bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting GLACE: Understanding the Role of the Land Surface in Land–Atmosphere Coupling
Authors: Comer Ruth E. , Best Martin J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) established a method for quantifying and comparing the influence of soil moisture on the atmosphere in AGCMs. The models included in the GLACE intercomparison displayed a wide range in the strength of this influence, with the Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) Atmosphere Model, version 3 (HadAM3), being one of the weakest. Applying the GLACE method to a much developed version of the MOHC model, the atmospheric component of the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 (HadGEM3-A), it is demonstrated that this new model has a stronger coupling signal than its predecessor. Although this increase in the coupling strength cannot be attributed to changes in the land surface representation, the existence of the stronger signal enables an investigation of the signal’s dependence on key land surface parameters. The GLACE method is applied to four HadGEM3-A experiment cases, with soil hydraulic parameters specified using two methods of calculation from two different underlying soil texture datasets. These cases show differences in their volumetric soil moisture and their level of moisture availability for transpiration. A change in moisture availability produces a change in evaporation variability in the same direction, which is a key factor affecting the overall land–atmosphere coupling strength. For HadGEM3-A the parameter changes therefore produce a clear change in the GLACE diagnostic.
Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Retrospective Forecast Analogs in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Tian Di , Martinez Christopher J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is needed for determining agricultural water demand and reservoir losses and driving hydrologic simulation models. This study was conducted to explore the application of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s (NCEP’s) Global Forecast System (GFS) retrospective forecast (reforecast) dataset combined with the NCEP–U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Reanalysis 2 dataset (R2) to forecast ET0 in the southeastern United States using a forecast analog approach. Seven approaches of estimating ET0 using the Penman–Monteith (PM) and Thornthwaite equations were evaluated by substitution of climatological mean values of variables or by bias correcting variables including solar radiation, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature using the R2 dataset. The skill of both terciles and extremes (10th and 90th percentiles) were evaluated. Overall, for the ET0 forecast approaches that combined R2 solar radiation with temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed from GFS, the reforecasts produced higher skill than methods that estimated parameters using GFS the reforecasts data only. The primary increase in skill was due to the use of relative humidity from the GFS reforecasts and long-term climatological mean values of solar radiation from the R2 dataset, indicating its importance in forecasting ET0 in the region. While the five categorical forecasts were skillful, the skill of upper and lower tercile forecasts was greater than that of lower and upper extreme forecasts and middle tercile forecasts. Most of the forecasts were skillful in the first 5 lead days.
Cloud Clusters and Tropical Cyclogenesis: Developing and Nondeveloping Systems and Their Large-Scale Environment
Authors: Kerns Brandon W. , Chen Shuyi S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Tropical cyclone (TC) genesis occurs only when there is persistent, organized convection. The question of why some cloud clusters develop into a TC and others do not remains unresolved. This question cannot be addressed adequately without studying nondeveloping systems in a consistent manner together with developing systems. This study presents a systematic approach in classifying developing and nondeveloping cloud clusters based on their large-scale environments.
Eight years of hourly satellite IR data and global model analysis over the western North Pacific are used. A cloud cluster is defined as an area of ≤208-K cloud-top temperature, generally mesoscale in size. Based on the overlapping area between successive hourly images, they are then tracked in time as time clusters. The initial formations of nearly all TCs during July–October 2003–10 were associated with time clusters lasting at least 8 h (8-h clusters). The occurrence of an 8-h cluster is considered to indicate the minimum degree of convective organization needed for TC genesis. A nondeveloping system is defined as an 8-h cluster that is considered to be a viable candidate for TC genesis, but was not associated with the TC genesis.
The large-scale environmental conditions of cyclonic low-level vorticity, low vertical wind shear, low-level convergence, and elevated tropospheric water vapor are statistically more favorable for developing systems. Generally, the environment became more (less) favorable with time for the developing (nondeveloping) systems. Nevertheless, many developing (nondeveloping) systems formed (dissipated) in seemingly unfavorable (favorable) environments within a lead time of &lt;24 h.
A Conservative Integration of the Pseudo-Incompressible Equations with Implicit Turbulence Parameterization
Authors: Rieper Felix , Hickel Stefan , Achatz Ulrich 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Durran’s pseudo-incompressible equations are integrated in a mass and momentum conserving way with a new implicit turbulence model. This system is soundproof, which has two major advantages over fully compressible systems: the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy (CFL) condition for stable time advancement is no longer dictated by the speed of sound and all waves in the model are clearly gravity waves (GW). Thus, the pseudo-incompressible equations are an ideal laboratory model for studying GW generation, propagation, and breaking. Gravity wave breaking creates turbulence that needs to be parameterized. For the first time the adaptive local deconvolution method (ALDM) for implicit large-eddy simulation (ILES) is applied to non-Boussinesq stratified flows. ALDM provides a turbulence model that is fully merged with the discretization of the flux function. In the context of non-Boussinesq stratified flows this poses some new numerical challenges—the solution of which is presented in this text. In numerical test cases the authors show the agreement of the results with the literature (Robert’s hot–cold bubble test case), they present the sensitivity to the model’s resolution and discretization, and they demonstrate qualitatively the behavior of the implicit turbulence model for a 2D breaking gravity wave packet.
Shelter Seeking Plans of Tuscaloosa Residents for a Future Tornado Event
Authors: Senkbeil Jason C. , Rockman Meganne S. , Mason John B. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The enhanced Fujita scale category 4 (EF4) Tuscaloosa, Alabama, tornado on 27 April 2011 produced 64 fatalities along its 130-km track. Hybrid survey/interviews were conducted with a sample of 211 Tuscaloosa-area residents to determine how the 27 April tornado might change future shelter-seeking plans. Despite a history of tornadoes in the area, only 47% of Tuscaloosa residents had shelter plans in place prior to 27 April, but 62% intend to change their shelter plans or have shelters plans for the future. Changes in shelter-seeking plans were divided into four groups and discussed according to commonalities. Logistic regression with demographic variables was then used to predict those likely to have shelter plans before 27 April and those likely to change their shelter plans in the future. Among these variables, residents over age 55 [odds ratio (OR) 8.9, 95%; confidence interval (CI): 2.167–36.352] and those having a bachelor's degree (OR 5.1, CI: 1.342–19.316) were more likely to have had shelter plans before 27 April. The most significant variable indicating a change in future shelter-seeking plans is being Hispanic/Latino (OR 5.2, CI: 1.753–15.465). These results may assist National Weather Service (NWS) personnel, broadcast meteorologists, emergency managers, and city planners with the development of targeted warning communication tactics and safety strategies for a future tornado event.
What are parents worried about? Health Problems and Health Concerns for Children
Authors: Garbutt Jane M. , Leege Erin , Sterkel Randall , Gentry Shannon , Wallendorf Michael , Strunk Robert C. 
Published: July 2012

Patient-centered care requires pediatricians to address parents’ health concerns, but their willingness to solicit parental concerns may be limited by uncertainty about which topics will be raised. The authors conducted surveys of parents to identify current health-related issues of concern. Methods Participants rated 30 items as health problems for children in their community (large, medium, small, or no problem) and volunteered concerns for their own children. Results A total of 1119 parents completed the survey. Allergies (69%), lack of exercise (68%), asthma (65%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (65%), Internet safety (63%), obesity (59%), smoking (58%), and bullying (57%) were identified as important problems (large or medium) with variation among demographic subgroups. Concerns for their own children included healthy nutrition; obesity; lack of exercise, healthy growth and development; safety and injury prevention; and mental health issues. Conclusion Parents’ health concerns for children are varied and may differ from those routinely addressed during well-child care.
The effect of communication skills training by video feedback method on clinical skills of interns of Isfahan University of medical sciences compared to didactic methods
Authors: Managheb SE , Zamani A , Shams B , Farajzadegan Z 
Published: July 2012

Background: Effective communication is essential to the practice of high-quality medicine. There are methodological challenges in communication skills training. This study was performed in order to assess the educational benefits of communication skills training by video feedback method versus traditional formats such as lectures on clinical skills. Methods: This study was performed in 2005–2006 at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Forty medical students were involved in this study. We had 20 medical students in each group. Both groups first participated in communication skills classes and then their communication skills were evaluated with an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE1). Then group 1 participated in a video feedback workshop and their communication skills were evaluated by OSCE2 two months after the course. The communication skills of group 2 were re-evaluated by OSCE2 after two months. The score of OSCE1 and OSCE2 of both groups were compared. Results were analysed using SPSS 11.5. Results: The mean score of communication skills in OSCE1 of both groups were compared and the results showed that there was no significant difference between the both groups ( p = 0.53). Group 1 had significantly higher communication skills scores in OSCE2 after the video feedback workshop compared to the communication skill scores of the group without intervention ( p = 00). The mean score of history taking, physical exam and diagnosis and treatment in OSCE1 and OSCE2 in the case group were compared by paired t-test and the results showed that there was significant difference ( p = 0.00). Conclusion: Our training intervention was effective in producing significant changes in medical students’ clinical competence as well as the students’ skills in history taking, physical exam and diagnosis and treatment. Video feedback was more effective than traditional didactic methods such as lectures. Repetition of feedback using videotaped performance may be useful to improve communication skills for medical interviews. Despite the potential difficulties, video recording remains a most valuable tool for communication skills training.
Better Retention of Skill Operating a Simulated Hydraulic Excavator After Part-Task Than After Whole-Task Training
Authors: So Joey C. Y. , Proctor Robert W. , Dunston Phillip S. , Wang Xiangyu 
Published: July 2012

Objective: We examined whether part-task training produces better learning and retention than whole-task training of a trench-and-load task performed on a hydraulic excavator simulator. Background: For complex perceptual-motor tasks that involve several components and require spatial awareness of the environment, part-task training will be effective if the benefit of being able to focus attention on each component outweighs the cost of integrating the components. We predicted that such would be the case for learning to operate an excavator. Method: A part-task training group practiced separate Carrier Positioning, Trenching, and Truck Loading modules, whereas a whole-task training group practiced the Trench and Load module, which combines elements from the other modules. The latter module, involving different scenarios, was performed by both groups immediately after training and following a 2-week retention interval. Results: Production rate on the trench-and-load task was better overall on the retention test than on the immediate test. The part-task group showed improvement on the retention test compared with the immediate test, whereas the whole-task group did not. The part-task group showed higher productivity rates than did the whole-task group on the retention test. Conclusion: Part-task training on the excavator simulator results in better skill retention than does whole-task training. The benefit of part-task training is likely to be found for other tasks requiring control of implements in various environments. Application: Part-task training can result in better retention of complex perceptual-motor skills involving several components, even when immediate transfer to the whole task does not show better performance than whole-task training.
Different trigemino-vascular responsiveness between adolescent and adult rats in a migraine model
Authors: Fan Pi-Chuan , Kuo Ping-Hung , Hu James W , Chang Shu-Hui , Hsieh Sung-Tsang , Chiou Lih-Chu 
Published: July 2012

Background: Pediatric migraine displays different clinical features from adult migraine. Because the trigemino-vascular system (TGVS) plays a pivotal role in migraine pathophysiology, this study compared TGVS responses in a migraine model induced by intracisternal ( i.c.) instillation of capsaicin in adolescent and adult rats. Methods: TGVS responses measured included c-Fos-protein-expressing neurons in the trigeminal cervical complex (TCC), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and dura mater, and dural protein extravasation. The formulas for estimating total numbers of activated TCC neurons were established based on the c-Fos-positive neuronal numbers in three sample sections, +0.6, −1.2 and −9 mm and +0.6, −0.6 and −6 mm, from the obex in adult and adolescent rats, respectively. Results: After capsaicin instillation, adolescent rats had comparable TCC neurons activated as adult rats, but less TGVS peripheral responsiveness than adults, including CGRP immunoreactivity in the TG, and protein extravasation and CGRP depletion (inversely reflected by CGRP immunoreactivity) in the dura mater. Conclusions: Age-dependent differences in TGVS responsiveness in the i.c. capsaicin-induced migraine model of rats are reminiscent of less severe migraine in pediatric patients. This finding may provide new insight into the pathophysiology of migraine and guide the development of new anti-migraine drugs for children.
Tibial Plateau Geometry Influences Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Landing
Authors: Shultz Sandra J. , Schmitz Randy J. 
Published: July 2012

Background: Intersubject differences in lateral and medial posterior tibial plateau slope, coronal tibial slope (CTS), and medial tibial plateau depth (MTD) may influence one’s susceptibility for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Understanding how these structural characteristics influence hip and knee joint biomechanics during weightbearing activity may advance our understanding of how tibial plateau geometry influences one’s injury risk potential. Purpose/Hypotheses: To determine the extent to which tibial plateau geometry is associated with frontal and transverse plane hip and knee joint biomechanics during the initial landing phase of a double-legged drop landing. Greater lateral tibial slope combined with lower medial/lateral tibial slope ratio would predict greater tibial internal rotation motion and moments. Lower CTS would predict greater hip adduction and knee valgus motion and reduced internal peak varus moments. These associations would be stronger when combined with a shallower MTD. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Magnetic resonance scans of the knee were obtained on 23 female participants who were also assessed for hip and knee joint biomechanics during the initial landing phase of double-legged drop jumps. Results: Once controlling for the respective initial hip flexion or initial knee flexion angle at ground contact, lower CTS consistently predicted greater initial and peak hip adduction and knee valgus angles ( R2 range, .212-.427, P < .027). Greater coronal and lateral tibial slope predicted greater hip internal rotation (femur relative to pelvis) at initial contact ( R2 = .504) and greater CTS and lower medial/lateral tibial slope ratio predicted greater knee internal rotation (tibia relative to femur) excursions ( R2 = .594, P = .001). Joint geometry was not associated with hip or knee peak joint moments. Conclusion: These data confirm substantial intersubject differences in tibial condylar geometry that are associated with intersubject differences in hip and knee motion patterns when landing from a jump. Clinical Relevance: The current findings may partially explain a female’s greater likelihood of demonstrating combined motion patterns of knee valgus and external rotation during landing. Although tibial geometry cannot be modified through training, these associations suggest that tibial geometry may have a substantial influence on tibiofemoral joint biomechanics when the knee is subjected to external loads and deserves further study in our understanding of ACL injury.
Epidemiology of United States High School Sports-Related Fractures, 2008-09 to 2010-11
Authors: Swenson David M. , Henke Natalie M. , Collins Christy L. , Fields Sarah K. , Comstock R. Dawn 
Published: July 2012

Background: High school athletes sustain millions of injuries annually, many of which are fractures. Fractures can severely affect athletes physically, emotionally, and financially and should be targeted with focused prevention methods. Hypothesis: Patterns and primary mechanisms of fractures differ by sport and gender. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: High school sports-related injury data were collected from academic years 2008-09 to 2010-11 for 18 sports and from 2009-10 to 2010-11 for 2 additional sports. We used linear regression to describe annual fracture rate trends and calculated fractures rates, rate ratios (RRs), and injury proportion ratios (IPRs). Results: From 2008-09 to 2010-11, certified athletic trainers reported a total of 21,251 injuries during 11,544,455 athlete exposures (AEs), of which 2103 (9.9%) were fractures, with an overall rate of 1.82 fractures per 10,000 AEs. Fracture rates were highest in football (4.37 per 10,000 AE), boys’ ice hockey (3.08), and boys’ lacrosse (2.59). Boys sustained 79.1% of all fractures, and the overall rates of fractures were greater in boys’ sports than in girls’ sports for competition (RR, 2.82; 95% CI, 2.45-3.24) and practice (RR, 2.43; 95% CI, 2.07-2.86). The most commonly fractured body sites were the hand/finger (32.1%), lower leg (10.1%), and wrist (9.5%). Overall, 17.2% of fractures required surgery, which was higher than for all other injuries combined (IPR, 3.14; 95% CI, 2.81-3.52). The most common mechanism of fracture involved contact with another player (45.5%). Using linear regression, we found the proportion of all injuries that were fractures was inversely correlated with the athlete’s age ( P = .02) but was not correlated with the athletes’ age- and gender-adjusted body mass index. Conclusion: Fractures are a significant problem for high school athletes. Targeted preventive interventions should be implemented to reduce the burdens these injuries cause the athletes.
Professional Reading Habits of Pharmacists Attending 2 Educational Seminars in New York City
Authors: Nathan Joseph P. , Grossman Sara 
Published: July 2012

Purpose: Data regarding the professional reading habits of pharmacists in the United States are lacking. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate whether pharmacists read professional publications and assess other aspects of their professional reading habits. Methods: In December 2010, surveys were distributed to pharmacists participating in 2 educational seminars in New York City. The main outcome measures were percentages of pharmacists who read regularly (at least monthly), specific publications read, and the perceived value and impact of reading. Results: A total of 184 pharmacists were surveyed. Of the 122 (66%) respondents, 112 (92%) reported reading professional publications regularly. Of these, 97 (87%) indicated the titles read, with the 4 publications reported most frequently being Drug Topics (n = 73; 75%), Pharmacy Times (n = 67; 69%), US Pharmacist (n = 60; 62%), and Pharmacist’s Letter (n = 48; 49%). All 122 respondents indicated that reading positively impacted their practice, and 121 (99%) reported that reading was important. Conclusions: The value of reading professional publications was recognized by surveyed pharmacists; this likely contributed to the high reading rate reported in this study.
Strategies for solidarity education at Catholic schools in Chile: Approximations and descriptions from the perspectives of school principals
Authors: López Alejandra Isabel Santana , Mary Natalia Hernández 
Published: July 2012

This research project sought to learn how solidarity education is manifested in Chilean Catholic schools, considering the perspectives of school principals, programme directors and pastoral teams. Eleven Chilean schools were studied and the information gathering techniques applied included: a questionnaire, semi-structured individual interviews and group interviews. The grounded theory model was used to analyse the data. The results describe contexts of emerging solidarity education strategies and one perceives a variety of degrees of effort, bi-directional fields of action and traditional attitudes associated with charity. There is an overall sense of solidarity-in-transition, ranging from welfare-oriented action to promotional activities, channelled through training processes. Strengths, weaknesses, challenges and the need for outside support for the schools are highlighted in order to assure effectiveness and sustainability for the programmes.