bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in House Leaving and Outside Resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. II.—The Exodus from Houses and the House Resting Population
Authors: Gillies M. T. 
Published: July 2009

Observations on the behaviour of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles in experimental huts and ordinary African houses were carried out in a low-lying area of Tanganyika. Special attention was paid to the exodus of females at different stages of the gonotrophic cycle and to the composition in terms of ovarian development of the house resting population.About 5 per cent. of the biting population of gambiae and the same number of funestus were shown by the use of window traps to be leaving experimental huts after feeding.Forty three per cent. of half-gravid gambiae left an experimental hut at dusk, 12–24 hours after entering for a blood meal, whereas only 3 per cent. of funestus left under the same conditions.Daytime spray catches of gravid gambiae and funestus made in ordinary African houses during the hot season were about 50 per cent. and 30 per cent. lower, respectively, than the corresponding numbers of recently fed specimens. A. funestus therefore makes rather less use of outside shelters than gambiae during the hot months.In the cool season about 50 per cent. of half-gravid and gravid funestus were absent from house catches.No mortality could be detected amongst funestus females resting under natural conditions for 24 hours in an experimental hut.Re-entry of gravid funestus into unoccupied and open types of inhabited houses occurs at dawn.
Species status of two host-associated populations of Aphytis lingnanensis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in citrus
Authors: Fernando L.C.P. , Walter G.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough Aphytis lingnanensis Compère is an important parasitoid of California red scale Aonidiella aurantii Maskell, several ‘races’ of A. lingnanensis exist which parasitize white louse scale Unaspis citri Comstock. The reproductive status of a white louse scale ‘race’ of A. lingnanensis that originated in Thailand was examined in relation to several populations (from Queensland, California and the Philippines) that parasitize California red scale. None of the wasps from red scale mated with individuals from white louse scale in small cages within 10 min, whereas control crosses all mated in that time. The two ‘races’ would therefore constitute independent reproductive entities (species) in sympatry in the field, although no consistent anatomical differences could be found between them, even with the aid of discriminant function analysis on the number of setae on the delta region of the forewing and the mesoscutum.Aphytis lingnanensis from California red scale in Queensland mated readily with wasps derived from the same host species in California and the Philippines, and mating took place at random among individuals in mate choice tests. Although such results are equivocal, there are no reasons for suspecting that these different populations of A. lingnanensis from California red scale also comprise more than one species. The results obtained indicate that cross-mating tests designed to quantify reproductive isolation between sexual populations are inappropriate. They should rather be designed to establish whether individuals recognize one another as potential mates. The design of cross-mating tests should therefore consider the usual time to mating, of known conspecifics, under the experimental conditions to be used.
Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of the female malaria mosquitoAnopheles gambiae(Diptera: Culicidae) to Limburger cheese volatiles
Authors: Knols Bart G.J. , van Loon Joop J.A. , Cork Alan , Robinson Rosemary D. , Adam Wim , Meijerink Jocelijn , Jong Ruurd De , Takken Willem 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLimburger cheese, previously shown to attract femaleAnopheles gambiaeGiles, was solvent extracted and chemically fractionated into acid and non-acid fractions. The extracts and aliquots of headspace odour of the cheese were analysed by gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry. Nineteen saturated and unsaturated aliphatic fatty acids, ranging in carbon chain length from C2to C18, were detected. The most abundant acids (>1 mg/g of cheese) identified in the acid extract were ethanoic, propanoic, butanoic, hexadecanoic and 9-octadecenoic acid. The same compounds were identified in analyses of headspace samples but only trace quantities of the less volatile acids (C10to C16) were present, whilst C18acids were absent. Behavioural responses of femaleA. gambiaetowards a range of dilutions of the acid extract (in diethyl ether) were recorded in a windtunnel bioassay. The undiluted extract was found to be repellent, but became highly attractive (P«0.001) at lower doses, and was still significantly attractive (P<0.001) when diluted 106times. A synthetic mixture of 12 of the more abundant aliphatic acids identified in the acid extract was found to be significantly attractive (P<0.001) when diluted 108times. Electroantennographic (EAG) studies showed significant and reproducible responses to (saturated) Limburger cheese headspace. At doses higher than 0.1%, the synthetic mixture of 12 acids elicited significantly higher EAG amplitudes than the solvent control (paraffin oil). EAG responses were recorded from mosquitoes stimulated with C5to C8acids, that were characterized by significant dose-dependencies. Weaker, though significant EAG responses were obtained with the less volatile acids (C9to C14). Only hexadecanoic acid did not elicit a detectable response. The electrophysiological and behavioural responses obtained with fatty acids isolated from Limburger cheese suggests that together they could act as a kairomone for femaleA. gambiae. The implications of this are discussed together with the occurrence and bacterial production of these compounds on human skin.
The response of Anopheles gambiae s.l. and A. funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) to tents baited with human odour or carbon dioxide in Tanzania
Authors: Mboera L.E.G. , Knols B.G.J. , Takken W. , Torre A. della 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies on the response of Anopheles gambiae s.l. Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles to tents baited with human odour or carbon dioxide were conducted in south-east Tanzania. Two exit traps and a CDC miniature light trap set beside a bed net were used to sample mosquitoes that entered the tent. Human odour, pumped from an underground pit into a bed net attracted a similar number of mosquitoes as a bed net occupied by a human male. Significantly fewer mosquitoes were caught in a tent into which carbon dioxide (300 ml min-1) was pumped than in a human-odour baited tent (9 and 27% for A. gambiae s.l. and A. funestus respectively). A five-fold increase of the carbon dioxide concentration (to 1500 ml min-1) did not increase the catches of A. gambiae s.l. whereas those of A. funestus were increased to 69% of the catches by human odour. Species identifications of A. gambiae s.l. catches showed that A. arabiensis Patton prevailed and that the proportions of A. arabiensis/A. gambiae s.s. did not differ between treatments. It is concluded that in the indoor situation described, human odour other than carbon dioxide is the principal cue to which these malaria vectors are attracted and that the physical presence of a host and carbon dioxide, when used as a kairomone on its own, accounts for only a minor part of the overall attractiveness of man, particularly for A. gambiae s.l.
Diel activity patterns and host preferences of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Diptera:Glossinidae) along the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Mohamed-Ahmed M.M. , Odulaja A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDiurnal activity patterns and host preference of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Newstead were studied in forest and linear habitats along Lake Victoria shore, Kenya. The objective was to identify the preferred hosts of G. f. fuscipes, the emanations of which may be attractive to this species. Hourly catches of flies in biconical traps were related to changes in the weather and the prevalence of hosts in the vicinity of traps. Flies were mainly active between 0800 and 1600 h, with males peaking around 1100 h and females around 1300 h. Activity of flies correlated directly with light intensity and temperature, but indirectly with relative humidity. Humans, livestock and the monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus, were the predominant hosts, although a significant positive correlation with fly catches could only be established with the prevalence of lizards. Blood meal identification by microscopic and serological methods showed that 73—98% of G. f. fuscipes fed on monitor lizards irrespective of host prevalence, season or location. The significance and possible epidemiological importance of the relationship between G. f. fuscipes and monitor lizards are discussed.
Detection of esterase activity in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Acari: Ixodidae)
Authors: Rosario-Cruz R. , Miranda-Miranda E. , Garcia-Vasquez Z. , Ortiz-Estrada M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo organophosphate (OP) resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Canestrini) from Mexico and Costa Rica were used to analyse the presence of esterase activity associated with resistance. The concentrations of six major proteins in both resistant strains were increased compared to the susceptible Morelos strain, both when stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue after SDS-PAGE, and when analysed for esterase activity by the hydrolysis of naphthyl acetate esters. Esterases were named A or B in relation to the substrate preference for alpha or beta naphthyl acetate and numbered according to their position on the SDS—PAGE. The molecular weights of these proteins were: 125, 115, 108, 77, 43 and 67 Kd for Est-Bl, Est-B2, Est-B3, Est-B4, Est-B5 and Est-A respectively. Est-B3 showed cholinesterase (ChE) activity. This study strengthens the hypothesis that the mechanism associated with OP resistance found in many other insects includes an increase of esterase activity, probably as a result of gene amplification. The genes encoding these enzymes could be potentially used as molecular markers to detect resistance in the cattle tickB. microplususing a DNA probe.
Factors influencing the Action of Dust Insecticides
Authors: David W. A. L. , Gardiner B. O. C. 
Published: July 2009

The methods used to investigate the properties of dusts are described and, in a theoretical section, the relevance of the various physical properties to insecticidal action are considered.In order to investigate the effect of toxic and non-toxic dusts on insects the experimental procedure was simplified to eliminate all difficulties associated with the formation of uniform dust clouds and deposits. In problems relating to the adherence of the dusts to insects the actual quantity of dust was measured either by weighing the insects before and after dusting or by dyeing the dust with Sudan III and determining the quantity colorimetrically. The experiments were all conducted under known conditions of temperature and humidity.Non-toxic dusts killed insects by causing them to lose water. Not all non-toxic powders were equally effective when conditioned to the same relative humidity. All were without effect at saturated humidity and became progressively more rapid in action as the humidity at which the test was carried out was decreased (p. 32).The non-toxic dusts caused the insects to lose water by abrading certain areas of the cuticle ; the more extensive the abrasion the more quickly the insects died (p. 27).To be effective as an abrasive the dust must be hard and finely ground and, perhaps also, sharply angular. Thus materials which ranked high in Moh's scale of hardness were in general more effective than soft materials and hard materials became quite ineffective unless they contained material below about 10 μ, diameter. Presumably the coarser materials could not gain access to the articulations, etc., where abrasion usually occurred. This effect can be seen clearly with carborundum powders. Sharply angular glass was more effective than the same powder converted into rounded spheres (pp. 25–31).
Observations on the Biting-habits of some Tabanidae in Uganda, with special Reference to arboreal and nocturnal Activity
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Gillett J. D. , Mahaffy A. F. , Highton R. B. 
Published: July 2009

In a search for the forest vector of yellow fever, catches of biting Diptera have been made by various methods in forest trees in Bwamba County, Uganda. The work here reported concerns Tabanids taken in catches made during the period 1944–45.Three species of Tabanids have been taken in trees during these catches, and one of these, Chrysops centurionis, has proved to be mainly arboreal.Observations on C. centurionis have shown that its main biting-activity begins just before sunset and reaches a peak during the hour after sunset. Thereafter the numbers taken diminish rapidly, but some activity continues throughout the night.In the wet-season catches, this species was most prevalent in the forest canopy at heights of 50 to 60 feet above ground. In the dry season the most favourable level was lower, at 20 to 30 feet above ground.It is suggested that monkeys are the natural hosts of C. centurionis, and that C. centurionis may be the vector of filarial infections among wild monkeys.It is shown that there is a very close correspondence between the biting-behaviour of C. centurionis and that of the mosquito, A ëdes africanus.Evidence of nocturnal activity has now been obtained in the case of one species of Tdbanus, three species of Haematopota and two species of Chrysops. It is suggested that there may be some connection between the remarkable eye colours of Tabanids and crepuscular or nocturnal activity.Records of other Bwamba Tabanids are given.
Simple Tests on the Effectiveness of some Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides against the Leather Beetle (Dermestes maculatus Deg.)
Authors: Turner J. N. 
Published: July 2009

Comparative tests have been carried out in the laboratory to assess the relative toxicities of Chlordane, BHC and DDT to the leather beetle, Dermestes maculatus. The method used was simple enough for routine industrial purposes when comparisons of new, untried contact insecticides are required, and consists in a measurement of the toxicities of solid films produced by a blood-smear technique on glass photographic plates from standard solutions of insecticide.Among factors influencing the application of the method, the most important were size of insect and size of crystal clusters as influenced by the volatility of the solvent used to form the film. From LD50 measurements, BHC and Chlordane proved, respectively, 140 and 600 times as toxic as DDT to the leather beetle. DDT had comparatively little effect on eggs, larvae or adult beetles.
The Biology and economic Importance of Alomya debellator (F.), a remarkable Parasite of the Swift Moth, Hepialus lupulinus (L.)
Authors: Cameron Ewen 
Published: July 2009

While investigating the biological control of certain Hepialids, a very interesting Ichneumonid parasite, Alomya debellator (F.) was reared from the pupae of the Swift Moth, Hepialus lupulinus (L.).The systematic position of this parasite has been thoroughly investigated and the members of the special sub-family, Metopiinae, to which it has been assigned, are characterised by the possession of only one trochanter on each foreleg. A. debellator is the sole representative of the tribe Alomyini.After extensive collecting, and a thorough search of the literature, the conclusion has been reached that the distribution of this parasite is fairly local, but its range in Great Britain and certain other European countries is wide. As a result of the present study H. lupulinus has been definitely proved to be the host of A. debellator.A fairly full account of the life-history of the parasite has been worked out, and amongst other things, a point of special interest is the arrest in development which occurs in the first-instar larva. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.The morphological and anatomical structure of the larva have been fully investigated and described, and useful diagnostic characteristics both for the primary and mature larval stages, have been discovered.The paper concludes with a discussion on the potential value of A. debellator as a factor in the control of H. lupulinus, and other allied species belonging to the genus Oncopera in Australia. It is maintained, on the evidence collected, that this parasite in some areas is probably the most important single factor of biological control. A note on the feeding habits of Hepialids, and a few remarks about the collecting of parasitised material are appended. Altogether some 7,000 specimens of H. lupulinus larvae and pupae many of which were parasitised by A. debellator were collected from the Willingham area of Cambridgeshire.
The Seasonal Incidence of Ixodes ricinus (L.) on Cattle in mid-Wales
Authors: Evans G. Owen 
Published: July 2009

An investigation of the seasonal incidence of I. ricinus on cattle in N.W. Cardigani shire showed that there are normally two peaks of activity, one occurring in spring and the other in autumn. The infestation curve varied considerably from farm to farm according to the husbandry methods practised. Delayed stocking of infested pastures caused an initial higher infestation of the cattle but, except on one farm, did not prolong the infestation beyond the normal period of tick activity. A lower infestation in spring than in autumn occurred on two farms. This resulted from either the lighter stocking of the infested grazings in spring than in autumn or the partial exhaustion of unfed tick population by sheep grazing with the cattle during the spring only.There was no evidence for the occurrence of a unimodal curve of tick activity in the region studied.
Varietal Differences in the Susceptibility of Peas to Attack by the Pea Moth, Laspeyresia nigricana (Steph.)
Authors: Wright D. W. , Geering Q. A. , Dunn J. A. 
Published: July 2009

The variations in susceptibility of different varieties of peas to attack by the Pea
Moth was investigated and an attempt made to determine and measure the factors concerned. Six varieties of peas differing widely in haulm length and earliness of maturation were used in each of two trials. In the first trial (sown 29th March) the early maturing varieties came into flower before the moths were recorded on the crops and suffered the lowest attacks. The later varieties were exposed to attack over a much longer period and suffered the heaviest infestations. In the second trial (sown 3rd May) the attack was more uniform over all varieties with the early varieties more heavily affected than in the first trial; they were exposed to attack from the beginning of flowering until harvesting.An estimate of the changes in the active moth population during the flight period was obtained and the varieties were compared in relation to the proportion of this population to which each had been exposed. There was a strong positive correlation between the degree of exposure and the incidence of attack on the different varieties.The infestation of the varieties was also found to be influenced by the amount of cover which each provided; those with the most dense cover suffered the heaviest attacks.Statistical analyses showed that the two factors, exposure and plant cover, were closely associated and exerted a joint influence on subsequent attack.Data from other trials corroborated these findings and showed that strains of peas bred to mature early suffered substantially lower pea moth attack than did the later maturing types from which these had been bred.
The Distribution ofIxodes ricinus(L.) on the Body of Cattle and Sheep
Authors: Evans G. Owen 
Published: July 2009

Female ticks are almost entirely confined to head, axillary and inguinal regions of cattle. Larval and nymphal stages attach on the head and below the hock joints on the fore- and hind-legs.The percentage of females on the forequarters of cattle increases during the course of the season, whether in spring or autumn; during the early stages of a season's activity the hindquarters carry a greater number than the forequarters. Later in the season the position is reversed. Suggestions are put forward to account for this phenomenon.The head, axillary and inguinal regions are the major attachment sites of the female tick on sheep. In ewes the head region carries the higher percentage, but on lambs the axillary region is the most heavily infested. This difference may be due, to some extent, to the fleece of the ewes forming a barrier to the movement of unfed ticks towards the axillary and inguinal regions.Lambs carry a heavier infestation between the 21st April and 6th June than ewes on the same grazing. This phenomenon has been discussed in the light of previous work in Northern England.There is no reliable method of estimating the total infestation on cattle. A good picture of the seasonal incidence of the female tick on the host can be obtained from the hindquarters count. The standard count (the forebody) on sheep may be used for estimating total infestations.
A Life-history Study ofEndrosis lactella(Schiff.) (Lep. Oecophoridae)
Authors: Woodroffe G. E 
Published: July 2009

Endrosis lactellais widely distributed in Britain, where it is a minor pest of stored products, especially of grain and seeds.The incubation period of the egg varied between 42 days at 10°C. and 6·0 days at 26°C. It was almost unaffected by changes in relative humidity.Survival of eggs was low at high temperatures and low humidites, and the mean survival from complete batches of eggs at 70 per cent. R.H. 25°C. was 44 per cent. The highest survival recorded was 81 per cent.On a diet of middlings the larval stage lasted 133 days at 90 per cent. R.H. 10°C, and 38 days at 90 per cent. R.H. 25°C. No adults were reared from larvae grown below 80 per cent. R.H. At 90 per cent. R.H. and 25°C. there were 7 instars.On various foodstuffs at 90 per cent. R.H. 20°C, duration of the larval stage varied between 40 days on dead moths and 109 days on macaroni. Survival to the adult stage varied between 75 per cent. on whole wheat and 20 per cent. on groundnuts.The pupal incubation period was 58 days at 10°C. and 10·4 days at 25°C, and was approximately the same at all humidities.The time required for complete development from egg to adult was 235 davs at 10°C. and 62 days at 25°C. (90 per cent. R.H.).There was a significant correlation between the weight of a female moth at emergence and the number of eggs laid. Egg output was lower at 25°C. than at 15°C, was not significantly affected by relative humidity, but was increased by provision of drinking water. Weights of females varied from 2·9 mg. to 9·4 mg. and egg output from 14 eggs to 231 eggs.The sex ratio of the adults in the dried grass culture was found to be 1 male to 23 females.Longevity could not be correlated with weight in all experiments, but, in the case of mated females, was dependent upon temperature, humidity and availability of drinking water. The mean adult life in days was 3–0 at 30 per cent. R.H. 25°C.; 5·0 at 90 per cent. R.H. 25°C.; 9·1 at 90 per cent. R.H. 15°C.; and 8.9 at 70 per cent. R.H. 25°C. + drink. Mated males were very short-lived (2–4 days at 70 per cent. R.H. 25°C).The only important predator was the mite,Cheyletus eruditus, which attacked the young larvae.