bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pluralism in Political Obligation
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using the figure of the dual allegiant, this chapter develops a pluralist account of political obligation to provide a framework for making sense of dual allegiance. It identifies three ways in which a dual allegiant’s obligations can relate to one another: conflict, compatibility, and mutual reinforcement, and it explores how conflict, when it arises, can be addressed. This chapter has two aims. First, to advance understanding of the normative implications of dual allegiance which, given its increased incidence and ongoing political salience, warrants more careful scrutiny. And, second, to critically reflect on the methodological assumptions of prominent accounts of political obligation that focus on ‘a standard citizen’ and that serve to obscure the prevalence of ‘non-standard citizens’.
All Our Imperatives
Authors: Rosenblum Nancy L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter is on the character and range of plural obligations. Plural political obligations—formal duties attached to allegiance to more than one country are one example. But one owes plural obligations to communities within as well as outside the state and there are ‘special responsibilities’ to family, friends, and other ‘intrinsically valued relationships’. These pluralisms are as compelling and more embedded in day-to-day life than most formal political obligations. This chapter uses narratives to assess the experience of pluralism in day-to-day life. The lightness of liberal democracy rooted in the value of pluralism is one of its chief claims to allegiance: commitment to minimize trespass on private lives and private spaces, voluntary associations, and multiple political allegiances.
Of Domination and Its Ending
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter compares Frank Lovett’s ‘general theory of domination’ with the basic features of the theory of domination and subordination sketched by Lori Watson in Chapter 23. It finds Lovett falling short in most of the ways that Watson’s analysis succeeds, due to the differing conceptual analyses that result from their reversed methodologies. Watson recognizes, as Lovett does, that dominators impose their will on the non-dominant. Watson recognizes, as others do not, what makes this possible: the relative position in a substantive structural hierarchy of social status from which the power to dominate, and to have it considered legitimate and be enforced, derives. Their methodologies produce this. Lovett starts abstractly and never really grasps the substance of the hierarchies of inequality that produce structural domination. Watson begins substantively and achieves an anti-hierarchy analysis of equality that demonstrates its primacy in promoting freedom and could ground a new normative philosophy.
Pornography
Authors: Langton Rae 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A speech act approach to pornography has scope, and also limits. Kate Greasley considers its scope afresh in Chapter 25, demonstrating its support for a key feminist claim about double standards in the law. She also considers limitations to a speech act approach. This chapter investigates a different key feminist claim, that pornography ‘eroticizes’ subordination. This focuses on the role of desire, and appears to resist a speech act approach. It is equally neglected by the law, and by Greasley. For the law, and for Greasley, this neglect may rest on a skewed assumption that the effects of pornography cannot be considered. But a speech act approach can take seriously the perlocutionary effects of pornography, which follow from pornography’s force as an illocutionary act that ranks women as inferior, legitimates discrimination, and silences women’s voices. Effects should be taken seriously, including effects on the politics of desire.
Who's Afraid of the Welfare State Now?
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Matsaganis Manos 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book primarily explores the welfare policy responses to the Great Recession—reform trajectories that swept across Europe over the last decade–with a final chapter that focuses on Covid-19 welfare management. The 2008 crash marked a critical stress test for European welfare states with dramatic repercussions, including a massive surge in unemployment, a widening in wage and income disparities, and rising poverty. Hikes in fiscal deficits and public debt, required to pre-empt an economic meltdown, forced policymakers to make painful cuts in welfare services to shore up public finances, thereby jeopardizing welfare support for vulnerable groups. The overall scope of welfare policy responses is heterogeneous, disparate, and uneven. In some cases, the response to the Great Recession was accompanied by deep social conflicts, while in others unpopular crisis management measures received broad consent from opposition parties, trade unions, and employer organizations. Alongside serious retrenchments, there have been assertive attempts to rebuild social programmes and institutions, to accommodate policy repertoires–not merely domestically but also at the EU level–to the new realities of the knowledge economy and an ageing society. Overall, the long 2010s showed that the future of work and welfare is in our hands: it is perfectly possible to shape this future in such a way as to provide inclusive social security, achieve high employment, advance and maintain human capabilities across the life-course, and fight poverty and inequality.
The welfare state’s resolve
Authors: Hemerijck Anton , Matsaganis Manos 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this introductory chapter, we celebrate the welfare state as the unsung hero of the Great Recession and the Covid-19 pandemic that followed. Perhaps surprisingly, European welfare states cushioned the financial crisis and its social and economic aftershocks well. In addition, the more generous and capacity-building welfare states of north-western Europe bounced back promptly on most relevant performance indicators: GDP growth, employment, productivity, competitiveness, and fiscal balance, all at lower levels of poverty compared with the leaner Anglo-liberal welfare states and the more pension-biased ones of southern Europe. In response to the pandemic, the EU came together in a manner unthinkable a decade earlier. How to make sense of this transformative—swift and decisive—watershed? Two explanatory factors joined forces: one is strictly related to the existential health predicament of the pandemic; the second explanation is best understood in terms of a longer-drawn-out experiential lesson of the Great Recession.
Under the spell of austerity
Authors: Plavgo Ilze , Hemerijck Anton 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we take stock of a wide array of welfare policy changes in Europe in the immediate aftermath of the Great Recession (2008–2014). Based on a qualitative comparative assessment of national legislation, we study the direction of welfare reform in twelve European countries, and examine whether identified changes were regressive or progressive, and inclusive or exclusionary in design. We do this for policies in five domains across the individual life-course: childhood, work–family reconciliation, education, employment, and retirement. We find that the direction of welfare reform to a large extent reflected countries’ relative vulnerability to the crisis and the institutional capacities to push through reforms under duress. Yet, not all countries enacted austerity reforms; some found opportunities to expand social investment policy portfolios towards activating policies and capacitating social services. The spectrum of policy change revealed in this chapter indicates that political choices beyond crisis vulnerability remained relevant.
Introducing Realistic Power Relations into the New Social Contract
Authors: Lloyd S. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Social contract theories typically seek to justify political arrangements by ascertaining what, ideally, would be agreed to by free and equal individuals occupying an imagined pre-political condition. In this respect, social contract theories tend to overidealize, overabstract, and/or overgeneralize, rendering political arrangements unstable in the face of real humans’ natures and actual social circumstances. We might suppose that Hobbes’s theory, famed for its clear-eyed cold-hearted view of human interests and values, must be less vulnerable to this problem. This chapter argues that this supposition is incorrect. In fact, Hobbes’s own accounts of power dynamics and of alliance formation undermine his argument for absolute sovereignty and explain why societies ordered by that principle are likely to be unstable. Recent social contract theorizing aims to correct these shortcomings by introducing dynamical reasoning that is responsive to changing deliberative environments and rational strategies over time. The chapter shows that it is doubtful that these innovations overcome the fundamental problem it identifies in the social contract approach.
Robust Reconciliation
Authors: Schaefer Alexander 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Despite relying on contractarian thinking for much of his career, in one of his last articles Gerald Gaus critiques social contract theory for not fully engaging with the problem of diversity that serves as its theoretical starting point. As an improvement upon the social contract approach, Gaus proposes the “self-organizing moral systems approach.” As part of this approach, Gaus develops an agent-based model that aims to explore the possibility of emergent moral order amidst a highly diverse populace. This chapter reconstructs Gaus’s critique of social contract theory and presents three variations of a new agent-based model that seeks to qualify and extend Gaus’s results. Several philosophical insights emerge from this investigations. Most notably, social-moral systems can exhibit complex, nonequilibrium dynamics while maintaining high levels of coordination on shared rules. In other words, it is possible for moral reconciliation to remain robust in the face of exogenous and endogenous changes in social morality.
Thailand
Authors: Cormier Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents the case of Thailand, a country exhibiting within-unit change on many political and economic dimensions important to this study. While government partisanship in Peru trended from right to left from 1990 to 2015, Thailand’s governments oscillated between conservative parties and left-leaning populist parties. Moreover, some of these changes occurred not through democratic elections but through military coups. Thailand’s central role in the Asian Financial Crisis also makes it an important case for assessing whether and how major economic crises affect this book’s partisan model of sovereign debt accumulation. Finally, Thailand successfully developed its domestic bond market over this period, providing a financial resource that could affect foreign borrowing strategies. Despite these factors, the chapter shows how and why Thailand’s annual external borrowings remained informed by government partisanship.
Introduction
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We lived, once, in an era of interventionism. During the mid-twentieth century a strongly sovereigntist interpretation of international politics attained global predominance over the course of decolonization, the Cold War, and a Third World protest against Western-dominated order. This was a time, the story goes, when intervention, for any reason, in whatever form, was absolutely proscribed within the norms and rules of the society of states—when ‘good fences made good neighbours’. In just a few decades, however, following the collapse of the Soviet Union, there emerged an internationally legitimate practice of intervening for higher purposes—of ‘saving strangers’ in places far away. Our ways of thinking about and debating intervention remain indebted to these sorts of ideas, even if it is increasingly clear that the politics and projects to which they are associated have faded from shared concern. The Introduction proposes a more critical and genealogical alternative.
Dictatorial intervention and the UN Charter
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The San Francisco Conference of 1945 provides an ideal starting point for a genealogy of intervention in international society. Because of what participants were trying to do—to determine nothing less than a comprehensive post-war global order—a whole series of discursive practices came together at San Francisco, and out of them emerged a set of codifications that structured a global debate among states in the Cold War and post-Cold War eras. This chapter argues that this framing is best understood at the intersection between two discursive practices influential at this particular moment in history. The first, what will be called a theory of ‘dictatorial intervention’ (to draw on the language of ‘dictatorial or coercive interference’ in major juridical interpretations), confronted a theory of ‘effective intervention’ (or the idea of intervention as effect, which was associated with key inter-American agreements) espoused by a Latin American-led coalition of smaller states.
Emancipatory intervention and the New International Orders
Authors: Quinton-Brown Patrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
From the 1970s into the early 1980s the problem of intervention in international society linked up to the declarations of two new international orders: the New International Economic Order (NIEO) and the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The logic of emancipatory intervention overlaps of course with anti-colonial intervention as described in previous chapters—it too makes claims to non-intervention as premised on self-determination—but this chapter holds that there are conceivable differences which are equally important to understand. A new part of the formula or design had to do with intervention in terms of foreign-imposed underdevelopment, structural economic dependence, and actions taken by transnational corporations. And another newly important part of the answer had to do with foreign-imposed communicative conditions and information flows, including via electronic means and through the distribution of what was even then being called ‘false’ and ‘distorted’ news.
Introduction
Authors: Oriola Temitope B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book provides an insider–outsider analysis of the #BringBackOurGirls (#BBOG) movement, which was formed to advocate for the rescue of 219 girls kidnapped by the Islamist fundamentalist group Jama’at ahlis Sunnah lid Da’wat wal Jihad (People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet’s Teachings and Jihad) or Boko Haram. Although the #BBOG movement has become synonymous with the growing utility of social media, this book demonstrates that there is a lot more to the #BBOG movement than just hashtags and internet activism. The #BBOG phenomenon is of worldwide interest vis-à-vis protest in illiberal quasi-democracies and transnationalization of the framing of social movements from the Global South.
Introduction
Authors: Chen Martha Alter , Rogan Michael , Sen Kunal 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book brings together a number of contributions which aim to examine the future of labour markets in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic, how policy measures can protect informal workers, and to reflect on the lessons learned from the largest shock to the global labour market in generations as well as the ongoing disruption to global supply chains. This chapter serves as an introduction to the volume. First, it provides the background and motivation for the volume. Second, it briefly reviews the literature on the health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on informal workers. Third, it describes patterns of informal employment in the global context, with a specific focus on gender. Fourth, it summarizes the early evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on informal employment. Finally, it sets out the outline and contents of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Chen Martha Alter , Rogan Michael , Sen Kunal 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter reflects on the main findings from the volume—the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on informal workers and their livelihood activities and the relative neglect of informal workers in the recovery and stimulus measures that developing country governments have enacted. It also reflects on the future of labour markets, especially informal employment, in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis. The volume illustrates the large and almost universal disproportionate impact of the pandemic and related policy responses on informal employment. Another key theme is how pre-existing inequalities widened during the pandemic and the ensuing uneven recovery. The pandemic aftermath could prove to be a juncture where structural disparities are addressed. The recognition of the essential goods and services provided by the informal workforce should lead to more supportive policies. In sum, there is need for the advancement of social and economic justice for informal workers via inclusive policies.
Foundation-theoretic Epistemology I: Internalism and Minimal Basis
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 3 the ‘first half’ of the theory of first-order justification is developed: the theory of the basis of justification. The proposed solution to the first-order regress problem lies in choosing a minimalistic class of immediately evident basic beliefs consisting of introspective beliefs and simple analytic beliefs. Introspective beliefs are characterized as beliefs about the accessible content of one’s own consciousness, embedded within a theory of access-internalism and a comprehensive classification of different epistemic kinds of beliefs, which includes besides introspective beliefs different sorts of non-basic internal beliefs and external beliefs. The minimalist account of the epistemological basis is supported by contemporary findings in cognitive science. The same findings provide a refutation of direct perceptual realism and pave the way for an indirect perceptual realism by offering a solution to Sellars’ dilemma concerning the cognitive transition from image to concept. It is argued that an error concerning the contents of our own conscious states is not excluded by logic or laws of nature, but if such a case occurs, the subject is in a disturbed mental state which prevents normal cognitive functioning. Thus, basic beliefs about one’s conscious experiences are not infallible as in traditional foundationalism, but in cognitively normal states they are immediately evident and rationally incorrigible.
Justification of Logics and Conceptual Frameworks
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Because of the development of non-classical alternatives to classical logic, the traditional view that classical logic expresses a priori necessities of thinking is no longer tenable. What is needed are non-circular strategies for the higher justification of a system of logic. This is the major theme of Chapter 8. In the case of the justification of logic, the requirement of non-circularity seems to be hopeless, because every argument or evidence for or against a given logic already presupposes a logic for describing that argument or evidence. Yet, technical means for a possible solution to this problem were developed in recent decades. They lie in the possibility of translations between different logics. In Chapter 8, the method of translation is applied as a strategy for an optimality justification of classical logic, by demonstrating that all major systems of non-classical logic are translatable into classical logic. This shows that classical logic is representationally optimal. A few non-classical logics are likewise representationally optimal, but the situation is not symmetrical, since classical logic has some unique ceteris paribus advantages as a unifying metalogic. In the final section of Chapter 8, criteria for the optimal choice of systems of non-logical concepts are developed. It is argued that one can break out of the ‘prison of language’ by considering the process of ostensive learning of observation concepts. An analysis of certain independence properties involved in this learning process enables a novel solution to Goodman’s and Miller’s problem of language relativity.
Abductive Inference to Theories
Authors: Schurz Gerhard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the method of theory-generating abduction. The epistemic challenge posed by theory-generating abductions lies in the assumption of unobservable ‘theoretical’ entities explaining the observables. However, by postulating suitable hidden powers, reaching from religious Gods to conspiracy theories, one can ‘explain’ any events whatsoever. Enlightenment philosophy must develop clear criteria demonstrating why these speculative ‘theories’—despite the post factum ‘explanations’ they provide—are not genuinely confirmable. The major criteria developed for this purpose are unification power and independent testability by use-novel content. The method of theory-generating abduction is first explained in the domain of science, and then applied to two fundamental epistemological problems: the justification of perceptual realism and that of memory beliefs. It is shown that the (partly unconscious) inference from the regularities of sensory experiences to the external reality as their common cause follows the same pattern as common cause abductions in science. Similarly, the correctness of our memory beliefs is abductively justified as the best explanation for their internal coherence. The major point of the pedantic reconstruction of these abductive inferences is not so much the justification of what is evident, but the ability to discriminate. We want to explain why various other beliefs that people extract from their subjective experiences—beliefs in UFOs, ghosts, psychic powers, or invisible aliens—cannot be justified by what they see. For this purpose one has to reconstruct the microstructure of warranted and unwarranted inferences from introspective experiences to external objects.
Objectification
Authors: de Ruiter Adrienne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What does it mean to deny people’s humanity by regarding, portraying, or treating them as (mere) things? This chapter examines this question by zooming in on the so-called ‘objectification’ of refugees, asylum seekers, and unwanted migrants. While objectification is often presented as a paradigm case of dehumanization, it is not frequently used by journalists, scholars, commentators, and refugees, asylum seekers, and (other) migrants as a conceptual lens to make sense of the experiences of the internationally displaced. This chapter considers cases where migrants are portrayed like waste, natural disasters, or diseases, treated as bargaining chips or exploited, or viewed as objects without intrinsic moral value to clarify the relation between objectification and dehumanization. The chapter’s main argument is that objectification turns into a form of dehumanization when treating, portraying, or viewing people as objects entails a failure to ascribe them human subjectivity.