bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance of adverse drug reactions at two multidisciplinary hospitals and an outpatient specialty clinic in India
Authors: Samuel S A , Rajendran S D , Ebenezzar S , Jayaharan S , Azir P 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Context
Adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting is under-developed in India, with only two of six national reporting centres currently functioning.

Objective
To introduce an ADR monitoring programme at two hospitals and an outpatient skin specialty clinic in South India and to evaluate the programme.

Design
An ADR monitoring programme was introduced in three participating centres and ADRs were documented and analysed over a period of six months. All unplanned admissions, all inpatients of the two participating hospitals and all outpatients of the skin specialty clinic were included in the study. A clinical pharmacist (the investigator) interviewed all patients on admission to identify suspected ADRs. For inpatients and clinic outpatients, suspected ADRs were documented by the treating doctor. A panel of four judges, including the investigator and the physician treating the patient with the suspected ADR, assessed the cases. Confirmed ADRs were then classified and categorised.

Key findings
In total, 152 ADRs were documented. The percentage of patients with a reported ADR at each of the three centres was 3.5, 3.7 and 2.3. The gender of patients with reported ADRs was 53.9 per cent male and 46.1 per cent female. Most of the patients had a type “A” reaction (110, 72.4 per cent). Using Naranjo's probability scale, 25.7 per cent of ADRs were categorised as “probable” and 74.3 per cent as “possible.” Of the ADRs reported in the two hospitals, 31.1 per cent related to unplanned medication-related hospital admissions and 68.9 per cent occurred during the hospital stay. Antibiotics (32.2 per cent), psychotropic drugs, steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (11.8 per cent each) were the most common drugs that caused ADRs. General medicine (37.5 per cent) and dermatology (35.5 per cent) departments accounted for the highest number of ADRs. Pruritic rash (36.7 per cent) was the most common ADR reported at the skin clinic while pruritic rash, gastritis and diarrhoea (10.7 per cent each) and akathisia and hypoglycaemia (7.8 per cent) were the most common ADRs reported in the hospitals.

Conclusion
This is the first study to evaluate an ADR reporting programme in India. Introduction of the ADR monitoring programme improved health care practitioners' awareness of the importance of pharmacovigilance. Occurrence of ADRs seemed to be similar to those reported in the developed world, with the exception of the proportion of severe ADRs (25 per cent), which was higher than reported elsewhere in published studies.
SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND PHARMACY PRACTICE RESEARCH: (3) How relevant is Marxist sociology for pharmacy practice research?
Authors: Bissell Paul , Traulsen Janine Morgall , Haugbølle Lotte Stig 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In our previous paper on the relevance of sociology to pharmacy practice research, we discussed the ideas of Talcott Parsons and his work on the sick role.1 We explained that his consensual depiction of how health care relationships functioned within society came under sustained attack during the 1960s and beyond. Much of this criticism emanated from scholars influenced by the work of Karl Marx. The sociological perspective most heavily influenced by Marx's ideas has come to be known as the political economy critique (although for simplicity we refer in this paper to the ideas of Marx rather than the political economy critique). No sociological textbook would be complete without a major section devoted to Marx. The same applies to this series on the relevance of sociology to pharmacy practice research. What we will show in this paper is that sociologists influenced by Marx have produced a compelling critique of the relationship between capitalism and health in Western societies and this critique continues to be germane to understanding contemporary health care systems, health issues and the role of pharmacy within society.
Is 15 per cent very common? Informing people about the risks of medication side effects
Authors: Berry Dianne C , Knapp Peter R , Raynor Theo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the general public's interpretation of the verbal descriptors for side effect frequency recommended for use in medicine information leaflets by a European Union (EU) guideline, and to examine the extent to which differences in interpretation affect people's perception of risk and their judgments of intention to comply with the prescribed treatment.

Method
Two studies used a controlled empirical methodology in which people were presented with a hypothetical, but realistic, scenario about visiting their general practitioner and being prescribed medication. They were given an explanation that focused on the side effects of the medicine, together with information about the probability of occurrence using either numerical percentages or the corresponding EU verbal descriptors. Interpretation of the descriptors was assessed. In study 2, participants were also required to make various judgments, including risk to health and intention to comply.

Key findings
In both studies, use of the EU recommended descriptors led to significant overestimations of the likelihood of particular side effects occurring. Study 2 further showed that the “overestimation” resulted in significantly increased ratings of perceived severity of side effects and risk to health, as well as significantly reduced ratings of intention to comply, compared with those for people who received the probability information in numerical form.

Conclusion
While it is recognised that the current findings require replication in a clinical setting, the European and national authorities should suspend the use of the EU recommended terms until further research is available to allow the use of an evidence-based approach.
An evaluation of the process-related medication risks for elective surgery patients from pre-operative assessment to discharge
Authors: Sagripanti Marisa , Dean Bryony , Barber Nick 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Aim
To investigate where the process-related medication risks occur in an elective surgery service with a pre-operative assessment clinic (PAC) and make recommendations for how pharmacy services should best be provided.

Method
The study involved identification of discrepancies in medication history taking, changes that occurred in patients' medication between PAC and admission, and changes that occurred between admission and discharge. Prescribing errors were identified and classified according to whether they occurred on admission, during the inpatient stay or on discharge, and whether they were identified and rectified by the existing pharmacy service.

Setting
Seventy-six patients recruited from the nurse-led PAC of a 580-bed London teaching hospital between May 2 and June 30, 2000.

Key findings
The PAC nurse omitted 27 per cent of medications from the medication history; the admitting doctor omitted 37 per cent from the medication history documented in the medical notes and 47 per cent from the inpatient medication chart; the majority of the omissions were complementary and over-the-counter preparations. Twenty-six per cent of patients had changes made to their medication between PAC and admission, and 85 per cent had changes made between admission and discharge. A total of 177 prescribing errors were identified (median of 1 error per patient; interquartile range 0–3), of which 38 per cent occurred on admission, 14 per cent during the inpatient stay and 48 per cent at discharge. Pharmacists made interventions to rectify 59 per cent of the errors.

Conclusion
Given the large number of changes to patients' medication that occurred between PAC and admission, we would not support the writing of inpatient medication charts or the supply of medication at this stage. For this group of patients in the study hospital, the greatest process-related medication risks occurred on admission and discharge, and pharmacy services should be provided accordingly.
Contribution of a ward-based technician service to delivering effective patient health care and reducing dispensary workload
Authors: Conroy Clare , Cattell Richard , Nicholls Mary 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether introduction of a ward-based technician service reduces medication administration errors and decreases pharmacy workload.

Method
Information on the incidence of unavailable medication administration errors (U-MAEs), number of calls to pharmacy, volume of weekend medicine supply and workload of the non-stock supply (NSS) pharmacist was compared during a two-week period prior to the implementation of a ward-based technician service (control period) and a two-week period after the introduction of the service (study period).

Setting
Five wards (two acute admission wards and three care of the elderly medical wards) at Bristol Royal Infirmary with a perceived high workload.

Key findings
When a ward-based technician service was implemented the number of U-MAEs was almost halved (46 per cent reduction), and there was a 60 per cent reduction in the number of telephone calls from the five pilot wards to the dispensary. Overall, there was a decrease in the number of item requests during the weekend; however, the number of items requested from the non stock supply pharmacist increased from 51 to 58 (14 per cent).

Conclusion
Following the introduction of the ward-based technician service, patient care has improved as medicines are available more reliably, and the work life of the pharmacy team has benefited.
Differentiation of
cfiA
-Negative and
cfiA
-Positive Bacteroides fragilis Isolates by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization–Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wybo Ingrid , De Bel Annelies , Soetens Oriane , Echahidi Fedoua , Vandoorslaer Kristof , Van Cauwenbergh Marina , Piérard Denis 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Carbapenem resistance in
Bacteroides fragilis
is associated with
cfiA
-encoded class B metallo-beta-lactamase.
cfiA
-negative and
cfiA
-positive isolates belong to genotypically distinct groups. Of a total of 248
B. fragilis
isolates included in this study, 214 were susceptible, 10 were intermediate, and 24 were resistant to meropenem. We show that matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry is able to differentiate between
cfiA
-negative and
cfiA
-positive isolates and predict carbapenem resistance in a routine laboratory setting.
Biological Effects and Use of PrP
Sc
- and PrP-Specific Antibodies Generated by Immunization with Purified Full-Length Native Mouse Prions
Authors: Petsch Benjamin , Müller-Schiffmann Andreas , Lehle Anna , Zirdum Elizabeta , Prikulis Ingrid , Kuhn Franziska , Raeber Alex J. , Ironside James W. , Korth Carsten , Stitz Lothar 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The prion agent is the infectious particle causing spongiform encephalopathies in animals and humans and is thought to consist of an altered conformation (PrP
Sc
) of the normal and ubiquitous prion protein PrP
C
. The interaction of the prion agent with the immune system, particularly the humoral immune response, has remained unresolved. Here we investigated the immunogenicity of full-length native and infectious prions, as well as the specific biological effects of the resulting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) on the binding and clearance of prions in cell culture and in
in vivo
therapy. Immunization of prion knockout (

Prnp
0/0

) mice with phosphotungstic acid-purified mouse prions resulted in PrP-specific monoclonal antibodies with binding specificities selective for PrP
Sc
or for both PrP
C
and PrP
Sc
. PrP
Sc
-specific MAb W261, of the IgG1 isotype, reacted with prions from mice, sheep with scrapie, deer with chronic wasting disease (CWD), and humans with sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in assays including a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. This PrP
Sc
-specific antibody was unable to clear prions from mouse neuroblastoma cells (ScN2a) permanently infected with scrapie, whereas the high-affinity MAb W226, recognizing both isoforms, PrP
Sc
and PrP
C
, did clear prions from ScN2a cells, as determined by a bioassay. However, an attempt to treat intraperitoneally prion infected mice with full-length W226 or with a recombinant variable-chain fragment (scFv) from W226 could only slightly delay the incubation time. We conclude that (i) native, full-length PrP
Sc
elicits a prion-specific antibody response in PrP knockout mice, (ii) a PrP
Sc
-specific antibody had no prion-clearing effect, and (iii) even a high-affinity MAb that clears prions
in vitro
(W226) may not necessarily protect against prion infection, contrary to previous reports using different antibodies.
Chimpanzee-Human Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of Chronic Poliovirus Excretors and Emergency Postexposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Chen Zhaochun , Chumakov Konstantin , Dragunsky Eugenia , Kouiavskaia Diana , Makiya Michelle , Neverov Alexander , Rezapkin Gennady , Sebrell Andrew , Purcell Robert 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT
Six poliovirus-neutralizing Fabs were recovered from a combinatorial Fab phage display library constructed from bone marrow-derived lymphocytes of immunized chimpanzees. The chimeric chimpanzee-human full-length IgGs (hereinafter called monoclonal antibodies [MAbs]) were generated by combining a chimpanzee IgG light chain and a variable domain of heavy chain with a human constant Fc region. The six MAbs neutralized vaccine strains and virulent strains of poliovirus. Five MAbs were serotype specific, while one MAb cross-neutralized serotypes 1 and 2. Epitope mapping performed by selecting and sequencing antibody-resistant viral variants indicated that the cross-neutralizing MAb bound between antigenic sites 1 and 2, thereby covering the canyon region containing the receptor-binding site. Another serotype 1-specific MAb recognized a region located between antigenic sites 2 and 3 that included parts of capsid proteins VP1 and VP3. Both serotype 2-specific antibodies recognized antigenic site 1. No escape mutants to serotype 3-specific MAbs could be generated. The administration of a serotype 1-specific MAb to transgenic mice susceptible to poliovirus at a dose of 5 μg/mouse completely protected them from paralysis after challenge with a lethal dose of wild-type poliovirus. Moreover, MAb injection 6 or 12 h after virus infection provided significant protection. The MAbs described here could be tested in clinical trials to determine whether they might be useful for treatment of immunocompromised chronic virus excretors and for emergency protection of contacts of a paralytic poliomyelitis case.
Comparison of ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 expression in culprit plaques between acute myocardial infarction and stable angina
Authors: Lee Cheol Whan , Hwang Ilseon , Park Chan-Sik , Lee Hyangsin , Park Duk-Woo , Kang Su-Jin , Lee Seung-Hwan , Kim Young-Hak , Park Seong-Wook , Park Seung-Jung 
Published: February 2011

BackgroundADAMTS (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motifs) proteases might contribute to plaque destabilisation by weakening the fibrous cap. However, little is known about the expression of ADAMTS proteases in coronary atherosclerotic plaques.ObjectiveTo examine the expression of ADAMTS proteases in coronary atherectomy samples obtained from patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or stable angina.MethodsAtherectomy specimens were obtained from 34 patients with AMI (n=23) or stable angina (n=11) who underwent directional coronary atherectomy. The specimens were stained with H&E and analysed immunohistochemically using antibodies specific to ADAMTS-1, -4 and -5; versican cleavage products; and markers for endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells.ResultsBaseline characteristics were similar between the two groups. The proportion of CD31 and CD68 immunopositive areas did not differ between the two groups, but the area immunopositive for smooth muscle α-actin was smaller in the AMI group. The relative area immunopositive for ADAMTS-1 in AMI (1.04% (IQR 0.59–2.09%)) was significantly greater than that in stable angina (0.24% (0.15–0.39%); p<0.001). In contrast, the proportion of areas immunopositive for ADAMTS-4 or -5 was similar in the two groups. Areas that stained for ADAMTS-1 largely overlapped with those positive for CD68 and versican cleavage products. The areas immunopositive for ADAMTS-1 were significantly correlated with CD68 immunostained areas (r=0.50, p=0.003).ConclusionsADAMTS-1, -4 and -5 were present in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques, and ADATS-1 was more strongly expressed in AMI plaques than in stable plaques. ADAMTS-1 may play a role in plaque instability.
MORPHOMETRIC AND BIOMECHANICAL COMPARISON OF TENDONS USED FOR INTERPOSITION ARTHROPLASTY IN CARPOMETACARPAL ARTHRITIS OF THE THUMB
Authors: Dargel Jens , Pennig Dietmar , Springorum Hans Philipp , Koebke Jürgen , Eysel Peer , Michael Joern. W.-P. 
Published: February 2011

Purpose: To identify the wrist tendon most effectively maintaining the trapezial space in interpositional arthroplasty in osteoarthritis of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb.Methods: The morphometrics of the os trapezium and the tendons of the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and abductor pollicis longus were determined. The stiffness and compressive loading characteristics of the rolled-up tendons were compared to the os trapezium.Results: No significant morphometric differences between the three tendons were found. The mass and volume of the trapezium was significantly larger when compared to the tendon balls. No significant differences in the compressive loading resistance were found between the tendons, but the mean stiffness was 85% lower when compared to the os trapezium.Conclusions: Neither tendon material approached the volume nor the stiffness provided by the os trapezium. Any tendon is considered to insufficiently maintain the trapezial space following trapeziectomy.
Palynological evidence for Pennsylvanian extra-basinal vegetation in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Dimitrova Tatyana K. , Cleal Christopher J. , Thomas Barry A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:

Pollen preserved in latest Westphalian and early Stephanian clastic deposits of the Sydney Coalfield, Cape Breton Island, suggest that there were zones of different vegetational habitats surrounding the wetlands where the coal-forming peat was formed. On the margins of the wetlands was a narrow band with large cordaitanthacean trees. This was surrounded by ‘occasionally dry' habitats supporting
Schuetzia
-plants, ruflorioid-plants and
Aethophyllum
-like herbaceous conifers. Around this were mesic or seasonally dry habitats, dominated by walchian conifers and disaccate-producing peltasperms. These in turn were surrounded by xeric or seasonally wet habitats, dominated by ullmanniacean-like conifers, cycads and monosaccate-producing peltasperms. During latest Westphalian and early Stephanian times, the mesic and xeric habitats encroached nearer the wetlands, although the vegetation of the wetlands themselves remained essentially unaffected. This vegetation change was not a response to climate change, but probably to changing drainage patterns and topography in the surrounding hinterland. The
Florinites
-producing cordaitanthaceans appear not to have been upland trees, as previously suggested, but occupied mainly coastal habitats, or riparian habitats on the margins of the wetlands.
A conifer-dominated palynological assemblage from Pennsylvanian (late Moscovian) alluvial drylands in Atlantic Canada: implications for the vegetation of tropical lowlands during glacial phases
Authors: Dolby Graham , Falcon-Lang Howard J. , Gibling Martin R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:
New research suggests that Pennsylvanian Coal Forests were commonly replaced by conifer-dominated vegetation during seasonally dry glacial phases. Here we describe palynological assemblages from stacked sequences of the Middle Pennsylvanian (late Moscovian) Sydney Mines Formation of Nova Scotia, Canada, which lends some support to this hypothesis. One critical sample from a widespread redbed succession below the Harbour Coal is dominated by conifer pollen (55%), together with abundant representatives of cordaitaleans, other coniferopsids, and rare pteridosperms, ferns and lepidodendrids. It differs markedly from 13 other samples obtained from coals, their roof shale–limestone and associated channel bodies, which are dominated by lepidodendrids, marattialean tree-ferns, cordaitaleans and/or calamiteans. The latter beds represent coastal wetlands, and are attributed to late transgressive and highstand systems tracts, whereas the conifer-bearing sample represents a dryland alluvial plain and may be attributed to lowstand or earliest transgressive systems tracts. Three additional samples from grey shale below a sequence boundary (late highstand) and between a redbed succession and major coal seam (early to mid-transgressive deposits) contain transitional palynofloras with a high proportion of herbaceous gleicheniaceous and sphenopteroid ferns, herbaceous lycopsids, and sphenophylls interspersed with cordaitaleans and/or lepidodendrids. The dominance of conifer pollen within the dryland components of well-defined sequences, which have been linked to relative sea-level change promoted by Gondwanan glaciation, supports the view that Pennsylvanian tropical biomes responded to the beat of glacial–interglacial cycles.
Probabilistic longevity estimate for the LUSI mud volcano, East Java
Authors: Davies Richard J. , Mathias Simon A. , Swarbrick Richard E. , Tingay Mark J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:

A new method for estimating the duration of a mud volcano eruption is applied to the LUSI mud volcano in East Java. The estimate is based upon carbonates at depths in the range 2500–3500 m being the water source, with an estimated area of 100–600 km
2
, thickness of 0.2–1.0 km, porosity of 0.15–0.25, an initial pressure between 13.9 and 17.6 MPa, and a separate, shallower source of mud (
c
. 1200–1800 m depth). The resulting 50 percentile for the time it takes for flow to decline to <0.1 Ml day
−1
is 26 years. By analogy with natural mud volcanoes it can be expected to continue to flow at lower rates for thousands of years. Assuming subsidence rates of between 1 and 5 cm day
−1
, land surface subsidence of between
c
. 95 and
c
. 475 m can be expected to develop within the 26 year time period.
Durability of Carbon-Supported La-Mn-Based Perovskite-Type Oxides as Oxygen Reduction Catalysts in Strong Alkaline Solution
Authors: Yuasa Masayoshi , Yamazoe Noboru , Shimanoe Kengo 
Published: February 2011

The durability of carbon-supported La-Mn-based perovskites for the oxygen reduction reaction in strong alkaline solutions was investigated. Carbon-supported perovskite-type oxide nanoparticles were prepared by using a reverse micelle method. The durability of the carbon-supported LaMnO3 nanoparticles was compared with that of carbon-supported LaMnO3 prepared by the mechanical mixing of LaMnO3 with the carbon support. As a result, the durability of the carbon-supported LaMnO3 nanoparticles was less than that of the carbon-supported LaMnO3 prepared by the mixing method due to a difference in the surface area of LaMnO3, which has an effect on the oxygen reduction reaction. In order to improve the durability of the carbon-supported LaMnO3 nanoparticles,	Ca and Fe were substituted at the A-sites and B-sites of the perovskite lattice, respectively. As a result, it was found that the partial substitution of Ca and Fe is effective in improving the durability of LaMnO3 under cathodic polarization in strong alkaline solutions. In particular, the substitution of Ca at the A-site not only improved the durability of the oxide but also enhanced the oxygen reduction activity owing to an increase in the average valence state of the B-sites of the perovskite lattice.