bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building store brands using store image differentiation
Authors: Saraswat Amit , Mammen Toby , Aagja Jayesh P. , Tewari Ruchi 
Published: August 2010

PurposeThe opening up of the Indian retail sector has seen a proliferation of the corporate players through different retail formats and stores – the majority being in the food and groceries. This necessitates creating, building, and managing differentiated retail store brands, and image differentiation, to attract and retain shoppers. This research paper attempts to understand whether the Indian consumers differentiate the various store brands and images based on their experiences.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted in two stages – list of parameters of evaluation of retail store image (developed from the literature), discussed with middle‐level managers from the retail sector to finalize parameters relevant for store image measurement in the Indian context and a questionnaire evolved for primary data collection, administered to 326 SEC A and B respondents (shoppers of food and grocery from modern retail stores). To assess the store image dimensions perceived by these shoppers, factor analysis was employed and for understanding various store image attributes used for differentiation of store brands one‐way analysis of variance was employed.FindingsResults reflect that Indian shoppers have started identifying the dimensions of retail store image and are differentiating the various stores on the basis of functional attributes. Eventually, the stores would have to create differentiation based on psychological attributes.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited to the organised modern food and grocery retail stores of Ahmedabad city.Originality/valueThe paper can be helpful to Indian retail store chains to focus on elements to create a differentiated store image.
Unchanged capacity of urea synthesis during acute phase response in rats
Authors: Thomsen Karen L. , Aagaard Niels K. , Nielsen Susanne S. , Grønbæk Henning , Jessen Niels , Frystyk Jan , Vilstrup Hendrik 
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 16–22AbstractBackground  The acute phase response presents a catabolic event related to increased waste of amino‐N via hepatic urea synthesis despite an increased need for amino‐N incorporation into acute phase proteins. In our previous studies, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) acutely up‐regulated the in vivo capacity of urea–nitrogen synthesis (CUNS) in rats before the hepatic acute phase response was established. To extend these observations, this study aimed to clarify the regulation of N elimination via urea during the later stages of the acute phase response.Methods  Twenty‐four hours after i.v. injection of 25 μg kg−1 TNF‐α or placebo, we determined the in vivo CUNS, hepatocyte urea cycle enzyme protein levels and mRNA levels of the urea cycle enzyme genes in pair‐fed rats. In addition, serum acute phase proteins and their liver mRNA levels were measured.Results  After TNF‐α, CUNS and hepatocyte urea cycle enzyme protein expressions were unchanged while urea cycle enzyme mRNA levels decreased. Liver mRNA levels of α2MG, haptoglobin and α1AGP rose and their serum levels increased equally.Conclusion  Despite a fully established 24‐h acute phase response, there was no change in the in vivo capacity for disposal of amino‐N by urea synthesis or in the urea cycle enzyme proteins, although the expression of the urea cycle enzyme genes was decreased. Thus, in vivo urea synthesis was not orchestrated together with acute phase protein synthesis so as to limit N waste despite genetic regulation to this effect. This may contribute towards catabolism of inflammation.
Differences in fine root productivity between mixed‐ and single‐species stands
Authors: Brassard Brian W. , Chen Han Y. H. , Bergeron Yves , Paré David 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. The diversity–productivity debate has so far been focused above‐ground, despite that below‐ground production can account for approximately half of total annual net primary production, mostly from fine roots. 2. Here, we investigate the fine root productivity of mature, fire‐origin stands of Populus tremuloides–Picea spp.–Abies balsamea (mixed‐species stands) and relatively pure P. tremuloides (single‐species stands) in two regions of North American boreal forest to better understand the link between plant diversity and below‐ground productivity in forest ecosystems. We hypothesized that: (i) mixed‐species stands have higher fine root productivity compared with single‐species stands and (ii) this difference may be the result of greater soil space filling by the fine roots due to the contrasting rooting traits of the component species in the mixed‐species stands. 3. We found that fine root productivity, measured by annual production and total biomass, was higher in mixed‐ than single‐species stands. We also found that mixed‐species stands had lower and higher horizontal and vertical fine root biomass heterogeneity, respectively, indicating that soil space is more fully occupied by fine roots in the mixed‐ than single‐species stands. 4. In all, our study supports that below‐ground niche differentiation may be a key driver of higher fine root productivity in mixed stands of species with contrasting rooting traits than single‐species stands by facilitating greater soil space filling of fine roots and soil resource exploitation.
The effect of ultrasonically activated irrigation on reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals
Authors: Harrison A. J. , Chivatxaranukul P. , Parashos P. , Messer H. H. 
Published: August 2010

Harrison AJ, Chivatxaranukul P, Parashos P, Messer HH. The effect of ultrasonically activated irrigation on reduction of Enterococcus faecalis in experimentally infected root canals. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 968–977, 2010.AbstractAim  To investigate the ability of an ultrasonically activated irrigating system to eliminate bacteria from the canal wall and dentinal tubules of extracted teeth.Methodology  One hundred and thirty roots of intact human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks. The straight roots were randomly allocated to a baseline group (n = 25) or subjected to routine cleaning and shaping procedures (n = 105). Two sub‐groups of prepared canals were then additionally exposed either to ultrasonic irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 1 min (n = 35) or to 1 week of intracanal medication with calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] (n = 35). All roots were processed for light microscopy (Brown and Brenn stain) (n = 28) or scanning electron microscopy (n = 7). Triplicate histological sections from each of the apical, middle and coronal thirds were scored for bacterial presence using pre‐defined criteria.Results  Baseline bacterial penetration resulted in an average depth of tubule invasion of 151 μm. Routine canal preparation failed to eliminate bacteria consistently from either the canal wall or within tubules. Ultrasonic irrigation and medication with Ca(OH)2 consistently eliminated bacteria from the canal wall (P < 0.001) compared with baseline and routine treatment, and more frequently from dentinal tubules than routine canal preparation alone (P < 0.01). Ultrasonic irrigation was as effective in bacterial reduction as 1 week of intracanal medication with Ca(OH)2, but neither led to complete bacterial elimination in all roots.Conclusions  Ultrasonically activated irrigation for 1 min with 1% NaOCl after canal preparation in straight root canals is potentially an effective supplementary step in microbial control.
Efficacy of three different rotary files to remove gutta‐percha and Resilon from root canals
Authors: Marfisi K. , Mercade M. , Plotino G. , Duran‐Sindreu F. , Bueno R. , Roig M. 
Published: August 2010

Marfisi K, Mercade M, Plotino G, Duran‐Sindreu F, Bueno R, Roig M. Efficacy of three different rotary files to remove gutta‐percha and Resilon from root canals. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1022–1028, 2010.AbstractAim  To evaluate the efficacy of ProTaper Retreatment files, Mtwo Retreatment files and Twisted Files for removal of gutta‐percha and Resilon in straight root canals.Methodology  Ninety single root canals were instrumented and randomly allocated into 6 groups of 15 specimens each with regards to the filling material and instruments used. Group 1: gutta‐percha/ProTaper; Group 2: Resilon/ProTaper; Group 3: gutta‐percha/Mtwo; Group 4: Resilon/Mtwo; Group 5: gutta‐percha/Twisted Files; Group 6: Resilon/Twisted Files. For all roots, the following data were recorded: procedural errors, duration of retreatment, canal wall cleanliness through optical microscope and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Data were statistically analysed, and the level of significance was set at P = 0.05.Results  No system completely removed the root filling material from root canal walls. No significant differences were observed between the rotary systems in terms of the area of filling material left within the canals (P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences between the filling materials: Resilon/Real Seal had less residual material than gutta‐percha/AH plus (CBCT: P = 0.01; microscope: P = 0.018). Mtwo Retreatment files were more rapid when removing filling material than ProTaper Retreatment files (P = 0.19) and Twisted Files (P = 0.04).Conclusions  No system removed the root filling materials entirely. Mtwo Retreatment files required less time to remove root filling material than the other instruments. Resilon was removed significantly better from the canal walls than gutta‐percha, irrespective of the rotary instruments used.
Women’s experience of an emergency caesarean birth
Authors: Somera Marie J , Feeley Nancy , Ciofani Luisa 
Published: August 2010

Aims. To explore women’s experience of an emergency caesarean birth to gain a better understanding of their thoughts, and feelings throughout the birth process.Background. Women who experience an emergency caesarean birth have an increased risk of psychological distress, however, little is known about the nature of this experience from their perspective. Given the sudden and unexpected nature of this type of birth and the increased risk of psychological distress for these women, it is important for nurses to understand the experience of women who have had an emergency caesarean birth.Design. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted.Method. Nine Canadian women who had healthy infants were interviewed a few days after having an emergency caesarean birth. Thematic analysis of interview data was conducted concurrent with the data collection.Results. Seven themes were identified describing the women’s experience: (1) It was for the best, (2) I did not have control, (3) Everything was going to be okay, (4) I was so disappointed, (5) I was so scared, (6) I could not believe it and (7) I was excited.Conclusion. A key finding was that women felt out of control during this event and used reassuring thoughts to minimise their distress.Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses should aim to enhance women’s perception of control during the emergency caesarean birth, encourage open expression of their thoughts and feelings about the birth experience, and support the use of positive reframing to cope with this event.
Substrate path in the AcrB multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli
Authors: Husain Fasahath , Nikaido Hiroshi 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA major tripartite multidrug efflux pump of Escherichia coli, AcrAB–TolC, confers resistance to a wide variety of compounds. The drug molecule is captured by AcrB probably from the periplasm or the periplasm/inner membrane interface, and is passed through AcrB and then TolC to the medium. Currently, there exist numerous crystallographic and mutation data concerning the regions of AcrB and its homologues that may interact with substrates. Starting with these data, we devised fluorescence assays in whole cells to determine the entire substrate path through AcrB. We tested 48 residues in AcrB along the predicted substrate path and 25 gave positive results, based on the covalent labelling of cysteine residues by a lipophilic dye‐maleimide and the blocking of Nile red efflux by covalent labelling with bulky maleimide reagents. These residues are all located in the periplasmic domain, in regions we designate as the lower part of the large external cleft, the cleft itself, the crystallographically defined binding pocket, and the gate between the pocket and the funnel. Our observations suggest that the substrate is captured in the lower cleft region of AcrB, then transported through the binding pocket, the gate and finally to the AcrB funnel that connects AcrB to TolC.
Changes in the mucosal barrier during acute and chronic Trichuris muris infection
Authors: HASNAIN S. Z. , THORNTON D. J. , GRENCIS R. K. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe intestinal mucosal barrier, part of the innate immune defence, is responsive to the external environment and changes in response to infection. There is disparate evidence for the epithelial and goblet cell products within the intrinsic barrier being part of a response to resolve infection. We comprehensively analysed the changes of mucosal glycoconjugates during acute and chronic infection by utilising the Trichuris muris (T. muris) model. Transcription factors, atonal homolog 1 (Math‐1) and SAM pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (Spdef) were activated during acute infection, which promoted stem cell fate towards a secretory cell phenotype. The thickness of the intermediate barrier, the carbohydrate‐rich glycocalyx, composed of cell surface mucins increased with exposure to T. muris, with an increase in Muc4, Muc13 and Muc17. Overall, hypersecretion of glycoproteins into the extrinsic barrier (mediated by IL‐13) via the gamma amino‐butyric acid‐α3 receptor (GABA‐α3), was observed during acute infection. Furthermore, altered glycosylation was observed during acute and chronic infection; mucins were more highly charged during acute infection than during chronic infection. This study readdresses the changes within the mucosal barrier, in particular in the cell surface and secreted mucins during acute and chronic nematode infection.
Levels of DNAJB family members (HSP40) correlate with disease onset in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3
Authors: Zijlstra M. P. , Rujano M. A. , Van Waarde M. A. , Vis E. , Brunt E. R. , Kampinga H. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn polyglutamine disorders, the length of the expanded CAG repeat shows a strong inverse correlation with the age at disease onset, yet up to 50% of the variation in age of onset is determined by other additional factors. Here, we investigated whether variations in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP) are related to differences in the age of onset in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)3. Hereto, we analysed the protein expression levels of HSPA1A (HSP70), HSPA8 (HSC70), DNAJB (HSP40) and HSPB1 (HSP27) in fibroblasts from patients and healthy controls. HSPB1 levels were significantly upregulated in fibroblasts from patients with SCA3, but without relation to age of onset. Exclusively for expression of DNAJB family members, a correlation was found with the age of onset independent of the length of the CAG repeat expansion. This indicates that DNAJB members might be contributors to the variation in age of onset and underlines the possible use of DNAJB proteins as therapeutic targets.
The dual diagnosis capability of residential addiction treatment centres: Priorities and confidence to improve capability following a review process
Authors: MATTHEWS HAROLD , KELLY PETER J. , DEANE FRANK P. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Introduction and Aims. The Dual Diagnosis Capability of Addiction Treatment (DDCAT) index is used to assess the capacity of substance abuse services to work with individuals with co‐occurring mental health problems. The current study aimed to: (i) examine the dual diagnosis capability of residential substance abuse programs in Australia; (ii) identify managers' perceptions regarding both priorities and confidence for change following the completion of the DDCAT; and (iii) to examine the usefulness of the DDCAT to residential substance abuse programs. Design and Methods. The DDCAT was completed across 16 residential substance abuse units. An external researcher administered and scored the DDCAT. A Unit Manager from each site completed the Comorbidity Priorities and Confidence Survey following the completion of the DDCAT review. This survey examined the usefulness of the DDCAT, and the unit's priorities to improve its capability, and confidence to improve its DDCAT score. Results. Across the services, program structure and staff training were the DDCAT domains that required the most improvement. While training was the highest endorsed priority area for improvement, program structure was the lowest priority. Overall the Unit Managers reported positive attitudes towards use of the DDCAT and were confident that their unit could improve their DDCAT scores. Discussion and Conclusions. DDCAT scores of Australian residential substance abuse programs are comparable with previous published results. However, there is still substantial work required to improve the capability of these programs. Future research should examine strategies to promote sustained improvements in the capability of residential substance abuse programs.[Matthews H, Kelly PJ, Deane FP. The dual diagnosis capability of residential addiction treatment centres: Priorities and confidence to improve capability following a review process. Drug Alcohol Rev 2010]
Deletion of fucose residues in plant N‐glycans by repression of the GDP‐mannose 4,6‐dehydratase gene using virus‐induced gene silencing and RNA interference
Authors: Matsuo Kouki , Matsumura Takeshi 
Published: August 2010

SummaryProduction of pharmaceutical glycoproteins in plants has many advantages in terms of safety and reduced costs. However, plant‐produced glycoproteins have N‐glycans with plant‐specific sugar residues (core β‐1,2‐xylose and α‐1,3‐fucose) and a Lewis a (Lea) epitope, i.e., Galβ(1‐3)[Fucα(1‐4)]GlcNAc. Because these sugar residues and glycan structures seemed to be immunogenic, several attempts have been made to delete them by repressing their respective glycosyltransferase genes. However, until date, such deletions have not been successful in completely eliminating the fucose residues. In this study, we simultaneously reduced the plant‐specific core α‐1,3‐fucose and α‐1,4‐fucose residues in the Lea epitopes by repressing the Guanosine 5′‐diphosphate (GDP)‐D‐mannose 4,6‐dehydratase (GMD) gene, which is associated with GDP‐L‐fucose biosynthesis, in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Repression of GMD was achieved using virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) and RNA interference (RNAi). The proportion of fucose‐free N‐glycans found in total soluble protein from GMD gene‐repressed plants increased by 80% and 95% following VIGS and RNAi, respectively, compared to wild‐type plants. A small amount of putative galactose substitution in N‐glycans from the NbGMD gene‐repressed plants was observed, similar to what has been previously reported GMD‐knockout Arabidopsis mutant. On the other hand, the recombinant mouse granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) with fucose‐deleted N‐glycans was successfully produced in NbGMD‐RNAi transgenic N. benthamiana plants. Thus, repression of the GMD gene is thus very useful for deleting immunogenic total fucose residues and facilitating the production of pharmaceutical glycoproteins in plants.
Emodin suppresses lipopolysaccharide‐induced pro‐inflammatory responses and NF‐κB activation by disrupting lipid rafts in CD14‐negative endothelial cells
Authors: Meng Guoquan , Liu Yiyao , Lou Changchun , Yang Hong 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Emodin [1,3,8‐trihydroxy‐6‐methylanthraquinone] has been reported to exhibit vascular anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the corresponding mechanisms are not well understood. The present study was designed to explore the molecular target(s) of emodin in modifying lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐associated signal transduction pathways in endothelial cells.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cultured primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs; passages 3–5) were pre‐incubated with emodin (1–50 µg·mL−1). LPS‐induced expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6] and chemokines (IL‐8; CCL2/MCP‐1) were determined by reverse transcription‐PCR and elisa. Nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation, inhibitor of κB (IκB)α degradation and Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4) were detected by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Cholesterol depletion [by methyl β‐cyclodextrin (MBCD), a specific cholesterol binding agent] and cholesterol replenishment were further used to investigate the roles of lipid rafts in activation of HUVECs.KEY RESULTS Emodin inhibited, concentration‐dependently, the expression of LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6) and chemokines (IL‐8, CCL2) and, in parallel, inhibited NF‐κB activation and IκBα degradation in HUVECs. However, emodin did not inhibit the NF‐κB activation and IκBα degradation induced by IL‐1β. The cholesterol binding agent, MBCD, inhibited LPS‐induced NF‐κB activation in passaged HUVECs [which also lack the LPS receptor, membrane CD14 (mCD14)], showing that lipid rafts played a key role in LPS signalling in mCD14‐negative HUVECs. Moreover, emodin disrupted the formation of lipid rafts in cell membranes by depleting cholesterol.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Lipid rafts were crucial in facilitating inflammatory responses of mCD14‐negative HUVECs to LPS. Emodin disrupted lipid rafts through depleting cholesterol and, consequently, inhibited inflammatory responses in endothelial cells.
Tuning in to the ‘right’ calcium channel regulation in experimental models of diabetes
Authors: Sturek M 
Published: August 2010

Elucidation of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying vascular disease is of fundamental importance to the development of pharmacological agents to target these pathways. Pinho et al. in this issue of the BJP provide highly compelling evidence that the δ isoform of phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase (PI3K δ) was upregulated and accounted for the increase in L‐type, voltage‐gated, Ca channel current in aortic vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells of a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. There are several key issues of broad fundamental significance to this work. Firstly, what is the ‘right’ answer about calcium channel regulation in diabetes? Conflicting reports of increased and decreased Ca channel current may be due to specificity of the vascular bed and species. Then, the time course of diabetic vasculopathy may influence the expression of contractile versus proliferative phenotypes of VSM. Also the metabolic characterization of diabetes may enlighten or confound any study of diabetic vascular disease. These issues need attention to move forward work in this area.LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on Pinho et al., pp. 1458–1471 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00955.x