bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development: Evolutionary ecology's midwife
Authors: Panchanathan Karthik , Frankenhuis Willem E. , Barrett H. Clark 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe agree with Henrich et al. that documenting cultural universality and variability provides an indispensable window into human nature. We want to stress the mediating role development plays between evolution and culture. Moving beyond the mere documentation of universality or variability, developmental approaches can provide mechanistic explanations, linking ecology to phenotype. Combining phylogeny and adaptationism, evolutionary approaches can explain the properties of developmental systems.
Beyond WEIRD: Towards a broad-based behavioral science
Authors: Henrich Joseph , Heine Steven J. , Norenzayan Ara 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn our response to the 28 (largely positive) commentaries from an esteemed collection of researchers, we (1) consolidate additional evidence, extensions, and amplifications offered by our commentators; (2) emphasize the value of integrating experimental and ethnographic methods, and show how researchers using behavioral games have done precisely this; (3) present our concerns with arguments from several commentators that separate variable “content” from “computations” or “basic processes”; (4) address concerns that the patterns we highlight marking WEIRD people as psychological outliers arise from aspects of the researchers and the research process; (5) respond to the claim that as members of the same species, humans must have the same invariant psychological processes; (6) address criticisms of our telescoping contrasts; and (7) return to the question of explaining why WEIRD people are psychologically unusual. We believe a broad-based behavioral science of human nature needs to integrate a variety of methods and apply them to diverse populations, well beyond the WEIRD samples it has largely relied upon.
Micro-radiography with laser plasma X-ray source operating in air atmosphere
Authors: Pikuz S.A. , Chefonov O.V. , Gasilov S.V. , Komarov P.S. , Ovchinnikov A.V. , Skobelev I.Yu. , Ashitkov S.Yu. , Agranat M.V. , Zigler A. , Faenov A.Ya. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractK-shell emission from copper target was observed by focusing femtosecond laser pulses very close to the target surface-air interface. It was shown that mechanism of X-ray emission is connected with generation of fast electrons in the air plasma area. Experiments demonstrated that moderate intensity of laser radiation (IL < 1015 W/cm2) was enough to produce considerable flux of X-ray photons of at least 10 keV energy. The parameters of generated X-ray emission were studied. It was found that after propagation through 40 cm thick air layer X-ray spectra consisted of pronounced Kα and Kβ characteristic lines and relatively small Bremsstrahlung continuum. Since transversal source size has an order of a few tens of micrometers, such a source can be used for absorption imaging of micro-objects in standard laboratory conditions. That can be particularly important for diagnostic of medical and biological samples in vivo.
GAMBLING IN CHINA RECONSIDERED: FANTAN IN SOUTH CHINA DURING THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: Paulès Xavier 
Published: June 2010

Fantan 番攤 is a Chinese gambling game based on a draw from a random number of hidden coins or tokens, requiring the player to guess a number out of one, two, three or four. It currently survives only in Macao, but during the Late Qing and Republican periods, fantan was one of the most popular games in South China. Through the investigation of a wide range of sources, this article challenges the bias of standard accounts of gambling, which emphasize its corrupting influence and depict players as powerless victims cheated by the unscrupulous operators of gambling houses.The reality was less negative. Cheating by proprietors was by no means common and fantan was considered a socially acceptable leisure activity. For many people, it was part of daily life, and tanguan 攤館, the establishments where it was played, were popular venues both enjoyable and secure. They generated a specific kind of conviviality derived from complex interactions among participants. By underestimating the role of fantan (and gambling more generally), one risks overlooking a socially significant activity, something that influenced the way not only heavy gamblers but also ordinary people perceived their own lives and destinies.
Mining, history, and the anti-state Wa: the politics of autonomy between Burma and China
Authors: Fiskesjö Magnus 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHistorically autonomous and fiercely egalitarian, yet far from isolated and extensively implicated in regional, and global, economies of trade and exchange, the Wa people on the Burma–China frontier stand out in the history of marginal peoples refusing to be marginalized. This article addresses the place of mining in the political history of the Wa area – a key part of what has recently been called the Zomia region, but one which differs from many other cases because of its activist statelessness. The history of the Wa areas is outlined and discussed with reference to larger debates over agency, autonomy, and state formation, with particular attention to mining resources and their relation to Wa politics before the mid twentieth century.
Zomian or zombies? What future exists for the peoples of the Southeast Asian Massif?
Authors: Formoso Bernard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAgainst the simplistic thesis that hill peoples are marginal and unruly groups by choice, in conflict with state power, this article shows that, in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, hill peoples develop relationships with lowland state societies that are more complex and ambiguous than usually portrayed. Ethnographic and historical evidence reveals that they compromise and cooperate with the lowland state more often than they oppose it. Although hill peoples are commonly conceived as ‘barbarians’ of the periphery, and ill-treated or instrumentalized accordingly, in some circumstances they played a central role in the defence and the reshaping of pre-modern and modern Southeast Asian states. Moreover, their political and religious acculturation by lowland societies sometimes proves to have been instrumental in the perpetuation of a specific identity under the guise of surface assimilation. This article not only highlights the dynamics of past and present interactions between lowland and upland societies but also questions the future of the latter, in the context of an increasing engulfment by nation-states and, conversely, of new perspectives offered by globalization. The analysis thus demonstrates that hill peoples often take advantage of new forms of partnership resulting from globalization to renegotiate their image and status more favourably, and to counter the pressure exerted by the dominant society. Finally, they appear to be neither Zomian – that is, uncompromising rebels to ‘stateness’ in James C. Scott’s formulation – nor zombies, unable to adapt.
Modulation of mammary cancer cell migration by 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2: implications for anti-metastatic therapy
Authors: Diers Anne R. , Dranka Brian P. , Ricart Karina C. , Oh Joo Yeun , Johnson Michelle S. , Zhou Fen , Pallero Manuel A. , Bodenstine Thomas M. , Murphy-Ullrich Joanne E. , Welch Danny R. , Landar Aimee 
Published: June 2010

Recently, a number of steps in the progression of metastatic disease have been shown to be regulated by redox signalling. Electrophilic lipids affect redox signalling through the post-translational modification of critical cysteine residues in proteins. However, the therapeutic potential as well as the precise mechanisms of action of electrophilic lipids in cancer cells is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigate the effect of the electrophilic prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2 (15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2) on metastatic properties of breast cancer cells. 15d-PGJ2 was shown to decrease migration, stimulate focal-adhesion disassembly and cause extensive F-actin (filamentous actin) reorganization at low concentrations (0.03–0.3 μM). Importantly, these effects seem to be independent of PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) and modification of actin or Keap1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1), which are known protein targets of 15d-PGJ2 at higher concentrations. Interestingly, the p38 inhibitor SB203580 was able to prevent both 15d-PGJ2-induced F-actin reorganization and focal-adhesion disassembly. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that electrophiles such as 15d-PGJ2 are potential anti-metastatic agents which exhibit specificity for migration and adhesion pathways at low concentrations where there are no observed effects on Keap1 or cytotoxicity.
Nucleobase-mediated general acid-base catalysis in the Varkud satellite ribozyme
Authors: Wilson Timothy J. , Li Nan-Sheng , Lu Jun , Frederiksen John K. , Piccirilli Joseph A. , Lilley David M. J. 
Published: June 2010

Existing evidence suggests that the Varkud satellite (VS) ribozyme accelerates the cleavage of a specific phosphodiester bond using general acid-base catalysis. The key functionalities are the nucleobases of adenine 756 in helix VI of the ribozyme, and guanine 638 in the substrate stem loop. This results in a bell-shaped dependence of reaction rate on pH, corresponding to groups with p
K
a
= 5.2 and 8.4. However, it is not possible from those data to determine which nucleobase is the acid, and which the base. We have therefore made substrates in which the 5′ oxygen of the scissile phosphate is replaced by sulfur. This labilizes the leaving group, removing the requirement for general acid catalysis. This substitution restores full activity to the highly impaired A756G ribozyme, consistent with general acid catalysis by A756 in the unmodified ribozyme. The pH dependence of the cleavage of the phosphorothiolate-modified substrates is consistent with general base catalysis by nucleobase at position 638. We conclude that cleavage of the substrate by the VS ribozyme is catalyzed by deprotonation of the 2′-O nucleophile by G638 and protonation of the 5′-O leaving group by A756.
Nominally hydrous magmatism on the Moon
Authors: McCubbin Francis M. , Steele Andrew , Hauri Erik H. , Nekvasil Hanna , Yamashita Shigeru , Hemley Russell J. 
Published: June 2010

For the past 40 years, the Moon has been described as nearly devoid of indigenous water; however, evidence for water both on the lunar surface and within the lunar interior have recently emerged, calling into question this long-standing lunar dogma. In the present study, hydroxyl (as well as fluoride and chloride) was analyzed by secondary ion mass spectrometry in apatite [Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
(F,Cl,OH)] from three different lunar samples in order to obtain quantitative constraints on the abundance of water in the lunar interior. This work confirms that hundreds to thousands of ppm water (of the structural form hydroxyl) is present in apatite from the Moon. Moreover, two of the studied samples likely had water preserved from magmatic processes, which would qualify the water as being indigenous to the Moon. The presence of hydroxyl in apatite from a number of different types of lunar rocks indicates that water may be ubiquitous within the lunar interior, potentially as early as the time of lunar formation. The water contents analyzed for the lunar apatite indicate minimum water contents of their lunar source region to range from 64 ppb to 5 ppm H
2
O. This lower limit range of water contents is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the previously reported value for the bulk Moon, and the actual source region water contents could be significantly higher.
A new method for designing degenerate primers and its use in the identification of sequences in Brachiaria showing similarity to apomixis-associated genes
Authors: Gorrón Eduardo , Rodríguez Fausto , Bernal Diana , Rodriguez-Rojas Luis Miguel , Bernal Adriana , Restrepo Silvia , Tohme Joe 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Motivation: We developed a technique and a tool for degenerate primer design based on multiple local alignments employing the MEME algorithm supported with electronic PCR. The objective is to find adequate primers starting from sequences with poor global similarity. We show an example of its application in our laboratory to find sequences in Brachiaria with similarity to ESTs related to apomixis.
Contact: srestrep@uniandes.edu.co; j.tohme@cgiar.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Black Rot of Orchids Caused by Phytophthora cactorum and Phytophthora palmivora in Florida
Authors: Cating R. A. , Palmateer A. J. , Stiles C. M. , Rayside P. A. 
Published: June 2010

Several species of Phytophthora have been reported to cause economic damage on orchids worldwide. Of these, P. cactorum and P. palmivora have the widest host range across orchid genera, and they are the most common species affecting commercial orchid production in Florida. The objective of this guide is to provide a practical diagnostic resource for black rot on orchids in Florida. Accepted for publication 27 April 2010. Published 14 June 2010.
Resistance to Dodine in Populations of Venturia inaequalis in Quebec, Canada
Authors: Carisse Odile , Jobin Tristan 
Published: June 2010

Dodine was introduced in the USA and Canada in the early 1960s for the control of apple scab. Following control failure, growers stopped using dodine in the mid-1970s. Despite the curtailment of dodine use more than 30 years ago, persistent resistance to the fungicide was suspected in V. inaequalis populations. The dodine sensitivity was determined for two populations that were not exposed to dodine for at least 30 years – a wild type population (25 monoconidial isolates) and a population constructed with isolates collected in orchards managed for apple scab (156 isolates). The sensitivity to dodine was determined by monitoring growth of these isolates on agar Petri dishes amended with 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 μg/ml of dodine. Sensitivity to fungicide was evaluated based on ED50 values. Both populations showed a lognormal distribution of ED50 values. The ED50 means were 0.525 μg/ml and 1.735 μg/ml for the wild type and managed orchards populations, respectively. In managed orchard, 31.4% of the isolates were resistant to dodine (ED50 > 1.0 μg/ml). Cross-resistance with myclobutanil and with kresoxim-methyl was tested and found not to be significant. The results of this study suggest that resistance to dodine is still present in the populations of V. inaequalis from Quebec and that reintroduction of dodine should only be done along with an appropriate resistance management strategy. Accepted for publication 27 April 2010. Published 14 June 2010.
Outcome of children with sickle cell disease admitted to intensive care – a single institution experience
Authors: Bartram Jack L. , Thein Swee L. , Gardner Kate , Egberongbe Yaya , D’Silva Pam , Height Susan E. , Dick Moira C. , O’Driscoll Sandra , Rees David C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe retrospectively audited children with sickle cell disease (SCD) admitted to paediatric intensive care (PICU) at King’s College Hospital between January 2000 and December 2008. Forty‐six children with SCD were admitted, on 49 separate occasions. Ages ranged from 4 months to 15 years (median 7·6 years). Three children died in PICU, however two presented to hospital in cardiorespiratory arrest; overall mortality was 6%. The most common reason for admission was acute chest syndrome (43%). 88% of admissions required blood transfusion, of which 74% had exchange blood transfusions. The mortality among children with SCD admitted to PICU is low.
Oxidative stress and inflammation modulate peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors with regional discrepancy in diabetic heart
Authors: Lee Ting‐I. , Kao Yu‐Hsun , Chen Yao‐Chang , Pan Nan‐Hung , Chen Yi‐Jen 
Published: June 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (8): 692–699AbstractBackground  Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) play a pivotal role in myocardial lipid and glucose homeostasis. We investigated the effects of diabetes on PPAR isoforms in different cardiac regions and explored whether proinflammatory cytokines or oxidative stress modulate PPARs in diabetic hearts.Materials and methods  Male Wistar rats were separated into control, diabetes and ascorbate‐treated diabetes groups. Real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis were performed on PPAR isoforms, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐6, from left and right atria and ventricles. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate [NAD(P)H] oxidase activity was quantified through photometric measurements.Results  In control hearts, PPAR‐α was most expressed, and PPAR‐γ least expressed in mRNA and protein levels. Diabetes decreased the protein and mRNA levels of PPAR‐α and PPAR‐δ. Ascorbate attenuated the diabetes‐induced down‐regulations of PPAR‐α and PPAR‐δ proteins in all cardiac regions and down‐regulation of PPAR‐α mRNA in the left atrium. In PPAR‐γ, the protein and mRNA levels were increased in diabetic atria and ventricles, which were decreased by ascorbate. Moreover, diabetes increased the TNF‐α and IL‐6 protein levels, and NAD(P)H oxidase activities in atria and ventricles. Ascorbate attenuated the increase of TNF‐α, IL‐6 protein levels and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in the atria, but only attenuated the increase of NAD(P)H oxidase activities in the ventricles.Conclusions  Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor isoforms are differentially expressed in the atria and ventricles. Diabetes can modulate PPARs through increased inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, which are attenuated by ascorbate treatment.
Novel method for isolating untouched rat natural killer cells with higher purity compared with positive selection and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting
Authors: Poli Aurélie , Brons Nicolaas H. C. , Ammerlaan Wim , Michel Tatiana , Hentges François , Chekenya Martha , Zimmer Jacques 
Published: June 2010

SummaryNatural killer (NK) cells are important effectors of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Although human and mouse NK cells are extensively characterized, much less is known about the rat cells, partly because of the current lack of reliable isolation techniques. We aimed to develop a method for isolating highly pure ‘untouched’ rat NK cells by negative selection from splenocytes. Thereafter, we characterized them phenotypically and functionally in comparison with those isolated by positive selection targeting the NKR‐P1 receptor. Our novel method isolated highly pure untouched NK cells reproducibly with 97 ± 0·7% (n = 7), 96·6 ± 0·8% (n = 3) and 88·3 ± 1·5% (n = 9) in LEWIS, Fischer and athymic nude rats, respectively. The positively selected NK cells were less homogeneous and exhibited undesired method‐related activation profiles. Resting negatively selected NK cells were less proliferative and less robust compared with positively selected NK cells. Although resting positively selected NK cells were more cytotoxic, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) activation increased the cytotoxicity of negatively selected cells three‐fold. The negatively selected NK cells responded to cross‐linking of the NKR‐P1 receptor by calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. However, combined IL‐2 and IL‐12 activation resulted in significantly more interferon‐γ release from positively selected NK cells. This new NK‐cell isolation method will allow a deeper insight into rat NK‐cell phenotypes and the roles of their receptors in the biology of these cells.
A role for interleukin‐5 in promoting increased immunoglobulin M at the site of disease in leprosy
Authors: Ochoa Maria T. , Teles Rosane , Haas Blake E. , Zaghi Danny , Li Huiying , Sarno Euzenir N. , Rea Thomas H. , Modlin Robert L. , Lee Delphine J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryLeprosy is an infectious disease in which the clinical manifestations correlate with the type of immune response mounted to the pathogen, Mycobacterium leprae. To investigate which biological pathways or gene sets are over‐represented in lepromatous (L‐Lep) versus tuberculoid (T‐Lep) patients that might be relevant in disease pathogenesis, we compared the gene expression profiles of L‐lep versus T‐lep skin lesions using knowledge‐guided bioinformatic analysis, incorporating data on likely biological functions, including gene ontology information and regulatory data. Analysis of probe sets comparatively increased in expression in L‐lep versus T‐lep revealed multiple pathways and functional groups involving B‐cell genes (P values all < 0·005) relevant to the dataset. Further pathways analysis of B‐cell genes comparatively increased in expression in L‐lep versus T‐lep lesions revealed a potential network linking the expression of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and interleukin‐5 (IL‐5). Analysis of the leprosy lesions by immunohistology indicated that there was approximately 8% more IgM‐positive cells in L‐lep lesions than in T‐lep lesions. Furthermore, IL‐5 synergized in vitro with M. leprae to enhance total IgM secretion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This pathways analysis of leprosy in combination with our in vitro studies implicates a role for IL‐5 in the increased IgM at the site of disease in leprosy.
Adaptive evolution in subterranean termite antifungal peptides
Authors: Bulmer M. S. , Lay F. , Hamilton C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe identified and analysed mRNA sequences of two immune proteins from the subterranean termites Reticulitermes flavipes and Reticulitermes virginicus. These proteins correspond to two immune proteins described in the distantly related termite genus Nasutitermes; termicin, which is a small antifungal peptide, and GNBP2, which functions both as a broad pattern recognition receptor and a direct antifungal effector. A population genetic analysis of nucleotide intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence indicates that a selective sweep has reduced polymorphism in the termicins. Moreover, this selective sweep appears to have been driven by the positive selection of beneficial amino acid changes in the antifungal peptide. In contrast, the pattern of polymorphism and divergence in GNBP2 corresponds to the standard neutral model of evolution.
Decreased detoxification genes and genome size make the human body louse an efficient model to study xenobiotic metabolism
Authors: Lee S. H. , Kang J. S. , Min J. S. , Yoon K. S. , Strycharz J. P. , Johnson R. , Mittapalli O. , Margam V. M. , Sun W. , Li H.‐M. , Xie J. , Wu J. , Kirkness E. F. , Berenbaum M. R. , Pittendrigh B. R. , Clark J. M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe human body louse,Pediculus humanus humanus, has one of the smallest insect genomes, containing ∼10 775 annotated genes. Annotation of detoxification [cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450), glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST), esterase (Est) and ATP‐binding cassette transporter (ABC transporter)] genes revealed that they are dramatically reduced inP. h. humanuscompared to other insects except forApis mellifera. There are 37 P450, 13 GST and 17 Est genes present inP. h. humanus, approximately half the number found inDrosophila melanogasterandAnopheles gambiae. The number of putatively functional ABC transporter genes inP. h. humanusandAp. melliferaare the same (36) but both have fewer thanAn. gambiae(44) orDr. melanogaster(65). The reduction of detoxification genes inP. h. humanusmay be a result of this louse's simple life history, in which it does not encounter a wide variety of xenobiotics. Neuronal component genes are highly conserved across different insect species as expected because of their critical function. Although reduced in number,P. h. humanusstill retains at least a minimum repertoire of genes known to confer metabolic or toxicokinetic resistance to xenobiotics (eg Cyp3 clade P450s, Delta GSTs, B clade Ests and B/C subfamily ABC transporters), suggestive of its high potential for resistance development.