bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Mould Infections of the Naso-Orbital Region of Cats: A Case InvolvingAspergillus Fumigatusand an Aetiological Review
Authors: Giordano Cristina , Gianella Paola , Bo Stefano , Vercelli Antonella , Giudice Chiara , Santa Daniele Delia , Maria Anna , Peruccio Claudio , Peano Andrea 
Published: August 2010

Case and context This report describes a cat diagnosed with sinonasal-orbital Aspergillus fumigatus infection using advanced imaging, histopathology and culture. Aetiology, clinical aspects and treatment of this rare and devastating infection are discussed with reference to a literature review of invasive mould (ie, filamentous fungal) infections involving tissues of the naso-orbital region of cats.Presentations Invasive fungal infections can present with different localisations (nasal passages, sinuses, orbits, subcutaneous space, palate, etc) depending on the species involved and its means of introduction into the tissues. Localised subcutaneous lesions (swellings, ulcerations, masses, nodules, etc), without concomitant signs of nasal/orbital disease, generally result from traumatic injuries and subsequent inoculation of fungal spores into the subcutaneous space. In contrast, naso-ocular involvement and concurrent signs of nasal disease (nasal discharge, sneezing, masses protruding from the nostrils) generally result from inhalation of spores, with subsequent spread of infection into the nasal planum or penetration of overlying bone and invasion of the subcutaneous space. Aspergillus species typically show such an invasion mechanism and frequently affect orbital tissues. Dematiaceous fungi (ie, filamentous fungi with brown/black hyphae) are reported to cause solitary, less invasive, slowly developing lesions, probably as a result of traumatic injuries with inoculation of fungal propagules. Accordingly, the subcutaneous space is more frequently primarily involved.Treatment and outcome Whatever the mould species, reported treatment options include surgery and a series of antifungal drugs. The outcome is frequently poor, especially for Aspergillus infections, although various measures can be taken to maximise the chances of success, as discussed in this report.
Methodological recommendations for ungulate mortality analyses in paleoanthropology
Authors: Bunn Henry T. , Pickering Travis Rayne 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAge profiling of fossil faunal samples relies on the correlation of animal tooth-wear patterns with life history stages, but the criteria used to infer these stages are not necessarily valid. Here we redefine some commonly used prey age classes, such as “juvenile,” “prime-age adult,” and “old adult,” based on the variable characteristics of tooth wear that we have observed in different ungulate size classes, and argue that prey vulnerability to predation is not so clearly predicted by the simplified age classes in widespread use by zooarchaeologists. We recommend instead classifying the youngest animal remains as either young juvenile or subadult juvenile, and adult remains as early prime, late prime or old, and provide specific criteria of dental eruption and occlusal wear for making these determinations. We argue this refined age profiling system, when used in combination with other types of zooarchaeological and taphonomic data, can provide accurate inferences of faunal accumulation processes.
Testing temporal stability of the larval digenean community in Heleobia conexa (Mollusca: Cochliopidae) and its possible use as an indicator of environmental fluctuations
Authors: MERLO M. J. , ETCHEGOIN J. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYLarval digeneans have been proposed as indicators of abundance and diversity of vertebrate and other hosts as well as environmental disturbances. To evaluate its response to environmental changes and its potential use as an indicator of environmental fluctuations, the temporal stability of the community of larval digeneans in Heleobia conexa was comparatively analysed in 4 separate years (1996, 1999, 2004 and 2005) in Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires province, Argentina). In total, 4579 specimens of H. conexa were collected and 22 digenean species were observed. Overall prevalence presented inter-annual and seasonal differences. These differences correlate with seasonal changes in composition of the vertebrate definitive host community and with the elimination of the preferred habitat of H. conexa in 1999. In general, the larval digenean community of H. conexa showed a yearly re-establishment following the annual cycle of H. conexa and the presence of definitive hosts. This annual restructuring allowed inferences about the effects of short-term environmental changes in the lagoon. According to these observations, the larval digenean community of H. conexa could be considered as a good bio-indicator with quick response to environmental disturbances.
The acquisition of pronouns by French children: A parallel study of production and comprehension
Authors: ZESIGER PASCAL , ZESIGER LAURENCE CHILLIER , ARABATZI MARINA , BARANZINI LARA , CRONEL-OHAYON STÉPHANY , FRANCK JULIE , FRAUENFELDER ULRICH HANS , HAMANN CORNELIA , RIZZI LUIGI 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examines syntactic and morphological aspects of the production and comprehension of pronouns by 99 typically developing French-speaking children aged 3 years, 5 months to 6 years, 5 months. A fine structural analysis of subject, object, and reflexive clitics suggests that whereas the object clitic chain crosses the subject chain, the reflexive clitic chain is nested within it. We argue that this structural difference introduces differences in processing complexity, chain crossing being more complex than nesting. In support of this analysis, both production and comprehension experiments show that children have more difficulty with object than with reflexive clitics (with more omissions in production and more erroneous judgments in sentences involving Principle B in comprehension). Concerning the morphological aspect, French subject and object pronouns agree in gender with their referent. We report serious difficulties with pronoun gender both in production and comprehension in children around the age of 4 (with nearly 30% errors in production and chance level judgments in comprehension), which tend to disappear by age 6. The distribution of errors further suggests that the masculine gender is processed as the default value. These findings provide further insights into the relationship between comprehension and production in the acquisition process.
The impact of the articulatory properties of phonemes on the evolution of preschool children's writing
Authors: MARTINS MARGARIDA , SILVA CRISTINA , PEREIRA MIGUEL 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOur aim was to analyze the impact of the characteristics of occlusive versus fricative phonemes used in writing programs on the evolution of preschool children's writing. The participants were 39 5-year-old graphoperceptive children. Their intelligence, number of letters known, and phonological skills were controlled. Their writing was evaluated in a pretest and a posttest using words beginning with fricatives and occlusives. Between the two tests, experimental Group 1 trained the associations between letters and occlusive phonemes and experimental Group 2 between letters and fricative phonemes. The control group classified geometric shapes. Both experimental groups achieved better results than the control group. There were no differences between the experimental groups concerning the use of F, V, Z, and P; but experimental Group 1 achieved better results for B and D. The program that led children to think about the relationships between speech and writing under linguistically more complex conditions, which involves the mobilization of occlusive phonemes, seems to be more effective in the generalization of phonetization procedures than the program that mobilizes phonemes that are easier to isolate within the acoustic flow, such as fricative phonemes.
Effects of age of acquisition and semantic transparency on reading characters in Chinese dyslexia
Authors: LAW SAM-PO , YEUNG OLIVIA 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of the age of acquisition (AOA) and semantic transparency on the reading aloud ability of a Chinese dyslexic individual, TWT, who relied on the semantic pathway to name characters. Both AOA and semantic transparency significantly predicted naming accuracy and distinguished the occurrence of correct responses and semantic errors from other errors. A post hoc analysis of subsets of items orthogonally varied in the AOA and semantic transparency revealed an interaction between the two variables. These findings converge on reports of AOA and semantic effects on deep dyslexic individuals reading alphabetic scripts. The case of TWT, together with recent results of another Chinese dyslexic individual who reads via the nonsemantic route and exhibits the effects of AOA and phonological consistency, supports the arbitrary mapping hypothesis, which states that the AOA effect resides in the connection between two levels of representation.
Efficient walking with optimization for a planar biped walker with a torso by hip actuators and springs
Authors: Narukawa Terumasa , Takahashi Masaki , Yoshida Kazuo 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis paper focuses on the use of passive dynamics to achieve efficient walking with simple mechanisms. A torso is added to a biped walker; and hip actuators, instead of ankle actuators, are used. A numerical approach is used to find the optimal control trajectories. A comparison between the cost functions of simple feedback control and optimal control is presented. Next, springs are added to the biped walking model at the hip joints to demonstrate the advantage of hip springs in terms of energy cost and ground conditions. The comparison between the torque costs with and without hip springs indicates that hip springs reduce the torque cost, particularly at a high walking speed.
Nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
Authors: NADERI H. R. , SARVGHAD M. R. , BOJDY A. , HADIZADEH M. R. , SADEGHI R. , SHEYBANI F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYWe report a nosocomial outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) that affected six patients in June 2009 in Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, apparently related to one index case. The last four cases were healthcare workers. Infection was spread by percutaneous exposure to two cases, and probably by direct contact with blood, clothes and sheets, to three others. The diagnosis in the two fatal cases was not confirmed virologically. The diagnosis in four cases who survived was confirmed by specific reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The patients were treated with ribavirin. In endemic areas, every patient presenting with a febrile haemorrhagic syndrome should be considered to have a viral haemorrhagic fever until proven otherwise. Patients who meet the criteria for probable CCHF should be admitted to hospital and treated with ribavirin. Appropriate isolation precautions should be immediately initiated.
Territorial gangs and their consequences for humanitarian players
Authors: Bangerter Oliver 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTerritorial gangs are among today's main perpetrators of urban violence, affecting the lives of millions of other people. They try to gain control of a territory in which they then oversee all criminal activities and/or ‘protect’ the people.Such gangs are found to differing degrees on every continent, although those given the most media attention operate in Central America. The violence that they cause has a major impact on the population in general and on their members' families, as well as on the members themselves.Humanitarian organizations may find themselves having to deal with territorial gangs in the course of their ‘normal’ activities in a gang's area, but also when the humanitarian needs per se of people controlled by a gang justify action.This article looks at some courses of action that may be taken by humanitarian agencies in an environment of this nature: dialogue with the gangs (including how to create a degree of trust), education, services, and dialogue on fundamental issues. Such action only makes sense over the medium to long term; it may have a very positive impact but only allows the symptoms of a deep-seated problem to be treated.
Resistin contributes to neointimal formation via oxidative stress after vascular injury
Authors: Shyu Kou-Gi , Lien Li-Ming , Wang Bao-Wei , Kuan Peiliang , Chang Hang 
Published: August 2010

Resistin may play a major potential role in vascular remodelling and may contribute to atherogenesis. However, the role of VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cell)-derived resistin in neointimal formation is not well understood. We hypothesize that endogenous resistin derived from VSMCs may contribute to neointimal formation after vascular injury. VSMCs from thoracic aorta of adult Wistar rats were cultured. The carotid artery from adult Wistar rats was injured by balloon catheter. Resistin significantly increased migration and proliferation of VSMCs. Resistin siRNA (small interfering RNA) and resistin antibody significantly inhibited migration and proliferation of VSMCs induced by conditioned medium from stretched VSMCs. Resistin protein and mRNA expression significantly increased at 14 days after carotid injury. Resistin siRNA and NAC (N-acetylcysteine) significantly reduced resistin protein and mRNA expression induced by balloon injury. Carotid artery injury increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. Treatment with NAC and resistin siRNA decreased ROS production. The neointimal area was significantly increased after carotid injury and was significantly reduced by resistin siRNA and NAC. In conclusion, resistin increases migration and proliferation of VSMCs, and expression of resistin in carotid artery significantly increases after injury. Resistin siRNA attenuates neointimal formation after carotid injury partly through an antioxidative mechanism. Resistin may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neointimal thickening after mechanical injury.
Spoken Word Recognition in School-Age Children With SLI: Semantic, Phonological, and Repetition Priming
Authors: Velez Melinda , Schwartz Richard G. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to contribute to the current understanding of how children with specific language impairment (SLI) organize their mental lexicons. The study examined semantic and phonological priming in children with and without SLI.

Method
Thirteen children (7;0–11;3 [years;months]) with SLI and 13 age-matched children with typical language development participated in this study. Prime–target pairs (semantic, phonological, and repetition) were embedded within a running list of words so that the actual pairs were imperceptible. Reaction times to an animacy judgment (alive vs. not alive) were analyzed. The experiment featured 500-ms and 1,000-ms interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between primes and targets.

Results
Children with SLI exhibited priming effects in the repetition condition at both ISIs; however, phonological and semantic effects were absent. Typically developing children exhibited effects in the repetition at both ISIs. Semantic and phonological effects were absent at 500 ms ISIs, but present at 1,000 ms ISIs.

Conclusions
Although children with SLI have priming mechanisms similar to those of their age-matched peers, the absence of semantic and phonological priming suggests that these connections are not strong enough by themselves to yield priming effects. These findings are discussed in the context of semantic and phonological priming, representation, and generalized slowing.
A Treatment for Dysprosody in Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Ballard Kirrie J. , Robin Donald A. , McCabe Patricia , McDonald Jeannie 
Published: August 2010

Purpose
Dysprosody is considered a core feature of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), especially impaired production of lexical stress. Few studies have tested the effects of intervention for dysprosody. This Phase II study with 3 children investigated the efficacy of a treatment targeting improved control of relative syllable durations in 3-syllable nonwords representing strong-weak (SW) and weak-strong (WS) stress patterns (e.g., BAtigu or baTIgu). Treatment sessions were structured along the principles of motor learning (PML) approach.

Method
Three children, age 7 to 10 years, with mild to moderate CAS and normal language development participated in an intensive 3-week treatment. Within-participant designs with multiple baselines across participants and behaviors were used to examine acquisition, generalization, and maintenance of skill.

Results
All children improved in their ability to control relative duration of syllables in SW and WS nonwords. Improvement was also noted in control of loudness and pitch contrasts. Treatment effects generalized to untreated nonword stimuli, but minimal change was seen in production of real words.

Conclusion
Findings support the efficacy of this approach for improving production of lexical stress contrasts. Structuring the intervention according to the PML approach likely stimulated strong maintenance and generalization effects.
Lack of α-Xylosidase Activity in Arabidopsis Alters Xyloglucan Composition and Results in Growth Defects
Authors: Sampedro Javier , Pardo Brenda , Gianzo Cristina , Guitián Esteban , Revilla Gloria , Zarra Ignacio 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Xyloglucan is the main hemicellulose in the primary cell walls of most seed plants and is thought to play a role in regulating the separation of cellulose microfibrils during growth. Xylose side chains block the degradation of the backbone, and α-xylosidase activity is necessary to remove them. Two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant lines with insertions in the α-xylosidase gene AtXYL1 were characterized in this work. Both lines showed a reduction to undetectable levels of α-xylosidase activity against xyloglucan oligosaccharides. This reduction resulted in the accumulation of XXXG and XXLG in the liquid growth medium of Atxyl1 seedlings. The presence of XXLG suggests that it is a poor substrate for xyloglucan β-galactosidase. In addition, the polymeric xyloglucan of Atxyl1 lines was found to be enriched in XXLG subunits, with a concomitant decrease in XXFG and XLFG. This change can be explained by extensive exoglycosidase activity at the nonreducing ends of xyloglucan chains. These enzymes could thus have a larger role than previously thought in the metabolism of xyloglucan. Finally, Atxyl1 lines showed a reduced ability to control the anisotropic growth pattern of different organs, pointing to the importance of xyloglucan in this process. The promoter of AtXYL1 was shown to direct expression to many different organs and cell types undergoing cell wall modifications, including trichomes, vasculature, stomata, and elongating anther filaments.
Crystallographic study of wild-type carbonic anhydrase αCA1 fromChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Suzuki Kaoru , Shimizu Satoru , Juan Ella Czarina Magat , Miyamoto Takahiro , Fang Zhang , Hoque Md. Mominul , Sato Yoshiteru , Tsunoda Masaru , Sekiguchi Takeshi , Takénaka Akio , Yang Shi-Yuan 
Published: August 2010

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitously distributed and are grouped into three structurally independent classes (αCA, βCA and γCA). Most αCA enzymes are monomeric, but αCA1 fromChlamydomonas reinhardtiiis a dimer that is uniquely stabilized by disulfide bonds. In addition, during maturation an internal peptide of 35 residues is removed and three asparagine residues are glycosylated. In order to obtain insight into the effects of these structural features on CA function, wild-typeC. reinhardtiiαCA1 has been crystallized in space groupP65, with unit-cell parametersa=b= 134.3,c = 120.2 Å. The crystal diffracted to 1.88 Å resolution and a preliminary solution of its crystal structure has been obtained by the MAD method.
Preliminary crystallographic study of theStreptococcus agalactiaesortases, sortase A and sortase C1
Authors: Khare Baldeep , Samal Alexandra , Vengadesan Krishnan , Rajashankar K. R. , Ma Xin , Huang I-Hsiu , Ton-That Hung , Narayana Sthanam V. L. 
Published: August 2010

Sortases are cysteine transpeptidases that are essential for the assembly and anchoring of cell-surface adhesins in Gram-positive bacteria. InStreptococcus agalactiae(GBS), the pilin-specific sortase SrtC1 catalyzes the polymerization of pilins encoded by pilus island 1 (PI-1) and the housekeeping sortase SrtA is necessary for cell-wall anchoring of the resulting pilus polymers. These sortases are known to utilize different substrates for pilus polymerization and cell-wall anchoring; however, the structural correlates that dictate their substrate specificity have not yet been clearly defined. This report presents the expression, purification and crystallization of SrtC1 (SAG0647) and SrtA (SAG0961) fromS. agalactiaestrain 2603V/R. The GBS SrtC1 has been crystallized in three crystal forms and the GBS SrtA has been crystallized in one crystal form.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic study of GenX, a lysyl-tRNA synthetase paralogue fromEscherichia coli, in complex with translation elongation factor P
Authors: Sumida Tomomi , Yanagisawa Tatsuo , Ishii Ryohei , Yokoyama Shigeyuki 
Published: August 2010

GenX, a lysyl-tRNA synthetase paralogue fromEscherichia coli, was overexpressed inE. coli, purified by three chromatographic steps and cocrystallized with a lysyl adenylate analogue (LysAMS) by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method using PEG 4000 as a precipitant. The GenX–LysAMS crystals belonged to the triclinic space groupP1, with unit-cell parametersa = 54.80,b= 69.15,c = 94.08 Å, α = 95.47, β = 106.51, γ = 90.46°, and diffracted to 1.9 Å resolution. Furthermore, GenX was cocrystallized with translation elongation factor P (EF-P), which is believed to be a putative substrate of GenX, and LysAMS using PEG 4000 and ammonium sulfate as precipitants. The GenX–EF-P–LysAMS crystals belonged to the monoclinic space groupP21, with unit-cell parametersa = 105.93,b= 102.96,c= 119.94 Å, β = 99.4°, and diffracted to 2.5 Å resolution. Structure determination of theE. coliGenX–LysAMS and GenX–EF-P–LysAMS complexes by molecular replacement was successful and structure refinements are now in progress.