bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering Special and Differential Treatment in the Global Context
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents findings regarding special and differential treatment and the adjudication of development principally in international economic law, bringing to light creative approaches to dealing with treaty participants in widely different developmental circumstances. Many of the themes that WTO members grapple with, such as the cost of implementing obligations, capacity constraints, and the need for technical assistance, are also pervasive in other treaties. However, some treaties or organizations take a much bolder stance on asymmetric commitments between members with different economic, social, and political conditions. The manner in which such differentiated commitments are built into parties' legal obligations can also differ strikingly from the WTO's more limitative perspective.
Strategic Challenges to Integrating Development at the WTO
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Determining the place and role of development in the WTO's architecture is increasingly unavoidable. Although members have raised the issue in the Doha Round, no reasoned methodology has emerged for deciding how development concerns should be addressed at the WTO and in relation to other areas of international regulation. Rather, various issues are raised to forestall a real consideration of the role of development in the multilateral trading regime. This chapter provides a coherent mapping of the challenges most often raised. Starting with an assessment of what development provisions currently achieve, it widens the inquiry to examine how bilateralism and regionalism affect the framework for development at the WTO and how the broadening agenda of WTO regulation shape the content of development provisions.
Towards Development-Oriented Rules at the WTO: Some Proposals
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The trade community increasingly recognizes that some of the core concerns and priorities of developing countries go well beyond SDT and cannot be solved by limited carve-outs. This chapter offers a menu of proposals for recasting the trade and development relationship at the WTO. They range from limited, technical reconsiderations of special and differential treatment to more systemic aspects, including differentiation of trade liberalization commitments tailored to members' circumstances, and the realignment of WTO institutions to create a more productive framework for negotiations. While these proposals do not pretend to solve the political differences that currently keep members apart, they aim to provide the flexibility to accommodate inevitable political divergences while enabling a workable legal framework for the multilateral trading system.
National elites’ preferences on the Europeanization of policy making
Authors: Real-Dato José , Göncz Borbála , Lengyel György 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the preferences of national elites towards the Europeanization of specific policy areas as an expression of the multidimensional nature of the forces and conflicts behind the process of European integration. The analysis tests the most important hypotheses considered in the European integration literature, taking into account individual elite characteristics and country-specific contextual factors. Results confirm that explanatory patterns differ depending on the type of policy area. For example, preferences toward Europeanization are stronger in those areas dealing with transnational problems, and on whether opinions refer to the current situation or in the mid-term––elites in the later case being more favourable to Europeanization. Preferences also differ among types of elites, whereby economic elites are more pro-European, and according to country; elites of former state socialist and more Eurosceptic countries, such as Denmark and the United Kingdom, are less likely to approve of delegating national authority to the EU.
Party elites and the domestic discourse on the EU
Authors: Conti Nicolò 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the attitudes of the party central office towards the EU through a study of their Euromanifestos. The analysis allows us to assess the level of congruence between the attitudes of this particular face of the party organization and those of the party public office holders as documented in the other chapters through a survey of MPs. Results of this comparison show that the structure of the European discourse of the party central office is different from that of MPs. While MPs’ attitudes are multidimensional, parties take a hierarchical stance towards the EU with its functional aspects of institutional capacity and policy making foremost, and with more symbolic elements of identity less salient. On the other hand, regarding the trajectory of the attitudes, the Euromanifesto data and the data on MPs are highly congruent.
Appendix. Surveying elites: information on the study design and field report of the IntUne elite survey
Authors: Lengyel György , Jahr Stefan 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter provides information about the sampling principles and procedures related to data capture for the international IntUne project. This data formed a comprehensive database combining coordinated surveys of Europe-related attitudes at the elite and general population level; the chapters of this book draw on this data. Details of the structure of the questionnaire, its implementation, and some experiences of the fieldwork are also given. The chapter concludes with a breakdown of the key variables and a condensed version of the codebook.
1 Ending the War
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The manner in which the war came to an end had very important consequences both for the future of Anglo‐American relations and for the impact which the loss of America would have on Britain and its empire. After the loss of an army at Yorktown, British political opinion was no longer supported a war to conquer America. This did not, however, mean that the war as a whole was thought to have ended in total defeat. In fighting against other European powers Britain had begun to hold her own, while America appeared to be in a parlous state close to disintegration. Generous concessions made to the Americans in the peace were therefore widely resented and in retrospect the war came to be seen as much as a triumph of British endurance as a disaster calling for sweeping reforms at home and in the rest of the empire.
7 Ireland
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
To contemporaries Ireland's contribution to Britain's security and wealth was of the utmost importance. Effective British control was therefore deemed to be essential. This control was seriously threatened in the last years of the American War when the Irish parliament, backed by a large movement of armed Volunteers, forced Britain to concede that its parliament had no authority over Ireland. Irish gains turned out, however to be limited. Britain still controlled the executive government of Ireland which was usually able to dominate a parliament elected by very few voters. Attempts to widen the Irish electorate, which were part of widespread movements of discontent, were defeated. In resisting popular turbulence the British regime increasingly identified itself with the maintaining the dominance of Irish Protestants over the Catholic majority of the population.
10 Empires of Righteousness
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
How they treated indigenous peoples was a matter for recrimination between Britons and Americans. During the war Native Americans generally sided with the British as did escaped slaves, some of whom the British shipped as free people to their colonies. After the war, American land hunger led to Indian wars and dispossession, whereas the British in Canada posed less of a threat to Native peoples. Trading in slaves was condemned widely on both sides of the Atlantic, but the British continued to export huge numbers of Africans, some going to the southernmost American states, where slavery flourished as it did in the British West Indies. Americans denounced British rule in India as rooted in oppression. Many British people had once thought so too, but after the war British opinion increasingly claimed that their Indian empire was based on benevolence.
12 British Communities in North America after 1783
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
American independence drove many refugees into the remaining British colonies. This chapter discusses the diverse elements in the loyalist exodus: those who were deeply committed enemies of the Revolution and upholders of the values of the British empire were mixed with many, such as disbanded soldiers, to whom the British colonies with their free land and initial financial support might seem an attractive refuge from the turmoil of the last stages of the war. Migration to and from the United States was to continue after the war. Although the British colonies were British in government and institutions, large parts of their population were essentially Americans, if not committed republicans, who were not necessarily very different from those on the other side of the border with whom they maintained many links.
13 The Course of Trade
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Peace was followed by a boom in the export of British manufactured goods to the United States, payment for which was to be an acute problem. Although British merchants continued to handle a considerable part of America's exports, large debts were quickly added to those left from the war. Debt was to cause much Anglo‐American acrimony. By 1790, however, more balanced commercial relations were developing. America was adding great consignments of wheat to its old staple exports, its earnings from shipping were increasing and British investment was flowing into American funds. In a closely integrated British Atlantic world, national distinctions meant little to merchants, to ship owners or to the seamen who manned the ships. Attempts on both the British and the American side to develop clearly demarcated national merchant marines had only limited success.
Undermining Vengeance: Distancing and Anti-feminism in the Guðrún Poems
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Vengeance is of central importance to the heroic poems of the Poetic Edda; it underpins the action of each one. This first chapter focuses on the final four poems of the Codex Regius—Atlakviða, Atlamál, Guðrúnarhvöt, and Hamðismál—since they constitute a manageable body of material for close analysis, unified by the figure of Guðrún, although containing significantly different perspectives on revenge. It is argued that the hero in these poems (whether male or female) is distanced and represented as belonging to the past, and that Hamðismál and Atlakviða even seek to undermine the heroic ideal of vengeance. The chapter also asks whether the portrayal of Guðrún is anti-feminist, or in fact represents an autonomous female figure, in control of her own destiny, using gender theorists such as Carol Clover and Pamela Robertson.
Sexual Themes and the Heroic Past in Gísla saga
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
As a means of transition from the analysis of primarily Eddaic material to the textual dynamic of the sagas, this chapter takes a single saga as the basis for an analysis of the relationship between Edda and saga, and the use of the former by one saga author in connection with the dynamic he explores. In this dynamic, as we shall see, familial (and particularly sibling) relationships are pitted against (and violently implicated in) sexual ones. Of all the family sagas, Gísla saga makes most striking use of Eddaic motifs, particularly regarding the symbolic role of the Eddaic heroine Guðrún Giúkadóttir to represent the old way of vengeance. In Gísla saga this use of and relation to the past is bound up with the network of sexual themes which runs through the text, and the discussion focuses particularly on the concepts of níð, or the imputation of stigmatized effeminacy, and phallic aggression.
Violence in Moderation: The Church and Vengeance in the Sagas
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers the changing attitudes to clerical and secular vengeance in medieval Iceland. It adduces evidence from a range of legal, political, and ecclesiastical documents to contextualize a study of the representation of revenge in family and contemporary sagas in the light of ecclesiastical precepts. The analysis points to a growing perception on the part of Norse authors that secular revenge must be tempered with moderation, and that clerics should not involve themselves in acts of vengeance, although this is often difficult for them because the failure to take revenge can often seem to impugn their masculinity. Within the sagas, religious figures are employed variously as the moderating voice, and as those implicated in the turmoil of the Sturlung Age. The analysis indicates that revenge comes to be viewed in the sagas as something that belongs to the past, but with a stranglehold on the present which is hard to shake off.
Communication in advanced illness
Authors: Correa Raimundo , Ridley Julia , Zimmermann Camilla 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required for communication in advanced illness. It addresses several questions such as: What are the basic principles of patient-physician communication in palliative care? What are the common barriers to effective communication? When faced with abnormal test results or findings, how do you discuss these, and how much do you discuss? What is known about patient wishes and physician practices with regard to breaking bad news? What skills and techniques can a physician use when breaking bad news? How to respond to requests from family or friends for information about a patient? How to respond to the patient's questions about their prognosis and planning for the future?
Interprofessional collaborative practice in palliative care
Authors: Hall Pippa , Bouvette Maryse , Heilmann-Stille Kirsten , Weaver Lynda 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to show the aimed-for skills, attitudes, and expertise necessary for interprofessional collaborative practice in palliative care. It looks at a number of questions such as: What are the current issues that need to be addressed for the patient and his family? How do you define a team? Why is teamwork important in this case? What type(s) of teamwork can you identify in the patient's acute care admission? How can this team communicate and collaborate, given that they are rarely in the same place at the same time? What to see if the team members were not working well together?
Bone pain
Authors: Watanabe Sharon M. , Tarumi Yoko 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter contains a case study to show the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to diagnose and manage bone pain. It addresses several questions such as: What are the clinical features of pain from bone metastases? How do bone metastases cause pain? What is the initial pharmacological approach to managing malignant bone pain? What non-opioid pharmacological agents may be specifically useful for bone pain? What is the role of radiopharmaceutical therapy?
Cancer rehabilitation and fatigue
Authors: Chasen Martin , Bhargava Ravi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required for cancer rehabilitation and fatigue. It addresses several questions such as: What is rehabilitation and how does it apply to the patient with cancer? What roles do the team members play in rehabilitation? What is cancer-related fatigue? What is the pathophysiology of cancer-related fatigue? How is fatigue managed? Why would a fatigued patient be advised to exercise?
Constipation
Authors: Daeninck Paul , Hiebert Tim 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter gives a case study to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to manage constipation in cancer patients. It considers several questions such as: What are the risk factors for constipation? What is the pathophysiology underlying constipation in patients with advanced illness? How to conduct an assessment for constipation? What type of enemas to consider for managing constipation in advanced illness? What is methylnaltrexone and when and how is it used to manage constipation?
An approach to ethical issues
Authors: Bereza Eugene 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to deal with ethical issues. It describes a four-step approach to appreciating and resolving ethical issues in clinical care that involves identifying the ethical dilemmas; gathering all of the pertinent information; analyzing the information in the context of the dilemma; and prioritizing recommendations and articulate supporting argumentation.
Spiritual care
Authors: Sinclair Shane 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter looks at case studies to analyse the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to assess the spiritual needs of palliative patients. It looks at several questions such as: Under what circumstances would a spiritual history be needed? Why to screen for spiritual distress? What constitutes a spiritual history or assessment? Can overt spiritual beliefs lead to inner spiritual distress? How can clinicians effectively respond to patient beliefs when they differ significantly from their own beliefs and affect treatment decisions? What constitutes spiritual care? Who provides spiritual care?
Lymphoedema
Authors: Towers Anna , Hodgson Pamela 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and treat lymphoedema. It addresses a variety of questions such as: What is lymphoedema? When a patient presents with a new onset of oedema, what important conditions must be ruled out in the medical assessment of the patient? Who are the usual members of a specialty lymphoedema team? What are the elements of combined decongestive therapy? How do decongestive therapies work?
Wounds in advanced illness
Authors: Maida Vincent 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter includes case studies to show the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to diagnose and treat wounds in advanced illness. It addresses a few questions such as: What is the magnitude of wound-related issues in the palliative care setting? What are the costs of wounds? What constitutes successful wound management? How are pressure ulcers classified? What tools are available to assess malignant wounds?
Genitourinary symptoms
Authors: Hawley Pippa 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines case studies to display the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to assess and manage genitourinary symptoms. It takes as its starting point several questions such as: How to further assess Mrs M. C., a sixty-three-year-old woman who has been diagnosed two years previously with carcinoma of the cervix after reporting heavy vaginal bleeding? What problems might Mrs M.C. develop as her cancer progresses, and how should they be dealt with? How to approach the management of ureteric obstruction? What are the four types of urinary incontinence, and how do they relate to the anatomy and physiology of urinary function?
Delirium
Authors: Bush Shirley H. , Gagnon Bruno , Lawlor Peter G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter looks at a case study to show the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to diagnose and manage delirium in palliative care patients. It considers several issues such as: How common is cognitive impairment in patients with advanced cancer? What are the core criteria for a diagnosis of delirium? What are the additional associated clinical features? How might the history and physical assessment help to clarify the diagnosis? What are the major aetiological factors associated with delirium in the palliative care setting? What is the pathogenesis of delirium?
Palliative care in the intensive-care unit (ICU)
Authors: Schulz Valerie 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter includes a case study to illustrate the necessary skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to integrate palliative care into the ICU. It puts forth several issues such as: Is the ICU a common location of care for patients at risk of dying? Can ICU physicians predict, with certainty, whether an ICU patient will survive or die? Does a patient's trajectory towards death influence the care that they receive? Why is palliative care being introduced in the ICU? What are some models of palliative care in the ICU?
Spinoza's Project
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter explains Spinoza's reasons for writing and publishing the Treatise. His central goal is, as he says, to establish that the freedom to philosophize is compatible with the peace and piety of the republic, and to show that, without this freedom, peace and piety cannot be maintained. An understanding of these insights is currently blocked by superstitious forms of religion, which rely on misinterpretations of the Bible to subordinate philosophy to theology, and condemn philosophizing as politically dangerous. The Treatise will uncover the errors and suspect motivations on which these claims are based. Spinoza begins by setting out the traditional conception of superstition (espoused by Plutarch and Bacon among others) that he will discredit, and implicitly accuses the Dutch Reformed Church of upholding it. By explaining what it is directed against, he sets the stage for his own argument.
Worship
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAccording to Spinoza, the Dutch Reformed Church and other confessions defend doctrines that serve to promote superstition and obstruct a proper understanding of the relation between religion and philosophy. Its views about three topics—ceremonies, biblical narratives and miracles—are particularly damaging, and Spinoza sets out to show how they inhibit the growth of philosophical understanding. This chapter examines the philosophical grounds on which he argues that ceremonies are inessential to true religion. It explores his claim that narratives such as those in Scripture are designed to teach the divine law in an imaginative form and encourage devotion in ordinary people. It explicates his contentions that there are no miracles in the sense of interruptions of the natural order. True religion, Spinoza concludes, can dispense with ceremonies and should modify its conception of miracles, despite the contrary views of established religions.
The Meaning of Scripture
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe first six chapters of the Treatise explicate the revealed teaching of the Bible, focusing on what it does not require. The middle section of the work now challenges the views of the Reformed Church (and others) about how the Bible should be interpreted, and elaborates the hermeneutic method that Spinoza has so far been relying on. This chapter explicates and contextualizes Spinoza's view that biblical interpretation is a form of enquiry grounded on imagination, a version of what Descartes calls analysis and Bacon calls history, and explores its relation to the rational method of philosophical reasoning. On the one hand, Spinoza argues, interpreting Scripture is a rational process that anyone can in principle engage in. On the other hand, and contrary to the scandalous view of his friend Loedwijk Meyer, Scripture cannot be entirely understood by means of a strictly philosophical method. Theology and philosophy therefore remain distinct.