bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geochemical assessment, distribution, and dynamics of trace elements in urban agricultural soils under long‐term wastewater irrigation in Kano, northern Nigeria
Authors: Abdu Nafiu , Agbenin John O. , Buerkert Andreas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the distribution and origin of trace elements (Ti, Fe, Nb, Pb, Rb, Sr, Y, and Zr) in five representative long‐term wastewater‐irrigated urban vegetable gardens of Kano, Nigeria. Surface‐soil concentrations (0–15 cm) of Ti (4600–14 300 mg kg–1), Fe (4000–31 800 mg kg–1), Pb (96–355 mg kg–1), and Y (33–98 mg kg–1) were high compared to mean concentrations in comparable soils elsewhere. However, soil‐pollution assessment yielded no evidence of anthropogenic input of the trace elements studied. Indices such as the enrichment factor, the contamination factor, and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed little to no contamination with trace elements. The Igeo calculated for these metals varied across locations between 0.00 and 0.12 with Nb having the highest Igeo value. Similarly, the contamination factor was low for all metals with the exception of Fe reaching a contamination factor of 4.2 at one location. Geochemical‐balance evaluations showed depletion of all trace elements except for Fe which was 176% higher than in a natural uncultivated and unirrigated reference soil. Correlation and factor analyses showed that all determined trace elements likely originated from the same natural sources, which probably are the soil parent material and atmospheric depositions.
A new splash cup to measure the kinetic energy of rainfall
Authors: Scholten Thomas , Geißler Christian , Goc Jacek , Kühn Peter , Wiegand Christoph 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSplash cups have long been successfully used for both the quantification of kinetic energy of rainfall and the detachability of soil particles by rainfall impact, the so‐called “splash erosion”. Measurements of kinetic energy, however, have been difficult to operate in the field especially in remote areas, on steep slopes, and in forests since boundary conditions need to be controlled precisely. This paper introduces a new splash cup based on Ellison's archetype that reliably and accurately measures kinetic energy as a function of sand loss under a large variety of conditions. The Tübingen splash cup (T splash cup) is relatively easy to operate under harsh field conditions, and it can be used in experimental designs with a large number of plots and replications at reasonably low costs. The cup is constructed from plastic laboratory flasks and plastic pipes from water‐supply equipments. The unit sand is held by a removable carrier system that can easily be replaced in the field. The splash cups have been calibrated in combination with a laser distrometer using a linear regression function with r2 = 0.98. They measure kinetic energy over a wide range of rainfall intensities from 0.6 to 40 L m–2 h–1. Kinetic energy per area varies between 10 and 250 J m–2. Two years of field test measurements in a subtropical forest ecosystem in China proved the reliability, durability, and usability of our new splash cups and allowed detecting differences in kinetic energy between different tree species and biodiversity levels.
Phase‐shaping strategies for coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering
Authors: van Rhijn A. C. W. , Jurna M. , Jafarpour A. , Herek J. L. , Offerhaus H. L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe identification of large molecules in complex environments requires probing of multiple vibrational resonances rather than a single resonance. Phase‐shaping the excitation pulses allows the coherent mixing of several resonances so that the presence of molecules can be inferred directly from the integrated output pulse energy. This avoids the need for the collection of spectra or multiple measurements. This article describes a particular implementation for coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering microscopy that uses a broadband pump and probe field in combination with a narrowband Stokes field. We numerically study the possibilities of optimizing selectivity, specificity, and sensitivity by precalculating pulse shapes using an evolutionary algorithm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Base‐induced transient isotachophoretic stacking of acidic drugs in capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Quirino Joselito P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOnline sample concentration of acidic drugs by transient isotachophoresis (t‐ITP) with the injection of a base is described in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). A positively coated capillary was conditioned with background electrolyte (ammonium acetate at pH 6). A long plug of sample solution (S) prepared in ammonium acetate was then hydrodynamically injected followed by the base (tetrapropylammonium hydroxide). A negative voltage was applied and caused the hydroxide ions from the base to penetrate the S zone and created a pH junction that swept through the S zone. The analytes stack at the junction where the mechanism of focusing was transient ITP with the acetate and hydroxide ions as leading and terminating ions, respectively. The concentrated analytes separated in co‐EOF CZE once the hydroxide was exhausted. The base stacking strategy was tested using hypolipidemic, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory, and diuretic drugs, and afforded 19–37 improvements in peak height.
One‐step separation and purification of hydrolysable tannins from Geranium wilfordii Maxim by adsorption chromatography on cross‐linked 12% agarose gel
Authors: Liu Dan , Ma Yan , Wang Ye , Su Zhiguo , Gu Ming , Janson Jan‐Christer 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe hydrolysable tannins corilagin and geraniin, the major active components of the traditional Chinese medicine Geranium wilfordii Maxim, have been separated and purified from crude extracts in one step by adsorption chromatography on cross‐linked 12% agarose gel (Superose 12 10/300 GL). The separation was achieved by gradient elution using mobile phase A composed of 5% ethanol and 5% acetic acid and mobile phase B composed of 30% ethanol and 30% acetic acid. The gradients were composed as follows: 0–240 mL, 0–25% B; 240–480 mL, 25–40% B; after 480 mL, 100% B. The purities of the collected corilagin and geraniin were 92.4 and 87.2%, and the corresponding yields were 88.0 and 76.8%, respectively.
Traumatic bereavement, acute dissociation, and posttraumatic stress: 14 years after the MS Estonia disaster
Authors: Arnberg Filip K. , Eriksson Nils‐Gustaf , Hultman Christina M. , Lundin Tom 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis prospective longitudinal study aimed to examine posttraumatic stress in survivors 14 years after a ferry disaster, and estimate short‐ and long‐term changes in stress associated with traumatic bereavement and acute dissociation. There were 852 people who perished in the disaster, 137 survived. The 51 Swedish survivors were surveyed with the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES‐R) at 3 months, 1, 3, and 14 years (response rates 82%, 65%, 51%, and 69%). Symptoms decreased from 3 months to 1 year; no change was found thereafter. After 14 years, 27% reported significant symptoms. Traumatic bereavement, but not acute dissociation, was associated with long‐term symptom elevation. Chronic posttraumatic stress can persist in a minority of survivors, and traumatic bereavement appears to hinder recovery.
Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols—Recent developments and applications. Part I: Off‐line mass spectrometry techniques
Authors: Pratt Kerri A. , Prather Kimberly A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMany of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with a fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part I of this two‐part review, we concentrate on off‐line mass spectrometry techniques, which require sample collection on filters but can provide detailed molecular speciation. In particular, off‐line mass spectrometry techniques utilizing tandem mass spectrometry experiments and high resolution mass analyzers provide improved insight into secondary organic aerosol formation and heterogeneous reaction pathways through detailed structural elucidation at the molecular level. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 31:1–16, 2012
Studying the interaction between dislocations and precipitates in a Ni‐base superalloy in the VHCF regime
Authors: Stöcker C. , Zimmermann M. , Christ H.‐J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn den letzten Jahren hat sich ein zunehmendes wissenschaftliches und technisches Interesse an dem Ermüdungsverhalten von Konstruktionswerkstoffen bei sehr hohen Lastspielzahlen (VHCF) entwickelt. Gerade im klassischen Einsatzgebiet von Nickelbasis‐Superlegierungen, dem Turbinenbau, ist von Lebensdauerforderungen auszugehen, die bis in den sogenannten Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF)‐Bereich (N > 107) hineinreichen. Am Beispiel der Nickelbasis‐Superlegierung Nimonic 80A wurde daher das Ermüdungsverhalten im VHCF‐Bereich hinsichtlich der Korrelation von Versetzungsgleitverhalten und Ausscheidungszustand (maximal ausscheidungsgehärtet sowie überaltert) untersucht. Überraschenderweise ist die ertragbare Spannungsamplitude für den überalterten Zustand im VHCF‐Bereich gegenüber dem maximal ausscheidungsgehärteten Zustand höher und damit weder aus der statischen Festigkeit noch aus dem klassischen LCF/HCF‐Ermüdungsverhalten ableitbar. Die mittels Raster‐ und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie beobachteten mikrostrukturellen Vorgänge (z.B. Gleitbandbildung an Oberflächenkörnern und Wechselwirkung Versetzungen/Ausscheidungen) liefern hierfür erste Erklärungsansätze. Eine Gegenüberstellung von Wechselverformungskurven für Spannungsamplituden im Kurzzeitfestigkeits‐ wie auch im VHCF‐Bereich verdeutlichen die Diskrepanz zwischen globalem und lokalem plastischen Verformungsanteil und den Einfluss auf die Schädigungsentwicklung des jeweiligen Lastspielzahlbereichs.
Development of UV/VIS spectrometric methodology for corrosion inhibitor residuals monitoring in oilfield brine
Authors: Doležal D. , Bolanca T. , Stefanović Š. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis work focuses on the development of UV/VIS spectrometric methodology for corrosion inhibitor residuals monitoring in oilfield brine. There is no standard method for the determination of corrosion inhibitor concentration in oilfield brine. Developed methodology can be described as a rugged and simple alternative to the sophisticate separation techniques and can be easily applied in the field. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by the analyses of three commercial products. The extensive performance characteristics test, in combination with study and quantification of measurement uncertainty, shows that developed method meets all required criteria and can be directly applied for routine monitoring purposes within quality management system conditions. Therefore, this new method was accredited by the respectable accreditation agency. Valid and reliable determination of corrosion inhibitor residuals in oilfield brine is important in order to ensure effective corrosion protection of metal construction.
Wear behavior of HPPMS deposited (Ti,Al,Si)N coating under impact loading
Authors: Bobzin K. , Bagcivan N. , Ewering M. , Theiß S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOver the last decade the interest in High Power Pulse Magnetron Sputtering (HPPMS) and High impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) has undergone a considerable increase. This is mainly due to the fact that several researchers have shown that in these processes a distinct increase of the ionization of deposition species is observable. However, there is only little known about the performance of these films with regard to applications. Recently Hovsepian et al. [1] and Bobzin et al. [2] presented cutting results of different films. Both authors show that films deposited using HPPMS or HiPIMS outperform state‐of‐the‐art coatings. Depending on the cutting process, besides hardness and adhesion also excellent impact behavior is required. Therefore this work deals with the impact behavior of (Ti,Al,Si)N which was deposited using HPPMS for the application in interrupted cutting process. The impact behavior of HPPMS coating under normal and tangential loads is analyzed. During impact tests number of impacts, loads and inclination angle of the samples with regard to the load direction are varied. (Ti,Al,Si)N shows an excellent endurance even at very high loads causing Hertzian stresses in the range of 10–13 GPa. At an inclination angle of 10° and an impact load of 100 N, which corresponds to app. 10 GPa initial Hertzian stress, no damage was observed after 800×103 impacts.
Compact and broadband tunable hybrid ring coupler using synthetic left‐ and right‐handed transmission lines
Authors: Kim Hongjoon 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this letter, we present a frequency tunable hybrid ring coupler based on the concepts of a synthetic left‐ and right‐handed transmission line.The proposed ring coupler makes use of lumped inductor‐capacitor (LC) elements to greatly reduce the circuit size; meanwhile, the frequency responses of the coupler can be tuned by direct current (DC) bias voltages. The fabricated hybrid ring coupler shows a wideband performance with an insertion loss of less than 2.5 dB from 1.7 to 3.3 GHz. For this frequency band, the isolation is maintained at more than 24 dB. When the circuit is excited to get a pair of differential signal, less than ±5° phase error is observed for the whole frequency range. This hybrid has a 78% size reduction compared to the conventional ones and achieved a 64% of fractional bandwidth at 2.5 GHz. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1379–1382, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25959
On‐board small‐size printed LTE/WWAN mobile handset antenna closely integrated with system ground plane
Authors: Chu Fang‐Hsien , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn on‐board uniplanar printed mobile handset antenna with a small size of 15 × 30 mm2 for 8‐band long term evolution/wireless wide area network (LTE/WWAN) (698–960/1710–2690 MHz) operation is presented.The antenna is a spiral monopole coupled with a long parasitic shorted strip. The spiral monopole has a length of 78 mm (about 0.25 wavelength at 950 MHz), while the shorted strip capacitively excited by the spiral monopole has a length of 125 mm (close to 0.25 wavelength at 700 MHz). The spiral monopole is encircled by the shorted strip so that the antenna has a compact configuration to fit in a small no‐ground portion at the corner of the bottom edge of the main circuit board in the mobile handset. In addition, the antenna is closely integrated with the system ground plane on the main circuit board and is spaced by a small distance of 0.5 mm to the nearby system ground plane. This leads to compact integration of the on‐board LTE/WWAN printed antenna on the main circuit board of the mobile handset. Results of the proposed antenna including its specific absorption rate and hearing aid compatibility behavior are presented and discussed. The antenna is about the smallest for the on‐board all‐printing LTE/WWAN handset antennas that have been reported for the present. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1336–1343, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25961
A highly efficient and linear inverted Doherty power amplifier with unsymmetrical delay path
Authors: Kam Sang‐Ho , Lee Mun‐Woo , Lee Yong‐Sub , Jeong Yoon‐Ha 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA highly efficient and linear inverted Doherty power amplifier (IDPA) with unsymmetrical delay path is presented. To compensate the phase difference between carrier and peaking cells, an additional offset line is inserted at the input path of the carrier cell. For verification, the IDPA with unsymmetrical delay path is implemented using two 50‐W Si LDMOSFETs and tested using a continuous wave (CW) and a one‐carrier wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) signals at 2.6 GHz. From the measured results, the proposed IDPA shows not only an increase in the gain and the power‐added efficiency, but also superior adjacent channel leakage ratios improvement. After the digital predistortion linearization, the proposed IDPA shows better improved linearity than conventional IDPA, and also meet the linearity requirement of the WCDMA signal without decreasing efficiency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1302–1305, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25962
Design of a new UWB‐integrated antenna filter with a rejected WLAN band at 5.8 GHz
Authors: Djaiz A. , Nedil M. , Habib M.A. , Denidni T. A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this article, a new ultra‐wideband (UWB)‐integrated antenna‐filter notched at HiPerLAN 5.8 GHz frequency is presented. This antenna filter system is composed of a rectangular slot fed with a microstrip rectangular patch by coupling effect and cascaded with an UWB interdigital hairpin resonator filter. The proposed components, antenna and filter, are matched with 50 Ω, to allow an easier connection, with no need to add additional matching circuit. To improve the selectivity of the antenna filter system, two wide sections of microstrip line was inserted between the input/output feed lines and the interdigital hairpin resonators of the UWB filter. To validate the proposed concept, a prototype was fabricated and tested. The experimental results are presented and discussed. The obtained results show a good agreement between experimental and full‐wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1298–1302, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25963
Fiber core size determination from power measurements in a fiber‐to‐fiber design
Authors: Golnabi H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFiber core size determination from power transmission modulation for different fibers is reported.Three different fibers are tested and power variations of lateral displacement of the second fiber are obtained (lamp, red LED). From the averaged bandwidths of the response curves the core diameter of each fiber is determined. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1225–1229, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25967
Compact low‐pass filters using novel ϕ‐shape defected ground structure
Authors: La Dong‐sheng , Lu Ying‐hua , Zhang Jin‐ling 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel ϕ‐shape defected ground structure (DGS) is proposed in this article.Low‐pass filters are designed using the ϕ‐shape DGS with H shape open stubs line. Single, two‐cascaded and three‐cascaded ϕ‐shape DGS low‐pass filters are designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. The resonant characteristic of the two‐cascaded ϕ‐shape DGS low‐pass filter shows its advantages of compact size, high selectivity, low insertion loss, and excellent passband performance. The frequency response of the three‐cascaded ϕ‐shape DGS low‐pass filter presents the advantages of compact size, high selectivity, low insertion loss, better passband performance, and high outband suppression. The measured results show a good agreement with the simulated results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1456–1459, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25968
Investigation on stimulated Brillouin scattering effect in Photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Ahmad H. , Parvizi R. , Ali N. M. , Shahabuddin N. S. , Arof H. , Harun S. W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA single wavelength ring Brillouin fiber laser (BFL) is demonstrated using a piece of Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as a gain medium.The BFL has a peak power of more than 0 dBm, a side mode suppression ratio of more than 26 dB and a BP threshold power of approximately 9.4 dBm with 100‐m long PCF. The threshold of the BFL increases with the use of shorter PCFs. The Brillouin gain coefficient was calculated to be 3.2 × 10−11 m/W using the measured BP threshold power. A figure of merit of the proposed BFL is calculated to be nearly 76 times larger than the best silica‐based configurations reported to date. The induced time delay is approximately 0.056 (ns/mW/m), which is suitable for slow light‐based applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1450–1453, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25984
Transmission line model for coupled rectangular double split‐ring resonators
Authors: Yan Lei , Tang Meng , Krozer Viktor , Zhurbenko Vitaliy , Jensen Thomas , Jiang Chenhui , Johansen Tom Keinicke 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this work, a model based on a coupled transmission line formulation is developed for microstrip rectangular double split‐ring resonators (DSRRs). This model allows using the physical dimensions of the DSRRs as an input avoiding commonly used extraction of equivalent parameters. The model includes the compensation for the different circumference of two rings and allows the prediction of higher order resonance modes of the DSRR. The advantage of the developed model in comparison to the previously developed analytical representation is that it includes the coupling effect between neighboring DSRRs, which allows for an accurate modeling of densely packed multiresonator structures. The model is verified by comparison with measured DSRRs‐loaded microstrip line performance. The developed model can be effectively used to save computation resources associated with full wave electromagnetic simulations of the DSRR structures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1311–1315, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25988
A 53–67 GHz low power and wide locking range injection‐locked frequency divider with forward body bias
Authors: Tsai Jeng‐Han , Wong Yu‐Hang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA 53–67 GHz wide locking range injection‐locked frequency divider (ILFD) has been designed and fabricated using 0.13‐μm CMOS process.By using forward body bias technique, the proposed ILFD demonstrates good performance of the wide locking range while maintaining low DC power consumption. Via a 0 dBm incident signal power, an input locking rage greater than 14 GHz (>23%) is achieved with 4 mW from supply voltage of 0.8 V. If the supply voltage further reduces to 0.6 V, the input locking rage is 6 GHz (10%) while consuming only 1.2 mW. Compared to previous reported works in high‐speed CMOS FD, the presented ILFD achieves superior figure of merit (FOM). Without extra voltage control mechanisms to increase the locking range, this FD covers whole 57–64 GHz band is suitable for integration into a 60 GHz WPAN phase‐locked loop system. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1386–1389, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25989
An electrically small Yagi antenna with enhanced bandwidth characteristics using folded cylindrical helix dipoles
Authors: Yoon Ick‐Jae , Ling Hao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn electrically small, two‐element Yagi antenna is presented.Low‐Q, folded cylindrical helix dipoles are used for the driver and the reflector element for enhanced bandwidth performance. The design is optimized, built and measured. The kr of the antenna is 0.95. The measured realized gain in the end‐fire direction is found to be 6.19 dB with a 1‐dB‐drop‐in‐realized‐gain bandwidth of 2.82%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1231–1233, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25997