bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hundreds of putatively functional small open reading frames in Drosophila
Authors: Ladoukakis Emmanuel , Pereira Vini , Magny Emile G , Eyre-Walker Adam , Couso Juan Pablo 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background
The relationship between DNA sequence and encoded information is still an unsolved puzzle. The number of protein-coding genes in higher eukaryotes identified by genome projects is lower than was expected, while a considerable amount of putatively non-coding transcription has been detected. Functional small open reading frames (smORFs) are known to exist in several organisms. However, coding sequence detection methods are biased against detecting such very short open reading frames. Thus, a substantial number of non-canonical coding regions encoding short peptides might await characterization.

Results
Using bio-informatics methods, we have searched for smORFs of less than 100 amino acids in the putatively non-coding euchromatic DNA of Drosophila melanogaster, and initially identified nearly 600,000 of them. We have studied the pattern of conservation of these smORFs as coding entities between D. melanogaster and Drosophila pseudoobscura, their presence in syntenic and in transcribed regions of the genome, and their ratio of conservative versus non-conservative nucleotide changes. For negative controls, we compared the results with those obtained using random short sequences, while a positive control was provided by smORFs validated by proteomics data.

Conclusions
The combination of these analyses led us to postulate the existence of at least 401 functional smORFs in Drosophila, with the possibility that as many as 4,561 such functional smORFs may exist.
Regional specificity of thalamic volume deficits in male adolescents with early-onset psychosis
Authors: Janssen Joost , Alemán-Goméz Yasser , Reig Santiago , Schnack Hugo G. , Parellada Mara , Graell Montserrat , Moreno Carmen , Moreno Dolores , Mateos-Pérez J. M. , Udias J. M. , Arango Celso , Desco Manuel 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundThalamic volume deficits are associated with psychosis but it is unclear whether the volume reduction is uniformly distributed or whether it is more severe in particular thalamic regions.AimsTo quantify whole and regional thalamic volume in males with early-onset psychosis and healthy male controls.MethodBrain scans were obtained for 80 adolescents: 46 individuals with early-onset psychosis with a duration of positive symptoms less than 6 months and 34 healthy controls. All participants were younger than 19 years. Total thalamic volumes were assessed using FreeSurfer and FSL-FIRST, group comparisons of regional thalamic volumes were studied with a surface-based approach.ResultsTotal thalamic volume was smaller in participants with early-onset psychosis relative to controls. Regional thalamic volume reduction was most significant in the right anterior mediodorsal area and pulvinar.ConclusionsIn males with minimally treated early-onset psychosis, thalamic volume deficits may be most pronounced in the anterior mediodorsal and posterior pulvinar regions, adding strength to findings from post-mortem studies in adults with psychosis.
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors as Adjunctive Therapy in the Management of Systolic Heart Failure
Authors: Cvelich Ramonna G , Roberts Sarah C , Brown Jamie N 
Published: November 2011

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors in the treatment of patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF). Data Sources: Literature was retrieved through MEDLINE (1966-September 2011) and EMBASE (1980-September 2011), using the medical subject heading terms heart failure and phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors, sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil. Focus was placed on multidose trials of patients with systolic HF, because of these trials’ greater strength of clinical evidence. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language, peer-reviewed publications were analyzed for relevance. Studies appropriate to the objective were evaluated, including 4 multidose trials investigating the effect of sildenafil on cardiovascular function. Data Synthesis: In patients with New York Heart Association class II or III HF, treatment with sildenafil was associated with improvements in cardiac index, right ventricular ejection fraction, and other markers of cardiovascular function, as well as reduced pulmonary arterial pressure. Study durations ranged from 4 weeks to 1 year, and the studies used varying doses of sildenafil, ranging from 75 to 225 mg/day, in divided doses. The most common adverse effects associated with sildenafil therapy were headache and flushing. Conclusions: Based on current studies, sildenafil appears to be well tolerated and can improve markers of cardiovascular and pulmonary function in patients with HF. PDE5 inhibitors may be a therapeutic option for patients who cannot tolerate standard therapy for HF or who remain symptomatic with standard therapy. Larger long-term trials are necessary to better understand the role of PDE5 inhibitors in HF.
Membranous Glomerulonephritis with the Use of Etanercept in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Kaushik Prashant , Rahmani Masroor , Ellison Wesley 
Published: November 2011

Objective: To report a case of membranous glomerulonephritis with the use of etanercept in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Case Summary: A 60-year-old female with severe ankylosing spondylitis and no history of renal disease was started on etanercept 50 mg subcutaneously once a week after standard treatment modalities failed. She had not been on any nephrotoxic drugs, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, for over 1 year. After 2 months of etanercept therapy, the patient presented with anasarca, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemla, and normal serum creatinine. Renal biopsy showed features classic for membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN). Etanercept was discontinued, with resolution of anasarca and proteinuria over the following 3 months. Discussion: Very few cases of MGN in patients with ankylosing spondylitis have been reported in the literature; additionally, MGN following etanercept therapy has not been descrtoed in patients with ankylosing spondylitis so far. The exact pathogenesis of etanercept-Induced MGN in ankylosing spondylitis is not known. Tumor necrosis factor-a antagonists have been associated with the formation of autoantibodies and induction of lupus-like ailments in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, it is possible that a similar dysregulation of the immune system might have accounted for the development of MGN in this patient. The Naranjo probability scale showed that this patient's MGN was probably associated with etanercept therapy. Conclusions: In addition to the well-described serious adverse drug events, including serious infections, the use of etanercept in ankylosing spondylitis can be associated with the development of MGN. Health care providers, especially rheumatologists, should be aware of this potentially serious adverse drug reaction.
Physical properties of simul (red-silk cotton) wood (Bombax ceiba L.) chemically modified with styrene acrylonitrile co-polymer and nanoclay
Authors: Devi Rashmi Rekha , Mandal Manabendra , Maji Tarun Kumar 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Wood plastic composites have been prepared based on simul wood (Bombax ceiba L.), which was vacuum impregnated with the styrene acrylonitrile (SAN) co-polymer nanoclay (nnc) intercalating system in the presence of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), a crosslinking agent. The impact of nanoclay was investigated on the mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical behavior, and the biodegradability of the resultant wood polymer nanocomposite (WPCnnc) was investigated. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the composite were relatively higher in the presence of 2 phr nanoclay. The limiting oxygen index values showed self-extinguishing behavior of the WPCnnc. Furthermore, the storage moduli (E′) and damping index (tan δ) of these products were high. WPCSAN/GMA/nnc exhibit higher biodegradability compared to WPCSAN/GMA.
3D analytical and numerical modelling of the regional topography influence on the surface deformation due to underground heat source
Authors: Brimich Ladislav , Charco María , Kohút Igor , Fernández José 
Published: November 2011

3D analytical and numerical modelling of the regional topography influence on the surface deformation due to underground heat sourceThermo-elastic strains and stresses play a considerable role in the stress state of the lithosphere and its dynamics, especially at pronounced positive geothermal anomalies. Topography has a significant effect on ground deformation. In this paper we describe two methods for including the topographic effects in the thermo-viscoelastic model. First we use an approximate methodology which assumes that the main effect of the topography is due to distance from the source to the free surface and permits to have an analytical solution very attractive for solving the inverse problem. A numerical solution using Finite Element Method (FEM) is also computed. The numerical method allows to include the local shape of the topography in the modelling. In the numerical model the buried magmatic body is represented by a finite volume thermal source. The temperature distribution is computed by the higher-degree FEM. For analytical as well as numerical model solution only the forces of thermal origin are considered. The comparison of the results obtained using both analytical and numerical techniques shows the qualitative agreement of the vertical displacements. In the numerical values small differences were obtained. The results show that for the volcanic areas with an important relief the perturbation of the thermo-viscoelastic solution (deformation and total gravity anomaly) due to the topography can be quite significant. In consequence, neglecting topography could give erroneous results in the estimated source parameters.
Checking of the positivity of descriptor linear systems by the use of the shuffle algorithm
Authors: Kaczorek Tadeusz 
Published: November 2011

Checking of the positivity of descriptor linear systems by the use of the shuffle algorithmNecessary and sufficient conditions for the positivity of descriptor continuous-time and discrete-time linear systems are established. The shuffle algorithm is applied to transform the state equations of the descriptor systems to their equivalent form for which necessary and sufficient conditions for their positivity have been derived. A procedure for checking the positivity of the descriptor systems is proposed and illustrated by numerical examples.
Analysis of power system stabilizer Pareto optimisation-when taking into account the uncertainty of power system mathematical model parameters
Authors: Nocoń Adrian , Paszek Stefan 
Published: November 2011

Analysis of power system stabilizer Pareto optimisation-when taking into account the uncertainty of power system mathematical model parameters
The paper presents analysis of optimisation results of power system stabilizer (PSS) parameters when taking into account the uncertainty of mathematical model parameters of the power system (PS) elements. The Pareto optimisation was used for optimisation of the system stabilizer parameters. Parameters of five stabilizers of PSS3B type were determined in optimisation process with use of a genetic algorithm with tournament selection. The results obtained were assessed from the point of view of selecting the criterion function. The analysis of influence of the parameter uncertainty on the quality of the results obtained was performed.
Boundary-integral model of permanent magnet of a tube segment as shape
Authors: Pawluk Krystyn , Sulima Renata 
Published: November 2011

Boundary-integral model of permanent magnet of a tube segment as shape
The magnetic field due to a permanent magnet of a tube-side segment as shape and of radial-oriented magnetization is considered. Such a sheet modelling a single pole of the magnet is used to express the suitable contribution to magnetic quantities. A boundary-integral approach is applied that is based on a virtual scalar quantity attributed to the magnet pole. Such an approach leads to express analytically the scalar magnetic potential and the magnetic flux density by means of the elliptic integrals. Numerical examples of the computed fields are given. The general idea of the presented approach is mainly directed towards designing the magnetic field within the air gap of electric machines with permanent magnets as an excitation source. Other technical structures with permanent magnets may be a subject of this approach as well.
Analysis of the Relationship Between Fatness of Late Pregnant and Lactating Sows and Selected Lipid Parameters of Blood, Colostrum and Milk
Authors: Rekiel Anna , Więcek Justyna , Beyga Karolina 
Published: November 2011

Analysis of the Relationship Between Fatness of Late Pregnant and Lactating Sows and Selected Lipid Parameters of Blood, Colostrum and MilkThis study determined the relationships between backfat thickness in sows on day 104 (±2) of pregnancy, changes in fatness between high pregnancy and lactation (day 21), the body weight of late pregnant sows, the level of selected lipid parameters in blood serum, and basic components and fatty acid profile of colostrum and milk. Backfat measurements were taken using an ultrasound device at the P1, P2, P3 and P4 sites and loin eye height was measured at the P4M site. In late pregnant sows, fatness measured at P1, P2, P3 and P4 and the mean of measurements taken at P2 and P4 were correlated with HDL (+0.491**, +0.537**, +0.439*, +0.483** and 0.529**, respectively). Measurements taken at P4 and the mean of P2 and P4 were correlated with cholesterol (CHOL, +0.367* and +0.372*, respectively). Correlations were also found between the level of fatness of pregnant sows (P2, P3, P4, (P2 + P4)/2) and the level of HDL at the end of lactation (+0.534**, +0.440*, +0.412* and +0.487**, respectively). The body weight of late pregnant sows was significantly correlated with the energy and fat levels in colostrum (-0.467** and -0.429*, respectively). In addition, it was correlated with the proportion of fatty acids in the profile (C18:2 +0.417*, C18:3 +0.493*). Correlations were observed between P1 backfat thickness and the proportion of colostrum fatty acids (C18:1 +0.483*, CLA +0.475*), and between P2 backfat thickness and the C20:4 content of milk (-0.421*). A relationship between backfat thickness measured at farrowing and the levels of selected fatty acids in colostrum was found for P2 and C18:3 (+0.471*), P3 and C18:0 (-0.608**), C18:2 (+0.463*) and C18:3 (+0.517*), and P4M and C16:1 (-0.513*). The greater the difference in P1 backfat thickness between late pregnancy and weaning, the higher the content of fat (+0.549**), energy (+0.510*), C18:0 (+0.493*) and CLA (+0.488*), and the lower the content of C14:0 (-0.512*) and C16:0 (-0.457*) in milk. The strong correlations of fatness in late pregnant sows and of changes in fatness during late pregnancy and weaning with some blood, colostrum and milk parameters suggest that sows should be evaluated for fatness during their productive life.
Influence of Pre- and Postpartum Supplementation of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Yeast Culture, or Both, on Performance and Metabolic Status of Dairy Cows
Authors: Łopuszańska-Rusek Magdalena , Bilik Krzysztof 
Published: November 2011

Influence of Pre- and Postpartum Supplementation of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Yeast Culture, or Both, on Performance and Metabolic Status of Dairy CowsThe aim of the study was to determine the degree to which feeding total mixed rations (TMR) with fibrolytic enzymes and/or live yeast cultures to periparturient dairy cows will affect feed intake and conversion, milk yield and chemical composition, and metabolic and reproductive parameters of the cows. The experiment was conducted from 3 weeks before calving to 10 weeks of lactation on 36 Polish Red-and-White Holstein-Friesian (PHF Red) cows assigned to four analogous groups, 9 animals each. Cows from the control group (C) were fed an unsupplemented diet, those from group E received a diet supplemented (15 g/day) with enzyme preparation (Fibrozyme™) containing a blend of active xylanase and cellulase, cows from group D a diet with yeast preparation (Yea - Sacc1026) supplemented (10 g/day) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae1026 live yeast culture, and cows from group ED were fed a diet supplemented with a mixture (25 g/day) of both feed additives. The preparations were added to the concentrate included in the TMR diet. It was found that groups E and D showed a tendency towards higher dry matter and nutrient intake compared to group C. In groups E, D and ED there was also a tendency towards higher milk yield (by about 4-12% in the first 3 weeks of lactation) and slightly higher crude protein content (by an average of 0.16, 0.09 and 0.04 percentage units, respectively), without a clear effect on the other milk constituents. Significantly (P<0.05) lower milk urea content was also noted in group E compared to group C. Cows from groups E and D compared to group C, were characterized by better (P<0.05) efficiency of feed and nutrient conversion for kg milk production, especially during the first three weeks after calving. The experimental cows also showed a tendency towards improved blood metabolic profile, especially decreased levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and reduced activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The investigated preparations had no significant effect on the body weight, body condition and reproductive parameters of the cows.
Effect of Ghrelin and Ration Composition on Milk Output and Feed Intake in Rabbits
Authors: Kowalsk Dorota , Pietras Mariusz , Bielański Paweł 
Published: November 2011

Effect of Ghrelin and Ration Composition on Milk Output and Feed Intake in RabbitsThe aim of the study was to determine plasma ghrelin concentrations in rabbits. The first part of the experiment focused on plasma ghrelin concentrations in does which were at different physiological stages and received diets with different fat contents. Plasma ghrelin levels were determined in 3-month-old rabbits after 12-hour feed withdrawal and 60 minutes after feed intake. The second part of the experiment investigated the effect of exogenous ghrelin administered to dams on the course of the lactation and weight gains of young rabbits from birth to weaning. The results of the first experiment show that plasma ghrelin levels vary according to the physiological stage of the does. The addition of 2% rapeseed oil to the diet of the does had an inhibitory effect on ghrelin secretion by significantly decreasing its plasma levels. Analysis of plasma ghrelin levels in 3-month-old rabbits subjected to feed withdrawal and following food intake revealed that ghrelin secretion increased when both oil-enriched and unsupplemented diets were fed after feed withdrawal. Ghrelin levels began to decline postprandially. The second part of the experiment demonstrated that ghrelin administered intraperitoneally to the lactating does had an effect on the milk output of the does and thus on the weight gains of the young rabbits.
Zoometric Indices in Silesian Horses in the Years 1945-2005
Authors: Walkowicz Ewa , Unold Olgierd , Maciejewski Henryk , Skrobanek Paweł 
Published: November 2011

Zoometric Indices in Silesian Horses in the Years 1945-2005The aim of the present work was to analyse biometric parameters of the Silesian horse population over a period of 60 years. The research material consisted of almost 11 000 horses. The post-German breeding material was accepted as the basis of the breed, and then the project traced the changes that the population underwent as a result of inconsistent breeding policy. Zoometric indices were found to vary considerably over the years and there was a definite reaction to breeding selection, leading to changes in animal type during a short period of time.
A radiographic analysis of degenerative spondylolisthesis at the L4–5 level
Authors: Anderson D. Greg , Limthongkul Worawat , Sayadipour Amirali , Kepler Christopher K. , Harrop James S. , Maltenfort Mitchell , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Hilibrand Alan , Rihn Jeffrey A. , Albert Todd J. 
Published: November 2011

ObjectLumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (LDS) is common and has generally been characterized as a homogeneous disease entity in the literature and in clinical practice. Because disease variability has not been carefully characterized, stratification of treatment recommendations based on scientific evidence is currently lacking. In this study, the authors analyzed radiographic parameters of patients with LDS at the L4–5 level to better characterize this entity.MethodsDemographic data were collected from 304 patients (200 women and 104 men) with LDS at the L4–5 level. Plain radiographs including anteroposterior, lateral, and flexion-extension lateral radiographs were analyzed for disc height, segmental angulation, segmental translation, and osteophyte formation. Correlations were sought between the variables of age, sex, disc height, segmental angulation, segmental translation, and osteophyte formation.ResultsThe mean patient age was 63.8 years (range 40–86 years). The mean mid-disc height was 7 mm (range 0–14 mm) on the neutral lateral view. The mean angulation between the superior endplate of L-5 and the inferior endplate of L-4 was 6° of lordosis (range 13° of kyphosis to 23° lordosis) on the neutral lateral view. The mean angular change between flexion and extension lateral radiographs was 5° (range 0°–17°). The mean translation on the neutral lateral view was 6 mm (range 0–15 mm). The mean change in translational between flexion and extension was 2 mm (range 0–11 mm). Twenty patients (7%) exhibited spondylolisthesis only on the flexion view. A significant positive correlation was found between the change in angulation and the change in translation on flexion and extension views (ρ = 0.18, p = 0.001). No significant correlation was found between anterior osteophyte size and mobility with flexion-extension radiographs.ConclusionsThe wide range in all radiographic parameters for LDS confirms the heterogeneous nature of this condition and suggests that a grading system to subclassify LDS may be clinically useful. On flexion and extension radiographs, increased translational motion correlated with increased angular motion. Anterior osteophyte size was not found to be predictive of segmental stability. This data set should prove beneficial to those seeking to subcategorize LDS in the future.
La gouvernance métropolitaine écartelée entre adaptation économique et spatiale à la globalisation et respect de la démocratie locale, l'exemple de la fusion de Toronto (Canada)
Authors: Poiret Guillaume 
Published: November 2011

L’agglomération torontoise a connu de considérables mutations politico-administratives dans les années 1990, dont la plus emblématique demeure la fusion opérée entre Toronto et sa proche banlieue pour créer une seule ville. Cette opération visait à adapter le territoire urbain aux dynamiques économiques de la globalisation en offrant aux investisseurs un espace plus vaste et mieux administré. Elle s’est heurtée à l’opposition forte d’une partie de la population qui craignait qu’on ne la marginalise au profit des seuls intérêts économiques. La fusion cristallise ainsi l’opposition entre deux conceptions de la gouvernance métropolitaine qui peinent encore à être conciliées. Il semble nécessaire dix ans après d’établir un bilan, à la fois humain, économique et financier de cette opération tout en voyant comment s’articulent désormais les deux visions, à l’heure où les métropoles françaises connaissent elles aussi une réflexion sur leur mode de gouvernance.