bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas‐Liquid partition chromatography and ultraviolet absorption of oils before and after hydrogenation
Authors: Kauffman F. L. , Weiss T. J. , Lee G. D. , Rockwood B. N. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAnalyses of various natural fats and oils have been compared by G.L.P.C. and ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Good agreement was found for linoleic acid in unhydrogenated samples. The ultraviolet method gave lower results for linolenic acid. For hydrogenated oils the ultraviolet method gave lower results for both linoleic and linolenic acids in most instances where an appreciable amount of these components was present.It is known that the ultraviolet method measures only the naturally occurring isomers of the unsaturated fatty acids while the G.L.P.C. analysis includes all the isomers. This would account for the difference in responce between unhydrogenated and hydrogenated oils by the two methods of analysis.
Determination of germicide mixtures in soaps and detergents
Authors: Jungermann E. , Beck E. C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA method has been developed for determining qualitatively and quantitatively all commonly used soap germicides. It includes the halogenated salicylanilides, halogenated carbanilides and bisphenols both alone and in mixtures. Elimination of interfering substances is accomplished by extraction with dimethylformamide followed by evaporation to dryness. The residue is then taken up in both acidic alcohol and basic alcohol. The ultraviolet patterns obtained under these conditions are typical of the various germicides and are used to identify them.
Peanut storage studies: Effect of storage moisture on three varieties of runner peanuts
Authors: Davis Norman D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUnshelled Dixie Runner, Early Runner, and Virginia Runner G‐26 peanuts were stored 31/2 months at moisture contents ranging from 4.8 to 11.2% kernel dry weight. Seed were analyzed quantitatively for various components. Initial composition was determined for each variety. Changes during storage were qualitatively the same for the three varieties but quantitatively different for some components. Oil content iodine value, tocopherols, total and protein nitrogen, and total sugar content were not influenced by storage moisture. Carbonyl compounds, free fatty acids, and peroxide values varied directly as storage moisture. Early Runner and Virginia Runner G‐26 appeared less susceptible to the development of oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity than Dixie Runner. However, the degree of difference was slight and occurred only at higher storage moistures. Initial composition of the three varieties differed slightly. Early Runner had a slightly greater initial oil percentage and lower total sugar content than either Dixie or Virginia G‐26. Virginia Runner G‐26 had a slightly lower total nitrogen percentage than either of the other two varieties.
Large neutral amino acids supplementation in phenylketonuric patients
Authors: Rocha J. C. , Martel F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryPhenylketonuria is an inborn error of amino acid metabolism that results in severe mental retardation if not treated early and appropriately. The traditional treatment, consisting of a low‐phenylalanine diet, is usually difficult to maintain throughout adolescence and adulthood, resulting in undesirable levels of blood phenylalanine and consequent neurotoxicity. The neurotoxicity of phenylalanine is enhanced by its transport mechanism across the blood‐brain barrier, which has the highest affinity for phenylalanine compared with the other large neutral amino acids that share the same carrier. The supplementation of large neutral amino acids in phenylketonuric patients has been showing interesting results. Plasma phenylalanine levels can be reduced, which may guarantee important metabolic and clinical benefits to these patients. Although long‐term studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of large neutral amino acids supplements, the present state of knowledge seems to recommend their prescription to all phenylketonuric adult patients who are non‐compliant with the low‐phenylalanine diet.
Production of FAME from acid oil model using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase
Authors: Watanabe Yomi , Pinsirodom Praphan , Nagao Toshihiro , Kobayashi Takashi , Nishida Yutaka , Takagi Yoshiaki , Shimada Yuji 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAcid oil is a by‐product in the neutralization step of vegetable oil refining and is an alternative source of biodiesel fuel. A model substrate of acid oil, which is composed of TAG and FFA, was used in experiments on the conversion to FAME by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. FFA in the mixture of TAG/FFA were efficiently esterified with methanol (MeOH), but the water generated by the esterification significantly inhibited methanolysis of TAG. We thus attempted to convert a mixture of TAG/FFA to FAME by a two‐step process comprising methyl esterification of FFA and methanolysis of TAG by immobilized C. antarctica lipase. The first reaction was conducted at 30°C in a mixture of TAG/FFA (1∶1, wt/wt) and 10 wt% MeOH using 0.5 wt% immobilized lipase, resulting in efficient esterification of FFA. The reaction mixture after 24 h was composed of 49.1 wt% TAG, 1.3 wt% FFA, 49.1 wt% FAME, and negligible amounts of DAG and MAG (<0.5 wt%). The reaction mixture was then dehydrated and used as a substrate for the second reaction, which was conducted at 30°C in a solution of the dehydrated mixture and 5.5 wt% MeOH using 6 wt% immobilized lipase. The activity of the lipase increased gradually when the reaction was repeated by transferring the enzyme to a fresh substrate mixture. The activity reached a maximum after 6 cycles, and the content of FAME achieved was >98.5 wt% after a 24‐h reaction. The immobilized lipase was very stable in the first‐and second‐step reactions and could be used for >100 d without significant loss of activity.
Monooxygenase system of Bacillus megaterium ALA2: Studies on palmitic acid oxidation products
Authors: Hou Ching T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe identified many novel oxygenated FA produced from linoleic acid by microbial strain ALA2: 12,13,17‐trihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid (12,13,17‐THOA); 12,13,16‐trihydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid (12,13,16‐THOA); 12‐hydroxy‐13,16‐epoxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid; and 12,17;13,17‐diepoxy‐16‐hydroxy‐9(Z)‐octadecenoic acid. 12,13,17‐THOA, the main product, inhibits the growth of some plant pathogenic fungi. Recently, we reclassified strain ALA2 as Bacillus megaterium ALA2 NRRL B‐21660 and opened a possible link with the well‐studied catalytically self‐sufficient P450 monooxygenase of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581 (NRRL B‐3712) and B. subtilis strain 168 (NRRL B‐4219). Now we have found that strain ALA2 also oxidizes palmitic acid into three oxygenated products: 13‐, 14‐, and 15‐hydroxy palmitic acids. This indicates that strain ALA2 also possesses a monooxygenase system similar to the abovementioned well‐known strains. These data facilitate studies on the oxygenase system of strain ALA2.
Property rights conflict, customary institutions and the state: the case of agro-pastoralists in Mieso district, eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Beyene Fekadu 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper examines inter-ethnic conflict over grazing land previously accessed as common property. It presents results of a study undertaken in Mieso district of eastern Ethiopia where two ethnic groups maintain different production systems – pastoral and agropastoral. The historical change in land use by one of the ethnic groups, resource scarcity, violation of customary norms, power asymmetry and livestock raids are among the factors that have contributed to the recurrence of conflict. Particularly important is the role of raids in triggering conflict and restricting access to grazing areas. Socio-economic and political factors are responsible for power asymmetry and the increasing scale of raids. An increase in the frequency of violence and a decline in the capacity of customary authority in conflict management advance the role of the state in establishing enforceable property rights institutions. This will succeed only if policies and interventions are redirected at suppressing incentives for violence, establishing new institutional structures in consultation with clan elders of both parties, and building internal capacity to monitor conflict-triggering events.
A study in populations of Pylaiella littoralis
Authors: Russell G. 
Published: May 2009

On British shores Pylaiella littoralis occurs in a large number of local populations which usually fall into one or other of four population groups. These populations often differ in habit, form, seasonal distribution, etc.Two populations of P. littoralis from different environments have been studied experimentally and it seems from this that the morphological differences between the plants from the two populations are accompanied by physiological and genetical differences. Similar results have been obtained from experiments on other populations.It is suggested that the numerous populations arise through the selective effect of all the prevailing environmental factors and are adapted to them.The potentially large number of plant forms resulting from this process should not be described in terms of ‘orthodox’ taxonomy though they may possibly merit definition in terms of ‘experimental’ taxonomy in so far as some of the populations may constitute ecotypes as recognized in higher plants. Because it is possible for a single ecotype to be represented by more than one morphological type, however, the value of the ‘experimental’ system is regarded as doubtful.
On the behaviour of barnacles. IV: The influence of temperature On cirral activity and survival of some warm-water species
Authors: Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe range of temperatures over which the cirri were active and the frequency of beating at different temperatures were measured in four species of barnacles collected on the southern and south-western coasts of France. The extremes of high temperature at which the animal remained irritable or could survive were assessed in these species and in a further group of species from Trinidad, West Indies.The results are discussed in comparison with previous evidence for species of more northern distribution, and related to the geographical range of the species and the ecological niche occupied. For example, the brackish water species, Balanus eburneus and B. improvisus, have similar patterns of cirral activity, but the greater tolerance of high temperatures shown by the former is obviously connected with its more tropical distribution. Differences in temperature tolerances of varieties of JB. amphitrite from Europe and Trinidad, possibly related to differences in the tide levels at which they live, tend to reinforce their separation on morphological grounds. More pronounced differences between Chthamalus depressus and C. stellatus confirm the separation of these two species which were formerly regarded as varieties. The relatively lower rate of beating of C. depressus which is not found north of the Mediterranean and its greater tolerance of high temperatures compared with C. stellatus, may be related to its more southern distribution and its ability to live at very high levels on the shore. These two species and C. fragilis from Trinidad all show greater tolerance of high temperatures than the species of Balanus and Tetraclita, which are found at lower levels on the shoreIt is concluded that in the North Atlantic area there may be only two main distributional groups of species of acorn barnacles, Arctic and Tropical, overlapping in the Temperate regions, with few or no intermediate forms, and that there is as yet no evidence for the existence of physiological races in these species.
The nature of the pigments in the crowns of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes
Authors: Dales R. Phillips 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe pigments in the crowns of a number of sabellids and serpulids have been examined. The main pigments of sabellid crowns are ommochromes, but these pigments have not been found in serpulids. Both sabellids and serpulids also possess astaxanthin, and in Serpula, Protula and the sabellid Chone infundibuliformis it is to this pigment or an ester that the colour of the crown is due. The main carotenoids have been identified and the presence of a possible intermediate ketocarotenoid in amounts varying from one species to another suggests that the astaxanthin or astaxanthin ester is synthesized by the worms from carotene derived from the food. Pomatoceros has pink and blue pigments, and Galeolaria a similar grey-blue pigment which could not be identified with any known class of pigment. Neither these nor ommochromes have previously been found in annelids.
On the scyphomedusa poralia rufescens Vanhöffen
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA number of damaged specimens of the scyphomedusa Poralia rufescens Vanhoffen from the north Atlantic have been examined. This has added to our knowledge of this rare medusa, of which only eleven damaged specimens had previously been recorded.Most of the specimens were caught deeper than 1500 m.
Further Observations on the Fine Structure of Chrysochromulina Ericina Parke & Manton
Authors: Manton I. , Leedale G. F. 
Published: May 2009

C. ericina Parke & Manton has been re-investigated to add salient features of micro-anatomy from the electron microscopy of thin sections and also to add photographs of living cells taken with anoptral contrast light microscopy.The most important new observations concern the scales which are shown to be essentially two-layered plates in which the layers in the very large spined scales have become separated except at their edges, with the outer layer greatly hypertrophied to produce a hollow spine with a flared base closed at the bottom by a flat plate. The patterns of external marking on the two layers are very similar in both plate-scales and spines in this species and the orientation of both with respect to the cell surface has been demonstrated by a section of the scales in situ.
The annual growth and reproductive cycle of the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia (van Beneden)
Authors: Millar R. H. 
Published: May 2009

This paper is the second of a series dealing with the annual cycle of growth andreproduction in British ascidians; a previous paper (Millar, 1952) dealt with the speciesDiplosoma listerianum (Milne Edwards), Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus),Ascidiella aspersa (Muller), andBotryllus schlosseri (Pallas)The present investigation is concerned with the growth, the course of sexual reproduction and establishment of new generations, and the histological changes in the gonad throughout the year, in the ascidianDendrodoa grossularia (family Styelidae).Samples were examined from two widely separated localities: Fambridge in the River Crouch, Essex; and Farland Point, Isle of Cumbrae, in the Firth of Clyde. The specimens from Essex were dredged from a depth of about 2 m. (below L.W.O.S.T.), and were attached to the empty shells of the European oyster,Ostrea edulis L. and to the shells ofCrepidula fornicata L. The speci-mens from the Firth of Clydewere attached to stones on sheltered parts of the shore. The animals here extended over a zone of the shore from about Chart Datum+ 2.5 ft. (0.76 m.) to about Chart Datum+ 7.5 ft. (2.29 m.): Only in very sheltered positions, such as under large boulders, did Dendrodoa occur in abundance. The two habitats were thus very different in nature, one being sublittoral on the south-east coast of Britain and the other being littoral on the north-west coast. The value of comparisons is limited by the different nature of the conditions to which the sublittoral and the littoral populations were exposed.The observations on growth in the Clyde extended over most of 1951 and 1952, and nineteen samples were taken.
The annual growth and reproductive cycle in four ascidians
Authors: Millar R. H. 
Published: May 2009

This study was undertaken to increase our very incomplete knowledge of the annual cycle inascidians.Berrill (1950) states that ‘the age of ascidians, with one exception, is practically impossible to estimate, unless a certain inhabited area is followed closely through seasons and years’. In the present work the method has been to follow certain aspects of the ascidian population of a chosen area for a period of nearly two years. The area was the Old Dock in Ardrossan Harbour, Ayrshire, and the ascidian population contained four species: Diplosoma listerianum (Milne Edwards), Ciona intestinalis (Linnacus), Ascidiella aspersa (Müller) and Botryllus schlosseri (Pallas). Diplosoma belongs to the order Enterogona, suborder Aplousobranchiata; Ciona and Ascidiella to the order Enterogona, suborder Phlebobranchiata; and Botryllus to the order Pleurogona, suborder Stolidobranchiata. Thus each of the three main suborders is represented, and the four ascidians studied are amongst the commonest British species.
Physical Investigations: Preliminary Paper
Authors: Dickson H.N. 
Published: May 2009

It may be taken for granted that, apart from its purely scientific value, a knowledge of the physical conditions affecting the waters of the sea has been shown to throw considerable light on many important economical questions. In its bearing on fish and fisheries, the inquiry may be said to have reached a point where it is conclusively shown that there is a problem to solve.In a report of the Herring Committee of the Scottish Meteoro logical Society we find the following stated as preliminary results:— “If, during the herring season, there be a district where, from any cause, the temperature of the sea is lower than in surrounding districts, the catch of herrings is heavier in that district; and conversely if there be a district where, from any cause, the temperature of the sea is higher than in surrounding districts, in that district the catch of herrings is less. Among the causes which bring about a local increase or decrease of sea temperature, the chief are clouded or clear skies in respective districts, according as these occur during the day or during the night.“The above refers to local fluctuations of temperature during the fishing season, when the temperature of the sea is high. It appears from the observations of past years that the herring seasons have closed about the time when the temperature of the sea in its annual fall has fallen generally to 54.5° F. It is of importance to ascertain how far this relation exists from year to year and in different districts.
Observations on the relationship between the food and survival of Pseudocalanus elongatus in the laboratory
Authors: Urry D. L. 
Published: May 2009

Adult Pseudocalanus elongatus have been kept in the laboratory, and fed with a variety of algal grazing media. The survival under conditions of starvation has also been determined, and in this respect, the overwintering generation has been found to differ from other generations.Isochrysis galbana, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Gymnodinium veneficum, G. vitiligo, Chlamydomonas sp. and C. coccoides have been found to be satisfactory foods for Pseudocalanus elongatusDicrateria inornata, Nitzschia gotlandica, Amphidinium sp., Chlorella stigmatophora and Dunaliella tertiolecta were found to be unsatisfactory foods for Pseudocalanus elongatus.
Ionic regulation in the squat lobsterGalathea squamifera, with special reference to the relationship between potassium metabolism and the accumulation of radioactive caesium
Authors: Bryan G. W. 
Published: May 2009

The absorption of radioactive Cs from sea water in relation to K metabolism has been examined in the squat lobsterGalathea squamifera. A general study has been made of the ability ofGalatheato carry out osmotic and ionic regulation as a comparison with better known decapod crustaceans which have previously been used for radioactive Cs experiments.Galatheaappears to be a truly marine decapod in that it is probably unable to osmoregulate and the body surface is very permeable to water and to Cs and Kions. Despite this high permeability,Galatheais able to regulate K and radioactive Cs at blood plasma levels which are 1.3 and 1.1 times those of sea water. The Na and Cl concentrations in the plasma are not regulated and the Ca concentration is variable, but Mg and SO4are maintained at concentrations below those of sea water. Urinary excretion does not assist in the conservation of K or radioactive Cs in the plasma but assists in removing Mg and SO4.
Activity rhythms of barnacles in relation to respiration and feeding
Authors: Southward A. J. , Crisp D. J. 
Published: May 2009

Records of cirral activity have been made over periods of 24–48 h for individual specimens of eight species of barnacles from three different localities. The effects of movement, gas content, and hydrogen-ion concentration of the water have been studied.In still water most species eventually settle down to a more or less steady rhythm (activity rhythm) of short bursts of cirral beating interspersed with inactive periods. Two exceptions are the surf- or current-loving speciesBalanus cariosusandTetraclita squamosawhich remain inactive or eventually cease activity. In moving water all species show practically continuous activity, the velocity of the flow needed to produce this response varying according to the species, habitat, and previous history of the specimen. Increased oxygen content has less effect on activity than other factors studied, but eventually appears to reduce activity. A gradual reduction in oxygen content first leads to increased activity and then signs of distress attributable to anoxia.
The distribution of larval sand eels (Ammodytidae) in the southern North Sea
Authors: Macer C. T. 
Published: May 2009

The distributions of four species of larval Ammodytidae in the Southern North Sea are described. Two separate broods of Ammodytes lancea larvae were found, in spring and autumn. The spring larvae occurred in the areas of the Thames and Wash, and the autumn type mainly off the French and Dutch coasts.A description of these larvae is given. Larvae of Gymnamtnodytes semisquamatus were found in the Southern Bight area and in several areas off the Humber. Few larvae of Ammodytes lanceolatus were taken: they occurred in the Southern Bight and Dowsing areas. A. marinus larvae were found in two areas off the Humber and in the Southern Bight. There is evidence for a spawning area some distance to the west of the Dover Strait.
Director's Report
Authors: Calderwood W. L. 
Published: May 2009

The general condition of the Laboratory since the date of my report in the last number of the Journal calls for little mention. Some slight repointing of the walls and glazing has been necessary to keep out the winter rains, and the overhaul of one of the gas engines deemed desirable for the proper continuation of pumping without loss of gas. In other respects the entire building continues to render every satisfaction.The work done by the various members of the Staff will be most readily estimated by the perusal of the several papers written by the members, and need not be mentioned in detail by me.In my last report I made mention of the fishery investigations to be carried on by Mr. Holt in the North Sea, stating that in this Journal I would probably be in a position to state upon what lines the observations had been begun.Since the issue of last number, another Fishery Conference has been held at Fishmongers’ Hall under the auspices of the National Sea Fisheries Protection Association. At this conference the capture and sale of undersized fish was again under discussion, and again a resolution was passed defining, to the satisfaction of most of those present, the sizes below which soles, plaice, turbot, &c., should not be captured and sold. The discussion, as well as the resolution, proved abundantly to anyone at all acquainted with the sizes at which the various food fishes first spawn, that the sizes were arrived at purely with a view to keeping undersized fish out of the market, and without any reference to the maturity or immaturity of these fish.