bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emphasizing interpersonal factors: an extension of the Witkiewitz and Marlatt relapse model
Authors: Hunter‐Reel Dorian , McCrady Barbara , Hildebrandt Thomas 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAim  Recently, Witkiewitz & Marlatt reformulated the Marlatt & Gordon relapse model to account for current research findings. The present paper aims to extend this model further to incorporate social variables more fully.Methods  The social‐factors and alcohol‐relapse literatures were reviewed within the framework of the reformulated relapse model.Results  The literature review found that the number of social network members, investment of the individual in the social network, levels of general and alcohol‐specific support available within the social network and specific behaviors of network members all predict drinking outcomes. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which these social variables influence outcomes. The authors postulate that social variables influence outcomes by affecting intra‐individual factors central to the reformulated relapse prevention model, including processes (e.g. self‐efficacy, outcome expectancies, craving, motivation, negative affective states) and behaviors (e.g. coping and substance use). The authors suggest specific hypotheses and discuss methods that can be used to study the impact of social factors on the intra‐individual phenomena that contribute to relapse.Conclusion  The proposed extension of the relapse model provides testable hypotheses that may guide future alcohol‐relapse research.
Adolescent smoking and depression: evidence for self‐medication and peer smoking mediation
Authors: Audrain‐McGovern Janet , Rodriguez Daniel , Kassel Jon D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAims  The nature of the relationship between adolescent smoking and depression is unclear and the mechanisms that account for the comorbidity have received little investigation. The present study sought to clarify the temporal precedence for smoking and depression and to determine whether these variables are linked indirectly through peer smoking.Participants  The sample was composed of 1093 adolescents participating in a longitudinal study of the behavioral predictors of smoking adoption.Design and measurements  In this prospective cohort study, smoking, depression, peer smoking and other covariates were measured annually from mid‐adolescence (9th grade; age 14) to late adolescence (12th grade, age 18).Findings  Parallel processes latent growth curve models supported a bidirectional relationship between adolescent smoking and depression, where higher depression symptoms in mid‐adolescence (age 14) predicted adolescent smoking progression from mid‐ to late adolescence (ages 14–18). A significant indirect effect indicated that higher depression symptoms across time predicted an increase in the number of smoking peers, which in turn predicted smoking progression from mid‐adolescence to late adolescence. In addition, smoking progression predicted a deceleration of depression symptoms from mid‐ to late adolescence. A significant indirect effect indicated that greater smoking at baseline predicted a deceleration in the number of smoking peers across time, which predicted a deceleration in depression symptoms from mid‐adolescence to late adolescence.Conclusions  The current study provides the first evidence of bidirectional self‐medication processes in the relationship between adolescent smoking and depression and highlights peer smoking as one explanation for the comorbidity.
Opioid agonist pharmacotherapy in New South Wales from 1985 to 2006: patient characteristics and patterns and predictors of treatment retention
Authors: Burns Lucy , Randall Deborah , Hall Wayne D. , Law Matthew , Butler Tony , Bell James , Degenhardt Louisa 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAims  The aims of this study were to: examine the number and characteristics of patients entering and re‐entering opioid replacement treatment between 1985 and 2006, to examine select demographic and treatment correlates of leaving treatment between 1985 and 2000, and to compare retention rates in methadone and buprenorphine maintenance treatment from 2001 to 2006.Design  A retrospective cohort study using register data from the Pharmaceutical Drugs of Addiction System.Setting  Opioid substitution treatment in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.Participants  A total of n = 42 690 individuals prescribed opioid replacement treatment between 1985 and 2006 in NSW.Measurements  Client characteristics over time, retention in days in first treatment episode, number of episodes of treatment and proportion switching medication.Findings  Overall, younger individuals were significantly more likely to leave their first treatment episode than older individuals. In 2001–06, after controlling for age, sex and first administration point, the hazard of leaving treatment was 1.9 times for those on buprenorphine relative to those on methadone. Retention in treatment varied somewhat across historical time, with those entering during 1995–2000 more likely to leave at an earlier stage than those who entered before that time.Conclusions  Retention in treatment appears to fluctuate in inverse proportion to the availability of heroin. Individuals in contemporary treatment are older users with a lengthy treatment history. This study has provided population‐level evidence to suggest that retention in methadone and buprenorphine differ in routine clinical practice. Future work might investigate ways in which patient adherence and retention may be improved.
Factors associated with the use of aids to cessation in English smokers
Authors: Kotz Daniel , Fidler Jenny , West Robert 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To assess factors associated with the use of smoking cessation aids among smokers trying to quit in a country where these aids are widely available and free or cheap to access.Design  Cross‐sectional household survey, the ‘Smoking Toolkit Study’.Setting  England.Participants  A total of 3767 respondents who smoked and made at least one serious quit attempt in the past 12 months were interviewed from November 2006 to April 2008.Measurements  We analysed differences across socio‐demographic and smoking characteristics in the use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) over the counter or on prescription, bupropion, varenicline, telephone support and the National Health Service Stop Smoking Service (NHS‐SSS) which combines behavioural support with medication.Findings  More than half of smokers trying to quit (51.2%) had used any kind of treatment; 48.4% had used some form of medication but only 6.2% had used the NHS‐SSS. The use of some form of smoking cessation treatment was higher in female than in male smokers [odds ratio (OR): 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, 1.43] and increased with age (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.14,1.25) and cigarettes smoked per day (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.04,1.06). There was no association with social grade. Smokers who planned their quit attempt were more likely to have used all types of smoking cessation treatments, except for telephone support.Conclusions  In England, half of all attempts to quit smoking are aided by some form of pharmacological or behavioural treatment. However, the use of the most effective treatment option (the NHS‐SSS) is low, despite it being free of charge. Factors associated with an increased use of aids to cessation were female sex, older age, more cigarettes smoked per day and planning a quit attempt. Research is needed into how to increase utilization rates, particularly among males and younger smokers.
Expressed sequence tags from the flower pathogen Claviceps purpurea
Authors: OESER BIRGITT , BEAUSSART FRANÇOIS , HAARMANN THOMAS , LORENZ NICOLE , NATHUES EVA , ROLKE YVONNE , SCHEFFER JAN , WEINER JANUARY , TUDZYNSKI PAUL 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe ascomycete Claviceps purpurea (ergot) is a biotrophic flower pathogen of rye and other grasses. The deleterious toxic effects of infected rye seeds on humans and grazing animals have been known since the Middle Ages. To gain further insight into the molecular basis of this disease, we generated about 10 000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs)—about 25% originating from axenic fungal culture and about 75% from tissues collected 6–20 days after infection of rye spikes. The pattern of axenic vs. in planta gene expression was compared. About 200 putative plant genes were identified within the in planta library. A high percentage of these were predicted to function in plant defence against the ergot fungus and other pathogens, for example pathogenesis‐related proteins. Potential fungal pathogenicity and virulence genes were found via comparison with the pathogen–host interaction database (PHI‐base; http://www.phi‐base.org) and with genes known to be highly expressed in the haustoria of the bean rust fungus. Comparative analysis of Claviceps and two other fungal flower pathogens (necrotrophic Fusarium graminearum and biotrophic Ustilago maydis) highlighted similarities and differences in their lifestyles, for example all three fungi have signalling components and cell wall‐degrading enzymes in their arsenal. In summary, the analysis of axenic and in planta ESTs yielded a collection of candidate genes to be evaluated for functional roles in this plant–microbe interaction.
Interferon‐induced retinopathy and its risk in patients with diabetes and hypertension undergoing treatment for chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: PANETTA J. D. , GILANI N. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground  Ocular complications are amongst many side‐effects of interferon based therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Some suggest that diabetic and hypertensive patients are at increased risk of these complications.Aim  To determine the frequency of ophthalmological complications related to interferon use.Methods  Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing HCV treatment with pegylated interferon α‐2a, α‐2b or consensus interferon plus ribavirin between 2005 and 2007. All patients underwent a baseline eye examination and any visual complaints during treatment prompted a repeat examination. Data recorded included HCV genotype, treatment duration, interferon type, pre‐treatment and on treatment visual complaints, known ocular pathology, and retinal findings at baseline and at follow‐up.Results  Of 183 patients, 29 (16%) had diabetes and 85 (46%) had hypertension. Seventy‐one (38%) received interferon α‐2a, 100 (55%) α‐2b, and 12 (7%) consensus interferon. Seven (3.8%) had retinal changes on follow‐up and treatment was discontinued in 3 (1.6%). Of seven with ocular changes two had hypertension and one had both hypertension and diabetes.Conclusion  The incidence of symptomatic retinopathy in HCV patients undergoing interferon therapy appears low and treatment cessation is rarely needed. Furthermore, patients with hypertension and diabetes may not be at higher risk for interferon‐induced retinopathy.
Review article: the current and evolving treatment of colonic diverticular disease
Authors: TURSI A. , PAPAGRIGORIADIS S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground  Formation of colonic diverticula, via herniation of the colonic wall, is responsible for the development of diverticulosis and consequently diverticular disease. Diverticular disease can be associated with numerous debilitating abdominal and gastrointestinal symptoms (including pain, bloating, nausea, constipation and diarrhoea).Aims  To review the state of treatment for diverticular disease and its complications, and briefly discuss potential future therapies.Methods  PubMed and recent conference abstracts were searched for articles describing the treatment of diverticular disease.Results  Many physicians will recommend alterations to lifestyle and increasing fibre consumption. Empirical antibiotics remain the mainstay of therapy for patients with diverticular disease and rifaximin seems to be the best choice. In severe or relapsing disease, surgical intervention is often the only remaining treatment option. Although novel treatment options are yet to become available, the addition of therapies based on mesalazine (mesalamine) and probiotics may enhance treatment efficacy.Conclusions  Data suggest that diverticular disease may share many of the hallmarks of other, better‐characterized inflammatory bowel diseases; however, treatment options for patients with diverticular disease are scarce, revolving around antibiotic treatment and surgery. There is a need for a better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of diverticular disease to design treatment regimens accordingly.
Clinoform migration patterns of a Late Miocene delta complex in the Danish Central Graben; implications for relative sea‐level changes
Authors: Møller L. K. , Rasmussen E. S. , Clausen O. R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA Late Miocene delta complex is located in the Danish Central Graben. The delta complex provides the opportunity to study the spatial development of a wave‐fluvial dominated delta complex in three dimensions. Based on 3D seismic data (seismic sections and amplitude maps) and well data the complex has been investigated. The delta was developed during an initial rise and then a significant fall (approximately 90 m) in relative sea‐level. The prograding clinoformal package of the delta complex has clinoform dips of 2–3° and a thickness of maximum 115 m. The sediments are deposited in five elongated depositional units with the long axis parallel to the delta slope, and progradation occurred in a south‐westerly direction. The grain size of the units vary from muddy to coarse‐grained sand. Incised canyons running parallel to the depositional direction tend to be straight or have low sinuosity and incise approximately 90 m into the top of the delta. The delta complex has been subdivided into two systems tracts based on a study of clinoform migration patterns: (1) Rising trajectory in Unit 1–4 of the complex, the sea‐level was rising as documents a highstand systems tract (HST). (2) Descending trajectory in Unit 5 documenting a forced regression wedge systems tract (FRWST) as the sea‐level was falling, creating incised canyons.
Structural controls on facies distribution in a small half‐graben basin: Luanping basin, northeast China
Authors: Cope Tim , Ping Luo , Xingyang Zhang , Xuanjie Zhang , Jinmin Song , Gang Zhou , Shultz Michael R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTLuanping basin is one of many small rift basins that developed in northeast China during mid‐Cretaceous time. It is filled by alluvial, fan‐deltaic and lacustrine strata of the Lower Cretaceous (post 130 Ma) Xiguayuan Formation. Distribution of facies and stacking patterns are controlled by position within the basin with respect to fault‐bounded basin margins. Luanping basin is bounded by a normal fault consisting of two segments that are perpendicular to each other in map view; one or both of these faults probably accommodates a component of strike‐slip. This geometry gave rise to three distinct depozones within the basin: (1) a region of maximum sediment thickness located near the intersection of these two basin‐bounding fault segments; (2) a shallower part of the basin, located near the tip of the normal fault segment bounding the basin to the north; and (3) a low‐gradient, north‐dipping ramp. The facies found in each of these settings are different. Coarse sublacustrine sediment gravity flows interfinger with profundal black shale near the basin depocentre at the intersection of the two basin‐bounding fault segments. Fan delta and shallow lacustrine sedimentation dominated in the shallower part of the basin near the northeastern tip of the master‐bounding fault. Fine‐grained shallow lacustrine sedimentation predominated along the low‐gradient ramp. The facies in Luanping basin are different from those found in basins of similar size elsewhere in the northeastern China extensional tract. Specifically, profundal, organic‐rich black shales are found in Luanping basin but are largely lacking in neighbouring basins. We suggest that this is due to higher rates of subsidence along more steeply dipping normal faults in Luanping basin, as opposed to the other basins.
Steering of experimental channels by lateral basin tilting
Authors: Kim Wonsuck , Sheets Ben A. , Paola Chris 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA major issue in tectonics and sedimentation is the role of cross‐stream tectonic tilting in steering channels. The general idea is that channels will be attracted to lateral maxima in subsidence rate. A physical experiment performed in 1999 at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, however, was in conflict with the idea and showed that fluvial channels and resulting stratigraphy can be insensitive to even relatively strong lateral variation in subsidence. Here, we present results from an experiment which uses a simplified relay‐ramp geometry with laterally variable uplift and subsidence to test a hypothesis developed from the earlier experiment: Tectonic tilting steers channels only when the ratio of the time scales describing lateral channel mobility to tectonic deformation is sufficiently large. Occupation time by experimental channels and sand fraction in the deposit (a proxy for channel deposition) both increase with subsidence rate indicating strong steering of channels by tectonic forcing. We also found that, due to local incision, uplift lengthened the time scale for lateral channel migration relative to subsidence. Comparing channel mobility at the beginning of the experiment, with no tectonic forcing, to later tectonic stages of the experiment indicates that active tectonics increased the channel time scale. The interplay of channel steering with uplift and subsidence led to cyclic appearance and disappearance of an autogenic lake in the hanging‐wall basin. This lake was associated with alternation between channels going around vs. across the adjoining upstream uplifted footwall region. This creation and filling of the lake under constant tectonic forcing (constant fault slip rate) in the hanging wall created subaerial fan‐delta parasequences separated by fluvial deposits.
Reporting rate of adverse drug reactions to the French pharmacovigilance system with three step 2 analgesic drugs: dextropropoxyphene, tramadol and codeine (in combination with paracetamol)
Authors: Tavassoli Neda , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Sommet Agnès , Montastruc Jean‐Louis ,   the French Association of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centres
Published: June 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Three ‘weak’ opioid analgesics are marketed in France and other European countries in association with paracetamol.• They are very largely used, but to our knowledge there is no large study comparing the reporting rate of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) between these different step 2 analgesic combinations to determine the safest one. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The aim of this study was to compare reporting rate of ADRs with three step 2 combinations according to their consumption in France.• The results show that among these combinations, reporting rate and ‘seriousness’ of reported ADRs are the highest with tramadol/paracetamol (TRM+P) and the lowest with codeine/paracetamol.• The safety of TRM+P needs to be urgently investigated with more methodologically rigorous studies.AIMSThree ‘weak’ opioid analgesics in association with paracetamol are marketed in France as step 2 analgesics: dextropropoxyphene, tramadol and codeine. These combinations are involved in several adverse drug reactions (ADRs), but no data are available about their comparative reporting rate. The aim was to compare the reporting rate of ADRs between tramadol/paracetamol (TRM+P), codeine/paracetamol (COD+P) and dextropropoxyphene/paracetamol (DXP+P).METHODSAll spontaneous reports submitted to the French Pharmacovigilance Database from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2006 suspected to be induced by one of the three step 2 analgesic combinations (DXP+P, TRM+P, COD+P) were extracted. Their consumption for the same period was obtained from the French Drug Agency. The number of ADRs, serious ADRs and different organ classes of ADRs were compared according to their consumption. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each variable using DXP+P as reference.RESULTSThe reporting rate of ADRs was calculated as 24.9/100 000 person‐years for DXP+P, 44.5/100 000 person‐years for TRM+P and 12.5/100 000 person‐years for COD+P. The reporting rate (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.50, 0.63) and ‘seriousness»’ (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53, 0.80) of ADRs were significantly higher with TRM+P than with DXP+P. However, hepatobiliary ADRs were significantly more frequent with the DXP+P combination (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.59, 4.37). In contrast, the reporting rate (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.82, 2.18) and ‘seriousness’ (OR 2.64, 95% CI 2.24, 3.11) of ADRs were significantly higher with DXP+P than with COD+P.CONCLUSIONSAmong the three step 2 analgesic combinations, reporting rate and ‘seriousness’ of ADRs are the highest with TRM+P and the lowest with COD+P. Our study suggests that the safety profile of DXP+P is worst than that of COD+P.
Aminophospholipid translocase and phospholipid scramblase activities in sickle erythrocyte subpopulations
Authors: Barber Latorya A. , Palascak Mary B. , Joiner Clinton H. , Franco Robert S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPhosphatidylserine (PS) externalization may contribute to Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) characteristics including thrombogenesis, endothelial adhesion and shortened red blood cell (RBC) lifespan. Aminophospholipid translocase (APLT) returns externalized PS to the inner membrane, and phospholipid scramblase (PLSCR) equilibrates phospholipids (PL) across the membrane. APLT inhibition and PLSCR activation appear to be important for PS externalization. We examined relationships between APLT, PLSCR and external PS in mature sickle RBC and reticulocytes. Normally‐hydrated sickle RBC without external PS had active APLT and inactive PLSCR. PS‐exposing sickle RBC had inhibited APLT and active PLSCR. Sickle reticulocytes had active APLT and active PLSCR independent of external PS. Sickle RBC dehydrated in vivo had the highest proportion of PS‐exposing RBC and markedly inhibited APLT. Normal and sickle RBC dehydrated in vitro had moderately decreased APLT. Rehydration resulted in significant recovery of APLT in RBC previously dehydrated in vitro, but not in sickle RBC dehydrated in vivo. These findings indicate that (i) PS externalization in mature sickle RBC depends on the balance between APLT and PLSCR activities, (ii) PS externalization in sickle reticulocytes depends primarily on PLSCR activation and (iii) APLT inhibition in sickle RBC dehydrated in vivo is due to dehydration itself and other factors.