bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical Imaging with Dynamic Contrast Agents
Authors: Wei Qingshan , Wei Alexander 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBiological imaging applications often employ molecular probes or nanoparticles for enhanced contrast. However, resolution and detection are still often limited by the intrinsic heterogeneity of the sample, which can produce high levels of background that obscure the signals of interest. Herein, we describe approaches to overcome this obstacle based on the concept of dynamic contrast: a strategy for elucidating signals by the suppression or removal of background noise. Dynamic contrast mechanisms can greatly reduce the loading requirement of contrast agents, and may be especially useful for single‐probe imaging. Dynamic contrast modalities are also platform‐independent, and can enhance the performance of sophisticated biomedical imaging systems or simple optical microscopes alike. Dynamic contrast is performed in two stages: 1) a signal modulation scheme to introduce time‐dependent changes in amplitude or phase, and 2) a demodulation step for signal recovery. Optical signals can be coupled with magnetic nanoparticles, photoswitchable probes, or plasmon‐resonant nanostructures for modulation by magnetomotive, photonic, or photothermal mechanisms, respectively. With respect to image demodulation, many of the strategies developed for signal processing in electronics and communication technologies can also be applied toward the editing of digital images. The image‐processing step can be as simple as differential imaging, or may involve multiple reference points for deconvolution by using cross‐correlation algorithms. Periodic signals are particularly amenable to image demodulation strategies based on Fourier transform; the contrast of the demodulated signal increases with acquisition time, and modulation frequencies in the kHz range are possible. Dynamic contrast is an emerging topic with considerable room for development, both with respect to molecular or nanoscale probes for signal modulation, and also to methods for more efficient image processing and editing.
Spin‐Trapping Evidence for the Formation of Alkyl, Alkoxyl, and Alkylperoxyl Radicals in the Reactions of Dialkylzincs with Oxygen
Authors: Maury Julien , Feray Laurence , Bazin Samantha , Clément Jean‐Louis , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Siri Didier , Bertrand Michèle P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe reactions of dialkylzincs (Me2Zn, Et2Zn, and nBu2Zn) with oxygen have been investigated by EPR spectroscopy using spin‐trapping techniques. The use of 5‐diethoxyphosphoryl‐5‐methyl‐1‐pyrrroline N‐oxide (DEPMPO) as a spin‐trap has allowed the involvement of alkyl, alkylperoxyl, and alkoxyl radicals in this process to be probed for the first time. The relative ratio of the corresponding spin‐adducts depends strongly on the nature of the R group, which controls the CZn bond dissociation enthalpy, and on the experimental conditions (excess of spin‐trap compared with R2Zn and vice versa). The results have demonstrated that Et2Zn and, to a lesser extent, nBu2Zn are much better traps for oxygen‐centered species than Me2Zn. When the dialkylzincs were used in excess with respect to the spin‐trap, the concentration of the oxygen‐centered radical adducts of DEPMPO was much lower for Et2Zn and nBu2Zn than for Me2Zn. A detailed reaction mechanism is discussed and CZn, OZn, and OO bond dissociation enthalpies for the proposed reaction intermediates were calculated at the UB3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,3pd)//UB3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level of theory to support the rationale.
Double Targeting of Tumours with Pyrenyl‐Modified Dendrimers Encapsulated in an Arene–Ruthenium Metallaprism
Authors: Pitto‐Barry Anaïs , Barry Nicolas P. E. , Zava Olivier , Deschenaux Robert , Dyson Paul J. , Therrien Bruno 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe self‐assembly of 2,4,6‐tris(pyridin‐4‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (tpt) triangular panels with p‐cymene–ruthenium building blocks and 5,8‐dioxido‐1,4‐naphthoquinonato (donq) bridges, in the presence of pyrenyl‐containing dendrimers of different generations (P0, P1 and P2), affords the triangular prismatic host–guest compounds [Pn⊂Ru6(p‐cymene)6(tpt)2(donq)3]6+ ([Pn⊂1]6+). The host–guest nature of these systems, with the pyrenyl moiety being encapsulated in the hydrophobic cavity of the cage and the dendritic functional group pointing outwards, was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 2D and DOSY). The host–guest properties of these systems were studied in solution by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic methods, allowing the determination of their affinity constants (Ka). Moreover, the ability of these water‐soluble host–guest systems to carry the pyrenyl‐containing dendrimers into cancer cells was evaluated on human ovarian cancer cells. The host–guest systems are all more cytotoxic than the empty cage [1][CF3SO3]6 (IC50≈4 μM), with the most active compound, [P0⊂1][CF3SO3]6, being an order of magnitude more cytotoxic.
Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivities of Homometallic Rare‐Earth‐Metal Multimethyl Methylidene and Oxo Complexes
Authors: Hong Jianquan , Zhang Lixin , Yu Xiaying , Li Meng , Zhang Zhengxing , Zheng Pengzhi , Nishiura Masayoshi , Hou Zhaomin , Zhou Xigeng 
Published: January 2011

AbstractUnsolvated, trinuclear, homometallic, rare‐earth‐metal multimethyl methylidene complexes [{(NCN)Ln(μ2‐CH3)}3(μ3‐CH3)(μ3‐CH2)] (NCN=L=[PhC{NC6H4(iPr‐2,6)2}2]−; Ln=Sc (2 a), Lu (2 b)) have been synthesized by treatment of [(L)Ln{CH2C6H4N(CH3)2‐o}2] (Ln=Sc (1 a), Lu (1 b)) with two equivalents of AlMe3 in toluene at ambient temperature in good yields. Treatment of 1 with three equivalents of AlMe3 gives the heterometallic trinuclear complexes [(L)Ln(AlMe4)2] (Ln=Sc (3 a), Lu (3 b)) in good yields. Interestingly, 2 can also be generated by recrystallization of 3 in THF/toluene, thereby indicating that the THF molecule can also induce CH bond activation of 2. Reaction of 2 with one equivalent of ketones affords the trinuclear homometallic oxo–trimethyl complexes [{(L)Ln(μ2‐CH3)}3(μ3‐CH3)(μ3‐O)] (Ln=Sc(4 a), Lu(4 b)) in high yields. Complex 4 b reacts with one equivalent of cyclohexanone to give the methyl abstraction product [{(L)Lu(μ2‐CH3)}3(μ3‐OC6H9)(μ3‐O)] (5 b), whereas reaction of 4 b with acetophenone forms the insertion product [{(L)Lu(μ2‐CH3)}3{μ3‐OCPh(CH3)2}(μ3‐O)] (6 b). Complex 4 a is inert to ketone under the same conditions. All these new complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and confirmed by X‐ray diffraction determination.
Gearing of Molecular Swirls: Columnar Packing of Nematogenic Hexakis(4‐alkoxyphenylethynyl)benzene Derivatives
Authors: Lee Shern‐Long , Lin Hsing‐An , Lin Yi‐Hui , Chen Hsiu‐Hui , Liao Ching‐Ting , Lin Tzu‐Ling , Chu Yi‐Chen , Hsu Hsiu‐Fu , Chen Chun‐hsien , Lee Jey‐Jau , Hung Wen‐Yi , Liu Qu‐Yuan , Wu Chunhung 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThrough molecular design and straightforward synthesis, incorporating an additional alkoxy chain onto various numbers of peripheral phenyls in nematogenic hexakis(4‐alkoxyphenylethynyl)benzene was achieved to generate columnar phases with significantly expanded temperature ranges. For the compound with two decyloxy chains on every peripheral phenyl, scanning tunnelling microscopic studies indicate the molecule adopts a preferred molecular‐swirl geometry by restricting the conformational arrangement of the alkoxy side chains. Cooperative packing of the molecular swirls by a lock‐in mechanism among columns results in a stable helical column packing evidenced by powder X‐ray diffraction.
Incorporating Multiple Energy Relay Dyes in Liquid Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yum Jun‐Ho , Hardin Brian E. , Hoke Eric T. , Baranoff Etienne , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Torres Tomas , McGehee Michael D. , Grätzel Michael 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPanchromatic response is essential to increase the light‐harvesting efficiency in solar conversion systems. Herein we show increased light harvesting from using multiple energy relay dyes inside dye‐sensitized solar cells. Additional photoresponse from 400–590 nm matching the optical window of the zinc phthalocyanine sensitizer was observed due to Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the two energy relay dyes to the sensitizing dye. The complementary absorption spectra of the energy relay dyes and high excitation transfer efficiencies result in a 35 % increase in photovoltaic performance.
Utility of PAX8 and PAX2 immunohistochemistry in the identification of renal cell carcinoma in diagnostic cytology
Authors: Knoepp Stewart M. , Kunju Lakshmi P. , Roh Michael H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in cytology specimens may be difficult to confirm on the basis of cytomorphology alone. Often, immunohistochemistry serves as an important adjunct in confirming this diagnosis. Recently, PAX2 was shown to be useful in this regard. In this study, we sought to compare the utility of PAX8 to that of PAX2 immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of RCC in cytology specimens. First, we verified the performance of PAX8 immunohistochemistry on a tissue microarray (TMA) composed of 54 cases of RCC; PAX8 immunoreactivity was seen in at least 10% of the tumor cells in all cases. Next, we applied PAX8 immunohistochemistry to cell block sections prepared from 24 cases of RCC, obtained from fine‐needle aspirates and effusion specimens. PAX2 immunohistochemistry was performed for comparison. Immunopositivity was defined as the presence of nuclear staining in at least 10% of tumor cell nuclei. Immunoreactivity for PAX8 and PAX2 was seen in 21 (88%) and 20 (83%) of the 24 cases, respectively. The presence of either PAX8 or PAX2 immunostaining was present in 22 of 24 cases, thus showing a total sensitivity of 92%. Overall, the results indicate that PAX8 and PAX2 are diagnostically useful adjuncts in confirming the diagnosis of RCC in cytology specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micronucleus and its applications
Authors: Samanta Swapan , Dey Pranab 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMicronucleus (MN) is a small additional nucleus and is readily identifiable by light microscopy. Biologically, micronuclei are the chromosome fragments or whole chromosomes that lag behind at anaphase during nuclear division. MN occurs due to genetic damage of the cell and the MN scoring is the indicator of the genetic damage. Therefore MN scoring can be used in various clinical setting such as to supervise genotoxicity, biomonitoring of diseases, screening of preneoplastic diseases and identification of high risk patients. In this brief review, the morphology, etiology, estimation, and applications of MN have been discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Squash cytomorphology of central neurocytoma: A study of five cases
Authors: Jaiswal Sushila , Vij Mukul , Jaiswal Awadhesh Kumar , Behari Sanjay 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIntraoperative consultation is an important component in the surgical management of brain tumors. This study was undertaken to describe the cytomorphological features of central neurocytoma (CN) in squash smears. Squash smear of five CNs were reviewed. One to two millimeters of the biopsy material was crushed between two glass slides to make a thin film that was fixed in 95% alcohol and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Cytological diagnoses were correlated with clinical and radiological data and finally with histopathological findings in the tumor. We had 5 cases (4 males, 1 female; age, 19–61 years; mean, 32 years). All tumors were located in the lateral ventricle. The smears were highly cellular displaying monomoprhic round tumor cells, round to oval nuclei with evenly distributed finely granular chromatin and ill‐defined cytoplasmic borders within fibrillar matrix. Focal rosette formation is also noted. A capillary network was identified in between tumor cells in all the cases. One case had calcification with numerous psamomma bodies identified in the squash smear.The differential diagnosis is discussed. On squash smears, CN can be diagnosed when cytomorphological features are correlated with clinical and radiological finding. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retrospective cytological study of intraocular lymphoma using vitreous and intraocular perfusion fluid
Authors: Kinoshita Yuichi , Takasu Kosho , Adachi Yasushi , Yuri Takashi , Nagumo Sachiko , Shikata Nobuaki 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIntraocular lymphoma (IOL) is an extremely rare tumor. We carried out a retrospective cytopathological study with vitreous and intraocular perfusion fluid obtained on conducting a pars plana vitrectomy in 18 cases of IOL. In the 18 cases, nine were patients of Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital from 1991 to 2007, and the other nine had already been reported by other hospitals. Most patients were male, and the average age at onset was 60.4‐year‐old. The main symptoms were vitreous opacity, amblyopia, and blurred vision. Cases of primary intraocular lymphoma numbered 8/15 (53%), while cases of infiltration of malignant lymphoma from the brain numbered 2/15 (13%). Although IOL contains various subtypes of lymphoma, the most frequent subtype is diffuse large B‐cell type lymphoma.It has been reported that making a definite diagnosis of IOL is difficult because the clinical symptoms and examinations are similar to chronic uveitis, and so IOL is called “masquerade syndrome.” Recently, serological and molecular pathological studies have been carried out in addition to morphological examination. However, a cytological diagnosis based on the clinical background and/or image findings is important for the diagnosis of IOL, because of the volume limit of the vitreous fluid and difficulty of obtaining specimens from the inside of the eyes. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Urothelial carcinoma involving vaginal specimens from patients with neobladder: A potential pitfall in diagnostic cytopathology
Authors: Sigel Carlie S. , Park Kay J. , Fine Samson W. , Lin Oscar 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMost vaginal neoplasms represent metastasis from the cervix, endometrium, colon and ovary and distinction from a primary lesion does not pose a diagnostic problem. Recently, it has been recognized that women with urothelial carcinoma (UC) who have undergone radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder reconstruction are at risk for recurrence in the lower gynecologic tract. Our objective is to describe the cytologic features of cases with confirmed UC in the vagina in this clinical setting.Four vaginal specimens from patients with prior radical cystectomy and orthotopic neobladder reconstruction with histologically confirmed UC were evaluated. The vaginal specimens consisted of Thinprep® and Papanicolaou‐stained slides. Cytomorphologic parameters including cellular arrangement, cell size and shape, cytoplasm, and nuclear features were evaluated and compared with a corresponding surgical biopsy.All four cases were highly cellular with abundant neoplastic cells arranged singly and in loose three‐dimensional clusters with overlapping nuclei. The neoplastic cells were large and polygonal with well‐defined cell borders, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, and granular basophilic cytoplasm. The chromatin was coarse with small nucleoli. Scattered keratinized single cells with atypical hyperchromatic nuclei were observed in each case.In summary, UC involving the vagina can share many morphologic features with primary squamous cell carcinomas at this site, including focal keratinization. Abundant three dimensional clusters of neoplastic cells and a previous history of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction are helpful cytomorphologic and clinical features supporting a diagnosis of UC involving the vagina and may prevent unnecessary work‐up for a new primary lesion. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, epithelial cell abnormality‐adjusted workload, and the thinprep imaging system
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A. , Elsheikh Tarik M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have shown a negative correlation between screening sensitivity using the ThinPrep Imaging System (TIS) and epithelial cell abnormality (ECA) adjusted workload (ECA rate × actual slides screened/day) at the thresholds of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). We sought to determine if a similar correlation could be shown at the threshold of low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Using data in seven manuscripts from the literature that contain sufficient information, the change in screening sensitivity using the TIS compared with manual screening was negatively correlated with ECA adjusted workload (y = −3.75x + 54, R2 = 0.104). Using the sensitivity of manual screening of 79% for manual screening at a threshold of LSIL from the original TIS trial, 100% sensitivity could be achieved at an ECA adjusted workload of approximately seven slides/day, the same workload that achieves 100% sensitivity at a threshold of ASCUS and slightly higher than the threshold for HSIL. We conclude that the ECA adjusted workload is a valuable method to assess workload for the TIS at the threshold of LSIL. Laboratories using the TIS should restrict workload to seven ECA adjusted slides/day (maximum actual slides/day = 700/ECA percentage). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of the bioaccumulation potential of three freshwater organisms exposed to sediment-associated contaminants under laboratory conditions
Authors: Van Geest Jordana L , Poirier David G , Solomon Keith R , Sibley Paul K 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the field of sediment quality assessment, increased support has been expressed for using multiple species that represent different taxa, trophic levels, and potential routes of exposure. However, few studies have compared the bioaccumulation potential of various test species over a range of sediment contaminants (hydrophobic organics and metals). As part of the development and standardization of a laboratory bioaccumulation method for the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, mayfly nymph Hexagenia spp., and juvenile fathead minnow Pimephales promelas were exposed to a variety of field-contaminated sediments (n = 10) to evaluate their relative effectiveness for accumulating different contaminants (e.g., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane [DDT] and metabolites, polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans [PCDD/Fs), and heavy metals). Bioaccumulation was usually highest in L. variegatus but also most variable within and (relative measures) between sediments. Bioaccumulation was similar between L. variegatus and Hexagenia spp. in most of the sediments tested. Significant differences in bioaccumulation between species were observed for DDT, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), PAHs, and PCDD/Fs. The present study indicates that species-specific differences in bioaccumulation may, but do not always, exist and can vary with contaminant and sediment type. The choice of test species or combination to use in a standard test method may depend on the objectives of the sediment quality assessment and data requirements of an ecological risk assessment. The results of the present study provide insight for selection of test species and validation of laboratory methods for assessing bioaccumulation with these species, as well as valuable information for interpreting results of bioaccumulation tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:939–949. © 2010 SETAC
Effect of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1) on early life-stage development of the marine copepod Acartia tonsa at different temperatures and salinities
Authors: Kusk Kresten Ole , Avdolli Manola , Wollenberger Leah 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Benzophenone (BP)-type ultraviolet (UV) filters are widely used in cosmetic and sunscreen products and can enter the aquatic environment. Therefore, we investigated the subchronic toxicity of 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP1) on the marine calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa in an early life-stage development study. Since developmental endpoints depend on environmental conditions, a preceding study of A. tonsa development was performed at three temperatures, four salinities, four light:dark regimes, six food densities, and four culture densities. Times elapsed until 50% of the population had reached a copepodite stage (DT½) at the different conditions were calculated. The DT½ values decreased from 296 h at 15°C to 89 h at 25°C and were also affected by salinity (126 h at 15‰ and 167 h at 30‰), whereas the light:dark regime and culture density influenced development only to a minor extent. BP1 was found acutely toxic at 2.6 mg/L (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50]). The toxicity of BP1 on early life-stage development was studied in combinations of three temperatures (15, 20, 25°C) and three salinities (15, 20, 25‰) using five toxicant concentrations between 0.051 and 2 mg/L in each scenario. Concentrations causing 10 and 50% inhibition of development (EC10 and EC50) were determined. Acartia tonsa was most resistant towards BP1 at 20°C where an EC50 of 1.1 mg/L was found, whereas EC50 values were significantly lower at 15°C (0.49 mg/L) and 25°C (0.77 mg/L), respectively. The EC50 also decreased with increasing salinity. Our results demonstrate that environmental conditions do influence toxicity test results; thus, they need to be considered carefully when developing test protocols as well as for environmental risk assessments of chemicals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:959–966. © 2010 SETAC
Predicting multiallelic genes using unphased and flanking single nucleotide polymorphisms
Authors: Li Shuying S. , Wang Hongwei , Smith Anajane , Zhang Bo , Zhang Xinyi (Cindy) , Schoch Gary , Geraghty Daniel , Hansen John A. , Zhao Lue Ping 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRecent advances in genotyping technologies have enabled genomewide association studies (GWAS) of many complex traits including autoimmune disease, infectious disease, cancer and heart disease. To facilitate interpretations and establish biological basis, it could be advantageous to identify alleles of functional genes, beyond just single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or nearby genes. Leslie et al. ([2008] Am J Hum Genet 82:48–56) have proposed an Identity‐by‐Decent method (IBD‐based) for predicting human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles (multiallelic and highly polymorphic) with SNP data, and predictions have achieved a satisfactory accuracy on the order of 97%. Building upon their success, we introduce a complementary method for predicting highly polymorphic alleles using unphased SNP data as the training data set. Due to its generality and flexibility, the new method is readily applicable to large population studies. Applying it to HLA genes in a cohort of 630 healthy individuals as a training set, we constructed predictive models for HLA‐A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1. Then, we performed a validation study with another cohort of 630 healthy individuals, and the predictive models achieved predictive accuracies for HLA alleles defined at intermediate or high resolution ranging as high as (100%, 97%) for HLA‐A, (98%, 96%) for B, (98%, 98%) for C, (97%, 96%) for DRB1 and (98%, 95%) for DQB1, respectively. These preliminary results suggest the feasibility of predicting other polymorphic genetic alleles, since HLA loci are almost certainly among most polymorphic genes. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:85‐92, 2011.	© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.