bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Peri‐Implantitis Related to Severity of the Disease With Different Degrees of Bone Loss
Authors: Koldsland Odd Carsten , Scheie Anne Aamdal , Aass Anne Merete 
Published: February 2010

Background:Several measurements are combined to diagnose peri‐implant disease, and different thresholds are used to describe the disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of peri‐implant disease and to apply different diagnostic thresholds to assess its prevalence in relation to severities of peri‐implantitis with different degrees of bone loss.Methods:A total of 164 subjects with dental implants inserted at the Institute of Clinical Odontology, University of Oslo, between 1990 and 2005, were invited to join the project, and 109 subjects attended the examination (mean age: 43.8 years; range: 18 to 80 years). The mean functional loading time was 8.4 years (SD: 4.6 years). The participants were examined clinically and radiographically. The following aspects of disease were assessed to describe the peri‐implant condition: detectable radiographic peri‐implant bone loss and inflammation, the presence of bleeding on probing at a probing depth ≥4 or ≥6 mm, and radiographic peri‐implant bone loss assessed at ≥2.0 and ≥3.0 mm.Results:Assessing peri‐implantitis at different levels of severity yielded a substantial variance in prevalence (11.3% to 47.1%) in the present study population.Conclusion:Peri‐implant inflammation was a frequent finding with and without peri‐implant bone loss.
Salivary and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Melatonin in Periodontal Health and Disease
Authors: Srinath Rashmi , Acharya Anirudh B. , Thakur Srinath L. 
Published: February 2010

Background: Melatonin, with its antioxidant properties, plays a pertinent role in influencing the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. This study aims to detect the presence of melatonin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and to assess the levels of salivary and GCF melatonin in periodontal disease and show the correlation between salivary and GCF melatonin.Methods: Forty‐five subjects, based on the gingival and Russell periodontal indexes, were grouped as 15 healthy subjects (group 1), 15 subjects with gingivitis (group 2), and 15 subjects with periodontitis (group 3). Saliva and GCF samples were collected from all subjects. Melatonin levels were assessed using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The paired‐sample test was used to correlate between saliva and GCF.Results: Melatonin was present in GCF (mean: 1.54 pg/ml) with significantly less concentration compared to that of saliva (mean: 2.17 pg/ml). Salivary and GCF melatonin levels were reduced to the lowest concentrations in patients with chronic periodontitis (salivary melatonin: 0.07 pg/ml; GCF melatonin: 0.06 pg/ml; P <0.05), which were inversely proportional to the clinical indices. There was no significant correlation between salivary and GCF melatonin levels (P >0.05).Conclusions: Melatonin was expressed in GCF. Salivary and GCF melatonin levels varied from clinically healthy subjects (group 1) to subjects with periodontitis (group 3). Both salivary and GCF melatonin levels decreased in group 3 subjects compared to group 1 subjects, indicating that melatonin may have a protective role against periodontal disease, although further research is required to validate this hypothesis.
Initial Periodontal Therapy Reduced Systemic and Local 25‐Hydroxy Vitamin D3 and Interleukin‐1β in Patients With Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Liu Kaining , Meng Huanxin , Lu Ruifang , Xu Li , Zhang Li , Chen Zhibin , Shi Dong , Feng Xianghui , Tang Xiaolin 
Published: February 2010

Background: 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 is the major circulating metabolite of vitamin D. Elevated plasma 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 levels were verified to be associated with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP). In the present study, the influence of initial periodontal therapy on systemic and local levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and three related elements (osteocalcin and interleukin‐1β and ‐6) in patients with GAgP was investigated.Methods: Nineteen patients with GAgP were enrolled. All patients received initial periodontal therapy. Gingival crevicular fluid at two sites of each subject were obtained before therapy and 2 and 6 months after therapy. Plasma was obtained before and 2 months after therapy from 12 of 19 subjects. Systemic and local levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3, osteocalcin, and interleukin‐1β and ‐6 before and after therapy were measured using radioimmunoassay or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits and compared.Results: The respective systemic 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and interleukin‐1β levels significantly dropped from baseline to 2 months after therapy (29.28 nmol/l versus 22.50 nmol/l, P = 0.001, and 6.71 ng/l versus 3.23 ng/l, P <0.001, respectively). The respective local 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and interleukin‐1β levels significantly decreased from baseline to 2 and 6 months after therapy (8,950 nmol/l versus 5,650 nmol/l versus 3,438 nmol/l, P <0.001, and 10,595 ng/l versus 5,495 ng/l versus 3,960 ng/l, P <0.001, respectively). Systemic and local 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 concentrations were positively correlated at baseline (r = 0.877; P = 0.022), as was osteocalcin (r = 0.939; P = 0.005).Conclusions: 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 and interleukin‐1β levels were systemically and locally reduced in patients with GAgP by initial periodontal therapy. 25‐hydroxy vitamin D3 might be involved in periodontal inflammation.
Factors Influencing the Presence of Interproximal Dental Papillae Between Maxillary Anterior Teeth
Authors: Chen Min‐Chieh , Liao Yu‐Fang , Chan Chiu‐Po , Ku Yen‐Chen , Pan Whei‐Lin , Tu Yu‐Kang 
Published: February 2010

Background: The presence of interdental papillae in the maxillary anterior region plays a key esthetic role. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of demographic variables, such as gender and ages, and radiographic measurements of interdental area anatomy on the presence of interdental papillae.Methods: Periapical radiographs of 102 interdental papillae between maxillary anterior teeth were obtained in 30 adults who had fully erupted permanent dentition, healthy gingiva, and well‐aligned maxillary anterior teeth. A radiopaque material was placed on the tip of the interdental papilla and the mucogingival junction. Radiographic measurements of tooth shape, alveolar bone level, and interdental space anatomy were undertaken using computer software.Results: When each factor was evaluated individually, the shorter the distance between the contact bone and alveolar bone crest, the shorter the distance between two adjacent teeth, and the smaller the embrasure area, the more likely interdental papillae were present. Interdental papillae were more likely to be present between teeth with a rectangular tooth form. When all factors were evaluated together, the presence of interdental papillae was only significantly related to the distance from the contact point to the bone crest (P = 0.038).Conclusion: In the anterior maxillary region, the shorter the distance between the contact point to the bone crest, the more likely interdental papillae were present.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide–Null Mice Demonstrate Enhanced Sweet Taste Preference, Dysglycemia, and Reduced Taste Bud Leptin Receptor Expression
Authors: Martin Bronwen , Shin Yu-Kyong , White Caitlin M. , Ji Sunggoan , Kim Wook , Carlson Olga D. , Napora Joshua K. , Chadwick Wayne , Chapter Megan , Waschek James A. , Mattson Mark P. , Maudsley Stuart , Egan Josephine M. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE
It is becoming apparent that there is a strong link between taste perception and energy homeostasis. Recent evidence implicates gut-related hormones in taste perception, including glucagon-like peptide 1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We used VIP knockout mice to investigate VIP's specific role in taste perception and connection to energy regulation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Body weight, food intake, and plasma levels of multiple energy-regulating hormones were measured and pancreatic morphology was determined. In addition, the immunocytochemical profile of taste cells and gustatory behavior were examined in wild-type and VIP knockout mice.

RESULTS
VIP knockout mice demonstrate elevated plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels, with no islet β-cell number/topography alteration. VIP and its receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2) were identified in type II taste cells of the taste bud, and VIP knockout mice exhibit enhanced taste preference to sweet tastants. VIP knockout mouse taste cells show a significant decrease in leptin receptor expression and elevated expression of glucagon-like peptide 1, which may explain sweet taste preference of VIP knockout mice.

CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the tongue can play a direct role in modulating energy intake to correct peripheral glycemic imbalances. In this way, we could view the tongue as a sensory mechanism that is bidirectionally regulated and thus forms a bridge between available foodstuffs and the intricate hormonal balance in the animal itself.
Estimating Visceral Fat Area by Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance
Authors: Nagai Masato , Komiya Hideaki , Mori Yutaka , Ohta Teruo , Kasahara Yasuhiro , Ikeda Yoshio 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE
We developed a new method of estimating visceral fat area (VFA) using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance (BI).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We considered abdominal composition as a parallel circuit model composed of VFA and subcutaneous fat area and calculated the impedance of VFA (IPVFA) from this model. The methods were tested against measures of VFA by computed tomography (CT). Multiple regression analysis was performed on 103 participants to estimate VFA. We cross-validated the regression equation against CT-measured VFA in 30 additional participants.

RESULTS
The regression equation was VFA = 3.57 × sagittal abdominal diameter + 311.97 × waist-to-height ratio + 0.71 × age + 23.93 × sex + 1.57 × IPVFA (250 kHz) − 174.35 (r = 0.904, P &lt; 0.01). We observed a strong correlation by cross-validation (r = 0.905).

CONCLUSIONS
Our method using BI is a simple and convenient method for accurately estimating VFA.
Self-Efficacy, Problem Solving, and Social-Environmental Support Are Associated With Diabetes Self-Management Behaviors
Authors: King Diane K. , Glasgow Russell E. , Toobert Deborah J. , Strycker Lisa A. , Estabrooks Paul A. , Osuna Diego , Faber Andrew J. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVETo evaluate associations between psychosocial and social-environmental variables and diabetes self-management, and diabetes control.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSBaseline data from a type 2 diabetes self-management randomized trial with 463 adults having elevated BMI (M = 34.8 kg/m2) were used to investigate relations among demographic, psychosocial, and social-environmental variables; dietary, exercise, and medication-taking behaviors; and biologic outcomes.RESULTSSelf-efficacy, problem solving, and social-environmental support were independently associated with diet and exercise, increasing the variance accounted for by 23 and 19%, respectively. Only diet contributed to explained variance in BMI (β = −0.17, P = 0.0003) and self-rated health status (β = 0.25, P &lt; 0.0001); and only medication-taking behaviors contributed to lipid ratio (total–to–HDL) (β = −0.20, P = 0.0001) and A1C (β = −0.21, P &lt; 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSInterventions should focus on enhancing self-efficacy, problem solving, and social-environmental support to improve self-management of diabetes.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Change and Diabetes Risk
Authors: Grigsby-Toussaint Diana S. , Lipton Rebecca , Chavez Noel , Handler Arden , Johnson Timothy P. , Kubo Jessica 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE
To examine whether patterns in socioeconomic characteristics in Chicago over a 30-year period are associated with neighborhood distribution of youth diabetes risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Incident cases of diabetes in youth aged 0–17 years were identified from the Chicago Childhood Diabetes Registry between 1994 and 2003. Those with a type 2 diabetes–like clinical course or related indicators were classified as non–type 1 diabetic; the remaining cases were considered to have type 1 diabetes.

RESULTS
Compared with stable diversity neighborhoods, significant associations for type 1 diabetes were found for younger children residing in emerging low-income neighborhoods (relative risk 0.56 [95% CI 0.36–0.90]) and older children residing in emerging high-income neighborhoods (1.52 [1.17–1.98]). For non–type 1 diabetes, older youth residing in desertification neighborhoods were at increased risk (1.47 [1.09–1.99]).

CONCLUSIONS
Neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Chicago may be associated with the risk of diabetes in youth.
Pioglitazone Decreases Plasma Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Mass, Associated With a Decrease in Hepatic Triglyceride Content, in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jonker Jacqueline T. , Wang Yanan , de Haan Willeke , Diamant Michaela , Rijzewijk Luuk J. , van der Meer Rutger W. , Lamb Hildo J. , Tamsma Jouke T. , de Roos Albert , Romijn Johannes A. , Rensen Patrick C.N. , Smit Johannes W.A. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE
Thiazolidinediones reduce hepatic steatosis and increase HDL cholesterol levels. In mice with human-like lipoprotein metabolism (APOE*3-Leiden.CETP transgenic mice), a decrease in hepatic triglyceride content is associated with a decrease in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mass and an increase in HDL levels. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of pioglitazone on CETP mass in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We included 78 men with type 2 diabetes (aged 56.5 ± 0.6 years; HbA1c 7.1 ± 0.1%) who were randomly assigned to treatment with pioglitazone (30 mg/day) or metformin (2000 mg/day) and matching placebo, in addition to glimepiride. At baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment plasma HDL cholesterol levels and CETP mass were measured, and hepatic triglyceride content was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

RESULTS
Pioglitazone decreased hepatic triglyceride content (5.9 [interquartile range 2.6–17.4] versus 4.1 [1.9–12.3]%, P &lt; 0.05), decreased plasma CETP mass (2.33 ± 0.10 vs. 2.06 ± 0.10 μg/ml, P &lt; 0.05), and increased plasma HDL cholesterol level (1.22 ± 0.05 vs. 1.34 ± 0.05 mmol/l, P &lt; 0.05). Metformin did not significantly change any of these parameters.

CONCLUSIONS
A decrease in hepatic triglyceride content by pioglitazone is accompanied by a decrease in plasma CETP mass and associated with an increase in HDL cholesterol levels. These results in patients with type 2 diabetes fully confirm recent findings in mice.
Time Course and Mechanisms of Circulating Progenitor Cell Reduction in the Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fadini Gian Paolo , Boscaro Elisa , de Kreutzenberg Saula , Agostini Carlo , Seeger Florian , Dimmeler Stefanie , Zeiher Andreas , Tiengo Antonio , Avogaro Angelo 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE
Reduction of bone marrow–derived circulating progenitor cells has been proposed as a novel mechanism of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. The present study was designed to describe the extent and potential mechanisms of progenitor cell reduction during the natural history of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We identified 425 individuals, divided into seven categories according to carbohydrate metabolism status (normal glucose tolerance [NGT], impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance [IGT], and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes) and diabetes duration (0–9, 10–19, and ≥20 years). These categories were examined as ideally describing the natural history of type 2 diabetes development and progression. We measured CD34+ and CD34+KDR+ progenitor cells by flow cytometry. We also evaluated progenitor cells in 20 coupled bone marrow and peripheral blood samples and examined progenitor cell apoptosis in 34 subjects.

RESULTS
In comparison to NGT, CD34+ cells were significantly reduced in IGT and had a first nadir in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and a second nadir after 20 years of diabetes. Statistical adjustment for possible confounders confirmed that CD34+ cell counts are deeply reduced at time of diagnosis, that they partially recover during the subsequent 0–19 years, and that they dip again after ≥20 years. A similar, but less consistent, trend was detected for CD34+KDR+ cells. Peripheral blood CD34+ cells were directly correlated with bone marrow CD34+ cells and inversely correlated with CD34+ cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS
Circulating progenitor cell reduction marks the clinical onset of type 2 diabetes. Both defective mobilization and increased apoptosis may account for this phenomenon. While a partial recovery occurs during subsequent years, bone marrow reserve seems exhausted in the long term.
Early Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Effects of Mixing Lispro With Glargine Insulin
Authors: Cengiz Eda , Tamborlane William V. , Martin-Fredericksen Melody , Dziura James , Weinzimer Stuart A. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE
Clinicians who treat children with type 1 diabetes often try to minimize the number of daily injections to reduce treatment burden and improve compliance. Despite the manufacturer's cautions against mixing glargine with rapid-acting insulin analogs, clinical studies have failed to demonstrate deleterious effects of mixing on glucose excursions or A1C levels. However, no formal glucose clamp studies have been performed to determine whether mixing with glargine has an adverse effect on the early pharmacodynamic action of rapid-acting insulin in humans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To examine this question, euglycemic glucose clamps were performed twice, in random order, in 11 youth with type 1 diabetes (age 15.1 ± 3 years, A1C 7.6 ± 0.6%) with 0.2 units/kg lispro and 0.4 units/kg glargine, given either as separate or as a single mixed injection.

RESULTS
Mixing the two insulins shifted the time action curve to the right, with significantly lower glucose infusion rate (GIR) values after the mixed injections between 60 and 190 min and significantly higher values between 270 and 300 min, lowered the GIRmax (separate 7.1 ± 1 vs. mix 3.9 ± 1, P = 0.03), and markedly delayed the time to reach GIRmax (separate 116 ± 8 min vs. mix 209 ± 15 min, P = 0.004). The GIR area under the curve was significantly lower after the mixed injections. Mixing had similar effects on plasma insulin pharmacokinetics.

CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate that mixing lispro with glargine markedly flattens the early pharmacodynamic peak of lispro and causes a shift to the right in the GIR curve changes that might lead to difficulties in controlling meal-related glucose excursions.
The Relationship Between Diabetes Distress and Clinical Depression With Glycemic Control Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fisher Lawrence , Glasgow Russell E. , Strycker Lisa A. 
Published: February 2010

OBJECTIVE
To clarify previous findings that diabetes distress is related to glycemic control and self-management whereas measures of depression are not, using both binary and continuous measures of depression.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Four hundred and sixty-three type 2 patients completed measures of diabetes distress (Diabetes Distress Scale [DDS]) and clinical depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 8 [PHQ8]). PHQ8 was employed as either a binary (≥10) or continuous variable. Dependent variables were A1C, diet, physical activity (PA), and medication adherence (MA).

RESULTS
The inclusion of a binary or continuous PHQ8 score yielded no differences in any equation. DDS was significantly associated with A1C and PA, whereas PHQ8 was not; both DDS and PHQ8 were significantly and independently associated with diet and MA.

CONCLUSIONS
The lack of association between depression and glycemic control is not due to the use of a binary measure of depression. Findings further clarify the significant association between distress and A1C.
New effects and applications of thioflavins
Authors: Lakatoš Boris , Kaliňaková Barbora , Hudecová Daniela , Varečka Ľudovít 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The thiazol dye Thioflavin T (ThT), which is used to stain amyloid fibrils, was found to have strong inhibitory effects on both growth and conidiation of the deuteromycete Trichoderma viride at concentrations between 10–100 µg/ml (ca. 30–300 µmol/l). Thioflavin S (ThS), also known to stain amyloid fibrils, had no significant effect at these concentrations. Both stains yielded a fluorescence response, but their distributions were different. ThT was non-homogenously distributed throughout the cytoplasm, whereas ThS fluorescence was strongly bound to septal regions. The effect of ThT was studied on several model microorganisms. It exerted a strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacterium) (MIC=10 µmol/l), but the effect on Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacterium) was one order of magnitude less pronounced. The effect on Candida albicans was also very strong (MIC=50 µmol/l). The dermatophytic fungus Microsporum gypseum and deuteromycete Alternaria alternata were less affected by ThT (MIC=250 µmol/l and >500 µmol/l, respectively). These results show that ThT could be a useful inhibitor of selected microorganisms, whereas ThS could be a useful agent for monitoring formation and maintenance of intrahyphal septa without inhibiting the growth of the microorganism.
Phytoplankton community of the drinking water supply reservoir Borovitsa (South Bulgaria) with an emphasis on cyanotoxins and water quality
Authors: Teneva Ivanka , Mladenov Rumen , Belkinova Detelina , Dimitrova-Dyulgerova Ivanka , Dzhambazov Balik 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The phytoplankton diversity, algal biomass, and selected physicochemical parameters were investigated in the drinking water reservoir (Borovitsa) located in the Kardzhali region, Bulgaria. Particular attention was given to Cyanoprokaryota and presence of cyanotoxins in the water samples. Twenty-nine species belonging to six divisions (Cyanoprokaryota, Chlorophyta, Zygnemophyta, Dinophyta, Euglenophyta and Bacillariophyta) were identified. The microscopic examination of the phytoplankton samples showed the dominance of Ankyra judayi, Oocystis lacustris (Chlorophyta) and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (Cyanoprokaryota) in July 2006, and Microcystis pulverea, Synechococcus elongatus (Cyanoprokaryota), Radiococcus planktonicus (Chlorophyta) and Melosira varians (Bacillariophyta) in September 2006. A blooming event due to Aphanizomenon flos-aquae was observed in July 2006. The reservoir exhibits a tendency to shift from an oligotrophic environment to a state of mesotrophy. Presence of cyanotoxins such as anatoxin-a, microcystins and saxitoxins were analyzed by HPLC and ELISA methods. Our results demonstrated the presence of anatoxin-a and microcystins (0.09 µg/L) in the raw water samples from July 2006, and saxitoxins (2.5 µg/L) and microcystins (0.18 µg/L) in the raw water samples from September 2006. The study underlines that permanent monitoring programs of Cyanoprokaryota in the reservoirs used as sources of drinking water and toxicity assessments should be implemented. Indirect exposure and transfer of cyanotoxins through food chains must also be considered.