bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wing Folding in Lepidoptera
Authors: Sharplin Janet 
Published: December 2009

The wing folding mechanism was investigated after a detailed study of the wing base morphology had been made (Sharplin, Canad. Ent. 95: 1024; 1121). Living moths were observed with a binocular microscope equipped with a micrometer eyepiece.The first and second axillary sclerites do not move anteroposteriorly; only the distal half of the wing base is involved in wing folding. The folding muscle originates on the pleural ridge and inserts on the third axillary sclerite. The movement of the third axillary is communicated to the bases of the anterior veins through the median plates. The radial plate rotates around the ventral second axillary sclerite which lies underneath the radial bridge at point p, (Fig. 1). Bending cuticle allows the radial bridge to buckle when the wing is folded. The first median plate ( Ml ) rotates about its articulation ( f ) with the dorsal second axillary sclerite. The distal median plate (M2) passes underneath the second cubitus and is fused to the radius. This connection to the radius restricts the backward movement of the second median plate so that point e instead of following the wider arc eg of a circle with its centre at f, must follow the arc cegd drawn about pivot p. The median plates are bent upwards during wing folding and their effective length is shortened so that they can follow the shallow arc epg. When point e is in position g the posterior margin of the median plates is straight, although the anterior margin remains arched causing the median plates to be buckled, (Fig. 2).
The Lyman Entomological Museum, 1914-1964
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Moore George A. 
Published: December 2009

The following brief account of the formation and growth of the Lyman Entomological Museum, and of some of the main figures associated with it, is not intended to be complete in detail. For those readers who wish further information a list of references is included. These are not referred to in the text.Entomology began in this country, and indeed in most countries, as a direct result of the efforts and interest of amateur naturalists. The Lyman Entomological Museum began in this way. Henry Herbert Lyman was a pioneer entomologist of Canada, and although his busines commitments were extensive, he still made time to follow his primary interest, studying and collecting Lepidoptera.
The genusSchistocerca(Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Canada
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Kevan D. K. McE. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecords of captures ofSchistocercain Canada are listed from sources in literature and from specimens in collections. Synonymy of the species in question is given.S.americanaoccurs rarely in southern Ontario andS.emarginatain the southern Prairies.
Tactics of Insect Control, Particularly in Medical Entomology
Authors: Brown A. W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and notably DDT have provided means of effectively controlling mosquitoes, blackflies and insects of medical importance not only in Canada but elsewhere, and of eradicating the transmission of malaria by anophelines, the world programme for which is already successfully half completed. However resistance has developed to these insecticides in 80 species of public-health importance, including 3 in Canada. Basic studies on the physiological mechanism and mode of inheritance of resistance in Culicine mosquitoes are being performed in Canada. Among insects and mites of agricultural importance, 14 species have developed resistance in Canada, and a world total of 77. Basic studies on the mode of inheritance of cyclodiene-resistance in root maggots are being undertaken in Canada. Countermeasures against resistance include the use of synergists, non-detoxicatable analogues, and negatively-correlated compounds. Resistance usually dictates a shift from the chlorinated-hydrocarbon to the organophosphorus insectices, thus reducing the residue problem, particularly for wildlife. Alternative methods of control include the sterile-male technique, with 2 successful examples but no success yet with mosquitoes, and the use of chemosterilants, with an example of imminent success against houseflies on islands. Chemosterilants however, like bacterial toxins, are not free from the possible development of resistance by detoxication.
Strategy and Tactics of Insect Control
Authors: Chant D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe background against which decisions on control strategy and tactics are made is explained and general approaches to pest control are discussed at length. Canadian work on population dynamics that involves research on the processes that regulate numbers is reviewed. The author's conviction that this work provides the best avenue yet explored to the solution rather than temporary alleviation of pest problems is explained. A pest-control strategy for the insects attacking peach in the Niagara Peninsula, in which a logical progression of research, the assignment of priorities, and the concentration of staff and facilities on problems of major importance are advocated, is outlined. Finally, weaknesses in administrative strategy are discussed and it is suggested that the findings of basic researchers on population dynamics should be exploited more fully by parent organizations and applied more energetically by those directly charged with responsibility for insect control.
The Decision-Making Process and Insect Control
Authors: Hurtig H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe decision-making process in insect control at the practical level involves not only the complex relationships between pests and their environment, but also equally complex human relationships and values. The actions advantageous to one of our resources may be harmful to another. Ultimately, the process of decision-making, at the individual problem level, must be integrated with economic factors, public health and sociological considerations. Calculated risks must be taken, but decision-making should he based on the evaluation of data bearing on efficiency, economy and safety of use of any method, including pesticides. Integrated control as a newly repopularized concept is examined in relation to the economics of its potential application in Canada. The concept of safety of pesticide residues in food is discussed and related to “good agricultural practices.” Three operative levels of decision-making are examined; the regulatory, quarantine and pest suppression activities and the role of the local advisory committees on pest control. The author expresses concern that the current public preoccupation with establishing safeguards for pesticide use does not begin and end merely with legislative action and strengthening of enforcement agencies. A desirable parallel result likely to be overlooked would be administrative and financial support for research on how the use of pesticides may be developed in the best interests of the community as a whole.
Recent Advances in the Feeding and Nutrition of Aphids
Authors: Auclair J. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSome recent developments on aphid digestive enzymes, aphid feeding and nutrition on host-plants, and on artificial media are briefly reviewed. A chemically defined diet, on which pea aphid life and reproduction can be sustained during two successive generations, is described. An important feature of this successful chemical diet concerns its amino acid composition, which was based on that of pea aphid blood and honeydew. An artificial feeding method for aphids divorced from their host-plants should prove a valuable tool in the study of the nutritional requirements and the intermediary metabolism of these insects, as well as in determining the influence of dietary constituents on polymorphism and in relation to the phenomena of plant resistance to aphids.
Temporal Patterns of Emergence in Aquatic Insects
Authors: Corbet Philip S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn aquatic insects, emergence (ecdysis to the adult or subimaginal stage) varies widely in temporal pattern. The comparative study of this pattern is feasible and informative in orders such as Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Diptera and Trichoptera in which all members of a population pass through the water-surface when emerging. Methods by which emergence rate can be measured are discussed. Four basic temporal patterns of emergence exist. Emergence may be (1) continuous with irregular fluctuations in rate; (2) rhythmic, with a lunar period; (3) sporadic, occurring at irregular intervals of a few days; or (4) seasonal. Examples of each of these patterns are given, and reference is made to the proximate and ultimate environmental factors which may be maintaining the patterns observed. Diurnal rhythms of emergence are excluded from consideration. When emergence is restricted seasonally in temperate latitudes, the degree of its synchronization within the emergence period varies widely but is usually constant and typical for a given species. This has provided the basis for an ecological classification of British Odonata, the validity of which is examined in the light of recent research.
Some Ecological Factors Affecting the Grasshopper Populations of Western Canada
Authors: Edwards Roy L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe underlying causes of grasshopper outbreaks in Western Canada are of interest both as an academic problem in insect population dynamics and as a practical problem in modern agriculture. Grasshopper populations reach their annual low point in early July when they are in the adult stage and increase sharply in the fall at the time of oviposition. Any factor that influences the grasshoppers during this period may have a marked effect on the outbreak of the following year. The relationship between grasshopper population numbers and proceeding fall temperatures may either control grasshopper populations directly by affecting their physiology or indirectly by affecting their parasites, predators, and diseases. Studies at the University of Saskatchewan aimed at solving this problem include investigation of the microclimate to which grasshoppers are subjected under field conditions, a survey of their feeding habits as shown by crop analyses, and a study of their oviposition behaviour. On the basis of available information an attempt is being made to predict future outbreaks at least 6 months in advance.
Some Physiological Aspects of Organogenesis in the Insect Embryo
Authors: Salkeld E. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the embryo, as in the postembryonic insect, morphological development is accompanied by an increase or change in enzyme activity. The appearance of certain enzymatically active proteins in a particular tissue or organ may indicate when that tissue or organ has become functional. The time and place of appearance of several types of esterase has been determined in the tissues and organs of the developing embryo of the large milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus(Dall.). The appearance of acetylcholinesterase in the neuropile of the nervous system reflects the morphological development of this system; it may also determine the onset of functional activity. Similarly, the appearance of non-specific esterase in many tissues and organs at a definite time during their morphological development suggests a relationship between their functional differentiation and the appearance of the enzyme. Evidence for such a relationship will remain circumstantial until the physiological significance of these esterases is understood.
Trends and Needs in the Study of Insect Cold-Hardiness
Authors: Salt R. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA brief account of the history of insect cold-hardiness studies shows that interest has been sparse and sporadic, and advancement contributed by a very small number of people. Three distinct aspects of cold-hardiness research are used as examples to show their basic dependence on physico-chemical principles and consequently the preferred direction for future research.
A Comparison of Radiographic and Dissection Methods for Measuring Siricid Populations in Wood
Authors: Wickman B. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCorrelation coefficients were calculated for the estimates of insect density obtained by radiographs versus dissection, and for the estimates obtained by radiographs versus radiographic guided dissection. Estimates of numbers of siricids in white fir obtained by the two methods were closely correlated. The radiographic methods are more accurate than dissection alone, and also faster and cheaper.
Varietal Resistance of Sugar Beets to the Sugar-beet Root Aphid Pemphigus betae Doane (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Harper A. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo leaf-spot- and spider-mite-resistant varieties of sugar beets, GW 674 and GW 359, exhibited resistance to the development of populations of the sugar-beet root aphid, P. betae. GW 674 is a selection of GW 359 but has higher sugar content and greater leaf-spot resistance. Nine other varieties were susceptible to root aphid infestations.
The Search for Prey by a Web-building Spider Achaearanea tepidariorum (C. L. Koch) (Araneae, Theridiidae)
Authors: Turnbull A. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExperiments show that A. tepidariorum selects sites for web building by a series of movements that are random with respect to the distribution of its prey. If selected sites fail to yield an adequate supply of prey they are quickly abandoned. If adequate supplies of food are forthcoming at a site, random movements cease and the site is systematically searched by filling the area with web. Light plays no part in the selection of web sites, but other extrinsic features, for example air currents, play an important role.
Field Behavior of Adult Cephenemyia (Diptera: Oestridae),
Authors: Catts E. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAggregating habits and seasonal occurrence of two species of deer nasal bot flies (Cephenemyia apicata and C. jellisoni) were studied through two seasons in California. Males aggregated at upper hillside and summit stands of Castanopsis sp. and Quercus sp. rising 2-10 feet above the top of surrounding scrub vegetation. Activity began at 20 °C. air temperature and ended soon after mid-day.Intraspecific and intrageneric chasing by male flies is described and the spacing of flies at different sites is discussed. C. jellisoni males appeared to dominate males of C. apicata at these sites or, when both were present, their activities were stratified. Marked males tended to remain at a specific site throughout the day's activity.In one observed mating, the flying pair united above the aggregation site and dropped in tandem to the vegetation below. A comparative description of the internal reproductive system of female C. apicata is given.
Genetical Studies on Resistance to Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Euxesta notata (Wied.)
Authors: Telford J. N. , Brown A. W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe inheritance of dieldrin-resistance and DDT-resistance was studied in a laboratory colony of the spotted root maggot Euxesta notata collected in 1960 at Delhi, Ontario. By appropriate selection methods the colony was divided into 4 strains, namely dieldrin-resistant, dieldrin-susceptible, DDT-resistant and DDT-susceptible. Crosses made between the R and S strains showed that dieldrin-resistance segregated sharply, and was inherited as if due to a single gene allele. An excess of heterozygotes over that expected suggested a certain amount of over-dominance with respect to survival. DDT-resistance did not segregate sharply, but the results of the various crosses were in agreement with the idea that this factor, which was very slightly dominant, was due to a single gene allele. Cross-resistance data for R and S strains indicated that dieldrin-resistance and DDT-resistance were completely separate entities in this species.
Descriptions of New Lonchaeidae (Diptera). I.
Authors: McAlpine J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDescriptions are presented for 74 new Lonchaeidae as follows: Dasiops Rondani, 60 species: 37 from North America, 12 from South America, 8 from Africa, and 3 from Australia; Lamprolonchaea Bezzi, 14 species: 3 from Caroline Islds., 3 from Mariana Islds., 2 from New Hebrides Islds., 2 from Samoa, and one from each of the following: China, Fiji, India, Marshall Islds., and West Australia.
Studies on the Canadian and Alaskan Fulgoromorpha (Hemiptera): II. The Genus Megamelus Fieber (Delphacidae)
Authors: Scudder G. G. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe occurrence of the genus Megamelus Fieb. in Canada and Alaska is reviewed. Seven species are shown to be present in the area and these are described, the genitalia illustrated and distribution documented: four species are recorded in Canada for the first time. It is shown that previous records of M. notula (Germ.), M. davisi (V-D.) and M. inflatus Metc. in Canada are in error.
Setal Patterns of the Anterior Abdominal Segments of Larvae of the Geometridae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: McGuffin W. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe setal patterns of the anterior abdominal segments of first-instar and older larvae in more than 50 genera representing the six Nearctic subfamilies of Geometridae, have been examined. The significant variations in these patterns have been summarized and a key to the subfamilies is presented. Relationships within the Geometridae are discussed.
Fleas (Siphonaptera) of Manitoba Mammals
Authors: Buckner C. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA variety of wild and domestic mammals from Manitoba were examined for external parasites, and fleas were recovered from 15 species. A total of 17 species of fleas were collected, of which 10 were first records for Manitoba, one was a subspecies new to the area, and 7 were recorded from new hosts. Orchopeas leucopus and Monopsyllus wagneri were the most abundant species taken from wild animals, being found on the most abundant host, Peromyscus maniculatus. Flea populations reached a peak in late summer, and were found in greater numbers on juvenile than on older hosts, on lactating than on other adults, and on solitary than on gregarious species.
Bionomics of the Aspen Leaf Miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: Condrashoff S. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella Cham., has recently become common and very abundant in western North America, and has been authoritatively identified only from trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. Overwintered adults lay eggs on young aspen leaves in spring, and new-generation moths emerge in about two months. Only the single epidermal cell layer is mined on the upper or lower leaf surface, most of the feeding being done by the third-instar larva in about a week. Heavy attack results in defoliation by mid-summer. Activities of breeding populations are affected by temperature (50-55°F. is optimal for copulation, 54-56°F. for feeding, and 52-58°F. for oviposirion) and developmental stage of aspen leaves. Eggs are laid singly near the apex of the leaf and tend to be evenly spaced. Distribution of eggs between leaves tends to be uniform in a particular level of the tree, although more eggs are laid in the lower crown. A female moth can develop more than 40 eggs, but only about 7 are usually laid because of limited opportunities. Mortality in the larval and pupal stages is often high; population decline usually follows mortalities above 70%. Parasitism sometimes plays an important role, but the independence of population changes between broad geographic areas suggests that numbers of P. populiella may be strongly influenced by climatic factors. Population trends and damage can be assessed conveniently for large geographic areas and for specific sites by continuing studies in permanent sample plots. Expected damage may be predicted from estimates of new-generation adult populations. Because inter-tree variation exceeds intra-tree variation, more trees and fewer branches per tree should be taken to increase sampling efficiency. Also, greater precision is attained by the use of the individual leaf surface rather than the leaf as a basic sample unit.
Specificity of a Black Fly, Simulium euryadminiculum Davies, toward its Host, the Common Loon
Authors: Lowther J. K. , Wood D. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe attraction of large numbers of the ornithophilic black fly, Simulium euryadminiculum Davies, to its host, the common loon, Gavia immer (Brünnich), to the place where the loon skin had been washed, and to a dried museum skin of the loon, is described. The fly was not attracted to museum skins of a pied-billed grebe, common merganser and herring gull. The data suggest a system of olfaction in host location, probably involving volatile, air-borne substances. It is possible that the colour or pattern on the head and neck of the loon serves to attract the fly to this area of the host.
Some Nearctic Species of Grammotaulius Kol. (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: Schmid F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo new species of Grammotaulius Kol. are described from the North-West of the Nearctic region under the names alascensis and subborealis. Some observations on infra-specific variations in interrogationis Zett. are appended.
A Note on Megachile (Sayapis) pugnata pugnata Say in Trap-nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Authors: Medler J. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecords are presented on twenty nests of Megachile pugnata Say obtained from sumac stick trap-nests. These nests were distinctive as, unlike most Megachile nests, the cells were not constructed from pieces of cut leaf. Instead, the cells were made with basal and apical partitions consisting of leaf discs, chewed leaf materials and soil. Each finished nest contained an empty vestibule and had an orifice plug. The sequences of males and females, and the natural enemies of this species were determined by rearings. Females normally preceded males in the sequence of cells. The species was parasitized by Coelioxys alternata Say and Leucospis affinis Say. The mean number of cells in the nests was 3.5. There is one generation a year in Wisconsin.
Relations between Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) and Phytophagous Mites in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Putman Wm. L. , Herne D. H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn peach orchards undisturbed by pesticides and where phytophagous mites were at endemic densities, spring populations of Typhlodromus caudiglans were small and remained so during early summer until phytophagous mites, especially Aculus cornutus, began to increase. T. caudiglans reached maximal densities in September. In such orchards T. caudiglans appears to be an important factor in maintaining Panonychus ulmi at low density levels. On trees where DDT applied the previous year had caused P. ulmi to build up and which could be repopulated by T. caudiglans from neighbouring trees, the predator increased very rapidly but appeared to reach an upper limit of density fixed by intrinsic factors, possibly cannibalism. Under these conditions T. caudiglans could not bring P. ulmi to endemic densities in one season, though it appeared to slow the mite’s rate of increase and to reduce its maximal seasonal density.
Sterilization of the Carrot Rust Fly by Irradiation With Cesium137
Authors: McClanahan R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted with the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fabricius), to determine the effect of irradiation on reproduction. Irradiation of 15-day-old pupae with 1.4, 2.8 and 4.3 kiloroentgens did not adversely affect emergence. Treated females caged with normal males laid a few sterile eggs when the treatment was 1.4 kr. but none at the higher doses. Normal females caged with treated males laid a normal complement of eggs, and the per cent hatch was 10, 2 and 0 with treatments of 1.4, 2.8 and 4.3 kr., respectively. When flies of both sexes from pupae treated at 3.0 kr. were mixed with normal flies in a ratio of 6:1, the number of larvae were reduced by 93%.