bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Creatinine Clearance from Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Equations in the ADEMEX Cohort
Authors: Sloand James A. , Leypoldt John K. , Culleton Bruce F. , Gellens Mary E. , Paniagua Ramon , Amato Dante , Vonesh Edward F. 
Published: December 2010

Summary

Background and objectives
Twenty-four-hour urine and dialysate collections provide accepted means to assess adequacy in peritoneal dialysis (PD). Recent publications suggest that creatinine clearance (CrCl) estimated from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations (eCrCl) accurately approximates measured CrCl (mCrCl) derived from 24-hour collections of urine and dialysate and might serve as an alternative means to assess small-solute clearance and adequacy in PD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Post hoc analysis of data from patients enrolled in ADEMEX was used to assess agreement between mCrCl and eCrCl derived by four- and six-variable MDRD equations (4V-MDRDE and 6V-MDRDE, respectively). Additionally, associations among mCrCl, eCrCl, and survival were determined.

Results
Acceptable precision was observed between mCrCl and 4V-MDRDE-eCrCl and 6V-MDRDE-eCrCl for the entire cohort. Precision was markedly diminished when analysis was limited to functionally anuric patients with mCrCl < 12 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Although there was no association between survival and mCrCl, for every 1-ml/min per 1.73 m2 increase in 4V- and 6V-MDRDE-eCrCl, there was a 6% and 4% increase in risk of death, respectively. There was a negative association between MDRDE-eCrCl and creatinine appearance rates, suggesting MDRDE-eCrCl is significantly confounded by individual differences in muscle mass.

Conclusions
MDRDE-eCrCl provides demographically comparable values to 24-hour urine and dialysate collections across the ADEMEX cohort. However, MDRDEs should not be used to assess small-solute removal or adequacy in individual PD patients or to predict outcome in any cohort of patients over narrow ranges of limited clearance.
Shock safety modeling method for low-voltage electric devices
Authors: Korniluk Włodzimierz , Sajewicz Dariusz 
Published: December 2010

Shock safety modeling method for low-voltage electric devices
The article describes a shock safety modeling method for low-voltage electric devices, based on using a Bayesian network. This method allows for taking into account all possible combinations of the reliability and unreliability states for the shock protection elements under concern. The developed method allows for investigating electric shock incidents, analysing and assessing shock risks, as well as for determining criteria of dimensioning shock protection means, also with respect to reliability of the particular shock protection elements. Dependencies for determining and analysing the probability of appearance of reliability states of protection as well as an electric shock risk are presented in the article.
Multirobot system architecture: environment representation and protocols
Authors: Ambroszkiewicz S. , Bartyna W. , Faderewski M. , Terlikowski G. 
Published: December 2010

Multirobot system architecture: environment representation and protocolsAn approach to the problem of interoperability in open and heterogeneous multirobot system is presented. It is based on the paradigm of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and a generic representation of the environment. A robot, and generally a cognitive and intelligent device, is seen as a collection of its capabilities exposed as services. Several experimental protocols (for publishing, discovering, arranging, and executing the composite services) are proposed in order to assure the interoperability in the system. The environment representation, the description language for tasks and service interfaces definition, as well as the protocols constitute together the proposed information technology for automatic task accomplishment in an open heterogeneous multirobot system.
Whether the opinion about superiority of fuzzy controllers is justified
Authors: Gessing R. 
Published: December 2010

Whether the opinion about superiority of fuzzy controllers is justifiedIn the paper, using some MATLAB fuzzy logic toolbox Demos, in which the fuzzy controllers are compared with the classical PID ones, it is shown that the well tuned classical PID controllers are significantly better than those fuzzy presented in the Demos. It is shown, that using fuzzy approach, it is very difficult to shape the input-output nonlinearity, describing the so called fuzzy block of the fuzzy controller. It is also shown, that the linear fuzzy block (created to obtain comparable results with the classical PID controllers) is not justified at all, because it may be replaced by the usual summing junction, which is significantly simpler. The considerations of the paper do not support the idea of fuzzy controllers.
Robust control of distributed parameter mechanical systems using a multidimensional systems approach
Authors: Cichy B. , Augusta P. , Rogers E. , Gałkowski K. , Hurák Z. 
Published: December 2010

Robust control of distributed parameter mechanical systems using a multidimensional systems approach
The unique characteristic of a repetitive processes is a series of sweeps, termed passes, through a set of dynamics defined over a finite duration. On each pass an output, termed the pass profile is produced which acts as on forcing function, and hence contributes to, the dynamics of the next pass profile. This leads to the possibility that the output, i.e. the sequence of pass profiles, will contain oscillations that increase in amplitude in the pass-to-pass direction. Such behavior cannot be controlled by application of standard linear systems control laws and instead they must be treated as two-dimensional (2D) systems where information propagation in two independent directions, termed pass-to-pass and along the pass respectively, is the defining feature. Physical examples of such processes include long-wall coal cutting and metal rolling. In this paper, stability analysis and control law design algorithms are developed for discrete linear repetitive processes where a plane, or rectangle, of information is propagated in the pass-to-pass direction. The possible use of such a model in the control of distributed parameter systems has been investigated in previous work and this paper considers an extension to allow for uncertainty in the model description.
Heat dissipation and temperature distribution in long interconnect lines
Authors: Gnidzinska K. , De Mey G. , Napieralski A. 
Published: December 2010

Heat dissipation and temperature distribution in long interconnect linesThermal and time delay aspects of long interconnect lines have been investigated. To design a modern integrated circuit we need to focus on very long global interconnects in order to achieve the desired frequency and signal synchronization. The long interconnection lines introduce significant time delays and heat generation in the driver transistors. Introducing buffers helps to spread the heat production more homogenously along the line but consumes extra power and chip area. To ensure the functionality of the circuit, it is compulsory to give priority to the time delay aspect and then the optimized solution is found by making the power dissipation as homogenous as possible and consequently the temperature distribution T (relative to ambient) as low as possible. The technology used for simulations is 65 nm node. The occurring phenomena have been described in a quantitative and qualitative way.
Axi-symmetric deformation in the micropolar porous generalized thermoelastic medium
Authors: Kumar R. , Gupta R. 
Published: December 2010

Axi-symmetric deformation in the micropolar porous generalized thermoelastic mediumIn the present article we studied the thermodynamical theory of micropolar porous material and derived the equations of the linear theory of microploar porous generalized thermoelastic solid. Then the general solution to the field equations for plane axi-symmetric problem are obtained. The Laplace and Hankel transforms have been employed to study the problem, which are inverted numerically by using numerical inversion technique. An application of normal force and thermal source has been taken to show the utility of the approach. The technique developed in the present paper is simple, straightforward and convenient for numerical computation. Effect of micropolarity and porosity on the components of stress, temperature distribution and volume fraction field together with the effect of generalized theory of thermoelasticity have been depicted graphically for a specific model. Some particular cases are also deduced from the present problem.
Boiling in micro-channels
Authors: Hetsroni G. 
Published: December 2010

Boiling in micro-channelsBoiling heat transfer in micro-channels is a subject of intense academic and practical interest. Though many heat transfer correlations have been proposed, most were empirically formulated from experimental data. However, hydrodynamic and thermal aspects of boiling in micro-channels are not well understood. Moreover, there are only a few theoretical models that link the heat transfer mechanism with flow regimes in micro-channels. Also, there are discrepancies between different sets of published results, and heat transfer coefficients have either well exceeded, or fallen far below, those predicted for conventional channels. Here we consider these problems with regard to micro-channels with hydraulic diameters ranging roughly from 5 μm to 500 μm, to gain a better understanding of the distinct properties of the measurement techniques and uncertainties, the conditions under which the experimental results should be compared to analytical or numerical predictions, boiling phenomenon, as well as different types of micro-channel heat sinks. Two-phase flow maps and heat transfer prediction methods for vaporization in macro-channels are not applicable in micro-channels, because surface tension dominates the phenomena, rather than gravity forces. The models of convection boiling should correlate the frequencies, sizes and velocities of the bubbles and the coalescence processes, which control the flow pattern transitions, together with the heat flux and the mass flux. Therefore, the vapour bubble size distribution must be taken into account. The flow pattern in parallel micro-channels is quite different from that in a single micro-channel. At same values of heat and mass flux, different, time dependent, flow regimes occur in a given micro-channel. At low vapour quality, heat flux causes a sudden release of energy into the vapour bubble, which grows rapidly and occupies the entire channel cross section. The rapid bubble growth pushes the liquid-vapour interface on both caps of the vapour bubble, at the upstream and the downstream ends, and leads to a reverse flow. We term this phenomenon as explosive boiling. One of the limiting operating conditions with flow boiling is the critical heat flux (CHF). The CHF phenomenon is different from that observed in conventional size channels.
Robin heart progress - advances material and technology in surgical robots
Authors: Nawrat Z. 
Published: December 2010

Robin heart progress - advances material and technology in surgical robotsThe paper presents the current state of works conducted by the Zabrze team under the Robin Heart surgical robot and the Robin Heart Uni System mechatronic surgical tools project as a example of introducing technology and materials advances for progress in surgical robots. The special intention of the author is to show the review of the current and futuristic medical robots needs in the area of material science.
Interactive evolutionary multiobjective optimization driven by robust ordinal regression
Authors: Branke J. , Greco S. , Słowiński R. , Zielniewicz P. 
Published: December 2010

Interactive evolutionary multiobjective optimization driven by robust ordinal regressionThis paper presents the Necessary-preference-enhanced Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimizer (NEMO), which combines an evolutionary multiobjective optimization with robust ordinal regression within an interactive procedure. In the course of NEMO, the decision maker is asked to express preferences by simply comparing some pairs of solutions in the current population. The whole set of additive value functions compatible with this preference information is used within a properly modified version of the evolutionary multiobjective optimization technique NSGA-II in order to focus the search towards solutions satisfying the preferences of the decision maker. This allows to speed up convergence to the most preferred region of the Pareto-front.
Cellular automata model of self-organizing traffic control in urban networks
Authors: Szklarski J. 
Published: December 2010

Cellular automata model of self-organizing traffic control in urban networksA model of city traffic based on Nagel-Schreckenberg cellular automaton (CA) model is presented. Traffic control is realized at intersections with two conflicting streams each (at any time at most one stream can have "green light" assigned to it). For simple and regular lattice-like networks which are considered, it is easy to find optimal switching periods giving maximum possible flow rates. These optimal strategies are compared with a self-controlling approach proposed by [1], which has not been implemented in a CA model until now. Previous work proved that generally this method gives superior results when compared to classical methods. In this paper we show that for deterministic scenario such control leads to self-organization, and that the solution always quickly converges to the optimal solution which is known in this case. Moreover, we consider also non-deterministic case, in the sense that possibility of turning with given probability is allowed. It is shown that the self-controlling strategy always gives better results than any solution based on fixed cycles with green waves.
Computational electromagnetics for design optimisation: the state of the art and conjectures for the future
Authors: Sykulski J. 
Published: December 2010

Computational electromagnetics for design optimisation: the state of the art and conjectures for the futureThe paper reviews the state of the art in modern field simulation techniques available to assist in the design and performance prediction of electromechanical and electromagnetic devices. Commercial software packages, usually exploiting finite element and/or related techniques, provide advanced and reliable tools for every-day use in the design office. At the same time Computational Electromagnetics continues to be a thriving area of research with emerging new techniques and methods, in particular for multi-physics applications and in the area of multi-objective optimisation.
Transmission of Elegant Laguerre-Gaussian beams at a dielectric interface - numerical simulations
Authors: Szabelak W. , Nasalski W. 
Published: December 2010

Transmission of Elegant Laguerre-Gaussian beams at a dielectric interface - numerical simulations
Behaviour of Laguerre-Gaussian beams impinged at a dielectric interface under distinct angles is discussed. For different incident angles the beams interact with the interface differently. Two ranges of incident angles, specified by a position of a spectral cone of beam field and related to a cross-polarization effect, are analyzed. Boundary between these two ranges is defined. Cases of critical incidence and total internal reflection are also discussed. Paraxial beams near the lower paraxial limit are considered. Theoretical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations.
A design of DSS for mass production machining systems
Authors: Dolgui A. , Guschinsky N. , Levin G. 
Published: December 2010

A design of DSS for mass production machining systemsIn this paper, we present a decision support tool (DSS) for preliminary design of transfer machines with rotary or mobile tables. In these transfer machines, the machining operations are executed on working positions equipped by standard multi-spindle heads. A part is sequentially machined onmworking positions and is moved from one position to the next using a rotary or a mobile table. The operations are grouped into blocks, where the operations of the same block are simultaneously performed by one multi-spindle head. At the preliminary design stage, the goal is to select the number of working positions and to decide which spindle heads will be installed minimizing the machine cost while respecting a given production rate. The paper presents the overall approach and depicts mathematical and decision-support methods developed and implemented in a software for the optimization of preliminary design (or reconfiguration) of such machining systems.
Cooperation of induction squirrel-cage generator with grid connected AC/DC/AC converter
Authors: Sikorski A. , Kuźma A. 
Published: December 2010

Cooperation of induction squirrel-cage generator with grid connected AC/DC/AC converter
The paper presents a squirrel-cage induction machine operating as a generator principally designed for use in small wind and hydroelectric power stations. The main advantages of such a generator are its high reliability, low price and costs of operation and maintenance. The asynchronous generator coupled to the grid through the AC/DC/AC converter is capable of generating energy even at low turbine speed. The results of investigations on the AC/DC and DC/AC converters controlled by linear and nonlinear current regulators are also discussed.
Control and modulation methods of voltage source converter
Authors: Radomski G. 
Published: December 2010

Control and modulation methods of voltage source converterControl and modulation methods of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) have been presented in the paper. Model of VSC with three value transistor branch state function is introduced to describe operation of VSC. Predictive-corrective control method of VSC system is presented. Two variants of Space Vector PWM methods for VSC system are developed. Algorithm of cancelation of negative influence of dead time on the AC voltages is implemented in the proposed modulation methods. Correctness of introduced method is validated by simulation and experiment investigations.
High efficiency contactless energy transfer system with power electronic resonant converter
Authors: Moradewicz A. , Kazmierkowski M. 
Published: December 2010

High efficiency contactless energy transfer system with power electronic resonant converterA novel Inductive Contactless Energy Transfer (ICET) system is presented in this paper. The energy is transferred using a rotatable air gap transformer and a power electronic converter. To minimize total losses of the system a series resonant circuit is applied, assuring zero current switching condition for IGBT power transistors. The analytical expression of the transfer dc voltage gain is given and discussed. The developed ICET system is characterized by high efficiency and fast FPGA based controller and protection system. The resonant frequency is adjusted by extreme regulator which follows instantaneous value of primary peak current. Simulated and experimental results which verify and illustrate operation of developed 3 kW laboratory model are presented.
A quantitative modeling of the unloading behavior of metals during a tensile test
Authors: Allain Se´bastien , Bouaziz Olivier 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This work proposes an original quantitative approach to understand the backward plastic strain resulting from the unloading of a polycrystalline metal during an interrupted tensile test. Based on a prior model by Salama and Roberts, the main assumption is that the relaxed plastic strain is due to the small relaxation of mobile dislocation loops, also responsible for the internal stresses. During unloading, the number of dislocation loops per active source remains constant, but they move backwards as the applied stress decreases. Thus, the main challenge consists in the quantitative estimation of each hardening component and their variations, upon loading and during the unloading sequences, without reverse straining. The model is applied in the case of an interstitial-free steel, with excellent agreement. This study provides a more consistent framework related to the evaluation of the Bauschinger effects in metals avoiding the ambiguity on the choice of the plastic strain offset.
Tensile and in-vitro degradation study of electro spun fibrous mat produced from eri silk fibroin
Authors: Muthumanickkam A. , Elankavi E. , Gayathri R. , Sampathkumar S. Kubera , Vijayakumar G. , Muthukumar K. , Subramanian S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFibrous mat was produced from eri silk fibroin by electro spinning. The fibrous mat was tested for tensile properties and in-vitro bio-degradation by enzymatic treatment. The tensile strength of the mat was 5.3 MPa and its elastic modulus was 49 MPa before bio-degradation. The weight loss obtained after 30 days of degradation was 34%. The in-vitro enzymatic degradation of fibrous mat was confirmed through Scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies.
An investigation on Incoloy800-SS304 clad plate by explosive welding
Authors: Zhao Hui , Huang Zhanghong , Li Pingcang , Zhou Yigang , Wang Hunian 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In this paper, Incoloy800 and 304 stainless steel (SS304) were clad by explosive welding. Accordingly, hardness, tensile strength, shearing strength, bending properties and microstructure of the clad plates were evaluated. The bonding interface showed a wavy morphology. Line scanning results indicated that there was no diffusion area through the bonding interface. Whereas, a colorful zone was observed at the wave ridge of the base metal (white area in optical microscopy and black area in scanning electronic microscopy). Energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis indicated that compositions and contents of the colorful zone were the same as that in the base metal. Hardness testing showed that the highest value of hardness was obtained in the colorful zone. Thus, the colorful zone was an intensive deformation area in SS304, which was produced by shock pressure from collision. Mechanical tests showed that the clad plate was acceptable according to ASTM specification.
A technique for diameter enlargement in SiC crystal growth
Authors: Lin Shenghuang , Chen Zhiming , Jiang Dong , Liang Peng , Wan Jun , Liu Bo , Xie Huajie , Feng Xianfeng 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The availability of large high-quality silicon carbide (SiC) single crystals is a key issue in the development of the full potential of SiC-based device technology. This paper mainly discusses SiC crystal growth in the graphite crucible with several geometrical structures by using the physical vapor transport method to investigate the influence of graphite crucible structures on SiC crystal diameter enlargement. Metallographic microscopy and X-ray diffraction are applied to the obtained cross-sectional slice of SiC ingot. In a growth run with a crucible structure of cylinder platform seed-holder and additional cone-shaped inner furnace close to the seed crystal, the SiC crystal diameter increases only 4–5 mm and the growth front exhibits a smooth segment of spherical shape; but the diameter of SiC single crystal decreases when the inside diameter of the crucible is close to that of the seed crystal and the angle α between the cone-shaped platform and cylinder platform is larger than 20°. When using the crucible with a cone-shaped platform seed-holder and cone-shaped inner wall, the SiC crystal growth will proceed along the axial direction as well as the radial direction, and the diameter can be enlarged by about 12 mm in a single growth run.