bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rock magnetism of remagnetized carbonate rocks: another look
Authors: Jackson Mike , Swanson-Hysell Nicholas L. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Authigenic formation of fine-grained magnetite is responsible for widespread chemical remagnetization of many carbonate rocks. Authigenic magnetite grains, dominantly in the superparamagnetic and stable single-domain size range, also give rise to distinctive rock-magnetic properties, now commonly used as a ‘fingerprint’ of remagnetization. We re-examine the basis of this association in terms of magnetic mineralogy and particle-size distribution in remagnetized carbonates having these characteristic rock-magnetic properties, including ‘wasp-waisted’ hysteresis loops, high ratios of anhysteretic remanence to saturation remanence and frequency-dependent susceptibility. New measurements on samples from the Helderberg Group allow us to quantify the proportions of superparamagnetic, stable single-domain and larger grains, and to evaluate the mineralogical composition of the remanence carriers. The dominant magnetic phase is magnetite-like, with sufficient impurity to completely suppress the Verwey transition. Particle sizes are extremely fine: approximately 75% of the total magnetite content is superparamagnetic at room temperature and almost all of the rest is stable single-domain. Although it has been proposed that the single-domain magnetite in these remagnetized carbonates lacks shape anisotropy (and is therefore controlled by cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy), we have found strong experimental evidence that cubic anisotropy is not an important underlying factor in the rock-magnetic signature of chemical remagnetization.
Burial, claystones remagnetization and some consequences for magnetostratigraphy
Authors: Aubourg Charles , Pozzi Jean-Pierre , Kars Myriam 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

We investigate the broad lines of magnetic mineral formation for non-metamorphic claystones. More particularly, we focus on the formation of magnetite from
c
. 20 day-experiments aiming to reproduce burial conditions. It is shown that the sole action of temperature from 50 °C to 250 °C leads to the formation of magnetite. The neoformed magnetites carry a chemical remanent magnetization which equates at least the natural remanent magnetization. We propose a schematic of burial with three magnetic windows where a chemical remanent magnetization superimposed the natural remanent magnetization. These are the greigite window (subsurface), the magnetite window (depth > 2 km) and the pyrrhotite window (depth > 6 km). The formation of magnetic minerals has profound consequences for the magnetostratigraphy record. We propose a conceptual model that shows that the continuous production of magnetite during burial may result in magnetozones that have no relation to the age of the sediment.
Multiple magnetizations in Ordovician–Devonian carbonates in the Williston Basin (Manitoba, Canada)
Authors: Szabó Erika , Cioppa Maria T. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Palaeomagnetic and rock magnetic data collected from the Upper Ordovician Red River, Silurian Interlake and Devonian Winnipegosis, Souris River and Birdbear carbonates in one well from southwestern Manitoba (Canada) reveal a complex magnetization history for the north-eastern Williston Basin. Rock magnetic analysis (thermal demagnetization, anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM)/saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), S-ratios, partial ARM (pARM), SIRM crossover curves and points and coercivity) show three magnetic carriers for different magnetizations seen in this well. An Early–Mid-Jurassic remagnetization observed in the lower Red River and Souris River formations is carried by single-domain to pseudo-single-domain (SD–PSD) magnetite and was probably produced by basement fluids circulating along fractures and faults created by the Hartney impact/volcanic structure and/or tectonic movements along the Superior Boundary Zone. In the Winnipegosis Formation a possible primary depositional or early depositional magnetization (Devonian age) is carried by PSD pyrrhotite. In the Birdbear Formation two different magnetizations of uncertain age are present: one carried in hematite in the upper strata, possibly originating from the younger Amaranth Formation, and magnetite dominates in the lower strata. The upper Red River and Interlake formations contain both magnetite and pyrrhotite; however, the weaker palaeomagnetic data reveal little in terms of a magnetization age.
Therapeutic Administration of a Synthetic CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Triggers Formation of Anti-CpG Antibodies
Authors: Karbach Julia , Neumann Antje , Wahle Claudia , Brand Kathrin , Gnjatic Sacha , Jäger Elke 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide CpG 7909, which contains unmethylated cytosine/guanine (CpG) motifs, has potent immunostimulatory effects when coadministered with NY-ESO-1 peptides or recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein, resulting in an enhanced cellular and humoral immune response against the vaccine antigen. In this study, we report the development of anti-CpG-ODN antibodies in 21 of 37 patients who received CpG 7909 either alone or as a vaccine adjuvant. Specific anti-CpG immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers ranged from 1:400 to 1:100,000. The anti-CpG antibodies cross-reacted with other synthetic CpG-ODNs but not with the DNA of mixed bacterial vaccine and were shown to be phosphorothioate backbone specific. Vaccine-related severe side effects observed in some patients were most likely not related to the development of anti-CpG antibodies. In addition, anti-CpG antibodies did not have negative effects on the vaccine immune response. These results show that anti-CpG antibodies develop in humans against short unmethylated CpG dinucleotide sequences after administration of CpG 7909. Our data therefore substantiate the potency of CpG 7909 to directly stimulate human B-cells and suggest that anti-CpG antibody monitoring should be a part of ongoing and planned clinical trials with CpG-ODNs. Cancer Res; 72(17); 4304–10. ©2012 AACR.
Post–Cardiac Arrest Mortality Is Declining
Authors: Fugate Jennifer E. , Brinjikji Waleed , Mandrekar Jay N. , Cloft Harry J. , White Roger D. , Wijdicks Eelco F.M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. 
Published: June 2012

Background—
Despite several advances in postresuscitation care over the past decade, population-based mortality rates for patients hospitalized with cardiac arrest in the United States have not been studied over this time period. The aim of this study was to determine the annual in-hospital mortality rates of patients with cardiac arrest from 2001 to 2009.

Methods and Results—

The US mortality rates for hospitalized patients with cardiac arrest were determined using the 2001 to 2009 US National Inpatient Sample, a national hospital discharge database. Using the
International Classification of Diseases
, 9
th
Edition, code 427.5, we identified patients hospitalized in the United States with cardiac arrest from 2001 to 2009. The main outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. A total of 1 190 860 patients were hospitalized with a diagnosis of cardiac arrest in the United States from 2001 to 2009. The in-hospital mortality rate decreased each year from 69.6% in 2001 to 57.8% in 2009. In multivariable analysis, when controlling for age, sex, race, and comorbidities, earlier year was a strong independent predictor of in-hospital death. The mortality rate declined across all analyzed subgroups, including sex, age, race, and stratification by comorbidity.

Conclusions—
The in-hospital mortality rate of patients hospitalized with cardiac arrest in the United States decreased by 11.8% from 2001 to 2009.
Refinement of the Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Perfusion Mismatch Concept for Thrombolytic Patient Selection
Authors: Warach Steven , Al-Rawi Yasir , Furlan Anthony J. , Fiebach Jochen B. , Wintermark Max , Lindstén Annika , Smyej Jamal , Bharucha David B. , Pedraza Salvador , Rowley Howard A. 
Published: June 2012

Background and Purpose—
The DIAS-2 study was the only large, randomized, intravenous, thrombolytic trial that selected patients based on the presence of ischemic penumbra. However, DIAS-2 did not confirm the positive findings of the smaller DEDAS and DIAS trials, which also used penumbral selection. Therefore, a reevaluation of the penumbra selection strategy is warranted.

Methods—
In post hoc analyses we assessed the relationships of magnetic resonance imaging–measured lesion volumes with clinical measures in DIAS-2, and the relationships of the presence and size of the diffusion-perfusion mismatch with the clinical effect of desmoteplase in DIAS-2 and in pooled data from DIAS, DEDAS, and DIAS-2.

Results—

In DIAS-2, lesion volumes correlated with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at both baseline and final time points (
P
<0.0001), and lesion growth was inversely related to good clinical outcome (
P
=0.004). In the pooled analysis, desmoteplase was associated with 47% clinical response rate (n=143) vs 34% in placebo (n=73;
P
=0.08). For both the pooled sample and for DIAS-2, increasing the minimum baseline mismatch volume (MMV) for inclusion increased the desmoteplase effect size. The odds ratio for good clinical response between desmoteplase and placebo treatment was 2.83 (95% confidence interval, 1.16–6.94;
P
=0.023) for MMV >60 mL. Increasing the minimum NIHSS score for inclusion did not affect treatment effect size.

Conclusions—
Pooled across all desmoteplase trials, desmoteplase appears beneficial in patients with large MMV and ineffective in patients with small MMV. These results support a modified diffusion-perfusion mismatch hypothesis for patient selection in later time-window thrombolytic trials.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique Identifiers: NCT00638781, NCT00638248, NCT00111852.
An epidemiological study of low back pain among oil drilling workers in India
Authors: Tiwari Rajnarayan R , Saha Asim 
Published: June 2012

Many episodes of low back pain are disabling, thus making it one of the costly occupational health problem. The proper alignment and lifting operations during drilling process frequently exposed the oil-drilling workers to unusual strain on the spine and thus make them susceptible for developing low back pain. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in 71 oil-drilling workers. The prevalence of self-reported low back pain was found to be 29.6%. Higher prevalence was found in those working in awkward working posture ( c2 = 6.41; df = 1; p < 0.01). No other factors, namely, age, obesity, duration of exposure, smoking habit, family history of musculoskeletal disorders, exposure to vibration, lifting of weights and past history of injury was found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, using univariate and multivariate analysis, none of the factor was found to have excess risk of occurrence of low back pain, which can partly be attributed to small sample size.
Determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of naphthalene, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol on human lymphocyte culture
Authors: Kapuci Mete , Ulker Zeynep , Gurkan Sezin , Alpsoy Lokman 
Published: June 2012

Naphthalene, a bicyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, has toxic effects on animals and humans. Although recent studies stressed on the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of naphthalene and its metabolites on eukaryotic cells, there is a big controversy among the results of these studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of naphthalene and its metabolites on the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in the human lymphocytes in the culture. The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of naphthalene and its metabolites, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol, were studied using cytotoxicity test (lactate dehydrogenase and cell proliferation (WST-1) assays) and DNA fragmentation assay (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay). Naphthalene and its metabolites had no significant cytotoxic effect on treated samples when compared with untreated ones. This result was also confirmed by WST-1 assay. In the TUNEL assay, DNA fragmentation was induced significantly by all concentrations of naphthalene and 2-naphthol and 50 and 100 µM concentrations of 1-naphthol ( p < 0.05 or 0.001). In the DNA fragmentation, the most effective dose of 2-naphthol (63%) was 100 µM, when compared with negative control group (13%). These results suggest that naphthalene and its metabolites, 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol, may cause DNA damage on human lymphocytes.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Advance Care Planning
Authors: Carr Deborah 
Published: June 2012

Objectives: The author investigated (a) whether Whites, Blacks, Latinos, and Asians differ in their rates of advance care planning (ACP; that is, living will, health care proxies, discussions), (b) sources of within-racial group heterogeneity, and (c) racial differences in the explanations offered for not doing ACP. Methods: The author estimated logistic regression models with data from a national sample of married and cohabiting adults ages 18 to 64 in the Knowledge Networks study ( N = 2,111). Results: Latinos are less likely than Whites to discuss preferences and to have a living will, although the latter gap is fully accounted for by education. Asians are less likely than Whites to have discussions, but more likely to have living wills. Black-White differences emerge only among low SES (socioeconomic status) subgroups. Each group noted distinctive obstacles to planning. Discussion: Public policies should target increasing rates of ACP for all adults prior to onset of major health concerns.
Identifying frost-susceptible areas on Finnish railways using the ground penetrating radar technique
Authors: Silvast Mika , Nurmikolu Antti , Wiljanen Bruce , Levomäki Matti 
Published: June 2012

In Finland, the railway is a vital transportation system. A large quantity of raw materials, goods and passengers are transported on mixed traffic tracks. Due to freeze–thaw cycles, differential frost heave can affect the track performance and results in speed restrictions. The maintenance of winter-related problems on heavy haul railway lines is expensive and causes difficulties for the flow of rail traffic. In order to make maintenance cost-effective and sustainable it is essential to identify the problem areas and determine their causes. During the last decade the ground penetrating radar (GPR) technique has proven to be an effective and non-destructive method to measure railway structures and various material properties. This paper presents and discusses the key results obtained in a research project that studied the potential of the GPR method to locate track sections on Finnish railways experiencing frost problems and produce input data for preventative maintenance planning for areas at risk of developing differential frost heave. The GPR data, digital video and GPS coordinates, collected from the railway sections were combined with reference data and railway databases using the Railway Doctor software. This integrated data was then interpreted and analysed using multiple parameters specifically selected for the purpose of identifying the frost-susceptible sub-ballast structures and subgrade soils and defining the root cause of frost problems using the GPR frequency analysis techniques. This paper originated from the 2011 IHHA Conference.
Thermal cracking of a railway wheel tread due to tread braking–critical crack sizes and in fluence of repeated thermal cycles
Authors: Caprioli Sara , Vernersson Tore , Ekberg Anders 
Published: June 2012

A numerical study of tread cracking due to thermal loading induced by tread braking is carried out. The analysis features a computationally efficient approach combining two-dimensional finite-element simulations with an analytical evaluation of resulting stress intensity factors. The analysis identifies critical sizes for when existing surface cracks are prone to propagate under thermal loading and resulting crack lengths after propagation. The results imply that fully functional brake systems are not likely to induce thermal crack propagation under normal stop braking, but that with pre-existing defects, a severe drag braking due to malfunctioning brakes may cause very deep cracking. Furthermore, the analysis concludes the cracking to be a static phenomenon related to the most severe brake cycle, i.e. later brake cycles of similar or lower severity will not cause any significant propagation of existing cracks. Additional three-dimensional finite-element simulations are used to validate the model, and they indicate two-dimensional results to be on the conservative side. This paper originated from the 2011 IHHA Conference.
Factors associated with elevated exhaled nitric oxide fraction in infants with recurrent respiratory symptoms
Authors: Kotaniemi-Syrjänen Anne , Malmberg L. Pekka , Malmström Kristiina , Pelkonen Anna S. , Mäkelä Mika J. 
Published: June 2012

Exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO) has been proposed as a noninvasive marker of eosinophilic bronchial inflammation in active asthma, and supposed to reflect responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy. There are several factors influencingFeNO, and its role in early childhood respiratory disorders needs to be established.Between 2004 and 2008, 444 children aged <3 yrs with recurrent lower respiratory tract symptoms were referred to a tertiary centre for further investigation. 136 full-term, steroid-free, infection-free infants, median age of 16.4 months (range 4.0–26.7 months), successfully underwent measurement ofFeNO, lung function tests, and a dosimetric methacholine challenge test.The median level ofFeNOwas 19.3 ppb (interquartile range 12.3–26.9 ppb). ElevatedFeNO(≥27 ppb, the highest quartile) was associated with maternal history of asthma (adjusted OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.3–8.1; p=0.012), and increased airway responsiveness (the provocative dose of methacholine causing a 40% fall in maximal expiratory flow at functional residual capacity ≤0.30 mg) (adjusted OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.4–12.7; p=0.012). Atopy, blood eosinophilia and lung function were not associated with elevatedFeNO.In conclusion, maternal history of asthma, and increased airway responsiveness are associated with elevatedFeNOin infants with recurrent lower respiratory tract symptoms.
Case-finding options for COPD: results from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease Study
Authors: Jithoo Anamika , Enright Paul L. , Burney Peter , Buist A. Sonia , Bateman Eric D. , Tan Wan C. , Studnicka Michael , Mejza Filip , Gillespie Suzanne , Vollmer William M. 
Published: June 2012

This study aimed to compare strategies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) case finding using data from the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study.Population-based samples of adults aged ≥40 yrs (n = 9,390) from 14 countries completed a questionnaire and spirometry. We compared the screening efficiency of differently staged algorithms that used questionnaire data and/or peak expiratory flow (PEF) data to identify persons at risk for COPD and, hence, needing confirmatory spirometry. Separate algorithms were fitted for moderate/severe COPD and for severe COPD. We estimated the cost of each algorithm in 1,000 people.For moderate/severe COPD, use of questionnaire data alone permitted high sensitivity (97%) but required confirmatory spirometry in 80% of participants. Use of PEF necessitated confirmatory spirometry in only 19–22% of subjects, with 83–84% sensitivity. For severe COPD, use of PEF achieved 91–93% sensitivity, requiring confirmatory spirometry in <9% of participants. Cost analysis suggested that a staged screening algorithm using only PEF initially, followed by confirmatory spirometry as needed, was the most cost-effective case-finding strategy.Our results support the use of PEF as a simple, cost-effective initial screening tool for conducting COPD case-finding in adults aged ≥40 yrs. These findings should be validated in real-world settings such as the primary care environment.
Sleep apnoea and visceral adiposity in middle-aged male and female subjects
Authors: Kritikou Ilia , Basta Maria , Tappouni Rafel , Pejovic Slobodanha , Fernandez-Mendoza Julio , Nazir Racha , Shaffer Michelle L. , Liao Duanping , Bixler Edward O. , Chrousos George P. , Vgontzas Alexandros N. 
Published: June 2012

In obese male subjects, visceral adiposity has been associated with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), while studies in overweight males and females are limited. Our goal was to examine the association between OSA and visceral fat in a relatively nonobese population and assess the effects of 2 months placebo-controlled continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use on abdominal fat.81 subjects, 22 middle-aged males and 20 post-menopausal females with OSA, and 19 male and 20 female controls were studied in the sleep laboratory for four nights. Abdominal (visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue) and liver fat were assessed with computed tomography. OSA patients were re-assessed post-CPAP and post sham-CPAP.Apnoeic males had significantly higher VAT than controls, while apnoeic females had higher SAT than controls. In both sexes, OSA was associated with increased liver fat. In males, apnoea was associated with VAT whereas in females it was associated with subcutaneous, visceral and total fat. CPAP did not affect abdominal and liver fat.In overweight males, visceral adiposity is associated with OSA whereas in females it is associated with global adiposity. In overweight males, our therapeutic goal should be the reduction of visceral adiposity and its metabolic correlates, whereas, in females, weight loss may be sufficient. Short-term CPAP treatment does not affect general, abdominal or intra-hepatic adiposity.
Objective measurement of cough in otherwise healthy volunteers with acute cough
Authors: Sunger Kanchan , Powley William , Kelsall Angela , Sumner Helen , Murdoch Robert , Smith Jaclyn A. 
Published: June 2012

Cough is one of the commonest reasons for medical consultation and acute cough associated with upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is a global problem. In otherwise healthy volunteers complaining of cough associated with symptoms of URTI, we aimed to assess objective and subjective measures of cough and their repeatability and perform power calculations for the design of future studies to test therapies.We studied 54 otherwise healthy volunteers with acute cough (<3 weeks) (median age 22 yrs (interquartile range 21–26 yrs), 64% female, mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s 97.6±10.5% predicted). All subjects performed 24-h ambulatory cough monitoring and reported cough frequency and severity using visual analogue scales (VAS) on 2 consecutive days. Sample size calculations were performed for crossover and parallel group study designs.Objective cough frequency was high (session 1: geometric mean 12.1 coughs·h−1(95%CI 9.7–15.2)) and fell significantly (session 2: 9.0 coughs·h−1(95%CI 6.9–11.6); p<0.001). Repeatability was higher for objective cough frequency (intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.94, p<0.001) than reported cough frequency (daytime VAS ICC=0.784, p<0.001). Crossover/parallel studies require <15 and <41 subjects per arm to detect a 50% reduction in cough frequency with 90% power, respectively.Acute cough frequency is highly repeatable over any 48-h period, allowing small sample sizes to be used when investigating the effectiveness of novel anti-tussives.