bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Aspects of the History of Modern Hindi Nahîn “No”, “Not”
Authors: Schwarzschild L. A. 
Published: March 2011

In an examination of word-phrases A. Meillet stated long ago: “Des mots comme oui, non représentent le plus haut degré d'abstraction que puisse atteindre ainsi une réponse consistant en un seul mot.” As has been repeatedly pointed out, the classical Indo-European languages did not have any exact equivalent of this abstract method of expression. The majority of the modern languages on the other hand have arrived at these convenient “special expletive interjections”. Hindi nahîn, like the cognate Marathi nâhĩ, Gujerati nahi(m), etc. typifies this development of most modern Indo-European languages both syntactically and formally: it is used as an equivalent of “no” (though it may serve also as negative adverb), and it represents an enlargement of the old Indo-European negative particle, Sanskrit na. This formal and syntactic transformation of Sanskrit na into modern nahîn has been variously explained. The standard theories involve the addition to the negative particle of some part of a substantive verb, a development by no means isolated in the Indo-European languages. They may be summarized as follows:—I. Theories in which parts of the verb as- “to be” are added.(a) Kellogg stated: “The common negative nahîn, Braj nâhi has arisen from the combination of the negative na with the 3rd singular âhi of the substantive verb.(b) S. K. Chatterji thinks that *asati based on Sanskrit asti may have been added to na.(c) Dwijendranath Basu believes that only a derivation from na + âsit can account for the Bengali forms. Similar explanations were given also by Sen and others.
Art. III.—Notes on Indian Agriculture, as practised in the Western or Bombay Provinces of India
Authors: Gibson Alexander 
Published: March 2011

I do not offer these notes for perusal in the idea that they communicate any thing very new, neither do I suppose that from their contents can be elicited any thing likely to be of solid benefit to the more enlightened agriculturist of Great Britain; as little do I fancy that they can possess even a tithe of the interest which must attach to a detailed description of the careful cultivation practised by the industrious Chinese husbandman. Still, I deem it possible, that they may in some points not be destitute of interest:1st. As showing that the agriculture of India is not altogether of so rude or slovenly a character as it is often supposed to be.2nd. That many of the means and instruments used, albeit simple, are yet well adapted to attain the end in view.
Hiuan-tsang and the Far East
Authors: Finot Louis 
Published: March 2011

In a paper published in the January issue of this Journal, under the title “ To the East of Samataṭa ”, Professor Padmanath Bhattacharya Vidyavinod has proposed a new interpretation of a well-known passage in Hiuantsang, concerning the countries situated in the east of Samataṭa (Eastern Bengal). These six kingdoms were not visited by the pilgrim, but known to him by hearsay. Here are their names, together with the identifications generally admitted: —1. Shih-li-ch'a-ta-lo = Śrikṣetra (Prome);2. Ka-mo-lang-ka (Tenasserim ?);3. To-lo-po-ti = Dvāravatī (Lower Siam);4. I-shang-na-pu-lo = Īśānapura (Cambodia);5. Mo-ha-chan-p'o = Mahā-Campā (Annam);6. Yen-mo-na-chou = Yavadvīpa (Java) [?].
The Portuguese in India and Arabia, 1517–38
Authors: Ross E. Denison 
Published: March 2011

In continuation of my previous notes on the Portuguese in India and Arabia, I propose to deal with three Muhammedan chiefs who played an important part in the history of the Portuguese between the years 1517 and 1538, namely:—1. Salmán Ra'ís.2. Sulaymán Pasha al-Khádim, Governor of Cairo.3. Khwája Ṣafar, Khudáwand Khán.
Pictographic Reconnaissances. Part IV
Authors: Hopkins L. C. 
Published: March 2011

That “East is East and West is West, and never the twain shall meet”, Rudyard Kipling has impressed on us, and the dictum is widely accepted as an article of popular faith. But as an axiom it is not be to pressed without certain qualifications.Beyond doubt there prevail certain antipathies, dissympathies, and as it were static estṛangements of populations, deeply rooted in racial sub-consciousness, but capable of becoming profoundly dynamic under appropriate stimulation and appeal.
The Human Figure in Archaic Chinese Writing. A Study in Attitudes
Authors: Hopkins L. C. 
Published: March 2011

Portraiture, as we now know, was a very early member of the nascent arts of primitive man.Palæolithic men were of necessity hunters. What they hunted on the plains and among the hills for food and covering, that they painted or carved on the walls and roofs of their cave dwellings and cliff shelters. The reindeer, the bison, the horse, the elephant were favourite objects of their vivid and impressionistic genius. What they lacked of imagination they made up for by exact memories and singularly skilful technique. Less frequent were their delineations of humanity, and as concerns the female part of it, most unflattering, being affected by a kind of exasperated candour. The Age of Chivalry was far distant indeed!
The Date of the 11th Paripāḍal
Authors: Śaṅkar K. G. 
Published: March 2011

The Paripāḍal, which belongs to the Eṭṭuttogai collection, is of unique interest in that it enables us to fix the Saṅgham age accurately, by a careful consideration of its astronomical data. The data are contained in the following opening lines of the 11th Paripāḍal of Nallanduvanār:—virikadir madiyamoḍu viyal viśumbu puṇarppaveriśaḍaiyeilvēan talaiyenak kīirunduteruviḍaippaḍutta mūnṟonpadiṟṟirukkaiyuḷurukeu veḷḷivandēṟṟiyal śēravaruḍaiyaip paḍimagan vāyppap poruḍeripundi mitunam porundap pular viḍiyalaṅgiyuyar niṟpa vantaṇan paṅguvinillattuṇaikkuppāleyda viṟaiyamanvilliṟkaḍai makaramēvap pāmbollaimadiyamaḍaiya varunāḷil vāyndapodiyin munivan puraivaraikkīṟimitunamaḍaiya virikadir vēniledirvaravu māriyiyaikena vivvāṟṟäṟpuraikeu śaiyam poimaaitāa.
A Coin of Abu Muslim
Authors: Guest R. 
Published: March 2011

The copper coin (fals) shown in the plate was unearthed recently during work for irrigation on the lesser Zâb. Mr. W. Allard, Director of Irrigation in 'Irâq, has kindly allowed it to be photographed for publication. The inscriptions on the coin are:—ObverseCentreBorderCreed.
Art. XIV.—The Sutra of the Forty-two Sections, from the Chinese
Authors: Beal Reverend S. 
Published: March 2011

The ordinary account of the introduction of Buddhist books and tracts into China is the following:—“ In the fourth year of the reign of Ming-Ti, of the Han dynasty, the Emperor dreamt that he saw a divine personage, with a body like gold, and six chang in height, his head surrounded with brightness like the sun. Flying towards him, this Being entered his palace.
Note on the preceding Mathura Inscriptions
Authors: Cunningham A. 
Published: March 2011

The circumstances under which these inscriptions were discovered are detailed in my Archæological Report for 1862–3, par. 159–184.Professor Dowson's translations were handed over to me in the end of April last, and I read them at a meeting of the Royal Asiatic Society on the 5th of July, just four months before the receipt of Bâbu Râjendralâl's translations, which appeared in the Bengal Asiatic Society's Journal for 1870, p. 117–130. But the Bâbu's translations are confined to the inscriptions which I first made known to Mr. E. C. Bayley in November or December, 1860, by the copies which are now engraved in the Bengal Journal. Mr. Bayley visited Mathura early in April, 1861, and made independent copies of most of these inscriptions; and in 1863 a considerable number of the inscribed stones were forwarded to Calcutta, where Bâbu Râjendra had the opportunity of studying them at leisure. The Bâbu mentions that the inscriptions which he has translated are taken from my transcripts, “with such corrections and emendations as a careful examination of the original and comparison with Mr. Bayley's transcripts would warrant.”
Art. III.—Five Hundred Questions on the Social Condition of the Natives of Bengal
Authors: Long J. 
Published: March 2011

Desiderata and Inquiries connected with the Presidency of Madras and Bombay were issued by the Secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1827, on points relating to the language, literature, ancient history of families, antiquities, coins, people, architecture, landed tenures, arts and manufactures, of India.The British Admiralty has published a Manual of Scientific Enquiry, so have the Statistical and other Societies.Haxthausen, in his work on the Caucasus, remarks: “My travels and observations during more than twenty years, have convinced me that an acquaintance with the manners of a people, their moral and material interests, domestic relations, corporate associations, and specially the commercial relations of the lower classes, is indispensable to a real knowledge of the history and constitution of peoples and states.”
Art. V.—Brief Prefatory Remarks to the Translation of the Amitâbha Sûtra from Chinese
Authors: Beal S. 
Published: March 2011

The following translation of the Amitâbha Sûtra is made from the Chinese edition of that work, prepared by Kumârajîva, and bound up in a volume known as the “Daily Prayers of the Buddhist Priests belonging to the Contemplative School” (Shan-mun).No doubt the Chinese version is much abbreviated. We are told that Kumârajîva omitted repetitions and superfluities in making his translations. We have reason to be thankful that he did so.
Art. X.—An Attempt to Translate from the Chinese a Work known as the Confessional Service of the Great Compassionate Kwan Yin, possessing 1000 Hands and 1000 Eyes
Authors: Beal Samuel 
Published: March 2011

It is reported that Kwan Tseu Tsai Bodhisattva, prompted by her great compassionate heart has engaged herself by a great oath to enter into every one of the innumerable worlds, and bring deliverance to all creatures who inhabit them.For this purpose she has enunciated the Divine sentences which follow, which, if properly recited, will render all creatures exempt from the causes of sorrow, and by removing them, render them capable of attaining Supreme Reason.And if the virtuous man, who has already attained the happiness consequent on True Wisdom, still continue to recite these sentences, and by his correct line of conduct induce others who believe not to follow his example, and to accept the Truth and believe in it—how great his happiness!
Emergency, Liberalism, and the State
Authors: Dyzenhaus David 
Published: March 2011

Outside the Law: Emergency and Executive Power. By Clement Fatovic. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. 368p. $55.00.Emergency Politics: Paradox, Law, Democracy. By Bonnie Honig. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009. 218p. $26.95.States of Emergency in Liberal Democracies. By Nomi Claire Lazar. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 190p. $80.00.In the wake of 9/11, many political scientists and theorists in the United States of America turned their attention to the topic of emergencies. That required them to confront a fundamental question: Are emergencies to be studied as important in their own right, as altogether exceptional events that threaten the very existence of a society in unforeseeable ways? Or are they important, not because they are radically distinct from the normal situation of politics, but because they bring to the surface otherwise implicit aspects of normal politics?
A Mott polarimeter operating at MeV electron beam energies
Authors: Tioukine V. , Aulenbacher K. , Riehn E. 
Published: March 2011

We have developed a Mott electron polarimeter for the Mainzer microtron (MAMI) accelerator in Mainz, Germany. At beam energies ranging between 1.0 and 3.5 MeV two double focusing magnet spectrometers collect elastically backscattered electrons from gold targets. In spite of the small spectrometer acceptance, a sufficient statistical efficiency is achieved to provide very fast measurements if beam currents typical for experiments at MAMI are being used. High reproducibility is achieved, demonstrating that the results of asymmetry measurements are independent of the primary beam current in a range from 0.004 to 45 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mu \text{A}$\end{document}μA at a level of &lt;1% relative variation. Compared to low energy polarimeters of similar construction an improvement of a factor 2–3 in absolute accuracy seems possible.
Asymptotic multipolar expansion of collision-induced properties
Authors: Bancewicz Tadeusz 
Published: March 2011

The collision-induced (CI) dipole moment, CI polarizability, and CI hyperpolarizability are considered for three \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm {H}_2$\end{document}H2–rare gas (Rg) pairs (Rg = He, Ne, Ar). In this study, the symmetry-adapted (SA) components, the projection of the CI dipole, polarizability, and hyperpolarizability on an appropriately tailored set of spherical harmonics are calculated. A set of equations for the respective SA components is derived. The Cartesian components of the CI properties calculated by quantum chemistry methods for three intermolecular geometries are used in our calculations as input data. The analytical, multipolar long-range behavior of the CI properties studied is considered within a multipole-induced multipole model. Taking the SA components at large distances, the ab initio SA numerical results and the model semianalytical data were compared. In general, a good agreement has been found. The results of our study are expected to be of value in spectral line shape analysis and in modeling of processes in the Earth's and planetary atmospheres.
Silicon nanowires prepared by thermal evaporation and their photoluminescence properties measured at low temperatures
Authors: Pham Van Tuan , Le Van Ngoc , Chu Anh Tuan , Pham Toan Thang , Tran Ngoc Khiem , Pham Hong Duong , Pham Thanh Huy 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In the present work, silicon nanowires were prepared by a thermal evaporation method. The evaporating source was a mixture of silicon and carbon nanopowders. Surface morphology, structural characteristics and emission properties of the silicon nanowires were investigated by several techniques. The results showed that the obtained products have the shape of nanowires with diameters ranging from 30 to 120 nm and lengths from 300 to 400 nm. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the presence of crystalline silicon. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images revealed the core-shell structure of the wires. In the photoluminescence (PL) spectra recorded at room temperature, only a broad emission band peaking at about 650 nm was observed. In addition to the red emission, two other bands centered at around 455 nm and 510 nm appeared when measured at low temperatures. The origin and emission mechanism of these bands are discussed.
First Report of Leaf Spot Disease on Dictamnus dasycarpus Caused by Phoma dictamnicola in China
Authors: Bai Q. , Xie Y. , Gao J. , Lu B. , Wang W. , Men X. , Lin Y. 
Published: March 2011

Fraxinella, Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz (Rutaceae), is a perennial herbal plant and mainly distributed in Eurasia and North America. It is often used to treat jaundice, cough, rheumatism, and other diseases and is extensively cultivated in the northeast and northwest of China (3). In June 2009, a severe foliar disease was observed on D. dasycarpus in medicinal plantations in Antu, China. The disease occurred on 100% of the plants and at least 25% of the surface was affected. In the early stages of disease development, symptoms were visible on the top and bottom of infected leaves as small brown spots. Subsequently, these spots became elliptical to irregularly shaped, with beige or grayish white centers and dark brown margins. Within the spots, numerous, dark brown or black, subglobose or ostiolate pycnidia measuring 152 to 367 μm in diameter were observed. Fungal isolates were obtained from the infected leaves on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, with conidia that were aseptate or one-septate and ellipsoidal or reniform, measuring approximately 4.7 to 12.6 × 2.1 to 4.5 μm. On the basis of these characteristics, the fungus was identified as a Phoma sp. Four well-sporulating isolates, designated as DdPh-1, DdPh-2, DdPh-3, and DdPh-4, were selected for further studies. The morphological and cultural characteristics of these four isolates were studied as described by Boerema et al. and the fungus was identified as Phoma dictamnicola Boerema et al. (1). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA was amplified and sequenced using primers ITS4/ITS5 (2). All four of the ITS sequences were identical (GenBank Accession No. FR681861) and were 99% identical to P. dictamnicola strains CBS507.91 (Accession No. GU237877) and KACC42445 (Accession No. EF600960). Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying the leaves of healthy D. dasycarpus plants with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml). Five plants were inoculated with each isolate (DdPh-1, DdPh-2, DdPh-3, and DdPh-4) and five plants were mock inoculated with sterile water. The plants were covered with plastic bags and kept in a greenhouse at 20 to 25° for 72 h. After 9 to 13 days, all inoculated plants showed characteristic symptoms as previously described, while the control plants remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from the leaf spots of inoculated plants. Currently, the economic importance of this disease is limited, but it may become a more significant problem in production of D. dasycarpus with the cultivation area increasing. The fungus was found in the Netherlands and Korea, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of P. dictamnicola on D. dasycarpus in China. References: (1) G. H. Boerema et al. Phoma Identificatión Manual: Differentiation of Specific and Infra-Specific Taxa in Culture. CABI Publishing. Wallingford, U.K., 2004. (2) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (3) S. S. Jiang et al. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72:660, 2008.
The Transcriptional Regulator LEUNIG_HOMOLOG Regulates Mucilage Release from the Arabidopsis Testa
Authors: Walker Murray , Tehseen Muhammad , Doblin Monika S. , Pettolino Filomena A. , Wilson Sarah M. , Bacic Antony , Golz John F. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Exposure of the mature Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed to water results in the rapid release of pectinaceous mucilage from the outer cells of the testa. Once released, mucilage completely envelops the seed in a gel-like capsule. The physical force required to rupture the outer cell wall of the testa comes from the swelling of the mucilage as it expands rapidly following hydration. In this study, we show that mutations in the transcriptional regulator LEUNIG_HOMOLOG (LUH) cause a mucilage extrusion defect due to altered mucilage swelling. Based on sugar linkage and immunomicroscopic analyses, we show that the structure of luh mucilage is altered, having both an increase in substituted rhamnogalacturonan I and in methyl-esterified homogalacturonan. Also correlated with the structural modification of luh mucilage is a significant decrease in MUCILAGE MODIFIED2 (MUM2; a β-galactosidase) expression in the luh seed coat, raising the possibility that reduced activity of this glycosidase is directly responsible for the luh mucilage defects. Consistent with this is the structural similarity between mum2 and luh mucilage as well as the observation that elevating MUM2 expression in luh mutants completely suppresses the mucilage extrusion defect. Suppression of the luh mutant phenotype was also observed when LEUNIG, a transcriptional corepressor closely related to LUH, was introduced in luh mutants under the control of the LUH promoter. Based on these data, we propose a new model for the regulation of pectin biosynthesis during plant growth and development.
Diverse marsh plant communities are more consistently productive across a range of different environmental conditions through functional complementarity
Authors: Steudel Bastian , Hautier Yann , Hector Andy , Kessler Michael 
Published: March 2011

Summary1. Understanding the influence of biodiversity on ecosystem functionality is crucial in modern ecosystem management, especially with regard to the resistance and resilience of ecosystems to future environmental changes. In this study, we assessed the effects of three different environmental regimes on the relationship between diversity and biomass production among marsh plants in comparison with a control treatment to elucidate the underlying classes of proximate mechanisms.2. We subjected assemblages of up to 23 marsh plant species to four different treatments (control, drought, salt, shade) for 4 months. We examined the treatment effect on the relationship between species diversity and biomass production and explored the underlying mechanism.3. Biomass production in the manipulated treatments showed a stronger positive effect of biodiversity than the control because of greater declines of biomass production in low diversity mixtures. This effect was owing to an increasingly positive complementarity effect, i.e. a benefit of most species, with increasing diversity, particularly in shade treatment. The selection effect, i.e. a benefit for few species at the expense of the others, was increasingly negative with increasing diversity and dominance by species with lower than average monoculture biomass. The variability of biomass production decreased with increasing species richness in all treatments.4. Synthesis and applications. We show that the productivity of diverse marsh plant communities is more consistent across a range of environmental conditions than that of depauperate communities and that this unexpectedly resulted from complementarity rather than selection effects. Our results demonstrate that loss of vegetation diversity reduces the average biomass production across a range of environmental conditions and emphasizes the importance of maintaining species‐rich biotic assemblages, especially in the face of global change.
Multiple orphan histidine kinases interact directly with Spo0A to control the initiation of endospore formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum
Authors: Steiner Elisabeth , Dago Angel E. , Young Danielle I. , Heap John T. , Minton Nigel P. , Hoch James A. , Young Michael 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe phosphorylated Spo0A transcription factor controls the initiation of endospore formation in Clostridium acetobutylicum, but genes encoding key phosphorelay components, Spo0F and Spo0B, are missing in the genome. We hypothesized that the five orphan histidine kinases of C. acetobutylicum interact directly with Spo0A to control its phosphorylation state. Sequential targeted gene disruption and gene expression profiling provided evidence for two pathways for Spo0A activation, one dependent on a histidine kinase encoded by cac0323, the other on both histidine kinases encoded by cac0903 and cac3319. Purified Cac0903 and Cac3319 kinases autophosphorylated and transferred phosphoryl groups to Spo0A in vitro, confirming their role in Spo0A activation in vivo. A cac0437 mutant hyper‐sporulated, suggesting that Cac0437 is a modulator that prevents sporulation and maintains cellular Spo0A∼P homeostasis during growth. Accordingly, Cac0437 has apparently lost the ability to autophosphorylate in vitro; instead it catalyses the ATP‐dependent dephosphorylation of Spo0A∼P releasing inorganic phosphate. Direct phosphorylation of Spo0A by histidine kinases and dephosphorylation by kinase‐like proteins may be a common feature of the clostridia that may represent the ancestral state before the great oxygen event some 2.4 billion years ago, after which additional phosphorelay proteins were recruited in the evolutionary lineage that led to the bacilli.