bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscoelastic functionally graded finite element method with recursive time integration and applications to flexible pavements
Authors: Dave Eshan V. , Paulino Glaucio H. , Buttlar William G. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe finite‐element (FE) method is used for modeling geotechnical and pavement structures exhibiting significant non‐homogeneity. Property gradients generated due to non‐homogeneous distributions of moisture is one such example for geotechnical materials. Aging and temperature‐induced property gradients are common sources of non‐homogeneity for asphalt pavements. Investigation of time‐dependent behavior combined with functionally graded property gradation can be accomplished by means of the non‐homogeneous viscoelastic analysis procedure. This paper describes the development of a generalized isoparametric FE formulation to capture property gradients within elements, and a recursive formulation for solution of hereditary integral equations. The formulation is verified by comparison with analytical and numerical solutions. Two application examples are presented: the first describes stationary crack‐tip fields for viscoelastic functionally graded materials, and the second example demonstrates the application of the proposed procedures for efficient and accurate simulations of interfaces between layers of flexible pavement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wie sind Arzneimittel von anderen Gesundheitsprodukten abzugrenzen?
Authors: Stephan Kerstin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSeit Jahrzehnten gibt es Arzneimittel: Produkte, die Krankheiten oder krankhafte Beschwerden heilen, lindern oder verhüten sollen. In den letzten Jahren sind jedoch immer mehr Produktgruppen hinzugekommen, die dem Arzneimittel nahe stehen und es fällt immer schwerer, diese von den klassischen Arzneimitteln abzugrenzen. Dabei besteht die Schwierigkeit bei der Produktzuordnung vor allem in der unklaren Vorstellung über einzelne Abgrenzungsmerkmale. Verbraucher und Hersteller ebenso wie Behörden, aber auch Gerichte, stoßen hier durchaus an ihre Grenzen.
Lebensmittel – Nahrungsergänzungsmittel – Arzneimittel
Authors: Schrenk Dieter 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGemäß § 1 Abs. 1 des Lebensmittel‐, Bedarfsgegenstände‐ und Futtermittelhandbuchs (LFBG) vom 01.09.2005 sind “Lebensmittel (LM) alle Stoffe oder Erzeugnisse, die dazu bestimmt sind oder von denen nach vernünftigem Ermessen erwartet werden kann, dass sie in verarbeitetem, teilweise verarbeitetem oder unverarbeitetem Zustand von Menschen aufgenommen werden”. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es u.a. die Pflicht der Hersteller bzw. Inverkehrbringer sicherzustellen, dass vom üblichen (bestimmungsgemäßen) Verzehr des betreffenden LM keine Gesundheitsgefahren für den Verbraucher ausgehen. Damit ist grundsätzlich davon auszugehen, dass LM ‘sicher’, d.h. toxikologisch nicht weiter zu hinterfragen bzw. zu überprüfen sind.
Stofflisten des Bundes und der Bundesländer
Authors: Riedel Florian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBei der umfassenden Beurteilung pflanzlicher Stoffe und daraus hergestellter Produkte sind sowohl wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse als auch zahlreiche rechtliche Vorgaben zu beachten. Die Stoffliste kann die Beurteilung von Produkten erleichtern, da sie derzeit verfügbare Informationen zu Pflanzen und Pflanzenteilen kompakt zusammenträgt, strukturiert und unter Berücksichtigung des geltenden Rechts nachvollziehbar bewertet. In der Folge kann die Stoffliste für Lebensmittelunternehmer und Behörden einen erheblichen Zeitgewinn bei der Beurteilung der Produkte und Rechtssicherheit bei der Vermarktung bedeuten.
Abgrenzungsprobleme vor Gericht
Authors: Schemmer Franz 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDas Thema dieses Beitrags lässt sich mit Blick auf die Justizgewährleistung in vielerlei Hinsicht untergliedern. Gerade im Arzneimittelrecht – und dies gilt besonders im arzneimittelrechtlichen Zulassungsrecht – hat eine Europäisierung des Rechts stattgefunden.
Abgrenzung Kosmetika versus Arzneimittel
Authors: Lohmüller Eva‐Maria 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn Kosmetika und Arzneimitteln ist der Einsatz von Pflanzenextrakten weit verbreitet. So werden z.B. Kamillen‐ oder Calendula‐Extrakt wegen ihrer entzündungshemmenden und wundheilungsfördernden Wirkung in beiden Produktkategorien gleichermaßen eingesetzt.
Fehlregulation der Histon‐Acetylierung als molekulare Grundlage der Demenzentwicklung
Authors: Schiedel Matthias , Jung Manfred 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIm Tiermodell konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei älteren Mäusen durch eine Fehlregulation der Histon‐Acetylierung die Expression von spezifischen “Lerngenen”, welche für die Gedächtniskonsolidierung nötig sind, ausbleibt. Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem aus der Epigenetik bereits bekannten Regulationsmechanismus der Histon‐Acetylierung und einer nachlassenden Lernfähigkeit im Alter eröffnet neue Ansatzpunkte bei der Suche nach der “Pille gegen Altersdemenz”.
Was bedeutet HUSEC041 MLST ST678?
Authors: Winckler Thomas , Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse 
Published: June 2011

AbstractÜber den enterohämorrhagischen Escherichia‐coli‐Stamm (EHEC), der das gefürchtete hämolytisch‐urämische Syndrom (HUS) auslösen kann und unter der Nummer 41 in der Referenzstammsammlung des Konsiliarlabors für HUS am Universitätsklinikum abgelegt ist, hat man mittlerweile schon mehr als genug gehört – es kommt einem schon schier zu den Ohren heraus. Aber ein Aspekt ist es unserer Meinung nach doch wert, noch einmal genauer betrachtet zu werden: das Geheimnis hinter dem Kürzel MLST ST678.
Identification of direct targets for the miR‐17‐92 cluster by proteomic analysis
Authors: Kanzaki Hirotaka , Ito Sachio , Hanafusa Hiroko , Jitsumori Yoshimi , Tamaru Seiji , Shimizu Kenji , Ouchida Mamoru 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non‐coding RNAs that post‐transcriptionally repress the expression of target genes. Many miRNAs have been implicated in a number of diseases, including cancers. The miR‐17‐92 miRNA cluster is known as a body of oncogenic miRNAs, and has been shown to be overexpressed in several cancers, including lung cancer. Although the overexpression of miR‐17‐92 is clearly implicated in the development of lung cancer, only a few direct targets for the miR‐17‐92 cluster have been identified thus far. In this study, we examined miR‐17‐92 target profiles in SBC‐3 small‐cell lung cancer cells using a quantitative proteomic strategy to identify direct targets of the miR‐17‐92 cluster. By knocking down the expression of endogenous miR‐19a, miR‐20a and miR‐92‐1, which are contained in the cluster, 112 up‐regulated proteins were detected and also identified as potential targets of these miRNAs. Among these candidate targets, we validated one direct target, RAB14. In conclusion, these findings suggest that proteomic approaches are valuable for identifying direct miRNA targets, and we were able to identify a novel direct target for the miR‐92‐1 using our proteomic strategy.
Characterization of the global impact of low temperature gas plasma on vegetative microorganisms
Authors: Winter Theresa , Winter Jörn , Polak Martin , Kusch Kathrin , Mäder Ulrike , Sietmann Rabea , Ehlbeck Jörg , van Hijum Sacha , Weltmann Klaus‐Dieter , Hecker Michael , Kusch Harald 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPlasma medicine and also decontamination of bacteria with physical plasmas is a promising new field of life science with huge interest especially for medical applications. Despite numerous successful applications of low temperature gas plasmas in medicine and decontamination, the fundamental nature of the interactions between plasma and microorganisms is to a large extent unknown. A detailed knowledge of these interactions is essential for the development of new as well as for the enhancement of established plasma‐treatment procedures. In the present work we introduce for the first time a growth chamber system suitable for low temperature gas plasma treatment of bacteria in liquid medium. We have coupled the use of this apparatus to a combined proteomic and transcriptomic analyses to investigate the specific stress response of Bacillus subtilis 168 cells to treatment with argon plasma. The treatment with three different discharge voltages revealed not only effects on growth, but also clear evidence of cellular stress responses. B. subtilis suffered severe cell wall stress, which was made visible also by electron microscopy, DNA damages and oxidative stress as a result of exposure to plasma. These biological findings were supported by the detection of reactive plasma species by OES measurements.
Ultrasensitive detection of ferritin in human serum by Western blotting based on quantum dots‐labeled avidin–biotin system
Authors: Liu Pingping , Na Na , Liu Tingting , Huang Lingyun , He Dacheng , Hua Wenhao , Ouyang Jin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractVarious methods have been applied for serum ferritin detection, however, these methods still have some limitations. Over the last few years, quantum dots (QDs) have become very attractive for immunoassays because of their enormous potentials in ultrasensitive analysis. In this study, a Western blotting method combined with QDs‐labeled avidin–biotin system for detecting human serum ferritin was described. Meanwhile, the traditional diaminobenzidine (DAB)–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method had been compared with the method. The linearity of this QDs‐based Western blotting method was from 0.27 to 1.1 ng, and the quantification limit was 0.27 ng, the sensitivity was up to pictogram values. Real serum samples such as hepatoma, thalassemia patient and normal individual sera were analyzed, the analysis results demonstrated that there was significant difference in the concentrations of ferritin between patients and normal individual serum. Furthermore, the recovery of ferritin from the serum samples of patients ranged from 98.15 to 119.67%, and the RSD (relative standard deviation) ranged from 8.73 to 11.61%, the repeatabilities were well within the acceptable range, which revealed that this method is a stable and reproducible method for detecting serum ferritin and have potential application prospect in clinical laboratory of serum ferritin detection.
Comparative study of amphiphilic hyperbranched and linear polymer stabilized organo‐soluble gold nanoparticles as efficient recyclable catalysts in the biphasic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol
Authors: Hu Nan , Yin Jing‐Yuan , Tang Qiang , Chen Yu 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA series of organo‐soluble spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared through the reduction of HAuCl4 by NaBH4 in the presence of amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers that had a hydrophilic hyperbranched polyethylenimine core and a hydrophobic shell formed by many palmitamide (C16) chains. For comparison, the corresponding linear polymeric analog derived from linear polyethylenimine was also used to prepare the organo‐soluble AuNPs. The obtained AuNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. It was found that higher feed ratio of polymer to HAuCl4 and utilization of polymers with higher C16 density usually resulted in smaller AuNPs with relatively lower polydispersity. Except of the polymer having the pronounced low molecular weight, the molecular weight and the morphology of the amphiphilic polymers had almost no obvious effect on the size of the formed AuNPs. These organo‐soluble AuNPs could be used as efficient catalysts for the biphasic catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol by NaBH4. Their apparent rate coefficients had correlation with the molecular weight of the used amphiphilic polymers, but were less relevant to the morphology of these polymers. These organo‐soluble AuNPs could be conveniently recovered and reused many times. The morphology of the capping polymers had obvious effect on the lifetime of the AuNPs catalysts in the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol. Except of the pronounced low molecular weight hyperbranched polymer, the other hyperbranched ones with relatively high molecular weight rendered the AuNPs to have bigger turnover number values than their linear analog. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Combined treatment for child refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoid
Authors: Lu Aizhen , Wang Libo , Zhang Xiaobo , Zhang Mingzhi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectsTo evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment of ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoid for child refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) pneumonia.MethodsClinical and laboratory characteristics of six pediatric refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia cases treated with ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoids were reported.ResultsFive cases complicated with pleural effusion. The average febrile period prior to admission was 8.5 ± 2.0 days, the average total febrile period was 14.6 ± 7.6 days, and the average febrile period after treatment was 3.3 ± 3.0 days. The average time in hospital for patients was 23.6 ± 4.8 days. The initial mean WBC count was 10,100 ± 2,400/mm3. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) in all cases were elevated during the course of illness. After combined therapy, all children clinically improved, with resolution of radiographic findings and normal laboratory items. We analyzed the 23S rRNA gene in four nasopharyngeal secretions, and found mutations in A2063G of domain V in three cases, and mutation in A2064G in the other case.ConclusionCombined treatment of ciprofloxacin and glucocorticoids can significantly ameliorate child refractory M. pneumoniae pneumonia further comparative study is needed to well evaluate the treatment efficacy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:1093–1097. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison study on effectiveness and robustness of control charts for monitoring process mean and variance
Authors: Ou, Yanjing , Wen, Di , Wu Zhang , Khoo Michael B. C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article compares the effectiveness and robustness of nine typical control charts for monitoring both process mean and variance, including the most effective optimal and adaptive sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) charts. The nine charts are categorized into three types (the type, CUSUM type and SPRT type) and three versions (the basic version, optimal version and adaptive version). While the charting parameters of the basic charts are determined by common wisdoms, the parameters of the optimal and adaptive charts are designed optimally in order to minimize an index average extra quadratic loss for the best overall performance. Moreover, the probability distributions of the mean shift δµ and standard deviation shift δσ are studied explicitly as the influential factors in a factorial experiment. The main findings obtained in this study include: (1) From an overall viewpoint, the SPRT‐type chart is more effective than the CUSUM‐type chart and type chart by 15 and 73%, respectively; (2) in general, the adaptive chart outperforms the optimal chart and basic chart by 16 and 97%, respectively; (3) the optimal CUSUM chart is the most effective fixed sample size and sampling interval chart and the optimal SPRT chart is the best choice among the adaptive charts; and (4) the optimal sample sizes of both the charts and the CUSUM charts are always equal to one. Furthermore, this article provides several design tables which contain the optimal parameter values and performance indices of 54 charts under different specifications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parameter calibration and inadequacy modeling in a computer experiment
Authors: Chandra Wenny , Lin Dennis K. J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDeterministic simulation is a popular tool used to numerically solve complex mathematical models in engineering applications. These models often involve parameters in the form of numerical values that can be calibrated when real‐life observations are available. This paper presents a systematic approach in parameter calibration using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Additional modeling by considering correlation in error structure is suggested to compensate the inadequacy of the computer model and improve prediction at untried points. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for manure storage ventilation is used for illustration. A simulation study shows that in comparison to likelihood‐based parameter calibration, the proposed parameter calibration method performs better in accuracy and consistency of the calibrated parameter value. The result from sensitivity analysis leads to a guideline in setting up factorial distance in relation to initial parameter values. The proposed calibration method extends RSM beyond its conventional use of process yield improvement and can also be applied widely to calibrate other types of models when real‐life observations are available. Moreover, the proposed inadequacy modeling is useful to improve the accuracy of simulation output, especially when a computer model is too expensive to run at its finest level of detail. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
Boxplot‐based phase I control charts for time between events
Authors: Dovoedo Y. H. , Chakraborti S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTo monitor the quality/reliability of a (production) process, it is sometimes advisable to monitor the time between certain events (say occurrence of defects) instead of the number of events, particularly when the events occur rarely. In this case it is common to assume that the times between the events follow an exponential distribution. In this paper, we propose a one‐ and a two‐sided control chart for phase I data from an exponential distribution. The control charts are derived from a modified boxplot procedure. The charting constants are obtained by controlling the overall Type I error rate and are tabulated for some configurations. A numerical example is provided for illustration. The in‐control robustness and the out‐of‐control performance of the proposed charts are examined and compared with those of some existing charts in a simulation study. It is seen that the proposed charts are considerably more in‐control robust and have out‐control properties comparable to the competing charts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer Nanoneedle‐Mediated Intracellular Drug Delivery
Authors: Kolhar Poornima , Doshi Nishit , Mitragotri Samir 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDelivery of drugs into the cellular cytoplasm of target cells represents a major hurdle in treating various diseases. This challenge can be addressed by encapsulation of drugs onto or within nanoparticles, which can then be targeted to diseased cells. Here, needle‐shaped particles are shown to exhibit substantially higher cytoplasmic delivery of drugs such as siRNA compared to their spherical counterparts. Furthermore, these needles are designed to lose their sharp tips over time and can render themselves ineffective over time, thereby offering control over their duration of activity and toxicity. Such polymer nanoneedles open new avenues for delivering drug molecules directly into the cytoplasm with low toxicity.
Legal issues in serving students with disabilities in postsecondary education
Authors: Simon Jo Anne 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act (ADAAA) and new regulations by the U.S. Justice Department significantly broaden legal protections for students with disabilities. This, coupled with emerging populations with disabilities, will challenge postsecondary education to think differently about what is fundamental about their programs and the need to embrace flexibility in providing educational services.
Performance evaluation of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames using pushover and incremental dynamic analysis
Authors: Allahyari H. , Keramati A. , Taheri Behbahani A. A. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYIn this study, the seismic performance of special and intermediate moment‐resisting reinforced concrete frames are evaluated through nonlinear static and dynamic analysis. According to experimental studies, one of the most important parameters affecting the behavior of special and intermediate ductile reinforced concrete frames is the transverse reinforcement ratio. In this paper, constitutive law of material for concrete under the influence of various transverse reinforcement ratios have been derived using Mander et al. model, and 20 ground‐motion accelerograms have been utilized for dynamic analysis. Additionally, the results of pushover and incremental dynamic analysis were compared in order to evaluate seismic performance of the selected high‐rise structures. Results reveal that both types of reinforced concrete frames with beam‐hinge type failure mechanisms have ductile behavior. Special moment frames have higher ductility because of early entry into nonlinear range resulting in higher plastic rotations, which result in greater lateral displacements. Due to the differences in behavior of intermediate and special ductility frames, confinement has an important role in the ductile behavior of structures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of robustness and ethanol production of ethanologenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae under co-stress of heat and inhibitors
Authors: Lu Ying , Cheng Yan-Fei , He Xiu-Ping , Guo Xue-Na , Zhang Bo-Run 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Bioethanol is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most important ethanol producer. However, yeast cells are challenged by various environmental stresses during the industrial process of ethanol production. The robustness under heat, acetic acid, and furfural stresses was improved for ethanologenic S. cerevisiae in this work using genome shuffling. Recombinant yeast strain R32 could grow at 45°C, and resist 0.55% (v/v) acetic acid and 0.3% (v/v) furfural at 40°C. When ethanol fermentation was conducted at temperatures ranging from 30 to 42°C, recombinant strain R32 always gave high ethanol production. After 42 h of fermentation at 42°C, 187.6 ± 1.4 g/l glucose was utilized by recombinant strain R32 to produce 81.4 ± 2.7 g/l ethanol, which were respectively 3.4 and 4.1 times those of CE25. After 36 h of fermentation at 40°C with 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid, 194.4 ± 1.2 g/l glucose in the medium was utilized by recombinant strain R32 to produce 84.2 ± 4.6 g/l of ethanol. The extent of glucose utilization and ethanol concentration of recombinant strain R32 were 6.3 and 7.9 times those of strain CE25. The ethanol concentration produced by recombinant strain R32 was 8.9 times that of strain CE25 after fermentation for 48 h under 0.2% (v/v) furfural stress at 40°C. The strong physiological robustness and fitness of yeast strain R32 support its potential application for industrial production of bioethanol from renewable resources such as lignocelluloses.