bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light extraction from GaN‐based LED structures on silicon‐on‐insulator substrates
Authors: Tripathy S. , Teo S. L. , Lin V. K. X. , Chen M. F. , Dadgar A. , Christen J. , Krost A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNano‐patterning of GaN‐based devices is a promising technology in the development of high output power devices. Recent researches have been focused on the realization of two‐dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhC) structure to improve light extraction efficiency and to control the direction of emission. In this study, we have demonstrated improved light extraction from green light emitting diode (LED) structures on thin silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) substrates using surface nanopatterning. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to probe the size, shape, and etch depth of nano‐patterns on the LED surfaces. Different types of nanopatterns were created by e‐beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma etching. The LED structures after post processing are studied by photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The GaN nanophotonic structures formed by ICP etching led to more than five‐fold increase in the intensity of the green emission. The improved light extraction is due to the combination of SOI substrate reflectivity and photonic structures on top GaN LED surfaces. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EM algorithm for estimating the Burr XII parameters with multiple censored data
Authors: Wang F. K. , Cheng Y. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe two‐parameter Burr XII distribution has been widely used in various practical applications such as business, chemical engineering, quality control, medical research and reliability engineering. In this paper, we present maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) via the expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the Burr XII parameters with multiple censored data. We also provide a method that can be used to construct the confidence intervals of the parameters, a method that computes the asymptotic variance and the covariance of the MLE from the complete and missing information matrices. A simulation study is conducted to compare the performance of the MLE via the EM algorithm and the Netwon–Raphson (NR) algorithm. The simulation results show that the EM algorithm outperforms the NR algorithm in most cases in terms of bias and errors in the root mean square. A numerical example is also used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of sodium and potassium chlorate anions
Authors: Dain Ryan P. , Leavitt Christopher M. , Oomens Jos , Steill Jeffrey D. , Groenewold Gary S. , Van Stipdonk Michael J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe structures of gas‐phase, metal chlorate anions with the formula [M(ClO3)2]−, M = Na and K, were determined using tandem mass spectrometry and infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Structural assignments for both anions are based on comparisons of the experimental vibrational spectra for the two species with those predicted by density functional theory (DFT) and involve conformations that feature either bidentate or tridentate coordination of the cation by chlorate. Our results strongly suggest that a structure in which both chlorate anions are bidentate ligands is preferred for [Na(ClO3)2]−. However, for [K(ClO3)2]− the best agreement between experimental and theoretical spectra is obtained from a composite of predicted spectra for which the chlorate anions are either both bidentate or both tridentate ligands. In general, we find that the overall accuracy of DFT calculations for prediction of IR spectra is dependent on both functional and basis set, with best agreement achieved using frequencies generated at the B3LYP/6‐311+g(3df) level of theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delay‐dependent robust H∞ control for uncertain stochastic time‐delay systems
Authors: Yang Rongni , Gao Huijun , Shi Peng 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the robust H∞ control problem for stochastic systems with a delay in the state. Sufficient delay‐dependent conditions for the existence of state‐feedback controllers are proposed to guarantee mean‐square asymptotic stability as well as the prescribed H∞ performance for the closed‐loop systems. Moreover, the results are further extended to the stochastic time‐delay systems with parameter uncertainties, which are assumed to be time‐varying norm‐bounded appearing in both the state and the input matrices. The appealing idea is to partition the delay, which differs greatly from the most existing results and reduces conservatism by thinning the delay partitioning. Numerical examples are provided to show the advantages of the proposed techniques. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of dynamic ice formation on hydraulic heterogeneity in steep streams
Authors: Stickler Morten , Alfredsen Knut T. , Linnansaari Tommi , Fjeldstad Hans‐Petter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDuring winter, different types of ice formation are commonly observed in northern boreal stream systems. Although largely overlooked today, river ice has profound effects on in‐stream hydraulics and therefore ice processes should be considered in freshwater stream management and assessment. In particular, limited knowledge exists about the impacts of dynamic ice formation on stream environments. Results presented from the changes of in‐stream heterogeneity in three steep stream environments caused by dynamic ice formation demonstrate that the formation of anchor ice and anchor ice dams may induce significant backwater effects by increasing wetted areas (maximum 43%) and water depths (maximum 241%) and reducing water velocities (maximum 70%); independent of minimal changes in discharge. Consequently, stream environments are transformed from fast‐flow to slow‐flow areas, even on a short temporal scale (<12 h). Furthermore, the anchor ice build‐up initiated static (surface) ice formation due to reduced local water velocities upstream ice dams. Thus, dynamic ice formation plays a key role in the balanced ice regime in steep stream environments and contributes largely to stable static ice cover in these environments. Observations from the present study suggest that the current paradigm emphasizing the role of discharge as the main controller of in‐stream heterogeneity may call for a modification in steep streams that experience seasonal ice formation. This is particularly important if future hydraulic‐/habitat models and assessment tools are to be implemented in freshwater management to realistically characterize steep stream environments in cold climate regions on a seasonal scale. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of single and two‐stage adaptive sampling designs for estimation of density and abundance of freshwater mussels in a large river
Authors: Smith D. R. , Rogala J. T. , Gray B. R. , Zigler S. J. , Newton T. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractReliable estimates of abundance are needed to assess consequences of proposed habitat restoration and enhancement projects on freshwater mussels in the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Although there is general guidance on sampling techniques for population assessment of freshwater mussels, the actual performance of sampling designs can depend critically on the population density and spatial distribution at the project site. To evaluate various sampling designs, we simulated sampling of populations, which varied in density and degree of spatial clustering. Because of logistics and costs of large river sampling and spatial clustering of freshwater mussels, we focused on adaptive and non‐adaptive versions of single and two‐stage sampling. The candidate designs performed similarly in terms of precision (CV) and probability of species detection for fixed sample size. Both CV and species detection were determined largely by density, spatial distribution and sample size. However, designs did differ in the rate that occupied quadrats were encountered. Occupied units had a higher probability of selection using adaptive designs than conventional designs. We used two measures of cost: sample size (i.e. number of quadrats) and distance travelled between the quadrats. Adaptive and two‐stage designs tended to reduce distance between sampling units, and thus performed better when distance travelled was considered. Based on the comparisons, we provide general recommendations on the sampling designs for the freshwater mussels in the UMR, and presumably other large rivers. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discourses matter: Chinese ethnic minorities in sustainable development
Authors: Fu Rong , Zuo Ting , Lenihan Eamon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEthnic minorities have always been an integrated part of development reality. Taking Nu people, one of the 56 ethnic minorities in China, for case study, the present article is an attempt to examine the multiple discourses concerning ethnic minority development in the country. Evidence based analysis is conducted to reveal the existence of three major layers of discourses in the arena of ethnic development and to compare in detail the cognitions, orientations, expression mechanisms and encounters between government, intermediary and community discourses. The paper proposes an intervention selection system to enlarge room for manoeuvre at the bottom. It also calls for a development warning system for ethnic minorities in development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Progressive collapse resisting capacity of braced frames
Authors: Kim Jinkoo , Lee Youngho , Choi Hyunhoon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, the progressive collapse potential of braced frames was investigated using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. Eight different bracing types were considered and their performances were compared with those of a special moment‐resisting frame designed with the same design load. According to the pushdown analysis results, most braced frames designed per current design codes satisfied the design guidelines for progressive collapse initiated by loss of a first story interior column; however, most model structures showed brittle failure mode caused by buckling of braces and columns. Among the braced frames considered, the inverted‐V type braced frames showed superior ductile behaviour during progressive collapse. The nonlinear dynamic analysis results showed that all the braced structures remained in stable condition after sudden removal of a column, and their deflections were less than that of the moment‐resisting frame. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progressive collapse performance of irregular buildings
Authors: Kim Jinkoo , Hong Sumin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, the progressive collapse‐resisting capacities of tilted or twisted buildings were evaluated by nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. For analysis models, 30‐storey tilted buildings with braced cores and 30‐storey twisted buildings with reinforced concrete cores were designed, and their performances were compared with those of the regular buildings. According to the analysis results, the progressive collapse potential of the tilted structures varied significantly, depending on the location of the removed column. It was also observed in the tilted structures that the plastic hinges formed not only in the bays from which a column was removed, but also in the nearby bays. Similar results were observed in the analysis of the twisted structures. The progressive collapse potentials of the tilted structure were high when a column was removed from the tilted side. However, the twisted structures considered in this study had progressive collapse potentials not very large compared with those of the corresponding regular structures, mainly because more structural elements were involved in resisting progressive collapse when a structural member was eliminated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous frequency regulation by controllable loads to increase acceptable wind power generation
Authors: Kondoh Junji 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOutput power fluctuation of high penetration of wind power causes demand and supply imbalance in electric power systems and results in frequency deviation if the fluctuation is not fully compensated by other regulable power plants. In Japan, some electric utilities have started to accept only the wind farms which disconnect and give up generating power during light‐load periods with less adjustable reserve. Otherwise, wind farms are required to employ battery energy storage systems (BESSs) to charge the generated power during the light‐load periods. Instead of these uneconomical solutions, this paper proposes autonomous frequency regulation by controllable loads such as electric water heaters (EWHs). In the paper, the acceptable increase of wind power generation by the proposed load control has been evaluated quantitatively in the power system of the Hokkaido Island in Japan. The result indicates that the acceptable increase of wind power generation goes from 250 to 675 MW by applying the proposed autonomous frequency regulation on all EWHs, and the total cost to implement the autonomous frequency regulation on the EWHs is around 1/26 compared with a solution using BESSs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning and characterization of a glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) gene from the halotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa
Authors: Peng Feng , Li Gang , Wang Xiaoxing , Jiang Yan , Yang Yi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, a novel glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (EC1.1.1.8) gene (PfGPD) was cloned from halotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa, using degenerate reverse transcription (RT)–PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods. The full‐length cDNA of the PfGPD gene is 1403 bp, which has an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 370 amino acids. PfGPD is conserved with other glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase genes and presents a single copy in the P. farinosa genome. Transcriptional analysis revealed that PfGPD gene expression level was high after 2 h induction in a hyperosmotic environment containing 2 M NaCl and returned to normal within 6 h. These results suggest that the PfGPD gene is induced by salt stress. Yeast complementation experiment indicated that PfGPD complements gpd1 mutation in S. cerevisiae. The Accession No. for PfGPD in GenBank is EF601986. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amino acid residues involved in ligand preference of the Snf3 transporter‐like sensor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Dietvorst Judith , Karhumaa Kaisa , Kielland‐Brandt Morten C. , Brandt Anders 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSnf3 is a plasma membrane protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae able to sense the presence of glucose. Although the Snf3 protein does not transport sugars, it shares sequence similarity with various glucose transporters from other organisms. We investigated the sugar specificity/preferences of Snf3. The ability of cells to sense sugars in vivo was monitored by following the degradation of the Mth1 protein, an early event in the signal pathway. Our study reveals that Snf3, in addition to glucose, also senses fructose and mannose, as well as the glucose analogues 2‐deoxyglucose, 3‐O‐methylglucoside and 6‐deoxyglucose. The signalling proficiency of a non‐phosphorylatable analogue strongly supports the notion that sensing through Snf3 does not require sugar phosphorylation. Sequence comparisons of Snf3 to glucose transporters indicated amino acid residues possibly involved in sensing of sugars other than glucose. By site‐specific mutagenesis of the structural gene, roles of specific residues in Snf3 could be established. Change of isoleucine‐374 to valine in transmembrane segment 7 of Snf3 partially abolished sensing of fructose and mannose, while mutagenesis causing a change of phenylalanine‐462 to tyrosine in transmembrane segment 10 of Snf3 abolished sensing of fructose. Neither of these amino acid changes affected the ability of Snf3 to sense glucose, nor did they permit Snf3 to sense galactose. These data indicate a similarity between a ligand binding site of the sensor Snf3 and binding sites used for facilitated hexose transport in the GLUT proteins. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and characterization of the type 2C protein phosphatase Ptc4p in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans
Authors: Zhao Jingwen , Sun Xin , Fang Jiaping , Liu Wei , Feng Chen , Jiang Linghuo 
Published: December 2009

AbstractType 2C protein phosphatases (PP2C) are monomeric enzymes and their activities require the presence of magnesium or manganese ions. There are seven PP2C genes, named from PTC1 to PTC7, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the current study we identified the CaPTC4 gene in Candida albicans and demonstrated that the CaPtc4p protein is a typical PP2C enzyme, which is highly conserved in fungal species. Deletion of CaPTC4 renders Candida cells sensitive to sodium and potassium ions as well as to antifungal azole drugs. In addition, we have shown that CaPtc4p is localized in the mitochondrion, suggesting that CaPtc4p is likely to be involved in the regulation of a mitochondrial function related to ion homeostasis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A survey of elephant husbandry and foot health in North American zoos
Authors: Lewis Karen D. , Shepherdson David J. , Owens Terrah M. , Keele Mike 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe foot health of elephants in human care is a longstanding concern. In 2001, the AZA Standards for Elephant Management and Care were published recommending husbandry to improve foot health. This article reports the results of a 2006 survey: basic statistics describing facility, husbandry, and foot health attributes are reported and relationships among variables are investigated. Median area available to elephants exceeded Standard recommendations (755 ft2 per elephant indoor and 10,000 ft2 outdoor). Concrete makes up 69% of indoor area and natural substrates account for 85% of outdzoor area. Elephants in AZA facilities received an average of 45.5 min/day of exercise, and facilities with a structured exercise plan provided significantly more exercise than did facilities without a structured exercise plan (z=−2.522, P=0.012). Enrichment is important to psychological health and may also stimulate activity beneficial to foot health; 95% of institutions had a structured enrichment program. Preventative foot care was nearly universal, and 100% of facilities performed routine nail and pad trimming. However, foot pathology has not been eradicated; 33% of institutions reported at least one pathology in the previous year. This study found a strong inverse relationship between foot pathology and exercise (χ2(3)=24.34, P<0.001). Younger herds were less likely to have a member diagnosed with arthritis (χ2(1)=8.90, P=0.003). Lameness was unrelated to age or pathology, and only the presence of arthritis explained lameness (z=−7.81, P<0.001). African elephants seemed to experience lower rates of foot pathology and arthritis than Asian elephants; however, this was explained by differences in age. Zoo Biol 29:221–236, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of a Visible Simulation Surgery Technique in Preoperation Planning for Intrahepatic Calculi
Authors: Fang Chi Hua , Xie Ao Wen , Chen Mian Ling , Huang Yan Peng , Lu Chao Min , Li Xiao Feng , Pan Jia Hui , Peng Feng Ping 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate a visible simulation surgery technique for choosing the best surgical plan in patients with intrahepatic calculi.MethodsA medical image processing system was used to process computed tomography (CT) scanning data collected from four cases of intrahepatic calculi. Models of liver and bile ducts in standard template library format were processed by a free‐form modeling system and reconstructed three‐dimensionally. Accurate digital information about the bile duct system, lesions, calculi distribution, and adjacent organs from all directions, multiple angles, and multi‐strata were used to choose the best surgical plan. Then, visible simulation surgery was performed with simulation operation software.ResultsThree‐dimensionally reconstructed models provide clarity with strong relief perception and a user‐friendly interface. Visible simulation surgery performed based on three‐dimensionally reconstructed models led to optimal operation planning.ConclusionsVisible simulation surgery is more objective and complete than routine preoperative examinations to choose the best operation plan for intrahepatic calculi.
Effect of Liver Transplantation on Spleen Size, Collateral Veins, and Platelet Counts
Authors: Chikamori Fumio , Nishida Seigo , Selvaggi Gennaro , Tryphonopoulos Panagiotis , Moon Jang I. , Levi David M. , Kato Tomoaki , Island Eddie R. , Maki Akira , Tekin Akin , Tzakis Andreas G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of liver transplantation on the spleen size, spontaneous splenorenal shunt (SRS) function, and platelet counts in patients with hypersplenism.MethodsBetween December 2001 and February 2007, 462 adult patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantations (OLTX) at our institution. Of these patients, CT or MRI information was reviewed retrospectively in 55 patients. Volume measurements of the spleen and liver, spleen/liver volume ratio (S/L ratio), presence and size of SRS, and platelet counts were evaluated before and after OLTX.ResultsMean spleen volume decreased from 827 ± 463 ml to 662 ± 376 ml after OLTX (p < 0.01). Five (11%) patients returned to normal‐range spleen size after OLTX. SRS was observed in 19 patients before OLTX (35%). The diameter of SRS also significantly decreased from 1.0 ± 0.5 cm before OLTX to 0.7 ± 0.5 cm after OLTX (p < 0.05). SRS disappeared in 16% of patients (3/19). S/L ratio significantly decreased from 0.65 ± 0.33 to 0.38 ± 0.17 (p < 0.01) after OLTX. Platelet counts significantly increased after OLTX (p < 0.01). Improvement of the platelet count in the group with postoperative S/L ratio >0.35 was not as good as that in the group with S/L ratio <0.35 (p < 0.01).ConclusionsSpleen size and SRS size became significantly smaller after OLTX. However, patients with postoperative S/L ratio >0.35 tend to have lower platelet counts after OLTX.