bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salience of working-memory maintenance and manipulation deficits in schizophrenia
Authors: Hill S. K. , Griffin G. B. , Miura T. Kazuto , Herbener E. S. , Sweeney J. A. 
Published: March 2010

BackgroundEncoding and maintenance of information in working memory, followed by internal manipulation of that information for planning adaptive behavior, are two key components of working-memory systems. Both processes have been reported to be impaired in schizophrenia, but few studies have directly compared the relative severity of these abnormalities, or the degree to which manipulation deficits might be secondary to alterations in maintenance processes.MethodClinically stable schizophrenia patients (n=25) and a demographically similar healthy comparison group (n=24) were administered a verbal span task with three levels of working-memory load. Maintenance was assessed using sequential position questions. Manipulation processes were assessed by requiring comparison of the relative sequential position of test items, which entailed simultaneous serial search strategies regarding item order.ResultsBoth groups showed reduced accuracy and increased reaction time for manipulation compared with maintenance processing. There were significant patient impairments across working-memory loads. There was no differential deficit in manipulation processing, and effect sizes of relative deficit in the patient group were higher for maintenance than manipulation processing.ConclusionsThe strong correlation for maintenance and manipulation deficits suggest that impairments in the ability to internally manipulate information stored in working-memory systems are not greater than alterations in the encoding and maintaining of information in working memory and that disturbances in maintenance processing may contribute to deficits in higher-order working-memory operations.
Maternal label and gesture use affects acquisition of specific object names
Authors: ZAMMIT MARIA , SCHAFER GRAHAM 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTTen mothers were observed prospectively, interacting with their infants aged 0 ; 10 in two contexts (picture description and noun description). Maternal communicative behaviours were coded for volubility, gestural production and labelling style. Verbal labelling events were categorized into three exclusive categories: label only; label plus deictic gesture; label plus iconic gesture. We evaluated the predictive relations between maternal communicative style and children's subsequent acquisition of ten target nouns. Strong relations were observed between maternal communicative style and children's acquisition of the target nouns. Further, even controlling for maternal volubility and maternal labelling, maternal use of iconic gestures predicted the timing of acquisition of nouns in comprehension. These results support the proposition that maternal gestural input facilitates linguistic development, and suggest that such facilitation may be a function of gesture type.
Promoting a Precipitation Database for the Mediterranean Region: MedCLIVAR‐HyMeX‐MedFriends Workshop; Barcelona, Spain, 7 September 2009
Authors: Lionello Piero , Llasat Maria Carmen 
Published: March 2010

The recovery and extension of precipitation time series in the Mediterranean region was the focus of a workshop held as a side event during the “11th Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms.” The workshop was the first occasion for a joint meeting of three projects—Mediterranean Climate Variability and Predictability (MedCLIVAR), Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX), and Mediterranean Flow Regimes From International Experimental and Network Data (MedFriend)—all of which share an interest in the analysis of precipitation at regional scales. Contributions were also presented by the coordinator of the Mediterranean Experiment (MEDEX) project and the chair of the Mediterranean Climate Data Rescue (MEDARE) project.The workshop provided a forum for discussing the present state of data recovery initiatives aimed at improving knowledge of the time‐space distribution of precipitation in the Mediterranean region, where rain is simultaneously a crucial resource (rain is scarce over a large fraction of the region) and a risk factor producing floods and resultant loss of life and property.
U.S. National Science Foundation Slated for Large Budget Increase
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: March 2010

Although the Obama administration has promoted its proposed $3.8 trillion federal budget for fiscal year (FY) 2011 as one that works toward reining in budget deficits and living within the nation's means, research is among the areas slated for increases. The National Science Foundation (NSF) would receive $7.42 billion, an 8% increase above the FY 2010 enacted level of $6.87 billion, which pleases NSF administrators. This proposal would keep the agency on track for doubling its budget between about 2007 and 2017.“The president sees science as a way to build our economy. It's a way to make the nation strong in the future. It's a way of bringing change in society, and in addressing some of the global challenges that we are facing,” NSF director Arden Bement Jr. explained at a 1 February briefing. Bement, who has been at the helm of the agency for more than 6 years, announced in early February that he is leaving later this year to head up the Global Policy Research Institute at Purdue University.
New Concepts and Tools for Geological Mapping of Mars: Geological Mapping of Mars: A Workshop on New Concepts and Tools; Tuscany, Italy, 12–14 October 2009
Authors: Rossi Angelo Pio , Pondrelli Monica 
Published: March 2010

Geological mapping is a key tool for understanding the evolution of any planetary surface. The availability of ever growing data sets (e.g., multispectral and hyperspectral imaging and subsurface radar sounding) requires increasing effort in analyzing, integrating, and exploiting them for mapping purposes.To discuss these issues, about 80 planetary geoscientists gathered in Italy at a workshop co‐organized by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), the International Research School of Planetary Sciences (IRSPS), and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The workshop focused on both data and concepts and covered a range of scientific and technical topics.
Measuring Word Learning Ability in Sequential Bilingual Children
Authors: Kan Pui Fong 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to look at the word learning skills in sequential bilingual children—children who learn two languages (L1 and L2) at different times in their childhood. Learning a new word is a process of learning a word form and relating this form to a concept. For bilingual children, each concept might need to map onto two word forms (in L1 and in L2). In case studies, I present 3 typically developing Hmong-English bilingual preschoolers' word learning skills in Hmong (L1) and in English (L2) during an 8-week period (4 weeks for each language). The results showed gains in novel-word knowledge in L1 and in L2 when the amount of input is equal for both languages. The individual differences in novel word learning are discussed.
What Do We Want Them To Be When They Grow Up?
Authors: Robertson Lyn 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Learning to listen and speak are well-established preludes for reading, writing, and succeeding in mainstream educational settings. Intangibles beyond the ubiquitous test scores that typically serve as markers for progress in children with hearing loss are embedded in descriptions of the educational and social development of four young women. All were diagnosed with severe-to-profound or profound hearing loss as toddlers, and all were fitted with hearing aids and given listening and spoken language therapy. Compiling stories across the life span provides insights into what we can be doing in the lives of young children with hearing loss.
Event-Related Potentials and the Swallow System
Authors: Pitts Teresa , Wheeler-Hegland Karen , Davenport Paul 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a methodology that offers information on the processing of afferent information to the cortex and does not require a motor response. This method could be highly beneficial to researchers interested in the upper airway, specifically portions of the upper airway which initiate or modify reflexes (i.e. swallowing, cough, gag, etc). The following is a short description of the methodology, signal processing, signal interpretation, and potential impact on swallowing research.
Role of Neurostimulation and Neuroplasticity in the Rehabilitation of Dysphagia After Stroke
Authors: Hamdy Shaheen 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Swallowing problems are common after brain injury, and can affect as many as 50% of patients in the period immediately after stroke. In some cases this can lead to serious morbidity, in particular malnutrition and pulmonary aspiration. Despite this, swallowing therapies remain controversial, with limited evidence base and little in the way of objective scientific criteria. Moreover, swallowing can recover in some patients to a safe level within weeks, making it an interesting model for understanding brain recovery and cortical plasticity. A better understanding of these adaptive processes as seen in spontaneous recovery therefore may help in developing therapeutic interventions that can drive plasticity and so encourage the recovery process. In this article, I will examine present knowledge about the recovery mechanisms for swallowing after brain injury, particularly from investigations with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and explore what aspects are important for compensating for recovery after damage. In addition, I will describe novel approaches to swallowing therapy, based on objective neurophysiological models that may be useful in speeding up the process of recovery and encouraging cortical plasticity that may form the basis for future clinical trials of dysphagia after brain injury.
Reimbursement for Telespeech
Authors: Brown Janet , Brannon Janice , Romanow Kate 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) supports the use of telespeech (also called telepractice) to expand access to speech-language pathology and audiology services; however, widespread acceptance has been influenced by the reluctance of payers to reimburse this method of service delivery. At the present time, schools are leading the way in implementing telespeech, while adoption in health-care settings lags behind. This article provides a brief background about ASHA's activities with regard to telepractice and discusses the status of reimbursement for telespeech in various settings, including schools, private insurance, Medicare, and Medicaid.
The Nuclear Ring in the Barred Spiral Galaxy IC 4933
Authors: Ryder Stuart D. , Illingworth Samuel M. , Sharp Robert G. , Farage Catherine L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present infrared imaging from IRIS2 on the Anglo–Australian Telescope that shows the barred spiral galaxy IC 4933 has not just an inner ring encircling the bar, but also a star-forming nuclear ring 1.5 kpc in diameter. Imaging in the u′ band with GMOS on Gemini South confirms that this ring is not purely an artifact due to dust. Optical and near-infrared colours alone however cannot break the degeneracy between age, extinction, and burst duration that would allow the star formation history of the ring to be unraveled. Integral field spectroscopy with the GNIRS spectrograph on Gemini South shows the equivalent width of the Paβ line to peak in the north and south quadrants of the ring, indicative of a bipolar azimuthal age gradient around the ring. The youngest star-forming regions do not appear to correspond to where we expect to find the contact points between the offset dust lanes and the nuclear ring unless the nuclear ring is oval in shape, causing the contact points to lead the bar by more than 90°.
The Fraction of Ionizing Photons Escaping from High-Redshift Galaxies
Authors: Srbinovsky Jhan A. , Wyithe J. Stuart B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe fraction (fesc) of ionizing photons that escape their host galaxy and so are able to ionize hydrogen in the intergalactic medium is a critical parameter in studies of the reionization era. In this paper we constrain fesc at high redshift by modelling the observed Lyα transmission. Using an N-body simulation of the cosmic web, we first model an ionizing background due to star-bursting galaxies. We then extract an ensemble of mock absorption spectra from the simulation and compute the mean transmission. We adjust the free parameter, fesc in our model of the ionizing background to reproduce the observed transmission. We find that fesc increases with the minimum galaxy mass considered to contribute to the ionizing background, and that at high redshift fesc must be greater than 5% irrespective of galaxy mass. Based on our numerical results we calibrate a semi-analytic model which shows that the ionizing background observed at z ∼ 5.5–6 implies a sufficient number of ionizing photons to have reionized the Universe by z ∼ 6. However, if the minimum mass for star-formation were ≳109 M⊙, the ionizing background would be over-produced at z ≲ 5. In summary, our results indicate that the Universe was reionized by low mass galaxies.
Nature and Art, Making and Knowing: Reconstructing Sixteenth-Century Life-Casting Techniques*
Authors: Smith Pamela H. , Beentjes Tonny 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlmost everyKunstkammerin sixteenth-century Europe contained small reptiles or plants cast from life in a variety of media. This widespread technique, which used small, recently killed animals as a pattern to create lifelike sculptures, was often prized more highly than works sculpted with the hand. An unstudied, late sixteenth-century French technical manuscript records a practitioner's experiments in casting from life, among many other subjects. This article investigates both the techniques and the significance of life-casting on the basis of this treatise, incorporating the examination of surviving sixteenth-century European life casts and the reconstruction of the manuscript's recipes and technical instructions, arguing that life-casting in the sixteenth century was viewed in part as a means to the knowledge of nature.
Generic Advertising in an Asymmetric Cournot Oligopoly
Authors: Zheng Yuqing , Bar Talia , Kaiser Harry M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe examine how benefits of mandated generic advertising vary with firm size in an asymmetric Cournot oligopoly market. Generic advertising, funded through a mandatory assessment, changes demand but also increases firms’ costs. The effect on a firm's profits depends upon the nature of the change in demand and the company's market share. Situations are identified in which generic advertising: (1) disproportionately favors large (small) firms; (2) decreases profits; and (3) increases (decreases) social welfare. Our findings explain the concerns that are often raised on small firms being disadvantaged by generic advertising. We discuss implications for policy and for firms’ advertising strategies.
Genome-wide inferring gene–phenotype relationship by walking on the heterogeneous network
Authors: Li Yongjin , Patra Jagdish C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Clinical diseases are characterized by distinct phenotypes. To identify disease genes is to elucidate the gene–phenotype relationships. Mutations in functionally related genes may result in similar phenotypes. It is reasonable to predict disease-causing genes by integrating phenotypic data and genomic data. Some genetic diseases are genetically or phenotypically similar. They may share the common pathogenetic mechanisms. Identifying the relationship between diseases will facilitate better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism of diseases.
Results: In this article, we constructed a heterogeneous network by connecting the gene network and phenotype network using the phenotype–gene relationship information from the OMIM database. We extended the random walk with restart algorithm to the heterogeneous network. The algorithm prioritizes the genes and phenotypes simultaneously. We use leave-one-out cross-validation to evaluate the ability of finding the gene–phenotype relationship. Results showed improved performance than previous works. We also used the algorithm to disclose hidden disease associations that cannot be found by gene network or phenotype network alone. We identified 18 hidden disease associations, most of which were supported by literature evidence.
Availability: The MATLAB code of the program is available at http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/aspatra/research/Yongjin_BI2010.zip
Contact: yongjin.li@gmail.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin as a novel predictor of mortality in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: von Haehling Stephan , Filippatos Gerasimos S. , Papassotiriou Jana , Cicoira Mariantonietta , Jankowska Ewa A. , Doehner Wolfram , Rozentryt Piotr , Vassanelli Corrado , Struck Joachim , Banasiak Waldemar , Ponikowski Piotr , Kremastinos Dimitrios , Bergmann Andreas , Morgenthaler Nils G. , Anker Stefan D. 
Published: March 2010

AimsAdrenomedullin (ADM) is a vasodilatory peptide. Its plasma levels or its precursors have not been evaluated in large populations of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). We sought to explore mid‐regional proADM (MR‐proADM).Methods and resultsWe assessed MR‐proADM in 501 CHF patients [age 63 ± 11 years, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I/II/III/IV 9/44/39/8%, median N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) 878 pg/mL (interquartile range—IQR 348–2480 pg/mL), median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 31% (IQR 25–37%)]. Mid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin levels (median 0.64 nmol/L, IQR 0.49–0.87 nmol/L) increased with NYHA class (P < 0.0001). During 1‐year follow‐up, 70 patients (14%) died. Increasing MR‐proADM was a predictor of poor survival at 12 months (hazard ratio 1.82, 95% confidence interval 1.24–2.66, P = 0.002) after multivariable adjustment. In receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis of 12‐month survival, the area under the curve for MR‐proADM and NT‐proBNP was similar (P = 0.3). Comparison of Cox proportional hazard models using the likelihood ratio χ2 statistic showed that both NT‐proBNP and MR‐proADM added prognostic value to a base model of LVEF, age, creatinine, and NYHA class. Adding MR‐proADM to the base model had stronger prognostic power than adding NT‐proBNP (both P < 0.01).ConclusionMid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin is an independent predictor of mortality in CHF patients, which adds prognostic information to NT‐proBNP.
ArabidopsisHomologs of Nucleus- and Phragmoplast-Localized Kinase 2 and 3 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 4 Are Essential for Microtubule Organization
Authors: Beck Martina , Komis George , Müller Jens , Menzel Diedrik , šamaj Jozef 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA double homozygous recessive mutant in the Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of nucleus- and phragmoplast-localized kinase 2 (ANP2) and 3 (ANP3) genes and a homozygous recessive mutant in the mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) gene of Arabidopsis exhibit deficiencies in the overall microtubule (MT) organization, which result in abnormal cell growth patterns, such as branching of root hairs and swelling of diffusely growing epidermal cells. Genetic, pharmacological, molecular, cytological, and biochemical analyses show that the major underlying mechanism for these phenotypes is excessive MT stabilization manifested in both mutants as heavy MT bundling, disorientation, and drug stability. The above defects in MAPK signaling result in the adverse regulation of members of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP65) protein family, including strongly diminished phosphorylation of MAP65-1. These data suggest that ANP2/ANP3, MPK4, and the microtubule-associated protein MAP65-1, a putative target of MPK4 signaling, are all essential for the proper organization of cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis epidermal cells.
RNAi Suppression of Arogenate Dehydratase1 Reveals That Phenylalanine Is Synthesized Predominantly via the Arogenate Pathway in Petunia Petals
Authors: Maeda Hiroshi , Shasany Ajit K , Schnepp Jennifer , Orlova Irina , Taguchi Goro , Cooper Bruce R. , Rhodes David , Pichersky Eran , Dudareva Natalia 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
l-Phe, a protein building block and precursor of numerous phenolic compounds, is synthesized from prephenate via an arogenate and/or phenylpyruvate route in which arogenate dehydratase (ADT) or prephenate dehydratase, respectively, plays a key role. Here, we used Petunia hybrida flowers, which are rich in Phe-derived volatiles, to determine the biosynthetic routes involved in Phe formation in planta. Of the three identified petunia ADTs, expression of ADT1 was the highest in petunia petals and positively correlated with endogenous Phe levels throughout flower development. ADT1 showed strict substrate specificity toward arogenate, although with the lowest catalytic efficiency among the three ADTs. ADT1 suppression via RNA interference in petunia petals significantly reduced ADT activity, levels of Phe, and downstream phenylpropanoid/benzenoid volatiles. Unexpectedly, arogenate levels were unaltered, while shikimate and Trp levels were decreased in transgenic petals. Stable isotope labeling experiments showed that ADT1 suppression led to downregulation of carbon flux toward shikimic acid. However, an exogenous supply of shikimate bypassed this negative regulation and resulted in elevated arogenate accumulation. Feeding with shikimate also led to prephenate and phenylpyruvate accumulation and a partial recovery of the reduced Phe level in transgenic petals, suggesting that the phenylpyruvate route can also operate in planta. These results provide genetic evidence that Phe is synthesized predominantly via arogenate in petunia petals and uncover a novel posttranscriptional regulation of the shikimate pathway.