bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Performance of the Foreign‐Owned Sector of UK Manufacturing: Some Evidence and Implications for UK Inward Investment Policy
Authors: Munday Max , Peel Michael J. , Taylor Karl 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper analyses the reported performance of foreign‐owned manufacturing subsidiaries in the UK between 1994 and 1998. The paper is set in the context of uncertainty about the performance of some foreign‐owned sectors of UK manufacturing and the implications of this performance for the beneficial spillover effects sought by policy‐makers from foreign‐owned capital. Japanese‐owned subsidiaries are the focus of particular attention, with reported profits and tax liabilities significantly below those of subsidiaries from other national sources. The wider ramifications of this finding are analysed for the UK case, particularly in terms of the need to take into account the wider exchequer effects of inward investment in the general evaluation of the financial assistance provided to foreign firms.
Ageing and the tax implied in public pension schemes: simulations for selected OECD countries
Authors: Fenge Robert , Werding Martin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA key figure suited to measuring intergenerational imbalances in unfunded public pension schemes is given by the ‘implicit tax rate’ imposed on each generation's lifetime income. The implicit tax arises from the fact that, quite generally, pension benefits fall short of actuarial returns to contributions paid to these systems while actively working. Under current pension policies, implicit tax rates will increase sharply for younger generations in most industrialised countries. In this paper, this is illustrated for the cases of France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Sweden, the UK and the USA. Nevertheless, there are remarkable differences across countries regarding both the level of implicit taxes and their development over successive age cohorts, which can be attributed to differences in ageing processes and in the institutional features of national pension systems. In addition, we can demonstrate how effective different approaches to pension reform are in smoothing the intergenerational profile of implicit tax rates.
Poverty or preference: what do ‘consensual deprivation indicators’ really mean?
Authors: McKay Stephen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractConsensual deprivation indicators assume that there is a broad consensus on what goods/services families should be able to afford, and that an inability to afford those items can measure deprivation. Using data from two British surveys in 1999, this paper makes two arguments. First, there is only limited agreement about which items families should be able to afford. Secondly, different social groups are more (or less) likely to say the absence of a ‘necessity’ is due to choice. Families who cannot afford two or more ‘necessities’ invariably have a number of ‘nonnecessities’, often many. Their patterns of preferences (and spending) are not typical and they are choosing to buy other goods – through preference rather than poverty. Simply checking whether people lack items for any reason provides results empirically as reliable, but subject to similar criticisms.
Redistributive impact of indirect tax reforms: Greece, 1988–2002
Authors: Kaplanoglou Georgia , Newbery David Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper assesses the distributional impact of indirect taxes among Greek households between 1988 and 2002, a period that coincides with the introduction of significant reforms in the tax system due to EU membership. The highly differentiated indirect tax structure prevailing at the beginning of the period had distributional benefits over the more simplified 2002 tax structure. The overall inequality of the after‐tax welfare distribution has increased by 6–12½ per cent and changes in the indirect tax system seem to explain about half of this increase. The paper also applies a recent method of measuring the distributional impact of relative price changes caused by changes in tax rates of commodities (Newbery, 1995) and establishes that indirect tax reforms introduced since 1988 had an adverse impact on the distribution of purchasing power, which nevertheless seems to be very small.
Some Aspects of the Drying and Heating of Textiles
Authors: PRESTON J. M. , CHEN J. C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary

Fabric temperatures and rates of drying have been investigated using “infra‐red” heating.
Fabrics show two steady temperatures during drying. The lower ocours during the period of the constant drying rate; the higher occurs when the fabrics are dry. The rise, from the lower to the higher temperature occurs at the “critical moisture content”.
Critical moisture contents are given for a number o8
Some Aspects of the Electro‐chemistry of Dyeing
Authors: Neale S. M. 
Published: August 2010

An attempt is made to provide a simple physical picture of the effect of electrical forces upon the dyeing process.Since both fibres and colour ions are electrically charged relative to the water by which they are surrounded, they either attract or repel one another, according as to whether they are oppositely or similarly charged.This electrostatic effect is not the principal factor in the affinity of a dye for the fibre, but the variations in the strength and character of the electrostatic force are responsible for the effects of salt in dyeing, and for the effect of acid on the dyeing of silk and wool.The progress of research on this problem is also indicated.
An Absorption Isotherm for Direct Dyes
Authors: Crank J. 
Published: August 2010

A new theory of direct dyeing is presented in terms of the Langmuir theory of surface adsorption, modified to allow for the effect of foreign electrolyte in the dyebath.
A simple formula is derived, relating the equilibrium absorption of dye to the dyebath concentration, the concentration of foreign electrolyte in the dyebath and the temperature.
The formula is shown to account satisfactorily for the main features of the equilibrium dyeing of cellulose by Chrysophenine G in the presence of sodium chloride.
The theory is used to calculate the energy of dyeing of cellulose by Chrysophenine G.
The Oxidation of Azo Dyes and its relation to Light Fading
Authors: DESAI N. F. , GILES C. H. 
Published: August 2010

It has been shown that oxidation of azo dyes in aqueous media, with several common reagents, including ceric sulphate, potassium dichromate, and hydrogen peroxide, disrupts the azo group and leads to the formation of a diazo compound and a quinone. Subsequently these further decompose to give, respectively, a phenol and nitrogen (in acid media) and phthalic acid. This reaction thus appears to be common to many types of oxidising agent, since previous workers have observed like effects with e. g. hypochlorite, lead dioxide, and nitric acid. An acceptor has been used to characterise the quinone formed. By boiling the acid solution after oxidising the dye a quantitative yield of nitrogen from the azo group is obtained, except when free amino groups are also present.A hypothesis is put forward suggesting that the initial step in such chemical oxidations is one of hydrolytic attack on the ‐C = N– bond of the hydrazone tautomer of the dye. This is shown to fit the facts reasonably well by a study of the relative ease of oxidation of several phenylazo dyes of both soluble and insoluble types, with different substituents in the benzene ring.An examination of available light fading data shows evidenoe of agreement with this theory in the case of insoluble azo dyes, but soluble dyes in many cases behave in an opposite sense.It seems unlikely that a chemical reagent can be found to fade dyes in the same manner as light exposure and thus be suitable for a rapid sorting test.
The Potochemical Degradation of Starch and Allied Carbohydrates
Authors: WHELAN W. J. , PEAT STANLEY 
Published: August 2010

The breakdown of carbohydrates by ultra–violet radiation has been studied, using as the principal substrate the amylose component of potato starch. Two distinct types of photodegradation are recognised–One type, occurring in the presence of oxygen, is a photo–oxidation (for which zinc oxide is a powerful sensitiser) followed by a light–sensitised hydrolysis and further oxidation, which results in the complete conversion of the amylose to carbon dioxide, via the intermediate products formaldehyde and formic acid, all three of which have been'identified. The photo–oxidation is believed to be similar to oxidation effected by the periodate ion, which oxidises the α–glycol group situated at C 2 and C 3 of the glucopyranose ring, with the production of two aldehyde groups. Hydrolysis of the oxidised amylose liberates fresh a–glycol groups, and further oxidation then ensues. The results of the aerobic photodecompositions of potato starch, potato amylopectin, maltose, glucose, and a–methyl glucoside agree with, and provide additional support for this hypothesis.The second form of photodegradation takes place in the absence of oxygen, and has been studied in an atmosphere of highly purified nitrogen. The final products, as yet unidentified, do not include those of the aerobic degradation, and are characterised by a marked resistance to subsequent photo–oxidation.
The Influence of Substituenta on (1) the Decomposition of Diazo Compounds in Acid and Alkaline Solution, and (2) the Alkaline Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds
Authors: HODOSON H. H. , NORRIS W. H. H. , WARD E. R. 
Published: August 2010

Conductivity data indicate that diazonium ions in acid solution conatitute the greater part of the diazonium‐diazo equilibrium‐these are stabilimd by kationoid and destabiliaed by anionoid substituenta. Tn alkaline solution, the more complex system‐when disturbed (e.g. by evolution of nitrogen from (I), or by hydrolysis of (IXI), etc.), will them be further upset by the reactivity of (11) with the products from (I) and (111). Kationoid substituents will confer greater reactive power on the diazohydroxides (11) than anionoid aubstituenta, so that the ultimate rate of decomposition of the alkaline system will be enhanced in the revem direction to that in acid solution. This viewpoint explains Jolles' results, on the stability of alkaline diaaoates, and his work on diazo resins is also briefly discussed.(2) Unlike reduction of aromatic nitro compounds direct to aminen in acid solution, the reduction in alkaline media is complicated by the alrlol condelaeation of the second (nitroso) with the third (hydroxylamino) reduction product to form a latively stable azoxy compound. Anionoid substituents will, therefore, tend to inhibit further reduction by making the azoxy compound, and subsequently the azo compound, more anionoid towards the anionoid reducing agent, while kationoid substituents will have the reverse effect. The anomalous caae of the reduction of p‐dinitrobeme by sodium hydrosulphidele mainly to pp′‐dinitroazobenzeneis discussed, and found to depend on solvent ection on the nitro group.
The Structure and Properties of Natural and Allied Fibres
Authors: MOORE W. R. 
Published: August 2010

It has been possible only to outline the structure and some of the physical properties of natural and allied fibres. While such fibres can be regarded as possessing a common basic structure, modifications of this may lead to considerable differences between the different fibres. In wool the chains do not easily fit into a lattice and crystallinity is low. The chains are folded, such folds being maintained by physical forces between chains. These forces are comparatively weak, and unfolding is easy. The fibre has a low strength and, under certain conditions, a high extensibility. In silk, extended chains fit more readily into a lattice, and the fibre is less extensible. In cellulosic fibres the chains fit easily into å lattice, and in native fibres there are relatively strong forces between chains. The fibre is strong with short‐range elasticity. Regenerated cellulose fibres differ from native in a number of ways‐in the dimensions of the unit cell, in the smaller degree of crystallinity and more random orientation of crystallites, and in the possession of a skin, these differences being reflected in differences in physical properties.This outline of structure and properties is based on two concepts‐ the configuration of the chains and the existence, in the fibre, of crystallites and amorphous regions. While this simple picture should possibly be elaborated to include the arrangement of crystallites into fibrils and the surface structures of fibres, it permits the correlation of fibre structure with such important properties as moisture regain, density, birefringence, swelling, extensibility, and crease‐resistance. These are only some of the properties related to fibre structure. Others, such as the diffusion of dyes, the amount of dye absorbed under specified conditions, and the orientation of dyes in fibres, all of importance in dyeing, may also be related to fibre structure.
The Determination and the Significance of Crystallite Size in Regenerated Cellulose Fibres
Authors: Tyler D. N. , Wooding N. S. 
Published: August 2010

Determinations of accessibility and total crystalline content have been made for a number of regenerated cellulose fibres. Moisture sorption has been used as a measure of cellulose accessibility, and total crystalline content has been estimated from density measurements.It is suggested that the results may be interpreted as showing differences in the average cross‐sectional area of crystalline regions.An attempt is made to correlate these differences with the properties of the fibres produced by various methods of manufacture.
The Sixth George Douglas Lecture
Authors: Cassie A. B. D. 
Published: August 2010

Meeting held at the Midland Hotel, Bradford, on 13th October 1960, Mr. F. M. Stevenson (President of the Society) in the chairThe importance of the setting of wool fibres on packages is discussed in relation to cloth manufacture and shrinkage in finishing. Some remarkable changes that come about in low‐temperature dyeing of wool when fibres are cleaned with various solvents are described.
Colorimetric Evaluation of Change in Colour
Authors: Ulshöfer H. 
Published: August 2010

This paper is sponsored by the Fastness Tests Committee to give the maximum time for testing and evaluating the proposed formula before the next ECE and ISO meetings. Members of the Fastness Tests Committee have not yet had time to study in full the results presented in the paper, and therefore do not necessarily agree with the views expressed by the author. (The paper was previously published in German in the September 1986 issue of Textilveredlung.)In the paper a formula is presented for the evaluation of the change in colour that provides for the determination of fastness ratings by means of colour‐difference measurements. The results agree well with the mean judgement of experienced assessors, who determined the ratings by means of the ISO 105‐AO2 grey scale.
Violence and Temporal Subjectivity
Authors: HAANSTAD ERIC J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYPerceptions of temporal malleability and subjectivity are experienced by many perpetrators, victims, and witnesses of violence. Are perceptions of the slowing down, speeding up, or heightened awareness of time, which accompany violent moments, indicative of broader cultural and humanistic phenomena? In this article, I explore accounts of temporal perceptions surrounding violent encounters as a methodologically useful field of intersection between theories concerning the cultural construction of reality, the anthropology of time, simulation, and an emergent holographic physics. If, as a growing number of physicists assert, the universe can be described as a hologram where “time” is illusory and simultaneous, violent events that are perceived as temporally ambiguous offer sites of particular interest for the humanistic examination of these physical models. In other words, the temporal subjectivity often experienced by those who encounter violence can be interpreted as directly perceivable holographic encounters. The perpetrators, victims, and witnesses of such encounters can be viewed not only as interpreters of particular cultural temporal systems but also actively manipulating space–time and socially constructed reality. Interpreting violence through the experience of human agents could lead to greater insight into not only the symbolic meaning generated by acts of violence but also its hyperreal, desensitizing, and dissociative effects. Furthermore, the amplification of these effects by mass media and modern state ideologues becomes more penetrable under such an interpretive model. I draw from ethnographic research with police and “security” personnel in Thailand, Vietnam, and the United States, as well as from media and performance analysis.
Effects of Visual Information on Adults’ and Infants’ Auditory Statistical Learning
Authors: Thiessen Erik D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInfant and adult learners are able to identify word boundaries in fluent speech using statistical information. Similarly, learners are able to use statistical information to identify word–object associations. Successful language learning requires both feats. In this series of experiments, we presented adults and infants with audio–visual input from which it was possible to identify both word boundaries and word–object relations. Adult learners were able to identify both kinds of statistical relations from the same input. Moreover, their learning was actually facilitated by the presence of two simultaneously present relations. Eight‐month‐old infants, however, do not appear to benefit from the presence of regular relations between words and objects. Adults, like 8‐month‐olds, did not benefit from regular audio–visual correspondences when they were tested with tones, rather than linguistic input. These differences in learning outcomes across age and input suggest that both developmental and stimulus‐based constraints affect statistical learning.
The Effect of Prosody on Conceptual Combination
Authors: Lynott Dermot , Connell Louise 
Published: August 2010

AbstractResearch into people’s comprehension of novel noun‐noun phrases has long neglected the possible influences of prosody during meaning construction. At the same time, work in conceptual combination has disagreed about whether different classes of interpretation emerge from single or multiple processes; for example, whether people use distinct mechanisms when they interpret octopus apartment as property‐based (e.g., an apartment with eight rooms) or relation‐based (e.g., an apartment where an octopus lives). In two studies, we manipulate the prosodic emphasis patterns of novel noun‐noun combinations (placing stress on the modifier noun, the head noun, or dual stress on both nouns) and ask participants to generate an interpretation for the novel phrase. Results show that people are faster to generate property‐based interpretations when dual emphasis stresses both nouns equally, with prosody having little effect on the speed of relation‐based interpretations. These findings highlight a role for prosody during meaning construction and underline important differences between relation‐ and property‐based interpretations that are difficult to reconcile with unitary process views of conceptual combination.
Fibrinolysis and Coagulation. I.
Authors: Helle I. , Theodor I. 
Published: August 2010

The effect of various concentrations of calcium on lysis of euglobulin clots was studied. If clot lysis times exceeded 200 minutes, 0.5 mM CaCl2 or less inhibited the process, whereas higher concentrations accelerated clot lysis. If clot lysis times were short, high calcium concentrations inhibited clot lysis. This happened if enhanced activity was obtained by removal of inhibitors or if it was obtained by a higher activator concentration.These effects of calcium were related to its procoagulant effect and disappeared on adsorbtion with BaSO4. Euglobulin from patients with severe coagulopathies revealed a reduced accelerating effect of calcium. The calcium effect on clot structure was probably of minor importance.
Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and High Packed Cell Volume and Haemoglobin Levels
Authors: Isager Henrik , Hagerup Leif 
Published: August 2010

In a study including 394 men and 339 women, all aged fifty, a positive correlation between cigarette consumption and packed cell volume (PCV) was found in both sexes. In women, we also found a statistically significant correlation between cigarette consumption and haemoglobin concentration. In male cigarette smokers, the incidences of PCV‐values over normal range and of subnormal MCHC‐values were significantly higher than in males, who did not smoke cigarettes (smokers and non‐smokers).We found a statistically significant negative correlation between cigarette consumption and lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second) but we found no evidence of any relationship between lung function and haematological variables. From these results we conclude that the association between cigarette smoking and haematological variables is probably not secondary to the relationship between cigarette consumption and lung function.
Physical and Biochemical Characteristics of Platelets in Severely Malnourished Children with Purpura
Authors: Bello Abel , Dorantes Samuel , Márquez José Luis , Jaimes Ma. Luisa 
Published: August 2010

Platelets from a group of 24 malnourished children with purpura, and a group of 28 clinically healthy adults and 5 normal children, were studied with determination of platelet mean diameter, soluble protein, lactate concentration and platelet viscous metamorphosis.The data obtained from platelet rich plasma in malnourished children showed an increase in lactate concentration and an inability to increase its lactate when thrombin was added; an abnormal viscous metamorphosis was found also in some patients, due to either a plasma or a platelet abnormality and also in a third group of patients to the presence of both defects.
Serum and Urinary Lysozyme in Leukaemia and Polycythaemia vera
Authors: MALMQUIST JÖRGEN 
Published: August 2010

The results of immunochemical determination of lysozyme in serum and urine from 51 patients with leukaemia and polycythaemia vera are presented. Previous reports that large elevations of serum lysozyme tend to be associated with a monocytoid leukaemic cell morphology have been confirmed. However, lysozyme determinations do not provide a clear dichotomy between ‘monocytic’ leukaemia and other acute leukaemia. In polycythaemia vere, in contrast to erythrocytosis of other origin, serum lysozyme is elevated, although only to a minor degree.The influence of renal glomerular filtration on serum lysozyme is emphasized, and data from 46 individuals with various degrees of impairment of renal function are presented. Possible mechanisms for the release of lysozyme from leucocytes are discussed.
Testicular Function after Combination Chemotherapy for Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Asbjørnsen G. , Molne K. , Klepp O. , Aakvaag A. 
Published: August 2010

Fertility was estimated by sperm counts and hormone assays in 8 patients treated for Hodgkin's disease with at least 6 courses of combination chemotherapy. This consisted of an alkylator (mechloretamine or cyclophosphamide), a vinca alkaloid (vinblastine or vincristine), procarbazine and prednisone.Azoospermia was found in 7 of the 8 patients on examination 12–29 months after termination of chemotherapy. In 1 patient semen quality improved gradually, and a sperm count of 5 mill/ml was found at 21 months. Serum FSH levels were increased in all but 1 patient who was, nevertheless, azoospermic. The levels of testosterone and LH were generally within normal limits.Thus, the germinal tissue is seriously damaged by this type of chemotherapy. The resulting infertility seems to be complete and of long duration. Partial recovery of spermatogenesis may, however, sometimes take place after prolonged unsustained remission.