bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effective Management of Venous Ulcer
Authors: Alam SAN , Bashar AHM , Alam KM , Sabah MN , Hossain GMM , Hakim ME , Badiuzzaman M , Azad AK 
Published: December 2010

Background: Venous disorders are very common. About 20% of the population suffer from varicose veins, 2% have skin changes which may precede venous ulceration. Venous ulcers represent a common and debilitating condition associated with significant financial loss for the patients as well as the society. Treatment options for these patients are costly and time consuming. In this study we tried to find out cost-effective measures for treating this group of patients.Method: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of superficial and perforating leg venous surgery along with pharmacotherapy 66 patients with chronic venous leg ulcers are prospectively studied. After proper history taking and clinical examination all patients underwent venous duplex ultrasonography. Patients were divided into two groups. Group I (n=30) includes patients undergoing saphenofemoral ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV). In group II (n=36) patients underwent saphenofemoral and incompetent leg perforator ligation along with stripping of the GSV. Conservative measures, local ulcer care and pharmacotherapy were common in both groups.Result: Postoperative complications, total hospital stay and ulcer healing were studied. Ulcer healing was earlier in group II. Remarkable complications were similar in both the groups.Conclusion: For effective and economic care of venous leg ulcers, combination of standard surgical procedures including incompetent perforator and saphenofemoral ligation with great saphenous vein stripping and standard physio-pharmacotherapeutic care is essential. This combined modality of treatment is highly effective in early and complete ulcer healing in patients suffering from venous ulcers.Keywords: Venous ulcer: Saphenofemoral ligation: Perforator ligation. DOI: 10.3329/cardio.v2i2.6629Cardiovasc. j. 2010; 2(2) : 136-141
CD8+ Cells Enhance Resistance to Pulmonary Serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Mice
Authors: Weber Sarah E. , Tian Haijun , Pirofski Liise-anne 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Despite the success of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, pneumococcal pneumonia remains a significant clinical problem, and there is still much to learn about natural resistance and cellular immunity to pneumococcus. We investigated the role of T lymphocytes in resistance to serotype (ST) 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae in an intranasal infection model in C57BL/6 (wild-type [Wt]) and CD8+ (CD8−/−)- and CD4+ (MHC class II−/−)-deficient mice. CD8−/− mice exhibited significantly more bacterial dissemination and lung inflammation and a significantly more lethal phenotype than Wt mice. However, there was no difference in the bacterial dissemination, lung inflammation, or survival of Wt and MHC class II−/− mice. Perforin (Pfn)−/− and IFN-γ−/− mice, which were used to dissect the role of CD8+ T cells in our model, also exhibited a more lethal survival phenotype than Wt mice. Comparison of lung chemokine/cytokine levels by Luminex and cellular recruitment by FACS in Wt mice and knockout strains revealed that CD8−/− and IFN-γ−/− mice, which had the most lethal survival phenotype, had more CD4+IL-17+ T (Th17) cells, IL-17, neutrophil chemoattractants, and lung neutrophils, and fewer regulatory T cells than Wt mice. CD4+ T cell depletion improved the survival of ST-infected CD8−/− mice, and survival studies in Th17-deficient mice revealed that the Th17 response was dispensable for ST3 resistance in our model. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that CD8+ cells are required, but CD4+ T cells are dispensable for resistance to ST3 pneumonia in mice and suggest a previously unsuspected role for CD8+ cells in modulating the inflammatory response to ST3.
Critical Modifier Role of Membrane-Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator-Dependent Ceramide Signaling in Lung Injury and Emphysema
Authors: Bodas Manish , Min Taehong , Mazur Steven , Vij Neeraj 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Ceramide accumulation mediates the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive lung diseases. Although an association between lack of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and ceramide accumulation has been described, it is unclear how membrane-CFTR may modulate ceramide signaling in lung injury and emphysema. Cftr+/+ and Cftr−/− mice and cells were used to evaluate the CFTR-dependent ceramide signaling in lung injury. Lung tissue from control and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients was used to verify the role of CFTR-dependent ceramide signaling in pathogenesis of chronic emphysema. Our data reveal that CFTR expression inversely correlates with severity of emphysema and ceramide accumulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease subjects compared with control subjects. We found that chemical inhibition of de novo ceramide synthesis controls Pseudomonas aeruginosa-LPS–induced lung injury in Cftr+/+ mice, whereas its efficacy was significantly lower in Cftr−/− mice, indicating that membrane-CFTR is required for controlling lipid-raft ceramide levels. Inhibition of membrane-ceramide release showed enhanced protective effect in controlling P. aeruginosa-LPS–induced lung injury in Cftr−/− mice compared with that in Cftr+/+ mice, confirming our observation that CFTR regulates lipid-raft ceramide levels and signaling. Our results indicate that inhibition of de novo ceramide synthesis may be effective in disease states with low CFTR expression like emphysema and chronic lung injury but not in complete absence of lipid-raft CFTR as in ΔF508-cystic fibrosis. In contrast, inhibiting membrane-ceramide release has the potential of a more effective drug candidate for ΔF508-cystic fibrosis but may not be effectual in treating lung injury and emphysema. Our data demonstrate the critical role of membrane-localized CFTR in regulating ceramide accumulation and inflammatory signaling in lung injury and emphysema.
Completely Indecomposable Modules
Authors: Snapper Ernst 
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this paper is to investigate completely indecomposable modules. A completely indecomposable module is an additive abelian group with a ring A as operator domain, where the following four conditions are satisfied.1-1. A is a commutative ring and has a unit element which is unit operator for .1-2. The submodules of satisfy the ascending chain condition. (Submodule will always mean invariant submodule.)
Subgroups of Finite Index in Free Groups
Authors: Hall Marshall 
Published: December 2010

This paper has as its chief aim the establishment of two formulae associated with subgroups of finite index in free groups. The first of these (Theorem 3.1) gives an expression for the total length of the free generators of a subgroup U of the free group Fr with r generators. The second (Theorem 5.2) gives a recursion formula for calculating the number of distinct subgroups of index n in Fr.Of some independent interest are two theorems used which do not involve any finiteness conditions. These are concerned with ways of determining a subgroup U of F.
Quasiconvex Sets
Authors: Green J. W. , Gustin W. 
Published: December 2010

Introduction. Let I be the closed real number interval: Any subset Δ of I containing at least one number interior to I, will be called a quasiconvexity generating set. To each quasiconvexity generating set Δ we associate as follows a generalized notion of convexity, here called quasiconvexity or Δ convexity. Two numbers α and β, one of which belongs to Δ, the other being determined by the relation a α +	β = 1, are called complementary ratios of Δ. A set Q in a real vector space is said to be A convex if for every pair of complementary ratios α and β in Δ and every pair of points a and b lying in Q the point αa +β b also lies in Q.
A Symmetric Proof of the Riemann-Roch Theorem, and a New Form of the Unit Theorem
Authors: Beatty S. , Lane N. D. 
Published: December 2010

LetF(z,u) denote1whereF1(z),… ,Fn(z) are rational functions ofzwith complex coefficients. We shall speak ofF(z, u) = 0 as the fundamental algebraic equation and shall adoptzas the independent variable and u as the dependent, except in § 4, where we usexandyinstead of them, and where it is understood thatxandyare connected birationally withzandu.
Linear Combinations of Bernstein Polynomials
Authors: Butzer P. L. 
Published: December 2010

If f(x) is denned on [0, 1], then its corresponding Bernstein polynomialapproaches f(x) uniformly on [0, 1], if f(x) is continuous on [0, 1]. If
f(x) is bounded on [0, 1], then at every point x where the second derivative
exists
(Voronowskaja [7], see also [5])
A Contribution to the Theory of Chromatic Polynomials
Authors: Tutte W. T. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryTwo polynomials θ(G, n) and ϕ(G, n) connected with the colourings of a graph G or of associated maps are discussed. A result believed to be new is proved for the lesser-known polynomial ϕ(G, n). Attention is called to some unsolved problems concerning ϕ(G, n) which are natural generalizations of the Four Colour Problem from planar graphs to general graphs. A polynomial χ(G, x, y) in two variables x and y, which can be regarded as generalizing both θ(G, n) and ϕ(G, n) is studied. For a connected graph χ(G, x, y) is defined in terms of the “spanning” trees of G (which include every vertex) and in terms of a fixed enumeration of the edges.
The Steinitz-Gross Theorem on Sums of Vectors
Authors: Behrend F. A. 
Published: December 2010

α1α2, …, αpare n-dimensional vectors,,;they are arranged to form a closed polygon.Denote by R(α1,α2, …,αp) the radius of the smallest circumscribed hypersphere with centre at 0 ; by R(α1,α2, …,αp) the minimum of(α1,α2, …,αp)for all possible reorderingsofα2, …,αp−1and by cnthe least possible constant such thatfor all possible choices ofpandα1α2, … ,αp.
On Homomorphic Images of Special Jordan Algebras
Authors: Cohn P. M. 
Published: December 2010

A linear algebra is called a Jordan algebra if it satisfies the
identities(1) ab = ba, (a2b) a = a2(ba).It is well known that a linear algebra S over a field of characteristic different from two is a Jordan algebra if there is an isomorphism a → a of the vector-space underlying S into the vector-space of some associative algebra A such that1,where the dot denotes the multiplication in A. Such an algebra S is called a
special Jordan algebra.
On the Continuous Spectra of Singular Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Putnam C. R. 
Published: December 2010

Suppose that p(t) > 0, that both p(t) and f(t) are continuous functions on the half-line 0 ≤ t < ∞, and that λ denotes a real parameter.
Only real-valued functions will be considered in this paper. Let the differential equation,be of the limit-point type (3, p. 238), so that (1) and a linear homogeneous boundary condition, 0 ≤ α < π,determine a boundary value problem on 0 ≤ t < ∞ for every fixed α.
Reducible Diophantine Equations and Their Parametric Representations
Authors: Rosenthall E. 
Published: December 2010

1. Reducible diophantine equations. The present paper will provide a general method for obtaining the complete parametric representation for the rational integer solutions of the multiplicative diophantine equation1.1 for some specified range of k, where the aijk,bijk are non-negative integers and the fki, hki are decomposable forms, that is to say they are integral irreducible homogeneous polynomials over the rational field R of degree k in k variables which can be written as the product of k linear forms.
On Fourier-Stieltjes Transforms
Authors: Calderón A. P. , Devinatz A. 
Published: December 2010

Let be the class of bounded non-decreasing functions defined on the real line which are normalized by the conditions ϕ(− ∞) = 0 , ϕ(t + 0) = ϕ(t).Let be the class of Fourier-Stieltjes transforms of elements of i.e. the elements of and are connected by the relationwhere ϕ ∊ and Φ ∊ .It is well known, and easy to verify that this mapping from to is one to one (1, p. 67, Satz 18).
Asymptotic Solution Of Differential Equations In a Domain Containing a Regular Singular Point
Authors: Kazarinoff N. D. , McKelvey R. 
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. In this paper we study the asymptotic behavior in λ of the solutions about the origin in the z-plane of the differential equation.Both the variable z and the parameter λ are complex. The coefficient P(z, λ) is assumed to be analytic and single-valued in λ at infinity and in z throughout a bounded, closed, simply connected domain D containing z = 0.
On a Class Of Almost Alternative Algebras
Authors: Kokoris L. A. 
Published: December 2010

Introduction. In the study of almost alternative algebras (2) relative to quasiequivalence an important class called algebras of (γ, δ) type arises. An algebra of (γ, δ) type is a finite dimensional algebra over a field satisfying the identities1,and2where γ and δ are elements of satisfying γ2 − δ2 + δ = 1.
Spaces Of Dimension Zero
Authors: Banaschewski Bernhard 
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. In a recent paper (1) it was remarked that the theory of
zero-dimensional spaces is exactly that part of general topology which can
be described in terms of equivalence relations. Here, it will be shown how
this idea can be used to obtain the following characterizations of certain
types of zero-dimensional spaces:Any compact zero-dimensional space which has a denumerable basis for
its open sets and is dense in itself is homeomorphic to the space of
2-adic integers.
Simultaneous Pairs of Linear and Quadratic Equations In a Galois
Field
Authors: Cohen Eckford 
Published: December 2010

Let F denote the Galois field GF(pr) with
pr elements, where p is an
odd prime and r is a positive integer.
Suppose further that m and n are arbitrary
elements of F and that αi, βi pt
(i = 1, …, s) are
nonzero elements of F. The purpose of
this paper is to evaluate the function Ns(m, n), defined, for an arbitrary positive integer
s, to be the number of simultaneous solutions in
F of the equations1.1.
The Set of all Generalized Limits of Bounded
Sequences
Authors: Jerison Meyer 
Published: December 2010

Let M be the normed linear space whose general element,
x, is a bounded sequenceof real numbers, and ‖x‖ = l.u.b. |ξn|. Let T denote the linear operation (of norm 1)
defined by Tx = (ξ2, ξ3, … , ξn+1,…). A generalized limit is a
linear functional ϕ on M which satisfies
the conditions.
Completeness in Semi-Lattices
Authors: Ward L. E. 
Published: December 2010

Let (X, ≤) be a partially ordered set, that is,
X is a set and ≤ is a reflexive, anti-symmetric,
transitive, binary relation on X.We write,for each x ∈ X. If, moreover,exists for each x and y in
X, then (X, ≤) is said to be a
semi-lattice.
On the Hasse-Minkowski Invariant of the Kronecker Product of Matrices
Authors: Vartak Manohar N. 
Published: December 2010

Let R = (rij) be an m × n
matrix and let S =
(sik
) be dip × q matrix denned over a field F. The Kronecker product
R × S of
R and S is denned as
follows:
Definition 1.1. The Kronecker product R ×
S of the matrices R and
S is given by

where rij S; i = 1, 2, … , m; j = 1, 2,
… , n, is itself a p × q matrix (1, 69-70).
A Family of Difference Sets
Authors: Stanton R. G. , Sprott D. A. 
Published: December 2010

A difference set (,D) is defined in (2) as a subset D of k elements
in a group of order υ with
the following properties :
(1) if x ∊ ,
x ≠ 1, there are exactly λ distinct ordered pairs
(d
1
d
2) of elements of D such that
x = 1
d
2;
(2) if x ∊ ,
x ≠ 1, there are exactly λ distinct ordered pairs
(3
d
4) of elements of D such that x =
3
d
4−1.
Spectral Theory for a Class of Nonnormal Operators II
Authors: Gonshor Harry 
Published: December 2010

In a previous paper (2) we have developed a spectral theory and a unitary
equivalence theory for a certain class of non-normal operators. We dealt primarily
with operators which were called J
2 operators. At present we are interested in studying the
uniformly closed rings generated by such operators.
The notation will be the same as in (2).
Linear Transformations on Algebras of Matrices
Authors: Marcus Marvin , Moyls B. N. 
Published: December 2010

Let Mn denote the algebra of n-square matrices over the complex numbers; and let Un, Hn, and Rk denote respectively the unimodular group, the set of Hermitian matrices, and the set of matrices of rank k, in Mn. Let ev(A) be the set of n eigenvalues of A counting multiplicities. We consider the problem of determining the structure of any linear transformation (l.t.) T of Mn into Mn having one or more of the following properties:(a)T(Rk) ⊆ for k = 1, …, n.(b)T(Un) ⊆ Un(c)det T(A) = det A for all A ∈ Hn.(d)ev(T(A)) = ev(A) for all A ∈ Hn.We remark that we are not in general assuming that T is a multiplicative homomorphism; more precisely, T is a mapping of Mn into itself, satisfyingT(aA + bB) = aT(A) + bT(B)for all A, B in Mn and all complex numbers a, b.
Some Remarks on Prime Factors of Integers
Authors: Erdös P. 
Published: December 2010

Let 1 < a1 < a2 < … be a sequence of integers and let N(x) denote the number of a's not exceeding x. If N(x)/x tends to a limit as x tends to infinity we say that the a's have a density. Often one calls it the asymptotic density to distinguish it from the Schnirelmann or arithmetical density. The statement that almost all integers have a certain property will mean that the integers which do not have this property have density 0. Throughout this paper p, q, r will denote primes.I conjectured for a long time that, if e > 0 is any given number, then almost all integers n have two divisors d1 and d2 satisfying1
Disjoint Transversals of Subsets
Authors: Higgins P. J. 
Published: December 2010

Let A1, A2,… , An be a finite collection of subsets (not necessarily distinct) of a set A. By a transversal of A1, A2,… , An we shall mean a set of n distinct elements a1, a2,… , an of A such that, for some permutation i1 i2, … , in of the integers 1, 2, … , n,More generally, we shall say that the set {a1, a2, … , ar}, (r ≤ n) is a partial transversal oi A1, A2, … An of length r if (i) a1, a2, … , ar are distinct elements of A and (ii) there exists a set of distinct integers i1, i2… , irsuch thatA well-known theorem of P. Hall (2) states that the sets A1, A2… , An have a transversal (of length n) if, and only if, every k of them contain collectively at least k distinct elements (k = 1, 2, … , n).
Sur les Representations Unitaires des Groupes de Lie Nilpotents. IV
Authors: Dixmier Jacques 
Published: December 2010

Soit n un entier ≥ 1. On notera Mn l'ensemble des matrices carrées d'ordre n à éléments réels, et Gn le groupe des x = (εJk) ∈ Mn tels que εJk = 0 pour 1 ≤ j ≤ k ≤ n, εJk; = 1 pour 1 εJkj εJkn. Le groupe Gn est un groupe de Lie nilpotent simplement connexe, dont l'algèbre de Lie s'identifie à l'ensemble Qn des x = (εJk) ∈ Mn tels que εJk = 0 pour 1 ≤ j ≤ k ≤ n. Nous allons déterminer:(1°) le centre de l'algèbre enveloppante de gn;(2°) la série “principale” de représentations unitaires irréductibles de Gn; (la recherche de toutes les représentations unitaires irréductibles de Gn ne semble pas facile) ;(3°) la formule de Plancherel pour Gn ;(4°) les caractères globaux (au sens de (5)) des représentations de la série principale.
A Note on Hyperconvexity in Riemannian Manifolds
Authors: Nijenhuis Albert 
Published: December 2010

Let M denote a connected Riemannian manifold of class C3, with positive definite C2 metric. The curvature tensor then exists, and is continuous.By a classical theorem of J. H. C. Whitehead (1), every point x of M has the property that all sufficiently small spherical neighbourhoods V of x are convex; that is, (i) to every y,z ∈ V there is one and only one geodesic segment yz in M which is the shortest path joining them:f:([0, 1]) → M,f(0) = y, f(1) = z; and (ii) this segment yz lies entirely in V:f([0, 1]) V; (iii) if f is parametrized proportional to arc length, then f(t) is a C2 function of y, t, and z.Let V be a convex set in M; and let y1 y2, Z1, z2 ∈ V.
Some Principles Underlying The Construction of Measures
Authors: Hayes Charles A. 
Published: December 2010

Measures may be obtained from suitable non-negative valued functions in a number of ways. It is the purpose of this paper to present an abstract formulation of certain principles which may be used to construct measures, and to show that the various methods most frequently encountered in the literature are in fact all special applications of these principles.The basic requirements A1-A4 are set forth in § 2, and it is there shown that a measure can be denned when these are fulfilled. These requirements are satisfied in every case known to the writer. Usually, however, conditions stronger than A1-A4 hold, and it is these extra restrictions which yield information on the class of measurable sets and other matters. In §§ 3, 4, and 5 certain abstracts form of such restrictions are considered, and results are derived thereforom. The paper concludes with an analysis of how a number of measures occur as special cases of the theory.
Pencils of Null Polarities
Authors: Schuster Seymour 
Published: December 2010

A theorem due to von Staudt states that a null polarity in complex projective space of three dimensions is determined by a selfpolar skew pentagon. By allowing an element of the self-polar pentagon to vary in a suitable manner we can arrive at a family of ∞1 null polarities, which we term a pencil of null polarities. Each polarity of the pencil distinguishes a linear complex as the class of self-polar lines. Thus, associated with the pencil is a family of ∞1 linear complexes, which we term a pencil of linear complexes.It is the purpose of this paper to continue an earlier investigation of pencils of polarities (2), by applying analogous techniques to the study of pencils of null polarities and pencils of linear complexes.Since it develops that the lines common to all linear complexes of a pencil are the lines of a linear congruence, the central question has been: How many of the different types of linear congruences can be achieved in this manner? Happily, it can be reported that the classification of pencils of null polarities yields all of the three types of linear congruences (4, pp. 140-141).
Sur Quelques Series de Lambert et de Dirichlet
Authors: Touchard Jacques 
Published: December 2010

Nous nous occupons dans ce travail de séries dont voici le type le plus simpleet de leurs analogues lorsqu'on remplace xn par n-s et yn par n-s. Faute d'une
autre désignation, nous avons cru pouvoir appeler ces séries respectivement séries de Lambert et séries de Dirichlet. Une série plus générale que la précédente
estoù les ak sont des constantes et où g(x) est un polynôme dont les coefficients sont des symboles de Jacobi (1, pp. 132-40; 4 pp 361-9).possédant la période 2ω. Les expressionsont des propriétés multiplicatives analogues à celles des sommes de Ramanujan (6) d'où l'on peut déduire deux propositions concernant les racines de g(x).
A Cosine Functional Equation in Hilbert Space
Authors: Kurepa Svetozar 
Published: December 2010

Throughout this paper R denotes the set of all real numbers, m(K) the Lebesgue measure of K ⊆ R, H a Hilbert space, L(H) the set of all linear continuous mappings of H into H, endowed with the usual structure of a Banach space.We consider the mapping F of the set R into L(H) such thatholds for all x, y ∈ R. In (2) we have solved this equation under the assumption that H is of finite dimension. In this paper we prove that a weak measurability of F implies its weak continuity in the case of separable Hilbert space. In Theorem 2 we prove that every weakly continuous solution of (1) in the set of normal transformations has the form F(x) = cos (xN), where the normal transformation N does not depend on x.