. This review highlights important and recent studies that advance the use of LbL‐assembled materials as therapeutic devices. It also seeks to identify areas that require additional investigation for future development of the field. A variety of drug‐loading methods and delivery routes are discussed. The biological barriers to successful delivery are identified, and possible solutions to these problems are discussed. Finally, state‐of‐the‐art degradation and cargo release mechanisms are also presented.
Durchrutschende Grout‐Verbindungen in OWEA – Tragverhalten, Instandsetzung und Optimierung
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Lochte‐Holtgreven Stephan , Lohaus Ludger , Lindschulte Nick 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGrout‐Verbindungen werden für die Verbindung zwischen den Gründungs‐ und Turmstrukturen von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen (OWEA) vielfach eingesetzt. Insbesondere die seit Beginn der 90er Jahre im Meer installierten Windturbinen mit Monopile‐Gründung verfügen über diese hybride Verbindungskonstruktion, bei der Stahlzylinder mit glatter Mantelfläche übereinander gefädelt werden und der Zwischenraum mit hochfesten Feinkornmörteln vergossen wird. Bislang wurde auf eine spezielle Oberflächenprofilierung der Stahlrohre verzichtet. Während standardmäßiger Wartungsintervalle wurden nun an Rohr‐in‐Rohr‐Steckverbindungen in Monopiles in Dänemark, Großbritannien und den Niederlanden vertikale Verschiebungen festgestellt, die auf ein Versagen des Haftverbunds zwischen Stahl und Füllmaterial schließen lassen. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird zunächst der Aufbau sowie das Trag‐ und Ermüdungsverhalten der Grout‐Verbindung erläutert und eigene Untersuchungen an diesen Verbindungen mit Ergebnissen präsentiert. Darauf aufbauend werden mögliche Gründe für die aufgetretenen Schäden diskutiert und Instandsetzungsvorschläge unterbreitet. Neben der Betrachtung der offshore‐spezifischen Einbaubedingungen werden die Maßnahmen hinsichtlich des technischen Aufwands vorgestellt und Kerbfallklassen für die Stahlbauteile zur Bestimmung der Materialermüdung präsentiert. Für zukünftige Gründungsstrukturen werden Optimierungsmöglichkeiten vorgestellt.Sinking grouted joints in offshore wind turbines – Bearing behaviour, repair, and optimisation. Grouted joints are mainly used for the connection of foundation piles and substructures of offshore wind turbines. Grouted joints consist of tube‐to‐tubeconnections where the annulus is filled with a high performance mortar. Since the early 90s, grouted joints have been installed in offshore wind energy converters with monopiles using plain steel sections with no additional mechanical interlock. During maintenance work vertical slippages have been detected at substructures with monopiles in Denmark, UK and the Netherlands. The movements may result from a loss of bond between steel and mortar. Within this paper the construction and the bearing behaviour of grouted joints is presented. Additionally experimental investigations are shown. Based on own experiences reasons for failure and repair opportunities are introduced and optimisation opportunities for future turbines are proposed.
Cardiac intervention using high‐intensity focused ultrasound: creation of interatrial communication in beating heart of an anesthetized rabbit
Authors: Fujisaki M. , Chiba T. , Enosawa S. , Dohi T. , Takamoto S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveCurrent fetal cardiac intervention for restrictive atrial septum is invasive and technically demanding. We investigated the feasibility of computer‐assisted high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for cardiac intervention on the atrial septum of a beating heart.MethodsTo create an interatrial communication in the beating heart of nine anesthetized rabbits, the heart was exposed surgically and placed under a water‐filled tank, in contact with the tank's membranous base. A HIFU transducer (3.3 MHz) coupled with a diagnostic ultrasound probe (10.0 MHz) was placed in the tank over the beating heart. The focus of the HIFU transducer was set so that it could create a hole in the target area on the atrial septum during the early diastolic phase. HIFU delivery was controlled based on ultrasound images captured with real‐time image‐recognition software. We attempted to create interatrial communication using HIFU and assessed the cardiac tissue specimen pathologically.ResultsIn eight of nine rabbits, small holes in the atrial septum were successfully created. Serious complications occurred in two animals: a fatal atrioventricular block in one and a cardiac tamponade in the other.ConclusionHIFU combined with a computer‐assisted imaging system might be useful to create interatrial communication in beating hearts. This procedure may be helpful for making current fetal cardiac intervention less invasive. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Scandium, Samarium, and Dysprosium Complexes Supported by Tris(pyrrolyl‐α‐methyl)amine Ligand
Authors: Zhou Fengying , Wu Jing , Lin Miaoshui , Zhao Yang , Wu Jian , Zhang Yong , Li Wu , Li Yahong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe synthesis, structures and catalytic activities of three organolanthanide complexes supported by the H3tpa ligand (H3tpa = tris(pyrrolyl‐α‐methyl) amine) are described. Treatment of H3tpa with one equivalent of Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (Ln = Sc, Sm, Dy) in THF gives, after recrystallization from toluene/THF solution, Sc(tpa)(THF)2 (1), Sm(tpa)(THF)3 (2) and Dy(tpa)(THF)3 (3) in good yields. The structures of complexes 1–3 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and elemental analysis. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibited good catalytic activity for the polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone.
The contribution of adhesion signaling to lactogenesis
Authors: Morrison Bethanie , Cutler Mary Lou 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe mammary gland undergoes hormonally controlled cycles of pubertal maturation, pregnancy, lactation, and involution, and these processes rely on complex signaling mechanisms, many of which are controlled by cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion. The adhesion of epithelial cells to the extracellular matrix initiates signaling mechanisms that have an impact on cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation throughout lactation. The control of integrin expression on the mammary epithelial cells, the composition of the extracellular matrix and the presence of secreted matricellular proteins all contribute to essential adhesion signaling during lactogenesis. In vitro and in vivo studies, including the results from genetically engineered mice, have shed light on the regulation of these processes at the cell and tissue level and have led to increased understanding of the essential signaling components that are regulated in temporal and cell specific manner during lactogenesis. Recent studies suggest that a secreted matricellular protein, CTGF/CCN2, may play a role in lactogenic differentiation through binding to β1 integrin complexes, enhancing the production of extracellular matrix components and contributions to cell adhesion signaling.
NEIGHBOURHOODS OF UNIVALENT FUNCTIONS
Authors: PASCU MIHAI N. , PASCU NICOLAE R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe main result shows that a small perturbation of a univalent function is again a univalent function, hence a univalent function has a neighbourhood consisting entirely of univalent functions. For the particular choice of a linear function in the hypothesis of the main theorem, we obtain a corollary which is equivalent to the classical Noshiro–Warschawski–Wolff univalence criterion. We also present an application of the main result in terms of Taylor series, and we show that the hypothesis of our main result is sharp.
SOME REMARKS ON PRINCIPAL PRIME IDEALS
Authors: ANDERSON D. D. , CHUN SANGMIN 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper we investigate principal prime ideals in commutative rings. Among other things we characterize the principal prime ideals that are both minimal and maximal and characterize the maximal ideals of a polynomial ring that are principal. Our main result is that if (p) is a principal prime ideal of an atomic ring R, then ht(p)≤1.
DECOMPOSING LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS
Authors: WANG LU , ZHOU YIQIANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLet R be the ring of linear transformations of a right vector space over a division ring D. Three results are proved: (1) if |D|>4, then for any a∈R there exists a unit u of R such that a+u,a−u and a−u−1 are units of R; (2) if |D|>3 , then for any a∈R there exists a unit u of R such that both a+u and a−u−1 are units of R; (3) if |D|>2 , then for any a∈R there exists a unit u of R such that both a−u and a−u−1 are units of R. The second result extends the main result in H. Chen, [‘Decompositions of countable linear transformations’, Glasg. Math. J. (2010), doi:10.1017/S0017089510000121] and the third gives an affirmative answer to the question raised in the same paper.
A waterborne Campylobacter jejuni outbreak on a Greek island
Authors: KARAGIANNIS I. , SIDEROGLOU T. , GKOLFINOPOULOU K. , TSOURI A. , LAMPOUSAKI D. , VELONAKIS E. N. , SCOULICA E. V. , MELLOU K. , PANAGIOTOPOULOS T. , BONOVAS S. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA case-control and a case-crossover study were performed to investigate a Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in Crete in 2009. Most cases originated from rural areas, served by a different water-supply system from that of the adjacent town. Thirty-seven cases and 79 controls were interviewed; cases were interviewed for two different time periods for the case-crossover study. Stool cultures, PFGE and MLST subtyping were run in human samples. Univariately, consumption of tap water was associated with C. jejuni infection. Stratified analysis revealed that water-supply system was an effect modifier of this association. In the multivariable analysis, the rural areas' water supplier and drinking tap water were risk factors. No risk factors were revealed in the case-crossover study. No Campylobacter were isolated in the tested water samples. There is strong epidemiological evidence that tap water was the vehicle of the outbreak.
George Augustus Selwyn, First Bishop of New Zealand and the Origins of the Anglican Communion
Authors: Jacob W.M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article aims to identify the significance of George Augustus Selwyn, the first Bishop of New Zealand, for the development of the Anglican Communion. It is based on evidence derived from secondary sources, most obviously the two-volume life of Selwyn written shortly after his death by his former chaplain, and on recent studies of the development of the Anglican Communion, especially the development of provincial synodical government in Australasia, and on the constitution of the Episcopal Church in the United States.The article concludes that Selwyn had ideal qualities and experiences to enable him to achieve a constitution for a new Anglican province independent of the state, and with self-government, including elected representatives of laity and clergy, as well as bishops meeting together. His commitment to creating a constitutional framework for the dioceses and provinces of the Anglican Communion, including the Episcopal Church, enabled a second Lambeth Conference to happen.
Adaptive Wavelength Calibration Algorithm for LAMOST
Authors: Qin H. Q. , Zhu J. , Zhu Z. Q. , Ye Z. F. , Luo A. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn adaptive algorithm is presented for the wavelength calibration of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST). The new algorithm can identify emission lines of calibration lamp without manual interaction and then fit relationship between the pixel positions and the wavelengths by utilizing a polynomial function. In this study, experiments are performed both on the actual data observed by LAMOST and the simulated data to analyze the accuracy and the robustness.The experimental results show that the proposed automatic algorithm can perform the lines identification exactly and acquire the wavelength solution accurately. Thus, an applicable approach is provided for the wavelength calibration of LAMOST.
A Direct Detection of Gas Accretion: The Lyman Limit System in 3C 232
Authors: Stocke John T. , Keeney Brian A. , Danforth Charles W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe gas added to and removed from galaxies over cosmic time greatly affects their stellar populations and star formation rates. QSO absorption line studies in close QSO/galaxy pairs create a unique opportunity to study the physical conditions and kinematics of this gas. Here we present new Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images of the QSO/galaxy pair, 3C 232/NGC 3067. The quasar spectrum contains a Lyman limit (NHi = 1 × 1020 cm−2) absorption system (LLS) at cz = 1421 km s−1 that is associated with the nearby Sab galaxy NGC 3067. Previous work identifies this absorber as a high-velocity cloud (HVC) in NGC 3067 but the kinematics of the absorbing gas, infalling or outflowing, were uncertain. The HST images presented here establish the orientation of NGC 3067 and so establish that the LLS/HVC is infalling. Using this system as a prototype, we extend these results to higher-z MgII/LLS to suggest that Mgii/LLSs are a sightline sampling of the so-called ‘cold mode accretion’ (CMA) infalling onto luminous galaxies. To match the observed MgII absorber statistics, the CMA must be more highly ionised at higher redshifts. The key observations needed to further the study of low-z LLSs is HST UV spectroscopy, for which a new instrument, the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, has just been installed greatly enhancing our observational capabilities.
The Correlated Multi-color Optical Variations of BL Lac Object S5 0716+714
Authors: Zhang Bingkai , Dai Benzhong , Zhang Li , Liu Jiali , Cao Zhen 
Published: September 2010

AbstractS5 0716+714 is a well-studied BL Lac object in the sky. Verifying the existence of correlations among the flux variations in different bands serves as an important tool to investigate the emission processes. To examine the possible existence of a lag between variations in different optical bands on this source, we employ a discrete correlation function analysis on the light curves. In order to obtain statistically meaningful values for the cross-correlation time lags and their related uncertainties, we perform Monte Carlo simulations called ‘flux redistribution/random subset selection’. Our analysis confirms that the variations in different optical light curves are strongly correlated. The time lags show a hint of the variations in high frequency band leading those in low frequency band of the order of a few minutes.
Trapping and spectroscopic characterization of an FeIII-superoxo intermediate from a nonheme mononuclear iron-containing enzyme
Authors: Mbughuni Michael M. , Chakrabarti Mrinmoy , Hayden Joshua A. , Bominaar Emile L. , Hendrich Michael P. , Münck Eckard , Lipscomb John D. 
Published: September 2010

intermediates are well known in heme enzymes, but none have been characterized in the nonheme mononuclear FeIIenzyme family. Many steps in the O2activation and reaction cycle of FeII-containing homoprotocatechuate 2,3-dioxygenase are made detectable by using the alternative substrate 4-nitrocatechol (4NC) and mutation of the active site His200 to Asn (H200N). Here, the first intermediate (Int-1) observed after adding O2to the H200N-4NC complex is trapped and characterized using EPR and Mössbauer (MB) spectroscopies. Int-1 is a high-spin (S1 = 5/2) FeIIIantiferromagnetically (AF) coupled to anS2 = 1/2 radical (J ≈ 6 cm-1in). It exhibits parallel-mode EPR signals atg = 8.17 from theS = 2 multiplet, andg = 8.8 and 11.6 from theS = 3 multiplet. These signals are broadened significantly byhyperfine interactions (A17O ≈ 180 MHz). Thus, Int-1 is an AF-coupledspecies. The experimental observations are supported by density functional theory calculations that show nearly complete transfer of spin density to the bound O2. Int-1 decays to form a second intermediate (Int-2). MB spectra show that it is also an AF-coupled FeIII-radical complex. Int-2 exhibits an EPR signal atg = 8.05 arising from anS = 2 state. The signal is only slightly broadened by(< 3% spin delocalization), suggesting that Int-2 is a peroxo-FeIII-4NC semiquinone radical species. Our results demonstrate facile electron transfer between FeII, O2, and the organic ligand, thereby supporting the proposed wild-type enzyme mechanism.
THE LOCOMOTION OF THE LORISES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE POTTO
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe stealthy locomotion of the lorises is seen to be directly related to catching prey such as insects and roosting birds. The method of stalking prey contrasts strongly with the quick leaping method of food‐catching presented by the galagos. The lorises, by virtue of their food‐catching habits, are restricted to true forest, whereas some of the galagos, by the same token, have colonized more open country. This throws some light on the nature of the post‐Miocene link between Africa and Asia and is suggested as a reason why the galagos are restricted to Africa whereas the lorises are found in both Africa and Asia.
GROWTH IN WEIGHT OF THE FEMALE AFRICAN ELEPHANT IN ZAMBIA
Authors: Hanks J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYWeights of 173 non‐pregnant female elephants whose ages were estimated from the degree of molar tooth wear (Laws, 1966) were used to construct a growth curve. This differed from the growth curves described by Laws (1966) and Laws and Parker (1968), and reasons are suggested for this discrepancy.