bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A symphony of inner ear developmental control genes
Authors: Chatterjee Sumantra , Kraus Petra , Lufkin Thomas 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The inner ear is one of the most complex and detailed organs in the vertebrate body and provides us with the priceless ability to hear and perceive linear and angular acceleration (hence maintain balance). The development and morphogenesis of the inner ear from an ectodermal thickening into distinct auditory and vestibular components depends upon precise temporally and spatially coordinated gene expression patterns and well orchestrated signaling cascades within the otic vesicle and upon cellular movements and interactions with surrounding tissues. Gene loss of function analysis in mice has identified homeobox genes along with other transcription and secreted factors as crucial regulators of inner ear morphogenesis and development. While otic induction seems dependent upon fibroblast growth factors, morphogenesis of the otic vesicle into the distinct vestibular and auditory components appears to be clearly dependent upon the activities of a number of homeobox transcription factors. The Pax2 paired-homeobox gene is crucial for the specification of the ventral otic vesicle derived auditory structures and the Dlx5 and Dlx6 homeobox genes play a major role in specification of the dorsally derived vestibular structures. Some Micro RNAs have also been recently identified which play a crucial role in the inner ear formation.
TAM receptor ligands in lupus: Protein S but not Gas6 levels reflect disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Suh Chang-Hee , Hilliard Brendan , Li Sophia , Merrill Joan T , Cohen Philip L 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Introduction
The TAM (tyro 3, axl, mer) kinases are key regulators of innate immunity and are important in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Gas6 and protein S are ligands for these TAM kinases and bind to phosphatidyl serine residues exposed during apoptosis. In animal models, absence of TAM kinases is associated with lupus-like disease. To test whether human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients might have deficient levels of TAM ligands, we measured Gas 6 and protein S levels in SLE.

Methods
107 SLE patients were recruited. Of these, 45 SLE patients were matched age, gender and ethnicity with normal controls (NC). Gas6 and free protein S were measured with sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

Results
Overall, the plasma concentrations of Gas6 and free protein S were not different between 45 SLE patients and 45 NC. In SLE patients, the levels of free protein S were positively correlated with age (r = 0.2405, P = 0.0126), however those of Gas6 were not. There was no correlation between the concentrations of Gas6 and free protein S in individuals. Levels of free protein S were significantly lower in SLE patients with a history of serositis, neurologic disorder, hematologic disorder and immunologic disorder. Gas6 levels were elevated in patients with a history of neurologic disorder. The SLE patients with anti-Sm or anti-cardiolipin IgG showed lower free protein S levels. Circulating free protein S was positively correlated with complement component 3 (C3) (r = 0.3858, P < 0.0001) and complement component 4 (C4) (r = 0.4275, P < 0.0001). In the patients with active BILAG hematologic involvement, the levels of free protein S were lower and those of Gas6 were higher.

Conclusions
In SLE, free protein S was decreased in patients with certain types of clinical history and disease activity. Levels of free protein S were strongly correlated with C3 and C4 levels. Gas6 levels in SLE patients differed little from levels in NC, but they were elevated in the small numbers of patients with a history of neurological disease. The correlation of decreased protein S levels with lupus disease activity is consistent with a role for the TAM receptors in scavenging apoptotic cells and controlling inflammation. Protein S appears more important functionally in SLE patients than Gas6 in this regard.
Bifunctional Organometallic Catalysis and Reactivity Using Heterocyclic Phosphines and Metallated Heterocycles
Authors: Grotjahn Douglas B 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Pyridyl- and imidazolylphosphines accelerate anti-Markovnikov alkyne hydration and alkene isomerization and deuteration by factors of 1000 to more than 10000. Evidence for proton transfer and hydrogen bonding in catalytic intermediates comes from computational, mechanistic, and structural studies. Related concepts are being applied to a novel class of protic N-heterocyclic carbene complexes which feature an unusual NH group.
A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education: Article 3: teaching and assessment in the clinical setting
Authors: Shehmar Manjeet , Khan Khalid S 
Published: July 2010

Key content

Busy clinical settings can be put to good use for teaching through observation and role modelling.
Teaching and learning in the clinical setting highlight the relevance of education to practice.
Work‐based assessments are strong determinants of learning.

Learning objectives

Trainees and trainers to be introduced to the main medical education theories on teaching and assessment in the clinical setting.
Trainees to be able to use structured strategies for maximising teaching and learning in a clinical setting.
Trainers to know how to take full advantage of learning and teaching opportunities for trainees during their usual clinical sessions and to observe their performance.

Ethical issues

What are the rights of patients when trainers involve them in their teaching?
How can a non‐threatening educational environment be created for trainees when they are being taught in front of patients?

Please cite this article as: Shehmar M, Khan KS. A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education: Article 3: teaching and assessment in the clinical setting. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:199–205.
Age-Structured Assessment of Walleyes, Saugers, and Naturally Produced Hybrids in Three Missouri River Reservoirs
Authors: Graeb Brian D. S. , Willis David W. , Billington Neil , Koigi Rachael N. , VanDeHey Justin A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Walleye Sander vitreus and sauger Sander canadensis naturally hybridize in many populations, but the factors influencing the recruitment of hybrids are unknown. We determined relative year-class strength for 1,454 saugers, walleyes, and naturally produced hybrids from three Missouri River reservoirs. Hybridization rates varied from 4% in Lakes Sharpe and Francis Case to 21% in Lewis and Clark Lake. Hybrids comprised multiple year-classes in each system, indicating that hybridization does not occur in erratic pulses but at a consistent low-level recruitment rate. The year-class strength of hybrids was not correlated with that of either walleyes or saugers. Our models suggest that higher than average recruitment of walleyes, saugers, and hybrids can be expected during years with warmer spring and early summer water temperatures in Lake Sharpe and Lewis and Clark Lake and during years when inflow (from main-stem discharge for hybrids and tributary inputs for saugers and walleyes) is reduced in Lewis and Clark Lake.
Autonomous Acoustic Receiver Deployment and Mooring Techniques for Use in Large Rivers and Estuaries
Authors: Titzler P. Scott , McMichael Geoffrey A. , Carter Jessica A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Acoustic telemetry receivers are used across a range of aquatic habitats to study a diversity of aquatic species. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System autonomous acoustic receiver system was deployed and moored in the Columbia River and its estuary. A high receiver loss rate during 2005 in the Columbia River estuary, an area with high water velocities and unstable substrates, prompted improvements to the receiver mooring system, and in 2006 the mooring system was redesigned. This change included elimination of surface buoys, a cable bridle, and an anchor tagline (for anchor recovery). The new mooring configuration, consisting of an acoustic receiver, acoustic release, and mooring line sections that were anchored to the riverbed, improved receiver recovery rates and crew safety. Additionally, a reward program was implemented to provide an incentive for people to return found receivers. The mooring design presented here performed well compared with previous acoustic receiver mooring methods used in the Columbia River system and should be useful for similar applications in large rivers and estuaries with high water velocities and shifting substrates.
Hardening Behavior of Sweetclover (Melilotus Spp.) Varieties in a Subarctic Environment1
Authors: Hodgson H. J. , Bula R. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisEleven sweetclover varieties were evaluated for winter survival, carbohydrate reserves, trends of cold resistance development, and nitrogen content of root tissue. Arctic, Brandon dwarf, Erector, and Alpha were the only varieties to give any appreciable winter survival. Carbohydrate reserves were adequate in all varieties. Arctic, Brandon dwarf, and Erector showed significantly higher cold resistance and content of various nitrogen fractions. The possible role of various nitrogen fractions in cold resistance development is discussed. Water soluble protein appeared most closely associated with cold resistance.
Flowering Response and Winter Survival in Seedling Stands of Medium Red Clover1
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisDate of seeding influenced markedly the number of medium red clover plants that flowered during the seedling year. Plants that flowered were winterkilled more than nonflowering plants, and certain plant types winterkilled more than others. The variability in plant types occurring in spaced populations following certain seeding dates may aid in selection programs.
Competition and Natural Selection in Soybean Varietal Composites1
Authors: Mumaw C. R. , Weber C. R. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisComposites of pure line varieties grow at the same location showed marked varietal changes during 5 seasons. Varieties having taller height, later maturity, more lodging and greater branching habit increased in proportion suggesting a limitation in the bulk hybrid method of plant breeding. Composites of unlike varieties exceeded the mean yield of their pure lines by more than Composites of similar varieties. Seed number was more important than seed size in the yield advantage of composites. Branching types yielded more than non‐branching types in composites.
The Effect of the Mammoth Gene on Certain Quantitatively Inherited Characters of Flue‐Cured Tobacco1
Authors: Mann T. J. , Chaplin J. F. 
Published: July 2010

SypnosisMammoth selections of flue‐cured tobacco produced fewer pre‐topping suckers, more leaves, fewer post‐topping suckers, higher yields, greater acre values, and lower values per hundredweight than did their dayneutral recurrent parents. In certain families yield increases were obtained through the use of the mammoth gene without loss in quality.
The Nutrient Content of Fescue and Orchardgrass and Amino Acids in Other Grassland Species1
Authors: Kik M. C. , Staten R. D. 
Published: July 2010

SypnosisSamples of several grasses and legumes were collected throughout the growing season and analyses were run to determine the amount of vitamins, minerals and amino acids contained in fescue and orchardgrass and the amino acid content in 20 other herbage species. The average values for all species are presented. The amino acid values are in percent of total crude protein. The vitamin content for fescue and orchardgrass includes all known members of the vitamin B complex.
The Effect of Different Fertility Levels on Yield, Persistence, and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa1
Authors: Gerwig John L. , Ahlgren Gilbert H. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisPotash was the most important factor in maintaining high yields and persistence of an alfalfa stand. The “critical percentage” for potassium content varied from season to season and probably lies somewhere between 1.42 and 1.84%. Nitrogen fertilization tended to decrease yields and stands whereas phosphorus had no significant beneficial effect.
Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Wheats to Hessian Fly Attack1
Authors: Cartwright W. B. , Caldwell Ralph M. , Compton Leroy E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisHessian fly resistant wheats infested at first leaf stage, unlike susceptible wheats, undergo little stunting of subsequently developed leaves. Larvae migrated normally downward, but were constantly carried upward by the elongating second leaf. Four days after hatching, most larvae had died in the sheath column and were subsequently carried upward and above the enclosing leaf sheath.Normal growth of resistant leaves appears detrimental to larvae, but its relationship to the initial lethal effect is not understood.
Effect of Harvest Dates and Location on the Genetic Composition of the Syn1 Generation of Pilgrim Ladino Clover1
Authors: Stanford E. H. , Laude Horton M. , Enloe J. Alton 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisParental clones of Pilgrim Ladino clover differ in their seed producing ability. The relative amounts of seed produced by individual clones vary with harvest dates and areas of production. Pollen contributions of the individual clones also differ. If genetically uniform lots of breeders’ seed are to be produced, they must be produced under similar environmental conditions.
The Distribution of Normal and Toxic Amounts of Boron in Leaves of Rough Lemon
Authors: Oertli J. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe distribution of boron in rough lemon leaves is non‐uniform. Concentrations can be found in areas near the tip a hundred times higher than that in the petiole. Symptoms of disorders in boron nutrition are reflected in the boron distribution in the tissues.
Effect of Irrigation and Deep Fertilization on Yields and Root Distribution of Selected Forage Crops1
Authors: Boehle John , Kardos Louis T. , Washko John B. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIrrigation was effective in increasing total forage production in 1957 but not in 1958. In both years, however, irrigation prior to the first harvest did not increase yields. Deep fertilization was ineffective in increasing forage production. Alfalfa, alone and with orchardgrass, was the only species whose root yield was increased by deep fertilization. Alfalfa, alone and with orchardgrass, made the best use of available subsoil moisture; orchardgrass made the least use of this moisture.
Trends of Cold Resistance and Chemical Changes Over Winter in the Roots and Crowns of Alfalfa and Medium Red Clover. I. Changes in Certain Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Fractions1
Authors: Jung G. A. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCold resistance increased from late September to mid‐December. A high level was maintained until February or early March. Resistance was lost slowly until early April and rapidly thereafter. In general, each nitrogen and carbohydrate fraction increased in content during the fall, was at its highest level sometime during the fall or winter, and then decreased during the spring. Correlation coefficients of the trends of the chemical fractions with the trend of cold resistance were significant in many cases.
Influence of Oxygen Diffusion Rate on Sunflower Growth at Various Soil and Air Temperatures1
Authors: Letey J. , Stolzy L. H. , Valoras N. , Szuszkiewicz T. E. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisOxygen diffusion rates increased 1.8% per degree centigrade rise in soil temperature for a given surface oxygen concentration. When diffusion rates are low, higher soil or aerial temperatures are more detrimental to shoot growth than lower temperatures. Regardless of temperature, roots did not grow when oxygen diffusion rates were less than 20 × 10−8 g. cm.−2 min.−1. A higher diffusion rate was required to maintain optimum root growth under higher aerial temperatures but was affected very little by soil temperature.
Vegetative Development of Alfalfa Seedlings under Varying Levels of Shading and Potassium Fertilization1
Authors: Matches Arthur G. , Mott G. O. , Bula R. J. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisTwo levels of shading imposed 6 weeks after planting had more apparent effect upon the root and top dry weight accumulation of 3 alfalfa varieties than upon their height, root length, or root/top ratio. Root dry weight accumulation was much more sensitive to shading than top dry weight accumulation. Potassium fertilization affected plant height, root length, root dry weight accumulation, and the root/top dry weight ratio. Interactions of the second and third order were noted in several cases.
Yield Response Surfaces, Isoquants, and Economic Fertilizer Optima for Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Welch L. F. , Adams W. E. , Carmon J. L. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisYield data from a 4 by 4 by 4 NPK factorial experiment with Coastal bermudagrass on Cecil soil are used to obtain a yield equation by multiple regression. The yield equation is then used in calculations for response surfaces, isoquants, and economic fertilizer optima.
Root Activity Distribution Patterns of Sorghum and Soil Moisture Conditions1
Authors: Nakayama F. S. , van Bavel C. H. M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisRelative root activity measurements using P32 uptake and soil‐water depletion data show that approximately 90% of root activity of sorghum plants occurred in the top 3 feet. Root growth rates were from 0.75 to 2.0 inches per day.
Comparative Effects of Flooded and Unflooded Soil Conditions and Nitrogen Application on Growth and Nutrient Uptake by Rice Plants1
Authors: Chaudhry M. S. , McLean E. O. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisUnflooded conditions caused delayed flowering, high percentage sterility, and consequent low yields. Nitrogen increased the cation exchange capacity of the roots and increased the yields when applied to the flooded soil at tillering stage. Plant P and Mn contents were low under unflooded conditions, but this did not appear to be the basic cause for the abnormal growth under these conditions.
Effect of Date of Planting on Yield, Plant Height, Flowering, and Maturity of Rape and Turnip Rape1
Authors: Gross A. T. H. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn 2 out of 3 years a significant negative correlation was obtained between seed yield and sowing date. Yield was highest when seeded on May 8. Delay in seeding resulted in later maturity, reduction in plant height, and reduction in time required for vegetative and reproductive development.
Relationship Between Rate of Stocking and Per Animal and Per Acre Performance on Pasture1
Authors: Petersen R. G. , Lucas H. L. , Mott G. O. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisQuantitative theory indicates that gain per animal is constant as stocking rate is increased to a “critical” point. Beyond this point gain per head is inversely related to stocking rate. Gain per acre increases linearly as stocking rate is increased to the “critical” point, then decreases linearly with further increases in stocking rate.
Sulfur and Nitrogen Content of Alfalfa Herbage During Growth1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. , Moore D. P. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisSulfur fertilization increased the sulfur and nitrogen content and yield of alfalfa herbage. Percent sulfur was highest in the young growth and declined at a near linear rate for both deficient and nondeficient plants. The use of a critical level of sulfur in alfalfa herbage needs to be associated with a definite stage of growth. The nitrogen to sulfur ratio in the herbage was nearly constant at all stages of growth and was much narrower in the nondeficient than in sulfur‐deficient herbage.
Chemical Fallow Studies in Winter Wheat Fallow Rotations in Western Nebraska1
Authors: Fenster C. R. , Burnside O. C. , Wicks G. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisRates of 2 lb./A. or more of 2‐chloro‐4‐ ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine (Atrazine) or 2‐ methoxy‐4,6‐bis (isopropylamino) ‐s‐triazine (Prometone) were necessary to give satisfactory weed control during the fallow period in an alternate wheat fallow rotation. However, these rates frequently injured the following wheat crop. Climatic and edaphic factors affected phytotoxicity and soil persistence of the herbicides.
Soil and Alfalfa Plant Characteristics as Affected by a Decade of Fertilization1
Authors: Hanson Roger G. , MacGregor John M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe 10‐year field study indicates annual top‐dressings of K are needed to maintain a dense stand for high yields of quality alfalfa on sloping Port Byron silt loam. Total yield increases were related to total quantities of P or PK applied, with largest increases obtained from annual K with P top‐dressings.Contents of P and K in 10‐year‐old alfalfa were related to quantities of these elements applied. The P and K concentrations generally were highest in the third cutting and lowest in the second.There appeared to be little movement of P below the surface 3 inches and little movement of K below 6 inches in Port Byron silt loam during the ten years of the experiment.
Mixtures of Hard Red Winter Wheat Cultivars1
Authors: Shaalan M. I. , Heyne E. G. , Lofgren J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) mixtures of three components each, two of adapted cultivars and two of similar phenotypic strains, were studied with component lines for 7 years at two locations. Equal portions of three adapted cultivars or similar phenotypic strains were used to form an original mixture the first year and a reconstituted mixture in succeeding years. Components of each mixture were selected to allow ease of identity to ascertain what ratio changes occurred in a mixture. Yield, test weight, and ratio change were the characteristics evaluated. Data indicate that the annually reconstituted mixture was more stable in performance than the original mixture or the component strains. Year‐to‐year variation apparently can be reduced by employing annually reconstituted mixtures. However, the average performance of mixtures of adapted cultivars or mixtures of similar phenotypic strains was not superior to that of the best component.
Wind and Sandblast Injury to Seedling Green Beans1
Authors: Skidmore E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeedling green beans were subjected to various combinations of windspeed (20, 30, and 40 mph), abrasive flux (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 ton per rod width per hour of sand), and duration of exposure (5, 10, and 15 minutes) in a wind tunnel. Wind alone with speeds up to 40 mph caused only slight damage, Introduction of as little as 0.2 ton per rod width per hour of sand into the windstream greatly increased plant injury. However, additional increases in abrasive flux causesd no proportionate increase in plant injury. Plant damage increased linearly and bean yields decreased almost linearly with increase in windspeed and duration of exposure. Although the plants abraded at 20 mph sustained injury, they recovered sufficiently to yield well. The yield of plants abraded at 30 and 40 mph decreased with increased sand flux.
Influence of 2‐Chloroethyltrimethylammonium Chloride (CCC) on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) When Applied as a Seed Treatment1
Authors: Appleby A. P. , Kronstad W. E. , Rohde C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe growth of wheat seedlings from seed treated with a .5% CCC solution was studied under greenhouse conditions. Length of coleoptile, length of culm to first leaf blade, total shoot length, and dry weight of shoots were reduced by the seed treatment. Length of longest root and dry weight of roots were not reduced appreciably after the initial week of growth.A method of applying CCC as a dust treatment to wheat seed was developed and used in field experiments. Considerable differences in varietal response for a number of agronomic characteristics were found in replicated field experiments over a 2‐year period. The stand of ‘Gaines,’ a semidwarf variety, was reduced, the stands of ‘Omar’ and ‘Golden’ were increased, and the stand of ‘Brevor’ was not affected. Yield increases were found in the three tall varieties while a reduction in yield was noted for the semidwarf variety. Straw‐grain ratio was reduced in all four varieties. Effect of CCC on lodging resistance could not be evaluated.