bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ammonia‐, Sodium Chloride‐, and Calcium Sulfate‐induced Changes in the Stress Responses of Jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, Juveniles
Authors: Carneiro Paulo César Falanghe , Swarofsky Elaine Correa , Souza Daniana Pinotti E. , César Thiago Mocelin Ramos , Baglioli Bárbara , Baldisserotto Bernardo 
Published: December 2009

Abstract Salt (NaCl) and gypsum (CaSO4) are used as water additives to mitigate fish stress and improve specimen survival. High stocking densities and the transportation of fish can increase aqueous ammonia, which can, in turn, alter fish cortisol secretion. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of salt, gypsum, and aqueous ammonia on some stress‐induced physiological responses of jundiá, Rhamdia quelen, juveniles induced by captivity and handling, and to determine the lethal ammonia concentration for this species. Jundiá juveniles were subjected to the following five treatments: water only, water + ammonia (0.4 mg/L), water + NH3 + NaCl (6 g/L), water + NH3 + gypsum (150 mg/L), and water + NH3 + NaCl + gypsum. Blood samples were taken after intervals of 1, 5, 24, and 96 h, and the concentrations of cortisol, glucose, chloride, ammonia, and hematocrit were determined. The NH3 LC50 value after 96 h of exposure (LC50−96h) was measured to be 1.9 mg/L NH3. Either salt or gypsum reduced both cortisol and glucose levels during most of the experimental period, but the combination of both reduced these levels even further. The combined use of NaCl and CaSO4 demonstrates a synergic effect on mitigating stress responses induced by handling and aqueous ammonia in jundiá juveniles.
Spectroscopic Properties of Fluorescein and Rhodamine Dyes Attached to DNA
Authors: Delgadillo Roberto F. , Parkhurst Lawrence J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report the spectroscopic properties of fluorescein, x‐rhodamine, tetramethyl‐rhodamine, attached to single strand, duplex DNA, and to the digestion products by DNAse I. The properties reported include: molar absorptivity, quantum yield, absorbance and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence lifetime, intrinsic lifetime (τ0), static quenching (S) and the Förster critical distances (R0) between fluorescein and x‐rhodamine or tetramethyl‐rhodamine (acceptors). These spectroscopic properties depend strongly on the local dye environment. Fluorescein was studied: (1) attached to biotin (BF), (2) BF bound to avidin; and attached to two positions in DNA. X‐rhodamine and tetramethyl‐rhodamine were studied as free dyes and attached at the 5′‐end of DNA. We propose a general method to determine the molar absorptivity and τ0 of a dye attached to DNA based on the reaction of a biotinylated and dye‐labeled oligomer with standardized avidin. The molar absorptivity of a second dye attached to a DNA duplex can be obtained by comparing spectra of doubly and singly labeled sequences. S, arising from dye–DNA interactions can then be determined. R0 for free and attached dyes showed differences from 1.1 to 4.2 Å. We present evidence for the direct interaction of dyes attached to the termini of various single‐stranded DNA sequences.
Kinetics of the M‐Intermediate in the Photocycle of Bacteriorhodopsin upon Chemical Modification with Surfactants
Authors: Chu Li‐Kang , El‐Sayed Mostafa A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spectroscopic and kinetic studies of the interaction between bacteriorhodopsin in the M‐intermediate and several surfactants (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, diethylene glycol mono‐n‐hexyl ether, ethylene glycol mono‐n‐hexyl ether, sodium 1‐decanesulfonate and sodium 1‐heptanesulfonate) have been investigated using steady‐state UV–VIS spectrometry and time‐resolved absorption techniques. The steady‐state spectral results show that bR retains its trimeric state. Time‐resolved observations indicate that the rate of deprotonation of the protonated Schiff base increases in the presence of the cationic surfactants, whereas insignificant changes are observed in the neutral or anionic surfactants. The rate of the reprotonation of the Schiff base in the transition M → N is accelerated in anionic and neutral surfactants, but is decelerated in the presence of the cationic surfactants. Surfactants with a longer hydrocarbon tail have a greater effect on the kinetics when compared with surfactants having shorter hydrocarbon tails. The opposite effect is observed when the hydrophilic head of the surfactants contains opposite charges. These distinct kinetics are discussed in terms of the difference in the modified surface hydrophilicity of the bR and the possible protein configurational changes upon surfactant treatments.
Photocatalysis of Chloroform Decomposition by Hexachloroosmate(IV)
Authors: Peña Laura A. , Hoggard Patrick E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHexachloroosmate(IV) effectively catalyzes the photodecomposition of chloroform in aerated solutions. The decomposition products are consistent with a mechanism in which excited state OsCl62− reduces chloroform, rather than one involving photodissociation of chlorine atoms. Trace amounts of ethanol or water in the chloroform lead to photosubstitution to form OsCl5(EtOH)− or OsCl5(H2O)−, neither of which is photocatalytically active.
Association of Calcium‐Phosphorus Product With Blood Pressure in Dialysis
Authors: Ashkar Ziad M. 
Published: December 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:96–103. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Hypertension is very common in dialysis patients. Disorders of mineral metabolism have been linked to vascular calcification and hypertension in dialysis. Fifty‐four hemodialysis patients were included in a cross‐sectional study in a dialysis unit during a 6‐month period. Linear regression analysis was done between averages of calcium and phosphorus (ca × ph) product and blood pressures (BPs). Ca × ph was significantly associated with systolic BP predialysis (P=.03, R=0.28), diastolic BP predialysis (P=.001, R=0.44), predialysis mean arterial pressure (MAP) (P=.002, R=0.4), and diastolic BP postdialysis (P=.03, R=0.26). No relationship was found with pulse pressures. Multilinear regression analysis was then done between ca × ph product and BPs adjusting for age, sex, hemoglobin, diabetes, albumin, parathyroid hormone, ultrafiltration volume, and average BP medications per patient. There was a strong positive association with predialysis systolic BP (P=.003, R2=0.49), predialysis MAP (P=.001, R2=0.51), and postdialysis MAP (P=.02, R2=0.65). No associations with pulse pressures were detected. The study findings suggest that ca × ph product is significantly associated with dialysis MAP and not pulse pressure. This is likely secondary to the stronger relationship with diastolic BP than with systolic BP. Prospective studies looking into the associated hemodynamic parameters related to arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction along with measures for calcifications would be very beneficial.
Pensiones sociales y aprendizaje en materia de políticas: el caso de África meridional
Authors: Casey Bernard H. , McKinnon Roddy 
Published: December 2009

ResumenDurante los últimos diez años y especialmente desde que se publicaron los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, las pensiones sociales han captado el interés de quienes están relacionados con el bienestar de las personas de edad avanzada de los numerosos países donde los sistemas de prestaciones de vejez oficiales financiados mediante cotizaciones cubren tan sólo a una minoría de la población. Las organizaciones internacionales han centrado su atención en dichos regímenes y algunas de ellas consideran que éstos desempeñan un papel importante. Sin embargo, la información sobre los mismos y sobre cómo funcionan, así como sobre su eficacia para cumplir los objetivos que persiguen, sigue siendo limitada. El aprendizaje no sólo ha tenido lugar en las organizaciones internacionales sino también en la región en que predominan: África meridional. Se debe fomentar dicho aprendizaje y en este proceso, la Asociación Internacional de la Seguridad Social tiene un papel que desempeñar.
Use and exchange of genetic resources of emerging species for aquaculture and other purposes
Authors: Nguyen Thuy T. T. , Davy F. Brian , Rimmer Michael A. , De Silva Sena S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFrom a genetic resources viewpoint, emerging aquaculture species and species groups are examined mainly in terms of food use. In addition, we include species that are becoming increasingly important for biodiversity conservation and related ecotourism aspects. Together with ornamental fish species, we argue that these species are facing increasing vulnerability and warrant attention. Our intention is to raise awareness of the potential for increasing production and revenues from emerging species/species groups with an emphasis on an underlying link to biodiversity conservation and ecosystem preservation, and how this information will inform policy on access to the genetic resources and the sharing of benefits derived from their use. For food purposes, the fastest growing aquaculture sector is mariculture, and within this sector groupers and wrasses are considered to be the most important because they cater to the relatively lucrative live food fish restaurant trade (LFFRT), which is rapidly expanding in selected South‐East Asian countries. In the Asian region, ecotourism is an emerging sector and a prominent fish group for this purpose is considered to be mahseer. A number of mahseer species are culturally and commercially important and are often seen as a group of indigenous species that are suitable for aquaculture. This review summarizes much of the limited information related to the patterns of use and exchange of genetic resources on emerging aquatic species/species groups, with particular reference to Asia.
Use and exchange of genetic resources of penaeid shrimps for food and aquaculture
Authors: Benzie John A. H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei Boone, 1931 and Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 provide 87% of the world’s farmed marine shrimp, and 99% with another five species, Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) chinensis (Osbeck, 1765), Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) indicus Milne‐Edwards, 1837, Penaeus (Fenneropenaeus) merguiensis de Man, 1888, Penaeus (Litopenaeus) stylirostris Stimpson, 1874 and Penaeus (Marsupenaeus) japonicus Bate, 1888. Genetically improved strains have been traded for P. chinensis, P. stylirostris, P. vannamei and P. monodon, although closed populations have been developed for all seven species. To date, domesticated strains have played a dominant role in seed production for only P. vannamei and P. stylirostris. Extensive worldwide transfer of wild and/or domesticated stocks has occurred for these two species and for P. monodon, but the volume and extent of transfer of the other species is less. Genetic variation documented in wild stocks does not appear to be threatened, but variation within cultured stocks is often reduced relative to the wild and has affected performance in some (now mostly defunct) cultured populations. Hybridization is not effective in producing useful shrimp strains. There is no organized banking of penaeid shrimp genetic resources, either as live shrimp, frozen tissue, tissue or cell culture or DNA. Open access DNA sequences are available, although limited for most species. Significant expressed sequence tags and large insert libraries are available only for P. vannamei and P. monodon.
Environmental and economic analysis of the fully integrated biorefinery
Authors: SENDICH ELIZABETH D. , DALE BRUCE E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCellulosic biofuel systems have the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact of the world's transportation energy requirements. However, realizing this potential will require systems level thinking and scale integration. Until now, we have lacked modeling tools for studying the behavior of integrated cellulosic biofuel systems. In this paper, we describe a new research tool, the Biorefinery and Farm Integration Tool (BFIT) in which the production of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass is integrated with crop and animal (agricultural) production models. Uniting these three subsystems in a single combined model has allowed, for the first time, basic environmental and economic analysis of biomass production, possible secondary products, fertilizer production, and bioenergy production across various regions of the United States. Using BFIT, we simulate cellulosic ethanol production embedded in realistic agricultural landscapes in nine locations under a collection of farm management scenarios. This combined modeling approach permits analysis of economic profitability and highlights key areas for environmental improvement. These results show the advantages of introducing integrated biorefinery systems within agricultural landscapes. This is particularly true in the Midwest, which our results suggest is a good setting for the cellulosic ethanol industry. Specifically, results show that inclusion of cellulosic biofuel systems into existing agriculture enhances farm economics and reduces total landscape emissions. Model results also indicate a limited ethanol price effect from increased biomass transportation distance. Sensitivity analysis using BFIT revealed those variables having the strongest effects on the overall system performance, namely: biorefinery size, switchgrass yield, and biomass farm gate price.
Public Health Argument to Retain Current UK National Controls for Tick and Tapeworms Under the Pet Travel Scheme
Authors: Gover L. , Kirkbride H. , Morgan D. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryAt present, the European Council is debating whether the current national controls under the Pet Travel Scheme (PETS), which aims to prevent the introduction of rabies and tapeworms or live ticks and their associated diseases into the United Kingdom (UK), should be harmonized amongst European Union (EU) Member States. There is a strong case to support the retention of control measures on human health grounds. Although many are aware of the implications of rabies infection, few realize the risk to the UK population if current tick and tapeworm controls under PETS were to be removed. If this were to occur, there is a risk that a number of diseases of human health importance may be introduced and become established in the UK. Such diseases include alveolar echinococcosis, tick borne encephalitis, tularaemia and Mediterranean spotted fever; all of which are found in other EU Member States but do not occur in the UK. These four diseases are responsible for a significant burden of disease in Europe, and current national controls under PETS have been highly effective in so far preventing their introduction into the UK.
Evaluation of peripheral blood neutrophil function in tumor‐bearing dogs
Authors: LeBlanc Casey J. , LeBlanc Amy K. , Jones Meredith M. , Bartges Joseph W. , Kania Stephen A. 
Published: December 2009

Background: Peripheral blood neutrophils of untreated human cancer patients have been shown to have normal, increased, and decreased phagocytic activity, killing capacity, and/or oxidative burst activities.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate oxidative burst and phagocytic activities of peripheral blood neutrophils from tumor‐bearing dogs before therapy and compare them with neutrophil function of healthy control dogs.Methods: Heparinized whole blood was obtained from dogs with high‐grade lymphoma (n=23), sarcoma (n=13), or carcinoma (n=11), and healthy control dogs (n=11) for flow cytometric evaluation of oxidative burst and phagocytic activities. Percentage of bursting cells and amount of oxidative burst activity were determined after stimulation with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) or Escherichia coli. Percentage of phagocytic cells and amount of phagocytic activity were determined after incubation with fluorescent E. coli.Results: Compared with control dogs, dogs with sarcoma (P=.004) and carcinoma (P=.05) had a lower percentage of neutrophils exhibiting oxidative burst activity after stimulation with PMA. Phagocytic activity was significantly lower in dogs with sarcomas compared with control dogs (P<.0001) and dogs with lymphoma (P=.01).Conclusions: Untreated carcinomas and sarcomas in dogs may suppress the percentage of neutrophils capable of oxidative burst when stimulated by PMA. Furthermore, sarcomas also may suppress the amount of phagocytic activity per neutrophil. Until further studies can be performed, the clinical significance of these findings is unknown.
Epitope Switching as a Novel Escape Mechanism of HIV to CCR5 Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Jekle Andreas , Chhabra Milloni , Lochner Adriane , Meier Sonja , Chow Eugene , Brandt Michael , Sankuratri Surya , Cammack Nick , Heilek Gabrielle 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT
In passaging experiments, we isolated HIV strains resistant to MAb3952, a chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5) monoclonal antibody (MAb) that binds to the second extracellular domain (extracellular loop 2 [ECL-2]) of CCR5. MAb3952-resistant viruses remain CCR5-tropic and are cross-resistant to a second ECL-2-specific antibody. Surprisingly, MAb3952-resistant viruses were more susceptible to RoAb13, a CCR5 antibody binding to the N terminus of CCR5. Using CCR5 receptor mutants, we show that MAb3952-resistant virus strains preferentially use the N terminus of CCR5, while the wild-type viruses preferentially use ECL-2. We propose this switch in the CCR5 binding site as a novel mechanism of HIV resistance.
Effects of Immunomodulatory and Organism-Associated Molecules on the Permeability of anIn VitroBlood-Brain Barrier Model to Amphotericin B and Fluconazole
Authors: Pyrgos Vasilios , Mickiene Diane , Sein Tin , Cotton Margaret , Fransesconi Andrea , Mizrahi Isaac , Donoghue Martha , Bundrant Nikkida , Kim Su-Young , Hardwick Matthew , Shoham Shmuel , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTAmphotericin B (AMB) is used to treat fungal infections of the central nervous system (CNS). However, AMB shows poor penetration into the CNS and little is known about the factors affecting its permeation through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Therefore, we studied immunomodulatory and organism-associated molecules affecting the permeability of anin vitroBBB model to AMB. We examined the effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), zymosan (ZYM), dexamethasone (DEX), cyclosporine, and tacrolimus on transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER); endothelial tight junctions; filamentous actin; and permeability to deoxycholate AMB (DAMB), liposomal AMB (LAMB), and fluconazole. Proinflammatory cytokines and organism-associated molecules significantly decreased the mean TEER by 40.7 to 100% (P≤ 0.004). DEX increased the mean TEER by 18.2 to 26.4% (P≤ 0.04). TNF-α and LPS increased the permeability to AMB by 8.2 to 14.5% compared to that for the controls (1.1 to 2.4%) (P≤ 0.04). None of the other molecules affected the model's permeability to AMB. By comparison, the BBB model's permeability to fluconazole was >78% under all conditions studied, without significant differences between the controls and the experimental groups. LPS and TNF-α decreased tight-junction protein zona occludens 1 (ZO-1) between endothelial cells. In conclusion, IL-1β, ZYM, and LTA increased the permeability of the BBB to small ions but not to AMB, whereas TNF-α and LPS, which disrupted the endothelial layer integrity, increased the permeability to AMB.
Exploratory modeling with collaborative design spaces
Authors: Talton Jerry O. , Gibson Daniel , Yang Lingfeng , Hanrahan Pat , Koltun Vladlen 
Published: December 2009

Enabling ordinary people to create high-quality 3D models is a long-standing problem in computer graphics. In this work, we draw from the literature on design and human cognition to better understand the design processes of novice and casual modelers, whose goals and motivations are often distinct from those of professional artists. The result is a method for creating
exploratory
modeling tools, which are appropriate for casual users who may lack rigidly-specified goals or operational knowledge of modeling techniques.

Our method is based on parametric design spaces, which are often high dimensional and contain wide quality variations. Our system estimates the distribution of good models in a space by tracking the modeling activity of a distributed community of users. These estimates drive intuitive modeling tools, creating a self-reinforcing system that becomes easier to use as more people participate.
We present empirical evidence that the tools developed with our method allow rapid creation of complex, high-quality 3D models by users with no specialized modeling skills or experience. We report analyses of usage patterns garnered throughout the year-long deployment of one such tool, and demonstrate the generality of the method by applying it to several design spaces.
Christianizing Confucian Didacticism: Protestant Publications for Women, 1832-1911
Authors: Dunch Ryan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe printed Protestant missionary engagement with Chinese views of the role and proper conduct of women in society was more complex and ambiguous than scholars have often assumed. Publications targeted at women readers occupied an important place among Protestant missionary periodicals, books, and other printed materials in Chinese during the late Qing. Most publications for women and girls were elementary doctrinal works, catechisms, and devotional texts designed to introduce early readers to Christian belief, and light reading (fictional tracts and biographies) for women's spiritual edification, but there were some more elaborate works as well. After an overview of mission publications for women, this article focuses on two complex texts, one a compendium of practical knowledge and moral guidance for the Chinese Protestant "new woman," Jiaxue jizhen (The Christian home in China) (1897; revised 1909), and the other, a Protestant reworking from 1902 of the Qing dynasty didactic compilation Nü sishu (Women's four books). Together, these two texts give us a more multifaceted picture of how missionaries engaged with Chinese society and the role of women therein.
Long term survival following the detection of circulating tumour cells in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Winter Stuart C , Stephenson Sally-Anne , Subramaniam Selva K , Paleri Vinidh , Ha Kien , Marnane Conor , Krishnan Suren , Rees Guy 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Techniques for detecting circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with head and neck cancers may identify individuals likely to benefit from early systemic treatment.

Methods
Reconstruction experiments were used to optimise immunomagnetic enrichment and RT-PCR detection of circulating tumor cells using four markers (ELF3, CK19, EGFR and EphB4). This method was then tested in a pilot study using samples from 16 patients with advanced head and neck carcinomas.

Results
Seven patients were positive for circulating tumour cells both prior to and after surgery, 4 patients were positive prior to but not after surgery, 3 patients were positive after but not prior to surgery and 2 patients were negative. Two patients tested positive for circulating cells but there was no other evidence of tumor spread. Given this patient cohort had mostly advanced disease, as expected the detection of circulating tumour cells was not associated with significant differences in overall or disease free survival.

Conclusion
For the first time, we show that almost all patients with advanced head and neck cancers have circulating cells at the time of surgery. The clinical application of techniques for detection of spreading disease, such as the immunomagnetic enrichment RT-PCR analysis used in this study, should be explored further.