bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aphasia Burden to Hospitalised Acute Stroke Patients: Need for an Early Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Bersano A. , Burgio F. , Gattinoni M. , Candelise L. 
Published: November 2009

Background/Purpose The aim of our study is to evaluate the frequency of aphasia and to describe the characteristics of aphasics among a large sample of acute stroke patients in Italy. Methods Out of the 11 572 stroke patients hospitalised within 48 h from stroke onset, included in the PROSIT study, we selected 9594 alert cases for the estimation of aphasia frequency. The presence of aphasia was accepted when registered in the clinical records at the first neurological examination. All patients/caregivers underwent to a 2-year telephone follow-up evaluation. Results Twenty-eight per cent of alert acute stroke patients had aphasia, which was associated with arm and/or limb weakness in 74% of cases. In our series, aphasia was more frequent in females than males, in patients older than 75 years and was associated with more severe stroke. Aphasics, compared with nonaphasics, died more frequently. Aphasia was also significantly associated with residual poststroke disability. Conclusions This is the first study considering the frequency of aphasia in a wide population of hospitalised acute stroke patients. The presence of aphasia is more common in patients with severe stroke and contributes to residual disability. Our findings should be considered for setting early specific rehabilitation programmes.
Orexin receptor subtype activation and locomotor behaviour in the rat
Authors: Samson W. K. , Bagley S. L. , Ferguson A. V. , White M. M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  Orexin‐producing neurones, located primarily in the perifornical region of the lateral hypothalamus, project to a wide spectrum of brain sites where they influence numerous behaviours as well as modulating the neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to stress. While some of the actions of orexin appear to be mediated via the type 1 receptor, some are not, including its action on the release of one stress hormone, prolactin. We describe here the ability of orexin to increase locomotor behaviours and identify the importance of both receptor subtypes in these actions.Methods:  Rats were tested for their behavioural responses to the central activation of both the type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R) receptor (ICV orexin A), compared to OX2R activation using a relatively selective OX2R agonist in the absence or presence of an orexin receptor antagonist that possesses highest affinity for OX1R.Results:  Increases in locomotor activity were observed, effects which were expressed by not only orexin A, which binds to both the OX1R and the OX2R receptors, but also by the relatively selective OX2R agonist [(Ala11, Leu15)‐orexin B]. Furthermore, the OX1R selective antagonist only partially blocked the action of orexin A on most locomotor behaviours and did not block the actions of [(Ala11, Leu15)‐orexin B].Conclusion:  We conclude that orexin A exerts its effects on locomotor behaviour via both the OX1R and OX2R and that agonism or antagonism of only one of these receptors for therapeutic purposes (i.e. sleep disorders) would not provide selectivity in terms of associated behavioural side effects.
Ancient Greek Accentuation in Generative Phonology and Optimality Theory
Authors: Probert Philomen 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAncient Greek had a complex accentuation system in which phonological factors interacted with the morphology and lexicon. This system has become important in the debate over whether a phonological theory should operate with derivations or constraints, or a combination of the two. This study surveys recent analyses of the Ancient Greek accentuation system in Generative Phonology and Optimality Theory, and challenges these analyses with some additional data.
Climate and regional beta‐diversity gradients in spiders: dispersal capacity has nothing to say?
Authors: JIMÉNEZ‐VALVERDE ALBERTO , BASELGA ANDRÉS , MELIC ANTONIO , TXASKO NAYRA 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.  1. The importance of dispersal capacity in structuring beta‐diversity gradients has been pointed out in a number of recent studies, making geographical distance (GD) an important predictor of the composition of assemblages apart from environment. In this study, we analyse the relative importance of climate, habitat complexity and GD in four spider families with different dispersal tendencies in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.2. Regional beta‐diversity was calculated for the four families and values were bootstrapped to test for significant difference between groups. Mantel tests assessed the explanatory capacity of four potential predictors – climatic similarity, similarity of vegetation complexity, GD and cost distance (CD) considering topography – on faunistic similarity. Simple regressions were used to compare decay rates, and bootstrapping tested for significant differences in coefficients.3. Regional beta‐diversity values were higher in less vagile families. Climatic distance was strongly correlated with faunistic dissimilarity in the four families, whereas GD had no explanatory power. Except in one family, CD was correlated with faunistic dissimilarity but its independent association was negligible when controlling for climate.4. Both the pattern of regional beta‐diversity among families and the pattern of variation in species composition explained by climate are consistent with the hypothesis that dispersion capacity influences the composition of the assemblages. However, climate distance was the main factor determining species sorting in space while GD had a weak effect. Differences in the degree of specialisation or nonlinear relationships between species composition and space may obscure the signal of GD at the scale of work.
Failure of bone regeneration after demineralized bone matrix allograft in human maxillary sinus floor elevation
Authors: Lee Sang Shin , Jang Jae Hyun , Kim Kwang Soo , Yoo Young Jae , Kim Yeon Sook , Lee Suk Keun 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT Background and aims: There are a number of different commercially available demineralized bone matrix (DBM) products with significant differences between products with regard to the osteoinductive effect in bone defects. We aimed to evaluate the cellular response for the osteoinductive effect of the DBM graft materials by immunohistochemistry. Methods: Among five cases of sinus mucosa biopsy from the implant placement into the sinus floor elevation using DBM allograft, one case showed an intact sinus mucosa containing DBM inserted 4 months ago, while the others were severely infected and unable to be compared with each other for the osteoinductive effect of DBM. Immunohistochemistry investigations were undertaken. Results: The multinucleated giant cells were strongly positive for RANKL, cathepsin K, and HSP‐90, and consistently positive for lysozyme, TNF‐α, CD31, CD68, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9. The stromal cells were strongly positive for osteonectin and osteocalcin, but weak for BMP‐2, BMP‐4, RUNX2, TGF‐β1, CTGF, and TGase‐2. Conclusions: For sinus floor elevation the autogenic bone graft or osteogenic stem cell replacement is necessary, whereas DBM allograft only being insufficient.
Beyond Functional Architecture in Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Reply to Coltheart (2010)
Authors: Plaut David C. , Patterson Karalyn 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe (Patterson & Plaut, 2009) argued that cognitive neuropsychology has had a limited impact on cognitive science due to a nearly exclusive reliance on (a) single‐case studies, (b) dissociations in cognitive performance, and (c) shallow, box‐and‐arrow theorizing, and we advocated adopting a case‐series methodology, considering associations as well as dissociations, and employing explicit computational modeling in studying “how the brain does its cognitive business.” In reply, Coltheart (2010) claims that our concern is misplaced because cognitive neuropsychology is concerned only with studying the mind, in terms of its “functional architecture,” without regard to how this is implemented in the brain. In this response, we do not dispute his characterization of cognitive neuropsychology as it has typically been practiced over the last 40 years, but we suggest that our understanding of brain structure and function has advanced to the point where studying the mind without regard to the brain is unwise and perpetuates the field’s isolation.
Denitrification capabilities of two biological phosphorus removal sludges dominated by different ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’ clades
Authors: Flowers Jason J. , He Shaomei , Yilmaz Safak , Noguera Daniel R. , McMahon Katherine D. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe capability of ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter’ to use nitrate as an electron acceptor for phosphorus uptake was investigated using two activated sludge communities. The two communities were enriched in Accumulibacter clade IA and clade IIA, respectively. By performing a series of batch experiments, we found that clade IA was able to couple nitrate reduction with phosphorus uptake, but clade IIA could not. These results agree with a previously proposed hypothesis that different populations of Accumulibacter have different nitrate reduction capabilities, and they will help to understand the ecological roles played by these two clades.
Pseudomonas putida KT2440 causes induced systemic resistance and changes in Arabidopsis root exudation
Authors: Matilla Miguel A. , Ramos Juan L. , Bakker Peter A.H.M. , Doornbos Rogier , Badri Dayakar V. , Vivanco Jorge M. , Ramos‐González María Isabel 
Published: November 2009

Summary Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is an efficient colonizer of the rhizosphere of plants of agronomical and basic interest. We have demonstrated that KT2440 can protect the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana against infection by the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. P. putida extracellular haem‐peroxidase (PP2561) was found to be important for competitive colonization and essential for the induction of plant systemic resistance. Root exudates of plants elicited by KT2440 exhibited distinct patterns of metabolites compared with those of non‐elicited plants. The levels of some of these compounds were dramatically reduced in axenic plants or plants colonized by a mutant defective in PP2561, which has increased sensitiveness to oxidative stress with respect to the wild type. Thus high‐level oxidative stress resistance is a bacterial driving force in the rhizosphere for efficient colonization and to induce systemic resistance. These results provide important new insight into the complex events that occur in order for plants to attain resistance against foliar pathogens.
Functional analysis of new transporters involved in stress tolerance in Pseudomonas putida DOT‐T1E
Authors: García Vanina , Godoy Patricia , Daniels Craig , Hurtado Ana , Ramos Juan‐Luis , Segura Ana 
Published: November 2009

Summary Pseudomonas putida DOT‐T1E is a highly solvent‐tolerant strain. Although the main mechanism that confers solvent tolerance to the strain is the TtgGHI efflux pump, a number of other proteins are also involved in the response to toluene. Previous proteomic and transcriptomic analysis carried out in our lab with P. putida DOT‐T1E, and the solvent‐sensitive strain, P. putida KT2440, revealed several transporters that were induced in the presence of toluene. We prepared five mutants of the corresponding genes in P. putida DOT‐T1E and analysed their phenotypes with respect to solvent tolerance, stress endurance and growth with different carbon, nitrogen and sulfur sources. The data clearly demonstrated that two transporters (Ttg2ABC and TtgK) are involved in multidrug resistance and toluene tolerance, whereas another (homologous to PP0219 of P. putida KT2440) is a sulfate/sulfite transporter. No clear function could be assigned to the other two transporters. Of the transporters shown to be involved in toluene tolerance, one (ttg2ABC) belongs to the ATP‐Binding Cassette (ABC) family, and is involved in multidrug resistance in P. putida DOT‐T1E, while the other belongs to the Major Facilitator Superfamily and exhibits homology to a putative transporter of the Bcr/CflA family that has not previously been reported to be involved in toluene tolerance.
Comparison of effects of a home exercise programme and a supervised exercise programme for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy
Authors: Stasinopoulos D , Stasinopoulos I , Pantelis M , Stasinopoulou K 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundHome and supervised exercise programmes consisting of stretching and eccentric exercises have been recommended for the management of lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET). No studies have examined their comparative efficacy effectiveness.ObjectiveIn this study, whether a home exercise programme is more successful than a supervised exercise programme in treating patients with LET was investigated.MethodsPatients with unilateral LET for at least 4 weeks were included in this trial. They were sequentially allocated to receive either a home exercise programme or a supervised exercise programme five times a week for 12 weeks. The exercise programme consisted of slow progressive eccentric exercises of wrist extensors and static stretching of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon. Outcome measures were pain, using a visual analogue scale, and function, using a visual analogue scale and the pain-free grip strength. Patients were evaluated at baseline, at the end of treatment (week 12), and 3 months (week 24) after the end of treatment.Results70 patients met the inclusion criteria. At the end of treatment, there was a decline in pain and a rise in function in both groups compared with baseline (p<0.0005, paired t test). There were significant differences in the reduction of pain and the improvement of function between the groups at the end of treatment and at the 3-month follow up; the supervised exercise programme produced the largest effect (p<0.0005, independent t test).ConclusionsSupervised exercise programme is superior to home exercise programme to reduce pain and improve function in patients with LET at the end of the treatment and at the follow-up. Further research is needed to confirm our results.
Disrupted working body schema of the trunk in people with back pain
Authors: Bray H , Moseley G L 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundTo test whether working body schema of the trunk is disrupted in people with back pain using a motor imagery task in which one decides whether a pictured model has their trunk rotated to the left or to the right. The authors hypothesised that chronic back pain is associated with reduced accuracy of left/right trunk rotation judgements.Methods21 Patients with back pain and 14 controls completed two tasks, each involving two trials of 40 images: a left/right hand judgement task, which was used as a control task, and the left/right trunk rotation judgement task. Two (task) × three (group: bilateral back pain, unilateral back pain and control) analyses of variance were undertaken on mean response time and accuracy.ResultsResponse time was similar across participants and tasks (NS). Accuracy was not. The patients with bilateral back pain made more mistakes on the left/right trunk rotation task than patients with unilateral back pain, who in turn made more mistakes on that task than the controls (body part × group interaction; p<0.001). The mean (95% CI) accuracy for left/right trunk rotation judgements was 53.4% (44.5% to 62.3%) for the patients with bilateral back pain, 67.2% (60.2% to 74.1%) for the patients with unilateral back pain and 87% (75% to 98%) for the control participants. This pattern was not observed on the left/right-hand judgement task, on which all three groups made correct judgements about 83% of the time (NS).DiscussionChronic back pain is associated with disruption of the working body schema of the trunk. This might be an important contributor to motor control abnormalities seen in this population.
CERTAIN APERIODIC AUTOMORPHISMS OF UNITAL SIMPLE PROJECTIONLESS C*-ALGEBRAS
Authors: SATO YASUHIKO 
Published: November 2009

Let G be an inductive limit of finite cyclic groups, and A be a unital simple projectionless C*-algebra with K1(A) ≅ G and a unique tracial state, as constructed based on dimension drop algebras by Jiang and Su. First, we show that any two aperiodic elements in Aut (A)/ WInn (A) are conjugate, where WInn (A) means the subgroup of Aut (A) consisting of automorphisms which are inner in the tracial representation.In the second part of this paper, we consider a class of unital simple C*-algebras with a unique tracial state which contains the class of unital simple A𝕋-algebras of real rank zero with a unique tracial state. This class is closed under inductive limits and crossed products by actions of ℤ with the Rohlin property. Let A be a TAF-algebra in this class. We show that for any automorphism α of A there exists an automorphism ᾶ of A with the Rohlin property such that ᾶ and α are asymptotically unitarily equivalent. For the proof we use an aperiodic automorphism of the Jiang-Su algebra.
Bootstrapping a hop-optimal network in the weak sensor model
Authors: Farach-Colton Martin , Fernandes Rohan J. , Mosteiro Miguel A. 
Published: November 2009

Sensor nodes are very weak computers that get distributed at random on a surface. Once deployed, they must wake up and form a radio network. Sensor network bootstrapping research thus has three parts: One must model the restrictions on sensor nodes; one must prove that the connectivity graph of the sensors has a subgraph that would make a good network; and one must give a distributed protocol for finding such a network subgraph that can be implemented on sensor nodes.
Although many particular restrictions on sensor nodes are implicit or explicit in many papers, there remain many inconsistencies and ambiguities from paper to paper. The lack of a clear model means that solutions to the network bootstrapping problem in both the theory and systems literature all violate constraints on sensor nodes. For example, random geometric graph results on sensor networks predict the existence of subgraphs on the connectivity graph with good route-stretch, but these results do not address the degree of such a graph, and sensor networks must have constant degree. Furthermore, proposed protocols for actually finding such graphs require that nodes have too much memory, whereas others assume the existence of a contention-resolution mechanism.

We present a formal Weak Sensor model that summarizes the literature on sensor node restrictions, taking the most restrictive choices when possible. We show that sensor connectivity graphs have low-degree subgraphs with good
hop-stretch
, as required by the Weak Sensor model. Finally, we give a Weak Sensor model-compatible protocol for finding such graphs. Ours is the first network initialization algorithm that is implementable on sensor nodes.
Polynomial constraint satisfaction problems, graph bisection, and the Ising partition function
Authors: Scott Alexander D. , Sorkin Gregory B. 
Published: November 2009

We introduce a problem class we call Polynomial Constraint Satisfaction Problems, or PCSP. Where the usual CSPs from computer science and optimization have real-valued score functions, and partition functions from physics have monomials, PCSP has scores that are arbitrary multivariate formal polynomials, or indeed take values in an arbitrary ring.
Although PCSP is much more general than CSP, remarkably, all (exact, exponential-time) algorithms we know of for 2-CSP (where each score depends on at most 2 variables) extend to 2-PCSP, at the expense of just a polynomial factor in running time. Specifically, we extend the reduction-based algorithm of Scott and Sorkin [2007]; the specialization of that approach to sparse random instances, where the algorithm runs in polynomial expected time; dynamic-programming algorithms based on tree decompositions; and the split-and-list matrix-multiplication algorithm of Williams [2004].
This gives the first polynomial-space exact algorithm more efficient than exhaustive enumeration for the well-studied problems of finding a maximum bisection of a graph, and calculating the partition function of an Ising model. It also yields the most efficient algorithm known for certain instances of counting and/or weighted Maximum Independent Set. Furthermore, PCSP solves both optimization and counting versions of a wide range of problems, including all CSPs, and thus enables samplers including uniform sampling of optimal solutions and Gibbs sampling of all solutions.
Compromising anonymous communication systems using blind source separation
Authors: Zhu Ye , Bettati Riccardo 
Published: November 2009

We propose a class of anonymity attacks to both wired and wireless anonymity networks. These attacks are based on the blind source separation algorithms widely used to recover individual signals from mixtures of signals in statistical signal processing. Since the philosophy behind the design of current anonymity networks is to mix traffic or to hide in crowds, the proposed anonymity attacks are very effective.
The flow separation attack proposed for wired anonymity networks can separate the traffic in a mix network. Our experiments show that this attack is effective and scalable. By combining the flow separation method with frequency spectrum matching, a passive attacker can derive the traffic map of the mix network. We use a nontrivial network to show that the combined attack works.
The proposed anonymity attacks for wireless networks can identify nodes in fully anonymized wireless networks using collections of very simple sensors. Based on a time series of counts of anonymous packets provided by the sensors, we estimate the number of nodes with the use of principal component analysis. We then proceed to separate the collected packet data into traffic flows that, with help of the spatial diversity in the available sensors, can be used to estimate the location of the wireless nodes. Our simulation experiments indicate that the estimators show high accuracy and high confidence for anonymized TCP traffic. Additional experiments indicate that the estimators perform very well in anonymous wireless networks that use traffic padding.
A Continuation Method for Weakly Contractive Mappings under the Interior Condition
Authors: Ariza-Ruiz David , Jiménez-Melado Antonio 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecently, Frigon proved that, for weakly contractive maps, the property of having a fixed point is invariant by a certain class of homotopies, obtaining as a consequence a Leray-Schauder alternative for this class of maps in a Banach space. We prove here that the Leray-Schauder condition in the aforementioned result can be replaced by a modification of it, the interior condition. We also show that our arguments work for a certain class of generalized contractions, thus complementing a result of Agarwal and O'Regan.