bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological therapies in child psychiatry: issues and Prospects
Authors: Rutter M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisDuring recent years there have been important changes in the prevailing concepts of psychiatric disorder, in views concerning the goals of treatment, and in therapeutic strategies and tactics. These changes are reviewed, together with evidence on the efficacy of psychological therapies in the treatment of child psychiatric disorders, in order to consider some of the key clinical and research issues, as well as prospects for the future.
Depression symptom patterns
Authors: Matussek Paul , Luks Olga , Nagel Dorothea 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCluster analyses with 60 depressive patients resulted in a division of the patients into 4 groups: (1) one main group of endogenous depressives; (2), (3) two mixed groups, indicating that it is not always possible to distinguish between endogenous and neurotic depression by means of symptoms; (4) one group of neurotic depressives. Our interpretation of the results is that the latter 3 clusters differ from the main group of endogenous depressives by their greater inner involvement with the world around them, though this involvement assumes different forms in the 3 groups.
The psychiatric sequelae of head injury: a review
Authors: Lishman W. A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe review deals mainly with the more chronic psychiatric sequelae of head injury. The constellation of factors—psychological, social, and organic—which may contribute to enduring disability are discussed. Principal areas of disability are then considered in detail—namely, intellectual impairments, change of personality, psychotic illness, and neurotic disorders.
A family study of HLA antigens and other genetic markers in schizophrenia
Authors: McGuffin Peter , Festenstein Hilliard , Murray Robin 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisHLA antigens and 19 other genetic marker systems were studied in 12 families containing 2 or more members diagnosed as schizophrenic. In contrast with previous reports we could exclude linkage between the disorder and HLA, and we found no evidence of linkage with Gm or Ge. The disagreement between our results and those of a previous study, which suggested linkage between HLA and schizophrenia, could not be explained on the basis of genetic heterogeneity within the disorder. The problems of performing a linkage study in the face of diagnostic uncertainty and an unknown mode of inheritance of the main trait are discussed, and the measures taken in attempts to overcome these difficulties are described. Despite present drawbacks, genetic marker studies hold future promise as a means of detecting major gene effects in schizophrenia and other familial psychiatric disorders.
The effect of lithium on renal haemodynamic function
Authors: Tyrer S. P. , Schacht R. G. , McCarthy M. J. , Menard K. N. , Leong S. , Shopsin B. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisRenal concentrating capacity following 18 hours of fluid deprivation was measured in 75 patients receiving prophylactic lithium therapy, and in 30 affectively ill subjects receiving other drugs. The lithium-treated patients had significantly lower urine osmolality and higher serum osmolality than the control subjects. Older subjects, patients maintained at higher serum lithium levels and those with a history of previous neurotoxicity showed the most impairment. Ten patients with urine osmolalities of less than 700 mOsm/l following this test were investigated further. Inulin and para-amino hippurate (PAH) clearance rates were determined and the effect of a subpressor challenge of dopamine on these measures was observed. Half of the patients showed some reduction in inulin and PAH clearance, which was greatest in those patients who had been taking lithium for over 10 years. However, all of the patients tested showed the expected increase in renal blood flow and sodium and water excretion in response to dopamine. Six additional patients had clearance estimations made before starting lithium treatment which were repeated after a period of 3–6 months on the drug. No consistent changes in haemodynamics were observed.Lithium clearly reduces renal concentrating capacity, but other measures of renal tubular function were well preserved in patients receiving long-term therapy. Glomerular function may be slightly reduced in patients taking lithium for long periods. The results show that prophylactic lithium treatment does not affect renal cortical function adversely in the majority of patients, but impaired renal concentrating ability is a common accompaniment.
Breathlessness and psychiatric morbidity in chronic bronchitis and emphysema: a study of psychotherapeutic management
Authors: Rosser R. , Denford J. , Heslop A. , Kinston W. , Macklin D. , Minty K. , Moynihan C. , Muir B. , Rein L. , Guz A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis paper describes a study of the outcome of psychotherapy with patients disabled by chronic obstructive airways disease giving rise to dyspnoea. Forty-three men and 22 women with severe COAD were randomly allocated for 8 weeks to one of three types of psychotherapy or to an untreated control group, and were followed up six months later. The group treated by a medical nurse without training in psychotherapy experienced sustained relief of dyspnoea but tended to undergo less psychodynamic change; psychiatric symptoms were reduced in those receiving supportive, but not analytical, psychotherapy. The psychosomatic mechanisms involved and the implications for medical and nursing practice and for liaison psychotherapy are discussed.
Hysterical and obsessional features in patients with Briquet's syndrome (somatization disorder)
Authors: Kaminsky Michael J. , Slavney Phillip R. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPatients meeting criteria for Briquet's syndrome (N = 20) and patients diagnosed as having hysterical personality disorder (N = 20) were assessed clinically and with personality inventories to test the hypothesis that, while in many respects patients with Briquet's syndrome would resemble those with hysterical personality disorder, they would also be more obsessional. The comparison showed that both groups had highly disordered family, personal, medical and psychiatric histories, and that the Briquet's patients, though manifesting similar hysterical traits, had more obsessional features than did the patients with hysterical personality disorder. The possible role of the combination of obsessional and hysterical traits of personality as a vulnerability factor in the behaviour of complaining is discussed.
Social class and schizophrenia in a Dutch cohort
Authors: Wiersma D. , Giel R. , De Jong A. , Slooff C. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisRecent data from a 2-year follow-up of functional non-affective psychosis, and particularly schizophrenia, favoured social selection rather than social causation theory. Data concerning the cohort were compared with inter- and intra-generational mobility in a random Dutch sample. The results indicate that the educational and occupational mobility of patients, relative to their fathers, was greater than expected. Although patients were better educated than the random sample, they fared less well occupationally. An analysis of patterns of occupational mobility before and after the onset of psychosis also showed that social selection played a major role in achieving social status. The outcome of patients' occupational career at follow-up was poor, and only a minority succeeded in obtaining or keeping a regular job.
EEG coherence, lateral preference and schizophrenia
Authors: Shaw J. C. , Colter N. , Resek G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe EEG synchrony between hemispheres during cognitive activity differs from that during rest. With common reference recording and a visual imagery task it increases in healthy right-handers and neurotic patients, and it decreases in healthy left-handers and schizophrenic patients. It is suggested that this implies a less lateralized brain organization in schizophrenia which may account for the often reported association with left-handedness. When associated with impaired corpus callosum transmission, it may contribute to the disturbed behaviour and thought processes in this condition.
Functional visual loss: II. Psychiatric aspects in 42 patients followed for 4 years
Authors: Kathol Roger G. , Cox Terry A. , Corbett James J. , Thompson H. Stanley , Clancy John 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISForty-two patients with functional visual loss were followed for more than 4 years after presentation. Only 22 patients had a diagnosable psychiatric syndrome or personality disorder at follow-up. Twenty-three patients continued to have findings of functional visual loss at follow-up. Despite continued signs of functional visual loss, few were socially or economically impaired, and 8 of these 23 patients had no evidence of any psychiatric disorder. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Psychotic and neurotic depression: discriminant function analysis and five-year outcome
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA consecutive series of 94 patients recently admitted to hospital from a defined catchment area and diagnosed as having a depressive illness were examined using standardized techniques for eliciting mental state, etc. The overlap between psychotic and neurotic diagnoses was 8·5% on discriminant function analysis of mental state items. A sub-sample of 71 patients was given a comprehensive postal and case record follow-up 5 years later. When patients developing organic and other complicating illnesses were excluded, those suffering from psychotic depression showed a significantly poorer outcome, as defined by relapse and required lengths of hospital care, than those diagnosed as suffering from neurotic depression.
Suicide rates in Ireland
Authors: Clarke-Finnegan M. , Fahy T. J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISFrom a total of 410 post-mortem examinations on Gaiway residents deceased in 1978 the examining pathologist and 3 psychiatrists were in close agreement in 22 cases that death was by suicide. These figures were extrapolated, and a Republic of Ireland minimum true rate of suicide was computed which was 3 times greater than the official reported rate. Irish suicide data were found not to be dependent on coroners' reports as is commonly believed. It is concluded that under-reporting reduces Irish suicide rates to a far greater extent than has been supposed. The substitution of clinical for legalistic methods of recording suicide data is recommended.
Labelling and drug effects in the treatment of neurotic affective disorders: an experimental investigation
Authors: Hyde Clive , Goldberg David 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis study investigates the effects of assigned diagnostic labels, with their accompanying predictions of therapeutic response, and prescribed psychotropic drugs. It was thought that such ‘labelling’ effects might be important in ambiguous situations, such as neurotic anxiety–depressive states, where diagnoses of ‘reactive depression’ or ‘anxiety state’ might justifiably be made and treatment with either diazepam or nortripyline legitimately given. The depression label and its concomitant two-weekly prediction of improvement with antidepressants produced a set towards slower response with higher self-report depression. Nortriptyline produced significantly more improvement in self-report depression than diazepam in the first 2 weeks of treatment. No significant interaction effects were detected between diagnosis or drug. One month after the initial diagnostic evaluation there were no significant effects from either diagnostic label or drug.
Bouffée délirante: an examination of its current status
Authors: Johnson-Sabine E. C. , Mann A. H. , Jacoby R. J. , Wood K. H. , Peron-Magnan P. , Olié J. P. , Deniker P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisBouffée délirante is an historic and unique French diagnostic term for a short-lived psychosis. The key diagnostic features are acute, floridly psychotic symptoms with complete remission. Its use in a Paris hospital has been examined, and it appears that the term is declining in popularity. A case-controlled study indicated that the diagnosis is likely to be given to migrants on first admission. A re-diagnosis of case summaries indicated no particular correspondence of bouffée délirante to any one lCD category. However, the usefulness of having a special diagnostic term for psychosis with a good outcome is discussed.
The behaviour of schizophrenic day-patients at home: an assessment by relatives
Authors: Hewitt K. E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisRelatives of 39 schizophrenic patients attending a day hospital in South Glamorgan assessed the patients‘ behaviour at home covering a period of one week. The results pointed to the existence of a sub-group of patients with severe behavioural problems. These patients had had more psychiatric admissions, and had spent a longer total time in hospital. The proportion of forms of behaviour regarded as problems by the relatives themselves was lower than that suggested by their assessments, except in the families where the patient exhibited severe behavioural difficulties. The findings are discussed in terms of the practical difficulties regarding home-management by relatives of the schizophrenic.
Michel Foucault: the anti-history of psychiatry
Authors: Sedgwick Peter 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMichel Foucault'sMadness and Civilizationcontains a bold and influential account, over several historical epochs, of the relations between madness and society's institutions of care and control. Foucault's various theses are reviewed in the light of more empirical historical studies and are, on the whole, found wanting.
The role of life events in depressive illness: is there a substantial causal relation?
Authors: Tennant Christopher , Bebbington Paul , Hurry Jane 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAssessment of the relationship of life events to minor and major affective illness is beset by several methodological problems. The reliability and validity of measures is not entirely satisfactory. When the stress concept used is that of ‘threat’ or ‘emotional distress’ it becomes of crucial importance to define clearly the criterion variable: in particular, it is necessary to distinguish normal distress responses from depressive illness. In those studies using general practice or hospital patients it is important to determine whether life events provoke depressive illness or some illness behaviour such as service utilization. Because of these problems it is still not certain that life events cause depressive illness.
The teaching of clinical skills at a postgraduate hospital
Authors: Creed Francis , Murray Robin M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe teaching of ‘clinical skills’ is generally held to be central to postgraduate training in psychiatry, but the term itself has so far escaped exact definition. In an effort to study some of the component clinical abilities, their inter-relationships, and the factors promoting their transmission, all junior psychiatrists at the Maudsley Hospital were surveyed for their views on the clinical training they had received. Three hundred and seventy three assessments on 43 units were made. Trainees perceived the academic instruction and advice on formulating cases which they had received as being quite unrelated to the quality of help with interview skills and instruction in practical management, but feedback from the consultant to the trainee on the latter's performance was necessary for a high standard of both academic and practical instruction. Encouragement to do research was transmitted independently of other clinical teaching. Over a 3-year period the standard of multidisciplinary teamwork appeared to improve, but there was a decline in the standard of academic instruction and in encouragement to do research. These overall differences were due to changes in the teaching staff, rather than alterations in teaching methods. Surveys such as this may help to define the goals of postgraduate clinical training, and also monitor the extent to which an institution is achieving these goals.
Lack of effect of naloxone and schizophrenic auditory hallucinations
Authors: Freeman C. P. L. , Fairburn C. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOpiate-like neuropeptides, such as beta endorphin, have been implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenic symptoms; and the relief of some symptoms, particularly auditory hallucinations, has been reported after injection of naloxone. An opiate antagonist, naloxone 1·6 mg, and placebo were administered in a double-blind, crossover design to 13 constantly hallucinating schizophrenic patients. Naloxone was found to be no different from placebo in its effect.
Social work effectiveness in the management of depressed women: a clinical trial
Authors: Corney Roslyn H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA clinical trial was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of social work intervention with a group of depressed women attending their general practitioner for treatment. Social work treatment was ineffective for the group of women as a whole on changes in social scores, clinical ratings, or visits to the doctor. The results suggest, however, that social work help benefited those with ‘acute on chronic’ illness but had no effect on those with more acute conditions.
Suicide pacts: a review
Authors: Rosen Bernard K. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSuicide pacts, though occurring infrequently, are neglected occurrences. They have features distinguishing them single suicides which can be seen as residing in the characteristics of the pact relationship. Dyadic, family and collective suicides are reviewed and found to have several common features, including exclusivity and isolation, the threat of dissolution of the relationship, and the presence of a powerful initiator.
Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 2. Sensitivity to loss
Authors: Prudo R. , Brown G. W. , Harris T. , Dowland J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn an earlier paper we found that a model of depression developed on a sample of women in a London population was confirmed in a female population in the Outer Hebrides. Differences in the rates of onset and chronic cases between the two populations, however, suggested that the Scottish women might be more likely to become depressed after the death or intimation of death of close relatives; furthermore, it seemed that such depressions were more likely to remain chronic in the Scottish islands than in London, and to contain a strong anxiety component. This difference is discussed in the light of socio-cultural differences between the two populations, particularly in terms which relate family structure, marital position and contact with relatives to affective disorder in terms of theories of attachment.
The parents of school phobic adolescents – a preliminary investigation of family life variables
Authors: Berg Ian , Butler Alan , Fairbairn Irene , McGuire Ralph 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISParents were interviewed at home in a preliminary study of family life variables. Forty- eight had children admitted to an adolescent in-patient unit, 19 of them for school phobia and the remainder because of other psychiatric conditions. Difficulty in obtaining a comparable group from the normal school population resulted in only 12 such families being studied in addition. The psychiatric cases were reliably separated into school phobic and other problems. Practically all the school phobics had neurotic disorders. Contact of parents with relatives and friends, their leisure activities outside the home, their patterns of work and their management of domestic affairs, were looked at. It was thought that these aspects of family functioning might be distinctive where there was a school phobic youngster and that an abnormal pattern of family life might predispose a child to this disorder. In fact, no evidence emerged to suggest that parents of school phobic adolescents participate in, or make decisions about, family life activities in any way different from parents of other psychiatric cases or normal controls.
Anorexia nervosa and ‘Turner syndrome’: cause or coincidence?
Authors: Darby Padraig L. , Garfinkel Paul E. , Vale Joan M. , Kirwan Peter J. , Brown Gregory M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISWe report the eleventh documented case of the concurrence of anorexia nervosa and ‘Turner syndrome’. Although some authors have suggested that the 2 syndromes occur together more often than by chance, and 5% of anorexia nervosa patients karyotyped to date have ‘Turner syndrome’, recent evidence in fact suggests that the 2 conditions do not occur together more often than one would expect by chance.
The role of linear models in psychiatric epidemiology
Authors: Dunn Graham 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe aim of this paper is to explain and to stress the importance of mathematical models and, in particular, linear models in the field of psychiatric epidemiology. An awareness of linear models is essential in contemplating the use of statistics to analyse epidemiological survey data, and in many cases the appropriate linear model is by far the most effective way of summarizing such data.
Lithium and the changing incidence of mania
Authors: Symonds Richard L. , Williams Paul 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe use of lithium-containing compounds has increased dramatically since their introduction into the pharmacopoeia in 1968. However, there is no evidence of more than transitory decreases in admissions to hospital with mania. Such admissions, particularly for female readmissions, have increased. Reasons for this are suggested.
Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier in depressive illness
Authors: Naylor G. J. , Dick D. A. T. , Dick E. G. , Le Poidevin D. , Whyte S. F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisErythrocyte sodium concentration, potassium concentration, Na-K ATPase activity, and ouabain sensitive potassium influx were determined in female inpatients suffering from a depressive illness. In most patients the biochemical values were also determined shortly before the patient's discharge from hospital. The Na-K ATPase and the ouabain sensitive potassium influx increased significantly with improvement in the depressive mood rating.
Case report: depression, catatonic stupor, and EEG changes in hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cooper A. F. , Schapira Kurt 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe case is described of a patient with hyperparathyroidism who developed catatonic stupor, a rare complication. Electroencephalography proved to be of value in deciding the correct diagnosis and treatment. The relationship between hypercalcaemia, psychiatric symptoms, and EEG abnormalities is discussed in the light of the available literature.
The clinical approach to criminology
Authors: West D. J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe crucial importance of economic, social and political factors in the definition and incidence of crime is undeniable, as is the need for socio-political change, but the part played by individual characteristics in determining who becomes labelled a criminal should not be neglected. Clinical criminology studies offenders as individuals, examines their peculiarities and their social problems and seeks ways to help them to lead less troubled lives. A wide range of treatment interventions is required, the psychiatric approach is not always the most appropriate.In view of the lack of success in reducing recidivism by means of treatment, penologists see little justification for continuing to try. More successes might be recognized if treatment schemes were applied with greater realism and discrimination, and if proper evaluations were made more often. In any event, some offenders need treatment regardless of the effect upon their offending behaviour.