bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jordan rings with nonzero socle
Authors: Osborn J. Marshall , Racine M. L. 
Published: July 2010

Let

J

\mathcal {J}

be a nondegenerate Jordan algebra over a commutative associative ring

Φ
\Phi

containing

1
2

\tfrac {1}{2}

. Defining the socle

G

\mathcal {G}

of

J

\mathcal {J}

to be the sum of all minimal inner ideals of

J

\mathcal {J}

, we prove that

G

\mathcal {G}

is the direct sum of simple ideals of

J

\mathcal {J}

. Our main result is that if

J

\mathcal {J}

is prime with nonzero socle, then either (i)

J

\mathcal {J}

is simple unital and satisfies DCC on principal inner ideals, (ii)

J

\mathcal {J}

is isomorphic to a Jordan subalgebra

J

′

\mathcal {J}’

of the plus algebra

A
+

{A^ + }

of a primitive associative algebra A with nonzero socle S, and

J

′

\mathcal {J}’

contains

S
+

{S^ + }

, or (iii)

J

\mathcal {J}

is isomorphic to a Jordan subalgebra

J

\mathcal {J}

of the Jordan algebra of all symmetric elements H of a. primitive associative algebra A with nonzero socle S, and

J

\mathcal {J}

contains

H

∩

S

H\, \cap \,S

. Conversely, any algebra of type (i), (ii), or (iii) is a prime Jordan algebra with nonzero socle. We also prove that if

J

\mathcal {J}

is simple then

J

\mathcal {J}

contains a completely primitive idempotent if and only if either

J

\mathcal {J}

is unital and satisfies DCC on principal inner ideals or

J

\mathcal {J}

is isomorphic to the Jordan algebra of symmetric elements of a

∗
*

-simple associative algebra A with involution

∗
*

containing a minimal one-sided ideal.
The free boundary for elastic-plastic torsion problems
Authors: Caffarelli Luis A. , Friedman Avner 
Published: July 2010

Consider the variational inequality: find

u

∈

K

u\, \in \,K

such that

∫
Q

∇
u

⋅

∇

(

v

−

u

)

⩾

μ

∫
Q

(

v

−

u

)

(

μ

>

0

)

\int _Q {\nabla u\, \cdot \,\nabla \left ( {v\, - \,u} \right )} \, \geqslant \,\mu \,\int _Q {\left ( {v\, - \,u} \right )} \,\left ( {\mu \, > \,0} \right )

for any

v

∈

K

v\, \in \,K

, where

K

=

{

w

∈

H
0
1

(
Q
)

,

|

∇
w

|

⩽

1

}

K\, = \,\left \{ {w\, \in \,H_0^1\left ( Q \right ),\,\left | {\nabla w} \right |\, \leqslant \,1\,} \right \}

and Q is a simply connected domain whose boundary is piecewise

C
3

{C^3}

. The solution u represents the stress function in a torsion problem of an elastic bar with cross section Q; the sets

E

=

{

x

∈

Q
;

|

∇
u

(
x
)

|

>

1

}

,

P

=

{

x

∈

Q
;

|

∇
u

(
x
)

|

=

1

}

E\, = \,\left \{ {x\, \in \,Q;\,\left | {\nabla u\left ( x \right )} \right |\, > \,1} \right \},\,\,P\, = \,\left \{ {x\, \in \,Q;\,\left | {\nabla u\left ( x \right )} \right | = \,1} \right \}

are the elastic and plastic subsets of Q. The ridge R of Q is, by definition, the set of points in Q where dist

(

x
,

∂
Q

)

\left ( {x,\,\partial Q} \right )

is not

C

1
,
1

{C^{1,1}}

. The paper studies the location and shape of E, P and the free boundary

Γ

=

∂
E

∩

Q

\Gamma \, = \,\partial E\, \cap \,Q

. It is proved that the ridge is elastic and that E is contained in a

(

c

/

μ

)

\left ( {c/\mu } \right )

-neighborhood of R, as

μ

→

∞

(

c

>

0

)

\mu \, \to \,\infty \,\left ( {c\, > \,0} \right )

. The behavior of E and P near the vertices of

∂
Q

\partial Q

is studied in detail, as well as the nature of

Γ
\Gamma

away from the vertices. Applications are given to special domains. The case where Q is multiply connected is also studied; in this case the definition of K is somewhat different. Some results on the “upper plasticity” and “lower plasticity” and on the behavior as

μ

→

∞

\mu \, \to \,\infty

are obtained.
First Report of Turnip mosaic virus on Watercress in Brazil
Authors: Costa H. , Ventura J. A. , Jadão A. S. , Rezende J. A. M. , Mello A. P. O. A. 
Published: July 2010

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale L.), a member of the family Brassicaceae, is consumed mainly as salad. Medicinal properties have also been attributed to this species. In Brazil, watercress is grown mainly by very small farmers. The crop is primarily seed propagated and growers can harvest several times per year in an established planting. Very few diseases have been reported in this crop worldwide. In Brazil, watercress infection by Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) (3), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) (1), and an unidentified potyvirus (2) were previously reported. In January 2009, 80% of watercress plants, cv. Gigante Redondo, exhibiting severe mosaic, leaf size reduction, and plant stunting were observed in a crop in Marechal Floriano Municipality, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Preliminary leaf dip analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of potyvirus-like particles. Sap from five infected plants reacted in plate-trapped antigen (PTA)-ELISA with polyclonal antiserum against Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), but not with antiserum against CMV. Both antisera were produced in the Plant Virology Laboratory, ESALQ/USP. Mechanically inoculated watercress plants developed similar systemic mosaic symptoms. The virus was also transmitted to Nicotiana benthamiana, which exhibited severe mosaic and stunting. The presence of TuMV on these inoculated plants was confirmed by PTA-ELISA and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Total RNA extracted from infected and healthy watercress and infected N. benthamiana was analyzed by RT-PCR using specific pairs of primers flanking the coat protein gene of TuMV. Degenerated anti-sense (5′-t/caacccctt/gaacgcca/cagt/ca-3′) and sense (5′-gcaggtgaa/gacg/acttgat/ca/gc-3′) primers were designed after analysis to an alignment of the nucleotide sequences for five isolates of TuMV available in the GenBank (Accession Nos. NC_002509, D10927, EU680574, AB362513, and D88614). One fragment of 838 bp was amplified from samples in the infected plants, but not in the healthy controls. Two amplicons were purified and directly sequenced in both directions. Comparisons of the 731-bp consensus nucleotide sequence (Accession No. HM008961) to several other isolates of TuMV revealed 94 to 95% identity in the coat protein region. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TuMV in watercress in Brazil. Management of the disease should include propagation by seeds instead of vegetative parts of the plants and rouging of diseased plants to prevent mechanical transmission during successive harvestings. References: (1) A. J. Boari et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 25:438, 2000. (2) A. J. Boari et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 27:S200, 2002. (3) M. L. R. Z. C. Lima et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 9:403, 1984.
First Report of Iris yellow spot virus on Garlic in India
Authors: Gawande S. J. , Khar A. , Lawande K. E. 
Published: July 2010

Garlic (Allium sativum) is a spice crop of prime importance in India as well as other parts of the world. Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; genus Tospovirus, family Bunyaviridae) is an important pathogen of onion bulb and seed crops in many parts of the world (3). The virus is also known to infect garlic and other Allium spp. (2–4). IYSV infection of garlic was reported from Reunion Island (4) and the United States (1). In February 2010, straw-colored, spindle-shaped spots with poorly defined ends were observed on the leaves of a garlic crop at the research farm of the Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research in the Pune District of Maharashtra State, India, 105 days after planting. The spots coalesced to form larger patches on the leaves, suggesting possible IYSV infection. Symptoms were visible on older leaves and more prevalent on cv. G-41, G-282, AC50, AC200, AC283, and Godavari than on other cultivars. The incidence of symptomatic plants was estimated at 5% for G-41 and AC-200, 8% for G-282 and AC283, and 10% for AC50. Leaves were sampled from 40 symptomatic plants per cultivar with each sample composited from young, middle, and older (basal) leaves of the plant. Samples were assayed by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA (Loewe Biochemica GmbH, Sauerlach, Germany) and each tested positive for the virus. Total RNA was extracted from the leaves of ELISA-positive plants using the RNAeasy Plant Mini kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany) and tested by reverse transcription-PCR assay using primers IYSV-F (5′-TCAGAAATCGAGAAACTT-3′) and IYSV-R (5′-TAATTATATCTATCTTTCTTGG-3′) (2) designed to amplify 797 bp of the nucleocapsid (N) gene of IYSV. Amplicons of expected size were obtained and cloned into a pDrive vector (Qiagen GmbH). The recombinant clone was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. HM173691). Sequence comparisons showed 98 to 100% nt identity with other IYSV N gene sequences in GenBank (Nos. EU310294 and EU310286). A phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the N gene showed that the garlic isolate of IYSV grouped most closely with onion IYSV isolates from India (GenBank Nos. EU310294, EU310286, EU310300, and EU310296). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural infection of garlic by IYSV in India. Additional surveys and evaluations are needed to obtain a better understanding of the potential impact of IYSV on garlic production in India. References: (1) S. Bag et al. Plant Dis. 93:839, 2009. (2) A. Bulajic et al. Plant Dis. 93:976, 2009. (3) D. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 90:1468, 2006. (4) I. Robène-Soustrade et al. Plant Pathol. 55:288, 2006.
First Report of Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae Causing Bacterial Leaf Blight of Carrot in Mauritius
Authors: Pruvost O. , Boyer C. , Robène-Soustrade I. , Jouen E. , Saison A. , Hostachy B. , Benimadhu S. 
Published: July 2010

Bacterial blight of carrot (Daucus carota) is caused by Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae (4). The pathogen is seed transmitted and carrot seeds can be an important source of primary inoculum (2). A 2008–2009 outbreak of a disease resembling bacterial blight was observed in Mauritius in 10 ha of carrot crops, primarily in humid areas of the island, at an estimated incidence of 10%. Carrot leaves with angular, water-soaked leaf spots that turned necrotic were collected at Plaine Sophie, Mauritius in December 2008. Yellow, Xanthomonas-like colonies were isolated onto KC agar medium (3). MultiLocus sequence analysis (MLSA) with four genes (atpD, dnaK, efp, and gyrB) was performed as described previously (1) on five carrot strains together with two reference strains of X. hortorum pv. carotae (LMG 8643 and LMG 8644). The reference strains were identical. Of the five Mauritius strains, two (LG1-1 and LG1-4) were identical, and most closely related to, but distinct from, the reference strains (genetic distance of 0.02). The other three strains represented two sequence types identified as Xanthomonas sp. based on a phylogenetic tree derived from concatenated sequences, but were not related to any type strain. PCR assays with a 3S primer pair specific for X. hortorum pv. carotae (2) produced an amplicon of approximately 350 bp from isolates LG1-1, LG1-4, and each of the reference strains. A PCR assay with a 9B primer pair (2) yielded an amplicon of 0.9 kb for strains LG1-1, LG1-4, and LMG 8644, whereas LMG 8643 yielded an amplicon of approximately 2.0 kb (2). Foliage of 4-week-old plants (36 plants per strain) of the carrot cv. Senator F1 were spray inoculated with a suspension of each strain using an 18-h culture in sterile 0.01 M tris buffer (pH 7.2) with approximately 1 × 108 CFU/ml. Plants sprayed with tris buffer were used as a negative control treatment. Plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 26 ± 1°C at a relative humidity of 95 ± 5% and a photoperiod of 16 h. Water-soaked lesions that developed into necrotic areas were observed 12 to 15 days after inoculation of LG1-1, LG1-4, and the two reference strains. Bacteria were recovered from lesions onto KC medium (3) 3 weeks after inoculation with mean Xanthomonas populations of at least 1 × 107 CFU/lesion. Colonies with morphology typical of Xanthomonas were recovered and typed using atpD sequencing to fulfill Koch's postulates. Although Xanthomonas-like bacteria were isolated from symptomatic carrot leaves in Mauritius in 1989, the results of that study were not published. To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular and pathological characterization of this pathogen in carrot crops in Mauritius. References: (1) L. Bui Thi Ngoc et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60:515, 2010. (2) X. Q. Meng et al. Plant Dis. 88:1226, 2004. (3) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005. (4) L. Vauterin et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 45:472, 1995.
Identification of Iris yellow spot virus on Leek (Allium porrum) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Widana Gamage S. M. K. , Hassani-Mehraban A. , Peters D. 
Published: July 2010

Leek (Allium porrum) has become one of the major leafy vegetable export crops in Sri Lanka during last few years. This year-round crop is cultivated in open fields at elevations between 1,000 and 2,000 m on approximately 1,600 ha with a production of 27,000 t per year (2). In August 2009, straw-colored spots (2 to 3 mm in diameter), surrounded by a greenish halo and a necrotic area, resembling symptoms to those caused by Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) were observed on leek in Kandapola in the Nuwara Eliya District. Additional thrips damage consisting of silver-colored spots was observed on all plants. IYSV (family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus) was first described and characterized in the Netherlands in 1998 (1). During the last few years, this virus was reported from Australia, Brazil, Chile, France, Germany, Guatemala, India, Israel, New Zealand, Peru, Reunion Island, Serbia, South Africa, Spain, the United States (4), and Japan. Collected samples were initially analyzed for IYSV infections using antisera raised against nucleocapsid (N) protein in a double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. The presence of IYSV was confirmed by a reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using IYSV-F-373 (5′CTGCGGGCTTCTCTGG3′) and IYSV-R-779 (5′GACTCACCAATGTCTTCAAC3′) primers that amplify a 400-bp fragment of the N gene. The entire N gene was not obtained when specific primers were used to retrieve the complete N gene. Four nucleotides of the reverse primer GAAAGATAGATATAATTAA (indicated in bold) did not match with sequence at the 3′end of the N gene. Hence, to obtain the remaining parts of the N gene, the primers UHP (5′CACTGGATCCTTTTGTTTTTGTTTTTTG3′) and Asian Termini (5′CCCGGATCCAGAGCAATCGAGGY3′) (3) were combined with IYSV-F and IYSV-R. The obtained amplicons were cloned into pGEM-T easy vector and sequenced. The N gene sequence has been deposited at the NCBI/GenBank (Accession No. GU901211). The deduced N protein sequence(s) were compared with other IYSV N protein sequences available in the GenBank and showed a 92% protein identity with the Brazilian strain (IYSV-BR) and 97% with the Dutch strain (IYSV-NL) with Accession Nos. AAF04199 and AAB61923, respectively. No data on the thrips vector species or on the disease incidence have been collected. The presence of IYSV in Sri Lanka can potentially be considered as a threat for the export of leek. To our knowledge, this is the first report that IYSV occurs in Sri Lanka. References: (1) I. Cortêz et al. Phytopathology 88:1276, 1998. (2) Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. Retrieved from http://www.statistics.gov.lk , 2009. (3) A. Hassani-Mehraban et al. Phytopathology 95:852, 2005. (4) H. R. Pappu et al. Virus Res. 141:219, 2009.
First Report of Citrus exocortis viroid from Grapevine in China
Authors: Shu J. , Wang G. P. , Xu W. X. , Hong N. 
Published: July 2010

Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) can induce bark scaling, dwarfing, leaf epinasty, and fruit yield loss in susceptible hosts. In citrus, CEVd is reported from around the world, but in grape, it is reported from fewer locations (Australia, Brazil, California, and Spain [1]). In 2009, leaves were collected from 40 grapevines (of several different cultivars and species) from Henan, Hubei, Shandong, and Liaoning provinces, China. Total RNA or double-stranded RNA was extracted from the leaves by a described method (3) and subjected to reverse transcription with a random primer (Takara, Dalian, China) and then PCR with primer CEV-AM3 and CEV-AP3 (2). Results showed that the target DNA fragments of 372 bp long were amplified only from the symptomless leaves collected from two grapevines of cv. White Rose grown for approximately 26 years within a small garden in Hubei Province. Amplified products were recovered and cloned into pMD18-T (Takara) and 10 positive clones of each isolate were sequenced and aligned. For both isolates, 20% of the clones represented the same variant (CEVd-hn-g-1; GenBank Accession No. GU592444). It showed a max identity of 94 to 99% with the variants (GenBank Accession Nos. Y00328.1 and DQ471996.1) from grape registered in NCBI, 91 to 100% (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ431993.1 and DQ831485.1) from citrus, 91 to 98% (GenBank Accession Nos. EF488068.1 and EF488050.1) from broad bean, and 89 to 94% (GenBank Accession Nos. AY671953.1 and S67446.1) from tomato. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CEVd from grape in China. References: (1) M. Eiras et al. Fitopatol. Bras. 31:440, 2006. (2) H. J. Gross et al. Eur. J. Biochem. 121:249, 1982. (3) W. X. Xu et al. J. Virol. Methods 135:276, 2006.
First Report of Blueberry red ringspot virus in Highbush Blueberry in the Czech Republic
Authors: Přibylová J. , Špak J. , Kubelková D. , Petrzik K. 
Published: July 2010

A collection of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars planted in the field for propagation in South Bohemia was surveyed in May and July of 2009 for the occurrence of detrimental viruses. A total of 67 plants of 10 cultivars (Berkeley, Burlington, Blue Crop, Bluetta, Darrow, Duke, Gila, Jersey, Late Blue, and Northland), were observed for typical Blueberry red ringspot virus (BRRV) symptoms that appear as reddish ring spots and blotches on stems and fruits, exclusively on the upper surface of the older leaves but not the underside. Samples of leaves were collected and maintained at –20°C until used for DNA extraction, then assayed for BRRV infection using PCR. Controls originated from the same blueberry cultivars in vitro. DNA was extracted from leaf tissue with a NucleoSpin Plant II kit for isolating genomic DNA according to the manufacturer's instructions (Macherey-Nagel, Düren, Germany). Primer pair BRRV15/16, which amplified fragments of the reverse transcriptase gene (1), was used in PCR for BRRV detection. The program used for PCR amplification was 94°C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles at 94°C for 30 s, 49°C for 30 s, and 70°C for 45 s, followed by a final extension at 70°C for 5 min. The total PCR volume of 25 μl contained 20 ng of DNA, 200 μmol liter–1 dNTPs, 0.5 μl of each primer BRRV15 and BRRV16 (20 pmol μl–1), 75 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 20 mM (NH4)2SO4, 0.01% Tween 20, 2.5 mM MgCl2, 2.5 U of Taq Purple DNA polymerase, and stabilizers (Top-Bio Ltd., Prague, Czech Republic). Amplifications were conducted in an MJ Research (Waltham, MA) thermocycler. Aliquots (4 μl) of each PCR product were analyzed by electrophoresis in tris-acetate-EDTA buffer. No BRRV symptoms were observed on the plants in early spring, yet BRRV was detected in one symptom-free bush of cv. Darrow by PCR. In July, typical symptoms developed on that and another cv. Darrow bush that was also positive by PCR. DNA fragments of the expected sizes were amplified from total nucleic acid samples of both infected blueberry bushes using primers BRRV15/16, while no amplification products were detected in plants without symptoms. The amplicons obtained with primers BRRV15/BRRV16 were sequenced and revealed 97.5%-nt identity to the BRRV putative reverse transcriptase gene (GenBank Accession No. AF404509). The 845 nt of the amplicon has been deposited at GenBank under Accession No. HM107773. The disease was likely introduced in infected planting material, since no highbush blueberry plantations exist in the vicinity and V. corymbosum is not native to the Czech Republic. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first report of Blueberry red ringspot virus (genus Soymovirus, family Caulimoviridae) in V. corymbosum L. in the Czech Republic. Symptom observation and PCR testing for BRRV should therefore, be incorporated into the certification scheme for highbush blueberry in the Czech Republic. Reference: (1) J. J. Polashock et al. Plant Dis. 93:727, 2009.
Can mentoring assist in the school‐to‐work transition?
Authors: Lang Martin 
Published: July 2010

PurposeDue to recent bottlenecks in the apprenticeship market the transition from general schooling into the German employment system has become more and more problematic for many pupils over the past years. In particular, young persons with migrant backgrounds, low academic achievement or missing school graduations need special help from “Managing transition” projects. The purpose of this paper is to present some findings from a formative evaluation of a mentoring project.Design/methodology/approachThe evaluation of the mentoring programme was done in a case study manner. A formative evaluation design with a three‐part survey was chosen. The survey also used standardised questionnaires as oral interviews.FindingsIn the survey, it could be found that the mentoring programme had many problems to overcome. For example, it did not succeed in building a continuous and trustworthy communication between mentors and pupils. Moreover, the pupils were unsuccessful in getting an apprenticeship training position despite overcoming lethargy in order to start applying. Furthermore, the mentors felt insufficiently prepared with regards to content and methodological design of the mentoring.Research limitations/implicationsConsidering the small sample (six students and eight mentors), it was quite clear that the evaluation study could not generate a representative analysis. The research should be regarded as an explorative case study only.Practical implicationsAs a result of the formative evaluation, some recommendations are given that should optimise the continuation and extension of the mentoring programme.Originality/valueThe findings of this mentoring programme are useful for people planning to start similar projects because practical problems and possible solutions are mentioned.
Early school‐leavers' microtransitions: towards a competent self
Authors: Bonica Laura , Sappa Viviana 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to discuss conditions in support of a Competent Self in the broader process of the school‐work transition, particularly regarding early school‐leavers.Design/methodology/approachA total of 233 early school‐leavers were followed in innovative and successful vocational training courses. Using a “quali‐quantitative” research model, longitudinal and multilevel, the comparison between contexts (previous/current school attended) and experiences (school failure/success) was adopted as the basic unit of analysis and considerable attention was given to the personal reflexivity stimulated by the transition undertaken.FindingsThe successful vocational training experience allowed the students to demonstrate commitment, competence and mastery motivation supported by the perception they were part of a project that was credible, shared and focused on a mutual investment in learning a job. The commitment and availability of the teachers and the testing of the “learning by doing” were the aspects that most strongly supported the construction of a Competent Self, in contrast with what the students perceived in the schools they had left.Research implicationsThe findings support the relevance of studying school‐failure by valorising the perceived quality of the school experience especially in relation to the teaching‐learning models adopted.Practical implicationsEmphasis was placed on the conditions that could contribute to coping with the school failure phenomenon (especially regarding vocational school paths).Originality/valueThe theoretical‐methodological measures adopted contributed to overcoming some ambiguities that characterised the research on school failure, questioning the supposed weakness of the early school‐leavers and highlighting school factors that contributed to students' engagement/disengagement, making the “school” (not only the students) “protective” or “at risk”.