bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climatic Chamber With Centrifuge to Simulate Different Weather Conditions
Authors: Tristancho Julián , Caicedo Bernardo , Thorel Luc , Obregón Nelson 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Increasing interest in thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) studies of soil responses to hydrological variations has heightened the need for improvements in the basic understanding of the heat and mass transport taking place at the soil-atmosphere interface. Numerous hydrological parameters affect this thermo-hydro-mechanical process including solar radiation, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind velocity, rain intensity and hygrometry. Since field tests of soil-atmosphere interaction require measurements over long periods of time, only a small number of these results are available for calibration of the numerical models that are based on atmospheric data as boundary condition. The number is even more limited for results which focus on cyclic wetting and drying. Centrifuge modeling is a powerful tool for studying these problems since it can accelerate the time needed for diffusion processes taking place at the soil-atmosphere interface. Nevertheless, modeling this interaction adequately with a centrifuge requires development of new types of equipment such as a climatic chamber that allows control of weather variables while respecting the centrifuge’s scaling laws. This paper describes the design of an apparatus for simulating tropical weather conditions which combines a climatic chamber with a centrifuge. The scaling laws are studied, and the feasibility of reproducing tropical weather conditions around a centrifuge is discussed. Finally, the paper presents some validation results that highlight the working principles of this new apparatus.
Association of Serum Leptin Levels With Progression of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hanai Ko , Babazono Tetsuya , Mugishima Michino , Yoshida Naoshi , Nyumura Izumi , Toya Kiwako , Bouchi Ryotaro , Tanaka Nobue , Uchigata Yasuko 
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE
To clarify the association of serum leptin levels with progression of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was an observational cohort study of 668 patients with T2D. Patients were classified into three groups by sex-specific tertile of leptin levels. Outcome measurements were the rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and progression to a more advanced stage of albuminuria.

RESULTS
Patients with low or high leptin levels had a steeper eGFR decline (−2.07 and −2.14 mL/min/1.73 m2/year) than those with midrange leptin levels (−0.82 mL/min/1.73 m2/year; P &lt; 0.01), whereas patients with low leptin levels had an elevated risk of progression of albuminuria as compared with those with high leptin levels (hazard ratio 3.125 [95% CI 1.302–7.499]).

CONCLUSIONS
Both low and high serum leptin levels were risk factors for kidney function decline. Meanwhile, lower serum leptin levels were associated with progression of albuminuria.
Use of commercially available foam pipe insulation as a protective device for wounds over the elbow joint area in five dogs
Authors: Pavletic Michael M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Case Description—4 large-breed dogs were referred because of nonhealing skin wounds involving the elbow joint area of several weeks to months in duration. One additional large-breed dog was evaluated because of a draining abscess with overlying skin necrosis.
Clinical Findings—Previous attempts at closing each wound over the elbow joint area had been unsuccessful. At the time of hospital admission, open wounds had variable degrees of bacterial contamination and infection.
Treatment and Outcome—Open wounds over the elbow joint area were closed by use of bipedicle advancement flaps or direct suture apposition of opposing sides of the wound. Lengths of pipe insulation were applied to the forelimb in a fashion to prevent contact pressure to the olecranon for a prolonged period (4 to 13 weeks) after surgery. All wounds healed completely. Release incisions (donor areas) healed by second intention within 3 weeks after surgery. One dog developed periostitis of the olecranon, which responded to antimicrobial administration. A second dog developed a skin bacterial infection below the surgical area that was markedly resistant to antimicrobials.
Clinical Relevance—The layered application of commercially available foam pipe insulation provided a simple and economical protective device after closure of problematic skin wounds involving the elbow joint area. Prolonged protection of the olecranon area helped to assure healing was complete and skin coverage was sufficiently stable to reduce the risk of reinjury after removal of the device. Each patient was able to use the involved forelimb during the treatment period. Paired bipedicle advancement flaps (release incisions) were particularly useful for closing small to moderate defects overlying the olecranon in which simple apposition was not feasible.
Stoichiometry Controlled, Single‐Crystalline Bi2Te3 Nanowires for Transport in the Basal Plane
Authors: Peranio Nicola , Leister Eva , Töllner William , Eibl Oliver , Nielsch Kornelius 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThermoelectric Bi2Te3 based bulk materials are widely used for solid‐state refrigeration and power‐generation at room temperature. For low‐dimensional and nanostructured thermoelectric materials an increase of the thermoelectric figure of merit ZT is predicted due to quantum confinement and phonon scattering at interfaces. Therefore, the fabrication of Bi2Te3 nanowires, thin films, and nanostructured bulk materials has become an important and active field of research. Stoichiometric Bi2Te3 nanowires with diameters of 50–80 nm and a length of 56 μm are grown by a potential‐pulsed electrochemical deposition in a nanostructured Al2O3 matrix. By transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dark‐field images together with electron diffraction reveal single‐crystalline wires, no grain boundaries can be detected. The stoichiometry control of the wires by high‐accuracy, quantitative enegy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) in the TEM instrument is of paramount importance for successfully implementing the growth technology. Combined electron diffraction and EDX spectroscopy in the TEM unambiguously prove the correct crystal structure and stoichiometry of the Bi2Te3 nanowires. X‐ray and electron diffraction reveal growth along the [110] and [210] directions and the c axis of the Bi2Te3 structure lies perpendicular to the wire axis. For the first time single crystalline, stoichiometric Bi2Te3 nanowires are grown that allow transport in the basal plane without being affected by grain boundaries.
Hydrazonoyl Halides as Precursors for New Fused Heterocycles of 5α‐Reductase Inhibitors
Authors: Farghaly Thoraya A. , Gomha Sobhi M. , Abbas Eman M. H. , Abdalla Mohamed M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new series of benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2‐d]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines 8a–l was synthesized via reaction of heterocyclic thione 4 or its methyl derivatives 10 with hydrazonoyl halides 5a–l. Also, reaction of compound 4 with a mixture of chloroacetic acid and aromatic aldehyde derivatives gave benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2‐d]thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐3‐ones 12–14. The microanalyses and spectral data of the synthesized compounds are in full agreement with their molecular structure. All the newly synthesized products were screened against 5α‐reductase and showed activities with good ED50 for all compounds.
Dinuclear, Tetranuclear and Chain (MnII, CoII) Complexes of Multifunctional Hydrazone Ligands – Structural and Magnetic Studies
Authors: Bettle Peter J. , Dawe Louise N. , Anwar Muhammad U. , Thompson Laurence K. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe coordination chemistry of a group of hydrazone‐based ligands, modified with carboxylate and heterocyclic terminal donor groups, with MnII and CoII has been investigated. The multifunctional nature of the ligands allows coordinative flexibility based on the hydrazone core, which is well established to lead to spin‐coupled polymetallic assemblies through μ‐Ohydrazone bridging. Examples of dinuclear, tetranuclear and chain complexes are reported with hydrazone, carboxylate and triazole bridging. Spin exchange through the μ‐O and μ‐N,N bridging connections leads to antiferromagnetic exchange in most cases, except for the central subunit in the MnII4 chain complex, where small (< 90°) bridge angles result in contributing ferromagnetic interactions.
Suitability of the k–ω turbulence model for scramjet flowfield simulations
Authors: Chan W.Y.K. , Jacobs P.A. , Mee D.J. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe suitability of Wilcox's 2006 k– ω turbulence model for scramjet flowfield simulations is demonstrated by validation against five test cases that have flowfields representative of those to be expected in scramjets. The five test cases include a 2D flat plate, an axisymmetric cylinder, a backward‐facing step, the mixing of a pair of coaxial jets and the interaction between a shock wave and turbulent boundary layer. A generally good agreement between the numerical and experimental results is obtained for all test cases. These tests reveal that despite the turbulence model's sensitivity to freestream turbulence properties, the numerically predicted skin friction agrees with experimental data and theoretical correlations to their degree of uncertainty. The tests also confirm the importance of using a y+ value of less than 1 in getting accurate surface heat transfer distributions. In the coaxial jets case, the importance of matching the turbulence intensities at the inflow plane in improving the predictions of the turbulent mixing phenomena is also shown. A review of guidelines with regard to the setting up of grids and specification of freestream turbulence properties for turbulent Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes CFD simulations is also included in this paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the Water Quenched Slag‐epoxy Resin Composite on Microwave Absorbing Properties
Authors: Ting Tzu‐Hao , Wang To‐Mai , Yang Sheng‐Fu , Sun Kin‐Seng , Lee Wen‐Cheng 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough in recent years, the ash residues produced from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) in Taiwan have been decreased gradually due to the public awareness of waste classification, it is still necessary to find a suitable landfill site to dispose these wastes safely and economically. For this reason, the plasma melting technology was selected to convert the unwanted ash residues into harmless water quenched slag. More importantly, the effect of the dielectric and magnetic properties of microwave absorber composed of water quenched slag‐epoxy resin composite was studied. The absorbing performance of water quenched slag‐epoxy composites at same sample thickness and at various sample thickness were also studied by measuring complex permittivity, complex permeability and reflection loss in the 2–18 and 18–40 GHz microwave frequency range using the free space method. It was found that the optimum thickness of absorber needed to yield the best reflection loss could be obtained and an absorption frequency range shifting at the frequency range of 2–18 and 18–40 GHz.
Optimization of intramedullary nailing by numerical simulation of fracture healing
Authors: Wehner Tim , Claes Lutz , Ignatius Anita , Simon Ulrich 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDue to the annular gap between intramedullary (IM) nails and the endosteal surface, high interfragmentary movement can occur under loading. This could prolong the healing time, particularly for thin IM nails that are often used for unreamed IM nailing. The aims of our study were to determine the influence of the nail diameter on the healing time of human tibial shaft fractures and to investigate whether the healing time could be shortened by increasing the stiffness of the implant material. Therefore, a corroborated numerical model for simulating the fracture healing process in humans was used to simulate the healing process of human tibial fractures treated with IM nails. The calculated healing time (up to 71 weeks) was longest for transverse fractures treated with thin IM nails made of titanium. That the healing time was disproportionately long depended on the nail diameter, and could be greatly reduced by using a thicker nail or using steel instead of titanium. To avoid a prolonged healing time, the nail should be thick, and the annular gap should be as narrow as possible. Alternatively, using steel instead of titanium may also help to avoid a prolonged healing time. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:569–573, 2012
Streamlined approach to high‐quality purification and identification of compound series using high‐resolution MS and NMR
Authors: Mühlebach Anneke , Adam Joachim , Schön Uwe 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAutomated medicinal chemistry (parallel chemistry) has become an integral part of the drug‐discovery process in almost every large pharmaceutical company. Parallel array synthesis of individual organic compounds has been used extensively to generate diverse structural libraries to support different phases of the drug‐discovery process, such as hit‐to‐lead, lead finding, or lead optimization. In order to guarantee effective project support, efficiency in the production of compound libraries has been maximized. As a consequence, also throughput in chromatographic purification and analysis has been adapted. As a recent trend, more laboratories are preparing smaller, yet more focused libraries with even increasing demands towards quality, i.e. optimal purity and unambiguous confirmation of identity. This paper presents an automated approach how to combine effective purification and structural conformation of a lead optimization library created by microwave‐assisted organic synthesis. The results of complementary analytical techniques such as UHPLC‐HRMS and NMR are not only regarded but even merged for fast and easy decision making, providing optimal quality of compound stock. In comparison with the previous procedures, throughput times are at least four times faster, while compound consumption could be decreased more than threefold.
Antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanofibers obtained by electrospinning
Authors: Martínez‐Camacho Ana Patricia , Cortez‐Rocha Mario Onofre , Castillo‐Ortega María Mónica , Burgos‐Hernández Armando , Ezquerra‐Brauer Josafat Marina , Plascencia‐Jatomea Maribel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractChitosan is a natural polymer with both antimicrobial activity and nanofiber‐forming capability. The electrospinning technique allows the production of chitosan nanofibers but still faces several problems such as the small number of suitable solvents for the process and the large number of factors affecting quality and production of the nanofibers, among others. The antimicrobial properties of chitosan nanofibers have been little studied; therefore, the most probable mechanism of action and the effect of the conformation or arrangement of the molecules in the nanofibers remain unknown. The presence of residual solvent in the materials is one factor that has complicated the assessment of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanofibers. The research in this area will be very important for the future of these materials. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Caregivers of patients with cancer: anxiety, depression and distribution of dependency
Authors: Cipolletta Sabrina , Shams Malihe , Tonello Fabio , Pruneddu Alessandra 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveAssisting a patient with cancer implies assuming a role that may fit in with the previous role of the person or that may contrast with it, thereby provoking suffering. This research explores if it is possible to identify different profiles of caregivers on the basis of different levels of anxiety and depression as well as on different ways of distributing one's own dependency.MethodsThere were 50 Italian primary caregivers of patients with cancer who completed the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory‐II, and Kelly's Dependency Grids. Cluster analysis was conducted on the indices derived from the three instruments.ResultsThree profiles were found on the basis of how the caregivers used their resources to give and to receive help. If there was congruence between the situation of giving help that the caregivers experienced and their personal role, then anxiety and depression decreased, otherwise, they increased. The implications of the balance/imbalance between the usual and the present role depended also on the typicality of the caregivers' experience, as related to their caring role.ConclusionsThese results suggest the usefulness of planning different kinds of support for different experiences of caregiving. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A parametric study of breaking bow waves using a 2D + T Technique
Authors: Maxeiner Eric , Shakeri Mostafa , Duncan James H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA mechanical two-dimensional wave maker with a flexible surface was used to create waves similar to those formed at the bow of a moving ship. Utilizing the two-dimensional plus time (2D + T) approximation, the wave maker was programmed so that its deformable wave board created a time sequence of shapes that simulated the line of intersection between one side of the hull of a slender ship model moving at constant speed and an imaginary vertical plane oriented normal to the ship model track. However, instead of simulating a particular ship hull, the wave maker was set to produce a parametric set of flat plate motions that represent components of typical bow shapes. The resulting surface waves were measured using a cinematic laser-induced fluorescence technique and the resulting wave profiles were analysed. A large variation of wave crest shapes was observed. An assortment of wave characteristics including the maximum contact point height, maximum wave height and plunging jet geometry were measured and related to the corresponding wave maker motion parameters. Despite the variety of wave maker motions and resulting wave crest shapes, it was observed that the gross parameters describing the wave, such as the maximum wave height, maximum contact point height and wave phase speed, correlate strongly with the wave maker velocity along the water line. Details of the crest shape at the moment of incipient breaking showed a stronger dependence on the initial acceleration of the wave board.
Quasi-steady linked vortices with chaotic streamlines
Authors: Velasco Fuentes Oscar , Arteaga Angélica Romero 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper describes the motion and the flow geometry of two or more linked ring vortices in an otherwise quiescent, ideal fluid. The vortices are thin tubes of near-circular shape which lie on the surface of an immaterial torus of small aspect ratio. Since the vortices are assumed to be identical and evenly distributed on any meridional section of the torus, the flow evolution depends only on the number of vortices ($n$) and the torus aspect ratio (${r}_{1} / {r}_{0} $, where${r}_{0} $is the centreline radius and${r}_{1} $is the cross-section radius). Numerical simulations based on the Biot–Savart law showed that a small number of vortices ($n= 2, 3$) coiled on a thin torus (${r}_{1} / {r}_{0} \leq 0. 16$) progressed along and rotated around the symmetry axis of the torus in an almost uniform manner while each vortex approximately preserved its shape. In the comoving frame the velocity field always possesses two stagnation points. The transverse intersection, along$2n$streamlines, of the stream tube emanating from the front stagnation point and the stream tube ending at the rear stagnation point creates a three-dimensional chaotic tangle. It was found that the volume of the chaotic region increases with increasing torus aspect ratio and decreasing number of vortices.
BINDING NUMBER AND MINIMUM DEGREE FOR FRACTIONAL (k,m)-DELETED GRAPHS
Authors: ZHOU SIZHONG , BIAN QIUXIANG , XU LAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLet G be a graph of order n, and let k≥1 be an integer. Let h:E(G)→[0,1] be a function. If ∑ e∋xh(e)=k holds for any x∈V (G), then we call G[Fh] a fractional k-factor of G with indicator function h where Fh ={e∈E(G):h(e)>0}. A graph G is called a fractional (k,m) -deleted graph if for every e∈E(H) , there exists a fractional k-factor G[Fh ] of G with indicator function h such that h(e)=0 , where H is any subgraph of G with m edges. The minimum degree of a vertex in G is denoted by δ(G) . For X⊆V (G), NG(X)=⋃ x∈XNG(x) . The binding number of G is defined by In this paper, it is proved that if then G is a fractional (k,m) -deleted graph. Furthermore, it is shown that this result is best possible in some sense.
Understanding reasoning: Let's describe what we really think about
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractI suggest psychologists would more profitably study a totally different area of human reasoning than is discussed in the target article – the inductive reasoning people use in their everyday life that matters in consequential real-life decision making, rather than the deductive reasoning that psychologists have studied meticulously but that has relatively less ecological relevance to people's lives.
Systematic rationality norms provide research roadmaps and clarity
Authors: Pfeifer Niki 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNormative theories like probability logic provide roadmaps for psychological investigations. They make theorizing precise. Therefore, normative considerations should not be subtracted from psychological research. I explain why conditional elimination inferences involve at least two norm paradigms; why reporting agreement with rationality norms is informative; why alleged asymmetric relations between formal and psychological theories are symmetric; and I discuss the arbitration problem.
Cultural and individual differences in the generalization of theories regarding human thinking
Authors: Kim Kyungil , Park Youngjun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTests of a universal theory often find significant variability and individual differences between cultures. We propose that descriptivism research should focus more on cultural and individual differences, especially those based on motivational factors. Explaining human thinking by focusing on individual difference factors across cultures could provide a parsimonious paradigm, by uncovering the true causal mechanisms of psychological processes.