bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probing Cell‐Type‐Specific Intracellular Nanoscale Barriers Using Size‐Tuned Quantum Dots
Authors: Williams Yvonne , Sukhanova Alyona , Nowostawska Małgorzata , Davies Anthony M. , Mitchell Siobhan , Oleinikov Vladimir , Gun'ko Yurii , Nabiev Igor , Kelleher Dermot , Volkov Yuri 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe compartmentalization of size‐tuned luminescent semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) in four distinctive cell lines, which would be representative of the most likely environmental exposure routes to nanoparticles in humans, is studied. The cells are fixed and permeabilized prior to the addition of the QDs, thus eliminating any cell‐membrane‐associated effects due to active QD uptake mechanisms or to specificity of signaling routes in different cell types, but leaving intact the putative physical subcellular barriers. All quantitative assays are performed using a high content analysis (HCA) platform, thereby obtaining robust data on large cell populations. While smaller QDs 2.1 nm in diameter enter the nuclei and localize to the nucleoli in all cell types, the rate and dynamics of their passage vary depending on the cell origin. As the QD size is increased to 4.4 nm, penetration into the cell is reduced but each cell line displays its own cutoff size thresholds reflecting cell‐type‐determined cytoplasmic and nuclear pore penetration specificity. These results give rise to important considerations regarding the differential compartmentalization and susceptibility of organs, tissues, and cells to nanoparticles, and may be of prime importance for biomedical imaging and drug‐delivery research employing nanoparticle‐based probes and systems.
Single‐needle laser treatment with drainage of hydrothorax in fetal bronchopulmonary sequestration with hydrops
Authors: Witlox R. S. G. M. , Lopriore E. , Walther F. J. , Rikkers‐Mutsaerts E. R. V. M. , Klumper F. J. C. M. , Oepkes D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS) is sometimes associated with hydrothorax and hydrops in utero. In the absence of fetal hydrops, perinatal outcome is favorable and justifies expectant management. In the presence of fetal hydrops, perinatal outcome is reported to be extremely poor and intervention should be considered. Therapeutic options include open fetal surgery, minimally invasive coagulation of the blood supply and thoracoamniotic shunting. We present the first case of fetal hydrops and a large hydrothorax due to BPS treated successfully with one ultrasound‐guided thin needle insertion, through which both laser coagulation of the feeding artery and drainage of the hydrothorax were performed. Following the procedure the hydrothorax and hydrops gradually disappeared and the BPS diminished in size. A healthy neonate was delivered uneventfully at term. We describe the case and discuss the different therapeutic options. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational modeling of mammalian signaling networks
Authors: Hughey Jacob J. , Lee Timothy K. , Covert Markus W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOne of the most exciting developments in signal transduction research has been the proliferation of studies in which a biological discovery was initiated by computational modeling. In this study, we review the major efforts that enable such studies. First, we describe the experimental technologies that are generally used to identify the molecular components and interactions in, and dynamic behavior exhibited by, a network of interest. Next, we review the mathematical approaches that are used to model signaling network behavior. Finally, we focus on three specific instances of ‘model‐driven discovery’: cases in which computational modeling of a signaling network has led to new insights that have been verified experimentally. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
MicroRNA targeting in mammalian genomes: genes and mechanisms
Authors: Muljo S. A. , Kanellopoulou C. , Aravind L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe briefly review the history of microRNA (miRNA) research and some of the lessons learnt. To provide some insights as to how and why miRNAs came into existence, we consider the evolution of the RNA interference machinery, miRNA genes, and their targets. We highlight the importance of systems biology approaches to integrate miRNAs as an essential subnetwork for modulating gene expression programs. Building accurate computational models that can simulate highly complex cell‐specific gene expression patterns in mammals will lead to a better understanding of miRNAs and their targets in physiological and pathological situations. The impact of miRNAs on medicine, either as potential disease predisposing factors, biomarkers, or therapeutics, is highly anticipated and has started to reveal itself. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology
The Provision of Surgical Care by International Organizations in Developing Countries: A Preliminary Report
Authors: McQueen K. A. Kelly , Hyder Joseph A. , Taira Breena R. , Semer Nadine , Burkle Frederick M. , Casey Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveEmerging data demonstrate that a large fraction of the global burden of disease is amenable to surgical intervention. There is a paucity of data related to delivery of surgical care in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and no aggregate data describe the efforts of international organizations to provide surgical care in these settings. This study was designed to describe the roles and practices of international organizations delivering surgical care in developing nations with regard to surgical types and volume, outcomes tracking, and degree of integration with local health systems.MethodsBetween October 2008 and December 2008, an Internet‐based confidential questionnaire was distributed to 99 international organizations providing humanitarian surgical care to determine their size, scope, involvement in surgical data collection, and integration into local systems.ResultsForty‐six international organizations responded (response rate 46%). Findings reveal that a majority of organizations that provide surgery track numbers of cases performed and immediate outcomes, such as mortality. In general, these groups have mechanisms in place to track volume and outcomes, provide for postintervention follow‐up, are committed to providing education, and work in conjunction with local health organizations and providers. Whereas most organizations surveyed provided fewer than 500 surgical procedures annually, more than half had the capacity to provide emergency services. In addition, a great diversity of specialized surgical care was provided, including obstetrics, orthopedic, plastic, and ophthalmologic surgery.ConclusionsInternational organizations providing surgical services are diverse in size and breadth of surgical services provided yet, with consistency, provide rudimentary analysis, postoperative follow‐up care, and both education and integration of health services at the local level. The role of international organizations in the delivery of surgery is an important index, worthy of further evaluation.
Glyceryl triacetate for Canavan disease: A low‐dose trial in infants and evaluation of a higher dose for toxicity in the tremor rat model
Authors: Madhavarao C. N. , Arun P. , Anikster Y. , Mog S. R. , Staretz‐Chacham O. , Moffett J. R. , Grunberg N. E. , Gahl W. A. , Namboodiri A. M. A. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryCanavan disease (CD) is a fatal dysmyelinating genetic disorder associated with aspartoacylase deficiency, resulting in decreased brain acetate levels and reduced myelin lipid synthesis in the developing brain. Here we tested tolerability of a potent acetate precursor, glyceryl triacetate (GTA), at low doses in two infants diagnosed with CD, aged 8 and 13 months. Much higher doses of GTA were evaluated for toxicity in the tremor rat model of CD. GTA was given orally to the infants for up to 4.5 and 6 months, starting at 25 mg/kg twice daily, doubling the dose weekly until a maximum of 250 mg/kg reached. Wild‐type and tremor rat pups were given GTA orally twice daily, initially at a dose of 4.2 g/kg from postnatal days 7 through 14, and at 5.8 g/kg from day 15 through 23, and thereafter in food (7.5%) and water (5%). At the end of the trial (~90 to 120 days) sera and tissues from rats were analysed for changes in blood chemistry and histopathology. GTA treatment caused no detectable toxicity and the patients showed no deterioration in clinical status. In the high‐dose animal studies, no significant differences in the mean blood chemistry values occurred between treated and untreated groups, and no lesions indicating toxicity were detectable in any of the tissues examined. Lack of GTA toxicity in two CD patients in low‐dose trials, as well as in high‐dose animal studies, suggests that higher, effective dose studies in human CD patients are warranted.
Operative versus non-operative management of pediatric medial epicondyle fractures: A systematic review
Authors: Kamath Atul F. , Baldwin Keith , Horneff John , Hosalkar Harish S. 
Published: August 2009

Purpose There is ongoing debate about the management of medial epicondyle fractures in the pediatric population. This systematic review evaluated non-operative versus operative treatment of medial epicondyle fractures in pediatric and adolescent patients over the last six decades. Methods A systematic review of the available literature was performed. Frequency-weighted mean union times were used to compare union rates for closed versus open treatments. Moreover, functional outcomes and range-of-motion variables were correlated with varying treatment modalities. Any complications, including ulnar nerve symptoms, pain, instability, infection, and residual deformity, were cataloged. Results Fourteen studies, encompassing 498 patients, met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. There were 261 males and 132 female patients; the frequency-weighted average age was 11.93 years. The follow-up range was 6–216 months. Under the cumulative random effects model, the odds of union with operative fixation was 9.33 times the odds of union with non-operative treatment ( P < 0.0001). There was no significant difference between operative and non-operative treatments in terms of pain at final follow-up ( P = 0.73) or ulnar nerve symptoms ( P = 0.412). Conclusions Operative treatment affords a significantly higher union rate over the non-operative management of medial epicondyle fractures. There was no difference in pain at final follow-up between operative and non-operative treatments. As surgical indications evolve, and the functional demands of pediatric patients increase, surgical fixation should be strongly considered to achieve stable fixation and bony union.
Molecular Markers for Sweet Sorghum Based on Microarray Expression Data
Authors: Calviño Martín , Miclaus Mihai , Bruggmann Rémy , Messing Joachim 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Using an Affymetrix sugarcane genechip, we previously identified 154 genes differentially expressed between grain and sweet sorghum. Although many of these genes have functions related to sugar and cell wall metabolism, dissection of the trait requires genetic analysis. Therefore, it would be advantageous to use microarray data for generation of genetic markers, shown in other species as single-feature polymorphisms (SFPs). As a test case, we used the GeSNP software to screen for SFPs between grain and sweet sorghum. Based on this screen, out of 58 candidate genes, 30 had single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from which 19 had validated SFPs. The degree of nucleotide polymorphism found between grain and sweet sorghum was in the order of one SNP per 248 base pairs, with chromosome 8 being highly polymorphic. Indeed, molecular markers could be developed for a third of the candidate genes, giving us a high rate of return by this method.
Evidence that the major metabolites accumulating in hyperornithinemia–hyperammonemia–homocitrullinuria syndrome induce oxidative stress in brain of young rats
Authors: Amaral Alexandre Umpierrez , Leipnitz Guilhian , Fernandes Carolina Gonçalves , Seminotti Bianca , Zanatta Ângela , Viegas Carolina Maso , Dutra‐Filho Carlos Severo , Wajner Moacir 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOrnithine and homocitrulline are the major metabolites accumulating in hyperornithinemia–hyperammonemia–homocitrullinuria syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by neurological regression whose pathogenesis is still not understood. The present work investigated the in vitro effects of ornithine and homocitrulline on important parameters of oxidative stress in cerebral cortex from young rats. Ornithine significantly increased chemiluminescence and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances levels, indicators of lipid peroxidation, while homocitrulline only augmented chemiluminescence values. Furthermore, ornithine‐induced increase of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances levels was attenuated (melatonin and reduced glutathione) or totally prevented (α‐tocopherol) by free radical scavengers, suggesting that reactive species were involved in the lipid oxidative damage. We also observed that ornithine and homocitrulline significantly decreased the tissue antioxidant defenses, determined by reduced glutathione concentrations, the major non‐enzymatic antioxidant defense found in the brain. Homocitrulline reduction of glutathione levels was completely prevented by melatonin and α‐tocopherol, whereas ornithine‐induced decrease of glutathione levels was only attenuated by these free radical scavengers. Ornithine and homocitrulline also induced protein oxidative damage, increasing carbonyl formation and sulfhydryl oxidation. In contrast, these amino acids did not affect nitric oxide production, indicating that nitrogen reactive species were not implicated in the lipid and oxidative damage provoked by ornithine and homocitrulline. Therefore, it is presumed that the major metabolites accumulating in hyperornithinemia–hyperammonemia–homocitrullinuria syndrome elicit oxidative stress and that this pathomechanism may possibly be involved in the brain damage found in patients affected by this disorder.
‘I was never more in love with an olde howse nor never newe worke coulde be better bestowed’: The Earl of Leicester’s remodelling of Kenilworth Castle for Queen Elizabeth I
Authors: Morris Richard K 
Published: August 2009

AbstractKenilworth, though a castle in name, was converted by Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester, into the first great Elizabethan progress house. This article aims to provide the first thorough account and assessment of his architectural works at Kenilworth. It is based primarily on the author’s long acquaintance with the castle’s building fabric, supplemented by the opportunities afforded by the recent programme of works undertaken by English Heritage and by new documentary information. Among the discoveries are several works (previously attributed to Leicester) which can be assigned to his father, the duke of Northumberland (c 1553) and also evidence for an early phase of work for Leicester himself (c 1568–9).His most important architectural achievement, Leicester’s Building, is shown to have been built specifically to accommodate Queen Elizabeth, and the functions of its rooms are reconstructed. Evidence is assembled to show that Leicester’s Building was erected between 1570 and 1572, in anticipation of her 1572 visit. Archaeological analysis of its standing fabric shows that it underwent considerable modification subsequently, presumably in readiness for the 1575 progress. The physical evidence for Leicester’s other architectural works at the castle is assessed, including the remodelling of the great tower and the south and east ranges of the inner court.The reasons for Leicester’s grand scheme are considered, as well as the importance of his architecture in the period and the roles of his architects and craftsmen, particularly William Spicer. It is argued that Leicester’s Building was the prototype for the midlands ‘high house’ (of which Hardwick New Hall is the best-known exemplar) and was probably the most significant model for the eclectic, linear style which came to dominate great houses in the second half of Elizabeth’s reign.
Relationship between animal protein intake and muscle mass index in healthy women
Authors: Aubertin-Leheudre Mylène , Adlercreutz Herman 
Published: August 2009

The amount and the type of dietary protein could play a role in determining the quantity of skeletal muscle mass. The aim was to examine the relationship between the type of protein intake and the level of muscle mass in healthy omnivorous and vegetarian Caucasian women. The design of the present study was an observational and cross-sectional study. Twenty-one omnivores (Om) and nineteen vegetarians (Ve) were recruited. Muscle mass index (urinary creatinine), dietary intake (5 d dietary records) and biochemical analyses (hormone, phyto-oestrogen and lipid profiles) were obtained. We found differences between groups for muscle mass (Ve: 18 kgv.Om: 23 kg;P = 0·010), muscle mass index (Ve: 6·7 kg/m2v.Om: 8·3 kg/m2;P = 0·002), animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0·001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0·003), plant protein intake in g/d (P = 0·015) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0·007), the animal:plant protein intake ratio (P = 0·001) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (P = 0·001). Muscle mass index still correlated with animal protein intake in g/d (P = 0·001) and in g/kg body weight per d (P = 0·008), and the animal:plant protein intake ratio (P = 0·007) even after controlling for SHBG and plant protein intake. Finally, animal protein intake (g/d) was the independent predictor of muscle mass index (adjustedr20·42). Thus, a vegetarian diet is associated with a lower muscle mass index than is an omnivorous diet at the same protein intake. A good indicator of muscle mass index in women seems to be animal protein intake.
FONIO MILLET (DIGITARIA EXILIS) RESPONSE TO N, P AND K FERTILIZERS UNDER VARYING CLIMATIC CONDITIONS IN WEST AFRICA
Authors: GIGOU J. , STILMANT D. , DIALLO T. A. , CISSÉ N. , SANOGO M. D. , VAKSMANN M. , DUPUIS B. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYFonio millet (Digitaria exilis), a small-grained cereal, plays an important role in food security in West Africa. As part of efforts to increase its productivity, we studied the effects of moderate levels of nitrogen (0, 15.0 and 30.0 kg N ha−1), phosphorus (0, 6.6 and 13.2 kg P ha−1) and potash (0, 12.5 and 25.0 kg K ha−1) fertilizers under varying climatic conditions. The three experimental sites at Bareng and Bordo in Guinea, and Cinzana in Mali, are representative of the distribution of fonio millet in West Africa. The average recorded grain yields were 1.51 ± 0.229, 1.08 ± 0.141 and 0.47 ± 0.182 t ha−1 in Bareng, Bordo and Cinzana, respectively. We observed a marginal to significant impact of N fertilization coupled, in Bordo, with a significant interaction with the P and K response. This interaction was highlighted by the limited effect of N without P or K fertilization or with the application of only one of these two major elements. Overall, N application as low as 15 kg ha−1 led to a 12–22% increase in production if the P and K applications were not limited. For better control over the risks associated with poor soil fertility and limited rainfall, it appeared to be more effective to apply moderate levels of N, P and K fertilizers to the fonio millet crop than a large amount of one of these nutrients.
Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) Central Paratethys based on palaeontological and geochemical analyses of foraminifera, ostracods, gastropods and rodents
Authors: TÓTH EMŐKE , GÖRÖG ÁGNES , LÉCUYER CHRISTOPHE , MOISSETTE PIERRE , BALTER VINCENT , MONOSTORI MIKLÓS 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPalaeoenvironmental changes in the upper Middle Miocene Central Paratethys were reconstructed by using qualitative and quantitative palaeontological analyses of foraminifera and ostracods, coupled with trace elemental (Mg/Ca) and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) analyses of their carbonate skeletons and of gastropod shells. Mean annual air temperatures were estimated using the oxygen isotope composition of contemporaneous rodent teeth. The studied aquatic fossils come from two boreholes in the Zsámbék Basin (northern central Hungary), while the terrestrial ones are from localities in NE Hungary and E Romania. In the studied Sarmatian successions, three zones could be distinguished, based on palaeontological and geochemical results. At the Badenian/Sarmatian boundary, faunal diversity decreased markedly. In the lower zone a transgressive event culminated in a seawater incursion into the semi-open basin system of the Central Paratethys. Stable bottom-water temperature (~15 °C) and variable salinities (20–32 ‰) are estimated for the Early Sarmatian Sea. The faunal changes (notably a strong reduction in biodiversity) occurring at the boundary between the lower and the middle zone can be explained by a sea-level highstand with dysoxic conditions. A relative sea-level fall is documented at the end of this middle zone. After a short regressive event, a marine connection between the Paratethys and the Mediterranean was established at the beginning of the upper zone. This is indicated by an increased microfaunal diversity and the re-appearance of marine Badenian ostracods and foraminifera, which are completely absent from the older Sarmatian series. During the upper zone, the temperatures and salinities are estimated to have fluctuated from 15 °C to 21 °C and from 15 ‰ to 43 ‰, respectively.
Recognising and supporting self in dementia: a new way to facilitate a person-centred approach to dementia care
Authors: KELLY FIONA 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper reports findings from a three-year study which integrated Kitwood's (1997) person-centred and Sabat's (2001) selfhood approaches in the design, fieldwork and analysis of a multi-method observational study that explored the social worlds of 14 people with dementia in continuing-care. The types of interactions that participants experienced in everyday ward life and during creative sessions were identified by observing, video-recording and engaging with them and by Dementia Care Mapping. The participants' responses to such interactions in terms of their well- or ill-being and expressions of self were identified and documented. The findings indicate that in the wards, staff interactions were often limited and sometimes abusive and that participants experienced ill-being, whereas during creative sessions, interactions were generally facilitatory and celebratory with the participants experiencing wellbeing. By developing the selfhood approach and integrating it with the person-centred approach, I argue that recognising and supporting selfhood (or not) during interactions can lead to qualitatively different staff behaviours, with consequences for the well- or ill-being of people with dementia. There is scope for incorporating this developed selfhood framework into staff training, for it has the potential to transform practice and the experiences of people with dementia in receipt of care.