bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled release niosome embedded chitosan system: Effect of crosslink mesh dimensions on drug release
Authors: Williams Eva Christabel , Toomey Ryan , Alcantar Norma 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe report on a model chemotherapy drug delivery system comprising nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) packaged within a temperature‐sensitive chitosan network. This smart packaging, or package‐within‐a package system, provides two distinct advantages. First, the gel prevents circulation of the niosomes and maintains delivery in the vicinity of a tumor. Second, the chitosan network protects the niosomes against fluctuations in tonicity, which affects delivery rates. Tonicity is the sum of the concentrations of the solutes which have the capacity to exert an osmotic force across the membrane. All release rate experiments were conducted with 5,6‐carboxyfluorescein, a fluorescent dye. Release rates were monitored from both bare niosomes alone and niosome‐embedded, chitosan networks. It was observed that chitosan networks prolonged delivery from 100 h to 55 days in low ionic strength environment and pH conditions similar to a tumor site. The primary effect of chitosan is to add control on release time and dosage, and stabilize the niosomes through a high ionic strength surrounding that prevents uncontrolled bursting of the niosomes. Secondary factors include crosslink density of the chitosan network, molecular weight of the individual chitosan polymers, dye concentration within the niosomes, and the number density of niosomes packaged within the chitosan network. Each of these factors can be altered to fine‐tune release rates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 100A:3296–3303, 2012.
Volumetric bone regenerative efficacy of biphasic calcium phosphate‐collagen composite block loaded with rhBMP‐2 in vertical bone augmentation model of a rabbit calvarium
Authors: Kim Jin‐Woo , Jeong Im‐Hee , Lee Kwang‐Il , Jung Ui‐Won , Kim Chang‐Sung , Choi Seong‐Ho , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Yun Jeong‐Ho 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBlock‐type biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) carriers are more effective at delivering recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) in various clinical situations than are particle‐type carriers, due to their potential for highly successful three‐dimensional bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to confirm the bone‐regenerative capabilities of three‐dimensional BCP blocks with a low hydroxyapatite/β‐tricalcium phosphate ratio (20/80) combined with collagen (10% wt) as an rhBMP‐2 delivery system in a craniofacial vertical bone augmentation model. BCP blocks and BCP‐collagen blocks (with average macropore sizes of 296 and 390 μm, respectively) with or without rhBMP‐2 were fixed with osteosynthesis screws to the calvarial surface of rabbits. After 8 weeks, histologic and histomorphometric analyses were performed to evaluate the resulting new bone area, augmented area, bone density, and degree of integration. The area of new bone was significantly greater in specimens containing rhBMP‐2 than in the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the area fractions of newly formed bone within the augmented area and a degree of integration between the regenerative bone and the calvarium were both significantly greater in the BCP‐collagen/rhBMP‐2 group than in the BCP/rhBMP‐2 group (p < 0.05), whereas the two carrier systems exhibited similar rhBMP‐2 release profiles, with sustained and linear release. The BCP and BCP/rhBMP‐2 blocks exhibited excellent structural integrity, with large fragments of residual ceramic. In conclusion, the BCP‐collagen composite block exhibited enhanced osteoinductive potential and could be a good candidate as a carrier of rhBMP‐2 due to its characteristics of favorable volumetric stability, ease of handling, and excellent remodeling properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3304–3313, 2012.
Promotion of pro‐osteogenic responses by a bioactive ceramic coating
Authors: Aniket  , Young Amy , Marriott Ian , El‐Ghannam Ahmed 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze the responses of bone‐forming osteoblasts to Ti‐6Al‐4V implant material coated with silica‐calcium phosphate nanocomposite (SCPC50). Osteoblast differentiation at the interface with SCPC50‐coated Ti‐6Al‐4V was correlated to the adsorption of high amount of serum proteins, high surface affinity to fibronectin, Ca uptake from and P and Si release into the medium. SCPC50‐coated Ti‐6Al‐4V adsorbed significantly more serum protein (p< 0.05) than control uncoated substrates. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that the SCPC50 coating had a high affinity for serum fibronectin. Protein conformation analyses by FTIR showed that the ratio of the area under the peak for amide I/amide II bands was significantly higher (p< 0.05) on the surface of SCPC50‐coated substrates than that on the surface of the control uncoated substrates. Moreover, ICP − OES analyses indicated that SCPC50‐coated substrates withdrew Ca ions from, and released P and Si ions into, the tissue culture medium, respectively. In conjunction with the favorable protein adsorption and modifications in medium composition, MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast‐like cells attached to SCPC50‐coated substrates expressed 10‐fold higher level of mRNA encoding osteocalcin and had significantly higher production of osteopontin and osteocalcin proteins than cells attached to the uncoated Ti‐6A1‐4V substrates. In addition, osteoblast‐like cells attached to the SCPC50‐coated substrates produced significantly lower levels of the inflammatory and osteoclastogenic cytokines, IL‐6, IL‐12p40, and RANKL than those attached to uncoated Ti‐6Al‐4V substrates. These results suggest that SCPC50 coating could enhance bone integration with orthopedic and maxillofacial implants while minimizing the induction of inflammatory bone cell responses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3314–3325, 2012.
Osteocompatibility evaluation of poly(glycine ethyl ester‐co‐alanine ethyl ester)phosphazene with honeycomb‐patterned surface topography
Authors: Duan Shun , Yang Xiaoping , Mao Jifu , Qi Bing , Cai Qing , Shen Hong , Yang Fei , Deng Xuliang , Wang Shenguo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBiodegradable amino acid ester‐substituted polyphosphazenes are unique biomaterials for tissue engineering. Considering the surface properties as topography and chemical composition having vital roles in regulating cellular response, in this study, a kind of micropatterned polyphosphazene films were prepared and subjected to osteoblasts culture. Briefly, poly(glycine ethyl ester‐co‐alanine ethyl ester)phosphazene (PGAP) was synthesized, and its solution in chloroform was cast under high (80%) or low (20%) environmental humidity. Honeycomb‐patterned or flat PGAP films were resulted. By analyzing with scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscope, and water contact angle measurement, the honeycomb‐patterned PGAP films demonstrated higher surface roughness, phosphorous and nitrogen content, and hydrophilicity than the flat one. Although the initial cell attachment and proliferation on PGAP films were inferior to those on conventional poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) films, P‐containing PGAP was a sort of bone‐binding bioactive polymer. With these alternations, honeycomb‐patterned PGAP films had accordingly enhanced protein adsorption and apatite deposition in simulated body fluid and showed great advantages in promoting osteogenous differentiation. The results suggested a potential way to make polyphosphazenes as good choices for bone tissue regeneration by increasing their surface roughness and phosphorous content. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2013.
Mechanical evaluation and cell response of woven polyetheretherketone scaffolds
Authors: Edwards S. L. , Werkmeister J. A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPolyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high performance polymer, with high melting temperature and high resistance to wear. PEEK biomedical devices are typically manufactured to produce nonflexible structures. In this study, we fabricated flexible PEEK scaffolds from multifilament and monofilament yarns, using weaving technologies. Scaffolds were compared for structural and mechanical properties, and assessed for in vitro biological response to L929 mouse fibroblast cells. PEEK scaffolds were found to support fibroblast cell attachment and proliferation, with similar cell numbers to a polyethylene terephthalate scaffold. The large pores (261–280 μm) of the monofilament scaffold prevented pore coverage by cells, confining cells to filaments, whereas the smaller pores (81–100 μm) of the multifilament scaffold permitted partial pore coverage. Poor cell adhesion, due to large filament curvature angles, created a checkered pattern on the woven surface, a previously undocumented phenomenon. The multifilament scaffold was found to be lighter, thinner, and less porous, with better mechanical properties (load at break: 657 N, elastic recovery: 66%, burst strength: 492 N) than the monofilament scaffold (load at break: 534 N, elastic recovery: 30%, burst strength: 401 N). Results indicate that flexible PEEK woven structures may find application as tissue engineering scaffolds, particularly for engineering soft tissues. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3326–3331, 2012.
Chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal cells by transforming growth factors β1 through cell shape changes on controlled biomaterials
Authors: Shao Hung‐Jen , Ho Chia‐Chi , Lee Yu‐Tsang , Chen Chiang‐Sang , Wang Jyh‐Horng , Young Tai‐Horng 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe phenotypic responses of human bone marrow mesenchymal cells (hBMSCs) on different ratio of chitosan/polycaprolactone (PCL) blends were investigated in this study. The results showed that hBMSCs existed different morphology on chitosan/PCL blends due to the different adhesion characteristic of cell on neat PCL and neat chitosan. Interestingly, comparing to hBMSCs on neat PCL, hBMSCs aggregated to form spheroid and to express ascendant trend of transforming growth factor β1, collagen type II, collagen type X, and Sox9 mRNA on the chitosan/PCL blended substrates with the decrease of PCL content. To confirm chondrogenesis of hBMSCs with spheroid on test substrates, Alcian Blue and Safranin O staining were used to detect the cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM). It revealed hBMSCs with spheroid on neat chitosan and 10 wt % PCL did turn to chondrogenic differentiation and synthesize cartilaginous ECM. Therefore, these findings provided new insights into the role of chitosan/PCL blended material could mediate the endogenous gene expression of hBMSCs to alter the phenotypic behavior through mediating the cell shape. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3344–3352, 2012.
Modeling of drug release from biodegradable triple‐layered microparticles
Authors: Lee Wei Li , Shi Wen‐Xiong , Low Zheng Yang , Li Shuzhou , Loo Say Chye Joachim 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNumerous models that predict drug release from nonerodible reservoir‐membrane sphere systems have been presented. Most of these models cater only to a phase of drug release from a constant reservoir. All these models, however, are not applicable to drug release from biodegradable triple‐layered microparticle system, in which the drug‐loaded core (reservoir) is surrounded by nondrug holding outer layers (membrane). In this article, a mathematical model was developed for ibuprofen release from degradable triple‐layered microparticles made of poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide, 50:50) (PLGA), poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA), and poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate, 40 wt % vinyl acetate) (EVA), where ibuprofen was localized within the nonconstant reservoir (EVA core). The model postulated that the drug release through the bulk‐degrading PLLA and PLGA layers consisted of two mechanisms: simple diffusional release followed by a degradation‐controlled release through a rate‐limiting membrane. The proposed model showed very good match with the experimental data of release from microparticles of various layer thicknesses and particle sizes. The underlying drug release mechanisms are dictated by three parameters determined by the model, including constant characteristic of diffusion, end time point of simple diffusion‐controlled release and partition coefficient of drug. The presented model is effective for understanding the drug release mechanisms and for the design of this type of dosage form. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3353–3362, 2012.
Bone cement/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites as potential biomaterials for joint implant
Authors: Kapusetti Govinda , Misra Nira , Singh Vakil , Kushwaha R. K. , Maiti Pralay 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPoly(methyl methacrylate)‐based bone cement and layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites have been used as a grouting material for total joint arthroplasty. Few weight percentage of nanoLDH was uniformly dispersed in the bone cement matrix to have adequate interaction with matrix polymer. Mechanical strength, stiffness, toughness, and fatigue resistance of the nanocomposites are found to be higher than that of pure bone cement. Nanocomposites are thermally stable as compared to pristine bone cement. Direct mixing of the nanoLDH without any organic solvent makes these nanocomposites biocompatible. Biocompatibility was evaluated and compared with that of commercial bone cement by measuring hydrophilic nature, hemolysis assay, thrombosis assay, and deposition of apatite in simulated body fluid immersion. Finally, the viability of human osteoblast cells on the above developed nanocomposites was testified for actual biocompatibility. The experiment showed better cell growth in nanocomposites as compared to pure bone cement. Thus, these nanocomposites are found to be better grouting material than bone cement. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3363–3373, 2012.
Sun storm dangers! Protecting IT, business, and society
Authors: Sergeant Anne M. A. , Weber John C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe sun seems to be our greatest blessing. It gives us warmth, lights our day, provides the seasons, and marks time. But it can also be our undoing. Throughout history, the sun occasionally ejects a billion‐ton plume of superheated, ionized gas—known as a coronal mass ejection (CME). If this massive bubble of plasma and radiation is aimed directly at Earth, it can seriously damage our technology.Prior to a hundred years ago, these solar events simply produced spectacular aurora displays that caused great fear—but did little long‐lasting damage to society. But these severe solar storms are no longer harmless. Our dependence on vulnerable modern technology has put us in great danger. Indeed, a direct hit by a massive CME could knock out satellites and cause widespread power failures—which cannot be repaired or restored quickly.So how can you protect your IT systems and your business from this potentially catastrophic danger? And what should our society do to protect all of us? © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are you protecting your employee's data?
Authors: Bean LuAnn 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOver the last few years, data‐privacy failures have become commonplace, both in the United States and abroad. These high‐profile cases demand more regulatory activity—because they have harmed customers and employees and impaired the reputations of many organizations.Companies face the challenge of managing a greater volume of sensitive information, caused by increased digital storage of employee, health, financial, and other personal data. So the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and other regulatory agencies have increased their focus on data‐privacy failures. It's important to examine these cases—to better understand how to prevent or lessen the risk of damage when there is a privacy breach.This article focuses on human resources (HR) data‐privacy breaches. The author explores corporate vulnerabilities—to help managers address data‐privacy risks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Platform as a service: Is it time to switch?
Authors: Fanning Kurt , Centers David P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSoftware as a service (SaaS)—or, as it is commonly called, cloud computing—is becoming the current choice for software procurement. With cloud computing, computer services are typically provided to users over the Internet—instead of using software products on one's own PC. Companies are now also looking to switch to a similar service, called platform as a service (PaaS). This article explains what PaaS is, and the pros and cons of adopting its use. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The IT implications of COSO's new exposure draft
Authors: Tackett James A. , Wolf Fran 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn 1992, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) released its landmark structure for designing, implementing, and evaluating the effectiveness of internal control. This framework has become the “gold standard” of internal control for large, publicly traded companies.Now 20 years later, advancements in information technology (IT) demanded revised guidelines—to better address the financial reporting and control problems faced by companies doing business in a digital world.But how will the new proposed guidelines affect IT today? © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Key points of failure for IT project business cases
Authors: Iijima Timothy 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLarge IT projects at companies generally underperform expectations—they either are delivered late, come in over budget, or fail to deliver their expected benefits. Studies reveal that there is no single driving factor for these failures, and no single “magic bullet” solution. But are many projects doomed from the start to underperform expectations—because the expectations were inappropriately set?This article focuses on this key element—the setting of expectations in the form of a formal business case. The author discusses five key points of failure in IT business cases, why they occur, and how they can be avoided. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Checklists: Prevent white‐collar computer crime
Authors: McGee Jo Ann , Byington J. Ralph 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWhite‐collar crime (WCC) has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Unfortunately, the growth of WCC has been facilitated by information technology (IT) advances that have made it easier to commit WCC by using the computer. The authors of this article present a checklist of measures for management to help prevent and detect IT‐related WCC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Auditor's going‐concern modification decision in the post‐Enron era
Authors: Nogler George , Jang Inwon 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe decision to modify a client's report for “going‐concern” reasons is one of the most difficult decisions an auditor faces. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants' (AICPA) guidance, in SAS No. 59, requires the auditor to evaluate whether there is “substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern.” But although the term going concern is widely used in the profession, curiously it is not defined authoritatively in accounting standards.Many auditors also point out that the going‐concern modification fails to predict bankruptcy. And to further confuse matters, SAS 59 does not use the word bankruptcy anywhere in the text. The standard charges the auditor only with the responsibility to evaluate whether or not there is substantial doubt (another vague term) about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of one year beyond the date of the audit.So with all this uncertainty, what is the state of the going‐concern decision in today's post‐Enron era? © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating sustainability with corporate strategy: A maturity model for the finance function
Authors: Campbell Terry , Fisher Joseph G. , Stuart Nathan V. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSustainability is not a passing fad, although the finance function as a whole often remains skeptical of sustainability efforts and reporting. This article argues that Finance should become an involved participant—and even a leader—in sustainability efforts. It shows how the finance function can add value to these efforts and why this help is crucial. It then introduces a maturity model against which the finance function can assess its status in supporting and leading sustainability initiatives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation between prenatal and postnatal penile and clitoral measurements
Authors: Sharony Reuven , Bental Yoram A. , Eyal Ori , Biron‐Shental Tal , Weisbrod Meir , Shiff Yacov , Weintrob Naomi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground.A correlation between prenatal and postnatal penile and clitoral sizes has not been reported. These data would substantiate the ability of prenatal ultrasound (US) scan to predict postnatal measurements. The aims were to correlate prenatal and postnatal penile and clitoral measurements and to ascertain the possible advantage of using prenatal penile width rather than length to predict postnatal measurements.Methods.This was a longitudinal study. Fetal penis and clitoris were measured by high‐resolution US between gestational weeks 14 and 29. Postnatal measurements of external genitalia were performed during the first postnatal week. All measurements were performed twice consecutively. A correlation between the measurements sets was sought.Results.Paired prenatal and postnatal measurements were performed on 46 males and 48 females. Prenatal penile and clitoral length values correlated significantly with postnatal length at p < 0.05 each.Conclusions.Prenatal US findings appear to be reliable indicators of postnatal penile and clitoral length measurements. Penile width measurement did not add new information. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 40:394–398, 2012
Gallai colorings and domination in multipartite digraphs
Authors: Gyárfás András , Simonyi Gábor , Tóth Ágnes 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAssume that D is a digraph without cyclic triangles and its vertices are partitioned into classes A1, …, At of independent vertices. A set is called a dominating set of size |S| if for any vertex there is a w∈U such that (w, v)∈E(D). Let β(D) be the cardinality of the largest independent set of D whose vertices are from different partite classes of D. Our main result says that there exists a h = h(β(D)) such that D has a dominating set of size at most h. This result is applied to settle a problem related to generalized Gallai colorings, edge colorings of graphs without 3‐colored triangles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
On Compatible Normal Odd Partitions in Cubic Graphs
Authors: Fouquet Jean-Luc , Vanherpe Jean-Marie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA normal odd partition of the edges of a cubic graph is a partition into trails of odd length (no repeated edge) such that each vertex is the end vertex of exactly one trail of the partition and internal in some trail. For each vertex v, we can distinguish the edge for which this vertex is pending. Three normal odd partitions are compatible whenever these distinguished edges are distinct for each vertex. We examine this notion and show that a cubic 3‐edge‐colorable graph can always be provided with three compatible normal odd partitions. The Petersen graph has this property and we can construct other cubic graphs with chromatic index four with the same property. Finally, we propose a new conjecture which, if true, would imply the well‐known Fan and Raspaud Conjecture.
An Upper Bound for the Excessive Index of an r‐Graph
Authors: Mazzuoccolo Giuseppe 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe construct a family of r‐graphs having a minimum 1‐factor cover of cardinality (disproving a conjecture of Bonisoli and Cariolaro, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2007, 73–84). Furthermore, we show the equivalence between the statement that is the best possible upper bound for the cardinality of a minimum 1‐factor cover of an r‐graph and the well‐known generalized Berge–Fulkerson conjecture.