bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First‐trimester combined screening for trisomy 21 at 7–14 weeks' gestation
Authors: Wright D. , Spencer K. , Kagan K K. , Tørring N. , Petersen O. B. , Christou A. , Kallikas J. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo establish an algorithm for first‐trimester combined screening for trisomy 21 with biochemical testing from 7 to 14 weeks' gestation and ultrasound testing at 11–13 weeks.MethodsThis was a multicenter study of 886 pregnancies with trisomy 21 and 222 475 unaffected pregnancies with measurements of free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) at 7–14 weeks' gestation. Multiple regression modeling of log‐transformed marker values was used to produce log multiples of the median (MoM) values for PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG. The models included terms for the center attended and the machine used for biochemical analysis, gestational age, maternal racial origin, maternal weight, smoking status and method of conception. Bivariate Gaussian distributions were fitted to log MoM PAPP‐A and log MoM free β‐hCG in trisomy 21 and in unaffected pregnancies. In each case the patient‐specific risk for trisomy 21 was estimated by multiplying the individual maternal age‐related risk with the likelihood ratio (LR) for fetal nuchal translucency (NT) according to the mixture model and the combined LR for maternal serum free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A. Estimates of detection rates for trisomy 21 and false‐positive rates were calculated for combined screening with measurements of NT at 12 weeks together with measurements of free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A from 8 to 13 weeks.ResultsIn trisomy 21 pregnancies the mean log MoM free β‐hCG increased linearly with gestation between 7 and 14 weeks, whereas the relation between log MoM PAPP‐A and gestation was fitted by a quadratic equation such that the maximum separation between trisomy 21 and unaffected pregnancies occurs at 9–10 weeks. At a false‐positive rate of 3% the detection rate of combined screening at 12 weeks was 86% and this increased to 90% by biochemical testing at 9 weeks and ultrasound scanning at 12 weeks. The detection rate increased to 92% by measuring PAPP‐A at 9 weeks and free β‐hCG at the time of the scan at 12 weeks.ConclusionThe performance of first‐trimester biochemical screening for trisomy 21 is best at 9–10 weeks rather than at 7–8 or 11–14 weeks. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A frequency distribution approach to hotspot identification
Authors: Bartolino Valerio , Maiorano Luigi , Colloca Francesco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe present a new global method for the identification of hotspots in conservation and ecology. The method is based on the identification of spatial structure properties through cumulative relative frequency distributions curves, and is tested with two case studies, the identification of fish density hotspots and terrestrial vertebrate species diversity hotspots. Results from the frequency distribution method are compared with those from standard techniques among local, partially local and global methods. Our approach offers the main advantage to be independent from the selection of any threshold, neighborhood, or other parameter that affect most of the currently available methods for hotspot analysis. The two case studies show how such elements of arbitrariness of the traditional methods influence both size and location of the identified hotspots, and how this new global method can be used for a more objective selection of hotspots.
The Devonian magmatism in the Kropotkin Ridge (East Sayan) and sources of basites: geological, geochemical, and Sr-Nd isotope data
Authors: Vorontsov A.A. , Sandimirov I.V. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In the east of the Tuvinian trough within the Kropotkin Ridge, the formation of Devonian volcanic associations was intimately conjugate with rifting on the southwestern framing of the Siberian Platform. The associations include picrite-like basalts, trachybasalts, basaltic trachyandesites, trachyandesites, trachytes, trachyrhyodacites, trachyrhyolites, comendites, and subvolcanic dolerites. The basic and normal-basic rocks are subdivided into two groups by TiO2 contents: high-Ti (TiO2 ∼ 2.2–4.2 wt.%) and medium-Ti (TiO2 ∼ 1.3–2.0 wt.%). Compared with the high-Ti basites, the medium-Ti ones are depleted in K, Rb, REE, Nb, Ta, Th, and U and have features of magmatic series of active continental margins. The high-Ti rocks are similar in composition to within-plate basalts. But in the isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd the above groups of basites are similar and correspond to mantle sources forming enriched within-plate basalts of the OIB type. This combination of within-plate and continent-marginal geochemical features in the basites localized in the same structure-geologic conditions might indicate the formation of rock associations in the rift zone at the rear of active continental paleomargin during the evolution of their common plume source. Its interaction with the suprasubductional lithospheric mantle determined the geochemistry of rocks.
Cost–benefit of a 13-week multidiciplinary rehabilitation course for chronic non-malignant pain patients
Authors: Meineche-Schmidt Villy 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Economy is an important part of chronic pain.

Aim
To describe the economy in chronic non-malignant pain patients attending a 13-week Rehabilitation Program (RP).

Methods
All patients participating in the RP 2006–2008 were evaluated at baseline (BL) and at follow-up (FU) after an observation period of mean … month in relation to: (1) work-income (WI) or (2) transfer income (TI), comprised by: (a) sick-leave (SL), (b) sick pension (SP), (c) social benefit (SB) and (d) rehabilitation benefit (RB). The economic impact on state and county and the time to age pension was calculated.

Results
117 patients attended the RP. At BL 23 patients had WI and 19 maintained this at FU (3 were on SP and 1 on RB). 90 patients were on TI at BL: 58 on SL at BL changed to 20 on SP + 23 on WI + 6 on SB + 1 on RB + 6 maintained SL, 12 on SB at BL changed to 6 on WI+ 1 on SP + 5 still on SB. 7 on RB at BL changed to 6 on WI + 1 on RB. The economic situation was concluded for 97 patients (83%). State expenses were increased by 540,000 Euro and county savings was 698,000 Euro. The societal savings were 158,000 Euro. The total costs for the RP was 421,000 Euro. Costs balanced savings after 2.7 years. The average time to age pension for the participating patients was 25 years. The potential accumulated savings thus amounted to 3.5 million Euros.

Conclusions
The 13-week Rehabilitation Program was highly cost effective: expenses for the program balanced savings after 3 years and the time to age pension for the participating patients was 25 years. The potential accumulated saving per patient was 30,000 Euro.
Online counselling: An initial examination of the process in a synchronous chat environment
Authors: Mallen Michael J. , Jenkins Indria M. , Vogel David L. , Day Susan X. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAims: The present study investigates the dynamics of an initial counselling session held in a synchronous chat environment between counsellors‐in‐training and a trained confederate posing as a client. Specifically, the study examines (a) the interventions used, (b) the therapeutic alliance, and (c) the ability of the counsellor to accurately diagnose the client. Methods: Transcripts from 54 online sessions were analysed to investigate counsellors’ responses and interventions in an online environment. Results: The use of counselling interventions were similar to those used in face‐to‐face sessions, but with some differences. Reassurance and open questions were used about twice as often, while interpretation and direct guidance were used less frequently. Most participants (86–90%) reached the correct diagnosis when the symptoms represented a single diagnosis but had more trouble when the symptoms were mixed (36%). Participants reported feeling some distance from the client but reported an increase in their ability to form a therapeutic alliance after conducting an online session.Conclusions: The present study clarifies some of the benefits and limitations of online counselling and provides some new insights into the issues that may need to be addressed for the training of counsellors to work in this area.
Cultural ruptures in short‐term therapy: Working alliance as a mediator between clients' perceptions of microaggressions and therapy outcomes
Authors: Owen Jesse , Imel Zac , Tao Karen W. , Wampold Bruce , Smith Amanda , Rodolfa Emil 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim: To determine whether or not clients' perceptions of microaggressions varied based on their own and the therapist's race/ethnicity and whether or not they would be negatively related to the effectiveness of therapy and if the working alliance would mediate this effect. Method: The study utilised a cross‐sectional, retrospective, methodology. Clients were recruited from a large university counselling centre in the United States (N=232 clients and 29 therapists). Results: Neither clients' race/ethnicity, therapists’ race/ethnicity, nor client‐therapist ethnic matching predicted perceptions of microaggressions. Clients' ratings of microaggressions were negatively associated with their psychological wellbeing; however, this effect was mediated by clients' ratings of the working alliance. Implications: Therapists should take into account the cultural messages they may be conveying to both white and racial/ethnic minority clients. Therapists should develop strategies that are consistent with a general therapeutic approach that promotes discussions about culture with their clients and, most importantly, should attend to the therapeutic relationship.
Prophossi: automating expert validation of phosphopeptide–spectrum matches from tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Martin David M.A. , Nett Isabelle R.E. , Vandermoere Franck , Barber Jonathan D. , Morrice Nicholas A. , Ferguson Michael A.J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Complex patterns of protein phosphorylation mediate many cellular processes. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a powerful tool for identifying these post-translational modifications. In high-throughput experiments, mass spectrometry database search engines, such as MASCOT provide a ranked list of peptide identifications based on hundreds of thousands of MS/MS spectra obtained in a mass spectrometry experiment. These search results are not in themselves sufficient for confident assignment of phosphorylation sites as identification of characteristic mass differences requires time-consuming manual assessment of the spectra by an experienced analyst. The time required for manual assessment has previously rendered high-throughput confident assignment of phosphorylation sites challenging.
Results: We have developed a knowledge base of criteria, which replicate expert assessment, allowing more than half of cases to be automatically validated and site assignments verified with a high degree of confidence. This was assessed by comparing automated spectral interpretation with careful manual examination of the assignments for 501 peptides above the 1% false discovery rate (FDR) threshold corresponding to 259 putative phosphorylation sites in 74 proteins of the Trypanosoma brucei proteome. Despite this stringent approach, we are able to validate 80 of the 91 phosphorylation sites (88%) positively identified by manual examination of the spectra used for the MASCOT searches with a FDR &lt; 15%.
Conclusions:High-throughput computational analysis can provide a viable second stage validation of primary mass spectrometry database search results. Such validation gives rapid access to a systems level overview of protein phosphorylation in the experiment under investigation.
Availability: A GPL licensed software implementation in Perl for analysis and spectrum annotation is available in the supplementary material and a web server can be assessed online at http://www.compbio.dundee.ac.uk/prophossi
Contact: d.m.a.martin@dundee.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Chronic administration of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201–995 does not lead to endogenous antibody formation
Authors: FUESSL H. S. , DOMIN J. , ANDERSON J. V. , BLOOM S. R. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPlasma samples of seven patients with gut and pancreatic endocrine tumours who have been on long‐term treatment with a long‐acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201‐995) were investigated for endogenous antibodies to the peptide by incubation with radiolabelled SMS 201–995. The duration of treatment with the somatostatin analogue was between 9 and 26 months and the dose from 100 to 300μg day−1. In none of the patients could antibodies to SMS be detected. The effect of this somatostatin analogue is unlikely to be impaired by formation of endogenous antibodies, even after long‐term treatment.
The gastric proton pump, a target for neuroleptics and antidepressant drugs?
Authors: BEIL W. , STÜNKEL P. , PIEPER A. , SEWING K.‐Fr. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe antisecretory action of the antidepressant drugs trimipramine, doxepin and nortriptyline was studied in two different in‐vitro test systems; the isolated and enriched guinea‐pig parietal cell and the purified H+/K+‐ATPase preparation. The effect of the antidepressants was compared with that of the neuroleptic agents chlorpromazine, triflupromazine, trifluoperazine, haloperidol, fluspirilene and with that of the tricyclic anticholinergic agent pirenzepine. All neuroleptics and antidepressants inhibited acid formation in intact parietal cells with IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The inhibitory potency for each compound was identical regardless of whether histamine or db‐cAMP was used as stimulant. Isolated H+/K+‐ATPase, measured in the presence of 5 mmol litre−1 KCl, was inhibited by all psychotropic drugs with IC50 values in the micromolar range. EGTA did not affect the inhibitory potency at the H+/K+‐ATPase, indicating that the action of the drugs does not depend on their calmodulin blocking activity. Pirenzepine was ineffective in both test systems. Kinetic studies done with nortriptyline, chlorpromazine and haloperidol showed a competitive type of inhibition with respect to K+ at low inhibitor concentrations. This competitive type was changed to a mixed type of inhibition with increasing inhibitor concentrations, demonstrating cooperative effects between drug binding and K+ activation of the enzyme. From these data it is suggested that antidepressants and neuroleptics act by an allosteric mechanism of action, and that the lipid solubility is a significant factor to establish enzyme inhibition.
Review: loperamide—a potent antidiarrhoeal drug with actions along the alimentary tract
Authors: RUPPIN H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe synthetic opioid, loperamide, reduces stool weight, frequency of bowel movements, urgency and faecal incontinence in acute and chronic diarrhoea. In man, the mechanism of action of loperamide is primarily the retardation of small‐intestinal transit, and the stimulation of anal sphincter pressure and of faecal continence. This mechanism increases mucosal contact time, allowing more complete absorption of electrolytes and water. Studies in animals have demonstrated inhibitory effects of opiates and opioids, including loperamide, on fluid and electrolyte secretion induced by various secretagogues. By comparison, opiates have smaller if any antisecretory or pro‐absorptive actions in man. The discrepancies between the results obtained in animal and human experiments are most certainly due to the large differences between drug doses used. Besides its opiate‐receptor binding and stimulating activity, loperamide also behaves as a calcium–calmodulin antagonist and as a calcium channel blocker. These two other mechanisms might contribute to loperamide's antidiarrhoeal activity. Loperamide is more effective and safer than other opiates or opioid drugs in the treatment of both infantile and adult diarrhoea of various causes, although adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement remain the prime need.
Comparison of ranitidine 300 mg twice daily, 300 mg at night and placebo on 24‐hour intragastric acidity of duodenal ulcer patients
Authors: MERKI H. S. , WITZEL L. , WALT R. P. , NEUMANN J. , SCHEURLE E. , KAUFMANN D. , MAPPES A. , HEIM J. , RÖHMEL J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYContinuous measurement of 24‐hour intragastric acidity was performed in 12 duodenal ulcer patients in remission during treatment with placebo, ranitidine 300 mg nocte and ranitidine 300 mg b.d. Median 24‐hour acidity was 79.4 mmol litre−1 during placebo treatment; it decreased to 28.2 mmol litre−1 during treatment with ranitidine 300 mg nocte and to 3.6 mmol litre−1 during treatment with ranitidine 300 mg b.d. The two regimens decreased intragastric acidity to a similar degree during the night, but significantly greater inhibition of daytime and 24‐hour acidity followed use of ranitidine 300 mg b.d.
Twenty‐four‐hour intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration in healthy subjects and patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer, or pernicious anaemia
Authors: LANZON‐MILLER S. , POUNDER R. E. , HAMILTON M. R. , CHRONOS N. A. F. , BALL S. , MERCIECA J. E. , OLAUSSON M. , CEDERBERG C. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTwenty‐four‐hour intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration were measured in healthy subjects (n= 16), and patients with duodenal (n= 12) or gastric (n= 10) ulceration, or pernicious anaemia (n= 8). Median integrated 24‐hour intragastric acidity was highest in duodenal ulcer patients and lowest in pernicious anaemia patients (1148 and 0 mmol. hour litre−1, respectively). Median integrated 24‐hour plasma gastrin was highest in pernicious anaemia and lowest in the healthy subjects (9886 and 238 pmol. hour litre−1, respectively). Pernicious anaemia patients have unremitting hypergastrinaemia throughout the 24 hours. The results of this study not only provide a reference range of acidity and plasma gastrin in health and disease, but also will act as a baseline for future studies using antisecretory drugs.
Twenty‐four‐hour intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration before and during treatment with either ranitidine or omeprazole
Authors: LANZON‐MILLER S. , POUNDER R. E. , HAMILTON M. R. , BALL S. , CHRONOS N. A. F. , RAYMOND F. , OLAUSSON M. , CEDERBERG C. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYSimultaneous 24‐hour intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentrations were measured in 12 duodenal ulcer patients before and on the twenty‐eighth day of treatment with either ranitidine 150 mg b.d. or omeprazole 20 mg o.m. Median integrated 24‐hour intragastric acidity was decreased significantly from 1148 to 490 and 36 mmol. hour litre−1 during treatment with ranitidine and omeprazole, respectively, whilst median intragastric 24‐hour plasma gastrin was raised significantly from 328 to 799 and 1519 pmol. hour litre−1 respectively. When the results of all 48 experiments were considered together, there was a significant inverse correlation between the 24‐hour integrated values for intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin concentration. Both drugs caused a significant elevation of plasma gastrin throughout the 24 hours, although ranitidine had no effect on intragastric acidity from 1900 to 2200 hours. When compared with similar profiles of acidity and gastrin in pernicious‐anaemia patients, the modest elevations of plasma gastrin observed in this study suggest that neither drug will be associated with clinically relevant enterochromaffin‐like cell proliferation in duodenal ulcer patients.
Gastric acid secretory capacity falls after repeated within‐day pentagastrin testing in fed subjects
Authors: BROOK C. W. , YEOMANS N. D. , HEWSON E. G. , SMALLWOOD R. A. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYBetween‐day pentagastrin testing yields highly reproducible stimulated gastric acid output values, but little is known of the reproducibility of repeated within‐day pentagastrin tests. We have performed three pentagastrin tests within the 1 day in nine healthy subjects. Within‐day tests were 6 hours apart; the first followed an overnight fast and the second and third were both 4 hours after a substantial meal. A further test was performed the following morning, again after an overnight fast, which allowed comparison of within‐day and between‐day testing. In the second and third within‐day tests there was a marked decrease of stimulated gastric acid output, with both maximal and peak acid output decreased to approximately half of the value of the first test (P< 0.01). By contrast there were no significant differences in the acid output values obtained in between‐day tests (both following an overnight fast). Possible mechanisms for the decreased output on repeated within‐day testing include alterations in the sensitivity of the gastrin receptor, or some neurohumoral influence secondary to the preceding meal. Future studies of the duration of action of drugs affecting acid secretion may need to take account of these findings.
Review: lipoxygenase inhibitors and the gut
Authors: KENNEDY N. P. , KEELING P. W. N. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYLeukotriene synthesis is influenced by several drugs currently in use for the treatment of alimentary disease, including the corticosteroids, sulphasalazine and mesalazine. However, the use of selective lipoxygenase inhibitors in human gastrointestinal disease has not been investigated. The complexity of eicosanoid metabolism, and the incomplete knowledge of roles played by each metabolite in each tissue and disease condition, make rational pharmacological manipulation of arachidonate metabolism difficult. However, lipoxygenase inhibitors show promise in animal models of inflammation, including hepatitis, and studies in vitro suggest that therapeutic benefits may be achieved using inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis in other inflammatory disorders.
Comparison of two antimuscarinic drugs, pirenzepine and propantheline, on gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin concentration, salivary flow and heart rate in patients with duodenal ulcer disease
Authors: RICHARDSON C. T. , BARNETT C. C. , WALSH J. H. , FELDMAN M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYEffects of orally‐administered pirenzepine and propantheline bromide on food‐stimulated gastric acid secretion, serum gastrin concentration, salivary flow and heart rate were compared in 10 duodenal ulcer patients in a placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. Pirenzepine inhibited acid secretion by 25, 36 and 44% at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg, respectively, while propantheline inhibited acid secretion by 32 and 41% at doses of 15 and 45 mg, respectively. None of the doses of pirenzepine affected food‐stimulated serum gastrin concentrations, whereas 45 mg propantheline increased serum gastrin concentration significantly above placebo control. Enhancement of gastrin release by propantheline was not due to its antisecretory effect since intragastric pH after the meal was held constant at 5.0 by intragastric titrationin vivo.Pirenzepine had no significant effect on heart rate and little or no inhibitory effect on salivary volume, depending on the dose administered. By contrast, both doses of propantheline increased heart rate and reduced salivary volume significantly (P< 0.05). Thus, pirenzepine and propantheline in the doses administered inhibited acid secretion to approximately the same extent but pirenzepine had fewer effects on other organs.