bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Clinical Outcome After Fractional Flow Reserve–Guided Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization in Patients With Small-Vessel Disease
Authors: Puymirat Etienne , Peace Aaron , Mangiacapra Fabio , Conte Micaela , Ntarladimas Yiannis , Bartunek Jozef , Vanderheyden Marc , Wijns William , De Bruyne Bernard , Barbato Emanuele 
Published: February 2012

Background—
Small coronary vessels supply small myocardial territories. The clinical significance of small-vessel stenoses is therefore questionable. Moreover, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of nonfunctionally significant lesions does not improve clinical outcome and might be associated with potential procedural or stent related risks. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical outcome of fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided PCI in the treatment of small coronary vessel lesions as compared with an angio-guided PCI.

Methods and Results—

From January 2004 to December 2008, all patients treated with PCI for stable or unstable angina in small native coronary vessels (reference vessel diameter and stent size <3 mm) were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into angio-guided and an FFR-guided PCI groups. A total of 717 patients were enrolled (495 angio-guided, 222 FFR-guided). End points were death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), combined death or nonfatal MI, target vessel revascularization (TVR), and procedure costs. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were defined as death, nonfatal MI, and TVR. Clinical follow-up was obtained in 97.5% (median follow-up: 3.3 [from 0.01–5] years) of the patients. Seventy-eight patients (35%) had a significant FFR (<0.80) and underwent PCI. Using a propensity score adjusted Cox analysis, patients treated with FFR-guided PCI had significantly lower combined death or nonfatal MI (hazard ratio [HR], 0.413; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.227–0.750;
P
=0.004), nonfatal MI (HR, 0.063; 95% CI, 0.009–0.462;
P
=0.007), TVR (HR, 0.517; 95% CI, 0.323–0.826;
P
=0.006), and MACE (HR, 0.458; 95% CI, 0.310–0.679;
P
<0.001). No difference was observed in mortality alone (HR, 0.684; 95% CI, 0.355–1.316;
P
=0.255). Procedure costs were also reduced in the FFR guided strategy (3253±102 Euros versus 4714±37 Euros,
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—
FFR-guided PCI of small coronary arteries is safe and results in better clinical outcomes when compared with an angio-guided PCI.
Exploring Perturbed Physics Ensembles in a Regional Climate Model
Authors: Bellprat Omar , Kotlarski Sven , Lüthi Daniel , Schär Christoph 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Perturbed physics ensembles (PPEs) have been widely used to assess climate model uncertainties and have provided new estimates of climate sensitivity and parametric uncertainty in state-of-the-art climate models. So far, mainly global climate models were used to generate PPEs, and little work has been conducted with regional climate models. This paper discusses the parameter uncertainty in two PPEs of a regional climate model driven by reanalysis data for the present climate over Europe. The uncertainty is evaluated for the variables of 2-m temperature, precipitation, and total cloud cover, with a focus on the annual cycle, interannual variability, and selected extremes.
The authors show that the simulated spread of the PPEs encompasses the observations at a regional scale in terms of the annual cycle and the interannual variability, provided observational uncertainty is taken into account. To rank the PPEs a new skill metric is proposed, which takes into account observational uncertainty and natural variability. The metric is a generalization of the climate prediction index (CPI) and is compared to metrics used in other studies. The consideration of observational uncertainty is particularly important for total cloud cover and reveals that current observations do not allow for a systematic evaluation of high precipitation intensities over the entire European domain.
The skill framework is additionally used to identify important model parameters, which are of interest for an objective model calibration.
Climate Drift in the CMIP3 Models
Authors: Sen Gupta Alexander , Muir Les C. , Brown Jaclyn N. , Phipps Steven J. , Durack Paul J. , Monselesan Didier , Wijffels Susan E. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Even in the absence of external forcing, climate models often exhibit long-term trends that cannot be attributed to natural variability. This so-called climate drift arises for various reasons including the following: perturbations to the climate system on coupling component models together and deficiencies in model physics and numerics. When examining trends in historical or future climate simulations, it is important to know the error introduced by drift so that action can be taken where necessary. This study assesses the importance of drift for a number of climate properties at global and local scales. To illustrate this, the present paper focuses on simulated trends over the second half of the twentieth century. While drift in globally averaged surface properties is generally considerably smaller than observed and simulated twentieth-century trends, it can still introduce nontrivial errors in some models. Furthermore, errors become increasingly important at smaller scales. The direction of drift is not systematic across different models or variables, as such drift is considerably reduced in the multimodel mean. Despite drift being primarily associated with ocean adjustment, it is also apparent in atmospheric variables. For example, most models have local drift magnitudes in surface air and ocean temperatures that are typically between 15% and 35% of the twentieth-century simulation trend magnitudes for 1950–2000. Below depths of 1000–2000 m, drift dominates over any forced trend in most regions. As such steric sea level is strongly affected and for some models and regions the sea level trend direction is reversed. Thus depending on the application, drift may be negligible or may make up an important part of the simulated trend.
Intraseasonal-to-Interannual Variability of South Indian Ocean Sea Level and Thermocline: Remote versus Local Forcing
Authors: Trenary Laurie L. , Han Weiqing 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The relative importance of local versus remote forcing on intraseasonal-to-interannual sea level and thermocline variability of the tropical south Indian Ocean (SIO) is systematically examined by performing a suite of controlled experiments using an ocean general circulation model and a linear ocean model. Particular emphasis is placed on the thermocline ridge of the Indian Ocean (TRIO; 5°–12°S, 50°–80°E). On interannual and seasonal time scales, sea level and thermocline variability within the TRIO region is primarily forced by winds over the Indian Ocean. Interannual variability is largely caused by westward propagating Rossby waves forced by Ekman pumping velocities east of the region. Seasonally, thermocline variability over the TRIO region is induced by a combination of local Ekman pumping and Rossby waves generated by winds from the east. Adjustment of the tropical SIO at both time scales generally follows linear theory and is captured by the first two baroclinic modes. Remote forcing from the Pacific via the oceanic bridge has significant influence on seasonal and interannual thermocline variability in the east basin of the SIO and weak impact on the TRIO region. On intraseasonal time scales, strong sea level and thermocline variability is found in the southeast tropical Indian Ocean, and it primarily arises from oceanic instabilities. In the TRIO region, intraseasonal sea level is relatively weak and results from Indian Ocean wind forcing. Forcing over the Pacific is the major cause for interannual variability of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) transport, whereas forcing over the Indian Ocean plays a larger role in determining seasonal and intraseasonal ITF variability.
Analysis Methods for Characterizing Salinity Variability from Multivariate Time Series Applied to the Apalachicola Bay Estuary
Authors: Morey Steven L. , Dukhovskoy Dmitry S. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Statistical analysis methods are developed to quantify the impacts of multiple forcing variables on the hydrographic variability within an estuary instrumented with an enduring observational system. The methods are applied to characterize the salinity variability within Apalachicola Bay, a shallow multiple-inlet estuary along the northeastern Gulf of Mexico coast. The 13-yr multivariate time series collected by the National Estuary Research Reserve at three locations within the bay are analyzed to determine how the estuary responds to variations in external forcing mechanisms, such as freshwater discharge, precipitation, tides, and local winds at multiple time scales. The analysis methods are used to characterize the estuarine variability under differing flow regimes of the Apalachicola River, a managed waterway, with particular focus on extreme events and scales of variability that are critical to local ecosystems. Multivariate statistical models are applied that describe the salinity response to winds from multiple directions, river flow, and precipitation at daily, weekly, and monthly time scales to understand the response of the estuary under different climate regimes. Results show that the salinity is particularly sensitive to river discharge and wind magnitude and direction, with local precipitation being largely unimportant. Applying statistical analyses with conditional sampling quantifies how the likelihoods of high-salinity and long-duration high-salinity events, conditions of critical importance to estuarine organisms, change given the state of the river flow. Intraday salinity range is shown to be negatively correlated with the salinity, and correlated with river discharge rate.
The Finescale Response of Lowered ADCP Velocity Measurements Processed with Different Methods
Authors: Thurnherr A. M. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In a paper published in 2002 in this journal, K. Polzin et al. derive corrections for spectra of vertical shear calculated from lowered acoustic Doppler current profiler (LADCP) velocity data. To illustrate and validate the corrections, they use velocities derived with a specific implementation of the shear method for LADCP processing that is no longer supported or widely used. In several recent publications, spectral corrections specific to this old processing method have been applied without modification to LADCP data processed with the more modern and much more widely used velocity-inversion method, which is associated with significantly less damping at high vertical wavenumbers than the older method. The purpose of this work is to derive and validate spectral corrections appropriate for different LADCP processing methods.
On Vertical Differentiation of Sex Roles: Age Classes among the Nyakusa and Patterns of Interaction in Swedish Children's Books
Authors: Liljeström Rita 
Published: February 2012

The article relates two systems of interaction to each other: the organization of the ascriptive categories age and sex among the Nyakusa and a content analysis of relations in girls' and boys' books. In both cases a pattern has been noted, in which men have their own age and sex category as principal norm-sender, while women to a greater extent receive norms from three categories: the older generation and from each gender in their own age group. Male and female conformity can thus be related to different norm-senders and to the prevalent rank-order of the norm-sending categories. The greater homogeneity and the higher rank of the male pattern of interaction provides a basis for a more universalistic value orientation and thereby a socialization into positions on higher levels of system in Parsons' structural hierarchy, whereas the particular weighing between inconsistent norm-sending categories ties the individal to the primary base level of social systems. The perspective of subordination is illustrated by the different sanctions that Nyakusa men and women have at their disposal and the consistent idea of different characteristics of men and women in youth literature. The comparative description is based on an implicit assumption that the mutual category-conformity of men and women's isolation into private roles (privatisizing) contributes to the maintenance of the prevalent distribution of women and men on low and high levels of organization in terms of the structural hierarchy of Parsons.
Sex Differences in Academic Behaviour
Authors: Sem Tove Thagaard 
Published: February 2012

In this article, I have presented some data on sex differences in academic studies. The basis for my study is a sample of students with the final degree from the gymnasium in the years 1946, 1951 and 1958. The results of the investigation show that many more male than female students graduate from academic institutions. The study of examination grades, length of study and study break reveals much smaller differences in the academic behaviour of men and women. I have suggested that the greater dropout rate for women than for men may be caused by sex differences in family obligations. The data do not provide an opportunity to determine this completely, but the results indicate that marriage and children have a rather small influence on other aspects of academic behaviour. The rather few differences according to sex and family obligations for graduates may be due to selection through drop out, so that those who graduate are the most able and the most motivated to pursue academic studies. I have also suggested that academic institutions may be more egalitarian than other institutions, and, in addition, that both men and women are adjusted to demands for intellectual performance during the school years.
Consumption Society, Sex Roles and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Israel Joachim , Eliasson Rosmari 
Published: February 2012

Sexual norms and behavior are analyzed within a sociological context. A relationship between the need for capital accumulation and a puritan moral is postulated. Sex roles and sexual behavior in the consumption society are analyzed and it is stressed that the emphasis on need-satisfaction is also applied to sexuality. A permissive attitude towards sex, made possible by easy access to contraceptives, is considered typical of the consumption society. Permissiveness has an effect on double moral standards as a study of Swedish metropolitan youth indicates: The more permissiveness the less double moral standards. As a special factor indicative of traditional female sex role expectations, romantic love attitudes are singled out. These attitudes are negatively correlated to such factors as age of first intercourse and sexual activity, measured through number of coital partners. The effects of such romantic love attitudes on the functioning of the small nuclear family is discussed. If high emphasis is placed on sexuality as a goal in itself but moral pressure is exerted to engage in sexual behavior under conditions of love only, divorce and extra-marital relations are bound to increase. Finally, results of an interviewer bias study are discussed. Female subjects tend to overrate their sexual activity when interviewed by male as compared to female interviewers. Thus one conclusion is that in a permissive society traditional female sex roles are more controlled by the expectations of women than of men.
Convergences between East and West: Tradition and Modernity in Sex Roles in Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union
Authors: Haavio-Mannila Elina 
Published: February 2012

Changes in the participation of men and women in the agricultural and nonagricultural labor force during the 20th century, the present division of household tasks at home, and sex role attitudes are examined in Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union. Time and rate of industrialization, economical and ideological factors arc used as explaining factors. There has not been any equivalent to the Swedish “return home ”movement among women in the 1930's in Finland and the Soviet Union. The proportion of women working in nonagricultural occupations has in these two countries been steadily increasing simultaneously with the decreasing proportion of women working in agriculture. The increasing employment of women has not had a great influence on the division of labor at home, which in these three countries shows an almost universal-looking pattern, even though the proportion of working wives in the samples varied. Sex role attitudes in Finland have, during the latter part of the 1960's, moved in a more egalitarian direction, partly because of a radical sex role discussion in the mass media. The attitudes of the rural population show a pattern of traditional egalitarianism which is not found in Sweden.
The Forced Choice Dilemma
Authors: Jung Jae Yup , McCormick John , Gross Miraca U. M. 
Published: February 2012

This study developed and tested a new model of the forced choice dilemma (i.e., the belief held by some intellectually gifted students that they must choose between academic achievement and peer acceptance) that incorporates individual-level cultural orientation variables (i.e., vertical allocentrism and vertical idiocentrism). A survey that had previously been administered to a sample of intellectually gifted Australian adolescents was modified and then administered to a new sample of 450 intellectually gifted Australian students enrolled in Grades 7 through 12. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling procedures. The major findings of the study were that: (a) motivation for academic success and need for peer acceptance generally predict the experience of the forced choice dilemma, and (b) vertical allocentric and vertical idiocentric orientations strongly predict motivation for academic success. The findings of the study provide insights that may assist educators, psychologists, counselors, and family members to better understand, and guide, intellectually gifted students affected by the forced choice dilemma. Putting the Research to Use Educators, psychologists, counselors, and families may be able to use the model developed and confirmed in this study to better understand how some intellectually gifted students experience the dilemma arising from a perceived conflict between academic achievement and peer acceptance. The model provides insights on how specific cultural orientations of students may play a part in how the dilemma is experienced. It appears that intellectually gifted students who value human inequality and interdependence are more able to resolve the dilemma; hence, attention in this realm should be focused on those students who place greater importance on human equality and/or independence, for whom the dilemma may be a more difficult issue.
Diabetes-specific Quality of Life After a Low-carbohydrate and Low-fat Dietary Intervention
Authors: Davis Nichola J. , Tomuta Nora , Isasi Carmen R. , Leung Vivien , Wylie-Rosett Judith 
Published: February 2012

Purpose The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of a 12-month weight loss intervention with either a low-carbohydrate or a low-fat diet on quality of life (QOL) among obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Participants were enrolled in a randomized trial comparing a low-carbohydrate to a low-fat diet in type 2 diabetes. QOL was assessed with the Diabetes-39 questionnaire, which measures QOL within 5 distinct scales: anxiety and worry, diabetes control, energy and mobility, social burden, and sexual functioning. Repeated measures ANOVA compared change in QOL scales at baseline and 6 and 12 months. Results Forty-six participants completed all measures. Following 12 months, there was a significant reduction in the scores related to sexual function and energy and mobility, suggesting improvement in QOL related to these domains. These changes were not significantly different between dietary arms. Changes in weight, A1C, and dietary composition were not significantly correlated with changes in QOL. Conclusions Participants with diabetes have various options for weight loss. Dietary interventions with either low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets may lead to some improvements in QOL in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Use of the Mastery of Stress Instrument in Caregivers of Children Newly Diagnosed With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Beck Joni , Lewis Teresa , Harrison Donald , Sternlof Steve , Comp Carol , Copeland Kenneth 
Published: February 2012

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if the Mastery of Stress Instrument (MSI) can assess further education needs of primary caregivers of children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The MSI has been utilized to measure mastery in response to both illness and interventions, including education. The primary objective was to correlate MSI subscales and stress scores with caregiver age, ethnicity, gender, and education. Secondary objectives were to correlate MSI scores with child age at diagnosis, payer source, hemoglobin A1C (A1C), emergency room (ER) visits, or hospitalization for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Methods Caregivers from a pediatric endocrinology practice completed the MSI after basic diabetes education. Demographic data from caregivers and patients were obtained. A1C, ER, and DKA were evaluated 2 years following completion of the MSI. Descriptive univariate statistics and proportions on nominal or discrete data were used to describe the data. Bivariable analyses included t tests and ANOVAs. Results Eighty-five of 88 participants completed the instrument. Caregivers between 40 and 49 years of age scored worse on change, acceptance, and growth subscales compared to those 18 to 29 years of age. Those 40 to 49 years of age reported having more stress compared to caregivers 18 to 29 years of age. Males reported having less stress and were more willing to implement change compared to females. No statistically significant relationships between secondary outcomes measurements and MSI scores were detected. Conclusions The mastery of stress instrument identified groups of caregivers in need of further education or team interventions.
Assessing Barriers to Medication Adherence in Underserved Patients With Diabetes in Texas
Authors: Bailey Genee R. , Barner Jamie C. , Weems James K. , Leckbee Gretta , Solis Roxann , Montemayor Donna , Pope Nathan D. 
Published: February 2012

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess (1) medication adherence in individuals with diabetes, (2) barriers to adherence, and (3) what factors were related to medication nonadherence. Methods A self-administered anonymous survey was provided to adults with diabetes (N = 59) who used a grocery store chain pharmacy or a community clinic for the underserved. Participants were recruited by pharmacy staff to complete a 10- to 15-minute survey to assess adherence, access, barriers, medication use, and demographics. Adherence was measured using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS), which is a reliable and valid self-report adherence instrument. Access (eg, use medications from Mexico, transportation), barriers (eg, cost, language difficulties), medication use (eg, complementary and alternative medicine, prescription medication), and demographics were also measured. The survey was available in English and Spanish. Data collection occurred from December 2010 through February 2011. Results Fifty-nine participants completed the survey. Approximately 57% of study participants were male, 85% were Hispanic, and the mean age was 50.4 ± 10.3 years. Over 50% of participants had hypertension or dyslipidemia and were taking 3 or more medications. Participants (52.6%) reported their health status as good or excellent and over one-half (56%) of the participants were nonadherent (score 0-6). The following factors were significantly ( P < .05) related to nonadherence: cost, no refills, poor health status, fewer disease states, and any reason. Conclusions This study increased awareness of barriers to medication adherence in a predominantly Hispanic underserved patient population. This may lead to more informed recommendations and perhaps address gaps in health disparities.