bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in hydrolytic abilities of two crude lipases from Geotrichum candidum 4013
Authors: Brabcová Jana , Zarevúcka Marie , Macková Martina 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe fungus Geotrichum candidum 4013 produces two types of lipases (extracellular and cell‐bound). Both enzymes were tested for their hydrolytic ability to p‐nitrophenyl esters and compounds having a structure similar to the original substrate (triacylglycerols). Higher lipolytic activity of extracellular lipase was observed when triacylglycerols of medium‐ (C12) and long‐ (C18) chain fatty acids were used as substrates. Cell‐bound lipase preferentially hydrolysed trimyristate (C14). The differences in the abilities of these two enzymes to hydrolyse p‐nitrophenyl esters were observed as well. The order of extracellular lipase hydrolysis relation velocity was as follows: p‐nitrophenyl decanoate > p‐nitrophenyl caprylate > p‐nitrophenyl laurate > p‐nitrophenyl palmitate > p‐nitrophenyl stearate. The cell‐bound lipase indicates preference for p‐nitrophenyl palmitate. The most striking differences in the ratios between the activity of both lipases (extracellular : cell‐bound) towards different fatty acid methyl esters were 2.2 towards methyl hexanoate and 0.46 towards methyl stearate (C18). The Michaelis constant (Km) and maximum reaction rate (Vmax) for p‐nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis of cell‐bound lipase were significantly higher (Km 2.462 mM and Vmax 0.210 U/g/min) than those of extracellular lipase (Km 0.406 mM and Vmax 0.006 U/g/min). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Facile Route for the Synthesis of Polycationic Tellurium Cluster Compounds: Synthesis in Ionic Liquid Media and Characterization by Single‐Crystal X‐ray Crystallography and Magnetic Susceptibility
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Ahrens Eike , Heise Martin , Ruck Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn innovative soft chemical approach was applied, using ionic liquids as an alternative reaction medium for the synthesis of tellurium polycationic cluster compounds at room temperature. [Mo2Te12]I6, Te6[WOCl4]2, and Te4[AlCl4]2 were isolated from the ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3 ([BMIM]+: 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) and characterized. Black, cube‐shaped crystals of [Mo2Te12]I6, which is not accessible by conventional chemical transport reaction, were obtained by reaction of the elements at room temperature in [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3. The monoclinic structure (P21/n, a = 1138.92(2) pm, b = 1628.13(2) pm, c = 1611.05(2) pm, β = 105.88(1) °) is homeotypic to the triclinic bromide [Mo2Te12]Br6. In the binulear complex [Mo2Te12]6+, the molybdenum(III) atoms are η4‐coordinated by terminal Te42+ rings and two bridging η2‐Te22– dumbbells. Despite the short Mo···Mo distance of 297.16(5) pm, coupling of the magnetic moments is not observed. The paramagnetic moment of 3.53 μB per molybdenum(III) atom corresponds to an electron count of seventeen. Black crystals of monoclinic Te6[WOCl4]2 are obtained by the oxidation of tellurium with WOCl4 in [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3. Tellurium and tellurium(IV) synproportionate in the ionic liquid at room temperature yielding violet crystals of orthorhombic Te4[AlCl4]2.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of t‐Butyl‐Pyridine Adducts of ZnR2 (R = Me, i‐Pr, t‐Bu, Cp*)
Authors: Schulz Stephan , Schäper Raphaela , Krech Daniel , Schuchmann Daniella , Bläser Dieter , Boese Roland 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLewis acid‐base adducts of the general type R2Zn(4‐tBuPy)x (R = Me 1, iPr 2, tBu 3, Cp* 4; x = 1, 2) were obtained in high yields from reactions of ZnR2 with the Lewis base 4‐tBu‐Pyridine. Compounds 1–4 were characterized by multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C) and IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses, 1 and 4 also by X‐ray diffraction at single crystals.
Reactivity of Extra‐framework Species of USY Zeolites in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Bertram Rainer , Heidemann Detlef , Kurzhals Rolf , Rüscher Claus , Kryukova Galina 
Published: September 2010

AbstractZeolites of type USY (ultra‐stable Y) were obtained by steaming of NH4NaY modification. Samples were modified by subsequent alkaline treatment in KOH solution. USY and USY‐KOH were characterised by chemical element analysis, XRD, IR, 29Al and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopic measurements. Correct silicon to aluminium ratios (Si/Al) were determined by XRD and IR (double ring vibration wDR) data whereas values calculated according to data of 29Si MAS NMR and IR spectroscopy (asymmetrical TOT valence vibration wTOT) appeared to be too high., In the latter case, the signals of the zeolite framework were strongly superimposed by that of extra‐framework silica gel (EFSi) formed during steaming. It was found that alkaline leaching induces desilication of silicon‐rich area of the zeolite framework and partial dissolution of EFSi. Silicate ions of both react with likewise dissolved extra‐framework aluminium (EFAl) to form X‐ray amorphous aluminosilicate. Consequently, the superposition of the 29Si MAS NMR signals of the zeolite framework by silica gel was reduced for Q4(0Al) but increased for Q4 (2Al) and Q4(3Al) structure units. A reinsertion of EFAl into the zeolite framework has not been observed.
Differential Pathologic Variables and Outcomes across the Spectrum of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagogastric Junction
Authors: Reynolds John V. , Ravi Narayanasamy , Muldoon Cian , Larkin John O. , Rowley Suzanne , O’Byrne Ken , Hollywood Donal , O’Toole Dermot 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundAdenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction (AEG) as described by Siewert et al. is classified as one entity in the latest (7th Edition) American Joint Cancer Committee/International Union Against Cancer (AJCC/UICC) manual, compared with the previous mix of esophageal and gastric staging systems. The origin of AEG tumors, esophageal or gastric, and their biology remain controversial, particularly for AEG type II (cardia) tumors.MethodsWe adapted a large prospective database (n = 520: 180 type I, 182 type II, 158 type III) to compare AEG tumors under the new TNM system Pathological variables associated with prognosis were compared (pT, pN, stage, differentiation, R status, lymphovascular invasion, perineural involvement, number of positive nodes, percent of positive nodes, and tumor length), as well as overall survival.ResultsCompared with AEG type I tumors, type II and type III tumors had significantly (p < 0.05) more advanced pN stages, greater number and percentage of positive nodes, poorer differentiation, more radial margin involvement, and more perineural invasion. In AEG type I, 14/180 patients (8%) had >6 involved nodes (pN3), compared with 16 and 30% of patients classified type II and III, respectively. Median survival was significantly (p = 0.03) improved for type I patients (38 months) compared with those with tumors classified as type II (28 months) and type III (24 months). In multivariate analysis node positivity and pN staging but not AEG site had an impact on survival.ConclusionsIn this series AEG type I is associated with more favorable pathologic features and improved outcomes compared with AEG type II and III. This may reflect earlier diagnosis, but an alternative possibility, that type I may be a unique paradigm with more favorable biology, requires further study.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Characterization of Argentinean Chia Seed Oil
Authors: Ixtaina Vanesa Y. , Mattea Facundo , Cardarelli Damián A. , Mattea Miguel A. , Nolasco Susana M. , Tomás Mabel C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractExtraction of chia seed oil was performed with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). To investigate the effects of pressure and temperature on the oil solubility and yield, two isobaric (250 and 450 bar) and two isothermal (40 and 60 °C) extraction conditions were selected. The global extraction yield of chia oil increased with pressure enhancement, but temperature had a little influence on it. The maximum oil recovery using SC‐CO2 at a mass flow rate of 8 kg/h was 97%, which was obtained at 60 °C, 450 bar for a 138‐min extraction. The results showed that solubility changed from 4.8 g oil/kg CO2 at 60 °C–250 bar to 28.8 g oil/kg CO2 at 60 °C–450 bar. The final extract obtained by SC‐CO2 under different conditions and Soxhlet extraction contained mainly α‐linolenic (64.9–65.6%) and linoleic (19.8–20.3%) acids. SC‐CO2 extraction is an interesting alternative methodology because it is possible to achieve a chia oil yield close to that obtained by conventional extraction with a similar fatty acid composition using an environmentally friendly process.
The development of rediae ofFasciola hepaticainRadix natalensissubjected twice to bimiracidial exposures
Authors: Dar Y. , Vignoles P. , Dreyfuss G. , Rondelaud D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractExperimental infections of EgyptianRadix natalensiswith a French isolate ofFasciola hepatica(each snail was subjected twice to a bimiracidial exposure) were carried out to determine how many sporocysts grew in these snails and to study the developmental patterns of redial generations. Single-sporocyst infections were found in 69.3% (34/49) of infected snails, with equivalent numbers of normal and abnormal patterns. Snails with two- and three-sporocyst infections were 24.4% and 6.1%, respectively. In single- and two-sporocyst infections at days 42 and 56 post-exposure, the total redial burden was significantly higher in snails with a normal redial development. In two- and three-sporocyst infections, the overall maturity of rediae was delayed at days 42 and 56. The high frequency of abnormal patterns inR. natalensis(53.1% of all infected snails showed degeneration of a first mother redia) might be due to incomplete adaptation between the snail population and the parasite. The delayed redial maturity in two- and three-sporocyst infections can mainly be explained by the volume of the snail body, which would be insufficient to allow the simultaneous differentiation of most rediae over time.
Opportunity and Solidarity
Authors: TAYLOR-GOOBY PETER 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCurrent restructuring of provision across European welfare states emphasises proactivity, individual responsibility and access to opportunities. Much established social protection rests on a more passive approach and seeks to provide security against the risks encountered during a normal life-course, together with some redistribution towards the poor. A more liberal individualism may suit a more globalised and post-industrial world in which the logic of markets is more powerful and the working class correspondingly weaker. From one perspective, it risks damaging the support for collective provision on which the welfare state rests. This paper uses data from the 2008 European Social Survey to examine whether the shift in responsibility for outcomes more towards individuals may threaten the political legitimacy of welfare states. It shows that a corresponding proactivity of government to secure good access to more equal opportunities for vulnerable groups is required to support individual proactivity in grasping opportunities.
Indexing theInternational Law Reports(ILR)
Authors: McGlashan Maureen 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe index has been a key feature of theInternational Law Reports(ILR)since their inception in 1919. Apart from the individual volume indexes there have been five consolidated versions, each helping, by bringing related material together, to cast the jurisprudence in a new light. A sixth consolidation is in progress, running from Volumes 1–150. Maureen McGlashan, the indexer, describes the principles underlying theILRindexing process and asks whether, with theReportsnow available online at Justis, the index is any longer necessary. She also considers the role of the ancillary apparatus such as the Tables of Cases and Treaties.
LIM Meets LJI: an Article on an Abstract
Authors: Duffield Claire , Fallon Sarah , Stopford Jean 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe team responsible for Legal Journals Index explain how journal articles are selected, indexed and loaded to this online legal information service provided by Sweet & Maxwell. They outline the history of LJI and discuss the criteria for determining which journals are included in the service; how the Articles team decides which articles will be indexed; the content of an LJI index entry; how an abstract is written; the use of the taxonomy; the full text journals service on Westlaw; and the work of the Document Delivery team.
Mashing Content: a Case Study
Authors: Fogden Fiona 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe definition of mashing in the context of content is different depending on where you look. In this example from Fiona Fogden of Baker Tilly, mashing refers to the blending of content from a variety of sources into a single location. It is a process librarians have been undertaking for years in bulletins and abstracts, but new technology brings with it new terminology as well as new opportunities.
Computational model for nanocarrier binding to endothelium validated using in vivo, in vitro, and atomic force microscopy experiments
Authors: Liu Jin , Weller Gregory E. R. , Zern Blaine , Ayyaswamy Portonovo S. , Eckmann David M. , Muzykantov Vladimir R. , Radhakrishnan Ravi 
Published: September 2010

A computational methodology based on Metropolis Monte Carlo (MC) and the weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) has been developed to calculate the absolute binding free energy between functionalized nanocarriers (NC) and endothelial cell (EC) surfaces. The calculated NC binding free energy landscapes yield binding affinities that agree quantitatively when directly compared against analogous measurements of specific antibody-coated NCs (100 nm in diameter) to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressing EC surface in in vitro cell-culture experiments. The effect of antibody surface coverage (
σ

s

) of NC on binding simulations reveals a threshold
σ

s

value below which the NC binding affinities reduce drastically and drop lower than that of single anti-ICAM-1 molecule to ICAM-1. The model suggests that the dominant effect of changing
σ

s

around the threshold is through a change in multivalent interactions; however, the loss in translational and rotational entropies are also important. Consideration of shear flow and glycocalyx does not alter the computed threshold of antibody surface coverage. The computed trend describing the effect of
σ

s

on NC binding agrees remarkably well with experimental results of in vivo targeting of the anti-ICAM-1 coated NCs to pulmonary endothelium in mice. Model results are further validated through close agreement between computed NC rupture-force distribution and measured values in atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments. The three-way quantitative agreement with AFM, in vitro (cell-culture), and in vivo experiments establishes the mechanical, thermodynamic, and physiological consistency of our model. Hence, our computational protocol represents a quantitative and predictive approach for model-driven design and optimization of functionalized nanocarriers in targeted vascular drug delivery.
A review of factors limiting recovery of Pacific herring stocks in Canada
Authors: Schweigert Jacob F. , Boldt Jennifer L. , Flostrand Linnea , Cleary Jaclyn S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSchweigert, J. F., Boldt, J. L., Flostrand, L., and Cleary, J. S. 2010. A review of factors limiting recovery of Pacific herring stocks in Canada. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1903–1913. On the west coast of Canada, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) supported an intensive reduction fishery from the early 1930s until the collapse of all five major stocks in the late 1960s, which then recovered rapidly following a fishery closure. Despite conservative harvests, abundance has declined again recently, with little evidence of recovery. We investigated the effect of bottom-up forcing by zooplankton abundance, top-down forcing by fish and mammal predators, and the effects of sardine abundance as potential competitors on the natural mortality of the herring stock on the west coast of Vancouver Island. Herring mortality was positively related to Thysanoessa spinifera and southern chaetognaths and negatively to pteropod abundance. Estimated predation on herring decreased significantly during the years 1973–2008, with the main consumers changing from fish to mammals. However, the correlation with herring mortality was negative, whereas there was a significant positive relationship with sardine abundance. Population recovery is expected to be facilitated by a combination of factors, including adequate food supply, limited or reduced predation (including fishing), and limited competition particularly for wasp–waist systems, where different forage species may occupy similar niches.
Dyspepsia and heartburn: a clinical challenge
Authors: TALLEY N. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn recent years it has been widely accepted that the symptom patterns of dyspepsia should be distinguished from heartburn. Dyspepsia is now defined as pain or discomfort centred in the upper abdomen while heartburn is a burning retrosternal pain or discomfort. Both of these symptoms can, of course, be present in a single patient. In the general population, the annual prevalences of recurrent dyspepsia and heartburn (more than once a month) are approximately 25% and 15%, respectively, in Western nations. When these standard definitions are applied the prevalences of these symptoms differ only modestly from country to country. Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease probably accounts for approximately 25% of patients with dyspepsia, based on endoscopy and 24‐hour pH monitoring results. The prevalence of dyspepsia and heartburn in the population remains stable from year to year. Symptoms disappear in approximately 30% of patients each year but this is balanced by the onset of symptoms in others. It has not proved clinically useful to subdivide dyspepsia into symptom subgroups based on expert opinion. Medical advice is sought by only a minority of patients with dyspepsia or heartburn and, while psychological factors and to a lesser extent symptom severity are important, there is little information on the reasons why advice is sought. The economic impact of dyspepsia and heartburn is substantial because of the high prevalence of these symptoms. Despite the importance of dyspepsia and heartburn in the population, their long‐term natural history remains inadequately described.
Evaluation and significance of reflux from the duodenum and stomach
Authors: SMOUT A. J. P. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYDuodeno‐gastric and gastro‐oesophageal reflux are of potential significance in the pathogenesis of dyspepsia and heartburn. However, convincing evidence that duodeno‐gastric reflux, in itself, causes symptoms is not yet available, and none of the techniques designed to measure duodeno‐gastric reflux has gained broad clinical acceptance. Monitoring of oesophageal pH has become the gold standard, however, for demonstrating gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, and the technique has become fairly standardized. The importance of measuring gastro‐oesophageal reflux is not so much to differentiate normal (physiological) reflux from abnormal (pathological) reflux, but rather to assess the effect of treatment and to quantify the relationship between gastro‐oesophageal reflux and symptoms. To achieve the latter, a number of indices have been described and tested, with which the temporal association between reflux and symptoms can be expressed quantitatively. It has become clear that troublesome symptoms may be induced by reflux in the absence of oesophagitis and even pathological oesophageal acid exposure. Primary indications for oesophageal pH monitoring are: reflux symptoms in the absence of oesophagitis, atypical symptoms (with or without oesophagitis), non‐cardiac chest pain, and an unsatisfactory response to the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease.
Review article: Homing of mucosal immune cells—a possible connection between intestinal and articular inflammation
Authors: BRANDTZAEG Per. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYAn adaptive immune system has developed to protect mucosa, mainly by performing immune exclusion with secretory antibodies (SIgA and SIgM) but also by down‐regulating pro‐inflammatory antibody responses and delayed type hypersensitivity against harmless soluble proteins and the indigenous bacterial flora. In general, mucosal immunopathology appears to represent abrogation of such mucosal tolerance mechanisms. An important consequence is disturbance of the ‘gatekeeper’ function normally performed by the microvasculature through complementary sets of tightly regulated adhesion molecules on mucosal endothelium and circulating leukocytes. The B cells responsible for local polymeric immunoglobulin (Ig) production (mainly dimeric IgA) are stimulated initially in organized lymphoepithelial structures, particularly the Peyer's patches in the distal small intestine, from which they migrate as memory cells to secretory tissues all over the body. Mucous membranes are thus furnished with primed B cells in an integrated way, ensuring a variety of secretory antibody specificities at every exocrine site. There is currently great interest in exploiting this integrated or ‘common’ mucosal immune system for topical vaccination against pathogenic infectious agents and also to induce therapeutic peripheral tolerance to ameliorate T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases. Moreover, homing of immune cells from the gut to the inflamed synovium may represent a modifiable link between intestinal immunity and chronic arthropathies.
Review article: How relevant to human inflammatory bowel disease are current animal models of intestinal inflammation?
Authors: SARTOR R. B. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYNew rodent models of chronic intestinal inflammation are mediated by a TH1‐cell and macrophage dominated immune response to luminal bacterial constituents. The pathology of these spontaneous and induced models differ widely and caution is needed when assessing the comparative aspects of such animal models and human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Considerable immunological and therapeutic evidence suggests that chronic and immune‐mediated models are relevant in human IBD and that pathogenic principles are similar. However, animal models have not been able to duplicate exactly the pathological characteristics of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, indicating a need for caution in extrapolating data from experimental models to human IBD.
Recognition of neglect and early response: overview of a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Daniel Brigid , Taylor Julie , Scott Jane 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes the key findings from a systematic literature review that sought to identify existing evidence about the ways in which the needs of neglected children and their parents are signalled and the response to those needs. Using systematic review guidelines, 14 databases were searched for primary research studies published in English from 1995 to 2005. An initial 20 480 items were systematically filtered down to 63 papers for inclusion. The evidence suggests that, while there is little evidence about how needs for help are directly signalled, there is considerable evidence about how needs are indirectly signalled. There is evidence that professionals can identify signs of neglect, but are not always clear about the best response. There remain gaps in evidence about how best to respond to neglected needs, especially within schools.