bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ToF‐SIMS depth profiling of trehalose: the effect of analysis beam dose on the quality of depth profiles
Authors: Muramoto Shin , Brison Jeremy , Castner David G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn static SIMS experiments, an analysis dose of 1012 ions/cm2 typically produces optimum results. However, the same dose used in dual beam depth profiling can significantly degrade the signal. This is because during each analysis cycle a high‐energy beam is rastered across the same x‐y location on the sample. If a sufficient amount of sample is not removed during each sputter cycle, the subsequent analysis cycle will sample a volume degraded by the previous analysis cycles. The dimensionless parameter, R′, is used to relate the amount of damage accumulated in the sample to the amount of analysis beam dose used relative to the etching beam. Depth profiles from trehalose films spin‐cast onto silicon wafers acquired using Bi1+ and Bi3+ analysis beams were compared. As R′ increased, the depth profile and the depth resolution (interface width) both degraded. At R′ values below 0.04 for both Bi1+ and Bi3+, the shape of the profile as well as the depth resolution (9 nm) indicated that dual beam analysis can be superior to C60 single beam depth profiling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface chemistry of deinked pulps as analysed by XPS and ToF‐SIMS
Authors: Orblin Elina , Fardim Pedro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe surface chemistry of recycled deinked pulps made from old newspaper (ONP) and mixed office waste (MOW) was investigated by XPS and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). The short and the long fibre fractions of the pulps were separated and their differences in surface chemistry were assessed. The amount of surface anionic groups (SAG) and the surface coverage by carbohydrates, lignin and extractives were calculated from the XPS measurements. Metal traces were observed on feed pulps and the fines fractions of both ONP and MOW, some of them exposed after extraction. Only fines of ONP showed a quantifiable amount of surface extractives. The amount of surface lignin did not differ significantly between the ONP fractions. The method presented high values of surface lignin on MOW, especially fines fraction, which was considered, in fact, a measure of other surface contamination. There were no remarkable differences between the SAGs in the different fractions. Residual chemicals from paper converting, printing and deinking were detected on the fibre surfaces by ToF‐SIMS spectrometry. The distributions of trace metals (e.g. Fe, Al and Mg), pulp components and some common contaminants were assessed using ToF‐SIMS imaging. It was discovered that the fibre surfaces were covered by patchy ink residuals at raster sizes of 200 µm × 200 µm. A uniform layer of siloxanes and phthalates was also detected on every sample. The residual paper and printing chemicals can affect interactions in papermaking and reduce the fibre‐to‐fibre bonds in the recycled paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkaline earth metal salts of CaCO3, BaCO3, and SrCO3 as matrix for tryptophan SIMS analysis
Authors: Stupavska M. , Aranyosiova M. , Velic D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOur experiment is focused on an increase of the molecular secondary ion yield, observed using primary ion beam analysis of biomolecular solids. D‐tryptophan, C11H12N2O2, is determined by SIMS under impact of 25 keV Bi+ beam. Matrix‐embedded samples with the alkaline earth metal salts of CaCO3, BaCO3, SrCO3, are prepared in forms of pellets and films. The experiment with a CaCO3 pellet shows that D‐tryptophan parent‐like ions are cationized with alkali metal ions and small functional groups in monomer mass region. Signals of Ca ions are observed with very low intensity. D‐tryptophan dimers and trimers are also observed. In contrast, in CaCO3, BaCO3, SrCO3 pellet, D‐tryptophan parent‐like ion emission is suppressed by strong fragmentation of cellulose, added in pellets. Results from CaCO3 film show ionization of D‐tryptophan through proton donation. These comparative experiments can shed some light on details of the cationization phenomena in secondary ion mass spectrometry of biomolecules. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis of Nb materials for SRF cavities
Authors: Maheshwari P. , Tian H. , Reece C. E. , Kelley M. J. , Myneni G. R. , Stevie F. A. , Rigsbee J. M. , Batchelor A. D. , Griffis D. P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSuperconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities provide enhanced efficiency and reduced energy consumption in present‐day particle accelerators. Niobium is the material of choice for SRF cavities due to its high critical temperature and critical magnetic field. In order to understand why certain treatments, especially a low temperature bake, improve performance, it is important to study Nb surface characteristics and identify elemental contaminants which may affect the performance of the cavity.1Initial studies using SIMS and Focused Ion Beam (FIB) prepared specimens for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) have helped to characterize the Nb surface and measure the surface oxide layer thickness.2C, N and O are of particular interest as interstitial contaminants and earlier studies suggested very high H concentration. In the present study, ion implants of C, N, O and deuterium (D) in Nb and Si were analyzed using SIMS.Dwas implanted to characterize H while avoiding interference from the high H background. TheDimplant was easily detectable in Si, but showed a constant value and no implant shape in Nb. This result implies either thatD(and by implication, hydrogen) has a high mobility in Nb, or that there is movement ofDdue to the primary ion beam. Nevertheless, C, N, and O could be quantified using the ion implants. Depth profiles of polycrystalline and single crystal Nb samples were also obtained. While both types of Nb samples contained low C concentration, the single crystal Nb samples showed higher N and O content. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of low‐energy SIMS (LE‐SIMS) for nanoscale fuel cell material development
Authors: Morris R. J. H. , Fearn S. , Perkins J. , Kilner J. , Dowsett M. G. , Beigalski M. D. , Rouleau C. M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLow‐energy secondary ion mass spectrometry has been used to investigate the matrix structure and interface attributes of a novel Ce0.85Sm0.15O2/CeO2 multilayer fuel cell material. Nanoscale oxide systems have shown enhanced ionic conductivities when produced to form highly oriented epitaxial structures. The Sm‐doped CeO2 material system is of particular interest for fuel cell technology because of its inherently high ionic conductivity at low operating temperatures (600–800 °C). For this study, a nanometer‐scale Ce0.85Sm0.15O2/CeO2 multilayer was grown by pulsed laser deposition. The sample was annealed at 700 °C in an oxygen ambience. High‐resolution, low‐energy depth profiling using Cs revealed some diffusion of the multilayer structure after annealing, along with a possible volume change for the Sm‐doped layers. Changes in layer volume will lead to an increase in the mechanical strain and may cause the material to crack. The findings presented here suggest that the Ce0.85Sm0.15O2/CeO2 multilayer structure in its current form may not possess the level of thermal stability required for use within a fuel cell environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS imaging of surface self‐organized fractal patterns of bacteria
Authors: Tuccitto N. , Marletta G. , Carnazza S. , Grasso L. , Caratozzolo M. , Guglielmino S. , Licciardello A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) imaging has been shown to be a useful tool to study cell adhesion onto a surface. The purpose of this work was that of investigating by means of ToF‐SIMS imaging the influence of different salt environments on the adhesion and self organization of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 onto a nonleaching surface (native silicon oxide). Chemical maps show that the different media influence the distribution of bacteria and that their different surface organization in different media is accompanied by characteristic distributions of alkali ions and organic fragments related to the bacteria. This could help in understanding the mechanisms involved in self organization of bacteria, that are thought to be related with the ability of bacteria to modify, by means of ionic fluxes through the cell membrane, the electrostatic interactions that, in turn, appear to rule their self organization in fractal patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanometer‐thin sputtered phosphorus layers for laser‐doped solar cells
Authors: Eisele S. J. , Sämann M. , Bilger G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSputtered phosphorus precursor layers for laser‐doped silicon solar cell emitters lead to a new record energy conversion efficiency η = 18.9% in full‐area laser‐doped solar cells. Layer characterization with XPS and SIMS enables us to understand the influence of ambient air and native oxide on pure phosphorus precursor layers. Removing the native oxide from the silicon surface serves for less formation of H3PO4 increasing the quality of laser‐doped emitters. The native oxide layer favors the formation of radical OH− groups during the sputtering process. These OH− groups undergo a reaction with the phosphorus layer, resulting in a larger part of H3PO4. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic behaviour of composite shear walls with multi‐embedded steel sections. Part I: experiment
Authors: Zhou Ying , Lu Xilin , Dong Yuguang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractShear wall system is one of the most commonly used lateral load‐resisting systems in high‐rise buildings. The reinforced concrete (RC) walls studied herein are composite shear walls (CSW) with multi‐embedded steel sections (MSS) at wall boundaries as well as wall middles. In this paper, experimental studies of CSW with MSS are presented and discussed. Sixteen 1/3‐scale specimens with varied structural parameters were tested under static loading and the effects of the parameters on the seismic performance of CSW were studied. It is found that the practice of MSS in RC walls is a good way to improve the structural ductility. CSW with MSS has better energy dissipation capacity than that with steel sections only at boundaries. MSS did not affect the final failure mode of the CSW, but they would restrain the development of cracks and prevent the concrete from serious spalling. For MSS, more steel area configured at the end columns will result in better seismic behaviour of CSW. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic behavior of composite shear walls with multi‐embedded steel sections. Part II: analysis
Authors: Zhou Ying , Lu Xilin , Huang Zhihua , Bo Yi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe test results discussed in Part I on 16 composite shear walls (CSW) with multi‐embedded steel sections (MSS) subjected to static loading are analysed to provide better knowledge on their seismic behaviour. The intent of Part II is to develop an efficient model and conduct nonlinear analysis for reliable prediction of the nonlinear response of CSW. First, normalized quadri‐linear skeleton curves were put forward based on the experimental results. Theoretical equations of normalizing key points were built up according to the load‐bearing mechanism of CSW in Chinese code and verified by all test specimens. Then, the nonlinear analysis of a typical ‘flexural failure’ and a ‘shear failure’ CSW specimens were performed using the inherent member elements and material models of CANNY program. Furthermore, two hybrid structure systems, one with CSW and one without CSW, were also built up by CANNY program and analysed under different earthquake levels. It was concluded that in the numerical simulation the effect of the embedded steel sections is not significant at the elastic stage. When structure entered nonlinear stage, however, the steel members encased in the reinforced concrete shear walls contributed to the good performance of structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of variable curvature sliding isolators in base‐isolated benchmark building
Authors: Sharma Ajay , Jangid R. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe performances of variable curvature sliding isolators like variable frequency pendulum isolator (VFPI) and variable curvature friction pendulum system (VCFPS) installed in the base‐isolated benchmark building subjected to bi‐directionally acting seven strong earthquakes have been studied. The shear type base‐isolated benchmark building is modelled as three‐dimensional linear elastic structure having three degrees‐of‐freedom at each floor level. Time domain dynamic analysis of the building has been carried out with the help of constant average acceleration Newmark‐Beta method and non‐linear isolation forces has been taken care by fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta method. The force‐displacement responses of the VFPI and VCFPS are studied under parametric variations of their key characteristics for the comparative performance evaluation. The time history variations of response characteristics and peak response evaluation criteria are also investigated for overall comparison of their performances. The performance of VFPI and VCFPS are observed both in uniform and hybrid isolation systems. The force‐displacement responses of both VFPI and VCFPS subjected to strong near‐field earthquakes show excessively large isolator displacements at higher initial radii of curvature of sliding surface. The large isolator displacements of VFPI and VCFPS can be restrained efficiently by addition of viscous fluid dampers in comparison to the increase in coefficient of friction of isolators. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oberflächenenergetische Charakterisierung
Authors: Stöckelhuber Klaus Werner , Das Amit , Jurk René , Heinrich Gert 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNahezu jeder technisch eingesetzte Elastomerwerkstoff ist mit Partikeln in Nanometergröße gefüllt, durch welche dessen Werkstoffeigenschaften gezielt beeinflusst werden können. So haben in modernen Autoreifen die eingesetzten Füllstoffe einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Fahrsicherheit (Nass‐ und Eisgriff), den Kraftstoffverbrauch (Rollreibung) und die Wirtschaftlichkeit (Reifenlebensdauer) [1]. Die ersten Füllstoffe für Elastomeranwendungen waren Ruße, heute kommt in PKW‐Reifen bevorzugt oberflächenmodifiziertes Silika zum Einsatz; die Einführung von weiteren Nanopartikeln als neuartige Füllstoffsysteme wie z.B. organophil modifizierte Schichtsilikate (OrganoClays) oder Carbon Nanotubes sind derzeit Gegenstand intensiver Forschung [2, 3].Eine wesentliche, häufig unterschätze Einflussgröße hierbei ist die Oberflächenenergie und –polarität der Füllstoffoberfläche: Um die Füllstoffpartikel in der Elastomermatrix fein zu dispergieren und eine gute Adhäsion zwischen Polymer und Füllstoffoberfläche zu erreichen, müssen diese Grenzflächeneigenschaften von Gummi und Füllstoff gut auf einander abgestimmt sein.
Elektrochrome Beschichtungen
Authors: Wittkopf Hartmut 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSeit den frühen sechziger Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts haben die ständig wachsenden qualitativen und quantitativen Anforderungen an die Beschichtung von Architekturglas die Entwicklung der Anlagentechnik vorangetrieben. Die Magnetron‐Sputtertechnik ist heute zur Standardtechnologie für die großformatige Beschichtung von Architektur‐und Fahrzeugglas geworden und bietet mit der enormen Variationsbreite bezüglich der Prozessparameter beste Voraussetzungen für die produktionstechnische Umsetzung der nächsten Generation von Gebäudeverglasungen auf der Basis elektrochromer Schichten.Die Historie und Hintergrundinformationen zu den beschichtungstechnischen Anforderungen werden nachfolgend diskutiert. Abschließend zwei Beispiele für schaltbare Verglasungen im Gebäude.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Spectrothermal Characterization of a Heptacoordinated Dimeric Salicylato Cadmium(II) Complex with 2,2′‐Azobispyridine (abpy), (µ‐abpy)[Cd(Hsal)2(abpy)]2
Authors: Arslan Figen , Ölmez Halis , Odabaşoğlu Mustafa , Büyükgüngör Orhan 
Published: June 2010

Abstractµ‐2,2′‐Azobispyridinebis[2,2′‐azobispyridinesalicylato(O)salicylato(O,O′) cadmium(II)], (µ‐abpy)[Cd(Hsal)2(abpy)]2 (I) was synthesized and characterized by IR and UV/ Vis spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Two abpy ligands and two salicylato ligands coordinate to the Cd2+ ion in a monocapped trigonal‐prismatic arrangement. The capping atom is the N3 atom. One of the two abpy ligands behaves as a “s‐frame” bridging ligand and adopts a s‐cis/ E/ s‐cis conformation, whereas the other one adopts as a s‐cis/ E/ s‐trans conformation. One of the two salicylato ligands acts as a monodentate ligand, which coordinates with the carboxylate oxygen atom, whereas the other one adopts bidentate coordination through two carboxylate oxygen atoms. The hydroxy groups of salicylato ligands, which coordinate in a monodentate fashion, are disordered over two positions, with occupancies of 0.52 for group A and 0.48 for group B. The decomposition reaction takes place in the temperature range 20–1000 °C under nitrogen. Thermal decomposition of the title complex proceeds in two stages.
Preparation of Organometallic Hydroxides and their Reactions with Lanthanide Compounds
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe preparation of soluble organometallic hydroxides is a key step in the preparation of organometallic oxides containing the heterobimetallic M–O–M′ unit. Compounds of composition LMOH where M is a Main Group metal (Ca, Sr, Al, Ga, Ge, Sn) and transition metal (Zr, Hf) are summarized. The reactions of Cp3Ln (Ln = Yb, Dy, Er, Sm) with several hydroxides to yield compounds with the skeletons M(μ‐O)Ln and M(μ‐OH)Ln are reported. The application of the latter compounds in ϵ‐caprolactone polymerization is discussed. An unforeseen formation of a chlorine‐centered cluster of composition [(Me3Si)2NC(NCy)2SmCl2]5(THF)2 is reported.
Na6Si2O7 – The Missing Structural Link among Alkali Pyrosilicates
Authors: Kahlenberg Volker , Langreiter Thomas , Arroyabe Erik 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe crystal structure of sodium pyrosilicate (Na6Si2O7) was solved from single crystal diffraction data and refined to an R index of 0.051 for 17034 independent reflections. The compound is triclinic with space group P (a = 5.8007(8) Å, b = 11.5811(15) Å, c = 23.157(3) Å, α = 89.709(10)°, β = 88.915(11)°, γ = 89.004(11)°, V = 1555.1(4) Å3, Z = 8, Dx = 2.615 g·cm–3, μ(Mo‐Kα) = 7.94 cm–1). A characteristic feature of the crystals is a twinning by reticular pseudo‐merohedry, which simulates a much larger monoclinic C centered lattice (V′ = 6220 Å3, Z = 32). The twin element corresponds to a twofold rotation axis running parallel to the [0 direction of the triclinic cell. The compound belongs to the group of sorosilicates, i.e. it is based on [Si2O7] groups, which are arranged in layers parallel to (100). Charge compensation within the structure is accomplished by monovalent sodium cations distributed among 24 crystallographically independent positions. They are coordinated by four to six nearest oxygen neighbors. Most of the coordination polyhedra can be approximately described as distorted tetrahedra or tetragonal pyramids. An alternative understanding of Na6Si2O7 can be gained if the tetrahedrally coordinated sodium atoms are considered for the construction of a framework. Actually, each four of the dimers within a single slice are linked by a more or less distorted [NaO4] tetrahedron. The resulting structural motif is similar to the one that can be observed in melilites, where linkage between the T2O7 (T: Al, Si) moieties is provided by [MgO4]‐ (as in akermanite, Ca2Mg[Si2O7]) or [AlO4] tetrahedra (as in gehlenite, Ca2Al[AlSiO7]). By sharing common edges, the [NaO4] tetrahedra in Na6Si2O7 are forming columns running parallel to 100. The resulting framework contains tunnels in which the more irregularly coordinated sodium cations are incorporated.
The Layered Coordination Polymer Bi(SCN)3·1/2H2O
Authors: Koch Gregor , Ruck Michael 
Published: June 2010

AbstractYellow crystals of Bi(SCN)3·1/2H2O are obtained by reacting (BiO)2CO3 and HSCN in aqueous solution. X‐ray diffraction on a single‐crystal revealed a triclinic lattice (space group P) with a = 843.6(2) pm, b = 920.4 (2) pm, c = 1210.7(2) pm, α = 109.16(3) °, β = 109.06(3) °, γ = 90.22(3) °, V = 832.8(3)·106 pm3, and Z = 4. All thiocyanate anions bind with both ends to different cations. The coordination network expands in plane layers parallel (1 0). The water molecule coordinates one of the two independent Bi3+ cations. Dehydration sets in at 100 °C, followed by stepwise thermal decomposition to Bi2S3.
Central Fatigue: Issues Related to Cognition, Mood and Behavior, and Psychiatric Diagnoses
Authors: Leavitt Victoria M. , DeLuca John 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDescribe and define the concept of central fatigue, as well as discuss the behavioral and neuroimaging studies that attempt its assessment and measurement. A brief description of how fatigue can be differentiated from psychiatric symptoms and from sleepiness is also provided. Promising directions for future research will be outlined in the final portion of this review. Despite its popular clinical use as a descriptor of certain symptomatology, fatigue is not a unitary construct. Describing central fatigue as distinct from peripheral fatigue represents one way of understanding the underlying neural and behavioral concomitants of fatigue.
Neuroendocrine and Immune Contributors to Fatigue
Authors: Silverman Marni N. , Heim Christine M. , Nater Urs M. , Marques Andrea H. , Sternberg Esther M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCentral fatigue, a persistent and subjective sense of tiredness, generally correlates poorly with traditional markers of disease. It is frequently associated with psychosocial factors, such as depression, sleep disorder, anxiety, and coping style, which suggest that dysregulation of the body's stress systems may serve as an underlying mechanism in the maintenance of chronic fatigue (CF). This article addresses the endocrine, neural, and immune factors that contribute to fatigue and describes research regarding the role of these factors in chronic fatigue syndrome as a model for addressing the biology of CF. In general, hypoactivity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system alterations characterized by sympathetic overactivity and low vagal tone, as well as immune abnormalities, may contribute to the expression of CF. Noninvasive methods for evaluating endocrine, neural, and immune function are also discussed. Simultaneous evaluation of neuroendocrine and immune systems with noninvasive techniques will help elucidate the underlying interactions of these systems, their role in disease susceptibility, and progression of stress‐related disorders.
Including copy number variation in association studies to predict genotypic values
Authors: CALUS M. P. L. , DE KONING D. J. , HALEY C. S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate, both empirically and deterministically, the ability to explain genetic variation resulting from a copy number polymorphism (CNP) by including the CNP, either by its genotype or by a continuous derivation thereof, alone or together with a nearby single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the model. This continuous measure of a CNP genotype could be a raw hybridization measurement, or a predicted CNP genotype. Results from simulations showed that the linkage disequilibrium (LD) between an SNP and CNP was lower than LD between two SNPs, due to the higher mutation rate at the CNP loci. The modelR2values from analysing the simulated data were very similar to theR2values predicted with the deterministic formulae. Under the assumption thatxcopies at a CNP locus lead to the effect ofxtimes the effect of 1 copy, including a continuous measure of a CNP locus in the model together with the genotype of a nearby SNP increased power to explain variation at the CNP locus, even when the continuous measure explained only 15% of the variation at the CNP locus.