bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and electronic properties of endohedral metallofullerenes
Authors: Akasaka Takeshi , Lu Xing 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis account presents an overview of our achievements in structural and chemical understanding of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs), a new class of metal‐carbon hybrid materials formed by encapsulation of metals inside fullerene cavities. Structural determination of EMFs is of fundamental importance for understanding their intrinsic properties and the formation mechanism, and for broadening their applications. We have developed an effective method for determining the structures of paramagnetic EMFs, and also succeeded in observing the motion of cluster in a di‐metal EMF for the first time. Recently, we unambiguously established the structures of some carbide EMFs which had been wrongly assumed as conventional EMFs previously. More importantly, we have obtained some insoluble EMF species which had never been explored or even expected before. Meanwhile, the chemical properties of various EMFs with different cage structures or different metallic cores have been systematically investigated by means of both covalent and supramolecular considerations, yielding many fascinating results relating to the dictating effect of internal metals. It is noteworthy that all these achievements are based on unambiguous X‐ray results of pristine or functionalized EMFs. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100038
Exploring student beliefs and understanding in elementary science and mathematics
Authors: Beghetto Ronald A. , Baxter Juliet A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study had the goal of investigating the association among elementary students' (N = 276) science and math beliefs and the relationship between those beliefs and teachers' ratings of mathematical and science understanding. Results of structural path analysis indicate that in science, intellectual risk‐taking (IRT; the willingness to share tentative ideas, ask questions, attempting to do, and learn new things) was positively related to teachers' ratings of science understanding, while creative self‐efficacy (CSE) beliefs (i.e., students' confidence in their ability to generate ideas and solutions in science) were indirectly related (working through IRT). Results also indicate that students' scientific certainty beliefs (i.e., the belief that science knowledge is stable, fixed, and represented by correct answers) were negatively related to teachers' ratings of science understanding. With respect to math, results indicate that students' CSE beliefs were positively related to teachers' ratings of math understanding; whereas students' mathematical source beliefs (i.e., believing that math knowledge originates from external sources) were negatively related. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 49: 942–960, 2012
Mixed AF and DF cooperative relay systems and their performance bounds analyses
Authors: Huang Sheng‐Qiang , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa , Lee Meng‐Ying 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes the performance bounds of a wireless relay system consisting of several relay stations working on both amplifier‐and‐forward (AF) and decode‐and‐forward (DF) protocols. We want to study the outage probability behavior of the proposed mixed AF and DF relay systems under independent Nakagami‐m fading channels. In particular, we will derive the lower and upper bounds of outage probability of the mixed AF and DF relay systems based on maximal ratio combining diversity reception. The results give optimal configuration of AF and DF relays under a specific channel condition, thus helping us to design an optimized mixed AF and DF relay system in a generic fading environment. The trade‐off between complexity and performance is discussed in this paper. In addition, we will use computer simulations to verify the effectiveness of the proposed mixed AF and DF relay configurations. Finally, the power allocation issues for such a mixed AF and DF relay system will also be discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inattention and development of toddlers born in preterm and with low birth weight
Authors: Huang June‐Hui , Huang Huei‐Lin , Chen Hsiu‐Lin , Lin Lung‐Chang , Tseng Hsing‐I , Kao Tsung‐Jen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the impact of low birth weight and preterm birth on a toddler's inattention and development, including cognitive, language, motor, social–emotional and adaptive behaviors. A total of 105 toddlers enrolled for the study; they were divided into four groups: 40 full‐term and normal birth weight (NBW, birth weight greater than 2500 g) toddlers, 24 moderate birth weight (MLBW, birth weight between 2499 and 1500 g) toddlers, 20 very to extremely low birth weight (V‐ELBW, 12 between 1000 and 1499 g and 8 lower than 1000 g) toddlers, and 21 term toddlers who were recruited from a clinic of developmental delay as the developmental delay at risk (DDR) group. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development—Third Edition (BSID‐III) and Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale—Toddler were used. The findings were as follows: (1) DDR group performed worst in BSID‐III; (2) although there were no statistical differences among the NBW, MLBW, and V‐ELBW groups in BSID‐III, the lower the birth weight, the lower the average performance, especially in language, adaptive social behavior, and adaptive practical behavior; and (3) comparing the inattention score, the DDR group was the poorest, normal and V‐ELBW groups were the best, and MLBW group was in the middle. In conclusion, low birth weight and preterm delivery affected children's inattention and development of language, adaptive social behavior, and adaptive practical behavior.
Urbane Umweltgerechtigkeit
Authors: Hornberg Claudia , Pauli Andrea 
Published: April 2012

Einleitung
Deutschland ist mit zahlreichen Veränderungen in der Sozialstruktur und in der Bevölkerungszusammensetzung konfrontiert. Sichtbares Zeichen hierfür ist die räumliche Konzentration benachteiligter und benachteiligender Lebenslagen, verstärkt in städtischen oder stadtnahen Wohnquartieren, in denen ökonomische Stagnation, demografischer Rückgang und Überalterung der Bevölkerung zusammentreffen und kommunale Investitionen unterbleiben. Wirkungszusammenhänge dieser Art berühren Fragen nach „urbaner Umweltgerechtigkeit“.
Anforderungen an gesundheitsförderliche Stadtplanung
Authors: Süß Waldemar 
Published: April 2012

Einleitung
Gesundheitsförderung ist auf dem Weg, ein zentraler Bestandteil von Stadtplanung und Stadtteilentwicklung zu werden. Es gibt aber bisher kein konsensfähiges und tragbares Konzept einer gesundheitsförderlichen Stadtplanung, das die normativen Anforderungen beschreibt und festlegt. Eine solche Plattform muss in einem partizipativen gesellschaftspolitischen Diskussionsprozess entwickelt werden, an dem alle wichtigen Akteure beteiligt sind.
Derivation and validation of clinical prediction rules for reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia
Authors: HAN J. H. , BILKER W. B. , EDELSTEIN P. H. , MASCITTI K. B. , LAUTENBACH E. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYReduced vancomycin susceptibility (RVS) may lead to poor clinical outcomes in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. We conducted a cohort study of 392 patients with S. aureus bacteraemia within a university health system. The association between RVS, as defined by both Etest [vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >1·0 μg/ml] and broth microdilution (vancomycin MIC ⩾1·0 μg/ml), and patient and clinical variables were evaluated to create separate predictive models for RVS. In total, 134 (34·2%) and 73 (18·6%) patients had S. aureus isolates with RVS by Etest and broth microdilution, respectively. The final model for RVS by Etest included methicillin resistance [odds ratio (OR) 1·51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·97–2·34], non-white race (OR 0·67, 95% CI 0·42–1·07), healthcare-associated infection (OR 0·56, 95% CI 0·32–0·96), and receipt of any antimicrobial therapy ⩽30 days prior to the culture date (OR 3·06, 95% CI 1·72–5·44). The final model for RVS by broth microdilution included methicillin resistance (OR 2·45, 95% CI 1·42–4·24), admission through the emergency department (OR 0·54, 95% CI 0·32–0·92), presence of an intravascular device (OR 2·24, 95% CI 1·30–3·86), and malignancy (OR 0·51, 95% CI 0·26–1·00). The availability of an easy and rapid clinical prediction rule for early identification of RVS can be used to help guide the timely and individualized management of these serious infections.
Greater focus needed on methane leakage from natural gas infrastructure
Authors: Alvarez Ramón A. , Pacala Stephen W. , Winebrake James J. , Chameides William L. , Hamburg Steven P. 
Published: April 2012

Natural gas is seen by many as the future of American energy: a fuel that can provide energy independence and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the process. However, there has also been confusion about the climate implications of increased use of natural gas for electric power and transportation. We propose and illustrate the use of technology warming potentials as a robust and transparent way to compare the cumulative radiative forcing created by alternative technologies fueled by natural gas and oil or coal by using the best available estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from each fuel cycle (i.e., production, transportation and use). We find that a shift to compressed natural gas vehicles from gasoline or diesel vehicles leads to greater radiative forcing of the climate for 80 or 280 yr, respectively, before beginning to produce benefits. Compressed natural gas vehicles could produce climate benefits on all time frames if the well-to-wheels CH
4
leakage were capped at a level 45–70% below current estimates. By contrast, using natural gas instead of coal for electric power plants can reduce radiative forcing immediately, and reducing CH
4
losses from the production and transportation of natural gas would produce even greater benefits. There is a need for the natural gas industry and science community to help obtain better emissions data and for increased efforts to reduce methane leakage in order to minimize the climate footprint of natural gas.
Psychosis Induced by the Interaction between Disulfiram and Methylphenidate May be Dose Dependent
Authors: Grau-López Lara , Roncero Carlos , Navarro Maria C. , Casas Miquel 
Published: April 2012

There are few studies describing psychiatric symptoms occurring when methylphenidate and disulfiram are used together. The authors report a case of disulfiram and methylphenidate interaction in which psychotic symptoms could be dose dependent. The patient, diagnosed of alcohol and cocaine dependence and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), started treatment with methylphenidate increasing doses and disulfiram 250 mg/day over 4 weeks. During the first 2 weeks at doses of 36 mg/day of methylphenidate and maintaining disulfiram, side effects were not observed. However, by increasing to 54 mg/day, psychotic symptoms were detected. The authors reported that the effects are dose dependent. This is the first report about dose-dependent side effects in substance use disorder with ADHD.
Whole‐genome association study for energy balance and fat/protein ratio in German Holstein bull dams
Authors: Tetens J. , Seidenspinner T. , Buttchereit N. , Thaller G. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe metabolic status of cows is important to health and fertility, especially in early lactation, and energy balance (EB) and fat/protein ratio (FPR) are considered as appropriate indicators for metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to detect SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with EB and FPR in German Holstein bull dams belonging to the research herd Karkendamm. Bull dams were genotyped using the Illumina Bovine SNP 50K Bead chip® comprising 54 001 SNPs. A total of 43 593 SNPs and 586 (EB) and 668 (FPR) bull dams passed the quality control criteria. Phenotypes were deregressed breeding values estimated via random regression animal models for lactation days 11, 20, 30, and 42 for EB and FPR. Whole‐genome association analyses were carried out fitting principal components as covariates to adjust for genetic substructure. Permutation tests were applied to estimate genome‐wise significance. Across all observed lactation days, 19 SNPs located in four different intervals on chromosomes 1, 14, 16, and 27 were detected. For EB, seven markers across four chromosomes were identified. There was no overlap between markers associated with FPR and EB. SNPs associated with FPR were mostly located in QTL regions for milk production traits, especially in the region of
DGAT1, whereas SNPs associated with EB mainly showed positional relationships to previously described QTL regions affecting functional traits, especially fertility.
Contribution of human growth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) gene sequence variation to isolated severe growth hormone deficiency (ISGHD) and normal adult height
Authors: Camats Núria , Fernández‐Cancio Mónica , Carrascosa Antonio , Andaluz Pilar , Albisu M. Ángeles , Clemente María , Gussinyé Miquel , Yeste Diego , Audí Laura 
Published: April 2012

SummaryObjectiveMolecular causes of isolated severe growth hormone deficiency (ISGHD) in several genes have been established. The aim of this study was to analyse the contribution of growth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) gene sequence variation to GH deficiency in a series of prepubertal ISGHD patients and to normal adult height.Design, subjects and measurementsA systematic GHRHR gene sequence analysis was performed in 69 ISGHD patients and 60 normal adult height controls (NAHC). Four GHRHR single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 248 additional NAHC. An analysis was performed on individual SNPs and combined genotype associations with diagnosis in ISGHD patients and with height‐SDS in NAHC.ResultsTwenty‐one SNPs were found. P3, P13, P15 and P20 had not been previously described. Patients and controls shared 12 SNPs (P1, P2, P4–P11, P16 and P21). Significantly different frequencies of the heterozygous genotype and alternate allele were detected in P9 (exon 4, rs4988498) and P12 (intron 6, rs35609199); P9 heterozygous genotype frequencies were similar in patients and the shortest control group (heights between −2 and −1 SDS) and significantly different in controls (heights between −1 and +2 SDS). GHRHR P9 together with 4 GH1 SNP genotypes contributed to 6·2% of height‐SDS variation in the entire 308 NAHC.ConclusionsThis study established the GHRHR gene sequence variation map in ISGHD patients and NAHC. No evidence of GHRHR mutation contribution to ISGHD was found in this population, although P9 and P12 SNP frequencies were significantly different between ISGHD and NAHC. Thus, the gene sequence may contribute to normal adult height, as demonstrated in NAHC.
Appearance and establishment of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in Lake Kinneret, Israel
Authors: HADAS O. , PINKAS R. , MALINSKY‐RUSHANSKY N. , NISHRI A. , KAPLAN A. , RIMMER A. , SUKENIK A. 
Published: April 2012

Summary1. We propose that the appearance and establishment of Nostocales (cyanobacteria) species of the genera Aphanizomenon and Cylindrospermopsis in the warm subtropical Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, Israel) from 1994 was linked to changes in climate conditions and summer nitrogen (N) availability.2. From 1994 to 2009, an increase in frequency of events of elevated water temperature (>29 °C) in summer, and to some extent a greater frequency of lower summer wind speed events, affected water turbulence and water column stratification, thus providing better physical conditions for the establishment of these populations.3. In recent years, N‐depleted conditions in Lake Kinneret in early summer have promoted the development and domination of Nostocales that could gain an ecological advantage owing to their N2‐fixing capability.4. Nitrogen fixation rates coincided both with heterocyst abundance and with Nostocales biomass. The N supplied to the lake via nitrogen fixation ranged from negligible quantities when Nostocales represented only a minor component of the phytoplankton community to 123 tonnes when Cylindrospermopsis bloomed in 2005. This high N2 fixation rate equals the average summer dissolved inorganic nitrogen load to the lake via the Jordan River.
Are apolipoprotein E alleles correlated with semen quality?
Authors: Paoli D. , Zedda S. , Grassetti D. , Gallo M. , Corbo R. M. , Lombardo F. , Lenzi A. , Gandini L. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryApolipoproteins have a unique role in lipoprotein metabolism regulation, aiding lipid transport and acting as a cofactor of the enzymes involved in metabolism. There are three co‐dominant alleles, APOE*2, APOE*3 and APOE*4, which encode three protein isoforms, apoE2, apoE3 and apoE4. APOE*3 is the most frequent in all populations thus far investigated, ranging from 50 to 90%. Some studies have tried to resolve a genetic ‘dilemma’ by evaluating the cause of the frequency and survival of the three alleles. Genetic drift, migration or natural selection could explain the current distribution of APOE gene frequencies worldwide. If APOE*4 is the ancestral allele, APOE*3 must have offered a considerable selective advantage, perhaps consisting of a positive effect during the reproductive period. Given this, there is a need to understand if APOE gene polymorphism might affect reproductive capacity. Few studies have been conducted in this area, and they generally correlate APOE polymorphism with reproductive efficiency in terms of number of children. The aim of our study was to look for correlations between APOE polymorphism in humans and semen quality, to establish if APOE genotypes have any demonstrable effect on spermatogenesis. In conclusion, our data show that APOE polymorphism is not associated with semen quality, as it is present to a similar extent in both normal and impaired or absent spermatogenesis. This demonstrates once again that the use of number of children as an index of fertility is not indicative of real male reproductive capacity.
Column solid‐phase extraction of sunset yellow and spectrophotometric determination of its use in powdered beverage and confectionery products
Authors: Unsal Yunus Emre , Soylak Mustafa , Tuzen Mustafa 
Published: April 2012

SummaryA new and simple solid‐phase extraction method for the determination of trace levels of sunset yellow has been developed on Diaion HP 2MG column system. The adsorbed sunset yellow on the resin was eluted with 3 mL of methanol and determined by UV–Vis spectrophotometry at 484 nm. Various experimental parameters such as pH, amount of sunset yellow, flow rates of sample and eluent solutions, resin amount, sample volumes, etc. were investigated. The influences of some alkali, alkali earth and transition metals on the recoveries of sunset yellow were investigated. The recovery values for sunset yellow were higher than 95%. Preconcentration factor was found as 150. The detection limit (three sigma) of the reagent blank for sunset yellow was 5.2 μg L−1. The relative standard deviations (RSD) of the procedure were found as 3.9%. The validation of the presented procedure was performed by the method of standard addition. The procedure was successfully applied to the determination of trace levels of sunset yellow in powdered beverage and confectionery products.
Optimising separation process of protein and polysaccharide from spent brewer’s yeast by ultrafiltration
Authors: Huang Kai , Gao Jun‐yong , Ma Sen , Lu Jia‐jiong 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe aim of this study was to optimise the ultrafiltration process for the separation of polysaccharide and protein from spent brewer’s yeast. Influence of concentration (1.5–4.5%), pH (4.0–8.0) and operating pressure (10–20 psi) on the yield of protein and polysaccharide was assessed using response surface methodology. The optimum separation conditions were found to be concentration 2.7%, pH 5.0 and operation pressure 14.0 psi. Under these conditions, the experimental yields of protein and polysaccharide were 95.03% and 94.65%, respectively, which were agreed closely to the predicted value. The polysaccharide was composed of glucose, sucrose and trehalose in a ratio of 1.12:0.83:2.36. The results indicated that ultrafiltration technology could be an effective and advisable technique for the separation of protein and polysaccharide.
Formulation optimisation of vegetable flour‐loaded functional bread Part I: screening of vegetable flours and structuring agents
Authors: Mastromatteo Marcella , Danza Alessandra , Guida Mariangela , Del Nobile Matteo A. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThe aim of this work was to optimise durum wheat‐based functional bread loaded with vegetable flours. In particular, the screening of vegetable flours and structuring agents was performed. The per cent sensorial attributes change with respect to the durum wheat bread was calculated. Taste and appearance were the parameters that have most influenced the overall quality of the final product. In the Step 1, yellow pepper flour was chosen because of its taste highly pleasant. In fact, the per cent sensorial attributes change for this sample was about 6%. In the Step 2, different structuring agents were tested to improve the organoleptic properties of the investigated functional bread enriched with 25% of yellow pepper flour. The highest amount of vegetable flour added to the bread results in a low loaf volume, stickiness and compact crumb. A slight improvement compared with the bread sample without structuring agents was observed with 2% of guar seed flour from the appearance and crumb firmness point of view. Therefore, a further optimisation of the functional bread investigated in this work is necessary.
Decreased serum LL‐37 and vitamin D3 levels in atopic dermatitis: relationship between IL‐31 and oncostatin M
Authors: Kanda N. , Hau C. S. , Tada Y. , Sato S. , Watanabe S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundSkin lesions with atopic dermatitis (AD) are associated with dysregulated expression of LL‐37 and enhanced expression of IL‐22, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL‐25, IL‐31, and oncostatin M. Vitamin D3 enhances LL‐37 production in keratinocytes. This study aimed to examine the serum levels of LL‐37 and vitamin D3 and their regulation of cytokine production in patients with AD.MethodsSerum levels of LL‐37 and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 were analyzed by ELISA. The effects of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 or LL‐37 on cytokine production in T cells or keratinocytes were analyzed by ELISA and real‐time PCR.ResultsSerum levels of LL‐37 and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 were decreased in patients with AD compared to normal donors and were correlated in both groups. Serum levels of LL‐37 correlated with those of oncostatin M and IL‐31 in normal donors and patients with AD, while 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 levels did so only in normal donors. 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 increased LL‐37 production in human keratinocytes and neutrophils. 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 and LL‐37 enhanced the oncostatin M and IL‐31 production in CD3/28‐stimulated T cells, but did not alter IL‐25 and TSLP production in TNF‐α‐stimulated keratinocytes. In CD3/28‐stimulated T cells, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduced the IL‐22 production, while LL‐37 enhanced it. These effects of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 and LL‐37 were suppressed by vitamin D receptor antagonist and pertussis toxin, respectively.ConclusionsSystemic vitamin D3 levels are reduced in patients with AD, which may contribute to decreased systemic LL‐37 levels. LL‐37 may systemically potentiate the oncostatin M and IL‐31 production in normal donors and patients with AD, while vitamin D3 may do so only in normal donors.
What is Wrong With the Sustainability of Quinoa Production in Southern Bolivia – A Reply to Winkel et al. (2012)
Authors: Jacobsen S.‐E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWinkel et al. (2012) have written a note called ‘The sustainability of quinoa production in southern Bolivia: from misrepresentations to dubious solutions. A reply to S. Jacobsen’, which is arguing against my paper (J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197, 2011, 390). In the following, I will respond to their main points.