bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Legere Est Agere”
Authors: Kneepkens C. H. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This contribution gives a detailed analysis of the first Quaestio of the collection of grammatical quaestiones preserved in the MS Oxford, CCC 250, ff.30vb-33vb (§ § 1–3); an attempt is made to assign the Quaestio its proper place in the development of 12th-century linguistic thought (§ § 4–6). The subject matter of the Quaestio is the various interpretations of the infinitive used in a proposition as a noun (in vi nominis) as exemplified by “legere est agere”, a topic closely related to the discussions on the status of the dictum propositionis. The anonymous author deals with it from a logical point of view, and his main concern appears to be the truth of the proposition. The influence of contemporary views as the ‘contextual approach’ is shown by his proposal to judge the interpretation of the infinitive according to the syntactic structures of the propositions. His conditional interpretation of the proposition “legere est agere” in the sense of “si quis legit, agit” in the case of an ‘impersonal interpretation’ of the infinitives and the copula is judged worthy of our attention (§ 3). § 4 is devoted to discussions of this topic (and related questions) in 12th-century texts on logic. Special attention is paid to Abailard’s ‘impersonal interpretation’ of the infinitive in his theory on the ‘dictum propositionis’, and to the Ars Meliduna and the Dialectica Monacensis for the use of the term ‘attributum’. The minor textbooks of logic are considered to be the direct source of the example “legere est agere”. We find a comprehensive treatment of the question at issue in the Summa on the Priscianus minor by the Parisian Master Robertus (fi. ca.1160), but now from a grammatical point of view (§ 5). His main concern is the congruity of the construction. He admits both interpretations: in vi verbi and in vi nominis, but does not make any further sub-distinction of the use in vi nominis. Twice Robertus refers to an opinion adhered to by the author of our Quaestio, but rejected by Robertus himself. — An edition of the Quaestio is appended.
On Some 12th and 13th Century Doctrines of Restriction
Authors: Libera Alain de 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The problem of the variation of the truth-status of the propositions over time is one of the favourite topics of the logicians as soon as the end of the XIIth century. The aim of the present article is to acknowledge the various theories of restriction provided in the 12th and 13th centuries, to solve semantic problems by means of contextual determination. Given the texts presently available, up to seven different doctrines are accounted for, depending on whether or not subjects and predicates, on the one hand, substantial and accidental terms, on the other hand, are actually distinguished. Among those doctrines, particular attention is paid to that of the so-called Dialectica Mona-censis. This anonymous treatise, dating from the last decades of the 12th century, introduces two different theories. The first one suffers from a discrepancy between the content of the rules of restriction through present, past and future tense verbs and that of the various conditions laid down in these rules. Thus, though substantial and accidental terms have theoretically the same supposition, whether they be subjects or predicates, in each different tensed form of the verbs, the author practically draws a line between substantial terms like ‘homo’ and accidental ones, like ‘album’. As a matter of fact, the truth of the proposition “homo curret” at instant S (Reichenbach’s ‘point of speech’) necessarily entails that of “homo currit” at instant E (the ‘point of event’), but this is not the case with ‘album’ in “album curret”, since that which is now white (point S) might very well be no longer white at time E. Those difficulties determine a second theory which offers a more satisfying account of the difference between substantial and accidental terms. Finally, a comparison is made between the first theory in the Dialectica and William of Sherwood’s account of the compounded and divided senses of the propositions, and a parallel is suggested with modern paraphrases using A. N. Prior’s tense operators.
Occam et les Demonstratfs
Authors: Panaccio Claude 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Sur le plan théorique, la sémantique de Guillaume d’Occam n’accorde pas aux pronoms démonstratifs beaucoup d’intérêt. Elle laisse soupçonner qu’au niveau du discours mental — qui est logiquement pur —, ils sont réductibles aux noms propres. Sur le plan opératoire cependant, Occam recourt systématiquement à leurs services dans certains des passages les plus délicats de la théorie sémantique, notamment dans les définitions de “genus ”, “significare ”, “supposition”, dans la théorie de la suppositio personalis et dans la théorie de l’induction, là où il s’agit d’établir, entre le domaine des signes, où se trouve confinée la généralité, et le domaine ontologique, habité seulement par des individus, un lien direct et immédiat. Cet écart peut s’expliquer de la façon suivante. D’une part, l’occamisme est tributaire de la tradition grammaticale pour laquelle les pronoms ne sont que les substituts des noms. D’autre part il a besoin, de par sa logique interne, d’une catégorie spéciale de signes — appelés ici des désigna-teurs directs – dont il ne donne pas la théorie et qui correspondent étroitement aux “noms propres logiques ” de l’atomisme logique de Russell; dans le langage ordinaire, auquel Occam se limite, ce sont précisément les démonstratifs qui sont le plus apparentés à ces désignateurs directs, et c’est pourquoi Occam fait spontanément appel à eux. Les démonstratifs constituent ainsi en pratique le pendant linguistique de l’appréhension intuitive théorisée dans la gnoséologie occamiste.
Monolingualism and Multilingualism in the 14th Century
Authors: Richter Michael 
Published: November 2010

Summary
While not enough is known about most medieval polyglots with regard to the ways in which they acquired languages in addition to their mother tongue, there exist untapped sources for the later Middle Ages about people who were bi- or multi-lingual. One such source is presented here containing information about the distribution of a knowledge of Latin among lay people in Poland in the year 1339. Although the sample available from the source analysed here is rather small, by placing the people who knew Latin in the context of their equals who did not, the emerging pattern indicates trends which are not unexpected. Knowledge of Latin increased both with higher social status and with urbanisation. Quite apart from these specific trends, the general picture shows a considerable knowledge of Latin among the Polish laity in the 14th century. Comparison with a similar analysis carried out for 14-century England confirms some of these findings, though a different socio-linguistic background there manifests itself in differences in the detailed pattern.
William of Sherwood’s Treatise on Obligations
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This paper investigates the nature and function of scholastic logical work on Obligationen as they are presented in William of Sherwood’s treatise on the subject. After a brief survey of contemporary discussion of Obligationen, I explain the nature of an obligations disputation, as Sherwood presents it, and make some suggestions about the sources of and reasons for early scholastic interest in obligations. Taking into account various other 13th-century treatises on obligations, I analyze several sections of Sherwood’s treatise in order to indicate what the purpose and function of obligations are in Sherwood’s treatment of them. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the relation between obligations and insolubilia.
Louis Meigret, Humaniste Et Linguiste
Authors: Hausmann Franz-Josef 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Louis Meigret, un des grands linguistes du XVIe siècle, reste imparfaitement connu, surtout paree que la plupart de ses oeuvres sont écrites dans une ortho-graphe illisible. Aucune monographie n’était jusqu’alors consacré à cet auteur. L’article, condensant un livre à paraître, retrace la biographie de l’humaniste entre 1531–1558 et présente les activités du traducteur, du réformateur de l’orthographe et du grammairien. II révèle tant les influences subies que son originalité. La Grammaire de 1550 y est tout particulièrement analysée. Elle n’a pu être appréciée à sa juste valeur que par la linguistique structural du XXe siècle.
Graphemics and the History of Phonology
Authors: Hospers J. H. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
It has often been said that the invention of the alphabet marked the beginning of phonology, in a prescientific sense of the word of course. On the other hand, it has also been said (F. Balk-Smit Duyzentkunst 1978) that "the phoneme concept would never have been developed without the alphabetic script". Apart, however from this ‘chicken-or-egg’ problem the assumption of Mrs. Balk is in itself a sign that something has been changing in linguistics the last decade or two. Writing has come into the picture again. Linguistic structuralism was based exclusively on spoken language, but, thanks to the work of such scholars as H. J. Uldall, J. Vachek and W. Haas, the insight has grown that writing is worth studying also linguistically. If this is so, the following question arises: What remains of the above mentioned relation between phoneme and alphabet (or vice versa) if T.G.G. is right in saying that a phonological level corresponding to a psycholinguistic reality does not exist (Chomsky & Halle 1968)? Mrs. Balk has proved in her article that, in any case the notion ‘phoneme’ does exist and that certain specifications and elaborations of this concept contain alphabetic alements, though most orthographies are morphono-logical and not merely phonological. The history and science of writing (I J. Gelb’s ‘grammatology’) also teach us that not only the alphabetic but also the syllabographic scripts were from the beginning already of a morphonological kind. Especially such grammatologists and semitists as Gelb and E. Reiner have drawn attention to the use of what they call ‘morphographemics’ (= morpho-phonemic spellings) in the ancient Akkadian writing system. And G. M. Schramm, J. C. L. Gibson, S. Morag and others did the same with regard to Classical Hebrew. So, perhaps, we are safe in concluding that there is some unconscious operation of a morphophoneme concept in the human mind.
The legitimate fathers of speech errors
Authors: Anwar Mohamed Sami 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe history of speech errors is reviewed in the West and traced back to its origin in Medieval Arabic linguistics. It is claimed that Rudolf Meringer (1859–1931), the Austrian linguist was not the first scholar to start speech error studies. Some western as well as many Arab linguists were interested in speech errors long before him. It is claimed that Meringer may have been under the influence of Arabic books on speech errors since he thaught at the Orientalische Akademie in Vienna and was in touch with Orientalists interested in speech-error studies. The paper also points out how the interest of Arab linguists in this area emanated from their fear that such errors may lead to the corruption of Arabic and misunderstandings of the Qu’ān. Arab linguists collected speech errors made by educated and uneducated people from different parts of the Arabic-speaking world. Such errors were related to language use, social setting, and cultural factors. Linguistic explanations were also provided such as assimilation, substitution, nearness of point of articulation, anticipation, deletion, addition, and analogy as well as hypercorrection. This helped greatly in the development of empirical studies of phonetics, grammar, lexicography, dialects, the Arabic writing system, and scholarship concerning the Qur’ān.
The ‘Risala’ of Yehuda Ibn Quraysh and its Place in Hebrew Linguistics
Authors: Bekkum W. Jacques Van 
Published: November 2010

SummaryTheRisālaof Yěhuda Ibn Quraysh (10th century) has evoked many suggestions and presuppositions among modern scholars with regard to its place within the development of Hebrew linguistics. This paper does not deal extensively with theRisālaon its own, but examines possible connections of theRisālawith contemporary and later linguistic works. In the first place, an article of Allony (1970) is discussed, in which the author states that the second chapter of theRisālawas influenced by a work of Sacadya Gaon, theKitāb al-sab-cīn lafza al-mufrada.However, his arguments are not convincing, as already observed by Becker (1977) and Téné (1980). Ibn Quraysh was completely independent from the works of Sacadya Gaon and in fact stood outside the tradition in the study of the Hebrew language which Sacadya Gaon had established. Ibn Quraysh did not have a lasting influence on later grammarians because of his unusual linguistic approach. Direct influence is demonstrable in theKitāb Jāmical-’Alfāzof al-Fāsī. In this connection the problem is discussed, whether Ibn Quraysh was a Qaraite, like al-Fāsī, as some scholars have thought. Works of later grammarians like Ibn Tamīm, Ibn Janāh and Ibn Hayyūj are considered, but their alleged dependence upon theRisālais disproved. The most interesting connection lies between theRisālaand theKitāb al-Muwāzanaby Ibn Bārūn. This book is clearly a comparative work like theRisāla.Ibn Bārūn, too, is aware of the kinship of certain Semitic languages and he shares particular views of Ibn Quraysh regarding lexical explanations and Hebrew grammar. But it is remarkable that the works of Ibn Quraysh and Ibn Bārūn did not make an impact on the later development of Hebrew linguistics and did not succeed in focusing attention on the comparative aspect in the study of Hebrew and Arabic. Reasons for this are given by Téné (1980). It is clear that both theRisālaand theKitāb al-Muwāzanarepresent an episodic development within the history of Hebrew linguistics, which was not developed by later Hebrew linguists until modern scholars of comparative linguistics took it up again.
The use of proper names as a testing device in Sībawayhi’s Kitāb
Authors: Carter M. G. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryOn numerous occasions Sībawayhi (d.2nd/8th century) asks his master al-Khalīl how certain elements (not necessarily nouns) would behave if used as a man or woman’s name. The purpose of these questions is evidently to test the morphological range of Arabic nouns, and proper names were chosen as the testing device because they are a class of nouns which can be arbitrarily coined from any source. At the same time the artificially created ‘name’ serves another purpose, i.e., to transfer a given element into the metalanguage. Several sets of examples are listed, in which various linguistic axioms can be seen to be tested, e.g. the minimal constituents of a noun, prosodie limitations, inflectional restrictions on nouns transferred from verbal and other categories, correlation between noun pattern and full or partial inflection, relationship between gender and inflection, assimilation by non-nouns to nearest available noun pattern on transfer to noun status, use of verbatim quotation when the limit of possible assimilation is passed (i.e., when phrases and sentences are used as proper names). Evidence is presented to show that both master and pupil were well aware of the opportunities afforded by the proper name for testing morphology (even of imaginary words) as well as for introducing items into the metalanguage. It is suggested that this procedure, if not actually invented by al-Khalīl, was certainly first elaborated and exploited by him. That the proper name test falls largely into disuse after theKitābis probably due to the shift away from descriptive and towards prescriptive grammar: other linguistic games emerge instead, which have an unmistakably pedagogical function, e.g. parsing exercises, constructing words from non-existent roots etc.
Les ‘Partes Orationis’ Dans Le Kitāb Al-’Uṣūl D’Ibn Al-Sarrāj
Authors: Troupeau Gérard 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Cette contribution est constituée par la présentation et la traduction des premières pages du Kitāb al-’Usūl fī l-nahw, dans lesquelles Ibn al-Sarrāj, grammairien de Baghdad du IVe/Xe siècle, définit les trois sortes de mots dont se compose la langue arabe: le nom, l’opération (= le verbe) et la particule. Dans ces définitions, très différentes de celles des premiers grammairiens, on relève une influence très nette de la logique aristotélicienne. Adoptées et transmises par les élèves d’Ibn al-Sarrāj, ces définitions prévaudront, par la suite, chez la plupart des grammairiens arabes.
The 15th-Century Controversy on the Language Spoken by the Ancient Romans
Authors: Tavoni Mirko 
Published: November 2010

SummaryIn the antechamber of Pope Eugene IV in 1435 there took place a debate among a group of Apostolic Secretaries which was to continue to excite the interest of leading Italian humanists for many decades there after and even into the 16th century. A number of these Secretaries, among them Biondo Flavio, argued that in ancient Rome literate and illiterate spoke a Latin which, though obviously differing in lexical, syntactic and stylistic complexity, was basically one and the same language. The spokesman for the others, Leonardo Bruni, maintained that thevulgusmust have used avulgaris sermoas sharply distinct from thelatina ac litterata linguaas the vernacular of their own times was from Latin. As has rightly been pointed out, the disagreement between these humanists was more nominal than real in that the arguments put forward derive directly from diverging notions of ‘language’ and ‘grammar’: hence the two sides evaluate diglossia in the 15th-century society and, therefore, the situation in ancient Rome, by different criteria. This article (which summarizes a forthcoming book), traces the sources for and analyses the terminologies employed in the various texts in an attempt to make their true meaning plain and also uncover the underlying reasons for mutual misunderstanding. It also points out the major shifts of focus which occurred in the subsequent controversy. While Leon Battista Alberti exploited the discussion for a pro-volgare campaign of his own, Guarino Guarini’s exploration of the termlitteralisrepresents one of the most sophisticated points of view adopted by a grammarian, and the polemic between Poggio Bracciolini and Lorenzo Valla overlatineandgrammatice loquireflects a division within the humanist movement of more far-reaching implications.
Phonetics in 16th-Century Italy
Authors: Izzo Herbert J. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This paper, which contends that Renaissance linguistics has remained undervalued despite the progress of current linguistic historiography, examines and compares the works of two 16th-century writers on Italian pronunciation, Giorgio Bartoli (1534–83) and John David Rhys (1534–1609). Both show an unexpected sophistication in their articulatory descriptions and in their strict distinction between phonology and orthography as well as considerable knowledge of and an objective attitude toward other European languages and dialects. One of them, moreover, sets up a system of consonant classification which foreshadows modern feature analysis.
19th-Century Italian
Authors: Hall Robert A. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The novelist Edmondo de Amicis (1846–1908) was an important figure in the discussions of standard literary Italian at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. In his influential book L’idioma gentile (1905), he advocated a compromise between two extreme positions, pro- and anti-Tuscan, towards the Questione della lingua or language-problem, which had been a subject of debate for over four hundred years. While supporting the claims of Tuscan usage to be regarded as a model, de Amicis rejected the doctrine favored by his fellow-novelist Alessandro Manzoni (the ‘soluzione manzoniana’) that the spoken language of the Florentine upper classes should be the only standard. Especially with regard to the value of dialects, de Amicis took a more liberal position than the extreme pro-Florentine purists of the 19th century. De Amicis exerted a strong influence, especially through the schools (where his works were widely read), and the actual solution to the problem of standard Italian after 1870 deserves to be called ‘deAmicisian’ rather than ‘Manzonian’.
FIVE KEPLER TARGET STARS THAT SHOW MULTIPLE TRANSITING EXOPLANET CANDIDATES
Authors: Steffen Jason H. , Batalha Natalie M. , Borucki William J. , Buchhave Lars A. , Caldwell Douglas A. , Cochran William D. , Endl Michael , Fabrycky Daniel C. , Fressin François , Ford Eric B. , Fortney Jonathan J. , Haas Michael J. , Holman Matthew J. , Howell Steve B. , Isaacson Howard , Jenkins Jon M. , Koch David , Latham David W. , Lissauer Jack J. , Moorhead Althea V. , Morehead Robert C. , Marcy Geoffrey , MacQueen Phillip J. , Quinn Samuel N. , Ragozzine Darin , Rowe Jason F. , Sasselov Dimitar D. , Seager Sara , Torres Guillermo , Welsh William F. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
We present and discuss five candidate exoplanetary systems identified with the Kepler spacecraft. These five systems show transits from multiple exoplanet candidates. Should these objects prove to be planetary in nature, then these five systems open new opportunities for the field of exoplanets and provide new insights into the formation and dynamical evolution of planetary systems. We discuss the methods used to identify multiple transiting objects from the Kepler photometry as well as the false-positive rejection methods that have been applied to these data. One system shows transits from three distinct objects while the remaining four systems show transits from two objects. Three systems have planet candidates that are near mean motion commensurabilities—two near 2:1 and one just outside 5:2. We discuss the implications that multi-transiting systems have on the distribution of orbital inclinations in planetary systems, and hence their dynamical histories, as well as their likely masses and chemical compositions. A Monte Carlo study indicates that, with additional data, most of these systems should exhibit detectable transit timing variations (TTVs) due to gravitational interactions, though none are apparent in these data. We also discuss new challenges that arise in TTV analyses due to the presence of more than two planets in a system.
Paintomics: a web based tool for the joint visualization of transcriptomics and metabolomics data
Authors: García-Alcalde Fernando , García-López Federico , Dopazo Joaquín , Conesa Ana 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Motivation: The development of the omics technologies such as transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics has made possible the realization of systems biology studies where biological systems are interrogated at different levels of biochemical activity (gene expression, protein activity and/or metabolite concentration). An effective approach to the analysis of these complex datasets is the joined visualization of the disparate biomolecular data on the framework of known biological pathways.
Results: We have developed the Paintomics web server as an easy-to-use bioinformatics resource that facilitates the integrated visual analysis of experiments where transcriptomics and metabolomics data have been measured on different conditions for the same samples. Basically, Paintomics takes complete transcriptomics and metabolomics datasets, together with lists of significant gene or metabolite changes, and paints this information on KEGG pathway maps.
Availability: Paintomics is freely available at http://www.paintomics.org.
Contact: aconesa@cipf.es