bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ARTHROPOD PREDATORS IN CABBAGE (CRUCIFERAE) AND THEIR POTENTIAL AS NATURALLY OCCURRING BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS FORPIERIS RAPAE(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)
Authors: Schmaedick Mark A. , Shelton Anthony M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe used three sampling methods to identify the arthropod predators most abundant and active in fields of cabbage,Brassica oleraceaL. var.capitata, and determined those most likely to be important predators of the imported cabbageworm,Pieris rapaeL., by testing the predators’ abilities to forage on cabbage plants and to feed onPieris rapaein small arenas in the laboratory. Abundance and activity in the field were monitored with pitfall traps, sticky traps applied directly to leaves, and plant samples. Four criteria were used to assess the species’ potential value as a predator ofPieris rapaein cabbage: relatively high overall abundance in trap catches and plant samples, occurrence on plant foliage in the field, a high propensity to feed onPieris rapaeeggs and first instars, and the ability to search for larvalPieris rapaeon cabbage plants. Four species, the wolf spiderPardosa milvina(Hentz) (Araneae: Lycosidae), the harvestmanPhalangium opilioL. (Opiliones: Phalangiidae), and the lady beetlesColeomegilla maculata lengiTimberlake andHippodamia variegata(Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), demonstrated these attributes, although all four species appeared unable to search for prey on some parts of the cabbage plants, owing to unsure footing on the plants’ slippery cuticular wax. Linyphiids (Araneae) and syrphids (Diptera), the most abundant taxa in the plant samples, may prove better at thoroughly searching cabbage plants, but remain to be tested in future laboratory trials. Our results show that only a small portion of the predatory arthropod species that occur in cabbage fields is likely to prey onPieris rapaeon the plants, although important questions remain about the roles of some taxa. Future efforts to enhance biological control ofPieris rapaeby naturally occurring predators can now focus on further elucidating and finding ways to enhance the roles of those predators that are effective.
VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF IPS LATIDENS AND IPS PINI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY SEMIOCHEMICAL INTERRUPTION
Authors: Miller Daniel R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effect of semiochemical interruptants was examined for Ips latidens (LeConte) and Ips pini (Say) using artificial trees (tall-traps) consisting of an array of seven Lindgren multiple-funnel traps suspended vertically on a rope ladder. S-(+)-Ipsdienol reduced the numbers of I. latidens captured in (±)-ipsenol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. The combination of (±)-exo-brevicomin and cis- and trans-verbenol reduced the numbers of I. pini captured in (±)-ipsdienol-baited funnel traps relative to funnel traps immediately above them and to control tall-traps. These results provide support for semiochemical-based pest-management tactics that utilize a point source of interruptant at the base of a tree while noting limitations in behavioural effects and efficacy.
RESPONSE OF CONE AND TWIG BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND A PREDATOR (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE) TO PITYOL, CONOPHTHORIN, AND VERBENONE
Authors: de Groot Peter , DeBarr Gary L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractField studies were conducted in the United States and Canada to determine the response of the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz), and the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins, to two potential inhibitors, conophthorin and verbenone, of pheromone communication. Trap catches of male C. coniperda and C. resinosae were significantly reduced and generally declined with increasing concentrations of conophthorin in traps baited with the pityol, a female-produced pheromone. Verbenone did not significantly reduce trap catches of C. coniperda. Conophthorin, but not verbenone, significantly reduced cone attacks by C. coniperda when placed near cone clusters. The twig beetles, Pityophthorus cariniceps LeConte and Pityophthorus puberulus (LeConte), responded to traps with pityol and α-pinene baits alone or with conophthorin. Thanasimus dubius (F) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) was attracted to the pityol and α-pinene, but conophthorin had no effect on attraction of this generalist bark beetle predator. Verbenone significantly reduced trap catches of T. dubius in pityol-baited traps.
SEMIOCHEMICALS FROM THREE SPECIES OF PITYOPHTHORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IDENTIFICATION AND FIELD RESPONSE
Authors: Dallara Paul L. , Seybold Steven J. , Meyer Holger , Tolasch Till , Francke Wittko , Wood David L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAnalyses of pentane extracts of frass, whole beetles, and volatiles trapped on Porapak-Q from Pityophthorus Eichhoff spp. fed on Pinus radiata D. Don demonstrated that (E)-pityol [2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran] was produced by male Pityophthorus carmeli Swaine, female Pityophthorus nitidulus (Mannerheim), and female Pityophthorus setosus Blackman. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin) [(5S,7S)-(−)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane] was produced by male P. carmeli and male P. nitidulus. Only the (2R,5S)-(+) stereoisomer of (E)-pityol was produced by male P. carmeli and female P. setosus. In field bioassays in central coastal California, P. setosus was attracted to (E)-(+)-pityol, whereas P. carmeli responded only to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol. Male P. setosus and female P. carmeli responded to these treatments with larger numbers than opposite-sex conspecifics. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin alone did not attract species of Pityophthorus but significantly reduced catches of P. setosus to (E)-(+)-pityol. Lasconotus pertenuis Casey (Coleoptera: Colydiidae) and Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) were attracted to a combination of (E)-(−)-conophthorin and (E)-(+)-pityol, and showed a trend for attraction to all (E)-(−)-conophthorin-containing treatments. (E)-(−)-Pityol was neither attractive nor interruptive for any taxon. (E)-(+)-Pityol is shown to be an aggregation pheromone component for P. carmeli and P. setosus. (E)-(−)-Conophthorin functions as a pheromone component for P. carmeli and may also function as a synomone that decreases competition of P. carmeli and P. nitidulus with P. setosus and as a kairomone for L. pertenuis. These semiochemicals have been useful in studying relationships among twig insects and the pathogen Fusarium circinatum (Nirenberg and O’Donnell), causal agent of pitch canker disease in P. radiata.
IMPACT OF FEEDING BY LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) ON THE MAJOR STORAGE RESERVES OF MATURE DOUGLAS-FIR (PINACEAE) SEEDS
Authors: Bates Sarah L. , Borden John H. , Savoie Anne , Blatt Suzanne E. , Lait Cameron G. , Kermode Allison R. , Bennett Robb G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn laboratory experiments adults and nymphs of the western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, were allowed to feed on mature seeds of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco. Weight-loss measurements and scanning electron microscopy provided strong supporting evidence for the use of simple radiographic diagnosis as a method of classifying feeding damage to seeds into four categories: light (greater than two thirds of seed contents remaining), moderate (one third to two thirds of seed contents remaining), severe (less than one third of seed contents remaining), and extreme (seed empty). Scanning electron micrographs showed the apparent depletion of lipid and protein storage reserves which was verified by quantitative analyses that showed significant loss of lipid and buffer-insoluble (crystalloid) storage protein from seeds in all damage categories. The amount of buffer-soluble (matrix) protein was reduced in seeds from the severe and extreme damage categories. The increase in buffer-soluble protein observed in lightly damaged seeds was likely due to the solubilization of crystalloid storage protein, as a result of its breakdown into smaller peptides. Our results suggest that through the action of both lipases and proteases, L. occidentalis can have a serious impact on the major storage reserves of conifer seeds. Moreover, our data suggest that L. occidentalis feeds in a different manner than the laceration and flushing method found in other seed-feeding Hemiptera.
ATTRACTANT PHEROMONE AND ALLOMONE FROM THE METATHORACIC SCENT GLAND OF A BROAD-HEADED BUG (HEMIPTERA: ALYDIDAE)
Authors: Aldrich J.R. , Zhang A. , Oliver J.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFemales of Alydus eurinus (Say) release an attractant pheromone from their metathoracic scent gland. Conspecific males and, to a lesser extent, females and nymphs were attracted to blends containing the female-specific essential pheromone components 2-methylbutyl butyrate and (E)-2-methyl-2-butenyl butyrate, whereas individuals of Alydus pilosulus Herrick-Schaeffer were not attracted. When attacked, however, alydid adults emit chemicals for defense—butyric and hexanoic acids in A. eurinus—from the metathoracic scent glands. Mimicry is actually the first line of defense for most broad-headed bugs, including the common North American species studied here, whose nymphs are remarkable ant mimics and whose adults strongly resemble spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). The possibility that disparate heteropterans (Hemiptera) produce sexual pheromones in their metathoracic scent glands must be considered in future pheromone research on heteropterans, especially for species with the specialized lines of defense indicated by aposematism or mimicry.
BROOD PRODUCTION AND SHOOT FEEDING BY TOMICUS PINIPERDA (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Ryall K.L. , Smith S.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBrood production and shoot feeding by the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), were studied over 3 years in naturally infested plantations of Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae), near Guelph and Waterloo, Ontario, using trap-logs. Adult beetles produced a single brood in 1996 and 1997 and two broods in 1999. Galleries for the first brood were all initiated under the bark over a 2- to 3-week period from mid-April to early May. The lone second brood occurred in early June. In all years, eggs were present by late April, larvae by mid-May, pupae by late June, and new adults by mid-July. Complete development (egg–pupa) required 12–13 weeks for the first brood and 8 weeks for the second brood. First-brood adults emerged over a 2- to 3-week period from early to mid-July in all years, with second-brood adults emerging in late July. The effective heat sums (degree-days (°d) > developmental-threshold temperature) were 77–79 °d for eggs, 267–293 °d for the larval stage, 139–152 °d for the pupal stage, and 43.2 °d for the pre-emergence stage, depending on the developmental-threshold temperature used. The total heat sums for the first brood (1249.8 ± 73.3 °d > 0 °C) were larger that those required for the second brood (856.4 ± 124 °d > 0 °C). Overall, values for first-brood development were similar to those calculated for European and Asian populations. Pine shoots in the upper tree crowns were used by adult beetles for maturation feeding between late July and late September in both 1995 and 1996. The re-emerging parental adults fed upon 1-year-old shoots, whereas newly emerging adults fed primarily upon current-year shoots. The beetles appeared to move to overwintering sites in late October to November, and no adults were found overwintering in shoots on the trees or the ground. Our results parallel those obtained by others under similar climatic conditions in Europe, and can be used to improve the management and regulation of this species as it becomes established in our native pine forests.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN AGGREGATION PHEROMONE FOR PITYOGENES HOPKINSI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Birgersson G. , Dalusky M.J. , Berisford C.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aggregation pheromone of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine was identified; it is a three-component mixture, comprising chalcogran, cis-verbenol, and ethyl dodecanoate. Ethyl dodecanoate is new as a bark beetle pheromone component. Chemical analyses (GC–MS) were made on hindgut extracts from unmated and mated males and mated females collected in the field during colonization of Pinus strobus L. (Pinaceae). Aerations from the naturally colonized logs were also analyzed to quantify the released amounts of the pheromone components, a necessary preliminary step to making up biologically relevant doses for field bioassay. Beetles reared from infested host material in the laboratory were introduced into logs of P. strobus, and the production and release of pheromone components in relation to attack phase and "mating status" were described. In general, unmated males increased their production of chalcogran and ethyl dodecanoate until females were admitted, after which production ceased. A field subtractive bioassay showed that chalcogran was the key pheromone component, synergized by different compounds for the two sexes. Females exhibited their strongest response to a mixture of chalcogran and ethyl dodecanoate, whereas cis-verbenol was the synergist for male response. Male-produced 1-hexanol had an inhibitory effect on male attraction to the aggregation-pheromone blend.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF TOMICUS PINIPERDA AND TOMICUS MINOR (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) TO NON-HOST LEAF AND BARK VOLATILES
Authors: Schlyter Fredrik , Zhang Qing-He , Anderson Peter , Byers John A. , Wadhams Lester J. , Löfqvist Jan , Birgersson Göran 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLeaf and bark volatiles from non-host birches, Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh. (Betulaceae), and aspen, Populus tremula L. (Salicaceae), were tested on spring-dispersing Tomicus piniperda (L.) and Tomicus minor (Hart.) by gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and by attractant-baited traps in southern Sweden. GC–EAD analysis of the head-space volatiles from fresh bark chips of B. pendula revealed two green leaf alcohols, 1-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, that consistently elicited antennal responses by T. piniperda and T. minor. Further analyses with synthetic mixtures showed that the antennae of these two Tomicus species also responded to other green leaf alcohols, such as (E)-2-hexen-1-ol found from the non-host leaves, and C8-alcohols, 3-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol, from bark of non-host birches and aspen. No antennal responses of the Tomicus species were observed to green leaf C6-aldehydes and C6-acetate or to non-host bark volatiles like trans-conophthorin, benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde, and benzyl alcohol. In field trapping experiments, blends of electrophysiologically active green leaf alcohols or C8-alcohols resulted in reductions (> 60%) in the number of T. piniperda captured compared with that for the kairomone-baited trap. When these two blends were combined, trap catch was further reduced (90%), which was not significantly different from that for the blank control. Neither the blend of two green leaf aldehydes plus the acetate nor the bark compounds trans-conophthorin or benzyl alcohol reduced trap catches. Tomicus minor had a response pattern similar to that of T. piniperda. Hylurgops palliatus (Gyll.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) was attracted to the combination of kairomone and verbenone but not to kairomone and was not affected by the blends of green leaf volatiles. Our results suggest that selected leaf–bark C6-alcohols and the bark C8-alcohols may have potential in developing semiochemical-based management programs against both pine shoot beetles by repelling them from suitable breeding and feeding sites.
Copulation duration and probability of insemination in Anthocoris whitei (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) as a function of male body size
Authors: Horton David R. , Lewis Tamera M. , Hinojosa Tonya 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe influence of male and female body size on copulation duration and probability of insemination was determined for Anthocoris whitei Reuter allowed to mate at two temperatures. Copulation duration decreased significantly with increasing male length or increasing relative size (male length divided by female length). Female length had no effect on copulation duration. We interrupted copulation at 20 or 40 min at both 25 and 15 °C to determine the interacting effects of male size, temperature, and copulation duration on probability of insemination. Insemination probabilities increased with increasing male size, increasing temperature, and increased duration of copulation. Large males were more successful than small males at inseminating females at cool temperatures and for severely shortened copulations. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that males of this species experience physical difficulties either in achieving intromission or in forcing sperm through the aedeagus, and that larger body size in males lessens these difficulties.
Effect of delayed mating on reproductive biology of the Oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Fraser H.W. , Trimble R.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effect of delayed mating on the reproductive biology of females of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), was studied in the laboratory. Expected reproduction, defined as t-th day survival rate × percent successful mating × total viable eggs, was reduced by 13, 36, and 74%, respectively, after a 2-, 5-, and 10-d delay in pairing with a male compared with females that were paired with a male on their day of emergence. Female fertility (percentage of females laying fertile eggs), fecundity (total number of eggs laid), egg fertility (percentage of eggs developing to black head stage), and egg hatch (percentage of eggs hatching) were reduced by delays in mating. The pre-oviposition period of females mated within 24 h of emergence was longer than that of females mated 2, 5, or 10 d after emergence. The duration of the oviposition period declined with delays in mating. Female longevity increased with delays in mating and was greatest in virgin females. The number of eggs laid per day was similar in females paired with a male 2, 5, and 10 d after their emergence. Commencing 2 d after pairing, females paired on their day of emergence exhibited a daily oviposition rate similar to that of females paired 2–10 d after emergence. These observations suggest that the successful control of the Oriental fruit moth using sex-pheromone-mediated orientation disruption (mating disruption) is more likely accomplished by preventing mating than by delaying mating.
Domestication of wheats (Gramineae) and their susceptibility to herbivory by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J. , Smith M.A.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn field and laboratory tests the wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), oviposited and developed on all 43 accessions of 17 species of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, Triticum L. spp. Ancestral diploid wild wheats had the lowest infestations among species in the genus, and two hexaploid species, Triticum sphaerococcum Percival and Triticum zhukovskyi Men. and Er., were more heavily infested than common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. In five lineages recognized in the genus, infestation increased in association with domestication, although not always in a continuous way. The level of infestation was not related to seed size or the number of seeds in spikes. Wheat species with free-threshing seeds and compact spikes were more infested by larvae than ancestral wheat species with less compact spikes and glumes that were either affixed to or pressed tightly against the seed. An association between glume tightness and spike compactness may explain the positive correlation between susceptibility and spike compactness. Domestication increased the susceptibility of crop wheats to wheat midge, possibly because the free-threshing trait affects the suitability of the glume–seed interface for oviposition and establishment of larvae on the seeds. The ancestral cultivated wheats, Triticum spelta L. and Triticum dicoccoides Körn., are promising sources of resistance to wheat midge because they have the same genomes as modern wheats and relatively low susceptibility. One free-threshing accession of Triticum dicoccum Schrank had relatively low susceptibility to wheat midge and may provide a source of resistance.
Timing of adult mortality, oviposition, and hatching during the underground phase of Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)
Authors: Gingras Jean , Tourneur Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe studied the effects of frost on the survival rate of European earwigs, Forficula auricularia L., during the underground phase of their cycle and determined the timing of oviposition, hatching, and death of the adults; we selected couples and inserted them into the ground to a depth of 150 cm in an open area and along the foundations of a heated suburban house in the Montréal area. Oviposition occurred in November and December, and eggs hatched between January and early June, after an average incubation period of 79–189 d depending on experimental conditions. In the open area all adults and eggs at ground surface died, killed by frost, whereas those in the soil along the house foundation did not die. Males died during the fall and early winter; their longevity was shorter than that of females, which survived until shortly after egg hatch. Females and eggs survived temperatures as low as − 3 and − 2 °C, respectively. For successful reproduction, females must keep their developing eggs at a temperature low enough to delay hatching until mid-April.
Effect of apple-orchard structure on interception of Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies by odor-baited traps
Authors: Rull Juan , Prokopy Ronald J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe released marked mature male flies of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), inside and outside of square blocks of apple trees, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosaceae), to test the effect of orchard structure on the interception of flies by odor-baited red-sphere traps. The blocks were composed of large trees planted at low density, medium-sized trees planted at medium density, or small trees planted at high density. The experiment was carried out in six commercial apple orchards during summer in 1997 and 1998. Released flies moving into blocks were intercepted in large proportions by baited perimeter traps, thus preventing fly penetration into sphere-protected blocks. In 1997, proportions of intercepted flies were higher for traps in blocks of small and medium-sized trees than for traps in blocks of large trees. In 1998, a year with an unusually low fruit load, interception remained high, but there were no differences in proportions of flies intercepted by perimeter traps among blocks of trees of different sizes. Overall we conclude that the tendency of apple growers in Massachusetts to replace large trees planted at low density with small or medium-sized trees planted at high or medium density will not adversely affect behavioral control programs for apple maggot flies. In fact, this practice may enhance the effectiveness of these programs through increased interception of immigrant adults.