bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Errors Associated with Rate of Undrained Cyclic Testing of Clay Soils
Authors: Sangrey DA , Pollard WS , Egan JA 
Published: March 2009

A wide range of cyclic testing rates can be applied to specimens of clay soil depending on the particular test objective. A group of factors which influence the results of these tests is identified and the significance of these factors on test results is demonstrated. Undrained creep effects and air diffusion through membranes surrounding the test specimen are major factors, and methods are described to correct or control these errors. Nonuniform conditions within the test specimen are also significant in some tests. Illustrations of the potential errors and corrections are presented.
There is no cyclic loading rate which has a clear advantage over other rates, although for particular purposes there is a clear preference.
Determination of In Situ Density of Sands
Authors: Marcuson WF 
Published: March 2009

The use of undisturbed samples to evaluate in situ density and the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) to estimate in situ relative density is reviewed. A procedure for obtaining high-quality undisturbed samples of sands and the influence of this sampling procedure on the in situ relative density are discussed. The use of radiographs to evaluate sample quality is examined.
As a result of studies reviewed, it is concluded that the SPT is not sufficiently accurate to be recommended for final evaluation of the density or relative density of a site unless site specific correlations are developed. High-quality undisturbed samples of sands may be obtained using a fixed-piston sampler and drilling mud. This sampling procedure yields very good samples in deposits of medium-dense sands; however, the procedure tends to density samples of loose sands and loosen samples of dense sands.
A Review of Factors Affecting Cyclic Triaxial Tests
Authors: Townsend FC 
Published: March 2009

The effects of testing procedures and material characteristics on the cyclic triaxial strength of cohesionless soils were reviewed with the intent of categorizing the significance of these factors for cognizance in future testing standards. It was found that specimen preparation methods, differences between intact and reconstituted specimens, density, and prestraining have major effects on cyclic strength. Intermediate but significant effects influencing cyclic strength are confining stress, loading wave form, material grain size (D 50) and gradation, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), and consolidation stress ratio (K c). Other factors having minor effects are freezing intact specimens, loading frequency, specimen size, and frictionless caps and bases.
Future testing programs or standards should consider these factors and their effects on test results.
Some Observations on the Mechanism and Chemistry Aspects of Chemical Dispersion
Authors: Canevari GP 
Published: March 2009

An overview of the mechanism of chemical dispersion is presented in order to put the subject in the proper perspective. The methodology and role of the surface active agent in the generation of finely dispersed oil droplets are reviewed.
This discussion of the dispersing mechanism will help resolve some of the misconceptions that have persisted for the past 10 years, such as the dispersant acting to either sink or solubilize the oil droplets into the water column, or both.
The incentives, concerns, and resultant present status of chemical dispersion are developed.
Acute Aquatic Toxicity and Dispersing Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants: Results of a Canadian Oil Dispersant Testing Program (1973 to 1977)
Authors: Doe KG , Wells PG 
Published: March 2009

An oil spill dispersant testing program was initiated in 1973 to evaluate the toxicity and dispersing effectiveness of dispersants submitted to Fisheries and Environment Canada for approval prior to use in Canadian waters.Screening toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were performed initially on 19 dispersants. Thirteen were considered sufficiently nonacutely toxic to justify further evaluation using methods and criteria of the Canadian Guidelines on the use and acceptability of oil spill dispersants.Twelve of the 13 dispersants had 4-day LC50's to rainbow trout ranging from 50 to 39 360 mg/litre, while the 4-day LC50's for 12 dispersant/No. 2B fuel oil (1:1) mixtures ranged from 35 to 300 mg/litre. Six dispersants passed the toxicity criteria with 4-day LC50's greater than 1000 mg/litre for the dispersant and 100 mg/litre for the dispersant-oil mixture.Effectiveness tests were conducted with No. 2B fuel, Lago Medio crude oil, and medium and heavy Bunker oils. Twelve dispersants passed the effectiveness criterion by dispersing greater than 65 percent of one or more types of oil. Effectiveness of dispersants varied with oil type and with temperature and salinity of the water.The dispersants BP1100X, Corexit 8666, Drew Chemical OSE 71, Drew Chemical OSE 72, Oilsperse 43, and Sugee #2 passed both the toxicity and effectiveness criteria and were placed on the Canadian standard list of acceptable oil spill dispersants.Acute lethal toxicity tests with BP1100X and Sugee #2 showed that rainbow trout in fresh water were more sensitive than two marine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus and Menidia menidia, while fourth-stage larval lobsters, Homarus americanus, were the least sensitive.
Effect of a Chemical Dispersant on Microbial Utilization of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Traxler RW , Bhattachatya LS 
Published: March 2009

The dispersant Corexit 9527 was found to enhance bacterial metabolism of Kuwait and South Louisiana crude oils as well as pure hydrocarbons in nonmechanically agitated seawater systems.
Oxygen depletion, measured by a modification of the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) method, was used to determine the rate of substrate and mixed substrates oxidation by raw seawater populations of bacteria. This method demonstrated significantly increased oxidation of crude oil treated with dispersants. Mineralization studies, with 14C labeled hydrocarbon, substantiated the BOD results and also indicated that alkanes were metabolized prior to aromatic components in crude oils.
Practical Experience of Dispersant Usage
Authors: Garnett MJ , White IC 
Published: March 2009

This paper examines selected aspects of dispersant usage from a practical point of view and with reference to the experience gained from oil spill incidents around the world.
The factors to be considered when deciding what, if any, response should be employed in the event of an oil spillage are discussed and the importance of well-prepared contingency plans stressed.
Environmental considerations are of obvious importance in deciding whether or not dispersants should be used, but it is explained that ultimately the decision will depend upon the priorities for protection and the unique circumstances of each incident. It is emphasized that the effective use of dispersants from vessels and aircraft depends upon good initial evaluation of the response required and continual control of the whole operation. Aerial surveillance is essential to continually reevaluate and direct the response in an ever-changing situation.
It is concluded that dispersants, applied correctly and after detailed consideration of the particular circumstances of the incident, have a role to play in combatting oil spillage at sea and can prevent or reduce damage to coastal resources and amenities. They should be regarded, however, only as one of the many courses of action open to cleanup controllers and not as a panacea for all ills.
A System for the Application of Dispersants to the Problems of Oil Spill Clearance
Authors: Cormack D , Nichols JA 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes, by way of introduction only, the U.K. response capability for oil spill clearance and outlines the reasons for choosing a dispersant approach. The paper then concentrates on the details of the system used to render the dispersant approach operational.
The methods of applying dispersants to slicks at sea are described in detail for ships, small vessels, and aircraft. This leads logically to consideration of the oil concentrations in the water column resulting from dispersant use, and data on this topic are presented.
Finally, the respective capability of ships and aircraft is presented in terms of oil treatment rate per hour and the whole rounded off by a statement of the amounts of dispersant and equipment held in the United Kingdom in support of the national contingency plan, with examples of performance in real spills.
An Interlaboratory Comparison of the ASTM C 335 Pipe Insulation Test
Authors: Hollingsworth M 
Published: March 2009

An interlaboratory round-robin test program has been conducted for comparison of results from the ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation (C 335-69). Two specimens of glass fiber pipe insulation have been tested over a range of mean temperatures of approximately 50 to 150°C (120 to 300°F). Data from the nine laboratories reporting tests on one specimen show good agreement with an overall expected error of ± 4.2 percent. During the 71/2-year test period, the specimen shows some degradation due to handling as is evident from a loss in weight and from a trend toward a slightly higher conductivity in repeat tests conducted by two laboratories. If this specimen change is considered, it is evident that the test error is approximately ± 3 percent.
Tests on the second specimen have been limited to fewer laboratories, but similar results are evident. The general conclusion is that good agreement is obtained for the temperature range investigated. It would be desirable, however, to have a standard specimen which could be used up to the temperature limit of the apparatus and which could stand the repeated handling and temperature exposures without change.
Measurement of the Thermal Resistance of Thick Low-Density Mineral Fiber Insulation
Authors: Degenne M , Klarsfeld S , Barthe M-P 
Published: March 2009

The use of light and thick insulating materials (fibrous and cellular) is becoming more and more frequent. This led us to the building of a thermal resistance measuring apparatus equipped with large-size heat flowmeters. The construction and performance of such an instrument, which allows thermal measurements on light insulating materials of thickness up to 120 mm, are described.
The apparatus, using one single specimen, is equipped with a bi-guarded hot plate and a heat flowmeter. This gives the possibility of performing both relative (with the heat flowmeter) and absolute measurements and of cross-checking the results.
Such flexibility allows the study of some anomalies concerning the calibration constant of the relative measurement apparatus, which is being employed more and more in industrial quality control.
Thermal Conductivity of Refractories: Working with the Hot-Wire Method
Authors: Jeschke P 
Published: March 2009

The German Standard Deutsche Industrie Norm (DIN) 51046 covers the measurement of thermal conductivity of refractories up to 1600°C by the hotwire method. From the publishing of the first draft in 1969 to issuing the standard in 1976, several round-robin tests and other experimental work have shown that 1. the hot-wire method is safe to use for material up to K = 2 W/m * K, and under certain precautions may be used up to K = 6 W/m * K, 2. the simplified solution of the Fourier differential equation used in the standard can be safely applied if the thermal diffusivity is smaller than a = 0.002 m2/h, 3. for material with a &gt; 0.002 m2/h, the recommended measuring time has to be reduced. 4. several recommendations can be given about the type of furnace and measuring equipment and suggestions can be made on how to avoid errors, and 5. the hot-wire method produces consistently higher values for thermal conductivity than other methods, including the ASTM procedure.
The hot-wire method has been adopted by the Féderation Européenne des Fabricants de Produits Réfractaires (PRE) as Recommendation 32 and has been submitted to the Technical Committee TC 33 of the International Standardization Organization (ISO).
Influence of Moisture and Moisture Gradients on Heat Transfer Through Porous Building Materials
Authors: Bomberg M , Shirtliffe CJ 
Published: March 2009

The total heat transfer through moist, porous building materials is the sum of a number of heat-transfer phenomena. This paper presents experimental data on heat transfer through specimens of moist aerated concrete and mineral fiberboard.
The aerated concrete specimens with known initial moisture distributions were exposed to a temperature gradient. This temperature gradient caused a redistribution of moisture which in turn changed the heat flow through the material. The changes were monitored by means of thermal probes, heat flowmeters, and thermocouples. The results of measurements were compared with calculations based on a simplified analytical model and with measurements made by other investigators.
A second series of tests was made on a moist specimen of high-density mineral fiberboard to demonstrate the extent of the dependence of the total thermal resistance on the distribution of moisture in the material.
Fibrous Insulation Heat-Transfer Model
Authors: King CR 
Published: March 2009

A mathematical model has been developed for the transfer of heat through fibrous insulating materials. Model development was an outgrowth of a study of heat transfer mechanisms and insulating material efficiencies.
This paper describes the mathematical derivation of the model based upon fundamental concepts of heat transfer and certain simplifying assumptions. It is shown that the efficiency of a fibrous insulation may be characterized by three model constants. One constant is calculated from fiber emissivity data and the other two may be determined from measurement of the “apparent” thermal comductivity at two different temperatures by the ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate, (C 177-76). Actual test data are included to indicate the model's validity throughout the temperature ranges of practical interest for the materials investigated.
In one form, the model may be used to estimate the “apparent” thermal conductivity of a material for various combinations of hot-face and cold-face temperatures. The model may also be used to calculate heat losses and corresponding temperature profiles through insulated systems under known or assumed boundary conditions without relying upon the concept of “mean” temperature.
Pipe Insulation Testers
Authors: Jury SH , McElroy DL , Moore JP 
Published: March 2009

The steady-state temperature distribution of two pipe insulation testers was modeled using the HEATING5 computer code available in the computers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. One pipe tester, which conformed to the ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation (C 335-69) specification, had the core heater mounted inside a pipe around which the test insulation was placed. Guard heaters were employed to reduce unwanted axial heat conduction. Computer modeling showed that adjustment of the guard heaters was critical for short testers but not for long ones. A second tester, called an ideal tester, had no guard heaters, and only a simple, resistively heated core heater. The modeling results showed that there is a minimum length-to-thickness (L/S) ratio that will lead to a correct value of thermal conductivity calculated at the midplane of the tester. A peripheral heater with backup insulation can be added to the ideal tester to permit selection of the mean temperature of the test insulation. The ideal tester has the advantage over the ASTM design in that no balancing of heater power is required.
A mock-up of the ideal tester was constructed and tested with calcium silicate pipe insulation. The core heater was a stainless steel screen, whose low thermal conductivity reduces end losses and permits use of a short tester (~0.9m). Measured values on asbestos-free calcium silicate show reasonable agreement with the data of others that contain asbestos.
Preliminary Mixture Design Procedure for Recycled Asphalt Materials
Authors: Kennedy TW , Perez I 
Published: March 2009

This paper summarizes the findings of a study to evaluate the strength, fatigue, and elastic characteristics of recycled asphalt pavement materials and to develop a preliminary mixture design procedure.
Mixtures with different types and amounts of additives for three recycling projects in Texas were evaluated. The primary method of evaluation was the static and repeated-load indirect tension test. Estimates of tensile strength, resilient elastic characteristics, and fatigue characteristics were obtained. A preliminary mixture design procedure was formulated which was based on the results of this study and standard tests on the mixture and extracted asphalt and a review of pertinent literature and past experience. The objective of this preliminary design procedure is to allow engineers to begin routinely to design mixtures involving recycled, deteriorated asphalt cements.
Preliminary findings indicate that recycled asphalt mixtures can be treated through the addition of asphalt or reclaiming agents to produce a material which exhibits satisfactory engineering properties as measured by laboratory tests on both laboratory-prepared specimens and field cores.
A preliminary mixture procedure which can be used to design recycled mixtures is presented. Future work will lead to modifications of this procedure. However, at present it is felt that the procedure is practical and capable of being used routinely.
Committee C-1 on Cement—Seventy-Five Years of Achievement
Authors: Weaver WS 
Published: March 2009

Committee C-1 on Cement for the American Society for Testing and Materials convened its first meeting in Philadelphia on Oct. 31, 1902. Seventy-five years have passed; there have been many changes to the original specification for cement adopted in 1904, and additional standards have been written. Many individuals have been involved; there have been special committees, subcommittees, and task forces. The number and complexity of requirements have increased.
Progress during the 75 years is traced in respect to specific requirements and in terms of general topics—strength, soundness, setting behavior, air-entrainment, alkali reactivity, optimum sulfur trioxide and sulfate resistance. Comments are made on the factors and forces which have contributed to the success, pertinence, and growth of specifications under the jurisdiction of Committee C-1 on Cement.
Specifications and Tests for New Structural Cements
Authors: Price RE 
Published: March 2009

Unless comprehensive specifications and adequate testing methods are available for new cements, their use will be limited to that of specialty items. The development of specifications and tests, however, is a time-consuming task requiring the cooperation of many people and a number of laboratories. An example is the recently published specification and complementary test methods for shrinkage-compensating cement. The history of this work, from the creation of a task group in ASTM Subcommittee CO1.12 on Blended Cement, the sponsoring subcommittee of ASTM Committee C-1 on Cement, to round-robin testing and analysis, is traced in detail. At the same time, parallel work in the technical committee on expansive cement of the American Concrete Institute, defining the application requirements, influenced the ASTM task group and lead directly to the establishment of methods of testing.
As a result of this experience, the actions and considerations necessary for the establishment of specifications and tests for new structural materials are defined and outlined.
Computerized System to Predict Threaded Product Mismatch
Authors: Bader JD , Ellison HW 
Published: March 2009

The emerging use of metric-sized threaded fasteners in North American manufactured products has given rise to concern for inadvertent assembly of metric fasteners with dimensionally similar inch fasteners. To prevent the possibility of mismatched assemblies, it is necessary to determine which thread combinations can be assembled so that proper care may be taken with stock identification and handling procedures.
A computer program called THDFIT has been generated to analyze any mismatched combination of Unified National threads, ISO metric threads, and ANSI-OMFS threads for determining the maximum possible degree of thread engagement and the resulting assembly strength. The logic of the computer program is described and the results of the analysis are presented.
Sulfide Determination by Silver/Sulfide Electrode
Authors: Vinson J 
Published: March 2009

The method of sulfide analysis by selective ion electrode is examined, and an additional step which can be applied to all sulfide methods is described. This additional step removes interferences to the iodine titration and, at the same time, places the sample in an ideal solution for analysis. Sulfides can also be removed from slurries, such as oil field drilling muds, and analyzed by the use of the gas train. This step also helps prevent the loss of sample by volatilization and oxidation.
Comparisons of titrimetric, commercially available selective ion electrode, and Drager tube methods showed the selective ion electrode to be most reproducible and accurate. Electrode methods require fewer standardizations of solutions and eliminate dependence on visual end points. However, more sophisticated equipment is needed to utilize the precision available from electrodes. The use of Drager tubes, while found to be the most convenient method, offers less accuracy, but remains suitable for several applications. Sample pretreatment with a gas train following careful sampling methods improves the reliability of all the sulfide methods and should be included as a part of the methods.
Determination of Acrolein in Aqueous Systems
Authors: Brady JL , Erben AR , Kissel CL , Pau JK , Caserio FF 
Published: March 2009

The application of acrolein as a biocide and herbicide is increasing rapidly in such areas as agriculture and oil field floodwaters. The use of acrolein as a hydrogen sulfide scavenger in an aqueous system is also developing. These increased applications of acrolein logically demand a study and evaluation of analytical methods for its determination under various circumstances. It is very important to know the residual level of acrolein in a system at a given time to assess the efficiency of treatment and water quality of effluents for various purposes.
Several analytical methods have been studied for suitability in laboratory and field use for determining acrolein down to parts-per-billion levels in aqueous systems. The methods studied included nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography, ultraviolet, fluorescence, and visible spectrophotemetry. The results of the study show that the m-aminophenol fluorometric method is the most suitable method available for acrolein determination in aqueous systems.