bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4He和/Harmony
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe value of harmony, understood as a unity of complementary differences, lies at the center of the interpretation developed in subsequent chapters of Neo-Confucian psychology, ethics, epistemology, and education. It is also rooted in the distinctive metaphysical commitments of Neo-Confucianism, especially through the idea of “coherence”; these connections, in turn, are linked to the dynamic and creative aspects of harmony. This chapter provides the historical context necessary to understand harmony, as well as some initial efforts to flesh out the implications of harmony both for personal ethics and for broader politics. There is a particular focus on Wang Yangming and his doctrine that we “form one body with all things” in this chapter, though like some later chapters, its sources also go beyond strictly philosophical literature to encompass accounts of moral exemplars. In particular, the chapter considers ways that the experiences of physician and anthropologist Paul Farmer help to illustrate what the Neo-Confucians mean by harmony.
9 Engaging Practices
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe renewed philosophical attention to ancient “spiritual exercises” has generated a consistent critique: how can these practices have any relevance today, when the traditions and communities that sustained them no longer exist in anything like the same ways? The present chapter responds to this challenge by looking at Neo-Confucian practices in light of recent, narrative-based studies of exemplary lives by Colby and Damon, Bateson, and others. The methodologies and precise goals of these studies vary widely. Some make efforts to apply fairly rigorous social science methods, including the use of control groups; others focus on historical figures or groups. Together, they provide challenging perspectives on the Neo-Confucian self-cultivational practices explicated in the previous chapter. Subjects examine the nature of commitments, the accessibility of sage-like ideals, the difference between imagination and fantasy, the importance of dialogue, and the roles of attitudes like faith and belief.
2 How Linguistics Fits into the Picture
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the areas of current linguistic analysis that can help resolve defamation cases, such as determining the accuracy of defamation evidence (largely through phonetic skills), grammatical referencing as a way of unraveling ambiguities, speech act analysis to sort out such things as opinions vs. statements of fact, conveyed meanings brought about by connotation and pragmatics, malicious language (including the contributions of sarcasm, pejorative terms, exaggeration, rhetorical questions, and innuendo), and discourse structure and framing.
4 Widow of a Murdered Man Sues a Local TV Station
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The widow of a murdered man was said by the police to be the “only suspect” in the murder, even though the police were unable or unwilling to bring charges against her. A local TV station and later, a national news program, aired the story, quoting the officer saying much the same things but adding, “the suspect killed the man.” The linguistic issues were whether the defamatory statements were presented as opinions or as facts, the effect of discourse framing, the failure of the media to request clarification of ambiguous statements of the officer, and the conveyed negative meanings of certain words used in the programs.
7 Verbal Duels between Linguistic Experts in a Case Brought by an Ohio Supreme Court Justice against a Newspaper
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Analysis of the language evidence is not the only task of forensic linguists in defamation cases. Sometimes their main role is to examine the reports and testimony of experts on the other side. This chapter is a linguistic analysis of the plaintiff's expert witness's report, in which that expert went outside the appropriate limits of expertise to attribute what the readers actually understood and to attribute what the writer actually intended. That report also called on professional expertise that was outside of his linguistic training and expertise and organized his report in a less than coherent manner. This chapter also discusses the inherent problems of accusations stemming from innuendo and newspaper headlines.
11 A Policyholder Sues Her Insurance Company
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A man applied for additional life insurance but was rejected by his insurer. Shortly afterward he died and his widow sued the company, which claimed that the insurer failed to disclose that her husband had tested positive for HIV as and that if her husband had known he had this medical condition, he could have taken steps that would lead to a longer life. After the District Court and the Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the insurer, the widow then consulted her Congressman and eventually sued the insurer again, this time claiming that the insurer's correspondence had publicly portrayed her and her late husband as “absurdly litigious” and “sexually promiscuous.” At that time a national TV program was preparing a program about this issue when the insurer published a letter telling her that she “must stop” making false and defamatory statement about the company. The widow believed that this letter threatened her and that the company intended to bring a lawsuit against her. The linguistic analysis of the topics showed that its speech acts included accusations and threats rather than advice.
3 Empathy in Moral Judgment
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how the new conception of approval and disapproval helps explain various key features of moral judgment or utterances: for example, that they typically motivate, that they can be positive and negative, and that they are self‐other asymmetric. Many rationalists have held that the action‐guiding or motivating character of moral judgments doesn't preclude their having an objective or cognitive status, and this chapter uses the foregoing account of approval and disapproval (as involved in moral judgment) to show how metaethical sentimentalism can also make that claim.
6 The Use Of Moral Judgments
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter takes up some important implications of the previous account of moral language and judgment. Recent sentimentalists have held that it is morally preferable if we don't have to consult or follow moral principles or injunctions in our dealings with others — for example, in our attempts to help them—and both Hutcheson and Hume appear to agree. But there are times when sentimentalistically understood moral principles/injunctions can be morally very helpful, and are perhaps even necessary, and this chapter offers an account of how and when this is so. It also expands on what was said in Chapter 1 about moral education and moves it in the direction of certain explicitly Humean ideas.
Cajal's Butterflies of the Soul
Authors: DeFelipe Javier 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This book contains a large collection of beautiful figures produced throughout the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, which represent some characteristic examples of the early days of research in neuroscience. The main aim of this work is to demonstrate to the general public that the study of the nervous system is not only important for the many obvious reasons related to brain function in both health and disease, but also for the unexpected natural beauty that it beholds. This beauty has been discovered thanks to the techniques used to visualize the microscopic structure of the brain, a true forest of colorful and florid neural cells. As illustrated by his marvelous drawings, the studies of Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) no doubt contributed more than those of any other researcher at the time to the growth of modern neuroscience. Thus, his name has been honored in the title of this book, even though the figures contained in the main body of it are from 91 different authors. Looking at the illustrations in this book, the readers will find that many of the early researchers that studied the nervous system were also true artists, of considerable talent and esthetic sensibility. Hence, the present book contains numerous drawings of some of the most important pioneers in neuroscience, including Deiters, Kolliker, Meynert, Ranvier, Golgi, Retzius, Nissl, Dogiel, Alzheimer, del Rio-Hortega, and de Castro.
The chemical senses
Authors: Gottfried Jay A. , Small Dana M. , Zald David H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is described as secondary olfactory and gustatory cortex. This chapter reviews the location of chemosensory processing in the OFC as defined by anatomical and neurophysiological methods in nonhuman primates, and neuroimaging and lesion data in humans. The human neuroimaging data suggest that broader areas of the OFC are involved in chemosensory processing than would be predicted from a strict anatomical analysis of input from primary olfactory/gustatory cortex. The properties of chemosensory processing in the OFC are discussed in terms of the breadth of tuning of sensory cells, the role of hedonics, and the dynamic nature of coding (response to satiety). Issues of functional lateralization and medial vs. lateral distinctions in hedonic processing are also covered. Finally, topics related to multisensory integration are covered.
Memory processes and the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Brand Matthias , Markowitsch Hans J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of memory-brain relations with a focus on prefrontal and limbic regions. The anatomical connections of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) to mnemonic regions place it in a position to interact with other structures involved in memory, and data from neuroimaging supports its involvement in encoding and retrieval of specific types of representations. Specific evidence is provided implicating the OFC in emotional and autobiographical memory processes. Disturbances of these processes emerge in neurologic and psychiatric conditions involving orbitofrontal dysfunction. A brief description of confabulations and their associations with the OFC is also provided. Based on neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies it is argued that the main role of the OFC in autobiographical memory lies in the mediation between specific memories, memory related emotions and a feeling of self awareness or autonoëtic consciousness.
Visceral and decision-making functions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Naqvi Nasir , Tranel Daniel , Bechara Antoine 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in autonomic functions and decision-making, with an emphasis on data from humans with VMPFC lesions. The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that the sensory mapping of visceral responses is important for the execution of highly complex, goal-oriented behavior. In this view, visceral responses function to ‘mark’ potential choices as being advantageous or disadvantageous. The VMPFC is well connected with visceral processing areas, and possesses both viscerosensory input and visceromotor output. The development of the Iowa Gambling Task as an index of decision making is described. Patients with VMPFC lesions show deficits in both visceromotor functions and decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task, consistent with the somatic marker hypothesis.
The role of the ventral prefrontal cortex in mood disorders
Authors: Fredericks Carolyn A. , Kalmar Jessica H. , Blumberg Hilary P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews evidence supporting a prominent role for the ventral prefrontal cortex (vPFC) in the neuropathophysiology of mood disorders. Findings from multiple studies of mood disorders, using a variety of research methods, converge within a broad vPFC region that encompasses medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, subgenual and pregenual anterior cingulate, as well as medial and rostral frontal cortices. Despite heterogeneity in the specific subregions of vPFC reported in these studies, the vPFC region emerges as a crucial node within a distributed cortico-limbic neural system disrupted in mood disorders. Research that has elucidated the functions of the vPFC and brain structures with significant connectivity to vPFC strongly implicates the vPFC and its connected circuitry in the deficits in emotional and behavioral regulation characteristic of major depression and bipolar disorder.
13 The Priority ofEnergeia(Theta 8)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTheta 8 is the culmination of Aristotle's discussion of being-in-capacity and being-in-energeia, where he draws conclusions that constitute a contribution to the science of being. By the middle of Theta 7, Aristotle had carried out the program he announced in the opening lines of Theta 1: explaining the two ways of being under discussion. Theta 7 began to exploit those concepts to reach certain conclusions. Theta 8 shows how these concepts allow us to understand perishable and eternal beings together in a new way. For both perishable and eternal beings, being turns out to be, above all, but not exclusively, being-in-energeia. This claim is partly important for the way in which Aristotle goes on to use it to draw conclusions later on, about the divine unmoved movers of the heavens. However, within Theta 8 itself, we already find a radical innovation in the conception of being. The chapter brings this out by casting the achievement of Theta 8 as a resolution of the Battle of the Gods and Giants.
Chapter 11 Evolutionary processes in community ecology
Authors: Ellers Jacintha 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The disciplines of community ecology and evolutionary biology have fundamentally different perspectives, but share a common interest in the maintenance and effects of diversity. An emerging field of study, evolutionary community ecology, bridges the gaps between community and evolutionary ecology by considering the reciprocal effects of individual trait variation and community characteristics. In this chapter, central principles from evolutionary biology are used to extrapolate the consequences of genetic diversity to community level and the effects of genetic variation on community properties and vice versa are illustrated. Finally, the rapidly increasing number of empirical studies on evolutionary community ecology are reviewed.
Chapter 4 Community assembly dynamics in space
Authors: Fukami Tadashi 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the spatial scale at which the assembly of ecological communities occurs may influence the degree of determinism and historical contingency in community structure. The chapter focuses on patch size, patch isolation and the scale at which environmental conditions vary as spatial factors that affect community assembly. In combination, these factors are proposed to affect three elements of assembly dynamics: the rate of immigration to local communities, the degree to which the species pool is external to local community dynamics and the amount of variation in immigration history among local communities. These elements are then hypothesized to jointly determine the degree of historical contingency. The chapter concludes by suggesting a future research direction: refining the hypotheses discussed here through explicit consideration of species traits.
Chapter 6 Spatio-temporal structure in soil communities and ecosystem processes
Authors: Berg Matty P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The structure of a community is an important factor in the stabilization of food web composition and the regulation of ecosystem processes. Nevertheless, surprisingly little is known about temporal and spatial variability in community and food web composition, and the underlying mechanisms that cause this variability. Moreover, the question remains of how important spatio-temporal variability in community structure is for the regulation of soil processes, and whether we need this kind of detail to understand underlying mechanisms. In an attempt to answer this question, a terrestrial example, the organic horizon of a coniferous forest soil, will be used (1) to quantify community variability in time and across space and (2) to assess possible consequences of community variability for an important soil process, the degradation of organic matter and the subsequent flow of energy and nutrient through soil.
Chapter 14 Emerging frontiers of community ecology
Authors: Morin Peter J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Community ecology is progressing in a number of important new directions. Among many possible future directions, I focus first on the important topic of biotic invasions, since they alter the world's natural communities as well as their ecological character. Examples of recent studies on the relation between diversity and invasibility and the importance of scale in such studies are discussed. Another important area is the study of the evolution of community patterns and processes, ranging from local dynamics to large-scale diversity gradients. Further suggestions concern questions surrounding the linking of the structure of ecological networks to empirically measured community dynamics, such as the linkage between dynamics and realized structure and the importance of assembly dynamics for common patterns. I suggest that an important goal is the construction of community-wide interaction networks, including competition, mutualisms and trophic interactions, that would represent the full complexity and dynamics of ecological communities more completely than traditional food webs.
N-Scale Model Reduction Theory
Authors: Fish Jacob , Yuan Zheng 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA model reduction approach aimed at systematically reducing computational complexity of multiple scale homogenization for nonlinear history-dependent problems is developed. The so-called N-scale model reduction (NMR) approach is based on reformulating a sequence of nonlinear unit cell problems at multiple scales in terms of inelastic deformation modes that a priori satisfy equilibrium equations at multiple scales and thus eliminating the need for costly solution of discretized nonlinear equilibrium. The N-scale model reduction approach is validated on tube crush tests.
Concurrent Coupling of Atomistic and Continuum Models
Authors: Xu Mei 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a review of concurrent multiscale methods for coupling continuum, molecular, and quantum mechanics with a particular emphasis on the Bridging Domain Method. An expanded taxonomy of multiscale methods is presented which highlights the role and characteristics of concurrent multiscale methods. Several popular 0 K methods are summarized: master-slave coupling, ONIOM, the Bridging Domain Method, the Bridging Scale Method and the Quasicontinuum method. The topic of ghost forces in the Bridging Domain Method is studied and the stability properties of Lagrange multiplier coupling methods are reviewed. Several methods for coupling molecular dynamics with continua are described: master-slave and handshake methods, the Bridging Domain Method, and the Bridging Scale Method. The conservation properties of the Bridging Domain Method are demonstrated. Numerical examples are presented which focus on the reduction of spurious phonon reflections from the continuum/molecular interfaces in the Bridging Domain Method. Examples of the simulation of cracks and defects in graphene using a modified ONIOM method to couple continuum, molecular, and quantum subdomain are also given.
Blending Methods for Coupling Atomistic and Continuum Models
Authors: Bochev P. , Lehoucq R. , Parks M. , Badia S. , Gunzburger M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe review some recent developments in the coupling of atomistic and continuum models based on the blending of the two models in an overlap, or bridge, subdomain. These coupling schemes resemble overlapping domain decomposition methods. However, their analysis and development is complicated by the non-local force model employed by the atomistic model. We present an abstract framework for atomistic-to-continuum (AtC) coupling methods and formulate precise mathematical notions of patch and consistency tests for the methods. The framework admits both force-based or energy-based coupling methods and allows us to identify four general classes of blending methods. We subject each class to patch and consistency tests and discuss important implementation issues such as: the enforcement of displacement continuity constraints in the bridge region; internal vs. external blending; the role of ghost forces, or forces that arise from coupling nonlocal and local models of force, and how they can be mitigated by blending methods.
Error Estimates for Multiscale Operator Decomposition for Multiphysics Models
Authors: Estep D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMultiphysics, multiscale models present significant challenges in terms of computing accurate solutions and for estimating the error in information computed from numerical solutions. In this chapter, we discuss error estimation for a widely used numerical approach for multiphysics, multiscale problems called multiscale operator decomposition. In this approach, a multiphysics model is decomposed into components involving simpler physics over a relatively limited range of scales, and the solution is sought through an iterative procedure involving numerical solutions of the individual components. After describing the ingredients of adjoint-based a posteriori analysis, we describe the extension to multiscale operator decomposition solution methods. While the particulars of the analysis vary considerably with the problem, there are several key ideas underlying a general approach to treat operator decomposition multiscale methods.
Finite Temperature Multiscale Methods for Silicon NEMS
Authors: Tang Z. , Aluru N. R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, we present a finite temperature quasicontinuum method for multiscale analysis of silicon nanostructures at finite temperature. The quasicontinuum method uses the classical continuum mechanics framework, but the constitutive response of the system is determined by employing an atomistic description. For finite temperature solid systems under isothermal conditions, the constitutive response is determined by using the Helmholtz free energy density. The static part of the Helmholtz free energy density is obtained directly from the interatomic potential while the vibrational part is calculated by using the theory of quantum-mechanical lattice dynamics. We describe three quasiharmonic models, namely the real space quasiharmonic model (QHM), the local quasiharmonic model (LQHM), and the reciprocal space quasiharmonic model (QHMK), to compute the vibrational free energy. We also describe a QHMG approach - where the quasiharmonic approximation is combined with the local phonon density of states (LPDOS). The LPDOS is efficiently calculated from the phonon Green's function (GF) by using a recursion method.