bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of BMI across the life course in the relationship between age at menarche and diabetes, in a British Birth Cohort
Authors: Pierce M. B. , Kuh D. , Hardy R. 
Published: October 2011

Diabet. Med. 29, 600–603 (2012)AbstractAims  Previous research showing an inverse association between age of menarche and adult diabetes relied on recalled age at menarche and did not adjust for BMI across the life course. We investigated the relationship between age at menarche and diabetes, and whether childhood, adolescent or adult BMI attenuates this relationship.Methods  We used data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a British birth cohort study of men and women born in 1946, with contemporaneous recording of the age of menarche, BMI at 2, 7, 15 and 20–53 years and diabetes status to 53 years.Results  A significant inverse relationship between age at menarche and diabetes [hazard ratio = 0.73 per year older age at menarche (95% CI 0.56–0.96), P = 0.02] was attenuated by adjustment for adult BMI [hazard ratio 0.85 (95% CI 0.65–1.10), P = 0.2]. The effect of age at menarche on Type 2 diabetes was very similar to that for all types of diabetes. Attenuation of the association between age at menarche and diabetes was also observed with BMI at 15 years, but less so with BMI measured earlier in childhood.Conclusions  Earlier age at menarche is associated with a higher risk of diabetes, and specifically Type 2 diabetes, in later life, which is most strongly attenuated by adolescent and adult adiposity. Early menarche may be clinically useful in identifying women who are at risk of later adiposity and so of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Dementia quality of life instrument – construct and concurrent validity in patients with mild to moderate dementia
Authors: Voigt‐Radloff S. , Leonhart R. , Schützwohl M. , Jurjanz L. , Reuster T. , Gerner A. , Marschner K. , van Nes F. , Graff M. , Vernooij‐Dassen M. , Rikkert M. O. , Holthoff V. , Hüll M. 
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  To translate the Dementia quality of life instrument (DQoL) into German and assess its construct and concurrent validity in community‐dwelling people with mild to moderate dementia.Methods:  Dementia quality of life instrument data of two pooled samples (n = 287) were analysed regarding ceiling and floor effects, internal consistency, factor reliability and correlations with corresponding scales on quality of life (Quality of Life in Alzheimer‘s Disease and SF‐12), cognition (Mini‐Mental State Examination, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale – cognitive), depression (Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia) and activities of daily living (Interview of Deterioration in Daily Living Activities in Dementia).Results:  We found no floor effects (<2%), minor ceiling effects (1–11%), moderate to good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.6–0.8) and factor reliability (0.6–0.8), moderate correlations with self‐rated scales of quality of life (Spearman coefficient: 0.3–0.6) and no or minor correlations with scores for cognition, depression or activities of daily living (r < 0.3). The original five‐factor model could not be confirmed.Conclusion:  The DQoL can be used in dementia research for assessing positive and negative affect, feelings of belonging and self‐esteem. The findings suggest further research to improve the structure of the scales aesthetics, feelings of belonging and self‐esteem.
European neuroborreliosis: neuropsychological findings 30 months post‐treatment
Authors: Eikeland R. , Ljøstad U. , Mygland Å. , Herlofson K. , Løhaugen G. C. 
Published: October 2011

Background:  The aim of this study was to compare neuropsychological (NP) functioning in patients with Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) 30 months after treatment to matched controls.Methods:  We tested 50 patients with LNB and 50 controls with the trail‐making test (TMT), Stroop test, digit symbol test, and California Verbal Learning test (CVLT). A global NP sumscore was calculated to express the number of low scores on 23 NP subtasks.Results:  Mean scores were lower amongst LNB‐treated patients than amongst controls on tasks assessing attention/executive functions: (Stroop test 4: 77.6 vs. 67.0, P = 0.015), response/processing speed (TMT 5: 23.4 vs. 19.2, P = 0.004), visual memory (digit symbol recall: 6.6 vs. 7.2, P = 0.038), and verbal memory (CVLT list B: 4.68 vs. 5.50, P = 0.003). The proportion of patients and controls with NP sumscores within one SD from the mean in the control group (defined as normal) and between one and two SD (defined as deficit) were similar, but more LNB‐treated patients than controls had a sumscore more than two SD from the mean (defined as impairment) (8 vs. 1, P = 0.014).Conclusions:  As a group, LNB‐treated patients scored lower on four NP subtasks assessing processing speed, visual and verbal memory, and executive/attention functions, as compared to matched controls. The distribution of NP dysfunctions indicates that most LNB‐treated patients perform comparable to controls, whilst a small subgroup have a debilitating long‐term course with cognitive problems.
The serum ferritin level is an important predictor of hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Choi K.‐H. , Park M.‐S. , Kim J.‐T. , Nam T.‐S. , Choi S.‐M. , Kim B.‐C. , Kim M.‐K. , Cho K.‐H. 
Published: October 2011

Background and purpose:  Because hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is associated with morbidity and mortality, we need a better understanding of the factors that predict HT after ischaemic stroke. HT is a well‐known factor that limits the use of thrombolytics and it negates the effect of treatment. This study investigated whether a high serum ferritin level is associated with HT in acute ischaemic stroke.Methods:  Seven hundred and fifty‐two consecutive patients with acute ischaemic stroke within 24 h after a vascular event were enrolled. HT was diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) and the HT was classified into hemorrhagic infarction (HI) type 1, 2 and parenchymal hematoma (PH) type 1, 2. HT was also classified into no HT, asymptomatic HT, minor symptomatic HT (sHT), and major sHT.Results:  Computed tomography or MR showed HT in 90 patients (HI in 58 and PH in 32; asymptomatic in 53, minor symptomatic in 23 and major symptomatic in 14). The ferritin levels were higher in the patients who developed HT, PH and sHT. After adjustment for confounding variables, multivariate analysis showed that a high ferritin level remained an independent predictor of HT in the patients with acute ischaemic stroke (P < 0.001). Serum ferritin levels higher than 171.8 ng/ml were independently associated with sHT.Conclusions:  This study suggests that a high ferritin level is an important predictor of HT, PH, and sHT in patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lowering the ferritin level with iron‐modifying agents or using free radical scavengers could be helpful to prevent HT in ischaemic stroke.
Association between hearing and vision impairments in older adults
Authors: Schneck Marilyn E , Lott Lori A , Haegerstrom‐Portnoy Gunilla , Brabyn John A 
Published: October 2011

Citation information: Schneck ME, Lott LA, Haegerstrom‐Portnoy G & Brabyn JA. Association between hearing and vision impairments in older adults. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00876.xAbstractPurpose:  To determine which, if any, vision variables are associated with moderate bilateral hearing loss in an elderly population.Methods:  Four hundred and forty‐six subjects completed a hearing screening in conjunction with measurements on a variety of vision tests including high contrast acuity, low contrast acuity measured under a variety of lighting conditions, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis, and colour vision. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between various vision variables and hearing impairment while controlling for demographic and other co‐morbid conditions.Results:  In this sample of older adults with a mean age of 79.9 years, 5.4% of individuals were moderately visually impaired (binocular high contrast VA worse than 0.54 logMAR, Snellen equivalent 6/21 or 20/70) and 12.8% were moderately bilaterally hearing impaired (hearing none of the 40 dB tones at 500, 2000 or 4000 Hz in either ear). Three measures of low contrast acuity, but not high contrast acuity or other vision measures, were significantly associated with hearing loss when controlling for age, cataract surgery history, glaucoma history and self reported stroke, all of which were significantly associated with hearing loss, although the association of glaucoma with hearing loss was negative.Conclusions:  Poorer vision for low contrast targets was associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment in older adults. Audiologists and optometrists should enquire about the other sense in cases in which a deficit is measured as individuals with dual sensory loss are at a marked disadvantage in daily life.
Ventilator waveform interpretation in mechanically ventilated small animals
Authors: Corona Terry M. , Aumann Marcel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo review the topic of ventilator waveforms analysis with emphasis on interpretation of ventilator waveforms and their use in the management and monitoring of mechanically ventilated small animal patients.Data sourcesHuman clinical studies, scientific reviews, and textbooks, as well as veterinary textbooks and clinical examples of ventilator waveforms in mechanically ventilated dogs.SummaryVentilator waveforms are graphic representations of data collected from the ventilator and reflect patient‐ventilator interactions. The 4 parameters pressure, volume, flow, and time are most descriptive of mechanical ventilation. Typically, 3 different graphs, also referred to as scalars, consisting of pressure versus time, volume versus time, and flow versus time, with time always plotted on the x‐axis, are used. Changes in the ventilator settings as well as in the characteristics of the lungs such as airway resistance (Raw) and respiratory system compliance (Crs) can be recognized from specific variations in the waveforms. Flow‐volume and pressure‐volume loops provide additional information about changes in lung function. Patient‐ventilator dyssynchrony is a common problem during mechanical ventilation and can lead to patient discomfort and an increased work of breathing. Ventilator waveforms are helpful to identify dyssynchrony, which can be divided into trigger, flow, cycle, and expiratory dyssynchrony. Ventilator waveforms allow the clinician to assess changes in respiratory mechanics, and can be useful in monitoring the progression of disease pathology and response to therapy. Adjustments in ventilator settings based on proper analysis and interpretation of these waveforms can help the clinician to optimize ventilation therapy.ConclusionsVentilator waveforms are graphic representations of patient‐ventilator interactions. Proper interpretation of ventilator waveforms affords the critical care clinician a better understanding of the patient's respiratory function, response to therapy, and causes for patient‐ventilator dyssynchrony. Ventilator waveform interpretation is an important tool in the assessment and management of mechanically ventilated small animal patients.
A review of current indications, adverse effects, and administration recommendations for intravenous immunoglobulin
Authors: Spurlock Nicole K. , Prittie Jennifer E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo review and summarize the body of literature regarding human intravenous immunoglobulin (hIVIG) therapy in veterinary medicine. Mechanism of action, usage in human medicine, adverse effects of therapy, implications for veterinary use, and administration recommendations are discussed.Data SourcesCurrent human and veterinary peer‐reviewed medical literature including original research articles and scientific reviews.Human Data SynthesisThere are currently 6 labeled uses forhIVIGin human medicine, but preparations are used off‐label to successfully treat multiple immune‐mediated conditions. To maximize the potential ofhIVIGuse in animals and identify areas deficient in research, a review of the current literature is warranted.Veterinary Data SynthesisInvestigation ofhIVIGtherapy in veterinary patients has been limited to the subjects of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA), immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP), Evan's syndrome, cutaneous disease, myasthenia gravis (MG), and sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARDS). Proponents of veterinaryhIVIGuse believe administration may reduce transfusion requirements and decrease hospitalization time.ConclusionImmunoglobulin (Ig) has not been shown to decrease transfusion requirements inIMHApatients, but shows great promise for treatment ofITPand dermatological diseases. Although serial transfusion ofhIVIGis employed in human medicine, repeated transfusion is not recommended in animals due to risk of severe allergic reaction. Other potential adverse effects of transfusion include delayed hypersensitivity reactions, thromboembolism, renal failure, hypotension, and aseptic meningitis.
Overview and controversies in the medical management of pit viper envenomation in the dog
Authors: Armentano Robert A. , Schaer Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a review and update on the medical management of pit viper envenomation in dogs.EtiologyPit viper snake (Crotalidae) envenomation in dogs is a common emergency in the United States. At least 50 enzymes contribute to snake venom potency that causes soft tissue damage, vasculotoxicity, coagulopathy, cytotoxicity, and necrosis.DiagnosisSnakebite envenomation may be identified by fang puncture wounds but primarily as a focal site with a rapid onset of severe swelling, hemorrhage, pain, and potentially necrosis. Crotalid venom causes hematologic abnormalities, local tissue damage, hypotension, and occasionally neurological impairment. The most marked hematologic abnormalities include thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and various forms of coagulopathy, including defibrination without disseminated intravascular coagulation (in North America), summarized as a venom‐induced coagulopathy.TherapyThe mainstay of treatment includes intravenous crystalloid fluid therapy, antivenom, and analgesic medications. Currently available antivenom products include a mixed polyvalent Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent (ACPa), and Crotalinae polyvalent immune Fab (Crofabb). There are products from Mexico and Costa Rica that have limited availability, a similar imported Fab product (Antivipmync), and a polyspecific antivenom (Polyvet‐ICPd), respectively. Glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antihistamines are not included in the majority of recommended treatment protocols by world authorities; however, there are some reports that describe their use. Antimicrobial therapy and blood products are used only when clinically indicated. There is a vaccine available, but at present, it is of unknown efficacy because of a lack of documented scientific information.PrognosisMortality from North American crotalid envenomation is generally rare and is influenced by several variables, including the amount of venom injected, the size and species of snake, the size of the victim, the location of the bite, time elapsed until treatment, and the therapy initiated. Mortality rates range from 1% to 30%.
Clinical safety evaluation of F(ab′)2 antivenom (Crotalus durissus – Bothrops asper) administration in dogs
Authors: Woods Craig , Young David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundAntivenoms consisting of selective antigen binding antibody fragments, or F(ab′)2, are becoming more popular in human and veterinary medicine, owing to their preferred kinetics, tissue distribution, and removal of the Fc binding portion of IgG. Consequences of antivenom administration can include acute and delayed reactions, dependent, in part, on the antivenom's donor source, purity, and composition. This study evaluated an equine‐derived polyvalent F(ab′)2 pit viper antivenom in healthy dogs of various size, age, and breed under controlled conditions. Dogs were allocated into 6 treatment groups (n = 10 per group) based on weight (3 weight groups) and dose (2 dose groups) and administered F(ab′)2 antivenom over 1 hour by IV infusion. Dogs were observed for adverse events at 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after administration and blood was collected for CBC and serum biochemistry before and at 24 hours postadministration.Key FindingsNo abnormalities were noted in the 3‐vial group. In the 6‐vial group, 3 dogs developed mild self‐limiting edema around the head or neck, suggestive of a type 1 hypersensitivity, while another dog vomited and developed mild hypocalcemia at 24 hours, reflecting a 13% reaction rate at high doses. However, no dogs exhibited clinical signs of hypocalcemia or had any severe adverse events. CBC remained normal in all groups.SignificanceThis study demonstrated that the polyvalent F(ab′)2 pit viper antivenom is well tolerated in dogs given large doses in a short period of time.
A review of stress‐related mucosal disease
Authors: Monnig Andrea A. , Prittie Jennifer E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo review and summarize the human and veterinary literature regarding stress‐related mucosal disease (SRMD) pathogenesis, patient risk factors, and therapeutic options for prophylaxis and treatment.EtiologySRMD is a common sequela of critical illness in human patients. Development of SRMD results from splanchnic hypoperfusion, reperfusion injury, and exposure of the gastric mucosa to acid, pepsin, and bile acids following breakdown of the gastric mucosal defense system. Human patients with the highest risk of stress ulceration include those with respiratory failure necessitating mechanical ventilation greater than 48 h or coagulopathy. Currently, little is known about the incidence and pathophysiology of SRMD in critically ill veterinary patients.DiagnosisA presumptive diagnosis can be made in high‐risk patient populations following detection of occult or gross blood in nasogastric tube aspirates, hematemesis, or melena. Definitive diagnosis is achieved via esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Lesions are localized to the acid‐producing portions of the stomach, the fundus, and body.TherapyTherapy is aimed at optimization of tissue perfusion and oxygenation. Pharmacologic interventions are instituted to increase intraluminal pH and augment natural gastric defenses. Histamine2‐receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, and sucralfate are the mainstays of therapy. In people, clinically significant bleeding may necessitate additional interventions (eg, packed red blood cell transfusions, endoscopic, or surgical hemostasis).PrognosisMortality is increased in people with clinically significant bleeding compared to those patients who do not bleed. Institution of prophylaxis is recommended in high‐risk patients. However, no consensus exists regarding initiation of prophylaxis, preference of frontline drug class, or indication for discontinuation of therapy. The prognosis of veterinary patients with SRMD remains unknown at this time.
Photoelastic Measurement of High Stress Profiles in Ion‐Exchanged Glass
Authors: Jannotti Phillip , Subhash Ghatu , Ifju Peter , Kreski Patrick K. , Varshneya Arun K. 
Published: October 2011

Photoelastic fringes were directly measured to fully characterize high magnitude, steep compressive stress gradients in an ion‐exchanged glass, trade named Ion‐Armor™. Initially, using a thick (9.9 mm) rectangular bar and circular polariscope arrangement the overall residual stress profile in a bulk specimen was determined. However, due to the relatively large thickness of the specimen, the high density of fringes (steep stress gradient) close to the edge of the specimen became too diffused to allow an accurate count of fringe order. A thinner (0.71 mm) specimen was then used along with a polarizing light microscope to enhance the fringe contrast. This arrangement yielded approximately four isochromatic fringes, representing a maximum surface compressive stress of 984 MPa, which rapidly decreased to ~300 MPa within 25 μm depth from the strengthened surface. Also, the case‐depth of the ion‐exchange process was found to be 0.8 mm. Thus, the technique was able to directly capture the extremely high residual compressive stresses generated in an ion‐exchanged glass. The current technique utilized for residual stress measurement is more objective and straightforward to implement than what is specified in ASTM standard C‐1422, particularly for those specimens having steep stress gradients just below the strengthened surface.
Analysis of Clostridium botulinum Serotype E Strains by Using Multilocus Sequence Typing, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis, and Botulinum Neurotoxin Gene Sequencing
Authors: Macdonald Thomas E. , Helma Charles H. , Shou Yulin , Valdez Yolanda E. , Ticknor Lawrence O. , Foley Brian T. , Davis Stephen W. , Hannett George E. , Kelly-Cirino Cassandra D. , Barash Jason R. , Arnon Stephen S. , Lindström Miia , Korkeala Hannu , Smith Leonard A. , Smith Theresa J. , Hill Karen K. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

A total of 41
Clostridium botulinum
serotype E strains from different geographic regions, including Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greenland, Japan, and the United States, were compared by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis, and botulinum neurotoxin (
bont
) E gene sequencing. The strains, representing environmental, food-borne, and infant botulism samples collected from 1932 to 2007, were analyzed to compare serotype E strains from different geographic regions and types of botulism and to determine whether each of the strains contained the transposon-associated recombinase
rarA
, involved with
bont
/
E
insertion. MLST examination using 15 genes clustered the strains into several clades, with most members within a cluster sharing the same BoNT/E subtype (BoNT/E1, E2, E3, or E6). Sequencing of the
bont
/
E
gene identified two new variants (E7, E8) that showed regions of recombination with other E subtypes. The AFLP dendrogram clustered the 41 strains similarly to the MLST dendrogram. Strains that could not be differentiated by AFLP, MLST, or
bont
gene sequencing were further examined using three VNTR regions. Both intact and split
rarA
genes were amplified by PCR in each of the strains, and their identities were confirmed in 11 strains by amplicon sequencing. The findings suggest that (i) the
C. botulinum
serotype E strains result from the targeted insertion of the
bont
/
E
gene into genetically conserved bacteria and (ii) recombination events (not random mutations) within
bont
/
E
result in toxin variants or subtypes within strains.