bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Negotiating the community college institutional accountability environment: A Deweyan perspective
Authors: Harbour Clifford P. , Day Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInstitutional accountability programs may present ethical dilemmas for community college leaders. Some of these dilemmas may be resolved by relying on the authority of the traditional mission. However, in some instances, the mission may be inadequate to check this form of state encroachment. We propose that campus leaders review John Dewey's philosophy of education to gain insights into how their institutions might negotiate dilemmas not addressed by the traditional mission.
Ethics in an online environment
Authors: Garza Mitchell Regina L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe blending of technology and education introduces ethical issues for colleges. In particular, those involved with online education may encounter unique dilemmas that have college‐wide implications. In order for ethical decisions to be made in regard to online education, colleges must cultivate a culture of trust, define clearly the correct and incorrect usages of electronic material, and develop a clear understanding of privacy in the college's online environment.
Ultrastructural localization of high‐affinity choline transporter in the rat anteroventral thalamus and ventral tegmental area: Differences in axon morphology and transporter distribution
Authors: Holmstrand Ericka C. , Asafu‐Adjei Josephine , Sampson Allan R. , Blakely Randy D. , Sesack Susan R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe high‐affinity choline transporter (CHT) is a protein integral to the function of cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). We examined the ultrastructural distribution of CHT in axonal arborizations of the mesopontine tegmental cholinergic neurons, a cell group in which CHT expression has yet to be characterized at the electron microscopic level. By using silver‐enhanced immunogold detection, we compared the morphological characteristics of CHT‐immunoreactive axon varicosities specifically within the anteroventral thalamus (AVN) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We found that CHT‐immunoreactive axon varicosities in the AVN displayed a smaller cross‐sectional area and a lower frequency of synapse formation and dense‐cored vesicle content than CHT‐labeled profiles in the VTA. We further examined the subcellular distribution of CHT and observed that immunoreactivity for this protein was predominantly localized to synaptic vesicles and minimally to the plasma membrane of axons in both regions. This pattern is consistent with the subcellular distribution of CHT displayed in other cholinergic systems. Axons in the AVN showed significantly higher levels of CHT immunoreactivity than those in the VTA and correspondingly displayed a higher level of membrane CHT labeling. These novel findings have important implications for elucidating regional differences in cholinergic signaling within the thalamic and brainstem targets of the mesopontine cholinergic system. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1908–1924, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoglossal motor neurons display a reduced calcium increase after axotomy in mice with upregulated parvalbumin
Authors: Paizs Melinda , Engelhardt József I. , Katarova Zója , Siklós László 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMotor neurons that exhibit differences in vulnerability to degeneration have been identified in motor neuron disease and in its animal models. The oculomotor and hypoglossal neurons are regarded as the prototypes of the resistant and susceptible cell types, respectively. Because an increase in the level of intracellular calcium has been proposed as a feature amplifying degenerative processes, we earlier studied the calcium increase in these motor neurons after axotomy in Balb/c mice and demonstrated a correlation between the susceptibility to degeneration and the intracellular calcium increase, with an inverse relation with the calcium buffering capacity, characterized by the parvalbumin or calbindin‐D28k content. Because the differential susceptibility of the cells might also be attributed to their different cellular environments, in the present experiments, with the aim of verifying directly that a higher calcium buffering capacity is indeed responsible for the enhanced resistance, motor neurons were studied in their original milieu in mice with a genetically increased parvalbumin level. The changes in intracellular calcium level of the hypoglossal and oculomotor neurons after axotomy were studied electron microscopically at a 21‐day interval after axotomy, during which time no significant calcium increase was detected in the hypoglossal motor neurons, the response being similar to that of the oculomotor neurons. The hypoglossal motor neurons of the parental mice, used as positive controls, exhibited a transient, significant elevation of calcium. These data provide more direct evidence of the protective role of parvalbumin against the degeneration mediated by a calcium increase in the acute injury of motor neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1946–1961, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanochemical Synthesis of Fe‐Doped Apatite‐Type Lanthanum Silicates
Authors: Kharlamova Tamara , Pavlova Svetlana , Sadykov Vladislav , Chaikina Marina , Krieger Tamara , Ishchenko Arcady , Pavlyukhin Yurii , Petrov Sergei , Argirusis Christos 
Published: December 2009

AbstractApatite‐type lanthanum silicates (ATLS) doped by Fe were prepared by using mechanical activation, and the effect of the nature of the dopant raw materials on the formation of ATLS was considered. Genesis of the formation of apatite was studied by XRD, IR, HRTEM, and Mössbauer and UV/Vis electron spectroscopy. The possibility of a partial substitution of Si in the apatite with a dopant and the mechanism of formation of ATLS in the course of mechanical activation depend on the dopant parent compound. The structural compatibility of La2O3, La(OH)3, and apatite was shown to favor the rapid formation of apatite‐type silicate by a cluster‐topotactic mechanism during mechanical activation, and the formation of an amorphous ferrosilicate intermediate in the case of the La(NO3)3/SiO2 precursor favors dopant incorporation into the apatite. However, dopant incorporation into the apatite structure was shown to be partially or fully hampered through milling when FeO(OH) and α‐Fe2O3 are used as reagents. Using crystalline hydrates as dopant precursors was shown to result in the formation of apatite through a dissociative mechanism.
Tocopherols and tocotrienols in grape seeds from 14 cultivars grown in Korea
Authors: Wie Minjung , Sung Jeehye , Choi Youngmin , Kim Younghwa , Jeong Heon‐Sang , Lee Junsoo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, the tocopherol (T) and tocotrienol (T3) contents of grape seeds from 14 different varieties grown in Korea were analyzed using saponification extraction followed by normal‐phase liquid chromatography. α‐T, γ‐T, α‐T3, and γ‐T3 were detected in all samples. The total concentration of tocopherol and tocotrienol was in the range of 4.8–9.9 mg/100 g seed (35.3–68.8 mg/100 g oil basis). The Muscat Bailey A cultivar had the highest total tocopherol and tocotrienol contents, followed by Canner and Naples. γ‐T3 ranged from 1.6 to 4.9 mg/100 g seed (11.2 to 53.81 mg/100 g oil basis) and was the main isomer, followed by α‐T3 in most of the samples. Analytical method validation parameters including accuracy and precision were determined. Overall recovery from grape seeds was close to 100%.
Biosorption of nickel (II) from effluent of electroplating industry by immobilized cells of Bacillus species
Authors: Tahir Arifa , Shehzadi Rabia , Mateen Bushra , Univerdi Saleh , Karacoban Ozer 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, Ni (II) biosorption capacity of immobilized cells of Bacillus sp. was investigated. Biosorption of Ni (II) was carried out in batch experiments and the important environmental conditions were optimized. The uptake of metal was rapid, and equilibrium was attained within 270 min. Bacillus strains (ten cultures) were isolated from nickel electroplating effluent by heat shock method. These isolates were grown up in nutrient broth supplemented with Ni (II)(50 mg/L). The culture, exhibiting maximum biosorption capacity (qmax: 118 mg/g), was selected and labeled Bacillus Bio‐4. In order to develop an economical biosorption process cell mass of Bacillus, Bio‐4 was immobilized in Na‐alginate. It was concluded from the results that biosorption of nickel is highly dependent on the type of sorbent and experimental conditions employed. Our results demonstrate that 6.0 mg immobilized cells (18 mg cell biomass in 3.0 mL of 1% Na alginate) had a maximum biosorption capacity of 113 mg Ni(II) per liter of suspension at pH 8.0, 100 rpm and 25°C. The Ni (II) removal was estimated to be 97.4%.
Mid‐Pleistocene pozzolanic volcanic ash in ancient Roman concretes
Authors: Jackson Marie , Deocampo Daniel , Marra Fabrizio , Scheetz Barry 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe extraordinarily durable concretes of Imperial Age (27 B.C. through 3rd century A.D.) monument construction in Rome contain scoriaceous, highly potassic, altered volcanic ash from the Pozzolane Rosse ignimbrite, erupted at 456±3ka from the Alban Hills volcano as pozzolanic mortar aggregate. Stratigraphic, micromorphological, and chemical investigations demonstrate that during the relatively warm, humid period preceding marine isotope stage 11, intensive hydrolytic pedogenesis produced dense illuvial clay coatings in the upper horizon of the ignimbrite. Moderately altered ash of the Pozzolane Rosse transitional Bt to Bw soil horizon has opal coatings overlain by limpid, illuvial halloysite coatings. Less weathered ash from a lower C horizon apparently was altered in ground water. Where the ignimbrite filled certain paleovalleys, zeolitic alteration produced phillipsite and chabazite textures. Builders selected ash from these intermediate and least altered horizons for the highest‐quality mortars of the Imperial Age, as for the Forum and Markets of Trajan (A.D. 107 to 113). The alumina‐ and alkali‐rich compositions of cementitious complexes give some preliminary insights as to why the reaction of hydrated lime with the altered, alkali‐rich Pozzolane Rosse ash produced pozzolanic cements that have remained resistant to decay for nearly 2000 years. The results of the geological analyses fully confirm empirical observations made by Esther B. Van Deman in 1912 regarding the durability of the ancient mortars and the technical choices of Roman builders. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The lithology of Ogallala gravels and hunter‐gatherer procurement strategies along the Southern High Plains eastern escarpment of Texas, USA
Authors: Hurst Stance , Johnson Eileen , McCoy Zaneta Martinez , Cunningham Doug 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOgallala gravels are an important lithic material source for stone tool manufacture across the Great Plains. The lithology of eight gravel sample locations along the eastern escarpment of the Southern High Plains has been examined to quantify the composition and variability in Ogallala deposits. In addition, three Ogallala gravel quarry sites have been analyzed to determine how the lithology of Ogallala gravels influenced procurement and tool production strategies. Results indicate deposits of Ogallala gravels differ in their composition related to their position on the landscape, and the types of rocks vary by size and shape. Investigation of the quarry sites has revealed that the lithology of Ogallala gravels had an impact on testing and the initial stages of lithic reduction. Different rock types, however, may have more of an influence on later stages of tool manufacture at nearby campsites and other locations where Ogallala gravels are not as dense. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Irradiation enhances hippocampus‐dependent cognition in mice deficient in extracellular superoxide dismutase
Authors: Raber Jacob , Villasana Laura , Rosenberg Jenna , Zou Yani , Huang Ting Ting , Fike John R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of ionizing irradiation on the brain are associated with oxidative stress. While oxidative stress following irradiation is generally viewed as detrimental for hippocampal function, it might have beneficial effects as part of an adaptive or preconditioning response to a subsequent challenge. Here we show that in contrast to what is seen in wild‐type mice, irradiation enhances hippocampus‐ dependent cognitive measures in mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase. These outcomes were associated with genotype‐dependent effects on measures of oxidative stress. When cortices and hippocampi were analyzed for nitrotyrosine formation as an index of oxidative stress, the levels were chronically elevated in mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase. However, irradiation caused a greater increase in nitrotyrosine levels in wild‐type mice than mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase. These paradoxical genotype‐dependent effects of irradiation on measures of oxidative stress and cognitive function underscore potential beneficial effects associated with chronic oxidative stress if it exists prior to a secondary insult such as irradiation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Six New Triterpenoid Glycosides from Gynostemma pentaphyllum
Authors: Liu Jie‐Qing , Wang Cui‐Fang , Chen Jian‐Chao , Tu Shang‐Hui , Gu Hong‐Fei , Hu Wen‐Xiang , Qiu Ming‐Hua 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSix new triterpenoid glycosides, gynosaponins I–VI (1–6, resp.), together with three known compounds, ginseng Rb1 (7), gypenoside XLIX (8), and gylongiposide I (9), were isolated from the aerial parts of Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Based on ESI‐MS, IR, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR data (HMQC, HMBC, COSY, and TOCSY), the structures of the new compounds were determined as (3β,12β,20S)‐trihydroxydammar‐24‐ene 20‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐glucopyranoside (1), (3β,12β,20S)‐trihydroxydammar‐24‐ene 20‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)] [α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐β‐glucopyranoside (2), (3β,12β,20S)‐trihydroxydammar‐24‐ene 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐20‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐glucopyranoside (3), (3β,12β,20S)‐trihydroxydammar‐24‐ene 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl‐20‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)] [α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐β‐glucopyranoside (4), (3β,12β,20S)‐trihydroxydammar‐24‐ene 3‐O‐{[β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐glucopyranosyl}‐20‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐glucopyranoside (5), and (3β,12β,20S)‐trihydroxydammar‐24‐ene 3‐O‐{[β‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐glucopyranosyl}‐20‐O‐[α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)] [α‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐β‐glucopyranoside (6).
Polymeric Colorants: Statistical Copolymers of Indigo Building Blocks with Defined Structures
Authors: Voss Gundula , Drechsler Markus , Eller Steffen , Gradzielski Michael , Gunzelmann Daniel , Mondal Svastik , van Smaalen Sander , Voertler Claus S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStatistical copolymers of indigo (1a) and N‐acetylindigo (1b) building blocks with defined structures were studied. They belong to the class of polymeric colorants. The polymers consist of 5,5′‐connected indigo units with keto structure and N‐acetylindigo units with uncommon tautomeric indoxyl/indolone (=1H‐indol‐3‐ol/3H‐indol‐3‐one) structure (see 2a and 2b in Fig. 1). They formed amorphous salts of elongated monomer lengths as compared to monomeric indigo. The polymers were studied by various spectroscopic and physico‐chemical methods in solid state and in solution. As shown by small‐angle‐neutron scattering (SANS) and transmission‐electron microscopy (TEM), disk‐like polymeric aggregates were present in concentrated solutions (DMSO and aq. NaOH soln.). Their thickness and radii were determined to be ca. 0.4 and ca. 80 nm, respectively. From the disk volumes and by a Guinier analysis, the molecular masses of the aggregates were calculated, which were in good agreement with each other. Defined structural changes of the polymer chains were observed during several‐weeks storage in concentrated DMSO solutions. The original keto structure of the unsubstituted indigo building blocks reverted to the more flexible indoxyl/indolone structure. The new polymers were simultaneously stabilized by intermolecular H‐bonds to give aggregates, preferentially dimers. Both aggregation and tautomerization were reversible upon dissolution. The polymers were synthesized by repeated oxidative coupling of 1,1′‐diacetyl‐3,3′‐dihydroxybis‐indoles 5 (from 1,1′‐diacetyl‐3,3′‐bis(acetyloxy)bis‐indoles 6) followed by gradual hydrolysis of the primarily formed poly(N,N′‐diacetylindigos) 7 (Scheme). N,N′‐Diacetylbis‐anthranilic acids 9 were isolated as by‐products.
Unusual p‐Coumarates from the Stems of Vaccinium myrtillus
Authors: Hybelbauerová Simona , Sejbal Jan , Dračínský Martin , Rudovská Iva , Koutek Bohumír 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe two previously unreported esters 1 and 2 of pentane‐2,4‐diol and p‐coumaric acid (=3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoic acid) along with 13 known compounds including 6 oleanane‐ and ursane‐type triterpenoids were isolated from MeOH extracts of the stems of Vaccinium myrtillus. The structures of the new compounds were assigned as (2S,4R)‐4‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)pentan‐2‐yl (2E)‐p‐coumarate (1) and its aglycone 2 on the basis of 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopic analyses of the isolated and synthesized compounds and molecular modelling experiments. This is the first report on the occurrence of a chiral pentane‐2,4‐diol linker between the phenol‐derived acid and a glycoside part in natural products.
Modelling reactive solute transport from groundwater to soil surface under evaporation
Authors: Nakagawa K. , Hosokawa T. , Wada S.‐I. , Momii K. , Jinno K. , Berndtsson R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo‐stage soil column experiments involving capillary rise and evaporation were conducted to improve understanding of salt and water movement from groundwater to soil surface. In total, 64 soil columns were placed in a tank partly filled with water in order to mimic the groundwater table in soil. Each soil column was analysed by dividing it into 27 segments to analyse pore water and ion distribution in both liquid and solid phases after prescribed time periods. The water and solute transport behaviour in the columns was simulated by a one‐dimensional numerical model. The model considers the cation exchange of four cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) in both dissolved and exchangeable forms and anion retardation for one anion (SO42−). The Cl− is treated as a conservative solute without retardation. The numerical results of the cation distributions in both liquid and solid phases, anions in the liquid phase, and volumetric water contents were in relatively good agreement with the experimental results. To achieve a better model fit to these experimental results, a variable cation exchange capacity (CEC) distribution may be required. When a simple calculation scheme for evaporation intensity was applied, better predictions in terms of daily variation were achieved. The soil water profile displayed a steady state behaviour approximately 10 days after the start of the experiments. This was in agreement with numerical results and calculated distribution of velocity vectors. The final model includes cation exchange, anion retardation, and unsaturated water flow. Consequently, the model can be applied to study sequential irrigation effects on salt accumulation or reactive transport during major ion concentration changes in groundwater. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epidermal growth factor receptor expression affects the efficacy of the combined application of saponin and a targeted toxin on human cervical carcinoma cells
Authors: Bachran Diana , Schneider Stefanie , Bachran Christopher , Urban Romy , Weng Alexander , Melzig Matthias F. , Hoffmann Corinna , Kaufmann Andreas M. , Fuchs Hendrik 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a very promising approach since it is overexpressed in about 90% of cervical tumors. Here, we quantified the toxic effect of SE, a targeted toxin consisting of epidermal growth factor (EGF) as targeting moiety and the plant toxin saporin‐3, on 3 common human cervical carcinoma cell lines (HeLa, CaSki and SiHa) and recently established lines (PHCC1 and PHCC2) from 2 different individuals. A human melanocytic and a mouse cell line served as negative control. Additionally, we combined SE with saponinum album, a saponin composite from Gypsophila paniculata, which exhibited synergistic properties in previous studies. The cell lines, except for SiHa cells, revealed high sensitivity to SE with 50% cell survival in the range of 5–24.5 nM. The combination with saponin resulted in a remarkable enhancement of cytotoxicity with enhancement factors ranging from 9,000‐fold to 2,500,000‐fold. The cytotoxicity of SE was clearly target receptor specific since free EGF blocks the effect and saporin‐3 alone was considerably less toxic. For all cervical carcinoma cell lines, we evinced a clear correlation between EGFR expression and SE sensitivity. Our data indicate a potential use of targeted toxins for the treatment of cervical cancer. In particular, the combination with saponins is a promising approach since efficacy is drastically improved.
The protease inhibitor, elafin, induces p53‐dependent apoptosis in human melanoma cells
Authors: Yu Kyung Sook , Lee Yangsoon , Kim Chung Mi , Park Eui‐Chul , Choi Juhyun , Lim Dae‐Sik , Chung Young‐Hwa , Koh Sang Seok 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExpression of the protease inhibitor elafin is deregulated in several human cancers. However, functions of the protein in cancer are yet to be established. Here, we show that elafin elicits pro‐apoptotic effects in melanoma cells but not in normal melanocytes. Elafin triggered the intrinsic apoptotic pathway as evidenced by the increased caspase 9 activity and unaltered caspase 8 activity. Caspase 9‐specific siRNA, but not caspase 8‐specific siRNA, dramatically abrogated elafin‐induced apoptosis. Elevated level of p53 was observed, resulting in increased transcriptional activation and consequent expression of downstream effector molecules (Bax, Puma, Noxa, p21). Moreover, the apoptotic effect of elafin was inhibited by p53‐specific siRNA and the p53 inhibitor pifithrin‐α. Elafin treatment of xenograft mice of melanoma cells led to significantly smaller tumor sizes compared with those of untreated control mice. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased elafin expression in melanoma tissue specimens. Western blot and reverse transcription analyses indicated transcriptional repression of the elafin gene in melanoma cells. Our results collectively indicate that elafin induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through a p53‐dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and that repression of elafin expression in melanoma may contribute to disease progression.
DFT study of the asymmetric nitroaldol (Henry) reaction catalyzed by a dinuclear Zn complex
Authors: Qi Na , Liao Rong‐Zhen , Yu Jian‐Guo , Liu Ruo‐Zhuang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report the mechanism of asymmetric nitroaldol (Henry) reaction catalyzed by a dinuclear Zn complex using density functional theory. The experimentally proposed catalytic cycle is validated, in which the first step is the deprotonation of nitromethane by the ethyl anion of the catalyst, subsequently a CC bond formation step, and then the protonation of the resulting alkoxide. Three mechanistic scenarios (differing in binding modes) have been considered for the CC bond formation step. The origin of the enantioselectivity is discussed. Our calculations supported that the S configurations are the major products, which is in agreement with the experimental observations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010