bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ecological risk assessment for insecticides used in adult mosquito management
Authors: Davis Ryan S , Peterson Robert KD , Macedo Paula A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has been a concern for people across the United States since the disease was initially observed in the summer of 1999. Since 1999, WNV has caused the largest arboviral encephalitis epidemic in US history. Vector control management programs have been intensively implemented to control mosquitoes that carry WNV. Our deterministic ecological risk assessment focused on 6 common mosquito adulticides used in vector control, including 3 pyrethroids (d-phenothrin, resmethrin, and permethrin), pyrethrins, and 2 organophosphates (malathion and naled). Piperonyl butoxide, a synergist for the pyrethroids, was also assessed. Both aquatic and terrestrial nontarget organisms were considered for acute and chronic exposures to the adulticides. Tier I exposure estimates were derived from ISCST3 and AERMOD for deposition and air concentrations affecting terrestrial organisms and PRZM-EXAMS for standard pond concentrations affecting aquatic organisms. Nontargets exposed to adulticides included small mammals, birds, as well as aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates in a pond subject to receiving the chemical via drift and runoff. Risk quotients were obtained by comparing exposures to toxic endpoints. All risk quotients were low indicating that risks to ecological receptors most likely were small.
Screening procedure to assess the impact of urban stormwater temperature to populations of brown trout in receiving water
Authors: Rossi Luca , Hari Renata E 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The discharge of urban stormwater may cause a sudden temperature increase in receiving waters that may be harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms. A screening procedure is proposed with temperature thresholds for the runoff from roofs and roads as well as for the receiving water system to protect brown trout from thermal damage. The stormwater temperature is calculated on the basis of a simple thermodynamic estimate for different latitudes. Only receiving waters with maximum daily mean temperatures of 22 °C (T1) are considered potential habitats for brown trout. The maximum temperature for a 1-h exposure time with a safety margin for 100% survival is 25 °C (T2), the sudden temperature change at the beginning of a rain event must not exceed 7 °C (T3), and fish-egg development requires the daily maximum temperature in winter to be below 12 °C (T4). Examples of stormwater runoff from roof or road surfaces from Switzerland validate our approach within ±0.5 °C. Effects of runoff into receiving waters without detailed data can be predicted within ±0.8 °C. With the restriction by T1, T2 seems not to be an acute problem at Swiss latitudes. T3 could play a role, especially if a large amount of runoff is discharged in small and rather cool rivers and streams. Finally, T4 deserves more attention than hitherto given. The proposed procedure may be a useful tool for assessing the influence of urban stormwater on the temperature of the receiving waters, particularly with regard to predicting the thermal impacts of urban or suburban runoff to populations of brown trout.
The sediments of the venice lagoon (Italy) evaluated in a screening risk assessment approach: Part I—application of international sediment quality guidelines
Authors: Apitz Sabine E , Barbanti Andrea , Bocci Martina , Carlin Anna , Montobbio Laura , Bernstein Alberto Giulio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although it generally is agreed on in the scientific community that an evaluation of sediment quality solely based on total contaminant levels should be regarded only as a 1st tier or 1 LOE in a WOE framework, not all regulatory frameworks follow this approach. As will be discussed later, dredged material disposal in Venice Lagoon currently is regulated based upon the use of regionally developed SQGs as strict pass/fail criteria. The implications of this policy upon the management of the lagoon are under investigation, but studies on contaminant mobility and bioavailability and on sediment-related effects on biota and exposure (bioassays, biomarkers, bioaccumulation, biomagnification) having the characteristics (duration, number of sites and samples, frequency, number of chemicals and endpoints, etc.) to properly support (e.g., preliminary and/or detailed quantitative risk assessment) decisions on a basin scale have been carried out only recently in the Venice Lagoon (Thetis 2003; Losso et al. 2004; Carrer et al. 2005; Thetis 2005c).
The sediments of the venice lagoon (Italy) evaluated in a screening risk assessment approach: Part II—lagoon sediment quality compared to hot spots, regional, and international case studies
Authors: Apitz Sabine E , Barbanti Andrea , Bocci Martina , Carlin Anna , Montobbio Laura , Bernstein Alberto Giulio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The objective of this study was to carry out a critical comparison of data on the screening quality of surface sediments in Venice Lagoon (VL; main lagoon and its subbasins, Porto Marghera [PM], and Venice City Canals) and in other transitional and coastal ecosystems with various levels of human impact (urbanization and industrialization). To put VL in terms of reference and industrialized sites in the region, case studies were selected from the North Adriatic Region; to gain insight into how VL sediments compared to transitional areas throughout the world, case studies also were selected from a number of regions internationally. In order to compare regional levels of contamination, statistically processed sediment contaminant levels within a region (minimum, maximum, mean, and median), not individual sample values, are compared. The screening quality (relative to a variety of sediment quality guidelines) and the drivers of screening risk (based upon contaminant mixtures) of the VL sediments and other coastal and transitional sites are compared and discussed. The VL sediments have hazard quotients on the low end of the range typical of moderately urbanized and industrialized sites and higher than background conditions among the case studies reviewed. The Hg levels in the VL were generally higher than at other sites, and other contaminants were either equivalent or lower. Although sediments have somewhat higher levels of some contaminants and lower levels of other contaminants in PM and Venice City (VC) canals, levels for most contaminants are comparable to case studies with high levels of anthropogenic impact. For many contaminants of interest, PM (and for some, VC) sediments have some of the highest levels of any case study reviewed. How PM and VC rank when compared to other highly industrialized sites depends upon how data are synthesized and how ranges are taken into account. Actual risk must be evaluated using a weight-of-evidence approach, because natural background levels and site-specific bioavailability will differ both regionally and internationally.
The Exxon Valdez oil spill revisited and the dangers of normative science
Authors: Landis Wayne G 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In the July 2006 issue of Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, a paper by Harwell and Gentile was published assessing the present ecological significance of the impacts from the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS). First, this paper compares the major conclusions of Harwell and Gentile and a paper reviewing the current impacts of EVOS by Peterson et al. as published by Science in 2003. Stark differences exist between the conclusions of the 2 papers regarding continuing impacts. Part of the difference appears to be the infusion of different social values or policy goals into each. Normative science is the use or interpretation of data in support of specific values or policies. Examples of values or policies intertwined with science are constructs such as ecosystem health, ecosystem integrity, ecological significance, and recovery. Examination of the environmental risk assessment and toxicology literature reveals that the symptoms of normative science are common and the implications widespread. Separation of science from policy or at a minimum a transparent acknowledgment of the science–policy interaction is clearly necessary in order to obtain a clear picture of the ecological system under investigation.
Separating the wheat from the chaff: The effective use of mathematical models as decision tools
Authors: Glaser David , Bridges Todd S 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effective use of quantitative modeling in environmental decision making, with a particular focus on problems of contaminated sediment and surface water. The intended audience includes both model developers and model users. Our goal is to facilitate more effective communication among model developers and those using the information produced by models to aid decision making. We provide a series of observations or conclusions we have reached in our experience that are as follows. A model is a tool for evaluating alternate hypotheses; a model itself is not a hypothesis. All decisions are actually based upon models, either explicitly or implicitly. Models are used to address diagnostic and prognostic questions. Models can provide value added when applied throughout the lifetime of a project. Uncertainty, and therefore the need for models, is greater in systems near background. Models can provide useful information even when based on relatively small data sets. The utility of a model depends on the strength of the constraints placed upon it. The calibration process can be only partially specified a priori. Model calibration and evaluation require multiple lines of evidence. Uncertainty analysis is both qualitative and quantitative. Validation is provided by the application of the model under a wide range of conditions. Communication of the strength of model constraints is critical to model acceptance. We conclude that while models are often used in the evaluation of contaminated sediment problems, distrust in the use of models remains strong. The assessment of uncertainty is the factor most limiting acceptability.
Population-scale assessment endpoints in ecological risk assessment part II: Selection of assessment endpoint attributes
Authors: Landis Wayne G , Kaminski Laurel A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Because ecological services often are tied to specific species, the risk to populations is a critical endpoint and important feature of ecological risk assessments. In Part 1 of this series it was demonstrated that population scale assessment endpoints are important expressions of the valued components of ecological structures. This commentary reviews several of the characteristics of populations that can be evaluated and used in population scale risk assessments. Two attributes are evaluated as promising. The 1st attribute is the change in potential productivity of the population over a specified time period. The 2nd attribute is the change in the age structure of a population, expressed graphically or as a normalized effects vector (NEV). The NEV is a description of the change in age structure due to a toxicant or other stressor and appears to be characteristic of specific stressor effects.
Prepubertal exposure to cow's milk reduces susceptibility to carcinogen‐induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats
Authors: Nielsen Tina S. , Khan Galam , Davis Jennifer , Michels Karin B. , Hilakivi‐Clarke Leena 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCow's milk contains high levels of estrogens, progesterone and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1), all of which are associated with breast cancer. We investigated whether prepubertal milk exposure affects mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were given either whole milk or tap water to drink from postnatal day (PND) 14 to PND 35, and thereafter normal tap water. Mammary tumorigenesis was induced by administering 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene on PND 50. Milk exposure increased circulating E2 levels on PND 25 by 10‐fold (p < 0.001) and accelerated vaginal opening, which marks puberty onset, by 2.5 days (p < 0.001). However, rats exposed to milk before puberty exhibited reduced carcinogen‐induced mammary carcinogenesis; that is, their tumor latency was longer (p < 0.03) and incidence was lower (p < 0.05) than in the controls. On PND 25 and 50, mammary glands of the milk‐exposed rats had significantly less terminal end buds (TEBs) than the tap water‐exposed controls (p < 0.019). ER‐α protein levels were elevated in the TEBs and lobules of milk rats, compared to rats given tap water (p < 0.019), but no changes in cyclin D1 expression, cell proliferation or apoptosis were seen. IGF‐1 mRNA levels were reduced on PND 50 in the mammary glands of rats exposed to milk at puberty. Our results suggest that drinking milk before puberty reduces later risk of developing mammary cancer in rats. This might be mediated by a reduction in the number of TEBs and lower expression of IGF‐1 mRNA in the mammary glands of milk‐exposed animals.
Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: Impact of different treatments. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Bakken Kjersti , Fournier Agnès , Lund Eiliv , Waaseth Marit , Dumeaux Vanessa , Clavel‐Chapelon Françoise , Fabre Alban , Hémon Bertrand , Rinaldi Sabina , Chajes Véronique , Slimani Nadia , Allen Naomi E. , Reeves Gillian K. , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Olsen Anja , Tjønneland Anne , Rodriguez Laudina , Sánchez Maria‐José , Etxezarreta Pilar Amiano , Ardanaz Eva , Tormo Maria‐José , Peeters Petra H. , van Gils Carla H. , Steffen Annika , Schulz Mandy , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Kaaks Rudolf , Tumino Rosario , Gallo Valentina , Norat Teresa , Riboli Elio , Panico Salvatore , Masala Giovanna , González Carlos A. , Berrino Franco 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMenopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is characterized by use of different constituents, regimens and routes of administration. We investigated the association between the use of different types of MHT and breast cancer risk in the EPIC cohort study. The analysis is based on data from 133,744 postmenopausal women. Approximately 133,744 postmenopausal women contributed to this analysis. Information on MHT was derived from country‐specific self‐administered questionnaires with a single baseline assessment. Incident breast cancers were identified through population cancer registries or by active follow‐up (mean: 8.6 yr). Overall relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived from country‐specific Cox proportional hazard models estimates. A total of 4312 primary breast cancers were diagnosed during 1,153,747 person‐years of follow‐up. Compared with MHT never users, breast cancer risk was higher among current users of estrogen only (RR: 1.42, 95% CI 1.23–1.64) and higher still among current users of combined MHT (RR: 1.77, 95% CI 1.40–2.24; p = 0.02 for combined vs. estrogen‐only). Continuous combined regimens conferred a 43% (95% CI: 19–72%) greater risk compared with sequential regimens. There was no significant difference between progesterone and testosterone derivatives in sequential regimens. There was no significant variation in risk linked to the estrogenic component of MHT, neither for oral vs. cutaneous administration nor for estradiol compounds vs. conjugated equine estrogens. Estrogen‐only and combined MHT uses were associated with increased breast cancer risk. Continuous combined preparations were associated with the highest risk. Further studies are needed to disentangle the effects of the regimen and the progestin component.
First evidence that the antimalarial drug artesunate inhibits invasion and in vivo metastasis in lung cancer by targeting essential extracellular proteases
Authors: Rasheed Suhail Ahmed Kabeer , Efferth Thomas , Asangani Irfan Ahmed , Allgayer Heike 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDespite progress in treatment, progressive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) still limits survival dramatically, and novel therapeutic compounds are needed. Initial investigations suggest that artesunate (ART), an antimalarial drug, has antiproliferative capacities. However, antiinvasive and antimetastatic properties of ART in cancer have never been explored. Therefore, this first study was performed to (i) investigate if ART is able to inhibit invasion and metastasis in NSCLC and (ii) to identify first molecular targets and mechanisms mediating this ability. ART significantly impaired matrigel invasion of 6 NSCLC cell lines and inhibited urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (u‐PA) activity, ‐protein and ‐mRNA expression. Furthermore, in a PCR‐metastasis array, ART inhibited the expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), especially MMP‐2 and MMP‐7 mRNA/protein. In luciferase reporter assays, ART downregulated MMP‐2‐, MMP‐7‐ and u‐PA‐promoter/‐enhancer activity, in parallel to AP‐1‐ and NF‐kB‐transactivation. Si‐RNA knockdown of u‐PA, MMP‐2 and MMP‐7 abolished ART's ability to inhibit invasion, confirming their role as essential mediators. In vivo, ART significantly impaired primary tumor growth and metastasis in the chicken embryo metastasis (CAM) model. In conclusion, this is the first study to show that ART considerably suppresses invasion and metastasis in NSCLC, specifically targeting transcription of u‐PA, MMP‐2 and MMP‐7, prompting immediate studies on ART as a novel therapeutic in NSCLC.
Isolation and characterization of tumorigenic extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells with stem cell‐like properties
Authors: Wang Min , Xiao Juan , Shen Min , Yahong Yu , Tian Rui , Zhu Feng , Jiang Jianxin , Du Zhiyong , Hu Jun , Liu Wensong , Qin Renyi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecent studies suggest that the ability to form and grow tumors specifically resides in a small cell population called cancer stem cells (CSCs). These studies were conducted mainly on various human cancers; however, isolation and characterization of stem cells from cholangiocarcinoma have not been attempted. The molecular markers CD24, CD44, CD34, and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) are widely used, individually or in combination, to characterize some types of CSCs. In this study, we used these markers to identify a subpopulation of cells in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) with cancer stem/progenitor cell‐like properties. We found that CD24+CD44+EpCAMhigh cells (0.39–2.27%) were present in human ECC tissues. The expression of a CD24+CD44+EpCAMhigh subpopulation was consistent with primary cancers and could be duplicated during serial in vivo passaging in NOD/SCID mice. CD24+CD44+EpCAMhigh cells isolated from 3 cholangiocarcinoma xenografts showed high tumorigenic potential compared with CD24−CD44−EpCAMlow/− cells. These tumorigenic ECC cells exhibited the stem cell properties of self‐renewal and ability to produce heterogeneous progeny. We report the identification of a CSC population in ECC characterized by CD24, CD44 and EpCAM phenotypes. Our findings could provide new insight into the tumorigenesis of cholangiocarcinoma and offer a potential target for anti‐cancer therapy.
Linoleic acid and butyrate synergize to increase Bcl‐2 levels in colonocytes
Authors: Turk Harmony F. , Kolar Satya S. , Fan Yang‐Yi , Cozby Caitlin A. , Lupton Joanne R. , Chapkin Robert S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe biological properties of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) classes have been the source of much contention. For example, n‐3 PUFA are chemoprotective, whereas n‐6 PUFA may promote tumor development. Since dietary components can have combinatorial effects, we further examined the apoptotic properties of n‐3 or n‐6 fatty acids when combined with different fiber sources. Mice were fed diets supplemented with either fish oil (FO; enriched in n‐3 PUFA) or corn oil (CO; enriched in n‐6 PUFA) and nonfermentable (cellulose) or fermentable (pectin) fiber sources. In complementary experiments, immortalized young adult mouse colonic (YAMC) cells were treated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) or linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n‐6) with or without butyrate. Mice fed a FO and pectin diet had significantly (p < 0.05) increased levels of apoptosis in colonocytes compared to all other diets. Similarly, apoptosis was highly induced in DHA and butyrate cotreated YAMC cells. In contrast, in both YAMC and mouse models, LA/CO with butyrate/pectin treatment reduced apoptosis and enhanced expression of bcl‐2. The LA and butyrate induced antiapoptotic phenotype was reversed by knocking down bcl‐2 using targeted siRNA. In comparison, overexpression of bcl‐2 blocked the proapoptotic effect of DHA and butyrate. These data provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation of apoptosis by dietary PUFA and fiber.
Gene expression changes induced by the human carcinogen aristolochic acid I in renal and hepatic tissue of mice
Authors: Arlt Volker M. , Zuo Jie , Trenz Kristina , Roufosse Candice A. , Lord Graham M. , Nortier Joelle L. , Schmeiser Heinz H. , Hollstein Monica , Phillips David H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAristolochic acid (AA) is the causative agent of urothelial tumors associated with AA nephropathy and is also implicated in the development of Balkan endemic nephropathy‐associated urothelial tumors. These tumors contain AA‐characteristic TP53 mutations. We examined gene expression changes in Hupki (human TP53 knock‐in) mice after treatment with aristolochic acid I (AAI) by gavage (5 mg/kg body weight). After 3, 12 and 21 days of treatment gene expression profiles were investigated using Agilent Whole Mouse 44K Genome Oligo Array. Expression profiles were significantly altered by AAI treatment in both target (kidney) and nontarget (liver) tissue. Renal pathology and DNA adduct analysis confirmed kidney as the target tissue of AAI‐induced toxicity. Gene ontology for functional analysis revealed that processes related to apoptosis, cell cycle, stress response, immune system, inflammatory response and kidney development were altered in kidney. Canonical pathway analysis indicated Nfκb, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, Tp53 and cell cycle signaling as the most important pathways modulated in kidney. Expression of Nfκb1 and other Nfκb‐target genes was confirmed by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and was consistent with the induction of Nfκb1 protein. Myc oncogene, frequently overexpressed in urothelial tumors, was upregulated by AAI on the microarrays and confirmed by qRT‐PCR and protein induction. Collectively we found that microarray gene expression analysis is a useful tool to define tissue‐specific responses in AAI‐induced toxicity. Several genes identified such as TP53, Rb1, Mdm2, Cdkn2a and Myc are frequently affected in human urothelial cancer, and may be valuable prognostic markers in future clinical studies.