bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte Subsets and Mitogen Stimulation of Blood Lymphocytes in Preeclampsia
Authors: Matthiesen Leif , Berg Göran , Ernerudh Jan , Håkansson Leif 
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: The question of whether there are differences in systemic immune reactivity in severe preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancy was addressed. METHOD OF STUDY: During the third trimester, blood samples were taken from 12 pregnant women with severe preeclampsia. Five of the preeclamptic pregnancies were analyzed separately because they were treated with dexamethasone before the blood samples were taken. The seven dexamethasone‐treated preeclamptic pregnant women were analyzed and compared with six uncomplicated pregnancies. A control group consisted of 15 nonpregnant females. Lymphocyte subsets were identified by flow cytometry. The function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was studied as proliferative responses to mitogens alone and in combination with immunomodulating drugs.RESULTS: An increased number of B lymphocytes (CD 19 +) (P < 0.05) and natural killer (NK) cells (P < 0.05) was noticed in severe preeclampsia compared with normal pregnancy. The proliferative response of PBMCs in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐stimulated cultures in autologous serum from patients with severe preeclampsia was reduced (P < 0.05) compared with normal pregnancy. The addition of indomethacin and Cimetidine significantly stimulated (P < 0.05) the proliferative responses. The enhancing effect of Cimetidine was not found in dexamethasone‐treated preeclamptic patients.CONCLUSIONS: The presence of systemic immunosuppression in severe preeclampsia is demonstrated as a reduced proliferative response of PBMCs to PHA. which could be partly restituted by indomethacin or Cimetidine, indicating immunosuppressor activity that is mediated by prostaglandin and histamine. Increased levels of B lymphocytes and NK cells were also noticed.
Effect of Estradiol and Progesterone on the Low‐Dose Endotoxin‐Induced Glomerular Inflammatory Response of the Female Rat
Authors: Faas MM. , Bakker W.W. , Valkhof N. , Schuiling G.A. 
Published: September 2011

PROBLEM: Is the endotoxin‐induced glomerular inflammatory response of the female rat under ovarian control?METHOD OF STUDY: Ovariectomized rats (OVX), with or without progesterone (OVX‐P) or estradiol (OVX‐E) treatment, as well as rats in the follicular or luteal phase of the ovulatory cycle were infused with endotoxin or saline and sacrificed 3 days later. Cryostat kidney sections were immunohistologically stained for the presence of neutrophils and monocytes (MØ) and the expression of adhesion molecules.RESULTS: After endotoxin, the glomerular number of neutrophils and the number of MAC‐1 positive cells were increased in luteal‐phase and in OVX‐P rats, and the number of glomerular MØ was increased in luteal‐phase, OVX, OVX‐E, and OVX‐P rats. Endotoxin increased ICAM‐1 expression in all groups of rats, except in follicular‐phase rats. The glomerular number of LFA‐1– and VLA‐4‐positive cells following endotoxin were only increased in OVX rats.CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that endotoxin‐induced monocyte infiltration and ICAM‐1 expression are inhibited by a factor produced during the follicular phase, probably by developing follicles. Infiltration of neutrophils and expression of MAC‐1, LFA‐1, VLA‐4 seem to be under control of progesterone or estradiol.
Vegetation changes associated with cattle (Bos taurus) and wombat (Vombatus ursinus) activity in a riparian forest
Authors: Borchard Philip , Eldridge David J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractQuestionIs the composition of groundstorey vegetation influenced by wombat burrowing and mound construction as well as streambank tracks by domestic cattle at high and low levels of usage?LocationSixteen streambank study sites in an agricultural area in Kangaroo Valley, southeastern New South Wales, Australia.MethodsWe examined the effects of cattle and wombats on vegetation by measuring plant and litter cover on three markedly different microsites; wombat mounds, the network of tracks used by both cattle and wombats to access pastures away from the riparian area, and control sites that were neither tracks nor mounds, and which were located 1–2 m away from mounds or tracks.ResultsWe recorded significantly fewer vascular plant species on the mounds and tracks than on the control microsites, but there were significantly more species at sites of high cattle usage than low cattle usage. Plant cover on the control microsites was more than twice that on the mounds and tracks. The exotic plants, panic veldt grass (Ehrharta erecta) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) were typical indicators of high cattle use sites, while wandering jew (Tradescantia fluminensis) and to a lesser extent the unpalatable, low‐sprawling shrub mistflower (Ageratina riparia) were indicators of low cattle use sites.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that there are few differences in plant community composition between microsites constructed by cattle and those of wombats. Both microsites supported a community that was a subset of the species pool in the surrounding vegetation. Cattle grazing since 1851 in Kangaroo Valley has probably reduced disturbance‐sensitive plant species, resulting in an effect that is more apparent at the landscape scale. Further study should focus on the landscape‐scale effects of cattle grazing to determine whether cattle or wombats are the major causes of ecosystem degradation in Australian riparian environments.
Gothic’s Death Drive
Authors: Farnell Gary 
Published: September 2011

Abstract‘Every thing tends directly to the catastrophe.’ Is this not to specify theleitmotivof the Gothic? Here, in the Preface to the first edition ofThe Castle of Otranto, Horace Walpole articulates the interest of what is presented as a recovered manuscript of a 16th‐century Italian story. But if this statement appears right at the front ofOtranto– that is, the novel which will bear the crucial appellation ‘A Gothic Story’ on the occasion of its second edition – so it seems to stand, at the same time, at the head of Gothic itself as structured in terms of a certaintelosof catastrophe. Thus, as we shall see, to get to grips withThe Castle of Otrantoas well as the generic fictions it helps to inspire is to get to grips with Gothic’s death drive. If this phenomenon manifests itself in terms of a certain ‘compulsion to repeat’, to invoke the most familiar Freudian formulation of the death drive, then there is, to be sure, a great deal of evidence as regards its actual reality. We could adduce in this regard the formulaic – in this sense, repetitive – nature of the Gothic and its generic conventions as a distinguishing characteristic of the Gothic that is widely agreed upon. But for the sake of a perhaps more penetrating analysis, we shall examine other ways in which a repetition compulsion appears at work inThe Castle of Otranto(amongst other things, this is a story that begins with a death, featuring several others afterwards). In this article, the logic of this then carries through into an examination of some of the key imitations ofOtrantothat appeared after the ‘Gothic Story’ of 1765: ‘Sir Bertrand, A Fragment’ by Anna Laetitia and John Aikin (the former, later known as Anna Laetitia Barbauld), andThe Old English Baronby Clara Reeve. Forliterary imitationin itself offers a further perception of what repetition, at the level of a certain sublimation of Gothic’s death drive, looks like here in the Gothic.
Characterization of the PLP‐dependent aminotransferase NikK from Streptomyces tendae and its putative role in nikkomycin biosynthesis
Authors: Binter Alexandra , Oberdorfer Gustav , Hofzumahaus Sebastian , Nerstheimer Stefanie , Altenbacher Georg , Gruber Karl , Macheroux Peter 
Published: September 2011

As inhibitors of chitin synthase, nikkomycins have attracted interest as potential antibiotics. The biosynthetic pathway to these peptide nucleosides in Streptomyces tendae is only partially known. In order to elucidate the last step of the biosynthesis of the aminohexuronic building block, we have heterologously expressed a predicted aminotransferase encoded by the gene nikK from S. tendae in Escherichia coli. The purified protein, which is essential for nikkomycin biosynthesis, has a pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate cofactor bound as a Schiff base to lysine 221. The enzyme possesses aminotransferase activity and uses several standard amino acids as amino group donors with a preference for glutamate (Glu > Phe > Trp > Ala > His > Met > Leu). Therefore, we propose that NikK catalyses the introduction of the amino group into the ketohexuronic acid precursor of nikkomycins. At neutral pH, the UV‐visible absorbance spectrum of NikK has two absorbance maxima at 357 and 425 nm indicative of the presence of the deprotonated and protonated aldimine with an estimated pKa of 8.3. The rate of donor substrate deamination is faster at higher pH, indicating that an alkaline environment favours the deamination reaction.Structured digital abstract
nikK binds to nikK by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Principal properties of the velocity distribution of dark matter particles on the outskirts of the Solar system
Authors: Baushev A. N. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The velocity distribution of the dark matter particles on the outskirts of the Solar system remains unclear. We suggest to determine it using experimentally found properties of the oldest halo objects. Indeed, the oldest halo stars and globular clusters form a collisionless system, as well as dark matter particles do, and they evolved in the same gravitational field. If we accept this analogy, we can show that the velocity distribution of the dark matter particles should be highly anisotropic and have a sharp maximum near υ∼ 500 km s−1. The distribution is totally different from the Maxwell one.
We analyse the influence of the distribution function on the results of dark matter detection experiments. It is found that the direct detection signal should differ noticeably from the one calculated from the Maxwell distribution with 〈υ〉≃ 220 km s−1, which is conventional for direct detection experiments (the ratio depends on the detector properties and typically falls within the range between 6 and 0.2). Moreover, the sharp distinction from the Maxwell distribution can be very essential to the observations of dark matter annihilation.
PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS DURING HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE PROCESSING
Authors: KHURANA MEENAKSHI , KARWE MUKUND V. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTTheoretical analysis of the temperature response of a thermocouple assembly during high hydrostatic pressure processing (HHPP) was carried out to estimate the lag in the temperature measurement. The analysis was carried out for temperature variation during the pressurization, pressure hold and pressure release steps of HHPP. The estimated temperature lag was used to quantify the temperature discrepancy between the measured and the actual temperatures. The solution obtained showed that there could be a lag of approximately 2 K depending on the design of the temperature‐measuring device. Equations governing the thermocouple response were nondimensionalized to obtain the parameters that govern the lag in temperature during the HHPP.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results obtained from the theoretical analysis presented are relevant and important in evaluating a high‐pressure, high‐temperature process. In particular, the method presented allows estimation of inaccuracies of temperature measurement in a high‐pressure vessel and its impact on the thermal process calculations (F value).
DEVELOPMENT AND SIMULATION OF A NEW OIL EXTRACTION PROCESS FROM FRUIT OF MACAUBA PALM TREE
Authors: SILVA GISELE CRISTINA RABELO , ANDRADE MARIA HELENA CAÑO 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTSoybean and palm are the main sources of oil in the world. However, there are other unexploited oleaginous species, such as the Macauba palm tree, which occurs naturally in several regions of Latin America, especially in Brazil. The Macauba produces an oleaginous fruit with high aggregated value, whose potential for productivity can reach 6,000 kg of oil per hectare, including two differentiated oils: unsaturated pulp and saturated kernel. Nevertheless, the extraction of both oils has been carried out in low technological ways, compared with optimized industrial processes, despite its socioeconomic and environmental benefits, considering food, pharmaceutical and biofuel purposes. The goal of this work was to propose an industrial process of oil extraction from Macauba fruit using experimental and project data information from laboratory, literature and equipment suppliers. With the consolidated route, the process simulation was successfully performed using the Aspen Plus simulator.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work contributes to a new agro‐industrial sector from Macauba palm trees. All the parts of the Macauba fruit provide products with economic value. The external shell and the pulp generate the pulp oil and cake. The kernel generates kernel oil and cake. The pulp oil contains 80% of unsaturated fatty acids, with 65–70% oleic acid. The kernel oil contains about 60% saturated fatty acids (40% lauric acid, 30% oleic acid). Pulp oil is strongly suggested for food or fuel purposes. Kernel oil is an expensive raw material used for food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical purposes. The cake from pulp and kernel is used as animal feed, especially because the protein content of kernel cake is 37%. Both cakes are also used as fertilizer or fuel for boilers. The hard endocarp contains a high calorific value with potential for vegetable charcoal with low ash, no sulfur and high density.
Photoinduced Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfers in Biorelevant Phenolic Systems
Authors: Bonin Julien , Robert Marc 
Published: September 2011

AbstractProton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions have received much attention over the past 10 years, from an experimental as well as from a theoretical point of view. At the heart of many chemical and biological processes, such reactions are of particular interest in energy conversion and enzymatic processes. Among the numerous examples of PCET reactions, photosynthesis and particularly reactions inside the Photosystem II (PSII) subunit, involving a global four electrons and four protons process to perform water oxidation and respiration, is the most emblematic one. This review focuses on the photochemical approaches of PCET reactions involving phenolic molecules. Indeed, a significant part of photochemical PCET studies were conducted on tyrosine or phenol relevant to PSII and charge transport in enzymes. The mechanisms of these reactions, sequential or concerted, with particular emphasis on the influence of pH, temperature, solvent nature and H‐bonding pattern are presented based on photochemical techniques and related theoretical analysis.
Psychosocial Influences on Vaccine Responses
Authors: Phillips Anna C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInterdisciplinary work between psychologists and immunologists has shown that factors like stress could be the trigger that leads to the development of a bout of illness. By studying the response to vaccination, we can examine immune function in the context of the rest of the body in a clinically meaningful way. This technique has been used to demonstrate consistent relationships between stress and the response to influenza vaccination and other vaccines, as well as links between other factors, such as social support and personality, and vaccination‐induced protection against disease. There are several ways the vaccination response can be used to understand more about how stress influences immunity. In addition, specific types of stress and other factors that influence our immune response appear to differ across different populations, which emphasises the importance of taking a life course approach to studying these relationships.
Resilience in the Context of Chronic Stress and Health in Adults
Authors: Schetter Christine Dunkel , Dolbier Christyn 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOver the past several decades, stress research has experienced a broadening of its pathologic focus to encompass the concept of resilience. There is a wealth of research on resilience but no general consensus regarding its conceptualization. Some define resilience as attaining eventual favorable outcomes following exposure to adversity. Others define it as specific relatively short‐term responses characterized by a return to homeostasis after initial disruption due to a stressor, and still others refer to resilience as resources that enable the individual to withstand or recover from major stressors. Many of the existing conceptualizations of resilience are not applicable in the context of chronic stress which is particularly harmful to health. How do adults who experience chronic stress survive, manage, and thrive, and what resources enable them to do so? In this paper, we consider these questions by reviewing traditions of research and definitions of resilience in order to inform an understanding of resilience in general, and for the study of chronic stress in adults. Based on a review of the literature, we developed a taxonomy of resilience resources that can be applied broadly, and guide future research.
BEING WITH
Authors: DARWALL STEPHEN 
Published: September 2011

abstractWhat is it for two or more people to be with one another or together? And what role do empathic psychological processes play, either as essential constituents or as typical elements? As I define it, to be genuinely with each other, persons must be jointly aware of their mutual openness to mutual relating. This means, I argue, that being with is a second‐personal phenomenon in the sense I discuss in The Second‐Person Standpoint. People who are with each other are in one another's presence, where the latter is a matter of second‐personal standing or authority, as in the divine presence or in the king's presence. To be with someone is, therefore, to give the other second‐personal standing, implicitly, to claim it for oneself and, thus, to enter into a relation of mutual accountability. Second‐personal relating, I argue, requires a distinctive form of empathy, projective empathy, through which we imaginatively occupy others' perspectives and view ourselves as if from their point of view. Projective empathy is thus an essential constituent of “being with.” But it is not the only form of empathy that being with typically involves. Further, I discuss ways in which emotional contagion, affect attunement, as well as projective empathy typically enter into the complex psychological (and ethical) phenomenon of being with another person.
WILL THE REAL EMPATHY PLEASE STAND UP? A CASE FOR A NARROW CONCEPTUALIZATION
Authors: COPLAN AMY 
Published: September 2011

abstractA longstanding problem with the study of empathy is the lack of a clear and agreed upon definition. A trend in the recent literature is to respond to this problem by advancing a broad and all‐encompassing view of empathy that applies to myriad processes ranging from mimicry and imitation to high‐level perspective taking. I argue that this response takes us in the wrong direction and that what we need in order to better understand empathy is a narrower conceptualization, not a broader one. I propose that empathy be conceptualized as a complex, imaginative process through which an observer simulates another person's situated psychological states while maintaining clear self–other differentiation. I defend my view through an examination of three processes: emotional contagion, a process of self‐oriented perspective taking that I call “pseudo‐empathy,” and empathy proper. Drawing on recent findings in social neuroscience, I highlight the differences among these processes and discuss conceptual, empirical, and normative reasons for keeping them theoretically and conceptually distinct.
DEFINING EMPATHY: THOUGHTS ON COPLAN'S APPROACH
Authors: MILLER CHRISTIAN 
Published: September 2011

abstractIn this paper, I raise three sets of issues inspired by Amy Coplan's paper, “Will the Real Empathy Please Stand Up.” They concern whether we need to distinguish between the three phenomena as Coplan suggests, what method(s) should be used in making those distinctions, and whether they are in fact made correctly.
REPLY TO JUSTIN D'ARMS AND LORI WATSON
Authors: SLOTE MICHAEL 
Published: September 2011

abstractJustin D'Arms says that moral disapproval is more closely tied to anger than to the “empathic chill” effect I emphasized in Moral Sentimentalism, but I argue that anger is in several ways inappropriate or unsatisfactory as a basis for understanding disapproval. I go on to explain briefly why I think we need not share D'Arms's worries about the possibility of nonveridical empathy but then focus on what he says about the reference‐fixing theory of moral terminology defended in Moral Sentimentalism. I explain why I think his interpretations of my view—both at the Spindel Conference and subsequently—misunderstand the (Kripkean) character of that view. My reply to Lori Watson questions whether her criticisms of Moral Sentimentalism's account of morality are sufficiently sensitive to the self−other asymmetry that typifies so much of ordinary moral thinking.
IMAGINING REASONS
Authors: KENNETT JEANETTE 
Published: September 2011

abstractIn this article, I explore the implications of Karsten Stueber's account of imaginative resistance, particularly as it relates to the phenomenon of moral dumbfounding described by Jonathan Haidt and colleagues. I suggest that Stueber's account allows us to redescribe the phenomenon as a failure of the folk psychological project of interpretation and so to challenge Haidt's metaethical conclusions. I close by considering some implications for moral deliberation and judgment in those, such as autistic people, whose interpretive capacities are impaired.
KANT ON ENLIGHTENED MORAL PEDAGOGY
Authors: MERRITT MELISSA MCBAY 
Published: September 2011

abstractFor Kant, the ideal of enlightenment is most fundamentally expressed as a self‐developed soundness of judgment. But what does this mean when the judgment at issue is practical, that is, concerns the good to be brought about through action? I argue that the moral context places special demands on the ideal of enlightenment. This is revealed through an interpretation of Kant's prescription for moral pedagogy in the Critique of Practical Reason. The goal of the pedagogy is to cultivate the moral disposition, and the method consists of training in judgment. Unfortunately, Kant seems to wind up somewhere short of this goal, leaving the young person with only an idle wish for a properly cultivated moral disposition. In this paper, I argue that when we address the special issues that arise when the enlightenment ideal is brought to bear on practical judgment—issues that stem from the intrinsic connection between practical judgment and agency—we will see that there is no lacuna in Kant's account.