bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive association between plasma IGF1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in adult nondiabetic subjects
Authors: Succurro Elena , Arturi Franco , Grembiale Alessandro , Iorio Fiorella , Laino Irma , Andreozzi Francesco , Sciacqua Angela , Hribal Marta Letizia , Perticone Francesco , Sesti Giorgio 
Published: April 2010

AimsLow IGF1 levels have been associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. It is unknown however whether IGF1 mediates the atherosclerotic process by modulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) independently from confounders. To address this issue, we evaluated the association between IGF1 levels and HDL-C in nondiabetic subjects.MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was used in the context of the CAtanzaro MEtabolic RIsk factors Study. One thousand and four participants (aged 20–69 years), for whom HDL-C and IGF1 measurements were available, were eligible for the study.ResultsAfter adjusting for gender and age, IGF1 levels were positively correlated with HDL-C, and negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, blood pressure (BP), triglyceride, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). In a logistic regression model adjusted for age and gender, IGF1 in the lowest tertile (<125 ng/ml) was associated with an increased risk of having low HDL-C (odds ratio (OR) 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–3.0; P=4×10−5) compared with the highest tertile (>186 ng/ml). When BMI, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and HOMA index were added to the model, IGF1 remained significantly associated with increased risk of low HDL-C (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.01–2.31; P=0.04). A stepwise multivariate regression analysis in a model including age, gender, BMI, total cholesterol, triglycerides, IGF1, HOMA, and BP showed that the variables significantly associated with HDL-C were gender (P<0.0001), triglycerides (P<0.0001), total cholesterol (P<0.0001), BMI (P<0.0001), IGF1 levels (P<0.0001), and HOMA (P=0.001), accounting for 32.6% of its variation.ConclusionsThese data provide evidence that IGF1 may be an independent modulator for HDL-C in nondiabetic individuals.
The Impact of Job Stress on Smoking and Quitting: Evidence from the HRS
Authors: Ayyagari Padmaja , Sindelar Jody L 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Job-related stress might affect smoking behavior because smoking may relieve stress and stress can make individuals more present-focused. Alternatively, individuals may both self-select into stressful jobs and choose to smoke based on unobserved factors. We use data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine how job stress affects the probability that smokers quit and the number of cigarettes smoked for current smokers. To address the potential endogeneity of job stress based on time invariant factors, we include individual fixed effects, which control for factors such as ability to handle stress. Occupational fixed effects are also included to control for occupational characteristics other than stress; time dummies control for the secular decline in smoking rates. Using a sample of people who smoked in the previous wave, we find that job stress is positively related to continuing to smoke among recent smokers. The results indicate that the key impact of stress is on the extensive margin of smoking, as opposed to the number of cigarettes smoked.
Immigration, Citizenship, and the Size of Government
Authors: Ortega Francesc 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
I study the political sustainability of the welfare state in an environment where immigration is the main demographic force and where governments choose immigration policy. Voters anticipate their children's prospects of economic mobility and the future political consequences of today's policies. The skill distribution evolves due to intergenerational skill upgrading and immigration. I consider three regimes: permanent migration with citizenship granted by jus soli, permanent migration with jus sanguinis, and temporary migration. The main finding is that under permanent migration and jus soli there exists equilibria where redistribution is sustained indefinitely, despite constant skill upgrading. This is not the case in the other regimes. The crucial insight is that unskilled voters trade-off the lower wages from larger unskilled immigration with the increased political support for redistribution provided by the children of the current immigrants. These mechanisms are relevant for the ongoing debates over comprehensive immigration reform in the U.S, and elsewhere.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Action in the Brain Increases Energy Expenditure and Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Rats
Authors: Sarruf David A. , Thaler Joshua P. , Morton Gregory J. , German Jonathan , Fischer Jonathan D. , Ogimoto Kayoko , Schwartz Michael W. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
The hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) exerts diverse, beneficial effects on energy balance and insulin sensitivity when administered systemically to rodents with diet-induced obesity (DIO). The current studies investigate whether central FGF21 treatment recapitulates these effects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
After preliminary dose-finding studies, either saline vehicle or recombinant human FGF21 (0.4 μg/day) was infused continuously for 2 weeks into the lateral cerebral ventricle of male Wistar rats rendered obese by high-fat feeding. Study end points included measures of energy balance (body weight, body composition, food intake, energy expenditure, and circulating and hepatic lipids) and glucose metabolism (insulin tolerance test, euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, and hepatic expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism).

RESULTS
Compared with vehicle, continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of FGF21 increased both food intake and energy expenditure in rats with DIO, such that neither body weight nor body composition was altered. Despite unchanged body fat content, rats treated with intracerebroventricular FGF21 displayed a robust increase of insulin sensitivity due to increased insulin-induced suppression of both hepatic glucose production and gluconeogenic gene expression, with no change of glucose utilization.

CONCLUSIONS
FGF21 action in the brain increases hepatic insulin sensitivity and metabolic rate in rats with DIO. These findings identify the central nervous system as a potentially important target for the beneficial effects of FGF21 in the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
Impact of Age on the Relationships of Brown Adipose Tissue With Sex and Adiposity in Humans
Authors: Pfannenberg Christina , Werner Matthias K. , Ripkens Sabine , Stef Irina , Deckert Annette , Schmadl Maria , Reimold Matthias , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Claussen Claus D. , Stefan Norbert 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) regulates energy homeostasis and fat mass in mammals and newborns and, most likely, in adult humans. Because BAT activity and BAT mass decline with age in humans, the impact of BAT on adiposity may decrease with aging. In the present study we addressed this hypothesis and further investigated the effect of age on the sex differences in BAT activity and BAT mass.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from 260 subjects (98 with BAT and 162 study date–matched control subjects) who underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) under thermoneutral conditions were analyzed. BAT activity and BAT mass were determined in the upper body.

RESULTS
BAT activity and BAT mass were higher in female (1.59 ± 0.10 and 32 ± 5 g vs. 1.02 ± 0.10 and 18 ± 4 g, both P ≤ 0.0006) than in male subjects. In multivariate analyses, sex (P &lt; 0.0001), age (P &lt; 0.0001), and BMI (P = 0.0018) were associated independently with BAT activity. Interestingly, only in male subjects was there an interaction between BMI and age in determining BAT activity (P = 0.008) and BAT mass (P = 0.0002); BMI decreased with increasing BAT activity and BAT mass in the lowest age tertile (Spearman rank correlation coefficient rs = −0.38, P = 0.015 and rs = −0.37, P = 0.017, respectively), not in the higher age tertiles. Furthermore, BAT activity and mass differed between female and male subjects only in the upper two age tertiles (all P ≤ 0.09).

CONCLUSIONS
Our data corroborate that, in general, BAT activity and BAT mass are elevated in female subjects and in younger people. Importantly, we provide novel evidence that the impact of BAT activity and BAT mass on adiposity appears to decline with aging only in male subjects. Furthermore, while BAT activity and BAT mass only moderately decline with increasing age in female subjects, a much stronger effect is found in male subjects.
Effectiveness of Removable Walker Cast Versus Nonremovable Fiberglass Off-Bearing Cast in the Healing of Diabetic Plantar Foot Ulcer
Authors: Faglia Ezio , Caravaggi Carlo , Clerici Giacomo , Sganzaroli Adriana , Curci Vincenzo , Vailati Wanda , Simonetti Daniele , Sommalvico Francesco 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of a removable cast walker compared with that of a nonremovable fiberglass off-bearing cast in the treatment of diabetic plantar foot ulcer.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Forty-five adult diabetic patients with nonischemic, noninfected neuropathic plantar ulcer were randomly assigned for treatment with a nonremovable fiberglass off-bearing cast (total contact cast [TCC] group) or walker cast (Stabil-D group). Treatment duration was 90 days. Percent reduction in ulcer surface area and total healing rates were evaluated after treatment.

RESULTS
A total of 48 patients were screened; however, 2 patients in the TCC group and 1 patient in the Stabil-D group did not complete the study and were considered dropouts. There were no significant differences in demographic and clinic characteristics of the 45 patients completing the study. Ulcer surface decreased from 1.41 to 0.21 cm2 (P &lt; 0.001) in the TCC group and from 2.18 to 0.45 cm2 (P &lt; 0.001) in the Stabil-D group, with no significant differences between groups (P = 0.722). Seventeen patients (73.9%) in the TCC group and 16 patients (72.7%) in the Stabil-D group achieved healing (P = 0.794). Average healing time was 35.3 ± 3.1 and 39.7 ± 4.2 days in the TCC and Stabil-D group, respectively (P = 0.708).

CONCLUSIONS
The Stabil-D cast walker, although removable, was equivalent in efficacy to the TCC in terms of ulcer size reduction and total healing rate. The easier use of Stabil-D may help increase the use of off-loading devices in the management of plantar neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers.
Dose-Response Effects of Insulin Glargine in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wang Zhihui , Hedrington Maka S. , Gogitidze Joy Nino , Briscoe Vanessa J. , Richardson M. Antoinette , Younk Lisa , Nicholson Wendell , Tate Donna B. , Davis Stephen N. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic dose-response effects of insulin glargine administered subcutaneously in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Twenty obese type 2 diabetic individuals (10 male and 10 female, aged 50 ± 3 years, with BMI 36 ± 2 kg/m2 and A1C 8.3 ± 0.6%) were studied in this single-center, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study. Five subcutaneous doses of insulin glargine (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 units/kg) were investigated on separate occasions using the 24-h euglycemic clamp technique.

RESULTS
Glargine duration of action to reduce glucose, nonessential fatty acid (NEFA), and β-hydroxybutyrate levels was close to or &gt;24 h for all four doses. Increases in glucose flux revealed no discernible peak and were modest with maximal glucose infusion rates of 9.4, 6.6, 5.5, and 2.8 μmol/kg/min for the 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 units/kg doses, respectively. Glargine exhibited a relatively hepatospecific action with greater suppression (P &lt; 0.05) of endogenous glucose production (EGP) compared with little or no increases in glucose disposal.

CONCLUSION
A single subcutaneous injection of glargine at a dose of ≥0.5 units/kg can acutely reduce glucose, NEFA, and ketone body levels for 24 h in obese insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic individuals. Glargine lowers blood glucose by mainly inhibiting EGP with limited effects on stimulating glucose disposal. Large doses of glargine have minimal effects on glucose flux and retain a relatively hepatospecific action in type 2 diabetes.
Dietary Intake of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid and Diabetic Nephropathy: Cohort Analysis of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
Authors: Lee Cheetin C. , Sharp Stephen J. , Wexler Deborah J. , Adler Amanda I. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between dietary n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) and the degree and development of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed longitudinal data from 1,436 participants in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. We defined the average intake of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid from diet histories. Urinary albumin excretion rates (UAERs) were measured over 24 h; incident albuminuria was considered the first occurrence of an UAER &gt;40 mg/24 h sustained for ≥1 year in normoalbuminuric individuals.

RESULTS
In a mean follow-up of 6.5 years, we observed a lower mean UAER (difference 22.7 mg/24 h [95% CI 1.6–43.8)]) in the top versus the bottom third of dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs, but we found no association with incident albuminuria.

CONCLUSIONS
Dietary n-3 LC-PUFAs appear inversely associated with the degree but not with the incidence of albuminuria in type 1 diabetes. These findings require further investigation in prospective studies.
Partial Sleep Restriction Decreases Insulin Sensitivity in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Donga Esther , van Dijk Marieke , van Dijk J. Gert , Biermasz Nienke R. , Lammers Gert-Jan , van Kralingen Klaas , Hoogma Roel P.L.M. , Corssmit Eleonora P.M. , Romijn Johannes A. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Sleep restriction results in decreased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that sleep duration is also a determinant of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied seven patients (three men, four women) with type 1 diabetes: mean age 44 ± 7 years, BMI 23.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2, and A1C 7.6 ± 0.3%. They were studied once after a night of normal sleep duration and once after a night of only 4 h of sleep. Sleep characteristics were assessed by polysomnography. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies with an infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose.

RESULTS
Sleep duration was shorter in the night with sleep restriction than in the unrestricted night (469 ± 8.5 vs. 222 ± 7.1 min, P = 0.02). Sleep restriction did not affect basal levels of glucose, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), or endogenous glucose production. Endogenous glucose production during the hyperinsulinemic clamp was not altered during the night of sleep restriction compared with the night of unrestricted sleep (6.2 ± 0.8 vs. 6.9 ± 0.6 μmol · kg lean body mass−1 · min−1, NS). In contrast, sleep restriction decreased the glucose disposal rate during the clamp (25.5 ± 2.6 vs. 22.0 ± 2.1 μmol · kg lean body mass−1 · min−1, P = 0.04), reflecting decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, sleep restriction decreased the rate of glucose infusion by ∼21% (P = 0.04). Sleep restriction did not alter plasma NEFA levels during the clamp (143 ± 29 vs. 133 ± 29 μmol/l, NS).

CONCLUSIONS
Partial sleep deprivation during a single night induces peripheral insulin resistance in these seven patients with type 1 diabetes. Therefore, sleep duration is a determinant of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Effect of Ranolazine on A1C and Glucose Levels in Hyperglycemic Patients With Non-ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Chisholm Jeffrey W. , Goldfine Allison B. , Dhalla Arvinder K. , Braunwald Eugene , Morrow David A. , Karwatowska-Prokopczuk Ewa , Belardinelli Luiz 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
We determined the relationships between glycemia at randomization, concurrent antidiabetic therapy, and change in A1C and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in patients with diabetes receiving standard treatment for diabetes and randomized to ranolazine or placebo within the MERLIN-TIMI-36 (MERLIN) study. Ranolazine is a novel first-in-class drug approved for treating angina pectoris.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Randomization and 4-month glycemic and antidiabetes drug usage data from MERLIN were analyzed using Spotfire and SAS version 9.1 software.

RESULTS
In patients with diabetes and A1C of ≥8–10% at randomization (n = 171), there was an absolute A1C reduction in the ranolazine group of 1.2% (95% CI −1.4 to −1.0), and the placebo-adjusted (n = 182) decrease in A1C by ranolazine was 0.59% (95% CI −0.99 to −0.20, P &lt; 0.001). In patients with FPG of 150–400 mg/dl at randomization, ranolazine (n = 131) compared with placebo (n = 147) reduced FPG by 25.7 mg/dl (95% CI −43.3 to −8.1, P = 0.001). When changes in either A1C or FPG were correlated to A1C or FPG at randomization, the slopes were significantly steeper for ranolazine than placebo (A1C, P = 0.046; FPG, P &lt; 0.001), indicating that lowering of A1C and FPG by ranolazine is related to hyperglycemia at randomization. Ranolazine, compared with placebo, was not associated with serious hypoglycemic events, associated with significant changes in concurrent antidiabetic therapy, or dependent on a history of angina.

CONCLUSIONS
Ranolazine, when added to concurrent antidiabetes treatment, lowers FPG and A1C in patients with cardiovascular disease and poorly controlled diabetes.
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Callaway Leonie K. , Colditz Paul B. , Byrne Nuala M. , Lingwood Barbara E. , Rowlands Ingrid J. , Foxcroft Katie , McIntyre H. David ,   for the BAMBINO Group
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To examine the feasibility of an individualized exercise program to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in obese pregnant women.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study was a pilot randomized controlled trial with obese pregnant women (intervention group, individualized exercise program [n = 25]; control group, usual care [n = 25]). Average weekly energy expenditure (MET hours per week and kilocalories per week) of exercise-specific activity was assessed during pregnancy using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Fasting glucose and insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were assessed at baseline and 20, 28, and 36 weeks' gestation.

RESULTS
Of the women in the intervention group, 16 of 22 (73%) achieved more than 900 kcal/week of exercise-based activity at 28 weeks compared with 8 of 19 women in the control group (42%), P = 0.047. However, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) did not differ between the groups.

CONCLUSION
This intervention was feasible and prompted a modest increase in physical activity. However, we are not confident that this intervention would be sufficient to prevent GDM.
The Oral Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin Increases Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Fadini Gian Paolo , Boscaro Elisa , Albiero Mattia , Menegazzo Lisa , Frison Vera , de Kreutzenberg Saula , Agostini Carlo , Tiengo Antonio , Avogaro Angelo 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Vasculoprotective endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are regulated by stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) and are reduced in type 2 diabetes. Because SDF-1α is a substrate of dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4), we investigated whether the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin modulates EPC levels in type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a controlled, nonrandomized clinical trial comparing 4-week sitagliptin (n = 16) versus no additional treatment (n = 16) in addition to metformin and/or secretagogues in type 2 diabetic patients. We determined circulating EPC levels and plasma concentrations of SDF-1α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and nitrites/nitrates.

RESULTS
There was no difference in clinical baseline data between the sitagliptin and control arms. After 4 weeks, as compared with control subjects, patients receiving sitagliptin showed a significant increase in EPCs and SDF-1α and a decrease in MCP-1.

CONCLUSIONS
Sitagliptin increases circulating EPCs in type 2 diabetic patients with concomitant upregulation of SDF-1α. This ancillary effect of DPP-4 inhibition might have potential favorable cardiovascular implications.
Comparison of a bioimpedance monitor with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for noninvasive estimation of percentage body fat in dogs
Authors: German Alexander J. , Holden Shelley L. , Morris Penelope J. , Biourge Vincent 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Objective—To assess performance of a portable bioimpedance monitor for measurement of body composition in dogs.
Animals—24 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Percentage body fat was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and with a portable bioimpedance monitor, and body condition score (BCS) was measured by use of a 9-integer scale.
Results—Although the precision of the bioimpedance monitor was good, this varied among dogs. Body position (standing vs sternal) had no effect on bioimpedance results. There was a significant association between results determined via DEXA and bioimpedance, but this association was weaker than between DEXA and BCS. When agreement was assessed via Bland-Altman plot, the bioimpedance monitor under- and overestimated values at high and low body fat percentages, respectively. In 9 dogs, body fat measurements were taken before and after weight loss to determine the proportional loss of tissue mass during weight management. There was a significant difference in the estimated percentage of weight lost as fat between the DEXA and bioimpedance methods.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although percentage body fat measured by use of a portable bioimpedance monitor correlated well with values determined via DEXA, the imprecision and inaccuracy in dogs with high percentage body fat could make the monitor inappropriate for clinical practice.