bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical Principles and Practice Standards in Psychophysiological Psychotherapy
Authors: Moss Donald 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Ethical principles and best practice standards serve to protect the patient from harm and assure optimal therapeutic interventions for the patient’s well-being. Following ethical principles and practice standards protects the therapist from groundless patient complaints. Ethical principles also serve to protect the reputation and future of psychophysiological therapies. Practitioners in psychophysiological psychotherapy are governed by the principles of their home profession as well as by the ethical codes of biofeedback and neurofeedback. Continuing education of practitioners in evolving standards and research evidence in psychophysiology and psychotherapy assures that their professional practice will be optimal for the patient. The responsibility of the practitioner includes establishing an empathic therapeutic relationship, educating the patient to the principles and techniques of psychophysiological therapy, and following current best practices in placement of physiological sensors. Informed consent is essential in relatively novel practice areas such as psychophysiological psychotherapy. Scope of practice and competence are central concepts in ethical professional practice and applicable to psychophysiological psychotherapy. Finally, attention to the needs and unique characteristics of diverse populations is necessary for ethical practice.
Israeli Border Kibbutzim in the Shadow of Syrian Artillery
Authors: Rozin Orit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Israel–Syrian border was a constant point of friction. Hostilities erupted over the cultivation of land and the control of the demilitarized zones and over water resources. Northern kibbutzim both exacerbated Syrian violence and were its victims. Covering the interwar period, 1956–1967, this chapter traces the subjective emotional reaction of kibbutz members exposed to Syrian violence. It also considers the symbolic role played by “children under fire” within Israeli Jewish society at that time. On the one hand, kibbutz children epitomized Israel’s ideal emotional traits. Yet, on the other hand, an ethos of a “proper childhood” that developed in the interior, especially in the country’s urban centers, contradicted the lived experience of these kibbutzim. Members of these kibbutzim developed unique cultural practices to cope with the emotional challenge.
Israel in “Its Finest Hour”
Authors: Rozin Orit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In mid-May 1967, Egypt moved vast military forces to the Sinai and ordered the UN peacekeeping force to evacuate, setting off an Israeli security crisis. The chapter offers a revision of current scholarship, which describes Israeli society as swinging from a state of fear prior to the war to euphoria thereafter. Despite the military emergency and the lack of emotional guidance and inspiration from Prime Minister Levi Eshkol, Jewish Israelis for the most part managed, by the end of May 1967, to overcome their anxiety and to resurrect the values and norms of the Israeli emotional regime of the Ben-Gurion era. The chapter traces the emotional cascade that flooded Israelis as the crisis unfolded. It follows the efforts Israelis made to mobilize their emotions and surmount their fears. Israelis faced up to the dire situation by ascribing meaning to the threat of annihilation, what they came to call “their finest hour.”
Truth and Tariffs
Authors: Besharov Gregory 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In surveys, economists routinely say that tariffs and other barriers to trade should be eliminated. Why? This chapter addresses the question by applying the ideas of the previous chapters to international trade. First the gains from trade are demonstrated, then the effects of tariffs, and finally sources of market failure including market power and knowledge spillovers. From the second-best perspective, free trade would not be an optimal policy, so the chapter considers why it is so broadly supported. One explanation is based on strategic interaction in the repeated game framework where cooperation can keep tariffs low. Another is that statements in support of free trade are intended to affect policy, because political distortions provide a rationale for statements about economic models that are not supported by a purely economic analysis. A final possibility is that it is simply based on ethical values.
The Limits of Confucian Political Meritocracy
Authors: Ziliotti Elena 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter rejects the major models of governance that have been examined in the previous chapter. The crux of the argument is that in industrialized pluralistic societies, democratic institutions are crucial to identifying collective problems and determining how they can be effectively solved. Drawing on studies on epistemic democracy, I argue that it is unlikely that morally and competent political leaders could make the right decisions without much informational input from other members of society and gather the relevant knowledge dispersed in society. Although these considerations clash with Confucian meritocratic theories, they are consistent with the Confucian idea that a good government should provide for the well-being of the people.
An Introduction to Public Debt
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
From being viewed as a ‘slowly metastasizing cancer at the core of society’ to being regarded as a tool to bring an economy out of recession, public debt has evoked very contrasting opinions with regard to its utility to society. The chapter discusses the viewpoints of leading economists and thinkers such as David Hume, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Paul Krugman, John Maynard Keynes, Abba Lerner, James Buchanan, and Bill Mitchell. The chapter starts by familiarizing the reader with the concept of public debt by connecting it with the familiar concept of household debt that most people have encountered in some form or other. The discussion on the utility of public debt is ever more important as the world’s public debt has grown tremendously over the past few years on account of many reasons not least the Covid-19 pandemic.
International Debt Crises
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Many countries across the world have slipped into a debt crisis that has resulted in political and economic upheaval impacting the lives of their citizen. This chapter dwells on the various debt crises in South Asia, Europe, and Latin America. The chapter discusses the main reasons behind the crises and lessons learned. The Latin American debt crises illustrate how difficult it can be for a country to come out of a debt crisis once it has set in. The role of the subnational governments (SNGs) in these countries are covered in great details. Although the crises in eurozone and in India’s neighbourhood have occurred primarily at the federal government level, they still offer valuable lessons that are applicable in the subnational context, as many of the factors and forces that operate on the decision-makers at the subnational level are quite similar to those operating on the decision-makers at the national level.
Borrowing in a Decentralized Governance Structure
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter predominantly examines the reasons driving the subnational governments (SNGs) to engage in borrowing activities. It delves into the dynamics between central government policies and the policies formulated by SNGs with regards to their borrowing practices, illuminating how these interactions influence the financial landscape at both state and central levels. The chapter also discusses the various mechanisms that are used across the world to control SNG borrowing. Although there is no clear answer to what type of controls work best when it comes to keeping SNG borrowing under sustainable levels, many countries are moving towards using administrative and rules-based controls.
Debt Sustainability of SNGs
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter rigorously discusses the concept of debt sustainability and the various existing approaches that are used to assess the sustainability of debt. These include the Domar model, present value budget constraint, fiscal response function, and indicator approach. Many studies have been undertaken to analyse the sustainability of debt of Indian states. The results from some of the studies are discussed in the chapter. While most studies have shown that currently the cumulative SNG debt situation remains sustainable, a few found the sustainability criteria were not met, albeit with a lower statistical significance. However, studies that looked at the historical debt position of the SNGs tended to agree that the SNG debt position was not sustainable in the period immediately before the implementation of the FRBM regime.
An Alternative Approach to Measure SNG Debt Sustainability
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces an alternative approach to measure debt sustainability of subnational governments (SNGs). The key difference is the use of states’ own revenue and total expenditure as opposed to earlier approaches which used revenue receipts, revenue expenditure, and total expenditure. The result from the alternative approach is more resilient to changes in the transfers from central government which account for almost 45 per cent of the revenue receipts of states. This is particularly relevant given the gradual reduction in the divisible pool due to tendency of the central government to garner revenue through cesses and surcharges and the increasing use of tax holidays for various businesses. The approach that is presented considers stationarity, cross-sectional dependence, and structural breaks. The results indicate that the SNGs’ debt in India is sustainable.
Strengthening Finances of Local Bodies
Authors: Dwivedi Hari Krishna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the critical role of local bodies in strengthening the finances of subnational governments (SNGs) It emphasizes the necessity for greater administrative and financial autonomy for local bodies in India. By augmenting their revenue collections, local bodies can effectively deliver services to citizens, creating an environment conducive to economic growth. This, in turn, helps reduce the debt burden on SNGs, as economic growth leads to improved financial health of the SNGs. Drawing lessons from China, the chapter suggests that India can leverage local bodies to simulate economic growth at the grassroots level. Local bodies, specifically urban local bodies (ULBs), play a vital role in providing essential infrastructure and public services, which are crucial for cultivating a competent workforce and aiding economic activity. The rural local bodies in India have limited sources of revenues, with most expenditure supported through intergovernmental transfers. The chapter recommends multiple ways to augment their revenue, for example, focusing on user fees and betterment levies, improving property tax and professional tax collection. Addressing the challenges faced by ULBs, this chapter emphasizes the need for financial autonomy and adequate resources to address India’s urbanization challenge. It suggests measures to augment ULBs’ revenues, including property tax reforms, streamlined collection of user charges, and exploring alternative financing methods such as municipal bonds. The chapter highlights that by empowering local bodies with greater financial autonomy and implementing revenue collection reforms, India can harness the potential of local economic development to drive inclusive and sustainable growth.
A Woman Set Free
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Drawing heavily on Emily Davies’s correspondence, this chapter first describes her life in London and her early involvement in Langham Place and the women’s movement. It then examines her personal character, attitudes, and tastes; her moral and religious beliefs; her sexuality; her philosophical liberalism and political conservatism. Particular attention is given to her reading of and response to the philosophy of John Stuart Mill, presented as a major influence on her thought; and her relation to the broad church movement, to which her brother and many of her acquaintance were allied. In this context the chapter describes and elucidates her particular approaches to the women’s issues of the day, and how these compared with those of others in the movement.
The Demise of Langham Place
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how Emily Davies worked her way into the centre of the women’s movement amidst growing tensions within the Langham Place group. A central problem was the financial non-viability of the English Woman’s Journal, but this was exacerbated by interpersonal tensions in an erotically charged atmosphere, cruelly misogynistic press coverage, and sharply conflicting priorities amongst the members. The chapter covers Davies’s editorship first of the English Woman’s Journal and then, when she considered that a hopeless task, of the Victoria Magazine. By the time she withdrew from that too, the Langham Place group had effectively dispersed. While Jessie Boucherett continued to pursue the original agenda, through SPEW and a new publication, the English Woman’s Journal had folded, Parkes had had enough, Faithfull had been disowned, and another key figure, Adelaide Procter, had died. Bodichon still led, but from Algiers. The leader on the ground was now Davies.
From Educating Women to Examining Girls
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces Davies’s interest in the higher education of women, and explores her development of a distinctive practical approach to campaigning. Her first campaign, in support of Elizabeth Garrett’s attempt to gain admission to London University so as to qualify as a doctor, was focused more on medicine as a female profession than on degrees for women; it was Frances Power Cobbe who brought the latter issue to public attention. But it was Davies who kept up the pressure on university authorities and who, rebutted there, turned to a more practically achievable object, gaining girls admission to the school-leaving exams recently introduced by Oxford and Cambridge for grammar school boys. The chapter shows how Davies chose and went about her task, identifying institutional targets, using influential print media to make a reasoned case, setting up committees through which she could act, and working with sympathetic male collaborators.
Rival Projects
Authors: Hendry John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts the progress of Davies’s project for a university-level college for women through to its opening in Hitchin, and its interaction with another project for female education led by a group of women activists in Manchester and Liverpool. This project was initiated in the wake of Davies’s book by Anne Clough, a relation of Bodichon’s, who was soon joined by Josephine Butler, Elizabeth Wolstenholme, and Lydia Becker, who were by now leading the more political wing of the women’s movement. While Davies’s project was based on women taking identical degree examinations to men, and thus showing themselves their intellectual equals, the rival project resulted in a scheme of special examinations for women, administered by Cambridge University but at a much lower level than their degrees. The chapter addresses the specific points of disagreement but also the wider differences in the women’s movement they reflected.
Denaturalizing the Law
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter three outlines the key elements of a conceptual vocabulary of a historical ontological approach to jurisprudence, distinguishing between doctrinal discourse capable of being used to verbalize propositions of the law and ordinary-language discourse that can be used to articulate propositions about the law. With the first most closely connected to venues of administration and scientizing juristic speculation and the second the public sphere, the respective contribution of each type to constituting the law as a distinct kind of object (viz. ‘ontologizaton’) unfolded at different sites, even if ones that were separated by permeable barriers across which discursive elements could pass. After explicating the notion of ontologization, the chapter turns to a second key pair of elements of the conceptual vocabulary of a historical ontological approach to jurisprudence. These enable a distinction between doctrinal discourse’s qualities of operativeness and administrability.
Beyond the Permanent Settlement
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter looks at non-zamindari forms of revenue settlement that dominated the other areas under the Company’s direct rule in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies. In particular, it focuses on the advent of the raiyatwari settlement system in Madras in which it was the ostensible cultivator of the soil upon whom the right to property was settled. Arguing that the raiyatwari and zamindari systems were premised on similar discourses about property, the chapter then turns to the Company state’s difficulty in squaring the extension of its rights regime with pre-colonial practices of gifting control over land absent revenue duties. The chapter concludes by reconsidering the supposed ideological break within the Company’s raj that is seen as occurring with the ascent of Ricardian rent theory after 1820, insisting that it did little to change the fundamental focus of its rule: the idea of property as rent that was doctrinalized everywhere.
Conclusion
Authors: Chaudhry Faisal 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Conclusion provides a summary of the book’s key arguments and contents by recounting three levels at which the book’s intervention has been staged. The first is discussed in terms of the book’s concerns with how to understand the major phases of legal change in the subcontinent’s colonial history, highlighting the book’s unconventional way of understanding the line between Company and Crown rule. The second level is discussed in terms of the book’s correction to the past overcorrection by which legal change has been linked to macro-level forces more than to the law itself. Here the Conclusion emphasizes the book’s concern with the heretofore unnoticed importance of classical legal thought in the study of South Asia. Finally, the third level of intervention speaks to the book’s jurisprudential aims through its historical ontological approach to the law, which is meant to extend far beyond the study of South Asia.
Statist Internationalism
Authors: Hirst Samuel J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The two halves of this chapter examine the emergence of state-sanctioned narratives in the Soviet Union and Turkey, as elites in each country wrestled with the ideological implications of interstate partnership. The first half focuses on the Soviet Union, where the endorsement of Turkish statism was a contested process. In the second half of the 1920s, especially after Chiang Kai-Shek’s repression of Chinese communists, a faction aligned with the Comintern encouraged the Soviet leadership to break relations with the Turkish government and endorse Turkish workers and peasants. This line was defeated in the early 1930s, as Soviet publications proclaimed the nationalist government a progressive historical force because of its commitment to industrialization. The chapter’s second half turns to Turkish writing about the Soviet Union, which flourished in the early 1930s. It argues that Turkish intellectuals looked to the Soviet Union much as Western intellectuals sought inspiration for New Deal-type programs. Turkish writers from across the political spectrum sought to provincialize the Soviet Union: that is, they argued socialist ideology did not make the Soviet Union an exceptional state. Their depictions, however, also presented the Soviet Union as an underdeveloped agricultural country, one whose state-led industrialization offered a particularly relevant model of emulation for Turkey. The prominent role of the state-led development in each of the two narratives was complementary, and the chapter ends by showing their convergence in a statist internationalism.
Epilogue
Authors: Hirst Samuel J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The epilogue tracks the legacy of interwar statist internationalism, both in Soviet-Turkish relations and in international development politics during the Cold War. It demonstrates that the influence of Soviet cooperation on Turkish statism was erased from later accounts of Kemalist modernization, as Turkey became associated with a US-affiliated model of development in the 1950s. Yet it shows that, in Soviet relations with Egypt and other Third World states, the Turkish precedent continued to be important. Although Stalin’s threatening gestures drove Turkey into NATO in the aftermath of the Second World War, by the 1960s the Soviet and Turkish governments were engaged again in joint industrial projects. The epilogue argues that dating statist internationalism to the interwar period, a period when the Kemalists were navigating the Paris Order rather than facing an ideological choice between US and Soviet ideological models, helps to explain why many aspects of Soviet-Turkish cooperation outlasted the Cold War.
Home, beyond the foundational decade
Authors: Mitra Subrata K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Home, riding high in the 1950s, went into relative decline during the decades that followed, reaching its nadir in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. Its decline began with the collapse of the Congress system and the concept of collective responsibility built into the cabinet system. This had secured Home its central role as mediator between conflicting interests, essential to its functioning as the keeper of orderly rule. The concentration of power in the hands of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and her trusted group of politicians and civil servants cut the ministry off from the flow of authority and accountability. Why did the Ministry of Home Affairs, the ‘safe pair of hands’ of the state under Patel and Pant, get bypassed in the fateful decision to impose the national Emergency in 1975? Was the decision entirely agency driven, or did it have a structural basis?
Home stymied
Authors: Mitra Subrata K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
An emergency proclamation signals the end of governance by stealth. Unlike earlier occasions when national emergency was declared, the one of 1975 led to draconian measures, including largescale incarceration of opposition leaders. The Home Ministry was bypassed in the making of the decision to proclaim the Emergency. During the Emergency, pro-regime forces contemplated the prospect of moving the political system off its liberal foundation and transform India into an authoritarian state. Ironically, once the emergency ended, anti-emergency evangelists sought to move fast to ‘punish the guilty’, without having to put up with slow-paced, due process of fair trials. How the Ministry of Home Affairs coped with these challenging situations during the emergency and afterwards, and the complex relationship of liberal democracy and the emergency, are discussed in this chapter.