bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AMG 479, a fully human anti–insulin-like growth factor receptor type I monoclonal antibody, inhibits the growth and survival of pancreatic carcinoma cells
Authors: Beltran Pedro J. , Mitchell Petia , Chung Young-A , Cajulis Elaina , Lu John , Belmontes Brian , Ho Joanne , Tsai Mei Mei , Zhu Min , Vonderfecht Steven , Baserga Renato , Kendall Richard , Radinsky Robert , Calzone Frank J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is a leading cause of cancer deaths, and recent clinical trials of a number of oncology therapeutics have not substantially improved clinical outcomes. We have evaluated the therapeutic potential of AMG 479, a fully human monoclonal antibody against insulin-like growth factor (IGF) type I receptor (IGF-IR), in two IGF-IR–expressing pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa2, which also differentially express insulin receptor (INSR). AMG 479 bound to IGF-IR (KD 0.33 nmol/L) and blocked IGF-I and IGF-II binding (IC50 &lt; 0.6 nmol/L) without cross-reacting to INSR. AMG 479 completely inhibited ligand-induced (IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin) activation of IGF-IR homodimers and IGF-IR/INSR hybrids (but not INSR homodimers) leading to reduced cellular viability in serum-deprived cultures. AMG 479 inhibited &gt;80% of basal IGF-IR activity in BxPC-3 and MiaPaCa2 xenografts and prevented IGF-IR and IGF-IR/INSR hybrid activation following challenge with supraphysiologic concentrations of IGF-I. As a single agent, AMG 479 inhibited (∼80%) the growth of pancreatic carcinoma xenografts, and long-term treatment was associated with reduced IGF-IR signaling activity and expression. Efficacy seemed to be the result of two distinct biological effects: proapoptotic in BxPC-3 and antimitogenic in MiaPaCa2. The combination of AMG 479 with gemcitabine resulted in additive inhibitory activity both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that AMG 479 is a clinical candidate, both as a single agent and in combination with gemcitabine, for the treatment of patients with pancreatic carcinoma.[Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(5):1095–105]
Preschoolers' Mental Rotation: Sex Differences in Hemispheric Asymmetry
Authors: Hahn Nicola , Jansen Petra , Heil Martin 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Mental rotation performance has been found to produce one of the largest sex differences in cognition accompanied by sex differences in functional cerebral asymmetry. Although sex differences in mental rotation performance can be reliably demonstrated as early as age 5 years old, that is, long before puberty, no data exist as to whether preschooler's mental rotation performance is accompanied by sex differences in functional cerebral asymmetry. Based on the electrophysiological brain correlates of mental rotation, we observed a bilateral parietal brain activity for preschool boys whereas the preschool girls' brain activity was clearly lateralized toward the left hemisphere if and only if mental rotation was needed to solve the task. Thus, sex differences in functional cerebral asymmetry during mental rotation do not require hormonal changes that occur during puberty.
Mental Reversal of Imagined Melodies: A Role for the Posterior Parietal Cortex
Authors: Zatorre Robert J. , Halpern Andrea R. , Bouffard Marc 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Two fMRI experiments explored the neural substrates of a musical imagery task that required manipulation of the imagined sounds: temporal reversal of a melody. Musicians were presented with the first few notes of a familiar tune (Experiment 1) or its title (Experiment 2), followed by a string of notes that was either an exact or an inexact reversal. The task was to judge whether the second string was correct or not by mentally reversing all its notes, thus requiring both maintenance and manipulation of the represented string. Both experiments showed considerable activation of the superior parietal lobe (intraparietal sulcus) during the reversal process. Ventrolateral and dorsolateral frontal cortices were also activated, consistent with the memory load required during the task. We also found weaker evidence for some activation of right auditory cortex in both studies, congruent with results from previous simpler music imagery tasks. We interpret these results in the context of other mental transformation tasks, such as mental rotation in the visual domain, which are known to recruit the intraparietal sulcus region, and we propose that this region subserves general computations that require transformations of a sensory input. Mental imagery tasks may thus have both task or modality-specific components as well as components that supersede any specific codes and instead represent amodal mental manipulation.
Professions and Burgertum: Etymological Ships Passing, Night into Day
Authors: Halley Jeffrey , Sciulli David 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNone of the continental languages, either historically or during postwar decades, developed indigenously synonyms for professions or roughly equivalent terms. Even today, instead of studying professions in particular, continental sociologists typically study much broader socio-economic and socio-cultural formations. Thus, when Anglo-American sociologists were developing the sociology of professions before and after World War II, European sociologists had difficulty envisaging the point of the exercise. We review the evolution of the Anglo-American sociology of professions, the etymological divide just noted, and how the Continent's received Burgertum approach to middle class occupations differs from a professions approach.
Sensitivity of Typhoon Track Predictions in a Regional Prediction System to Initial and Lateral Boundary Conditions
Authors: Hsiao Ling-Feng , Peng Melinda S. , Chen Der-Song , Huang Kang-Ning , Yeh Tien-Chiang 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Tropical cyclone (TC) track predictions from the operational regional nonhydrostatic TC forecast system of the Taiwanese Central Weather Bureau (CWB) are examined for their sensitivities to initial and lateral boundary conditions. Five experiments are designed and discussed, each using a combination of different initial and lateral boundary conditions coming either from the CWB or the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) global forecast system. Eight typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean with 51 cases in 2004 and 2005 are tested with the five designed experiments for the 3-day forecast. The average track forecasts are the best when both the initial and lateral boundary conditions are from the NCEP global forecast system. This reflects the generally superior performance of the NCEP global forecast system relative to that of the CWB. Using different lateral boundary conditions has a greater impact on the track than using different initial conditions. Diagnostics using piecewise inversion of potential vorticity perturbations are carried out to identify synoptic features surrounding the featured typhoon that impact the track the most in each experiment. For the two cases demonstrated with the largest track improvement using NCEP global fields, the diagnostics indicate that the prediction of the strength and extent of the subtropical high in the western Pacific plays the major role in affecting these storm tracks. Using the analysis and predictions of the CWB global forecast system as the initial and lateral boundary conditions produces an overintensified subtropical ridge in the regional TC forecast model. Because most of the typhoons studied are located in the southwestern peripheral of the western Pacific subtropical high, the stronger steering from the more intense and extended high system is the main cause of the poleward bias in the predicted typhoon tracks in the operational run, which uses the CWB global forecast fields. The study suggests that, when efforts are made to improve a regional TC forecast model, it is also critically important to improve the global forecast system that provides the lateral boundary and initial conditions to the regional system.
Hot European Summers and the Role of Soil Moisture in the Propagation of Mediterranean Drought
Authors: Zampieri Matteo , D’Andrea Fabio , Vautard Robert , Ciais Philippe , de Noblet-Ducoudré Nathalie , Yiou Pascal 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Drought in spring and early summer has been shown to precede anomalous hot summer temperature. In particular, drought in the Mediterranean region has been recently shown to precede and to contribute to the development of extreme heat in continental Europe. In this paper, this mechanism is investigated by performing integrations of a regional mesoscale model at the scale of the European continent in order to reproduce hot summer inception, starting with different initial values of soil moisture south of 46°N. The mesoscale model is driven by the large-scale atmospheric conditions corresponding to the 10 hottest summers on record from the European Climate Assessment dataset. A northward progression of heat and drought from late spring to summer is observed from the Mediterranean regions, which leads to a further increase of temperature during summer in temperate continental Europe. Dry air formed over dry soils in the Mediterranean region induces less convection and diminished cloudiness, which gets transported northward by occasional southerly wind, increasing northward temperature and vegetation evaporative demand. Later in the season, drier soils have been established in western and central Europe where they further amplify the warming through two main feedback mechanisms: 1) higher sensible heat emissions and 2) favored upper-air anticyclonic circulation. Drier soils in southern Europe accelerate the northward propagation of heat and drying, increasing the probability of strong heat wave episodes in the middle or the end of the summer.
A Model Investigation of the Role of Air–Sea Interaction in the Climatological Evolution and ENSO-Related Variability of the Summer Monsoon over the South China Sea and Western North Pacific
Authors: Lau Ngar-Cheung , Nath Mary Jo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The summertime northeastward march of the climatological maritime monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) and subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) is examined using the output from a 200-yr integration of a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (GCM). Increased cloud cover and surface wind speed during monsoon onset over the SCS in May–June reduce the incoming shortwave flux and enhance the upward latent heat flux at the ocean surface, thereby cooling the local sea surface temperature (SST). The resulting east–west gradient in the SST pattern, with lower temperature in the SCS and higher temperature in the WNP, is conducive to eastward migration of the monsoon precipitation over this region. Upon arrival of the precipitation center in the WNP in July–August, the local circulation changes lead to weakening of the mei-yu–baiu rainband near 30°N. The subsequent increases in local shortwave flux and SST impart a northward tendency to the evolution of the WNP monsoon. Many of these model inferences are supported by a parallel analysis of various observational datasets.
The modulation of the above climatological scenario by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is investigated by diagnosing the output from the coupled GCM and from experiments based on the atmospheric component of this GCM with SST forcings being prescribed separately in the equatorial Pacific, Indian Ocean, and SCS/WNP domains. During the May period after the peak phase of ENSO, the simulated monsoon onset over the SCS occurs later (earlier) than normal in El Niño (La Niña) events. These changes are primarily remote responses to the anomalous SST forcing in the equatorial Pacific and Indian Ocean. The ENSO-related changes in the SCS/WNP are associated with above-normal (below normal) mei-yu–baiu activity during warm (cold) events. In the ensuing July period of the warm events, the simulated precipitation response over the SCS to the local warm SST anomaly tends to oppose the remote response to SST forcing in the northern Indian Ocean. In the July period of cold events, the equatorial Pacific SST anomaly retains its strength and moves still farther westward. This forcing cooperates with the cold SST anomaly in the SCS in influencing the precipitation pattern in the SCS/WNP sector.
Interdecadal Variations of the East Asian Winter Monsoon and Their Association with Quasi-Stationary Planetary Wave Activity
Authors: Wang Lin , Huang Ronghui , Gu Lei , Chen Wen , Kang Lihua 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Interdecadal variations of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and their association with the quasi-stationary planetary wave activity are analyzed by using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis dataset and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. It is found that the EAWM experienced a significant weakening around the late 1980s; that is, the EAWM was strong during 1976–87 and became weak after 1988. This leads to an obvious increase in the wintertime surface air temperature as well as a decrease in the frequency of occurrence of cold waves over East Asia. The dynamical process through which the EAWM is weakened is investigated from the perspective of quasi-stationary planetary waves. It is found that both the propagation and amplitude of quasi-stationary planetary waves have experienced obvious interdecadal variations, which are well related to those of the EAWM. Compared to the period 1976–87, the horizontal propagation of quasi-stationary planetary waves after 1988 is enhanced along the low-latitude waveguide in the troposphere, and the upward propagation of waves into the stratosphere is reduced along the polar waveguide. This results in a weakened subtropical jet around 40°N due to the convergence of the Eliassen–Palm flux. The East Asian jet stream is then weakened, leading to the weakening of the EAWM since 1988. In addition, the amplitude of quasi-stationary planetary waves is significantly weakened around 45°N, which is related to the reduced upward propagation of waves from the lower boundary after 1988. This reduced amplitude may weaken both the Siberian high and the Aleutian low, reduce the pressure gradient in between, and then weaken the EAWM. Further analyses indicate that zonal wavenumber 2 plays the dominant role in this process.
On the Efficacy of Combining Thermal and Microwave Satellite Data as Observational Constraints for Root-Zone Soil Moisture Estimation
Authors: Barrett Damian J. , Renzullo Luigi J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Data assimilation applications require the development of appropriate mathematical operators to relate model states to satellite observations. Two such “observation” operators were developed and used to examine the conditions under which satellite microwave and thermal observations provide effective constraints on estimated soil moisture. The first operator uses a two-layer surface energy balance (SEB) model to relate root-zone moisture with top-of-canopy temperature. The second couples SEB and microwave radiative transfer models to yield top-of-atmosphere brightness temperature from surface layer moisture content. Tangent linear models for these operators were developed to examine the sensitivity of modeled observations to variations in soil moisture. Assuming a standard deviation in the observed surface temperature of 0.5 K and maximal model sensitivity, the error in the analysis moisture content decreased by 11% for a background error of 0.025 m3 m−3 and by 29% for a background error of 0.05 m3 m−3. As the observation error approached 2 K, the assimilation of individual surface temperature observations provided virtually no constraint on estimates of soil moisture. Given the range of published errors on brightness temperature, microwave satellite observations were always a strong constraint on soil moisture, except under dense forest and in relatively dry soils. Under contrasting vegetation cover and soil moisture conditions, orthogonal information contained in thermal and microwave observations can be used to improve soil moisture estimation because limited constraint afforded by one data type is compensated by strong constraint from the other data type.
Note on the Vertical Velocity and Diffusive Salt Flux Induced by Evaporation and Precipitation
Authors: Warren Bruce A. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Some (not all) of the oceanographic literature slightly miscalculates the vertical velocity (w) and diffusive salt flux induced by evaporation (E) and precipitation (P) at the sea surface. Short, simple, physical derivations are presented to show that, for a sea surface h = h(x, y, t) varying in space and time, 1) w = VH · ∇h + ∂h/∂t + ρF(E − P)/ρ, where VH is the horizontal component of the aggregate parcel velocity, and ρF and ρ are the densities of freshwater and surface seawater, respectively; and 2) the vertical diffusive salt flux at the sea surface (whether molecular or turbulent) is −ρFS(E − P), where S is the surface salinity.
Buoyancy Effects in a Stratified Ekman Layer
Authors: McWilliams James C. , Huckle Edward , Shchepetkin Alexander F. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The K-profile parameterization scheme is used to investigate the stratified Ekman layer in a “fair weather” regime of weak mean surface heating, persistently stable density stratification, diurnal solar cycle, and broadband fluctuations in the surface stress and buoyancy flux. In the case of steady forcing, the boundary layer depth typically scales as h ∼ u*/Nf, where u* is the friction velocity, f is the Coriolis frequency, and N is the interior buoyancy frequency that confirms empirical fits. The diurnal cycle of solar forcing acts to deepen the boundary layer because of net interior absorption and compensating surface cooling. Parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale eddy-induced restratification flux compresses the boundary layer. With transient forcing, the mean boundary layer profiles are altered; that is, rectification occurs with a variety of causes and manifestations, including changes in h and in the Ekman profile u(z). Overall, stress fluctuations tend to deepen the mean boundary layer, especially near the inertial frequency. Low- and high-frequency surface buoyancy-flux fluctuations have net shallowing and deepening effects, respectively. Eddy-induced interior profile fluctuations are relatively ineffective as a source of boundary layer rectification. Rectification effects in their various combinations lead to a range of mean velocity and buoyancy profiles. In particular, they lead to a “rotated” effective eddy-viscosity profile with misalignment between the mean turbulent stress and mean shear and to a “flattening” of the velocity profile with a larger vertical scale for the current veering than the speed decay; both of these effects from rectification are consistent with previous measurements.
Validation of Geolocation of Measurements of the Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Scanning Radiometers aboard Three Spacecraft
Authors: Smith G. Louis , Priestley Kory J. , Hess Phillip C. , Currey Chris , Spence Peter 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument is a scanning radiometer for measuring Earth-emitted and -reflected solar radiation to understand Earth’s energy balance. One CERES instrument was placed into orbit aboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) in 1997; two were aboard the Terra spacecraft, launched in 1999; and two were aboard the Aqua spacecraft, launched in 2002. These measurements are used together with data from higher-resolution instruments to generate a number of data products. The nominal footprint size of the pixel at Earth’s surface is 16 km in the cross-scan direction and 23 km in the scan direction for the TRMM platform and 36 km in the cross-scan direction and 46 km in the scan direction for the Terra and Aqua platforms. It is required that the location on Earth of each pixel be known to 1–2 km to use the CERES data with the higher-resolution instruments on a pixel basis. A technique has been developed to validate the computed geolocation of the measurements by use of coastlines. Scenes are chosen in which the reflected solar radiation changes abruptly from the land surface to the darker ocean surface and the Earth-emitted radiation changes from the warm land to the cool ocean, or vice versa, so that scenes can be detected both day and night. The computed coastline location is then compared with the World Bank II map. The method has been applied to data from the three spacecraft and shows that the pixel geolocations are accurate to within 10% of the pixel size and that the geolocation is adequate for current scientific investigations.
Isentropic Pressure and Mountain Torques
Authors: Egger Joseph , Hoinka Klaus-Peter 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The relation of pressure torques and mountain torques is investigated on the basis of observations for the polar caps, two midlatitude and two subtropical belts, and a tropical belt by evaluating the lagged covariances of these torques for various isentropic surfaces. It is only in the polar domains and the northern midlatitude belts that the transfer of angular momentum to and from the earth at the mountains is associated with pressure torques acting in the same sense. The situation is more complicated in all other belts. The covariances decline with increasing potential temperature (height). The role of both torques in the angular momentum budget of a belt is discussed.
Examining the terminology of race issues in assessments for international exchange students
Authors: Heron Gavin , Pilkington Kevin 
Published: April 2009

English This study examined assignments by students from a university in Scotland and a university in the USA. The findings suggest the terminology of race issues in assessments may be inappropriate for students because they allow racism to be marginalized from practice or presented in a way that conveys little analysis. French Cette étude a examiné les missions des étudiants d’une université en Ecosse et d’une université aux Etats-Unis. Les découvertes suggèrent que la terminologie des questions de race dans les évaluations existantes puisse être inappropriée pour des étudiants parce qu’elles permettent au racisme d’être marginalisé de la pratique ou présenté d’une façon qui conduit peu à l’analyse. Spanish Este estudio examina trabajos realizados por estudiantes de una universidad en Escocia y una universidad en EEUU. Los resultados sugieren que los problemas con la terminología ‘raza’ dentro de los trabajos existentes pueden ser inapropiados para los estudiantes porque permiten que el racismo sea marginado de la práctica o presentado en una forma que permite muy poco análisis.