bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility Demonstration of Key Concepts for Reducing Diesel Consumption and GHG Emissions Using Hydrogen in Drilling Rigs
Authors: Machado R. C. , Oliveira I. , Castro A. G. , Torres E. R. , Brito C. H. G. , Zanella I. Z. , Leonardi F. , Ayad S. M. M. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the maturation of the product development of an onboard hydrogen production system for diesel engine generators in the offshore industry. This product will optimize combustion, thus increasing engine efficiency and reducing diesel consumption and GHG emissions. In particular, this paper demonstrates the feasibility of the key concepts of the proposed solution.
The approach breaks down and tests the main concepts for an onboard hydrogen production system into key concepts. Different experimental methodologies, including tests on an optical access engine and performance and emission tests on a diesel generator, are used to explore the main hypotheses related to the proposed hydrogen production system. The energy balance between hydrogen production requirements and diesel efficiency benefits was estimated and evaluated. The study also employs thermoeconomic analysis using the SPECO methodology and utilizes machine learning models for predictive analysis and to develop optimized hydrogen injection maps.
The project substantiates several hypotheses about hydrogen's positive impact on diesel combustion, fuel consumption, and emissions and validates key concepts related to our proposed solution's product development. Hydrogen enrichment improves combustion quality and efficiency, reducing fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in low and medium engine loads. The solution proved cost-effective from a thermoeconomic perspective, and the energy offset was favorable. Machine learning methodologies accurately predicted performance and emissions, leading to optimized hydrogen injection strategies. The research highlights the need to carefully consider hydrogen flow rates and load parameters for optimized performance. It demonstrates the potential of our proposed solution to reduce fuel consumption and GHG emissions.
This paper provides novel insights into the integration of hydrogen into diesel engines and extends the current body of knowledge. It bridges theoretical understanding and practical application, providing valuable guidance for enhancing engine performance through hydrogen technology. This paper demonstrates our project's maturation and feasibility, and investing in it will enable the industry to lead in addressing climate change and contributing to a sustainable future.
The Importance of Geology in Geothermal Development and Critical Minerals Development
Authors: Nash Susan Smith 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper provides a summary and overview of the geological features and processes vital in the identification and development of geothermal reservoirs, with special consideration to different categories of geothermal systems, and the relationships to critical mineral-rich brines. The methods used in this investigation included the review and evaluation of geological aspects of known reservoirs that have data consisting of well logs, cores, microseismic, and geochemical analysis of fluids. Specifically, faults and fracture networks, primary and secondary porosity, and diagenetic alteration (dissolution, precipitation, cementation, and more) were evaluated, including work with scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the timing, sequence, and processes in the diagenetic alteration.
Towards Standardized Integration of Seafloor Mapping Tools for Offshore Benthic Characterization
Authors: Jones C. , Doolittle D. , Revelas E. , Rebuck N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Offshore energy development requires a thorough understanding of the seafloor and benthic environments to inform the potential risks to infrastructure and assess the potential environmental impacts of the project. In this paper, we present a novel method for generating quantitative benthic maps using integrated seafloor SPI-PV imagery and MBES data. We use a predictive processing framework that extracts physical and biological metrics from the SPI-PV images and combines them with MBES bathymetry and backscatter data. The framework is demonstrated at a permitted energy site off the Pacific Coast of the United States. The resulting maps provide valuable information for environmental assessments, geohazard assessments, and monitoring of offshore sites. The method can help evaluate site suitability, monitor environmental changes, and enhance the safety and efficiency of offshore operations. The method also reduces risks and costs associated with offshore energy production by enabling rapid and consistent seafloor surveys.
Reduced Carbon Load and Increased Value-Applying Renewable Energy to Deepwater Tiebacks
Authors: Robinson R. , Engelmann G. , Leung P. , Furtado I. , Choudhary A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As oil and gas look to reduce the carbon impacts of their offshore production, consideration is being given to incorporating offshore renewable energy into their offshore assets. Incorporating green energy into oil production reduces their Scope 1 emissions and potentially positions oil and gas fields to transition to green energy production when the reservoirs play out.
What this paper will show is that there are also ways for this to result in direct economic benefits, even while the renewable technologies are in their infancy.
A key enabler to this outcome could be Enhanced OTEC or EOTEC, which is a novel marine renewable energy system that produces continuous power, eliminating or reducing the need for back-up power. The main power production equipment for this system concept is seabed located, reducing the topsides requirements of typical systems, allowing for the possibility of brownfield retro-fit. Combining EOTEC with proven subsea factory components will allow the development and production of fields currently thought to be located too far from existing facilities via subsea tie-back. As a minimum, incorporation of such systems can reduce the cost and carbon load of the produced oil and gas. It may also allow faster development cycles and will extend the useful life of existing assets.
The paper presents a comparison of 4 different methods or producing a marginal field, two of which are conventional development approaches and two which are renewable energy enhanced. Developing the field as a new production facilityA long tieback powered from the existing facilityA long tieback with subsea factory components powered by wind and batteriesA long tieback powered by EOTEC.
Both immediate and long term benefits of such a system will be considered.
Using a Mechanical Whale to Test Automatic Whale Blow Detection with Applications to Offshore Wind Development
Authors: Eaton R. S. , Prisco J. C. , Everson J. J. , Riedel J. E. , Randall Y. M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Marine mammals have the potential to be harassed by exposure to loud sounds caused by survey or construction activity and even killed by collisions with fast moving vessels. Thus, vessels supporting offshore wind projects must maintain an effective lookout for large cetaceans to prevent harm and comply with relevant Federal regulations. Currently, trained human protected species observers (PSOs) maintain a lookout using binoculars or the naked eye, but this approach requires many trained personnel to maintain a constant lookout and only works during daylight hours. Recent advances in deep learning algorithms, processing hardware, and training data availability have made the prospect of automated marine mammal lookout systems more feasible. Furthermore, thermal infrared (IR) cameras offer the possibility of maintaining a reliable lookout 24-hours per day. Whale blows are often the most prominent feature of a whale on the surface due to their large vertical profiles, and IR cameras can also take advantage of the blow’s high thermal contrast to improve the chances of detection. However, before these automated detection systems can be widely adopted, their efficacy must be proven, which requires numerous test samples in varied conditions. While real-world data collection can provide some instances of whale blows, the exact range to the blow remains uncertain, and replicating the blow for effective and statistically-significant testing across conditions is infeasible. In this paper, we describe the design of an artificial whale blow and a camera-based whale blow detection system, as well as initial results of testing the detector on the artificial blow. In particular, we demonstrate the feasibility of blow detection in IR and begin the process of characterizing detection performance as a function of weather conditions, sea state, and range.
Real Time Choke Erosion Prediction Using Real-Time Advisory Tool
Authors: Al-Kadem M. S. , Daanyal M. , Bayounis R. A. , Alghamdi A. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wellhead choke valve is commonly used to control flow rate in production and injection wells in oil industry. Wells producing high solids content can cause erosion resulting in production loss and potential safety concerns due to choke failure. In such cases continuous choke valve monitoring has become crucial to detect issues at the onset. In this paper, a well digital twin was developed to monitor choke erosion and predict when it might happen.
An advisory tool was developed to monitor choke valve erosion in offshore High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) offshore gas wells. The tool uses real-time surface wellhead parameters and choke correlations using industry standard steady-state production engineering design application to identify any anomalies in choke valve performance on real-time basis. The tool also provides a quantitative estimation of the chokes mean time to failure under actual production conditions which would open the way for improved design and increased life-span.
Ten thousand data points were used for wells completed in gas reservoirs. The tool identified the start of erosion each time as it started until the choke was replaced in the selected wells over 7-year period with an accuracy of greater than 95%. The methodology provides a choke erosion indicator which compares actual and calculated choke size where a positive value gives the signal of choke erosion events as they start to happen. The results enable engineers and operators to avail the replacement of chokes in a period of three to five months where it took more than a year prior to the tool development. Moreover, the analysis further highlighted the safe rates to limit the erosion and how much time and production rate it shall take for the choke to erode once the erosion starts.
The developed tool has aided in minimizing the safety related issues and risk of production loss due to choke failure. Additionally, it has also helped the engineers in making timely decisions by identifying the onset of erosion leading to better management of the material lead time for replacements. It is deemed to be useful not only to minimize production deferment but also mitigate any safety related issues and manage the procurement of long lead items especially in offshore fields.
Fault-Tolerant Multi-Level Converter Architecture for Resilient Offshore Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Diabate Massiagbe , Krishnamoorthy Harish S. , Shi Jian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes an offshore Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) to interface with subsea oil and gas production systems and offshore renewable energy sources (like wind, floating solar, etc.). Such a HESS will provide a stable energy supply for an extended period, reducing the need for carbon-heavy backup systems such as diesel generators, thereby resulting in a much cleaner energy future. The proposed offshore architecture is modeled using a Hydrogen Energy Storage System (HESS) along with offshore renewables (primarily wind energy), subsea loads (such as drives for pumps, compressors, etc.), and a medium voltage DC (MVDC) grid. Each unit of the HESS is constructed using an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen from electricity, a hydrogen tank to store the fuel, and a fuel cell to transform hydrogen back into electrical energy. Each unit has separate converters to step up/down the voltage. These units are further interconnected through a multi-level cascaded bridge architecture to achieve a 6 kV output. The multi-level cascaded bridge architecture ensures the reliable operation of the system by re-balancing the energy storage electrically between the cascaded mode and protecting the system from any misshape that happens in the system. Suppose a fault occurs in one of the fuel cell units. In that case, the cascaded bridge architecture disconnects that unit from the system. It compensates for that unit by recovering the difference voltage from the other units to maintain the 6 kV DC output voltage.
Horizontal Closed Loop Geothermal Well Solution for Energy Production
Authors: Rasmussen J. P. , Maver K. G. , Vestavik O. M. , Hanna C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A new horizontal geothermal well solution can be used to harvest geothermal energy by producing a heated fluid circulated in a closed loop completion. Typical wells are drilled to a vertical depth of 2-4 km depth depending on the temperature requirement with a 2-5 km horizontal section. Each well will be completed with the patent-pending vacuumized dual tubing completion technology. The circulation fluid is heated when flowing down the well between the lower completion liner and tubing in the horizontal section of the well. The circulation fluid is returned to the surface in the vacuumized dual completion tubing with a minimal heat loss and a temperature below 100°C after some time providing a power output of 1-3 MW.
The closed loop horizontal well solution does not require certain petrophysical properties of the geological formation needed for a conventional doublet geothermal well solution. The closed loop well therefore has a universal application and can be drilled in significantly more locations than a doublet geothermal well solution. Furthermore, as there is no maintenance of downhole equipment and very limited corrosion issues will make it possible for the closed loop solution to last more than 50 years.
Geothermal energy from a closed loop solution can be used for district heating and cooling as well as different industrial usages with nearly zero CO2 emissions.
By utilizing oilfield technology and expertise for drilling and completion in horizontal wells it will be possible to expand the use of geothermal energy creating a demand for many thousands or maybe even tens of thousands of wells worldwide.
CCUS Operational Challenges: Lessons Learned from the World's Largest Offshore Carbon-Capture, Utilization and Storage Initiative in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Almeida B. R. F. , Ziglio C. M. , Batello D. A. , Lorenzeti J. F. C. , Musse A. P. S. , Lopreato L. G. R. , Aimoli C. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To incorporate an effective CCUS strategy in the already challenging reality of offshore oil and gas production, a broad range of multidisciplinary technologies with seamless interconnections have been required to successfully ensure highly efficient and safe operations in the Brazilian pre-salt reserves. Taking advantage of the flexible conception of topside facilities, tailormade EOR strategies could be established. Water-alternating-gas and design of gas composition and volume injected are typically employed to maximize oil and gas production throughout the exploration period.
Carbon capture through CCUS-anchored solutions have been playing a key role since the beginning of the exploratory efforts in the pre-salt layer of the Brazilian coast. Since the conceptual phase of the first projects in the area, the cutting-edge production strategy in pre-salt fields with CO2 content anticipated a much-needed boost in the CCUS technologies developments.
Several CCUS initiatives made possible to achieve the milestone of 40.8 million tons of CO2 reinjected, cumulatively (2008 – 2022), into the pre-salt reservoirs associated with EOR and contributed to place the greenhouse gases (GHG) production intensity in the pre-salt fields in the first quartile of the industry. Solely, in 2022 Petrobras reinjected 10.6 MtCO2 back into reservoirs. Therefore, the CCUS project developed by Petrobras is one of the main enablers of the development of the gigantic deepwater oil fields in the pre-salt Santos Basin - the first of its kind.
Static and Dynamic Properties of US Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Cohesionless Soils for Offshore Wind Farm Design
Authors: Long Xiaoyan , Adhikari Sudarshan , Dow Jack , Hargrave Deanne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Soil behavior assessment is an essential part for the design of offshore wind farm foundations, especially for those situated nearshore with layered soil profiles. This paper presents the key results and study findings of an offshore geotechnical site investigation campaign conducted for a large wind farm development project along the US Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) offshore New Jersey, specifically focusing on the cohesionless soils encountered at the study site. As indicated by Andersen, et al., (2023), the static, cyclic, and dynamic soil parameters for offshore wind turbine foundation design include static and cyclic shear strength, deformation parameters, initial shear modulus, Gmax, consolidation and deformation characteristics, effective stress (drained) strength parameters, and damping. In this paper, the conventional index and physical properties for the cohesionless soils are discussed together with the stress history (overconsolidation ratio, OCR), deformation (static secant modulus, E50), and permeability characteristics and dynamic initial shear modulus (Gmax)evaluated from the in situ cone penetration tests (CPTs) and onshore laboratory testing. The undrained and drained shear strength parameters (effective peak friction angles, residual friction angles, and dilation angles) and strength anisotropy from direct shear (DS), direct simple shear (DSS), and triaxial tests of the cohesionless soils are addressed.Results of the soil/steel interface residual strength measured from a suite of ring shear tests on reconstituted cohesionless samples using a Bishop apparatus are detailed herein. Additionally, soil erosion function apparatus (EFA) tests were performed on selected cohesionless samples to investigate the threshold seabed stress (τcr) and scour rates for the use of sediment mobility potential assessment. The EFA test results are compared and discussed with empirical shields diagram and correlations.This paper provides a thorough overview of the static and dynamic soil properties of the US Atlantic OCS cohesionless soils for offshore wind farm foundation design. Comparisons of the soil properties with those published for the soils in other regions also are included.
Elimination of Saturation Diving Activities Through Changes in ESDV Control Systems
Authors: Oliveira F. L. M. , Hofmann A. C. H. , Santana A. L. B. , Lacerda E. , Passos P. P. S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This work presents changes made to the control systems of Emergency Shutdown Valves (ESDV) located around Mexilhão Platform, whose main objective was to eliminate PETOBRAS' demand for saturation deep diving in maintenance activities and their related safety risks. Due to the risk of permanently damaging current structures, planning operations were challenging. Risk analyses and simulated operations were carried out to identify gaps and project improvements, aiming for safe execution in the field. Tools and assembly components were specially designed for this demand and were previously tested in the simulated operation. The methodology described in this work adopted disruptive solutions, which have been successfully implemented in PETROBRAS assets since May 2018. A secondary delivery of this project is the minimization of production downtime due to the gain in agility in maintenance activities.
High-intensity focused ultrasound strategies for treating prostate cancer
Authors: Wu Xiaobo , Wu Yupeng , Ng Chi-Fai , Yee Chi-Hang , Chiu Peter Ka-Fung 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant health concern globally, necessitating effective treatment options. Typical treatment methods for early stage, particularly localized PCa, encompass radical procedures, such as radical prostatectomy (RP) and radiotherapy (RT), and nonradical focal therapy (FT). FT is a focused approach mainly used for treating small lesions limited to a specific zone of the prostate. Its objective is to achieve cancer control when minimizing damage to benign tissue. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is one of the most used modalities in FT for the management of PCa. The progress in HIFU technology showcases continuous advancements, offering clinicians a variety of strategies to cater to diverse patient requirements. The advancements include the development of transrectal and transurethral HIFU machines that offer enhanced treatment distances, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fusion capabilities, real-time monitoring, and precise ablation. These improvements contribute to increased treatment effectiveness and better outcomes for patients. This narrative review aims to summarize the use of HIFU technology and its evolution, offering diverse options to clinicians, and explores the safety, effectiveness, and quality of different HIFU strategies, such as whole-gland ablation, hemigland ablation, and focal ablation. We conclude that nonwhole-gland HIFU offers similar cancer control with better short-term functional outcomes and fewer complications compared to whole-gland ablation. Combining HIFU with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) improves urinary function and reduces catheterization time. Focal ablation and hemigland ablation show promise in achieving cancer control when preserving continence and potency.
Pachymic acid exerts antitumor activities by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via targeting PTP1B
Authors: Zhang Hao , Zhu Kun , Zhang Xue-Feng , Ding Yi-Hui , Zhu Bing , Meng Wen , Ding Qing-Song , Zhang Fan 
Published: April 2024

Objective:
To determine the inhibitory effects of pachymic acid on lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells and elucidate its underlying mechanism.

Methods:
CCK-8, wound healing, Transwell, Western blot, tube formation, and immunofluorescence assays were carried out to measure the effects of various concentrations of pachymic acid on LUAD cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis as well as autophagy. Subsequently, molecular docking technology was used to detect the potential targeted binding association between pachymic acid and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). Moreover, PTP1B was overexpressed in A549 cells to detect the specific mechanisms of pachymic acid.

Results:
Pachymic acid suppressed LUAD cell viability, metastasis as well as angiogenesis while inducing cell autophagy. It also targeted PTP1B and lowered PTP1B expression. However, PTP1B overexpression reversed the effects of pachymic acid on metastasis, angiogenesis, and autophagy as well as the expression of Wnt3a and β-catenin in LUAD cells.

Conclusions:
Pachymic acid inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis, and promotes autophagy in LUAD cells by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via targeting PTP1B.