bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct ethanol production from cellulosic materials using a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiaewith optimized cellulase expression
Authors: Yamada Ryosuke , Taniguchi Naho , Tanaka Tsutomu , Ogino Chiaki , Fukuda Hideki , Kondo Akihiko 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Hydrolysis of cellulose requires the action of the cellulolytic enzymes endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolase and β-glucosidase. The expression ratios and synergetic effects of these enzymes significantly influence the extent and specific rate of cellulose degradation. In this study, using our previously developed method to optimize cellulase-expression levels in yeast, we constructed a diploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain optimized for expression of cellulolytic enzymes, and attempted to improve the cellulose-degradation activity and enable direct ethanol production from rice straw, one of the most abundant sources of lignocellulosic biomass.

Results
The engineered diploid strain, which contained multiple copies of three cellulase genes integrated into its genome, was precultured in molasses medium (381.4 mU/g wet cell), and displayed approximately six-fold higher phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) degradation activity than the parent haploid strain (63.5 mU/g wet cell). When used to ferment PASC, the diploid strain produced 7.6 g/l ethanol in 72 hours, with an ethanol yield that achieved 75% of the theoretical value, and also produced 7.5 g/l ethanol from pretreated rice straw in 72 hours.

Conclusions
We have developed diploid yeast strain optimized for expression of cellulolytic enzymes, which is capable of directly fermenting from cellulosic materials. Although this is a proof-of-concept study, it is to our knowledge, the first report of ethanol production from agricultural waste biomass using cellulolytic enzyme-expressing yeast without the addition of exogenous enzymes. Our results suggest that combining multigene expression optimization and diploidization in yeast is a promising approach for enhancing ethanol production from various types of lignocellulosic biomass.
Soluble triggering receptor on myeloid cells-1 is expressed in the course of non-infectious inflammation after traumatic lung contusion: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Bingold Tobias M , Pullmann Barbara , Sartorius Sven , Geiger Emanuel V , Marzi Ingo , Zacharowski Kai , Wissing Heimo , Scheller Bertram 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Introduction
The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) is known to be expressed during bacterial infections. We investigated whether TREM-1 is also expressed in non-infectious inflammation following traumatic lung contusion.

Methods
In a study population of 45 adult patients with multiple trauma and lung contusion, we obtained bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (blind suctioning of 20 ml NaCl (0.9%) via jet catheter) and collected blood samples at two time points (16 hours and 40 hours) after trauma. Post hoc patients were assigned to one of four groups radiologically classified according to the severity of lung contusion based on the initial chest tomography. Concentration of soluble TREM-1 (sTREM-1) and bacterial growth were determined in the BAL. sTREM-1, IL-6, IL-10, lipopolysaccharide binding protein, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and leukocyte count were assessed in blood samples. Pulmonary function was evaluated by the paO2/FiO2 ratio.

Results
Three patients were excluded due to positive bacterial growth in the initial BAL. In 42 patients the severity of lung contusion correlated with the levels of sTREM-1 16 hours and 40 hours after trauma. sTREM-1 levels were significantly (P < 0.01) elevated in patients with severe contusion (2,184 pg/ml (620 to 4,000 pg/ml)) in comparison with patients with mild (339 pg/ml (135 to 731 pg/ml)) or no (217 pg/ml (97 to 701 pg/ml)) contusion 40 hours following trauma. At both time points the paO2/FiO2 ratio correlated negatively with sTREM-1 levels (Spearman correlation coefficient = -0.446, P < 0.01).

Conclusions
sTREM-1 levels are elevated in the BAL of patients following pulmonary contusion. Furthermore, the levels of sTREM-1 in the BAL correlate well with both the severity of radiological pulmonary tissue damage and functional impairment of gas exchange (paO2/FiO2 ratio).
Gonadal Pathology and Tumor Risk in Relation to Clinical Characteristics in Patients with 45,X/46,XY Mosaicism
Authors: Cools M. , Pleskacova J. , Stoop H. , Hoebeke P. , Van Laecke E. , Drop S. L. S. , Lebl J. , Oosterhuis J. W. , Looijenga L. H. J. , Wolffenbuttel K. P. ,   on behalf of the Mosaicism Collaborative Group
Published: April 2011

AbstractContext:Gonadectomy is avoided whenever possible in boys with 45,X/46,XY. However, no clinical markers are currently available to guide clinicians in predicting gonadal tumor risk or hormone production.Objective:The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that gonadal histology and risk for development of a malignant germ cell tumor are reflected by the clinical presentation of a 45,X/46,XY individual.Design:The design of the study was the correlation of clinical data [external masculinization score (EMS), pubertal outcome] with pathology data (gonadal phenotype, tumor risk).Setting:This was a multicenter study involving two multidisciplinary disorder of sex development teams.Patients:Patients included genetically proven 45,X/46,XY (and variants) cases, of whom at least one gonadal biopsy or gonadectomy specimen was available, together with clinical details.Interventions:Patients (n = 48) were divided into three groups, based on the EMS. Gonadal histology and tumor risk were assessed on paraffin-embedded samples (n = 87) by morphology and immunohistochemistry on the basis of established criteria.Main Outcome Measures:Gonadal differentiation and tumor risk in the three clinical groups were measured. Clinical outcome in patients with at least one preserved gonad was also measured.Results:Tumor risk in the three groups was significantly related to the gonadal differentiation pattern (P &lt; 0.001). In boys, hormone production was sufficient and was not predicted by the EMS.Conclusions:The EMS reflects gonadal differentiation and tumor risk in patients with 45,X/46,XY. In boys, testosterone production is often sufficient, but strict follow-up is warranted because of malignancy risk, which appears inversely related to EMS. In girls, tumor risk is limited but gonads are not functional, making gonadectomy the most reasonable option.
Acute Cervical Myelopathy from Hereditary Multiple Exostoses: Case Report
Authors: Wen Dennis Y. , Bergman Thomas A. , Haines Stephen J. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A case of hereditary multiple exostoses with acute cervical myelopathy, tetraplegia, and apnea is reported. Neurological complications as a result of osteochondromas in hereditary multiple exostoses are rare. The majority of osteochondromas in the cervical spine arise from the neural arch. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography are invaluable in localizing the origin of the lesion and its relationship to the spinal cord. Decompressive laminectomy usually results in excellent functional recovery. Where significant dorsal spinal cord compression exists without neurological deficit, prophylactic decompression can be recommended.
Cystic Optic Glioma
Authors: Gower David J. , Pollay Michael , Shuman Robert M. , Brumback Roger A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

A pilocytic astrocytoma of the optic nerve, chiasm, hypothalamus, or third ventricle is a relatively common tumor of childhood. This case report illustrates such a tumor, originating from this location, which is unusual because of the association with two very large cystic extensions into the middle cranial fossa and into the third ventricle. The massive size and extent of this tumor and cysts was demonstrated on a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, with gadolinium enhancement. This case illustrates a novel macroscopic appearance for a pilocytic glioma of the anterior third ventricle. The purpose of this report is to alert clinicians to the varied morphology this tumor may present as we apply increasingly our improved radiological, operative, and histopathological techniques. (Neurosurgery 26:133-137, 1990)
Utilization of Unilateral and Bilateral Stereotactically Placed Adrenomedullary-Striatal Autografts in Parkinsonian Humans: Rationale, Techniques, and Observations
Authors: Apuzzo Michael L. J. , Neal John H. , Waters Cheryl H. , Appley Alan J. , Boyd Stuart D. , Couldwell William T. , Wheelock Vickie H. , Weiner Leslie P. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A limited clinical pilot study involving an amalgam of specialized disciplines including neurology, neuropharmacology, neuropsychology, neurosurgery, neuroanesthesia, neuroradiology, surgical pathology, neuropathology, and urological surgery was organized to clarify issues related to patient selection, optimization of grafting materials, design of a safe, effective, standardized, and reproducible surgical technique, and possible modification of clinical patterns. After initial assessment of 82 Parkinsonian patients for periods of 6 to 20 months, 10 (age, 39-68 years) were selected for unilateral or bilateral adrenomedullary autografts to the caudate nucleus with ependymal and cerebrospinal fluid contact, employing image-directed stereotactic methods. Selection was made only after clear definition of clinical pattern and optimization of medication responses. Adrenal glands were harvested by a retroperitoneal approach (mean estimated blood loss &lt; 75 ml). Care was taken to maximize the graft content of medullary tissue. Stereotactic methods afforded standardized, reproducible, precise targeting and transit trajectory with unilateral or bilateral placement of materials within the striatum (tissue volume, 80 mm3) with access to the ventricular fluid of the frontal horn. Considerable variability in satisfactory donor medullary tissue was encountered. One patient did not undergo grafting because of unsatisfactory medullary tissue. No significant surgical complications were noted and all patients were ready for discharge 7 days after surgery. One patient who manifested no apparent clinical change died 6 weeks after bilateral grafting of unrelated causes during a lithotripsy procedure. Postmortem examination disclosed precise graft placement with a paucity of structurally preserved medullary cells. Postoperative observations, including parameters of clinical observation, medication schedules and records, patient and family commentaries, and imaging studies (computed tomograms and single photon emission computed tomograms), have been made for periods from 16 to 20 months. Sustained improvement in preexisting clinical patterns and reduction in drug requirements were observed in 4 of 8 patients. No increased benefit could be ascribed to bilateral graft placement. These observations would indicate a primary role for stereotactic methodology for cerebral graft placement, as it affords a minimally invasive but precise, safe, and reproducible surgical method. In addition, the clinical observations indicate favorable alterations in the established pattern of the disorder, which would justify further cautious exploration of alternate donor sources or refinements of biological graft site manipulations.
Intracranial and Orbital Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Wakisaka Shinichiro , Tashiro Manabu , Nakano Shinichi , Kita Toshihiro , Kisanuki Hiroto , Kinoshita Kazuo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two cases of rare intracranial and orbital metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma are presented. A 61-year-old woman was found to have a metastatic tumor in the right temporo-occipital lobe 1 year after undergoing treatment for a primary hepatoma. An osteolytic tumor was removed from the left orbit of a 58-year-old man and the primary tumor, a hepatoma, was discovered postoperatively. The intracranial and orbital tumors were verified to be hepatocellular carcinoma. Both patients died within 1 year of surgery. The relevant literature is briefly reviewed.
Pheochromocytoma Presenting as a Skull Metastasis with Massive Extracranial and Intracranial Extension
Authors: Grabel Jordan C. , Gottesman Robin I. , Moore Frank , Averbuch Steven , Zappulla Rosario 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A case of metastatic pheochromocytoma is reported in which the diagnosis was determined on the basis of a painless scalp mass. Subsequent to biopsy and histological diagnosis, further investigations revealed a large skull lesion with intracranial extension, an adrenal mass, and various catechnolamine abnormalities. The radiological characteristics and operative findings of this case are described, and the literature regarding pheochromocytoma with intracranial metastatic extension is reviewed.
Effects of Repeated Temporary Clipping of the Middle Cerebral Artery on Pial Arterial Diameter, Regional Cerebral Blood Flow, and Brain Structure in Cats
Authors: Sakaki Toshisuke , Tsunoda Shigeru , Morimoto Tetsuya , Ishida Taiji , Sasaoka Yasunori 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Temporary clipping of the major arterial trunk is an important maneuver to control excessive unexpected bleeding in neurosurgical operations; however, repeated temporary clipping can give rise to severe neurological deficits after surgery. The present study was performed to confirm and explain these clinical findings. Initially, a single 20-minute or 1-hour occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was performed in each of 5 cats. Pial arterial diameter was determined by video imaging, regional cerebral blood flow was measured by autoradiography, and cerebral edema and infarction were observed. In the 20-minute occlusion group, no abnormal changes were found 5 hours after recirculation. In the 1-hour occlusion group, pial arteries were dilated by 45%, and regional cerebral blood flow increased to more than twice the resting cortical values. The extent of cerebral edema was 41.2 ± 7.5% (SE) and infarction was 34.5 ± 9.5% (SE) of the hemisphere. In the second experiment, three 20-minute occlusions of the middle cerebral artery in a 1-hour interval were performed in 20 cats. In 10 of them, thiopental (40 mg/kg) was used to protect the brain. In the group without barbiturate treatment, pial arteries were dilated by 40% at the end of experiment, regional cerebral blood flow decreased to about 70% compared with single 20-minute occlusion, cerebral edema was 19.5 ± 8.1% (SE), and infarction was 8.1 ± 3.7% (SE) of the hemisphere. In the treated group, these were only trivial changes. The effect of repeated clipping may cumulatively cause brain damage, and barbiturates should be used whenever repeated clipping is necessary.
Accelerated Non-Muscle Contraction after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Cerebrospinal Fluid Testing in a Culture Model
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Bernanke David H. , Smith Robert R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The cause of chronic cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage has been studied intensively, but it is still controversial whether the observable luminal narrowing should be attributed to the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells or whether it results from some organic change in the wall. A proliferation of myointimal cells, accompanied by increased deposition of collagen, as well as myonecrosis, have been frequently observed several days after aneurysm rupture. Studies from our laboratory showed that these myointimal cells had characteristics identical to myofibroblasts. In this study, we quantitatively and morphologically examined the effect of cerebrospinal fluid on the ability of myofibroblasts to alter collagen matrices using an in vitro model. Myofibroblasts contract the collagen matrix by rearranging or compacting the framework of collagen fibers. Cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients with recently ruptured aneurysms significantly accelerated lattice contraction, especially when the patient developed symptomatic vasospasm. This study suggests that myofibroblasts in the spastic artery can produce a contractile force that contributes to chronic vasospasm, tightening the proliferated collagen. Some unknown agent present in bloody cerebrospinal fluid accelerates the rearrangement of the collagen lattice by myofibroblasts, both of which have, until now, been considered non-contractile components.
Acoustic Schwannoma and Epidermoid Cyst Occurring as a Single Cerebellopontine Angle Mass
Authors: Goodman Robert R. , Torres Roland A. A. , McMurtry James G. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The case of a 66-year-old man with a 3-year progressive hearing loss and a homogeneous left cerebellopontine angle mass on magnetic resonance imaging scan is described. At surgery, the major portion of the mass was a typical encapsulated, solid, acoustic schwannoma, but the most rostral portion was a distinct, flaky, cystic mass without a welldefined capsule, typical of an epidermoid cyst. The radiographic and operative findings of this unique coexistence of two different benign cerebellopontine angle masses are presented.
Venous Thromboembolism after Brain Tumor Surgery: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Levi Allan D. O. , Wallace Christopher M. , Bernstein Mark , Walters Beverly C. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We retrospectively reviewed the incidence rate of clinical postoperative deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism in 1703 patients undergoing initial craniotomy for meningioma, glioma, or cerebral metastasis. The incidence rate of clinical thromboembolic complications was 1.59% for all tumor groups within the first 4 weeks of surgery. Patients undergoing surgery for meningiomas had a statistically significant increased risk of thromboembolism despite fewer overall perioperative risk factors, when compared with the other tumor groups. The tumor-specific incidence rates of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism for meningioma, glioma, and metastasis were 3.09%, 0.97%, and 1.03%, respectively. Whether this difference was a result of increased surgical time or an inherent property of meningiomas could not be ascertained.
Acute Aggravation of Subdural Effusion Associated with Pachymeningitis Carcinomatosa: Case Report
Authors: Kamada Kyousuke , Isu Toyohiko , Houkin Kiyohiro , Ohsato Takao , Katoh Masahito , Kojima Hideaki 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The authors present a case of acute aggravation of subdural effusion associated with pachymeningitis carcinomatosa. Microscopic examination of a surgical specimen revealed diffuse involvement of the dura mater by a metastatic adenocarcinoma in which the tumor cells invaded venules located in the areolar layer in particular. The rapid increase in capillarv transmural pressure resulted in extravasation of plasma components, causing an increase in subdural effusion.
The tumor suppressor geneTrp53protects the mouse lens against posterior subcapsular cataracts and the BMP receptor Acvr1 acts as a tumor suppressor in the lens
Authors: Wiley Luke A. , Rajagopal Ramya , Dattilo Lisa K. , Beebe David C. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYWe previously found that lenses lacking the Acvr1 gene, which encodes a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor, had abnormal proliferation and cell death in epithelial and cortical fiber cells. We tested whether the tumor suppressor protein p53 (encoded by Trp53) affected this phenotype. Acvr1 conditional knockout (Acvr1CKO) mouse fiber cells had increased numbers of nuclei that stained for p53 phosphorylated on serine 15, an indicator of p53 stabilization and activation. Deletion of Trp53 rescued the Acvr1CKO cell death phenotype in embryos and reduced Acvr1-dependent apoptosis in postnatal lenses. However, deletion of Trp53 alone increased the number of fiber cells that failed to withdraw from the cell cycle. Trp53CKO and Acvr1;Trp53DCKO (double conditional knockout), but not Acvr1CKO, lenses developed abnormal collections of cells at the posterior of the lens that resembled posterior subcapsular cataracts. Cells from human posterior subcapsular cataracts had morphological and molecular characteristics similar to the cells at the posterior of mouse lenses lacking Trp53. In Trp53CKO lenses, cells in the posterior plaques did not proliferate but, in Acvr1;Trp53DCKO lenses, many cells in the posterior plaques continued to proliferate, eventually forming vascularized tumor-like masses at the posterior of the lens. We conclude that p53 protects the lens against posterior subcapsular cataract formation by suppressing the proliferation of fiber cells and promoting the death of any fiber cells that enter the cell cycle. Acvr1 acts as a tumor suppressor in the lens. Enhancing p53 function in the lens could contribute to the prevention of steroid- and radiation-induced posterior subcapsular cataracts.
Good performance of an immunoassay based method for nevirapine measurements in human breast milk
Authors: Salado-Rasmussen Kirsten , Theilgaard Zahra Persson , Chiduo Mercy , Pedersen Court , Gerstoft Jan , Katzenstein Terese Lea 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background: Understanding the distribution of antiretro-virals in breastfeeding HIV-positive mothers is essential, both for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission and for research on the development of drug resistance. The ARK nevirapine (NVP)-test is an immunoassay method for nevirapine measurements, developed and validated for plasma use. In this study, the ARK NVP-test was evaluated for measurement of nevirapine concentrations in breast milk. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the method currently used to determine nevirapine in breast milk. This method, however, requires complicated extraction techniques. The ARK method employs an immunoassay technology and requires a small sample volume (40 μL) and no pre-treatment of the samples.

Methods: Commercial enzyme and antibody were used and calibration standards and quality controls were prepared from pooled breast milk from HIV-uninfected women. Clinical samples from HIV-infected women receiving a single-dose of nevirapine were analyzed.

Results: Precision and accuracy were evaluated with two concentrations of quality control materials analyzed in three replicates on four different days and was <4%, and between 96.5% and 104.6%, respectively. Clinical samples were analyzed and CVs ranged from 0.0% to 11.1%. The median nevirapine concentration in breast milk 1 week post-partum was 0.29 μg/mL (range 0.11–0.90 μg/mL) in women treated with a single-dose of nevirapine.

Conclusions: The ease of use and small sample volume makes the ARK assay an attractive alternative to HPLC analyses for determinations of nevirapine concentrations in breast milk.
Organo acidurien/Organic Acidurias
Authors: Sass Jörn Oliver 
Published: April 2011

Zusammenfassung
Bei der Bestimmung der organischen Säuren im Urin handelt es sich um eine bewährte Untersuchung im Rahmen des selektiven Screenings auf angeborene Stoffwechselstörungen. Unter Anwendung von Gaschromatographie und Massenspektrometrie kann auf diesem Weg zur Diagnose zahlreicher Krankheiten beigetragen werden. Für eine wegweisende Auswertung der Analysendaten ist es essentiell, dass der Anforderer der Untersuchung dem Labor klinische Basisinformationen zur Verfügung stellt. Verbreitung des Wissens über Organoazidopathien und ihre Einbeziehung in die Differentialdiagnostik, insbesondere (pädiatrisch-)neurologischer Krankheitsbilder, ist angesichts der in vielen Fällen vorhandenen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten von besonderer Bedeutung.