bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equine helminth infections: control by selective chemotherapy
Authors: GOMEZ H. HAMLEN , GEORGI J.R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA programme of selective anthelmintic therapy was used in a herd of 31 horses. Faecal egg counts were done during the months of September, November, January, March, May and the following September. Horses with ≥100 eggs per gram (epg) were treated with ivermectin, and those with <100 epg were not treated. The criteria for adequate internal parasite control in the herd was a median herd faecal egg count of ≤100 epg. Effectiveness of selective therapy was assessed by faecal egg count after nine months of treatment and was determined to be adequate when a median herd egg count of 0 epg was obtained. However, on returning from pasture the following September, median herd egg count had risen to 325 epg. A statistically significant correlation was seen in the paired September faecal egg counts of the horses in that initial September faecal egg count was predictive for the following September. Initial September faecal egg count was related to the number of anthelmintic treatments required during the period of selective therapy, whereas age of horse was not. We propose that faecal egg counts be incorporated into strategic anthelmintic programmes as an economical tool for identifying and targeting herd members predisposed to shedding elevated numbers of helminth eggs.
Antithrombin III activity in horses with colic: an analysis of 46 cases
Authors: DARIEN B. J. , POTEMPA J. , MOORE J. N. , TRAVIS J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAntithrombin‐III (AT‐III) activity was measured at the time of admission in 46 horses referred with colic. Differences in AT‐III activities between animals treated medically or surgically and survivors or non‐survivors were compared. The mean AT‐III values for the horses treated medically (76.2 per cent), surgical survivors (69.5 per cent) and surgical non‐survivors (55.9 per cent) were significantly different from the reference value for healthy adults (92 to 108 per cent). The mean AT‐III activity of the survivors was significantly (P<0.01) greater than that of the non‐survivors. The majority of the survivors (11 of 13 horses) had AT‐III activities exceeding 60 per cent of normal, whereas that of 10 of the 14 non‐survivors was less than 60 per cent of normal. There was an apparent distinction between the survivors and non‐survivors at approximately 60 per cent of normal AT‐III activity.
Anatomical and functional communications between the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint
Authors: REEVES M. J. , TROTTER G. W. , KAINER R.A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe anatomical and functional communications of the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint were evaluated in 50 stifle joints of 25 horses. Femoropatellar joint (FPJ) sacs were injected with 50 ml of gelatin‐based dye and horses were then walked for 50 m. Horses were subsequently killed, the stifle joints dissected and the location of the dye recorded. Twenty‐three horses (46 joints) had clinically normal stifle joints and in this group, anatomical communications of the stifle joints were bilaterally symmetrical in each horse. In 15 of these 23 horses (65 per cent), direct anatomical communication between the FPJ sac and the medial sac of the femorotibial joint (FTJ) was demonstrated. The FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral sacs of the FTJ in four of these 23 horses (17.5 per cent). There were no anatomical communications between the FPJ sac and either sac of the FTJ in the remaining four horses (17.5 per cent). Functional communication, which was established by finding dye in the FTJ sacs where anatomical communication with the FPJ sac existed, was demonstrated in 14 of 19 horses (74 per cent). Two horses were affected with degenerative joint disease of one stifle joint. In both of these joints the FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral FTJ sacs. This distribution was different from that of the contralateral joint. When performing intra‐articular anaesthesia of equine stifle joints, each synovial sac needs to be injected separately to ensure that anaesthesia of the appropriate synovial sac is obtained.
Laminitis in the pony: conservative treatment vs dorsal hoof wall resection
Authors: Peremans K. , Verschooten F. , de Moor A. , Desmet P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical and radiographic findings in 21 ponies with laminitis and its treatment and results are described. All ponies received non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. All were fed hay and no concentrates. They were box rested for varying periods depending on clinical improvement. Dorsal hoof wall resection was performed in 11 ponies and all regained complete soundness. To shorten the period of non‐activity, working ponies were shod and the hoof wall defect was packed with technovit or a combination of glue with cotton cuttings. Ten were treated conservatively; two recovered completely, four remained lame and four were killed because of recurrent laminitis.
Pulmonary gas exchange correlated to clinical signs and lung pathology in horses with chronic bronchiolitis
Authors: NYMAN G. , LINDBERG R. , WECKNER D. , BJÖRK M. , KVART C. , PERSSON S. G. B. , GUSTAFSSON H. , HEDENSTIERNA G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEight horses (mean weight 438 kg) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were studied for clinical signs, ventilation/perfusion relationships (V̇A/Q̇) and lung morphology. Four horses were killed and necropsied after the study. In horses with COPD, minute ventilation was almost twice as high as normal, whereas PaO2 was significantly decreased. Cardiac output was normal, but pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were significantly increased. The V̇A/Q̇ distribution was abnormal with an increased scatter of V̇A/Q̇ ratios. However, shunt (V̇A/Q̇=0) was increased in one horse only. Ventilation of dead space and high V̇A/Q̇ regions (V̇A/Q̇>10) were increased markedly and comprised 74 per cent of minute ventilation. On lung biopsy, all horses showed chronic bronchiolitis with epithelial hyperplasia and metaplasia. Diffuse acinar hyperinflation also was evident at necropsy. There was a significant inverse correlation between the respiratory rate and the fractional ventilation of normal V̇A/Q̇ regions. Also, there was a significant agreement between the extent of bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia in necropsy specimens of lungs and the degree of ventilation of high V̇A/Q̇ regions and dead space. The findings suggest that hyperinflation of the lung due to obstructed airways may be the common denominator of increased ventilation of high V̇A/Q̇ regions and dead space ventilation and of elevated pulmonary artery pressure in horses with COPD from chronic bronchiolitis.
Evaluation of transabdominal ultrasound‐guided amniocentesis in the late gestational mare
Authors: SCHMIDT A. R. , WILLIAMS M. A. , CARLETON C. L. , DARIEN B. J. , DERKSEN F. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySerial transabdominal amniocentesis was performed on eight mares in late gestation. Ultrasonography was used to identify the two placental fluid sacs and the foetus. A biopsy guide attached to the transducer allowed visualisation of the needle path during insertion. Amniotic fluid was obtained in 85 per cent of the attempts, although as mares approached parturition substantial pools of amniotic fluid were more difficult to locate. Two mares aborted during the study probably because of complications of the procedures, whereas six mares produced normal foals at term. The abortions preclude clinical use of this technique currently. However, there was sufficient success in retrieval of amniotic fluid and outcome of pregnancies to continue the study of amniocentesis in larger groups of mares to determine the clinical and research value of this technique.
Pharmacokinetic, biochemical and tolerance studies on carprofen in the horse
Authors: McKELLAR Q. A. , BOGAN J. A. , von FELLENBERG R.‐L , LUDWIG B. , CAWLEY G. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCarprofen, a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) was administered to three Thoroughbred geldings and three Shetland ponies to determine its plasma disposition and tolerance. The main pharmacokinetic characteristics of carprofen in horses and ponies were a volume of distribution of 0.08 to 0.32 litres/kg (mean ± se=0.23 ± 0.04) a systemic clearance of 26.4 to 78.5 ml/min (mean ± se=44.9 ± 8.0) and a plasma elimination half‐life of 14.5 to 31.4 h (mean ± se=21.9 ± 2.3). There was no evidence of any accumulation of carprofen in plasma when the drug was given orally at a dose rate of 0.7 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days. Carprofen was well tolerated following intravenous (iv) and oral administration. Intramuscular (im) administration resulted in elevated levels of plasma creatine kinase suggesting muscle cell damage. According to the results of this study carprofen can be regarded as a long‐acting NSAID in horses from a pharmacokinetic point of view. Either iv, im or the oral route of administration could be used to achieve high carprofen plasma concentrations.
An epidemiological study of summer eczema in Icelandic horses in Norway
Authors: Halldórdsóttir Stefania , Larsen H. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA survey of summer eczema was conducted on 391 Icelandic horses in Norway. The study showed a prevalence of summer eczema of 17.6 per cent in the horses investigated. Icelandic horses born in Norway where shown to be less affected with summer eczema than imported horses, 8.2 per cent and 26.9 per cent respectively (P < 0.001). There was no difference in the prevalence of summer eczema relative to gender or colour of the horse. The number of horses affected with summer eczema rose with increasing age and the number of years which had elapsed since importation. On average, Icelandic horses born in Norway developed summer eczema at the age of 5.3 years. The onset of disease for imported horses was, on average, 4.1 years after importation. The study also revealed that a significantly greater number of horses imported from Iceland to Norway during the period October to April, which has a minimal or low activity of insects (32.3 per cent), had developed summer eczema, compared with horses imported during the period May to September, when insects are more active (16.7 per cent), (P=0.044). Horses with summer eczema were shown to be significantly more affected by respiratory disease than non‐affected horses (P=0.0086). The most common sites and clinical signs of summer eczema are also described.
Small intestinal malabsorption in the horse: an assessment of the specificity of the oral glucose tolerance test
Authors: MAIR T. S. , HILLYER M. H. , TAYLOR F. G. R. , PEARSON G. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySpecificity of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for the diagnosis of small intestinal malabsorption in the horse was assessed by comparing the results of OGTT with the results of a histopathological examination of the small intestine in 42 adult horses affected by chronic weight loss. The horses were assigned to three groups on the basis of the results of the test. Five horses were considered to have a normal OGTT absorption result (Group 1); all the horses had a histologically normal small intestine. Twenty‐five horses had a partial malabsorption result (Group 2) seven of which had normal small intestinal morphology, whereas the remaining 18 had a variety of pathological lesions including lymphosarcoma, villous atrophy, granulomatous enteritis and eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Twelve of the 42 horses had a total malabsorption result (Group 3), and all had a severe infiltrative lesion in the small intestinal wall (either lymphosarcoma or granulomatous enteritis).
Scintigraphic identification of skeletal muscle damage in horses 24 hours after strenuous exercise
Authors: MORRIS ELISABETH , SEEHERMAN H. J. , O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , SCHELLING S. H. , PARADIS MARY ROSE , STECKEL R. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe uptake of the bone‐seeking radiopharmaceutical 99mTc‐MDP by damaged skeletal muscle in horses is evaluated. Twenty‐four hours following strenuous exercise, 109 racehorses with a history of inadequate athletic performance and subtle lameness were imaged using scintigraphic techniques. Ten horses (9.2 per cent) demonstrated abnormal uptake of the radioisotope within skeletal muscles. A muscle biopsy from one of theses horses confirmed that the muscles with increased scintigraphic activity had histologic evidence of rhabdomyolysis. This technique allows localisation and relative quantification of muscle damage and is a valuable aid in the evaluation of the athletic horse.
The isolation, characterisation and quantification of the equine plasma lipoproteins
Authors: WATSON T. D. G. , BURNS LYNN , LOVE S. , PACKARD C. J. , SHEPHERD J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma lipoproteins were isolated from eight Thoroughbred horses and eight Shetland ponies on the basis of particle size by gel filtration chromatography and according to density using rate‐zonal ultracentrifugation. Three major classes corresponding to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were identified and characterised by their lipid and apolipoprotein compositions. The particle size distributions of each class were determined by electron microscopy and non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. HDL was found to dominate the equine lipoprotein spectrum, accounting for 61 per cent of the total plasma lipoprotein mass (VLDL 24 per cent, LDL 15 per cent). The VLDL class was isolated as a single population of particles that were triglyceride rich and cholesterol, phospholipid and protein poor. Equine LDL was characteristically cholesterol rich and was found to be polydisperse comprising three subfractions that were discrete with respect to particle size and lipid composition. The HDL class was composed of homogeneous particles that were typically protein rich. Apolipoprotein (apo) B was the major protein of VLDL and LDL, and presented two components on Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular weights in the region of human apoB‐100 and a third in VLDL similar to that of apoB‐48. ApoA‐I was the predominant protein in equine HDL. Although there were no breed differences in the physical or chemical properties of each lipoprotein class, the Shetland ponies had higher plasma triglyceride and VLDL concentrations than their Thoroughbred counterparts.
Traumatic injuries involving tendons of the distal limbs in horses: a retrospective study of 55 cases
Authors: FOLAND J. W. , TROTTER G. W. , STASHAK T. S. , MCILWRAITH C. W. , TURNER A. S. , AANES W. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFifty‐five horses were presented to Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1st of January 1980 and 31st of December 1989 for treatment of distal limb lacerations involving flexor tendons (n = 35) or extensor tendons (n = 20). Of the 35 flexor tendon lacerations, 11 horses were killed without treatment and 24 horses were treated. Twenty‐two horses were included in determining outcome. Four (18 per cent) returned to their original level of use, nine (41 per cent) returned to limited riding, seven (32 per cent) returned to breeding or pasture soundness and two (9 per cent) were killed. Eighteen of the 20 horses with extensor tendon lacerations underwent treatment and 15 had sufficient follow‐up to determine outcome. Seven (47 per cent) returned to their original or intended use, five (33 per cent) returned to limited use, one (7 per cent) was used for breeding and two (13 per cent) were killed. Results for horses with extensor tendon lacerations support previous reports that these injuries can be treated successfully. Results for horses having flexor tendon lacerations were better than in previous reports.
Histopathological and ultrastructural changes in simulated large colonic torsion and reperfusion in ponies
Authors: MESCHTER CAROL L. , CRAIG DIANE , HACKETT R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis investigation examines the histological and ultrastructural lesions of the colonic mucosa during terminal experimental infarction and subsequent reperfusion. Four ponies were anaesthetised and subjected to surgical torsion of the colon. Biopsies were collected at hourly intervals for 3 h, at which point the torsions were corrected. Circulation was re‐established for 2 h and the bowel was re‐biopsied at hourly intervals. The ponies were killed while under anaesthesia. During the 3 h experimental infarction, the bowel became macroscopically thickened and dark purple. Histologically, the mucosa degenerated from Grade 0 to Grade 3. Ultrastructurally, there was progressive micro‐vascular distension with erythrodiapedesis and damage to the interstitial cells. Spaces developed between the bases and sides of the columnar epithelial cells and sloughing followed subsequently. During the 2 h reperfusion interval, the mucosa continued to degenerate rapidly to a Grade 5, and was characterised by extensive interstitial damage, oedema, cellular swelling, necrosis and mitochondrial damage. The results showed that the experimentally infarcted colonic mucosa degenerated sequentially. Following circulatory reestablishment, continued rapid mucosal degeneration characteristic of reperfusion injury occurred. Reperfusion injury is probably responsible, at least in part, for the often poor outcome of infarcted bowel in horses following surgical correction.
Desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon: 27 cases (1986–1990)
Authors: DYSON SUE J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDesmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (ALDDFT) was diagnosed in 27 horses between September 1986 and December 1990. The first observed clinical sign in four horses was localised swelling in the proximal metacarpus. Twenty horses became lame suddenly during a work period and most developed swelling within 24 h of exercise. The injury was confirmed by ultrasonographic examination. Ten of 13 horses with uncomplicated desmitis of the ALDDFT resumed full work, within three to nine months of the onset of clinical signs, without recurrence of clinical signs in the period of follow‐up (nine months to four years). Three horses presented with concurrent acute desmitis of the ALDDFT and superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendonitis and two horses had a history of SDF tendonitis; none of these resumed full work.
Therapeutic management of ocular squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: 43 cases (1979–1989)
Authors: KING TRACEY C. , PRIEHS D. R. , GUM G. G. , MILLER T. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe records of 50 horses with ocular squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presented to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital over an 11 year period were reviewed to determine the influence of therapy on the outcome of the case. Follow‐up information was obtained for 43 of the 50 cases. The disease was more prevalent in the light horse breeds; however, the draft breeds also were at risk. There was no sex predisposition and the average age was 11.8 years. Tumour recurrence was significant when surgery alone was performed. The eyelid and nictitating membrane were the primary sites for tumor recurrence. Cases in which adjunctive therapy was used correlated with a lower rate of recurrence.
The body condition of feral ponies on Assateague island
Authors: RUDMAN REBECCA , KEIPER R. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe summer body condition of 47 adult feral ponies on Assateague Island (off the coast of Maryland, USA) was assessed in June 1988 using a visual body condition scoring system. Winter body condition for 36 of the ponies was assessed in February and March, 1989. The ponies were categorised by gender, reproductive status and location on the island, and body condition scores of the ponies in each category were then compared by statistical analyses. No significant seasonal differences were found in the body conditions of the ponies. However, body condition of stallions was better than that of mares. Also, lactating mares had lower body condition scores than non‐lactating mares. Finally, in the summer, ponies on the southern part of the island were in better condition than those on the northern end where food and other resources were more limited. Thus gender, reproductive status and habitat, according to the criteria of this study, all had an effect on the body condition of Assateague Island feral ponies, whereas seasonal effects were not evident. Future studies could clarify the correlation between the condition of the mares during the breeding season and birth rate and survival of foals the following spring.
Measurement of cardiac dimensions with two‐dimensional echocardiography in the living horse
Authors: VOROS K. , HOLMES J. R. , GIBBS C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwo‐dimensional echocardiography (2DE) was performed on 22 unsedated Thoroughbred and part Thoroughbred horses weighing between 411 and 650 kg to establish normal reference values for 2DE measurements. Animals stood during examinations performed with a 3.5 MHz mechanical sector transducer using various transducer positions and tomographic planes. Right ventricular diameter (RVD), ventricular septal thickness (VSTh), aortic diameter (AoD), area of the chordal lumen of the left ventricle (CTA), left ventricular diameter (LVD) and left atrial diameter (LAD) were determined at ventricular end‐diastole (Ed) and/or end‐systole (Es). Fractional shortening (FS) of the left ventricle and end‐systolic left atrial to aortic ratio (LADEs: AoD‐Es) also were calculated. Echocardiographic data were related to body weight by linear regression analysis. Intra‐observer variability was checked in five horses by measuring each parameter during each of 10 consecutive cardiac cycles. The 2DE data were compared with M‐mode values in published reports. In the 18 horses whose weight did not exceed 551 kg, repeatable recordings of good quality were obtained, and 2DE measurements could be made using intra‐cardiac reference points. Increasing body weight proved to impose substantial limitations on measurements taken with the available machine and transducer. This problem might be overcome by using probes of lower frequency or equipment with higher quality image display at greater depth. The following parameters correlated significantly to body weight: VSTh‐Es (r = 0.69; P<0.01). AoD‐Es (r = 0.64; P<0.01) and CTA‐Es (r = 0.84; P<0.001). However, technical limitations prevented determination of the relationship between bodyweight and CTA‐Ed and LVD‐Ed. For each parameter, good reproducibility of values was found because the mean coefficient of variation (CV) varied between 2.6 and 7.2. In this study, 2DE provided reliable qualitative and quantitative assessment of cardiac anatomy and function, but its limitations also must be considered and it should be used in conjunction with other clinical procedures.
Equine synovial tendon sheaths and bursae: a transmission electron microscope study
Authors: HAGO B. E. D. , VAUGHAN L. C. , PLUMMER J. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA transmission electron microscope study was undertaken to investigate the details of the synovial tendon sheath and bursal lining in horses. The lining cells appeared to be fibroblasts and were buried in a finely granular ground substance. Generally these cells had poor cytoplasmic organelles, sparse short profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), few scattered ribosomes and, occasionally, a poorly developed Golgi complex. However, a few lining cells appeared more active, having pronounced RER with dilated cisternane. The surface of the lining cells, particularly those with dilated RER, had filipodia of different shapes, which in some instances appeared to surround a detached matrix. This feature might indicate that these cells are capable of phagocytosis. In young animals, the lining was more or less akin to that of the adult. However, the lining cells were virtually indistinguishable from the fibroblasts in the subconnective tissue.