bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Types of Fish on Rats Suffering from Diabetes
Authors: Abdel-Megeid Ashraf A. , Attia Abd El-Rahman M , Elmarasy Sonia S. , A Ibrahim Abdou M 
Published: January 2012

The present work was conducted to study the beneficial effect of different types of fish on diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with insulin. This study investigated the chemical composition of four types of fish (Mackerel, Sardines, Smoked herring and Bolti) and also the effects of these types on the nutritional value and the levels of serum (glucose, lipid fractions, kidney and liver functions) of diabetic rats. The chemical composition “on dry bases matter” of processed fish types revealed that the bolti fish had the highly percent of protein, while the highest percent of fat was found in mackerel and sardines. The mackerel had the highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid, followed by sardines, herring and bolti. Seventyfive male Albino rats used in this study, weighing (150 ± 5 g) were divided into three main groups (n = 25). The first main group was considered negative control. The second main group was injected with 150-mg/kg-body weight of recrystallized alloxan to induce hyperglycemia. The third main group was injected with 150-mg/kg-body weight of recrystallized alloxan to induce hyperglycemia and treated with insulin injection. Each main group was divided into five subgroups. The first subgroup from each main group fed on a casein diet, while the second, third, fourth and fifth subgroups fed on basal diet containing mackerel, sardines, herring and bolti, respectively. Feeding diabetic rats with the different types of diet (fish diet) resulted in an improvement of the nutritional parameters. The mean values of serum glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-c, HDL-c, VLDL-c, uric acid, urea nitrogen, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) decreased in all treated groups especially with the mackerel and sardine diet, followed by bolti, as compared to the positive control groups (fed on a casein diet), while the levels of serum cholesterol and LDL-c increased in the groups fed on the herring diet. On the other hand, diabetic rats that were treated with a low insulin dose and fed on the mackerel diet, showed non-significant differences in the levels of all parameters, as compared to non-diabetic rats.
Designing Fish for Improved Human Health Status
Authors: Cotter Paul A. , McLean Ewen , Craig Steven R. 
Published: January 2012

The time-course of accumulation of dietary organic and inorganic selenium (Se; 1.5 mg Se kg−1 dry weight feed) was examined for muscle and hepatic tissues of hybrid striped bass (HSB) over 6 weeks. Animals, which had been fed a Se deficient diet for 2 months prior to study, were maintained in a recirculating life support system at 28 ± 1°C. PIT tagged fish were randomly assigned to one of 24 120 L aquaria (n = 5 per tank) and subsequently fed one of four diets: a fishmeal-based diet (control), soybean-casein-based feeds either supplemented with organic (SelPlex®) or inorganic (sodium selenite) Se or as a basal diet, purposefully deficient in Se. Fish were fed twice daily on a 4% body weight basis. Samples taken at trial start (week 0), mid-way (3 weeks) and at trial end (6 weeks) included weight and length data, hepatosomatic (HSI) and visceral (VSI) indices, intraperitoneal fat (IPF) and muscle (MR) and feed conversion (FCR) ratios, serum protein (SP), hematocrit (PCV), and serum glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and muscle and heaptic Se concentrations. Survival was also monitored throughout the study. Muscle and hepatic Se levels increased in fishmeal and Se supplemented diets throughout the study. At trail end, greatest weight gain (P < 0.05) was observed in fish fed the control, fishmeal-based diet. Comparison of tissue Se levels indicated that the liver accumulated this mineral at greater concentrations than the muscle with highest levels being observed in the inorganic Se fed fish (P < 0.05). Se accumulation in control and inorganic Se fed fish was similar, whilst Se in the liver of fish fed the Se deficient diet was lowest among groups (P < 0.05). Muscle Se accumulation was found to be greatest in organic Se containing diets (P < 0.05), whereas the basal, Se deficient diet group, returned lowest levels (P < 0.05). Plasma GPx activity was similar in HSB fed the fishmeal and organic Se diets. The fishmeal fed group expressed higher (P < 0.05) GPx levels than that recorded for either the inorganic or basal diets. At trial end, no differences were recorded between groups for PCV or HSI, VSI or IPF. SP levels and MR were higher (P < 0.05) in fishmeal control fed fish. FCRs were lowest in fishmeal fed fish and highest for the Se deficient or basal diet. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of producing cultured fish with heightened levels of Se using simple dietary manipulations for 4–6 weeks or less before harvesting.
Cholesterol Levels in Later Life Amongst UK Channel Islanders Exposed to the 1940–45 German Occupation as Children, Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Head Rosemary F. , Gilthorpe Mark S. , Ellison George T.H. 
Published: January 2012

Background: To clarify the nature of the relationship between: food deprivation and undernutrition during pre- and postnatal development; and cholesterol levels in later life, this study examined the relationship between birth weight (as a marker of prenatal nutrition) and cholesterol levels among 396 Guernsey islanders (born in 1923–1937), 87 of whom (22%) had been exposed to food deprivation as children, adolescents or young adults (i.e. to postnatal undernutrition) during the 1940–45 German occupation of the Channel Islands, and 309 of Whom (78%) had left or been evacuated from the islands before the occupation began. Methods: Three sets of multiple regression models were used to investigate: Model A — the relationship between birth weight and cholesterol levels; Model B — the relationship between postnatal exposure to the occupation and cholesterol levels; and Model C — any interaction between birth weight, postnatal exposure to the occupation and cholesterol levels. Model A and Model B also tested for any interactions between: birth weight/occupation exposure and sex; and birth weight/occupation exposure and parish of residence at birth (as a marker of parish of residence during the occupation and related variation in the severity of food deprivation). Results: Before (and after) adjusting for potential confounders, no statistically significant relationships were observed between either birth weight (before adjustment: 0.09mmol/1 per kg increase, 95% CI: −0.30, 0.16; after adjustment: 0.08mmol/1 per kg increase, 95%CI: −0.17, 0.34) or exposure to the occupation (before adjustment: 0.01 mmol/l for exposed group, 95%CI: −0.24, 0.27; after adjustment: 0.041llmol/1 for exposed group, 95%CI: −0.26, 0.33) and cholesterol levels in later life. There was also little evidence of significant relationships between birth weight, exposure to the occupation and cholesterol levels in later life when Model A and Model B were stratified by sex or parish of residence at birth, although there was a significant positive relationship between birth weight and cholesterol levels in women (0.44mmol/1 per kg increase, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.81). Conclusions: These analyses provide little support for the theory that birth weight is inversely related to cholesterol levels in later life, and do not offer any evidence in support of a relationship between undernutrition in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood and cholesterol levels in later life. However, further research may determine whether undernutrition at different stages of the life-course may influence cholesterol levels in later life.
Recent Research on the Behavioral Effects of Tryptophan and Carbohydrate
Authors: Spring Bonnie 
Published: January 2012

Animal and human studies indicate that diet can alter plasma and brain concentrations of neurotransmitter precursors, with possible implications for the synthesis and release of brain neurotransmitters. The best known example is serotonin, whose synthesis is limited by the availability of its precursor, tryptophan, in the brain. Consuming tryptophan or a carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor meal increases brain levels of tryptophan and serotonin. Although a carbohydrate meal itself lacks tryptophan, the meal causes insulin to be secreted. Insulin, in turn, decreases plasma levels of large neutral amino acids that would ordinarily compete with tryptophan for transport across the blood-brain barrier. Resulting brain changes in serotonin provide a plausible mechanism whereby diet could affect behaviour. Research on human subjects suggests that ingesting tryptophan or carbohydrate can reduce subjective alertness and possibly influence some aspects of objective performance. Effects on sleep latency and on pain perception have also been detected. Behavioral effects may come about via the action of tryptophan on brain serotoninergic pathways, although other mechanisms may operate and must still be ruled out before the mechanism is certain.
The Political Economy of Famine
Authors: Hay Roger W. 
Published: January 2012

This paper explores some of the reasons why the well-laid plans of the 1970's failed to be an effective bulwark against hunger. It is reflective rather than critical because we are faced with the certainty that just as surely as the famines of the 1980's followed the famines of the 1970's, the 1990's will again see drought, crop failure and, unless things change a great deal, famine as well. The analysis of the causes of hunger current in the 1970's can be summarized somewhat brutally as follows. Either there is not enough to eat, or what is available is poor in nutritional quality. Poor nutrition is synergistic with disease. Together they result in increasing debility and finally death. Famine is an unusual event, precipitated by this same triad of factors, on a catastrophic scale. The strategies which emerged from this analysis can be placed similarly under three broad headings. The first is that food production must be increased so that there is more available for everyone. The second is that national food security strategies should be developed and implemented. The third is that nutritional quality of people's diets should be improved. These ,Ire three major goals which have dominated international thinking for a decade. This paper argues that this analysis is at the very least incomplete and that the strategies based upon it have failed to make a marked impact on the risk vulnerable households face to famine. It goes on to suggest that, irrespective of the quantity and quality of food generally available, the households, poorer communities and poorer countries are able to lay claim to a share of what is available. These claims are mediated by a hierarchy of relationships - households within communities, communities within countries and countries in the world at large -and the nature of the relationships constitutes the 'political economy' within which famines arise and must be analysed.
The Gayaza Farm-Diet Scheme: an Education Programme in Uganda
Authors: Goode Pamela M. 
Published: January 2012

This paper describes a scheme in which the production of food and the provision of a well-balanced diet became an integral part of the educational programme at a Senior Secondary Girl's Boarding School in Uganda. An account is given of the development of the school farm including crop and livestock enterprises. The part played by the girls in the day-to-day running of the various units of the farm is explained. The way in which the school diet was improved and nutrition education was given greater emphasis in the school curriculum, is described. The strength of the Farm-Diet Scheme was the integration of good farming practice and sound nutrition education with the formal pattern of secondary education. The follow-up project describes the way in which a preliminary assessment of the value of the scheme, was made. Women are predominantly the food crop farmers in Uganda and are largely responsible for the health and well-being of the family. A scheme of this nature has far reaching effects upon the community through girls who during their formal secondary education had their horizons widened regarding the importance of agriculture and nutrition in relation to good health.
Towards Better Nutrition: Lip Service or a Realistic Fight?
Authors: Ritchie Jean A.S. 
Published: January 2012

Progress towards the objective of the World Food Conference of 1974 that “no child should go to bed hungry” is reviewed. The low market price of primary products keeps developing countries poor. Yet in these countries industry rather than agriculture has been supported by governments. All regions are increasing total food production but population growth threatens to offset this increase. In some areas there is decrease in food production per head of population. In many countries the social situation of women affects the nutrition of families. Other causes of malnutrition are discussed and future policies are recommended.
The Effect of Fungal Toxins on the Sexual Behaviour of Rabbits
Authors: Nilsson Nils , Lindahl Olov , Lindwall Lars 
Published: January 2012

Feeding rabbits with mycelium from Fusarium roseum is shown to produce infertility, the disappearance of aggressivity, and homosexual behaviour in males, while the effect of the females is only infertility. This mycelium contains the mycotoxin zearalenon which has effects similar to those of the female hormone. This fungus willingly grows uncommon crops and is consumed both by people and animals—although normally in very low doses. It cannot be ruled out that an increased growth of fungus, due to artificial fertilization, which then can be demonstrated to be found in food and consumed, can be a factor which increases the incidence of homosexual behavior in people. One of the authors (Nilsson) has observed as a farmer that a change occurs in the crops with increased artificial fertilization of fields and forests, so that hay, grain and forest berries, for example, become mouldy more easily and more rapidly than when they are cultivated and grown without artificial fertilizers. And animals which are raised on crops which are cultivated this way become sicker and show both decreased capacity for reproduction and altered sexual behaviour (Roine et al. 1971). Since fungi are well-known as producers of mycotoxins, it has been reasonable to attribute these changes to. the increased growth of fungi. In an earlier study the authors were able to show that blueberries from artificially fertilized forest land make hens infertile in that after eating these berries they laid eggs without shells or with defective shells. In large doses the blueberries were so toxic that all the hens died. There is reason to suspect that the toxic effects were caused both by mycotoxins and the absorption of very soluble aluminium compounds into the crops after artificial fertilization with ammonium nitrate or calcium nitrate (Nilsson & Lindahl, 1985). The following study with rabbits has been carried out to test the effects of certain fungal toxins on sexual behavior.
Nutrition of Women in Anticipation of Pregnancy
Authors: Wynn A.H.A. , Crawford M.A. , Doyle Wendy , Wynn S.W. 
Published: January 2012

A causal connection between maternal nutrient intake and birth outcome is not universally accepted. In this paper further empirical support is provided, particularly in relation to the impact of maternal nutrition around the time of conception or very early in pregnancy. It is argued that the hypothesis that maternal nutrition has no connection with birthweight is very easily refuted. It is suggested that there should be a new category of recommended dietary allowances; “women in anticipation of pregnancy”. The diet of 513 pregnant London women were recorded for 7 days during the first trimester of their pregnancy. Birthweight and nutrient intakes were found to be significantly correlated but only over the lower half of the birthweight range. The optimum birthweight range with the lowest perinatal and infant mortalities is 3,500–4,500 g and it is suggested that the nutrient intake of the 165 women who had babies in this optimum weight range provide tentative values for nutrient intake recommendations in anticipation of pregnancy, but are not claimed to be representative. The need for adjustments of recommendations for the individual, for example for a low body mass index, is discussed. A body mass index of 24 kg/m2 is recommended based on the median of the 165 women.
Breast Versus Bottle Feeding
Authors: Salariya E.M. 
Published: January 2012

Significant or highly significant differences were found between groups of breast and bottle-fed infants with respect to the incidence of jaundice, time to passage of first yellow stool and early weight changes. Experimental parameters were carefully defined, and a simple stool colour comparator has been designed and developed. Breast feeding should be encouraged for its incidence is low in many European countries and it is the responsibility of the attending midwife to ensure that correct suckling techniques are achieved by mothers and infants at the earliest possible time after delivery.
Contribution of Street Foods to Nutrient Intakes by Nigerian Adolescents
Authors: Oguntona Clara R.B. , Kanye O. 
Published: January 2012

The food and nutrient intake and the proportion of these supplied by street foods was studied in a group of 142 adolescent Nigerians, using structured questionnaire, 24-hour recall and weighed intake protocols. The results show that all the major groups of foods are represented in the menu and street food providing, overall, the major sources of dairy, meat, fish and egg. Mean intake of energy was 10.85 MJ for the cohort with street foods contributing almost 25%. For male subjects, 21% of the energy came from street foods while for females, the proportion was 29%. Also out of the mean intake of 62g total protein, street foods supplied over 50% for both male and female. The proportion was even higher for calcium (64%) and vitamin A (almost 60%). For all the other minerals and vitamins examined, street foods supplied over 50% of the intake.
Occurrence of Nitrate, Nitrite and Volatile Nitrosamines in Certain Feedstuffs and Animal Products
Authors: Ologhobo A.D. , Adegede H.I. , Maduagiwu E.N. 
Published: January 2012

Nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines were analysed in poultry feeds, meat and eggs. The poultry meat was boiled and roasted while the eggs were raw and boiled, and the effects of these processing treatments on the level of these compounds were investigated. Nitrate levels in the meat samples were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by boiling and roasting, with boiling being more effective. Nitrite levels were also reduced significantly by processing (P < 0.05). The feed samples contained levels of nitrate which were significantly different (P < 0.05) from one producer to another. Nitrite levels were generally low in all feed samples. Nitrosamines were not detected in any of the feed samples and in the meat samples except in two samples of boiled meat which contained 0.001 g/kg each.
Educational Policy and Practice Regarding More Able Students in Spain: Some Research Results
Authors: Roselló Candido Genovard , Sánchez Lola Prieto , Castejón Costa Juan Luis , Castelló Tarrida Antonio 
Published: January 2012

In this study we shall analyze the current situation of identifying, evaluating, and educating more able students in Spain. We mention, in the first place, the lack of specific legislation normalizing the identification of and educational attention to more able students. We include the latest legal regulations in which a few measures are taken for the education of more able students, but they are still quite insufficient and do not take teacher training into account at all. Despite the lack of support and educational resources in the field of higher abilities, some universities have carried out research projects aimed at identifying and studying the characteristics of more able students. Additionally, we incorporate the first studies on the identification of more able students and the educative attention given to their diversity. These studies were undertaken at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (in northeastern Spain) under the supervision of Professor Genovard and at the University of Murcia (in southeastern Spain) under Professor Prieto. Finally, we shall present our program for teacher training, which we began at the University of Murcia in the academic year 1996–97 with support from the regional delegation in Murcia of the Ministry of Education and Culture.
Cognitive Complexity and Ego Identity in Talented Israeli Adolescent Boys
Authors: Fisherman Shraga 
Published: January 2012

Ego identity was defined by Erikson as a one-dimensional and continuous variable. The concept was expanded by Marcia, becoming a two-factor dichotomous variable which yields a typology. Tzuriel went a step further, constructing a complex, multi-factor continuous variable. It seems that, in order to consolidate so complex an identity, an adolescent must have many cognitive and combined abilities, such as processing and organization of information, induction and deduction, and decision-making. The assumption underlying the present study is that gifted adolescent boys with high levels of cognitive complexity will have consolidated and complex ego identities. Eighty-five adolescent boys studying at a school for the talented, and 27 adolescent boys studying at a regular school filled out ego identity questionnaires and cognitive complexity questionnaires. The results showed that the talented boys had higher cognitive complexity scores than the others. Furthermore, relative to the regular-school pupils, the talented boys scored higher on two dimensions of ego identity: (a) meaningfulness versus alienation and (b) naturalness and truthfulness. No significant differences were found on the other dimensions of identity. Meaningfulness and truthfulness are the most ideological and central dimensions of male adolescent identity, especially at age 15. At this age, a boy's moral development and interest in moral issues peaks. He is less interested in issues of vocational commitment. This explains why significant differences were found on the two cited dimensions only. There is reason to expect that, at later stages of adolescence differences would be found on additional dimensions of identity.
Teachers Attitudes towards Giftedness — A Comparison Between American and Israeli Teachers
Authors: Rosemarin Shoshana 
Published: January 2012

47 American and 66 Israeli teachers were asked to state their opinion on the following topics included in a check list questionnaire, which consisted of statements related to the education of the gifted: Significance of cognitive abilities; Preferred educational setting; The role of the parents; Heredity vs. environment; The competence of teachers to identify the gifted, and to prepare special programs for them; The need for special training; There were no differences between teachers who taught in regular classes, and those who taught the gifted. The Israeli group related more significance to the cognitive abilities; the power of heredity; the competence of the teachers to identify gifted, and to prepare special programs for them. They preferred to include the gifted in the regular classes. The American group related more significance to hard work, and believed, more than their associates, in the modifiability of human characteristics. In general it may be concluded that the Israeli teachers are more concerned with the class, while the American ones — with the individual.