bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Mammal Zoonoses: A Review of Disease Manifestations
Authors: Waltzek T. B. , Cortés‐Hinojosa G. , Wellehan Jr. J. F. X. , Gray Gregory C. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryMarine mammals evoke strong public affection as well as considerable scientific interest. However, the resultant close contact with marine wildlife poses human health risks, including traumatic injury and zoonotic disease transmission. The majority of zoonotic marine mammal diseases result in localized skin infections in man that resolve spontaneously or with appropriate medical therapy. However, other marine mammal zoonoses, if left untreated, induce life‐threatening systemic diseases that could pose public health risks. As the number of zoonotic diseases rises, the diagnosis of and treatment for these emerging pathogens pose special challenges requiring the expertise of physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the bacterial, viral and fungal marine mammal zoonotic diseases that we hope will be utilized by public health professionals, physicians, veterinarians and wildlife biologists to better understand, diagnose and prevent marine mammal zoonotic diseases.
A Proposed Curriculum in Meteoritics for College Students
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA “major” or curriculum in meteoritics, leading to the bachelor's degree in colleges and universities, is outlined. It is recognized that a major in meteoritics would consist of a “combination major” in astronomy and geology, calling for an extensive preparation in the form of certain specified “lower‐division” courses in chemistry, geology, mathematics, and physics, as well as 15 “upper‐division units” in astronomy and 10 “upper‐division units” in geology, for the major proper.
The Oxidation of Meteorites*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

Abstract The oxide of iron meteorites is typically laminated and magnetic, with a specific gravity of 2.92 to 4.24, and dark brown to black in color. Some occurs as shale‐balls, which may result from an abundance of lawrencite. These seem to be a special case of the ordinary rusting of iron masses. Shale‐balls resemble certain lava‐bombs, but one such mass is known which is non‐lamellar and contains traces of Widmanstätten figures. These figures have been seen also in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, oxide. Their preservation may be the result of the oxidation's having begun between the kamacite bands. This type of oxidation is also responsible for the presence of the metallic particles which are found in oxides. A meteorite in an intermediate stage is known. Schreibersite particles are found because of their resistance to oxidation.Oxides from Willamette, Oregon, and Odessa, Texas, are described and analyses given.The oxidation of meteorites is accelerated by electrolytic action between the constituents and by the action of lawrencite.Many oxides bear green stains. In four cases these have been identified as deposits of zaratite. The presence of this mineral and various experiments show that all the nickel need not enter the oxide, and that nickel can be removed by solution. Comparison of nickel contents of oxides and the unaltered metal shows that the oxide contains almost invariably less nickel than the metal. Hence, ancient meteorites may be unrecognizable because they have lost all their nickel.The mineral composition of the oxides is very imperfectly known. Rustite and ayasite are suggested as possible names.
The Oxide of the Monahans, Texas, Meteorite
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe Monahans, Texas, meteorite belongs to the Cape Group of ataxites and was discovered from the rust stains in the sand above it. The meteorite was in‐closed in a loosely adherent oxide crust. The metal core was almost divided in halves by a deep fissure. When this fissure was completed, a fracture like that of armor plate was produced, although the metal is malleable. Etching produces a dull but not a very dark surface, with indistinct irregular patches visible at certain angles. Some slices produced cuts in carborundum‐cloth grinding disks. It is believed that these cuts may have been produced by small diamonds. The rust is blackish‐brown, lamellar, and magnetic, and has a specific gravity of about 3.1. It contains some residual metal and consists of 2 bodies with the same structure as the metal. A green stain is probably zaratite. A chemical analysis of the oxide crust is given and shows that the crust has lost some of its nickel. Tap water dissolves still more material, but this is possibly lawrencite.
The Goose Lake Siderite: California's Largest Known Meteorite
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA siderite discovered near Goose Lake in northern Modoc County, California, on 1938 October 13, by Messrs. Joseph Secco, Clarence A. Schmidt, and Ira Iverson of Oakland, has recently been identified and just been recovered, through the coöperation of five fellows of the Society for Research on Meteorites, namely, Dr. and Mrs. H. H. Nininger, Professor Earle G. Linsley, Dr. Robert W. Webb, and the writer. This meteorite is by far the largest found up to date in California, the official weight being 2573 pounds (1167 kilograms). The overall dimensions of the mass, which is a medium octahedrite, are 3 ft. 10 in. × 2 ft. 4 1/2 in. × 1 ft. 8 in. Because all of the original fusion crust is lacking, it is inferred that the meteorite is a very old fall.
Widmanstätten Figures in Terrestrial Alloys
Authors: Leard Robert M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe three components of the Widmanstätten figures in nickel‐iron alloys are discussed. Kamacite is described as a solid solution of nickel in iron, taenite as probably a solid solution of iron in nickel, and plessite as a eutectoid of the two. Experiments leading to the production of a synthetic octahedrite and of a synthetic hexahedrite are reported, and the case for the presence of figures in the Greenland iron is summarized. Attention is called to the presence of Widmanstätten figures in alloys other than those of nickel‐iron.
Fused Meteoritic Iron: Second Paper
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSpecimens of Henbury, Central Australia, and Canyon Diablo, Arizona, were fused and examined metallographically. Henbury gave a fine granular structure with probably nickel‐rich grain boundaries. Canyon Diablo, containing schreibersite, gave a granular structure, except where the schreibersite produced a pearlite‐like mixture. At the edges of this was a structure resembling martensite. Another specimen fused on charcoal was composed partly of grains of ferrite inclosed in cementite. The remainder showed a dendritic structure. This specimen exploded during fusion. Mention is made of other work in this field.
Meteorite Falls and Bright Fireballs Observed in Sweden in the Last Twenty Years
Authors: Corlin Axel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper are briefly described: (1) the meteorite of 1922 February 12, which was observed to fall into a small frozen lake at Skåne‐Tranås but which has never been recovered; (2) the 3 1/2‐kg. aërolite, observed to fall on 1922 April 20, at Hedeskoga, Skåne (photograph); (3) the meteor of 1936 September 22, unrecovered fragments from which may have fallen into the forests around Loos in central Sweden; (4) the remarkable swarm of fireballs of 1938 May 27, which were observed over a large part of southern Sweden but from which no meteorites have been found; (5) the 3.3‐kg. aërolite and a small fragment which separated from it in flight, observed to fall on 1939 April 5, at Ekeby in western Skåne (photograph); and (6) the fireball of 1939 May 26, which also was extensively observed from southern Sweden but which has as yet yielded no meteorites.
Diamonds in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorites
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe method of detection, appearance, hardness, etc., of carbonadoes (so‐called “black diamonds”), in Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorites, are described. In the past nine years, carbonadoes have been encountered in about twenty specimens. These carbonadoes were usually imbedded in nodules or veins of dark sulfide and carbonaceous material, though in some instances they occurred in schreibersite inclusions; in one case, they were associated with a small cavity which occupied the central part of a schreibersite inclusion. The occurrence of diamonds near a cavity lends apparently no support to the common belief that their presence in meteorites constitutes conclusive evidence of cooling under high pressure.
The Metallurgical Interpretation of the Structures found in Meteoritic Irons*
Authors: Derge Gerhard 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTwo crystallographic mechanisms have been established for the transformation from the high‐temperature, face‐centered cubic lattice of γ‐iron to the low‐temperature, body‐centered cubic lattice of α‐iron. Published researches on meteorites were not adequate to establish which of these two mechanisms operated in the formation of the coarse Widmanstätten patterns found in meteorites. It was felt that a study of these patterns in meteoritic irons would contribute to the understanding of these mechanisms.An investigation of the macro‐and micro‐crystalline perfection of an Amalia Farm [= Bethany, Great Namaqualand], South Africa, and a Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorite established that the latter was far better suited for an X‐ray study of the orientation relationships in the structure. In the course of the research it was established that one of the mechanisms operated at high transformation temperatures, while the other operated at much lower temperatures. The orientations in the Canyon Diablo sample corresponded to those predicted by the high‐temperature mechanism. This, and other metallurgical evidence, is in accord with the theory that the Widmanstätten patterns in meteorites are formed by extremely slow cooling from high temperatures.Recent advances in physical metallurgy have developed very useful correlations between rates of solid reactions and the resultant structures (coarseness of pattern) and between speed and temperature of plastic deformation and the type of deformation which occurs (slip, twinning, and cleavage). The application of this knowledge, in conjunction with adequate experiments on alloys of meteoritic composition, would undoubtedly lead to definite knowledge concerning the origin and the history of meteorites.
New Data concerning the Fall of the Great [Tungus] Meteorite on June 30, 1908, in Central Siberia*
Authors: Astapowitsch I. S. , Paz Lincoln La , Wiens Gerhard , Paz ‘Lincoln La 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis article contains a brief review of previous research; chiefly, however, new data concerning the fall of the Tungus, central Siberia, meteorite on June 30, 1908. New testimony of eyewitnesses was collected by the author and others in 1928‐32. A map of the region of the fall has been plotted. The meteorological conditions on the morning of June 30, 1908, have been studied on the basis of data from meteorological stations in central Siberia. The atmospheric phenomena accompanying the flight were studied with the aid of barograms from Siberian and European stations as well as seismograms recorded at Irkutsk. On the basis of sound phenomena and data supplied by barograms and seismograms, the moment of the explosion of the meteorite was determined (as 0h ***16m G.M.T.). On the basis of investigations of acoustic and light phenomena, an estimate of the number of wind‐fallen trees, the amplitude of oscillation of the atmospheric pressure at Slutsk and in England, and, finally, a comparison with other phenomena, the order of the work done by the explosion was calculated and found to be [between] ***1029 and ***1021 ergs. From the testimony of eyewitnesses, the brightness, color, and form of the head and the envelope of the meteorite, the character of the explosion, and the geocentric velocity were determined. Bounds for the [positions of the] trajectory and the radiant of the meteorite were found. [In §10 of this translation a simplification and an extension of Astapowitsch's discussion of the position of the trajectory and the radiant are given.]
Meteorite Craters and the Hypothesis of the Existence of Contraterrene Meteorites
Authors: La Paz Lincoln 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTCraters presenting unmistakable evidence of an impact origin have been excluded from the category of meteorite craters because no meteoritic materials have been found in or near them. The origin of certain silica‐glass deposits (closely resembling the glasses produced by fusion of siliceous materials in the intense heat incident to meteoritic impact with the surface of the Earth) is regarded as a mystery, because meteorites have not been found associated with these deposits. Attention is called in this communication to the possibility of the existence of contraterrene meteorites (defined in the paper), which would be just as capable of producing meteorite craters and silica‐glass as are ordinary meteorites, but of which no trace would remain after collision with the Earth.
The “Phantom Bertha” Mystery
Authors: Herrick Samuel 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA newspaper account of a mysterious explosion at sea is reviewed and shown to be not inconsistent with the supposition that the explosion may have been due to the fall of a contraterrene meteorite. Attention of astronomers and meteoriticists is called to this and other types of phenomena which they may have to investigate in the light of the hypothesis of the existence of contraterrene matter.
Contraterrene (?) Meteorites
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis is a reply to two articles published in the February, 1941, instalment of the C.S.R.M., in which contraterrene meteorites were postulated to explain certain meteoritic phenomena. The present paper shows that all of the phenomena referred to can be explained on the basis of demonstrated facts without assuming the existence of any such purely hypothetical material.
Free Copper in a New Aërolite from Garnett, Kansas
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of free copper in a new aërolite from Garnett, Kansas, and the aërolite itself are described. To the writer's knowledge, this is but the third time that free copper in a meteorite has been reported. It has been previously detected in specimens of the Richardton, North Dakota (aërolitic), and Xiquipilco, Mexico (sideritic), falls. The largest copper nodule discovered in the Garnett stone has about 25 times as great an exposed surface as had the most sizable fragment reported earlier, measuring 2.0 × 0.6 mm. Since the original writing of the paper, several small grains of free copper have been found in cutting a 9‐lb. individual of the Xiquipilco fall. As free copper is probably present in irons other than those from Xiquipilco, a method of searching for it is outlined. A chemical analysis of the Garnett stone, by F. G. Hawley, is included.
Metal Structures in Odessa, Texas, and Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorites*
Authors: Lord J. O. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe features of structure commonly found in metallic meteorites are described. These include the Widmanstätten structure of the phases kamacite, taenite, and plessite; the mechanical twins, or Neumann bands; strain lines; slip bands; veins; and some non‐metallic features, viz., schreibersite and oxide pearlite. Photomicrographs are offered to show these various features as they occurred in a piece of an Odessa, Texas, meteorite and in a piece of a Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorite. A discussion of the crystallographic relationships in the various features is offered, with the purpose of throwing possible light on their history and origin. A little speculation is indulged in, regarding an explanation of these structures.
The Great Meteor of 1941 June 28*
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis is a report of observations by 4 scientists who witnessed the flight of a great meteor as they were returning from the Eighth (Flagstaff, Arizona) Meeting of the Society for Research on Meteorites, on 1941 June 28. Interesting data were recorded by these observers, who were more than 200 miles from the vanishing point of the meteor, and these observations of its appearance are compared with those of individuals who observed the same phenomenon from near‐by points.
A New Aerolite from Stonington, Colorado
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe time, exact location, and circumstances of the finding of an aerolite from Stonington, Colorado, are not known. The stone is an old fall heavily impregnated with oxide, but most of the crust remains. The original weight was about 6 lb. The specimen is a chondrite of type Cka and contains about 20% metal and troilite. Of the silicates, 42% are soluble and 37% insoluble.
Meteorite Detectors*
Authors: La Paz Lincoln 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTMathematical investigation of the vertical distribution of iron meteorites in the Earth indicates that the amount of meteoritic iron buried below maximum plow depth greatly exceeds the amount above this level. Thus, there is urgent need for instruments capable of detecting deeply buried iron meteorites. In this paper, a brief review of the physical principles underlying the operation of such meteorite dectectors is given. Difficulties encountered in field use of such equipment are discussed on the basis of experience gained as Director of the first Ohio State University Meteorite Survey; and results secured in an investigation of the Odessa, Texas, Meteorite Crater, made at the invitation of Professor W. D. Mateer, Supervisor of the Meteorite‐Crater Project of the University of Texas in September, 1939, are summarized.
The Distribution and the Probable Origin of the Lunar Craters1
Authors: Scott William 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIt has been shown by L. La Paz that, while members of the special class of ray craters are distributed very nearly at random on the visible portion of the Moon, the same fact does not appear to be true of the typical craters shown on certain representative lunar photographs. He has inferred that not all of the craters shown on such photographs are of impact origin. In the present paper, the nature of the distribution of 3,112 typical lunar craters listed by Blagg is investigated. It is found that the distribution of these craters is very probably a non‐random one. Such preferential distribution is unfavorable to the hypothesis that the lunar craters studied in the present paper are all of meteoritic origin. In view of the known occurrence on the Earth of craters of both volcanic and meteoritic origin, it is reasonable to conclude that craters of both types may exist on our near neighbor, the Moon.
The Aerolitic Fall of Rancho de la Presa, Zenapecuaro, Michoacan, Mexico
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAn investigation made in 1929 brought to light the following facts concerning the aerolite of Rancho de la Presa, Zenapecuaro, Michoacan, Mexico. This stone was seen to fall in 1899—the exact date of the fall is unknown—by two Mexican women. The original weight of the meteorite was above 300 g. The main mass is preserved in the State Museum at Morelia, the capital of Michoacan, while 63 g. are in the Institute of Geology at Mexico City and 3 g. are in the Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago, Illinois. The aerolite should be classified probably as a brecciated, veined, gray chondrite.
The Compressive Strength of Meteorites
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAltho the compressive strength of meteorites is important in relation to the detonation of meteorites in flight and probably in other connections in meteoritics, only one determination of it existed prior to this study. The compressive strength of 8 stones, ranging from 900 to 54,000 lb./in2., is reported.
Statistical Studies of the Meteorltic Falls of the World: 4. Their Classificational Distribution1
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe classificational distribution of the 1,258 meteoritic falls of the world recorded in Coulson's “A Catalogue of Meteorites” (1940)2 is studied. The essence of the paper is contained in 2 tables entitled respectively, “Classes of Meteorites and Representative Falls” and “The Classificational Distribution of the Meteoritic Falls of the World.” The system of classification employed is the Rose‐Tschermak‐Brezina system, with the several modifications described.
On the Origin of the Tektites
Authors: La Paz Lincoln 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe conclusion that tektite falls were restricted in time to an earlier era in Earth history is supported by all known facts, in particular, by the results of critical examinations of various reported falls, including 2 australite falls described not long ago by the late Dr. E. S. Simpson. On the contrary, if the tektites originate as “lunar impactites,” as Dr. H. H. Nininger has recently suggested, it seems evident that they would have continued to fall onto the Earth right up to the present time. Furthermore, the probability that the distribution of “lunar impactite” falls over the Earth's surface would exhibit the alinement along 3 great circles, which is characteristic of all known tektite deposits, is vanishingly small.
Further References on the Early History of the Tucson, Arizona, Meteorites
Authors: McGough P. J. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTIONThe following four additional references on the history of the Tucson, Arizona, meteorites, the so‐called “Irwin‐Ainsa” and “Carleton” irons, have all been taken from an old Tucson newspaper, the Arizona Citizen, of dates January 15, April 1, and April 8, 1876. These references, which supplement those contained in the article that appeared in C.S.R.M., 3, 108–19; P. A., 51, 511–18, 563–7, 1943, will serve to complete the colorful record of the early history of the two well‐known Tucson irons.
“The Old Moon in the Arms of the New”
Authors: Khan A. R. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIt is suggested that variations in the lunar earthshine may be due at times, in part at least, to intense meteoritic activity on the Moon. In view of this possibility, it may be worth‐while to record the intensity of the earthshine, especially when rich showers of meteors are observed to be in progress here on the Earth.
An Electromagnetic Cane for Meteoriticists
Authors: La Paz Lincoln 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe use of highly sensitive meteorite detectors may be impossible under field conditions readily permitting the recovery of surface meteorites by the use of a magnetic cane. Even when conditions are favorable for the use of powerful and elaborate detecting equipment, it may be desirable to employ a magnetic prod to test the nature of objects located beneath the surface of the ground. It is the purpose of this paper to describe an electromagnetic cane or prod which has proved most useful, not only in visual searches for surface meteorites but also in the identification of subsurface objects located by non‐discriminatory meteorite detectors.
Thoughts on Exploring the Moon
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIt is suggested that attempts may soon be made to send rockets to the Moon and that eventual success may be achieved. The writer believes that we shall not have to wait for the hazardous transportation of human cargo in order to begin lunar exploration; he believes that by attaching suitable explosives to rockets directed by remote control, fragments of lunar rock may be dislodged with sufficient violence to project them into the sphere of terrestrial gravitation and to cause them to arrive upon our planet. By means of world‐wide networks of observing stations, the landing particles could perhaps be located, collected, and studied.