bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeographical contingency and the evolution of tropical anchovies (genus Cetengraulis) from temperate anchovies (genus Engraulis)
Authors: Grant W. S. , Lecomte Frédéric , Bowen Brian W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim  Similar regimes of selection in different geographical settings can deterministically produce similar adaptive morphologies. We tested the hypothesis that the evolutionary trajectories of fish in upwelling zones can be altered by biogeographic contingencies in the biological and physical environment.Location  Eastern Pacific and western Atlantic oceans.Methods  We estimated phylogenetic relationships among eastern Pacific temperate anchovies (genus Engraulis) and tropical anchovies (genus Cetengraulis) with neighbour‐joining and Bayesian tree analysis of a 521‐bp segment of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b. Available sequences for five additional engraulid taxa were included to establish polarity of the tree. Bayesian estimates (BEAST) of time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the nodes in the phylogeny were calibrated with divergence between Cetengraulis edentulus and Cetengraulis mysticetus precipitated by the rise of the Panama Isthmus 2.8–3.2 Ma.Results  Neighbour‐joining and Bayesian trees indicate that South American Engraulis anchoita (Argentina) and Engraulis ringens (Chile) together are basal sister taxa to the California anchovy (Engraulis mordax) and Old World anchovies (Engraulis japonicas, Engraulis australis, Engraulis capensis and Engraulis encrasicolus). The two tropical species of Cetengraulis are sister‐taxa to Californian E. mordax, even though their phenotypes and ecologies differ markedly. A relaxed molecular clock indicates a TMRCA between Californian E. mordax and Cetengraulis at about 4.2 Ma (3.0–6.3 Ma 95% highest probability density).Main conclusions  The TMRCA between the California anchovy, E. mordax, and tropical Cetengraulis coincides with the formation of the Gulf of California, which provided opportunities for allopatric isolation during climate oscillations. Mid‐Pliocene warming (3.1–2.9 Ma) may have trapped ancestors of Cetengraulis in the Gulf of California, where they evolved digestive tract morphologies to exploit inshore tropical habitats with low plankton productivities. While populations of several other temperate fishes have become isolated in the Gulf of California, few of these derived species show strong adaptive shifts from temperate sister taxa or range expansions into the tropical provinces of the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific.
The endemic plant families and the palms of New Caledonia: a biogeographical analysis
Authors: Heads Michael 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper provides a panbiogeographical analysis of the endemic plant families and the palms of New Caledonia. There are three endemic plant families in New Caledonia and several genera that were previously recognized as endemic families. Of these taxa, some are sister to widespread Northern Hemisphere or global groups (Canacomyrica, Austrotaxus, Amborella). The others belong to trans‐Indian Ocean groups (Strasburgeria), trans‐tropical Pacific groups (Oncotheca) or Tasman Sea/Coral Sea groups (Phelline, Paracryphia) that are sister to widespread Northern Hemisphere or global groups. In palms, the four clades show allopatric regional connections in, respectively: (1) western Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand; (2) Vanuatu/Fiji and the southern Ryukyu Islands near Taiwan; (3) the western Tasman/Coral Sea (eastern Australia, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands); and (4) the eastern Tasman/Coral Sea (Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, New Zealand, Vanuatu, Fiji and the Solomon Islands). The four clades thus belong to different centres of endemism that overlap in New Caledonia. The patterns are attributed not to chance dispersal and adaptive radiation but to the different histories of the eight terranes that fused to produce modern New Caledonia. Trans‐tropical Pacific connections can be related to the Cretaceous igneous plateaus that formed in the central Pacific and were carried, with plate movement, west to the Solomon Islands and New Zealand, and east to Colombia and the Caribbean.
Characterization of bovine neutrophil β2‐adrenergic receptor function
Authors: LaBRANCHE T. P. , EHRICH M. F. , EYRE P. 
Published: March 2010

LaBranche, T. P., Ehrich, M. F., Eyre, P. Characterization of bovine neutrophil β2‐adrenergic receptor function.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐2885.2009.01143.x.This study compares bovine leukocyte β‐adrenergic receptor densities to that of the rat, demonstrates for the first time a functional β2‐adrenergic receptor signaling pathway in steer neutrophils, and investigates the effect of an inflammatory stimulus on that signaling pathway. The β1‐/β2‐adrenergic antagonist[3H]CGP‐12177 demonstrated that rat lymphocyte specific binding‐site density was highest, followed by steer and dairy cow lymphocytes, and lastly steer and dairy cow neutrophils. The β2‐adrenergic agonist terbutaline stimulated steer neutrophil adenosine 3,5‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production, an effect increased by inclusion of ≥1 × 10−8 mphorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), an activator of protein kinase C. Both terbutaline and the nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX) independently decreased steer neutrophil superoxide anion production in a concentration‐dependent manner, with 1 × 10−4 mIBMX enhancing both the potency and efficacy of the terbutaline effect (up to 74% reduction in superoxide anion production). Superoxide anion production was also reduced by the synthetic cAMP analog 8‐bromo‐cAMP, which increased the potency of the IBMX effect on superoxide anion production. Taken together, these data demonstrate the presence of a β2‐adrenergic receptor signaling pathway in bovine neutrophils much like that described in other animal species, as well as the potential for an inflammatory stimulus to alter its function.
Benzydamine as a useful substrate of hepatic flavin‐containing monooxygenase activity in veterinary species
Authors: CAPOLONGO F. , SANTI A. , ANFOSSI P. , MONTESISSA C. 
Published: March 2010

Capolongo, F., Santi, A., Anfossi, P., Montesissa, C. Benzydamine as a useful substrate of hepatic flavin‐containing monooxygenase activity in veterinary species.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐2885.2009.01145.x.Benzydamine (BZ), a weak base and an indazole derivative with analgesic and antipyretic properties used in human and veterinary medicine, is metabolized in human, rat, cattle and rabbit to a wide range of metabolites. One of the main metabolites, BZN‐oxide (BZ‐NO), is produced in the liver and brain by flavin‐containing monooxigenases (FMOs), by liver and brain enzymes. To evaluate the suitability of BZ as an FMO probe in veterinary species, BZ metabolism was studiedin vitrousing liver microsomes from bovine, rabbit and swine. Kinetic parameters,KmandVmax, of BZ‐NO production, were evaluated to corroborate the pivotal role of FMOs. Inhibition studies were carried out by heat inactivation and by specific FMO chemical inhibitors: trimethylamine and methimazole. The results confirmed the presence of FMO activity in the liver and the role of BZ as a suitable marker of FMO enzyme activities for the veterinary species considered.
Pharmacokinetics of intrarectal omeprazole in alpacas
Authors: MARMULAK T. , STANLEY S. , KASS P. H. , WIEBE V. , McKEMIE D. , PUSTERLA N. 
Published: March 2010

Marmulak, T., Stanley, S., Kass, P.H., Wiebe, V., McKemie, D., Pusterla, N. Pharmacokinetics of intrarectal omeprazole in alpacas. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐2885.2009.00149.x.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in three different vehicles when administered rectally to six alpacas. Alpacas were given single doses of omeprazole (4 mg/kg) in a double‐blinded, randomized cross‐over design with a 1 week washout period. Omeprazole formulations consisted of (1) Treatment A: omeprazole paste mixed in surgical lubricant (2) Treatment B: omeprazole capsule contents in 8.4% sodium bicarbonate and (3) Treatment C: omeprazole capsule contents in surgical lubricant and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution. Plasma samples were drawn at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 300 and 480 min. Omeprazole plasma concentrations were determined by high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic results demonstrated median peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 7.35 (3.2–15.2), 7.30 (1.7–10.9) and 8.65 (1.8–19.3) ng/mL and median area under the concentration curve (AUC(0–180)) of 747 (237–1681) min·ng/mL, 552.9 (39–1063) min·ng/mL, and 972 (107–1841) min·ng/mL for treatments A, B and C, respectively. The median half‐lives were similar between groups: 38, 50, and 53 min. As a result of the low measured omeprazole plasma concentrations, it is assumed that rectal absorption of omeprazole is poor in alpacas and not an effective route of administration.
IL‐10 and TGF‐β Immunoregulatory Cytokines rather than Natural Regulatory T Cells are Associated with the Resolution Phase of Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada (VKH) Syndrome
Authors: Commodaro A. G. , Peron J. P. S. , Genre J. , Arslanian C. , Sanches L. , Muccioli C. , Rizzo L. V. , Belfort Jr R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe pro‐inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in the initiation and propagation of ocular autoimmune diseases. Regulation of these cytokines is generally mediated by the immunoregulatory cytokine such as IL‐10 or TGF‐β. In this study, we investigated the immunoregulatory cytokine profile and frequency of natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) in patients with Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada (VKH). We obtained the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with VKH and healthy controls. The cytokine profile from supernatants of PBMC cultured with or without phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was measured by ELISA, the percentage of CD4+ Foxp3+ and CD25highFoxp3+ T regulatory cells were analysed by flow cytometry, and the transcriptional level of Foxp3 expression was analysed by real‐time quantitative PCR. The immunoregulatory cytokines, TGF‐β and IL‐10, increased in patients with VKH in the inactive stage of the disease. We observed no significant difference in the CD4+ Foxp3+ and CD25highFoxp3+ T cells as well as no reduction in FOXP3 mRNA expression in the patients with VKH when compared to healthy controls. We showed in our work, an increase in IFN‐γ secretion by PBMC of patients with VKH in the active stage of the disease when compared to healthy controls and patients in the inactive stage. Our data suggest that IL‐10 and TGF‐β cytokines, rather than nTregs are associated with the resolution phase of the disease and may have a more relevant role in controlling this disease.
Perioperative management of combined heart–liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis, renal insufficiency, or pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Eyraud D. , Ben Menna M. , Vaillant J. C. , Kitajima K. , Lebray P. , Pavie A. , Poynard T. , Coriat P. , Hannoun L. 
Published: March 2010

Eyraud D, Ben Menna M, Vaillant JC, Kitajima K, Lebray P, Pavie A, Poynard T, Coriat P, Hannoun L. Perioperative management of combined heart–liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis, renal insufficiency, or pulmonary hypertension.  Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 228–234. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Stating the main problem:  Only few reports have detailed perioperative management and outcome of combined heart and liver transplantation (CHLT), and none describe the long‐term renal function.Methods:  Three patients presented clinical signs of cardiomyopathy with reduced ejection fraction and proven cirrhosis with evidence of portal hypertension. Two of them presented renal failure, and the other pulmonary hypertension. After cardiac transplantation and closure of the sternum, liver transplantation was performed using systematically venovenous double‐limb (portal and caval) bypass.Results:  Mean cold ischemic time for heart and liver was 2 h 46 min and 12 h 47 min, respectively. Intraoperative hemodynamics remained grossly stable during surgery. Mean transfusions were 12 red blood cell packs. All three patients received anti‐R‐Il2 antibodies at post‐operative day 1 and 4. Mean plasma creatinine concentration was 90 ± 8 μmol/L one yr post‐CHLT, vs 160 ± 62 μmol/L pre‐CHLT. All three patients are alive with functional grafts after a mean follow‐up of 26 months (12–38).Conclusion:  CHLT could be performed safely through two consecutive and independent usual procedures. Perioperative hemodynamic stability, minimal blood loss, and routine splanchnic decompression are probably major determinants of a favorable outcome and good long‐term renal function.
NADPH‐Diaphorase Activity and NO Synthase Expression in the Olfactory Epithelium of the Bovine
Authors: Wenisch S. , Arnhold S. 
Published: March 2010

With 2 figuresSummaryNADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) staining of the bovine olfactory epithelium was compared with the immunohistochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), soluble guanylyl cyclase, and cGMP (cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate). Out of the three isoforms, only the inducible NOS (NOS‐II) was found at the epithelial surface correlating with the strong labelling for NADPH‐d. In contrast, light diaphorase staining associated with deeper epithelial regions did not coincide with any NOS immunoreactivity. As there is overlapping expression of NOS‐II, soluble guanylyl cyclase and cGMP at the luminal surface morphologically occupied by dendritic knobs of olfactory receptor neurons and microvillar endings of supporting cells, the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway is likely to be involved in modulating the odour signals during olfactory transduction.
Isolation and Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells From Bovine Umbilical Cord Blood
Authors: Raoufi MF , Tajik P , Dehghan MM , Eini F , Barin A 
Published: March 2010

ContentsCurrently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are used in veterinary clinical applications. Bone marrow and adipose tissue are the most common sources of stem cells derived from adult animals. However, cord blood which is collected non‐invasively is an alternative source of stem cells other than bone marrow and adipose tissue. Moreover, high availability and lower immunogenicity of umbilical cord blood (UCB) haematopoietic stem cells compared to other sources of stem cell therapy such as bone marrow have made them a considerable source for cell therapy, but MSCs is not highly available in cord blood and their immunogenicity is poorly understood. In this study, the cells with spindle morphology from 7 of 9 bovine UCB samples were isolated and cultured. These mesenchymal stromal cells were successfully differentiated to osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. In addition, Oct‐4 and SH3 were determined by RT‐PCR assay. It is the first report of isolation, culture, characterization and differentiation of bovine umbilical stem cells.
Anti‐inflammatory effect of an insulin infusion in patients on maintenance haemodialysis: A randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: VOS FREDERIEK E , MANNING PATRICK J , SUTHERLAND WAYNE HF , SCHOLLUM JOHN B , WALKER ROBERT J 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTAim:  A pilot study to investigate the anti‐inflammatory effect of insulin in patients on maintenance haemodialysis.Background:  Elevated concentrations of pro‐inflammatory and oxidative mediators are thought to contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk in haemodialysis. Insulin has been demonstrated to have anti‐inflammatory properties and a continuous low‐dose insulin infusion in critically ill patients is associated with improved outcomes. The anti‐inflammatory effects of insulin in haemodialysis have not been investigated.Methods:  In a single‐blind cross‐over study, 11 stable, non‐diabetic, haemodialysis patients received a continuous insulin infusion (Actrapid 2 IU/h) during a dialysis of 4 h or a conventional dialysis in random order. Normoglycaemia was maintained by a modified glucose dialysate and glucose infusion. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 1, 4, 6 and 24 h. C‐reactive protein (CRP), tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, neopterin, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, protein thiols, dityrosine and peroxides were measured.Results:  Insulin produced a significant reduction in median CRP over the immediate dialysis phase (confidence interval) by 6% (2–9% (95% CI), P = 0.006) and an even greater decline at 24 h (19% (8–28%, 95% CI), P = 0.001) compared with values of the conventional dialysis. No significant changes were observed in the other markers. Median glucose levels were comparable during both dialysis sessions.Conclusions:  During haemodialysis, insulin may have a modest anti‐inflammatory effect as evident by a reduction in CRP that appears to have a persistent effect over the next 24 h post dialysis. More studies are required to examine longer‐term benefits as well as the potential role in more high‐risk individuals.
Effect of pediatric advanced life support course on pediatric residents' intubation success
Authors: Kendirli Tanıl , Çaltık Aysun , Duman Murat , Yılmaz Hayri Levent , Yıldızdaş Dinçer , Boşnak Mehmet , Tekin Deniz , Atay Nilgün 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  The Pediatric Advanced Life Support Program (PALS) course very important for teaching about intubation, resuscitation, shock, trauma, respiratory failure and rhythm disturbances. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the PALS course on pediatric residents' intubation success during their rotation, daytime and night‐time practice in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).Methods:  The study was carried out from 1 March 2005 to 28 February 2007. The study period had two parts, in that the number of attempts and successful intubations performed by pediatric residents, and the pediatric intensivist successful intubation ratio were evaluated in two different periods: before the PALS course, 1 March 2005–28 February 2006, and after the PALS course, 5 March 2006–28 February 2007. The participating residents' pediatric levels (PL) were classed as PL‐1, PL‐2, PL‐3, PL‐4, and all had first experience in the PICU at the PL‐1 level. The PALS instructor was a pediatric emergency or intensive care doctor. We evaluated whether the PALS course influenced intubation success or not.Results:  Sixteen residents participated in the study. The proportion of successful intubations was 110 (53.3%) and 104 (65.4%) attempts before and after the PALS course, respectively. The proportion of intubations done by intensivists decreased from 49.1% to 31.7% before and after PALS. The most frequently used endotracheal tube (ETT) internal diameter (ID) was 4.0 mm, and cuffed ETT was used 16% and 21% before and after the course, respectively. Appropriate placing of ETT tip occurred 70.4% and 82.2% of the time before and after the PALS course, respectively. Proportion of successful intubations by residents increased in all levels, except for PL‐1. The most important reason for unsuccessful attempts was inappropriate patient position. Only one patient could not be intubated, and laryngeal mask airway was used in that case. During intubation, complications were broken teeth in two patients before the course, and subglottic stenosis developed in only one patient due to cuffed ETT.Conclusion:  Successful intubation is a life‐saving intervention during resuscitation, ETT revision for extubation or obstruction for extubation or obstruction during mechanical ventilation. This skill can be developed in the PALS course and by clinical study in PICU and pediatric emergency services. The PALS course must be given to pediatric residents especially within the first year. Also, cuffed ETT can be used for infants and children.
Effects of adipocytes on the proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cells in a 3‐D culture model
Authors: Kaneko Arata , Satoh Yuji , Tokuda Yuji , Fujiyama Chisato , Udo Kazuma , Uozumi Jiro 
Published: March 2010

Objective:  To investigate how the mechanism of adipocyte–prostate cancer cell interaction affects the proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cells.Methods:  An androgen‐dependent cell line (LNCaP), two androgen‐independent cell lines (PC‐3, DU145), and mature adipocytes harvested from male Wistar rats were used. Cancer cells were co‐cultured with the isolated mature adipocytes in 3‐D collagen gel matrix culture. The morphology and proliferative ability of the prostate cancer cells were examined. With regard to the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway, the expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), Akt and Bad were determined by immunohistochemistry.Results:  LNCaP cells co‐cultured with adipocytes formed larger clusters than those of the control. PC‐3 cells co‐cultured with adipocytes did not form larger clusters, but formed spherical and spindle‐shaped cells. The phosphorylation of Akt in PC‐3 cells was greater in the co‐cultured group compared with the controls, but there were no significant differences in the phosphorylation of Akt with regard to LNCaP and DU145 cells.Conclusions:  Adipocytes could modulate the proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cell lines. Activation of the PI3K pathway might be involved in the prostate cancer cell–adipocyte interaction.
Efficacy and safety of nephron‐sparing surgery
Authors: Van Poppel Hein 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo analyse the current evidence of efficacy and safety of nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS) that encompasses open partial nephrectomy (OPN), laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and robotic partial nephrectomy in the management of localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Oncological data, complications and postoperative renal function were reviewed for the most important series of partial nephrectomy. Partial nephrectomy (PN) provides similar oncological control as radical nephrectomy (RN) and is superior to RN with respect to preserving renal function and preventing chronic kidney disease. OPN remains the first treatment option for T1 renal tumors in centers without advanced laparoscopic expertise. Indications for LPN have expanded as such that LPN is suited for most renal tumors provided that the procedure is carried out in selected patients by an experienced laparoscopic surgeon. Warm ischemia time should be kept within 20 min, which is currently recommended regardless of surgical approach. In experienced hands, LPN yields intermediate oncological efficacy and renal function outcome comparable to open surgery in the treatment of pT1 renal tumors. Positive surgical margin rates are comparable after LPN and OPN. In contemporary series, the morbidity of LPN is decreasing to become similar to that of OPN. Preliminary results with robotic PN are comparable to results obtained with LPN. Additional studies are required to validate these results and compare with other current methods, such as thermal ablation. NSS is effective and safe for the management of localized RCC and is the gold standard to which new ablative techniques need to be compared.