bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zoonotic pathogens isolated from wild animals and environmental samples at two California wildlife hospitals
Authors: Siembieda Jennifer L. , Miller Woutrina A. , Byrne Barbara A. , Ziccardi Michael H. , Anderson Nancy , Chouicha Nadira , Sandrock Christian E. , Johnson Christine K. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine types and estimate prevalence of potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens shed by wild animals admitted to either of 2 wildlife hospitals and to characterize distribution of these pathogens and of aerobic bacteria in a hospital environment.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Sample—Fecal samples from 338 animals in 2 wildlife hospitals and environmental samples from 1 wildlife hospital.
Procedures—Fecal samples were collected within 24 hours of hospital admission. Environmental samples were collected from air and surfaces. Samples were tested for zoonotic pathogens via culture techniques and biochemical analyses. Prevalence of pathogen shedding was compared among species groups, ages, sexes, and seasons. Bacterial counts were determined for environmental samples.
Results—Campylobacter spp, Vibrio spp, Salmonella spp, Giardia spp, and Cryptosporidium spp (alone or in combination) were detected in 105 of 338 (31%) fecal samples. Campylobacter spp were isolated only from birds. Juvenile passerines were more likely to shed Campylobacter spp than were adults; prevalence increased among juvenile passerines during summer. Non-O1 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae were isolated from birds; during an oil-spill response, 9 of 10 seabirds screened were shedding this pathogen, which was also detected in environmental samples. Salmonella spp and Giardia spp were isolated from birds and mammals; Cryptosporidium spp were isolated from mammals only. Floors of animal rooms had higher bacterial counts than did floors with only human traffic.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Potentially zoonotic enteric pathogens were identified in samples from several species admitted to wildlife hospitals, indicating potential for transmission if prevention is not practiced.
Determining Risk Factors and Demographic Patterns of Suicide in Tehran
Authors: Farhangdoost Yosef 
Published: March 2011

Determining Risk Factors and Demographic Patterns of Suicide in Tehran
Suicide refers to the death of a person that is primarily achieved by self-harm. Today, it is considered one of the major public health issues. One of the important risk factors associated with attempted suicide is social relations. This study is a descriptive and analytical study that aims to identify the suicide rate, the risk factors in suicide, and the methods of suicide. The findings show that there is a significant relationship between suicide and demographic variables that include age, sex, educational level, adherence to religion, and occupation. This research also shows the psychological factors that lead to suicide include depression, addiction, lack of social activities, and mental disorders caused by chronic disease.
Alice Munro and the American South
Authors: Struthers J. R. Tim 
Published: March 2011

Abstract: As a girl, Alice Munro lived in Huron County in rural Southwestern Ontario. In an interview with Graeme Gibson, Munro remarked, "... the writers who first excited me were the writers of the American South, because I felt there a country being depicted that was like my own. I can think of several writers now who are working out of Southwestern Ontario. It is rich in possibilities in this way. I mean the part of the country I come from is absolutely Gothic. You can't get it all down." Munro has discussed the relationship between the American South and her own country in greater detail with Mari Stainsby: If I'm a regional writer, the region I'm writing about has many things in common with the American South. Your area is south Ontario.
« Les Afriques en l'an 2000 » et « Trente années d'Afrique »
Authors: Hugon Philippe 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Philippe Hugon revient sur des exercices prospectifs publiés dans deux numéros spéciaux d’ Afrique contemporaine dans les années 1980, « Les Afriques en l’an 2000 » et « Trente années d’Afrique ». À travers un éclairage des thèses émises alors par les économistes au sujet de l’Afrique, il donne à repenser les enjeux méthodologiques de la prospective et s’interroge sur les possibles enseignements pour une prospective des cinquante prochaines années.
Réponses physiologiques et biomécaniques à divers types de bancs assis-debout chez les femmes avec et sans problèmes veineux
Authors: Taillefer François , Boucher J.-P. , Comtois Alain-Steve , Zummo Michel , Savard R. 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Des mesures physiologiques, biomécaniques et psychophysiques furent prises durant le maintien de six postures statiques dont deux postures antagonistes, c’est-à-dire, posture debout et assise, et quatre postures intermédiaires assis-debout, chez dix femmes sans varice ou sans insuffisance veineuse et dix femmes porteuses de varices ou variqueuses. Les résultats semblent démontrer que le maintien statique durant une courte durée de 20 min est insuffisant pour stimuler la cascade d’événements menant à la création de varices chez le groupe sans insuffisance veineuse (C0) et ne risque pas d’augmenter la varicosité chez le groupe porteur de varices (C2). De plus, puisque le maintien d’une posture de travail peut à la fois contenir des avantages et des inconvénients biomécaniques et physiologiques, les critères d’évaluation doivent se référer à ces deux champs de connaissance afin de choisir la posture au poste de travail la plus appropriée pour l’être humain.
Periostin Regulates Goblet Cell Metaplasia in a Model of Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Sehra Sarita , Yao Weiguo , Nguyen Evelyn T. , Ahyi Ayele-Nati N. , Barbé Tuana Florencia M. , Ahlfeld Shawn K. , Snider Paige , Tepper Robert S. , Petrache Irina , Conway Simon J. , Kaplan Mark H. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Periostin is a 90-kDa member of the fasciclin-containing family and functions as part of the extracellular matrix. Periostin is expressed in a variety of tissues and expression is increased in airway epithelial cells from asthmatic patients. Recent studies have implicated a role for periostin in allergic eosinophilic esophagitis. To further define a role for periostin in Th2-mediated inflammatory diseases such as asthma, we studied the development of allergic pulmonary inflammation in periostin-deficient mice. Sensitization and challenge of periostin-deficient mice with OVA resulted in increased peripheral Th2 responses compared with control mice. In the lungs, periostin deficiency resulted in increased airway resistance and significantly enhanced mucus production by goblet cells concomitant with increased expression of Gob5 and Muc5ac compared with wild type littermates. Periostin also inhibited the expression of Gob5, a putative calcium-activated chloride channel involved in the regulation of mucus production, in primary murine airway epithelial cells. Our studies suggest that periostin may be part of a negative-feedback loop regulating allergic inflammation that could be therapeutic in the treatment of atopic disease.
Targeting TLR4 Signaling by TLR4 Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain-Derived Decoy Peptides: Identification of the TLR4 Toll/IL-1 Receptor Domain Dimerization Interface
Authors: Toshchakov Vladimir Y. , Szmacinski Henryk , Couture Leah A. , Lakowicz Joseph R. , Vogel Stefanie N. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Agonist-induced dimerization of TLR4 Toll/IL-1R (TIR) domains initiates intracellular signaling. Therefore, identification of the TLR4–TIR dimerization interface is one key to the rational design of therapeutics that block TLR4 signaling. A library of cell-permeating decoy peptides, each of which represents a nonfragmented patch of the TLR4 TIR surface, was designed such that the peptides entirely encompass the TLR4 TIR surface. Each peptide was synthesized in tandem with a cell-permeating Antennapedia homeodomain sequence and tested for the ability to inhibit early cytokine mRNA expression and MAPK activation in LPS-stimulated primary murine macrophages. Five peptides—4R1, 4R3, 4BB, 4R9, and 4αE—potently inhibited all manifestations of TLR4, but not TLR2 signaling. When tested for their ability to bind directly to TLR4 TIR by Förster resonance energy transfer using time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, Bodipy-TMR-X–labeled 4R1, 4BB, and 4αE quenched fluorescence of TLR4-Cerulean expressed in HeLa or HEK293T cells, whereas 4R3 was partially active, and 4R9 was least active. These findings suggest that the area between the BB loop of TLR4 and its fifth helical region mediates TLR4 TIR dimerization. Moreover, our data provide direct evidence for the utility of the decoy peptide approach, in which peptides representing various surface-exposed segments of a protein are initially probed for the ability to inhibit protein function, and then their specific targets are identified by Förster resonance energy transfer to define recognition sites in signaling proteins that may be targeted therapeutically to disrupt functional transient protein interactions.
Human NK Cells Proliferate and Die In Vivo More Rapidly than T Cells in Healthy Young and Elderly Adults
Authors: Lutz Charles T. , Karapetyan Anush , Al-Attar Ahmad , Shelton Brent J. , Holt Kimberly J. , Tucker Jason H. , Presnell Steven R. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
NK cells are essential for health, yet little is known about human NK turnover in vivo. In both young and elderly women, all NK subsets proliferated and died more rapidly than T cells. CD56bright NK cells proliferated rapidly but died relatively slowly, suggesting that proliferating CD56bright cells differentiate into CD56dim NK cells in vivo. The relationship between CD56dim and CD56bright proliferating cells indicates that proliferating CD56dim cells both self-renew and are derived from proliferating CD56bright NK cells. Our data suggest that some dying CD56dim cells become CD16+CD56− NK cells and that CD16−CD56low NK cells respond rapidly to cellular and cytokine stimulation. We propose a model in which all NK cell subsets are in dynamic flux. About half of CD56dim NK cells expressed CD57, which was weakly associated with low proliferation. Surprisingly, CD57 expression was associated with higher proliferation rates in both CD8+ and CD8− T cells. Therefore, CD57 is not a reliable marker of senescent, nonproliferative T cells in vivo. NKG2A expression declined with age on both NK cells and T cells. Killer cell Ig-like receptor expression increased with age on T cells but not on NK cells. Although the percentage of CD56bright NK cells declined with age and the percentage of CD56dim NK cells increased with age, there were no significant age-related proliferation or apoptosis differences for these two populations or for total NK cells. In vivo human NK cell turnover is rapid in both young and elderly adults.
Cutting Edge: De Novo Induction of Functional Foxp3+ Regulatory CD4 T Cells in Response to Tissue-Restricted Self Antigen
Authors: Thompson Lucas J. , Valladao Andrea C. , Ziegler Steven F. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Naive CD4 T cells can differentiate into a number of functional subsets in response to Ag, including Foxp3+ induced regulatory T cells (iTregs). The in vivo development and function of iTregs has been primarily demonstrated in systems involving Ag encountered systemically or delivered via the intestinal mucosa. In this study, we demonstrate that de novo Foxp3 expression in naive CD4 T cells is a critical mechanism for establishing tolerance for a tissue-restricted neo-self Ag. Naive CD4 T cells lacking a functional Foxp3 gene cannot achieve tolerance, but can be suppressed in vivo in the presence of wild type naive CD4 T cells. Exposure to nonspecific inflammation during priming undermines tolerance through impaired Foxp3 induction, suggesting that the microenvironment also has a role. These data show that de novo Foxp3 expression is an integral component of establishing and maintaining tolerance among naive peripheral CD4 T cells.
Inhibition of Microglial Phagocytosis Is Sufficient To Prevent Inflammatory Neuronal Death
Authors: Neher Jonas J. , Neniskyte Urte , Zhao Jing-Wei , Bal-Price Anna , Tolkovsky Aviva M. , Brown Guy C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt is well-known that dead and dying neurons are quickly removed through phagocytosis by the brain’s macrophages, the microglia. Therefore, neuronal loss during brain inflammation has always been assumed to be due to phagocytosis of neurons subsequent to their apoptotic or necrotic death. However, we report in this article that under inflammatory conditions in primary rat cultures of neurons and glia, phagocytosis actively induces neuronal death. Specifically, two inflammatory bacterial ligands, lipoteichoic acid or LPS (agonists of glial TLR2 and TLR4, respectively), stimulated microglial proliferation, phagocytic activity, and engulfment of ∼30% of neurons within 3 d. Phagocytosis of neurons was dependent on the microglial release of soluble mediators (and peroxynitrite in particular), which induced neuronal exposure of the eat-me signal phosphatidylserine (PS). Surprisingly, however, eat-me signaling was reversible, so that blocking any step in a phagocytic pathway consisting of PS exposure, the PS-binding protein milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8, and its microglial vitronectin receptor was sufficient to rescue up to 90% of neurons without reducing inflammation. Hence, our data indicate a novel form of inflammatory neurodegeneration, where inflammation can cause eat-me signal exposure by otherwise viable neurons, leading to their death through phagocytosis. Thus, blocking phagocytosis may prevent some forms of inflammatory neurodegeneration, and therefore might be beneficial during brain infection, trauma, ischemia, neurodegeneration, and aging.
Group analytic psychotherapy (im)possibilities to research
Authors: Vlastelica Mirela 
Published: March 2011

In the course of group analytic psychotherapy, where we discovered the power of the therapeutic effects, there occurred the need of group analytic psychotherapy researches. Psychotherapeutic work in general, and group psychotherapy in particular, are hard to measure and put into some objective frames. Researches, i. e. measuring of changes in psychotherapy is a complex task, and there are large disagreements. For a long time, the empirical-descriptive method was the only way of research in the field of group psychotherapy. Problems of researches in group psychotherapy in general, and particularly in group analytic psychotherapy can be reviewed as methodology problems at first, especially due to unrepeatability of the therapeutic process.
The basic polemics about measuring of changes in psychotherapy is based on the question whether a change is to be measured by means of open measuring of behaviour or whether it should be evaluated more finely by monitoring inner psychological dimensions. Following the therapy results up, besides providing additional information on the patient's improvement, strengthens the psychotherapist's self-respect, as well as his respectability and credibility as a scientist.
La inmigración, en la fotografía de prensa de Canarias
Authors: Ardèvol-Abreu Alberto 
Published: March 2011

La fotografía de prensa colabora en la construcción del discurso periodístico de manera tan importante como los textos que la acompañan. El análisis de las fotografías de inmigración en los cuatro periódicos canarios de mayor importancia revela que la agenda mediática se centra sólo en algunos aspectos del fenómeno inmigratorio, por lo que se representa una realidad deformada. Con pocas diferencias entre cabeceras, la inmigración se asocia casi en exclusiva a la llegada de embarcaciones (cayucos y pateras) del vecino continente, y el inmigrante retratado es, en consecuencia, el “subsahariano” o el marroquí, primando el retrato homogeneizador, en grupo, sobre el que busca la individualidad y la diferencia. Además de identificar a los africanos con la debilidad, la carencia de iniciativa y la subalternidad, se les asocia con el delito, a la vez que se ignora a otros colectivos, más numerosos, como los latinoamericanos.
PREDICTION OF EXTENT OF SWELLING IN TERNERY PARTICULATE RUBBER-NANOCOMPOSITES: DEVELOPMENT OF MODIFIED KRAUS EQUATION
Authors: Chattopadhyay Pijush K. , Chattopadhyay Santanu 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Swelling of the nanoclay (NC) and carbon black (CB) filled ENR based ternary particulate nanocomposites was studied based on a novel model which is a generalized form of the Kraus equation. Although the original Kraus equation is not properly suitable for ternary particulate nanocomposites, the results predicted by the modified version of the Kraus equation was more closely matched with the experimental results for the same. Image analyses of the HRTEM (JEOL JEM 2100, Japan) photomicrographs were used to quantify the exfoliated/aggregated morphology in NC filled samples which were applied to predict the swelling extent of the nanocomposites using the modified Kraus equation. NC affected negatively the swelling restriction imparted by CB on the ENR matrices. The present model can be potentially extended to predict the extent of swelling in all type of rubber nanocomposites including the ENR based ones.
ULTRASONIC AIDED EXTRUSION OF CARBON BLACK-FILLEDSBR COMPOUNDS
Authors: Choi Jaesun , Isayev Avraam I. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Ultrasonically assisted single screw extrusion of carbon black (CB)-filled styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds up to 60 phr was carried out and its processing characteristics were measured. The effects of ultrasonic amplitude on rheology, extractable amount, vulcanization behavior, mechanical properties, abrasion, electrical resistivity, and morphology were investigated. Increasing ultrasonic amplitude led to a reduction of extractable content with the effect diminishing with increasing CB loading. Treated compounds showed an increase in viscosity at certain amplitudes. Cure curves revealed reduced induction times with increasing amplitude, except at the highest CB content. The maximum torque of the cure curve, crosslink density, and mechanical properties of vulcanizates all showed an increase at certain ultrasonic amplitudes. An increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) and a decrease in tan δ at Tg were observed with increasing amplitude. Ultrasonically treated unfilled and CB-filled compounds led to vulcanizates with significant and slight improvements in abrasion, respectively. Ultrasonic treatment caused a significant reduction in the electrical percolation threshold of vulcanizates. Morphological study by atomic force microscope revealed a creation of unique CB agglomerates, suggesting the strong interactions between the SBR and CB aggregates in treated compounds, leading to reinforcing effects in vulcanizates.
Synthesis of 2′,4′‐Bridged Nucleosides Using a New Orthogonally Protected Sugar Synthon: 5‐O‐(tert‐Butyldiphenylsilyl)‐4‐C‐Hydroxymethyl‐1,2‐O‐Isopropylidene‐3‐O‐Napthyl‐α‐d‐Allofuranose
Authors: Seth Punit P. , Prakash Thazha P. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract2′,4′‐Bridged nucleic acids (BNA) provide unprecedented increases in the thermal stability of oligonucleotide duplexes. Locked nucleic acids (LNA), a representative member of the BNA class, have shown promise in antisense applications and as a diagnostic tool. While a number of BNA analogs have been reported in the literature, their evaluation in vivo has been stymied by difficulties in securing enough amidite to support extensive animal experiments. A bottleneck has been the ability to prepare a key mono‐protected allofuranose synthon that is the common starting material for all BNA analogs. This unit presents the synthesis of a novel orthogonally protected sugar synthon, 5‐O‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐4‐C‐hydroxymethyl‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐3‐O‐(2‐methylnaphthlene)‐α‐D‐allofuranose, which can be prepared in 100‐gram quantities without any chromatographic purification of intermediates or the final product. The utility of this new synthon is exemplified by the synthesis of BNA analogs containing uracil nucleobases, substituted 2′,4′‐bridges, and oxyamino functionalities that are otherwise more difficult to prepare using the 3′‐O‐benzyl protecting group strategy most commonly used in the literature. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 44:1.24.1‐1.24.23. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of Building Blocks and Oligonucleotides with {G}O6‐Alkyl‐O6{G} Cross‐Links
Authors: Wilds Christopher J. , Booth Jason D. M. , Noronha Anne M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis unit describes two methods for preparing oligonucleotides containing an O6‐2′‐deoxyguanosine‐alkyl‐O6‐2′‐deoxyguanosine interstrand cross‐link by a solid‐phase synthesis approach. Depending on the desired orientation of the cross‐link in the DNA duplex, either a bis‐ or a mono‐phosphoramidite synthesis strategy can be employed. Both procedures require the preparation of a protected 2′‐deoxyguanosine‐containing dimer where the two nucleosides are attached at the O6‐atoms by an alkyl linker. This linker is introduced as a protected diol using two successive Mitsunobu reactions to produce a cross‐linked amidite that is incorporated into an oligonucleotide via solid‐phase synthesis. The use of a protected diol lends versatility to this method, as cross‐links of variable chain length may be prepared. The bis‐phosphoramidite approach is a direct method to preparing the cross‐linked duplex, whereas the mono‐phosphoramidite strategy requires additional manipulation of the solid support to prepare cross‐linked oligonucleotides. Once all synthetic steps are completed, these oligonucleotides can then be removed from the solid support and deprotected, and then purified via ion‐exchange HPLC to produce sufficient quantities of substrates that can be used in DNA repair studies. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 44:5.9.1‐5.9.19. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Syntheses of DNA Duplexes That Contain a N4C‐Alkyl‐N4C Interstrand Cross‐Link
Authors: Miller Paul S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis unit describes a simple procedure for preparing short DNA duplexes that contain a single N4C‐alkyl‐N4C interstrand cross‐link. The synthesis is carried out on an automated DNA synthesizer using standard phosphoramidite chemistry. The cross‐link is introduced during the synthesis of the duplex. The method can be used to prepare milligram quantities of cross‐linked duplexes suitable for physical studies and for the preparation of larger DNA molecules that can be used as substrates to study DNA repair in whole cell extracts and in living cells in culture. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 44:5.10.1‐5.10.9. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.