bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Full Theoretical Cycle for both Ethene and Propene Formation during Methanol‐to‐Olefin Conversion in H‐ZSM‐5
Authors: Lesthaeghe David , Van der Mynsbrugge Jeroen , Vandichel Matthias , Waroquier Michel , Van Speybroeck Veronique 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe methanol‐to‐olefin (MTO) process, catalyzed by acidic zeolites such as H‐ZSM‐5, provides an increasingly important alternative to the production of light olefins from crude oil. However, the various mechanistic proposals for methanol‐to‐olefin conversion have been strongly disputed for the past several decades. This work provides theoretical evidence that the experimentally suggested ‘alkene cycle’, part of a co‐catalytic hydrocarbon pool, offers a viable path to the production of both propene and ethene, in stark contrast to the often‐ proposed direct mechanisms. This specific proposal hinges on repeated methylation reactions of alkenes, starting from propene, which occur easily within the zeolite environment. Subsequent cracking steps regenerate the original propene molecule, while also forming new propene and ethene molecules as primary products. Because the host framework stabilizes intermediate carbenium ions, isomerization and deprotonation reactions are extremely fast. Combined with earlier joint experimental and theoretical work on polymethylbenzenes as active hydrocarbon pool species, it is clear that, in zeolite H‐ZSM‐5, multiple parallel and interlinked routes operate on a competitive basis.
A Piggyback Ride for Transition Metals: Encapsulation of Exohedral Metallofullerenes in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Chamberlain Thomas W. , Champness Neil R. , Schröder Martin , Khlobystov Andrei N. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe have developed a method that enables the efficient insertion of transition‐metal atoms and their small clusters into carbon nanotubes. As a model system, Os complexes attached to the exterior of fullerene C60 (exohedral metallofullerenes) were shown to be dragged into the nanotube spontaneously and irreversibly due to strong van der Waals interactions, specific to fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. The size of the metal‐containing groups attached to C60 was shown to be critical for successful insertion, as functional groups too bulky to enter the nanotube were stripped off the fullerene during the encapsulation process. Once inside the nanotube, Os atoms catalyse polymerisation and decomposition of fullerene cages, which is related to a much higher catalytic activity of metal atoms situated on the surface of the fullerene cage, as compared to metal atoms in endohedral fullerenes, such as M@C82. Thus, exohedral metallofullerenes show promise for applications in catalysis in carbon “nano” test tubes.
Effect of tube diameter on two‐phase flow patterns in mini tubes
Authors: Venkatesan M. , Das Sarit K. , Balakrishnan A. R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe effect of tube diameter on two‐phase flow patterns was investigated in circular tubes with inner diameters of 0.6, 1.2, 1.7, 2.6, and 3.4 mm using air and water. The gas and liquid superficial velocity ranges were 0.01–50 and 0.01–3 m/s, respectively. The gas and liquid flow rates were measured and the two‐phase flow pattern images were recorded using high‐speed CMOS camera. The flow patterns observed were dispersed bubbly, bubbly, slug, slug‐annular, wavy‐annular, stratified, and annular flows. These flow patterns were not observed in all the test diameters, but were found to be unique to particular tube diameters, confirming the effect of tube diameter on the flow pattern. The data obtained were compared to existing experimental data and flow regime transition maps which show generally reasonable overall agreement at the larger diameters, but significant differences were observed with the smaller diameter tubes.
Biomimetic gradient hydrogels for tissue engineering
Authors: Sant Shilpa , Hancock Matthew J. , Donnelly Joseph P. , Iyer Dharini , Khademhosseini Ali 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDuring tissue morphogenesis and homeostasis, cells experience various signals in their environments, including gradients of physical and chemical cues. Spatial and temporal gradients regulate various cell behaviours such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation during development, inflammation, wound healing, and cancer. One of the goals of functional tissue engineering is to create microenvironments that mimic the cellular and tissue complexity found in vivo by incorporating physical, chemical, temporal, and spatial gradients within engineered three‐dimensional (3D) scaffolds. Hydrogels are ideal materials for 3D tissue scaffolds that mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM). Various techniques from material science, microscale engineering, and microfluidics are used to synthesise biomimetic hydrogels with encapsulated cells and tailored microenvironments. In particular, a host of methods exist to incorporate micrometer to centimetre scale chemical and physical gradients within hydrogels to mimic the cellular cues found in vivo. In this review, we draw on specific biological examples to motivate hydrogel gradients as tools for studying cell–material interactions. We provide a brief overview of techniques to generate gradient hydrogels and showcase their use to study particular cell behaviours in two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D environments. We conclude by summarizing the current and future trends in gradient hydrogels and cell–material interactions in context with the long‐term goals of tissue engineering.
Stokesian dynamics and the settling behaviour of particle–fibre‐mixtures
Authors: Feist M. , Keller F. , Nirschl H. , Dörfler W. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFor many industrial applications, like purification of waste water, some filtration processes and the paper recycling process, knowledge about the sedimentation and separation behaviour of fibres and particles is required. Experiments with many particles or fibres predict a great influence between them. From literature it is well known that the sedimentation behaviour is influenced by parameters like the concentration of the suspension, the physico–chemical interactions, etc. Nearly all reported experiments were performed with pure particle or pure fibre suspensions. The core difference between those suspensions is the shape of the fibres or long bodies which causes an orientation and agglomeration during the sedimentation. Hardly any experiments are reported with suspensions where particles and fibres settle together in the same suspension. To calculate such a sedimentation process with all the particle interactions one needs a suitable mathematical model, because direct numerical methods would take to much time. Therefore, in this paper we will reformulate the model of the Stokesian Dynamics Method. We will focus on the underlying assumptions and their effects and show that our simulations of some particles are in good agreement to the literature. Due to the validity of this method for spheres only, we approximate a rigid fibre as a chain of spheres and also give a comparison of this approximation. Finally we investigate the sedimentation behaviour of particle–fibre suspensions to show the influence of the density ratio between the fibres and particles and the influence of the length of the fibres on the separation behaviour.
Application of the central composite design and response surface methodology to remove arsenic from industrial phosphorus by oxidation
Authors: Yongsheng Ren , Jun Li , Xiaoxiao Duan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOxidation is applied to remove arsenic from industrial phosphorus, and nitric acid is chosen as the main oxidant and molysite (Fe3+) as the oxidation intensifier to oxidise arsenic selectively prior to oxidise phosphorus. The central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) are applied to this purification process. The factors considered for experimental design are the concentration of nitric acid, stirring rate, the mass ratio of iron to arsenic, and the volume ratio of nitric acid to phosphorus. The significant factors are optimised using a 24 full factorial CCD of orthogonal type. The quadratic models between the responses and the independent parameters are built. The response surface models are tested with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the optimal conditions are found: 12.5% for the concentration of nitric acid, 80 for the mass ratio of iron to arsenic, 319 rpm for stirring rate, and 3.14 for the volume ratio of nitric acid to phosphorus with the prediction of 99.9996% of the arsenic removal ratio (ARR) and 74.64% of phosphorus yield (PY). The experimental results indicate that oxidation could remove almost all arsenic from industrial phosphorus, which could prepare low arsenic phosphoric products.L'oxydation est utilisée pour éliminer l'arsenic des phosphores industriels. On choisit l'acide nitrique comme oxydant principal et le molysite (Fe3+) comme promoteur d'oxydation afin d'oxyder sélectivement l'arsenic avant d'oxyder le phosphore. Le plan central composite (PCC) et la méthode de surface de réponse (MSP) sont appliqués à ce processus de purification. Les facteurs pris en compte dans le plan expérimental sont la concentration d'acide nitrique, la vitesse d'agitation, le rapport de masse du fer par rapport à l'arsenic et le rapport de volume entre l'acide nitrique et le phosphore. Les facteurs importants sont optimisés grâce à un plan central composite de type orthogonal à 24 facteurs entiers. Les modèles quadratiques sont établis entre les réponses et les paramètres indépendants. Les modèles de surface de réponse ont été évalués grâce à l'analyse de la variance (ANOVA) et les conditions optimales suivantes ont été trouvées: une concentration d'acide nitrique de 12,5%, un rapport de masse du fer par rapport à l'arsenic de 80, une vitesse d'agitation de 319 rotations par minute et un rapport de volume de l'acide nitrique par rapport au phosphore de 3,14 avec un taux d'élimination de l'arsenic (TEA) estimé à 99,9996% et une production de phosphore de 74,64% (PP). Les résultats expérimentaux indiquent que l'oxydation peut éliminer presque tout l'arsenic contenu dans les phosphores industriels, ce qui permettrait d'obtenir des produits phosphoriques pauvres en arsenic. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Glomerular Filtration
Authors: Maddox David A. , Deen William M. , Brenner Barry M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Glomerular Filtration of WaterComposition of the Glomerular UltrafiltrateDeterminants of Glomerular Filtration of WaterControl of Glomerular Filtration by Hormones and Vasoactive SubstancesAngiotensinIIOther Vasoconstrictor SubstancesVasodilator SubstancesOther Hormones and Vasoactive SubstancesAutoregulation of Glomerular Filtration RateNeural Regulation of Glomerular Filtration RateTheoretical Models of Glomerular UltrafiltrationGlomerular PermselectivityExperimental ApproachesEffects of Molecular Properties on Macromolecule FiltrationTheory of Glomerular PermselectivityGlomerular Membrane ParametersDeterminants of Macromolecule FiltrationEstimation of Filtration Pressure from Sieving DataAltered Glomerular Permselectivity
Nephron Heterogeneity
Authors: Hebert Steven C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Heterogeneity of Nephrons According to Location of Glomerulus and Length of Loop of HenleHeterogeneity of Nephron RegionsProximal TubuleStructural/Morphological HeterogeneityFunctional HeterogeneityThe Intermediate Tubule (Thin Limbs of Henle's Loop)Structural/Morphological HeterogeneityFunctional HeterogeneityDistal TubuleThick Ascending Limbs of Henle's Loop (TAL)Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)Collecting DuctStructural/Morphological HeterogeneityFunctional Heterogeneity
Neural Control of Renal Function
Authors: Moss Nicholas G. , Colindres Romulo E. , Gottschalk Carl W. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Current ResearchHistorical PerspectiveNeuroanatomy and NeurophysiologyEfferent Renal InnervationAfferent Renal InnervationRenal Adrenergic ReceptorsGeneral ConceptsPrejunctional Renal ReceptorsPost‐ and Extrajunctional AdrenoceptorsRenal Tubular and Vascular Dopamine ReceptorsRenal Cholinergic ReceptorsCellular Transduction of Neurotransmitter EffectsSympathetic Nervous System and Renal HemodynamicsVasoconstrictor ResponsesVasodilatory ResponsesSympathetic Nervous System and Renal Tubular FunctionStudies in Anesthetized AnimalsStudies in Conscious AnimalsEffects of Neurotransmitters on Renal Tubular FunctionCellular Mechanisms in the Renal Tubular Responses to CatecholaminesSympathetic Nervous System and Renin Secretion by the KidneyGeneral ConceptsEffects of Direct and Reflex Stimulation of the Renal NervesEffects of Renal Denervation on Renin ReleaseRenal Adrenoceptors Involved in Renin SecretionInteractions Between Nerves and Prostaglandins in Renin Release
Tubuloglomerular Feedback Control of Renal Vascular Resistance
Authors: Schnermann Jürgen , Häberle Dieter A. , Davis John M. , Thurau Klaus 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Historical BackgroundTGFResponse CharacteristicsOpen‐Loop StudiesClosed‐Loop StudiesMechanisms of theTGFReactionAnatomical PathwayLuminal SignalStimulus–Response Coupling MechanismsThe Vascular ReactionIntegrative Feedback FunctionMechanisms ofTGFResettingPhenomenology ofTGFResponsiveness
Tubular Transport of Amino Acids and Small Peptides
Authors: Silbernagl Stefan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:The Intact KidneyPlasma Concentrations of Amino AcidsNormal Excretion of Amino AcidsVariability of AminoaciduriaInterorgan Transport and Renal Metabolism of Amino AcidsThe Tubule LevelSites of ReabsorptionInternephron HeterogeneityReabsorption KineticsTransport Steps at the Membrane LevelBrush BorderBasolateral Membrane: Exit and UptakeCarrier, Pore, or Enzymatic Cycle?Secretion of Amino AcidsSpecificity of The Reabsorption MechanismsStereospecificitySpecificities of the Different Reabsorption SystemsHyperaminoaciduriaRenal Handling of OligopeptidesPrereabsorptive Hydrolysis in the Tubule LumenGlutathione and Other γ‐Glutamyl PeptidesReabsorption of Intact Peptides
Microwave Radiation
Authors: Carpenter Russell L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Physical Characteristics and Properties of MicrowavesEffects on TissueThermal and Nonthermal EffectsExposure LevelsBiological Effects of Microwaves on Human Beings and Experimental AnimalsMicrowave Effects on the eyeMicrowave Effects on the TestesMicrowave Effects on the Nervous SystemMicrowave Effects on Development
Regional Deposition of Particles in the Human Respiratory Tract
Authors: Lippmann Morton 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Clearance Zones in the Respiratory TractAnterior NaresCiliated Nasal PassagesNasopharynx, Oral Passages, and LarynxTracheobronchial TreeAlevolar ZoneFactors Affecting Regional Particle DepositionDeposition MechanismsAerosol FactorsRespiratory and Flow FactorsAnatomical FactorsPhysiological FactorsEnvironmental FactorsEffects of Pollutant Gases and AerosolsEffects of Chronic Lung DiseaseTechniques for Measuring Particle DepositionComparison of Particle Contents in Inhaled and Exhaled AirExternal in vivo Measurement of γ‐Labeled Particle RetentionSacrifice and Dissection by Regions in Experimental AnimalsDeposition in Model Systems and Excised LungsExperimental Regional Deposition DataDeposition in Human BeingsDeposition in Experimental AnimalsPredictive Deposition ModelsDeposition of Ambient Atmospheric Aerosol
Energetics of Muscle Contraction
Authors: Kushmerick Martin J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Historical PerspectivesNature of the Muscle MachineChemical DiscoveriesEnergetics as an Analytical ToolDirect Measurements of Chemical ChangeSummaryChemical Reactions and Metabolic PrinciplesAdenosine TriphosphatasesCreatine PhosphokinaseAdenylate KinaseAdenylate Deaminase and the Purine Nucleotide CycleGlycogenolysis and GlycolysisOxidative MetabolismBasic Energetic ModelThermodynamicsEnergy BalanceMyothermic MethodBiochemical MethodResults of Energy Balance ExperimentsEnergy Balance Studies in Rana temporariaEnergy Balance Studies in Rana pipiensAmphibian MusclesMammalian MusclesEnergetics of Muscles that Shorten or are StretchedNew DirectionsPhosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyUse of Single Fibers
Human Studies
Authors: Evans Denis A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Approaching the Study of Human Aging—Advantages of Longitudinal StudiesStudy Populations and the Role of Epidemiological StudiesLarge‐Scale Population‐Based StudiesInvestigating Common Conditions of Multifactorial OriginMeasuring Health and Disease Among Older PersonsFunction and DiseaseMeasurement IssuesPractical Considerations in Conducting Studies Among Older PersonsObtaining and Maintaining Study ParticipationOther Practical Considerations
Cardiac Output During Exercise: Contributions of the Cardiac, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems
Authors: Janicki Joseph S. , Sheriff Don D. , Robotham James L. , Wise Robert A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Intrinsic Properties of the HeartHeart Rate (Exercise Response)Stroke Volume (Exercise Response)Determinants of Stroke VolumeCoupling of the Heart and Peripheral CirculationCoupling of Left Ventricle to Arterial SystemVentricular Filling PressureRelation Between Cardiac Output and Filling Pressure at RestRelation Between Cardiac Output and Right Atrial Pressure in Dynamic ExerciseRespiratory SystemEffects of Exercise on Respiratory MechanicsSystemic Venous ReturnRight Ventricular OutputPulmonary Venous ReturnLeft Ventricular OutputImplications of Ventilatory Stresses during Exercise
Integration of Cardiovascular Control Systems in Dynamic Exercise
Authors: Rowell Loring B. , O'Leary Donal S. , Kellogg Dean L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:I. Intrinsic Properties of the Cardiovascular System: How They Permit the Rise in Cardiac OutputThe HeartIntrinsic Properties of the HeartPericardial ConstraintsThe Vascular SystemDistribution of Resistance, Conductance, and ComplianceDependency ofCVPon Cardiac OutputMechanical Effects on the Circulation—Auxiliary PumpsDoes Exercise Reduce Systemic Vascular Compliance?Neural Control of the Vascular System during Exercise: How Important?Balance between Mechanical and Neural Effects on Blood Flow and Blood Volume DistributionII. Reflex Control of the Cardiovascular System During Dynamic Exercise: What Variables are Sensed and then Regulated by the Autonomic Nervous System During Dynamic Exercise?Central CommandReflexes from Active MusclesIsometric Contractions: Testing HypothesesIsometric Contractions vs. Dynamic ExerciseOpen‐Loop vs. Closed‐Loop ConditionsDoes the Pressor Response to Voluntary Isometric Contraction have Chemoreflex or Mechanoreflex Origin?Functional Importance of Muscle Chemoreflexes During Dynamic ExerciseBasic Concepts and TheoryChanges inMSNAas Evidence for Chemoreflex Activity in Dynamic ExerciseDoes the Muscle Chemoreflex Initiate IncreasedSNAduring Dynamic Exercise with Unimpaired Flow?Does Activation of the Muscle Chemoreflex Correct Blood Flow Errors, and if so, How?Baroreflex Regulation of Arterial Pressure (SAP) and Vascular Conductance in Dynamic ExerciseDoes the Arterial Baroreflex ControlSAPDuring Exercise?Characterization and Analysis of Arterial Baroreflex FunctionBaroreflex Sensitivity in Dynamic ExerciseImportance of Arterial Baroreflexes at the Onset of ExerciseEvidence Indicating “Resetting” of the Arterial BaroreflexCentral Command and Resetting of the Arterial Baroreflex—An HypothesisRole of Cardiopulmonary Baroreceptors in Dynamic ExerciseThe Cardiopulmonary, or Low‐Pressure, BaroreflexInteraction between the Cardiopulmonary and Arterial Baroreflexes at RestRole of Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex during Dynamic ExerciseInteraction between Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex and Muscle ChemoreflexInteraction between Cardiopulmonary and Arterial Baroreflexes in ExerciseImportance of Cardiopulmonary Baroreflexes during Dynamic ExerciseControl of the Circulation During Exercise and Heat Stress: Competing ReflexesCardiovascular Demands of Heat StressOverall Neural Control of the Cutaneous CirculationReflex Control of the Cutaneous Circulation during ExerciseBaroreflex v. Thermoregulatory Reflex Control of the Cutaneous Circulation during ExerciseHow Does Physical Conditioning Alter Cardiovascular Function?Range of Adjustment in Overall Cardiovascular FunctionWhat Cardiovascular Adjustments Explain the Rise in?How does MaximalSVIncrease with Physical Conditioning?Does Physical Conditioning Change Autonomic Control of the Circulation?SynthesisWhat is the Autonomic Nervous System Controlling during Exercise?What Errors Are Sensed and then Corrected by the Autonomic Nervous System during Exercise?
Cellular Processes Integrating the Metabolic Response to Exercise
Authors: Meyer Ronald A. , Foley Jeanne M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:The Central Role of Adenine NucleotidesComponents of the High‐Energy Phosphate SystemPhosphate Metabolites are a Linked NetworkApproaches to Understanding Metabolic ControlClassic Enzyme KineticsNonequilibrium ThermodynamicsRegulated Enzymes and the Role of CalciumDeterminants of Muscle CellATPaseRateThe BasalATPaseThe ContractileATPaseMetabolite Changes During Muscle StimulationMethodologyThe Low‐Rate, Nonfatiguing DomainThe High‐Rate, Fatiguing DomainThe Transitional DomainControl of Oxidative Phosphorylation in MuscleKinetic Control by [ADP]Thermodynamic Control by Cytoplasmic PhosphatesExperimental Tests of Control ModelsThe Importance of Muscle Aerobic CapacityControl of Glycogenolysis/Glycolysis in MuscleThe Conventional ViewProblems with the Conventional ViewReaction Disequilibria and Metabolite DiffusionEnzyme OrganizationControl of Force GenerationSummary and Future Directions
Extrarenal Mechanisms in Hydromineral and Acid‐Base Regulation in Aquatic Vertebrates
Authors: Kirschner Leonard B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Physical BackgroundDissipative FlowsHyperosmotic RegulationReducing Dissipative FlowsCompensatory Flows: WaterCompensatory Flows: Active Ion AbsorptionThe Frog Skin Model: Symmetric Solutions and Voltage ClampA Revised Model: Open‐Circuit and Dilute SolutionsIonic Regulation in Other Aquatic VertebratesApical Membrane Behavior: Fluxes and ElectricalApical Membrane Mechanisms and the Frog Skin ModelThe Energetic Cost of Osmotic Regulation in Freshwater VertebratesAcid‐Base Regulation and Epithelial Ion TransferHypoosmotic‐Hypoionic RegulationReducing Dissipative FlowsCompensatory Flows: WaterCompensatory Flows: IonsModel for Salt Extrusion by GillsRemaining Questions about Hyporegulator Gill FunctionReptilian Salt GlandAcid‐Base Balance in Marine FishIsosmotic, Hypoionic RegulationDiffusion GradientsEvasive Mechanisms: Urea/TMAOCompensatory Mechanisms: Urea/TMAOEvasive Mechanisms: Water and ElectrolytesCompensatory Flows: IonsIntracellular Osmotic RegulationCrab‐Eating Frog and CoelacanthThe Energetic Cost of Osmotic Regulation inSWMarine MammalsSummaryOsmotic Regulation:FWOsmotic Regulation:SWAcid‐Base Balance
Mechanisms of Excretion and Ion Transport in Invertebrates
Authors: O'Donnell M. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Ion Transport and Osmoregulation in Invertebrates: Functional Morphology and Cellular MechanismsWater Expulsion Vesicles and Contractile Vacuoles in Protozoans, Sponges, and CnidariansNephridia and Coelomoducts: Embryology and TerminologyNephridiaCoelomoduct‐Derived Renal OrgansGut‐Derived Renal OrgansOther Ion‐Transporting StructuresExcretion in InvertebratesNitrogenous WastesAlkaloidsOrganic AnionsOrganic CationsMagnesium and SulfateStorage and Deposit ExcretionCatabolism of Insect Neurohormones by Malpighian TubulesRoles of Arthropod Excretory Systems and Molluscan Mantle in Acid‐Base RegulationActive Transport of SugarsTransport of Cardiac GlycosidesPassive Permeability to Metabolites and ToxinsFuture Research