bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economies of Scale in Municipal Administration. Empirical Analyses of Municipal Mergers
Authors: Lüchinger Simon , Stutzer Alois 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungEconomies of scale in municipal administration are an important argument in the discussion on municipal mergers. However, they are seldom studied empirically. It is suggested here to analyse advantages of scale by municipal mergers. This procedure has a favorable feature compared to previous cross‐section analyses, because the number of inhabitants appointed to an administration is immediately increased, whereas the conditions of production are largely unchanged. In an exploratory application for four municipal mergers, we find no evidence for increasing economies of scale. Compared to the level prior to the mergers, average current expenditure for the municipal administration increased more than in a control group of similar municipalities that did not merge.
Social Structure and the Typical Career of the Swiss Diplomatic Elite
Authors: Geissbühler Simon 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungThis Research Note analyzes the origins, the social structure, the typical career and the patterns of promotion of the Swiss diplomatic elite. The results highlight the fact that the diplomatic elite has well‐differentiated career patterns which point to a high degree of professionalization. The average Swiss diplomat has spent two decades within the diplomatic service and more than 60 percent of his career on assignments abroad before having been appointed ambassador. But the typical career pattern of Switzerland's diplomatic elite seems to change partially. On the one hand, the percentage of lawyers within the elite has been constantly decreasing, and on the other the young ambassadors have been spending much more time in Bern than their older colleagues. These are some indications of a pluralization and differentiation of the diplomatic elite. In respect to the typical career of an ambassador, one has to emphasize the fact that most ambassadors start their careers on the foreign policy periphery before they are promoted to more prestigious posts and that they are until the very end of their careers subject to mandatory transfers which lead to a continuously high regional mobility.
Stammwähler und die opportunistische Wahl parteipolitischer Programme
Authors: W. Martin Christian , Plümper Thomas 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungThis article explains political radicalism by the number of voters who are biased towards a party. With little voters biased in favor of a party, this party has to rely more heavily on its programmatic distance to other parties. Because large parties – i.e.: parties with a high number of biased voters – gain votes when they move to the center of the political spectrum, parties with a lower number of voters that are biased in their favor are forced to the edges of the policy space. We draw on a computational model of political competition between four parties in a two‐dimensional policy space to investigate this relationship. We use panel corrected OLS estimates to analyze the data generated by the computer simulation. Our results substantiate the hypothesis of a negative relationship between the number of biased voters and the inclination of a party to adopt a more extreme policy stance.
Ausmaß, Strukturen und Implikationen präsidialer Macht im postkommunistischen Raum
Authors: Spörer Doreen 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungThis research note builds on recent results of the literature on presidentialism to develop a new measure of presidential power. The Index of Presidential Power (IPP) differentiates three dimensions: legitimacy, legislative and non‐legislative powers. The IPP can be used for all types of governmental systems in different political regimes. For the first time the IPP estimates presidential power granted by the constitution in all 28 post‐communist countries. This information is collected in the IPP data set, which is used to carry out analyses at the aggregate level as well as at the level of the individual presidential power dimensions. Results show that the semi‐presidential category is of little use. The comparison of the IPP with alternative indices of presidential power in post‐communist countries indicates that political analysis should give more attention to presidential power structures.
Major Changes Without Regime Shifts:Switzerland and Japan in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Armingeon Klaus 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe literature on regime shift suggests that Japan, and perhaps also Switzerland, have experienced a shift in their political systems. In this contribution, it is argued that both political systems underwent considerable change. However, this change did not represent regime shift in terms of a break with the past. Compared to other established democracies in the OECD country group, the changes to various aspects of the political systems have been similar in magnitude and type in both countries. Among OECD members, similar new elements have been layered on to stable cores of pre‐existing institutions, actor constellations and policies differing vastly in international comparison. Therewith, most countries moved in comparable directions without significantly changing their relative position within the group of established democracies
Challenges to Intergovernmental Relations in Switzerland and Japan
Authors: Vatter Adrian 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn comparing Switzerland and Japan with respect to intergovernmental relations, differences are more obvious than similarities. Switzerland is a strongly federalist country. In contrast, Japan was clearly centralist in the past, and despite continuing decentralization reforms, it is usually still considered to be so today. The influence of the lower levels of government on the national legislative process remains comparatively low in Japan. Its centralized political structure seems to fit Japan's homogeneous culture, while on the other hand Swiss federalism has proven to be apt for the integration of minorities and for respect of cultural diversity. In spite of obvious basic differences, intergovernmental relations in these two countries face similar challenges: the concentration of human and economic resources in urban areas, the weakening of sub‐national parliaments, and financial strain.
Deblockierung durch Kooptation? Eine Fallstudie zur Aufnahme der Katholisch‐Konservativen in die schweizerische Landesregierung 1891
Authors: Bolliger Christian , ZÜRCHER Regula 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungKommt die Regierungsmehrheit in einer halbdirekten Demokratie gut organisierten Minderheiten nicht entgegen, riskiert sie, dass der Gesetzgebungsprozess mittels Volksrechten blockiert wird. Nach Neidhart (1970) ist die Aufnahme politischer Gegner in die Regierung eine mögliche Strategie zur Annäherung und Deblockierung. Die vorliegende Fallstudie untersucht, ob die Kooptation der schweizerischen katholisch‐konservativen Opposition in die vormalige Einparteienregierung des Freisinns 1891 die erwartete Wirkung gezeigt hat. Der behauptete Annäherungs‐ und Deblockierungsprozess zwischen 1874 und 1914 wird anhand quantitativer und qualitativer Daten zu 62 Volksabstimmungen und anhand von 100 Namensabstimmungen aus dem Nationalrat untersucht. Zusätzlich wird das damalige Schlüsseldossier der Eisenbahnverstaatlichung einer Analyse unterzogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Aufnahme der Opposition in die Regierung nur einen schwachen unmittelbaren Effekt auf die Annäherung und die Deblockierung hatte. Die beiden einst verfeindeten Lager haben sich bereits vor 1891 angenähert, sei es im Parlament oder an der Urne.
Swiss Environmental Foreign Policy and Sustainable Development
Authors: Arquit Niederberger Anne , Schwager Stefan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper provides a narrative account of the Swiss environmental foreign policymaking process by former Swiss government officials and links their observations to relevant foreign policy and international relations theories. It provides background information on the broader context for sustainable development contained in the new Swiss Federal Constitution and suggests how realigning government, economy and society on the new Federal Constitution can help to promote sustainable development domestically and through multi­lateral channels.
Family support and depressive symptoms: a 23‐year follow‐up
Authors: Kamen Charles , Cosgrove Victoria , McKellar John , Cronkite Ruth , Moos Rudolf 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe examined change in family support and depressive symptoms over the course of 23 years and included the potential moderators of gender and participation in treatment. A sample of 373 depressed individuals provided data in five waves, with baseline, 1‐year, 4‐year, 10‐year, and 23‐year follow‐ups. Multilevel modeling was used to evaluate longitudinal relationships between variables. Higher family support was associated with less depression at baseline and predicted a steeper trajectory of recovery from depression over 23 years. This relationship was moderated by gender, such that women with supportive families reported the most rapid recovery from depression. Evaluating family context may be clinically relevant when beginning treatment with a depressed patient, particularly for female patients. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1‐9, 2011.
Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution in Nitroquinolines1)
Authors: Mąkosza Mieczyslaw , Kinowski Andrzej , Danikiewicz Witold , Mudryk Boguslaw 
Published: January 2011

Abstract5‐Nitro‐, 6‐nitro‐, and 8‐nitroquinoline react with the carbanions of chloromethyl phenyl sulfone, chloro‐N,N‐dimethylmethanesulfonamide and substituted acetonitriles XCH2CN (X = OPh, SPh, Cl) giving products of the vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen predominantly or exclusively at positions 6, 5, and 7, respectively. A different orientation pattern and sometimes other reaction pathways are observed in reactions involving tertiary carbanions of (phenoxy)(phenyl)acetonitrile and 1‐chloropropyl p‐tolyl sulfone. The 1H NMR spectra of the substitution products are discussed in connection with their structures.
Stereoisomere ε‐Diene der Cadalan‐Reihe: Synthese und Konfigurationskorrelation
Authors: Köster Frank‐Hinrich , Wolf Herbert , Kluge Heinz 
Published: January 2011

Abstractrac‐ε‐Cadinen (1) und rac‐ε‐Amorphen (4) wurden aus den durch π‐Cyclisierung (7 → 8) erhaltenen Diketonen 9 und 10 durch Wittig‐Olefinierung und alternativ aus den entsprechenden Ketoalkoholen 11b bzw. 12b dargestellt. rac‐ε‐Bulgaren (3) wurde aus dem En‐ol 15b erhalten, das bei Wittig‐Reaktion von 11b unter Epimerisierung entsteht. Da die Ketone 10 und 12b nicht epimerisierbar sind, wurde rac‐ε‐Muurolen (2) aus 24 dargestellt, das durch Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion (21 + 22 → 23) zugänglich ist. – Die Konfigurationszuordnung von 1–4 und der bicyclischen Vorstufen wird durch die auf 2D‐INADEQUATE‐Experimenten basierenden 13C‐NMR‐Spektren bestätigt.
Antibiotika aus Gleitenden Bakterien, XXVIII1) Biosynthese des Myxothiazols in Myxococcus fulvus Mx f16
Authors: Troxitzsch‐Kienast Wolfram , Wray Victor , Gerth Klaus , Reichenbach Hans , Höfle Gerhard 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDie Verfütterung von 13C‐ und 2H‐markierten Vorstufen zeigt, daß der nichtaromatische Molekülteil des Myxothiazols aus Propionat, Acetat und der Aminosäure Leucin gebildet wird. Von Methionin stammen die Methylgruppen C‐23 und C‐25. Nach früheren Untersuchungen entsteht das Bithiazolsystem aus Cystein.
α‐Ketodicarbonsäurechlorid‐imidchloride in der Heterocyclensynthese, I
Authors: Capuano Lilly , Hell Wolfgang , Wamprecht Christian 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDie Titelsubstanzen werden durch α‐Addition von Dicarbonsäure‐dichloriden verschiedener Länge an Isocyanide hergestellt. Sie sind durch hohe Reaktivität der endständigen funktionellen Gruppen ausgezeichnet und reagieren mit Hydrazinen, Aminen oder Wasser leicht zu bisher unbekannten Iminoderivaten des Pyrazols, Pyridazins, Pyrrols, Isochinolins, Naphthyridins bzw. Pyridopyrazins. – Der Versuch, [(2‐Methylamino)phenyl]glyoxylsäure‐imidchlorid analog den Titelsubstanzen herzustellen, führt direkt zum 2‐Imino‐3‐indolon‐System.
Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XLVI1)N,N′‐Dicyanoquinonediimines – A New Class of Compounds, I: Synthesis and General Properties
Authors: Aumüller Alexander , Hünig Siegfried 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new class of quinone derivatives, the dicyanodiimines 2, 21, and 23, has been synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding quinones with bis(trimethylsilyl)carbondiimide (8) and titanium tetrachloride. A wide variety of substrates, even those which contain bulky groups and those which exhibit a strong influence on the redox potential, has been prepared. A route starting from p‐phenylenediamines 4 via the N,N′‐dicyanodiamines 6 has been found to be much more limited. The spectroscopic properties of compounds 2, 21, and 23 are discussed with respect to their syn/anti isomerizations as well as substituent effects on their planarity.
Multistep Reversible Redox Systems, XLVII1)N,N′‐Dicyanoquinonediimines – A New Class of Compounds, II: Comparison of Redox Properties with those of Quinones and Tetracyanoquinodimethanes
Authors: Aumüller Alexander , Hünig Siegfried 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBy determining the E2 (and in part E1) redox potentials of the quinoid compounds 1–9, the close chemical similarity of the groups C = X [X  O, NCN, C(CN)2] has been quantitatively confirmed. Especially the dicyanodiimines 2 and 5 are very similar to TCNQ derivatives 3. Substituent effects on the potentials E2 are linear with (σm + σp)/2 Hammett constants. Most deviations from the expected thermodynamic stability of the radical anions (KSEM) are due to lack of planarity especially with systems containing the Y‐shaped rigid =C(CN)2 group.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds, L1) Preparation of Ethyl 2,4‐Diaryl‐5‐cyano‐1,6‐dihydro‐6‐thioxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxylates from Ethyl α‐Benzoylcinnamates
Authors: Rubio María J. , Seoane Carlos , Soto José L. , Susaeta Ana 
Published: January 2011

Synthese von Heterocyclen, L1). – Synthese von 2,4‐Diaryl‐5‐cyan‐1,6‐dihydro‐6‐thioxo‐3‐pyridincarbonsäure‐ethylestern aus α‐Benzoylzimtsäure‐ethylesternDie Umsetzung von α‐Benzoylzimtsäure‐ethylestern 2 mit Cyanthioacetamid (1) in Methanol/Natriummethanolat führt zu den Natriumsalzen der 2,4‐Diaryl‐5‐cyan‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐mercapto‐3‐pyridincarbonsäure‐ethylester 3. Diese können zu Methylthio‐Derivaten 4 methyliert oder zu Dihydropyridonen 5 dehydratisiert werden. Die Verbindungen 4 werden mittels Nitrosylschwefelsäure zu den entsprechenden aromatischen 2‐(Methylthio)pyridinen oxidiert. Andererseits führt eine ähnliche Behandlung der Derivate 5 zwar zu Aromatisierung, aber isoliert werden die Disulfide 6. Reduktion dieser Disulfide ergibt 2‐Thiopyridone 7, woraus die zugehörigen 2‐Pyridone 9 hergestellt werden können. Diese Produkte entstehen auch bei der basischen Hydrolyse von (Methylthio)pyridinen 8.
Observed trends in sunshine duration over South America
Authors: Raichijk Carlos 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this work, temporal series of monthly mean values of sunshine duration were studied in five climatic regions of South America. For this purpose, data from 237 meteorological stations throughout South America were taken into account in: Argentina (20), Bolivia (2), Brazil (190), Paraguay (11), Peru (3), and Uruguay (11). The stations have been grouped into the following five climatic regions according to the classification of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE): Equatorial, Tropical Equatorial, Tropical Central Brazil—Warm, Tropical Central Brazil—Mesothermal, and Humid Temperate. The non‐parametric test of Mann‐Kendall was used to evaluate possible trends for both the period of maximum extension of available data, 1961–2004, as well as for the sub‐periods 1961–1990 and 1991–2004. From this analysis, significant trends could be observed, first decreasing between 1961 and 1990, and then increasing from 1990 onwards. The trends found for the regions studied are in agreement with those observed in other regions of the planet, thus providing further evidence of the phenomenon that has been referred to as global dimming and brightening. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
A study on the essential oil of Ferulago campestris: How much does extraction method influence the oil composition?
Authors: Riela Serena , Bruno Maurizio , Rosselli Sergio , Saladino Maria L. , Caponetti Eugenio , Formisano Carmen , Senatore Felice 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe essential oil of different parts of Ferulago campestris (Bess.) collected in Sicily has been extracted by microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and by classic hydrodistillation (HD). A comparative qualitative–quantitative study on the composition of the oils was carried out. A total of 100 compounds were identified in the oils obtained by MAHD, whereas 88 compounds characterized the HD oils. The most prominent components were, in all different parts of F. campestris and in both extraction methods, 2,4,5‐trimethylbenzaldehyde and 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzaldehyde isomers; the latter was not previously found. The attempt to evaluate where the oil components are located in all parts of the plant was carried out by means of a kinetic study. Then, electron microscopy observation on the different parts before and after MAHD and HD was performed.
Surfactant‐assisted pressurized liquid extraction for determination of flavonoids from Costus speciosus by micellar electrokinetic chromatography
Authors: Chang Yong Qin , Tan Swee Ngin , Yong Jean W. H. , Ge Liya 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMicellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), a mode of capillary electrophoresis (CE), is considered an efficient analytical technique allowing for the reduction of organic solvent consumption during the experimental procedure. However, during sample preparation of natural products, the usage of large amount of organic solvent is generally unavoidable. In this article, therefore, a fast, simple, efficient, highly automatic and organic solvent‐free sample preparation method, namely surfactant‐assisted pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), was developed for the extraction of flavonoids in Costus speciosus flowers before MEKC analysis. The various experimental parameters such as the type and concentration of surfactant, and extraction time were evaluated systematically. Under the optimized conditions, the extraction efficiencies of surfactant‐assisted PLE methods were comparable with Soxhlet extraction using organic solvent. The combination of surfactant‐assisted PLE and MEKC was shown to be a green, rapid and effective approach for extraction and analysis of flavonoids in C. speciosus flowers.
Block Copolymer Synthesis via a Combination of ATRP and RAFT Using Click Chemistry
Authors: Nasrullah Mohammed J. , Vora Ankit , Webster Dean C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBlock copolymer synthesis via a combination of ATRP and RAFT using click chemistry is reported for the first time. A RAFT agent with a terminal propargyl group (PTTC) was synthesized and was used to polymerize butyl acrylate and gave quantitative monomer conversion. Azide‐terminated p(tbA) was obtained by ATRP followed by reaction with sodium azide. Later, using CuBr‐PMDETA as catalyst via click chemistry, p(tBA)(ATRP) and p(BA)(RAFT) were reacted to get a block copolymer of p(tBA)(ATRP)‐b‐p(BA)(RAFT). Further, a total of 24 block copolymers were made by reacting four azido functional polymers with six propargyl functional polymers to obtain block copolymers via click chemistry. magnified image
Impact of a probiotic Enterococcus faecalis in a gnotobiotic mouse model of experimental colitis
Authors: Hoffmann Micha , Messlik Anja , Kim Sandra C. , Sartor Ryan B. , Haller Dirk 
Published: January 2011

AbstractScope: IL‐10‐deficient (IL‐10−/−) mice are susceptible to the development of chronic intestinal inflammation in response to the colonization with commensal Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of a probiotic E. faecalis strain in germ‐free, wild‐type (WT), and disease‐susceptible IL‐10−/− mice.Methods and results: The probiotic E. faecalis and the colitogenic control strain OG1RF induced IL‐6 and IFN‐γ inducible protein‐10 secretion in the murine intestinal epithelial cell line Mode K. Epithelial cell activation involved nuclear factor κ B, p38 and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2‐dependent pathways. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts from WT and toll‐like receptor‐2‐deficient (TLR‐2−/−) mice confirmed that both E. faecalis strains trigger pro‐inflammatory responses via the pattern recognition receptor TLR‐2. Monoassociation of germ‐free IL‐10−/− mice with the probiotic E. faecalis strain revealed pro‐inflammatory epithelial cell activation and colonic tissue pathology. The non‐pathogenic nature of E. faecalis was confirmed in monoassociated WT mice. 2‐DE and MALDI‐TOF MS identified the ER stress chaperone Hspa5 (glucose‐regulated protein 78) and 3‐mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase as key targets in the epithelium from IL‐10−/− and TLR‐2−/− mice.Conclusion: This study shows the potential of probiotic bacteria to initiate pro‐inflammatory responses in the disease‐susceptible but not the normal host.
Dynamic sliding of tetrahedral wedge: The role of interface friction
Authors: Bakun‐Mazor D. , Hatzor Y. H. , Glaser S. D. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe role of interface friction is studied by slow direct shear tests and rapid shaking table experiments in the context of dynamic slope stability analysis in three dimensions. We propose an analytical solution for dynamic, single and double face sliding and use it to validate 3D‐DDA. Single face results are compared with Newmark's solution and double face results are compared with shaking table experiments performed on a concrete tetrahedral wedge model, the interface friction of which is determined by constant velocity and velocity stepping, direct shear tests.A very good agreement between Newmark's method on one hand and our 3D analytical solution and 3D‐DDA on the other is observed for single plane sliding with 3D‐DDA exhibiting high sensitivity to the choice of numerical penalty value.The results of constant and variable velocity direct shear tests reveal that the tested concrete interface exhibits velocity weakening. This is confirmed by shaking table experiments where friction degradation upon multiple cycles of shaking culminated in wedge run out. The measured shaking table results are fitted with our 3D analytical solution to obtain a remarkable linear logarithmic relationship between friction coefficient and sliding velocity that remains valid for five orders of magnitude of sliding velocity. We conclude that the velocity‐dependent friction across rock discontinuities should be integrated into dynamic rock slope analysis to obtain realistic results when strong ground motions are considered. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.