bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Fluorescence‐Labeled RAFT Agents and Their Application in the Preparation of α‐,ω‐ and α,ω‐End‐Fluorescence‐Labeled Polymers
Authors: Guo Ruiwei , Wang Xingxing , Guo Chungang , Dong Anjie , Zhang Jianhua 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe novel fluorescence‐labeled RAFT agents 2‐(4‐benzyl)benzoxazole benzodithioate (BBB) and 2‐(4‐benzyl)benzoxazole 9H‐carbazole‐9‐carbodithioate (BBCC) were synthesized via a nucleophilic substitution reaction between commercially available 2‐(4‐(chloromethyl)phenyl)benzoxazole (CMPB) and excessive carbodithioate or dithiocarbamate salts. BBB bearing benzoxazole at R‐group and BBCC carrying benzoxazole and carbazole at R‐ and Z‐group can be applied to directly obtain α‐ and α,ω‐end‐fluorescence‐labeled polymers, respectively. Considering the mild reaction conditions and readily available dyes, the reactions between CMPB and dithiocarbamate or carbodithioate salts should be a very simple and promising approach to synthesize fluorescent RAFT agents and polymers.
Design of a nested eight‐channel sodium and four‐channel proton coil for 7T knee imaging
Authors: Brown Ryan , Madelin Guillaume , Lattanzi Riccardo , Chang Gregory , Regatte Ravinder R. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Wiggins Graham C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe critical design aim for a sodium/proton coil is to maximize sodium sensitivity and transmit field homogeneity while simultaneously providing adequate proton sensitivity and homogeneity. While most dual‐frequency coils use lossy high‐impedance trap circuits or PIN diodes to allow dual‐resonance, we explored a nested‐coil design for sodium/proton knee imaging at 7 T. A stand‐alone eight‐channel sodium receive array was implemented without standard dual‐resonance circuitry to provide improved sodium signal‐to‐noise ratio. A detunable sodium birdcage was added for homogeneous sodium excitation and a four‐channel proton transmit‐receive array was added to provide anatomical reference imaging and B0 shimming capabilities. Both additional modules were implemented with minimal disturbance to the eight‐channel sodium array by managing their respective resonances and geometrical arrangement. In vivo sodium signal‐to‐noise ratio was 1.2–1.7 times greater in the developed eight‐channel array than in a mononuclear sodium birdcage coil, whereas the developed four‐channel proton array provided signal‐to‐noise ratio similar to that of a commercial mononuclear proton birdcage coil. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discrete element modeling of tool‐rock interaction II: rock indentation
Authors: Huang Haiying , Detournay Emmanuel 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe failure mechanisms induced by a wedge‐shaped tool indenting normally against a rock surface are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). The main focus of this study is to explore the conditions controlling the transition from a ductile to a brittle mode of failure. The development of a damage zone and the initiation and propagation of a brittle fracture is well captured by the DEM simulations. The numerical results support the conjecture that initiation of brittle fractures is governed by a scaled flaw length Λ, a ratio between the flaw size λ and the characteristic length (where KIc is the toughness and σc the uniaxial compressive strength). The size of the damage zone agrees well with analytical predictions based on the cavity expansion model. The effects of a far‐field confining stress and the existence of a relief surface near the indenter are also examined.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep, fatigue, depression, and quality of life in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gordijn Maartje S. , van Litsenburg Raphaële R. , Gemke Reinoud J. , Huisman Jaap , Bierings Marc B. , Hoogerbrugge Peter M. , Kaspers Gertjan J.L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundWith the improved survival of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the effect of treatment on psychosocial well‐being becomes increasingly relevant. Literature on sleep and fatigue during treatment is emerging. However, information on these subjects after treatment is sparse. This cross‐sectional study examined sleep and fatigue in relation to depression and quality of life (QoL) after treatment for childhood ALL.ProcedureSleep, fatigue, depression, and QoL were evaluated by parent proxy and/or child self‐reports of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the PedsQL™ multidimensional fatigue scale, the Children's Depression Inventory and the Child Health Questionnaire. All total scores were compared to Dutch norm references.ResultsSixty‐two children were included, being 36 (interquartile range 22–62) months after finishing treatment. Parents rated the ALL survivors as having more disturbed sleep, more fatigue and poorer physical QoL compared to the Dutch norm. ALL survivors themselves reported less sleep problems, less depressive symptoms, and better psychosocial QoL than the Dutch norm. More sleep disturbances and fatigue correlated with more symptoms of depression and a worse QoL.ConclusionsDifferences in parental and self‐reports, including worse parental ratings, might be explained by worried parents and/or the adaptive style of the children. Impaired sleep and fatigue correlated with more depressive symptoms and a worse QoL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 479–485. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional and structural differences in the hippocampus associated with memory deficits in adult survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Monje Michelle , Thomason Moriah E. , Rigolo Laura , Wang Yalin , Waber Deborah P. , Sallan Stephen E. , Golby Alexandra J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundRadiation and chemotherapy targeted to the central nervous system (CNS) can cause cognitive impairment, including impaired memory. These memory impairments may be referable to damage to hippocampal structures resulting from CNS treatment.ProcedureIn the present study, we explored episodic memory and its neuroimaging correlates in 10 adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with cranial radiation therapy and both systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy and 10 controls matched for age and sex, using a subsequent memory paradigm after episodic encoding of visual scenes.ResultsWe report behavioral, structural, and functional changes in the brains of the adult survivors. They demonstrated poorer recognition memory, hippocampal atrophy, and altered blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal in the hippocampus. Whole brain statistical map analysis revealed increased BOLD signal/activation in several brain regions during unsuccessful encoding in ALL survivors, potentially reflecting ineffective neural recruitment. Individual differences in memory performance in ALL participants were related to magnitude of BOLD response in regions associated with successful encoding.ConclusionsTaken together, these findings describe long term neuroimaging correlates of cognitive dysfunction after childhood exposure to CNS‐targeted cancer therapies, suggesting enduring damage to episodic memory systems. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:293–300. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scaling up cancer care for children without medical insurance in developing countries: The case of Mexico
Authors: Pérez‐Cuevas Ricardo , Doubova Svetlana V. , Zapata‐Tarres Marta , Flores‐Hernández Sergio , Frazier Lindsay , Rodríguez‐Galindo Carlos , Cortes‐Gallo Gabriel , Chertorivski‐Woldenberg Salomon , Muñoz‐Hernández Onofre 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundIn 2006, the Mexican government launched the Fund for Protection Against Catastrophic Expenditures (FPGC) to support financially healthcare of high cost illnesses. This study aimed at answering the question whether FPGC improved coverage for cancer care and to measure survival of FPGC affiliated children with cancer.ProcedureA retrospective cohort study (2006–2009) was conducted in 47 public hospitals. Information of children and adolescents with cancer was analyzed. The coverage was estimated in accordance with expected number of incident cases and those registered at FPGC. The survival was analyzed by using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling.ResultsThe study included 3,821 patients. From 2006 to 2009, coverage of new cancer cases increased from 3.3% to 55.3%. Principal diagnoses were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL, 46.4%), central nervous system (CNS) tumors (8.2%), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML, 7.4%). The survival rates at 36 months were ALL (50%), AML (30.5%), Hodgkin lymphoma (74.5%), Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (40.1%), CNS tumors (32.8%), renal tumors (58.4%), bone tumors (33.4%), retinoblastoma (59.2%), and other solid tumors (52.6%). The 3‐year overall survival rates varied among the regions; children between the east and south‐southeast had the higher risks (hazard ratio 3.0; 95% CI: 2.3–3.9) and 2.4; 95% CI: 2.0–2.8) of death from disease when compared with those from the central region.ConclusionFPGC has increased coverage of cancer cases. Survival rates were different throughout the country. It is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy to increase access and identify opportunities to reduce the differences in survival. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:196–203. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Melanoma as a subsequent neoplasm in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study
Authors: Pappo A.S. , Armstrong G.T. , Liu W. , Srivastava D.K. , McDonald A. , Leisenring W.M. , Hammond S. , Stovall M. , Neglia J.P. , Robison L.L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundChildhood cancer survivors have a sixfold increased risk of developing subsequent neoplasms when compared to the general population. We sought to describe the occurrence of melanoma as a subsequent neoplasm among adult survivors of childhood cancer.Patients and MethodsAmong 14,358 5‐year survivors of childhood cancer diagnosed between 1970 and 1986, we calculated the cumulative incidence, standardized incidence ratio (SIR), and absolute excess risk (AER) of subsequent melanoma. Potential risk factors were assessed using a cause‐specific hazards model.ResultsFifty‐seven melanomas (46 invasive, 2 ocular, and 9 in situ) occurred in 51 survivors. The median time to the development of melanoma was 21.0 years (range: 5.6–35.4 years) and the median age at melanoma was 32.3 years (range: 10.9–49.0 years). Initial cancer diagnoses included soft tissue and bone sarcoma (n = 15), leukemia (13), lymphoma (14), central nervous system malignancy (5), Wilms tumor (3), and neuroblastoma (1). The cumulative incidence of first subsequent melanoma at 35 years from initial cancer diagnosis was 0.55% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.37–0.73]. The SIR of subsequent invasive malignant melanoma of the skin was 2.42 (95% CI: 1.77–3.23), and the AER was 0.10 (95% CI: 0.05–0.15) per 1,000 person‐years. No statistically significant associations were found between melanoma risk and family history of cancer, demographic, or treatment‐related factors.ConclusionSurvivors of childhood cancer have an approximate 2.5‐fold increased risk of melanoma. Early screening and prevention strategies are warranted. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 461–466. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low 2‐methoxyestradiol levels at the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with the development of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Pérez‐Sepúlveda Alejandra , Torres María José , Valenzuela Francisco J. , Larraín Raimundo , Figueroa‐Diesel Horacio , Galaz José , Nien Jyh Kae , Serra Ramón , Michea Luis , Illanes Sebastián E. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine whether maternal plasma levels of 2‐methoxyestradiol (2‐ME) are decreased early in pregnancies that subsequently develop pre‐eclampsia (PE) and whether this difference could be attributed to the presence of Val158Met catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism in the placenta.MethodsClinical characteristics and plasma samples were collected at 11 to 14 weeks prospectively in a cohort of patients. From them, 13 PE and 72 control pregnant women were chosen. Plasma soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase1 and placental growth factor levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence and 2‐ME was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry detection. At delivery, placental tissue was collected and the Val158Met COMT polymorphism was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism–PCR.ResultsAt 11 to 14 weeks, patients who would develop PE have significantly lower plasma levels of 2‐ME than controls [1.9 ± 2 standard error of the mean (SEM) vs 61.7 ± 27 pg/mL, P < 0.05]. The Val158Met polymorphism was more frequent in controls than in PE patients and the placental presence of COMT polymorphism was associated with a decreased risk of developing PE [PE: 23.1% vs control: 66.6%; χ 2 = 10.9, p = 0.0041].ConclusionsLower plasma concentrations of 2‐ME during early pregnancy in patients who subsequently develop PE were found. Presence of placental Val158Met COMT polymorphism is associated with a decreased risk to develop PE, suggesting a protective role against PE. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolution of acquired tracheobronchomalacia in an infant studied by multidetector computed tomography
Authors: Malhotra Atul , Armstrong David , Ditchfield Michael 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAcquired tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is an uncommon complication of severe lung disease in infancy. We report a case of TBM in an ex‐premature infant with severe chronic lung disease (CLD). Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) was used to dynamically assess the patency of the large airways at different time periods during the infant's hospital course. Initially at 3 months of age, the airways maintained patency during both phases of the respiratory cycle, but at 6 months of age, diffuse TBM was evident on MDCT. Appropriate management with long‐term positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) was initiated for the infant once the diagnosis of acquired TBM was confirmed. The case highlights the efficacy and relative ease of early diagnosis of acquired TBM by MDCT in infants at risk of this condition. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:728–730. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Practicability of nitrogen multiple‐breath washout measurements in a pediatric cystic fibrosis outpatient setting
Authors: Singer Florian , Kieninger Elisabeth , Abbas Chiara , Yammine Sophie , Fuchs Oliver , Proietti Elena , Regamey Nicolas , Casaulta Carmen , Frey Urs , Latzin Philipp 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundAlthough lung clearance index (LCI) is a sensitive indicator of mild cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease, it is rarely measured due to lengthy protocols and the commercial unavailability of multiple‐breath washout (MBW) setups and tracer gases. We used a newly validated, commercially available nitrogen (N2) MBW setup to assess success rate, duration, and variability of LCI within a 20 min timeframe, during clinical routine. We also evaluated the relationship between LCI and other clinical markers of CF lung disease.MethodsOne hundred thirty six children (83 with CF) between 4 and 16 years were studied in a pediatric CF outpatient setting. One hundred eighteen out of 136 children were naïve to MBW. Within 20 min, each child was trained, N2MBW was performed, and LCI was analyzed. We assessed intra‐ and between‐test reproducibility in a subgroup of children.ResultsAt least one LCI was feasible in 123 (90%) children, with a mean (range) of 3.3 (1.2–6.4) min per test. Two or more measurements were feasible in 56 (41%) children. Comparing LCI in CF versus controls, LCI mean (SD) was 12.0 (3.9) versus 6.1 (0.9), and the intra‐ and inter‐test coefficient of repeatability was 1.00 versus 0.81 and 0.96 versus 0.62, respectively. LCI was correlated with spirometry, blood gases, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.ConclusionsUsing available N2MBW equipment, LCI measurements are practical and fast in children. LCI is correlated with markers of CF lung disease. Longer timeframes would be required for triplicate N2MBW tests in inexperienced children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:739–746. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optoelectronic properties of ABC‐stacked trilayer graphene
Authors: Xiao Y. M. , Xu W. , Zhang Y. Y. , Peeters F. M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe present a theoretical study on the optoelectronic properties of ABC‐stacked trilayer graphene (TLG). The optical conductance and light transmittance are evaluated through using the energy‐balance equation derived from the Boltzmann equation for an air/graphene/dielectric‐wafer system in the presence of linearly polarized radiation field. The results obtained from two band structure models are examined and compared. For short wavelength radiation, the universal optical conductance $\sigma _{0} = 3e^{2} /(4\hbar )$ can be obtained. Importantly, there exists an optical absorption window in the radiation wavelength range 10–200 µm, which is induced by different transition energies required for inter‐ and intra‐band optical absorption channels. As a result, we find that the position and width of this window depend sensitively on temperature and carrier density of the system, especially the lower frequency edge. There is a small characteristic absorption peak at about 82 µm where the largest interband transition states exist in the ABC‐stacked TLG model, in contrast to the relatively smooth curves in a simplified model. These theoretical results indicate that TLG has some interesting and important physical properties which can be utilized to realize infrared or THz optoelectronic devices.
The potential for skill across the range of the seamless weather‐climate prediction problem: a stimulus for our science
Authors: Hoskins Brian 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPredictability is considered in the context of the seamless weather‐climate prediction problem, and the notion is developed that there can be predictive power on all time‐scales. On all scales there are phenomena that occur as well as longer time‐scales and external conditions that should combine to give some predictability. To what extent this theoretical predictability may actually be realised and, further, to what extent it may be useful is not clear. However the potential should provide a stimulus to, and high profile for, our science and its application for many years. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The effect of time steps and time‐scales on parametrization suites
Authors: Williamson David L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe problem of intense, truncation‐scale storms that form in high‐resolution versions of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 4 (CAM4) is studied. These storms are characterized by extreme vertical motion and heavy precipitation. This problem arises when some individual parametrizations do not produce an atmospheric‐like state because they are restrained by the time‐scales assumed in their formulation; other unconstrained parametrizations that follow then work in unintended ways. The behaviour of the moist parametrization components is examined in CAM4 for one typical, strong cell. At T340 spectral truncation with a 5 min time step, the deep and shallow convection parametrizations do not remove instabilities and supersaturation because they have time‐scales of 1 h and 30 min, respectively. Then the prognostic cloud‐water scheme, which is not constrained by a time‐scale, does remove supersaturation. That local release of latent heat drives very strong vertical motion and horizontal convergence, which transports even more water vapour into the column, exacerbating the problem. Two simple model problems are introduced that illustrate the ramifications of the time‐scale and time‐step mismatch. When either the time‐scales are shortened or the time step is lengthened, the convection parametrizations are more active and strong storms do not form. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Meteorology in society and practical developments
Authors: Hunt J. C. R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe intellectual and cultural dimensions of the science of meteorology and its applications are now widely appreciated. The revolutions in worldwide media and communication technology enable the public and decision‐makers to be much better informed about the present and future state of weather, environment and climate, and their practical implications. Non‐specialists can now understand and engage in debating some of the main scientific questions facing meteorologists. The institutional and political issues associated with these developments are discussed, particularly the organizational arrangements for the measurement, forecasting, exchange of data and public communication. The effectiveness and functioning of national meteorological services (NMS) and international organizations involved in meteorology depend on their financing and governance, and also their policies for the exchange of data. These factors also affect how they collaborate with other public and private organizations, especially those in related sciences and technologies. Advances in science and computing are progressively improving the accuracy and reliability of weather forecasting and climate predictions, including estimates of their intrinsic limitations. The Internet, which is providing a greater variety of meteorological data to members of the public, also enables them to contribute, not only as voluntary observers and in assisting with warnings of extreme events, but even in participating in computer experiments about climate predictions. The public as well as weather professionals now also provide valuable feedback to forecasting organizations. The role of meteorology becomes even more central to societies as they prepare for the dangers associated with significant changes in climate and environment caused by human activities. Policies to reduce these dangers have to be based on predicting future climate trends, taking into account how societies will respond to these dangers over periods of decades and centuries. There are doubts as to whether emissions of greenhouse gases will be reduced soon enough to avoid critical changes to the environment; failing that, what local and/or global measures might be taken to moderate climate change artificially? Suggestions are made about a better understanding between meteorology, government and society to deal with such issues. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Spectral structure of mesoscale winds over the water
Authors: Larsén Xiaoli Guo , Vincent Claire , Larsen Søren 
Published: August 2012

AbstractStandard meteorological measurements from a number of masts around two Danish offshore wind farms have been used to study the spectral structure of the mesoscale winds, including the power spectrum, the co‐ and quadrature spectrum and the coherence. When average conditions are considered, the power spectra show universal characteristics, in agreement with the findings in literature, including the energy amplitude and the −5/3 spectral slope in the mesoscale range transitioning to a slope of −3 for synoptic and planetary scales. The integral time‐scale of the local weather is found to be useful to describe the spectral slope transition as well as the limit for application of the Taylor hypothesis. The stability parameter calculated from point measurements, the bulk Richardson number, is found insufficient to represent the various atmospheric structures that have their own spectral behaviours under different stability conditions, such as open cells and gravity waves. For stationary conditions, the mesoscale turbulence is found to bear some characteristics of two‐dimensional isotropy, including (1) very minor vertical variation of spectra; (2) similar spectral behaviour for the along‐ and across‐wind components; and (3) the along‐ and across‐wind components at one point are not correlated. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society