bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Image‐Based Approach for Stochastic Volumetric and Procedural Details
Authors: Gilet G. , Dischler J‐M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNoisy volumetric details like clouds, grounds, plaster, bark, roughcast, etc. are frequently encountered in nature and bring an important contribution to the realism of outdoor scenes. We introduce a new interactive approach, easing the creation of procedural representations of “stochastic” volumetric details by using a single example photograph. Instead of attempting to reconstruct an accurate geometric representation from the photograph, we use a stochastic multi‐scale approach that fits parameters of a multi‐layered noise‐based 3D deformation model, using a multi‐resolution filter banks error metric. Once computed, visually similar details can be applied to arbitrary objects with a high degree of visual realism, since lighting and parallax effects are naturally taken into account. Our approach is inspired by image‐based techniques. In practice, the user supplies a photograph of an object covered by noisy details, provides a corresponding coarse approximation of the shape of this object as well as an estimated lighting condition (generally a light source direction). Our system then determines the corresponding noise‐based representation as well as some diffuse, ambient, specular and semi‐transparency reflectance parameters. The resulting details are fully procedural and, as such, have the advantage of extreme compactness, while they can be infinitely extended without repetition in order to cover huge surfaces.
Constitutionalising an Overlapping Consensus: The ECJ and the Emergence of a Coordinate Constitutional Order
Authors: Sabel Charles F. , Gerstenberg Oliver 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe European Court of Justice's (ECJ's) jurisprudence of fundamental rights in cases such as Schmidberger and Omega extends the court's jurisdiction in ways that compete with that of Member States in matters of visceral concern. And just as the Member States require a guarantee that the ECJ respect fundamental rights rooted in national tradition, so the ECJ insists that international organisations respect rights constitutive of the EU. The demand of such guarantees reproduces between the ECJ and the international order the kinds of conflicting jurisdictional claims that have shadowed the relation between the ECJ and the courts of the Member States. This article argues that the clash of jurisdiction is being resolved by the formation of a novel order of coordinate constitutionalism in which Member States, the ECJ, the European Court of Human Rights and other international tribunals or organisations agree to defer to one another's decisions, provided those decisions respect mutually agreed essentials. This coordinate order extends constitutionalism beyond its home territory in the nation state through a jurisprudence of mutual monitoring and peer review that carefully builds on national constitutional traditions, but does not create a new, encompassing sovereign entity. The doctrinal instruments by which the plural constitutional orders are, in this way, profoundly linked without being integrated are variants of the familiar Solange principles of the German Constitutional Court, by which each legal order accepts the decisions of the others, even if another decision would have been more consistent with the national constitution tradition, ‘so long as’ those decisions do not systematically violate its own understanding of constitutional essentials. The article presents the coordinate constitutional order being created by this broad application of the Solange doctrine as an instance, and practical development, of what Rawls called an overlapping consensus: agreement on fundamental commitments of principle—those essentials which each order requires the others to respect—does not rest on mutual agreement on any single, comprehensive moral doctrine embracing ideas of human dignity, individuality or the like. It is precisely because the actors of each order acknowledge these persistent differences, and their continuing influence on the interpretation of shared commitments in particular conflicts, that they reserve the right to interpret essential principles, within broad and shared limits, and accord this right to others. The embrace of variants of the Solange principles by many coordinate courts, in obligating each to monitor the others' respect for essentials, creates an institutional mechanism for articulating and adjusting the practical meaning of the overlapping consensus.
Fundamental rights in the EU after Kadi and Al Barakaat
Authors: Isiksel N. Türküler 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article takes stock of the emerging scholarship on the European Court of Justice's 2008 Kadi decision and seeks to make sense of the court's apparent evasiveness towards international law. The article argues that Kadi is best understood as an act of civil disobedience prompted by the UN Security Council's misapplication of foundational principles of the international order. In turn, the court's forceful articulation of the stakes in this case signals a prioritisation of basic rights within the supranational constitutional architectonic. In this respect, the ‘domestic’ constitutional implications of Kadi are just as far reaching as its consequences for the EU's status as an actor under international law.
Applying Precaution in EU Authorisation of Genetically Modified Products—Challenges and Suggestions for Reform
Authors: Weimer Maria 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this article, I endeavour to examine concrete challenges that arise with regard to implementation of the precautionary principle in the field of European Union regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Developed by the European courts into a general legal principle, precaution requires EU regulators to strike a balance between scientific and political legitimacy when taking decisions on risk‐entailing products. Following this understanding, the current GMO legislation creates precautionary governance structures that allow for a broad input into the authorisation process, not only of scientific, but also of ‘other legitimate factors’. At the same time, it can be criticised for narrowly defining precaution as a decision rule, which, if applied correctly, will lead the decision maker to the ‘right’ decision. I argue that this misconception is one of the reasons why, in the current authorisation practice, the EU institutions fail to apply the principle in a balanced way, falling into the extremes of either purely science‐based decision making or a highly politicised precautionary rhetoric. I suggest that in order not to be paralysing, precaution should be understood as a procedural principle that provides for precautionary governance, thus enabling regulators to make appropriate risk choices.
Interdependencies between Monetary Policy and Foreign Exchange Interventions under Inflation Targeting: The Case of Brazil and the Czech Republic
Authors: Gnabo Jean‐Yves , De Mello Luiz , Moccero Diego 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInflation‐targeting central banks often explicitly reserve the right to intervene in foreign exchange markets when the exchange rate ‘deviates from fundamentals’ and/or ‘displays excessive volatility’. In the case of emerging markets, central banks can often ill afford to neglect exchange rate developments when setting monetary policy because of a high pass‐through of nominal exchange rate changes to domestic prices. As a result, interventions and monetary policy are interrelated, a hypothesis that has been overlooked in the literature. To bridge this gap, this paper includes monetary policy indicators in the estimation of intervention reaction functions for Brazil and the Czech Republic since the adoption of inflation targeting. Our main finding is that interventions take place independently of the contemporaneous monetary policy setting in Brazil, but not in the Czech Republic, where both policies appear to be coordinated.
Currency Crashes in Industrial Countries: What Determines Good and Bad Outcomes?*
Authors: Gagnon Joseph E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSharp exchange rate depreciations, or currency crashes, are associated with poor economic outcomes in industrial countries only when they are caused by inflationary macroeconomic policies. Moreover, the poor outcomes are attributable to inflationary policies in general and not the currency crashes in particular. On the other hand, crashes caused by rising unemployment or external deficits have always been followed by solid economic growth, rising asset prices and stable or falling inflation rates.
Financial Dollarization and European Union Membership
Authors: Neanidis Kyriakos C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe analyse the effect of European Union (EU) membership on financial dollarization for the Central and Eastern European countries. Using a unique monthly data set that spans about two decades, we find that both the accession process towards EU membership and EU entry have a direct impact on deposit dollarization (DD) and loan dollarization (LD). EU membership reduces DD while it increases LD. The negative effect on DD captures the increased confidence of the private sector in the domestic currency, as they consider the EU admission process a reflection of their government's commitment to promoting policies of long‐run currency stability. The positive impact on credit dollarization is the outcome of a greater convergence of exchange rates to the euro and the subsequent anticipation of lower currency risk, which diminishes the cost of foreign currency borrowing.
Evaluation de la barrière cutanée chez l'homme par deux méthodes non‐invasives (vélocimétrie laser Doppler et chromamétrie)
Authors: GUESSANT C. , MARTY J.‐P. , DUPONT Ch. 
Published: September 2010

RésuméDans le cadre de travaux concernant la barrière cutanée et ses modifications, notre but a été d'évaluer objectivement, in vivo chez l'homme, la réponse pharmacologique obtenue après application topique de deux réactifs vasoactifs: le nicotinate de méthyle (NM) et le nicotinate d'hexyle (NH). Deux méthodes non‐invasives ont été comparées, la vélocimétrie laser Doppler, par deux appareils: le Periflux PF2 (Perimed, Suède), et le Laser Flo BPM 403 (TSI, USA), et la chromamétrie (Chromamètre CR 200, Minolta, Japon), à l'aide de quatre paramètres: le temps de latence précédant l'apparition de la réponse, l'intensité maximale de cette réponse, le temps pour atteindre cette intensité et le pourcentage de sujets répondeurs présentant une augmentation du flux sanguin cutané et/ou une rougeur cutanée. La vélocimétrie laser Doppler pose le problème de l'effet solvant et/ou sonde, ce qui rend délicate l'interprétation des résultats. C'est pourquoi nous avons choisi la chromamétrie pour apprécier, à l'aide de vasoactifs appropriés (NM dans l'eau et NH dans divers solvants), l'état de la barrière cutanée et son évolution après agression physique par stripping d'intensité croissante.SynopsisWithin the framework of our research on the cutaneous barrier functions and their modifications, our objective was to estimate, in vivo in humans, the pharmacological response induced by the topical application of two vasoactive drugs: methyl nicotinate (MN) and hexyl nicotinate (HN). Two noninvasive methods were compared: laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) (with two different types of equipment: Periflux PF2™ (Perimed, Sweden) and Laser Flo BPM 403™ (TSI, USA) and chromametry (Chromameter CR 200, Minolta, Japan). Four parameters were measured and/or calculated: the lag time before the first response, the highest intensity of the response, the time to reach this intensity and the percentage of sites responding with an increase of blood flow and/or a skin redness. Laser Doppler velocimetry shows a problem with the effect of the solvent and/or probe which makes the interpretation of the results difficult. With the vasoactive drugs, MN in water and HN in various solvents, chromametry was preferred for estimating the cutaneous barrier function and its evolution after physical aggression by progressive stripping of the horny layer.
Étude par cryofracture de l'organisation lamellaire de lipides intercellulaires dans le stratum corneum humain après application topique de céramides
Authors: SURLÈVE‐BAZEILLE J.‐É. , MERCIER M. , Le MENN R. , FRUCTUS A. , ARNAUD‐BATTANDIER J. 
Published: September 2010

RésuméIl est possible de remédier à une carence des complexes lipidiques de la couche cornée grâce à des produits cosmétiques de remplacement. La place prépondérante qu'occupent les céramides parmi les lipides intercellulaires du stratum corneum et dans l'enveloppe des cornéocytes nous a conduits à élaborer une suspension aqueuse de céramides sous forme de liposomes. Ce produit a été appliqué et ses effets analysés sur un modèle de stratum corneum délipidé. La comparaison entre le résultat de cette expérimentation et le stratum corneum normal révèle à l'échelle ultrastructurale la présence de figures intercellulaires multilamellaires très semblables dans les deux cas. Les céramides sous forme de liposomes se sont structurées en feuillets analogues à ceux du ciment naturel. La méthode de cryofracture appliquée ici est particulièrement adaptée pour visualiser et suivre le devenir de ces céramides en microscopie électronique.SynopsisThe multilamellar structure of intercellular lipids may be examined by cryofracture. These lipids function particularly as a moisture barrier in the stratum corneum (SC) and as an intercellular cement which may be present in excess or be deficient due to physiological abnormalities or external aggression. Any deficiency may be remedied by application of the appropriate cosmetic products. The major role played by ceramides in this cement and in the corneocyte envelope has led to studies of the application of ceramides in the form of liposomesThe object of this paper is to visualize on an ultrastructural scale the fate of ceramides applied to a model SC. The following types of SC have been examined: intact SC; SC defatted by chloroform containing methanol; defatted SC treated by ceramide containing liposomes. These three structures were prepared as cryofracture preparations and examined by transmission electron microscopy. The intact SC samples showed the classic intercellular cement in lamellar 5–10 nm minimum thickness. This cement was absent in the defatted SC. After treatment with ceramide liposomes an intercellular lamellar structure similar to that observed in intact SC could be observed. Cryofracture appears to be a technique well adapted to demonstrate the fate of ceramides in electron microscopy.
Effect of the glyceride of pentadecanoic acid on energy metabolism in hair follicles
Authors: ADACHI K. , YOKOYAMA D. , TAMAI H. , SADAI M. , OBA K. 
Published: September 2010

SynopsisThe effect of the glyceride of pentadecanoic acid (PDG) in treating male pattern alopecia has already been confirmed in a double blind controlled clinical test. In order to study the mechanism of the hair growing effect of PDG, ATP levels were measured in the hair follicles of rabbits. The ATP levels in telogen hair follicles increased remarkably with the application of PDG. To examine this effect, the metabolic properties of pentadecanoic acid (PDA) were investigated using the mitochondrial fraction prepared from guinea‐pig hair follicles. It was shown that PDA could be metabolized in hair follicles, and succinic acid, which was formed in the degradation process of PDA, had a remarkable ATP producing ability. These results suggest that the hair growing effect of PDG depends on the efficient supply of energy to hair follicles, and this mechanism seems to be derived from the metabolic property of the odd numbered carbon fatty acid, PDA.RésuméL'effet du monoglycéride de l'acide pentadécanoique (PDG) dans le traitement de l'alopécie de configuration masculine a déjà été confirmé dans un test clinique en double aveugle. Afin d'étudier le mécanisme de l'effet de croissance sur les poils du PDG, les niveaux d'ATP ont été mesurés sur les follicules de poils de lapins. Les niveaux d'ATP des follicules pileux télogènes ont augmenté remarquablement avec l'application du PDG. Pour comprendre cet effet, les propriétés métaboliques de l'acide pentadécanoique (PDA) ont été étudiées en utilisant la fraction mitochondriale préparée à partir des follicules pileux de cobayes. Il a été démontré que le PDA pouvait être métabolisé dans les follicules pileux et que l'acide succinique, formé au cours du procédé de dégradation du PDA, présente une capacité de production d'ATP remarquable. Ces résultats suggérent que l'effet de croissance du PDG dépend de sa propriété de fournir de l'énergie aux follicules pileux, et que ce mécanisme semble être dérivé de leur faculté de métaboliser un acide gras à nombre impair de carbones, le PDA.
On the Male Genito‐Urinary Organs of the Lepidosiren and Protopterus
Authors: Kerr J. Graham 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe more important features in the morphology of the male urogenital system of Lepitlosiren and Protopterus may be summarized as follows:—

The testis is very much elongated and is divisible into an anterior formative and n posterior vesicular and conducting region.
The posterior part of the vesicular region is connected with the tubules of the hind end of the mesonephros, which serve for the passage of the genital products.
In Protopterus the testis is connected with the kidney only at its extreme tip; in Lepidosiren there is a stories of about half a dozen segmentally arranged vasa efferentia which open into Malpighinn capsules.
In Protopterus the hind genital region of the kidneys is clearly marked off from the rest, and in this region the kidneys are fused across the middle line; in Lepidosiren there is only a slight attempt at this differentiation, and the kidneys of the two sides are posteriorly, as elsewhere, quite distinct.
The Wolffian ducts open in the adult inale by a common (Protopterus) or by two separate (Lepidosiren) papillae into the distal portion of the cloacal caecum, which is morphologically a urogenital sinus formed in ontogeny as a dilatntion of the fused, but originally separate, posterior portions of the Wolffian ducts.
1. On the Ciliation of Asterids, and on the Question of Ciliary Nutrition in Certain Species.
Authors: Gemmill James F. 
Published: September 2010

Summary.A. Ciliary Action.—The arrangement of the ciliary currents on the various surfaces of four widely different species of Starfishes has been described in detail. This arrangement is constant for all individuals in each of the species, and, except as regards external surfaces, is practically the same in all the species. Everywhere the arrangement has been shown to be explicable by physiological needs. Ciliation in the perihæmal spaces has been demonstrated.B. Ciliary Feeding.—In the case of Porania pulvillus a mechanism for ciliary feeding has been shown to exist, and the results of experiment demonstrate that this kind of feeding actually takes place. As regards Astropecten, it is only shown, so far, that the arrangement of the actinal and abactinal cilia makes ciliary feeding possible. In Solaster papposus ciliary feeding probably takes place, but in an entirely minor degree. The other Starfishes examined gave negative results. The important bearing of the above results on questions of phylogeny is briefly discussed.
39. Fauna of West Australia.—III. A new Nemertean, Geonemertes dendyi, sp. n., being the first recorded Land Nemertean from Western Australia.
Authors: Dakin W.J. 
Published: September 2010

Summary.The characteristic features of Geonentertes dendyi, sp. n., are as follows. The length of the mature female is about 15 mm. when crawling. The colour is brown‐pink, with two dorsal and some what posterior darker longitudinal bands of chocolate‐brown. The eyes are arranged in four groups—two anterior, each of or six larger spots, and two posterior groups, each of three smaller eyes, making about sixteen or seventeen altogether. Lateral organs are well developed, opening by characteristic ciliated cephalic pits on the ventral surface at the anterior end. The mouth opens into the rhynchodæum. The sexes are dist Cephalic gland apparently not well developed. Other structures agreeing well with the description of similar parts in G. australiensis. The specimen was found under a small log, together with Peripatus gilesii, in the Darling Hills, Western Australia not far from Perth.
The Colour Changes and Colour Patterns of Sepia officinalis L
Authors: Holmes William 
Published: September 2010

Summary..1. The nature of the colour changes shown by Sepia officinalis L. in different environments is discussed.2. Several patterns in the coloration of the animal, each appearing under certain specific conditions of stimulation, are described.3. Each pattern is formed by a pattern of expansion and contraction of the chromatophores, supplemented by reflection from the immobile iridophores which lie below them.4. The state of expansion of each chromatophore is determined by its musculature, which is under nervous control; and therefore each colour pattern is a manifestation of a pattern in the process of excitation of the chromatophore motor neurons in the central nervous system.5. In no other Cephalopod than Sepia have such colour patterns been described, and they form a complex and highly developed system of protective coloration, adapted to the conditions under which Sepia lives.6. The types of protection afforded by the colorations are discussed. Cryptic patterns are found affording protection through obliterative shading, close environmental resemblance, and striking ruptive patterns.7. Concealment is made more effective by the animal's ability to change its coloration from one pattern to another in times as short as two‐thirds of a second.8. Certain of the colour changes probably protect Sepia by virtue of their great rapidity for, like any sudden change in the visual field, they produce a flight reaction in the predator.9. Such rapid change of colour thus forms a new category in the classification of the means by which colour can afford protection to animals.