bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The CREB Site in the Proximal Enhancer Is Critical for Cooperative Interaction with the Other Transcription Factor Binding Sites To Enhance Transcription of the Major Intermediate-Early Genes in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells
Authors: Lashmit Philip , Wang Shuhui , Li Hongmei , Isomura Hiroki , Stinski Mark F. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT
One of the two SP1 sites in the proximal enhancer of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) major immediate-early (MIE) promoter is essential for transcription in human fibroblast cells (H. Isomura, M. F. Stinski, A. Kudoh, T. Daikoku, N. Shirata, and T. Tsurumi, J. Virol. 79:9597-9607, 2005). Upstream of the two SP1 sites to −223 relative to the +1 transcription start site, there are an additional five DNA binding sites for eukaryotic transcription factors. We determined the effects of the various transcription factor DNA binding sites on viral MIE RNA transcription, viral gene expression, viral DNA synthesis, or infectious virus production. We prepared recombinant HCMV bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) DNAs with either one site missing or one site present upstream of the two SP1 sites. Infectious recombinant HCMV BAC DNAs were transfected into various cell types to avoid the effect of the virion-associated transactivators. Regardless of the cell type, which included human fibroblast, endothelial, and epithelial cells, the CREB site had the most significant and independent effect on the MIE promoter. The other sites had a minor independent effect. However, the combination of the different transcription factor DNA binding sites was significantly stronger than multiple duplications of the CREB site. These findings indicate that the CREB site in the presence of the other sites has a major role for the replication of HCMV.
Analysis of the Kinetics of Transcription and Replication of the Rotavirus Genome by RNA Interference
Authors: Ayala-Breton Camilo , Arias Marisol , Espinosa Rafaela , Romero Pedro , Arias Carlos F. , López Susana 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTRotaviruses have a genome composed of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) surrounded by three protein layers. The virus contains an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that synthesizes RNA transcripts corresponding to all segments of the viral genome. These transcripts direct the synthesis of the viral proteins and also serve as templates for the synthesis of the complementary strand to form the dsRNA genome. In this work, we analyzed the kinetics of transcription and replication of the viral genome throughout the replication cycle of the virus using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The role of the proteins that form double-layered particles ([DLPs] VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP6) in replication and transcription of the viral genome was analyzed by silencing their expression in rotavirus-infected cells. All of them were shown to be essential for the replication of the dsRNA genome since in their absence there was little synthesis of viral mRNA and dsRNA. The characterization of the kinetics of RNA transcription and replication of the viral genome under conditions where these proteins were silenced provided direct evidence for a second round of transcription during the replication of the virus. Interestingly, despite the decrease in mRNA accumulation when any of the four proteins was silenced, the synthesis of viral proteins decreased when VP2 and VP6 were knocked down, whereas the absence of VP1 and VP3 did not have a severe impact on viral protein synthesis. Characterization of viral particle assembly in the absence of VP1 and VP3 showed that while the formation of triple-layered particles and DLPs was decreased, the amount of assembled lower-density particles, often referred to as empty particles, was not different from the amount in control-infected cells, suggesting that viral particles can assemble in the absence of either VP1 or VP3.
Rugby league injuries in New Zealand: a review of 8 years of Accident Compensation Corporation injury entitlement claims and costs
Authors: King D A , Hume P A , Milburn P , Gianotti S 
Published: June 2009

Aim:This paper provides an overview of the epidemiology of rugby league injuries and associated costs in New Zealand requiring medical treatment.Method:New Zealand national Accident Compensation Corporation injury data for the period 1999 to 2007 were searched for rugby league injury cases. Data were analysed by demographics, body region, nature/severity of injury, and medical procedure and costs.Results:A total of 5941 injury entitlement claims were recorded over the study period with a significant decrease observed in the injury rate between the 1999–2000 and 2002–2003 reporting years. The total cost of the injuries for the study period was $42 822 048 (equivalent to £15 916 072). The mean (SD) number of injury entitlement claims per year was 743 (271) and yearly cost was $5 352 760 (£1 989 880) ($2 485 535 (£923 994)). The knee was the most commonly reported injury site (225 per 1000 entitlement claims; $8 750 147 (£3 252 020)) and soft tissue injuries were the most common injury types (474 per 1000 entitlement claims; $17 324 214 (£6 438 599)). Accounting for only 1.8% of total injury entitlement claims, concussion/brain injuries accounted for 6.3% of injury entitlement costs and had the highest mean cost per claim ($25 347 (£9420)). The upper and lower arm recorded the highest mean injury site claim cost of $43 096 (£16 016) per claim. The 25–29 age group recorded 27.7% of total injury entitlement claims and 29.6% of total injury entitlement costs, which was slightly more than the 20–24 age group (27.3% claims; 24.7% costs). Nearly 15% of total moderate to serious injury entitlement claims and 20% of total costs were recorded from participants 35 years or older.Discussion:This study identified that the knee was the most common injury site and soft tissue injuries were the most common injury type requiring medical treatment, which is consistent with other international studies on rugby league epidemiology. This study also highlights that the rate of injury and the average age of injured rugby league players increased over time. The high cost of concussion/brain injuries is a cause for concern as it reflects the severity of the injuries.Conclusion:Injury prevention programmes for rugby league should focus on reducing the risk of concussion/brain injury and knee and soft tissue injury, and should target participants in the 20–30 years old age range. More longitudinal epidemiological studies with specific details on injury mechanisms and participation data are warranted to further identify the injury circumstances surrounding participation in rugby league activities.
Ischaemic heart disease mortality study among workers with occupational exposure to ammonium perfluorooctanoate
Authors: Sakr C J , Symons J M , Kreckmann K H , Leonard R C 
Published: June 2009

Objectives:Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) is a biopersistent surfactant used in the manufacture of several types of fluoropolymers. Based on previous findings of increased serum lipid levels associated with exposure to APFO, we evaluated ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in a cohort of occupationally exposed workers.Methods:Relative risks (RR) were estimated from exposure–response analyses of cumulative exposure measures using proportional hazards regression models.Results:239 IHD deaths have occurred in the cohort of 4747 workers with work histories from 1948 through 2002. RR estimates indicate no statistically significant increased mortality risk for IHD associated with estimated cumulative exposure. We observed a positive trend only at an exposure lag of 10 years. This finding was not reproduced in other 5-year exposure lags and was attenuated when different cutpoints for exposure categorisation were used.Conclusion:This exposure–response study shows no convincing evidence of increased IHD mortality risk for APFO-exposed workers at this plant. Further studies evaluating the incidence of IHD are being conducted.
A Palaeozoic Northwest Passage: incursion of Caledonian, Baltican and Siberian terranes into eastern Panthalassa, and the early evolution of the North American Cordillera
Authors: Colpron Maurice , Nelson Joanne L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Palaeozoic to early Mesozoic terranes of the North American Cordillera mostly originated from three distinct regions in Palaeozoic time: the western peri-Laurentian margin, western (Asian) Panthalassa, and the northern Caledonides–Siberia. A review of geological history, fossil and provenance data for the Caledonian–Siberian terranes suggests that they probably occupied an intermediate position between northern Baltica, northeastern Laurentia and Siberia, in proximity to the northern Caledonides, in early Palaeozoic time. Dispersion of these terranes and their westward incursion into eastern Panthalassa are interpreted to result from development of a Caribbean- or Scotia-style subduction system between northern Laurentia and Siberia in mid-Palaeozoic time, termed here the Northwest Passage. Westward propagation of a narrow subduction zone coupled with a global change in plate motion, related to the collision of Gondwana with Laurentia–Baltica, are proposed to have led to initiation of subduction along the western passive margin of Laurentia and development of the peri-Laurentian terranes as a set of rifted continental fragments, superimposed arcs and marginal ocean basin(s) in mid- to late Palaeozoic time. Diachronous orogenic activity from Late Silurian in Arctic Canada, to Early Devonian in north Yukon and adjacent Alaska, Middle Devonian in southeastern British Columbia, and Late Devonian–Early Mississippian in the western USA records progressive development of the Northwest Passage and southward propagation of subduction along western Laurentia.
Arc imbrication during thick-skinned collision within the northern Cordilleran accretionary orogen, Yukon, Canada
Authors: Tizzard A. M. , Johnston S. T. , Heaman L. M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We present the results of geological mapping and geochronological studies of the Tally Ho shear zone (THSZ) and adjacent rocks. The shear zone crops out near the west margin of Stikinia, an oceanic arc and the largest of the accreted terranes within the Cordilleran orogen of western North America. The hanging wall of the largely flat-lying shear zone consists of coarsely crystalline leucogabbro and cumulate pyroxenite interpreted as the lower crustal and possibly lithospheric mantle roots of a magmatic arc. Rocks in the footwall consist of volcanic and volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Lewes River Arc, a Late Triassic magmatic arc characteristic of Stikinia. Because the shear zone places lower crustal plutonic rocks over a supracrustal sequence, we interpret it as a crustal-scale thrust fault. Kinematic indicators imply top-to-the-east displacement across the shear zone. The geometry of folds of the shear zone is consistent with deformation in response to displacement over ramps in deeper-seated thrust faults kinematically linked to the THSZ. Crystallization of the hanging-wall leucogabbro at 208±4.3 Ma provides a maximum age constraint for deformation, whereas a post-kinematic granitoid pluton that plugs the shear zone and that crystallized at about 173 Ma provides a lower age limit. The THSZ is, therefore, coeval with: (1) a series of latest Triassic–Early Jurassic shear and fault zones that characterize the length of the west margin of Stikinia; (2) the termination of isotopically juvenile arc magmatism of the Lewes River Arc; (3) crustal loading of Stikinia giving rise to a foreland basin that rapidly filled with westerly derived orogenic molasse that includes clasts of ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks; and (4) juxtaposition of Stikinia against continental crust of the Nisling Assemblage of the Yukon–Tanana terrane to the west. These constraints are consistent with a model of deformation in response to the entry of the continental Nisling Assemblage into the trench of the west-facing Lewes River Arc, terminating subduction and imbricating the arc along a series of east-verging thrust faults, including the THSZ.
The Eurasian SE Asian margin as a modern example of an accretionary orogen
Authors: Hall Robert 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Eurasian margin in SE Asia is a geologically complex region situated at the edge of the Sundaland continent, and is mainly within Indonesia. The external margins of Sundaland are tectonically active zones characterized by intense seismicity and volcanic activity. The region is an obvious modern analogue for older orogens, with a continental core reassembled from blocks rifted from Gondwana, and surrounded by subduction zones for much of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. It is a mountain belt in the process of formation, and contains many features typically associated with older Pacific margin orogens: there is active subduction, transfer of material at subduction and strike-slip boundaries, collision of oceanic plate buoyant features, arcs and continents, and abundant magmatism. The orogenic belt surrounds Sundaland and stretches from Sumatra into eastern Indonesia and the Philippines. The orogen changes character and width from west to east. Its development can be tectonically described only in terms of several small plates and it includes several suture zones. The western part of the orogenic belt, where the Indian plate is subducted beneath continental crust, is a relatively narrow single suture. Further east the orogenic belt includes multiple sutures and is up to 2000 km wide; there is less continental crust and more arc and ophiolitic crust, and there are several marginal oceanic basins. The orogen has grown to its present size during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic as a result of subduction. Continental growth has occurred in an episodic way, related primarily to arrival of continental fragments at subduction margins, after which subduction resumed in new locations. There have been subordinate contributions from ophiolite accretion, and arc magmatism. Relatively small amounts of material have been accreted during subduction from the downgoing plate. In eastern Indonesia the wide plate boundary zone includes continental fragments and several arcs, but the arcs are most vulnerable to destruction and disappearance. Rollback in the Banda region has produced major extension within the collision zone, but future contraction will eliminate most of the evidence for it, leaving a collage of continental fragments, similar to the older parts of Sundaland.
The underestimated Proterozoic component of the Canadian Cordillera accretionary margin
Authors: Snyder D. B. , Pilkington M. , Clowes R. M. , Cook F. A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Analysis of several types of seismic and potential field geophysical data consistently indicate that the majority of the crust underlying the Canadian Cordillera and much of western Canada was originally Proterozoic sedimentary rocks shed off the Canadian Shield into rift or basin structures between 1.84 and 0.54 Ga. These variably metamorphosed strata were primarily quartz- and limestone‐rich sediments and thus have distinctive geophysical signatures because of their lower density, lower magnetization, and lower Poisson's ratio compared with more mafic rocks. The sediments formed a prograding wedge that has a distinctive, internally reflective, seismic stratigraphy. In the east, these Proterozoic sedimentary rocks thicken at a ‘hinge line’ defined by the margin of the pre-1.84 Ga crystalline basement of the Canadian Shield; previous work mapped this hinge line locally using deep reflection profiles and regionally using distinctive gravity gradients. Here we assemble previously published results of several geophysical methods to define the overall shape of the wedge along the margin and westward to where it pinches out at the modern Moho beneath the crustal collage of exotic and suspect terranes accreted onto North America during the Mesozoic. The volume of crust occupied by this wedge limits the thickness of most accreted terranes to several kilometres and suggests that deeper portions of the accreted blocks detached or underthrust the wedge during accretion and are no longer contiguous to crust exposed at the surface. This type Cenozoic accretionary orogen thus spent most of its prior geological history as a passive or extensional margin punctuated by only a few, brief convergent or accretionary events.
Aristotle on Soul and Soul-'Parts' in Semen (GA 2.1, 735a4-22)
Authors: Bos Abraham 
Published: June 2009

Aristotle,
Generation of Animals
2.1, 735a4-22 speaks about semen and soul. The passage speaks about 'the soul' and 'the parts'. Against all current interpretations it is argued that Aristotle means 'the soul in its entirety' and 'the parts
of the soul
'. It is proposed that the Greek text edited by Drossaart Lulofs in 735a22 be corrected by accepting the reading of ms Z.
Gaia Gets to Know Herself: Proclus on the World's Self-Perception
Authors: Baltzly Dirk 
Published: June 2009

AbstractProclus' interpretation of the Timaeus confronts the question of whether the living being that is the Platonic cosmos perceives itself. Since sense perception is a mixed blessing in the Platonic tradition, Proclus solves this problem by differentiating different gradations of perception. The cosmos has only the highest kind. This paper contrasts Proclus' account of the world's perception of itself with James Lovelock's notion that the planet Earth, or Gaia, is aware of things going on within itself. This contrast illuminates several key differences between contemporary theories of perception and the neoplatonic world view. In particular, it argues that the neoplatonists had a radically different view of these matters because they assigned the property of truth not only to representations, but to objects as well.
Knowing by Likeness in Empedocles
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana 
Published: June 2009

AbstractContrary to the Aristotelian interpretation of Empedocles' views about cognition, according to which all cognition, like perception, is due to the compositional likeness between subject and object of cognition, this paper argues that when Empedocles says that we know one thing 'by' another (e.g. earth by earth or love by love), he is characterizing analogical reasoning, an intellectual activity quite different from perception (which is explained by the fit between effluences and pores). The paper also explores the idea that strife and love describe, in addition to physical separation and composition, the mental activities of analyzing and composing.
Towards a Theology of Place in the South African Context: Some Reflections from the Perspective of Ecotheology
Authors: Conradie Ernst 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA theology of place has deep roots within the Jewish-Christian tradition. However, a theology of place has become obscured as a result of various trends in modernity. It has re-emerged through a number of theological strands over the past few decades, including various branches of ecotheology. Indeed, it would not be inappropriate to identify a widespread “spatial turn” in current intellectual discourse, including Christian theology. Such developments are specifically important within the South African context where, in the theme of the 2008 annual meeting of the Theological Society of South Africa, “grace, race and space” have become deeply entangled with each other.
Re-enchanting a Disenchanted Universe – Post Modern Projects in Theologies of Space
Authors: Balcomb Anthony 
Published: June 2009

Abstract'Disenchantment' was an expression coined by Max Weber to describe a process whereby the world was rid of all spiritual reality and subjected to the power of the calculating and rational human mind. An enchanted universe was one in which space was presenced with spiritual agency, where things were subjects, not objects, and in which an epistemology of engagement, not disengagement, operated. Disenchantment involved, amongst other things, the emptying of space, the objectification of being, and the linearizing of time. Christian theology from the seventeenth century became associated with a disenchanted, modernizing agenda through early Christian scientists such as Bacon, Newton, and Descartes. While modernity has brought unprecedented levels of supremacy over nature the association of Christian theology with the modern agenda of disenchantment has been questioned in the postmodern context. Theologies of place and space are now being sought that take seriously an agenda that places God and spirituality back in the world and not beyond the world, that emphasizes an organic and not a mechanistic universe, and that resuscitates the notion of agency in the world.
Die ,,Wissenschaft des Judentums“ und die Anfänge der kritischen Koranforschung Perspektiven einer modernen Koranhermeneutik
Authors: Hartwig Dirk 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article traces the beginnings of critical Qur'anic Studies to the nineteenth-century scholars of the so-called Science of Judaism school (Wissenschaft des Judentums). Until the 1930s, when the rise of the Nazis violently suppressed Jewish scholarly activities in Germany and elsewhere, generations of scholars such as Abraham Geiger, who is better known as an early leader of the Jewish Reform Movement, dedicated their lives to the study of the Qur'an and established a new discipline: Qur'anic Studies. These scholars, in many ways pioneers in their fields, authored a series of significant studies that contextualized the foundational documents of Islam with Rabbinic literature and were the first to undertake an unbiased study of early Islamic writings.
Zwischen ,Wissenschaft des Judentums' und politischem Messianismus Saint-Simonismus und deutsche Reformbewegung
Authors: Ferruta Paola 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe relationship between the religious political group of the Saint-Simonians and the German movement for political reform around 1830 has already been amply investigated. Significantly less explored is the Jewish aspect of this connection. The article focuses on the significance of the participation of the Jewish members of the Saint-Simonian movement and the cultural transfer initiated by them with German Jewish intellectuals and political activists such as Gabriel Riesser.
Temperature Variability over South America
Authors: Collins Jennifer M. , Chaves Rosane Rodrigues , da Silva Marques Valdo 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The variation of air temperature at 2 m above the earth’s surface in South America (SA) between 1948 and 2007 is investigated primarily using the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. In December–February (austral summer), the majority of SA has a mean temperature between 21° and 24°C during 1948–75, and for 1976–2007 the mean temperature is above 24°C. In June–August (austral winter), warmer temperatures are observed in the tropical region in the recent period. The results indicate that Northeast Brazil (NEB) and central Brazil are warmer in the more recent period. In the last seven years (2001–07) compared to the earlier periods, greater warming is noted in the tropical SA region, mainly in NEB and over the North Atlantic Ocean, and cooling is observed in part of the subtropical SA region. Supporting evidence for the warming in Brazil is given through analyses of station data and observational data. The results presented here indicate that the climate change over SA is likely not predominantly a result of variations in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (the most important coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomenon to produce climate variability over SA). Instead, the climate changes likely occur as a response to other natural variability of the climate and/or may be a result of human activity. However, even without ascertaining the specific causes, the most important finding in this work is to demonstrate that a change in the temperature patterns of SA occurred between 1948 and 2007.