bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Zadko Telescope: A Southern Hemisphere Telescope for Optical Transient Searches, Multi-Messenger Astronomy and Education
Authors: Coward D. M. , Todd M. , Vaalsta T. P. , Laas-Bourez M. , Klotz A. , Imerito A. , Yan L. , Luckas P. , Fletcher A. B. , Zadnik M. G. , Burman R. R. , Blair D. G. , Zadko J. , Boër M. , Thierry P. , Howell E. J. , Gordon S. , Ahmat A. , Moore J. A. , Frost K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe new 1 m f/4 fast-slew Zadko Telescope was installed in June 2008 about 70 km north of Perth, Western Australia. It is the only metre-class optical facility at this southern latitude between the east coast of Australia and South Africa, and can rapidly image optical transients at a longitude not monitored by other similar facilities. We report on first imaging tests of a pilot program of minor planet searches, and Target of Opportunity observations triggered by the Swift satellite. In 12 months, 6 gamma-ray burst afterglows were detected, with estimated magnitudes; two of them, GRB 090205 (z = 4.65) and GRB 090516 (z = 4.11), are among the most distant optical transients imaged by an Australian telescope. Many asteroids were observed in a systematic 3-month search. In September 2009, an automatic telescope control system was installed, which will be used to link the facility to a global robotic telescope network; future targets will include fast optical transients triggered by high-energy satellites, radio transient detections, and LIGO gravitational wave candidate events. We also outline the importance of the facility as a potential tool for education, training, and public outreach.
Galaxy Metabolism
Authors: Hopkins Andrew 
Published: September 2010

‘Galaxy Metabolism' was the second in the annual ‘Southern Cross Astrophysics Conference Series’ (http://www.aao.gov.au/AAO/southerncross/), supported by the Anglo-Australian Observatory and the Australia Telescope National Facility. It was held at the Australian National Maritime Museum in Darling Harbour, Sydney, from 22 to 26 June 2009, and was attended by 91 delegates from around the world.Over the past decade, both the star formation history and stellar mass density in galaxies spanning most of cosmic history have been well constrained. This provides the backdrop and framework within which many detailed investigations of galaxy growth are now placed. The mass-dependent and environment-dependent evolution of galaxies over cosmic history is now the focus of several surveys. Many studies are also exploring the role of gas infall and outflow in driving galaxy evolution, and the connection of these processes to massive star formation within galaxies.The aims of ‘Galaxy Metabolism’ were to bring together the global constraints on galaxy evolution, at both low and high redshift, with detailed studies of well-resolved systems, to define a clear picture of our understanding of galaxy metabolism: How do the processes of ingestion (infall), digestion (ISM physics, star formation) and excretion (outflow) govern the global properties of galaxies; how do these change over a galaxy's lifetime; and are the constraints from nearby well resolved studies consistent with those from large population surveys at low and high redshift?The conference was a great success, with an extensive variety of topics covered spanning many aspects of galaxy evolution, and brought together eloquently in a comprehensive conference summary by Warrick Couch. The four papers by De Lucia (2010), Cole (2010), Vlajić (2010) and Stocke et al. (2010) presented in this special collection of PASA are just a sampling of the depth and variety of the resentations given during the conference.
Strategic revisions in the writing of Year 7 students in the UK
Authors: Keen John 
Published: September 2010

This article discusses revisions to personal narrative writing made by Year 7 students (aged 11–12) in a UK secondary school. The concept of strategic revision was used as a basis for analysing drafts and revised texts in order to investigate strategies and techniques deployed by students in the process of revision and how these related to expectations student writers had of their readers.These analyses suggest that, given a reasonably supportive instructional environment, some Year 7 students can revise their own written texts strategically, and that in doing so they may recruit, and perhaps acquire, a range of writing skills and associated procedural knowledge. They also suggest that in the process of revising their texts, some student writers may have altered their expectations of their readers' understanding, ability to interpret and willingness to empathise.Implications for researching writing processes and for the writing curriculum are suggested, including the use of students' revisions to tap into the complex sets of procedural knowledge which seem to underlie aspects of writing and writing development.
Minor water bodies around southern Lake Victoria—a replica of lost biodiversity
Authors: Katunzi E. F. B. , Mbonde A. , Waya R. , Mrosso H. D. J. 
Published: September 2010

The catchment and water chemistry of Lake Victoria are greatly influenced by the inflow of rivers and the alternation of the dry and wet seasons. The ecological integrity of the lake has been altered as a result of changes in its physical, chemical, and biological properties resulting from natural and anthropogenic forces. With human population growth, there has been an increase in the multiplicity of activities in the lake basin rendering the lake environmentally unstable.
The diversity of the fauna, especially of fish and of the flora declined and the health of the ecosystem deteriorated due to excessive fishing pressure, predation, and competition among introduced species, wetland degradation, poor watershed management and pollution. The nutrient content in Lake Victoria has increased and the consequent eutrophication had a big impact on the biodiversity of the cichlids.
Factors that had been affecting Lake Victoria had not impacted the small water bodies in the basin on the same scale. There are several pockets of rare and even extinct species in Lake Victoria that still survive in several ox-bow lakes associated with the extensive wetlands around Lake Victoria. The phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish communities known to be missing in the main lake continued to survive in these minor water bodies. Species still occurring in both habitats exhibit different levels of tolerance to exploitation levels. However, there is no clear policy to conserve the minor water habitats. The paper compares the common taxa in Lake Victoria and the satellite lakes identifying the rare ones in an attempt to mobilize forces to conserve them.
RASA
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Rasa attempts to get at the heart of central Javanese traditional music (karawitan) by attending to what those closest to the tradition—the musicians themselves—say about it. Based on several years of research conducted in the regional cultural center of Solo, Indonesia, this book untangles the multiple aesthetic criteria applied by musicians in various contexts. Central to their aesthetic discourse was the complex notion of rasa: taste, feeling, affect, mood, sense, inner meaning, faculty of taste, faculty of sensing, faculty of knowing intuitively, deep understanding—all rolled into one. Working outward from this concept, the book addresses various questions: How is the vocabulary of rasa structured, and what does this tell us about Javanese aesthetics? Who or what has rasa, and what sorts of musical, psychological, perceptual, and sociological distinctions enter into this determination? How is rasa expressed musically? And how can exploring such questions lead to a fuller understanding of traditional Javanese music and of emotion and music in general? While acknowledging the possibility of universal psychological tendencies, the book demonstrates just how culturally specific musical meaning can be. This specificity results from the essentially connotative nature of musical meaning, which, following Wittgenstein on linguistic meaning, accrues through use. Relevant audio examples are provided through two media—an Oxford Web Music Web site and a four‐CD set (Gamelan de Solo) produced and annotated by the author and released by the Maison des Cultures du Monde—to help readers link Javanese terms and concepts to Javanese sound patterns.
The Communication of Rasa, Part 2
Authors: Benamou Marc 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Chapter 7 continues the question raised in chapters 4 and 5 about factors contributing to the creation of rasa. But here, instead of music and rasa as a quality of the performer, the focus is on the variety of rasas catalogued in chapter 3 and on specific musical traits associated with them. That is, the chapter seeks to identify, other factors being equal, what effects various musical procedures have on any particular rasa as it is perceived by an experienced listener.
Mendelssohn's Organ Repertoire
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Mendelssohn's repertoire for the organ was remarkably small; other than his own works, it was limited to a few of Bach's free organ works and several chorale preludes. There is no evidence that Mendelssohn had anything more than the most superficial knowledge of — or interest in — organ literature, except for Bach. Similarly, there is no record that he ever played a single organ work by any composer other than J. S. Bach or himself.
Organ Works, 1836–1837
Authors: Little Wm. A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews Mendelssohn's organ works from 1836-7. By the time he turned 27 on February 3, 1837, Felix Mendelssohn had established an enviable international reputation for himself in the musical world and had published works for a broad variety of media. Yet his reputation in the organ world rested solely on his skills as a performer and improviser. Apparently Mendelssohn now felt it was time to publish something for organ, a thought that probably began to percolate in his mind sometime during the latter half of 1836. During those months he was actively composing and compiling his six Etuden und Fugen (later, Präludien und Fugen) für Pianoforte (Op. 35), for which he ultimately pressed one of his organ duet fugues into service as the second Fugue in D Major of the set. Plans for a collection of organ fugues would seem to have been an obvious or natural extension of his work on the preludes and fugues for piano.
Atom type assignment
Authors: Müller Peter 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
After solving a structure, the crystallographer has to find a sensible interpretation of the solution, as the initial model is usually merely a collection of unidentified peaks. The crystallographer needs to find out which density maximum corresponds to which chemical element, a task that would be easy if the electron density peaks were somehow colour-coded and electron density for carbon was, say, black, for nitrogen blue, for sulfur yellow, for oxygen red and so forth. Unfortunately all electrons are blue, at least on the computer screen, and this chapter describes crystallographic (e.g., thermal parameters, bond lengths) and chemical knowledge (e.g., oxidation states, coordination geometry) necessary for atom type assignment. Three examples are given in which the assignment of the atom type is not quite obvious.
Writing and Reading Royal Entertainments
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This major new study of royal entertainments from the reigns of Queen Elizabeth and King James I, including country house entertainments, tiltyard speeches, and court masques, is focused on the surviving material texts and so is a contribution to book history as well as the study of early modern court culture. Drafts, royal presentation manuscripts, widely‐circulating scribal copies, and printed pamphlets are all carefully placed in their cultural context, and the medium of manuscript is shown to have been at least as important as print for these texts' circulation. From the close collaboration between commissioning host and hired writer, to the varied interpretations imposed by copyists and publishers, entertainments were written and read within a complex social nexus: far from being royal propaganda, they reflected the distinct and sometimes competing agendas of monarchs, commissioning hosts, authors, publishers, scribal intermediaries, and readers. In six chapters Writing and Reading Royal Entertainments explores this interpretative community through a range of texts. The first part of the book looks at Elizabethan court entertainments: the Woodstock entertainment of 1575 (Chapter I); tiltyard speeches (Chapter II); and the distinctive features of printed pamphlets and scribal circulation, notably of the 1602 Harefield entertainment (Chapter III). The second part of the book is mostly concerned with Ben Jonson's work for the Jacobean court, with chapters on the Merchant Taylors' entertainment (Chapter IV) and the Theobalds entertainment (Chapter V). The final chapter looks at the texts of court masques, especially in the light of Jonson's understanding of the poet's elevated role. The chapter‐length conclusion takes the story of these material texts beyond the early modern period and looks at how they have been collected, bought, and sold over the centuries.
5 Revision and Sociability: The 1607 Entertainment at Theobalds
Authors: Heaton Gabriel 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the Entertainment at Theobalds, written by Ben Jonson and performed before King James in 1607. The occasion of the entertainment was Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury's gift of Theobalds – one of the most magnificent houses in England – to the King. There was a distinguished history of entertainments at Theobalds and it can be shown (primarily through the surviving manuscripts) that Salisbury had always taken an active role in their development, and he did so again in 1607. The text circulated in manuscript in a somewhat different form from the later printed text and the chapter looks in detail at the various surviving manusripts, allowing a picture to be built up of the text's earliest readership of well‐connected wits including Lord North and Henry Goodyer.
The Beloved Self
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Beloved Self is about the ‘holy grail’ of moral philosophy: an argument against Egoism, that we all have reasons to be moral. The first part of the book introduces three versions of Egoism, each paralleling a different moral theory, and sheds new light on the concept of self-interest in virtue ethics and especially in Kant's moral theory. Part Two looks at attempts to prove that Egoism is false, and shows that even modest arguments against Egoist appear to fail. Part Three discusses the relationship between knowledge and action and defends a new conception of moral epistemology, centred on the importance of moral understanding, which has wide-ranging implications regarding not only moral testimony and moral disagreement but also the nature of virtue and morally worthy action. This final part of the book culminates in a vindication of morality, an argument that it is not epistemically rational to believe the most plausible versions of Egoism.
Ambitious Vindication
Authors: Hills Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn ambitious vindication of morality – an argument beginning from premises that an Egoist will accept that Egoism is false – is the Holy Grail of moral philosophy. This chapter discusses some recent attempts to give this kind of vindication. The first strategy considered is an argument that no adequate theory of practical reason can include only Egoist reasons. Nagel, Korsgaard, and Allison all offer different versions of this argument. Nagel claims that an Egoist is guilty of ‘practical solipsism’; Korsgaard, that Egoist reasons are improperly ‘private’; and Allison, working within a Kantian framework, tries to show that only someone who acts for moral reasons can be autonomous. The second strategy is to attack the metaphysical presuppositions of the theory. Parfit argues that Egoism is inconsistent with the most plausible metaphysics of personal identity. It is argued that all these arguments fail, and the implication of these failures is assessed.
The Structure of Virtue
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines two issues relative to providing a rich notion of virtue of epistemology: (i) the connection between virtue and skill; and (ii) the relation of virtue to success. It argues that ancient virtue ethicists — regarding virtue ethics — differ from Aristotle in ways that are significant to how the concept of virtue should be applied in epistemology. It also argues for the important differences between intellectual virtues (which aim at truth) and moral virtues (which aim at doing the right thing). The upshot is two-fold: intellectual virtues should not be subsumed under moral virtues and there is an inherent difficulty in trying to define knowledge in terms of virtue. Lastly, because scholars have overly relied upon Aristotle's version of virtue, and thus, neglected much of the ancient tradition, the chapter argues that many have missed a more plausible answer, provided by the Stoics, to the following question: Which kind of aim must be attained for a person to have the kind of success necessary for virtue?
Intellectual Virtue: Emotions, Luck, and the Ancients
Authors: Sherman Nancy , White Heath 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends an Aristotelian position which says that because emotions are not entirely voluntary and inextricably influence one's belief-forming processes, it does not follow that one is not responsible for the kind of beliefs one forms. Drawing from the work of Aristotle and the Stoics, it provides insight into the cognitive core of emotions, thereby offering ways in which emotions can be revised. Because emotions are central components to one's cognitive character, sages can develop them so as to enable accurate judgments of appearances. The chapter also contrasts the differences between Aristotle and the Stoics relative to the relations between virtue, luck, happiness, and knowledge. It argues that because cognitive virtues are sufficient for getting the truth (according to Stoics), but are denied by virtually all (modern epistemologists) because of luck's pervasive influence, the amount of harmony between virtue ethics and virtue epistemology will be limited.
Virtue Ethics: Radical or Routine?
Authors: Solomon David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter explains why virtue ethics in the latter twentieth century has taken the following two forms: (i) the first form orders evaluative concepts and then argues that the concept of a virtue is more basic than the concepts of a right act and a good state of affairs; (ii) the second form focuses on deeper questions about the nature and ambition of modern ethics and its ability to satisfy our need for reflective guidance. The former is a common approach given its focus on arguments for theory construction. The latter is more radical given that its themes are suspicious of rules and principles and, sometimes, moral theory itself. Because so many debates over virtue ethics reduce to debates over the kind of criteria needed to judge ethical theories, they will remain unresolved. Epistemologists must learn from moral philosophers about the myriad usages of virtue in language, as well as the different models each usage is working within.
Understanding ‘Virtue’ and the Virtue of Understanding
Authors: Riggs Wayne D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers an alternative to the standard success-oriented epistemological theories by arguing that the highest epistemic good is a state which includes much more than the achievement of true beliefs and the avoidance of false ones. Indeed, it includes much more than knowledge: it requires understanding of important truths. For some of the intellectual virtues are best understood as directed at understanding rather than truth or knowledge. Whether the goal of the intellectual virtues is truth or understanding, reliable success cannot be necessary for the possession of an intellectual virtue given that some of the most impressive intellectual giants such as Aristotle, Newton, and Galileo are not noted for their success. The intellectual virtues should therefore be understood in terms of the values at which they aim, not the values they reliably bring about. The upshot of giving up success oriented approaches in epistemology will provide greater clarity in understanding intellectual virtues.
Free Agency
Authors: Watson Gary 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends a distinction between valuing and desiring that is important to an adequate account of free action and the nature of human agency. To account for intentional but unfree action, we must make sense of the possibility of someone's being motivated to do what she does not most want to do. This requires a contrast between two sources of motivation: evaluative judgments and mere desires. This account differs from Harry Frankfurt's hierarchical theory, since, it is argued, valuing is not a species of desiring.
Volitional Necessities
Authors: Watson Gary 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHarry Frankfurt and Bernard Williams have contended that our integrity as agents depends on being subject to a form of voluntary volitional incapacity. This chapter explores this thesis, distinguishing such necessities from pathologies of compulsion and addiction, which deform our wills, and also from what might be called normative and deliberative necessities. It turns out that Frankfurt's treatment of the phenomena reveals an unclarity about the different roles of caring and endorsement in his account of agency.
3 Varieties of Moral Irrealism
Authors: Kalderon Mark Eli 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that there are forms of noncognitivism that eschew nonfactualism. An important obstacle to standard noncognitivism has been its apparent commitment to an implausible expressivist form of nonfactualism. However, noncognitivism — the claim that moral acceptance is some attitude other than belief — is not the exclusive province of nonfactualism. A novel alternative to moral realism, moral fictionalism, can vindicate noncognitivism as well and can do so without claiming that moral sentences are nonrepresentational. And if the problems for an expressivist nonfactualism prove intractable, then an adequate defence of noncognitivism necessarily involves the development of moral fictionalism. This involves rethinking the standard taxonomy of alternatives to moral realism.
Philosophy and Narrative
Authors: Stump Eleonore 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins in earnest the examination of the methodology at issue in the book. In sympathy with certain criticisms raised recently by Bas van Fraassen, it argues that analytic philosophy as currently practiced has the vices of its virtues, but that these can be corrected for by including narratives in some of the discussions of analytic philosophy. The chapter discusses the nature of a philosophical examination of narratives, and the reasons for supposing that narrative analysis has something to contribute to philosophy. It also argues for the possibility of using biblical narratives in this way. It considers reasons allegedly based on historical biblical studies for supposing that biblical narratives cannot be used in this way, and it uses current disputes within the subject of historical biblical studies itself to show that these alleged reasons are not cogent. Finally, it discusses Chinua Achebe's explanation of the significance and usefulness of character analysis in the examination of narratives, and it argues that Achebe's explanation applies to biblical narratives, too.