bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational and cost analysis of the implementation of breast cancer sentinel node intraoperative molecular diagnosis
Authors: Cutress R I , McDowell A , Gabriel F G , Gill J , Jeffrey M J , Agrawal A , Wise M , Raftery J , Cree I A , Yiangou C 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundAccurate intraoperative sentinel lymph node (SLN) assessment enables axillary clearance to be completed immediately in node-positive breast cancer patients. This article reports a study of the introduction of intraoperative molecular SLN analysis in routine clinical practice in the Portsmouth Breast Care Centre.DesignThere was prospective analysis of 254 consecutive patients who underwent SLN biopsy in a single centre. Nodes were sectioned at 2 mm intervals and alternate slices were analysed using a CE-marked assay for mammaglobin (MG) and cytokeratin 19 (CK19). Remaining slices of node were sent for histological analysis, which included CK19 immunohistochemistry. While the assay was being carried out, the surgeon performed the breast tumour resection. The cost per patient was estimated retrospectively and the cost effects on the hospital and primary care trust for a typical service were also estimated.ResultsA total of 491 SLNs from 254 patients were evaluated. The intraoperative assay showed positivity of SLNs for metastatic cells in 78 patients. There was 100% detection of macrometastases within sentinel nodes analysed by GeneSearch. Overall concordance between histological status, including micrometastases and GeneSearch analysis, was 95% (sensitivity 96%, specificity 95%). The cost per procedure was increased for wide local excision with SLN biopsy and intraoperative assessment compared with other models, but fewer procedures were carried out.ConclusionIntraoperative assessment of SLNs in breast cancer using a molecular assay is a safe, acceptable and accurate technique that allows a reduction in the frequency of delayed axillary clearance surgery. Take-up of this method may be hampered by perverse incentives operating within healthcare funding.
Evaluating end of life practices in ten Brazilian paediatric and adult intensive care units
Authors: Piva Jefferson , Lago Patrícia , Othero Jairo , Garcia Pedro Celiny , Fiori Renato , Fiori Humberto , Borges Luiz Alexandre , Dias Fernando S 
Published: May 2010

ObjectiveTo evaluate the modes of death and treatment offered in the last 24 h of life to patients dying in 10 Brazilian intensive care units (ICUs) over a period of 2 years.Design and settingCross-sectional, multicentre, retrospective study based on medical chart review. The medical records of all patients that died in seven paediatric and three adult ICUs belonging to university and tertiary hospitals over a period of 2 years were included. Deaths in the first 24 h of admission to the ICU and brain death were excluded.InterventionTwo intensive care fellows of each ICU were trained in fulfilling a standard protocol (κ=0.9) to record demographic data and all medical management provided in the last 48 h of life. The Student t test, Mann–Whitney U test, χ2test and RR were used for data comparison.Measurements and main results1053 medical charts were included (59.4% adult patients). Life support limitation was more frequent in the adult group (86% vs 43.5%; p<0.001). A ‘do not resuscitate’ order was the most common life support limitation in both groups (75% and 66%), whereas withholding/withdrawing were more frequent in the paediatric group (33.9% vs 24.9%; p=0.02). The life support limitation was rarely reported in the medical chart in both groups (52.6% and 33.7%) with scarce family involvement in the decision making process (23.0% vs 8.7%; p<0.001).ConclusionLife support limitation decision making in Brazilian ICUs is predominantly centred on the medical perspective with scarce participation of the family, and consequently several non-coherent medical interventions are observed in patients with life support limitation.
Effect of cold temperature on the rate of natural attenuation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the three isomers of xylene (BTEX)
Authors: Ulrich Ania C. , Tappenden Kristen , Armstrong James , Biggar Kevin W. 
Published: May 2010

The impact of cold temperatures on natural attenuation rates is poorly understood and compounded by the lack of published data, particularly under field conditions. This paper presents a collection of data from monitoring and remediation projects completed at cold temperatures. The data set was compiled from 55 studies under anaerobic conditions (46 field and nine laboratory) from sites where groundwater temperatures are typically less than 15 °C. By normalizing the data to +5 and +10 °C, the scatter in rates for BTEX degradation in groundwater was reduced by 33% to 66%. In an attempt to address the paucity of data on natural attenuation rates under cold temperatures, this study has compiled and normalized 101 anaerobic BTEX natural attenuation rates. Eleven of the 55 studies and 43 of the 101 rates presented in this study have not been previously published. Additionally, this study has compiled, for each site, relevant contaminant and hydrogeological information that can be reviewed to choose appropriate rates for preliminary site analysis.
Particle damage observed in ring shear tests on sands
Authors: Sadrekarimi Abouzar , Olson Scott M. 
Published: May 2010

In this paper, particle damage of three test sands with different mineralogical compositions is studied using stress–displacement response measured in ring shear tests, particle-size distributions of the original sand prior to shear and from the shear band after shear, and by examining particle shape changes determined by scanning electron microscope. Particle damage during shearing produced a wider particle-size distribution, and damage typically continued until the normal stress was small (about 28 kPa) in constant volume ring shear tests and the internal stresses were distributed among sufficient particle contacts such that damage practically ceased. The dominant damage mechanism (typically either particle abrasion and shearing-off asperities or particle splitting) depended strongly on the soil response (i.e., contraction or dilation), particle hardness, and particle-size distribution, but both mechanisms produced particles that were more angular and rougher than the original sand particles. The magnitude of particle damage observed in the ring shear tests was influenced by the consolidation normal stress, shear displacement, particle mineralogy, particle-size distribution, drainage conditions, and soil fabric (in constant volume tests). Lastly, the influence of particle damage on engineering properties including hydraulic conductivity, liquefaction resistance, stress–strain response, friction angle, and critical state are briefly discussed.
Effect of grain shape and angularity on the undrained response of fine sands
Authors: Tsomokos A. , Georgiannou V. N. 
Published: May 2010

The objective of this paper is to discuss the effect of grain shape and angularity on the undrained behaviour of sands. Four fine to medium (D50= 0.15–0.29 mm) and uniform sands were examined. These sands have similar and (or) identical grading curves, but differ with respect to the angularity of their grains. Under the electron scanning microscope two sands have rounded grains and the other two have subangular to angular grains. For sands with rounded grains, evidence of undrained behaviour undergoing systematic weakening (shear stress reduction after a transient peak deviator stress) is provided by torsional hollow cylinder tests. However, sands with the same grading curve and void ratio, but angular grains, show stable response with a continuous increase in strength after a transient peak. A small variation in the sand gradation, i.e., D50= 0.22 ± 0.07 mm, does not appear to alter the pattern of undrained response described earlier, with the angular sand (D50= 0.15) exhibiting stable response to shear and the rounded sands (D50= 0.22 and 0.29) having unstable response to shear. The stiffness characteristics of the sands are also presented. Triaxial compression tests were performed to confirm the pattern of response observed under torsional testing.
Mechanical response of highly gap-graded mixtures of waste rock and tailings. Part I: Monotonic shear response
Authors: Khalili Ali , Wijewickreme Dharma , Wilson G. Ward 
Published: May 2010

The idea of mixing mine tailings and waste rock to form “paste rock” prior to disposal is now receiving significant attention from the point of view of sustainable mine waste management practices. This approach has been viewed as a favourable alternative to traditional methods of mine waste disposal because paste rock has the potential to overcome deficiencies (e.g., acid rock drainage and liquefaction-induced failures) associated with traditional methods. To advance the current limited knowledge, a laboratory research program was undertaken to study the mechanical response of paste rock. Testing was undertaken on paste rock specimens prepared so that the tailings would “just fill” the void spaces within the waste rock particle skeleton. The findings suggest that the material is unlikely to experience flow deformation under monotonic shear loading conditions, at least up to the tested initial effective confining stress conditions of 400 kPa. The monotonic shear response of paste rock was found to be similar to that of rock-only material; this finding is in agreement with previous observations from one-dimensional consolidation testing where it had been shown that the rock particle skeleton would carry almost 90% of the externally applied stress on a given paste rock mass.
Comparisons between field- and LiDAR-based measures of stand structural complexity
Authors: Kane Van R. , McGaughey Robert J. , Bakker Jonathan D. , Gersonde Rolf F. , Lutz James A. , Franklin Jerry F. 
Published: May 2010

Forest structure, as measured by the physical arrangement of trees and their crowns, is a fundamental attribute of forest ecosystems that changes as forests progress through suc;cessional stages. We examined whether LiDAR data could be used to directly assess the successional stage of forests by determining the degree to which the LiDAR data would show the same relative ranking of structural development among sites as would traditional field measurements. We sampled 94 primary and secondary sites (19–93, 223–350, and 600 years old) from three conifer forest zones in western Washington state, USA, in the field and with small-footprint, discrete return LiDAR. Seven sets of LiDAR metrics were tested to measure canopy structure. Ordinations using the of LiDAR 95th percentile height, rumple, and canopy density metrics had the strongest correlations with ordinations using two sets of field metrics (Procrustes R = 0.72 and 0.78) and a combined set of LiDAR and field metrics (Procrustes R = 0.95). These results suggest that LiDAR can accurately characterize forest successional stage where field measurements are not available. This has important implications for enabling basic and applied studies of forest structure at stand to landscape scales.
A hardware/software framework for instruction and data scratchpad memory allocation
Authors: Chen Zhong-Ho , Su Alvin W. Y. 
Published: May 2010

Previous researches show that a scratchpad memory device consumed less energy than a cache device with the same capacity. In this article, we locate the scratchpad memory (SPM) in the top level of the memory hierarchy to reduce the energy consumption. To take the advantage of a SPM, we address two issues of utilizing a SPM. First, the program's locality should be improved. The second issue is SPM management. To tackle these two issues, we present a hardware/software framework for dynamically allocating both instructions and data in SPM. The software flow could be divided into three phases: locality improving, locality extraction, and runtime SPM management. Without modifying the original compiler and the source code, we improve the locality of a program. An optimization algorithm is proposed to extract the SPM allocations. At runtime, an SPM management program is employed. In hardware, an address translation logic (ATL) is proposed to reduce the overhead of SPM management.
The results show that the proposed framework can reduce energy delay product (EDP) by 63%, on average, when compared with the traditional cache architecture. The reduction in EDP is contributed by properly allocating both instructions and data in SPM. By allocating only instructions in SPM, the EDPs are reduced by 45%, on average. By allocating only data in SPM, the EDPs are reduced by 14%, on average.
Hemicelluloses
Authors: Scheller Henrik Vibe , Ulvskov Peter 
Published: May 2010

Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides in plant cell walls that have β-(1→4)-linked backbones with an equatorial configuration. Hemicelluloses include xyloglucans, xylans, mannans and glucomannans, and β-(1→3,1→4)-glucans. These types of hemicelluloses are present in the cell walls of all terrestrial plants, except for β-(1→3,1→4)-glucans, which are restricted to Poales and a few other groups. The detailed structure of the hemicelluloses and their abundance vary widely between different species and cell types. The most important biological role of hemicelluloses is their contribution to strengthening the cell wall by interaction with cellulose and, in some walls, with lignin. These features are discussed in relation to widely accepted models of the primary wall. Hemicelluloses are synthesized by glycosyltransferases located in the Golgi membranes. Many glycosyltransferases needed for biosynthesis of xyloglucans and mannans are known. In contrast, the biosynthesis of xylans and β-(1→3,1→4)-glucans remains very elusive, and recent studies have led to more questions than answers.
Plasma Copeptin and the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Enhörning Sofia , Wang Thomas J. , Nilsson Peter M. , Almgren Peter , Hedblad Bo , Berglund Göran , Struck Joachim , Morgenthaler Nils G. , Bergmann Andreas , Lindholm Eero , Groop Leif , Lyssenko Valeria , Orho-Melander Marju , Newton-Cheh Christopher , Melander Olle 
Published: May 2010

Background—Animal studies suggest that the arginine vasopressin system may play a role in glucose metabolism, but data from humans are limited.Methods and Results—We analyzed plasma copeptin (copeptin), a stable C-terminal fragment of the arginine vasopressin prohormone. Using baseline and longitudinal data from a Swedish population-based sample (n=4742; mean age, 58 years; 60% women) and multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association of increasing quartiles of copeptin (lowest quartile as reference) with prevalent diabetes mellitus at baseline, insulin resistance (top quartile of fasting plasma insulin among nondiabetic subjects), and incident diabetes mellitus on long-term follow-up. New-onset diabetes mellitus was ascertained through 3 national and regional registers. All models were adjusted for clinical and anthropometric risk factors, cystatin C, and C-reactive protein. In cross-sectional analyses, increasing copeptin was associated with prevalent diabetes mellitus (P=0.04) and insulin resistance (P<0.001). During 12.6 years of follow-up, 174 subjects (4%) developed new-onset diabetes mellitus. The odds of developing diabetes mellitus increased across increasing quartiles of copeptin, even after additional adjustment for baseline fasting glucose and insulin (adjusted odds ratios, 1.0, 1.37, 1.79, and 2.09;Pfor trend=0.004). The association with incident diabetes mellitus remained significant in analyses restricted to subjects with fasting whole blood glucose <5.4 mmol/L at baseline (adjusted odds ratios, 1.0, 1.80, 1.92, and 3.48;P=0.001).Conclusions—Elevated copeptin predicts increased risk for diabetes mellitus independently of established clinical risk factors, including fasting glucose and insulin. These findings could have implications for risk assessment, novel antidiabetic treatments, and metabolic side effects from arginine vasopressin system modulation.
Ice Initiation by Aerosol Particles: Measured and Predicted Ice Nuclei Concentrations versus Measured Ice Crystal Concentrations in an Orographic Wave Cloud
Authors: Eidhammer T. , DeMott P. J. , Prenni A. J. , Petters M. D. , Twohy C. H. , Rogers D. C. , Stith J. , Heymsfield A. , Wang Z. , Pratt K. A. , Prather K. A. , Murphy S. M. , Seinfeld J. H. , Subramanian R. , Kreidenweis S. M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The initiation of ice in an isolated orographic wave cloud was compared with expectations based on ice nucleating aerosol concentrations and with predictions from new ice nucleation parameterizations applied in a cloud parcel model. Measurements of ice crystal number concentrations were found to be in good agreement both with measured number concentrations of ice nuclei feeding the clouds and with ice nuclei number concentrations determined from the residual nuclei of cloud particles collected by a counterflow virtual impactor. Using lognormal distributions fitted to measured aerosol size distributions and measured aerosol chemical compositions, ice nuclei and ice crystal concentrations in the wave cloud were reasonably well predicted in a 1D parcel model framework. Two different empirical parameterizations were used in the parcel model: a parameterization based on aerosol chemical type and surface area and a parameterization that links ice nuclei number concentrations to the number concentrations of particles with diameters larger than 0.5 μm. This study shows that aerosol size distribution and composition measurements can be used to constrain ice initiation by primary nucleation in models. The data and model results also suggest the likelihood that the dust particle mode of the aerosol size distribution controls the number concentrations of the heterogeneous ice nuclei, at least for the lower temperatures examined in this case.
Observation and Theory of the Diurnal Continental Thermal Tide
Authors: Li Yanping , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Harmonic analysis of summer Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) data over North America shows sun-following diurnal temperature and pressure oscillations with amplitudes increasing in the western United States (i.e., 5–8 K and 60–120 hPa, respectively) due to larger sensible heating in the dryer western terrains. The phases of temperature and pressure (i.e., 220° and 110°) are constant with longitude after an interfering eastward propagating wave is subtracted. Tidal amplitudes and phases shift significantly with season.
A linear Boussinesq model with thermal forcing can reproduce these observed oscillations with properly selected parameters. The model neglects global effects to focus on a single transect across a single ideal continent. A damping parameter α ranging from 5 × 10−5 to 9 × 10−5 s−1, comparable to the inertia and Coriolis parameters, is needed to explain the temperature phase lag relative to local solar noon (40°–50°C). The phase lag between surface pressure minimum and temperature maximum (45°–70°C) requires a 3–5-h time delay between surface and elevated heating. The ratio of pressure and temperature amplitude requires a heating depth varying between 550 (winter) and 1250 m (summer). Both the heating delay and depth are consistent with a vertical heat diffusivity of about K = 10 m2 s−1 in winter, but K theory gives inconsistent summer K values. The observed tide amplitude requires diurnal heating amplitudes in the range of 100–250 W m−2.
When the model is applied to an inhomogeneous continent, it is possible to obtain a clearer idea of how wide a region must be to approach the tidal (i.e., long-wave) limit. Traveling diurnal heating generates gentle tides over the large uniform interior regions but causes vigorous sea breezes and mountain–plain circulations in regions of heating gradient. These gradient regions have significant vertical motions and are moderately sensitive to the Coriolis force and the mean wind speed. Surprisingly, these local circulations do not alter the phases of the temperature and pressure oscillations, in agreement with observations.
Can CO2 Turbulent Flux Be Measured by Lidar? A Preliminary Study
Authors: Gibert Fabien , Koch Grady J. , Beyon Jeffrey Y. , Hilton Timothy W. , Davis Kenneth J. , Andrews Arlyn , Flamant Pierre H. , Singh Upendra N. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The vertical profiling of CO2 turbulent fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is investigated using a coherent differential absorption lidar (CDIAL) operated nearby a tall tower in Wisconsin during June 2007. A CDIAL can perform simultaneous range-resolved CO2 DIAL and velocity measurements. The lidar eddy covariance technique is presented. The aims of the study are (i) an assessment of performance and current limitation of available CDIAL for CO2 turbulent fluxes and (ii) the derivation of instrument specifications to build a future CDIAL to perform accurate range-resolved CO2 fluxes. Experimental lidar CO2 mixing ratio and vertical velocity profiles are successfully compared with in situ sensors measurements. Time and space integral scales of turbulence in the ABL are addressed that result in limitation for time averaging and range accumulation. A first attempt to infer CO2 fluxes using an eddy covariance technique with currently available 2-μm CDIAL dataset is reported.
Aircraft Observations of the 12–15 July 2004 Moisture Surge Event during the North American Monsoon Experiment
Authors: Mejia John F. , Douglas Michael W. , Lamb Peter J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This paper describes aspects of a strong moisture surge over the Gulf of California that was observed during the 2004 North American Monsoon Experiment. Although a variety of special observation platforms aid the analyses, the authors focus on observations collected during two NOAA research aircraft flights made on 12 and 13 July. These flights sampled the initial and mature phases of a strong surge associated with Tropical Storm Blas. The first flight is identified by both a convective outflow and another feature, both deeper and with larger spatial scale, ahead of the outflow in association with the surge’s leading edge. The surge speed, ~18 m s−1, was identified from anomaly analysis of surface station pressure data. Observations show interesting multiscale features associated with the surge during its initial stages but do not allow for unambiguous identification of the surge’s forcing mechanism or dynamical properties. Data from the second flight were used to describe the along- and cross-gulf structure of the enhanced low-level flow associated with the surge event. The strongest winds were over the northernmost gulf, with weaker winds over the surrounding coastal areas. The kinematic moisture flux increased toward the northern gulf; wind speed is the main control on the flux as the moist layer shows only small horizontal gradients. Over the northern gulf, the combination of a very shallow moist layer and a shallow low-level jet yield maximum moisture fluxes near 950 hPa that are almost an order of magnitude larger than those at 850 hPa.