bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between mood and digit-symbol performance in hospitalized patients with functional psychiatric disorders
Authors: Luria Richard E. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISThis paper reports the relationship between mood, as measured by the Visual Analogue Mood Scale, and digit-symbol performance within individual hospitalized patients in a consecutive series of admissions with functional psychiatric disorders. It confirms the earlier finding of Folstein and Luria that a significant mood-digit-symbol relationship distinguishes clear cases of affective psychoses from clear non-affective disorders. Furthermore, it shows that, among patients who do not present with classical affective syndromes, those who manifest a significant mood-digit-symbol relationship tend to receive specific treatments for mood disturbances, have a positive family history of depression or mania, and improve significantly at discharge.
Psychological testing in depressive illness 1. Psychomotor performance
Authors: Gill J. , Horne D. J. De L. 
Published: July 2009

SYSNOPSISThis paper presents findings from a controlled investigation of psychomotor performance in depression and mania to test Court's (1968) continuum model. This model proposes that, unlike the common bipolar view of depression and mania, there is a continuum ranging from normal, through depression, to mania. Simple reaction time measures did not confirm this hypothesis. However, results of more complex psychomotor performance did provide some confirmation, and, also, provided evidence of a ‘central processing’ deficit in both manic and depressed subjects.
Studies on the activity of the pituitary-gonadal axis in the XYY syndrome
Authors: Wakeling A. , Haq A. , Naftolin F. , Neill M. P. , Horton R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisResults are presented of pituitary gonadotrophic and testicular steroid hormone assays carried out on 11 phenotypic males with a 47, XYY karyotype. These results are compared with those from a control group of normal ambulant males and a group of patients with a 46, XY karyotype who were detained in a maximum security hospital.
Plasma cortisol-binding capacity in mental illness
Authors: King David J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPlasma cortisol-binding capacity (CBC) was determined in 18 psychiatric patients, including 14 who had affective disorders, and 18 controls. Men with unipolar depressive illnesses had significantly lower CBC values than men with bipolar illnesses and male controls. No other significant differences in CBC values were found and it was concluded that elevated total plasma cortisol levels in affective disorder were probably associated with increased levels of unbound cortisol. The possibility that low CBC values may be a genetic marker for certain types of affective disorder requires further investigation. The effect of certain drugs on CBC was also investigated.
Life-events and psychiatric disorders Part 1: some methodological issues
Authors: Brown G. W. , Sklair F. , Harris T. O. , Birley J. L. T. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe paper focuses on recent criticisms of the study of the role of life-events in the onset of psychiatric conditions and suggests that measurement error and bias can be reasonably well controlled by various methodological procedures. Failure to comply with these may be expected, however, to increase rather than decrease the chances of establishing a ‘positive’ resuit. Three further factors to do with the design of studies and the analysis of data are discussed which are likely to mask real differences between patient and comparison group, and which therefore might explain the ‘negative’ results reported in the literature. They concern: (1) the choice of an appropriate comparison group; (2) specification of the length of the period between event and onset; and (3) specification of the event in terms of some measure of severity. Results from two London studies of schizophrenic and depressive patients are presented to illustrate the argument. The studies suggest that life-events do play an important causal role in bringing about both disorders.
Affective and suicidal symptoms in epileptic prisoners
Authors: Gunn John 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPrevious writers have suggested a relationship between psychiatric disability and epilepsy, and this is confirmed in the present survey of epileptic prisoners.s The older epileptics, who included four cases of severe cerebral damage, were particularly prone to anxiety and depression. Those with temporal lobe epilepsy had been the most suicidal. The one schizophrenic was a ‘doubtful’ epileptic.
Sydenham's disease entities
Authors: Taylor F. Kräupl 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSydenham's reputation rests in part on his self-deceptive assertion that he allowed clinical observation to speak for itself. In fact, however, his mind was steeped in philosophical world-views that went back via the Scholastics and Galen to Plato and Aristotle. A brief survey of these views is presented to clarify Sydenham's message. The basic formula of logical set theory is then used to put in perspective Sydenham's disease postulates and later views on the nature of disease. The point is made that, in the case of cryptogenic diseases, we sometimes tend to revert unwittingly to ideas akin to those of Sydenham.
The Charles Bonnet Syndrome in perspective
Authors: Damas-Mora J. , Skelton-Robinson M. , Jenner F. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe clinical condition occurring in the elderly with preserved intellectual functions, characterized by vivid, elaborate and dynamic recurrent visual pseudo-hallucinatory phenomena of a pleasant or neutral nature and often associated with ocular pathology – the Charles Bonnet Syndrome – is described. Its main clinical features are illustrated and the aetiology discussed. Two new cases are presented and areas for future research are outlined.
Gonadotrophin secretion abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia
Authors: Ferrier I. N. , Cotes P. M. , Crow T. J. , Johnstone E. C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisLH, FSH, PRL and testosterone were estimated by radioimmunoassay in serial venous samples from 20 male chronic schizophrenic patients, 17 age-matched controls, 3 patients in remission from acute schizophrenia, and in single samples from age–sex matched populations. LH and FSH, but not testosterone or PRL, were significantly reduced in patients with chronic schizophrenia. There was an associated reduction in the frequency, but not amplitude, of LH secretory episodes in patients with chronic schizophrenia. No abnormalities of LH secretion were detected in those patients in remission from acute schizophrenia. Fourteen of the chronic schizophrenic patients were retested at a later date with similar results, except in the case of the few patients who had been started on neuroleptic medication. Some relationships were established between hormonal secretion and the clinical features of these patients. The possible significance of these findings is discussed in the context of the complex control of gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary and the natural history and nature of chronic schizophrenia.
Suicide during 1961–70 of migrants in Australia
Authors: Burvill P. W. , Woodings T. L. , Stenhouse N. S. , McCall M. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisRates and methods of suicide during 1961–70 of migrants in Australia were compared with native born Australians. Large differences in both rates and methods of suicide were found in individual migrant groups. The rates were more akin to those in the country of origin than of the Australian-born, no matter how long the migrants had lived in Australia. By contrast, methods of suicide used by migrants approached more closely those of the Australian-born the longer they had lived in Australia. The change in methods used was greatest in those migrant groups coming from countries with a language and culture more akin to those in Australia. A discussion follows of various possible sociological and cultural factors, both within the countries of origin and within Australia, which could have contributed to these results.
Ward environment and disturbed behaviour
Authors: Bouras N. , Trauer T. , Watson J. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisDisturbed behaviour and dissatisfaction were studied in relation to two contrasting ward environments, one representing the ‘medical model’ of psychiatry and the other being a modified form of ‘therapeutic community’. Specially designed forms were used for 18 months to obtain daily and weekly measures of behavioural disturbance from the nurses and of dissatisfaction with various aspects of the ward environment from the patients. The results suggested that the ‘therapeutic community’ ward was significantly more disturbed, and that disturbance on that ward varied according to the day of the week, something which did not happen on the ‘medical model’ ward. Differences in disturbance between diagnoses were also found. Disturbance was significantly correlated with, and tended to precede, dissatisfaction only in the ‘therapeutic community’ ward.
Social experiences in childhood and adult psychiatric morbidity: a multiple regression analysis
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Bebbington Paul , Hurry Jane 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe effect of childhood experiences on adult psychiatric morbidity was examined in a community psychiatric survey. The Present State Examination was used to assess psychiatric morbidity. Childhood experiences assessed included childhood demographic factors and ‘loss and deprivation’ variables. The latter group comprised maternal and paternal deaths and separations and other disruptions in parental care. ‘Loss and deprivation’ in combination accounted for between 4·5 and 5·5% of the variance in adult psychiatric morbidity
Social factors associated with depression: a retrospective community study
Authors: Costello Charles G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA procedural replication of the Camberwell retrospective community study of depression in women (Brown et al. 1975; Brown & Harris, 1978 a) was conducted in Calgary, Alberta. A random sample of 449 women between the ages of 18 and 65 were interviewed. The shorter form of the Present State Examination (PSE) and Brown's Interview Schedules for Life Events and Difficulties were used.By contrast to the findings of Brown, none of the following factors was associated with the onset of depression in the 12 months prior to interview: social class, employment status, number of children at home, loss of mother before age 11. In agreement with Brown, a lack of intimacy with spouse/cohabitant/boyfriend increased the risk of depression. Also in agreement with Brown, severe life events and difficulties were associated with depression. The association was particularly strong for ‘possibly independent’ events and difficulties, i.e. events (and difficulties) that may or may not have been caused in part by the woman herself. It was concluded that the role of social factors is community-specific and that the causal roles of events and difficulties in relation to depression remain uncertain. The implications of the findings in relation to the locus of vulnerability to depression are briefly discussed
Effects of vasopressin on memory and new learning in a brain-injured population
Authors: Fewtrell W. D. , House A. O. , Jamie P. F. , Oates M. R. , Cooper J. E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisVasopressin was administered in the form of a nasal spray to a group of 7 head-injured patients and compared with placebo in its effects on intellectual functioning, each patient serving as his own control. No significant differences in performance were found during the conditions of placebo and the active agent.
Co-dergocrine (Hydergine) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Rastogi Sudhir C. , Blowers Anthony J. , Gibson Alan C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a double-blind, placebo-controlled study with co-dergocrine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia in a group of elderly chronic psychiatric patients the reduction of dyskinetic scores in the group receiving active medication was slightly greater than that in the placebo group; however, this difference did not reach a level of statistical significance. It is suggested that further work could be undertaken with a longer period of treatment, and at a higher dosage level of co-dergocrine, in a younger patient sample.
Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier in manic-depressive psychosis
Authors: Naylor G. J. , Smith A. H. W. , Dick E. G. , Dick D. A. T. , McHarg A. M. , Chambers C. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISErythrocyte Na–K ATPase and sodium pump site numbers were estimated in groups of depressed, manic and recovered patients. The activity of Na–K ATPase per pump site was lower in the depressed group than in the recovered group. In the manic group Na–K ATPase was lower than that of the recovered group, whereas there was no difference in the pump site numbers. In the more severe manics the activity of Na–K ATPase per pump site was significantly lower than that of the recovered patients. Therefore, the change occurring in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier in manic-depressive psychosis is probably in the activity of individual Na–K ATPase molecules and not in the number of Na–K ATPase molecules per cell.
Reaction time facilitation in affective psychotic patients
Authors: Bruder Gerard , Yozawitz Allan , Berenhaus Ira , Sutton Samuel 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe extent to which the second member of a pair of monotic clicks facilitates simple reaction time was examined for 35 psychiatric patients and 43 non-patient controls across 2 studies. Affective psychotic patients showed greater reaction time facilitation than did either schizophrenic patients or non-patient controls. Computer simulations of a ‘statistical facilitation’ model for these data are also presented.
Self-perception of employed and unemployed haemophiliacs
Authors: Markova Ivana , Lockyer Ruth , Forbes C. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSemi-structured interviews concerning various aspects of mental health were carried out with 13 employed and 13 unemployed haemophiliacs 20–35 years old. Significant differences in patients' responses were related to their employment status and the degree of severity of haemophilia. Unemployed patients with milder forms of haemophilia appeared to be least adjusted and suffered most from psychosomatic symptoms.
An investigation of the effects of intracerebral injection in the marmoset of cytopathic cerebrospinal fluid from patients with schizophrenia or neurological disease
Authors: Baker H. F. , Ridley R. M. , Crow T. J. , Bloxham C. A. , Parry R. P. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn experiments designed to investigate transmission, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with schizophrenia and neurological disease (Huntington's chorea and multiple sclerosis) which had been found to induce cytopathic effects in human embryonic fibroblast cell culture was injected intracerebrally into mice, hamsters and marmosets (small New World primates). No evidence was obtained of transmission to mice or hamsters. A total of 15 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) was injected intracerebrally with CSF [8 with samples from 4 patients with schizophrenia. 3 with samples from patients with neurological disease (2 with Huntington's chorea and 1 with multiple sclerosis) and 4 with samples from 3 patients without neurological or psychiatric disease] and was observed over a period of 2½ years.Analysis of variance on data obtained from behavioural observations averaged over 6-month periods revealed that animals injected with CSF from patients with schizophrenia and neurological disease became progressively more inactive when compared with animals injected with CSF from control patients. The change detected by behavioural observation was confirmed as a difference 2 and 2½ years after injection by automated activity monitoring.There was an incidence of reproductive anomalies (including two occipital encephalocoeles) in the females in the experimental group, but the numbers are too small to draw firm conclusions from this observation.Many reported differences in biological samples from schizophrenic patients and normal controls have subsequently been found to be due to factors unrelated to the disease state. This may prove to be the case with the changes observed in this experiment. Nevertheless, the fact that marmosets injected with CSF from patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disease, including schizophrenia, subsequently differed in their behaviour from those injected with control CSF warrants further investigation.
The significance of subclassification in anorexia nervosa: a comparative study of clinical features in 141 patients
Authors: Vandereycken Walter , Pierloot Roland 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisWithin a sample of 141 female anorexia nervosa patients comparative investigations were carried out between three subgroups: dieters, binge-eaters, and vomiters/purgers. A number of significant differences were found, especially with respect to age and duration of illness, previous treatment failures, and long-term outcome. The results appear to support the authors' view that the staic idea of anorexia nervosa as a unitary illness should be abandoned and replaced by a dynamic dimensional model according to which, in the course of time, changes may occur in the clinical picture of dysorectic patients.
Screening for abnormal eating attitudes and psychiatric morbidity in an unselected population of 15-year-old schoolgirls
Authors: Mann A. H. , Wakeling A. , Wood K. , Monck E. , Dobbs R. , Szmukler G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) have been validated in an unselected population of 15-year-old South London schoolgirls. Scores on the questionnaires were compared with the results of standard interview. The EAT was found to be an efficient screening instrument for abnormal eating attitudes and behaviour, whereas the GHQ was less satisfactory in its ability to screen for psychiatric morbidity in this age group than in adults. At the optimal cutting points, 6·9% of this population gave a positive response to the EAT and 19·3% gave a positive response to the GHQ. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the two sets of scores
The influence of minor psychiatric morbidity on consulting rates to general practitioners
Authors: Burvill P. W. , Knuiman M. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe presence and severity of Minor Psychiatric Morbidity (MPM) as measured by the 60-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and being female rather than male, increases the consulting rate of people in the community to their general practitioner. Therate of increaseof consulting decreases as the severity of MPM increases. There is an interaction between age and MPM, giving progressively increased consulting rates in the older age groups in males but not females. The possibility of a biological difference between males and females in the interaction of MPM and physical, and of age and physical illness, is raised.
The natural history of schizophrenia: a 5-year prospective follow-up of a representative sample of schizophrenics by means of a standardized clinical and social assessment
Authors: Watt D. C. , Katz K. , Shepherd M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA comprehensive, representative cohort of 121 schizophrenics from a delimited catchment area, hospitalized in the course of 20 months (1973–4) and who met PSE criteria, was collected for a therapeutic trial (1976–6) in which, during the year after discharge, standardized clinical and social assessments has been made by personal interview at home. Standardized observations were repeated 4 years later. Follow-up was 99% complete. 48% of the cohort and 58% of the first admissions had a good outcome. Females fared significantly better than males.
Role of fluphenazine decanoate in lessening the burden of chronic schizophrenics on the community
Authors: Stevens Barbara C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper reports the social results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial of fluphenazine decanoate. Among patients on placebo there was a deterioration in family relationships, which was due to an increase in aggression, noisiness, talking about delusions, and socially embarrassing behaviour after withdrawal of active drug.
The Leyton Obsessional Inventory: a principal components analysis on normal subjects
Authors: Cooper John , Kelleher Michael 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA principal components analysis has been carried out on the Leyton Obsessional Inventory replies of 302 normal subjects, divided into subgroups by sex and nationality (Irish and English). Three distinct components were found in all the analyses, which have been called ‘clean and tidy’, ‘incompleteness’, and ‘checking’. Other less distinct components are described, and the differences and similarities between the analyses of the subgroups are discussed.
Response set and observer set in the assessment of depressed patients
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Prusoff B. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisDepressed patients were rated at a psychiatric interview and completed a self-report symptom inventory. Concordance between the two measures was modest. Patients with psychotic depression and those with obsessional personalities were found to rate themselves low on self-report relative to interview assessments. Younger patients, and those showing neuroticism, hysterical, and oral dependent personalities rated themselves as more severely ill than did the clinician. These systematic discrepancies appeared to reflect a self-report response set to exaggerate or minimize psychiatric symptoms together with rater set regarding certain types of patients.
Short- and long-term memory in patients with presenile dementia (Alzheimer's disease)
Authors: Miller Edgar 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisEvidence is presented to show that patients with Alzheimer's disease owe their memory disturbance to both an impairment in short-term memory and an additional difficulty in establishing new material in long-term storage. These findings are particularly discussed in relation to the notion that, since the pathological changes in Alzheimer's disease are particularly manifest in the hippocampal region, then this involvement of the hippocampus might explain the memory disorder. The present experiment, which is similar to one previously reported using subjects with bilateral hippocampal lesions, shows the two types of memory disorder resulting from bilateral hippocampal damage and Alzheimer's disease to be qualitatively different. Some outstanding problems with regard to obtaining a complete understanding of the nature of the amnesic phenomena in Alzheimer's disease are discussed.
Multidimensional classification of mental disorders
Authors: Ottosson J.-O. , Perris C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn close agreement with Essen-Möller, a classification of mental disorders is described. The two basic principles are the application of four independent classifying bases—namely, symptomatology, severity, aetiology, and course, and the breakdown of doubtful disease entities and syndromes to elementary cardinal symptoms and of comprehensive personality terms to simple traits.
Medieval visions and contemporary hallucinations
Authors: Kroll Jerome , Bachrach Bernard 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe hallucinations of 23 patients with predominantly religious themes were compared with descriptions of visions from the Middle Ages. Although there were many points of similarity between the two classes of phenomena, none of the medieval visionaries was identified as mentally ill. The role of cultural norms in determining the attribution of mental illness, and the limitations of Euro-American criteria of psychoses, are discussed in the light of these findings.