bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A note on the weighted essentially non‐oscillatory numerical scheme for a multi‐class Lighthill–Whitham–Richards traffic flow model
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wong S. C. , Dai Shi‐Qiang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn a recent paper, the weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) numerical scheme was applied to solve a multi‐class Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (MCLWR) traffic flow model (J. Comput. Phys. 2003; 191:639–659). We discuss and present an enhanced WENO scheme with Lax–Friedrichs flux splitting by improving the estimation of the minimal characteristic speed of the MCLWR model, which is based on a set of inequalities of eigenvalues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algorithms for the automated analysis of cellular dynamics within living fungal colonies
Authors: Angarita‐Jaimes N. C. , Roca M. M. G. , Towers C. E. , Read N. D. , Towers D. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe present robust and efficient algorithms to automate the measurement of nuclear movement and germ tube extension rates in living fungal networks. The aim is to facilitate the understanding of the dynamics and regulation of nuclear migration in growing fungal colonies. The proposed methodology combines a cascade correlation filter to identify nuclear centers from which 2D nuclear velocities are determined and a level set algorithm for centerline extraction to monitor spore (conidial) germling growth. We show how the proposed cascaded filter improves spatial resolution in the presence of noise and is robust when fluorescently labeled nuclei with different intensities are in close proximity to each other. The performance of the filter is evaluated by simulation in comparison to the well known Rayleigh and Sparrow criteria, and experimental evidence is given from clusters of nuclei and nuclei undergoing mitotic division. The capabilities developed have enabled the robust and objective analysis of 10's of Gigabytes of image data that is being exploited by biological scientists. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Synthesis of Zinc Hydroxyfluoride Nanofibers through an Ionic Liquid Assisted Microwave Irradiation Method
Authors: Wu Liyan , Lian Jiabiao , Sun Guixiang , Kong Xiangrong , Zheng Wenjun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractZn(OH)F nanofibers were successfully synthesized from Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O by microwave irradiation in the presence of the ionic liquid [Tmim][BF4] (1,2,3‐trimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate). The structure and morphology of the resulting Zn(OH)F nanofibers were investigated by XRD, SEM, and XPS, and the results indicate that the Zn(OH)F fibers are 80–200 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length. A hydrogen bonding π–π stacking mechanism is responsible for the 1D feature of Zn(OH)F. This method may be developed into a general way to synthesize other metal hydroxyfluoride nanostructures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Simple and efficient solution of the shallow water equations with source terms
Authors: Lee Sang‐Heon , Wright Nigel G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA simple and efficient method to solve the one‐dimensional shallow water equations with source terms is presented. To avoid a fractional step method for the discretization of the source terms, a homogeneous form of the shallow water equations is proposed and well‐known conservative numerical schemes are modified to solve the new form of the equations. The modification to the homogeneous form equations combines the source terms with the flux term and solves them by the same solution structure of the numerical scheme. As a result, the source terms are automatically discretized to achieve perfect balance with flux terms without any special treatment and the method does not introduce numerical errors. The proposed method is verified against several benchmark tests and shows good agreement with analytical solutions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal‐catalyzed reversible conversion between chemical and electrical energy designed towards a sustainable society
Authors: Tanaka Koji 
Published: June 2009

AbstractProton dissociation of an aqua‐Ru‐quinone complex, [Ru(trpy)(q)(OH2)]2+ (trpy = 2,2′ : 6′,2″‐terpyridine, q = 3,5‐di‐t‐butylquinone) proceeded in two steps (pKa = 5.5 and ca. 10.5). The first step simply produced [Ru(trpy)(q)(OH)]+, while the second one gave an unusual oxyl radical complex, [Ru(trpy)(sq)(O−.)]0 (sq = 3,5‐di‐t‐butylsemiquinone), owing to an intramolecular electron transfer from the resultant O2− to q. A dinuclear Ru complex bridged by an anthracene framework, [Ru2(btpyan)(q)2(OH)2]2+ (btpyan = 1,8‐bis(2,2′‐terpyridyl)anthracene), was prepared to place two Ru(trpy)(q)(OH) groups at a close distance. Deprotonation of the two hydroxy protons of [Ru2(btpyan)(q)2(OH)2]2+ generated two oxyl radical Ru‐O−. groups, which worked as a precursor for O2 evolution in the oxidation of water. The [Ru2(btpyan)(q)2(OH)2](SbF6)2 modified ITO electrode effectively catalyzed four‐electron oxidation of water to evolve O2 (TON = 33500) under electrolysis at +1.70 V in H2O (pH 4.0). Various physical measurements and DFT calculations indicated that a radical coupling between two Ru(sq)(O−.) groups forms a (cat)Ru‐O‐O‐Ru(sq) (cat = 3,5‐di‐t‐butylcathechol) framework with a μ‐superoxo bond. Successive removal of four electrons from the cat, sq, and superoxo groups of [Ru2(btpyan)(cat)(sq)(μ‐O2−)]0 assisted with an attack of two water (or OH−) to Ru centers, which causes smooth O2 evolution with regeneration of [Ru2(btpyan)(q)2(OH)2]2+. Deprotonation of an Ru‐quinone‐ammonia complex also gave the corresponding Ru‐semiquinone‐aminyl radical. The oxidized form of the latter showed a high catalytic activity towards the oxidation of methanol in the presence of base.Three complexes, [Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+, [Ru(bpy)2(CO)(C(O)OH)]+, and [Ru(bpy)2(CO)(CO2)]0 exist as an equilibrium mixture in water. Treatment of [Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+ with BH4− gave [Ru(bpy)2(CO)(C(O)H)]+, [Ru(bpy)2(CO)(CH2OH)]+, and [Ru(bpy)2(CO)(OH2)]2+ with generation of CH3OH in aqueous conditions. Based on these results, a reasonable catalytic pathway from CO2 to CH3OH in electro‐ and photochemical CO2 reduction is proposed. A new pbn (pbn = 2‐pyridylbenzo[b]‐1,5‐naphthyridine) ligand was designed as a renewable hydride donor for the six‐electron reduction of CO2. A series of [Ru(bpy)3‐n(pbn)n]2+ (n = 1, 2, 3) complexes undergoes photochemical two‐ (n = 1), four‐ (n = 2), and six‐electron reductions (n = 3) under irradiation of visible light in the presence of N(CH2CH2OH)3. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 169–186; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.200800039
Providing Specialist Services in Australia Across Barriers of Distance and Culture
Authors: Carson Phillip J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMost of Australia’s population live in urban environments and have ready access to high‐quality specialist surgical services. The 1% of Australians (210,600 people) who live in the Northern Territory of Australia sparsely occupy more than one‐sixth of Australia’s land mass and have varied cultural backgrounds. The organization of surgical services in the Northern Territory provides a case study in providing specialist surgical services to disadvantaged, rural and remote populations in a developed country. Historical and current initiatives to overcome barriers of distance include a coordinated network of health clinics, regional hospitals, and specialist surgical facilities staffed by health care practitioners with broad training and a wide scope of practice. Aeromedical services that facilitate patient and medical team transport were among the first worldwide. Recent initiatives to overcome barriers posed by cultural differences include an Indigenous Languages Interpreter Service, dedicated Indigenous health educators, and specialist outreach visits. Specialist services in the Northern Territory are delivered locally by appropriately trained generalists in cooperation with and supported by specialists from larger centers. This cooperative model of delivery of specialist services maximizes population access to the whole range of surgical therapies and encourages the efficient use of both specialists and generalists. Adoption of the principles of this model may lead to increasingly efficient delivery of specialist services in more densely populated regions.
The Albanian Forests of Signor Giacomo Vismara: A Case Study of Italian Economic Imperialism During the Foreign Ministry of Antonino di San Giuliano
Authors: Bosworth R. J. B. 
Published: June 2009

In Second Class, there was only my valet and two Italians on their way to Valona to buy from a Greek a wood, which, as far as they knew, did not belong to him. A frequent matter in the EastSo sardonically wrote in his diary a second-rank Italian politician, the only passenger in first class, voyaging in 1902 across the Adriatic to Albania. The politician was Antonino di San Giuliano. His diary had a purpose, as it was destined to be published in Giornale d'Italia, Rome's new conservative daily. This paper had been founded only a year before by Alberto Bergamini and Sidney Sonnino in an effort to regroup those anti-Giolittian politicians scattered by the failure of the second, authoritarian, Pelloux ministry.
The Liberal Unionist Party and the Irish Policy of Lord Salisbury's Government, 1886–1892
Authors: Davis Peter 
Published: June 2009

In the House of Commons on 23 May 1892, following a speech by Joseph Chamberlain in qualified support of Balfour's Irish Local Government Bill, Tim Healy assailed ‘our Birmingham Diogenes’ with considerable warmth for the manner in which such support was habitually rendered:What happens is this. The Government bring in a Bill. Its proposals are attacked, and the Government gets into distress, and then of course ‘a friend in need is a friend indeed’. The Rt.hon.Gentleman the Member for West Birmingham gets up and makes a speech. I have heard him make a speech on the Coercion Bill of 1887 in almost identical terms, and also on the Parnell Commission Bill of 1888.
‘Latitudinarianism’ and the Restoration Church
Authors: Spurr John 
Published: June 2009

Modern historians have been more confident than Restoration Englishmen in stating who the ‘latitudinarians’ were, what they held and where they dwelt. The ‘latitudinarians’ have been described as ‘the central force in the movement toward toleration which came from within the Restoration Church of England’ and as a clerical third force, neither anglican nor puritan, but united in an advocacy of ‘natural theology and rational Christianity’. Their ‘basic convictions’, as summarized by Professor Margaret Jacob, were thatrational argumentation and not faith is the final arbiter of Christian belief and dogma; scientific knowledge and natural philosophy are the most reliable means of explaining creation; and political and ecclesiastical moderation are the only realistic means by which the Reformation will be accomplished.
The Rhetoric and Iconography of Reform: Women Coal Miners in Belgium, 1840–1914
Authors: Hilden Patricia J. 
Published: June 2009

Reflecting on the development of industrial capitalism in Europe, Antonio Gramsci wrote:It is worth drawing attention to the way in which industrialists…have been concerned with the sexual affairs of their employees and with their family arrangements in general. One should not be misled…by the ‘puritanical’ appearance assumed by this concern. The truth is that the new type of man demanded by the rationalization of production and work cannot be developed until the sexual instinct has been suitably regulated and until it too has been rationalized.
‘The Politics of Good Governance’: Thomas Cromwell and the government of the southwest of England
Authors: Speight Helen M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe aim of this essay is to re-examine the government of the southwest of England in the 1530s in the light of Dr M. Robertson's essay in The Historical Journal (December 1989). Drawing on her research on Thomas Cromwell's political affinity, Dr Robertson argued that Cromwell ‘managed’ southwestern government very effectively through a system of patronage of leading local officeholders. In this essay, this thesis is challenged in two ways using research into southwestern government from a provincial perspective. Firstly, by identifying the officeholding elite of the province, examining its recruitment and tracing its activities, the practical limitations on Cromwell's power and freedom to manoeuvre in his dealings with local government are highlighted. The conclusion follows that it was, in practice, beyond Cromwell's competence to ‘manage’ southwestern government. Secondly, it is argued that ‘management’ from the centre was, in any case, potentially at least, inimical to good governance in this period because it denied local governors the scope for pragmatism and flexibility of action which were essential to effective local policing. Thus, the essay also takes issue with Professor Elton's thesis that Cromwell's revolutionary handling of local government was the key to the successful enforcement of the Reformation in the 1530s.
Henry VIII's will: the protectorate provisions of 1546–7
Authors: Ives E. W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDr Houlbrooke's overall acceptance of the genuineness of Henry VIII's will is welcomed but his hypothesis about the protectorate is qualified, (i) Paget's testimony is shown not to indicate that the ‘gifts clause’ was added to the will after 12 January 1547. (ii) Corrections to the paper which underlies Paget's statement suggest that the distribution of honours under the clause related to Henry's wish to establish the Seymour faction, not to support for the protectorate. (iii) Moves towards the latter were only implemented when Henry's death was imminent, (iv) There is a plausible case to suspect jobbery then and (v) at the stage of the second protectorate, (vi) It is argued that in interpreting Henry's will, we must see (a) faction as intrinsic to court politics and (b) Henry VIII's religious policy as inherently and-traditional.
Starting in reason, ending in passion. Bryce, Lowell, Ostrogorski and the problem of democracy
Authors: Pombeni Paolo 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay deals with the problem of the roots of Ostrogorski's well-known approach to the problem of political parties, showing that: (1) Ostrogorski's approach is highly dependent on the nineteenth-century debate among the English intelligentsia about a supposed ‘American model’; (2) James Bryce was at the centre of an intellectual network assuming that ‘modern politicsxyr could become the subject of a sort of ‘scientific approach to politics’ more up to date than the traditional one depending on Tocqueville's school; (3) Ostrogorski betrayed Bryce's expectation of a balanced research on the transformation of modern politics because of his dependence on an old-fashioned liberal mind (as evident from his correspondence); (4) this cleavage between the two interpretations of political development was perceived and led to a certain discussion among English and American political scholars (and in this framework Lowell's contribution is peculiarly worthy of attention).
Whigs, bishops and America: the politics of church reform in mid-eighteenth-century England
Authors: Taylor Stephen 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe eighteenth century is traditionally seen as an interlude between two vigorous movements of church reform. This article explores the problems and attitudes which underlay the absence of major structural reform of the Church in this period. To do so, it examines the failure of attempts, especially those of the 1740s and 1750s, to create an anglican episcopate in the American colonies. The leaders of the Church of England were agreed that the need for American bishops was pressing, on both pastoral and administrative grounds, and the 1740s and 1750s witnessed two proposals for their creation which were supported by virtually the whole bench of bishops. Both failed. The whig ministry resolutely opposed these initiatives, largely out of fear that any debate of church reform would revive the political divisions of Queen Anne's reign. The bishops, moreover, were prepared to submit to this ministerial veto, despite their belief in the necessity of reform, not through political subservience, but because they too feared renewed controversy about religion and the Church, believing that such controversy would revive both anti-clerical attacks from without and bitter divisions within.
Urban Liberalism and the ‘lost generation’: politics and middle class culture in Norwich, 1900–1935
Authors: Doyle Barry M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article utilizes the metaphor of the post-war Lost Generation to investigate the chronology of middle class political realignment and Liberal decline. It suggests that the Liberalism of twentieth-century Norwich owed its existence to the perpetuation of a closed culture based on business, chapel and urban residence. It questions the degree to which dissenting Liberals had been assimilated into the dominant ideology before 1914 by reference to marriage ties and associational links such as the freemasons. It asserts that the downfall of this Liberal culture in the long run, though not immediately, was the result of the Great War, which allowed the younger generation to break out of their insular world and mix more freely with the Anglican upper-middle class. However, it also demonstrates that the closed culture was such that those of the Edwardian political generation, although affected by the War, did not reject their Liberalism. Most continued to actively support the party into the 1930s, questioning the view that the middle classes had largely deserted the Liberals by 1924. Rather, it was the political maturation in the 1930s of the War generation which heralded the end of urban Liberalism and the triumph of middle class Conservatism.
Constitutions old and new: Henrion de Pansey before and after the French revolution
Authors: Salmon J. H. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHenrion de Pansey (1742–1829) is an important but neglected constitutional historian whose views on the French past served as a commentary on the unwritten and written constitutions of his own age. A feudal lawyer before the revolution and an appeal judge under Napoleon and the restored Bourbons, he published a variety of works combining liberal sentiment with judicial traditionalism. His career illustrates the shift of moderate conservative opinion across the revolutionary divide. The alteration in his political thought is best understood through its conjunction with the three historical modes prevalent in his time: a discontinuous approach, accepting the past as a series of different regimes interrupted by revolutions; a developmental view, charting the progressive growth of institutions from seeds planted in antiquity; and a fundamentalist habit of thought that saw change as decline from pristine perfection. The jurists of sixteenth-century France remained Henrion's most admired models, and he used his roseate vision of the early modern French monarchy as a sometimes critical commentary on the constitutions designed in his own day. In prerevolutionary days he recast the ideas of the sixteenth-century rationalizer of feudalism, Charles Dumoulin, into Enlightenment terms. After the revolution, De l'Autoritéjudiciaire (1810) depicted the moderating role of the judiciary as defenders of past constitutions, and formed an oblique commentary on Napoleon's civil code. Des Pairs et de l'ancienne constitution (1816) appraised the charter of 1814. It accepted a measure of popular participation in government, but held judicial expertise essential in legislation. Des Assemblées nationales (1826) shifted the emphasis from judicial oversight to the separation of powers and representative government, although Henrion, like Guizot and the doctrinaires, remained critical of popular democracy.
Patterns of parliamentary legislation, 1660–1800
Authors: Hoppit Julian 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTBefore 1689 parliament met relatively infrequently and unpredictably, passing limited amounts of legislation. After that date parliament met annually and enacted a significantly enhanced volume of legislation. By relating attempts to legislate to patterns of acts this transformation is explored at a very general level. Some explanations are advanced, largely by examining institutional arrangements and the subject matter of legislation. Finally, some general observations on the significance of this ‘revolution in parliament’ are advanced.
15. The Influence of Bacilli of the Colon Group on Cheddar Cheese
Authors: Whitehead H. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. Representative strains of organisms of the colon group have a deleterious influence on the flavour of Cheddar cheese when they are added to the milk immediately before the start of the process of cheese manufacture.2. They do not produce gas holes in the cheese, even when present in large numbers, provided that an active culture of lactic streptococci is used as “starter.” It seems most probable that their metabolism is modified by association with the lactic streptococci, so that, although the colon bacilli grow in the cheese, they produce little or no gas.3. Under the conditions of these experiments, they have no influence on the texture of the cheese.4. They do not appreciably affect the production of acid by the “starter” in the milk or curd.5. Under the experimental conditions described, they do not cause decolorisation of annatto in a coloured cheese. It seems unlikely, therefore, that they are responsible for mottling in cheese.
29. The Effect of Heat upon the Rennin Coagulation. II
Authors: Moir George M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Clean milk has been “flash” pasteurised at 165°F. Portions of the same raw milk have been treated with small amounts respectively of starter culture and lactic acid, so as to raise the acidity, before being similarly pasteurised.2. Comparison of the whey obtained by rennetting the three raw portions has shown that those from the acidified milk contained more soluble protein than the original.3. The differences between the raw and pasteurised milk in their coagulation time with rennin have been found to be proportionately much greater in the acidified portions.4. These differences in coagulation time have been shown to be correlated with decreases in the amount of soluble protein found in. the whey separated from the coagulum.5. These experimental results, together with those of other investigators, have been made the basis of a suggestion that the decreased coagulability of heated milk with rennin is partly due to flocculation of soluble milk protein upon the casein micelles.