bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
D-STEM: A Parallel Electron Diffraction Technique Applied to Nanomaterials
Authors: Ganesh K.J. , Kawasaki M. , Zhou J.P. , Ferreira P.J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn electron diffraction technique called D-STEM has been developed in a transmission electron microscopy/scanning transmission electron microscopy (TEM/STEM) instrument to obtain spot electron diffraction patterns from nanostructures, as small as ∼3 nm. The electron ray path achieved by configuring the pre- and postspecimen illumination lenses enables the formation of a 1–2 nm near-parallel probe, which is used to obtain bright-field/dark-field STEM images. Under these conditions, the beam can be controlled and accurately positioned on the STEM image, at the nanostructure of interest, while sharp spot diffraction patterns can be simultaneously recorded on the charge-coupled device camera. When integrated with softwares such as GatanTMSTEM diffraction imaging and Automated Crystallography for TEM or DigistarTM, NanoMEGAS, the D-STEM technique is very powerful for obtaining automated orientation and phase maps based on diffraction information acquired on a pixel by pixel basis. The versatility of the D-STEM technique is demonstrated by applying this technique to nanoparticles, nanowires, and nano interconnect structures.
Dilution and Magnification Effects on Image Analysis Applications in Activated Sludge Characterization
Authors: Mesquita D.P. , Dias O. , Elias R.A.V. , Amaral A.L. , Ferreira E.C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe properties of activated sludge systems can be characterized using image analysis procedures. When these systems operate with high biomass content, accurate sludge characterization requires samples to be diluted. Selection of the best image acquisition magnification is directly related to the amount of biomass screened. The aim of the present study was to survey the effects of dilution and magnification on the assessment of aggregated and filamentous bacterial content and structure using image analysis procedures. Assessments of biomass content and structure were affected by dilutions. Therefore, the correct operating dilution requires careful consideration. Moreover, the acquisition methodology comprising a 100× magnification allowed data on aggregated and filamentous biomass to be determined and smaller aggregates to be identified and characterized, without affecting the accuracy of lower magnifications regarding biomass representativeness.
Teaching mindfulness to psychotherapists in clinical practice: The Mindful Therapy Programme
Authors: Aggs Cameron , Bambling Matthew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction: Initially proposed as a treatment modality for psychological disorders, mindfulness is now being promoted as a means of enhancing both therapist self care and therapeutic efficacy. The degree to which mindfulness can be learned by therapists to manage their own and clients' processes in therapy is as yet unknown. This study examines training outcomes of a standardised introductory mindfulness programme for mental health professionals. Methods: Forty‐seven mental health professionals completed an eight‐week mindful therapy (MT) training programme and associated measures. Results: Compared with baseline scores, participants demonstrated knowledge acquisition on all measures, including increased mindfulness in clinical work, increased capacity to intentionally invoke mindful states of consciousness, and higher participant ratings of well‐being over the course of training sessions. Discussion: This research provides preliminary evidence that a brief, standardised mindfulness training programme can achieve acceptable knowledge and skills outcomes for therapists that can aid their therapeutic practice. Of note, increased ‘therapeutic mindfulness’ in this study resulted from changed mindfulness ‘attitudes’ (i.e. a more accepting and equanimous orientation within therapeutic work) as opposed to a clear demonstration of increased attention‐regulation skills. The implications of these and other results for programme development and wider research are discussed.
Reduction of Seasonal Influenza Transmission among Healthcare Workers in an Intensive Care Unit: A 4-Year Intervention Study in Thailand
Authors: Apisarnthanarak Anucha , Uyeki Timothy M. , Puthavathana Pilaipan , Kitphati Rungrueng , Mundy Linda M. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an influenza control bundle to minimize healthcare-associated seasonal influenza transmission among healthcare workers (HCWs) in an intensive care unit (ICU) equipped with central air conditioning.Methods.A quasi-experimental study was conducted in a 500-bed tertiary care center in Thailand from July 1, 2005, through June 30, 2009. The medical ICU (MICU) implemented an influenza control bundle including healthcare worker (HCW) education, influenza screening of adult community-acquired pneumonia patients, antiviral treatment of patients and ill HCWs who tested positive for influenza, promotion of influenza vaccination among HCWs, and reinforcement of standard infection control policies. The surgical ICU (SICU) and coronary care unit (CCU) received no intervention.Results.The numbers of influenza infections among HCWs during the pre- and postintervention periods were 18 cases in 5,294 HCW-days and 0 cases in 5,336 HCW-days in the MICU (3.4 vs 0 cases per 1,000 HCW-days; P < .001), 19 cases in 4,318 HCW-days and 20 cases in 4,348 HCW-days in the SICU (4.4 vs 4.6 cases per 1,000 HCW-days; P = .80), and 18 cases in 5,000 HCW-days and 18 cases in 5,143 HCW-days in the CCU (3.6 vs 3.5 cases per 1,000 HCW-days; P = .92), respectively. Outbreak-related influenza occurred in 7 MICU HCWs, 6 SICU HCWs, and 4 CCU HCWs before intervention and 0 MICU HCWs, 9 SICU HCWs, and 8 CCU HCWs after intervention. Before and after intervention, 25 (71%) and 35 (100%) of 35 MICU HCWs were vaccinated, respectively (P < .001); HCW vaccination coverage did not change significantly in the SICU (21 [70%] of 30 vs 24 [80%] of 30; P = .89) and CCU (19 [68%] of 28 vs 21 [75%] of 28; P = .83). The estimated costs of US $6,471 per unit for postintervention outbreak investigations exceeded the intervention costs of US $4,969.Conclusion.A sustained influenza intervention bundle was associated with clinical and economic benefits to a Thai hospital.
Lyric Economies: Manufacturing Values in French Petrarchan Collections (1549–60)*
Authors: Alduy Cécile 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBetween 1549 and 1560, French Petrarchan sonnet sequences proliferated in the wake of Du Bellay'sDefense and Illustration of the French Tongueand Ronsard'sAmours. Yet this proliferation relied on a remarkable economy of means, in large part due to the constant recycling of metaphors, tropes, and forms. In fact, the genre can be read as a cost-efficient system that addressed the economic anxiety of a generation of poets caught between the aspiration to impose the autonomy of their art and their social dependence on a patron. It also preemptively solved the potential credit crisis that could have resulted from having had to borrow from the Italians in order to establish a new French canon. Looking at Ronsard, Du Bellay, and Ellain, this essay examines French Petrarchan collections as complex lyric economies that manufacture and negotiate aesthetic, literary, monetary, and national values.
Acute Anemia Elicits Cognitive Dysfunction and Evidence of Cerebral Cellular Hypoxia in Older Rats with Systemic Hypertension
Authors: Li Min , Bertout Jessica A. , Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Eckenhoff Maryellen F. , Simon M. Celeste , Floyd Thomas F. 
Published: August 2010

Background
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction occurs frequently after cardiac, major vascular, and major orthopedic surgery. Aging and hypertensive cerebrovascular disease are leading risk factors for this disorder. Acute anemia, common to major surgery, has been identified as a possible contributor to postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The effect of hypoxia upon cognition and the cellular and molecular processes involved in learning and memory has been well described. Cerebrovascular changes related to chronic hypertension may expose cells to increased hypoxia with anemia.

Methods
Young to aged spontaneously hypertensive rats underwent testing for visuospatial memory and learning in the Morris water maze, measurement of cerebral tissue oxygenation via tissue oxygen probe, and measurement of hypoxia-sensitive genes and proteins, under conditions of sham and experimental isovolemic anemia.

Results
Acute isovolemic anemia elicited evidence of aging-dependent visuospatial working memory and learning impairment. Isovolemic anemia did not result in cerebral tissue hypoxia, when measured via tissue oxygen probe. Evidence of cellular hypoxia was, however, identified in response to the anemic challenge, as hypoxia-sensitive genes and proteins were up-regulated. Importantly, cellular hypoxic gene responses were increased with anemia in an age-dependent manner in this model of aging with chronic hypertension.

Conclusions
In a translational model of chronic hypertension, clinically relevant levels of acute anemia were associated with an age-dependent visuospatial working memory and learning impairment that was matched by an age-dependent cellular sensitivity to anemic hypoxia. These data offer support for a possible link between anemic hypoxia and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in humans.
Prediction of Pediatric Endotracheal Tube Size by Ultrasonography
Authors: Shibasaki Masayuki , Nakajima Yasufumi , Ishii Sachiyo , Shimizu Fumihiro , Shime Nobuaki , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: August 2010

Background
Formulas based on age and height often fail to reliably predict the proper endotracheal tube (ETT) size in pediatric patients. We, thus, tested the hypothesis that subglottic diameter, as determined by ultrasonography, better predicts optimal ETT size than existing methods.

Methods
A total of 192 patients, aged 1 month to 6 yr, who were scheduled for surgery and undergoing general anesthesia were enrolled and divided into development and validation phases. In the development group, the optimal ETT size was selected according to standard age-based formulas for cuffed and uncuffed tubes. Tubes were replaced as necessary until a good clinical fit was obtained. Via ultrasonography, the subglottic upper airway diameter was determined before tracheal intubation. We constructed a regression equation between the subglottic upper airway diameter and the outer diameter of the ETT finally selected. In the validation group, ETT size was selected after ultrasonography using this regression equation. The primary outcome was the fraction of initial cuffed and uncuffed tube sizes, as selected through the regression formula, that proved clinically optimal.

Results
Subglottic upper airway diameter was highly correlated with outer ETT diameter deemed optimal on clinical grounds. The rate of agreement between the predicted ETT size based on ultrasonic measurement and the final ETT size selected clinically was 98% for cuffed ETTs and 96% for uncuffed ETTs.

Conclusions
Measuring subglottic airway diameter with ultrasonography facilitates the selection of appropriately sized ETTs in pediatric patients. This selection method better predicted optimal outer ETT diameter than standard age- and height-based formulas.
Modeling the Effect of Sevoflurane on Corrected QT Prolongation
Authors: Han Dong Woo , Park Kyungsoo , Jang Seong Bok , Kern Steven E. 
Published: August 2010

Background
Sevoflurane may prolong the corrected QT (QTc) interval in healthy humans when administered for induction and maintenance of anesthesia. Little information is available about the dose-response relationship of sevoflurane on the QTc interval. We performed a pharmacodynamic analysis of the relationship between end-tidal sevoflurane concentration (CET) and the QTc.

Methods
Twenty-one patients aged 20-50 yr were enrolled in this study. Sevoflurane concentrations were progressively increased and then decreased over 15 min at the start of anesthesia; CET and automated QT interval were recorded continuously. Pharmacodynamic analysis using a sigmoid Emax model was performed to assess the concentration-effect relationship.

Results
Maximal CET was 4.30 ± 0.33%. Measured baseline and maximally prolonged QTc interval values were 351.7 ± 15.4 ms and 397.8 ± 17.5 ms, respectively. During sevoflurane anesthesia, increased concentrations were correlated with prolonged QTc interval. Hysteresis between the CET and QTc interval were observed and accounted for in the model. Ce50 and ke0 were 2.5 ± 1.4 and 2.0 ± 1.0, respectively. The median prediction error, median absolute prediction error, and the coefficient of determination (R) were 0.02%, 0.75%, and 0.95, respectively. The effect-site concentration (Ce50) and QTc interval data fit to a sigmoid Emax model.

Conclusions
Among patients receiving sevoflurane for anesthesia, QTc interval changes correlate to anesthetic level. The Ce50 for significant QTc change is at clinically relevant levels of sevoflurane anesthesia.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Alkhouri Naim , Franciosi James P , Mamula Petar 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the most common inherited polyposis syndrome characterized by the development of hundreds of colorectal adenomatous polyps. The aim of this study was to review cases of FAP diagnosed at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in a 16‐year period.Methods:Medical records of patients diagnosed as having FAP between 1990 and 2005 were reviewed. The collected data included disease presentation, genetic profile, extraintestinal manifestations, surveillance, and treatment.Results:We identified 12 patients with FAP. The age range at presentation was 7 to 18 years. Seven (68%) patients presented due to symptoms, the most common of which was rectal bleeding (6 patients, 86%). The youngest age at which polyps were detected was 7 years. Eight patients (67%) had positive family history. Three patients had Gardner syndrome and 1 presented in infancy with hepatoblastoma. Four patients had adenomatous polyposis coli gene mutation identified. One patient was diagnosed as having rectal carcinoma in situ. Six patients (50%) had gastric fundic gland polyposis and 6 had duodenal adenomatous changes. Capsule endoscopy was performed in 3 patients; 1 had multiple polyps in the duodenum and the jejunum. Seven patients (58%) underwent total colectomy with no serious complications.Conclusions:FAP is a rare condition but with significant risk of cancer and comorbidity. In this series, patients commonly presented to medical attention due to their symptoms. The youngest patient with polyps detected was 7 years old. We identified 1 patient with rectal cancer in situ and high proportion of patients with duodenal adenomatous lesions. Majority of patients underwent early colectomy.
Evaluation of the Quality of Guidelines for Acute Gastroenteritis in Children With the AGREE Instrument
Authors: Lo Vecchio Andrea , Giannattasio Antonietta , Duggan Christopher , De Masi Salvatore , Ortisi Maria Teresa , Parola Luciana , Guarino Alfredo 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAim:The aim of the study was to assess the quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) instrument, a validated international tool.Materials and Methods:CPGs were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966–January 2009) and Embase (1988–January 2009), CPG databases, and relevant Web sites of agencies and organizations that produce and/or endorse guidelines. Included in the study were CPGs in English that addressed the management of acute gastroenteritis in children. Retrieved CPGs were evaluated with the AGREE instrument for quality assessment by 6 independent reviewers. AGREE consists of 6 domains for a total of 23 items.Results:Nine CPGs were identified. Four were evidence based (EB) and 2 of these included tables of evidence. Eight CPGs (88%) scored <50% for “applicability,” 7 (77%) for “stakeholder involvement,” and 6 (66%) for “editorial independence.” Compared with non‐EB CPGs, EB CPGs had higher quality scores for all AGREE domains, with a better score for “rigor of development” (P < 0.001), “stakeholder involvement” and “clarity of presentation” (P < 0.01), and applicability (P < 0.05). Over time, the quality of guidelines tended to improve. The main recommendations of CPGs were similar. However, there were differences in the treatment of diarrhea, namely based on the settings and circumstances in which CPGs were produced.Conclusions:The overall quality of CPGs on acute gastroenteritis management in children is fair. Aims, target population, synthesis of evidence, formulation of recommendations, and clarity of presentation are points of strength. Weak issues are applicability, including identification of organizational barriers and adherence parameters, and cost/efficacy analysis.
Maintenance Treatment With Proton Pump Inhibitors for Reflux Esophagitis in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Literature Analysis
Authors: Illueca Marta , Wernersson Börje , Henderson Catherine , Lundborg Per 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Short‐term treatment with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is effective for healing reflux esophagitis and improving reflux symptoms in pediatric patients. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of maintenance PPI treatment after healing of reflux esophagitis in pediatric patients.Materials and Methods:Systematic searches of MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica database, and recent conference abstracts.Results:Five studies evaluated the efficacy of PPI maintenance therapy (6‐ to 90‐month follow‐up) in pediatric patients after healing of reflux esophagitis. Three found no relapse of reflux esophagitis or reflux symptoms during PPI maintenance therapy; however, a low relapse rate (1/14) was also found in the placebo group of the only prospective controlled study. Two of the 5 studies (both prospective) reported relapse of reflux esophagitis at half the original healing dose of omeprazole (7 of 51 patients relapsed after 3 months; 8 of 32 within 21 months), which resolved again in most patients when the healing dose or higher was given. Four studies evaluated relapse of reflux esophagitis and/or reflux symptoms after stopping PPI therapy. Reflux symptoms recurred in 18% to 76% of patients across all 4 studies. In the 4 studies that assessed the safety of PPI maintenance therapy, adverse events were infrequent and of low severity.Conclusions:Pediatric patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and certain chronic comorbidities appear to have the greatest need of maintenance PPI treatment after healing of reflux esophagitis. In patients requiring maintenance therapy, PPIs appear to be well tolerated and effective in maintaining remission of reflux esophagitis and reflux symptoms.
Arabidopsis Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase CPK10 Functions in Abscisic Acid- and Ca2+-Mediated Stomatal Regulation in Response to Drought Stress
Authors: Zou Jun-Jie , Wei Feng-Ju , Wang Cun , Wu Juan-Juan , Ratnasekera Disna , Liu Wen-Xin , Wu Wei-Hua 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPlant calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) may function as calcium sensors and play important roles in the regulation of plant growth and development and in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome encodes 34 CDPKs, and most of them have not been functionally characterized. Here, we report the functional characterization of CPK10 in Arabidopsis response to drought stress. The cpk10 mutant, a T-DNA insertion mutant for the Arabidopsis CPK10 gene, showed a much more sensitive phenotype to drought stress compared with wild-type plants, while the CPK10 overexpression lines displayed enhanced tolerance to drought stress. Induction of stomatal closure and inhibition of stomatal opening by abscisic acid (ABA) and Ca2+ were impaired in the cpk10 mutants. Using yeast two-hybrid methods, a heat shock protein, HSP1, was identified as a CPK10-interacting protein. The interaction between CPK10 and HSP1 was further confirmed by pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The HSP1 knockout mutant (hsp1) plants showed a similar sensitive phenotype under drought stress as the cpk10 mutant plants and were similarly less sensitive to ABA and Ca2+ in regulation of stomatal movements. Electrophysiological experiments showed that ABA and Ca2+ inhibition of the inward K+ currents in stomatal guard cells were impaired in the cpk10 and hsp1 mutants. All presented data demonstrate that CPK10, possibly by interacting with HSP1, plays important roles in ABA- and Ca2+-mediated regulation of stomatal movements.
The combined impact ofCYP2C19andCYP2B6pharmacogenetics on cyclophosphamide bioactivation
Authors: Helsby Nuala A. , Hui Chung‐Yee , Goldthorpe Michael A. , Coller Janet K. , Soh May Ching , Gow Peter J. , De Zoysa Janak Z. , Tingle Malcolm D. 
Published: August 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The prodrug cyclophosphamide requires bioactivation by liver CYP enzymes.• Controversy exists about which CYP isoforms are important in thein vitrobioactivation of this drug.• Recent clinical studies have highlighted a role for eitherCYP2C19orCYP2B6in the therapeutic response to cyclophosphamide in lupus patients.• However, the role of these isoforms in the bioactivation of cyclophosphamide in lupus patients has not been previously demonstrated.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Low bioactivation of cyclophosphamide by human liver appears to be dependent on a combination of bothCYP2C19andCYP2B6loss of function variants.• In a preliminary study of lupus patients poor bioactivation of cyclophosphamide was also observed in those individuals who had at least one loss of function allele at eitherCYP2C19orCYP2B6.AIMSThe role of CYP pharmacogenetics in the bioactivation of cyclophosphamide is still controversial. Recent clinical studies have suggested a role for eitherCYP2C19orCYP2B6. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of these pharmacogenes.METHODSWe used a combinedin vitro–in vivoapproach to determine the role of these pharmacogenes in the bioactivation of the prodrug to 4‐hydroxy cyclophosphamide (4‐OHCP). Cyclophosphamide metabolism was determined in a human liver biobank (n= 14) and in patients receiving the drug for treatment of lupus nephritis (n= 16)RESULTSIn livers of knownCYP2C19andCYP2B6genotype and protein expression we observed that there was a combined role for both CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 in the bioactivation of cyclophosphamidein vitro. The presence of at least one loss of function (LoF) allele at eitherCYP2C19orCYP2B6resulted in a significant decrease in bothVmax(P= 0.028) and CLint(P= 0.0017) compared with livers with no LoF alleles. This dual genotype relationship was also observed in a preliminary clinical study, with patients who had ≥1 LoF allele at eitherCYP2C19orCYP2B6also displaying significantly (P= 0.0316) lower bioactivation of cyclophosphamide. The mean 4‐OHCP : CP bioactivation ratio was 0.0014 (95% CI 0.0007, 0.002) compared with 0.0071 (95% CI 0.0001, 0.014) in patients with no LoF alleles at either of these genes.CONCLUSIONSThe presence of ≥1 LoF allele(s) at eitherCYP2B6orCYP2C19appeared to result in decreased bioactivation of cyclophosphamide bothin vitroand in patients. Further clinical studies to confirm this relationship are warranted.