bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Near-IR Extinction Law
Authors: Stead Joseph J. , Hoare Melvin G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe show that the power-law slope of the near-IR extinction law is significantly steeper than previously thought. Simulated colour-colour diagrams including a stellar population synthesis, realistic extinction distribution along the line-of-sight and synthesis through the filter profiles are compared to data from the UKIDSS Galactic Plane Survey. The slope of extinction with wavelength is found to be 2.14 ± 0.05 for total visual extinctions up to about 25 magnitudes and for a number of locations.
Unveiling the Unseen: The Mid-IR Galactic Disk
Authors: Churchwell Ed 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Spitzer mid-infrared (MIR) surveys, Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) and MIPSGAL have revealed a new view of the disk of the Milky Way. Hallmarks of the Galactic disk at MIR wavelengths with spatial resolution <2″ are bubbles/HII regions, infrared dark clouds, young stellar objects (YSOs)/star formation regions, diffuse dust and extended polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and more than 100 million publically available archived stars with measured flux densities at 7 wavelengths and positions accurate to 0.1″. At mid-IR wavelengths, the cool components in the Galaxy are preferentially bright and highlight physical processes that are not obvious at other wavelength regimes.
Evolution of abundance gradients for galactic plane PNe
Authors: Kholtygin A.F. , Milanova Yu.V. , Akimkin V.V. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe modern observations of planetary nebulae (PNe) are used to recalculate the element abundances for more than 150 PNe of the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds. Basing on our data, we study the evolution of the abundance gradients for PNe in the thin disk and in the bulge.
The Star Formation Activity of Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Plane
Authors: Mottram Joseph C. , Brunt Christopher M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIt is well known that star formation takes place within molecular clouds. However, current observational surveys and investigations usually start by selecting a sample of sites where star formation is ongoing, thus biasing against those clouds and regions with little or no current formation activity. In an attempt to identify samples of clouds both with and without star formation, and to investigate their properties, we present an automated method for associating clouds identified in new 3D CO data with far-IR/sub-mm sources. Given the large number of surveys of the galactic plane currently planned, ongoing or being released, the methods used here may prove instructive in understanding how, where and under what conditions star formation takes place throughout our Galaxy. In addition, this will allow exploration of the properties of star forming regions on a range of spatial scales.
Massive Star Formation Throughout the Galactic Disk
Authors: Kurtz Stan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHigh-mass star formation is manifestly a phenomenon of the Galactic Plane. The process begins with pre-stellar cores, evolves to proto-stellar objects, and culminates in massive main-sequence stars. Because massive young stellar objects are deeply embedded, the radio, sub-mm, and far/mid-infrared spectral windows are the most revealing. Galactic plane surveys at these wavelengths trace hot and cold molecular gas, interstellar masers, warm dust, and ionized gas that are present during star formation.
Massive Star Forming Regions in the Galactic Plane: A Comparative Study Using BGPS, Spitzer, & Optical/Near-IR Surveys
Authors: Stringfellow Guy S. ,   & the BGPS team
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) is a 1.1 mm continuum survey that has detected more than 8300 clumps over a 170 square degree survey area in the Galactic plane. The full power of these data is realised only when considering the full complement of data spanning millimetre through x-ray wavelengths.
Galactic plane structure in hard X-rays
Authors: Lutovinov A. , Revnivtsev M. , Krivonos R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe study the structure of the Galaxy in the hard X-ray energy band (¿20 keV) using data from the INTEGRAL observatory. The increased sensitivity of the survey and the very deep observations performed during six years of the observatory operation allow us to detect about a hundred new sources. This significantly enlarges the sample of hard X-ray sources in the Galactic disk and bulge in a comparison with the previous studies.
Broad view on hard X-ray background emission of the Galaxy
Authors: Krivonos Roman , Revnivtsev Mikhail , Tsygankov Sergey , Churazov Eugene , Sunyaev Rashid 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe nature of the Galactic Ridge X-Ray Emission (GRXE) has been under scientific debate since its discovery more than 30 years ago. It is observed as extended emission along the Galactic disk. The question was: is GRXE truly diffuse or is it composed from a large number of unresolved point sources? Using near-infrared Galaxy maps measured with the DIRBE experiment and data from the INTEGRAL observatory, we show that the galactic background in the energy range 20-60 keV originates from the stellar population of the Galaxy, which is in contrast to the diffuse nature believed before (Krivonos et al., 2007). Here we show preliminary results of studying the transition region from hard X-rays to gamma diffuse background of the Galaxy, revealing the broad band picture of Galactic Background emission.
IPHAS A-type Stars with Mid-IR Excesses in Spitzer Surveys
Authors: Hales Antonio S. , Barlow Michael J. , Drew Janet E. , Unruh Yvonne C. , Greimel Robert , Irwin Michael J. , González-Solares Eduardo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Isaac Newton Photometric H-Alpha Survey (IPHAS) provides (r′-Hα)-(r′-i′) colors, which can be used to select AV0-5 Main Sequence star candidates (age~20-200 Myr). By combining a sample of 23050 IPHAS-selected A-type stars with 2MASS, GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL photometry we searched for mid-infrared excesses attributable to dusty circumstellar disks. Positional cross-correlation yielded a sample of 2692 A-type stars, of which 0.6% were found to have 8-μm excesses above the expected photospheric values. The low fraction of main sequence stars with mid-IR excesses found in this work indicates that dust disks in the terrestrial planet zone of Main Sequence intermediate mass stars are rare. Dissipation mechanisms such as photo-evaporation, grain growth, collisional grinding or planet formation could possibly explain the depletion of dust detected in the inner regions of these disks.
Gaia: A Stereoscopic Census of Our Galaxy
Authors: Prusti T. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGaia is a space astrometry mission, a broad survey project following the measurement and operational principles of Hipparcos. It will help solving one of the most difficult yet deeply fundamental challenges in modern astronomy: to create an extraordinarily precise three-dimensional map of about one billion stars throughout our Galaxy and beyond. In the process, it will map their three-dimensional motions, which encode the origin and subsequent evolution of the Galaxy. Through comprehensive photometric and spectroscopic classification, it will provide the detailed physical properties of each star observed: characterising their luminosity, temperature, gravity, and elemental composition. This massive stellar census will provide the basic observational data to tackle an enormous range of important problems related to the origin, structure, and evolutionary history of our Galaxy.
GASKAP: The Galactic ASKAP Survey
Authors: Stanimirovič Snežana , Dickey John M. , Gibson Steven J. , Gómez José F. , Imai Hiroshi , Jones Paul A. , van Loon Jacco Th. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Galactic Australian SKA Pathfinder (GASKAP) survey is one of several key science projects with ASKAP, a new radio telescope being built in Australia as a technology demonstrator for the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). GASKAP aims to survey about 12,779 square degrees of the Galaxy and the Magellanic System, at high spectral resolution (0.2 km s−1) and using several wavelengths: the λ21-cm HI line, the λ18-cm OH lines, and the comb of recombination lines around λ18-cm. The area covered by GASKAP includes all of the Galactic plane south of declination +40° with |b| < 10°, selected areas at higher latitudes covering important interstellar clouds in the disk and halo, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, and the Magellanic Bridge and Stream. Compared with previous surveys, GASKAP will achieve an order of magnitude or greater improvement in brightness sensitivity and resolution in various combinations of beam size and mapping speed matched to the astrophysical objectives.
Marking the 400th Anniversary of Kepler's Astronomia nova
Authors: Mahoney T. J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSpecial Session 9 of the XXVII General Assembly (11–14 August 2009, Rio de Janeiro) was devoted to the topic “Marking the 400th Anniversary of Kepler's Astronomia nova”. During the two-and-a-half day meeting (spread over four days), there were nine invited and three contributed talks, a round-table discussion on the future of Kepler studies and an open session to propose the setting up of a Johannes Kepler Working Group under the aegis of the IAU.
Design of the magnet structure for the Advanced Photon Source superconducting undulator
Authors: Trakhtenberg E. , Ivanyushenkov Y. , Doose C. , Kasa M. 
Published: October 2010

A superconducting planar undulator with 9.5 mm pole gap, 16 mm period and required peak field 0.64 T is at present under development at the Advanced Photon Source. Magnet structure precision is a key component of the project. The current design of the magnet structure is based on the assembled jaws with individual poles, while previous designs utilized solid cores with machined coil grooves. Each jaw has a core with pole grooves and separate precise poles inserted in these grooves and fixed with small screws. This approach allows achieving a uniformity of the poles thickness to within 15 µm, improving the surface finish, as well as using magnetic poles with non-magnetic cores. Several 42-pole jaws have already been produced, wound and tested. Magnetic measurements of the first structure have confirmed the mechanical precision of the assemblies. Details of the magnet structure design and jaw assembly, and changes made from the first prototype system to the production unit, are presented here.
Assessment of the respiratory exchange ratio in mechanically ventilated patients by a standard anaesthetic gas analyser
Authors: Waldau T. , Larsen V. H. , Parbst H. , Bonde J. 
Published: October 2010

Background: The respiratory exchange ratio (R) is the CO2 production divided with O2 consumption. R is an essential factor included in several formulas during routine blood gas analysis. Instant and individual measurement of R may be of particular interest to improve the evaluation of each single patient. A standard anaesthetic gas analyser has been recommended for measurement of R among spontaneously breathing healthy subjects, but there is no experience using this method among mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. This study validates the assessment of R by a Brüel & Kjær gas analyser (B & K) during positive pressure ventilation of intensive care patients.Methods: The B & K sampled gas from 11 mechanically ventilated patients over a period of 5 min. The recordings of end‐tidal values of O2 and CO2 based on fractions (RF) allowed for calculation of RF by the alveolar equation solved for R. The continuous recordings of corresponding values were depicted into an O2‐CO2 diagram. A developed computer program calculated estimates of R as the slope of the regression lines related to the full cycle (Rfull) and the expiratory phase only (Rexp). Corrected values of the full respiratory cycle (Rfull*) were also calculated assuming changes of CO2 and O2 volumes during gas exchange. The different estimates of R were compared with simultaneous measurement of a Deltatrac indirect calorimeter (Rdelta).Results: Ten values of RF were within the expected interval of 0.72 < R < 1.00. For the full respiratory cycles, the mean R‐value was 0.94 ± 0.07 and for the expiratory phase the mean R‐value was 0.82 ± 0.08. The O2‐CO2 diagram appeared as a convexo‐convex loop during each cycle. The agreement of Rexp and Rdelta (Rexp‐Rdelta: 0.01 ± 0.13) were good.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that gas measurements by a standard anaesthetic gas monitor can be used for determination of R, and thereby we present an alternative to R calculation made by the Deltatrac monitor.
Phage-induced lysis enhances biofilm formation in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1
Authors: Gödeke Julia , Paul Kristina , Lassak Jürgen , Thormann Kai M 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is capable of forming highly structured surface-attached communities. By DNase I treatment, we demonstrated that extracellular DNA (eDNA) serves as a structural component in all stages of biofilm formation under static and hydrodynamic conditions. We determined whether eDNA is released through cell lysis mediated by the three prophages LambdaSo, MuSo1 and MuSo2 that are harbored in the genome of S. oneidensis MR-1. Mutant analyses and infection studies revealed that all three prophages may individually lead to cell lysis. However, only LambdaSo and MuSo2 form infectious phage particles. Phage release and cell lysis already occur during early stages of static incubation. A mutant devoid of the prophages was significantly less prone to lysis in pure culture. In addition, the phage-less mutant was severely impaired in biofilm formation through all stages of development, and three-dimensional growth occurred independently of eDNA as a structural component. Thus, we suggest that in S. oneidensis MR-1 prophage-mediated lysis results in the release of crucial biofilm-promoting factors, in particular eDNA.
Capturing diversity of marine heterotrophic protists: one cell at a time
Authors: Heywood Jane L , Sieracki Michael E , Bellows Wendy , Poulton Nicole J , Stepanauskas Ramunas 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Recent applications of culture-independent, molecular methods have revealed unexpectedly high diversity in a variety of functional and phylogenetic groups of microorganisms in the ocean. However, none of the existing research tools are free from significant limitations, such as PCR and cloning biases, low phylogenetic resolution and others. Here, we employed novel, single-cell sequencing techniques to assess the composition of small (&lt;10 μm diameter), heterotrophic protists from the Gulf of Maine. Single cells were isolated by flow cytometry, their genomes amplified, and 18S rRNA marker genes were amplified and sequenced. We compared the results to traditional environmental PCR cloning of sorted cells. The diversity of heterotrophic protists was significantly higher in the library of single amplified genomes (SAGs) than in environmental PCR clone libraries of the 18S rRNA gene, obtained from the same coastal sample. Libraries of SAGs, but not clones contained several recently discovered, uncultured groups, including picobiliphytes and novel marine stramenopiles. Clone, but not SAG, libraries contained several large clusters of identical and nearly identical sequences of Dinophyceae, Cercozoa and Stramenopiles. Similar results were obtained using two alternative primer sets, suggesting that PCR biases may not be the only explanation for the observed patterns. Instead, differences in the number of 18S rRNA gene copies among the various protist taxa probably had a significant role in determining the PCR clone composition. These results show that single-cell sequencing has the potential to more accurately assess protistan community composition than previously established methods. In addition, the creation of SAG libraries opens opportunities for the analysis of multiple genes or entire genomes of the uncultured protist groups.
Environmental modification and niche construction: developing O2 gradients drive the evolution of the Wrinkly Spreader
Authors: Koza Anna , Moshynets Olena , Otten Wilfred , Spiers Andrew J 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The evolutionary success of the novel Wrinkly Spreader (WS) genotypes in diversifying Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 populations in static liquid microcosms has been attributed to the greater availability of O2 at the air–liquid (A–L) interface where the WS produces a physically cohesive-class biofilm. However, the importance of O2 gradients in SBW25 adaptation has never been examined. We have explicitly tested the role of O2 in evolving populations using microsensor profiling and experiments conducted under high and low O2 conditions. Initial colonists of static microcosms were found to establish O2 gradients before significant population growth had occurred, converting a previously homogenous environment into one containing a resource continuum with high and low O2 regions. These gradients were found to persist for long periods by which time significant numbers of WS had appeared colonising the high O2 niches. Growth was O2 limited in static microcosms, but high O2 conditions like those found near the A–L interface supported greater growth and favoured the emergence of WS-like genotypes. A fitness advantage to biofilm formation was seen under high but not low O2 conditions, suggesting that the cost of biofilm production could only be offset when O2 levels above the A–L interface were high. Profiling of mature WS biofilms showed that they also contained high and low O2 regions. Niches within these may support further diversification and succession of the developing biofilm population. O2 availability has been found to be a major factor underlying the evolutionary success of the WS genotype in static microcosms and illustrates the importance of this resource continuum in microbial diversification and adaptation.
Exposure of conjugative plasmid carrying Escherichia coli biofilms to male-specific bacteriophages
Authors: May Thithiwat , Tsuruta Kenji , Okabe Satoshi 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Escherichia coli carrying a natural conjugative F-plasmid generates F-pili mating pairs, which is important for early biofilm formation. In this study, we investigated the effect of male-specific filamentous single stranded DNA bacteriophage (f1) and RNA bacteriophage (MS2) on the formation of biofilms by E. coli carrying a natural conjugative F-plasmid. We showed that the early biofilm formation was completely inhibited by addition of the f1 phage, but not the MS2 phage. This suggests that the tip of F-pili is the specific attachment site for mating pairs formation and the side of F-pili has a non-obligatory role during biofilm formation. The inhibitory effect of the f1 phage was dependent on the time of addition during the biofilm formation. No inhibitory effect was observed when the f1 phages were added to the mature biofilms. This resistant mechanism of the mature biofilms could be attributed to the biofilm-specific phenotypes representing that the F-pili mating pairs were already formed and then the curli production commenced during the biofilm maturation. The pre-formed mating pairs seemed to resist the f1 phages. Altogether, our results indicate a close relationship between the presence of conjugative plasmid and male-specific bacteriophages within sessile biofilm communities, as well as the possibility of using the male-specific bacteriophages to control biofilm formation.
Phylogenetic and gene-centric metagenomics of the canine intestinal microbiome reveals similarities with humans and mice
Authors: Swanson Kelly S , Dowd Scot E , Suchodolski Jan S , Middelbos Ingmar S , Vester Brittany M , Barry Kathleen A , Nelson Karen E , Torralba Manolito , Henrissat Bernard , Coutinho Pedro M , Cann Isaac K O , White Bryan A , Fahey George C 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This study is the first to use a metagenomics approach to characterize the phylogeny and functional capacity of the canine gastrointestinal microbiome. Six healthy adult dogs were used in a crossover design and fed a low-fiber control diet (K9C) or one containing 7.5% beet pulp (K9BP). Pooled fecal DNA samples from each treatment were subjected to 454 pyrosequencing, generating 503 280 (K9C) and 505 061 (K9BP) sequences. Dominant bacterial phyla included the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group and Firmicutes, both of which comprised ∼35% of all sequences, followed by Proteobacteria (13–15%) and Fusobacteria (7–8%). K9C had a greater percentage of Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, whereas K9BP had greater proportions of the Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group and Firmicutes. Archaea were not altered by diet and represented ∼1% of all sequences. All archaea were members of Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota, with methanogens being the most abundant and diverse. Three fungi phylotypes were present in K9C, but none in K9BP. Less than 0.4% of sequences were of viral origin, with &gt;99% of them associated with bacteriophages. Primary functional categories were not significantly affected by diet and were associated with carbohydrates; protein metabolism; DNA metabolism; cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups and pigments; amino acids and derivatives; cell wall and capsule; and virulence. Hierarchical clustering of several gastrointestinal metagenomes demonstrated phylogenetic and metabolic similarity between dogs, humans and mice. More research is required to provide deeper coverage of the canine microbiome, evaluate effects of age, genetics or environment on its composition and activity, and identify its role in gastrointestinal disease.