bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ITÔ’S THEOREM ON GROUPS WITH TWO CLASS SIZES REVISITED
Authors: ALEMANY ELENA , BELTRÁN ANTONIO , FELIPE MARÍA JOSÉ 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLet G be a finite p-solvable group. We prove that if G has exactly two conjugacy class sizes of p′-elements of prime power order, say 1 and m, then m=paqb, for two distinct primes p and q, and G either has an abelian p-complement or G=PQ×A, with P and Q a Sylow p-subgroup and a Sylow q-subgroup of G, respectively, and A is abelian. In particular, we provide a new extension of Itô’s theorem on groups having exactly two class sizes for elements of prime power order.
Identification of field-caught Culicoides biting midges using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry
Authors: KAUFMANN CHRISTIAN , SCHAFFNER FRANCIS , ZIEGLER DOMINIK , PFLÜGER VALENTIN , MATHIS ALEXANDER 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYCulicoides biting midges are of great importance as vectors of pathogens and elicitors of allergy. As an alternative for the identification of these tiny insects, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was evaluated. Protein mass fingerprints were determined for 4–5 field-caught reference (genetically confirmed) individuals of 12 Culicoides species from Switzerland, C. imicola from France, laboratory-reared C. nubeculosus and a non-biting midge. Reproducibility and accuracy of the database was tested in a validation study by analysing 108 mostly field-caught target Culicoides midges and 3 specimens from a non-target species. A reference database of biomarker mass sets containing between 24 and 38 masses for the different species could be established. Automated database-based identification was achieved for 101 of the 108 specimens. The remaining 7 midges required manual full comparison with the reference spectra yielding correct identification for 6 specimens and an ambiguous result for the seventh individual. Specimens of the non-target species did not yield identification. Protein profiling by MALDI-TOF, which is compatible with morphological and genetic identification of specimens, can be used as an alternative, quick and inexpensive tool to accurately identify Culicoides biting midges collected in the field.
The adaptive potential of a survival artist: characterization of thein vitrointeractions ofToxoplasma gondiitachyzoites with di-cationic compounds in human fibroblast cell cultures
Authors: KROPF CHRISTIAN , DEBACHE KARIM , RAMPA CHRISTOPH , BARNA FABIENNE , SCHORER MICHELLE , STEPHENS CHAD E. , ISMAIL MOHAMED A. , BOYKIN DAVID W. , HEMPHILL ANDREW 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe impact of di-cationic pentamidine-analogues againstToxoplama gondii(Rh- and Me49-background) was investigated. The 72 h-growth assays showed that the arylimidamide DB750 inhibited the proliferation of tachyzoites ofT. gondii RhandT. gondii Me49with an IC50of 0·11 and 0·13μm, respectively. Pre-incubation of fibroblast monolayers with 1μmDB750 for 12 h and subsequent culture in the absence of the drug also resulted in a pronounced inhibiton of parasite proliferation. However, upon 5–6 days of drug exposure,T. gondiitachyzoites adapted to the compound and resumed proliferation up to a concentration of 1·2μm. Out of a set of 32 di-cationic compounds screened forin vitroactivity againstT. gondii,the arylimidamide DB745, exhibiting an IC50of 0·03μmand favourable selective toxicity was chosen for further studies. DB745 also inhibited the proliferation of DB750-adaptedT. gondii(IC50=0·07μm). In contrast to DB750, DB745 also had a profound negative impact on extracellular non-adaptedT. gondiitachyzoites, but not on DB750-adaptedT. gondii. Adaptation ofT. gondiito DB745 (up to a concentration of 0·46μm) was much more difficult to achieve and feasible only over a period of 110 days. In cultures infected with DB750-adaptedT. gondiiseemingly intact parasites could occasionally be detected by TEM. This illustrates the astonishing capacity ofT. gondiitachyzoites to adapt to environmental changes, at least underin vitroconditions, and suggests that DB745 could be an interesting drug candidate for further assessments in appropriatein vivomodels.
Is prior course of illness relevant to acute or longer-term outcomes in depressed out-patients? A STAR*D report
Authors: Rush A. J. , Wisniewski S. R. , Zisook S. , Fava M. , Sung S. C. , Haley C. L. , Chan H. N. , Gilmer W. S. , Warden D. , Nierenberg A. A. , Balasubramani G. K. , Gaynes B. N. , Trivedi M. H. , Hollon S. D. 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is commonly chronic and/or recurrent. We aimed to determine whether a chronic and/or recurrent course of MDD is associated with acute and longer-term MDD treatment outcomes.MethodThis cohort study recruited out-patients aged 18–75 years with non-psychotic MDD from 18 primary and 23 psychiatric care clinics across the USA. Participants were grouped as: chronic (index episode >2 years) and recurrent (n=398); chronic non-recurrent (n=257); non-chronic recurrent (n=1614); and non-chronic non-recurrent (n=387). Acute treatment was up to 14 weeks of citalopram (⩽60 mg/day) with up to 12 months of follow-up treatment. The primary outcomes for this report were remission [16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology – Self-Rated (QIDS-SR16) ⩽5] or response (⩾50% reduction from baseline in QIDS-SR16) and time to first relapse [first QIDS-SR16 by Interactive Voice Response (IVR) ⩾11].ResultsMost participants (85%) had a chronic and/or recurrent course; 15% had both. Chronic index episode was associated with greater sociodemographic disadvantage. Recurrent course was associated with earlier age of onset and greater family histories of depression and substance abuse. Remission rates were lowest and slowest for those with chronic index episodes. For participants in remission entering follow-up, relapse was most likely for the chronic and recurrent group, and least likely for the non-chronic, non-recurrent group. For participants not in remission when entering follow-up, prior course was unrelated to relapse.ConclusionsRecurrent MDD is the norm for out-patients, of whom 15% also have a chronic index episode. Chronic and recurrent course of MDD may be useful in predicting acute and long-term MDD treatment outcomes.
Delineating physiologic defensive reactivity in the domain of self-report: phenotypic and etiologic structure of dispositional fear
Authors: Kramer M. D. , Patrick C. J. , Krueger R. F. , Gasperi M. 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundIndividual differences in fear and fearlessness have been investigated at their extremes in relation to markedly different forms of psychopathology – anxiety disorders and psychopathy, respectively. A documented neural substrate of fear-related traits and disorders is defensive reactivity as reflected in aversive startle potentiation (ASP).MethodThe current study extended prior work by characterizing, in a sample of adult twins from the community (n=2511), the phenotypic and etiologic structure of self-report measures of fear and fearlessness known to be associated with ASP.ResultsAnalyses revealed a hierarchical structure to the trait fear domain, with an overarching, bipolar fear/fearlessness dimension saturating each measure in this domain, and subfactors labeled ‘distress,’ ‘stimulation seeking’ and ‘sociability’ accounting for additional variance in particular measures. The structure of genetic and non-shared environmental associations among the measures closely mirrored the phenotypic structure of the domain.ConclusionsThe findings have implications for proposals to reconceptualize psychopathology in neurobiological terms.
Experience Sampling Methodology studies of depression: the state of the art
Authors: Telford C. , McCarthy-Jones S. , Corcoran R. , Rowse G. 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundExperience Sampling Methodology (ESM) is ideally suited to test the predictions, and inform the development of contemporary cognitive models of depression. Yet there has been no systematic examination of ESM in depression research.MethodA search of databases (PsychARTICLES, PsycINFO, AMED, Ovid Medline and CINAHL) was conducted to identify studies published within the last 25 years investigating major depressive disorder (MDD) using ESM.ResultsAltogether, 19 studies using ESM, or comparable methodologies, with clinically depressed individuals were identified and critically reviewed. The identified studies examined six aspects of MDD: methodological issues; positive and negative affect; cortisol secretion; antidepressant treatment; work performance; genetic risk factors.ConclusionsDespite some methodological limitations of existing studies, ESM has made a significant contribution to our current understanding of depression by consolidating existing theories, uncovering new and clinically relevant findings and identifying questions for future research. This review concludes by introducing the possibility of using ESM as an intervention tool in clinical practice and proposing that ESM could be useful for furthering knowledge of the causes of MDD.
Moderating effects of childhood maltreatment on associations between social information processing and adult aggression
Authors: Chen P. , Coccaro E. F. , Lee R. , Jacobson K. C. 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundAssociations between early life maltreatment, social information processing (SIP) and aggression in childhood and adolescence have been widely documented. Few studies have examined the importance of childhood maltreatment independent of SIP in the etiology of adult aggression. Furthermore, moderating effects of childhood maltreatment on the SIP–aggression links have not been explored.MethodHierarchical, multi-level models were fitted to data from n=2752 twins aged 20–55 years from the PennTwins Cohort. Adult aggression was assessed with the Life History of Aggression questionnaire. Childhood maltreatment was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Two aspects of SIP were examined: hostile attribution biases (HAB); negative emotional responses (NER).ResultsChildhood maltreatment was positively correlated with adult aggression, independently of HAB and NER. In addition, childhood maltreatment moderated the relationships between both aspects of SIP and adult aggression. Specifically, the relationship between NER and aggression was stronger among individuals with higher levels of childhood maltreatment and NER was not associated with aggression for adults who experienced low levels of childhood maltreatment. Moderating effects of childhood maltreatment on the NER–aggression link were supported for total childhood maltreatment, emotional neglect and emotional abuse. In contrast, HAB was more strongly associated with adult aggression at lower levels of emotional abuse and physical neglect.ConclusionsThe current study provides insight into the mechanisms by which early life experiences influence adult aggression. Our findings suggest that childhood maltreatment may not only lead to increased levels of aggression in adulthood but may also modify the associations between SIP and adult aggression.
Changing residential mobility rates of older people in Sweden
Authors: ANDERSSON EVA , ABRAMSSON MARIANNE 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe lifestyle of the baby boomers as retirees has been assumed to differ from older cohorts due to them being financially more stable and having grown up during the welfare state expansion. Many baby boomers live in large houses with gardens that require maintenance and labour. Recent studies have indicated that a growing share of those born in the 1940s in Sweden express a wish to change residence at retirement or in old age. A need to verify such results statistically was identified to confirm whether there has been an increase in residential mobility among older people. As a result, moves that took place during 2001–06 of the total cohort born in the 1940s were compared to similar moves by those born in the 1930s, ten years earlier during 1991–96,i.e.those aged 57–66 in 1996 and 2006. The study used a register database, Geoswede, containing the entire Swedish population. The study showed increased residential mobility rates among the 1940s cohort compared to the cohort born in the 1930s. However, explanations for the differences between the cohorts were not evident.
Successful ageing and development: the contribution of generativity in older age
Authors: VILLAR FELICIANO 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the contributions that generativity in older age may make to the concept of successful ageing. To this end, two perspectives on successful ageing are described: successful ageing as a set of clinical criteria, and successful ageing as the application of adaptive processes aimed at achieving efficient functioning. After showing the limitations of the first perspective, particularly from a developmental point of view, the paper argues that the adaptive version of successful ageing helps to put ageing into a developmental frame, but needs to be complemented by identifying specific content and goals that guide these adaptive processes and establish new feasible gains for older people. Generativity in older age could play that role and provides a conceptual framework that enriches the concept of successful ageing, both by emphasising the social context in which people age and by highlighting a personal growth component.
Computing nilpotent and unipotent canonical forms: a symmetric approach
Authors: CLARKE MATTHEW C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLet k be an algebraically closed field of any characteristic except 2, and let G = GLn(k) be the general linear group, regarded as an algebraic group over k. Using an algebro-geometric argument and Dynkin–Kostant theory for G we begin by obtaining a canonical form for nilpotent Ad(G)-orbits in (k) which is symmetric with respect to the non-main diagonal (i.e. it is fixed by the map f : (xi,j) ↦ (xn+1−j,n+1−i)), with entries in {0,1}. We then show how to modify this form slightly in order to satisfy a non-degenerate symmetric or skew-symmetric bilinear form, assuming that the orbit does not vanish in the presence of such a form. Replacing G by any simple classical algebraic group we thus obtain a unified approach to computing representatives for nilpotent orbits of all classical Lie algebras. By applying Springer morphisms, this also yields representatives for the corresponding unipotent classes in G. As a corollary we obtain a complete set of generic canonical representatives for the unipotent classes in finite general unitary groups GUn(q) for all prime powers q.
A maximin characterisation of the escape rate of non-expansive mappings in metrically convex spaces
Authors: GAUBERT STÉPHANE , VIGERAL GUILLAUME 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe establish a maximin characterisation of the linear escape rate of the orbits of a non-expansive mapping on a complete (hemi-)metric space, under a mild form of Busemann's non-positive curvature condition (we require a distinguished family of geodesics with a common origin to satisfy a convexity inequality). This characterisation, which involves horofunctions, generalises the Collatz–Wielandt characterisation of the spectral radius of a non-negative matrix. It yields as corollaries a theorem of Kohlberg and Neyman (1981), concerning non-expansive maps in Banach spaces, a variant of a Denjoy–Wolff type theorem of Karlsson (2001), together with a refinement of a theorem of Gunawardena and Walsh (2003), concerning order-preserving positively homogeneous self-maps of symmetric cones. An application to zero-sum stochastic games is also given.
Detection of West Nile virus genome and specific antibodies in Iranian encephalitis patients
Authors: CHINIKAR S. , JAVADI A. , ATAEI B. , SHAKERI H. , MORADI M. , MOSTAFAVI E. , GHIASI S. M. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYWest Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus which circulates in birds, horses and humans. An estimated 80% of WNV infections are asymptomatic. Fewer than 1% of infected persons develop neuroinvasive disease, which typically presents as encephalitis, meningitis, or acute flaccid paralysis. This study was conducted from January 2008 to June 2009 in Isfahan, Iran. Patients attending the emergency department with fever and loss of consciousness were consecutively included. Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) were initially analysed through bacteriology and biochemistry examinations, resulting in those with evidence of meningitis being excluded. Patients' CSF and serum were diagnosed by serological and molecular assays. A total of 632 patients with fever and loss of consciousness were tested by CSF analyses. Samples of the remaining patients (39·4%) were referred for WNV investigation. Three (1·2%) of the patients were positive for both serum and CSF by RT–PCR, and six (2·4%) were positive only for IgG antibodies. History of insect bite, and blood transfusion and transplantation were risk factors for being positive by RT–PCR (P=0·048) and being IgG positive (P=0·024), respectively. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of West Nile fever is low in patients with encephalitis.
Organic zero-till in the northern US Great Plains Region: Opportunities and obstacles
Authors: Carr Patrick M. , Anderson Randy L. , Lawley Yvonne E. , Miller Perry R. , Zwinger Steve F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe use of killed cover crop mulch for weed suppression, soil erosion prevention and many other soil and crop benefits has been demonstrated in organic no-till or zero-till farming systems in eastern US regions and in Canada. Implements have been developed to make this system possible by terminating cover crops mechanically with little, if any, soil disturbance. Ongoing research in the US northern Great Plains is being conducted to identify cover crop species and termination methods for use in organic zero-till (OZ) systems that are adapted to the crop rotations and climate of this semi-arid region. Current termination strategies must be improved so that cover crop species are killed consistently and early enough in the growing season so that subsequent cash crops can be grown and harvested successfully. Delaying termination until advanced growth stages improves killing efficacy of cover crops and may provide weed-suppressive mulch for the remainder of the growing season, allowing no-till spring seeding of cash crops during the next growing season. Excessive water use by cover crops, inability of legume cover crops to supply adequate amounts of N for subsequent cash crops and failure of cover crops to suppress perennial weeds are additional obstacles that must be overcome before the use of killed cover crop mulch can be promoted as a weed control alternative to tillage in the US northern Great Plains. Use of vegetative mulch produced by killed cover crops will not be a panacea for the weed control challenges faced by organic growers, but rather one tool along with crop rotation, novel grazing strategies, the judicious use of high-residue cultivation equipment, such as the blade plow, and the use of approved herbicides with systemic activity in some instances, to provide organic farmers with new opportunities to incorporate OZ practices into their cropping systems. Emerging crop rotation designs for organic no-till systems may provide for more efficient use of nutrient and water resources, opportunities for livestock grazing before, during or after cash crop phases and improved integrated weed management strategies on organic farms.
Molecular Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Patients Admitted to Adult Intensive Care Units: The STAR*ICU Trial
Authors: Nair Nisha , Kourbatova Ekaterina , Poole Katharine , Huckabee Charmaine M. , Murray Patrick , Huskins W. Charles , Blumberg Henry M. 
Published: October 2011

Background.The multicenter, cluster-randomized Strategies to Reduce Transmission of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria in Intensive Care Units (STAR*ICU) trial was performed in 18 U.S. adult intensive care units (ICUs). It evaluated the effectiveness of infection control strategies to reduce the transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization and/or infection. Our study objective was to examine the molecular epidemiology of MRSA and assess the prevalence and risk factors for community acquired (CA)-MRSA genotype nasal carriage at the time of ICU admission.Methods.Selected MRSA isolates were subjected to molecular typing using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.Results.Of 5,512 ICU patient admissions in the STAR*ICU trial during the intervention period, 626 (11%) had a nares sample culture result that was positive for MRSA. A total of 210 (34%) of 626 available isolates were selected for molecular typing by weighted random sampling. Of 210 patients, 123 (59%) were male; mean age was 63 years. Molecular typing revealed that 147 isolates (70%) were the USAIOO clone, 26 (12%) were USA300, 12 (6%) were USA500, 8 (4%) were USA800, and 17 (8%) were other MRSA genotypes. In a multivariate analysis, patients who were colonized with a CA-MRSA genotype (USA300, USA400, or USA1000) were less likely to have been hospitalized during the previous 12 months (PR [prevalence ratio], 0.39 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.21-0.73]) and were less likely to be older (PR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-0.98] per year) compared with patients who were colonized with a healthcare-associated (HA)-MRSA genotype.Conclusion.CA-MRSA genotypes have emerged as a cause of MRSA nares colonization among patients admitted to adult ICUs in the United States. During the study period (2006), the predominant site of CA-MRSA genotype acquisition appeared to be in the community.
Electronic Surveillance for Healthcare-Associated Central Line—Associated Bloodstream Infections Outside the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Woeltje Keith F. , McMullen Kathleen M. , Butler Anne M. , Goris Ashleigh J. , Doherty Joshua A. 
Published: October 2011

Background.Manual surveillance for central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) by infection prevention practitioners is time-consuming and often limited to intensive care units (ICUs). An automated surveillance system using existing databases with patient-level variables and microbiology data was investigated.Methods.Patients with a positive blood culture in 4 non-ICU wards at Barnes-Jewish Hospital between July 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006, were evaluated. CLABSI determination for these patients was made via 2 sources; a manual chart review and an automated review from electronically available data. Agreement between these 2 sources was used to develop the best-fit electronic algorithm that used a set of rules to identify a CLABSI. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and Pearson's correlation were calculated for the various rule sets, using manual chart review as the reference standard.Results.During the study period, 391 positive blood cultures from 331 patients were evaluated. Eighty-five (22%) of these were confirmed to be CLABSI by manual chart review. The best-fit model included presence of a catheter, blood culture positive for known pathogen or blood culture with a common skin contaminant confirmed by a second positive culture and the presence of fever, and no positive cultures with the same organism from another sterile site. The best-performing rule set had an overall sensitivity of 95.2%, specificity of 97.5%, positive predictive value of 90%, and negative predictive value of 99.2% compared with intensive manual surveillance.Conclusions.Although CLABSIs were slightly overpredicted by electronic surveillance compared with manual chart review, the method offers the possibility of performing acceptably good surveillance in areas where resources do not allow for traditional manual surveillance.