bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of the right parietal lobe in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Nico D. , Daprati E. , Nighoghossian N. , Carrier E. , Duhamel J.-R. , Sirigu A. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundPatients with anorexia nervosa (AN) overestimate their size despite being severely underweight. Whether this misperception echoes an underlying emotional disturbance or also reflects a genuine body-representation deficit is debatable. Current measures inquire directly about subjective perception of body image, thus distinguishing poorly between top-down effects of emotions/attitudes towards the body and disturbances due to proprioceptive disorders/distorted body schema. Disorders of body representation also emerge following damage to the right parietal lobe. The possibility that parietal dysfunction might contribute to AN is suspected, based on the demonstrated association of spatial impairments, comparable to those found after parietal lesion, with this syndrome.MethodWe used a behavioral task to compare body knowledge in severe anorexics (n=8), healthy volunteers (n=11) and stroke patients with focal damage to the left/right parietal lobe (n=4). We applied a psychophysical procedure based on the perception, in the dark, of an approaching visual stimulus that was turned off before reaching the observer. Participants had to predict whether the stimulus would have hit/missed their body, had it continued its linear motion.ResultsHealthy volunteers and left parietal patients estimated body boundaries very close to the real ones. Conversely, anorexics and right parietal patients underestimated eccentricity of their left body boundary.ConclusionsThese findings are in line with the role the parietal cortex plays in developing and maintaining body representation, and support the possibility for a neuropsychological component in the pathogenesis of anorexia, offering alternative approaches to treatment of the disorder.
Major depression and dimensional representations of DSM-IV personality disorders: a population-based twin study
Authors: Reichborn-Kjennerud T. , Czajkowski N. , Røysamb E. , Ørstavik R. E. , Neale M. C. , Torgersen S. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) co-occurs frequently with personality disorders (PDs). The extent to which this results from shared genetic or environmental risk factors remains uncertain.MethodYoung adult twins (n=2801) from the population-based Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel were assessed at personal interview for DSM-IV lifetime MDD and the 10 Axis II PDs. The relationship between MDD and dimensional representations of all PDs was explored by stepwise logistic regression. Multivariate Cholesky twin models were fitted using the Mx program, and genetic and environmental correlations were estimated.ResultsDimensional representations of borderline (BPD), avoidant (AVPD) and paranoid personality disorder (PPD) were independently and significantly associated with increased risk for MDD. Multivariate twin modeling indicated that one latent factor accounted for the genetic covariance between MDD and the three PDs. The genetic correlations between MDD and dimensional representations of BPD, AVPD and PPD were +0.56, +0.22 and +0.40 respectively. No sex differences or shared environmental effects were found. The structure of the individual-specific environmental factors influencing MDD and the three PDs were similar to the genetic factors but the environmental correlations were lower: +0.39, +0.23 and +0.27 respectively.ConclusionsThere is substantial overlap between liability factors for MDD and BPD from cluster B, PPD from cluster A and AVPD from cluster C. The vulnerability to general PD pathology and MDD seem to be closely related. The patterns of co-morbidity observed between diverse psychiatric disorders might result from just a few liability factors.
Genetic variation of the reference population for quantitative trait loci research in South African Angora goats
Authors: Visser C. , van Marle-Koster E. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe South African Angora goat industry makes the largest contribution to global mohair production. Mohair is a luxury fibre and production of a high quality clip is essential. For many years genetic improvement of Angoras in South Africa was based on quantitative selection. Genome mapping efforts provided new avenues for improvement and a quantitative trait loci (QTL) study was initiated to identify QTL associated with mohair traits. The aim of this study was to describe the genetic diversity of the reference population using the available stud and commercial herds with full phenotypic records. The most appropriate QTL design was identified based on the population structure with regard to the families and number of bucks available for breeding. Four herds, consisting of 1067 pure bred goats in 12 half-sib families, were included. Blood samples were obtained from the herds, 94 markers were tested and diversity parameters were estimated. The average number of alleles per marker varied between 5.4 and 7.2 amongst the herds, whereas the observed heterozygosity varied between 0.59 and 0.67. The genetic structure of these herds was found appropriate for use as a reference population as they showed sufficient genetic variability.
Recognizing textual entailment: Rational, evaluation and approaches
Authors: DAGAN IDO , DOLAN BILL , MAGNINI BERNARDO , ROTH DAN 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe goal of identifying textual entailment – whether one piece of text can be plausibly inferred from another – has emerged in recent years as a generic core problem in natural language understanding. Work in this area has been largely driven by the PASCAL Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) challenges, which are a series of annual competitive meetings. The current work exhibits strong ties to some earlier lines of research, particularly automatic acquisition of paraphrases and lexical semantic relationships and unsupervised inference in applications such as question answering, information extraction and summarization. It has also opened the way to newer lines of research on more involved inference methods, on knowledge representations needed to support this natural language understanding challenge and on the use of learning methods in this context. RTE has fostered an active and growing community of researchers focused on the problem of applied entailment. This special issue of theJNLEprovides an opportunity to showcase some of the most important work in this emerging area.
Hydroxyurea upregulates NKG2D ligand expression in myeloid leukemia cells synergistically with valproic acid and potentially enhances susceptibility of leukemic cells to natural killer cell‐mediated cytolysis
Authors: Lu Xuzhang , Ohata Kinya , Kondo Yukio , Luis Espinoza J. , Qi Zhirong , Nakao Shinji 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 609–615)Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, upregulates NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) on some monocytic and lymphoid leukemic cells. However, its effect on myeloid leukemia cells and synergistic agents that can augment the effect of VPA remains unknown. Of the various myeloid cell lines examined, OUN‐1, a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, showed the most prominent upregulation of MICA/B and ULBP2 in response to VPA. The NKG2DL upregulation was observed only in leukemic cells without apoptosis and the effect was abrogated by pretreatment of cells with caffeine, an inhibitor of ATM/ATR. Several activators of ATM/ATR were screened for their effect on NKG2DL expression, but only hydroxyurea (HU) efficiently upregulated both MICA/B and ULPB2 expression on the cell line. VPA and HU synergistically upregulated the NKG2DLs on OUN‐1 cells as well as primary leukemic cells from some patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The upregulation of NKG2DLs by VPA and/or HU was associated with increased transcription of each NKG2DL gene. OUN‐1 cells treated with VPA + HU were more susceptible to killing by natural killer (NK) cells than untreated cells and the enhanced cytotoxicity of NK cells was blocked by the treatment of NK cells with anti‐NKG2D monoclonal antibodies. The same concentrations of VPA and HU did not affect the cytotoxicity of NK cells against OUN‐1 cells. These data suggest that VPA and HU might enhance the NK cell‐mediated antileukemia effect by increasing the susceptibility of myeloid leukemic cells to NK cells.
Ethnic differences in drinking outcomes following a brief alcohol intervention in the trauma care setting
Authors: Field Craig A. , Caetano Raul , Harris T. R. , Frankowski Ralph , Roudsari Bahman 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  Evidence suggests that brief interventions in the trauma care setting reduce drinking, subsequent injury and driving under the influence (DUI) arrest. However, evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions in ethnic minority groups is lacking. The current study evaluates the efficacy of brief intervention among whites, blacks and Hispanics in the United States.Methods  We conducted a two‐group parallel randomized trial comparing brief motivational intervention (BMI) and treatment as usual with assessment (TAU+) to evaluate treatment differences in drinking patterns by ethnicity. Patients were recruited from a level 1 urban trauma center over a 2‐year period. The study included 1493 trauma patients, including 668 whites, 288 blacks and 537 Hispanics. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to evaluate ethnic differences in drinking outcomes including volume per week, maximum amount consumed in 1 day, percentage days abstinent and percentage days heavy drinking at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up. Analyses controlled for age, gender, employment status, marital status, prior alcohol treatment, type of injury and injury severity. Special emphasis was given to potential ethnic differences by testing the interaction between ethnicity and BMI.Results  At 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up, BMI significantly reduced maximum amount consumed in 1 day (P < 0.001; P < 0.001, respectively) and percentage days heavy drinking (P < 0.05; P < 0.05, respectively) among Hispanics. Hispanics in the BMI group also reduced average volume per week at 12‐month follow‐up (χ2 = 6.8, df = 1, P < 0.01). In addition, Hispanics in TAU+ reduced maximum amount consumed at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up (P < 0.001; P < 0.001) and volume per week at 12‐month follow‐up (P < 0.001). Whites and blacks in both BMI and TAU+ reduced volume per week and percentage days heavy drinking at 12‐month follow‐up (P < 0.001; P < 0.01, respectively) and decreased maximum amount at 6‐ (P < 0.001) and 12‐month follow‐up (P < 0.001). All three ethnic groups In both BMI and TAU+ reduced volume per week at 6‐month follow‐up (P < 0.001) and percentage days abstinent at 6‐ (P < 0.001) and 12‐month follow‐up (P < 0.001).Conclusions  All three ethnic groups evidenced reductions in drinking at 6‐ and 12‐month follow‐up independent of treatment assignment. Among Hispanics, BMI reduced alcohol intake significantly as measured by average volume per week, percentage days heavy drinking and maximum amount consumed in 1 day.
What neurobiology cannot tell us about addiction
Authors: Kalant Harold 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTMolecular neurobiological studies have yielded enormous amounts of valuable information about neuronal response mechanisms and their adaptive changes. However, in relation to addiction this information is of limited value because almost every cell function appears to be involved. Thus it tells us only that neurons adapt to ‘addictive drugs’ as they do to all sorts of other functional disturbances. This information may be of limited help in the development of potential auxiliary agents for treatment of addiction. However, a reductionist approach which attempts to analyse addiction at ever finer levels of structure and function, is inherently incapable of explaining what causes these mechanisms to be brought into play in some cases and not in others, or by self‐administration of a drug but not by passive exposure. There is abundant evidence that psychological, social, economic and specific situational factors play important roles in initiating addiction, in addition to genetic and other biological factors. Therefore, if we hope to be able to make predictions at any but a statistical level, or to develop effective means of prevention, it is necessary to devise appropriate integrative approaches to the study of addiction, rather than pursue an ever‐finer reductive approach which leads steadily farther away from the complex interaction of drug, user, environment and specific situations that characterizes the problem in humans.
Randomized controlled trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy for coexisting depression and alcohol problems: short‐term outcome
Authors: Baker Amanda L. , Kavanagh David J. , Kay‐Lambkin Frances J. , Hunt Sally A. , Lewin Terry J. , Carr Vaughan J. , Connolly Jennifer 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAims  Alcohol use disorders and depression co‐occur frequently and are associated with poorer outcomes than when either condition occurs alone. The present study (Depression and Alcohol Integrated and Single‐focused Interventions; DAISI) aimed to compare the effectiveness of brief intervention, single‐focused and integrated psychological interventions for treatment of coexisting depression and alcohol use problems.Methods  Participants (n = 284) with current depressive symptoms and hazardous alcohol use were assessed and randomly allocated to one of four individually delivered interventions: (i) a brief intervention only (single 90‐minute session) with an integrated focus on depression and alcohol, or followed by a further nine 1‐hour sessions with (ii) an alcohol focus; (iii) a depression focus; or (iv) an integrated focus. Follow‐up assessments occurred 18 weeks after baseline.Results  Compared with the brief intervention, 10 sessions were associated with greater reductions in average drinks per week, average drinking days per week and maximum consumption on 1 day. No difference in duration of treatment was found for depression outcomes. Compared with single‐focused interventions, integrated treatment was associated with a greater reduction in drinking days and level of depression. For men, the alcohol‐focused rather than depression‐focused intervention was associated with a greater reduction in average drinks per day and drinks per week and an increased level of general functioning. Women showed greater improvements on each of these variables when they received depression‐focused rather than alcohol‐focused treatment.Conclusions  Integrated treatment may be superior to single‐focused treatment for coexisting depression and alcohol problems, at least in the short term. Gender differences between single‐focused depression and alcohol treatments warrant further study.
Can hepatitis C virus prevalence be used as a measure of injection‐related human immunodeficiency virus risk in populations of injecting drug users? An ecological analysis
Authors: Vickerman Peter , Hickman Matthew , May Margaret , Kretzschmar Mirjam , Wiessing Lucas 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreaks occur among injecting drug users (IDUs), but where HIV is low insight is required into the future risk of increased transmission. The relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV prevalence among IDUs is explored to determine whether HCV prevalence could indicate HIV risk.Methods Systematic review of IDU HIV/HCV prevalence data and regression analysis using weighted prevalence estimates and time–series data.Results HIV/HCV prevalence estimates were obtained for 343 regions. In regions other than South America/sub‐Saharan Africa (SAm/SSA), mean IDU HIV prevalence is likely to be negligible if HCV prevalence is <30% (95% confidence interval 22–38%) but increases progressively with HCV prevalence thereafter [linearly (β = 0.39 andR2 = 0.67) or in proportion to cubed HCV prevalence (β = 0.40 andR2 = 0.67)]. In SAm/SSA, limited data suggest that mean HIV prevalence is proportional to HCV prevalence (β = 0.84,R2 = 0.99), but will be much greater than in non‐SAm/SSA settings with no threshold HCV prevalence that corresponds to low HIV risk. At low HCV prevalences (<50%), time–series data suggest that any change in HIV prevalence over time is likely to be much smaller (<25%) than the change in HCV prevalence over the same time‐period, but that this difference diminishes at higher HCV prevalences.Conclusions HCV prevalence could be an indicator of HIV risk among IDUs. In most settings, reducing HCV prevalence below a threshold (30%) would reduce substantially any HIV risk, and could provide a target for HIV prevention.
The impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on cue–reactivity in smokers
Authors: Bailey Steffani R. , Goedeker Katherine C. , Tiffany Stephen T. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAims  This experiment was conducted to determine the impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on reactivity measures to cigarette cues.Participants  Smokers were recruited who were 18 years of age or older, not attempting to quit or cut down on their smoking, smoked at least 20 cigarettes daily, had been smoking regularly for past year and had an expired carbon monoxide level of at least 10 parts per million.Design  Smokers were assigned randomly to abstain from smoking for 24 hours (n = 51) or continue smoking their regular amount (n = 50). Twenty‐four hours later, they were exposed to trials of either a lit cigarette or a glass of water with a 0, 50 or 100% probability of being able to sample the cue on each trial. Craving, mood, heart rate, skin conductance, puff topography and latency to access door to sample the cue were measured.Findings  Both exposure to cigarette cues and increasing availability of those cues produced higher levels of craving to smoke. Deprivation produced a generalized increase in craving. There was no consistent evidence, however, that even under conditions of high cigarette availability, deprived smokers were sensitized selectively to presentations of cigarette cues.Conclusions  The data suggest that, even under conditions of immediate cigarette availability, deprivation and cue presentations have independent, additive effects on self‐reported craving levels in smokers.
Continuities and changes in self‐change research
Authors: Klingemann Harald , Sobell Mark B. , Sobell Linda C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAims  A substantial literature demonstrates that natural recoveries from substance use disorders not only occur but are a common pathway to recovery. This article reviews selectively and comments on the current state‐of‐the‐art in natural recovery research.Methods  Basic concepts in natural recovery research are presented, and topical and methodological trends and changes in self‐change research over time are discussed.Conclusions  Although considerable progress has occurred in natural recovery research, several topics deserving of further research are identified, and implications for policy practice are discussed.
Appropriate laryngeal mask airway size for overweight and underweight children
Authors: Kim H. J. , Park M. J. , Kim J. T. , Kim C. S. , Kim S. D. , Kim H. S. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare conventional laryngeal mask airway sizing by weight with sizing by age in over‐ or underweight children. We studied 26 overweight (body mass index > 85th centile) and 26 underweight (body mass index < 15th centile) children. After general anaesthesia was induced, laryngeal mask airways sized by the patient’s weight and by an ideal weight (estimated from the patient’s age according to standardised tables) were inserted consecutively. In overweight children, oropharyngeal leak pressure was significantly greater when the laryngeal mask was sized by the patient’s actual weight. On the other hand in underweight children, it was significantly greater when sized by the ideal weight. In conclusion, laryngeal mask airway sizing according to the manufacturer’s weight‐based recommendation is to be preferred in overweight children, but laryngeal mask airway size by an ideal weight estimated from the patient’s age is a better choice in underweight children.
Radiation exposure to anaesthetists during interventional radiology*
Authors: Ismail S. , Khan F. , Sultan N. , Naqvi M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThis prospective study determined the level of radiation exposure of anaesthetists during interventional radiological procedures performed in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography suite and cardiac catheterisation laboratory and compared it with the current safety guidelines. Anaesthetists wore area‐specific lithium fluoride thermo‐luminescent dosimeter badges at standardised positions. A total of 1344 procedures were performed over a 6‐month period. Anaesthetists were involved in 39/645 (6.0%) procedures associated with ionisation radiation in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography suite and 86/699 (12.3%) in the cardiac catheterisation laboratory. The mean (SD) duration of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was 54.8 (29.1) min compared with 67.9 (42.8) min for cardiac catheterisation suite procedures (p = 0.058). The mean (SD) fluoroscopy time per procedure for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was 5.5 (4.1) min compared with 12 (10.9) min in the cardiac catheterisation suite (p < 0.001). The combined net radiation exposure over 6 months was 0.28 mSv for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures and 2.32 mSv in the cardiac catheterisation suite. The combined exposure was less than the maximum recommended exposure of 20 mSv per year.
The prevalence of anatomical variations that can cause inadvertent dural puncture when performing caudal block in Koreans: a study using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Joo J. , Kim J. , Lee J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the anatomical abnormalities that can induce inadvertent dural puncture when performing caudal block. The anatomy of the lumbo‐sacral area was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging. In 2462 of the 2669 patients imaged, the dural sac terminal was located between the upper half of the 1st sacral vertebra and the lower half of the 2nd sacral vertebra. In 22 cases (0.8%), the dural sac terminal and the spinal canal were located at or below the 3rd sacral vertebra, and these were cases of simple anatomical variations. As regards pathologic conditions, there was one case of sacral meningocoele and 46 cases of sacral perineural cyst. In 21 cases (0.8%) out of the 46 perineural cyst cases, the cyst could be found at or below the 3rd sacral vertebra level. Inadvertent dural puncture may happen when performing caudal block in patients with such abnormal anatomy.