bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controllable ring‐opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate catalyzed by aliphatic tertiary amines in the presence of benzyl alcohol or F127
Authors: Mingfa Yan , Tao Wang , Na Qiang , Yongkai Huang , Daping Quan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWith the increased awareness of avoiding residue metals, the field of organocatalysts is attracting more attention. Aliphatic tertiary amines, such as triethylamine (TEA), N, N, N, N‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and 1,1,4,7,7‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDTA), have low boiling points which allow their easy elimination after a chemical reaction. Here, we used these aliphatic tertiary amines to catalyze ring‐opening polymerizations (ROPs) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC). In the presence of benzyl alcohol, the catalytic activities of the tertiary amines were in the order of TEA < TMEDA < PMDTA. Correlation between the molecular weight of polycarbonates and monomer conversions was linear, suggesting the polymerization was controlled. The polymerization pathway was presumed to follow an alcohol‐activated mechanism according to the end‐group fidelity determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The ROP of TMC was also successfully initiated by PEO99‐PPO65‐PEO99 (F127) under the catalysis of the tertiary amines, producing well‐defined PTMCn‐F127‐PTMCn copolymers with narrow dispersity (ca 1.2) and with thermosensitive properties in aqueous solution. Furthermore, copolymerizations of TMC with acryloyl‐containing cyclic carbonate were catalyzed by the tertiary amines in the presence of F127. No crosslinking reactions were detected. Our results demonstrate that the aliphatic tertiary amines have the potential to catalyze TMC homo‐ or copolymerization featuring controllable structure and composition under mild conditions. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Dreidimensional fernsehen
Authors: Kauff Peter , Müller Karsten , Schäfer Ralf , Zilly Frederik 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEin zukünftiges dreidimensionales Fernsehen kommt ohne Spezialbrillen aus. Die dazu nötigen autostereoskopischen Displays müssen allerdings auf das Stereosehen abgestimmt sein. Kritisch ist die Information über die Tiefe eines Objekts im Bild. Auf die Tiefeninformation ist die gesamte Verarbeitungskette eines zukünftigen 3D‐Fernsehsystems ausgerichtet. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt alle Schritte von der Aufnahme mit Stereokameras, die wesentlichen Grundregeln der 3D‐Produktion, die Kalibrierung der Kameras, die Übertragung bis hin zum Empfänger. Zentral ist die automatische Erstellung von Tiefenkarten der Szenen. Sie erlauben eine zuverlässige 3D‐Rekonstruktion in verschiedenartigen Endgeräten. Zudem sind sie wichtig für eine komprimierte, wirtschaftliche Signalübertragung. Autostereoskopische 3D‐TV‐Displays errechnen aus den empfangenen Videobildern und ihren Tiefenkarten Zwischenbilder für wechselnde Zuschauerperspektiven. Das ist der Schlüssel zu einem komfortablen 3D‐Fernsehen ohne Spezialbrille.
Hundert Jahre Zweisamkeit
Authors: Keimer Bernhard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSeit ihrer Entdeckung durch Heike Kamerlingh Onnes im Jahr 1911 faszinieren Supraleiter Wissenschaftler wie Visionäre. Für Theoretiker erwiesen sie sich als harte Herausforderung. Erst die BCS‐Theorie brachte 1957 den Durchbruch in der Theorie mit der Erkenntnis, dass die Elektronen Cooper‐Paare bilden. Die Entdeckung der ersten unkonventionellen Supraleiter 1979 gab jedoch erneut Rätsel auf. Das gilt auch für die Hochtemperatur‐Supraleiter, die seit 1986 den Traum vom technischen Einsatz bei Raumtemperatur beflügeln. Die neuen Eisenpniktid‐Supraleiter untermauern das Bild, dass bei allen diesen Supraleitern fluktuierende Magnetmomente für die Bildung der Cooper‐Paare sorgen. Eine umfassendeTheorie steht allerdings noch aus. Experimente mit atomar dünnen, reinen Schichtsystemen geben einen tieferen Einblick in den Mechanismus. Vielleicht eröffnen sie den Weg zur erträumten Supraleitung bei Raumtemperatur.
Flüssiglinsen
Authors: Schneider Werner B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFlüssiglinsen haben in den letzten zehn Jahren eine breite Anwendung vor allem bei Handykameras gefunden. Mittlerweile erobern sie immer weitere Bereiche der Optik. Ein im Folgenden beschriebener, einfacher Versuchsaufbau demonstriert das Prinzip.
Aroma ist Schall und Kraut
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractKräftiges und ausgewogenes Würzen und Kräutern gehört zum Handwerkszeug eines jeden Kochs. Bei der Zugabe von Kräutern und Gewürzen gelangen deren ätherische Öle in die Speisen. Oft sind jedoch farbintensive Kräuter störend, wenn zum Beispiel das strahlende Weiß von Frischkäse oder Joghurt gefragt ist. Dann hilft Ultraschall, um eine geschmacklich überzeugende Aromatisierung zu erreichen.
Person–environment transactions: personality traits moderate and mediate the effects of child sexual victimization on psychopathology
Authors: Gallardo‐Pujol David , Pereda Noemí 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTPersonality, environmental adversity and psychopathology are related, and different models have been proposed to explain their interaction. The theory of person–environment transactions may elucidate the role of personality in these interactions beyond traditional conceptualizations. To our knowledge, hardly any studies have explored the relationships between the Five Factor Model, child sexual victimization and general psychopathology. We hypothesized (1) that neuroticism and conscientiousness will moderate the effect of sexual victimization on psychopathology and (2) that neuroticism will mediate the relationship between sexual victimization and psychopathology. Our findings partially support these hypotheses. Neuroticism, conscientiousness and sexual victimization have a direct effect on psychopathology, whereas extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness do not. With regard to interactive effects, conscientiousness, but not neuroticism, moderates the effect of sexual victimization on psychopathology, and neuroticism does mediate the aforementioned effect. No other interactions were found with regard to extraversion, agreeableness or openness to experience. To our knowledge, the present study represents the first global test of person–environment transactions with regard to psychopathology and sexual victimization within the framework of the Five Factor Model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intervening to improve psychological outcomes for men with prostate cancer
Authors: Chambers Suzanne K. , Ferguson Megan , Gardiner R. A. , Aitken Joanne , Occhipinti Stefano 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundProstate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the Western world with well‐described negative effects from treatments. However, outcomes are highly heterogeneous. A Phase 3 trial of a psycho‐educational intervention was undertaken, aiming to reduce cancer‐specific and decision‐related distress and improve quality of life for men newly diagnosed with localised prostate cancer.MethodsSeven hundred forty (81.7%) men were recruited after diagnosis and before treatment and randomised to a tele‐based nurse‐delivered five‐session psycho‐educational intervention (N = 372) or usual care (N = 368). Participants were assessed before treatment and 2, 6, 12 and 24 months post‐treatment. Outcome measures included cancer‐specific and decision‐related distress, cognitive judgmental adjustment, subjective well‐being, and domain‐specific and health‐related quality of life. Social support was assessed as a potential moderator.ResultsNo unconditioned effects were found. Classification analyses on pre‐randomisation measures distinguished three subgroups: younger, higher education and income men (N = 290); younger, lower education and income men (N = 106); and older men (N = 344). Younger, higher education and income men showed positive intervention effects for cancer‐specific distress ( p = 0.008) and mental health ( p = 0.042). By contrast, for younger, lower education men, participation in the intervention was associated with decreases in cognitive judgmental adjustment over time ( p = 0.006).ConclusionsResponse to intervention and adjustment over time varied according to previous sexual functioning, age, educational level and income. How to best intervene with younger, low education, low income men with prostate cancer is a critical future research question. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Arylsulfatase B activity in leukocytes from cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Sharma Girish , Burke Jenifer , Bhattacharyya Sumit , Sharma Neha , Katyal Shivani , Park R. Lucy , Tobacman Joanne 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe enzyme Arylsulfatase B (ARSB; N‐acetylgalactosamine‐4‐sulfatase) removes 4‐sulfate groups from chondroitin‐4‐sulfate and dermatan sulfate and is required for the degradation of these sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs). Since these GAGs accumulate in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), we investigated the activity of ARSB in leukocytes of patients with CF, to consider if reduced activity of ARSB might contribute to the pathophysiology of CF. Previous cell‐based experiments had demonstrated that when the deficiency of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) was corrected in bronchial epithelial cells, the ARSB activity increased significantly. De‐identified, citrated blood samples were collected from 16 children with CF and 31 control subjects, seen in the Pediatric Clinic at Rush University Medical Center. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and mononuclear cell (MC) populations were separated by density gradient, and blinded determinations of ARSB activity were performed using the exogenous substrate 4‐methylumbilliferyl sulfate. Interleukin‐6 was measured in the plasma samples by ELISA. ARSB activity was significantly less in the PMN and MC from the CF patients than controls (P < 0.0001, unpaired t‐test, two‐tailed). Interleukin‐6 levels in plasma were significantly greater in the CF population (P < 0.001). Mean age, age range, and male:female ratio of CF patients and controls were similar, and no association of ARSB activity with age, gender, or CFTR genotype was evident. Since recombinant human ARSB is used successfully for replacement therapy in Mucopolysaccharidosis VI, it may be useful to restore ARSB activity to normal levels and increase degradation of sulfated GAGs in CF patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:236–244. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lung ultrasound characteristics of community‐acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children
Authors: Caiulo Vito Antonio , Gargani Luna , Caiulo Silvana , Fisicaro Andrea , Moramarco Fulvio , Latini Giuseppe , Picano Eugenio , Mele Giuseppe 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe diagnosis of community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is based mainly on the patient's medical history and physical examination. However, in severe cases a further evaluation including chest X‐ray (CXR) may be necessary. At present, lung ultrasound (LUS) is not included in the diagnostic work‐up of pneumonia.AimTo describe the ultrasonographic appearance of CAP at presentation and during the follow‐up.MethodsA total of 102 patients with clinical signs and symptoms suggesting pneumonia, who underwent a clinically driven CXR, were evaluated by LUS on the same day. LUS signs of pneumonia included subpleural lung consolidation, B‐lines, pleural line abnormalities, and pleural effusion. The diagnostic gold standard was the ex‐post diagnosis of pneumonia made by two independent experienced pediatricians on the basis of clinical presentation, CXR and clinical course following British Thoracic Guidelines recommendations.ResultsA final diagnosis of pneumonia was confirmed in 89/102 patients. LUS was positive for the diagnosis of pneumonia in 88/89 patients, whereas CXR was positive in 81/89. Only one patient with normal LUS examination had an abnormal CXR, whereas 8 patients with normal CXR had an abnormal LUS. LUS was able to detect pleural effusion resulting from complicated pneumonia in 16 cases, whereas CXR detected pleural effusion in 3 cases.ConclusionsLUS is a simple and reliable imaging tool, not inferior to CXR in identifying pleuro‐pulmonary alterations in children with suspected pneumonia. During the course of the disease, LUS allows a radiation‐free follow‐up of these abnormalities. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:280–287. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Structural, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of specificity designed HIV‐1 protease
Authors: Alvizo Oscar , Mittal Seema , Mayo Stephen L. , Schiffer Celia A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHIV‐1 protease recognizes and cleaves more than 12 different substrates leading to viral maturation. While these substrates share no conserved motif, they are specifically selected for and cleaved by protease during viral life cycle. Drug resistant mutations evolve within the protease that compromise inhibitor binding but allow the continued recognition of all these substrates. While the substrate envelope defines a general shape for substrate recognition, successfully predicting the determinants of substrate binding specificity would provide additional insights into the mechanism of altered molecular recognition in resistant proteases. We designed a variant of HIV protease with altered specificity using positive computational design methods and validated the design using X‐ray crystallography and enzyme biochemistry. The engineered variant, Pr3 (A28S/D30F/G48R), was designed to preferentially bind to one out of three of HIV protease's natural substrates; RT–RH over p2‐NC and CA‐p2. In kinetic assays, RT–RH binding specificity for Pr3 increased threefold compared to the wild‐type (WT), which was further confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry. Crystal structures of WT protease and the designed variant in complex with RT–RH, CA‐p2, and p2‐NC were determined. Structural analysis of the designed complexes revealed that one of the engineered substitutions (G48R) potentially stabilized heterogeneous flap conformations, thereby facilitating alternate modes of substrate binding. Our results demonstrate that while substrate specificity could be engineered in HIV protease, the structural pliability of protease restricted the propagation of interactions as predicted. These results offer new insights into the plasticity and structural determinants of substrate binding specificity of the HIV‐1 protease.
How Charles Huggins made his nobel prize winning discovery—in his own words: An historic audio recording
Authors: Walsh Patrick C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOn February 12, 1962, 4 years before he was awarded the Nobel Prize, Charles Huggins gave an informal interview to Dr. Willard Goodwin and co‐workers at UCLA on how he made one of the greatest discoveries in our field—hormonal therapy for prostate cancer. In this fascinating story, he tells how he transformed the investigation of what causes a hydrocele into a Nobel Prize winning discovery. Prostate 72:1718–1718, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Down‐regulation of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase 2 by androgen deprivation induces castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Shima Takashi , Mizokami Atsushi , Miyagi Toru , Kawai Keiichi , Izumi Kouji , Kumaki Misako , Ofude Mitsuo , Zhang Jian , Keller Evan T. , Namiki Mikio 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDConversion into androgen‐hypersensitive state and adaptation to the low concentration of androgen during ADT cause relapse of prostate cancer (PCa). It is important to identify differentially expressed genes between PCa and normal prostate tissues and to reveal the function of these genes that are involved in progression of PCa.METHODSWe performed cDNA microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed genes, calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CAMKK2). Immunohistochemical analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the CAMKK2 expression level and prognosis. The function of CAMKK2 was assessed by generating CAMKK2 overexpressed LNCaP cells and by knockdown of CAMKK2.RESULTSWe identified CAMKK2 overexpressed six times in PCa more than normal prostate by cDNA microarray analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of CAMKK2 protein showed that CAMKK2 protein was expressed more in PCa than normal tissue. However, the expression in the high‐grade PCa diminished. Moreover, the narrowness of CAMKK2‐positive area before ADT was a poor prognostic factor. Androgen‐deprivation treatment from the medium in which LNCaP cells were cultured in the presence of 10 nM DHT repressed CAMKK2 expression. CAMKK2 overexpressed LNCaP cells (LNCaP/GFP‐CAMKK2) attenuated androgen‐sensitivity. Tumorigenesis of LNCaP/GFP‐CAMKK2 cells in male SCID mice was decreased compared with control cells irrespective of castration. Finally, knockdown of CAMKK2 mRNA in LNCaP cells induced androgen‐hypersensitivity and stimulated LNCaP cell proliferation.CONCLUSIONSInduction of androgen‐hypersensitivity after ADT may be involved in down‐regulation of CAMKK2. This result may provide new therapeutic approach to keep androgen‐sensitivity of PCa after ADT. Prostate 72:1789–1801, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of variants in estrogen‐related pathway genes with prostate cancer risk
Authors: Holt Sarah K. , Kwon Erika M. , Fu Rong , Kolb Suzanne , Feng Ziding , Ostrander Elaine A. , Stanford Janet L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThrough mediation of estrogen receptors, estradiol has been shown to have both carcinogenic and anti‐carcinogenic effects on the prostate. We performed a population‐based case–control study to investigate variants in estrogen‐related genes ESR1, ESR2, CYP19A1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1 and the potential association with risk of prostate cancer (PCa).MATERIALS AND METHODSWe evaluated PCa risk conferred by 73 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 1,304 incident PCa cases and 1,266 age‐matched controls. Analysis included stratification by clinical features and assessment of environmental modifiers.RESULTSThere was evidence of altered risk of developing PCa for variants in ESR1, CYP1A1, and CYP1B1, however, only CYP1B1 rs1056836 retained significance after adjustment for multiple comparisons. An association with risk for more aggressive PCa was observed for variants in ESR1, ESR2, and CYP19A1, but none was significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. There was no effect modification by obesity.CONCLUSIONSGermline genetic variation of these estrogen pathway genes may contribute to risk of PCa. Additional studies to validate these results and examine the functional consequence of validated variants are warranted. Prostate 73: 1–10, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct phases of free α‐synuclein—A Monte Carlo study
Authors: Jónsson Sigurður Ægir , Mohanty Sandipan , Irbäck Anders 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe α‐synuclein protein (αS), implicated in Parkinson's disease, shows conformational versatility. It aggregates into β‐sheet‐rich fibrils, occurs in helical membrane‐bound forms, is disordered as a free monomer, and has recently been suggested to have a folded helical tetramer as its main physiological form. Here, we use implicit solvent all‐atom Monte Carlo methods to explore the conformational ensemble sampled by the free αS monomer. We analyze secondary structure propensities, size, and topological properties and compare with existing experimental data. Our study suggests that free αS has two distinct phases. One phase has the expected disordered character. The other phase also shows large conformational variability. However, in this phase, the β‐strand content is substantial, and the backbone fold shows statistical similarities with that in αS fibrils. Presence of this phase is consistent with data from low‐temperature experiments. Conversion of disordered αS to this fibril‐like form requires the crossing of a rather large apparent free‐energy barrier. Proteins © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
XPS study of the band alignment at ITO/oxide (n‐type MoO3 or p‐type NiO) interface
Authors: Bernède J. C. , Houari S. , Nguyen D. , Jouan P. Y. , Khelil A. , Mokrani A. , Cattin L. , Predeep P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhile they have different electronic properties n‐type MoO3 and p‐type NiO are very efficient as buffer layers between the ITO anode and the organic electron donor in organic photovoltaic cells. While it is admitted that MoO3 is n‐type, its band structure is still under study. Here, the band alignment at the interface of an ITO/MoO3 heterojunction is studied by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The same study is realized on the structure ITO/NiO, NiO being a p‐type semiconductor. The measurements have been performed on samples obtained under the same experimental conditions as those used to achieve organic photovoltaic cells. The MoO3 (NiO) upper layer was 3 nm thick. The semidirect XPS technique used to measure the band offsets allows us to estimate the band discontinuities at the interface ITO/MoO3: ΔEv = 0.50 eV and ΔEc = 0.90 eV, while at the interface ITO/NiO we have ΔEv = −2.10 eV and ΔEc = −1.90 eV. Therefore, n‐type MoO3 and p‐type NiO, which are both very efficient anode buffer layers (ABLs), exhibit different band structure at the contact with ITO. However, the measurement, by means of a Kelvin probe, of the work functions of the structures ITO/NiO and ITO/MoO3, shows that they are close and significantly higher than that of ITO alone.
Magnetic behavior induced by Cr doping in SrMoO3 from first‐principles studies
Authors: Zhu Zhili , Gu Jinhua , Jia Yu , Hu Xing 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe electronic structure and magnetic properties of SrMo1 − xCrxO3 with x of 0, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 have been studied using ab initio density‐functional calculations with the LSDA + U method. The results suggest that light Cr doping can drive the SrMo1 − xCrxO3 system from the PM to the FM state. It is found that the spin‐dependent hybridizations between Cr and Mo (via O) may induce Mo moments in Cr‐doped SrMoO3. However, the effective moments of Mo ions are negligibly small for x = 0.125, 0.25. The FM behavior is contributed by the spin‐polarized Cr atoms. With more increase of Cr atoms, for x = 0.5, a negative moment about 0.32 µB/Mo is induced by Cr atom which is coupled antiferromagnetically to the Cr moment. Meanwhile, the half‐metallic nature is observed in which the spin‐down channel has a conducting behavior, while the spin‐up channel shows an isolated feature with a gap of ∼1.82 eV. The Mo 4d electrons contribute to the conducting behavior and there are practically no Cr‐d states around the Fermi level.
‐Gain analysis of event‐triggered networked control systems: a discontinuous Lyapunov functional approach
Authors: Hu Songlin , Yue Dong 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, the problems of exponential stability and ‐gain analysis of event‐triggered networked control systems (NCSs) with network‐induced delays are studied. We first propose event‐triggering conditions in the sensor side and controller side, respectively. Because the implementation of our event‐triggering scheme only needs periodic supervision of the system state at the constant sampling instants, instead of being monitored continuously, it is expected that the scheme will improve the resource utilization. Taking the network‐induced delays into account and using delay system approach, we constructed a unified model of NCSs with hybrid event‐triggering schemes. On the basis of this model, sufficient conditions for the exponential stability and ‐gain analysis are developed in the form of LMIs by using a discontinuous Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional approach. Moreover, the corresponding results can be further extended to more general cases, where the system matrices of the considered plant contain parameter uncertainties, represented in either polytopic or norm‐bounded frameworks. In addition, as a special case, we also present the exponential stability, ‐gain analysis, and the control feedback gain design of event‐triggered NCSs without considering the effects of network‐induced delays and event‐triggering condition in the controller side. Finally, a simulation example is provided to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid event‐triggering schemes.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.