bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Achieving Sustainable Incident-Free Operations through Managing the Human Factor: A Success Story of Applying E-Colors
Authors: Barakat Eli R. , Barber Jonathan C. , Wood Jeff S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Safety professionals have often linked safe or less-than-safe behaviours to human character, but never to personality.
If we examine behaviours in this context, we often see that reactions are dictated by personality, whereas it is character that determines response. Studies and surveys conducted on over 20,000 people (also presented in SPE paper 95346-PP) concluded that individuals with different personalities - the Socializer (Yellow), the Director (Red), the Thinker (Green) and the Relater (Blue) - recognize and react to hazards in various ways. These personality types are referred to as "E-Colors".
The cause of injuries differs with each of the personalities as risk mitigation, stop work authority, and how one can become injured, are recognized from different perspectives; for example, the Socializer, who optimistically focuses on people and the big picture, could become injured by jumping in to help others, or miss details associated with pre-planning or a task itself. In comparison, the Director who, typically, is results- and goal-oriented, can become injured through self-induced time pressure, or allowing calculated risks to be taken in order to complete the task.
Chevron Global Drilling and Completions developed a partnership with Equilibria, who has further developed some of the basic concepts of personality indicators to enhance effective communication, applied leadership, personal and team development, and risk awareness and mitigation. This partnership was formed following a series of incidents that occurred in Nigeria in 2003 on the Sedco Energy SemiSubmersible Drilling rig.
The safety metrics before introducing E-Colors, and trends after, are a clear indicator of the effectiveness of this technique. This has encouraged Chevron Drilling and Completions to begin global implementation, working with Chevron personnel and business partners worldwide through workshops and on-site coaching. The goal is to effectively arm them with, not only the knowledge of the tangible hazards present on each job, but also the intangible hazards that are demonstrated by the E-Colors Equilibria Experience.
4D Reservoir Monitoring and Characterizing of Marimbá Field, Offshore Brazil
Authors: Lima K. T. , Reis V. M. , Malagutti S. R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Understanding saturation and pore-pressure changes is a decisive factor to improve the reservoir monitoring, especially in mature fields. In this paper, we used two 4D data, 1984-1999 and 1999-2005 to the monitoring of Marimbá Field reservoirs offshore Brazil. Its oil production started in 1985 and remains until nowadays. Time-lapse seismic data on this field have been successfully used since 2007 to understand the fluid behavior and identify bypassed oil areas and had helped in decision making, such as drilling development wells on an undrained area or understanding of water saturation increase in wells. Initially it was made a 4D seismic modeling to help interpretation of time-lapse anomalies seen in the field, which suggests that it may be possible to discriminate between oil sands and brine sands both in 3D and 4D data. The two 4Ds data were interpreted, generating important decisions for the field, avoiding expenses with wells positioned in areas already drained. Further, water production diagnostic plots were analysed in order to obtain a quality control for the 4D seismic interpretation, comparing the geological aspects indicated by each method. Following the reservoir strategy for the field, in the last years several wells restorations were accomplished. It consists in the abandonment of inferior intervals washed and completion of the superior intervals. During the field development this explotation strategy faced unexpected water breakthrough in upper interval, due to high permeability channels. It has implied that the workover operations performed in this period has not attained the predicted results because the upper zone was already washed, as shown by the first 4D study. The cross-equalization was only held in 2007, after those unsuccessful workovers. In the same year it was accomplished another intervention, 4D response indicated presence of water in the upper interval in contrast with simulation studies. Workover confirmed the time-lapse response avoiding unnecessary expenses.
Use of Satellite Radar Data for Surface Deformation Monitoring: A Wrap-Up After 10 Years of Experimentation
Authors: Bagliani A. , Mosconi A. , Marzorati D. , Cremonesi A. , Ferretti A. , Colombo D. , Novali F. , Tamburini A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Surface deformation monitoring can provide valuable information in assessing the environmental impact of activities, evaluating volume/pressure changes in a reservoir, as well as estimating other geophysical parameters. Eni and stogit have been studying the use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data for surface deformation monitoring since 2001. Based on almost 10 years of R&D and operational projects, this paper aims to summarise the strengths and weaknesses of this space geodetic tool, as well as providing an outlook on future developments in the up and down-stream activities.
During the last decade, satellite InSAR data have been gaining increasing attention for their unique technical features and cost- effectiveness. In particular, second-generation InSAR techniques (e.g. PSInSAR™) are capable of providing thousands of displacement measurements per sqkm at millimeter precision. Since 2001, eni has financed projects based on InSAR data, first for environmental assessment and then for reservoir monitoring. In parallel, stogit has used these techniques for the standard monitoring of gas storage fields. Projects and results have followed as a result of the development of InSAR technology. Radar data were first validated, compared with optical leveling surveys, integrated with GPS data, and then used for geophysical inversion, in both local and regional analyses. For some areas, data have been gathered by two different satellite platforms, providing unique datasets for a thorough analysis of different data sources. Long-time records of injected/extracted gas volumes, together with a multi-year displacement data set, have allow the calibration of fluid-dynamic and geo-mechanical models, that can be used to investigate the effects of increased working gas volumes, especially in overpressure conditions, in natural gas storage fields. In the authors’ opinion, InSAR data will become a standard tool for reservoir monitoring in the next few years. The experience summarised in this paper can provide a useful contribution for petroleum engineers and the oil&gas community in general.
Application of a Coupled Wellbore/Reservoir Simulator to Well Performance Optimization
Authors: Livescu S. , Brown W. P. , Jain R. , Grubert M. A. , Ghai S. S. , Lee L. W. , Long T. A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Long-term completion performance is important for the economic development of any field. As fields are now developed in environments that are capital intensive and increasingly technically challenging, new technologies are required for optimization of the completion design. Stand-alone reservoir simulators lack the required detail on the completion side, while stand-alone wellbore simulators do not have the long-term reservoir performance information available. Even the new class of coupled wellbore/reservoir simulators often lack comprehensive completion design capabilities. We have developed a fully-coupled black-oil wellbore/reservoir model which accounts for the necessary details for an optimized completion design. Specifically, the model couples ExxonMobil's proprietary reservoir simulator and a detailed completion hydraulics simulator such that the reservoir flow, wellbore tubing and annulus flows, and pressure fields are simulated simultaneously.
In this paper, we compare different synthetic cases involving open-holes, pre-drilled liners, packers, and inflow control devices that demonstrate unique completion opportunities captured by using our modeling capabilities. We show that our model provides not only detailed information regarding the tubing and annulus flow and the associated pressure drops along the completion, but also the impact of different completion types on short- and long-term reservoir recovery. Our results show the significance of this new coupled approach in its ability to relate the reservoir performance and the flow dynamics through various completion types.
Gravel Pack Imager Tool (GPI): Precise and Accurate Knowledge of Gravel Pack Integrity
Authors: Hertzog Russel C. , Smaardyk John E. , Steinman Donald K. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Wood Group Logging Services in collaboration with a major international oil company has developed a new logging tool for gravel pack inspection that is the first tool to collect azimuthal and longitudinal information simultaneously. The tool uses gamma ray scattering to investigate the integrity of the pack close to the screen. It has six detectors that investigate 6 azimuthal segments simultaneously. Included in the tool is an orientation sensor so that all measurements are referenced to the high side of the borehole. This tool is sensitive to voids as small as one inch along the axis of the borehole and voids less than ½-inch in the pack radially from the borehole. The region of investigation is approximately two-inches from the tool, and there is no significant response to materials behind casing. Therefore, the readings are immune to variations in cement thickness and formation density.
Initial development of the tool was performed using the Monte Carlo nuclear modeling code, MCNP. Tool prototypes have been tested in sand-pack fixtures built specifically for this project. In addition, field tests have begun in a Wood Group Logging Services test well. Data from the prototype tool in test fixtures were used to validate and benchmark MCNP simulations. Completion fluids with densities from fresh water to 14.5 pounds per gallon were tested, and the tool responds well regardless of fluid. These results provided a high degree of confidence that tool response corresponded to actual conditions.
The GPI tool can be run on a wireline or in memory mode in combination with collar locator and gamma ray tools. The tool runs centralized in the borehole. The paper shows examples of the calculations, test fixture and field test results. In addition, sensitivity to nominal environmental effects such as temperature, eccentered positioning, and borehole axis orientation are discussed.
Employee Engagement Initiatives to Enhance National Engineering Staff Development
Authors: Kane M. P. , Stanley F. O. , Seymour R. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Companies have the challenging imperative to develop National staff in key positions in International locations. Systematic development is required to supply appropriate employee development to meet government mandates, customer demands and to reduce expenses of running operations internationally.
This paper will outline engagement initiatives that improved the participation in and promotion of National Engineering staff in the Asia Pacific Region and present successful strategies for the petroleum industry to meet the outlined requirements.
The study outlines initiatives employed to engage and motivate Engineering employees to participate in the company's Engineering Development Program. The Technical Career Advancement Program (TCAP) was launched internationally in 1998 (Wilke and Hoskins, 2001). It was not an immediate success in Asia Pacific Region (APR), and other International locations, despite guaranteed remuneration increases with progression. An investigation revealed limitations to the success of the program: A general malaise and lack of interest in the programDifficulty of engineers’ scheduling to attend classroom training due to operational requirementsPoor understanding of program policies and proceduresPoor uptake of On Line training by engineersLack of understanding of what was required by each Engineer to progress in the systemPerception of a lack of promotions and remuneration given for previous participation in the Region
The APR management initiated a number of strategies to; promote the program, the scheduling of classroom training, simplify the process of accessing on line training and understanding the steps required and strongly promoted the successes of other Engineers to encourage overall participation. The success of these initiatives has dramatically changed the effectiveness of this Career Advancement Program (CAP) in APR. The number of expatriate Engineers has reduced, and now more than 50% of the National Engineers had promotions and salary increases in FY08 and FY09.
The success of these initiatives will offer possible solutions for other companies to employ in Nationalization programs in International locations
Design Considerations of Information Systems to Support Employee Development
Authors: Kane M. P. , Stanley F. O. , Seymour R. G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Development of competency in operational employees is vital in the Oil and Gas industry for quality of safety, service, and, employee retention. This paper outlines key considerations in the design of information systems to meet all key stakeholders requirements to ensure success of such an application in employee development.
These considerations are needed to ensure the Competency Based Management System (CBMS) engages employees, delivers useful and meaningful reports to management, and has the ability to meet the industry's future requirements. The steps outlined in the paper have applications for competency, safety, learning and development and the performance management of employees.
This paper outlines the key stakeholders involved in designing information systems for staff development. The CBMS need to record progress, store evidence, and to give management and administrators meaningful and relevant reports.
A major international service company will present how it uses a Career Advancement Program (CAP) for a number of key operational and engineering employees. These CAP's guide an employee in the competencies and training required to advance in their career as an operator, engineer, supervisor, etc. The success of the roll out of these programs has been limited in part due to the time constraints placed on managers to engage employees and track progress.
The Information System is a Computer Based Management System, CBMS, for the CAP program. This dramatically increased the employee participation. It also reduced the time requirements placed on management and administrators. The CBMS gives in depth analysis and measurable reporting of the employee development in both country and regional levels. The most critical component was the employees’ ability to recognize the CAP requirements, to access the information required for each progress, and to track their progress.
In the design of such CBMS solutions, careful consideration of the needs of employees, managers, administrators, and managers is necessary. Considerations included security access, edit rights, required information to be included, differentiate service line requirements and employee function, the ability to store supporting documentation, reporting requirements, and ability to get an overview and drill down into individual records.
The Asia Pacific Region now uses the CBMS solution. The success of this system, based on considerations outlined in the paper, has expanded its deployment into the Middle East, Europe and Africa, and in the near future Latin America.
The aim of the paper is to present a decision-making matrix that will support the successful development of information system solutions in the Industry.
Capstone Engineering Design Experience: Opportunities to Develop and Implement Skills that Work for Real People Doing Real Jobs
Authors: Ertekin T. , Harris R. , Dudenas P. J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The capstone design courses in Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering program at Penn StateUniversity are structured to provide students with a three- semester capstone experience. This sequence of three courses was started as a new course learning model within the context of ABET 2000 Criteria and was reformatted again during the 2007-08 Academic Year. The design sequence starts with the beginning of the spring semester of the junior year and continues during the subsequent fall and spring semesters of the senior year. These three courses provide students with the opportunity to put all the course material they have taken (and they are taking concurrently) into practice. Students typically work in three to four person teams on the same project during the last three semesters of their college education and team compositions are retained throughout the duration of the design project. The results of each phase of the design project are presented in front of a panel whose members are comprised of faculty members and industry representatives at the conclusion of each of the three semesters. During the capstone design experience students utilize and implement their analytical and numerical skills and their decision making competencies in petroleum engineering applications. Further emphasis is also placed on improving their soft skills such as written and verbal communication proficiency development during the creative process of engineering design.
Scale Deposition Prediction for Pump Design in Oil Wells
Authors: Elichev V.A. , Voloshin A.I. , Latypov O.A. , Topolnikov A.S. , Gotvig K.L. , Khabibullin R.A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The paper presents the description of an integrated approach, which is implemented in a program module and allows predicting scale deposition in well based on distributions of specific multiphase flow parameters (temperature, pressure, and gas content). Parameters are obtained from calculated pump operation regimes. The method's apparent advantages are presented, namely: -automatic input of reservoir water/gas chemical content data,-numerical estimation of scale deposition risk in different well sections by means of the saturation index,-built-in tips on selecting the optimal scale prevention technology specifying the inhibitor type and amount,-prediction of pump life cycle buildup,-estimation of the expected economic benefit caused by scale prevention.
The prediction method of scale deposition and the algorithm of selection of the scale prevention technology can be successfully used during analysis of scale deposition risk and planning the activities for scale prevention for a group of oil wells or oilfield. The proposed algorithmic module has been tested in a number of active oil fields of Western Siberia, and has already garnered positive references from production professionals. This module is planned to serve as a basis for similar modules for forecasting risks of mechanical dashes, corrosion and paraffin buildup.
Advanced Fluid Characterization of Pauto Complex, Colombia
Authors: Martinsen Sissel Øksnevad , Castiblanco lowany , Osorio Raul , Whitson Curtis Hays 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed fluid characterization study for a group of compartmentalized gas condensate & volatile oil reservoirs making up the Pauto Complex. Fluid oil-gas ratios range from 30 to 350 bbl/MMscf, producing from depths of 12,000–16,000 ft, with estimated IGIP&gt;1 Tcf and significant oil/condensate resources.
A single equation of state (EOS) was developed to describe the complex phase and volumetric behaviour of eight reservoir fluids undergoing depletion. The EOS also describes accurately the vaporization of retrograde condensate from one of the richer reservoir fluids when contacted by a leaner hydrocarbon gas.
Years of experience in this thrust-belt basin have consistently demonstrated that the quality of fluids samples, PVT test design, lab-data QC, EOS tuning, and fluid initialization are essential to understand the hydrocarbon systems, reservoir compartmentalization, and recovery mechanisms. We show how integration of fluid characterization assists in the evaluation of depletion versus gas-injection strategies, development decisions, and ongoing reservoir management.
The methodology used in this study has general application to PVT data acquisition and developing fluid characterizations exhibiting complex phase behaviour. We also provide standardized methods to QC the thermodynamic consistency of an EOS model, particularly when binary interaction parameters (BIPs) are used extensively.
A single EOS model was developed successfully for describing the phase and volumetric behaviour of a wide range of fluids undergoing depletion and vaporization. This was achieved by modifying heavy-component properties, but more importantly, modifying BIPs extensively; these BIP modifications were possible only because considerable equilibrium compositional data was available.
We believe this paper is significant as a proven case history. With the PVT data provided in our paper, the same problem can be used to test other fluid characterization methodologies and serve as a complex phase behaviour benchmark.
Intrinsic Shale Permeability Determined by Pressure-Pulse Measurements Using a Multiple-Mechanism Apparent-Gas-Permeability Non-Darcy Model
Authors: Civan Faruk , Rai Chandra S. , Sondergeld Carl H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We evaluate an improved method based on a non-Darcy flow model for the determination of intrinsic permeability from laboratory pressure-pulse measurements. Our approach distinguishes between the apparent and intrinsic permeability based on a model-assisted analysis of experimental flow data; the gas motion is described by considering the prevalence of different regimes, such as viscous, slip, transition, and free molecular flow conditions based on the Knudsen number criterion, under different rock, fluid, and flow conditions. This approach is applied to the experimental data obtained from pressure-pulse decay tests. The improved model is more rigorous than the previous models, provides more detailed insights, and can be used reliably for analysis and interpretation of a variety of experimental pressure-pulse tests, especially those peformed on shales.