bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Image Analysis Morphometric Measurement for Tissue Water Status and Other Determinations
Authors: Spomer L. Art , Smith M. A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAgronomic research often requires observations involving accurate quantification of plant morphometric properties. Conventional methods are usually burdensome and often inaccurate, especially when features of interest are irregular in shape. A video image analysis system capable of accomplishing rapid and accurate morphometric measurements was demonstrated. The degree of shrinking or swelling of leaf disks was determined of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and pothos (Epipremnum aureum) in an isopiestic evaluation of tissue water status. This image analysis setup, with a potential resolution of 2.357 ✕ 10−6 cm2, rapidly (about 20 s) resolved minute disk area changes within a range of 0.2463 to 0.2827 cm2, with a maximum deviation of 1.5 X 10−4 cm2 (approximately 0.057% of disk total area). Microcomputerized video image analysis is concluded to be a valuable tool for achieving previously impossible or difficult morphometric measurements in a wide range of experiments.
Interfacing an Electronic Analytical Balance with a Microcomputer to Facilitate Gravimetric Laboratory Analyses
Authors: Gates R. N. , Waller S. S. , Lawrence B. K. , Mullahey J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA program is described that reduces laboratory time and labor by using an interface card to input readings from an electronic analytical balance to a microcomputer. Use of the system and the program is illustrated for detergent fiber analyses of forage samples. The program automatically records balance readings and calculates analytical results. Results are stored on floppy disks. Advantages include reduced time input for repetitive weighings and elimination of errors resulting from transcription or calculation. Results may also be transferred directly to another computer for summarization and statistical analyses.
Agronomic Performance of Sugary‐Brawn2 Maize: A Potential Additive for High‐Protein Silage Production
Authors: Tracy W. F. , Coors J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is low in soluble carbohydrates, which are required for successful silage preservation. Storing alfalfa as silage could reduce quality losses due to weathering, however. Adding grain high in soluble carbohydrates, such as sugary‐Brawn2 (su‐Bn2) endosperm maize (Zea mays L.), improves silage preservation, and results in higher quality feed. However, certain endosperm mutants, including alleles at the sugary locus, have been shown to reduce grain yields, dry matter production, and possibly photosynthetic rates. Our objective was to determine if su‐Bn2 maize hybrids have acceptable yield, ear moisture levels, and stalk and root quality for on‐farm grain production in the northern Corn Belt. Twenty su‐Bn2 hybrids and two adapted dent hybrids were grown at three locations in Wisconsin in 1986 and 1987. Data were collected on ear yield, ear moisture, heat units to midpollen and midsilk, plant and ear height, and root and stalk lodging. Yield of the su‐Bn2 hybrids ranged from 7.26 to 9.41 Mg ha−1, as compared with 7.96 and 9.40 Mg ha−1, for the two checks. Ear moisture of the su‐Bn2 hybrids was higher than that of the checks, although a number of su‐Bn2 hybrids had acceptable moisture levels. The su‐Bn2 hybrids compared favorably with the checks for plant and ear height, and stalk and root lodging. Maize with su‐Bn2 endosperm can be grown successfully in the northern Corn Belt for use as an additive in the ensiling of alfalfa. Management practices and economic aspects need to be further investigated.
Growth‐Promoting Activity of Chlordimeform
Authors: Bauer P. J. , Cothren J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarly season applications of the insecticide chlordimeform [N' ‐ (4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl)‐N,N‐dimethylformamidine] (CDF), have increased cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint yields above those expected from the pesticidal properties of the chemical. The molecular structure of CDF resembles other agricultural chemicals that have cytokinin‐like activity. The objective of this research was to determine whether CDF possesses biological activity similar to these compounds. Chlordimeform was compared with the naturally occurring cytokinin zeatin in two hormone bioassays (radish [Raphanus sativa L.] cotyledon expansion and cytokinin‐depleted soybean [Glycine max L.] callus growth). Chlordimeform induced radish cotyledon expansion when the cotyledons were incubated under continuous light. The optimal CDF concentration for cotyledon growth was 5.1 ✕ 10−4 M. Although expansion occurred under light conditions, CDF inhibited chlorophyll synthesis at the higher concentrations and did not induce growth when cotyledons were incubated in the dark. These responses were contrary to the response of cotyledons incubated with zeatin. Also, no activity was found in soybean callus culture. The data suggested that CDF has plant physiological activity, but the biological activity is not identical to that of zeatin.
Fallow Management Practices for Wheat Production in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Smika D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation comparing reduced and no‐till fallow management practices to conventional stubble mulch fallow for wheat production in a wheat‐fallow rotation in the semiarid Central Great Plains is limited. A 12‐yr study conducted at the Central Great Plains Research Station near Akron, CO evaluated the following seven soil management practices for their effectiveness for promoting soil water storage, reducing soil erosion potential, maintaining soil nutrient availability, and increasing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production and quality: (i) conventional stubble mulch tillage; three practices where weed control was achieved with herbicides except for (ii) one tillage operation performed as needed for weed control in early spring, (iii) immediately after harvest, and (iv) late fall (October); (v) chemical weed control except for one tillage after harvest and one tillage the following summer; (vi) chemical weed control with three tillage operations just prior to wheat seeding; (vii) and no‐till, all weed control achieved with herbicides. Nitrogen fertilizer as urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) was applied to all practices at the end of each fallow period at 56 kg ha−1. The soil at the research site is a montmorillonitic, mesic Aridic Paleustoll. No‐till consistently produced 10% more grain, had 9% higher soil water storage efficiency, and 7% fewer erodible‐sized soil particles than conventional tillage. The NO3‐N availability was comparable for all practices. The reduced‐tillage practices fell between the no‐till and conventional tillage extremes and varied with year‐to‐year climatic differences.
Nitrogen Contamination of Soils from Sampling Bags
Authors: Kitchen N. R. , Sherrod L. A. , Wood C. W. , Peterson G. A. , Westfall D. G 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil samples can be contaminated with N by storage in bags described by the manufacturer to contain a wax laminated glassine liner (WLG). This study was conducted to compare samples stored in a WLG sample bag and a polyethylene bag (POLY). Sandy and clay loam soils were brought to three different moisture contents representing wet, moist, and dry, approximately 0.20,0.06, and 0.01 kg H20 kg−1 soil, respectively, and stored in the WLG and POLY sample bags for 12, 48, and 120 h. Sample bags and soils were extracted for NH4−N and NO3−N with 2 M KCI. Extraction of shredded WLG and POLY bags gave 189.4 and 1.7 mg NH4−N kg−1 bag, and 12.5 and 0.3 mg N03−N kg−1 bag, respectively. Ammonium‐N concentration increased in both soils (from 4–42 mg N kg−1 soil) when stored either moist or wet in the WLG bag. The moist clay loam and the wet sandy loam increased 9 and 15 mg NO3–N kg−1 soil, respectively, when stored in the WLG bag for 120 h. The WLG bag should not be used for soil samples. All bags should be checked for N contamination prior to use.
Chromaticity Parameters in Relation to Visual Grades of the Flue‐Cured Tobacco
Authors: Carotenuto R. , Troncone R. , Martiniello P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe quality of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) depends on field‐growth conditions and post‐harvest processing, and can be partially determined by the color of the leaves. The objectivesof the investigation were to determine the range of values of chromaticity parameters of visually graded leaves and to evaluate the possibility of utilizing the parameters for electronic screening. The classification of leaves (visually or mechanically) is generally based on the evaluation of chromaticity differences of their color. The success of electronic screening requires an accurate definition of the chromaticity parameters a*, b*, and L*, which were defined mathematically by the International Commission on Illumination. Ten common tobacco cultivars were grown in each of 2 yr. The leaves were harvested four rewings and separated into bottom, lower, upper middle, and top leaves. After flue‐curinp, an adequate sample of leaves from each harvest was visually classified into three merit‐classes (grade A, B, and C). A colorimeter was used to determine the chromaticity parameters. Leaves from different cultivars and leaf positions on the stalk differed in grades and chromaticity parameters. The cluster technique of the L*, a*, and b* values defined for each merit‐class provided a range of chromaticity parameters that can be successfully utilized in electronic screening processing. Four cluster groups for chromaticity parameters L* and a*, and five for b*, were obtained. The range of values of the chromaticity parameters (L*, a*, and b*) obtained from the cluster method were correlated with the grades visually selected.
Fine Root Development of Alfalfa as Affected by Wheel Traffic
Authors: Rechel E. A. , Meek B. D. , DeTar W. R. , Carter L. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoot development in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is dependent of many factors including the soil environment which is influenced by crop management procedures. Soil compaction, which is unavoidable under current management procedures, can have a detrimental effect on root development. The purpose of this field experiment was to compare the effects of controlled and conventional traffic management on alfalfa fine root growth in a Wasco sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, nonacid thermic Typic Torriorthent). No wheel traffic and traffic only before planting were compared to two conventional systems that varied in the amount of traffic applied during crop production. Twenty months after planting, there was a significant decrease in fine root density (FRD) from single passes of traffic after each harvest down to a 0.45‐m depth while several passes after each harvest significantly decreased FRD down to 1.8‐m depth. Regardless of treatment, root density was greatest in the upper 0.1 m of soil decreasing to 1.8 m in the first summer. By the second summer FRD showed bimodal distribution with significantly fewer roots at 0.3 to 0.6 m compared to layers above and below this depth. Seasonally there was a significantly higher root density during the winter than the summer in the upper 0.3 m of soil. The results of this study shows that alfalfa fine roots more thoroughly exploit the soil volume in the absence of wheel traffic and that compaction from traffic diminished root growth to different depths depending on its intensity.
Management Effects on Harvest Losses and Yield of Double‐Crop Soybean
Authors: Grabau L. J. , Pfeiffer T. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] double cropped with wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) em Thell] may be more subject to harvest losses than a full season crop due to reduced lowest pod height (LPH). The objective of this field study was to determine the effects of wheat stubble heights (WSH) of 0,15, and 30 cm; soybean planting rates of 37, 65, and 92 seeds m−2; and soybean cultivars of differing maturity [Pella, early Maturity Group (MG) III, Douglas, mid‐MG IV, and Mitchell 450, late MG IV] on LPH, harvest losses, and yield. Clipped wheat residues were removed, and soybean planting was done without tillage on a Maury slit loam (Typic Paleudalfs). Increases in WSH and soybean planting rate had no effect on soybean harvest losses, which averaged 0.4, 2.0, and 6.6% for soybean cutting heights (SCH) of 5, 10, and 15 cm, respectively, and reached 16.5% at the 15 cm SCH for Pella in 1986. The latest maturing cultivar had the highest LPH and incurred the smallest harvest losses. Its yield performance in these years, however, was not competitive with the earlier maturing cultivars (2.06, 2.03, and 1.72 Mg ha−1 for Pella, Douglas, and Mitchell 450, respectively). Increasing WSH from 0 to 15 cm improved mean soybean yield by 16.9% in 1986, but had no effect in 1985. Although the use of a later maturing cultivar resulted in greater LPH, its yield was less than earlier cultivars. Increased WSH and soybean planting rate were not supported as strategies to reduce soybean harvest losses.
Herbage Production: Conventional Mixtures vs. Alternating Strips of Grass and Legume
Authors: Fairey N.A. , Lefkovitch L.P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil N influences the agronomic characteristics of grass‐legume herbage. A conventional grass‐legume stand was compared for productivity, quality, and botanical composition, at two locations for three production years, to three stands comprised of alternating, broadcast‐seeded strips (40‐, 60‐, or 80‐cm width) of pure grass and pure legume. Stands were of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and were grown under three N fertilizer treatments: N0 = no N; NGL = 150 kg ha−1 N applied uniformly to grass and legume; and NG = 150 kg ha−1 N but with the distribution of N restricted to plot areas seeded to grass. Grass dry matter (DM) yield declined as strip width increased with N0 (1.80‐0.92 t ha−1) and NGL (3.67−2.56 t ha−1), but was unaffected by strip width with NG (3.60 t ha−1). Herbage DM digestibility was 698, 699, and 708 g kg−1 for the 40‐, 60‐, and 80‐cm strip‐culture stands, respectively, and 690 g kg−1 for the conventional mixture. Legume concentration in harvested herbage (DM basis) ranged from 726 to 798, 489 to 524, and 411 to 426 g kg−1 for the strip‐culture stands with N0, NGL, and NG, respectively; it was 658 and 375 g kg−1 for the conventional mixture with N0 and NGL, respectively. Strip‐culture stands have potential for manipulating grass/legume ratios of herbage, and may provide a way to supply optimal N fertilizer to grass plants in grass‐legume associations, without relinquishing the N‐fixing contribution of the legume.
Seeding Density and Row Spacing for Lentil in Rainfed Mediterranean Environments
Authors: Silim S. N. , Saxena M. C. , Erskine W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLentil (Lens culinaris Med.) is largely sown by hand broadcasting at around 400 seeds m−2 in West Asia. Rising labor costs for hand harvest are forcing farmers to consider machine harvesting, which is economically feasible only on mechanically drilled, flat seedbeds. Seeding experiments were conducted at three sites between 1979 and 1986 to determine the effect of seeding densities (100–400 seeds m−2) and row spacing (0.2,0.3,0.4, and 0.5 m) on the seed yield, biological yield and economic return of rainfed lentil. The main site, Tel Hadya (Syria) had a mean annual rainfall of 315 mm over five seasons; Terbol (Lebanon) was wetter with 520 mm over two seasons; and Breda (Syria) was drier with 244 mm over two seasons. Seed yield and total biological yield were greater at the two wetter sites, but yields were significantly affected by seeding density within each site. The relationship between yield and seed density was best described by a quadratic curve. At the wetter sites (Tel Hadya and Terbol), seeding densities for maximum seed yield were 267 ± 33 seeds m−2, considerably lower than the 334 ± 4 at the drier Breda site. for maximum total biological yield, the seeding densities were 276 ? 22 for Tel Hadya, 298 ± 16 for Terbol, and 346 ± 4 seeds m−2 for Breda. The results indicated that using a seed drill, the optimum density for gross economic return minus seed cost was 280 seeds m− at Tel Hadya and Terbol and 320 seeds m−2 at Breda. These rates represent a potential saving in seed costs of 20 to 30% over hand broadcasting. Yields were less responsive to row spacing than to seeding density. Narrowest row spacing (0.2 m) generally gave the greatest seed yields, which decreased linearly with increased row spacing.
Experimental Design and Data Management of Rotation Experiments
Authors: Cady Foster B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWell summarized data from long‐term cropping systems experiments give agriculturists and others direction for improving and sustaining crop productivity in a cost‐effective manner while recognizing environmental concerns. Long‐term agronomic studies range from a few demonstration plots to multisite, replicated and randomized trials with complex experimental and treatment designs. Basic design principles need to be used with additional requirements, e.g., each phase of each cropping sequence should occur each year. Data management becomes more complex as multiple crop‐soil variables are measured over time. The multiyear data must be stored efficiently and must be easily retrievable to users with varied uses. Analysisof‐variance procedures are relevant for evaluation of interactions and are followed by specialized modeling applications. The commonly held statistical assumptions of experimental error for annual experiments may not be valid in long‐term studies where yields are measured on the same plots over years. Selection of an analysis approach depends on the assumed error structure. The renewed interest in existing long‐term studies encourages innovative approaches to data management, graphics and experimental modeling. The challenge is to make summarized data, including means, other model estimates and standard errors, accessible to users in a format that answers their questions.
Interaction of Salinity and Temperature on the Germination of Crambe
Authors: Fowler J.L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fries) is a potential oilseed crop for semiarid and arid environments where saline irrigation waters and soils are common. Crambe tolerance to salinity during germination is unknown. A laboratory experiment was designed to determine salinity tolerance of crambe during germination and salinity ✕ temperature interactions that may influence germination and stand establishment. Treatment solutions were prepared using NaCl and CaCl2 in a 2:1 molar ratio. Salinity (electrical conductivities of 0.03, 6.3, 12.1, 17.3, 22.5, 27.1, 32.0 and 36.3 dS m−1) and temperature (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) effects on germination of ‘Meyer’ crambe seed were determined over a 12 d period. Counts were taken at 3 d intervals and germination percentages and rate indexes were determined. Germination declined with increasing salinity at each counting date and salinity ✕ temperature interactions were highly significant. Germination was severely limited at 5 °C with only 22% germination in the salinity control (0.03 dS m−1) after 12 d. The optimum germination temperature for all salinity levels fell in the 15 to 25 °C range, with the final cumulative germination percentage peaking at 20 °C for most treatments. Germination decreased on either side (10 and 30 °C) of the optimum. Germination rate was drastically reduced at 5 °C at all salinity levels, with an intermediate effect at 10 and 30 °C at the lower salinity levels decreasing with increasing salinity at all temperatures. These results suggest that crambe is moderately tolerant to salinity stress during germination over the 10 to 30 °C temperature range.
Shoot Growth, Root Length Density, and Water Use of Barley Grown at Different Soil Temperatures
Authors: Sharratt B. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTemperatures considered optimum for root growth only occur near the soil surface in interior Alaska, and current literature inadequately describes low soil temperature (i.e. 5 °C) effects on plant development. This study determined shoot and root characteristics of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) when grown at varying root zone temperatures (RZT). Leaf area, number of leaves and stems, and aerial and root biomass were assessed at heading of barley grown in pots in a glasshouse at RZT of 5, 10, and 15 °C. Plant stage and height were recorded twice weekly. Pots were sectioned at 5 and 10 cm below the soil surface to obtain root lengths and dry weights. Three replications of the experiment used sand as the soil media, a fourth replication used a soil/peat mixture. Plant water use was determined by subtracting the amount of water leached through pots from that added. Plants grown at 5 °C RZT had a 30% slower leaf appearance rate, 50% fewer stems and leaves, and 70% less leaf area than grown at 15 °C. Root length density increased with increasing RZT. Water use and water‐use efficiency were least at 5 °C RZT. Greater specific leaf weights at 5 °C RZT indicated greater photosynthetic efficiency, but reduced water uptake resulted in less dry matter production than at 15 °C RZT.
Persistence of Sainfoin under Different Grazing Regimes
Authors: Mowrey D. P. , Matches A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.), a non‐bloat inducing legume, is well adapted to the calcareous soils of the Southern Great Plains. Poor persistence under some managements has limited its; use for grazing. Our objectives were to determine the effect of plant growth stage at defoliation and defoliation intensity on persistence of sainfoin. Nitrogen fertillized (100 kg N ha−1) ‘Renumex’ sainfoin was grown under irrigation on a Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torretic Paleustolll) near Lubbock, TX. Light (L), medium (M), and heavy (H) grazing intensities were applied at the bud (B), flower (F), and seed shatter (S) stages of growth. Across growth stages, L, M, and H intensities averaged 52, 69, and 87% removal of pre‐graze herbage mass, respectively. Over the 2 yr, sainfoin stands declined 20 and 43% when defoliated at the B and F stages under H defoliation intensity. Stands remained above 80% for the L and M intensities. Stands increased from reseeding in the S treatments by 35, 31, and 16% for the L, M, and H defoliations, respectively. Root concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) began to decrease with the initiation of spring growth reached their seasonal low in June, and then increased into late summer and autumn. Average TNC for H (130 g kg−1) was less than TNC in roots of L and M (155 g kg−1). Our findings indicate thaf sainfoin defoliated at the B or F stages of growth under L or M intensities of defoliation may have acceptable stand persistence when grown under irrigation in the Southern Great Plains.
SUNLIGHT, A Program to Calculate Sunshine Duration Parameters for Evapotranspiration Models
Authors: Troyo‐Diéguez Enrique 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe program, SUNLIGHT, was designed and developed to determine the theoretical sunshine duration and related parameters needed to estimate evapotranspiration of crops by means of solar radiation equations. The software was written in Gw‐Basic Version 2.02 to be used in a PC‐DOS compatible environment. Inputs required are the latitude of the site, in degrees, and a selected period of time. Outputs are (i) mean solar declination for the period, (ii) mean value of the cosin magnitude of the sun declination parameter, (iii) average sunshine duration in light‐hours per day, (iv) parameter percent of the number of light‐hours per day related to annual total, (v) sunshine duration expressed as the total number of light‐hours for the given period, and (vi) percent of light‐hours for the study period related to the annual total.