bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Review of Scales of Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Law Mary , Letts Lori 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists routinely perform activities of daily living (ADL) assessments. Although the literature contains many ADL scales, few sources summarize and review the measurement properties of such scales. In this paper, standard criteria are used to review scales of basic self-care. Each scale is critically appraised regarding its purpose, clinical utility, construction, standardization, reliability, and validity. Recommendations are made regarding the ADL scales that are most suitable for describing, predicting, or evaluating ADL function. This review is intended to help therapists in selecting the most appropriate ADL measure to use in their clinical practice.
Two Augmentative Communication Systems for Speechless Disabled Patients
Authors: Newman George C. , Sparrow Angela R. , Hospod Frank E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Patients may be rendered speechless because of many conditions, including cancer surgery, stroke, cerebral palsy, cervical cord and head trauma, neuromuscular paralysis, and intubation for respiratory failure. These same conditions may also be associated with decreased use of the hands, so that writing and other nonverbal forms of communication are also impaired. Lack of communication can frustrate the patient, the family, and health care personnel; increase the patient’s isolation; and lead to poor patient cooperation, thus impeding progress in therapy and producing secondary psychiatric disturbances. Two communication programs that use a Commodore 64 computer are described in this paper. One communication program uses the alphabet and the other is based on the international Morse code. These programs are easy to use and inexpensive to establish, and they accommodate any switching device.
Development of the Miller Screening for Preschoolers
Authors: Miller Lucy Jane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the development and initial validation of the Miller Screening for Preschoolers (MSP). A pilot edition of the test was administered to 174 preschool children in the state of Colorado. Of these, 39 had been previously identified as developmentally delayed. On the basis of preliminary analyses, test items were discarded if they were insensitive to differences between the at-risk group and the not-at-risk group or if they were nonsignificantly related to developmental age trends; if they were only weakly related to the domain total score; if they were redundant with other items within a domain; if they were too easy or too difficult for any given age; if they were rated low by the testers on administration and scoring issues; or if the test materials were deemed to be too expensive. This paper presents final statistics for the selected screening test items and discusses implications for the design, construction, and validation of developmental tests.
Reasons for Attrition From Occupational Therapy
Authors: Bailey Diana M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined the reasons why occupational therapists have left the field of occupational therapy. The purpose of the study was to find ways to prevent attrition and to bring back those who have left the field as a means to address the profession’s personnel shortage. Questionnaires from 696 therapists who have left the profession were analyzed. The therapists’ most common reasons for leaving were (a) childbearing and child rearing; (b) geographic relocation and subsequent inability to find a job; (c) excessive paperwork; (d) desire for increased salary and promotional opportunities; (e) high caseloads, stress, and burnout; (f) the actual practice of occupational therapy not being what was expected; (g) dissatisfaction with bureaucracy; (h) the chronicity and severity of the clients’ illnesses; and (i) an inability to find part-time work. Most therapists who left the profession did not return to practice because they felt professionally out of date and unable to compete with younger therapists.
The Relationship of Educational Level to the Development and Dissemination of Knowledge by Occupational Therapists
Authors: Storm Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the qualitative and quantitative differences in productivity among occupational therapists with various educational backgrounds. Comparative analyses pertained to the respondents’ demographic data, to their productivity in the development and dissemination of knowledge, to their positions, and to their contributions to the profession. Four advanced education groups were also described in terms of their educational programs. The results of this study indicated that the most significant relationship between the type of education of occupational therapists and their productivity is found in the doctoral group. Although it was determined that time (years of experience) could account for some of the differences between the groups, no significant differences were found between the baccalaureate and entry level master’s groups. Significant differences were identified between the entry level and postprofessional master’s groups in course work and perceived benefits of education.
The Miller Assessment for Preschoolers: Clinical Use With Children With Developmental Delays
Authors: Daniels Linda E. , Bressler Sandra 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this pilot study, we investigated the clinical use of the Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP) (Miller, 1982) with a sample of children with suspected or confirmed developmental delays. A retrospective chart audit was performed for 95 subjects, 30 girls and 65 boys, 34 to 68 months of age. Clinically related diagnoses were classified into six medical/developmental groups and a no-diagnosis group. When an analysis of variance was used to compare the six medical/developmental groups with the no-diagnosis group, some of the MAP score patterns differed significantly (p &lt; .01). These score patterns provide preliminary evidence for the MAP’s effectiveness in screening children with developmental delays.
Activity Patterns and Life Changes in People With Depression
Authors: Larson Karen B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Activity Pattern Indicator (API) (Diller, Fordyce, Jacobs, & Brown, 1978) and the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) (Holmes, 1981) were used to determine activity patterns and life changes for 15 depressed patients admitted to an acute care mental health unit. Eight categories on the API were correlated with six categories on the SRE to determine the relationship between activity patterns 1 week and 1 month before hospitalization and life changes for the past year. Two correlations indicated that as the total number of life changes and home and family life changes increase, activity related to personal care decreases. Other correlations showed that as life changes related to health, work, and finance increase, such activities as passive recreation, homemaking, socializing, and personal care also increase. Because activity is the cornerstone of occupational therapy, occupational therapists, in treating patients with depression, might include facilitating close inspection of the patients’ activity patterns in relation to the changes that have occurred in their lives.
Use of the Role Checklist With the Patient With Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Sepiol Jane Musgrave , Froehlich Jeanette 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A paucity of occupational therapy evaluation tools exists for use with patients with multiple personality disorder. The Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner & Burke, 1980), particularly the volition and habituation subsystems within this model, proved useful for the identification of the many facets of patients with multiple personality disorder on a short-term treatment unit. The Role Checklist (Oakley, Kielhofner, Barris, & Reichler, 1986), a tool derived from the Model of Human Occupation, was adapted for use with this population and was found to be beneficial in the identification of common goals held by most of the personalities of each patient with multiple personality disorder. The use of the Role Checklist is illustrated with a case example.
Multiple Personality Disorder: An Overview
Authors: Braun Bennett G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Multiple personality disorder is understood today as chronic dissociative psychopathology that most often develops in response to severe abuse in childhood. The dissociative component is a manifestation of a defense mechanism out of control: The person with a biopsychological capacity to dissociate flees inward from overwhelming abuse or feared abuse. When continuing abuse perpetuates dissociations and they are chained by common affective themes, the foundations of multiple personality disorder are laid. Although the disorder has its roots in childhood, most patients are not diagnosed with this condition until 20 to 50 years of age. Many have received several prior, erroneous diagnoses of mental or physical disorders or both over a period of 7 or more years. Failure of diagnosis is an indication of the multiple factors that contribute to making this a covert disorder. Diagnosis and management begin at the same place: the establishment of trust and therapeutic alliance between patient and therapist.
Adult Physical Dysfunction Content in Professional Curricula
Authors: Nelson Craig E. , Cash Sandra H. , Bauer David F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined the content of occupational therapy professional curricula as it pertains to adult physical dysfunction and the opinions and perceptions of faculty responsible for this content area. Survey results from 28 of 66 academic institutions offering professional-level education were received and analyzed. A great diversity in content and emphasis was reflected in the areas of medical conditions, general approaches to evaluation and treatment, specific evaluations, and specific treatment techniques and modalities. Most of the respondents were pleased with students’ performances in physical dysfunction Level II fieldwork, believed that course work was applicable to local clinical settings, and agreed that courses were constantly changing to reflect evolving occupational therapy theory. Approximately 30% of the respondents believed that they had inadequate time to prepare students for entry-level practice, and about half agreed that their department had the necessary equipment to teach evaluation and treatment content.
Perceived Competence Among Occupational Therapists in Mental Health
Authors: Cottrell Rita Fleming 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This pilot study examined the level of perceived competence among 95 occupational therapists practicing in mental health in New York and New Jersey. Most respondents (80%) rated their ability to perform 15 professional tasks listed on the study questionnaire as good or excellent . The remaining six tasks listed on the questionnaire received lower perceived competence scores.
The findings suggest that basic, continuing, and postprofessional education programs along with a personal commitment to continued professional learning may provide therapists with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to perceive themselves as competent mental health practitioners.
Because the percentage of occupational therapists practicing in mental health is declining, it is vital that we develop and support the perceived competence of our mental health practitioners.
Measuring the Effects of Neurodevelopmental Treatment on the Daily Living Skills of 2 Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Lilly Lee Ann , Powell Nancy J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined the short-term effects of neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) on the motor performance of daily living skills in 2 girls with cerebral palsy, aged 27 and 32 months. For 12 weeks, the subjects received treatment sessions consisting of NDT followed by play, or vice versa. After each treatment of play or NDT, the subjects were videotaped performing individually prescribed dressing activities. Trained raters, unaware of the type of treatment given, scored the videotapes on ordinally scaled dressing criteria. The results were not statistically significant for NDT or play for any criteria. The importance of this study is its development and exploration of refinements in single-subject research methods that show promise for use in the documentation of treatment outcomes. Such refinements include the use of functional activity as an evaluation tool and ordinal scales for the assessment of change.
Body Part Identification in 1- to 2-Year-Old Children
Authors: Witt Anita , Cermak Sharon , Coster Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the developmental sequence of body part identification in very young children, 11 to 25 months of age. In the first part of the study, 113 children, divided into five age groups (12-month-olds, 15-month-olds, 18-month-olds, 21-month-olds, and 24-month-olds), were asked to point to 20 body parts on a doll. The results indicated a positive correlation between number of parts correctly identified and increasing age. No sex differences or Sex × Age interactions were found.
In the second part of the study, the difference between pointing to body parts on the self and pointing to body parts on a doll was examined in two groups of 2-year-olds. The results indicated no significant difference between the ability to point to body parts on a doll and the ability to point to body parts on the self.
Factors that may contribute to the development of body part identification in 1- to 2-year-olds and the sequence in which body parts are learned are discussed. The results help provide diagnostic criteria for children with suspected delays in cognitive language, or body scheme development.
Assessing the Impact of HIV Disease
Authors: Weinstein Beth Dinah 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article presents a definition of HIV disease as a four-stage process. The Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) (Bergner, Bobbitt, Carter, & Gilson, 1981) was used to measure behavioral dysfunction in a sample of 15 persons with Stage 3 or Stage 4 (symptomatic) HIV disease.
The areas of work, leisure, cognitive behavior, and emotional behavior were found to be, on the average, most affected by HIV disease. A diagnosis of AIDS does not affect the severity of dysfunction. Functional deficits that are experienced for longer periods of time affect several behavioral categories on the SIP as well as on the overall SIP score.
Hemophilia, AIDS, and Occupational Therapy
Authors: Weinstein Beth Dinah , De Neffe Larkey Sheldon 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article describes the blood clotting disorder of hemophilia, including its transmission, incidence, and physical and psychosocial effects. The epidemiology of persons with both hemophilia and HIV are discussed, as well as HIV’s rapid spread due to contaminated blood products and the mechanisms commonly used to cope with HIV infection.
Specific suggestions on occupational therapy intervention are provided, including helping clients learn to cope with HIV by transferring skills previously learned for coping with hemophilia; teaching stress reduction, anger management, communication, and energy conservation skills; educating families and helping them set appropriate goals; designing adaptive systems for dealing with neurological deficits; and designing exercise programs.
A Day Treatment Program for Persons With AIDS
Authors: Gutterman Linda 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the Village Nursing Home’s day treatment program for persons with AIDS, with an emphasis on the role of occupational therapy and the outcomes of occupational therapy interventions. The clients’ demographics are included, and a general program philosophy of clients’ empowerment is discussed. The health promotion framework and the use of holistic modalities address the spiritual aspect of the individual and how occupational therapy and spirituality might interconnect.
The Ethics of Caring for Patients With HIV or AIDS
Authors: Hansen Ruth Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Health care professionals encounter many ethical issues in the care of persons who are HIV positive or who have been diagnosed as having AIDS. Such issues include the allocation of scarce resources for research and health care; the use of various methods of disease control, including mandatory testing, forced isolation, informing of sexual partners, and education; and the determination of the responsibility to treat infected patients.
These issues are presented as a stimulus to readers to examine their own attitudes regarding HIV and AIDS. The usefulness and limitations of occupational therapy’s professional code in resolving ethical dilemmas are discussed, followed by the description of a process that can be used to analyze and solve these dilemmas.
A Critical Analysis of Occupational Therapy Approaches for Perceptual Deficits in Adults With Brain Injury
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Research about occupational therapy interventions for adult perceptual deficits is needed to examine the relative efficacy of different treatments and to scrutinize the theoretical assumptions underlying those treatments. The former purpose relates to providing optimal services to consumers; the latter, to advancing the knowledge base of the profession. Both of these purposes can be achieved if research questions are derived from the assumptions underlying treatments. This paper delineates those assumptions and suggests some research questions and strategies with which to test them.
A Stress Management Program: Inpatient-to-Outpatient Continuity
Authors: Courtney Cyndi , Escobedo Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Stress is a factor in many modern illnesses. The development of coping skills to deal with stress is an occupational therapy goal for many patients. The program presented here uses stress management techniques to improve the situational coping skills of adult psychiatric patients. When discharged to the outpatient clinic, the patients in this program continue to learn and practice stress management techniques to increase relaxation and lessen anxiety. A case example is presented.
The Effects of Keyguard Use and Pelvic Positioning on Typing Speed and Accuracy in a Boy With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: McCormack Diane J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effects of keyguard use and pelvic positioning (neutral versus posterior tilt) on typing proficiency was studied in an 8-year-old boy with athetoid and spastic cerebral palsy. Speed and accuracy were measured with the Mastertype computer software program (Zweig, 1984). The results showed that the use of a keyguard increased the subject’s typing accuracy and decreased his speed. Neither neutral nor posterior pelvic positioning appeared to have a significant effect on typing speed or on accuracy.
Quality of Time Use by Adults With Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J. , Locker Susan Baum 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The self-perceived quality of time use of 15 community-based adults with spinal cord injuries was compared with that of 12 age- and sex-matched nondisabled adults through the use of the Activity Configuration Log (modified from an unpublished clinical assessment developed by Claudia Allen). Differences in how subjects classified their daily occupations were found between and within groups, especially for the categories of Work, Self-Maintenance, and Other. The results suggest that the subjects’ classifications of occupations and interpretations of their meanings are important sources of information for both the science of occupation and occupational therapy practice. The subjects with spinal cord injuries had a high rate of unemployment (67%) and much more daily free time than did their nondisabled counterparts. The affective quality of particular occupations was found to be related to the affective quality of the entire day. Occupational therapists agreed more with each other than with the subjects with disabilities when classifying occupations. Implications for practice and research are provided.
Use of an Elbow Restraint to Improve Finger-Feeding Skills in a Child With Rett Syndrome
Authors: Sharpe Patricia A. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A single-subject study with an ABAB design was conducted to examine the effectiveness of an elbow restraint splint in improving the functional hand use of a child with Rett syndrome. The intervention consisted of the child’s wearing an elbow restraint on her nondominant (left) arm during snack time. Her ability to finger-feed cereal from a bowl was evaluated across four phases. An analysis of the data revealed only modest improvements in the amount of cereal consumed and in the time required to complete the eating task. Variability in the subject’s performance made visual interpretation of the data difficult. The findings, however, were in the anticipated direction and provide indications for future research.
Mastery in Clinical Occupational Therapy
Authors: DePoy Elizabeth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study sought to describe the characteristics of mastery in occupational therapy practice. A Delphi survey (i.e., an inquiry technique used to predict and define constructs [Linstone & Turoff, 1975]) of 33 occupational therapy experts was conducted to obtain their conceptions of the characteristics of occupational therapy mastery. Three master clinicians, identified by the expert respondents, were then interviewed to validate and illustrate the concepts of mastery identified in the Delphi survey. The results suggest that mastery is a combination of selected personal traits, creative and flexible judgment, the use of occupation as the foundation for practice decisions, and a strong commitment to occupational therapy practice. Further, mastery is expressed through a personal style that is unique to each clinical master.
Shoulder Subluxation and Pain in Stroke Patients
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Andrews A. Williams 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Twenty-four patients with stroke were studied (a) to determine the interrater reliability of a clinical measurement of shoulder subluxation, (b) to confirm the interrater reliability of the Ritchie Articular Index (Bohannon & LeFort, 1986) for measuring shoulder pain, (c) to establish the relationship between the Ritchie index Scores and shoulder lateral rotation range of motion measured at the point of pain (SROMP), and (d) to determine the relationship between shoulder subluxation and shoulder pain. The agreement between the two examiners’ (the authors) measurements of subluxation was “almost perfect” (Landis & Koch, 1977, p. 165). The agreement between the two examiners’ Ritchie index measurements was “substantial” (Landis & Koch, 1977, p. 165). The Ritchie index and SROMP measurements correlated significantly. Neither the Ritchie index nor the SROMP measurements correlated significantly with subluxation. Although the measurements used in this study were reliable, they did not support the association of shoulder subluxation with shoulder pain in stroke patients. Clinicians wishing to reduce shoulder pain in stroke patients should direct their treatment accordingly.
The Use of Tactile and Vestibular Stimulation to Reduce Stereotypic Behaviors in Two Adults With Mental Retardation
Authors: Brocklehurst-Woods Julie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this study, two institutionalized adults with mental retardation were treated twice weekly over a 7-month period with activities that provided tactile and vestibular stimulation for the purpose of reducing stereotypic behaviors. Statistically significant treatment effects were demonstrated, but the target behaviors continued at a high and variable rate. Greater treatment frequency may be necessary for therapeutic benefit to occur in adults. Future single case studies need to be completed, with each variable manipulated systematically and with closer adherence to previous studies.