bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Continuous Seed Size Selection Among Two Runner-Type Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Branch W. D. , Culbreath A. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The major peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) producing regions in the U.S. are currently faced with an increasing tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) problem, and the most effective control is the use of resistant cultivars. This study was conducted to compare the field performance and TSWV disease intensity among different seed sizes of two runner-type cultivars. For three consecutive years, 1995–97, the effect of continuous seed size selection on yield, grade, and TSWV intensity among the two runner cultivars Georgia Green and Florunner was evaluated at the Univ. of Georgia Coastal Plain Exp. Sta. Sound mature kernels from both cultivars were divided into four seed sizes (jumbo, medium, No. 1, and the combined mill run check). Seed size selection pressure was applied to both cultivars each year. Seed stock for planting each year was obtained from the corresponding seed size produced the previous year. The results showed that the Georgia Green cultivar significantly out-performed the Florunner cultivar in yield, grade, dollar value, and had significantly less TSWV. Georgia Green had a similar percentage of jumbo seed, more medium seed, and fewer No. 1 seed than Florunner. Both runner-type cultivars responded similarly to continuous selection pressure with small but significant changes in seed size distribution over a relatively short 3-yr period.
Inhibition of Fungal Colonization of Stored Peanut Kernels with Products from Some Medicinal/Culinary Plants
Authors: Awuah R. T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Products from five medicinal/culinary plants—Citrus aurantifolia fruit peel oil, Cymbopogon nardus leaf oil, Ocimum gratissimum leaf powder, Xylopia aethiopica fruit powder, and Syzigium aromaticum clove powder—were tested for activity against fungal colonization of stored peanut. The natural microflora of kernels were supplemented with a norsolorinic acid (NOR) mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus before treatment with the various plant products. Treated kernels were stored at 5.7% moisture content in mini-polyethylene bags for 11 mo. Of the five plant products, the Syzigium clove powder proved to be most efficacious. After 4 mo storage, a low colony-forming unit (CFU) value of 0.601 log units of NOR A. parasiticus was recorded per gram of kernels treated with the powder. Significantly higher CFU values (P ≤ 0.05) were associated with kernels that received no plant product (3.099 log units) and kernels treated with the other plant products(1.459–2.930 log units). CFU of total fungi, superficial fungal growth, internal kernel discoloration, and fungal growth/sporulation on the internal surfaces of the cotyledons also were suppressed by the Syzigium powder after 11 mo. The Citrus oil and the Ocimum leaf powder were moderately effective, being similar to each other in several storage parameters. The Cymbopogon leaf oil was the least effective of the plant materials tested. In a test tube experiment, the Syzigium and Ocimum powders were more efficacious when mixed with stored peanut kernels than when separated from kernels with a piece of mosquito-proof screen. The optimum rates of the two powders for preventing superficial fungal growth on kernels at 8% moisture in mini-polyethylene bags at 28 C were 150 and 100 g/kg of kernels, respectively, for Syzigium and Ocimum. At these rates, 93 and 56% of kernels treated with the Syzigium and Ocimum powders, respectively, were free from superficial fungal growth after 4 mo. These results point to the potential of the two powders, especially Syzigium, for preventing mold growth and possibly aflatoxin production in stored peanut.
Diclosulam for Weed Control in Texas Peanut1
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Dotray P. A. , Sestak D. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in 1995 through 1997 in south and west Texas to evaluate diclosulam [N-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethoxy-7-fluoro(1,2,4)-triazolo(1,5c)-pyrimidine-2-sulfonamide] for weed control in peanut. Diclosulam applied preplant incorporated at 0.01 kg ai/ha in combination with ethalfluralin at 0.84 kg ai/ha controlled Texas panicum, Palmer amaranth, morningglory species, and golden crownbeard at least 95% and devil's-claw 91%. When diclosulam rates were increased to 0.02 kg/ha, yellow and purple nutsedge were controlled at least 89 and 72%, respectively. Diclosulam applied postemergence (POST) provided erratic yellow nutsedge control.
Peanut Seedling Response to Dinitroaniline Herbicides Applied Preplant Incorporated and Preemergence1
Authors: Johnson W. C. , Mullinix B. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Greenhouse studies were conducted in 1995, 1996, and 1998 to measure the effect of preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) applications of ethalfluralin and pendimethalin on growth of individual peanut seedlings in pots. Herbicide rates evaluated were 0, 0.6, 1.1, and 2.2 kg ai/ha for each herbicide. Parameters measured were time of emergence, seedling height, canopy width, foliage biomass, root length, and root biomass of individual plants. PPI applications were more injurious than PRE applications for all parameters regardless of herbicide. Ethalfluralin PPI inhibited peanut seedling growth more than equivalent rates of pendimethalin PPI. However, peanut seedling responses to PRE applications of ethalfluralin and pendimethalin were generally the same.
Managing Nematodes, Fungal Diseases, and Thrips on Peanut with Pesticides and Crop Rotations of Bahiagrass, Corn, and Cotton1
Authors: Johnson A. W. , Minton N. A. , Brenneman T. B. , Burton G. W. , Culbreath A. K. , Gascho G. J. , Baker S. H. , Johnson W. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The influences of bahiagrass, corn, and cotton in rotation with peanut and treatments with aldicarb, flutolanil, and aldicarb plus flutolanil on nematodes, thrips, diseases caused by soilborne fungal pathogens, and yield of peanut were studied for 3 yr. Peanut yields following either 1 or 2 yr of bahiagrass, corn, or cotton were higher than those of continuous peanut. Peanut yield was greatest in the aldicarb plus flutolanil treated plots (5270 kg/ha), intermediate where aldicarb (4060 kg/ha), or flutolanil (4597 kg/ha) was used without aldicarb, and least in untreated (3690 kg/ha) plots. Yield increases in response to cropping sequences and pesticide treatments resulted primarily from suppression of crop damage by Meloidogyne arenaria, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Frankliniella spp. The data document the pest management benefits and yield response associated with using two widely grown agronomic crops (corn and cotton), an improved bahiagrass cultivar, and pesticide treatments in peanut production.
Influence of Harvest and Post-Harvest Conditions on the Physiology and Germination of Peanut Kernels
Authors: Dey G. , Mukherjee R. K. , Bal S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Harvesting, storage, and shelling procedures can greatly affect seed vigor. In regions where mechanical harvesting and drying procedures are not standard, seeds are often damaged and germination is poor. The objective of this research was to study the effects of different drying procedures on seed quality. Germination of peanut kernel (Arachis hypogaea L., cv. J-11) was significantly affected by harvesting and post-harvest handling and operations. Harvesting at or around 110 d after. emergence showed higher numbers of matured kernels, with high quality and better storability. Pods after harvest were dried in the field following different methods. Field drying of pods with haulms, in heaps to avoid direct exposure to sunlight following the DOR method, was found to be highly suitable in reducing mechanical injury during shelling and also in maintaining higher germinability of seeds in storage. Effects of shelling were assessed in terms of physical damage. Only sound mature kernels (SMK) were used for drying and storage tests, which involved temperatures ranging from 20–50 C (in an air velocity 0.61 to 1.0 m/sec) and ambient to 50% RH conditions. Effects of drying on occurrence of physical damage like % split kernel, bold kernel, and skin slip then were assessed. Both shelling and drying had shown significant effects on germinability, seedling vigor, membrane integrity, dehydrogenase activity, and lipid peroxidation when tested under ambient or accelerated aging conditions. Slow drying or low temperature/low humidity drying reduced physical damage and maintained high vigor and viability during storage.
Feasibility Tests for a Two-Stage Batch Dryer for Curing Farmer Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Butts C. L. , Omary M. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A two-stage batch dryer for farmer stock peanut was developed by a commercial grain dryer manufacturer and tested at a commercial peanut buying point during the 1996 and 1997 harvests. A 7.3-m diameter grain bin provided the superstructure for two peanut curing chambers. Each chamber had an approximate capacity of 18,000 kg of in-shell peanuts. Comparisons between conventional peanut curing wagons and the bin dryer were conducted. Recorded data included temperature and relative humidity in both type dryers, drying time, moisture content throughout curing, farmers stock grades, milling quality, and seed germination. A total of 451,717 kg were cured in the two-stage dryer and 215,460 kg in conventional dryers. The initial moisture content of peanuts averaged 19% wet basis and dried at an average moisture removal rate of 0.45%/hr. The moisture removal rates for the two dryers were not significantly different. The final moisture content averaged 11%. Moisture content at the time of grading averaged 9%. Farmers stock grades and milling quality were not significantly different. The average quota support price, including LSK for peanuts cured in conventional dryers, was $630.47/1000 kg compared to $636.08/1000-kg peanuts cured in the two-stage dryer. Seed germination averaged 75.8 and 76.1% for conventional and bin-dried peanuts, respectively. The twostage batch dryer was comparable to the current wagon-drying system. A single batch in the two-stage dryer was equivalent to three peanut wagons.
Comparison of North Carolina, Georgia, and Florida Isolates of Cylindrocladium parasiticum
Authors: Hollowell J. E. , Shew B. B. , Beute M. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Thirteen isolates of Cylindrocladium parasiticum Crous, Wingfield & Alfenas from North Carolina and 11 from Georgia were grown on plates of PDA at 20,25, and 30 C on a temperature-gradient plate. Culture diameters were measured daily for 6 d. Significant differences were not observed among isolates grown at 20 C and cultures was smaller as compared with those grown at 25 and 30 C. At 25 and 30 C, isolates varied consistently in growth. On average, Georgia isolates grew slightly less than North Carolina isolates, and all isolates grew better at the warmer temperature. Growth of three North Carolina isolates was compared to four Florida isolates in a second experiment. Florida isolates grew significantly faster than North Carolina isolates at all temperatures. Isolates from the three states were compared for their ability to cause root rotting on peanut at 25 and 30 C. Plants were grown in soil infested at a standardized inoculum density in temperature-controlled water bath tanks for 7 wk at which time roots were rated for Cylindrocladium black rot development. Georgia isolates caused more root rot than either North Carolina or Florida isolates at both temperatures and also caused more seedling disease. State effects were significant; Florida isolates caused less root rot than Georgia isolates. Temperature by state interactions were not significant which means that high temperature-tolerant isolates of C. parasiticum have not evolved from regional differences in soil temperature. Further, North Carolina field isolates do not appear to have changed in temperature optima since the 1970s.
Localization of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (Genus Tospovirus, Family Bunyaviridae) in Peanut Pods
Authors: Pappu S. S. , Pappu H. R. , Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The localization of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) in peanut pods was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using TSWV specific antibodies. Pods were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic fieldgrown plants. All the plants were tested by ELISA for presence or absence of TSWV infection. Normal and abnormal looking pods from symptomatic plants were assayed by ELISA. Each pod was divided into shell, testa, and cotyledons. All of the shell and testa samples of both normal and abnormal pods from symptomatic plants were positive for TSWV, whereas TSWV could not be detected in the cotyledons. Similar results were observed by polymerase chain reaction, except that the cotyledons occasionally had a TSWV-specific sequence. No virus could be detected in any part of the pod collected from asymptomatic, virus-free plants. In growout tests of seed from both symptomatic and asymptomatic plants, none of the plants showed TSWV infection when assayed by ELISA. Results demonstrated the preferential accumulation of the virus in the shell and testa.
Response of Early, Medium, and Late Maturing Peanut Breeding Lines to Field Epidemics of Tomato Spotted Wilt
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. , Gorbet D. W. , Brown S. L. , Baldwin J. A. , Pappu H. R. , Holbrook C. C. , Shokes F. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Epidemics of tomato spotted wilt, caused by tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus (TSWV), were monitored in field plots of runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars Georgia Green and Georgia Runner and numerous breeding lines from four different breeding programs as part of efforts toward characterizing breeding lines with potential for release as cultivars. Breeding lines were divided into early, medium and late maturity groups. The tests were conducted near Attapulgus, GA and Marianna, FL in 1997 and in Tifton, GA and Marianna, FL in 1998. Epidemics in some early and medium maturing breeding lines, including some genotypes with high oleic acid oil chemistry, were comparable to those in Georgia Green, the cultivar most frequently used in the southeastern U.S. for suppression of spotted wilt epidemics. No early maturing breeding lines had lower spotted wilt final intensity ratings or higher yields than Georgia Green. However, spotted wilt intensity ratings in some late maturing lines and a smaller number of medium maturing lines were significantly lower than those of Georgia Green. Several of those lines also produced greater pod yields than Georgia Green. Results from these experiments indicated that there is potential for improving management of spotted wilt though development of cultivars that suppress spotted wilt epidemics more than currently available cultivars. There was no indication that differences in spotted wilt ratings corresponded to differences in numbers of thrips adults or larvae.
Aspergillus Species Colonization of Termite-Damaged Peanuts in Parts of West Africa and Its Control Prospects
Authors: Umeh V. C. , Waliyar F. , Traoré A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A survey of farmers' peanut fields in Benin showed that Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries infection was influenced by Microtermes (Isoptera: Termitidae) damage. Field trials conducted at the ICRISAT station and a farmer's plot in Mali on termite damage and Aspergillus spp. infection showed that peanut plots treated with carbofuran at planting and supplemented with chlorpyrifos at 40 days after planting (dap), or treated with only chlorpyrifos at 40 dap, significantly reduced pod damage by the termite M. lepidus Sjöstedt. and colonization by A. flavus. The cultivar ICG 10946 which had significantly more A. flavus (P &lt; 0.05) also had a higher percentage of damaged pods compared with the other cultivars at the on-station trials. The least infected cultivar in all the trials was 47–16 which also had a comparatively lower percentage of termite-damaged pods, although this was not significant. However, termite damage was correlated with A. flavus percentage colonization.
Performance and Economic Benefit of Herbicides Used for Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanut
Authors: Wehtje G. , Brecke B. J. , Martin N. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons (1995 and 1996) and at two locations (Jay, FL, and Headland, AL) to identify the most effective herbicide program for Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum (SW) D.C.] control in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The most common herbicides used for Florida beggarweed control—including preemergence (PRE), early-postemergence (EPOST), mid-postemergence (MPOST) and late-postemergence (LPOST) applied treatments—were evaluated in a factorial treatment arrangement. All treatments had merit and could be assembled into programs that resulted in maximum weed control, crop yield, and net returns. However, at least two of the four treatment timings were required to reach this level. Four systems were consistently associated with the maximum statistical grouping for both yield and net returns, as well as acceptable Florida beggarweed control (&gt; 81%). These systems were (a) paraquat + bentazon applied EPOST, followed by pyridate + 2,4-DB MPOST; (b) same as (a) only preceded by norflurazon applied PRE; (c) imazapic applied EPOST followed by pyridate + 2,4-DB MPOST; and (d) norflurazon applied PRE, followed by imazapic EPOST.
Herbicide Systems for Golden Crownbeard (Verbesina encelioides) Control in Peanut1
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Sestak D. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies were conducted in south Texas in 1994 and 1995 to evaluate various soil-applied herbicides alone and in combination with postemergence herbicides for golden crownbeard control. Ethalfluralin preplant incorporated (PPI) followed by imazapic or lactofen postemergence (POST) provided 100% golden crownbeard control. Ethalfluralin PPI followed by oxyfluorfen applied preemergence (PRE) or metolachlor + imazethapyr provided 90% control. Dimethenamid, ethalfluralin, and metolachlor alone failed to adequately control golden crownbeard. Golden crownbeard control was most effective when combination treatments were used (PPI or PRE followed by POST). Effective golden crownbeard control increased peanut yields up to 53% over that of the untreated check.
Comparison of Metolachlor and Dimethenamid for Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) Control and Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Injury1
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Lemon R. G. , Sestak D. C. , Brewer K. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted during 1996 and 1997 at four locations in Texas to evaluate metolachlor and dimethenamid for yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) control and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) injury. Dimethenamid and metolachlor were applied PPI or PRE at 0.6X to 2x the suggested label rates. Yellow nutsedge failed to develop at one location; however, early season yellow nutsedge control with dimethenamid and metolachlor were similar at one location, and at two other locations metolachlor provided greater nutsedge control than dimethenamid. Furthermore, late season yellow nutsedge control at the three locations was better with metolachlor than dimethenamid. Peanut stunting was 20% higher with metolachlor PRE at the 1x rate than dimethenamid PRE at the 1x rate at two locations when rated 4 or 12 wk after treatment (WAT). Peanut yields were variable but, at one location under weed-free conditions, plots receiving pendimethalin only had the highest yield. With excessive moisture and herbicide rates greater than recommended for field use, both dimethenamid and metolachlor caused peanut stunting. However, metolachlor provided better season-long yellow nutsedge control than dimethenamid.
Influence of Adjuvants on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Response to Prohexadione Calcium
Authors: Jordan D. L. , Swann C. W. , Culpepper A. S. , York A. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Research has demonstrated that prohexadione calcium (calcium salt of 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid) retards vegetative growth of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and in some cases increases pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, market value ($/kg), and gross value ($/ha). Spray adjuvants such as crop oil concentrate and nitrogen solution most likely will be recommended for application with prohexadione calcium. However, efficacy of prohexadione calcium applied with adjuvants has not been conclusively determined. Twelve experiments were conducted in North Carolina and Virginia during 1997 and 1998 to determine peanut response to prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate, urea ammonium nitrate, or a mixture of these adjuvants. Applying prohexadione calcium with urea ammonium nitrate, either alone or with crop oil concentrate, increased row visibility and shorter main stems compared with nontreated peanut or prohexadione calcium applied with crop oil concentrate. Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut in seven of 12 experiments regardless of adjuvant when compared with nontreated peanut. Pod yield, the percentage of extra large kernels, and gross value of peanut were not affected in the other experiments. Prohexadione calcium did not affect the percentage of total sound mature kernels, the percentage of other kernels, or market value in any of the experiments regardless of adjuvant.
Reaction of Peanut Cultivars to Spotted Wilt
Authors: Culbreath A. K. , Todd J. W. , Gorbet D. W. , Brown S. L. , Baldwin J. , Pappu H. R. , Shokes F. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field tests were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Georgia and Florida to compare the effects of 10 and 12 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, respectively, on epidemics of spotted wilt caused by tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus. Epidemics of spotted wilt were suppressed for the moderately resistant standard Georgia Green, and in Southern Runner, Florida MDR 98, ViruGard, and NC-V11. The reponse of these five cultivars to spotted wilt were similar and resulted in lower final disease intensity and areas under the disease progress curves than in the susceptible standard Georgia Runner, and in SunOleic 97R and Tamrun 96. Southern Runner and Florida MDR-98 consistently had higher yields than the TSWV-susceptible Georgia Runner. Georgia Green and NC-V11 had higher yields than Georgia Runner in three of the four tests. No consistent differences were found among the cultivars for numbers of adult tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) or western flower thrips (F. occidentalis). Differences among cultivars for numbers of larvae of Frankliniella spp. also were few and inconsistent. There was no indication that differences in thrips populations were responsible for differences in severity of spotted wilt in the field.