bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the Effect of Exposure to a Low Temperature on Laemophloeus minutus (Ol.) (Col. Cucujidae)
Authors: Williams Gwyneth C. 
Published: July 2009

Experiment showed that all developmental stages of Lacemophloeus minutus (Ol.) can survive exposure to a temperature of + 2°C. for a limited period which varies with the instar.The egg was more susceptible to such exposure than any other stage, followed by the first, second and third larval instars and the adult, which did not differ significantly from each other, and then by the fourth-instar larva and pupa which can also be grouped together.The adult male proved 1·21 times more susceptible than the female to the effects of exposure.Atmospheric humidity did not influence the mortality of eggs or adults. Previous starvation did not affect the mortality of adults subsequently exposed to + 2°C.
Studies of House Leaving and Outside Resting of Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles funestus Giles in East Africa. I.—The Outside Resting Population
Authors: Gillies M. T. 
Published: July 2009

The behaviour of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles was studied under natural conditions in a lowland area of Tanganyika.Studies on the outside resting population were carried out by direct searching for natural resting sites, and by the use of artificial box shelters partly buried in the ground in shaded localities. Catches in these give a valid sample when set up at some distance from houses.Fed and gravid females comprised 67 per cent. of the outside resting gambiae population, the latter group being between 12 and 4·5 times as numerous as the former. Rather less than half the funestus females caught were unfed, the remainder of the population being mainly composed of gravid females.Precipitin tests on the small numbers of fed females caught outside were nearly all positive for man.The identification of gravid funestus females was confirmed by periodic examination of the eggs.Entry of females into outside shelters did not occur solely in the period around sunrise. An appreciable number of funestus females did not enter before 07.00 hours and this was particularly so in shaded shelters.The building of a hut in the vicinity of a box shelter caused a drastic reduction in the numbers of mosquitos resting in the latter.Outside biting activity in these two species is of negligible importance as a source of females resting outside.
The Species of Carpophilus Stephens (Col. Nitidulidae) associated with Stored Products
Authors: Dobson Ronald M. 
Published: July 2009

Sixteen of the numerous described species of Carpophilus Stephens have been found associated with stored products in different parts of the world, and of these, several species are continually distributed by international trade and have become established in many countries.A key to most of these species is given, several of the species are redescribed and new taxonomic characters, mainly associated with the genitalia, are introduced and figured.A Table is given summarising recent importations of Carpophilus species into Britain, detailing the commodities on which the insects have been found, their places of origin and the number of individual records.
Fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species identification: a rapid molecular diagnostic technique for quarantine application
Authors: Armstrong K. F. , Cameron C. M. , Frampton E. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNew Zealand is currently the only major fruit producing country in the world that is free of economically important fruit flies. As part of the effort to maintain this status, there is a need to supplement quarantine decision-making procedures with a means of rapidly identifying immature life stage infestations to the species level. Here we describe a molecular method that achieves this, using simple restriction patterns of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as diagnostic markers. The 18S and 18S plus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions were amplified from larval DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nineteen species, spanning four genera (including five subgenera ofBactrocera) were analysed. Restriction analysis of the 18S PCR product provided poor resolution, even at the generic level. Digestion of the 18S + ITS PCR product, however, generated thirteen diagnostic haplotypes as defined by the composite restriction patterns fromRsaI,Sau3aHaeIII andAluI. No variation was detected at these restriction sites within or between populations. Twenty two restriction enzymes have been screened, but diagnostic RFLPs have yet to been found for six out of the tenBactrocera (Bactrocera)species;B. passiflorae(Froggatt) cannot be distinguished fromB. facialis(Coquillet), norB. kirki(Froggatt) fromB. trilineola(Froggatt) orB. neohumeralis(Hardy) fromB. tryoni(Froggatt). Geographic origin could assist in distinguishing the first four species, but the latter pair are very closely related with overlapping origins, hosts and adult morphology. All six species, however, are considered high risk with respect to their likely establishment in New Zealand. Therefore diagnosis based on this molecular technique would support the same quarantine decision. We consider this method could be useful as a diagnostic technique and discuss directions for further development.
Reproductive success of Varroa jacobsoni in brood of its original host, Apis cerana, in comparison to that of its new host, A. mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Boot Willem Jan , Tan Nguyen Quang , Dien Pham Cong , Huan Luong Van , Dung Nguyen Van , Long Le Tu , Beetsma Joop 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReproduction of Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans has been extensively studied in colonies of the mite's recently acquired host, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. However, data on reproduction in colonies of its original host, A. cerana Fabricius, are still fragmentary. In order to compare reproductive success in naturally infested brood cells of A. cerana and A. mellifera, freshly capped worker and drone cells (0–5 h after capping) were marked and opened 9 days later. When one or more foundress Varroa mites were found, the number and stage of the offspring were recorded. In colonies of A. cerana, V. jacobsoni reproduced almost exclusively in drone cells. Surprisingly, however, these drone cells proved to be better suited for reproduction than drone (and worker) cells of A. mellifera. Firstly, in drone cells of A. cerana, 97–100% of the mites produced daughters and 98–99% of these mites also produced a son. In drone and worker cells of A. mellifera only 70–80% produced daughters and only 74–86% of these mites produced a son. Secondly, if a mite produced daughters, she produced more daughters in drone cells of A. cerana than in drone cells of A. mellifera: 4.5–4.6 vs 2.9–3.7 daughters per mite, respectively. Finally, infestation by two foundress females negatively affected reproduction per mite in drone cells of A. mellifera, but not in drone cells of A. cerana. Thus, V. jacobsoni seems to be better adapted to A. cerana than to A. mellifera, although population growth of mites in A. mellifera colonies is higher due to the exploitation of worker cells besides drone cells.
The gaseous environment of mound colonies of the subterranean termite Coptotermes lacteus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) before and after feeding on mirex-treated decayed wood bait blocks
Authors: French J.R.J. , Rasmussen R.A. , Ewart D.M. , Khalil M.A.K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCarbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, chloroform, hydrogen, methane and nitrous oxide emissions were collected from within several mound colonies of the subterranean termite Coptotermes lacteus (Fgottatt) and the surrounding habitat of a dry sclerophyll forest in central Gippsland, Australia, following treatment of the termite mounds with mirex-treated bait blocks. All the mirex-treated colonies died within two weeks of commencing active feeding on the bait blocks. The flux measurements of the gaseous emissions were calculated before, during and after treatment with the mirex-treated decayed wood bait blocks. Carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen all declined after colony death.
Geographic distribution and seasonal variation of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the aphidRhopalosiphum padi(Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Martinez-Torres D. , Moya A. , Hebert P.D.N. , Simon J.-C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study examines the spatial and seasonal patterning of mitochondrial DNA diversity in French populations of the bird cherry-oat aphid,Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus), on both its primary and secondary hosts. Our results confirm the presence of two major mitochondrial lineages that are generally associated with the breeding system variation (cyclic and obligate parthenogenesis) shown by this species. The strength of this relationship varies regionally, being most evident in the south and west. Cyclically parthenogenetic populations show no significant regional or seasonal genetic divergence reflecting high levels of gene flow, possibly promoted by their obligate host-alternation. However, obligately parthenogenetic populations show a north-south cline in the distribution of the dominant haplotypes. This pattern might result from a selective advantage of some obligately parthenogenetic lineages under cold temperature regime. Alternatively, this cline might be established by a gradient in the intensity of nuclear gene flow between cyclically and obligately parthenogenetic populations mediated by androcyclic males. The discrimination between these possible explanations will require extending analysis to include hypervariable nuclear markers.
Automating the identification of insects: a new solution to an old problem
Authors: Weeks P.J.D. , Gauld I.D. , Gaston K.J. , O'Neill M.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper we describe a semi-automated digital image analysis system which is capable of discriminating five closely related species of Ichneumonidae. Specimens were distinguished by differences in their wings. The system functions by (a) extracting the significant variation (principal components) among a training set of images of the same species, (b) using these principal components to efficiently represent the morphology of wings of that species, and (c) exploiting the fact that images of the same species will share characteristic principal components, while images of different species will not. Such an approach allows the construction of modular species classifiers, to which like species correlate strongly, while dissimilar species do not. A recognition accuracy of 94% was achieved when the system was tested on 175 images of wings of the five ichneumonids. The wing images were caricatured to accentuate their venation and pigmentation patterns.
The Action of Rotenone and Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate on the isolated Heart of the Cockroach
Authors: Krijgsman B. J. , Dresden D. , Berger Nelly E. 
Published: July 2009

A method based upon Yeager's technique is described permitting the study of the surviving heart ofPeriplaneta americanaunder varying conditions for several hours.Rotenone causes diastolic contractions, decrease of frequency and cessation in diastole, threshold <0·0000005 per cent. Presumably it produces an inhibitoryaction on the neurogenic automatic cardiac centre.The latent period of the rotenone action is dependent upon the concentration. Using this principle a method is developed for quantitative estimation of the activity of derris preparations.Tetraethyl pyrophosphate has a strongly accelerating action on the frequency of the heart and increases the amplitude; in this case there is no latent period. Threshold 0·000008 per cent. Presumably TEPP activates the neurogenic heart automatism by its vigorous anticholinesterase activity.
The Relations of the Coastal Tsetse of Kenya to the Plant Communities
Authors: Moggridge J. Y. 
Published: July 2009

Under the conditions prevailing at Kilifi G. pallidipes is evenly distributed throughout all vegetation types with the exception of cultivation from which it is at all times almost entirely absent. There is a preference for the denser vegetation in the dry season from which the tsetse spread out into the lighter vegetation in the wet and humid seasons. There is never at any time any concentration of G. pallidipes along the edges of extensive thicket or forest.The distribution of G. austeni is similar to that of G. pallidipes except that there is no tendency to spread into lighter vegetation in the wet season.There is some reason to think that G. brevipalpis prefers thicket of medium density and does not share with G. austeni a preference for tall heavy thicket.G. pallidipes was the only species staged for hunger, except for austeni in the Sokoke forest. Males are replete at all seasons. G. austeni showed a remarkably large proportion of recently fed males.Pupae and pupal cases of G. pallidipes were found on the floor of the coral rag thicket and forest. G. austeni and G. brevipalpis showed a preference for the undersides of large logs.
Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies
Authors: Miles Mary 
Published: July 2009

Observations have been made on the life-history and habits of C. cilicrura. The flies came to moist, freshly turned soil at all times from April to October, particularly in warm bright weather, but the number of flies seen on observation plots was affected by the area of damp and disturbed soil nearby. Both males and females were attracted and some females laid eggs within a few minutes of their capture. When isolated in phials and fed on dilute sugar solution, captured flies lived up to 79 days. Captured females spent varying periods up to 44 days before laying eggs. The eggs were usually laid in batches of less than ten at irregular intervals over periods extending up to 28 days, and 53 eggs per fly was the highest number recorded. Parasitism by the nematode, Heterotylenchus aberrans Bovien, occurred.Eggs were found in soil crevices and on vegetation in contact with soil. The observed incubation period was 2–4 days according to the temperature.The duration of the larval instars was affected by temperature; in captivity, the larval feeding period was 8–16 days in May-June and 15–24 days in October-November. The pupal stage lasted from 16–21 days in May-June and from five weeks to five months in autumn and winter. A few flies emerged during January and February in the insectary.In captivity first-instar larvae found food buried at a depth of 6 ins. and they were able to reach maturity on fragments of vegetation buried in sand. It is suggested that they are primarily scavengers on organic matter in the soil.Larvae of P. fugax have been found in the stems and crowns of turnips and swedes, and in cabbages, cauliflowers, lettuces and brussels sprouts. A study of their habitat shows that they occur in decomposing vegetation.Eggs have been found about various brassicas. Their incubation period was 2–4 days. Larvae were reared in decomposing vegetation. Pupation takes place in the soil and in the feeding sites. Adults have been taken from May to October. The life-cycle from egg to adult occupied 4–5 weeks in spring and the winter was passed in the pupal stage.
The Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica (De Berg.) during the dead Seasons in the Gezira, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Cowland J. W. , Hanna A. D. 
Published: July 2009

Regular surveys were carried out from May to July to find out where Jassids live during the cotton close season.A list of host plants on which Jassids can breed, or feed only as adults, is given; they exhibit preference for certain plants.The movement of Jassids to cotton was recorded. The initial infestation of cotton is very small but is rapidly built up within the cotton crop. Gardens are shown to be the chief sources of infestation and cotton fields nearest them show larger initial numbers.Attempts to exterminate Jassids in these gardens by spraying all plants with 0.1 per cent, or 0.5 per cent. DDT emulsion during the summer dead season were not successful. It is thought that reinfestation came from adults which had been present on the tops of Acacia arabica trees and had not been reached by the spray.
Aerial Curtain Spraying for Locust Control: A theoretical Treatment of some of the Factors involved
Authors: Sawyer K. F. 
Published: July 2009

This paper deals with the aerial curtain method of spraying flying swarms of locusts with insecticide from aircraft.Equations are developed for calculating the dosage deposited on locusts in single spraying runs under idealised conditions. Graphical methods of solving the equations are described together with a simple method for obtaining the summed effect when a number of spraying runs are carried out in a regular sequence to form an aerial curtain.There is an optimum combination of spray droplet size distribution and spraying height according to the depth and density of the swarm, but good performance can be obtained with a single fixed droplet size distribution. A fine spray is recommended for the attack of flat-topped, shallow swarms, but a coarser spray is required to penetrate adequately into deeper and denser swarms.The efficiency of application of the insecticide solution, calculated as the proportion of lethal doses actually applied to those potentially available, may be as high as 10 per cent., but varies rapidly with spray droplet size and swarm characteristics.The numerical values given may need some modification in the light of further experimental and field data, especially in regard to locust airspeed in the swarm and the effect of droplet size on mortality.
Acaricidal Control of the Tick, Ixodes ricinus (L.) on Cattle
Authors: Arthur Don. R. 
Published: July 2009

Methods of approach to the control of I. ricinus by acaricidal action are outlined, and the type of acaricide for the control of ticks on dairy stock is discussed.Dairy cattle were treated against ticks. Arsenic and carbolic washes were avoided for specified causes. The results of using (i) derris (5·5 per cent, rotenone), (ii) 0·5 per cent. DDT, (iii) DDT in a mixture with pyrethrum, talc or kaolin base, and (iv) pyrethrum (0·9 per cent. pyrethrins I and II) in aqueous solution show that (i) had a greater residual toxicity when applied to cattle, (ii) produced erratic results, which at present do not permit of specific recommendations. When DDT is employed in conjunction with pyrethrum as a powder (iii) the effective duration is low, and this is true also of pyrethrum as an aqueous wash (iv).
The Entomology of Swollen Shoot of Cacao
Authors: Strickland A. H. 
Published: July 2009

The entomology of swollen shoot of cacao is a complex and unique problem involving the inter-relations in the field of over 120 insect species of four insect and two arachnoid orders. Briefly, there are 17 species of pseudococcids, 75 species of ants, 16 species of hymenopterous parasites, three predatory beetles, one predatory dipteran, and three arachnid species involved in vector relationships directly, with a further 18 Coccid species involved indirectly (it is possible, of course, that further work will show that some of these 18 species are directly concerned as vectors).In the present paper an attempt has been made to reduce this assemblage of insect material to some semblance of order. The Coccid species are named and a series of preliminary observations on their biology and field behaviour detailed. The ant species, some of which are obligatorily associated with certain vector species, have been sorted into groups where specific determination has proved impossible or unnecessary and information has been included on their field habits and relative abundance.There are three distinct but complementary ecological niches involved in the problem. The first, and most important, is the association between the mealybug virus vectors and the Myrmicine coccid-tending ants. The second is the association between mealybugs of the generaParaputoandFormicococcusand the wild forest tree hosts of swollen shoot virus, and the third is the negative association between the mealybug tending Myrmicine ants andOecophyllaandMacromischoides, the latter species acting in certain circumstances as barriers to the spread of the mealybugtending species and hence to the spread of mealybugs and virus. These problems will be dealt with on a quantitative basis in a further paper.
A new Hymenopterous Parasite of the Australian Fern Weevil, Syagrius fulvitarsis, Pasc.
Authors: Fullaway D. T. 
Published: July 2009

Ischiogonus syagrii, sp. n.Female. Long, 3·75 mm. Ochraceous (brown ochre, Winsor & Newton), the eyes, antennae outwardly, tips of mandibles, ocellar space, prosternum anteriorly and a thin line on either side on the groove of the notum, a large spot anteriorly on the mesopleurae, distal tarsal segment and the sheath of the ovipositor black. More or less thinly clothed with hair.
Studies on Beetles of the Family Ptinidae. VI.—The Biology ofPtinus fur(L.) andP. sexpunctatusPanzer
Authors: Howe R. W. , Burges H. D. 
Published: July 2009

The development ofPtinus fur(L.) andP. sexpunctatusPanzer at 70 per cent. R.H. and several temperatures has been studied.The optimum temperature for rapid development ofP. furis about 23°C., at which temperature it completes its development in a mean period of 132·1 days on fishmeal. ForP. sexpunctatusthe optimum temperature for rapid development is slightly below 30°C., development being completed in approximately 111 days on wheatfeed at this temperature.Eggs ofP. sexpunctatus, but not those ofP. fur, hatch at 30°C., which is near the maximum temperature for development ofP. fur.Larvae ofP. furnormally moult three times at 23°C. on fishmeal, but some have an extra moult.Well defined diapause as mature larvae in cocoons occurs at low temperatures in some individuals ofP. fur; at 23°C. this lasts about 220 days after normal larvae have pupated ; the period at 20°C. is about 280 days. Diapause at this stage also occurs inP. sexpunctatus. In experiments, the development periods of the diapausing and non-diapausing larvae overlapped to form a continuous series.SomeP. sexpunctatuspass through a period of quiescence as mature adults in cocoons ; at 23°C., this lasted 43·5 days on fishmeal and 103·0 days on wheatfeed (mean periods). InP. furthe pre-emergence period is 30 to 60 days, considerably longer than that of other warehouse Ptinids studied.Of the foods, wheatfeed allows the quickest development for both species, but fishmeal produces the heaviest beetles.The adult beetles live for several months. They require food and drinking water. Egg output is small, the mean number of eggs laid per female at 25°C. being 38·6 forP. furand 21·3 forP. sexpunctatus.P. sexpunctatuswas able to overwinter in an unheated outbuilding and could possibly become a pest on some foods.P. furis unlikely to occur in large numbers, owing to its long development period, small egg output and tendency to larval diapause.
The Separation ofConwentzia pineticolaEnd. fromConwentzia psociformis(Curt.), and Notes on their Biology
Authors: Collyer Elsie 
Published: July 2009

Conwentzia psociformis(Curt.) andConwentzia pineticolaEnd. differ as adults in only two characters, and since there are variable and intermediate forms occur, reliable determination is sometimes impossible. In the past, these two species have often been regarded as two forms of the same species.The immature stages ofC. pineticolaare, however, very different from those ofC. psociformisand show that the two are distinct species and can readily be separated on larval characters. The larval stages and egg ofC. pineticolaare described for the first time, and an account of its life history given.The feeding habits of these two species are described, and mention is made of two other Coniopterygid species that occur in orchards.