bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical students' responses to the dissection of the heart and brain: A dialogue on the seat of the soul
Authors: Martyn Helen , Barrett Anthony , Trotman Paul , Nicholson Helen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe search for the soul has been documented since the fifth Century BCE when philosophers and physicians began to explore the role of human consciousness and emotion. Traditionally in western civilization, there have been two distinct followings with some believing that the brain was the seat of the soul and others believing that this role belonged to the heart. The aim of this study was to assess the attitudes of medical students towards the heart and brain during their anatomy laboratory dissections to evaluate if any extra meaning is given to these organs and where they perceived the origin of the soul. Medical students (n = 16) at the University of Otago were interviewed in regards to their thoughts about body dissection and particularly their views towards the brain and the heart. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted following the dissection of these two organs, and then transcribed and analyzed. There were mixed opinions among students with some experiencing difficulty dissecting the brain because this organ had special meaning to them; they perceived it as the organ that “made a person who they were.” Others commented on their emotional reactions when removing the heart, which they viewed as the “seat of emotion.” Some students experienced emotional and physical reactions to these two dissections and Anatomy faculty need to be aware that students may struggle because they viewed these organs as special. A dialogue emerged amongst some medical students on the seat of the soul which gave extra meaning to the dissection. Clin. Anat. 25:407–413, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Peptides and Proteins as a Continuing Exciting Source of Inspiration for Peptidomimetics
Authors: Liskamp Rob M. J. , Rijkers Dirk T. S. , Kruijtzer John A. W. , Kemmink Johan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDespite their enormous diversity in biological function and structure, peptides and proteins are endowed with properties that have induced and stimulated the development of peptidomimetics. Clearly, peptides can be considered as the “stem” of a phylogenetic molecular development tree from which branches of oligomeric peptidomimetics such as peptoids, peptidosulfonamides, urea peptidomimetics, as well as β‐peptides have sprouted. It is still a challenge to efficiently synthesize these oligomeric species, and study their structural and biological properties. Combining peptides and peptidomimetics led to the emergence of peptide–peptidomimetic hybrids in which one or more (proteinogenic) amino acid residues have been replaced with these mimetic residues. In scan‐like approaches, the influence of these replacements on biological activity can then be studied, to evaluate to what extent a peptide can be transformed into a peptidomimetic structure while maintaining, or even improving, its biological properties. A central issue, especially with the smaller peptides, is the lack of secondary structure. Important approaches to control secondary structure include the introduction of α,α‐disubstituted amino acids, or (di)peptidomimetic structures such as the Freidinger lactam. Apart from intra‐amino acid constraints, inter‐amino acid constraints for formation of a diversity of cyclic peptides have shaped a thick branch. Apart from the classical disulfide bridges, the repertoire has been extended to include sulfide and triazole bridges as well as the single‐, double‐ and even triple‐bond replacements, accessible by the extremely versatile ring‐closing alkene/alkyne metathesis approaches. The latter approach is now the method of choice for the secondary structure that presents the greatest challenge for structural stabilization: the α‐helix.
Improved Simulation of the Transient Temperature Distribution in HT‐PEM‐Fuel Cells for Increased Efficiency
Authors: Wesling Volker , Giese Peter , Kandelhardt Thorsten 
Published: July 2011

AbstractErkennen und Vermeiden von starken Temperaturgradienten in Brennstoffzellen kann zu einer deutlichen Standzeitverlängerung führen. Die Abschätzung der während des Betriebs entstehenden Temperaturverteilung ist aufgrund der komplexen Vorgänge mit erheblichem Rechenaufwand verbunden. Deshalb konnten bisher nur kleine und einfache Geometrien berechnet werden. Durch Integration eines neuen mathematischen Ansatzes in kommerzielle Strömungssoftware wurde jetzt die Möglichkeit geschaffen, auch komplizierte Strömungskanäle zu berechnen und zu bewerten, um so die Effizienz und Lebensdauer zu erhöhen.
Pilot‐Scale Device for Filter Cake Resuspension of Ceramic Membranes
Authors: Quadt Tobias , Schmidt Eberhard 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie Entfernung von Deckschichten auf überströmten Membranen ist einer der wichtigsten Faktoren für das ökonomisch sinnvolle Betreiben von Mikro‐ und Ultrafiltrationsmembranen. Bei der Wiederablösung der Partikeln von der Membranoberfläche muss der Haftkraft besondere Bedeutung beigemessen werden. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird eine Apparatur zur experimentellen Beschreibung der Haftung von mineralischen Einzelpartikeln und zusammenhängenden Partikelsystemen an keramischen Membranen vorgestellt. Ziel ist es, zur Optimierung von Regenerierungsmethoden von Membranen beizutragen und neue Reinigungsverfahren zu entwickeln.
Measuring the scale of segregation in mixing data
Authors: Kukukova Alena , Aubin Joelle , Kresta Suzanne M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFour methods were used to extract length scales from mixing data: the maximum striation thickness, point‐to‐nearest‐neighbour (PNN) distributions, the correlogram and the variogram. Four test data sets were analysed: blending in a micromixer; particle dispersion in a stirred tank; dispersion of a smoke plume and a pulse tracer test in a reactor. The maximum striation thickness captures the largest length scale. The PNN method quantifies differences between clustered, random and regular spatial distributions. The correlogram calculation cannot be consistently used for all types of mixing data and has therefore been rejected. The variogram reveals both large‐scale segregation and periodicity. Sub‐sampling is needed to isolate smaller structures. The variogram, PNN and transect methods all successfully extracted mixing length scales from large 2D data sets.
MHD flow and heat transfer over stretching/shrinking sheets with external magnetic field, viscous dissipation and Joule effects
Authors: Jafar Khamisah , Nazar Roslinda , Ishak Anuar , Pop Ioan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe present article considers the steady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) laminar boundary layer flow of a viscous and incompressible electrically conducting fluid near the stagnation point on a horizontal stretching or shrinking surface, with variable surface temperature and a constant magnetic field applied normal to the surface of the sheet. The governing system of partial differential equations is first transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations by introducing an appropriate similarity transformation, which is then solved numerically using a finite‐difference scheme known as the Keller‐box method. The effects of the governing parameters on the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number as well as the velocity and temperature profiles are determined and discussed. Results indicate that for the stretching sheet, solution exists and is unique for all values of the stretching/shrinking parameter $\lambda $, while for the shrinking sheet, solutions only exist up to some critical values $\lambda = \lambda _{{\rm c}} $, and these solutions may be unique, dual and sometimes triple. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia and the associated lung neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Gorshtein Alexander , Gross David J. , Barak Dganit , Strenov Yulia , Refaeli Yael , Shimon Ilan , Grozinsky‐Glasberg Simona 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Normal adult lungs contain pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs). PNEC hyperplasia may be either reactive or idiopathic, and the idiopathic type is defined as diffuse idiopathic PNEC hyperplasia (DIPNECH). It is believed that DIPNECH is a neuroendocrine proliferative process associated with carcinoid tumors. The available data regarding this rare condition are very limited. The objective of the current study was to describe the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic characteristics of patients with DIPNECH and the effect of various therapeutic modalities on patient well being.METHODS:The authors retrospectively studied 11 consecutive patients with DIPNECH who were followed at 2 referral centers in Israel between 2000 and 2010.RESULTS:All patients were women, and their median age was 62.8 years. Six patients presented with respiratory symptoms, such as prolonged dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. All patients had carcinoid tumor together with multiple, small pulmonary nodules observed on thoracic high‐resolution computerized tomography images. The mean size of the dominant lesion was 19.4 ± 9.6 mm. Nine patients underwent thoracotomy and resection of the dominant lesion. The disease was stable in 5 of 11 patients; in 6 of 10 patients, it progressed, and the patients received treatment with somatostatin analogs, which induced disease stabilization in all patients. Metastatic disease was diagnosed in 3 of 11 patients (36%). All patients were alive at the end of follow‐up (mean, 4.63 ± 2.04 years; ongoing).CONCLUSIONS:The association of lung neuroendocrine tumor with multiple nodules in women, together with complains of chronic cough and wheezing, should raise suspicion of DIPNECH. Whenever possible, these patients should undergo surgical excision of the dominant lesion, and somatostatin analogs may be considered for symptomatic or tumor control in patients with progressive disease. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Age‐adjusted validation of the most stringent criteria for active surveillance in low‐risk prostate cancer patients
Authors: Suardi Nazareno , Gallina Andrea , Capitanio Umberto , Salonia Andrea , Lughezzani Giovanni , Freschi Massimo , Mottrie Alexander , Rigatti Patrizio , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The authors tested the performance of the currently used clinical criteria reported in populations studied by van den Bergh et al and Carter et al for the selection of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) for active surveillance (AS) according to age.METHODS:Data were analyzed from 893 patients who underwent with radical prostatectomy (RP). The authors investigated the rates of unfavorable PCa at RP (extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle or lymph node invasion, or Gleason score 7‐10) in patients who fulfilled AS criteria according to age tertiles (ages ≤63 years, 63.1 to 69 years, and >69 years). Area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) analyses tested the criteria for predicting unfavorable PCa. Then, the patients were stratified according to the cutoff age of 70 years. Multivariate analyses were used to test the role of age in predicting unfavorable PCa.RESULTS:The rate of unfavorable PCa characteristics was between 24% and 27.8%. In the van den Bergh et al population, after age 70 years, the rate of unfavorable PCa characteristics was 41% compared with 23.2% and 24.1% in patients in the previous age tertiles (ages ≤63 years and 63.1 to 69 years, respectively). In the Carter et al population, the rate of unfavorable PCa was 41.2% compared with 17.3% and 18.6% in the previous age tertiles (ages ≤63 years and 63.1 to 69 years, respectively). When the 70‐year age cutoff was used, unfavorable PCa was identified in 17.9% to 23.6% of patients aged <70 years versus 4% to 41.2% of patients aged >70 years (all P < .001). AUC analyses revealed significantly lower performance in older patients. In multivariate analyses, after adjustment for prostate‐specific antigen, prostate volume, and the number of cores, age represented an independent predictor of unfavorable PCa.CONCLUSIONS:The currently used AS criteria performed significantly better for patients aged <70 years. The authors concluded that the current results should be taken into account when deciding whether to offer active surveillance to patients with low‐risk PCa. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Outcomes after prostate brachytherapy are even better than predicted
Authors: Frank Steven J. , Levy Lawrence B. , van Vulpen Marco , Crook Juanita , Sylvester John , Grimm Peter , Pugh Thomas J. , Swanson David A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:During the first 3 years after prostate cancer treatment with radiation therapy, benign prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) bounces are difficult for clinicians to distinguish from a biochemical recurrence, which can result in unnecessary interventions and erroneous predictions of outcomes. The objective of this study was to evaluate a commonly used PSA failure definition in a multinational, multi‐institutional study after monotherapy with prostate brachytherapy.METHODS:Participants were selected from 2919 men who underwent permanent prostate brachytherapy at the University Medical Center Utrecht, Princess Margaret Hospital, or Seattle Prostate Institute between 1998 and 2006. Inclusion required not having received androgen‐deprivation therapy and having at least 30 months of follow‐up. Failure was defined as any post‐treatment use of hormone therapy, clinical relapse, or prostogram‐defined biochemical (PSA) failure. Cases in which the nomogram predicted biochemical failure were evaluated at each institution to verify biochemical status over time and the actual clinical outcome at 5 years.RESULTS:The median follow‐up for the 1816 patients was 5.2 years. Concordance between the prostogram‐predicted and actual outcomes, as measured by the Harrell c statistic, was 0.655 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.536‐0.774; P = .010) for the Princess Margaret group, 0.493 (95% CI, 0.259‐0.648; P = .955) for the Seattle group, and 0.696 (95% CI, 0.648‐0.744, P < .001) for the Utrecht group. The overall mean difference in biochemical recurrence‐free survival at 5 years between actual outcomes and prostogram‐defined outcomes was 9.2% (95% CI, 7.7%‐10.6%). The total numbers of prostogram‐defined and actual biochemical failures were 312 and 157, respectively (P = .001).CONCLUSIONS:The widely used prostogram could not adequately distinguish a benign PSA bounce from a biochemical recurrence after prostate brachytherapy and could not be used to counsel patients about their predicted outcomes after treatment. The authors conclude that, to avoid unnecessary active interventions after treatment, clinicians should monitor PSA levels for at least 3 years and provide reassurance to patients that a PSA rise during this time is common and may not indicate a treatment failure. Cancer 2012;118:839–847. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Intramural and extramural vascular invasion in colorectal cancer
Authors: Betge Johannes , Pollheimer Marion J. , Lindtner Richard A. , Kornprat Peter , Schlemmer Andrea , Rehak Peter , Vieth Michael , Hoefler Gerald , Langner Cord 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Blood vessel invasion has been associated with poor outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC), whereas the prognostic impact of lymphatic invasion is less clear. The authors of this report evaluated venous and lymphatic invasion as potential prognostic indicators in patients with CRC focusing on lymph node‐negative patients and compared routine and review pathology diagnoses.METHODS:In total, 381 tumors from randomly selected patients were retrospectively reviewed. The presence of vascular invasion was related to disease‐free and cancer‐specific survival using the Kaplan‐Meier method. For multivariable analysis, Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed.RESULTS:Lymphatic invasion and venous invasion were observed in 126 patients (33%) and 87 patients (23%), respectively, and were associated significantly with tumor classification, lymph node status, American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) disease stage, tumor differentiation, pattern of invasion, and extent of tumor budding. The detection of vascular invasion was related to the number of examined tissue blocks. Venous and lymphatic invasion proved to be significant prognostic variables in univariable and multivariable analyses. Extramural vascular involvement was of particular significance. When the analysis was restricted to patients with (AJCC/UICC) stage II disease, venous invasion, but not lymphatic invasion, was identified as an independent prognostic variable. Review pathology diagnoses differed significantly from routine diagnoses with respect to prognostic impact.CONCLUSIONS:Venous and lymphatic invasion proved to be significant prognostic variables in patients with CRC. The detection of vascular invasion and, consequently, risk stratification of affected patients were related to the quality of pathology workup, ie, the number of examined tissue blocks. Observed differences between review and routine pathology diagnoses illustrated the need for high‐quality pathology reporting and also for standardized quality control. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Early referral to supportive care specialists for symptom burden in lung cancer patients
Authors: Reyes‐Gibby Cielito C. , Anderson Karen O. , Shete Sanjay , Bruera Eduardo , Yennurajalingam Sriram 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Effective management of symptoms in cancer patients requires early intervention. This study assessed whether the timing of referral to the Supportive Care Center (SCC) and symptom burden outcome varied by race or ethnicity in lung cancer patients who had been seen at a tertiary cancer center.METHODS:Non‐Hispanic white (n = 752), Hispanic (n = 111), and non‐Hispanic black (n = 117) patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer comprised this sample. Data on sociodemographic factors, stage of disease, comorbid conditions, and symptom severity (pain, depressed mood, fatigue) served as potential predictor variables.RESULTS:Whereas the mean time (15 months; median = 7 months) from initial presentation at the cancer center to referral to the SCC did not vary by race or ethnicity, we found that Hispanics and non‐Hispanic blacks had higher symptom burden when they first presented at the cancer center than non‐Hispanic whites. Severe pain, depressed mood, and fatigue were significant predictors for early referral (<7 months) of non‐Hispanic whites, but only severe fatigue (P <.05) was predictive of early referral for Hispanics and non‐Hispanic blacks. Furthermore, while the proportion of non‐Hispanic white patients reporting severe pain, depressed mood, and fatigue significantly decreased (P <.001) at first follow‐up visit after referral to the SCC; among Hispanics, improvement was only observed for depressed mood. No improvement in any of these symptoms was observed for non‐Hispanic blacks.CONCLUSIONS:Whereas the timing of referral to supportive services did not vary by race, disparities in symptom burden outcomes persisted. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Urinary symptoms in breast cancer
Authors: Donovan Kristine A. , Boyington Alice R. , Ismail‐Khan Roohi , Wyman Jean F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA large body of research has documented the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms, especially vasomotor symptoms, in breast cancer survivors and their impact on quality of life. However, urinary symptoms as part of the constellation of menopausal symptoms have received relatively little attention. Thus, less is known about the prevalence and severity of urinary symptoms in breast cancer survivors. The authors of this report conducted a systematic review of studies published between 1990 and 2010 to describe the prevalence and severity of urinary symptoms in breast cancer survivors. In total, 16 eligible studies that involved >2500 women were identified. The studies varied with respect to purpose, design, and nature of the samples included; the majority used the same definition and assessment approach for urinary symptoms. Prevalence rates for symptoms ranged from 12% of women reporting burning or pain on micturition to 58% reporting difficulty with bladder control. Although, in many studies, the largest percentage of women rated symptoms as mild, 23% reported severe symptoms. Symptoms appeared to adversely affect women's quality of life. The authors concluded that there is a need for additional research assessing the natural history of urinary symptoms using consensus definitions and validated measures in diverse populations. Nevertheless, this review suggested that clinicians should screen for urinary symptoms in breast cancer survivors and should offer treatment recommendations or make referrals as appropriate. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Interactions between environmental factors and polymorphisms in angiogenesis pathway genes in esophageal adenocarcinoma risk: A case‐only study
Authors: Zhai Rihong , Zhao Yang , Liu Geoffrey , Ter‐Minassian Monica , Wu I.‐Chen , Wang Zhaoxi , Su Li , Asomaning Kofi , Chen Feng , Kulke Matthew H. , Lin Xihong , Heist Rebecca S. , Wain John C. , Christiani David C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), higher body mass index (BMI), smoking, and genetic variants in angiogenic pathway genes have been individually associated with increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. However, how angiogenic gene polymorphisms and environmental factors jointly affect esophageal adenocarcinoma development remains unclear.METHODS:By using a case‐only design (n = 335), the authors examined interactions between 141 functional/tagging angiogenic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and environmental factors (GERD, BMI, smoking) in modulating esophageal adenocarcinoma risk. Gene‐environment interactions were assessed by a 2‐step approach. First, the authors applied random forest to screen for important SNPs that had either main or interaction effects. Second, they used case‐only logistic regression to assess the effects of gene‐environment interactions on esophageal adenocarcinoma risk, adjusting for covariates and false‐discovery rate.RESULTS:Random forest analyses identified 3 sets of SNPs (17 SNPs‐GERD, 26 SNPs‐smoking, and 34 SNPs‐BMI) that had the highest importance scores. In subsequent logistic regression analyses, interactions between 2 SNPs (rs2295778 of HIF1AN, rs13337626 of TSC2) and GERD, 2 SNPs (rs2295778 of HIF1AN, rs2296188 of VEGFR1) and smoking, and 7 SNPs (rs2114039 of PDGRFA, rs2296188 of VEGFR1, rs11941492 of VEGFR1, rs17708574 of PDGFRB, rs7324547 of VEGFR1, rs17619601 of VEGFR1, and rs17625898 of VEGFR1) and BMI were significantly associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma development (all false‐discovery rates ≤0.10). Moreover, these interactions tended to have SNP dose‐response effects for increased esophageal adenocarcinoma risk with increasing number of combined risk genotypes.CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that genetic variations in angiogenic genes may modify esophageal adenocarcinoma susceptibility through interactions with environmental factors in an SNP dose‐response manner. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.