bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuity and Religious Practices in Roman Britain: The Case of the Rural Religious Complex at Marcham/Frilford, Oxfordshire
Authors: Kamash Zena , Gosden Chris , Lock Gary 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the interim results of Oxford University's on-going excavations at the Roman religious complex at Marcham/Frilford, Oxfordshire. This site has been the focus of debates about continuity from the Iron Age into the Roman period since the original excavations at the temple by Bradford and Goodchild in the 1930s. New findings from the current excavations are brought to bear on this question, in particular how the Iron Age activity influenced the design and layout of the Roman complex. In addition, the paper uses preliminary analysis of the finds from the excavations to discuss the nature of religious practices and activities at the site.
Who Built Carpow? A Review of Events in Britain in the Reigns of Commodus and Septimius Severus
Authors: Casey John 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA review of epigraphic, numismatic and historical sources examines the episode of the war of Commodus in Britain. The relationship of this event to the present interpretation of the later campaign of Severus is discussed. Current views of the occupation of Hadrian’s Wall are examined in the light of Commodus’ policy in Britain.
The Women of Akmoneia
Authors: Thonemann P. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis article is the first publication of a Greek inscription from Akmoneia in Phrygia, dated toa.d.6/7. The monument is an honorific stele for a priestess by the name of Tatia, and was voted by a body of ‘Greek and Roman women’. As a document of collective political activity by a female corporate group, the inscription has no real parallels in either the Greek or Roman world. The monument is set in the context of the Roman mercantile presence in central Phrygia in the late Republican and early Imperial periods, and some proposals are offered concerning the identity and significance of the honouring body.
Effect of cryopreservation and in vitro culture of bovine fibroblasts on histone acetylation levels and in vitro development of hand-made cloned embryos
Authors: Chacón Liliana , Gómez Martha C. , Jenkins Jill A. , Leibo Staley P. , Wirtu Gemechu , Dresser Betsy L. , Pope C. Earle 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn this study, the relative acetylation levels of histone 3 in lysine 9 (H3K9ac) in cultured and cryopreserved bovine fibroblasts was measured and we determined the influence of the epigenetic status of three cultured (C1, C2 and C3) donor cell lines on the in vitro development of reconstructed bovine embryos. Results showed that cryopreservation did not alter the overall acetylation levels of H3K9 in bovine fibroblasts analysed immediately after thawing (frozen/thawed) compared with fibroblasts cultured for a period of time after thawing. However, reduced cleavage rates were noted in embryos reconstructed with fibroblasts used immediately after thawing. Cell passage affects the levels of H3K9ac in bovine fibroblasts, decreasing after P1 and donor cells with lower H3K9ac produced a greater frequency of embryo development to the blastocyst stage. Cryopreservation did not influence the total cell and ICM numbers, or the ICM/TPD ratios of reconstructed embryos. However, the genetic source of donor cells did influence the total number of cells and the trophectoderm cell numbers, and the cell passage influenced the total ICM cell numbers.
Asymmetrical Effects of Adaptation to Left- and Right-Shifting Prisms Depends on Pre-existing Attentional Biases
Authors: GOEDERT KELLY M. , LEBLANC ANDREW , TSAI SEN-WEI , BARRETT ANNA M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProposals that adaptation with left-shifting prisms induces neglect-like symptoms in normal individuals rely on a dissociation between the postadaptation performance of individuals trained with left-versusright-shifting prisms (e.g., Colent, Pisella, & Rossetti, 2000). A potential problem with this evidence is that normal young adults have ana priorileftward bias (e.g., Jewell & McCourt, 2000). In Experiment 1, we compared the line bisection performance of young adults to that of aged adults, who as a group may lack a leftward bias in line bisection. Participants trained with both left- and right-shifting prisms. Consistent with our hypothesis, while young adults demonstrated aftereffects for left, but not right prisms, aged adults demonstrated reliable aftereffects for both prisms. In Experiment 2, we recruited a larger sample of young adults, some of whom were right-biased at baseline. We observed an interaction between baseline bias and prism-shift, consistent with the results of Experiment 1: Left-biased individuals showed a reduced aftereffect when training with right-shifting prisms and right-biased individuals showed a reduced aftereffect when training with left-shifting prisms. These results suggest that previous failures to find generalizable aftereffects with right-shifting prisms may be driven by participants’ baseline biases rather than specific effects of the prism itself. (JINS, 2010,16, 795–804.)
Consciousness: Don't Give Up on the Brain
Authors: Aizawa Kenneth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the extended mind literature, one sometimes finds the claim that there is no neural correlate of consciousness. Instead, there is a biological or ecological correlate of consciousness. Consciousness, it is claimed, supervenes on an entire organism in action. Alva Noë is one of the leading proponents of such a view. This paper resists Noë's view. First, it challenges the evidence he offers from neuroplasticity. Second, it presses a problem with paralysis. Third, it draws attention to a challenge from the existence of metamers and visual illusions.
How to Become Unconscious
Authors: Clark Stephen R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConsistent materialists are almost bound to suggest that ‘conscious experience’, if it exists at all, is no more than epiphenomenal. A correct understanding of the real requires that everything we do and say is no more than a product of whatever processes are best described by physics, without any privileged place, person, time or scale of action. Consciousness is a myth, or at least a figment. Plotinus was no materialist: for him, it is Soul and Intellect that are more real than the phenomena we misdescribe as material. Nor does he suppose that consciousness depends on language (as Stoics and modern materialists have sometimes said): wordless experience is actually superior. And much of what counts towards our present consciousness is to be discarded. It is betternotto remember most of what now seems more significant to us; better to discard images; better that the intellect be ‘drunk’ than ‘sober’, losing any sense of separation between subject and object. The goal of the Plotinian intellectual is to join ‘the dance of immortal love’, but it is a mark of the good dancer that she is not conscious of what she does. There is therefore a strange confluence between Plotinus and modern materialists:ourexperience at least is transitory, deceitful, epiphenomenal, and ‘reality’ is to be encountered when we have shed our illusions.
The Representational vs. the Relational View of Visual Experience
Authors: McLaughlin Brian P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInReference and Consciousness,1John Campbell attempts to a make a case that what he calls ‘the Relational View’ of visual experience, a view that he champions, is superior to what he calls ‘the Representational View’.2I argue that his attempt fails. In section 1, I spell out the two views. In section 2, I outline Campbell's case that the Relational View is superior to the Representational View and offer a diagnosis of where Campbell goes wrong. In section 3, I examine the case in detail and argue that it fails. Finally, in section 4, I mention two very well-known problems for the Relational View that are unresolved in the book.
The Road to Substance Dualism
Authors: Madell Geoffrey 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe common materialist view that a functional account of intentionality will eventually be produced is rejected, as is the notion that intentional states are multiply realisable. It is argued also that, contrary to what many materialists have held, the causation of behaviour by intentional states rules out the possibility of a complete explanation of human behaviour in physical terms, and that this points to substance dualism. Kant's criticism of the Cartesian self as a substance, endorsed by P. F. Strawson, rests on a misinterpretation of Descartes. The so-called ‘causal pairing problem’, which Kim sees to be the crucial objection to substance dualism, is examined, and Kim's arguments are rejected.
Management of extensive squamous cell carcinoma on the site of radiation-induced dermatitis with severe fibrosis: a case report
Authors: Patel Chirag B. , Rashid Rashid M. , Nguyen Tri H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDermatitis is a common side effect of radiation therapy (RT) whereas squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is not. Management must include treatment options outside of RT, especially when cases are limited by extreme fibrosis. Here, we present a case in which a patient developed multiple SCC, severe radiation fibrosis, and limited neck mobility. This situation of increased risk for intubation required interdisciplinary coordination for proper therapeutic intervention, namely Mohs micrographic surgery to manage cutaneous lesions.
Hippocampus avoidance with fan beam and volumetric arc radiotherapy for base of skull tumours
Authors: Wiebe Ericka , Cozzi Luca , Yartsev Slav , Fogliata Antonella , Clivio Alessandro , Vanetti Eugenio , Nicolini Giorgia , Chen Jeff , Leung Andrew , Bauman Glenn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRadiosensitive neurogenic stem cells reside in the hippocampi, suggesting that avoidance of the hippocampi may be an important strategy to reduce potential radiation-related cognitive effects. Six patients treated for base of skull tumours were re-planned using co-planar helical fan beam arc therapy (tomotherapy) and co-planar and non-coplanar volumetric arc techniques (RapidArc). The hippocampi were contoured as avoidance structures with the specific goal of minimising the dose. Two gross target volume (GTV) to planning target volume (PTV) expansions (10 and 2 mm) were considered to evaluate the impact of margin selection on organ at risk (OAR) sparing. The dose prescription was 50 Gy to >95% of the PTV. Comparison of the hippocampus avoidance plans demonstrated the importance of non-coplanar delivery when the 10 mm margin was used. With the 2 mm margin, both co-planar and non-coplanar delivery provided similar degrees of sparing. A mean dose of 3–4 Gy and a V6Gy <5% to the hippocampi was realised with the hippocampus sparing techniques. Our comparisons suggest interventions to minimise GTV to PTV margins will have a more profound influence on multiple OAR sparing than the choice of intensity modulated arc delivery technique.
Full integrated process to manufacture RF-MEMS and MMICs on GaN/Si substrate
Authors: Crispoldi Flavia , Pantellini Alessio , Lavanga Simone , Nanni Antonio , Romanini Paolo , Rizzi Leonardo , Farinelli Paola , Lanzieri Claudio 
Published: July 2010

Radio Frequency Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (RF-MEMS) represents a feasible solution to obtain very low power dissipation and insertion loss, very high isolation and linearity switch with respect to “solid state” technologies. In this paper, we demonstrate the full integration of RF-MEMS switches in the GaN-HEMT (Gallium Nitride/High Electron Mobility Transistor) fabrication line to develop RF-MEMS devices and LNA-MMIC (Low Noise Amplifier/Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) prototype simultaneously in the same GaN wafer. In particular, two different coplanar wave (CPW) LNAs and a series of discrete RF-MEMS in ohmic-series and capacitive-shunt configuration have been fabricated. RF-MEMS performances reveal an insertion loss and isolation better than 1 and 15 dB, respectively, in the frequency range 20–50 GHz in the case of pure capacitive shunt switches and in the frequency range 5–35 GHz for the ohmic-series switches. Moreover, the GaN HEMT device shows an Fmaxof about 38 GHz and a power density of 6.5 W/mm, while for the best LNA-MMIC we have obtained gain better than 12 dB at 6–10 GHz with a noise figure of circa 4 dB, demonstrating the integration achievability.
TRANSWESD: inferring cellular networks with transitive reduction
Authors: Klamt Steffen , Flassig Robert J. , Sundmacher Kai 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Distinguishing direct from indirect influences is a central issue in reverse engineering of biological networks because it facilitates detection and removal of false positive edges. Transitive reduction is one approach for eliminating edges reflecting indirect effects but its use in reconstructing cyclic interaction graphs with true redundant structures is problematic.
Results: We present TRANSWESD, an elaborated variant of TRANSitive reduction for WEighted Signed Digraphs that overcomes conceptual problems of existing versions. Major changes and improvements concern: (i) new statistical approaches for generating high-quality perturbation graphs from systematic perturbation experiments; (ii) the use of edge weights (association strengths) for recognizing true redundant structures; (iii) causal interpretation of cycles; (iv) relaxed definition of transitive reduction; and (v) approximation algorithms for large networks. Using standardized benchmark tests, we demonstrate that our method outperforms existing variants of transitive reduction and is, despite its conceptual simplicity, highly competitive with other reverse engineering methods.
Contact: klamt@mpi-magdeburg.mpg.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Endemicity of human metapneumovirus subgenogroups A2 and B2 in Yamagata, Japan, between 2004 and 2009
Authors: Mizuta Katsumi , Abiko Chieko , Aoki Yoko , Ikeda Tatsuya , Itagaki Tsutomu , Katsushima Noriko , Matsuzaki Yoko , Hongo Seiji , Noda Masahiro , Kimura Hirokazu , Ahiko Tadayuki 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTTo clarify a longitudinal epidemiology, we isolated 280 hMPV strains from patients with acute respiratory infections in Yamagata, Japan, between 2004 and 2009. We observed that the high season for hMPV was from winter to spring (between January and May) and the low season was in the fall (around September and October). A further molecular analysis revealed that subgenogroup A2 (A2) strains were the most commonly isolated (151/280; 53.9%), followed by B2 (108/280; 38.6%) and B1 (19/280; 6.8%). Our results suggested that A2 and B2 have been endemically in circulation as the major types almost every year, whereas other subgenogroups have appeared less frequently.
Cervical cancer: cytological cervical screening in Iceland and implications of HPV vaccines
Authors: Sigurdsson K. 
Published: July 2010

K. Sigurdsson Cervical cancer: cytological cervical screening in Iceland and implications of HPV vaccinesThis paper reviews the Icelandic experience regarding the age‐specific effectiveness, optimal targeted age range and intervals in cervical cancer screening and the screening implications of the HPV16/18 vaccines. The background material is based on data from a screening programme with centralized records dating back to 1964, as well as from population‐based studies on the distribution of oncogenic HPV types in cancer and histologically verified CIN2‐3 lesions and from the Icelandic arm of the Future II trial with Gardasil®. The findings confirm significant increased rates in the screened population of CIN2‐3, stage IA (microinvasive) cancer since 1979, mainly in the age group 20–34 years. These lesions start to accumulate within 3 years of a normal smear. Studies on the distribution of HPV types indicate that the marketed vaccines could lower the incidence of cancer and CIN2‐3 by about 67% and 53%, respectively, after taking into account reported cross‐protection. About 65% of women below 25 years of age had lesions related to the non‐vaccine types and after the last normal smear these cases accumulated at the same frequency as cases with vaccine‐included types. Cases with combined vaccine and non‐vaccine types accumulated at a slower rate. We conclude that screening should continue to start at age 20 years, with invitations at 2‐year intervals up to age 39 years and thereafter at 4‐year intervals up to age 65–69 years. Current data support the conclusion that the optimal age for catch‐up HPV vaccination should be considered in the context of sexual practices and the data do not support changes in the lower age limit or screening intervals for the vaccinated women.
Relationship between oligomer and functional serum mannose‐binding lectin in chronic renal failure
Authors: Satomura Atsushi , Fujita Takayuki , Fuke Yoshinobu , Yanai Mitsuru , Kumasaka Kazunari , Takayama Eiichi , Hamada Hiroaki , Maruyama Toshiharu , Nakayama Tomohiro 
Published: July 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (10): 865–873AbstractIntroduction  Mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) plays an important role in first‐line host defence against pathogens via the lectin pathway. The binding affinity for ligands is greatly increased by oligomerization, although the basic triplet does not bind solid phase mannan and cannot activate complement. Besides, MBL is a positive acute‐phase protein. In this study, we examined the relationship between oligomer and functional serum MBL in chronic renal failure patients who were either uraemic [Pre‐haemodialysis (pre‐HD) patients], or who were receiving maintenance haemodialysis treatment (HD patients).Materials and methods  This study included a total of 20 Pre‐HD patients, 130 HD patients and 28 healthy subjects. The oligomer and functional serum MBL levels were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays established previously.Results  The median serum functional MBL levels were significantly reduced in both Pre‐HD and HD patients compared with healthy subjects (P < 0·05 for both). Furthermore, the median functional MBL level in Pre‐HD patients was significantly lower than that in HD patients (P < 0·05). The median serum oligomer MBL levels in both Pre‐HD and HD patients were significantly higher compared with healthy subjects (P < 0·05 for both). Furthermore, the median oligomer MBL level in HD patients was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than that in Pre‐HD patients. The ratios of median serum functional MBL levels to oligomer MBL levels were significantly reduced in both Pre‐HD and HD patients compared with healthy subjects (P < 0·05 for both).Conclusions  We found significant reductions in the ratios of serum functional MBL levels to oligomer MBL levels in HD and Pre‐HD patients compared with healthy subjects.
Gastric dilation and air sacculitis in Chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha(Walbaum); correlation of macroscopic and microscopic lesions, and relationship of the syndrome to glomerulonephritis and serum biochemistry
Authors: Lumsden J S , Wybourne B , Minamikawa M , Tubbs L 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMacroscopic and microscopic assessment procedures were developed to evaluate the severity and enable diagnosis from histological samples, of gastric dilation and air sacculitis (GDAS) in Chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Stomachs and swim bladders were examined from young fish with experimentally induced GDAS and from larger fish with the syndrome held in commercial saltwater net‐pens. Fish fed a diet previously known to induce GDAS had significantly wider stomachs with decreased prominence of longitudinal stomach folds that contained larger amounts of fluid (P < 0.001), and thinner stomach walls with greater inter‐nerve distances (P < 0.001), than fish fed an alternative commercial diet not associated with the syndrome. These fish also had swim bladders that were more likely to be opaque and contain more fluid (P < 0.001). These observations correlated well with selected criteria for stomach tissue (P < 0.002) and swim bladder (P < 0.04) that could be evaluated microscopically. Four stomach measurements, primarily measurements of wall or partial wall thickness and inter‐nerve distances, were suitable for discriminating between affected and non‐affected fish. A stomach width ratio, that was independent of fish weight and highly correlated with macroscopic stomach measurements (P < 0.0001), was particularly useful; this ratio was derived from the distances between both the outer border of the muscularis mucosa and mesothelium of the serosal surface to the stratum compactum. Serum biochemistry parameters (osmolality, calcium and magnesium) did not differ between fish fed different diets, but serum creatinine concentration was correlated with the microscopic thickness of the muscularis externa of the stomach wall and the total stomach thickness (P < 0.001 andP< 0.003, respectively). A glomerulonephritis was also noted in these fish. The severity of the lesion was not significantly related to GDAS nor to any serum biochemistry parameter assayed however.
The relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population genetic variation in the red‐cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis)
Authors: BRUGGEMAN DOUGLAS J. , WIEGAND THORSTEN , FERNÁNDEZ NÉSTOR 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relative influence of habitat loss, fragmentation and matrix heterogeneity on the viability of populations is a critical area of conservation research that remains unresolved. Using simulation modelling, we provide an analysis of the influence both patch size and patch isolation have on abundance, effective population size (Ne) and FST. An individual‐based, spatially explicit population model based on 15 years of field work on the red‐cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) was applied to different landscape configurations. The variation in landscape patterns was summarized using spatial statistics based on O‐ring statistics. By regressing demographic and genetics attributes that emerged across the landscape treatments against proportion of total habitat and O‐ring statistics, we show that O‐ring statistics provide an explicit link between population processes, habitat area, and critical thresholds of fragmentation that affect those processes. Spatial distances among land cover classes that affect biological processes translated into critical scales at which the measures of landscape structure correlated best with genetic indices. Therefore our study infers pattern from process, which contrasts with past studies of landscape genetics. We found that population genetic structure was more strongly affected by fragmentation than population size, which suggests that examining only population size may limit recognition of fragmentation effects that erode genetic variation. If effective population size is used to set recovery goals for endangered species, then habitat fragmentation effects may be sufficiently strong to prevent evaluation of recovery based on the ratio of census:effective population size alone.