bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Evaluation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Effectiveness on Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans Among Overhead Athletes
Authors: Iwasaki Norimasa , Kamishima Tamotsu , Kato Hiroyuki , Funakoshi Tadanao , Minami Akio 
Published: December 2011

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used to characterize osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions. However, the usefulness of MRI for predicting fragment stability in OCD of the humeral capitellum (capitellar OCD) remains unclear. Hypothesis: Preoperative MRI cannot accurately diagnose fragment instability of capitellar OCD in overhead athletes. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods: Twenty-seven male overhead athletes who had undergone surgery for capitellar OCD were included in the study. A single senior musculoskeletal radiologist blindly reviewed preoperative MRI of these OCD lesions. The radiologist reported the presence or absence of each of the 4 MRI signs indicating fragment instability as described by De Smet et al. The lesions were also classified according to the MRI staging system of Dipaola et al for characterizing the lesions. Intraoperative assessment of fragment stability was used as the gold standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were determined for fragment instability as assessed by MRI. Results: According to the MRI criteria by De Smet et al and the Dipaola et al staging system, 21 (78%) and 20 (74%) lesions were defined as unstable, respectively. The obtained results yielded a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 44% for diagnosing fragment instability using the De Smet et al MRI criteria and a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 44% using the Dipaola et al MRI staging system. The PPV and NPV for fragment instability were 76% and 67% using the De Smet et al criteria and 75% and 57% according to the Dipaola et al staging system, respectively. The overall correlation rate of Dipaola et al MRI and intraoperative stages was 41%. Conclusion: Preoperative MRI cannot precisely diagnose fragment instability of capitellar OCD that requires operative treatments in overhead athletes. Especially, MRI indicating stable lesions is considered not to be useful in predicting intraoperative instability of capitellar OCD in this study population.
The Basic Science of Human Knee Menisci
Authors: Fox Alice J. S. , Bedi Asheesh , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: December 2011

Context: Information regarding the structure, composition, and function of the knee menisci has been scattered across multiple sources and fields. This review contains a concise, detailed description of the knee menisci—including anatomy, etymology, phylogeny, ultrastructure and biochemistry, vascular anatomy and neuroanatomy, biomechanical function, maturation and aging, and imaging modalities. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search was performed by a review of PubMed and OVID articles published from 1858 to 2011. Results: This study highlights the structural, compositional, and functional characteristics of the menisci, which may be relevant to clinical presentations, diagnosis, and surgical repairs. Conclusions: An understanding of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the menisci is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the pathogenesis of disorders involving the knee.
Novel Markov model of induced pluripotency predicts gene expression changes in reprogramming
Authors: Hu Zhirui , Qian Minping , Zhang Michael Q 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by introducing few reprogramming factors, which challenges the long held view that cell differentiation is irreversible. However, the mechanism of induced pluripotency is still unknown.

Methods
Inspired by the phenomenological reprogramming model of Artyomov et al (2010), we proposed a novel Markov model, stepwise reprogramming Markov (SRM) model, with simpler gene regulation rules and explored various properties of the model with Monte Carlo simulation. We calculated the reprogramming rate and showed that it would increase in the condition of knockdown of somatic transcription factors or inhibition of DNA methylation globally, consistent with the real reprogramming experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of our model by testing it with the real dynamic gene expression data spanning across different intermediate stages in the iPS reprogramming process.

Results
The gene expression data at several stages in reprogramming and the reprogramming rate under several typically experiment conditions coincided with our simulation results. The function of reprogramming factors and gene expression change during reprogramming could be partly explained by our model reasonably well.

Conclusions
This lands further support on our general rules of gene regulation network in iPSC reprogramming. This model may help uncover the basic mechanism of reprogramming and improve the efficiency of converting somatic cells to iPSCs.
Effectiveness of Rapid Prescreening and 10% Rescreening in Liquid-Based Papanicolaou Testing
Authors: Currens Heather S. , Nejkauf Katharine , Wagner Lynn , Raab Stephen S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough rapid prescreening (RPS) has been shown to be an effective quality control procedure for detecting false-negative conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) tests, RPS has not been widely implemented in the United States. In our laboratory, cytotechnologists performed RPS in 3,567 liquid-based Pap tests: 1,911 SurePath (BD Diagnostics–TriPath, Burlington, NC) preparations that were manually screened and 1,656 ThinPrep Pap tests (Hologic, Bedford, MA) that were imaged using the ThinPrep Imaging System (Hologic). We compared the sensitivity of RPS, 10% rescreening (R-10%), and routine screening (RS). In contrast with previously published findings, we found that RS + RPS did not improve screening sensitivity compared with RS + R-10%. These results support the following hypotheses: (1) Higher baseline RS sensitivity as a result of Pap test diagnoses standardization implemented for quality improvement purposes decreases the performance impact of RPS. (2) R-10% and RPS quality assurance methods detect diagnostic failures caused by different types of cognitive errors.
Aptameric Molecular Switch for Cascade Signal Amplification
Authors: Ma Cuiping , Zhao Chunhui , Ge Yujie , Shi Chao 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

BACKGROUND
High sensitivity of analysis is constantly in demand in biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years aptamer-based analytical methods have been developed for protein detection. We developed a cascade signal amplification strategy based on molecular switches and aptamers to improve protein detection.

METHODS
Our cascade signal amplification strategy based on molecular switches and aptamers consisted of 2 steps, including the recognition and the triggering of a polymerase reaction. The procedure was designed to simplify the analysis by detecting trace amounts of target isothermally, in real time, and in a homogeneous solution. We applied this method to measure thrombin in human serum samples.

RESULTS
This cascade signal amplification strategy exhibited a linear response in thrombin concentration from 0.3 to 10 nmol/L, with a detection limit of 1.7 × 10−10 mol/L within 60 min. Results of the analysis of thrombin in human serum diluted 1:1 appeared to be linear, as was observed in buffer, in the tested concentration range of 0.3–10 nmol/L.

CONCLUSIONS
The aptameric sensor provides promising potential for detecting and screening trace concentrations of biomarkers in complex matrices for clinical applications.
Effect of Dynamic Loading on Wellbore Leakage for the Wabamun Area CO2 Sequestration Project
Authors: Nygaard Runar , Salehi Saeed , Lavoie Rob 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
To permanently remove CO2 from the atmosphere large scale injection of CO2 from stationary sources such as coal fired power plant and heavy oil production into brine filled formation is seen as one of the most viable options. One of the main risks identified with storing CO2 into the subsurface is the potential for leakage through existing wells penetrating the cap rock. The wellbore system has several components which can fail and create leakage paths such as type and placement of wellbore casing and cements, completion method, abandonment and wellbore expansion or contraction by changes in temperature and pressure. Of the 1000 wells in the study area near Lake Wabamun, Alberta 95 wells penetrated the immediate cap rock above the proposed Nisku injection formation and was identified as potential leakage pathways. The leakage risk of these wells was evaluated based on the knowledge of well design, current well status and historical regulation’s in the area. For the subset of 27 well studied on only 4 wells were identified as wells requiring work over which was less of a problem than anticipated. To evaluate the risk of creating leakage paths by thermal and pressure changes caused by CO2 injection, a three dimensional finite-element model was built which used elasto-plastic material models for cement and formation. Multi-stage simulations for casing-cement and cement-formation interactions with temperature enabled elements were conducted. Because of the uncertainty on cement properties in old wells, a parametric study of cement properties was conducted. The simulation results indicated that thermal cooling might reduce near-wellbore stresses which will increase risk of integrity loss in casing-cement and cement-formation. The parametric study reviled that the risk of debonding and tensile failure will increase with increasing Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the cement under dynamic loading conditions. In addition, low mechanical cement strength will increase risk of shear failure in the cement.
Fracture Stimulation Optimization in Horizontal Cardium Completions
Authors: Woo Ving , Pope Timothy L. , Abou-Khalil Emile , Davidson John , Bonnell Andrew , Zhang Jenny 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The Cretaceous Cardium formation has been produced since the early 1950’s. The Cardium is a sandstone that can exhibit a wide range in permeability. This is due to the diversity of the depositional environment creating deposits that can vary from siltstone, fine grained sandstone to conglomerate. The formation is laterally extensive across western Alberta. Secondary recovery in the form of water flooding has been ongoing in the core area since the 1960’s allowing production into the twenty first century. However, it wasn’t until the application of horizontal drilling and multi-stage completion techniques that the vast reserves in the poorer quality areas could be economically produced.
This paper discusses the initial phase of an optimization process used to increase production and net present value in Cardium completions through the application of reservoir modeling, optimized fracture spacing and the application of a solids-free viscoelastic fracturing fluid. The new approach provides higher production rates and accelerated flowback compared to the gelled oil system previously employed. In addition to the previous two points, the economics are further enhanced by the elimination of the substantial cost of oil used in gelled oil stimulations.
Design and Deployment of a New Fracturing Port Technology to Increase Stage Number Capability of Openhole Multistage Systems
Authors: Roe Tully , Seale Rocky , Snyder Daniel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The Lower Huron Shale is of Upper Devonian age and produces in Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky and West Virginia. This formation is a good candidate for hydraulic fracturing due to naturally occurring fractures and faults. Since the early 1900s, wells in the Lower Huron have typically been drilled and completed open hole with a variety of fracture treatment plans. However, to maximize production in the area, horizontal drilling using open hole multistage system (OHMS) completions began in the mid 2000s.
Studies in the Lower Huron led to operators require longer laterals with increased stage numbers in order to maximize production; however, the limitations of OHMS restricted the potential of many wells. In order to deal with these limitations, the repeatable fracturing port (RFP) was developed. The RFP utilizes the same size ball to activate more than one fracture port – essentially multiplying the number of isolated stages.
A field study in the Lower Huron demonstrated the benefits of using RFP technology, as the system functioned effectively and increased the number of potential stages. The success of RFP technology in the Lower Huron has been echoed throughout the U.S. and Canada, as increased knowledge continues to improve the technology and well performance.
Shale Engineering Application: The MAL-145 Project in West Virginia
Authors: Vassilellis George D. , Li Charles , Bust Vivian K. , Moos Daniel , Cade Randal 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The "Shale Engineering" approach and modeling addresses production forecasting in shale and tight formations. This new reservoir simulation methodology relies on modeling the propagation of the stimulated rock volume from the near-well vicinity to deep into the formation. Simulation models are built for individual fracturing stages and validated by matching treatment pressures and rates while conforming to geomechanical and microseismic observations. Stage models are then combined into a larger well model where individual stage contribution and early production performance are matched. This approach was applied on a project that was developed by EQT in an Upper Devonian shale formation in West Virginia. Data available for this project included fit-for-purpose formation evaluation description, production logs and downhole microseismic data with advanced processing and interpretation. The results provided a good match to early well performance, despite the complexity of having to match a combination of shales and partially depleted tight sandstones that had been stimulated by foam fracturing with proppant. This approach can be used not only to predict production, but also as a practical platform for field development design and optimization. Furthermore, the matched results validated the shear stimulation model developed by the authors for this type of application. The approach makes it possible to exploit microseismic observations in a more realistic way in order to describe the stimulated rock volume (SRV), and it explains early-life production logs that indicate uneven fracturing stage contribution. The model also can relate stimulation effectiveness to pre-existing formation rock and fluid properties, and thus can be used as a guide to identify optimal formation targets. The "Shale Engineering" approach hinges on the premise that when unconventional "tight rocks" containing hydrocarbons are modified by hydraulic fracture stimulation, the process converts them into "reservoir rocks". In addition, interpretation of the newly created "artificial reservoirs" is accomplished through multi-displinary expertise that is focused on providing a rate performance and predictive model to aid in reservoir development. Because unconventional resource/reservoir formations are unique and subject to a wide range of conditions, they require a production predictive method more suitable for this task than the commonly used "Type Curves". The advantage of the "Shale Engineering" approach is that it allows validation with parameters that can be available at an early stage of the well life, which in turn are useful to constrain model solutions. It also offers the means to include geomechanics in a practical workflow that allows systematic workflow allows for step-by-step validation of the model. The suggested simulation process uses commerical software and it can be applied to either simple or complex cases.
Comparison of Downhole Control System Technologies for Intelligent Completions
Authors: Shaw Joel 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Reliability and acceptance of intelligent completions has increased dramatically over the last decade. With this, there has been a demand to push the limits of intelligent completion technology to allow access to more zones at higher pressures and temperatures while minimizing cost and maximizing reliability. Meeting this demand not only requires flow control components such as packers or Interval Control Valves (ICV) but it also requires a system and methodology to control those components. Different control methodologies have been designed and tested over the years using hydraulic power, electric power, or combinations of the two. These hydraulic and electric requirements have been supplied by small diameter metal hydraulic control lines and metal-encased electrical conductors. Control and power requirements to the downhole components have increased as operators have desired control of more zones. Downhole control system requirements have become increasingly demanding to meet these requirements.
This paper discusses the history and future of control systems for intelligent completions. It describes how these systems have evolved from simple hydraulic systems to more complex multiplexing systems and presents the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Global Unconventional Gas Resource Assessment
Authors: Dong Z. , Holditch S. A. , McVay D. A. , Ayers W. B. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Most estimates of the resource endowment (original gas in place) reported for world unconventional gas start with Rogner’s 1997 "top-down" study. That global estimate is most likely quite conservative, since the oil and gas industry has discovered enormous volumes of shale gas around the world since the 1990’s. The data from these new reservoirs add substantially to our understanding of the unconventional resource base. Furthermore, the uncertainty of Rogner’s assessment was not quantified. Thus, a new assessment of original unconventional gas in place worldwide with considering the uncertainty is needed.
The objective of this project was to estimate the probabilistic distributions of original volumes of gas trapped in coalbed, tight sand and shale reservoirs, worldwide. To accomplish this objective, we reviewed published assessments of coal, conventional and unconventional resources and established the quantitative relationship between unconventional gas (coalbed methane, tight sands gas, and shale gas) and the conventional hydrocarbon (coal, conventional gas and oil) resource endowments for North America. Then, we used this relationship to extrapolate original unconventional gas in place, worldwide. Our assessment of the world resource endowment established an unconventional OGIP of 83,400 Tcf (P90)-184,200 Tcf (P10), which is 2.6-5.7 times greater than Rogner’s estimate of 32,600 Tcf.
Our regional assessments of unconventional OGIP should help industry better target its efforts to rapidly accelerate the development of unconventional gas resources worldwide. The methodology used to assess the distribution of each type of unconventional OGIP may be used to estimate unconventional gas resources at the country or basin level, knowing the coal in place and technically recoverable resources of conventional hydrocarbons.
Optimisation, Uncertainty, and Risk Analysis for Asset Development with Limited Data and Multiple Geographical Environments: A Heavy-Oil Field Case
Authors: Tillero E. , Perez E. , Gonzalez J. , Ungredda A. , Ferreira D. , Griborio G. E. , Mogollon J. L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The studied reservoir has one of the greatest heavy-oil reserves (OOIP about 12.2 MMMSTB) in the Maracaibo Lake basin. It has been largely developed except for one coastline area (385 km2), which includes both zones’ land and shallow water. Limited access of conventional drilling rigs in the area, coupled with low definition of the structural, stratigraphic, and petrophysical model have reduced drilling activities.
Plans have been made to increase production by 20% through drilling of wells in the coastline area. This plan requires the consideration of multiple variables, such as new surface facilities, drilling rigs for both geographical environments, rock heterogeneity, compartmentalized structure (6 blocks), low number of drilled wells (8 wells), and limited reservoir data, which will generate a large number of development scenarios.
This paper presents a probabilistic production forecasting of the coastline reserves through an innovative approach based on a systematic evaluation of risk and uncertainty of reservoir variables, and a maximization of net present value (NPV). The optimization of a large number of decision variables, such as the type of drilling rigs, type of wells completion, and seismic acquisition zone, was obtained. The optimal stochastic scenario showed a NPV with a 340% increase compared with the best deterministic scenario.
This approach triggered warnings about the current plans for seismic data acquisition, which proved to be uneconomical despite expected improvements in the geological and stratigraphic framework. Therefore, the drilling of stratigraphic wells becomes an alternative to partially substitute seismic survey.
Finally, the different operational scenarios showed that development should be done in stages and by geographical areas, starting with stratigraphic deviated wells into shallow water zone using conventional rigs, then vertical and slanted wells in shallow water zone using swamp rigs, and verticals and slanted wells in the ground region using land rigs.
The Role of Crude Oil Shrinkage in Heavy Mix Light Crude in Main Oil Pipeline: Case Study Oman
Authors: Nengkoda Ardian 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
With the increasing trend of heavy oil production in Sultanate of Oman, it will be very interesting to see the impact on crude oil volumetric quality in the main oil pipeline. Pipeline oil management mass balance and custody transfer accuracy will be the focus. The volumetric measurement equipment show some time a discrepancies. Temperature, pressure and meter factor corrections were not enough to explain these discrepancies. The shrinkage factor of crude oil can be seen from upstream to main oil pipeline where the mixing already stabilize, such from separator conditions varies, dependant upon the pressure and temperature of the separator and the individual fluid properties. The more volatile the separator liquid phase, the more impact separator conditions and shrinkage will be. Shrinkage value will be very dependant upon the separator pressure and temperature and will change as these values vary. However, good shrinkage measurement is best approached by collecting the primary separator liquid and performing a separator test on it. A calculation based on API MPMS 12.3 (1996) have some limitationof mixing only at absolute P (100-700 KPa, 15-115 lb/in2) and T (15oC or 60oF). The study explaining a step by step of crude oil shrinkage by well testing approach, separator testing approach and equation-of-state (EOS) tuned in to measuring accurate shrinkage and as a result, the data shows less than 4% error band.