bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Children Understand the Basic Relationship between Speech and Writing? The Mow—Motorcycle Test
Authors: Rozin Paul , Bressman Beth , Taft Mark 
Published: December 2009

School children who have not yet attained moderate reading fluency were tested for their awareness of a fundamental relationship between our writing system and speech: that the sounds of speech are represented in writing. Children were shown a long and short word written on a card (e.g., mow and motorcycle), and asked which word corresponded to a spoken word (e.g., mow). The word choices were grossly different in length, so that a non-reader could perform perfectly if the relationship between written and spoken length was understood. Children were also asked about their basis for responding. Most inner-city kindergarteners in a reasonably representative sample did not perform well on this test. A majority of suburban kindergarteners and inner city first and second graders performed well, but many did not. Controls suggested that failure on this test cannot be attributed to the specific form of presentation of the materials or to misunderstanding of the question being asked.
Transfer Effect of Word Recognition Strategies
Authors: Mcneil John D. , Donant Lisbeth 
Published: December 2009

The present study was an investigation of the transfer effect from training in three word recognition strategies. Results are based upon a test of ability to decode unknown words classified as graphophonic, structural, and contextual. Ninety second, third, and fourth grade children and an equal number of children in a non-instructional control group provided the data. Significant results are discussed in light of the effectiveness of the training in helping pupils decode new words and the specific rather than the general values of each strategy. The data support the efficacy of children learning multiple word recognition strategies for decoding purposes. The study does not, however, treat the relation of word recognition strategies to comprehension of text.
The Effects of Reader Perspective and Cognitive Style on Remembering Important Information from Texts
Authors: Newsome George L. 
Published: December 2009

The effects of reader perspective and cognitive style on encoding, storage, and retrieval processes were investigated in two experiments. In both experiments, subjects read a story from one of two different perspectives or from no directed perspective, recalled the story from either the originally assigned perspective or the alternative perspective, and then took a recognition test on the story. In addition, subjects in both experiments were given an embedded figures test. In Experiment 1, subjects took the recall and recognition test immediately after reading the story and in Experiment 2, the recall and recognition tests were given four days later. In Experiment 1, subjects who read the story from either of the assigned perspectives (burglar or home buyer) correctly recognized more items that were important to the burglar perspective, but subjects who were not assigned a perspective showed no difference in recognition of burglar and home buyer information. It was suggested that perhaps assigning subjects a perspective induces them to think more about the passage and relate it to their world knowledge. The results of the immediate recall test suggest that readers use their knowledge associated with the assigned perspective as a retrieval plan. Individual differences in cognitive style had no effect on subjects' recall or recognition performance in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, subjects with either high or low scores on the embedded figures test who recalled the story from either of the assigned perspectives (burglar or home buyer) recalled more burglar than home buyer information. Subjects with intermediate scores, however, showed no difference in recall of burglar and home buyer information. These results, together with those of Experiment 1, were interpreted as suggesting that structural characteristics of the text itself may affect storage and retrieval processes but not encoding processes. Reader perspective showed no effect on the delayed recognition test.
Language of Literacy Dialogues: Facing the Future or Reproducing the Past
Authors: Green Judith , Dixon Carol , Pearson P. David , Quint Sharon , Alvermann Donna E. 
Published: December 2009

For the remainder of Volume 23, the Critical Issues section of JLR will be devoted to a discussion of literacy and educational policy. A survey of our editorial advisory board indicated that this topic was one of the critical issues facing the field. Likewise, a survey of the entire membership of the NRC, JLR's sponsoring organization, indicated that members hold strong feelings about whether the organization should “become more proactive on policy issues” (NRC Newsletter, Sept., 1995, p. 10). To further a dialogue about literacy and educational policy, we began by inviting three literacy researchers with diverse perspectives to address the topic of literacy and educational policy (Judith Green, who writes here with her colleague Carol Dixon, P. David Pearson, and Sharon Quint). We asked them to comment on the ideas they believe to be most crucial for policymakers to know about literacy. We also invited Donna Alvermann to read and to react to the three responses. Those familiar with the field will immediately surmise that these individuals represent not only diverse perspectives on literacy research, but that they are imminently qualified to reflect on what implications their research perspectives have for educational policy. Their responses are published here as Part 1 of a three-part series.For the next two issues of JLR, we have invited several individuals who have played a key role in developing and implementing state and national agenda for educational policy to respond to the literacy researchers' views. In addition, because any discussion of literacy and educational policy must eventually attend to the issue of poverty and the socially disadvantaged, we have invited Patrick Shannon to comment on how this issue relates to literacy research.We hope that this series of “Critical Issues” pieces will stimulate increased dialogue about educational policy among researchers interested in literacy and between researchers and policymakers. Toward that end, we encourage readers to ponder the perspectives and ideas presented in this series and to add their own insights by submitting letters to the editor, which will be considered for future publication.
Critical Issues: Literacy and Educational Policy: Part Three
Authors: Elliott Emerson J. , Hart Gary K. , Smith Marshall S. , Cianci Joanne E. , Levin Jessica 
Published: December 2009

This installment of JLR's Critical Issues section is the final part of a three-part series on literacy and educational policy. We are especially pleased to publish the following responses, by three highly qualified policymakers, to the views expressed in Part 1 of this series (see Volume 28, Number 2). In Part 1, Judith Green with Carol Dixon, David Pearson, and Sharon Quint commented respectively on the ideas they believed to be crucial for policymakers to know about literacy from their perspectives as literacy researchers. At the same time, we published Donna Alvermann's reaction to the views of the three researchers, also from her perspective as a literacy researcher. As substantiated by their brief biographies at the beginning of this issue, Emerson J. Elliott, Gary K. Hart, and Marshall S. Smith are imminently qualified to write a response to the researchers' views from the perspective of those who are intimately involved with educational policy at the highest levels. We are especially gratified that these busy public officials consented to share their views in a forum of interest primarily to literacy researchers. We believe their willingness to do so bodes well for the future of a constructive dialogue between the literacy research and educational policy communities. Combined with Patrick Shannon's consideration of literacy and poverty in Part 2 of this series (see Volume 28, Number 3), we hope that this series has stimulated more attention about issues related to literacy research and educational policy. We encourage readers to ponder the perspectives and ideas presented in this series and to consider adding their own insights by submitting letters to the editor, which will be considered for future publication.
Perspectives on AAC systems by the users and by their communication partners
Authors: McCall Fiona , Marková Ivana , Murphy Joan , Moodie Eleanor , Collins Sarah 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe study examined the perspectives of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) users and their ‘formal’ and ‘informal’ communication partners in relation to two areas of relevance to AAC: firstly, communication strategies, and secondly, advantages and disadvantages of AAC systems. With respect to communication strategies, it was found that formal communication partners thought that more vocabulary for communicating social purposes was actually available to AAC users and they were less aware of daily routines within day and residential environments. With respect to advantages and disadvantages, three main areas of concern emerged: the effect of the AAC system on the users' communication; features of AAC systems; and the effect of AAC on the users' quality of life. Both high‐ and low‐technology AAC systems were seen as having advantages and disadvantages. This study demonstrates the important contribution to be made by AAC users in the provision of a new set of priorities based on their user experiences.
Early intervention in a case of jargon aphasia: Efficacy of language comprehension therapy
Authors: Grayson Elaine , Hilton Rose , Franklin Sue 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA client with dysphasia was treated during the first six months following onset. A cognitive neuropsychological model of language processing was used to establish the levels of impairment in auditory comprehension. Three separate phases of therapy were administered: a semantic therapy; a period of therapy where both semantics and auditory processing were treated; and therapy designed to enhance the processing of words in a sentence. Four assessments were used to measure changes between each therapy phase and the results demonstrate that improvement occurred in a pattern which suggests specific effects of treatment.
Specialist speech and language therapists' use and evaluation of visual speech aids
Authors: Coventry Kenny R. , Clibbens John , Cooper Margaret 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSixty speech and language therapy service managers and 233 specialist speech and language therapists (SLTs) throughout the UK completed a postal questionnaire which asked for caseload data, patterns of use of visual speech aids (VSAs) and ratings of VSAs on a number of dimensions (in a follow‐up to the survey carried out by Coventry, Clibbens, Cooper and Rood, 1997). Information was also elicited about frequency of use of VSAs together with comments relating to the range of applicability of each type of aid. The results revealed that no VSA scored better than average ratings and, in particular, ‘Portability’ and ‘Affordability’ scored lowest overall. In addition, no differences were found in ratings of particular VSAs between specialist types. The caseload data reported also confirmed the need to take baserate into account when purchasing and designing VSAs.
Health and Medical Preparedness and Response to the 2008 Republican National Convention
Authors: Hick John L. , Frascone Ralph J. , Grimm Katherine , Hillman Merle , Griffith Jayne , Hogan Michael , Trotsky-Sirr Rebecca , Braun Jane 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTObjective: National security special events occur yearly in the United States. These events require comprehensive advance planning for health and medical contingencies in addition to law enforcement concerns. The planning for and impact of the Republican National Convention (RNC) on the City of St Paul and the Minneapolis–St Paul metropolitan area is described.Methods: Descriptive analysis of events was provided by the authors based on their planning and operational experiences. Daily data were gathered from area hospitals, emergency medical services agencies, the National Weather Service, federal medical teams, and the Minnesota Department of Health to capture the impact of the RNC on emergency department activity, nonemergency surgery, emergency medical services run volumes, patient visits to onsite and offsite medical clinics, and general hospital occupancy in the metropolitan area.Results: There were no epidemiological signal events. Weather was not extreme. Confrontations between protestors and law enforcement resulted in frequent use of riot-control agents. Protestors sought medical care from “street medics” and their affiliated free clinics in preference to usual medical facilities. Emergency departments close to the event venue reported decreased patient volumes. Hospitals close to the venue reported significantly decreased nonemergency surgical case volumes. Local hospitals implemented access controls and in 1 case, shut down ventilation systems due to riot-control agent deployment in the streets outside. Emergency medical services volumes were near average, with the exception of St Paul Fire Department on the day of a major protest march.Conclusions: Planning and operational response for the RNC consumed large amounts of time and resources. The RNC had minimal patient impact on the health care system and in fact caused significant volume decreases at hospitals proximate to the venue. Although contingencies available for a mass casualty event were not needed, they must continue to be available for all such events. Health and medical preparedness and funding is not adequately detailed in the planning framework for national security special events, and this should be a focus for future events. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:224–232)
Insect intestinal mucins and serine proteases associated with the peritrophic matrix from feeding, starved and moulting Mamestra configurata larvae
Authors: Toprak U. , Baldwin D. , Erlandson M. , Gillott C. , Hegedus D. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInsect intestinal mucins (McIIM2‐4) expressed in the midgut of feeding, starved and moulting Mamestra configurata larvae were identified. McIIM2 and McIIM4 were associated with the peritrophic matrix (PM). PMs from feeding and starved larvae were translucent and contained organized chitin bundles perpendicular to their long axis, whereas PM from moulting larvae consisted of an inner opaque mass surrounded by an outer translucent sleeve. Serine protease genes (McSP1, McSP2, McSP25 and McSP29) were also expressed in these larvae and several serine proteases were associated with the PM. Serine protease activity was also detected in the midgut of feeding, starved and moulting larvae.
Living ‘a life like ours’: support workers' accounts of substitute decision‐making in residential care homes for adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Dunn M. C. , Clare I. C. H. , Holland A. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground  In England and Wales, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) provides a new legal framework to regulate substitute decision‐making relating to the welfare of adults who lack the capacity to make one or more autonomous decisions about their care and support. Any substitute decision made on behalf of an adult lacking capacity must be in his/her ‘best interests’. However, the value of adopting established principles and procedures for substitute decision‐making in practice is uncertain, and little is known about the legal or ethical dynamics of social care support, including the day‐to‐day residential support provided to adults with intellectual disabilities (ID).Methods  This paper reports a qualitative, grounded theory analysis of 21 interviews with support workers working in residential care homes for adults with ID, and observations of care practices.Results  In contrast to the narrow legal responsibilities placed upon them, it is argued that support workers interpret substitute decision‐making within a broad moral account of their care role, orientating their support towards helping residents to live ‘a life like ours’. In so doing, support workers describe how they draw on their own values and life experiences to shape the substitute decisions that they make on behalf of residents.Conclusions  Support workers' accounts reveal clear discrepancies between the legal regulation of substitute decision‐making and the ways that these support workers make sense of their work. Such discrepancies have implications both for the implementation of the MCA, and for the role of support workers' values in the conceptualisation and delivery of ‘good’ care.
CD20‐depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases: from basic research to the clinic
Authors: Perosa F. , Prete M. , Racanelli V. , Dammacco F. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract.  Perosa F, Prete M, Racanelli V, Dammacco F (University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy). CD20‐depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases: from basic research to the clinic (Review). J Intern Med 2010; 267: 260–277.The B lymphocyte‐associated antigen CD20 is becoming an important immunotherapy target for autoimmune diseases, although its biological function has not been defined. Besides rheumatoid arthritis, growing experience with B cell‐depleting therapy indicates that it may be effective in Sjögren’s syndrome, dermatomyositis–polymyositis, systemic lupus erythematosus and some types of vasculitides. However, controlled clinical trials are still lacking for some of these indications. Infection has not been seen as a major limitation to this therapy, but reports of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an extremely small number of patients are of concern. Here, we review the therapeutic actions of anti‐CD20 antibodies, and the recent and ongoing clinical trials with CD20‐depleting therapy in autoimmune diseases.
Modified Vaccination Technique for Prophylactic and Therapeutic Applications to Combat Endogenous Antigen–Induced Disorders
Authors: Barabas Arpad Z. , Cole Chad D. , Barabas Arpad D. , Graeff Richard M. , Lafreniere Rene , Weir Donald M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPublic health can be protected most effectively through vaccination programmes. However, while presently available vaccination techniques protects the individual by provoking immune responses against exogenous antigens (ags), such as those associated with certain bacteria and viruses, they cannot protect against or treat mishaps caused by endogenous ag. Recently, Barabas and colleagues have developed a new vaccination method, called modified vaccination technique (MVT), which allows the presentation of disease causing agents in such a way as to initiate and maintain desired immune response outcomes even in the context of mishaps associated with endogenous ag. For example, in an experimental autoimmune kidney disease, the MVT downregulated/terminated pathogenic immune responses that were causing morphological and functional changes of the kidney. The MVT promises, with appropriate case‐specific modifications, both preventative and curative applications for ailments, such as endogenous ag initiated mishaps (i.e. autoimmune diseases and cancer) and diseases caused by chronic infection, that are presently only treatable with drugs. To achieve specific immune responses, purified components of the vaccine (ag and antibodies) must be produced and assembled into immune complexes having the potential of inducing predetermined corrective immune response outcomes.
RNA Silencing in the Antiviral Innate Immune Defence – Role of DEAD‐box RNA Helicases
Authors: Ulvila J. , Hultmark D. , Rämet M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRNA silencing is an efficient biochemical tool for gene knock downs as well as physiological phenomenon playing a major role in diverse biological processes. Recent knowledge suggests that the same protein families which mediate the experimental RNA interference (RNAi) in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster cells also contribute to the antiviral host defence in both invertebrate model organisms and mammals. Additionally, another branch of RNA silencing, the microRNAs (miRNAs), has been recently described in the context of host defence. In several studies, miRNAs have been shown to regulate essential immune responses. This review summarizes basic concepts of RNAi and miRNAs, especially in the context of immune defence, focusing on the newly discovered role of DEAD‐box helicases in the RNA interference and antiviral host defence.
Mapping of susceptibility locus for endometriosis within the HLA region using microsatellite markers in Japanese women
Authors: Matsuzaka Y. , Kikuti Y. Y. , Izumi S. , Suzuki T. , Cai L.‐Y. , Goya K. , Inoko H. , Makino T. , Kulski J. K. , Kimura M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract Endometriosis is a female disorder characterized by the presence of uterine endometrial tissue in ectopic loci. Previous studies reported a higher prevalence of particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in endometriosis. In order to confirm the association between endometriosis and the HLA region, 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers distributed in the HLA class II to class III region were subjected to association analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based DNA typing of 89 patients and 136 healthy controls. Statistical analysis of the allelic frequency at each microsatellite locus showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the allele frequency distributions between the cases and controls. This finding suggests that the etiology of endometriosis does not involve the HLA class II genomic region and a portion of class III genomic region in the Japanese population.
HLA‐G and its relation to proliferation index in detection and monitoring breast cancer patients
Authors: Sayed D. , Badr G. , Maximous D. , Mikhail N. N. H. , Abu‐Tarboush F. , Alhazza I. M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract Recent studies indicate an ectopic upregulation of the human leukocyte antigen G (HLA‐G) in tumor cells that may favor their escape from antitumor immune responses. The role of HLA‐G in breast cancer has not been defined. Other studies showed that HLA‐G transcription may be silenced by epigenetic mechanisms or activated by stress. This work aimed to clarify the expression of HLA‐G protein, estimate the possible prognostic role of HLA‐G expression and identify if this expression is linked to the DNA index (DI) and S phase fraction (SPF) in breast cancer. HLA‐G protein expression and the DNA parameters were studied by flow cytometry and serum secreted HLA‐G (sHLA‐G) levels were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 45 breast cancer patients and 40 female blood donors as healthy donors. Surface HLA‐G was expressed on 40% and the cytoplasmic pattern with no membrane association in 24.4% of the malignant specimens. There was an increased serum sHLA‐G level in patients as compared with controls. There were negative correlations between cytoplasmic HLA‐G and both DI and SPF and between preoperative sHLA‐G and SPF with no relations with patients' clinical outcome. We cannot establish that HLA‐G protein can be a useful prognostic marker, but sHLA‐G may be used as a tumor marker in breast cancer patients.
First records of urban invasive Cryptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in continental Spain and Portugal
Authors: Nunes L. , Gaju M. , Krecek J. , Molero R. , Teresa Ferreira M. , De Roca C. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOccurrence of the West Indian drywood termite, Cryptotermes brevis, is registered for the first time as established populations in Barcelona (Spain) and also additional information is given regarding a recent record from Lisbon (Portugal). This serious invasive termite pest was detected in five buildings in Barcelona, Spain and one building in Lisbon, Portugal.