bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Language Models Think Like Doctors?
Authors: McCoy Liam G. , Swamy Rajiv , Sagar Nidhish , Wang Minjia , Cao James , Bacchi Stephen , Fong Nigel , Tan Nigel CK , Tan Kevin , Buckley Thomas A. , Brodeur Peter , Celi Leo Anthony , Manrai Arjun , Humbert Aloysius , Rodman Adam 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundWhile large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly deployed for clinical decision support, existing evaluation methods like medical licensing exams fail to capture critical aspects of clinical reasoning including reasoning in dynamic clinical circumstances. Script Concordance Testing (SCT), a decades-old medical assessment tool, offers a nuanced way to assess how new information influences diagnostic and therapeutic decisions under uncertainty.MethodsWe developed a comprehensive and publicly available benchmark comprising 750 SCT questions from 10 internationally diverse medical datasets—9 previously unreleased—spanning multiple specialties and institutions. Each question presents a clinical scenario then asks how new information affects the likelihood of a diagnosis or management decision, scored against expert panels (Figure 1). We evaluated four state-of-the-art LLMs against the combined responses of 1070 medical students, 193 resident physicians, and 300 attending physicians in total across all datasets.ResultsLLMs demonstrated markedly lower performance on SCTs compared to their typical achievement on medical multiple choice benchmarks. GPT-4o achieved the highest performance (63.6% ± 1.2%), significantly outperforming other models (Claude-3.5 Sonnet: 58.8% ± 1.2%, o1-preview: 58.5% ± 1.3%, Gemini-1.5-Pro: 54.4% ± 1.4%). Models matched or exceeded student performance on multiple examinations, but did not reach the level of senior residents or attending physicians (Figure 2). Surprisingly, the integrated-chain-of-thought o1-preview model underperformed compared to GPT-4o, a contrast with their relative performance on other medical benchmarks.ConclusionsSCT represents a challenging and distinctive benchmark for evaluating LLM clinical reasoning capabilities, revealing limitations not apparent in traditional MCQ-based assessments. This work demonstrates the value of SCT in providing a more nuanced evaluation of medical AI systems and highlights specific areas where current models may fall short in clinical reasoning tasks. We are making our benchmark publicly available in a secure format to foster collaborative improvement of clinical reasoning capabilities in LLMs.Brief SummaryWhile large language models excel at traditional medical knowledge tests, their performance on our new public Script Concordance Test benchmark reveals important limitations in clinical reasoning capabilities, particularly in processing new information under uncertainty.
A Delphi Process to Determine the Bellwether Procedures for Trauma Systems Globally: A Study Protocol
Authors: Bath MF , Edmiston T , Amoako J , Ratnayake A , Bagaria D , Menon R , Wohlgemut J , McKenna M , Bateman K , Hancorn K , Shepherd J , Yoong S , Hobbs L , Smith BG , Whiffin C , Hardcastle TC , Morris A Conway , Weiser T , Bashford T 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIntroductionTraumatic injuries are responsible for a huge amount of mortality, morbidity, and disability globally. Within global surgery, Bellwether procedures have previously been identified to measure the surgical proficiency of a hospital or a region, however traumatic injuries often have distinct epidemiological and demographic patterns, compared to routine surgical care. Using a focused set of procedures or processes to measure trauma performance could allow for improved trauma assessments and outcomes on a global scale.MethodologyAn international Delphi study will be conducted in attempt gain consensus on the optimal procedures and processes that can be used to assess the performance of trauma care within any region or hospital worldwide. Recognised guidelines for conducting the Delphi process will be followed, comprising of 3 separate rounds and participation from a public and patient involvement (PPI) group. Respondents will be identified through pre-existing collaborative networks and research partners, to ensure adequate global representation from across the trauma care pathway. The final Bellwether procedures will be those that have shown consensus in agreement and in stability throughout successive roundsDiscussionThis Delphi process aims to identify the optimal Bellwether metrics that could be used to assess trauma care worldwide. Using a focused set of procedures or processes to assess trauma performance globally will reduce complexity and improve ease of use compared to current methods.
Identification of V0g propriospinal neurons and their role in locomotor control
Authors: Toscano Elisa , Giomi Maddalena , Evtushenko Nadezhda , Santuz Alessandro , Lowenstein Elijah David , Birchmeier Carmen , Zampieri Niccolò 
Published: February 2025

SummaryPropriospinal neurons relay sensory and motor information across the spinal cord and are critical components of the circuits coordinating body movements. Their diversity and roles in motor control are not clearly defined yet. In this study, by combining anatomical, molecular, and functional analyses in mice, we identified and characterized an ascending subtype of propriospinal neurons belonging to the Pitx2+V0 family of spinal neurons. We found that Pitx2+ascending neurons are integrated in spinal sensorimotor circuits and their function is important for the execution of precise limb movements required for effectively moving in challenging environments, like walking on a horizontal ladder or a balance beam. This work advances our understanding of the functional organization of propriospinal and V0 neurons, highlighting a previously unappreciated role in adjusting body movements to the more demanding needs of skilled locomotor tasks.
Differential Roles of Broadly Expressed Transcription Factors in Early Cardiac Cell Specification
Authors: Abbasi Shiva , Chrysostomou Evangelia , Tegousis Georgios , Espinosa Oscar Villasana , Conley Rie , Koromila Theodora 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAll developmental processes are well-orchestrated and coordinated by numerous developmentally associated genes that determine the various cell fates and tissue differentiation. The transcriptional regulation early in life is extremely dynamic and the genes implicated at those early time points work cooperatively forming multi-directional gene networks, which remain a subject of ongoing research attempting to describe their mechanisms. Previous studies have shown the gene regulation dynamics in cardiac cells, after gastrulation, but these regulatory events remained unclear before the onset of gastrulation. In this study, we focused on the role of Odd-paired (Opa/ZIC3) and Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)/RBPJ), in regulating cardiac genes before the onset of gastrulation. Our results showed that unlike the non-significant changes in expression levels between nc14C and nc14D in Opa knockdown embryos, expression patterns were changed. Additionally, our results showed that Opa regulatesslpandoddbefore gastrulation, which confirms our hypothesis of Opa regulating important genes for cardiac cell specification during cellularization. Our findings suggested that, in low levels of Opa, Su(H) inhibits Opa activity, but at later stages, when Opa levels are elevated, Opa overcomes Su(H) repressing role and acts as an activator. These observations enhance our understanding of cell specification and may offer insights into how this regulatory mechanism influences the onset of cardiac impairments by disrupting key cardiac target genes.
Motivational control is implemented by a cingulo-prefrontal pathway
Authors: Gandaux Clémence , Sallet Jérôme , Amiez Céline , Autran-Clavagnier Delphine , Morel-Latour Valentine , Goussi-Denjean Clément , Fontanier Vincent , Misery Pierre , Lamy Camille , Lamberton Frank , Lavigne Marina , Kremer Eric J. , Wilson Charles.R. E. , Procyk Emmanuel 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe neuronal connections between the midcingulate cortex (MCC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) are associated with multiple cognitive functions, including rapid and long-term adaptive processes. Here we show that DREADD-mediated activation of MCC to dlPFC projection in macaques led to increased engagement in a foraging task, but did not alter their trial-to-trial adaptive strategy. We conclude that a critical role for MCC-dlPFC pathway is in the temporally extended control of behaviour rather than in rapid adaptation.
Effects of treadmill exercise on retinal vascular morphology, function, and circulating immune factors in a mouse model of retinal degeneration
Authors: Haupt Hayden B. , Nickerson John M. , Boatright Jeffrey H. , Pardue Machelle T. , Bales Katie L. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTPurposeExercise is neuroprotective in rodents undergoing retinal degeneration (RD). However, the effects of exercise on retinal vasculature remain unexplored. Here, we investigate whether treadmill exercise influences retinal vascular morphology, function, gene expression, and circulating factors in a light-induced retinal degeneration (LIRD) mouse model.Methods6-week-old female BALB/c mice were assigned to inactive+dim, active+dim, inactive+LIRD and active+LIRD groups (n=20 per group). Active mice were treadmill exercised (1hr/d 10m/min) for two weeks, then LIRD was induced (5000 lux/4hrs). Inactive mice were placed on a static treadmill. Retinal neurovascular coupling was measured with functional hyperemia (FH) and vascular morphology using OCT-A. Vascular gene expression was quantified from isolated retinal endothelial cells using ddPCR five days following LIRD. Serum was collected for circulating cytokine and chemokine analyses. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA.ResultsRetinal vessel vasodilation was significantly increased in active+LIRD mice compared to inactive+LIRD mice. Superficial and intermediate/deep vascular plexi from inactive+LIRD mice had significantly decreased vessel density and total vessel length, with increased numbers of end points and lacunarity compared to active groups. Isolated retinal endothelial cell gene expression varied among groups. Most notably, Active+LIRD mice had a distinct immune response profile, with increased expression of IL-6, KC, and VEGF-A.ConclusionsTreadmill exercise maintained retinal vascular morphology and function, modestly altered endothelial gene expression, and is associated with a specific circulating immune response profile in a LIRD mouse model. These data indicate therapeutic effects of exercise on retinal vasculature in RD.
CD47 prevents Rac-mediated phagocytosis through Vav1 dephosphorylation
Authors: Miller Wyatt D , Mishra Abhinava K , Sheedy Connor J , Bond Annalise , Gardner Brooke M , Montell Denise J , Morrissey Meghan A 
Published: February 2025

SummaryCD47 is expressed by viable cells to protect against phagocytosis. CD47 is recognized by SIRPα, an inhibitory receptor expressed by macrophages and other myeloid cells. Activated SIRPα recruits SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatases but the inhibitory signaling cascade downstream of these phosphatases is not clear. In this study, we used time lapse imaging to measure how CD47 impacts the kinetics of phagocytosis. We found that targets with IgG antibodies were primarily phagocytosed through a Rac-based reaching mechanism. Targets also containing CD47 were only phagocytosed through a less frequent Rho-based sinking mechanism. Hyperactivating Rac2 eliminated the suppressive effect of CD47, suggesting that CD47 prevents activation of Rac and reaching phagocytosis. During IgG-mediated phagocytosis, the tyrosine kinase Syk phosphorylates the GEF Vav, which then activates the GTPase Rac to drive F-actin rearrangement and target internalization. CD47 inhibited Vav1 phosphorylation without impacting Vav1 recruitment to the phagocytic synapse or Syk phosphorylation. Macrophages expressing a hyperactive Vav1 were no longer sensitive to CD47. Together this data suggests that Vav1 is a key target of the CD47 signaling pathway.
Time-to-onset and temporal dynamics of EEG during breath-watching meditation
Authors: Malipeddi Saketh , Sasidharan Arun , Venugopal Rahul , Tewarie Prejaas K.B. , Ravindra P.N. , Northoff Georg , Laureys Steven , Subramaniam Balachundhar , Kutty Bindu M 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIntroductionMind-body practices, such as meditation, enhance mental well-being. Research studies consistently demonstrate improved brain function and psychological well-being in meditation practitioners. A substantial body of neuroscientific evidence highlights changes in alpha and theta frequency bands during meditation among practitioners. Neurophysiological effects of meditation are reported as average power changes from resting to meditative states. However, there is a notable gap in research concerning the time-to-onset and temporal dynamics of these changes during meditation.MethodOur study addresses this gap by recording high-density 128-channel EEG data during breath- watching meditation in three groups: meditation-naïve controls (n = 28), novice meditators (n = 33), and advanced meditators (n = 42). Meditators were trained in the Isha Yoga tradition. Real-time changes in brain power across different frequency bands were analyzed by segmenting the EEG data into 1-minute intervals. Using the first 30 seconds of breath- watching as the baseline, we calculated within-group power differences between this baseline and successive 1-minute segments (non-overlapping, non-sliding windows). For between- group comparisons, we assessed power differences among the three groups at 0.5, 3, 6, and 9 minutes.ResultsOur results indicate that time-to-onset of statistically significant increases in alpha, theta, and beta1 power, as well as decreases in delta and gamma1 power, occur around the 2-3 minute mark, with effects starting to peak between 7- and 10-minutes duration across all three groups. Statistically significant differences were observed between groups in the magnitude of these changes: advanced practitioners exhibited higher theta and theta-alpha power at all time points compared to the other groups.ConclusionOur findings suggest that neurophysiological changes begin around 2-3 minutes after starting meditation and peak around 7-10 minutes across all three groups. However, the magnitude of these effects is greater in the advanced meditator group. As long as meditation retreats are not possible for many individuals, brief meditation practices of 7 minutes or more, delivered through digital platforms, could offer accessible, effective, and scalable solutions to improve mental well-being. This suggests a broader application of meditation practices in daily life, encouraging even those with tight schedules to incorporate such beneficial practices.
Humans can learn bimodal priors in complex sensorimotor behaviour
Authors: Zahno Stephan , Beck Damian , Hossner Ernst-Joachim , Kording Konrad 
Published: February 2025

AbstractExtensive research suggests that humans integrate sensory information and prior expectations in a Bayesian manner to reduce uncertainty in perception and action. However, while Bayesian integration provides a powerful explanatory framework, the question remains as to what extent it explains human behaviour in naturalistic situations, including more complex movements and distributions. Here, we examine whether humans can learn bimodal priors in a complex sensorimotor task: returning tennis serves. Participants returned serves in an immersive virtual reality setup with realistic movements and spatiotemporal task demands matching those in real tennis. The location of the opponent’s serves followed a bimodal distribution. We manipulated visual uncertainty through three levels of ball speeds: slow, moderate, and fast. After extensive exposure to the opponent’s serves, participants’ movements were biased by the bimodal prior distribution. As predicted by Bayesian theory, the magnitude of the bias depends on visual uncertainty. Additionally, our data indicate that participants’ movements in this complex task were not only biased by prior expectations but also by biomechanical constraints and associated motor costs. Intriguingly, an explicit knowledge test after the experiment revealed that, despite incorporating prior knowledge of the opponent’s serve distribution into their behaviour, participants were not explicitly aware of the pattern. Our results show that humans can implicitly learn and utilise bimodal priors in complex sensorimotor behaviour.
Spin dynamics with realistic hydrodynamic background for relativistic heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Singh Sushant K. , Ryblewski Radoslaw , Florkowski Wojciech 
Published: February 2025

The equations of perfect spin hydrodynamics are solved for the first time using a realistic (3+1)-dimensional hydrodynamic background, calibrated to reproduce a comprehensive set of hadronic observables, including rapidity distributions, transverse momentum spectra, and elliptic flow coefficients for Au+Au collisions at the beam energy of sNN=200GeV. The spin dynamics is governed by the conservation of the spin tensor, describing spin-1/2 particles, with particle mass in the spin tensor treated as an effective parameter. We investigate several scenarios, varying both the effective mass and the initial evolution time for the spin polarization tensor. The model predictions are then compared with experimental measurements of global and longitudinal spin polarization of Λ hyperons. Our results indicate that a successful description of the data requires a delayed initial evolution time for the perfect spin hydrodynamics of about 4fm/c (in contrast to the standard initial time of 1fm/c used for the hydrodynamic background). This delay marks a transition from the phase where spin-orbit interaction is significant to the regime where spin-conserving processes dominate. Our findings suggest that the spin-orbit dissipative interaction plays a significant role only in the very early stages of the system's evolution.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Neutrino-dark sector equilibration and primordial element abundances
Authors: Giovanetti Cara , Schmaltz Martin , Weiner Neal 
Published: February 2025

After neutrinos decouple from the photon bath, they can populate a thermal dark sector. If this neutrino cooling occurs at a temperature above ∼100  keV, it can impact light element abundances. We calculate the changes to the YP and D/H abundances in this scenario with a suitably customized version of the public big bang nucleosynthesis code PRIMAT. If electron neutrinos significantly participate in the cooling, we find limits down to temperatures as low as 100 keV. And if the dark sector undergoes a “step” in Neff, there can be additional, ωb-dependent constraints.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
Exact results for scaling dimensions of neutral operators in scalar conformal field theories
Authors: Antipin Oleg , Bersini Jahmall , Sannino Francesco 
Published: February 2025

We determine the scaling dimension Δn for the class of composite operators ϕn in the λϕ4 theory in d=4−ε taking the double scaling limit n→∞ and λ→0 with fixed λn via a semiclassical approach. Our results resum the leading power of n at any loop order. In the small λn regime we reproduce the known diagrammatic results and predict the infinite series of higher-order terms. For intermediate values of λn we find that Δn/n increases monotonically approaching a (λn)1/3 behavior in the λn→∞ limit. We further generalize our results to neutral operators in the ϕ4 in d=4−ε, ϕ3 in d=6−ε, and ϕ6 in d=3−ε theories with O(N) symmetry.

Published by the American Physical Society
2025
The impact of sentiment on the collaboration between prefabricated building construction enterprises and internet platforms: a MA-RDEU evolutionary game model
Authors: Liu Ziyi , Wu Zebin , Gu Jianglin 
Published: February 2025

PurposeDuring the cooperation process between prefabricated building construction enterprises (PBCEs) and Internet platforms (IPs), the sentiments of both parties influence their behavioral strategies. They are the key to improving the informatization and operational efficiency of the prefabricated building industry chain (PBIC).Design/methodology/approachThis paper introduces mental accounting theory and rank-dependent expected utility theory to construct the MA-RDEU game model, exploring the evolutionary mechanism between sentiment and behavioral strategies of PBCEs and IPs.FindingsThe study indicates that (1) a mixed strategy equilibrium can be achieved when both parties have no sentiments. (2) PBCEs and IPs are more likely to achieve an optimal equilibrium for cooperation if the latter is optimistic. In contrast, pessimism may lead both parties to prioritize self-interest when only one party has a sentiment. (3) The combined impact of sentiments and behavioral strategies on decision-making is significant: the influence of sentiments from PBCEs or IPs on the optimal strategy for achieving cooperation is contingent upon the behavioral strategies of the other party; different behavioral strategies of IPs or PBCEs can have varying effects on sentiments when both parties have sentiments. (4) The influence of external factors on the sentiments and behavior strategies of PBCEs and IPs is apparent. PBCEs and IPs should concurrently consider the combined influence of external factors and sentiments to contribute to the realization of cooperation between the two parties. Additionally, government supervision is an effective means to restrain “free-riding” behavior.Originality/valueFinally, based on the above conclusions, the paper proposes measures to improve the construction of service-oriented IPs and establish a mechanism for monitoring and adjusting risk sentiments. Meanwhile, this paper also indicates that under the combined effect of the government, PBCEs and IPs, the influence of external factors on sentiments can be maintained within a controllable scope and the risks of uncertainty can be mitigated.
The impact of ethical leadership and code of ethics on employee integrity, mediated by job satisfaction in Uganda’s public sector
Authors: Kyambade Mahadih , Namatovu Afulah 
Published: February 2025

PurposeThis study examines the relationships between ethical leadership, code of ethics, job satisfaction and employee integrity in Uganda’s public sector. Specifically, it investigates the direct effects of ethical leadership and code of ethics on integrity and explores job satisfaction’s mediating role in these relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe research employed a three-wave survey of 600 Ugandan public sector employees. Data collection occurred from November to December 2020. The final sample consisted of 398 respondents, with a response rate of 66.3%. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS 23.0 for structural equation modeling.FindingsResults confirmed that ethical leadership and the code of ethics positively relate to employee integrity. Additionally, job satisfaction was found to positively relate to integrity. Importantly, job satisfaction mediates the relationships between both ethical leadership and integrity and between the code of ethics and integrity.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that public sector organizations should enhance ethical leadership practices and implement strong codes of ethics to foster employee integrity. Moreover, boosting job satisfaction can further strengthen the positive effects of leadership and ethics on integrity.Originality/valueThis study adds to the limited research on the mediating role of job satisfaction in the ethical leadership-integrity and code of ethics-integrity relationships, particularly in the public sector context of a developing country like Uganda.