bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wilderness Rescue and Border Enforcement Along the Arizona Mexico Border—The Border Patrol Search, Trauma and Rescue Unit
Authors: Keim Samuel M. , Reiser Frank , Shetty Sheetal , Ranger-Moore James 
Published: February 2011

Objective To introduce and describe the US Border Patrol (USBP) Tucson Sector Border Patrol Search, Trauma and Rescue Unit (BORSTAR) and to analyze whether the frequency of its activities were associated with the amount of total border patrol law enforcement activities in the area. Methods Descriptive and nonparametric analysis was conducted on data that were obtained on total USBP apprehensions of undocumented immigrants and BORSTAR activities for a consecutive 3-year period. Results From October 2004 to September 2007 over 1 million apprehensions occurred within the Tucson Sector. During this time, a large number of search, rescue, and medical intervention events occurred. However, only a weak association was found between the frequency of apprehensions and BORSTAR activities. Conclusions The BORSTAR unit of the Tucson Sector commonly encounters harsh conditions and provides search, rescue, and medical interventions to undocumented immigrants. The frequency of BORSTAR activities is not strongly associated with the volume of USBP law enforcement activities.
A Novel Delivery System of Probiotic Drop and Its Effect on Dental Caries Risk Factors in Cleft Lip/Palate Children
Authors: Cildir Sule Kavaloglu , Sandalli Nuket , Nazli Serpil , Alp Fatos , Caglar Esber 
Published: February 2011

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus reuteri on the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in children with cleft lip/palate who used the novel drop containing L. reuteri. Material and Methods The study group consisted of 19 operated cleft lip/palate children aged 4 to 12 years. The study had a double-blind, randomized crossover design, and the experimental period consisted of four consecutive time periods. During periods 2 and 4, consisting of 25 days each, parents were instructed that their children should consume 5 drops per day (0.15 to 0.20 g) of probiotic or placebo drops produced by the same manufacturer. The probiotic drop, BioGaia Reuteri drops, contained L. reuteri DSM 17938 and L. reuteri ATCC PTA 5289 (≥1 x 108 CFU/5 drops). The counts of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were evaluated using the CRT tests. The data were processed with NCSS 2007 software using chi-square and McNemar tests. Results There was no statistically significant (p > .05) reduction of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli after 25 days of consumption of both drops. Conclusions The novel drop containing L. reuteri may not reduce the levels of salivary mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in cleft lip/palate children.
The Productivity of a Well Completed With a Vertical Penny-Shaped Fracture
Authors: Hagoort Jacques 
Published: February 2011

Summary
In this work, we present a simple polynomial relationship for the effective well radius of a well completed with a vertical, infinite-conductivity, penny-shaped hydraulic fracture as a function of fracture diameter. It is based on an analytical solution for steady-state, single-phase flow to a circular, constant-pressure surface in an infinite porous medium. This solution is extended to a vertical, penny-shaped fracture in the center of a plane circular reservoir. The effective well radius increases with increasing fracture diameter to approximately 0.2 times the fracture diameter for a fracture diameter equal to the reservoir thickness. As a rule of thumb, the productivity of a well with an infinite-conductivity, penny-shaped fracture exceeds the openhole productivity for fracture diameters larger than one-third of the reservoir thickness. The productivity of a well with a fracture diameter equal to the reservoir thickness is approximately twice the openhole productivity. The adverse effect of fracture conductivity can be estimated by a simple formula that relates fracture efficiency to the productivity index of a well with an infinite-conductivity fracture and to the ratio of the flow capacity of the fracture to that of the reservoir.
Modeling Horizontal-Completion Deformations in a Deepwater Unconsolidated-Sand Reservoir
Authors: Hilbert L.B.. B. , Saraf V.K.. K. , Birbiglia D.K.J.. K.J. , Shumilak E.E.. E. , Schutjens P.M.T.M.. M.T.M. , Hindriks C.O.H.. O.H. , Klever F.J.. J. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
We present the development and results of geomechanical models and analyses used to assess the risks of compaction-induced deformation and potential failure of horizontal gravel-pack completions in a field located in deep water but at shallow depth below the seafloor. The target reservoir consisted of high-porosity, underconsolidated stacked turbidite sandstones, which are comparable to some of the more well-known, problematic compactive reservoir sands. The formations indicated a high level of risk of depletion- induced compaction, which could produce large deformations and potential failure of completion equipment in horizontal wells. Coupled poroelastoplastic geomechanical finite-element models were constructed to assess the risks of completion-equipment damage because of depletion-induced reservoir compaction. Both openhole and cased-hole gravel-packed completion configurations were analyzed. Details of the prepacked-screen assembly components were included in the models, such as the ribs between the base pipe and inner screen and the deformable epoxied sand between inner and outer screens. Model results presented in this paper include deformations of the completion equipment and stresses in the screen components, as a function of reservoir-depletion pressure. The results of the geomechanical modeling indicated that the overall compaction loading should not cause significant deformation of the specified completion equipment.
Economic Comparison of Intelligent Wells in Simultaneous Production of Oil and Gas Reserves From Single Wellbore
Authors: Nagib Mohamed , Ezuka Ifeanyi , Nasr Ghasem G. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
Maximizing oil recovery in thin and ultrathin (less than 30 ft) oil columns is a challenge as a result of coning or cresting of unwanted fluids into the wellbore in both vertical and horizontal wells. There is considerable oil left behind, above the well completion in the reservoir. This may also occur in horizontal wells when bottom- or edgewater encroachment or invasion takes place.
The development of the gas resources from these reservoirs is a major challenge because regulators want an optimal development plan for the oil rim before project approval is made. This can delay upstream gas supply to liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) projects and grind down project value. A smart development strategy has been proposed for the development of these challenging reservoirs. This involves the use of intelligent multilateral wells in simultaneous oil and gas development; the first (top) horizontal-lateral-well legs of the multilateral well will be completed at the crest of the reservoir in the gas cap. The second (lower) horizontal-lateral-well leg will be completed just above the gas/oil contact (GOC).
Extensive numerical reservoir-flow simulation has been used to demonstrate the ability and possibility of using a single wellbore for simultaneous oil and gas production. This proposed development strategy will provide high impact on the asset of such oil and gas reservoirs by providing a cost-effective-technology solution. The numerical-simulation results show that the intelligent multilateral well will significantly improve the overall cumulative production of gas and oil from a thin oil reservoir with a large gas cap compared with conventional wells and also provide the opportunity for automatic gas lift for low-gravity crude (°API).
This paper (1) presents the use of intelligent multilateral wells to produce oil and gas from the same wellbore simultaneously in the thin oil reservoir and (2) provides information on the delay and reduction of excess production of unwanted fluids (water) during oil and gas production from thin oil reservoirs using intelligentwell technology, including cost effectiveness.
The "Reliable Technologies" Rule: What Did the SEC Intend?
Authors: Lee W.J. 
Published: February 2011

Summary
This paper provides background information on the US Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) newly defined term, reliable technology, which plays a prominent role in the SEC's modernized regulations for reporting oil and gas reserves. This background information will include criteria that reliable technology must meet to ensure that it will provide the confidence level required to categorize certain resources as reserves of any category (proved, probable, or possible).
The new SEC rules for disclosing reserves no longer require that a limited number of rigidly specified technologies be used to establish the confidence level of reserves that a filer discloses. Reasonable certainty was required in the past because only proved reserves could be disclosed, and, as an example, reasonable certainty of economic production required either flow tests or actual production to the surface except in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The new rules allow any technology that has been proved empirically to lead to correct conclusions, including proprietary technology, to be used to determine the proper classification for a given petroleum accumulation. Unfortunately, the industry has been provided with only limited guidance on which technologies will be satisfactory and which technologies will not. This paper will present an analysis of SEC publications for possible insight into its thinking about this important issue.
Proper disclosure of reserves will depend vitally on a proper interpretation of reliable technology. Note: The opinions expressed in this paper are the author's alone. They represent the opinions of neither the US SEC nor its staff members.
Costs of the construction and operation of irrigation systems in recreation and sports areas
Authors: Gulczyński Radosław , Przybyła Czesław 
Published: February 2011

Costs of the construction and operation of irrigation systems in recreation and sports areas
The paper discusses the problems of investment costs of irrigation systems in recreation and sports objects and the costs of maintenance and operation of these systems. For this purpose, source materials referring to six objects realized in the years 2006-2007 in Konin district were analysed. Particular consideration was devoted to the irrigation system, water intake and costs of the construction and operation of the irrigation system in various operation conditions. Furthermore, cost analysis included the maintenance and operation of particular objects. In effect of these studies, the investment unit costs per square meter of area were calculated.
Effect of Droplet Size on Weed Control in Wheat
Authors: Esehaghbeygi Ali , Tadayyon Ali , Besharati Shahin 
Published: February 2011

Effect of Droplet Size on Weed Control in WheatThe efficacy of different water volume and nozzle systems, comprising spinning-discs with two disc speeds (low volume, LV), a spinning-cage rotary atomizer (median volume, MV), a flat fan nozzle Teejet-11004 (high volume, HV), and no weed control, were assessed for the application of 2,4-D to control weeds in irrigated wheat. The herbicide was applied at the tillering stage of cultivated wheat, Ghods variety. Sprayer nozzle performance was evaluated in terms of wheat grain yield, weed shoot biomass, and wheat residual (straw), at the research farm of Shahrekord University in 2007 and 2008. ANOVA analysis indicated that nozzle type, and the year had significant effects on grain yield and dry biomass of weeds at 5% confidence. There was a significant difference between the two years of the experiment for all variants. The results indicated that the median diameter volume using the spinning disc (low disc speed) for herbicide application, gave better weed control than others. The spinning disc nozzle decreased water use and so it was cheaper to operate. It did not, however, significantly improve herbicide efficacy, especially in dense canopies compared with the conventional flat fan nozzles. The spinning-disc had more droplet uniformity at high disc speeds compared with the cage rotary atomizer, but was more effective for weed control at low disc speeds.
Application of permeable reactive barriers near roads for chloride ions removal
Authors: Fronczyk Joanna , Pawluk Katarzyna , Michniak Marta 
Published: February 2011

Application of permeable reactive barriers near roads for chloride ions removal
One of the most critical sources of pollutants are road run-offs. Road run-off is a complex mixture of toxicants e.g. heavy metals, de-icing agents, organic compounds and water suspensions of solid substances. One of the most negative impact on the environment has sodium chloride which is used as de-icing agent. In the case of incorrect environment protection in the vicinity of roads pollutants may migrate to groundwater causing hazard to sources of potable water. One of the methods to prevent the migration of pollutants to groundwater is imposing the flow of polluted water through a reactive material filling a permeable reactive barrier (PRB). This paper examines the feasibility of selected reactive materials for the reduction chlorides concentration in road run-offs. Four different reactive materials: zero valent-iron, activated carbon, zeolite and geza rock have been chosen for studies. The tests results indicated that the most popular reactive materials used in PRB technology, activated carbon and zero-valent iron, removed exhibited the highest efficiency in chloride ions removal. Moreover, the composition of road run-off in samples collected along roads in Warsaw was determinated.
Revised modelling of the post-AD 79 volcanic deposits of Somma-Vesuvius to reconstruct the pre-AD 79 topography of the Sarno River plain (Italy)
Authors: Vogel Sebastian , Märker Michael , Seiler Florian 
Published: February 2011

Revised modelling of the post-AD 79 volcanic deposits of Somma-Vesuvius to reconstruct the pre-AD 79 topography of the Sarno River plain (Italy)In this study the methodology proposed by Vogel & Märker (2010) to reconstruct the pre-AD 79 topography and paleo-environmental features of the Sarno River plain (Italy) was considerably revised and improved. The methodology is based on an extensive dataset of stratigraphical information from the entire Sarno River plain, a high-resolution present-day digital elevation model (DEM) and a classification and regression tree approach. The dataset was re-evaluated and 32 additional stratigraphical drillings were collected in areas that were not or insufficiently covered by previous stratigraphic data. Altogether, an assemblage of 1,840 drillings, containing information about the depth from the present-day surface to the pre-AD 79 paleo-surface (thickness of post-AD 79 deposits) and the character of the pre-AD 79 paleo-layer of the Sarno River plain was utilized. Moreover, an improved preprocessing of the input parameters attained a distinct progress in model performance in comparison to the previous model of Vogel & Märker (2010). Subsequently, a spatial model of the post-AD 79 deposits was generated. The modelled deposits were then used to reconstruct the pre-AD 79 topography of the Sarno River plain. Moreover, paleo-environmental and paleo-geomorphological features such as the paleo-coastline, the paleo-Sarno River and its floodplain, alluvial fans near the Tyrrhenian coast as well as abrasion terraces of historical and protohistorical coastlines were identified. This reconstruction represents a qualitative improvement of the previous work by Vogel & Märker (2010).
Geomorphological, mineralogical, and geochemical evidence of Pleistocene weathering conditions in the southern Italian Apennines
Authors: Di Leo Paola , Gioia Dario , Martino Claudio , Pappalardo Anna , Schiattarella Marcello 
Published: February 2011

Geomorphological, mineralogical, and geochemical evidence of Pleistocene weathering conditions in the southern Italian Apennines
Pleistocene weathering, uplift rates, and mass movements have been studied and correlated in a key-area of the Italian southern Apennines. The study area is the Melandro River valley, developed in a tectonically-controlled Quaternary intermontane basin of the axial zone of the chain. The goal of this paper is to assess ages and geomorphic features of two paleo-landslides and to relate them to values of uplift rates and the climate conditions in the axial zone of the chain during the Pleistocene. Uplift rates have been estimated using elevation and age of flat erosional land surfaces. In the southern area of the basin, the landscape features a wide paleo-landslide which can be ascribed to the upper part of the Lower Pleistocene on the basis of relationships with Quaternary deposits and land surfaces. Another paleo-landslide, in the northern sector of the basin, can be referred to the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene. The correlation between the ages of the two landslides and the temporal trend of the uplift rates allowed us to hypothesize that mass movements occurred in response to uplift peaks that destabilized slopes. Additionally, deciphering weathering conditions by means of the analysis of mineralogical and geochemical signals from landslide deposits and weathered horizons allowed assessment of changes in paleoclimate scenarios during the Pleistocene. The deep weathering was probably caused by the onset of warm-humid climate conditions, which may have acted as a further factor triggering landslide movements in an area already destabilized by the rapid uplift.
Upper Maeotian-Lower Pontian "Transitional Strata" in the Taman Peninsula: stratigraphic position and paleogeographic interpretation
Authors: Radionova Eleonora , Golovina Larissa 
Published: February 2011

Upper Maeotian-Lower Pontian "Transitional Strata" in the Taman Peninsula: stratigraphic position and paleogeographic interpretationThree sections (Taman, Popov Kamen, and Zheleznyi Rog) of the Upper Maeotian-Lower Pontian sediments of the Taman Peninsula (Eastern Paratethys) have been studied. The sequences represent continuous successions of the Maeotian and Pontian sediments. The transitional Upper Maeotian-Lower Pontian relatively deep-water sediments were formed at the time when Eastern Paratethys was connected with other marine basins. The facies are represented by thin clay layers interbedded with laminated diatomites and contain unusual diatom and nannofossil associations. The small size of coccoliths and the absence of zonal markers indicate that the influx of marine waters took place in the stressed conditions of a restricted basin. Diatom assemblages are more diverse and include the open-marine speciesAzpeitiaaff.komuraeandThalassiosira maruyamicaand marine endemicsActinocyclusaff.paradoxus, Rhizosolenia bezrukovii, Hemiaulussp.,Nitzschia miocenicaof the tropicalNitzschia miocenicaZone and — the index species of nextThalassiosira convexaZone appear in these part of the sections. Three stages of the Mediterranean marine invasion are distinguished; during the first one the connection between basins was rather permanent, for the two others its character became pulsing and not stable. The possible duration of the invasion is estimated from 6.4 to 6.1 Ma and belongs to the Early Messinian — to pre-evaporate deposits and lower part of lower evaporate deposits.
Recent Rapid Climate Changes in Antarctic and their Influence on Low Diversity Ecosystems
Authors: Chwedorzewska Katarzyna J. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe geographic position, astronomic factors (e.g. the Earth’s maximum distance from the Sun during winter), ice cover and altitude are the main factors affecting the climate of the Antarctic, which is the coldest place on Earth. Parts of Antarctica are facing the most rapid rates of anthropogenic climate change currently seen on the planet. Climate changes are occurring throughout Antarctica, affecting three major groups of environmental variables of considerable biological significance: temperature, water, UV-B radiation.Low diversity ecosystems are expected to be more vulnerable to global changes than high diversity ecosystems
Change in N and P Concentrations in Antarctic Streams as a Response to Change in Penguin Populations
Authors: Nędzarek Arkadiusz 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThis study presents changes in the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in two streams in Western Antarctica (Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands) that differ in trophic status. The results suggest a decline in concentrations of the determined forms of N and P between 2001 and 2005. The decrease ranged from 9.3% for reactive phosphorus to 73.2% for ammonium-nitrogen. Such inferred declines in N and P concentrations are considered to reflect reduced deposition on land of organic matter brought in from the seas by the penguins nesting in the area. The ultimate cause of this is in turn the steady decline in abundance that is being noted for these penguins.
« The private and uninteresting history of a single town ? »
Authors: Sweet Rosemary H. 
Published: February 2011

Cet article répertorie les différents types d’écrits historiques que l’on peut trouver dans les villes du dix-huitième siècle et analyse leur impact tant auprès des lettrés de l’époque, que des historiens actuels, spécialistes d’histoire urbaine. En raison d’un développement rapide des villes de provinces au dix-huitième siècle, l’histoire urbaine devint un genre reconnu et bien établi ; cependant ses racines remontent à une période bien antérieure. Garder une trace écrite des faits urbains a permis de légitimer la gouvernance municipale et ce, depuis le Moyen Âge. De fait, les chroniques urbaines représentent un enjeu crucial de ce type d’histoire. D’autres sources y ont également joué un rôle : les relevés topographiques, les études des antiquités ou les guides pour les voyageurs, toutes formes de documents historiques à prendre en compte dans l’étude de cette évolution. La plupart de ces écrits présente une société qui se police et devient plus prospère, offrant ainsi un point de vue intéressant et nouveau sur le rôle de l’histoire et de sa place dans la construction de l’identité urbaine, ainsi que sur la réponse des villes de province face à une urbanisation rapide et constante au dix-huitième siècle.
L'historien de la ville et l'espace public
Authors: Coulomb Clarisse 
Published: February 2011

Les histoires des villes connurent une fortune croissante en France au cours de la période moderne, les réécritures, rééditions, abrégés se multipliant au XVIII e siècle. Il ne s’agit pas ici d’étudier le contenu de ces histoires, mais les textes qui les encadrent, dédicaces et préfaces. Comment se situe l’historien de la ville dans l’espace public ? L’étude d’un corpus constitué d’une centaine de textes publiés du XVII e siècle à la fin du XVIII e siècle permet d’observer un basculement : si, au début de la période, l’historien se confond avec son objet, s’effaçant derrière les édiles commanditaires et la communauté savante locale, on assiste à une progressive affirmation de l’auteur, écrivant désormais contre les autorités locales politiques ou savantes et en appelant au jugement du public. Ce glissement reflète la dissolution des « petites patries » dans un espace national, mais aussi la réactivité du monde culturel urbain face aux mutations du champ littéraire et sa participation aux débats nationaux non seulement intellectuels, mais aussi politiques.