bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Coast-Ledges in the South-West of the Cape Colony
Authors: Schwarz Ernest H. L. 
Published: October 2009

The subject of continental ledges has recently been brought into prominence in Europe and America by Prof. Hull, Prof. J.W. Spencer, and others; it is one in which attention to details has revealed many surprising results, which have modified our conception of the relation of land to sea, with the host of cognate problems. I offer the present contribution on the same subject, with the object of further emphasizing the importance of such investigations; for in South Africa we have the same set of phenomena, although we are able to study the movement in quite a different phase from that in which we find it in Europe and along the eastern coast of North America.
The writings of the above-mentioned authors, together with those of Prof. J. Geikie, Prof. A. Issel, and Prof. W. C. Brögger, have made the subject so familiar of recent years, that I need not enter into a discussion of the general principles involved. Suffice it to say that, as the land rises, there are set-backs which allow the wash of the breakers to cut level plateaux of marine denudation ; when a maximum elevation is reached, the land sinks and these ledges or fringing plateaux can be traced in the soundings set down on charts of the coast.In Europe, the first to draw attention to the subject were Godwin-Austen and De la Beche; and since then, the surveys for the submarine cables have furnished the information for a very complete statement of the occurrence in
The Rocks of the Cataracts of the River Madeira and the Adjoining Portions of the Beni and Mamoré
Authors: Evans John William 
Published: October 2009

I. General Configuration of the Region.
More than eleven years have passed since the publication of a paper by this Society on ‘The Geology of Matto Grosso,’ in which I described the rocks that I met with in the area drained by the Upper Paraguay and its tributaries. They include granitoid gneiss highly-cleaved slates, limestones, sandstones, and shales, and have a prevailing north-easterly and south-westerly strike parallel to the coast-ranges of Southern Brazil. To the northward they are covered unconformably by a younger series of sandstones and shales containing imperfectly-preserved Devonian fossils. These dip gently northward, and form a broad undulating tableland extending from east to west. Still farther north, between latitudes 10° and 4° S. on the Xingú (pronounced Shingu), Dr. Karl von den Steinen found granite, gneiss, and other crystalline rocks. Nothing is said about the strike, but it seems that the trend of the hills was approximately south-west and north-east, as in the basin of the Upper Paraguay.
East of the River Paraguay the high ground changes its trend, and stretches in a north-westerly direction to the cataracts of the Mamoré and Madeira, under the names of the Serra dos Parecis and Cordilheira Geral. At first it constitutes the watershed between the tributaries of the Paraguay and those of the Tapajós, while farther to the north-west it forms the north-eastern boundary of the basin of the River Guaporé or Itenes, which pursues its way in a parallel direction for nearly 400 miles on the north-eastern margin of
On Footprints from the Permian of Mansfield (Nottinghamshire)
Authors: Hickling George 
Published: October 2009

It is the object of this brief communication to call attention to a series of footprints discovered so long ago as October 1897 by Mr. Francis Holmes, of Leicester, the description of which has been delayed by the lamented death of the geologist to whom we owe their preservation, the late Mr. James Shipman, F.G.S., of Nottingham.
I. Notes on the Strata
These impressions were obtained from the Rock-Valley Quarry, Mansfield, in the Permian rocks north-east of the town, some 500 yards from the Permo-Triassic boundary, where they are overlapped by the Lower Mottled Sandstone. The rock which is here quarried is a lenticular mass of sandstone intercalated in the Magnesian Limestone, described by Aveline in the Geological Survey-Memoir on Sheet 82 S.E. 2nd ed. (1879) pp. 10–12, as a locally-sandy type of the limestone, passing laterally into the normal type. The stone is here yellowish-red in colour, becoming almost white on the opposite side of the town. It is by no means pure sandstone throughout, but contains irregular bands of ‘bastard,’ a term used by the quarrymen to indicate a calcareous sandstone. Every gradation may be found between a pure sandstone and the almost pure limestone.
The general succession in this quarry appears to be as follows, in descending order, though all the beds vary greatly
in thickness:
The Clay-with-Flints; its Origin and Distribution
Authors: Jukes-Browne Alfred John 
Published: October 2009

I. Definition and Theories of Origin
The peculiar deposit which has been termed ‘Clay-with-Flints’ is well known to most English geologists, as occurring in sheets or patches of various sizes over a large area in the South of England, from Hertfordshire on the north to Sussex on the south, and from Kent on the east to Devon on the west. It almost always lies on the surface of the Upper Chalk, but in Dorset it passes onto the Middle and Lower Chalk, and in Devon it is found on the Chert-Beds of the Selbornian Group.
The existence of a red clay full of flints, lying as a soil or deposit on the surface of the Chalk, was well known to geologists in the middle of last century, such as Trimmer, Lyell, and Prestwich; and some appear to have regarded it as a residue derived from the solution and disintegration of the Chalk, but Joshua Trimmer in 1851 maintained that it and the other ‘soils which cover the Chalk of Kent’ were the result of aqueous transport.
It was not until 1861 that it was described as a special accumulation or aggregation by Mr. Whitaker, under the name of Clay-with-Flints; and not until 1864 that he ventured to suggest an explanation of its formation. His belief was and still is that ‘the Clay-with-Flints is of many ages, and may be forming even at the present day, and that it is owing in great part to the slow decomposition of the Chalk
The Buttermere and Ennerdale Granophyre
Authors: Rastall Robert Heron 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In the western part of the English Lake-District there occurs a large development of igneous rocks, which are conveniently described, collectively, as the Buttermere and Ennerdale Granophyre. This group extends for nearly 10 miles from north to south, and for nearly 5 miles from east to west. In this large area are to be found several different rock-types, which present many features of interest; and, at the suggestion of Dr. J. E. Marr, F.R.S., I have undertaken the investigation of the phenomena shown in this district.
The first and only detailed description of this rock-mass was given by Clifton Ward nearly 30 years ago; and the subject has apparently never been touched as a whole by modern methods, although Mr. Alfred Harker has published a short description of some specimens from the Wastwater district.
The map (fig. 1, p. 254) shows that the exposure of this group of rocks is very irregular in form: to the west of Buttermere is a somewhat lenticular mass about 2 1/2 miles long by nearly a mile wide, forming the lower part of High Stile, and the main mass of Red Pike and Gale Fell. The southern boundary of this intrusion cuts across the summit of Red Pike; and there is a strong contrast between the rugged crags of High Stile, formed of volcanic rocks of the Borrowdale Series, and the smooth outlines given by the intrusive rocks of Red Pike. This intrusion is connected with a much larger
The Constitution of the Interior of the Earth, as Revealed by Earthquakes
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon 
Published: October 2009

I. Introductory.
Of all regions of the earth none invites speculation more than that which lies beneath our feet, and in none is speculation more dangerous; yet, apart from speculation, it is little that we can say regarding the constitution of the interior of the earth. We know, with sufficient accuracy for most purposes, its size and shape: we know that its mean density is about 5 1/2 times that of water, that the density must increase towards the centre, and that the temperature must be high, but beyond these facts little can be said to be known. Many theories of the earth have been propounded at different times: the central substance of the earth has been supposed to be fiery, fluid, solid, and gaseous in turn, till geologists have turned in despair from the subject, and become inclined to confine their attention to the outermost crust of the earth, leaving its centre as a playground for mathematicians.
The object of this paper is not to introduce another speculation, but to point out that the subject is, at least partly, removed from the realm of speculation into that of knowledge by the instrument of research which the modern seismograph has placed in our hands. Just as the spectroscope opened up a new astronomy by enabling the astronomer to determine some of the constituents of which distant stars are composed, so the seismograph, recording the unfelt motion of distant earthquakes, enables us to see into the earth and
The Eruption of Vesuvius in April 1906
Authors: de Lorenzo Giuseppe 
Published: October 2009

After the great, eruption of April 26th, 1872, the exhausted volcano lapsed into comparative repose for three years, a repose marked by merely solfataric phenomena, to awaken again in 1875, however, to a state of strombolian activity, which continued until the beginning of this present month of April, punctuated now and then by phases of lateral outpourings of lava, such as those of the years 1885,1889, 1891, 1895, etc. In the course of these the great cone was fissured, and there flowed from the fissures month after month and year after year, piling up on itself, a lava mostly of the Pahoehoe type, dense and pasty, that is, insufficiently saturated with steam and superheated water.
Meanwhile, however, the quantity of this water was slowly increasing within the subterranean furnace, as was proved by the great outbursts from the principal crater, which took place in May 1900 and September 1904. As the amount of this steam and the degree of its tension continued to increase, on May 27th, 1905, fissures were rent in the north-north-western wall of the cone, whence rivulets of lava began to pour forth, from an altitude of about 3600 feet. This went on until the beginning of the present month of April, the new lava finding its way down the little valley which runs between the two hills of lava heaped up by the eruptions of 1891 and 1895, and flowing also westward in such wise as to cut the electric railway along that portion of the
On the Relations of the Chalk and Boulder-Clay near Royston (Hertfordshire)
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

In a paper read before the Geological Society in 1903, Mr. H. B. Woodward described three sections exhibited in pits on the Chalk-uplands to the south of Royston, which in his opinion indicated that a great ice-sheet, as it advanced from the north, had sheared off large masses of Chalk and left them mixed up with its ground or englacial moraine (the Chalky Boulder-Clay). I am aware that authorities may be cited in support of such an association ; but as I have visited more than one alleged instance of it without becoming a convert, and am doubtful whether any British ice-sheet ever extended so far to the south, I venture to state why I am still unconvinced. I carefully examined, in July 1904, the pit lying ‘south-west of Newsell’s Park and north of Barkway’: selecting this because it evidently afforded the strongest support to Mr. Woodward’s view, and came away less than ever a believer. Last October I returned thither in company with my friend, the Rev. E. Hill, then but recently back from his third visit to Möen, in order to have the benefit of his experienced eye; and from this pit we went on to that at ‘Pinner's Cross, Smith's End, south of Barley.’ He took some photographs, which have been useful to me in checking my diagrams; and I may add that, in all important respects, he agrees with the views expressed in this paper.
It will save time to state at the outset that I
On the Occurence of Limestone of the Lower Carboniferous Series in the Cannock-Chase Portion of the South Staffordshire Coalfield
Authors: Cockin George Marmaduke 
Published: October 2009

The South Staffordshire Coalfield embraces a district 26 miles in length, and includes the southern portion of Staffordshire as well as portions of Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and Shropshire. Over the southern portion of this coalfield the Coal-Measures rest directly upon the Silurian limestone. This is known to be the case as far north as the Great Bentley Fault, north of which a deep sinking and borehole at No. 2 pit, Cannock-Chase Colliery, proved a thickness of 1212 feet of Coal-Measures below the Deep Coal-Seam, succeeded by 102 feet of limestone-rock, said to be Silurian limestone.
It has been thought up to the present time, in the absence of any proof to the contrary, that the Lower Carboniferous rocks are altogether wanting in this area. Jukes, in his Geological Survey Memoir on the South Staffordshire Coalfield, 2nd ed. (1859) p. xii, says:— ‘These vast formations of Old Red Sandstone and Carboniferous Limestone (to say nothing of the lower part of the Coal-Measure Series or Millstone Grit) are altogether absent in South Staffordshire, neither is there the slightest reason for supposing that any part of them ever existed in that district.’
Dr. Charles Lapworth & Mr. A. Sopwith, in Part III of the Report of the Royal Commission on Coal-Supplies, published in 1905, make the following statement:— ‘Neither Carboniferous Limestone nor Millstone Grit are known to occur within the limits of the South Staffordshire Coalfield. The oldest beds yet recognized are certain Ganister-like strata associated with the deepest Coal-Measures in the borings in
The Ordovician Rocks of Western Caermarthenshire
Authors: Evans David Cledlyn 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
This little contribution to the geology of Caermarthenshire is the result of leisure-work done during some years’ residence in the district.

The ground dealt with is practically identical with that examined by the late Thomas Roberts, M.A., whose notes were published in the Quarterly Journal of this Society for May 1893 (vol. xlix): that is, from the River Cywyn on the east to the Tave on the west, and from the base of the Old Red Sandstone on the south to the top of the
Dicranograptus
-Shales on the north—roughly, a rectangular tract of country 11 miles long by 6 miles wide.

(1) Previous work done.—George Owen, of Henllys, as long ago as the year 1595, had given some attention to the economic geology of the district, and in a manuscript, an extract from which is appended to Richard Fenton's ‘Historical Tour through Pembrokeshire,’ refers to certain limestone-bands that occur here, noting, by the way, the proximity of limestones to the coal-deposits of the country. This inference has, from time to time, led to much expenditure of labour and money in a futile search for coal. Levels were driven and pits were sunk; but, of course, no coal was found—except in the fertile imagination of credulous though well-meaning people.
The district was examined by the officers of the Geological Survey in 1842, and the results of their labours are recorded in Sheets xli (Map) and 13 (Sections).
John Phillips, in his Memoir on the Malvern and Abberley Hills, records
The Kimeridge Clay and Corallian Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Brill (Buckinghamshire)
Authors: Davies Arthur Morley 
Published: October 2009

A few miles east of Oxford the Corallian limestones and sands disappear abruptly, and for a long distance to the east and northeast the whole of the Upper Jurassic Series between the Cornbrash and the Portland Beds consists of clay, with some local rock-beds intercalated here and there. With this disappearance of stone comes a great falling-off in the number of exposures; therefore it is not surprising that, while the Portland and Purbeck Beds of Brill and Aylesbury have attracted much attention, the strata below them have been neglected by geologists. In the Geological-Survey memoir on the Middle and Upper Oolitic rocks of England (1895), Mr. H. B. Woodward ends a brief account of the district between Wheatley and Quainton with the sentence ‘Further research in the district is desirable’ (p. 135). It is as a contribution to this further research that this paper is offered.
The eleven years that have passed since that memoir was published have brought some changes to the district. At that time perhaps the most difficult of access of any so near to London, it is now traversed by two main lines of railway, while a third is on the point of being constructed. Large brickfields have been opened up for the supply of London and the residential districts of Buckinghamshire. On the other hand, the closing of small stone- and brick-pits continues, to the sorrow of the geologist.
I began the study of the strata below the Portlandian in this district in 1899, and
Notes on the Raised Beaches of Taltal (Northern Chile)
Authors: Evans Oswald Hardey 
Published: October 2009

It is well known that the coast of Western South America presents, practically throughout its entire length, phenomena usually considered as being evidences of recent elevation, and the researches of Darwin long ago rendered familiar the shell-beds and terraces of Coquimbo, Huasco, Caldera, and other localities on the Chilian seaboard. Between Caldera and Iquique, however, the coast-phenomena have had little more than passing references bestowed upon them, the minor settlements of the Atacama Desert being seldom visited by travellers until of late years.
At Iquique, Darwin found shells at a height estimated between 150 and 200 feet, and A. d'Orbigny observed recent shells in Cobija at 300 feet above sea-level. David Forbes states that, between Mexillones and Arica, the evidences of elevation above 40 feet are unsatisfactory.
During a residence of two years at Taltal, I devoted much of my leisure to the study of the geology of the district. In communicating the following observations on the raised beaches, I have to mention with regret the entire loss of all my notes and photographs and practically the whole of my collection of fossils, in the Valparaiso earthquake of August 16th, 1906. Having, therefore, to depend almost entirely upon memory, I have been careful to confine myself to statements which I know to be correct, but am nevertheless fully conscious of the imperfection of the paper necessarily resulting from the lack of my original notes.
The town of Taltal, formerly insignificant but becoming daily of more importance as a port for
The Age and Origin of the Plateaus around Torquay
Authors: Jukes-Browne Alfred John 
Published: October 2009

Having lately paid special attention to the hills and valleys of the Torquay district, I have been struck with the fact that the hills fall into two categories: first, those which rise above the level of a certain inclined plain or plateau; secondly, those which seem to have been carved out of this plateau. In the first category are the Warberry and Lincombe Hills, and the high ground above Kilmorie which bears no special name, but may, for the sake of convenience, be called ‘Kilmorie Hill.’ In the second category are nearly all the other hills within the Torquay watersheds; few of these hills rise much above 300 feet, and many of them are flat-topped, such as Daison Hill and Lummaton Hill.
Besides these flat-topped eminences, there are also definite plateaus which cannot be called ‘hills,’ but are obviously portions of one or more ancient plains. As instances of these, I need only mention the Babbacombe Downs, and the smaller tract which is known by the rustic appellation of Daddy-Hole Plain.
The plateaus around Torquay, and the problems which they offer to the student of physical geography, did not escape the notice of William Pengelly, who referred to them ill 1864 as ‘terraces of denudation.’ He seems to have regarded them as submarine platforms produced by the planing action of sea-waves at a time
‘not very remote geologically—when the entire district was below the sea-level.’
In 1866 he developed the idea still further in a paper on ‘Lithodomous Perforations... in
Note on the Cervical Vertebra of a
Zeuglodon
from the Barton Clay of Barton Cliff (Hampshire)
Authors: Andrews Charles William 
Published: October 2009

In the year 1876, Prof. H. G. Seeley published in the Journal of this Society a short account of a small
Zeuglodon
from the Barton Clay of Barton Cliff. This specimen, which was made the type of the species
Zeuglodon
Wanklyni, was discovered in 1872 and came into the possession of Dr. Arthur Wanklyn, by whom Prof. Seeley was requested to draw up some notes on this important find. Fortunately he did so, for at Dr. Wanklyn's death all trace of the specimen was lost, and it was no doubt on this account that the notes had to be published without illustrations.

In 1881, Prof. J. W.,Iudd 2 gave an account of the discovery of a cetacean vertebra in the Brockenhurst Beds of Roydon (Hampshire) : this specimen was described by Prof. Seeley under the name
Balænoptera Juddi
, but he now, no doubt rightly, regards it as belonging to a
Zeuglodon
. Until quite lately no further remains of Zeuglodonts had been found in Britain, but some months ago Mr. H Eliot-Walton, who has done much collecting in the Hampshire cliffs, found a cervical vertebra of
Zeuglodon
, and it is to this specimen that the present note refers.

The vertebra is a posterior cervical, probably the sixth. The centrum is roughly oval in outline, its greatest width, which is situated nearer the ventral than the dorsal surface, being greater than the height.
The anterior face is almost flat, with a median depression, and marked by irregular ridges
On the Cretaceous Formation of Bahia (Brazil), and on Vertebrate Fossils collected therein
Authors: Mawson Joseph , Woodward Arthur Smith 
Published: October 2009

I. Stratigphy. [J. M.]
At the end of the year 1859, Mr. Samuel Allport communicated to the Geological Society his discovery of a series of fossiliferous rocks, apparently of Mesozoic age, in the neighbourhood of Bahia (Brazil). In 1870 the same formation was more adequately described by Prof. C. F. Hartt, who regarded it as probably equivalent to the Neocomian of Europe; and, in 1878, the whole of the Cretaceous basin of Bahia formed the subject of a memoir by Dr. Orville A. Derby. The work of all these authors emphasized the importance of systematic collecting from the highly-fossiliferous deposits of the series in question; and it has been my pleasure and privilege, at intervals during the past thirty years, to devote considerable time to this task. Most of the fossil mollusca thus obtained have been monographed by Dr. C. A. White, while the fossil vertebrata have been described by the late Prof. E. D. Cope and Dr. A. Smith Woodward. No summary of results, however, has hitherto appeared; and, as my opportunities tor continuing the work are now almost at an end, I venture to offer to the Geological Society some general observations, to precede a discussion of my collection of vertebrate fossils, which has been prepared by Dr. Smith Woodward
As already remarked by Allport, the Cretaceous rocks of Bahia have a general north-westerly dip, but the series is so much disturbed and contorted that the actual dip differs in almost every section. It was, in fact