bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connections of the marmoset rostrotemporal auditory area: express pathways for analysis of affective content in hearing
Authors: Reser David H. , Burman Kathleen J. , Richardson Karyn E. , Spitzer Matthew W. , Rosa Marcello G.P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe current hierarchical model of primate auditory cortical processing proposes a core of ‘primary‐like’ areas, which is surrounded by secondary (belt) and tertiary (parabelt) regions. The rostrotemporal auditory cortical area (RT) remains the least well characterized of the three proposed core areas, and its functional organization has only recently come under scrutiny. Here we used injections of anterograde and retrograde tracers in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to examine the connectivity of RT and its adjacent areas. As expected from the current model, RT exhibited dense core‐like reciprocal connectivity with the ventral division of the medial geniculate body, the rostral core area and the auditory belt, but had weaker connections with the parabelt. However, RT also projected to the ipsilateral rostromedial prefrontal cortex (area 10), the dorsal temporal pole and the ventral caudate nucleus, as well as bilaterally to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Thus, RT has connectivity with limbic structures previously believed to connect only with higher‐order auditory association cortices, and is probably functionally distinct from the other core areas. While this view is consistent with a proposed role of RT in temporal integration, our results also indicate that RT could provide an anatomical ‘shortcut’ for processing affective content in auditory information.
Precipitation of low‐temperature dolomite from an anaerobic microbial consortium: the role of methanogenic Archaea
Authors: KENWARD P. A. , GOLDSTEIN R. H. , GONZÁLEZ L. A. , ROBERTS J. A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHere we report precipitation of dolomite at low temperature (30 °C) mediated by a mixed anaerobic microbial consortium composed of dissimilatory iron‐reducing bacteria (DIRB), fermenters, and methanogens. Initial solution geochemistry is controlled by DIRB, but after 90 days shifts to a system dominated by methanogens. In live experiments conditions are initially saturated with respect to dolomite (Ωdol = 19.40) and increase by two orders of magnitude (Ωdol = 2 330.77) only after the onset of methanogenesis, as judged by the increasing [CH4] and the detection of methanogenic micro‐organisms. We identify ordered dolomite in live microcosms after 90 days via powder X‐ray diffraction, while sterile controls precipitate only calcite. Scanning electron microscopy and transmitted electron microscopy demonstrate that the precipitated dolomite is closely associated with cell walls and putative extra‐cellular polysaccharides. Headspace gas measurements and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis confirm the presence of both autotrophic and acetoclastic methanogens and exclude the presence of DIRB and sulfate‐reducing bacteria after dolomite begins forming. Furthermore, the absence of dolomite in the controls and prior to methanogenesis confirm that methanogenic Archaea are necessary for the low‐temperature precipitation of dolomite under the experimental conditions tested.
Hyper‐response of OP3 to systemic hyperoxia in the dark‐adapted retina
Authors: Faucher Caroline , Carcenac Guillaume , Kergoat Hélène 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPurpose:  We have demonstrated that the third wavelet (OP3) of the scotopic flash oscillatory potential (OP) complex shows a hyper‐response during experimentally‐induced systemic hyperoxia. The objective of the present study was to further evaluate and detail the time course of this enhanced retinal response.Methods:  Twenty healthy adults volunteered for this study. The OPs were recorded with a DTL‐type electrode following pupillary dilation and retinal dark adaptation. Stimuli consisted of white flashes. The OPs were recorded at 8 points in time before, during and after breathing pure oxygen (O2). The arterial blood O2 saturation (SaO2), end‐tidal CO2 (EtCO2), respiratory rate (RR), pulse rate (PR) and blood pressure (BP) were monitored throughout the experiment.Results:  The amplitude of the OPs did not vary significantly across test conditions except for OP3, which increased with systemic hyperoxia and was still elevated by the end of the experiment. The SaO2 and RR increased, the EtCO2 and PR decreased, whereas the BP was not altered during O2 breathing.Conclusions:  This study provides further evidence indicating that the neural generators of OP3 display a unique hyper‐reactivity to increased systemic O2 levels in the young healthy adult. Further studies looking at OP3 are still needed to determine if this unique behavior could serve as an index of altered oxygen level and retinal function in health or disease.
Changes of higher‐order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics
Authors: Kim Jae‐hyung , Lim Taehyung , Kim Myoung Joon , Tchah Hungwon 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAdvances in corneal refractive surgery have allowed ophthalmologists to correct ocular higher‐order aberrations. To obtain more information on the ocular aberrations generated from the optical axis, mydriasis is required. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in higher‐order aberrations with the use of various mydriatics. Higher‐order aberrations were measured in 21 eyes of 21 subjects (age range 24–37 years; 13 males, 8 females). Repeated measurements were conducted before and after the installation of three different mydriatics: 10% phenylephrine, 1% tropicamide, or 1% cyclopentolate. At a pupil size of 6 mm, the average root mean square value of higher‐order aberrations (HO‐RMS) was 0.430 μm in undilated eyes, and 0.413, 0.410, and 0.477 μm after installation of phenylephrine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the HO‐RMS between the four conditions. There was a significant difference in the spherical aberration between the undilated or phenylephrine‐treated eyes, compared to those treated with tropicamide or cyclopentolate. Cycloplegic mydriatics seemed to shift spherical aberration in a positive direction. These results suggest that mydriatics may affect higher‐order aberrations, especially spherical aberration, and this should be considered when performing wavefront analysis and when correcting wavefront errors.
Intra‐examiner repeatability and agreement in accommodative response measurements
Authors: Antona B , Sanchez I , Barrio A , Barra F , Gonzalez E 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPurpose:  Clinical measurement of the accommodative response (AR) identifies the focusing plane of a subject with respect to the accommodative target. To establish whether a significant change in AR has occurred, it is important to determine the repeatability of this measurement. This study had two aims: First, to determine the intraexaminer repeatability of AR measurements using four clinical methods: Nott retinoscopy, monocular estimate method (MEM) retinoscopy, binocular crossed cylinder test (BCC) and near autorefractometry. Second, to study the level of agreement between AR measurements obtained with the different methods.Methods:  The AR of the right eye at one accommodative demand of 2.50 D (40 cm) was measured on two separate occasions in 61 visually normal subjects of mean age 19.7 years (range 18–32 years). The intraexaminer repeatability of the tests, and agreement between them, were estimated by the Bland–Altman method. We determined mean differences (MD) and the 95% limits of agreement [coefficient of repeatability (COR) and coefficient of agreement (COA)].Results:  Nott retinoscopy and BCC offered the best repeatability, showing the lowest MD and narrowest 95% interval of agreement (Nott: −0.10 ± 0.66 D, BCC: −0.05 ± 0.75 D). The 95% limits of agreement for the four techniques were similar (COA = ± 0.92 to ±1.00 D) yet clinically significant, according to the expected values of the AR. The two dynamic retinoscopy techniques (Nott and MEM) had a better agreement (COA = ±0.64 D) although this COA must be interpreted in the context of the low MEM repeatability (COR = ±0.98 D).Conclusions:  The best method of assessing AR was Nott retinoscopy. The BCC technique was also repeatable, and both are recommended as suitable methods for clinical use. Despite better agreement between MEM and Nott, agreement among the remaining methods was poor such that their interchangeable use in clinical practice is not recommended.
Phase‐equilibrium constraints on titanite and rutile activities in mafic epidote amphibolites and geobarometry using titanite–rutile equilibria
Authors: KAPP P. , MANNING C. E. , TROPPER P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractActivities of titanite (Ttn, CaTiSiO5) and/or rutile (Rt, TiO2) phase components were calculated for 45 well‐characterized natural titanite‐ or rutile‐undersaturated epidote–amphibolites by using the equilibria: (i) 3 anorthite + 2 zoisite/clinozoisite + rutile + quartz = 3 anorthite + titanite + water (referred to as TZARS) and (ii) anorthite + 2 titanite = grossular + 2 rutile + quartz (referred to as GRATiS). In titanite‐bearing and rutile‐absent samples aRt is 0.75 ± 0.26. In titanite‐absent, rutile‐bearing samples aTtn is 0.89 ± 0.16. Mean values derived for aRt/aTtn are 0.92 ± 0.12 for rutile + titanite‐bearing samples and 0.42 ± 0.27 for samples lacking both titanite and rutile. Use of these values with TZARS yields pressure estimates for epidote–amphibolites that differ on average by <0.5 kbar from those recorded by established mineral barometers, even where both titanite and rutile are lacking. Despite rather large uncertainties in the average values obtained for aRt, aTtn or aRt/aTtn, application of TZARS yields pressure estimates that agree with independent estimates to within ±0.5 kbar for titanite‐ and/or rutile‐saturated samples, and to within ±0.8 kbar for samples that contain neither Ti‐phase. The accuracy and precision of the TZARS barometer are comparable to that of many well‐calibrated barometers. TZARS offers a much‐needed barometer for mafic rocks metamorphosed at epidote‐bearing amphibolite and blueschist facies conditions. In addition, the results provide a basis for application of other thermobarometers, such as Ti‐in‐zircon, where rutile activity is required as input.
The “Dome Phenomenon” Associated with Maxillary Sinus Augmentation
Authors: Mahler Dan , Levin Liran , Zigdon Hadar , Machtei Eli E. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAim: This case series is aimed to report a new phenomenon, the “dome phenomenon,” which was observed in infected augmented sinuses over several years.Methods: Five patients are presented in whom sinus lift augmentation resulted in postoperative infection with inflammation and suppuration. The patients received aggressive anti‐inflammatory treatment and surgical debridement of the inflamed tissue, including some grafted material performed through the lateral window of the primary procedure.Results: The inflammatory condition was reversed, and the site healed clinically. Radiographically, a dome‐shaped, radio‐opaque tissue was observed at the superiormost aspect of the grafted sinus. This “dome phenomenon” was further confirmed during dental implant placement, which indicates healing potential adjacent to the maxillary sinus membrane.Conclusions: The current report, as well as other studies and case series, suggests that there is great potential for healing and bone formation in the maxillary sinus membrane. The precise mechanism is not known. Further clinical and histologic studies are needed to understand the regenerative potential of the Schneiderian membrane.
Patients' Expectations Before and Evaluation After Dental Implant Therapy
Authors: Baracat Lilian Fernandes , Teixeira Amanda Marques , dos Santos Mateus Bertolini Fernandes , da Cunha Vicente de Paula Prisco , Marchini Leonardo 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Patients' expectations may influence their satisfaction with implant treatment, but there is a paucity of reports comparing patient expectations and their posttreatment satisfaction.Purpose: The aim was to compare patients' expectations before with their satisfaction regarding function and esthetics after dental implant therapy.Materials and Methods: Fifty volunteers (49 years ± 11.45) answered a questionnaire about influencing variables and underwent an initial examination followed by implant therapy. Their expectations regarding esthetics and function were verified on a visual analogue scale (VAS) before treatment. The VAS was also used for posttreatment completion rating.Results: The average ratings for esthetic and functional expectations were 5.0 ± 2.6 and 5.0 ± 3.0; the posttreatment completion ratings were 9.1 ± 1.1 and 9.0 ± 1.7, respectively. The posttreatment completion ratings significantly exceeded expectations (p < .001, Wilcoxon test). Positive correlations were found between expectations and posttreatment completion ratings for esthetics (Spearman's rho = 0.496, p < .001) and function (Spearman's rho = 0.706, p < .001). An inverse correlation was found between age and functional expectations (Spearman's rho = −0.313, p = .027).Conclusions: Patients' posttreatment completion ratings significantly exceeded their initial expectations. Expectations and posttreatment completion ratings were irrespective of smoking habits, location in the jaw, sex, or educational level.
Differential Use of Trails by Forest Mammals and the Implications for Camera‐Trap Studies: A Case Study from Belize
Authors: Harmsen Bart J. , Foster Rebecca J. , Silver Scott , Ostro Linde , Doncaster C. Patrick 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTRelative abundance indices are often used to compare species abundance between sites. The indices assume that species have similar detection probabilities, or that differences between detection probabilities are known and can be corrected for. Indices often consist of encounter frequencies of footprints, burrows, markings or photo captures along trails or transect lines, but the assumption of equal detection probabilities is rarely validated. This study analyzes detection probabilities of a range of Neotropical mammals on trails in dense secondary forests, using camera‐trap and track data. Photo captures of the two large cats, jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor), were correlated solely with trail variables, while photo captures of their potential prey species had no correlation or negative correlation with trail variables. The Neotropical mammals varied greatly in their tendency to follow or cross trails based on footprints surveys. This indicates that camera locations on trails will have varying detection probability for these Neotropical mammals. Even the two similar‐sized jaguars and pumas, occupying relatively similar niches, differed subtly in their use of trails. Pumas followed trails more completely while jaguars were more likely to deviate from trails. The ecological significance of these findings is that jaguars seem to be more willing to use the forest matrix away from trails than do pumas. We conclude that trail‐based indices, such as photographic captures or tracks along trails, are not appropriate for comparison between Neotropical species, and not even between relatively similar species like jaguars and pumas.
Frugivory and Seed Dispersal by the Lowland Tapir Tapirus terrestris in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Tobler Mathias W. , Janovec John P. , Cornejo Fernando 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris is the largest herbivore in the Neotropics and feeds on a large quantity of fruits, often ingesting the seeds and defecating them intact. Seed dispersal by the lowland tapir in the southwestern Amazon was studied by examining seeds from 135 dung samples collected between 2005 and 2007. Seeds of a total of 122 plant species were identified, representing 68 genera and 33 families. The species accumulation curve showed that more species can be expected with further sampling. Many species (45%) were only encountered once, and only 10 percent of all species were found in >10 samples, indicating that the lowland tapir is an opportunistic forager. Seed diversity showed a clear seasonal pattern and was highly correlated with fruit availability. Seed diameter ranged from <1 to 25 mm with 81 percent <10 mm diam. The size distribution of seeds found in lowland tapir dung generally followed that of seeds found in the forest, but had a lower proportion of seeds in the smallest size class (<2.5 mm) and a larger proportion found in the largest size class (20–25 mm). The diversity of seeds encountered in dung of the lowland tapir in this study was much higher than in previous studies. We conclude that the lowland tapir is a potential disperser for a large number of plant species, including many that previously have been thought to be dispersed only by large primates.
Seemingly Competitive Food Retail Regulations: Who Do They Really Help?
Authors: Larue Bruno , Bonroy Olivier 
Published: August 2009

The food distribution and retail sectors in Quebec are highly concentrated and integrated as large food distributors are also involved in food retailing. As such, they are competing with small grocery and convenience stores they sell inputs to. A review of the industry suggests that there are important economies of size in distribution, but that smaller stores offering convenience face a more inelastic demand. Concerns over the survival of smaller stores in Quebec have motivated two types of regulations. The first type aims at reducing the cost advantage of dominant retailers by restricting the number of employees that they are allowed to use during specific time periods. The second type restricts retail prices. We develop a simple model capturing the main features of the industry to ascertain the impact of these regulations on retail and wholesale prices. Our results suggest that these regulations reduce welfare and may induce both tighter margins and lower surplus for small retailers. Au Québec, les secteurs du commerce de détail et de la distribution des aliments sont fortement concentrés et intégrés puisque les grands distributeurs d’aliments sont aussi engagés dans le commerce de détail. À ce titre, ils font concurrence aux petites épiceries et aux dépanneurs qu’ils approvisionnent. Un examen de l’industrie autorise à penser qu’il existe d’importantes économies de taille dans le secteur de la distribution, mais que les petites épiceries de dépannage sont confrontées à une demande plus inélastique. Les inquiétudes entourant la survie des petites épiceries au Québec ont motivé deux types de règlements. Le premier vise à diminuer l’avantage de coût des détaillants dominants en limitant le nombre d’employés pendant certaines périodes spécifiques. Le deuxième vise à limiter les prix de détail. Nous avons élaboré un modèle simple qui renferme les principales caractéristiques de l’industrie pour évaluer les répercussions de ces règlements sur les prix de détail et de gros. Nos résultats portent à croire que ces règlements diminuent le bien‐être et peuvent entraîner un resserrement des marges et une diminution des surplus des petits détaillants.
Monitored Natural Attenuation of Manufactured Gas Plant Tar Mono‐ and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ground Water: A 14‐Year Field Study
Authors: Neuhauser Edward F. , Ripp John A. , Azzolina Nicholas A. , Madsen Eugene L. , Mauro David M. , Taylor Terry 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSite 24 was the subject of a 14‐year (5110‐day) study of a ground water plume created by the disposal of manufactured gas plant (MGP) tar into a shallow sandy aquifer approximately 25 years prior to the study. The ground water plume in 1988 extended from a well‐defined source area to a distance of approximately 400 m down gradient. A system of monitoring wells was installed along six transects that ran perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the plume centerline. The MGP tar source was removed from the site in 1991 and a 14‐year ground water monitored natural attenuation (MNA) study commenced. The program measured the dissolved mono‐ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs and PAHs) periodically over time, which decreased significantly over the 14‐year period. Naphthalene decreased to less than 99% of the original dissolved mass, with mass degradation rates of 0.30 per year (half‐life 2.3 years). Bulk attenuation rate constants for plume centerline concentrations over time ranged from 0.33 ± 0.09 per year (half‐life 2.3 ± 0.8 years) for toluene and 0.45 ± 0.06 per year (half‐life 1.6 ± 0.2 years) for naphthalene. The hydrogeologic setting at Site 24, having a sandy aquifer, shallow water table, clay confining layer, and aerobic conditions, was ideal for demonstrating MNA. However, these results demonstrate that MNA is a viable remedial strategy for ground water at sites impacted by MAHs and PAHs after the original source is removed, stabilized, or contained.
Mortality due to injuries by place of occurrence in the European region: analysis of data quality in the WHO mortality database: Table 1
Authors: Suárez García I , Sethi D , Hutchings A 
Published: August 2009

Background and Objective:The 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) has codes for the place of occurrence of external causes of mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality of data available in the World Health Organization (WHO) mortality database on the place of occurrence of fatal injuries in the European region.Methods:Data on external causes of mortality from countries in the European region according to the ICD-10 with four-character subdivision, between the years 1998 and 2003, were analysed. The quality of ICD-10 place of occurrence data was analysed for each country, based on the completeness, coverage and percentage of unspecified place of injury occurrence.Results:Only three countries in the European region (Hungary, Iceland and Lithuania) had high quality of data on place of occurrence of injuries, and six had medium-quality data.Conclusions:Few countries in the European region have injury mortality data of adequate quality by place of occurrence.
Identifying predictors of medically-attended injuries to young children: do child or parent behavioural attributes matter?
Authors: Morrongiello B A , Corbett M , Brison R J 
Published: August 2009

Objective:To investigate whether one can differentiate injured and uninjured young children based on child behavioural attributes or indices of caregiver supervision.Method:A matched case–control design was used in which case participants were children presenting to an emergency department for treatment for an injury and age/sex matched control participants presented for illness-related reasons. During structured phone interviews about supervision parents reported on general supervisory practices (standardised questionnaire) and specific practices corresponding to time of injury (cases) or the last time their child engaged in the activity that incited their match’s injury (controls). Parents also reported on child behavioural attributes that have been linked to child risk taking in prior research (inhibitory control, sensation seeking).Results:Results revealed no group differences in child behavioural attributes; however, the control group received more supervision both in general (OR = 4.82, 95% CI 1.89 to 12.33) and during the specified activity that led to injury in cases (OR = 5.38, 95% CI 2.13 to 13.58).Conclusion:These findings confirm past speculation that caregiver supervision influences children’s risk of medically-attended injury and highlight the importance of targeting supervision in child-injury prevention interventions.