bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phosphorus requirements for growth and maintenance of sheep
Authors: Field A. C. , Coop R. L. , Dingwall R. A. , Munro C. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPhosphorus requirements for maintenance and growth were assessed by giving to growing lambs and non-pregnant ewes diets low in P and to growing lambs a diet containing the quantity of P recommended by the Agricultural Research Council (1980).Seven 14-week-old lambs were given ad libitum a pelleted diet containing 1·88 (LP) or 2·75 (NP) g P/kg D. M. for 13 weeks. There was no effect of P intake on feed intake or growth during the first 8 weeks when the P intake of the LP groups was 1·07 of Agricultural Research Council (1980) requirements. During the last 5 weeks the P intake of the LP group was only 0·87 of Agricultural Research Council (1980) requirements and growth and feed intake were higher in the male but not female lambs in the NP group. From the 3rd week the plasma concentration of P was significantly lower (P <0·001) in the LP group. Mineralization of selected bones was less in the LP group.After 14 weeks on the diet, balance trials with 32 P were carried out on the lambs from each dietary group. P intakes ranged from 1 to 3 g/day. An additional balance trial was undertaken with eight 2-year-old female sheep consuming a hay diet (1·5 g P/day).The endogenous faecal excretion of P by the growing lambs on the LP diet and ewes was 12·2 ± 0·8 and 12·7 ± 1·00 mg/kg live weight/day respectively, very close to the value (12 mg/kg live weight/day) adopted by the Agricultural Research Council (1980). The absorbability of the P in the concentrate and hay diets was 0.71 ±0·267 and 0·74 ± 0·0218 respectively, the former agreeing with and the latter higher than the corresponding value for Agricultural Research Council (1980).
Measurement of feed intake of grazing sheep: I. Rate of passage of inert reference materials through the ruminant digestive tract
Authors: Lambourne L. J. 
Published: March 2009

Experiments are described which give some basic information on the rate and pattern of marker excretion by sheep on pastures ranging in digestibility from 70 to 80% and on hay of barely 50% digestibility.The faeces output of individual sheep varied from 100 g. to more than 400 g. daily, and the estimated feed intake from below 400 to over 1,900 g. daily.Despite these wide ranges a typical pattern for the passage of single doses of markers was quite consistently repeated in the trials on pastures:1. Markers first appeared in the faeces 5–8 hr. after dosing.2. Concentrations rose rapidly to peak values about 10–18 hr. after dosing.3. Concentrations fell thereafter by about 50% each 6–10 hr. until 60–70 hr. after dosing when marker content could no longer reliably be determined by the methods used.Factors affecting the basic pattern1. The overall quality of the feed was of prime importance, in that peak concentrations occurred progressively later on poorer pastures and on hay.2. For any given feed a high level of (estimated) feed intake was often associated with earlier appearance of marker in the faeces, an earlier peak of concentration, and slightly faster fall in marker concentration.3. There was evidence that the time of administration might slightly affect rate of passage, presumably through its relation to grazing periods, for doses given at or near times of greatest feed intake were passed rather more rapidly.4. It did not appear that there was any considerable retention of either marker within the tract beyond 72–96 hr. after dosing.
The adaptation of energy utilization in the laying hen to warm and cool ambient temperatures
Authors: Davis R. H. , Hassan O. E. M. , Sykes A. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo experiments have been performed to study the acclimatization of laying hens to cool or warm environmental temperature, using the comparative slaughter procedure to measure energy utilization. In the first experiment the energy balances over a 3-week period at either 10 or 35 °C were compared; in the second experiment a comparison was made of the energy balances over six consecutive weekly periods at similar cool and warm temperatures.The first experiment confirmed that production could be maintained (88%) in the warm environment even though food intake was markedly reduced (95 and 63 g/day at 10 and 35 °C respectively). In both environments a loss of body weight indicated, that energy intake was insufficient to meet demands for at least part of the period.During the first week of the second experiment there was a small loss of body weight in the cool environment and food consumption was slightly depressed. The results for energy intake, egg production and heat production suggest that acclimatization was complete after 1 week. In the warm environment egg production fell initially (62%) but returned to a high level (86%) during the second week. However, energy intake, body weight and heat production did not reach steady levels until the fourth week. Comparing the first 3 weeks with the subsequent 3 weeks the daily ME consumption was 137 and 161 kcal/kg¾ and the daily heat production was 126 and 116 kcal/kg¾. Similar, although less marked differences were observed in the cool environment. These results therefore emphasize the need to allow adequate time for acclimatization to the environment in studies of energy metabolism.
Epidemiology of Phytophthora capsici on bell pepper
Authors: Schlub R. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe number of pepper seedlings (Capsicum annuum L.) surviving transplanting in a glasshouse decreased from 100% in the control to 84 ± 6,55 ± 8, and 18 ± 6% in field soil containing 1, 5 and 25 propagules of Phytophthora capsici Leonian per gram soil, respectively. When detached leaves were inoculated with a sporangial suspension at 15 and 31 °C, an incubation period of 24 h was required before an infection level of 50% was reached. Incubation at 27 °C for 4 h resulted in 60% of the leaves infected. Neither sporangia nor mycelia survived a week in leaf tissue if the relative humidity was 47% or less or if the temperature was -12 or 40 °C. Recovery of sporangia from inoculated stem pieces (2 cm long) stored for 1 week at 25 °C was reduced from 1455 to 30 sporangia per stem piece when the relative humidity was reduced from 100 to 87%. P. capsici could not be isolated from inoculated leaf tissue 2 days after being placed on the soil surface in a field, but was easily isolated after 14 days if buried. The distribution of disease within a test field followed the field's drainage pattern. Splashing rain and run-off water appear to be the main means of spread. Combined rainfall for days 3, 4, 5 and 6 prior to symptom development correlated with disease incidence (r = 0·53, P < 0·01).
Quality tests on hen eggs produced in laying batteries and in fold units
Authors: Walker D. M. , Offord E. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two groups of Rhode Island Red × Light Sussex pullets were housed respectively in batteries and in a fold unit.2. Samples of the eggs produced were collected monthly and weights of egg fractions, quality tests on yolk and thick white, and porosity coefficients were determined.3. The tests were continued for a 9-month period and no consistent differences were found in the quality of the eggs produced under the two systems of housing.4. Colours of yolks produced by battery pullets were paler than those produced in the fold unit on grass. Yolk colour was improved by increasing the proportion of grass meal in the diet of battery birds.
Identification of phyto-oestrogens in berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum)
Authors: Shemesh M. , Ayalon N. , Lindner H. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe oestrogenic isoflavones genistein, biochanin-A and formononetin, as well as the coumestan derivative coumestrol, were identified by thin-layer, paper and gas chromatography in berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) grown in Israel. Under the conditions studied, the concentration of these oestrogens in the berseem clover (total < 0·01% in the dry matter) was considerably lower than those found in clover species known to be associated with infertility in ruminants.
A study on the pollination mechanism in field beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Kambal A. E. , Bond D. A. , Toynbee-Clarke Gillian 
Published: March 2009

SummaryInbred lines and hybrids of English tick and horse beans and exotic stocks were studied with respect to pod set, floral structure and pollen production and germination to find out why most inbred lines set few or no seeds without tripping whereas most hybrids and some inbred lines set equally well with or without tripping. The most important outcome was new information on variation between genotypes in flower structure and pollen quantity and on how these two characters affect the mechanics of self-pollination. Though heterosis in terms of abundant pollen production could be a factor in the self-pollinating ability of hybrids, some of the inbred lines were capable of self pollination despite limited pollen production, because the structure of the flower permitted the pollen to reach the stigma via a short route. The floral features associated with the ability to self-pollinate in the inbred lines included a relatively short style bending at more or less a right angle, few and short stylar hairs and stigmatic papillae, and less pronounced ridges on the inside of the keel petals. The implications of these findings to the development of self-pollin ated varieties of field beans are briefly discussed.
Nitrogen requirement of sugar beet in relation to irrigation
Authors: Holmes M. R. J. , Whitear J. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree field experiments were carried out on sandy loam soil at Levington, Suffolk, on the effect of irrigation on nitrogen requirements of sugar beet. Four nitrogen rates (0, 67, 134, 201 kg/ha) were examined with and without irrigation. Nitrogen increased sugar yield each year, as did irrigation in 1969 and 1970, but not in 1968 when the soil moisture deficit was small. There was a significant nitrogen x irrigation interaction in 1970 only, but on average there was a greater response to nitrogen with irrigation than without it.These results and other published data suggest that on sandy soils in eastern England moisture deficit can restrict nitrogen response, and that the economic optimum nitrogen rate is appreciably higher with irrigation than without it.
Selection for developmental responses in winter barley
Authors: Jenkins G. , Kirby E. J. M. , Roffey A. P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA winter barley variety, from the USSR, 13031, lacking vernalization requirement but sensitive to short days and more frost resistant than varieties now commercially grown in Britain, was hybridized with Shimabara, a Japanese variety which requires vernalization but is less sensitive to short days and more susceptible to frost than 13031. The resulting segregating population was then selected under short days and non-vernalizing conditions and in artificial freezing tests, in order to isolate recombinant lines.Five lines derived in this way, together with the parents and the standard winter barley variety, Maris Otter, were included in a detailed developmental study made in a glasshouse under cool, short days.Four of the lines had very similar developmental characters, namely few leaves and a high rate but short duration of spikelet initiation. Developmentally these selections resembled the parent Shimabara more closely than 13031 but the rate of spikelet initiation was faster than that of either parent and the duration of spikelet initiation was shorter. The fifth selection also resembled Shimabara more closely than 13031 but had more leaves and a lower rate and longer duration of spikelet initiation than the other selections. This selection was found to have a strong vernalization requirement.One selection closely resembled 13031 in its frost resistance but had low short-day sensitivity and no detectable vernalization requirement. The complementary characters of the two parents were therefore recombined in this line.Vernalization had little effect on the development of any of the genotypes under cool, short days in a glasshouse.
Efficiency of Mussoorie rock phosphate as a source of fertilizer phosphorus to guar (Cyamopsis tetragonaloba) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Hundal H. S. , Sekhon G. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn two field experiments, Mussoorie rock phosphate with or without pyrite, farmyard manure or straw was compared with concentrated superphosphate when applied to guar and groundnut. The treatments included rates of 10, 20 and 30 kg P/ha and were located on a soil low in available phosphorus.Mussoorie rock phosphate was 44–52% as efficient as concentrated superphosphate. The incorporation of Amjhore pyrite, farmyard manure or straw in the soil with rock phosphate increased the effectiveness of Mussoorie rock phosphate.Extractability coefficient ratios obtained upon laboratory incubation of soil with concentrated superphosphate and rock phosphate correlated fairly well with the availability coefficient ratios obtained from measurements with plants in the field experiments.
Effect of sink size on the pod and seed characteristics of soya beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the lowland tropics
Authors: Tayo T. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe size of the sink on two indeterminate (cv. Hampton and cv. TGM 119) and two determinate (cv. Bossier and cv. TGM 294) cultivars of soya beans were reduced by continuously limiting the number of pods developing at each fruiting node to either one or two, starting from 2 weeks after anthesis, in three field experiments (early 1980, late 1980 and early 1981). Thiswas in order to evaluate the effects of sink size on the development of pod and seed characteristics as well as to quantify the inter-relationships between these characters under humid tropical conditions.Persistently reducing the number of pods developing at each fruiting node consistently significantly reduced the number of pods per plant, the pod and seed dry weights per plant, the total number of seeds per plant and the harvest index (seed weight as a proportion of total dry weight) in all cultivars when compared with the control. On the other hand, the treated plants of all cultivars generally had longer pods, heavier individual pods and seeds, more seeds per podand greater leaf area and leaf dry weight as well as greater specific leaf weight than the control plants. Compensation indices (percentage increases in size over control) were 25–30% for weight per pod and seed weight per pod; 11–16% for weight per seed and number of seeds per pod and 2–5% for pod length in the treated plants.Most of the characters measured (except individual weight of pods and seeds, seed weight per pod and number of seeds per pod) had significant interaction effects of sink size, cultivar and season; season had the highest correlation ratio, followed by cultivar, and sink size had the least. Also, nearly all components of seed yield were positively highly significantly correlated with one another; the number of seeds per pod and the number of pods per plant accounted for 76% of the variation in seed dry weight per plant.It would seem therefore that under the prevailing humid tropical conditions, the most important component of seed yield in soya bean is the number of seeds per pod, as affected by the sink size.
Chemical composition of seeds of some species of the genusGossypium
Authors: Khattab A. H. , Khalifa H. , Tinay A. H. El 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYChemical analyses were carried out on the three main commercial varieties in the Sudan and some wild species ofGossypium.A genome-specific pattern was not found for either the oil content, fatty acids, amino acids or seed index.G. sturtianumdiffered significantly from the other species in oil content with a substantial amount of unsaturated fatty acids and of the essential amino acids. A breeding programme has been started to incorporate such desirable characters into the commercial varieties.
Relationships between the lean content of joints and overall lean content in steer carcasses of different breeds and crosses
Authors: Kempster A. J. , Jones D. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDissection data for 753 steer carcasses from 17 breed-type x feeding system groups were used to examine the prediction of lean content in the side (half carcass) from the lean content of standardized wholesale joints. Different prediction equations were examined and the joints compared both in terms of predictive precision and the stability of their prediction equations between groups.The relative precision of the joints for predicting weight of lean in the side depended on whether or not the prediction equation included joint weight. With side weight and weight of lean in joint as independent variates, there was little difference between most joints in precision, and the smaller joints, shin and leg (hind shin) appeared to be best because they are convenient and easy to dissect. The addition of joint weight to the equation improved considerably the precision of all the joints except the shin and leg. The coast and top piece gave the most precise predictions with the trivariate equation (residual standard deviations about the common regression line computed ignoring groups, RSD overall, were 1·44 and 1·48 kg respectively) and the fore rib probably offered the best compromise between cost and precision (RSD overall = 1·82 kg).The stability of prediction equations between groups was influenced in a similar way by the inclusion of joint weight as an independent variate. The joints which gave the most precise predictions tended to have the most stable equations. The average biases between the actual group means and the means predicted using the trivariate equation computed ignoring groups were ± 0·46, ± 0·49 and ± 0·76 kg for the top piece, coast and fore rib respectively.
The coat and heat retention in cattle: studies in the tropical maritime climate of Fiji
Authors: Yeates N. T. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHeat-tolerance tests and observations on coat shedding were made on Santa Gertrudis and Hereford heifers of similar age in the warm humid climate of Fiji.Coat shedding (which is influenced by day length) was normal in the locally bred, smooth-coated Santa Gertrudis whose heat-tolerance was good. However, the Herefords, which had come from New Zealand and had very woolly coats failed to shed properly and suffered serious heat stress.Clipping and the use of a close-fitting jute rug demonstrated the specially high heatretaining properties of a thick natural coat of cattle hair; also the special need to select animals of low coat score for the very humid tropics.
Obligate autogamy inVicia fabaL.
Authors: Poulsen M. H. 
Published: March 2009

Data on the inheritance of a closed-flower type inVicia fabaand its effect on bee visits and out-crossing are presented.Closed flower was recessive to normal flower and segregation in theF2generation showed monofactorial inheritance. The flowers remained more or less closed, they lacked the typical scent and generally the bees avoided them.Six per cent out-crossing was observed. It is suggested that if spontaneous self pollinating occurs the closed-flower habit could prevent out-crossing, and could be a valuable contribution to breeding an obligate autogamousVicia faba.
The induction of coincident superovulation and oestrus in the anoestrous ewe
Authors: Hunter G. L. , Bishop G. P. , Brown D. L. 
Published: March 2009

Eight Merino and eight Dormer ewes, none of which had been on heat for 2–3 months prior to treatment, were given six intra-muscular injections of 30 mg. progesterone at 3-day intervals. The ewes were divided into four groups, each consisting of two Merinos and two Dormers. On the second day after the last progesterone injection, 1000 i.u. P.M.S. were administered to each of the ewes in group I. The remaining ewes each received an injection of 500 i.u. P.M.S. on either the first and second days (group II), the second and third days (group III), or the first and third days after the end of the progesterone treatment (group IV).Five of the Dormer ewes, but not one of the Merino ewes, were served after the treatment. Mean ovulation rates for the four groups were 2·50, 2·75, 2·00 and 2·50, respectively, and the mean numbers of large follicles (i.e. those which were observed at laparotomy, approximately a week after treatment, to have a diameter of not less than 4 mm.) were 3·00, 2·75, 1·00 and 2·00, respectively. Contrary to expectation, it was observed that only one of the ewes (a Merino) showed evidence of a silent ovulation shortly before treatment.It is suggested that (i) the amount of oestrogen produced by the ovarian follicles of the Merinos may have been exceptionally low, thus accounting for the non-occurrence of oestrus in these ewes, (ii) ovulation rates might be increased by greater reductions in the time between the last progesterone injection and P.M.S. treatment, and (iii) if silent heat in the Merino is rare, it may be simpler to induce coincident heat and superovulation in ewes of this breed by two injections of P.M.S. at 16-day intervals.
Some observations on the relation between objective measurement and visual grading of beef carcasses in queensland
Authors: Lawrie R. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Of various objective measurements carried out on six carcasses from each of the three Australian grades 1, 2 and Canner, the minimum depth of fat above the eye muscle at the quartering point distinguished the grades to the most significant extent, as would have been anticipated from the importance of finish in visual grading.2. The iodine numbers of fat from the tissues of the steers examined were lower than those which would have been expected in English steers at a similar level of fatness.
The effect of leys on soil fertility. II. The effect of undersowing with grasses and legumes on the yield of a barley nurse crop
Authors: Jarvis R. H. , Hanley F. , Ridgman W. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. Data from a long-term experiment providing information on the effects on barley of undersowing the crop with various common species of grasses and legumes are discussed.2. There is no evidence that the yield of grain, yield of straw, 1000 grain weight or the nitrogen content of the grain was affected in any way by undersowing with any of these species.
The effect of supplementary heating on the rearing of pigs
Authors: Campbell R. C. , Paterson H. 
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment was carried out at ten farms in four winters to compare the value of three methods of pen warming.2. Complete information on weightgain was available in seventeen replicates; the average increase in weaning weight from the use of heat was 2·41 lb.3. Information on survival was available for thirteen replicates; the average benefit from the use of heat was 0·58 pigs weaned per litter.4. The farmers' comments showed that they considered heating to be of value.
The influence of the zero hour and length of the time unit on the variation of dry-matter excretion in balance experiments with poultry
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: March 2009

1. The frequency of excretion of droppings by hens varied considerably over the day and much of this variation appeared to be related to the disturbance of the birds by attendants.2. Data relating to dry-matter excretions by five birds for 17 days were used to study the influence of zero hour and length of the time unit on variations in this dry matter.3. It was found that, in this experiment, 14.00 hr. appeared to be the best zero hour, but it was suggested that, considering the heavy excretion of material around 06.00 hr. when the birds are first disturbed in the morning, 07.00 hr. might be the ideal time. Data from an earlier experiment supported this.4. There was a decrease in variation up to a unit of time equal to 3 days and times not multiples of days gave greater variations. There were, however, considerable differences between birds.