bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radioresistance of human glioma spheroids and expression of HSP70, p53 and EGFr
Authors: Fedrigo Carlos A , Grivicich Ivana , Schunemann Daniel P , Chemale Ivan M , Santos Daiane dos , Jacovas Thais , Boschetti Patryck S , Jotz Geraldo P , Filho Aroldo Braga , da Rocha Adriana B 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Radiation therapy is routinely prescribed for high-grade malignant gliomas. However, the efficacy of this therapeutic modality is often limited by the occurrence of radioresistance, reflected as a diminished susceptibility of the irradiated cells to undergo cell death. Thus, cells have evolved an elegant system in response to ionizing radiation induced DNA damage, where p53, Hsp70 and/or EGFr may play an important role in the process. In the present study, we investigated whether the content of p53, Hsp70 and EGFr are associated to glioblastoma (GBM) cell radioresistance.

Methods
Spheroids from U-87MG and MO59J cell lines as well as spheroids derived from primary culture of tumor tissue of one GBM patient (UGBM1) were irradiated (5, 10 and 20 Gy), their relative radioresistance were established and the p53, Hsp70 and EGFr contents were immunohistochemically determined. Moreover, we investigated whether EGFr-phospho-Akt and EGFr-MEK-ERK pathways can induce GBM radioresistance using inhibitors of activation of ERK (PD098059) and Akt (wortmannin).

Results
At 5 Gy irradiation UGBM1 and U-87MG spheroids showed growth inhibition whereas the MO59J spheroid was relatively radioresistant. Overall, no significant changes in p53 and Hsp70 expression were found following 5 Gy irradiation treatment in all spheroids studied. The only difference observed in Hsp70 content was the periphery distribution in MO59J spheroids. However, 5 Gy treatment induced a significant increase on the EGFr levels in MO59J spheroids. Furthermore, treatment with inhibitors of activation of ERK (PD098059) and Akt (wortmannin) leads to radiosensitization of MO59J spheroids.

Conclusions
These results indicate that the PI3K-Akt and MEK-ERK pathways triggered by EGFr confer GBM radioresistance.
Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of six herbal plants against the human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cell line
Authors: Machana Sasipawan , Weerapreeyakul Natthida , Barusrux Sahapat , Nonpunya Apiyada , Sripanidkulchai Bungorn , Thitimetharoch Thaweesak 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Six plants from Thailand were evaluated for their cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) as compared to normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cell lines.

Methods
Ethanol-water crude extracts of the six plants were tested with neutral red assay for their cytotoxicity after 24 hours of exposure to the cells. Apoptotic induction was tested in the HepG2 cells with diamidino-2-phenylindole staining. DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis, was analyzed with agarose gel electrophoresis. Alkylation, indicative of DNA damage, was also evaluated in vitro by 4-(4'-nitrobenzyl) pyridine assay.

Results
The extract of Pinus kesiya showed the highest selectivity (selectivity index = 9.6) and potent cytotoxicity in the HepG2 cell line, with an IC50 value of 52.0 ± 5.8 μg/ml (mean ± standard deviation). Extract of Catimbium speciosum exerted cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 55.7 ± 8.1 μg/ml. Crude extracts from Glochidion daltonii, Cladogynos orientalis, Acorus tatarinowii and Amomum villosum exhibited cytotoxicity with IC50 values ranging 100-500 μg/ml. All crude extracts showed different alkylating abilities in vitro. Extracts of P. kesiya, C. speciosum and C. orientalis caused nuclei morphological changes and DNA laddering.

Conclusion
The extracts of C. speciosum, C. orientalis and P. kesiya induced apoptosis. Among the three plants, P. kesiya possessed the most robust anticancer activity, with specific selectivity against HepG2 cells.
Brief psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy for patients with multisomatoform disorder: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sattel H. , Lahmann C. , Gündel H. , Guthrie E. , Kruse J. , Noll-Hussong M. , Ohmann C. , Ronel J. , Sack M. , Sauer N. , Schneider G. , Henningsen P. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundMultisomatoform disorder is characterised by severe and disabling bodily symptoms, and pain is one of the most common and impairing of these. Furthermore, these bodily symptoms cannot be explained by an underlying organic disorder. Patients with multisomatoform disorder are commonly found at all levels of healthcare and are typically difficult to treat for physicians as well as for mental health specialists.AimsTo test whether brief psychodynamic interpersonal therapy (PIT) effectively improves the physical quality of life in patients who have had multisomatoform disorder for at least 2 years.MethodWe recruited 211 patients (from six German academic out-patient centres) who met the criteria for multisomatoform disorder for a randomised, controlled, 12-week, parallel-group trial from 1 July 2006 to 1 January 2009 (International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number ISRCTN23215121). We randomly assigned the patients to receive either 12 weekly sessions of PIT (n = 107) or three sessions of enhanced medical care (EMC, n = 104). The physical component summary of the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was the pre-specified primary outcome at a 9-month follow-up.ResultsPsychodynamic interpersonal therapy improved patients' physical quality of life at follow-up better than EMC (mean improvement in SF-36 score: PIT 5.3, EMC 2.2), with a small to medium between-group effect size (d = 0.42, 95% CI 0.15–0.69, P = 0.001). We also observed a significant improvement in somatisation but not in depression, health anxiety or healthcare utilisation.ConclusionsThis trial documents the long-term efficacy of brief PIT for improving the physical quality of life in patients with multiple, difficult-to-treat, medically unexplained symptoms.
On the symmetric average of a convex body
Authors: Guédon Olivier , Litvak A. E. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We introduce a new parameter, symmetric average, which measures the asymmetry of a given non-degenerated convex body K in . Namely, sav(K) = inf
a∈int K
∫
Ka

‖– x‖
Ka

dx/|K|, where |K| denotes the volume of K and Ka
= K – a. We show that for polytopes sav(K) ≤ C ln N, where N is the number of facets of K. Moreover, in general and equality in the lower bound holds if and only if K is centrally symmetric. We apply these estimates to provide bounds for covering K by homothets of K ∩ –K.
HLA-DQB1 Haplotypes and their Relation to Oral Signs Linked to Celiac Disease Diagnosis
Authors: Erriu Matteo , Sanna Serena , Nucaro Annalisa , Orrù Germano , Garau Valentino , Montaldo Caterina 
Published: November 2011

Objectives:Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder that can be divided into typical and atypical forms. Atypical forms can show extraintestinal manifestations among which oral signs are very frequent. Considering that the pathogenesis of CD is related to a positivity to specific HLA-DQB1 haplotypes, we tested whether the presence of the HLA-DQB1*02 allele could be a hypothetical cause of the development of oral manifestations.Subjects and Methods:For this study was been examined the oral condition of 98 Sardinian patients, all affected by CD and all on a gluten-free diet for at least 1 year. Then was been determined each patient’s HLA-DQB1 haplotype and compared these results with clinical information.Results:The statistical analysis evidenced that the absence of the HLA-DQB1*02 allele predisposes to oral manifestations such as dental enamel defects (DED) and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) (Pvalue=5.98x10-05, OR = 0.23, CI: (0.10 - 0.45) per each copy of the HLA allele).Conclusions:These results showed that the presence of the HLA-DQB1*02 allele influences the development of oral signs in a dose-dependent manner and also how the HLA haplotype connected to oral signs could have a fundamental role for the diagnosis of atypical forms of CD.
Diabetes Incidence and Long-Term Exposure to Air Pollution
Authors: Andersen Zorana J. , Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Ketzel Matthias , Jensen Steen S. , Hvidberg Martin , Loft Steffen , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Sørensen Mette 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
Animal and cross-sectional epidemiological studies suggest a link between air pollution and diabetes, whereas the limited prospective data show mixed results. We studied the association between long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and incidence of diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We followed 57,053 participants of the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health cohort in the Danish National Diabetes Register between baseline (1993–1997) and 27 June 2006. We estimated the mean levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at the residential addresses of the cohort participants since 1971 and modeled the association between NO2 and diabetes incidence with a Cox regression model, separately for two definitions of diabetes: all cases and a more strict definition where unconfirmed cases were excluded.

RESULTS
Over a mean follow-up of 9.7 years of 51,818 eligible subjects, there were 4,040 (7.8%) incident diabetes cases in total and 2,877 (5.5%) with confirmed diagnoses. Air pollution was not associated with all diabetes cases (hazard ratio 1.00 [95% CI 0.97–1.04] per interquartile range of 4.9 μg/m3 mean NO2 levels since 1971), but a borderline statistically significant association was detected with confirmed cases of diabetes (1.04 [1.00–1.08]). Among confirmed diabetes cases, effects were significantly enhanced in nonsmokers (1.12 [1.05–1.20]) and physically active people (1.10 [1.03–1.16]).

CONCLUSIONS
Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution may contribute to the development of diabetes, especially in individuals with a healthy lifestyle, nonsmokers, and physically active individuals.
The Modified Gait Efficacy Scale: Establishing the Psychometric Properties in Older Adults
Authors: Newell Alaina M. , VanSwearingen Jessie M. , Hile Elizabeth , Brach Jennifer S. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundPerceived ability or confidence plays an important role in determining function and behavior. The modified Gait Efficacy Scale (mGES) is a 10-item self-report measure used to assess walking confidence under challenging everyday circumstances.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine the reliability, internal consistency, and validity of the mGES as a measure of gait in older adults.DesignThis was a cross-sectional study.MethodsParticipants were 102 community-dwelling older adults (mean [±SD] age=78.6±6.1 years) who were independent in ambulation with or without an assistive device. Participants were assessed using the mGES and measures of confidence and fear, measures of function and disability, and performance-based measures of mobility. In a subsample (n=26), the mGES was administered twice within a 1-month period to establish test-retest reliability through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC [2,1]). The standard error of measure (SEM) was determined from the ICC and standard deviation. The Cronbach α value was calculated to determine internal consistency. To establish the validity of the mGES, the Spearman rank order correlation coefficient was used to examine the association with measures of confidence, fear, gait, and physical function and disability.ResultsThe mGES demonstrated test-retest reliability within the 1-month period (ICC=.93, 95% confidence interval=.85, .97). The SEM of the mGES was 5.23. The mGES was internally consistent across the 10 items (Cronbach α=.94). The mGES was related to measures of confidence and fear (r=.54–.88), function and disability (Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument, r=.32–.88), and performance-based mobility (r=.38–.64).LimitationsThis study examined only community-dwelling older adults. The results, therefore, should not be generalized to other patient populations.ConclusionThe mGES is a reliable and valid measure of confidence in walking among community-dwelling older adults.
Cervical decompression and reconstruction without intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
Authors: Traynelis Vincent C. , Abode-Iyamah Kingsley O. , Leick Katie M. , Bender Sarah M. , Greenlee Jeremy D. W. 
Published: November 2011

Object
The primary goal of this study was to review the immediate postoperative neurological function in patients surgically treated for symptomatic cervical spine disease without intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. The secondary goal was to assess the economic impact of intraoperative monitoring (IOM) in this patient population.

Methods
This study is a retrospective review of 720 consecutively treated patients who underwent cervical spine procedures. The patients were identified and the data were collected by individuals who were not involved in their care.

Results
A total of 1534 cervical spine levels were treated in 720 patients using anterior, posterior, and combined (360°) approaches. Myelopathy was present preoperatively in 308 patients. There were 185 patients with increased signal intensity within the spinal cord on preoperative T2-weighted MR images, of whom 43 patients had no clinical evidence of myelopathy. Three patients (0.4%) exhibited a new neurological deficit postoperatively. Of these patients, 1 had a preoperative diagnosis of radiculopathy, while the other 2 were treated for myelopathy. The new postoperative deficits completely resolved in all 3 patients and did not require additional treatment. The Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for IOM during cervical decompression include 95925 and 95926 for somatosensory evoked potential monitoring of the upper and lower extremities, respectively, as well as 95928 and 95929 for motor evoked potential monitoring of the upper and lower extremities. In addition to the charge for the baseline [monitoring] study, patients are charged hourly for ongoing electrophysiology testing and monitoring using the CPT code 95920. Based on these codes and assuming an average of 4 hours of monitoring time per surgical case, the savings realized in this group of patients was estimated to be $1,024,754.

Conclusions
With the continuing increase in health care costs, it is our responsibility as providers to minimize expenses when possible. This should be accomplished without compromising the quality of care to patients. This study demonstrates that decompression and reconstruction for symptomatic cervical spine disease without IOM may reduce the cost of treatment without adversely impacting patient safety.
Laminectomy, durotomy, and piotomy effects on spinal cord intramedullary pressure in severe cervical and thoracic kyphotic deformity: a cadaveric study
Authors: Winestone John S. , Farley Chad W. , Curt Bradford A. , Chavanne Albert , Dollin Neal , Pettigrew David B. , Kuntz Charles 
Published: November 2011

Object
Previous studies have shown that cervical and thoracic kyphotic deformity increases spinal cord intramedullary pressure (IMP). Using a cadaveric model, the authors investigated whether posterior decompression can adequately decrease elevated IMP in severe cervical and thoracic kyphotic deformities.

Methods
Using an established cadaveric model, a kyphotic deformity was created in 16 fresh human cadavers (8 cervical and 8 thoracic). A single-level rostral laminotomy and durotomy were performed to place intraparenchymal pressure monitors in the spinal cord at C-2, C4–5, and C-7 in the cervical study group and at T4–5, T7–8, and T11–12 in the thoracic study group. Intramedullary pressure was recorded at maximal kyphosis. Posterior laminar, dural, and pial decompressions were performed while IMP was monitored. In 2 additional cadavers (1 cervical and 1 thoracic), a kyphotic deformity was created and then corrected.

Results
The creation of the cervical and thoracic kyphotic deformities resulted in significant increases in IMP. The mean increase in cervical and thoracic IMP (change in IMP [ΔIMP]) for all monitored levels was 37.8 ± 7.9 and 46.4 ± 6.4 mm Hg, respectively. After laminectomies were performed, the mean cervical and thoracic IMP was reduced by 22.5% and 18.5%, respectively. After midsagittal durotomies were performed, the mean cervical and thoracic IMP was reduced by 62.8% and 69.9%, respectively. After midsagittal piotomies were performed, the mean cervical and thoracic IMP was reduced by 91.3% and 105.9%, respectively. In 2 cadavers in which a kyphotic deformity was created and then corrected, the ΔIMP increased with the creation of the deformity and returned to zero at all levels when the deformity was corrected.

Conclusions
In this cadaveric study, laminar decompression reduced ΔIMP by approximately 15%–25%, while correction of the kyphotic deformity returned ΔIMP to zero. This study helps explain the pathophysiology of myelopathy in kyphotic deformity and the failure of laminectomy alone for cervical and thoracic kyphotic deformities with myelopathy. In addition, the study emphasizes the need for correction of deformity during operative treatment of kyphotic deformity, the need for maintaining adequate intraoperative blood pressure during operative treatment, and the higher risk of spinal cord injury associated with operative treatment of kyphotic deformity.
Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962)
Authors: Farrell Brian P. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Algerian War of Independence was one of the most controversial military conflicts associated with “decolonization,” the dismantling of European overseas empires after World War II. The great majority of Algeria's population live in a long coastal plain along the southwestern shore of the Mediterranean Sea, and in mixed forest and mountain country intermingled with that coastal plain. Its location made Algeria coveted by ambitious empires throughout its history. Conflict between France and the Ottoman Turkish Empire prompted a French invasion in 1830, which framed the twentieth‐century war of independence.
AntiochusIII(241–187bce)
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAntiochus III Megas (“The Great”) (r. 223–187BCE) extended the territory of the Seleucid Empire both to the east and the west, strengthened royal authority, improved relations with powerful leagues and cities in the rest of the Greek world, and opposed Roman penetration into Greece. His eventual defeat by the Romans signified the establishment of permanent Roman control over mainland Greece and Asia Minor.
Arab—Israeli conflict
Authors: Bregman Ahron 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Arab—Israeli conflict is usually seen as seven main wars: the 1948 war that followed Israel's independence; the Suez War of 1956; the June 1967 Six Day War; the Israeli—Egyptian War of Attrition from 1968 to 1970; the October 1973 Yom Kippur War; the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon; and finally the 2006 Second Lebanon War. There were also two major Palestinian insurgencies directed against the Israeli occupation in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank from 1987 to 1993 which came to be known as the firstintifada, and from 2000 to present which is called the second, or theAl‐Aqsa intifada.
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938)
Authors: Pizzo David 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Generally referred to as the “founding father” of modern Turkey and the Turkish republic, Mustafa Kemal was one of the most significant statesmen of the first half of the twentieth century. Known to history as Ataturk (“father of the Turks”), he led the Turkish nationalist movement in the wake of the Ottoman Empire's disastrous defeat in World War I, and he commanded Turkish forces in their War of Independence. His military achievements and his crucial role in the establishment of the Turkish state have profoundly influenced the country and indeed the entire region ever since.
Black Hawk War (1832)
Authors: Jung Patrick J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Black Hawk War was the last Indian war fought in Wisconsin and Illinois between May and August 1832. The Sauk warrior Black Hawk led the Indian forces while Brigadier General Henry Atkinson commanded the US forces (which consisted mostly of militia volunteers). The war could have been avoided because Black Hawk did not intend to initiate a conflict. However, the lack of discipline exhibited by the militia brought about an escalation. Throughout the war, Black Hawk's forces were generally outnumbered by the militia and US Army regulars, and this proved decisive.
Bolívar, Simón (1783–1830)
Authors: Turner Blair 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Simón Bolívar was the founder of not one, but five nations. The modern republics of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and the country which bears his name, Bolivia, all claim the great liberator as their “founding father.” In order to achieve this, he had to galvanize a populace riven by class and racial divisions. Just within his own native Venezuela,
pardos
(Latin Americans of mixed blood) fought the
criollo
(native‐born of Spanish heritage) elites as often as they did the supposed Spanish oppressors. And the independent cowboys of the eastern Venezuelan plains, the
llaneros,
fought their own independence war, sometimes against Spaniard, sometimes against
criollo.
These conflicts were repeated with greater or lesser severity all over the Americas. Bolivar's ultimate goal was to unite these rival factions into a force capable of driving the Spanish armies and militias out of all of Latin America. That he was able to do so is testimony to remarkable political as well as strategic skill.
Boxer Uprising (1899–1901)
Authors: Reist Katherine 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Boxer Uprising has been variously interpreted as a rebellion, an uprising, or an anti‐foreign expression of nationalism. The Boxers were a group of poor, young, agricultural workers, peasants, and migrants who lived in the less productive areas of northwestern Shandong province. Attracted to the martial arts displays at fairs, markets, or temples, many of the poverty stricken or unemployed were intrigued by the mixture of martial arts, magic, and spirit possession that could be achieved easily by anyone. These groups began to focus on the foreign presence in the area following the Second Opium War (1858–1860) and the first Sino‐Japanese War (1894–1895), in both of which the Chinese suffered defeat. The Boxer explanation was that the foreign presence had upset the gods, whose displeasure was evidenced in the droughts and floods that plagued the area. Though never organized beyond a group of practitioners and their teacher, there were many such groups. In addition, a number of bandit or secret society organizations were identified or identified themselves as Boxers. Boxer groups were responsible for the destruction of foreign properties, especially churches, and attacks on their members or employees. By 1897 they had killed a few foreigners. By 1900 they were in Beijing and laying siege to the Legation Quarter. After fifty‐five days, the siege was relieved by an eight‐nation expeditionary force, which defeated the Boxers and any imperial troops aiding them. The Protocols that were subsequently negotiated had a devastating effect on China and especially on the Qing government.
Britain, Roman conquest of (43–96)
Authors: Hanson William 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Though Caesar had crossed the Channel with his army twice, in 55 and 54
BCE
,his brief campaigns were not followed up, not least because he continued to be preoccupied with the conquest of Gaul and political events in Rome, which culminated in civil war. Thus, when the invasion proper did occur, in the reign of the emperor Claudius in 43
CE
, Britain became one of the last additions to the Roman Empire.