bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced meta‐analysis of acetylcholine binding protein structures reveals conformational signatures of agonism in nicotinic receptors
Authors: Stober Spencer T. , Abrams Cameron F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe soluble acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) is the default structural proxy for pentameric ligand‐gated ion channels (LGICs). Unfortunately, it is difficult to recognize conformational signatures of LGIC agonism and antagonism within the large set of AChBP crystal structures in both apo and ligand‐bound states, primarily because AChBP conformations in this set are nearly superimposable (root mean square deviation < 1.5 Å). We have undertaken a systematic, alignment‐free approach to elucidate conformational differences displayed by AChBP that cleanly differentiate apo/antagonist‐bound from agonist‐bound states. Our approach uses statistical inference based on both crystallographic states and conformations sampled during long molecular dynamics simulations to select important inter‐Cα distances and map their collective values onto functional states. We observe that binding of (nAChR) agonists to AChBP elicits clockwise rotation of the inner β‐sheet with respect to the outer β‐sheet, causing tilting of the cys‐loop away from the five‐fold axis, in a manner quite similar to that speculated for α‐subunits of the heteromeric nAChR structure (Unwin, J Mol Biol 2005;346:967), making this motion potentially important in transmission of the gating signal to the transmembrane domain of a LGIC. The method is also successful at discriminating partial from full agonists and supports the hypothesis that a particularly controversial ligand, lobeline, is in fact an LGIC antagonist.
Evaluation of deep levels in In0.53Ga0.47As and GaAs0.5Sb0.5 using low‐frequency noise and RTS noise characterization
Authors: Chen Wenjie , Yuan Jinrong , Holmes Archie , Fay Patrick 
Published: December 2011

AbstractQuantum‐well photodetectors based on lattice‐matched InGaAs/GaAsSb heterostructures on InP are promising candidates for mid‐infrared detection. However, the dark current in these devices can be elevated by the presence of deep levels. In this work, both bulk and interfacial deep levels in MBE‐grown homojunctions and heterojunctions are studied experimentally using low‐frequency noise spectroscopy and random telegraph signal (RTS) characterization. Several bulk and interface‐related levels have been identified and characterized in terms of energy level, cross‐section and trap type. It is expected that these ongoing defect studies will enable the growth of the higher‐quality material and heterostructures needed for future‐generation mid‐IR detectors and devices. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ferromagnetic and transport properties of p‐type (Zn,Mn,Sn)As2thin films grown on InP substrates for various Mn contents
Authors: Uchitomi N. , Endoh H. , Oomae H. , Yamazaki M. , Toyota H. , Jinbo Y. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract(Zn,Mn,Sn)As2 thin films containing Mn at more than 10% of cation sites were grown on InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). These films showed p ‐type conductivity and ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature greater than 330 K. They also indicated ferromagnetism, regardless of whether they are semiconducting or metallic. We discovered a linear relationship between the Curie temperature and Mn content in (Zn,Mn,Sn)As2 thin films. The experimental results are expected to provide an important clue to understanding the origin of ferromagnetism in ferromagnetic chalcopyrites, suggesting that the ferromagnetism in these materials derives from the scheme of hole‐mediated ferromagnetic interaction. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics of PHEMTs and MSM photodetectors simultaneously fabricated on same epitaxial wafer with In0.75Ga0.25As/InGaAs channel layer
Authors: Koreeda Yuta , Endo Yutaka , Sato Kouichi , Yoshizawa Kenya , Nishio Yui , Taguchi Hirohisa , Iida Tsutomu , Takanashi Yoshifumi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInP‐based high electron mobility transistors with a pseudomorphically strained InAs channel (InAs‐PHEMTs) have been receiving much attention because of their excellent high‐frequency performance. Metal‐semiconductor‐metal photodetectors (MSM‐PDs) are very attractive as high speed optical receivers because they can be monolithically integrated with InAs‐PHEMTs on the same epitaxial wafer for developing high‐speed optoelectronic integrated circuits.In this study, InAs‐PHEMTs and PMSM‐PDs were fabricated simultaneously on the same epitaxial wafer with a channel layer composed of strained In0.75Ga0.25As/In0.53Ga0.47As. We demonstrated a current cut‐off frequency as high as 151 GHz for PHEMTs with a gate length of 0.1 μm and an optical response time as low as 18 ps for the PMSM‐PDs with a line and space width of 0.2 and 0.6 μm, respectively (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strength of metals at the Fermi length scale
Authors: Armstrong Jason N. , Hua Susan Z. , Chopra Harsh Deep 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUsing silver and gold, we have measured the size‐dependence of the yield strength of atomic‐sized samples as small as a single‐atom bridge, with pico‐level resolution in the applied force and displacement. The strength approaches theoretical values as the diameter of the sample becomes comparable to the Fermi wavelength of electrons (∼0.5 nm); in the limit of a single‐atom bridge, the strength is over four orders of magnitude higher than in bulk single crystals. Results provide direct evidence for Pauling's prediction of bond stiffening with reduced atomic coordination. Beginning with a single‐atom bridge, strength evolves in a staircase manner in Ag, instead of the intuitively assumed continuous approach to a saturating bulk value.magnified imageMeasured strength approaching theoretical (ideal) values at the Fermi length scale, corresponding to a sample made of a single‐atom Au bridge.(© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A randomized controlled trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion versus postnatal management of severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Ruano R. , Yoshisaki C. T. , da Silva M. M. , Ceccon M. E. J. , Grasi M. S. , Tannuri U. , Zugaib M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveSevere pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary arterial hypertension are associated with reduced survival in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). We aimed to determine whether fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion (FETO) improves survival in cases of severe isolated CDH.MethodsBetween May 2008 and July 2010, patients whose fetuses had severe isolated CDH (lung‐to‐head ratio < 1.0, liver herniation into the thoracic cavity and no other detectable anomalies) were assigned randomly to FETO or to no fetal intervention (controls). FETO was performed under maternal epidural anesthesia supplemented with fetal intramuscular anesthesia. Tracheal balloon placement was achieved with ultrasound guidance and fetoscopy between 26 and 30 weeks of gestation. All cases that underwent FETO were delivered by the EXIT procedure. Postnatal therapy was the same for both treated fetuses and controls. The primary outcome was survival to 6 months of age. Other maternal and neonatal outcomes were also evaluated.ResultsTwenty patients were enrolled randomly to FETO and 21 patients to standard postnatal management. The mean gestational age at randomization was similar in both groups (P = 0.83). Delivery occurred at 35.6 ± 2.4 weeks in the FETO group and at 37.4 ± 1.9 weeks in the controls (P < 0.01). In the intention‐to‐treat analysis, 10/20 (50.0%) infants in the FETO group survived, while 1/21 (4.8%) controls survived (relative risk (RR), 10.5 (95% CI, 1.5–74.7), P < 0.01). In the received‐treatment analysis, 10/19 (52.6%) infants in the FETO group and 1/19 (5.3%) controls survived (RR, 10.0 (95% CI, 1.4–70.6) P < 0.01).ConclusionFETO improves neonatal survival in cases with isolated severe CDH. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quarter Century Experience in Liver Trauma: A Plea for Early Computed Tomography and Conservative Management for all Hemodynamically Stable Patients
Authors: Petrowsky Henrik , Raeder Susanne , Zuercher Lucia , Platz Andreas , Simmen Hans Peter , Puhan Milo A. , Keel Marius J. , Clavien Pierre‐Alain 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundAdvances in diagnostic imaging and the introduction of damage control strategy in trauma have influenced our approach to treating liver trauma patients. The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of change in liver trauma management on outcome.MethodsA total of 468 consecutive patients with liver trauma treated between 1986 and 2010 at a single level 1 trauma center were reviewed. Mechanisms of injury, diagnostic imaging, hepatic and associated injuries, management (operative [OM] vs. nonoperative [NOM]), and outcome were evaluated. The main outcome analysis compared mortality for the early study period (1986–1996) versus the later study period (1997–2010).Results395 patients (84%) presented with blunt liver trauma and 73 (16%) with penetrating liver trauma. Of these, 233 patients were treated with OM (50%) versus 235 with NOM (50%). The mortality rate was 33% for the early period and 20% for the later period (odds ratio 0.19; 95% CI 0.07–0.50, P = 0.001). A significantly increased use of computed tomography (CT) as the initial diagnostic modality was observed in the late period, which almost completely replaced peritoneal lavage and ultrasound. There was a significant shift to NOM in the later period (early 15%, late 63%) with a low conversion rate to OM of 4.2%. Age, degree of hepatic and head injury, injury severity, intubation at admission, and early period were independent predictors of mortality in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionsIntegration of CT in early trauma‐room management and shift to NOM in hemodynamically stable patients resulted in improved survival and should be the gold standard management for liver trauma.
Pancreatoduodenectomy for bile duct and ampullary cancer
Authors: Yamaguchi Koji 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy has become a standard operation for distal and middle bile duct cancers. Bile duct cancer typically extends longitudinally and invades vertically. It frequently metastasizes to the lymph nodes and infiltrates the perineural spaces. The presence of residual cancer in the bile duct stump and lymph node metastases are significant prognostic factors. Negative surgical margins and D2 lymph node dissection are necessary for curative resection. The clinical course after portal vein resection for bile duct cancer with portal vein invasion is better than that of non‐resectable bile duct cancer. Portal vein resection can therefore be useful. The efficacy of prophylactic portal vein resection is unclear. We describe here our methods for performing pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy for bile duct cancer.
Subsidization Policies in Egypt: Neither Economic Growth nor Distribution
Authors: Harik Iliya 
Published: December 2011

Subsidies are a widespread economic practice in most developing countries and in centrally planned economies such as those of Eastern Europe. In the United States and Western Europe, they are generally associated with price support for producers, especially in agriculture. In the less-developed countries (LDCs), subsidies usually support consumers. When extended to producers, the benefit is passed on to consumers through official price controls. The question is whether such price support is the best means available to meet the basic needs strategy of development.Subsidies in LDCs often begin as measures to help the poor, but they usually expand beyond the target population and constitute by and large a wage supplement for almost all salaried workers.
The Marriage of Ṭu

gh

ril Beg
Authors: Makdisi George 
Published: December 2011

Ṭughril Beg, first Sultan of the Saljûq dynasty, entered Baghdâd and put an end to the Buwaihid dynasty in 447/1055. By 451/1059, he had eliminated all pretenders to the supreme amirate, himself becoming the supreme amîr, the Sultan.The Saljûq dynasty itself dates from the year 429/1037, when Ṭughril seized Nîsâbûr. This also was the occasion for the first known relations between the Saljûq warrior and the Abbâsid Caliph al-Qâim,1 when the latter sent a mission2 to Tughril, admonishing him to refrain from destroying the conquered cities and mistreating the Caliph's subjects.
Arab Nationalism and National Socialist Germany, 1933–1939: Ideologic and Strategic Incompatibility
Authors: Nicosia Francis 
Published: December 2011

When Winston Churchill visited Palestine in March, 1921, the debate over the future of Palestine and the recriminations over the broken promises of the past were at a fever pitch. It had become clear that British control over Palestine would be formalized by a League of Nations Mandate which would then irnplement the provisions of the Balfour Declaration. In Haifa, a delegation of Muslim and Christian Arabs met with Churchill to express their views on the intensifying conflict in Palestine. Churchill was given a prophetic warning, the accuracy of which has been of profound significance in the recent history of the Middle East:Today the Arabs belief in England is not what it was.… If England does not take up the cause of the Arabs, other powers will. From India, Mesopotamia, the Hedjaz andPalestine the cry goes up to England now. If she does not listen, then perhaps Russia will take up their call some day, or perhaps even Germany.
The Saudi Religious Elite (ULAMA) as Participant in The political System of The kingdom
Authors: Bligh Alexander 
Published: December 2011

The Ulema are the power that holds the Sultan and his people together—the medium of control. But they seldom meddle in politics. This premise was expressed by Ameen Rihani, an Arab traveller, in 1928, before either Sultan 'Abd al-'Aziz became king or Najd and its dependencies became the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Was Rihani correct in his conclusion? Is he right today? This article will endeavor to explore the term ulama in the Saudi context in the twentieth century. Later, an attempt will be made to discuss the participation of Saudi ulama in a number of key cases in the history of Saudi Arabia.The house of Saud along with the house of Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of the Unitarian movement, were parties to a unique coalition in the eighteenth century. The coalition embraced the Unitarian movement, or Wahhabiyah, founded in the mid-eighteenth century, and members of the Arab noble house of Saud of Najd.
Alternative Economic Systems for Afghanistan
Authors: Noorzoy M. Siddieq 
Published: December 2011

Pending a peaceful solution to the current war of liberation in Afghanistan, any consideration of alternative economic systems, as raised in some circles, must be based on the given structural conditions of the Afghan economy. Contrary to expectations by some, the basic structure of the economy in terms of size distribution of sectoral output is unlikely to change significantly despite any changes in the share of resources between the private and public sectors.The Afgham economy is based on agriculture and it will continue to derive the major portion of its national income (output) from this sector in the foreseeable future. The potential for economic development, based on domestic resources, is also largely founded in agriculute.
Molecular identification of animal isolates ofEchinococcus granulosusfrom Iran using four mitochondrial genes
Authors: Rostami Nejad M. , Taghipour N. , Nochi Z. , Nazemalhosseini Mojarad E. , Mohebbi S.R. , Fasihi Harandi M. , Zali M.R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMitochondrial genes have more power than nuclear genes in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among closely related species because of their faster sequence evolution. The aim of this study was to use the complete or near-complete sequences from three mitochondrial genes (cox1,nad1andatp6) and partial sequences of the 12S rRNA gene to infer relationships among isolates ofEchinococcus granulosusfrom Iran. Two hundred and twenty-nine isolates ofE. granulosuswere collected from cattle, camels, sheep, buffalo and goats from different geographical areas. Most individuals were found to possess the G1 genotype but some of the camel samples belonged to the G6 genotype. Newly designed primers forcox1,nad1andatp6genes amplified bands of 1830, 708 and 1157 bp for the G1 genotype and 1856, 705, 1054 bp for the G6 genotype, respectively. The result of this survey showed thatatp6andnad1genes are good molecular markers for identifyingE. granulosusisolates from a range of hosts in Iran.
Helminths of lizards from the municipality of Aripuanã in the southern Amazon region of Brazil
Authors: Ávila R.W. , da Silva R.J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNinety-five specimens from 13 species of lizard collected during a herpetofaunal monitoring programme of the Faxinal II power plant, municipality of Aripuanã, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil (southern Amazon region) were examined for helminths. A total of 21 helminth species (16 Nematoda, 1 Cestoda and 4 Trematoda) were recovered, with an overall prevalence of 67.37%. Seventeen new host records and seven new locality records are reported. A low number of specialists and core helminth species were found. Lizard body size was positively correlated with both the total number of helminth species and individuals. Active foragers exhibited higher helminth diversity. However, sit-and-wait foragers, especially Plica plica, had similar diversity values as active foragers and harboured more helminth species. The degree of similarity in helminth fauna was higher among closely related host species.
Reproductive Biology of the Gregarious Mediterranean Vermetid GastropodDendropoma Petraeum
Authors: Calvo M. , Templado J. , Penchaszadeh P.E. 
Published: December 2011

The reproductive biology of the gregarious Mediterranean vermetid gastropodDendropoma petraeum(Mollusca: Gastropoda) has been studied in the south-eastern coast of Spain. It apparently is a gonochorisric species with the sex ratio biased toward females (71%). A broad peak of more intense reproductive activity occurs in spring months and an inactive reproductive period during winter. The gonad of the males develops about two months before those of females, and storage of sperm by females has been observed. Internal fertilization takes place after the capture of pelagic spermatophores.The egg capsules lie free within the female mantle cavity, and females brood up to 86 capsules simultaneously (the highest number reported for any vermetid gastropod). The size of the capsules is somewhat variable and increases slightly from those containing first stages of development (mean = 678×579 μm) to those containing late stages (mean = 996×693 μm). Each egg capsule usually contains a single large egg or embryo, but sometimes two (8.2% of the capsules) or rarely three (0.24%). Production of egg capsules by females seems to be continuous throughout the reproductive period (from March to October).The unsegmented eggs measure from 440 to 507 μm in diameter (mean = 482) and are the largest reported for any vermetid gastropod. Nurse eggs are not present, and therefore most of the intracapsular nutrition comes from the internal yolk of the embryo.Development is lecithotrophic without a pelagic larval phase. The late intracapsular veliger stage metamorphoses within the capsule and hatching occurs at a crawling juvenile stage.
EDUCATION AND THE MODERN STATE
Authors: O'Hear Anthony 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper I show how modern democratic states are likely to be inimical to traditional liberal education. Drawing on theoretical considerations and recent history I show how any attempt to promote traditional educational values through state interventions, such as national curricula or state regulation, is bound to be illusory. The preservation of liberal education will best be served by the wholesale removal of education from the progressive state and its bureaucracies.
WHY FREE TRADE IS REQUIRED BY JUSTICE
Authors: Tesón Fernando R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe article argues that free trade is required by any plausible conception of justice. Free trade is supported by a host of consequentialist and deontological reasons. Empirically, trade increases global and national wealth, and in particular helps the poor. Morally, those who benefit from protectionist laws are not deserving beneficiaries of wealth redistribution. Both economic theory and evidence amply warrant the view that trade is beneficial. Protectionism by rich countries is harmful, not only to those countries' consumers, but to producers in poor countries. Given this, and given the fact that protectionism is almost always the result of political pressure by inefficient producers, there is no plausible moral reason to support it. Protectionism by poor countries is equally harmful. Relying on the institutionalist literature, the article shows that protectionism is yet another bad institution that contributes to economic stagnation in those countries. The article considers and rejects two criticisms of free trade: the problem of stolen goods, and the pauper-labor argument.
Coarctation of the aorta and vein of Galen malformation – treatment considerations in a severely compromised patient
Authors: Emmel Mathias , Bennink Gerardus , Meila Dan , Brassel Friedhelm 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA vein of Galen malformation – a rare cause of cardiac insufficiency in neonates – is sometimes associated with coarctation of the aorta, two diseases requiring urgent therapy in the neonatal period. We report on a term neonate in whom we first palliated the coarctation by stent implantation, providing time to treat the vein of Galen malformation by endovascular embolisation. Following this, the coarctation was surgically repaired and the stent was explanted.
Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates
Authors: Bach-Faig Anna , Berry Elliot M , Lairon Denis , Reguant Joan , Trichopoulou Antonia , Dernini Sandro , Medina F Xavier , Battino Maurizio , Belahsen Rekia , Miranda Gemma , Serra-Majem Lluís 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo present the Mediterranean diet (MD) pyramid: a lifestyle for today.DesignA new graphic representation has been conceived as a simplified main frame to be adapted to the different nutritional and socio-economic contexts of the Mediterranean region. This review gathers updated recommendations considering the lifestyle, dietary, sociocultural, environmental and health challenges that the current Mediterranean populations are facing.Setting and SubjectsMediterranean region and its populations.ResultsMany innovations have arisen since previous graphical representations of the MD. First, the concept of composition of the ‘main meals’ is introduced to reinforce the plant-based core of the dietary pattern. Second, frugality and moderation is emphasised because of the major public health challenge of obesity. Third, qualitative cultural and lifestyle elements are taken into account, such as conviviality, culinary activities, physical activity and adequate rest, along with proportion and frequency recommendations of food consumption. These innovations are made without omitting other items associated with the production, selection, processing and consumption of foods, such as seasonality, biodiversity, and traditional, local and eco-friendly products.ConclusionsAdopting a healthy lifestyle and preserving cultural elements should be considered in order to acquire all the benefits from the MD and preserve this cultural heritage. Considering the acknowledgment of the MD as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO (2010), and taking into account its contribution to health and general well-being, we hope to contribute to a much better adherence to this healthy dietary pattern and its way of life with this new graphic representation.