bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consideration on the Relationship Between Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Water Content in Fatty Acid Esters
Authors: Kasahara Yasutoshi , Kato Masashi , Watanabe Satoshi , Iwahashi Makio , Wakamatsu Rieko , Suzuki Takashi , Kanetani Akinori , Kano Takaaki , Tamura Takamitsu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMineral oil is commonly used as an electrical insulating oil in transformers because of its relatively high electrical insulating ability and fluidity. Considering the depletion of resources and environmental problems, however, fatty acid esters synthesized from natural plant oils are attracting attention as an environmentally friendly insulating oil. In addition, fatty acid esters such as methyl octanoate, methyl dodecanoate, 2‐ethylhexyl octanoate, and 2‐ethylhexyl dodecanoate have high fluidity, and also show excellent moisture tolerance against dielectric breakdown compared to mineral oil. In the present study, to clarify the reason for the superior moisture tolerance of fatty acid esters, the status of dissolved water in esters is investigated with IR spectroscopic measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is revealed that water molecules in fatty acid esters are trapped by the ester moiety of fatty acid esters. As a result, fatty acid esters have a higher moisture tolerance against dielectric breakdown than mineral oil.
Site fidelity and residence times of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on the Brazilian coast
Authors: Baracho-Neto Clarêncio G. , Neto Elitieri Santos , Rossi-Santos Marcos R. , Wedekin Leonardo L. , Neves Mariana C. , Lima Flavio , Faria Deborah 
Published: January 2012

Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrate between their feeding grounds, located in high latitudes, and their breeding grounds, located in low latitudes, exhibiting certain levels of site fidelity to their migratory destinations. The residence time, also known as occupancy rate, can be defined as the minimum number of days that those individuals remained in the same area. In this paper, site fidelity and residence time of humpback whales that breed off the northern coast of Bahia, Brazil were investigated. Data were collected between 2000 and 2009 on-board research cruises and whale watching vessels. This paper also studies possible differences between males and females with respect to site fidelity off the Brazilian coast, using data collected since 1989. A total of 841 whales were photo-identified. The vast majority of the whales (96%, N = 809) were seen only once in the studied area, while 4% (32 individuals) were seen twice. Most of the resights occurred within the same season (72%, N = 23), while 9 resights (28%) occurred in different years. None of the individuals were seen more than twice. The average site fidelity rate was 1% and the occupancy rate varied from one up to 21 days (mean = 5.3; SD = 5.4, N = 23).
On the history of the international protection of refugees
Authors: Jaeger Gilbert 
Published: January 2012

Résumé
L'histoire de la protection internationale des réfugiés commence à
l'époque de la Société des Nations, en réponse aux flux de réfugiés pendant
et après la Première Guerre mondiale, notamment en Russie et dans les
Balkans. Suite è une proposition émise lors d'une conférence convoquée par
le CICR et la Fédération internationale, la Société des Nations nomma, en
septembre 1921, un haut commissaire pour les réfugiés en la personne de
Fridtjof Nansen. L'auteur retrace l'histoire des mesures internationales
prises en faveur des réfugiés au cours de l'entre-deux-guerres, puis pendant
la période qui suivit immédiatement la Seconde Guerre mondiale. C'est
pendant cette dernière période, marquée par des mouvements de réfugiés de
grande ampleur, qu'un droit moderne des réfugiés vit le jour — notamment
avec l'adoption en 1951 de la Convention relative au statut des réfugiés —
et que le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés fat
créé.
Introduction
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractArticle 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union prohibits any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the internal market. It is a fundamental element of the economic law of the European Union. However, its objective and scope are undefined. This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which is to understand the objective of Article 102. Only once the objective has been identified, can the legal tests for dominance and abuse be understood and developed consistently with the teleological hermeneutics that the case law mandates. The chapter then describes the methodology used for the analysis followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.
Normative Theory of Competition Law
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines potential objectives of competition law. It discusses the non-welfare objectives that have been assigned to competition law in the literature and the law and argues that none of them is capable of being an objective of competition law by itself. From this analysis, the need for a welfare objective emerges. The various concepts of efficiency are relative to the achievement of a given measure of welfare and, while relevant, cannot be objectives of competition law in themselves. Social or consumer welfare is then discussed and the superiority of long-term social welfare over consumer welfare is demonstrated. The relevance of consumer welfare is that consumer harm can, in certain circumstances, be a test for anti-competitive behaviour which achieves the objective of maximizing long-term social welfare. The concepts of economic freedom and fairness can also be properly understood only in the light of this objective.
The Objective of Article 102
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter identifies the objective of Article 102 through a process of literal and teleological interpretation. The conclusions reached through this hermeneutical process are tested by looking at the travaux préparatoires of the Treaty of Rome. Then, the case law on Articles 101 and 102 and the EU Merger regime are examined. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
The Tests of Intent
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter discusses the naked abuse test in EU law and then examines the role that intent plays as an element of the test in predation, abuse of rights, and tying. The relevance of evidence of intent is discussed next. It concludes that, contrary to the received wisdom, intent plays an important role in determining whether conduct runs counter to the purpose of Article 102. Abuse, however, remains an objective concept because evidence of subjective intent is never sufficient, by itself, to establish a prima facie case of abuse. The conduct must be capable in its market context of causing competitive harm. Furthermore, intent can be inferred from purely objective factors so that direct proof of subjective intent is not necessary. With these important qualifications, intent plays three roles in shaping the abuse tests under Article 102.
The Consumer Harm Test
Authors: Nazzini Renato 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe consumer harm test asks whether the conduct of the dominant undertaking results in higher prices, lower output, or reduced product innovation. The test is not necessarily the manifestation of a consumer welfare objective of the competition rules but is consistent with the achievement of long-term social welfare. Therefore, the test may be applied under Article 102 even if this provision does not aim at maximizing some measure of consumer welfare but long-term social welfare. This chapter examines the consumer harm test in vertical foreclosure, focusing on refusal to supply and the margin squeeze. Next, it discusses the exploitative abuse test, which requires actual consumer harm. Then, it analyses the possibility that consumer harm may be the default test under Article 102 for practices that do not follow under other tests either directly or by analogy. Finally, conclusions are drawn.
Sources of European Union Administrative Law
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the sources of European administrative law. It addresses the sources of administrative law more from the perspective of setting the framework for such forms of administrative action and the procedures, prerequisites, and processes of supervision which apply to them. Such sources arise from European Treaty provisions, and legislative, delegated, and implementing measures. To a certain, albeit limited, degree they may also arise from customary public international law or international agreements. Further, in certain contexts, they may arise from national law. The chapter presents such sources with special emphasis on their connection with administrative action in the EU.
Principles Underlying the Relationship Between the European Union and the Member States
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter deals with certain central structural principles of the EU which underlie the relationship between the EU and the Member States, in particular the principles of attributed powers, subsidiarity, and proportionality, as well as the effects of the exercise of EU competences in the national legal systems.
Administrative Agreements
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , TÜrk Alexander H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Within European administrative law, single-case implementation of European Union legal policy can occur not just through unilateral measures, but also by means of agreements or contracts concluded by EU or Member State authorities. In the EU, administrative law agreements have always featured as a commonly used form of act. Europe's developing integrated administration has increased the need for, and the sophistication of, the use of such measures. Despite their substantial relevance in practice for the implementation of EU policy and law, however, agreements as form of action in EU administrative law have so far remained largely unexplored. This chapter focuses on their use in the context of the regulation of single-case situations.
Forces of Local Association
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews the main academic and practitioner discussions of what gives chambers their USP. It explores how unity of voice is developed through deliberation. It shows that earlier academic views of instability of early chambers are overstated. The forces underpinning collective action and free-rider behaviour are examined to demonstrate how chamber service bundles develop: as trust goods based on transaction costs and networking advantages. Institutional benefits and social capital assist chamber development. Additions to service bundles from government contracts are shown to have tensions of ‘non-preferred’ goods. Political non-alignment, and social networks are critical aspects of the historical and modern chamber brand. However, at critical points chambers have been ‘elite’ social movements that have participated in changing frames and policy repertoires; especially during times of extreme contention.
Governance, Management, and Resources
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter shows how the resources underpinning the early chambers predominantly came from subscriptions, but shifted progressively to user fees, and after the 1970s were supplemented by government contracts. This has changed the relation between members and the chambers, but analysis of management practices demonstrates that subscriptions were, and remain, a critical influence on member decisions. The governance of chambers has evolved from purely voluntary elected officers to a professional staff of contract managers. The tensions in this shift are analysed, together with possible influences on ‘management sorting’. Analysis of committee structures shows a broadening to encompass wider interests and sector structures, and to respond to government threats.
Milieus for Discourse and Deliberation
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter breaks new ground in showing how early chambers were intimately involved in commercial coffee house, exchanges and other initiatives to providing meeting places and drop-in facilities for discussion. More than half of the early chambers were joint developers of coffee rooms, hotels, subscription libraries, or exchanges. This was critical to their need for deliberation on policy threats, but also interrelated with their underpinning networks in local communities. Entirely new material on Liverpool, Waterford, Cork, Glasgow, Dublin, Dundee, and Newcastle reveals some of the strongest links. Analysis of the content of chamber reading rooms and libraries shows their economic focus, but overlap with social exchange and politeness. Subsequent developments demonstrate milieus as critical parts of the USP until modern times; replaced by web and e-communications in the modern chamber.
Membership Motives: Benefits and Costs
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter gives the first analysis comparing historical and modern information on membership motives for joining, retaining membership, and lapsing. It tackles the classic issues of exit, voice, involvement, loyalty and commitment; assessing purposive, expressive, solidarity, material selective, and insurance benefits. It also demonstrates strong membership persistence, and the importance of subscriptions as crucial pricing decisions influencing lapsing (despite historic underpricing of chamber services). Increasing small business membership has shifted demands towards more direct and tailored services.
Membership Dynamics
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter gives the first estimates of long-term joining and lapsing rates. These were very stable until the 1970s, much more stable than non-commercial societies, trade unions, or many sector organizations. However, a rapid evolution took place after 1970, but mainly in the 1980s and 1990s to very high rates of membership turnover. This has become one of the major challenges of the modern chamber. Econometric analysis shows that economic crises have little effect on this. The main features associated with lapsing are changes in subscriptions, and changes in services and other costs. Comparison or independent chambers with those that merged with government-financed TECs, show the latter to have had higher lapse rates.
How Trickle Down Can Fail: The U.S. Case
Authors: Kenworthy Lane , Bentele Keith 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Like some other affluent countries, the United States since the 1970s has experienced lengthy periods of economic growth with little or no improvement in the incomes of poor households. Both employment hours and wages are implicated in America’s trickle down failure. With the exception of the late 1990s, economic growth has not translated into wage growth for Americans at the low end of the labor market. Employment hours for low-income working-age households did tend to rise fairly sharply during the growth years of the 1980s and 1990s business cycles. But in the 2000s that ended abruptly. Moreover, in the years during and shortly after the recessions of the early 1980s, early 1990s, and early 2000s, work hours for these households fell precipitously, offsetting the gains achieved during growth years. It is, as many commentators have urged, worth considering ways to increase both the wages and the employment hours of working-age persons at the bottom of the distribution. Yet the U.S. experience, coupled with that of other rich nations, suggests it is helpful to think about using social policy to boost incomes directly.
Introduction
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis introductory chapter outlines the overall argument that the book will deploy. It starts by reflecting on the derivational approach to syntax, and then moves into considering different ways in which computational theories for language have been interpreted. When the matter is seen from a biolinguistic perspective, interesting issues arise about whether syntactic computations are to be taken as biologically real, and ultimately what this might mean. The issue is particularly puzzling once it is assumed, as is customary within syntax and reviewed in Section 3, that derivations work their way ‘bottom-up’, while of course processing is ‘from-before-to-after’. Section 4 suggests that derivational cycles can be rationalized in terms of addressing this orthogonality (between syntax and processing), an idea that recalls traditional concerns of the Analysis-by-Synthesis sort, from a contemporary perspective coloured by minimalism. From the minimalist viewpoint one of the central questions, addressed in Section 5, is what one might mean by ‘structural’ conditions — in current parlance, ‘3rd factor’ considerations. Noam Chomsky has rationalized these in terms of issues arising via ‘computational complexity’, but this way of thinking is not traditional within computational linguistics, which as Section 6 shows has led to much debate. The present work suggests, in Sections 7 and 8, a different take on these matters, which coalesces into the sketch of a model of grammar in Section 9, to be developed at the end of the book. Section 10 outlines some questions that this approach poses — which go beyond linguistics — whereas Section 11 centres the discussion in more familiar terms.
Linearization
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHow are complex thoughts translated into simple signals? The human motor system makes our inner information public, and our sensory mechanisms reconstruct it back into an intelligible format. Such a feat is very complex, and this chapter addresses only one its aspects: how so-called spell-out linearizes syntactic relations and how, in so doing, the system's architecture gets constrained. It tracks a rationalization of these matters; specifically, how two situations obtain for linearization, depending on how intricate the structure is that needs to be linearized. Topics discussed include conceptualizing the squeezing problem, the finite state limit on phrase structure, context-sensitive dependencies, context-sensitive asymmetries, incremental parsing and information flow, linearizing complex branching, and the Linear Correspondence Axiom vs. the Mirror Linear Correspondence Axiom parsing of complex structures.
The Frustrating Equation
Authors: Uriagereka Juan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter introduces dynamical frustration and suggests a role for it in the neurophysiological substrate of language. To explore this possibility, linguistic structuring it presented from the viewpoint of systemic memory limitations that play a crucial role in structuring language, discussing how they might arise when placing computations in time. The putative biophysics of language is considered next, with an eye on going beyond theories that discharge the burden of explanation on stipulated codings. In songbirds no ‘representational’ approach seems necessary and instead — assuming Binder's equivalence among different forms of dynamical frustration — an attempt is made to correlate physiological brain states with externalized patterns on the one hand and computational automata expressible in that sort of dynamics on the other. The underlying frustration at a neurophysiological level was assumed to be of the scale sort, a brain pattern that would externalize in the form of geometrical frustration.
6 Cold Comfort in Hard Times: Do People Drink More Beer during Recessions?
Authors: Freeman Donald G. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Do people drink more in hard times? Psychological theories suggest that alcohol consumption increases during recessions as a response to the stresses of economic downturns. In contrast, the conventional view among economists is that beer is a ‘normal’ good: when incomes go up, so does beer consumption. This chapter looks at U.S. state-level data as provided by The Beer Institute to estimate pooled time-series models of annual beer consumption regressed on economic and demographic variables. The empirical analysis confirms the economists' view, with beer consumption falling during recessions. The effect of economic fluctuations on consumption is rather small however; demographics have a far more significant and material effect, with larger shares of young adults in states' populations implying greater consumption of beer per capita.
9 Culture and Beer Preferences
Authors: McCluskey Jill J. , Shreay Sanatan 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses how culture, in the form of experience and habits, peer influences, identity, and availability, affect preferences for beer. Two factors make social influences especially important for beer preferences. First, beer is a product that is often consumed within a social group. Second, the consumer develops a taste for beer, so that availability and peer influence will affect consumption and preferences. A pilot survey of international students' beer consumption behaviour and preferences in the United States was conducted to investigate how beer preferences change with U.S. influences and product availability. Modeling approaches, survey findings, and future research directions are discussed.
14 How the East was Won: The Foreign Takeover of the Eastern European Brewing Industry
Authors: Swinnen Johan F. M. , Van Herck Kristine 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe beer market, like all markets in the former communist countries, has been strongly affected by the economic reforms in the beginning of the 1990s. This caused a substantial decline in the production of barley, malt, and beer. However, the brewery sector soon attracted much interest from foreign investors, which faced a problem sourcing sufficient high quality malt in order to produce high quality beer. Therefore, they reintroduced vertical coordination in the supply chain to obtain malt and barley that consistently met their quality requirements. Later, when incomes and economic conditions improved, vertical coordination became less important. This chapter describes and analyzes this dramatic restructuring of the beer industry and changes in the industrial organization of its supply chain over the past two decades, documented by comparative data and detailed case study evidence from the Slovakian beer and malting industry.
16 From Vodka to Baltika: A Perfect Storm in the Russian Beer Market
Authors: Deconinck Koen , Swinnen Johan F. M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This chapter documents the spectacular increase of beer consumption in Russia. Over the course of only a few years, beer has become the dominant drink in Russia, with consumption levels now close to European averages. This major shift is explained as the result of improvements in quality (due to FDI), advertising regulations and price changes, all of which combined into a ‘perfect storm’ that made beer a more attractive drink to Russian consumers. It is argued that consumers' choice of beverage is heavily influenced by their peers' behaviour. Once a critical mass of consumers adopted beer, these network effects led to more and more people drinking beer in subsequent years.