bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful prevention of oral self‐mutilation using a lip guard: a case report
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Bhojraj Nandlal 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTSelf‐injurious behavior (SIB) is causing deliberate harm to the body without suicidal intent; this problem occurs in a number of psychiatric, behavioral, and developmental disorders.This report describes the case of a girl, aged 19 months, whose lower lip injuries due to SIB were successfully treated through the use a combination of extraoral and intraoral prostheses. A custom‐made lip guard with a custom‐made adjustable head strap was effective in the management of the lip trauma. SIB was prevented and there was no recurrence even at the 17‐month follow‐up appointment.
An intervention to reduce care‐resistant behavior in persons with dementia during oral hygiene: a pilot study
Authors: Jablonski Rita A. , Therrien Barbara , Mahoney Ellen K. , Kolanowski Ann , Gabello Mia , Brock Alexandra 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe primary purpose of this pilot study was to test the feasibility of an intervention designed to reduce care‐resistant behaviors (CRBs) in persons with moderate‐to‐severe dementia during oral hygiene activities.The intervention, Managing Oral Hygiene Using Threat Reduction (MOUTh), combined best oral hygiene practices with CRB reduction techniques. Oral health was operationalized as the total score obtained from the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT). CRB was measured using a refinement of the Resistiveness to Care Scale. Seven nursing home residents with dementia received twice daily mouth care for 14 days. The baseline OHAT mean score of 7.29 (SD = 1.25) improved to 1.00 (SD = 1.26, p < .001); CRB improved from 2.43 CRBs/minute (SD = 4.26) to 1.09 CRBs/minute (SD = 1.56, t = 1.97, df 41, p= .06).The findings from this pilot study suggest that the MOUTh intervention is feasible and reduced CRBs, thus allowing more effective oral care.
Seasonal Dynamics of House Dust Mites in Dust Samples Collected From Sleeping Places in North‐Western Poland
Authors: Kosik‐Bogacka D. I. , Kalisinska E. , Henszel L. , Kuzna‐Grygiel W. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe most common families of mites found in house dust are Pyroglyphidae, Glycyphagidae and Acaridae; all are a source of many antigens responsible for allergic diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the seasonal dynamics of allergenic mite populations in dust samples collected from sleeping places in apartments in north‐western Poland. The mites were isolated from the dust using a saturated saline floating method. In 132 dust samples we determined: Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Euroglyphus maynei, Hirstia sp., Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Gohieria fusca and Cheyletus sp. The greatest frequency was observed for D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Ch. arcuatus and Cheyletus sp., in the fourth quarter and D. farinae in the third quarter. Smaller coefficients of dominance were found for D. pteronyssinus, Ch. arcuatus and Cheyletus sp., and their greatest mean concentrations were found in the first and fourth quarters. Given the division of the year into heating and non‐heating seasons, mites D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus achieved the highest mean concentration in the first season, and Cheyletus sp. in the second season. The analysis of the participation of developmental stages showed that the adults of D. farinae were more prevalent than juveniles in the first, second and third quarters, and imago stages of D. pteronyssinus were more numerous in relation to juveniles in the first, third and fourth quarters. The results confirm the high incidence of house dust mites in sleeping places in north‐western Poland dwellings; the best conditions for the development of these mites, mainly D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, occur in the fourth quarter and are the least favourable in the second quarter. In many cases, these results are consistent with data from other parts of Poland collected by various authors.
Spatial capture‐recapture models for search‐encounter data
Authors: Royle J. Andrew , Kéry Marc , Guélat Jérôme 
Published: May 2011

Summary1. Spatial capture–recapture models make use of auxiliary data on capture location to provide density estimates for animal populations. Previously, models have been developed primarily for fixed trap arrays which define the observable locations of individuals by a set of discrete points.2. Here, we develop a class of models for ‘search‐encounter’ data, i.e. for detections of recognizable individuals in continuous space, not restricted to trap locations. In our hierarchical model, detection probability is related to the average distance between individual location and the survey path. The locations are allowed to change over time owing to movements of individuals, and individual locations are related formally by a model describing individual activity or home range centre which is itself regarded as a latent variable in the model. We provide a Bayesian analysis of the model in WinBUGS, and develop a custom MCMC algorithm in the R language.3. The model is applied to simulated data and to territory mapping data for the Willow Tit from the Swiss Breeding Bird Survey MHB. While the observed density was 15 territories per nominal 1 km2plot of unknown effective sample area, the model produced a density estimate of 21·12 territories per square km (95% posterior interval: 17–26).4. Spatial capture–recapture models are relevant to virtually all animal population studies that seek to estimate population size or density, yet existing models have been proposed mainly for conventional sampling using arrays of traps. Our model for search‐encounter data, where the spatial pattern of searching can be arbitrary and may change over occasions, greatly expands the scope and utility of spatial capture–recapture models.
On the approximation of continuous dispersal kernels in discrete‐space models
Authors: Chipperfield Joseph D. , Holland E. Penelope , Dytham Calvin , Thomas Chris D. , Hovestadt Thomas 
Published: May 2011

Summary1. Models that represent space as a lattice have a critical function in theoretical and applied ecology. Despite their significance, there is a dearth of appropriate theoretical developments for the description of dispersal across such lattices.2. We present a series of methods for approximating continuous dispersal in discrete landscapes (denoted as centroid‐to‐centroid, centroid‐to‐area, area‐to‐centroid and area‐to‐area dispersal). We describe how these methods can be extended to incorporate different conditions at the boundary of the simulation arena and a framework for approximating continuous dispersal between irregularly shaped patches.3. Each approximation method was tested against a baseline of continuous Gaussian dispersal in a periodic simulation arena. The residence probabilities for an individual dispersing in each time step according to a Gaussian kernel across grids of three differing resolutions were calculated over a number of dispersal steps. In addition, the steady‐state asymptotic properties for the transition matrices for each approximation method and cell resolution were calculated and compared against the uniform expectation under continuous dispersal.4. All four methods described in this article provide a reasonable approximation to the continuous baseline (<0·03 absolute error in probability calculations) on landscapes with grid cells of length equal to the expected dispersal distance or finer, but error increases as grid cells become progressively larger than the expected dispersal distance.5. Each approximation method exhibits a different spatial pattern of approximation error. Centroid‐to‐centroid dispersal overestimates residence probabilities near the origin, resulting in decreased invasion rates relative to the baseline diffusion process. All other approximation methods underestimate residence probabilities near the origin and overestimate such probabilities in the peripheries, leading to an overestimation of invasion rates.6. The asymptotic properties of centroid‐to‐centroid and area‐to‐centroid dispersal approximation methods deviate from that which is expected under continuous dispersal. This characteristic renders these methods unsuitable for use in long‐term simulation studies where the equilibrium properties of the system are of interest.7. Centroid‐to‐area and area‐to‐area approximation methods exhibit both low approximation error and desirable asymptotic properties. These methods provide a viable mechanism for linking individual‐level dispersal to larger‐scale characteristics such as metapopulation connectivity.
Heterologous Prime-Boost Oral Immunization with GK-1 Peptide from Taenia crassiceps Cysticerci Induces Protective Immunity
Authors: Fragoso Gladis , Esquivel-Guadarrama Fernando , Santana M. Angélica , Bobes Raul J. , Hernández Beatriz , Cervantes Jacquelynne , Segura René , Goldbaum Fernando A. , Sciutto Edda , Rosas Gabriela 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTOral immunization is a goal in vaccine development, particularly for pathogens that enter the host through the mucosal system. This study was designed to explore the immunogenic properties of theTaenia crassicepsprotective peptide GK-1 administered orally. Mice were orally immunized with the synthetic GK-1 peptide in its linear form with or without theBrucellalumazine synthase (BLS) protein adjuvant or as a chimera recombinantly bound to BLS (BLS-GK-1). Mice were boosted twice with GK-1 only at 15-day intervals. A significant rate of protection of 64.7% was achieved in GK-1-immunized mice, and that rate significantly increased to 91.8 and 96% when mice were primed with GK-1 coadministered with BLS as an adjuvant and BLS as a carrier, respectively. Specific antibodies and T cell activation and proliferation accompanied the protection induced, revealing the potent immunogenicity of GK-1. Through immunohistochemical studies, GK-1 was detected in T and B cell zones of the Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes. In the latter, abundant proliferating cells were detected by 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation. No proliferation was detected in PP. Altogether, these results portray the potent immunogenic properties of GK-1 administered orally and reinforce the usefulness of BLS as an adjuvant and adequate vaccine delivery system for oral vaccines.
Adenovirus Sequesters Phosphorylated STAT1 at Viral Replication Centers and Inhibits STAT Dephosphorylation
Authors: Sohn Sook-Young , Hearing Patrick 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTTyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 indicate activation of interferon (IFN) signal transduction pathways. Here, we demonstrate that tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1 is targeted by a unique mechanism in adenovirus (Ad)-infected cells. Ad is known to suppress IFN-inducible gene expression; however, we observed that Ad infection prolongs the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 induced by alpha IFN in infected cells. To understand this paradoxical effect, we examined the subcellular localization of STAT1 following Ad infection and found that nuclear, tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT1 accumulates at viral replication centers. This form of STAT1 colocalized with newly synthesized viral DNA. Viral DNA replication, but not viral late gene expression, is required for the regulation of STAT1 phosphorylation. Our results indicate that Ad infection regulates STAT1 dephosphorylation rather than STAT1 phosphorylation. Consistent with this idea, we show that Ad infection disrupts the interaction between STAT1 and its cognate protein tyrosine phosphatase, TC45. Our findings indicate that Ad sequesters phosphorylated STAT1 at viral replication centers and inhibits STAT dephosphorylation. This report suggests a strategy employed by Ad to counteract an active form of STAT1 in the nucleus of infected cells.
CD4+T Lymphocytes Are Critical Mediators of Tumor Immunity to Simian Virus 40 Large Tumor Antigen Induced by Vaccination with Plasmid DNA
Authors: Aldrich Joel F. , Lowe Devin B. , Shearer Michael H. , Winn Richard E. , Jumper Cynthia A. , Bright Robert K. , Kennedy Ronald C. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTA mechanistic analysis of tumor immunity directed toward the viral oncoprotein simian virus 40 (SV40) large tumor antigen (Tag) has previously been described by our laboratory for scenarios of recombinant Tag immunization in BALB/c mice. In the present study, we performed a preliminary characterization of the immune components necessary for systemic tumor immunity induced upon immunization with plasmid DNA encoding SV40 Tag as a transgene (pCMV-Tag). Antibody responses to SV40 Tag were observed via indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay following three intramuscular (i.m.) injections of pCMV-Tag and were typified by a mixed Th1/Th2 response. Complete tumor immunity within a murine model of pulmonary metastasis was achieved upon two i.m. injections of pCMV-Tag, as assessed by examination of tumor foci in mouse lungs, without a detectable antibody response to SV40 Tag. Induction-phase and effector-phase depletions of T cell subsets were performedin vivovia administration of depleting rat monoclonal antibodies, and these experiments demonstrated that CD4+T lymphocytes are required in both phases of the adaptive immune response. Conversely, depletion of CD8+T lymphocytes did not impair tumor immunity in either immune phase and resulted in the premature production of antibodies to SV40 Tag. Our findings are unique in that a dominant role could be ascribed to CD4+T lymphocytes within a model of DNA vaccine-induced tumor immunity to Tag-expressing tumor cells. Additionally, our findings provide insight into the general mechanisms of vaccine-induced tumor immunity directed toward tumors bearing distinct tumor-associated antigens.
Recognition of Cap Structure by Influenza B Virus RNA Polymerase Is Less Dependent on the Methyl Residue than Recognition by Influenza A Virus Polymerase
Authors: Wakai Chitose , Iwama Minako , Mizumoto Kiyohisa , Nagata Kyosuke 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The cap-dependent endonuclease activity of the influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase cleaves host mRNAs to produce capped RNA fragments for primers to initiate viral mRNA synthesis. The influenza A virus (FluA) cap-dependent endonuclease preferentially recognizes the cap1 structure (m
7
GpppNm). However, little is known about the substrate specificity of the influenza B virus (FluB) endonuclease. Here, we determined the substrate specificity of the FluB polymerase using purified viral RNPs and
32
P-labeled polyribonucleotides containing a variety of cap structures (m
7
GpppGm, m
7
GpppG, and GpppG). We found that the FluA polymerase cleaves m
7
G-capped RNAs preferentially. In contrast, the FluB polymerase could efficiently cleave not only m
7
G-capped RNAs but also unmethylated GpppG-RNAs. To identify a key amino acid(s) related to the cap recognition specificity of the PB2 subunit, the transcription activity of FluB polymerases containing mutated cap-binding domains was examined by use of a minireplicon assay system. In the case of FluA PB2, Phe323, His357, and Phe404, which stack the m
7
GTP, and Glu361 and Lys376, which make hydrogen bonds with a guanine base, were essential for the transcription activity. In contrast, in the case of FluB PB2, the stacking interaction of Trp359 with a guanine base and putative hydrogen bonds using Gln325 and Glu363 were enough for the transcription activity. Taking these results together with the result for the cap-binding activity, we propose that the cap recognition pocket of FluB PB2 does not have the specificity for m
7
G-cap structures and thus is more flexible to accept various cap structures than FluA PB2.
Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA Initiates Type I Interferon Signaling in the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Parker Dane , Martin Francis J. , Soong Grace , Harfenist Bryan S. , Aguilar Jorge L. , Ratner Adam J. , Fitzgerald Katherine A. , Schindler Christian , Prince Alice 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The mucosal epithelium is the initial target for respiratory pathogens of all types. While type I interferon (IFN) signaling is traditionally associated with antiviral immunity, we demonstrate that the extracellular bacterial pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
activates the type I IFN cascade in airway epithelial and dendritic cells. This response is dependent upon the pore-forming toxin pneumolysin. Pneumococcal DNA activates IFN-β expression through a DAI/STING/TBK1/IRF3 cascade.

Tlr4
−/−

,

Myd88
−/−

,

Trif
−/−

, and

Nod2
−/−

mutant mice had no impairment of type I IFN signaling. Induction of type I IFN signaling contributes to the eradication of pneumococcal carriage, as IFN-α/β receptor null mice had significantly increased nasal colonization with
S. pneumoniae
compared with that of wild-type mice. These studies suggest that the type I IFN cascade is a central component of the mucosal response to airway bacterial pathogens and is responsive to bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are capable of accessing intracellular receptors.

IMPORTANCE
The bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae
is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia, leading to upwards of one million deaths a year worldwide and significant economic burden. Although it is known that antibody is critical for efficient phagocytosis, it is not known how this pathogen is sensed by the mucosal epithelium. We demonstrate that this extracellular pathogen activates mucosal signaling typically activated by viral pathogens via the pneumolysin pore to activate intracellular receptors and the type I interferon (IFN) cascade. Mice lacking the receptor to type I IFNs have a reduced ability to clear
S. pneumoniae
, suggesting that the type I IFN cascade is central to the mucosal clearance of this important pathogen.
Retractions in the medical literature: how many patients are put at risk by flawed research?
Authors: Steen R Grant 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundClinical papers so flawed that they are eventually retracted may put patients at risk. Patient risk could arise in a retracted primary study or in any secondary study that draws ideas or inspiration from a primary study.MethodsTo determine how many patients were put at risk, we evaluated 788 retracted English-language papers published from 2000 to 2010, describing new research with humans or freshly derived human material. These primary papers—together with all secondary studies citing them—were evaluated using ISI Web of Knowledge. Excluded from study were 468 basic science papers not studying fresh human material; 88 reviews presenting older data; 22 case reports; 7 papers retracted for journal error and 23 papers unavailable on Web of Knowledge. Overall, 180 retracted primary papers (22.8%) met the inclusion criteria. Subjects enrolled and patients treated in 180 primary studies and 851 secondary studies were combined.ResultsRetracted papers were cited over 5000 times, with 93% of citations being research related, suggesting that ideas promulgated in retracted papers can influence subsequent research. Over 28 000 subjects were enrolled—and 9189 patients were treated—in 180 retracted primary studies. Over 400 000 subjects were enrolled—and 70 501 patients were treated—in 851 secondary studies which cited a retracted paper. Papers retracted for fraud (n=70) treated more patients per study (p<0.01) than papers retracted for error (n=110).ConclusionsMany patients are put at risk by retracted studies. These are conservative estimates, as only patients enrolled in published clinical studies were tallied.
Physical and psychosocial ergonomic risk factors for low back pain in automobile manufacturing workers
Authors: Vandergrift Jonathan L , Gold Judith E , Hanlon Alexandra , Punnett Laura 
Published: May 2011

ObjectivesTo examine the association between ergonomic physical and psychosocial exposures and the risk of prevalent and incident low back pain (LBP) in a longitudinal cohort of automobile manufacturing workers.MethodsErgonomic exposure intensity and LBP presence were determined through questionnaires at baseline (n=1181) and to workers in the same job 1 year later (n=505). Models were constructed using log-binomial regression with special attention to interactions between ergonomic exposures.ResultsAwkward back posture (prevalence ratio (PR) 1.12, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.17), hand force (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.10), physical effort (PR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.16) and whole body vibration (PR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.08) were each associated cross-sectionally with LBP. Awkward back posture (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.31) and hand force (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.22) also predicted incident LBP, although estimates were statistically less precise. Neither job control, psychological demands, nor job strain was independently related to risk of incident LBP. Among participants reporting high physical ergonomic exposures and moderate to high job control, increasing job demands was associated with a reduced LBP risk (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.00). Among participants reporting high physical exposures and low job control, psychological demands was associated with an increased LBP risk (RR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.66).ConclusionsPsychosocial workplace interventions for LBP should prioritise jobs in which there are high physical ergonomic exposures. Future studies of LBP should examine the interactions between physical ergonomic risk factors.
Effects of Auricular Acupressure on Weight Reduction and Abdominal Obesity in Asian Young Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hsieh Ching Hsiu , Su Tsann-Jnn , Fang Yu-Wen , Chou Pei-Hsuan 
Published: May 2011

The current study was designed to test the efficacy of auricular acupressure on weight reduction and changes of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio. This study used a randomized design with one control group and one experimental group consisting of Asian young adults with a waist circumference ≥80 cm in the females and ≥90cm in the males. At completion of eight weeks of auricular therapy, the total sample size was 55 young adults who ranged in age from 18 to 20 years old.Each participant was treated weekly for ear acupressure in ten-minute sessions. Sessions continued for eight weeks wherein the control group received acupressure only while the experimental group received acupressure with the Japanese Magnetic Pearl on the ear acupoints.While both the control and treatment groups showed significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) to body weight and waist circumference after eight weeks of treatment, only the group treated with Japanese Magnetic Pearls showed decreased waist to hip ratio. Thus, auricular acupressure may be a beneficial addition to weight loss programs for young adults.Auricular acupressure is thus a reasonable option in the treatment of overweight and obesity in young adults.