bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Do Firms Form New Banking Relationships?
Authors: Gopalan Radhakrishnan , Udell Gregory F. , Yerramilli Vijay 
Published: June 2011

AbstractUsing a large loan sample from 1990 to 2006, we examine why firms form new banking relationships. Small public firms that do not have existing relationships with large banks are more likely to form new banking relationships. On average, firms obtain higher loan amounts when they form new banking relationships, while small firms also experience an increase in sales growth, capital expenditure, leverage, analyst coverage, and public debt issuance subsequently. Our findings suggest that firms form new banking relationships to expand their access to credit and capital market services, and highlight an important cost of exclusive banking relationships.
Do Investors See through Mistakes in Reported Earnings?
Authors: Bardos Katsiaryna Salavei , Golec Joseph , Harding John P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis study investigates whether investors see through materially misstated earnings, and whether they anticipate earnings restatements. For firms that restate at least one annual report, we find that investors are misled by mistakes in reported earnings at the time of initial earnings announcements. Investors react positively to the component of the favorable earnings surprise that will subsequently be restated, and they attach the same valuation to it as to the true earnings surprise. We also find that investors anticipate the subsequent downward restatements and start marking stock prices down several months before a restatement announcement, so that the full impact of a restatement is about three times as large as the restatement announcement effect. Indeed, we show that investors punish restating firms because the stock price gains that shareholders enjoy when firms initially announce overstated earnings are more than reversed by the time of the restatement announcement.
Effect of primary, cross-over, zigzag neopharyngoplasty on acoustic characteristics of alaryngeal, tracheoesophageal voice
Authors: Albirmawy O A 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the effect of primary, cross-over, zigzag neopharyngeal construction on tracheoesophageal voice, compared with pharyngoesophageal myotomy, following total laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy.Study design:Prospective clinical trial.Setting:Otolaryngology department, Tanta University Hospital (tertiary referral centre), Egypt.Patients and methods:Over five years, 30 patients underwent total laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy to manage stage III or IV laryngeal cancer, followed by primary tracheoesophageal puncture for voice restoration. For neopharyngeal construction, 15 patients underwent pharyngoesophageal myotomy (group one) and 15 cross-over, zigzag neopharyngoplasty (group two). Acoustic parameters of tracheoesophageal voice were compared.Results:Most acoustic parameters were almost equivalent for the two groups, although significant differences were seen for loud intensity, dynamic range, shimmer, loud fundamental frequency, loud jitter, fluency and speaking rate. One post-operative pharyngocutaneous fistula (6.6 per cent) occurred in each group, and resolved with conservative measures.Conclusion:The cross-over neopharyngoplasty modification of hypopharyngeal closure may help avoid pharyngoesophageal spasm and assist maintenance of effective voice amplitude, fundamental frequencies, temporal measures and perceptual values.
A Hunsaker Mon-Jet tube trapped in the larynx
Authors: Khan I , Shakeel M , Nagaraja R , Ram B , Thomas A D 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:We report a unique complication arising from the use of a Hunsaker Mon-Jet ventilation tube during microlaryngeal surgery, and we briefly review the literature on the use of this tube for jet ventilation.Method:A case report on the safe and successful management of a potential airway compromise, and a brief literature review on using the Hunsaker Mon-Jet ventilation tube during microlaryngeal surgery.Case report:A 46-year-old woman was scheduled to undergo removal of a vocal cord polyp under general anaesthesia. However, the polyp became stuck in the basket of the Hunsaker tube during intubation. The polyp and the Hunsaker tube were removed safely after a microlaryngeal tube was passed beyond the vocal cords. To our knowledge, this complication has not previously been reported.Conclusion:This case highlights the potential risk of laryngeal growths, especially vocal cord polyps, becoming trapped in the Hunsaker tube during intubation. Both the anaesthetist and the operating surgeon should be aware of this possible complication and, more importantly, how to deal with such a problem.
Air Traffic Control Separation Minima: Part 1 – The Current Stasis
Authors: Brooker Peter 
Published: June 2011

Current strategic plans for air traffic management (ATM) envisage a transition from radar control to a trajectory-based system. The future ATM concepts are very different in a great number of aspects from the present system. The focus here is on the design of safe systems, in particular the appropriate air traffic control (ATC) separation minima. This Part 1 sketches the historical origins of ATC separation minima and then analyses the safety thinking behind current minima and the issues involved in risk modelling. Why have the critical minima largely remained unchanged for several decades – stasis? Part 2 then addresses key safety issues in the transition to the new ATM concept.‘Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place it, and I shall move the world.’ Archimedes.
Spatial epidemiology of suspected clinical leptospirosis in Sri Lanka
Authors: ROBERTSON C. , NELSON T. A. , STEPHEN C. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYLeptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world. A large outbreak of suspected human leptospirosis began in Sri Lanka during 2008. This study investigated spatial variables associated with suspected leptospirosis risk during endemic and outbreak periods. Data were obtained for monthly numbers of reported cases of suspected clinical leptospirosis for 2005–2009 for all of Sri Lanka. Space–time scan statistics were combined with regression modelling to test associations during endemic and outbreak periods. The cross-correlation function was used to test association between rainfall and leptospirosis at four locations. During the endemic period (2005–2007), leptospirosis risk was positively associated with shorter average distance to rivers and with higher percentage of agriculture made up of farms <0·20 hectares. Temporal correlation analysis of suspected leptospirosis cases and rainfall revealed a 2-month lag in rainfall-case association during the baseline period. Outbreak locations in 2008 were characterized by shorter distance to rivers and higher population density. The analysis suggests the possibility of household transmission in densely populated semi-urban villages as a defining characteristic of the outbreak. The role of rainfall in the outbreak remains to be investigated, although analysis here suggests a more complex relationship than simple correlation.
Classifications of Vocalic Segments From Articulatory Kinematics: Healthy Controls and Speakers With Dysarthria
Authors: Yunusova Yana , Weismer Gary G. , Lindstrom Mary J. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose
In this study, the authors classified vocalic segments produced by control speakers (C) and speakers with dysarthria due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Parkinson’s disease (PD); classification was based on movement measures. The researchers asked the following questions: (a) Can vowels be classified on the basis of selected measures of articulatory motions? and (b) Can classification models that are constructed from control productions classify vowels produced by speakers with dysarthria that is related to ALS and PD?

Method
Nineteen C, 7 PD, and 8 ALS speakers participated in this study. The severity of dysarthria varied across individuals and between the 2 disorder groups. The stimuli were 6 vowels produced in 10 words embedded into sentences read at a comfortable reading rate. Movement data were collected using the x-ray microbeam. Movement measures included distances traveled, durations, and average speeds of vowel-related movement strokes. Vowels and words were classified by linear discriminant analysis with measures of articulatory motion as input variables.

Results
The study showed that vocalic segments could be classified using articulatory movement characteristics with up to 80% accuracy. The classification accuracy of the movement-based models depended largely on the number of articulators involved and, to a lesser extent, on the movement measure (e.g., distance, duration, speed). Classification of PD vowels was similar to that of the C group, suggesting a simple scaling of gestures as an explanation of the movement deficit in this disease. Classification performance for ALS vowels appeared to be different from that of C and PD productions.

Conclusion
Classification of vowels was possible on the basis of their articulatory motions. ALS vowels appeared categorically different from those of C and PD speakers.
Enhancing Speech Discrimination Through Stimulus Repetition
Authors: Holt Rachael Frush 
Published: June 2011

PurposeTo evaluate the effects of sequential and alternating repetition on speech-sound discrimination.MethodTypically hearing adults' discrimination of 3 pairs of speech-sound contrasts was assessed at 3 signal-to-noise ratios using the change/no-change procedure. On change trials, the standard and comparison stimuli differ; on no-change trials, they are identical. Listeners were presented with 5 repetition conditions: 2 and 4 sequential repetitions of the standard followed by sequential repetitions of the comparison; 2 and 4 alternating presentations of the standard and comparison; and 1 repetition of the standard and comparison.ResultsBoth sequential and alternating repetition improved discrimination of the fricative and liquid contrasts, but neither was clearly superior to the other across the conditions.ConclusionsThe results support previous findings that increasing the number of fricative and liquid stimulus presentations improves discriminability and extends the findings to natural speech stimuli. Further, the effect of repetition is robust: Both sequential and alternating repetitions improve speech-sound discrimination, and few differences emerge between the two types of stimulus repetitions. The results have implications for evaluating the strength of the internal representation of speech stimuli in clinical populations believed to have a core deficit in phonological encoding, such as children with hearing loss.
Sustained Attention in Children With Primary Language Impairment: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ebert Kerry Danahy , Kohnert Kathryn 
Published: June 2011

Purpose
This study provides a meta-analysis of the difference between children with primary or specific language impairment (LI) and their typically developing peers on tasks of sustained attention. The meta-analysis seeks to determine whether children with LI demonstrate subclinical deficits in sustained attention and, if so, under what conditions.

Method
Articles that reported empirical data from the performance of children with LI, in comparison to typically developing peers, on a task assessing sustained attention were considered for inclusion. Twenty-eight effect sizes were included in the meta-analysis. Two moderator analyses addressed the effects of stimulus modality and attention-deficit/hypereactivity disorder exclusion. In addition, reaction time outcomes and the effects of task variables were summarized qualitatively.

Results
The meta-analysis supports the existence of sustained attention deficits in children with LI in both auditory and visual modalities, as demonstrated by reduced accuracy compared with typically developing peers. Larger effect sizes are found in tasks that use auditory–linguistic stimuli than in studies that use visual stimuli.

Conclusions
Future research should consider the role that sustained attention weaknesses play in LI as well as the implications for clinical and research assessment tasks. Methodological recommendations are summarized.
Light-induced water oxidation at silicon electrodes functionalized with a cobalt oxygen-evolving catalyst
Authors: Pijpers Joep J. H. , Winkler Mark T. , Surendranath Yogesh , Buonassisi Tonio , Nocera Daniel G. 
Published: June 2011

Integrating a silicon solar cell with a recently developed cobalt-based water-splitting catalyst (Co-Pi) yields a robust, monolithic, photo-assisted anode for the solar fuels process of water splitting to O
2
at neutral pH. Deposition of the Co-Pi catalyst on the Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)-passivated
p
-side of a
np
-Si junction enables the majority of the voltage generated by the solar cell to be utilized for driving the water-splitting reaction. Operation under neutral pH conditions fosters enhanced stability of the anode as compared to operation under alkaline conditions (pH 14) for which long-term stability is much more problematic. This demonstration of a simple, robust construct for photo-assisted water splitting is an important step towards the development of inexpensive direct solar-to-fuel energy conversion technologies.
Lucretius
Authors: Campbell Gordon Lindsay 
Published: June 2011

Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus, b. c. 94–d. c. 55 or 51 bce) was one of the most important Latin poets of Antiquity. He was a predecessor of Virgil, who was profoundly influenced by him. His only known work is his poem De rerum natura (On the nature of the universe, or On the nature of things; frequently referred to as DRN), a didactic work of six books in epic hexameter verse in which he expounds the philosophical system of Epicurus. Lucretius has been an important source for Epicureanism and has been profoundly influential on progressive thinking from Antiquity to the modern world. Often accused of atheism, Lucretius was in fact a deeply religious poet who strove to combat what he saw as the religious errors of his day, to convince his readers that they should not fear the gods or fear death. If they can free themselves from these fears, Lucretius tells them, there is nothing to prevent them from living a life equal to that of the gods.
Topography of Athens
Authors: Hurwit Jeffrey M. , Mitsios Ioannis 
Published: June 2011

The ancient city-state (or polis) of Athens was contiguous with the region known as Attica, a large, triangular peninsula extending southeastward from the Greek mainland into the Aegean Sea. In the western angle of Attica, on a coastal plain surrounded by four mountains (Hymettos, Pentelikon, Parnes, and Aigaleos), lay the city itself. Although the modern city has thickly spread up the slopes of the mountains as well as to the sea, the study of Athenian topography concentrates on the monuments, buildings, and spaces of the ancient urban core, an area roughly 3 square kilometers surrounding the Acropolis and defended in the Classical period by a wall some 6.5 kilometers in length. Athens is the ancient Greek city that we know best, and it is unquestionably the Greek city whose art, architecture, literature, philosophy, and political history have had the greatest impact on the Western tradition and imagination. As a result, “Athenian” is sometimes considered synonymous with “Greek.” It is not. In many respects, Athens was exceptional among Greek city-states, not typical: it was a very different place from, say, Thebes or Sparta. Still, the study of Athens, its monuments, and its culture needs no defense, and the charge of “Athenocentrism” is a hollow indictment when one stands before the Parthenon or holds a copy of Sophocles’ Antigone. This article will refer to the following periods in the history of Athens and Greece (the dates are conventional): late Bronze, or Mycenaean, Age (1550–1100 bce); Dark Age (1100–760 bce); Archaic (760–480 bce); Classical (480–323 bce); Hellenistic (323 –31 bce); and Roman (31 BCE–c. 475 ce).
Small molecule CXCR3 antagonist NIBR2130 has only a limited impact on type 1 diabetes in a virus-induced mouse model
Authors: Christen S , Holdener M , Beerli C , Thoma G , Bayer M , Pfeilschifter J M , Hintermann E , Zerwes H-G , Christen U 
Published: June 2011

SummaryCXCL10 is one of the key chemokines involved in trafficking of autoaggressive T cells to the islets of Langerhans during the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Blockade of CXCL10 or genetic deletion of its receptor CXCR3 results in a reduction of T1D in animal models. As an alternative to the use of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to CXCL10 or CXCR3 we evaluated the small molecule CXCR3 antagonist NIBR2130 in a virus-induced mouse model for T1D. We found that the overall frequency of T1D was not reduced in mice administered with NIBR2130. An initial slight delay of diabetes onset was not stable over time, because the mice turned diabetic upon removal of the antagonist. Accordingly, no significant differences were found in the islet infiltration rate and the frequency and activity of islet antigen-specific T cells between protected mice administered with NIBR2130 and control mice. Our data indicate that in contrast to direct inhibition of CXCL10, blockade of CXCR3 with the small molecule antagonist NIBR2130 has no impact on trafficking and/or activation of autoaggressive T cells and is not sufficient to prevent T1D.
Antibody fragments as tools in crystallography
Authors: Griffin L , Lawson A 
Published: June 2011

Summary
While antibody-based therapeutics have become firmly established as front-line drugs, the use of antibodies as research tools in small molecule drug discovery is still in its infancy. In this review we focus on the use of antibody fragments as crystallization chaperones to aid the structural determination of otherwise ‘uncrystallizable’ or ‘undruggable’ target proteins. We also highlight a potential application for this technology, in which antibody-mediated structures may be used to inform the design of new chemical entities.
Three‐dimensional gravity modelling and focusing inversion using rectangular meshes
Authors: Commer Michael 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTRectangular grid cells are commonly used for the geophysical modeling of gravity anomalies, owing to their flexibility in constructing complex models. The straightforward handling of cubic cells in gravity inversion algorithms allows for a flexible imposition of model regularization constraints, which are generally essential in the inversion of static potential field data. The first part of this paper provides a review of commonly used expressions for calculating the gravity of a right polygonal prism, both for gravity and gradiometry, where the formulas of Plouff and Forsberg are adapted. The formulas can be cast into general forms practical for implementation. In the second part, a weighting scheme for resolution enhancement at depth is presented. Modelling the earth using highly digitized meshes, depth weighting schemes are typically applied to the model objective functional, subject to minimizing the data misfit. The scheme proposed here involves a non‐linear conjugate gradient inversion scheme with a weighting function applied to the non‐linear conjugate gradient scheme's gradient vector of the objective functional. The low depth resolution due to the quick decay of the gravity kernel functions is counteracted by suppressing the search directions in the parameter space that would lead to near‐surface concentrations of gravity anomalies. Further, a density parameter transformation function enabling the imposition of lower and upper bounding constraints is employed. Using synthetic data from models of varying complexity and a field data set, it is demonstrated that, given an adequate depth weighting function, the gravity inversion in the transform space can recover geologically meaningful models requiring a minimum of prior information and user interaction.
Platelet‐derived growth factor and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α expression in the normal human thymus and thymoma
Authors: Cimpean Anca Maria , Ceauşu Raluca , Encică Svetlana , Gaje Pusa Nela , Ribatti Domenico , Raica Marius 
Published: June 2011

SummaryPlatelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and its receptors (PDGFRs) are strongly involved in the normal development of several organs, tumour angiogenesis and malignant progression and metastasis. Few studies concerning their expression, distribution and role in normal and pathological human thymus are available in the literature. The aim of this study has been to analyse the immunohistochemical expression of PDGF and PDGFR‐α in prenatal and postnatal normal human thymus and thymomal biopsy specimens. The results demonstrated immunoreactivity to both PDGF and PDGFR‐α in all specimens, but the intensity, distribution and number of positive cells were different in normal thymus and thymomas, and also among different tumour types. PDGF and PDGFR‐α were weakly expressed in foetal and postnatal humans with a different distribution between cortex and medulla in both blood vessels and epithelial cells, whereas they were overexpressed in thymoma, especially in type B2 and B3, in the tumour epithelial cells. Overall, these data suggest that PDGF and PDGFR‐α may be involved in the pathophysiology of the human thymus.
Past and present management influences the seed bank and seed rain in a rural landscape mosaic
Authors: Auffret Alistair G. , Cousins Sara A. O. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Seed bank and seed rain represent dispersal in time and space. They can be important sources of diversity in the rural landscape, where fragmented habitats are linked by their histories.2. Seed bank, seed rain and above‐ground vegetation were sampled in four habitat types (abandoned semi‐natural grassland (ABA), grazed former arable field (FAF), mid‐field islet (MFI) and grazed semi‐natural grassland (SNG)) in a rural landscape in southern Sweden, to examine whether community patterns can be distinguished at large spatial scales and whether seed bank and seed rain are best explained by current, past or intended future vegetation communities.3. We counted 54 357 seedlings of 188 species from 1190 seed bank and 797 seed rain samples. Seed bank, seed rain and above‐ground vegetation communities differed according to habitat. Several species characteristic of managed grassland vegetation were present in the seed bank, seed rain and vegetation of the other habitats.4. The seed banks of SNGs and the seed rain of the FAFs were generally better predicted by the surrounding above‐ground vegetation than were the other habitat types. The seed rain of the grazed communities was most similar to the vegetation in the FAFs, while the seed banks of the abandoned grasslands most resembled the vegetation in SNGs.5. Gap availability and seed input could be limiting the colonisation of target species in FAFs, while remnant populations in the seed bank and the presence of grassland specialists in the above‐ground vegetation indicate that abandoned grasslands and mid‐field islets could be valuable sources of future diversity in the landscape after restoration.6. Synthesis and applications. SNG communities are able to form seed banks which survive land‐use change, but their seed rain does not reflect their above‐ground communities. It is important that grassland plants set seed. By connecting existing grasslands with restoration targets, increased disturbance in the target habitats would allow for colonisation via the seed bank or seed rain, while decreased grazing intensity would benefit seed production in the source grasslands. Otherwise, landscape‐wide propagule availability might increase with a more varied timing and intensity of management.