bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status of Arsenic Contamination and Assessment of other Probable Heavy Metal Contaminants in Ground Water of Dang District in Nepal
Authors: Mahat RK , Kharel RP 
Published: October 2010

Issue of arsenic contamination in drinking water in Terai belt has been a prevalent phenomenon in Nepal. So, this study has been conducted to visualize the status of arsenic contamination in ground water in Dang district located at central west Terai in Nepal. A total of 26,878 Tubewells and Dugwells were tested in 36 Village Development Committees (VDCs) using HACH arsenic testing field kit and 811 samples were re-tested employing Wagtech Digital Arsenator. 540 samples were analysed for confirmation by continuous flow Hydride Generation Technique using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) in the DWSS laboratory. Of the total samples, 0.83% was found to contain Arsenic above WHO drinking water Qualty guidelines value of 0.01 mg/l (10 ppb) and 0.2% was found to contain arsenic above National Drinking Water Quality Guidelines value of 50 ppb. Gobardiha and Gangaparaspur are the two most affected VDCs with 1.75 and 1.16 percents of Tubewells being affected by arsenic of concentration above 50 ppb. The highest Arsenic concentration of 150 ppb was found in Bela and Gobardiha VDCs and a severe case of Arsenicosis was identified in Bela VDC. 20 samples were randomly chosen and analyzed for other heavy and trace metal contaminants like Cu, Fe, Mn, and Cd using flame AAS method. Ground water in this area seems to be affected by high concentration of Iron upto 11.01 mg/l and of Manganese upto 0.51 mg/l. Statistical tools were employed to assess the probable association among them but no significant correlation among arsenic and other metals could be retrieved. Keywords: Atomic Absorption; Spectrophotometry; Standard Reduction Potential; Arsenicosis; Heavy and Trace metals. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v7i7.3821 Scientific World Vol.7(7) 2009 pp.33-36
Deformation mechanisms in yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia single crystals
Authors: Gallardo-López Ángela , Gómez-García Diego , Domínguez-Rodríguez Arturo 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This work attempts to give a unified picture of the microscopic mechanisms which control the plastic deformation in yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia single crystals, particularly for the soft orientation (uniaxial compression along the crystallographic axis) at low, intermediate and high temperatures while also reviewing and updating the existing data for different yttria contents (9.4 – 32 mol.%). The controlling deformation mechanisms are: internal friction within the crystal lattice (Peierls mechanism at low temperatures), pinning of dislocations by localized obstacles and long-range interaction between dislocations (intermediate temperatures) and dislocation viscous glide and climb (recovery creep) at higher temperatures. New aspects of the Portevin–le Chatelier phenomenon during viscous glide, due to the pinning and unpinning of dislocations from their defect clouds (yttrium substitutional atoms), are included.
Texture, structure and properties of Ni-based binary alloy tapes for HTS substrates
Authors: Gervasyeva Irina , Rodionov Dmitrii , Khlebnikova Yuliya 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Depending on the contents of alloying elements (Nb, up to 5.4 at.%; W, up to 7.4 at.%; Re, up to 4.1 at.%; Mo, up to 9.5 at.%; V, up to 10.1 at.%; Mn, up to 22.1 at.%; Al, 12.0 at.%; and Cr, up to 22.0 at.%) texture, structure, and physical and mechanical properties are studied in thin tapes that serve as substrates for epitaxial deposition of a high-temperature superconductor on the nickel-based binary alloys. The upper limit of alloying element content is established at which sharp cube texture of primary recrystallization is feasible to be formed. It is shown that such boundary concentration of alloying elements is associated with a certain quantitative ratio between the deformation texture components and with a certain magnitude of the concentration expansion of lattice parameter. Some mechanical and physical properties of alloys with cube texture are determined.
Controlled synthesis of prussian blue nanoparticles based on polymyxin B/sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/water/isooctane reverse microemulsion for glucose biosensors
Authors: Qiu Jingxia , Liu Jiwei , Chen Jianrong , Miao Yuqing , Zhang Shanqing 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Prussian blue nanoparticles were synthesized by employing polymyxin B/sodium bis(2-efhylexyl) sulfosuccinate/water/isooctane reverse microemulsion. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical methods were used to characterize the resultant nanoparticles, that were subsequently used to fabricate prussian blue-based glucose biosensors. Prussian blue nanoparticles were assembled onto a cysteine-modified Au electrode surface and then glutaraldehyde was used to cross-link glucose oxidase on the Prussian blue modified electrode. Both the electrochemical properties of Prussian blue and biocatalytical performance of glucose oxidase were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. After the biosensors were optimized, the glucose biosensors had a linear range from 6.7 μM to 2.0 mM and a relative standard deviation of 4.38%.
Assessment of niobium segregation energy in migrating ferrite/austenite phase interfaces
Authors: Okamoto Riki , Ågren John 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The effects of physical parameters on the total dissipation of Gibbs energy inside migrating ferrite/austenite interfaces have been re-investigated using Odqvist's solute drag model. It is shown that the mobility of the ferrite/austenite phase interface and the diffusivity of niobium in the interface have a strong effect on the Gibbs energy dissipation. As the phase interface mobility was recently reassessed, it is clear that the Gibbs energy of niobium segregation and the diffusivity of niobium in the interface must also be reassessed. In this paper both parameters are reassessed in the Fe–C–Nb system using new physical parameters and experimental results from ultra-low carbon steels.
La construction sociale du champ de la prévention.
Authors: Gottraux Martial 
Published: October 2010

Martial Gottraux : La construction sociale du champ de la prévention.
L'idéologie préventive fixe comme objectifs à la médecine préventive la réduction de la morbidité de la population et la lutte contre l'augmentation des coûts des soins médicaux. Ses effets sociaux semblent cependant se situer ailleurs.
Après une présentation des relations entre les pratiques de prévention et l'idéologie qui prétend en fonder la rationalité, l'auteur émet un certain nombre d'hypothèses relatives aux effets sociaux de ces pratiques, à partir de la notion de stratégies informatives. Deux options principales concernant l'organisation de la prévention sont analysées : celle qui fait de la prévention une organisation professionnalisée et autonome par rapport aux autres pratiques sociales, et celle qui replace la rationalité préventive dans son cadre plus général, au sein de mouvements et d'organisations qui poursuivent également d'autres objectifs.
La loi et le corps
Authors: Chauvenet Antoinette 
Published: October 2010

Antoinette Chauvenet: Law and body.
The concept of illness considered in a historical entity in relation to a certain socio-cultural context is undergoing important changes because of the penetration, in the field defined by illness, of social sciences and human sciences. Antoinette Chauvenet thinks that the division of this concept underlines the cultural perspective of the body, of the individual, of the social relationships. Although we witness the decline of law and of liberal and impersonal juridiction for the benefit of an extension of the special rights (hence the statutory law), we can note concurrently an increasing involvement of social sciences and human sciences in the dfinition of the law. What is the aim of such an evolution? What social philosophy, what idea of ethics and of justice are at the basis of this position? How important are reason and knowledge in such a case? What connotations of History and of signification do they convey?
Le concept de solidarité et le Dilemme du Prisonnier : l'exemple du mode de financement du National Health Service
Authors: Naveau Pierre 
Published: October 2010

Pierre Naveau : Le concept de solidarité et le Dilemme du Prisonnier : l'exemple du mode de financement du National Health Service.
Le financement collectif du système de santé britannique a-t-il une justification économique ? Culyer, invoquant la théorie des jeux et la structure logique du dilemme du prisonnier, répond positivement à cette question. En analysant son argumentation, on peut expliciter la nature de l'approche néo-classique de la solidarité. En même temps on se retrouve au cœur de certains débats sur la crise du Welfare-State, où l'on s'interroge sur la rationalité des électeurs, les intérêts des agents économiques et le rôle de l'Etat.
Cancer serpit. Recherches sur la représentation du cancer dans les biographies spirituelles féminines du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Le Brun Jacques 
Published: October 2010

Jacques Le Brun: The social représentation of cancer in XVIIth century women spiritual biographies.
Analysing an extensive corpus of biographies of nuns in XVIIth century France, Jacques Le Brun applies himself to showing the situations associated with the recognizing of, and dealing with pathologies which may be identified as tumours of a malignant character. The article shows how the illness, even in a very specific context, permits access to values and mentalities that prevail among social equals, in relationship with those which make up the society of an era.
Contagion et santé publique, une représentation du lien social en Angleterre au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Marcovich Anne 
Published: October 2010

Anne Marcovich : Contagion et santé publique, une représentation du lien social en Angleterre au XVIIIe siècle.
Anne Marcovich montre, à partir des écrits d'un médecin anglais du XVIIIe siècle, Lettsom, comment s'articulent ses idées sur l'hygiène, la maladie et la société de son temps. En arrière-plan de cette analyse se situent les conceptions qui prévalaient en Angleterre et en Europe occidentale au siècle des Lumières, où l'homme est conçu comme matière vivante et réactive, et son environnement immédiat comme un microcosme où s'effectuent des processus spécifiques, où s'élaborent des échanges, où s'aménagent des politiques.
Les logiques sociales des actions en Éducation pour la Santé
Authors: Bouchayer Françoise 
Published: October 2010

Françoise Bouchayer : Les logiques sociales des actions en éducation pour la santé.
De par la variété et le nombre des actions entreprises et de par l'importance des moyens dont il dispose, le Comité Français d'Éducation pour la Santé se présente actuellement en France comme la principale institution spécialisée dans le domaine de l'éducation sanitaire. L'étude de la logistique institutionnelle sous-tendant les interventions assurées par ce comité, ainsi que l'analyse du matériel éducatif diffusé dans le cadre de diverses campagnes, permettent d'approcher les logiques sociales propres à cette discipline que cherche à être l'éducation pour la santé. La rationalisation de ses stratégies et objectifs sert la recherche d'une maîtrise, par la connaissance et par l'action, des attitudes relatives au corps et à la santé ; elle sert également la recherche d'une légitimité institutionnelle dans le champ de la santé et dans celui de la communication sociale. Parallèlement, l'analyse des discours éducatifs tenus montre que l'éducation pour la santé ne saurait être considérée comme un dérivé direct (simplement reformulé dans un but pédagogique) des savoirs et acquis bio-médicaux et épidémiologiques existant sur une question donnée ; elle doit être étudiée comme une construction sociale inédite, une occasion de gestion de connaissances scientifiques et de pratiques et valeurs sociales.
Les premiers vaccinophobes
Authors: Darmon Pierre 
Published: October 2010

Pierre Darmon: The first vaccinophobes.
In the early 19th century, the practice of vaccinating against smallpox spread to a number of regions in the world. In every country where the practice became successfully established, death from smallpox decreased by impressive proportions. The «vaccinators», however, had to overcome certain obstacles, primarily that of preserving the vaccines and of obtaining them. Compared to these major problems, the dogmatic opposition to vaccine was insignificant. It did exist, however, amongst handful of doctors who never ceased crying doom, prophesysing the degeneration of mankind due to the effects of infecting bovine humors with unknown properties. Jenner's vaccination was thus said to be the vehicle of ail evil and in the long run would represent a greater danger to humanity than that of smallpox itself. But confronted with the effectiveness of the new method, the doctrine of the vaccinophobes of the early days was not to last a long time. Of their militancy, history has preserved but the memory of a fruitless ferment and a mythology rich in lessons to be learned.
"Majeur et vacciné": idéologie et prévention
Authors: Marenco Claudine 
Published: October 2010

Claudine Marenco : «Majeur et vacciné » : idéologie et prévention.
La diffusion de la vaccination à l'échelle nationale s'est longtemps heurtée à de fortes résistances. Tout au long du XIXeme siècle, les efforts, sur ce terrain, des « militants de base » de la vaccination, des tenants de l'hygiénisme et de leurs représentants dans les instances scientifiques et les milieux politiques, ont certainement contribué à combattre les préjugés à l'encontre de la vaccination et à obtenir une intervention législative la rendant obligatoire. Mais il semble que le rôle décisif en ce domaine a été joué par l'École laïque de la IIIème République, à travers les multiples modalités de l'intervention des maîtres d'école et, surtout, à travers un conditionnement idéologique privilégiant bien davantage les discours sur le Progrès, le Bien, la Civilisation, etc., que l'information scientifique. Obligation et conditionnement idéologique rendent compte de la place qu'occupe la vaccination des enfants dans les représentations et les pratiques sociales aujourd'hui.
La construction pratique des conditions de travail : préservation de la santé et vie quotidienne des ouvriers dans les ateliers.
Authors: Dodier Nicolas 
Published: October 2010

Nicolas Dodier: Practical construction of work conditions. Safeguarding of health and daily life of workers in workshops.
The management by workers of their own health, preventively or during illness, is fundamentally related to the structuring and interpretation of the links between health and work. In managing their health, they construct the reality of their work conditions. This article studies first and foremost the common activities of workers, and is limited to the least externalized ways in which work conditions are determined by day-to-day activities. In other words, this is a study of informal interactions among individuals in the workplace, focussing on two themes: job rotation, and toxic risks.
L'eau et l'expertise sanitaire dans la France du XIXe siècle : le rôle de l'Académie de médecine et des congrès internationaux d'hygiène
Authors: Goubert Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2010

Jean-Pierre Goubert: Water and public hygiène in 19 th century France. The role of the Academy of Medicine and international conférences on hygiene.
Unlike what most people think, the medical profession did not play in 19th century France a striking part in the improvement of the general sanitary conditions. Even after 1890, doctors only «got on the moving train», when those in government using Pasteurian works and other techniques that were achieved in the fîrst half of the 19th century decided to carry out a coherent policy for public hygiene and in the same time made up their mind to get the whole social body interested in public water, its conveyance and draining. Engineers, technicians and scientists - most of them not doctors - acted out for the State the role of experts in public health and helped to build the «hygienic master work» of the Third Republic. So in a country that was totally changing and where an organisation between experts in public health was sorely lacking, the French medical profession - apart from a few exceptions - lost the opportunity to deal with - unlike in other nearly countries- «the upstream of diseases».
Mariages en ville et malnutritions aiguës.
Authors: Gruénais Marc-Éric 
Published: October 2010

Marc-Eric Gruénais : Mariages en ville et malnutritions aiguës.
Quels peuvent être les processus sociaux à l'origine des malnutritions graves ? Une étude conduite à Brazzaville et portant sur quelques enfants hospitalisés nous a permis d'établir une relation entre le statut matrimonial des jeunes mères et l'état nutritionnel de leur enfant. En ville, les conditions du fonctionnement de l'alliance peuvent aller à l'encontre des stratégies familiales. Des familles s'opposent parfois à la reconnaissance de l'union entre des jeunes parents, les isolent alors progressivement au point qu'ils ne sont plus en mesure de subvenir aux besoins de leur enfant. L'hospitalisation, en dernière alternative, est loin d'être perçue comme une solution, surtout en raison de ce que représente sa fréquentation pour les Brazzavillois.
Ensorcellement maternel et trouble mental aux Antilles : histoire d'un cas.
Authors: Bougerol Christiane 
Published: October 2010

Christiane Bougerol: Mental disorder and bewitching by mothers in the French West Indies: a case study.
To explain the relation between a victim and a sorcerer in the French West Indies, neither the rule of preference nor of exclusion can be utilized. In this paper, the author shows how, being supposed to be bewitched by it's own mother, a person cornes to a situation in which there is no more help to wait for from traditional therapy, because of the mother's position in this society. Such a situation may well lead the person under a spell to skid towards mental disorder.
Politiques de santé et bien-être social en Argentine : essai d'interprétation globale
Authors: Belmartino Susan , Bloch Carlos 
Published: October 2010

S. Belmartino, C. Bloch: Health policies and social well-being in Argentina. An overview.
In this article health and social action policies are directly linked to conceptions of the role of the State which have prevailed in Argentina and which have given rise to political projects and specific models of economic development. These conceptions, whether they be expressed through such slogans as «the States-as-Provider» or the «Minimal State» should ultimately be interpreted in terms of how capitalist wealth is accumulated in the developing nations.
Le diagnostic : entre la pratique médicale et la collecte statistique
Authors: Devouassoux Jacqueline , Morel Bernard 
Published: October 2010

Jacqueline Devouassoux, Bernard Morel : El diagnóstico : entre la práctica médica y la colecta estadística.
Se utiliza, cada vez con más frecuencia y para otros propósitos, el diagnóstico, categoria edificada por los médicos para su práctica y la transmisión de su saber. O sea : en el conocimiento de los medicamentos utilizados en la industria farmacéutica, en la actividad médica en el hospital, por las administraciones que detienen su tutoría, en la morbosidad de la población, por las autoridades de la salud pública. El extender, más alla de su campo inicial, el uso de una categoría estadística, produce modificaciones en su contenido. Para analizar dicho efecto, menester es tener en cuenta las condiciones de la realización de dicha información : reglas de selección del « buen » diagnóstico, de cómo fue la encuesta, códigos, etc. las condiciones de la realización de dicha información : reglas de selección del « buen » diagnóstico, de cómo fue la encuesta, códigos, etc.
Cette recherche est-elle fondamentale ou est-elle appliquée?
Authors: Salomon Jean-Claude , Blanchin Patricia , Asselain Bernard 
Published: October 2010

Jean-Claude Salomon, Patricia Blanchin, Bernard Asselain: Is this research a «fundamental» or an «applied research?
Seventeen research articles (concerning Medicine and Biology) were proposed to about one thousand of scientists and physicians, They were asked to classify them into two categories corresponding to the distinct labels : «Fundamental Research» and «Applied Research». This article deals with the statistical results of the survey and shows that the proposed distinction cannot be considered as a «natural» one.
Le sens de l'hospitalisation
Authors: Ogien Albert , Toledo Michael 
Published: October 2010

Albert Ogien, Michael Toledo : El sentido de la hos- pitalización.
Es aprehendida la hospitalización, en la mayoría de los casos, como hecho bruto cuya significatión se deduce de una interprétación preconcebida. Examínase aquí la hospitalización como coyuntura contingente que se produce en el curso de un cambio y cuyo sentido se constituye y se transforma en la duración de dicho cambio. Desde ese punto de vista, se analizan las relaciones que se establecen entre clientes y profesionales en medio psiquiátrico hospitalario, mostrando como puede ser concebida como objeto de negociación la legitimidad de la admisión y de la estancia de un paciente. A partir de este análisis, está planteado el concepto de afiliciación institucional. Y basándose en este concepto, se trata de establecer los límites de fiabilitad y de pertinencia de dos parámetros habitualmente empleados en la evaluación cantitativa de la actividad psiquiátrica : los de la admisión y duración de la estancia.
L'eugénisme en France : le tournant des années trente.
Authors: Schneider William Howard 
Published: October 2010

William H. Schneider : La eugenésica en Francia : la alterna- tiva de los anos treinta.
No fue limitado a los paises anglo-sajones el movi- miento eugenésico. Son profundas sus raices en Francia y el debate acerca de la eugenésica hallôse mezclado a numero- sas cuestiones politicas y sociales que marcaron los cuatro primeros decenios del siglo veinte. Caracterizado primero por su moderaciôn y respeto del individuo — hasta los anos veinte — se fue modificando en el sentido de la severidad y restricciôn — en la corriente de los anos treinta — cuando ciertos programas polïticos volvïan hacia los temas de la eugenésica moderada.
Hace este articulo un anâlisis profundo del contexto social, policito, cientifico, cuyos caractères especificos condujeron a dichos cambios. Conocer ese contexto es importante para aquel que desee reflexionar sobre el porve- nir del consejo genético.
Des théories aux pratiques psychiatriques : l'exemple de la déficience mentale.
Authors: Tomkiewicz Stanislas , Triomphe Annie 
Published: October 2010

Stanislas Tomkiewiecz, Annie Triomphe: From Psychiatrie theories to practices: the example of mental deficiency.
Theoretical concepts concerning the handicapped have undergone the greatest change in the area of mental deficiency. Such a transformation in naming and classifying people who are mentally deficient also brings about a change in dealing with them, living with them, and taking care of them. Changes in terminology and in psychodynamic and sociological approaches have brought out subtleties and shades of meaning which modify the simplistic concept which treats intelligence as a measurable quantity linking mental deficiency to a biological defect. The article reviews these diverse approaches and analyzes the theoretical concepts at the basis of treatment and coverage: special education, psychoanalysis, operant conditioning and some new tendencies (cognitivism, a movement toward integrating).