bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Capital, Religion,Wal‐Mart, and Hate Groups inAmerica*
Authors: Goetz Stephan J. , Rupasingha Anil , Loveridge Scott 
Published: April 2012

ObjectiveThe recent surge in hate group activity is a concern to many citizens and policymakers. We examine the roles of socioeconomic factors measured at the county level that are hypothesized to account for the presence of such groups, including social capital and religious affiliations.MethodsWe estimate aPoisson regression model using counts of hate groups provided by theSouthernPovertyLawCenter for each of the over 3,000 U.S. counties. Our regressors include a wider set of variables than has been considered in previous studies, such asJefferson andPryor (1999).ResultsOur approach produces a better statistical fit than that inJefferson andPryor's paper, and the additional regressors contribute significantly to our understanding of hate groups.ConclusionBoth social capital stocks and religious affiliation exert an independent and statistically significant influence on the number of hate groups, as does the presence ofWal‐Mart stores, holding other factors constant.
A cross‐sectional study on the prevalence of marginal bone loss among implant patients
Authors: Cecchinato Denis , Parpaiola Andrea , Lindhe Jan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present cross‐sectional retrospective study was to determine bone loss in a sample of subjects restored with implant‐supported prostheses and the prevalence and severity of peri‐implantitis in a sub‐sample.Material and methodsA total of 139 patients who had attended a follow‐up visit in 2007 were considered for inclusion. Subjects with implants that had been in function for less than 3 years or had poor quality radiographs were excluded. The final study population comprised 133 subjects with a total of 407 implants. Radiographic measurements identified subjects who had ≥1 implant site exhibiting marginal bone loss of >0.5 mm; 40 subjects met this criterion and were recalled for a clinical examination. Of the 40 subjects that were recalled for the clinical examination, 30 attended. The following parameters were recorded at mesial, distal, buccal, and lingual/palatal aspects of all implants: oral hygiene standard (plaque), bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth (PPD).ResultsThe mean interval between the baseline (1‐year post‐loading) and the follow‐up radiographs was 4.8 ± 2.3 years. In the total subject sample (133 subjects and 407 implants), the mean amount of marginal bone loss that had occurred was 0.2 ± 1.2 mm. Ninety‐three subjects with 246 implant sites exhibited no bone level alteration (group A), whereas 40 subjects with 161 implant sites (group B) displayed marginal bone loss of >0.5 mm at ≥1 implant (loser site). Sixty‐eight implant sites in group B exhibited bone loss of >0.5 mm. However, only 20% of subjects and 11% of sites had lost >1 mm marginal bone, and 8% of subjects and 4% of sites had lost >2 mm bone. The total amount of bone loss that had occurred in group B was (i) 0.88 ± 1.5 mm and (ii) among the loser sites 2.1 ± 1.4 mm. Thirty subjects from group B were exposed to a clinical examination; out of 37 sites with bone loss >0.5 mm in this subgroup, 29 sites had a PPD value of ≥4 mm.ConclusionMarginal bone loss (>0.5 mm) at implants was observed in 30% of subjects and 16% of implant sites. More advanced loss of marginal bone occurred in much fewer subjects and sites. Sites with marginal bone loss was in the sub‐sample characterized by bleeding on probing, but only occasionally with deep (≥6 mm) pockets.
Immediate supracrestal implant placement with immediate temporization in the anterior dentition: a retrospective study of 31 implants in 26 patients with up to 5.5‐years follow‐up
Authors: Paul Stefan , Held Ulrike 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAimTo assess the stability of the peri‐implant bone, the peri‐implant soft tissues and the esthetic success of immediately placed implants.Materials and methodsIn this retrospective study, scalloped‐shaped implants were placed immediately and 1.5 mm supracrestally after single‐tooth extraction. All implants were immediately restored with an implant‐supported temporary crown. Clinical and radiographic parameters were assessed on the day of tooth extraction with subsequent implant placement and temporization, after 6 months at delivery of the final crown, and after 1, after 3, and up to 5 years after crown delivery.ResultsAll 31 implants were clinically successful and in function during the observation period (mean 3.4 years). The peri‐implant soft tissues were clinically healthy as indicated by a low mean plaque (below 0.5) and sulcus bleeding index (below 0.24) values. The distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone‐to‐implant contact (DIBrx) was measured at the mesial and distal aspects of each implant using periapical radiographs. Mean values for DIBrx of 1.73 ± 0.59 mm directly after implant placement and 2.25 ± 0.66 mm after the observation period demonstrated stable peri‐implant bone levels. The mean distance from the implant shoulder to the gingival margin on the labial aspect (DIM vestibular) was 2.21 ± 1.09 mm directly after implant placement. Respective values at 1 year, at 3 years and at 5 years after crown delivery remained stable thus demonstrating little if any gingival recession. The assessed mean values for the pink (PES) and white (WES) esthetic score (0 = 0–33% score, 1 = 34–66% score, 2 = 67–100% score) were 8/4 directly after implant placement and 9/10 after 1.5–5.5 years of observation.ConclusionsAfter an observation time of 1.5–5.5 years all implants demonstrated very stable soft tissue levels with little if any recession on mesial, distal and labial aspects and an esthetic score that was reasonable directly after temporization and developed toward maximum scores over time.
The “puffed cheek method” to evaluate mucosal thickness: case series
Authors: Dvorak G. , Arnhart C. , Schön P. , Heuberer S. , Watzek G. , Gahleitner A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectivesMucosal thickness should be considered in implant treatment planning. Needle probing to measure mucosal thickness is invasive and therefore not used in routine diagnosis. The “puffed cheek” method is an established technique to visualize the vestibule in computed tomography (CT). As CT assesses bone availability, a simultaneous mucosal thickness measurement would be useful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of mucosal thickness measurement in CT with distended cheeks.Materials and MethodsBuccal maxillary mucosa thickness was evaluated at four measurement sites in the incisor and molar area of 11 patients. Each site was evaluated via CT with cheek distension and needle probing. Measurement area was identified with the aid of a thermoplastic splint to localize the exact position by a gutta‐percha marker point. The comparison between the two methods was performed by Bland–Altman diagram.ResultsThe mean clinical thickness was 1.17 mm (±0.31) compared to 1.11 mm (±0.31) in CT evaluation. The mean difference between the two methods was 0.07 mm (±0.40; CI‐0.14;0.12, P = 0.88, Krippendorff α = 0.38). According to Bland–Altman diagram the mucosal thickness may diverge by up to 0.9 mm from the radiologic thickness.ConclusionsThe two measurement methods may not be interchangeably used. As additional information to three‐dimensional bone analyses, CT may be performed as a pre‐operative soft tissue analysis at most implant sites with distended cheeks. Nevertheless, this method yields less valid and reliable results than the gold standard.
Probing at implants with peri‐implantitis and its relation to clinical peri‐implant bone loss
Authors: Serino Giovanni , Turri Alberto , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the probing depth at implants with signs of peri‐implantitis before and following the removal of the prosthetic reconstructions and its relation with the peri‐implant bone level as revealed by open access flap surgery.Material and methodsTwenty‐nine patients with 89 implants with diagnosis of peri‐implantitis were included in the study. The probing pocket depth at implants before (PPD‐1) and following (PPD‐2) the removal of the prosthetic reconstructions was measured at four sites of the implants. These measurements were also analysed in relation to the amount of peri‐implant bone loss measured during peri‐implant surgery.ResultsThe results showed that in only 119 (37%) of the sites, the measurements were similar between PPD‐1 and PPD‐2; in 124 sites (39%), the difference was ±1 mm, in 47 sites (15%) it was ±2 mm and in the rest of the sites it was ±3 mm. A high linear and statistically significant (P = <0.001) correlation between PPD‐2 and the bone loss measured at implants for all and single surfaces was observed (r = 0.67, range 0.64–0.69), while PPD‐1 yielded a weak and no statistically significant correlation (r = 0.35, range 0.27–0.42). The analysis of the bone loss at implants showed that 59 implants (66%) had an amount of bone loss that was similar at all the four surfaces, while in 30 implants, the bone loss differed for the various sites. A higher extent of bone loss was often detected at the buccal compared with the other sites.ConclusionThe results of this study yielded differences in the pocket probing measurements at implants with or without the prosthetic reconstruction in place and that the probing pocket depth following the removal of the prosthesis had a high correlation with the amount of bone loss at implants assessed during surgery.
Patient‐specific analysis of FLT3 internal tandem duplications for the prognostication and monitoring of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Schiller Joanna , Praulich Inka , Krings Rocha Cristiano , Kreuzer Karl‐Anton 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectivesInternal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 (
FLT3) gene occur in 13–35% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).
FLT3‐ITD is associated with poor clinical outcome and is an indication for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo‐SCT).MethodsTo investigate
FLT3‐ITD length, position, and mutational load in AML cases, we developed patient‐specific quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) assays and correlated the results with established sensitive minimal residual disease (MRD) parameters and clinical outcome.ResultsIn 409 patients with AML, FLT3‐ITDs could be detected in 54 cases (13%). Within our cohort, patients with
FLT3‐ITD ≥45 base pairs had significantly higher relapse rates (P = 0.03) and a worse overall survival (P = 0.03). Our method could be applied to 97% of
FLT3‐ITD‐positive patients and was as sensitive as other MRD parameters such as
PML‐RARA
, NPM1 mutations, or
MLL
‐PTD (correlation: r = 0.63; 0.99, and 0.99, respectively). MRD negativity predicted lasting remission independent of allo‐SCT (N = 7) or non‐allo‐SCT (N = 9). All paired diagnostic/relapsed samples showed
FLT3‐ITD positivity. Compared with bone marrow samples,
FLT3‐ITD analyses appeared to be equivalently sensitive in peripheral blood.ConclusionsWe conclude that individualized monitoring of
FLT3‐ITD in patients with AML may guide treatment decisions and should be evaluated for the indication for allo‐SCT.
Sedation with intranasal midazolam of Angolan children undergoing invasive procedures
Authors: Kawanda Lumana , Capobianco Ivan , Starc Meta , Felipe Daniel , Zanon Davide , Barbi Egidio , Munkela Nadine , Rodrigues Verónica , Malundo Lúis , Not Tarcisio 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim:  Ambulatory surgery is a daily requirement in poor countries, and limited means and insufficient trained staff lead to the lack of attention to the patient’s pain. Midazolam is a rapid‐onset, short‐acting benzodiazepine which is used safely to reduce pain in children. We evaluated the practicability of intranasal midazolam sedation in a suburban hospital in Luanda (Angola), during the surgical procedures.Methods:  Intranasal midazolam solution was administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg. Using the Ramsay’s reactivity score, we gave a score to four different types of children’s behaviour: moaning, shouting, crying and struggling, and the surgeon evaluated the ease of completing the surgical procedure using scores from 0 (very easy) to 3 (managing with difficulty).Results:  Eighty children (median age, 3 years) were recruited, and 140 surgical procedures were performed. Fifty‐two children were treated with midazolam during 85 procedures, and 28 children were not treated during 55 procedures. We found a significant difference between the two groups on the shouting, crying and struggling parameters (p < 0.001). The mean score of the ease of completing the procedures was significantly different among the two groups (p < 0.0001).Conclusion:  These results provide a model of procedural sedation in ambulatory surgical procedures in poor countries, thus abolishing pain and making the surgeon’s job easier.
Does perinatal exposure to endocrine disruptors induce autism spectrum and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders? Review
Authors: de Cock Marijke , Maas Yolanda G.H. , van de Bor Margot 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAim:  To provide an overview of studies on perinatal exposure in humans to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in relation to autism spectrum (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorders.Methods:  A review of the literature (PubMed) was performed. Exposure‐related keywords, including various chemicals, were matched with keywords describing outcome. Animal studies as well as publications not written in English were excluded. In total, 834 titles were retrieved. The final selection included 21 publications.Results:  Positive associations were found for ASD in relation to exposure to all chemicals investigated, which included hazardous air pollutants, pesticides and bisphenol A (BPA). Increased risks of ADHD or positive associations were found for exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dialkyl phosphate (DAP) and chlorpyrifos. BPA, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) and low molecular weight (LMW) phthalates were positively associated with externalizing behaviour. Five of 17 studies did not find any association between exposure and ADHD.Conclusion:  Perinatal exposure to EDCs appears to be associated with the occurrence of ASD as well as ADHD. Disruption of thyroid hormone function and gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic mechanisms may offer an explanation for the observed relations; though, conclusive evidence in humans is limited.
Effect of sheep and horse grazing on species and functional composition of sub‐Mediterranean grasslands
Authors: Catorci Andrea , Gatti Renata , Cesaretti Sabrina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractQuestionsHow does horse or sheep grazing affect species richness, diversity and functional composition of plant communities in sub‐Mediterranean grasslands? What are the implications of grazing management for species conservation?LocationPastures dominated by Bromus erectus grazed by either sheep or horses in the Umbria‐Marches Apennines (central Italy).MethodsWe examined grasslands at altitudes ranging from 1000 to 1200 m a.s.l. on north‐facing slopes and with a slope angle of 20–40 °. In 20 plots of 1 m2 for each management type, canopy height and above‐ground phytomass were recorded. In 120 plots (60 for each management type) of 1 m2 the cover value of each species was recorded. Floristic diversity and community similarity of the sheep‐ and horse‐grazed conditions were compared. Functional plant traits and strategies or ecological requirements were also evaluated.ResultsThe sward was shorter and supported less above‐ground phytomass in the horse‐grazed area. The sheep‐ and horse‐grazed areas had similar floristic diversity. Accidental species were the species most affected. Plants with low‐nutrient requirement spread in horse‐grazed pasture. Functional traits of species were filtered by the system, resulting in diverse cover values of species. Horse grazing promoted plants with a robust defence strategy (avoidance and tolerance) that ensured leaves were replaced when horses were not grazing, as well as species with clonal growth. In the sheep‐grazed area, a higher level of selective defoliation and a delayed start to the grazing period promoted species with low palatability, a late‐flowering strategy and those intolerant to trampling by large herbivores (chamaephytes). The value of forage feed was slightly higher in horse‐grazed pasture. Grazing of horses was more effective than that of sheep for controlling dominant unpalatable tall grasses.ConclusionIn terms of biodiversity conservation, horse grazing may be considered as useful as sheep grazing, but only if managed at optimal stocking rates, because the increase in short grasses and annuals (growth forms with poor root systems) does not ensure maintenance of soil on steep slopes.
Development and acceptability of a novel milk‐free soybean–maize–sorghum ready‐to‐use therapeutic food (SMS‐RUTF) based on industrial extrusion cooking process
Authors: Owino Victor O. , Irena Abel H. , Dibari Filippo , Collins Steve 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPeanut milk‐based ready‐to‐use therapeutic food (P‐RUTF) primarily used to treat severe acute malnutrition at community setting is expensive. We developed an alternative milk‐free soybean–maize–sorghum‐based RUTF (SMS‐RUTF) using locally grown ingredients that have the potential to support local economy and reduce the cost of RUTF. We describe the production process and results of acceptability of the new product. Acceptability and tolerance of SMS‐RUTF was compared with P‐RUTF among 45 children aged 4–11 years old based on a cross‐over design. Each child consumed 250 g RUTF for 10 days followed by a five‐day washout period and a subsequent 10‐day period on the second RUTF. The SMS‐RUTF was as acceptable as the P‐RUTF among normal children aged 4–11 years of age with no associated adverse effects. SMS‐RUTF was stable for at least 12 months without detectable microbiological or chemical deterioration. The major challenge encountered in SMS‐RUTF development was the difficulty to accurately determine key nutrient composition due to its high oil content. Use of diversified locally available ingredients to produce RUTF is feasible. The SMS‐RUTF meets expected standards and is acceptable to children aged 4–11 months old. Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of SMS‐RUTF is required.
Breastfeeding and educational achievement at age 5
Authors: Heikkilä Katriina , Kelly Yvonne , Renfrew Mary J. , Sacker Amanda , Quigley Maria A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOur aim was to investigate whether the duration of breastfeeding, at all or exclusively, is associated with educational achievement at age 5. We used data from a prospective, population‐based UK cohort study, the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS). 5489 children from White ethnic background born at term in 2000–2001, attending school in England in 2006, were included in our analyses. Educational achievement was measured using the Foundation Stage Profile (FSP), a statutory assessment undertaken by teachers at the end of the child's first school year. Breastfeeding duration was ascertained from interviews with the mother when the child was 9 months old. We used modified Poisson's regression to model the association of breastfeeding duration with having reached a good level of achievement overall (≥78 overall points and ≥6 in ‘personal, social and emotional development’ and ‘communication, language and literacy’ points) and in specific areas (≥6 points) of development. Children who had been breastfed for up to 2 months were more likely to have reached a good level of overall achievement [adjusted rate ratio (RR): 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.19] than never breastfed children. This association was more marked in children breastfed for 2–4 months (adjusted RR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.29) and in those breastfed for longer than 4 months (adjusted RR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.26). The associations of exclusive breastfeeding with the educational achievement were similar. Our findings suggest that longer duration of breastfeeding, at all or exclusively, is associated with better educational achievement at age 5.
Dietary patterns in infancy and their associations with maternal socio‐economic and lifestyle factors among 758 Japanese mother–child pairs: the Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study
Authors: Okubo Hitomi , Miyake Yoshihiro , Sasaki Satoshi , Tanaka Keiko , Murakami Kentaro , Hirota Yoshio ,   Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study Group
Published: March 2012

AbstractDietary habits established in early childhood contribute to lifelong dietary pattern and the development of early risk factors for disease in adulthood. Although a large body of epidemiologic data from Western countries show that the dietary pattern of children is influenced by maternal socio‐economic and lifestyle characteristics, information on this topic in non‐Western countries is absolutely lacking. The present study identified dietary patterns among infants aged 16–24 months, and then examined the influence of maternal socio‐economic and lifestyle characteristics on identified dietary patterns. Subjects were 758 Japanese mother–child pairs. Dietary data of infants were collected from the mothers using a questionnaire. Dietary patterns were extracted from the consumption of 15 foods (times week−1) by cluster analysis. The following two dietary patterns were identified: ‘fruits, vegetables and high‐protein foods’ (n = 483) and ‘confectionaries and sweetened beverages’ (n = 275) patterns. After adjustment for all other predictors, maternal educational level, number of infants' siblings and maternal dietary patterns were independently associated with dietary patterns of infants. Infants whose mothers had a higher educational level and the ‘rice, fish and vegetables’ dietary pattern were less likely to belong to the ‘confectionaries and sweetened beverages’ pattern, whereas infants whose mothers had a higher number of children and the ‘wheat product’ dietary pattern were more likely to belong to the ‘confectionaries and sweetened beverages’ than the ‘fruits, vegetables and high‐protein foods’ pattern. In conclusion, the mother's socio‐economic position and dietary patterns were associated with the dietary patterns of infants in the Japanese pairs as observed in the Western populations.
Morbidity profiles and lifetime health of Australian centenarians
Authors: Richmond Robyn L , Law Jenaleen , KayLambkin Frances 
Published: March 2012

Aim:  To examine the lifetime prevalence and initial onset of diseases among centenarians.Methods:  In this descriptive study, we administered structured questionnaires by interview to 188 centenarians and asked about the presence and timing of 14 common age‐related diseases.Results:  The most common conditions were ocular disease (70%), arthritis (58%) and hypertension (40%). Average age at disease onset was 80 years, and average number of comorbidities was 3. Participants were characterised into three morbidity profiles – survivors (46%), delayers (34%) and escapers (19%). No participants had a diagnosis of dementia or osteoporosis before age 80 years.Conclusion:  Relative to the general population, a select sample of Australian centenarians reported lower rates of chronic conditions, with many escaping osteoporosis, dementia, cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, cancers, anxiety and depression. Increasing age is correlated with increasing morbidity but a few centenarians reached 100 years of age without disease.