bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adhesion of Reactive Ion Implanted Copper Films on Al2O3 and SiO2
Authors: Madakson P. B. , Baglin J. E. E. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTImplantation of reactive ions at the Cu-Al2O3 or Cu-SiO2 interface has been explored as a means of producing adhesion of thin copper films on these otherwise inert substrates. The process may promote complex chemical bonding at the interface due to the presence of a reactive implanted species; it may also enhance adhesion by interface layer mixing. Thin copper films (400–800Å) were deposited on fused quartz or sapphire substrates. After implantation and, in some cases, heat treatment thick Cu stripes were added to enable peel testing of adhesion strength. The reactive ion species implanted were oxygen (100 keV), or titanium (120 keV) or chromium (80 or 160 keV), to doses ranging from 1015 to 1017 ions/cm2. In each case, the energy was chosen to place the reactive implant at the interface region. For comparison with simple ion beam mixing, a similar set of samples was implanted with krypton ions at 2 MeV to doses of 1 or 3.6 × 1016 ion/cm2. The peel strength was found to be about 0.5 gm/mm for the unimplanted Cu-sapphire samples; 1.3 gm/mm for those implanted with oxygen; 18 gm/mm for those implanted with krypton; 90 gm/mm for those implanted with chromium; and more than 200 gm/mm for the titanium implanted samples. No significant increase in adhesion was achieved for the implanted Cu-quartz samples, except for the titanium implant, which gave an average peel strength of 66 gm/mm after anneal for the dose of 5 × 1016 Ti+/cm2. Studies of the interfaces and of the peeled surfaces were made, using RBS. Changes in both chemical bonding and interface morphology appear to contribute to the phenomena of enhanced adhesion.
Suppression of the Uranium-Hydrogen Reaction using High-Dose Carbon Implantation
Authors: Musket R. G. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWe have previously reported the delay and reduction of the hydriding of uranium by implantation of oxygen. The reduced hydriding was attributed to the presence of the uranium oxide layer created near room temperature. In this paper we present results for the layers formed by implantation of 80 keV C+ to a dose of 8E17 C/cm2. The carbide layers formed were characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering, and glancing angle x-ray diffraction. Hydriding properties of both nonimplanted and implanted uranium were measured for 76 Torr hydrogen at 130°C. The implanted specimens had significantly longer incubation times for the start of the reaction after exposure to hydrogen and less area participating in the reaction.
Atomic Profiles of High Energy (MeV) Si Implanted into GaAs
Authors: Thompson Phillip E. , Wilson Robert G. , Ingram David C. , Pronko Peter P. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTHigh energy Si implantation into GaAs is of interest for the fabrication of fully implanted monolithic microwave integrated circuits. 30Si has been implanted into LEC GaAs at energies of 1, 2, 4, and 6 MeV. We have measured atomic concentration profiles using SIMS and carrier concentration profiles using an electrolytic CV procedure. Theoretical atomic profiles have been calculated using TRIM-86. Excellent SIMS dynamic range and low background (<1014/cm3) was achieved for the profiles by the use of 30Si. The range statistics and profile shape factors: Rm, Rp, ΔRp, skewness (Y1), kurtosis (B2), and maximum Si density (Nmax) have been determined from the SIMS data by applying a Pearson IV computer fitting routine. The first two moments (Rp and ΔRp) were also obtained from the carrier profiles and the theoretical profiles. The range and standard deviation obtained from each profile have a maximum difference of only 15%, and the difference is usually less than 10%. This is less than the mutual experimental uncertainty of 17%. The samples were activated using a furnace anneal (800°C, 15 min) with a Si3N4 cap and using rapid thermal anneal (1000°C, 10s) with and without a Si3N4 cap. No redistribution of Si was observed for any of the anneal conditions within experimental error.
The Creation and Annealing of Heavy Ion Damage in Silicon
Authors: Howe L. M. , Rainville M. H. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTHigh resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques have been used to obtain information on the contrast, spatial distribution, size and annealing behaviour of the damaged regions produced within individual collision cascades by heavy ion (As, Sb and Bi) bombardment (10–120 KeV) of silicon with 1.0 × 1011 – 6.0 × 1011 ions cm−2. The fraction of the theoretical cascade volume occupied by a heavily damaged region steadily increased as the average deposited energy density within the cascade increased. At high energy densities, the visible damage produced in the main cascade consisted of a single, isolated damaged region. With decreasing values of (i.e. increasing ion implant energies), there was an increasing tendency for multiple damaged regions to be produced within the main cascade.
Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Reassessment Based on New Data
Authors: Le Péchoux Cécile 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify patients with non-small cell lung cancer who may benefit from postoperative radiotherapy based upon current evidence.Summarize the results of analyses of both older and more recent data regarding postoperative radiotherapy in NSCLC patients.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
In completely resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with pathologically involved mediastinal lymph nodes (N2), administration of adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy is now considered the standard of care, based on level 1 evidence. The role of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) in this group of patients remains controversial. The PORT meta-analysis published in 1998 concluded that adjuvant radiotherapy was detrimental to patients with early-stage completely resected NSCLC, but that the role of PORT in the treatment of tumors with N2 involvement was unclear, and that further research was warranted. Recent retrospective and nonrandomized studies, as well as subgroup analyses of recent randomized trials evaluating adjuvant chemotherapy, provide evidence of the possible benefit of PORT in patients with mediastinal nodal involvement. The role of PORT is also a valid question in patients with proven N2 disease who have undergone only induction chemotherapy followed by surgery, because the local recurrence rate for such patients varies in the range of 20%–60%. Based on the currently available data, PORT should be discussed for fit patients with completely resected NSCLC with N2 nodal involvement, preferably after completion of adjuvant chemotherapy. There is a need for new randomized evidence to evaluate PORT using the modern three-dimensional conformal radiation technique, with attention paid to reducing the risk for, particularly, pulmonary and cardiac toxicity. A new large multi-institutional randomized trial evaluating PORT in this patient population is needed and now under way.
A Nationwide Analysis of US Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Smoking Behaviors, Smoking Cessation, and Cessation-Related Factors
Authors: Trinidad Dennis R. , Pérez-Stable Eliseo J. , White Martha M. , Emery Sherry L. , Messer Karen 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We used nationally representative data to examine racial/ethnic disparities in smoking behaviors, smoking cessation, and factors associated with cessation among US adults. Methods. We analyzed data on adults aged 20 to 64 years from the 2003 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, and we examined associations by fitting adjusted logistic regression models to the data. Results. Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, smaller proportions of African Americans, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos had ever smoked. Significantly fewer African Americans reported long-term quitting. Racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to be light and intermittent smokers and less likely to smoke within 30 minutes of waking. Adjusted models revealed that racial/ethnic minorities were not less likely to receive advice from health professionals to quit smoking, but they were less likely to use nicotine replacement therapy. Conclusions. Specific needs and ideal program focuses for cessation may vary across racial/ethnic groups, such that approaches tailored by race/ethnicity might be optimal. Traditional conceptualizations of cigarette addiction and the quitting process may need to be revised for racial/ethnic minority smokers.
Interventions to Increase Physical Activity Among Healthy Adults: Meta-Analysis of Outcomes
Authors: Conn Vicki S. , Hafdahl Adam R. , Mehr David R. 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We conducted a meta-analysis summarizing the effects of interventions designed to increase physical activity among healthy adults. Methods. Our comprehensive searches located 358 reports eligible for inclusion. We used random-effects analyses to synthesize data, and we used meta-analytic analogues of regression and analysis of variance to examine potential moderator variables. We also explored moderator variable robustness and publication bias. Results. We computed meta-analytic results from studies comprising 99 011 participants. The overall mean effect size for comparisons of treatment groups versus control groups was 0.19 (higher mean for treatment participants than for control participants). This effect size is consistent with a mean difference of 496 ambulatory steps per day between treatment and control participants. Exploratory moderator analyses suggested that the characteristics of the most effective interventions were behavioral interventions instead of cognitive interventions, face-to-face delivery versus mediated interventions (e.g., via telephone or mail), and targeting individuals instead of communities. Participant characteristics were unrelated to physical activity effect sizes. Substantial between-studies heterogeneity remained beyond individual moderators. Conclusions. Interventions designed to increase physical activity were modestly effective. Interventions to increase activity should emphasize behavioral strategies over cognitive strategies.
The Association Between Social Factors and Physical Activity Among Low-Income Adults Living in Public Housing
Authors: Shelton Rachel C. , McNeill Lorna H. , Puleo Elaine , Wolin Kathleen Y. , Emmons Karen M. , Bennett Gary G. 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We sought to examine the association between structural, functional, and normative social factors and physical activity among urban, low-income, racially/ethnically diverse adults.Methods. We conducted a baseline cross-sectional survey among residents of 12 low-income housing communities in metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts. Participants were also asked to wear a pedometer for 5 days. We analyzed complete data from 1112 residents (weighted n = 1635).Results. Residents with smaller social networks were significantly less physically active than were residents with larger social networks (b = −1503.7; P = .01) and residents with conflicting demands were more active than were residents with none (b = 601.6; P = .01), when we controlled for employment status, gender, poverty level, current health status, age, and perceived safety. Social networks were most strongly associated with physical activity among Hispanics and younger residents (aged 18–35 years).Conclusions. These findings indicate that social factors, including social networks and role-related conflicting demands, may be important drivers of physical activity among low-income populations. Researchers and practitioners should consider social factors in developing multilevel physical activity interventions for this population.
Concerns of Newborn Blood Screening Advisory Committee Members Regarding Storage and Use of Residual Newborn Screening Blood Spots
Authors: Rothwell Erin W. , Anderson Rebecca A. , Burbank Matthew J. , Goldenberg Aaron J. , Lewis Michelle Huckaby , Stark Louisa A. , Wong Bob , Botkin Jeffrey R. 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We assessed attitudes and opinions of members of newborn blood screening (NBS) advisory committees regarding the storage and secondary research use of residual specimens from NBS. Methods. We conducted focus groups in 2008 and 2009 with NBS advisory committees (4 focus groups; n = 39 participants) in the Mountain States region (i.e., AZ, CO, MT, NM, NV, TX, UT, and WY). Results. Participants identified several challenges to implementing policies for storage of and research on residual newborn blood specimens. Themes that emerged from the data were public health relevancy; improvement of parental knowledge; impact of enhanced parental involvement; concerns over ownership, privacy, and confidentiality; identification of secondary research uses; and role of advisory committees. Conclusions. Participants indicated that secondary uses of residual specimens entailed opportunities for improvements in NBS programs but also carried significant risks for their programs. Addressing concerns from stakeholders will be necessary for state-level adoption of national recommendations.
Unitization of Spatially Connected Renewable Resources
Authors: Kaffine Daniel T , Costello Christopher 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Spatial connectivity of renewable resources induces a spatial externality in extraction. We explore the consequences of decentralized spatial property rights in the presence of spatial externalities. We generalize the notion of unitization—developed to enhance cooperative extraction of oil and gas fields—and apply it to renewable resources which face a similar spatial commons problem. We find that unitizing a common pool renewable resource can yield first-best outcomes even when participation is voluntary, provided profit sharing rules can vary by participant.
Permanent Neonatal Diabetes and Enteric Anendocrinosis Associated With Biallelic Mutations in NEUROG3
Authors: Rubio-Cabezas Oscar , Jensen Jan N. , Hodgson Maria I. , Codner Ethel , Ellard Sian , Serup Palle , Hattersley Andrew T. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
NEUROG3 plays a central role in the development of both pancreatic islets and enteroendocrine cells. Homozygous hypomorphic missense mutations in NEUROG3 have been recently associated with a rare form of congenital malabsorptive diarrhea secondary to enteroendocrine cell dysgenesis. Interestingly, the patients did not develop neonatal diabetes but childhood-onset diabetes. We hypothesized that null mutations in NEUROG3 might be responsible for the disease in a patient with permanent neonatal diabetes and severe congenital malabsorptive diarrhea.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The single coding exon of NEUROG3 was amplified and sequenced from genomic DNA. The mutant protein isoforms were functionally characterized by measuring their ability to bind to an E-box element in the NEUROD1 promoter in vitro and to induce ectopic endocrine cell formation and cell delamination after in ovo chicken endoderm electroporation.

RESULTS
Two different heterozygous point mutations in NEUROG3 were identified in the proband [c.82G&gt;T (p.E28X) and c.404T&gt;C (p.L135P)], each being inherited from an unaffected parent. Both in vitro and in vivo functional studies indicated that the mutant isoforms are biologically inactive. In keeping with this, no enteroendocrine cells were detected in intestinal biopsy samples from the patient.

CONCLUSIONS
Severe deficiency of neurogenin 3 causes a rare novel subtype of permanent neonatal diabetes. This finding confirms the essential role of NEUROG3 in islet development and function in humans.
Updated Genetic Score Based on 34 Confirmed Type 2 Diabetes Loci Is Associated With Diabetes Incidence and Regression to Normoglycemia in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: Hivert Marie-France , Jablonski Kathleen A. , Perreault Leigh , Saxena Richa , McAteer Jarred B. , Franks Paul W. , Hamman Richard F. , Kahn Steven E. , Haffner Steven ,   the DIAGRAM Consortium, Meigs James B. , Altshuler David , Knowler William C. , Florez Jose C. ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVEOver 30 loci have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes at genome-wide statistical significance. Genetic risk scores (GRSs) developed from these loci predict diabetes in the general population. We tested if a GRS based on an updated list of 34 type 2 diabetes–associated loci predicted progression to diabetes or regression toward normal glucose regulation (NGR) in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe genotyped 34 type 2 diabetes–associated variants in 2,843 DPP participants at high risk of type 2 diabetes from five ethnic groups representative of the U.S. population, who had been randomized to placebo, metformin, or lifestyle intervention. We built a GRS by weighting each risk allele by its reported effect size on type 2 diabetes risk and summing these values. We tested its ability to predict diabetes incidence or regression to NGR in models adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, waist circumference, and treatment assignment.RESULTSIn multivariate-adjusted models, the GRS was significantly associated with increased risk of progression to diabetes (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02 per risk allele [95% CI 1.00–1.05]; P = 0.03) and a lower probability of regression to NGR (HR = 0.95 per risk allele [95% CI 0.93–0.98]; P &lt; 0.0001). At baseline, a higher GRS was associated with a lower insulinogenic index (P &lt; 0.001), confirming an impairment in β-cell function. We detected no significant interaction between GRS and treatment, but the lifestyle intervention was effective in the highest quartile of GRS (P &lt; 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSA high GRS is associated with increased risk of developing diabetes and lower probability of returning to NGR in high-risk individuals, but a lifestyle intervention attenuates this risk.
Bimodal Effect on Pancreatic β-Cells of Secretory Products From Normal or Insulin-Resistant Human Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Bouzakri Karim , Plomgaard Peter , Berney Thierry , Donath Marc Y. , Pedersen Bente Karlund , Halban Philippe A. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance with a relative deficiency in insulin secretion. This study explored the potential communication between insulin-resistant human skeletal muscle and primary (human and rat) β-cells.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Human skeletal muscle cells were cultured for up to 24 h with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to induce insulin resistance, and mRNA expression for cytokines was analyzed and compared with controls (without TNF-α). Conditioned media were collected and candidate cytokines were measured by antibody array. Human and rat primary β-cells were used to explore the impact of exposure to conditioned media for 24 h on apoptosis, proliferation, short-term insulin secretion, and key signaling protein phosphorylation and expression.

RESULTS
Human myotubes express and release a different panel of myokines depending on their insulin sensitivity, with each panel exerting differential effects on β-cells. Conditioned medium from control myotubes increased proliferation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from primary β-cells, whereas conditioned medium from TNF-α–treated insulin-resistant myotubes (TMs) exerted detrimental effects that were either independent (increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation) or dependent on the presence of TNF-α in TM (blunted GSIS). Knockdown of β-cell mitogen-activated protein 4 kinase 4 prevented these effects. Glucagon-like peptide 1 protected β-cells against decreased proliferation and apoptosis evoked by TMs, while interleukin-1 receptor antagonist only prevented the latter.

CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, these data suggest a possible new route of communication between skeletal muscle and β-cells that is modulated by insulin resistance and could contribute to normal β-cell functional mass in healthy subjects, as well as the decrease seen in type 2 diabetes.
Validation of a Pediatric Diabetes Case Definition Using Administrative Health Data in Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Dart Allison B. , Martens Patricia J. , Sellers Elizabeth A. , Brownell Marni D. , Rigatto Claudio , Dean Heather J. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
To validate a case definition for diabetes in the pediatric age-group using administrative health data.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Population-based administrative data from Manitoba, Canada for the years 2004–2006 were anonymously linked to a clinical registry to evaluate the validity of algorithms based on a combination of hospital claim, outpatient physician visit, and drug use data over 1–3 years in youth 1–18 years of age. Agreement between data sources, sensitivity, specificity, negative (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) were evaluated for each algorithm. In addition, ascertainment rate of each data source, prevalence, and differences between subtypes of diabetes were evaluated.

RESULTS
Agreement between data sources was very good. The diabetes definition including one or more hospitalizations or two or more outpatient claims over 2 years provided a sensitivity of 94.2%, specificity of 99.9%, PPV of 81.6% and NPV of 99.9%. The addition of one or more prescription claims to the same definition over 1 year provided similar results. Case ascertainment rates of both sources were very good to excellent and the ascertainment-corrected prevalence for youth-onset diabetes for the year 2006 was 2.4 per 1,000. It was not possible to distinguish between subtypes of diabetes within the administrative database; however, this limitation could be overcome with an anonymous linkage to the clinical registry.

CONCLUSIONS
Administrative data are a valid source for the determination of pediatric diabetes prevalence that can provide important information for health care planning and evaluation.
Lifecourse Childhood Adiposity Trajectories Associated With Adolescent Insulin Resistance
Authors: Huang Rae-Chi , de Klerk Nicholas H. , Smith Anne , Kendall Garth E. , Landau Louis I. , Mori Trevor A. , Newnham John P. , Stanley Fiona J. , Oddy Wendy H. , Hands Beth , Beilin Lawrence J. 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE
In light of the obesity epidemic, we aimed to characterize novel childhood adiposity trajectories from birth to age 14 years and to determine their relation to adolescent insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 1,197 Australian children with cardiovascular/metabolic profiling at age 14 years were studied serially from birth to age 14 years. Semiparametric mixture modeling was applied to anthropometric data over eight time points to generate adiposity trajectories of z scores (weight-for-height and BMI). Fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were compared at age 14 years between adiposity trajectories.

RESULTS
Seven adiposity trajectories were identified. Three (two rising and one chronic high adiposity) trajectories comprised 32% of the population and were associated with significantly higher fasting insulin and HOMA-IR compared with a reference trajectory group (with longitudinal adiposity z scores of approximately zero). There was a significant sex by trajectory group interaction (P &lt; 0.001). Girls within a rising trajectory from low to moderate adiposity did not show increased insulin resistance. Maternal obesity, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and gestational diabetes were more prevalent in the chronic high adiposity trajectory.

CONCLUSIONS
A range of childhood adiposity trajectories exist. The greatest insulin resistance at age 14 years is seen in those with increasing trajectories regardless of birth weight and in high birth weight infants whose adiposity remains high. Public health professionals should urgently target both excessive weight gain in early childhood across all birth weights and maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy.