bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EARNINGS EFFECT OF ETHNIC LABOUR MARKET CONCENTRATION UNDER MULTI‐RACIAL METROPOLITAN CONTEXTS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: WANG QINGFANG 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTUrban labour market segmentation along the lines of ethnicity/race has drawn considerable attention with the huge influx of immigration in the United States. Using data from the US 2000 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), this study employs a multilevel approach (1) to compare job earnings of non‐Hispanic White, Black, Hispanic and Asian workers in their respective concentrated and non‐concentrated sectors and (2) to examine how metropolitan characteristics influence these earnings. The findings show that engaging in ethnic niche labour market sectors is the main source of earning inequalities among different ethnic groups. Structural conditions including ethnic composition, growth of immigration, racial residential segregation, economic structure and macroeconomic conditions vary across regional labour markets at the metropolitan area level and significantly affect job earnings between niche and non‐niche sectors across racial/ethnic groups.
Depression begets depression: Comparing the predictive utility of depression and anxiety symptoms to later depression
Authors: Keenan Kate , Feng Xin , Hipwell Alison , Klostermann Susan 
Published: April 2009

Background:  The high comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders, especially among females, has called into question the independence of these two symptom groups. It is possible that childhood anxiety typically precedes depression in girls. Comparing of the predictive utility of symptoms of anxiety with the predictive utility of symptoms of depression from early childhood to early adolescence is needed to test this hypothesis.Methods:  Data from a population‐based sample of 2,451 girls were used to examine age‐related changes and year‐to‐year stability within and across symptoms of major depression, separation anxiety, and generalized/social anxiety by maternal report from ages 6 to 12. In addition, the predictive utility of symptoms of major depression, separation anxiety, and generalized/social anxiety at ages 7–10 years of age to depressive disorders at ages 11–13 was tested.Results:  Symptoms of separation anxiety demonstrated a linear decrease, depression symptoms a linear increase and symptoms of generalized/social anxiety an increase from 6–8, a plateau 8–10, followed by a decrease from 10–12 years. Year‐to‐year changes in symptoms of major depression were best predicted by depressive symptoms in the previous year, although a small amount of additional variance was accounted for by separation anxiety symptoms in early childhood and generalized/social anxiety symptoms in mid to later childhood. Age 8 was the earliest age from which depressive disorders in early adolescence could be predicted from symptoms of depression and generalized social anxiety.Conclusions:  Homotypic continuity of depression and anxiety symptoms from early childhood to early adolescence is more common in girls than heterotypic continuity. Some additional information about year‐to‐year changes in depression symptoms and later depressive disorder is gained by assessing anxiety symptoms. Depressive symptoms themselves, however, appear to be the strongest and most reliable predictor of later depression.
Metabotropic glutamate type 5, dopamine D2 and adenosine A2a receptors form higher‐order oligomers in living cells
Authors: Cabello Nuria , Gandía Jorge , Bertarelli Daniela C. G. , Watanabe Masahiko , Lluís Carme , Franco Rafael , Ferré Sergi , Luján Rafael , Ciruela Francisco 
Published: April 2009

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors are known to form homo‐ and heteromers at the plasma membrane, but the stoichiometry of these receptor oligomers are relatively unknown. Here, by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation, we visualized for the first time the occurrence of heterodimers of metabotropic glutamate mGlu5 receptors (mGlu5R) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2R) in living cells. Furthermore, the combination of bimolecular fluorescence complementation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer techniques, as well as the sequential resonance energy transfer technique, allowed us to detect the occurrence receptor oligomers containing more than two protomers, mGlu5R, D2R and adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). Interestingly, by using high‐resolution immunoelectron microscopy we could confirm that the three receptors co‐distribute within the extrasynaptic plasma membrane of the same dendritic spines of asymmetrical, putative glutamatergic, striatal synapses. Also, co‐immunoprecipitation experiments in native tissue demonstrated the existence of an association of mGlu5R, D2R and A2AR in rat striatum homogenates. Overall, these results provide new insights into the molecular composition of G protein‐coupled receptor oligomers in general and the mGlu5R/D2R/A2AR oligomer in particular, a receptor oligomer that might constitute an important target for the treatment of some neuropsychiatric disorders.
G Protein independent phosphorylation and internalization of the δ‐opioid receptor
Authors: Bradbury Faye A. , Zelnik Jennifer C. , Traynor John R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAgonist activation of the δ‐opioid receptor leads to internalization via Gβγ recruitment of G protein coupled receptor kinase‐2, which phosphorylates the receptor at several sites, including Ser363, allowing β‐arrestin binding and localization to clathrin coated pits. Using human embryonic kidney cells expressing a δ‐opioid receptor we tested the hypothesis that prevention of receptor coupling to G protein by treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) will block these processes. PTX treatment did not reduce phosphorylation of δ‐opioid receptor Ser363 in response to the agonist [d‐Pen2,d‐Pen5]enkephalin, or recruitment of β‐arrestin 2‐green fluorescent protein to the membrane and only slowed, but did not prevent, [d‐Pen2,d‐Pen5]enkephalin‐induced internalization. Similarly, PTX treatment only partially prevented the ability of the δ‐opioid peptide agonists deltorphin II and [Met5]enkephalin and the non‐peptide agonist BW373U86 to induce receptor internalization. No internalization was seen with morphine, oxymorphindole or the putative δ1‐opioid agonist TAN‐67 in the presence or absence of PTX, even though TAN‐67 showed a strong activation of G protein, as measured by guanosine‐5′‐O‐(3‐[35S]thio)triphosphate binding. The ability of an agonist to stimulate phosphorylation at Ser363 was predictive of its capacity to induce internalization. The results suggest a role for G protein in δ‐opioid receptor internalization, but show that alternative G protein independent pathways exist.
‘As time goes by’: Explaining the transposition of maritime directives1
Authors: STEUNENBERG BERNARD , KAEDING MICHAEL 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to explain the speed with which Member States transpose EC directives in the maritime sector. By discussing earlier work, the focus is on explanatory factors related to the contents of the directive that needs to be transposed and the context within which national transposition takes place. The authors' expectations have been tested using data across seven Member States and 32 maritime directives. Using survival analysis based on Cox regression, several political‐administrative and legal factors are identified that have an impact on the speed of transposition. The political sensitivity of the directive and the total number of national implementing measures lengthens the duration of transposition, while the degree of specialisation of the directive, the use of package law and experience speed up transposition. The authors also find that the impact of some of these explanatory factors changes over time. This underscores the importance of taking time seriously and to explore time dependency in further theoretical work on explaining policy‐making processes.
The COMFORT behavioural scale and the modified FLACC scale in paediatric intensive care
Authors: Johansson Monica , Kokinsky Eva 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAims and objectives:  To evaluate the concurrent validity and reliability of the behavioural COMFORT and a modified version of the FLACC scale for assessment of pain and sedation in intubated and ventilated children and to evaluate the construct validity of the FLACC scale for assessment of pain.Background:  Few instruments are available for assessment of pain/sedation in paediatric intensive care.Design:  A prospective observational study was performed postoperatively in 40 children aged 0–10 years.Methods:  Two trained nurses observed the child simultaneously and assessing COMFORT behavioural (COMFORT‐B) and FLACC scores. In comparison, two bedside nurses concurrently scored pain using an observational visual analogue scale (VASobs) and sedation using the Nurse Interpretation of Sedation (NIS) score: oversedated, adequately or insufficient sedated. In 20 additional patients, one nurse assessed FLACC scores before and after analgesics.Results:  The majority of patients were <1 year. A moderate but significant correlation was found between each scale and both sedation and VASobs. COMFORT‐B differentiated better than FLACC between the three sedation levels. For those assessed to be in pain (VASobs > 3), both COMFORT‐B and FLACC scores were significantly different compared with VASobs < 3. The interrater reliability was high for COMFORT‐B and FLACC (kappa 0·71 and 0·63, respectively). For bedside nurses’ assessment of pain, the interrater reliability was high (kappa 0·63) but low for the level of sedation (kappa 0·20). After administration of analgesics, the FLACC median score decreased significantly from 5 to 0.Conclusions:  The COMFORT‐B scale was a more reliable measure of children’s sedation than bedside subjective assessment and gives more substantial information about sedation than the FLACC scale. Concurrent validity for assessment of pain was supported for both scales. The modified FLACC showed construct validity for measuring pain.Relevance to clinical practice:  The use of validated scales may improve the assessment and management of pain and sedation in intubated children.
Feline Ilial Fractures: Assessment of Screw Loosening and Pelvic Canal Narrowing After Lateral Plating
Authors: HAMILTON MICHAEL H. , EVANS DAVID A. , LANGLEY‐HOBBS SORREL J. 
Published: April 2009

Objective— To report the incidence of (1) screw loosening and (2) severity of pelvic canal narrowing in cats after repair of ilial fractures by a lateral bone plate.Study Design— Case series.Animals— Cats (n=21) with ilial fractures.Methods— Medical records (June 1994 to February 2004) and radiographs were reviewed. Retrieved data were: signalment, fracture description, screw purchase, screw loosening, complications, and clinical outcome. Sacral index (SI) was used to objectively assess degree of pelvic canal narrowing. Long‐term follow‐up was by owner telephone interview or postal questionnaire.Results— Screw loosening occurred in 13 cats (62%), with a mean loss of total screw purchase of 13% (range, 0–46%). Pelvic canal narrowing (mean decrease, 25%; range, 5–60%) occurred in all cats. Six cats (28%) had severe pelvic canal narrowing (mean, 52%); 5 of these had signs of recurrent constipation within 12 months postoperatively. Mean loss of total screw purchase in cats with severe pelvic narrowing was 28% compared with 9% for all other cats with narrowing.Conclusions— Lateral plating of ilial fractures in cats is associated with a high incidence of screw loosening.Clinical Relevance— Pelvic canal narrowing >45% is associated with a high risk of recurrent constipation.
Use of Computed Tomography in Standing Position to Identify Guidelines for Screw Insertion in the Distal Phalanx of Horses: An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: VANDEWEERD JEAN‐MICHEL E. , PERRIN ROLAND , LAUNOIS THOMAS , BROGNIEZ LAURENT , CLEGG PETER D. , DESBROSSE FRANCIS G. 
Published: April 2009

Objectives—To compare the precision of radiography and computed tomography (CT) preoperatively in the standing position for identification of guidelines for screw insertion in the distal phalanx, and to identify whether standing CT might improve operative time compared with preoperative radiographic planning.Study Design—Experimental ex vivo study.Animals—Cadaveric equine thoracic limb pairs (n=10).Methods—Insertion of a 4.5 mm cortex screw in lag fashion into an intact distal phalanx was evaluated in 2 groups (n=10) of cadaveric equine thoracic limbs. In 1 group, the site, direction, and length of the implant were determined by radiography, and in the other group, by CT. Accuracy of screw placement was verified by specimen dissection. Outcomes were (1) absence of penetration of the articular surface, the solar surface, or the semilunar canal (2) appropriate length and direction of the screw. Surgical time was also measured.Results—No screw penetrated the articular surface, the solar surface, or the semilunar canal in either group. CT was more accurate to identify guidelines for screw insertion (U=23.50,P=.049). With CT, surgical time (mean, 7.7 minutes) was significantly shorter (U=0.000,P=.000) than with radiography (mean, 12.7 minutes).Conclusion—Standing CT can be used to accurately determine anatomic landmarks for screw insertion in lag fashion in sagittal fractures of the distal phalanx.Clinical Relevance—This study has a clear clinical relevance for improved internal fixation of sagittal fractures of the distal phalanx.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Value of Ultrasonography and Standing Radiography for Pelvic–Femoral Disorders in Horses
Authors: GEBUREK FLORIAN , RÖTTING ANNA K. , STADLER PETER M. 
Published: April 2009

Objective—To assess agreement between ultrasonography (transcutaneous and transrectal) and standing radiography in horses with fractures in the pelvic region and disorders of the coxofemoral joint.Study Design—Case series.Animals—Warmblood horses (n=23) and 2 ponies.Methods—Medical records (1999–2008) of equids with pelvic or coxofemoral disorders that had pelvic radiography and ultrasonography were retrieved and results of both techniques compared.Results—Radiography and ultrasonography each identified equal numbers of fractures of the tuber coxa (n=4), ilial shaft (2), ischium (3), femoral neck (2), and osteoarthritis/osis of the coxofemoral joint (6). Fractures of the ilial wing (4) were only identified by ultrasonography not by standing radiography. Of 9 acetabular fractures, 3 were identified on radiographs only, 5 were identified with both modalities. One pubic fracture was identified using ultrasonography and radiography. One acetabular and 1 pubic fracture were only diagnosed on necropsy.Conclusions—We found reasonable agreement (73%; 24/33) between ultrasonography and standing radiography for diagnosis of pelvic–femoral disorders. Ultrasonography was more useful for ilial wing fractures and radiography for acetabular fractures.Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonography is a rapid, safe imaging technique for detecting disorders of the pelvic region with a high diagnostic yield and is a preferred initial approach in horses with severe hindlimb lameness.
Surgical Treatment of Mineralized and Nonmineralized Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in Twenty‐four Dogs
Authors: PILAR LAFUENTE M. , FRANSSON BOEL A. , LINCOLN JAMES D. , MARTINEZ STEVEN A. , GAVIN PATRICK R. , LAHMERS KEVIN K. , GAY JOHN M. 
Published: April 2009

Objective—To report and compare the clinical diagnosis, surgical treatment, histopathologic changes, and outcomes of dogs with mineralized and nonmineralized supraspinatus tendinopathy (ST).Study Design—Case series.Animals—Dogs (n=24) with ST.Methods—Medical records (1995–2006) of dogs with ST that had surgical treatment were reviewed. Results of clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, surgery, histopathology of resected tendon tissue, and outcome were compared between dogs with mineralized and nonmineralized ST.Results—There were 15 dogs with mineralized ST and 9 with nonmineralized ST. Chronic, unilateral, intermittent or waxing‐waning lameness, and pain elicited on palpation of the cranial aspect of the shoulder were the most consistent findings. On ultrasonographic or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 35 shoulders, enlargement of the supraspinatus tendon (54%), increased fluid content (63%), and medial displacement of the biceps tendon (60%) were observed. Eleven of 12 dogs with bilateral abnormalities only had unilateral lameness. Surgery was performed in 30 shoulders. Resected tendon specimens had myxomatous degeneration and/or cartilaginous metaplasia in 11 of 13 dogs in the mineralized group and all 9 dogs in the nonmineralized group. Functional outcome after surgery was poor in 3 dogs and good‐to‐excellent in 16.Conclusions—Mineralized and nonmineralized ST have many similarities. Although lameness is usually unilateral, the supraspinatus tendon may be affected bilaterally.Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonography and MRI are good imaging techniques for detection of ST especially the nonmineralized form. Surgical treatment results in good recovery of limb function. Nonmineralized ST is a recently described disorder in dogs and evaluation of more cases is necessary to determine outcome after surgical or medical treatment.
Dispersion of Refractoriness in Ventricular Tachycardia Induction from the Right Ventricle
Authors: KUS TERESA , FROMER MARTIN , DUBUC MARC , SHENASA MOHAMMAD 
Published: April 2009

To determine whether dispersion of ventricular refractoriness plays a role in ventricular tachycardia induction from the right ventricle, we measured effective and functional refractory period at the apex and outflow tract. Induction was attempted at both sites using two train cycle lengths and up to two extrastimuli. Twenty‐two patients with remote myocardial infarction and documented ventricular tachycardia or sudden death were studied. Fourteen (group IA) had tachycardia inducible using this protocol; eight (group IB) did not. Dispersion defined as the absolute difference between the two sites was significantly greater in group IA than in group IB for functional refractoriness (e.g., 22 ± 21 msec vs 9 ± 11 msec at a cycle length of 600 msec), whereas dispersion of ventricular effective refractory period was not. A dispersion of 20 msec or greater had a positive predictive value of 90% for tachycardia induction. These results were compared to two control groups: group II (13 patients) with remote infarction but neither documented nor inducible ventricular tachycardia and group III (19 patients) without infarction or ventricular tachycardia. Dispersion of refractoriness in these two groups was similar to that in group IB.With the study protocol, ventricular tachycardia was inducible at the apex only in eight cases and at the outflow tract only in five. Functional refractory period was 17 ± 30 msec shorter at the site of induction. The site of shortest functional refractory period and the site of induction were, however, identical in only 8/13 cases (62%), but in these eight, the coupling intervals necessary for induction were attainable only at the induction site. This indicates at least a moderate role for local properties of refractoriness in determining the site of successful induction.
Catheter Ablation of Canine Ventricular Myocardium Utilizing Radiofrequency Current
Authors: NACCARELLI GERALD V. , KUCK KARL‐HEINZ , PITHA JAN V. , CARMEN LEE , JACKMAN WARREN M. 
Published: April 2009

To determine if catheter‐delivered radiofrequency current (RFC) could safely destroy ventricular myocardium, 6P quadripolar catheters were inserted into the right ventricular and left ventricular endocardium of 11 heparinized, closed‐chest dogs. RFC (continuous wave, 625 kHz) was delivered via a commercially available eiectrosurgical unit for 10–20 sec between the catheter tip and a surface electrode (unipolar configuration). Voltage delivered was 42 ± 8 volts with a current of 0.23 ± 0.07 amperes and an impedance of 182 ± 32 ohms. An average power of 9.8 ± 4.4 watts resulted in a delivered energy of 112 ± 60 joules. The catheters were repositioned in the right and left ventricular apices and RFC was delivered between the two tip electrodes for 10–20 sec (bipolar configuration). Voltage delivered was 44 ± 7 watts with a current of 0.20 ± 0.07 amperes and an impedance of 241 ± 49ohms. An averageof 8.5 ± 4.3 watts of power resulted on delivered energy of 106 ± 29 joules.At necropsy, lesions were identified in 5/11 right and 9/11 left ventricular free‐wall sites and 7/11 right and 11/11 left ventricular apical sites. Lesion size ranged from 4–8 mm in depth and 3–9 mm in diameter and the size did not correlate with energy delivered. The endocardial surface was grossly intact in all. No hemodynamic compromise, electrode pitting, or changes in postshock catheter resistance were noted. However, one dog had spontaneous ventricular fibrillation after a transseptal pulse. Although no large thrombi were noted, a thin layer of endocardial thrombus formation was usually present. We conclude that catheter‐delivered RFC can selectively damage myocardial tissue with minimal complications.
Flecainide: PVC Reduction in Children with Ventricular Dysrhythmias
Authors: HAYS MARK D. , GILLETTE PAUL C. , ZIEGLER VICKI , ATKINS JOHN , ROSS BERTRAND A. , BUCKLES DAVID S. 
Published: April 2009

Flecainide appears to be a promising new Class Ic antiarrhythmic drug. In this study, 16 children aged 18 days to 20 years (mean 8.0 years, median 6.8 years) with frequent PVCs and refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) were evaluated. In all patients, a mean total of 3.5 antiarrhythmic agents were tried unsuccessfully prior to initiation of flecainide. We performed 24‐hour ambulatory monitoring 2 days prior to oral flecainide administration and repeated monitoring after 48 hours of oral therapy. All studies were scanned by superimposition by computer and well‐trained technician.Twelve of 16 children demonstrated reduced numbers of PVCs following oral flecainide therapy with an overall mean reduction in PVCs of 70%. Mean numbers of PVCs fell from 377 PVCs/hour preflecainide to 113 PVCs/hour postflecainide therapy. Eight of 12 patients demonstrated a > 60% reduction of PVCs. Five of 12 children achieved nearly total abolishment of PVCs (e.g., <10 PVCs/hour) following flecainide treatment. Four of 16 children failed to exhibit PVC reduction during the study. Serum flecainide levels ranged from 0.1–1.1 meg/mL with a mean drug level of 0.39 mcg/mL. Success or failure did not correlate significantly with patient age, sex, anatomic diagnosis, previous therapy, or serum flecainide levels.In summary, oral flecainide appears to be effective in reducing PVCs in children with ventricular tachycardia and consequently may decrease their risk for reentrant VT.