bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dematerialization Potential of the Australian Economy
Authors: Schandl Heinz , Turner Graham M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn this article we test the long‐term dematerialization potential for Australia in terms of materials, energy, and water use as well as CO2 emissions by introducing concrete targets for major sectors. Major improvements in the construction and housing, transport and mobility, and food and nutrition sectors in the Australian economy, if coupled with significant reductions in the resource export sectors, would substantially improve the current material, energy, and emission intensive pattern of Australia's production and consumption system. Using the Australian Stocks and Flows Framework we model all system interactions to understand the contributions of large‐scale changes in technology, infrastructure, and lifestyle to decoupling the economy from the environment. The modeling shows a considerable reduction in natural resource use, while energy and water use decrease to a much lesser extent because a reduction in natural resource consumption creates a trade‐off in energy use. It also shows that trade and economic growth may continue, but at a reduced rate compared with a business‐as‐usual scenario. The findings of our modeling are discussed in light of the large body of literature on dematerialization, eco‐efficiency, and rebound effects that may occur when efficiency is increased. We argue that Australia cannot rely on incremental efficiency gains but has to undergo a sustainability transition to achieve a low carbon future to keep in line with the international effort to avoid climate change and resource use conflicts. We touch upon the institutional changes that would be required to guide a sustainability transition in the Australian economy, such as an emission trading scheme.
Subjective Memory Deficits in People with and without Dementia: Findings from the 10/66 Dementia Research Group Pilot Studies in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors:   10/66 Dementia Research Group
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To compare subjective memory deficit (SMD) in older adults with and without dementia or depression across multiple centers in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LAMICs).DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from 23 case control studies.SETTING: Twenty‐three centers in India, Southeast Asia (including China), Latin America and the Caribbean, Nigeria, and Russia.PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand six hundred ninety‐two community‐dwelling people aged 60 and older in one of three groups: people with dementia, people with depression, and controls free of dementia and depression.MEASUREMENTS: SMD was derived from the Geriatric Mental State examination.RESULTS: Median SMD frequency was lowest in participants without dementia (26.2%) and higher in those with depression (50.0%) and dementia (66.7%). Frequency of SMD varied between centers. Depression and dementia were consistently associated with SMD. Older age and hypochondriasis were associated with SMD only in subjects without dementia. In those with dementia, SMD was associated with better cognitive function, whereas the reverse was the case in controls.CONCLUSION: Associations with SMD may differ between subjects with and without dementia living in LAMICs.
The Course of Adverse Effects of Nortriptyline and Venlafaxine in Elderly Patients with Major Depression
Authors: Kok Rob M. , Aartsen Marja , Nolen Willem A. , Heeren Thea J. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate tolerability and course of adverse effects of antidepressants in elderly patients and to study the association between number and severity of adverse effects and age, physical comorbidity, antidepressant dose. and depression severity.DESIGN: Double‐blind, randomized controlled trial followed by an open treatment phase of 3 years.SETTING: Psychiatric hospital in the Netherlands.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty‐one elderly depressed inpatients.INTERVENTION: Patients were treated with venlafaxine or nortriptyline.MEASUREMENTS: Frequency and severity of 43 individual adverse effects were assessed using the Symptom, Sign, Side‐Effect Checklist. Severity of depression was assessed using the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale.RESULTS: Both antidepressants were tolerated well, with no differences in clinical effectiveness, and most adverse effects decreased with time. The number and severity of adverse effects was not related to age or physical comorbidities. There was a significant relationship between the severity of depression and the severity of adverse effects, although the relationship between the dose of the antidepressant and the severity of the adverse effects was of only borderline statistical significance.CONCLUSION: Elderly patients tolerated venlafaxine and nortriptyline well, and most adverse effects decreased with time as the depression improved. Age and physical comorbidities were not related to number and severity of adverse effects.
What is the Case for Prescribing Long‐Acting Opioids Over Short‐Acting Opioids for Patients with Chronic Pain? A Critical Review
Authors: Rauck Richard L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntroduction:  Effective pain management requires appropriate patient assessment, ongoing reassessment, and an understanding of the options available for the treatment of patients with chronic pain. Opioids have long been an important option in the management of moderate to severe chronic pain, but optimal use requires understanding the variety of choices currently available.Methods:  Literature search was carried out using PubMed. Search terms included “steady state,”“pharmacokinetics,”“pharmacodynamics,”“chronic non‐cancer pain,”“sustained release opioid,” “extended release opioid,” “controlled release opioid,”“morphine,”“oxymorphone,”“hydromorphone,”“oxycodone,” and “fentanyl.”Results:  This search found 12 chronic pain studies that compared short‐ and long‐acting opioids head‐to‐head. These were supplemented with representative studies from the chronic pain literature.Discussion:  The objective of this article is to review clinical data for the use of long‐acting and short‐acting opioids in a variety of chronic noncancer pain conditions. Although some patients with chronic pain appear to prefer short‐acting opioids, many patients receiving long‐acting opioid formulations show improved treatment responses and better perception of quality of life. In addition, the sustained reductions in pain seen with long‐acting opioid formulations may promote patients' focus on daily activities rather than on their pain, thereby improving therapy adherence and reducing pain‐related anxieties.Conclusion:  Long‐term clinical trials of these formulations are needed to allow clinicians to make informed decisions about which patient groups might benefit most from these formulations.
Return of the Volksgeist
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: October 2009

Sir Isaiah Berlin, who died in 1997, was a fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. One of the West's foremost political philosophers, he authored several seminal works, including Karl Marx, The Age of Enlightenment, Four Essays on Liberty, Vico and Herder and The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas.We sat down for several rambling hours of conversation at a cafe in the small harbor in Portofino, Italy, at the end of the summer in 1991.
Borrowed Surfaces
Authors: Kato Shuichi 
Published: October 2009

Shuichi Kato, who died in 2008, was one of Japan's leading social critics and author of the definitive three‐volume study, A History of Japanese Literature, and Form, Style and Tradition.In July, 1987, we met twice to discuss what he regarded as “Japan's empty core,” first overlooking the Zen garden at the American Club in Tokyo, then at the Hotel Danieli in Venice where he was working on a documentary about the rise of the West.I've retitled this interview “borrowed surfaces,” a phrase used by Japanese novelist Haruki Murakami, to describe how Japan has adopted the forms of the West, but not the essence, as Kato so well describes in his comments.
The Islamic Awakening's Second Wave
Authors: Al‐Turabi Hassan 
Published: October 2009

Hassan al‐Turabi, often referred to as the most significant Muslim cleric since Ayatollah Khomeini, had a central influence during the 1990s on the rise of Sunni Islamist movements across the Middle East and North Africa. He was a mentor of Ayman al‐Zawahiri and had a close personal relationship with Osama bin Laden, sponsoring his presence in Sudan before the Al Qaeda leader fled to Afghanistan. Al‐Turabi was the ideological force behind the coup led by Omar al‐Bashir, with whom he has since fallen out, that brought Islamists to power in Sudan in 1989. As an opposition leader al‐Turabi has been in and out of jail for years, most recently over the issue of Darfur.The soft‐spoken philosopher of Islam sat down with me for a lengthy and candid discussion in the summer of 1992. We met in a dilapidated townhouse near DuPont Circle in Washington, where he had come, as it turned out without success, to repair relations with the United States.
A Premonition of Obama: La Raza Cosmica in America
Authors: Kapuscinski Ryszard 
Published: October 2009

Ryszard Kapuscinski, who died in 2007, was one of the 20th century's greatest literary journalists. He personally witnessed the dramatic post‐World War II upheavals of decolonization and revolution across what we used to call “the Third World” and set down his reflections in such best‐selling books as The Emperor, about the fall of Haile Selassie of Ethiopia, and Shah of Shahs, about the 1979 Islamic revolution in Iran. He served on NPQ's editorial board until his death.When I last saw Kapuscinski for coffee at the Hotel Bristol in Warsaw in the summer of 2005 he was busy preparing a lecture on Herodotus, the ancient Greek traveler and historian regarded as “the father of journalism.”In 1987, NPQ brought Kapuscinski to Los Angeles to roam around and observe North America's largest “Third World city.” He stayed at the New Seoul Hotel in the heart of Koreatown, venturing from there all the way down to Disneyland, Hispanic East L.A. and the wealthy Westside. At the end of each day, we sat down to gather his impressions.Kapuscinski saw the United States as the place where the idea of “la raza cosmica”—the cosmic race—would be realized. For him, America was a premonition of the plural, racially mixed, culturally hybrid civilization the whole world would one day become. In a way, his insight was also a premonition of the presidency of Barack Obama, a self‐described cultural and racial “mutt.” In a world where the contamination of globalization has sparked troubling yearnings for a return to purity, being a nation of mutts, Kapuscinski understood, is America's competitive advantage.
The East Asian Way—With Air Conditioning
Authors: Yew Lee Kuan 
Published: October 2009

Though the founding father of a tiny country on the tip of the Malay peninsula, Lee Kuan Yew is one of the giants of the arriving Asian century. Fifty years from now monuments will commemorate the legendary feats of this British‐trained barrister who only learned Chinese when he became prime minister in 1959. Not only did he miraculously transform the impoverished colonial entrepot of Singapore, rife with drugs and prostitution, into a gleaming model city state of the 21st century; his practical vision of soft‐authoritarian capitalism also became the template for Deng Xiaoping's “opening up and reform” in China, laying the basis for the stunning rise of a prosperous East Asia.We met twice, in 1992 and 1995, in steamy Singapore, sitting in the icily air‐conditioned salon at Istana, the former British governor's residence, looking out over the manicured lawns, as we delved deep into the conflicts and complementarities of Confucian communitarianism and Western individualism. We met one last time in a snowbound chalet in Davos, Switzerland, in 1999 after his formal retirement as “senior minister” and graduation to “minister mentor,” the sage behind the throne.
Who trades water allocations? Evidence of the characteristics of early adopters in the Goulburn–Murray Irrigation District, Australia 1998–1999**
Authors: Wheeler Sarah , Bjornlund Henning , Shanahan Martin , Zuo Alec 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article applies a model of innovation to analyze the characteristics of irrigators within the Goulburn–Murray Irrigation District in Australia and examines the efficiency of the early water market in the late 1990s. Using multinominal and binary logit analyses we identify the factors associated with irrigators who sold or bought water allocations during 1998–1999 and irrigators who at that time had never participated in any kind of water trading. Contrary to expectations we find that early adopters of water trading were older farmers with low farm productivity, but that in line with theory they had higher levels of education, had spent less time farming, had larger irrigated area, farm operating surplus and farm assets, owned farms that were more intensively farmed, and were more progressive in their planning. There was only weak evidence to suggest that water moved from lower value uses to higher value uses, suggesting the water allocation market had limited efficiency in its’ initial years.
Nutrient consumption and household income in rural Mexico
Authors: Skoufias Emmanuel , Di Maro Vincenzo , González‐Cossío Teresa , Ramírez Sonia Rodríguez 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe estimate the income elasticity for a variety of macro‐ and micronutrients using a sample of poor rural households in Mexico. The nutrient‐income elasticity is estimated using both parametric and semiparametric methods. A special focus is placed on the nonlinearity of the relationship between nutrient intake and income and on measurement error and endogeneity issues. One major finding is that income elasticity for calories is close to zero when we control for measurement error issues. For some nutrients, namely fats, vitamin A and C, calcium, and heme iron, we find a sizeable positive income elasticity robust to the choice of the estimator and percentiles at which it is evaluated. These nutrients are also those for which we find the largest deficiency in our sample. In addition, we find that for the poorest households in our sample, the deficiency of total energy, protein, and zinc is not accompanied by a positive income elasticity.
Molecular analysis of HumDN1 VNTR polymorphism of the human deoxyribonuclease I in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: AlFadhli Suad , AlTamimy Bader , Kharrat Najla , AlSaeid Khalid , Haider Mohamad Z. , Rebai Ahmed 
Published: October 2009

SummaryDeoxyribonuclease I (DNASE1) may be responsible for the removal of DNA from nuclear antigens at sites of high cell turnover, thus preventing the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The purpose of this study was to screen DNASE1 gene for mutations that may have an effect on susceptibility to develop SLE. DNA was extracted from 76 Kuwaiti SLE patients and 92 race‐matched controls. PCR‐direct sequencing was used to screen DNASE1 promoter, coding sequence and exon–intron boundaries for mutation. Association of genomic variations was assessed using a Chi‐square test. Molecular analysis of the DNASE1 gene did not reveal any mutation. However, a 56‐bp repeat was detected in intron4 which was previously reported and named HumDN1. The allelic and genotypic distributions of the HumDN1 VNTR were compared between SLE patients and healthy subjects. Alleles were denoted as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 corresponding to the number of repeats of the 56 bp unit. Alleles 4, 5, and 6 showed significant association with SLE. Allele 5 showed the highest association [χ2 = 32.57; P ≤ 0.001; OR = 4.16; 95% CI: (2.55–6.79)]. Association of allele 5 was also found at the genotypic level, where genotype 5/5 is more prevalent in SLE subjects as compared with controls (17% versus 9%). We report a significant association of HumDN1 VNTR polymorphism in DNASE1 gene with SLE. Further functional assays needed to assess the effect of this VNTR on DNASE1 activity and its association with SLE.
Acreage Response to Weather, Yield, and Price
Authors: Weersink Alfons , Cabas Juan H. , Olale Edward 
Published: October 2009

This paper examines the effect of weather on the distribution of yield and its subsequent impact on the acreage allocation decisions of crop farmers in Ontario. The mean and variance of yield are estimated for corn, soybeans, and winter wheat for eight counties in Ontario over a 26‐year period. The predicted parameters of the yield distribution are then used along with expectations on the distribution of crop price to estimate area response functions. A principal contribution of the paper is the decomposition of the revenue impact on crop area allocation into separate average and variance contributions for both price and yield. This decomposition illustrates the importance of expected yield in the area allocation decisions. Crop yield is especially influenced by the length of the growing season and this has a significant impact on acreage allocations. This implies that crop area will be altered in response to expected changes in climate, even without shifts in crop prices. Le présent article examine l'incidence des facteurs météorologiques sur la distribution des rendements et leurs conséquences sur les décisions des producteurs agricoles de l'Ontario concernant l'allocation des superficies cultivées. Nous avons estimé la moyenne et la variance des rendements pour le maïs, le soja et le blé d'automne cultivés dans huit comtés ontariens au cours d'une période de 26 ans. Les paramètres prédits de la distribution des rendements et l'espérance de la distribution du prix des cultures ont été utilisés pour estimer les fonctions de réponse par région. La décomposition de l'impact du revenu sur l'allocation des superficies cultivées en terme d'effets sur les moyennes et les variances des prix et des rendements constitue une importante contribution de l'article. Cette décomposition montre l'importance des rendements prévus dans les décisions d'allocation des superficies. Le rendement de culture est particulièrement influencé par la longueur de la saison de croissance qui a une incidence considérable sur l'allocation des superficies cultivées. Par conséquent, les superficies cultivées seront influencées par les changements climatiques prévus, et ce, même en l'absence de fluctuation du prix des cultures.
Neuropathology of Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Transplantation into the Brain of Two Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Patients
Authors: Giordana Maria Teresa , Grifoni Silvia , Votta Barbara , Magistrello Michela , Vercellino Marco , Pellerino Alessia , Navone Roberto , Valentini Consuelo , Calvo Andrea , Chiò Adriano 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough a large number of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients have undergone transplantation procedures with olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) in the Bejing Hospital, to our knowledge, no post‐mortem neuropathologic analyses have been performed. We examined the post‐mortem brain of two Italian patients affected by ALS who underwent cellular transplantation in Beijing with their consent. Our aim was to assess the events following the graft procedure to possibly support the rationale of the treatment strategy. The neuropathologic findings were analyzed on the basis of the limited awareness of the experimental conditions and discussed in relation to the safety, efficacy and long‐term outcome of the transplanted cells. Islands of quiescent, undifferentiated cells within the delivery track persisting for up to 12 months–24 months were found. Prominent glial and inflammatory reaction around the delivery track strongly supports the encasement of the graft. Evidence of axonal regeneration, neuronal differentiation and myelination was not seen. The surgical procedure of implantation was not compatible with a neurotrophic effect. The OEC transplantation did not modify the neuropathology of ALS in the two patients. In conclusion, the present neuropathologic analysis does not support a beneficial effect of fetal OEC implantation into the frontal lobes of ALS patients.
Identification of stomatopod larvae (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) from Hong Kong waters using DNA barcodes
Authors: TANG RICKY W. K. , YAU CYNTHIA , NG WAI‐CHUEN 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Stomatopoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca) from the South China Sea region are of commercial importance and although limited studies have been conducted on the adults, no research has ever been attempted on the larval stages because of the lack of identification keys or taxonomic descriptions. In the first study of its kind in the region, DNA barcoding was used successfully to identify unknown stomatopod larvae from plankton samples. Sequences of two mitochondrial genes, namely the cytochrome c oxidase subunit‐I (COI) and the large ribosomal subunit (16S) rRNA, were applied as the barcodes to match DNA sequences from unknown larval morphotypes against those of known, locally occurring adult species. Intraspecific variations for the COI and 16S rRNA genes were found to be <2.4% and <2.1% respectively in terms of Kimura 2‐Parameter (K2P) divergence of the adults, whereas variations between genera ranged from 13% to 24% and 3% to 11% respectively. These results imply that both genes are suitable for use in species identification of stomatopods; thus 14 of the 16 larval morphotypes (87.5%) obtained in Hong Kong waters can be identified to seven species through DNA barcoding. The findings of this study would also facilitate future research on the larval ecology and phylogenetic relationship of these crustaceans.
Effects of Turbulence on the Pressure Distribution Around a Square
Cylinder and Possibility of Reduction
Authors: Kwok K. C. S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
When a prismatic structure is subjected to air flow, especially at small angle of wind incidence, the separated shear layers may reattach onto the streamwise surface. The turbulent mixing in the shear layers and the extrainment of fluid results in highly fluctuating and strongly negative pressures under the reattaching shear layers. Wind tunnel tests were carried out to determine the pressure distribution around a square cylinder. It was found that an increase in turbulence, in particular fine scale turbulence, significantly altered the pressure distribution, the transverse force characteristic, and hence the galloping behavior of the square cylinder. When small vanes were fitted to the corners of the cylinder, and by maintaining a vent between the vane and the corner, the magnitude of the negative mean and peak pressure coefficients under the shear layer were substantially reduced.