bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intramuscular distribution of the phrenic nerve in human diaphragm as shown by Sihler staining
Authors: AN Xiaochun , Yue Bin , Lee Je‐Hun , Lee Mi‐Sun , Lin Chenghe , Han Seung‐Ho 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Intramuscular innervation of the human diaphragm has not been well described. The goal of this study was to elucidate the detailed intramuscular distribution of the phrenic nerve in the human diaphragm. Methods: Fifteen human diaphragms were visualized using modified Sihler staining, and the detailed intramuscular phrenic nerve distribution was photographed and recorded. Results: Three types of primary phrenic nerve branches were noted. Each type of primary branch innervated a confined muscular subvolume of the diaphragm, and the intramuscular branches in each subvolume anastomosed largely with one another and formed a characteristic “net” of nerve branches. A few small nerve filaments were seen entering the peripheral diaphragm. The directions and locations of nerve branches innervating the hiatal diaphragm were not symmetrical between sides. Conclusion: These findings may offer useful information for anatomists, physiologists, and clinicians. Muscle Nerve, 2012
A Padé family of iterations for the matrix sign function and related problems
Authors: Gomilko Oleksandr , Greco Federico , Ziȩtak Krystyna 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper we consider the Pad'e family of iterations for computing the matrix sign function and the Padé family of iterations for computing the matrix p‐sector function. We prove that all the iterations of the Padé family for the matrix sign function have a common convergence region. It completes a similar result of Kenney and Laub for half of the Padé family. We show that the iterations of the Padé family for the matrix p‐sector function are well defined in an analogous common region, depending on p. For this purpose we proved that the Padé approximants to the function (1−z)−σ, 0<σ<1, are a quotient of hypergeometric functions whose poles we have localized. Furthermore we proved that the coefficients of the power expansion of a certain analytic function form a positive sequence and in a special case this sequence has the log‐concavity property. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyanate ester resin modified by hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene: Morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties
Authors: Liu Jing , Ding Naidong , Xu Renfu , He Qihui , Shen Jian , Hu Baixing 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) rubber was used as a modifier for bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy) to improve its toughness. The effect of catalyst on the curing behavior of the resin and the curing techniques were developed by differential scanning calorimetry. The dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetry analysis, and tensile test were used to study the thermal behavior, mechanical properties, and dynamic mechanical performance of the modified BADCy resins. Results show that addition of HTPB resulted in improved toughness while maintaining relatively good thermal stability. Additional, phase separation phenomenon was confirmed by the analysis of scanning electron microscope. For the toughening of the resin, the main toughening mechanism is shear yielding and crack branching. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Processing and rheological behavior of ABS/montmorillonite nanocomposites via single screw capillary extrusion
Authors: Sánchez Saul E. , Ibarra Rigoberto 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEvidence for intercalated and exfoliated clay nanostructures was found in Acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/montmorillonite (MMT) compounds. Formulations with MMT from 0.5 to 9 vol. % have been processed by single screw capillary extrusion. Melt rheology showed that the onset of shear thinning shifts to lower shear rates until one order in magnitude in shear rate (
$\dot{\gamma}$), as modified clay increases. On the other hand, the viscosity at zero shear (η0) augments in the order of 650% in the highest concentration sample. Furthermore, viscosity curves from capillary rheometry showed a strong shear thinning behavior as clay content is increased. From X‐ray diffraction, it is inferred a nanoclay d‐spacing increase independent from the clay content in capillary extrusion samples. Transmission Electron Microscopy shows intercalated/exfoliated clay structures from capillary extrusion. Proper processing conditions in conventional equipment for plastics transformation, may lead to obtain intercalated and exfoliated nanocomposites without complex tooling configuration. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of wheel rotating speed and LiCl additives on electrospun aligned polyacrylonitrile nanofiber
Authors: Li Ni , Xiong Jie , Xue Hua 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA rotating wheel was used as the collector during electrospinning to produce aligned nanofiber. Then the effects of wheel rotating speed and LiCl (Lithium Chloride) additives on nanofiber morphology and mechanical behavior of nanofiber mat were studied. The results indicated that the rotating speed of 150 rpm (round per minute) was desirable for fabricating well‐aligned nanofiber with nanoscale diameter. Fiber diameter and fiber angle both showed exponential relationship with wheel rotating speed. Meanwhile fiber assemblage was observed when 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 wt% LiCl was added in 12 wt% polyacrylonitrile (PAN) with N,N‐dimethylformamide solution respectively. LiCl adding increased nanofiber diameter but had not obviously influence on fiber angle. The mechanical examination revealed that LiCl adding decreased the stress of PAN mats and 0.6 wt% LiCl was appropriate for desirable stress and strain. The failure stress and failure strain of the PAN mat with 0.6 wt% LiCl was 50.23 MPa and 82.45%, respectively. © POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Investigation on the effect of a compatibilizer on the fatigue behavior of PP/coir fiber composites
Authors: Bettini Sílvia H.P. , Antunes Marcela C. , Magnabosco Rodrigo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe mechanical behavior of polypropylene (PP) and 30 wt% coir fiber reinforced PP composites, with and without compatibilizer, were assessed through monotonic (tensile and bending) and cyclic (fatigue) tests. Fatigue load controlled tests were conducted under tension loads at a frequency of 6 Hz. The fracture mechanism was accompanied by surface fracture analyses using both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The compatibilizer used was the PP grafted with maleic anhydride. The compatibilized composites exhibited longer fatigue life times. It was also concluded that the presence of coir fibers changed the preferential fatigue mechanism, because the fracture mechanism in PP was mainly caused by heat generated by viscous effects during solicitation (thermal fatigue), whereas in the compatibilized and noncompatibilized PP/coir composites the predominant fracture mechanism was mechanical fatigue. However, thermal fatigue was also observed in the composites, especially in the noncompatibilized ones. © POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Scientific issues in the revision of personality disorders for DSM‐5
Authors: Skodol Andrew E. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTDSM‐5 is scheduled for publication in 2013. The revision process will be the product of over 13 years of work. DSM‐5 Work Groups have recently proposed changes in each of the major diagnostic classes of mental disorders and revised their proposals in anticipation of APA‐sponsored and APA‐conducted Field Trials now underway. This article will review the scientific and philosophical principles guiding the revisions and how they have influenced the development of the proposed changes for the assessment and diagnosis of personality psychopathology for DSM‐5. Included are discussions of the definition of mental disorder, dimensional vs. categorical approaches to diagnosis, criteria for change, validity vs. clinical utility, cultural applicability, the relationship of DSM‐5 and ICD‐11 and diagnosis for specialty vs. primary care settings. Although principles for revising the DSM‐5 were articulated some time ago, the revision process thus far has proceeded with some degree of ambiguity, controversy and contradiction. Copyright © 2011 American Psychiatric Association.
European perspectives on personality disorders: Knowing a complex history for a (hopefully) bright future
Authors: Fossati Andrea 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTA recent focus in Western European research on personality disorders (PDs) has been an attempt to generate an integrative perspective or at least a common framework that could be used by researchers with different theoretical orientation to exchange and integrate their findings. This article discusses 19th and 20th century Western European perspectives on PDs, which led to their conceptualization as separate entities. In particular, we focus on the contribution of three approaches: the psychiatric approach, the dynamic contribution and the individual difference perspective. European tradition suggests revising current PD classification systems to produce PD diagnoses that are close to clinical reality but also grounded in data from scientific studies and characterized by a high degree of transtheoretical acceptance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment received by persons with BPD participating in a randomized clinical trial of the Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving programme
Authors: Black Donald W. , Allen Jeff , McCormick Brett , Blum Nancee 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe report the treatment experience of 164 subjects with BPD who participated in a randomized clinical trial testing the Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving group treatment programme. Participation in psychotherapy, use of psychotropic medication, use of emergency services and hospitalization were carefully tracked. Nearly all (96%) subjects were prescribed psychotropic medication; 74% took antidepressants at baseline; the figures were 41% for anxiolytics, 39% for mood stabilizers and 32% for antipsychotics. Sixty‐four percent reported taking ≥2 medications, and 39% took ≥3 medications. Most subjects (73%) participated in individual psychotherapy; 24% had been hospitalized at least once in the month prior to study entry. Importantly, medication usage at baseline was not associated with clinical severity. Medication usage declined during the 20‐week clinical trial and 1‐year follow‐up. Few patients (6%) had ever received electroconvulsive therapy. In conclusion, data show that many persons with BPD are prescribed multiple medications and frequently participate in individual and other types of psychotherapy. Medication usage at baseline does not explain variation in clinical symptoms. Implications of the findings are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SAIL: A 3D rehabilitation system to improve arm function following stroke
Authors: Meadmore Katie L , Cai Zhonglun , Tong Daisy , Hughes Ann‐Marie , Freeman Chris T , Rogers Eric , Burridge Jane H 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the September/October 2009 issue of Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry, we featured an article describing a promising new 2D robotic and electronic stimulation system developed at the University of Southampton for rehabilitation of arm movement following stroke. Here, the scientists who developed the system describe a further extension of the technique to a new 3D system known as SAIL (Stimulation Assistance through Iterative Learning). Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Copper(0)‐catalyzed one‐pot synthesis of ABC triblock copolymers via the combination of single electron transfer nitroxide radical coupling reaction and “click” chemistry
Authors: Jing Rongkuan , Lin Wencheng , Wang Guowei , Huang Junlian 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of ABC triblock copolymers were accomplished by Cu(0)‐catalyzed one‐pot strategy combining single electron transfer‐nitroxide radical coupling (SET‐NRC) reaction with “click” chemistry. First, the precursors α,ω‐heterofunctionalized poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with a 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) group and an alkyne group, polystyrene (PS), and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (PtBA) with bromine or azide end group were designed and synthesized, respectively. Then, the one‐pot coupling reactions between these precursors were carried out in the system of Cu(0)/Me6TREN: The SET‐NRC reaction between bromine group and nitroxide radical group, subsequently click coupling between azide and alkyne group. It was noticeable that Cu(I) generated from Cu(0) by SET mechanism was utilized to catalyze click chemistry. To estimate the effect of Cu(0) on the one‐pot reaction, a comparative analysis was performed in presence of different Cu(0) species. The result showed that Cu(0) with more active surface area could accelerate the one‐pot reaction significantly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis and properties of liquid crystalline urethane methacrylates for dental composite applications
Authors: Buruiana Tinca , Melinte Violeta , Costin George , Buruiana Emil C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThree novel liquid crystalline methacrylates have been synthesized and characterized to be tested as comonomers in light‐curing dental resin‐based composites. The selected formulations consist of an alkylammonium or cholesteryl urethane methacrylate and 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropyl)phenyl]propane (BisGMA) or a BisGMA derivate modified with urethane methacrylate groups, further diluted with triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and reinforced with 70% filler (zirconium silicate nanopowder, silanized filler). This study addresses the relationships between the LC monomer structure, photopolymerization rates (by differential scanning photo calorimetry), and specific properties of the dental resin composites (volumetric shrinkage, water sorption, water solubility, and hydrophobicity). The investigation of LC properties by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing microscopy indicated that the LC mesophase is stable to room temperature (cationic monomers) or at 40 °C (cholesteryl methacrylate). It was found that the polymerization rate for LC urethane methacrylates used in combination with BisGMA/TEGDMA (0.122–0.136 s−1) is higher than that of the mesogenic monomers alone (0.085–0.107 s−1). The structures of the urethane monomers and, consequently, the viscosity of the comonomer mixture influence both the rate and the degree of conversion (44.8–67.5 %) of the photopolymerization process. Polymerization shrinkage measured by pycnometry showed lower values for LC monomers (3.25–3.43 vol %) comparatively with the monomer mixture (5.19–6.65 vol %). Preliminarily, the effect of ammonium groups from two resin composites incorporating alkylammonium structures (4.5 wt %) was tested on Streptococcus mutans, and distinct zone of inhibition was observed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis, characterization, and rheological properties of hybrid titanium star‐shaped poly(n‐butyl acrylate)
Authors: Périneau Fabien , Hu Guangjun , Rozes Laurence , Ribot François , Sanchez Clément , Creton Costantino , Bouteiller Laurent , Pensec Sandrine 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of hybrid star‐shaped polymers was carried out by atom transfer radical polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate from a well‐defined multifunctional titanium‐oxo‐cluster initiator. Conditions were identified to prevent possible side reactions among monomer, polymer, and the titanium‐oxo‐cluster ligands. Polymerizations provided linear first‐order kinetics and the evolution of the experimental molecular weight is also linear with the conversion. 1H DOSY NMR and cleavage of the polymeric branches from the multifunctional initiator by hydrolysis were used to (i) prove the star‐shaped structure of the polymer, and (ii) demonstrate that the shoulder observed on size exclusion chromatograms is not due to a noncontrolled polymerization but to ungrafting of polymeric branches during analysis. Rheological properties of the hybrid star‐shaped poly(n‐butyl acrylate) were studied in the linear regime and show that the Ti‐oxo‐cluster not only increases significantly the viscosity of the polymer relative to its ungrafted arm but has a rheological signature which is qualitatively different from that of stars with organic cores suggesting that the Ti cluster reduces significantly the molecular mobility of the star. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Annealing effect on performance and morphology of photovoltaic devices based on poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Gu Zhijie , Kanto Tatsuya , Tsuchiya Kousuke , Shimomura Takeshi , Ogino Kenji 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNovel block copolymers, poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (P3HT‐b‐PEO) were synthesized via Suzuki coupling reaction of P3HT and PEO homopolymers. The copolymers were characterized by NMR, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimeter, and UV–vis measurements. A series of devices based on the block copolymers with a fullerene derivative were evaluated after thermal or solvent annealing. The device using P3HT‐b‐PEO showed higher efficiency than using P3HT blend after thermal annealing. Phase‐separated structures in the thin films of block copolymer blends were investigated by atomic force microscopy to clarify the relationship between morphologies constructed by annealing and the device performance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis and self‐assembly of thermotropic block copolymer with long alkyl tethered cage silsesquioxane in the side chain
Authors: Ishida Yoshihito , Hirai Tomoyasu , Goseki Raita , Tokita Masatoshi , Kakimoto Masa‐Aki , Hayakawa Teruaki 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThermotropic POSS‐containing poly(methacrylate) with long alkyl chain tethered polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) in the side chain and the block copolymers (PMMA‐b‐PMAC11POSS) were developed by through living anionic polymerization. The resulting polymers indicated a phase transition temperature at 112 °C from spherocrystal to isotropic phase. The POSS‐containing polymer segments tended to form matrix of microphase‐separated nanostructures in the bulk even in the very low volume fraction, for instance, PMMA cylindrical nanostructure was obtained by PMMA175‐b‐PMAC11POSS11 (ϕPMAC11POSS = 0.44). The control of thin film morphology was carried out by not only solvent annealing, but also thermal annealing, resulting in the formation of well‐ordered dot‐ and fingerprint‐type nanostructures. This is the first report in a series of POSS‐containing block polymers that are capable for thermal annealing to generate well‐ordered microphase‐separated nanostructures in thin films. The novel thermotropic POSS‐containing block copolymer offers a promising material for block copolymer lithography. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Direct effects of ionizing radiation on macromolecules
Authors: Kempner Ellis S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the dry or frozen states, macromolecules are damaged directly by interactions with ionizing radiation. As γ‐rays and high‐energy electrons randomly ionize orbital electrons in their path, larger molecules are more likely to suffer an interaction with these radiations. In each interaction, energy is transferred to the struck molecule, resulting in irreversibly broken covalent bonds. There is an extensive literature describing these radiation modifications in both synthetic and biopolymers. Although many different properties are measured, there emerges a similar picture of the nature of radiation damage that is common to all macromolecules. The techniques used in study of one species may be used to resolve questions raised in the other class of macromolecules. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.† J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Molecular dynamics simulations of end‐grafted polymers with charged side chains
Authors: Cao Qianqian , Zuo Chuncheng , Ma Yanhong , Li Lujuan , Chen Siyan , Hu Zhangyou 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe report molecular dynamics simulations on bottle‐brush polyelectrolytes end‐grafted to a planar surface. For each bottle‐brush polyelectrolyte, flexible charged side chains are anchored to one neutral main chain. The effects of the counterion valence and the grafting density on the density profiles and the structural characteristics of the brush were studied in this work. It is found that the electrostatic repulsion between charged monomers in the side chains leads an extended conformation of the brush in a solution containing monovalent counterions, while strong electrostatic binding of multivalent counterions to the side chains has a significant contribution to the collapse of the brush. For the trivalent case, the distribution of end monomers in the main chains becomes broader upon decreasing the grafting density, as compared with the monovalent case. However, the position of the distribution for the monovalent case is relatively insensitive to the change of the grafting density. Additionally, with increased counterion valence, enhanced electrostatic correlation between counterions and charged side chains also weakens the diffusive ability of counterions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation associated with inhaled nitric oxide compared to pressure‐controlled assist/control ventilation and inhaled nitric oxide in children: Randomized, non‐blinded, crossover study
Authors: Fioretto Jose Roberto , Batista Khristiani Almeida , Carpi Mario Ferreira , Bonatto Rossano Cesar , Moraes Marcos Aurélio , Ricchetti Sandra Mara Queiroz , Batistella Rafaelle Fernandes 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPurposeTo compare the acute oxygenation effects of high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) plus inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) with pressure‐controlled assist/control ventilation (PCACV) plus iNO in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) children.MethodsChildren with AHRF, aged between 1 month and 14 years under PCACV with PEEP ≥ 10 cmH2O were randomly assigned to PCACV (PCVG, n = 14) or HFOV (HFVG, n = 14) in a crossover design. Oxygenation indexes and hemodynamic variables were recorded at enrollment (Tind), 1 hr after PCACV start (T0) and then every 4 hr (T4h, etc.).ResultsPO2/FiO2 significantly increased after 4 hr compared to enrollment in both groups [(PCVG—Tind: 111.95 ± 37 < T4h: 143.88 ± 47.5 mmHg, P < 0.05; HFVG—Tind: 123.76 ± 33 < T4h: 194.61 ± 62.42 mmHg, P < 0.05)] without any statistical differences between groups. At T8h, PO2/FiO2 was greater for HFVG compared with PCVG (HFVG: 227.9 ± 80.7 > PCVG: 171.21 ± 52.9 mmHg, P < 0.05). FiO2 could be significantly reduced after 4 hr for HFVG (HFVG—T4h: 0.53 ± 0.09 < Tind: 0.64 ± 0.2; P < 0.05) but only after 8 hr for PCVG. Comparing groups at T8h, it was observed that FiO2 decrease was greater for HFVG (HFVG: 0.47 ± 0.06 < PCVG: 0.58 ± 0.1; P < 0.05).ConclusionBoth ventilatory techniques with iNO improve oxygenation. HFOV causes earlier FiO2 reduction and increased PO2/FiO2 ratio compared to PCACV at 8 hr. However, at the end of the protocol, there was no significant difference and no clinical improvement derived from the application of both ventilatory strategies with iNO. It is not possible to say what would have happened if a different conventional ventilatory mode and a fully protective ventilatory strategy had been used, given the fact that our study is non‐blind, and that a limited number of patients were included in each group. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:809–816. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.