bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
para-Benzihemiporphyrazine and Its Expanded [3 + 3]-type Analogue
Authors: Shimizu Soji , Sato Yuta , Kobayashi Nagao 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A novel para-benzihemiporphyrazine was synthesized from a stepwise reaction of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline and para-phenylenediamine via a linear [2 + 1]-type compound, whereas its ring-expanded [3 + 3]-type analogue was obtained from a one-pot condensation reaction of the same starting materials.
Cascade Synthesis of 3-Alkenylcoumarins by Palladium-catalyzed Reaction of Phenols and Ethyl Propiolate
Authors: Kitamura Tsugio , Tatemoto Kotaro , Sakai Mariko , Oyamada Juzo 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A highly effective cascade process giving 3-alkenylcoumarins is furnished by a series of reactions involving pallada-arylation of ethyl propiolate with phenols, intramolecular transesterification to 3-coumarylpalladium species, its alkyne insertion, and protonation. [Pd(OAc)2(dppe)] is an effective catalyst for the synthesis of 3-alkenylcoumarins from phenols and ethyl propiolate.
Patients undergoing blood tests before minor/moderate trauma surgery: a retrospective review
Authors: Alazzawi Sulaiman , De Rover Walter B Sprenger , Leary Tim , Hallam Peter J 
Published: June 2012

Objective The aim of this study was to establish the number of unnecessary preoperative blood tests undertaken on ASA Grade 1 patients undergoing minor/moderate orthopaedic trauma surgery. Design Review of all ASA1 patients who had been operated on the trauma lists for three consecutive months. Setting UK Teaching Hospital. Participants Patients with ages ranging between 16 and 60 years, and undergoing a minor or moderate trauma operation. Main outcome measures The type and number of blood tests were established and any abnormal results were checked for clinical significance and whether the result altered patients’ management. The cost of each blood test was calculated so that potential savings could be identified. Results A total of 127 patients (60 males, 67 females, average age 34) fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Ninety-five patients (75%) had either one or more preoperative blood tests of which 41% were abnormal but of no clinical significance. Conclusion From the results of our study, we conclude that preoperative blood tests are unnecessary in Grade 1 ASA patients undergoing minor/ moderate orthopaedic trauma surgery. Unnecessary blood tests can waste time, money, resources and overburden laboratory staff.
Association of IGF1 with glycemic control and occurrence of severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Færch Louise , Juul Anders , Pedersen-Bjergaard Ulrik , Thorsteinsson Birger 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveGH is implicated in the counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia. We tested whether IGF1 levels are associated with occurrence of severe hypoglycemic events in patients with type 1 diabetes and whether the IGF1 concentration is influenced by glycemic control.MethodsA total of 228 outpatients with type 1 diabetes were included in a post hoc analysis of a 1-year observational study on severe hypoglycemia. Serum total IGF1 was measured at entry into the study. The occurrence of severe episodes of hypoglycemia, mild symptomatic, and biochemical as well as hypoglycemia awareness status was assessed. Also patients were included in a multiple regression analysis to investigate the role of HbA1c in the IGF1 concentration.ResultsIGF1 levels were associated with neither severe hypoglycemia in the entire cohort (P=0.30) nor in any gender nor when confining the analysis to those with long-standing diabetes (>20 years) (n=112, P=0.68) and those with both long-standing diabetes and undetectable C-peptide (n=51, P=0.067). Levels of IGF1 were associated with neither mild symptomatic hypoglycemia (P=0.24) nor biochemical hypoglycemia (0.089) nor hypoglycemia awareness (P=0.16). At a multiple regression analysis, HbA1c was negatively associated with IGF1 (P=0.001).ConclusionIn type 1 diabetes, circulating IGF1 levels are negatively associated with glycemic control. However, IGF1 levels were not associated with occurrence of hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia awareness in these patients.
Thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases in the developing human hypothalamus
Authors: Friesema Edith C H , Visser Theo J , Borgers Anke J , Kalsbeek Andries , Swaab Dick F , Fliers Eric , Alkemade Anneke 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveThyroid hormone (TH) signaling in brain cells is dependent on transport of TH across the plasma membrane followed by intracellular deiodination and binding to the nuclear TH receptors. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of the specific TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8 (SLC16A2)), MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1 (SLCO1C1)), and the types 2 and 3 deiodinases (D2 and D3) in the developing human hypothalamus.DesignFifteen postmortem brain samples of fetuses and young children ranging between 17 weeks of gestation and 29 months of postnatal age including one child (28 months) with central congenital hypothyroidism were studied.MethodsSections of the different hypothalami were stained with polyclonal rabbit antisera against MCT8, MCT10, OATP1C1, D2, and D3.ResultsWe found MCT8 and D3 but not D2 protein expression to be present in our earliest sample of 17 weeks of gestation, indicating triiodothyronine degradation, but not production at this time of development. At term, expression of TH transporters and D2 decreased and D3 expression increased, suggesting decreased TH signaling just before birth. The child with central congenital hypothyroidism showed higher MCT8 and D2 expression compared with the other children of similar age.ConclusionsThis study reports the developmental timing of expression of components crucial for central TH signaling in the human hypothalamus. In general, during fetal hypothalamic development, the coordinated expression of D2 and D3 in combination with the different TH transporters suggests that proper TH concentrations are regulated to prevent untimely maturation of brain cells.
Associations between Internal and External Corporate Governance Characteristics: Implications for Investigating Financial Accounting Restatements
Authors: Baber William R. , Liang Lihong , Zhu Zinan 
Published: June 2012

SYNOPSISEmpirical analysis in this study documents changes in the corporate governance characteristics, and changes in associations between governance characteristics, during the period 1997 to 2005. Further investigation indicates that corporate governance characteristics and the probability of financial accounting restatement are related in 2005, but not 1997. Finally, we demonstrate the importance of considering interactions among governance characteristics when investigating governance as a determinant of financial reporting quality. These results inform thinking about empirical investigations of associations between corporate governance characteristics and financial accounting restatements.JEL Classifications: G38; K22; M48.
Exploring the Strategic Integration of Sustainability Initiatives: Opportunities for Accounting Research
Authors: Ballou Brian , Casey Ryan J. , Grenier Jonathan H. , Heitger Dan L. 
Published: June 2012

SYNOPSIS
We report the results of a survey of 178 corporate responsibility officers designed to explore how accountants can add value to sustainability initiatives. Specifically, we examine how three areas of accounting expertise (risk identification and measurement, financial reporting, and independent review/assurance) contribute to the strategic integration of sustainability initiatives (cf. Porter and Kramer 2006; IIRC 2011). Our results indicate that accounting professionals are rarely involved in sustainability initiatives, but their involvement is highly associated with strategic integration. This finding suggests that increased involvement likely would provide significant benefits to organizations and their stakeholders. We use these and other important insights into a series of research questions for future accounting or interdisciplinary research in sustainability. These insights about accountants' ability to enhance the strategic integration of sustainability initiatives also should be of interest to accounting and consulting firms as they design and market their sustainability services.
Data Availability: Data are available upon request.
A Post-SOX Examination of Factors Associated with the Size of Internal Audit Functions
Authors: Anderson Urton L. , Christ Margaret H. , Johnstone Karla M. , Rittenberg Larry E. 
Published: June 2012

SYNOPSIS
This study develops and tests a conceptual model articulating factors associated with internal audit function size in the post-SOX era. These factors include audit committee characteristics, internal audit characteristics and mission, internal audit activities performed by others (including outsourced providers and other divisions within the organization), and organization characteristics. Results from a survey of 173 public and private companies reveal that internal audit function size is positively associated with: (1) better audit committee governance, (2) greater organizational experience of the chief audit executive, (3) missions involving IT auditing, (4) the use of sophisticated audit technologies, (5) the use of a staffing model in which internal audit is used for rotational leadership development, (6) organization size, and (7) the number of foreign subsidiaries that the organization possesses. Further, internal audit function size is inversely associated with: (1) the percentage of internal audit employees that are Certified Internal Auditors, and (2) the extent of assurance and compliance activities outsourced to outsiders. These results contribute to prior literature on internal audit function size by considering a variety of factors that are associated with internal audit function size in the contemporary era.
Data Availability: Contact the authors.
Periodontal status of adult patients treated with fixed buccal appliances and removable aligners over one year of active orthodontic therapy
Authors: Karkhanechi Marzieh , Chow Denise , Sipkin Jennifer , Sherman David , Boylan Robert J. , Norman Robert G. , Craig Ronald G. , Cisneros George J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Objective:
To compare the periodontal status of adults treated with fixed buccal orthodontic appliances vs removable orthodontic aligners over 1 year of active therapy.

Materials and Methods:
The study population consisted of 42 subjects; 22 treated with fixed buccal orthodontic appliances and 20 treated with removable aligners. Clinical indices recorded included: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing pocket depth (PPD). Plaque samples were assessed for hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-naphthylamide (BANA test). Indices and BANA scores were recorded before treatment and at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after initiation of orthodontic therapy.

Results:
After 6 weeks, only mean PPD was greater in the fixed buccal orthodontic appliance group. However, after 6 months, the fixed buccal orthodontic appliance group had significantly greater mean PI, PPD, and GI scores and was 5.739 times more likely to have a higher BANA score. After 12 months, the fixed buccal orthodontic appliance group continued to have greater mean PI, GI, and PPD, while a trend was noted for higher BANA scores and BOP.

Conclusions:
These results suggest treatment with fixed buccal orthodontic appliances is associated with decreased periodontal status and increased levels of periodontopathic bacteria when compared to treatment with removable aligners over the 12-month study duration.
Association of Diabetes and Hemodialysis With Ankle Pressure and Ankle-Brachial Index in Japanese Patients With Critical Limb Ischemia
Authors: Takahara Mitsuyoshi , Kaneto Hideaki , Iida Osamu , Katakami Naoto , Matsuoka Taka-aki , Ikeda Masahiko , Shimomura Iichiro 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether diabetes and regular hemodialysis are associated with false elevation of ankle systolic blood pressure and ankle-brachial systolic pressure index (ABI) because of their arterial calcification in patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recruited 269 Japanese patients who underwent endovascular therapy for CLI. Ankle systolic blood pressure and ABI were assessed before endovascular therapy. Arterial stenosis and calcification were evaluated angiographically. We investigated the associations among clinical comorbidities, arterial calcification, and measurements of ankle systolic blood pressure and ABI.

RESULTS
Ankle systolic blood pressure was 85 ± 56 mmHg, and ABI was 0.59 ± 0.37. Arterial calcification was observed in 69% of the patients. The prevalence of diabetes and regular hemodialysis was 71 and 47%. Diabetes and regular hemodialysis were both significantly associated with the presence of arterial calcification; their adjusted odds ratios were 2.33 (P = 0.01) and 7.40 (P &lt; 0.01), respectively. However, there was no significant difference in ankle systolic blood pressure or ABI level between those with and without these comorbidities. Furthermore, the presence of arterial calcification was not associated with ankle systolic blood pressure or ABI level, whereas arterial stenoses of all segments in the lower body had independent associations with reduced ankle systolic blood pressure and ABI level.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes and regular hemodialysis were significantly associated with arterial calcification, but not with elevated measurements of ankle systolic blood pressure or ABI, in CLI patients.
Intensive Blood Pressure Treatment Does Not Improve Cardiovascular Outcomes in Centrally Obese Hypertensive Individuals With Diabetes
Authors: Barzilay Joshua I. , Howard Annie G. , Evans Gregory W. , Fleg Jerome L. , Cohen Robert M. , Booth Gillian L. , Kimel Angela R. , Pedley Carolyn F. , Cushman William C. 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE
The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Blood Pressure Trial reported no differences in most cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes between intensive and standard blood pressure therapy in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension. Many such individuals are centrally obese. Here we evaluate whether the trial outcomes varied by the level of central obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The cohort included 4,687 people (47.7% women) with DM and hypertension. Mean age was 62.2, and mean follow-up was 4.7 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two blood pressure treatment strategies: intensive (systolic &lt;120 mmHg) or standard (systolic &lt;140 mmHg). Sex-specific quartiles of waist-to-height ratio were used as the measure of central obesity. The primary ACCORD outcome (a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction [MI], nonfatal stroke, or CVD death) and three secondary outcomes (nonfatal MI, fatal or nonfatal stroke, and CVD death) were examined using proportional hazard models.

RESULTS
There was no evidence that the effect of intensively lowering blood pressure differed by quartile of waist-to-height ratio for any of the four outcomes (P &gt; 0.25 in all cases). Controlling for waist-to-height quartile had no significant impact on previously published results for intensive blood pressure therapy. Waist-to-height ratio was significantly related to CVD mortality (hazard ratio 2.32 [95% CI 1.40–3.83], P = 0.0009 comparing the heaviest to lightest quartiles), but not to the other outcomes (P &gt; 0.09 in all cases).

CONCLUSIONS
Intensive lowering of blood pressure versus standard treatment does not ameliorate CVD risk in individuals with DM and hypertension. These results did not vary by quartile of waist-to-height ratio.
Circadian Variation in the Response to the Glucose Challenge Test in Pregnancy
Authors: Goldberg Robert J. , Ye Chang , Sermer Mathew , Connelly Philip W. , Hanley Anthony J.G. , Zinman Bernard , Retnakaran Ravi 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE
A common approach to screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the universal testing of all pregnant women with a 1-h, 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT), followed by a diagnostic oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in those in whom the GCT is positive (≥7.8 mmol/L). More important, the GCT is performed at any time of day, but there has been limited study of the effect of time of day on test performance. Thus, using their subsequent OGTT (performed in the morning), we sought to characterize the metabolic function of women with positive GCTs in relation to the timing of their test.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 927 women with positive GCTs underwent a 3-h 100-g OGTT. They were stratified into four groups by time of day (hours) of their GCT: &lt;0900 (n = 171), 0900–1059 (n = 288), 1100–1259 (n = 189), and ≥1300 (n = 279).

RESULTS
On the OGTT, the prevalence of GDM progressively decreased across the GCT groups from &lt;0900 h (26.9%) to 0900–1059 h (25.0%) to 1100–1259 h (21.7%) to ≥1300 h (21.5%; P = 0.0022). After adjustment for GDM risk factors, mean adjusted glucose area under the curve (AUCgluc) similarly decreased across the groups, while insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and β-cell function (Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2) progressively increased (all P &lt; 0.0001). In particular, compared with the &lt;0900- and 0900–1059-h groups, women whose positive GCT occurred after 1300 h had superior metabolic function, as evidenced by lower AUCgluc, higher insulin sensitivity, and better β-cell function (all P ≤ 0.0097).

CONCLUSIONS
Among women with a positive GCT, those tested in the afternoon have better metabolic function and a lower risk of GDM on subsequent OGTT.
Modest Levels of Physical Activity Are Associated With a Lower Incidence of Diabetes in a Population With a High Rate of Obesity
Authors: Fretts Amanda M. , Howard Barbara V. , McKnight Barbara , Duncan Glen E. , Beresford Shirley A.A. , Calhoun Darren , Kriska Andrea M. , Storti Kristi L. , Siscovick David S. 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of objectively measured participation in low levels of physical activity with incident type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study population included participants free of diabetes and cardiovascular disease at baseline (n = 1,826) who participated in a follow-up examination. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the association of steps per day with incident diabetes.

RESULTS
During 5 years of follow-up, 243 incident cases of diabetes were identified. When compared with participants in the lowest quartile of steps per day (&lt;3,500 steps), participants in the upper three quartiles of steps per day had lower odds for diabetes, consistent with a threshold effect. Contrasting the three upper quartiles with the lowest quartile, the odds ratio of diabetes was 0.71 (95% CI 0.51–0.98).

CONCLUSIONS
Modest levels of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of incident diabetes, compared with lower levels of activity.
Indexing Severity of Diabetic Foot Infection With 99mTc-WBC SPECT/CT Hybrid Imaging
Authors: Erdman William A. , Buethe Ji , Bhore Rafia , Ghayee Hans K. , Thompson Chiarra , Maewal Param , Anderson Jon , Klemow Steve , Oz Orhan K. 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE
Management of diabetic foot infection (DFI) has been hampered by limited means of accurately classifying disease severity. New hybrid nuclear/computed tomography (CT) imaging techniques elucidate a combination of wound infection parameters not previously evaluated as outcome prognosticators. Our aim is to determine if a novel standardized hybrid image–based scoring system, Composite Severity Index (CSI), has prognostic value in DFI.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Masked retrospective 99mTc-white blood cell (WBC) single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT image interpretation and independent chart review of 77 patients (101 feet) suspected of DFI-associated osteomyelitis at a large municipal hospital between January 2007 and July 2009. CSI scores were correlated with probability of favorable outcome (no subsequent amputation/readmission after therapeutic intervention) during median 342-day follow-up.

RESULTS
CSI ranged from 0–13. Receiver operating characteristic accuracy for predicting favorable outcome was 0.79 (optimal cutoff CSI, ≤2; odds ratio of therapeutic failure for CSI &gt;2, 15.1 [95% CI 4.4–51.5]). CSI of 0 had a 92% chance of favorable outcome, which fell progressively to 25% as indices rose to ≥7. Image-based osteomyelitis versus no osteomyelitis assessment was less accurate than CSI at predicting outcome (P = 0.016). In patients with intermediate severity (CSI 3–6), treatment failure decreased from 68 to 36% when antibiotic duration was extended to ≥42 days (P = 0.026).

CONCLUSIONS
99mTc-WBC SPECT/CT hybrid image–derived wound infection parameters incorporated into a standardized scoring system, CSI, has prognostic value in DFI.
Genotoxicity of Metal Nanoparticles: Focus on In Vivo Studies
Authors: Klien Katharina , Godnić-Cvar Jasminka 
Published: June 2012

Genotoxicity of Metal Nanoparticles: Focus on In Vivo StudiesWith increasing production and application of a variety of nanomaterials (NMs), research on their cytotoxic and genotoxic potential grows, as the exposure to these nano-sized materials may potentially result in adverse health effects. In large part, indications for potential DNA damaging effects of nanoparticles (NPs) originate from inconsistent in vitro studies. To clarify these effects, the implementation of in vivo studies has been emphasised. This paper summarises study results of genotoxic effects of NPs, which are available in the recent literature. They provide indications that some NP types cause both DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damages in experimental animals. Their genotoxic effects, however, do not depend only on particle size, surface modification (particle coating), and exposure route, but also on exposure duration. Currently available animal studies may suggest differing mechanisms (depending on the duration of exposure) by which living organisms react to NP contact. Nevertheless, due to considerable inconsistencies in the recent literature and the lack of standardised test methods - a reliable hazard assessment of NMs is still limited. Therefore, international organisations (e.g. NIOSH) suggest utmost caution when potential exposure of humans to NMs occurs, as long as evidence of their toxicological and genotoxic effect(s) is limited.
City Shape and the Fractality of Street Patterns
Authors: Mohajeri Nahid , Longley Paul , Batty Michael 
Published: June 2012

City Shape and the Fractality of Street Patterns
This paper discusses, first, the concepts of fractals and power laws in relation to the street patterns of the city of Dundee, East Scotland and, second, the results of the measurement of 6,004 street segments in the city. The trends of the street segments are presented through rose diagrams and show that there are two main street trends in the city: one is parallel with the coast, the other is roughly perpendicular to the coast. It is clear that the coastline largely regulates the street trend, because both the main street trends change along the city so as to be nearly coast-perpendicular and coast-parallel everywhere. The lengths of the street segments follow power laws. When presented on log-log plots, however, the result is not a single straight line but two straight lines. At the break in line slope, the fractal dimension changes from 0.88 to 2.20. The change occurs at the step length of about 100 m, indicating that the short streets belong to a population that is different from that of the longer streets.