bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of electrochromic devices with nanocomposites polymethacrylate hydroxyethylene resin based electrolyte
Authors: Gonçalves A. , Costa C. , Pereira S. , Correia N. , Silva M. M. , Barbosa P. C. , Rodrigues L. C. , Henriques I. , Martins R. , Fortunato E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper reports the application of a polymethacrylate hydroxyethylene resin based electrolyte in electrochromic (EC) devices. The electrolyte is characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, visible spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and DRX and tested as an ionic conductor in an EC device with the following configuration: Substrate/IZO/WO3/Polymer Electrolyte/(CeO2)TiO2/IZO/Substrate. The electrolyte presents an ionic conductivity of 10−7 S/cm at room temperature and TGA analysis show that electrolyte is thermally degraded at 200°C. The EC device based on this polymethacrylate hydroxyethylene resin electrolyte system shows memory effect and exhibits an excellent optical density. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and mechanism of polyaniline nanotubes with rectangular cross section via in situ polymerization
Authors: Zhu Shibu , Chen Xiangnan , Gou Yu , Zhou Zuowan , Jiang Man , Lu Jun , Hui David 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) nanotubes with rectangular cross section, which had 90–500 nm in outer diameter and 30–400 nm in inner diameter, were synthesized via a self‐assembly process in the presence of chiral acid (1S)‐(+)‐10‐camphorsulfonic (D‐CSA) and non‐chiral hydrochloric acid (HCl) coordinating with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS), respectively. By using SEM, TEM, OM, FTIR, and WAXD, the as‐prepared PANI nanotubes with diversified morphologies were also characterized so as to investigate the formation mechanism of such tubular nanostructures with square cross sections. The results showed that the bilayer‐lamellar micelles formed by anilinium cations and CSA anions acted as the primary templates in the formation of the flat oligomer flakes, and the flakes finally united together to form rectangular nanotubes initiated by the reaction of the active centers on their edges. This study sheds light on the formation process of the PANI nanotubes with rectangular holes and outer contours and may be instructive to the controllable growth of certain nanostructures with unique morphologies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macro reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer agent mixture as a means to enhance the electro‐optical performance of polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals
Authors: Du Xin , Yan Bin , Li Minke , Chen Shu , Yao Jiali , Wang Yinghan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMacro reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agents, i.e. RAFT polystyrene (RAFT‐PS) and RAFT poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (RAFT‐PBA), were mixed. Polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) were prepared using the mixture together with methyl acrylate and liquid crystal E7. The electro‐optical properties of the PDLCs obtained were investigated. The results showed that the advantages of the electro‐optical properties of RAFT‐PS‐ and RAFT‐PBA‐dependent PDLCs could be combined in RAFT agent mixture‐dependent PDLCs. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Recent research progress on the preparation and application of magnetic nanospheres
Authors: Tai Yulei , Wang Li , Yan Guangqing , Gao Jin‐min , Yu Haojie , Zhang Lei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMagnetic nanospheres have numerous applications in biomedicine, biotechnology and wastewater treatment, due to their high surface area, tunable sphere size and superparamagnetic properties. Magnetic nanoparticles can be designed and endowed with optical, electronic and fluorescent properties, allowing a wide range of functionality. Multifunctional magnetic particles with heterodimer structures allow various kinds of target molecules to be attached onto their specific parts via affinity or coordinate bonding, etc. The abilities of these nanodevices, including the encapsulation of target molecules in magnetic hybrid nanostructures and easy magnetic separation in the presence of external magnetic fields, show much promise for magnetic imaging, magnetic separation and drug delivery. Consequently, magnetic particles offer excellent potential future uses in disease diagnosis, hyperthermia, immunoassays, electrochemical biosensors, contaminated water treatment and optical detection. In this article, we review the preparation and application of inorganic and organic magnetic composite spheres in the fields of magnetic separation, drug delivery, hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging, and others. The size, specific surface area, structure, magnetic properties and surface functional groups of nanospheres have a great influence on their effectiveness in these applications. The encapsulation of target molecules in magnetic hybrid nanostructures and their easy separation using an external magnetic field show promise for the fabrication of novel nanodevices for many applications. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel copoly(ether ether ketone)s with pendant phenyl groups: synthesis and characterization
Authors: Wu Ting , Liu Pengqing , Shi Meiwu , Lu Jun , Ye Guangdou , Xu Jianjun 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn order to obtain poly(ether ether ketone)s having enhanced solubility and processability without extreme loss of other properties, a series of copoly(ether ether ketone)s (Co‐PEEKs) with pendant phenyl groups were synthesized from 1,1‐bi(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐phenylethane (ph‐BPA), hydroquinone and 4,4′‐difluorobenzophenone via aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. The structures and properties of the Co‐PEEKs were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and solubility testing. These Co‐PEEKs have inherent viscosities in the range 0.14–1.09 dL g−1, and their number‐average and weight‐average molecular weights reach 72 659 and 163 400 g mol−1, respectively. The Co‐PEEK with the lowest content of ph‐BPA has a semi‐crystalline nature and is only soluble in 98% sulfuric acid. However, with an increase of ph‐BPA in the Co‐PEEKs, they become amorphous and readily soluble in a wide range of organic solvents and can afford tough films. These Co‐PEEKs have glass transition temperatures of 137–180 °C depending on the content of ph‐BPA. All the Co‐PEEKs have initial degradation temperatures above 480 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. Thus, these Co‐PEEKs with excellent thermal stability, good solubility and processability have potential for use in high‐performance films, coatings, hollow fiber membranes, etc. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of surface‐modified nanoclay on the self‐organized nanostructure of segmented polyurethane composites
Authors: Mondal Manas , Chattopadhyay Pijush K , Setua Dipak K , Das Narayan C , Chattopadhyay Santanu 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe nanoscale morphology of segmented polyurethane (SPU) nanocomposites containing various proportions of organomodified montmorillonite (MMT) and Laponite (dual modified using ionic amine modification followed by silane modification) was studied. These nanocomposites were prepared by solution casting and characterized using small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), variable‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (VT‐XRD) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). TEM micrographs show uniform dispersion of MMT in SPU nanocomposites, and the dispersion is better than in Laponite‐based ones. Nanocrystalline morphology development in annealed samples of the nanocomposites was studied using VT‐XRD (140 to 25 °C at constant cooling rate), which confirms the formation of near‐triclinic unit cell geometry with different planes of reflection depending on temperature, type of clay and modification (aspect ratio, polarity). It is found that clay (MMT) having higher aspect ratios imposes greater restrictions against the formation of crystallographic planes of various inclinations. The overall crystallinity of SPU appears less affected in the presence of Laponite as compared to MMT. This is confirmed by the MDSC results showing variations and multiplicity of the glass transition temperature and entropies. Finally, SAXS studies related to interdomain repeat distances and interfacial roughness give an in‐depth understanding regarding the effect of nanoclay on annealing, crystallinity and reinforcement of polymer microstructures. Such reinforcement effect is maximized in the case of dual‐modified Laponite‐based SPU. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Fabrication of antibacterial silicone composite by an antibacterial agent deposition, solution casting and crosslinking technique
Authors: Tang Chak Yin , Chen Da‐zhu , Chan Kathy Yuen Yee , Chu Kit Man , Ng Pak Cheung , Yue Tai Man 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe key problems faced in developing indwelling catheters are how to incorporate antibacterial agents into the substrate and how to improve the antibacterial effectiveness. In this study, an antibacterial composite coating layer is inversely in situ formed on the silicone substrate by a novel technique involving deposition of an antibacterial agent, solution casting and crosslinking of a silicone resin. The antibacterial particles were strongly bonded to the matrix silicone and evenly dispersed on the coating surface. Moreover, energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis revealed the gradient distribution of the antibacterial agent, perpendicular to the composite surface. The co‐instantaneous crosslinking within the coating layer and polymer substrate as well as the graded structure formed lead to good adhesion between the two parts. The silicone composite shows a highly efficient antibacterial activity with no cytotoxicity to HL‐60 cells. Compared with the commonly used methods of incorporating antibacterial agents into the silicone substrate, such as multiple dip‐coating, surface grafting or simple blending, the proposed process is easily operated and is promising for forming a percutaneous or subcutaneous device with the capacity for efficient sterilization in an economical way. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Low band gap copolymers consisting of porphyrins, thiophenes, and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole moieties for bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Zhou Weiping , Shen Ping , Zhao Bin , Jiang Peng , Deng Lijun , Tan Songting 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo novel low band gap conjugated copolymers containing porphyrins, thiophenes, and 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTZ) moieties were synthesized and applied in bulk heterojunction solar cells. The thermal, optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of the two copolymers were examined to investigate the effect of the introduction of BTZ moiety in the backbone of the porphyrin polymers. The copolymers exhibited good thermal stability and film‐forming ability. The absorption spectra indicated that the BTZ moiety has significant influence on the UV–visible region spectra of the copolymers: with increasing the molar amount of BTZ moieties in conjugated main chain, the absorption in the range of 450–700 nm is largely broadened and red‐shifted compared to the similar polymers without BTZ moiety, and the optical band gaps of copolymers were narrowed to ∼1.50 eV. The photoluminescence spectra showed that there is effective charge transfer in the whole conjugated main chain. Cyclic voltammetry displayed that the band gaps were reduced effectively by the introduction of the BTZ moieties. The bulk heterojunction solar cells were fabricated based on the blend of the copolymers and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) in a 1:2 weight ratio. The maximum power conversion efficiency of 0.91% was obtained by using P2 as the electron donor under the illumination of AM 1.5, 100 mW/cm2. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Plasma Polymerized Silylated Ciprofloxacin as an Antibiotic Coating
Authors: Braceras Inigo , Azpiroz Patxi , Briz Nerea , Fratila Raluca M. , Oyarbide Joseba , Ipiñazar Enrique , Álvarez Noelia , Atorrasagasti Garbiñe , Aizpurua Jesus M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLocally applied antibiotics under temporally controlled release present many advantages over systemic clinical treatments, e.g. efficiency and side effects. This can be achieved by a coating on top of the medical device, in which the antibiotic is stored. This study presents the use of plasma polymerization to produce such a coating using N,O‐bis‐tert‐butyldimethylsilylated ciprofloxacin (silylciprofloxacin) as a precursor. Once exposed to physiological media, the outer layers of the coating release the antibiotic by a hydrolysis reaction. Thus, the plasma process parameters can control the speed of liberation through the coating polymerization. Besides, this study shows that the release products present antibiotic activity against a number of bacteria: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus. magnified image
MALDI‐TOF MS profiling as the first‐tier screen for sickle cell disease in neonates: Matching throughput to objectives
Authors: Hachani Johan , Duban‐Deweer Sophie , Pottiez Gwënaël , Renom Gilles , Flahaut Christophe , Périni Jean‐Marc 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPurpose: Universal newborn screening for sickle cell diseases (SCDs) is not currently performed in many countries concerned by this public health problem. Owing to the technical and financial limitations of standard profiling methods (IEF coupled to subsequent HPLC), ethnically targeted neonatal screening is often preferred. Here, we demonstrate that MALDI‐MS‐based SCD newborn screening could be considered as a potential method for a strategy to universal screening because of its high throughput, cost‐effectiveness, sensitivity and ability to automatically discriminate sickle haemoglobin.Experimental design: We carried out a retrospective study of dried blood spots from 844 Guthrie cards. Four determinations of 1000 mass spectra were performed from each tested dried blood spot.Results: The MALDI‐MS‐based screening was highly correlated with the reference method. Only 2.3% of the samples presented a poor spectral quality.Conclusions and clinical relevance: Given that the overall acquisition, data reprocessing and software‐assisted classification (ClinProTools™) time for processing four mass determinations (corresponding to one sample) was around 1 min, 1000 samples can be analysed per day. Rather than seeking to detect as many different haemoglobinopathies as possible, it would become possible to use MALDI‐TOF‐MS to screen (at a constant cost) as many samples as possible for sickle cell disease.
Y‐system for scattering amplitudes
Authors: Alday L.F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe review recent progress on computing scattering amplitudes of planar 𝒩 = 4 super Yang‐Mills at strong coupling by using the AdS/CFT duality. The problem boils down to the computation of certain minimal areas on AdS. We show how to use the integrability of the classical equations of motion in order to efficiently compute such minimal areas.
Holographic phase transitions and universality
Authors: Benincasa P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this talk we analyze the phase diagram in the plane temperature versus baryonic chemical potential for gauge theories with flavors in the quenched approximation, using holography. In the case of massive flavors, we observe the existence of two universality classes, which are identified by the order of the meson melting transition in the interior of the phase plane. Specifically, gauge theories whose flavor degrees of freedom propagate in the whole bulk appear to have a third order phase transition, while the phase transition is of second order if they propagate on a codimension‐1 defect.
Benchmark study on glyphosate‐resistant cropping systems in the United States. Part 4: Weed management practices and effects on weed populations and soil seedbanks
Authors: Wilson Robert G , Young Bryan G , Matthews Joseph L , Weller Stephen C , Johnson William G , Jordan David L , Owen Micheal DK , Dixon Philip M , Shaw David R 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Weed management in glyphosate‐resistant (GR) maize, cotton and soybean in the United States relies almost exclusively on glyphosate, which raises criticism for facilitating shifts in weed populations. In 2006, the benchmark study, a field‐scale investigation, was initiated in three different GR cropping systems to characterize academic recommendations for weed management and to determine the level to which these recommendations would reduce weed population shifts.RESULTS: A majority of growers used glyphosate as the only herbicide for weed management, as opposed to 98% of the academic recommendations implementing at least two herbicide active ingredients and modes of action. The additional herbicides were applied with glyphosate and as soil residual treatments. The greater herbicide diversity with academic recommendations reduced weed population densities before and after post‐emergence herbicide applications in 2006 and 2007, particularly in continuous GR crops.CONCLUSION: Diversifying herbicides reduces weed population densities and lowers the risk of weed population shifts and the associated potential for the evolution of glyphosate‐resistant weeds in continuous GR crops. Altered weed management practices (e.g. herbicides or tillage) enabled by rotating crops, whether GR or non‐GR, improves weed management and thus minimizes the effectiveness of only using chemical tactics to mitigate weed population shifts. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Exploring the Conditions for a Mortality Crisis: Bringing Context Back into the Debate
Authors: Billingsley Sunnee 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis study engages with the debate over the mortality crises in the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe by (i) considering at length and as complementary to each other the two most prominent explanations for the post‐communist mortality crisis, stress and alcohol consumption and by (ii) emphasising the importance of context by exploiting systematic similarities and differences across the region. Differential mortality trajectories reveal three country groups that cluster both spatially and in terms of economic transition experiences. The first group includes countries in the farthest west in which mortality rates increased minimally after the transition began. The second group experienced a severe increase in mortality rates in the early 1990s but recovered previous levels within a few years. These countries are located peripherally to Russia and its nearest neighbours. The final group consists of countries that experienced two mortality increases or in which mortality levels had not recovered to pre‐transition levels well into the 21st century. Cross‐sectional time‐series analyses of age‐specific and cause‐specific death rates for men and women reveal that the clustering of these countries and their mortality trajectories can be partially explained by the economic context, which is argued to be linked to stress and alcohol consumption. Above and beyond many basic differences in the country groups that are held constant – including geographically and historically shared cultural, lifestyle, and social characteristics – poor economic conditions account for a remarkably consistent share of excess age‐specific and cause‐specific deaths. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
It is not Just the Economy: Declining Migration and the Rise of Secular Rootedness
Authors: Cooke Thomas J. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTAmericans have always been viewed, both by themselves and by others, as a migrant society. However, migration rates have reached record lows: only 1.6% of Americans moved from one state to another in 2009, and only 3.7% moved from one county to another. This research conducts a decomposition of the change in migration rates between 1999 and 2009 using data from the Current Population Survey. The analysis concludes that about 63% of the decline in migration rates between 1999 and 2009 can be attributed to the direct effects of the economic crisis that began in 2007, and another 17% of the decline can be attributed to demographic changes (e.g. the aging of the population) but that the remaining 20% of the decrease in migration is due to a decline in migration behaviour, or increased rootedness, that applies to all demographic categories. The discussion focuses on the implications of the universal, or secular, rise in rootedness for migration studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cross‐layer game for energy‐efficient jamming detection in ad hoc networks
Authors: Thamilarasu G. , Sridhar R. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe objective of jamming attacks in a network is to deny service to the communicating nodes, thus reducing network throughput and availability. In this paper, we propose a game theoretic framework for detecting jamming attacks in wireless ad hoc networks. We formulate jamming as a two‐player, non‐cooperative game to analyze the interaction between the attacker and the monitoring nodes in the network. We propose hybrid detection strategies at the monitor node by using cross‐layer features for attack detection. We solve the game by computing the mixed‐strategy Nash equilibrium and derive the optimal attack and detection strategies. Numerical results show that game theoretic analysis can be used to determine the optimal steady‐state monitoring strategies to provide higher detection accuracy, while balancing the monitoring energy costs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic curtailment of health questionnaires: A method to reduce respondent burden
Authors: Finkelman Matthew D. , He Yulei , Kim Wonsuk , Lai Albert M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractStochastic curtailment is a sequential method to terminate a study when continuing to the end would be unlikely to change the outcome. This method has been researched most commonly in the context of clinical trials. The current paper explores its use in a different setting: the administration of a health questionnaire to patients via computer. A classification procedure augmenting logistic regression with stochastic curtailment is introduced to avoid burdening the patients with unnecessary questions. In a real‐data simulation using responses from the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey, the new procedure substantially reduced the average number of questions administered with a minimal loss of classification accuracy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing noninferiority in a three‐arm trial using the Bayesian approach
Authors: Ghosh Pulak , Nathoo, Farouk , Gönen Mithat , Tiwari Ram C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNon‐inferiority trials, which aim to demonstrate that a test product is not worse than a competitor by more than a pre‐specified small amount, are of great importance to the pharmaceutical community. As a result, methodology for designing and analyzing such trials is required, and developing new methods for such analysis is an important area of statistical research. The three‐arm trial consists of a placebo, a reference and an experimental treatment, and simultaneously tests the superiority of the reference over the placebo along with comparing this reference to an experimental treatment. In this paper, we consider the analysis of noninferiority trials using Bayesian methods which incorporate both parametric as well as semi‐parametric models. The resulting testing approach is both flexible and robust. The benefit of the proposed Bayesian methods is assessed via simulation, based on a study examining home‐based blood pressure interventions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.