bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketing foods to children and adolescents: licensed characters and other promotions on packaged foods in the supermarket
Authors: Harris Jennifer L , Schwartz Marlene B , Brownell Kelly D 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse cross-promotions targeted to children and adolescents on packaging in the supermarket.DesignOn three occasions from 2006 to 2008, researchers purchased all foods in a large supermarket that included a cross-promotion on the package. A total of 397 products were categorized by promotional partner, food category, targeted age group, promotion type, product nutrition, and company policies on marketing to children.ResultsThe number of products with youth-oriented cross-promotions increased by 78 % during the period examined. Overall, 71 % of cross-promotions involved third-party licensed characters and 57 % appealed primarily to children under 12 years of age; however, the use of other forms of promotions increased from 5 % of the total in 2006 to 53 % in 2008, and promotions targeting pre-school and general audiences increased from 23 % to 54 % of the total. Only 18 % of products met accepted nutrition standards for foods sold to youth, and nutritional quality declined during the period examined. Food manufacturers with policies limiting marketing to children represented 65 % of all youth-oriented cross-promotions, their use of cross-promotions increased significantly, and the nutritional quality of their products did not improve. Some media companies did reduce the use of their properties on food promotions.ConclusionsOverall, the supermarket environment worsened due to an increase in cross-promotions targeted to children and adolescents and a decline in the nutritional quality of these products. This analysis failed to find improvements in food marketing to youth and highlights the need to expand current industry self-regulatory pledges.
Weight retention within the puerperium in adolescents: a risk factor for obesity?
Authors: Thame Minerva M , Jackson Maria D , Manswell Inger P , Osmond Clive , Antoine Matthias G 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate weight retention and body composition in the postpartum period between adolescent girls and older women.DesignA prospective cohort study. Anthropometry and skinfold thickness measurements were performed at the first antenatal visit and at 6 weeks postpartum. An FFQ was administered at 6 weeks postpartum to explore the relationship between diet and postpartum weight retention.SettingClinics at the University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica.SubjectsRecruitment included women aged 19 years and younger (adolescent girls) and 20 years and older (older women).ResultsThree hundred and forty women were studied. Adolescent girls had significantly lower measurements compared with the older women at the first antenatal visit and at 6 weeks postpartum. Dietary intakes of energy and macronutrients were similar in both groups. Postnatal assessments showed that adolescent girls retained more weight (P= 0·003) and a greater percentage of body fat (P< 0·002) than older women. In multiple regression analyses, 0·982 kg more fat mass was retained postpartum in the adolescent group compared with the older women, while there was no significant difference in lean body mass retained between the two groups.ConclusionsAdolescent girls retained more weight postpartum and this was predominantly fat mass as opposed to lean body mass.
Slow ion irradiation of sugar: astrobiological implications
Authors: Tuleta M. , Gabla L. , Wickramasinghe N.C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs a result of irradiation by slow hydrogen and argon ions of saccharose, humic films having a fractal nature were produced. The use of hydrogen ions simulated roughly the interaction of low-energy solar wind protons with interplanetary dust grains which, in addition to organic and mineral dust, may include clumps of viable bacteria. The type of film generated by this experimental procedure could play a role in shielding the interior of micron-sized clumps from damaging ultraviolet and low-energy cosmic ray irradiation. We argue that such films may have played a role in processes that led to the initial origin of life, and following the emergence of life the same types of films (as, for instance, in biofilms surrounding cells) may have been modified by irradiation to offer protection to viable cells in the interior.
User choice in European health systems: towards a systematic framework for analysis
Authors: Kreisz Florian P. , Gericke Christian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article proposes a systematic framework for analysis of the increasingly popular concept of user choice in European health systems. The development of such a framework is exemplified using one category of potential choice: the choice of health service provider. In the first part, the paper summarises the conceptual background of the user choice debate. Subsequently, the paper theoretically analyses the concept of user choice alongside a stringent set of standard dimensions embracing technical, administrative and allocative efficiency, as well as equity in access and finance. Reference to available evidence is made where applicable. The employed dimensions are critically discussed and finally mapped against the identified determinants within a systematic matrix framework for analysis. Furthermore, the paper underlines that user choice is by no means a panacea but rather a highly complex and ambiguous political strategy. Extended choice in some sectors and levels of health systems may lead to inefficiencies and may therefore lead to loss of benefits, including choice, for individuals and society.
Co-payments in the NHS: an analysis of the normative arguments
Authors: Weale Albert , Clark Sarah 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDuring 2008, some forms of patient co-payments – in particular, patients paying privately for additional medicines as part of an episode of care in the National Health Service – became controversial in political and policy terms in the UK. In response, the UK Government published a report, the Richards’ Review, examining the issues. Richards offered a particular policy solution, but also touched on fundamental principles of social value. Using the methods of normative policy analysis, we seek to understand these principles of social value, accepting the Richards’ framework according to which the relevant arguments can be grouped under the broad headings of equity and autonomy. None of the arguments on either side are decisive, and, in part, the policy decision turns on uncertain empirical conjectures.
Der COPD-Patient mit akuter Atemnot
Authors: Christ Michael , Heppner Hans Jürgen 
Published: September 2009

Das Vorhandensein einer chronisch obstruktiven Lungenerkrankung (COPD) gilt als wichtiger Risikofaktor für kardiovaskuläre Begleiterkrankungen. Deshalb ist die hohe Sterblichkeit bei COPD-Patienten zum einen auf maligne Tumorerkrankungen aber auch auf die kardiovaskuläre Komorbidität zurückzuführen. Patienten mit COPD weisen in etwa 20 – 30 % der Fälle eine akute Herzinsuffizienz auf. Sie wird jedoch häufig unter- oder verspätet diagnostiziert und damit nicht adäquat therapiert. Das diagnostische Dilemma lässt sich durch das vergleichbare Beschwerdebild und die Ähnlichkeit der klinischen Untersuchungsbefunde erklären. Deshalb ist es wichtig, dass bei COPD-Patienten mit akuter Atemnot die wichtige Differentialdiagnose einer akuten Herzinsuffizienz berücksichtigt wird. Die Bestimmung natriuretischer Peptide ist hervorragend geeignet, auch bei Patienten mit bekannter COPD und akuter Atemnot zwischen pulmonaler und kardialer Ursache der Atemnot zu differenzieren. Bei BNP Werten unter 100 pg/mL bzw. NT-proBNP Werten unter 300 pg/mL (1000 pg/mL bei Intensivpatienten) lässt sich eine kardiale Ursache der Atemnot mit hoher Sicherheit ausschließen. Die Diagnose einer akuten Herzinsuffizienz („rule in“) kann jedoch nicht durch alleinige Interpretation der Plasmaspiegel natriuretischer Peptide erfolgen, sondern sollte anamnestische Angaben sowie klinische und technische Untersuchungsbefunde (z. B. Echokardiographie) mit einbeziehen. Die Bestimmung natriuretischer Peptide ermöglicht bei Patienten mit pulmonalen Vorerkrankungen und akuter Atemnot eine kosteneffektivere Betreuung betroffener Patienten.
Joint Passive/Controlled Source Seismic Experiment Across Taiwan
Authors: Okaya David , Wu Francis , Wang Chien‐Ying , Yen Horng‐Yuan , Huang Bor‐Shouh , Brown Larry , Liang Wen‐Tzong 
Published: September 2009

Scientists who study Earth structures and interactions at tectonic plate boundaries illuminate the three‐dimensional (3‐D) subsurface primarily through passive or active source seismic studies. In passive source studies, natural earthquakes are observed through arrays of seismic stations, allowing seismologists to image structures at depth and infer physical properties of the Earth. In active (controlled) source studies, scientists provide an artificial seismic source to be recorded by seismic networks, allowing more detailed views of fine‐scale structures buried within plate boundaries.The use of “continuous” modes on large‐storage‐capacity seismic recording systems enables seismologists to blur traditional lines between active and passive source seismology in regions of high earthquake activity. In addition to generating seismograms from controlled sources, a deployed dense array can record local and teleseismic earthquakes with exceptionally coherent signals across its aperture. As a result of such joint recording, the scientific value of the collected data increases. Moreover, whether or not the seismic sources are natural or engineered becomes less of a factor for data storage, sorting, and analysis methods. Local earthquakes can supplement controlled sources, multichannel processing and imaging methods traditionally used in active seismic studies become amenable to dense sets of passive source data, and active source data with known source origin times and locations are easily incorporated into regional seismic 3‐D tomography and earthquake location studies.
Origins of the Word “Phenology”
Authors: Demarée Gaston R. , Rutishauser This 
Published: September 2009

Observing and documenting life cycle stages of plants and animals have been tradition and necessity for humans throughout history. Phenological observations—as called by their modern scientific name—were key to successful hunting and farming because the precise knowledge of animal behavior and plant growth, as well as their timing with changing seasons, was critical for survival.In today's context of environmental awareness and climate change research, phenological observations have become prime indicators of documenting altered life cycles due to environmental change in disciplines from biology to climatology, geography, and environmental history. Observations on the ground, from space, and from models of different complexity describe intra‐annual and interannual changes of life cycles at individual, pixel, or grid box scale.
Comment on “On AGU's Position Statement, ‘Human Impacts on Climate’”
Authors: Evans Rob 
Published: September 2009

Regarding the Forum by Cyril Galvin (Eos, 89(46), 459, 2008), while I understand AGU's willingness to present both sides of the coin, as it were, I am disappointed that this Forum appeared in Eos.One major point in question is the assertion by Galvin that “nowhere on the sandy ocean shores of the world is there a beach whose erosion has been documented to be caused by sea level rise.” This point disregards the fact that coastal barrier systems have been moving landward for the last several thousand years, driven by rising sea level. Yes, the picture is complex, and yes, wave action and storms, in addition to constraints on sediment supply—many of them heavily influenced in the present day by societal actions—are also important: Some beaches will erode without rising sea level if they are starved of new sediment to replace that removed by wave‐driven, alongshore currents, and it is of course the waves that move the sediment around.
Nosocomial Infection Rates at an Oncology Center
Authors: Rotstein Coleman , Cummings K. Michael , Nicolaou Andreas L. , Lucey Joyce , Fitzpatrick John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNosocomial infection rates were computed for 5,031 patients at an oncology center during a 20-month period. Twelve percent of the patients developed nosocomial infections, accounting for a total of 802 infections. The overall incidence of nosocomial infections during this study period was 6.27 infections per 1,000 patient days. The highest incidence of nosocomial infections was found in patients having acute myelogenous leukemia (30.49 infections per 1,000 patient days); bone and joint cancer (27.27 infections per 1,000 patient days); and liver cancer (26.58 infections per 1,000 patient days). The respiratory tract was the most common site of infection, followed by blood-stream, surgical wound, and urinary tract infections. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were most frequently implicated as pathogens. The distribution of specific types of infection according to underlying malignancy was also tabulated. These data provide nosocomial infection rates, common pathogens, and sites of infection for cancer patients, thus assisting in directing appropriate therapy for these patients.
Product Commentary: Housekeeping Products: The Choice Is Yours
Authors: Crow Sue 
Published: September 2009

For years, Infection Control Practitioners have been asked to identify the “ultimate” hospital::: disinfectant. Health care personnel seem to want a multipurpose product; one that can he used for handwashing for, instrument disinfection and for cleaning the commode. Simply stated, there is not one product that call successfully do all three. Antiseptic solutions, which are approved by the Food and Drug Administration are for use on skin (ie, handwashing and skirt preparation whereas disinfectants are for use in the inanimate environment and are approved by the Environmental Protection Agency.There are two classifications of' disinfectants housekeeping disinfectants and instrument disinfectants. Housekeeping disinfectants are generally low-level disinfectants, and quartenary ammonium compounds or phenol-based solutions are the most common. Instrument disinfectants are high-level disinfectants such as glutaraldehydes and chlorine dioxide.
Topics in Clinical Epidemiology: Linking Hospital Epidemiology and Quality Assurance: Seasoned Concepts in a New Role
Authors: Crede William , Hierholzer Walter J. 
Published: September 2009

As with all human endeavors, medical care in any setting has observable and occult benefits and risks. The methods of study of these facets of medical care have become known as “clinical epidmiology.”This article is the introduction to a new series entitled “Topics in Clinical Epidemiology.” The authors are practicing clinicians, one as director of the Quality Assurance department and the other as director of the Hospital Epidemiology department, both at a large tertiary teaching hospital. The series will attempt, in the fashion of the old shoe leather epidemiologist, to reflect those problems and interactions which are the realities of our current practice milieu and experience. That this collection of manuscripts will be presented in an infection control periodical reflects the journal's and the authors' perspective that the same epidemiological techniques that have made infection control clinically successful and cost-effective can be used to reduce noninfectious hazards of medical care, and to enhance the diagnostic and therapeutic benefits of modern medical management.
Number of Comorbidities as a Predictor of Nosocomial Infection Acquisition
Authors: Gross Peter A. , DeMauro Peter J. , Antwerpen Carole Van , Wallenstein Sylvan , Chiang Stanley 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInfection control programs are primarily oriented toward chronicling the incidence of nosocomial infections (NI). Intervention programs oriented toward preventing infection would be facilitated by identifying patients at greatest risk of NI acquisition. We studied the number of comorbidities as a risk predictor for NIs in patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) for three or more days. In 148 patients, we found by regression analysis that the number of comorbidities varied directly with the development of nosocomial infections, as well as with the appearance of new complications and length of ICU stay. Diagnosis-related groups did not adequately account for the variance in comorbidities observed.
Factitious Meningitis: A Recurring Problem
Authors: Penn Robert L. , Normand Richard , Klotz Stephen A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough gram-negative meningitis is rare in our hospital, between July, 1982 and July, 1983 clusters of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) smears were reported positive for gram-negative bacilli. Fourteen specimens were obtained by diagnostic lumbar punctures, and one was obtained during a myelogram. No CSF cultures were positive, and a diagnosis of factitious meningitis was eventually established for each patient. Nonviable gram-negative bacilli were found in 6.7% of manometers, and 23.3% to 90% of the specimen tubes tested from the same lots of commercial lumbar puncture trays. It was estimated that there were between 44 and 333 organisms per specimen tube. Two lots of the commercial myelogram trays yielded nonviable gram-negative bacilli from 50% of the specimen tubes and 33.3% of the manometers tested. Retrospective review of laboratory records for 1982 and 1983 revealed 23 total CSF smears positive for gram-negative bacilli. No CSF grew gram-negative bacilli, and chart reviews confirmed a diagnosis of factitious meningitis in each case. In addition to the clusters of false-positive smears, this had occurred sporadically in both years. The problem did not recur after separate sterile tubes were provided for CSF collection. Physicians and laboratories should be aware that nonviable contaminants in commercial products may be a source of false-positive CSF gram-stained smears.
A Prospective Study of Infections in Hemodialysis Patients: Patient Hygiene and Other Risk Factors for Infection
Authors: Kaplowitz Lisa G. , Cornstock Jane A. , Landwehr Douglas M. , Dalton Harry P. , Mayhall C. Glen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe performed a prospective randomized study on 71 patients on chronic outpatient hemodialysis to determine whether a sterile technique was better than a clean technique for preparation of the skin over the vascular access site prior to cannulation. In addition, we wanted to determine overall and site-specific infection rates, microbial etiologies of infection, and risk factors for infection. The overall infection rate was 4.7 infections per 100 dialysis months; the vascular access-site infection rate was 1.3 infections per 100 dialysis months; and the rate for bacteremia was 0.7 cases per 100 dialysis months. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen, but infections were equally divided between gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. Advanced age (P = 0.02), a low Karnofsky activity score (P = 0.05), poor hygiene (P = 0.0004) and number of hospitalizations (P = 0.0002) were risk factors for infections in general while only poor hygiene (P = 0.002) was a risk factor for vascular access-site infection. Sterile preparation of the skin over the vascular access site was no more effective at preventing infection than was clean technique (P = 0.80). Maintenance of good personal hygiene may be one of the most important measures for prevention of infections in hemodialysis patients
Occult Endemic Tuberculosis in a Chronic Care Facility
Authors: Brennen Carole , Muder Robert R. , Muraca Paul W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDuring the course of a tuberculosis skin testing program at a chronic care Veterans Administration Medical Center, we uncovered evidence of occult transmission of endemic tuberculosis. Skin test conversion of eight patients (one of whom had unsuspected progressive primary tuberculosis) and two employees was ultimately traced to a patient in whom tuberculosis was first diagnosed at autopsy three years earlier. Identification of employee skin test conversions was a key factor in recognizing and terminating disease transmission. Throughout the institution, 33% of patients were tuberculin-positive; 10.8% demonstrated the booster phenomenon after initial negative skin tests. Prevalence of tuberculin positivity among employees was 28%. Twelve percent of initially tuberculin-negative employees converted during employment. Our experience documents the value of tuberculin testing of both patients and staff in a chronic care environment, and the necessity of vigorous investigation of skin test conversions.
Nosocomial Infections on a Rehabilitation Unit in an Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Nicolle Lindsay E. , Buffet Lisa , Alfieri Nancy , Tate Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn a one-year retrospective review, 138 symptomatic infections were identified in 145 admissions to a rehabilitation unit. One hundred twenty-six (91%) infections were either urinary or skin and soft tissue infections. The daily incidence of infection increased with increasing numbers of infections for infected patients. Patient factors associated with infection included male sex, young age, spinal cord injury, admission for management of decubitus ulcers or urinary infection, history of urinary infection, urologic interventions or skin breakdown, and bladder and bowel incontinence. All patients with a history of chronic urinary infection or skin breakdown developed infection. In a logistic regression model, factors that were independently associated with risk of infection in the remaining patients included sex, incontinence, chronic neurologic disease, and prior urologic interventions. This review suggests rehabilitation patients are at high risk of acquiring nosocomial infection. The subgroup of patients with the highest risk of infection are identifiable by specific characteristics.
A Cost Comparison Analysis for Screening and Vaccination of Hospital Personnel with High- and Low-Prevalence Hepatitis B Virus Antibodies in California
Authors: Tong Myron J. , Co Ruth L. , Marci Robin D. , Michaelson Phyllis M. , Ortega George 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe compared the cost of antibody screening and the projected cost for hepatitis B vaccination of antibody-negative individuals at hospitals with “high prevalence” and “low prevalence” rates for hepatitis B virus antibodies among their employees. The use of hepatitis B core antibody for screening and subsequent hepatitis B vaccination of antibody-negative personnel was most cost-effective for hospitals considered to have high prevalence for hepatitis B virus antibodies among its staff, although use of hepatitis B surface antibody in this setting only increased costs by 1.4%. In a hospital with low prevalence for hepatitis B virus antibodies among its staff, use of hepatitis B surface antibody and subsequent vaccination of antibody-negative individuals was the most cost-effective approach, while use of hepatitis B core antibody for the above purposes would have increased costs by 3.4%. The use of both hepatitis B surface antibody and core antibody in either setting followed by immunization was least economical, as costs were increased by 13% and 13.5% respectively.We concluded that hepatitis B core antibody should be used for screening in hospitals with high prevalence for hepatitis B virus antibodies among employees while hepatitis B surface antibody be used for screening in hospitals with low prevalence for hepatitis B virus antibodies among employees. A prediction of high and low prevalence for hepatitis B virus antibodies in hospital personnel may be made by knowledge of the distribution in ethnicity of staff.