bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Community Response to Integrated Management of Meadow Hawkweed (Hieracium caespitosum) in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Wallace John M. , Prather Timothy S. , Wilson Linda M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMeadow hawkweed is an invasive, perennial forb of upland forest openings, mountain meadows, permanent pastures, and abandoned farmlands in the Pacific Northwest. The objective of this study was to measure the plant community response, following meadow hawkweed control using selective herbicides and a single application of N–P–K fertilizer, across three levels of meadow hawkweed infestation in cleared forestlands that had been converted to pasture in northern Idaho. Clopyralid was applied to meadow hawkweed rosettes at a rate of 0.59l kg ae ha−1 (0.528 lb ac−1), and fertilizer (23–5–5, 1% Fe, 14% S) was broadcast following herbicide applications at two rates, 44 and 88 kg N ha−1. Foliar cover of meadow hawkweed, Idaho fescue, and other perennial grasses was measured in microplots at three levels of initial meadow hawkweed cover; < 25%, 40 to 60%, and > 75%. Clopyralid treatments resulted in excellent meadow hawkweed control 3 mo after treatment (MAT). Clopyralid alone appeared to shift the competitive balance in favor of perennial grasses, which increased 7, 44, and 65% above pretreatment levels in LOW, MED, and HIGH hawkweed cover plots, respectively, across fertilizer treatments. Meadow hawkweed cover remained < 5% in clopyralid plots at 52 MAT. Fertilizer effects were confined to interactions between Idaho fescue and other perennial grasses.
Principles for Ecologically Based Invasive Plant Management
Authors: James Jeremy J. , Smith Brenda S. , Vasquez Edward A. , Sheley Roger L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLand managers have long identified a critical need for a practical and effective framework for designing restoration strategies, especially where invasive plants dominate. A holistic, ecologically based, invasive plant management (EBIPM) framework that integrates ecosystem health assessment, knowledge of ecological processes, and adaptive management into a successional management model has recently been proposed. However, well-defined principles that link ecological processes that need to be repaired to tools and strategies available to managers have been slow to emerge, thus greatly limiting the ability of managers to easily apply EBIPM across a range of restoration scenarios. The broad objective of this article is to synthesize current knowledge of the mechanisms and processes that drive plant community succession into ecological principles for EBIPM. Using the core concepts of successional management that identify site availability, species availability, and species performance as three general drivers of plant community change, we detail key principles that link management tools used in EBIPM to the ecological processes predicted to influence the three general causes of succession. Although we acknowledge that identification of principles in ecology has greatly lagged behind other fields and recognize that identification of ecological principles and the conditions in which they hold are still being developed, we demonstrate how current knowledge and future advances can be used to structure a holistic EBIPM framework that can be applied across a range of restoration scenarios.
Characterizing Pathways of Invasive Plant Spread to Alaska: II. Propagules from Imported Hay and Straw
Authors: Conn Jeffery S. , Stockdale Casie A. , Werdin-Pfisterer Nancy R. , Morgan Jenny C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe extent and nature of spread of exotic plant species to and within Alaska by shipment of hay and straw was studied. The amounts of hay and straw imported into Alaska and the amounts and types of seed in imported and locally produced hay and straw was determined We purchased alfalfa hay, wheat straw, ryegrass straw, and timothy hay produced in Washington and Oregon (WA–OR) and locally produced straw and hay. The hay and straw were shaken over screens, and the remaining fines were mixed with sterile potting soil and incubated in the greenhouse. Forty-nine plant species were identified from hay and straw, nine of which are ranked as invasive in Alaska, including downy brome, foxtail barley, hare barley, narrowleaf hawksbeard, and quackgrass—a prohibited weed in Alaska. The number of seeds ranged from 0 to 6,205 seeds kg−1, with an average of 585 seeds kg−1, and the number of species ranged from 0 to 12, with an average of 4.2 species per bale. Crop seed comprised a large proportion of the germinated seeds in ryegrass straw, wheat straw, and timothy/brome hay (98, 78, and 62%, respectively), but was less prevalent (ranging from 0 to 38%) in the other three hay and straw crop types. Hay and straw from Alaska contained more total seeds and species than hay and straw from WA-OR, but the difference was not significant when only weed seed was used in the analysis. Alaska-grown timothy/brome hay contained significantly more total seed than alfalfa hay and wheat straw from WA–OR and Alaska-grown barley straw. The grower or distributor of the hay and straw also influenced the number of seeds and species among some crop types. Results of this study document that large numbers of alien plant species are transported by movements of hay and straw into and within Alaska.
Resistance of Native Plant Functional Groups to Invasion by Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae)
Authors: Sheley Roger L. , James Jeremy 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the relative importance of various functional groups in minimizing invasion by medusahead is central to increasing the resistance of native plant communities. The objective of this study was to determine the relative importance of key functional groups within an intact Wyoming big sagebrush–bluebunch wheatgrass community type on minimizing medusahead invasion. Treatments consisted of removal of seven functional groups at each of two sites, one with shrubs and one without shrubs. Removal treatments included (1) everything, (2) shrubs, (3) perennial grasses, (4) taprooted forbs, (5) rhizomatous forbs, (6) annual forbs, and (7) mosses. A control where nothing was removed was also established. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications (blocks) at each site. Functional groups were removed beginning in the spring of 2004 and maintained monthly throughout each growing season through 2009. Medusahead was seeded at a rate of 2,000 seeds m−2 (186 seeds ft−2) in fall 2005. Removing perennial grasses nearly doubled medusahead density and biomass compared with any other removal treatment. The second highest density and biomass of medusahead occurred from removing rhizomatous forbs (phlox). We found perennial grasses played a relatively more significant role than other species in minimizing invasion by medusahead. We suggest that the most effective basis for establishing medusahead-resistant plant communities is to establish 2 or 3 highly productive grasses that are complementary in niche and that overlap that of the invading species.
Reestablishment Potential of Beach Vitex (Vitex rotundifolia) after Removal and Control Efforts
Authors: Cousins Matthew M. , Briggs Jeanne , Whitwell Ted , Gresham Chuck , Whetstone Jack 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBeach vitex is an invasive plant of coastal areas of the southeastern United States from Maryland to Georgia. Many resources have been dedicated to the control of established beach vitex stands. Successful eradication will require knowledge of this plant's ability to reestablish from seed after control efforts. To understand seed-based regenerative potential, studies were conducted to characterize the fruits and seeds, document the existence and size of seed banks, determine stratification requirements for germination, and ascertain seed dormancy mechanisms. Studies of fruit lots from three consecutive years (2003 to 2005) found that the average fruit contained 1.39 seeds, and more than 76% of fruits contained at least one viable seed. A positive correlation existed between seed number and both fruit mass and fruit diameter. A substantial soil seed bank was discovered that contained viable seeds 4 yr after vegetation removal. Stratification was required for seed germination. All stratification treatments induced germination, with highest rates realized when stratification was performed at 10 C for 8 or 12 wk. Germination rates were modestly increased (from 0 to 17%) through mild scarification in the absence of stratification. Results indicate that beach vitex has physical (fruit coat) and physiological (seed) dormancy mechanisms that are capable of delaying germination for multiple seasons, allowing development of a soil seed bank. Beach vitex can reestablish from seed after vegetation removal.
Determinants and Functional Significance of Renal Parenchymal Volume in Adults
Authors: Johnson Samuel , Rishi Rahul , Andone Andreea , Khawandi Wassim , Al-Said Jafar , Gletsu-Miller Nana , Lin Edward , Baumgarten Deborah A. , O'Neill W. Charles 
Published: September 2010

Summary

Background and objectives
The significance of renal parenchymal volume and the factors that influence it are poorly understood.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Renal parenchymal volume (RPV) was measured on contrast-enhanced CT scans after exclusion of sinus fat and vessels in 224 healthy subjects evaluated as kidney donors and in a separate cohort of 22 severely obese individuals before and after 6 months of weight loss. GFR was measured by iohexol clearance in 76 of the transplant donors. RPV was correlated with age, GFR, and various anthropometric parameters.

Results
In potential transplant donors, RPV correlated with body surface area (BSA; r = 0.68) and was 7% larger in men but did not vary with age or race. Gender and body size were independent determinants of RPV. RPV correlated well with GFR (r = 0.62) and accounted for almost all of the variability in a model of GFR that included age, race, gender, and body surface area. GFR correlated more strongly with RPV than with creatinine-based equations. The same relationship between RPV and BSA was observed in obesity, and RPV decreased with weight loss.

Conclusions
In healthy adults younger than 65 years, renal parenchymal volume is governed by body size and gender but not age or race and is strongly correlated with GFR. This indicates that renal parenchymal volume varies to meet metabolic demand and is closely linked to renal function.
Influence of internal reflections of light on spectral characteristics of photoacoustic signal
Authors: Maliński M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present the formula, and its derivation, for a photoacoustic (PA) signal in the front configuration in the case when the effect of multiple reflections of light in a sample is taken into account. The formula derived in the paper was next used for theoretical investigations of the influence of multiple reflections of light on series of PA spectral characteristics.
Empirical Hydrologic Predictions for Southwestern Poland and Their Relation to Enso Teleconnections
Authors: Niedzielski Tomasz 
Published: September 2010

Empirical Hydrologic Predictions for Southwestern Poland and Their Relation to Enso TeleconnectionsRecent investigations confirm meaningful but weak teleconnections between the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and hydrology in some European regions. In particular, this finding holds for Polish riverflows in winter and early spring as inferred from integrating numerous geodetic, geophysical and hydrologic time series. The purpose of this study is to examine whether such remote teleconnections may have an influence on hydrologic forecasting. The daily discharge time series from southwestern (SW) Poland spanning the time interval from 1971 to 2006 are examined. A few winter and spring peak flows are considered and the issue of their predictability using empirical forecasting is addressed. Following satisfactory prediction performance reported elsewhere, the multivariate autoregressive method is used and its modification based on the finite impulse response filtering is proposed. The initial phases of peak flows are rather acceptably forecasted but the accuracy of predictions in the vicinity of local maxima of the hydrographs is poorer. It has been hypothesized that ENSO signal slightly influences the predictability of winter and early spring floods in SW Poland. The predictions of flood wave maxima are the most accurate for floods preceded by normal states, less accurate for peak flows after La Niño episodes and highly inaccurate for peak flows preceded by El Niño events. Such a finding can be interpreted in terms of intermittency. Before peak flows preceded by El Niño there are temporarily persistent low flows followed by a consecutive melting leading to a considerable intermittency and hence to difficulties in forecasting. Before peak flows preceded by La Niño episodes there exist ENSO-related positive temperature and precipitation anomalies in SW Poland causing lower, but still considerable, intermittency and thus better, but not entirely correct, predictability of hydrologic time series.
Teaching pelvic examination technique using professional patients: a controlled study evaluating students' skills
Authors: Wånggren Kjell , Fianu Jonassen Aino , Andersson Sonja , Pettersson Gunilla , Gemzell‐Danielsson Kristina 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective. To compare the skills in pelvic examination technique between students who have had training with professional patients and a control group of students trained using clinical patients. Design. Prospective controlled study. Setting. University hospital. Population. Students attending three consecutive courses in obstetrics and gynecology at Karolinska University Hospital. Methods. A study group of 53 students received training in pelvic examination with professional patients and was compared with a control group of 34 students who were trained using clinical patients. Main outcome measures. The students' skills in pelvic examination technique were examined by teachers in a practical test. Students' skills were also evaluated by the students themselves and by the patients who participated in the examination. Results. Students who had training with professional patients were more skilled in performing a pelvic examination and better prepared to examine their own patients than students trained using clinical patients. Conclusions. Training with professional patients is more effective in teaching pelvic examination technique than training with clinical patients. We recommend that the use of professional patients is considered in the training of medical students.
Hormonal and metabolic characteristics of premenopausal women with a history of preeclamptic pregnancy
Authors: Tuuri Anna , Tiitinen Aila , Hiilesmaa Vilho , Hämäläinen Esa , Turpeinen Ursula , Tikkanen Matti J. , Kaaja Risto 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective. To investigate whether women with a history of preeclampsia have more signs of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance in the premenopausal period than women with history of normotensive pregnancies. Design. Case–control study. Setting. University Hospital. Sample. Eighteen women with a history of preeclamptic first pregnancy and 19 women with prior normotensive first pregnancy studied 23–24 years after delivery. Methods. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was based on the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Matsuda's whole‐body insulin sensitivity index, serum concentrations of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), sex hormone‐binding globulin, and total and free calculated testosterone were assessed. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) phenotype was defined using Rotterdam criteria. Main outcome measures. Insulin sensitivity, metabolic syndrome and signs of hyperandrogenism. Results. Insulin sensitivity and total and free testosterone were similar in the two groups. However, in women with prior preeclampsia and FSH below the median, calculated free testosterone levels were higher than in women with prior preeclampsia and FSH above the median (median 13.4 range (8.0–22.5) vs. 7.1 (5.1–20.5), p = 0.03). Of the women with previous preeclampsia, 17% (3/18) had metabolic syndrome and 11% (2/18) PCOS, versus 11% (2/19) and 0% of the controls, respectively. Conclusions. In women with prior preeclampsia, premenopause was not associated with insulin resistance, but signs of hyperandrogenism were present if FSH was within a premenopausal level.
Prenatal course and outcome in 103 cases of fetal spina bifida: a single center experience
Authors: Amari Feriel , Junkers Wiebe , Hartge David , Beyer Daniel Alexander , Axt‐Fliedner Roland , Weichert Jan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective. To investigate the prenatal course and functional outcome for fetuses with spina bifida according to the level of the spinal lesion at prenatal ultrasound examination.Design. Retrospective, descriptive study.Setting. Tertiary referral center, Germany.Population. A total of 103 fetuses with spina bifida identified between 1993 and 2008.Methods. The antenatal course and postnatal outcome for affected fetuses were reviewed. The relation of relevant outcome domains to the anatomical level was assessed using Fisher's exact test and theχ2‐test.Main outcome measures. Level and type of spinal lesion, pregnancy outcome, psychomotor development, bladder and bowel function.Results. Our cohort included a total of 31 live born infants, 68 terminated pregnancies, four intrauterine fetal deaths and five postnatal deaths. Four cases were excluded from follow‐up. Twenty of the remaining 22 infants had normal or only slightly impaired mental development (91%). Thirteen children (59%) were able to walk, but nine (41%) needed wheelchairs or were paraplegic. The rate of poor motor outcome varied strongly in dependence on the level of the lesion (22.2% at lower lumbosacral levels to 80% at thoracic level). The majority of the affected children (16/22, 72.7%) suffered from impairment of bladder function. In 36% of cases (8/22) anal incontinence was documented.Conclusion. Spina bifida can result in a spectrum of disabilities that frequently lead to an impairment of bladder, bowel and motor function. The motor function depended on level of the lesion.
Unresolved grief in women and men in Sweden three years after undergoing unsuccessful in vitro fertilization treatment
Authors: Volgsten Helena , Svanberg Agneta Skoog , Olsson Pia 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective. To explore the experience of undergoing unsuccessful in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment and of remaining childless 3 years after IVF in both women and men. Design. Qualitative‐approach study. Sample. Ten women and nine men who had attended a public fertility clinic in Sweden. Methods. Individual qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with qualitative content analysis guiding the analysis. Results. Three years after the end of IVF treatment, most men and women were still processing and had not adapted to childlessness, indicating that the grieving process was unresolved. Unsuccessful IVF was experienced by women in terms of grief, whereas men took upon themselves a supportive role and did not express grief. A need for professional support and counseling in how to handle grief was described. An unstructured end after IVF treatment left unanswered questions. Conclusions. The grieving process after unsuccessful IVF treatment was hampered among both men and women. The provision of additional individual support during IVF is recommended as men and women experienced childlessness differently. Support and counseling concerning grief reactions following IVF failure, and a structured final consultation after IVF may facilitate the grieving process after undergoing unsuccessful IVF treatment.
A Robust WENO Type Finite Volume Solver for Steady Euler Equations on Unstructured Grids
Authors: Hu Guanghui , Li Ruo , Tang Tao 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA recent work of Li et al. [Numer. Math. Theor. Meth. Appl., 1(2008), pp. 92-112] proposed a finite volume solver to solve 2D steady Euler equations. Although the Venkatakrishnan limiter is used to prevent the non-physical oscillations nearby the shock region, the overshoot or undershoot phenomenon can still be observed. Moreover, the numerical accuracy is degraded by using Venkatakrishnan limiter. To fix the problems, in this paper the WENO type reconstruction is employed to gain both the accurate approximations in smooth region and non-oscillatory sharp profiles near the shock discontinuity. The numerical experiments will demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed numerical strategy.
An FFT Based Fast Poisson Solver on Spherical Shells
Authors: Huang Yin-Liang , Liu Jian-Guo , Wang Wei-Cheng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe present a fast Poisson solver on spherical shells. With a special change of variable, the radial part of the Laplacian transforms to a constant coefficient differential operator. As a result, the Fast Fourier Transform can be applied to solve the Poisson equation with operations. Numerical examples have confirmed the accuracy and robustness of the new scheme.
Semi-Eulerian and High Order Gaussian Beam Methods for the Schrödinger Equation in the Semiclassical Regime
Authors: Jin Shi , Wu Hao , Yang Xu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA novel Eulerian Gaussian beam method was developed in [8] to compute the Schrödinger equation efficiently in the semiclassical regime. In this paper, we introduce an efficient semi-Eulerian implementation of this method. The new algorithm inherits the essence of the Eulerian Gaussian beam method where the Hessian is computed through the derivatives of the complexified level set functions instead of solving the dynamic ray tracing equation. The difference lies in that, we solve the ray tracing equations to determine the centers of the beams and then compute quantities of interests only around these centers. This yields effectively a local level set implementation, and the beam summation can be carried out on the initial physical space instead of the phase plane. As a consequence, it reduces the computational cost and also avoids the delicate issue of beam summation around the caustics in the Eulerian Gaussian beam method. Moreover, the semi-Eulerian Gaussian beam method can be easily generalized to higher order Gaussian beam methods, which is the topic of the second part of this paper. Several numerical examples are provided to verify the accuracy and efficiency of both the first order and higher order semi-Eulerian methods.
Numerical Simulation of Time-Harmonic Waves in Inhomogeneous Media using Compact High Order Schemes
Authors: Britt Steven , Tsynkov Semyon , Turkel Eli 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn many problems, one wishes to solve the Helmholtz equation with variable coefficients within the Laplacian-like term and use a high order accurate method (e.g., fourth order accurate) to alleviate the points-per-wavelength constraint by reducing the dispersion errors. The variation of coefficients in the equation may be due to an inhomogeneous medium and/or non-Cartesian coordinates. This renders existing fourth order finite difference methods inapplicable. We develop a new compact scheme that is provably fourth order accurate even for these problems. We present numerical results that corroborate the fourth order convergence rate for several model problems.