bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latin Down Under: Latin American migrant musicians in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Bendrups Dan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe global significance of Latin American popular music is well documented in contemporary research. Less is known about Latin American music and musicians in Australia and New Zealand (collectively termed ‘Australasia’): nations that have historically hosted waves of migrants from the Americas, and which are also strongly influenced by globalised US popular music culture. This article presents an overview of Latin American music in Australasia, drawing on ethnographic research, with the aim of providing a historical framework for the understanding of this music in the Australasian context. It begins with an explanation of the early 20th-century conceptualisation of ‘Latin’ in Australasia, and an investigation into how this abstract cultural construction affected performance opportunities for Latino/a migrants who began to arrive en masse from the 1970s onwards. It then discusses the performance practices that were most successfully recreated by Latin American musicians in Australia and New Zealand, especially ‘Andean’ folkloric music, and ‘tropical’ dance music. With reference to prominent individuals and ensembles, this article demonstrates how Andean and tropical performance practices have developed over the course of the last 30 years, and articulates the enduring importance of Latin American music and musicians within Australasian popular music culture.
Típico, folklóricoorpopular? Musical categories, place, and identity in a transnational listening community
Authors: Hutchinson Sydney 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe study of popular music often loses something in translation. The musical categories used by scholars and musicians in different locations vary widely in meaning, complicating both analysis and disciplinary divisions. Genre classifications also create blind spots which leave styles falling between the cracks out of the picture, impoverishing analysis and even denying musicians certain benefits. This paper examines the use of terms such asfolklórico, tradicional, popularandtípicoby both lay people and scholars in Latin America, then turns to Dominicanmerengue típicoas a case study showing how musical categories are often intensely local. I argue that – because it relies more on notions of place than on the ideas of time, class, race or production that inform other categorisations – the concept oftípicois useful in examining transnational ‘roots’ musics which bridge nations, classes and modes of production. In addition, using musicians' and listeners' own categories can help us to question the canons of musical scholarship, musical nationalism and music marketing, thus creating new possibilities for both scholars and musicians.
Legislating from a Radical Hague: The United Nations Special Tribunal for Lebanon Invents an International Crime of Transnational Terrorism
Authors: SAUL BEN 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn 2011, the Appeals Chamber of the UN Special Tribunal for Lebanon purported to identify a customary international crime of transnational terrorism and applied it in interpreting domestic terrorism offences under Lebanese law. This article argues that the Tribunal's decision was incorrect because all the sources of custom relied upon by the Appeals Chamber – national legislation, judicial decisions, regional and international treaties, and UN resolutions – were misinterpreted, exaggerated, or erroneously applied. The Tribunal's laissez-faire attitude towards custom formation jeopardizes the freedom from retrospective criminal punishment, subjugating the human rights of potential defendants to the Tribunal's own moralizing conception of what the law ought to be. The decision is not good for international law or public confidence in its institutions and processes.
Balancing weight-balanced trees
Authors: HIRAI YOICHI , YAMAMOTO KAZUHIKO 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA weight-balanced tree (WBT) is a binary search tree, whose balance is based on the sizes of the subtrees in each node. Although purely functional implementations on a variant WBT algorithm are widely used in functional programming languages, many existing implementations do not maintain balance after deletion in some cases. The difficulty lies in choosing a valid pair of rotation parameters: one for standard balance and the other for choosing single or double rotation. This paper identifies the exact valid range of the rotation parameters for insertion and deletion in the original WBT algorithm where one and only one integer solution exists. Soundness of the range is proved using a proof assistant Coq. Completeness is proved using effective algorithms generating counterexample trees. For two specific parameter pairs, we also proved in Coq that set operations also maintain balance. Since the difference between the original WBT and the variant WBT is small, it is easy to change the existing buggy implementations based on the variant WBT to the certified original WBT with a rational solution.
Compositional Analysis with Atomic Column Spatial Resolution by 5th-Order Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hernández-Maldonado David , Herrera Miriam , Alonso-González Pablo , González Yolanda , González Luisa , Gazquez Jaume , Varela María , Pennycook Stephen J. , Guerrero-Lebrero María de la Paz , Pizarro Joaquín , Galindo Pedro L. , Molina Sergio I. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe show in this article that it is possible to obtain elemental compositional maps and profiles with atomic-column resolution across an InxGa1−xAs multilayer structure from 5th-order aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) images. The compositional profiles obtained from the analysis of HAADF-STEM images describe accurately the distribution of In in the studied multilayer in good agreement with Muraki's segregation model [Muraki, K., Fukatsu, S., Shiraki, Y. & Ito, R. (1992). Surface segregation of In atoms during molecular beam epitaxy and its influence on the energy levels in InGaAs/GaAs quantums wells. Appl Phys Lett61, 557–559].
A comparison of imaging schedules for prostate radiotherapy including online tracking techniques
Authors: Baker A , Fenwick JD , Mayles WP , Syndikus I , Wong H 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground and purpose: Repeat imaging protocols, specifying imaging frequency and action levels for movement correction, can be used to achieve more accurate targeting of the prostate gland during radiotherapy. We have carried out a study comparing the accuracies of online versus off-line correction strategies which use implanted marker seeds to localize the prostate.Material and methods: Data have been analysed for 60 prostate patients, verified using an online imaging technique. Systematic and random errors have been calculated for a daily imaging protocol and for other common imaging schedules. Resource requirements have been assessed for the daily imaging technique by analysing the in-room timings performed on 10 patients.Results: Daily imaging is beneficial for the majority of patients, an online imaging schedule with a 2 mm action level significantly reducing systematic and random errors. The online imaging can be performed with a 2-minute increase in the standard treatment slot.Conclusions: Online imaging tracking techniques can facilitate margin reduction, which may help to reduce rectal toxicities. The impact on departmental time and resource requirements is modest for the online daily tracking technique with marker seeds and kilovoltage planar imaging.
Synthetic geomicrobiology: engineering microbe–mineral interactions for space exploration and settlement
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSynthetic geomicrobiology is a potentially new branch of synthetic biology that seeks to achieve improvements in microbe–mineral interactions for practical applications. In this paper, laboratory and field data are provided on three geomicrobiology challenges in space: (1) soil formation from extraterrestrial regolith by biological rock weathering and/or the use of regolith as life support system feedstock, (2) biological extraction of economically important elements from rocks (biomining) and (3) biological solidification of surfaces and dust control on other planetary surfaces. The use of synthetic or engineered organisms in these three applications is discussed. These three examples are used to extract general common principles that might be applied to the design of organisms used in synthetic geomicrobiology.
Does tinnitus originate from hyperactive nerve fibers in the cochlea?
Authors: Tyler Richard S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the possibility of a localized peripheral origin of tinnitus. A working hypothesis is that tinnitus represents either aperiodic or periodic hyperactivity in the spontaneous activity of nerve fibers originating from a restricted place on the basilar membrane. The limited physiological data available support both hyperactive and hypoactive nerve fiber. Psychophysical data are not easy to interpret. Subjective descriptions and category scaling are too dependent on individual experience. Pitch matching can be reliable, but cannot distinguish between peripheral or central tinnitus. In one experiment we compared the masking of tinnitus to the masking of a pure tone, where the signal frequency and level were obtained from the tinnitus pitch and loudness matching. The results indicate that the broad tinnitus masking patterns are not typically due to the poor frequency resolution observed in sensorineural hearing loss. However, in a few subjects there was some correspondence between the shape of the tuning curve and the tinnitus masking pattern. In another study, we masked tinnitus with narrowband noises of different bandwidths. In some patients, there was a ‘critical bandwidth’ effect; wider masker bandwidths required greater overall sound pressures to mask the tinnitus. We conclude that the results from these studies taken together indicate that there are different types of tinnitus, some of which may have a localized peripheral origin.
Identification of Tinnitus: A Plea for Standardization
Authors: Vernon Jack , Fenwick James 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe subjective nature of tinnitus is not the only feature which imposes difficulties upon the identification of tinnitus. The patients who must provide information about their tinnitus are greatly handicapped in this task and for the simple reason that there is very little vocabulary available to them. Thus it is not only important that the clinician listen very carefully to the patient but it is increasingly important thatstandardizedtests be used to identify, measure and classify tinnitus.
Tinnitus ‘Loudness’ as Indicated by Masking Levels with Environmental Sounds
Authors: Vernon Jack , Fenwick James 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe lack of loudness of tinnitus, as first pointed out by Fowler (1942), has been an item of confused concern ever since. The point being this: How can so weak a sensation produce such severity of stress? The present article deals with this item by attempting to provide a more objective psychological measure of severity of tinnitus. The U.S. Health Survey, which estimated that one out of five patients with tinnitus have it in its severe form, is but one example of differentiating mild vs. severe tinnitus. In the severe group, there are some for whom the tinnitus is constant and unrelenting, while for others the bad spells come and go without warning or reason. Whether constant or fluctuating, these patients perceive their tinnitus as a severe affliction which greatly degrades the quality of their life. We accept these subjective statements and ratings of their distress; however, there is a serious need for an objective measure of severity. The present report attempted such a measure by using the degree to which tinnitus was maskable by environmental sounds. The results correlated no better with ratings of severity than do the measures of loudness of tinnitus.
A surface recorded vestibular evoked response to acceleration in cats
Authors: Elidan J. , Sohmer H. , Nitzan M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractVestibular evoked responses to repetitive acceleration stimuli were recorded by skin electrodes in cats using filtering and averaging techniques. The response is made up of six—eight waves during the first 10 msec following the stimulus. Longer latency myogenic responses had large amplitude and disappeared following the paralysis of the animals. The neurogenic waves disappeared after the destruction of both inner ears or the excision of both eighth nerves and following death. Destruction of the inner ear, or excision of the VIIIth nerve on one side leads to response patterns of excitation vs. inhibition when appropriate excitatory and inhibitory acceleration stimuli are applied. The possible generators of the evoked responses are discussed in the light of the physiology of the vestibular pathways, and the results of the present experiments suggest that the generators of the first and second waves are the vestibular nerve and vestibular nucleus respectively. In addition, the vestibular evoked response seemed to be more sensitive to ischemia of the brain than the auditory brainstem evoked response and may therefore reflect better changes in brain function.
Some observations on the masking and post-masking effects of tinnitus
Authors: Tyler Richard S. , Babin Richard W. , Niebuhr Diane P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe symptom of tinnitus is likely shared by several underlying pathologies. It is funda-mental to the investigation and treatment of tinnitus to be able to reliably quantify different types of tinnitus. In one experi-ment we required patients to increase the level of a broadband noise until it just masked their tinnitus. Regardless of where in the head they perceive their tinnitus, in most patients the minimum level (in sound pressure level or sensation level) required to mask the tinnitus is similar in both ears. In a few other patients, the tinnitus cannot be masked or requires high levels in the contra-lateral ear. We have found this masking procedure valuable in measuring tinnitus following the administration of tocainide. In some patients the tocainide seemed to reduce the magnitude of the tinnitus (required lower masker levels to mask the tinnitus) whereas in others there was some evidence that the tinnitus got worse (higher masker levels were required). In another experiment, we quantified tinnitus percep-tion following the termination of a masker. Several different patterns were evident. After the termination of the masker, the tinnitus either (a) returned to normal immediately, (b) returned immediately but was at a softer loudness, (c) was absent for a time before gradually returning to normal, (d) was absent for a time before abruptly returning to normal, or (e) was louder than normal before gradually returning to normal. Increasing masker duration and masker level prolonged the effects.
Tinnitus and impedance audiometry
Authors: Clemis Jack D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTinnitus is a symptom of many disorders affecting the auditory system. While Impedance Audiometry provides no specific etiologic information about tinnitus, it is a useful diagnostic tool to localize various types of auditory dys-function. This paper sketches usefulness of impedance testing in diagnosis of retro-cochlear lesions, in otosclerosis and in objective tinnitus.
Personality characteristics of tinnitus patients
Authors: Reich Gloria E. , Johnson Robert M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA short form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was administered to 146 clinical patients who were assigned to one of four groups: Group I, tinnitus only; Group II, hearing loss and tinnitus, tinnitus primary; Group III, hearing loss and tinnitus, hearing loss primary; and Group IV, hearing loss only. The purpose of the study was to determine whether there were measurable characteristics unique to the tinnitus patient. Elevations were noted for all four groups on Scales 8, 6, 3, and 2, showing significant differences between the groups who suffered from tinnitus as opposed to those whose primary complaint was hearing loss. The tinnitus patients, especially those with only tinnitus, had social adjustment problems that were not evidenced for patients with impaired hear-ing. Indications are that the patient with an inveterate hearing loss is better able to cope with tinnitus than the patient who is suddenly and unaccountably afflicted with tinnitus.
Drug therapy and tinnitus: the UK experience
Authors: Hazell J. W. P. , Wood S. M. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThere have been five recent studies of drug treatment in tinnitus in the UK using Class I anti-arrhythmic preparations. We present a new double-blind study of tocainide hydrochloride in severe, unmaskable tinnitus. No significant response is noted in any of the controlled trials to the active ingredient, and more work is needed on diagnostic criteria to see if those who do respond constitute a separate group. There was a surprisingly low incidence of placebo response and the importance of the side effects produced by the drugs in this group is stressed. The finding that three patients with profound hearing losses have had some continued benefit leads to the cautious conclusion that drug responders may be have a central component to their tinnitus.
Tinnitus and otosclerosis surgery
Authors: Robinson Mendell 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study attempts to correlate the relationship between clinical otosclerosis, tinnitus, and stapedectomy surgery. One hundred and thirty-five patients who recently underwent stapedectomy surgery were evaluated to determine the effects upon tinnitus and to determine if there was an association between tinnitus and the pre-operative cochlear reserve, the degree of footplate pathology, and/or the post-operative hearing result.Diminished cochlear reserve and the post-operative audiometric result had no relationship to the tinnitus symptom. A beneficial effect on tinnitus occurred in 25 per cent of the patients requiring drilling of the stapes footplate.
The effect of endolymphatic system surgery on tinnitus in Menière's disease and hydrops
Authors: Arenberg I. Kaufman , Gibson Susan A. , de Water Sandra M. Van , Balkany Thomas J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOne hundred and seventy-two patients with Menière's disease (including tinnitus) who underwent endolymphatic system (ELS) surgery for vertigo and/or hearing loss, were evaluated to determine whether ELS surgery had an incidental effect on tinnitus. Tinnitus was eliminated in 34 patients (19.9 per cent), reduced in 64 patients (37.2 per cent), unchanged in 39 patients (22.6 per cent), and worse in 35 patients (20.3 per cent). No significant correlation existed between surgical results for hearing and an improvement in tinnitus. A successful elimination of vertigo, however, was associated with better results for tinnitus relief. Tinnitus is not considered to be an indication for ELS surgery.
Thermostable HIV-1 group O reverse transcriptase variants with the same fidelity as murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase
Authors: Barrioluengo Verónica , Álvarez Mar , Barbieri Daniela , Menéndez-Arias Luis 
Published: May 2011

Wild-type HIV-1 group O RT (reverse transcriptase) shows increased thermostability in comparison with HIV-1 group M subtype B RT and MLV (murine leukaemia virus) RT. However, its utility in the amplification of RNA targets is limited by the reduced accuracy of lentiviral RTs compared with oncoretroviral RTs (i.e. MLV RT). The effects of the mutations K65R, R78A and K65R/V75I on the fidelity of HIV-1 group O RTs were studied using gel-based and M13mp2 lacZ forward-mutation fidelity assays. Forward-mutation assays demonstrated that mutant RTs K65R, R78A and K65R/V75I showed &gt;9-fold increased accuracy in comparison with the wild-type enzyme and were approximately two times more faithful than the MLV RT. Compared with MLV RT, all of the tested HIV-1 group O RT variants showed decreased frameshift fidelity. However, K65R RT showed a higher tendency to introduce one-nucleotide deletions in comparison with other HIV-1 group O RT variants. R78A had a destabilizing effect on the RT, either in the presence or absence of V75I. At temperatures above 52 °C, K65R and K65R/V75I retained similar levels of DNA polymerase activity to the wild-type HIV-1 group O RT, but were more efficient than HIV-1 group M subtype B and MLV RTs. K65R, K65R/V75I and R78A RTs showed decreased misinsertion and mispair extension fidelity in comparison with the wild-type enzyme for most base pairs studied. These assays revealed that nucleotide selection is mainly governed by kpol (pol is polymerization) in the case of K65R, whereas both kpol and Kd affect nucleotide discrimination in the case of K65R/V75I.
Effects on antigen-presenting cells of short-term interaction with the human host defence peptide β-defensin 2
Authors: Morgera Francesca , Pacor Sabrina , Creatti Luisa , Antcheva Nikolinka , Vaccari Lisa , Tossi Alessandro 
Published: May 2011

β-Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that exert their host-defence functions at the interface between the host and microbial biota. They display a direct, salt- and medium-sensitive cidal activity, in vitro, against a broad spectrum of bacteria and fungi, and there is increasing evidence that they also play a role in alerting and enhancing cellular components of innate and adaptive immunity. Their interaction with biological membranes plays a central role in both of these types of activities. In the present study, we have investigated the interaction of fluorescently labelled hBD2 (human β-defensin 2) with monocytes, macrophages and iDCs (immature dendritic cells), observing a differential capacity to be rapidly internalized into these cells. Complementary microscopy techniques [TEM (transmission electron microscopy), optical microscopy and IR microspectroscopy] were used to explore the functional and biological implications of these interactions on iDCs. Short-term exposure to the peptide resulted in significant alterations in membrane composition and re-organization of the endomembrane system, with the induction of degranulation. These events may be associated with the antigen-presenting activities or the chemotaxis of iDCs, which appears to occur via both CCR6 (CC chemokine receptor 6)-dependent and -independent mechanisms.