bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Regulations in the North Sea: What the Future Will Be?
Authors: Garland Emmanuel 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Until now, one of the key players for the environmental regulations in the North Sea has been the Convention for the Protection of the North East Atlantic, OSPAR. But in 2008 the adoption of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) by the European Commission changed the deal. Although MSFD has more or less the same goal as OSPAR, it works differently and no doubt that its role will increase.
The paper, which complements two previous publications [Ref. 1 and Ref. 2], aims at clarifying the new role of both OSPAR and MSFD and developing the strategy recently adopted by OSPAR in September 2010 as well as the consequences of the MSFD. This latter requests that the member states (including Norway as the MSFD has an EEA effect) implement effective measures by 2016 at the latest. Both regulations aim at reaching a good environmental status (GES) of the maritime area by 2020. It may look as a long term, but it is not actually as it takes years to implement major changes in environment policy. The paper explains in particular the current challenging change of perspective of OSPAR regarding the implementation of a risk based approach for the management of Produced Water - a formal measure being expected to be adopted by mid 2011 -, the threat caused by the OSPAR Recommendation on offshore chemicals to be substituted by 2017, and the significant threat that the MSFD poses on seismic activities, in relation with the definition of GES on energy introduced into the water, which is linked to underwater noise. But it also develops a few other issues, less publicized (NORMs, the DRILLEX initiative, etc.). The potential impact of the measures to come may be huge (previous OSPAR measure on Produced Water cost a billion pounds to the North Sea Offshore industry) and it is important that the industry takes a role in the discussions to come.
Seaeye Sabertooth, A Hybrid AUV/ROV Offshore System
Authors: Johansson Bert , Siesjö Jan , Furuholmen Marcus 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Increasing use and complexity of subsea installations has put focus on the costs of maintaining these systems. In addition, access to these systems is sometimes limited by adverse weather and ice conditions. Conventional methods for intervention, maintenance and repair (IMR) using surface ships and ROV's are very expensive furthermore are response and mobilization times slow.
To address this Saab Underwater Systems is in the process of developing a hovering Hybrid AUV/ROV system to remotely perform IMR without or strongly reduced need for a supporting ship. This system is based on the Double Eagle SAROV, a hovering Hybrid AUV/ROV in production for the military market and proven components from Saab Seaeye ROV product range.
This paper will present the Seaeye Sabertooth offshore system, its concept of operation and design. It will also present our cooperation project (Saab and Aker Solutions) for this system.
Marginal Field Life Extension: Goosander Field Case Study
Authors: McRae Gordon , Wright lulia , van Oorschot Rene , Berthereau Guillaume , Sikander Shahbaz 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The full-length paper is a case study of the redevelopment of a marginal, small sized North Sea oil field and describes some of the key aspects of the process that led to the identification of a viable drilling target in a field that already had seen reasonably high recovery factors (&gt; 25%). In particular, the use of analytical and simple numerical models to constrain key parameters before undertaking integrated full field simulation is considered.
The two main themes running through this description are, "understand before simulating" and "the quicker you fail, the quicker you succeed". There are examples illustrating how this approach allowed for parameters such as the STOIIP and vertical heterogeneity to be quantified more simply and quickly prior to integrated full field simulation modelling in the main paper.
The Goosander field is part of the Greater Kittiwake Area group of fields and is situated 95 miles East North East of Aberdeen in the UK Central North Sea.
"Learning the Lessons - Retrospective HAZOPs"
Authors: Herbert Ian L 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This paper provides operators of up-stream oil and gas assets an over view of some of the lessons leant from a range of retrospective full Hazard and operability studies (HAZOPs).
The Baker report into the Texas City incident highlighted the need for robust Process Hazard Analysis. This strengthened an already growing understanding for the need to re-validate the hazard identification for existing assets. HAZOP is recognized as a systematic methodology for the identification and initial assessment of process hazards. As a result full retrospective HAZOPs have now been undertaken for a number of upstream oil and gas facilities over the past few years. This paper aims to share the learning from these retrospective HAZOPs of existing installations. Key areas are a) How to do it better: taking into consideration that HAZOP fits into a wider Process Safety Structure, need for plant /process experience, preparation and the raising of recommendations/actions, close out of recommendations/actions, etc and b) Some common themes identified from the HAZOP exercise: such as with, losses in knowledge, flare systems, Level instrumentation, Drainage/effluent systems, utility systems, methanol systems, redundant equipment, MOC failures, reliance on operators and procedure failures, aging equipment (isolation).
This paper also details potential ‘what next’ for PHA Hazard identification, as the effort and commitment to periodic full retrospective HAZOPs is considerable. However, the consequences for organizations in not remaining vigilant on changes to their asset Hazards can be significant.
Oil Field Developments-Long Tie-back Concepts UK Limited
Authors: Rivière L. , Decrin M-K. , Sibaud E. , Anres S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
With most of the world’s largest and easiest-to-exploit deepwater oil reservoirs already under development or producing, the industry is now facing new deep offshore challenges: the production of smaller fields that often contain more difficult oils.
The tie-back of new fields to existing facilities can be a viable method for developing such marginal offshore fields, which are often too small to be developed economically on their own.
The use of subsea processing and innovative field architectures as development solutions is fast becoming a reality. Such challenges are already being addressed in the development of certain fields in the Gulf of Mexico (King, Perdido...), Brazil (Marlim, BC-10...) and the Gulf of Guinea (Pazflor). However, long subsea tie-backs come with inherent complications.
The most demanding are the flow assurance issues arising from the different operating regimes, and these may be combined with more viscous fluids and/or reservoirs at low pressure or low temperature.
This paper examines the advantages and limitations of various field architectures that may be considered for long satellite tie-back lengths in deep waters.
The first part addresses production considerations such as turndown, preservation and restart management for each candidate architecture. The impact of tie-back length on operating modes is also evaluated. The second part examines the impact of these operating modes on the receiving facilities.
Reliable LWD Calliper Measurements
Authors: Market Jennifer , Parker Tim 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
While perhaps not so glamorous as other measurements, calliper measurements are nonetheless an essential component of formation evaluation. Not only do we need to know the hole size for environmental corrections to other logs, such as nuclear measurements and sonic dispersion analysis, but an accurate indication of hole shape will tell us much about wellbore stability and mud optimization. For example, an elliptical wellbore can indicate the maximum and minimum stress directions. Hole enlargement/washout can indicate that the mud is too heavy or too reactive with the formation. An under-gauge hole might indicate bit wear. We also need to know the hole size to determine how much cement should be used, which is an important environmental and safety concern.
This paper reviews the physics of LWD hole-size indicators, including ultrasonic, sonic, density, and resistivity tools. Design aspects, such as transducer geometry and processing techniques to determine standoff, hole size, hole shape, and tool position, will be considered. Operational factors, such as tool centralization, mud density, formation velocity, and tool location in the borehole assembly will be discussed. We will also consider what data can be transmitted in real time vs. what is stored in memory. Methods for determining the mud velocity, a critical factor in acoustic calliper measurements, will be considered.
Field examples of ultrasonic, sonic, and density-derived hole size are shown. Finally, we will conclude with a summary of conditions under which callipers can be expected to function well and where they might not as well as techniques to optimize calliper data acquisition.
Learning From Another Industry; Lessons From The International Media
Authors: Kain Andrew 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
When security, political or environmental conditions deter other industries from hostile and inaccessible locations, two sectors can be found staying put or moving in - upstream oil and gas, and the international media. Like the upstream sector, the international media deploys personnel to areas affected by insecurity, political risk and difficult climatic conditions. As we look to secure safe, smart and sustainable supply, the experience of the media offers valuable lessons applicable to the energy industry. In the late 1990s, a major global media company initiated a cultural change within its organisation that has helped to secure its success while protecting its employees. This network maintains the industry benchmark for safety and security, and this cultural revolution has spread organically throughout the wider media sector. Change began with the specific training of broadcast news crews deployed to challenging environments; however, this has since evolved to incorporate early planning for the mitigation of risk and fully integrated, tested crisis management planning. The evolution of security and risk mitigation in the media industry provides a useful case study with which to compare the requirements to safeguard the key asset of the energy sector – its staff – and on a macro level, assist in the ongoing endeavour to secure supply. Currently, the upstream industry is highly regulated for work in the North Sea but little more training or qualifications are required of staff or employers prior to deployment to the Niger Delta or Iraq. Highlighting the similarities between these two industries, this paper examines the background to this organic, dynamic change within the culture of the international media. While there are upstream companies championing the preparation of staff deployed to challenging environments, with such programmes as, risk mitigation and crisis management planning, much can be gleaned from the media, an industry that has learnt the hard way in terms of human, litigation and reputational cost.
Evaluation of Electrical Resistance Probes to Detect Pipeline Erosion and Sand Production in Low Liquid Loading Flow Conditions
Authors: Fan Chenliang , McLaury Brenton S. , Shirazi Siamack A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Erosion arising from sand production is recognized as a significant problem in the oil and gas industry, which can a potential danger for operators and a cause for production downtime. In many offshore production systems, it is crucial to determine which well is producing sand so that preventive measures can be applied to minimize sand production. One type of sand detection equipment that is often used by oil and gas companies is an electrical resistance (ER) probe. ER probes are effective monitoring real-time "metal loss". But, there are many flow conditions for which sand may not be impacting and/or eroding these probes. Temperature changes can also obscure ER probe measurements. In this study, experiments were conducted mainly on a large scale multiphase flow loop utilizing 3-inch and 4-inch test sections under gas dominant low liquid loading conditions. The effects of superficial gas velocity, superficial liquid velocity, sand size, pipe size and flow orientation on erosion were also examined. Additionally, acoustic sand monitor was also used on the flow loop and the results are compared with ER probe data. A model that is developed for temperature compensation of ER probes shows significant promise for improving ER probe data for situations where temperature of the flowing fluid changes significantly. Furtheremore, understanding erosion rates that are measured by ER probes can help engineers determine the appropriate production rate in the field and initiate inspection and operation plans to ensure safety and continuous production.
The Happiness of Single Mothers after Welfare Reform
Authors: Ifcher John 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
U.S. welfare and tax policies targeting single mothers were transformed over a decade ago. What was the impact on single mothers’ happiness? Using data from the General Social Survey, difference in difference estimators are calculated. The results appear to indicate that the package of welfare and tax policy changes increased happiness. The results are largely consistent across three comparison groups and robust to various specification checks. This research nicely complements the literature by examining the impact of the welfare and tax policy changes on a novel outcome measure, self-reported happiness.
Abrogation of MMP-9 Gene Protects Against the Development of Retinopathy in Diabetic Mice by Preventing Mitochondrial Damage
Authors: Kowluru Renu A. , Mohammad Ghulam , dos Santos Julia M. , Zhong Qing 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
In the development of diabetic retinopathy, mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to play an important role in the apoptosis of retinal capillary cells. Diabetes activates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the retina and its capillary cells, and activated MMP-9 becomes proapoptotic. The objective of this study is to elucidate the plausible mechanism by which active MMP-9 contributes to the mitochondrial dysfunction in the retina.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using MMP-9 gene knockout (MMP-KO) mice, we investigated the effect of MMP-9 regulation on diabetes-induced increased retinal capillary cell apoptosis, development of retinopathy, mitochondrial dysfunction and ultrastructure, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. To understand how diabetes increases mitochondrial accumulation of MMP-9, interactions between MMP-9 and chaperone proteins (heat shock protein [Hsp] 70 and Hsp60) were evaluated. The results were confirmed in the retinal mitochondria from human donors with diabetic retinopathy, and in isolated retinal endothelial cells transfected with MMP-9 small interfering RNA (siRNA).

RESULTS
Retinal microvasculature of MMP-KO mice, diabetic for ∼7 months, did not show increased apoptosis and pathology characteristic of retinopathy. In the same MMP-KO diabetic mice, activation of MMP-9 and dysfunction of the mitochondria were prevented, and electron microscopy of the retinal microvasculature region revealed normal mitochondrial matrix and packed lamellar cristae. Damage to mtDNA was protected, and the binding of MMP-9 with Hsp70 or Hsp60 was also normal. As in the retina from wild-type diabetic mice, activation of mitochondrial MMP-9 and alterations in the binding of MMP-9 with chaperone proteins were also observed in the retina from donors with diabetic retinopathy. In endothelial cells transfected with MMP-9 siRNA, high glucose–induced damage to the mitochondria and the chaperone machinery was ameliorated.

CONCLUSIONS
Regulation of activated MMP-9 prevents retinal capillary cells from undergoing apoptosis by protecting mitochondrial ultrastructure and function and preventing mtDNA damage. Thus, MMP-9 inhibitors could have potential therapeutic value in preventing the development of diabetic retinopathy by preventing the continuation of the vicious cycle of mitochondrial damage.
Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy for A1C Reduction (STAR 3) Study
Authors: Bergenstal Richard M. , Tamborlane William V. , Ahmann Andrew , Buse John B. , Dailey George , Davis Stephen N. , Joyce Carol , Perkins Bruce A. , Welsh John B. , Willi Steven M. , Wood Michael A. ,   for the STAR 3 Study Group
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effects of crossing over from optimized multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy to sensor-augmented pump (SAP) therapy for 6 months, and the effects of 18 months’ sustained use of SAP.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The 6-month, single-crossover continuation phase of Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy for A1C Reduction (STAR 3) provided SAP therapy to 420 subjects who completed the 1-year randomized study. The primary outcome was change in A1C in the crossover group.

RESULTS
A1C values were initially lower in the continuing-SAP group than in the crossover group (7.4 vs. 8.0%, P &lt; 0.001). A1C values remained reduced in the SAP group. After 3 months on the SAP system, A1C decreased to 7.6% in the crossover group (P &lt; 0.001); this was a significant and sustained decrease among both adults and children (P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Switching from optimized MDI to SAP therapy allowed for rapid and safe A1C reductions. Glycemic benefits of SAP therapy persist for at least 18 months.
Le Sahara entre espace de circulation et frontière migratoire de l'Europe
Authors: Brachet Julien , Choplin Armelle , Pliez Olivier 
Published: September 2011

Les migrations internationales au Sahara représentent aujourd’hui un enjeu central des relations géopolitiques entre les États d’Afrique subsaharienne, d’Afrique du Nord et d’Europe. Elles ne constituent pas un phénomène nouveau puisque dès le milieu du XX e siècle des ressortissants des États sahéliens se rendaient au Maghreb pour y travailler, ces mobilités se réalisant en étroite relation avec la mise en valeur du Sahara. Pourtant, depuis le début des années 2000, la médiatisation des migrations à destination de l’Europe, très minoritaires au regard de l’ensemble des flux, a radicalement changé la donne. Chaque migrant de la région est suspecté d’être un « clandestin en transit vers l’Europe ». Les politiques migratoires depuis lors mises en œuvre dans les régions sahariennes perturbent l’ensemble des mobilités dans cet espace en passe de devenir une nouvelle frontière migratoire de l’Europe.
Acid Sphingomyelinase Is Required for Protection of Effector Memory T Cells against Glucocorticoid-Induced Cell Death
Authors: Tischner Denise , Theiss Jennifer , Karabinskaya Anna , van den Brandt Jens , Reichardt Sybille D. , Karow Ulrike , Herold Marco J. , Lühder Fred , Utermöhlen Olaf , Reichardt Holger M. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The activity of acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) was previously reported to be involved in glucocorticoid-induced cell death (GICD) of T lymphocytes. This mechanism in turn is believed to contribute to the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids (GCs) in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. In this study, we reassessed the role of aSMase in GICD by using aSMase knockout mice. The absence of aSMase largely abolished the partial protection that effector memory CD4+ T cells in wild-type mice possess against GICD. Reduced IL-2 secretion by aSMase-deficient CD4+ T cells suggested that a lack of this important survival factor might be the cause of these cells’ enhanced susceptibility to GICD. Indeed, addition of IL-2 restored the protection against GICD, whereas neutralization of IL-2 abrogated the otherwise protective effect seen in wild-type effector memory CD4+ T cells. The therapeutic implications of the altered sensitivity of aSMase-deficient T cells to GICD were assessed in models of inflammatory disorders; namely, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and acute graft-versus-host disease. Surprisingly, GC treatment was equally efficient in both models in terms of ameliorating the diseases, regardless of the genotype of the T cells. Thus, our data reveal a hitherto unrecognized contribution of aSMase to the sensitivity of effector memory CD4+ T cells to GICD and call into question the traditionally attributed importance of GICD of T cells to the treatment of inflammatory diseases by GCs.
Cutting Edge: Expression of XCR1 Defines Mouse Lymphoid-Tissue Resident and Migratory Dendritic Cells of the CD8α+ Type
Authors: Crozat Karine , Tamoutounour Samira , Vu Manh Thien-Phong , Fossum Even , Luche Hervé , Ardouin Laurence , Guilliams Martin , Azukizawa Hiroaki , Bogen Bjarne , Malissen Bernard , Henri Sandrine , Dalod Marc 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) have been described according to their functions and anatomical locations. Conventional DC subsets are defined by reciprocal expression of CD11b and CD8α in lymphoid tissues (LT), and of CD11b and CD103 in non-LT (NLT). Spleen CD8α+ and dermal CD103+ DCs share a high efficiency for Ag cross-presentation and a developmental dependency on specific transcription factors. However, it is not known whether all NLT-derived CD103+ DCs and LT-resident CD8α+ DCs are similar despite their different anatomical locations. XCR1 was previously described as exclusively expressed on mouse spleen CD8α+ DCs and human blood BDCA3+ DCs. In this article, we showed that LT-resident CD8α+ DCs and NLT-derived CD103+ DCs specifically express XCR1 and are characterized by a unique transcriptional fingerprint, irrespective of their tissue of origin. Therefore, CD8α+ DCs and CD103+ DCs belong to a common DC subset which is unequivocally identified by XCR1 expression throughout the body.