bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE BIOLOGY OF POLLENIA RUDIS, THE CLUSTER FLY (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE): II. LARVAL FEEDING BEHAVIOUR AND HOST SPECIFICITY
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Davies D. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasitism by Pollenia rudis (Fabr.) larvae on earthworms in the field was found only in Allolobophora chlorotica (Sav.) and Eisenia rosea (Sav.). Other species of worms were infected in the laboratory. Slime and coelomic fluid, from all species of worms tested, induced penetration behaviour. Penetration occurs mainly on the dorsal surface of the worm, and less frequently towards either end. Larvae repenetrated after leaving the original penetration site. Autonomy by the host of the parasitized segments was observed in E. rosea. Possible reasons for the restricted natural host range are discussed.
SYSTEMATICS OF NORTH AMERICAN CHRYSOPID LARVAE: CHRYSOPA CARNEA GROUP (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Tauber Catherine A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae of the family Chrysopidae possess characteristics useful in classification at the species, genus, and subfamily levels. This study, which initiates a comprehensive analysis of chrysopid larval systematics, describes the important external characteristics of the family and discusses those features which vary between taxa within the family.The carnea- group of the Chrysopa, subgenus Chrysoperla, includes six described North American species, most of which are important in pest management. This paper defines the series of characters unique to the larvae of this taxon, presents a key to all larval instars of the six species, and describes the three larval instars of each species, most of which were previously undescribed.
SUGAR FEEDING BY THE LARVA OF CHRYSOPA (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Downes J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe larva of Chrysopa, in addition to feeding on aphids, takes a sugar meal from floral nectar, honeydew or, in captivity, solutions of sucrose. Sugar sources are located by a questing activity during which it scans the substrate with the antennae and palps. Feeding on honeydew may lead the larva towards aphids, on which it then proceeds to feed, and this is perhaps a normal sequence in nature.It is pointed out that this duality of the feeding process — sugar meal and protein-rich meal — seems to be unique among endopterygote larvae, although well known in many adult insects. The larval sugar meal of Chrysopa may be a secondary characteristic which originated from the use of honeydew as an indicator when searching for prey.
STUDIES ON THE ARTHROPOD FAUNA OF ALFALFA: VI. PLANT BUGS (MIRIDAE)
Authors: Wheeler A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe food habits and biologies of the Miridae, or plant bugs, were studied during research on the arthropod fauna associated with alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., at Ithaca, N.Y., from 1966 to 1969. Seasonal history, population trends, and natural enemies are summarized for the following species found breeding on alfalfa: Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze), A. rapidus (Say), Lopidea marginalis (Reuter), Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff), and P. politus Uhler. Field observations of predation and scavenging by mirids are reported, including feeding on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris); potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris); and alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). The most common sources of animal food on the plants were Hylemya flies killed by fungus, and pea aphid mummies containing pupae of aphidiine wasps. It is concluded that utilization of some animal food on their host plants is a common phenomenon among the Miridae.
LABORATORY STUDIES OF A DEVICE TO DETECT INSECTS IN GRAIN, AND OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ADULTS OF THE RUSTY GRAIN BEETLE, CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE), IN WHEAT-FILLED CONTAINERS
Authors: Loschiavo S. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVarious models of a device for detecting insects in stored grain were effective for trapping adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineux (Stephens), in laboratory experiments in which the insect population was known. At 30 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity the number of beetles trapped increased with the time the traps were immersed in the grain. The number of beetles caught was affected by population density, duration of trapping period, position and contour of the trapping surface, location of the trap, size and shape of the container, and chemotactic stimuli. The distribution of beetles in wheat-filled containers was influenced by the shape and size of the container, duration of the sampling period, and geotactic factors. More beetles were recovered from wheat nearest the floor of filled containers of 3.8-1. capacity than from higher levels. In similar containers held in darkness, as many beetles were found near the surface as near the floor up to 14 days, but at 21 days nearly 41% were found near the floor. Drums of 105-1. capacity kept in darkness contained approximately equal numbers of beetles in the top and bottom one-third portions of wheat. More beetles were found in traps baited with rotting grain than in unbaited traps. Males and females were found in equal numbers in baited traps, or near the floor of wheat-filled containers.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE MEMBRACID PRONOTUM (HOMOPTERA): I. OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF ARTICULATED HAIRS
Authors: Wood T. K. , Morris G. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractArticulated sensilla occur on the pronotum of 100 species in 65 genera of membracids. The abundance of the sensilla and their universal occurrence in this group suggests that sensory reception is a significant function of the membracid pronotum. Bizarre forms of the pronotum may be a result of selection pressure to increase surface area.
INSTAR DIFFERENTIATION IN LARVAL CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: McCauley Victor J. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExamination of the most commonly used criteria for separating instars in larval chironomids, based on a study of 29 species from three subfamilies in Marion Lake, British Columbia, revealed that only head capsule width or length is suitable. Most chironomids appear to have four larval instars.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT SAMPLING PROCEDURES FOR THE GYPSY MOTH, PORTHETRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE) AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA variety of field sampling procedures were used to estimate population levels of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), and the following natural enemies: Apanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Blepharipa scutellata (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Tachinidae), and Calosoma sycophanta (L.) (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Regression analyses indicated, among other things, that gypsy moth egg mass counts were not good indicators of tree defoliation, but that defoliation and number of gypsy moth larvae on branch terminals were correlated. Estimates of adult abundance of A. melanoscelus and B. scutellata were negatively correlated with estimates of numbers of immature parasitoids. Numbers of gypsy moth larvae parasitized by A. melanoscelus were positively correlated with numbers of A. melanoscelus cocoons sampled. Numbers of adult C. sycophanta were not correlated with larval numbers of this insect. It was concluded from these results that the procedures used to estimate numbers of natural enemy adults were not entirely adequate, but may be useful for supplementing other sampling methods.
PHEROMONES OF IPS PINI (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE). RESPONSE TO INTERPOPULATIONAL HYBRIDS AND RELATIVE ATTRACTIVENESS OF MALES BORING IN TWO HOST SPECIES
Authors: Piston John J. , Lanier Gerald N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo types of field bioassays of the relative attractiveness of various pheromone sources to Ips pini were conducted at Wanakena, N.Y., and at Warrensburg, N.Y. In the first test, the numbers and sex ratios of beetles responding to boring males from New York, Idaho, and their F1 and backcross hybrids graded down in the order of "blood relationship." The intermediate attractiveness of hybrids indicates that hybrids produce pheromones of both parents. In the second test, New York males reared in white pine attracted greater numbers of beetles than those reared in red pine and beetles boring in white pine were more attractive than those boring in red pine.
TESTS WITH SINGLE INJECTIONS OF METHOXYCHLOR BLACK FLY (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) LARVICIDES IN LARGE RIVERS
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSingle 15-min injections of 0.18 to 0.24 p.p.m. of methoxychlor as an emulsifiable concentrate into the Saskatchewan River removed 75 to 99% of the larvae of Simulium arcticum Mall. from 23 to 34 km sections of the river. Stronger concentrations (0.30 to 0.31 p.p.m.) eliminated about 98% of the larvae from rapids 64 km distant and an estimated 46% at a distance of 139 km. Other kinds of aquatic larvae in exposed sites were also affected: Plecoptera to about the same degree as the Simuliidae, followed by Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and Chironomidae (least affected). Larvae in sand were not affected. Populations of Chironomidae, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera in many sites were completely restored within 7 to 14 days after a single treatment. Fish were apparently unharmed. Residues were negligible and short lived.Potential outbreaks of S. arcticum were averted by all of the experimental injections of methoxychlor except that of 26 May 1970. In this test an outbreak that killed four animals occurred because a 15-min, 0.207 p.p.m. dosage eliminated only about 23% of the black fly larvae in an adjacent portion of the river.
EVALUATION OF DICHLORVOS VAPORIZING SOLIDS FOR CONTROLLING INSECTS
Authors: Batth Surat S. , Singh J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSix brands of commercial dichlorvos-vaporizing solids were tested individually in a 28.3 m3 test chamber simulating home conditions to evaluate their effective life. The dichlorvos vapor concentrations developed and maintained by the vaporizers in the chamber, varied from ca. 0.5 μg to 0.005 μg/liter during approximately a 2-month test period depending on the brand and ventilation of the test chamber. Any increase in ventilation correspondingly decreased the level of dichlorvos vapor concentration and vice versa. The vaporizing samples became depleted rapidly at higher than at lower rate of air exchange. At either rate of ventilation (1/3 or 1 air change/h) some of the samples, depending on their potentiality, were completely depleted whereas others produced very low concentrations during the 2-month exposure.A 70–90 min exposure to a dichlorvos vapor concentration of ca. 0.1 μg/liter gave almost 100% mortality of susceptible and 85% of DDT-resistant caged female house fly, Musca domestica L. However, a similar exposure killed only 16% of the field-collected female house flies. When exposed, as free flying, to a similar concentration it took only 45 and 85 min to cause 95% kill of the susceptible and 85% kill of DDT-resistant house flies respectively. However, a 61/2 h exposure of field house flies to a similar concentration killed only 35.5% of them.A dichlorvos concentration of ca. 0.1 μg/liter gave 100% kill of Tineola bisselliella (Hummel) larvae and Blattella germanica L. male adults in 6 and 3 days respectively, and of Aedes attopalpus Coquillett adults in a 30-min exposure. However, only 19% kill of Attagenus megatoma (F.) larvae occurred in 7 days with a similar concentration.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE): I. SOLUBLE SUGARS
Authors: Harvey G. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn absolute requirement for sugar could not be shown but laboratory rearing experiments using artificial diets have demonstrated a definite increase in weight of adult spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) Freeman) with increasing dietary levels of certain sugars. Males exhibit a threshold of 0.9% soluble sugars above which higher sugar levels produce no further increases in size. Females respond with an increase in size up to 4.0%, the highest level tested. Generally, faster development rates accompany greater mature weights on diets with higher nutrient levels.Maltose, raffinose, glucose, sorbitol, sucrose, and fructose are all good sugar sources. Galactose and trehalose are only slightly inferior. Lactose, ribose, melibiose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, and melezitose in the diet are little different from the sugarless control. Sorbose is somewhat inhibitory.Results of transfer experiments confirm the importance of sugar particularly during late larval development. They also indicate that a high protein diet during early instars has a significant effect on development rates. These results suggest that departure from the normal synchrony of development in the insect and its host can affect both rate of development and mature size of the insect.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR BEETLE ANTIAGGREGATIVE PHEROMONE METHYLCYCLOHEXENONE AT THREE CONCENTRATIONS AND SPACINGS AROUND FELLED HOST TREES
Authors: Furniss M. M. , Daterman G. E. , Kline L. N. , McGregor M. D. , Trostle G. C. , Pettinger L. F. , Rudinsky J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe antiaggregative pheromone 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) of the Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) was diffused at three rates and three spacings around attractive felled trees. Optimum treatment was ca. 1–2 mg/day at 10-ft spacing (0.06–1.3 g/acre per day), which reduced Douglas-fir beetle attacks and progeny by 96% and 91%, respectively. Progeny in trees exposed to higher than optimum MCH concentration were less mature, but not significantly fewer than progeny in controls. Densities of immature stages of nine other taxa of insects, both entomophagous and commensal, were determined. Abundance of larvae of the predacious clerids Enoclerus sphegeus Fab. and Thanasimus undatulus Say was significantly correlated with abundance of Douglas-fir beetle attacks and progeny. The predator Temnochila chlorodia (Mann.) and the associate Pseudohylesinus nebulosus (Lee.) were more dense on samples in the test area where Douglas-fir beetle population and damage were lowest. Density of the dipterous predator Medetera aldrichii (Wheeler) was correlated with numbers of beetle entrances, but decreased at high MCH concentrations. Abundance of Coeloides brunneri Vier., a braconid parasite, was correlated with numbers of beetle brood. Presence of MCH appeared to increase abundance of the associate Pissodes fasciatus Lec. and modify its distribution in trees. Use of methylcyclohexenone for preventing infestation of susceptible trees is a potential control strategy, but a more practical and effective formulation must be developed.
DIGESTIVE PROCESSES OF HAEMATOPHAGOUS INSECTS: V. INHIBITORS OF TRYPSIN FROM GLOSSINA MORSITANS MORSITANS (DIPTERA: GLOSSINIDAE)
Authors: Gooding R. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTrypsin has been partially purified from the midguts of Glossina morsitans. It is inactivated by tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone, phenylmethane sulfonylfluoride, and 2-mercaptoethanol. Mammalian sera inhibit G. morsitans trypsin in vitro. Sheep serum contains at least two inhibitors of G. morsitans trypsin and a high molecular weight material which protects against serum inhibition. Very low levels of trypsin inhibitor are found in G. morsitans primary excreta and in the salivary glands, Malpighian tubules, and anterior midguts of unfed flies. High concentrations of trypsin inhibitor are found in the anterior (non-digestive) section of the midgut for at least 48 h after flies fed on goats.
SENSIBILITÉ DE LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) À L’INFECTION PAR BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER SEUL OU EN PRÉSENCE DE CHITINASE
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. 
Published: December 2009

RésuméUne formulation de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner avec et sans chitinase a été testée sur des larves de Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria Guén. de divers âges et élevées sous des conditions de température différentes. La résistance à l’infection augmente avec l’âge et aux basses températures. Ainsi, pour une température donnée, 65% des larves du IIIè âge succombent en 5 jours alors que seulement 10% des larves du Vè âge subissent le même sort. Par contre, dans tous les cas, l’addition de chitinase augmente l’efficacité du bacille.
NUMERICAL CLASSIFICATION: SOME QUESTIONS ANSWERED
Authors: Wilkinson Christopher 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNumerical analyses have been carried out on some lepidopteran genera to find the effect of minimizing the number of characters used; the validity of drawing conclusions about the internal structure of a group which formed only a small portion of the analysis as a whole; the effect on numerical classifications when some characters are unknown for some taxa; and the diagnostic value of characters. The add-a-point program has been used to identify and to indicate the phenetic affinities of additional taxa.
DIEL PERIODICITY OF MALE SEX PHEROMONE RESPONSE AND FEMALE ATTRACTIVENESS IN THE GYPSY MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Cardé R. T. , Doane C. C. , Roelofs W. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn field studies gypsy moth males were attracted to synthetic cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (disparlure), the female sex pheromone, and virgin females from 0900 to 2000 (Eastern Standard Time). The greatest numbers of males were lured to the synthetic attractant or the calling female from 1100 to 1500. These periods of male response are longer than reported in previous (1896 and 1932) New England investigations and suggest the possible recent evolution of a new diel rhythm of male sex pheromone response.
REPRESSION OF SPRUCE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA) ATTRACTION BY METHYLCYCLOHEXENONE IN IDAHO
Authors: Kline L. N. , Schmitz R. F. , Rudinsky J. A. , Furniss M. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAttraction of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), to beetle-infested logs was reduced 99% by addition of 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH), the natural antiaggregative pheromone of the Douglas-fir beetle, D. pseudotsugae Hopkins. The synthetic attractant frontalin and α-pinene attracted few spruce beetles and its nominal attraction was nearly nullified by addition of MCH. Male spruce beetles responded to the natural and synthetic attractants in greater numbers than females. When MCH was added to these treatments, females predominated among the few beetles caught. The clerid Thanasimus undatulus Say was strongly attracted to treatments containing frontalin, whether or not MCH was added, but MCH alone was not attractive to this predator. Among 13 other species of scolytids caught, the most abundant were Scierus annectens Leconte and Hylastes nigrinus (Mann.). Two relatively rare species, Scierus pubescens Sw. and Xylechinus montanus Blkm., were attracted in unusual numbers to natural spruce beetle attractant. Intensive study is recommended of the possible use of MCH to prevent increase of spruce beetle populations.
NOTES ON ALLOPHOROCERA WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) FROM FINLAND
Authors: Wood D. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe composition of the tachinid genus Allophorocera, including species formerly placed in Erycilla and Pilatea, is discussed and a key to the Palaearctic species is provided. Allophorocera lapponica n. sp. from Kilpisjärvi, Finland, is described and figured.
NYMPHAL CHARACTERS AND HIGHER CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS IN THE MIRIDAE (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) WITH A SUBFAMILY KEY BASED ON THE NYMPHS
Authors: Akingbohungbe A. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA key to the subfamilies of Miridae based on fourth and fifth instar nymphs is provided and the value of some nymphal characters in arriving at relationships between the subfamilies is discussed. It is suggested that the reduction of parempodia to bristles most likely occurred twice in the family rather than that membranous parempodia were twice evolved. The Hyaliodes group is reviewed and the subfamily status accorded it by some authors is confirmed.
JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOGUE TOXICITY TO LABORATORY REARED GYPSY MOTH LARVAE,PORTHETRIA DISPAR(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Granett J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractJuvenile hormone analogues (JHA) were fed in an artificial diet to laboratory rearedPorthelria dispar(L.) larvae. The analogues used were: I: Stauffer R-20458; 1-(4′-ethylphenoxy)-6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethyl octene. II: Altozar®. III: Hoffmann-La Roche Ro 8-5497; 10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-1-(2-propynyloxy)-2,6-tridecadiene. For JHA I and II mortality occurred primarily during the larval and pupal stages with overall EC50values from 0.19 to 0.43 p.p.m. in the diet. JHA III was not toxic. The log-probit dose–mortality curves showed low slopes. Morphologic aberrations in treated larvae and pupae were observed.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFATHOUS(COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) EAST OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
Authors: Becker Edward C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Nearctic species of the elaterid genusAthouseast of the Rocky Mountains are revised. Of the 16 included species, two are described as new (neacanthusknown from southern Quebec to northern Georgia andorvusknown from Nova Scotia to Michigan to Virginia) and two species are transferred fromDenticollis, namely,productus(Randall) andquadrosaBecker (as a new junior synonym ofA.appalachiusVan Dyke). Other new synonymies are:carolinusVan Dyke as a junior synonym ofacanthus(Say),erebusVan Dyke ofposticus(Melsheimer), andbipunctatusProvancher ofproductus(Randall). The European speciescampyloidesis known from North America from near Quebec City and in the Canadian Maritime Provinces. Neotypes are designated for the five species described by Say and Randall and for one described by Melsheimer; lectotypes, when needed, are designated for LeConte’s, Melsheimer’s, and Candèze’s species. A key to the species is presented and the salient features and distribution maps for each species are included. Brief notes are given on three western species ofAthous: two common species (rufiventris(Eschscholtz) andnigropilisMotschulsky) that are occasionally found east of the Rockies andorophilusHarold, which is known only by the type from the Bitter Root Mountains. Brief discussions are included of two European species,vittatus(Fabricius) andsubfuscus(Müller), which have been intercepted at various eastern ports in Canada and the United States, but which have not become established in North America.
PHENETIC SIMILARITY AND MÜLLERIAN MIMICRY AMONG DARKLING GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Doyen John T. , Somerby R. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSpecies of tenebrionid beetles in the generaCoelocnemisandEleodesshare high similarity in dorsal features. Similar species are largely sympatric in occurrence, and the distributions of some species pairs are almost identical. These congruences in appearance and geographic distribution are interpreted as evidence of Müllerian mimicry. All these beetles produce quinonoid secretions, presumably used in defense against vertebrate predators. The widespread occurrence of defensive secretions, and the similarities in dorsal silhouette and cuticular sculpturing, suggest that Müllerian mimicry is of general importance among tenebrionid beetles. The common black coloration of tenebrionids probably has an aposematic function, since black contrasts sharply with most substrates under the crepuscular lighting conditions in which tenebrionid activity typically occurs. The suitability of numerical phenetic methods for the description and analysis of convergence and mimicry phenomena is discussed.