bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling and kinetic parameter estimation of alcohol dehydrogenase‐catalyzed hexanol oxidation in a microreactor
Authors: Tušek Ana , Šalić Anita , Kurtanjek Želimir , Zelić Bruno 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA mathematical model for hexanol oxidation catalyzed by NAD+‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from baker's yeast in a microreactor was developed and compared with the model when the reaction takes place in a macroscopic reactor. The enzyme kinetics was modeled as a pseudo‐homogeneous process with the double substrate Michaelis–Menten rate expression. In comparison with the kinetic parameters estimated in the cuvette, a 30‐fold higher maximum reaction rate and a relatively small change in the saturation constants are observed for the kinetic parameters estimated in the continuously operated tubular microreactor (Vm1=197.275 U/mg, Kmhexanol=9.420 mmol/L, and Km1NAD+=0.187 mmol/L). Kinetic measurements performed in the microreactor, estimated from the initial reaction rate experiments at the residence time of 36 s, showed no product inhibition, which could be explained by hydrodynamic effects and the continuous removal of inhibiting products. The Fourier amplitude sensitivity test method was applied for global kinetic parameter analysis, which shows a significant increase in the sensitivity of Km1NAD+ in the microreactor. Independent experiments performed in the microreactor were used to validate and to verify the developed mathematical model.
It is time for changes in the analysis of whole effluent toxicity data
Authors: Diamond Jerry , Denton Debra , Anderson Brian , Phillips Bryn 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The whole effluent toxicity (WET) program in the United States, Canada, and other countries typically requires multi concentration testing of effluents. While multiconcentration testing of chemicals is desirable for regulatory and scientific reasons, we believe this requirement is not as efficient for evaluating effluent compliance in a WET program. The key regulatory question of concern is whether an effluent is toxic or not, which is best answered statistically using a hypothesis approach, not a point estimate approach. However, the traditional hypothesis approach currently recommended does not reward high within-test precision. This report describes the need for 3 specific changes in the analysis of WET compliance data that we believe would yield a more robust WET regulatory program: (1) restate the null hypothesis so that test power is associated with demonstrating that the effluent is not toxic, (2) use USEPA's Test of Significant Toxicity (based on the noninferiority approach) to identify unacceptable toxicity as well as acceptable effects with a high probability, and (3) evaluate only the test control and the critical concentration of concern (e.g., instream waste concentration). We demonstrate that instituting these 3 changes would provide: Positive incentives for permittees to produce high-quality WET data, a transparent analysis approach in which the permittee could have greater control over regulatory decisions based on test results, and potentially a less expensive testing program because fewer effluent concentrations need to be examined within a test. As a result, WET test frequency could be increased for the same cost as current testing programs while providing greater representativeness of effluent quality. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 351–358. © 2011 SETAC
Elevated progesterone receptor membrane component 1/sigma‐2 receptor levels in lung tumors and plasma from lung cancer patients
Authors: Mir Shakeel U.R. , Ahmed Ikhlas S.A. , Arnold Susanne , Craven Rolf J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCancer is one of the leading causes of death, and there is an urgent need for new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) protein is upregulated in multiple types of cancer, and Pgrmc1 is required for tumor cell proliferation, motility and tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, a small molecule inhibitor of Pgrmc1 suppressed the growth of lung, breast and cervical cancer cell lines. Recently, Pgrmc1 was identified as the sigma‐2 receptor, a putative type of opioid receptor, and sigma‐2 receptors are induced in cancers. However, Pgrmc1 shares no homology with known opioid or hormone receptors but is related to cytochrome b5, and Pgrmc1 binds to heme and has reducing activity. In this study, we have analyzed Pgrmc1 levels in clinical tumor samples from squamous cell lung cancers (SCLC) and lung adenocarcinomas compared to corresponding nonmalignant tissue. Pgrmc1 levels increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) in 12/15 SCLC samples and was elevated in poorly differentiated tumors. Pgrmc1 was highly expressed in SCLC cell lines, and SCLC cell survival was inhibited by siRNA knockdown of Pgrmc1 or the Pgrmc1 inhibitor AG‐205. In adenocarcinomas, 6/15 tumors significantly had elevated Pgrmc1 levels, which correlated with patient survival. Pgrmc1 localizes to secretory vesicles in cancer cells, and Pgrmc1 was secreted by lung cancer cells. Furthermore, Pgrmc1 was significantly elevated in the plasma of lung cancer patients compared to noncancer patients. Together, the results demonstrate that Pgrmc1 is a potential tumor and serum biomarker, as well as a therapeutic target, for lung cancer.
Achiral Organic, Inorganic, and Metal Crystals as Auxiliaries for Asymmetric Transformations
Authors: Weissbuch Isabelle , Leiserowitz Leslie , Lahav Meir 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe use of achiral crystalline architectures as intermediate auxiliaries for the performance of “absolute” asymmetric transformations is reviewed. Such architectures are delineated, in some cases, by pairs of homochiral surfaces of opposite handedness. This phenomenon is more common among organic crystals that frequently appear in triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, or tetragonal space groups. Consequently, the chiral surfaces of such crystals have been shown to display enantiomeric recognition for molecules of the environment, a process that has been instrumental in the conversion of achiral host crystals into enantiomorphous solid‐solutions, for a successful performance of “absolute” asymmetric transformations and for the control of crystal polymorphism. Mixed crystals of reduced symmetry display properties such as second harmonic generation or pyroelectricity. On the other hand, achiral faces delineate metals, which crystallize in cubic space‐groups of high symmetry. However, by slicing such crystals in particular directions, they might express homochiral high Miller index faces that contain homochiral kink sites, which have been successfully exploited in electrochemical separations of sugars and for the resolution of enantiomers by enantioselective desorption. Representative examples of each class of materials are described.
AN INTERACTIVE WATER INDICATOR ASSESSMENT TOOL TO SUPPORT LAND USE PLANNING
Authors: Hellegers P. J. G. J , Jansen H. C. , Bastiaanssen W. G. M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an interactive web‐based rapid assessment tool that generates key water related indicators to support decision making by stakeholders in land use planning. The tool is built on a consistent science based method that combines remote sensing with hydrological and socioeconomic analyses. It generates transparent, impartial, and verifiable information regarding the impact of land use changes on water productivity, water consumption, water availability, and employment. The usefulness of the tool was demonstrated in the Inkomati River Basin in Southern Africa, where the tool was used to assess the impact of converting land use on the water resources to prioritize areas for conversion and to track required changes in land use to comply with tripartite water allocation agreements. This contributed to confidence building and to strengthening the process of conscientious land use planning, which is an extension of conventional work in this field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons content from an engine oil refinery wastewater using a continuous stirred tank reactor monitored by spectrometry tools
Authors: Gargouri Boutheina , Aloui Fathi , Sayadi Sami 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKROUND: Hydrocarbon contamination of groundwater resources has become a major environmental and human health concern in many parts of the world. Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons, through either naturally occurring processes or engineered systems, has been successfully used to reduce concentrations of these pollutants. In order to develop an aerobic bioreactor tailored for this purpose, the present study aims to investigate petroleum contaminated wastewater remediation and toxicity reduction by acclimated microbial consortium enriched in a continuous stirred tank bioreactor (CSTR). Characterization and quantification of refinery wastewater components were performed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy.RESULTS: The petroleum hydrocarbons were significantly degraded (97%) by the microbial consortium. After continuous aerobic treatment in the CSTR, the CODeffluent and BOD5effluent average removals were high reaching 97% and 78%, respectively. Also, strong degradation of C10C35 n‐alkanes was observed. The concomitant use of GC/MS and FTIR proved to be a useful complementary tool to assess the impact of treatment strategies on hydrocarbon‐contaminated wastewater. In addition, the toxicity of the contaminated wastewater decreased drastically after bioremediation.CONCLUSION: This work shows the ability of this consortium to degrade hydrocarbons and reduce toxicity, which makes them useful candidates for environmental restoration applications at other hydrocarbon‐contaminated environments. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of cation‐exchange membrane fouling during bipolar membrane electrodialysis of monosodium glutamate isoelectric supernatant
Authors: Ren Hongyan , Wang Qian , Wu Xia , Yang Pengbo , Cong Wei 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: A novel procedure that involved regeneration and recycling of ammonia and sulfuric acid from monosodium glutamate isoelectric supernatant with bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) was proposed. As the performance of the membranes deteriorated during the batch runs, fouling of the cation‐exchange membrane (CEM) in contact with the base cell was studied.RESULTS: During ten consecutive batches of BMED, some operating parameters deteriorated gradually. Using scanning electron microscopy observations, fouling deposits were found on the CEM surface on the base cell side. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC), the organic fouling fraction of the CEM foulants was found to contain eight amino acids. Using X‐ray energy‐dispersive analysis, the mineral fouling fraction was shown to be mainly O and Ca elements, and a little Mg. Using X‐ray diffraction, the inorganic foulant was identified as CaCO3, mainly in the form of calcite and a little aragonite.CONCLUSION: The CEM was subject to membrane fouling consisting of an organic fouling fraction and a mineral fraction. The organic fraction occurred as ions with some positive charges from the isoelectric supernatant and probably existed in the form of amino acids or their peptides. The mineral fraction was mainly CaCO3 calcite and aragonite, and probably a little amorphous Ca and Mg hydroxides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Microscopic study of certain age‐related structural changes of maxillary sinus lining epithelium in albino rats
Authors: Abdelmalik Sherin W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMucociliary clearance is essential to maintain the defense function of the maxillary sinus; however, no literatures described the age changes in its lining epithelium. Therefore, the current work sought to describe the morphological postnatal age‐related changes of maxillary sinus lining epithelium in rats using light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopes. Eighteen albino rats were divided into six groups according to their ages: 2‐week‐old, 1‐month‐old, 2‐month‐old, 3‐month‐old, adults, and senile rats. One‐month‐old‐rats' group was the first to have recognizable maxillary sinus cavities that were lined by either single flat cellular layer or two distinct epithelial layers. These cells were devoid of microvilli and cilia, none of them showed evidence of differentiation into identifiable cell types. In 2‐ and 3‐month‐old rats, the mucosa of maxillary sinus started to be lined with pseudostratified epithelium with apparent increase in both microvilli and cilia. The first indication of goblet cell differentiation was observed in 3‐month‐old‐rats. In the adult rats, the sinuses became completely lined by mature respiratory epithelium. However, in senile rats the epithelium exhibited polyps with clumped cilia and some areas of stratification and desquamation. Goblet cells were scanty and degenerating. The impaired mucociliary components (epithelium, cilia, and goblet cells' mucus) found in young and old ages of the current work might be correlated to human to explain predisposition of rhino‐sinusitis in these age groups. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of collagen fibril spacing in relation to selected region of interest (ROI) on electron micrographs—application to the mammalian corneal stroma
Authors: Doughty Michael J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAIMS: To evaluate measurements of collagen fibril spacing using different shaped regions of interest (ROI) on transmission electron micrograph (TEM) images of rabbit corneal stroma. METHODS: Following glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid staining, TEM images of collagen fibrils in cross section were projected at a final magnification close to 250,000 × to obtain overlays. Interfibril distances (IFDs; center‐to‐center spacing) were measured within different ROIs of the same nominal area (0.25 μm2) but different shape (with the length to width, L:W, ratio from 1:1 to 6:1). The IFD distribution was analyzed, and the 2D organization assessed using a radial distribution analysis. RESULTS: The fibrils had an average diameter of 35.3 ± 3.8 (SD) nm, packing density of 393 ± 4 fibrils / μm2 and a fibril volume fraction of 0.39 ± 0.02. IFDs ranged from 29 to 1400 nm depending on the shape of the ROI, with average values ranging from 263 to 443 nm. By artificially selecting IFD data only to a radial distance of 250 nm, the average IFDs were just 145–157 nm. The radial distributions, to 250 nm, all showed a nearest neighbors first peak which shifted slightly from predominantly at 45–54 nm with more rectangular ROIs. The radial distribution profiles could be shown to be statistically different if the ROI L:W ratio was 2:1 or greater. CONCLUSION: Selection of an ROI for assessment of packing density and interfibril distances should be standardized for comparative assessments of TEMs of collagen fibrils. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of sodium chloride on wheat flour dough for yeast‐leavened products. II. Baking quality parameters and their relationship
Authors: Beck Margit , Jekle Mario , Becker Thomas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The traditional use of sodium chloride (NaCl) fulfills various important rheological, technological and sensory properties in the manufacturing of yeast‐leavened products. However, the use of NaCl in food production has been discussed controversially since a high intake of sodium seems to be associated with hypertension. This study investigates the baking quality parameters of wheat breads containing various levels of NaCl (0–40 g NaCl kg−1flour).RESULTS: Crumb firmness and rate of bread staling decreased with decreasing NaCl levels. A slight increase in loaf volume was observed based on the increased yeast leavening ability resulting from additional NaCl. Higher crumb retrogradation (measured by differential scanning calorimetry) was observed with low NaCl levels.CONCLUSION: The retrogradation effect is based on the theory that NaCl probably leads to Na+ inclusion in starch molecules during storage and thus reduces retrogradation. Further, significant (P⩽0.05) linear relationships (r ≥ 0.829) between Rheofermentometer results, bread volume and crumb firmness were found, suggesting a predictability of bread quality by measurement of gas release. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterisation of phenols and antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activities of Lethariella cladonioides
Authors: Wei An‐Hua , Zhou Dao‐Nian , Ruan Jin‐Lan , Cai Ya‐Ling , Xiong Chao‐Mei , Li Ming‐Xing 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activities of an ethanol extract of Lethariella cladonioides (Nyl.) Krog (EE) and to characterise its chemical constituents.RESULTS: Nine phenols were identified as canarione, thamnolic acid, squamatic acid, vermicularin, norstictic acid, baeomycesis acid, lecanoric acid, barbatinic acid and usnic acid from analysis of EE by using high‐performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector‐mass spectrometry. In antioxidant analysis in vitro, the highest scavenging rate of EEs on the 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide was 81.55 ± 1.95%, 81.84 ± 4.00%, 74.28 ± 3.71% and 74.28 ± 3.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, after administration of EE for 6 weeks in high fat/cholesterol diet mice, the most significant reduction in levels of serum triglyceride, serum total cholesterol, serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver malondialdehyde were 24%, 20%, 15% and 35%, respectively. The most significant increase in levels of serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver superoxide dismutase was 35% and 88%, respectively.CONCLUSION: L. cladonioides possesses strong antioxidant and hypolipidaemic activities. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of reforestation on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the catchment ecosystems of subtropical China: the example of the Hanjiang River basin
Authors: Wang Qinxue , Xiao Qingan , Liu Chen , Wang Kelin , Ye Min , Lei Alin , Song Xianfang , Kohata Kunio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: To enable effective management and decision making for the sustainable use of water resources, we successfully integrated factors such as dams, land use and soil properties as well as management factors in the Hanjiang River basin, a subtropical catchment of China, into the SWAT model to simulate water cycles as well as the distribution, movement, and transformations of nutrients.RESULTS: The accuracy of the model was validated by monitoring data over the Hanjiang River. The validated model was then used to evaluate the effects of the Reforestation of Cultivated Land (RFCL) initiative. The simulation results showed that RFCL would cause an obvious decrease in surface runoff (−23.6%, P < 0.01) but an increase in groundwater (71.8%, P < 0.01) and percolation out of the soil (24.7%, P < 0.01). The total water yield does not change significantly (−4.4%), but the decrease in total sediment loading is substantial (−56.2%, P < 0.01). The simulation results also show that RFCL would greatly decrease the organic N (−42.6%, P < 0.01), NO3 yield in surface flow (−37.1%, P < 0.01), and the NO3 yield in subsurface flow (−25.5%, P < 0.01), whereas the NO3 yield in groundwater flow would increase (107%, P < 0.01). In terms of phosphorus, RFCL would cause both organic phosphorus (−38.2%, P < 0.01) and the phosphorus yield from the soil (−33.3%, P < 0.01) to decrease.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that RFCL is an effective policy for watershed environment management, which might have a relatively small effect on river discharge but that the purification effects on water quality in the river would be remarkable. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of environment and variety on the relationships of wheat grain physical and chemical characteristics with ethanol yield
Authors: Awole Kedija D , Kettlewell Peter S , Hare Martin C , Agu Reginald C , Brosnan James M , Bringhurst Thomas A 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Following the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO), there is an increasing demand for wheat grain for liquid biofuel in the UK. In order to enhance productivity of the bioethanol industry, good quality wheat must be used.RESULTS: A total of 84 grain samples comprising 14 varieties collected from 11 sites in two harvest years were analysed for a range of grain quality parameters and ethanol yield (EY). The grain quality parameters studied were starch and protein concentration, specific weight, grain density, packing efficiency, thousand‐grain weight (TGW), grain length, width, length/width ratio and hardness index. Regression analysis was used to establish the relationships between grain quality parameters and EY. Apart from grain length and density, all grain parameters had significant relationships with EY. In the order of importance, protein concentration, TGW, packing efficiency and specific weight showed good relationships with EY. All other parameters, including starch concentration, showed a poor correlation with EY. EY and the relationship with the grain parameters were affected more by environment than by variety. Some sites gave consistently higher EY than others. When site and variety were considered with TGW and protein, a good prediction of EY could be made (variance accounted for = 87%).CONCLUSION: Combining TGW and protein concentration could be a better indicator of EY than the current practice of specific weight and protein. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Wheat flour dough Alveograph characteristics predicted by Mixolab regression models
Authors: Codină Georgiana Gabriela , Mironeasa Silvia , Mironeasa Costel , Popa Ciprian N , Tamba‐Berehoiu Radiana 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: In Romania, the Alveograph is the most used device to evaluate the rheological properties of wheat flour dough, but lately the Mixolab device has begun to play an important role in the breadmaking industry. These two instruments are based on different principles but there are some correlations that can be found between the parameters determined by the Mixolab and the rheological properties of wheat dough measured with the Alveograph.RESULTS: Statistical analysis on 80 wheat flour samples using the backward stepwise multiple regression method showed that Mixolab values using the ‘Chopin S’ protocol (40 samples) and ‘Chopin + ’ protocol (40 samples) can be used to elaborate predictive models for estimating the value of the rheological properties of wheat dough: baking strength (W), dough tenacity (P) and extensibility (L). The correlation analysis confirmed significant findings (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) between the parameters of wheat dough studied by the Mixolab and its rheological properties measured with the Alveograph.CONCLUSION: A number of six predictive linear equations were obtained. Linear regression models gave multiple regression coefficients with $R_{\rm {adjusted}}^{2} > 0.70$ for P, $R_{\rm {adjusted}}^{2} > 0.70$ for W and $R_{\rm {adjusted}}^{2} > 0.38$ for L, at a 95% confidence interval. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry