bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soviet ‘unofficial’ art
Authors: Glezer Alexander 
Published: September 2011

The author of this article was responsible for organising the now famous unofficial art exhibitions in Moscow last year (see Index 4/1974 p.78, 1/1975 p.91, 2/1975 p.92 and 3/1975 p.89). The first exhibition, on 15 September, was ‘bulldozed’ by police and KGB agents, and a number of artists who tried to exhibit their work were arrested. Two weeks later, however, an open-air exhibition did take place, permission having been given by the authorities, and some 10,000 people turned up to see paintings and sculptures by modern Soviet artists who do not enjoy official favour. Alexander Glezer, a 41-year-old poet and art collector, was questioned several times by the KGB, then arrested on 22 December and sentenced to 10 days in prison for ‘hooliganism’, and finally allowed to leave the Soviet Union in February this year. He now lives in Vienna.
The Shah's executioner
Authors: Baraheni Reza 
Published: September 2011

Reza Baraheni was born in Tabriz, Iran, in 1935. After studying there and in Turkey, he obtained a Ph.D. in English literature from the University of Istanbul, and in 1963 was appointed Professor of English at Teheran University. He has also taught at the University of Texas in Austin, the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, and Indiana University in Bloomington, read his poetry at various American universities and published in leading American quarterlies. He is the author of three novels and two dozen short stories, most of which have not been published in Iran as they were suppressed by the censor. The text that follows will appear in a revised form as an introduction to his Prison Poems, which are being published in book form by the Indiana University Press in Bloomington. The poems and the introductory article were written on the basis of his experience of three months ‘imprisonment in Teheran.’ The Doves' he actually wrote while in prison, scratching the words into the wall as he had no paper or writing utensils. ‘I was in prison, and that in solitary confinement, for 102 days at the end of 1973,’ writes the author. ‘I was released as a result of international pressure exerted on the Iranian government on my behalf in the United States. My release came on 22 December 1973. The prison was called the “Joint Committee for the Campaign against Terrorism in Iran”. But I met no terrorists in this prison. I discovered that the name was just a disguise to conceal the fact that most of the prisoners were students, professors and government employees. The reason for my arrest and subsequent physical and psychological torture was the publication of my book, Masculine History, which had become an underground success immediately after its appearance in 1972, and of an article called “The Culture of the Oppressor and the Culture of the Oppressed”, in which I had demanded cultural autonomy for Iran's ethnic minorities. After my release 1 left Iran for the United States.’
South African cultural boycott: White Coloureds on stage?
Authors: Small Adam 
Published: September 2011

‘I do believe that it is culturally disastrous to inhibit the flow of art, even in a society such as ours,’ writes Adam Small in the Johannesburg Artists' and Writers' Guild's Newsletter, commenting on his decision to give a White theatrical company permission to stage his play, Kanna Comes Home, for a White audience. We reprint his article as another contribution to the debate on the cultural boycott.
Toward the Storage Metabolome: Profiling the Barley Vacuole
Authors: Tohge Takayuki , Ramos Magali Schnell , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Mutwil Marek , Giavalisco Patrick , Steinhauser Dirk , Schellenberg Maja , Willmitzer Lothar , Persson Staffan , Martinoia Enrico , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
While recent years have witnessed dramatic advances in our capacity to identify and quantify an ever-increasing number of plant metabolites, our understanding of how metabolism is spatially regulated is still far from complete. In an attempt to partially address this question, we studied the storage metabolome of the barley (Hordeum vulgare) vacuole. For this purpose, we used highly purified vacuoles isolated by silicon oil centrifugation and compared their metabolome with that found in the mesophyll protoplast from which they were derived. Using a combination of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform-mass spectrometry, we were able to detect 59 (primary) metabolites for which we know the exact chemical structure and a further 200 (secondary) metabolites for which we have strong predicted chemical formulae. Taken together, these metabolites comprise amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, shikimate pathway intermediates, vitamins, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids. Of the 259 putative metabolites, some 12 were found exclusively in the vacuole and 34 were found exclusively in the protoplast, while 213 were common in both samples. When analyzed on a quantitative basis, however, there is even more variance, with more than 60 of these compounds being present above the detection limit of our protocols. The combined data were also analyzed with respect to the tonoplast proteome in an attempt to infer specificities of the transporter proteins embedded in this membrane. Following comparison with recent observations made using nonaqueous fractionation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we discuss these data in the context of current models of metabolic compartmentation in plants.
Antibiotics and asthma medication in a large register‐based cohort study – confounding, cause and effect
Authors: Almqvist C. , Wettermark B. , Hedlin G. , Ye W. , Lundholm C. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackgroundAn association between asthma and antibiotic usage has been demonstrated, and the issue of reverse causation and confounding by indication is much debated.ObjectiveOur aim was to study the association between different classes of antibiotics and prescription of asthma medication in a register‐based cohort of all Swedish children, born between July 2005 and June 2009, ever treated with antibiotics.MethodsData on dispensed prescriptions of antibiotics (ATC‐codes J01) and asthma medication (ATC‐codes R03A‐D) were requested from the Prescribed Drug Register. The association between dispensed prescriptions of different classes of antibiotics and asthma medication was analysed with Cox regression and a descriptive sequence symmetry analysis.ResultsIn total, 211 192 children had received prescriptions of antibiotics. There was a strong association between prescription of antibiotics and prescription of asthma medication. The hazard ratios (HRs) for asthma medication associated with prescription of amoxicillin, penicillin, cephalosporin and macrolides (Gram‐positive infections) were stronger than HRs associated with prescription of sulphonamides, trimethoprim and quinolones (urinary tract infections) and flucloxacillin (skin and soft tissue infections), e.g. first year HR = 2.27 (95% confidence intervals 2.17–2.37) as compared with HR = 1.04 (0.78–1.40). The HR associated with broad spectrum antibiotics was significantly higher than the narrow spectrum.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceOur data suggest that the association between antibiotics and asthma is subject to either reverse causation or confounding by indication due to respiratory tract infections. This implies that careful consideration is required as to whether or not symptoms from the respiratory tract in early childhood should be treated with antibiotics or asthma medication.
Evaluation of therapeutic sublingual vaccines in a murine model of chronic house dust mite allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Tourdot S. , Airouche S. , Berjont N. , Da Silveira A. , Mascarell L. , Jacquet A. , Caplier L. , Langelot M. , Baron‐Bodo V. , Moingeon P. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackgroundSecond generation therapeutic vaccines based upon recombinant allergens or natural extracts, potentially formulated in vector systems or adjuvants, are being developed. To this aim, preclinical studies in relevant animal models are needed to select proper allergens, formulations and administration schemes.ObjectiveTo develop a chronic house dust mite (HDM) allergy model to evaluate sublingual therapeutic vaccine candidates.MethodsThe BABL/c mice that were used were sensitized with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dpte) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Dfar) mite extracts by intraperitoneal injections followed by aerosol exposures. Animals subsequently underwent sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with either Dpte, Dfar or Dpte/Dfar extracts, twice a week for 8 weeks. SLIT efficacy was assessed by whole body plethysmography, lung histology and broncho‐alveolar lavages cell counts. Specific T cell and antibody responses to major and minor HDM allergens were monitored in tissues and serum/saliva, respectively.ResultsMice sensitized to Dpte and Dfar allergens exhibited strong airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and lung inflammatory infiltrates including eosinophils. Sensitized animals mounted Th2‐biased cellular and humoral responses specific for group 1 and 2 major allergens, as well as group 5, 7 and 10 minor allergens. This phenotype was sustained for at least 2 months, allowing the evaluation of immunotherapeutic protocols with HDM extracts‐based vaccines. In this model, SLIT decreased AHR and Th2 responses and induced HDM‐specific IgAs in saliva. The Dpte/Dfar mix proved the most efficacious when compared to Dpte or Dfar extracts alone.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThe efficacy of a sublingual vaccine based on a Dpte/Dfar allergen extract mix was demonstrated in a well standardized murine model of chronic allergic airway inflammation based on clinically relevant mite allergens. The latter will be used as a benchmark for evaluation of future vaccines, including recombinant allergens. This HDM allergic airway inflammation animal model is a useful tool to design and select candidate vaccines to be tested in humans.
Growth hormone regimens in Australia: analysis of the first 3 years of treatment for idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature
Authors: Hughes Ian P. , Harris Mark , Choong Catherine S. , Ambler Geoff , Cutfield Wayne , Hofman Paul , Cowell Chris T. , Werther George , Cotterill Andrew , Davies Peter S. W. ,   on behalf of the Australasian Paediatric Endocrine Group (APEG)
Published: September 2011

SummaryObjective  To investigate response to growth hormone (GH) in the first, second and third years of treatment for all idiopathic GH‐deficient (GHD) and idiopathic short stature (ISS) patients in Australia.Context  Eligibility for subsidized GH treatment in Australia is determined on auxological criteria for the indication of Short Stature and Slow Growth (SSSG), which includes ISS (SSSG‐ISS). The biochemical GHD (BGHD, peak GH < 10 mU/l) and SSSG indications are treated similarly: starting dose of 4·5 mg/m2/week with provision for incremental dosing. Some ISS patients were specifically diagnosed with familial short stature (SSSG‐FSS).Design  Responses for each year of treatment for BGHD, SSSG‐ISS and SSSG‐FSS cohorts were compared in relation to influencing variables and with international benchmarks. The effect of incremental dosing was assessed.Patients  Australian BGHD, SSSG‐ISS and SSSG‐FSS patients who had completed 1, 2, or 3 years of treatment and were currently receiving GH.Measurements  Growth hormone dose, change in height‐standard deviation score (ΔSDS) and growth velocity (GV).Results  First‐year response was 2–3 times greater than that in subsequent years: ΔSDS1st year = 0·92, 0·50 and 0·46 for BGHD, SSSG‐ISS and SSSG‐FSS, respectively. Responses were similar to international reports and inversely related to age at commencement of GH. First‐year GV‐for‐age for BGHD patients was similar to international standards for idiopathic GHD. However, girls had an inferior response to boys when treatment commenced at <6 years of age. First‐year GV‐for‐age for SSSG‐ISS/FSS patients was less than ISS standards. Dose increments attenuated the first‐ to second‐year decline in response to BGHD but marginally improved the responses for SSSG‐ISS/FSS.Conclusions  The Australian auxology‐based GH programme produces comparable responses to international programmes. A lower starting dose is offset by the initiation of treatment at younger ages. Incremental dosing does not appear optimal. A first‐year dose of 6·4–6·9 mg/m2/week for GHD and 8·9 mg/m2/week for ISS with early commencement of GH treatment may be most efficacious.
Geophysical benefits from an improved seismic vibrator
Authors: Wei Zhouhong , Hall Michael A. , Phillips Thomas F. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe seismic vibrator has become a very important source for land data acquisition and there have been dramatic improvements in recent times in the application of the vibroseis technique. These improvements have led to much increased productivity and in many cases much denser source sampling. At the same time, the vibrator itself has seen little improvement over the last couple of decades. There are needs in a few areas where an improvement in the vibrator itself can bring benefits to the quality of the seismic data acquired. This paper describes progress in four such areas, low‐frequency performance, high‐frequency performance, an improved estimate of the vibrator groundforce and source signature consistency over variable ground conditions. Each of these vibrator characteristics will be discussed in turn. Meanwhile, two field test results in which the performance of two different vibrators in these four areas are compared.
Research note: Laboratory study of the influence of changing the injection rate on the geometry of the fluid front and on P‐wave ultrasonic velocities in sandstone
Authors: Lopes Sofia , Lebedev Maxim 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTForced imbibition was performed in reservoir sandstone by injecting water into a dry sample. The injection was monitored with X‐ray computed tomography and acoustic acquisition to simultaneously visualize the displacement of the fluid and quantify its presence by calculating saturation and P‐wave velocities.We observed a strong influence when changing the injection rates on the acoustic response. Upon decreasing the injection rate from 5 mL/h to 0.1 mL/h, P‐wave velocities decreased sharply: 100 m/s in 1 h. This behaviour is related to the partially saturated conditions of the sample (76% of saturation) before decreasing the injection rate. The air that is still trapped is free to move due to a decrease of pore pressure that is no longer forced by the higher injection rate. After 1 hour, P‐wave velocities started increasing with small changes in saturation. Stopping injection for 16 hrs decreased saturation by 8% and P‐wave velocities by 100 m/s. Restarting injection at 5 mL/h increased saturation to 76% while P‐wave velocities fluctuated considerably for 2 hrs until they stabilized at 2253 m/s. Through the computed tomography scans we observed a water front advancing through the sample and how its shape changed from a plane to a curve after decreasing the injection rate.
Quantifying levels of biological invasion: towards the objective classification of invaded and invasible ecosystems
Authors: Catford Jane A. , Vesk Peter A. , Richardson David M. , Pyšek Petr 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBiological invasions are a global phenomenon that threatens biodiversity, and few, if any, ecosystems are free from alien species. The outcome of human‐mediated introductions is affected by the invasiveness of species and invasibility of ecosystems, but research has primarily focused on defining, characterizing and identifying invasive species; ecosystem invasibility has received much less attention. A prerequisite for characterizing invasibility is the ability to compare levels of invasion across ecosystems. In this paper, we aim to identify the best way to quantify the level of invasion by nonnative animals and plants by reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of different metrics. We explore how interpretation and choice of these measures can depend on the objective of a study or management intervention. Based on our review, we recommend two invasion indices and illustrate their use by applying them to two case studies. Relative alien species richness and relative alien species abundance indicate the contribution that alien species make to a community. They are easy to measure, can be applied to various taxa, are independent of scale and are comparable across regions and ecosystems, and historical data are often available. The relationship between relative alien richness and abundance can indicate the presence of dominant alien species and the trajectory of invasion over time, and can highlight ecosystems and sites that are heavily invaded or especially susceptible to invasion. Splitting species into functional groups and examining invasion patterns of transformer species may be particularly instructive for gauging effects of alien invasion on ecosystem structure and function. Establishing standard, transparent ways to define and quantify invasion level will facilitate meaningful comparisons among studies, ecosystem types and regions. It is essential for progress in ecology and will help guide ecosystem restoration and management.
Regionally differentiated estimates of cropland N2O emissions reduce uncertainty in global calculations
Authors: Berdanier Aaron B. , Conant Richard T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNitrogen (N) additions to cropland soils are the largest source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and are an important contributor to global greenhouse gas radiative forcing. Progress in understanding controls on N2O fluxes from soils is demonstrated in increasingly sophisticated emissions estimates with improved spatial and source resolution. These methods build upon ongoing field, laboratory, and modeling advances that are restricted to just a handful of countries. Thus, burgeoning new knowledge is of limited utility for improving N2O emissions estimates for the rest of the world where prospects for near‐term advances are constrained by the limited breadth of observations and availability of model driver data. Here, we use Bayesian inversion to leverage information from recent national‐level N2O emission inventories and reduce uncertainty by up to 65% for estimates of regional and global direct cropland N2O emissions. Our estimates for the proportion of N inputs lost as N2O vary by a factor of two between regions and depart from existing default emission factors, yet regional emissions estimates based on these factors are consistent with global, regional, and local observations. Improved regional emission factors will enhance national greenhouse gas inventories in information‐poor countries and guide efforts to reduce agricultural N2O emissions.
Cynicism as user resistance in IT implementation
Authors: Selander Lisen , Henfridsson Ola 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the process by which user cynicism emerges and is constituted as part of resistance in information technology (IT) implementation. We ground our process perspective in the received user resistance literature by linking cynicism to users' projections of the system's future use. Rather than attributing cynicism to perceived threats, however, we see user cynicism as cognitively distanced resistance that manifests as a perception of seeing through the espoused goals of the implementers. Based on a process analysis of a customer relationship management implementation at a customer service centre, the paper extends the user resistance model proposed by Lapointe and Rivard by identifying three dimensions of user cynicism in IT implementation. It also shows how cynicism, as a form of passive resistance, easily escalates and feeds new forms of resistance. Lastly, we introduce the cynicism literature as a new reference theory for the Information Systems (IS) audience.
Knowledge and skills of cancer clinical trials nurses in Australia
Authors: Scott Kathleen , White Kate , Johnson Catherine , Roydhouse Jessica K. 
Published: September 2011

scott k., white k., johnson c. & roydhouse j.k. (2011) Knowledge and skills of cancer clinical trials nurses in Australia. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(5), 1111–1121.AbstractAims.  This paper is a report of the development and testing of a questionnaire measuring knowledge and skills of cancer clinical trials nurse in Australia.Background.  The role of cancer clinical trials nurse, widely acknowledged as an integral member of the clinical research team, has evolved in recent years. Elements of the clinical trials nurse role in cancer have previously been described. To evaluate specific cancer clinical trials nurse educational and training needs, the development of a valid and reliable tool is required.Methods.  In 2009, a study was conducted in three stages. Stage I: questionnaire development and pilot testing; stage II: focus group; stage III: national survey. Internal consistency reliability testing and multi‐trait analysis of item convergent/divergent validity were employed. Regression analysis was used to identify predictors of clinical trials nurse knowledge and skills.Results.  The national survey was a 48‐item questionnaire, measuring six clinical trial knowledge and seven skills sub‐scales. Of 61 respondents, 90% were women, with mean age 43 years, 19 years as a Registered Nurse and 5 years as a cancer clinical trials nurse. Self‐reported knowledge and skills were satisfactory to good. Internal consistency reliability was high (Cronbach’s alpha: knowledge = 0·98; skills = 0·90). Criteria for item convergent/divergent validity were met. Number of years as cancer clinical trials nurse was positively related to self‐reported knowledge and skills.Conclusion.  Preliminary data suggest that the national survey is reliable and valid. Data have contributed to better understanding the knowledge and skills of cancer clinical trials nurse in Australia and development of a postgraduate course in clinical trials.
Population regulation by habitat heterogeneity or individual adjustment?
Authors: Krüger Oliver , Chakarov Nayden , Nielsen Jan T. , Looft Volkher , Grünkorn Thomas , Struwe‐Juhl Bernd , Møller Anders P. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. The habitat heterogeneity (HHH) and individual adjustment (IAH) hypotheses are commonly proposed to explain a decrease in reproduction rate with increasing population density. Higher numbers of low‐quality territories with low reproductive success as density increases lead to a decrease in reproduction under the HHH, while more competition at high density decreases reproduction across all territories under the IAH.2. We analyse the influence of density and habitat heterogeneity on reproductive success in eight populations of long‐lived territorial birds of prey belonging to four species. Sufficient reliability in distinguishing between population‐wide, site‐specific and individual quality effects on reproduction was granted through the minimal duration of 20 years of all data sets and the ability to control for individual quality in five of them.3. Density increased in five populations but reproduction did not decrease in these. Territory occupancy as a surrogate of territory quality correlated positively with reproductive success but only significantly so in large data sets with more than 100 territories.4. Reproductive success was always best explained by measures of territory quality in multivariate models. Direct or delayed (t−1) population density entered very few of the best models. Mixed models controlling for individual quality showed an increasing reproductive performance in older individuals and in those laying earlier, but measures of territory quality were also always retained in the best models.5. We find strong support for the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis but weak support for the individual adjustment hypothesis. Both individual and site characteristics are crucial for reproductive performance in long‐lived birds. Proportional occupancy of territories enables recognition of high‐quality territories as preferential conservation targets.