bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Changes in Patenting Behavior in Microprocess Technology and its Possible Use for Gas–Liquid Reactions and the Oxidation of Glucose
Authors: Dencic Ivana , Hessel Volker , de Croon Mart H. J. M. , Meuldijk Jan , van der Doelen Christianus W. J. , Koch Kasper 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe miniaturization of continuous processes has been of increasing interest in the past decade, and microreaction technology and flow chemistry have moved from academic and industrial research to commercial applications. With industry taking up such innovations, this trend is also reflected in the patenting behavior of companies active in this area. This review is a continuation of the review paper on microreactor patents published by Hessel et al. and indicates major changes in patenting trends since 2006. Moreover, a different patent database search algorithm is presented, which complements the algorithm explained in the previous review. In addition, the preservation of intellectual property is analyzed for multiphase reactions and particularly solid‐catalyzed gas–liquid reactions in microreactors, which play an important role in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and are reactions that benefit largely from microprocessing. Among other results, we show that the number of patents has increased in this field, with solid‐catalyst design and deposition, control of the flow pattern, and ensured stable flow as the main challenges.
Roundabout is required in the visceral mesoderm for proper microvillus length in the hindgut epithelium
Authors: Soplop Nadine H. , Cheng Yi‐Shan , Kramer Sunita G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntroduction: In this study we examined Roundabout signaling in the Drosophila embryonic hindgut. Results: Slit and its receptors Roundabout (Robo) and Roundabout 2 (Robo2) localize to discrete regions in the hindgut epithelium and surrounding visceral mesoderm. Loss of robo, robo2 or slit did not disrupt overall hindgut patterning. However, slit and robo mutants showed a decrease in microvillus length on the boundary cells of the hindgut epithelium. Rescue and overexpression analysis revealed that robo is specifically required in the visceral mesoderm for correct microvillus length in the underlying hindgut epithelium. Expression of robo in the visceral mesoderm of robo mutant embryos restored normal microvillus length, while overexpression of robo resulted in an increase in microvillus length. Microvillus length was also increased in robo2 mutants suggesting that robo2 may antagonize robo function in the hindgut. Conclusion: Together, these results establish a novel, dose‐dependent role for Robo in regulating microvilli growth and provide in vivo evidence for the role of the visceral mesoderm in controlling morphological changes in the underlying intestinal epithelium. Developmental Dynamics 241:759–769, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Replacement of HMPA in Samarium Diiodide Promoted Cyclizations and Reactions of Organolithium Compounds
Authors: Berndt Mathias , Hölemann Alexandra , Niermann André , Bentz Christoph , Zimmer Reinhold , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTripyrrolidinophosphoric acid triamide (TPPA) can replace carcinogenic HMPA as a Lewis basic additive in many reactions involving samarium ketyls. In most cases, yields and selectivities of cyclizations of (het)aryl, alkenyl, and alkynyl ketones are similar. TPPA is also a good substitute of HMPA in the O‐silylation of an ester enolate and in reactions oflithiated 1,3‐dithiane. All these results clearly demonstrate that in many cases the use of HMPA can be avoided.
Retention and maternal transfer of environmentally relevant polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after dietary exposure
Authors: Arnoldsson Kristina , Haldén Anna Norman , Norrgren Leif , Haglund Peter 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
High levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), mono- and non-ortho-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) are found in fish from coastal areas in the Baltic Sea, which may cause ecotoxicological effects. To increase our understanding of the persistency of the emerging pollutants polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), fish feed was spiked with 21 PBDD/Fs, 17 PCDD/Fs, and 30 PCBs and fed to zebrafish (Danio rerio). Concentrations in fish and eggs were examined during a 6- or 12-week uptake period, and a 6-week elimination period. Steady-state was reached for 2-, 3-, 7-, and/or 8-substituted tri- and tetra-BDD/Fs; 2,3,7,8-tetra-BDD (2,3,7,8-TeBDD) was the most strongly retained. Steady-state was not reached for tetra- to hexa-CDDs. Non-2,3,7,8 congeners showed little or no retention. Most PCBs had high retention and did not reach steady state. Half-lives decreased in the order PCBs &gt; PCDD/Fs &gt; PBDD/Fs. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-substituted penta- to octa-CDD/Fs decreased with their degree of chlorination, suggesting that the rate-limiting factor for uptake is low bioavailability. Maternal transfer was observed for all retained compounds, with most transfer factors &lt;1, indicating that transfer rates are affected by the poor water solubility of the compounds. The limited retention of the major PBDD congeners found in Baltic Sea fish suggests that they are exposed to high or very high concentrations via either food or water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:804–812. © 2012 SETAC
Effects of fish on mercury contamination of macroinvertebrate communities of Grassland ponds
Authors: Henderson Byron L. , Chumchal Matthew M. , Drenner Ray W. , Deng Yanci , Diaz Peter , Nowlin Weston H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Mercury is an environmental contaminant that negatively affects the health of vertebrate consumers such as fish, birds, and mammals. Although aquatic macroinvertebrates are a key link in the trophic transfer of Hg to vertebrate consumers, Hg contamination in macroinvertebrate communities has not been well studied. The purpose of the present study was to examine how Hg in macroinvertebrate communities is affected by the presence of fish. We sampled macroinvertebrates from five ponds with fish and five ponds without fish, at the Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland in north Texas, USA. Ponds without fish contained a higher biomass of macroinvertebrates and taxa with higher concentrations of Hg, which led to a higher Hg pool in the macroinvertebrate community. A total of 73% of the macroinvertebrate biomass from ponds without fish was composed of taxa with the potential to emerge and transport Hg out of ponds into terrestrial food webs. The results of the present study suggest that small ponds, the numerically dominant aquatic ecosystems in the United States, may be more at risk for containing organisms with elevated Hg concentrations than has been appreciated. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:870–876. © 2012 SETAC
Improved accuracy in regularization models of incompressible flow via adaptive nonlinear filtering
Authors: Bowers A. L. , Rebholz L. G. , Takhirov A. , Trenchea C. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYWe study the adaptive nonlinear filtering in the Leray regularization model for incompressible, viscous Newtonian flow. The filtering radius is locally adjusted so that resolved flow regions and coherent flow structures are not ‘filtered out’, which is a common problem with these types of models. A numerical method is proposed that is unconditionally stable with respect to time step and decouples the problem so that the filtering becomes linear at each time step and is decoupled from the system. Several numerical examples are given that demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of cognitive fluctuation in dementia: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Lee David R. , Taylor John‐Paul , Thomas Alan J. 
Published: January 2012

ObjectiveCognitive fluctuations (CF) are defined as spontaneous alterations in cognition, attention and arousal. They are a recognised feature of the dementias, especially dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia. However, the accurate identification and assessment of CF presents a major clinical difficulty, with the operationalisation of the term ‘cognitive fluctuation’ remaining elusive, despite several attempts to identify, quantify and assess the phenomenon. No published reviews of CF in dementia exist despite this being an important clinical phenomenon and a core diagnostic feature of DLB.MethodsWe systematically explored the literature and measures available for the definition, assessment and quantification of CF in the dementias.ResultsWe identified only three psychometric measures, which have been developed for the identification and assessment of CF, and these have not been adequately tested as yet for reliability and validity.Discussion and ConclusionsWe conclude that further research is warranted into the assessment of CF, and this is timely given the increasing recognition of the clinical importance of CF as a dementia symptom, particularly in the Lewy body dementias. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recreational physical activity, leisure sitting time and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoid neoplasms in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Cohort
Authors: Teras Lauren R. , Gapstur Susan M. , Diver W. Ryan , Birmann Brenda M. , Patel Alpa V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractResults of studies that examined the relationship between physical activity and non‐Hodgkin lymphoid neoplasms (NHL) are inconsistent, and only one study to date examined time spent sitting in relation to NHL. We examined recreational physical activity and leisure‐time sitting in relation to risk of NHL in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Between 1992 and 2007, 2,002 incident cases were identified among 146,850 participants who were cancer‐free at enrollment. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) while adjusting for potential confounders. Women who sat for at least 6 hr/day were at 28% higher risk of NHL compared to women who sat for fewer than 3 hr/day. In analyses of specific subtypes, sitting time was associated with risk of multiple myeloma only (6+vs.3 hr/day sitting: HR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.45–3.97). Women who engaged in any recreational physical activity had a nonsignificant 20%–30% lower risk of NHL (p‐trend = 0.05) compared to women who reported no recreational physical activity. Neither leisure‐time sitting nor recreational physical activity was associated with risk of NHL or major NHL subtype in men. There was no evidence of statistical interaction between physical activity and sitting time, or between body mass index and physical activity or sitting time. Further research is needed to confirm an association between sitting time and multiple myeloma and explore a possible association between physical activity and NHL.
Surface immobilization of MEPE peptide onto HA/β‐TCP ceramic particles enhances bone regeneration and remodeling
Authors: Acharya Bodhraj , Chun So‐Young , Kim Shin‐Yoon , Moon Cheil , Shin Hong‐In , Park Eui Kyun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCalcium phosphate ceramics have been widely used as scaffolds for bone regeneration. Here, to improve the osteogenic potential of hydroxyapatite/β‐tricalcium phosphate (HA/β‐TCP) and to apply the bioactive peptide in situ, matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) peptide, which has been shown to stimulate osteoblast differentiation, was covalently and directionally immobilized on HA/β‐TCP particles. The free‐hydroxyl groups on the surface of the HA/β‐TCP particles were sequentially conjugated with APTES, PEG‐(SS)2, and the synthetic MEPE peptide. Using FTIR and XPS, immobilization of the MEPE peptide on the HA/β‐TCP was confirmed. Implantation of the MEPE peptide‐immobilized HA/β‐TCP into calvarial defect and subsequent analyses using a micro CT and histology showed significant bone regeneration and increased bone area (9.89‐fold) as compared to that of unmodified HA/β‐TCP. Moreover, tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase‐positive osteoclasts were observed in regenerated bone by the MEPE peptide‐immobilized HA/β‐TCP, indicating that the bones newly formed by the MEPE peptide‐immobilized HA/β‐TCP are actively remodeled by osteoclasts. Therefore, our data demonstrate that MEPE peptide immobilization onto the HA/β‐TCP surface stimulates bone regeneration associated with physiological bone remodeling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Mixed monte carlo/molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent
Authors: Ribeiro André A. S. T. , de Alencastro Ricardo B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA mixed Monte Carlo/Molecular Dynamics method using the trial moves for peptide backbone sampling known as Concerted Rotations with Angles was implemented. The algorithm was used to study polyalanine systems. Equivalent results to conventional Molecular Dynamics were obtained for simulations of Ala6 in implicit solvent. To test the efficiency of the implemented method, several 150 ns simulations of Ala12 in explicit water were performed. The results show that the present method yields significantly faster formation of secondary structure than the conventional Molecular Dynamics simulations. This opens the possibility to selectively sample alanine‐rich regions of larger peptides or proteins. It remains to be established whether hydrophilic amino acid residues can be successfully treated with the present methodology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computation of the binding affinities of catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitors: Multisubstate relative free energy calculations
Authors: Nuno Palma P. , João Bonifácio Maria , Isabel Loureiro Ana , Soares‐da‐Silva Patrício 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlchemical free energy simulations are amongst the most accurate techniques for the computation of the free energy changes associated with noncovalent protein–ligand interactions. A procedure is presented to estimate the relative binding free energies of several ligands to the same protein target where multiple, low‐energy configurational substates might coexist, as opposed to one unique structure. The contributions of all individual substates were estimated, explicitly, with the free energy perturbation method, and combined in a rigorous fashion to compute the overall relative binding free energies and dissociation constants. It is shown that, unless the most stable bound forms are known a priori, inaccurate results may be obtained if the contributions of multiple substates are ignored. The method was applied to study the complex formed between human catechol‐O‐methyltransferase and BIA 9‐1067, a newly developed tight‐binding inhibitor that is currently under clinical evaluation for the therapy of Parkinson's disease. Our results reveal an exceptionally high‐binding affinity (Kd in subpicomolar range) and provide insightful clues on the interactions and mechanism of inhibition. The inhibitor is, itself, a slowly reacting substrate of the target enzyme and is released from the complex in the form of O‐methylated product. By comparing the experimental catalytic rate (kcat) and the estimated dissociation rate (koff) constants of the enzyme‐inhibitor complex, one can conclude that the observed inhibition potency (Ki) is primarily dependent on the catalytic rate constant of the inhibitor's O‐methylation, rather than the rate constant of dissociation of the complex. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PAR‐1‐dependent and PAR‐independent pro‐inflammatory signaling in human lung fibroblasts exposed to thrombin
Authors: Ortiz‐Stern Alejandro , Deng Xiaoling , Smoktunowicz Natalia , Mercer Paul F. , Chambers Rachel C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractProteinase‐activated receptors (PARs) are crucial in orchestrating cellular responses to coagulation proteinases, such as thrombin and FXa. Four PARs have been characterized and have been shown to be differentially expressed in mice and humans and between tissues. We have previously shown that in murine lung fibroblasts, PAR‐1 is solely responsible for all cellular responses to thrombin and FXa. In contrast, we report here that in primary human lung fibroblasts (pHLFs), known PARs fail to account for all of the cellular responses to thrombin, in particular in the presence of high, but physiologically achievable concentrations of thrombin. We report that pHLFs secrete CCL2 in a PAR‐1‐dependent manner at low thrombin concentration (∼0.3 nM). At or above 10 nM thrombin, pharmacological antagonism (RWJ‐58259) fails to block thrombin‐induced CCL2 release; whereas PAR‐1 cleavage‐blocking monoclonal antibodies (ATAP2 and WEDE15) only partially inhibit thrombin‐induced CCL2 secretion. In addition, activation of PAR‐3, PAR‐4, and transactivation of either PAR‐2 or EGFR were ruled out as being responsible for thrombin‐mediated CCL2 secretion at high yet standard concentrations of the proteinase. We further provide evidence that PAR‐1‐dependent and PAR‐independent signaling involves the rapid phosphorylation of ERK, which in turn is absolutely required for thrombin‐induced CCL2 secretion at both low and standard concentration of the proteinase. Our findings suggest the existence of a PAR‐independent signaling mechanism in human lung fibroblasts and have important implications for the design of therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking pro‐inflammatory signaling responses associated with excessive thrombin generation. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3575–3584, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design and performance characterization of a new shear enhanced module with inbuilt cleaning arrangement
Authors: Sarkar Ankur , Sarkar Debasish , Bhattacharjee Chiranjib 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Shear enhanced membrane modules are becoming popular as they enable high permeate flux in almost all membrane filtration processes due to the high shear rate they generate at the membrane surface. In this article, the design of a new shear enhanced module with unique hydrodynamic cleaning facility is proposed. The device, presently at laboratory scale was named the Spinning Basket Membrane (SBM) module because of its inherent structural similarity with the well known Spinning Basket Reactor. An aqueous solution of polyethylene glycol was chosen as test fluid for the present study.RESULTS: The module was characterized under different parametric conditions of transmembrane pressure (TMP), feed concentration (C0) and rotational speed of the basket (Ω). It was observed that with its inbuilt cleaning facility the module was able to restrict the flux decline to within 15% of its start up value, even after 21 h of continuous running, with a maximum initial flux as high as 612 L m−2 h−1.CONCLUSION: Based on the performance of the module, it may be concluded that this module could be scaled up for nearly uninterrupted industrial operation with reduced requirement for chemical cleaning, which is rare in the membrane industry to date. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Residues of calcium hydroxide‐based intracanal medication associated with different vehicles: A scanning electron microscopy evaluation
Authors: De Faria‐Júnior Norberto Batista , Keine Kátia Cristina , Só Marcus Vinicius Reis , Weckwerth Paulo Henrique , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru Juliane Maria , Kuga Milton Carlos 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study evaluated the presence of residues after removal of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] associated with different vehicles. Thirty single‐rooted teeth were instrumented to a master apical file #25 using 2.5% NaOCl as main irrigant and 17% trisodium EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) as final agent irrigant. Then, the root canals were dressed with Ca(OH)2 associated with silicone oil (Group 1), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (Group 2), or propylene glycol (Group 3). After coronal sealing, all teeth were kept in a moist environment at room temperature. After 7 days, the teeth were reopened and medicaments were removed using 5 mL of saline solution and instrumentation with master apical file followed by new irrigation with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl. Subsequently, teeth were split longitudinally and assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The wall cleanliness of the cervical and apical thirds of the roots were evaluated and scored by three blinded examiners. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon tests at 5% level of significance. All roots had residues of Ca(OH)2 on the canal walls. All experimental groups had similar results (P > 0.05) regardless of the third evaluated. There was significant difference between the apical and cervical thirds only in Group 3 (P < 0.05). Association of different vehicles to Ca(OH)2 does not influence the persistence of residues on the root canal walls. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Long Do Offenders Escape Arrest? Using DNA Traces to Analyse when Serial Offenders Are Caught
Authors: Lammers Marre , Bernasco Wim , Elffers Henk 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhy is it that some serial offenders are arrested quickly and others only after a long period, or never at all? What characterises offenders who continue to escape arrest despite their continued involvement in crime? To be able to answer these questions, arrested (identified) offenders must be compared with never arrested (unidentified) offenders. In this paper, data from the Dutch DNA database are used to assess which characteristics of the criminal behaviour of unidentified offenders influence the probability that they will subsequently be arrested. DNA data offer a unique opportunity to compare crime series of identified offenders with crime series of yet unidentified offenders. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, we tested whether the number of crimes committed, offence specialization, and offence seriousness affect the probability of arrest of serial offenders. Results showed that as an offender commits more crimes, the probability that he will be arrested increases and that offence specialization decreases the probability of arrest. Another conclusion drawn is that DNA traces offer unique opportunities for criminological research. We discuss the limitations of this new data source and make suggestions for future research using DNA traces and for future research that might improve the current study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major phenolic compounds as antioxidants in barley and flaxseed hulls using HPLC/MS/MS
Authors: Hao Meili , Beta Trust 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the major phenolic compounds in barley and flaxseed hulls were conducted using reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry.RESULTS: Ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, vanillic acid and vanillin were identified and quantified in four barley hull samples. Four ferulate dehydrodimers were also detected. The phenolic compounds of flaxseed hull were distinct from those of barley hull. Three flaxseed hull samples varied significantly (P < 0.05) in their contents of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (16.38–33.92 g kg−1), coumaric acid glucoside (35.68–49.22 g kg−1) and ferulic acid glucoside (5.07–15.23 g kg−1). The phytochemical profiles of co‐extracts featured the major phenolic compounds from both barley and flaxseed hulls. The total phenolic content and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical‐scavenging capacity varied significantly (P < 0.05) among different varieties of flaxseed and barley hulls.CONCLUSION: As agricultural by‐products, barley and flaxseed hulls may be utilised as potential sources of functional food ingredients through extraction and concentration of the phytochemicals identified above. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry