bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the resistance of transgenic potato plants expressing various levels of Cry3A against the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay) in the laboratory and field
Authors: Zhou Zhaoxu , Pang Jinhuan , Guo Wenchao , Zhong Naiqin , Tian Yingchuan , Xia Guixian , Wu Jiahe 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:The Colorado potato beetle (CPB),Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay, is a destructive pest. The CPB is a quarantine pest in China, but has now invaded the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and is continuing to spread eastwards. To control the damage and overspreading, transgenic potato plants expressing Cry3A toxin were developed, and their resistance to CPB was evaluated by bioassays in the laboratory and field in 2009, 2010 and 2011.RESULTS:The insect resistance of the high‐dose (HD) transgenic lines was significantly greater than the middle‐dose (MD) and low‐dose (LD) transgenic lines regarding leaf consumption, biomass accumulation and mortality. The HD and MD transgenic lines showed 100% mortality when inoculated with first‐ and second‐instar larvae; however, the LD transgenic lines showed about 50% mortality. The HD transgenic lines exhibited a significantly higher yield than the MD and LD transgenic lines owing to their high CPB resistance.CONCLUSION:Commercially available transgenic potato plants with above 0.1% Cry3A of total soluble protein and NT control refugia could control damage, delay adaptation and halt dispersion eastwards. The two HD transgenic lines developed in this study, PAH1 and PAH2, are ideal for use as cultivars or germplasm to breed new cultivars. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessment of science learning: Living in interesting times
Authors: Pellegrino James W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBeginning with a reference to living in a time of both uncertainty and opportunity, this article presents a discussion of key areas where shared understanding is needed if we are to successfully realize the design and use of high quality, valid assessments of science. The key areas discussed are: (1) assessment purpose and use, (2) the nature of assessment and the importance of research on learning, (3) assessment design processes, (4) validity arguments, (5) measurement and statistical inference, (6) affordances of technology, and (7) systems of assessment. After introducing each vital area, the article discusses how each of the five articles in the special issue is connected to the areas. Concluding comments emphasize the reminder that despite the large amount of work to be done, we are well positioned to realize the high quality, valid science education assessments that we need for K‐16 science education. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 831–841, 2012
The Influence of interconnection capacity on the market value of wind power
Authors: Obersteiner Carlo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOne key prerequisite for reaching high wind shares in Europe is an expansion of the existing transmission grid. So far, grid studies focus on welfare effects and technical aspects of grid planning. In this paper, a stylized two‐system model is used to analyze principal effects of transmission grid expansions on the market value of wind power. When two markets with similar supply characteristics and wind shares but not perfectly correlated wind power generations are interconnected, the market value of wind power increases. For a more general case of an importing and exporting market, this is still true for overall wind power generation but not necessarily for generations in both markets. The reduction in generation cost due to the interconnection of markets with significant wind shares is highly sensitive to the correlation of wind power generations. These results have two major implications: (i) Wind power generators can manage the risk associated with market value changes due to interconnection capacity by distributing their portfolio across markets and (ii) when evaluating the economics of an interconnector proper modeling of wind power generation is crucial.This article is categorized under:

Energy Systems Economics > Economics and Policy
Energy Policy and Planning > Economics and Policy
Design of fuel‐cell micro‐cogeneration systems through modeling and optimization
Authors: Ang Sheila Mae C. , Brett Daniel J. L. , Staffell Iain , Hawkes Adam D. , Fraga Eric S. , Samsatli Nouri J. , Brandon Nigel P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMicro‐cogeneration is a promising technology that has the potential to lower energy costs and CO2 emissions in the residential housing sector. Among the different micro‐cogeneration technologies, fuel cells offer the potential benefits of the highest electrical efficiency, lowest emissions, and a heat‐to‐power ratio that is well suited for residential applications. The design of fuel‐cell micro‐cogeneration systems involves decision making in which trade‐offs are made between conflicting objectives. This paper illustrates the use of modeling and optimization in informing system design by generating different design alternatives that contain these trade‐offs, thus allowing the design engineers to make decisions in a quantitative and rational way.This article is categorized under:Fuel Cells and Hydrogen > Science and MaterialsFuel Cells and Hydrogen > Systems and Infrastructure
Communication and Social Deficits in Relatives of Individuals with SLI and Relatives of Individuals with ASD
Authors: Pickles Andrew , St Clair Michelle C. , Conti-Ramsden Gina 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We investigate two aspects of the autism triad, communication and social difficulties, in relatives of specific language impairment (SLI) probands (with and without additional autistic symptomatology) as compared to relatives of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Down’s syndrome (DS) probands. Findings involving 726 first degree relatives of 85 SLI, 99 ASD and 36 DS probands revealed a higher rate of communication difficulties in relatives of both subgroups of SLI probands compared to ASD and DS relatives. Similar levels of social deficits were found in relatives of SLI + ASD and ASD probands. There was a higher than would be expected rate (4.3 %) of ASD, particularly in siblings of SLI + ASD probands. Communication and social deficits appear to breed true in SLI and ASD.
Synthesis, Surface Active and Thermodynamic Parameters of Novel Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Asadov Ziyafaddin H. , Rahimov Ravan A. , Ahmadova Gulnara A. , Mammadova Khuraman A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractReactions of octanol, nonanol, decanol, and dodecanol with epichlorohydrin were carried out in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The synthesized non‐ionic surfactants were modified with triethanolamine. Surface activity at the water‐air interface and electrical conductivity of the resulting surfactants at 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C were determined and thermodynamic parameters of micellization and adsorption were calculated. It was established that the synthesized quaternary ammonium salts have the ability to localize thin crude oil films on the water surface formed due to spill.
La contraception masculine « verte »: mythe ou réalité ?
Authors: Debry J. -M. 
Published: July 2012

RésuméLe refus des solutions « chimiques », souvent jugées suspectes, mène un nombre croissant de contemporains à rechercher une alternative naturelle chaque fois qu’elle existe. Le domaine médical — et en particulier celui qui concerne la reproduction — échappe d’autant moins à cette aspiration qu’il s’y trouve des bases historiques multimillénaires. Il a également des justifications économiques dans tous les pays où l’accès aux médicaments est problématique, sinon illusoire. La contraception masculine n’est pas oubliée dans ce contexte; en particulier dans les pays émergents où la natalité élevée pose un problème de société. Des principes actifs extraits de plantes ont fait — et font encore-l’objet de recherches très circonstanciées. Il existe de bonnes raisons de penser que des solutions existent dans ce registre. Des tests menés in vivo chez l’animal (surtout), mais aussi in vitro sur des spermatozoïdes isolés concluent à l’existence d’effets centraux, périphériques ou spermicides significatifs. Les vertus thérapeutiques souvent multiples des plantes concernées mènent toutefois à rester vigilants pour ne pas associer, en cas d’utilisation systémique, un effet secondaire indésirable à l’effet contraceptif recherché.
A robustness testing approach for SOAP Web services
Authors: Laranjeiro Nuno , Vieira Marco , Madeira Henrique 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The use of Web services in enterprise applications is quickly increasing. In a Web services environment, providers supply a set of services for consumers. However, although Web services are being used in business-critical environments, there are no practical means to test or compare their robustness to invalid and malicious inputs. In fact, client applications are typically developed with the assumption that the services being used are robust, which is not always the case. Robustness failures in such environments are particularly dangerous, as they may originate vulnerabilities that can be maliciously exploited, with severe consequences for the systems under attack. This paper addresses the problem of robustness testing in Web services environments. The proposed approach is based on a set of robustness tests (including both malicious and non-malicious invalid call parameters) that is used to discover programming and design errors. This approach, useful for both service providers and consumers, is demonstrated by two sets of experiments, showing, respectively, the use of Web services Robustness testing from the consumer and the provider points of view. The experiments comprise the robustness testing of 1,204 Web service operations publicly available in the Internet and of 29 home-implemented services, including two different implementations of the Web services specified by the standard TPC-App performance benchmark. Results show that many Web services are deployed with critical robustness problems and that robustness testing is an effective approach to improve services quality.
Measurement and analysis of the cognitive‐behavioral model of generalized problematic Internet use among Mexican adolescents
Authors: Gámez‐Guadix Manuel , Villa‐George Fabiola I. , Calvete Esther 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to analyze the psychometric properties of the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 (GPIUS2) and to examine the cognitive‐behavioral theoretical model of problematic Internet use in a sample of 1491 Mexican adolescents (47.6% female, mean age = 14.51). Results showed that the GPIUS2 has adequate construct and convergent validity and internal consistency. Consistent with the hypotheses put forth by the cognitive‐behavioral model, the findings indicate that preference for online social interaction and the use of the Internet for mood regulation increased the probability of reporting deficient self‐regulation (i.e., compulsive Internet use and cognitive preoccupations with Internet use), which, in turn, was significantly associated with negative life outcomes. The fit of the model was adequate both for males and females, and there were no significant differences between them. Lastly, we discuss the contributions of this research to this field of study.
Preoperative music intervention for patients undergoing cesarean delivery
Authors: Li Yang , Dong Youjing 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of music played preoperatively in women undergoing elective cesarean delivery.MethodsSixty women undergoing elective cesarean delivery were randomized to a study group or a control group. Those in the study group listened to music for 30 minutes before surgery. All women underwent heart rate variability analysis and scored their anxiety and pain levels using the Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale and a visual analog pain scale.ResultsIn the study group the mean HRV, as measured by the low frequency power (LF) value and the LF to high frequency power (LF/HF) ratio during Holter assessment, was significantly less after the music intervention but was not significantly changed in the control group. Moreover, the mean HF value was significantly increased and the mean anxiety score was significantly decreased after the music intervention but not in the control group. Finally, the mean pain score obtained 6 hours after surgery was significantly lower in the study than in the control group.ConclusionA preoperative music intervention can reduce anxiety and pain in women undergoing cesarean delivery.
How category advertising norms and consumer counter‐conformity influence comparative advertising effectiveness
Authors: Barone Michael J. , Jewell Robert D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSurprisingly little research examines whether and how category advertising norms influence the effectiveness of comparative advertising. To address this void, the present research investigates if the persuasiveness of a particular comparative advertisement depends on whether or not it is viewed as a typical tactic that conforms to category advertising norms. Results from experiments 1 and 2 indicate that a comparative advertisement used in violation of category norms results in a persuasion penalty that is evidenced by a reduction in the ad's impact on brand attitudes. This effect of category norms on persuasion is shown to be mediated by evaluations of the comparative advertisement's appropriateness in the product category. A final experiment confirms this persuasion penalty with respect to consumers holding conformity‐based motives. However, this penalty is found to be reversed for individuals seeking counter‐conformity in the marketplace, who respond more favorably to a comparative advertisement when it violates rather than conforms to category norms.
Outcomes and Weight‐bearing Status During Rehabilitation After Arthroplasty for Hip Fractures
Authors: Siebens Hilary C. , Sharkey Phoebe , Aronow Harriet U. , Horn Susan D. , Munin Michael C. , DeJong Gerben , Smout Randall J. , Radnay Craig S. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo examine the association of weight‐bearing status with patient‐related variables and outcomes of inpatient rehabilitation after hip arthroplasty for acute hip fracture.DesignA multi‐site prospective observational cohort study.SettingEighteen skilled nursing and inpatient rehabilitation facilities.SubjectsPatients with hip fractures (N = 224) treated with hip arthroplasty and admitted to either skilled nursing or inpatient rehabilitation facilities; a subset (N = 84) with telephone follow‐up outcomes 8 months after rehabilitation discharge.MethodsMeasurements included demographic variables, medical severity using the Comprehensive Severity Index, and functional levels using the Functional Independence Measure.Main Outcomes MeasurementCognitive, motor, and total Functional Independence Measure scores at rehabilitation discharge and at 8‐month follow‐up; living location at discharge and follow‐up.ResultsPatients on average (standard deviation) were 76.8 ± 11.4 years old, mainly women (78%), and mainly white (87%). In unadjusted analysis, weight bearing as tolerated (WBAT) was associated with less osteoarthritis (P = .025) and lower admission medical severity (ACSI) (P = .014). One participating facility had a significant preponderance of restricted weight‐bearing cases. WBAT had no bivariate association with cognitive or motor function at discharge. Therapists cited restricted weight bearing as a barrier to therapy in 11% of cases. In logistic regressions, lower medical admission severity, older age, and one specified site significantly predicted WBAT (c statistic = 0.714). Significant predictors for home discharge included lower maximum severity (P < .001), younger age (P < .001), higher cognition (P = .037), and WBAT (P = .051) (c statistic = 0.863).ConclusionsWBAT is associated with a greater likelihood of home discharge and had similar functional outcomes compared with restricted weight bearing. These findings add support for allowing WBAT after arthroplasty for hip fracture.
Contact line dynamics and boundary layer flow during reflection of a solitary wave
Authors: Park Yong Sung , Liu Philip L.-F. , Chan I-Chi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this paper we present a set of wave flume experiments for a solitary wave reflecting off a vertical wall. A particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique is used to measure free-surface velocity and the velocity field in the vicinity of the moving contact line. We observe that the free surface undergoes the so-called rolling motion as the contact line moves up and down the vertical wall, and fluid particles on the free surface almost always flow toward the wall except at the end of the reflection process. As the contact line descends along the wall, wall boundary layer flows move in a downward direction and therefore the boundary layer acts like a conduit through which the surface-rolling-induced flow escapes from the meniscus. However, during the last phase of the reflection process flow reversal occurs inside the wall boundary layer. An approximate analytical solution is developed to explain the flow reversal feature. Very good agreement between the approximate theory and measured data is obtained. Because of the flow reversal, boundary layer flows collide with the surface-rolling-induced flows. The collision gives rise to a jet ejecting from the meniscus into the water body, which later evolves into a small eddy. It is noticed that the fluid particles in different regions such as the free stream, the free-surface boundary layer and the wall boundary layer, can be transported to other regions by passing through the meniscus.
PERCEPTION OF VULNERABILITY TO HIV INFECTION AMONG OLDER PEOPLE IN NAIROBI, KENYA: A NEED FOR INTERVENTION
Authors: CHEPNGENO-LANGAT GLORIA 
Published: July 2012

SummaryIt is evident that sexual activity tends to decrease with age. Nonetheless, it is still prevalent enough to be considered a risk factor for the spread of HIV among older people. This paper uses quantitative data for 2053 individuals to examine HIV risk perception and correlates of perceived risk among older people aged 50 years and older living in Nairobi slums. It emerged that a majority of older people did not consider themselves at risk of infection. Of those who felt at risk, a greater proportion sensed only a small chance of contracting HIV. Women cited ‘no sexual activity’ while men mentioned ‘having only one and/or a faithful sexual partner’ as the primary reasons for perceiving minimal risk of HIV infection. There were no differences by sex in the basis for perceiving moderate-to-great risk of infection. Religion is a key factor in risk perception with Muslims perceiving higher levels of risk and, conversely, devotees irrespective of faith perceiving lower levels of risk. Older people willing to be tested for HIV had a decreased likelihood of perceived risk compared with those unwilling to be tested. This paper recommends evaluation of older people's perception of risk in order to better inform interventions aimed at minimizing their vulnerability to HIV infection.
Arterial hypertension in school-aged children in western Romania
Authors: Chirita-Emandi Adela , Puiu Maria , Gafencu Mihai , Pienar Corina 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo describe the current prevalence of paediatric hypertension and the relationships between body mass index, gender, place of residence, and blood pressure in a population of school-aged children from western Romania.Material and methodA total of 3626 children from Timisoara and the surrounding regions were examined by medical students from February, 2010 to June, 2011. Children's body mass index was interpreted on the basis of reference guidelines from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Blood pressure measurements were taken by the auscultation method. For defining elevated blood pressure, we used the standards published in the Fourth Report.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of overweight was 14% and 11.8% for obesity. Boys had a higher prevalence of both overweight and obesity compared with girls. The prevalence of hypertension on our screening was 9.1% higher in boys and urban residence. The prevalence of pre-hypertension was 6.5%. With regard to body mass index, 21.1% of obese, 12.8% of overweight, and 7.1% of normal weight children presented hypertension. The strongest determinant of hypertension was body mass index percentile. Significant odds ratio was found for obesity (3.93; confidence interval: 3.11–4.95), urban residence (1.68; confidence interval: 1.35–2.1), and male gender (1.34; confidence interval: 1.12–1.6).ConclusionsThe results confirm a worrisome prevalence of overweight and obesity among children in Romania, accompanied by an alarming prevalence of hypertension. Overweight and obesity, male gender, and urban residence were the major contributing factors for the overall high prevalence of hypertension found. Our results point to the urgent need to adopt strategies aimed at preventing hypertension and obesity in children in Romania.
Invited Review Article: Technology for Attosecond Science
Authors: Frank F. , Arrell C. , Witting T. , Okell W. A. , McKenna J. , Robinson J. S. , Haworth C. A. , Austin D. , Teng H. , Walmsley I. A. , Marangos J. P. , Tisch J. W. G. 
Published: July 2012

We describe a complete technological system at Imperial College London for Attosecond Science studies. The system comprises a few-cycle, carrier envelope phase stabilized laser source which delivers sub 4 fs pulses to a vibration-isolated attosecond vacuum beamline. The beamline is used for the generation of isolated attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) at kilohertz repetition rates through laser-driven high harmonic generation in gas targets. The beamline incorporates: interferometers for producing pulse sequences for pump-probe studies; the facility to spectrally and spatially filter the harmonic radiation; an in-line spatially resolving XUV spectrometer; and a photoelectron spectroscopy chamber in which attosecond streaking is used to characterize the attosecond pulses. We discuss the technology and techniques behind the development of our complete system and summarize its performance. This versatile apparatus has enabled a number of new experimental investigations which we briefly describe.
Fibrillation precursor of superoxide dismutase 1 revealed by gradual tuning of the protein-folding equilibrium
Authors: Lang Lisa , Kurnik Martin , Danielsson Jens , Oliveberg Mikael 
Published: July 2012

Although superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) stands out as a relatively soluble protein in vitro, it can be made to fibrillate by mechanical agitation. The mechanism of this fibrillation process is yet poorly understood, but attains considerable interest due to SOD1’s involvement in the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this study, we map out the apoSOD1 fibrillation process from how it competes with the global folding events at increasing concentrations of urea: We determine how the fibrillation lag time (τ
lag
) and maximum growth rate (ν
max
) depend on gradual titration of the folding equilibrium, from the native to the unfolded state. The results show that the agitation-induced fibrillation of apoSOD1 uses globally unfolded precursors and relies on fragmentation-assisted growth. Mutational screening and fibrillation
m
-values (∂ log τ
lag
/∂[urea] and ∂ log ν
max
/∂[urea]) indicate moreover that the fibrillation pathway proceeds via a diffusely bound transient complex that responds to the global physiochemical properties of the SOD1 sequence. Fibrillation of apoSOD1, as it bifurcates from the denatured ensemble, seems thus mechanistically analogous to that of disordered peptides, save the competing folding transition to the native state. Finally, we examine by comparison with in vivo data to what extent this mode of fibrillation, originating from selective amplification of mechanically brittle aggregates by sample agitation, captures the mechanism of pathological SOD1 aggregation in ALS.