bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological alterations in the ultimobranchial gland of teleost Heteropneustes fossilis in response to chlorpyrifos treatment
Authors: Srivastav Ajai Kumar , Srivastava Sanjay Kumar , Mishra Diwakar , Srivastav Sunil Kumar 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In this study, an experiment was performed on Heteropneustes fossilis for short-term (1.76 mg/L chlorpyrifos, i.e., 0.8 of 96-h LC50) and long-term (0.44 mg/L chlorpyrifos, i.e., 0.2 of 96-h LC50) exposure. The fish were sacrificed after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in the short-term experiment and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days in the long-term experiment. On these intervals, blood was collected and analysis of serum calcium was done. Ultimobranchial glands were also fixed for histological study. The serum calcium levels of H. fossilis exhibit a decline after 24 h following exposure to chlorpyrifos. This decrease continues until the end of the experiment (96 h). The serum calcium levels of chronically exposed fish exhibit a decrease on day 7. Thereafter, the levels continue to fall progressively until the end of the experiment (28 days). The ultimobranchial gland of chlorpyrifos treated fish exhibits no histological change up to 48 h. After 72 h, there is a decrease in the staining response of cytoplasm of the ultimobranchial cells. The nuclear volume of these cells is slightly decreased. After 96 h following chlorpyrifos exposure, these changes become exaggerated. In chlorpyrifos-treated fish there is no change in the histological structure of the ultimobranchial gland up to 14 days. After 21 days, the cytoplasm of ultimobranchial cells stain feebly and the nuclear volume of these cells exhibits a decrease. Following 28 days treatment, the nuclear volume of these cells records a further decrease and the gland depicts vacuolization and degeneration at certain areas.
Hexavalent chromium and its effect on health: possible protective role of garlic (Allium sativum Linn)
Authors: Das Kusal K. , Dhundasi Salim A. , Das Swastika N. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Hexavalent chromium or chromium (VI) is a powerful epithelial irritant and a confirmed human carcinogen. This heavy metal is toxic to many plants, aquatic animals, and bacteria. Chromium (VI) which consists of 10%–15% total chromium usage, is principally used for metal plating (H2Cr2O7), as dyes, paint pigments, and leather tanning, etc. Industrial production of chromium (II) and (III) compounds are also available but in small amounts as compared to chromium (VI). Chromium (VI) can act as an oxidant directly on the skin surface or it can be absorbed through the skin, especially if the skin surface is damaged. The prooxidative effects of chromium (VI) inhibit antioxidant enzymes and deplete intracellular glutathione in living systems and act as hematotoxic, immunotoxic, hepatotoxic, pulmonary toxic, and nephrotoxic agents. In this review, we particularly address the hexavalent chromium-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and increased lipid peroxidation in humans and animals, and the possible role of garlic (Allium sativum Linn) as a protective antioxidant.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the ethanolic extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius in rats and mice
Authors: Onasanwo Samuel A. , Oyagbemi Ademola A. , Saba Adebowale B. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background: Ethanolic leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius was evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities.

Methods: The analgesic activity of the extract was assayed by the formalin-induced paw licking test, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and hot plate test, whereas its anti-inflammatory activity was determined by its effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema.

Results: The extract of C. aconitifolius prolonged the reaction time of mice to pain in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal analgesic effect of the extract was obtained when the extract was administered 90 min before pain stimulation in the hot plate test. The extract of C. aconitifolius (100 or 200 mg/kg b.w.) inhibited acetic acid-induced irritation of paws of rats comparably with that of indomethacin (10 mg/kg b.w.) and had significantly lower mean number of lickings of paws than the control rats (p<0.05). Carrageenan-induced edema was markedly inhibited (p<0.05) by the extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) when compared with control rats. Inhibition of writhing movement in rats administered with the extract was lower (p<0.05) than rats administered with indomethacin but its effect was dose-dependent.

Conclusions: Our investigations show that C. aconitifolius possesses significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities that should be explored.
A Novel Method of Inverse Multiplexing for Ultra Long Span Transmission
Authors: Ruan Hao , Gan Chaoqin 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A novel method of inverse multiplexing is proposed. This method is suitable for design of ultra long span optical transmission system. In this scheme, IFFT acts as a key device to realize inverse multiplexing. A 40 Gbit/s system based on the scheme is simulated to evaluate its performance with experimental results given.
Generation of Non-Uniform Pulses by an Eight Microstructured Optical Fiber Laser
Authors: Ennejah Tarek , Bahloul Faouzi , Attia Rabah 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Mode locking mechanisms in fiber laser have been an active and rich research field in optical communication. In this paper we study the behaviour of an 8FL (eight fiber laser) totally made out of MOF (Microstructured Optical Fiber). We demonstrate that even output from a fiber laser is not necessarily uniform. Due to its ring cavity and NALM (Non linear Amplifying Loop Mirror) transmission properties, the laser generates randomly different non-uniform output pulses. It follows three states of operation: single, bound and multiple pulses were observed. We report the formation of bound pulses where side peaks are higher than the central one. We report also the formation of bound and multiple pulses which damage their bindings and alter their pulses width and separations.
Transmission of 2.5 Gbit/s Spectrum-sliced WDM System for 50 km Single-mode Fiber
Authors: Ahmed Nasim , Aljunid Sayed Alwee , Ahmad R. Badlisha , Fadil Hilal Adnan , Rashid Mohd Abdur 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The transmission of a spectrum-sliced WDM channel at 2.5 Gbit/s for 50 km of single mode fiber using an system channel spacing only 0.4 nm is reported. We have investigated the system performance using NRZ modulation format. The proposed system is compared with conventional system. The system performance is characterized as the bit-error-rate (BER) received against the system bit rates. Simulation results show that the NRZ modulation format performs well for 2.5 Gbit/s system bit rates. Using this narrow channel spectrum-sliced technique, the total number of multiplexed channels can be increased greatly in WDM system. Therefore, 0.4 nm channel spacing spectrum-sliced WDM system is highly recommended for the long distance optical access networks, like the Metro Area Network (MAN), Fiber-to-the-Building (FTTB) and Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH).
Performance Analysis of OCDMA Based on AND Detection in FTTH Access Network Using PIN & APD Photodiodes
Authors: Aldouri Muthana , Aljunid S. A. , Ahmad R. Badlishah , Fadhil Hilal A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In order to comprise between PIN photo detector and avalanche photodiodes in a system used double weight (DW) code to be a performance of the optical spectrum CDMA in FTTH network with point-to-multi-point (P2MP) application. The performance of PIN against APD is compared through simulation by using opt system software version 7. In this paper we used two networks designed as follows one used PIN photo detector and the second using APD photo diode, both two system using with and without erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). It is found that APD photo diode in this system is better than PIN photo detector for all simulation results. The conversion used a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) wavelength converter. Also we are study, the proposing a detection scheme known as AND subtraction detection technique implemented with fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) act as encoder and decoder. This FBG is used to encode and decode the spectral amplitude coding namely double weight (DW) code in Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA). The performances are characterized through bit error rate (BER) and bit rate (BR) also the received power at various bit rate.
Injury of Cell Tight Junctions and Changes of Actin Level in Acute Lung Injury Caused by the Perfluoroisobutylene Exposure and the Role of Myosin Light Chain Kinase
Authors: Meng Ge , Zhao Jian , Wang He‐Mei , Ding Ri‐Gao , Zhang Xian‐Cheng , Huang Chun‐Qian , Ruan Jin‐Xiu 
Published: June 2011

Injury of Cell Tight Junctions and Changes of Actin Level in Acute Lung Injury Caused by the Perfluoroisobutylene Exposure and the Role of Myosin Light Chain Kinase: Ge Meng, et al. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, P. R. China—ObjectivesTo investigate the injury of cell tight junctions and change in actin level in the alveolus epithelial cells of the lung after Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) exposure and the role of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in the injury.MethodsRats and mice were exposed to a sublethaldose of PFIB. The changes in tight junction zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1), actin and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were detected by immunoluorescence at 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h after PFIB exposure. The role of MLCK was analyzed by lung indices and the act in leve l. Resu lts: The norma l ZO‐1 immunofluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 71.63, 39.41, 37.59, 35.71, 33.22, 31.34,31.61, 24.51, 40.03 and 44.71 respectively, The normal actin immunoluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 31.82, 36.46, 36.57, 41.60, 40.95, 35.41,30.69, 19.96, 29.30 and 33.00 respectively, The normal MLCK immunoluorescence density and those after PFIB exposure were 61.21, 50.87, 48.37, 43.65, 41.96,35.44, 31.77, 30.85, 33.10 and 38.20 respectively. When the MLCK inhibitor ML‐7 was given in advance, pulmonary edema and actin degradation were suppressed.ConclusionsAt an earlier stage, the increased permeability of the blood‐air barrier after PFIB exposure is probably the result of injury of cell tight junctions that acts in concert with later changes in actin, resulting in an increase in permeability. MLCK could be a potential target for novel drug development for relief of acute lung injury.
The Association between Impaired Fasting Glucose and Noise‐induced Hearing Loss
Authors: Jang Tae‐Won , Kim Beom‐Gyu , Kwon Young‐Jun , Im Hyoung‐June 
Published: June 2011

The Association between Impaired Fasting Glucose and Noise‐induced Hearing Loss: Tae‐Won Jang, et al. Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Korea—ObjectivesThis study was performed to determine whether there is an association between impaired fasting glucose and noise‐induced hearing loss.MethodsThe study subjects were workers in one automobile manufacturing company. The data were obtained from results of health examinations during 2005 and 2009. The factors analyzed were age, smoking and alcohol history, work duration, environmental noise level, hearing thresholds, blood pressure, serum creatinine, initial hearing threshold and fasting glucose.ResultsThe hearing thresholds at 4,000 Hz frequencies for both ears were significantly higher in 2009 than those in 2005. The changes in the hearing thresholds of the subjects with an impaired fasting glucose (100–125 mg/dl) and diabetes (≥126 mg/dl) were greater than those of the normal (<100 mg/dl) group. After adjusting for variables such as age, smoking and alcohol history, environmental noise, hypertension and serum creatinine, fasting glucose was found to be a significant variable. Impaired fasting glucose (100–125 mg/dl) was significant (β=1.339, p=0.002) for the right ear, whereas it was not significant (β=0.639, p=0.121) for the left ear.ConclusionsImpaired fasting glucose, as well as diabetes, might be risk factors for hearing loss in individuals with exposure to certain noise levels. The results of this study suggest that impaired fasting glucose should be considered a risk factor for hearing loss.
Expression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 in the Lungs of Rats Exposed to Potassium Octatitanate Whiskers
Authors: Obata Yasuko , Morimoto Yasuo , Hirohashi Masami , Ogami Akira , Oyabu Takako , Myojo Toshihiko , Kawanami Shoko , Horie Seichi , Nagatomo Hiroko , Murakami Masahiro , Tanaka Isamu 
Published: June 2011

Expression of Heme Oxygenase‐1 in the Lungs of Rats Exposed to Potassium Octatitanate Whiskers: Yasuko Obata, et al. Institute of Industrial Ecological Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan—ObjectivesOxidative stress is thought to be the pathogenesis of pulmonary ibrosis induced by asbestos, and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) protects lung tissue against oxidative stress. We hypothesized that HO‐1 is also associated withoxidative lung injury caused by exposure to potassium octatitanate whiskers (PT1), which is one of the asbestos substitutes.MethodsMale Wistar rats were administered 1 mg or 2 mg PT1 suspended in saline by a single intratracheal instillation and were sacrificed after recovery for 3 days, 1 wk, 1 mo, 3 mo or 6 mo. Gene expression of HO‐1 protein and mRNA and immunostaining were investigated in rat lungs.ResultsHO‐1 protein expression was increased from 3 days to1 mo and at 6 mo in the 1 or 2 mg PT1‐exposed groups, and the gene expression of HO‐1 mRNA was also increased at 3 days and from 1 mo to 6 mo. HO‐1positive cells were mainly found in the alveolar macrophages and the bronchial epithelial cells inimmunostaining.ConclusionsThese indings suggest that HO‐1 is involved in lung damage caused by PT1.
APRN Survey on Roles, Functions, and Competencies
Authors: Honig Judy , Smolowitz Janice , Smaldone Arlene 
Published: June 2011

Nursing education is undergoing a major transition with a shift in advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) educational preparation from a master’s degree to the clinical doctorate that is targeted to be fully implemented by 2015. This paradigm shift in nursing education is expanding the role and scope of APRNs. Some doctor of nursing practice (DNP) programs for APRNs focus on the provision of comprehensive care to a panel of patients. These APRNs with DNP (DNP/APRN) programs in comprehensive care expand master’s preparation to prepare expert clinicians who are knowledgeable about individuals’ health care needs across the life span; to practice in all clinical settings; to analyze and interpret evidence as the basis for health care choices; and to engage patients in a collaborative relationship to provide continuous, coordinated services that include health promotion, disease prevention, and definitive disease management in all clinical settings (Smolowitz, Honig, & Reinisch, 2010).Nursing has a unique opportunity to track this new DNP/APRN subgroup from its inception using systematic and structured data collection. With this paradigm shift in nursing education, the role and scope of APRNs will continue to evolve. We developed a survey that could be distributed nationally to DNP/APRNs to (a) track roles and competencies of doctorally prepared nurse clinicians in relation to comprehensive care and (b) identify performance measures and quality indicators for delivery of comprehensive care. The purpose of this pilot study was to test the survey on a sample of master’s prepared APRN (M/APRN) and DNP/APRNs engaged in faculty practice at the Columbia University School of Nursing.
Talking about Life after Early Psychosis: The Impact on Occupational Performance
Authors: Brown Jocelyn A. 
Published: June 2011

Background. In early psychosis, the phase of illness and developmental stage pose unique challenges to recovery and provision of services. Insight into subjective experience is needed to achieve optimal outcomes. Purpose. To understand the complex ways that early psychosis affects occupational performance. Methods. Phenomenology and occupational life history were used to explore lived experience of occupational performance with five participants. Three interviews with each person focused on life before, during, and following illness onset. Findings. Qualitative analysis identified eight themes describing how psychosis is experienced as a lifelong phenomenon, how changes in occupational performance occur as life unfolds around the acute episode, and how participants move ahead with their lives. Implications. Integration of developmental frameworks, focus on productive roles, and thoughtful application of client-centred practice emerge as issues with important practice implications as individuals develop awareness of disability and strive to maintain control over occupational choices and, ultimately, their lives.
Constructions of Disability: A Call for Critical Reflexivity in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Phelan Shanon K. 
Published: June 2011

Background. Within professional and practice knowledge there are many assumptions about disability that underpin occupational therapy philosophy. Purpose. The objectives of this paper are to (a) critically examine how disability has been constructed in mainstream society by introducing perspectives from contemporary disability studies theories, and (b) apply a critically reflexive lens informed by disability studies perspectives to occupational therapy practice. Key Issues. Drawing upon critical disability perspectives, notions of “nondisabled” versus “disabled”; metanarratives of disability; built environments and social structures; and social and attitudinal constructions of disability and identity are examined. Key issues pertaining to rehabilitation, norms, client-centred practice, language, and education within occupational therapy are discussed. Implications. This critically reflexive examination has revealed the ways in which occupational therapy and society at large are embedded in discourses that may reinforce negative connotations around disability. A renewed understanding of disability may challenge current practices.
Research Lessons Learned: Occupational Therapy with Culturally Diverse Mothers of Premature Infants
Authors: Reid Denise T. , Chiu Teresa M. L. 
Published: June 2011

Background. Evaluation studies of the effectiveness of home-based occupational therapy are scarce but are needed to justify the impact of occupational therapy intervention. When the intervention is for persons from diverse cultural backgrounds, additional research challenges arise. Purpose. To share lessons learned in conducting home-based occupational therapy research with Canadian, and immigrant South Asian and Chinese mothers of premature infants in a large Canadian city. Key issues. Lessons learned were to implement a culturally sensitive recruitment process, change the research design to include more interviews and focus groups, and be aware of the need for culturally appropriate instruments. Implications. Researchers need to be sensitized to the Western cultural values upon which most research designs and instrumentation are constructed. Involvement of a culturally diverse research team, openness to feedback, adaptability, and critical reflection on what is important to the cultural groups are among the suggestions for researchers planning home-based occupational therapy research with culturally diverse populations.
Floor Time Play with a Child with Autism: A Single-Subject Study
Authors: Dionne Maryse , Martini Rose 
Published: June 2011

Background. Children with autism exhibit difficulties with social interaction and communication skills, and they present with restricted interests and stereotyped patterns of behaviour that affect their daily lives. Floor time play (FTP) is an intervention approach that addresses these issues; however, there are few published studies on its effectiveness. Purpose. This study determines the effectiveness of FTP intervention with a child diagnosed with autism. Methods. A single subject AB design was used with circles of communication as the behaviour indicator for improvement. Visual and statistical analyses were completed. The child's mother kept a daily journal describing FTP intervention sessions at home. Findings. Despite variability in the data, statistical analyses indicate a significant difference between the numbers of circles of communication during the intervention phase as compared with the observation phase. Implications. This study provides preliminary evidence for the use of the FTP approach with a child with autism.
On some finite difference schemes for solution of hyperbolic heat conduction problems
Authors: Čiegis Raimondas , Mirinavičius Aleksas 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We consider the accuracy of two finite difference schemes proposed recently in [Roy S., Vasudeva Murthy A.S., Kudenatti R.B., A numerical method for the hyperbolic-heat conduction equation based on multiple scale technique, Appl. Numer. Math., 2009, 59(6), 1419–1430], and [Mickens R.E., Jordan P.M., A positivity-preserving nonstandard finite difference scheme for the damped wave equation, Numer. Methods Partial Differential Equations, 2004, 20(5), 639–649] to solve an initial-boundary value problem for hyperbolic heat transfer equation. New stability and approximation error estimates are proved and it is noted that some statements given in the above papers should be modified and improved. Finally, two robust finite difference schemes are proposed, that can be used for both, the hyperbolic and parabolic heat transfer equations. Results of numerical experiments are presented.
De l'emprise à l'empreinte : évolution du projet de soin et des pratiques soignantes sur une unité d'hospitalisation soins-études pour adolescents
Authors: Chaine Françoise , Soudier Dominique , Machto Antoine , Jousselme Catherine 
Published: June 2011

Résumé La « Maison des 13-17 » est une unité soins-études externalisée de la Fondation Vallée qui existe depuis une quinzaine d’années. Le projet de soin s’y est progressivement modifié au fil des indications. Notre souci est resté de maintenir ces adolescents – présentant tous des troubles sévères de la personnalité – aussi intégrés que possible au milieu ordinaire, de façon à leur permettre d’accepter les soins psychologiques intensifs, qu’ils avaient jusque-là refusés. Ce contraste entre un maillage thérapeutique serré (la « Maison des 13-17 » est une unité d’hospitalisation temps plein) et une capacité de contrainte faible sur le patient (le jeune fait quotidiennement de nombreux allers-retours sur l’extérieur) convient particulièrement aux pathologies limites mais n’est pas sans poser de nombreux problèmes à l’équipe soignante. En pensant notre cadre de façon à le rendre acceptable à ces patients réfractaires, nous sommes souvent dépassés dans nos espérances : les jeunes « s’enfouissent en nous » jusqu’à trouer le corps soignant. Jusqu’où faut-il accompagner ce mouvement régressif ? Quand devient-il nécessaire d’imposer la loi du dehors pour calmer la désorganisation toujours latente du dedans ? Autant de questionnements qui restent en tension lors de nos réunions institutionnelles et que nous présentons ici.