bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MANUFACTURING COST OF SUPERCRITICAL‐EXTRACTED OILS AND CAROTENOIDS FROM AMAZONIAN PLANTS
Authors: PRADO JULIANA M. , ASSIS ANDRÉ R. , MARÓSTICA‐JÚNIOR MÁRIO R. , MEIRELES M. ANGELA A. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to study the economical viability of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of oil and carotenoids from three Amazonian palm trees: buriti, pupunha and pressed palm fiber (PPF). Literature experimental SFE data were used to estimate the cost of manufacturing (COM) of oils and carotenoids present in the crops, considering five main costs: fixed cost of investment, operational labor, utilities, waste treatment and raw material. SFE at 40C/300 bar, 50C/250 bar and 45C/300 bar presented the lowest COM for buriti, pupunha and PPF oils, respectively. The time of extraction determined the concentration of carotenoids in the oils. Under the conditions studied, the prices of SFE oils were higher than the selling prices of pressed oils, not because of the investment cost, but because of the raw material cost. Nevertheless, it is known that SFE oils are generally richer in carotenoids, which should determine higher selling prices and special uses for the product. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOils extracted from the pulp and shell of Mauritia flexuosa (buriti) and Guilielma speciosa (pupunha) and from the pressed fiber of Elaes guineensis (palm oil), all of which are Amazonian palm fruits, are rich in carotenoids. Recent studies have shown that supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) may be economically viable to obtain vegetable extracts. However, it is important to study the economical viability of this technology, because the investment costsare usually pointed as the main reason why there are still no SFE industrial plants in Latin America. Studies showing SFE viability and each cost impact for Amazonian plants may be decisive in order to influence South American companies to invest in this green technology.
THE INTERACTION OF PROTEIN AND POLYPHENOL SPECIES IN READY TO DRINK BLACK TEA LIQUOR PRODUCTION
Authors: WU D. , BIRD M. R. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Haze and tea cream generation is a serious problem in the production of ready‐to‐drink (RTD) black tea liquors. Such precipitates consist primarily of proteins and polyphenols. Tea protein and tea polyphenol have been separated successfully in this study. The interactions of (1) tea protein and mixed TF; and (2) tea protein and total tea polyphenol were studied by ITC. A series of techniques, including gel filtration chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, CBB assay and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), have been used to determine the quantity and properties of proteins isolated from black tea powder. The molecular mass of the tea protein was detected to be approximately 11 kD at pH 5.0. The purity of this protein isolate was 51.4 wt % and a possible β‐sheet secondary structure was indicated from FTIR spectra. The total phenols in the tea polyphenol sample separated by Zn

2+ precipitation under alkali conditions (pH 7.5) was increased to approximately 65 wt % of the sample tested. The binding mechanism of tea protein and TF was somewhat different from that of tea protein and total tea polyphenol, although both interactions were successfully fitted using a sequential sites binding model.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn black tea liquor production, polyphenols tend to interact with proteins, caffeine and metal cations to form colloidal suspensions of haze and “tea cream”, which are detrimental to product appearance and taste. This is a key concern in the production of ready‐to‐drink (RTD; iced tea) beverages, which are typically made from reconstituted spray dried tea powders and stored at low temperatures (potentially leading to precipitation). Tea cream and haze are traditionally removed by dissolution through pH adjustment. The size of haze and tea cream aggregates means that membrane technology can offer an alternative nonchemical separation option.To facilitate the removal of haze and tea cream in commercial RTD tea production, it is important to increase the level of understanding of polyphenol or tea protein interactions that occur in black tea liquor. Such interactions are the focus of this paper.
EFFECT OF UHP ON ENZYME, MICROORGANISM AND FLAVOR IN CANTALOUPE (CUCUMIS MELO L.) JUICE
Authors: MA YONGKUN , HU XIAOSONG , CHEN JILUAN , ZHAO GUANGHUA , LIAO XIAOJUN , CHEN FANG , WU JIHONG , WANG ZHENGFU 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the change of the flavor, enzyme activities and microorganism survival in cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) juice after UHP treatments, and found the corresponding kinetic models. After the treatment at 500 MPa for 20 min, the pressurized juice can reach the safety standards, i.e., below 100 cfu/100 mL in concentration stipulated for beverage by Chinese national standard; and the activities of POD, PPO and LOX in the juice decreased to about 78, 9 and 5%, respectively. Sensory evaluation indicated that no significant change was observed after UHP treatments. The above findings indicated that UHP treatment is a promising way to process the cantaloupe juice.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONCantaloupe is a favorable fruit with unique aroma produced around the world. However, because there is no effective deep‐processing, a lot of cantaloupes rot away in the farmland every year. The production of freshly squashed juice is a best way to raise the merchandise rate of cantaloupe and to prolong its industrial chain. However, freshly squashed cantaloupe juice has a very short shelf life because it will quickly succumb to microorganism attack if nothing is done. The sterilization of its juice is a difficult issue because the juice is heat sensitive. Therefore, nonthermal processing is desirable. UHP technology used in this study was proven to be a promising way to maintain the flavor and to inactivate enzymes and microorganisms in the cantaloupe juice.
Orexins and the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐testicular axis
Authors: Nurmio M. , Tena‐Sempere M. , Toppari J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOrexins (OX), OX‐A and OX‐B, were initially identified as hypothalamic neuropeptides primarily involved in the control of food intake and states of arousal. Thereafter, orexins have been substantiated as putative pleiotropic regulators of a wide diversity of biological systems, including different neuroendocrine axes. Among the latter, compelling experimental evidence has recently been documented that orexins, mainly OX‐A, may act at different levels of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis to modulate reproductive function. These actions are likely to include regulatory effects on the hypothalamic centres governing the HPG axis, as well as direct actions at the gonadal level. We review herein the experimental evidence, gathered in recent years, supporting a reproductive ‘facet’ of orexins, with special emphasis on our current knowledge of their patterns of expression and potential functional roles in the testis. Overall, the available data strongly suggest that, by acting at different levels of the HPG axis, orexins may operate as putative neuroendocrine and autocrine/paracrine regulators of gonadal function.
Applications and Analyses of Satellite‐borne L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data in Coastal Environments
Authors: Wang Yong , Liao Mingsheng , Wang Changcheng 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThere is rapid population growth in coastal environments. Development and competing demands for resources and natural hazards offer an additional threat to coastal communities. Remote sensing provides a means of monitoring the intra‐ and inter‐annual variability both natural and human impacts cause. In this article, we review the application of satellite‐borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) to the coastal zone and provide two examples, seasonal inundation mapping on coastal floodplains at the regional scale in eastern North Carolina, USA, and shoreline delineation and change in estuary of Pamlico Peninsula, Dare County, North Carolina. The results SAR data provide are reliable and repeatable, and can potentially be used to identify critical areas in coastal environments where there is a need to respond to the pressures caused by population growth, land use and land cover change, natural hazards and sea level rise that may be brought about by global climate change.
Neuropathogenesis of Naturally Occurring Encephalitis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes in Ruminants
Authors: Oevermann Anna , Di Palma Stefano , Doherr Marcus G. , Abril Carlos , Zurbriggen Andreas , Vandevelde Marc 
Published: May 2009

AbstractListeriosis is a serious food‐borne disease with increasing frequency in humans and ruminants. Despite the facts that in both hosts, listeriosis can occur as rhombencephalitis and ruminants are a reservoir of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) strains pathogenic for humans, little work has been done on the pathogenesis in ruminants. This study investigates the neuropathogenesis of listeric encephalitis in over 200 natural cases in cattle, sheep and goats by analyzing anatomical distribution, severity, bacterial load and temporal evolution of the lesions. Our results suggest that LM gains access to the brainstem of all three species via axonal migration not only along the trigeminal nerve, but also along other nerves. The ensuing encephalitis does not remain restricted to the brainstem. Rather, LM spreads further from the brainstem into rostral brain regions likely by intracerebral axonal migration. Significant differences in severity of the lesions and bacterial load were found between cattle and small ruminants, which may be caused by species‐specific properties of antibacterial immune responses. As histopathological lesions of human rhombencephalitis caused by LM strongly resemble those of ruminants, the disease likely has a similar pathogenesis in both hosts.
Expression of the DNA Repair Enzyme, Photolyase, in Developmental Tissues and Larvae, and in Response to Ambient UV‐R in the Antarctic Sea Urchin Sterechinus neumayeri
Authors: Isely Nikolas , Lamare Miles , Marshall Craig , Barker Mike 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGene expression of the DNA repair enzyme, photolyase (E.C. 4.1.99.3) was examined in the gonads, eggs, embryos and larval stages of the Antarctic sea urchin, Sterechinus neumayeri. Partial sequencing of the gene revealed two highly conserved regions, including a 300 bp region representing the binding site for the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide. The second 1200 bp region, likely representing a second light‐harvesting cofactor binding site, was identified in a second sea urchin species, Strongylocentrotus frascicanus. Probes for photolyase were developed from the shorter sequence, and expression in sea urchin developmental tissue and stages, and in response to in situ exposure to ultraviolet radiation was quantified using PCR and RT‐qPCR, with concentrations of photolyase normalized to actin concentrations. Photolyase was expressed in all tissues and developmental stages examined. In controlled field‐based experiments in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, we found evidence of both constitutive expression of photolyase and induction in response to in situ exposure of embryos to UV‐R. Induction of photolyase was observed in response to greater ambient UV‐R (such as shallower water depths or sea ice‐free regions).
Oxygen Uptake in the Vitamin B2‐sensitized Photo‐oxidation of Tyrosine and Tryptophan in the Presence of Uracil: Kinetics and Mechanism
Authors: Paulina Montaña María , Blasich Néstor , Haggi Ernesto , García Norman A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractConsidering the significance of visible light‐promoted reactions in complex biological media, the photo‐oxidation of the amino acids (AAs) tyrosine (tyr) and tryptophan (trp) was studied in the presence of the naturally occurring oxidative scavenger uracil (ur). The involved photoprocesses, studied at pH 7 and 9, are driven through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1Δg)), superoxide radical anion (O2?−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The effect on the effectiveness of the overall photo‐oxidation process due to the presence of an added electron‐donating substrate such as ur is not straightforwardly predictable. The addition of the pyrimidine compound, a much lesser photo‐oxidizable substrate than the AAs themselves, produced different results: (1) antioxidative for tyr at pH 9, decreasing the overall rate of oxygen uptake; (2) synergistic for tyr at pH 7, increasing the oxidation rate more than the corresponding addition value of the respective individual rates and (3) no effect for trp at both pH values. The final result depends on the respective abilities of the substrates as quenchers of both the long‐lived riboflavin triplet excited state and the generated ROS and the pH of the medium. An interpretation for the different cases is attempted through a kinetic and mechanistic analysis.
Occupational Exposure to Solar UVB and Seasonal Monitoring of Serum Levels of 25‐hydroxy Vitamin D3: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Azizi Esther , Pavlotsky Felix , Vered Iris , Kudish Avraham I. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTo characterize the relationship between occupational sun exposure and seasonal variations in serum 25‐OH‐D3, four consecutive measurements of 25‐OH‐D3, one per season, were taken in 122 outdoor and 104 indoor Israeli workers. Continuous UVB measurements, taken in Beer Sheva, Israel, provided the average daily standard erythema dose (SED) of ambient solar UVB. The average daily exposure of the outdoor and indoor workers to solar UVB was 4.4 ± 1.6 h (4.0–37.6 SED) and 0.9 ± 0.5 h (0.6–8.2 SED), respectively. At each season mean 25‐OH‐D3 were significantly higher among outdoor workers than among indoor workers. Mean 25‐OH‐D3 increased significantly from spring to autumn in both gender and occupational groups. Adjusting for confounders, high (>median) 25‐OH‐D3 among males was significantly associated with occupational sun exposure in the autumn (odds ratio [OR] 4.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–13.3), and among females in the spring (OR 3.35; 95% CI 1.53–7.32). Among this working population optimal vitamin D status (≥30 ng mL−1) was approached only in summer by males working either outdoor or indoor. In the rest of the year 25‐OH‐D3 ranged between ≥20.0 and 29.0 ng mL−1. Monitoring 25‐OH‐D3 may disclose undesirable vitamin D status following reduced sun exposure for skin cancer prevention among outdoor workers.
Infrared Radiation Influence on Molt and Regeneration of Neohelice granulata Dana, 1851 (Grapsidae, Sesarminae)
Authors: Gonzalez Vinícius Cunha , Lena Alexandre Baldez , Espindola Wendel Aculha , De Souza Votto Ana Paula , Jorge Marianna Basso , De Moraes Vaz Batista Filgueira Daza , Bianchini Adalto , Sérgio Varela Antônio , Nery Luiz Eduardo Maia , Trindade Gilma Santos 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper analyzes the influence of infrared radiation (IR) on regeneration, after autotomy of limb buds of Neohelice granulata and consequently the time molt. Eyestalks were ablated to synchronize the start of molt. Afterward, animals were autotomized of five pereopods and divided into control and irradiated groups. The irradiated group was treated for 30 min daily until molt. Limb buds from five animals of days 4, 16 and 20 were collected and histological sections were made from them. These sections were photographed and chitin and epithelium content measured. Another group was made, and after 15 days limb buds were extracted to analyze mitochondrial enzymatic activity from complex I and II. The irradiated group showed a significant reduction in molt time (19.38 ± 1.22 days) compared with the control group (32.69 ± 1.57 days) and also a significant increase in mitochondrial complex I (388.9 ± 27.94%) and II (175.63 ± 7.66%) in the irradiated group when compared with the control group (100 ± 17.90; 100 ± 7.82, respectively). However, these effects were not acompanied by histological alterations in relation to chitin and epithelium. This way, it was possible to demonstrate that IR increases complex I and II activity, reduces the time molt and consequently increases the appendage regeneration rate.
Accurate heterogeneous dose calculation for lung cancer patients without high‐resolution CT densities
Authors: Saito Anneyuko I. , Li Jonathan G. , Liu Chihray , Olivier Kenneth R. , Dempsey James F. 
Published: May 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate the relative accuracy of megavoltage photon‐beam dose calculations employing either five bulk densities or independent voxel densities determined by calibration of the CT Houndsfield number.Full‐resolution CT and bulk density treatment plans were generated for 70 lung or esophageal cancer tumors (66 cases) using a commercial treatment planning system with an adaptive convolution dose calculation algorithm (Pinnacle3, Philips Medicals Systems). Bulk densities were applied to segmented regions. Individual and population average densities were compared to the full‐resolution plan for each case. Monitor units were kept constant and no normalizations were employed. Dose volume histograms (DVH) and dose difference distributions were examined for all cases.The average densities of the segmented air, lung, fat, soft tissue, and bone for the entire set were found to be 0.14, 0.26, 0.89, 1.02, and , respectively. In all cases, the normal tissue DVH agreed to better than 2% in dose. In 62 of 70 DVHs of the planning target volume (PTV), agreement to better than 3% in dose was observed. Six cases demonstrated emphysema, one with bullous formations and one with a hiatus hernia having a large volume of gas. These required the additional assignment of density to the emphysemic lung and inflammatory changes to the lung, the regions of collapsed lung, the bullous formations, and the hernia gas.Bulk tissue density dose calculation provides an accurate method of heterogeneous dose calculation. However, patients with advanced emphysema may require high‐resolution CT studies for accurate treatment planning.PACS number: 87.53.Tf
Verification of Varian enhanced dynamic wedge implementation in MasterPlan treatment planning system
Authors: Pasquino Massimo , Borca Valeria Casanova , Tofani Santi , Ozzello F. 
Published: May 2009

This paper investigates the accuracy of the two available calculation algorithms of the Oncentra MasterPlan three‐dimensional treatment planning system (TPS) – the pencil beam method and collapsed‐cone convolution – in modeling the Varian enhanced dynamic wedge (EDW). Measurements were carried out for a dual high energy (6–15 MV) Varian DHX‐S linear accelerator using ionization chambers for beam axis measurements (wedge factors and depth doses), film dosimetry for off‐axis dose profiles measurements, and a diode matrix detector for two dimensional absolute dose distributions. Using both calculation algorithms, different configuration of symmetric and asymmetric fields varying the wedge's angle were tested. Accuracy of the treatment planning system was evaluated in terms of percentage differences between measured and calculated values for wedge factors, depth doses, and profiles. As far as the absolute dose distribution was concerned, the gamma index method (Low et al.(13)) was used with 3% and 3 mm as acceptance criteria for dose difference and distance‐to‐agreement, respectively. Wedge factors and percentage depth doses were within 1% deviation between calculated and measured values. The comparison of measured and calculated dose profiles shows that the Van Dyk's acceptance criteria (Van Dyk et al.(14)) are generally met; a disagreement can be noted for large wedge angles and field size limited to the low dose‐low gradient region only. The 2D absolute dose distribution analysis confirms the good accuracy of the two calculation algorithms in modeling the enhanced dynamic wedge.PACS number: 87.53.Bn, 87.55.kn, 87.56.ng
Leakage reduction for the Siemens ModuLeaf
Authors: Siochi R. Alfredo 
Published: May 2009

The ModuLeaf, an add‐on miniature multileaf collimator (MMLC) for the Siemens ONCOR linear accelerator, provides high resolution field shaping with a maximum interleaf leakage dose of 1.50% at 6 MV. However, beyond the maximum treatment field size, the distribution of leakage and scatter along the y‐axis is different from that of the x‐axis, with maximum leakage values of 1.53% and 0.39%, respectively. Such differences cannot be modeled in the Pinnacle treatment planning system. Also, within the treatment region, leakage from the crack between closed leaf ends was 3.76%. To resolve these issues, gaps in the ModuLeaf frame were filled with lead sheets, and the Siemens MLC was operated in MLC mode (rather than bank mode). As a result, a rectangle of was formed with the MLC leaves closed behind the Y jaws, whose opening was 10.4 cm. This significantly reduced the difference between the leakage patterns in the x and y directions, with maximum leakage doses of 0.43% outside the treatment region and 1.67% near the crack between abutting ModuLeaf leaves. The modification also reduced the mean square error between Pinnacle profiles and measured profiles in the tail region.PACS number: 87.56.jk
A comparative study of three CT and MRI registration algorithms in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wang XiaoShen , Li LongGen , Hu ChaoSu , Qiu JianJian , Xu ZhiYong , Feng Yan 
Published: May 2009

Objective: To evaluate the image registration accuracy and efficiency of CT and MRI fusion using three algorithms in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Methods and materials: Twelve sets of CT and MRI scans of 12 NPC patients were fused using three image registration algorithms, respectively: Mark‐and‐link, Interactive, and Normalized Mutual Information (NMI). Registration accuracy was evaluated by performing statistical analysis of the coordinate differences between CT and MR anatomical landmarks along the x‐, y‐ and z‐axes. The time required to complete the registration process using three algorithms was also recorded. One‐way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference of the three registration methods. Results: The mean time required for CT/MRI registration using the three different registration algorithms, mark‐and‐link, interactive, and NMI, was 6.25 min, 5.25 min, and 5.15 min, respectively. The mark‐and‐link method was more time consuming ; however no statistical difference was found between the time required using interactive and NMI methods . Mean registration errors of the three methods along the x‐axis were 0.66 mm, 0.70 mm, and 0.68 mm, respectively . Along the y‐axis, the mean registration errors were 1.03 mm, 1.04 mm, and 1.03 mm, respectively . Along the z‐axis, they were 0.58 mm, 0.64 mm, and 0.56 mm, respectively .Conclusions: All three registration algorithms, mark‐and‐link, interactive, and NMI, can provide accurate CT/MRI registration. However the mark‐and‐link method was most time consuming.PACS number: 87.57.nj