bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative feeding kinematics and performance of odontocetes: belugas, Pacific white-sided dolphins and long-finned pilot whales
Authors: Kane E. A. , Marshall C. D. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYCetaceans are thought to display a diversity of feeding modes that are often described as convergent with other more basal aquatic vertebrates (i.e. actinopterygians). However, the biomechanics of feeding in cetaceans has been relatively ignored by functional biologists. This study investigated the feeding behavior, kinematics and pressure generation of three odontocetes with varying feeding modes (belugas, Delphinapterus leucas; Pacific white-sided dolphins, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens; and long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas). Four feeding phases were recognized in all odontocetes: (I) preparatory, (II) jaw opening, (III) gular depression, and (IV) jaw closing. Belugas relied on a feeding mode that was composed of discrete ram and suction components. Pacific white-sided dolphins fed using ram, with some suction for compensation or manipulation of prey. Pilot whales were kinematically similar to belugas but relied on a combination of ram and suction that was less discrete than belugas. Belugas were able to purse the anterior lips to occlude lateral gape and form a small, circular anterior aperture that is convergent with feeding behaviors observed in more basal vertebrates. Suction generation in odontocetes is a function of hyolingual displacement and rapid jaw opening, and is likely to be significantly enhanced by lip pursing behaviors. Some degree of subambient pressure was measured in all species, with belugas reaching 126 kPa. Functional variations of suction generation during feeding demonstrate a wider diversity of feeding behaviors in odontocetes than previously thought. However, odontocete suction generation is convergent with that of more basal aquatic vertebrates.
Evaluation of amplitude in male song: female waxmoths respond to fortissimo notes
Authors: Limousin D. , Greenfield M. D. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYFemale evaluation of male signals in the context of sexual selection is often made on the basis of signal energy. Particularly in acoustic species, females may prefer male song that is broadcast at greater amplitude or power. However, song amplitude may be represented by various parameters, and the specific one(s) that are evaluated are not clear. We addressed this problem in an acoustic moth, Achroia grisella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), where males attract females with trains of paired ultrasonic pulses. Previous studies showed that females prefer songs that include pulse pairs that have greater mean peak amplitude and that are delivered with greater power (=mean peak amplitude×pulse-pair rate). Here, we report that given male songs of equal acoustic power, females prefer songs in which some pulses attain peak amplitudes that exceed the mean value and that this preference depends largely on the magnitude of amplitude fluctuation. We measured significant variation among males in their degree of amplitude fluctuation, and we note that males that broadcast with lower acoustic power typically show greater relative fluctuations and attain relatively higher amplitude maxima. We discuss the potential role of multiple integration time constants in female evaluation of mean song amplitude and amplitude maxima. We then consider the possibility that the variation observed in the male population is a response to female choice, but we also indicate that mechanical factors constraining song production may be responsible for such variation.
Medical pluralism of the Chinese in London: An exploratory study
Authors: Rochelle Tina L. , Marks David F. 
Published: November 2009

Objective. This study was designed to examine the extent of medical pluralism among the Chinese in London.Design. Members of the London Chinese community were recruited through Chinese organizations in London and participated in six focus groups.Method. A total of 48 Chinese men and women aged 24–74 years were asked to talk about their health behaviour and health utilization patterns. Transcripts of the focus group discussions underwent thematic analysis to explore and describe the utilization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Western medicine (WM) of informants and factors that impacted on utilization.Results. Findings focus on participants' evaluation of TCM and WM as two systems of health provision, how informants used these two health systems, and the reasons associated with use of these two systems. Utilization of TCM and WM varied. Concurrent use of TCM and WM was common. The National Health Service was generally perceived as difficult to use, with concerns over the language barrier, and communicating with and being able to trust health providers. The UK TCM trade was perceived as being aimed at the non‐Chinese market and there were issues of trust related to the regulation of UK TCM.Conclusions. Although none of these issues are unique to the Chinese in the UK, previous experience with different approaches to health care, particularly TCM, may make the experience of such barriers more extreme.
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Childhood Temperament in South Korean Twins
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlthough genetic basis of childhood temperament has been well documented in western populations, little is known about whether genes play an important role in childhood temperament in East Asians. The present study examined mother's ratings of Emotionality, Activity, and Sociability (EAS) in 894 pairs of 2- to 9-year-old South Korean twins. The best-fitting model indicated that 34 to 47% of the variances of the EAS were attributable to genetic factors, with the remaining variances being due to the effects of environmental experiences unique to each child. Common family environmental factors were negligible. Genetic variances for Activity and Sociability were primarily nonadditive, whereas those for Emotionality were additive. In spite of well known cultural differences in child rearing practices, social values, and the mean levels of temperament between East Asian and western populations, the pattern of additive vs. nonadditive gene actions and heritability estimates found in the present sample were remarkably similar to those reported in western twin samples. There were no significant age or sex differences in genetic or environmental influences. Overall, these results corroborate cross cultural generality of genetic influences on childhood temperament.
Evidence for Shared Genetic Dominance Between the General Factor of Personality, Mental and Physical Health, and Life History Traits
Authors: Figueredo Aurelio José , Rushton J. Philippe 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe reanalyze previously published data on 309 MZ and 333 DZ twin pairs aged 25 to 74 years from the MIDUS survey, a nationally representative archived sample, to examine how much of the genetic covariance between a general factor of personality (GFP), a lower-order life history factor, and a general physical and mental health factor, is of the nonadditive variety. We found nonadditive genetic effects (D) could not be ruled out as a contributor to the shared variance of these three latent factors to a Super-K Life History factor. We suggest these genetic correlations support the view that a slow (K-selected) life history strategy, good health, and the GFP coevolved and are mutually coadapted through directional selection.
Spatial Variation in the Twinning Rate in Sweden, 1751–1850
Authors: Fellman Johan , Eriksson Aldur W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractStrong geographical variations in the twinning rate have been presented in the literature. In general, the rate is high among people of African origin, intermediate among Europeans and low among most Asiatic populations. In Europe, a progressive increase has occurred in the twinning rate from south to north, with a minimum around the Basque provinces. The highest twinning rates in Europe have been found among Nordic populations with the exception of the Saamis (Lapps). Within larger populations, some small isolated subpopulations have been identified to have extreme, mainly high, twinning rates. In this study, we investigated the regional variation of the twinning rate in Sweden. We analysed twinning rates for different counties for the period 1751–1850. From the middle of the 19th century, the environmental and genetic differences have decreased and the regional twinning rates have converged towards a common decreased level. The models applied have the geographical coordinates as regressors. The optimal model for the twinning rate has the longitude, the latitude and their product as regressors, indicating both horizontal and vertical trends. According to this model, the maximum twinning rate in Sweden is located in the eastern part of central Sweden, mainly on the island of Gotland and in the counties around Stockholm. Relatively low twinning rates are seen in the western and northern parts of Sweden.
Twinning Rates According to Maternal Birthweight
Authors: Nohr Ellen A. , Rasmussen Steen , Ramlau-Hansen C. H. , Olsen Jorn 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDizygotic twinning rates have changed over time, which has been seen as a sign of a decline in fecundity. Since a woman's birthweight has been shown to be a marker of her fecundity, maternal birthweight may correlate with subsequent twinning rates. In the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002), we examined if maternal birthweight, and whether she was born at term or preterm, correlated with her probability of multiple birth. For 20,719 live born infants, we had self-reported information about maternal birthweight, collected during the first wave of the 7-year follow-up, and information on multiple births from record linkage. The association between maternal birthweight and multiple births was investigated by use of logistic regression and presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared to women born at term with a birthweight of 3001–4000 g, women with a birthweight > 4500 g appeared to have higher chance of multiple birth while women with a birthweight of 4001–4500 had a lower chance, especially if the analysis was restricted to women with a BMI < 25 (Adjusted ORs 2.3 [1.0–5.4] and 0.4 [0.2–0.9] respectively). Odds ratios for dizygotic twinning were of the same magnitude. In women with a BMI ≥ 25, no obvious pattern was present. Our findings do not indicate that twinning is a fecundity indicator. Women with a birthweight that may indicate a pregnancy complicated with gestational diabetes had the highest rate of multiple birth. These findings are new and should be put to a critical test in other data sources.
Discordance in Nuchal Translucency Measurements in Monochorionic Diamniotic Twins as Predictor of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Linskens Ingeborg H. , de Mooij Yolanda M. , Twisk Jos W. , Kist Willem J. , Oepkes Dick , van Vugt John M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjective:Discordance in nuchal translucency measurements in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies was assessed as predictor of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome.Study Design:A total of 61 monochorionic diamniotic twins were enrolled. Nuchal translucency (NT) and crown-rump-length (CRL) discordance was calculated as the percentage of delta NT and CRL (absolute difference NT/CRL fetus 1 and fetus 2) of the largest measurement, and correlated with subsequent development of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome.Results:Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome developed in 14/61 (23%) of cases. A NT discordance of 20% or more best predicted Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome development, with a sensitivity of 64% and a specificity of 78%. We found a positive predictive value of 50% and negative predicted value of 86% for Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome development if NT discordance was 20% or more.Conclusion:NT discordance of more than 20% in monochorionic diamniotic twins is associated with an increased risk for subsequent development of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome, and with earlier presentation of symptoms.
Phase separation in non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 solutions in the presence of phenol
Authors: Kulichenko Sergey , Doroschuk Volodymyr , Gonta Natalia 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe influence of concentration conditions and acidity on the phase separation in non-ionic surfactants Triton X-100 solutions in the presence of phenol was investigated. It was shown that the addition of small amounts of phenol results in the decrease of the cloud point temperature of Triton X-100 solutions. On the other hand, the addition of phenol into the investigated system resulted in the decrease of the hydration values of surfactant-rich phases and the increase of their hydrophobicity. The extraction degree and distribution coefficient of phenol between the water and the surfactant-rich phases were studied. On the basis of data obtained the molar parts of water, phenol and Triton X-100 in the non-ionic surfactant-rich phases formed at different concentration conditions were calculated. Possibilities of the application of phenol-induced micellar extraction for microcomponents preconcentration were estimated.
Anodic reactions of sulphate in molten salts
Authors: Ambrová Marta , Fellner Pavel , Thonstad Jomar 
Published: November 2009

AbstractElectrochemical behaviour of sulphate under anodic polarization in molten sodium chloride, cryolite and sodium fluoride was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry at the temperatures of 820°C, 1010°C, and 1000°C, respectively. Using a platinum working electrode, two waves were observed on the chronopotentiograms in the systems: NaCl-Na2SO4 and Na3AlF6-Na2SO4. The first wave was attributed to the formation of oxygen. The second wave probably originated from the reaction of oxygen with platinum, or from oxidation of SO3 decomposition products. Three waves were observed for the anodic process of sulphate ions dissolved in molten sodium fluoride. The first wave was attributed to the formation of oxygen. The second and the third wave were attributed to the formation of PtO and PtO2. This conclusion was supported by cyclic voltammetry experiments of the in-situ formed sulphide in molten NaCl at 820°C and by chronopotentiometry on a gold working electrode in the system NaCl-Na2SO4, where no anodic wave was observed.
Immobilization of urease in poly(1-vinyl imidazole)/poly(acrylic acid) network
Authors: Şenel Mehmet , Coşkun Agah , Fatih Abasıyanık M. , Bozkurt Ayhan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this study, urease was immobilized in a polymer network obtained by complexation of poly(1-vinyl imidazole) (PVI) with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Preparation of the polymer network was monitored by FT-IR spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that enzyme immobilization had a strong effect on film morphology. Proton conductivity of the PVI/PAA network was measured via impedance spectroscopy under humidified conditions. Values of the Michaelis-Menten constant (K M) for immobilized urease were higher than for the free enzyme, indicating a decreased affinity of the enzyme to its substrate. The basic characteristics (pHopt, pHstability, T opt, T stability, reusability, and storage stability) of immobilized urease were determined. The results show that the PAA/PVI polymer network is suitable for enzyme immobilization.
Beyond audiofacial morbidity after vestibular schwannoma surgery
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , Yang Isaac , Aranda Derick , Rutkowski Martin J. , Fang Shanna , Cheung Steven W. , Parsa Andrew T. 
Published: November 2009

Object
Outcomes following vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery have been extensively described; however, complication rates reported in the literature vary markedly. In addition, the majority of reports have focused on outcomes related to cranial nerves (CNs) VII and VIII. The objective of this study was to analyze reported morbidity unrelated to CNs VII and VIII following the resection of VS.

Methods
The authors performed a comprehensive search of the English language literature, identifying and aggregating morbidity and death data from patients who had undergone microsurgical removal of VSs. A subgroup analysis based on surgical approach and tumor size was performed to compare rates of CSF leakage, vascular injury, neurological deficit, and postoperative infection.

Results
One hundred articles met the inclusion criteria, providing data for 32,870 patients. The overall mortality rate was 0.2% (95% CI 0.1–0.3%). Twenty-two percent of patients (95% CI 21–23%) experienced at least 1 surgically attributable complication unrelated to CNs VII or VIII. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage occurred in 8.5% of patients (95% CI 6.9–10.0%). This rate was markedly increased with the translabyrinthine approach but was not affected by tumor size. Vascular complications, such as ischemic injury or hemorrhage, occurred in 1% of patients (95% CI 0.75–1.2%). Neurological complications occurred in 8.6% of cases (95% CI 7.9–9.3%) and were less likely with the resection of smaller tumors (p < 0.0001) and the use of the translabyrinthine approach (p < 0.0001). Infections occurred in 3.8% of cases (95% CI 3.4–4.3%), and 78% of these infections were meningitis.

Conclusions
This study provides statistically powerful data for practitioners to advise patients about the published risks of surgery for VS unrelated to compromised CNs VII and VIII.
�n Narratiewe benadering tot die liturgie
Authors: Bosman Lourens , M�ller Julian C. 
Published: November 2009

A narrative approach to liturgy The fact that current liturgical renewal is not based	on sound theological reflection,	is cause for concern. A narrative approach to liturgy is therefore proposed, which would allow a better connection between the cultural story on the one hand, and the story of the gospel and the liturgical tradition on the other. The article therefore explores possibilities for a narrative understanding of the liturgical context, and shows how a worship liturgy could be created like a collage instead of in the form of linear argumentation.�
Delay‐dependentH∞performance analysis and filtering for Markovian jump systems with interval time‐varying delays
Authors: Zhao Xudong , Zeng Qingshuang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the problems ofH∞disturbance attenuation andH∞filtering for Markovian jump systems with interval time‐varying delays. In terms of linear matrix inequalities, a less conservative delay‐range‐dependentH∞performance condition for Markovian jump systems is proposed by constructing a different Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. The resulting criterion has advantages over some previous ones in that they involve fewer matrix variables, but has less conservatism. Based on this new condition, an improvedH∞filtering algorithm is developed. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the efficiency and reduced conservatism of the results in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Casting Temperature on the Glass Formation of Zr‐Based Metallic Glasses
Authors: Mao Jie , Zhang Hai‐Feng , Fu Hua‐Meng , Wang Ai‐Min , Li Hong , Hu Zhuang‐Qi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe glass1‐forming ability of two alloys, Zr64.9Al7.9Ni10.7Cu16.5 and Zr47Cu37.5Ag7.5Al8, prepared by arc‐melting a mixture of Zr, Cu, Al, Ni and Ag elements is studied as a function of casting temperature. Other processing parameters such as the alloy melt mass, and the vacuum and injection pressures during the copper‐mold‐casting process are kept constant so just the influence of the casting temperature is considered. The casting temperature determines the characteristics of the liquid melt and the cooling rate. The glass‐forming ability is discussed in terms of dissipation of pre‐exiting, metastable local‐ordering clusters that act as nucleation sites promoting crystallization, the cooling rate at high casting temperatures, and the presence of oxygen in the alloys, which is increased at high casting temperatures. It is found that the glass‐forming ranges of alloys shrink as the glass‐forming size approaches a critical value. The optimum temperatures are around 1450 K and 1550 K for Zr64.9Al7.9Ni10.7Cu16.5 and Zr47Cu37.5Ag7.5Al8 alloys respectively. The alloys were studied by XRD, TEM, oxygen‐level determination, and DSC.
Three‐Dimensional Printing of Complex‐Shaped Alumina/Glass Composites
Authors: Zhang Wei , Melcher Reinhold , Travitzky Nahum , Bordia Rajendra Kumar , Greil Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlumina/glass composites were fabricated by three‐dimensional printing (3DP™) and pressureless infiltration of lanthanum‐alumino‐silicate glass into sintered porous alumina preforms. The preforms were printed using an alumina/dextrin powder blend as a precursor material. They were sintered at 1600 °C for 2 h prior to glass infiltration at 1100 °C for 2 h. The influence of layer thickness and sample orientation within the building chamber of the 3D‐printer on microstructure, porosity, and mechanical properties of the preforms and final composites was investigated. The increase of the layer thickness from 90 to 150 µm resulted in an increase of the total porosity from ∼19 to ∼39 vol% and thus, in a decrease of the mechanical properties of the sintered preforms. Bending strength and elastic modulus of sintered preforms were found to attain significantly higher values for samples orientated along the Y‐axis of the 3D‐printer compared to those orientated along the X‐ or the Z‐axis, respectively. Fabricated Al2O3/glass composites exhibit improved fracture toughness, bending strength, Young's modulus, and Vickers hardness up to 3.6 MPa m1/2, 175 MPa, 228 GPa, and 12 GPa, respectively. Prototypes were fabricated on the basis of computer tomography data and computer aided design data to show geometric capability of the process.
3D Architecture and Load Partition in Eutectic Al‐Si Alloys
Authors: Requena Guillermo , Garcés Gerardo , Rodríguez Marcos , Pirling Thilo , Cloetens Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe changes of the three dimensional architecture of a eutectic AlSi12 alloy during heat treatment are revealed by means of synchrotron holotomography. The non‐destructive nature of the holotomography technique allows to analyze the same volumes in different thermal conditions. The results show a disintegration of the interconnected eutectic Si‐lamellae into isolated elongated particles. The load carrying capacity of both types of Si morphologies is studied by in situ neutron diffraction during compression tests. The experimental results are compared to those obtained using a micromechanical model developed for metal matrix composites based on a homogenization approach. The correlation between experiments and calculations shows that the interconnectivity of Si must be considered to account for the strength exhibited by the eutectic alloy. The present study bridges the gap between the already available two‐dimensional studies of architecture and properties of the binary AlSi12 alloy and new three‐dimensional studies of more complex systems based on this alloy.
Katalytische Funktionalisierung von Indolen in einer neuen Dimension
Authors: Bandini Marco , Eichholzer Astrid 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVor 140 Jahren schlug Adolf von Baeyer die Struktur für eine heteroaromatische Verbindung vor, die die organische und medizinische Chemie nachhaltig veränderte: Indol. Nach mehr als einem Jahrhundert beeinflussen Indol selbst, ebenso wie natürliche Indolderivate, weitgehend die Entwicklung in der Synthesechemie. Vor allem die allgegenwärtige Präsenz des Indolrings in pharmazeutischen und agrochemischen Verbindungen sowie seine Verwendung in der Materialchemie sind ausschlaggebend für das anhaltende Interesse an der Entwicklung von neuen milden und effizienten Synthesestrategien für funktionalisierte Indolderivate. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Fortschritte hinsichtlich der selektiven katalytischen Funktionalisierung von Indolen (durch C‐C‐Kupplung) aus den vergangenen vier Jahre zusammen.