bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematospiroides dubius: factors affecting the primary response to SRBC in infected mice
Authors: Ali Najah M. H. , Behnke Jerzy M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMice infected with Nematospiroides dubius were incapable of responding normally to i.p. or i.v. challenge with SRBC. The HA and PFC response to SRBC in infected animals was characterized by a severe depression of antibody to SRBC on day 4 and a reduced HA peak titre during the following week. The greatest depression of the response to SRBC was associated with an interval of 14 days between infection and the administration of antigen, suggesting that a particular stage of the parasite contributed significantly to immunodepression during this critical period. It was proposed that a combination of parasite induced damage to the intestine, release of parasite secretory/excretory products and loss of appetite by the host produced trauma during which the host was incapable of responding normally.However, mice given low-level and long-standing infections also showed reduced responses to SRBC, although these animals were not severely depressed. It is possible that this generalized weakening of host immunocompetence is the inevitable consequence of a parasite mechanism which operates more specifically to suppress the expression of homologous immunity at the intestinal level.
Dipetalonema viteae and Brugia pahangi transplant infections in gerbils for use in antifilarial screening
Authors: Court J. P. , Stables J. N. , Lees G. M. , Martin-Short M. R. , Rankin R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTransplanted infections of Dipetalonema viteae and Brugia pahangi have been evaluated as tools for experimental chemotherapy. Attempts were made to establish these filariae in similar pharmacokinetic sites within the same host, so that direct comparisons of in vivo drug susceptibilities could be made. Unfortunately, it was not possible to establish B. pahangi in the subcutaneous tissues, the preferred site of D. viteae. Therefore, intraperitoneal B. pahangi and subcutaneously implanted D. viteae in gerbils were used for the study. D. viteae infections were significantly enhanced by concomitant infections with B. pahangi, while B. pahangi infection rates were unaffected by the presence of D. viteae. Experiments with amoscanate, CGP6140 and Mel W demonstrated the importance of employing both B. pahangi and D. viteae for antifilarial discovery work and the fundamental effect of parasite location on drug efficacy. D. viteae rapidly migrate from the peritoneal cavity of gerbils following implantation; twenty one hours after infection 73% of transplanted worms were found in the subcutaneous tissues. It was shown that the migration response could be used as a stringent parameter for demonstrating antifilarial activity. D. viteae were exposed to antifilarial drugs for 24 hours in vitro, washed and implanted into the peritoneal cavity of gerbils. At autopsy, 5 days later, 10−8M ivermectin and milbemycin D had prevented migration; CGP6140, amoscanate, suramin, flubendazole and furapyrimidone were also detected at <10−6M using this parameter. In all cases the migration response was more sensitive to drugs than parasite kill. Ivermectin's ability to inhibit worm migration through the tissues is discussed, with respect to the role of itinerant males in the reproductive cycle of Onchocerca volvulus.
Specific cross-immunity betweenHymenolepis nanaandH. diminuta: immunization with heterologous and homologous light infections
Authors: Gabriele F. , Wakelin D. , Palmas C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe consequences of previous and concurrent infection with two related species of cestodes,Hymenolepis nanaandH. diminuta, were studied in CD1 mice. AH. diminutainfection strongly affected the establishment and the survival of a secondaryH. nanaegg or cyst infection administered 30 days later. An infection of 20H. nanaeggs strongly protected against a 5-cystH. diminutachallenge, whereas an infection of 10H. nanacysts was ineffective; 20H. nanaeggs also protected against a challenge with 5 cysts ofH. diminutaadministered 5 days later. No effects were observed in either parasite during a concurrent infection established by administration of cysts. AnH. nanaegg-infection was unable to affect the establishment of a secondaryH. nanacyst-infection given 1 month later; however a significant decrease in growth was found. Similar results were found when a primaryH. nanaegg-infection was followed 5 days later by the homologous cyst-infection. But an infection with 5H. nanacysts was unable to protect against a homologous challenge of 5 cysts or 20 eggs. The reciprocal cross immunity between the heterologous parasites and the failure of protection of homologous challenges are discussed in relation to light infections.
Host age and the growth and fecundity of Hymenolepis diminuta in the rat
Authors: Quinnell R. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFive, 20, and 80 cysticercoid infections of Hymenolepis diminuta were established in 1-, 2- and 5-month-old male Wistar rats. Worm numbers, dry weights and egg outputs were determined on day 28 post infection. Worm recovery was found to be independent of cysticercoid dose in 1-month-old rats, but density-dependent in older rats. Density dependence affected both worm dry weight and egg production in all 3 age classes of host studied. However, at the highest dose both dry weight and egg production were significantly decreased in 2- and 5-month-old rats compared with 1-month-old rats. The results cannot be explained solely in terms of competition for a resource, and suggest that immunological mechanisms may have an important role in the “crowding effect”.
Chemotherapy of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae in mice: a model for the evaluation of novel compounds for the treatment of onchocerciasis
Authors: Townson Simon , Dobinson A. , Connelly C. , Muller R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe model of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae (mf) injected into inbred CBA/Ca mice was studied for its usefulness as an additional primary/secondary drug screen for onchocerciasis. Invermectin, DEC, suramin, flubendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, Mel W, furapyrimidone, metrifonate, amoscanate and the new Ciba-Geigy compounds CGP 6140, CGP 20'376 and CGI 17658 all significantly reduced levels of mf at a dose of 5x100 mg/kg or less. An early dosing protocol, on days 3–7 after infection, was found to be generally more effective than dosing on days 11–15, followed by necropsy on day 18. In some cases there were important differences in levels of drug activity depending on whether the drug was administered by the subcutaneous or oral route, indicating that new compounds should be tested via both routes. Ivermectin was by far the most active compound examined, virtually clearing mf from the skin at a dose of 5x0.0063 mg/kg and producing a significant mf reduction (63.5%) at 5x0.008 mg/kg following subcutaneous administration. In comparison, DEC was much less active, producing a 32.4% mf reduction at 5x25 mg/kg ranging up to a maximum of 72% reduction at 5x100 mg/kg. CGI 17658 was the most active compound examined next to ivermectin, almost 100% effective against skin mf at a dose of 5x6.25 mg/kg via the oral route while being less effective via subcutaneous administration (65% reduction). The lowest effective dose examined was 5x3.13 mg/kg (per os) which reduced mf levels by 64%. CGP 20'376 was also very active, resulting in a 46% (subcutaneous) and 62% (per os) reduction at a dose of 5x6.25 mg/kg. This mouse model has clearly identified all the known microfilaricides examined and also, to a lesser extent, those compounds considered to be principally macrofilaricides. We believe it has value as an additional drug screen for onchocerciasis, which will enable the evaluation of novel compounds against skin-dwelling Onchocerca mf at the primary/secondary level, providing complementary information to new in vitro screens using adult Onchocerca.
The capability of the predacious fungusArthrobotrys oligospora(Hyphomycetales) to reduce numbers of infective larvae ofOstertagia ostertagi(Trichostrongylidae) in cow pats and herbage during the grazing season in Denmark
Authors: Grønvold J. , Nansen P. , Henriksen S. A. , Thylin J. , Wolstrup J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractArtificially prepared cow pats containingOstertagia ostertagieggs were deposited on two pasture plots in May, June and July 1986. Half of the cow pats, placed on one plot, were inoculated with 2000 conidia per gram faeces of the predacious fungusArthrobotrys oligospora. On the other plot fungus-free control cow pats were placed at the same time. In the faeces generally fewer infectiveO. ostertagilarvae developed in the inoculated than in the control cow pats. On the herbage around the control cow pats deposited in May, June and July a maxium concentration of infective larvae was found at the same time on the 6th of August 1986. At that time the herbage larval infectivity around inoculated cow pats deposited in May, June and July was subject to a reduction of 48%, 89% and 46%, respectively, compared with fungus-free control cow pats. This experiment indicates that a concentration of 2000A. oligosporaconidia per gram faeces results in a significant lowering of the herbage larval infectivity during the grazing season in Denmark.
Effects of infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis on the circulating haemocyte population and the haematopoietic organ of the host snail M-line Biomphalaria glabrata
Authors: Noda S. , Sato A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe number of circulating haemocytes, the size of the haematopoietic organ, and the size of haemocyte capsules around the parasite were studied in M-line Biomphalaria glabrata snails exposed to 100 or 400 first-stage larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. The number of haemocytes in exposed snails increased significantly at 1 day post-exposure, decreased to control value, and then increased again. The decrease in number of circulating haemocytes is probably due to the removal of cells from the circulation to participate in encapsulation of larvae. The majority of circulating haemocytes in M-line B. glabrata are fully-spread granulocytes, which increase significantly in number in snails following exposure to A. cantonensis larvae. However, populations of partially-spread granulocytes, round cells, hyalinocytes and miscellaneous haemocytes were relatively constant. The size of capsules around the parasite increased during the 42-day interval of the experiment. The haematopoietic organ increased in size in response to infection.
Characterization of glucose uptake by Trichuris globulosa (Nematoda) in vitro
Authors: Jasra Nisha , Sanyal Sankar N. , Khera S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT14C-glucose uptake by adult Trichuris globulosa is found to be a non-linear function of time and limiting substrate concentration. The uptake is a two component process, an initial rapid burst is followed by a lower steady state, implying a mediated process. The uptake is dependent on Na+ ions which cannot be replaced by K+, Li+ or choline. The uptake is also dependent on pH, being maximal at pH 7·4. 14C-glucose absorption is markedly inhibited by glucose, phlorizin, ouabain and to a smaller extent by a number of monosaccharides and other sugar-phosphates, nucleosides and metabolic inhibitors like p-nitrophenyl phosphate and iodoacetate. The inhibition constant for glucose, phlorizin and ouabain has been found to be 8 mM, 5 mM and 7 mM, respectively. A modified Dixon-plot shows that glucose is a completely competitive inhibitor for 14C-glucose uptake while the nature of competitive inhibition of phlorizin and ouabain are found to be partial.
A probable case of vertical transmission of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae
Authors: Anosike J. C. , Onwuliri C. O. E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA probable case of vertical transmission of Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae in Dass Bauchi State, Nigeria is presented. A 28-week-old male child delivered by a 39-year-old Fulani woman suffering from onchocerciasis was positive for O. volvulus microfilariae based on skin snip examinations. The child had general pruritic rash and intermittent fever. Although the child's skin snip on re-examination five weeks later was positive, the fever had gradually subsided.
Isoenzymatic pattern of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Ascaris suum
Authors: Cutillas C. , Rodriguez B. , German P. , Guevara D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe isoenzymatic pattern of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (abbreviation G6PD) from Ascaris suum has been studied by vertical polyacrylamide gel (PAGE) and horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. After polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, two stained zones could be identified. One corresponded to tetrazolium oxidase activity; since this zone was stained even in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P), non-specific staining could be detected. In the other zone of activity, seven regularly-spaced bands were identified by staining in the presence of G6P and NADP as substrates. By using starch gel electrophoresis, different electrophoretic patterns for G6PD have been observed in the muscular sac, intestine and reproductive system from A. suum. The existence of three different alleles of G6PD in the same individual suggests the existence of at least two genes for this enzyme.
The infection characteristics of the antelope schistosomes, Schistosoma margrebowiei and S. leiperi, in inbred BALB/c mice and in Mastomys coucha
Authors: Dettman C.D. , Higgins-Opitz S.B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDetailed studies were carried out to assess the infection characteristics of the antelope schistosomes in BALB/c mice and Mastomys coucha. Both schistosome species reached sexual maturity in these hosts. However, they differed markedly in terms of egg production rates and preferred sites of tissue egg deposition. Tissue egg deposition commenced between 4 and 5 weeks in the case of Schistosoma margrebowiei and between 6 and 7 weeks in the case of S. leiperi. Tissue egg accumulation rates of S. leiperi were calculated to be 334 and 311 eggs/gravid worm pair/day in mice and M. coucha, respectively. The fecundity of S. margrebowiei was found to be substantially greater (approximately 5 times; daily output ranging from 1600–1900 eggs/gravid worm pair). While S. leiperi infections remained relatively stable in both hosts during the study period (i.e. up to 15 weeks after onset of egg laying), S. margrebowiei infections were observed to deteriorate rapidly in M. coucha.
Further evaluation of a perfusion technique for the recovery of Dictyocaulus viviparus from bovine lungs
Authors: Andrews S.J. , James F.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA further modification of a lung perfusion technique was evaluated by examining the recovery rate of 14-day-old Dictyocaulus viviparus worms from the excised lungs of 15 dead bovine calves. Up to 89% of the total number of worms found in 12 l of perfused fluid was recovered in the first 4 l collected. The application of this observation will increase the efficiency of the routine laboratory diagnosis of D. viviparus infection.
The minimum effective dose of praziquantel in treatment of Hymenolepis diminuta in rats
Authors: Fan P.C. , Ito A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo determine the minimum effective dose of praziquantel against Hymenolepis diminuta in rats, 5.0 mg/kg, 2.5 mg/kg, 1.0 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, or 0.05 mg/kg praziquantel were given to each of five experimentally infected rats in six groups. Faecal samples from each rat were examined for worms on day 10. Based on the results of faecal examination and autopsy, the minimum effective dose of praziquantel against Hymenolepis diminuta in rats was determined to be 0.5 mg/kg.
The effects of the presence and absence of intestinal contents on survival, size and distribution of Echinostoma caproni in ICR mice
Authors: Kaufman A.R. , Fried B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFifteen female ICR mice, 6–8 weeks old, were each exposed to 25 metacercarial cysts of Echinostoma caproni. To determine the effects of withholding food on survival, size and distribution of E. caproni in ICR mice, two groups of five each were maintained without food for 1 day (group A) or 2 days (group B) prior to necropsy. Group C consisted of five mice maintained with food for the duration of the experiment. All mice were necropsied at 12 days postinfection. There was no significant difference in worm survival, body area or distribution between group A and C or group B and C mice. The results of this experiment show that short-duration removal of food has no effect on worm survival, size or distribution of E. caproni adults in the small intestine of the ICR mouse.
Comparison of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of ribosomal DNA betweenDiphyllobothrium nihonkaienseandD. latum
Authors: Matsuura T. , Bylund G. , Sugane K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTRestriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were compared betweenDiphyllobothrium latumandD. nihonkaienseusing seven kinds of restriction endonucleases. No intra-specific variation in restriction fragment profiles was shown within both species ofDiphyllobothrium. Digestion of the genomic DNA with three endonucleases, Smal, Hinfl and Hhal, provided one or two different bands between two species, although the hybridization patterns generated with the others, Hindlll, Xbal, Styl and Haelll, were the same in both. RFLPs in the digested profiles with Smal, Hinfl and Hhal could be used as species-specific markers even if only fragments of strobilae with morphological similarity were available. Other cestodes,Spirometra erinaceiandTaenia saginata, used as controls showed quite different restriction fragment patterns with all the enzymes used.
The expulsion of Echinostoma trivolvis: worm kinetics and intestinal reactions in C3H/HeN mice treated with dexamethasone
Authors: Fujino T. , Ichikawa H. , Fried B. , Fukuda K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractC3H/HeN mice were each infected with 40 Echinostoma trivolvis metacercarial cysts on day 0, given intramuscular injections of dexamethasone (DEX) daily for 30 days, and necropsied on days 5, 8, 12, 15, 20 and 30 p. i. Control mice were each infected with 40 echinostome cysts on day 0, but were not treated with DEX and necropsied on the same days as the DEX-treated mice. DEX treatment caused an inhibition of worm expulsion and suppressed the increase in goblet cell numbers that peaked around day 12 p. i. in the untreated control mice. Increase in the number of mucosal mast cells and eosinophils in the control mice that peaked around day 15 and 12 p. i., respectively, was also suppressed by the DEX treatment. The mean body area of the worms from the DEX-treated mice was about the same as that of the control worms on day 5 p. i., and then significantly greater than the control worms on days 8 and 12 p. i. The worms in the treated mice continued to grow until the end of the experiment, on day 30 p. i. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that serum IgM from the treated and control mice increased from day 12 p. i., peaked on day 15 p. i., and then decreased. An IgM titre of the treated mice was slightly higher than that of the controls. No marked rise in IgG and IgA titres occurred throughout the experiment in both groups.
Preliminary Observations on the Ultrastructure of the Body Wall of Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Stranack F. R. , Woodhouse M. A. , Griffin R. L. 
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the metasomal body wall of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis has been studied.The cuticle was seen to be pierced by numerous pores leading into tubular channels of the striped layer which appeared to have connections with the endoplasmic reticulum deeper in the body wall. The inner edge of the body wall was perforated by a number of channels which, it was thought, might form the final link in a chain of ramifying channels leading from the exterior of the parasite to the pseudocoel. The syncytial cytoplasm of the body wall was thought to be supported by the network of strands forming the felt layer.
The Neascus (Posthodiplostomulum) Stage ofPosthodiplostomutn nanumDubois and an Experimental Determination of Part of the Life Cycle
Authors: Williams Modupe O. 
Published: June 2009

Williams and Chaytor (1966) reported the presence of encysted strigeid trematode larvae on the muscles and liver ofEpiplatys sexfasciatusandE. senegalensiscollected from a stream at Hastings, Sierra Leone. Out of 253 fishes examined 89 or 35% were infected with the parasite.The parasites when fed to day-old chicks or cattle egrets gave rise to adults which were identified asPosthodiplostomutn nanumDubois, 1937.
Abnormal development of a filarial worm, Brugia patei (Buckley, Nelson and Heisch), in a mosquito host, Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus van Thiel
Authors: Oothuman Pakeer , Simpson M. G. , Laurence B. R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe morphology of abnormal development of the filarial worm Brugia patel in a mosquito host, Anopheles labranchiae atroparvus, is described. Development was very variable, from little growth beyond the microfilarial stage to the complete development of two infective stage larvae in one mosquito. The majority of larvae developed beyond the microfilarial stage but integrated differentiation did not occur. In the most bizarre larval development, the intestinal and the rectal cells prolapsed and then attempted to differentiate outside the body of the filarial larva. It is concluded that the abnormal development of the filarial larvae in this mosquito host is due to the host reaction elicited by the developing larvae, apparent as melanisation 48–78 hours after ingestion by the mosquito, often localised specifically over the excretory and anal vesicles.
Studies with Brugia pahangi 10. An attempt to demonstrate the sharing of antigenic determinants between the worm and its hosts
Authors: McGreevy P. B. , Ismail M. M. , Phillips T. M. , Denham D. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInfective stage Brugia pahangi that were reared in Aedes aegypti survived equally well in cats that had
previously been immunized against mosquito tissue and in a normal cat. The survival of third, fourth, juvenile, adult and microfilarial stages of B. paliangi that were recovered from cats was similar in jirds that had been immunized against cat antigens and in normal jirds. Host antigenic determinants were not detected on the surface of larvae in substantial amounts using fluorescent antibody techniques. It is unlikely that B. paliangi evades the immune response of its vertebrate hosts by masquerading as ‘self’ behind host antigens.
Serological Investigations with Loa loa Antigens
Authors: Ogunba E. O. 
Published: June 2009

Antigens prepared from adult worms and microfilariae of Loa loa were used for an assessment of the sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of double immuno-diffusion in agar gel, haemagglutination and fluorescent antibody tests.Both antigens formed a broad band which moved slowly towards the cathode on electrophoresis, and each antigen separated into two protein fractions when passed through Sephadex G-200.Both precipitating and non-precipitating antibodies were detected in sera from Loa loa patients. The haemagglutination test and fluorescent antibody test were sensitive in detecting Loa loa antibodies and would be of diagnostic value, but the double diffusion test in agar-gel was insensitive and would have a limited value in loiasis diagnosis.
Rapidity and Duration of Hatching of St. Lucian Schistosoma mansoni Eģģs in Outdoor Habitats
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart 
Published: June 2009

1. Experiments were carried out to investigate the rapidity and duration of hatching of S. mansoni ova under simulated field conditions, using B. glabrata to detect miracidia hatching from infested faeces.2. Hatching times varied according to consistency of the stool. Hatching started at 4 hours and ended at 32 hours for blended stools; started within 24 hours and ended within 48 hours for soft stools; and started at 32 hours and ended at 128 hours for hard stools.3. Survival of B. glabrata was poor in the blended-stool experiments, but excellent in the soft-stool and hard-stool experiments.