bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Wilderness Life Support Education Using High-Technology Patient Simulation
Authors: Lareau Stephanie A. , Kyzer Blake D. , Hawkins Seth C. , McGinnis Henderson D. 
Published: January 2011

Objective (1) To determine if, after using the simulation mannequin SimMan in a wilderness “megacode” exercise, participants believe high-tech simulators are an effective tool for learning wilderness medicine skills. (2) To determine if participants believe high-tech simulation mannequins should be used with more or less frequency in future wilderness medicine exercises. Methods After completing a basic training session outlining the capabilities of SimMan and completing a wilderness megacode (defined as a series of progressive conditions that accumulate over time) using SimMan, participants were surveyed to ascertain whether they perceived SimMan to be an effective teaching tool for wilderness medical skills and to determine if they would like SimMan to be used with greater frequency at future wilderness medicine courses. The data were compiled and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results Participants found the wilderness SimMan experience to be an effective tool with an average score of 3.15 on a scale where 4 is most effective and 1 is least effective. Participants also desired to see high-tech simulation more frequently in wilderness courses with a score of 3, on a scale where 4 is more frequently and 1 is less frequently. There was little difference in responses based on previous experience with simulation. Conclusions High-tech simulation is an underused tool for wilderness medicine education. Currently, several barriers exist to its implementation in wilderness medicine. Participants in wilderness courses feel it is an effective tool and would like to see it used more frequently.
End-Tidal Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide and Acute Mountain Sickness in the First 24 Hours Upon Ascent to Cusco Peru (3326 meters)
Authors: Douglas Danielle J. , Schoene Robert B. 
Published: January 2011

Objective To explore the association of end-title partial pressure (Petco2) and oxygen saturation (Spo2) with the development of AMS in travelers rapidly ascending to Cusco, Peru (3326 m). Methods Using the 715 TIDAL WAVE Sp handheld, portable capnometer/oximeter, we measured Spo2 and Petco2 in 175 subjects upon ascent to Cusco, Peru (3326 m) from Lima (sea level) (a mean time of 3.9 hours.) Symptoms of AMS were recorded at the same initial time on arrival to altitude and 24 hours later using the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ). Results This study showed that no subjects with the lowest Petco2 of 23 to 30 mm Hg had AMS ( P <.044). The data also demonstrate that subjects with a higher Petco2 (36–40 mm Hg) and lower Sao2 (72%–86%) have a higher incidence of AMS. Conclusion The most important finding of this study is that Petco2 upon ascent was found to have a more significant effect than Spo2 on a subject's ultimate ESQ score. This study demonstrates that those individuals with a brisk ventilatory response upon ascent to moderate altitude, as measured by Petco2, did not develop AMS, whereas a blunted ventilatory response, as reflected in the highest Petco2, was related to the subsequent development of AMS.
The Lack of Associations Between Alleles at the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1A C1772T Loci and Responses to Acute Hypoxia
Authors: Hennis Philip J. , Bussell Christopher , Darlison Mark G. 
Published: January 2011

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between alleles of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1A ( HIF1A) C1772T polymorphism and several physiological responses to hypoxia, including the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), and serum erythropoietin (EPO), arterial oxygen saturation (Sao2), and acute mountain sickness (AMS) responses during 8 hours of exposure to normobaric hypoxia. Methods A total of 76 males participated in the study; 52 participants completed an 8-hour exposure to 12.7% oxygen, during which time Sao2, EPO concentrations, and AMS scores were measured, while 62 individuals took part in an HVR trial (in total 38 individuals completed both protocols). DNA was obtained from leukocytes, and a 346-bp fragment of the HIF1A gene containing the C1772T polymorphism was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. Fragments were sequenced to reveal individual genotypes, and the associations between HIF1A genotype and EPO, Sao2, AMS responses to hypoxia and HVR were examined. Results The magnitude of the hypoxic responses was highly variable between individuals. The increase in participants' EPO responses ranged from 89% to 388% of baseline values following hypoxia, while Sao2 values during the exposure ranged from 71% to 89%. The HVR ranged from −0.04 to +2.18 L · min−1 · Sao2%−1 among participants. No significant differences in EPO, Sao2, AMS, or HVR results were observed between the HIF1A CC genotype and the combined CT/TT genotype group. Conclusion In this study, the HIF1A C1772T polymorphism does not appear to influence EPO, Sao2, or AMS responses during acute hypoxic exposure, or the magnitude of the HVR.
Glycogen Levels in Wildland Firefighters During Wildfire Suppression
Authors: Cuddy John S. , Slivka Dustin R. , Tucker Tyler J. , Hailes Walter S. , Ruby Brent C. 
Published: January 2011

Objective The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of wildfire suppression on muscle glycogen utilization in wildland firefighters (WLFFs). Methods Wildland firefighters ( n = 11) participated in the study. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis pre- and post-work shift. Activity patterns were measured using an Actical activity monitor positioned on the chest. Food was consumed ad libitum and recorded using a food log and interview. Differences were analyzed using paired samples t-tests and relationships were assessed using Pearson r correlation coefficients. A significance level of p < .05 was set. Results Body weight was similar pre- to post-work shift (85.9 ± 9.1 and 85.6 ± 8.8 kg, respectively). Muscle glycogen decreased from pre- to post-work shift, 101 ± 7 to 80 ± 5 mmol/kg wet wt, p < .05. Average activity counts were 175 ± 60 counts/min. Mean percent of time spent in each intensity category included: sedentary (74 ± 7%), light (21 ± 5%), and moderate/vigorous (5 ± 2%). There was a significant relationship between minutes completing vigorous activity and glycogen utilization ( r = −.76, p < .05), and between minutes spent completing vigorous activity and pre-shift glycogen content ( r = .79, p < .05). Kilocalorie intake during the work shift was 9.2 ± 2.9 MJ/d (2195 ± 699 kcal/d). Conclusions This study demonstrates the variety of self-selected nutritional and activity habits of WLFFs, and emphasizes the relationships between moderate/vigorous activity and muscle glycogen. The current data suggest that the food provided was adequate to maintain muscle glycogen levels pre- to post-work shift.
Spironolactone Does Not Prevent Acute Mountain Sickness: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial by SPACE Trial Group (Spironolactone and Acetazolamide Trial in the Prevention of Acute Mountain Sickness Group)
Authors: Basnyat Buddha , Holck Peter S. , Pun Matiram , Halverson Stephen , Szawarski Piotr , Gertsch Jeffrey , Steif Mike , Powell Skip , Khanal Subhash , Joshi Anip , Shankar Ravi , Karambay Jamie , Alexander Hattie D. , Stone Allyson , Morrissey Candice , Thompson Beth H. , Farrar Jeremy 
Published: January 2011

Objectives Over the last 20 years a number of small trials have reported that spironolactone effectively prevents acute mountain sickness (AMS), but to date there have been no large randomized trials investigating the efﬁcacy of spironolactone in prevention of AMS. Hence, a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efﬁcacy of spironolactone in the prevention of AMS. Methods Participants were sampled from a diverse population of western trekkers recruited at 4300 m on the Mount Everest base camp approach (Nepal side) en route to the study endpoint at 5000 m. Three hundred and eleven healthy trekkers were enrolled, and 251 completed the trial from October to November 2007. Participants were randomly assigned to receive at least 3 doses of spironolactone 50 mg BID, acetazolamide 250 mg BID, or visually matched placebo. A Lake Louise AMS Score of 3 or more, together with the presence of headache and 1 other symptom, was used to evaluate the incidence and severity of AMS. Secondary outcome measures were blood oxygen content and the incidence and severity of high altitude headache (HAH). Results Acetazolamide was more effective than spironolactone in preventing AMS (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.12–0.60, p < 0.01). Spironolactone was not signiﬁcantly different from placebo in the prevention of AMS. AMS incidence for placebo was 20.3%, acetazolamide 10.5%, and spironolactone 29.4%. Oxygen saturation was also signiﬁcantly increased in the acetazolamide group (83% ± 0.04) vs spironolactone group (80% ± 0.05, p < 0.01). Conclusions Spironolactone (50 mg BID) was ineffective in comparison to acetazolamide (250 mg BID) in the prevention of AMS in partially acclimatized western trekkers ascending to 5000 m in the Nepali Himalaya.
Dualization of the Hopf algebra of secondary cohomology operations and the Adams spectral sequence
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim , Jibladze Mamuka 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe describe the dualization of the algebra of secondary cohomology operations in terms of generators extending the Milnor dual of the Steenrod algebra. In this way we obtain explicit formulæ for the computation of the E3-term of the Adams spectral sequence converging to the stable homotopy groups of spheres.
Fixed-point free action of an abelian group of odd non-squarefree exponent
Authors: Ercan Gülin , Güloğlu İsmail Ş. , Sağdiçoğlu Öznur Mut 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLet A be a finite group acting fixed-point freely on a finite (solvable) group G. A longstanding conjecture is that if (|G|, |A|) = 1, then the Fitting length of G is bounded by the length of the longest chain of subgroups of A. It is expected that the conjecture is true when the coprimeness condition is replaced by the assumption that A is nilpotent. We establish the conjecture without the coprimeness condition in the case where A is an abelian group whose order is a product of three odd primes and where the Sylow 2-subgroups of G are abelian.
Surface groups within Baumslag doubles
Authors: Fine Benjamin , Rosenberger Gerhard 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA conjecture of Gromov states that a one-ended word-hyperbolic group must contain a subgroup that is isomorphic to the fundamental group of a closed hyperbolic surface. Recent papers by Gordon and Wilton and by Kim and Wilton give sufficient conditions for hyperbolic surface groups to be embedded in a hyperbolic Baumslag double G. Using Nielsen cancellation methods based on techniques from previous work by the second author, we prove that a hyperbolic orientable surface group of genus 2 is embedded in a hyperbolic Baumslag double if and only if the amalgamated word W is a commutator: that is, W = [U, V] for some elements U, V ∈ F. Furthermore, a hyperbolic Baumslag double G contains a non-orientable surface group of genus 4 if and only if W = X2Y2 for some X, Y ∈ F. G can contain no non-orientable surface group of smaller genus.
Transient evolution of multiple bubbles in laser induced breakdown in water
Authors: Nath A. , Khare A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPulsed laser induced plasma in water produces multiple bubbles with the passage of laser pulse. Shadowgraphy and beam deflection set-up is used to study the temporal and spatial evolution of these bubbles as a function of distance from the laser focus. The formation of multiple bubbles, bubble coalescence, and their effect onto cavity dynamics is reported. Bubble radius and the corresponding velocities from shadowgraphy is used to calculate the maximum gas pressure inside the bubble using Neppiras model. The maximum pressure inside the cavity is found to be 0.4 MPa at the laser focus.
Relative energy level shifts of hydrogen-like carbon bound-states in dense matter
Authors: Meister C.-V. , Imran M. , Hoffmann D.H.H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present work is the further development of the thermodynamics of hydrogen-like plasmas with densities on the order of 1027–1029 m−3 at temperatures of 106−108 K. Therefore, the Jacobi-Padé approximation for the so-called relative energy level shifts is applied to a quasineutral plasma consisting of six-fold and five-fold ionized carbon atoms and electrons. The relative energy level shift of the five-fold ionized carbon is determined by the difference between Coulomb and Debye potential, and by the kinetic energy of the particles. The shift caused by the kinetic energy (KES) has to be found considering the momentum space of the particles, so that nine-fold integrals in phase space have to be calculated. Quantum-physically, former numerical calculations of KES were only performed for particle states with zero angular quantum numbers. In the present work, a detailed, to a large extent analytical analysis of the KES is given for any angular quantum number, enabling also an improved analysis of future further-developed Jacobi-Padé formulae. Relative energy shifts of the bound-states of the fivefold ionized carbon are numerically obtained as function of the Mott parameter of the plasma. Dependencies of the shifts on main quantum numbers and orbital quantum numbers are discussed.
Inertial confinement fusion fast ignition with ultra-relativistic electron beams
Authors: Deutsch C. , Didelez J.-P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInertial confinement fusion fast ignition at very high relativistic electron beam energy is systematically explored through a possible combination of various stopping mechanisms including strong Langmuir turbulence, elastic, and inelastic electron interactions with target particles. A specific attention is given to final state interaction through catalysis by negative pion.
Radiant Moments of Remembrance: on Sound Sheets in Schoenberg's Late Chamber Works
Authors: MATTES ARNULF CHRISTIAN 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe return of expressionistic textures in Arnold Schoenberg's late chamber works creates a play of allusion that raises important questions about his creative process in the ‘American’ period. Passages in thePhantasyand the String Trio resemble the characteristic sound of the so-calledKlangflächen(‘sound sheets’) that were located at key expressive moments in his music from the first two decades of the century. Their return in these two late instrumental works evokes associations with the mystical and spiritual, and gives rise to intertextual resonances that extend beyond the confines of closed form and the immanent referentiality of the musical material.This article seeks to reassess Schoenberg's concept of expression by means of a hermeneutic understanding of his belated expressionism. Rather than adopting a conventional analytical approach that emphasizes structure and pitch, it makes the musical surface of the works the primary focus of attention. By pursuing the mimetic and allusive properties of sensuous similarity in certain textures within these works, the discussion elucidates how a hermeneutic approach might cause us to redefine Schoenberg's belated expressionism as self-reflexive Late Style.
The ‘healthy immigrant’ effect: initial evidence for Ireland
Authors: Nolan Anne 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe period from 1996 to 2008 was one of rapid economic and social change in Ireland, with one of the most significant changes being the transition from a situation of net emigration to one of substantial net immigration. Although research on the impact of immigration on Irish society, as well as the labour market characteristics and experiences of immigrants in Ireland has increased in recent years, comparatively little is known about the health status of immigrants to Ireland. An extensive international literature has documented a ‘healthy immigrant’ effect for large immigrant-receiving countries such as the United States, Canada and Australia, whereby the health status of immigrants is better than comparable native-born individuals. There is also evidence to suggest that immigrants’ health status deteriorates with time spent in the host country. However, the Irish immigration experience differs considerably from that of countries that have been the focus of research on the ‘healthy immigrant’ effect. Using microdata from a nationally representative survey of the population in 2007, this paper finds only limited evidence in favour of a ‘healthy immigrant’ effect for Ireland, although the distinctive features of the Irish immigrant population, and the nature of the data available, may partly explain the results.
Interoperable Semantic Web services (Tutorials)
Authors: Kalaš Matúš , Ison Jon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLife-scientific Web services are increasingly available and diverse. Their semantic interoperability is crucial to enable automated workflow construction and efficient searching for the right service. At the same time, smooth programmatic access must be possible with all the main programming, scripting, or workflow languages.This tutorial gave an introduction to the "SAWSDL":http://www.w3.org/standards/techs/sawsdlw3c_all standard for semantic annotation of Web services and XML Schemas; the "EDAM":http://edamontology.sourceforge.net ontology for describing bioinformatics tools; and "BioXSD":http://bioxsd.org as a canonical data model for bioinformatics Web services. EDAM (EMBRACE Data And Methods) defines terms for annotating the service scope, functions and the types of input and output data. BioXSD defines an exchange format for common bioinformatics data types which are not covered by specialised standards. BioXSD is annotated with EDAM terms, thus serving as an example of XML Schema annotation and as a set of ready-made building blocks for Semantic Web service interfaces.The practical, combined approach of XML Schema and SAWSDL annotation (recommended by the _EMBRACE_ FP6 project) ensures maximum interoperability with both the Semantic Web and the common SOAP and XML libraries. Tutorial included a hands-on exercise session of editing and annotationg a WSDL file(s).
Noncontact estimation of intercellular breaking force using a femtosecond laser impulse quantified by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Hosokawa Yoichiroh , Hagiyama Man , Iino Takanori , Murakami Yoshinori , Ito Akihiko 
Published: January 2011

When a femtosecond laser pulse (fsLP) is focused through an objective lens into a culture medium, an impulsive force (fsLP-IF) is generated that propagates from the laser focal point (
O

f

) in a micron-sized space. This force can detach individual adherent cells without causing considerable cell damage. In this study, an fsLP-IF was reflected in the vibratory movement of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever. Based on the magnitude of the vibration and the geometrical relationship between
O

f

and the cantilever, the fsLP-IF generated at
O

f

was calculated as a unit of impulse [N-s]. This impulsive force broke adhesion molecule-mediated intercellular interactions in a manner that depended on the adhesion strength that was estimated by the cell aggregation assay. The force also broke the interactions between streptavidin-coated microspheres and a biotin-coated substrate with a measurement error of approximately 7%. These results suggest that fsLP-IF can be used to break intermolecular and intercellular interactions and estimate the adhesion strength. The fsLP-IF was used to break intercellular contacts in two biologically relevant cultures: a coculture of leukocytes seeded over on an endothelial cell monolayer, and a polarized monolayer culture of epithelial cells. The impulses needed to break leukocyte–endothelial and interepithelial interactions, which were calculated based on the geometrical relationship between
O

f

and the adhesive interface, were on the order of 10
-13
and 10
-12
N-s, respectively. When the total impulse at
O

f

is well-defined, fsLP-IF can be used to estimate the force required to break intercellular adhesions in a noncontact manner under biologically relevant conditions.
Structural kinetics of myosin by transient time-resolved FRET
Authors: Nesmelov Yuri E. , Agafonov Roman V. , Negrashov Igor V. , Blakely Sarah E. , Titus Margaret A. , Thomas David D. 
Published: January 2011

For many proteins, especially for molecular motors and other enzymes, the functional mechanisms remain unsolved due to a gap between static structural data and kinetics. We have filled this gap by detecting structure and kinetics simultaneously. This structural kinetics experiment is made possible by a new technique, (TR)
2
FRET (transient time-resolved FRET), which resolves protein structural states on the submillisecond timescale during the transient phase of a biochemical reaction. (TR)
2
FRET is accomplished with a fluorescence instrument that uses a pulsed laser and direct waveform recording to acquire an accurate subnanosecond time-resolved fluorescence decay every 0.1 ms after stopped flow. To apply this method to myosin, we labeled the force-generating region site specifically with two probes, mixed rapidly with ATP to initiate the recovery stroke, and measured the interprobe distance by (TR)
2
FRET with high resolution in both space and time. We found that the relay helix bends during the recovery stroke, most of which occurs before ATP is hydrolyzed, and two structural states (relay helix straight and bent) are resolved in each nucleotide-bound biochemical state. Thus the structural transition of the force-generating region of myosin is only loosely coupled to the ATPase reaction, with conformational selection driving the motor mechanism.
Reconciliation of opposing views on membrane–sugar interactions
Authors: Andersen Heidi D. , Wang Chunhua , Arleth Lise , Peters Günther H. , Westh Peter 
Published: January 2011

It is well established that small sugars exert different types of stabilization of biomembranes both in vivo and in vitro. However, the essential question of whether sugars are bound to or expelled from membrane surfaces, i.e., the sign and size of the free energy of the interaction, remains unresolved, and this prevents a molecular understanding of the stabilizing mechanism. We have used small-angle neutron scattering and thermodynamic measurements to show that sugars may be either bound or expelled depending on the concentration of sugar. At low concentration, small sugars bind quite strongly to a lipid bilayer, and the accumulation of sugar at the interface makes the membrane thinner and laterally expanded. Above ∼0.2 M the sugars gradually become expelled from the membrane surface, and this repulsive mode of interaction counteracts membrane thinning. The dual nature of sugar–membrane interactions offers a reconciliation of conflicting views in earlier reports on sugar-induced modulations of membrane properties.