bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological and behavioural effects of intradermal injection of sodium lauryl sulfate as an alternative to mulesing in lambs
Authors: Colditz IG , Paull DR , Lee C , Fisher AD 
Published: November 2010

Objective  To assess the effects on physiology and behaviour of intradermal injection of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as an alternative to mulesing.Procedures  Three groups of Merino lambs were studied: Control (n = 10), SLS (n = 11) and Mulesed (n = 11). The SLS group received SLS (7% w/v) and benzyl alcohol (20 mg/mL) in phosphate buffer, and the Mulesed group received 6 mL topical local anaesthetic as a wound dressing. Haematology, cortisol, beta‐endorphin and haptoglobin concentrations, rectal temperatures, body weight and behaviours were monitored for up to 42 days post treatments.Results  SLS treatment induced mild swelling followed by thin scab formation. Fever (>40°C) was observed at 12 and 24 h, cortisol concentration was elevated on days 1 and 2, haptoglobin concentration was highly elevated on days 2–7, white blood cell count was elevated on days 2 and 4 post treatment, but average daily gain was not affected. Fever at 12 h was significantly higher in the SLS than in the Mulesed group, whereas maximum temperature, temperature area under the curve (AUC), occurrence of fever, cortisol profile, cortisol AUC, white blood cell counts and haptoglobin concentrations until day 7 were comparable. The behaviours of normal standing, total standing and total lying were modified for 2 days by SLS treatment, but changes were less marked and of shorter duration than in the Mulesed group. On day 1, the SLS group spent <5% of time in total abnormal behaviours compared with 18% in the Mulesed group. The SLS group tended to spend more time in abnormal behaviours on day 1 than the Controls.Conclusions  The behaviour of the SLS group was similar to that of the unmulesed Controls and their physiological responses were intermediate between the Mulesed lambs receiving post‐surgical analgesia and the Controls.
Die Russische Föderation im Zeichen der demografischen Krise: Alterung und Maßnahmen zur sozialen Sicherheit
Authors: Eberstadt Nicholas , Groth Hans 
Published: November 2010

AuszugDieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der demografischen Krise in der Russischen Föderation und ihren Auswirkungen auf die Kapazitäten der russischen Regierung (bzw. der russischen Bevölkerung und deren Eigenanstrengungen in dieser Beziehung), ausreichende Mittel für eine angemessene wirtschaftliche Absicherung im Alter bereitzustellen. Obwohl die Gesamtstruktur der russischen Bevölkerung heute und in den kommenden Jahrzehnten jener anderer relativ weit entwickelter Gesellschaften entspricht, sind die Probleme der Versorgung einer alternden Bevölkerung in Russland erheblich schärfer, als dies in den Mitgliedsstaaten der Organisation für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (OECD) typischerweise der Fall ist. Ein Faktor, der diese Probleme erheblich vergrößert, ist der Umstand, dass Russen im erwerbsfähigen Alter heute einen deutlich schlechteren Gesundheitszustand und höhere Mortalitätsraten aufweisen als die Einwohner von Ländern mit einem ähnlichen — und sogar solchen mit einem erheblich niedrigeren — Einkommensniveau. Obwohl unsere Ausführungen sich auf die Renten konzentrieren, werden die gleichen Faktoren, die eine angemessene Rentenversorgung erschweren, auch andere Zweige des Sozialschutzes beeinträchtigen. Eine erfolgreiche Politik im Bereich der sozialen Sicherheit in Russland hängt daher nicht allein von den Sozialsystemen ab: Sie erfordert eine Senkung der Mortalitätsraten bei Menschen im arbeitsfähigen Alter, eine Revitalisierung des höheren Erziehungssystems sowie grundlegende Reformen der Institutionen des Landes und der Wirtschaftspolitik.
Sozialschutz für Migranten: Herausforderungen im Zuge sich verändernder Migrationsströme
Authors: Sabates‐Wheeler Rachel , Koettl Johannes 
Published: November 2010

AuszugBeim Zugang zum Sozialschutz gibt es erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen internationalen Migranten. Dieser Beitrag konzentriert sich auf die Frage der einkommensabhängigen Beiträge zu Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit und ihre (häufig) fehlende Übertragbarkeit über Ländergrenzen hinweg — ein Problem, das vor allem Migranten zwischen den Ländern des Südens betrifft. Aufmerksamkeit verdient in diesem Zusammenhang der Umstand, dass in vielen Ländern mit niedrigen Einkommen die fehlenden Verwaltungskapazitäten für den Betrieb von Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit häufig das größere Problem sind als die Übertragbarkeit potenziell erworbener Ansprüche auf Geldleistungen, die diese Systeme gewähren. Gewöhnlich beeinträchtigt die Gegebenheit, dass es für Migranten nicht möglich ist, von den im Heimatland bestehenden Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit und von jenen des Gastlandes zu profitieren, die Wohlfahrt und Sicherheit der Auswanderer und ihrer Familien erheblich. Der vorliegende Beitrag kommt zu dem Schluss, dass die Migration zwischen südlichen Ländern sich deutlich von jener zwischen nördlichen Ländern unterscheidet, wo Sozialschutzfragen viel leichter geregelt werden.
Histamine Pharmacology and New CNS Drug Targets
Authors: Tiligada Ekaterini , Kyriakidis Konstantinos , Chazot Paul L. , Passani M. Beatrice 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYDuring the last decade, the identification of a number of novel drug targets led to the development of promising new compounds which are currently under evaluation for their therapeutic prospective in CNS related disorders. Besides the established pleiotropic regulatory functions in the periphery, the interest in the potential homeostatic role of histamine in the brain was revived following the identification of H3 and H4 receptors some years ago. Complementing classical CNS pharmacology, the development of selective histamine receptor agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists provides the lead for the potential exploitation of the histaminergic system in the treatment of brain pathologies. Although no CNS disease entity has been associated directly to brain histamine dysfunction until now, the H3 receptor is recognized as a drug target for neuropathic pain, sleep‐wake disorders, including narcolepsy, and cognitive impairment associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, or Parkinson's disease, while the first H3 receptor ligands have already entered phase I–III clinical trials. Interestingly, the localization of the immunomodulatory H4 receptor in the nervous system exposes attractive perspectives for the therapeutic exploitation of this new drug target in neuroimmunopharmacology. This review focuses on a concise presentation of the current “translational research” approach that exploits the latest advances in histamine pharmacology for the development of beneficial drug targets for the treatment of neuronal disorders, such as neuropathic pain, cognitive, and sleep‐wake pathologies. Furthermore, the role of the brain histaminergic system(s) in neuroprotection and neuroimmunology/inflammation remains a challenging research area that is currently under consideration.
Sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma of the chest wall
Authors: Chang Sunhee , Joo Mee , Hanseong Kim , Ryoo Ji Yun , Kim Yeon Soo , Lee Sung‐Soon , Ro Jae Yun 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTSclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma is an unusual variant of fibrosarcoma composed of epithelioid cells arranged in strands and nests in the background of a highly sclerotic collagenous stroma. Despite the relatively bland appearance and low mitotic activity, the tumor is capable of local recurrence and distant metastasis. We report a case of sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma arising from the chest wall in a 26‐year‐old man. Microscopically, the tumor showed proliferation of round, oval, or angulated tumor cells in the sclerotic collagenous stroma. The tumor cells were small to medium in size, had pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and were arranged in cords, strands, and clusters. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for vimentin, but negative for pan‐cytokeratin, S100 protein, human melanoma black 45, CD34, smooth muscle actin, and desmin. The tumor cells showed paranuclear dot‐like staining for beta‐catenin on immunostaining, but no nuclear staining was observed. The patient is alive 13 months after surgery.
Dissemination and Systemic Colonization of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in a Murine Model of Bacteremia
Authors: Smith Sara N. , Hagan Erin C. , Lane M. Chelsea , Mobley Harry L. T. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Infection with uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC), the causative agent of most uncomplicated urinary tract infections, proceeds in an ascending manner and, if left untreated, may result in bacteremia and urosepsis. To examine the fate of UPEC after its entry into the bloodstream, we developed a murine model of sublethal bacteremia. CBA/J mice were inoculated intravenously with 1 × 10
6
CFU of pyelonephritis strain
E. coli
CFT073 carrying a bioluminescent reporter. Biophotonic imaging, used to monitor the infection over 48 h, demonstrated that the bacteria disseminated systemically and appeared to localize at discrete sites. UPEC was recovered from the spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, brain, and intestines as early as 20 min postinoculation, peaking at 24 h postinoculation. A nonpathogenic
E. coli
K-12 strain, however, disseminated at significantly lower levels (
P
< 0.01) and was cleared from the liver and cecum by 24 h postinoculation. Isogenic mutants lacking type 1 fimbriae, P fimbriae, capsule, TonB, the heme receptors Hma and ChuA, or particularly the sialic acid catabolism enzyme NanA were significantly outcompeted by wild-type CFT073 during bacteremia (
P
< 0.05), while flagellin and hemolysin mutants were not.

IMPORTANCE
E. coli
is the primary cause of urinary tract infections. In severe cases of kidney infection, bacteria can enter the bloodstream and cause systemic disease. While the ability of
E. coli
to cause urinary tract infection has been extensively studied, the fate of these bacteria once they enter the bloodstream is largely unknown. Here we used an imaging technique to develop a mouse model of
E. coli
bloodstream infection and identify bacterial genes that are important for the bacteria to spread to and infect various organs. Understanding how urinary tract pathogens like
E. coli
cause disease after they enter the bloodstream may aid in the development of protective and therapeutic treatments.
Occurrence of injuries and illnesses during the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Championships
Authors: Alonso Juan-Manuel , Tscholl Philippe M , Engebretsen Lars , Mountjoy Margo , Dvorak Jiri , Junge Astrid 
Published: November 2010

ObjectiveTo analyse the frequency and characteristics of sports injuries and illnesses incurred during the World Athletics Championships.DesignProspective recording of newly occurred injuries and illnesses.SettingTwelfth International Association of Athletics Federations World Championships in Athletics 2009 in Berlin, Germany.ParticipantsNational team physicians and physiotherapists and 1979 accredited athletes; Local Organising Committee physicians working in the Medical Centres.Main outcome measuresIncidence and characteristics of newly incurred injuries and illnesses.Results236 injury incidents with 262 injured body parts and 269 different injury types were reported, representing an incidence of 135.4 injuries per 1000 registered athletes. Eighty percent affected the lower extremity. Thigh strain (13.8%) was the main diagnosis. Overuse (44.1%) was the predominant cause. Most injuries were incurred during competition (85.9%). About 43.8% of all injury events were expected to result in time-loss. 135 illnesses were reported, signifying an incidence of 68.2 per 1000 registered athletes. Upper respiratory tract infection was the most common condition (30.4%) and infection was the most frequent cause (32.6%). The incidence of injury and illnesses varied substantially among the events.ConclusionThe risk of injury varied with each discipline. Preventive measures should be specific and focused on minimising the potential for overuse. Attention should be paid to ensure adequate rehabilitation of previous injuries. The addition of the illness part to the injury surveillance system proved to be feasible. As most illnesses were caused by infection of the respiratory tract or were environmentally related, preventive interventions should focus on decreasing the risk of transmission, appropriate event scheduling and heat acclimatisation.
What do our patients understand about their trial participation? Assessing patients' understanding of their informed consent consultation about randomised clinical trials
Authors: Behrendt C , Gölz T , Roesler C , Bertz H , Wünsch A 
Published: November 2010

BackgroundEthically, informed consent regarding randomised controlled trials (RCTs) should be understandable to patients. The patients can then give free consent or decline to participate in a RCT. Little is known about what patients really understand in consultations about RCTs.MethodsCancer patients who were asked to participate in a randomised trial were surveyed using a semi-standardised interview developed by the authors. The interview addresses understanding, satisfaction and needs of the patients. The sample included eight patients who participated in a trial and two who declined. The data were analysed on the basis of Mayring's qualitative analysis.ResultsPatients' understanding of informed consent was less developed than anticipated, especially concerning key elements such as randomisation, content and procedure of RCTs. Analysing the result about satisfaction of the patients, most of the patients described their consultations as hectic and without advance notice. Health limitations due to cancer played a decisive role. However, most of the patients perceived their physician to be sympathetic. Analysing the needs of patients, they ask for a clear informed consent consultation with enough time and adequate advance notice.ConclusionThis study fills an important empirical research gap of what is ethically demanded in an RCT consultation and what is really understood by patients. The qualitative approach enabled us to obtain new results about cancer patients' understanding of informed consent, to clarify patients' needs and to develop new ideas to optimise the informed consent.
Reporting standards for angioplasty and stent-assisted angioplasty for intracranial atherosclerosis
Authors: Schumacher H Christian , Meyers Philip M , Higashida Randall T , Derdeyn Colin P , Lavine Sean D , Nesbit Gary M , Sacks David , Rasmussen Peter , Wechsler Lawrence R 
Published: November 2010

Background and purposeIntracranial cerebral atherosclerosis causes ischemic stroke in a significant number of patients. Technological advances over the past 10 years have enabled endovascular treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. The number of patients treated with angioplasty or stent-assisted angioplasty for this condition is increasing. Given the lack of universally accepted definitions, the goal of this document is to provide consensus recommendations for reporting standards, terminology, and written definitions when reporting clinical and radiological evaluation, technique, and outcome of endovascular treatment using angioplasty or stent-assisted angioplasty for stenotic and occlusive intracranial atherosclerosis.Summary of reportThis article was written under the auspices of Joint Writing Group of the Technology Assessment Committee, Society of Neurolnterventional Surgery, Society of Interventional Radiology; Joint Section on Cerebro-vascular Neurosurgery of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons; and the Section of Stroke and Interventional Neurology of the American Academy of Neurology. A computerized search of the National Library of Medicine database of literature (PubMed) from January 1997 to December 2007 was conducted with the goal to identify published endovascular cerebrovascular interventional data in stenotic intracranial atherosclerosis that could be used as benchmarks for quality assessment. We sought to identify those risk adjustment variables that affect the likelihood of success and complications. This document offers the rationale for different clinical and technical considerations that may be important during the design of clinical trials for endovascular treatment of intracranial stenotic and occlusive atherosclerosis. Included in this guidance document are suggestions for uniform reporting standards for such trials. These definitions and standards are primarily intended for research purposes; however, they should also be helpful in clinical practice and applicable to all publications.ConclusionIn summary, the definitions proposed represent recommendations for constructing useful research data sets. The intent is to facilitate production of scientifically rigorous results capable of reliable comparisons between and among similar studies. In some cases, the definitions contained here are recommended by consensus of a panel of experts in this writing group for consistency in reporting and publication. These definitions should allow different groups to publish results that are directly comparable.
Endosaccular treatment of 113 cavernous carotid artery aneurysms
Authors: Choulakian Armen , Drazin Doniel , Alexander Michael J 
Published: November 2010

ObjectiveCavernous carotid aneurysms (CCAs) can present with visual symptoms or with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). As surgical treatment of these aneurysms can be technically challenging, endovascular management has emerged as the preferred treatment modality.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of 113 patients who underwent endosaccular treatment for CCAs. Presenting symptoms, aneurysm size, use of stent assistance, rate of thromboembolic complications, presence of SAH and angiographic follow-up were reviewed.Results29 patients (26%) with CCAs presented with diplopia due to cranial nerve palsies. Mean aneurysm size in this group was 17 mm. Three patients (2.6%) presented with SAH with a mean aneurysm size of 15.3 mm. Mean length of stay for ruptured versus non-ruptured aneurysms was 11.7 and 1.7 days, respectively. Clinically significant thromboembolic complications occurred in four cases (3.5%). Stent assistance was required in 53 cases (47%). Of the 86 patients (76%) returning for follow-up angiography (mean 6.2 months), 58 (75%) had no residual aneurysm and 14 (12%) showed regrowth. Thirteen patients (11.5%) underwent repeat endovascular treatment.ConclusionsCCAs commonly produce diplopia and cranial nerve palsies when a critical size is reached (mean 17 mm in our series). Aneurysm obliteration with internal carotid artery preservation is the preferred treatment modality and can be accomplished with coil embolization with or without stent assistance. Although recurrence and retreatment can occur, the thromboembolic risk of endovascular treatment is low. Consideration should be given to treatment of asymptomatic CCAs 15 mm or larger due to potential risks of cranial neuropathy and SAH.
Expression and Functional Significance of HtrA1 Loss in Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Mullany Sally A. , Moslemi-Kebria Mehdi , Rattan Ramandeep , Khurana Ashwani , Clayton Amy , Ota Takayo , Mariani Andrea , Podratz Karl C. , Chien Jeremy , Shridhar Viji 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if loss of serine protease HtrA1 in endometrial cancer will promote the invasive potential of EC cell lines.Experimental design: Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry methods were used to determine HtrA1 expression in EC cell lines and primary tumors, respectively. Migration, invasion assays and in vivo xenograft experiment were performed to compare the extent of metastasis between HtrA1 expressing and HtrA1 knocked down clones.Results: Western blot analysis of HtrA1 in 13 EC cell lines revealed complete loss of HtrA1 expression in all seven papillary serous EC cell lines. Downregulation of HtrA1 in Hec1A and Hec1B cell lines resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the invasive potential. Exogenous expression of HtrA1 in Ark1 and Ark2 cells resulted in three- to fourfold decrease in both invasive and migration potential of these cells. There was an increased rate of metastasis to the lungs associated with HtrA1 downregulation in Hec1B cells compared to control cells with endogenous HtrA1 expression. Enhanced expression of HtrA1 in Ark2 cells resulted in significantly less tumor nodules metastasizing to the lungs compared to parental or protease deficient (SA mutant) Ark2 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed 57% (105/184) of primary EC tumors had low HtrA1 expression. The association of low HtrA1 expression with high-grade endometrioid tumors was statistically significant (P = 0.016).Conclusions: Collectively, these data indicate loss of HtrA1 may contribute to the aggressiveness and metastatic ability of endometrial tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 17(3); 427–36. ©2010 AACR.
Target vessel reopening by guidewire insertion in ST-elevation myocardial infarction is a predictor of final TIMI flow and survival
Authors: Adlbrecht Christopher , Distelmaier Klaus , Gündüz Duygu , Redwan Bassam , Plass Christian , Bonderman Diana , Kaider Alexandra , Christ Günter , Lang Irene 
Published: November 2010

SummaryST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) results from acute thrombotic obstruction of a coronary artery. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the treatment of choice to restore blood flow. The incidence of guidewire-induced reopening of the infarct-related coronary artery (IRA) and its association with post-procedural TIMI flow and long-term mortality were assessed. Angiograms of consecutive STEMI patients admitted to the catheter laboratory of the Medical University of Vienna between January 2003 and December 2005 were analysed. TIMI flow was graded prior to and after guidewire insertion into the distality of the IRA, and at the end of the procedure. Initial TIMI 0 flow was present in 476 (47.0%) of 1,012 cases. Target vessel reopening after guidewire insertion defined as any flow >TIMI 0 flow occurred in 150 patients (37.2%), and was associated with improved survival after a median of 914 (609–1,238) days (p=0.017). Reflow after guidewire insertion was an independent predictor of post-procedural TIMI flow (odds ratio=3.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.64 – 5.86], p<0.001) and mortality (hazard ratio=0.51, CI=0.28 – 0.94], p=0.029). Target vessel reopening by guidewire insertion is a new predictor of prognosis. Target vessel flow after guidewire insertion should be assessed in a standardised fashion during PCI.