bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty‐eight ancestry informative SNPs
Authors: Lins Tulio C. , Vieira Rodrigo G. , Abreu Breno S. , Grattapaglia Dario , Pereira Rinaldo W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAncestry informative SNPs can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and Brazilian Native Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture. In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry‐informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population. Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of Fst among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of microsatellite DNA markers and their chromosome assignment in the common marmoset
Authors: Katoh Hideki , Takabayashi Shuji , Itoh Toshio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study was performed to develop microsatellite DNA markers, which are useful for linkage analyses, gene mapping and blood chimera analyses in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). We searched 153 of 295 bacterial artificial clone DNA sequences of the common marmoset that were archived in the NCBI database in 2004. On the basis of the search, we designed 186 PCR primer sets. When tested using 5 unrelated individuals, we successfully detected 154 markers with PCR products, of which 80 (52%) were polymorphic and 74 (48%) were monomorphic. We assigned each of the 154 markers to a human chromosome based on BLAST searches, which was achieved by searching the entire human genome sequences using an ∼3 kb section of each forward primer sequence, including ∼1.5 kb of the upstream and ∼1.5 kb of the downstream sequences. Combining our assignment data and the chromosome painting‐assisted karyotype of the common marmoset [Sherlock et al., Genomics 33:214–219, 1996], we prepared a list of 154 microsatellite DNA markers that were assigned to human chromosomes, except for the Y chromosome, which is equivalent to a chromosome map. Using five microsatellite DNA markers, we have established a fragment analysis method with a sequencer, which can be routinely used for blood chimera analysis, parentage diagnosis and individual identification. Am. J. Primatol. 71:912–918, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Applicability of tooth cementum annulation to an archaeological population
Authors: Roksandic Mirjana , Vlak Dejana , Schillaci Michael A. , Voicu Diana 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe use of tooth cementum annulations for age determination has been deemed promising, exhibiting high correlations with chronological age. Despite its apparent potential, to date, the tooth cementum annulations method has been used rarely for estimating ages in archaeological populations. Here we examine the readability of cementum annulations and the consistency of age estimates using a sample of 116 adults from the Iron Gates Gorge Mesolithic/Neolithic series. Our examination of the method pointed to several sources of error that call into question the use of this method for estimating the chronological ages of archaeologically derived dental samples. The poor performance of the method in our analysis might be explained by taphonomic influences, including the effect of chemical and biological agents on dental microstructures. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interplay between speed, kinetics, and hand postures during primate terrestrial locomotion
Authors: Patel Biren A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNonprimate terrestrial mammals may use digitigrade postures to help moderate distal limb joint moments and metapodial stresses that may arise during high‐speed locomotion with high‐ground reaction forces (GRF). This study evaluates the relationships between speed, GRFs, and distal forelimb kinematics in order to evaluate if primates also adopt digitigrade hand postures during terrestrial locomotion for these same reasons. Three cercopithecine monkey species (Papio anubis, Macaca mulatta, Erythrocebus patas) were videotaped moving unrestrained along a horizontal runway instrumented with a force platform. Three‐dimensional forelimb kinematics and GRFs were measured when the vertical force component reached its peak. Hand posture was measured as the angle between the metacarpal segment and the ground (MGA). As predicted, digitigrade hand postures (larger MGA) are associated with shorter GRF moment arms and lower wrist joint moments. Contrary to expectations, individuals used more palmigrade‐like (i.e. less digitigrade) hand postures (smaller MGA) when the forelimb was subjected to higher forces (at faster speeds) resulting in potentially larger wrist joint moments. Accordingly, these primates may not use their ability to alter their hand postures to reduce rising joint moments at faster speeds. Digitigrady at slow speeds may improve the mechanical advantage of antigravity muscles crossing the wrist joint. At faster speeds, greater palmigrady is likely caused by joint collapse, but this posture may be suited to distribute higher GRFs over a larger surface area to lower stresses throughout the hand. Thus, a digitigrade hand posture is not a cursorial (i.e. high speed) adaptation in primates and differs from that of other mammals. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chitosan‐magnetite nanocomposites for effective removal of urea in “magnetic hemodialysis therapy”: A novel concept
Authors: Pathak Abhishek , Bajpai Sunil K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe present study explores the possibilities of using chitosan‐magnetite (CM) nanocomposites for removal of urea in blood serum. The CM nanocomposites, with an average diameter in the range of 12–33 nm, were characterized by transmission electron microscopic and selected area electron diffraction analysis. The particles demonstrate fair ability to remove urea in human blood serum. The maximum removal efficiency was nearly 26%, when 200 mg of CM nanocomposites were allowed to agitate with 25 mL of urea solution of concentration 100 mg/dL. The CM nanocomposites could be easily removed by applying moderate magnetic field. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical properties of bioplastics and bioplastic–organoclay nanocomposites prepared from epoxidized soybean oil with different epoxide contents
Authors: Tanrattanakul Varaporn , Saithai Pimchanok 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of epoxide content (24–88 mol %) on the mechanical properties and characteristics of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and to compare the mechanical properties of ESO–organoclay nanocomposites with different epoxide contents (40 and 100 mol %). ESO was synthesized by in situ epoxidation with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. We prepared ESO bioplastic sheets from ESO by curing with methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride and 1‐methylimidazole. The tensile properties and tear resistance of the synthesized bioplastic (ESO40, where the number indicates the molar percentage of epoxidation) were investigated and compared with ESO bioplastic sheets prepared from commercial ESO with 100 mol % epoxidation (ESO100). The tensile modulus, tensile strength, tensile toughness, and tear strength of the ESO bioplastics increased with increasing epoxide content, whereas the elongation at break of the ESO100 bioplastic was lowest. No trend was observed in the bioplastics prepared from ESO24–ESO88. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed increases in the storage modulus and glass‐transition temperature as the epoxide content was increased. Thermal degradation also increased with increasing epoxide content. The crosslink density and chain flexibility controlled the mechanical properties and characteristics of the ESO bioplastics. ESO–organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by in situ intercalative polymerization. The addition of organoclay increased the mechanical properties of the ESO bioplastics. The effect of organoclay content (1–8 wt %) on the mechanical properties was similar to the effect of the epoxide content. The sESO100 nanocomposite showed a higher modulus but lower tensile strength and elongation at break than the ESO40 nanocomposite. Intercalation of the organoclay in the ESO nanocomposites was observed by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffractometry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Molecular characterization of alkyd/acrylic latexes prepared by miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Minari Roque J. , Goikoetxea Monika , Beristain Itxaso , Paulis María , Barandiaran María J. , Asua José M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe molecular characterization of alkyd/acrylic hybrid latexes produced by miniemulsion polymerization was characterized in terms of the resin degree of grafting, acrylic degree of grafting, reacted double bonds in the alkyd, gel content, and molecular weight distribution of the sol part. A simple method based on conventional size exclusion chromatography measurements was developed to estimate the fraction of alkyd resin grafted to the acrylic polymer. The method could be applied to completely soluble hybrids and to hybrids containing gel. Also, the limits of the extraction method used in the literature to estimate the fraction of acrylic polymer grafted to the alkyd was investigated; we found that this technique only provided accurate results at high values of the acrylic degree of grafting. The combination of this information with the reacted double bonds of the alkyd (determined by iodine titration) and the molecular weight distribution of the sol polymer provided a detailed characterization of the alkyd–acrylic hybrid polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of ε‐caprolactone and carbonate copolymers
Authors: Chen Hui , Yan Guo‐Ping , Li Liang , Ai Chao‐Wu , Yu Xiang‐Hua 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of copolymers were synthesized by the ring‐opening bulk polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (CL) and 2‐phenyl‐5,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl) trimethylene carbonate (PTC) with tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate as a catalyst. These copolymers were further reduced with a palladium/carbonate catalyst to obtain partly deprotected copolymers. The two types of copolymers that were obtained were characterized with 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, and automatic contact‐angle measurements. The influences of the monomer feed molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction time as well as the reaction temperature on the copolymerization process were also studied. The copolymerization of CL and PTC monomers was a nonideal copolymerization, and the copolymerization reactivity ratio of CL was higher than that of PTC in the polymerization process. In vitro degradation tests indicated that the partly deprotected copolymers possessed faster degradation rates and greater hydrophilicity than the unreduced copolymers. In vitro release profiles of fluorouracil from the copolymers showed that these two types of copolymers had steady drug‐release rates and good controlled‐release properties. Moreover, the partly deprotected copolymers had faster drug‐release rates than the unreduced copolymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mixed percolating network and mechanical properties of polypropylene/talc composites
Authors: Frihi D. , Masenelli‐Varlot K. , Vigier G. , Satha H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInjected polypropylene/talc composites were studied to evaluate the conditions leading to the formation of a mixed talc/polymer crystalline lamella percolating network and the influence of such a network on the nanocomposite mechanical properties. The talc was either conventional micrometer‐sized (conventional talc) or submicrometer‐sized particles (μ‐talc). In the case of μ‐talc, several talc fractions were studied, ranging from 3 to 30 wt %. The nanocomposite crystallinity was characterized with differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. Talc was found to act as a nucleating agent, and only the α phase was detected. Through quantification on a Wilchinsky diagram, the talc particles were found to lie in the sample plane, the polypropylene crystalline lamellae being orthotropically distributed perpendicularly to the talc particles. The mechanical properties of the composites were tested in different directions by tensile and compression tests. The mechanical behavior of the composites confirmed the microstructural model. For low talc loadings, the composite moduli could not be well fitted by a law of mixtures. The large difference between the observed and predicted moduli was attributed to the formation of a mixed percolating network, including talc particles and polypropylene crystalline lamellae. At high talc loadings, when the mixed percolating network was completely formed, the reinforcement could well be described by parallel coupling, which indicated a classical reinforcement mechanism. Finally, the value of the critical talc fraction, at which the mixed percolating network was formed, was examined as a function of talc. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electrochemical synthesis and studies of polypyrroles doped by renewable dopant cardanol azophenylsulfonic acid derived from cashew nutshells
Authors: Radhakrishan S. , Rao Chepuri R. K. , Vijayan M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe raw material cardanol, a renewable resource, is industrial waste and a pollutant from the cashew nut industry. Cardanol is a useful starting material for synthesizing a new amphiphilic molecule, cardanol azophenylsulfonic acid (CAPSA). In this study, polypyrroles were electrochemically synthesized with the renewable dopant CAPSA. The polymers were characterized with ultraviolet–visible, Fourier transform infrared, conductivity, impedance, charge–discharge, and cyclic voltammetry analyses. The conductivity of the films doped by CAPSA was in the range of 1.23–3.98 × 10−5 S/cm, and they exhibited moderate specific capacitance values. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical strengths of epoxy resin composites reinforced by calcined pearl shell powders
Authors: Ji Genzhong , Zhu Hongqi , Jiang Xuewen , Qi Chenze , Zhang Xian‐Man 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared using ground pearl shell powders, which had been calcined at various temperatures. The EP composite containing ∼ 3% weight content of the calcined pearl shell powder had the highest impact strength and the presence of silane agent was found to be essential for the composite formulation. The impact strengths of the resultant EP composites were highly influenced by the specific surface area, surface morphological structure, and chemical composition of the calcined pearl shell powder. The highest mechanical improvement was obtained for the EP composite prepared with the pearl shell powder calcined at 700°C for 3 h. The layered biopolymeric materials were completely degraded for the pearl shell powder calcined at 700°C, resulting in “sponge‐like” or “net‐like” porous calcium carbonate powder. However, the degradation of the layered biopolymeric materials was not complete for the calcinations at lower temperatures (<600°C), while calcium carbonate decomposed to form calcium oxide at higher temperatures (>800°C). The mechanical improvements of the processed EP composites have been discussed along with the chemical compositions and surface microstructures of the incorporated pearl shell powders. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and antioxidant activity evaluation of novel broom and cotton fibers derivatives
Authors: Trombino Sonia , Cassano Roberta , Ferrarelli Teresa , Cilea Alessia , Muzzalupo Rita , Cione Erika , Nevio Picci 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNovel antioxidant biopolymers composed by broom or cotton fibers, and trans‐ferulic acid, α‐lipoic acid, and α‐tocopherol, were prepared. The acids were directly linked to fibers microfibrils hydroxylic groups using N,N‐dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) as solvent with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N,N‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). Broom or cotton tocopherulate were prepared in the same conditions by using carboxylated fibers. Ester linkages were confirmed by using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy; biopolymers substitution degrees (DS) were determined by volumetric analysis. Antioxidant activity in inhibiting lipid peroxidation, in rat‐liver microsomal membranes, induced in vitro by two different sources of free radicals, 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) (AAPH) and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (tert‐BOOH), was evaluated. Finally, biocompatibility of these biomaterials was also tested by controlling glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) basal concentrations. Our results strongly suggested that the better derivatives were the ferulate ones. However, all obtained biomaterials, showing excellent antioxidant properties and biocompatibility, could be successfully applied in biomedical and in packaging areas. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of high‐impact polystyrene using a multifunctional cyclic peroxide as the initiator
Authors: Acuña P. , Morales G. , de León R. Díaz 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis work deals with the synthesis of high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) using a novel cyclic multifunctional initiator, the diethyl ketone triperoxide (DEKTP), analyzing its effect on the prepolymerization step and its influence over the HIPS final properties. DEKTP showed a low selectivity toward grafting reactions at any of the concentrations of initiator and temperatures evaluated, and when it was used under a temperature ramp (120–130°C, heating rate = 2°C/min), the synthesis of HIPS was possible with an adequate development of morphology and impact strength (i.e., 67 J/m) depending on DEKTP concentration. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of novel pseudo‐Fréchet‐type dendrons and their fluorescent enhancement to Eu3+ ion
Authors: Xu Dongmei , Liu Xiaohong , Chen Haijie , Qian Lili , Zhang Keda 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNovel pseudo‐Fréchet‐type dendrons with 1,3,5‐triazine structure G1.0(NOT) and G2.0(NOT) were synthesized under mild conditions by cyanuric chloride, β‐naphthol, and 3,5‐dihydroxybenzyl alcohol with the yields of 96.3 and 85.6%. The structure of the dendrons was characterized by elementary analysis, IR spectrum, 1H‐NMR, and FAB‐MS. The dendrons had good thermo stability and solubility. They could partially transfer their absorbed energy to Eu3+ ion in tetrahydrofuran/acetone solutions. When the concentration of G1.0(NOT), G2.0(NOT), and Eu3+ ion was 5 × 10−4 mol/L, G1.0(NOT) could enhance the fluorescent intensity of Eu3+ ion at 613 nm by 4.2‐fold, whereas G2.0(NOT) could enhance the fluorescent intensity of Eu3+ ion at 465 and 613 nm by 18.6‐ and 11.7‐fold, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Objective and subjective assessment of reciprocal peer teaching in medical gross anatomy laboratory
Authors: Bentley Brian S. , Hill Robert V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReciprocal peer teaching (RPT), wherein students alternate roles as teacher and learner, has been applied in several educational arenas with varying success. Here, we describe the implementation of a reciprocal peer teaching protocol in a human gross anatomy laboratory curriculum. We compared the outcomes of the RPT class with those of previous classes in which RPT was not employed. Objective data (i.e., course grades) show no significant differences in gross anatomy laboratory grades between students in the RPT and non‐RPT classes. To subjectively evaluate the relative success of RPT in the laboratory, we analyzed student opinions obtained through anonymous surveys. These data show that a powerful majority of student respondents felt that RPT was beneficial and should be used in future classes. The greatest disadvantage was unreliable quality of teaching from peers; however, most students still felt that RPT should be continued. Students who felt that they had insufficient hands‐on experience (by virtue of dissecting only half the time) were significantly more likely to recommend abandoning RPT. These results underscore the importance of active student dissection, and suggest that a modified version of the described RPT protocol may satisfy more of the needs of large, diverse student populations. Several hidden benefits of RPT exist for faculty, administration, and students, including reduced need for large numbers of cadavers, attendant reduction in operating costs, and smaller student‐to‐teacher ratios. Anat Sci Educ 2:143–149, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Data mining emotion in social network communication: Gender differences in MySpace
Authors: Thelwall Mike , Wilkinson David , Uppal Sukhvinder 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDespite the rapid growth in social network sites and in data mining for emotion (sentiment analysis), little research has tied the two together, and none has had social science goals. This article examines the extent to which emotion is present in MySpace comments, using a combination of data mining and content analysis, and exploring age and gender. A random sample of 819 public comments to or from U.S. users was manually classified for strength of positive and negative emotion. Two thirds of the comments expressed positive emotion, but a minority (20%) contained negative emotion, confirming that MySpace is an extraordinarily emotion‐rich environment. Females are likely to give and receive more positive comments than are males, but there is no difference for negative comments. It is thus possible that females are more successful social network site users partly because of their greater ability to textually harness positive affect.
Assessing global diffusion with Web memetics: The spread and evolution of a popular joke
Authors: Shifman Limor , Thelwall Mike 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMemes are small units of culture, analogous to genes, which flow from person to person by copying or imitation. More than any previous medium, the Internet has the technical capabilities for global meme diffusion. Yet, to spread globally, memes need to negotiate their way through cultural and linguistic borders. This article introduces a new broad method,Web memetics, comprising extensive Web searches and combined quantitative and qualitative analyses, to identify and assess: (a) the different versions of a meme, (b) its evolution online, and (c) its Web presence and translation into common Internet languages. This method is demonstrated through one extensively circulated joke about men, women, and computers. The results show that the joke has mutated into several different versions and is widely translated, and that translations incorporate small, local adaptations while retaining the English versions' fundamental components. In conclusion, Web memetics has demonstrated its ability to identify and track the evolution and spread of memes online, with interesting results, albeit for only one case study.