bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in adsorption. XVI The measurement of specific surface areas of finely divided solids by solution adsorption
Authors: Giles C. H. , Nakhwa S. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolution adsorption of p‐nitrophenol at room temperature is suitable for specific surface‐area measurements on a wide variety of solids, including carbon, cement, coal, fibres, organic pigments and water‐soluble materials, e.g., sugar. The experimental procedure is simple, and the results with a variety of organic and inorganic solids are generally in good agreement with those given by the nitrogen adsorption method. With most materials, water is the most suitable solvent, but a non‐aqueous solvent, e.g., xylene, is used with water‐soluble solids.An anthraquinone acid wool dye (C.I. Acid Blue 25) gives good results from water on inorganic oxides and with these it is simpler to use than p‐nitrophenol. In general, however, dyes though convenient in use, do not give reliable results except for comparison of the areas of different samples of the same material.
Silica powders of respirable size. II. Dissolution rates in dilute hydrofluoric acid
Authors: Bergman I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs part of fundamental studies in silicosis research, the rates of dissolution in 0.1 M‐hydrofluoric acid of size‐graded powders of quartz, tridymite, cristobalite and vitreous silica, having particle diameters in the range 0.2–5.0 μ, have been measured by a conductimetric micromethod. The rates of dissolution per unit area of the vitreous silica powders were an order of magnitude larger than those of the tridymite or cristobalite powders, and two orders of magnitude larger than those of the quartz powders. Quartz, unlike the other polymorphic forms of silica, showed an increase in rate (per unit area) with decreasing particle size as well as an increase in the relative amount of ‘easily soluble layer’.These results are adduced as evidence against the ‘solubility theory of silicosis’ and in favour of a biological activity dependent on the surface structure.
Energetic criteria for oxychlorination catalysts
Authors: Allen J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe energetic criteria for oxychlorination catalysts are reduced under stated assumptions to energetic criteria associated with catalysts for the Deacon process. The analysis is mainly concerned with the standard free‐energy changes as a function of temperature, associated with the reactions of metal chlorides with oxygen, and of metal oxychlorides and oxides with hydrogen chloride. Using the known catalytic activity of the copper(II) chloride/oxide catalyst pair as a guide, the possible value of other divalent, monovalent, trivalent and tetravalent chloride/oxide pairs alone and in combination is assessed energetically. The results are shown to explain a number of technological facts concerning active catalysts given in the patent literature.
Preparation of magnesium borohydride and diborane
Authors: Batha H. D. , Whitney E. D. , Heying T. L. , Faust J. P. , Papetti S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA good yield (97%) of MgBH4 is obtained by interaction of magnesium hydrides with diborane in a glycol ether medium or a mixture of glycol ether and benzene (1:3) at 80°. Interaction of the borohydride with boron trichloride in benzene at ∼80° gives a 94% yield of diborane.
Surface properties of silica gels. IV. Influence of acid concentration in the preparation from sodium silicate and acetic acid
Authors: Madeley J. D. , Sing K. S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSilica gels were prepared by adding sodium silicate to acetic acid, or acetic acid‐sodium acetate buffer, until the pH reached 4.64, the addition of silicate being made rapidly (over 1–2 min.) or slowly (over about 30 min.). Adsorption isotherms of nitrogen were determined on the outgassed samples at − 195.8° and used for the calculation of surface areas and pore volumes.The gels prepared either by rapid addition of silicate to acid, over the concentration range 2–30%, or from the buffer (initial pH 3.78), were all microporous and had very similar surface properties. On the other hand, the surface properties of those gels prepared by the slow addition of silicate depended on the concentration of acid used, the surface area of the sample prepared from 30% acetic acid being half that of the one from 10% acid. It is suggested that this effect is associated with the loss of some of the smaller primary particles, which occurs as the concentration of polysilicic acid is increased and the pH allowed to change slowly during the reaction.
Field and laboratory studies on the durability of road bitumen
Authors: Lammiman K. A. , Les T. , Way P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe post‐war pattern of petroleum refining in Europe resulted in a large increase in the running of Middle East crudes, from which were obtained bitumens of relatively unknown quality. For this reason, a field experiment was initiated in 1954 to compare on the road in an open‐textured carpet, the performance of seven bitumens from Middle East and traditionally accepted Western Hemisphere sources. Two types of stone were used in the experiment.The road surface was assessed annually by an independent evaluation panel, and samples periodically taken from the road were examined in the laboratory for changes in properties occurring during the life of the road.The differences in road performance given by the seven bitumens were small but, taken over all, bitumens from one of the Middle East sources gave rather better service than the two binders from the Western Hemisphere.
Thermal transformation of alumina trihydrate, bayerite
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal transformation of bayerite (alumina trihydrate) to α‐alumina has been studied by X‐ray diffraction and infra‐red spectra. The bayerite was prepared by treatment of sodium aluminate solution with carbon dioxide.It is concluded that the thermal transformation of bayerite proceeds in the following sequence:
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The coagulation process. II. Effect of pH on the precipitation of aluminium hydroxide
Authors: Packham R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe precipitation of aluminium hydroxide following the addition of aluminium sulphate to solutions containing sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride was investigated. The degree of precipitation was determined both by measuring the amount of residual soluble aluminium and the change of turbidity.The optimum pH for the coagulation of dilute clay suspensions with aluminium sulphate corresponds to that at which aluminium hydroxide is most rapidly precipitated and coagulated in the absence of clay. It is concluded that mutual coagulation of aluminium hydroxide and clay must be insignificant. The clay particles are probably removed by enmeshment in the mass of flocculating aluminium hydroxide.
Size and rate of growth of crystals on aluminium oxide films
Authors: Greenblatt J. H. , Copps T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sizes of crystals on aluminium oxide films formed by exposing commercial aluminium (2S) and two nickel‐ and iron‐containing alloys to pure water at high temperature were determined by measuring and counting crystals on electron micrographs of surface replicas. The mean crystal size was determined for eight different times at five temperatures over the range 150–350°. The increase in crystal size followed a law of the type D = Ain and the values of n found were in the range 0.18–0.26. The size distributions for various times at 300° and for various temperatures after 7 h. of exposure are discussed.
Electrolytic oxidation of strong cyanide wastes
Authors: Dart M. C. , Gentles J. D. , Renton D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolutions of sodium cyanide and solutions containing the complex cyanides of copper, cadmium and zinc have been electrolysed with anodes of graphite or platinised titanium at temperatures in the range 50–90°, and at anode current densities of 0–88 A/ft.2 Cyanide was destroyed at rates of 14.0–15.9 g. of HCN/Faraday (0.5–0.6 mole/Faraday), 1 kWh electricity destroying 146–201 g. of HCN. The rate of destruction was directly proportional to current passed and increased with increase in temperature. Increase in the electrolyte pH decreased the rate of destruction of cyanide. The chief reaction products were ammonium carbonate, and cyanate ions and urea. Stainless steel (EN 58A) was not an efficient anode material. A method for the continuous destruction of solid cyanide waste, on a laboratory scale, by electrolytic oxidation is described. The only products of the process are gaseous (ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrogen) and solid (sodium carbonate containing 0.05% cyanide and 0.26% sodium oxalate), 1 kWh of electricity destroying 111–143 g. of HCN.
Permeability to oxygen of cellophane laminates
Authors: Notley N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of water vapour on the oxygen permeability of Cellophane laminates has been measured. A dimensionally stable coating can restrain the swelling of a water‐sensitive substrate to give a greater oxygen barrier than expected from the sum of the component barriers. This is discussed particularly for Saran on Cellophane. The permeability apparatus that has been designed depends on a commercial Pirani gauge. This allows accurate measurement and is very versatile.
Mechanism of fatty soil removal
Authors: Scott B. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of temperature, detergents, electrolyte, agitation and fabric structure on the removal from cotton of octadecane, tripalmitin, stearyl alcohol and stearic acid labelled with carbon‐14 have been studied. The following mechanisms appear to be operative in the removal of these materials: (1) the rolling‐up mechanism; (2) mesomorphic phase formation; (3) soap formation; (4) break‐up of polycrystalline aggregates.In general, the addition of electrolyte in the presence of surface‐active agents increases the amount of fatty soil removed. The magnitude of the electrolyte effect depends on (a) the degree of ionisation, (b) the pH of the solution and (c) the valency of the added cation.By means of a chopped fibre technique it has been possible to show that about 35% of the fatty soil is held on the surface of the threads, about 30% between the fibres of which the threads are composed, about 30% inside the tubular fibres while about 5% is held in the fibrile structure of the fibres.
Phase equilibria in the system phenol, o‐cresol, water, sodium hydroxide
Authors: Ting J. Y. , Forsyth J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolubilities and equilibria at 20° in the system phenol, o‐cresol, water, sodium hydroxide have been determined: solubilities up to rather more than 3% of sodium hydroxide (complete miscibility), and equilibria to a lower value. The measurements indicate that the separation factor of the phenols between aqueous and phenolic phases is not sensitive to the alkali content of the solution.
Separation of the light lanthanons from Egyptian monazite
Authors: Tobia S. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA flow sheet is given for the separation process described. The lanthanons are isolated as sulphates and converted to hydroxides. Thorium and cerium are insoluble in hydrochloric acid at pH 3·5. The other lanthanons are adsorbed on Dowex‐50 ion‐exchanger, samarium, neodymium and praseodymium being eluted with a 0·025M solution of the diammonium salt of EDTA, and lanthanum with N‐ammonium chloride.
Crystal imperfections in solid‐state polymerisation
Authors: Eastmond G. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of previous suggestions concerning the rǒle of the monomer crystal in solid‐state polymerisations are reviewed. Some results of an investigation of the ultra‐violet‐initiated solid‐state polymerisations of acrylic and methacrylic acids are quoted. It is demonstrated that the course of the reaction is similar to that in many other solid‐state reactions, the accepted mechanisms of which are based on crystal imperfections. The results show that the reaction is remarkably sensitive to mechanical stress, and a proposed mechanism based on crystal dislocations is discussed. The dangers of simple kinetic schemes, and the necessity of considering the environment of the active centres, are pointed out.
The electrochemical preparation of glycine
Authors: Rapson H. D. C. , Bird A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlycine can be made by electro‐reduction of glyoxylic oxime which may either be used as the starting material, or be prepared in situ by reaction of glyoxylic acid with hydroxylamine. These two compounds are made in the same cell by electro‐reduction of oxalic acid and nitric acid. Thus when glycine is made from glyoxylic oxime prepared in situ, three reductions take place at the same electrode. This process, which gives a good yield of glycine, is discussed, and an account is given of the experimental technique and analytical methods used. The current efficiencies for the three reductions appear to be adversely affected when they are carried out simultaneously and at the same electrode.
New products from wheat flour and wheat starch
Authors: Thewlis B. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlock polymers have been obtained by masticating either wheat flour or wheat starch with typical unsaturated monomers such as styrene or methyl methacrylate. The products are hard, and insoluble in most solvents. They may be extruded as filaments, but these are brittle and of low tensile strength.The behaviour of wheat flour and of wheat starch during mastication with various other substances which are not monomers has also been investigated. In many cases products similar to the block polymers were obtained, the reaction apparently involving gelatinisation of the starch granules. In general this was promoted by substances containing more than one hydroxyl group per molecule, such as glycols and polyphenols, but not by simple alcohols.
Precipitation of neutral sulphates from aqueous solutions of the corresponding acid sulphates by addition of organic liquids
Authors: Kohn D. H. , Yaron I. , Wolf D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe precipitation of potassium and sodium sulphate from aqueous solutions of their acid salts by addition of acetone or alcohols has been studied.Conversion of acid salt to neutral salt and the subsequent precipitation of the neutral salt as a function of the organic liquid/aqueous solution ratio exhibit an initial rapid rise followed by a slower approach to a maximum value; higher initial concentration and lower temperatures facilitate conversion and precipitation; the extent of precipitation and conversion varies according to the organic substance used.
An X‐ray examination of internal corrosion products from power station boilers
Authors: Bullen E. , Jeffrey J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe composition and structure of corrosion products from Power Station boilers have been investigated, mainly by X‐ray diffraction methods, but employing also petrographic and polarising metallurgical microscopes and optical and X‐ray spectrographic techniques. Particular emphasis has been given to the investigation of pit formation in high‐pressure boiler tubes.The results from the experimental boiler indicate that magnetite would be the main coating formed on a clean steam generating tube, and that the haematite found on the power station tubes derives from manufacturing heat treatment.The number of specimens showing pitting corrosion was very limited, but a number of very thin films (∼ 1μ thick) were found in the hard black material (mainly magnetite) filling the pit. Layers of copper and copper‐iron sulphides were identified as well as sodium sulphate and a small pocket of cuprite (Cu2O) crystals. Delafossite (CuFeO2) was also present in small amounts, but copper metal— very prevalent in mud drum deposits—was not detected.There were no striking differences between the scale and deposits on uncorroded parts of tubes and those in or near pits. The variation in the composition and structures of the scale is considerable in both cases.The most frequently occurring phases present in tube deposits, other than magnetite and haematite, were copper, cuprite, hydroxyapatite, delafossite and zinc‐iron spinel. The experimental boiler has shown that apatite may be formed when the calcium ion concentration is very low.
Inert diluents for use in nuclear energy plants. III. Comparison of the stability of some conjunct polymers of simple olefins with odourless kerosene
Authors: Lane E. S. , Holdoway M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of some steam‐volatile fractions of conjunct polymers of some readily available olefins is described. Assessment as inert diluents indicated that these fractions were more stable towards nitric acid than odourless kerosene but less stable than n‐dodecane.The main constituents in the steam‐volatile fraction of the conjunct polymer from dodec‐1‐ene were identified as isomeric monomethylundecanes by means of the methylene insertion reaction.The occurrence of a series of isomeric monomethylalkanes in a kerosene fraction and in a fully hydrogenated fraction from a Fischer‐Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis (Mepasin) was also demonstrated.
Silica powders of respirable size. III. Dialysis of quartz powders against dilute sodium hydroxide
Authors: Bergman I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarlier studies of the dissolution of quartz powders of respirable size in dilute alkali have been extended to a period of over 2 months at three temperatures, by the use of a dialysis through membrane filters. The results confirm that the ‘easily soluble layer’ on quartz has an average calculated thickness of less than 50 A even on the finest powders studied.
Alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds as inhibitors of the acid corrosion of steel
Authors: Meakins R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractN‐Alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds inhibit the acid corrosion of steel, the effectiveness increasing regularly with alkyl chain length between 4 and 16 carbon atoms. The inhibition obtained with the longer chain compounds shows considerable persistence after treated samples are transferred to a pure acid bath.Steel samples in these inhibitor solutions give more positive potentials than in pure acid, indicating that they are mainly anodic inhibitors.No inhibition is obtained in neutral solutions or against atmospheric corrosion.
Distribution of UO2 particles prepared from variously calcinated U3O8 investigated by sedimentation analysis
Authors: Imriš P. , Landsperský H. , Vobořil M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe size distribution is determined of UO2 particles with a specific surface area of 1 to 6 m.2/g., prepared from U3O8 by reduction in hydrogen and calcined at temperatures between 610° and 1000°. of the U3O8 and UO2, 90% by wt. was within the particle size range 4 to 90μ. The narrowest spectrum —4—56μ—was found in the product of calcination at 700° which was—in comparison with all the other samples—easiest to sinter. After being pressed at 2.5 tons/cm.2 and sintered at 1600° the pellets attained a density of 96% of the theoretical. The object of the work was to find a connexion between the physical, physico‐chemical and sintering properties of UO2.
Prediction of the drying times of porous granular and fibrous materials. II. Drying in a through‐circulation dryer
Authors: Kirkwood K. C. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of the empirical method of predicting drying times of porous granular and fibrous materials in a tray dryer described in Part I is extended to predicting the drying times of these materials in a through‐circulation dryer. The predicted drying times in the through‐circulation dryer were within ±10% of the experimental values.
Measurement of water regain and macropore volume of ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Parrish J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious modifications of the method of centrifuging have been critically studied. The correction for interstitial water is complicated by finite angles of contact, compression of the resin bed, and slow attainment of equilibrium. The use of a non‐ionic detergent of high molecular weight has led to a procedure which eliminates errors caused by these effects, and which is convenient and rapid. It can be adapted to the measurement of the volume of macropores in macroporous resins.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. XIV. Sulphating of carbonated lime
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of carbonated lime (calcitic and vateritic) have been sulphated by N‐H2SO4 and by 0.5M‐Na2SO4 at 22°. Rates of sulphating, changes in surface area and phase composition and crystallite size have been correlated with the surface properties of the initial carbonates. The products have been compared with gypsums obtained by (1) dissolving ground dolomite in N‐H2SO4, and (2) directly precipitating from solution by double decomposition and subsequently ageing.The acid sulphatings are not seriously impeded by the newly formed gypsum; evolution of carbon dioxide evidently prevents the layers becoming impervious. The less active calcium carbonates yield gypsum of surface activity (and average crystallite size) similar to that directly precipitated from 0.5M‐Ca(NO3)2 and N‐H2SO4. The more active calcitic and vateritic samples initially give gelatinous products, before the gypsum crystallises and ages similarly.Sulphating with 0.5M‐Na2SO4 slowly produces increasing alkalinity until about 10% of the calcium carbonate has been converted to gypsum; its crystallinity remains ill‐defined and inferior even to gypsum from hydrated lime.
The reactions occurring during the refining of benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid. I. Removal of olefins
Authors: Roberts D. , Gore P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of temperature, acid concentration, and amount of acid on the rate of removal of olefins from benzene solution by means of sulphuric acid have been examined. The results show that the reaction follows first‐order kinetics and they are interpreted on the basis that rates of removal are controlled both by diffusion and by reaction in the acid phase.
The preparation of some novel diphosphorus compounds. II. The preparation of some p‐xylylenediphosphorus compounds
Authors: Chantrell P. G. , Pearce C. A. , Toyer C. R. , Twaits R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of the tetraethyl and tetraphenyl esters of p‐xylylenediphosphonic acid is described, and methods for the conversion of the tetraethyl ester to the corresponding acids, chlorides and amide are given.
The separation of glucose and fructose by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Hatt H. H. , Triffett A. C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome organic solvents, miscible with water, become partially miscible in the presence of either glucose or fructose, and the partition ratios of these sugars between the resulting phases then differ. This difference is considered as the basis for a separation of the glucose and fructose of invert sugar. An examination of binodal curves and tie‐lines of the two systems: solvent‐water‐glucose and solvent‐water‐fructose has been made in respect of eleven organic solvents. Among these n‐propanol and t‐butanol were found the most suitable for the separation of glucose and fructose. The concentrations of sugars in their solvent‐rich phases are much greater with these two solvents than in the corresponding phases of the best solvents partially miscible with water in absence of sugars. The quantities of the two alcohols needed to process a given weight of sugars are, correspondingly, very much smaller. About 40 theoretical stages would be needed to produce glucose and fructose of 90% purity.In the one liquid‐liquid extraction column used, fractionation of glucose and fructose was small, possibly because of the low rates of diffusion of the sugars, or because of column characteristics.Glucose was the more effective sugar in making the solvent and water partially miscible, except with aqueous 2,6‐dimethylpyridine, when fructose was more effective.An improved method of preparation of 2‐methyl‐1,4‐dioxan, one of the solvents examined in more detail, is described.