bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte subsets in the endometrium of genitally normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis
Authors: Watson Elaine D. , Thomson S. R. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe density and distribution of MHC Class II positive cells and subpopulations of lymphocytes were studied in the endometrium of genitally normal mares and mares susceptible to endometritis. In genitally normal mares, more MHC Class II positive cells were present in the epithelium and stratum compactum during oestrus than dioestrus. Significantly more CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were present in the stratum compactum than in the stratum spongiosum. CD4+ lymphocytes were present in greater numbers than CD8+ lymphocytes in the stratum compactum but approximately equal numbers were present in the stratum spongiosum and in lymphoid aggregates. Occasional CD4+ and CD8+ cells were seen in the luminal and glandular epithelium. Infrequently, B cells were present in the endometrium and were not observed in the epithelium. Numbers of T and B cells did not appear to be affected by cycle stage. In mares with endometritis, the densities of CD4+, CD8+ and B cells were significantly increased. Large aggregates of lymphoid cells which contained approximately twice as many CD4+ cells as CD8+ cells were present in the endometrium of these mares and all 3 subclasses of lymphocyte were seen occasionally in luminal and glandular epithelium.
Evaluation of pulse oximetry in anaesthetised foals using multiple combinations of transducer type and transducer attachment site
Authors: CHAFFIN M. K. , MATTHEWS NORA S. , COHEN N. D. , CARTER G. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA commercially available pulse oximeter was evaluated in anaesthetised foals to determine its accuracy for estimating arterial haemoglobin saturation (SaO2). Five different transducer/transducer attachment site (TIAS) combinations were evaluated; 1–3) a fingertip transmission transducer attached to the foal's ear, lip and tongue, 4) an adhesive transmission transducer positioned on the foal's ear and 5) a forehead reflectance transducer placed on the ventral aspect of the foal's tail‐base.Eight normal, Quarter Horse foals (age 5–10 days) were studied while under general anaesthesia. Alterations in arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were produced by changing the level of ventilation. At each level of ventilation, alterations of arterial haemoglobin saturation (SaO2) were produced by varying the inspired fraction of oxygen (FIO2). At each level of ventilation and each level of FIO2, arterial blood samples were obtained for blood gas analysis while pulse oximeter readings were recorded simultaneously for each TTAS combination. Arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) was calculated from arterial blood gas values and the equine blood oxygen dissociation curve.Pulse oximeter readings from each TTAS combination were compared with SaO2values with linear regression analyses. Bias and precision values were determined and the sensitivity and specificity of each TTAS combination for detecting desaturation (SaO2<90%) were determined.Linear regression analyses indicated significant (P<0.05) linear correlation between oxygen saturation determined by pulse oximeter (SpO2) and SaO2for each of the 5 TTAS combinations. The combinations TTAS‐1, TTAS‐3 and TTAS‐4 tended slightly to underestimate SaO2at high SaO2ranges, but overestimated SaO2at low ranges of SaO2. Combination TTAS‐2 overestimated SaO2over all ranges of SaO2. Combination TTAS‐5 consistently underestimated SaO2at all ranges of SaO2. In general, accuracy and precision of each TTAS combination decreased at lower SaO2ranges. All TTAS combinations, except TTAS‐2 and TTAS‐4, had good sensitivity for detecting SaO2less than 90%. All TTAS combinations except TTAS‐5 demonstrated good specificity.We concluded that pulse oximetry appears to be a valuable method for assessing SaO2and detecting desaturation in anaesthetised foals. Clinicians should be aware that the type of transducer used and the anatomical site to which it is attached can have marked effects on the accuracy of pulse oximetry; and that different TTAS combinations may behave differently over various ranges of SaO2.
The role of computed tomography in evaluation of subchondral osseous lesions in seven horses with chronic synovitis
Authors: HANSON JENNIFER A. , SEEHERMAN H. J. , KIRKER‐HEAD C. A. , O'CALLAGHAN M. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeven horses with severe, persistent lameness of sudden onset were evaluated with scintigraphy and/or computed tomography. The lameness was localised to the front fetlock joint in 2 horses and to the tibiotarsal joint in 5 horses. Five of the horses had a history of intra‐articular injections of the involved joint prior to presentation. All horses had effusion of the affected joint and were positive to flexion tests. Intraarticular anaesthesia eliminated or improved the lameness in 4 cases and a nerve conduction block proximal to the affected joint improved the lameness in another. Cytology examination of fluid from affected joints identified normal joint fluid (one horse) or elevations in nucleated cell counts of 0.9 × 109/1–36.8 × 109/l and total protein 20–42 g/l (6 horses). The joint fluid of 2 of these horses cultured positive for bacteria. Initial radiographs were either normal (4 cases) or the changes seen were not sufficient to explain the degree of lameness. In the 6 cases where scintigraphy was performed, intense focal isotope uptake was found in the suspected region, which corresponded to the proximal portion of the first phalanx (2 cases), distal tibia (2 cases), or talus (3 cases). Computed tomography (CT) was performed because occult fracture or osteomyelitis was suspected; and knowledge of the precise anatomical location of the lesion was considered necessary to assess the need for surgery and to plan the surgical approach. Hypodense focal lesions with hyperdense haloes were found in the subchondral bone deep to the sagittal groove of the first phalanx (P1) (2 cases) in the cochlea of the distal tibia (2 cases), and in the intertrochlear portion of the talus (3 cases). Communication between the lesion and the joint space was demonstrated by CT in 5 cases.Post mortemexamination of one case revealed synovitis and a chronic bone abscess (Brodie's abscess) communicating with the joint space.
Hypertrophic osteopathy (Marie's disease) in Equidae: a review of twenty‐four cases
Authors: MAIR T. S. , DYSON SUE J. , FRASER J. A. , EDWARDS G. B. , HILLYER M. H. , LOVE S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe case records of 23 horses and one donkey affected by hypertrophic osteopathy (HO) (Marie's disease) were reviewed. All affected animals presented with limb swellings, which were bilaterally symmetrical and usually involved both fore‐ and hindlimbs. Associated signs included stiffness/lameness and weight loss. Radiological features included periosteal new bone formation over the diaphyses and metaphyses of affected bones. The metacarpal and metatarsal bones were most frequently affected. Articular surfaces remained free of disease. Seventeen animals were destroyed on humane grounds, 3 horses recovered after successful treatment of the primary disease, 3 horses recovered after symptomatic treatment and one horse was lost to follow‐up. Significant primary diseases that were believed to predispose to HO were identified (pre‐ orpost mortem) in 14 cases. In each of these cases, an intrathoracic disease was identified, although co‐existing extrathoracic disease was present in 3 cases. Granulomatous inflammatory lesions were present in 9 of these 14 cases. In 4 horses, which underwent necropsy examination, no significant underlying disease was identified.
Induction of early‐phase endotoxin tolerance in horses
Authors: ALLEN G. K. , CAMPBELL‐BEGGS CINDY , ROBINSON JULIE A. , JOHNSON R J. , GREEN ELEANOR M. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix, clinically healthy horses, of mixed age and sex, were infused via a jugular venous catheter with 100 ml of pyrogen‐free sterile saline (PFSS; 0.9% NaCl). Animals were infused withEscherichia coliO55:B5 endotoxin (total dose = 50 ng/kg bwt), 24 (LPS‐1) and 48 h (LPS‐2) after PFSS infusion. Blood was collected before, and every 15 min after, each infusion for the first 8 h and then every 2 h for the following 14 h. Clinical responses (rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure) were determined before and every 4 h after each infusion for 20 h. Geometric mean anti‐endotoxin antibody titres in serum samples, harvested just before each infusion, were unchanged over the course of the experiment. Serum tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNFα) activity was estimated using a cytotoxic bioassay and WEHI 164 clone 13 murine fibrosarcoma cells as targets. Mean clinical parameter values and geometric mean serum TNFα activity at given time points were compared across the 3 infusions. Both LPS‐1 and LPS‐2 resulted in elevated mean rectal temperature at 4 h after infusion. However, duration of mean rectal temperature elevation was greater (P<0.05) after LPS‐1 (through 12 h) than after LPS‐2 (through 8 h). More substantial increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed after LPS‐1 than LPS‐2 and mean systolic blood pressure after LPS‐1 was elevated at 4 h when compared to PFSS (P<0.05). Decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressures were observed at 16 h after both LPS infusions, when compared to PFSS infusion. Heart rate was increased, compared to PFSS, after both LPS‐1 (8–12 h) and LPS‐2 (4–12 h) (P<0.05). No significant elevations in mean respiratory rate were observed after either LPS‐1 or LPS‐2 when compared to PFSS. However, at 4 h post infusion, mean respiratory rate after LPS‐2 was greater (P<0.05) than that after LPS‐1. Serum TNFα activity was not detected after infusion of PFSS, but was detected after both LPS‐1 and LPS‐2. Serum TNFα activity was elevated earlier, was present in higher concentrations and persisted longer after LPS‐1 than after LPS‐2 (P<0.05). The decreased duration of fever and attenuated serum TNFα response subsequent to successive sublethal LPS challenge observed in this study support the conclusion that these horses developed early‐phase endotoxin tolerance (EPET) and, therefore, contributes to the understanding of the role of endotoxaemia in a number of clinical conditions in horses.
Rectal biopsy diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of intestinal disorders: a retrospective study of 116 cases
Authors: LINDBERG R. , NYGREN ANNICA , PERSSON S. G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe histology from rectal biopsy specimens taken 1980–1990 on 131 occasions from 116 horses, age 1–18 years, with clinical signs of intestinal disease was evaluated and classified retrospectively. In 40 horses, autopsy results were studied for comparison. Biopsy specimens (21 horses) andpost mortemrectal tissue (9 horses) from 30 healthy horses, age 4–22 years, were used as controls. In 105 clinical cases, a biopsy was performed on only one occasion, while repeat biopsy was performed in 11 cases. Specimens showed pathological changes in 60 horses. The findings were classified into acute, chronic or chronic active simple proctitis, granulomatous enteritis, eosinophilic granulomatosis/gastroenteritis, eosinophilic‐proctitis, erosive/ulcerative proctitis, pseudomembranous proctitis, proctitis with vasculitis and malignant lymphoma. Mild scattered neutrophil infiltration in thelamina propriawas found in controls, but neutrophils in crypt or surface epithelia were abnormal findings. Depletion or hyperplasia of goblet cells sometimes accompanied inflammation. Simple proctitis occurred in association with malignant lymphoma and various inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract apparent at autopsy. Eosinophilic granulomatosis/gastroenteritis and granulomatous enteritis were diagnosed from biopsy specimens in 6 of 12 and 4 of 9 cases, respectively, of these diseases confirmed at autopsy. Reduction of acid mucins in goblet cells was a prominent feature of eosinophilic granulomatosis. Rectal biopsy was found to be a useful adjunct for evaluation of intestinal disease in the horse.
Endotoxin induced expression of tumour necrosis factor, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitor activity by peritoneal macrophages
Authors: BARTON MICHELLE HENRY , COLLATOS CHRYSANN , MOORE J. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPeritoneal fluid was collected aseptically from 30 healthy adult horses and 115 horses with acute gastrointestinal disease and supernatant was separated from cells by centrifugation followed by freezing until assayed for endotoxin and tumour necrosis factor activity. Peritoneal macrophages obtained from healthy horses were incubatedin vitrofor 3, 6, 12 or 24 h in the absence (media control) or presence ofEscherichia coli055:B5 endotoxin (final concentrations of 1, 10, 100 or 1000 ng/ml). Macrophages obtained from horses with acute gastrointestinal disease were incubated for 12 h in the absence (media control) or presence of 100 ng endotoxin/ml. At the conclusion of the incubation, macrophage supernatants were collected and frozen at −70°C until analysed for tumour necrosis factor activity. Macrophage membranes were lysed and frozen at −70°C until assayed for tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitortype 2activity.Compared to cells incubated with media, incubation of macrophages, obtained from healthy horses, with endotoxin significantly increased tumour necrosis factor, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitortype 2activity. These increases were dependent on the endotoxin concentration and the duration of incubation. Compared to cells incubated with media alone, incubation of macrophages, obtained from horses with acute gastrointestinal disease with endotoxin, significantly increased tumour necrosis factor and tissue factor activity. Endotoxin induced tumour necrosis factor activityin vitrowas significantly less for macrophages from horses with acute gastrointestinal disease, as compared to that produced by similarly treated cells obtained from healthy horses. For those horses with acute gastrointestinal disease, macrophages obtained from horses with either endotoxin or tumour necrosis factor activity in the peritoneal fluid supernatant had significantly less endotoxin induced tumour necrosis factorin vitro, as compared to similarly treated cells obtained from horses without endotoxin or tumour necrosis factor activity in the peritoneal fluid supernatant. The results of this study indicate that exposure of equine peritoneal macrophages to endotoxin results in a significant increase in tumour necrosis factor, tissue factor and plasminogen activator inhibitortype 2activity. Afterin vitroexposure to endotoxin, there is significant down‐regulation of inflammatory mediator production by peritoneal macrophages obtained from endotoxaemic horses. These results suggest that these macrophages may exhibit early endotoxin tolerance.
Expression of types II, VI and X collagen in equine growth cartilage during development
Authors: HENSON FRANCES M. D. , DAVIES M. ELISABETH , SCHOFIELD P. N. , JEFFCOTT L. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe synthesis and expression of collagen types II, VI and X were investigated in growth cartilage selected from a group of 31 horses and ponies in the age range 157 days of gestation to 12 years. Collagen isolation, immunolocalisation and in situ hybridisation techniques were used in order to provide information on the pattern of synthesis of these 3 collagens during endochondral ossification in normal horses. Type II collagen immunoreactivity and mRNA expression was found in each of the 3 zones of growth cartilage chondrocytes in all samples studied, whereas the localisation of both collagen types VI and X varied during cartilage development Type VI collagen in the fetus was present only in the resting and upper proliferative zones and around the cartilage canal blood vessels in both articular/epiphyseal and metaphyseal cartilage, whereas in animals age >2 years it was present throughout all the cartilage studied. Type X collagen immunoreactivity and mRNA expression was detected only in the late hypertrophic zone in articular/epiphyseal cartilage in animals age <6 months and in metaphyseal cartilage in animals <12 months.These results demonstrated the presence of collagen types VI and X in equine cartilage for the first time. In addition, the pattern of expression of type II mRNA in the cartilage has been established and type VI and X collagens have been shown to differ in their expression during development of the skeleton.
Spinal accessory nerve biopsy as an ante mortem diagnostic test for equine motor neuron disease
Authors: JACKSON C. A. , DE LAHUNTA A. , CUMMINGS J. F. , DIVERS T. J. , MOHAMMED H. O. , VALENTINE B. A. , HACKETT R. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effectiveness of spinal accessory nerve branch biopsy evaluation as a means to confirm the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) was investigated. Sixteen horses with histories and clinical signs suggestive of EMND and 16 control horses with neither histories nor clinical signs of any neurological disorder, were subjects of the study. Biopsy samples of the ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve were obtained either surgically, under general anaesthesia or post mortem immediately after euthanasia. Evaluation was done on the spinal cord of all horses to serve as the definitive diagnostic indicator of EMND.Results indicate that biopsy of the ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve is a reliable ante mortem diagnostic test for EMND. Histological evidence of the degeneration of myelinated axons is present in both acute and arrested cases. The ventral branch of the spinal accessory nerve is easy to approach surgically and biopsy of the nerve causes no disfigurement of the sternocephalicus muscle. The use of semi‐thin Epon sections is an excellent method of sample preparation. Formalin fixation and routine paraffin embedment may prove more accessible and provide good quality preparations for reliable interpretation. In the hands of an experienced pathologist, the sensitivity and specificity reliability coefficients for spinal accessory nerve branch biopsy are 94%, making this technique an extremely valuable diagnostic tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of EMND.
Chronic tenosynovitis of the carpal extensor tendon sheaths in 15 horses
Authors: PLATT D. , WRIGHT I. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe history, clinical features, radiological findings, treatment and outcome of 15 horses with chronic tenosynovitis of the carpal extensor tendon sheaths are reported. The condition was seen most commonly in horses used for jumping and penetration of the tendon sheaths by thorns was the most common aetiology. Treatment involved surgical resection of the hyperplastic synovial membrane, and adhesions within the tendon sheath, with primary closure. When combined with early postoperative physiotherapy this was found to be an effective method of treatment. All horses in this series were not lame at follow‐up, with 14 horse returning to their former level of athletic performance.
Measurement of cardiac output in standing horses by Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution
Authors: BLISSITT KAREN J. , YOUNG LESLEY E. , JONES R. S. , DARKE P. G. G. , UTTING J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMeasurements of cardiac output by Doppler echocardiography were compared to simultaneous measurements by thermodilution in 9 conscious horses. In the Doppler technique, mean blood flow velocities for estimation of cardiac output were recorded from the aorta and pulmonary artery. The flow area of each vessel was calculated from the vessel diameter, measured from a 2‐dimensional ultrasound image. Differences in the site and method of measuring the vessel diameter altered the estimation of cardiac output by the Doppler method. Cardiac output was modified by the i.v. infusion of 4 μg/kg bwt/min dopamine and 4 μg/kg bwt/min dobutamine and by the i.v. administration of 10 μg/kg bwt detomidine and 20 μg/kg bwt butorphanol.Doppler measurements of cardiac output correlated closely with measurement by thermodilution. Measurements from the aortic outflow correlated more closely with thermodilution, than those from the pulmonary artery (r = 0.89 and r = 0.77, respectively). Doppler measurements agreed most closely with thermodilution measurements when the mean flow velocity was recorded from the aorta and the flow area was measured from the ascending aorta using the leading edge method. There was no significant bias between the 2 techniques when Doppler flow velocities were recorded by this method and the limits of agreement were narrow (±12.26 l/min). The differences between the 2 methods increased with increasing cardiac output.Doppler echocardiography is a safe noninvasive method of measuring cardiac output in horses. The agreement between Doppler echocardiography and thermodilution in this study is similar to that reported in man and is similar to that reported between thermodilution and other techniques in man.
Visual outcome and ocular survival following Iris prolapse in the horse: a review of 32 cases
Authors: CHMIELEWSKI N. T. , BROOKS D. E. , SMITH PATRICIA J. , HENDRIX DIANE V. H. , WHITTAKER C. , GELATT K. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe medical records of 32 horses treated for iris prolapse (IP) during an 8 year period, at the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, were reviewed. Iris prolapse was associated with perforated corneal ulcers in 15 horses (47%), ruptured stromal abscesses in 2 horses (6%), and full thickness corneal lacerations in 15 horses (47%). Initial ophthalmic examinations revealed IP with severe iridocyclitis in all eyes and keratomalacia in 8 eyes with corneal ulcers, one with a stromal abscess and 1 with a corneal laceration. Hyphema was present in 7 eyes with corneal lacerations.Thirty horses were managed with combined medical and surgical therapy. Two horses were only treated medically with topically administered antibiotics. Of the 24 perforations surgically repaired, 21 were closed primarily and 13 were then covered with a conjunctival graft. After combined therapy and a minimum of 4 months of follow‐up, vision was retained in 6 of the horses (40%) with perforating corneal disease and 5 of the horses (33%) with perforating corneal lacerations. Post operatively, of the 11 (37%) horses blind at discharge, 6 (55%) subsequently developedphthisis bulbi.Enucleations were performed in 4 cases with extensive keratomalacia and/or endophthalmitis, 2 cases with limbal rupture and total hyphema, and one case with a chronic IP. One horse was subjected to euthanasia after 3 surgical treatments failed to stabilise stromal melting.Horses presented with ulcerative keratitis of fewer than 15 days duration, or horses with corneal lacerations less than 15 mm in length, tended to have a favourable visual outcome. Keratomalacia, hyphema, corneal lacerations longer than 15 mm and lacerations extending to, along, or beyond the limbus, adversely influenced visual outcome. Iridectomy did not appear clinically to exacerbate anterior uveitis or adversely affect visual outcome. Ocular survival following combined therapy was 80% (12/15) in horses with corneal lacerations and 67% (10/15) in horses with ulcerative keratitis.