bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Hospitalization Trends for Pediatric Pneumonia and Associated Complications
Authors: Lee Grace E. , Lorch Scott A. , Sheffler-Collins Seth , Kronman Matthew P. , Shah Samir S. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:
To determine current rates of and trends in hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and CAP-associated complications among children.

METHODS:
We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective, cohort study by using the 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006 Kids' Inpatient Database. National estimates for CAP and CAP-associated local and systemic complication rates were calculated for children ≤18 years of age. Patients with comorbid conditions or in-hospital birth status were excluded. Percentage changes were calculated by using 1997 (before heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV7]) and 2006 (after PCV7) data.

RESULTS:
There were a total of 619 102 CAP discharges for 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006, after application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall rates of CAP discharges did not change substantially between 1997 and 2006, but stratification according to age revealed a 22% decrease for children &lt;1 year of age, minimal change for children 1 to 5 years of age, and increases for children 6 to 12 years (22%) and ≥13 years (41%) of age. Systemic complication rates were highest among children &lt;1 year of age but decreased by 36%. In all other age groups, systemic complication rates remained stable. Local complication rates increased 78% overall. Children 1 to 5 years of age had the highest local complication rates.

CONCLUSIONS:
After the introduction of PCV7 in 2000, rates of CAP-associated systemic complications decreased only for children &lt;1 year of age. Rates of pediatric CAP-associated local complications are increasing in all age groups.
Risk for PHACE Syndrome in Infants With Large Facial Hemangiomas
Authors: Haggstrom Anita N. , Garzon Maria C. , Baselga Eulalia , Chamlin Sarah L. , Frieden Ilona J. , Holland Kristen , Maguiness Sheilagh , Mancini Anthony J. , McCuaig Catherine , Metry Denise W. , Morel Kimberly , Powell Julie , Perkins Susan M. , Siegel Dawn , Drolet Beth A. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of posterior fossae of the brain, arterial anomalies, cardiac anomalies, and eye anomalies (PHACE) in infants with large facial hemangiomas. The extracutaneous manifestations of PHACE may be associated with significant morbidity, and the prevalence of PHACE in patients with facial hemangiomas has not previously been reported.

METHODS:
A multicenter prospective study was conducted with 108 infants who had large facial hemangiomas and were systematically evaluated for manifestations of PHACE. The prevalence of PHACE and its extracutaneous manifestations in this cohort was calculated. The relationship between hemangioma distribution and the manifestations of PHACE was analyzed.

RESULTS:
Thirty-three (31%) of 108 had PHACE. Thirty of the 33 patients with PHACE had &gt;1 extracutaneous finding. The risk for PHACE syndrome was higher in infants with larger hemangiomas and in those with hemangiomas that encompassed &gt;1 facial segment. The most common extracutaneous anomalies observed in infants with PHACE were of the arteries of the cerebrovasculature (91%) and cardiac anomalies (67%). Upper face (frontotemporal and frontonasal) hemangiomas were commonly observed in infants with PHACE; isolated maxillary hemangiomas were rarely associated with PHACE.

CONCLUSIONS:
In infants with large facial hemangiomas, one-third have extracutaneous manifestations consistent with the diagnosis of PHACE syndrome, most commonly cerebrovascular and cardiovascular anomalies. The high prevalence of arterial anomalies in this cohort has implications for clinical management and future research regarding the pathophysiology of PHACE.
Prevalence and Complications of Single-Gene and Chromosomal Disorders in Craniosynostosis
Authors: Wilkie Andrew O. M. , Byren Jo C. , Hurst Jane A. , Jayamohan Jayaratnam , Johnson David , Knight Samantha J. L. , Lester Tracy , Richards Peter G. , Twigg Stephen R. F. , Wall Steven A. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:We describe the first cohort-based analysis of the impact of genetic disorders in craniosynostosis. We aimed to refine the understanding of prognoses and pathogenesis and to provide rational criteria for clinical genetic testing.METHODS:We undertook targeted molecular genetic and cytogenetic testing for 326 children who required surgery because of craniosynostosis, were born in 1993–2002, presented to a single craniofacial unit, and were monitored until the end of 2007.RESULTS:Eighty-four children (and 64 relatives) had pathologic genetic alterations (86% single-gene mutations and 14% chromosomal abnormalities). The FGFR3 P250R mutation was the single largest contributor (24%) to the genetic group. Genetic diagnoses accounted for 21% of all craniosynostosis cases and were associated with increased rates of many complications. Children with an initial clinical diagnosis of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis were more likely to have a causative mutation if the synostoses were unicoronal or bicoronal (10 of 48 cases) than if they were sagittal or metopic (0 of 55 cases; P = .0003). Repeat craniofacial surgery was required for 58% of children with single-gene mutations but only 17% of those with chromosomal abnormalities (P = .01).CONCLUSIONS:Clinical genetic assessment is critical for the treatment of children with craniosynostosis. Genetic testing of nonsyndromic cases (at least for FGFR3 P250R and FGFR2 exons IIIa/c) should be targeted to patients with coronal or multisuture synostoses. Single-gene disorders that disrupt physiologic signaling in the cranial sutures often require reoperation, whereas chromosomal abnormalities follow a more-indolent course, which suggests a different, secondary origin of the associated craniosynostosis.
Development of Crop Resistance to Diseases and Nematodes
Authors: Johnson Herbert W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAttention is given to the scope of the problem involved in breeding for disease resistance, past accomplishments, and problems and challenges of the future.The scope of the problem is outlined in terms of the number of crop species, the number of crop diseases, and the vast acreage devoted to crops. All crop species are assumed to have a minimum of one disease that must be controlled by resistant varieties or by chemicals.Past accomplishments are illustrated with data demonstrating that chemicals are used to control diseases on only a small percentage of the high‐acreage field crops. Varieties resistant to important diseases are responsible for the limited use of chemicals on these crops. The extensive use of chemicals to control diseases of fruits and vegetables, and the possible consequences in man's food chain, are noted.Problems identified as needing increased attention in the 1970's include the allocation of resources, cooperative approaches to disease control, generalized sources of resistance, genetic diversity and non‐nuclear inheritance, diseases caused by deficiencies or excesses of minerals, and biological control of seedling diseases.
Use of Organisms to Control Insect Pests
Authors: Knipling E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiving organisms or products derived from living organisms offer the means of dealing with many insect pest problems. The well‐known method of importing insect parasites or insect predators of alien pests has been successful to partially successful for controlling a wide range of pests. The possibility of making natural biotic agents more effective and dependable by making periodic releases of insect parasites, insect predators, and insect diseases is receiving more attention in view of great strides in the development of mass rearing methods for insects. The use of insects for their own destruction by employing sterilized or genetically altered insects is a new technique employed successfully against the screwworm and tropical fruit flies. The technique is offering promise for other major agricultural pests and disease vectors including the boll weevil, pink bollworm, codling moth, and tsetse flies. The use of pheromones derived from insects, a highly selective chemical approach to insect population management, is another promising approach receiving increased attention in research. Much research remains to be done to fully develop the use of organisms for managing insect pests. Conventional chemicals will remain the chief means of insect pest control for the foreseeable future but biological organisms in one or more ways should eventually play a prominent role in pest management systems.
Edaphic Aspects of the Disposal of Unused Pesticides, Pesticide Wastes, and Pesticide Containers
Authors: Stojanovic B. J. , Kennedy M. V. , Shuman F. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith a view toward the disposal of large quantities of pesticides in the soil, the biodegradation and the effects on the soil microflora of 20 single analytical grade and formulated pesticides and 7 mixtures of formulations were investigated in a calcareous West Point loam. The soil was amended with 11,227 kg/ha (5 tons/acre) of the respective active ingredient(s) and subsequently incubated for 56 days. The extent of biodegradation was estimated from the CO2 evolved during the incubation and the effects on the microbial populations were determined from plate counts of the incubated samples. Four of the standards and eight of the formulations apparently were partly degraded. Single pesticides severely inhibited bacterial growth but affected streptomyces and fungi much less drastically. Mixtures of formulations seemed to be more biodegradable than the single pesticides provided that at least one or two pesticides in a mixture were relatively rapidly biodegraded. The mixtures severely reduced the numbers of bacteria but in general favored growth of streptomyces and fungi. Incineration of liquid formulations at 900C produced little ash. The incineration of solids, however, yielded substantial amounts of incombustible residues. Analysis of the ash from the solids indicated in several cases the presence of toxic elements such as Br, As, Zn, etc.
Animal Waste Management—Problems and Guidelines for Solutions
Authors: Loehr Raymond C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in animal production have occurred in response to the need for greater production efficiency and to the changes in per capita consumption. These changes include confinement feeding of livestock and increased animals per production unit. The accumulated wastes at these confined feeding operations have become point sources of potential pollution more amenable to both environmental complaints and regulation, and to better waste management and control. Solutions for satisfactory animal waste treatment and disposal will not be direct extensions of approaches that have been successful for industries and municipalities. Although no one treatment or disposal system will be the solution for all operations, there are a number of approaches that can minimize flagrant pollution problems. The most satisfactory solutions for animal wastes include some type of initial treatment followed by disposal on the land. Possible initial treatment methods include aerated liquid systems, natural drying systems, runoff control measures, and waste holding units. For over‐all animal waste management, all aspects of the production scheme should be evaluated for interactions and tradeoffs so that an acceptable environment for the public and an adequate profit for the producers can be obtained. Interdisciplinary approaches are required for successful methods of animal waste management. The paper discusses feasible technical approaches and suggests interdisciplinary approaches that may be desirable.
Urban Wastes Management
Authors: Besley Harry E. , Reed Charles H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA role for agriculture in the management of urban wastes is presented. The point of view is that of agricultural engineers who would endeavor to gainfully utilize all wastes as a conservation measure, giving particular attention to utilizing bio‐degradable solid wastes in the soil.Methods or techniques now widely used for the disposal of urban wastes are ocean dumping, land filling, incineration, composting, and reclamation and salvage. However, some restriction or even outright prohibition is being applied to several of these techniques.Therefore, in order to effectively manage urban solid wastes with the ultimate objective of maximum recovery of resources, it is considered essential that land utilization be added to the techniques presently used. This paper details the incorporation of wastes directly into the soil, and describes the equipment necessary to do this successfully.
Lead Uptake and Corn Growth with Soil‐Applied Lead
Authors: Baumhardt G. R. , Welch L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L.) was grown in the field where lead acetate had been soil‐applied at 8 rates ranging from 0 to 3,200 kg/ha of lead. Emergence, plant height, and grain yield were not affected by added lead. Neither were any morphological, color, maturity, or other growth differences visually observed during the 2‐year study. Added lead increased the lead content of stover. Lead content (ppm) of the stover for the 0 and 3,200 kg/ha treatments were: 2.4 and 37.8 for young whole plants, 3.6 and 27.6 for leaves at tasselling, and 4.2 and 20.4 for whole plants at grain harvest. Lead content of grain averaged 0.4 ppm lead and was not affected by added lead.
Ozone Injury to Soybean Cotyledonary Leaves
Authors: Howell Robert K. , Kremer Diane F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOzone effects stomatal closure, but injury to the palisade cells in soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons also occurs. The visible and anatomical injury resembles that on other leaves. Cotyledons and primary leaves were most sensitive to ozone 6 to 7 and 13 to 14 days after seeding, respectively. The upper epidermis and 3 to 4 layers of palisade cells can be easily separated from the remaining tissue, thereby providing a good source of plant material to study the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of phytotoxicants and to study the chemical nature of air pollution injury to stomata and to palisade cells. Extent of injury on cotyledons and primary leaves of each variety was similar; thus, the use of cotyledons to study the relative sensitivity of plant varieties to ozone is proposed.
Nitrate in Deep Soil Profiles in Relation to Fertilizer Rates and Leaching Volume
Authors: Pratt P. F. , Jones W. W. , Hunsaker V. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe NO3‐‐N concentration in saturation extracts and soil solutions was determined in 30‐m profiles in six treatments of a longterm fertility trial with citrus and in four commercial citrus groves in which the depth of sampling was 15 m or to the top of the water table.Drainage volumes and excess N in the soil, calculated as N input minus crop removal, provided a reasonable estimate of the NO3‐ concentration of water in the unsaturated zone in open‐porous soils when inputs were about 150 kg/ha per year. However, at higher rates of inputs to porous soils or at low rates with soils with profiles which had textural discontinuities, denitrification had to be assumed to obtain a reasonable N balance. Calculated transit times for water to move 30 m in the unsaturated zone varied from 12 to 49 years.
Directed Mass Selection for Developing Multiple Pest Resistance and Conserving Germplasm in Alfalfa
Authors: Hanson C. H. , Busbice T. H. , Hill R. R. , Hunt O. J. , Oakes A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecurrent phenotypic selection, a form of mass selection, proved effective for developing resistance in two populations of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to the following (i) diseases: rust, common leafspot, bacterial wilt, and anthracnose, caused by Uromyces striatus Schroet. var. medicaginis (Pass.) Arth., Pseudopeziza medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc., Corynebacterium insidiosum (McCull.) H. L. Jens., and Colletotrichum trifolii Bain and Essary, respectively; and (ii) insect pests: spotted alfalfa aphid [Therioaphis maculata (Buckton)] and potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris)]. The general vigor of the populations also increased in generations of selection conducted in the field.The success of mass selection in alfalfa prompted us to suggest ways in which this breeding method could be used to conserve genetic diversity still available in alfalfa, develop combined resistance to disease and insect pests, and reduce dependence on pesticides. We propose an integrated program of worldwide collection, recombination, and mild selection to conserve and improve alfalfa germplasm resources. The key feature of the program is the development of seven gene pools by mass selection, representing seven geographic regions and a wide range of environments, to provide improved source material for breeding regionally adapted, multiple pest‐resistant varieties. Resistant varieties developed by recurrent mass selection can be expected to be less vulnerable to attack by mutant forms of the pathogen or insect than varieties developed by breeding procedures which give more attention to genetic uniformity.
Agriculture's Contributions to the Nation's Water Resources and Flood Control
Authors: Glymph Louis M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nation's water resources—in amount, in quality, and in the form of damaging floods—are shown to be intimately related to the practices of agriculture and forestry on the USA landscape. Pathways of waterflow in the land phase of the hydrologic cycle are discussed and some impacts of their modifications upon streamflow are given. The magnitude of annual flood damage is cited, and the potentials for reducing annual flood losses and creating other water resource values by project‐type activities in upstream watersheds are indicated. Agriculture's contributions and potentials for the preservation of water quality are pointed out in discussions of its interface in the areas of sediment control, pesticides, plant nutrients, animal wastes, salinity, wastes from processing of food and other agricultural products, and land disposal of sewage effluents.
Potential for Controlling Quality of Irrigation Return Flows
Authors: Law James P. , Skogerboe Gaylord V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater quality problems associated with irrigation return flows are difficult to assess accurately and to control effectively. They include salinity increase, nutrient loss, sediment transport, and pesticide residue. The effects of these on the quality of receiving waters are discussed. Potential control measures that may prove effective in alleviating the detrimental effects of irrigation return flows are suggested. These may involve physical changes in the system, improvements in present management and cultural practices, or changes in the institutional influences upon the system. The potentials for improving the quality of return flows through changes in the water delivery system, farm water management practices, and water removal system are outlined and discussed. Research investigations will be required to further evaluate the effectiveness of many of the controls suggested.
Gas Production in Sediments of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin
Authors: Chen R. L. , Keeney D. R. , Konrad J. G. , Holding A. J. , Graetz D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate added to Lake Mendota sediment samples incubated under anoxic conditions disappeared rapidly. When 15NO3 was added, 15N2 appeared in the atmosphere within 24 hours. Gas collected from sediments in situ contained from 24 to 50% N2 and from 45 to 75% CH4. Sediment samples from three sites in the lake varying in depth of water column were incubated under He in the laboratory. Production of N2 and CH4 increased with time at a low (2 ppm) level of NO3‐N addition, but CH4 production was inhibited for at least 27 days by addition of 100 to 1000 ppm NO3‐N. Production of N2 was less at 1000 than at 500 ppm NO3‐N added, probably due to suppression of the nitric oxide reductase enzyme system. Evidence was obtained that the denitrification pathway in lake sediments is the same as that reported for submerged soils. namely: NO3− → NO2− →→ N2O → N2.
Waste Water Renovation in Connecticut Soils
Authors: Hill D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo determine the waste water renovation potential by ion removal of diverse Connecticut soils, 2.54 cm (1 in) of a synthetic sewage effluent was applied semiweekly for 2 years to undisturbed cores, 30 cm diameter and 100 cm deep. Chemical analysis of the leachate revealed that virtually all PO4 was removed from the effluent by the A horizon of all acid soils. All soils except the sandy Merrimac soil and the calcareous Stockbridge soil removed greater than 85% K, 75% Ca and Mg, but less than 10% Na. The Stockbridge soil, containing abundant dolomitic limestone particles removed less than 50% Ca and released three times the Mg added in the effluent for 21 months. The source of the Mg was readily available Mg associated with the weathered dolomite. Sulfate was partially removed for 1 year in all acid soils. After 1 year sulfate passed through the column. Nitrate and chloride passed through the cores from the start. Estimates of the total cation exchange in the columns and the amount of cations sorbed after 2 years indicates that the longevity of the soil systems studied will vary between 10 and 13 years. Since each soil varies in permeability and its capacity to remove ions, each soil must be examined to determine safe loading rates.
Losses of Atrazine in Runoff Water and Soil Sediment
Authors: Hall J. K. , Pawlus M. , Higgins E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtrazine losses in runoff water and soil sediment were determined in 1967 and 1968 after seven rates (0, 0.6, 1.1, 2.2, 4.5, 6.7, and 9.0 kg/ha) of atrazine were applied pre‐emergent to corn (Zea mays L.) seeded on field plots of Hagerstown silty clay loam (14% slope). Average losses for all rates in 1967 in runoff water and soil sediment equaled 2.4% and 0.16% of the total applied, respectively. In 1967, at the recommended rate (2.2 kg/ha) for pre‐emergence applications to Pennsylvania soils, composite losses were 2.5% of the applied or approximately 0.05 kg/ha. In 1968, one year after atrazine application, the average loss over all rates for the combined substrates was 0.01%.Analyses of soil core samples taken from all plots in 1967 revealed that 1 month after atrazine application an average of 67.9% remained in the soil, and 3 months later recoveries had decreased to 21.4% of that applied. The following year atrazine remaining in the soil had decreased to 15.9% in April and to 5.4% in September. At the recommended rate of application, recoveries decreased from 39% of that applied to 9% for the same time period in 1967. In 1969, typical atrazine toxicity symptoms were found in oats growing on plots which had received 6.7 and 9.0 kg/ha of atrazine in 1967. Damage was confined to the uppermost parts of the slope on these treatments.
Volatilization of Dieldrin from Fallow Soil as Affected by Different Soil Water Regimes
Authors: Willis G. H. , Parr J. F. , Smith S. , Carroll B. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDieldrin was surface applied at a rate of 782 g/plot to 3 15.2‐ by 22.9‐m plots [10 ppm based on a 2 × 106 lb soil/acre 15.2 cm (6 inches)]. Immediately after application, 1 of 3 soil water regimes (flooded, moist, nonflooded) was imposed on each plot. An air sampling system was used to measure the atmospheric concentration gradient of dieldrin between 10 and 30 cm above each plot. Calculations based on the aerodynamic method indicated that approximately 18% of the applied dieldrin volatilized from the moist plot in 5 months, whereas only 2 and 7% volatilized from the flooded and nonflooded plots, respectively. Multiple regression analysis indicated that of the climatic variables measured, temperature had the greatest effect on dieldrin volatilization. There was no apparent dieldrin degradation in any of the plots.