bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Y chromosome meiotic drive inAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae): a potential genetic approach to mosquito control
Authors: Owusu-Daaku K. O. , Wood R. J. , Butler R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReciprocal crosses between strains ofAedes aegypti(Linnaeus) from different geographical areas have revealed an unexpectedly complex pattern of holandrically inherited male biased sex ratios in F2. The variation has been interpreted in terms of a web of X–Y interactions in Fl, in which the Y chromosome may or may not show meiotic drive against the X chromosome with which it is paired. The pattern of inheritance is not in agreement with a single form of Y chromosome, driving with different degrees of intensity against Xs of different sensitivity, but indicates different forms of driving Y chromosome. A rule has emerged that if Fl males from any cross give rise to a male distorted sex ratio in their progeny (F2), the males from the reciprocal cross give rise to a normal sex ratio. All eleven newly colonized strains from Ghana showed Y meiotic drive against the Xs of five strains, one of American and four of Australian origin, although one of the eleven showed a greater degree of drive than the other ten against the same sensitive strains. The variation observed is discussed in relation to previous studies on meiotic drive by theMDhaplotype, and to the possible exploitation of sex ratio distortion in controlling this potentially dangerous insect.
The effect of host plant-induced stomach precipitate on the ability of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to transmit sugarbeet yellowing viruses
Authors: Williams I. S. , Dewar A. M. , Dixon A. F. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhen Myzus persicae (Sulzer) feeds on healthy sugarbeet it develops a white precipitate inside its stomach which causes the stomach to enlarge. Infection of sugarbeet plants with beet yellows virus (BYV), but not beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) results in further increases in stomach size. The influence of the white precipitate on the transmission of BYV and BMYV was investigated by rearing M. persicae on sugarbeet Beta vulgaris, Tetragonia expansa and Capsella bursa-pastoris, which are hosts for both BYV and BMYV, BYV and BMYV respectively, but the latter two hosts do not stimulate the formation of white precipitate in the aphid's stomach. Aphids reared on BYV-infected T. expansa were significantly better vectors of BYV than those reared on BYV-infected sugarbeet, but aphids reared on BMYV-infected C. bursa-pastoris did not transmit BMYV more efficiently than those reared on BMYV-infected sugarbeet. The consequences of these results for the spread of beet yellowing viruses are discussed.
The Mosquitos of the Island of Corfu, Greece
Authors: Stephanides Theodore 
Published: July 2009

1. Anopheles maculipennis, Meigen.The larvae are found in the low-lying districts of the Island in shallow pools and irrigation ditches containing a medium amount of aquatic vegetation yet well exposed to sunlight. They are sometimes present along the edges and in the back-waters of drainage canals with an appreciable current, and frequently in slightly brackish(up to 10 per cent. salinity) waters by the sea-shore. They are most plentiful in Lake Antiniotissa among the floating masses of Monostroma (? bullosum, Roth-Wittr.) at the mouths of several fresh-water springs which flow into that shallow and slightly brackish mere from the south.The adult bites most frequently after sunset and is the principal transmitter of the malarial parasite in the Island.
On the Synonymy and Biology of the Strawberry Aphis, Capitophorus fragariae, Theo. (1912)
Authors: Hodson W. E. H. 
Published: July 2009

1. Reference is made to the proven capacity of aphides of the genus Capitophorus to transmit virus disease among strawberries, and attention is drawn to the confusion existing as to the actual synonymy of the insect principally concerned.2. For the first time sexual and asexual forms of the species commonly present in England have been observed together. Evidence is considered which suggests that the aphis is Capitophorus fragariae, Theo., and that American forms are in reality other, but closely related, species.3. The incidence of the aphis in the field is considered, and the biology as observed in field and laboratory is discussed.4. The economic significance of the aphis is referred to, and attention is drawn to the practical difficulties attending efforts to keep it in control, particularly in commercial strawberry-growing areas.
Sex Ratios and the Status of the Male in Pseudococcinae (Hem. Coccidae)
Authors: James H. C. 
Published: July 2009

1. The male of Pseudococcus is co-equal in importance with the female for the propagation of the species. Virgin females of P. citri, Risso (both aerial and root forms), P. maritimus, Ehr., P. gahani, Green, P. longispinus, Targ., and T. peregrinus, Green, are incapable of producing offspring. No form of parthenogenesis occurs in these five species. Only fertilised eggs develop.2. The relative abundance of the male sex varies greatly from species to species. The specific sex ratio of citri is 101·62± 1·54 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 11,413 progeny from 47 females; that of maritimus is 59·65± 9·39 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 4,630 progeny from 42 females; that of gahani is 43·025± 2·28 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀ estimated from 12,092 progeny from 61 females; that of longispinus (for bisexual families only) is 19·28± 2·27 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 4,084 progeny from 19 females; and that of peregrinus 37·01± 7·906 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 3,946 progeny from 24 females.
A new Species of Apanteles (Hym. Brac.) bred from Myelois ceratoniae attacking Carobs in Cyprus
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Apanteles myeloenta, sp. n.♀. Black; the front femora in the apical half or third, the front tibiae and tarsi (save for the black feet), middle femora in about the apical fifth or sixth, middle tibiae (save commonly for some darkening in the apical two-thirds above), middle tarsi (save for the feet and last joint, which are black), and the hind tibiae in about the apical fifth or sixth, red testaceous; tegulae testaceous; palpi pale; tibial spurs white; wings hyaline, the setae apparently coloured; trie costal veins in the basal half more or less colourless, as are all the wing-veins; costal veins apically, and the borders of the stigma, light brown or brown, the metacarp brown or dark brown; stigma otherwise hyaline.
On the biology of Paropta paradoxus (H.-S.) (Lep., Cossidae) on grapevine in Israel
Authors: Plaut H. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology of Paropta paradoxus (H.-S.), a new pest of the grapevine, was studied in field and laboratory during 1962–1972. Descriptions are given of the imago and developmental stages. The life-cycle is completed in 1–3 years. Adults are active during April–September, and eclose mostly during the day with a male/female ratio of 0.65 (3.3 in UV light-trap catches). Light induces a deep torpor in most adults. After mating, which lasts 30–60 min, females lay up to 275 eggs in their life span of 1–14 days (males 2–13 days). In the vineyard eggs are glued under loose bark, in batches of 15.6 (1–63), and hatch in 20–32 days. The neonate larvae disperse and settle under loose bark where they begin feeding; penetration of the wood is mainly through dried stubs of pruned canes, and galleries are excavated along the axes of stems and branches. Larvae may also develop under dry bark. The pest overwinters as active immature larvae and diapausing mature, prepupal larvae. The pupa is usually formed in the larval galleries, and lasts 16–45 days. In heavily infested vines the pupae may be cannibalized by larvae; both larvae and pupae may be preyed on by woodpeckers.
Changes in the probing responsiveness of starving tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Brady John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResponsiveness to stimuli eliciting probing was measured in individual, suspended males of Glossina morsitans Westw. The standard stimulus was a warmed foam rubber ball offered from below; a positive response was recorded if the fly exsheathed its haustellum and probed the foam. During four days without food, probing responsiveness increased linearly from zero in mature flies, but with an initial step-up in tenerals. Each day's increase was steeper than the overall rate, and apparently modulated in the V-shaped pattern typical of other responses in tsetse flies. Starvation is thus seen to induce changes in feeding thresholds which parallel those induced in flight behaviour.
Aphidophagous Cecidomyiidae (Diptera): taxonomy, biology and assessments of field populations
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarvae of Aphidoletes Kieffer and Monobremia Kieffer feed exclusively as predators on aphids. The taxonomic status of these genera and their included species is reviewed and new generic and specific synonymies are given. A. aphidimyza (Rondani), A. urticariae (Kieffer), A. abietis (Kieffer), A. thompsoni Möhn and M. subterranea (Kieffer) are accepted as good species and a neotype is designated for A. urticariae. Diagnostic characters of these species are indicated and characters of the male genitalia, female wings and larval skins are illustrated. Published information on their biology, particularly of the commonest species A. aphidimyza, is summarized and includes details of host ranges and geographical distribution. Lestodiplosis grassator (Fyles), L. pini Barnes, Trilobia aphidisuga Del Guercio, Uncinulella eriosomiperda Del Guercio, Trilobiella siphae Del Guercio and Adelgimyza strobilobii Del Guercio probably prey on aphids but have not been recognized since they were originally described. Comparative assessments of field populations of Aphidoletes by examination of aphid colonies in the field, by incubation of samples in polythene bags and by laboratory examination of samples fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol showed that only the last gives accurate counts of eggs and larvae. Counts of aphids, Aphidoletes, Syrphids, Coccinellids and Anthocorids in 35 samples taken from aphid colonies occurring at Wisley in 1970–72 are tabulated, together with seven samples from other localities. Aphidoletes (mainly A. aphidimyza) was numerically the dominant predator in all three years at Wisley and was about ten times more numerous on wild plants than on cultivated plants.
Frequency-dependent prey selection by larvae of Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Amalraj D. Dominic , Das P. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe foraging behaviour of frequency-dependent prey selection by larval instars of Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) was studied in the laboratory. Prey size selection (second vs fourth instars of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus or Anopheles stephensi Liston) by third and fourth instar predators was frequency-dependent. However, in the case of second instar predators, prey size selection was not frequency-dependent and the predator preferred second instar to fourth instar prey. When offered second instars of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi the preference for one species over the other was frequency-dependent in all the three predator instars. The role of frequency-dependent prey selection in the stability of prey—predator interaction at low equilibrium levels is discussed.
Inbreeding in the coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampei(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) estimated from endosulfan resistance phenotype frequencies
Authors: Gingerich D. Pierre , Borsa Philippe , Suckling D. Maxwell , Brun Luc-Olivier 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn estimate of the inbreeding coefficient,FIS, of the coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampeiFerrari, was calculated from genotype frequencies of endosulfan resistance in beetles collected from berries in 41 different fields on the East Coast of New Caledonia. Two different estimates were obtained as a function of sampling date:FIS=0.491 ± 0.059 (s.e.) for samples collected in September, andFIS=0.215 ± 0.108 for samples collected in April. These values ofFISare very high in comparison to those of most insects, but surprisingly low given current understandings ofH. hampeimating patterns. The difference between April and September FISestimates is discussed in terms of insecticide regimes and seasonal variability of sib inbreeding levels. The high level of inbreeding in the coffee berry borer increases frequencies of homozygotes relative to heterozygotes. Inbreeding will accelerate resistance evolution whenever the fitness of homozygous resistant insects exceeds that of heterozygotes, and will undermine any high-dose strategy to control resistance evolution.
Insecticide resistance and synergism in field collected German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Lee C. Y. , Yap H. H. , Chong N. L. , Lee R. S. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwelve strains of German cockroach,Blattella germanica(Linnaeus) were collected from various locations in Peninsular Malaysia and tested for their susceptibility to three groups of insecticides applied topically. The levels of resistance were low to high (2.8 to 92x) for carbamates (propoxur and bendiocarb), low (2.0 to 7.6x) for organophosphate (chlorpyrifos) and low to moderate (1.0 to 23x) for pyrethroids (cypermethrin and permethrin) when compared to a susceptible strain. Five strains, resistant to both cypermethrin and permethrin, were also resistant to DDT, phenothrin and deltamethrin. Propoxur resistance in ten strains was suppressed with the synergists, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEFR), suggesting monooxygenase and esterase involvement in the resistance. However, the levels of resistance for cypermethrin and permethrin were not affected when using either PBO or DEFR.
Oxidative interactions between the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii maculata) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the host plant Medicago sativa
Authors: Jiang Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSalivary oxidation has been hypothesized as a possible means by which spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii maculata (Buckton)) deals with deleterious phenolics in the susceptible host plant, lucerne (Medicago sativa). In this study, some basic questions about this hypothesis were examined. Constitutive flavonoids and a crude phenolic extract from lucerne leaves were shown to be deterrent to the aphid in a choice test. Phenolics were oxidized by phenoloxidase in the saliva of the aphid. Fresh sap expressed from aphid-infested, oxidatively-reactive leaves was phagostimulatory to the aphid, compared to that from non-infested healthy leaves. Oxidative reaction was responsible for at least part of the phagostimulation, since addition of ascorbic acid into the sap deleted the phagostimulatory activity. Ascorbic acid was itself not deterrrent and its titre decreased in leaves after aphid feeding. The results provide further information on the Oxidative interaction between spotted alfalfa aphid and lucerne plants and support the previous suggestion that oxidation of phenolics and anti-oxidation by reductants affects feeding activity of this aphid.
Analysis and interpretation of long term light trap data for Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in Australia: population changes and forecasting pest pressure
Authors: Maelzer D. , Zalucki M.P. , Laughlin R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUsing regression analysis the early season dynamics of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) were determined from long series of light trap catches (10–19 years) from three sites in Australia (Narrabri and Trangie in New South Wales, and Turretfield in South Australia). The size of the second spring generation (G2, the one causing major pest problems in summer cropping regions) was strongly related to the size of the first spring generation (G1). In most cases, rainfall in early winter had a positive influence on the size of G2, whereas rainfall in spring had a negative effect. Regressions were found to account for 49 to 93% of the annual variation in G2, depending on site. The use of light trap catches and weather data to forecast pest levels from a few months to a few weeks in advance is discussed, along with the improved understanding of early season H. punctigera dynamics.
Field application and effects of chlorpyrifos residues onSitona discoideus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) adults and implications for biological control byMicroctonus aethiopoides(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: McNeill M.R. , Hunt L.M. , Chapman R.B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChlorpyrifos was applied to field lucerne at a rate (0.3 kg/ha) recommended to control the weevilSitona discoideusGyllenhal. The fate of the weevil population and that of the immature stages of its parasitoidMicroctonus aethiopoidesLoan were examined by field sampling. A single application of chlorpyrifos reduced the weevil population by 96.2% 14 days after application. There was no significant decline in the control population between sampling intervals nor a change in the parasitism levels. However, in the insecticide-treated plotsc. 88% of survivors (n=8) were parasitized. The effects of chlorpyrifos residues at 0.3 and 1.0 kg/ha were also examined. At the lower rate, residues producedc. 40–60% weevil mortality for up to 15 days after application although a significant decline in activity only occurred between days 1 and 3. At 1.0 kg/ha, the activity decay curve was much slower with no significant decline in weevil mortality for the first 15 days of the experiment. Weevil gender was shown to be a significant factor influencing mortality. Mortality of unparasitized weevils was also significantly greater than for parasitized hosts while the stage of parasitoid development had a significant effect on mortality. Where parasitoid development was sufficiently advanced, late-instar larva emerged and successfully pupated from cadavers up to 18 h following host mortality. The consequences of applying insecticide to controlS. discoideusas they relate to the parasitoid and the success of biological control are discussed.
Studies on the Sex pheromone of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) in India
Authors: Reddy G.V.P. , Urs K.C.D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMarked male moths of Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus) released at up to 12 m from a sticky delta trap baited with synthetic pheromone, were caught in significantly higher numbers than moths released at greater distances, both in downwind and upwind directions, from the traps. Maximum catches were obtained when the traps were set at 30 cm above the crop level. Continued exposure of septa in the field led to a progressive reduction in catches, and catches were significantly reduced after 28 days. Newly emerged virgin female moths attracted significantly more male moths than one day old or older virgin female moths. Five day old virgin females attracted no male moths. When virgin females were used as a bait in the field, the peak catch of males was between 1600 and 1800 h. Tests at two field locations revealed that, at the concentration tested, synthetic sex pheromone attracted a similar number of moths to the number attracted by 10 virgin females in delta traps, and significantly more than 8, or fewer virgin females.
A brief account of the hibiscus mealybugMaconellicoccus hirsutus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a pest of agriculture and horticulture, with descriptions of two related species from southern Asia
Authors: Williams D.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe mealybugMaconellicoccus hirsutus(Green) occurs in many tropical and subtropical parts of the Old World and extends into some temperate areas. It has now reached the West Indies where it is causing extensive damage to plants. There is concern that it may be introduced to the southern USA and to Central and South America. A brief account is given of reported damage caused byM. hirsutusto some commercial and food crops in Asia and Africa and the species is redescribed.M. multipori(Takahashi), now known from a wide area in southern Asia, is redescribed, andM. ramchensissp. n.from Nepal, is described as new. These two species are closely related toM. hirsutusand can easily be mistaken for it.M. hirsutusandM. multiporiare sometimes intercepted at quarantine inspection of plants and plant produce in the USA and Europe. In order to aid identification, a key is provided to the eight species presently included in the genusMaconellicoccusEzzat.
The Transmission of Bancroftial Filariasis on Ukara Island, Tanganyika. III.—Biting-incidences on Man and Filarial Infections in wild-caught Mosquitos
Authors: Smith A. 
Published: July 2009

The seasonal biting-incidences on man of several species of mosquito inside and outside huts of villages on Ukara Island, Tanganyika, between 7 p.m. and 3 a.m. East African Standard Time are recorded. Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles were by far the most common indoor biters in both of the villages which received study: they were also taken biting outdoors in fair numbers. Tacniorhynchus africanus (Theo.) and T. uniformis (Theo.) were common outdoor biters in a village near a swamp, but were taken in only small numbers off human “bait” in a cone hut.A study of sleeping arrangements in huts showed that people between six and sixteen years of age were most exposed to the risk of mosquito bites at night, since they were least protected by covers and clothing.The inhabitants were bitten by Aëdes africanus (Theo.) and Aë. apicoargenteus (Theo.) outdoors by day, and by small numbers of A. gambiae and A. funestus in huts during daylight hours in April.The results are given in detail of dissections for developing filarial worms in over seven thousand mosquitos. Proboscis infections occurred in A. gambiae and A. funestus. Immature (thoracic) forms were found in A. pharoensis Theo., T. africanus, T. uniformis and Culex antennatus (Beck.).It is concluded that the biting-habits of A. gambiae and A. funestus point to them as more likely vectors of bancroftial filariasis than other species with developing filarial worms.
On The Transmission of Bancroftial Filariasis on Ukara Island, Tanganyika. IV.—Host-preferences of Mosquitos and the Incrimination of Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles as Vectors of Bancroftial Filariasis
Authors: Smith A. 
Published: July 2009

Precipitin tests show that, on Ukara Island, Tanganyika, man and ox are the chief sources of blood to hut-resting mosquitos. Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. funestus Giles feed almost entirely on man. A. pharoensis Theo. feeds more on man than on ox. Culicines feed more on ox than on man.Hand-catches off man, cow and goat in a hut confirm the results of precipitin tests on hut-resting mosquitos.An account is given of the mosquito fauna of natural and artificial outdoor resting places and of the results obtained in precipitin tests on blood-fed mosquitos from outdoor resting places.Blood-fed mosquitos resting indoors and outdoors were examined for nucleated red corpuscles in blood-meals. A. gambiae and Gulex annulioris Theo. feed on domestic fowl.Experiments in the laboratory, to find the facility with which different species of mosquito will feed on small wild animals of the island, show that A. gambiae and certain Culicines feed on a wide variety of hosts.A. gambiae and A. funestus are incriminated as almost entirely responsible for the transmission of bancroftial filariasis on Ukara Island. A little transmission may take place by A. pharoensis.