bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioinspired Structural Material Exhibiting Post‐Yield Lateral Expansion and Volumetric Energy Dissipation During Tension
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Boyce Mary C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNature has inspired the design of improved synthetic materials that achieve superior and more efficient mechanical performance. Here microstructures inspired by the inner nacreous layer of seashells are designed and their mechanical properties including stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation are computed using micromechanical analysis. The hierarchical mineral/polymer microstructure can be tailored to achieve not only stiffness and strength, but also lateral plastic expansion during tension providing a volumetric energy dissipation mechanism.
Colloidal Films That Mimic Cilia
Authors: Liu Fang , Ramachandran Dhanya , Urban Marek W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCilia are wavy hair‐like structures that extend outward from surfaces of various organisms. They are classified into two general categories, primary cilia, which exhibit sensing attributes, and motile cilia, which exert mechanical forces. A new poly(2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐n‐butyl acrylate‐co‐N,N‐(dimethylamino) azobenzene acrylamide) (p(DMAEMA/nBA/DMAAZOAm) copolymer is prepared using colloidal synthesis, which, upon coalescence, form films capable of generating surfaces with cilia‐like features. While film morphological features allow the formation of wavy whiskers, the chemical composition of the copolymer facilitates chemical, thermal, and electromagnetic responses manifested by simultaneous shape and color changes as well as excitation wavelength dependent fluorescence. These studies demonstrate that synthetically produced polymeric films can exhibit combined thermal, chemical, and electromagnetic sensing leading to locomotive and color responses, which may find numerous applications in sensing devices, intelligent actuators, defensive mechanisms, and others.
Research on optimum heating system design for rapid thermal response mold with electric heating based on response surface methodology and particle swarm optimization
Authors: Wang Guilong , Zhao Guoqun , Guan Yanjin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new electric‐heating rapid thermal response (RTR) mold with floating cavity/core for rapid heat cycle molding is investigated in this study. Process principles of Rapid heat cycle molding (RHCM) with such new electric‐heating mold are discussed and presented. Response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to develop mathematical relationships between layout of the heating elements and heating efficiency, temperature uniformity and structural strength of the floating cavity. Three explanatory variables including half distance between two adjacent heating rods, spacing between heating rods and cavity surface, and the diameter of the heating rod are used to describe the layout and scale of the heating elements. The response variables involving required heating time, maximum cavity surface temperature, and maximum von‐Mises stress are used to characterize heating efficiency, temperature uniformity, and structural strength of the floating cavity, respectively. Central composite design (CCD) method is used for factorial experiments. Finite element analyses are conducted for combination of explanatory parameters to acquire the corresponding values of the response variables. Three predictive models for the response variables are created by regression analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to check their accuracy. These response surface models are interfaced with an effective particle swarm algorithm for the optimum heating system design of the electric‐heating RTR mold. The developed optimum method is then used for the design of the floating electric‐heating cavity for an actual industrial product. The following heat transfer analysis results show that the temperature distribution uniformity of the cavity surface is greatly improved with the optimal cavity structure and layout of heating rods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rheological behavior in the molten state and solution of hyperbranched polyester of fourth and fifth generation
Authors: Murillo Edwin A. , Cardona Alvaro , López Betty L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rheological behavior in the molten state and solution of hyperbranched polyol polyesters (HBPs) obtained by one step (HBP4, HBP5), step by step (HBP4P, HBP5P), and combination of both (HBP1‐4, HBP1‐5) was studied. Under conditions of dynamic oscillatory shear, all HBPs presented a shear‐thinning behavior and under steady shear they showed a Newtonian behavior. Also, the steady shear viscosities decreased with increasing temperature. The behavior of HBPs was mainly viscous, except for the HBP4P that showed higher storage modulus and reduction of complex viscosity when increasing the angular frequency. The HBPs presented higher complex viscosity than steady shear and they did not follow the Cox‐Merz rule. The HBPs in solution presented a plateau region at shear rate lower than 40 s−1 but a shear‐thickening behavior at shear rate higher than 40 s−1. The viscosities of HBPs in solution (in the plateau region) and molten state increase in the following order: HBP5P > HBP1‐5 > HBP4P > HBP1‐4 > HBP4 > HBP5. These results are not in agreement with the values of the number average molar mass obtained by vapor pressure osmometry due to different interaction between HBPs molecules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphology and tensile properties of polypropylene‐multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite fibers
Authors: Soitong Tawat , Pumchusak Jantrawan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this work, we analyzed tensile properties of polypropylene‐multiwalled carbon nonotubes composite fibers. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTS) were used in different contents of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt %. Dispersing agents were used to disperse MWCNTs in polypropylene matrix. After the dispersing agent was removed, the mixture was melt mixed. The fibers were spun by a home‐made melt spinning equipment and stretching was done at a draw ratio of 7.5. By using 1–5 wt % of MWCNTs, the modulus of composite fibers increased by 69–84% and tensile strength increased about 39% when compared with the virgin polypropylene fibers. In addition, the MWCNTs dispersion in the matrix was monitored by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of long‐term etanercept treatment on growth in children with selected categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Giannini Edward H. , Ilowite Norman T. , Lovell Daniel J. , Wallace Carol A. , Rabinovich C. Egla , Reiff Andreas , Higgins Gloria , Gottlieb Beth ,   Pediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group, Chon Yun , Zhang Nan , Baumgartner Scott W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of long‐term etanercept treatment, with or without methotrexate, on growth in children with selected categories of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsWe conducted a 3‐year, open‐label, nonrandomized registry of 594 patients with polyarticular or systemic JIA treated with etanercept only, etanercept plus methotrexate, or methotrexate only. Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were assessed at baseline and at years 1, 2, and 3, using percentiles derived from US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standardized growth charts.ResultsStatistically significant increases in the mean height percentiles from baseline were observed in etanercept‐treated patients at year 3 (4.8 percentile points) and in patients treated with etanercept plus methotrexate at years 1, 2, and 3 (2.4, 3.3, and 5.6 percentile points, respectively). Statistically significant increases from baseline in the mean weight percentiles were observed at years 1, 2, and 3 in both the etanercept group (7.4, 10.0, and 13.0 percentile points) and the etanercept‐plus‐methotrexate group (2.9, 6.9, and 8.4 percentile points, respectively). Statistically significant increases from baseline in the mean BMI percentiles were observed in both the etanercept group (range 9.6–13.8 percentile points) and the etanercept‐plus‐methotrexate group (range 2.1–5.2 percentile points). The mean height, weight, and BMI percentiles did not change significantly in patients in the methotrexate‐only group.ConclusionEtanercept treatment, with or without methotrexate, may contribute to the restoration of normal growth in children with JIA.
Reduction in cadmium‐induced toxicity and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activation by glutathione in cultured mouse embryonic cells
Authors: MacKinnon Yolanda , Kapron Carolyn M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractINTRODUCTIONCadmium (Cd2+) induces limb defects and other malformations in experimental animals. However, the mechanisms of the developmental toxicity of this metal are not fully understood. The ubiquitous intracellular tripeptide glutathione (GSH) protects nonembryonic cells from Cd2+‐induced cell death and is essential for normal embryonic development. We predicted that pretreatment with GSH would prevent cytotoxicity in cultured mouse embryonic limb bud cells exposed to Cd2+. Additionally, it was expected that GSH pretreatment would prevent the Cd2+‐induced activation of the signaling molecule c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), which becomes phosphorylated upon exposure to Cd2+.METHODSPrimary micromass cultures of limb bud cells obtained from organogenesis‐stage mouse embryos were treated with either Cd2+or GSH alone, or both Cd2+and GSH. Treatment with GSH commenced 4 hr prior to Cd2+treatment.RESULTSCell proliferation was inhibited by approximately 50% after exposure to 4 μM Cd2+for 5 days. Cd2+treatment also resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in the intracellular GSH content as measured after 5 days of exposure. Pretreatment with 4 mM GSH for 4 hr prevented the Cd2+‐induced inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation and also inhibited a threefold activation of JNK induced by 4 μM Cd2+after 24 and 48 hr of exposure.CONCLUSIONExogenous GSH protects cultured embryonic limb bud cells from Cd2+‐induced inhibition of cell proliferation and differentiation, which is associated with the activation of JNK. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perceptions of childfree women: The role of perceivers' and targets' ethnicity
Authors: Vinson Candice , Mollen Debra , Smith Nathan Grant 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the impact of ethnicity on perceptions of voluntary childfree women. We were interested in determining whether mothers were viewed as more stereotypically positive than women without children and how the ethnicity of the participant and the target impacted participants' ratings. We utilized vignettes and manipulated motherhood status and ethnicity of the target. Participants (n = 224) were comprised of female university students in the southwestern region of the United States. Results indicated that women view childfree women negatively. Moreover, women view African American mothers more favourably than childfree African American women. Results are discussed in terms of gender roles in communities of colour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insight into C35 terpene Biosyntheses by Nonpathogenic Mycobacterium Species: Functional Analyses of Three Z‐Prenyltransferases and Identification of Dehydroheptaprenylcyclines
Authors: Sato Tsutomu , Takizawa Kazuo , Orito Yuriko , Kudo Hanayo , Hoshino Tsutomu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNonpathogenic Mycobacterium species produce rare cyclic C35 terpenes that are biosynthesized by cyclization of Z‐type C35 polyprenyl diphosphate. To provide deeper insight into the biosynthesis of C35 terpenes, we carried out functional analyses of three Z‐prenyltransferase homologues in M. vanbaalenii identified by genomic analysis. Mvan_3822, a novel bifunctional Z‐prenyltransferase, biosynthesizes C35‐heptaprenyl diphosphate as a main product from (E,E)‐farnesyl diphosphate (E,E‐FPP) and (E,E,E)‐geranylgeranyl diphosphate (E,E,E‐GGPP), but produces a C50‐decaprenyl diphosphate from geranyl diphosphate. Mvan_1705 is a novel Z,E,E‐GGPP synthase. In addition, novel cyclic C35 terpenes, (14E)‐ and (14Z)‐dehydroheptaprenylcycline, were identified as minor metabolites in nonpathogenic Mycobacterium cells. C35 terpenes could be biosynthesized by two routes, in which E and Z geometric isomers of heptaprenyl diphosphate are produced from E,E‐FPP and E,E,E‐GGPP, and the prenylreductase responsible for the biosynthesis of C35 terpenes could reduce both E and Z prenyl residues.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and One Pot Synthetic Routes for Various Novel, Differently Fused and Promising Heteropolycycles.
Authors: Gupta Shallu , Gupta Poonam , Sachar Anand , Sharma R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFunctionalized pyridopyrimidines (IV), obtained by a four component cyclocondensation reaction, are convenient starting compounds for the synthesis of a variety of heteropolycycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Synthesis of Deoxyhexasaccharides Related to the Landomycin A Sugar Moiety, Based on an Orthogonal Deprotection Strategy.
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Sho , Yoshizawa Atsushi , Takagi Motoki , Shin‐ya Kazuo , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA library of 16 hexasaccharides related to landomycin A is prepared, by the synthesis of eight distinct trisaccharides and selective β‐glycosylation between the glycosyl donors and acceptors.
Discretionary power of project managers in knowledge‐intensive firms and gender issues
Authors: Chasserio Stéphanie , Legault Marie‐Josée 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe scarcity of women among highly qualified professionals in business‐to‐business information and communication technologies (ICT) in Europe and in North America has been noted as recently as the late 1990s (Panteli, Stack, Atkinson, & Ramsay, 1999). The organization and management of work in such firms is typically project‐based. This has many consequences, including: long working hours with fierce resistance to any reduction, unpaid overtime, high management expectations of employee flexibility to meet unanticipated client demands, and the need for employees to negotiate flexible work arrangements on a case‐by‐case basis with a project manager who often has much discretion on whether to accommodate such requests. We found that women are particularly disadvantaged in such a system, which could partly explain their under‐representation in such jobs. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Midterm outcomes in patients with intermediate‐sized hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Morimoto Manabu , Numata Kazushi , Kondou Masaaki , Nozaki Akito , Morita Satoshi , Tanaka Katsuaki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:To improve the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of intermediate‐sized hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), the authors compared RFA combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) to RFA alone.METHODS:The authors randomly assigned 37 patients with solitary HCCs (diameter, 3.1‐5.0 cm in the greatest dimension) to 2 groups: the TACE‐RFA group, in which the patients received TACE followed by RFA on the same day, and the RFA group, in which the patients received only RFA.RESULTS:Technical success was achieved after 1.4 ± 0.5 RFA sessions in the RFA group and after 1.1 ± 0.2 RFA sessions in the TACE‐RFA group (P < .01). The mean diameters of the longer and shorter axes of the RFA‐induced ablated areas were 50 ± 8.0 mm and 41 ± 7.1 mm, respectively, in the RFA group and 58 ± 13.2 mm and 50 ± 11.3 mm, respectively, in the TACE‐RFA group; the mean diameters of the shorter axes were significantly different (P = .012). The rates of local tumor progression at the end of the third year in the RFA and TACE‐RFA groups were 39% and 6%, respectively (P = .012). The 3‐year survival rates of the patients in the RFA and TACE‐RFA groups were 80% and 93%, respectively (P = .369).CONCLUSIONS:In patients with intermediate‐sized HCCs, RFA combined with TACE is more effective than RFA alone for extending the ablated area in fewer treatment sessions and for decreasing the local tumor progression rate. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A conservative strategy to protect P2P file sharing systems from pollution attacks
Authors: Barcellos Marinho Pilla , Gaspary Luciano Paschoal , da Costa Cordeiro Weverton Luis , Antunes Rodolfo Stoffel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDespite being currently one of the main Internet applications, P2P file sharing has been hampered by content pollution attacks. To tackle this problem, we introduce a novel pollution control strategy that consists in adjusting the rate in which content is disseminated, according to content version reputation. The proposed strategy is modeled and evaluated using simplifying assumptions. Then, inspired by classic distributed designs, we propose a pollution control mechanism that implements such a strategy. The mechanism is evaluated in terms of the delays imposed on non‐polluted version dissemination, the effectiveness of reducing dissemination when the version is polluted, and the negative impact that collusion attacks can impose on the reputation system upon which our mechanism is built. Simulation results looking at scenarios with several hundred peers indicate that the pollution control mechanism can effectively reduce pollution without substantially affecting the dissemination of non‐polluted content. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin and functional specializations of DC subsets in the lung
Authors: Plantinga Maud , Hammad Hamida , Lambrecht Bart N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLung DC bridge innate and adaptive immunity, and depending on the context, induce Th1, Th2 or Th17 response, to optimally clear infections. Conversely, lung DC can also prevent overt and harmful immune responses to harmless inhaled antigens via induction of Treg cells or via induction of neutralizing mucosal IgA antibodies. Here, we propose that these functions are not the result of a single population of DC, and instead, subsets of DC perform specialized functions.
Residue-based mercury dose–response in fish: An analysis using lethality-equivalent test endpoints
Authors: Dillon Tom , Beckvar Nancy , Kern John 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Dose–response relationships for aquatic organisms have been developed for numerous contaminants using external media exposures (water and sediment). Dose–response relationships based on internal concentrations (tissue residues) are limited. The present study reports Hg dose–response curves for early life stage and juvenile or adult fish based on published tissue-residue toxicity studies. These curves rely primarily on endpoints that can be directly related to mortality, such as survival, reproductive success, and lethal developmental abnormalities. These lethality-equivalent endpoints were linked using the common metric of injury. Uncertainties and potential applications of this mercury dose–response curve are discussed. Major uncertainties include lab to field extrapolations, biological endpoints selected by investigators, interspecific extrapolations, and the paucity of published early life stage residue (dose)–response information. To the extent this curve is based exclusively on laboratory toxicity tests and does not consider other potentially sensitive and ecologically important biological endpoints (e.g., growth and behavior), the magnitude of the adverse effects predicted by the curve may be underestimated. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2559–2565. © 2010 SETAC
Accumulation of current-use and organochlorine pesticides in crab embryos from northern California, USA
Authors: Smalling Kelly L. , Morgan Steven , Kuivila Kathryn K. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Invertebrates have long been used as resident sentinels for assessing ecosystem health and productivity. The shore crabs, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Pachygrapsus crassipes, are abundant in estuaries and beaches throughout northern California, USA and have been used as indicators of habitat conditions in several salt marshes. The overall objectives of the present study were to conduct a lab-based study to test the accumulation of current-use pesticides, validate the analytical method and to analyze field-collected crabs for a suite of 74 current-use and legacy pesticides. A simple laboratory uptake study was designed to determine if embryos could bioconcentrate the herbicide molinate over a 7-d period. At the end of the experiment, embryos were removed from the crabs and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Although relatively hydrophilic (log KOW of 2.9), molinate did accumulate with an estimated bioconcentration factor (log BCF) of approximately 2.5. Following method validation, embryos were collected from two different Northern California salt marshes and analyzed. In field-collected embryos 18 current-use and eight organochlorine pesticides were detected including synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphate insecticides, as well as DDT and its degradates. Lipid-normalized concentrations of the pesticides detected in the field-collected crab embryos ranged from 0.1 to 4 ppm. Pesticide concentrations and profiles in crab embryos were site specific and could be correlated to differences in land-use practices. These preliminary results indicate that embryos are an effective sink for organic contaminants in the environment and have the potential to be good indicators of ecosystem health, especially when contaminant body burden analyses are paired with reproductive impairment assays. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2593–2599. © 2010 SETAC
Altered development and reproduction in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) found in the Hanxi River, southern China
Authors: Xie Yong-Ping , Fang Zhan-Qiang , Hou Li-Ping , Ying Guang-Guo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The current study investigated the development and reproductive health of western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) in the Hanxi River, which has been heavily contaminated by municipal wastewaters from towns in Dongguan of southern China. Western mosquitofish collected from four study sites, Songmu (SM), Yangwu (YW), Hengli (HL), and Zhangcun (ZC) of the Hanxi River, as well as a reference site (LX) of the Liuxi River, were dissected and analyzed for development parameters (total length, wet body mass, liver mass, gonad index, and population composition), reproductive parameters (oocyte count and weight of females, and sperm count and viability of males), and morphology (anal fin in males and females, and hemal spines in males). With the exception of the origin site (SM), mosquitofish from the Hanxi River exhibited significantly decreasing development and reproduction levels. Significant correlations were found for the collected mosquitofish between the morphological and reproductive indexes (ratio of perpendicular distance to tip to vertical distance from the tip on the 16th hemal spine) versus the sperm count of males; ratio 16P:16D versus sperm viability of males; segments of anal fin ray 3 versus oocyte count of females; and segments of anal fin ray 3 versus average oocyte mass of females. The results demonstrated that both male and female mosquitofish in the Hanxi River were affected by the discharged wastewaters, as reflected in their morphological changes in comparison with those of mosquitofish from the reference site. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2607–2615. © 2010 SETAC