bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing arithmetic and semantic fact retrieval: Effects of problem size and sentence constraint on event‐related brain potentials
Authors: Jost Kerstin , Hennighausen Erwin , Rösler Frank 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEvent‐related potentials were recorded with 61 electrodes from 16 students who verified either the correctness of single‐digit multiplication problems or the semantic congruency of sentences. Multiplication problems varied in size and sentence fragments in constraint. Both semantic and arithmetic incongruencies evoked a typical N400 with a clear parieto‐central maximum. In addition, numerically larger problems (8×7), in comparison to smaller problems (3×2), evoked a negativity starting at about 360 ms whose maximum was located over the right temporal‐parietal scalp. These results indicate that the arithmetic incongruency and the problem‐size effect are functionally distinct. It is suggested that the arithmetic and the semantic incongruency effects are both functionally related to a context‐dependent spread of activation in specialized associative networks, whereas the arithmetic problem‐size effect is due to rechecking routines that go beyond basic fact retrieval.
Grazing triggers soil carbon loss by altering plant roots and their control on soil microbial community
Authors: Klumpp Katja , Fontaine Sébastien , Attard Eléonore , Le Roux Xavier , Gleixner Gerd , Soussana Jean‐Francois 
Published: August 2009

Summary1. Depending on grazing intensity, grasslands tend towards two contrasting systems that differ in terms of species diversity and soil carbon (C) storage. To date, effects of grazing on C cycling have mainly been studied in grasslands subject to constant grazing regimes, whereas little is known for grasslands experiencing a change in grazing intensity. Analysing the transition between C‐storing and C‐releasing grasslands under low‐ and high‐grazing regimes, respectively, will help to identify key plant–soil interactions for C cycling.2. The transition was studied in a mesocosm experiment with grassland monoliths submitted to a change in grazing after 14 years of constant high and low grazing. Plant–soil interactions were analysed by following the dynamics of plant and microbial communities, roots and soil organic matter fractions over 2 years. After disturbance change, mesocosms were continuously exposed to13C‐labelled CO2, which allowed us to trace both the incorporation of new litter C produced by a modified plant community in soil and the fate of old unlabelled litter C.3. Changing disturbance intensity led to a cascade of events. After shift to high disturbance, photosynthesis decreased followed by a decline in root biomass and a change in plant community structure 1.5 months later. Those changes led to a decrease of soil fungi, a proliferation of Gram(+) bacteria and accelerated decomposition of old particulate organic C (<6 months). At last, accelerated decomposition released plant available nitrogen and decreased soil C storage. Our results indicate that intensified grazing triggers proliferation of Gram(+) bacteria and subsequent faster decomposition by reducing roots adapted to low disturbance.4. Synthesis. Plant communities exert control on microbial communities and decomposition through the activity of their living roots: slow‐growing plants adapted to low disturbance reduce Gram(+) bacteria, decomposition of low and high quality litter, nitrogen availability and, thus, ingress of fast‐growing plants. Our results indicate that grazing impacts on soil carbon storage by altering plant roots and their control on the soil microbial community and decomposition, and that these processes will foster decomposition and soil C loss in more productive and disturbed grassland systems.
Differential effects of lorazepam on sleep and activity in C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ strain mice
Authors: TANG XIANGDONG , YANG LINGHUI , FISHBACK NANCY F. , SANFORD LARRY D. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryCompared to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice exhibit greater ‘anxiousness’ on behavioural tests of anxiety, and can show significantly longer sleep disruptions after exposure to anxiogenic situations. Relative to C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice also have reduced benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor densities in the brain and fivefold less BZ receptor density in the amygdala, a region important in anxiety and in the control of arousal. Lorazepam is a BZ receptor full agonist and has been used to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Differences between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice raise the question of whether BZ agonists would impact sleep and activity differentially in the two strains. We examined the effects of two doses of lorazepam (0.5 and 1.5 mg kg−1) or saline alone (0.2 mL) on sleep and activity in C57BL/6 (n = 8) and BALB/c (n = 7) mice. Compared to saline, both doses of lorazepam significantly increased non‐rapid eye movement (NREM) and reduced activity in both strains. In C57BL/6 mice, rapid eye movement (REM) was increased at both doses. In BALB/c mice, the 0.5 mg kg−1 dose had no significant influence on REM, whereas REM was reduced significantly after the 1.5 mg kg−1 dose. The results demonstrate significant differences between C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice in the effects of lorazepam on REM, whereas the effects on NREM and activity were similar. Strain differences in the number of BZ receptors in the amygdala, but not other brain regions, suggests possible site specificity in the effects of lorazepam on REM. These differences in BZ‐binding sites in the amygdala could be a significant factor in differences in the sleep response between C57 and BALB/c mice.
Sequestration of essential proteins causes prion associated toxicity in yeast
Authors: Vishveshwara Namitha , Bradley Michael E. , Liebman Susan W. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryPrions are infectious, aggregated proteins that cause diseases in mammals but are not normally toxic in fungi. Excess Sup35p, an essential yeast protein that can exist as the [PSI+] prion, inhibits growth of [PSI+] but not [psi‐] cells. This toxicity is rescued by expressing the Sup35Cp domain of Sup35p, which is sufficient for cell viability but not prion propagation. We now show that rescue requires Sup35Cp levels to be proportional to Sup35p overexpression. Overexpression of Sup35p appeared to cause pre‐existing [PSI+] aggregates to coalesce into larger aggregates, but these were not toxic per se because they formed even when Sup35Cp rescued growth. Overexpression of Sup45p, but not other tested essential Sup35p binding partners, caused rescue. Sup45–GFPp formed puncta that colocalized with large [PSI+] Sup35‐RFPp aggregates in cells overexpressing Sup35p, and the frequency of the Sup45–GFPp puncta was reduced by rescuing levels of Sup35Cp. In contrast, [PSI+] toxicity caused by a high excess of the Sup35p prion domain (Sup35NMp) was rescued by a single copy of Sup35Cp, was not rescued by Sup45p overexpression and was not associated with the appearance of Sup45–GFPp puncta. This suggests [PSI+] toxicity caused by excess Sup35p verses Sup35NMp is, respectively, through sequestration/inactivation of Sup45p verses Sup35p.
Plant–rhizobacteria interactions alleviate abiotic stress conditions
Authors: DIMKPA CHRISTIAN , WEINAND TANJA , ASCH FOLKARD 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTRoot‐colonizing non‐pathogenic bacteria can increase plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Bacterial inoculates have been applied as biofertilizers and can increase the effectiveness of phytoremediation. Inoculating plants with non‐pathogenic bacteria can provide ‘bioprotection’ against biotic stresses, and some root‐colonizing bacteria increase tolerance against abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and metal toxicity. Systematic identification of bacterial strains providing cross‐protection against multiple stressors would be highly valuable for agricultural production in changing environmental conditions. For bacterial cross‐protection to be an effective tool, a better understanding of the underlying morphological, physiological and molecular mechanisms of bacterially mediated stress tolerance, and the phenomenon of cross‐protection is critical. Beneficial bacteria‐mediated plant gene expression studies under non‐stress conditions or during pathogenic rhizobacteria–plant interactions are plentiful, but only few molecular studies on beneficial interactions under abiotic stress situations have been reported. Thus, here we attempt an overview of current knowledge on physiological impacts and modes of action of bacterial mitigation of abiotic stress symptoms in plants. Where available, molecular data will be provided to support physiological or morphological observations. We indicate further research avenues to enable better use of cross‐protection capacities of root‐colonizing non‐pathogenic bacteria in agricultural production systems affected by a changing climate.
Non‐adherence to immunosuppressive medication in renal transplant recipients within the scope of the integrative model of behavioral prediction: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Schmid‐Mohler Gabriela , Thut Martina Pechula , Wüthrich Rudolf Peter , Denhaerynck Kris , De Geest Sabina 
Published: August 2009

Schmid‐Mohler G, Pechula Thut M, Wüthrich RP, Denhaerynck K, De Geest S. Non‐adherence to immunosuppressive medication in renal transplant recipients within the scope of the integrative model of behavioral prediction: a cross‐sectional study. Clin Transplant 2009 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2009.01056.x © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Background:  Non‐adherence to immunosuppressive medication is strongly associated with poor outcomes. Identifying the factors influencing it is a first step in developing adherence interventions. This study’s objective was to investigate the prevalence of self‐reported and collaterally‐reported non‐adherence to immunosuppressives, and, based on the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction, to explore the association between non‐adherence, intention to adhere, attitudes, norms and self‐efficacy.Methods:  This cross‐sectional study included a convenience sample of 114 renal transplant recipients in follow‐up care, one to five yr post‐transplant. Non‐adherence was measured by self‐reports and collateral reports. Factors of the Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction were assessed using a self‐report questionnaire.Results:  Self‐reports showed non‐adherence of 23.7%; collateral reports showed 3.8%; and a combination of the two showed 26.4%. Logistic regression analysis showed that the attitude “Not all immunosuppressive drugs are necessary to prevent rejection” was less frequent in patients with higher intentions to adhere, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.05 (95% CI 0.01–0.50). The barrier of “Forgetfulness/Interruption of daily routine” was associated with non‐adherence, with an OR of 3.74 (95% CI 1.55–9.03).Conclusions:  Forgetfulness is the most powerful barrier against adherence. Intention to adhere plays a minor role in non‐adherence in renal transplant recipients.
Turkish nurses' utilization of research evidence in clinical practice and influencing factors
Authors: Özdemir L. , Akdemir N. 
Published: August 2009

Background:  Implementing research evidence in clinical practice is a complicated process. Successful implementation requires an understanding of factors related to nurses' competency in different fields regarding research knowledge and skills, clinical practice, organizational and educational issues.Aim:  To explore the factors that nurses believe are essential for research evidence to become the basis of their practice.Design and method:  A descriptive design was used in this study. With stratified sampling, a total of 219 nurses were recruited from 55 inpatient clinics of three hospitals in Turkey. The study data were collected by questionnaire consisting of non‐numeric and open‐ended questions in order to obtain the nurses' intact expressions regarding evidence‐based nursing.Findings:  Respondents who perceived conducting research as a part of their professional role (82) were more likely to implement research into practice than others (68) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, older and highly experienced nurses were more likely to implement evidence into practice (P < 0.05). There was a difference between research utilization and perceived support from organizations (P < 0.05). Nurses who knew the definition of evidence‐based nursing (36; 53.6% always, and 19; 28.5% sometimes) were more likely to utilize research findings in practice than others (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  The study emphasized the importance of nursing education and organizational support in order to accomplish the implementation of evidence‐based nursing. The findings indicated that integrating all sources of evidence into practice, and appreciating the use of evidence in clinical practice are crucial in surmounting the challenge of achieving evidence‐based practice.
Greek students’ knowledge and sources of information regarding sex education
Authors: Matziou V. , Perdikaris P. , Petsios K. , Gymnopoulou E. , Galanis P. , Brokalaki H. 
Published: August 2009

Background:  Human sexuality is a complex part of life and is considered a multidimensional phenomenon. Therefore there is an increased need for adequate and comprehensive sex education, especially for teenagers and young adults.Aim:  The main aim of the study was to evaluate the level of students’ sexual knowledge, as well as to identify their sources of information regarding sexual life and reproduction.Population and Method:  A cross‐sectional study using a designed self‐report questionnaire was performed. The study population consisted of 936 students who were attending 10 high schools and four medical schools in Attica. Data were collected after obtaining permission from the Pedagogic Institute of the Greek Ministry of Education.Findings:  The main sources of students’ sexual information about reproduction were friends (29.1%) and parents (24.0%), whereas school was reported by 14.3% of them. The preferred sources of information, according to students’ perceptions, were sex education specialists (65.6%), followed by school (39.1%), parents (32.2%) and friends (27.7%).Conclusions:  The importance of school, peer and parent support upon adolescents’ sexual life was revealed by the results of the study. Students’ knowledge level on sex topics is not satisfactory and therefore there is a need for sex education specialists and special courses regarding sex education in Greek schools.
Loss and material culture in South London
Authors: Miller Daniel , Parrott Fiona 
Published: August 2009

This article describes the ways in which people, mainly selected from a single street in South London, utilize material culture in dealing with various experiences of separation and loss, such as death or the ending of a relationship. It starts from a dialectical approach to all relationships as consisting of a tension between idealized and actual categories. It then considers how objects are used to resolve this tension. Two aspects of this process are examined in more detail. The first shows how divestment from objects is used to control and extend the process of separation from persons. The second looks at how objects are used to create an economy of memory and relationships. The article thereby brings older anthropological insights on death and social rupture to bear on individuals within a contemporary metropolitan context.RésuméLe présent article décrit les façons dont des sujets sélectionnés principalement dans une même rue du Sud de Londres utilisent la culture matérielle pour faire face à différentes expériences de séparation et de perte, telles qu'un décès ou une rupture amoureuse. Il commence par une approche dialectique de toutes les relations, considérées comme constituées d'une tension entre des catégories idéalisées et réelles. Il examine ensuite la façon dont les objets sont utilisés pour résoudre cette tension. Deux aspects de ce processus sont examinés de façon plus détaillée : le premier montre comment le désinvestissement des objets est utilisé pour contrôler et élargir le processus de séparation d'avec des personnes. Le deuxième examine l'usage fait des objets pour créer une économie des souvenirs et des relations. Les auteurs entendent ainsi rendre des observations anthropologiques anciennes sur la mort et la rupture sociale pertinentes dans l'étude des habitants d'une métropole contemporaine.
A proper funeral: contextualizing community among Caribbean migrants
Authors: Olwig Karen Fog 
Published: August 2009

On the basis of an ethnographic narrative of the funeral of a Caribbean migrant in Britain, the argument is made that, while ‘a Caribbean community’ constituted itself through this life‐cycle ritual, it comprised a complexity of relations of varying personal significance, historical depth, and geographical dimension. By thus looking at a Caribbean ‘community’ through the lens of a constitutive ritual act, this analysis raises questions concerning the meaning of ‘ethnic community’, a concept designating a social collectivity defined by a shared place of origin that is increasingly used to identify migrants and contextualize migration studies. These questions point to the need to assess critically how ethnographic studies of immigrants are contextualized, and the categorical thinking, connections, and disconnections that this contextualization implicates.RésuméÀ partir du récit ethnographique des obsèques d'un migrant des Caraïbes en Grande‐Bretagne, l'auteure avance que bien que la « communauté caraïbe » se constitue à travers ce rituel du cycle de vie , elle est aussi traversée d'un ensemble complexe de relations qui revêtent une signification personnelle, une profondeur historique et une dimension géographique variables. En examinant ainsi une « communauté» caraïbe par le biais d'un acte rituel constitutif, l'analyse soulève des questions concernant la signification de la notion de « communauté ethnique », concept qui désigne une collectivité sociale définie par un lieu d'origine commun et qui est de plus en plus utilisé pour identifier les migrants et contextualiser les études sur les migrations. Ces questions renvoient à la nécessité d'évaluer de façon critique la manière dont les études ethnographiques des immigrés sont contextualisées, et la réflexion catégorielle, les liens et les distinctions qu'implique cette contextualisation.
Do Firms Increase Productivity in Order to Become Exporters?*
Authors: López Ricardo A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent studies find that exporters are more productive than non‐exporters and that entry into exporting does not increase firms’ productivity. Thus, firms self‐select into foreign markets. This paper examines productivity before entry into exporting. Using Chilean plant‐level data, we find that productivity and investment increase before plants begin to export. Moreover, productivity of entrants to exporting, but not that of non‐exporters and exporters, increases in response to increases in foreign income, before entry but not after that. The results suggest that the productivity advantage of future exporters may be the result of firms increasing their productivity in order to export.
Pilot Study of Ampicillin-Ceftriaxone Combination for Treatment of Orthopedic Infections Due to
Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Euba G. , Lora-Tamayo J. , Murillo O. , Pedrero S. , Cabo J. , Verdaguer R. , Ariza J. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT

Serious
Enterococcus faecalis
infections usually require combination therapy to achieve a bactericidal effect. In orthopedic infections, the prognosis of enterococcal etiology is considered poor, and the use of aminoglycosides is questioned. The ampicillin-ceftriaxone combination has recently been accepted as alternative therapy for enterococcal endocarditis. After one of our patients with endocarditis and vertebral osteomyelitis was cured with ampicillin-ceftriaxone, we started a pilot study of orthopedic infections. Patients with infections due to
E. faecalis
(with two or more surgical samples or blood cultures) diagnosed during 2005 to 2008 were recruited. Polymicrobial infections with ampicillin- and ceftriaxone-resistant microorganisms were excluded. Patients received ampicillin (8 to 16 g/day)-ceftriaxone (2 to 4 g/day) and were followed up prospectively. Of 31 patients with
E. faecalis
infections, 10 received ampicillin-ceftriaxone. Including the first patient, 11 patients were treated with ampicillin-ceftriaxone: 3 with prosthetic joint infections, 3 with instrumented spine arthrodesis device infections, 2 with osteosynthesis device infections, 1 with foot osteomyelitis, and 2 with vertebral osteomyelitis and endocarditis. Six infections (55%) were polymicrobial. All cases except the vertebral osteomyelitis ones required surgery, with retention of foreign material in six cases. Ampicillin-ceftriaxone was given for 25 days (interquartile range, 15 to 34 days), followed by amoxicillin (amoxicilline) being given to seven patients (64%). One patient with endocarditis died within 2 weeks (hemorrhagic stroke) and was not evaluable. For one patient with prosthesis retention, the infection persisted; 9/10 patients (90%) were cured, but 1 patient was superinfected. Follow-up was for 21 months (interquartile range, 14 to 36 months). Ampicillin-ceftriaxone may be a reasonable synergistic combination to treat orthopedic infections due to
E. faecalis
. Our experience, though limited, shows good outcomes and tolerability and may provide a basis for further well-designed comparative studies.
Identification of a Gingipain-Sensitive Surface Ligand ofPorphyromonas gingivalisThat Induces Toll-Like Receptor 2- and 4-Independent NF-κB Activation in CHO Cells
Authors: Haruyama Koki , Yoshimura Atsutoshi , Naito Mariko , Kishimoto Mami , Shoji Mikio , Abiko Yoshimitsu , Hara Yoshitaka , Nakayama Koji 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTPorphyromonas gingivalisis a major periodontal pathogen that has the pathogenic proteinases Arg-specific gingipain and Lys-specific gingipain. We previously found that a cell surface component onP. gingivalisis able to induce Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)- and TLR4-independent signaling in 7.19 cells and that this component can be degraded by gingipains. In this study, we purified this component from theP. gingivalisgingipain-null mutant KDP136 and obtained two candidate proteins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis showed that the proteins, with molecular masses of 123 and 43 kDa, were encoded by PGN_0748 and PGN_0728 (pgm6), respectively, in theP. gingivalisATCC 33277 genome sequence. The PGN_0748-encoded protein, which we refer to asgingipain-sensitiveligand A (GslA), reacted with antiserum that could effectively inhibit the activity of KDP136 to induce NF-κB activation in 7.19 cells, but Pgm6 did not. To further determine what protein is responsible for the NF-κB activation, we constructedgslA,pgm6, andpgm6 pgm7deletion mutants from KDP136. When 7.19 cells were exposed to those mutants, thegslAdeletion mutant did not induce NF-κB activation, whereas thepgm6andpgm6 pgm7deletion mutants did. Furthermore, NF-κB activation in 7.19 cells induced by KDP136 was partially inhibited by antiserum against a recombinant protein expressed from the 5′-terminal third ofgslA. These results indicate that GslA is one of the factors that induce NF-κB activation in 7.19 cells. Interestingly, thegslAgene was present in four of sevenP. gingivalisstrains tested. This restricted distribution might be associated with the virulence potential of each strain.