bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalographic Recovery, Hypnotic Emergence, and the Effects of Metabolite after Continuous Infusions of a Rapidly Metabolized Etomidate Analog in Rats
Authors: Pejo Ervin , Ge Rile , Banacos Natalie , Cotten Joseph F. , Husain S. Shaukat , Raines Douglas E. 
Published: March 2012

Background
Methoxycarbonyl etomidate is an ultrarapidly metabolized etomidate analog. It is metabolized to methoxycarbonyl etomidate carboxylic acid (MOC-ECA), which has a hypnotic potency that is 350-fold less than that of methoxycarbonyl etomidate. The authors explored the relationships between methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion duration, recovery time, metabolite concentrations in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and methoxycarbonyl etomidate metabolism in brain tissue and CSF to test the hypothesis that rapid metabolism of methoxycarbonyl etomidate may lead to sufficient accumulation of MOC-ECA in the brain to produce a pharmacologic effect.

Methods
A closed-loop system with burst suppression ratio feedback was used to administer methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusions of varying durations to rats. After infusion, recovery of the electroencephalogram and righting reflexes were assessed. MOC-ECA concentrations were measured in blood and CSF during and after methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion, and the in vitro half-life of methoxycarbonyl etomidate was determined in rat brain tissue and CSF.

Results
Upon termination of continuous methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusions, the burst suppression ratio recovered in a biexponential manner with fast and slow components having time constants that differed by more than 100-fold and amplitudes that varied inversely with infusion duration. MOC-ECA concentrations reached hypnotic concentrations in the CSF with prolonged methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion and then decreased during a period of several hours after infusion termination. The metabolic half-life of methoxycarbonyl etomidate in brain tissue and CSF was 11 and 20 min, respectively.

Conclusion
In rats, methoxycarbonyl etomidate metabolism is sufficiently fast to produce pharmacologically active MOC-ECA concentrations in the brain with prolonged methoxycarbonyl etomidate infusion.
Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction in the Irradiated Breast
Authors: Lindegren Anna , Halle Martin , Docherty Skogh Ann-Charlott , Edsander-Nord Åsa 
Published: March 2012

Background:
Autologous tissue transfer is often indicated to achieve improved tissue quality during breast reconstruction after radiotherapy. The authors evaluated satisfaction with postmastectomy breast reconstruction among irradiated patients. The aim was to compare deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) and latissimus dorsi flaps regarding satisfaction with aesthetic outcome between patients and plastic surgeons.

Methods:
Patients who underwent reconstruction with 24 consecutive DIEP flaps and 21 consecutive latissimus dorsi flaps in combination with prostheses were reviewed retrospectively. They received the Michigan Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey and a complementary form regarding patient satisfaction. They were photographed, and aesthetic results were evaluated by an independent board of plastic surgeons.

Results:
There was no significant difference between the groups regarding demographic data or 36-Item Short Form Health Survey results. Plastic surgeons found the DIEP flap superior regarding size (p = 0.024) and shape (p = 0.039), whereas patients were more satisfied with the size (p = 0.046) and shape (p = 0.017) of the latissimus dorsi flap when patients' and surgeons' opinions were compared. Discrepancy between patients' and surgeons' opinions was verified with weighted kappa analysis. Regarding the donor scar, the latissimus dorsi flap was favored compared with DIEP flap reconstruction by both patients (p = 0.036) and surgeons (p = 0.001).

Conclusions:
There is a difference between patients' and plastic surgeons' opinions regarding breast reconstruction outcomes in the irradiated breast. The patients were more satisfied with latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction, which may relate to the donor-site scar. Surgeons favored DIEP flap reconstruction with regard to the size and shape of the breast.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Correcting Upper Eyelid Retraction by Means of Pretarsal Levator Lengthening for Complications following Ptosis Surgery
Authors: Cho In Chang , Kang Jong Hwa , Kim Kenneth K. 
Published: March 2012

Background:
Eyelid retraction is a condition in which the upper eyelid ascends past its ideal position, 1 to 2 mm below the upper limbus of the cornea. This condition can be a result of overcorrecting ptosis, hyperthyroidism, and other causes. The authors present studies conducted on eyelid retraction caused by ptosis overcorrection. An innovative approach for levator lengthening using the pretarsal tissue as a spacer flap is introduced as a method to correct the retraction.

Methods:
A series of 60 patients over a 6-year period underwent 71 eyelid procedures to correct upper lid retraction following upper blepharoplasty and ptosis repair. All eyelid retractions ranged from 1 to 3 mm above its ideal position. All eyelids were corrected with the authors' technique of lengthening the levator with pretarsal tissue. Twelve cases that required further lengthening were completed by creating a superiorly based rotation flap.

Results:
Of the 71 cases, 61 (86 percent) observed favorable results, six (8 percent) attained mild ptosis after surgery, and four (6 percent) regained upper eyelid retraction. All of the unsuccessful cases were corrected through early revision surgery, more advancement for the ptosis, and further recess or rotation flap for the retraction. No other complications were observed, except formation of supratarsal fold asymmetry, which was corrected through minor revision surgery.

Conclusions:
It is very difficult to correct eyelid retraction caused by tissue fibrosis and muscle degeneration. Correction of the retraction by levator lengthening using the pretarsal tissue is simpler to execute, measurable during surgery, and easy to adjust, and offers high predictability in its result.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Climbing the Ladder from Novice to Expert Plastic Surgeon
Authors: Weber Robert A. , Aretz H. Thomas 
Published: March 2012

Summary:
This article reviews the nature of novice and expert thinking and shows how pattern recognition is a key distinction between the two. The article also discusses the ladder that learners climb as they move from medical student to senior staff surgeon and suggests ways of viewing surgical trainees as they progress through the process so that learning activities can be adopted that best fit them.
Survivin and laryngeal carcinoma prognosis: nuclear localization and expression of splice variants
Authors: Marioni Gino , Agostini Marco , Bedin Chiara , Blandamura Stella , Stellini Edoardo , Favero Giovanni , Lionello Marco , Giacomelli Luciano , Burti Silvia , D’Angelo Edoardo , Nitti Donato , Staffieri Alberto , De Filippis Cosimo 
Published: March 2012

Marioni G, Agostini M, Bedin C, Blandamura S, Stellini E, Favero G, Lionello M, Giacomelli L, Burti S, D’Angelo E, Nitti D, Staffieri A & De Filippis C  (2012) Histopathology 61, 247–256Survivin and laryngeal carcinoma prognosis: nuclear localization and expression of splice variantsAims:  Aberrant survivin expression in cancer cells has been associated with tumour progression, radiation/drug resistance and shorter patient survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate survivin expression in laryngeal carcinoma (LSCC) tissue and – for the first time at this site – the expression of survivin splice variants. P53 was also studied.Methods and results:  Survivin and p53 expression was determined immunohistochemically in 86 consecutive patients operated for LSCC. Survivin mRNA expression was assessed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hot‐spot mutations in exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 of the TP53 gene were studied by sequencing analysis. A nuclear localization for survivin predominated. There was a significant association between a higher nuclear survivin expression and LSCC recurrence (P = 0.046). Disease‐free survival (DFS) for LSCC patients with a nuclear survivin expression >7.0% was shorter than in cases whose expression was ≤7.0% (P = 0.05). Wild‐type survivin correlated significantly with nuclear survivin expression (P = 0.02). p53 expression was associated with the co‐expression of wild‐type survivin and survivin‐2B (P = 0.01).Conclusions:  Nuclear expression of survivin appears to influence LSCC aggressiveness, a higher nuclear survivin expression correlating with a higher recurrence rate and a shorter DFS. Wild‐type survivin was the most frequently detected splice variant in LSCC tissues.
Endocytotic uptake of nutrients in carnivorous plants
Authors: Adlassnig Wolfram , Koller‐Peroutka Marianne , Bauer Sonja , Koshkin Edith , Lendl Thomas , Lichtscheidl Irene K. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryCarnivorous plants trap, digest and absorb animals in order to supplement their mineral nutrition. Nutrients absorbed by the plant include different nitrogen species, phosphate, potassium, trace elements and small organic compounds. Uptake is usually thought to be performed via specific channels, but this study provides evidence that endocytosis is involved as well. Traps of the carnivorous plants Nepenthes coccinea, Nepenthes ventrata, Cephalotus follicularis, Drosophyllum lusitanicum, Drosera capensis, Dionaea muscipula, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Genlisea violacea × lobata, Sarracenia psittacina and Sarracenia purpurea were stained with methylene blue in order to identify possible sites of uptake. The permeable parts of the traps were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled bovine serum albumin (FITC‐BSA) and other fluorescent endocytosis markers, combined with the soluble protein BSA or respiratory inhibitors. Uptake was studied by confocal microscopy. In Nepenthes, small fluorescent vesicles became visible 1 h after incubation with FITC‐BSA. These vesicles fused to larger compartments within 30 h. A similar behaviour was found in the related genera Drosera, Dionaea, Aldrovanda and Drosophyllum but also in Cephalotus with glands of different evolutionary origin. In Genlisea and Sarracenia, no evidence for endocytosis was found. We propose that in many carnivorous plants, nutrient uptake by carriers is supplemented by endocytosis, which enables absorption and intracellular digestion of whole proteins. The advantage for the plant of reducing secretion of enzymes for extracellular digestion is evident.
Lichen planus and lichenoid drug‐induced eruption: a histological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Lage Denise , Juliano Priscila Bianchini , Metze Konradin , Souza Elemir Macedo de , Cintra Maria Letícia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIntroduction  Lichenoid drug eruption (LDE) shares similar features with lichen planus (LP), that could reflect the same pathogenesis. In LP, an autoimmune attack is accepted and cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CD8+) predominate, especially in late lesions. Apoptosis of keratinocytes may be mediated by CD8+ T and NK cells in two distinct ways: by the release of cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzyme B or by the Fas/FasL system. The immunological mechanisms involved in LDE are not yet fully established.Objectives  Investigate immunohistological features in LP and LDE to add clues to better understand their pathogenesis.Material and methods  Twenty‐two patients fulfilled all clinical, laboratory, histopathological, and follow‐up features of lichen planus (n = 16) and lichenoid drug eruption (n = 6). Classic histological features favoring LP or LDE were evaluated by two observers. HAM56, MAC387, UCHL‐1, OPD4, CD8, Granzyme B, Perforin, and ICAM‐1 antibodies were used to decorate the immune infiltrate. Results were analyzed through Pearson correlation, Student’s t‐test, and linear discriminant analysis.Results  A higher number of necrotic keratinocytes as well as plasma cells and eosinophils within inflammatory cells were associated with LDE diagnosis. Only in LDE, a correlation was found between the number of T and CD8+ cells and between the number of granzyme B+ cells and apoptotic keratinocytes.Conclusion  Our findings suggest a more important role of CD8+ granzyme B‐containing cells in LDE group, being its synthesis associated with more intense apoptosis. So, LP and LDE may have a somewhat distinct pathogenesis.
False‐negative anti‐treponemal immunohistochemistry in secondary syphilis
Authors: Putri Inge , Mercer Stephen E. , Phelps Robert G. , Levitt Jacob O. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  While serological studies are the primary tool used to confirm the diagnosis of secondary syphilis, skin biopsies are often performed to control for potential false positives and negatives. Immunohistochemistry using anti‐T. pallidum specific antibodies has proven to have a very high sensitivity and specificity for identification of spirochetes in biopsy specimens, but can occasionally fail to identify organisms in clinically and serologically confirmed cases.Methods  We report two cases of apparently negative biopsy specimens in which rare organisms were subsequently identified by detailed study of multiple additional sections.Results  Our experience suggests that the sensitivity of immunohistochemistry for syphilitic spirochetes may be improved by repeat immunostaining.
Effect of tea catechins on regulation of cell proliferation and antioxidant enzyme expression in H2O2‐induced primary hepatocytes of goat in vitro
Authors: Zhong R. Z. , Xiao W. J. , Zhou D. W. , Tan C. Y. , Tan Z. L. , Han X. F. , Zhou C. S. , Tang S. X. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryTea catechins (TC) are polyphenols that have potent antioxidant activity. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of TC on antioxidant status of hepatocytes challenged with H2O2. Primary hepatocytes of goat were exposed to 1 mm H2O2 without or with 5, 50 and 500 μg/ml TC. The cells were harvested at 48 h post‐treatment to determine effects of TC on proliferation, apoptotic features and membrane integrity of cells, and expression of genes and activities of antioxidant enzymes. H2O2 exposure caused damage to cells (p < 0.001). A lower concentration of TC (5 μg/ml) displayed a protective effect by inhibiting exorbitant cell proliferation and DNA degradation. Both H2O2 exposure and TC pre‐incubation affected expression of antioxidant enzymes at mRNA and protein levels (p < 0.001). The activities of catalase (CAT) (p = 0.027), CuZn‐superoxide dismutase (CuZn‐SOD) (p < 0.001) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (p < 0.001) increased with TC pre‐incubation followed by H2O2 challenge. Changes of CuZn‐SOD activity induced by H2O2 and TC basically paralleled the changes in the corresponding mRNA and protein levels, but the correlation in CAT and GPx expression displayed slightly different patterns at different concentrations of TC. These findings infer that oxidative stress can induce deleterious cellular responses and this unfavourable condition may be alleviated by treatment with TC.
Application of fat‐ and water‐soluble component trace detection in filial generation selection in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wang Shaodong , Wang Hao , Kanamaru Kyohei , Liu Wei , Jiang Yan , Li Yuan‐ming 
Published: March 2012

With 2 figures and 2 tablesAbstractAn extraction and detection method was reported for fat‐ and water‐soluble components in primary soybean seed. The HPLC retention times were 10 min for lutein, 23 min for δ‐tocopherol, 27 min for γ‐tocopherol, 30 min for α‐tocopherol, 33 min for α‐carotene and 39 min for β‐carotene. The retention times of the isoflavones were 7 min for daidzin, 11 min for genistin, 15 min for malonyldaidzin and 20 min for malonylgenistin. Linear regression and two‐way anova analysis were performed, and the test results indicated that there was a significant correlation (r2 = 0.9973, P < 0.0001) and no significant difference (P = 0.8862 > 0.05) between the traditional method and the proposed method. Moreover, the strain ‘07–27’, which has high α‐tocopherol and isoflavone contents in the F2 : 3 lines (F2‐derived lines in F3), was screened and then crossed between a high‐isoflavone soybean variety, ‘Toiku 241’, and a high‐α‐tocopherol soybean variety, ‘Keszthelyi A.S.’ (pollen parent). The contents of α‐tocopherol and total isoflavones were 8.91 and 622.96 mg/100 g DW, respectively.
The Current Value of Frozen–Thawed Boar Semen for Commercial Companies
Authors: Knox RV 
Published: March 2012

ContentsOpportunities for use of frozen–thawed semen (FTS) must address genetic advancement and fertility for developing practical models for use. Concerns about slowed genetic gains, lowered fertility and additional costs may limit use of FTS. However, FTS is presently used for international exchange among nucleus farms to help maintain genetic diversity. Use of FTS beyond several days can provide increased flexibility for on‐farm use and allow additional time for disease tests. There may be potential for use of FTS for short‐term banking during periods of low demand and while sires await breeding value tests. Opportunities exist for FTS use in long‐term banking of sire lines, creation of semen pools for genetic progress evaluation and for use in emergencies. Advancing FTS technology will require the following: (i) more efficient production of doses; (ii) improved fertility with single sire or pooled matings; (iii) education and training; and (iv) models for FTS use and economics for use under various scenarios.
Assessment of storage effects in liquid preserved boar semen
Authors: Waberski D , Henning H , Petrunkina AM 
Published: March 2012

ContentsFertility of extended boar semen declines within the first 72 h of storage in vitro. Standard semen assessment, such as motility and membrane integrity, allows detection of lethal damage of spermatozoa. However, conventional sperm assessment often lacks standardization and does not allow identification of sub‐lethal changes of sperm quality during the initial 72 h of storage. In the present brief review, recent strategies for quality assessment of liquid preserved boar semen are discussed and basic implications for experiments designed to detect storage effects are given.
Plenary Contribution to International Conference on Boar Semen Preservation 2011. Genetic Selection for Freezability and its Controversy with Selection for Performance
Authors: Safranski TJ , Ford JJ , Rohrer GA , Guthrie HD 
Published: March 2012

ContentsLittle data are available in the literature regarding freezability of boar sperm or its relationship with other traits. Existing data suggest the trait would respond favourably to selection, and information is available from other species suggesting components that might have changed. Genetic parameters are estimated for boar sperm freezability including heritability and correlations with other production traits. Sperm freezability is an ideal candidate for marker assisted‐selection or selection for favourable alleles.
Field Data Analysis of Boar Semen Quality
Authors: Broekhuijse MLWJ , Feitsma H , Gadella BM 
Published: March 2012

ContentsThis contribution provides an overview of approaches to correlate sow fertility data with boar semen quality characteristics. Large data sets of fertility data and ejaculate data are more suitable to analyse effects of semen quality characteristics on field fertility. Variation in fertility in sows is large. The effect of semen factors is relatively small and therefore impossible to find in smaller data sets. Large data sets allow for statistical corrections on both sow‐ and boar‐related parameters. Remaining sow fertility variation can then be assigned to semen quality parameters, which is of huge interest to AI (artificial insemination) companies. Previous studies of Varkens KI Nederland to find the contribution to field fertility of (i) the number of sperm cells in an insemination dose, (ii) the sperm motility and morphological defects and (iii) the age of semen at the moment of insemination are discussed in context of the possibility to apply such knowledge to select boars on the basis of their sperm parameters for AI purposes.
The Potential Risk of Infectious Disease Dissemination Via Artificial Insemination in Swine
Authors: Althouse GC , Rossow K 
Published: March 2012

ContentsArtificial insemination (AI) is one of the most widely used assisted reproductive technologies in swine. To maintain a healthy semen trade, it is crucial that diligence be given to managing and minimizing the chance of extended semen playing an epidemiological role in the transmission of infectious disease. In swine, pathogens of primary importance, which may be transmitted through semen include Aujeszky’s disease, brucellosis, chlamydophilosis, porcine circovirus type 2, classical swine fever, Japanese encephalitis, leptospirosis, parvovirus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, rubulavirus, foot‐and‐mouth disease and swine vesicular disease. This paper will summarise the current state of knowledge pertaining to these pathogens in relation to swine AI.
Colloid Centrifugation of Boar Semen
Authors: Morrell JM , Wallgren M 
Published: March 2012

ContentsColloid centrifugation of boar semen has been reported sporadically for at least the last two decades, beginning with density gradient centrifugation (DGC) and progressing more recently to single layer centrifugation (SLC). Single layer centrifugation through a species‐specific colloid has been shown to be effective in selecting the best spermatozoa (spermatozoa with good motility and normal morphology) from boar sperm samples. The method is easier to use and less time‐consuming than DGC and has been scaled‐up to allow whole ejaculates from other species, e.g. stallions, to be processed in a practical manner. The SLC technique is described, and various scale‐up versions are presented. The potential applications for SLC in boar semen preservation are as follows: to improve sperm quality in artificial insemination (AI) doses for ‘problem’ boars; to increase the shelf‐life of normal stored sperm samples, either by processing the fresh semen before preparing AI doses or by processing the stored semen dose to extract the best spermatozoa; to remove pathogens (viruses, bacteria), thus improving biosecurity of semen doses and potentially reducing the use of antibiotics; to improve cryosurvival by removing dead and dying spermatozoa prior to cryopreservation; to select spermatozoa for in vitro fertilization. These applications are discussed and practical examples are provided. Finally, a few thoughts about the economic value of the technique to the boar semen industry are presented.
Maternal Communication with Gametes and Embryo: A Personal Opinion
Authors: Fazeli A 
Published: March 2012

ContentsMaternal communication with gametes and embryo remains to be an important research subject in reproductive biology. This is mainly because of the central role that events taking place during this period play in establishment of pregnancy and creation of an offspring. The benefits of understanding how gametes and embryo communicate with maternal tract are not limited to improving conception rates or better fertility. It is apparent that gametes and embryo interactions form the basis of the periconceptional environment. These events play a major role in forming the epigenetic profile of an individual, influencing its development and health in adulthood. In this paper, I will describe some ideas and opinions on the new strategies and tools needed for further understanding of maternal communication with gametes and embryo.