bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvements on Phase Classification Using Atmospheric Melting and Refreezing Energy Based on Soundings
Authors: Shi Shangyong , Liu Guosheng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDetermining precipitation as solid (snow) or liquid (rain) phase is crucial for remote sensing of precipitation. Most phase classification methods rely on near‐surface temperatures. Further attempts to incorporate atmospheric information aloft only achieved mixed level of success, particularly for precipitation with temperature inversion. In our study, we developed a phase classification scheme based on the upper‐level melting energy (ME) and refreezing energy (RE), which is proportional to the area enclosed by the temperature profile and the 0°C isotherm. We performed least squares fitting and linear discriminant analysis to derive phase separation functions using observed surface and sounding data in North America. We provided separation functions for snow conditional probabilities ranging from 30% to 80% for various applications. Compared to a previously published (Probsnow) method, our energy method achieved comparable performance for Type 1 soundings with one near‐surface melting layer, and significantly improves the phase classification scores for Type 2 soundings with an aloft melting layer and a near‐surface refreezing layer. We innovatively combined surface ice‐bulb temperature with the ratio between the ME and RE to represent Type 2 profiles. For Type 2 soundings, our energy method improves the Heidke skill score (HSS) from 0.25 to 0.47 and reduces false alarm rate (FAR) by 0.47 compared to the Probsnow method for 50% threshold. By applying the physically based method, we improved accuracy and HSS, and reduced FAR for more than two thirds of the evaluation stations across the North America. Finally, we tested the application of the new method in satellite snowfall retrievals.
A New Method for Size‐Resolved Aerosol CCN Activity Measurement at Low Supersaturation in Pristine Atmosphere
Authors: Tao Jiangchuan , Luo Biao , Meng Zixiang , Xie Linhong , Zhang Shaobin , Hong Juan , Zhou Yaqing , Kuang Ye , Wang Qiaoqiao , Huang Shan , Cheng Peng , Yuan Bin , Yu Pengfei , Su Hang , Cheng Yafang , Ma Nan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUnderstanding aerosol‐cloud interactions under pristine atmospheric conditions is crucial for meaningful global climate change predictions. However, ability of aerosol particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of aerosols in pristine atmosphere remains limited, mainly because of the difficulty of measuring it in pristine environments. Given the extremely low CCN number concentration under low supersaturations (SSs) and the complex impact of the kinetic limitation in CCN measurements, size‐resolved CCN activity measurements at low SSs cannot be achieved with traditional methods using differential mobility analyzers and a CCN counter (CCNC) because of the low sample efficiency and the impact of particles with multiple charges. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a new method for measuring size‐resolved CCN activity at low aerosol number concentrations. The new method is based on a combined system comprising an aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC) and a CCNC (AAC‐CCNC system). A control program was developed to achieve high‐resolution scans of the SS and particle size within a reasonable time frame. A data inversion scheme, including corrections for the transfer function and kinetic limitation, was developed to obtain accurate size‐resolved CCN activity. In July‐August 2022, the new method was used to measure the size‐resolved CCN activity on the Tibetan Plateau. This new method can advance the size‐resolved CCN measurements, thereby enhancing our understanding of aerosol‐cloud interactions in pristine atmosphere.
Causes of Past African Temperature Change in PMIP Simulations of the Mid‐Holocene
Authors: Marshall Charlie , Morrill Carrie , Dee Sylvia , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Russell James 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCurrent‐generation climate models project that Africa will warm by up to 5°C in the coming century, severely stressing African populations. Past and ongoing work indicates, however, that the models used to create these projections do not match proxy records of past temperature in Africa during the mid‐Holocene (MH), raising concerns that their future projections may house large uncertainties. Rather than reproducing proxy‐based reconstructions of MH warming relative to the Pre‐Industrial (PI), models instead simulate MH temperatures very similar to or slightly colder than the PI. This data‐model mismatch could be due to a variety of factors, including biases in model surface energy budgets or inaccurate representation of the feedbacks between temperature and hydrologic change during the “Green Sahara.” We focus on the differences among model simulations in the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 4 (PMIP3 and PMIP4), examining surface temperature and energy budgets to investigate controls on temperature and the potential model sources of this paleoclimate data‐model mismatch. Our results suggest that colder conditions simulated by PMIP3 and PMIP4 models during the MH are in large part due to the joint impacts of feedback uncertainties in response to increased precipitation, a strengthened West African Monsoon (WAM) in the Sahel, and the Green Sahara. We extend these insights into suggestions for model physics and boundary condition changes, and discuss implications for the accuracy of future climate model projections over Africa.
Cryospheric and Oceanographic Evolution in the Arctic Makarov Basin Since the Early Pleistocene Revealed by Bulk Mineral Assemblages
Authors: Park Kwangkyu , Nam Seung‐Il , Vogt Christoph , Frederichs Thomas , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Khim Boo‐Keun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe present the glacial history of the Makarov Basin (western Arctic Ocean) during the last ∼1.1 Myr, with sediment provenances using the newly refined chronostratigraphy of core ARA03B‐41GC02. According to the principal component analysis of the bulk mineral assemblages, felsic minerals were dominant, and their ratios (K‐feldspar/plagioclase and quartz/feldspars) indicated that sediment supply to the Makarov Basin was mainly from the Siberian margin and partly from northern North America, including the Canadian Arctic. However, their occurrence did not vary significantly between interglacials and glacials due to the mixed sources. In contrast, clinopyroxene and dolomite indicated specific sediment origins from the eastern Siberian margin and northern North America, respectively. The clinopyroxene content followed an eccentricity cycle (∼100‐Kyr) during the early to middle Pleistocene, suggesting that the eustatic sea level changes may have influenced its input from the eastern Siberian margin. The dolomite, transported primarily by icebergs from the Arctic sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) in northern North America, has also followed the same cycle since the early Pleistocene. Thus, the mineralogical signals highlight that sediment origins and transport processes in the Makarov Basin were related to ice sheet evolution at the eccentricity cycle. In addition, dolomite deposition in the Makarov Basin began by the early Pleistocene (∼790 ka), ∼150 ka earlier than in previous North Atlantic records (∼640 ka), indicating the earlier LIS calving in the Arctic sector than in the Atlantic sector.
Participants’ views of ultra-low dose combination therapy for high blood pressure: a mixed-methods study from the QUARTET trial
Authors: Kovoor Joshua G. , Chow Clara K. , Salam Abdul , Webster Ruth , Shiel Louise , Nelson Mark R. , Affandi Jacquita S. , Hay Peter , Burke Michael , Figtree Gemma A. , Usherwood Tim , Reid Christopher M. , Schlaich Markus P. , Rodgers Anthony , Atkins Emily R. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSingle-pill combination therapy containing four quarter-dose medications for high blood pressure improves BP control compared to monotherapy, however patient-reported acceptance of the quadpill as a treatment strategy remains undescribed. We collected within-trial feedback and interviewed participants from the quadruple ultra-low-dose treatment for hypertension (QUARTET) trial to characterise patient attitudes to this intervention. All trial participants were asked about ease and preference for the quadpill and provided an opportunity to give further comments on the trial at 12 weeks (trial primary endpoint) and 52 weeks extended follow-up. Separately, we used purposive and quota sampling for the semi-structured telephone interviews, with the resultant verbatim transcripts analysed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Themes were re-evaluated after each successive interview, and at suspected data saturation, an additional interview conducted for confirmation. At 12 weeks follow-up, 502 of 591 (85%) participants responded to acceptability questions, and 359 of 417 (86%) responded at week 52. Most reported the trial capsule easy or very easy to take. From eight sites, 16 participants were interviewed between 5 August 2020 and 19 November 2020. All described a positive experience, preferred once-daily morning dosing and found routine facilitated adherence. Participants valued individual responsibility for adherence, and involvement of the general practitioner in blood-pressure management. Most reported capsule size did not deter adherence but desired a smaller capsule. Participants described a preference for minimising number and dosage of medications, reduced capsule size, and once-daily morning dosing. These findings suggest a preference for single-pill combination therapy for blood pressure lowering.
Statistical assessment of reliability of anthropometric measurements in the multi-site South African National Dietary Intake Survey 2022
Authors: Nel Sanja , de Man Jeroen , van den Berg Louise , Wenhold Friedeburg Anna Maria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Anthropometric data quality in large multicentre nutrition surveys is seldom adequately assessed. In preparation for the South African National Dietary Intake Survey (NDIS-2022), this study assessed site leads’ and fieldworkers’ intra- and inter-rater reliability for measuring weight, length/height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist circumference (WC) and calf circumference (CC).

Methods
Standardised training materials and measurement protocols were developed, and new anthropometric equipment was procured. Following two training rounds (12 site lead teams, 46 fieldworker teams), measurement reliability was assessed for both groups, using repeated measurements of volunteers similar to the survey target population. Reliability was statistically assessed using the technical error of measurement (TEM), relative TEM (%TEM), intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of reliability (R). Agreement was visualised with Bland-Altman analysis.

Results
By %TEM, the best reliability was achieved for weight (%TEM = 0.260–0.923) and length/height (%TEM = 0.434–0.855), and the poorest for MUAC by fieldworkers (%TEM = 2.592–3.199) and WC (%TEM = 2.353–2.945). Whole-sample ICC and R were excellent ( > 0.90) for all parameters except site leads’ CC inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.896, R = 0.889) and fieldworkers’ inter-rater reliability for MUAC in children under two (ICC = 0.851, R = 0.881). Bland-Altman analysis revealed no significant bias except in fieldworkers’ intra-rater reliability of length/height measurement in adolescents/adults ( + 0.220 (0.042, 0.400) cm). Reliability was higher for site leads vs. fieldworkers, for intra-rater vs. inter-rater assessment, and for weight and length/height vs. circumference measurements.

Conclusion
NDIS-2022 site leads and fieldworkers displayed acceptable reliability in performing anthropometric measurements, highlighting the importance of intensive training and standardised measurement protocols. Ongoing reliability assessment during data collection is recommended.
Ecological divergence despite common mating sites: Genotypes and symbiotypes shed light on cryptic diversity in the black bean aphid species complex
Authors: Gimmi Elena , Wallisch Jesper , Vorburger Christoph 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDifferent host plants represent ecologically dissimilar environments for phytophagous insects. The resulting divergent selection can promote the evolution of specialized host races, provided that gene flow is reduced between populations feeding on different plants. In black bean aphids belonging to the Aphis fabae complex, several morphologically cryptic taxa have been described based on their distinct host plant preferences. However, host choice and mate choice are largely decoupled in these insects: they are host-alternating and migrate between specific summer host plants and shared winter hosts, with mating occurring on the shared hosts. This provides a yearly opportunity for gene flow among aphids using different summer hosts, and raises the question if and to what extent the ecologically defined taxa are reproductively isolated. Here, we analyzed a geographically and temporally structured dataset of microsatellite genotypes from A. fabae that were mostly collected from their main winter host Euonymus europaeus, and additionally from another winter host and fourteen summer hosts. The data reveals multiple, strongly differentiated genetic clusters, which differ in their association with different summer and winter hosts. The clusters also differ in the frequency of infection with two heritable, facultative endosymbionts, separately hinting at reproductive isolation and divergent ecological selection. Furthermore, we found evidence for occasional hybridization among genetic clusters, with putative hybrids collected more frequently in spring than in autumn. This suggests that similar to host races in other phytophagous insects, both prezygotic and postzygotic barriers including selection against hybrids maintain genetic differentiation among A. fabae taxa, despite a common mating habitat.
A burden of proof study on alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease
Authors: Carr Sinclair , Bryazka Dana , McLaughlin Susan A. , Zheng Peng , Bahadursingh Sarasvati , Aravkin Aleksandr Y. , Hay Simon I. , Lawlor Hilary R. , Mullany Erin C. , Murray Christopher J. L. , Nicholson Sneha I. , Rehm Jürgen , Roth Gregory A. , Sorensen Reed J. D. , Lewington Sarah , Gakidou Emmanuela 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCohort and case-control data have suggested an association between low to moderate alcohol consumption and decreased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD), yet results from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies designed to reduce bias have shown either no or a harmful association. Here we conducted an updated systematic review and re-evaluated existing cohort, case-control, and MR data using the burden of proof meta-analytical framework. Cohort and case-control data show low to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased IHD risk – specifically, intake is inversely related to IHD and myocardial infarction morbidity in both sexes and IHD mortality in males – while pooled MR data show no association, confirming that self-reported versus genetically predicted alcohol use data yield conflicting findings about the alcohol-IHD relationship. Our results highlight the need to advance MR methodologies and emulate randomized trials using large observational databases to obtain more definitive answers to this critical public health question.
High-confidence 3D template matching for cryo-electron tomography
Authors: Cruz-León Sergio , Majtner Tomáš , Hoffmann Patrick C. , Kreysing Jan Philipp , Kehl Sebastian , Tuijtel Maarten W. , Schaefer Stefan L. , Geißler Katharina , Beck Martin , Turoňová Beata , Hummer Gerhard 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVisual proteomics attempts to build atlases of the molecular content of cells but the automated annotation of cryo electron tomograms remains challenging. Template matching (TM) and methods based on machine learning detect structural signatures of macromolecules. However, their applicability remains limited in terms of both the abundance and size of the molecular targets. Here we show that the performance of TM is greatly improved by using template-specific search parameter optimization and by including higher-resolution information. We establish a TM pipeline with systematically tuned parameters for the automated, objective and comprehensive identification of structures with confidence 10 to 100-fold above the noise level. We demonstrate high-fidelity and high-confidence localizations of nuclear pore complexes, vaults, ribosomes, proteasomes, fatty acid synthases, lipid membranes and microtubules, and individual subunits inside crowded eukaryotic cells. We provide software tools for the generic implementation of our method that is broadly applicable towards realizing visual proteomics.
Crown ether decorated silicon photonics for safeguarding against lead poisoning
Authors: Ranno Luigi , Tan Yong Zen , Ong Chi Siang , Guo Xin , Koo Khong Nee , Li Xiang , Wang Wanjun , Serna Samuel , Liu Chongyang , Rusli  , Littlejohns Callum G. , Reed Graham T. , Hu Juejun , Wang Hong , Sia Jia Xu Brian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractLead (Pb2+) toxification is a concerning, unaddressed global public health crisis that leads to 1 million deaths annually. Yet, public policies to address this issue have fallen short. This work harnesses the unique abilities of crown ethers, which selectively bind to specific ions. This study demonstrates the synergistic integration of highly-scalable silicon photonics, with crown ether amine conjugation via Fischer esterification in an environmentally-friendly fashion. This realizes an integrated photonic platform that enables the in-operando, highly-selective and quantitative detection of various ions. The development dispels the existing notion that Fischer esterification is restricted to organic compounds, facilitating the subsequent amine conjugation for various crown ethers. The presented platform is specifically engineered for selective Pb2+ detection, demonstrating a large dynamic detection range, and applicability to field samples. The compatibility of this platform with cost-effective manufacturing indicates the potential for pervasive implementation of the integrated photonic sensor technology to safeguard against societal Pb2+ poisoning.
Operando Raman spectroscopy uncovers hydroxide and CO species enhance ethanol selectivity during pulsed CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Herzog Antonia , Lopez Luna Mauricio , Jeon Hyo Sang , Rettenmaier Clara , Grosse Philipp , Bergmann Arno , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPulsed CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) has recently emerged as a facile way to in situ tune the product selectivity, in particular toward ethanol, without re-designing the catalytic system. However, in-depth mechanistic understanding requires comprehensive operando time-resolved studies to identify the kinetics and dynamics of the electrocatalytic interface. Here, we track the adsorbates and the catalyst state of pre-reduced Cu2O nanocubes ( ~ 30 nm) during pulsed CO2RR using sub-second time-resolved operando Raman spectroscopy. By screening a variety of product-steering pulse length conditions, we unravel the critical role of co-adsorbed OH and CO on the Cu surface next to the oxidative formation of Cu-Oad or CuOx/(OH)y species, impacting the kinetics of CO adsorption and boosting the ethanol selectivity. However, a too low OHad coverage following the formation of bulk-like Cu2O induces a significant increase in the C1 selectivity, while a too high OHad coverage poisons the surface for C-C coupling. Thus, we unveil the importance of co-adsorbed OH on the alcohol formation under CO2RR conditions and thereby, pave the way for improved catalyst design and operating conditions.
Enabling 3D CT-scanning of cultural heritage objects using only in-house 2D X-ray equipment in museums
Authors: Bossema Francien G. , Palenstijn Willem Jan , Heginbotham Arlen , Corona Madeline , van Leeuwen Tristan , van Liere Robert , Dorscheid Jan , O’Flynn Daniel , Dyer Joanne , Hermens Erma , Batenburg K. Joost 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVisualizing the internal structure of museum objects is a crucial step in acquiring knowledge about the origin, state, and composition of cultural heritage artifacts. Among the most powerful techniques for exposing the interior of museum objects is computed tomography (CT), a technique that computationally forms a 3D image using hundreds of radiographs acquired in a full circular range. However, the lack of affordable and versatile CT equipment in museums, combined with the challenge of transporting precious collection objects, currently keeps this technique out of reach for most cultural heritage applications. We propose an approach for creating accurate CT reconstructions using only standard 2D radiography equipment already available in most larger museums. Specifically, we demonstrate that a combination of basic X-ray imaging equipment, a tailored marker-based image acquisition protocol, and sophisticated data-processing algorithms, can achieve 3D imaging of collection objects without the need for a costly CT imaging system. We implemented this approach in the British Museum (London), the J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles), and the Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam). Our work paves the way for broad facilitation and adoption of CT technology across museums worldwide.
Drosophila Evi5 is a critical regulator of intracellular iron transport via transferrin and ferritin interactions
Authors: Soltani Sattar , Webb Samuel M. , Kroll Thomas , King-Jones Kirst 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVesicular transport is essential for delivering cargo to intracellular destinations. Evi5 is a Rab11-GTPase-activating protein involved in endosome recycling. In humans, Evi5 is a high-risk locus for multiple sclerosis, a debilitating disease that also presents with excess iron in the CNS. In insects, the prothoracic gland (PG) requires entry of extracellular iron to synthesize steroidogenic enzyme cofactors. The mechanism of peripheral iron uptake in insect cells remains controversial. We show that Evi5-depletion in the Drosophila PG affected vesicle morphology and density, blocked endosome recycling and impaired trafficking of transferrin-1, thus disrupting heme synthesis due to reduced cellular iron concentrations. We show that ferritin delivers iron to the PG as well, and interacts physically with Evi5. Further, ferritin-injection rescued developmental delays associated with Evi5-depletion. To summarize, our findings show that Evi5 is critical for intracellular iron trafficking via transferrin-1 and ferritin, and implicate altered iron homeostasis in the etiology of multiple sclerosis.
Severe outcomes of malaria in children under time-varying exposure
Authors: De Salazar Pablo M. , Kamau Alice , Cavelan Aurelien , Akech Samuel , Mpimbaza Arthur , Snow Robert W. , Penny Melissa A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn malaria epidemiology, interpolation frameworks based on available observations are critical for policy decisions and interpreting disease burden. Updating our understanding of the empirical evidence across different populations, settings, and timeframes is crucial to improving inference for supporting public health. Here, via individual-based modeling, we evaluate a large, multicountry, contemporary Plasmodium falciparum severe malaria dataset to better understand the relationship between prevalence and incidence of malaria pediatric hospitalizations - a proxy of malaria severe outcomes- in East-Africa. We find that life-long exposure dynamics, and subsequent protection patterns in children, substantially determine the likelihood of malaria hospitalizations relative to ongoing prevalence at the population level. Unsteady transmission patterns over a lifetime in children -increasing or decreasing- lead to an exponential relationship of hospitalization rates versus prevalence rather than the asymptotic pattern observed under steady transmission. Addressing this increase in the complexity of malaria epidemiology is crucial to update burden assessments via inference models that guide current and future policy decisions.