bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Conformity to Renin‐Angiotensin System Inhibitor Usage in Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Laflam Paul , Schmitt Kristen E. , Edie Christine F. , Simbartl Loretta A. , Thakar Charuhas V. 
Published: March 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:473–478.©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Renin‐angiotensin system inhibitor (RASi) agents improve renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Studies examining conformity to guidelines have relied on pharmacy claims or filled prescriptions rather than provider‐based information. The main outcome of RASi use was examined in 2889 patients with CKD and DM for its association with patient characteristics and specialty clinic visits. RASi use was 77% during the 2‐year study period, and declined with worsening CKD stages (79%, 59%, and 48% in stages III, IV, and V, respectively; P<.0001). By multivariate analysis, hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 5.49, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.16–7.25); older age (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.78–0.93), and higher glomerular filtration rate (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.31–1.53) were associated with RASi use. In a model examining the effect of each specialty, RASi use was greater in patients attending cardiology (OR, 3.52; 95% CI, 2.63–4.71), pharmacy (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.49–3.98), endocrine (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.22–5.16), and renal clinic visits (OR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.54–2.71). Diagnosis of hypertension increases RASi usage, whereas older age and lower glomerular filtration rate reduce that likelihood. Appropriate specialty referrals improve conformity to guidelines in practice.
Interaction of oral bacteria with gingival epithelial cell multilayers
Authors: Dickinson B.C. , Moffatt C.E. , Hagerty D. , Whitmore S.E. , Brown T.A. , Graves D.T. , Lamont R.J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryPrimary gingival epithelial cells were cultured in multilayers as a model for the study of interactions with oral bacteria associated with health and periodontal disease. Multilayers maintained at an air–liquid interface in low‐calcium medium displayed differentiation and cytokeratin properties characteristic of junctional epithelium. Multilayers were infected with fluorescently labeled Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum or Streptococcus gordonii, and bacterial association was determined by confocal microscopy and quantitative image analysis. Porphyromonas gingivalis invaded intracellularly and spread from cell to cell; A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum remained extracellular and showed intercellular movement through the multilayer; whereas S. gordonii remained extracellular and predominantly associated with the superficial cell layer. None of the bacterial species disrupted barrier function as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance. P. gingivalis did not elicit secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. gordonii induced interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), IL‐6 and IL‐8 secretion; and F. nucleatum stimulated production of IL‐1β and TNF‐α. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum and S. gordonii, but not P. gingivalis, increased levels of apoptosis after 24 h infection. The results indicate that the organisms with pathogenic potential were able to traverse the epithelium, whereas the commensal bacteria did not. In addition, distinct host responses characterized the interaction between the junctional epithelium and oral bacteria.
Distance sampling and the challenge of monitoring butterfly populations
Authors: Isaac Nick J. B. , Cruickshanks Katie L. , Weddle Ann M. , Marcus Rowcliffe J. , Brereton Tom M. , Dennis Roger L. H. , Shuker David M. , Thomas Chris D. 
Published: March 2011

Summary1. Abundance indices generated by the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (UKBMS) have been influential in informing our understanding of environmental change and highlighting UK conservation priorities. Here, we critically evaluate the standard ‘Pollard Walk’ methodology employed by the UKBMS.2. We consider the systematic sampling biases among different butterfly species and biotopes using distance sampling. We collected over 5000 observations on 17 species using distance sampling at 13 study sites in England and Wales. We fitted detection functions to explore variation in detectability among species and sites.3. Our results suggest that around one‐third of individual butterflies in the Pollard Walk box were missed. However, detectability varies markedly among species and sites. We provide the first species‐specific estimates of detectability for converting Pollard Walk data into population densities. A few species show no drop off in detectability and most require only a modest correction factor, but for the least detectable species, we estimate that 3/4 of individuals are not recorded.4. Much of the variation among sites is explained by substantially higher detectability among sites in England than in Wales, which had different recorders. Biological traits have only limited explanatory power in distinguishing detectable vs undetectable species.5. The variation in detectability is small compared with the variation in true abundance, such that population density estimates from the Pollard Walk are highly correlated with those derived from distance sampling.6. These results are used to evaluate the robustness of the Pollard Walk for comparisons of abundance across species, across sites and over time. UKBMS data provide a good reflection of relative abundance for most species and of large‐scale trends in abundance. We also consider the practicalities of applying distance sampling to butterfly monitoring in general. Distance sampling is a valuable tool for quantifying bias and imprecision and has a role in surveying species of conservation concern, but is not viable as a wholesale replacement for simpler methods for large‐scale monitoring of multispecies butterfly communities by volunteer recorders.
Attachment to the clinical team and its association with therapeutic relationships, social networks, and clinical well‐being
Authors: Catty Jocelyn , Cowan Naomi , Poole Zoe , Ellis Gemma , Geyer Connie , Lissouba Pascale , White Sarah , Burns Tom 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. To determine (1) inter‐relationships between social network size and quality and therapeutic relationship ratings and (2) inter‐relationships between attachment style, team attachment, therapeutic relationships, social networks, and clinical and social functioning.Design. A cross‐sectional survey.Method. A sample of 93 people using community mental health teams were assessed on their attachment status, social networks, relationship to the keyworker, attachment to the team, characteristics, and clinical and social functioning. Network size and the number friends and confidants were tested for associations with user‐ and professional‐rated therapeutic relationship. Regression analysis was used to determine variables associated with team attachment.Results. There was no evidence that network size or number of confidants was associated with therapeutic relationship ratings. Therapeutic relationship was strongly associated with team attachment, but of the four attachment dimensions, only preoccupied attachment was associated with team attachment.Conclusion. There is no evidence that therapeutic relationships are associated with the service user's ‘affability’ or predisposition to form relationships, suggesting that measures of therapeutic relationship and service attachment do measure something distinct about service users’ experience of their care. Team attachment and therapeutic relationship measures seem likely to be measuring very similar constructs. It is possible that service users with more preoccupied attachment styles may find it particularly difficult to form positive attachments to services undergoing frequent change.
Effective and equivalent organ doses in patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary interventions
Authors: Compagnone Gaetano , Ortolani Paolo , Domenichelli Sara , Ovi Valentina , Califano Giorgia , Dall'Ara Gianni , Marzocchi Antonio 
Published: March 2011

Purpose:Recent recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection state that the use of effective dose for assessing patient exposure has severe limitations, though it can be kept for dose comparisons. In cardiology procedures, the equivalent dose is one of the most appropriate dose quantity to be evaluated for risk‐benefit assessment. In this study, both and values for ten critical organs in coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) were derived from in‐the‐field dose‐area‐product (DAP) measurements in order to provide a database for doses in those procedures.Methods:Conversion factors calculated by Monte Carlo methods in two different mathematical human phantoms were applied to DAP values measured on 193 patients (118 CA and 75 PCI). Partial DAP values were recorded in‐the‐field for each projection and for all patients. The partial effective doses of all projections were summed up to calculate the of the entire procedure. Similarly, equivalent doses for ten critical organs/tissues (bone, colon, heart, liver, lung, esophagus, red bone marrow, skin, stomach, and thyroid) were derived from conversion factors for different projections calculated by Monte Carlo method.Results:All parameters related to the patient dose, i.e., fluoroscopy times, number of images, DAP, effective doses, and equivalent doses, show a wide range of values depending on the complexity of the patient case and the experience of the cardiologist. The mean fluoroscopy time, DAP, and values for coronary angiography patients were approximately threefold lower than those for PCI patients; the number of images for CA was half that for PCI. The correlation between effective dose and DAP was excellent for both CA and PCI. The equivalent doses values were in good correlations with DAP values in CA examinations, with Pearson's coefficients ranging from 0.87 (stomach) to 0.99 (skin) and . The same analysis was performed for PCI procedures. In this case, the trends were only slightly worse because “” ranged from 0.70 (stomach) to 0.92 (bone) and . Simple conversion coefficients to estimate equivalent doses to ten critical organs/tissues from DAP values, for both CA and PCI, were provided for avoiding the need to carry out detailed in‐the‐field analysis for all projections and for all patients.Conclusions:Measurements in‐the‐field of DAP values were carried out for two common cardiology procedures and effective doses were derived for each technique from detailed analysis of dose and projection data, using conversion factors provided by two different theoretical models. Equivalent doses to organs/tissues were also calculated using conversion factors proposed in the literature for different projections and cumulative conversion factors for ten organs/tissues were estimated.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis embB
Codon 306 Mutations Confer Moderately Increased Resistance to Ethambutol In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Plinke Claudia , Walter Kerstin , Aly Sahar , Ehlers Stefan , Niemann Stefan 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Ethambutol (EMB) is a major component of the first-line therapy of tuberculosis. Mutations in codon 306 of
embB
(
embB
306) were suggested as a major resistance mechanism in clinical isolates. To directly analyze the impact of individual
embB
306 mutations on EMB resistance, we used allelic exchange experiments to generate
embB
306 mutants of
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv. The level of EMB resistance conferred by particular mutations was measured
in vitro
and
in vivo
after EMB therapy by daily gavage in a mouse model of aerogenic tuberculosis. The wild-type
embB
306 ATG codon was replaced by
embB
306 ATC, ATA, or GTG, respectively. All of the obtained
embB
306 mutants exhibited a 2- to 4-fold increase in EMB MIC compared to the wild-type H37Rv.
In vivo
, the one selected
embB
306 GTG mutant required a higher dose of ethambutol to restrict its growth in the lung compared to wild-type H37Rv. These experiments demonstrate that
embB
306 point mutations enhance the EMB MIC
in vitro
to a moderate, but significant extent, and reduce the efficacy of EMB treatment in the animal model. We propose that conventional EMB susceptibility testing, in combination with
embB
306 genotyping, may guide dose adjustment to avoid clinical treatment failure in these low-level resistant strains.
Role of T Lymphocytes in Liver Abscess Formation by Bacteroides fragilis in Mice
Authors: Chung Doo Ryeon , Park Hye-Rim , Park Chung-Gyu , Hwang Eung-Soo , Cha Chang-Yong 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe underlying mechanisms of liver abscess formation have not been fully elucidated with regard to the interaction between bacterial virulence factors and the immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the host T cells in liver abscess formation caused byBacteroides fragilis. We developed a liver abscess mouse model with inoculation ofB. fragilisthrough the hepatic portal vein and examined the role of T cells by studying T cell-deficient mice, as well as conducting adoptive T cell transfer experiments. No microabscess was formed in the αβ T cell receptor-positive (αβTCR+) T cell-depleted mice, in contrast to the results for the control mice. In addition, the αβTCR knockout (KO) mice showed significantly lower numbers of microabscesses, and the abscesses were smaller in size than those in the wild-type mice. Adoptive transfer of T cells purified from the wild-type mice into the αβTCR KO mice resulted in liver abscess formation in those mice. These findings suggest that T cells play an essential role in liver abscess formation caused byB. fragilisin mice.
Which growth criteria better predict fetal programming?
Authors: Mattos Sandra S , Chaves Maria Elizabeth C , Costa Suzana Maria Ramos , Ishigami Ana Catarina Matos , Rêgo Sarah Bezerra , Souto Maior Vinicius , Severi Rossana , de Lima Filho José Luiz 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo test whether customised (ct) growth criteria are more reliable than standard (st) ones to predict intrauterine insult.Patients32 mothers and their singleton term neonates selected as small for gestational age (st-SGA=8) or appropriate for gestational age (st-AGA=24).Main outcome measuresNitric oxide, high-sensitive C reactive protein (hs-CRP), uric acid, blood lipids and protein levels were analysed in maternal and cord blood.ResultsApplying customised criteria yielded 16 ct-AGA, 13 ct-SGA and 3 ct-LGA (large for gestational age) babies. Both st-SGA and ct-SGA babies had higher nitric oxide and hs-CRP levels. Their mothers had lower albumin fractions. st-SGA babies also had higher triglyceride and cholesterol levels. ct-LGA babies and mothers had higher uric acid levels, and the mothers had higher triglyceride levels.ConclusionsCustomised growth criteria better identify babies submitted to unfavourable intrauterine environments. The authors suggest that combined with maternal biochemistry, these growth criteria can be used to screen for adversefetal programming.
The efficacy of the 11 and the 11+ in injury prevention and physical fitness improvement on male collegiate football teams
Authors: Saho Y , Suzuki T , Setojima M , Ogai T , Fukubayashi T 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe 11 and The 11+ are accepted effective injury-prevention training programs for junior football players. However, their impact on physical fitness is unclear.ObjectiveTo elucidate the effectiveness of The 11 and The 11+A in injury prevention and physical fitness improvement.DesignA prospective and pre-post intervention study.SettingThe first division of a Japanese collegiate football league.ParticipantsThis study included 182 collegiate male football players, who were divided into three groups: The 11 (n=62), The 11+A (n=60) and Control (n=59). 77 players were evaluated for physical fitness.InterventionsThe 11 program, originally developed by FIFA, and The 11+A, by one of the authors, were conducted once or twice a week for 6 months. The 11+A focuses on plyometric training and differs slightly from The 11+.Main outcome measuresInjury incidence rates during football (game and training), game and training were reported as the number of injuries per 1000 player-hours (PH). Using several field tests (sprint, pro-agility, bounding and balance), each subject's physical fitness level was evaluated prior to and 6 months after training.ResultsThe incidence rates during football, game and training were 3.62, 19.18 and 2.58 injuries/PH in the Control group, 2.27, 11.92 and 1.53 injuries/PH in The 11 group and 2.24, 10.75 and 1.75 injuries/PH in The 11+A group, respectively. The injury incidence rate during football was significantly lower in both the training groups than in the Control group (p<0.05). Pro-agility time was significantly decreased in both training groups than in the Control groups (p<0.05). Balance ability improved significantly only in the 11 group (p<0.05).ConclusionThe 11 and The 11+A were effective in injury prevention and physical fitness improvement.
The adductor squeeze test: which is the optimal test position for eliciting maximum squeeze values and adductor muscle activity?
Authors: Delahunt E , McEntee B L , Kennelly C , Coughlan G F , Green B S 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundGroin injuries are a common occurrence in field based sports that have a high component of twisting and turning activities. The adductor squeeze test is commonly utilised, as a diagnostic and injury screening tool. Currently no reports exist in the published literature, which detail the level of activation of the adductor musculature and concomitant squeeze values during the test positions of the adductor squeeze test which are commonly utilised in a clinical setting.ObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to investigate the level of adductor musculature surface EMG (SEMG) activity and concomitant squeeze values in a healthy population of male Gaelic games athletes during performance of the adductor squeeze test in the three commonly utilised test positions (ie, 0°, 45°, and 90° of hip flexion).SettingUniversity biomechanics laboratory.Participants18 male Gaelic games players without any previous or current history of groin or hip injury.Main outcome measuresEach participant performed three maximal effort repetitions of the adductor squeeze test in the positions of 0°, 45°, and 90° of hip flexion. Bilateral adductor SEMG activity and concomitant squeeze values quantified by a sphygmomanometer were recorded for each test. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to test for differences in the values obtained during each of the three test positions for both SEMG activity and squeeze values.ResultsThe greatest amount of adductor muscle activity and squeeze values were observed in the 45° of hip flexion test position.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest that the adductor squeeze test performed in a position of 45° of hip flexion is the optimal test position for eliciting maximal adductor muscle activity and squeeze values. Therefore, the 45° of hip flexion test position can be recommended as the optimal test position for injury screening in non-pathological groups.
Injuries in high-level heptathlon and decathlon
Authors: Edouard P , Morin J-B , Pruvost J , Kerspern A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundDecathlon and heptathlon are track and field disciplines during which participants run, jump, and throw. The training and the competitions are highly demanding from both the physical and psychological standpoints because of the frequency and intensity of the events that could lead to important risk of injury.ObjectiveTo prospectively determine the frequency, location and types of injuries suffered by the high-level decathletes and heptathletes.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAthletes selected from the combined events French National team for heptathlon or decathlon competitions during the 1994 to 1998 seasons.Participants69 international level athletes: 30 heptathletes (21±4 yr, 176±6 cm, 61±4 kg) and 39 decathletes (22±6 yr, 186±6 cm, 80±8 kg).Main outcome measurementsAll injuries were recorded during the 1994 to 1998 seasons. For each injury data, the circumstances of onset (training or competition), the injured body part, the type and the cause of injury were collected.ResultsAmong the 69 athletes included in this study, 32 athletes presented a total of 86 injuries. The injured rate was 31.1 injuries per 100 athletes per season. 43% of the injuries occurred during competitions, 30% during training and 27% unknown. In approximately half of the cases, the injuries were caused by overuse (49%), and in the other half by non-contact trauma (43%). The majority of injuries were located on the lower extremity (77%), and 9% on the lower back. The injuries concerned tendons (41%) and muscles (23%). The most common diagnoses were knee tendinopathy (14%), followed by lower leg strain (13%), thigh strain (11%) and Achilles tendinopathy (11%).ConclusionInjuries are common in high-level decathletes and heptathletes. Specific preventive measures of the most common injuries (knee and Achilles tendinopathies, lower leg and thigh strains) should be introduced and their effectiveness evaluated by prospective surveillance.
Epidemiology of injuries among elite pre-professional ballet students
Authors: Ekegren C , Quested R , Brodrick A 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundDancers destined for a career in professional ballet undergo intensive training from a young age and have a reportedly high risk of injury. The extent of this risk is currently unclear as there is a deficiency of high-quality injury surveillance studies in dance.ObjectiveTo determine the incidence, nature and severity of injuries among a sample of elite pre-professional ballet students and to compare these factors across year level and gender.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThree elite pre-professional ballet schools in London, UK.Participants266 (107 male) full-time ballet students aged 15–19 years.Assessment of risk factorsYear level and gender.Main outcome measurementsPhysiotherapists recorded injury details using a standardised database during the 2009–2010 academic year. Injury definition included ‘any dance injury resulting in medical attention and time lost from dance for >1 day beyond the day of injury’. Incidence rate (IR) was reported per 1000 dance exposures (DE=1 performance, rehearsal or class). Injury severity was reported according to time loss and treatments required. Other details collected included type and anatomical location of injury and date and time of onset.Results378 recordable injuries were sustained by 203 (76%) dancers over the study period. The IR was 1.9/1000 DEs. There were no significant differences in IRs between genders or between 1st and 2nd year students. However, 1st and 2nd year students had a significantly lower rate of injury than 3rd years (IR ratio 0.63, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.81 and IR ratio 0.75, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.95 respectively).ConclusionIn comparison with other adolescent athletic populations, participants in this study had a similar injury incidence but a higher risk of injury. Third year students, who perform more than other students, had a higher injury rate than younger dancers. This may suggest that performances carry a higher risk of injury than classes.