bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE THAMES-LEE WATER MAIN.
Authors: CUTHBERT E W , WOOD F 
Published: May 2011

The Paper describes the design and construction of a concrete-lined tunnel, together with the necessary pumping plant, which will be used to transfer water from the River Thames to the Lee Valley storage reservoirs of the Metropolitan Water Board. This tunnel is believed to be the longest in Europe and the longest tunnel in soft strata in the world. This tunnel main has been made necessary because insufficient water is available from the River Lee to meet the needs of East London. The main was designed as a gravity main. Electrically driven boreholetype pumps located in a shaft at the Lee Valley end of the main deliver the water into the reservoirs. Whilst the shafts were lined with bolted reinforced concrete and cast iron segmental rings of conventional design. the tunnel was lined with unreinforced tapered concrete blocks which were expanded against the ground under the pressure of the rams of the shield used in driving the tunnel, thus avoiding the use of grout or bolts. Other features dealt with in the Paper include a new form of rotary shield which sustained a rate of driving of 360 ft per week for long periods, lining the tunnel with cement mortar by mechanical means, the design and construction of a siphon intake, and a Venturi meter in tunnel.
Impact of Glycemic and Blood Pressure Variability on Surrogate Measures of Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Di Flaviani Alessandra , Picconi Fabiana , Di Stefano Paola , Giordani Ilaria , Malandrucco Ilaria , Maggio Paola , Palazzo Paola , Sgreccia Fabrizio , Peraldo Carlo , Farina Fabrizio , Frajese Gaetano , Frontoni Simona 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
The effect of glycemic variability (GV) on cardiovascular risk has not been fully clarified in type 2 diabetes. We evaluated the effect of GV, blood pressure (BP), and oxidative stress on intima-media thickness (IMT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and sympathovagal balance (low frequency [LF]/high frequency [HF] ratio) in 26 type 2 diabetic patients (diabetes duration 4.41 ± 4.81 years; HbA1c 6.70 ± 1.25%) receiving diet and/or metformin treatment, with no hypotensive treatment or complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data were used to calculate mean amplitude of glycemic excursion (MAGE), continuous overall net glycemic action (CONGA)-2, mean blood glucose (MBG), mean postprandial glucose excursion (MPPGE), and incremental area under the curve (IAUC). Blood pressure (BP), circadian rhythm, and urinary 15-F2t-isoprostane (8-iso-prostaglandin F2α [PGF2α]) were also evaluated. Subjects were divided into dipper (D) and nondipper (ND) groups according to ΔBP.

RESULTS
IMT and LVMI were increased in ND versus D (0.77 ± 0.08 vs. 0.68 ± 0.13 [P = 0.04] and 67 ± 14 vs. 55 ± 11 [P = 0.03], respectively). MBG, MAGE, and IAUC were significantly associated with LF/HF ratio at night (r = 0.50, P = 0.01; r = 0.40, P = 0.04; r = 0.41, P = 0.04, respectively), MPPGE was negatively associated with FMD (r = −0.45, P = 0.02), and CONGA-2 was positively associated with LVMI (r = 0.55, P = 0.006). The Δsystolic BP was negatively associated with IMT (r = −0.43, P = 0.03) and with LVMI (r = −0.52, P = 0.01). Urinary 8-iso-PGF2α was positively associated with LVMI (r = 0.68 P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
An impaired GV and BP variability is associated with endothelial and cardiovascular damage in short-term diabetic patients with optimal metabolic control. Oxidative stress is the only independent predictor of increased LV mass and correlates with glucose and BP variability.
Effect of Diacerein on Insulin Secretion and Metabolic Control in Drug-Naïve Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ramos-Zavala Maria G. , González-Ortiz Manuel , Martínez-Abundis Esperanza , Robles-Cervantes José A. , González-López Roberto , Santiago-Hernández Nestor J. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of diacerein on insulin secretion and metabolic control in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 40 drug-naïve adult patients with type 2 diabetes. A metabolic profile including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and fasting insulin levels was carried out before the intervention and 2 months afterward. A hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique was performed to assess the phases of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. After randomization, 20 patients received diacerein (50 mg once daily) for the first 15 days and twice daily for 45 additional days. The remaining patients received placebo. Intra- and intergroup differences were calculated by Wilcoxon signed rank and Mann-Whitney U tests.

RESULTS
There were significant increases in first (102 ± 63 vs. 130 ± 75 pmol/L; P &lt; 0.01), late (219 ± 111 vs. 280 ± 135 pmol/L; P &lt; 0.01), and total insulin (178 ± 91 vs. 216 ± 99 pmol/L; P &lt; 0.01) secretions without changes in insulin sensitivity after diacerein administration. There were significant decreases in fasting glucose (7.9 ± 1.4 vs. 6.8 ± 1.0 mmol/L; P &lt; 0.01) and in A1C levels (8.3 ± 1.0 vs. 7.0 ± 0.8%; P &lt; 0.001) after diacerein administration. There were no significant changes after placebo administration in the above-mentioned evaluations.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin secretion increased and metabolic control improved after diacerein administration in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.
Exploring the binding dynamics of BAR proteins
Authors: Kabaso Doron , Gongadze Ekaterina , Jorgačevski Jernej , Kreft Marko , Rienen Ursula , Zorec Robert , Iglič Aleš 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe used a continuum model based on the Helfrich free energy to investigate the binding dynamics of a lipid bilayer to a BAR domain surface of a crescent-like shape of positive (e.g. I-BAR shape) or negative (e.g. F-BAR shape) intrinsic curvature. According to structural data, it has been suggested that negatively charged membrane lipids are bound to positively charged amino acids at the binding interface of BAR proteins, contributing a negative binding energy to the system free energy. In addition, the cone-like shape of negatively charged lipids on the inner side of a cell membrane might contribute a positive intrinsic curvature, facilitating the initial bending towards the crescent-like shape of the BAR domain. In the present study, we hypothesize that in the limit of a rigid BAR domain shape, the negative binding energy and the coupling between the intrinsic curvature of negatively charged lipids and the membrane curvature drive the bending of the membrane. To estimate the binding energy, the electric potential at the charged surface of a BAR domain was calculated using the Langevin-Bikerman equation. Results of numerical simulations reveal that the binding energy is important for the initial instability (i.e. bending of a membrane), while the coupling between the intrinsic shapes of lipids and membrane curvature could be crucial for the curvature-dependent aggregation of negatively charged lipids near the surface of the BAR domain. In the discussion, we suggest novel experiments using patch clamp techniques to analyze the binding dynamics of BAR proteins, as well as the possible role of BAR proteins in the fusion pore stability of exovesicles.
Microstructure and properties of polyhydroxybutyrate-calcium phosphate cement composites
Authors: Medvecký Ľubomír , Štulajterová Radoslava , Kutsev Sergey 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe biopolymer (polyhydroxybutyrate) microparticles-calcium phosphate composites were prepared by mechanical mixing of the basic composite components with the addition of hardening liquid after ethanol-composite mixture suspension moulding. The composite microstructures were more compact than the pure cement samples as confirmed by the lower values of specific areas and mesopore volumes. Both the specific areas and mesopore volumes decreased with soaking time in a simulated body fluid. The low polyhydroxybutyrate degradation in composites was found after soaking in simulated body fluid, which was terminated after one week. The formation of a dense apatite layer bonded directly to the surface of polyhydroxybutyrate microparticles was observed. The highest diametral tensile strength (13 MPa) and compressive strength (95 MPa) values of up to 50 % higher than in pure cement were measured in samples with 10 % of polyhydroxybutyrate. The addition of polyhydroxybutyrate microparticles had no effect on the setting time.
Investigation of new chiral fluorosubstituted compound exhibiting room temperature antiferroelectric phase
Authors: Czerwiec J. , Żurowska M. , Garbat K. , Dąbrowski R. , Marzec M. , Wróbel S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInfluence of the electric field upon alignment of molecules in ferro- and antiferroelectric phases has been studied for two fluoro-substituted compounds exhibiting antiferroelectric phase at room temperature. Two different relaxation processes have been revealed in the ferroelectric as well as antiferroelectric phase. Low temperature value of spontaneous polarization is ca. 130 nC/cm2 for both substances studied. The substances align very well in the external electric field — a mono-domain of the ferroelectric SmC* phase can be obtained in about 3.5 hours.
Shifts in the flowering phenology of the northern Great Plains: Patterns over 100 years
Authors: Dunnell Kelsey L. , Travers Steven E. 
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: Climate change is associated with phenological shifts in an increasing number of organisms worldwide. However, accurate estimates of these shifts are dependent on long‐term data sets that include phenological observations from before annual average temperatures began to rise.• Methods: We compared the first flowering times of native prairie plants between 2007 and 2010 with historical data recorded by O. A. Stevens from 1910 to 1961. By merging climate variable data from the same time period, it also was possible to correlate first flowering dates with associated climate variables.• Key results: Over the past 100 years, spring temperatures in the Red River Valley near Fargo, North Dakota, USA, have increased, and growing seasons have lengthened significantly. Seventy‐five percent of the 178 species observed by Stevens had flowering times that were sensitive to at least one variable related to temperature or precipitation. Over the past 4 yr, 5% to 17% of the species observed have significantly shifted their first flowering time either earlier or later relative to the previous century.• Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that as spring temperatures in the northern Great Plains have increased and the growing season has lengthened, some spring flowering species have advanced their first flowering time, some fall species have delayed their first flowering, and some species have not changed. Given the importance of flowering timing for reproductive success, the changing climate in the Great Plains is expected to have long‐term ecological and evolutionary consequences for native plant species.
Site effect is stronger than species identity in driving demographic responses ofHelianthemum(Cistaceae) shrubs in gypsum environments
Authors: Olano José M. , Eugenio Màrcia , Escudero Adrián 
Published: May 2011

•Premise of the study:Regional climatic patterns result in the synchrony of biological processes along large spatial areas. These patterns may be critical for effective plant recruitment in (semi)arid environments. Nevertheless, recruitment patterns of plant species within their range of distribution are still poorly known. Moreover, this response may be species‐dependent, particularly between coexisting congenerics, which are thought to vary in demographic responses to climatic conditions as a coexistence‐promoting mechanism. In this context, we investigated whether two congeneric plant species show synchronic age structures at varying spatial scales and whether they display demographic differences.•Methods:We sampled 600Helianthemum squamatumandH. syriacumindividuals at six localities in Spain. We used dendrochronological techniques to estimate age and radial growth. We compared the age structure among populations and between species and assessed the effect of site and species on different demographic parameters. Correlations between age structure and climatic factors were also determined.•Key results:We detected a very low intraspecific synchrony across sites but a high interspecific coupling in age structure within localities. Secondary growth, mean age, and flowering showed large intersite differences and small interspecific differences. Summer rainfall was a good predictor of age structure.•Conclusions:Fine‐scale climatic variability plays a major role in determining age structure of the studied species. Climatic variability is more relevant than interspecific differences. Our results illustrate the relevance of including spatial variation in summer rainfall patterns when modeling the impact of climate change on Mediterranean plant demography.
B‐ and C‐class gene expression during corona development of the blue passionflower (Passiflora caerulea, Passifloraceae)
Authors: Hemingway Claire A. , Christensen Ashley R. , Malcomber Simon T. 
Published: May 2011

•Premise of study: The origin of the passionflower corona, a complex series of structures between the petals and stamens, has intrigued botanists for centuries, but has proven intractable using traditional approaches. Supplementing developmental data with expression analyses of three floral identity genes, we test whether the corona in Passiflora caerulea (blue passionflower) is homologous to petals or stamens or whether an alternative hypothesis of the corona as a novel structure is supported.•Methods: Corona development was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Expression of the P. caerulea B‐class genes PISTILLATA (PcPI) and TOMATO MADS6 (PcTM6), and C‐class gene AGAMOUS (PcAG) was investigated using a combination of RT‐PCR and mRNA in situ hybridization analyses.•Key results: Corona development starts as a ring of tissue at the base of petals. The outer radii and operculum initiate first at the periphery, followed by the inner radii and pali toward the center, and finally an annulus beneath the operculum. Late in development, a limen, the innermost component of the corona, develops from the side of the androgynophore. RT‐PCR analyses indicate that the B‐class genes PcPI and PcTM6 and C‐class gene PcAG were all expressed in mature coronas. However, mRNA in situ hybridization analyses revealed complex temporal patterns of gene expression in the different corona elements.•Conclusions: Our data support the hypothesis that the corona is a composite structure, with the radii, pali, and operculum homologous to stamens, and the limen, which only expresses PcTM6, considered to be a novel structure distinct from the androgynophore.
Défaillances de coordination et volatilité des marchés
Authors: Guesnerie Roger 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Ce texte est celui venant en support de la conférence Jean-Jacques Laffont prononcée en clôture du Congrès 2010 de l’Association Française de Science Économique. La première partie revient sur la vision économique standard de la coordination des anticipations, vision que les événements récents conduisent à remettre en cause. La seconde partie passe en revue les directions existantes de réflexion critique sur l’hypothèse d’anticipations rationnelles. La troisième partie montre comment l’évaluation critique de l’hypothèse, dans une logique parfois qualifiée de « divinatoire », change radicalement notre regard sur trois problèmes : le rôle économique de la spéculation, l’efficacité informationnelle des marchés, et last but not least, la capacité des agents à horizon long à anticiper l’avenir.
Une remise en cause de la méthode des prix hédoniques en présence d'une segmentation de marché
Authors: Baudry Marc , Maslianskaïa-Pautrel Masha 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Cet article s’intéresse à l’incidence de l’hétérogénéité des consommateurs dans le processus de formation des prix hédoniques, en particulier l’émergence d’une segmentation du marché. L’article met en évidence deux points importants : (i) dans le cas d’une hétérogénéité de groupe des acheteurs, ceux-ci se répartissent de manière endogène sur des segments différents du niveau de service de logement dont dépend le prix hédonique ; (ii) cette segmentation remet en cause la procédure d’estimation en deux étapes utilisée, en particulier, pour l’évaluation des biens environnementaux locaux.
Diffusion de la connaissance
Authors: Gray Elie , Grimaud André 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Cet article présente un modèle de croissance schumpetérien, qui généralise la théorie existante : nous utilisons la différenciation circulaire du modèle de Salop [1979] pour prendre en compte le fait que la connaissance se diffuse, avec plus ou moins d’ampleur, entre les secteurs de recherche. Nous expliquons comment se constituent les viviers dans lesquels chaque secteur puise la connaissance pour produire des innovations. La prise en compte explicite de la diffusion de la connaissance nous permet de donner un nouvel éclairage à plusieurs questions : comment expliquer la sur ou sous-optimalité de la croissance ? Brevet ou secret : comment protéger les monopoles ? Quelle est la nature des effets d’échelle ?
The conceptual design of a continuous pervaporation membrane reactor for the production of 1,1‐diethoxy butane
Authors: Agirre Ion , Güemez M. Belén , Motelica Anatolie , van Veen Henk M. , Vente Jaap F. , Arias Pedro L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAcetals are considered as an important bio‐based diesel additives. Generally, the catalytic production of these compounds from an alcohol and an aldehyde suffers from a low conversion because of thermodynamic limitations. These limitations can be overcome through the in situ removal of the by‐product water using, for example, a water selective membrane. A critical evaluation on the membrane performance, catalyst activity, optimal configuration, and feed composition leads to the conclusion that a combined reaction and separation is unlikely to be advantageous. The water permeance of the selected membrane was assessed to be too low in relation with the catalyst activity. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1862–1868, 2012
Development of the Gubernaculum During Testicular Descent in the Rat
Authors: Nation T.R. , Buraundi S. , Farmer P.J. , Balic A. , Newgreen D. , Southwell B.R. , Hutson J.M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGubernacular elongation during inguinoscrotal testicular descent and cremaster muscle development remains poorly described in mammals. The role of the genitofemoral nerve (GFN) remains elusive. We performed detailed histological analysis of testicular descent in normal rats to provide a comprehensive anatomical description for molecular studies. Fetuses and neonatal male offspring (5–10 per group) from time‐mated Sprague‐Dawley dams (embryonic days 15, 16, and 19; postnatal days 0, 2, and 8) were prepared for histology. Immunohistochemistry was performed for nerves (Class III tubulin, Tuj1) and muscle (desmin). At embryonic days 15 and 16, the gubernaculum and breast bud are adjacent and both supplied by the GFN. By embryonic day 19, the breast bud has regressed and the gubernacular swelling reaction is completed. Postnatally, the gubernacular core regresses, except for a cranial proliferative zone. The cremaster is continuous with internal oblique and transversus abdominis. By postnatal day 2 (P2), the gubernaculum has everted, locating the proliferative zone caudally and the residual mesenchymal core externally. Eversion creates the processus vaginalis, with the everted gubernaculum loose in subcutaneous tissue but still remote from the scrotum. By P8, the gubernaculum has nearly reached the scrotum with fibrous connections attaching the gubernaculum to the scrotal skin. A direct link between GFN, gubernaculum, and breast bud suggests that the latter may be involved in gubernacular development. Second, the cremaster muscle is continuous with abdominal wall muscles, but most of its growth occurs in the distal gubernacular tip. Finally, gubernacular eversion at birth brings the cranial proliferative zone to the external distal tip, enabling gubernacular elongation similar to a limb bud. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the Spatial Arrangement of Secondary Osteons in the Diaphysis of Equine and Canine Long Bones
Authors: Shahar Ron , Lukas Carolin , Papo Sharon , Dunlop John W.C. , Weinkamer Richard 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe blood supply of bone cells in compact bone is provided primarily by blood vessels located within Haversian canals forming the centre of osteons. Mid‐diaphysial cross‐sections of radii and third metacarpal bones from two horses and radii from two mature dogs were studied using reflective light microscopy to quantify the spatial ordering of canals and compared to a computational model. The distributions of canals were analyzed using: 1) the autocorrelation function (ACF), which describes the probability of finding two canals separated by a given distance and 2) the shortest distance distribution (SDD), which describes the probability that a site within bone is located at a given distance from the nearest canal. The order in the investigated horse radii, as characterized by the oscillations of the ACF, was found to be independent of the anatomical location although, in the metacarpal bone the order was higher in the lateral than in the cranial location. Among the dogs, marked differences were only found in the ACF. An analysis of the SDD demonstrates that ordering of canals minimizes the distance of osteocytes from a blood vessel. This suggests that the efficiency of the blood supply can be adapted through differences in the order of the Haversian canals. In our model, the ordering of canals is achieved via an exclusion zone around each canal, imposed upon newly formed osteons. Simulations demonstrate that differences in the observed order can be explained by either a larger size or a larger variability of this exclusion zone. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity Testing, and Structure–Activity Relationships of Novel 6‐Chloro‐7‐(4‐phenylimino‐4H‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐2‐yl)‐3‐(substituted)‐1,4,2‐benzodithiazine 1,1‐dioxides
Authors: Pomarnacka Elżbieta , Kornicka Anita , Kuchnio Anna , Heinrichs Maike , Grünert Renate , Gdaniec Maria , Bednarski Patrick J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new series of 16 6‐chloro‐1,1‐dioxo‐7‐{4‐[(4‐R1‐phenyl)imino]‐4H‐3,1‐benzoxazin‐2‐yl}‐3‐(substituted amino)‐1,4,2‐benzodithiazines 7–22 was prepared in order to evaluate the cytotoxic activity against six human cancer cell lines. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H‐, and 13C‐NMR, elemental analysis and in the cases of 11 and 31 by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. This analysis showed that contrary to our earlier report the structures contain a benzoxazine ring instead of the proposed quinazolinone ring. The bioassay indicated that the benzodithiazine derivatives 7–22 possess cancer cell growth‐inhibitory properties. Some compounds showed a high level of selectivity for certain cell lines. The most active compounds 11, 12, 16, 19, 21, and 22 exhibited potency higher or comparable to cisplatin. The compounds were particularly effective in LCLC‐103H and MCF‐7 cell lines with IC50 values of 0.49–1.60 µM. Quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR) revealed that a chloro substituent R1 in the phenyl ring as well as the shape of the substituted amino group at R2 (e.g., unsaturation is beneficial) are important for potency.