bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave‐based treatments for multi‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Hojati‐Talemi Pejman , Simon George 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThree novel methods for using microwave (MW) energy and water as a mild chemical agent for functionalization of carbon nanotubes were developed. In the first method we report the effect of MW irradiation on a dispersion of MWCNTs in water, in the second method we studied the exposing of MWCNT to MW irradiation in the presence of steam, and in the third method we used MW oven generated plasma for functionalization of MWCNTs, and finally we compared our results with thermal oxidation and acid treatment (as two conventional methods for oxidative functionalization of carbon nanotubes). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyses effect of these treatments on MWCNTs. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light emitting diodes on silicon substrates: preliminary results
Authors: Bondi Alexandre , Guo Weiming , Pedesseau Laurent , Boyer‐Richard Soline , Folliot Hervé , Chevalier Nicolas , Cornet Charles , Letoublon Antoine , Durand Olivier , Labbé Chistophe , Gicquel Maud , Lecorre Alain , Even Jacky , Loualiche Slimane , Moreac Alain 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIII‐V quantum wells (QW) superlattices have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaP substrates for photonics applications on silicon. We first present room temperature photoluminescence (PL) results for GaAsP/GaP QWs. A detailed analysis of low temperature PL experiments is then performed. QW contribution is pointed out, and the structuration of the QW emission is attributed to LA phonon replica. A comparison with electronic bandstructure is performed, and a discussion is proposed on the nature of the observed transition (direct or indirect). Finally, it is shown that these QWs can be used as active zone in light emitters on silicon. Growth of good quality GaP epilayers on silicon is also presented. The crystalline quality of the deposited GaP near the GaP/Si interface is studied by Raman spectroscopy. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spin polarized current from localized Rashba interaction in a quantum wire
Authors: Gelabert M. M. , Sánchez David , López Rosa , Serra Llorenç 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe consider a quantum wire with a finite region of localized spin‐orbit interaction of the Rashba type. For energies above the onset of the second conductance plateau, we find a spin polarization of the transmitted current when a beam of unpolarized electrons is injected into the Rashba region. Our numerical simulations show that the amount of polarization can be tuned with the Rashba coupling strength, thus offering an all‐electrical method to generate spin polarized currents. With the aid of a simplified model, we discuss that the polarization effect originates from the interference between subband states with different energy and opposite spin directions (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Northward bursts of the West African monsoon leading to rainfall over the Hoggar Massif, Algeria
Authors: Cuesta Juan , Lavaysse Christophe , Flamant Cyrille , Mimouni Mohamed , Knippertz Peter 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Hoggar Massif is a comparatively populated region in the Sahara, where water supply is a critical problem due to the lack of nearby sources and unaffordable water pumping. In the present paper, we analyse the influence of the West African monsoon (WAM) on precipitation over the Hoggar during summer. We investigate (1) two rainfall events during 23–27 July 2006, accounting for almost half of the precipitation of this year, and (2) the representativity of this period with regard to ERA‐40 ECMWF re‐analyses (1979 to 2001).By the end of July 2006, two consecutive northward bursts of the WAM flow reached the Hoggar and caused an increase in low‐level humidity. In the afternoon of these days, clouds formed at the top of the convective boundary layer and rapidly grew to more than ∼9 km above mean sea level. Due to the comparatively moist sub‐cloud layer (>45% mean relative humidity), considerable amounts of precipitation could reach the ground. The strong southerly WAM flow one day before and during the arrival of the moist air over the Hoggar is associated with both a south sector of an African easterly wave (AEW) and the cyclonic circulation around the south‐eastern flank of the Saharan heat low (SHL). In addition, the northward excursions of the monsoon were supported by convective cold‐pool outflows originating over Niger. The climatological analysis confirms the relation between precipitation over the Hoggar and AEW south sectors and also shows a conspicuous weakening of the SHL following rainfall. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Predicting velocity in bendway weir eddy fields
Authors: Kinzli Kristoph‐Dietrich , Thornton Christopher I. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRehabilitation of the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) in central New Mexico has become necessary because of changes in morphology resulting from the installation of dams, and because of habitat restoration considerations for the endangered Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus). Bendway weirs are erosion control and channel‐stabilization structures placed transverse to the channel flow that have been increasingly used to prevent river migration while simultaneously enhancing aquatic habitat. Plans for rehabilitation along the MRG include the use of bendway weirs; however, past projects using these structures have relied on field experience and engineering judgment rather than specific design guidelines. A physical model of a reach of the MRG was constructed to develop empirical design equations for eddy velocities in bendway weir fields. Data from physical model simulations were used to develop two empirical expressions for predicting eddy velocities behind bendway weirs, along with two expressions for predicting velocities at the toe of installed weirs. These equations relate the velocity found after bendway weir installation to weir design characteristics and pre‐weir channel conditions. A designer can use the described approach to predict velocities in eddies and velocities at the toe of bendway weirs using only weir design variables and pre‐weir channel conditions, and thus avoid some of the uncertainty with weir design that previously existed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nearly Monodispersion CoSm Alloy Nanoparticles Formed by an In-situ Rapid Cooling and Passivating Microfluidic Process
Authors: Song Yujun , Henry Laurence L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
An in siturapid cooling and passivating microfluidic process has been developed for the synthesis of nearly monodispersed cobalt samarium nanoparticles (NPs) with tunable crystal structures and surface properties. This process involves promoting the nucleation and growth of NPs at an elevated temperature and rapidly quenching the NP colloids in a solution containing a passivating reagent at a reduced temperature. We have shown that Cobalt samarium NPs having amorphous crystal structures and a thin passivating layer can be synthesized with uniform nonspherical shapes and size of about 4.8 nm. The amorphous CoSm NPs in our study have blocking temperature near 40 K and average coercivity of 225 Oe at 10 K. The NPs also exhibit high anisotropic magnetic properties with a wasp-waist hysteresis loop and a bias shift of coercivity due to the shape anisotropy and the exchange coupling between the core and the thin oxidized surface layer.
Shell-Controlled Photoluminescence in CdSe/CNT Nanohybrids
Authors: Si Hua-Yan , Liu Cai-Hong , Xu Hua , Wang Tian-Ming , Zhang Hao-Li 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A new type of nanohybrids containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and CdSe quantum dots (QDs) was prepared using an electrostatic self-assembly method. The CdSe QDs were capped by various mercaptocarboxylic acids, including thioglycolic acid (TGA), dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) and mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA), which provide shell thicknesses of ~5.2, 10.6 and 15.2 Å, respectively. The surface-modified CdSe QDs are then self-assembled onto aridine orange-modified CNTs via electrostatic interaction to give CdSe/CNT nanohybrids. The photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of the obtained nanohybrids increase significantly with the increase of the shell thickness, which is attributed to a distance-dependent photo-induced charge-transfer mechanism. This work demonstrates a simple mean for fine tuning the PL properties of the CdSe/CNT nanohybrids and gains new insights to the photo-induced charge transfer in such nanostructures.
The Decline of TURP—An Irish Experience
Authors: Quinlan Mark R. , Connolly Stephen S. , McDermott T.E.D. 
Published: June 2009

Objective: Transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) was once the commonest therapeutic urological surgery performed and the unequivocal gold standard treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). However, efficacious pharmacological therapy and improved understanding of the history of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have impacted upon this. The aim of our study was to assess the transformation in TURP practice in Ireland over the past decade by comparing numbers of the operation being performed over two different time periods (1996–1998 vs. 2001–2003). Methods: Numbers of discharges of patients with procedure code TURP (ICD-9-CM 60.2) between 1996–1998 and 2001–2003 were obtained from the National Hospital Inpatient Enquiry database. Population data were obtained from National Censuses. Calculations were expressed per 100,000 of male population ≥50 years of age. Results: The number of TURPs performed has fallen from a national average of 587.16/annum/100,000 male population ≥50 years of age between 1996 and 1998 to 371.54/annum/100,000 male population ≥50 years of age between 2001 and 2003, a drop of ∼40%. Furthermore, each health board region has witnessed sizeable declines. Conclusions: The Irish experience of LUTS treatment mirrors that across developed nations globally. We believe potentially serious implications exist for standards of care, clinical practice and training.
Regulation of paracellular Na+ and Cl− conductances by hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Tokuda Shinsaku , Niisato Naomi , Nagai Toshiki , Taruno Akiyuki , Nakajima Ken‐ichi , Miyazaki Hiroaki , Yamada Toshiki , Hosogi Shigekuni , Ohta Mariko , Nishio Kyosuke , Iwasaki Yoshinobu , Marunaka Yoshinori 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of hydrostatic pressure on the paracellular ion conductance (Gp) composed of the Na+ conductance (GNa) and the Cl− conductance (GCl) has been Investigated. Gp, GNa and GCl were time‐dependently increased after applying an osmotic gradient generated by NaCl with basolateral hypotonicity. Hydrostatic pressure (1–4 cm H2O) applied from the basolateral side enhanced the osmotic gradient‐induced increase in Gp, GNa and GCl in a magnitude‐dependent manner, while the hydrostatic pressure applied from the apical side diminished the osmotic gradient‐induced increase in Gp, GNa and GCl. How the hydrostatic pressure influences Gp, GNa and GCl under an isosmotic condition was also investigated. Gp, GNa and GCl were stably constant under a condition with basolateral application of sucrose canceling the NaCl‐generated osmotic gradient (an isotonic condition). Even under this stable condition, the basolaterally applied hydrostatic pressure drastically elevated Gp, GNa and GCl, while apically applied hydrostatic pressure had little effect on Gp, GNa or GCl. Taken together, these observations suggest that certain factors controlled by the basolateral osmolality and the basolaterally applied hydrostatic pressure mainly regulate the Gp, GNa and GCl.
Estrogen receptor‐α expression in nociceptive‐responsive neurons in the medullary dorsal horn of the female rat
Authors: Amandusson Åsa , Blomqvist Anders 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEstrogens exert a substantial influence on the transmission of nociceptive stimuli and the susceptibility to pain disorders as made evident by studies in both animals and human subjects. The estrogen receptor (ER) seems to be of crucial importance to the cellular mechanisms underlying such an influence. However, it has not been clarified whether nociceptive neurons activated by pain express ERs. In this study, a noxious injection of formalin was given into the lower lip of female rats, thereby activating nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis as demonstrated by immunohistochemical labeling of Fos. Using a dual‐label immunohistochemistry protocol ERα‐containing cells were visualized in the same sections. In the superficial layers of the medullary dorsal horn, 12% of ERα‐labeled cells, mainly located in lamina II, also expressed noxious‐induced Fos. These findings show that nociceptive‐responsive neurons in the medullary dorsal horn express ERα, thus providing a possible morphological basis for the hypothesis that estrogens directly regulate pain transmission at this level.
Fetal asphyxia leads to the loss of striatal presynaptic boutons in adult rats
Authors: Strackx E. , Van den Hove D.L.A. , Steinbusch H.P. , Steinbusch H.W.M. , Vles J.S.H. , Blanco C.E. , Gavilanes A.W.D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFetal asphyxic insults in the brain are known to be associated with developmental and neurological problems like neuromotor disorders and cognitive deficits. Little is known, however, about the long‐term consequences of fetal asphyxia contributing to the development of different neurological diseases common in the adult or the aging brain. For that reason the present study aimed to investigate the long‐term effects of fetal asphyxia on synaptic organization within the adult rat brain. Fetal asphyxia was induced at embryonic day 17 by 75‐min clamping of the uterine and ovarian arteries. Presynaptic bouton densities and numbers were analyzed in the striatum and prefrontal cortex at the age of 19 months. A substantial decrease in presynaptic bouton density and number was observed in the striatum of fetal asphyxia rats compared to control rats, while an increase was found in the fifth layer of the prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that fetal asphyxia can have long‐lasting effects on synaptic organization that might contribute to a developmental etiology of different neurological disorders and aging.
Developmental omega‐3 supplementation improves motor skills in juvenile‐adult rats
Authors: Coluccia Addolorata , Borracci Pietro , Renna Giuseppe , Giustino Arcangela , Latronico Tiziana , Riccio Paolo , Carratù Maria Rosaria 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLong‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are critical for brain growth spurt during both foetal and postnatal period. They play important roles in the expression of genes regulating cell differentiation and neuronal growth, as well as in the development of synaptic processing of neural cell interaction. Foetus and placenta are dependent on maternal supply for their growth and development, and supplemented infants show significantly greater mental and psychomotor scores. In particular, it has been shown that if mothers take omega‐3 supplements, their babies are smarter and better physically coordinated. On these grounds, the aim of the present study was to investigate, in the Sprague–Dawley rat, the effects of perinatal treatment with omega‐3 on motor activity, motor coordination, motor learning and memory. From gestational day 8 throughout the lactation period, dams received either an emulsion of 0.05 g/kg body weight omega‐3 in fruit juice, or an emulsion of 1 g/kg body weight omega‐3 in fruit juice or just the fruit juice (control). Omega‐3 formula was made of 27% docosahexaenoic acid and 53% eicosapentaenoic acid. On the day of birth (postnatal day 1), all pups were weighed, and then randomly culled to eight pups per litter. Pups were weaned at 21 days of age. One male pup per litter from each litter (control, n = 6; omega‐3 0.05 g/kg, n = 5; omega‐3 1 g/kg, n = 6) was used. Both control and treated rats were tested for (i) locomotor activity using the open field paradigm, (ii) motor coordination and motor learning using the rotarod/accelerod task and (iii) memory using the passive avoidance paradigm. Rats were tested on postnatal day 21 and re‐tested on postnatal day 90. As a result, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation significantly improved motor coordination. In particular, the latency to fall at the first speed was significantly increased in the treated rats as compared to the control animals. This benefit was observed with both doses at each tested age. The rat performance in accelerating rotation speed mode, which provides an indication of motor learning ability, was not modified by the omega‐3 supply. Finally, the omega‐3 treatment did not influence motor activity in the open field‐tested rats, nor the memory ability in the passive avoidance task. In conclusion, perinatal omega‐3 supplementation exerts a long lasting beneficial effect on the rotarod performance indicating improvement in balance and motor coordination and, possibly, in the functioning of pathways governing this task.
A pilot randomized controlled trial of controlled cord traction to reduce postpartum blood loss
Authors: Althabe Fernando , Alemán Alicia , Tomasso Giselle , Gibbons Luz , Vitureira Gerardo , Belizán José M. , Buekens Pierre 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate whether controlled cord traction (CCT) for management of the third stage of labor reduced postpartum blood loss compared with a “hands‐off” management protocol.MethodsWomen with imminent vaginal delivery were randomly assigned to either a CCT group or a hands‐off group. The women received prophylactic oxytocin. The primary outcome was blood loss during the third stage of labor.ResultsIn total, 103 women were allocated to the CCT group and 101 were allocated to the hands‐off group. Median blood loss in the CCT group and the hands‐off group was 282.0 mL and 310.2 mL, respectively. The difference in blood loss (– 28.2 mL) was not significant (95% confidence interval, – 92.3 to 35.9; P = 0.126). Blood collection in the hands‐off group took 1.2 minutes longer than in the CCT group, which may have contributed to this difference.ConclusionCCT may reduce postpartum blood loss. The present findings support conducting a large trial to determine whether CCT can prevent postpartum hemorrhage.
Memory markers: How consumers recall the duration of experiences
Authors: Ahn Hee‐Kyung , Liu Maggie Wenjing , Soman Dilip 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present article, we propose a three‐stage memory marker model of memory for experience. The human mind generates and encodes “memory markers” of specific episodes, stores them in memory, and after a temporal delay retrieves these markers to reconstruct the experience and make relevant judgments. Rich experiences characterized by vivid stimuli seem to pass by quickly, yet feel longer when recalled after a period of time because the number of retrieved memory markers is large. We also examine situations in which key predictions of the memory marker model can be moderated. A field study and five laboratory experiments were conducted to test various aspects of the memory marker model and provide process support.
Media engagement and advertising: Transportation, matching, transference and intrusion
Authors: Wang Jing , Calder Bobby J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThree studies show that consumer response to advertising depends on engagement with the media content, in this case a television program, in which the advertising appears. The specific form of engagement studied is the experience of narrative transportation, of being absorbed into the narrative world of the program. If an ad is not intrusive, by virtue of where it occurs in a narrative, high transportation is shown to positively impact an ad. This impact is obtained if the ad matches the narrative (thematically compatible), supporting the hypothesis that transportation can act as a message frame that increases processing. If a compatible ad is intrusive, however, it is shown that high transportation is disrupted and this negatively impacts an ad. A third study proposes and finds an additional mechanism, called transportation transference, in which high narrative transportation increases the transportation with an ad that is not intrusive and this increase in ad transportation in turn increases advertising effectiveness.
A late Quaternary paleotemperature record from Hanging Lake, northern Yukon Territory, eastern Beringia
Authors: Kurek Joshua , Cwynar Les C. , Vermaire Jesse C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe late Quaternary paleoclimate of eastern Beringia has primarily been studied by drawing qualitative inferences from vegetation shifts. To quantitatively reconstruct summer temperatures, we analyzed lake sediments for fossil chironomids, and additionally we analyzed the sediments for fossil pollen and organic carbon content. A comparison with the δ18O record from Greenland indicates that the general climatic development of the region throughout the last glaciation–Holocene transition differed from that of the North Atlantic region. Between ∼ 17 and 15 ka, mean July air temperature was on average 5°C colder than modern, albeit a period of near-modern temperature at ∼ 16.5 ka. Total pollen accumulation rates ranged between ∼ 180 and 1200 grains cm− 2 yr− 1. At ∼ 15 ka, approximately coeval with the Bølling interstadial, temperatures again reached modern values. At ∼ 14 ka, nearly 1000 yr after warming began, Betula pollen percentages increased substantially and mark the transition to shrub-dominated pollen contributors. Chironomid-based inferences suggest no evidence of the Younger Dryas stade and only subtle evidence of an early Holocene thermal maximum, as temperatures from ∼ 15 ka to the late Holocene were relatively stable. The most recognizable climatic oscillation of the Holocene occurred from ∼ 4.5 to 2 ka.
Understanding Variation in the Design of China's New Co-operative Medical System
Authors: Brown Philip H. , de Brauw Alan , Du Yang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAlthough the New Co-operative Medical System (NCMS) was expected to operate in all rural Chinese counties by the end of 2008, county governments were given significant leeway in the design of the local programmes. As a result, fundamental characteristics of NCMS programmes vary dramatically between counties. Such heterogeneity in programme design may influence satisfaction with the NCMS in each county, and thus each programme's prospects for success. This article uses survey data collected by the authors to consider five distinct measures of success. We find that households respond favourably to making emigrants eligible for coverage and to lowering the spending threshold for reimbursement eligibility. However, households are less likely to have received reimbursement in counties that require referrals or limit treatment to approved hospitals. Finally, out-of-pocket expenditures associated with catastrophic health care may still be too high to facilitate treatment of the rural poor.