bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working the Political Field in Stormy Weather: A Mayor's Role in the Quebec Municipal Mergers
Authors: Mévellec Anne 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Canadian political science often neglects the municipal level as a legitimate research subject, even when large-scale transformations are implemented, such as the 2001 territorial reorganization in Quebec. This paper shows how mayors were involved in municipal mergers, mainly led by the provincial government, and especially how they played different roles in order to ensure their legitimacy as leaders of their communities. Specifically, the creation of the City of Saguenay has been studied through an examination of the activities, strategies and discourses of the mayors of this agglomeration in order to highlight normal and extraordinary levels of action. In doing so, this article contributes new knowledge of the mayors' own conceptions of their duties and roles and also of the rescaling process.Résumé.Le palier municipal attire peu d'attention en science politique canadienne, même lorsque surviennent des réformes substantielles comme la réorganisation territoriale municipale entreprise au Québec en 2001. L'article montre comment les maires ont tenté de s'approprier la mise en œuvre de ces fusions municipales organisées surtout par le gouvernement provincial, en insistant sur les rôles divers qu'ils ont joués pour assurer leur légitimité en tant que chefs de leur communauté. L'étude de la création de la Ville de Saguenay a permis d'examiner de plus près les activités, les stratégies et les discours des maires de cette agglomération et de mettre en lumière leurs registres d'action ordinaires et extraordinaires. L'article jette ainsi un éclairage nouveau sur les perceptions qu'ont les maires de leur rôle et de leurs responsabilités et sur les effets politiques de la réorganisation municipale.
Gestions du nouveau pluralisme religieux dans les villes canadiennes. Établissement de mosquées et mécanismes de personnalisation des canaux de médiation à Montréal et à Laval
Authors: Fourot Aude-Claire 
Published: October 2009

Résumé.Comment expliquer les différences entre les processus d'institutionnalisation des lieux de culte dans plusieurs villes? Notre article analyse l'établissement de lieux de culte musulmans à Montréal et à Laval. En suivant une approche néo-institutionnelle, nous montrons que des configurations institutionnelles – caractérisées par les relations intergouvernementales, les discours encadrant l'accommodement des demandes ethnoculturelles, les relations avec les élus et les fonctionnaires ainsi que les différentes formes de relations avec les groupes ethnoreligieux au niveau municipal – façonnent les processus d'institutionnalisation des lieux de culte et ce, par l'intermédiaire d'un mécanisme, soit la personnalisation, réussie ou non, des canaux de médiation. La personnalisation des canaux de médiation entre les autorités religieuses et municipales correspond à un processus d'institutionnalisation de type politique alors que l'échec de cette personnalisation correspond à un processus d'institutionnalisation de type administratif.Abstract.How does one account for the different processes of institutionalization of places of worship in different cities? To answer this question, the article analyses the establishment of Muslim places of worship in Montréal and Laval. Using a neo-institutional approach, I demonstrate how institutional configurations – characterised by the following: the state of inter-governmental relations; the discourses surrounding the accommodation of ethno-cultural and ethno-religious demands; the relations among local actors, especially elected officials and municipal public servants; and forms of mediation between municipalities and ethno-religious groups – impact on the processes of institutionalization, and this, through a mechanism, the degree of personalisation of mediation channels. My principal hypothesis is that personalisation of mediation channels leads to a political process of institutionalization whereas non-personalisation of these channels leads to an administrative one.
The Political Socialization of Adolescents in Canada: Differential Effects of Civic Education on Visible Minorities
Authors: Claes Ellen , Hooghe Marc , Stolle Dietlind 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.It is assumed that civic education has persistent effects on political attitudes and behaviours of young citizens. There is no consensus, however, on what kind of efforts have the strongest effects on specific outcomes, like political knowledge and intended political participation. In some of the older literature, it has been shown that effects of civic education are stronger for children from a visible minority background. This article takes up these questions using a dataset with a sample of 15–17-year olds from Canada (n = 3,334). The results show that active efforts for civic education can make a difference. Especially community service, a rather new form of civic education, fosters political knowledge and conventional future participation. However, in Canada, adolescents from a visible minority background do not benefit disproportionately from civic education efforts.Résumé.On soutient que l'éducation à la citoyenneté amène des effets positifs durables sur les attitudes et les comportements politiques des jeunes. Toutefois, il n'existe pas de consensus concernant les efforts spécifiques les plus fructueux pour stimuler les connaissances et la participation politiques. Dans cet article nous examinons premièrement l'ampleur des effets de l'éducation à la citoyenneté. Deuxièmement, nous examinons la thèse selon laquelle ce sont les minorités visibles qui bénéficient le plus de ces efforts – position défendue dans une partie de la littérature plus ancienne sur le sujet. Ces deux questions sont étudiées quantitativement en utilisant un groupe témoin de jeunes Canadiens de 15 à 17 ans (n = 3334). Les résultats révèlent que les efforts actifs dans le domaine de l'éducation à la citoyenneté ont un effet sur les attitudes et les comportements politiques. Le service communautaire, entre autres, une nouvelle forme d'éducation à la citoyenneté, sensibilise les jeunes à la politique et favorise leur participation conventionnelle future. Nous ne trouvons pas, en revanche, d'effet différentiel notable chez les adolescents des minorités visibles.
Worth the Wait: Determinants of Ministerial Appointment in Canada, 1935–2008
Authors: Kerby Matthew 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.The subject of ministerial career paths is neglected in the Canadian political science canon. The existing literature, data and methods are for the most part descriptive and require updating. This article addresses this deficit by focusing on the topic of ministerial appointments in the Canadian federal parliament. An event history model is developed to estimate the “hazard” of ministerial appointment for all government party members of Parliament for the period 1935–2008. Existing theories and explanations for ministerial appointments and their relationship to constitutional conventions and political principles are systematically tested using a series of variables identified in the Canadian and comparative literature. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research and integration with complementary country-specific and comparative research programs in the field of ministerial career paths.Résumé.Le parcours de carrière ministérielle est un sujet négligé dans la convention de la science politique canadienne. La littérature, les données et les méthodes existantes sont majoritairement descriptives et requièrent une mise à jour. Cet article tente de combler cette lacune en étudiant les nominations ministérielles au gouvernement fédéral canadien. Un modèle de survie couvrant la période de 1935 à 2008 est mis au point afin d'évaluer le risque des nominations ministérielles pour tous les députés du parti politique au gouvernement. Les théories et interprétations actuellement utilisées pour déterminer les nominations ministérielles ainsi que leur affinité avec les conventions constitutionnelles et les préceptes politiques sont méthodiquement analysées à l'aide d'une suite de données reconnues dans la littérature canadienne et comparative. Finalement le document préconise la poursuite des recherches et un rapprochement avec les programmes de recherche comparatifs et propres au pays en matière de parcours de carrière ministérielle.
The types of tubercle bacilli in lupus and scrofulodermia
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley 
Published: October 2009

1. Cultures of tubercle bacilli were obtained from 204 cases of lupus.2. According to their cultural characters the strains could be divided into two main groups, one containing 102 strains with the characters of human tubercle bacilli and the other containing 102 strains with the characters of bovine tubercle bacilli.3. Virulence tests were carried out on a large number of animals, and in one instance over 100 animals were used for testing strains from a particular case.4. Of the 102 culturally human strains 41 were highly virulent for the guineapig, and for the monkey when this was tested, producing progressive and rapidly fatal tuberculosis. The remaining 61 strains (59.8%) showed varying degrees of attenuation.5. Of the 102 culturally bovine strains 34 were highly virulent for all the animals tested, producing in them severe and rapidly fatal general tuberculosis identical with that set up by standard bovine bacilli. The remaining 68 (66.7%) were of lower virulence for the rabbit, and for the calf and goat when these animals were tested, than standard bovine strains, but they all produced in one, two, or three of these species more extensive tuberculosis than human bacilli. For the guineapig, and for the monkey when tested, these strains fell below the virulence of standard bovine strains, except for a few whose virulence was only slightly lowered for the rabbit.
The titration of vaccinia virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo
Authors: Westwood J. C. N. , Phipps P. H. , Boulter E. A. 
Published: October 2009

A detailed investigation has been made of the pock-counting method for titrating vaccinia virus on embryonated eggs with a view to eliminating the wide scatter of results hitherto inseparable from the technique, and of assessing the precision of which it is capable. A detailed description is given of the technique evolved.Reasons are given for supposing that the distribution of counts should follow the Poisson series, and considerable progress is claimed towards the achievement of such a distribution.
The swamp rice rat (Oryzomys palustris natator) as a possible laboratory animal for special purposes
Authors: Steward J. S. 
Published: October 2009

The Florida cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus, has become established as a laboratory animal largely because it is the best known host of the filariid worm, Litomosoides carinii, which is used in routine screening tests for filariacides.Cotton rats are unsuitable for infecting when very small, and as the filariae take several months to develop enough for the purpose of the test, most of the cotton rats are fully grown at the time of testing. Their weight range is 125–225 g., average about 170 g.
Symbiotic Bacteriophage as a ‘marker’ in the identification of strains of Salmonella typhi-murium
Authors: Boyd J. S. K. , Parker M. T. , Mair N. S. 
Published: October 2009

(1) A collection of S. typhi-murium strains, isolated during 11 months, in or near Manchester, was examined for the presence of symbiotic bacteriophage. In all, 177 strains derived from eighty-three incidents were investigated.2. The different phages, or combinations of phage, allowed these strains to be divided into eleven varieties. Three hitherto undescribed types of phage were discovered.3. With two minor exceptions, all groups of strains isolated from associated cases of infection carried the same type of phage, so that the ‘typing’ was in agreement with epidemiological expectations. In the two exceptions, the relationship of the cases was not intimate, and infection from different sources was an obvious possibility.4. It is concluded that this is a reliable method of typing. It is probably applicable to other groups of bacteria. Its value would be enhanced by the discovery of a simpler method than filtration for sterilizing the lysato without damaging the phage.
Studies on the agent of canine virus hepatitis (Rubarth's disease) II. The pathology and pathogenesis of the experimental disease produced by four strains of virus
Authors: Parry H. B. , Larin N. M. , Platt H. 
Published: October 2009

The main clinical and pathological features of the naturally occurring canine virus hepatitis were reproduced in dogs, using four strains of virus from different parts of the world and by various routes of inoculation. Young puppies seemed to be most susceptible. A kitten was also infected. An unusual type of kerato-conjunctivitis occurred after both intraocular and intraperitoneal injection.Specific antigen was detected in the blood for short periods at irregular intervals during the acute stages of the illness and up to 6 months after complete clinical recovery.Specific antibodies were detected in the blood of recovered animals 3 to 10 weeks after the inoculation and 2–6 weeks after the onset of clinical illness.The four strains of virus were similar in their serological and immunological characters.Evidence is presented that virus can persist for some months in recovered animals.Virus was demonstrated in lice collected from affected dogs.The importance of clinically inapparent infections is stressed.
The Schizopoda and Isopoda collected by the “Huxley” from the north side of the Bay of Biscay, in August, 1906
Authors: Tattersall W. M. 
Published: October 2009

I am indebted to the courtesy of Dr. Allen for the opportunity of examining the collections of these two orders of Crustacea in the Huxley's material.None of the species are new to science, and but few of them present any features worthy of remark. The chief interest of the collection lies in its bearing on the known geographical distribution of the species captured for, out of a total of twenty-eight, no fewer than sixteen are recorded for the first time from localities south of the British Islands, while only eight of the species have previously been recorded from the Bay of Biscay. The bathymetrical range of five of the species recorded has been considerably increased by this material.
What is Over-fishing?
Authors: Fetersen C. G. Joh. 
Published: October 2009

For the sake of argument I will suppose:I. That in a biologically self-contained area, e.g. in the North Sea, statistics show that the value of the total yearly catch of a certain species of fish is decreasing year by year;II. That the catching power and the prices are not reduced;III. That the physical conditions have not changed in an unfavourable manner.
A Contribution Towards the Life-History of the Spur-Dog
Authors: Hickling C. F. 
Published: October 2009

The object in publishing these notes on the Spur-Dog, Acanthias vulgaris Risso, is to show the close resemblance, in the distribution of the sizes and sexes, between this fish and the Hake. The Hake will be dealt with in a future paper.The work has been done during voyages in which the Hake has been the principal object of research. The data on Dogfish have therefore been collected at odd times during a very busy programme on the Hake, and this must be my apology for inadequacy or discontinuity in the figures presented. I would especially thank my colleague, Mr. W. Johnston, and my friend, Mr. C. E. D. Enoch, for their willing help in this entirely unofficial work; and Mr. J. Armitage Robertson for his help in the arrangement of the text.
Salinity Interchange between Sea-Water in Sand and Overflowing Fresh-Water at Low Tide
Authors: Reid D. M. 
Published: October 2009

The following investigations were carried out in order to test the validity of the oft-recurring statement to the effect that “burrowing organisms live under fresh-water conditions during low tide in estuaries.” This type of statement is usually made in respect to organisms which live in the sand or mud of estuaries in which, at low tide, a stream of fresh, water passes over the ground in which the organisms are buried.I have not been able to find any references to show that work has ever been done on this subject with the idea of determining the actual salinity of the water held by such sand. Therefore I carried out the following experiments to try to find if data could be procured which would be sufficiently consistent to lead to any conclusions.
The Action of some Denitrifying Bacteria in Tropical and Temperate Seas, and the Bacterial Precipitation of Calcium Carbonate in the Sea
Authors: Drew G. Harold 
Published: October 2009

It is generally conceded that the plankton of tropical and sub-tropical seas is far less in quantity than that found in colder waters.The zoö-plankton depends ultimately for its food on the phyto-plankton; hence any factor limiting the growth of the phyto-plankton, which is capable of functioning in tropical and not in temperate or Arctic waters, might offer an explanation of this phenomenon. It has been shown by various investigators that this factor is not temperature, light, or salinity, and it has been suggested that the explanation may lie in the relative deficiency in tropical seas of the nitrates or nitrogenous compounds which are so essential for all plant life. A matter of common observation in support of this view is the remarkable scarcity of algal growth in the shallow waters of tropical shores as compared with that in similar situations in temperate regions, and the fact that in the tropics, wherever sewage or other nitrogenous waste is poured into the sea, a free growth of algæ is found.
The Amphipoda collected by the “Huxley” from the North Side of the Bay of Biscay in August, 1906
Authors: Sexton E. W. 
Published: October 2009

The Amphipoda dealt with in this paper were collected in August, 1906, by Dr. Allen, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of examining them.The collection contained thirty-five species (belonging to twenty families), of which one only,Tryphosites alleni, is new to science. Five others,Stenothoe richardi, Syrrhoites walkeri, Syrrhoe affinis, Eusirus biscayensis, andRhachotropis rostrata, are recorded for the first time since their original discovery. The geographical range of five species has been considerably extended, viz.Syrrhoe affinis, Tmetonyx similis, Sympleustes glaber, Epimeria parasitica, andLaetmatophihis tuberculatus;the four last forms have not been hitherto recorded with certainty south of Norway.
Transmission, reservoir hosts and control of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: QUINNELL R. J. , COURTENAY O. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYZoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) caused byLeishmania infantumis an important disease of humans and dogs. Here we review aspects of the transmission and control of ZVL. Whilst there is clear evidence that ZVL is maintained by sandfly transmission, transmission may also occur by non-sandfly routes, such as congenital and sexual transmission. Dogs are the only confirmed primary reservoir of infection. Meta-analysis of dog studies confirms that infectiousness is higher in symptomatic infection; infectiousness is also higher in European than South American studies. A high prevalence of infection has been reported from an increasing number of domestic and wild mammals; updated host ranges are provided. The crab-eating foxCerdocyon thous, opossumsDidelphisspp., domestic catFelis cattus, black ratRattus rattusand humans can infect sandflies, but confirmation of these hosts as primary or secondary reservoirs requires further xenodiagnosis studies at the population level. Thus the putative sylvatic reservoir(s) of ZVL remains unknown. Review of intervention studies examining the effectiveness of current control methods highlights the lack of randomized controlled trials of both dog culling and residual insecticide spraying. Topical insecticides (deltamethrin-impregnated collars and pour-ons) have been shown to provide a high level of individual protection to treated dogs, but further community-level studies are needed.
The ultrastructure of taeniid cestode oncospheres and localization of host-protective antigens
Authors: JABBAR A. , SWIDERSKI Z. , MLOCICKI D. , BEVERIDGE I. , LIGHTOWLERS M. W. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTaeniid eggs contain an infective larval form of the parasite, known as the oncosphere, which has been found to be highly susceptible to attack by the host's immune system and this fact has been exploited in the development of highly effective vaccines. Relatively little is known about the structure of taeniid oncospheres and the localization of host-protective antigens within or on the oncosphere. Here, we briefly review the current state of knowledge of the structure of the oncosphere and present preliminary data on the localization of a host-protective antigen within the oncospheres of Taenia ovis. The precise localization of the antigens, in the context of a detailed knowledge of the ultrastructure of the parasite, may reveal the immune mechanisms by which the taeniid parasites are killed by vaccine-induced immune responses, which, in turn, may provide clues about how vaccines could be developed against other parasitic helminths.
Immunization with SmIg, a novel tegument protein fromSchistosoma mansoni, fails to induce protection in mice but reduces liver pathology
Authors: PINHO J. M. R. , CARDOSO F. C. , LOPES D. O. , PINHEIRO C. S. , CALIARI M. V. , OLIVEIRA F. M. S. , LEITE L. C. , OLIVEIRA S. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYProteins associated with the schistosome tegument are of great importance for the development of new intervention strategies since they may be exposed on the surface of the parasite. Herein, we have isolated a cDNA clone encoding for theSchistosoma mansoniSmIg and its recombinant protein was tested as a potential vaccine candidate. Initially, its amino acid sequence was analysed by bioinformatics and shown to possess an N-terminal signal peptide, a C-terminal transmembrane helix, 4 glycosylation sites, an immunoglobulin conserved domain and 73% similarity with a hypotheticalS. japonicumprotein of unknown function. SmIg was produced byE. colias a recombinant protein (rSmIg) and its protective effectiveness was evaluated againstS. mansoniinfection with 100 cercariae in a murine model. Mice immunized with rSmIg induced an immune response characterized by dominant IgG1 isotype and significant levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-4. Although immunogenic, the recombinant vaccine failed to induce worm burden reduction when compared to the infected control group. However, rSmIg-immunized mice had significant reductions of liver granuloma volume and fibrosis content by 31·8% and 49%, respectively. In conclusion, SmIg is a new tegument protein fromS. mansonithat plays an important role in reducing pathology induced by parasite infection.
The three-spined stickleback-Schistocephalus solidussystem: an experimental model for investigating host-parasite interactions in fish
Authors: BARBER I. , SCHARSACK J. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYPlerocercoids of the pseudophyllidean cestodeSchistocephalus solidusinfect the three-spined sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatus, with important consequences for the biology of host fish. Techniques for culturing the parasitein vitroand generating infective stages that can be used to infect sticklebacks experimentally have been developed, and the system is increasingly used as a laboratory model for investigating aspects of host-parasite interactions. Recent experimental laboratory studies have focused on the immune responses of hosts to infection, the consequences of infection for the growth and reproductive development of host fish and the effects of infection on host behaviour. Here we introduce the host and the parasite, review the major findings of these recent experimental infection studies and identify further aspects of host parasite interactions that might be investigated using the system.