bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of alkanes and alcohols with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by complex Os3(CO)10(µ‐H)2
Authors: Shul'pin Georgiy B. , Kozlov Yuriy N. , Shul'pina Lidia S. , Petrovskiy Pavel V. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTrinuclear carbonyl hydride cluster, Os3(CO)10(µ‐H)2, catalyzes oxidation of cyclooctane to cyclooctyl hydroperoxide by hydrogen peroxide in acetonitrile solution. The hydroperoxide partly decomposes in the course of the reaction to afford cyclooctanone and cyclooctanol. Selectivity parameters obtained in oxidations of various linear and branched alkanes as well as kinetic features of the reaction indicated that the alkane oxidation occurs with the participation of hydroxyl radicals. A similar mechanism operates in transformation of benzene into phenol and styrene into benzaldehyde. The system also oxidizes 1‐phenylethanol to acetophenone. The kinetic study led to a conclusion that oxidation of alcohols does not involve hydroxyl radicals as main oxidizing species and apparently proceeds with the participation of osmyl species, ‘OsO’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facing our mortality: transforming our suffering
Authors: Groves Richard F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAre love and life stronger than death? Is the inevitability of our mortality the ultimate source of existential suffering? Or, as the proverb goes, how do we live knowing that we shall die? Love may be the most powerful force in the universe but it cannot stop death. In the course of living, we all will experience the pain of losing our most beloved relationships. Furthermore, the degree to which our own mortality affects our living is incontestable. While every cell in our being desperately wants to live, the only inevitable reality is that one day we shall all die. In moments of profound loss or when our own mortality is threatened, it would seem that death is the greatest source of suffering in life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Model for Calculating the Lumbar Lordosis Angle in Early Hominids and in the Spine of the Neanderthal From Kebara
Authors: Been Ella , Barash Alon , Marom Assaf , Aizenberg Itzhak , Kramer Patricia A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe debate over the posture of early hominids is longstanding, perhaps because the absence of a reliable method for reconstructing the lumbar lordosis angle (LA) in early hominid spines has made it difficult to determine whether their posture resembled or differed from that of modern humans. We have developed a new model for predicting the lordotic curvature of the lumbar spine of early hominids based on the relationship between the lordotic curvature and the orientation of the articular processes in the lumbar spines of living primates (modern humans and nonhuman primates). The orientation of the inferior articular processes explains 89% of the variation in lordotic curvature among living primates and, thus, should be a reliable predictor of the lumbar LA in disarticulated hominid spines. Based on this model, we calculated a LA of 25–26 degree angle for the Kebara 2 Neanderthal. The calculated value for Kebara 2 is below the normal range of lordosis for modern humans (30–79 degree angle). Anat Rec 293:1140–1145, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteus in the World of Proteins: Conformational Changes in Protein Kinases
Authors: Rabiller Matthias , Getlik Matthäus , Klüter Sabine , Richters André , Tückmantel Sandra , Simard Jeffrey R. , Rauh Daniel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe 512 protein kinases encoded by the human genome are a prime example of nature's ability to create diversity by introducing variations to a highly conserved theme. The activity of each kinase domain is controlled by layers of regulatory mechanisms involving different combinations of post‐translational modifications, intramolecular contacts, and intermolecular interactions. Ultimately, they all achieve their effect by favoring particular conformations that promote or prevent the kinase domain from catalyzing protein phosphorylation. The central role of kinases in various diseases has encouraged extensive investigations of their biological function and three‐dimensional structures, yielding a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms that regulate protein kinase activity by conformational changes. In the present review, we discuss these regulatory mechanisms and show how conformational changes can be exploited for the design of specific inhibitors that lock protein kinases in inactive conformations. In addition, we highlight recent developments to monitor ligand‐induced structural changes in protein kinases and for screening and identifying inhibitors that stabilize enzymatically incompetent kinase conformations.
Ionic Liquid Immobilized Nickel(0) Nanoparticles as Stable and Highly Efficient Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation in the Aqueous Phase
Authors: Hu Yu , Yu Yinyin , Hou Zhenshan , Yang Hanming , Feng Bo , Li Huan , Qiao Yunxiang , Wang Xiangrui , Hua Li , Pan Zhenyan , Zhao Xiuge 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNickel nanoparticles (NPs) well‐dispersed in the aqueous phase were conveniently prepared by reducing nickel(II) salt with hydrazine in the presence of the functionalized ionic liquid 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium bromide. UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show the presence of a weak interaction of the functionalized ionic liquid with NiII and Ni0 complexes. The face‐centered cubic structure of the Ni0 NPs was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images reveal that smaller Ni0 particles of approximately 6–7 nm average diameter assemble to give larger, blackberry‐shaped particles with an average diameter of around 35 nm. The Ni NPs were employed as highly efficient catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of CC double bonds in the aqueous phase under mild reaction conditions (40–90 °C at 1.0–3.0 MPa), and the Ni0 nanocatalysts in the aqueous phase are stable enough to be reused at least seven times without significant loss of catalytic activity during subsequent reuse cycles.
Controlled Preparation of Inorganic Nanostructures on Substrates by Dip‐Pen Nanolithography
Authors: Li Yan , Sun Hao , Chu Haibin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractControlled preparation of inorganic nanostructures on substrates is very important for various applications of functional inorganic nanomaterials. Dip‐pen nanolithography (DPN), as an atomic force microscopy (AFM) based technique, can directly fabricate nanostructures with precise position and morphology control on the nanometer scale and meanwhile image the produced nanostructures in situ at high resolution. This Focus Review summarizes the challenges and progress in preparing inorganic nanostructures with DPN. The ink and reaction design, morphology and structure control, high‐speed lithography, and the application of DPN‐generated nanopatterns are all involved. The evolution and development of this technique, its superiorities, and unique properties are also discussed.
Ensemble flood forecasting in Africa: a feasibility study in the Juba–Shabelle river basin
Authors: Thiemig Vera , Pappenberger Florian , Thielen Jutta , Gadain Hussein , de Roo Ad , Bodis Katalin , Del Medico Mauro , Muthusi Flavian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe European flood alert system (EFAS) achieves early flood warnings for large to medium‐size river basins with lead times of 10 days. This is based on probabilistic weather forecasts, the exceedance of alert thresholds and persistence. The methodologies have been tested for different events and time scales in mid‐latitude basins in Europe. In this article, the transferability of the EFAS‐methodologies to equatorial African basins is assessed with the analysis of the Juba–Shabelle river basin as an example using a variety of different meteorological data sources. In this context, ERA‐40 and CHARM have been used for the calculation of climatologies; re‐forecasts of the current operational European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts model provided hindcasts of historic flood events. The results show that flood events have been detected successfully in more than 85% of all cases, with a high accuracy in terms of timing and magnitude. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Risk modelling with the mixed Erlang distribution
Authors: Willmot Gordon E. , Lin X. Sheldon 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA review of analytical and computational properties of the mixed Erlang distribution is given in the context of risk analysis. Basic distributional properties are discussed, and examples of members of the class are provided. Its use in aggregate claims, stop‐loss analysis, and risk measures is considered, as are applications in ruin theoretic analysis of the surplus process. Statistical estimation of model parameters is then discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability, toxicity, and biological activity of host defense peptide BMAP28 and its inversed and retro‐inversed isomers
Authors: Kindrachuk Jason , Scruten Erin , Attah‐Poku Sam , Bell Kelli , Potter Andrew , Babiuk Lorne A. , Griebel Philip J. , Napper Scott 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHost defense peptides (HDPs) contribute to immune defense through direct antimicrobial activity as well as modulation of host immune responses. While the antimicrobial activity of HDPs has been successfully exploited as topical antibiotics, their use as systemic immunomodulatory antimicrobials has been limited by their toxicity and biological instability. Peptide modification strategies to address these characteristics, while maintaining biological activity, are likely essential to capture the full therapeutic potential of HDPs. Here we investigate the stability, toxicity, and biological activity of theL, inversed (D), and retro‐inversed (RI) isomers of BMAP28. TheDand RI isomers both form symmetrically related structures toLBMAP28 and resist proteolytic degradation. With respect to toxicity, the considerable hemolytic activity ofLBMAP28 is approximately halved with theDisomer and eliminated with RI BMAP28. Furthermore, whileDBMAP28 maintains the same cytotoxicity profile against epithelial cells and monocytes as the natural peptide, RI BMAP28 is markedly less toxic against these cell types. As prophylactic antimicrobials, all three isomers significantly reduced bacterial loads [99.99% bacterial clearance by each peptide at the highest dose (20 mg kg−1)], when administered 18 h prior to challenge in a mouse model of peritoneal infection. This protection appears to be mediated through neutrophil recruitment and activation of macrophages for bacterial clearance. Collectively, the increased stability and retained biological activity ofDand RI BMAP28 make these isomers attractive as antimicrobial therapeutics. In particular, the protection conferred by RI BMAP28, combined with its reduced toxicities, make it a strong candidate for further consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 14–24, 2011.
Derepressive effect of NH on hydrogen production by deleting the glnA1 gene in Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Li Xinfeng , Liu Tong , Wu Yongqiang , Zhao Guoping , Zhou Zhihua 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPurple non‐sulfur (PNS) bacteria produce hydrogen by photofermentation of organic acids in wastewater. However, NH in wastewater may inhibit hydrogen synthesis by repressing the expression and activity of nitrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing hydrogen production in PNS bacteria. In this study, the Rhodobacter sphaeroides 6016 glnA gene encoding glutamine synthetase (GS) was knocked out by homologous recombination, and the effects on hydrogen production and nitrogenase activity were examined. Using 3 mM glutamine as the nitrogen source, hydrogen production (1,245–1,588 mL hydrogen/L culture) and nitrogenase activity were detected in the mutant in the presence of relatively high NH concentrations (15–40 mM), whereas neither was detected in the wild‐type strain under the same conditions. Further analysis indicated that high NH concentrations greatly inhibited the expression of nifA and nitrogenase gene in the wild‐type strain but not in the glnA1− mutant. These observations suggest that GS is essential to NH repression of nitrogenase and that deletion of glnA1 results in the complete derepression of nitrogenase by preventing NH assimilation in vivo, thus relieving the inhibition of nifA and nitrogenase gene expression. Knocking out glnA1 therefore provides an efficient approach to removing the inhibitory effects of ammonium ions in R. sphaeroides and possibly in other hydrogen‐producing PNS bacteria. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 564–572. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐cleaving purification tags re‐engineered for rapid Topo® cloning
Authors: Wu Wan‐Yi , Gillies Alison R. , Hsii Judy F. , Contreras Lydia , Oak Seachol , Perl Michael B. , Wood David W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this work, our previously reported ΔI‐CM and ΔIG‐CM mutant inteins were rationally re‐engineered to be compatible with Invitrogen's Topo® cloning system. The resulting new inteins include the vaccinia virus topoisomerase I DNA recognition sequence TCCTT at their 3′ ends, making them compatible with the highly convenient one‐step Topo® cloning method. Addition of the Topo® recognition sequence resulted in an altered amino acid sequence at the C‐termini of the inteins, changing their final five residues from VVVHN to VLVHN. Despite this change, these modified inteins retained their self‐cleaving function, and continue to exhibit pH and temperature‐sensitive cleaving characteristics as required for their use in generating self‐cleaving affinity tags. Although the C‐terminal modification decreased the intein cleavage rate under optimal conditions, cleavage can typically be completed within several hours at pH 6.5 and 37°C. In particular, the modified ΔIGT‐CM intein is compatible with both the Topo® and Gateway® methods simultaneously, allowing fast parallel construction of multiple expression vectors with varying combinations of target proteins, self‐cleaving affinity tags and promoters. These newly engineered inteins increase the functionality of intein‐mediated technology, making it possible to explore a large number of combinations between target genes, self‐cleaving affinity tags and expression hosts in a fast and efficient manner. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
A spreadsheet tool for antenna design
Authors: Kabalan Karim Y. , El‐Hajj Ali , Al‐Husseini Mohammed , Mneimneh Suha 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article describes a spreadsheet tool for the design of major antenna elements and antenna arrays. The antenna elements included are the dipole, circular loop, long wire, rectangular and circular patch antenna. Linear, circular, planar, and cylindrical array types can also be simulated. It is also possible to study an antenna behavior for given parameters, plot its patterns, and estimate its directivity and half‐power beam width. These parameters are inputted or changed through worksheet cells, or through simple dialog boxes. This tool is useful for educational purposes as it enables junior students to put hands on antenna design and simulation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 209–215, 2011
An active learning framework for object‐oriented analysis and design
Authors: Kim Suntae , Kim Jintae , Park Sooyong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an active learning framework to describe modeling knowledge on object‐oriented design methods and evaluate students' models. It helps students learn the methods with feedbacks. Modeling knowledge and feedbacks are specified in simple rules by instructors. Given the knowledge, our framework validates models and gives feedbacks for violations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 20: 400–409, 2012
University‐based community college leadership programs: Where future community college leaders are prepared
Authors: Friedel Janice Nahra 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes major factors influencing the shape, content, and direction of the new EdD programs and discusses some unique challenges in establishing a separate cohort program in community college leadership. These insights may be useful as individuals examine graduate programs in leadership development, and as community college search committees seek to hire new leaders.
Drying of Pentaerythritol obtained from Batch Crystallization
Authors: Prlic Kardum J. , Sander A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis work was aimed at investigating the kinetics of vacuum drying pentaerythritol obtained by batch crystallization from aqueous solution. The quality of the crystals dried after rinsing with ethanol and acetone was analyzed, and then compared with the data obtained from the unrinsed crystals. Drying was carried out in the laboratory vacuum dryer under different pressures and temperatures. The experimentally‐obtained drying curves were successfully approximated by the two‐parameter Page model. Parameters, k and n, of the mathematical model were correlated with the process conditions. The parameter k grew with increasing drying rate. The parameter n was influenced by the type of solvent that was removed. It decreased with the increase of the boiling point of the solvent.
Avalanche Time of Granular Flows in Rotary Kilns
Authors: Liu X. , Zhou S. , Specht E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDiscrete avalanching is the dominant motion of granular beds in industrial rotary kilns. The avalanche time is an important parameter influencing the heat‐ and material transfer inside the kiln. Experiments are conducted on a rotating cylinder to measure the time evolution of avalanches. Nonspherical particles (rice) and low filling degrees are used in order to simulate the operating conditions in industrial kilns. The difference between the average critical angle and stop angle of the avalanche is found to be in the range of 7°–9°, i.e., much higher values than ever reported in literature. As the filling degree is three times increased, the average critical angle is found to be approximately constant, whereas the average stop angle is slightly increased and the avalanche time is increased by 20 %. For all experimental configurations, the average avalanche time occupies about 35 %–38 % of the total circle time (elevation time plus avalanche time). Experimental data are used to test theoretical models from different authors. Comparison demonstrates that the models proposed by Mellmann and Davidson et al. can predict well the increasing tendency of average avalanche time with filling degrees. The former has higher accuracy with errors less than 5 % for all experiments. Results of this work are useful for kiln design and further theoretical studies on dynamics of granular avalanches.
Quality‐Controlled Reactive Crystallization of SrSO4 To Produce High‐Valued Chemicals
Authors: Mikami T. , Hirasawa I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrecipitation of monodispersed SrSO4 particles was carried out in the presence of polyethylenimine (PEI). PEI additions varied some particulate properties, e.g., sizes, shapes, size distribution widths, and agglomeration ratios. The present paper mainly focuses on the influence of PEI dosage on crystal size distributions. PEI‐assisted double jet techniques require no difficult controls of feeding rates, therefore, this idea will be applicable to precipitation of other inorganic compounds for the purpose of producing monodispersed nano‐/microparticles.
Determination of Distribution Coefficients in 1‐Ethyl‐3‐Methyl Imidazolium Chloride‐Methylimidazole Mixtures by Zone Melting
Authors: Solà Cervera J. L. , Keil P. , König A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe first experimental results concerning the differential distribution coefficient, kdiff, for crystallization of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) out of EMIMCl‐ methylimidazole (MIM) mixtures (5 wt % MIM) are presented. The mixture was purified using the zone melting technique at a fixed crystallization rate of 1.44 mm/h. For quantification of the MIM content after purification an analytical method consisting of the combination of ion chromatography and UV/Vis detection was developed. A distribution coefficient of kdiff = 0.2 was found.
Process Optimization of Filling Up Crystallization
Authors: Markovits I. , Farkas B. , Farkas J. , Róna P. , Rausz V. , Jani‐Vakulya G. , Nagy K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe optimization of filling up crystallization of a specific active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIe) is presented and discussed. Filling up crystallization is a special cooling crystallization method the main goal of which is to narrow the crystal size distribution (CSD) of the product. Fast cooling of the solution is achieved in the first section of the cooling profile as the hot solution of the API for crystallization is fed into the crystallizer, where a constant but significantly lower temperature is maintained by choosing a suitable addition rate of the hot solution and utilizing the cooling efficiency of the crystallizer. The process of determination for formulation of the crystals occurs during the filling up period of the crystallization. As a result of optimization, a parameter range is specified from which the process parameters can be chosen ensuring that the product specifications comply with the limitations.
Synthesis and Application of Tetraphosphane Ligands in Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Terminal Olefins: High Regioselectivity at High Temperature
Authors: Yu Shichao , Zhang Xiaowei , Yan Yongjun , Cai Chaoxian , Dai Liyan , Zhang Xumu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA new class of substituted tetraphosphane ligands has been developed and applied in the rhodium‐catalyzed regioselective hydroformylation of terminal olefins. The high regioselectivity (linear selectivity is above 97 % for 1‐octene and 1‐hexene) at high temperature (140 °C) shown by these tetraphosphane ligands is remarkable considering the low regioselectivity commonly observed under similar reaction conditions when other bisphosphane analogues are used. The steric and electronic effects of substituents on the diarylphosphane moiety have also been examined.
Controlled Aggregation of Multiple Guanidinium Ions through a Hydrogen‐Bonded Network Assembly with Deprotonated Forms of Kemp’s Triacid
Authors: Han Jie , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA series of five complexes that incorporate the guanidinium ion and various deprotonated forms of Kemp’s triacid (H3KTA) have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The complex [C(NH2)3+]⋅[H2KTA−] (1) exhibits a sinusoidal layer structure with a centrosymmetric pseudo‐rosette motif composed of two ion pairs. The fully deprotonated Kemp’s triacid moiety in 3 [C(NH2)3+]⋅[KTA3−] (2) forms a record number of eighteen acceptor hydrogen bonds, thus leading to a closely knit three‐dimensional network. The KTA3− anion adopts an uncommon twist conformation in [(CH3)4N+]⋅ 2 [C(NH2)3+]⋅[KTA3−]⋅2 H2O (3). The crystal structure of [(nC3H7)4N+]⋅ 2 [C(NH2)3+]⋅[KTA3−] (4) features a tetrahedral aggregate of four guanidinium ions stabilized by an outer shell that comprises six equatorial carboxylate groups that belong to separate [KTA3−] anions. In 3 [(C2H5)4N+]⋅ 20 [C(NH2)3+]⋅11 [HKTA2−]⋅[H2KTA−]⋅ 17 H2O (5), an even larger centrosymmetric inner core composed of eight guanidinium ions and six bridging water molecules is enclosed by a crust composed of eighteen axial carboxyl/carboxylate groups from six HKTA2− anions.