bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On-axis complex-amplitude modulation for the generation of super-stable vector modes
Authors: Rodríguez-Fajardo Valeria , Arvizu Fernanda , Daza-Salgado Dayver , Perez-Garcia Benjamin , Rosales-Guzmán Carmelo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We propose a technique to generate complex vector beams with high quality and stability. Our approach relies on the combination of complex amplitude modulation (CAM) and on-axis modulation, two techniques that seem incompatible at first glance. The first one produces scalar structured light fields in phase and amplitude with high accuracy, while the second one is preferred for generating vector beams of great stability although of reduced quality. Specifically, the idea behind our technique is to send the shaped light produced by CAM co-axially with the zeroth order, rather than diffracted to the first order, as it is commonly done. We first describe our technique, explaining the generation of the hologram and experimental setup to isolate the desired vector mode, and then present experimental results that corroborate our approach. We first address the quality of the generated beams using Stokes polarimetry to reconstruct their transverse polarisation distribution, and then compare their stability against the same mode produced using a Sagnac interferometric method. Our vector beams are of good quality and remarkably stable, two qualities that we expect will appeal to the community working with vector modes.
Weighted estimates of the Bergman projection with matrix weights
Authors: Huo Zhenghui , Wick Brett 
Published: May 2024

We establish a weighted inequality for the Bergman projection with matrix weights for a class of pseudoconvex domains. We extend a result of Aleman and Constantin and obtain the following estimate for the weighted norm of

P
P

:
\[

‖
P

‖

L
2

(
Ω
,
W
)

≤
C
(

B

2

(
W
)

)

2

.

\|P\|_{L^2(\Omega ,W)}\leq C(\mathcal B_2(W))^{{2}}.

\]
Here

B

2

(
W
)

\mathcal B_2(W)

is the Bekollé–Bonami constant for the matrix weight

W
W

and

C
C

is a constant that is independent of the weight

W
W

but depends upon the dimension and the domain.
On word complexity and topological entropy of random substitution subshifts
Authors: Mitchell Andrew 
Published: May 2024

We consider word complexity and topological entropy for random substitution subshifts. In contrast to previous work, we do not assume that the underlying random substitution is compatible. We show that the subshift of a primitive random substitution has zero topological entropy if and only if it can be obtained as the subshift of a deterministic substitution, answering in the affirmative an open question of Rust and Spindeler [Indag. Math. (N.S.) 29 (2018), pp. 1131–1155]. For constant length primitive random substitutions, we develop a systematic approach to calculating the topological entropy of the associated subshift. Further, we prove lower and upper bounds that hold even without primitivity. For subshifts of non-primitive random substitutions, we show that the complexity function can exhibit features not possible in the deterministic or primitive random setting, such as intermediate growth, and provide a partial classification of the permissible complexity functions for subshifts of constant length random substitutions.
History and the Study of Religion
Authors: Stowers Stanley 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The book’s program seeks to theorize religion as a robust cross-cultural and transhistorical social entity. It argues that historians should engage with relevant sciences and uses cognitive psychology and social ontology from recent philosophical developments to implement its program. The discussions employ historical examples from several areas but especially from Roman religion, ethnographies, and above all ancient Christianity. A critical look at scholarship on these shows that “history from above” has hidden the most basic and widespread religiosity and this oversight has skewed attempts at explaining religion.
Realism and Antirealism about Religion
Authors: Stowers Stanley 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The recent study of religion has been dominated by claims that religion is not a valid cross-cultural category and that the notion consists of modern Western language and ideas thrown together without coherence. “Religion” does not exist in the world beyond language. The chapter shows how these claims have emerged from philosophical traditions of antirealism, especially skeptical empiricism and Neo-Kantianism feeding into poststructuralism. These traditions, however, have been soundly refuted in the realist philosophy that became dominant in the second half of the last century. This philosophy provides resources for treating religion as a robust social entity, a social kind.
Toward Theorizing Religion as a Social Kind
Authors: Stowers Stanley 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
How then can one theorize religion as a social kind? The relative stability of religion seen in historical examples requires cognitive conditions in a particular environment. Reigning theories of cognition have established the importance of human tendencies to easily imagine the existence of gods and other nonevident beings. I argue that these tendencies get strongly and regularly elicited in the premodern agricultural environments that dominated world populations until recently. The chapter discusses in detail relevant theories of the mind, of intuitive thinking and reasoning that play parts in this regular cognition of nonevident beings and how this gets enriched in cultures. An intuitive sense of fairness and the sense that the domestic plant and animal offspring come from these beings means that imagined exchange and reciprocal exchange lies at the heart of the kind, religion. Work especially on the ancient Mediterranean suggests that the kind can and often does divide into four subkinds: the religion of everyday social exchange, civic religion, the religion of literate experts, and the religion of experts with political power.
Social Theory
Authors: Stowers Stanley 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In order to see the epistemic and ontological potential of religion as a social kind, the researcher needs social theory that can bear the complexity implied in kinds theory. The chapter engages the work of pioneering cognitive scientists of religion and anthropologists who have oddly taken up the antirealist themes about the unreality of religion. The chapter uncovers the relevance of a key point. Religion is a social kind in history, sociology, and anthropology but not in cognitive science. Nor is it a natural kind in the latter. There is no mental module for religion. Thus, cognitive scientists must develop an appropriate social theory in addition to their cognitive work to adequately treat religion. The chapter goes on to show that this issue of a social theory that is too thin has contributed to the problems in treating religion realistically. Scholars have looked for one magic glue that would hold society together. One central notion that has been used as a magic glue is that of ritual as repetitive action and as source of social cohesion.
Concluding Arguments
Authors: Stowers Stanley 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows that kinds theory about religion greatly aids the analysis of social ontological questions such as of what did the religious social formations consist and how were they put together? The chapter considers three test cases. What is the social constitution of almsgiving, and of the external point-of-view shared by ancient philosophy and Christianity, and how does the Christian formation look when one compares ontological slices of time? The conclusion follows that the ontological analysis of the religious kinds shows once again how productive the theory is for the study of religion and for aiding a historical understanding of ancient Christianity within Mediterranean religion. The chapter thus concludes the long argument about the efficacy of the theory growing out of recent realism in philosophy that treats religion as a social kind, especially as an aid to explaining ancient Mediterranean religion.
New horizons in undergraduate geriatric medicine education
Authors: Teodorczuk Andrew , Abdool Petal S , Yap Chloe X , Fisher James M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Current projections show that between 2000 and 2050, increasing proportions of older individuals will be cared for by a smaller number of healthcare workers, which will exacerbate the existing challenges faced by those who support this patient demographic. This review of a collection of Age and Ageing papers on the topic in the past 10 years explores (1) what best practice geriatrics education is and (2) how careers in geriatrics could be made more appealing to improve recruitment and retention. Based on these deeper understandings, we consider, as clinician educators, how to close the gap both pragmatically and theoretically. We point out paradigm shifting solutions that include innovations at the Undergraduate level, use of simulation, incorporation of learner and patient perspectives, upskilling professionals outside of Geriatrics and integration of practice across disciplines through Interprofessional Learning. We also identify an education research methodological gap. Specifically, there is an abundance of simple descriptive or justification studies but few clarification education studies; the latter are essential to develop fresh insights into how Undergraduate students can learn more effectively to meet the needs of the global ageing challenge. A case of improving understanding in delirium education is presented as an illustrative example of a new approach to exploring at greater depth education and outlines suggested directions for the future.
Diurnal predators in dim light: the ability of mantids to prey for supper
Authors: Kuang Yuan , Wang Leyun 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Many insects rely heavily on visual cues in foraging and other life activities. Mantids are insect predators that usually ambush prey. The sophisticated visual system of mantids allows them to spot, track, and strike at prey with high accuracy. Mantids are categorized as diurnal animals in most cases, while our field observations suggested that they were active in foraging both day and night. Therefore, we hypothesize that predation in dim light is possible for mantids, while mantids are unable to capture prey in complete darkness. In this study, we experimentally examined whether different light conditions could affect the predation success and efficiency of mantid nymphs and adults, Hierodula chinensis Werner (Mantodea: Mantidae), through behavioral observations. Individual mantids were placed in individual chambers in complete darkness, simulated moonlight (0.1 lux), or simulated dusk (50 lux) conditions and were allowed to forage for prey items for 10 min. Our observations showed no evidence that H. chinensis could capture any prey in complete deprivation of light. The proportion of nymphs with successful predation in simulated moonlight was 50% higher than that in complete darkness and 45.83% lower than that in simulated dusk. The proportion of adults with successful predation in simulated moonlight was 42.11% higher than that in complete darkness and 57.89% lower than that in simulated dusk. Overall, the results provide new insights into the behavioral ecology of diurnal predators at night, with potential association with moonlight, starlight, and light pollution.
A matching pursuit approach to the geophysical inverse problem of seismic traveltime tomography under the ray theory approximation
Authors: Schneider N , Michel V , Sigloch K , Totten E J 
Published: May 2024

SUMMARYSeismic traveltime tomography is a geophysical imaging method to infer the 3-D interior structure of the solid Earth. Most commonly formulated as a linearized inverse problem, it maps differences between observed and expected wave traveltimes to interior regions where waves propagate faster or slower than the expected average. The Earth’s interior is typically parametrized by a single kind of localized basis function. Here we present an alternative approach that uses matching pursuits on large dictionaries of basis functions.Within the past decade the (Learning) Inverse Problem Matching Pursuits [(L)IPMPs] have been developed. They combine global and local trial functions. An approximation is built in a so-called best basis, chosen iteratively from an intentionally overcomplete set or dictionary. In each iteration, the choice for the next best basis element reduces the Tikhonov–Phillips functional. This is in contrast to classical methods that use either global or local basis functions. The LIPMPs have proven their applicability in inverse problems like the downward continuation of the gravitational potential as well as the MEG-/EEG-problem from medical imaging. Here, we remodel the Learning Regularized Functional Matching Pursuit (LRFMP), which is one of the LIPMPs, for traveltime tomography in a ray theoretical setting. In particular, we introduce the operator, some possible trial functions and the regularization. We show a numerical proof of concept for artificial traveltime delays obtained from a contrived model for velocity differences. The corresponding code is available online.
Insect Flight Energetics and the Evolution of Size, Form, and Function
Authors: Darveau Charles-A 
Published: May 2024

Synopsis
Flying insects vary greatly in body size and wing proportions, significantly impacting their flight energetics. Generally, the larger the insect, the slower its flight wingbeat frequency. However, variation in frequency is also explained by differences in wing proportions, where larger-winged insects tend to have lower frequencies. These associations affect the energy required for flight. The correlated evolution of flight form and function can be further defined using a lineage of closely related bee species varying in body mass. The decline in flight wingbeat frequency with increasing size is paralleled by the flight mass-specific metabolic rate. The specific scaling exponents observed can be predicted from the wing area allometry, where a greater increase (hyperallometry) leads to a more pronounced effect on flight energetics, and hypoallometry can lead to no change in frequency and metabolic rate across species. The metabolic properties of the flight muscles also vary with body mass and wing proportions, as observed from the activity of glycolytic enzymes and the phospholipid compositions of muscle tissue, connecting morphological differences with muscle metabolic properties. The evolutionary scaling observed across species is recapitulated within species. The static allometry observed within the bumblebee Bombus impatiens, where the wing area is proportional and isometric, affects wingbeat frequency and metabolic rate, which is predicted to decrease with an increase in size. Intraspecific variation in flight muscle tissue properties is also related to flight metabolic rate. The role of developmental processes and phenotypic plasticity in explaining intraspecific differences is central to our understanding of flight energetics. These studies provide a framework where static allometry observed within species gives rise to evolutionary allometry, connecting the evolution of size, form, and function associated with insect flight.
A stochastic volatility model for the valuation of temperature derivatives
Authors: Alfonsi Aurélien , Vadillo Nerea 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Accepted by: Konstantinos Nikolopoulos
This paper develops a new stochastic volatility model for the average daily temperature. It is a natural extension of a Gaussian model in which the temperature returns to a seasonal trend with a deterministic time-dependent volatility. The new model allows to be more conservative regarding extreme events while keeping tractability. We give a method based on conditional least squares to estimate the parameters on daily data and estimate our model on eight major European cities. We then show how to calculate efficiently the average payoff of weather derivatives both by Monte-Carlo and Fourier transform techniques. This new model allows to better assess the risk related to temperature volatility.
Rhizobium determinants of rhizosphere persistence and root colonization
Authors: Knights Hayley E , Ramachandran Vinoy K , Jorrin Beatriz , Ledermann Raphael , Parsons Jack D , Aroney Samuel T N , Poole Philip S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bacterial persistence in the rhizosphere and colonization of root niches are critical for the establishment of many beneficial plant–bacteria interactions including those between Rhizobium leguminosarum and its host legumes. Despite this, most studies on R. leguminosarum have focused on its symbiotic lifestyle as an endosymbiont in root nodules. Here, we use random barcode transposon sequencing to assay gene contributions of R. leguminosarum during competitive growth in the rhizosphere and colonization of various plant species. This facilitated the identification of 189 genes commonly required for growth in diverse plant rhizospheres, mutation of 111 of which also affected subsequent root colonization (rhizosphere progressive), and a further 119 genes necessary for colonization. Common determinants reveal a need to synthesize essential compounds (amino acids, ribonucleotides, and cofactors), adapt metabolic function, respond to external stimuli, and withstand various stresses (such as changes in osmolarity). Additionally, chemotaxis and flagella-mediated motility are prerequisites for root colonization. Many genes showed plant-specific dependencies highlighting significant adaptation to different plant species. This work provides a greater understanding of factors promoting rhizosphere fitness and root colonization in plant-beneficial bacteria, facilitating their exploitation for agricultural benefit.
Emergent antibiotic persistence in a spatially structured synthetic microbial mutualism
Authors: Xiong Xianyi , Othmer Hans G , Harcombe William R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Antibiotic persistence (heterotolerance) allows a subpopulation of bacteria to survive antibiotic-induced killing and contributes to the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Although bacteria typically live in microbial communities with complex ecological interactions, little is known about how microbial ecology affects antibiotic persistence. Here, we demonstrated within a synthetic two-species microbial mutualism of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica that the combination of cross-feeding and community spatial structure can emergently cause high antibiotic persistence in bacteria by increasing the cell-to-cell heterogeneity. Tracking ampicillin-induced death for bacteria on agar surfaces, we found that E. coli forms up to 55 times more antibiotic persisters in the cross-feeding coculture than in monoculture. This high persistence could not be explained solely by the presence of S. enterica, the presence of cross-feeding, average nutrient starvation, or spontaneous resistant mutations. Time-series fluorescent microscopy revealed increased cell-to-cell variation in E. coli lag time in the mutualistic co-culture. Furthermore, we discovered that an E. coli cell can survive antibiotic killing if the nearby S. enterica cells on which it relies die first. In conclusion, we showed that the high antibiotic persistence phenotype can be an emergent phenomenon caused by a combination of cross-feeding and spatial structure. Our work highlights the importance of considering spatially structured interactions during antibiotic treatment and understanding microbial community resilience more broadly.
Distinct life cycle stages of an ectosymbiotic DPANN archaeon
Authors: Gaisin Vasil A , van Wolferen Marleen , Albers Sonja-Verena , Pilhofer Martin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
DPANN archaea are a diverse group of microorganisms that are thought to rely on an ectosymbiotic lifestyle; however, the cell biology of these cell–cell interactions remains largely unknown. We applied live-cell imaging and cryo-electron tomography to the DPANN archaeon Nanobdella aerobiophila and its host, revealing two distinct life cycle stages. Free cells possess archaella and are motile. Ectobiotic cells are intimately linked with the host through an elaborate attachment organelle. Our data suggest that free cells may actively seek a new host, while the ectobiotic state is adapted to mediate intricate interaction with the host.
Identification of long non-coding RNAs in response to microsporidia infection in Silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Pu Shiqi , Fang Yujia , Yang Yuhang , Qu Qingsheng , Liu Mengjin , Lian Jialin , Tang Xudong , Shen Zhongyuan , Qian Ping 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Microsporidia Nosema bombycis (Nb) is a cellular parasite responsible for pébrine disease in silkworms, significantly impacting the sericulture industry. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are RNA fragments longer than 200 nucleotides, are pivotal in a range of cellular and physiological functions. However, the potential role of silkworm lncRNAs in response to Nb infection remains unknown. This study conducted transcriptome sequencing on both larvae and Nb-infected midguts of silkworms, identifying 1,440 lncRNAs across all examined midgut samples. Within the Nb-infected group, 42 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) and 305 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) were detected. Functional annotation and pathway analysis showed that these DEmRNAs are mostly involved in metabolism, apoptosis, autophagy, and other key pathways. The co-expression network of DEmRNAs and DElncRNAs illustrates that 1 gene could be regulated by multiple lncRNAs and 1 lncRNA may target multiple genes, indicating that the regulation of lncRNA is intricate and networked. In addition, the DElncRNA-miRNA-mRNA network showed that some DElncRNAs may be involved in the immune response and metabolism through miRNA. Notably, the study observed an increase in lncRNA MSTRG857.1 following Nb infection, which may promote Nb proliferation. These findings offer insights into the complex interplay between insects and microsporidia.
Information Technology, Improved Access, and Use of Prescription Drugs
Authors: Böckerman Petri , Kortelainen Mika , Laine Liisa T , Nurminen Mikko , Saxell Tanja 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We estimate the effects of health information technology designed to improve access to medication while limiting overuse through easier prescription renewal and improved information provision. We focus on benzodiazepines, a commonly prescribed class of mental health and insomnia medications, which are highly effective but potentially addictive. We study the staggered rollout of a nationwide electronic prescribing system over four years in Finland and use population-wide, individual-level administrative data sets. We find that e-prescribing increases average benzodiazepine use due to increased prescription renewals. The increase is most pronounced for younger patients. E-prescribing can improve the health of elderly patients and may help to balance the access-overuse trade-off. Without additional monitoring for addiction in place, it may, however, also have unintended health consequences for younger patients, who are more likely to develop mental and behavioral health disorders.