bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alimentary tract lesions in Cowden's disease
Authors: Taylor Andrew J. , Dodds Wylie J. , Stewart Edward T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Cowden's disease was first recognized by its striking dermatological manifestations and subsequently by the increased incidence of neoplastic involvement of the thyroid and breast. Two cases of Cowden's disease with gastrointestinal polyps are presented to illustrate the alimentaiy tract involvement in this syndrome, gastrointestinal tract involvement with polyposis being seen in at least 50% of cases. As opposed to the more serious potential of neoplasia in the thyroid and breast, involvement of the alimentary tract has negligible clinical impact to the patient.
Surface heating of diagnostic ultrasound transducers
Authors: Duck F. A. , Starritt H. C. , ter Haar G. R. , Lunt M. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Surface temperatures of a variety of transducers used with common commercial ultrasonic diagnostic equipment have been measured. Transducers operating in imaging mode, in both continuous and pulsed Doppler modes, and in mixed modes were investigated. A total of 30 transducers and scan-heads used with equipment from 10 manufacturers were examined, including a range of array types, mechanical sectors and continuous-wave Doppler transducers. Measurements were made using an infrared radiometer, or a thermocouple probe, with the transducers operating in air. Surface temperatures of 13 transducers operating in imaging mode were found to be in the range 0.0–13.1°C above ambient after 5 min operation. Some transducers operating in pulsed Doppler mode reached considerably higher temperatures. The most extreme example increased the surface temperature by 36.5°C after 1 min and reached a steady-state temperature of almost 80°C. Transducers operating at these temperatures cannot be retained on the skin of a conscious subject without pain, and will cause skin burns within a brief period of time. A linear relationship has been demonstrated between temperature increase and spatial-average acoustic intensity. The rate of increase in air was found to be about 10 times greater for pulsed arrays than for continuous-wave Doppler transducers.
Ultrasonographic appearances of parathyroid carcinoma
Authors: Daly B. D. , Coffey S. L. , Behan M. 
Published: July 2009

Real-time ultrasonography of the neck is currently recommended as an initial imaging technique in the investigation of hyperparathyroidism (Butch et al, 1985). Pathological parathyroid glands in patients with hyperparathyroidism may be detected with an overall accuracy of 93% (Graif etal, 1987). Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare tumour, which accounts for 1–4% of all cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (Schantz & Castleman, 1973; van Heerden et al, 1979). Although the sonographic features of carcinoma of the parathyroid have been reported recently (Kinoshita et al, 1985; Edmunson et al, 1986), the conclusions have been conflicting. We describe the sonographic appearances of parathyroid carcinoma in two patients with evidence of invasion of surrounding structures, and discuss the brief literature on the use of ultrasound for the pre-operative diagnosis of this rare tumour. Scans were performed with a real-time electronically focused, linear array probe with a water-bath.
A 45-year-old woman was admitted for investigation of a lump on the left side of her neck. She had no symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. A small nodule was palpable in the left lobe of the thyroid gland. Physical examination was otherwise normal. Routine biochemistry showed an elevated serum calcium of 3.75 mmol/litre (normal range 2.20–2.63 mmol/litre). Ultrasound of the neck demonstrated an irregular 3 cm × 2 cm × 2 cm solid mass in the posterior aspect of the left lobe of the thyroid, extending to the common carotid artery and to the pre-vertebral muscles, with which there was no interface (Fig. 1).
Ovarian failure following abdominal irradiation in childhood: the radiosensitivity of the human oocyte
Authors: Wallace W. H. B. , Shalet S. M. , Hendry J. H. , Morris-Jones P. H. , Gattamaneni H. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ovarian function has been studied sequentially since 1975 in 19 patients treated in childhood for an intra-abdominal tumour with surgery and whole abdominal radiotherapy (total dose 30 Gy). Eleven patients received chemotherapeutic agents that are not known to cause gonadal dysfunction. All but one patient have developed ovarian failure with persistently elevated gonadotrophin levels (FSH and LH &gt;32 IU/litre) and low serum oestradiol values (&lt;40 pmol/litre) before the age of 16 years. The majority (n = 12) did not progress beyond breast stage I without sex steroid replacement therapy. As the number of oocytes within the ovary declines exponentially by atresia from approximately 2 000 000 at birth to approximately 2000 at the menopause, we have been able to estimate that the LD50 for the human oocyte does not exceed 4 Gy.
Ultrasound-guided chemical parathyroidectomy in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: a prospective study
Authors: Karstrup Steen , Transbøl Ib , Holm Hans Henrik , Glenthøj Anders , Hegedüs Laszlo 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Twenty of 31 consecutive ultrasound examined patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were selected for treatment with ultrasound-guided percutaneous injection of ethanol (96%) into biopsy-verified solitary parathyroid tumours following a strict protocol with regard to dose, number of treatments and a minimum of 6 months follow-up. Of 18 patients completing the above protocol, a biochemical improvement was observed in 12, of whom eight became normocalcaemic during the follow-up period of 6 months after the last treatment. An obvious clinical improvement was seen in eight of the patients. In four patients, a unilateral vocal cord paralysis was observed, but was permanent in only one patient. Progressive fibrosis of the parathyroid tumours following injections impeded the intraglandular dissemination of ethanol. Another problem noted was the inability of ultrasound to detect multiglandular involvement. We find ultrasound-guided chemical parathyroidectomy an attractive alternative to surgery in patients who are not well suited for surgical intervention. However, the technique has not been fully developed, and in the present study, possible improvements are indicated.
Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of spinal tumours
Authors: Rothwell C. I. , Jaspan T. , Worthington B. S. , Holland I. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The use of gadolinium diethylenetriamine-penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) (Magnevist) enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (0.15 T) in the assessment of spinal tumours is described. Thirty-five patients were entered into the study and a total of 39 examinations were performed. The information obtained from unenhanced T 1 and T 2-weighted spin–echo sequences was compared with the Gd-DTPA-enhanced T 1 images. Thirty patients had intradural lesions and five had extradural lesions. A variable pattern of enhancement of intramedullary tumours was found, which in part reflected differences in the cystic component of the lesions. Extramedullary intra- and extradural lesions generally showed marked enhancement. The greatest contribution to management decisions was in the evaluation of intramedullary tumours where the use of contrast enhancement facilitated the precise localization of active tumour, differentiation of cystic and solid components of tumour, separation of tumour from peritumoral oedema and, in cases of suspected recurrence, aided distinction between tumour and both post-operative scarring and radiation damage.
Randomized trial of laser-assisted passage through occluded femoro-popliteal arteries
Authors: Jeans W. D. , Murphy P. , Hughes A. O. , Horrocks M. , Baird R. N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A randomized trial was carried out in patients with occlusions of the femoro-popliteal artery to compare the passage of metal-tipped optical fibres with guide wires and catheters through the occlusions, prior to balloon angioplasty. The study was in a provincial English teaching hospital providing a vascular service for the area. Fifty patients were entered; 25 into the “laser” group and 25 into the “control” group. End points were (a) the success in passage through the occlusion and (b) the outcome 1 month after passage. Comparison of the groups showed no appreciable difference between the two methods with regard to age, sex, symptoms, incidence of diabetes, or previous myocardial infarctions. Successful passage through the occlusion followed by dilatation was achieved in 18 (72%) patients in the laser group and 20 (80%) in the control group. After 1 month, 13 (52%) arteries in the laser group were patent compared to 13 (57%) in the control group. Confidence limits for the difference in success of passage are − 15% to + 31%, and −24% to + 33% for patency after 1 month. Since these limits include zero, it is unlikely that a longer trial would alter the difference between the two methods. The results suggest that the laser system currently in use is no better than conventional methods.
Prognostic factors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a review of 759 patients
Authors: Sham Jonathan S. T. , Choy D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe records of 759 Stage I to IV nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients seen between January 1976 and December 1983 were reviewed. There were 72 (9.5%), 162 (21.3%), 317 (41.8%) and 208 (27.4%) patients with Stage I, II, III and IV disease, respectively. Ho's stage classification was found to give a reliable prognosis. The actuarial survival at 5 and 10 years for Stage I, II, III and IV disease was 80.8%, 71.5%, 40.7%, 17.7% and 33.4%, 48.4%, 30.0%, 9.5%, respectively. The significant factors affecting survival were found using Cox multivariate analysis, N and T stages, the size and degree of fixation of neck nodes, sex, age, the presence of cranial nerve palsy and ear symptoms at presentation. Bilateral neck node involvement, histology subtypes of tumour, headache and nasal symptoms at presentation, the difference in radiation dose to the primary tumour and the neck, the initial haemoglobin and white blood count were not significant factors in the present study. The N stage was found to be prognostically significant even among patient groups stratified for the size and degree of fixation of the neck nodes involved. Women bad a better survival rate than men, and the survival of patients less than 40 years old was better than those who were older at 5 years, although by 10 years the survival for the two groups was comparable.
Book reviews
Authors: Rees Michael R. 
Published: July 2009

Although digital vascular imaging has been with us for several years, the cardiac applications of this technique have been limited by the need for high frame rates required for cine cardiac imaging. In the past only tape based systems such as the Siemens angiotron have been able to give subtracted images at 25 or 50 frames a second. These systems suffer from the disadvantage of limited post processing and analytical facilities. As newer systems become available there will be an increased interest in cardiac applications of digital imaging.
This book is a collection of papers by different authors with the aim as outlined in the introduction of “bringing together the work of many of the investigators throughout the world who initiated and continue to advance the field of cardiac digital angiography”. There are 19 chapters, and 24 contributing authors from 14 centres predominantly in the USA but with contributions from Switzerland, West Germany and Australia.
Galactocele of the breast: radiologic and ultrasonographic findings
Authors: Salvador Rafael , Salvador Manuel , Jimenez Jose A. , Martinez Manuel , Casas Lourdes 
Published: July 2009

A galactocele is a benign lesion of the breast, denned as an encysted collection of milk products. It is usually found in young women during lactation, although it has also been described in girls and men (Vabderschueren- Lodeweycky et al, 1979). The quantity of milk is almost always limited, although an excess may sometimes lead to signs of pressure.A case of a galactocele is reported, together with its radiological and ultrasound findings.
Cineradiography of a cracking joint
Authors: Watson Peter , Mollan Raymond A. B. 
Published: July 2009

Human synovial joints are superb bearings which operate on a mixture of boundary and fluid-film lubrication mechanisms. The fluid in the joint, though present in very small amounts, is subjected to a wide range of pressures, from highly positive during loading to negative during rest and parts of the walking cycle. Just as the pressure in the synovial fluid is raised when the joint faces move towards each other, the pressure is lowered as they move apart.
Cavitation is a well documented engineering phenomenon (Knapp et al, 1970) which describes the growth and collapse of gas or vapour bubbles in a liquid. Gaseous cavitation occurs where bubbles grow by gaseous diffusion, for example in carbonated drinks, and is usually harmless. Vapourous cavitation occurs where the local pressure in a liquid drops to its vapour pressure. Bubbles of vapour are then formed, often explosively. This form of cavitation can be extremely noisy and harmful because the vapour bubbles are unstable and collapse violently when a higher ambient pressure is encountered. Fluid machinery such as propellers, pumps and valves are highly susceptible to erosion from this mechanism.
The cracking sound produced by synovial joints has been the subject of scientific curiosity for many years. Roston and Wheeler-Haines (1947) were the first to make a study of the distracting loads needed to produce the sound from the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint. Mennel (1947) mentioned that the MCP joint frequently cracked during rigorous examination or therapeutic manipulation.
Book reviews
Authors: Hall Christine M. 
Published: July 2009

As expected of an atlas, the illustrations in this second edition of a Radiologic Atlas of Pulmonary Abnormalities in Children are excellent. The authors, all radiologists, present a valuable collection of radiographs unsurpassed by other texts.
Whilst the radiograph still provides the single most important examination of the chest, many other imaging modalities have been illustrated where appropriate. These include xerography, computed tomography, angiography, ultrasound, contrast studies including bronchography and some histology.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: pattern of skeletal metastases
Authors: Sham Jonathan S. T. , Cheung Y. K. , Chan F. L. , Choy D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The records of 153 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with skeletal metastases were reviewed. The skeletal system was the most common site of distant metastases. The patients who developed skeletal metastases were significantly younger than those without skeletal metastases, although there was no difference between sexes. The pattern of skeletal involvement conforms to the general pattern, the spine and pelvis being the common sites. The first region of involvement was lumbar spine (28.4%), then dorsal spine (27.7%), sacrum and pelvis (16.3%), femur (9.9%), rib and sternum (7.8%), humerus (5.0%), cervical spine (3.5%) and skull vault (1.4%). Radiologically, the lesions were lytic in 66.0%, mixed lytic and sclerotic in 12.8% and sclerotic in 21.2%. The time to development of symptomatic skeletal metastases of mixed or sclerotic nature was significantly longer than lytic lesions, and patients with mixed or sclerotic metastases also had better survival.
Radiotherapy of Morbus Gorham—Stout: the biological value of low irradiation dose
Authors: Handl-Zeller L. , Hohenberg G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Morbus Gorham–Stout is a very rare disease. A patient with this disease was treated at the University Clinic of Radiobiology in Vienna. The clinical and radiological findings place special emphasis on the radiotherapeutic treatment, and the biological basis of the recommended dose is discussed.
Ultrasound evaluation of ectopic pregnancy including correlation with human chorionic gonadotrophin levels
Authors: Chambers S. E. , Muir B. B. , Haddad N. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A total of 267 patients referred for ultrasound examination because of clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy were studied prospectively. The outcome was correlated with the ultrasound findings and human chorionic gonadotrophin levels using a quantitative serum assay. The value of the following in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy are assessed: ultrasound criteria for early diagnosis of intrauterine pregnancy before visualization of a viable fetus, the discriminatory zone of hCG and extrauterine abnormalities.
The range of bone density in normal British women
Authors: Hall M. L. , Heavens J. , Cullum I. D. , Ell P. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A study to determine the range of bone density in British females was carried out on a group of 165 normal women. The results showed an increase in mineral content with peak values occurring in the fourth decade (mean 1.06 g/cm2; 95% confidence limits 0.783–1.343) and subsequent decline with increasing age. There was no significant effect from any risk factor but strict exclusion criteria were applied. The results from each age group were compared with those from the USA and showed a difference in the timing of peak bone density (third decade for the USA). Age-matched, clinically well-defined normal controls should be used for comparison with groups of patients in future studies.
The use of small fraction numbers in high dose-rate gynaecological afterloading: some radiobiological considerations
Authors: Dale R. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Using commonly assumed α/β ratios for tumours and late-reacting tissues, the linear-quadratic (LQ) model has been used to compare low dose-rate (LDR) gynaecological treatment with high dose-rate (HDR) techniques given in small fraction numbers. Even in the absence of relatively favourable tissue recovery constants (μ values) it is shown that, provided a modest extra amount of geometrical sparing of critical tissues is available (by means of spacing or shielding), HDR treatment in a small number of fractions may be used in place of an LDR regime without loss of therapeutic ratio. This general result, although not universally true, does indicate that HDR treatment delivered in a small number of fractions may be more feasible than is sometimes thought. These findings do not contradict currently accepted radiobiological philosophy, which cautions against the use of small numbers of high-dose fractions. Primarily they serve to emphasize the importance of the recommendations of the ICRU (1985), which stress the need to consider the complete time–dose pattern of radiation delivery to all the critical tissues in an intracavitary treatment.
Congenital biliary dilatation: a spectrum of disease detailed by ultrasound
Authors: Young William , Blane Caroline , White Susan J. , Polley Theodore Z. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Recently we have examined six children with the diagnosis of choledochal cyst who demonstrate a greater spectrum of biliary involvement than expected. Classically choledochal cysts have been divided into types and subtypes based on the configuration of common bile duct dilatation; however, this simplified information is misleading since surgical management is dependent on the exact extent of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary abnormalities. The pre-operative ultrasound examination must be meticulous to provide enough pertinent anatomic details. Much of the intrahepatic anatomy is not visualized at surgery nor on the operative cholangiograms where reflux of contrast into the intrahepatic ducts may not be consistently achieved.
The effect of Captopril on benign and malignant reactions in irradiated rat skin
Authors: Ward W. F. , Molteni A. , Ts'ao C. , Hinz J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor Captopril on the severity of radiation-induced epilation and moist desquamation and the incidence of skin tumours was determined for up to 52 weeks in male rats. The irradiation consisted of a range of single doses (0, 10, 20, 30 Gy) of 60Co gamma rays to a 3.5 cm2 right hemithorax port. Half of each radiation dose group consumed control powdered chow, and half consumed chow containing Captopril (50 mg/kg/day) continuously after irradiation. There were time- and radiation-dose-dependent increases in all three skin reactions. Rats exposed to 10 Gy exhibited a mild and transient epilation, but no moist desquamation or neoplasia in the radiation port. In animals exposed to 30 Gy, however, epilation began at 2 weeks after irradiation, reached a peak at approximately 7 weeks, then persisted essentially unchanged through 52 weeks. Captopril had no significant effect on the epilation reaction. Two waves of moist desquamation were observed after 30 Gy. The first appeared at 3 weeks after irradiation, reached a peak from 6−10 weeks, then subsided partially but significantly from 12−26 weeks. The second wave of moist desquamation began at 26−28 weeks, often was ulcerative, and occasionally was accompanied by the appearance of tumours in the irradiated volume. Captopril significantly (p &lt;0.05) reduced the severity of both phases of the moist desquamation reaction after 30 Gy, and reduced the percentage of animals exhibiting the most severe desquamation score (involving 50% of the radiation port). Of particular interest was the observation that Captopril also reduced the incidence of tumours. Of the 14 tumours detected, all were malignant (fibrosarcomas, squamous cell carcinomas), and only three (p &lt;0.05) occurred in rats receiving Captopril. Multiple tumours (three cases), tumours induced by 20 Gy (three cases), and tumours appearing before 6 months (one case) were observed only in rats consuming control diet, never in Captopriltreated animals. Animals which developed tumours in the second 6 months post-irradiation exhibited significantly more severe moist desquamation during the first 6 months than did the tumour-free members of their treatment group. Thus Captopril, known to ameliorate acute lung damage in irradiated rats, also reduces chronic benign and malignant skin reactions in the radiation treatment field.
Raynaud's disease in childhood with radiological features
Authors: Shono T. , Okadome K. , Naritomi G. , Suita S. 
Published: July 2009

There have been many descriptions of Raynaud's phenomenon in adults (Allen & Brown, 1932; Gifford & Hines, 1957), but Raynaud's phenomenon has been only rarely reported in childhood, and Raynaud's disease itself is even more rare (Guntheroth et al, 1967; Burns et al, 1985). We describe here a 5-year-old boy with Raynaud's disease who had a 4-month history of pain, coldness and pallor of fingers in both hands on exposure to coldness. His right trans-femoral axillary arteriogram showed distal vascular abnormalities which were considerable owing to the peripheral arterial spasm. He had neither clinical haematological and serological evidence of collagen disease nor any other systemic disease, and has been successfully treated with oral prostaglandin El analogue (limaprost).A 5-year-old boy noticed the first signs of Raynaud's phenomenon after developing paleness, coldness and pain in the fingers of both hands about 4 months before admission to our hospital. The symptoms occurred on exposure to coldness and were relieved by warming. An epidermal ulceration was also found on the tip of his right middle finger (Fig. 1).