bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SUBJECTIVITY, JUDGMENT, AND THE BASING RELATIONSHIP
Authors: DAVIS JOHN K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMoral and legal judgments sometimes depend on personal traits in this sense: the subject offers good reasons for her judgment, but if she had a different social or ideological background, her judgment would be different. If you would judge the constitutionality of restrictions on abortion differently if you were not a secular liberal, is your judgment really based on the arguments you find convincing, or do you find them so only because you are a secular liberal? I argue that a judgment can be based on the considerations the subject claims as justification even when it depends on personal traits.
HOW I LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE INVERTED SPECTRUM
Authors: SCHOETTLE TIMOTHY 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt is possible for a person and their environment to be physically identical each day and yet the representational content of their beliefs about color are inverted. Each day they utter the same words, ‘Wow! The colors of everything have switched again today.’ In uttering these words, they express a different proposition each day. This supports the view held by Reichenbach and Carnap that when it comes to representations of colored objects, relations of similarity and difference are fundamental. There are no such things as colors like ‘redness’ and ‘greenness’ apart from the particular things we call red and green.
ON DAVIDSON'S REFUTATION OF CONCEPTUAL SCHEMES AND CONCEPTUAL RELATIVISM
Authors: WANG XINLI 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDespite Donald Davidson's influential criticism of the very notion of conceptual schemes, the notion continues enjoying its popularity in contemporary philosophy and, accordingly, conceptual relativism is still very much alive. There is one major reason responsible for Davidson's failure which has not been widely recognized: What Davidson attacks fiercely is not the very notion, but a notion of conceptual schemes, namely, the Quinean notion of conceptual schemes and its underlying Kantian scheme‐content dualism. However, such a notion simply cannot carry the weight of conceptual relativism for it does not catch the essences of conceptual relativism. Consequently, I argue that the very notion of conceptual schemes and conceptual relativism have survived Davidson's attack. Therefore, the failure of the Quinean notion of conceptual schemes and Kantian scheme‐content dualism, even if Davidson can claim victory, does not mark the end of the very notion of conceptual schemes.
In Vivo Osteogenic Capability of Human Mesenchymal Cells Cultured on Hydroxyapatite and on β‐Tricalcium Phosphate
Authors: Matsushima Asako , Kotobuki Noriko , Tadokoro Mika , Kawate Kenji , Yajima Hiroshi , Takakura Yoshinori , Ohgushi Hajime 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of the current study was to examine in vitro osteogenic capability and in vivo bone formation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on two kinds of calcium phosphate ceramics. MSCs derived from human bone marrow were seeded on either hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic or β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) ceramic and then cultured in a medium supplemented with a donor's serum, vitamin C, β‐glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone. The culture revealed the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity, indicating the osteogenic differentiation of the MSCs on the ceramics (fabrication of tissue‐engineered construct). The constructs were then implanted subcutaneously into nude rats for 8 weeks. New bone formation was observed in both types of ceramics, and human‐specific Alu sequence was detected by in situ hybridization analysis. Quantitative microcomputed tomography showed that the volume of the new bone in the HA ceramic was greater than that in the β‐TCP ceramic in six of seven cases. These results suggest that human MSCs cultured on ceramics could retain their osteogenic capability even after ectopic implantation and provide a rationale for the use of tissue‐engineered constructs derived from a patient's MSCs and calcium phosphate ceramics in bone tissue regeneration.
Computational Evaluation of Dialysis Fluid Flow in Dialyzers With Variously Designed Jackets
Authors: Yamamoto Ken‐ichiro , Matsuda Masato , Hirano Ayaka , Takizawa Natsuo , Iwashima Shigeto , Yakushiji Taiji , Fukuda Makoto , Miyasaka Takehiro , Sakai Kiyotaka 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDialyzer performance strongly depends on the flow of blood and dialysis fluid as well as membrane performance. It is necessary, particularly to optimize dialysis fluid flow, to develop a highly efficient dialyzer. The objective of the present study is to evaluate by computational analysis the effects of dialyzer jacket baffle structure, taper angle, and taper length on dialysis fluid flow. We modeled 10 dialyzers of varying baffle angles (0, 30, 120, 240, and 360°) with and without tapers. We also modeled 30 dialyzers of varying taper lengths (0, 12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mm) and angles (0, 2, 4, and 6°) based on technical data of APS‐SA dialyzers having varying surface areas of 0.8, 1.5, and 2.5 m2 (Rexeed). Dialysis fluid flow velocity was calculated by the finite element method. The taper part was divided into 10 sections of varying fluid resistances. A pressure of 0 Pa was set at the dialysis fluid outlet, and a dialysis fluid flow rate of 500 mL/min at the dialysis fluid inlet. Water was used as the dialysis fluid in the computational analysis. Results for dialysis fluid flow velocity of the modeled dialyzers indicate that taper design and a fully surrounded baffle are important in making the dialysis fluid flow into a hollow‐fiber bundle easily and uniformly. However, dialysis fluid flow channeling occurred particularly at the outflowing part with dialyzers having larger taper lengths and angles. Optimum design of dialysis jacket structure is essential to optimizing dialysis fluid flow and to increasing dialyzer performance.
The Effect of Pregnancy and Parity on Headache Prevalence: The Head‐HUNT Study
Authors: Aegidius Karen , Zwart John‐Anker , Hagen Knut , Stovner Lars 
Published: May 2009

Background.— In previous studies, pregnancy has been associated with less headache, but the influence of parity on this association is largely unknown.Objectives.— To examine the prevalence of headache and migraine among pregnant women, and explore the relation of headache to parity in a large, population‐based study.Methods.— In the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study in Norway 1995‐1997 (HUNT 2), a total of 27,700 (60%) out of 46,506 invited women responded to headache questions (Head‐HUNT). In total, 9281 women were 40 years or younger and responded to questions on pregnancy and birth, and 550 of these reported to be pregnant when filling in the questionnaire. A total of 20,287 women who were 70 years or younger and reported not to be pregnant responded to questions on headache and reported number of child births.Results.— Adjusting for age and educational level, the headache prevalence was lower among pregnant than among nonpregnant women. The association between headache and pregnancy was significant for nulliparous (one who has never given birth) (OR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.4‐0.7), but not for primiparous (1 child only) and multiparous (several children) women (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7‐1.0). This was evident for both migraine and nonmigrainous headache. Among nonpregnant women, there was an increased headache prevalence among primi‐ and multiparous women compared with nulliparous (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.2‐1.4).Conclusion.— Headache, both migraine and nonmigrainous, was less prevalent in nulliparous pregnant women compared with all nonpregnant women, and to nulliparous nonpregnant women. Headache was less prevalent in the third trimester of pregnancy, but not in the first and second trimesters, compared with nonpregnant women. Also in nonpregnant women, headache was less prevalent in nulliparous than in primi‐ and multiparous women.
A simple two‐step culture system for the large‐scale generation of mature and functional dendritic cells from umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells
Authors: Balan Sreekumar , Kale Vaijayanti P. , Limaye Lalita S. 
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: In vitro generated dendritic cells (DCs) are widely used as adjuvants in cancer immunotherapy. The major sources for DC generation are monocytes and CD34+ cells. CD34+‐derived DCs are less frequently used in clinical applications because it requires complex generation methods. Here a simple method for the large‐scale generation of mature functional DCs from umbilical cord blood–derived CD34+ cells is described.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: CD34+ cells were first expanded with a combination of early acting growth factors in a medium containing autologous plasma. In the second step the DC precursors were further either enriched by plastic adherence or sorted on a cell sorter and differentiated as DCs. DCs generated by both methods were compared for their morphology, phenotype, and different functional variables.RESULTS: This culture system provided a large‐scale expansion of CD34+ cells giving a mean fold increase of 615. The majority of the expanded cells were interstitial DC precursors, that is, CD14+‐positive cells. In vitro generated immature DCs could be matured into functional DCs by appropriate maturation stimuli. DCs generated by the plastic adherence method had a better cytokine profile and strong mixed leukocyte reaction compared to those generated by cell sorting.CONCLUSION: A two‐step culture system provides a large‐scale expansion of CD34+ cells with a preferential lineage commitment toward CD14+ cells. Enrichment of these precursors with a simple plastic adherence technique results in generation of large numbers of mature, functional DCs. This method of in vitro DC generation will have applications in cancer immunotherapy.
High precision Twyman‐Green interferometer for the measurement of ophthalmic surfaces
Authors: Rottenkolber Matthias , Podbielska Halina 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT Purpose: We developed a method for measuring ophthalmic surfaces based on a Twyman‐Green interferometer.Methods: To demonstrate the accuracy, we measured the anterior surface of four used hard contact lenses and evaluated the interference pattern with phase shift technique. The obtained interferograms were evaluated by an image processing system.Results: The interferometric resolution of the measurement is up to Λ/20 (30 nm) which refers to a dioptric resolution of about ΔD = 10−3 m−1 for typical anterior radii of curvature. The dioptric maps were calculated from the height distribution. As we used a focus tracking distance measurement setup with an accuracy of 10 microns we could determine the absolute value of the dioptric number to be ΔD ≅ 0.04 m−1. To demonstrate the accuracy we tested contact lenses which were specified to have a spherical anterior surface. Obviously, the topography of contact lenses changes when worn. We measured astigmatic deviations up to 0.6 D in the central zone of the lenses. We briefly discuss the possibilities of this method concerning a topographer for measuring the fine corneal surface structure.Conclusions: The presented Twyman‐Green interferometer with distance measurement and image processing system is a very accurate method for measuring the topographic properties of ophthalmic surfaces. The method may also be useful for studying the distribution of the tear layer on the contact lens, or the corneal topography.
Indocyanine green angiography in angioid streaks
Authors: Pece Alfredo , Avanza Paola , Introini Ugo , Brancato Rosario 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: To define the indocyanine green angiographic aspects of angioid streaks, peau d'orange and choroidal new vessels.Methods: Fifty‐seven consecutive patients (112 eyes) with angioid streaks were evaluated by fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography.Results: Indocyanine green angiography showed angioid streaks in all eyes. We identified three different indocyanine green patterns of streaks (four groups): fluorescent (63%), hypofluorescent (8%), ‘track‐like’ (19%) and mixed (10%). Angioid streaks were visualized better by indocyanine green angiography and red‐free retinography than fluorescein angiography. Peau d'orange was seen better and found to be more widespread by indocyanine green angiography. Fluorescein angiography visualized choroidal neovascularization better, except for occult forms.Conclusions: Our findings show that angioid streaks have different indocyanine green angiography patterns. Considering that the hypofluorescent pattern was significantly observed in younger patients, indocyanine green angiography aspects might be correlated with different stages of the disease.
Positive effects of shrubs on herbaceous species richness across several spatial scales: evidence from the semiarid Andean subtropics
Authors: López Ramiro Pablo , Larrea‐Alcázar Daniel M. , Teresa Ortuño 
Published: May 2009

AbstractQuestion: What is the effect of shrubs on herbaceous species richness at three spatial scales: quadrat, site, and region?Location: Prepuna, subtropical semi‐arid Andes.Methods: At eight sites, we recorded the presence of herbaceous species in spaces beneath shrubs/small trees and in open areas. At the quadrat scale, the average species number per quadrat was calculated and compared between the two microhabitats (shrubs/open). At the local (site) scale, all quadrats of each site were pooled according to microhabitat, and all sites were then combined for the regional analysis.Results and conclusions: We found greater herbaceous species richness below shrubs at all three spatial scales considered. Several species were found exclusively associated with the shrub undercanopy. This effect seems to depend more on greater inventory diversity at the different scales than on greater differentiation diversity in the herbaceous communities associated with shrubs. Facilitation seems to be responsible for the increase of species richness beneath shrubs, but further experimental study is needed to obtain insight into the underlying mechanisms.
Margaret Cavendish on the Relation between God and World
Authors: Detlefsen Karen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt has often been noted that Margaret Cavendish discusses God in her writings on natural philosophy far more than one might think she ought to given her explicit claim that a study of God belongs to theology which is to be kept strictly separate from studies in natural philosophy. In this article, I examine one way in which God enters substantially into her natural philosophy, namely the role he plays in her particular version of teleology. I conclude that, while Cavendish has some resources with which to partially alleviate this tension, she is nonetheless left with a significant difficulty.
Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumors: A New Entity?
Authors: Gardiman Marina Paola , Fassan Matteo , Orvieto Enrico , D’Avella Domenico , Denaro Luca , Calderone Milena , Severino Mariasavina , Scarsello Giovanni , Viscardi Elisabetta , Perilongo Giorgio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe peculiar radiological and pathological findings of four pediatric cases admitted to the University Hospital of Padua between 1990 and 2007 are described. In all cases, the contrast‐enhanced head and spine magnetic resonance images revealed thickened and abnormally enhancing subarachnoid spaces particularly at the level of basal cisterns and interhemispheric fissure. Furthermore, small cystic lesions scattered throughout the brain and mainly in the cerebellum were also visible. All patients were missing a well‐defined intraparenchymal mass, although during the follow‐up a small intramedullary lesion appeared within the cervical spine in two and subsequently in the frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle in one of those. All patients presented an indolent long‐term follow‐up. Histologically, the tumors were composed by a monotonous population of cells arranged in straight lines or in small lobules. The cells were characterized by round to oval nuclei with finely granular dispersed chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli with oligodendrocyte‐like features. The morphological and immunohistochemical findings suggested in all cases a “glioneuronal commitment” of the tumors. Because of the unique similar clinical and neuroradiological characteristics, we propose this small series of tumors as a new possible distinct pathological and clinical entity.
Auricular chondrosis in a horse
Authors: Bowers JR , Slocombe RF 
Published: May 2009

A 4‐year‐old crossbred, Welsh Mountain Pony gelding was presented with multiple, thick, round, raised, 3 to 8 mm diameter nodular lesions on the medial aspects of both ears. The nodules did not involve the epidermis and were observed to develop over several months. Punch biopsies were taken and histopathological examination returned a diagnosis of auricular chondrosis. Neither auricular chondrosis nor auricular chondritis has been reported in horses, although it has been recorded in cats, dogs, laboratory animals and humans.
Antimicrobial use in the Australian pig industry: results of a national survey
Authors: Jordan D , Chin JJ‐C , Fahy VA , Barton MD , Smith MG , Trott DJ 
Published: May 2009

Objective  To describe how various antimicrobials are used in commercial pig herds in Australia and for what disease conditions.Procedure  Managers of large pig herds (> 200 sows) across Australia and their veterinarians participated in an internet‐based survey in 2006. Questions were asked about herd management, the occurrence of bacterial diseases and the type and frequency of antimicrobial use. An antimicrobial usage index for each herd was derived as a summary of the risk of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Relationships between responses were explored with univariate and multivariate analysis.Results  Responses were received for 197 herds estimated to represent at least 51% of all large pig herds in Australia. Most piggeries relied on drugs of low importance in human medicine (e.g. tetracyclines, penicillins and sulfonamides). For the two drugs of high importance in human medicine that can be legally prescribed to pigs in Australia, ceftiofur use was reported in 25% of herds and virginiamycin in none. Infections attributed to Lawsonia, Mycoplasma and Escherichia coli motivated the most use of antimicrobials. No useful association was found between management factors and the antimicrobial use index.Conclusion  Most antimicrobial use in the Australian pig industry is based on drugs of low importance to public health. Enhanced control of E. coli infections without reliance on antimicrobials would further reduce the risk of selecting for antimicrobial resistance relevant to public health. The amount of variation in the usage index between herds suggests that antimicrobial use should be constantly reviewed on a herd by herd basis.
International Normalized Ratio (INR), coagulation factor activities and calibrated automated thrombin generation – influence of 24 h storage at ambient temperature
Authors: CHRISTENSEN T. D. , JENSEN C. , LARSEN T. B. , MAEGAARD M. , CHRISTIANSEN K. , SØRENSEN B. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryInternational Normalized Ratio (INR) measurements are used to monitor oral anticoagulation therapy with coumarins. Single coagulation factor activities and calibrated automated thrombin (CAT) generation are considered as more advanced methods for evaluating overall haemostatic capacity. The aims were to assess the variability of INR, coagulation factor activities, and CAT, during 24 h of storage of blood samples at ambient temperature. A total of 24 patients on stable coumarin treatment were followed prospectively for 6 weeks. INR was analyzed at 0, 6 and 24 h after blood sampling and 1‐stage clotting activity of coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X as well as CAT generation was recorded after 0 and 24 h respectively. Statistical analyses included Bland–Altman plot, 95% limits of agreement, and a variability test using a mixed effect model. The level of INR remained statistically unchanged from 0 to 6 and 24 h of storage. Coagulation factor activities and CAT revealed no significant difference induced by 24 h of storage, although the limits of agreement were wide. Patients’ individual INR, coagulation factor activities, and CAT generation were not significantly influenced by 24 h storage of blood samples, but for the CAT generation analyses a trend toward time dependency was detected.
Dynamic of active microorganisms inhabiting a bioleaching industrial heap of low‐grade copper sulfide ore monitored by real‐time PCR and oligonucleotide prokaryotic acidophile microarray
Authors: Remonsellez Francisco , Galleguillos Felipe , Moreno‐Paz Mercedes , Parro Víctor , Acosta Mauricio , Demergasso Cecilia 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe bioleaching of metal sulfide has developed into a very important industrial process and understanding the microbial dynamic is key to advancing commercial bioleaching operations. Here we report the first quantitative description of the dynamic of active communities in an industrial bioleaching heap. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was the most abundant during the first part of the leaching cycle, while the abundance of Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Ferroplasma acidiphilum increased with age of the heap. Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans kept constant throughout the leaching cycle, and Firmicutes group showed a low and a patchy distribution in the heap. The Acidiphilium‐like bacteria reached their highest abundance corresponding to the amount of autotrophs. The active microorganisms in the leaching system were determined using two RNA‐based sensitive techniques. In most cases, the 16S rRNA copy numbers of At. ferrooxidans, L. ferriphilum, At. thiooxidans and F. acidiphilum, was concomitant with the DNA copy numbers, whereas Acidiphilium‐like bacteria and some Firmicutes members did not show a clear correlation between 16S rRNA accumulation and DNA copy numbers. However, the prokaryotic acidophile microarray (PAM) analysis showed active members of Alphaproteobacteria in all samples and of Sulfobacillus genus in older ones. Also, new active groups such as Actinobacteria and Acidobacterium genus were detected by PAM. The results suggest that changes during the leaching cycle in chemical and physical conditions, such as pH and Fe3+/Fe2+ ion rate, are primary factors shaping the microbial dynamic in the heap.
Multiple bilateral spinal nerve root calcifications in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease
Authors: Bolos PR , Aribandi M , Hess WF 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe present a patient with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease with multiple bilateral symmetrical cervical nerve root calcifications. To our knowledge, such a finding has not been described in the literature in association with this disease. We propose that multiple bilateral symmetrical spinal nerve root calcifications may be an additional imaging feature, possibly diagnostic, in this hereditary motor and spinal neuropathy.