bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Bisphosphonate Use and Breast Cancer Incidence in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Chlebowski Rowan T. , Chen Zhao , Cauley Jane A. , Anderson Garnet , Rodabough Rebecca J. , McTiernan Anne , Lane Dorothy S. , Manson JoAnn E. , Snetselaar Linda , Yasmeen Shagufta , O'Sullivan Mary Jo , Safford Monika , Hendrix Susan L. , Wallace Robert B. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose Emerging clinical evidence suggests intravenous bisphosphonates may inhibit breast cancer while oral bisphosphonates have received limited evaluation regarding breast cancer influence. Patients and Methods The association between oral bisphosphonate use and invasive breast cancer was examined in postmenopausal women enrolled onto the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). We compared a published hip fracture prediction model, which did not incorporate bone mineral density (BMD), with total hip BMD in 10,418 WHI participants who had both determinations. To adjust for potential BMD difference based on bisphosphonate use, the hip fracture prediction score was included in multivariant analyses as a BMD surrogate. Results Of the 154,768 participants, 2,816 were oral bisphosphonate users at entry (90% alendronate, 10% etidronate). As calculated hip fracture risk score was significantly associated with both BMD (regression line = 0.79 to 0.0478 log predicted fracture; P < .001; r = 0.43) and breast cancer incidence (P = .03), this variable was incorporated into regression analyses to adjust for BMD difference between users and nonusers of bisphopshonate. After 7.8 mean years of follow-up (standard deviation, 1.7), invasive breast cancer incidence was lower in bisphosphonate users (hazard ratio [HR], 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.88; P < .01) as was incidence of estrogen receptor (ER) –positive invasive cancers (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52 to 0.94, P = .02). A similar but not significant trend was seen for ER-negative invasive cancers. The incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ was higher in bisphosphonate users (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.31; P = .02). Conclusion Oral bisphosphonate use was associated with significantly lower invasive breast cancer incidence, suggesting bisphosphonates may have inhibiting effects on breast cancer.
Phase III Trial Comparing Protracted Intravenous Fluorouracil Infusion Alone or With Yttrium-90 Resin Microspheres Radioembolization for Liver-Limited Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Refractory to Standard Chemotherapy
Authors: Hendlisz Alain , Eynde Marc Van den , Peeters Marc , Maleux Geert , Lambert Bieke , Vannoote Jaarke , Keukeleire Katrien De , Verslype Chris , Defreyne Luc , Cutsem Eric Van , Delatte Philippe , Delaunoit Thierry , Personeni Nicola , Paesmans Marianne , Laethem Jean-Luc Van , Flamen Patrick 
Published: June 2010

Purpose Liver dissemination is a major cause of mortality among patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Hepatic intra-arterial injection of the β-emitting isotope yttrium-90 (90Y) bound to resin microspheres (radioembolization) delivers therapeutic radiation doses to liver metastases with minimal damage to adjacent tissues. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective, multicenter, randomized phase III trial in patients with unresectable, chemotherapy-refractory liver-limited metastatic CRC (mCRC) comparing arm A (fluorouracil [FU] protracted intravenous infusion 300 mg/m2 days 1 through 14 every 3 weeks) and arm B (radioembolization plus intravenous FU 225 mg/m2 days 1 through 14 then 300 mg/m2 days 1 through 14 every 3 weeks) until hepatic progression. The primary end point was time to liver progression (TTLP). Cross-over to radioembolization was permitted after progression in arm A. Results Forty-six patients were randomly assigned and 44 were eligible for analysis (arm A, n = 23; arm B, n = 21). Median follow-up was 24.8 months. Median TTLP was 2.1 and 5.5 months in arms A and B, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.72; P = .003). Median time to tumor progression (TTP) was 2.1 and 4.5 months, respectively (HR = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.28 to 0.94; P = .03). Grade 3 or 4 toxicities were recorded in six patients after FU monotherapy and in one patient after radioembolization plus FU treatment (P = .10). Twenty-five of 44 patients received further treatment after progression, including 10 patients in arm A who received radioembolization. Median overall survival was 7.3 and 10.0 months in arms A and B, respectively (HR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.78; P = .80). Conclusion Radioembolization with 90Y-resin microspheres plus FU is well tolerated and significantly improves TTLP and TTP compared with FU alone. This procedure is a valid therapeutic option for chemotherapy-refractory liver-limited mCRC.
Zur Interpretation adnominaler Genitive bei nominalisierten Infinitiven im Deutschen
Authors: Bücking Sebastian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe argumental status of verbal participants in event nominalizations is still under debate. Investigating syntactic and semantic properties of referentially interpreted genitive noun phrases related to German nominalized infinitives (= NI), cf.das Stören der Mannschaft(‘the disturbing the team-gen’), I will argue in favor of different interpretative mechanisms at stake: whereas themes retain their argumental status in the nominal domain, agents are not lambda-bound in the argument structure of NI. Instead, the corresponding participant is a modifier whose agentive interpretation is motivated merely conceptually.Evidence for the proposed asymmetric analysis comes from two sources: it will be shown that the alleged agentive genitive contributes a possessive relation not identical to the verbal agentive interpretation. The conceptual preference for an identification with the verbal agent will be accounted for by abductive reasoning thereby explaining the modifier's argument-like behavior. In addition, as data on NI from different sources reveal, the genitive interpretation is mainly conditioned by lexical properties of the base verb. In particular, it will be shown that a postnominal agentive interpretation is bound to configurations where the theme is independently predicted optional. These findings follow from the proposed asymmetry.
Ikonizität und Indexikalität im gebärdensprachlichen Lexikon – Zur Typologie sprachlicher Zeichen
Authors: Kutscher Silvia 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The paper deals with the iconic and indexical relations of lexical signs in German Sign Language (DGS). It is argued that the theory of signs as established by Charles S. Peirce is particular fruitful with respect to the description and classification of signs in the visual-gestural modality, but also needs some additional discussion on the nature of the relation between sign and reference object. As will be demonstrated, motivated signs in German Sign Language are more complex with respect to indexicality and iconicity as is recognized in contemporary research. Accordingly, the paper discusses the necessity to modify the typology of linguistic signs with respect to sign languages. It will be demonstrated that there has to be established a class of schematic signs within the group of hypoicons. Secondly, it is argued that DGS has a class of motivated but non-iconic signs, which show a designative-indexical relation which relates to the spoken or written form of a word of the oral contact language German. In sum, a modified typology of lexical signs is established which not only includes the sign types symbol, index and (image)icon but also the new types schematic icon and indicator (‘Hinweis’).
Daily physical activity, fasting glucose, uric acid, and body mass index are independent factors associated with serum fibroblast growth factor 21 levels
Authors: Cuevas-Ramos Daniel , Almeda-Valdes Paloma , Gómez-Pérez Francisco J , Meza-Arana Clara Elena , Cruz-Bautista Ivette , Arellano-Campos Olimpia , Navarrete-López Mariana , Aguilar-Salinas Carlos A 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels have been linked with beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in animals. It is elevated in humans with the metabolic syndrome. This study investigates independent factors associated with serum FGF21 levels.DesignCross-sectional study done in healthy blue-collar workers.MethodsA medical history was taken, and FGF21 (measured using an ELISA commercial kit), glucose, uric acid, plasma lipids, total/high-molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, and retinal-binding protein 4 (RBP4) were measured in 210 individuals with (n=81) and without (n=129) metabolic syndrome.ResultsThe median of serum FGF21 levels were higher in subjects with metabolic syndrome (339.5 vs 276.4 ng/l,P=0.01). Serum FGF21 levels correlated positively with body mass index (BMI;r=0.23,P=0.001) and age (r=0.17,P=0.01). After adjusting for age and BMI, a significant positive correlation persisted for fasting glucose, uric acid, and physical activity in both males (r=0.21,r=0.11, andr=0.19, allP<0.05) and females (r=0.20,r=0.19, andr=0.14, allP<0.05). In addition, FGF21 also correlates negatively with RBP4 (r=−0.27,P=0.02), total (r=−0.26,P=0.03), and HMW adiponectin (r=−0.30,P=0.01) in women. A multiple linear regression model analysis identified that BMI (standardized β (SB)=0.247;P=0.008), glucose (SB=0.226;P=0.003), uric acid (SB=0.191;P=0.04), and physical activity (SB=0.223;P=0.004) are independent factors influencing serum FGF21 levels (F=10.05,r2=0.19,P<0.001). In addition, fasting hyperglycemia ≥100 mg/dl, excess body weight with BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and uric acid ≥5.5 mg/dl predicted higher serum FGF21 levels.ConclusionSerum FGF21 levels are influenced by BMI, fasting glycemia, uric acid, and physical activity.
Erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor as risk markers for severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Kristensen P L , Pedersen-Bjergaard U , Schalkwijk C , Olsen N V , Thorsteinsson B 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveCirculating erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increase during hypoglycaemia and may represent protective hormonal counter-regulatory responses. We tested the hypothesis that low levels of EPO and VEGF are associated with a higher frequency of severe hypoglycaemia in a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes.DesignProspective observational follow-up study.MethodsTotally 219 patients with type 1 diabetes (41% females, age 46±13 years (mean±s.d.), duration of diabetes 21±12 years, and HbAlc 8.5±1.1%) were followed in a 1-year observational study. Plasma EPO and serum VEGF levels were measured at baseline with ELISA. Events of severe hypoglycaemia defined by third party assistance were recorded and validated in telephone interviews within 24 h.ResultsTotally 235 episodes of severe hypoglycaemia (1.1 episodes per patient-year) were reported by 82 patients (37%). At baseline, plasma EPO was 8.6 (3.1–34.3) U/l (median (range)), and serum VEGF was 52.2 (6.6–337) pg/ml. The levels of EPO and VEGF were not associated with frequency of severe and mild hypoglycaemia. The levels of EPO were not associated with age, sex, duration of diabetes, body mass index, HbAlc, C-peptide level or hypoglycaemia awareness status. The levels of VEGF were positively associated with age and female sex.ConclusionsAlthough several studies suggest that VEGF and EPO may affect brain function during hypoglycaemia, this study does not support random VEGF or EPO levels to determine future risk of severe hypoglycaemia in people with type 1 diabetes.
Incidence of Delayed Intracranial Hemorrhage in Children After Uncomplicated Minor Head Injuries
Authors: Hamilton Mark , Mrazik Martin , Johnson David W. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVES:
This study sought to determine the incidence of delayed diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage in the general population and the proportion of children who presented to emergency departments (EDs) with uncomplicated minor head injuries who received delayed diagnoses of intracranial hemorrhage.

METHODS:
This was an 8-year, retrospective, cohort study of children &lt;14 years of age who presented to EDs in the Calgary Health Region between April 1992 and March 2000. Cases of uncomplicated minor head injuries and delayed diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage (intracranial hemorrhage not apparent until ≥6 hours after injury) were identified.

RESULTS:
An estimated 17 962 children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17 412–18 511 children) with uncomplicated minor head injuries were evaluated at Calgary Health Region EDs. Two and 8 children were identified as having delayed diagnoses of intracranial hemorrhage with and without delayed deterioration in level of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale scores of &lt;15), respectively. The proportions of children with uncomplicated minor head injuries with delayed diagnoses of intracranial hemorrhage with and without deterioration in level of consciousness were ∼0.00% (0 of 17 962 children [upper limit of 95% CI: 0.02%]) and 0.03% (5 of 17 962 children [95% CI: 0.01%–0.07%]), respectively. On the basis of population data for the Calgary Health Region, the incidences of delayed diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage with and without deterioration in level of consciousness were 0.14 and 0.57 cases per 100 000 children per year, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
The occurrence of delayed diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage among children who present with uncomplicated minor head injuries is rare.
Infant Victimization in a Nationally Representative Sample
Authors: Turner Heather A. , Finkelhor David , Ormrod Richard , Hamby Sherry L. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The objectives of this research were to (1) obtain estimates of child maltreatment and other forms of personal, witnessing of, and indirect victimization among children aged 0 to 1 year in the United States and (2) examine associations between infant victimization exposure and the infant's level of emotional and behavioral symptoms.

METHODS:
The study is based on a cross-sectional national telephone survey that included caregivers of a sample of 503 children under 2 years of age.

RESULTS:
Nearly one-third of the sample of infants (31.6%) had experienced some form of personal, witnessing, or indirect form of victimization. The rate of infant maltreatment by caregivers (2.1%) was significantly lower than among older preschool-aged children. However, the rate of infant assault by siblings was considerable at 15.4%. The greatest risk of assault occurred in households with young siblings; nearly 35% of the infants with a sibling aged 2 to 3 years were assaulted in the year before the interview. Witnessing family violence was also relatively common among the infants (9.5%). Victimization was associated with emotional and behavioral problems; sibling assault and witnessing family violence had the highest correlations with infant symptom scores.

CONCLUSION:
The results of this study highlight the need for attention to infant victimization that considers a wider array of victimization sources and a broader scope of prevention efforts than has been typical in the child-maltreatment field.
Blood Sampling Through Peripheral Venous Catheters Is Reliable for Selected Basic Analytes in Children
Authors: Berger-Achituv Sivan , Budde-Schwartzman Britta , Ellis Martin H. , Shenkman Ze'ev , Erez Ilan 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE:The goal was to determine the interchangeability of peripheral venous catheter (PVC) and venipuncture blood sampling (BS).METHODS:Paired blood samples from hospitalized children were obtained through venipuncture and from existing PVCs, following discard of 2 mL of blood. Comparisons of 9 complete blood count indices (white and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin level, red blood cell distribution width, platelet count, and mean platelet volume) and 5 basic chemical analysis indices (sodium, potassium, glucose, chloride, and urea levels) were performed, and hemolysis was documented.RESULTS:Irrespective of gauge, blood samples were obtained successfully from 40 (85.1%) of 47 PVCs, with no abnormal hemolysis. BS through venipuncture took longer than BS from PVCs (175.8 ± 229.6 vs 104.5 ± 53.4 seconds; P = .053) and was associated with significantly more distress/crying (73.1% vs 0%; P &lt; .001). There were no significant differences between venipuncture and PVC samples (paired t test). Twenty-one (6%) of 348 pairs analyzed with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment standards fell outside the range of acceptable variance (8 of 21 aberrations were attributed to glucose measurements). Bland-Altman analysis indicated that, with the exclusion of glucose measurements, BS from PVCs is reliable, with 29 (6.5%) of 448 pairs exceeding the limits of agreement. Of those, 9 cases were clinically significant, but none would have altered clinical management.CONCLUSIONS:PVC sampling was shown to be a pain-reducing method that can be used for children for selected basic analytes. The findings for glucose were unreliable.
Development, Validation, and Utility of Internet-Based, Behavioral Health Screen for Adolescents
Authors: Diamond Guy , Levy Suzanne , Bevans Katherine B. , Fein Joel A. , Wintersteen Matthew B. , Tien Allen , Creed Torrey 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVES:
The goals were to develop and to validate the Internet-based, Behavioral Health Screen (BHS) for adolescents and young adults in primary care.

METHODS:
Items assessing risk behaviors and psychiatric symptoms were built into a Internet-based platform with broad functionality. Practicality and acceptability were examined with 24 patients. For psychometric validation, 415 adolescents completed the BHS and well-established rating scales. Participants recruited from primary care waiting rooms were 12 to 21 years of age (mean: 15.8 years); 66.5% were female and 77.5% black.

RESULTS:
The BHS screens in 13 domains by using 54 required items and 39 follow-up items. The administration time was 8 to 15 minutes (mean: 12.4 minutes). The scales are unidimensional, are internally consistent (Cronbach's α = 0.75–0.87), and discriminate among adolescents with a range of diagnostic syndromes. Sensitivity and specificity were high, with overall accuracy ranging from 78% to 85%. Patients with scores above scale cutoff values for depression, suicide risk, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms were ≥4 times more likely to endorse other risk behaviors or stressors.

CONCLUSIONS:
The BHS addresses practical and clinical barriers to behavioral health screening in primary care. It is a brief but comprehensive, self-report, biopsychosocial assessment. The psychiatric scales are valid and predictive of risk behaviors, which facilitates exclusion of false-positive results, as well as assessment and triage.
Resprouting as a persistence strategy of tropical forest trees: relations with carbohydrate storage and shade tolerance
Authors: Poorter Lourens , Kitajima Kaoru , Mercado Pablo , Chubiña Jose , Melgar Israel , Prins Herbert H. T. 
Published: June 2010

Resprouting is an important persistence strategy for woody species and represents a dominant pathway of regeneration in many plant communities, with potentially large consequences for vegetation dynamics, community composition, and species coexistence. Most of our knowledge of resprouting strategies comes from fire‐prone systems, but this cannot be readily applied to other systems where disturbances are less intense. In this study we evaluated sapling responses to stem snapping for 49 moist‐forest species and 36 dry‐forest species from two Bolivian tropical forests. To this end we compared in a field experiment the survival and height growth of clipped and control saplings for a two‐year period, and related this to the shade tolerance, carbohydrate reserves, and the morphological traits (wood density, leaf size) of the species.Nearly all saplings resprouted readily after stem damage, although dry‐forest species realized, on average, a better survival and growth after stem damage compared to moist‐forest species. Shade‐tolerant species were better at resprouting than light‐demanding species in moist forest. This resprouting ability is an important prerequisite for successful regeneration in the shaded understory, where saplings frequently suffer damage from falling debris. Survival after stem damage was, surprisingly, only modestly related to stem reserves, and much more strongly related to wood density, possibly because a high wood density enables plants to resist fungi and pathogens and to reduce stem decay. Correlations between sapling performance and functional traits were similar for the two forest types, and for phylogenetically independent contrasts and for cross‐species analyses. The consistency of these results suggests that tropical forest species face similar trade‐offs in different sites and converge on similar sets of solutions. A high resprouting ability, as well as investments in stem defense and storage reserves, form part of a suite of co‐evolved traits that underlies the growth–survival trade‐off, and contributes to light gradient partitioning and species coexistence. These links with shade tolerance are important in the moist evergreen forest, which casts a deep, more persistent shade, but tend to diminish in dry deciduous forest where light is a less limiting resource.
Processing arctic eddy‐flux data using a simple carbon‐exchange model embedded in the ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Rastetter Edward B. , Williams Mathew , Griffin Kevin L. , Kwiatkowski Bonnie L. , Tomasky Gabrielle , Potosnak Mark J. , Stoy Paul C. , Shaver Gaius R. , Stieglitz Marc , Hobbie John E. , Kling George W. 
Published: June 2010

Continuous time‐series estimates of net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) are routinely made using eddy covariance techniques. Identifying and compensating for errors in the NEE time series can be automated using a signal processing filter like the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The EnKF compares each measurement in the time series to a model prediction and updates the NEE estimate by weighting the measurement and model prediction relative to a specified measurement error estimate and an estimate of the model‐prediction error that is continuously updated based on model predictions of earlier measurements in the time series. Because of the covariance among model variables, the EnKF can also update estimates of variables for which there is no direct measurement. The resulting estimates evolve through time, enabling the EnKF to be used to estimate dynamic variables like changes in leaf phenology. The evolving estimates can also serve as a means to test the embedded model and reconcile persistent deviations between observations and model predictions.We embedded a simple arctic NEE model into the EnKF and filtered data from an eddy covariance tower located in tussock tundra on the northern foothills of the Brooks Range in northern Alaska, USA. The model predicts NEE based only on leaf area, irradiance, and temperature and has been well corroborated for all the major vegetation types in the Low Arctic using chamber‐based data. This is the first application of the model to eddy covariance data.We modified the EnKF by adding an adaptive noise estimator that provides a feedback between persistent model data deviations and the noise added to the ensemble of Monte Carlo simulations in the EnKF. We also ran the EnKF with both a specified leaf‐area trajectory and with the EnKF sequentially recalibrating leaf‐area estimates to compensate for persistent model‐data deviations. When used together, adaptive noise estimation and sequential recalibration substantially improved filter performance, but it did not improve performance when used individually.The EnKF estimates of leaf area followed the expected springtime canopy phenology. However, there were also diel fluctuations in the leaf‐area estimates; these are a clear indication of a model deficiency possibly related to vapor pressure effects on canopy conductance.