bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion regulation in the context of frustration in children with high functioning autism and their typical peers
Authors: Jahromi Laudan B. , Meek Shantel E. , Ober‐Reynolds Sharman 
Published: May 2012

Background:  It is well accepted that emotion regulation difficulties are a serious concern for children with ASD, yet empirical studies of this construct are limited for this population. The present study describes group differences between high functioning children with autism and their typical peers in frustration and discrete coping strategies for emotion regulation. We also use sequential analyses to test differences in the efficacy of individual coping strategies at regulating children’s frustration.Methods:  Subjects were 20 children with autism (M = 59 months) and 20 developmentally matched typically developing children (M = 50 months). Measures of children’s frustration (negative facial expressions and behaviors, negative vocalizations, resignation) and emotion regulation coping strategies were observationally coded from structured video recordings.Results:  Children with autism displayed a higher intensity and duration of resignation, and the group difference became most pronounced when children worked alone during the parent‐absent segment of the locked box task. Children with autism used significantly more avoidance and venting strategies, and fewer constructive strategies than typical children. Sequential analyses revealed that social support strategies (orienting and verbalizing to the experimenter) were ineffective for children with autism, while these behaviors, vocal venting, and distraction strategies were all effective for typically developing children.Conclusions:  The results go beyond the recent literature by offering a rich description of children’s efforts to regulate their frustration when faced with challenge, and point to important contextual differences in the efficacy of children’s coping strategies.
Cranial anatomy, taxonomic implications and palaeopathology of an Upper Jurassic Pliosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from Westbury, Wiltshire, UK
Authors: SASSOON JUDYTH , NOÈ LESLIE F. , BENTON MICHAEL J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  Complete skulls of giant marine reptiles of the Late Jurassic are rare, and so the discovery of the 1.8‐m‐long skull of a pliosaur from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Kimmeridgian) of Westbury, Wiltshire, UK, is an important find. The specimen shows most of the cranial and mandibular anatomy, as well as a series of pathological conditions. It was previously referred to Pliosaurus brachyspondylus, but it can be referred reliably only to the genus Pliosaurus, because species within the genus are currently in need of review. The new specimen, together with another from the same locality, also referred to P. brachyspondylus, will be crucial in that systematic revision, and it is likely that the genus Pliosaurus will be found to include several genera. The two Westbury Pliosaurus specimens share many features, including the form of the teeth, but marked differences in the snout and parietal crest suggest sexual dimorphism; the present specimen is probably female. The large size of the animal, the extent of sutural fusion and the pathologies suggest this is an ageing individual. An erosive arthrotic condition of the articular glenoids led to prolonged jaw misalignment, generating a suite of associated bone and dental pathologies. Further damage to the jaw joint may have been the cause of death.
Structure and function of the large pronotal horn of the sand‐living anthicid beetleMecynotarsus tenuipes
Authors: HASHIMOTO Kosei , HAYASHI Fumio 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLarge insect horns function as antipredator armaments, digging implements and intraspecific combat weapons. The sand‐living anthicid beetleMecynotarsus tenuipespossesses a large horn on the pronotum. Allometric relationships between body size and horn size did not show either a slope of more than 1 or sexual dimorphism, suggesting another function of the horn other than sexual selection via combat. Behavioral observation of individuals using a microvideo camera indicated that the horn is used to dig and move forward in loose sand. Only the hornedM. tenuipescould dig into sand, in contrast to the hornless anthicid beetlesStricticollis valgipesandClavicollis fugiens, which could not dig. When moving in sand,M. tenuipesjoins its pronotal horn and head to form a conical shape, with which it pierces into the sand. Then, it opens its horn and head outward to create a space in the sand for forward motion. Although it can dig deeply into sand by repeating these behaviors sequentially, digging speed tends to slow with depth, probably because the weight of the substrate increases.
A Quantitative Metric for Pattern Fidelity of Bioprinted Cocultures
Authors: Pepper Matthew E. , Groff Richard E. , Cass Cheryl A.P. , Mattimore Justin P. , Burg Timothy , Burg Karen J.L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article describes a quantitative metric for coculture pattern fidelity and its use in the assessment of bioprinting systems. Increasingly, bioprinting is used to create in vitro cell and tissue models for the purpose of studying cell behavior and cell–cell interaction. To create meaningful models, a bioprinting system must be able to place cells in biologically relevant patterns with sufficient fidelity. A metric for assessing fidelity would be valuable for tuning experimental processes and parameters within a bioprinting system and for comparing performance between different systems. Toward this end, the “bioprinting fidelity index” (BFI), a metric which rates a bioprinted patterned coculture with a single number based on the proportions of correctly placed cells, is proposed. Additionally, a mathematical model of drop‐on‐demand printing is introduced, which predicts an upper bound on the BFI based on drop placement statistics. A proof‐of‐concept study was conducted in which patterned cocultures of D1 and 4T07 cells were produced in two different demonstration patterns. The BFI for the patterned cocultures was calculated and compared to the printing model fidelity prediction. The printing model successfully predicted the best BFI observed in the samples, and the BFI showed quantitatively that post‐processing techniques negatively impacted the final fidelity of the samples. The BFI provides a principled method for comparing printing and post‐processing methods.
Semantics of the Transitive Construction: Prototype Effects and Developmental Comparisons
Authors: Ibbotson Paul , Theakston Anna L. , Lieven Elena V. M. , Tomasello Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper investigates whether an abstract linguistic construction shows the kind of prototype effects characteristic of non‐linguistic categories, in both adults and young children. Adapting the prototype‐plus‐distortion methodology of Franks and Bransford (1971), we found that whereas adults were lured toward false‐positive recognition of sentences with prototypical transitive semantics, young children showed no such effect. We examined two main implications of the results. First, it adds a novel data point to a growing body of research in cognitive linguistics and construction grammar that shows abstract linguistic categories can behave in similar ways to non‐linguistic categories, for example, by showing graded membership of a category. Thus, the findings lend psychological validity to the existing cross‐linguistic evidence for prototypical transitive semantics. Second, we discuss a possible explanation for the fact that prototypical sentences were processed differently in adults and children, namely, that children’s transitive semantic network is not as interconnected or cognitively coherent as adults’.
High prevalence of overweight and obesity among 6‐year‐old children in Finnmark County, North Norway
Authors: Kokkvoll Ane , Jeppesen Elisabeth , Juliusson Petur B , Flægstad Trond , Njølstad Inger 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim:  The aim was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among 6‐year‐old children in Finnmark, the northernmost county of Norway.Methods:  This is a survey of 1774 children born during 1999 and 2000 from 18 of 19 child healthcare centres in Finnmark. Body mass index data extracted retrospectively in 2007 from health records at the age of 6 years were compared with international definitions of over‐ and underweight. The prevalence figures were further compared with socio‐demographic figures on municipality level.Results:  Overall, 19% of the children were classified as overweight or obese; 5% were classified as obese. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher among girls (22%) than among boys (16%) (p < 0.01). The prevalence of underweight was 8% among both girls and boys. Despite large variations in the prevalence of overweight and obesity between municipalities (9–35%), no association was found with municipality figures on socio‐demographic factors.Conclusion:  In the northernmost county Finnmark, the prevalence of overweight including obesity among 6‐year‐old children was somewhat higher than in previous surveys from Norway, especially among girls.
Concurrent validity of self‐report measures of eating disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Authors: d’Emden Helen , Holden Libby , McDermott Brett , Harris Mark , Gibbons Kristen , Gledhill Anne , Cotterill Andrew 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim:  Eating disorder screening tools have not been adequately validated for use with adolescents with type 1 diabetes. This study compared the Youth Eating Disorder Examination–Questionnaire (YEDE‐Q) and the Eating Disorder Inventory‐3 Risk Composite (EDI‐3RC) against the child Eating Disorder Examination (chEDE). These screening tools were chosen because they broadly assess eating disorder psychopathology and have subscales helpful for clinical management.Methods:  In this cross‐sectional study, 124 adolescents with type 1 diabetes aged 13–18 years completed two self‐administered questionnaires, the YEDE‐Q and the EDI‐3RC. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess internal consistency of the tools. Fifty‐one adolescents, randomly selected, participated in the chEDE. Intraclass correlations and Spearman’s correlations were used to measure concordance of the chEDE with the YEDE‐Q and EDI‐3RC.Results:  The YEDE‐Q and EDI‐3RC demonstrated good subscale internal consistency; Cronbach’s alpha for YEDE‐Q (0.78–0.95) and EDI‐3RC (0.79–0.94). High levels of concurrent validity with the chEDE were seen with both tools.Conclusion:  Preliminary evidence is provided for the validation of the YEDE‐Q and EDI‐3RC for use in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The YEDE‐Q also defines individual disturbed eating behaviours with frequency ratings which can be helpful for tailoring early intervention.
Patterns of compliance with prenatal iron supplementation among Peruvian women
Authors: Zavaleta Nelly , Caulfield Laura E. , Figueroa Alberto , Chen Ping 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPrenatal iron supplementation is recommended to control anaemia during pregnancy. Low compliance and side effects have been claimed as the main obstacles for adequate impact of the supplementation. As part of a double‐blind supplementation study carried out in a hospital located in a shantytown in Lima, Peru, we monitored compliance throughout pregnancy and evaluated factors associated with variation in compliance over time. Overall, 985 pregnant women were enrolled in a supplementation study that was administered through their prenatal care from 10 to 24 weeks of gestation until 4 weeks postpartum. They received 60 mg iron and 250 µg folate with or without 15 mg zinc. Women had monthly care visits and were also visited weekly to query regarding compliance, overall health status, and potential positive and negative effects of supplement consumption. Median compliance was 79% (inter‐quartile range: 65–89%) over pregnancy, and the median number of tablets consumed was 106 (81–133). Primpara had lower average compliance; positive health reports were associated with greater compliance, and negative reports were associated with lower compliance. There was no difference by type of supplement. Women with low initial compliance did achieve high compliance by the end of pregnancy, and women who reported forgetting to take the supplements did have lower compliance. Compliance was positively associated with haemoglobin concentration at the end of pregnancy. In conclusion, women comply highly with prenatal supplementation within a prenatal care model in which supplies are maintained and reinforcing messages are provided.
Infant difficulty and early weight gain: does fussing promote overfeeding?
Authors: Worobey John , Peña Jamila , Ramos Isabel , Espinosa Carolina 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAuthors have recently suggested that difficult temperament in infancy may be associated with rapid weight gain, but no previous studies actually report associations between temperament and feeding as a response to infant distress. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether greater infant difficulty elicits more feeding, which in turn leads to more rapid weight gain in early infancy. One hundred fifty‐four mother–infant pairs were visited at 3 and 6 months in their homes. Besides anthropometric measures, mothers kept a 24‐h diary of their infants' sleep, cry and feed patterns, and answered questions regarding feeding and infant difficultness. The results showed that feeding occurred as a response to nearly half (48%) of the crying intervals recorded, though it more often occurred in the absence of crying (83%). Mothers were most likely to report holding or rocking their infant as the first strategy they would employ if their baby fussed or cried. A regression analysis that included crying, feeding, weaning, sleep and infant weight revealed maternal reports of numbers of feeds per day as the only variable that predicted weight gain from 3 to 6 months. Infant crying is often followed by feeding, and more frequent feeding may promote more rapid weight gain. However, feeding frequency in the first few months appears to be more a matter of maternal discretion than a yoked response to temperamental difficulty. This does not preclude the possibility that overfeeding in later infancy could be tied to temperamental difficulty and subsequently related to overweight in early childhood.
Nutrition research in rural communities: application of ethical principles
Authors: Faber Mieke , Kruger H. Salomé 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis narrative review focuses on ethics related to nutrition‐specific community‐based research, within the framework of science for society, and focusing on the rights and well‐being of fieldworkers and research participants. In addition to generally accepted conditions of scientific validity, such as adequate sample size, unbiased measurement outcome and suitable study population, research needs to be appropriate and feasible within the local context. Communities' suspicions about research can be overcome through community participation and clear dialogue. Recruitment of fieldworkers and research participants should be transparent and guided by project‐specific selection criteria. Fieldworkers need to be adequately trained, their daily schedules and remuneration must be realistic, and their inputs to the study must be recognized. Fieldworkers may be negatively affected emotionally, financially and physically. Benefits to research participants may include physical and psychological benefits, minimal economic benefit, and health education; while risks may be of a physical, psychological, social, or economic nature. Targeting individuals in high‐risk groups may result in social stigmatization. The time burden to the research participant can be minimized by careful attention to study procedures and questionnaire design. Potential benefits to the community, fieldworkers and research participants and anticipated knowledge to be gained should outweigh and justify the potential risks. Researchers should have an exit strategy for study participants. For effective dissemination of results to individual research participants, the host community and nutrition community, the language, format and level of presentation need to be appropriate for the target audience.
Temporal Variation in Infection Prevalence by the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus in Three Species of Frogs at La Selva, Costa Rica
Authors: Whitfield Steven M. , Kerby Jacob , Gentry Lydia R. , Donnelly Maureen A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe emerging infectious disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), is implicated in widespread population declines, extirpations, and extinctions of amphibians throughout the world. In the Neotropics, most amphibian declines have occurred in cool mid‐ to high‐elevation sites (> 400 m asl), and it is hypothesized that high temperatures limit the growth of Bd in lowland tropical sites, despite few data available on the distribution of Bd in lowland forests. Here, we report the results of a 12‐mo pathogen surveillance program for three common species of frogs at a warm lowland site in northeastern Costa Rica. We combine standard non‐invasive skin swabbing techniques with a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to analyze the infection prevalence and Bd load across a 1‐yr period. Our data indicate an overall Bd infection rate of 6.1 percent, but prevalence varies from < 5 percent in warmer months to a peak of 34.7 percent in the coolest months of the year. Despite very little seasonal variation in temperature (< 4°C), our data indicate strong seasonal variation in the prevalence of Bd, with highest prevalence of infection in months with coolest air temperatures. While it has been suggested that Bd is primarily a riparian fungus, we find no difference in prevalence of infection among our species despite considerable differences in affiliation of these species with water. Our study provides further evidence that infection by Bd is regulated by temperature and shows that warm temperatures in lowland forests may restrict, but not prevent, infection by Bd.
Utilization of Smoked Salmon Trim in Extruded Smoked Salmon Jerky
Authors: Kong J. , Dougherty M. P. , Perkins L.B. , Camire M.E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  During smoked salmon processing, the dark meat along the lateral line is removed before packaging; this by‐product currently has little economic value. In this study, the dark meat trim was incorporated into an extruded jerky. Three formulations were processed: 100% smoked trim, 75% : 25% smoked trim : fresh salmon fillet, and 50% : 50% smoked trim : fresh salmon blends (w/w basis). The base formulation contained salmon (approximately 83.5%), tapioca starch (8%), pregelatinized potato starch (3%), sucrose (4%), salt (1.5%), sodium nitrate (0.02%), and ascorbyl palmitate (0.02% of the lipid content). Blends were extruded in a laboratory‐scale twin‐screw extruder and then hot‐smoked for 5 h. There were no significant differences among formulations in moisture, water activity, and pH. Protein was highest in the 50 : 50 blend jerky. Ash content was highest in the jerky made with 100% trim. Total lipids and salt were higher in the 100% trim jerky than in the 50 : 50 blend. Hot smoking did not adversely affect docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in lipids from 100% smoked trim jerky. Servings of salmon jerky made with 75% and 100% smoked trim provided at least 500 mg of EPA and DHA. The 50 : 50 formulation had the highest Intl. Commission on Illumination (CIE) L*, a*, and b* color values. Seventy consumers rated all sensory attributes as between “like slightly” and “like moderately.” With some formulation and processing refinements, lateral line trim from smoked salmon processors has potential to be incorporated into acceptable, healthful snack products.Practical Application:  Dark meat along the lateral line is typically discarded by smoked salmon processors. This omega‐3 fatty acid rich by‐product can be used to make a smoked salmon jerky that provides a convenient source of these healthful lipids for consumers.
Sensory Characteristics and Consumer Acceptability of Beef Stock Containing the Glutathione‐Xylose Maillard Reaction Product and/or Monosodium Glutamate
Authors: Hong Jae‐Hee , Kwon Koo‐Young , Kim Kwang‐Ok 
Published: May 2012

Abstract:  This study was conducted to investigate the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability of beef stock samples containing GSH‐xylose Maillard reaction product (GX) and/or monosodium glutamate (MSG) with varying levels of salt (NaCl). The sensory characteristics of the beef stock samples were examined using a descriptive analysis. Total of 50 consumers evaluated overall acceptability and flavor intensities of beef odor, salty taste, beef flavor, and seasoning flavor in the samples. Samples containing both GX and MSG (GX‐MSG), GX only (GX), and GX with higher salt level (GX‐NaCl) had stronger “beef odor/flavor,”“sulfur odor/flavor,” and “chestnut odor/flavor” than those of the other samples, whereas beef stocks containing MSG, salt only (CON), and CON with higher salt level (CON‐NaCl) had stronger “potato odor/flavor” and “soy sauce odor/flavor” than those of the other samples. The consumers liked GX‐MSG and MSG the most. Overall liking scores of GX‐NaCl and CON‐NaCl were significantly higher than that of CON. GX was not significantly preferred to CON. Partial least square regression results showed that salty, MSG, and sweet tastes had more significant impact on consumer perception of the beef and spice flavors and the liking score than strong beef odor/flavor of GX. However, high hedonic ratings of GX‐MSG, which contained half the doses of GX and MSG used for the GX and MSG samples, suggest that the combination of GX and MSG had a synergistic effect on flavor enhancement of beef stock.Practical Application:  Due to increasing needs for food products that provide more health benefits but maintain palatability, the food industry is looking for a new type of flavor enhancer. The Maillard reaction product of xylose and glutathione (GX), a tripeptide known to increase complexity and mouthfulness, was examined for its potential as a flavor enhancer. GX enhanced beef flavor significantly and salty taste somewhat at a weak suprathreshold level. With adjusting salty taste intensity by adding MSG at a weak suprathreshold level and/or increasing NaCl by 0.05% to 0.1%, GX significantly increased consumer acceptability.