bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of duodenal hypersensitivity induced by duodenal acidification using transnasal endoscopy
Authors: Ishii Manabu , Kusunoki Hiroaki , Manabe Noriaki , Kamada Tomoari , Sato Motonori , Imamura Hiroshi , Shiotani Akiko , Hata Jiro , Haruma Ken 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Although duodenal hypersensitivity has been suggested as one of the causes of functional dyspepsia (FD), a practical method to clarify this has not yet been established. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether patients with FD have duodenal hypersensitivity to acid, using transnasal endoscopy.Methods:  In all, 44 patients with FD and 16 healthy volunteers were enrolled, and all the subjects received transnasal endoscopy in the morning after overnight fasting. After ordinary transnasal endoscopy, an infusion tube was introduced into the duodenal bulb by transnasal endoscopy and acid (20 mL, 0.1 N HCl, 20 mL/min, 36.5°C) was injected via the infusion tube. The severity of 12 symptoms was assessed by each subject using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. The maximum severity scale was defined as the maximum score of the symptom severity scale. The total score was defined as the aggregate score of the maximum severity scale of the 12 symptoms. The maximum severity scales and the total scores between patients with FD and healthy volunteers were evaluated.Results:  The maximum severity scales of nine symptoms increased significantly more after acid infusion in patients with FD than in healthy volunteers (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the total scores (patients with FD vs healthy volunteers 233.8 ± 37.8 vs 63.9 ± 14.6, mean ± standard error of the mean, P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Duodenal acidification using transnasal endoscopy enabled the evaluation of duodenal hypersensitivity to acid in healthy volunteers and patients with FD.
PSA at postoperative three months can predict biochemical recurrence in patients with pathological T3 prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy
Authors: Inagaki Takeshi , Kohjimoto Yasuo , Nishizawa Satoshi , Kuramoto Tomomi , Nanpo Yoshihito , Fujii Reona , Matsumura Nagahide , Shintani Yasuyo , Uekado Yasunari , Hara Isao 
Published: October 2009

Objectives:  To identify the prognostic factors and determine which pT3 prostate cancer patients can be safely followed up after surgery without any adjuvant treatment.Methods:  A retrospective review was carried out on 106 patients with pT3 prostate cancer. All preoperative and postoperative parameters, including the postoperative serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level at 3 months after surgery, were assessed by univariate and multivariate analyses.Results:  Mean follow‐up period was 18 months. The overall biochemical recurrence‐free rate was 53.7% and 34.1% at 12 and 36 months, respectively. On univariate analysis, all preoperative clinical factors were significantly correlated with biochemical progression. On multivariate analysis, pathological Gleason score, pathological stage and postoperative PSA were significant predictors. Among those with undetectable PSA after surgery, 38 patients (88.4% of 43) did not have disease progression during the follow‐up period. On the other hand, of the 27 patients with detectable PSA that was not defined as progressive (range 0.01–0.20), 22 (81.5%) had biochemical disease progression. The progression free probability was significantly different between these two groups (P‐value < 0.0001).Conclusions:  pT3 prostate cancer patients showing low pathological Gleason score, without seminal vesicle invasion, and undetectable postoperative PSA values have low probability of PSA progression. Careful follow up including periodic PSA assessment and clinical observation represents an adequate strategy in the management of these patients.
Influence of photoperiod duration and light–dark transitions on entrainment of Per1 and Per2 gene and protein expression in subdivisions of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Sosniyenko Serhiy , Hut Roelof A. , Daan Serge , Sumová Alena 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe circadian clock located within the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus responds to changes in the duration of day length, i.e. photoperiod. Recently, changes in phase relationships among the SCN cell subpopulations, especially between the rostral and caudal region, were implicated in the SCN photoperiodic modulation. To date, the effect of abrupt, rectangular, light‐to‐dark transitions have been studied while in nature organisms experience gradual dawn and twilight transitions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a long (18 h of light) and a short (6 h of light) photoperiod with twilight relative to that with rectangular light‐to‐dark transition on the daily profiles of Per1 and Per2 mRNA (in situ hybridization) and PER1 and PER2 protein (immunohistochemistry) levels within the rostral, middle and caudal regions of the mouse SCN. Under the short but not under the long photoperiod, Per1, Per2 and PER1, PER2 profiles were significantly phase‐advanced under the twilight relative to rectangular light‐to‐dark transition in all SCN regions examined. Under the photoperiods with rectangular light‐to‐dark transition, Per1 and Per2 mRNA profiles in the caudal SCN were phase‐advanced as compared with those in the rostral SCN. The phase differences between the SCN regions were reduced under the long, or completely abolished under the short, photoperiods with twilight. The data indicate that the twilight photoperiod provides stronger synchronization among the individual SCN cell subpopulations than the rectangular one, and the effect is more pronounced under the short than under the long photoperiod.
Population coding of tone stimuli in auditory cortex: dynamic rate vector analysis
Authors: Bartho Peter , Curto Carina , Luczak Artur , Marguet Stephan L. , Harris Kenneth D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNeural representations of even temporally unstructured stimuli can show complex temporal dynamics. In many systems, neuronal population codes show ‘progressive differentiation’, whereby population responses to different stimuli grow further apart during a stimulus presentation. Here we analysed the response of auditory cortical populations in rats to extended tones. At onset (up to 300 ms), tone responses involved strong excitation of a large number of neurons; during sustained responses (after 500 ms) overall firing rate decreased, but most cells still showed statistically significant rate modulation. Population vector trajectories evoked by different tone frequencies expanded rapidly along an initially similar trajectory in the first tens of milliseconds after tone onset, later diverging to smaller amplitude fixed points corresponding to sustained responses. The angular difference between onset and sustained responses to the same tone was greater than between different tones in the same stimulus epoch. No clear orthogonalization of responses was found with time, and predictability of the stimulus from population activity also decreased during this period compared with onset. The question of whether population activity grew more or less sparse with time depended on the precise mathematical sense given to this term. We conclude that auditory cortical population responses to tones differ from those reported in many other systems, with progressive differentiation not seen for sustained stimuli. Sustained acoustic stimuli are typically not behaviorally salient: we hypothesize that the dynamics we observe may instead allow an animal to maintain a representation of such sounds, at low energetic cost.
A critical role for dynamic changes in histone H3 methylation at the Bdnf promoter during postnatal thermotolerance acquisition
Authors: Kisliouk Tatiana , Meiri Noam 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAs with other sensory mechanisms, determination of the thermal‐control set point is refined during a critical period of development by alterations in cellular properties in the frontal hypothalamus. These alterations in hypothalamic plasticity are achieved by renewal of the protein repertoire via activation or silencing of gene transcription, both of which are regulated by histone modifications. This study demonstrates induction of global histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) dimethylation, with no changes in its trimethylation levels, in the frontal hypothalamus, as well as at the promoter of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene during thermal‐control establishment. Furthermore, antisense ‘knockdown’ of the H3K27‐specific methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste 2, which was induced in correlation with the dimethylation of H3K27, inhibited Bdnf mRNA expression and disrupted the establishment of thermoregulation. This phenotypic effect was partially rescued by intracranial injection of BDNF. The presented findings highlight the specific epigenetic role of chromatin modifications in thermal‐control establishment.
Stochastic Growth and Factor Income Risk
Authors: Clemens Christiane 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This paper examines the effects of aggregate factor income risk in a tractable version of the stochastic Romer endogenous growth model. Labor supply is endogenous. The presence of labor income risk unambiguously increases savings and growth due to precautionary motives. Households not only underaccumulate but also work less along the balanced growth path of the competitive economy when compared with the Pareto-efficient allocation. The paper also discusses distributive disturbances for the case of inelastic labor supply. Here, growth effects are negative for empirically plausible correlations of the underlying shocks.
The Augmented Solow Model with Mincerian Schooling and Externalities
Authors: Carstensen Kai , Hartmann Susanne , Gundlach Erich 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We combine the augmented Solow model with the Mincer equation to derive a specification that identifies an education externality within a production function framework. The previous empirical literature has not reached a consensus about the size of the education externality, which is given by the difference between the microeconomic and the macroeconomic return to education. Relative to our benchmark value that is based on a parameterization of the derived specification, we find that the estimated education externality is too large when the empirical model is not properly restricted, and appears to be absent when all control variables of the empirical model are properly accounted for. We note that the absence of an education externality is difficult to reconcile with observed levels of education subsidies for efficiency reasons.
Pre‐hospital notification reduced the door‐to‐needle time for iv t‐PA in acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Kim S. K. , Lee S. Y. , Bae H. J. , Lee Y. S. , Kim S. Y. , Kang M. J. , Cha J. K. 
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  Intrahospital delay is the most serious obstacle in thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS). We implemented the pre‐hospital notification system from the emergency medical information system in our metropolitan area to reduce intrahospital delay.Methods:  From October 2007, we implemented a 24‐h hotline system between our stroke center and the Korean Emergency Medical Information System in Busan. We compared processing times and clinical outcomes amongst patients after using intravenous tissue type plasminogen activator (iv t‐PA) with and without the hotline system.Results:  After the pre‐hospital notification system was implemented, the rate of iv t‐PA use increased from 6.5% to 14.3%. Time of onset in patients with pre‐hospital notification was much longer than in patients without (121.5 ± 34.8 min vs. 74.7 ± 38.5 min, P < 0.01) notification but door‐to‐needle time was significantly reduced (28.9 ± 11.4 min vs. 47.7 ± 22.8 min, P < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in 90‐day clinical outcomes between the two groups.Conclusions:  The pre‐hospital notification system reduced intrahospital processing times which led to increased iv t‐PA use after AIS. However, the improvement of clinical outcomes in thrombolysis might require organization of not only intrahospital processes but of outside processes such as the early recognition and rapid dispatch of patients with suspected AIS.
Should the SCOPA‐COG be modified?: a Rasch analysis perspective
Authors: Forjaz M. J. , Frades‐Payo B. , Rodriguez‐Blazquez C. , Ayala A. , Martinez‐Martin P. ,   on behalf of the Longitudinal Parkinson’s Disease Patient Study (Estudio longitudinal de pacientes con enfermedad de Parkinson–ELEP) Group
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose: The SCales for Outcomes in PArkinson’s disease‐Cognition (SCOPA‐COG) is a specific measure of cognitive function for Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Previous studies, under the frame of the classic test theory, indicate satisfactory psychometric properties. The Rasch model, an item response theory approach, provides new information about the scale, as well as results in a linear scale. This study aims at analysing the SCOPA‐COG according to the Rasch model and, on the basis of results, suggesting modification to the SCOPA‐COG.Method: Fit to the Rasch model was analysed using a sample of 384 PD patients.Results: A good fit was obtained after rescoring for disordered thresholds. The person separation index, a reliability measure, was 0.83. Differential item functioning was observed by age for three items and by gender for one item.Conclusions: The SCOPA‐COG is a unidimensional measure of global cognitive function in PD patients, with good scale targeting and no empirical evidence for use of the subscale scores. Its adequate reliability and internal construct validity were supported. The SCOPA‐COG, with the proposed scoring scheme, generates true linear interval scores.
Pahl and Lojkine on the state: a comment
Authors: Mingione Enzo 
Published: October 2009

La relation entre i'état et le développement social peut entre analysée à partir de trois niveaux interconnectés:

Au niveau de la théorie et de la méthodologie. C'est ce que font Lojkine et Pahl.
A un niveau général, mais concernant des types théoriquement differenciés d'organisations sociales (c'est à dire, sociétés capitalistes avancées, sociététés socialistes. etc.). C'est le niveau qui concerne cet auteur le plus.
Au niveau d'une société donnée, durant une période historique déterminéee. C'est à ce niveau que les autres travaux de Lojkine ont été faits.

La critique faite par Pahl des perspectives marxistes est rejetés comme étant superficielle, par contre il est reconnu que i'œuvre de Poulantzas manque de perspective historique et dialectique. Mais i'analyse marxiste des institutions politiques dépend d'une interprétation correcte de la relation entre structure et superstructure, et ce point est développé par i'auteur. Une critique est faite des théories élitistes et historicistes. La typologie historiciste de Runciman est considérée comme étant inadéquate, car elle ne peut ětre appliquée à la réalité historique, et en dernier lieu, ne peut expliquer pourquoi les relations état‐société montrent tant de variations.Les définitions marxistes de i'état sont insuffisantes et ont besoin d'ětre dévéloppées. A propos, les travaux de Lojkine et de Poulantzas sont critiqués comme étant réductivistes et non‐dialectiques. La question des origines sociales de la démocratie est introduite afin de développer une perspective analytique satisfaisante qui pourrait prendre en compte les faits historiques des révolutions nationales en Europe de l'Ouest, au Japon et aux Etats‐Unis. L'accent est mis sur le role de la classe ouvrière, le concept d'hégémonie, l'exercise du pouvoir hégémonique, et plus précisement quand la classe hégémonique n'est pas dominante. Une bonne analyse marxiste des relations état‐société doit pouvoir envisager les tendences et les conditions actuelles de l'accumulation du capital, en conjonction avec les intérěts des groupes monopolistes. Cet essai fini par une brěve discussion des tendences actuelles dans ces domaines.
Equipements collectifs et consommation sociale
Authors: Preteceille Edmond 
Published: October 2009

Collective consumption has become a major issue in recent developments in urban research, as a focal point in the analysis of the aspect of urbanization concerned with social conditions of reproduction of the labour force.A survey of traditional approaches shows that they adopt a conception of the state as promoter of increasing welfare. The limitations of econometric measures of ‘social welfare’ and the associated theories of consumer choice are also discussed.Recent radical studies consider collective means of consumption as means of domination and repression by the state, either by way of an Althusserian analysis of ideological state apparatus, or by an extension of the critique of psychiatric institutions elaborated by M. Foucault.The concrete analysis of collective consumption must go beyond this useful but unilateral perspective, also beyond the recurrent empiricist temptation to use concepts as ‘boxes’ for direct classification of empirical objects, and try to link together theoretically the various and contradictory aspects of socialized consumption processes. Various concepts must be developed regarding the nature of social relations of consumption: relations of production and circulation, ownership and real appropriation of the means of consumption, forms of socialization transforming these relations, nature of the use value of the means of consumption and relation with the concrete process of its realization, forms of the division of labour, ideological processes inside the consumption process.The movements and results of class struggle in the reproduction sphere can be followed through the analysis of the contradictions in collective consumption—between state domination and repression and development of the labour force, between socialization of consumption, also considering precisely its social distribution, and capitalist interests.
Contradictions urbaines et guerre civile
Authors: Massabni Micheline 
Published: October 2009

The slum area of Quarantina formed part of Beirut near the coast. Migrants of disparate origins—nomads (Bedouins from Saudi Arabia), Kurds from Turkey, Palestinian refugees, Syrian labourers and uprooted Lebanese peasants from the south‐settled on land belonging to state officials and to religious institutions, and gradually built up a network of marginal economic and social life. They soon became considered as dangerous social outcasts—as the pariahs of Christian eastern Beirut and of the Lebanese social hierarchy.Although providing the surrounding industries with a consistent labour force, their activities were feared because of subversive political implications. Communication between Palestinian camps and slum areas of Beirut led to raised political consciousness among the Quarantina inhabitants: the ideology of the Palestinian revolution became the symbol of a new struggle. The interlinking of both causes, that of the Lebanese masses and that of the Palestinian refugees, precipitated the repressive action taken by the conservative forces.Quarantina contained an insignificant proportion of Palestinians; nevertheless its inhabitants could possibly organize into embryonic revolutionary movements and give birth to urban guerilla warfare. The slum also obstructed the expansion of the Christian quarter of Achrafieh and impeded the partition projects of the right‐wing Phalangist party. The repressive action meted out to the urban population of Quarantina took a particularly violent form. The men were massacred, shot down before their families. The dwellings were plundered. The site, cleared of its ‘gangrene’, is now ready for the construction of a new tourist complex.
On the political economy of urbanization in the Third World
Authors: Gugler Josef , Flanagan William G. 
Published: October 2009

Cette analyse de l'urbanisation d'aprés‐guerre en Afrique Occidentale est proposée comme un jalon pour l'économie politique de l'urbanisation dans le Tiers Monde. L'Afrique Occidentale est une des régions les moins urbanisées du monde qui cependant a récemment connu une urbanisation plus rapide que toute autre. Cette explosion urbaine est associée avec des inégalités sévères à trois niveaux:un déséquilibre profond dans les conditions de travail et de vie entre le secteur urbain et le secteur ruralune forte concentration des ressources dans les capitalesune énorme disparité économique à l'intérieur des villes entre les masses et une petit éliteSi l'urbanisation en Afrique Occidentale est caractérisée par ces inégalités, il apparait qu'elle entraîne aussi des pertes économiques. Deux approches suggèrent que l'allocation des ressources est loin d'ětre optimale pour la croissance économique. D'une part des ressources sont gaspillées dans le ch&#x006f;&#x030c;mage et le sous‐emploi urbain, dans la croissance des grands centres métropolitains, et dans la construction des ‘quartiers spontanés’. D'autre part la présupposition que la forme prise par l'urbanisation est le résultat d'une allocation optimale des ressources est mise en doute quand les facteurs qui affectent les paramètres économiques ou qui interferent directement avec les décisions d'investissement sont soumis à l'examen, et quand l'attention est dirigée sur le processus politique qui s'avère constamment dominé par les intérěts et les préoccupations d'un petit groupe de dirigeants.
Capitalist development and agrarian structure in Brazil
Authors: Lopes Juarez Rubens Brandão 
Published: October 2009

Les tendences divergeantes de la structure agraire dans diverses parties du Brésil sont le thème de cet article. Le développement capitaliste dans les régions rurales de São Paolo, et la préservation/destruction des formes archaïques de production dans le nord‐est sont analysés en terme des catégories et stages de développement capitaliste qui évoluent au pays. En considérant ce dernier dans son ensemble, une attention particulière est donnée à l'état. Depuis le début de l'industrialisation, l'industrie et l'agriculture ont toujours eu une relation ambiguë et contradictoire, et ceçi à la fois dans l'exportation et dans les marchés internes. Ceçi explique le caractère composite de l'état et la préservation d'une agriculture primitive. La préservation de la grande entreprise agro‐merchantile et des formes archaïques de l'agriculture avait des fonctions distinctes pour l'accumulation du capital dans les secteurs non‐agraires.Cet article examine aussi les tendances les plus récentes dans l'organisation agraire en relation avec les caractéristiques spécifiques de la nouvelle étape acquise par le capitalisme au Brésil. Une fois de plus, Côte à côte avec l'accroissement de la c̀apitalisme agraire, dans la région de São Paolo (suivit par l'émergence d'un proletariat rural plus pur, la méchanisation massive et l'augmentation rapide de la composition organique du capital agraire), se produit l'extension et la récréation continuelle de la paysannerie latifundia dans les régions éloignées du pays. Un tel développement inégal dans les régions rurales coexiste avec le développement capitaliste dans son ensemble.