bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A normative framework for assessing the economic impacts of general aviation airports
Authors: Ghobrial Atef , Fleming Kenneth 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDespite the significant contribution of general aviation airports to the economic development of communities and regions, very little wok has been done to realistically measure the economic benefits of these airports. This paper presents a normative framework to forecast the economic impacts of general aviation airports. It also presents a conceptual design of a management information system to enhance the role of general aviation airports in the future economic development of regions.
The theory of second best in urban mass transit: Management in the public sector as a proforma exercise
Authors: Tomazinis Anthony R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on four issues. The first is the case of one‐sided investments in mass transit in metropolitan areas of developing countries. It is pointed out that in many cases in which the conditions for optimum investment policies (Pareto's Optimum) are not maintained, excessive investments on mass transit, including large annual operating subsidies, usually lead to substantial sub‐optimizations and waste of scarce financial resources. This problem is then reviewed under the light of the “Theory of Second Best” as articulated for all investment options within Welfare Economic Theory.The second issue examined is the matter of recently discovered importantdiseconomiesof scale of large metro transit systems in developing and developed countries, and the need to retain production of transport services within small‐scale production units that are well coordinated and controlled.The third issue discussed is the problem of mismanagement of most public sector transit companies and agencies. The notion that most such systems are simply administered, not managed, is being brought up and the requirements for proper management are amplified.Finally, the case of public vs. private ownership of mass transit is being discussed with a distinction between public policies ofprovidingmass transit services and the actualproductionprocess of these services.Provisionof services represents a public responsibility that belongs to the public sector. However,productionof service is a techno‐economic process that requires different talents and circumstances.The paper concludes with a strong suggestion for major reorientation of urban mass transit in the metro areas of developing countries towards more efficiency and higher productivity.
Organization of urban mass transport in developing countries
Authors: Victor David Johnson 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe supply of mass transport has not kept pace with the demand in cities in developing countries due to rapid urbanization and severe resource constraints. Developing countries would benefit from a study of the experience in developed countries regarding organization of mass transport and may adopt a few of the successful techniques. Examples include: unified transport authority; intermodal transfer facilities; subsidy to public transport; light rail transit; and redevelopment of the area around main rail terminals. Developing countries would be able to implement most of these techniques. The possible contribution of developed countries to developing countries lies mainly in the area of rolling stock and advanced signalling for rail based urban transport and in training highly skilled manpower for operation and management.
Transit scheduling
Authors: Ceder Avishai 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the transit operational planning process with an emphasis on certain aspects of new methodologies in scheduling. The transit scheduling system usually consists of three interelated components: (1) creation of timetables; (2) scheduling vehicles to trips; and (3) assignment of drivers. These three components are described, but with a focus on the first component because of its importance from the user's perspective. The design of a transit timetable is discussed from both a practical and an analytical viewpoint. A methodology is presented on the construction of alternative computerized public timetables, based on procedures that improve the correspondence of vehicle departure times with passenger demand. The vehicle scheduling procedure is viewed through the minimization of the number of vehicles required to carry out a fixed or variable timetable. Finally, different approaches to the crew assignment component are briefly discussed. The overview and methodologies presented in the paper suggest that most scheduling tasks can be performed automatically or in a conversational man‐computer mode. The adoption of new scheduling procedures will undoubtedly increase the efficiency of each of the three components of the transit scheduling system.
Extension of Newell's dispatching policy to the case of sensitive demand
Authors: Liu Gong , Wirasinghe S. C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper has extended Newell's dispatching policy to the case of sensitive demand which is characterized by a linear mode split model with two major factors, wait time and transit fare. Three objective functions both with and without vehicle capacity constraint are analyzed, including profit maximization, maximization of a combination of net user benefit and operator profit, and maximization of net user benefit subject to a deficit constraint. Closed‐form solutions associated with various system parameters are obtained. It is shown that under sensitive demand conditions the optimal dispatching rate is approximately proportional to the square root of the total demand rate, if vehicle size is not binding and it is strictly proportional to the total demand rate, if vehicle size is binding.
A multiobjective hierarchical model for locating public facilities on a transportation network: A goal programming approach
Authors: Zografos Konstantinos G. , Cromley Robert G. , Levinson Herbert S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper introduces a Multiobjective Hierarchical Model (MOHLM) for locating public facilities on a transportation network. The proposed model combines the multiobjective nature of the location‐allocation problem with the hierarchical character of some public service systems, such as health care delivery.The model examines both maximum and total weighted travel time, facility utilization, and total travel time from the master facility to the attached subordinate facilities. An iterative goal programing algorithm is used to solve the problem.An example related to the location of health care facilities in a rural area of Greece is used to illustrate the application of the proposed model.
Transit system evaluation: Guideway bus vs. light rail transit
Authors: Stone John R. , Allen Jane D. , Moerz Armin , Gardner Brian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a set of specialized spreadsheets that model the cost and performance of transit system options including light rail transit, guideway bus, express bus, and ride sharing. These spreadsheets are demonstrated by comparing a guideway bus (GWB) transit system and a light rail transit (LRT) system proposed for construction in an active rail corridor. The comparisons for assumed levels of transit ridership include guideway geometry, travel time, headways, vehicle requirements, grade crossing protection, and capital and operating costs.The planned GWB system runs on an exclusive dual guideway in the rail right‐of‐way, and the alternative LRT system operates on the existing rails with new bridges and track as needed for a dual guideway system. The analysis compares the two options for mode splits between 0.5% and 50%. Results show that while both options have approximately the same travel time, the GWB system costs approximately 30% less than the LRT system. The cost difference results primarily from lower GWB vehicle purchase and operating costs.The spreadsheets are available through the McTrans Center at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
A GIS‐Based approach for estimating truck flow patterns in urban settings
Authors: List George F. , Turnquist Mark A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper describes how a Geographic Information System (GIS) is being used to help estimate multi‐class truck flows in an urban setting. Emphasis is placed on the reasons why this approach is valuable, the specific GIS tools and techniques employed, the value added by employing a GIS‐based approach, and the results being obtained. These findings are generalized to describe the benefits that might be expected in other situations where a similar modeling approach is used.
Measuring network reliability: A game theoretic approach
Authors: Bell Michael G H 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDespite the importance of assessing the reliability of transport networks in general there is a paucity of suitable techniques. In part this is due to the fact that network performance depends both on the state of the infrastructure and on the behaviour of network users, where user behaviour is governed by expectations about the state of the network. An approach based on game theory is proposed whereby the performance of the network is estimated for the case where network users are extremely pessimistic about the state of the network. Where the routes are prespecified and route utilities depend only on exogenously given scenarios, the estimation problem may be formulated as a linear program. A reformulation of the problem as a non‐linear program allows the impact of the degree of user pessimism on expected network utility to be studied. The problems of implementing the method for large networks with multiple origins and destinations is discussed and an algorithm is proposed.
A simulation‐based reliability assessment approach for congested transit network
Authors: Yin Yafeng , Lam William H. K. , Miller Mark A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper is an attempt to develop a generic simulation‐based approach to assess transit service reliability, taking into account interaction between network performance and passengers' route choice behaviour. Three types of reliability, say, system wide travel time reliability, schedule reliability and direct boarding waiting‐time reliability are defined from perspectives of the community or transit administration, the operator and passengers. A Monte Carlo simulation approach with a stochastic user equilibrium transit assignment model embedded is proposed to quantify these three reliability measures of transit service. A simple transit network with a bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor is analysed as a case study where the impacts of BRT components on transit service reliability are evaluated preliminarily.
Regulation of gene expression in osteoblasts
Authors: Jensen Eric D. , Gopalakrishnan Rajaram , Westendorf Jennifer J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn recent years, much progress has been made in understanding the factors that regulate the gene expression program that underlies the induction, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of osteoblasts. A large and growing number of transcription factors make important contributions to the precise control of osteoblast formation and function. It has become increasingly clear that these diverse transcription factors and the signals that regulate their activity cannot be viewed as discrete, separate signaling pathways. Rather, they form a highly interconnected, cooperative network that permits gene expression to be closely regulated. There has also been a substantial increase in our understanding of the mechanistic control of gene expression by cofactors such as acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent progress in understanding the major transcription factors and epigenetic coregulators, including histone deacetylases and microRNAs, involved in osteoblastogenesis and the mechanisms that determine their functions as regulators of gene expression.
Soybean and sunflower oil‐induced insulin resistance correlates with impaired GLUT4 protein expression and translocation specifically in white adipose tissue
Authors: Poletto Ana Cláudia , Anhê Gabriel Forato , Eichler Paula , Takahashi Hilton Kenji , Furuya Daniela Tomie , Okamoto Maristela Mitiko , Curi Rui , Machado Ubiratan Fabres 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFree fatty acids are known for playing a crucial role in the development of insulin resistance. High fat intake is known for impairing insulin sensitivity; however, the effect of vegetable‐oil injections have never been investigated. The present study investigated the effects of daily subcutaneous injections (100 µL) of soybean (SB) and sunflower (SF) oils, during 7 days. Both treated groups developed insulin resistance as assessed by insulin tolerance test. The mechanism underlying the SB‐ and SF‐induced insulin resistance was shown to involve GLUT4. In SB‐ and SF‐treated animals, the GLUT4 protein expression was reduced ∼20% and 10 min after an acute in vivo stimulus with insulin, the plasma membrane GLUT4 content was ∼60% lower in white adipose tissue (WAT). No effects were observed in skeletal muscle. Additionally, both oil treatments increased mainly the content of palmitic acid (∼150%) in WAT, which can contribute to explain the GLUT4 regulations. Altogether, the present study collects evidence that those oil treatments might generate insulin resistance by targeting GLUT4 expression and translocation specifically in WAT. These alterations are likely to be caused due to the specific local increase in saturated fatty acids that occurred as a consequence of oil daily injections. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different neuronal Na+/K+‐ATPase isoforms are involved in diverse signaling pathways
Authors: Karpova Larisa V. , Bulygina Elena R. , Boldyrev Alexander A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInhibition of rat neuronal Na+/K+‐ATPase α3 isoform at low (100 nM) ouabain concentration led to activation of MAP kinase cascade via PKC and PIP3 kinase. In contrast to ouabain‐sensitive α3 isoform of Na+/K+‐ATPase, an ouabain‐resistant α1 isoform (inhibition with 1 mM of ouabain) of Na+/K+‐ATPase regulates MAP kinase via Src kinase dependent reactions. Using of Annexin V‐FITC apoptotic test to determine the cells with early apoptotic features allows to conclude that α3 isoform stimulates and α1 suppresses apoptotic process in cerebellum neurons. These data are the first demonstration showing participation of ouabain‐resistant (α1) and ouabain‐sensitive (α3) Na+/K+‐ATPase isoforms in diverse signaling pathways in neuronal cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Superacid‐Functionalized Mesoporous Nanocages with Tunable Pore Diameters and Their Application in the Synthesis of Coumarins
Authors: Kalita Pranjal , Sathyaseelan B. , Mano Ajayan , Zaidi S. M. Javaid , Chari Murugulla A. , Vinu Ajayan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHere we demonstrate for the first time the preparation of a triflic acid (TFA)‐functionalized mesoporous nanocage with tunable pore diameters by the wet impregnation method. The obtained materials have been unambiguously characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, FTIR spectroscopy, and NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD). From the characterization results, it has been found that the TFA molecules are firmly anchored on the surface of the mesoporous supports without affecting their acidity. We also demonstrate the effect of the pore and cage diameter of the KIT‐5 supports on the loading of TFA molecules inside the pore channels. It has been found that the total acidity of the materials increases with an increase in the TFA loading on the support, whereas the acidity of the materials decreases with an increase in the pore diameter of the support. The acidity of the TFA‐functionalized mesoporous nanocages is much higher than that of the zeolites and metal‐substituted mesoporous acidic catalysts. The TFA‐functionalized materials have also been employed as the catalysts for the synthesis of 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin by means of the Pechmann reaction under solvent‐free conditions. It has been found that the catalytic activity of the TFA‐functionalized KIT‐5 is much higher than that of zeolites and metal‐substituted mesoporous catalytic materials in the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. The stability of the catalyst is extremely good and can be reused several times without much loss of activity in the above reaction.
Targeting the Hsp90 Chaperone: Synthesis of Novel Resorcylic Acid Macrolactone Inhibitors of Hsp90
Authors: Day James E. H. , Sharp Swee Y. , Rowlands Martin G. , Aherne Wynne , Workman Paul , Moody Christopher J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA series of benzo‐macrolactones has been prepared by chemical synthesis, and evaluated as inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), an emerging attractive target for novel cancer therapeutic agents. A new synthesis of these resorcylic acid macrolactone analogues of the natural product radicicol is described in which the key steps are the acylation and ring opening of a homophthalic anhydride to give an isocoumarin, followed by a ring‐closing metathesis to form the macrocycle. The methodology has been extended to a novel series of macrolactones incorporating a 1,2,3‐triazole ring.
Intermolecular Photocyclizations of N‐(ω‐Hydroxyalkyl)tetrachlorophthalimide with Alkenes Leading to Medium‐ and Large‐Ring Heterocycles—Reaction Modes and Regio‐ and Stereoselectivity of the 1,n‐Biradicals
Authors: Shen Yong‐Miao , Yang Xiao‐Liang , Chen Da‐Qing , Xue Jie , Zhu Liang , Fun Hoong‐Kun , Hu Hong‐Wen , Xu Jian‐Hua 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA new photocyclization strategy by using intermolecular tandem reactions between N‐(ω‐hydroxyalkyl)‐4,5,6,7‐tetrachlorophthalimides (1, 2, and 3) and a series of acyclic and cyclic alkenes is reported. Electron transfer of the triplet‐excited phthalimide with the alkene and regioselective trapping of the alkene cation radical by the hydroxyl group at the phthalimide side chain gives a triplet 1,n‐biradical, which after intersystem crossing (ISC) leads to regio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of polycyclic heterocycles with an N,O‐containing medium to large ring. Regio‐ and diastereoselectivity in the cyclizations are clarified by unambiguous steric structure assignments of the products by X‐ray diffraction or extensive 2D NMR measurements. The diastereoselectivity is decided by the stereochemical course of the ISC process of the triplet 1,n‐biradicals. These intermolecular photoreactions also furnish a new strategy to generate triplet 1,n‐biradicals. Therefore, in photoreactions of 1 and 2 with phenylcyclohexene, the unprecedented stereoselective formation of products by intramolecular hydrogen‐atom transfer in the 1,n‐biradical intermediate was found (9 and 23). These facts provide direct verification to the reaction pathways of the 1,n‐biradicals and give a new insight into the factors deciding reaction‐pathway partitioning and stereoselectivity.
High glucose‐mediated loss of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan impairs the endothelial shear stress response
Authors: Brower Jeremy B. , Targovnik Jerome H. , Caplan Michael R. , Massia Stephen P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNormal endothelial cells respond to shear stress by elongating and aligning in the direction of fluid flow. Elevated glucose concentrations have been shown to impair this response, though the precise mechanism of damage is not clear. Using an in vitro model of hyperglycemia, we tested the hypothesis that high glucose (HG) impairs the endothelial shear stress response by damaging the glycocalyx. 50 mU/mL heparinase III enzyme removes similar proportions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) as HG conditions and results in similar impairment of the elongation and alignment response to flow. Doubling the shear stress overcomes the inhibited flow response in HG cells, but not in enzyme treated cells. These findings may be explained by HG leading to decreased expression of full‐length HSPG; whereas, heparinase results in a normal density of HSPG of shorter length. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term outcomes of childhood cancer survivors in Sweden: A population‐based study of education, employment, and income
Authors: Boman Krister K. , Lindblad Frank , Hjern Anders 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Studies of different national populations were indispensable for estimating the impact of illness‐related disability on social outcomes in adult childhood cancer survivors. The effects of childhood cancer on educational attainment, employment, and income in adulthood in a Swedish setting were studied.METHODS:The study population was a national cohort of 1.46 million Swedish residents, including 1716 survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed before their 16th birthday, followed up in 2002 in registries at >25 years of age. Main outcomes were educational attainment, employment, and net income. Markers of persistent disability were considered, and outcomes were analyzed with multivariate linear and logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic indicators of the childhood households.RESULTS:Non‐central nervous system (CNS) cancer survivors had similar education, employment, and income as the general population in adjusted models, whereas survivors of CNS tumors more often had no more than basic (≤9 years) education (relative risk [RR], 1.80 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.45‐2.23]), less often attained education beyond secondary school (RR, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.58‐0.81]), and less often were employed (RR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.77‐0.94]). Predicted net income from work was lower in CNS tumor survivors (P <.001) than in the general population, even after the exclusion of individuals who received economic disability compensation.CONCLUSIONS:CNS tumor survivors had poorer social outcomes compared with the general population, whereas outcomes for survivors of other childhood cancers were similar to the general population. Established late effects highlighted the importance of improved, safer pediatric CNS tumor treatment protocols and surveillance that identified individual needs for preventive and remedial measures. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Correlation Analysis of Fluorescence Intensity and Fluorescence Anisotropy Fluctuations in Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Thomsson Daniel , Lin Hongzhen , Scheblykin Ivan G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSingle‐molecule spectroscopy techniques are used to investigate time fluctuations of the fluorescence properties of two different types of conjugated polymer, a polythiophene derivative (PDOPT) and a phenylene vinylene derivative (MEH‐PPV), at 100 and 293 K. Linear correlation coefficients between fluorescence intensity and polarization are used to characterize fluctuations. We are able to distinguish between different blinking and bleaching effects on the polarization. Furthermore, the polarization data reveal clear differences in the topology of these two polymers, which is related to the ordered conformation of the MEH‐PPV. Plots of correlation coefficients appear to be very different for the two polymers and are also very sensitive to temperature. These observations prove that correlation analysis is a useful tool to understand fluorescence fluctuations in multi‐chromophoric systems.