bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment on “Series solution of hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer with hall effect in a second grade fluid over a stretching sheet”
Authors: Gorder Robert , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In a recently accepted paper of M. Ayub, H. Zaman and M. Ahmad [Cent. Eur. J. Phys. 8, 135 (2010)] the authors claim that the governing similarity equations of Vajravelu and Roper [Int. J. Nonlin. Mech. 34, 1031 (1999)] are incorrect; without any justification, the authors Ayub et al. simply mention that the equation is “found to be incorrect in the literature” (though no reference supporting this assertion is provided in the citations). We show that this assertion of Ayub et al. is wrong, and that the similarity equation of Vajravelu and Roper is indeed correct.
Dysfunction of hypothalamic-hypophysial axis after traumatic brain injury in adults
Authors: Krahulik David , Zapletalova Jirina , Frysak Zdenek , Vaverka Miroslav 
Published: November 2009

Object
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of serious morbidity and mortality. The incidence is 100–500/100,000 inhabitants/year. Chronic pituitary dysfunction is increasingly recognized after TBI. To define the incidence of endocrine dysfunction and risk factors, the authors describe a prospectively assessed group of patients in whom they documented hormonal functions, early diagnosis, and treatment of neuroendocrine dysfunction after TBI.

Methods
Patients aged 18–65 years were prospectively observed from the time of injury to 1 year postinjury; the Glasgow Coma Scale score ranged from 3 to 14. Patients underwent evaluation of hormonal function at the time of injury and at 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. Magnetic resonance imaging was also conducted at 1 year postinjury.

Results
During the study period, 89 patients were observed. The mean age of the patients was 36 years, there were 23 women, and the median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7. Nineteen patients (21%) had primary hormonal dysfunction. Major deficits included growth hormone dysfunction, hypogonadism, and diabetes insipidus. Patients in whom the deficiency was major had a worse Glasgow Outcome Scale score, and MR imaging demonstrated empty sella syndrome more often than in patients without a deficit.

Conclusions
To the authors' knowledge, this is the third largest study of its kind worldwide. The incidence of chronic hypopituitarism after TBI was higher than the authors expected. After TBI, patients are usually observed on the neurological and rehabilitative wards, and endocrine dysfunction can be overlooked. This dysfunction can be life threatening and other clinical symptoms can worsen the neurological deficit, extend the duration of physiotherapy, and lead to mental illness. The authors recommend routine pituitary hormone testing after moderate or severe TBI within 6 months and 1 year of injury.
Various Quantum- and Nano-Structures by III–V Droplet Epitaxy on GaAs Substrates
Authors: Lee J. H. , Wang Zh. M. , Kim E. S. , Kim N. Y. , Park S. H. , Salamo G. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We report on various self-assembled In(Ga)As nanostructures by droplet epitaxy on GaAs substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. Depending on the growth condition and index of surfaces, various nanostructures can be fabricated: quantum dots (QDs), ring-like and holed-triangular nanostructures. At near room temperatures, by limiting surface diffusion of adatoms, the size of In droplets suitable for quantum confinement can be fabricated and thus InAs QDs are demonstrated on GaAs (100) surface. On the other hand, at relatively higher substrate temperatures, by enhancing the surface migrations of In adatoms, super lower density of InGaAs ring-shaped nanostructures can be fabricated on GaAs (100). Under an identical growth condition, holed-triangular InGaAs nanostructures can be fabricated on GaAs type-A surfaces, while ring-shaped nanostructures are formed on GaAs (100). The formation mechanism of various nanostructures can be understood in terms of intermixing, surface diffusion, and surface reconstruction.
Avoiding Loss of Catalytic Activity of Pd Nanoparticles Partially Embedded in Nanoditches in SiC Nanowires
Authors: Guo Xiao-Ning , Shang Ru-Jing , Wang Dong-Hua , Jin Guo-Qiang , Guo Xiang-Yun , Tu KN 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Nanoditches from selective etching of periodically twinned SiC nanowires were employed to hinder the migration and coalescence of Pd nanoparticles supported on the nanowires, and thus to improve their catalytic stability for total combustion of methane. The results show that the etched Pd/SiC catalyst can keep the methane conversion of almost 100% while the unetched one has an obvious decline in the catalytic activity from 100 to 82% after ten repeated reaction cycles. The excellent catalytic stability originates from the limitation of the nanoditches to the migration and growth of Pd nanoparticles.
Investigation of a Mesoporous Silicon Based Ferromagnetic Nanocomposite
Authors: Granitzer P. , Rumpf K. , Roca A. G. , Morales M. P. , Poelt P. , Albu M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A semiconductor/metal nanocomposite is composed of a porosified silicon wafer and embedded ferromagnetic nanostructures. The obtained hybrid system possesses the electronic properties of silicon together with the magnetic properties of the incorporated ferromagnetic metal. On the one hand, a transition metal is electrochemically deposited from a metal salt solution into the nanostructured silicon skeleton, on the other hand magnetic particles of a few nanometres in size, fabricated in solution, are incorporated by immersion. The electrochemically deposited nanostructures can be tuned in size, shape and their spatial distribution by the process parameters, and thus specimens with desired ferromagnetic properties can be fabricated. Using magnetite nanoparticles for infiltration into porous silicon is of interest not only because of the magnetic properties of the composite material due to the possible modification of the ferromagnetic/superparamagnetic transition but also because of the biocompatibility of the system caused by the low toxicity of both materials. Thus, it is a promising candidate for biomedical applications as drug delivery or biomedical targeting.
Synthesis and Magnetic Characterization of Metal-filled Double-sided Porous Silicon Samples
Authors: Rumpf K , Granitzer P , Poelt P 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A magnetic semiconductor/metal nanocomposite with a nanostructured silicon wafer as base material and incorporated metallic nanostructures (Ni, Co, NiCo) is fabricated in two electrochemical steps. First, the silicon template is anodized in an HF-electrolyte to obtain a porous structure with oriented pores grown perpendicular to the surface. This etching procedure is carried out either in forming a sample with a single porous layer on one side or in producing a double-sided specimen with a porous layer on each side. Second, this matrix is used for deposition of transition metals as Ni, Co or an alloy of these. The achieved hybrid material with incorporated Ni- and Co-nanostructures within one sample is investigated magnetically. The obtained results are compared with the ones gained from samples containing a single metal.
Lipid Abnormalities in a Never‐Treated HIV‐1 Subtype C‐Infected African Population
Authors: Fourie Carla Maria T. , Van Rooyen Johannes M. , Kruger Annamarie , Schutte Aletta E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDyslipidemia has been documented worldwide among human immunodeficiency virus‐infected (HIV) individuals and these changes are reminiscent of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). In South Africa, with the highest number of HIV infections worldwide, HIV‐1 subtype C is prevalent, while HIV‐1 subtype B (genetically different from C) prevails in Europe and the United States. We aimed to evaluate if HIV infection (subtype C) is associated with dyslipidemia, inflammation and the occurrence of the MetS in Africans. Three hundred newly diagnosed HIV‐infected participants were compared to 300 age, gender, body mass index and locality matched uninfected controls. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. The HIV‐infected group showed lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.23 vs. 1.70 mmol/L) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (2.60 vs. 2.80 mmol/L) and higher triglycerides (1.29 vs. 1.15 mmol/L), C‐reactive protein (3.31 vs. 2.13 mg/L) and interleukin 6 (4.70 vs. 3.72 pg/L) levels compared to the uninfected group. No difference in the prevalence of the MetS was seen between the two groups (ATP III, 15.2 vs. 11.5%; IDF, 21.1 vs. 22.6%). This study shows that HIV‐1 subtype C is associated with dyslipidemia, but not with a higher incidence of MetS in never antiretroviral‐treated HIV‐infected Africans.
Effects of Bleaching and Deodorization Processes of Beef Tallow on Cholesterol Removal by Lecithin Treatment
Authors: Yavari Aireza , Heshmati A. , Hamedi M. , Haghbin S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of treatment with commercial lecithin followed by bleaching and deodorization processes on cholesterol reduction (removal) of Iranian beef tallow were studied. Steam‐rendering extracted fat was subjected to lecithin treatment and the effects of four variables, i.e., ratio of lecithin to tallow (1:5, 1:10, 1:20 and 1:30 w/w), stirring time (0.5, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 h), stirring rate (200, 500, 1,000 and 1,250 rpm) and ratio of lecithin to water (1:2, 1:5 and 1:10 w/v) were investigated. The results showed that cholesterol removal is increased with increasing the lecithin to tallow ratio and the stirring rate. Increasing stirring time up to 1.5 h increased cholesterol removal; however, longer times did not have any significant effect on it. The ratio of lecithin to water did not have any significant effect on cholesterol removal, either. It was concluded that up to 43% of the tallow cholesterol content could be removed by lecithin. Treatment with lecithin increased tallow acidity and color but did not have any effect on the peroxide value (PV). It is proposed that since tallow, as a slaughterhouse by‐product, is not expensive, by this method we can improve its eating quality for use in dietary or industrial applications.
A Method to Qualify and Quantify the Crystalline State of Cocoa Butter in Industrial Chocolate
Authors: Le Révérend Benjamin J. D. , Fryer Peter J. , Coles Simon , Bakalis Serafim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA range of methods, mainly X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), have been used to characterise the polymorphism of fats in food products. As sugars present in chocolate have a significant XRD pattern, partially overlapping with the signal of cocoa butter, XRD cannot be applied directly to chocolate. In this paper, the XRD signal of a molten sample, similar to the one for pure sucrose, was subtracted from the signal of a solid sample of chocolate to remove the impact of the crystallised sugar. The XRD patterns obtained were compared with the pattern of cocoa butter cooled under the same conditions. Strong peaks were observed at similar inter lamellar d spacings showing that the polymorphic state of cocoa butter in processed chocolate could be obtained using this method. Numerical integration of the peaks also allowed quantification of the degree of crystallinity present in the system during a typical process. The accuracy of the method developed was found to be dependent on the (cocoa butter)/(sugar) ratio in the chocolate used.
A Comparison of Handwritten to Computerised Urological Operative Notes
Authors: Dukic Ivo , Shaw Greg , Dukic Marko , Hussain Mahreen , Al-Buheissi Salah , Maraj Barry 
Published: November 2009

Introduction: Operative notes are traditionally handwritten and are essential for providing optimal postoperative care and planning the future management of patients. This study compares handwritten to computerised operative notes using a common standard. Method: One hundred handwritten urological operative notes were compared to 97 urological database printed notes using the Royal College of Surgeons' of England (RCSEng) guidelines for Good Surgical Practice. Results: There was an overall improvement in the quality of documentation, excluding the recording of tissue removed and the presence of a signature. The recording of parameters in the printed operative database notes was greater than 95% in 16 out of 18 parameters assessed. Conclusion: We strongly recommend the use of an operative database to raise the standard of operative notes in order to improve patient care and to provide a robust medico-legal record.
Dof5.6/HCA2, a Dof Transcription Factor Gene, Regulates Interfascicular Cambium Formation and Vascular Tissue Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Guo Yong , Qin Genji , Gu Hongya , Qu Li-Jia 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVascular cambium, a type of lateral meristem, is the source of secondary xylem and secondary phloem, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of its formation and development. Here, we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana gain-of-function mutant with dramatically increased cambial activity, designated high cambial activity2 (hca2). The hca2 mutant has no alternative organization of the vascular bundles/fibers in inflorescence stems, due to precocious formation of interfascicular cambium and its subsequent cell division. The phenotype results from elevated expression of HCA2, which encodes a nuclear-localized DNA binding with one finger (Dof) transcription factor Dof5.6. Dof5.6/HCA2 is preferentially expressed in the vasculature of all the organs, particularly in the cambium, phloem, and interfascicular parenchyma cells of inflorescence stems. Dominant-negative analysis further demonstrated that both ubiquitous and in situ repression of HCA2 activity led to disruption of interfascicular cambium formation and development in inflorescence stems. In-depth anatomical analysis showed that HCA2 promotes interfascicular cambium formation at a very early stage of inflorescence stem development. This report demonstrates that a transcription factor gene, HCA2, is involved in regulation of interfascicular cambium formation and vascular tissue development in Arabidopsis.
The BTB/POZ Domain of the Arabidopsis Disease Resistance Protein NPR1 Interacts with the Repression Domain of TGA2 to Negate Its Function
Authors: Boyle Patrick , Le Su Errol , Rochon Amanda , Shearer Heather L. , Murmu Jhadeswar , Chu Jee Yan , Fobert Pierre R. , Després Charles 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
TGA2 and NONEXPRESSER OF PR GENES1 (NPR1) are activators of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and of the SAR marker gene pathogenesis-related-1 (PR-1) in Arabidopsis thaliana. TGA2 is a transcriptional repressor required for basal repression of PR-1, but during SAR, TGA2 recruits NPR1 as part of an enhanceosome. Transactivation by the enhanceosome requires the NPR1 BTB/POZ domain. However, the NPR1 BTB/POZ domain does not contain an autonomous transactivation domain; thus, its molecular role within the enhanceosome remains elusive. We now show by gel filtration analyses that TGA2 binds DNA as a dimer, tetramer, or oligomer. Using in vivo plant transcription assays, we localize the repression domain of TGA2 to the N terminus and demonstrate that this domain is responsible for modulating the DNA binding activity of the oligomer both in vitro and in vivo. We confirm that the NPR1 BTB/POZ domain interacts with and negates the molecular function of the TGA2 repression domain by excluding TGA2 oligomers from cognate DNA. These data distinguish the NPR1 BTB/POZ domain from other known BTB/POZ domains and establish its molecular role in the context of the Arabidopsis PR-1 gene enhanceosome.
Synergistic effect of chloride and NO2 on the atmospheric corrosion of bronze
Authors: Cao Xia , Wang Ning , Liu Ning 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of chloride along with NO2 on the atmospheric corrosion of bronze using exposure tests.Design/methodology/approachSurface tension tests and electrochemical impedance measurements together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive atomic X‐ray, and X‐ray diffraction are used to characterize the corrosion behavior.FindingsThe results of the weight loss measurements show that the whole corrosion kinetics can be described approximately by: ΔW=atb; the synergistic effect of chloride and NO2 is observed clearly, though no nitrate existed in the corrosion products.Originality/valueA new catalyst theory has been suggested in this paper, i.e. that NO2 acts as a catalyst during the corrosion process when significant quantities of chloride also are present.
The effect of heat treatment on element distribution and electrochemical properties of Al‐Zn‐In anodes
Authors: Gongtai Qi , Yubin Qiu 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of heat treatment on alloying element distribution and the electrochemical properties of Al‐5Zn‐0.03In anodes.Design/methodology/approachThe Al‐5Zn‐0.03In alloy anodes are treated at 510°C for 10 h, then cooled in water. Electron probe microanalysis of JXA‐8800 and EDAX quantitative energy dispersive X‐ray analysis is used to examine the microstructure of the anodes before and after heat treatment, and the electrochemical properties of the anodes are tested.FindingsBy heat treatment, the solubility of Zn in aluminum is increased while the solubilities of Fe and Si are changed only slightly. The quantity of the Al‐Zn intermetallic compounds is evidently decreased and the Al‐Fe‐Si intermetallic compound is preserved. Strip segregation along grain boundaries is changed to spherical particulates. The attack of aluminum anodes initiates and propagates in grain boundaries and interdendritic zones, which are enriched in In and Zn, so the current efficiency of the aluminum anodes is related to the degree of corrosion taking place at grain boundaries and the extent of exfoliation of grains. The greater the extent of Al‐Zn metallic compounds that are present at grain boundaries, the more sensitive to grain boundary corrosion is the alloy and the greater the degree of desquamation of grains, the lower is the current efficiency of the aluminum anode.Originality/valueThe results of this paper clarify the role of water‐quenching affect on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Al‐Zn‐In anodes.
Hybrid corrosion‐resistant coatings analyzed using electrochemical noise
Authors: García‐Hernandez Fernando , Hernández‐Sandoval Luis , Regalado‐González Carlos , Mojica‐Gómez José , Meas‐Vong Yunny , Espinosa‐Acosta Guillermo , Estévez Miriam , Castaño Victor 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the corrosion of carbon steel without coating and when protected using three different hybrid coatings, i.e. a bi‐component polyurethane with nano‐particles of SiO2with and without sacrificial anode particles, and a mono‐component polyurethane with SiO2particles.Design/methodology/approachIn this investigation three different nano‐structured coatings are developed and applied to steel substrates and then tested for their corrosion resistance (defined as “Rn”), under a very aggressive medium (pH=1.5) in a dynamic system (loop reactor). Their performance is evaluated using an electrochemical noise (EN) resistance technique. The electrodes are connected to a potentiostat and measurements are recorded as per the EN technique over a 2,048 s duration at 0, 24, and 48 h intervals. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are obtained before and after the corrosion trials to characterize the control and the different coating systems.FindingsThe results show that a bicomponent coating, made up of alkyd resin and silica nanoparticles demonstrated the best performance, whereas the coating formed by SiO2nanoparticles and polyurethane resin showed relatively low corrosion resistance. The inclusion of zinc nanoparticles in a third coating as sacrificial nano‐anodes led to segregation and resulted in moderate corrosion resistance. These results are confirmed by SEM observations.Originality/valueThe results obtained in this paper provide an insight to the understanding of the anticorrosion properties of three different hybrid coatings in a dynamic system (loop reactor).
The determination and identification of stray current source influences on buried pipelines using time/frequency analysis
Authors: Zakowski Krzysztof 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to detect the source of stray current interference on underground pipelines in urban areas using a joint time/frequency method of signal analysis.Design/methodology/approachInvestigations are performed on an underground pipeline located in the vicinity of the two direct current tractions: a tramway line and a train line. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of spectrograms, which illustrate changes in the spectral power density of the potential of the rails and of the potential of the pipe in the joint domain time‐frequency.FindingsThe comparison of the spectrograms can be used to evaluate if and which stray current source has influence on the investigated metal construction.Originality/valueThe combined analysis in the domain of time and frequency can be used as a supplementary one providing new information useful in the evaluation of stray current corrosion hazard. In the presence of several electric field sources in urban areas, this method reveals the complete time‐frequency characteristic of each stray current source and its interference on the investigated construction.
Linking folksonomy to Library of Congress subject headings: an exploratory study
Authors: Yi Kwan , Mai Chan Lois 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the linking of a folksonomy (user vocabulary) and LCSH (controlled vocabulary) on the basis of word matching, for the potential use of LCSH in bringing order to folksonomies.Design/methodology/approachA selected sample of a folksonomy from a popular collaborative tagging system, Delicious, was word‐matched with LCSH. LCSH was transformed into a tree structure called an LCSH tree for the matching. A close examination was conducted on the characteristics of folksonomies, the overlap of folksonomies with LCSH, and the distribution of folksonomies over the LCSH tree.FindingsThe experimental results showed that the total proportion of tags being matched with LC subject headings constituted approximately two‐thirds of all tags involved, with an additional 10 percent of the remaining tags having potential matches. A number of barriers for the linking as well as two areas in need of improving the matching are identified and described. Three important tag distribution patterns over the LCSH tree were identified and supported: skewedness, multifacet, and Zipfian‐pattern.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the study can be adopted for the development of innovative methods of mapping between folksonomy and LCSH, which directly contributes to effective access and retrieval of tagged web resources and to the integration of multiple information repositories based on the two vocabularies.Practical implicationsThe linking of controlled vocabularies can be applicable to enhance information retrieval capability within collaborative tagging systems as well as across various tagging system information depositories and bibliographic databases.Originality/valueThis is among frontier works that examines the potential of linking a folksonomy, extracted from a collaborative tagging system, to an authority‐maintained subject heading system. It provides exploratory data to support further advanced mapping methods for linking the two vocabularies.