bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food photographs in nutritional surveillance: errors in portion size estimation using drawings of bread and photographs of margarine and beverages consumption
Authors: De Keyzer Willem , Huybrechts Inge , De Maeyer Mieke , Ocké Marga , Slimani Nadia , van 't Veer Pieter , De Henauw Stefaan 
Published: November 2010

Food photographs are widely used as instruments to estimate portion sizes of consumed foods. Several food atlases are available, all developed to be used in a specific context and for a given study population. Frequently, food photographs are adopted for use in other studies with a different context or another study population. In the present study, errors in portion size estimation of bread, margarine on bread and beverages by two-dimensional models used in the context of a Belgian food consumption survey are investigated. A sample of 111 men and women (age 45–65 years) were invited for breakfast; two test groups were created. One group was asked to estimate portion sizes of consumed foods using photographs 1–2 d after consumption, and a second group was asked the same after 4 d. Also, real-time assessment of portion sizes using photographs was performed. At the group level, large overestimation of margarine, acceptable underestimation of bread and only small estimation errors for beverages were found. Women tended to have smaller estimation errors for bread and margarine compared with men, while the opposite was found for beverages. Surprisingly, no major difference in estimation error was found after 4 d compared with 1–2 d. Individual estimation errors were large for all foods. The results from the present study suggest that the use of food photographs for portion size estimation of bread and beverages is acceptable for use in nutrition surveys. For photographs of margarine on bread, further validation using smaller amounts corresponding to actual consumption is recommended.
Development of a dish-based, semi-quantitative FFQ for the Korean diet and cancer research using a database approach
Authors: Kyung Park Min , Woo Kim Dong , Kim Jeongseon , Park Sohee , Joung Hyojee , Song Won O. , Young Paik Hee 
Published: November 2010

We used a database approach in developing a dish-based, semi-quantitative FFQ for Korean diet and cancer research. Cancer-related dietary factors (CRDF) recognised in the scientific community and dietary intake data from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the 2002 Korean National Nutrition Survey by Season were used. The list of dishes (n993) was those reported to be consumed by individuals over 30 years of age during all four seasons. The resulting 112-dish list was selected using contribution analyses and variability analyses to detect between-person variation for CRDF and non-CRDF nutrients. Variations of each dish were grouped into one dish for the final list of 112 dishes, which were then linked to the nutrient database. The final 112 dish items consisted of nine Korean staple dishes, including rice and noodles, twenty-five soups and stews, fifty-four side dishes, nine beverages, nine fruit dishes and six alcoholic beverages. The percentage coverages of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and alcohol intake in the selected 112 dishes were 82·4, 76·4, 68·9, 86·0 and 99·8 %, respectively. Dietary exposure to cancer-related Korean dietary factors can be assessed by this new dish-based, semi-quantitative FFQ. This new instrument can calculate the intake of CRDF along with non-CRDF nutrient intake for cancer research.
Diapause and its regulation in the whiteflyTrialeurodes lauri
Authors: Gerling D. , Guershon M. , Erel E. , Inbar M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on the regulation of synchronization between the life cycle of the oligophagous whitefly,Trialeurodes lauri(Signoret), and its evergreen host treeArbutus andrachnein Mediterranean chaparral. Whitefly infestations vary considerably among trees. The adults of the univoltine (one generation per year) whitefly emergeen masseduring April and May and oviposit on the new spring foliage. Following approximately one month of development to the early fourth instar, the nymphs enter nine-month diapauses, terminating in February. This diapause is induced and maintained by the plant and can be experimentally avoided (in the case of developing young nymphs) or terminated (in the case of diapausing fourth instars), if whitefly-bearing branches are severed from the tree and placed in water under laboratory conditions. This study is the first report of a whitefly diapausing through both summer and winter seasons. The role of the host plant in the process is discussed.
Toward a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare
Authors: Kittawornrat Apisit , Zimmerman Jeffrey J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPork production began to flourish in the USA after the practice of finishing pigs on corn was popularized in the late 1600s. By the 1840s, there were 35 million pigs and 20 million people in the USA and Cincinnati was the world's largest pork market. Between 1890 and the present, the total number of pigs in the USA has remained at 50–60 million, but dramatic changes in swine husbandry over the course of the 20th century have metamorphosed pig production from small, extensive (outdoor), labor-dependent enterprises into large, intensive (indoor), capital-dependent, production systems. This development has led to debate concerning the impact of swine production on animal/human health, the environment, and the welfare of the animals under our care. In a very tangible way, the future of pork production depends on effectively addressing the public's concerns regarding animal welfare and health. Here, we review basic sensory and behavioral aspects of swine with the objective of reaching a better understanding of pig behavior and pig welfare. The premise of this discussion is that safeguarding animal welfare and health is good for pigs, pork producers and the animal-conscious public.
Quantitation of 55 Common Human Plasma Proteins in Healthy Young Adults and Correlation with Body Mass Index and Dietary Patterns
Authors: Garcia-Bailo Bibiana , Brenner Darren , Nielsen Daiva , Lee Hyeon-Joo , Borchers Christoph , Badawi Alaa , Karmali Mohamed , El-Sohemy Ahmed 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPlasma biomarkers are a useful tool for monitoring dietary exposures and the development of chronic disease. Measuring multiple biomarkers at once provides a more complete characterization of phenotype than measuring single markers. Certain dietary patterns have been associated with increased risk of obesity. Adhering to a ‘Western’ dietary pattern, characterized by high consumption of meat products and low fruit and vegetable consumption, may put individuals at a higher risk of becoming overweight or obese than a ‘Prudent’ or an ‘Eastern’ dietary pattern. A novel mass spectrometry-based multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) proteomics assay was used to quantitate 55 common plasma proteins that have been linked to chronic disease. We measured the concentrations of these proteins in 1088 participants of the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health (TNH) study, an ethnically diverse population of young adults. Our goals were: 1) to explore clustering patterns within the protein panel; 2) to investigate whether protein cluster scores differ between normal weight (BMI<25) and overweight/obese (BMI≥25) individuals; and 3) to determine whether protein cluster scores differ between ‘Prudent’, ‘Western’ and ‘Eastern’ dietary patterns. Four principal components (PC) account for most of the variability in the protein profiles, with eigenvalues ranging from 22.3 (PC 1) to 2.9 (PC 4). Significant differences were observed in the average loading scores between normal weight and overweight/obese individuals for PCs 2 and 3. In particular, PC3 scores were significantly higher among those with BMI≥25. Linear regression adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, physical activity and total caloric intake showed significant associations between dietary intake and PCs 1, 2 and 3. PCs 1 and 3 were positively associated with the ‘Western’ dietary pattern, and PC1 was also inversely associated with the ‘Eastern’ pattern. PC 2 was positively associated with the ‘Eastern’ dietary pattern. These results suggest a relationship between the examined panel of protein biomarkers, BMI and certain dietary patterns. Future analyses will assess the biological relevance of these results.
Antioxidant response of overwintering conifers suggest species specific strategies for coping with excess excitation energy
Authors: Hughes Kim , Verhoeven Amy , Kokula Alex 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods:
Evergreen plants, growing in seasonally cold environments, must cope with a severe imbalance between light absorption and its utilization, as low temperatures during winter inhibit photosynthetic carbon reduction. In such conditions photoprotective mechanisms are critical, including the leaf antioxidant systems of plants. In a previous study examining Taxus cuspidata, we found significant increases in the enzyme glutathione reductase (GR) and the metabolite glutathione (GSH) during winter, but no increases in the enzymes superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) or the metabolite ascorbate (ASC). These results led to the hypothesis that GR and GSH serve an important role during winter stress that was separate form their role in the ascorbate glutathione cycle. The goal of this study was to examine the seasonal response of several species of conifers in order to determine if the differences in the antioxidant response observed in Taxus would occur generally in conifers during winter, or if there are species specific effects. We collected needle tissue in summer and winter from three conifer species: eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill], and white cedar (Thuga occidentalis L.). We analyzed the activity of both GR and APX and the amount of GSH and ASC.

Results/Conclusions:
Our results demonstrated significant increases in the antioxidant enzyme GR in all species in response to winter stress. The antioxidant enzyme APX showed significant winter increases in two species (pine and cedar) but not the third (fir). Preliminary results of the antioxidant metabolites glutathione and ascorbate show similar results. Our data suggest that the different species examined utilize different strategies for coping with excess excitation energy during winter. Pine and cedar apparently boost their overall antioxidant enzyme capacity and their utilization of the ascorbate glutathione cycle. Balsam fir shows a similar response to Taxus cuspidata, where glutathione reductase activity is significantly increased but ascorbate peroxidase activity is not. These results suggest a role for reduced glutathione in winter-stressed fir that is independent of its role in the ascorbate glutathione cycle.
Mechanisms Of Inhibition Of Cigarette Smoke Genotoxicity And Carcinogenicity
Authors: Balansky Roumen , D'Agostini Francesco , Izzotti Alberto , Kalpakam P , Steele Vernon , De Flora Silvio 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEpidemiological studies have demonstrated that it is possible to prevent lung cancer and other smoke-related diseases by avoiding exposures to tobacco smoke. A complementary strategy is chemoprevention, which is based on the administration of dietary and pharmacological agents, which is addressed to (a) addicted active smokers, who are unable to quit smoking, (b) ex-smokers, who are still at risk for several years, and (c) involuntary smokers, including passively exposed individuals as well as transplacentally exposed individuals. The biological effects of cigarette smoke (CS) as a complex mixture, either mainstream (MCS) or sidestream (SCS) or environmental (ECS), have been poorly explored. We showed that MCS and ECS induce a broad variety of alterations of intermediate biomarkers in animal models, including adducts to nuclear DNA and mtDNA, oxidatively generated DNA damage, proliferation, apoptosis, alterations of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, multigene expression, microRNA and proteome profiles as well as cytogenetic damage in the respiratory tract, bone marrow and peripheral blood. CS-altered end-points were variously modulated by chemopreventive agents of natural or pharmacological origin, such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), 1,2-dithiole-3-thione, oltipraz, 5,6-benzoflavone, phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), indole-3-carbinol, sulindac, and budesonide. Combinations of agents were also assayed. Since it is difficult to assess the efficacy of chemopreventives in clinical trials, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which certain agents are expected to prevent smoke-related cancer. Preclinical studies are also useful to demonstrate the potential efficacy of chemopreventive agents. Unfortunately, until recently a suitable animal model for evaluating CS carcinogenicity and its chemoprevention was not available. We demonstrated that ECS and especially MCS become potently carcinogenic when exposure of mice starts at birth, as shown by very short latency times, high incidence and multiplicity of benign lung tumors, early occurrence of malignant lung tumors, and lesions in other organs. This mouse model was successfully used to demonstrate the ability of NAC, PEITC, and budesonide to prevent smoke-induced lung cancer, according to protocols mimicking the situation either in current smokers or in ex-smokers. Other dietary or pharmacological agents, including curcumin, anthocyanins, myo-inositol, SAHA, bexarotene and pioglitazone, are now under study. NAC was even successful to prevent lung cancer induced by MCS after birth when it was administered during the prenatal life. Therefore, it is now possible to investigate in vivo not only alterations of intermediate biomarkers but also the modulation of CS carcinogenesis by chemopreventive agents working with different mechanisms.
Very low dose isotretinoin is effective in controlling seborrhea
Authors: Geißler Sabine E. , Michelsen Silke , Plewig Gerd 
Published: November 2010

Summary Background: Excessive seborrhea, coarse‐pored skin, minimal acne and oily scalp hair comprise a well‐known clinical entity. It causes considerable concern, has social impact, and affects the quality of life in some individuals. Some patients seek treatment for seborrhea. No effective topical sebosuppressive medication is available. Oral isotretinoin is the only remedy for men. In women, oral isotretinoin is the most effective remedy, followed by antiandrogens. Patients and methods: Eleven patients in three groups were treated for 6 months with very low dose isotretinoin. The influence on seborrhea was measured during oral treatment with 5 mg/d, 2.5 mg/d, or 2.5 mg 3× weekly. Results: Sebum production, measured with Sebutape®, was reduced by up to 64 %. Acne lesions regressed by as much as 84 %. Follicular filaments were reduced by 66 %. Microcomedones were reduced on average up to 86 %. Quantitative bacteriology showed a reduction of Propionibacterium acnes but no increase of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biopsies revealed a 51 % reduction in sebaceous gland size. With Bentonite™, a reduction of lipids was demonstrated with 2.5 and 5 mg isotretinoin/d but not with 2.5 mg 3× weekly. There was a shift within the lipid fractions: triglycerides dominated, followed by squalenes and free fatty acids. Conclusions: Good results were achieved in all patients. The small number of patients did not permit a statistical analysis of the three isotretinoin doses studied, but there was a tendency toward better results with the two higher doses.
Native specific activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx‐1), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) does not differ between normo‐ and hypomotile human sperm samples
Authors: Tramer Federica , Caponecchia Luisa , Sgrò Paolo , Martinelli Monica , Sandri Gabriella , Panfili Enrico , Lenzi Andrea , Gandini Loredana 
Published: November 2010

SummaryGlutathione‐dependent selenoenzymes in human spermatozoa are responsible for a generalized protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as some other metabolic and structural regulation during spermiogenesis and sperm cell maturation. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx‐1), phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (GPx‐4 or PHGPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) native specific activities have been studied in human Percoll‐purified spermatozoa from healthy fertile subjects and asthenozoospermic patients. The mean values obtained for the three enzymes in normal specimens are 1.52 ± 0.90 mU/106 sperm cells (PHGPx), 4.26 ± 1.73 mU/106 sperm cells (GPx‐1) and 1.95 mU/106 sperm cells (GR). No statistically significant differences for any of the three enzymes were encountered between these values and those of asthenozoospermic patients. These results are discussed and compared with recent literature data on both rescued and native PHGPx specific activity in human spermatozoa, as well as with data obtained for GPx in human seminal plasma.
Medieval Japan: Taking the Middle Ages Outside Europe
Authors: Keirstead Tom 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhat does it mean to claim that a nation has had a medieval period? And, given how closely associated the concept is with a specifically European history, how might a non‐Western country claim the period for its own past? This article will look at what historians have labeled Japan's Middle Ages in order to investigate these issues. We will consider how Japan came to have a medieval period, examine what historians regard as its key features, and investigate some problems associated with taking the concept of the Middle Ages to Japan.
Alopecia areata im Tiermodell – Neue Einblicke in Pathogenese und Therapie einer T‐Zell‐vermittelten Autoimmunerkrankung
Authors: Freyschmidt‐Paul Pia , Happle Rudolf , Hoffmann Rolf 
Published: November 2010

ZusammenfassungDie Möglichkeiten zur Erforschung der Pathogenese der Alopecia areata und zur Entwicklung neuer Therapieansätze sind beim Menschen aus ethischen Gründen begrenzt. Daher ist die Entwicklung geeigneter Tiermodelle für die Alopecia areata sinnvoll. Mit der Dundee experimental bald rat (DEBR) und der C3H/HeJ‐Maus stehen mittlerweile zwei gut charakterisierte Tiermodelle der Alopecia areata zur Verfügung, an denen Studien zur Genetik, Pathogenese und Therapie der Alopecia areata durchgeführt werden können. Ein besonderer Vorteil der C3H/HeJ‐Maus besteht in der Möglichkeit, die Alopecia areata durch Hauttransplantation experimentell zu induzieren, und dann den Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf den Verlauf der Erkrankung zu untersuchen. Durch Untersuchungen an der C3H/HeJ‐Maus und der DEBR konnte die T‐Zell‐vermittelte Autoimmunpathogenese der Alopecia areata bestätigt werden, und es ließen sich einzelne Mechanismen dieser T‐Zell‐vermittelten Immunreaktion analysieren. Ausgehend von diesen Erkenntnissen ergeben sich verschiedene neue Optionen für die Therapie der Alopecia areata wie die Blockade des Lymphozytenhomings durch Applikation eines monoklonalen Anti‐CD44v10‐Antikörpers oder die Hemmung der T‐Zell‐Aktivierung durch Blockade kostimulatorischer Moleküle. Therapeutische Studien am Maus‐ und Rattenmodell sprechen dafür, daß die topische Applikation von Tacrolimus zur Behandlung der Alopecia areata des Menschen im Prinzip geeignet ist, sofern sich die Galenik verbessern läßt. Zukünftige Untersuchungen zum Wirkmechanismus des allergischen Kontaktekzems in der Behandlung der Alopecia areata sollen dazu dienen, eine auf dieser Behandlung aufbauende, spezifischere Therapie zu entwickeln.
John Wilkins’ Essay (1668)
Authors: Salmon Vivian 
Published: November 2010

Summary
One of the major achievements of Britsh linguistic scholarship before the 19th century was John Wilkins’ (1609–72) Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language (1668), which attempted to construct, for scientific purposes, a language in which the elements were isomorphic with the categories of reality (as they were perceived by Wilkins). Immediately after its publication, the Essay was presented to the scientists of the newly-founded Royal Society for their critical appraisal. Since the committee appointed to examine it never reported, it has usually been assumed that they were uninterested or disapproving. It can now be shown, however, that it was certainly not lack of enthusiasm among Wilkins’ contemporaries that led to the absence of a report, and that three members of the original committee took part in a project to revise the Essay after its author’s death. It has long been known that a small group were informally engaged on its revision in 1678, according to a report of the antiquarian John Aubrey (1626–97), F.R.S., but hitherto nothing has been known of the enterprise. Recently, their correspondence has been discovered among Aubrey’s collection of manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, and these letters, besides showing links with the original committee, illustrate the growth of linguistic insight in the would-be improvers, particularly in respect of semantic classification and various problems in the phonetics of English. The course of their discussion is traced here, and the reasons for their eventual rejection of Wilkins’ scheme. Yet the immense undertaking was never wholly forgotten; it aroused the interest of at least one eminent 18th-century scientist, and became one source of inspiration for Peter Mark Roget (1779–1869), creator of the famous Thesaurus.
John Eliot of Massachusetts and the Beginnings of American Linguistics
Authors: Miner Kenneth L. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe author puts forward the claim thatThe Indian Grammar Begun(1666) of John Eliot of Massachusetts (1604–90) constitutes the first published account of an ‘exotic’ language that can rightfully be called scientific (0.). The first portion of the argument treats Eliot’s English-based orthography and the problems it poses in the description of a language completely different from English (1.). Eliot’s use of a ‘morphophonemic’ transcription is presented (2.). Eliot’sThe Logick Primer(1672) is suggested as a source of particular insights into the Puritan understanding and use of logic (3.). Having speculated about the impact that Jesus College, Cambridge, may have had on Eliot’s linguistic accomplishments in his analysis of an Amerindian language (4.), the author concludes that Eliot derserves to be called the true founder of American linguistics, in particular since he anticipated modern use of levels of representation by more than a century (5.).
The Beginnings of Morphology
Authors: Salmon Paul B. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryBy providing an assured basis in morphology for subsequent phonological comparison Sir William Jones’s celebrated remarks about the resemblance and relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin marked a turning point in the study of language. Some scholars anticipated his conclusions, but their findings appear to have remained largely unknown. At much the same time as the forms of languages were beginning to be compared, investigations were being made in greater detail than hitherto into structural resemblances between different species of plants and animals. In biological studies explicit evolutionary statements based on such observations are few and far between, but in the study of language, similarity of form implied filiation. The present study sets out to compare some of the lines of thought common to comparative linguistics and comparative anatomy, and to suggest that in the biological sciences, too, resemblance implied common origin sooner and more generally than is sometimes held.