bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune functionin vitro
Authors: Dong Honglin , Rowland Ian , Yaqoob Parveen 
Published: November 2011

There is considerable interest in the strain specificity of immune modulation by probiotics. The present study compared the immunomodulatory properties of six probiotic strains of different species and two genera in a human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) modelin vitro. Live cells of lactobacilli (Lactobacillus caseiShirota,L. rhamnosusGG,L. plantarumNCIMB 8826 andL. reuteriNCIMB 11951) and bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium longumSP 07/3 andB. bifidumMF 20/5) were individually incubated with PBMC from seven healthy subjects for 24 h. Probiotic strains increased the proportion of CD69+on lymphocytes, T cells, T cell subsets and natural killer (NK) cells, and increased the proportion of CD25+, mainly on lymphocytes and NK cells. The effects on activation marker expression did not appear to be strain specific. NK cell activity was significantly increased by all six strains, without any significant difference between strains. Probiotic strains increased production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α to different extents, but had no effect on the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 or TNF-β. The cytokines that showed strain-specific modulation included IL-10, interferon-γ, TNF-α, IL-12p70, IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. TheLactobacillusstrains tended to promote T helper 1 cytokines, whereas bifidobacterial strains tended to produce a more anti-inflammatory profile. The results suggest that there was limited evidence of strain-specific effects of probiotics with respect to T cell and NK cell activation or NK cell activity, whereas production of some cytokines was differentially influenced by probiotic strains.
The one-sided Ap conditions and local maximal operator
Authors: Bernardis Ana L. , Gogatishvili Amiran , Martín-Reyes Francisco Javier , Salvador Pedro Ortega , Pick Luboš 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe introduce the one-sided local maximal operator and study its connection to the one-sided Ap conditions. We get a new characterization of the boundedness of the one-sided maximal operator on a quasi-Banach function space. We obtain applications to weighted Lebesgue spaces and variable-exponent Lebesgue spaces.
TANGIER IN THE RESTORATION EMPIRE
Authors: STEIN TRISTAN 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis article reintegrates the colonization of Tangier into our understanding of the development of the English empire in the latter half of the seventeenth century. At its acquisition in 1661, Tangier appeared integral to the imperial ambitions of the restored monarchy and promised to carry England's commercial and maritime empire into the Mediterranean. This article argues that the particular conceptions of imperial and commercial organization that underlay the occupation of Tangier isolated the city from England's wider empire and contributed to its failure. The creation of a free port and crown colony at Tangier reflected prevalent perceptions of the political economy of trade in the Mediterranean, but added to a wider process whereby ideological debates over the organization of trade and empire helped to create legal and jurisdictional boundaries that differentiated oceanic space. As a free port, Tangier was out of place within an empire increasingly defined by exclusive and restricted trade. It was, however, the ideological significance of Tangier's status as a crown colony that made it unsustainable. Unable to sustain or surrender its sovereignty over Tangier, the crown abandoned the city in the face of Moroccan empire-building.
BURGLARY INSURANCE AND THE CULTURE OF FEAR IN BRITAIN, c. 1889–1939
Authors: MOSS ELOISE 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis article explores the representations of burglary and burglars created by the burglary insurance sector in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain. Two lines of argument are developed: first, that the marketing strategy of the burglary insurance sector exacerbated existing fears about the nature and prevalence of burglary in a calculated bid to attract custom; and secondly, that the depictions of crime and criminal used in marketing this form of insurance were subsequently revised in the contracts issued to customers as part of the industry's commercial transactions, thereby securing against supposed ‘negligence’ by homeowners as well as malicious attempts to defraud insurers. As the self-styled commercial ‘protection’ against burglary, burglary insurance became an ordinary household investment. Its prosperity therefore enables us to identify certain ideas about crime and criminal then current. Crucially, this research highlights the intersection of media, state, and market discourse about crime in weaving a specific version of burglary into the very fabric of everyday life, uniting three domains that historians of crime have traditionally treated separately.
Bi-auricular myxoma associated with atrioventricular dissociation in an 18-year-old boy: a case report
Authors: Tantchou Tchoumi Jacques C. , Giamberti Alessandro , Cirri Silvia , Butera Gianfranco 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPrimary cardiac tumours are rarely found and have an incidence of 0.3% in all open-heart surgeries. Among those, approximately 70% are myxomas, most of them in the left atrium. The reported incidence of cardiac tumours in autopsy series is 0.001–0.28%. Right atrial myxomas are uncommon, but when present they often originate from the interatrial septum, and conduction disturbances are rarely noted as an accompanying feature in this condition. We report the case of an 18-year-old boy with a myxoma in both left and right atrium associated with atrioventricular dissociation.
Smartcities
Authors: Lim C. J. 
Published: November 2011

What is a ‘Smartcity’? [1] The Smartcity differentiates itself from the ‘Eco-city’ by embracing new paradigms of programme, form and sociological interaction. It is neither a fixed place nor a singular approach but rather a manifesto for the production of a space relevant for the twenty-first century.The Smartcity is not a creation from a blank slate, but an evolution of long-standing sustainable principles that intertwine with contemporary desires for a healthier physical, mental and social existence in an increasingly alienating world. It aims to preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources, expand the range of eco-transportation, employment and housing choice, and values long-term regional sustainability over short-term focus. The currency of an ‘eco-’ prefix has become devalued through overuse and abuse, and ‘sustainability’ is a blanket expression – clearly, some aspects of our lifestyle are worth sustaining and others are not. Deciding and acting on which category they fall into, however, is not as straightforward as it appears. Conservation of energy and the environment are key priorities, but so too is the conservation of heritage, tradition and human interaction. Each generation is the proprietor of its own values, and the current zeitgeist has reacted against the mass-produced and anodyne, whether in the guise of housing, jobs and clothing or fruit and vegetables. Without ignoring technological advances, the Smartcity embraces leanness and the low-tech by adopting an operating system that filters out excess and reboots our social space. Smartcity living does not ask for ‘more’ but determines how to use less in the creation of a healthier mental and physical existence [2].
Architecture and intellectual property
Authors: Singleton Rebecca 
Published: November 2011

For architects, intellectual property (IP) law is vital. Without it plans, building designs and models would have no value as others could copy them without payment. But what are an architect's rights and how are those rights retained in order to avoid commercial exploitation?The legislation for this area of law comes from the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA), the Registered Designs Act 1949, the Trade Marks Act 1994 and the Patents Act 1977. IP itself is divided into those rights that are registrable at the Intellectual Property Office (IPO) and those that are not. Rights that must be registered before the work is protected include trademarks, patents and registered designs; IP rights that cannot be registered include copyright and unregistered design rights.
A Novel NIR Spectroscopy Correlation Approach to Amino Acid Analysis of Soybean Proteins for Composition Improvements- (v.4)
Authors: Prisecaru Valentin , Baianu I. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAmino acid NIR calibrations were developed in our Physical Chemistry of Foods Laboratory of the University of Illinois at Urbana for three selected amino acid groups that include essential amino acids for identified soybean accessions. Conventional “wet chemistry” analytical methods are time-consuming and costly. As a result, soybean breeders and researchers have an imperative need to utilize faster and less expensive methods. NIR Spectroscopy is a rapid and inexpensive method for composition analysis for academia and industry. Recent advancements in instrumentation design, such as the application of the Diode Array (DA) technique and the Fourier Transform (FT) IR and NIR techniques, have significantly improved overall instrument performance and advancement in the field of grain analysis.Novel results are presented for amino acid calibrations for US soybean accessions relevant to the food and agricultural industry.
Structural characterization of an endoglucanase from Serpula lacrymans var. lacrymans S7.9
Authors: Kibedi Szabo Csaba Zoltan , Galicza Judit , Weyda Istvan , Andras Csaba Dezso 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLately cellulase enzymes from fungi and also bacteria, have received much attention due to their application in bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock. Dry rot fungus (Serpula lacrymans) is known to be the most damaging destroyer of indoor wood construction materials in temperate regions. Therefore the very recent sequencing of this fungus genome has opened new possibilities. We describe here the analysis of the primary, secondary and tertiary structure of a 255 amino acid sequence endoglucanase, from S. lacrymans var. lacrymans S7.9, having a molecular weight of 26746. We also provide the amino acids from the active site.
Improved Imputation of Common and Uncommon Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) with a New Reference Set
Authors: Albanes Demetrius , Teras Lauren , Tucker Margaret , Berndt Sonja , Haiman Christopher , Chanock Stephen , Chung Charles , Henderson Brian , Diver W. Ryan , Stram Daniel , Deng Xiang , Wang Zhaoming , Hsing Ann , Jacobs Kevin , Virtamo Jarmo , Yeager Meredith , Eberle Michael , Hutchinson Amy , Stone Jennifer , Purdue Mark , Sampson Joshua , Gabstur Susan , Taylor Phil , Chatterjee Nilanjan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractStatistical imputation of genotype data is an important technique for analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). We have built a reference dataset to improve imputation accuracy for studies of individuals of primarily European descent using genotype data from the Hap1, Omni1, and Omni2.5 human SNP arrays (Illumina). Our dataset contains 2.5-3.1 million variants for 930 European, 157 Asian, and 162 African/African-American individuals. Imputation accuracy of European data from Hap660 or OmniExpress array content, measured by the proportion of variants imputed with R^2^>0.8, improved by 34%, 23% and 12% for variants with MAF of 3%, 5% and 10%, respectively, compared to imputation using publicly available data from 1,000 Genomes and International HapMap projects. The improved accuracy with the use of the new dataset could increase the power for GWAS by as much as 8% relative to genotyping all variants. This reference dataset is available to the scientific community through the NCBI dbGaP portal. Future versions will include additional genotype data as well as non-European populations.
Shape and Polarity in Co-crystal Formation: Database Analysis and Experimental Validation
Authors: Fábián L. , Friščić T. 
Published: November 2011

Supramolecular synthons provide the most important and successful approach to the rational design of co-crystals. Yet, the relatively low success rate of co-crystal screening experiments demonstrates that the availability of appropriate synthons is only one of many factors that influence co-crystallisation. The aim of our work was to identify other factors and to use them in developing design strategies that are complementary to supramolecular synthons.
Co-crystal structures were extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database and molecular descriptors were calculated for each molecule in this data set. Statistical analysis of the resulting database revealed that co-crystals are usually formed by molecules that have similar shapes and polarities. Observed distributions of the corresponding descriptors were used to derive criteria for likely co-crystal formation. Screening experiments on more than 200 compound pairs were analysed to test the usefulness of these criteria. The results show that performing only the experiments that match the criteria can significantly increase the success rate of screening.
The relative influence of supramolecular synthons and shape similarity was investigated by screening experiments in which both the shapes of the molecules and the strength of the supramolecular heterosynthons were varied systematically. Co-crystals were obtained reliably if both strong synthons and similar molecular shapes favoured their formation. Molecules of dissimilar shapes co-crystallised only when extremely strong synthons could be formed. Mismatch between expected co-crystallisation behaviour and experimental results for four steroids led to the recognition of a new specific interaction between the steroid α-face and the π-electron density of aromatic co-formers.
Solid Forms and Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Biswas N. 
Published: November 2011

In the world of pharmaceutics, a very close relationship exists between ADMET, pharmacokinetic parameters and the physicochemical properties of a drug. They are decisive factors dictating the therapeutic performance of the drug in vivo. Physicochemical parameters (such as dissolution properties and solubility) act as “chauffeurs” guiding the drug through the different barriers in the body which significantly affect its absorption. During early development, these parameters are optimized to some extent by structural modifications in the molecule, but in most cases this approach is limited, as they result in the loss of efficacy.
Solid state modifications either by electrostatic interactions (such as in salts) or non-covalent interactions (such as in co-crystals) have evolved as an excellent alternative that can efficiently alter the dissolution rate and affect its pharmacokinetics. They can be custom designed, not only to alter the mode of administration, but can also optimize the release-action profiles of a drug for more patient-friendly dosages. In addition to the bountiful merits, solid state alterations can also prove to be life threatening. An altered form in a specific lot/generic batch can lead to varied concentrations of the drug in plasma which can potentially cross the therapeutic window leading to no efficacy or toxicity. Again, unanticipated co-crystallization amongst the formulation components during manufacture or storage can lead the formation of a form with unacceptable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties that is detrimental to the health of the patient. Therefore, detailed solid state screening during drug development is seminal in every discovery program.
Concluding Remarks using Piracetam as a Learning Model
Authors: Wouters Johan , Tilborg Anaelle , Quéré Luc 
Published: November 2011

Selected structures of co-crystals involving Piracetam illustrate the possibility of formation of co-crystals of an API using both hydrogen bonds and/or metal coordination. Distinct patterns of interactions (supramolecular synthons) within the crystal packing are discussed. Synthesis of an original co-crystal between Brivaracetam, a structurally related analog of Piracetam, and MgCl2 paves the way for the development of a pharmaceutically acceptable ionic co-crystal drug candidate.
On this basis, and with the many examples that have been provided throughout the different chapters of the book, it is suggested that most (if not all) APIs contain in their structure the functional group(s) that could lead to co-crystallisation, and hence to the expansion of their pharmaceutical space. This exciting perspective fully justifies both academic and industrial interest in these systems.
New insights into the structure of the reaction centre from Blastochloris viridis: evolution in the laboratory
Authors: Roszak Aleksander W. , Moulisová Vladimíra , Reksodipuro Adhie D. P. , Gardiner Alastair T. , Fujii Ritsuko , Hashimoto Hideki , Isaacs Neil W. , Cogdell Richard J. 
Published: November 2011

Newly determined crystal structures of the photosynthetic RC (reaction centre) from two substrains of the non-sulfur purple bacterium Blastochloris viridis strain DSM 133, together with analysis of their gene sequences, has revealed intraspecies evolutionary changes over a period of 14 years. Over 100 point mutations were identified between these two substrains in the four genes encoding the protein subunits of the RC, of which approximately one-fifth resulted in a total of 16 amino acid changes. The most interesting difference was in the M subunit where the change from a leucine residue to glycine in the carotenoid-binding pocket allowed NS5 (1,2-dihydroneurosporene) to adopt a more sterically favoured conformation, similar to the carotenoid conformation found in other related RCs. The results of the present study, together with a high rate of mutations in laboratory bacterial cultures described recently, suggest that bacteria evolve faster than has been generally recognized. The possibility that amino acid changes occur within protein sequences, without exhibiting any immediately observable phenotype, should be taken into account in studies that involve long-term continuous growth of pure bacterial cultures. The Blc. viridis RC is often studied with sophisticated biophysical techniques and changes such as those described here may well affect their outcome. In other words, there is a danger that laboratory-to-laboratory variation could well be due to different groups not realising that they are actually working with slightly different proteins. A way around this problem is suggested.
Gene therapy for haemophilia: prospects and challenges to prevent or reverse inhibitor formation
Authors: Scott David W. , Lozier Jay N. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryMonogenic hereditary diseases, such as haemophilia A and B, are ideal targets for gene therapeutic approaches. While these diseases can be treated with protein therapeutics, such as factor VIII (FVIII) or IX (FIX), the notion that permanent transfer of the genes encoding these factors can cure haemophilia is very attractive. An underlying problem with a gene therapy approach, however, is the patient’s immune response to the therapeutic protein (as well as to the transmission vector), leading to the formation of inhibitory antibodies. Even more daunting is reversing an existing immune response in patients with pre‐existing inhibitors. In this review, we will describe the laboratory and clinical progress, and the challenges met thus far, in achieving the goal of gene therapy efficacy, with a focus on the goal of tolerance induction.
Autoantibodies against apolipoprotein A‐1 and phosphorylcholine for diagnosis of non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Keller P.‐F. , Pagano S. , Roux‐Lombard P. , Sigaud P. , Rutschmann O. T. , Mach F. , Hochstrasser D. , Vuilleumier N. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.  Keller P‐F, Pagano S, Roux‐Lombard P, Sigaud P, Rutschmann OT, Mach F, Hochstrasser D Vuilleumier N (Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva). Autoantibodies against apolipoprotein A‐1 and phosphorylcholine for diagnosis of non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 2012; 271: 451–462.Objectives.  To explore the diagnostic accuracies of anti‐apolipoproteinA‐1 (anti‐ApoA‐1) IgG and anti‐phosphorylcholine (anti‐PC) IgM alone, expressed as a ratio (anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG/anti‐PC IgM), and combined with the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) score for non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (NSTEMI‐TIMI score) to create a new diagnostic algorithm – the Clinical Autoantibody Ratio (CABR) score – for the diagnosis of NSTEMI and subsequent cardiac troponin I (cTnI) elevation in patients with acute chest pain (ACP).Methods.  In this single‐centre prospective study, 138 patients presented at the emergency department with ACP without ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction. Anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG and anti‐PC IgM were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay on admission. Post hoc determination of the CABR score cut‐off was performed by receiver operating characteristics analyses.Results.  The adjudicated final diagnosis was NSTEMI in 17% (24/138) of patients. Both autoantibodies alone were found to be significant predictors of NSTEMI diagnosis, but the CABR score had the best diagnostic accuracy [area under the curve (AUC): 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82–0.95]. At the optimal cut‐off of 3.3, the CABR score negative predictive value (NPV) was 97% (95% CI: 90–99). Logistic regression analysis showed that a CABR score >3.3 increased the risk of subsequent NSTEMI diagnosis 19‐fold (odds ratio: 18.7; 95% CI: 5.2–67.3). For subsequent cTnI positivity, only anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG and CABR score displayed adequate predictive accuracies with AUCs of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.68–0.91) and 0.82 (95% CI: 0.70–0.94), respectively; the NPVs were 95% (95% CI: 90–98) and 99% (95% CI: 94–100), respectively.Conclusion.  The CABR score, derived from adding the anti‐ApoA‐1 IgG/anti‐PC IgM ratio to the NSTEMI‐TIMI score, could be a useful measure to rule out NSTEMI in patients presenting with ACP at the emergency department without electrocardiographic changes.