bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of density- and size-dependent mortality in hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) in the Kootenai River
Authors: Justice Casey , Pyper Brian J. , Beamesderfer Raymond C.P. , Paragamian Vaughn L. , Rust Pete J. , Neufeld Matthew D. , Ireland Susan C. 
Published: May 2009

We evaluated effects of stocking level and size-at-release on survival rates of hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon ( Acipenser transmontanus ) in the Kootenai River using Cormack–Jolly–Seber and related models implemented in Program MARK. A total of 119 768 marked and unmarked hatchery juveniles were released from 1992 to 2006, of which 2938 passive integrated transponder (PIT)-tagged fish were subsequently recaptured. Annual survival rates of marked groups ranged from 0.01 to 0.84 (mean = 0.45) during the first year at large, from 0.48 to 1.0 (mean = 0.84) in the second year, and averaged 1.0 during all subsequent years. First year survival rates declined substantially in recent years, particularly for small fish (<25 cm fork length). Approximately 59% of the variation in first year survival was explained by a negative relationship with estimated juvenile abundance (linear regression, P < 0.01). Length-at-release of individuals explained a substantial proportion of the within-year variation in survival during the first year at large. Our results provide strong evidence of density- and size-dependent mortality in hatchery-reared juvenile white sturgeon in the Kootenai River. Management actions that prioritize the release of fewer, larger-sized fish will likely improve first year survival rates and subsequent recruitment to the spawning-age population.
Bacteria associated with the mucus layer of Merlangius merlangus (whiting) as biological tags to determine harvest location
Authors: Smith Cindy J. , Danilowicz Bret S. , Meijer Wim G. 
Published: May 2009

We describe a new technique to determine the harvest location of Merlangius merlangus (whiting) based on exploiting the natural bacterial populations associated with the mucus layer of fish and surrounding seawater as biological tags. Bacterial community profiles from the outer and mouth mucus and the surrounding seawater were characterized by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), and fish harvest location was predicted based on T-RFLP profile comparisons between fish and water and between individual fish. Fish harvest location was not resolved reliably based on analysis of the shared seawater and outer-mucus markers. However, comparisons based on shared seawater and mouth-mucus markers placed fish within 1.92 (± standard error (SE) of 0.31) stations (p < 0.002), equivalent to 153.0 km, of their known harvest location. Fish placement resolution was further increased when fish-to-fish bacterial assemblage comparisons were made. Based on outer-mucus, mouth-mucus, and combined outer- and mouth-mucus analysis, fish were placed within 1.00 (±SE 0.27), 1.55 (±SE 0.28), and 0.71 (±SE 0.24) (p < 0.04) stations, equivalent to 79.7, 123.5, and 57.3 km, respectively, of their known harvest location.
Influences of prey- and predator-dependent processes on cadmium and methylmercury trophic transfer to mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus)
Authors: Goto Daisuke , Wallace William G. 
Published: May 2009

Factors affecting CH3Hg and Cd trophic transfer from six invertebrates and a juvenile fish prey to mummichogs ( Fundulus heteroclitus ) were investigated using prey-dependent and predator-dependent approaches. Prey-specific trophic availability of metals to mummichogs was estimated using a subcellular partitioning approach (i.e., trophically available metals (TAM), as originally proposed by Wallace and Luoma (2003) ). The proportions of CH3Hg partitioned to TAM (CH3Hg-TAM%) ranged from 39.7% to 82.7%, while the proportions of Cd partitioned to TAM (Cd-TAM%) ranged from 51.8% to 67.4%. CH3Hg-TAM% and Cd-TAM% were significantly correlated with the proportions of metals released from prey by in vitro solubilization with mummichog gut fluid (i.e., gut solubilizable metals (GSM)), CH3Hg-GSM% and Cd-GSM%, respectively. This relationship suggests that the majority of CH3Hg and Cd partitioned as TAM in prey were solubilized in the digestive tract of mummichogs. Mummichogs retained 52.7% to 73.7% of the ingested CH3Hg, which was comparable with prey-specific CH3Hg-TAM% and CH3Hg-GSM%. However, mummichogs retained only 3.2%–11.0% of ingested Cd, which was substantially lower than Cd-TAM% or Cd-GSM%. These results suggest that solubilizable, prey-associated CH3Hg was transported through the gut membrane of mummichogs, whereas the majority of prey-associated Cd was excluded and subsequently eliminated, regardless of its subcellular partitioning.
Underground gas storage project at Welton oilfield, Lincolnshire: Local perspectives and responses to planning, environmental and community safety issues
Authors: Davidson Meg 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the research undertaken by two local councillors to assess the proposed underground gas storage (UGS) scheme at Welton oilfield, Lincolnshire and the implications for the local community. Compared to the US, where over 300 operational gas storage facilities in onshore depleted fields exist, this form of gas storage is in its infancy in the UK. This has proved to be a challenge for the various agencies involved in the planning process.
The councillors have identified a number of planning and safety issues which merit further consideration, including the applicability of the control of major accident hazards (COMAH) regulations, well integrity and the effects of re-pressurization of the oilfield.
The proposed UGS facility is in close proximity to residential areas and concern amongst local residents is considerable. The councillors believe that their research has shown that insufficient attention has so far been given to community safety issues. A full and thorough assessment of all potential risks associated with this particular type of UGS needs to be undertaken and appropriate safeguards put in place to protect the local community.
A review of underground fuel storage events and putting risk into perspective with other areas of the energy supply chain
Authors: Evans D. J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The UK became a net importer of gas during 2004 and faces an increasing dependency on imports, yet has very little gas storage capacity. The UKs capacity to import, transport and store gas and liquid natural gas (LNG) has to be improved, requiring greater investment in new gas supply infrastructure. Construction of appropriately sited onshore underground gas storage (UGS) facilities is needed. However, local groups oppose most proposed UGS sites on the grounds of safety, citing the dangers of gas migration and rare fatal events, mostly in America.

This paper summarizes 228 reported events of widely varying cause, nature and severity at underground fuel storage (UFS) facilities; the majority at USA SPR facilities. Since UGS was first undertaken in 1915, reports of 13 fatalities, around 72 injured and the evacuation of at least 6700 people are found at UFS sites. Some communities have experienced multiple evacuations. In the context of the danger posed to the general public, three of those killed were staff at two UFS facilities. UGS (including LPG) has led to 10 civilian deaths, 25 injured and
c.
1250 evacuated.

In other areas of the energy supply chain, casualties are orders of magnitude greater, with at least 1525 dead, 6826 injured and the evacuation of over 7000 at incidents involving above ground fuel storage tanks since 1951. When considering UK UGS applications, the risk of UGS and wider UFS experiences should be put into context. Worldwide, over 90 years experience in UGS now exists, with around 630 facilities of different types currently operational. Technologies used are often those of, or derived from, a well-regulated oil and gas exploration industry. In contrast to public perception, industry and academia recognize that UGS has an excellent health, safety and environmental record. Although it should not be claimed that gas will never be found outside the intended well or storage facility area, UFS casualty figures appear to corroborate claims by supporters of the technologies that salt caverns provide one of the safest answers to the problem of storing large amounts of hydrocarbons and that even in urban areas underground gas storage, oil and gas production can be conducted safely if proper procedures are followed. If gas is found outside the intended system, then after recognition of the problem, mitigation and safe operating procedures can and have been developed.
Gas storage: An onshore operator's perspective
Authors: Fernando A. , Raman A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Operating 28 onshore oil and gas fields, Star Energy Group plc is the leading onshore operator in terms of fields. The company believes that with the decline in flexible gas production facilities close to market in the North Sea and Irish Sea, Great Britain (GB) will need a significant expansion in gas storage capacity. To meet these demands, Star Energy aims to construct underground gas storage (UGS) facilities by converting depleted onshore hydrocarbon reservoirs both on- and offshore GB. This paper provides an overview of the UK position with respect to UGS, Star Energy's strategy and their planned developments.
Underground gas storage: Why and how
Authors: Plaat Hans 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Although it appears surprising that gas is put back into the ground after expending so much time, effort and money on extracting it in the first place, underground gas storage (UGS) plays an important role in the management of the gas supply chain. UGS has been used effectively for nearly a century to balance the mismatch in gas supply and demand. Its use continues to grow and with the advent of gas market liberalization, additional uses of UGS have been introduced. In several countries some 20–30% of the annual gas consumption is supplied through the use of UGS. This paper provides an overview of the most common use of UGS, the current status of UGS in the world and the main characteristics of the various types of facility: such as gas fields, aquifers and salt caverns. Aspects related to the planning and performance of gas storage facilities are also discussed.
A review of onshore UK salt deposits and their potential for underground gas storage
Authors: Evans D. J. , Holloway S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The UK faces a major change in the nature of its gas supply as North Sea production declines and the country becomes increasingly reliant upon gas imports. As a result the UK Government recognizes that significant investment in gas supply infrastructure is required to maintain security of supply and manage the gas market. Part of that infrastructure will be additional underground gas storage capacity in specially designed and engineered salt caverns. This paper summarizes the distribution and nature of halite (rock salt) deposits in England and Northern Ireland, and reviews the details of existing and planned storage sites in salt caverns. There is considerable potential for further salt cavern development. However, not all of the UK salt fields are suitable, with the halite beds being too shallow, thin or impure.
New procedure for tightness tests (MIT) of salt cavern storage wells: Continuous high accuracy determination of relevant parameters, without the need to use radioactive tools
Authors: Von Tryller Hartmut , Reitze Andreas , Crotogino Fritz 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

In performing the mechanical integrity test (MIT) on salt cavern storage wells the most used method worldwide is the
In-Situ
Balance method (ISB). The principal sources of errors in the execution and evaluation of the test are the depth change of the gas/liquid interface and the surface area of the interface.

In the past, the interface depth has been predominantly determined using radioactive methods, i.e. gamma-gamma, neutron-gamma and neutron-neutron tools. The disadvantages of these methods are the low measurement accuracy and the need to perform several tool runs during the test period, which introduces an additional source of error, because cost factors normally prevent continuous measurements.
A new method (SoMIT) is presented based on ultrasonic techniques in which the interface depth, the temperature and the differential pressure at the interface depth can be measured continuously during the tightness test while achieving much greater levels of accuracy than was previously the case. In the SoMIT method a tool is fixed in place throughout the entire test period such that the problems associated with several tool runs are also avoided. The advantages for users are to be found in the greater accuracy available to verify the tightness of the well and also in the reduced test period.
Environmental issues in permitting gas storage: The Wild Goose case history
Authors: Hietter Laurie McClenahan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
With recent fires and explosions at Moss Bluff, Texas (2004) and Hutchinson, Kansas (2001), initial environmental review is becoming more critical for public acceptance of new underground gas storage facilities; the environmental review is especially important for gas storage fields that use depleted oil and gas fields. Components of successful environmental review and permitting include an experienced and capable project manager and technical team, sufficient and thorough data for use in understanding affected resources, monitoring data for analysing well conditions and a holistic approach to public relations.
The Wild Goose Gas Storage Field, located in Butte County, California, was developed originally in 1999, using a depleted gas field. Its initial storage capacity was 396.5 million cubic metres (Mcm, or 14 billion cubic feet, bcf). A subsequent expansion to 821.3 Mcm (29 bcf) and construction of a 41.8 km long gas pipeline were subject to a thorough environmental review and permits were approved without opposition.
An interdisciplinary team experienced in environmental review of oil and gas fields successfully completed a comprehensive environmental review of the Wild Goose Gas Storage Field expansion. Keys to successful environmental review and permitting for the Wild Goose expansion project included assembling a qualified and independent technical team, identifying potential local emission sources, understanding well integrity, defining vertical and lateral containment of the gas field and developing a thorough understanding of affected parties' concerns and the affected local environment.
The thorough approach to environmental review undertaken in the Wild Goose Gas Storage Field project can be used as a model for the permitting process applied to other gas storage fields, serving to shorten schedules, reduce project costs and lessen risk when considering new underground storage facilities.
The Institutionalization of River Treaties
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Stinnett Douglas 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article seeks to expand our understanding of why states use international institutions to manage transboundary rivers. Agreements governing the use and management of international rivers can contain a variety of different institutional features. We address the question of why riparian states choose to include or exclude these features from river treaties. Our explanation focuses on the problem of securing post-agreement compliance. Institutions perform a variety of functions that help states maintain cooperation over time. We analyze this explanation using a data set of river treaties formed between 1950 and 2002. We find that the institutionalization of river treaties is associated with water scarcity, the flow pattern of shared rivers, trade interdependence, and the level of economic development. These findings have important implications for the possibility that rivers will be a source of future conflicts.
Third Party Mediation of International River Disputes: Lessons from the Indus River
Authors: Zawahri Neda 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThird parties have been active in assisting adversarial states to navigate their international river disputes. By using the carrot and stick to facilitate compromise, mediators have also participated in the negotiations leading to the signing of treaties over international rivers. Yet, due to the nature of the issue confronting riparian states, the long-term impact of these efforts is likely to be unstable cooperation rather than cooperation. This is still an important contribution, because the absence of mediation efforts may contribute to an environment of conflict. However, since riparian states confront a relationship that involves the need to continuously manage disputes that arise as states develop their international rivers, a mediator may be more effective in facilitating cooperation if it assists developing states with a history of animosity to establish effectively designed river basin commissions and it oversees the implementation of treaties. Participating in the initial years of a treaty's implementation by coordinating the donor community to underwrite projects can minimize the potential disputes riparians confront. An effectively designed river basin commission can assist in facilitating cooperation long after the mediator has departed from the region. To demonstrate this argument, the article draws on the Indus River case, which has lived through four different phases. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers are used to illustrate the argument's ability to explain other cases.
A comparison of interface pressure and stiffness between elastic stockings and bandages
Authors: Hirai M , Niimi K , Iwata H , Sugimoto I , Ishibashi H , Ota T , Nakamura H 
Published: May 2009

Objectives To compare the interface pressure during posture changes and exercise between elastic stockings and bandages. Methods Using a pressure transducer (air pack-type analyzer), the interface pressures associated with three different elastic stockings and three different elastic bandages were measured during supine resting, standing and exercise in 15 healthy volunteers. Results Short-stretch bandages showed a significantly higher static stiffness index value, which is defined as the pressure difference between lying and standing, than long-stretch bandages and short-stretch stockings ( P < 0.001). Furthermore, short-stretch bandages showed a significantly greater pressure difference between muscle contraction and relaxation in both tip-toe and knee-bending exercises than long-stretch bandages and short-stretch stockings ( P < 0.001). Conclusion Short-stretch bandages can be expected to have more pronounced benefits for augmenting muscle pump than long-stretch bandages and short-stretch stockings.
Transient adverse events positively associated with patent foramen ovale after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy
Authors: Raymond-Martimbeau Pauline 
Published: May 2009

Objectives To prospectively study the association between patent foramen ovale (PFO) detected by contrast transcranial Doppler (cTCD) and adverse events (AEs) reported by patients after ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy (UGFS) for the treatment of varicose veins. Methods All patients reporting AEs after UGFS were studied using cTCD directed at the middle cerebral artery to determine the Spencer grading score by counting high-intensity transient signals. Agitated saline was used as the contrast medium. The Spencer grading score determined the presence or absence of PFO. All patients undergoing UGFS received follow-up phone calls within 24 hours and again two weeks after the procedure. Results Of the 3259 patients who underwent UGFS, AEs were reported by seven (0.21%) patients at their first session. These included visual disturbance, migraine and chest discomfort. Five (71.4%) of these seven patients tested positive for PFO by cTCD. The two-week follow-up confirmed no permanent symptoms. Published studies show high sensitivity and specificity for cTCD when compared with contrast transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE). Conclusions The overall rate of AEs reported is consistent with published results. The presence of a PFO was detected in most patients reporting AEs after undergoing UGFS. While PFO screening with high sensitivity and specificity can be performed efficiently in the clinic setting, based on the literature, further investigation is warranted.
Side-effects and complications of foam sclerotherapy of the great and small saphenous veins: a controlled multicentre prospective study including 1025 patients
Authors: Gillet J-L , Guedes J M , Guex J-J , Hamel-Desnos C , Schadeck M , Lauseker M , Allaert F A 
Published: May 2009

Objectives Increasing interest in foam sclerotherapy (FS) for saphenous insufficiency has highlighted the need to study the side-effects and complications of this treatment. The aim of this study is to better assess their nature and incidence. Methods A multicentre, prospective and controlled study was carried out in which patients treated with FS for great (GSV) and small saphenous veins (SSV) trunk incompetence were included. Immediate untoward events were reported. Duplex ultrasound (DUS) examination was carried out to assess all patients between the eighth and 30th day. In addition, 20% of patients were called by an external auditor. Results In total, 818 GSV and 207 SSV were treated in 1025 patients in 20 phlebology clinics. Ninety-nine percent of patients were controlled with DUS and non-duplex-checked patients were all called. The saphenous trunk was occluded in 90.3% of patients. Twenty-seven (2.6%) side-effects were reported: migraine ( n = 8, 4 with visual disturbance); visual disturbance alone ( n = 7); chest pressure alone ( n = 7); and chest pressure associated with visual disturbance ( n = 5). Eleven thrombo-embolic events occurred: 10 deep vein thrombosis (DVT) but only five in symptomatic patients, and one pulmonary embolism that occurred 19 days following the FS without DVT identified by DUS. One transient ischaemic stroke, with complete clinical recovery in 30 minutes, and one septicaemia with satisfactory outcome were reported as well. Conclusion This study demonstrates in a large sample of patients a low rate of adverse reactions after FS of great and small saphenous trunks. However, but the eventuality of exceptional but more serious complications has to be taken into account in the management of patients. A multicentre study like this one takes into account different practices and reports all possible complications, thus demonstrating the need for a common validated protocol.
On Universal Binary Hermitian Forms
Authors: Kominers Scott Duke 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEarnest and Khosravani, Iwabuchi, and Kim and Park recently gave a complete classification of the universal binary Hermitian forms. We give a unified proof of the universalities of these Hermitian forms, relying upon Ramanujan's list of universal quadratic forms and the Bhargava–Hanke 290-Theorem. Our methods bypass the
Tiling Proofs of Some Formulas for the Pell Numbers of Odd Index
Authors: Shattuck Mark 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe provide tiling proofs of several algebraic formulas for the Pell numbers of odd index, all of which involve alternating sums of binomial coefficients, as well as consider polynomial generalizations of these formulas. In addition, we provide a combinatorial interpretation for a Diophantine equation satisfied by the Pell numbers of odd index.