bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Flexible Concept of Finish: Rock-Cut Shrines in Premodern India
Authors: Dehejia Vidya , Rockwell Peter 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
India has a rich tradition of monuments cut from living rock, ranging from cave-shrines with a single façade to entire monolithic temples with both an interior and an exterior excavated from a mountainside. At a rough count more than eleven hundred caves and monoliths exist at some forty-five sites, created by Buddhists, Hindus, and Jains over a span of a thousand years. And to those accustomed to the modern concept of finish, half of this vast range of rock-cut monuments appears incomplete. No doubt explanations revolving around singular historical circum-stances satisfactorily explain some of this incomplete work. This article, however, addresses the significant number of unfinished works that seem unexplained by specific historical circumstances, and proposes that the concept of “finish” was flexible. The patron's prime aim was to create a monument that was usable and functional, with a fully carved-out sanctum and a complementary iconographic program. Once the sanctum was ready for consecration and worship, many, if not most, patrons appear to have been unconcerned with the finish of the overall structure. If the subsidiary areas of a shrine came to fruition at the same time as the sanctum, all well and good. If not, as long as the sacred myths were clearly readable by devotees, figures within a panel could wait forever to be released from the rock of the mountainside, and the panel's framing pilasters could remain but roughly sketched out. With worship initiated, such details assumed and retained a low priority, even when the structure continued in worship for centuries after its initiation. It appears that “finish” was a flexible concept with regard to the rock-cut monuments of premodern India.
The Informal Sector in Jinja, Uganda: Implications of Formalization and Regulation
Authors: Lince Sarah 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:This article examines two policies targeting the informal open-air market and fishing sectors in Jinja, Uganda. The informal sector has grown to become a significant source of livelihood for people in growing cities such as Jinja. At the same time, development policies have become increasingly concerned with encouraging formalization as well as the participation of local stakeholders in governance and decision-making. While there has been much debate about the potential impacts of formalizing previously informal, unregulated, unpermitted activities, the implications of these policies for informal vendors and fishers have received less attention. Despite their promises of addressing previous marginalization, the patterns of participation and formalization enforced by these two policies in Uganda have reduced the control of these individuals over their own livelihoods, as well as intensifying contestations of local authority and jurisdiction over resources.
Oil and the Production of Competing Subjectivities in Nigeria: “Platforms of Possibilities” and “Pipelines of Conflict”
Authors: Adunbi Omolade 
Published: February 2012

Abstract:This article examines how multinational corporations, recognizing the symbolic value of oil pipelines, flow stations, and platforms as ancestral promises of wealth to subject populations, work with NGOs and communities (sometimes in collaboration with the latter, but sometimes in a more adversarial manner) in setting up governance structures that often compete with, and sometimes oppose, the state in struggles over territorial control and resource extraction. These forms of contestations, it argues, create new sites of power in which NGOs aid multinational oil corporations in negotiating new sites of governance that in themselves create new structures of power.
Composite Substances as True Wholes: Toward a Modified Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Theory of Composite Substances
Authors: Kronen John , Tuttle Jacob 
Published: February 2012

In the Categories Aristotle defined substance as that which is neither predicable of nor in another. In saying that a substance is not predicable of another, Aristotle meant to exclude genera and species from the category substance. Aman is a substance but not man. In saying that a substance is not in another, Aristotle meant to exclude property particulars from the category. A man is a substance, not his color.The Categories treats substances as simples. Though a particular substance, Bucephalus the horse, has parts, it is nevertheless a single entity in the category substance and, hence, incomplex in the way a black thing or a running man are not. Black things and runners are complex because they are aggregates of substances and property particulars. Even if a horse is one substance and, thus, an entity (unlike a substance cum some of its attributes or a group of related substances), a horse is made of parts and one may wonder how it is related to its parts, as well as how its being made of parts coheres with the definition of substance given in the Categories.
Self Visitation, Traveler Time, and Compatible Properties
Authors: Carroll John W. 
Published: February 2012

IntroductionTed Sider aptly and concisely states the self-visitation paradox thus: ‘Suppose I travel back in time and stand in a room with my sitting 10-year-old self. I seem to be both sitting and standing, but how can that be?’ (2001, 101). I will explore arelativistresolution of this paradox offered by, or on behalf of, endurantists. It maintains that the sitting and the standing are relative to thepersonal timeorproper timeof the time traveler and is intended to yield the result that Ted is sitting at a certain initial personal/proper time but is not standing relative to that time. Similarly, it is also supposed to yield that Ted is standing relative to a later personal/proper time, but not sitting relative to that time. Such atraveler-time relativismhas been offered by Paul Horwich (1975, 433-5; 1987, 114-15) and also by Simon Keller and Michael Nelson (2001, 344). I will show that this relativist approach is a non-starter. It is so because Ted is sittingandstanding atboththe initial and the later personal/proper time.
Political Uses of Confucianism in North Korea
Authors: Kang Jin Woong 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In this article, I challenge the existing cultural approach that assumes a virtual Confucian transformation in North Korea. We can understand North Korea’s modern revival of Chosŏn Confucianism as an ideological phenomenon, created by political elites who reinvent and manipulate forms of Confucianism to legitimate their domination. The image of the so-called family-state, for which the cultural approach has argued, actually comes from the regime’s political discourses. I focus on how North Korea has systemized and transformed its ruling idea, the Chuch’e ideology, through its uses of Confucianism. Kim Jong Il’s ideas of sociopolitical life and loyalty and filial piety (ch’ung-hyo) are a reinterpretation of Chuch’e ideology and are reflected in the regime’s extreme political discourses. I argue that North Korea’s political power is not a projection of Confucian culture, but that the reverse is true. Based upon this fundamental claim, I explore how North Korean political elites have used Confucianism in order to legitimate their political power and how modern discursive uses of Confucianism in politics have reinterpreted Chuch’e ideology.
iPP/CNTs Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposite
Authors: Kalakonda Parvathalu , Sarkar Sabyasachi , Gombos Erin A. , Georgiev Georgi Yordanov , Iannacchione Germano , Cebe Peggy 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a hybrid structure of Isotactic Polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposite with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The polymer component contributes to the optical properties, flexibility and integrity of the polymer film while the carbon nanotubes change the thermal and mechanical stability, electrical and thermal conductivity and sensitivity. The multifunctional characteristics of this nanocomposite material are enhanced by anisotropic organization of the nanotubes and polymer through melt shearing which provides organization of the structural constituents at the molecular, nano, and micro length scales. This results in anisotropy of the macroscopic composite film properties parallel and perpendicular to the direction of shearing. On the molecular scale, the CNTs control the arrangement of the polymer molecules in a crystal lattice. On the nanometer scale, the CNTs couple to and align with the smectic normal of the liquid crystal phase of iPP. On the micron scale and larger, the secondary polymer crystal structure is rearranged due to the pinning of the polymer at the CNT surface to form fibrillar rather than spherulitic structures. These multi-scale rearrangements affect the optical, thermal, electrical, mechanical and chemical properties of the nanocomposite film. Our findings indicate that the CNTs under shear induce a novel anisotropy to the various thermo-physical properties of the iPP/CNTs films. We introduce an approach to extract the shear induced orientational order from the thermal conductivity of the dispersed CNTs. The index of refraction of the nanocomposites was also estimated via ellipsometry and was found to decrease slightly when CNTs were added and also showed shear induced anisotropy. The comparison between the results from the different experiments methods for probing induced anisotropy by melt shearing shows that orientation in iPP/CNTs nanocomposites induces anisotropy in multiple macroscopic properties.
A County-Level Examination of the Relationship Between HIV and Social Determinants of Health: 40 States, 2006-2008
Authors: Z Gant , M Lomotey , H.I Hall , X Hu , X Guo , R Song 
Published: February 2012

Background:Social determinants of health (SDH) are the social and physical factors that can influence unhealthy or risky behavior. Social determinants of health can affect the chances of acquiring an infectious disease – such as HIV – through behavioral influences and limited preventative and healthcare access. We analyzed the relationship between social determinants of health and HIV diagnosis rates to better understand the disparity in rates between different populations in the United States.Methods:Using National HIV Surveillance data and American Community Survey data at the county level, we examined the relationships between social determinants of health variables (e.g., proportion of whites, income inequality) and HIV diagnosis rates (averaged for 2006-2008) among adults and adolescents from 40 states with mature name-based HIV surveillance.Results:Analysis of data from 1,560 counties showed a significant, positive correlation between HIV diagnosis rates and income inequality (Pearson correlation coefficientρ= 0.40) and proportion unmarried – ages >15 (ρ= 0.52). There was a significant, negative correlation between proportion of whites and rates (ρ= -0.67). Correlations were low between racespecific social determinants of health indicators and rates.Conclusions/Implications:Overall, HIV diagnosis rates increased as income inequality and the proportion unmarried increased, and rates decreased as proportion of whites increased. The data reflect the higher HIV prevalence among non-whites. Although statistical correlations were moderate, identifying and understanding these social determinants of health variables can help target prevention efforts to aid in reducing HIV diagnosis rates. Future analyses need to determine whether the higher proportion of singles reflects higher populations of gay and bisexual men.
Partner Referral by HIV-Infected Persons to Partner Counseling and Referral Services (PCRS) - Results from a Demonstration Project
Authors: Song Binwei , Begley Elin B , Lesondak Linda , Voorhees Kelly , Esquivel Magdalena , Merrick Ronald L , Carrel Jack , Sebesta Douglas , Vergeront James , Shrestha Dhana , Oraka Emeka , Walker Annisa , Heffelfinger James D 
Published: February 2012

Objective:
The objectives of this article are to determine factors associated with refusal and agreement to provide partner information, and evaluate the effectiveness of referral approaches in offering PCRS.

Methods:
Index clients from 5 sites that used 3 different PCRS approaches were interviewed to obtain demographic and risk characteristics and choice of partner referral method for PCRS. Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with providing partner information.

Results:
The percentage of index clients who refused to provide partner information varied by site (7% to 88%). Controlling for PCRS approach, index clients who were older than 25 years, male, or reported having male-male sex in the past 12 months were more likely (p <0.01) to refuse to provide partner information. Overall, 72% of named partners referred by index clients were located and offered PCRS. The proportion of partners who were located and offered PCRS differed by referral approach used, ranging from 38% using contract referral (index clients agree to notify their partners within a certain timeframe, else a disease intervention specialist or health care provider will notify them) to 98% using dual referral (index clients notify their partners with a disease intervention specialist or provider present).

Conclusion:
Success in obtaining partner information varied by the PCRS approach used and effectiveness in locating and notifying partners varied by the referral approach selected. These results provide valuable insights for enhancing partner services.
Development of shrinkage resistant microfibre-reinforced cement-based composites
Authors: Hamedanimojarrad P. , Adam G. , Ray A. , Thomas P. , Vessalas K. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Different shrinkage types may cause serious durability dilemma on restrained concrete parts due to crack formation and propagation. Several classes of fibres are used by concrete industry in order to reduce crack size and crack number. In previous studies, most of these fibre types were found to be effective in reducing the number and sizes of the cracks, but not in shrinkage strain reduction. This study deals with the influence of a newly introduced type of polyethylene fibre on drying shrinkage reduction. The novel fibre is a polyethylene microfibre in a new geometry, which is proved to reduce the amount of total shrinkage in mortars. This special hydrophobic polyethylene microfibre also reduces moisture loss of mortar samples. The experimental results on short and long-term drying shrinkage as well as on several other properties are reported. The hydrophobic polyethylene microfibre showed promising improvement in shrinkage reduction even at very low concentrations (0.1% of cement weight).
Reliability and Relationship Between 2 Measurements of Transversus Abdominis Dimension Taken During an Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver Using a Novel Approach of Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Jhu Jhong-Lin , Chai Huei-Ming , Jan Mei-Hwa , Wang Chung-Li , Shau Yio-Wha , Wang Shwu-Fen 
Published: February 2012

Study Design Reliability study of clinical measurement. Objectives The primary purpose was to develop a reliable method for measuring muscle length changes of the transversus abdominis (TrA) during contraction. The secondary purpose was to investigate the relationship between changes in thickness and length (as indicated by the lateral sliding of the anterior muscle-fascia junction) of the TrA muscle during an abdominal drawing-in maneuver. We also provide data on between-day reliability of change in thickness (ΔT) of the TrA. Background Ultrasound imaging measurements of TrA thickness at rest (Thr) and during maximal contraction (Thm) have been shown to be reliable. However, limited data exist on quantifying changes in TrA length (as indicated by the lateral sliding of the muscle-fascia junction [Δx]) and ΔT during contraction. Methods Eighteen healthy adults (mean ± SD age, 22.6 ± 2.5 years) participated in this study. Brightness mode ultrasound images of the TrA were collected at rest and during an abdominal drawing-in maneuver. Subjects were examined by the same examiner twice within a 48-hour period. ΔT, ΔT/Thr, Thr, Thm, and Δx of the TrA were calculated. Medial-lateral movement of the transducer during measurement was corrected through a custom-written program that used an internal marker created by an echo-absorptive thread attached to the skin. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1), within-subject coefficient of variance, and standard error of measurement were calculated. The relationship between ΔT and adjusted Δx of the TrA muscle was investigated. Results The ICC values for Thr, Thm, and ΔT of the TrA muscle were greater than 0.75, with the exception of the left ΔT (0.62) and left ΔT/Thr (0.49). After adjusting for medial-lateral motion of the transducer, the ICC values of adjusted Δx were above 0.75, and the within-subject coefficient of variance was below 10%. There was no significant correlation between ΔT and adjusted Δx of the TrA. Conclusion Ultrasound imaging measurements of TrA thickness and length change were shown to be reliable using a novel method to control for medial-lateral transducer motion. Measuring different but unrelated dimensional changes in the TrA might provide further insight as to the function of the TrA. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(12):826–832.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3000
Femoroacetabular Impingement in a High School Female Athlete
Authors: Reiman Michael P. , Stovak Mark , Dart Bradley R. 
Published: February 2012

The patient was a 17-year-old female who was referred to a physical therapist by her primary-care physician with a chief complaint of bilateral hip and groin pain. The patient was treated by the physical therapist for 8 weeks, but she was unable to successfully return to playing soccer. The patient was subsequently referred to an orthopaedic surgeon, who ordered a magnetic resonance arthrogram that did not reveal intra-articular pathology. To further evaluate bony morphology, computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstructions was ordered, which demonstrated findings consistent with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(12):982. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0425
The Pearls and Pitfalls of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Spine
Authors: Elliott James , Flynn Timothy , Al-Najjar Aiman , Press Joel , Nguyen Bao , Noteboom Jon Timothy 
Published: February 2012

Synopsis Musculoskeletal imaging of the spine can be an invaluable tool to inform clinical decision making in patients with spinal pain. An understanding of the technology involved in producing and interpreting high-resolution images produced from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human spine is necessary to better appreciate which sequences can be used for, or tailored to, individual patients and their conditions. However, there is substantial variability in the clinical meaningfulness of some MRI findings of spinal tissues. For example, normal variants can often mimic significant musculoskeletal pathology, which could increase the risk of misinformed clinical decisions and, even worse, poor or adverse outcomes. This clinical commentary will highlight some of the pearls and pitfalls of MRI for the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions, and include cases to illustrate some of the common imaging artifacts and normal variants for MRI of the spine. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(11):848–860. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3636
Percutaneous Approach in the Maintenance and Salvage of Dysfunctional Autologous Vascular Access for Dialysis
Authors: De Rango Paola , Parente Basso , Cieri Enrico , Bonanno Paolo , Farchioni Luca , Manzone Alessandra , Verzini Fabio 
Published: February 2012

Purpose Endovascular procedures have been increasingly used for salvage of failing vascular access with conflicting results. The aim of this study was to assess the mid-term patency and complication rates of angioplasty procedures performed in a single center for treatment of stenosis compromising vascular accesses. Methods A prospective database of vascular accesses performed in 2006–2010 was investigated. The endovascular approach was applied following a standardized protocol by a dedicated team. A total of 531 consecutive procedures were reviewed (326 men; mean age 70.94 years). Patency rates were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results There were 199 procedures for failing access: 135 were surgical and 64 angioplasties performed for anastomosis (n=27), venous (n=45) or arterial (n=7) stenosis. Immediate technical success of endovascular procedures was 95.3%(61/64); complication rate was 6.3% (4/64). Primary patency rates were 55% at six months, 49% at 12 months, and 21% at 24 months. In the concurrent group of 135 open procedures, primary patency rates were 80% at six months and 67% at 12 months (P=.002); nevertheless, at 24 months, patency was as low as 49%. Cost estimates for angioplasty revealed additional fees ranging from 411.34 to 446.34 Euro with respect to open surgical procedures. Conclusions Most dysfunctional vascular accesses can be successfully and safely treated by the endovascular route. In spite of poor mid-term durability, the angioplasty balloon might be considered as a bridge, effective, and repeatable solution with reasonable costs to prolong access survival avoiding additional surgery. The failure rate in the mid-term for dysfunctional vascular access may also be high after surgical reintervention.
Mimicking the Growth of a Pathologic Biomineral: Shape Development and Structures of Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate in the Presence of Polyacrylic Acid
Authors: Thomas Annu , Rosseeva Elena , Hochrein Oliver , Carrillo‐Cabrera Wilder , Simon Paul , Duchstein Patrick , Zahn Dirk , Kniep Rüdiger 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe morphogenesis of calcium oxalate hydrates in aqueous solutions was investigated by varying the pH, oxalate concentration, and the concentration of the sodium salt of polyacrylate (PAA). With increasing amounts of PAA in solution, the shape of tetragonal calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) changes from bipyramidal through elongated bipyramidal prisms to dumbbells and finally reverts to rodlike tetragonal bipyramidal prisms. PAA is incorporated into the prismatic zones of the growing COD crystals, thereby reducing the growth rate of the {100} faces along the <100> direction. Dumbbells start to develop through “non‐crystallographic” branching from the prism faces and the formation of “multiple head” crystals. Adsorption of PAA on the rough surfaces of the splitting individuals supports the selection of new subindividuals and leads to the formation of core–shell patterns. The various shapes and structures of the biomimetic COD/PAA crystals and aggregates are closely related to the well‐known “pathologic” individuals observed in the urine of patients with urinary disease (including urinary stones).