bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Übertragungsverhalten von tiefenscannenden Weißlichtinterferometern
Authors: Xie Weichang , Lehmann Peter , Niehues Jan 
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung
Tiefenscannende Weißlichtinterferometer haben sich in der Mikro- und Nanotechnologie als Messgeräte zur 3D-Geometrieerfassung etabliert. Während eine axiale Auflösung im Sub-Nanometerbereich erreicht werden kann, ist die laterale Auflösung durch die Beugung auf die Größenordnung der Lichtwellenlänge begrenzt. Zudem treten bei der Messung von Kantenstrukturen Abweichungen von einer korrekten Übertragung der zu messenden Topographie auf. Die Beugung führt hier zu dem Batwing-Effekt. Ein Ansatz, das Übertragungsverhalten eines optischen Profilometers zu charakterisieren, basiert auf der ITF (Instrument Transfer Function), die sich von der für Abbildungssysteme gebräuchlichen MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) ableitet. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die ITF nicht nur von der Periodenlänge eines gemessenen Profils, sondern auch von dessen Amplitude und Form abhängt. Der Profilverlauf bei Rechteckprofilen geeigneter Amplitude kann bis zu einer Periodenlänge, die der optischen Auflösung gemäß dem Rayleigh-Kriterium entspricht, korrekt erfasst werden. Bei Messobjekten mit inhomogenem Fresnel-Koeffizienten, z. B. ein Chromgitter auf einem Glassubstrat, kann die laterale Auflösung deutlich schlechter sein. Eine Simulation für stochastisch raue Oberflächenprofile zeigt eine Überhöhung der Rauheit bei kurzer Korrelationslänge des Oberflächenprofils.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Cases Litigated in the Small Case Division of the U.S. Tax Court
Authors: Finnegan Thomas R. , Molloy Karen H. , Sternburg Thomas J. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper identifies a problematic area of the U.S. tax system involving the Small Case Division of the U.S. Tax Court (Small Tax Case Court) and makes policy recommendations that will help the Court operate more efficiently. In the Small Tax Case Court, a relatively small taxpayer can challenge the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) with minimal cost and formality. Little research has been conducted with respect to the type of issues litigated in the Small Tax Case Court and the success rate of taxpayers on these issues. In this paper, we present our analysis of the 1,660 cases which have been litigated in this court for the period 2001 through 2009.
We identified the issues in each case and found that most of the issues fall into four main categories: family, penalties, trade or business expenses, and gross income. We also found that taxpayers won on all issues in 113 of the 1,660 cases, for a success rate of approximately 7 percent. For the four main issue categories, the taxpayer success rate was 11 percent for matters that involved family issues, 13 percent for penalties, 3 percent for trade or business expenses, and 6 percent for gross income. The Court ruled in favor of the IRS on most issues because taxpayers did not provide adequate substantiation or because they blatantly underreported income.
From a policy standpoint, we believe that taxpayers should be informed that their chance of winning in the Small Tax Case Court is very low to nil if their claims are unsubstantiated or if they pursue an overly aggressive reporting strategy. Our hope is that if taxpayers know that their chance of winning in these types of situations is highly unlikely, they will stop litigating such issues in the Small Tax Case Court. A reduction in the number of cases involving spurious claims will allow the Court to be more efficient and more effective.
We make other policy recommendations that would improve the U.S. tax system, including one that would provide taxpayers with greater access to professional representation by waiving the examination requirement for CPAs and enrolled agents (EAs) who would otherwise have represented taxpayers in the Small Tax Case Court. For taxpayers, we provide a number of recommendations as to how taxpayers should substantiate their claims, which will (1) help them make better decisions regarding whether to litigate, and (2) increase their success rate in the Small Tax Case Court.
Data Availability: Data will be made available to other researchers who are interested in extending this body of knowledge.
Common Nano-Materials and Their Use in Real World Applications
Authors: McIntyre Robin A. 
Published: March 2012

Today engineered nano-materials have attracted a great deal of attention due to their important properties which have given birth to vast technological and economic growth in a number of industrial sectors. Nano-materials are indeed expected to become the cornerstone of a number of sectors such as microelectronics, materials, textiles, energy, healthcare and cosmetic goods. Nanotechnology applications will give rise to cleaner energy production, lighter and more durable materials, inexpensive clean water production and will benefit medical applications such as smart drugs and diagnostics. However, one has to be mindful of the risks involved concerning potential toxicity and exposure route and the verdict is still out on a number of nano-materials as to the relative dangers to humans and the environment. This brief review hopes to describe some of the main contenders and their real world applications but it should only be considered a snapshot of the industry and its relative potential.
Primary flexor enthesopathy of the canine elbow: imaging and arthroscopic findings in eight dogs with discrete radiographic changes
Authors: de Bakker E. , Beaumlin Y. , Samoy Y. C. A. , Van Vynckt D. , Gielen I. , Ducatelle R. , van Bree H. , Van Ryssen B. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryObjective: To describe the radiographic, ultrasonographic, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and arthroscopic findings in eight dogs with elbow lameness caused by primary flexor enthesopathy.Study design: Clinical study.Animals: Eight client-owned dogs.Methods: In all dogs, lameness was localized to the elbow by clinical examination. Radiographic examination, ultrasound, CT and MRI were performed prior to arthroscopy. In seven dogs, surgical treatment and subsequent histopathology were performed.Results: Primary enthesopathy of the medial epicondyle was diagnosed in eight dogs (13 joints) by combining the minimal radiographic changes with specific ultrasonographic, CT, MRI and arthroscopic findings at the medial epicondyle. In all joints, any other pathology could be excluded. Histopathology of the affected tissue revealed degeneration and metaplasia in the flexor muscles.Conclusions: Primary flexor enthesopathy at the medial epicondyle is an unrecognized condition and is a possible cause of elbow lameness in the dog. Diagnosis is based on specific imaging and arthroscopic findings.Clinical relevance: The most important cause of elbow lameness in dogs is medial coronoid disease. Often this condition presents with minimal radiographic and arthroscopic changes. In these cases, primary enthesopathy of the medial epicondyle should be considered as a differential diagnosis, in order to make the correct treatment decision.
Increased Levels of Circulating and Tissue mRNAs of Oct-4, Sox-2, Bmi-1 and Nanog is ESCC Patients: Potential Tool for Minimally Invasive Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Bahl Kriti , Saraya Anoop , Sharma Rinu 
Published: March 2012

Background Early stages of esophageal cancer lack a specific symptom, a reliable biomarker and accurate non-invasive diagnostic modalities prompting the pressing need for identification of a marker for early diagnosis of this disease. Methods In the present study we investigated the levels of circulating and tissue mRNAs of Oct-3/4, Sox-2, Nanog and Bmi-1 in esophageal cancer patients using Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) with the aim of evaluating their potential as minimally invasive diagnostic markers. Result Increased transcript levels of Oct-4, Sox-2, Bmi-1 and Nanog were detected in (92%), (95%), (75%) and (67%) of the esophageal cancer tissues, respectively as compared with the matched distant normals. Conclusion Interestingly, most of the preneoplastic tissues exhibited increased transcript levels of these stemness markers suggesting their role in early stages of esophageal tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the detection of elevated levels of circulating mRNAs of Oct-4 and Nanog in sera of esophageal cancer patients emphasizes their potential as minimally invasive diagnostic markers for esophageal cancer.
Triad of Iron Deficiency Anemia, Severe Thrombocytopenia and Menorrhagia–-A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ibrahim Ramy , Khan Areej , Raza Shahzad , Kafeel Muhammad , Dabas Ridhima , Haynes Elizabeth , Gandhi Anjula , Majumder Omran L. , Zaman Mohammad 
Published: March 2012

Introduction Thrombocytosis is a common disorder in patients diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. The decreased platelet counts commonly found iron deficiency anemia is rarely reported in clinical practice. The exact mechanism of the occurrence of thrombocytopenia in iron deficiency anemia remains unclear. In this case report we discuss a triad of symptoms seen in the African American population: Iron deficiency anemia, menorrhagia and thrombocytopenia. Case presentation A 40 year old multiparous African-American woman presented with heavy vaginal bleed, severe anemia (3.5 g/dL) and thrombocytopenia (30,000/mm3). The peripheral blood smear showed marked microcytic hypochromic cells with decreased platelets counts. After excluding other causes of thrombocytopenia and anemia, increased red cell distribution width and low iron saturation confirmed the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Treatment for iron deficiency anemia was initiated with intravenous and oral iron supplements. Two months following treatment of iron deficiency anemia, the triad of manifestations resolved and patient remained stable. Conclusion Profound degree of iron deficiency anemia can present with thrombocytopenia and severe menorrhagia. Iron replacement should be the main treatment goal in these patients. This case report further supports the 2 compartment model of the role of iron in maintaining platelet counts.
Effect of stearic acid and epoxy silane on the structure and flame‐retardant properties of magnesium hydroxide/ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/very low density polyethylene composites
Authors: Rong He , Man Xu , Lisheng Zhong , Darong Xie , Xinlu Tuo , Jingxuan Wu 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEthylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) and very low density polyethylene (VLDPE) blends filled with magnesium hydroxide (MH) were compounded by melt blending. Two kinds of surface treatments were used in this research, including stearic acid and epoxy silane. The composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter testing to study the effects of stearic acid and epoxy silane on the structure and flame‐retardant properties of the MH/EVA/VLDPE composites. The results indicate that stearic acid and epoxy silane had different effects on the interfacial interaction of the MH/EVA/VLDPE composites; this made a difference in the condensed phase of the physical process. Thus, the composites with different surface treatments had different flammability characteristics, thermal degradation processes, char yields, and LOIs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Features associated with locoregional spread of papillary carcinoma correlate with diagnostic category in the Bethesda System for reporting thyroid cytopathology
Authors: VanderLaan Paul A. , Marqusee Ellen , Krane Jeffrey F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Most malignancies identified by thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) are papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). This study sought to determine if clinically adverse features of PTC correlate with the preceding cytologic diagnosis.METHODS:Thyroid FNA diagnoses were correlated with subsequent histopathologic findings.RESULTS:From 6175 thyroid FNAs, histologic follow‐up confirmed PTC in 52 of 184 (28%) FNAs with atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), 52 of 190 (27%) FNAs suspicious for follicular neoplasm, 182 of 229 (79%) FNAs that were suspicious for malignancy, and 188 of 198 (95%) FNAs that were malignant (M). Sex, age, and disease multifocality did not differ among FNA diagnosis groups. However, PTCs following an M FNA were more likely to have a higher American Joint Committee on Cancer T and N stage, and have lymphovascular invasion and/or extrathyroidal extension. Two patients had distant metastasis at initial surgery, whereas 16 developed subsequent recurrence and/or metastasis; all had a preceding M FNA. High‐risk histologic subtypes of PTC also stratify to the M category, accounting at least partly for the association of cytologic diagnosis with adverse pathological parameters. Conversely, follicular variants of PTC predominate in non‐M categories.CONCLUSIONS:The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology conveys malignancy risk, but also predicts the presence of pathological risk factors and disease progression when the malignancy is PTC. M diagnoses identify higher risk PTCs, whereas AUS diagnoses identify low‐risk PTCs, mostly follicular variants. These findings support the concept of conservative clinical management for some patients with AUS, while suggesting that a central neck dissection may be routinely justified in some patients with a M FNA. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Tumor response assessments with diffusion and perfusion MRI
Authors: Li Sonia P. , Padhani Anwar R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThere is an increasing awareness that the evaluation of tumor response to oncologic treatments based solely on anatomic imaging assessments face many limitations, particularly in this era of novel biologic targeted therapies. Functional imaging techniques such as diffusion‐weighted (DW) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have the ability to depict important tumor biologic features and are able to predict therapy response based on assessments of cellularity and tumor vascularity, which often precede morphologic alterations. In this article we focus on DW‐MRI and DCE‐MRI as response parameters addressing the technologies involved, quantification methods, and validation for each technique and their current role in imaging response to conventional and novel therapies. We also discuss the challenges that lie ahead in the deployment of these imaging methods into the clinical environment. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:745‐763. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive evaluation of 3D hemodynamics in a complex case of single ventricle physiology
Authors: Markl Michael , Geiger Julia , Jung Bernd , Hirtler Daniel , Arnold Raoul 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe report the comprehensive evaluation of the complex hemodynamics in a rare case of a pediatric patient after repair of congenital heart disease with multiple abnormalities including hypoplastic left heart, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of great arteries, ventricular septal defect, aortic coarctation, and total cavopulmonary connection. Based on a single measurement, whole‐heart flow‐sensitive 4D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was able to demonstrate a number of regional flow alterations such as poststenotic helix formation and asymmetric flow distributions for the double arterial outlet and to the left and right lungs. Our findings illustrate the potential role of flow‐sensitive 4D MRI as a noninvasive and radiation‐free technique for the frequent postinterventional follow‐up in these pediatric patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A BEM sensitivity formulation for three‐dimensional active noise control
Authors: Brancati A. , Aliabadi M. H. , Mallardo V. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, a novel boundary element formulation for sensitivity analysis of local active noise control in a three‐dimensional field is presented. The formulation is based on the Helmholtz differential equation and is valid for internal as well as for scattering wave propagation problems. The primary noise is attenuated within an enclosure, called control volume, by adding a control source modelled as an object with a vibrating surface. Both the optimum position of the control volume and the optimum location/orientation of the secondary source are determined by minimisation of a suitable cost function. The sensitivities are determined by implicit differentiation. A hierarchical adaptive cross approximation approach in conjunction with the generalised minimal residual solver is implemented to accelerate the convergence. Four numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed formulations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of composites of laponite with alginate and alginic acid polysaccharides
Authors: Bandeira Lucimara C , Calefi Paulo S , Ciuffi Katia J , de Faria Emerson H , Nassar Eduardo J , Vicente Miguel A , Trujillano Raquel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPolymer/clay composites have several uses in fields such as engineering, agriculture, ceramics, surface coatings, absorbent materials, pharmaceuticals or catalysis. Polysaccharides, such as alginate and its acid derivatives, are biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, effective in the production of adsorbent systems, for encapsulation and controlled release of active ingredients such as drugs and fertilizers. In this work, alginate polysaccharide and alginic acid were used to form composites with laponite, both with the original clay or with clay previously functionalized with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The properties of the composites prepared from laponite or functionalized laponite and alginic acid or alginate were compared. The interaction of laponite with alginic acid leads to composites with strong disorder in the clay structure. In all cases, composites with high contents of polysaccharides, with good thermal and mechanical properties, are obtained. Laponite‐derived composites showed high adsorption capability for Cr(III) and methylene blue from aqueous medium. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Nanocomposites from biopolymer hydrogels: Blueprints for white biotechnology and green materials chemistry
Authors: Aimé Carole , Coradin Thibaud 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBionanocomposites based on the association between biological polymers and inorganic colloids are an emerging class of materials, with main applications in biotechnology and biomedicine. They combine the chemical diversity, hierarchical structure, and biocompatibility of natural biomacromolecules with the robustness and functionality of mineral phases. In particular, biopolymer hydrogels can act as templates and/or host matrices for nanoparticles to design bionanocomposites with tailored optical, conductive, magnetic, mechanical, and bioactive properties. This review presents the key concepts on which such materials are currently designed, in terms of chemistry and physics. Specific examples are provided to illustrate the importance of the bio‐organic/inorganic interface on the final properties of the composite structures. It is finally suggested that bionanocomposites have a major role to play for the development of green materials and bio‐responsive devices. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Associations between cognitive impairment in advanced cancer patients and psychiatric disorders in their caregivers
Authors: Meyer Fremonta , Zhang Baohui , Gao Xin , Prigerson Holly G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined whether cognitive impairment in advanced cancer patients is associated with a heightened frequency of psychiatric disorders in their primary caregivers.MethodsThree hundred fifty‐six patient‐caregiver dyads were interviewed and administered the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire and the Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition approximately 3.4 months before the patient's death. The Structured Clinical Interview of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition was administered to caregivers again approximately 6 months after the patient's death.ResultsForty‐six (12.9%) patients displayed signs of mild cognitive impairment at the baseline interview. After adjustment for relevant confounders, patient cognitive impairment was significantly associated with caregiver pre‐loss major depressive disorder [OR 6.88 (95% CI 1.32–35.92); p = 0.02], without associated increases in suicidality. There were no significant associations between patient cognitive impairment and caregiver pre‐loss generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, or grief. Likewise, there were no significant associations between patient cognitive impairment and caregiver post‐loss psychiatric disorders, but caregivers of cognitively impaired patients appeared to be less satisfied with the patient's manner of death (p = 0.01).ConclusionsCaregivers of cognitively impaired advanced cancer patients appear at heightened risk of major depression that resolves after the patient's death. Further study with a larger sample and more sensitive longitudinal cognitive measures is indicated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical investigations of a repetitively pulsed MPD thruster
Authors: Chu Kuo‐Yuan , Kubota Kenichi , Funaki Ikkoh , Okuno Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPerformance of a repetitively pulsed self‐field MPD thruster consisting of a flared anode and a short cathode was numerically investigated. For a time‐averaged input power of 100 kW and argon propellant, thrust and thrust efficiency were surveyed for various discharge frequencies under the condition of continuous propellant injection and a constant discharge duty ratio of 0.5. The results suggest that thrust efficiency of repetitively pulsed discharge operation can be improved up to about 16% with increasing discharge frequency owing to a relatively high time‐averaged electromagnetic thrust and an increase in aerodynamic thrust, and can surpass that of continuous discharge operation above 50 kHz. It is also shown that the frozen flow loss can be reduced by increasing discharge frequency, because the input power needed for reionization of the propellant can be suppressed. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paediatric multi-detector row chest CT: what you really need to know
Authors: Young Carolyn , Xie Cheng , Owens Catherine M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
The emergence of multi-detector row CT (MDCT) has established and extended the role of CT especially in paediatric chest imaging. This has altered the way in which data is acquired and is perceived as the 'gold standard' in the detection of certain chest pathologies. The range of available post-processing tools provide alternative ways in which CT images can be manipulated for review and interpretation in order to enhance diagnostic accuracy.

Methodology
Paediatric imaging technique/protocol together with radiation dose reduction is discussed in detail. The use of different post-processing tools to best demonstrate the wide range of important congenital anomalies and thoracic pathologies is outlined and presented pictorially.

Conclusion
MDCT with its isotropic resolution and fast imaging acquisition times reduces the need for invasive diagnostic investigations. However, users must be vigilant in their imaging techniques to minimise radiation burden, whilst maintaining good image quality.

Main Messages

• CT examinations should be clinically justified by the referring clinician and radiologist.
• MDCT is invaluable for evaluating the central airway, mediastinal structures and lung parenchyma.

• MDCT is more sensitive than plain radiographs in detection of structural changes within the lungs.