bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sterilization of T.A.B.C. vaccine
Authors: Rainsford S. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. Horgan's (1936) findings with regard to heat sterilization of B. typhosus vaccine are not confirmed.2. Silver in the form of katadyne or electro-katadyne appears to be an effective sterilizing agent for B. typhosus suspensions.3. Katadyne and electro-katadyne have no destructive action on Vi, O or H agglutinogens of B. typhosus.4. Electro-katadyne, even when used in excessive doses, has no detrimental effect on the immunizing activities of Vi antigen.5. Electro-katadyne sterilized suspensions of V strains of B. typhosus are more effective immunogenic agents than those sterilized by heat and phenol.6. The bactericidal properties of electro-katadyne, though impaired in 0·85 per cent saline, are adequate as a means for preserving vaccine.7. It is suggested that katadyne sterilized suspensions of V strains might be of value in testing for the presence of Vi agglutinins in human sera since they are hypersensitive to Vi antibody while retaining most of their resistance to O antibody.8. In view of the suggestion by Felix that additional antigens with activities similar to those of Vi antigen may exist in bacteria other than B. typhosus, it may be found that the electro-katadyne process has an application in the preparation of vaccines generally, particularly those which have hitherto proved ineffectual in prophylaxis.
The effect of small amounts of chlorine on the reduction time of milk
Authors: Barkworth H. 
Published: May 2009

Chlorine at the rate of 5 and 10 parts per million of available chlorine in the form of Milton significantly increased the reduction time of milk samples.Observed increases varied from −0·50 to + 1·25 hr.At this level of chlorination the increase in R.t. is not correlated with the initial plate count and also occurs at all levels of R.t.
Height and weight measurements of school children
Authors: Benjamin B. 
Published: May 2009

Sample frequency distributions are given of height and weight measurements of London elementary school children made during the period 1935–8. In addition these measurements have been analysed in order to determine the seasonal fluctuation in rates of growth. The rate of increase in height appears to reach a maximum in the latter part of spring and a minimum in the middle of autumn. The rate of increase in weight appears to reach a maximum in the latter part of autumn and a minimum in the middle of spring. Tables and graphs are given showing, for each sex, the variation in the rates of growth throughout the calendar year. I wish to thank the County Medical Officer of Health, W. Allen Daley, M.D., F.R.C.P., for permission to publish this paper and for encouragement in its preparation; Mr L. Coward, F.I.A., and Mr E. Lewis Faning, Ph.D., for statistical criticism; and Mr J. H. Farrar for drawing the diagrams.The London County Council takes no responsibility for the views expressed in this paper which are personal only.
Agglutination tests in the diagnosis of enteric fever in the inoculated
Authors: Wilson J. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. Early blood culture is the best method of laboratory diagnosis in the inoculated case of enteric fever, but agglutination tests may give useful information.2. In inoculated cases of enteric fever O and Vi agglutinins may be absent or present only at low titres. Steadily rising titres are not the rule and the titres more often fluctuate.3. Complete agglutination at titres over 1: 80 for TO, over 1: 40 for AO, or over 1: 10 for Vi is suggestive but not diagnostic of an active infection.4. Non-specific stimulation of the O and Vi agglutinins in the inoculated affects mainly the lower range of titres which are probably of little diagnostic significance.5. Previous inoculations increase the proportion of people with residual O agglutinins within 6 months of the last inoculation but do not affect the Vi agglutinins.6. Vi agglutinins may be present in normal inoculated persons who are not carriers.
Studies on vaccinia haemagglutinin: I. Some physico-chemical properties
Authors: Chu C. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Specific vaccinia haemagglutinin has been identified in vaccinia materials derived from chick embryo, rabbit skin, rabbit testis and sheep skin.2. The haemagglutinin is distinct from, and apparently unassociated with, the elementary bodies.3. Centrifugation studies indicate that the haemagglutinin activity is associated with particles of the order of 65 μ in diameter and having an approximate density value of 1·;1.4. Vaccinia haemagglutinin retains its haemagglutinating activity after boiling for 10 min. It is stable within the pH range 5·92–9·79.5. The behaviour of vaccinia haemagglutinin to various chemical procedures and an attempt at its purification are described.
Investigations on the typing of staphylococci by means of bacteriophage: II. The significance of lysogenic strains in staphylococcal type designation
Authors: Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

1. Investigations have been carried out on the bacteriophage method of typing staphylococci developed by Wilson & Atkinson (1945).2. Acquired phage resistance has been shown to be responsible for the classification of many strains as different phage types.3. Repeated testing of the same strains showed that the phage types were stable in character when the strains were maintained under laboratory conditions.4. When two strains of staphylococci, one of which was lysogenic to the other, were grown together in broth, the susceptible strain underwent a change in phage type. As a result of this, it is considered that, in epidemiological studies, infective material should be plated directly on to a solid medium and not incubated first in broth, as is sometimes done. Evidence has been obtained suggesting that this change of type may also take place in the field. This phenomenon may be of some significance in epidemiological studies extending over a long period of time.5. An attempt has been made to classify staphylococcal strains by phage methods into types that differ other than by virtue of acquired phage resistance. These are called, for convenience, genetic types. Reasons are given for the view that this may not be a satisfactory method of classification in practice.
A dietary and clinical survey of pregnant women with particular reference to toxaemia of pregnancy
Authors: Hobson W. 
Published: May 2009

An individual dietary survey of 111 primiparae was carried out in Bristol during 1947. Compared with a group studied by McCance in 1938, these women were getting twice as much milk, more bread, potatoes, vegetables and fish; they were getting less meat, butter and margarine. 84 % were taking supplements of vitamins A and D.Compared with the N.R.C. standard for pregnant women the diets were very poor, not one reaching the standard. It is felt that the N.R.C. standard for pregnant women is set too high. Compared with the standard for sedentary women there were deficiencies in vitamins B and C, the most marked being in nicotinic acid (74% of diets). As a group they appeared to be well nourished, only 8 % had a Hb below 80% and only one a plasma protein below 5·5 g./100 c.c.; there were no stigmata usually attributable to nutritional deficiencies. The only complication of note was toxaemia, which occurred in 15% of cases. The only deficiency in the diet common to all cases of toxaemia was in nicotinic acid. The mean intake of nicotinic acid was 2·0 mg. lower in the toxaemic group than the mean intake of nicotinic acid in the normal subjects. This difference was statistically significant. Evidence is presented which suggests that deficiency of nicotinic acid or vitamin B6 may be a predisposing factor in the production of toxaemia of pregnancy. The main cause of defective nutrition appears to be ignorance and not lack of money, this is an additional reason for the promotion of an intensive nutritional education programme.The appointment of dietitians to ante-natal clinics is stressed as an important step in promoting education in nutritional matters during pregnancy.The use and abuse of recommended allowances in pregnancy is discussed and the following diet is suggested as a reasonable practical allowance for pregnant women: calories, 2500; protein, 1·5 g. per kg. body weight; calcium, 1·5 g.; iron, 15 mg.; vitamin A, 3500 units (pre-formed); vitamin D, 800 units; vitamin B1; 1·5 mg.; riboflavin, 2·0 mg.; nicotinic acid, 14 mg.; vitamin C, 50 mg.
Observations upon the bacterial nucleus
Authors: Bisset K. A. 
Published: May 2009

Two different types of nucleus are found to occur in bacteria. The first is a spherical, central or eccentric body occurring in some types of cocci and in Corynebacteria. By analogy with a similar structure inAzotobacter, it is considered that the nucleus may be of vesicular form, surrounded by chromatinic granules, and resembling the nuclear vacuole of certain yeasts.The second type of nucleus consists of paired chromosomes, usually either one or two pairs. These chromosomes form fusion nuclei within which chromosome divisions take place; they are then redistributed to a number of daughter cells.The majority of rod-shaped Eubacteria, including the lanceolate-celled streptococci, have this type of nucleus, which is also found in Myxobacteria. The nuclear cycle is quite distinct from the cytological processes which accompany spore and microcyst formation and germination.
A first record of Brucella abortus (Bang) in the cattle of Mauritius; and data on the possible occurrence locally of undulant fever in man
Authors: Webb J. Lewis , Webb A. M. Lilly 
Published: May 2009

1. Recovery of a strain of Brucella abortus Bang from a foetus aborted by a cow in Mauritius is reported.2. Agglutination tests performed on samples of blood from cows of the Government Dairy indicate that contagious abortion of cattle is present in this country; approximately 24% of the animals from the Government Dairy belonged to the latent or past infection group; 18 % to the active infection group and 15% were presumptive bacilli excreters.3. As aresult of agglutination tests with the blood serum from man Undulant fever due to Br. abortus is suspected to occur in Mauritius.
Attempts to potentiate immunity to influenza in mice
Authors: Depoux R. , Mussett Marjorie V. 
Published: May 2009

Under the conditions of our experiments, the local potentiation of immunity to influenza reported by FazekasdeSt Groth and Donnelley could not be demonstrated.We should like to thank Dr C. H. Andrewes and Dr A. Isaacs for their advice and criticism, and Messrs E. Owen and D. Eade for their technical assistance.
The conglutination phenomenon: X. Conglutinin and immuno-conglutinin in guinea-pigs, pigs, donkeys, rats and mice
Authors: Coombs Anne M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Immuno-conglutinin production by auto-stimulation was attempted in guinea-pigs, pigs, donkeys, rats and mice by the intravenous injection of a suspension of Gram-negative bacteria. The attempt was successful in rats and mice.2. Experiments were carried out to elucidate the lack of response in guinea-pigs.The author would like to thank Mr N. H. Hole of the Ministry of Agriculture Veterinary Laboratories at Weybridge, who inoculated and bled the donkeys used in these experiments.
Estimates of the infection rates for poliomyelitis virus in the years preceding the poliomyelitis epidemics of 1916 in New York and 1945 on Mauritius
Authors: Sample Donald W. , Evans C. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSData concerning numerous severe epidemics of poliomyelitis were surveyed for information useful in estimating the size of the immune component of the population by age groups of 1 year. The New York epidemic of 1916 and the Mauritius epidemic of 1945 were chosen as the most suitable for this purpose. It is shown that there was a regularly progressive decline in attack rates for successively older age groups from 2 to 8 years in New York. The attack rate in 8-year-olds was less than 10 % as large as that in 2-year-olds. It is noted that a difference of this magnitude could be accounted for by immunizing infections amounting to 30 % per year for 6 years.A similar analysis of age specific attack rates during the Mauritius epidemic shows progressive declines of 28, 60, 50 and 53 % for the successive age groups 5–9. An average annual infection rate of 45 % over a 4 year period could account for the ten-fold difference in infection rates between 5-year-olds and 9-year-olds.An immunizing infection rate of 30 % a year would lead to a pattern of immunity in which the seven youngest age groups had a total susceptible component of 30 % at the beginning of a ‘ poliomyelitis season’. Twenty per cent would remain susceptible at the end of the season when spread of virus terminated.An annual immunizing infection rate of 45 % would bring about a situation in which 21 % of the five youngest age groups were susceptible at the start of a period of viral prevalence and 12 % at the end. Alternatively, one could consider that on Mauritius there may have been a continuous prevalence of virus in a population in which approximately 15 % of the five youngest age groups were susceptible at any time.It is suggested that the essentially similar attack rates among children 3–5 years old on Mauritius may have reflected a 3-year period during which homotypic virus was not prevalent, in contrast to its great prevalence during the years prior to that time.A more detailed discussion and analysis of additional data concerning age-specific attack rates in poliomyelitis will be found in the thesis submitted by Dr Sample to the University of Washington School of Medicine entitled, ‘Some observations on statistical and theoretical epidemiology of infectious diseases, principally poliomyelitis’, in 1955. This is obtainable by Inter-library Loan from the Health Sciences Library, University of Washington, Seattle.We wish to express our sincere thanks to Dr Blair M. Bennett and Dr William E. Reynolds of the University of Washington for their advice on the statistical and epidemiologic aspects of this study.
Properdin and the defence of burns against infection
Authors: Lowbury E. J. L. , Ricketts C. R. , Hall M. , Hurst L. , Lilly H. A. 
Published: May 2009

Treatment of serum with the insoluble polysaccharide residue of yeast cells (zymosan) has been shown (a) to decrease the bactericidal power of serum for certain bacteria; (b) to remove from some sera a factor essential to the interaction of zymosan with the third component of complement. The adsorbed protein (properdin) was eluted from zymosan and found to contain α2, β and some γ globulins. It was shown to restore partially the normal characteristics to treated serum (RP).Properdin levels have been estimated in the sera of eighteen burned patients and in twelve normal subjects. There was evidence of a reduced level in the patients' sera. The limitations of the assay method are discussed.Bactericidal activity of normal serum containing properdin was tested against nineteen Gram-negative bacilli isolated from burns.Ps. pyocyanea, Proteus and Klebsiella, which are commonly found in burns, were with one exception resistant or slightly sensitive to the bactericidal action of this serum.Bact. coli, which is uncommon in burns, was usually highly sensitive.From our preliminary studies reported here it would seem that the properdin system cannot be expected to kill the flora in established infections of burns, and properdin is therefore unlikely to prove useful as a therapeutic agent. However, it probably has an important role as one of the defence mechanisms of uninfected tissues.We wish to thank Dr Derrick Rowley and Dr A. C. Wardlaw for helpful discussions, and Dr W. Weiner for his advice and co-operation. We are grateful to Miss Stella Baar, F.R.I.C., for N and P analyses.
Staphylococcus aureus in the infant upper respiratory tract: II. Observations on domiciliary-delivered babies
Authors: Hurst Valerie 
Published: May 2009

Of thirty-six babies delivered at home 72% acquired Staph. aureus in their noses and throats within their first fortnight of life. The carrier rate among the twenty-eight who were subsequently followed was 65% during the first fortnight period. Only 18% acquired penicillin-resistant strains, in contrast to the previously observed hospital-born group, 97% of whom acquired strains resistant to penicillin. Phage typing demonstrated that the home-born babies who acquired Staph. aureus during their first fortnight carried the same strains throughout the 15–25 week observation period. As in the hospital-born babies, many of them tended to lose the strains from the nose while retaining them in the throat. Strains having phage patterns of Groups I and II were most common among the home-delivered babies, whereas among the hospital-born babies Groups I, III, or untypable strains were most frequent. There was no evidence that the penicillin sensitive strains acquired from the home are carried for shorter periods than the penicillin-resistant strains of the hospital. Babies failing to acquire Staph. aureus within the first fortnight tended either to acquire it in the throat alone, or to remain non-carriers. It is suggested that babies who do not become carriers within the first two months of life are unlikely to do so later.I owe thanks to many people: to the late Prof. Sir Alexander Fleming for generously extending the laboratory facilities of The Wright-Fleming Institute; to Prof. Robert Cruickshank for patient guidance and invaluable suggestions; to Dr R. E. O. Williams for providing materials and laboratory space for the phage typing, and to Dr Joan E. Rippon for instruction in the phage typing technique; to Dr Agnes H. W. Smythe for the co-operation of the Marylebone and Lisson Grove Child Welfare Centres, and to Mrs Eastham and Miss MacGilley who took the swabs there; to Dr W. Howard Hughes, Dr W. G. Booth, and Dr K. Hart for arranging co-operation of the Ealing Public Health Department; to the Ealing midwives who collected the swabs from the domiciliary-delivered babies; to members of the Wright-Fleming Institute technical staff.Also, I am grateful to the following organizations for personal grants while conducting the study: The United States Educational Commission in the United Kingdom for a Fulbright Scholarship, 1951–53; The University of California for a grant from the Student Aid Fund; Sigma Delta Epsilon for a Fellowship Award.
Adaptation of Mahoney, Type I, poliomyelitis virus to suckling mice
Authors: selzer Golda 
Published: May 2009

The Mahoney, Type I, poliomyelitis virus undergoes two ‘cycles’ of multiplication in the CNS of suckling mice—the first within 48 hr. after intracerebral inoculation, and the second approximately 10 days later. The former may not be associated with paralysis whilst the latter usually is.By to-and-fro passage in suckling mouse brain and monkey kidney-tissue culture there is a gradual increase in the amount of virus obtained during the early multiplication cycle in suckling mouse brains and associated with this is the occurrence of early paralysis in 80% or more of these mice. The virus capable of causing early paralysis in infant mice is gradually lost by direct mouse-to-mouse passage.The occurrence of two variants is postulated, one of these apparently nonparalytic and multiplying selectively in suckling brains.The author would like to thank the late Prof. M. van den Ende for his stimulating discussions and advice, Dr P. K. Olitsky of New York for his constant interest, and Mr T. C. Norcott for his able technical assistance.
The incidence of infection with poliovirus and other viruses in cases of aseptic meningitis (‘nonparalytic poliomyelitis’) in Sheffield in 1954
Authors: Tyrrell D. A. J. , Balducci D. , Snell B. , Zaiman T. Elisabeth 
Published: May 2009

1. Sixteen cases of paralytic poliomyelitis and twenty-four cases of aseptic meningitis (‘non-paralytic poliomyelitis’) occurring in the Sheffield area were studied clinically and by virological methods.2. Poliovirus was isolated from thirteen of the sixteen cases of paralytic poliomyelitis and from three of the twenty-four cases of aseptic meningitis. In another two of the cases of paralytic poliomyelitis and another six of the cases of aseptic meningitis serological evidence of poliovirus infection was obtained.3. Serological evidence of Coxsackie virus infection was found in four of the cases of aseptic meningitis; but in one there was also clear-cut evidence of poliovirus Type 3 infection, and in another it seemed that the infection was contracted in hospital. Evidence of Coxsackie virus infection was also obtained in five cases of paralytic poliomyelitis.4. Serological evidence of Adenovirus infection was found in one case of aseptic meningitis.5. No acceptable evidence was found of infection with Columbia SK or related viruses, or with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis.6. From one patient with aseptic meningitis an unidentified virus was isolated.We wish to thank Dr J. Kennedy for permission to study patients and Prof. C. P. Beattie and Prof. C. H. Stuart-Harris for help in preparing the manuscript.
Aseptic meningitis due to infection with ECHO virus (Type 9)
Authors: McLean D. M. , Cameron D. 
Published: May 2009

Eleven cases of aseptic meningitis occurred in a Cambridgeshire village between 17 October and 11 November 1955. The syndrome consisted of severe headache, backache, vomiting, fever and neck stiffness together with lymphocytes and frequently some granulocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Principally, it affected persons aged between 10 and 30 years. Out of a total population twenty-three at risk, seventeen were infected and eight became ill. A further three contacts who were living in Cambridge became ill.Identical strains of virus were isolated from the faeces of two patients by inoculation of trypsin-dispersed human amnion cells and from the faeces of another two patients by inoculation of monkey kidney cultures. Bourn virus, which belonged to the ECHO group, Type 9, multiplied readily and produced cytopathogenic effects in human amnion and monkey kidney cultures, but it was not cytopathogenic in HeLa cell cultures. These investigations strongly suggest that Bourn virus caused the epidemic.We wish to thank Dr M. G. P. Stoker for his advice and criticism and Mrs B. M. Cook for technical assistance.We are indebted to Dr J. O'H. Tobin and Dr F. K. Sanders for advice on certain technical procedures.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance given by many colleagues and friends, including Dr D. I. Annear, Miss D. K. Bell, Mrs D. Ditchburn, Dr R. M. Fry, Dr D. Gairdner, Dr J. E. Power, Dr D. Simpson, Dr P. Tyzer and Dr P. J. Wormald.
Aseptic meningitis caused by ECHO virus
Authors: Lahelle O. 
Published: May 2009

1. An investigation of ninety-eight cases of aseptic meningitis admitted to hospital resulted in the isolation of ECHO virus Type 6 from fifty-one patients.2. The viruses were cultivated in both human embryonic skin-muscle tissue and human amniotic cell tissue. The latter was found to be more satisfactory.3. Forty-eight strains were isolated from the stools of patients, six from the cerebrospinal fluid and four from throat-washings.4. Serological examination of patients from whom the virus was isolated showed that a significant proportion of patients exhibited a specific antibody response. This included three out of six patients with the virus in their cerebrospinal fluid.5. The clinical picture of aseptic meningitis from which cases ECHO virus was isolated cannot be distinguished from that caused by other known viruses.6. The evidence presented supports the claim that ECHO virus Type 6 is one of the causes of aseptic meningitis.Grateful appreciation is acknowledged to Prof. P. M. Holst (Oslo), Prof. Johs. Böe (Bergen), Dr B. Helland-Hanssen (Molde), Dr O. Römcke (Drammen), Dr R. Tingstad (Namsos), and Dr A. H. Brinchmann (Bærum), for providing specimens and case records. I am also grateful to Mrs B. Zapffe and Mrs L. Kohmann for expert technical assistance.