bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of In Situ Oil Sands Recovery Technology: What Happened and What’s New?
Authors: Gates Ian D. , Wang Jacky 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Over the past 50 years, in-situ recovery methods for oil sands reservoirs have evolved and the patent literature is rich with different well designs, operating conditions, and recovery mechanisms. Here, the patent and literature has been analyzed to understand those features of in-situ recovery technologies that persisted through time. Over 250 hundred patents covering different well designs and injectants have been examined. A simple example of a persistent technology is the horizontal well: Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is enabled by horizontal well technology; the vertical equivalent of SAGD is not feasible as an economic recovery process. Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) are now over two decades old since invention and at this point there are few new technologies on the table which are being researched or evaluated. Most new technologies, for example, thermal-solvent, electrical heating with solvents, and toe-to-heel combustion are incremental adds on existing technology ideas proposed in the patent literature years to decades ago. Here, an analysis has been done to understand the evolution of in-situ oil sands recovery technology and what features have enabled economic recovery oil sands resources. The results reveal that a small number of features arising from the oil sands recovery process ideas dreamed, proposed, and developed over the past 50 years account for the success of current commercial oil sands recovery methods.
A Life Cycle Approach for Assessing Production Technologies in Heavy Oil Well Construction Projects
Authors: Ortiz Volcan Jose Luis , Iskandar Ramez Antonio 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Heavy oils are characterized by high viscosities (i.e. resistance to flow) and high densities compared to conventional oil therefore they require the evaluation of specialized production methods with a systemic approach, since each one is a combination of technologies that works together as a system with the mission of improving recovery of hydrocarbons in an economical, safely and environmentally friendly manner. The probability that a heavy oil well will be constructed and will operate to achieve technical and economical objectives within the framework of an enhanced oil recovery plan is the product of the well construction project and well operational effectiveness.
The approach presented in this paper to assess production technologies requires whole life cycle asset analysis to account for uncertainties, risks and reliability in a reservoir-well-surface production system model representing all potential cause effect relations and failure modes to identify the origin of future potential production problems and its classification based on availability of data and the use of analogs for each decision category.
The proposed approach has eight processes: 1) Data gathering and reliability analysis, 2) identification of uncertainties, 3) Determination of potential production problems and risks, 4) Identification and analysis of causes of problems at reservoir level, well drainage area and surface 5) Definition of corrective and preventive actions and associated cost and time implications, 6) selection of production technologies options and scenarios, 7) Stochastic modeling of costs, cycle time, resources and system effectiveness for each scenario and 8) Solution design with the required actions for controlling or handling production problems during the life cycle of the field.
The solution is modeled with systems dynamics or stochastic simulation to calibrate life cycle costs, benefits, cycle time and required resources and data acquisition to close the loop during the life cycle of the field.
Two heavy oil field examples undergoing appraisal and development are used to illustrate how this approach allows for multiple scenarios with combination of options for key decision variables to generate a robust business case during visualization of production response of heavy oil well construction projects.
Detecting and Predicting Accounting Irregularities: A Comparison of Commercial and Academic Risk Measures
Authors: Price Richard A , Sharp Nathan Y. , Wood David A. 
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSIS
Although a substantial body of academic research is devoted to developing and testing risk proxies that detect accounting irregularities, the academic literature has paid little attention to commercially developed risk measures. This is surprising given the general consensus that academic risk measures have relatively poor construct validity. We compare the commercially developed Accounting and Governance Risk (AGR) and Accounting Risk (AR) measures with academic risk measures to determine which best detects financial misstatements that result in Securities and Exchange Commission enforcement actions, egregious accounting restatements, and shareholder lawsuits related to accounting improprieties. We find that the commercially developed risk measures outperform the academic risk measures in all head-to-head tests for detecting misstatements. The commercial measures also perform as well as or better than the academic measures in new tests that predict future accounting irregularities using numbers reported one year before the misreporting even begins. Our results suggest commercially developed risk proxies can be useful to practitioners and academics when trying to detect or predict accounting irregularities.
JEL Classifications: M41; G30; K22.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Flex or Break? Extensions in XBRL Disclosures to the SEC
Authors: Debreceny Roger S. , Farewell Stephanie M. , Piechocki Maciej , Felden Carsten , Gräning Andre , d'Eri Alessandro 
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSIS
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has adopted the eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) in a multi-year program to enhance the functionality of the Commission's EDGAR database. Filers tag their financial statements with elements from a taxonomy that defines the reporting concepts so that the XBRL files can be understood by information consumers. The U.S. GAAP taxonomy was designed to represent common reporting practices and support the disclosure requirements of U.S. GAAP. If taxonomy elements for each disclosure concept are not present, the filer creates an extension element. Extensions, when used appropriately, provide decision-relevant information. When used inappropriately, particularly when a semantically equivalent element already exists in the foundation taxonomy, extensions add no information content. This research analyzes extensions made in a subset of XBRL filings made to the SEC between April 2009 and June 2010. Forty percent of these extensions were unnecessary, as semantically equivalent elements were already in the U.S. GAAP taxonomy. Extensions that aggregated or disaggregated existing elements comprised 21 percent of the extensions. New concepts accounted for 30 percent of the extensions, although many were variants of existing elements, rather than significantly new concepts.
Discrete Laplace cycles of period four
Authors: Schröcker Hans-Peter 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We study discrete conjugate nets whose Laplace sequence is of period four. Corresponding points of opposite nets in this cyclic sequence have equal osculating planes in different net directions, that is, they correspond in an asymptotic transformation. We show that this implies that the connecting lines of corresponding points form a discrete W-congruence. We derive some properties of discrete Laplace cycles of period four and describe two explicit methods for their construction.
Performance of High-Rate Kinematic GPS During Strong Shaking: Observations from Shake Table Tests and the 2010 Chile Earthquake
Authors: Wang G. , Blume F. , Meertens C. , Ibanez P. , Schulze M. 
Published: December 2011

Performance of High-Rate Kinematic GPS During Strong Shaking: Observations from Shake Table Tests and the 2010 Chile EarthquakeOver the last decade, the 1-sample-per-second kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used as a displacement sensor in earthquake observations and for structural health monitoring. Many researchers in both seismology and engineering have expressed the desire for higher-sample-rate (10-sample-per-second or higher) GPS data to acquire high-frequency displacement information. We performed several shake table tests of GPS observation on 29 April, 2009 for the purpose of evaluating the performance of high-rate kinematic GPS. We found that the accuracy of high-rate kinematic GPS depended on antenna movement, but was independent of receiver sampling rate. The errors in kinematic GPS measurements during the periods of strong shaking were systematically larger than those during the static periods. Furthermore, we found that these large errors were coincident with large accelerations and jerks in the motions experienced by the GPS receivers and antennas. Observations from the 2010 earthquake in Maule, Chile (M 8.8) indicated that strong ground motions can degrade the accuracy of high-rate kinematic GPS measurements. Significant jerks and/or accelerations can cause GPS units to temporarily lose tracking on satellite signals and lead to gaps in GPS-recorded seismograms.
Cranialization of the frontal sinus—the final remedy for refractory chronic frontal sinusitis
Authors: van Dijk J. Marc C. , Wagemakers Michiel , Korsten-Meijer Astrid G. W. , Kees Buiter C. T. , van der Laan Bernard F. A. M. , Mooij Jan Jakob A. 
Published: December 2011

Object
Chronic sinusitis can be a debilitating disease with significant impact on quality of life. Frontal sinusitis has a relatively low prevalence, but complications can be severe due to its anatomical location. After failure of conservative measures, typically endoscopic procedures are performed to improve the drainage of the frontal sinus. The cranialization of the frontal sinus is the final surgical measure, in which the affected frontal sinus is truly removed. In this study the authors describe the surgical technique of cranialization of the frontal sinus for refractory chronic frontal sinusitis, systematically search the literature for its application, and assess patient satisfaction in a cohort of consecutively treated patients after long-term follow-up.

Methods
A consecutive cohort of 15 patients with refractory chronic frontal sinusitis was treated by cranialization of the frontal sinus and followed over a 20-year period (1989–2008) for the direct results and complications of the surgery. Long-term follow-up (mean 6.5 years) was obtained to assess the long-term effects of the cranialization.

Results
In all patients the signs and symptoms of chronic frontal sinusitis responded very well to the cranialization. Five patients had surgical complications, of which 2 were serious. One patient died of an unrelated cause and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. The remaining 13 patients had a long-term follow-up, which revealed that 12 of them thought that their life was better after the surgical procedure.

Conclusions
Cranialization of the frontal sinus deserves consideration as the final remedy for refractory chronic frontal sinusitis after definite failure of other options.
Rice Production In Bangladesh Employing By Arima Model
Authors: Awal MA , Siddique MAB 
Published: December 2011

The present study was carried out to estimate growth pattern and also examine the best ARIMA model to efficiently forecasting Aus, Aman and Boro rice production in Bangladesh. It appeared that the time series data for Aus and Aman were 1st order homogenous stationary but Boro was 2nd order stationary. The study revealed that the best models were ARIMA (4,1,4), ARIMA (2,1,1), and ARIMA (2,2,3) for Aus, Aman, and Boro rice production, respectively. The analysis indicated that short-term forecasts were more efficient for ARIMA models compared to the deterministic models. The production uncertainty of rice could be minimized if production were forecasted well and necessary steps were taken against losses. The findings of this study would be more useful for policy makers, researchers as well as producers in order to forecast future national rice production more accurately in the short run. Keywords: Production; ARIMA model; forecasting of rice. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9229 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 51-62
Investigation Into Effect Of Crude Mixture Of <i>Abrus Precatorius</i> Seed On Hypothalamopituitary Gonadal Axis And Development Of Antifertility In Male Rats
Authors: Talukder S , Hossain MA , Sarker S , Khan MAH 
Published: December 2011

To evaluate the antifertility effect of crude mixture of A. precatorius seeds at the dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight in adult male rats, after oral administration to male rats for 40 days, the rats were sacrificed and hormonal profiles, serum biochemistry, sperm count and histological changes were recorded. A sharp decrease in the serum levels of testosterone (0.70 ± 0.17 ng/ml), FSH (0.70 ± 0.22 lU/L), and LH (0.87 ± 0.35 IU/L) was detected compared to control (FSH, LH and testosterone levels 0.93 ± 0.15 ng/ml, 0.76 ± 0.28 IU/L, 1.44 ± .011 IU/L, respectively). A significant reduction of epididymal sperm count (2.34 million/mL) was noted in treated rats as compared to control group (7.87 million/mL). Histology of testes showed marked atrophy of the testes, which was characterized by disruption of the seminiferous epithelium and atrophy of the Leydig cells. Crude mixture of A. precatorius seed has a negative impact on male reproductive functions. It might be suggested that crude mixture of A. precatorius seeds might have antifertility property for male rats. Keywords: Abrus precatorius; antifertility; male rat; testosterone. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9234 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 103-109
Effect Of Alley Size And Hedgerow Pruning Interval On Phenology And Yield Of Okra [<i>Abelmoschus Esculentus</i> (L.) Moench] In Hill Slope
Authors: Firoz ZA , Rashid MH , Huda MS 
Published: December 2011

An experiment was conducted at the Hill Agricultural Research Station, Khagrachari from May 2002 to November 2004 to find out the effect of alley size (3.0 , 4.0, and 5.0 m) and hedgerow pruning interval (1, 2, and 3 months) on phenology and fruit yield of okra in hill slope condition during the rainy season. The highest fruit yield (16.14 t/ha) was produced by the plants grown in 3.0 m size alley. In case of hedgerow pruning interval, the highest yield (16.07 t/ha was recorded from 2 months pruning interval and it was significantly different with other two pruning intervals. The treatment combination of 3.0 m size alley with I month pruning interval produced significantly highest yield (17.67 t/ha). The highest gross return (Tk.176700/ha), net return (Tk.120380/ha) and BCR (3.14) were also found from the same treatment though highest cost of production was involved in this treatment. Key words: Alley size; pruning interval; phenology; okra yield; cost benefit. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9238 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 143-150
Genetic Divergence In Potato (<i>Solanum Tuberosum</i> L.)
Authors: Sattar MA , Uddin MZ , Islam MR , Bhuiyan MKR , Rahman MS 
Published: December 2011

Twenty eight genotypes of potato representing different sources collected from TCRC, BARI, Gazipur were tested for genetic divergence utilizing multivariate analysis. The genotypes were grouped into five clusters. No relationship was found between genetic divergence and geographic distribution. Number of tubers per plant and yield contributed maximum, while average weight of a tuber and weight of tubers per plant contributed high towards total divergence which offered due attention to these characters while selecting for increased tuber yield. The inter-cluster distance (D2) was maximum (36.29) between III and IV. The highest and the lowest intracluster distances (D2) were 9.64 and 2.48 in cluster III and II, respectively. Keywords: Potato; selection; genetic divergence; cluster analysis; tuber yield. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9240 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 165-172
Effect Of Water Stress On Stomatal Characters Of Twenty One Near Isogenic Lines Of Wheat (<i>Triticum Aestivum</i> L.)
Authors: Alam AMS , Kabir G , UD-Deen MM , Hoque E 
Published: December 2011

The present study was carried out to determine the effect of water stress on stomatal characters of flag leaf of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) where five different irrigation regimes were considered as environments. Stomatal opening frequencies were significantly decreased by water stress in both the surfaces of the flag leaf in both irrigated and rainfed conditions in all the near isogenic lines of wheat. In rainfed condition, it was lower than irrigated condition. Similarly stomatal index also significantly differed in different irrigation treatments at three different positions in both adaxial and abaxial surface but under rainfed condition, it was lower than the irrigated condition in all the genotypes. The pore lengths of flag leaf in both adaxial and abaxial surfaces were found similar in size. It also varied among the different irrigations, but the variations were not remarkable. In rainfed condition, the pore lengths of different genotypes showed lower values than irrigated condition. Effects of water stress on stomatal pore breadths in both the surfaces were significantly decreased in rainfed condition. But in different irrigation conditions, stomatal pore breadth were non-significant among the genotypes. The effect of water stress on different stomatal characters in both surface of leaf in different lines of wheat were decreased. Keywords: Water stress; stomatal characters; wheat . DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9241 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 173-181
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Liver Biochemical Abnormalities in Canadian Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: HUANG DARRYL , AGHDASSI ELAHEH , SU JIANDONG , MOSKO JEFFREY , HIRSCHFIELD GIDEON M. , GLADMAN DAFNA D. , UROWITZ MURRAY B. , FORTIN PAUL R. 
Published: December 2011

Objective.To determine the prevalence of abnormal liver enzymes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and whether further investigations were done, and the differences in SLE-related and/or metabolic factors in patients with and without liver biochemical abnormalities.Method.Patients from the University of Toronto Lupus Clinic who met at least 4 of the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE and had 1.5 times the upper limit for aspartate transaminase or alanine transaminase on 2 consecutive visits within a 2-year period were matched with controls for age, sex, and SLE duration. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were extracted at the time of the first appearance of liver enzyme abnormality for the cases and at the reference point for the controls.Results.From the 1533 patients reviewed, 134 (8.7%) met the inclusion criteria. Thirty of these patients were evaluated by a hepatologist, 75 had imaging studies (41 were done specifically for liver investigation), and 13 had liver biopsies. Results based on these investigations showed 31 fatty livers, 35 cases of drug-induced hepatotoxicity, 10 autoimmune etiologies, and 3 cases of viral hepatitis. Compared to controls, cases were higher in body mass index, anti-dsDNA antibody, prevalence of hypertension, antiphospholipid syndrome, and use of immunosuppressive medication, especially azathioprine and methotrexate; they were lower in IgM.Conclusion.Metabolic abnormalities such as obesity and hypertension and hepatotoxic effects of medication used to treat SLE may contribute more than SLE-related factors to liver biochemical abnormalities in patients with SLE.
Performance of Risk Indices for Identifying Low Bone Mineral Density and Osteoporosis in Mexican Mestizo Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: GONZALEZ-LOPEZ LAURA , GAMEZ-NAVA JORGE I. , VEGA-LOPEZ ANAHI , RODRIGUEZ-JIMENEZ N. ALEJANDRA , GONZALEZ-MONTOYA NORMA , AGUILAR-CHAVEZ ERIKA , ALCARAZ-LOPEZ M. FABIOLA , ROCHA-MUÑOZ ALBERTO D. , CASTRO-LIZANO NATASHA , MORALES-ROMERO JAIME , SALAZAR-PARAMO MARIO , SUAREZ-ALMAZOR MARIA E. 
Published: December 2011

Objective.We evaluated the utility of 6 generic and 2 specific risk indices for identifying low bone mineral density (BMD) or osteoporosis in women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); and their correlation with 10-year probability of fractures as assessed with the World Health Organization fracture risk assessment (FRAX) tool.Methods.Mexican Mestizo women with RA were evaluated in this cross-sectional study using 6 generic indices [Simple Calculated Osteoporosis Risk Estimation (SCORE); Osteoporosis Risk Assessment Instrument (ORAI); Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool; Age, Body Size, No Estrogen; Osteoporosis Index of Risk (OSIRIS); and Guidelines of the US National Osteoporosis Foundation], 2 specific indices (Amsterdam and modified Amsterdam), and FRAX. BMD results on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck were considered the “gold standard.” Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values (PV) of the indices and their correlations with FRAX results were estimated.Results.Among 191 patients, 46 had osteoporosis (24.1%) and 119 had low BMD (62.3%). For predicting osteoporosis, SCORE showed the highest sensitivity (96%), whereas OSIRIS (87%) and ORAI (82%) showed the highest specificities. OSIRIS also had the greatest positive PV (92%). The specific indices had low sensitivity and low specificity (Amsterdam, 50% and 79%, respectively; modified Amsterdam, 56% and 70%). All the indices had a low but significant correlation with FRAX.Conclusion.These findings support the use of some generic indices to identify patients with RA who should undergo DEXA testing. Currently available specific indices did not perform satisfactorily. New specific risk indices for osteoporosis in RA should be developed to increase sensitivity and specificity for predicting osteoporosis.