bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Errors in Aflatoxin Analyses of Raw Peanuts By Thin Layer Chromatography1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Estimates were made of the errors associated with the extraction, cleanup, drying, and quantification steps of the analytical procedure used by the Food Safety and Quality Service to test peanuts for aflatoxin. An analysis of variance indicated that the error associated with the extraction, cleanup, and drying steps were each negligible and that the quantification step was the major source of the analytical error. The error associated with the quantification step (coefficient of variation average 18.6%) probably comes from three sources((1) differences in fluorescence among replicated spots on a TLC plate (spot to spot error), (2) differences in fluorescence among spots on different TLC plates (spot to spot plus plate to plate error), and (3) errors in measuring the fluorescence of the spots (reading error). The fluorescence spots on the TLC plates were read densitometrically.
Response of Labidura Riparia (Pallas) to Residues of Pesticides Used on Peanuts
Authors: de Rivero Nancy A. , Poe Sidney L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effect of agricultural chemicals used in peanut production on the predaceous earwig Labidura riparia (Pallas) was demonstrated by exposure of adult males and females to residues on glass, on foliage, and in soil. In addition, food chain toxicity was evaluated by feeding predators on Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae treated with chemicals. Toxicity to chemicals decreased with less direct routes of exposure and with time after exposure and varied with product tested. Residues of carbaryl, methomyl, monocrotophos, toxaphene and dinoseb + alachlor resulted in 100% earwig mortality in 48 h when exposed on glass. In general herbicides were more toxic than the fungicides benomyl + maneb or chlorothanlonil, but were less toxic than insecticides. The mortality level was reduced by 50–90% when the pesticide residues were on foliage compared to glass. Phorate in soil resulted in more than 85% mortality, and the herbicide vernolate in soil caused more than 50% mortality. When fed chemically treated larvae, 30–100% of earwigs were killed. The most toxic pesticide when in the food chain was monocrotophos, the least toxic ones were toxaphene and methomyl.
Resistance of Arachis Species to the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda1
Authors: Lynch R. E. , Branch W. D. , Garner J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Fourteen species of Arachis were evaluated for survival, leaf consumption, development rate, and preference by the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Using a host-suitability index, A. monticola, A. hypogaea, cv. ‘Florunner,’ A. stenosperma, and A. batizogaea were the most suitable hosts and were classified susceptible to the fall armyworm. A. burkartii and A. villosa were the least suitable hosts and were classified resistant. These classifications were also supported, in general, by preference of the insect for the species of Arachis.
Free Amino Acids in Peanuts as Affected by Seed Size and Storage Time1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Young Clyde T. , Giesbrecht Francis G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanuts from a commercial source were segregated into specific seed sizes and placed in storage conditions approximating commercial conditions to determine the amino acid changes taking place during storage within various size seeds. Concentrations of the isolated free amino acid fractions significantly decreased with seed size except for phenylalanine which significantly increased with seed size. Significant changes also occurred in the free amino acid fractions across storage periods up to nine months in duration. These results are the first to document a change in amino acids during the storage of peanuts.
Growth Stages of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Boote K. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Uniform growth stage descriptions were developed for peanut based on visually observable vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) events. The V stage was determined by counting the number of developed nodes on the main stem, beginning with the cotyledonary node as zero. The last node counted must have its tetrafoliolate leaf sufficiently expanded so the leaflets are unfolded and flat in appearance. The R stages proposed are R1 (beginning bloom), R2 (beginning peg), R3 (beginning pod), R4 (full pod), R5 (beginning seed), R6 (full seed), R7 (beginning maturity), R8 (harvest maturity), and R9 (over mature pod). The V and R stages can be measured separately and concurrently and apply to populations or single plants. For populations, a given stage is reached when 50% of the plants sampled have achieved the specified node number or have one or more flowers, pegs, pods, or seeds exhibiting the specified trait. The stages apply to both Spanish and Virginia type cultivars.
The proposed standard descriptions of peanut plant development should aid in peanut research planning and communication and should assist extension recommendation of timing of cultural practices.
Variation in Total Amino Acid Percentage in Different Portions of Peanut Cotyledons1
Authors: Hovis Allan R. , Young Clyde T. , Tai Peter Y. P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties were analyzed for amino acid concentration among four consecutive sections across the two cotyledons. Significant differences were found among varieties (average 60% of total variation), among seeds (average 15% of total variation), and for some amino acids between sections (average 2.7% of total variation). With the exception of glutamic acid, proline, and histidine, varietal differences accounted for most of the variability found. Therefore, it appears that partial seed analysis for amino acids may be useful in genetic studies and for breeding selections.
Peanut and Cowpea Meals as a Replacement for Wheat Flour in Cake-type Doughnuts
Authors: McWatters Kay H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Meals processed from partially defatted peanuts, untoasted and toasted, and from dry cowpeas were used to replace wheat flour at 10, 20, and 30% levels in cake-type buttermilk doughnuts. The legume meals were darker and larger in particle size than wheat flour and produced batters with a “grainy” appearance. With the exception of untoasted peanut meal at the 30% level which produced a sticky batter that was difficult to cut, the legume and 100% wheat flour control batters were well suited to mechanical cutting, dispensing, and frying. Legume meal batters produced fewer doughnuts per batch, of higher average weight, than control batters. Gardner color values of doughnuts were influenced more by the addition of toasted peanut meal than by the other test meals. Sensory quality scores for appearance, color, aroma, texture, and flavor were acceptable for control and test doughnuts, indicating that peanut and cowpea meals are compatible ingredients for use in this type of bakery product. Techniques to restrict excessive fat absorption during doughnut frying are needed, however.
Photosynthetic Traits of Selected Peanut Genotypes1,2
Authors: Pallas James E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
These studies were undertaken to identify photosynthetic traits of the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) that might be used in breeding programs designed to increase yield. Net photosynthesis (Pn), CO2 compensation point (Γ), stomatal diffusion resistance to water vapor and stomatal frequency were measured on 32 diverse genotypes. Pn was measured on 3 and 4 week old plants in a semi-closed compensating system, Γ by initial introduction of CO2-free air and equilibration thereof, and stomatal resistance with a diffusion porometer; photorespiration and mesophyll diffusion resistance to CO2 were calculated. At high light (1400 μE m−2s−1PAR) eight genotypes had Pn rates of 20 to 30, seventeen 31 to 40 and seven 41 to 43 mg CO2 dm−2h−1. At any given light level tested Pn rates of a given genotype were significantly different from other genotypes. Only three genotypes showed any tendency toward photosaturation at 1400 μE m−2s−1PAR. Photosynthetic rate and photorespiration were positively correlated (r = 0.92, P&lt;.001). Stomatal density for the 32 genotypes averaged 168 and 154 mm−2on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Neither stomatal density nor stomatal resistance to water vapor diffusion was correlated with Pn. In all instances, resistance to water vapor diffusion of the adaxial surface was less than that of the abaxial surface. Pn was negatively correlated (r = −0.98, P&lt;.001) with mesophyll resistance which suggests that somewhere within the residual resistance system lies the reason(s) for differences in Pn amongst the genotypes tested.
Oil Characteristics of Peanut Fruit Separated by a Nondestructive Maturity Classification Method
Authors: Sanders Timothy H. , Lansden John A. , Greene R. Larry , Drexler J. Stanley , Williams E. Jay 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A nondestructive peanut pod maturity classification method, Pod Maturity Profile (PMP), based on visual examination of the color and structural characteristics of pod mesocarp after partial removal of pod exocarp, was used to separate freshly harvested peanut pods into maturity classes. The separations made nondestructively were compared with those made by a method involving the examination of internal pericarp and testa characteristics. The groups separated by the two methods were closely related. In oil from the PMP classes, color decreased, free fatty acid content decreased, iodine value remained approximately constant, and oven stability of the extracted oil increased with increasing maturity. Total oil contents and fatty acid profiles had consistent but more complex relationships with maturity. The data indicate that the PMP method allows consistent and reproducible classification of peanut fruit maturity.
Genotype X Environment Interaction Among Peanut Lines in Oklahoma1
Authors: Dashiell K. E. , Kirby J. S. , McNew R. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Data from Oklahoma peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) performance tests from 1969 through 1978 were used to estimate genotype X environment interaction variance components for pod yield, %TSMK, % SS, % OK, and gross return per unit area. The objectives of this study were to determine if it would be advantageous to select cultivars for specific regions, and to determine the most efficient combination of years, locations, and replications to use when evaluating peanut lines.
Evidence was obtained that genotypes perform consistently between irrigated and nonirrigated locations for the traits studied. The variance of the difference between two cultivars or lines was calculated for % TSMK, pod yield, and gross return using various combinations of years, locations, and replications. Results indicate that, when testing for gross return, the time presently allotted for testing could be reduced without sacrificing accuracy.
The Seed Hull Maturity Index as an Estimator of Yield and Value of Virginia-type Peanuts1
Authors: Pattee Harold E. , Giesbrecht Francis G. , Dickens James W. , Wynne Johnny C. , Young James H. , Mozingo R. Walton 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The Seed Hull Maturity Index (SHMI) is a low cost maturity estimation method which has been shown to be correlated to yield and value per hectare using short term studies. To test the relationship of SHMI to yield and value on a long term basis, an equation was developed for deriving SHMI from 9 years of market grade information. Comparison of observed and derived SHMI values produced an R of 0.93. Among the cultivars used only Florigiant, NC6, and NC7 are either major commercial cultivars or cultivars being evaulated commercially. The data from this study confirmed that SHMI optimum values must be determined for each cultivar of interest. SHMI was shown to best estimate value per hectare. The value estimation equations for Florigiant and NC6 are given. The SHMI at which maximum value occurs is 3.0 for Florigiant and 3.1 for NC6. The SHMI at which maximum yield occurs is 2.7 for both cultivars.
Control of Peanut Leafspot with a Combination of Resistance and Fungicide Treatment1
Authors: Gorbet D. W. , Shokes F. M. , Jackson L. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Three peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant introductions (PI), eight breeding lines (BL), and the cultivar ‘Florunner’ were grown as subplot treatments in a randomized complete block with a split plot arrangement to evaluate their reaction to Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. and Curt.) Deighton in 1979 and 1980. Main plot treatments consisted of (1) no fungicide applications, (2) applications of chlorothalonil (500 g/l) on 10-day intervals and (3) 20-day intervals. Disease assessments as lesion counts were made at 20-day intervals beginning 50 days after planting. From leaf samples taken at the fourth leaf from a stem apex, C. personatum (CP) was the most prevalent pathogen both years. Differences among lines in susceptibility to CP were highly significant (P = 0.001) at 90, 110, and 130 days after planting. In unsprayed plots at 110 days, Florunner had the highest average CP lesion count at 51 lesions/leaflet compared to 21 for PI 261893. Fungicide treatment application significantly reduced CP at 110 and 130 days in both years. Also, defoliation and yield differences among lines were highly significant in both years. Five breeding lines produced pod yields exceeding 3400 kg/ha with no fungicide applied, compared to 2267 kg/ha for unsprayed Florunner. All breeding lines and Florunner showed at least some response to chlorothalonil. Pod yields had highly significant negative correlations with CP lesion counts and percent defoliation, ranging from −0.31 to −0.48.
Pedigreed Natural Crossing to Identify Peanut Testa Genotypes1
Authors: Hammons Ray O. , Branch W. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pedigreed natural crossing to produce marker-identified hybrids for specific uses has been exploited in USDA-ARS/Georgia cooperative peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm enhancement projects since the discovery in 1959 of suitable genetic markers. The principal advantages of natural hybridization using dominant alternative alleles to identify the outcrosses are that (1) the production of F1 hybrid plants is not dependent upon conventional manual emasculation, (2) the identification and harvest of plants exhibiting the markers can be performed by semiskilled workers, and (3) the procedure is more economical than the standard crossing method.
We utilized pedigreed natural crosses to screen an extensive sample of white-testa peanut phenotypes from the world gene pool for the five-loci recessive genotype, r1 r1 f1 f1 f2 f2 d1 d1 d2 d2. Four accessions, ‘Spanwhite”, P. I. 299468, P. I. 408730, and P. I. 306228, were found to be recessive at all five of the loci which condition testa color. F2 populations from marker-identified natural crosses of each of these lines to a tester genotype which was homozygously dominant at four of the testa-color loci fit the ratio of 225 tan:31 white expected from the cross of these genotypes.
Storage and Moisture Effects on Peanut Composition and Roasted Flavor1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Young C. T. , Pearson J. L. , Singleton J. A. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Shelled, raw peanuts were placed in storage approximating commercial conditions at 6.2–6.3% and 8.7–9.2% moisture contents during a two year period. The 1978 storage period was from December, 1978 through August, 1979. The 1979 period was from October, 1979 through March, 1980. The moisture condition 8.7% for 1978 and 9.2% for 1979 showed significant differences in free amino acids and free sugars when compared to the 6% treatment. This suggests that 9% moisture content allows increased hydrolysis of complex constituents and significant deterioration of quality to occur. Peanuts with 9% moisture contents produced darker peanut butter with reduced flavor quality than those with 6%. Hunter reflectance values indicated that the skins of raw peanuts with higher moisture content were also darker. Evaluation of the lipid fractions suggested that only the phospholipid fraction from the 9% moisture treatment was significantly changed. Since phospholipids are primarily associated with the membrance portions of plant cells this change suggests that a breakdown in cellular compartmentation may be occurring. Iodine values and oxidative stability values were not significantly affected and approximated values already published in the literature for stored peanuts.
Genetic Variability in Root and Shoot Growth Characteristics of Peanut1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L. , Jordan W. R. , Smith O. D. , Simpson C. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The shape and extent of root systems influence the rate and pattern of nutrient and water uptake from the soil. In dicotyledons such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), the primary root and its laterals constitute the main root system. Rooting trait differences in some crops have been associated with drought tolerance. Our objective in this study was to determine if variation in root length and number occurs among peanut genotypes. In one test, shoot and root growth of 23 genotypes (12 spanish and 11 virginia types) were compared in the greenhouse at 55 days after planting using clear acrylic tubes 7.5 cm in diameter and 2.2 m in length. Shoot dry weight, leaf area, tap root length, and root number at 1 m depth ranged for spanish-type entries from 1.23 to 2.65 g, 214 to 409 cm2, 95.0 to 186.8 cm, and 1.0 to 3.1, respectively. Similarly, ranges for virginia-type entries were 1.35 to 3.23 g, 135 to 460 cm2, 122.4 to 192.6 cm, and 1.0 to 7.1. Correlations between shoot and root parameters indicated strong positive association between aerial and subterranean growth. However, the relationship of leaf area to root length was stronger for virginia- than for spanish-type entries. Root length and numbers were highly correlated for spanish, but not for virginia entries. In other tests that included two each of virginia-, spanish-, and valencia-type entries, similar results were found for plants at 34 and 47 days after planting. Significant differences in both root (length and numbers) and shoot growth (dry weight and leaf area) were found among the genotypes tested. Inherent differences in root growth rate were evident at early stages of seedling growth. The results from this sample of peanut germplasm indicate that there is considerable diversity in root growth and there is high shoot/root growth association.
A Microprocessor Control System for Peanut Drying1
Authors: Steele James L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A microprocessor based peanut dryer control system to minimize energy consumption was developed and tested over a 3 year period. Hardware and software needs were described. First year tests were conducted to verify hardware performance. Energy control techniques were proposed and compared with conventional peanut dryer control procedures. In simultaneous comparative tests, the first energy control technique implemented reduced liquified petroleum gas (LPG) consumption 49 percent, electric energy 39 percent and increased time on the dryer 65 percent. Modification of the energy control technique reduced the unacceptable increase in time on the dryer to 10–20 percent while similar reductions in LPG and electric energy were maintained. The improved control technique produced similar results in tests the following year. No losses in peanut quality during drying were observed and the net saving was $5.61 per tonne or a 25 percent reduction in peanut drying costs for Virginia conditions.
Tibial tuberosity advancement in two cats with cranial cruciate ligament deficiency
Authors: Perry K. , Fitzpatrick N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwo Domestic Shorthaired cats were diagnosed with longstanding lameness attributed to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency without any history of trauma. One cat had a previous operation in which the lateral nylon suture technique was used, and the other cat was affected by a partial tear of the cranial cruciate ligament. Tibial tuberosity advancement was carried out in both patients, which resulted in long-term resolution of lameness for both. The results of these cases concur with previous studies performed on canine patients in terms of viability of technical application and satisfactory return to weight bearing postoperatively. Further investigation of tibial tuberosity advancement in feline patients is justified.
Enhancing bone healing and regeneration: present and future perspectives in veterinary orthopaedics
Authors: Gasthuys F. , Cornelissen M. , Schacht E. , Vlaminck L. , Vertenten G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMethods currently used to restore bone defects in human and veterinary orthopaedics are often not satisfactory. This is especially the case in the healing of large, irregular defects which result in the formation of tissues with inferior qualities compared to the original structures. For these reasons, several new approaches are currently being explored to improve bone healing capacities in different situations. This review will examine the different techniques used to enhance bone regeneration, highlighting both experimental and clinically applicable methods with regard to veterinary orthopaedics.
Hypertrophic osteopathy and megaoesophagus in a cat
Authors: Mills J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA case of hypertrophic osteopathy in a stray cat is reported. It was not known how long periosteal proliferation had been present prior to the time of first presentation. A few months later, megaoesophagus became apparent. Computer tomography was performed at least 18 months after periosteal proliferation had first become evident, but an underlying neoplasia was not identifed in association with the hypertrophic osteopathy. The hypertrophic osteopathy and the megaoesophagus were both successfully medically managed, and the cat continued to do well 33 months after the hypertrophic osteopathy was first evident.
Determination of isometric points for placement of a lateral suture in treatment of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle
Authors: Hyman W. , Beale B. , Saunders B. , Peycke l. , Hosgood G. , Hulse D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryComplete or partial rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) is a common injury of the canine stifle. While numerous techniques have been developed for surgical treatment, extra-articular methods with placement of a lateral suture remain a popular treatment method. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential isometry of the six suture-paired sites
two on the femur and three on the tibia. In six femoro-tibial specimens with intact passive joint restraints, femoral sites adjacent to the proximal (F1) and distal (F2) poles of the fabella, and tibial sites adjacent to the patella insertion (T1), immediately cranial to (T2) and caudal to (T3) the long digital extensor tendon, were identified. A suture from one femoral site to one tibial site was placed under 0 or 5 N of preload, and tension was measured at joint angles of 150°, 130°, 90° and 50°. The F2-T3 combination was found to be most isometric. Isometry was reassessed in the same specimens with the suture in the F2-T3 position, and under 5 N, 10 N and 15 N of preload, and after transection of the CCL. The suture pair retained its isometric pattern in the CCL transected specimens. There was no effect of preload on isometry patterns.