bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translocator protein (18 kDa)/peripheral benzodiazepine receptor specific ligands induce microglia functions consistent with an activated state
Authors: Choi Judy , Ifuku Masataka , Noda Mami , Guilarte Tomás R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the brain, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), previously called peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is a glial protein that has been extensively used as a biomarker of brain injury and inflammation. However, the functional role of TSPO in glial cells is not well characterized. In this study, we show that the TSPO‐specific ligands R‐PK11195 (PK) and Ro5‐4864 (Ro) increased microglia proliferation and phagocytosis with no effect on migration. Both ligands increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and this effect may be mediated by NADPH‐oxidase. PK and Ro also produced a small but detectable increase in IL‐1β release. We also examined the effect of PK and Ro on the expression of proinflammatory genes and cytokine release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) activated microglia. PK or Ro had no effect on LPS‐induced increase of pro‐inflammatory genes, but they both decreased the ATP‐induced increase of COX‐2 gene expression. Ro, but not PK, enhanced the LPS‐induced release of IL‐1β. However, Ro decreased the ATP‐induced release of IL‐1β and TNF‐α, and PK decreased the ATP‐induced release of TNF‐α. Exposure to Ro in the presence of LPS increased the number of apoptotic microglia, an effect that could be blocked by PK. These findings show that TSPO ligands modulate cellular functions consistent with microglia activation. Further, when microglia are activated, these ligands may have therapeutic potential by reducing the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes and cytokine release. Finally, Ro‐like ligands may be involved in the elimination of activated microglia via apoptosis. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trophic neuron‐glia interactions and cell number adjustments in the fruit fly
Authors: Hidalgo Alicia , Kato Kentaro , Sutcliffe Ben , Mcilroy Graham , Bishop Simon , Alahmed Samaher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTrophic interactions between neurons and enwrapping glia, and between neurons and target cells, provide plasticity to the mammalian nervous system. Here, we review evidence that analogous cell interactions operate in the development of the nervous system of the fruit‐fly Drosophila. Homologues of the canonical mammalian trophic factors also maintain neuronal and glial survival in Drosophila, adjusting cell populations to enable appropriate function, and revealing commonalities in nervous system development across the animals. There are also differences between neuron‐glia interactions in flies and humans, not surprisingly, because we are only related to flies through a remote common ancestor. Nevertheless, the shared cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying developmental plasticity and enwrapping glial functions, strengthen the opportunity to use Drosophila to understand the brain, to model brain diseases and to understand the involvement of glial cells in nervous system regeneration. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial cell modulation of circadian rhythms
Authors: Jackson F. Rob 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStudies of Drosophila and mammals have documented circadian changes in the morphology and biochemistry of glial cells. In addition, it is known that astrocytes of flies and mammals contain evolutionarily conserved circadian molecular oscillators that are similar to neuronal oscillators. In several sections of this review, I summarize the morphological and biochemical rhythms of glia that may contribute to circadian control. I also discuss the evidence suggesting that glia‐neuron interactions may be critical for circadian timing in both flies and mammals. Throughout the review, I attempt to compare and contrast findings from these invertebrate and vertebrate models so as to provide a synthesis of current knowledge and indicate potential research avenues that may be useful for better understanding the roles of glial cells in the circadian system. ©2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of adult mice lacking 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D3(1,25‐(OH)2D3)
Authors: Zhu Ying , Zhou Rong , Yang Rong , Zhang Zhuo , Bai Yinyang , Chang Fei , Li Lin , Sokabe Masahiro , Goltzman David , Miao Dengshun , Chen Ling 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this study, we employed 1α‐hydroxylase knockout (1α‐(OH)ase−/−) mice to investigate the influence of 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D3(1,25‐(OH)2D3) deficiency on the adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). The numbers of both 24‐hr‐old BrdU+cells and proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells in 8‐week‐old 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice increased approximately twofold compared with wild‐type littermates. In contrast, the numbers of 7‐ and 28‐day‐old BrdU+cells in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice decreased by 50% compared with wild‐type mice, while the proportion of BrdU+/NeuN+cells in BrdU+population showed no difference between 1α‐(OH)ase−/−and wild‐type mice. Apoptotic cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of DG markedly increased in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice. Replenishment of 1,25‐(OH)2D3, but not correction of serum calcium and phosphorus levels, completely prevented changes in the neurogenesis in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice. The absence of 1,25‐(OH)2D3led to an increase in the expression of L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channel (L‐VGCC) and a decrease in the nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA level. Treatment with the L‐VGCC inhibitor nifedipine blocked the increased cell proliferations by 1,25‐(OH)2D3deficiency. Administration of NGF significantly attenuated the loss of newborn neurons in 1α‐(OH)ase−/−mice. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ein triquartäres Calebassin‐Derivat. Beitrag zur Festlegung der Bruttoformel des C‐Calebassins. 28. Mitteilung über Calebassen‐Alkaloide
Authors: Bernauer Karl , Schmid H. , Karrer P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAus Desoxy‐calebassin konnte ein Desoxy‐calebassin‐N(a)‐monometho‐tripikrat der Formel C41H53N4 · 3(C6H2O7N3) in schön kristallisierter und einheitlicher Form hergestellt werden, wodurch erneut bewiesen wird, dass dem Calebassin eine Formel mit 40 C‐Atomen (und nicht der Hälfte davon) zukommt. Diese Schlussfolgerung wird weiter bestätigt durch die Darstellung eines Isocalebassinperchlorat‐hydroperchlorats der Zusammensetzung C40H50O2N4(ClO4)2+HClO 4.
Synthese des (+)‐ und des (−)‐ϵ‐Carotins. Carotinoidsynthesen XXII
Authors: Tscharner Ch. , Eugster C. H. , Karrer P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDie optisch aktiven (+)‐ und (−)‐ϵ‐Carotine werden synthetisiert und beschrieben.
Protonenresonanzspektren einfacher cyclischer Äther und Ketone I
Authors: Primas H. , Frei K. , Günthard Hs. H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe proton magnetic resonance spectra of ethylenoxyde, trimethylenoxyde, tetramethylenoxyde, pentamethylenoxyde, cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone and cyclohexanone have been measured in pure liquid state and in solution in carbon disulfide and cyclopentane. The spectra of these compounds with one, two and more sets of equivalent nuclei show the expected behaviour with respect to chemical shifts, with the exception of cyclopentanone. In this compound the difference in chemical shifts of the α‐ and β‐protons is abnormally small. The analysis of the spectra will be discussed in a subsequent paper.
Sui N1, N2‐derivati della fenilidrazina
Authors: Büchi J. , Perazzi G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPer condensazione di N2‐acetil‐N2‐metil‐fenilidrazina con cloruri dialchilam minoacilici, dialchilamminoetilici e di acidi aromatici vennero sintetizzati alcuni derivati della fenilidrazina. Vengono esposte considerazioni avute nella preparazione dei derivati, le loro proprietà chimiche e farmacologiche. Vengono resi noti i risultati delle esperienze farmacologiche e batteriologiche sulla attività analgesica, spasmolitica e tubercolostatica.
Untersuchungen in der Benztropylium‐Reihe. VIII. Das Säure‐Basen‐Gleichgewicht zwischen den Benzologen des Tropylium‐Kations und ihren konjugaten Pseudobasen
Authors: Meuche Doris , Strauss Hansruedi , Heilbronner E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is shown that the experimentally determined pK‐values and the position of the long wave absorption bands of the tropylium cation and some of its benzologues correlate closely with the theoretical predictions drawn from simple LCAO MO models for these compounds. The observed correlation may be used for predictions concerning still missing members of the series.
Dehydrohalogenierung mit Trialkylphosphiten: Neue Methode zur Herstellung von 7‐Dehydro‐cholesterin
Authors: Hunziker F. , Müllner F. X. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTreatment of 7‐bromo‐cholesteryl esters by trialkyl phosphites in boiling xylene gives the corresponding esters of 7‐dehydro‐cholesterol with excellent yield. Isolation of the latter is most convenient when the benzoate and trimethyl phosphite are used.
Totalsynthese von 18‐oxygenierten 16‐Ketonen der Androstanreihe. Über Steroide, 150. Mitteilung
Authors: Wieland P. , Heusler K. , Ueberwasser H. , Wettstein A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe Δ14‐16‐oxo‐androstene derivative VIII has been prepared in a fully stereospecific way from the tricyclic ketone I by di‐methallylation, ozonisation of the methallyl double bonds, condensation of the 2β‐acetonyl residue with the 4 β‐hydroxyl group with formation of the cyclic enol ether V, and cyclisation.
Zur Kenntnis der Triterpene. 195. Mitteilung. Hydroxyhopanon, ein neuartiges pentacyclisches Triterpen
Authors: Schaffner K. , Caglioti L. , Arigoni D. , Jeger O. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe constitution VII of hydroxyhopanone, the first natural squalenoid pentacyclic triterpene, has been proved by an unequivocal partial synthesis of its dehydration product hopenone‐I (XVI).
Eine einfache Synthese vonL‐Lysin
Authors: Brenner M. , Rickenbacher H. R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAusgehend von Caprolactam wirdDL‐α‐Aminocaprolactam gewonnen. Dieses lässt sich leicht inL‐α‐Aminocaprolactam verwandeln. Hydrolyse des letzteren gibt quantitativL‐Lysin‐dihydrochlorid.
Stoffwechselprodukte von Actinomyceten. 12. Mitteilung. Über die Isolierung und Charakterisierung von Acetomycin
Authors: Ettlinger L. , Gäumann E. , Hütter R. , Keller‐Schierlein W. , Kradolfer F. , Neipp L. , Prelog V. , Zähner H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAus den Kulturfiltraten von Streptomyces ramulosus sp. nov. wurde ein neutrales, lipophiles Antibioticum, das Acetomycin C10H14O5, isoliert. Die analytischen Daten und die Eigenschaften weisen darauf hin, dass es sich um ein gesättigtes Keto‐acetoxy‐lacton mit drei zusätzlichen C‐Methyl‐Gruppen handelt.
Recherches sur la biochimie des cyclitols V. Glucogenèse à partir de méso‐inositols deutériés chez le Rat phloriziné
Authors: Posternak Th. , Schopfer W. H. , Reymond D. , Lark Cynthia 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDes méso‐inositols deutériés essentiellement en position 4 et 6 ont été administrés par voie intrapéritonéale à des rats phlorizinés. Il apparaît que seul le ms‐inositol‐6‐D donne lieu à une incorporation d'isotope dans le glucose urinaire qui est deutérié principalement en 1 et en 3. Un mécanisme a été proposé, qui comporte, par ouverture du cycle de l'inositol entre C‐1 et C‐6, la formation d'acide D‐glucuronique. Ce dernier, par une suite de réactions déjà observée dans des tissus de mammifères, donnerait naissance, entre autres intermédiaires, à du D‐xylulose qui, par le cycle habituel des pentoses, fournirait du D‐glucose ayant la répartition isotopique observée. Le même mécanisme expliquerait la formation observée antérieurement, à partir du ms‐inositol‐2‐D, de glucose urinaire marqué essentiellement en 6.
Die Nebenalkaloide vonAspidosperma ulei Mgf. Aspidosperma‐Alkaloide, 2. Mitteilung
Authors: Schmutz J. , Hunziker F. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDie in geringer Menge aus der Wurzelrinde vonAspidosperma ulei Mgf.isolierten sauerstoffreien u‐Alkaloide B, C und D werden näher charakterisiert. Auf Grund ihrer UV.‐Spektren handelt es sich um Carbazol‐Derivate.
Hydroxylierung von Androsten‐(4)‐dion‐(3,17), Testosteron, Progesteron und Cortexon durch Fusarium lini (Bolley). 2. Mitteilung über Reaktionen mit Mikroorganismen
Authors: Gubler Alice , Tamm Ch. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEs werden einige mikrobiologische Umsetzungen mit Fusarium lini (Bolley) beschrieben. Aus Androsten‐(4)‐dion‐(3,17) (I) wurde das bekannte 15α‐Hydroxy‐androsten‐(4)‐dion‐(3,17) (II) erhalten. Testosteron (III) lieferte das noch unbekannte 15α‐Hydroxy‐testosteron (IV). Progesteron (VI) ergab als Hauptprodukt das bekannte 15α‐Hydroxy‐progesteron (VII), das bisher nicht beschriebene 6β, 15α‐Dihydroxy‐progesteron (X), dessen Konstitution bewiesen wird, sowie 15α‐Hydroxy‐5ξ‐pregnan‐dion‐(3,20) (XIII). Die Konstitution von XIII ist nicht gesichert. Der Umsatz von Cortexon (XIV) führte zum bekannten 15α‐Hydroxy‐cortexon (XV).
Gekoppelte Oxydation von Formiat und Thiolverbindungen durch Katalase
Authors: Aebi H. , Frei Eva 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Catalase in combination with thiol compounds is capable oxidizing Formate peroxidatically. This mechanism of coupled oxidation has been investigated using 14C‐labeled Formate and a number of different thiols, e.g. Cystein and red. Glutathion.
There is a close relationship between the components of the system. At pH = 6 for each Mol O2 consumed 1 Mol Formate and 2 Mols of SH‐compound are oxidized simultaneously; at the optimal pH = 7 somewhat lower yields of formate are observed.
The overall reaction rate seems to be limited by thioloxidation. Accordingly labile thiols, e.g. BAL and Cysteamine are very active, Thioglycolic acid being least active.
The biological significance of these findings is discussed in view of results obtained previously on tissue slices.
Untersuchungen über Aromastoffe. 2. Mitteilung. Über das Erdbeeraroma
Authors: Seidel C. F. , Schinz H. , Stoll M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA short analysis of strawberry extract has been made. Besides some compounds already mentioned by other workers, phenylethyl alcohol and phydroxyphenylethyl alcohol have been isolated.
Totalsynthese von 18‐oxygenierten Ätiansäuren. Über Steroide, 151. Mitteilung
Authors: Wieland P. , Heusler K. , Ueberwasser H. , Wettstein A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract18‐Substituted etio‐acid derivatives have been prepared from 16‐oxoandrostanes by two methods. The first consists in the condensation with a formic ester, etherification of the hydroxymethylene compound formed, reduction of the 16‐oxo group and acid cleavage to give an α,β‐unsaturated etioaldehyde. By catalytic reduction and oxidation with permanganate the etio‐acid was obtained. Alternatively the 16‐ketone was condensed with diethyl carbonate and the 16‐oxygen function removed by hydrogenolysis of the 16‐enol‐acetate. – The second method was also applied to a Δ14‐16‐ketone of the androstane series.
Zum Verhalten des Riboflavins und strukturverwandter Verbindungen gegenüber Metallionen
Authors: Hemmerich P. , Fallab S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe tendency of riboflavine to form metal chelates has been thoroughly investigated. Comparison of reactivity towards Cu2+ in solution with model compounds of different types and analysis of the insoluble complexes formed leads to the conclusion that riboflavine forms only weak complexes with a stability constant of log k1 < 4. The possible chelation mechanisms are discussed.
Nickelkomplexe von Formazylen mit 3 Liganden
Authors: Grün F. , Freiesleben W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEine physikalisch‐chemische Untersuchung der Nickelkomplexe des o‐Carboxyformazylbenzols und des o‐Hydroxyformazylbenzols ergibt in Bestätigung des Befunds vonR. Wizingerund Mitarbeitern, dass in den Komplexen das Nickelatom von drei Liganden umgeben ist. Das Nickelatom hat in den Komplexen das magnetische Moment Null; dieser Befund wird diskutiert, eine neue Strukturformel wird vorgeschlagen.
Recherches sur l'oxydation de l'éthyl‐2‐hexène‐2‐al et de quelques aldéhydes apparentés. II. α,β‐Epoxy‐aldéhydes
Authors: Schaer C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUn des premier termes de l'oxydation, par l'hypochlorite de sodium, des aldéhydes α,β‐non saturés éthyl‐2‐hexée‐2‐al, hexéne‐2al et crotonal, est l'α,β‐époxy‐aldéhyde correspondant.
Kinetik der thermischen Umlagerung von 2‐[α‐14C]‐6‐Diallylphenyl‐allyläther. (Zur Kenntnis der Claisen‐Umlagerung X)
Authors: Haegele W. , Schmid H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEs wurde die Kinetik der thermischen Umlagerung von 2‐[α‐14C]‐6‐Diallyl‐phenyl‐allyläther (V) untersucht, woraus k1, die spez. Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoff‐ortho‐Umlagerung, und k3/k2, das Verhältnis der spez. Geschwindigkeiten der ortho‐para‐Umlagerung und der ortho‐Sauerstoffumlagerung des Allylrestes bestimmt wurden. Der bei 149,9° ermittelte k3/k2‐Wert von 3,0 stimmt mit demjenigen von Curtin&Crawford am 2,6‐Dimethyl‐2‐allyl‐cyclohexa‐3,5‐dien‐1‐on bei 75–100° ermittelten k3/k2‐Verhältnis von 2,7 gut überein. Der Gehalt des aus V gebildeten 2,4,6‐Triallylphenols an 2,6‐Diallyl‐4‐[γ‐14C]‐allylphenol entspricht dem auf Grund von k1 und k3/k2 berechneten. Daraus kann der Schluss gezogen werden, dass bei der para‐Claisen‐Umlagerung von 2,6‐disubstituierten Phenyl‐allyläthern nur die oben erwähnten Reaktionen für die Wanderung des Allylrestes von Bedeutung sind.
Infrarotspektren von Cyclanen und Cyclanonen. V. Schwingungsspektren von Cyclodecan
Authors: Billeter E. , Günthard Hs. H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe following vibrational spectra of cyclodecane have been investigated: (1) the IR.‐spectrum of the liquid between 1500 and 450 cm−1 at room temperature; (2) the IR.‐spectra of the solid in the surroundings of the melting point and at − 70 and − 170° C in the frequency range 1500…650 cm−1; (3) the Raman‐spectrum of the liquid from 1500 to 300 cm−1 at room temperature.
Die Isomerisierung von 5‐Methyl‐19‐nor‐koprosten‐Derivaten. I. Teil. Die Irreversibilität der Westphalen‐Lettré‐Umlagerung
Authors: Aebli H. , Grob C. A. , Schumacher E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDehydration of 5‐hydroxy cholesterol derivatives is attended by C–10 to C–5 methyl migration (Westphalen‐Lettré rearrangement) only if a β‐substituent is present at C–6. In the absence of such a substituent dehydration and dehydrochlorination of 5‐hydroxy and 5‐chloro derivatives respectively yield mainly 5‐cholestenes in a rate‐controlled 1,2‐elimination process.
Die Spaltung von d,l‐Muscarin in die optischen Antipoden. 10. Mitteilung über Muscarin
Authors: Eugster C. H. , Häfliger F. , Denss R. , Girod E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWith the aid of the two di‐p‐toluyl‐tartaric acids dl‐Muscarine has been resolved into its optical antipodes. Contrary to the indicatitons of F.Kögl et al.H. C. Cox, E. Hardegger, F. Kog̈l, P. Liechti, F. Lohse & C. A . Salemink, Helv. 41,229 (1958(.
the less soluble salt of the laevorotatory acid is that of the unnatural (−)‐muscarine; (+)‐muscarine, identical in physical and biological properties with the natural alcaloid, was obtained as the less soluble salt with (+)‐di‐p‐toluyl‐L‐tartaric acid.
Comparison of fixed dose pegfilgrastim and daily filgrastim after autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma autografted on a outpatient basis
Authors: Ferrara Felicetto , Izzo Tiziana , Criscuolo Clelia , Riccardi Cira , Viola Assunta , Delia Rossella , Carbone Antonella , Celentano Maria 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDifferent authors have explored the feasibility of autografting patients with multiple myeloma (MM) on an outpatient basis. Peg‐filgrastim (PEG), a long‐acting recombinant G‐CSF, has similar efficacy when compared to conventional G‐CSF for chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia, but little is known about its use in the autologous stem‐cell transplantation (ASCT) setting, namely in patients programmed to be autografted on outpatient basis. In this study, we compared therapeutic results in terms of hematopoietic recovery, non‐hematologic toxicity, duration of hospitalization and percentage of hospital readmission between patients receiving either conventional G‐CSF or PEG. Thirty‐eight MM patients (48 autografts) received PEG, given at a single dose of 6 mg at day +5 from stem cell infusion, while 81 (113 autografts) received G‐CSF from day + 2 up to stable neutrophil recovery. The conditioning regimen was high dose melphalan in all patients. The median age and the median number of CD34 + cell infused were comparable between the two groups. Overall, a second hospital admission was required in 36 procedures out of 161 (32%). Febrile neutropenia (FN) and severe mucositis were the most frequent causes of hospitalization. There was no statistically significant difference as percentage of hospital readmission is concerned: in the PEG group readmission was needed in 6 out of 48 autografts (12%) as opposed to 30 out of 113 (26%) in the G‐CSF subgroup, p: 0.06. The median time of hospital stay for readmitted patients was identical for the two subgroups (9 days vs. 9 days, p: 0.94). Finally, one case of transplant related mortality occurred in the whole patient series (0.6%).In conclusion, ASCT on an outpatient basis is feasible and safe in patients with MM, the majority of whom are manageable at home. The administration of single dose PEG results in no different outcome in terms of safety and efficacy as compared to 8 days of G‐CSF. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decarboxylative Coupling Reactions
Authors: Goossen Lukas J. , Collet Florence , Goossen Käthe 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDecarboxylative couplings are chemical transformations in which carboxylic acids extrude CO2 and form new bonds in the place of the former carboxylate group. In recent years, a large number of such reactions with considerable synthetic potential has been developed. This article reviews the rapidly emerging area of decarboxylative couplings. A focus is set on redox‐neutral cross‐couplings, a novel concept for carbon–carbon bond formation that was developed in our group.
Toxicity induced by cumene hydroperoxide in PC12 cells: Protective role of thiol donors
Authors: Vimard F. , Saucet M. , Nicole O. , Feuilloley M. , Duval D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOxidative shock and production of reactive oxygen species are known to play a major role in situations leading to neuron degeneration, but the precise mechanisms responsible for cell degeneration remain uncertain. In the present article, we have studied in PC 12 cells the effect of cumene hydroxyperoxide on both cell metabolism and morphology. We observed that relatively low concentrations of the drug (100 μM) led to a significant decrease in the cellular content of ATP and reduced glutathione as well as to a decreased mitochondrial potential. These metabolic alterations were followed by an important increase in intracellular free calcium and membrane disruption and death. In parallel, we observed profound changes in cell morphology with a shortening of cell extensions, the formation of ruffles and blebs at the cell surface, and a progressive detachment of the cells from the surface of the culture flasks. We also showed that addition of thiol donors such as N‐acetylcysteine or β‐mercaptoethanol, which were able to enhance cell glutathione content, almost completely protected PC 12 cells from the toxic action of cumene hydroperoxide whereas pretreatment by buthionine sulfoximine, a selective inhibitor of GSH synthesis, enhanced its action. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 25:205–215, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20377