bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in the Central Anorectic Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Exendin-4 in Rats
Authors: Barrera Jason G. , D'Alessio David A. , Drucker Daniel J. , Woods Stephen C. , Seeley Randy J. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 is a regulatory peptide synthesized in the gut and the brain that plays an important role in the regulation of food intake. Both GLP-1 and exendin (Ex)-4, a long-acting GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1r) agonist, reduce food intake when administered intracerebroventricularly, whereas Ex4 is much more potent at suppressing food intake when given peripherally. It has generally been hypothesized that this difference is due to the relative pharmacokinetic profiles of GLP-1 and Ex4, but it is possible that the two peptides control feeding via distinct mechanisms.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this study, the anorectic effects of intracerebroventricular GLP-1 and Ex4, and the sensitivity of these effects to GLP-1r antagonism, were compared in rats. In addition, the GLP-1r dependence of the anorectic effect of intracerebroventricular Ex4 was assessed in GLP-1r−/− mice.

RESULTS
Intracerebroventricular Ex4 was 100-fold more potent than GLP-1 at reducing food intake, and this effect was insensitive to GLP-1r antagonism. However, GLP-1r antagonists completely blocked the anorectic effect of intraperitoneal Ex4. Despite the insensitivity of intracerebroventricular Ex4 to GLP-1r antagonism, intracerebroventricular Ex4 failed to reduce food intake in GLP-1r−/− mice.

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that although GLP-1rs are required for the actions of Ex4, there appear to be key differences in how GLP-1 and Ex4 interact with central nervous system GLP-1r and in how Ex4 interacts with GLP-1r in the brain versus the periphery. A better understanding of these unique differences may lead to expansion and/or improvement of GLP-1–based therapies for type 2 diabetes and obesity.
SIRT1 Genetic Variation Is Related to BMI and Risk of Obesity
Authors: Zillikens M.Carola , van Meurs Joyce B.J. , Rivadeneira Fernando , Amin Najaf , Hofman Albert , Oostra Ben A. , Sijbrands Eric J.G. , Witteman Jacqueline C.M. , Pols Huibert A.P. , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Uitterlinden André G. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
SIRT1 has pleiotropic metabolic functions. We investigated whether SIRT1 genetic variation is associated with obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 6,251 elderly subjects from the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study, three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SIRT1 gene were studied in relation to BMI and risk of obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and prospectively with BMI change after 6.4 years of follow-up. We used cross-sectional data from 2,347 participants from the Erasmus Rucphen Family (ERF) study for replication.

RESULTS
Minor alleles of rs7895833 (G = 20.2%) and rs1467568 (A = 36.8%) were associated with lower BMI in the Rotterdam Study (P = 0.02 and 0.04) and in the replication cohort ERF study (P = 0.03 and 0.008) and in both studies combined (P = 0.002 for both SNPs), with a 0.2–0.4 kg/m2 decrease in BMI per allele copy. Carriers of these alleles had 13–18% decreased risk of obesity (for rs7895833 in the Rotterdam Study: odds ratio 0.79 [95% CI 0.67–0.94], P = 0.007; in the ERF study: 0.93 [0.73–1.19], P = 0.37; and in the studies combined 0.87 [0.77–0.97], P = 0.02; for rs1467568 in the Rotterdam Study: 0.80 [0.68–0.94], P = 0.007; in the ERF study: 0.85 [0.72–0.99], P = 0.04; and in the studies combined: 0.82 [0.73–0.92], P = 0.0009). In the Rotterdam Study, the two variants were also associated with a lower BMI increase during 6.4 years of follow-up (P = 0.01 and 0.08).

CONCLUSIONS
Two common variants in SIRT1 are associated with lower BMI in two independent Dutch populations. Carriers of these variants have 13–18% decreased risk of obesity and gain less weight over time. The availability of SIRT1 stimulators makes these findings relevant in light of the growing obesity epidemic.
Insulin Resistance and Altered Systemic Glucose Metabolism in Mice Lacking Nur77
Authors: Chao Lily C. , Wroblewski Kevin , Zhang Zidong , Pei Liming , Vergnes Laurent , Ilkayeva Olga R. , Ding Shi Ying , Reue Karen , Watt Matthew J. , Newgard Christopher B. , Pilch Paul F. , Hevener Andrea L. , Tontonoz Peter 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
Nur77 is an orphan nuclear receptor with pleotropic functions. Previous studies have identified Nur77 as a transcriptional regulator of glucose utilization genes in skeletal muscle and gluconeogenesis in liver. However, the net functional impact of these pathways is unknown. To examine the consequence of Nur77 signaling for glucose metabolism in vivo, we challenged Nur77 null mice with high-fat feeding.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Wild-type and Nur77 null mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) for 3 months. We determined glucose tolerance, tissue-specific insulin sensitivity, oxygen consumption, muscle and liver lipid content, muscle insulin signaling, and expression of glucose and lipid metabolism genes.

RESULTS
Mice with genetic deletion of Nur77 exhibited increased susceptibility to diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed greater high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance in both skeletal muscle and liver of Nur77 null mice compared with controls. Loss of Nur77 expression in skeletal muscle impaired insulin signaling and markedly reduced GLUT4 protein expression. Muscles lacking Nur77 also exhibited increased triglyceride content and accumulation of multiple even-chained acylcarnitine species. In the liver, Nur77 deletion led to hepatic steatosis and enhanced expression of lipogenic genes, likely reflecting the lipogenic effect of hyperinsulinemia.

CONCLUSIONS
Collectively, these data demonstrate that loss of Nur77 influences systemic glucose metabolism and highlight the physiological contribution of muscle Nur77 to this regulatory pathway.
Effects of a Plant-Based High-Carbohydrate/High-Fiber Diet Versus High–Monounsaturated Fat/Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Postprandial Lipids in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: De Natale Claudia , Annuzzi Giovanni , Bozzetto Lutgarda , Mazzarella Raffaella , Costabile Giuseppina , Ciano Ornella , Riccardi Gabriele , Rivellese Angela A. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
To search for a better dietary approach to treat postprandial lipid abnormalities and improve glucose control in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
According to a randomized crossover design, 18 type 2 diabetic patients (aged 59 ± 5 years; BMI 27 ± 3 kg/m2) (means ± SD) in satisfactory blood glucose control on diet or diet plus metformin followed a diet relatively rich in carbohydrates (52% total energy), rich in fiber (28g/1,000 kcal), and with a low glycemic index (58%) (high-carbohydrate/high-fiber diet) or a diet relatively low in carbohydrate (45%) and rich in monounsaturated fat (23%) (low-carbohydrate/high–monounsaturated fat diet) for 4 weeks. Thereafter, they shifted to the other diet for 4 more weeks. At the end of each period, plasma glucose, insulin, lipids, and lipoprotein fractions (separated by discontinuous density gradient ultracentrifugation) were determined on blood samples taken at fasting and over 6 h after a test meal having a similar composition as the corresponding diet.

RESULTS
In addition to a significant decrease in postprandial plasma glucose, insulin responses, and glycemic variability, the high-carbohydrate/high-fiber diet also significantly improved the primary end point, since it reduced the postprandial incremental areas under the curve (IAUCs) of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, in particular, chylomicrons (cholesterol IAUC: 0.05 ± 0.01 vs. 0.08 ± 0.02 mmol/l per 6 h; triglycerides IAUC: 0.71 ± 0.35 vs. 1.03 ± 0.58 mmol/l per 6 h, P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
A diet rich in carbohydrate and fiber, essentially based on legumes, vegetables, fruits, and whole cereals, may be particularly useful for treating diabetic patients because of its multiple effects on different cardiovascular risk factors, including postprandial lipids abnormalities.
Postpartum Diabetes Screening
Authors: Kwong Sarah , Mitchell Rebecca S. , Senior Peter A. , Chik Constance L. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the rate of adherence to postpartum glycemic testing in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the performance of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) versus the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in detecting postpartum glucose intolerance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study was a retrospective cohort of 1,006 women with GDM attending a pregnancy diabetes clinic.

RESULTS
Postpartum screening was completed in 438 (48%) women. Women nonadherent to testing had higher parity (1.10 vs. 0.87) and were less likely to require insulin for management of their GDM. Among women who were tested, 89 (21%) had an abnormal result, only 25 (28%) of whom were identified by FPG. Factors associated with abnormal postpartum diabetes screening include non-Caucasian ethnicity, previous GDM, higher A1C, and OGTT values during pregnancy and treatment with insulin.

CONCLUSIONS
The rate of postpartum diabetes screening is low, and FPG lacks sensitivity as a screening test in comparison with OGTT.
Pancreatic Islet Autoantibodies as Predictors of Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1
Authors: Orban Tihamer , Sosenko Jay M. , Cuthbertson David , Krischer Jeffrey P. , Skyler Jay S. , Jackson Richard , Yu Liping , Palmer Jerry P. , Schatz Desmond , Eisenbarth George ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 Study Group
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
There is limited information from large-scale prospective studies regarding the prediction of type 1 diabetes by specific types of pancreatic islet autoantibodies, either alone or in combination. Thus, we studied the extent to which specific autoantibodies are predictive of type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two cohorts were derived from the first screening for islet cell autoantibodies (ICAs) in the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1). Autoantibodies to GAD 65 (GAD65), insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (ICA512), and insulin (micro-IAA [mIAA]) were also measured. Participants were followed for the occurrence of type 1 diabetes. One cohort (Questionnaire) included those who did not enter the DPT-1 trials, but responded to questionnaires (n = 28,507, 2.4% ICA+). The other cohort (Trials) included DPT-1 participants (n = 528, 83.3% ICA+).

RESULTS
In both cohorts autoantibody number was highly predictive of type 1 diabetes (P &lt; 0.001). The Questionnaire cohort was used to assess prediction according to the type of autoantibody. As single autoantibodies, ICA (3.9%), GAD65 (4.4%), and ICA512 (4.6%) were similarly predictive of type 1 diabetes in proportional hazards models (P &lt; 0.001 for all). However, no subjects with mIAA as single autoantibodies developed type 1 diabetes. As second autoantibodies, all except mIAA added significantly (P &lt; 0.001) to the prediction of type 1 diabetes. Within the positive range, GAD65 and ICA autoantibody titers were predictive of type 1 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
The data indicate that the number of autoantibodies is predictive of type 1 diabetes. However, mIAA is less predictive of type 1 diabetes than other autoantibodies. Autoantibody number, type of autoantibody, and autoantibody titer must be carefully considered in planning prevention trials for type 1 diabetes.
Heat‐Activatable Primers for Hot‐Start PCR: Oligonucleotide Synthesis and Basic PCR Setup
Authors: Lebedev Alexandre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract2′‐Deoxyribonucleoside‐3′‐O‐(4‐oxotetradec‐1‐yl) phosphoramidites (OXT phosphoramidites) are used to prepare modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide primers containing heat cleavable OXT phosphotriester protecting groups at 3′‐ultimate and penultimate internucleotide linkages. The OXT‐modified primers significantly improve performance of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) compared to standard DNA primers by substantially reducing or eliminating the accumulation of PCR artifacts such as dimerized primers and misprimed amplicons. Basic protocols for synthesis of OXT‐modified oligonucleotide primers and for performing hot‐start PCR are described. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 38:4.35.1‐4.35.17. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nucleoside Modification with Boron Clusters and Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Wojtczak Blazej A. , Olejniczak Agnieszka B. , Lesnikowski Zbigniew J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGeneral methods for the synthesis of nucleosides modified with borane clusters and metallacarborane complexes are presented. These include: (1) the click chemistry approach based on Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition and (2) tethering of the metallacarborane group to the aglycone of a nucleoside via a dioxane ring opening in oxonium metallacarborane derivatives. The proposed methodologies broaden the availability of nucleoside‐borane cluster conjugates and open up new areas for their applications. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 38:4.37.1‐4.37.26. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Elements of Toxicology
Authors: Ballantyne Bryan , Marrs Timothy C. , Syversen Tore 
Published: September 2009

AbstractToxicology is a multidisciplinary science concerned with determining the potential of chemicals and certain physical agents, such as ionizing radiation, to produced adverse effects in living organisms. Adverse effects in the context of this definition are those that are detrimental to the normal functioning or survival of the organism. If such effects occur, it is necessary to know their nature, incidence, mechanism of production, factors influencing their development and reversibility. This overview chapter discusses the following major elements in the science of toxicology: historical aspects; definitions and scope; subdisciplines; routes of exposure; dosage‐response relationships; factors influencing toxicity; biohandling of xenobiotics; toxicity of mixtures; conduct and review of toxicology studies; hazard evaluation and risk assessment; professional and ethical issues.
Clinical Toxicology
Authors: Vale Alister , Bradberry Sally 
Published: September 2009

AbstractClinical toxicology is a discipline within toxicology which is concerned with the impact of drugs and other chemicals on humans. The role of the clinical toxicologist encompasses the traditional therapeutic role, that is the management of patients with acute and chronic poisoning. In addition, the clinical toxicologist will usually provide expert advice via a poisons information service and will be familiar with the occupational and environmental impact of a wide range of chemicals. Clinical toxicologists are also likely to be involved in the development of strategies for the management of major chemical disasters, the evaluation of antidotes used against chemical warfare agents and the assessment of the adverse effects of pesticides and other chemicals whether resulting from a single exposure or chronic low‐level exposure. This chapter describes the components that should make up a comprehensive clinical toxicology service. These include the provision of advice through a poisons information service, an in‐patient treatment service, an out‐patient clinical, occupational and environmental toxicology service, advice to Government, Regulatory and other international bodies, analytical support and the provision of an interpretive service for toxicological analyses, and opportunities for research and training in toxicology. The chapter also describes the presentation and complications of poisoning and details the general assessment and management of the poisoned patient. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role of toxicovigilance.
Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents
Authors: Maynard Robert L. , Chilcott Robert P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIrritant or toxic chemicals have been used in warfare since ancient times and a number of international laws have attempted to prevent the use of such weapons. However, chemical warfare agents remain to be a global threat and so it is important to maintain an understanding of their mechanism of action, their clinical effects and to identify effective treatment regimes. Chemical warfare agents have traditionally been classified according to their medical effect(s) or military application. Vesicant agents (for example, sulphur mustard and lewisite) are highly potent acute contact irritants and may cause severe skin damage following dermal exposure as well as extensive damage to other epithelial surfaces (such as the lungs and eyes). Vesicants are generally considered to be non‐lethal in that they cause debilitating (rather than fatal) injuries. Indeed, some chemicals are used specifically for their irritating (rather than lethal) effects. For example, the riot control agents CS and CR are potent lachrymators but generally lack any significant, systemic toxicity following respiratory or dermal exposure. In contrast, a number of chemicals have been specifically developed or used on account of their lethality and these include the nerve agents (such as sarin, tabun, soman and VX), lung damaging agents (phosgene and chlorine) and other systemic poisons such as cyanides. A large miscellany of other, more exotic chemicals exist and these include endogenous bioregulators as well as plant, animal, marine and fungal toxins.
Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses: Significance, Occurrence and Mitigation in the Food Chain
Authors: Bryden Wayne L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, which when ingested cause disease syndromes called mycotoxicoses. Fungi are ubiquitous and formation of mycotoxins can occur in all agricultural and food commodities under appropriate field or storage conditions. In this increasingly complex area the salient features of fungal growth and mycotoxin production are described, with strategies to mitigate their accumulation in the food chain. As mycotoxins can be elaborated in food commodities, especially cereal grains prior to harvest, preventive measures begin with good agronomic practices, including cultivating to improve plant vigour, judicious use of insecticides to reduce insect damage, irrigation to avoid drought conditions, harvesting at maturity and, more recently, application of genomics to improve genetic resistance to fungal attack. Storage and food processing conditions can assist in reducing mycotoxin occurrence. Human populations in developing countries are more likely than people in developed economies to be exposed to mycotoxins in their food and strategies have been proposed for education and intervention to reduce the health and economic burden of these toxins.
Social learning, sexual and physical abuse, and adult crime
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Lane Kelsea Jo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis research examines the relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse and the types of crimes committed by male adult offenders. We use the method of discriminant prediction to determine whether independent and dependent variables are related in ways that theories predict. Our analyses of data from the Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities suggest that offenders model specific behaviors to which they have been exposed. Male offenders who were sexually abused as a child are more likely to commit sexual offenses, particularly sexual offenses against children, than nonsexual offenses. Offenders who were physically abused are more likely to engage in violent offenses than nonviolent offenses. Further analyses show that sexual offenders, and to a lesser extent violent offenders, are likely to specialize in those offenses. Our results are consistent with a social learning approach. They address a heretofore neglected issue: what exactly do children model when they are mistreated. Aggr. Behav. 35:489–501, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
When a man hits a woman: moral evaluations and reporting violence to the police
Authors: Felson Richard B. , Feld Scott L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe use experimental data from a nationally representative sample to examine whether gender and the victim's relationship to the offender affect attitudes about the seriousness of the offense and whether the offense should be reported to the police. We find that respondents are particularly likely to condemn men's assaults on women, and to favor reporting them. The pattern appears to reflect both greater moral condemnation of men's assaults on women and the belief that the victims of these assaults are in greater danger. In general, moral judgments and attitudes toward reporting do not depend on the gender, age, level of education, or political ideology of the respondent. Condemnation of men's violence against women, and support for police intervention when it occurs, are apparently widespread across different segments of the population. Aggr. Behav. 35:477–488, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Research and Prospects of Iron‐Based Superconductors
Authors: Ren Zhi‐An , Zhao Zhong‐Xian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe discovery of a new superconductor, LaFeAsO1−xFx with a superconducting critical temperatureT,c, of 26 K in 2008, has quickly renewed interest in the exploration of iron‐based superconductors. More than 70 new superconductors have been discovered within several months, with the highest Tc of up to 55 K being observed in the SmFeAsO1−x compound. High Tcs have previously only been observed in cuprates; these new iron‐based superconductors have been added as second members of the high‐Tc family. The crystal structure of these compounds contains an almost 2D Fe–As layer formed by FeAs4 tetrahedrons, which can be separated by an oxide or metal layer that provides extra electrons to the Fe–As layer, and the itinerant iron 3d electrons form an antiferromagnetic (AFM) order state in the undoped parent compounds at around 100–200 K. Superconductivity can be induced by carrier doping, which destroys the AFM ground state. In this Review, the most recent findings on and basic experimental facts about this class of high‐Tc materials will be presented, including the various superconducting structures, the synthesis methods, the physical properties of the parent compounds, the doping methods that could produce superconductivity, pressure effects, and the prospects for this new iron‐based high‐Tc family.