bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE, SENSORY EQUIPMENT, AND SECRETIONS OF THE OVIPOSITOR IN A GIANT SPECIES OF HYMENOPTERA: MEGARHYSSA ATRATA F. (ICHNEUMONIDAE, PIMPLINAE)
Authors: Nénon Jean-Pierre , Kacem Nabila , Lannic Joseph Le 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMegarhyssa atrata F., the largest hymenopteran parasitoid known, is found in the holarctic. The stylus of its ovipositor can reach a length of 142 mm, the longest of all known genitalia in Arthropoda. This pimpline parasitizes its host, Tremex columba L., at a great depth in wood. Valvulae 3, which are always shorter than the stylus, are characterized on their outer side by abundant trichoid sensilla of three different types, and on their inner side by a dense layer of cuticular spines probably used in cleaning and shielding the stylus while at rest. The joint region between stylus and abdominal segments is richly equipped with mechanoreceptive trichoid and campaniform sensilla. The ovipositor canal is located between the two valvulae 1 which are separate for their entire length and supported proximally by the two valvulae 2 which are joined to each other from the base. The distal end of the stylus, shaped like an indented lancet, has secretory pores, the first such to be observed in Hymenoptera, from which accessory gland secretions flow. These secretions reach the end of the stylus by intravalvular canals in valvulae 1 and 2. These substances, which may cause cell lysis and also act as lubricants, can accumulate among the tens of thousands of cuticular formations distributed along the stylus which are thought to be surface storage cavities for the secretions. The sensory equipment of the stylus consists of six rows of approximately 200 mechanoreceptive campaniform sensilla. The ovipositor of M. atrata is thus characterized by almost exclusively mechanoreceptive sensory equipment; chemical stimuli appear to be monitored by two types of trichoid sensilla on valvulae 3. The finding that secretory pores occupy exactly the same sites as chemoreceptors in Ichneumonidae, Chalcidoidea, and Proctotrupoidea demonstrates the importance of studying the ovipositor of this parasitoid adapted to withstanding extreme pressures as it penetrates deep into wood.
BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF EAST-CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PEST MANAGEMENT
Authors: Adler Peter H. , Mason Peter G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA 5-year study of the black flies of east-central Saskatchewan revealed 21 species, including Simulium incognitum sp.nov. Chromosomal and ecological evidence for reproductive isolation is presented for this new species, formerly known as S. venustum Say CC4, and S. venustum Say CC. All 21 species in the study are associated with productive streams and rivers. As many as nine of these species might comprise the pest assemblage harassing livestock. The major pest, S. luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, is cytologically distinct from populations in the eastern United States on the basis of a two-step, Y-linked inversion in the IIS chromosomal arm. Simulium luggeri is the only livestock pest that breeds almost solely in large streams and rivers. The other eight probable pests breed entirely or partly in streams less than 10 m wide, often below beaver dams, suggesting that management efforts should specifically target these sites.
SCREENING FOUR EXOTIC PARASITOIDS AS POTENTIAL CONTROLS FOR THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER,LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA(GUENÉE) (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: West R.J. , Kenis M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAmong the 20 geometrid species recovered from annual surveys in coniferous forests in the Swiss Alps, three species,Epirrita autumnata(Borkhausen),Agriopis aurantiariaHübner, andPoecilopsis isabellaeHarrison, were identified as sources for parasitoids that might be suitable as candidates for introduction to Newfoundland to control the eastern hemlock looper,Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria(Guenée). Four univoltine Hymenoptera were identified as candidates:Dusona contumax(Forster) (Ichneumonidae) fromA.aurantiaria,Dusonasp. fromP.isabellae,Aleiodescf.gastritor(Thunberg) (Braconidae) fromE.autumnata, andAleiodes. sp. fromP.isabellae. The candidate parasitoids were confined with their native hosts in the laboratory and observations made to gather basic biological information and define protocols for screening.Small numbers of these parasitoids were shipped to Newfoundland and screened in the laboratory against hemlock looper larvae. Although attacks byD.contumax,Dusonasp., andA. cf.gastritorwere observed, parasitoid development did not occur. All parasitoid eggs recovered from the hemlock looper larvae attacked were encapsulated.Dusona contumax,Dusonasp. fromP.isabellae,A. cf.gastritor, andAleoidessp. fromP.isabellaeare not recommended for introduction against the eastern hemlock looper.
EVIDENCE OF HONEYDEW FEEDING IN BLACK FLIES (DEPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Burgin Steven G. , Hunter Fiona F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBlack flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) were collected from a tamarack stand,Larix laricina(Du Roi) Koch, heavily infested withAdelges lariciatus(Patch) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Insect nets were used to sweep the tamarack branches to capture black flies associated with the trees. Six black fly species were sweep-netted, with 85.5% of all flies belonging toSimulium venustumSay complex. Samples of honeydew and the crops and midguts of individual black flies were tested by thin layer chromatography using fructose, glucose, sucrose, turanose, melezitose, raffinose, and stachyose as standards. The sugars fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were found in the adelgid honeydew samples. Of the 201 black flies tested, 194 contained sugars, which occurred in 16 combinations. It is argued that stachyose can be used to indicate when black flies have fed on the adelgid honeydew. We conclude that 49.7% of theS.venustumcollected from the tamarack had fed recently on this honeydew source. In addition, it was observed that black flies reared in the laboratory readily ingested freshly excreted and older (dry) honeydew when presented with branches from the tamarack stand.
ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF DENSITY-DEPENDENT BALLOONING BY BAGWORM LARVAE, METISA PLANA (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PSYCHIDAE)
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Gries Gerhard , Chew Poh Son 
Published: November 2009

AbstractExperiments conducted in a plantation of oil palms, Elaeis guineensis (Jacquin), infested with bagworms, Metisa plana (Walker), tested the hypotheses that crowding enhances the incidence of larval ballooning and negatively affects the size attained by pupae. Proportions of ballooning larvae increased with increasing densities of larvae per palm. The lengths of bags (and pupal cases) decreased with increasing numbers of bagworms per leaf. Ballooning of larvae from crowded palms is likely adaptive because individuals attaining large size at pupation have proportionately greatest survival, mating success, and fecundity.
COMPARISON OF WATER PAN TRAPS AND STICKY TRAPS FOR MONITORING DELIA SPP. (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) IN CANOLA
Authors: Broatch James S. , Vernon Robert S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractYellow water pan traps and yellow sticky traps were used to collect Delia spp. flies in plots of canola, var. Tobin, for an entire growing season in the Peace River region of Alberta. At one or more times during the growing season, pan traps and sticky traps captured Delia radicum (L.), Delia floralis (Fallen), Delia planipalpis (Stein), or Delia platura (Meigen). Numbers of males and females caught varied dramatically between the two trap styles, both within and between the various species. Prior to the onset of flowering, cumulative captures of each of the four Delia spp. in pan traps were all significantly lower than on sticky traps for females and males. From the onset of flowering until trapping ended on 17 August, cumulative captures of D. radicum, D. floralis, and D. planipalpis females were similar in pan traps and sticky traps. Sticky traps, however, remained significantly better than pan traps for trapping all Delia spp. males, as well as D. platura females. Pan traps were more suitable than sticky traps for collecting intact specimens for positive identifications. Results indicate that a combination of sticky traps and pan traps should be used over an entire growing season when conducting initial surveys for Delia species in crops such as canola. In routine monitoring programs for Delia spp., sticky traps would be more efficacious early in the growing season and more practical than pan traps. The level of expertise required to accurately identify the Delia spp. complex in canola would be higher for sticky traps than for pan traps.
OVERWINTERING MORTALITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), POPULATIONS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Régnière Jacques , Duval Pierre 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOverwintering mortality in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), was measured between 1983 and 1990 in several natural stands of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.), in Quebec and Ontario. Overwintering losses (disappearance of larvae) averaged 25.2%, occurred mostly in late summer and early fall, and were probably caused by, in large part, failure to spin a hibernaculum, diapause-free development, and invertebrate predation. An average of 24.1% of larvae were found dead in the hibernaculum. This mortality also occurred early in diapause and during post-diapause development, and overwintering mortality did not vary much from year to year. We conclude that overwintering mortality does not result from adverse winter weather conditions or from gradual loss of hibernacula. Overall overwintering mortality from the loss of hibernating larvae plus death within the hibernaculum averaged 43.2% and was not related to infection with the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson). We observed no influence of position in the tree crown on overwintering survival. There was a 40% decrease in overwintering survival among larvae from eggs laid very late in a female’s oviposition sequence. Survival within the hibernaculum on shoots of A. balsamea bearing different types of spinning substrates varied considerably, and was highly correlated with larval spinning preferences. Shoots bearing lichen mats, rough bark, male flower scars, or 1-year-old annular scales were most suitable, whereas shoots bearing annular scales older than 1 year or smooth bark were least suitable. The efficiency of the NaOH extraction technique to recover overwintering spruce budworm larvae was found to be highly variable, and to depend on population density, shoot type, and the proportion of live larvae on the branches.
NEWLY RECOGNIZED HOLARCTIC AND INTRODUCED PLANT BUGS IN NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Scudder G.G.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe first North American records forDeraeocoris punctulatus(Fallén),Labopidea artemisiae(Sahlberg), andLabopidea bermaniKerzhner indicate that the species are naturally Holarctic.Lygus rugulipennisPoppius is now considered naturally Holarctic after specimens ofLygus perplexusStanger from Alaska, Yukon Territory, and Northwest Territories are correctly identified asL.rugulipennis. Additional North American localities forLabopidea discolor(Sahlberg) support the contention that the species is naturally Holarctic. Collections ofOrthotylus ochrotrichusFieber from Royal Oak, British Columbia, andMalacocoris chlorizansPanzer from British Columbia and Washington state suggest that these species are adventive to North America. Diagnoses are provided to distinguish all the taxa from other North American congeners. A key to the northern Nearctic species ofLabopideais given.
THE BERTHA ARMYWORM (MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Mason P.G. , Arthur A.P. , Olfert O.O. , Erlandson M.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe bertha armyworm has been recognized as an agricultural pest in western Canada for more than 85 years, during which time outbreaks have occurred at irregular intervals. The first major outbreak occurred in Saskatchewan in 1944 on the new crop, rapeseed. The development of canola as a major crop led to a dramatic increase in the economic damage caused by the bertha armyworm and resulted in the widespread use of insecticides for control. Discovery of a species-specific pheromone and development of an adult monitoring system in the late 1970s and early 1980s led to a method for providing producers with early warning of potential for crop damage. In parallel, methods for estimating larval populations were developed but are in need of improvement. Refinement of these methods has the potential to provide a more accurate indication of damage risk for producers of canola. Control of bertha armyworm relies heavily on the use of chemical insecticides, emphasizing the need for development of integrated management strategies.
SEASONAL AND DIURNAL FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF MALE EUCOSMA GLORIOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Groot Peter De , Grant Gary G. , Nott Reginald W. , Langevin Dorothy R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMales of Eucosma gloriola Heinrich (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were caught in pheromone traps for about 5 weeks from 17 May to 21 June in 1996 in three 6-year-old plantations of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb. (Pinaceae), located near Ramsey, Ontario. Peak flight occurred during the first week of June. Pheromone trap catch was greatest about 1 h before and after sunset (2130 hours EDT). Moth flight began when all jack pine pollen cones and vegetative shoots were still under bud scales, and when flights were nearly completed the pollen cones had completed shedding pollen and needle pairs were visible on the new shoots. Pheromone traps placed near the top of trees caught the most males, suggesting that males search for females at tree-top level and that some visual or chemical cue(s) of the host tree may enhance the response of males to pheromone-baited traps.
LIFE CYCLE AND MORTALITY OFPISSODES TERMINALIS(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN LODGEPOLE PINE
Authors: Langor David W. , Williams Daryl J.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe seasonal life history and mortality of the lodgepole terminal weevil,Pissodes terminalisHopping (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), were investigated in young lodgepole pine,Pinus contortaDouglas var.latifoliaEngelmann (Pinaceae), at three sites in west-central Alberta. Flight was monitored with traps. Development and mortality of all stages were investigated by dissecting infested leaders biweekly from late spring to early fall. Two years were required forP. terminalisto complete its life cycle, and generations overlapped. Overwintered adults emerged from the duff and commenced flight in late May, with a peak in mid-June. Eggs were present from mid-June to late July. There were four larval instars. The first two instars fed only in the phloem. Third and fourth larval instars eventually entered the pith to continue feeding, overwinter, and complete development the following spring. The new generation of adults emerged between mid-July and early August, fed on new shoots for several weeks, and overwintered in the duff. Adults have an obligatory diapause and did not reproduce until after winter. Fourth larval instars suffered the highest mortality. The major attributable cause of mortality was resinosis among eggs and young larvae and cold temperatures during the winter among mature larvae. Pathogens caused little mortality. Six species of parasitoids were collected.
ENVIRONMENTAL, PHYSICAL, AND BEHAVIOURAL DETERMINANTS OF BODY TEMPERATURE IN GRASSHOPPER NYMPHS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Lactin Derek J. , Johnson Dan L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe describe a model which estimates grasshopper body temperature (Tb) by linking energy-flow equations with empirical descriptions of aboveground gradients of air temperature (Ta) and wind speed. The model was tested using restrained grasshopper nymphs; estimated and observedTbagreed well (r2> 0.81). At a rangeland site near Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada (49 °42′N, 112 °48′W), we observed 315 free-living grasshoppers. We recorded the shadow each cast on a horizontal surface, then reconstructed their orientation to the sun by geometric analysis. We used the model to estimate theirTband the range and frequency of possibleTbwithin their environment. ModelledTbexceededTa, and was generally lower than the modelled maximum possibleTb, but was well correlated withTbof insects on top of the dense layer of vegetation which pervaded the site. This observation suggests that behaviours which elevateTbare constrained by environmental barriers.Tbexceeded the value expected if insects were located and oriented randomly within their environment (mean difference = 3.95 °C, SE = 0.115); this is unequivocal evidence for behavioural thermoregulation. Heuristic simulations using temperature-dependent developmental- and feeding-rate equations forMelanoplus sanguinipes(Fabricius) suggest that thermoregulatory behaviour increased these rates by 30–40% compared with those for insects located and oriented randomly within their environment. During this study, population processes were never inhibited by excess heat; therefore any climatic warming at the experimental site will probably accelerate the phenology of these grasshopper species. Effects at other sites may differ; the model can be applied to test this possibility.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SAMPLING PLANS WITH FIXED LEVELS OF PRECISION FOR CEREAL APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) INFESTING SPRING WHEAT
Authors: Boeve Philip J. , Weiss Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThree cereal aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and Sitobion avenae (F.), invade wheat fields in the northern Great Plains each spring, and populations occasionally reach economic levels. The first objective of this study was to describe the spatial distribution of three species of cereal aphids infesting hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The second objective was to develop two sampling plans for cereal aphids using individual stems as the sampling unit, a sampling plan with fixed levels of precision and a sequential sampling decision plan based on total numbers of aphids present. Aphid population estimates were collected from 47 eastern North Dakota spring wheat fields during 1993–1995. The number of aphids per stem were counted on 100–350 stems per field. Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression were used to analyze the spatial distribution of the aphids. Rhopalosiphum padi and S. avenae exhibited an aggregated distribution, whereas S. graminum was distributed randomly in the field. Taylor’s power law provided a better fit to the data than Iwao’s patchiness regression. Sample size requirements for precision levels of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.25 were estimated with Taylor’s regression coefficients. Required sample sizes increased with decreased aphid populations and increased levels of precision. The two sampling plans presented should be useful for research on cereal aphid population dynamics and pest management decision making in spring wheat.
DIVERSITÉ ET ACTIVITÉ DE BUTINAGE DES ABEILLES (HYMENOPTERA APOIDEA) DANS UNE PELOUSE À THÉROPHYTES DE CONSTANTINE (ALGÉRIE)
Authors: Louadi K. , Doumandji S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe study of bee diversity and activity was conducted from January until June 1994 in a natural vegetation parcel (6200 m2) in Constantine (Algeria). The results showed the presence of 10 genera of wild bees visiting natural flowers and belonging to four families: Andrenidae, Anthophoridae, Halictidae, and Megachilidae. The Apidae family was represented by honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) and bumblebee (Bombus ruderatus siculus Dalla Torre et Friese). Census of bee populations revealed the abundance of wild bees with 66.26% of flowers visits, honeybee with 31.98%, B. ruderatus and Xylocopa violacea with 1.59 and 0.17% of total fauna, respectively. The beginning flight activity of these species started from a minimum threshold of temperature and humidity. The alimentary specialization was quantified by Simpson’s diversity index (Is) and by Shannon’s diversity index (Ish). Apis mellifera had the highest floral visits index (Is = 0.866) and the broadest alimentary niche index (Ish = 0.316).
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW PRIMARY PARASITOID,ZARHOPALUSASHMEAD (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), OFORACELLA ACUTA(HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)
Authors: Sun Jianghua , DeBarr Gary L. , Berisford C. Wayne , Schauff Michael E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractZarhopalus debarriSun sp.nov. reared from the loblolly pine mealybug,Oracella acuta(Lobdell), in the southeastern United States is described.
OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT IN OVERWINTERING PEAR PSYLLA, CACOPSYLLA PYRICOLA (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLIDAE): SEASONALITY AND EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD
Authors: Horton David R. , Broers Debra A. , Hinojosa Tonya , Lewis Tamera M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEffects of photoperiod, time of year, temperature, and an insect growth regulator (fenoxycarb) on ovarian development rate in overwintering pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster), were determined. Winterform pear psylla were collected from the field at intervals between October and February, and reared at 20 °C and one of three treatments: short-day photoperiod, long-day photoperiod, or short-day photoperiod + fenoxycarb. Insects were then dissected at intervals to score ovarian development. Baseline scores (i.e., ovarian development in the field on date of collection) increased very slowly between October and February. By mid-February, only about 20% of insects in the field were categorized as having postdiapause status based upon ovarian development. In the laboratory, time required for insects to reach postdiapause status decreased between the October and February collection dates. Number of days necessary for 50% of the long-day insects to reach postdiapause status was approximately 2 weeks in October, 6 days in December, and < 2 days in February. Short-day insects also required fewer than 2 days in February, but required > 2 weeks in the October and December samples. Our results suggested that insects collected in January and February had completed diapause but that ovarian development was subsequently prevented in the field by low temperatures. Fenoxycarb caused rapid ovarian development even in October-collected insects; rate of development was only slightly more rapid in the February-treated psylla.
PREVALENCE OF SPHAERULARIA BOMBI (NEMATODA: TYLENCHIDA: SPHAERULARIIDAE) IN BUMBLE BEE QUEENS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) ON CAPE BRETON ISLAND, NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA
Authors: McCorquodale D.B. , Beresford R.G. , Francis J.M. , Thomson C.E. , Bartlett C.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSphaerularia bombi Dufour is an internal nematode parasite of bumble bee queens in North America and Europe. Infection functionally castrates the bee. Here we document the prevalence and intensity of S. bombi infections in seven species of Bombus and three species of Psithyrus on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. We found dramatic variation in prevalences among Bombus spp., and some evidence that prevalence increased as the nesting season progressed. Also, we report S. bombi in the bumble bee nest parasite Psithyrus insularis (Smith), the first record for the genus in North America.