bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarimetric radar modified
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Modification of 11‐cm Doppler radar, to permit measurement of the complete polari‐metric matrix of signals backscattered from meteorological media, was recently completed by the Ground Based Remote Sensing Branch of the Geophysics Laboratory, U.S. Air Force Base, Hanscom, Mass. It is believed that this radar is the only meteorological research radar in the world having such a capability at this wavelength. Signals can be transmitted with either linear or circular polarization and switched pulse‐to‐pulse either between horizontal and vertical or between right and left circular polarization.Backscattered signals with polarizations identical and orthogonal to that of the transmitted signal pass through coherent and logarithmic receivers and are recorded as time series in 40 selectable range gates. The resulting data archive supports a wide range of analyses, including auto‐ and cross‐covariance calculations and spectral analyses.
U.S.‐U.S.S.R. Environmental Security Program
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Fresh from a 9‐day bilateral meeting in the Soviet Union on global environmental conservation, a delegation of U.S. ocean policy experts has announced a wide‐ranging, joint initiative with two research institutes of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences.Led by James M. Broadus, director of the Marine Policy Center at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass., the U.S. delegation met in Moscow with Soviet scholars from the Institute for World Economy and International Relations and the Institute of Peace to discuss worldwide strategies for assurances against environmental threats to the world's oceans.
Book Review: Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Atreya Sushil K. 
Published: October 2011

The recently published book, Physics and Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere, by M. H. Rees, is now available through Cambridge University Press, London. Sushil K. Atreya, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, provides this review.The Earth's upper atmosphere is a region of immense complexity. The behavior of this region is governed primarily by the energy deposited by solar ultraviolet photons and the energetic charged particles. This book is an excellent attempt at unraveling the mysteries of the upper atmosphere of the Earth. The upper atmosphere in this book refers loosely to the region of the thermosphere and ionosphere, although it is not uncommon to find, throughout the book, occasional references to the mesospheric processes.
Gold found in Idaho streams
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Fine‐grained gold has been found in stream sediments in parts of central Idaho, indicating that minable, higher‐grade deposits of gold may be present in the near‐surface rocks in the area, according to three U.S. Geological Survey scientists.As part of a continuing USGS program to assess mineral resources in Idaho, the gold was found in sediments of several creeks south of Salmon in Lemhi County. George A. Desborough, a USGS geologist in Denver, Colo., and principal investigator on the project, said the sediment samples taken from Allison Lake, Mulky and Poison creeks were subjected to a laboratory tabletop mechanical panning technique that detected gold particles of a size too fine to be recognized by conventional hand panning.
Topographic maps of Mississippi completed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey has completed an initial, once‐over topographic mapping of Mississippi, which will provide detailed, accurate, up‐to‐date tools for planning and managing the state's natural resources.The l:24,000‐scale (one inch on a map represents 2000 feet on the ground), 7.5‐minute topographic maps show the shape and elevation of the landscape and delineate a wide range of natural and man‐made features. The maps will be used by engineers, scientists and managers of resource and environmental projects.
AGI doubles minority geoscience scholarships
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Va., has had a significant increase in funds available for minority geoscience scholarships for the 1990–1991 academic year. The number of scholarships awarded this year has more than doubled from a total of 36 in 1989–90 to 80 available for 1990–1991.The increase is due largely to a grant from the National Science Foundation. Total value of the awards, which will be given to undergraduate and graduate geoscience students, will be $221,000. For 1989‐–990 the total value was $36,750.
Beach groin acts as barrier to longshore transport
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Bergen Avenue Groin in Harvey Cedars, N.J., a storm protection structure that confines alongshore‐moving sediment to create wider beaches, has been found to act as a barrier to longshore sediment transport according to Michael S. Bruno, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N.J. Using a wave transformation‐shoreline evolution model, Bruno examined the effectiveness of an existing stone groin on a commercially and historically valuable beach. His findings were summarized at the 21st Union of Panamerican Engineers meeting hosted by the American Association of Engineering Societies held in Washington, D.C., August 19–24.Groins are low, narrow jetties made of timber, stone, concrete, or steel that extend roughly perpendicular to the shoreline. They are designed to protect the shore from erosion by currents, tides or waves, or to trap sand and littoral drift to build up or make a beach. The advantage of a groin is that it is a permanent solution to beach erosion, as opposed to the continuing process of beach replenishment required in nonstructural processes such as beachfills. This same permanence, however, is often the downfall of structural solutions because of the long‐term deleterious consequences associated with such devices.
Submarine groundwater discharge
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Measurement of groundwater discharge to rivers, lakes, estuaries, and oceans was the subject of a special session at the meeting of the North American Benthological Society, held at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va., May 22–25, 1990. The meeting was attended by more than 40 marine and aquatic ecologists, hydrologists, environmental engineers, and geophysicists and was organized by G. M. Simmons, Jr.Focus of the meeting was the advective flux of water and solute across sediment‐water interfaces. This important linkage between land and surface aquatic environments via groundwater is receiving increasing attention with requirements to identify and predict all impacts of natural and anthropogenic solute inputs to surface waters, even those hidden from view and long neglected. Papers covered a wide range and dealt with such topics as measurements of upward advective flow 20 km offshore in oceanic settings, solute transport into estuarine marshes, geoelectric estimates of groundwater discharge along 300 km of Lake Michigan coastline, field, and lab studies of both reactive and nonreactive solute in groundwater discharge to surface waters, and use of environmental isotopes to trace flow paths and determine residence times of water in catchments.
So NEAR, but yet so far
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid is set for launch on February 16. Of course, as gravity‐assisted space travel goes, its destination is a distant 4 years off.Part of NASA's Discovery Program, the Near‐Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) orbiter is designed to take up residence around the “Earth‐approaching” asteroid 433 Eros in early 1999. Discovered in 1898, Eros is the second‐largest of the near‐Earth asteroids, a group whose orbits pass near and sometimes cross Earth's path around the Sun. The asteroids are considered to be dead comets and fragments of asteroids jarred from the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. NEAR will orbit Eros for a year, studying its composition and physical properties.
Worth its salt?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The idea that all underground salt deposits can serve as storage sites for toxic and nuclear waste does not always hold water—literally. According to Daniel Ronen and Brian Berkowitz of Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science and Yoseph Yechieli of the Geological Survey of Israel, some buried salt layers are in fact highly conductive of liquids, suggesting that wastes buried in their confines could easily leech into groundwater and nearby soil.When drilling three wells into a 10,000‐year‐old salt layer near the Dead Sea, the researchers found that groundwater had seeped into the layer and had absorbed some of its salt.
Cracked cue ball
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2011

The latest images sent by the Galileo spacecraft reveal that the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa may have contained a layer of “warm ice” or even liquid water. In fact, planetologists are wondering if perhaps it still does.Photos taken earlier this summer show Europa to have a crust of smooth white and brown‐tinted ice scarred by long, jagged cracks; some scientists have said the moon looks like a cracked cue ball. “The scale of fracture patterns—extending a distance equivalent to the width of the western United States—dwarf the San Andreas fault in length and width,” said Ronald Greeley, a geologist from Arizona State University and a member of the Galileo imaging team. The cracks are believed to have been caused by the stress of tidal forces created by Jupiter's gravity. Warmth generated by tidal heating also may have been sufficient to soften or liquefy some of the ice.
Soaked
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2011

In 1996, the northeast region of the United States endured the wettest year since complete records were first kept in 1894, according to the Northeast Region Climate Center at Cornell University. The 12‐state average of 53.89 inches of precipitation broke the old recordof 51.34 inches, set in 1972 when Hurricane Agnes blew through the area. The normal yearly precipitation for the Northeast is 41.90 inches.Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia all set precipitation records in 1996; Connecticut, New Jersey, Delaware, and Vermont all ranked 1996 among the top five years of precipitation in state history. The wettest state, Massachusetts, was doused with 60.98 inches—it normally receives 45.39 inches of precipitation in a year.
High‐sodium comet
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

In mid‐April, astronomers in the Canary Islands discovered that Comet Hale‐Bopp has a tail composed of sodium atoms, in addition to the commonly known ion and dust tails. Although sodium atoms have been seen at the centers of other comets, this is the first observation of a comet tail consisting of sodium.The discovery by Gabriele Cremonese of the Padova Astronomical Observatory in Italy and Don Pollaco of the Isaac Newton Group of telescopes at the Canary Islands, came from images of Hale‐Bopp taken with a special wide‐field camera fitted with a filter that isolates emission from sodium atoms. The sodium atoms are distributed over an enormous region in and around Hale‐Bopp. It is not clear exactly how the sodium tail, which is 600,000 km wide and 50 million km long, was formed.
Scanning skies and ocean
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

On July 19, the new NOAA oceanographic research vessel, the Ronald H. Brown, was commissioned by Department of Commerce Secretary William M. Daley in Charleston, S.C. The 274‐foot ship was named after the late former Commerce Secretary who died in a plane crash in 1996, while on an overseas trade mission.Scientists will use advanced sampling and analytical instruments aboard the ship to collect atmospheric and ocean data that are critical to understanding global climate change. “With its Doppler radar, upper‐air sounding system, and wind profiler system, the Brown is a world‐class atmospheric research platform, making it unequaled in the domestic research fleet for sampling both the oceans and atmosphere and discovering the profound interactions that bind them,” said D. James Baker, Commerce undersecretary for oceans and atmosphere. The ship and its team of university and NOAA scientists departed from Charleston on July 21 for the its first scientific cruise.
Report outlines gender equity progress at MIT
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

In 1994, 3 tenured women faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) School of Sciences who were concerned about unequal treatment and the small percentage of women faculty there convinced the university to establish a committee to examine the issue.Now 5 years later, and after much research and focus on the issue, working conditions have improved and women faculty at the school total more than 10%, still a low number but a significant increase compared to a total that had been fairly fixed at about 8% for at least the last decade, according to a new report by the Committee on Women Faculty.
Recent Ph.D.s
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A council that includes the heads of 12 United States federal agencies involved in funding ocean research or developing ocean research policy has called for the establishment of a national integrated and sustained ocean observing system.Officials said the system should integrate new tools to monitor changes in the oceans' physical, biological, and chemical systems with the many already‐existing satellite and in situ observing elements. The system, they said, could improve long‐term climate forecasts, increase understanding of long and short‐term ocean phenomena, and help to answer some key questions concerning global warming.
Harnessing science and technology
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A new report by the National Research Council says that the United States' ability to convert science and technology into new products, jobs, and profits is being fueled by a strong research and development base and by a favorable economic climate.But the report cautions that serious deficiencies in pre‐college education and wavering support for basic research may erode the nation's ability to achieve sustained economic growth and improved living standards in the next century.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Werner Stumm, professor emeritus and former director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG), died April 14, 1999. He was 74 years old.Werner is remembered for coining the term “aquatic chemistry” and for introducing quantitative chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetic principles into the field of water science and technology. He transformed environmental chemistry by working from a molecular viewpoint and by concentrating on coordination chemistry at interfaces.
Soils and Geomorphology, Third Edition
Authors: Anderson Suzanne Prestrud 
Published: October 2011

In accepting the Kirk Bryan Award in 1988 from the Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology Division of the Geological Society of America, Pete Birkeland commented that he was passing the soil geomorphology baton on to the next generation. Fortunately for us, the hand‐off is still incomplete, as evidenced by the publication of a new third edition of his award winning book, Soils and Geomorphology.Birkeland's book is notable for being a survey of soil science from a geological perspective. Thus the focus is on field aspects of soil science, particularly on pedology the study of soil genesis. The book is studded with field examples, drawn from the literature and from his own nearly forty years of fieldwork in the American West and around the world. The issues he addresses are often geological in nature: dating landforms, reading past climates from information in soils, and using soils as stratigraphic markers. His philosophy is that the principles of soil genesis must be learned and understood before one can interpret the geological record in soils.
Harnessing methane
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The total methane resource in hydrates—ice‐like substances found in deep ocean sediments and Arctic permafrost—exceeds the energy content of all other fossil fuel resources,such as coal, oil, and conventional gas, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).The Methane Hydrate Research and Development Act, signed into law by U.S. President Bill Clinton on May 3, establishes a new federal commitment to developing methane hydrates, which has been touted as a potentially clean energy source that could make the U.S. less dependent on foreign sources of energy. The bill authorizes $47.5 million over five years for the Department of Energy to establish a federal methane hydrate research and development program.
Global warming at the summit
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

During the recent summit meeting between Russian President Vladimir Putin and U.S. President Bill Clinton, the two leaders reaffirmed their concerns about global warming and the need to continue to take actions to try to reduce the threat.In a June 4 joint statement, they stressed the need to develop flexibility mechanisms, including international emissions trading, under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. They also noted that initiatives to reduce the risk of greenhouse warming, including specific mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol, could potentially promote economic growth.
Group points to underlying causes of ecosystem, blodiversity loss
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Freshwater diversion, urban water pollution,and overfishing are leading to the decline of some of Pakistan's coastal mangrove ecosystems. In Mexico's Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, near the border of Guatemala, population growth and poverty are pushing forest clearing. Meanwhile, in Chilika Lake in southeast India, changes in economic policies and global markets have led to changes in commercial aquaculture that is partly responsible for the decline of local fisheries and the bird population.These are the conclusions of some of the 10 case studies contained in a World Wildlife Fund (WWF) report, issued on July 6, that examines forests, wetlands, steppes, mangroves, and other habitats to determine the underlying causes for biodiversity loss.
Geoscientists and students prepare for Earth Science Week
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Geoscientists throughout the world will be celebrating the third annual Earth Science Week, October 8–14, with field trips, demonstrations, lectures, films, school visits, open houses, and other activities intended to increase public understanding of the Earth sciences and their importance to society.Since the first Earth Science Week in 1998, the program has been supported by scientists throughout the United States and a dozen other countries. An estimated one million students have participated, and Earth Science Week materials have been used in more than 25,000 classrooms.
Ocean mixing studied near Hawaiian Ridge
Authors: Pinkel Robert , Munk Walter , Worcester Peter , Comuelle Bruce D. , Rudnick Daniel , Sherman Jeffrey , Filloux Jean H. , Dushaw Brian D. , Howe Bruce M. , Sanford Thomas B. , Lee Craig M. , Kunze Eric , Gregg Michael C. , Miller Jack B. , Merrifield Mark A. , Luther Douglas S. , Firing Eric , Brainard Rusty , Flament Pierre J. , Chave Alan D. , Moum James M. , Caldwell Douglas R. , Levine Murray D. , Boyd Timothy , Egbert Gary D. 
Published: October 2011

The Hawaii Ocean Mixing Experiment (HOME) is a grassroots program to study turbulent mixing processes near the Hawaiian Ridge. The HOME is motivated by the desire to understand diffusive aspects of the advective‐diffusive balance that mediates the general circulation of the oceans. HOME is focused on tidally driven mixing, given the ubiquity of the tide as a deep‐sea energy source.As the sea surface cools at high latitude, surface waters sink. Subsidence rate is sufficient to fill the worlds ocean with cold bottom water in approximately 3,000 years. Diffusive processes that transfer heat into the abyssal ocean are required to maintain a steady‐state thermal structure. An effective eddy diffusivity of order Kp=10−4 m2 s−1, 700 times the molecular diffusivity of heat, is necessary [Munk, 1966]. Such a diffusivity might be supported by either mechanical mixing (turbulent transport) or thermodynamic (so‐called doubly diffusive) processes.
How sick is the Spring AGU Meeting?
Authors: Goff John A. 
Published: October 2011

I confess—I missed Spring AGU this year. But who can be surprised? After all, I am in the Tectonophysics Section, and almost none of us showed up.Recently skimming the Spring 2000 AGU abstract volume, I was stunned to see that the Tectonophysics abstracts constituted only a bit more than twelve pages—slightly less than Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, and a touch more than Geodesy. What has become of us?
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Operational oceanography: Shall we dance?’”]
Authors: Mooers Christopher N. K. 
Published: October 2011

Stan Wilson and Muriel Cole have provided an instructive comment on my original essay (It was interesting to learn that they are performing ballet and not opera, and doing the jitterbug and tango and not the waltz and foxtrot, as could have been feared.)For example, they revealed that at least 1,317 NOAA employees (i.e., approximately 10% of their total workforce) are “operational oceanographers.” ( I would like to assume that they individually recognize their professional or functional identity) When taken together with Richard Spinrad's declared estimate of 2,800 “operational oceanographers” working for the Navy the United States has (neglecting any that may work for other agencies or the private sector) a minimum of 4,000 “operational oceanographers, ”which I believe the research and academic oceanographers will find surprisingly yet interestingly large.
Workshop discusses problems African scientists have in publishing their research
Authors: Jenkins Gregory S. , Diongue Aida 
Published: October 2011

Geoscientists from developing nations often encounter multiple obstacles in disseminating the results of their research to fellow scientists in other countries. Some of these obstacles as they pertain specifically to researchers from West Africa and proposals to overcome them were discussed as a component of a recent three‐day workshop. (However, these obstacles can be safely assumed to affect many geoscientists from developing countries, and from countries whose economies are in transition.)The purpose of the workshop, held in Washington, D.C. on July 27–29, was to examine scientific and social issues associated with climate variability and change in West Africa. It was attended by atmospheric scientists, and by some participants in the ocean sciences, from Algeria, Botswana, Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Zambia, and the United States, representing universities, research laboratories, and meteorological services. The common thread among them was active involvement in weather‐ and climate‐related research in West Africa.
Hazard alerts, delivered directly
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

March 27, 1994. Electronic media in northern Alabama broadcast a warning about a tornado 12 minutes before its touching down. Unfortunately none of the worshipers at the Palm Sunday service at the United Methodist Church in Goshen heard it, and 20 were killed.February 22–23, 1998. The U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) issued 14 late night and early morning tornado warnings for east central Florida. Still, 42 people died. They were either asleep during the warnings or did not own US. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) time‐alert weather radios.