bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AID Binds Cooperatively with UNG and Msh2-Msh6 to Ig Switch Regions Dependent upon the AID C Terminus
Authors: Ranjit Sanjay , Khair Lyne , Linehan Erin K. , Ucher Anna J. , Chakrabarti Mrinmay , Schrader Carol E. , Stavnezer Janet 
Published: July 2011

AbstractActivation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is induced in B cells during an immune response and is essential for both class-switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation of Ab genes. The C-terminal 10 aa of AID are required for CSR but not for somatic hypermutation, although their role in CSR is unknown. Using retroviral transduction into mouse splenic B cells, we show that the C terminus is not required for switch (S) region double-strand breaks (DSBs) and therefore functions downstream of DSBs. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that AID binds cooperatively with UNG and the mismatch repair proteins Msh2-Msh6 to Ig Sμ and Sγ3 regions, and this depends on the C terminus and the deaminase activity of AID. We also show that mismatch repair does not contribute to the efficiency of CSR in the absence of the AID C terminus. Although it has been demonstrated that both UNG and Msh2-Msh6 are important for introduction of S region DSBs, our data suggest that the ability of AID to recruit these proteins is important for DSB resolution, perhaps by directing the S region DSBs toward accurate and efficient CSR via nonhomologous end joining.
The Multiple Shark Ig H Chain Genes Rearrange and Hypermutate Autonomously
Authors: Zhu Catherine , Feng Wendy , Weedon Jeremy , Hua Pauline , Stefanov Dimitre , Ohta Yuko , Flajnik Martin F. , Hsu Ellen 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Sharks and skates are representatives of the earliest vertebrates with an immune system based on V(D)J rearrangement. They possess a unique Ig gene organization consisting of 15 to &gt;50 individual IgM loci, each with one VH, two DH, one JH, and one set of constant region exons. The present study attempts to understand how multiple Ig genes are regulated with respect to rearrangement initiation and to targeting during somatic hypermutation. The linkage of three single-copy IgH genes was determined, and single-cell genomic PCR studies in a neonatal animal were used to examine any relationship between relative gene position and likelihood of rearrangement. Our results show that one to three IgH genes are activated independently of linkage or allelic position and the data best fit with a probability model based on the hypothesis that V(D)J rearrangement occurs as a sequence of trials within the B cell. In the neonatal cell set, two closely related IgH, G2A, and G2B, rearranged at similar frequencies, and their membrane forms were expressed at similar levels, like in other young animals. However, older animals displayed a bias in favor of the G2A isotype, which suggests that although rearrangement at G2A and G2B was randomly initiated during primary repertoire generation, the two very similar IgM sequences appear to be differentially expressed with age and exposure to Ag. We performed genomic single-cell PCR on B cells from an immunized individual to study activation-induced cytidine deaminase targeting and found that hypermutation, like V(D)J rearrangement, occurred independently among the many shark IgH.
Las elecciones europeas de 2009 en la prensa aragonesa
Authors: Zurutuza Muñoz Cristina , García-Ortega Carmela 
Published: July 2011

Este artículo estudia los comicios al Parlamento Europeo de 2009, hito legislativo en el proceso de consolidación de la Unión Europea. En concreto, analiza y compara las coberturas periodísticas que los diarios de pago aragoneses otorgaron a la campaña electoral. Para ello se aplica un análisis de contenido cuantitativo a todos los artículos publicados durante los 15 días de campaña en Heraldo de Aragón, El Periódico de Aragón (ambos editados en Zaragoza), Diario del Altoaragón (editado en Huesca) y Diario de Teruel (editado en Teruel). Este análisis se centra especialmente en los protagonistas políticos de la cobertura con el objetivo de descubrir de quién informa la prensa regional para determinar si la cobertura de estas elecciones supranacionales se realiza en clave europea, nacional o aragonesa. La hipótesis de partida es que la prensa aragonesa se ocupa más de los líderes políticos a nivel nacional, aunque no se presenten a las elecciones, que de los candidatos que encabezan las listas de los partidos que concurren a estos comicios. Los resultados de esta investigación confirman esta hipótesis, ya que la cobertura de la campaña se definió en términos nacionales y estuvo protagonizada, sobre todo, por José-Luis Rodríguez-Zapatero y Mariano Rajoy.
La comunicación de la responsabilidad en los medios sociales
Authors: Ros Diego Vicente José , Castelló Martínez Araceli 
Published: July 2011

Plataformas sociales como Facebook o Twitter se han convertido en canales imprescindibles en las estrategias empresariales. La comunicación de la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial se enfrenta a nuevos retos en estos espacios con una filosofía 2.0, en los que la empresa puede interactuar con el usuario, generar una comunidad de marca, incrementar su notoriedad y reforzar su posicionamiento. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar el uso que hacen las empresas de los principales medios sociales en el ejercicio de la comunicación de la responsabilidad. Para ello se estudia la presencia corporativa en las plataformas sociales mediante case studies y se mide la reputación online de una muestra de marcas seleccionadas. Los resultados muestran el empleo de estos espacios por parte de las empresas como canales de comunicación empresarial y publicitaria, si bien los programas de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa no tienen una presencia destacada. Pese a las posibilidades de interacción y diálogo que ofrecen estos espacios, los medios sociales son canales todavía poco utilizados para la comunicación de la responsabilidad.
Presence of S. aureus and Enterococcus spp. in goat´s cheese and their antibiotic resistance
Authors: Poľáková Lucia , Dudrikova Eva , Gallo Juraj 
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to isolate strains of Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. from artisanal goat`s cheese during 30 days of ripening, and to determine their antibiotic resistance. Of the total received isolates, 53 (72.60 %) isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus spp., from which was only 5.66% (n = 3) detected as S. aureus; and 91 (82.72 %) isolates were confirmed as Enterococcus spp. by multiplex PCR. Antibiotic resistance was tested by disc diffusion method. The 69.81% (n = 37) of staphylococci and 56.04% (n = 51) Enterococcus spp. as resistant were detected to one and more antibiotic drugs. Staphylococci were resistant to penicillin 69.81%, ampicillin 49.06%, oxacillin 39.62%, erythromycin 20.75%, and gentamycin 16.68 %. The highest resistance of enterococci was to cephalothin 42.86% and clindamycin 23.08%.
Nutritional status of subjects with dominant plant food consumption
Authors: Kudlackova Marica , Valachovičová Martina , Babinská Katarí­na , Blaží­ček Pavel , Spoustová Viera , Pauková Viera 
Published: July 2011

In three groups of apparently healthy subjects – vegetarians (plant food, dairy products, eggs), semi-vegetarians (as vegetarians with addition of white meat consumption) and non-vegetarians (control group on traditional mixed diet) were analyzed the dietary questionnaires of consumption frequency and measured the values of lipid profile, insulin resistance, homocysteine with determinants (vitamins B6, B9, B12) and plasma antioxidative vitamins (C,E, beta-carotene). Vegetarians and semi-vegetarians consumed the significantly reduced amount of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids, methionine, lysine, vitamin B12 and on the other hand, they have the significantly higher daily intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, fiber, plant proteins, arginine, glycine, serine, alanine, folic acid (vitamin B9), vitamin B6, vitamins C,E and beta-carotene. Alternative nutrition groups vs. non-vegetarians have the significantly reduced concentrations of total and LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, insulin as well as values of atherogenic index and insulin resistance. The vegetarian (but not semi-vegetarian) value of homocysteine is significantly increased as a consequence of the significantly reduced and low concentration of vitamin B12. Other two determinants of homocysteine degradation were significantly increased in serum of alternative nutrition groups. The both vegetarian groups have the significantly higher plasma concentrations of antioxidative vitamins and these values are in range of effective free radical disease reduction. The results of favourable values of cardiovascular risk markers and antioxidants document a beneficial effect of vegetarian nutrition in prevention of degenerative age-related diseases.
Morphological and organoleptic fruit properties of various persimmon species (Diospyros spp.)
Authors: Grygorieva Oľga , Brindza Ján , Vietoris Vladimir , Kucelová Lucia , Tóth Dezider , Abraham Vlasta , Hricová Miroslava 
Published: July 2011

The goal of the study was to assess the morphological and organoleptic fruit characteristics of various persimmon species and their derived food products. For experimental evaluation we used persimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.f.), (D. lotus L.), and (D. virginiana L.) and interspecific hybrids derived from crosses (D. virginiana L. x D. kaki L.f.). Fruits of the assessed species were obtained from Slovakia and Ukraine We determined in comparison of persimmon fruits statistically significant difference ​​of average weight (100.85 grams), height (47.88 mm), width (54.50 mm) and a ratio of flesh fruit weight (94%). Statistically significantly lower levels in comparison with other species were determined for D. lotus fruits (4.37 grams, 17.58 mm, 17.58 mm and 70%). For fruits of D. virginia we obtained (21.07 grams, 28.06 mm, 33.14 mm and 85%) and interspecific hybrids are not determined significant differences in the studied traits (60.91 grams, 40.68 mm, 47.48 mm and 95%). Generally is the smallest number of seeds in fruits in interspecific hybrids (1.7 pieces) and at most D. lotus (4.5 pieces). The weight of seeds / calyx in the fruit were determined by 1.5% (inter-species hybrid) to 6.5% (species D. lotus and D. virginia). Sensory analysis was conducted on fresh fruits and mixture with yogurt, cottage cheese and cream carriers. We constructed a custom classifier (List of descriptors and its scales) for evaluation of persimmon fruits. In the organoleptic characteristics, we identified significant differences between the mainly species. Fruits of D.lotus were distinguished for their acidity and bitterness. Organoleptic attributes of all assesed samples is very similar. We determined persimmon fruits as the most preferable by taste properties. Cream was determined as best carrier for persimmon fruit as a component part of milk products.
The yield of dna in thermal terated deer meat
Authors: Belej Ľubomir , Barnová Miroslava , Maršálková Lenka , Golian Jozef 
Published: July 2011

Residuals of DNA are one of the most important factors for detection, traceability and reverse authentication of deer meat. In this project we isolated DNA from deer processed meat and analysed by electrophoresis. Goal of the study was compute ratio between raw meat and several heat processed deer meat. Samples were prepared by five heat treatment techniques (pan roasted with temperature 180-240°C, fried with 156°C, braised with temperature 100-150°C, boiled in 100.2°C water and autoclaved in different time intervals). The highest amount of residual DNA 1927ng was obtained with two hours boiled sample. The lowest value 89.89ng was obtained with one hour braised sample. In technological adjustments highest amount of DNA and 1927ng, so the total yield of 192.7ng.-l was observed in the sample we cooked for two hours at boiling temperature.
Optimalisation of species identification of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using SYBR® green I real-time PCRmethod
Authors: Bajzí­k Pavol , Židek Radoslav , Golian Jozef , Belej Ľubomí­r , Čapla Jozef , Maršálková Lenka , Revák Ondrej 
Published: July 2011

European Union Member States, together with a number of countries around the world, places great emphasis on ensuring the protection of consumers as a potential food allergic from food allergies. to inform consumers that their product may contain any of the risk of allergenic ingredients. For species identification of fish and fish products as a potential food allergens are used by many analytical methods as well as their authentication. We are in our work applied the method of SYBR® Green I. Real-Time PCR. We focused on pre-designed molecular - genetic marker of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), which comes from the mtDNA control D - loop area. We analyzed its presence in DNA isolates from the 5 kinds of freshwater fish, diluted to 10 % concentration. Results of using the optimized SYBR ® Green I Real-Time PCR method for species identification common carp (Cyprinus carpio) indicate to its suitability.
Organic products, consumer behavior on market and european organic product market situation
Authors: Kozelová Dagmar , Mura Ladislav , Matejková Eva , Lopašovský Ľubomí­r , Vietoris Vladimí­r , Mendelová Andrea , Bezáková Magdaléna , Chreneková Marcela 
Published: July 2011

The market of organic products around the world increased its volume in Central and Eastern Europe with organic food market has a number of shared features, which include the relatively low demand for organic food, low share of regular customers, the problems of producers marketing, the lack of enterprises which process organic products. Consumer behavior purchasing organic foods is influenced by several factors, among which is dominated consumer personality, income, finances and lifestyle, as well as psychological factors such as perception, motivation, learning, cognition and attitudes. Cultural and social factors in consumer behavior exhibit a lesser degree. Organic fruit and organic vegetables quality is generally higher for content of biologically active substances such as vitamins, polyphenols and flavonoids. The content of pesticide residues in organic food is significantly lower than conventional production. Regular monitoring of chemical and microbiological safety of organic products already in the primary production occurring in the raw state and after working in various sectors of food, an intensification of awareness raising and targeted increased support for organic agriculture. Multifunctional sector and increased support for family farms oriented for sectors with higher added value than the home sale, production processing on the farm and so on. By support of the sale of high quality domestic production by the state will be possible to persuade more people to personal health status and greater consumption of organic food affects the health and prevent the occurrence of various diseases.
Contribution to the debate on the microbiological quality of raw milk from vending machines
Authors: Valí­k Ľubomí­r , Medveďová Alžbeta , Bí­rošová Lucia , Liptáková Denisa , Ondruš Ladislav , Šnelcer Ján 
Published: July 2011

Microbiological quality or raw milk from vending maschine was analyzed in this work. Despite the pathogenic bacteria may be present in raw milk, the analyses and evaluations were focused to bacterial indicators only. Refer to total bacterial counts, the criterion ≤ 100,000 cfu/ml met 12 from 15 samples (80%) and all samples complied with the supplementary criterion of 5×104cfu/ml for psychrotrophs. Numbers of coagulase-positive staphylococci ranged closely around the average value 2.9×102cfu/ml. Average numbers of coliforms and E. coli in raw milk were found 4.34 ± 0.42 and 3.25 ± 0.83 log CFU/ml, respectively. These values significantly exceeded even the limits applicable in the past. On the basis of unchanged numbers of these bacteria in milk after 24 h at 6 °C, we assume that the high numbers of coliforms and E. coli present in milk are the result of fecal contamination and not growth. As E. coli is an indicator of faecal contamination of raw milk comprising the possible presence of Salmonella sp. Campylobacter sp. and other pathogens, microbiological survey suggested appropriate preventive measures that should be applied in terms of risk management.
Fatty Acids of Chthonomonas calidirosea, of a Novel Class Chthonomonadetes from a Recently Described Phylum Armatimonadetes
Authors: Vyssotski M. , Lee K. C.‐Y. , Lagutin K. , Ryan J. , Morgan X. C. , Stott M. B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA Gram‐negative, aerobic, pink‐pigmented, rod‐shaped bacterium Chthonomonas calidirosea (strain T49T) with an optimal temperature for growth of 68 °C, isolated from soil samples from Hell's Gate in the Tikitere geothermal system (New Zealand), was the first cultivated bacterium of the novel phylum Armatimonadetes (formerly candidate division OP10). The lipid composition of C. calidirosea presents a number of unusual features both in the fatty acids and polar lipids. This contribution reports on the fatty acid profile of C. calidirosea. Transmethylation of bacterial biomass yielded fatty acid methyl esters and hydrocarbons, including squalene, partially hydrogenated squalenes, and diploptene. The only type of unsaturation found in C. calidirosea fatty acids was cis‐Δ5, as revealed by GCMS of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) adducts, and the lack of trans‐unsaturation absorbance at 960–980 cm−1 in the IR spectrum of fatty acids methyl esters. An unidentified component X with ECL 16.86 (BP1) and ECL 17.27 (BP20) was also observed, with molecular ion at m/z 282 (“17:1”). X did not form DMDS adducts, nor was affected by mild hydrogenation conditions, indicating the likely presence of a ring rather than unsaturation. The presence of a cyclopropane ring with cis‐stereochemistry was confirmed by the 1H‐NMR spectrum. Hydrogenation of X in acetic acid resulted in formation of straight chain 17:0, 5‐methyl‐ and 6‐methyl‐16:0 fatty acid methyl esters, thus confirming the structure of a novel 5,6‐methylene hexadecanoic acid. The major fatty acids of a solid media‐grown C. calidirosea were as follows (in weight % of total fatty acids): 16:0 (25.8), i17:0 (19.3), ai17:0 (13.5), 16:1∆5 (8.8), i17:1∆5 (6.8), 5,6‐methylene 16:0 (5.2), i16:0 (4.4), 18:0 (3.6), 18:1∆5 (3.2).
JMassBalance: mass-balanced randomization and analysis of metabolic networks
Authors: Basler Georg , Nikoloski Zoran 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Summary: Analysis of biological networks requires assessing the statistical significance of network-based predictions by using a realistic null model. However, the existing network null model, switch randomization, is unsuitable for metabolic networks, as it does not include physical constraints and generates unrealistic reactions. We present JMassBalance, a tool for mass-balanced randomization and analysis of metabolic networks. The tool allows efficient generation of large sets of randomized networks under the physical constraint of mass balance. In addition, various structural properties of the original and randomized networks can be calculated, facilitating the identification of the salient properties of metabolic networks with a biologically meaningful null model.
Availability and Implementation: JMassBalance is implemented in Java and freely available on the web at http://mathbiol.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/massbalance/.
Contact: basler@mpimp-golm.mpg.de
Adenosine Kinase Contributes to Cytokinin Interconversion in Arabidopsis
Authors: Schoor Sarah , Farrow Scott , Blaschke Hanna , Lee Sanghyun , Perry Gregory , von Schwartzenberg Klaus , Emery Neil , Moffatt Barbara 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPurine salvage enzymes have been implicated, but not proven, to be involved in the interconversion of cytokinin (CK) bases, ribosides, and nucleotides. Here, we use Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) lines silenced in adenosine kinase (ADK) expression to understand the contributions of this enzyme activity to in vivo CK metabolism. Both small interfering RNA- and artificial microRNA-mediated silencing of ADK led to impaired root growth, small, crinkled rosette leaves, and reduced apical dominance. Further examination of ADK-deficient roots and leaves revealed their irregular cell division. Root tips had uneven arrangements of root cap cells, reduced meristem sizes, and enlarged cells in the elongation zone; rosette leaves exhibited decreased cell size but increased cell abundance. Expression patterns of the cyclinB1;1::β-glucuronidase and Arabidopsis Response Regulator5::β-glucuronidase reporters in the ADK-deficient background were consistent with altered cell division and an increase in CK activity, respectively. In vivo feeding of ADK-deficient leaves with radiolabeled CK ribosides of isopentenyladenosine and zeatin showed a decreased flux into the corresponding CK nucleotides. Comprehensive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis detected significantly higher levels of active CK ribosides in both sense ADK and artificial microADK. Taken together, these metabolic and phenotypic analyses of ADK-deficient lines indicate that ADK contributes to CK homeostasis in vivo.
Convergence patterns in the world economy: exploring the nonlinearity hypothesis
Authors: Artelaris Panagiotis , Arvanitidis Paschalis A. , Petrakos George 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate convergence or divergence trends at global scale.Design/methodology/approachThe paper questions the methodology and findings of the conventional convergence literature using linear OLS models. It introduces polynomial (quadratic) weighted least square (WLS) regression analysis to explore whether a number of economic performance indicators follow a non‐linear pattern of change.FindingsThe results indicate the formation of two groups in the world: a convergence one, including countries with low to medium‐high development levels, and a divergence one including countries with medium‐high to very high development levels.Research limitations/implicationsData availability after 1990 (for the composite indicators).Practical implicationsThe findings shed light on important issues, such as the decrease of economic disparities between countries, the prospects for global economic convergence, and the development of a more equal world. Apart from obvious policy implication such findings are also of theoretical significance, providing a basis to check (indirectly) the validity of alternative growth theories.Originality/valueThis is the first paper (to the authors' knowledge) that explores world convergence/divergence employing quadratic WLS regression analysis with a number of economic indicators. WLS regressions enable the removal of the impact of country size on results, whereas non‐linear modelling allows the possibility of multiple equilibria and different development trajectories to be taken into account. Finally, the employment of various economic‐performance indicators (simple and composite) works as a cross‐check of validity for the results provided.