bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of phage type, biotype and source in strains ofSalmonella typhimurium
Authors: Anderson E. S. , Ward Linda R. , De Saxe Maureen J. , Old D. C. , Barker Ruth , Duguid J. P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA series of 2092 cultures ofSalmonella typhimuriumisolated from human, animal and other sources in 57 countries were differentiated into 204 phage types and 19 primary and 147 full biotypes. Different biotypes belonged to the same phage type and different phage types to the same biotype, so the combination of typing methods differentiated strains more finely than either method alone: 574 different ‘phage type/biotypes’ were distinguished in 1937 cultures belonging to the 204 recognized phage types.The combination of biotyping with phage-typing was valuable in studying the phylogeny and spread of epidemic strains by distinguishing clones of different biotype within the same phage type and by confirming the relationship between cultures isolated from widely dispersed clones and that between cultures isolated before and after a clone had undergone variation in phage type, biotype, colicin type or antibiotic-sensitivity pattern.A widespread outbreak of infection withS. typhimuriumphage type 141 in Scotland comprised independent dissemination of three clones of different biotypes, if, 9f and 31bd. During its epidemic spread in cattle in Britain between 1962 and 1969, another strain underwent variations in phage type (type 44 to type 29), biotype (type 26a to types 26d, 26bd, 26dgi, 26dz and 26i) and antibiotic sensitivity. A group of 275 non-fimbriate, non-inositol-fermenting and non-rhamnose fermenting (FIRN) strains, particularly associated with avian infections and thought to be clonal in origin, contained 27 phage types and 22 full biotypes in the primary biotypes 29–32.
Variola minor in Braganca Paulista County, 1956: household aggregation of the disease and the influence of household size on the attack rate
Authors: Angulo Juan J. , Walter Stephen D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHousehold aggregation of cases, one possible characteristic of person-to-person transmitted disease, was formally tested in one epidemic of variola minor by using a pair statistic. A significant result was found for all households as well as for households grouped by the type of environment, or by the phase of the epidemic growth in time. Secondary attack rates, when related to household size (number of susceptibles) showed only a marginal trend in rural households but no trend in urban or semi-rural households.
Influenza A(H1N1) viruses of the 1977/78 outbreak: isolation and haemagglutination properties
Authors: Pyhälä R. , Visakorpi R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring the H1N1 outbreak of 1977/8, the virus was isolated in embryonated eggs from 59 out of 76 patients (78%) with the serologically confirmed infection. A similar isolation frequency has been achieved during a period of six H3N2 outbreaks since 1972/3. The H1N1 strains were isolated less frequently from late specimens (collected 4–6 days from the onset of illness) and more often only in the second passage compared with the H3N2 viruses. The new H1N1 strains resembled those prevalent in the 1950s with respect to their ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of certain laboratory animals and to be eluted from these, and thus differed from the H3N2 viruses.
Survival and growth of non-cholera vibrios in various foods
Authors: Roberts Diane , Gilbert R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study was made of the growth of three strains of non-cholera vibrio in a range of foodstuffs and of the effect of temperature and pH on their ability to grow.Growth was tested at 4°, 10°, 22°, 30°, 37° and 43 °C in a range of foods likely to be incorporated into cold hors d'oeuvres, e.g. egg, cream, rice, cold meat, seafood, aspic and mayonnaise. Non-cholera vibrios grew well in all these foods except mayonnaise, the rate of growth increasing with increased temperature of storage.At acid pH values the organisms died or grew very poorly but growth improved as the pH became more alkaline. None of the three strains showed any resistance to heat, an initial inoculum of > 107organisms/g was reduced to < 100 organisms/g in 2–3 mm at 55°C.
Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella typhi
Authors: Sanborn Warren R. , Vieu J.-F. , Komalarini S. , Sinta  , Trenggonowati R. , Kadirman I. L. , Sumarmo  , Aziz Abdel , Sadjimin T. , Triwibowo  , Atas  , Ayam Sutrisna 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe distribution of phage types was studied among 577 strains of Salmonella typhi from Indonesia. Chemotype, colicinogeny, and tetrathionate reductase activity were also studied for most of these strains. The current phage type formula for Java was determined to be: A, D2, D6, E1a, E2, M1, and 46, but two other large groups of strains were also found, I +IV and degraded Vi + strains. Significant differences in S. typhi strain distributions were noted between two localities on Java with respect to phage type and tetrathionate reductase activity. Comparisons were made with past phage typing studies in Jakarta as well as with more recent studies in other parts of south-east Asia. Phage types A, Dl, D2, and El persisted at a rather steady level in Jakarta for 28 years. Evidence was found for epidemiological links to European and Asian areas. Antibiotic resistance among these Indonesian S. typhi strains was rare.
The development and assessment of a bacteriocin typing method forKlebsiella
Authors: Edmondson A. S. , Mary Cooke E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYKlebsiellas are generally typed by the method of capsular serotyping but, although this is a reliable method, it is time consuming, requires the production of a large number of antisera and is not generally available. For this reason another method for typing klebsiellas was sought.A bacteriocin typing method involving mitomycin C induction was developed and the cultural conditions giving optimum klebecin production and the best methods of testing the sensitivity of the organisms to klebecins were determined.Of 190 klebsiella strains screened for bacteriocinogeny, only 68 (35·8%) produced klebecin and after calculation of similarity values by computer analysis, a typing set of 15 producers was selected. This typing set allowed over 96% of klebsiella strains to be typed and tests of the reproducibility of the method and the variability of typing patterns in natural populations of klebsiella indicated that results of acceptable accuracy could be obtained, while retaining good discrimination if two or more differences were required between patterns before they were regarded as distinct.A complete set of capsular antisera were prepared, enabling the results obtained from klebecin typing to be compared with those from serotyping. There was generally close agreement between the results from the two typing methods and greater discrimination was obtained between similar strains when the two methods were combined. Klebecin typing and serotyping revealed relationships between strains from five outbreaks of infection, and strains of the same serotype from different hospitals could frequently be distinguished by their klebecin typing patterns.
Factors affecting the incidence and anti-salmonella activity of the anaerobic caecal flora of the young chick
Authors: Barnes Ella M. , Impey C. S. , Stevens B. J. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThirty-two different types of anaerobic bacteria isolated from chickens have been tested for anti-salmonella activityin vitro. Under the conditions of the test onlyBacteroides hypermegasand aBifidobacteriumsp. were shown to inhibit the salmonellas and this was attributed to the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA's) coupled with a low pH. When these organisms were tested in newly hatched chicks no inhibition ofs. typhimuriumoccurred. Possible explanations for this observation are considered.The pH value and concentration of VFA's in the caecal material were determined in chicks from 0–84 days.In vitrotests withs. typhimuriumindicated that, whilst the organism would be able to multiply at the pH and concentration of VFA's found during the first few days after hatching, the rapid increase inVFA concentration during the first 21 days would make this increasingly difficult. The significance of the developing caecal flora in relation to VFA production and pH is discussed.Because certain feed additives are known to influence the carriage of salmonellas, the sensitivity of various caecal anaerobes to these compounds was determinedin vitro, generally at 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml. The additives tested included flavomycin, furazolidone, nitrovin, tetracycline, tylosin, sulphaquinoxaline, virginiamycin and zinc bacitracin. All the organisms tested were inhibited by 100 μg/ml furazolidone; none were inhibited by 500 μg/ml sulphaquinoxaline.Changes occurring in the VFA concentration, pH value and microflora of the caeca of chicks fed for 49 days or longer on a normal starter diet or the same diet containing 10 or 100 mg/kg nitrovin have been compared. When the chicks were fed on the diet containing 100 mg/kg nitrovin, the Gram-negative non-sporing anaerobes were eliminated as a significant part of the caecal flora. However, the VFA concentration combined with a low pH in chicks from 2 weeks onwards was still sufficient to inhibit salmonella multiplication. Other possibly interrelated factors which might lead to an increased salmonella carrier rate in the nitrovintreated chickens are discussed.
Epidemic mechanisms of Type A influenza
Authors: Hope-simpson R. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe antigenic varieties of influenza A virus isolated from 1968 to 1976 in a surveillance of a small, rather remote population were similar to those from England and Wales as a whole, despite frequent antigenic changes during the period. Household studies in the first two H3N2 influenza A epidemics found low attack rates within households, a high proportion (70%) of affected households with only one case of influenza, similar distributions of affected households in the two epidemics by the number of cases of influenza and similar distributions of the influenza cases by the day of their onset in the household outbreak. No serial interval could be demonstrated by cumulating household outbreaks. More than one minor variant was causing influenza contemporaneously in the same villages in several seasons, and different variants were on one occasion found on successive days in bedfellows. The regular occurrence of epidemics in winter was often accompanied by the disappearance of the epidemic variants and their replacement, after a virus-free interval, by new variants.These epidemiological findings seem best interpreted on the following tentative hypothesis. Influenza A sufferers do not transmit the virus during their illness; instead it rapidly becomes latent in their tissues so that they become symptomless carrier-hosts and develop specific immunity. Next season an extraneous seasonally mediated stimulus reactivates the latent virus residues so that the carrier-host becomes briefly infectious, though symptomless. Antigenic drift occurs because particles reconstituted to be identical with the progenitor virus cannot escape the specific immunity it has provoked in the carrier host. He can shed only mutants also determined by the progenitor virus. From the assortment of mutants shed by the carrier-host, his non-immune companions select that (those) which is best fitted to survive, and it rapidly causes influenzal illness. Epidemics consist largely or entirely of such persons sick with influenza caused by reactivated virus caught from symptomless carrier-hosts.
IgA antibody response in acute rubella determined by solid-phase radioimmunoassay
Authors: Halonen P. , Meurman O. , Matikainen Marja-Terttu , Torfason E. , Bennich H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detecting rubella virus IgA serum antibodies was developed. Purified rubella virus grown in roller cultures of Vero cells was adsorbed onto polystyrene beads. The coated beads were then incubated with dilutions of serum, and rubella IgA antibodies which attached to the virus antigen on the solid-phase were subsequently detected with125I-labelled anti-human-alpha antibodies. The specificity of the iodinated anti-human immunoglobulins was confirmed by RIA analysis of fractions obtained by chromatography of an early convalescent serum on an agarose column. A complete separation of IgM, IgA, and IgG was observed.A total of 144 serial serum specimens from 31 adult patients with an acute rubella infection were tested for rubella IgA antibodies, and the results were compared with the RIA IgG and IgM titres reported earlier from the same specimens. The RIA IgA response was detected in each of the 31 patients and the IgA antibodies appeared almost simultaneously with the IgG and IgM antibodies. The maximum titres, which were lower than the IgG and IgM titres, were reached in about 1 week after the onset of rash. In 6 patients out of 31 the IgA antibody response was transient and persisted approximately two months, while in the remaining 25 patients the IgA antibodies persisted throughout the study period of more than 5 months. The results obtained indicate that the presence of rubella IgA antibodies in serum is not an indication for a recent rubella infection.
The effect of an intramammary infusion of endotoxin on the establishment of experimental mastitis by Streptococcus agalactiae inthe cow
Authors: Brownlie J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn infusion of E. coli endotoxin (10 μg) into the mammary gland of the cow 16 h before experimental infection with St. agalactiae prevented the establishment of mastitis. A clinical examination of the affected gland did not reveal signs of inflammation, all organisms were eliminated from the milk by 36 h after infection. Mammary glands not pretreated with endotoxin, and injected with the same number of viable streptococci, showed signs of severe inflammation, the milk yield was reduced and the injected pathogen could be isolated from the gland for up to 14 days when sampling was discontinued. The injection of endotoxin alone produced a rapid increase in the cell count of the milk, there were some signs of inflammation and 80% of the cells in the milk were neutrophils. The cell counts in the milk remained above normal for 7–10 days. Untreated control quarters appeared to be unaffected by the injection of E. coli endotoxin into an adjacent quarter, on the other hand the injection of St. agalactiae into the adjacent quarter on the same side of the udder produced a cell response which reached a peak after 2 days and returned to preinoculation levels by the fourth day. No inflammation was observed in these control quarters and no streptococci were isolated from the milk.
Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State
Authors: Fagbami A. H. 
Published: May 2009

summaryA study of Zika virus infections was carried out in four communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Virus isolation studies between 1971 and 1975 yielded two virus isolations from human cases of mild febrile illness. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to Zika and three other flaviviruses used. The percentages of positive sera were as follows: Zika (31%), Yellow fever (50%), West Nile (46%), and Wesselsbron (59%). Neutralization tests showed that 40% of Nigerians had Zika virus neutralizing antibody. Fifty per cent of Zika virus immune persons had neutralizing antibody to Zika alone or to Zika and one other flavivirus. A total of 121 sera had antibody to Zika virus; of these 48 (40%) also showed antibody to two other flaviviruses, and 12 (10%) had antibodies to three or more other viruses. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies to other flaviviruses in Zika virus immune sera was 81% to Dengue type 1, 58% to Yellow fever, 7% to Wesselsbron, 6% to West Nile and 3% to Uganda S.
Bacteriostasis ofEscherichia coliby milk. III. The activity and stability of early, transitional and mature human milk collected locally
Authors: Honour Pauline , Dolby Jean M. 
Published: May 2009

summaryMilk from 150 local mothers has been assayed for bacteriostatic activity for milk-sensitive and milk-resistant indicator strains ofEscherichia coli. Activity is greatest in colostrum which is active directly against all strains ofE. coli. One week after delivery of the baby, milk is active against the milk-sensitive strain and becomes active against the milk-resistant strain in the presence of physiological amounts of bicarbonate and iron-binding protein. This activity decreases within 2–4 days on keeping milk unheated at 4 °C but is preserved for at least 4 months and often up to 2 years in milk heated to 56 °C then stored at 4 °C or in milk frozen, unheated, at −28 °C provided it is not repeatedly thawed and frozen. Later lactation milks are usually indistinguishable in activity from 1-week post-partum milk but may be less stable on storage particularly if frozen. Lyophilizationin vacuopreserves activity of early-lactation milk for at least 6 months.Heating milk to above 65 °C causes a progressive loss of activity which can be partially restored by adding bicarbonate and iron-binding protein. Iron abolishes the activity of milk and reduces that of colostrum.
In vivo and in vitro studies on temperature-sensitive mutants of swine vesicular disease virus
Authors: Preston K. J. , Garland A. J. M. 
Published: May 2009

summaryTwo temperature-sensitive mutants of the Ukg 27/72 strain of swine vesicular disease virus were isolated in tissue culture and a third was derived following adaptation in mice. All three were found to have similar growth restrictive temperatures, but varied considerably in their virulence when administered to pigs. The route of inoculation appeared to exert a considerable influence on the apparent degree of attenuation, the antibody titre engendered and the transmission of disease to pigs held in contact with inoculated animals. One strain appeared almost totally attenuated when inoculated into pigs but spread to animals in contact causing severe disease. Virus re-isolated from one such animal was found to have retained its temperature sensitive phenotype, suggesting that virulence in this case was not directly related to temperature sensitivity. Pigs with high antibody titres were found to be susceptible when placed in contact with challenge animals, although the lesions which developed were mild.
HLA antigens and responses to rubella vaccination
Authors: Harcourt Gillian C. , Best Jennifer M. , Banatvala J. E. , Kennedy Lesley A. 
Published: May 2009

Attempts were made to correlate virus excretion, joint symptoms and antibody response with human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in seronegative adult women given attenuated rubella vaccine. No association was shown between HLA antigens of the A and B loci and excretion of either high or low titres of RA27/3 vaccine among 26 volunteers. However, virus excretion was influenced by such factors as the time of day at which specimens were collected and the method of virus isolation. Our study therefore failed to confirm the hypothesis that certain persons are good ‘spreaders’ of rubella virus and that this capacity is associated with HLA-A1 and B8.The study of joint symptoms following vaccination with Cendehill, HPV77. DE-5, RA27/3 or To-336 vaccines showed no association between such symptoms and HLA antigens. However, joint symptoms occurred within 7 days of the onset of menstruation in 33 of 47 (70%) vaccinees (P < 0.01) and it is therefore suggested that hormonal factors must play a role. No association between HLA antigens and haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titres, 8 weeks after vaccination with RA27/3, was found amongst 34 volunteers.
Comparison of immunofluorescence and radioimmunoassay for detecting IgM antibody in infants with the congenital rubella syndrome
Authors: Cradock-Watson J. E. , Ridehalgh Margaret K. S. , Pattison J. R. , Anderson Mary J. , Kangro H. O. 
Published: May 2009

Immunofluorescence (IF) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) have been compared as methods for detecting IgM antibody in 124 infants with confirmed or suspected congenital rubella. IF was used to test sucrose density gradient fractions and RIA to test fractions and whole serum.When fractions were tested IF and RIA were equally specific and distinguished clearly between IgM and IgG, but RIA was the more sensitive method. The RIA titre in whole serum was always greater than in the peak IgM fraction and there was no evidence that testing the serum, rather than the fraction, could result in failure to detect IgM. With some sera RIA gave low titres which became negative after absorption with IgG-coated latex beads. The mechanism of this ‘false positive’ effect, which may have been due to IgM with anti-IgG activity, was not investigated, but if it can be removed by absorption it need not reduce the specificity of the test.During the first 6 months of life IgM antibody was detected by RIA in 30 out of 32 unfractionated sera and by IF in fractions from 28 of these. After the age of 6 months IgM was found progressively less frequently and the greater sensitivity of RIA became a more obvious advantage: 17 out of 60 specimens were positive by RIA and 11 of these were negative by IF.RIA testing of whole serum appears to be an economical, specific and sensitive method for detecting IgM antibody in congenital rubella, of particular value when the titre of antibody is low.
Staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit
Authors: Lilly H. A. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Wilkins M. D. , Cason J. S. 
Published: May 2009

An outbreak of staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit occurred between January 1976 and May 1978. Many patients and members of staff had boils, and a number of patients also developed septicaemia. Most of the boils in the early period of the trial and a large proportion of boils in patients during the later period yieldedStaphylococcus aureusresistant to penicillin, tetracycline and erythromycin only (PTE), and were shown to be of phage type 95 in the early period while strains were phage typed. From blood cultures, most strains in the early period were of resistance pattern PTE and phage type 95, but in the later period other resistance patterns were predominant. Strains from burns were usually multiresistant (PTEKNML) and of the phage pattern 29/77, which had been endemic in the Unit, but during the early period of the outbreak there was an increased proportion of strains in burns with the resistance pattern PTE and of phage type 95.Staphylococcal sepsis has for many years been very infrequent in the burns unit. This outbreak seems to have been initiated by a strain of phage type 95 and resistance pattern PTE, but during the course of the outbreak the endemic strain of type 29/77 and some other staphylococci seem to have developed enhanced ability to cause clinical infections, conceivably by transduction from the epidemic strain of phage type 95.