bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of garlic oil on milk fatty acid profile and lipogenesis‐related gene expression in mammary gland of dairy goats
Authors: Zhu Zhi , Hang Suqin , Zhu Honglong , Zhong Sheng , Mao Shengyong , Zhu Weiyun 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Garlic oil (GO) has blood lipid‐lowering effects. Milk fatty acid (FA) originates partly from plasma, and can be affected by the mammary lipogenesis. This study aimed to investigate GO effects on milk FA profile and mammary lipogenesis‐related gene expression. Early‐lactation goats were randomly allocated to four treatments with six goats each, and offered corn silage ad libitum and fixed amount of 0.79 kg day−1 dry matter (DM) concentrate mixed with GO (0, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71 g kg−1 DM) for 30 days consisting of 26‐day adaptation.RESULTS: Intake of corn silage reduced (P≤0.05) as GO level increased in the concentrate. Lipase activity and lactose content linearly increased, while non‐esterified FA concentration quadratically decreased with increasing GO level (P≤0.05). The proportions of short‐ and medium‐chain (C14:0, C15:0 and C16:0) and saturated FA decreased, whereas C18, cis9 trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (c9t11 CLA), t10c12 CLA, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA, and some ≥ C20 FA proportions increased in a linear manner with increasing GO level (P≤0.05). The mRNA abundance of genes remained unchanged (P > 0.1) as GO level increased.CONCLUSION: Garlic oil altered milk FA profile and these effects may not be related to the mammary lipogenesis‐related genes expression. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of cooking on the total antioxidant capacity and phenolic profile of some whole‐meal African cereals
Authors: N'Dri Denis , Mazzeo Teresa , Zaupa Maria , Ferracane Rosalia , Fogliano Vincenzo , Pellegrini Nicoletta 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: At present, sorghum, fonio and millet are not placed as important commodities in the North American and European food basket, but their importance as ingredients in multigrain and gluten‐free cereal products is highlighted. Therefore in this study the phenolic profile (evaluated by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry), total phenolic content (assessed by Folin–Ciocalteu assay) and total antioxidant capacity were measured in three African whole grains, i.e. sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp. bicolor), fonio (Digitaria exilis) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), before and after a cooking procedure.RESULTS: After the cooking process, soluble phenolic acids increased significantly in sorghum, whereas bound ones and anthocyanins decreased significantly. In millet the cooking process significantly enhanced soluble phenolic acids without affecting those bound, whereas in fonio a slight but significant decrease in almost all soluble phenolic acids was observed along with a significant increase in bound ones. Finally, the cooking process negatively affected both total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity.CONCLUSION: This is one of the few reports dealing with the antioxidant compounds of these three African whole grains in which the effect of cooking was also evaluated. The data suggested that, to improve their antioxidant properties, specific cultivars should be selected and the cooking procedures carefully considered. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of nasal surgery on the upper airway: A drug‐induced sleep endoscopy study
Authors: Victores Andrew Jacob , Takashima Masayoshi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To evaluate the impact of nasal surgery on the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal anatomy of patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) by comparing drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) data prior to and following nasal surgery.Study Design:Retrospective review of medical records and DISE video recordings.Methods:Twenty‐four patients with OSA were identified who underwent nasal surgery for symptomatic nasal obstruction. Clinic charts and DISE video recordings were reviewed. Preoperative and postoperative DISE recordings were compared to determine whether nasal surgery affected the level, degree, and sustainability of upper airway obstruction.Results:Overall, the pattern of upper airway obstruction did not change significantly following nasal surgery (P > .05). Almost all patients demonstrated residual obstruction by postoperative DISE (96%), with no change in plans for surgical management of oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal collapse (83%). Partial improvement in palatal collapse was present in a subset of patients without tongue base obstruction (P < .05). Postoperative apnea–hypopnea index decreased from a mean of 23.6 to 20.4 events/hr, but this change was not significant (P > .05).Conclusions:For most patients with OSA, surgical repair of nasal obstruction does not significantly improve oropharyngeal or hypopharyngeal collapse as seen on DISE. However, mild improvement in palatal collapse is seen in a subset of patients without tongue base obstruction. This study reveals that if DISE is being utilized to direct surgical management of OSA, it does not need to be repeated for most patients after nasal surgery. Laryngoscope, 2012
Permanent hair reduction with a home‐use diode laser: Safety and effectiveness 1 year after eight treatments
Authors: Wheeland Ronald G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of a home‐use hair removal diode laser (TRIA Beauty, Inc., Dublin, CA) in a multiple treatment regimen.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThirteen indicated adults with naturally brown or black hair and Fitzpatrick skin type I–IV received 8 monthly treatments with the diode laser at three fluences, with a fourth area left untreated as a control. Quantitative hair counts were made at each treatment visit and periodically for 12 months after the last treatment.ResultsThe treated sites exhibited statistically significant hair count reduction that generally increased with each treatment and remained stable during the 1 year follow‐up period. The mean percent hair count reduction was 47%, 55%, and 73% at 1 month after the last treatment and 44%, 49%, and 65% at 12 months after the last treatment at fluences of 7, 12, and 20 J/cm2, respectively, compared to control. Eighty‐six percent (86%) of subjects had greater than 30% hair reduction and 38% had >80% hair reduction at 12 months post‐treatment. At the same time point, 31% of subjects reported complete (100%) hair removal and 69% reported that the hair that did regrow was less noticeable due to being finer and/or lighter. The only observed side effects were erythema and edema that were mild, transient, and self‐resolving usually within a few hours.ConclusionsThe home‐use diode laser was safe and highly effective at permanently reducing unwanted hair. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 550–557, 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology Prediction in HDPE/PA‐6/EVOH Ternary Blends: Defining the Role of Elasticity Ratio
Authors: Saeb Mohammad Reza , Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Razban Meshkat , Jafari Seyyed Hassan , Garmabi Hamid , Wagenknecht Udo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe morphology of uncompatibilized HDPE/PA‐6/EVOH ternary blends was predicted using static and dynamic phenomenological models wherein PA‐6 to EVOH component ratio and temperature were chosen as influential parameters. The type of morphology and particle size in HDPE/PA‐6/EVOH blends are then examined by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis techniques. The core–shell structure was observed for all ternary samples, in which PA‐6 domains were encapsulated by a thin layer of EVOH within HDPE matrix. Among various criteria, that is, viscosity ratio, interfacial tension, and elasticity ratio, the elasticity ratio has been found to be the most influential parameter for investigation of core–shell size alteration with temperature and component ratio.
Preparation, Cellular Internalization, and Biocompatibility of Highly Fluorescent PMMA Nanoparticles
Authors: Vollrath Antje , Pretzel David , Pietsch Christian , Perevyazko Igor , Schubert Stephanie , Pavlov George M. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMethacrylate monomers were functionalized with a 4‐hydroxythiazole chromophore and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate via RAFT. Nanoparticles of 120 and 500 nm in size were prepared without using stabilizers/surfactants. For comparative studies, preparative ultracentrifugation was applied for the separation into small and large particle fractions. All suspensions were characterized by DLS, AUC, and SEM and tested regarding their stability during centrifugation and re‐suspension, autoclavation, and incubation in cell culture media. In vitro studies with mouse fibroblast cell line and differently sized NP showed a particle uptake into cells. Biocompatibility, non‐toxicity, and hemocompatibility were demonstrated using a XTT assay, a live/dead staining, and an erythrocyte aggregation and hemolysis assay.
A Generic Strategy for Co‐Presentation of Heparin‐Binding Growth Factors Based on CVD Polymerization
Authors: Deng Xiaopei , Lahann Joerg 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA multifunctional copolymer with both aldehyde and alkyne groups is synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for orthogonal co‐immobilization of biomolecules. Surface analytical methods including FTIR and XPS are used to confirm the surface modification. Heparin‐binding growth factors [basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in this study] can be immobilized through interaction with heparin, which was covalently attached to the CVD surface through an aldehyde‐hydrazide reaction. In parallel, an alkyne–azide reaction is used to orthogonally co‐immobilize an adhesion peptide as the second biomolecule.
Reduced parietal connectivity with a premotor writing area in writer's cramp
Authors: Delnooz Cathérine C.S. , Helmich Rick C. , Toni Ivan , van de Warrenburg Bart P.C. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWriter's cramp is a task‐specific form of dystonia with symptoms characterized by abnormal movements and postures of the hand and arm evident only during writing. Its pathophysiology has been related to faulty sensorimotor integration, abnormal sensory processing, and impaired motor planning. Its symptoms might appear when the computational load of writing pushes a tonically altered circuit outside its operational range. Using resting‐state fMRI, we tested whether writer's cramp patients have altered intrinsic functional connectivity in the premotor–parietal circuit. Sixteen patients with right‐sided writer's cramp and 19 control subjects were studied. We show that writer's cramp patients have reduced connectivity between the superior parietal lobule and a dorsal precentral region that controls writing movements. This difference between patients and controls occurred in the absence of writing and only in the hemisphere contralateral to the affected hand. This finding adds a novel element to the pathophysiological substrate for writer's cramp, namely, task‐independent alterations within a writing‐related circuit. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Taking Open Innovation to the Molecular Level ‐ Strengths and Limitations
Authors: Zdrazil Barbara , Blomberg Niklas , Ecker Gerhard F. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe ever‐growing availability of large‐scale open data and its maturation is having a significant impact on industrial drug‐discovery, as well as on academic and non‐profit research. As industry is changing to an ‘open innovation’ business concept, precompetitive initiatives and strong public‐private partnerships including academic research cooperation partners are gaining more and more importance. Now, the bioinformatics and cheminformatics communities are seeking for web tools which allow the integration of this large volume of life science datasets available in the public domain. Such a data exploitation tool would ideally be able to answer complex biological questions by formulating only one search query. In this short review/perspective, we outline the use of semantic web approaches for data and knowledge integration. Further, we discuss strengths and current limitations of public available data retrieval tools and integrated platforms.
From Hansch‐Fujita Analysis to AFMoC: A Road to Structure‐Based QSAR
Authors: Gertzen Christoph G. W. , Gohlke Holger 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSince the pioneering effort of Hansch and Fujita, quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSAR) have proved valuable in optimizing lead structures. Enriching classical 3D‐QSAR analysis, which exploits the three‐dimensional structure of ligands, with structural information of the target has helped to improve the interpretability of the derived models and to increase their predictive power. One such method is the Adaption of Fields for Molecular Comparison (AFMoC) approach where protein‐specifically adapted knowledge‐based pair‐potentials are tailored to one particular protein by considering additional structural and energetic information about ligands. Here, we summarize applications of AFMoC, describe recent developments, and provide an outlook on how to improve the method.
Estrogen rescues masculinization of genetically female medaka by exposure to cortisol or high temperature
Authors: Kitano Takeshi , Hayashi Yuki , Shiraishi Eri , Kamei Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMedaka (Oryzias latipes) is a teleost fish with an XX/XY sex determination system. Recently, it was reported that XX medaka can be sex‐reversed into phenotypic males by exposure to high water temperature (HT) during gonadal sex differentiation, possibly by elevation of cortisol, the major glucocorticoid produced by the interrenal cells in teleosts. Yet, it remains unclear how the elevation of cortisol levels by HT causes female‐to‐male sex reversal. This paper reports that exposure to cortisol or HT after hatching inhibited both the proliferation of female‐type germ cells and the expression of ovarian‐type aromatase (cyp19a1), which encodes a steroidogenic enzyme responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens, and induced the expression of gonadal soma‐derived growth factor (gsdf) in XX gonads during gonadal sex differentiation. In contrast, exposure to either cortisol or HT in combination with 17β‐estradiol (E2) did not produce these effects. Moreover, E2 completely rescued cortisol‐ and HT‐induced masculinization of XX medaka. These results strongly suggest that cortisol and HT cause female‐to‐male sex reversal in medaka by suppression of cyp19a1 expression, with a resultant inhibition of estrogen biosynthesis. This mechanism may be common among animals with temperature‐dependent sex determination. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 719–726, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Participation in formal and informal volunteering: Implications for volunteer recruitment
Authors: Lee Young‐joo , Brudney Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study examines factors influencing “formal” volunteering (that is, to an organization) and “informal” volunteering (that is, volunteering carried out individually outside of an organizational context) and the relationship between these two activities. We hypothesize that formal and informal volunteering activities are positively interrelated but that they are shaped by different types of personal resources: involvement in social networks increases the likelihood of both types of volunteering, but human capital increases the likelihood of formal volunteering rather than informal. The bivariate probit regression results emanating from the Independent Sector's “Giving and Volunteering in the United States, 2001” survey are generally supportive of the hypotheses. The findings suggest that nonprofit and public organizations that involve volunteers consider the pool of informal volunteers as a fertile ground for recruitment and find ways to better utilize older Americans in formal volunteering. The results also suggest that volunteer recruitment through organizational membership may be an effective strategy.
Cooperative power relations between nonprofit board chairs and executive directors
Authors: Peter Jäger Urs , Rehli Florian 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNonprofit organizations face increasing pressure to change their governance practices. Some scholars propose a check‐and‐balance relationship between the board chair and the executive director. However, empirical evidence for this proposition remains lacking. Employing actor‐centered institutionalism, this comparative case study analyzes the preferences and capabilities of the board chair and the executive director given environmental and organizational pressure. The article compares the results of two main and two replicated cases that underwent significant processes of governance change, which led to a replacement of the board chair and the executive director. After the replacement we observe in all cases a similar pattern in the governance power relation: This power relation is characterized by the actors' equivalent capabilities and complementary preferences. The article concludes by introducing a cooperative power relation model that specifies the concept of checks and balances between the board chair and the executive director.
Civil Society Networks: Options for Network Design
Authors: Ashman Darcy , Luca Sugawara Carmen 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCivil society networks are critical actors in international development and social change, even as they are organizationally complex and challenging to design and manage. Network forms of organization may be “neither markets nor hierarchies,” but there is little shared understanding globally about the options that exist for designing interorganizational network structures or the conditions under which different options may be selected. This empirical study of thirty networks across eleven sectors and five global regions contributes a new conceptual framework for categorizing different types of network structures based on the level of interdependence among network members. Findings reveal three distinct network design options, indicate patterns of network development, and suggest several conditions that may influence the design of civil society networks.
Integrated or Disconnected? Examining Formal and Informal Networks in a Merged Nonprofit Organization
Authors: Chen Bin , Krauskopf James 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis article introduces nonprofit researchers and practitioners to a social network analytical technique for assessing internal staff relationships after a merger. We studied a case of a nonprofit merger, investigating its formal and informal intraorganizational networks to see which parts integrated and which remained separate operationally. We discovered a prior‐organizational‐affiliation‐based homophily within the merged organization: most interpersonal relationships existing within these networks remained among the employees who worked together prior to the merger. However, the informal and expressive networks of mentoring, friendship, and socioemotional support were even more disconnected than the formal and instrumental networks of work relationships and problem solving. We highlight the role of a mentoring network in bridging formal and informal networks in a merged organization.
Pregnancy outcome in women with gestational diabetes: results of a four‐year audit
Authors: Basu A , Bhatti N , Lee BC 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe objective of this audit was to compare pregnancy outcome in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) managed with diet/lifestyle advice, versus those requiring additional insulin therapy.We undertook a retrospective audit of clinical practice comprising 416 consecutive women with GDM and live singleton pregnancies who delivered over a four‐year period. Pregnancy outcome measures were compared for women on diet/lifestyle advice only versus those requiring additional insulin in line with standard clinical practice.The results showed that 46.9% of women with GDM were in the diet/lifestyle group and 53.1% were in the additional insulin therapy group; 45.3% were found to be obese. Good glycaemic control was achieved in both groups – mean pre‐delivery HbA1c was 41mmol/mol in the diet/lifestyle group versus 46mmol/mol in the insulin group (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in the majority of the pregnancy outcome measures between the two groups. Those on diet‐only had a lower caesarean section rate (OR 0.39; 95% CI 0.26–0.58; p<0.001), a higher chance of vaginal birth (OR 2.40; 95% CI 1.62–3.56; p<0.001) and a lower chance of pre‐term labour (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.31–0.76; p=0.001).It was concluded that good metabolic control is essential for successful pregnancy outcomes. The use of insulin does not appear to alter the maternal–fetal outcome in women with GDM. The early use of intervention in women on insulin requires further debate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Microspheres from stereocomplexes of polylactides containing ionic liquid end‐groups
Authors: Biedroń Tadeusz , Brzeziński Marek , Biela Tadeusz , Kubisa Przemysław 
Published: August 2012

AbstractLow‐molecular‐weight polymers of L‐ and D‐lactide containing different end‐groups (hydroxy, butoxy, trifluoromethoxy, heptafluorobutoxy, oxyethylimidazole groups, and groups derived from the imidazolium ionic liquid) are synthesized. It is shown that the nature of end‐groups affects the stereocomplexation of corresponding pairs of polymers. Stereocomplex of poly(L‐lactide) and poly(D‐lactide) containing imidazolium ionic liquid end‐groups (PLA‐IL) precipitates from 1,4‐dioxane solution in the form of monodisperse, perfectly spherical microspheres. Such behavior of PLA‐IL, not observed for polymers containing other end‐groups, can be attributed to the presence of strongly interacting ionic liquid end‐groups. This conclusion is supported by the results of 1H NMR and dynamic light scattering experiments as well as by direct observation of precipitated particles by scanning electron microscopy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Synthesis and properties of conjugated copolycondensates consisting of carbazole‐2,7‐diyl and fluorene‐2,7‐diyl
Authors: Horii Tadaaki , Shinnai Toshinobu , Tsuchiya Kazuhiko , Mori Takeshi , Kijima Masashi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCarbazole and fluorene‐based random and alternating copolycondensates were synthesized to develop high‐performance blue light‐emitting polymers by improving electron injection ability of poly(N‐aryl‐2,7‐carbazole)s that showed intense blue electroluminescence (EL) with good hole‐injection and ‐transport ability. These copolycondensates absorbed light energy at about λmax = 390 nm in CHCl3 and 400 nm in film state, and fluoresced at about λmax = 417 nm in CHCl3 and 430 nm in the thin film state. Energy gaps between highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of them were about 2.9 eV, and the energy levels of LUMO situated lower than that of corresponding polycarbazole. Polymer light‐emitting diode devices having configuration of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate)/polymer/CsF/Al using the copolycondensates, poly(N‐arylcarbazole‐2,7‐diyl), and poly(9,9‐dialkylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl), emitted bluish EL at operating voltages lower than 7 V. The device embedded the random copolycondensate showed notably higher performance with maximum luminance of 31,200 cd m−2 at 11.0 V, and the current efficiencies observed under operating voltages lower than 7 V were higher than those of the other devices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012