bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontiers and the State in Early Islamic History: Jihād Between Caliphs and Volunteers
Authors: Haug Robert 
Published: August 2011

Abstract Jihād and warfare aimed at expanding the political authority of the Muslim caliphate was the primary occupation of the caliphate in its first century. As the state lost focus on the expansion of its frontiers and the proper conduct of jihād, non‐state actors, particularly religious authorities, stepped in to claim authority over frontier warfare. Recent scholarship of the last few decades on the impact of this transference of authority exhibits a trend in the study of early Islamic history of viewing the frontiers as important instigators for major developments that shaped the center of the Islamic world. This article examines recent scholarship on the history of jihād as practiced on the frontiers of the Islamic world and the use of frontier warfare and the proper conduct of jihād as a legitimizing factor for the caliphate and provincial rulers.
Prevention of free fatty acid‐induced hepatic lipotoxicity by carnitine via reversal of mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Jun Dae Won , Cho Won Kyeong , Jun Jin Hyun , Kwon Hyuk Jin , Jang Ki‐Seok , Kim Hyun‐Jeong , Jeon Hye Jun , Lee Kang Nyeong , Lee Hang Lak , Lee Oh Young , Yoon Byung Chul , Choi Ho Soon , Hahm Joon Soo , Lee Min Ho 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:Mitochondria are the main sites for fatty acid oxidation and play a central role in lipotoxicity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.Aims:We investigated whether carnitine prevents free fatty acid (FFA)‐induced lipotoxicity in vitro and in vivo.Methods:HepG2 cells were incubated with FFA, along with carnitine and carnitine complexes. Mitochondrial β‐oxidation, transmembrane potential, intracellular ATP levels and changes in mitochondrial copy number and morphology were analysed. Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty and Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats were segregated into three experimental groups and fed for 8 weeks with (i) normal chow, (ii) a methionine choline‐deficient (MCD) diet or (iii) an l‐carnitine‐supplemented MCD diet.Results:Carnitine prevented FFA‐induced apoptosis (16% vs. 3%, P < 0.05). FFA treatment resulted in swollen mitochondria with increased inner matrix density and loss of cristae. However, mitochondria co‐treated with carnitine had normal ultrastructure. The mitochondrial DNA copy number was higher in the carnitine treatment group than in the palmitic acid treatment group (375 vs. 221 copies, P < 0.05). The carnitine group showed higher mitochondrial β‐oxidation than did the control and palmitic acid treatment groups (597 vs. 432 and 395 ccpm, P < 0.05). Carnitine treatment increased the mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ, and carnitine‐lipoic acid further augmented the mRNA expression. In the in vivo model, carnitine‐treated rats showed lower alanine transaminase levels and lesser lobular inflammation than did the MCD‐treated rats.Conclusions:Carnitine and carnitine‐lipoic acid prevent lipotoxicity by increasing mitochondrial β‐oxidation and reducing intracellular oxidative stress.
Telocytes in trachea and lungs
Authors: Zheng Y. , Li H. , Manole C. G. , Sun A. , Ge J. , Wang X. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe show the existence of a novel type of interstitial cell—telocytes (TC) in mouse trachea and lungs. We used cell cultures, vital stainings, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Phase contrast microscopy on cultured cells showed cells with unequivocally characteristic morphology of typical TC (cells with telopodes—Tp). SEM revealed typical TC with two to three Tp—very long and branched cell prolongations. Tp consist of an alternation of thin segments (podomers) and thick segments (podoms). The latter accommodate mitochondria (as shown by Janus Green and MitoTracker), rough endoplasmic reticulum and caveolae. TEM showed characteristic podomers and podoms as well as close relationships with nerve endings and blood capillaries. IHC revealed positive expression of TC for c‐kit, vimentin and CD34. In conclusion, this study shows the presence in trachea and lungs of a peculiar type of cells, which fulfils the criteria for TC.
The Impact of Immigration on the Development of Adolescent Schizophrenia
Authors: Ampadu Esther 
Published: August 2011

PROBLEM:  Impact of immigration on the development of adolescent schizophrenia.METHODS:  The review of literature used Academic Search Premier, CINHAL, PsychINFO, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases to examine reasons given to immigration as a risk factor to adolescent schizophrenia.FINDINGS:  There is not a single factor or a group of related factors that could explain why the incidence of schizophrenia among immigrants is higher compared with natives of the host county.CONCLUSION:  Further inquiry into this phenomenon is needed to understand factors that increase the risk of schizophrenia among immigrant children and to help plan and implement strategies for prevention.
Acute and sustained actions of hyperglycaemia on endothelial and glomerular barrier permeability
Authors: Swärd P. , Rippe B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMicroalbuminuria is an established marker of systemic endothelial dysfunction, which for patients with diabetes signals an increased risk of both diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular complications. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of microalbuminuria is important in the quest of finding new approaches to treat patients with diabetes. Direct acute effects of episodes of hyperglycaemia (HG) could have implications for the microalbuminuria seen in early diabetes before renal structural alterations have started, especially in those patients with poor glycaemic control. This review summarizes the literature evidence that acute or sustained HG may lead to an increased vascular or glomerular permeability. Special focus is on glomerular barrier permeability. There is evidence in the literature that HG increases systemic capillary and glomerular barrier permeability within 20–30 min in vivo in rats and mice. Furthermore, exposure of monolayers of cultured endothelial cells to HG has been shown to increase monolayer permeability rapidly and transiently (during 60–100 min). Instant cellular changes following F‐actin cytoskeleton rearrangements, which could be abrogated by Rho‐kinase (ROCK) inhibition, are implicated. Data in this review also suggest that activation of protein kinase C, the polyol pathway, and an increased release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines could contribute to the increase in barrier permeability induced by HG. Recent in vitro data from cultured podocyte monolayers also designates a role of insulin in acute podocyte F‐actin remodelling, underpinning the complexity of the mechanisms leading to glomerular and endothelial barrier alterations in diabetes mellitus.
Does Looking at the Positive Mean Feeling Good? Age and Individual Differences Matter
Authors: Isaacowitz Derek M. , Noh Soo Rim 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we link age differences in gaze patterns toward emotional stimuli to later mood outcomes. While one might think that looking at more positive emotional material leads to better moods, and looking at more negative material leads to worse moods, it turns out that links between emotional looking and mood depend on age as well as individual differences. Though older people can feel good by looking more at positive material, in some cases young adults actually feel better by engaging visually with the negative. These age effects are further moderated by attentional abilities. Such findings suggest that different age groups may use looking differently, and this may reflect their preferences for using distinct emotion regulatory strategies. This work also serves as a reminder that regulatory efforts are not always successful at improving mood.
Primary pleural chloroma: A rare location with fatal prognosis
Authors: Elsayed Hany , Gosney John 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe report an extremely unique histologically proven case of an isolated primary pleural granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) in a 44‐year‐old woman who had sustained complete remission for 14 years after being treated for a Hodgkin's lymphoma. There was no history of myelogenous leukemia, which typically precedes chloroma. The prognosis was dismal as the patient died 2 weeks after diagnosis.
CrdS and CrdA Comprise a Two-Component System That Is Cooperatively Regulated by the Che3 Chemosensory System in Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Willett Jonathan W. , Kirby John R. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

Myxococcus xanthus
serves as a model organism for development and complex signal transduction. Regulation of developmental aggregation and sporulation is controlled, in part, by the Che3 chemosensory system. The Che3 pathway consists of homologs to two methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), CheA, CheW, CheB, and CheR but not CheY. Instead, the output for Che3 is the NtrC homolog CrdA, which functions to regulate developmental gene expression. In this paper we have identified an additional kinase, CrdS, which directly regulates the phosphorylation state of CrdA. Both epistasis and
in vitro
phosphotransfer assays indicate that CrdS functions as part of the Che3 pathway and, in addition to CheA3, serves to regulate CrdA phosphorylation in
M. xanthus
. We provide kinetic data for CrdS autophosphorylation and demonstrate specificity for phosphotransfer from CrdS to CrdA. We further demonstrate that CheA3 destabilizes phosphorylated CrdA (CrdA~P), indicating that CheA3 likely acts as a phosphatase. Both CrdS and CheA3 control developmental progression by regulating the phosphorylation state of CrdA~P in the cell. These results support a model in which a classical two-component system and a chemosensory system act synergistically to control the activity of the response regulator CrdA.

IMPORTANCE
While phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction is well understood in prototypical chemotaxis and two-component systems (TCS), chemosensory regulation of alternative cellular functions (ACF) has not been clearly defined. The Che3 system in
Myxococcus xanthus
is a member of the ACF class of chemosensory systems and regulates development via the transcription factor CrdA (
c
hemosensory
r
egulator of
d
evelopment) (K. Wuichet and I. B. Zhulin, Sci. Signal. 3:ra50, 2010; J. R. Kirby and D. R. Zusman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:2008–2013, 2003). We have identified and characterized a homolog of NtrB, designated CrdS, capable of specifically phosphorylating the NtrC homolog CrdA in
M. xanthus
. Additionally, we demonstrate that the CrdSA two-component system is negatively regulated by CheA3, the central processor within the Che3 system of
M. xanthus
. To our knowledge, this study provides the first example of an ACF chemosensory system regulating a prototypical two-component system and extends our understanding of complex regulation of developmental signaling pathways.
Early hyperglycemia following alloxan administration in vivo is not associated with altered hepatic mitochondrial function: acceptable model for type 1 diabetes?
Authors: Rendon Dairo A. , Alvarez-Bustamante Jose A. 
Published: August 2011

Alloxan and oxidative stress, which have been detected in livers of laboratory animals shortly after in vivo alloxan administration, cause in vitro mitochondrial dysfunction, thus questioning alloxan diabetes as an acceptable model for type 1 diabetes, a model that cannot legitimately be used to investigate mitochondrial metabolism in a diabetic state. In the current study, the blood glucose concentration increased in the drug-treated group of Sprague–Dawley rats (compared with the placebo group) 45 or 60 min after alloxan treatment, whereas at 30 min the blood glucose concentration was unchanged. State 4, state 3, respiratory control, efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial ATP synthase activity, assayed using glutamate plus malate, pyruvate plus malate, or succinate as a substrate, were not negatively altered during the entire study. These results indicated that early increases of blood glucose concentration, after in vivo alloxan administration, did not lead to liver mitochondrial dysfunction, suggesting that alloxan diabetes can be used for the study of liver mitochondrial respiration in a diabetic state.
Levobupivacaine-induced contraction of isolated rat aorta is calcium dependent
Authors: Baik Ji Seok , Sohn Ju-Tae , Ok Seong-Ho , Kim Jae-Gak , Sung Hui-Jin , Park Sang-Seung , Park Jae-Yong , Hwang Eun Mi , Chung Young-Kyun 
Published: August 2011

Levobupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic that intrinsically produces vasoconstriction in isolated vessels. The goals of this study were to investigate the calcium-dependent mechanism underlying levobupivacaine-induced contraction of isolated rat aorta in vitro and to elucidate the pathway responsible for the endothelium-dependent attenuation of levobupivacaine-induced contraction. Isolated rat aortic rings were suspended to record isometric tension. Cumulative levobupivacaine concentration–response curves were generated in either the presence or absence of the antagonists verapamil, nifedipine, SKF-96365, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate, Gd3+, NW-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), and methylene blue, either alone or in combination. Verapamil, nifedipine, SKF-96365, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborate, low calcium concentrations, and calcium-free Krebs solution attenuated levobupivacaine-induced contraction. Gd3+ had no effect on levobupivacaine-induced contraction. Levobupivacaine increased intracellular calcium levels in vascular smooth muscle cells. L-NAME, ODQ, and methylene blue increased levobupivacaine-induced contraction in endothelium-intact aorta. SKF-96365 attenuated calcium-induced contraction in a previously calcium-free isotonic depolarizing solution containing 100 mmol/L KCl. Levobupivacaine-induced contraction of rat aortic smooth muscle is mediated primarily by calcium influx from the extracellular space mainly via voltage-operated calcium channels and, in part, by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-mediated release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The nitric oxide – cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway is involved in the endothelium-dependent attenuation of levobupivacaine-induced contraction.
Postmenopausal Serum Sex Steroids and Risk of Hormone Receptor–Positive and -Negative Breast Cancer: a Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: James Rebecca E. , Lukanova Annekatrin , Dossus Laure , Becker Susen , Rinaldi Sabina , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Overvad Kim , Mesrine Sylvie , Engel Pierre , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Chang-Claude Jenny , Vrieling Alina , Boeing Heiner , Schütze Madlen , Trichopoulou Antonia , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Palli Domenico , Krogh Vittorio , Panico Salvatore , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Rodríguez Laudina , Buckland Genevieve , Sánchez Maria-José , Amiano Pilar , Ardanaz Eva , Bueno-de-Mesquita Bas , Ros Martine M. , van Gils Carla H. , Peeters Petra H. , Khaw Kay-Tee , Wareham Nick , Key Timothy J. , Allen Naomi E. , Romieu Isabelle , Siddiq Afshan , Cox David , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPrediagnostic endogenous sex steroid hormone levels have well established associations with overall risk of breast cancer. While evidence toward the existence of distinct subtypes of breast cancer accumulates, few studies have investigated the associations of sex steroid hormone levels with risk of hormone receptor [estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR)] defined breast cancer. In a case–control study nested within the EPIC cohort (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition), estradiol, testosterone, and sex hormone–binding globulin levels were measured in prediagnostic serum samples from postmenopausal women not using hormone replacement therapy at blood donation. A total of 554 women who developed invasive breast cancer with information on receptor status were matched with 821 control subjects. Conditional logistic regression models estimated breast cancer risk with hormone concentrations according to hormone receptor status of the tumor. Sex steroid hormones were associated with risks of not only ER+PR+ breast cancer [estradiol OR for highest vs. lowest tertile = 2.91 (95% CI: 1.62–5.23), Ptrend = 0.002; testosterone OR = 2.27 (95% CI: 1.35–3.81), Ptrend = 0.002] but also of ER-PR- breast cancer [estradiol OR = 2.11 (95% CI: 1.00–4.46), Ptrend = 0.05; testosterone OR = 2.06 (95% CI: 0.95–4.46), Ptrend = 0.03], with associations appearing somewhat stronger in the receptor-positive disease. Serum androgens and estrogens are associated with risks of both hormone receptor–negative as well as receptor–positive breast tumors. Further research is needed to establish through which molecular pathways, and during which evolutionary stages of development, androgens and estrogens can promote the occurrence of both receptor-positive and -negative clinical breast tumors. Cancer Prev Res; 4(10); 1626–35. ©2011 AACR.
Different Brain Activities Predict Retrieval Success during Emotional and Semantic Encoding
Authors: Padovani Tullia , Koenig Thomas , Brandeis Daniel , Perrig Walter J. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
There is an increasing line of evidence supporting the idea that the formation of lasting memories involves neural activity preceding stimulus presentation. Following this line, we presented words in an incidental learning setting and manipulated the prestimulus state by asking the participants to perform either an emotional (neutral or emotional) or a semantic (animate or inanimate) decision task. Later, we tested the retrieval of each previously presented word with a recognition memory test. For both conditions, the subsequent memory effect (SME) was defined as ERP difference between subsequently remembered and forgotten words. Comparing the prestimulus SME between and within the two conditions yielded topographic differences in the time interval from −1300 to −700 msec before stimulus onset. This indicates that the activity of brain areas involved in incidental encoding of semantic information varied in the spatial distribution of ERPs, depending on the emotional and semantic requirements of the task. These findings provide evidence that there is a difference in semantic and emotional preparatory processes, which modulates successful encoding into episodic memory. This difference suggests that there are multiple task-specific functional neural systems that support memory formation. These systems differ in location and/or relative contribution of some of the brain structures that generate the measured scalp electric fields. Consequently, the cognitive processes that enable memory formation depend on the differential semantic nature of the study task and reflect differences in the preparatory processing of the multiple semantic components of a word's meaning.
Brain Oscillatory Activity during Spatial Navigation: Theta and Gamma Activity Link Medial Temporal and Parietal Regions
Authors: White David J. , Congedo Marco , Ciorciari Joseph , Silberstein Richard B. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Brain oscillatory correlates of spatial navigation were investigated using blind source separation (BSS) and standardized low resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) analyses of 62-channel EEG recordings. Twenty-five participants were instructed to navigate to distinct landmark buildings in a previously learned virtual reality town environment. Data from periods of navigation between landmarks were subject to BSS analyses to obtain source components. Two of these cortical sources were found to exhibit significant spectral power differences during navigation with respect to a resting eyes open condition and were subject to source localization using sLORETA. These two sources were localized as a right parietal component with gamma activation and a right medial-temporal–parietal component with activation in theta and gamma bandwidths. The parietal gamma activity was thought to reflect visuospatial processing associated with the task. The medial-temporal–parietal activity was thought to be more specific to the navigational processing, representing the integration of ego- and allo-centric representations of space required for successful navigation, suggesting theta and gamma oscillations may have a role in integrating information from parietal and medial-temporal regions. Theta activity on this medial-temporal–parietal source was positively correlated with more efficient navigation performance. Results are discussed in light of the depth and proposed closed field structure of the hippocampus and potential implications for scalp EEG data. The findings of the present study suggest that appropriate BSS methods are ideally suited to minimizing the effects of volume conduction in noninvasive recordings, allowing more accurate exploration of deep brain processes.
Recoding between Two Types of STM Representation Revealed by the Dynamics of Memory Search
Authors: Leszczyński Marcin , Myers Nicholas E. , Akyürek Elkan G. , Schubö Anna 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Visual STM (VSTM) is thought to be related to visual attention in several ways. Attention controls access to VSTM during memory encoding and plays a role in the maintenance of stored information by strengthening memorized content. We investigated the involvement of visual attention in recall from VSTM. In two experiments, we measured electrophysiological markers of attention in a memory search task with varying intervals between VSTM encoding and recall, and so we were able to track recoding of representations in memory. Results confirmed the involvement of attention in VSTM recall. However, the amplitude of the N2pc and N3rs components, which mark orienting of attention and search within VSTM, decreased as a function of delay. Conversely, the amplitude of the P3 and sustained posterior contralateral negativity components increased as a function of delay, effectively the opposite of the N2pc and N3rs modulations. These effects were only observed when verbal memory was not taxed. Thus, the results suggested that gradual recoding from visuospatial orienting of attention into verbal recall mechanisms takes place from short to long retention intervals. Interestingly, recall at longer delays was faster than at short delays, indicating that verbal representation is coupled with faster responses. These results extend the orienting-of-attention hypothesis by including an account of representational recoding during short-term consolidation and its consequences for recall from VSTM.
Discriminating between Auditory and Motor Cortical Responses to Speech and Nonspeech Mouth Sounds
Authors: Agnew Zarinah K. , McGettigan Carolyn , Scott Sophie K. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Several perspectives on speech perception posit a central role for the representation of articulations in speech comprehension, supported by evidence for premotor activation when participants listen to speech. However, no experiments have directly tested whether motor responses mirror the profile of selective auditory cortical responses to native speech sounds or whether motor and auditory areas respond in different ways to sounds. We used fMRI to investigate cortical responses to speech and nonspeech mouth (ingressive click) sounds. Speech sounds activated bilateral superior temporal gyri more than other sounds, a profile not seen in motor and premotor cortices. These results suggest that there are qualitative differences in the ways that temporal and motor areas are activated by speech and click sounds: Anterior temporal lobe areas are sensitive to the acoustic or phonetic properties, whereas motor responses may show more generalized responses to the acoustic stimuli.