bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targets of the nuclear factor I regulon involved in early and late development of postmitotic cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Wang Wei , Crandall James E. , Litwack E. David , Gronostajski Richard M. , Kilpatrick Daniel L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent studies have shown that the nuclear factor I (NFI) family controls multiple stages of the postmitotic differentiation of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Regulation of cell–cell signaling is an integral part of this NFI program, which involves expression of the cell adhesion molecules N cadherin and ephrin B1 throughout postmitotic CGN development. Here, we identify two additional downstream targets of NFI that are involved in extracellular CGN interactions. The cell adhesion molecule Tag‐1 is highly enriched in CGNs undergoing parallel fiber formation and is down‐regulated prior to onset of radial migration. We found that Tag‐1 expression was strongly reduced by NFI dominant repression in immature primary CGNs and in the cerebella of E18 Nfib‐null mice. Transient transfection and chromatin immunoprecipitation suggested that the Tag‐1 gene is directly regulated by NFI. Furthermore, functional, Nfi knockout and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies implicated Wnt7a as a direct target of NFI in maturing CGNs. Wnt7a is secreted by developing CGNs and is required for maturation of mossy fiber–CGN synaptic rosettes. Consistent with this, synapsin I was greatly reduced within the internal granule cell layer of P17 Nfia‐null mice. These findings indicated that NFI controls CGN postmitotic maturation through a combination of extracellular signaling molecules that operate either continuously to regulate multiple stages of development (N cadherin and ephrin B1) or primarily at early (Tag‐1) or late (Wnt7a) maturation steps. They also illustrate the importance of NFI as a critical link between cell‐intrinsic mechanisms and cell–cell interactions in the development of the mouse cerebellum. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in the probability of extreme daily precipitation observed from 1951 to 2002 in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Rodrigo F. S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this study trends in the probability of extreme rainfall in the Iberian Peninsula at a daily scale from 1951 to 2002 have been analysed. A simple statistical model of daily precipitation based on the gamma distribution is applied to data from 22 stations in the Iberian Peninsula from 1951 to 2002. The Mann–Kendall test was applied to look for trends of the distribution parameters. It is shown that the scale parameter remains stable, while the shape parameter is most variable, spatially and temporally, with significant negative trends in many stations. As a consequence, the trend of the probability of daily rainfall lesser than the 5th percentile is positive, mainly to the north and to the south of the Iberian Peninsula; meanwhile the probability of daily rainfall higher than the 95th percentile is negative. This behaviour, with slight spatial differences, is observed in the four seasons of the year. Results corresponding to the probability of heavy rainfalls are confirmed using the stretched exponential distribution. The possible influence of teleconnection patterns (North Atlantic Oscillation, East Atlantic, Mediterranean Oscillation pattern) is analysed calculating the correlation coefficients between teleconnection indices and the gamma distribution parameters. The winter NAO index shows significant relationships with the scale parameter, but not with the shape parameter. The East Atlantic pattern shows significant correlation coefficients with the shape parameter of 5 stations in winter, and 5 stations in autumn, but these results are not conclusive. These results suggest that the decrease of this parameter, and the behaviour of extreme rainfall probabilities, must be explained by other mechanisms. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Skeletal effects of whole‐body vibration in adult and aged mice
Authors: Lynch Michelle A. , Brodt Michael D. , Silva Matthew J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLow‐amplitude, whole‐body vibration (WBV) may be anabolic for bone. Animal studies of WBV have not evaluated skeletal effects in aged animals. We exposed 75 male BALB/c mice (7 month/young‐adult; 22 month/aged) to 5 weeks of daily WBV (15 min/day, 5 day/wk; 90 Hz sine wave) at acceleration amplitudes of 0 (sham), 0.3, or 1.0 g. Whole‐body bone mineral content (BMC) increased with time in 7 month (p < 0.001) but not 22 month (p = 0.34) mice, independent of WBV (p = 0.60). In 7 month mice, lower‐leg BMC increased with time in 0.3 and 1.0 g groups (p < 0.005) but not in the sham group (p = 0.09), indicating a positive WBV effect. In 22 month mice, there were no changes with time in lower‐leg BMC (p = 0.11). WBV did not affect tibial trabecular or cortical bone structure (by µCT), dynamic indices of trabecular or cortical bone formation, trabecular osteoclast surface, or the mass of the reproductive fat pad (p > 0.05). Each of these outcomes was diminished in 7 month versus 22 month animals (p < 0.05). In summary, 5 weeks of daily exposure to low‐amplitude WBV had no skeletal effects in aged male mice. The potential of WBV to enhance bone mass in age‐related osteoporosis is not supported in this preclinical study. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:241–247, 2010
Phenolic compounds and fatty acid composition of organic and conventional grown pecan kernels
Authors: Malik Nasir SA , Perez Jose L , Lombardini Leonardo , Cornacchia Rosaria , Cisneros‐Zevallos Luis , Braford Joe 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: In this study, differences in contents of phenolic compounds and fatty acids in pecan kernels of organically versus conventionally grown pecan cultivars (Cheyenne, Desirable, and Wichita) were evaluated.RESULTS: Although nine phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechol, catechin, epicatechin, m‐coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid and an ellagic acid derivative) were identified in the methanol extract (80% methanol) of defatted kernels, only three compounds (gallic acid, catechin and ellagic acid) existed in sufficient amounts to accurately quantify levels in different cultivars and to study differences in organic versus conventional cultivation. Levels of ellagic acid and catechin found in organically grown ‘Desirable’ were fourfold and twofold higher than in conventional samples, respectively. Furthermore, significant differences in these two compounds were also observed when comparing values between cultivars. Oil content was also significantly greater only in organically grown ‘Desirable’. Oleic acid was the major fatty acid present and its content was significantly higher in organically versus conventionally grown ‘Desirable’ pecans, while there was no difference in levels of oleic acid in ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. On the other hand, linoleic acid content was significantly less in organically versus conventionally grown ‘Desirable’ pecans.CONCLUSION: Overall, these results showed that the effects of cultural differences (i.e. organic versus conventional cultivation) on kernel composition largely depend on the type of pecan cultivar. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant content of edible sprouts: effects of environmental shocks
Authors: Oh Myung‐Min , Rajashekar C. B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Edible sprouts are thought to be rich in health‐promoting phytochemicals that are known to prevent a number of chronic and degenerative diseases. In mature plants, environmental shocks have been used to enhance health‐promoting phytochemicals. The primary objective of this study was to use environmental shocks involving high light and chilling in sprouts of alfalfa, broccoli and radish to improve their phenolic composition.RESULTS: Young sprouts had high total phenolic content and correspondingly high antioxidant capacity, both of which declined sharply with plant age. Exposure of sprouts to high light or chilling resulted in higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity compared with untreated controls. During recovery following shock treatments, high light produced a stronger response in increasing the levels of individual phenolic compounds. Alfalfa sprouts subjected to high light and chilling accumulated about 2.0 and 1.5 times significantly higher concentration of ferulic acid respectively, while high light induced 83% more sinapic acid in broccoli sprouts compared with untreated controls. Myricetin, while not detected in 5‐day‐old control or chilling‐treated radish sprouts, accumulated in response to high light. Environmental shocks did not adversely affect the dry biomass accumulation.CONCLUSION: Environmental shocks involving high light and chilling enhanced the antioxidant phenolic content in sprouts of alfalfa, broccoli and radish, suggesting that this approach can be successfully used to enhance the health‐promoting qualities of these sprouts. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Humor and ad liking: Evidence that sensation seeking moderates the effects of incongruity‐resolution humor
Authors: Galloway Graeme 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIt is widely reported that humorous ads are better liked and therefore more effective than are non‐humorous ones. This study examines whether the liking advantage associated with ads containing incongruity‐resolution humor depends on sensation seeking. Higher sensation seekers are assumed to enjoy arousal induction because they are lower in base arousal level. From this it can be predicted that ads containing incongruity‐resolution humor will not be liked better by such people than will equivalently arousing non‐humorous ads. However, the higher base arousal assumed to characterize lower sensation seekers is claimed to be associated with a preference for reduction of induced arousal. Incongruity‐resolution humor provides a mechanism for reduction of the arousal occasioned by the incongruity. As a result, it is expected that lower sensation seekers will like ads containing such humor more than non‐humorous ads matched in arousal to the humorous ones. The results support those suggestions. The relevance of the findings for advertising is discussed, and requirements for further research are indicated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The reflection effect in time‐related decisions
Authors: Zushi Nobuhide , Curlo Eleonora , Thomas Gloria P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDespite the intuitive appeal of conceptualizing time as a resource, like money, to which prospect theory should apply, the application of prospect theory to time‐related decisions has met with mixed results. Existing literature has failed repeatedly to find evidence of loss aversion and the characteristic reflection effect in the realm of time, leading researchers to conclude that consumers have an overriding preference for certainty with respect to time, unlike other resources. This article presents evidence to the contrary. Drawing on literature from organizational behavior, the authors posit that consumers' schedules provide the reference points necessary to produce the reflection effect in time‐related decisions. Two experimental studies support this expectation. Potential rationales and limiting conditions are explored. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell surface changes in the egg at fertilization
Authors: Wessel Gary M. , Wong Julian L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn egg changes dramatically at fertilization. These changes include its developmental potential, its physiology, its gene expression profile, and its cell surface. This review highlights the changes in the cell surface of the egg that occur in response to sperm. These changes include modifications to the extracellular matrix, to the plasma membrane, and to the secretory vesicles whose contents direct many of these events. In some species, these changes occur within minutes of fertilization, and are sufficiently dramatic so that they can be seen by the light microscope. Many of these morphological changes were documented in remarkable detail early in the 1900s by Ernest Everett Just. A recent conference in honor of his contributions stimulated this overview. We highlight the major cell surface changes that occur in echinoderms, one of Just's preferred research organisms. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 942–953, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of a function analytic approach to probability
Authors: Red‐Horse John R. , Ghanem Roger G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThree hundred‐plus years of successful theoretical development and application of probability theory provide sufficient justification for it as the mathematical context in which to analyze the uncertainty in the performance of engineering and scientific systems. In this document, we propose a joint probabilistic and deterministic function analytic approach as the means for the development of advanced techniques that feature a strong connection between classical deterministic and probabilistic methods. We know of no other means to achieve simultaneous, balanced approximations across these two constituents. We present foundational materials on the general approach to particular aspects of functional analysis, which are relevant to probability, and emphasize the common elements it shares, and the close connections it provides, to various classical deterministic mathematical analysis elements. Finally, we describe how to use the joint approach as a means to augment deterministic analysis methods in a particular Hilbert space context, and thus enable a rigorous framework for commingling deterministic and probabilistic analysis tools in an application setting. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A bilinear shell element based on a refined shallow shell model
Authors: Niemi Antti H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA four‐node shell finite element of arbitrary quadrilateral shape is developed and applied to the solution of static and vibration problems. The element incorporates five generalized degrees of freedom per node, namely the three displacements of the curved middle surface and the two rotations of its normal vector. The stiffness properties of the element are defined using isoparametric principles in a local co‐ordinate system with axes approximately parallel to the edges of the element. The formulation is based on a modern, refined variant of the shallow shell models found from the classical books on shell theory. In addition, the bending behavior of the element is improved with numerical modifications, which include mixed interpolation of the membrane and transverse shear strains. The numerical experiments show that the element is able to compete in accuracy with the highly reputable bilinear elements of the commercial codes ABAQUS and ADINA. The new formulation even outperforms its commercial rivals in problems with strong layers such as vibration problems or problems with concentrated loads. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The lobbyist with ‘balls of iron and a spine of steel’: why Ireland needs lobbying reform
Authors: McGrath Conor 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In common with most other nations, Ireland currently has no statutory regulation of lobbying activities. Equally, and also in common with many countries, lobbying regulation is becoming a more prominent subject of political debate. This paper considers the pervasive context of political corruption and scandal highlighted by one lobbyist now in jail, analyses various suggestions for lobbying regulation which have been proposed, and concludes with a potential reform agenda. The opportunity exists for Ireland to take a lead in producing a comprehensive and meaningful regulatory regime—genuine and principled reform, rather than a muddled compromise.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ crosslinked hydrogels formed using Cu(I)‐free Huisgen cycloaddition reaction
Authors: Clark Meredith , Kiser Patrick 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: ‘Click’ chemistry, or the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of organic azides with alkynes, has been evaluated for many biomedical purposes; however, its utility in crosslinking hydrogels in situ is limited by the toxicity of the requisite copper(I) catalyst. We report the first use of catalyst‐free Huisgen cycloaddition to generate crosslinked hydrogels under physiological conditions using multivalent azide‐functionalized polymers and an electron‐deficient dialkyne crosslinker.RESULTS: Water‐soluble azide‐functionalized polymers were crosslinked with an electron‐deficient dialkyne crosslinker to form hydrogels at physiological temperature without the addition of copper(I) catalyst. Crosslinking was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR analyses. Flow by vial inversion and dynamic rheological methodologies were implemented to evaluate gelation kinetics at 37 °C of variable polymer compositions, concentrations and stoichiometric ratios. Kinetic studies revealed gelation in as little as 12 h at 37 °C, although strong gels that withstand inversion were observed by 1–8 days.CONCLUSION: The ability to form hydrogel networks under mild conditions demonstrates the potential viability of the catalyst‐free ‘click’ crosslinking chemistry for in situ gelling and other biological applications. Further chemical modifications in the crosslinking moieties, as well as polymer and crosslinker conformations, are expected to enhance gelation kinetics to a more biomedically practical rate. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A new approach for detecting C‐terminal amidation of proteins and peptides by mass spectrometry in conjunction with chemical derivatization
Authors: Kuyama Hiroki , Nakajima Chihiro , Nakazawa Takashi , Nishimura Osamu , Tsunasawa Susumu 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe describe a mass spectrometric method for distinguishing between free and modified forms of the C‐terminal carboxyl group of peptides and proteins, in combination with chemical approaches for the isolation of C‐terminal peptides and site‐specific derivatization of the C‐terminal carboxyl group. This method could most advantageously be exploited to discriminate between peptides having C‐terminal carboxyl groups in the free (COOH) and amide (CONH2) forms by increasing their mass difference from 1 to 14 Da by selectively converting the free carboxyl group into methylamide (CONHCH3). This method has been proven to be applicable to peptides containing aspartic and glutamic acids, because all the carboxyl groups except the C‐terminal one are inert to derivatization, according to oxazolone chemistry. The efficiency of the method is illustrated by a comparison of the peaks of processed peptides obtained from a mixture of adrenomedullin, calcitonin, and BSA. Among these components of the mixture, only the C‐terminal peptide of BSA exhibited the mass shift of 13 Da upon treatment, eventually unambiguously validating the C‐terminal amide structures of adrenomedullin and calcitonin. The possibility of extending this method for the analysis of C‐terminal PTMs is also discussed.
A novel type of optically active helical liquid crystalline polymers: Synthesis and characterization of poly(p‐phenylene)s containing terphenyl mesogen with different terminal groups
Authors: Chen Lie , Chen Yiwang , Yao Kai , Zhou Weihua , Li Fan , Chen Liping , Hu Rongrong , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSeries of poly(p‐phenylene)s (PPPs) containing terphenyl mesogenic pendants with cyano and methoxy terminal groups by flexible COO(CH2)6O bridge [P(CN) and P(OCH3)] are synthesized through Yamamoto polycondensation with Ni‐based complex catalysts. The effects of the structural variation on their properties, especially their mesomorphism, ultraviolet–visible (UV), and photoluminescence behaviors, are studied. All of the polymers are stable, losing little of their weights when heated to ≥340 °C. The polymers show good solubility and can be dissolved in common solvents. P(CN) with cyano terminal group shows enantiotropic SmAd phase with bilayer packing arrangement, while P(OCH3) with methoxy terminal group readily forms nematic and SmAd phase when heated and cooled. Photoexcitation of their solutions induces strong blue light emission. Compared with P(OCH3), the light‐emitting bands of polymer P(CN) is slightly redshifted to 428 nm and the emission intensity of P(CN) is much stronger, due to the existence of donor–acceptor pairs. More interestingly, both of the polymers exhibit obvious Cotton effect on the CD spectra, resulting from the predominant screw sense of the backbone. This indicates that the bulky mesogenic pendant orientating around the backbone will force the main chain with helical conformation in the long region due to steric crowdedness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4723–4735, 2009
A wide band gap polymer derived from 3,6‐carbazole and tetraphenylsilane as host for green and blue phosphorescent complexes
Authors: Fei Teng , Cheng Gang , Hu Dehua , Lu Ping , Ma Yuguang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe have synthesized a novel wide band gap polymer P36HCTPSi derived from 3,6‐carbazole and tetraphenylsilane by palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. The resultant polymer shows a high glass transition temperature (217 °C) and good thermal stability. The conjugation length of P36HCTPSi is effectively confined because of the δ‐Si interrupted polymer backbone. The polymer exhibits a violet emission with a peak at 392 nm in solution, and the band gap estimated from the onset of its absorption is 3.26 eV. The high energy emission and wide band gap of P36HCTPSi make it appropriate host for green and blue emission phosphorescent materials. Efficient energy transfers from P36HCTPSi to both fac‐tris[2‐(2‐pyridyl‐kN)‐5‐methylphenyl]iridium(III) (green emission) and bis[(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N,C2]‐(picolinato)iridium(III) (blue emission) were observed in photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Highly efficient phosphorescent polymer light‐emitting devices were realized by using P36HCTPSi as the host for iridium complexes, the maximum luminous efficiencies for green and blue devices were 27.6 and 3.4 cd/A, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4784–4792, 2009
Sequential photodecomposition of bisacylgermane type photoinitiator: Synthesis of block copolymers by combination of free radical promoted cationic and free radical polymerization mechanisms
Authors: Durmaz Yasemin Yuksel , Kukut Manolya , Moszner Norbert , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA block copolymer of cyclohexene oxide (CHO) and styrene (St) was prepared by using bifunctional visible light photoinitiator dibenzoyldiethylgermane (DBDEG) via a two‐step procedure. The bifunctionality of the photoinitiator pertains to the sequential photodecomposition of DBDEG through acyl germane bonds. In the first step, photoinitiated free radical promoted cationic polymerization of CHO using DBDEG in the presence of diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (Ph2I+PF) was carried out to yield polymers with photoactive monobenzoyl germane end groups. These poly(cyclohexene oxide) (PCHO) prepolymers were used to induce photoinitiated free radical polymerization of styrene (St) resulting in the formation of poly(cyclohexene oxide‐block‐styrene) (P(CHO‐b‐St)). Successful blocking has been confirmed by a strong change in the molecular weight of the prepolymer and the block copolymer as well as NMR, IR, and DSC spectral measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4793–4799, 2009