bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grape powdery mildew as a food source for generalist predatory mites occurring in vineyards: effects on life‐history traits
Authors: Pozzebon A. , Loeb G.M. , Duso C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn several perennial cropping systems, generalist or omnivorous species represent important biocontrol agents. They can persist on plants by feeding on alternative foods when prey is scarce and potentially limit pest outbreaks. Among beneficials characterised by a wide food range, those belonging to the acarine family Phytoseiidae represent important biocontrol agents. Generalist predatory mites can develop and reproduce using various food sources as alternatives to their tetranychid prey. The presence of alternative food sources can also induce switching feeding behaviour of generalist predators from prey to alternative foods. We evaluated in the laboratory the role of the grape powdery mildew (GPM) for the survival, development and reproduction of Amblyseius andersoni and Typhlodromus pyri, two important beneficial phytoseiid mites, in European and North‐American vineyards. We also compared life‐history parameters obtained when feeding on GPM with those obtained feeding on tetranychids mite prey or cattail pollen. Results indicated that GPM is an adequate food source for generalist mite survival and development. Results suggest that GPM can sustain mite populations in the absence of higher quality food sources. Based on optimal foraging theory, comparison of life‐history parameters on GPM and mite prey suggests that the disruption of phytophagous mite control by these predatory mites in the presence of GPM appears unlikely. Implications for biological control in vineyards are discussed.
DIAGENETIC‐GEOCHEMICAL PATTERNS AND FLUID EVOLUTION HISTORY OF A LOWER JURASSIC PETROLEUM SOURCE ROCK, MIDDLE ATLAS, MOROCCO
Authors: Rachidi M. , Neuweiler F. , Kirkwood D. 
Published: March 2009

Pliensbachian to earliest Toarcian marls and argillaceous limestones exposed at the surface near Aït Moussa (Boulemane Province, Middle Atlas) include the only examples of effective petroleum source rocks so far known in the Moroccan Atlas rift basins. The outcrop interval includes hemipelagic, peri‐Tethyan low latitude source rocks with Type II kerogen (total thickness of 2.5 m with mean TOC of around 3.2%). Early diagenetic, anoxic remineralisation of sedimentary organic matter resulted in hydraulic fractures, calcite cementation, a negative shift of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes relative to marine values (Δδ13C = ‐1.1; Δδ18O = ‐2.0), framboidal pyrite, and relative enrichment of the middle weight rare earth elements (REE). In combination, these attributes of early diagenesis may assist in the identification of other source rock intervals of similar age and setting.Progressive burial produced three generations of Fe‐calcite cemented veins, followed by three generations of replacive dolomite and concluded by ankerite replacing dolomite. Compaction fluids initially caused a slight positive shift of δ13C values (Δδ13C =+0.4), a flattening of the REE distribution pattern and an increase in REE content, together related to the dewatering of clay. Dolomitizing fluids (dol‐2 and dol‐3) record a positive shift of δ13C values (Δδ13C =+0.9) suggesting the effects of methanogenesis or an uptake of heavy δ13C from underlying rock formations during fluid migration. Dol‐3 is an Fe‐bearing saddle dolomite that carries a positive Eu‐anomaly (Eu/Eu*= 8.1) best explained by ascending hydrothermal fluids which are presumably of Middle Eocene age.A first migration of bitumen is recorded as fluorescent inclusions in dol‐2 (Late Jurassic ‐ Cretaceous), but bituminous fluids remained normally pressured until the establishment of inclined stylolites during Late Eocene tectonic compression. Comparative organic‐geochemical analyses (GC, NMR of inclusions, non‐expelled and expelled bitumen) indicate that thermal maturation advanced significantly after the onset of migration. Differences in terms of Pr/n‐C17, Ph/n‐C18 ratios and aromaticity corroborate the effects of differential expulsion. An exploration strategy should consider both secondary migration via opened tectonic stylolites in association with late‐diagenetic fractures and a persisting tightness that then could have created an unconventional oil reservoir.
BURIAL HISTORY RECONSTRUCTION USING LATE DIAGENETIC PRODUCTS IN THE EARLY PERMIAN SILICICLASTICS OF THE FARAGHAN FORMATION, SOUTHERN ZAGROS, IRAN
Authors: Zamanzadeh S. M. , Amini A. , Kamali M. R. 
Published: March 2009

In spite of the increasing importance to hydrocarbon exploration and production of the Palaeozoic succession in the Zagros area of SW Iran, few burial history and palaeothermal modelling studies of the interval have been carried out. This paper attempts to assess the burial and palaeotemperature history of the Lower Permian Faraghan Formation which is composed of stromatolitic dolomites overlain by mainly cross‐bedded sandstones. The formation grades up into the thick bedded carbonates of the Upper Permian Dalan Formation. The Faraghan and Dalan Formations are major hydrocarbon reservoir units in SW Iran and are time‐equivalents of the Unayzah and Khuff Formations in Saudi Arabia, respectively.The Faraghan Formation consists of shallow‐marine siliciclastics and foreshore deposits, including tidal‐flat and tidal‐channel, estuarine, sabkha, shoreface and offshore facies. In this study, diagenetic constituents are used to evaluate the formation's burial history in the Southern Zagros, an area for which only limited subsurface data is available. A burial history diagram for the formation was constructed for well Finu # 1 using WinBuryTM software. The diagram shows that the formation underwent progressive burial at variable rates between its deposition and the mid‐Tertiary, since when it has undergone rapid uplift.Burial diagenetic products in the Faraghan Formation comprise saddle, ferroan and zoned dolomites, together with dickite, illite/sericite and chlorite minerals. Additional burial‐related features include stylolites and dissolution seams. Isotopic signatures (δ18O versus δ13C) of the ferroan dolomites suggest a burial trend for the formation. Reconstruction of the paragenetic sequence together with the burial history diagram suggests a maximum burial depth of about 5000 m and a wide palaeotemperature range of 80‐160°C. However considering the saddle dolomites as a palaeothermometer, the temperature range narrows to 78 to 138 °C. The burial depth and temperature ranges closely correlate with the main stage of oil generation to the dry gas zone.
THE INFLUENCE OF CEMENTATION ON THE RESERVOIR QUALITY OF THE RISHA SANDSTONE MEMBER (UPPER ORDOVICIAN), RISHA GASFIELD, NE JORDAN
Authors: Tamar‐Agha M. Y. 
Published: March 2009

Shallow‐marine sandstones of the Upper Ordovician Risha Member of the Dubaydib Formation constitute important reservoir rocks for natural gas in the Risha area of NE Jordan. However, reservoir quality is frequently reduced by diagenetic effects including extensive cementation. This paper reports on the petrology of the Risha Sandstones and the nature of diagenetic alteration, based on standard petrographic analyses of 147 core samples collected from nine wells at Risha gasfield. In addition ten representative samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The sandstones comprise subarkoses and quartzarenites which are texturally submature to supermature. Petrographic analyses suggest a continental provenance, most probably from precursor plutonic rocks from the Arabian Shield. A generalized model of paragenesis includes early compaction and development of syntaxial feldspar overgrowths with quartz cementation of variable intensity. Carbonate cements occur as replacement and pore‐filling phases. Dolomite and siderite cementation occurred during later‐stage burial, together with pressure solution and the growth of authigenic clays. Most of the cements originated from meteoric or compaction‐derived waters. Separate pathways of sandstone diagenesis were recognized for the texturally supermature and submature sandstones, both of which were facies‐controlled.Occlusion of most of the porosity preceded hydrocarbon accumulation, which is therefore restricted to areas where cementation was minimized or where cements were dissolved.
Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in the mangrove crabUcides cordatus(Brachyura: Ocypodidae)
Authors: BRITTO FÁBIO B. , DINIZ FÁBIO M. , PATERSON IAN , BENTZEN PAUL 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe isolation and characterization of the first polymorphic microsatellite markers for the mangrove crabUcides cordatusare described. The number of alleles at each locus ranged from three to 25, mean of nine alleles, in 46 crabs captured in two Brazilian mangroves. The markers averaged high levels of observed (0.709  ±  0.183) and expected (0.716  ±  0.170) heterozygosities. Departures from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were observed at two loci. Linkage disequilibrium tests were not significant and no evidence of null alleles was detected. All these microsatellite loci are expected to be useful in estimating fine‐scale population processes of this valuable mangrove species currently subjected to excessive fishing efforts.
Optimal Tracking Using Magnetostrictive Actuators Operating in Nonlinear and Hysteretic Regimes
Authors: Oates William S. , Smith Ralph C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMany active materials exhibit nonlinearities and hysteresis when driven at field levels necessary to meet stringent performance criteria in high performance applications. This often requires nonlinear control designs to effectively compensate for the nonlinear, hysteretic, field-coupled material behavior. In this paper, an optimal control design is developed to accurately track a reference signal using magnetostrictive transducers. The methodology can be directly extended to transducers employing piezoelectric materials or shape memory alloys due to the unified nature of the constitutive model employed in the control design. The constitutive model is based on a framework that combines energy analysis at lattice length scales with stochastic homogenization techniques to predict macroscopic material behavior. The constitutive model is incorporated into a finite element representation of the magnetostrictive transducer, which provides the framework for developing the finite-dimensional nonlinear control design. The control design includes an open loop nonlinear component computed off-line with perturbation feedback around the optimal state trajectory. Estimation of immeasurable states is achieved using a Kalman filter. It is shown that when operating in a highly nonlinear regime and as the frequency increases, significant performance enhancements are achieved relative to conventional proportional-integral control.
Effects of 10 Hz rTMS on the Neural Efficiency of Working Memory
Authors: Preston Gilbert , Anderson Erik , Silva Claudio , Goldberg Terry , Wassermann Eric M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Working memory (WM) has been described as short-term retention of information that is no longer accessible in the environment, and the manipulation of this information for subsequent use in guiding behavior. WM is viewed as a cognitive process underlying higher-order cognitive functions. Evidence supports a critical role for PFC in mediating WM performance. Studies show psychomotor processing speed and accuracy account for considerable variance in neural efficiency (Ne). This study compared the relative effects of active and sham 10 Hz rTMS applied to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on indices of Ne in healthy participants performing a WM paradigm that models the association between WM load and task behavior [Sternberg, S. High-speed scanning in human memory. Science, 153, 652–654, 1966]. Previous studies identified a relationship between diminished Ne and impaired WM across a broad array of clinical disorders. In the present study, the authors predicted there would be a main effect of stimulation group (STM) on accuracy (SCR) and processing speed (RT), hence, Ne. We observed a main effect of STM for RT without an effect on SCR; even so, there was a robust effect of STM on Ne.
Monitoring Coordination during Bimanual Movements: Where Is the Mastermind?
Authors: Duque Julie , Davare Marco , Delaunay Ludovic , Jacob Benvenuto , Saur Ralf , Hummel Friedhelm , Hermoye Laurent , Rossion Bruno , Olivier Etienne 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
One remarkable aspect of the human motor repertoire is the multitude of bimanual actions it contains. Still, the neural correlates of coordinated movements, in which the two hands share a common goal, remain debated. To address this issue, we designed two bimanual circling tasks that differed only in terms of goal conceptualization: a “coordination” task that required movements of both hands to adapt to each other to reach a common goal and an “independent” task that imposed a separate goal to each hand. fMRI allowed us to pinpoint three areas located in the right hemisphere that were more strongly activated in the coordination condition: the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the SMA, and the primary motor cortex (M1). We then used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt transiently the function of those three regions to determine their causal role in bimanual coordination. Right STG virtual lesions impaired bimanual coordination, whereas TMS to right M1 enhanced hand independence. TMS over SMA, left STG, or left M1 had no effect. The present study provides direct insight into the neural correlates of coordinated bimanual movements and highlights the role of right STG in such bimanual movements.
Blindsight Mediated by an S-Cone-independent Collicular Pathway: An fMRI Study in Hemispherectomized Subjects
Authors: Leh Sandra E. , Ptito Alain , Schönwiesner Marc , Chakravarty Mallar M. , Mullen Kathy T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The purpose of our study was to investigate the ability to process achromatic and short-wavelength-sensitive cone (S-cone)-isolating (blue–yellow) stimuli in the blind visual field of hemispherectomized subjects and to demonstrate that blindsight is mediated by a collicular pathway that is independent of S-cone inputs. Blindsight has been described as the ability to respond to visual stimuli in the blind visual field without conscious awareness [Weiskrantz, L., Warrington, E. K., Sanders, M. D., & Marshall, J. Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation. Brain, 97, 709–728, 1974]. The roles of the subcortical neural structures in blindsight, such as the pulvinar and the superior colliculus, have been debated and an underlying neural correlate has yet to be confirmed. Using fMRI, we tested the ability to process visual stimuli that isolated the achromatic and short-wavelength-sensitive (S-)-cone pathways in three subjects: one control subject, one hemispherectomized subject with blindsight, and one hemispherectomized subject without blindsight. We demonstrated that (1) achromatic and S-cone-isolating stimuli presented to the normal visual hemifield of hemispherectomized subjects and to both visual hemifields of the control subject activated contralateral visual areas (V1/V2), as expected; (2) achromatic stimulus presentation but not S-cone-isolating stimulus presentation to the blind hemifield of the subject with blindsight activated visual areas FEF/V5; (3) whereas the cortical activation of the control subject was enhanced by an additional stimulus (achromatic and S-cone isolating) presented in the contralateral visual field, activation pattern of the subject with blindsight was enhanced by achromatic stimuli only. We conclude that the human superior colliculus is blind to the S-cone-isolating stimuli, and blindsight is mediated by an S-cone-independent collicular pathway.
Two Modes of North American Drought from Instrumental and Paleoclimatic Data*
Authors: Woodhouse C. A. , Russell J. L. , Cook E. R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Droughts, which occur as a part of natural climate variability, are expected to increase in frequency and/or severity with global climate change. An improved understanding of droughts and their association with atmospheric circulation will add to the knowledge about the controls on drought, and the ways in which changes in climate may impact droughts. In this study, 1) major drought patterns across the United States have been defined, 2) the robustness of these patterns over time using tree-ring-based drought reconstructions have been evaluated, and 3) the drought patterns with respect to global atmospheric pressure patterns have been assessed. From this simple assessment, it is suggested that there are two major drought patterns across North America, which together account for about 30% of the total variance in drought patterns—one resembles the classic ENSO teleconnection, and the other displays an east–west drought dipole. The same two patterns are evident in the instrumental data and the reconstructed drought data for two different periods, 1404–2003 and 900–1350. The 500-mb circulation patterns associated with the two drought patterns suggest that the controls on drought may come from both Northern Hemisphere and tropical sources. The two drought patterns, and presumably their associated circulation patterns, vary in strength over time, indicating the combined effects of the two patterns on droughts over the past millennium.
Interannual Tasmanian Rainfall Variability Associated with Large-Scale Climate Modes
Authors: Hill Khalia J. , Santoso Agus , England Matthew H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Interannual rainfall variability over Tasmania is examined using observations and reanalysis data. Tasmanian rainfall is dominated by an east–west gradient of mean rainfall and variability. The Pacific–South American mode (PSA), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the southern annular mode (SAM) each show clear influences on the interannual variability of Tasmanian rainfall. Composites of rainfall during each phase of ENSO and the PSA suggest a notable islandwide influence of these climate modes on Tasmanian rainfall. In contrast, the positive phase of the SAM is associated with drier conditions over the west of the island. The PSA and the SAM project most prominently over the southwest of the island, whereas the ENSO signature is strongest in the north. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of rainfall over Tasmania show a leading mode (explaining 72% of total variance) of coherent islandwide in-phase anomalies with dominant periods of 2 and 5 yr. The second EOF accounts for ∼14% of total variation, characterized by out-of-phase east–west anomalies, which is likely a combination of all three modes. The EOF1 mode can be attributed to ENSO, the PSA, and to a lesser extent the SAM.
Changing Frequency and Intensity of Rainfall Extremes over India from 1951 to 2003
Authors: Krishnamurthy Chandra Kiran B. , Lall Upmanu , Kwon Hyun-Han 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Using a 1951–2003 gridded daily rainfall dataset for India, the authors assess trends in the intensity and frequency of exceedance of thresholds derived from the 90th and the 99th percentile of daily rainfall. A nonparametric method is used to test for monotonic trends at each location. A field significance test is also applied at the national level to assess whether the individual trends identified could occur by chance in an analysis of the large number of time series analyzed. Statistically significant increasing trends in extremes of rainfall are identified over many parts of India, consistent with the indications from climate change models and the hypothesis that the hydrological cycle will intensify as the planet warms. Specifically, for the exceedance of the 99th percentile of daily rainfall, all locations where a significant increasing trend in frequency of exceedance is identified also exhibit a significant trend in rainfall intensity. However, extreme precipitation frequency over many parts of India also appears to exhibit a decreasing trend, especially for the exceedance of the 90th percentile of daily rainfall. Predominantly increasing trends in the intensity of extreme rainfall are observed for both exceedance thresholds.
The Production and Dissipation of Compensated Thermohaline Variance by Mesoscale Stirring
Authors: Smith K. Shafer , Ferrari Raffaele 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Temperature–salinity profiles from the region studied in the North Atlantic Tracer Release Experiment (NATRE) show large isopycnal excursions at depths just below the thermocline. It is proposed here that these thermohaline filaments result from the mesoscale stirring of large-scale temperature and salinity gradients by geostrophic turbulence, resulting in a direct cascade of thermohaline variance to small scales. This hypothesis is investigated as follows: Measurements from NATRE are used to generate mean temperature, salinity, and shear profiles. The mean stratification and shear are used as the background state in a high-resolution horizontally homogeneous quasigeostrophic model. The mean state is baroclinically unstable, and the model produces a vigorous eddy field. Temperature and salinity are stirred laterally in each density layer by the geostrophic velocity and vertical advection is by the ageostrophic velocity. The simulated temperature–salinity diagram exhibits fluctuations at depths just below the thermocline of similar magnitude to those found in the NATRE data. It is shown that vertical diffusion is sufficient to absorb the laterally driven cascade of tracer variance through an amplification of filamentary slopes by small-scale shear. These results suggest that there is a strong coupling between vertical mixing and horizontal stirring in the ocean at scales below the deformation radius.
Robustness of an Effective Diffusivity Diagnostic in Oceanic Flows
Authors: Shuckburgh Emily , Jones Helen , Marshall John , Hill Chris 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The robustness of Nakamura’s effective diffusivity diagnostic for quantifying eddy diffusivities of tracers within a streamwise-average framework is carefully examined in an oceanographic context, and the limits of its applicability are detailed. The near-surface Southern Ocean geostrophic flow, obtained from altimetric observations, is chosen for particular examination since it exhibits strong eddy activity. Careful analysis indicates that the effective diffusivity calculation is not strongly sensitive to the resolution of the velocity field or to the tracer initial conditions (after a spinup time of 3 months), and that a numerical diffusivity of 50 m2 s−1 is appropriate to resolve the Batchelor scale at a computational resolution of . The spatial variability of the effective diffusivity is examined and shown to be related to the eddy kinetic energy (EKE), mean zonal current (u), and phase speed of the eddies (c), following the streamwise averge of EKE/(u − c)2, in agreement with linear baroclinic instability theory. The temporal variability of the effective diffusivity over the period 1996–2001 indicates significant variability on seasonal time scales with a magnitude of ±10%–15%. Interannual variations are investigated and discussed in the context of changes in the wind stress associated with the southern annular mode.