bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of salmonella agglutinins in sera of healthy adults at Ibadan
Authors: Collard Patrick , Sen Ranjit , Montefiore David 
Published: May 2009

The distribution of salmonella agglutinins among 2117 normal sera from 1054 male and 1063 female adult population of Ibadan is described, and the relation of the distribution of the agglutinins with the antigens of salmonella strains isolated over 2-year period in a hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria, is discussed.We wish to thank Prof. B. G. T. Elmes and Dr J. B. Lawson for their help with the collection of specimens. Our thanks are due to Mr R. J. Leeming, F.I.M.L.T. for his technical assistance.(Part of the material upon which this paper is based is included in a thesis for submission for the Cambridge M.D. degree by one of us (D.M.).)
Factors affecting the development of the carrier state in leptospirosis
Authors: Faine S. 
Published: May 2009

The growth curves of young mice experimentally infected with L. australis A, L. australis B, L. grippotyphosa or L. icterohaemorrhagiae fell into two types, a ‘lethal’ pattern of continued weight loss until death, or a ‘carrier’ pattern of retardation of weight gain. The ‘carrier’ pattern could be changed to the ‘lethal’ by increasing the size of the infecting dose of a given serotype, or vice versa. Infection with L. icterohaemorrhagiae in newborn mice was fatal, while adults became carriers; susceptibility to infection with L. australis B decreased with increasing age.The numbers of infecting leptospirae and the age of the mouse determined the outcome of infection with a given serotype in a standard test animal. The basis of species susceptibility is unknown, but it is suggested that variation in the ability to produce lesions is the basis of the differences in virulence between serotypes. The ‘host of election’ in leptospirosis is regarded as the result of a quantitative rather than qualitative adaptation of host and parasite to one another.
Efficacy of fluorescent antibody methods for detection ofPasteurella pestisin carcasses of albino laboratory mice stored for various periods
Authors: Hudson Bruce W. , Quan Stuart F. , Kartman Leo 
Published: May 2009

Fluorescent antibody techniques were used for detection of plague antigens in infected mouse carcasses stored at 4°–5° C., 20°–25° C. (room temperature) and 370° C. for periods as long as 340 days in certain cases. Tissues of two guinea-pigs infected withPasteurella pestiswere examined after 7 years storage at room temperature. The efficacy of the fluorescent antibody test was compared with blood agar plate culture and animal inoculation during periods in which viable plague bacilli were presumed to be present, and compared with Larson's modified Ascoli test for the presence of soluble plague antigens during periods in which plague bacteria were presumed to be non-viable.Fluorescent antibody tests were superior to animal inoculation or cultural methods in detection ofP. pestisantigens in mouse carcasses stored for 4 days or longer at 37° C., for 8 days or longer at 20°–25° C. (room temperature), and for 34 days or longer at 4°–5° C. Upon examination of specimens presumed to lack viable plague organisms the fluorescent antibody test and precipitin tests were approximately equal in efficiency for detection of plague antigens in carcasses stored for 16–82 days at 37° C. and for 16–82 days at 20°–25° C. Ten of 21 mice stored for longer periods (140 and 340 days) at 4°–5° C. were negative by precipitin tests, whereas 19 of the same 21 rodents were positive by fluorescent antibody tests. In addition, after 7 years storage at room temperature tissues of two plague-infected guinea-pigs were negative by Larson's modified Ascoli test but positive by the fluorescent antibody test.
Sources of staphylococcal infection in surgical wound sepsis
Authors: Bassett H. F. M. , Ferguson W. G. , Hoffman E. , Walton M. , Blowers Robert , Conn Connie Alderson 
Published: May 2009

1. In two hospitals, post-operative staphylococcal wound sepsis occurred with equal frequency in patients who were and in those who were not nasal carriers of Staph. aureus.2. Nasal carriage of Staph. aureus was not always associated with skin carriage at the site of operation, but even patients who were skin carriers suffered no more sepsis than non-carriers.3. Self-infection was a less frequent cause of sepsis than was cross-infection. Other investigations of this type have revealed conflicting findings on the frequency of self-infection. These may be due to differences in the epidemiological properties of staphylococci infesting the hospitals; to different methods of preoperative skin preparation; and to the different types of operation concerned.4. In one of the hospitals, 31% of probable operating-room infections were with organisms similar to those carried by some member of the surgical team. In infections thought to have occurred in the ward, only 10% showed this similarity. In 11 of 35 presumed operating-room infections, the source may have been a member of the surgical team.For help and co-operation we are grateful to Mr G. A. Mason, Senior Surgeon, Newcastle Regional Thoracic Surgery Service; and Dr Joan Millar, Miss G. Jones, Miss E. Smith, Mrs Jean Best, Miss Winifred Mahon, Dr K. Hodgkin, Dr W. Stewart, Mr S. Griffin, Mr W. C. Barnsley, Mr R. Dobson, Mr W. H. Bound, and many nurses and other hospital workers. Our especial thanks are due to Professor R. E. O. Williams, who phage-typed many of the staphylococci, and then taught us to do this for ourselves.
The incidence of natural Clostridium welchii α-antitoxin in Indian equines: its influence on the results of antigenic stimulus
Authors: Basu P. N. , Roy R. N. 
Published: May 2009

Presence of natural Cl. welchii α-antitoxin in 65 Indian equines was observed. All the 65 equines had 1 unit or more of circulating natural antitoxin per ml. of serum. The maximum titre observed was 4 units/ml. in about 8% of the animals. These figures are very much higher than the figures obtained in other countries. Such a high incidence of natural immunity indicates frequent natural contact with the antigen concerned.Results of hyperimmunization of 7 equines are recorded and discussed.Our thanks are due to the authorities of Bengal Immunity Laboratory for permission to publish these observations and to Sri M. Pal for useful technical assistance.
The size distribution of airborne particles carrying micro-organisms
Authors: Noble W. C. , Lidwell O. M. , Kingston D. 
Published: May 2009

Values are given for the median equivalent diameters and for the inter-quartile range, of airborne particles carrying a variety of micro-organisms.Organisms associated with human disease or carriage were usually found on particles in the range 4–20 μ equivalent diameter.Many fungi appeared to be present in the air as single spores.We should like to acknowledge the collaboration of Dr Yvonne M. Clayton in the collection and examination of the fungal samples.
The typing of enteroviruses in tissue culture by neutralization with composite antiserum pools
Authors: Hambling M. H. , Davis Patricia M. , Macrae A. D. 
Published: May 2009

A scheme is described for the identification of enteroviruses in tissue culture by neutralization with composite antiserum pools. The method for making these pools is given. Antisera to twenty-seven enteroviruses were included in the pools which were used to examine 115 viruses consisting of ninety-eight recently isolated viruses and seventeen prototype strains. The results indicate that this scheme provides a useful screening method for identifying enteroviruses. It has proved to be practicable, time saving and very economical in tissue culture.We are grateful to Dr C. M. P. Bradstreet who made available some of the rabbit antisera.
A comparative study of susceptibility of primary monkey kidney cells, Hep 2 cells and HeLa cells to a variety of faecal viruses
Authors: Pal S. R. , McQuillin J. , Gardner P. S. 
Published: May 2009

A comparative study of the susceptibility of monkey kidney, Hep 2 and HeLa cells to enteroviruses and adenoviruses is made. It seems that this Hep 2 cell line is as effective as the monkey kidney cells in their susceptibility to vaccine strains of polioviruses and far better than monkey kidney cells in their susceptibility to strains of ECHO 6 and ECHO 11 from clinical material. It is as effective as, or slightly better than, HeLa cells for the isolation of adenoviruses. It also compares favourably with monkey kidney cells for the isolation of other enteroviruses.We are most grateful to Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. for the supplies of monkey kidney cells used in this investigation.
Lizards as vectors of human salmonellosis
Authors: Hamel F. A. de , McInnes Helen M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHuman infections withSalmonella saintpaulhave become more frequent in New Zealand in recent years. Most cases now occur in Otago. It is shown that wild lizards in Otago, particularly the common skink (Leiolopisma zelandica), carryS. saintpauland that most if not all human outbreaks of this salmonella serotype are associated with either lizards or lizard infested areas. So far as is known this is the first report incriminating lizards as the probable cause of human salmonellosis.
Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: II. Arthropod-borne virus infections
Authors: Maguire T. , Macnamara F. N. , Miles J. A. R. , Spears G. F. S. , Mataika J. U. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSurveys of arbovirus activity in Fiji were conducted over a 10-year period from December 1959 to December 1969. No arboviruses were isolated from over 200,000 mosquitoes, 9000 ticks, or 575 serum samples. Eight thousand human and 1117 bird, bat and animal sera were tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting arbovirus antibody using a variety of group A, group B and Bunyamwera group antigens. Only a small number of low-titre reactions were found among the non-human sera, but 14% of all human sera were found to contain Group B antibody. The antibody prevalence increased with increasing age, from less than 1 % for persons born since 1950, to 70% for persons born before 1900. The age differences in prevalence could be used to estimate the time and size of previous epidemics. Differences were found in antibody prevalence between the sexes, between ethnic groups and between persons from different regions. These differences could be explained in terms of climate, location and custom.Historical and serological evidence both suggest that all the antibody detected was due to past exposure to dengue virus. The very high proportion of the population with no dengue antibody makes Fiji a high-risk area for a further dengue epidemic. Dengue virus is known to be active in the Pacific and South-East Asia.
Postnatal decline of maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities
Authors: Cloonan M. J. , Hawkes R. A. , Stevens L. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe rates of decline (half-lives) of maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities in a group of infants were found to be highly variable, ranging from 18 to 192 days for parainfluenza type 3 antibody (54 infants) and from 15 to 251 days for influenza A2 antibody (nine infants). For antibodies of both specificities approximately 75% of the half-lives were between 15 and 60 days. With parainfluenza type 3 antibody, and possibly with influenza A 2 antibody, the half-lives were inversely proportional to the initial antibody titre of the babies' sera. This relationship could be described by a rectangular hyperbola. Babies with high antibody titres at birth lost this antibody rapidly whereas in babies with low initial titres antibody declined over a longer period.The half-lives of parainfluenza type 3 antibody and influenza A 2 antibody were compared with that of rubella antibody in the same group of infants (previously published). Maternally acquired viral antibodies of different specificities did not necessarily decline at similar rates in any given child. In nine infants, maternally acquired antibodies of two different specificities (rubella and parainfluenza type 3) declined at significantly different rates in the same child. It is suggested that although the half-life of antibody of a given specificity is related to its concentration in the serum, it is independent of the level of serum antibodies of other specificities.
Cytomegalovirus antibody production in renal transplant patients
Authors: Nagington J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera were examined from 50 patients on the renal transplant unit, Cambridge, for antibody against cytomegalovirus by complement fixation and by immuno-fluorescence for IgG and IgM antibodies.The incidence of antibody on admission was 84% with a possible further 8% so that nearly all had been infected at some time by CMV.43 (86%) patients showed evidence of active infection after admission, 39 by serology and four only from the examination of post-mortem material.Twenty-one patients produced IgM antibody and production was prolonged for years in patients that survived. Antibody production was related both to transplantation and admission to hospital.The evidence indicated that primary CMV infections were rare, that IgM anti-body production was the result of active infection and that this could be attributed to reactivation without the need to invoke re-infection as the source although this type of patient is both susceptible and exposed to re-infection.
The survival of salmonellas on finger-tips and transfer of the organisms to foods
Authors: Pether J. V. S. , Gilbert R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe survival of salmonellas on the finger-tips is considered with reference to the ease with which they can be transferred to food by handling.Escherichia coliand severalSalmonellaserotypes were shown to survive on the finger-tips for various periods of time, for example,S. anatumcould be recovered 3 hr. after artificially contaminating them with between 500 and 2000 organisms.S. anatumcould also be recovered from the finger-tips after contaminating them with more than 6000 organisms followed by a 15 sec. hand-wash 10 min. later. Similarly, the survivors from minimal inocula of less than 100S. anatum/finger-tip were, after 10 min., still capable of infecting samples of corned beef and ham.E. coliwas isolated from the finger-tips of 13 of 110 butchers soon after they had left the meat line at a meat products factory, but was not detected on the finger-tips of 100 volunteers at the Central Public Health Laboratory.The implications of the present findings to the spread of salmonellas from raw to cooked foods, and the relevance of this to outbreaks ofSalmonellainfection in the general population and in hospitals, are discussed.
An epidemiological study of the incidence of salmonellas in pigs
Authors: Ghosh A. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe incidence of salmonellas in pigs was studied in five farms and a bacon factory.Persistence and spread of salmonella excretion in pigs in a breeding establishment is described. Salmonella excretor boars and sows were responsible for the spread and perpetuation of infection in the farm. The possibility of spreading salmonella infection between farms through the distribution of excretor pigs was studied. Infection persisted and was related to the initial state of excretion of the pigs while at the farm of origin.The importance of feeding stuffs as a source of salmonella infection in pigs is discussed. Specially prepared heat treated pellets fed to the pigs prevented the introduction of salmonellas.
A comparison of the antigens present on the surface of virus released artificially from chick cells infected with vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus and its white pock mutant
Authors: Baxby Derrick 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAntisera prepared against vaccinia and cowpox viruses were absorbed with purified suspensions of vaccinia virus, red cowpox and white cowpox viruses. They were then tested for their ability to neutralize the viruses, and to precipitate the virus soluble antigens.The results showed that some virus specific antigens were not virus surface components and that some components were present on the surface of all three viruses. However, certain components were detected on the surface of vaccinia virus but not on the surface of cowpox virus, and vice versa. Some evidence for the existence of a vaccinia-specific surface component was also obtained.Comparisons between results of cross-neutralization tests and immunodiffusion tests on the absorbed sera indicated that antibody to a number of antigens, including the classical LS, and the cowpox-specificdantigen play no part in the process of poxvirus neutralization.
Age, time and cohort factors in mortality from cancer of the cervix
Authors: Barrett J. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYData for mortality from cancer of the cervix in England and Wales by 5-year age groups and four quinquennia (1951–70) are analysed. The logarithms of the mortality rates are regressed on age group, epoch of death and epoch of birth. The factors obtained are considered in relation to particular features of the mortality pattern, such as the reversal of trend in certain age groups.
Phage typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci
Authors: Dean Beverly A. , Williams R. E. O. , Hall Felicity , Corse Jean 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA total of 3217 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and micrococci were tested for susceptibility to a collection of phages isolated from coagulase-negative cocci; it was concluded that a useful typing scheme could be developed. Of the strains of Baird-Parker's biotype 1, 72% were lysed by one or more phages, although rather a large proportion of strains are lysed by many phages to give a complex typing pattern.Normal persons commonly yield 10 or more distinguishable strains of coagulase-negative cocci in cultures from the nose and the skin.
Reactions to tetanus toxoid
Authors: White W. G. , Barnes G. M. , Barker E. , Gall D. , Knight P. , Griffith A. H. , Morris-Owen R. M. , Smith J. W. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a factory population the occurrence of reactions to tetanus toxoid was recorded after 6740 injections. The incidence of general reactions was 0·3 % and of local reactions 2·6%. The local reaction rate to the first injection of the basic immunization course was 0·9%, to the second injection 2·7%, and to the third injection 7·4%. To booster injections the rate was 1·6%. The local reaction rate was appreciably higher in women than in men – 14·4 % and 5·7 % respectively in the case of the third injection – and the incidence among women increased with age.Tetanus vaccine containing 10 Lf of toxoid caused fewer reactions than one containing 20 Lf, but a reduction in the content of aluminium adjuvant did not affect the reaction rate.Almost all reactors were found to have a satisfactory serum antitoxin concentration at the time of the reaction or developed a satisfactory immunity within 1–6 months.Skin tests were made in 32 hypersensitive patients. Neither the diluent, thiomersal preservative, nor the culture medium appeared to be responsible for hypersensitivity. The degree of hypersensitivity elicited by a special highly purified toxoid was only very slightly less than that elicited by the commercially pure toxoid. It is suggested that reactions are largely due to the toxoid antigen itself rather than to impurities or other components of the vaccine.
The nature of the antibody response toYersinia enterocoliticaserotype IX in cattle
Authors: Corbel M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe nature of the antibody response of cattle to the antigen ofYersinia enterocoliticaIX cross-reacting withBrucellaspp. was examined. Density-gradient ultracentrifugation, ion-exchange chromatography, antibody adsorption and elution and disulphide bond reduction tests showed that both 19 S IgM and 7 S IgG1and IgG2antibodies were produced in response to the cross-reacting antigen. The highest titres of cross-reacting antibodies were detected by the agglutination and Coombs antiglobulin tests. Production of complement-fixing and precipitating antibodies cross-reacting withBr. abortuswas transient and high titres were not attained.In contrast, although infection withBr. abortusalso evoked cross-reacting antibodies of the IgM and IgG classes, much higher titres were produced in the complement fixation and precipitation tests and these persisted for long periods. At all stages of the serological response to both organisms, the two infections could be differentiated by the quantitative Rose Bengal plate test.
Enrichment procedures for the isolation of Salmonella, Arizona, Edwardsiella and Shigella from faeces
Authors: Iveson J. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStrontium selenite A broth incubated at 37° C., and strontium chloride B broth incubated at 43° C., have been found an effective combination for the isolation of Salmonella, Arizona and Edwardsiella from human faeces.Direct plating on deoxycholate citrate agar was superior to enrichment methods for the isolation of Shigella species.Strontium selenite A broth was suitable for the isolation of Salmonella and Arizona bacteria at both 37° and 43° C.Strontium chloride B broth incubated at 43° C. was best for the isolation of Salmonella and Edwardsiella.Modified bismuth sulphite agar, although superior to D.c. agar for the growth of Salmonella and Arizona bacteria, was unsuitable for Edwardsiella and Shigella species.A considerable difference was observed in the distribution of Salmonella, Arizona and Edwardsiella serotypes isolated from humans in remote areas, when compared with isolations from more densely populated urban and agricultural centres.Epidemiological and zoogeographical aspects of host–parasite associations between humans, animals and pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in Western Australia are discussed.
Variation among strains ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaeduring an outbreak in a restricted environment
Authors: Gibson L. F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryStrains ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaeisolated from a small outbreak in the restricted environment of a Mental Hospital were examined. All belonged to one serotype, but there was marked variation in diphthericin type, in sensitivity to bacteriophages and in the minor antigens possessed. One strain was non-virulent and laboratory-produced variants of this non-virulent strain showed changes in some of the characteristics used in the identification and typing of the organism, such as diphthericin type, sensitivity to bacteriophages and diphthericins, virulence, starch fermentation and, to a lesser extent, in antigenic structure. The epidemiological and experimental findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the strains isolated, both in the hospital and in the laboratory, were derivatives of a single parent and the mechanism of some of the variations could be related to changes in some structural component such as the cell membrane or the cell wall.
Effect of sub-lethal treatment with formalin on the germination ofAspergillus fumigatusspores
Authors: Smith G. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySub-lethal exposure ofAspergillus fumigatusspore suspensions to formalin resulted in prolongation by 1–22 days of the period of less than one day normally needed by spores to produce visible growth in Sabouraud's liquid medium at 37° C.; the degree of delay depended on the concentration of formalin and the duration of exposure, and was due to an increase in the germination-time of spores. The formalin concentration could be adjusted so as to affect the germination-time of almost all spores in a suspension without reducing viability. The effect on germination was not abolished by thorough washing or treatment with sodium sulphite. The spores of four different strains ofA. fumigatusand of cultures aged 3 to 14 days reacted similarly to formalin treatment. Although of greatly reduced virulence for mice, affected viable spores were still capable of producing infection and death following intravenous inoculation, provided they were not eliminated by the host before germination occurred.