bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twelve Years of Continuous Corn Fertilization with Ammonium Nitrate or Urea Nitrogen
Authors: Nelson W. W. , MacGregor J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField studies on a Webster loam (pH 6.8) compared ammonium nitrate N to urea N for corn (Zea mays L.). The comparison included N removal, grain yield, use as an annual fall plowdown and late June sidedressing, and use on fall‐plowed and spring surfaces. Rates of N broadcast were 45, 90, and 180 kg/ha. Starter fertilizer on all treatments supplied an additional 16 kg N, 21 kg of P, and 20 kg of K/ha (1975 lbs. of 8‐24‐12/acre). The two N sources produced equivalent average yield increases in seven of the eight comparisons, but sidedressed urea N was significantly superior to the NH4NO3 when both were broadcast at the 90 kg rate. Both N sources broadcast on fall plowing were equally effective to similar treatments plowed down. Increasing N application rates significantly increased corn production and N removal, but only the highest N application rate (196 kg N/ha annually) materially increased NO3‐N concentrations in the soil. None of the N treatments increased soil NO3‐N concentrations beyond the 2‐m depth, and it is assumed that excess NO3‐N to this soil depth was largely removed in the tile drainage waters.
Loess Distribution on a Wisconsin‐Age Till Plain in Southwestern Ohio
Authors: Hock A. G. , Wilding L. P. , Hall G. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLoess thickness, depth to carbonates, nature of loess‐till contact, soil type, and surface elevation were observed at 15 m (or alternatively 30 m) intervals along 8.5 km of pipeline trench wall; similar observations were made at 4.6 m intervals in three 41 m by 41 m grid sites each containing 100 observation points. Over 800 observations were made. Data were statistically summarized according to soil drainage classes (landscape position) and glacio‐physiographic regions. Loess blankets the landscape, but is usually thickest on poorly‐drained landscape positions and, except for local pockets, thins or becomes absent on slopes > 5%. Local distribution of loess is highly variable over horizontal distances of 7.5 m or less and is directly related to the irregular microtopography of the underlying till surface. Construction of a loess isopachous map for this area was deemed impractical because of the large number of observations that would be required to estimate mean loess thickness classes within relatively narrow (limits (± 20%), even on relatively stable geomorphic areas. No source area(s) could be identified for these loess deposits based on loess thickness or particle‐size parameters.
Slash Pine Response to Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Imperfectly Drained Soil of the West Gulf Coastal Plain
Authors: McKee W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal dry weight and nutrient content of 1‐year‐old slash pines (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) responded to combinations of N and P in a pot study with imperfectly drained Coastal Plain soil. Application of either nutrient alone resulted in no growth response. A marked response was obtained with applications equivalent to 50 kg of P and 168 kg of N/ha. Maximum growth as determined by regression analysis was obtained with applications equivalent to 124 kg of P and 232 kg of N/ha.Uptake of individual nutrients increased with N and P levels, but response patterns differed. Nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium uptake corresponded closely to dry‐matter accumulation of seedlings, while P uptake was independent of dry weight. Percentage recovery of applied P decreased with increased P fertilization but improved with addition of N. Recovery of N increased with amount applied and was not affected by P.
Myxobacteria from Southwestern USA Soils
Authors: Larkin John M. , Dunigan Edward 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExtremely dessicated soil samples from 9 of 11 sites in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas were found to contain Cystobacter, Myxococcus, or Sorangium in relatively large numbers after a severe drought. Numbers were not correlated with pH, organic carbon, or soil moisture content.
Adaptive Modified Method of Characteristics to Solve the One‐Dimensional Solute Transport Equation
Authors: Liu Hui Hai , Dane J. H. , Güven O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimulation of advection‐dominated solute transport in a porous medium is complicated due to the inherent problems of numerical dispersion and oscillation. We propose an adaptive modified method of characteristics (AMMOC) to simulate one‐dimensional, advection‐dominated solute transport problems, which incorporates the advantage of a self‐adaptive spatial grid system with the computational power of the modified method of characteristics (MMOC) to deal with numerical dispersion and oscillation. The numerical simulations, including a pure advection problem, show that the AMMOC is free of oscillation, approximately global mass conservative, and exhibits insignificant numerical dispersion. Related to this method, three interpolation schemes to obtain the concentration of the fictitious particle at the previous time step were also evaluated. Our simulations show that the AMMOC, based on a clipped quadratic interpolation scheme, provides the most accurate results.
Intercontinental and transcontinental mail transit times from Europe to Berkeley, 1892 to 1941
Authors: SCHMID RUDOLF 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Mail transit times from Germany to Berkeley, California, are computed for issues of the current awareness journals Botanisches Centralblatt (1880–1945) and the interdisciplinary Naturae Novitates (1879–1944). Issues of the former for 1892 to 1902 averaged 29.3 days (31.2 days if abnormal times are included) in transit from Kassel to Berkeley, with many issues (92) requiring only 20 to 25 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. Mail transit of Naturae Novitates from Berlin to Berkeley averaged 40.7 days (42 if abnormal times are included) per issue for 1903 to 1916 and 44 days (51.1 days) per issue for 1922 to 1941 (cumulatively averaging 42 days, or 45.9 days for abnormal times), with some issues in 1906 requiring only 11-12 days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. A smaller sampling for Nature for 1923 and 1930 gave averages of, respectively, 21.5 and 22.4 days, with a minimum of 14 days in both years. These times are consistent with known transatlantic and transcontinental, ship and rail, mail transit times for these periods, as tabulated from various sources. For perspective, early intercontinental and transcontinental air transit times and pre-1892 intercontinental ship transit times are also tabulated.
Competence to be executed: An ethical analysis postPanetti
Authors: Weinstock Robert , Leong Gregory B. , Silva J. Arturo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompetence to be executed evaluations in effect can prevent an execution or remove the last meaningful impediment to it. Forensic psychiatrists have primary duties to the legal system and truth and honesty, but like all other areas of medical consultation also should balance conflicting secondary traditional medical ethical duties. Participation in a legally authorized execution so violates medical roles, that it is ethically prohibited by the American Medical Association and American Psychiatric Association. This prohibition includes treatment intended to restore competence to be executed. However, despite the primary treatment intent otherwise being appropriate ethically, like relieving suffering or fostering prison safety, if competence to be executed almost predictably would be a treatment result, at least the risk of this result should be considered ethically as if it were intended. In contrast, competence to be executed assessments can be ethical. Diamond's approach of performing honest evaluations only for the defense is an ethical option for such assessments. However, it is challenging to persuade judges and juries of the objectivity of such honest legitimate assessments. Most practitioners therefore likely would consider assessing competence to be executed for either side. This ethically hazardous position necessitates sensitivity to potentially seriously conflicting duties and roles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid Multiphase Flow Dynamics Mapped by Single‐Shot MRI Velocimetry
Authors: Amar Andrea , Blümich Bernhard , Casanova Federico 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new, fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) method is described and applied to map flow fields in systems with internal velocities rapidly varying along the streamlines. While conventional MRI techniques encode the velocity information in a preparatory period prior to the imaging acquisition module, our technique repeatedly refreshes the velocity encoding during a single‐shot imaging sequence. In this way, the maximum acceleration responsible for velocity variation of the molecules is increased by up to two orders of magnitude compared to standard procedures. Besides being compatible with high acceleration, this pulse sequence is suited to acquiring in a single scan the multiple velocity images required to construct a full velocity vector map. The power of this new methodology is demonstrated by following the internal dynamics of toluene droplets levitating in a counterflow of water during mass transfer of acetone from the water phase into the drop in the presence of surface‐active impurities. The dramatic reduction in measurement time allows visualization for the first time of the important impact of even small concentrations of acetone on accumulation of surfactants at the drop’s surface.
Discovery and Synthetic Value of a Novel, Highly Crowded Cyclopentadienylphosphane Ph2P‐CpTMH and Its Ferrocenyl‐Bisphosphane dppfTM
Authors: Petrov Alex R. , Elfferding Michael , Möbus Juri , Harms Klaus , Rufanov Konstantin A. , Sundermeyer Jörg 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBase‐catalysed condensation of Ph2P–C5H5 (1) with an excess of acetone leads to a fulvene‐like diphenyl(4,4,6‐trimethyl‐4,5‐dihydropentalen‐2‐yl)phosphane Ph2P‐C11H13 (3) as a product of double condensation. Carbometallation of 3 with MeLi, followed by aqueous work‐up, results in formation of a new cyclopentadienylphosphane bearing a highly sterically demanding, anellated 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopentane moiety (4, Ph2P‐CpTMH). It reacts with chalcogene oxidants (H2O2, S8, Se) to form the corresponding phosphane chalcogenides Ph2P(=X)CpTMH, X = O (5), S (6), Se (7) in high yields. Quaternization of 4 with MeI gives the phosphonium salt 8 as a single isomer in high yield. Dehydrohalogenation of 8 by reaction with nBuLi gives CpTM‐phosphonium ylide Ph2P(CpTM)Me (9). An alternative protocol towards 9 that includes deprotonation of 8 with benzylpotassium followed by P‐alkylation is superior and gives 9 in more than 95 % yield. Staudinger reaction of 4 with tBuN3 gives onlyP‐amino‐cyclopentadienylidenephosphorane Ph2P(CpTM)NHtBu (10), whereas with Me3SiN3 only the tautomeric P‐imino‐cyclopentadienylphosphane Ph2P(NSiMe3)CpTMH (11) was isolated. Hydrolysis of 11 with wet MeCN leads to the new parent P‐amino‐cyclopentadienylidenephosphorane Ph2P‐(CpTM)NH2 (12). Treatment of 4 with benzylpotassium followed by transmetallation with FeCl2 leads to the sterically most crowded ferrocenyl‐bisphosphane [{Ph2P‐CpTM}2Fe] (13, dppfTM) in high yield. Its X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals an anti‐orientation of phosphane functionalities at both cyclopentadienyl rings. However, upon reaction of dppfTM with [PdCl2(MeCN)2], a constrained syn‐orientation is achieved in the product [{dppfTM}PdCl2] (14). Halogen exchange by reaction of 14 with NaI leads to the corresponding [{dppfTM}PdI2] (15). Molecular structures of 4, 9, 13 and 15 have been confirmed by XRD studies.
Islands of fear: effects of wooded patches on habitat suitability of the striped mouse in a South African grassland
Authors: Abu Baker Mohammad A. , Brown Joel S. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. As a fundamental unit within a landscape, habitat patches create spatial heterogeneity. On a gradient of habitat patch size, one sees patches of denser vegetation cover occurring in otherwise open habitats (e.g. bushes in the desert, forest fragments in grasslands). 2. The resulting habitat fragmentation and consequent edge effects continue to concern conservation biologists, landscape ecologists, and wildlife managers due to their role in influencing wildlife abundance and distribution on broad geographic scales. 3. Although ecological processes near habitat edges often differ from processes away from edges, an animal’s suitable habitat may increase or decrease by ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ edge effects. Such effects can be measured using behavioural indicators and experiments based on the costs and benefits of foraging under diminishing returns. 4. We used live trapping, giving‐up densities [amount of food left behind in experimental food patches – giving‐up density (GUD)] and geographic information system (GIS) analyses to test for spatial and temporal habitat selection by the four‐striped grass mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) inhabiting a grassland containing distinct ‘islands’ of woody vegetation (500 m2 of average area). We investigated how these woody islands influence the quality of the grassland in terms of activity patterns, feeding opportunities, predation risk and habitat suitability. We used R. pumilio’s GUDs to explicitly map and measure habitats of varying quality using GIS. 5. Our results showed that R. pumilio perceived the wooded patches as habitats with no opportunities and yet highly risky when opportunities are provided. Furthermore, the wooded patches had a negative edge effect, their unsuitability extended for 1–3 m into the otherwise suitable habitats. 6. The combination of live‐trapping and giving up densities provided an unbiased and controlled measure of a prey’s perception of habitat use and foraging costs when equal opportunities are simultaneously provided. These techniques and concepts should be broadly applicable by conservationists and ecologists interested in understanding and managing edge effects. 7. This approach aims to effectively quantify edge effects and extrapolate predation risk on a landscape scale, thereby developing recommendations for managers to improve the quality or amount of edges for wildlife.
Patient–physician agreement on the content of CHD prevention discussions
Authors: Behrend Lindy , Maymani Hossein , Diehl Megan , Gizlice Ziya , Cai Jianwen , Sheridan Stacey L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Little is known about agreement between patients and physicians on content and outcomes of clinical discussions. A common perception of content and outcomes may be desirable to optimize decision making and clinical care.Objective  To determine patient–physician agreement on content and outcomes of coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention discussions.Design  Cross‐sectional survey nested within a randomized CHD prevention study.Setting and participants  University internal medicine clinic; 24 physicians and 157 patients.Methods  Following one clinic visit, we surveyed patients and physicians on discussion content, decision making and final decisions about CHD prevention. For comparison, we audio‐recorded, transcribed and coded 20 patient–physician visits. We calculated percent agreement between patient/physician reports, patient/transcription reports and physician/transcription reports. We calculated Cohen’s kappas to compare patient/physician perspectives.Results  Patients and physicians agreed on whether CHD was discussed in 130 visits (83%; kappa = 0.55; 95% CI 0.40–0.70). When discussions occurred, they agreed about discussion content (pros versus cons) in 53% of visits (kappa = 0.15; 95% CI −0.01–0.30) and physicians’ recommendations in 73% (kappa = 0.44; 95% CI 0.28–0.66). Patients and physicians agreed on final decisions to take medication in 78% (kappa = 0.58; 95% CI 0.45–0.71) and change lifestyle in 69% (kappa = 0.38; 95% CI 0.24–0.53). They agreed less often, 43% (kappa = 0.13; 95% CI −0.11–0.37) about degree of involvement in decision making. Audio‐recorded results were similar, but showed very low agreement between transcripts and patients’ and physicians’ self‐report on discussion content and decision making.Conclusions  Disagreements about clinical discussions and decision making may be common. Future work is needed to determine: how widespread such agreements are; whether they impact clinical outcomes; and the relative importance of the subjective experience versus objective steps of shared decision making.
Inheritance of Resistance in Corn to Leaf Feeding of the European Corn Borer1
Authors: Penny L. H. , Dicke F. F. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisLeaf feeding ratings of FD and backcross progenies of a susceptible ✕ resistant cross, M14 ✕ MS1, indicated segregation of genes for borer resistance at 3 or more loci with at least partial phenotypic dominance of susceptibility. In a B14 ✕ N32 cross, 1 or 2 gene pairs for borer leaf feeding resistance were indicated on the basis of individual plant segregations in F2 and first backcrosses. The F3 and selfed backcross progeny ratings could not be explained on a single locus basis.
Correlation of Phosphorus and Magnesium Contents of Plants Grown in Synthetic Ion‐exchange Resins1
Authors: Wallace A. , Ashcroft R. T. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisIn studies of rough lemon, avocado, barley, and bush beans, little evidence was found to indicate that increasing Mg level resulted in increased content of P in plants, although this was true in some crops having a low Mg requirement, and only at a high P level.
The Heritability of Agronomic and Disease Reaction Characteristics in Two Barley Crosses1
Authors: Jogi B. S. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisA genotypic model is presented for determining the additive genetic variance among bulk progenies in self‐pollinated crops for use in calculating heritability. In the late stages of inbreeding the portion of genetic variance due to dominance is insignificant when compared to the genetic variance contributed by additive genetic effects.The heritability percentages for yield measured in 3 different experiments in barley averaged about 62% and were remarkably uniform when compared to the heritabilities of other agronomic and disease reaction characteristics measured in the F6 barley strains. Date of heading and plant height were the most highly heritable of the agronomic characteristics, and mildew reaction was also highly heritable.
Field Plot Technique With Hybrid Corn Under Alabama Conditions1
Authors: Fleming A. A. , Rogers T. Hayden , Bancroft T. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisBased on uniformity trial data from double‐cross corn in Alabama, plots 1 to 3 rows wide and 10 to 15 hills long (1 plant per hill) were the most efficient, disregarding relative costs. A plot 2 rows wide and 10 to 15 hills long was considered the optimum size for general use. A basic unit of more than 5 plants may be advantageous in future experiments with corn uniformity data. There was only a small decrease in L.S.D. by increasing the replications from 5 to 6. The small gain in precision did not justify the use of the simple lattice instead of the randomized blocks design with 16, 25, or 36 entries.
Growth, Yield, and Water Absorption of Tobacco Plants as Affected by the Composition of the Root Atmosphere1
Authors: Harris D. G. , van Bavel C. H. M. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThe roots of tobacco plants were subjected to a wide range of simulated aeration conditions. In general plant functions were not appreciably reduced until the CO2 concentration became greater than the O2 concentration but were sharply reduced after the CO2 to O2 ratio became larger than one.
A Comparative Study of Top Cross Tester Parents of Maize1
Authors: Grogan C. O. , Zuber M. S. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisThis investigation revealed both the top cross tester parents and the segregating population influenced considerably the measurement of combining ability, but the different tester parents gave about the same relative information on lodging and ear height. The study also indicated that some single crosses were equally as effective as double crosses for measuring general combining ability.
Cork Formation in Taproots and Crowns of Alfalfa1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Jackobs J. A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisCork and cork‐formation in taproot and crown of the alfalfa plant were examined. The cork formation arises from a dividing phellogen cell in the pericycle. Initial periderm develops during the first year of plant growth after primary elongation is completed. Disease or injury may upset the pattern. New cork cambium was found beneath decaying tissues. Death of tissue may also be attributed to natural death of previous year's stem. These dead areas do not prevent growth of new tissues on the crown but probably weakens the plant for stress periods.
Inheritance of Resistance to Leaf Rust in Hybrids Involving a Common Wheat Strain Derived From Triticum timopheevi1
Authors: Nyquist W. E. 
Published: July 2010

SypnosisUnder field conditions the mature plant resistance of C.I. 12633 to race 11 of leaf rust was found to be controlled by one partially dominant major gene in crosses with Federation and White Federation wheat. However, in the cross with Ramona two partially dominant complementary major genes were found. These two genes were allelic to genes for resistance in Chinese Spring wheat.
Segregation for Stem Solidness in Crosses of Rescue and Four Portuguese Wheats1
Authors: McNeal F. H. , Lebsock K. L. , Luginbill P. , Noble W. B. 
Published: July 2010

SypnosisData indicate that four Portuguese wheats, P.I. 56219‐12, P.I. 56219‐9, P.I. 56229‐2, and P.I. 56225‐8, possess the same major factor, or factors, for stem solidness that occur in Rescue. The last three named apparently differ from Rescue by an undetermined number of minor genes that affect the expression of solidness.
Corn Growth as Affected by Soil Temperature and Mulch1
Authors: Willis W. O. , Larson W. E. , Kirkham D. 
Published: July 2010

SypnosisIncreases in soil temperature accelerated rate of emergence, rate of growth, and promoted earliness in corn. Corn growth rates approximately followed the Van't Hoff law, the Q10° c. of that law being from 2.0 to 2.8 for the average temperature range tested, 60° to 80° F. Corn yields appeared to increase with increases in soil temperature up to a point and then decreased with further increases in soil temperature. The most favorable soil temperature at the 4‐inch depth for corn growth in central Iowa appears to be about 75° F.
Sulfur Contained in Precipitation in Kentucky1
Authors: Seay William A. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAverage annual precipitation at six locations ranged from 36 to 44 inches and yielded from 7 to 16 pounds of sulfur per acre. A highly significant correlation was found between inches of precipitation and pounds of sulfur contained. The state annual average of 12.6 pounds per acre of sulfur contained in the precipitation was much less than the 30 pounds found in a similar study in 1921–22.
A Legume for Native Flood Meadows: I. Establishment and Maintenance of Stands of White‐Tip Clover (T. variegatum) in Native Flood Meadows and its Effect Upon Yields, Vegetative and Chemical Composition of Hay1
Authors: Cooper Clee S. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisEstablishment of annual white‐tip clover in native flood meadows increased hay yields and quality. Seed scarification reduced the amount of seed necessary to obtain stands. Clover stand density increased with seeding rate and with phosphorus levels but was not affected by nitrogen levels. Clover proportion in hay was not affected by seeding rate. Phosphorus increased stands and yields of clover. Early cutting resulted in higher yields of crude protein per acre, and allowed for regrowth. However, clover stands should be maintained by delaying harvest periodically to allow for seed dissemination and restocking of the hard seed.