bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homologous and heterologous antibody responses to subunit influenza virus vaccine
Authors: Feery Brian J. , Evered M. G. , Hayes Kathleen 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn a group of 32 adult volunteers given subunit influenza virus vaccine containing 250 international units (i.u.) of A/Victoria/3/75, 250 i.u. of A/Scotland/ 840/74 and 300 i.u. of B/Hong Kong/8/73, there were substantial increases in the geometric mean homologous haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titres. There was also substantial boosting of the antibodies to the earlier variants of the Hong Kong (H3N2) series and to a later variant of the Asian (H2N2) series. There was no boosting of antibodies to the A/FM/1/47 strain, a representative member of the H1N1 series, but two individuals showed substantial rises to A/PR/8/34 (H0N1).There were increases in the HI titre of antibodies cross reactive with two recent isolations, A/Texas/1/77, and A/Victoria/35/77, but the majority of vaccinees failed to reach antibody titres likely to be protective against such strains.
The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. II. Dispersal of skin organisms in a test chamber
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Mackintosh C. A. , Towers A. G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe effectiveness of a representative range of fabrics in restricting dispersal through them of dry skin-borne bacteria has been examined. The fabrics were tested made up into trousers which were worn by volunteers during standardized exercise in a test chamber operated within a unidirectional flow clean-air room. Under these conditions, with careful attention to sealing at ankles and waist, it was possible to estimate penetration as low as 0·3%. Penetrations as low as 1% were observed with some synthetic fabrics. These had a relatively high surface resistivity and developed significant electrostatic charges.When the observed values for penetration were compared with the results of a series of measurements and tests made on the fabrics it was clear that the correlation between these values and the other results was in every case very close for all the five woven cotton or cotton terylene fabrics but that no measurement or test was capable of predicting the behaviour of all the other materials in dispersal experiments. The inherent variability of dispersal experiments seems to be very great. With a standard deviation of the approximately log-normal distribution of the experimental values as high as about 2 times the mean, it is necessary to carry out as many as 20 replicate experiments in order to differentiate with certainty between garments with a two-fold difference in penetration.
The effect of travel on faecalEscherichia coli serotypes
Authors: Ismail Majed N. , Bettelheim K. A. , Shooter R. A. , Moorhouse E. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn a study on the serotypes ofEscherichia coliwhich are present in the faeces of students travelling from many parts of the world to Dublin, a great variety of types was found. It was not possible to relate certain types to the various parts of the world where the students came from. There was no decrease in variety of serotypes after the students had been in Dublin for a few months and no distinctive ‘Dublin’ types were acquired. Serological variation of theE. coliwas suggested as partially explaining some of the variety of the serotypes found. Although eight students developed diarrhoea without an aetiological agent being isolated after arrival in Dublin, no distinct pattern ofE. colicould be related to this.
The increasing isolation ofSerratiaspecies from clinical specimens
Authors: Brooks Heather J. L. , Chambers T. J. , Tabaqchali Soad 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA 14-month survey was undertaken in a diagnostic bacteriology laboratory to determine the incidence ofSerratiaspp. in routine clinical specimens. Gram-negative organisms with enterobacteria-like colonies were tested by a simple screening procedure. Fifty-eight strains ofS. marcescensand two strains ofS. liquefacienswere isolated from 59 patients. The strains were usually nonpigmented and exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance. Serotyping and determination of bacteriocine sensitivity patterns revealed that the majority of infections were sporadic, although episodes of cross-infection did occur.S. marcescenswas considered to contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in 53% of patients and appears to be of increasing importance in hospital-acquired infections.
The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response induced in man by inactivated influenza vaccines and by natural infection
Authors: Oxford J. S. , Schild G. C. , Potter C. W. , Jennings R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in adult human volunteers to inactivated whole virus or tween ether split influenza A/Victoria/75 (H3N2) and A/Scotland/74 (H3N2) virus vaccines was investigated using antibody adsorption and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) techniques. The concentrations of haemagglutinin (HA), nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix (M) antigens measured by single radial diffusion (SRD) and rocket immunoelectrophoresis were similar for both the whole virus and split vaccines. Whole virus and split vaccines induced cross-reactive (CR) antibody in 87% of vaccinees. Strain specific (SS) antibody to A/Hong Kong/1/68 or the homologous virus was induced less frequently than CR antibody. Higher anti-haemagglutinin antibody titres were detected in persons receiving the split virus vaccines than in those receiving the whole virus vaccines. No antibody to the type-specific matrix protein was detectable, but 33% of volunteers developed an antibody rise to type-specific nucleoprotein antigen.The specificity of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response in human adults to natural infection with A/Port Chalmers/73 (H3N2) virus was similar to that induced by inactivated vaccines in that a high proportion of subjects developed CR anti-haemagglutinin antibody, which reacted with A/Hong Kong/68 virus and the homologous A/Port Chalmers/73 virus, and SS antibody for A/Hong Kong/68 virus but SS antibody for A/Port Chalmers/73 virus was infrequently stimulated by natural infection.
The cultural and biochemical characters ofStreptococcus milleristrains isolated from human sources
Authors: Ball Lyn C. , Parker M. T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA collection of 346 strains ofStreptococcus millerifrom a variety of human sources was examined culturally and biochemically, and for the presence of Lancefield group antigens. Most of the strains were non-haemolytic and ungroupable, but 25% were β haemolytic and 19% were α haemolytic; 28% possessed a group antigen (A, 5%; C, 6%, F, 14%, G, 3%). These antigens were present in 69% of β-haemolytic but in only 13% of α-haemolytic or non-haemolytic strains; β haemolysis occurred in 82% of group-F strains, 43% of other groupable strains and 11% of ungroupable strains.The following reactions were given by > 80% ofS. milleristrains: hydrolysis of arginine and aesculin, a positive Voges–Proskauer reaction, and acidification of trehalose, lactose, salicin and sucrose. A minority of strains showed enhancement of growth by CO2, bile tolerance, NaCl tolerance, and ability to acidify other sugars, notably mannitol, raffinose and melibiose. Departures from the modal pattern of biochemical reactions showed a weak correlation with the type of haemolysis and the presence or absence of a group antigen but were not sufficiently systematic for clear-cut subdivisions to be recognized within the species.S. milleritherefore appeared to comprise a ‘central’ group of non-haemolytic strains that rarely formed a Lancefield-group antigen, in which the aesculin reaction was nearly always positive, lactose was usually acidified, and a considerable minority showed enhancement of growth by CO2and bile tolerance. Deviations from this pattern were of two main types. (1) ‘Loss’ of one or more of these reactions, which tended to be associated with β-haemolysis and presence of a group antigen. In these respects, α-haemolytic strains tended to occupy an intermediate position. (2) ‘Gain’ of the ability to acidify additional sugars, notably raffinose and melibiose or mannitol; this occurred mainly among otherwise typical non-haemolytic strains that were rarely groupable.Only 12% of isolations from the bloodstream of patients suffering from systemic infections were β haemolytic and only 18% possessed a group antigen, but a considerably greater proportion of those from visceral abscesses were β haemolytic (28%). Among isolations from superficial lesions in some body sites there were considerably greater proportions of β-haemolytic and groupable strains; thus, nearly one-half of those isolated from the abdomen other than the female genital tract were β-haemolytic and over one-half were groupable. On the other hand, strains from the teeth and gums were nearly always non-haemolytic and ungroupable, and most vaginal isolations were of non-haemolytic strains with a wide sugar-fermentation pattern.
Comparison of the tuberculin Tine Test+ and the Mantoux
Authors: Hill G. W. R. , Roach M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRe-evaluation of recently published figures comparing the tuberculin Tine Test+ and the Mantoux showed that, contrary to original opinion, the Tine Test+ did perform satisfactorily, the reason for the apparent ineffectiveness lying in the original interpretation of the results.
Brucella abortus in the bitch: subclinical infection associated with urinary excretion
Authors: Bicknell S. R. , Bell R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBrucella abortus infection in the bitch, associated with an aborted bovine fetus, is described. Clinical signs were absent, but the organism was isolated from many sites in the body, including the urine, after death. The response of the dog to B. abortus infection and its possible role as a vector of the disease is discussed.
The inactivation of viruses in cattle and pig slurry by aeration or treatment with calcium hydroxide
Authors: Derbyshire J. B. , Brown E. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPorcine enterovirus type 2 or porcine adenovirus type 3 were seeded into samples of pig slurry, and a bovine enterovirus was seeded into cattle slurry, and samples of the slurry were aerated in the laboratory for 21 days. The viruses were inactivated more rapidly in the aerated slurry than in control slurry which was not aerated. The difference in inactivation rate was greatest for the porcine adenovirus and least for the bovine enterovirus. Inactivation of the porcine enterovirus in aerated distilled water and in aerated, autoclaved pig slurry proceeded at a similar rate as in the same materials which were not aerated. Ten samples of aerated slurry were collected from an aeration tank which received weekly additions of raw pig slurry which was sampled at the same times. Each sample yielded a porcine enterovirus after concentration with the polyelectrolyte PE-60, but in three comparative titrations the viral infectivity titre in concentrates of the raw slurry was at least 1000 times greater than in the aerated slurry. Porcine enterovirus type 2 and porcine adenovirus type 3, which were seeded into pig slurry, and a bovine enterovirus seeded into cattle slurry, were inactivated by treatment of the slurry with calcium hydroxide at pH 11·5. The inactivation rate was highest for the bovine enterovirus and lowest for the porcine adenovirus.
Specific immunoglobulin responses after varicella and herpes zoster
Authors: Cradock-Watson J. E. , Ridehalgh Margaret K. S. , Bourne M. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe indirect immunofluorescence technique has been used to titrate the specific immunoglobulins in 200 sera from 64 patients with varicella, and 195 sera from 67 patients with herpes zoster. IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in all patients with varicella, and IgA in 59 (92%). All three classes of antibody appeared 2–5 days after the onset of the rash, increased virtually simultaneously and reached maximum titres during the second and third weeks. IgG then declined slowly, but never became undetectable and was still present in five subjects who were retested after 2–4 years; it was present in 88 out of 100 healthy young adults and probably persists indefinitely after varicella. IgA and 1gM antibodies declined more rapidly and were not detected in specimens taken more than a year after the illness. IgA, however, may possibly persist in some cases since low titres were found in 8 out of 88 young adults who possessed IgG antibody and had presumably had varicella in the past. IgA responses were significantly weaker in children under the age of 6 years than in older children and adults.Six out of 67 patients with zoster were tested at various times before the onset of the rash: IgG antibody was detected in all. IgG was present in all sera taken after the onset of the rash, increased rapidly after 2–5 days, reached maximum titres during the second and third weeks and then declined slowly. IgA antibody was detected in 66 patients (99%) and IgM in 52 (78%); both types of antibody followed transient courses, as in varicella.Maximum titres of IgG and complement-fixing antibodies were greater after zoster than after varicella, but the differences were not significant. IgA and IgM titres in young adults with zoster were significantly lower than in older patients, and also lower than in young adults with varicella.Increases in varicella-zoster antibody in patients with herpes simplex virus infections consisted mainly of IgG, sometimes IgA, but never IgM.
Estimating the duration of latency and survival time of snails with schistosomiasis
Authors: Goddard M. J. 
Published: May 2009

By means of techniques of analyses of survival data developed for cancer trials it is possible to study aspects of the natural history of the infection of schistosomiasis on the intermediate host of transmission, the snail.The simultaneous study of three response variables is largely based on a model of Lagakos (1976). When using this approach in the schistosomiasis setting it seems inappropriate to assume that one process, the duration of latency, follows an exponential distribution. Thus this stage is modified to follow a normal distribution and the derivatives required to obtain maximum-likelihood estimates and approximate variances of all parameters are provided.Simple graphical tools for assessing the validity of distributional assumptions in survival data are available from industrial research. The reader's attention is drawn to a paper by Nelson (1972). The relevance and application of these methods to the current problem are described in Section 4.In the event that the times to death of prepatent and patent snails do not follow exponential distributions as assumed in the primary model, a further modification is introduced to enable either or both to follow Weibull densities.Lastly it is possible to adapt both the primary model of Section Three and the modified model of Section Five to allow for the inclusion of auxiliary variables or covariates. Again the required derivatives to obtain maximum likelihood estimates and approximate variances are provided.I wish to thank Sheila Gore, Stuart Pocock and Professor Michael Healy for many useful discussions. Sheila Gore and Professor Peter Armitage provided many recommendations for the improvement of the manuscript for which I am most grateful.
Studies on the effects of ionization on bacterial aerosols in a burns and plastic surgery unit
Authors: Mäkelä Paavo , Ojajärvi Juhani , Graeffe Gunnar , Lehtimäki Matti 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe effect of the ionization of the air on the decay of bacterial aerosols was studied in a Burns and Plastic Surgery Unit. Ions were generated by free corona needles. The air content of bacteria measured by settle plates was found to be smaller during the ionization period than during the controls period. The number of individual phage typed Staph. aureus strains was especially found to be lower during ionization. The opposite potential increased the disappearance of bacteria from the air. The size of skin particles carrying bacteria is not optimum, but the results obtained show that the ionization may have applications in controlling airborne infection.
Comparison of the protective efficacies of the live vaccine RIT 4025 and an inactivated vaccine against a natural heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 infection
Authors: Delem A. , Van Rensburg W. , Flaskett I. 
Published: May 2009

summaryA clinical trial was initiated in South Africa before the winter season of 1976. The study involved 253 volunteers divided into three groups of vaccinees and one control group.Two groups of vaccinees were inoculated with either one or two doses at 2 weeks' interval (107·2EID 50/dose) of the RIT 4025 live recombinant strain [A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2) serotype] and one group received one injection of an inactivated vaccine [A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2), 360 i.u., A/Scotland/840/74 (H3N2), 300 i.u. and B/Hong Kong/8/73, 300 i.u./dose].The serum antihaemagglutinin antibody responses against the heterologous A/Victoria/3/75 strain as measured by the single radial haemolysis test were satisfactory and not statistically different in all groups of vaccinees. On the other hand, the antineuraminidase antibody response was better in the group receiving the killed vaccine.At the end of the influenza season, A/Victoria/3/75 infections were confirmed serologically.Only 12% of the infections were symptomatic. The infection rate was significantly reduced in the live vaccine groups, whereas in the killed vaccine group the percentage of infection was lower but not significantly different from that in the placebo group.
Microbial contamination of pharmaceutical products in the home
Authors: Baird Rosamund M. , Crowden Carol A. , O'farrell Sheila M. , Shooter R. A. 
Published: May 2009

summaryOne thousand, nine hundred and seventy-seven pharmaceutical products used in the home were examined for microbial contamination. Viable micro-organisms were recovered from 14.0% of samples. Medicines used in the home are apparently not exposed to the same opportunities for contamination as those used in hospital.
Characterization of R-plasmids coding for ampicillin resistance fromSalmonellaspecies
Authors: Jamieson A. F. , Green M. J. 
Published: May 2009

summaryA sudden increase in the incidence of ampicillin resistance was observed amongSalmonellaspecies isolated within New Zealand in 1973–4. This increase was due mainly to the appearance and proliferation ofSalmonella newingtonandSalmonella anatumserotypes resistant to ampicillin. The plasmid complements of 14 ampicillin-resistantS. newingtonandS. anatumisolates obtained from widely separated geographical areas within New Zealand between 1973 and 1974 were characterized by agarose gel electrophoresis. Each contained one or more plasmids ranging in molecular weight from 1·4 to 42 Mdal. Eleven isolates contained a self-transmissible plasmid of 33 Mdal which encoded resistance to ampicillin. After transfer toEscherichia coli, the 33 Mdal R-plasmids from each of these isolates were shown to be identical by restriction endonuclease analysis. The remaining three strains contained ampicillin R-plasmids having molecular weights of 35, 37·5 and 42 Mdal. These plasmids were shown by restriction endonuclease analysis to be related to the 33 Mdal R-plasmid. We conclude that the 33 Mdal plasmid and its derivatives were responsible for the increase in the incidence of ampicillin-resistantS. newingtonandS. anatumserotypes among the totalSalmonellapopulation.
Stool viruses in babies in Glasgow: 3. Community studies
Authors: Scott T. M. , Madeley C. R. , Cosgrove B. P. , Stanfield J. P. 
Published: May 2009

Twenty-seven babies from one deprived housing area in Glasgow were followed-up regularly, for periods varying between 2 months and 11 months (mean 7 months), in a prospective study of the viruses to be found in their stools by electron microscopy. Weekly stool specimens were collected in the home together with a history of the baby's health. Additional stool specimens were obtained, up to a maximum of one per day, during admissions to hospital. Over 500 specimens were obtained at home and another 320 in hospital. A wide variety of viruses (over 200 recognizates) were detected and it has been possible to plot their temporal relation to disease episodes. It became apparent that virus excretion was frequently unaccompanied by evidence of illness and it has not been possible to describe a typical illness syndrome associated with any of the morphological types of virus observed.The results suggest that, in one area of Glasgow at least, patterns of virus excretion in young babies are complex and will need further elucidation before the need for a vaccine to prevent infantile diarrhoea could be defined.
The effect of an intramammary infusion of endotoxin on experimentally induced mycoplasmal mastitis
Authors: Brownlie J. , Howard C. J. , Gourlay R. N. 
Published: May 2009

The infusion of 10 μg of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide fromEscherichia coliinto the mammary gland of four cows 16 h before inoculation with ureaplasmas did not prevent, or even diminish, the subsequent ureaplasmal mastitis. There was no reduction in the severity or duration of the inflammatory cell response in milk or in the clinical appearance of the resulting mastitis. Also, the excretion of ureaplasmas was not reduced.A similar experiment withMycoplasma disparin two cows demonstrated that endotoxin was again ineffective in preventing the mastitis. Furthermore, there was some indication that the proliferation and excretion of this mycoplasma was enhanced in endotoxin-treated quarters.
Evaluation of airborne operating room bacteria with a Biap slit sampler
Authors: Tjade O. H. , Gabor I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA Biap slit sampler and a Casella Mk 2 slit sampler were studied in an orthopaedic operating theatre. Both showed similar bacterial counts in the range of 74–640 c.f.u. (colony forming units)/m3. During operations, an average count of 220 c.f.u./m3 (range 52–482) was obtained. A close relationship was demonstrated between the number of airborne bacteria and the frequency of traffic through doors.
Studies on the incidence of Toxocara and Toxascaris spp. ova in the environment. 1. A comparison of flotation procedures for recovering Toxocara spp. ova from soil
Authors: Quinn R. , Smith H. V. , Bruce R. G. , Girdwood R. W. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSeven different flotation fluids were assessed for their efficiency in recovering Toxocara canis ova from artificially seeded soil samples. Using the most efficient (a saturated solution of magnesium sulphate plus 5 % potassium iodide) 25 g amounts of 234 environmental soil samples were examined for the presence of Toxocara spp. and Toxascaris ova. Twenty-six samples (11·1 %) yielded ova of one or other species. There was no discernible pattern of distribution of positives with relation to the source of the samples. The maximum number of ova recovered in any one sample was 19. All the ova recovered from the environment were considered viable and potentially infective.