bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of basic nutritional research in pediatric liver disease: An historical perspective
Authors: Cleghorn Geoffrey 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe advent of liver transplantation for end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) in children has necessitated a major rethink in the preoperative preparation and management from simple palliative care to active directed intervention. This is particularly evident in the approach to the nutritional care of these patients with the historical understanding of the nutritional pertubations in ESLD being described from a single pediatric liver transplant center. ESLD in children is a hypermetabolic process adversely affecting nutritional status, metabolic, and non‐metabolic body compartments. There is a complex dynamic process affecting metabolic activity within the metabolically active body cell mass, as well as lipid oxidation during fasting and at rest, with other factors operating in conjunction with daily activities. We have proposed that immediately ingested nutrients are a more important source of energy in patients with ESLD than in healthy children, among whom energy may be stored in various body compartments.
Advances in viral hepatitis: 50 years of Australian gastroenterology
Authors: McCaughan Geoff 
Published: October 2009

AbstractViral hepatitis classification, treatments and pathogenesis has been increasingly defined over the past 50 years. Australian researchers have made significant contributions in the areas of viral hepatitis A vaccine development, treatment outcomes for chronic hepatitis B and C, the role of liver transplantation and the pathogenesis of injury and disease progression. This review outlines some of these contributions.
The evolution of ketamine applications in children
Authors: ROELOFSE JAMES A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryKetamine has found many applications in pediatric anesthetic practice. Insights into the mechanism of action and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of its isomers have led to a re‐evaluation of this drug, expanding the range of applications in children. Ketamine is a remarkably versatile drug that can be administered through almost any route. It can also be used for different purposes. The aim of this review is to look at the possible applications of this drug in children.
Long‐term posttraumatic effects of intraoperative awareness in children
Authors: PHELAN LAUREN , STARGATT ROBYN , DAVIDSON ANDREW J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground:  The consequences of intraoperative awareness in children have received little empirical attention to date. Previous studies suggest that children are less likely to be distressed than adults in the short term, but long‐term consequences have only been studied retrospectively.Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate posttraumatic stress symptoms in children who have experienced an awareness event.Methods:  In this prospective cohort study, children who were found to have experienced intraoperative awareness in our previous study were approached for assessment for posttraumatic stress symptoms using the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (Alternate version; TSCC‐A).Results:  Seven children were aware in the original cohort. Only four families agreed to participate and were interviewed via telephone. Only one child recalled the awareness event. No children exhibited trauma related symptoms in the clinically significant range.Conclusions:  Although no children had clinically significant symptoms, the small numbers and failure to follow‐up all children limit any conclusions with respect to true incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder in children who have had an awareness event.
Environmental correlates of tree biomass, basal area, wood specific gravity and stem density gradients in Borneo's tropical forests
Authors: Slik J. W. F. , Aiba Shin‐Ichiro , Brearley Francis Q. , Cannon Chuck H. , Forshed Olle , Kitayama Kanehiro , Nagamasu Hidetoshi , Nilus Reuben , Payne John , Paoli Gary , Poulsen Axel D. , Raes Niels , Sheil Douglas , Sidiyasa Kade , Suzuki Eizi , van Valkenburg Johan L. C. H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAim  Tropical forests have been recognized as important global carbon sinks and sources. However, many uncertainties about the spatial distribution of live tree above‐ground biomass (AGB) remain, mostly due to limited availability of AGB field data. Recent studies in the Amazon have already shown the importance of large sample size for accurate AGB gradient analysis. Here we use a large stem density, basal area, community wood density and AGB dataset to study and explain their spatial patterns in an Asian tropical forest.Location  Borneo, Southeast Asia.Methods  We combined stem density, basal area, community wood density and AGB data from 83 locations in Borneo with an environmental database containing elevation, climate and soil variables. The Akaike information criterion was used to select models and environmental variables that best explained the observed values of stem density, basal area, community wood density and AGB. These models were used to extrapolate these parameters across Borneo.Results  We found that wood density, stem density, basal area and AGB respond significantly, but differentially, to the environment. AGB was only correlated with basal area, but not with stem density and community wood specific gravity.Main conclusions  Unlike results from Amazonian forests, soil fertility was an important positive correlate for AGB in Borneo while community wood density, which is a main driver of AGB in the Neotropics, did not correlate with AGB in Borneo. Also, Borneo's average AGB of 457.1 Mg ha−1 was c. 60% higher than the Amazonian average of 288.6 Mg ha−1. We find evidence that this difference might be partly explained by the high density of large wind‐dispersed Dipterocarpaceae in Borneo, which need to be tall and emergent to disperse their seeds. Our results emphasize the importance of Bornean forests as carbon sinks and sources due to their high carbon storage capacity.
Partitioning the turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity
Authors: Baselga Andrés 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAim  Beta diversity (variation of the species composition of assemblages) may reflect two different phenomena, spatial species turnover and nestedness of assemblages, which result from two antithetic processes, namely species replacement and species loss, respectively. The aim of this paper is to provide a unified framework for the assessment of beta diversity, disentangling the contribution of spatial turnover and nestedness to beta‐diversity patterns.Innovation  I derive an additive partitioning of beta diversity that provides the two separate components of spatial turnover and nestedness underlying the total amount of beta diversity. I propose two families of measures of beta diversity for pairwise and multiple‐site situations. Each family comprises one measure accounting for all aspects of beta diversity, which is additively decomposed into two measures accounting for the pure spatial turnover and nestedness components, respectively. Finally, I provide a case study using European longhorn beetles to exemplify the relevance of disentangling spatial turnover and nestedness patterns.Main conclusion  Assigning the different beta‐diversity patterns to their respective biological phenomena is essential for analysing the causality of the processes underlying biodiversity. Thus, the differentiation of the spatial turnover and nestedness components of beta diversity is crucial for our understanding of central biogeographic, ecological and conservation issues.
THE GENDER PAY GAP UNDER DUOPSONY: JOAN ROBINSON MEETS HAROLD HOTELLING
Authors: Hirsch Boris 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper presents an alternative explanation of the gender pay gap resting on a simple Hotelling‐style duopsony model of the labour market. Since there are only two employers, equally productive women and men have to commute and face travel cost to do so. We assume that some women have higher travel cost, e.g., due to more domestic responsibilities. Employers exploit that women on average are less inclined to commute and offer lower wages to all women. Since women's firm‐level labour supply is for this reason less wage‐elastic, this model is in line with Robinson's explanation of wage discrimination.
ASYMMETRIC PREFERENCES FOR INTEREST RATE VARIABILITY AND NON‐LINEAR MONETARY POLICY INERTIA
Authors: Florio Anna 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTIntroducing in a central bank loss function asymmetric preferences for interest rate stabilization together with a (symmetric) smoothing goal could lead to asymmetric interest rate smoothing. An empirical analysis supports this theoretical result and finds for the disinflation (Volcker) period a more cautious adjustment of interest rates downwards than upwards, and for the ‘price stability’ (Greenspan) period a more inertial behaviour in the opposite direction.
Fatigue and processing speed are related in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Andreasen A. K. , Spliid P. E. , Andersen H. , Jakobsen J. 
Published: October 2009

Background:  Fatigue is common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and could be related to impaired processing speed caused by MS specific brain alterations. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between processing speed and fatigue in patients with relapsing remitting MS.Methods:  Patients with EDSS score ≤3.5 were grouped as fatigued [Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score ≥5.0] or non‐fatigued (FSS score ≤4.0). Patients with FSS scores ≥5 were categorized as primary or secondary fatigued according to various indices. A cognitive test battery obtained from Wechsler’s Adult Intelligence Scale‐III/Wechsler’s Memory Scale‐III was applied.Results:  Processing speed (Digit Symbol Coding) was lower amongst all MS patients being 9.4(2.9) in primary fatigued, 8.3(2.8) in secondary fatigued and 10.3(2.7) in non‐fatigued versus 12.3(3.0) in healthy controls. In the combined group of primary and secondary fatigued MS patients, processing speed was slower than that in non‐fatigued MS patients and inversely related to fatigue (r = −0.35; P < 0.05). No such relationship could be established in non‐fatigued MS patients or in healthy controls.Conclusion:  The degree of fatigue in MS is related to processing speed impairment and longitudinal studies should clarify their mutual dependency.
How many dementia cases in France and Europe? Alternative projections and scenarios 2010–2050
Authors: Mura T. , Dartigues J.‐F. , Berr C. 
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  The objective of this study is to estimate the number of dementia cases expected to occur in France and Europe over the next few decades until 2050.Methods:  Our estimates are based on a model using the European incidence data for dementia by age and sex, the relative mortality risks related to dementia stratified by age classes, and the projections of mortality coefficients in the French and European general population.Results:  In France, in 2010, the number of dementia cases should reach 754000, i.e., 1.2% of the general population or 2.8% of the active population. By 2050 this number should be multiplied by 2.4, i.e., 1813000 cases, which will be 2.6% of the total population and 6.2% of the active population. In Europe this number could reach more than 6 millions in 2010 and 14 millions in 2050. The sensitivity analysis performed on French data showed that our projections were robust to the use of alternative data for incidence and relative mortality risk (variation of 5.5% and 6.5%), but very sensitive to hypotheses of evolution of mortality (variation of −22% to 29%).Conclusions:  The approach used in our study, integrating both the dementia incidence and the mortality in the calculations, allowed us to refine the projections and stress the great sensitivity of the demographic hypotheses forecasts on the evolution of life expectancy. The likely increase is particularly important and confirms that French and European health systems must take this into account when making future plans.
An outbreak of furniture related dermatitis (‘sofa dermatitis’) in Finland and the UK: history and clinical cases
Authors: Susitaival P , Winhoven SM , Williams J , Lammintausta K , Hasan T , Beck MH , Gruvberger B , Zimerson E , Bruze M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn February 2007, an epidemic of severe dermatitis from Chinese recliner chairs and sofas started to unfold first in Finland and a few months later in the UK. Some patients reacted in patch tests (PTs) strongly to the material of their furniture, either leather or fabric. There have been hundreds of reports of chair or sofa dermatitis from Finland and the UK, with all cases linked to the same furniture factory in China. Clinical findings in both countries were very similar and unlike any known dermatosis. Many cases have been quite severe, resembling mycosis fungoides or septic infections, requiring hospitalization. Commercial PTs did not reveal the cause but a fungicide was strongly suspected, although such use was denied by the factory. The laboratory of Malmö University Dermatology Clinic has helped in the process by making thin layer chromatograms from sofa or chair materials and test substances of suspected chemicals. Finally, sachets marked with ‘mouldproof agent’ were found in varying numbers and distribution in the sofas. These contained dimethyl fumarate (DMF) which proved in skin tests to cause strong positive reactions with down to 0.01 dilution. Reports from other countries (Belgium, France, Ireland, Sweden and Spain) have since appeared, and the EU has banned the use of DMF in consumer products.
Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5‐aminolevulinic acid 0.5% liposomal spray and intense pulsed light in combination with topical keratolytic agents
Authors: De Leeuw J , Van Der Beek N , Bjerring P , Martino Neumann HA 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground  Increasing antibiotic resistance of Propionibacterium acnes and growing awareness on the side effects of topical and systemic drugs in the treatment of acne vulgaris by physicians and patients have paved the way for a search into new efficacious and safe treatment modalities such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although the efficacy of PDT using 20% 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) cream has been established, phototoxic side effects limit its use. The 5‐ALA concentration can be lowered by a factor of 40 by changing the vehicle of 5‐ALA from a moisturizing cream to liposome encapsulation.Objectives  Assessment of the efficacy and the safety of PDT using 5‐ALA 0.5% in liposomal spray and intense pulsed light (IPL) in combination with topical peeling agents (Li‐PDT‐PC) in acne vulgaris.Materials and Methods  32 patients suffering from acne participated in this randomized, prospective, single blind study. All patients were treated with Li‐PDT‐PC. During the study nine patients were additionally treated with topical or systemic antibiotics (Li‐PDT‐PC‐AT). These patients were removed from the study although their results were recorded.Results  After a mean period of 7.8 months and a mean number of 5.7 treatments the mean total number of lesions dropped from 34.6 lesions to 11.0 lesions, resulting in a mean improvement of 68.2%. Side effects were minimal. Additionally, an intention to treat analysis was conducted.Conclusion  Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris using 5‐ALA 0.5% liposomal spray and IPL in combination with topical peeling agents is safe and efficacious, even in patients with acne recalcitrant to standard therapy.
Social contextual links to emotion regulation in an adolescent psychiatric inpatient population: do gender and symptomatology matter?
Authors: Adrian Molly , Zeman Janice , Erdley Cynthia , Lisa Ludmila , Homan Kendra , Sim Leslie 
Published: October 2009

Background:  The regulation of emotion is essential for adaptive functioning. However, delineating the pathways of emotion regulation (ER) processes that lead to psychological adaptation remains under‐studied, with mixed evidence for the specificity vs. generality of ER deficits in relation to specific forms of psychopathology. To examine this issue, this study investigated links among ER, social‐contextual factors (family, peer), and psychological adjustment (internalizing, externalizing).Method:  Participants were 140 adolescents (71% female, 83.3% Caucasian, M age = 16.03 years) who were consecutive psychiatric admissions over a one‐year period. Adolescents completed measures on family environment and peer relationship experiences. Both adolescents and parents reported on adolescents’ characteristic patterns of ER and psychopathology.Results:  Discriminant analyses revealed that two functions, ER skills and impulsivity/lability, differentiated among adolescents who were elevated in internalizing symptoms only, in externalizing symptoms only, in both domains, or in neither domain. Regarding social contextual variables, family cohesion was associated with adaptive ER behaviors for girls along the internalizing dimension and all adolescents reporting externalizing behaviors. Relational victimization predicted difficulties with ER in both symptom domains for all adolescents. Within the internalizing domain, friendship support was related to adaptive ER.Conclusion:  Facets of ER do differentiate between global indices of internalizing and externalizing behaviors and suggest that both general and specific factors contribute to adolescents’ unique learning history with emotions and characteristic patterns for managing emotions.
Information and communication: a library’s local response to HIV/AIDS in Zambia
Authors: Kanyengo Christine Wamunyima 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective:  To document and describe the University of Zambia Medical library’s responses to the fight against HIV/AIDS in Zambia.Methods:  The methodology adopted was a case study approach combined with an analysis of the literature such as annual reports and official documents. This was augmented by personal reflections of the author having worked at the Medical Library.Results:  The University of Zambia Medical library has over the years instituted and implemented HIV/AIDS information provision programmes that include the provision of information in various formats ‐‐ print or electronic and, in addition, capacity building in HIV/AIDS information literacy skills.Conclusion:  A library’s social responsibility calls for it to be part of national responses to crises that arise in society. As HIV/AIDS has affected every aspect of Zambian society prevention, treatment, care and support there is an understanding that the library’s role should be using the cri tical and strategic resource at its disposal – information ‐‐ as part of their contribution to the fight against HIV/AIDS. In this context, libraries should source, collect, organize and disseminate information on HIV/AIDS in a way that is easily accessible to researchers, HIV/AIDS programme implementation agencies and the ordinary public.
Pharmacological actions of curcumin in liver diseases or damage
Authors: Rivera‐Espinoza Yadira , Muriel Pablo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSince 1900 bc, several therapeutic activities have been attributed to the rhizomes of the plantCurcuma longafor a variety of diseases, including liver disorders. Curcumin, the main active compound obtained from this plant, was first isolated two centuries ago and its structure as diferuloylmethane was determined in 1910. Curcumin has shown anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and anticancer activities. The pharmacological properties of curcumin were reviewed recently and focused mainly on its anticancer properties. However, its beneficial activity on liver diseases (known centuries ago, and demonstrated recently utilizing animal models) has not being reviewed in depth until now. The curcumin ability to inhibit several factors like nuclear factor‐κB, which modulates several pro‐inflammatory and profibrotic cytokines as well as its anti‐oxidant properties, provide a rational molecular basis to use it in hepatic disorders. Curcumin attenuates liver injury induced by ethanol, thioacetamide, iron overdose, cholestasis and acute, subchronic and chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxication; moreover, it reverses CCl4cirrhosis to some extent. Unfortunately, the number of studies of curcumin on liver diseases is still very low and investigations in this area must be encouraged because hepatic disorders constitute one of the main causes of worldwide mortality.
Serious Bacterial Infections in Febrile Outpatient Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients
Authors: Yin Shan , Trainor Jennifer L. , Powell Elizabeth C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence of serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in febrile outpatient pediatric heart transplant recipients and to assess the utility of using white blood cell (WBC) indices to identify patients at low risk for bacteremia.Methods:  A retrospective study was conducted on all heart transplant recipients followed at a single children’s hospital. All outpatient visits from January 1, 1995, to June 1, 2007, in which fever was evaluated were reviewed. Patients with history of a primary immunodeficiency, receiving concurrent chemotherapy, or having had a stem cell or small bowel transplant were excluded. Demographic, historical, physical examination, laboratory, and radiographic data were then recorded.Results:  Sixty‐nine patients had 238 individual episodes of fever evaluation; of these, 217 (91.2%) had blood cultures drawn with results available in their initial evaluation. There were six (2.8%) true‐positive blood cultures and eight (3.7%) false‐positive cultures. Chest radiography was done in 185 evaluations (77.8%), and 44 episodes of pneumonia (23.8%) were diagnosed. Of 112 urine cultures done, one (0.9%) was positive. Neither of two lumbar punctures performed were positive. In non–ill‐appearing children without indwelling central lines or focal bacterial infections (pneumonia, cellulitis), the incidence of bacteremia was 1.2%. In children with a focal bacterial infection, the rate of bacteremia was 6.3%. WBC indices were not significantly different between bacteremic and nonbacteremic patients. A band‐to‐neutrophil ratio (BNR) of ≥0.25 and a published guideline for identifying low‐risk infants using WBC indices identified all bacteremic patients, each with a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 48% to 100% and 54% to 100%, respectively).Conclusions:  The incidence of bacteremia was low in febrile, outpatient pediatric heart transplant patients, especially in those who were not ill‐appearing and did not have a focus of serious infection. Two different low‐risk criteria performed well in identifying the bacteremic patients, although given the low number of true‐positive cultures, the CIs for the sensitivities of these tests were extremely wide, and neither test could be reliably used at present. A prospective multicenter study is required to confirm the low incidence of bacteremia and low‐risk criteria in this population.