bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unequivocal identification of brown adipose tissue in a human infant
Authors: Hu Houchun H. , Tovar Jason P. , Pavlova Zdena , Smith Michelle L. , Gilsanz Vicente 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe report the unique depiction of brown adipose tissue (BAT) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) in a human 3‐month‐old infant. Based on cellular differences between BAT and more lipid‐rich white adipose tissue (WAT), chemical‐shift MRI and CT were both capable of generating distinct signal contrasts between the two tissues and against surrounding anatomy, utilizing fat‐signal fraction metrics in the former and x‐ray attenuation values in the latter. While numerous BAT imaging experiments have been performed previously in rodents, the identification of BAT in humans has only recently been described with fusion positron emission and computed tomography in adults. The imaging of BAT in children has not been widely reported and, furthermore, MRI of human BAT in general has not been demonstrated. In the present work, large bilateral supraclavicular BAT depots were clearly visualized with MRI and CT. Tissue identity was subsequently confirmed by histology. BAT has important implications in regulating energy metabolism and nonshivering thermogenesis and has the potential to combat the onset of weight gain and the development of obesity. Current findings suggest that BAT is present in significant amounts in children and that MRI and CT can differentiate BAT from WAT based on intrinsic tissue properties. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:938–942. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visualization of pancreatic juice movement using unenhanced MR imaging with spin labeling: Preliminary results in normal and pathophysiologic conditions
Authors: Sugita Reiji , Furuta Akemi , Horaguchi Jun , Itoh Kei , Kobayashi Go , Noda Yutaka , Fujita Naotaka , Shimizu Seiko , Miyazaki Mitsue , Takahashi Shoki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To visualize the movement of pancreatic juice noninvasively by using an unenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique.Materials and Methods:Institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained for this study. A flow‐out technique of time‐spatial labeling inversion pulse (SLIP) technique was applied using both nonselective and selective inversion pulses to label, or tag, pancreatic juice to move out of the region. Ten normal (eight men, two women; age range, 22–61 years; mean age, 35 years) and two pathologic conditions were examined on a commercially available 1.5 Tesla MR imager with quadrature‐detected phased‐array coils. All images were evaluated by two radiologists to assess depiction of the pancreatic juice movement or pancreatic juice reflux as compared to the pancreatic duct or the common bile duct on MRCP obtained before time‐SLIP examination.Results:The tagged pancreatic juice was satisfactory visualized after applying the pulse labeling. Noninvasive visualization of pancreatic juice movement, including normal pancreatic juice movement and reflux from the main pancreatic duct into the common bile duct, was possible by using the unenhanced time‐SLIP technique.Conclusion:Noninvasive visualization of pancreatic juice movement is possible by using the unenhanced MR imaging time‐SLIP technique. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1019‐1124. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous field and R mapping to quantify liver iron content using autoregressive moving average modeling
Authors: Taylor Brian A. , Loeffler Ralf B. , Song Ruitian , McCarville M. Beth , Hankins Jane S. , Hillenbrand Claudia M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose:To investigate the use of a complex multigradient echo (mGRE) acquisition and an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model for simultaneous susceptibility and R measurements for the assessment of liver iron content (LIC) in patients with iron overload.Materials and Methods:Fifty magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams with magnitude and phase mGRE images were processed using the ARMA model, which provides fat‐separated field maps, R maps, and T1‐W imaging. The LIC was calculated by measuring the susceptibility between the liver and the right transverse abdominal muscle from the field maps. The relationship between LIC derived from susceptibility measurements and LIC from R measurements was determined using linear least‐squares regression analysis.Results:LIC measured from R is highly correlated to the LIC with the susceptibility method (mg/g dry = 8.99 ± 0.15 × [mg Fe/mL of wet liver] −2.38 ± 0.29, R2 = 0.94). The field inhomogeneity in the liver is correlated with R (R2 = 0.85).Conclusion:By using the ARMA model on complex mGRE images, both susceptibility and R‐based LIC measurements can be made simultaneously. The susceptibility measurement can be used to help verify R measurements in the assessment of iron overload. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1125‐1132. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of physicochemical characteristics and consumer perception of rice samples with different countries of origin and prices
Authors: Jang Eun‐Hee , Lim Seung‐Taik , Kim Sang Sook 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Rice is the only food item which is not liberalized in Korea. To prepare for future liberalization of the rice market in Korea, the physicochemical characteristics and consumer perception of four domestic rice samples were compared with those of 11 foreign rice samples. Additionally, the influences of country of origin (CO) and price on purchase intent (PI) and willingness to pay (WTP) were investigated.RESULTS: Consumer acceptance of rice samples from Japan was generally higher than that of rice samples from other countries. In an informed test, PI was affected by price and CO, while WTP was affected mostly by price. The PI decreased with the price provided while the WTP increased. In a blind test, consumers evaluated PI and WTP according to sensory liking. The PI was higher in the informed test than in the blind test in all domestic samples. Generally, consumer acceptance was highly correlated with fat acidity (r = − 0.76), protein content (r = − 0.72), and b value (r = − 0.64) of the rice samples.CONCLUSION: Further efforts to increase the quality of rice are recommended for survival in the global market after liberalization of rice, even though consumers showed loyalty for PI of domestic samples. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental improvement of cow milk fatty acid composition in organic winter diets
Authors: Baars Ton , Wohlers Jenifer , Kusche Daniel , Jahreis Gerhard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Organic milk is seen as more healthy in terms of its fatty acid (FA) profile. In three on‐farm crossover trials with 10–12 cows in each group, different forages were compared for their potential to improve the FA composition. Different hay qualities (hay of pasture vs. hay of leys), additional energy sources (fodder beets vs. wheat) and roughage qualities (hay of pasture vs. grass silage) were compared for their effect on the FA composition of the milk.RESULTS: Rumenic acid (CLA cis‐9, trans‐11) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA) were selected as principal markers to evaluate effects. The overall CLA cis‐9, trans‐11 was low (3.6–6.3 g kg−1 fat), whereas ALA levels were intermediate (6.8–9.4 g kg−1 fat). Differences between the forages were explained by the fat metabolism of the ruminants.CONCLUSION: Organic winter milk is low in several desirable FAs. Diets rich in mature fodder and sugar were a poor choice for an improved FA composition. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
In vitro‐cultured wheat spikes provide a simplified alternative for studies of cadmium uptake in developing grains
Authors: Ganeshan Seedhabadee , Leis Marina , Drinkwater Jenna M , Madsen Leah T , Jain Jinesh C , Chibbar Ravindra N 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: An immature wheat spike culture system was used to monitor cadmium (Cd) accumulation in grains, hulls and awns of bread wheat and durum wheat. Immature spikes were cultured prior to anthesis in a medium containing 50 g L−1 sucrose and 0.4 g L−1 L‐glutamine, supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20 or 25 mg L−1 cadmium chloride (CdCl2). Grains were collected at maturity and their Cd accumulation was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS).RESULTS: Cd accumulation at CdCl2 concentrations of 3 mg L−1 and above was higher in grains of durum wheat compared with bread wheat. In hulls a similar trend was observed at CdCl2 concentrations above 15 mg L−1. Starch concentration in grains increased slightly at 3 and 4 mg L−1 CdCl2. Cd accumulation negatively affected grain protein concentration. Expression patterns of Cd‐related genes glutathione reductase (TaGR), metallothionein (MT) and phytochelatin synthase (PCS) in spikes cultured in media containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 25 mg L−1 CdCl2 at 5 days post‐anthesis showed that TaGR and PCS expression in bread wheat was up‐regulated at 5 mg L−1 CdCl2 but down‐regulated at other CdCl2 concentrations. However, in durum wheat, expression of all three genes was down‐regulated or remained unchanged.CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that immature spike culture can be used to study Cd accumulation in grains and can delineate hyper‐accumulating durum wheat from bread wheat at CdCl2 concentrations of 2 mg L−1 and above. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Composition with distributions of Wiener‐Poisson variables and its asymptotic expansion
Authors: Hayashi Masafumi , Ishikawa Yasushi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the compositions of smooth Wiener‐Poisson functional and Schwartz distribution by using Malliavin calculus jump type. We also prove Watanabe's theorem in the jump‐diffusion case, that is, the asymptotic expansion formula for the compositions of a smooth Wiener‐Poisson functional with Schwartz distributions.
Random walks on groups and discrete subordination
Authors: Bendikov A. , Saloff‐Coste L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLet G be a locally compact unimodular group. Let dμ = ϕ dλ be a probability measure with continuous density ϕ w.r.t. the Haar measure λ. One of the important characteristics of the random walk on G driven by μ is the probability of return at time n to a small neighborhood of the starting point, a quantity controlled by ϕ(n)(e). This paper develops the idea of discrete subordination in this context. To any Bernstein function ψ, we associate a new measure μψ, the ψ‐subordinate of μ, and we discuss the moment properties of μψ as well as the behavior of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$n\mapsto \mu _\psi ^{(n)}(e)$\end{document}.
DLK1, a serum marker for hepatoblastoma in young infants
Authors: Falix Farah A. , Aronson Daniel C. , Lamers Wouter H. , Hiralall Johan K. , Seppen Jurgen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHepatoblastoma is a malignant pediatric liver tumor. The currently used diagnostic serum marker for hepatoblastoma, α‐fetoprotein (AFP), is not always reliable in infants with hepatoblastoma, due to the physiologically elevated levels of AFP in this age group. In this report, we show that Delta‐like 1 homolog (DLK1), a protein highly expressed during fetal development, but almost completely absent after birth, and an established liver‐stem cell marker, is a new candidate serum marker of hepatoblastoma, especially in young infants. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:743–745. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of pediatric autologous PBSC apheresis and transplant: Age is a major factor affecting post‐transplant toxicity
Authors: Dubrovsky Leonid , McCarter Robert J. , Fry Terry J. , Wong Edward , Cheng Yao , Perez‐Albuerne Evelio D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is used in many therapeutic protocols for pediatric intra‐ and extra‐cranial solid tumors. HCT can be curative, but is associated with significant toxicity.ProcedureBetween January 2001 and June 2009, 92 solid tumor patients (age 6 months to 27 years) underwent 94 autologous apheresis procedures at Children's National Medical Center. Out of that group, 71 patients, who underwent 162 autologous HCT, were analyzed for transplant outcomes. Multiple variable modeling was used to identify independent variables related to transplant toxicity outcome measures, such as bacteremia, intensive care admission, and death. Other outcome measures (time to pre‐apheresis peripheral blood CD34+ count, product yield, and time to engraftment) were also analyzed. Independent variables included patient‐specific variables (age, weight, tumor type, chemotherapy administered, and primary vs. relapsed disease) and harvest or transplant‐related variables (total white blood cell and CD34+ cell counts prior to transplant, and quantity of total nucleated cells and CD34+ cells infused during transplant).ResultsTransplant toxicity was significantly greater in younger patients (P = 0.001) and in neuroblastoma patients (P = 0.003). The time to neutrophil engraftment, controlling for weight, age, and chemotherapy, was positively related to absolute CD34+ cells/kg infused (P = 0.01). The time to CD34+ recovery pre‐apheresis was affected by patient diagnosis (P = 0.05).ConclusionsYounger patients had increased transplant toxicity, with infants <1 year of age at highest risk for fever, bacteremia, admission to intensive care, and death. Infants would likely benefit from hospitalization after autologous HCT until neutrophil recovery. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:301–305. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concentration of hospital care for acute sickle cell disease‐related visits
Authors: Panepinto JA , Owens PL , Mosso AL , Steiner CA , Brousseau DC 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundSickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by frequent disease‐related events that require acute care. It is unknown to what extent patients utilize multiple hospitals for acute care. We examined the continuity pattern of acute care visits to the hospital or emergency department. We hypothesized that among patients with multiple SCD related acute care visits, children experience more concentrated hospital care than adults and privately insured patients experience more concentrated hospital care than publicly insured patients.ProcedureWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the 2005 and 2006 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases and State Emergency Department Databases. Subjects included patients with SCD ≥1 year of age. The primary outcome was proportion of patients with multiple acute care visits to a single hospital.ResultsA total of 13,533 patients made ≥2 acute SCD‐related visits. Of the 5,030 children, 77.3% went to the same hospital for all visits. In contrast, of the 8,503 adults, only 51.3% visited the same hospital. Adolescents were more likely than adults to go to one hospital [adjusted relative risk (ARR) 1.40, confidence interval (CI) 1.35–1.45]. Those with public insurance and the uninsured had a decreased probability of using one hospital (ARR 0.96, CI 0.94–0.99, and ARR 0.83, CI 0.79–0.88, respectively).ConclusionsAdults and patients with public insurance or no insurance are more likely to use multiple hospitals for acute care. By receiving acute care at multiple hospitals, patients with SCD experience dispersed and fragmented care potentially leading to decreased care quality. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:685–689. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereocomplex formation between poly(L‐lactic acid) and poly(D‐lactic acid) with disproportionately low and high molecular weights from the melt
Authors: Tsuji Hideto , Bouapao Leevameng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPoly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(D‐lactic acid) (PDLA) with very different weight‐average molecular weights (Mw) of 4.0 × 103 and 7.0 × 105 g mol−1 (Mw(PDLA)/Mw(PLLA) = 175) were blended at different PDLA weight ratios (XD = PDLA weight/blend weight) and their crystallization from the melt was investigated. The presence of low molecular weight PLLA facilitated the stereocomplexation and thereby lowered the cold crystallization temperature (Tcc) for non‐isothermal crystallization during heating and elevated the radial growth rate of spherulites (G) for isothermal crystallization, irrespective of XD. The orientation of lamellae in the spherulites was higher for the neat PLLA, PDLA and an equimolar blend than for the non‐equimolar blends. It was found that the orientation of lamellae in the blends was maintained by the stereocomplex (SC) crystallites. Although the G values are expected to decrease with an increase in XD or the content of high‐molecular‐weight PDLA with lower chain mobility compared with that of low‐molecular‐weight PLLA, G was highest at XD = 0.5 where the maximum amount of SC crystallites was formed and the G values were very similar for XD = 0.4 and XD = 0.6 with the same enantiomeric excess. This means that the effect of SC crystallites overwhelmed that of chain mobility. The nucleating mechanisms of SC crystallites were identical for XD = 0.1–0.5 in the Tc range 130–180 °C. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of storage approaches on instability of propiconazole resistance in Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Zhu Fuxing , Bryson P Karen , Schnabel Guido 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The long‐term preservation of interesting phenotypes in plant pathogenic fungi allows for follow‐up studies in the future. Twelve storage approaches were investigated to determine their effects on instability of propiconazole resistance for three demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide‐resistant and two DMI‐sensitive isolates of Monilinia fructicola. They included mycelium in PDA slants under mineral oil, in PDA plugs under 10% glycerol, on dried filter paper and conidia on silica gel, each stored for 36 weeks at 4, − 20, and − 80 °C.RESULTS: None of the storage approaches prevented the rapid decline of EC50 values for propiconazole in the three resistant isolates, and no significant differences were found among storage approaches (P = 0.787) or between storage approaches and consecutive transfers (P = 0.053). Most of the decline in resistance occurred during the first 4 weeks of storage. The DMI resistance‐associated genetic element Mona, located in the immediate upstream region of the MfCYP51 gene, was still present in the three resistant isolates after 36 weeks of storage and weekly transfers. Furthermore, the Mona element and a portion of the MfCYP51 gene, which encodes the target enzyme for DMIs, did not reveal signs of DNA methylation. Resistance to propiconazole was partially regained in resistant isolates after two growth cycles on fresh peach fruit.CONCLUSIONS: Obtained data indicate that the decline of DMI resistance in M. fructicola cannot be prevented using commonly employed storage methods at various temperatures. The number of consecutive transfers and the storage duration prior to fungicide sensitivity tests in M. fructicola should be indicated in scientific papers. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Sequential minimal optimization in convex clustering repetitions
Authors: Takahashi Rikiya 
Published: December 2011

AbstractComputing not the local, but the global optimum of a cluster assignment is one of the important aspects in clustering. Fitting a Gaussian mixture model is a method of soft clustering where optimization of the mixture weights is convex if centroids and bandwidths of the clusters remain unchanged during the updates. The global optimum of the mixture weights is sparse and clustering that utilizes the fitted sparse mixture model is called the convex clustering. To make the convex clustering practical in real applications, the author addresses three types of issues classified as (i) computational inefficiency of the Expectation‐Maximization algorithm, (ii) inconsistency of the bandwidth specifications between clustering and density estimation for high‐dimensional data, and (iii) selection of the optimal clustering from several bandwidth settings. The extremely large number of iterations needed in the Expectation‐Maximization algorithm is significantly reduced with an accurate pruning while choosing a pair of kernels and an element‐wise Newton–Raphson method. For high‐dimensional data, the convex clusterings are performed several times, with initially large bandwidths and succeeding smaller bandwidths. Since the number of clusters cannot be specified precisely in the convex clustering, practitioners often try multiple settings of the initial bandwidths. To choose the optimal clustering from the multiple results, the author proposes an empirical‐Bayes method that can choose appropriate bandwidths if the true clusters are Gaussian. The combination of the repetitions of the convex clusterings and the empirical‐Bayes model selection achieves stable prediction performances compared to the existing mixture learning methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 5: 70–89, 2012
Cyprus small business ventures invigorate the economy
Authors: Violaris Ioannis , Harmandas Danae , Loizides Yiannos 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCyprus has managed to advance itself and be recognized as one of the world's 32 advanced economies. By supporting local and foreign socioeconomic interests over the years, the small island‐nation today boasts rapid growth, full employment conditions, external and internal stability, strong telecommunications infrastructure, and a society well prepared to embrace the emerging knowledge economy. Recognizing its susceptibility to external economic trends as well as its attraction for various migrant groups, however, the people of Cyprus have embraced the benefits of putting their social capital to financial gain and the improvement of quality of life by supporting local business and welcoming foreign investment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The contextualization of a microfinance model: From India to South Africa
Authors: Lerpold Lin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMicrofinance has come to be seen as the “magic bullet” to alleviate poverty across the world. Focus has been on scaling up “successful” models within, and beyond, singular cultural settings. We explore why different stakeholder groups perceived the same microfinance model as successful in India, yet less successful in South Africa. The study is an explorative case study, combining the literature on social capital and contextualization, and suggests that historical, socioeconomic, and legislative antecedents to social capital in India are different in South Africa, thus resulting in a lower perception of microfinance success in South Africa. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of placental polyp treated with an intraoperative injection of prostaglandin F2α followed by hysteroscopic resection
Authors: Maegawa Masahiko , Mitani Ryuji , Miyatani Yuka , Ueta Saki , Endo Satoko , Senuma Miho , Sakamoto Yasuki , Kamada Masaharu , Irahara Minoru 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA 27‐year‐old woman had massive genital bleeding after an artificial abortion. Color Doppler ultrasonography showed a hypervascular mass. Hysteroscopy revealed a placental polyp. Serum hemoglobin level was decreased to 7.7 g/dl. Although uterine artery embolization (UAE) followed by hysteroscopic resection has been used for treatment of a placental polyp, UAE may not be an ideal option for patients with intent for future pregnancy because of the risk of ovarian function failure. This report presents a case of a placental polyp managed successfully with intracervical injection of prostaglandin F2α, as an alternative UAE, followed by hysteroscopic resection.