bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of powder morphology on the effect of rosemary aroma microencapsulation during spray drying
Authors: Janiszewska Emilia , Witrowa‐Rajchert Dorota 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe influence of particle morphology of spray dried powders obtained by using different carriers on the efficiency of microencapsulation of rosemary aroma is shown in the present research. It was found that the type of the carrier influenced the size but not the shape of rosemary aroma capsules and all the capsules were spherical with cracks. The biggest particles, d50 = 55 μm, were obtained with 25% maltodextrin (MD) as a carrier, and the smallest, d50 = 29 μm with 30% gum arabic (GA). The efficiency of encapsulating aroma inside of the capsules depended on the particles size and apparent density. An increase in the quantity of microencapsulated aroma from 10% for 25% MD to about 60% for 30% GA as the carrier was seen, which co‐related with a decrease in the average diameter of the powder particles. Similarly, an increase in the efficiency of aroma retention was followed by an increase of apparent density of powders from 796 (25% MD) to 1156 kg m−3 (30% GA).
Evaluation of the conditions of carotenoids production in a synthetic medium by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) in a bioreactor
Authors: Valduga Eunice , Tatsch Pihetra Oliveira , Tiggemann Lídia , Zeni Jamile , Colet Rosicler , Cansian João Marcos , Treichel Helen , Luccio Marco 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThis work studied the cultivation conditions for the production of carotenoids by Sporidiobolus salmonicolor (CBS 2636) in a bioreactor. A Plackett–Burman design was used for the screening of the most important factors, followed by a complete second order design, to maximise the concentration of total carotenoids. The maximum concentration of 3425.9 μg L−1 of total carotenoids was obtained in a medium containing 80 g L−1 glucose, 15 g L−1 peptone and 5 g L−1 malt extract, with an aeration rate 1.5 vvm, 180 r.p.m., 25 °C and an initial pH of 4.0. Fermentation kinetics showed that the maximum concentration of total carotenoids was reached after 90 h of fermentation. Carotenoid bio‐production was partially associated with cell growth. The specific carotenoid production (YP/X) was 238 μg carotenoids/g cells, whereas YP/S (substrate to product yield) was 41.3 μg g−1. The specific growth rate (μx) was 0.045 h−1. The highest cell and total carotenoid productivity were 0.19 g L−1 h−1 and 56.9 μg L−1 h−1, respectively.
Identification of multiple grain image samples from tray
Authors: Anami Basavaraj S. , Savakar Dayanand G. , Biradar Vijay S. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThis paper presents a methodology to identify the different grain types from image samples of tray containing multiple grains using colour and textural features. The multiple grain images are segmented into individual grain images. From these images, eighteen colour and twenty‐four textural features are obtained. A neural network model is implemented for identification of bulk food grains. Five different types of grains namely, alasandi, green gram, metagi, red gram and wheat commonly used in Indian food preparations are considered in this work. The maximum and minimum food grain identification accuracies observed in this work are 94% and 80% for wheat and alasandi, respectively. The work finds application in development of machine vision system for grain identification, classification and grading.
Browning susceptibility of white wine and antioxidant effect of glutathione
Authors: El Hosry Leina , Auezova Lizette , Sakr Amer , Hajj‐Moussa Elie 
Published: October 2009

SummaryGlutathione (GSH) content and other physicochemical parameters of thirteen white wines originated from Lebanon were studied in relation to their browning capacity; the impact of pH, total sulphur dioxide and total phenol content into the browning susceptibility of the wine was shown. The effect of GSH, added to the wine at different concentrations, on the total phenol content was studied at 55 °C during 8 days of accelerated oxidation. GSH addition resulted in significantly higher total phenol content only on day 0 of the test. GSH was shown to be readily oxidised in these conditions: even on day 0, there was a considerable reduction (up to 73%) in GSH level. Moreover, after 8 days of oxidation, GSH concentration in all studied samples ranged from 4.79 to 5.11 mg L−1; these values were close to GSH value in control wine (without added GSH) on day 0. On the contrary, GSH appeared to contribute significantly to the wine stability, which might have been via the increase of reduced phenolic pool. GSH addition appeared to have an improving effect on the organoleptic qualities of the wine.
Study on efficiency of betacyanin extraction from red beetroots
Authors: De Azeredo Henriette Monteiro Cordeiro , Pereira Ana Claudia , De Souza Arthur Claudio Rodrigues , Gouveia Sandro Thomaz , Mendes Kênya Christina Barbosa 
Published: October 2009

SummaryRed beetroots are rich in betalain pigments, which are divided into betacyanins (predominating in red beetroots) and betaxanthins. The objective of this work was to study efficiency of aqueous extraction of betacyanins from red beets. The experiment was conducted according to a central composite design, with the following variables: solvent pH (pH, 3.0–5.0), solvent‐to‐beetroot ratio (S/B, 1:1–5:1), solvent initial temperature (ST, 30–70 °C) and grinding time (GT, 2–10 min). Beetroots were ground with the solvent, filtered and evaluated for betacyanin contents. A highly significant model was obtained for betacyanin extraction efficiency (BEE), which was positively affected by ST and S/B, and inversely affected by pH. The most adequate extraction conditions were pH, 3.0; S/B, 5:1; ST, 70 °C and GT, 2 min. At such conditions, BEE was near 70%. The method is simple and produces a bright red–purple extract to be later dried or concentrated for use as a food colourant.
Quality attributes of vegetable soybean as a function of boiling time and condition
Authors: Mozzoni Leandro A. , Chen Pengyin , Morawicki Ruben O. , Hettiarachchy Navam S. , Brye Kristofor R. , Mauromoustakos Andy 
Published: October 2009

SummaryVegetable soybeans are marketed fresh or frozen, either shelled or in pods. The objective of this research was to characterise the change in quality attributes of vegetable soybean with boiling time (0–20 min), and presence/absence of pods, using an electrical‐resistance stove or a steam‐jacketed kettle. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), texture, colour, soluble sugars, nitrogen, calcium and iron content were analysed. Blanching using a steam‐jacketed kettle for approximately 2 min rendered 80% inactivation of TIA, and resulted in high colour, texture and sucrose. There were no differences between blanching in pods or shelled for TIA, colour and texture; however, blanching in pods prevented losses of sucrose. Blanching did not affect iron, mono‐ and oligosaccharide levels, but increased nitrogen and calcium content. Additionally, we observed that all traits decreased linearly with cooking time when using an electrical‐resistance stove, except for calcium and nitrogen that increased, and oligosaccharides that remained constant.
Changes in volatile compounds of a native Chinese chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens var) during ripening
Authors: Liu Rong , Xiong Ke , Chao‐Luo Yang , Ze‐Dai Xiong , Min‐Liu Zhi , Tong‐Xue Wen 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe objective of this study was to identify the volatile components of a native Chinese chilli pepper (Capsicum frutescens var) at different ripening stages. The peppers at green, breaking and red colour stages were first investigated by simultaneous distillation extraction combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was used to visualise the grouping tendencies of the studied stages of pepper. Eighty‐five volatile organic components were identified and quantified in this study. Forty compounds were found at the green stage, fifty‐three at the breaking stage and sixty‐five at the red colour stage. The flavour activity compounds were discovered in Chinese pepper. Qualitative and quantitative discrepancies were observed in different ripening stages. The amount of alkenes and aldehydes increased from 2.762% and 0.120% in green stage to 11.137% and 14.485% in colours’ stage. The content of Alcohols decreased from 30.169% to 23.698%. Only, the aromatic compound disappears during maturity. Ketones enhanced from 0.983% to 2.693%. Esters were always reducing.
Analysis of chemical components in green tea in relation with perceived quality, a case study with Longjing teas
Authors: Wang Kunbo , Ruan Jianyun 
Published: October 2009

SummaryProperties of leaf and infusion colours, chemical components and volatile flavour compounds of Longjing teas and their correlation with perceived quality score given by tea‐tasting panel were analysed. The scores for appearance, infused leaves and for the Total Quality Score (TQS) negatively correlated with concentrations of chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a), Chl‐b and total chlorophyll (r = −0.723 to −0.846, P < 0.01). The perceived taste score positively correlated with the concentration of total free amino acid (r = 0.527, P < 0.05) and theanine (r = 0.511, P < 0.05), whereas the TQS positively correlated with total free amino acid (r = 0.533). The volatile composition and their quantities varied widely among Longjing tea samples. (E)‐geraniol, linalool, hexanal, pentanal, heptanal, nonanal and jasmone were prevailing volatile compounds detected in all samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) screened twelve principal components with the first three explaining 18.82%, 15.31% and 11.83% of the total variance respectively. The concentrations of total free amino acids, pentanal and epigallocatechin gallate were with the highest component score coefficients for the first three principal components respectively. Regression analysis upon the twelve principal components formulated a prediction model on the TQS with 77.0% probability.
Proteolytic processing of herring (Clupea harengus): biochemical and nutritional characterisation of hydrolysates
Authors: Beaulieu Lucie , Thibodeau Jacinthe , Bryl Piotr , Carbonneau Marie‐Élise 
Published: October 2009

SummaryFood research on fish has demonstrated that they constitute excellent nutritional components. The aim of the present work, was to process herring (Clupea harengus) using Protamex® and evaluate the distribution of nutrients in various fractions obtained following membrane filtration. The fish starting material was composed of approximately 88% water and the dry matter contained 59% crude proteins, 33% lipids and 5% minerals. The recovery of fish dry matter in the liquid hydrolysate was 67.8%. Most protein enriched fractions demonstrate a well‐balanced amino acid composition, notably the most essential amino acids. These protein fractions are characterised by biomolecules having a relatively low molecular weight (45 kDa and less) range. Even though the process could be optimised, the biochemical and nutritional analyses indicate that the herring may serve as high‐value products for future applications in the health and food sectors.
Creep‐recovery parameters of gluten‐free batter and crumb properties of bread prepared from pregelatinised cassava starch, sorghum and selected proteins
Authors: Onyango Calvin , Mutungi Christopher , Unbehend Günter , Lindhauer Meinolf G. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe effect of egg white, skim milk powder, soy protein isolate and soy protein concentrate on creep‐recovery parameters of gluten‐free batter made from sorghum and pregelatinised cassava starch was studied. Batter treated with egg white had the highest deformation and compliance parameters and lowest zero shear viscosities and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the other treatments. However, this batter recovered its elasticity sufficiently and its elastic portion of maximum creep compliance did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) from the other treatments. Unlike the other treatments, egg white did not decrease bread volume and exhibited the lowest crumb firmness and staling rate. Optimisation of the amount of egg white with diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono and diglycerides (DATEM) showed that creep‐recovery parameters and crumb hardness were affected by the linear, quadratic and interaction effects of the input variables. Treatment with 6% and 0.1% w/w fwb egg white and DATEM, respectively, gave gluten‐free batter with the least elastic portion of maximum creep compliance (Je/Jmax = 11.65%) which corresponded to the lowest crumb firmness (790.8 g).
Changes in blocking mechanisms during membrane processing of pomegranate juice
Authors: Mirsaeedghazi Hossein , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Mousavi Sayed Mohammad , Aroujalian Abdolreza , Navidbakhsh Mahdi 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe effect of pressure, velocity, pretreatment, membrane type and pore size on fouling mechanisms were evaluated. Pomegranate juice was treated with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 0.22 μm and mixed cellulose ester (MCE) 0.1 μm at different pressures. Cake formation which was the dominant mechanism was formed in the first stages of process and, as the filtration proceeded, intermediate, standard, and complete blocking, respectively occurred at higher pressure (5 kPa). At lower pressure (0.5 kPa) the last mechanism did not occur. Results showed that cake formation was the only mechanism in MCE 0.22 μm, however, others occurred with MCE 0.1 μm and PVDF 0.22 μm. Using MCE 0.22 μm prior to MCE 0.025 μm can reduce the role of cake formation in pore blocking. Evaluation of the impact of velocity showed that at the higher velocity (0.53 m s−1) the complete blocking occurred faster than at the lower velocity (0.09 m s−1).
Cats, rabbits, Myxoma virus, and vegetation on Macquarie Island: a comment on Bergstrom et al. (2009)
Authors: Dowding John E. , Murphy Elaine C. , Springer Keith , Peacock Anthony J. , Krebs Charles J. 
Published: October 2009

Summary 1. Eradication of a single pest species from a multiply invaded island system may have unpredicted and detrimental impacts. Bergstrom et al. (2009) describe damage to vegetation following an increase in the number of rabbits on Macquarie Island. They propose that the increase in rabbit numbers was caused solely by eradication of cats. 2. However, their modelling is flawed and their conclusion that cats were controlling rabbit numbers is unsupported. We suggest the increase was because of some combination of four factors: reduced releases of Myxoma virus, abundant food after 20 years of vegetation recovery, release from cat predation and climate variability. 3. Recent high numbers of rabbits on Macquarie Island are not unprecedented; vegetation has been damaged in the past but has recovered. Rabbit numbers appear to be in decline again in the absence of both cats and Myxoma releases, suggesting that other factors can contribute to regulation of rabbit numbers in this system. 4. We do not agree with the implication that pest management could have been better integrated. Eradication techniques for rodents and rabbits on an island the size of Macquarie were unavailable when cat eradication was deemed necessary. The benefits to seabirds of cat eradication have been rapid. Our analysis further highlights the complexity of multiply invaded island ecosystems.
Restoration of riverine inland sand dune complexes: implications for the conservation of wild bees
Authors: Exeler Nina , Kratochwil Anselm , Hochkirch Axel 
Published: October 2009

Summary 1.  The evaluation of restoration measures is an important task of conservation biology. Inland sand dunes and dry, oligotrophic grasslands have become rare habitat types in large parts of Central Europe and their restoration and management is of major importance for the preservation of many endangered plant and insect species. Within such habitats, it is important to restore key ecosystem services, such as pollination networks. As wild bees are the most important pollinators in many ecosystems, they represent a suitable key group to evaluate restoration measures. Furthermore, the recent decline of many bee species and the potential ecological and economic consequences are currently topics of strong scientific interest. 2.  We studied the succession of bee communities in response to restoration measures of sand dunes and sand grasslands and compared these communities with those of old sand dune complexes. 3.  Our results show that wild bees respond rapidly to restoration measures indicated by a high species richness and abundance. The community structure of bees at restoration sites converged only slightly to those of the target sites. A higher similarity was found between bee communities at the restoration sites (sand dunes and grasslands), indicating that their close proximity was an important determinant of species overlap. Environmental factors such as the number of entomophilous plant species and moisture had a strong influence on wild bee species composition. 4.
Synthesis and applications. The restoration of inland sand dune complexes provides opportunities for colonization by a diverse wild bee community. Although it is difficult to establish a given target community, restoration measures gave rise to a high pollinator diversity and abundance, suggesting that community function can be re‐established.
Management implications of the Macquarie Island trophic cascade revisited: a reply to Dowding et al. (2009)
Authors: Bergstrom Dana M. , Lucieer Arko , Kiefer Kate , Wasley Jane , Belbin Lee , Pedersen Tore K. , Chown Steven L. 
Published: October 2009

Summary 1. The management of non‐indigenous species is not without its complications. In Bergstrom et al.’s (2009) study, we demonstrated that feral cats Felis catus on sub‐Antarctic Macquarie Island were exerting top‐down control on the feral rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus population, and that the eradication of the cats led to a substantial increase in rabbit numbers and an associated trophic cascade. 2. Dowding et al. (2009) claim our modelling was flawed for various reasons, but primarily that a reduction in the application of the rabbit control agent, Myxoma virus, coinciding with cat removal, was a major driver of rabbit population release. 3. We explore this proposition (as well as others) by examining rates of Myxoma viral release between 1991 and 2006 (with an attenuation factor for the years, 2003–2006) in association with presence/absence of cats against two estimates of rabbit population size. Myxoma viral release was a significant factor in the lower estimates of rabbit population, but the effect was small, and was not significant for higher rabbit population estimates. By contrast, the presence or absence of cats remained highly significant for both estimates. 4.
Synthesis and applications. We re‐affirm our position that top‐down control of rabbit numbers by cats, prior to their eradication, was occurring on Macquarie Island. Nonetheless, we agree with Dowding et al. (2009) that systems with multiple invasive species represent complex situations that require careful scrutiny. Such scrutiny should occur in advance of, during, and following management interventions.
The interaction between land use and catchment physiognomy: understanding avifaunal patterns of the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
Authors: Camilleri Steven , Thomson James R. , Mac Nally Ralph 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim  We assessed whether different patterns of land use within similar physiognomic catchments (= watersheds) produced discernible effects on avian assemblages and, if so, whether such effects were related to particular land‐use activities (e.g. extensive cropping).Location  Murray–Darling Basin in south‐eastern Australia.Methods  We used a recently (2007) published physiognomic classification of catchments based on different stream orders as our template. We used a subset of data from the second Birds Australia atlas to calculate reporting rates for each species in each subcatchment. We linked these two sets of data with proportions of major land uses within catchments to identify whether differences in proportions of land uses altered the expected avifauna for catchments of the same nominal physiognomic class.Results  A significant proportion of the variation in bird reporting rates was explained by the physiognomic classification. Additional explanatory power resulted from including an interaction matrix of land‐use covariates. Livestock grazing was a major explanatory variable in classes characterized by more mountainous catchments. Cropping affected avifaunas consistently by producing a more uniform assemblage.Main conclusions  The physiognomic template was an important determinant of avifaunal composition, but its interaction with land‐use variation within physiognomic classes doubled the amount of variance explained. Within a physiognomic class, if one identifies the ‘ideal’ avifaunal composition for that class one can identify land‐use mixes that are most likely to be beneficial for the avifaunas of that class and recommend directions for large‐scale management objectives vis‐à‐vis mixtures of land‐use types.
Geographic patterns of genetic differentiation and plumage colour variation are different in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca)
Authors: LEHTONEN PAULA K. , LAAKSONEN TONI , ARTEMYEV ALEKSANDR V. , BELSKII EUGEN , BOTH CHRISTIAAN , BUREŠ STANISLAV , BUSHUEV ANDREY V. , KRAMS INDRIKIS , MORENO JUAN , MÄGI MARKO , NORD ANDREAS , POTTI JAIME , RAVUSSIN PIERRE‐ALAIN , SIRKIÄ PÄIVI M. , SÆTRE GLENN‐PETER , PRIMMER CRAIG R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe pied flycatcher is one of the most phenotypically variable bird species in Europe. The geographic variation in phenotypes has often been attributed to spatial variation in selection regimes that is associated with the presence or absence of the congeneric collared flycatcher. Spatial variation in phenotypes could however also be generated by spatially restricted gene flow and genetic drift. We examined the genetic population structure of pied flycatchers across the breeding range and applied the phenotypic QST (PST)–FST approach to detect indirect signals of divergent selection on dorsal plumage colouration in pied flycatcher males. Allelic frequencies at neutral markers were found to significantly differ among populations breeding in central and southern Europe whereas northerly breeding pied flycatchers were found to be one apparently panmictic group of individuals. Pairwise differences between phenotypic (PST) and neutral genetic distances (FST) were positively correlated after removing the most differentiated Spanish and Swiss populations from the analysis, suggesting that genetic drift may have contributed to the observed phenotypic differentiation in some parts of the pied flycatcher breeding range. Differentiation in dorsal plumage colouration however greatly exceeded that observed at neutral genetic markers, which indicates that the observed pattern of phenotypic differentiation is unlikely to be solely maintained by restricted gene flow and genetic drift.