bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interspecific relationships between emerging Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, juveniles
Authors: Beall E. , Heland M. , Marty C. 
Published: August 2010

Interspecific relationships between Atlantic salmon and coho salmon were studied at early life stages in laboratory and semi‐natural stream channels. During emergence, the survival and dispersal patterns were similar for the two species in single or mixed populations. Survival of Atlantic salmon fry was reduced in the presence of older coho fry. However, no predation was observed. Microdistribution differed between the two species, with Atlantic salmon fry more numerous in riffles when coho were present.Coho juveniles had a pelagic and gregarious distribution, in contrast to the benthic behaviour of the Atlantic salmon. In laboratory streams, Atlantic salmon fry moved out or adopted a subordinate cryptic behaviour which allowed them to escape predation while negatively affecting their growth.
Hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the growth of skeletal muscle in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Higgins P. J. , Thorpe J. E. 
Published: August 2010

Both red and white muscle fibre numbers in juvenile Atlantic salmon increased gradually with fish length throughout the freshwater growth period. Mean fibre area increased as fish grew to 6.5 cm f.l., but thereafter was unrelated to fish length. Hyperplasia was most obvious when fish were growing fastest, and was the dominant growth process in fish over 6.5 cm f.l. Hypertrophy was most important when growth was slow, as in autumn and winter.Mean white fibre area was significantly smaller in deep muscle than at medial and superficial sites. Total cross‐sectional area of red, white and total trunk muscle increased with fish length. The ratio of red: white cross‐sectional area increased with fish length to a plateau at about 10% after 6.5 cm f.l.
Otolith increment widths and somatic growth rate: the presence of a time‐lag
Authors: Molony B. W. , Choat J. H. 
Published: August 2010

Populations of the estuarine glass fish, Ambassis vachelli Richardson, were used to study the relationship between somatic growth and widths of daily increments in the sagittal otoliths. Variations in the somatic growth of A. vachelli were induced by a series of experimental feeding regimes which included feeding to satiation with two food sources and a starvation treatment. After 33 days of exposure to the experimental feeding regimes significant differences in the mean wet weight of individuals amongst the feeding treatments were recorded. Fishes subject to a starvation treatment showed a significant reduction in wet weight compared to the pretreatment population and the two experimental feeding regimes. No changes in lengths of fishes were recorded.Validation techniques revealed that daily increments were laid down in the sagittal and asteriscal otoliths. Estimates of ring widths from samples of sagittal otoliths revealed significant treatment effects. The increments of fishes from the starvation treatment showed a significant decline in mean increment width relative to the feeding treatments. This difference was detected only after a 15 day period of experimental feeding. It is suggested that the gradual decline in increment width reflects the exhaustion of readily mobilized energy reserves.
Validity of suspected alcohol and drug violations in aviation employees
Authors: Li Guohua , Brady Joanne E. , DiMaggio Charles , Baker Susan P. , Rebok George W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAims  In the United States, transportation employees who are suspected of using alcohol and drugs are subject to reasonable‐cause testing. This study aims to assess the validity of suspected alcohol and drug violations in aviation employees.Methods  Using reasonable‐cause testing and random testing data from the Federal Aviation Administration for the years 1995–2005, we calculated the positive predictive value (PPV) and positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of suspected alcohol and drug violations. The true status of violations was based on testing results, with an alcohol violation being defined as a blood alcohol concentration of ≥0.04 mg/dl and a drug violation as a test positive for marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, phencyclidine or opiates.Results  During the 11‐year study period, a total of 2284 alcohol tests and 2015 drug tests were performed under the reasonable‐cause testing program. The PPV was 37.7% [95% confidence interval (CI), 35.7–39.7%] for suspected alcohol violations and 12.6% (95% CI, 11.2–14.1%) for suspected drug violations. Random testing revealed an overall prevalence of 0.09% for alcohol violations and 0.6% for drug violations. The LR+ was 653.6 (95% CI, 581.7–734.3) for suspected alcohol violations and 22.5 (95% CI, 19.6–25.7) for suspected drug violations.Conclusion  The discriminative power of reasonable‐cause testing suggests that, despite its limited positive predictive value, physical and behavioral observation represents an efficient screening method for detecting alcohol and drug violations. The limited positive predictive value of reasonable‐cause testing in aviation employees is due in part to the very low prevalence of alcohol and drug violations.
Risk factors for drug dependence among out‐patients on opioid therapy in a large US health‐care system
Authors: Boscarino Joseph A. , Rukstalis Margaret , Hoffman Stuart N. , Han John J. , Erlich Porat M. , Gerhard Glenn S. , Stewart Walter F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Our study sought to assess the prevalence of and risk factors for opioid drug dependence among out‐patients on long‐term opioid therapy in a large health‐care system.Methods  Using electronic health records, we identified out‐patients receiving 4+ physician orders for opioid therapy in the past 12 months for non‐cancer pain within a large US health‐care system. We completed diagnostic interviews with 705 of these patients to identify opioid use disorders and assess risk factors.Results  Preliminary analyses suggested that current opioid dependence might be as high as 26% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 22.0–29.9] among the patients studied. Logistic regressions indicated that current dependence was associated with variables often in the medical record, including age <65 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.33, P = 0.001], opioid abuse history (OR = 3.81, P < 0.001), high dependence severity (OR = 1.85, P = 0.001), major depression (OR = 1.29, P = 0.022) and psychotropic medication use (OR = 1.73, P = 0.006). Four variables combined (age, depression, psychotropic medications and pain impairment) predicted increased risk for current dependence, compared to those without these factors (OR = 8.01, P < 0.001). Knowing that the patient also had a history of severe dependence and opioid abuse increased this risk substantially (OR = 56.36, P < 0.001).Conclusion  Opioid misuse and dependence among prescription opioid patients in the United States may be higher than expected. A small number of factors, many documented in the medical record, predicted opioid dependence among the out‐patients studied. These preliminary findings should be useful in future research efforts.
Clinical trial: the microbiological and immunological effects of synbiotic consumption – a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study in active Crohn’s disease
Authors: Steed H. , Macfarlane G. T. , Blackett K. L. , Bahrami B. , Reynolds N. , Walsh S. V. , Cummings J. H. , Macfarlane S. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 872–883SummaryBackground  Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory illness in which the immune response against gut microorganisms is believed to drive an abnormal immune response. Consequently, modification of mucosal bacterial communities, and the immune effects they elicit, might be used to modify the disease state.Aim  To investigate the effects of synbiotic consumption on disease processes in patients with Crohn's disease.Methods  A randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial was conducted involving 35 patients with active Crohn's disease, using a synbiotic comprising Bifidobacterium longum and Synergy 1. Clinical status was scored and rectal biopsies were collected at the start, and at 3‐ and 6‐month intervals. Transcription levels of immune markers and mucosal bacterial 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were quantified using real‐time PCR.Results  Significant improvements in clinical outcomes occurred with synbiotic consumption, with reductions in both Crohn's disease activity indices (P = 0.020) and histological scores (P = 0.018). The synbiotic had little effect on mucosal IL‐18, INF‐γ and IL‐1β; however, significant reductions occurred in TNF‐α expression in synbiotic patients at 3 months (P = 0.041), although not at 6 months. Mucosal bifidobacteria proliferated in synbiotic patients.Conclusion  Synbiotic consumption was effective in improving clinical symptoms in patients with active Crohn's disease.
The effects of methylnaltrexone alone and in combination with acutely administered codeine on gastrointestinal and colonic transit in health
Authors: Wong B. S. , Rao A. S. , Camilleri M. , Manabe N. , McKinzie S. , Busciglio I. , Burton D. D. , Ryks M. , Zinsmeister A. R. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 884–893SummaryBackground  The short‐term effects of methylnaltrexone (MNTX), a peripherally acting μ‐opioid receptor antagonist, on gastrointestinal and colonic transit remain unclear.Aim  To compare the effects of placebo, codeine, subcutaneous (s.c.) MNTX and codeine with s.c. MNTX on gastrointestinal and colonic transit of solids in healthy humans.Methods  In a randomized, parallel‐group, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of 48 healthy volunteers, effects of 6 consecutive days of placebo [s.c. and p.o. (orally), n = 8], codeine (p.o. 30 mg q.d.s., n = 8), MNTX (s.c. 0.30 mg/kg, n = 16) and combined MNTX and codeine (same doses and routes, n = 16) on gastrointestinal and colonic transit were assessed. A validated scintigraphic method was used to measure transit during the last 48 h of treatment. Bowel function was estimated during treatment as well as 1 week preceding treatment using standard diaries. Analysis of covariance was used to assess treatment effects.Results  Codeine delayed colonic transit [geometric centre at 24 h (P = 0.04) and ascending colon t1/2 (P = 0.02)] and reduced stool frequency (P = 0.002), but had no effect on stool form. MNTX did not affect transit, stool frequency or stool form, either alone or with codeine (P > 0.3). No drug interaction effects were detected (P > 0.15).Conclusion  Methylnaltrexone does not alter gastrointestinal or colonic transit and does not reverse acute codeine‐associated delayed gut transit in health.
Plasma cell leukaemia and other aggressive plasma cell malignancies
Authors: Sher Taimur , Miller Kena C. , Deeb George , Lee Kelvin , Chanan‐Khan Asher 
Published: August 2010

SummaryExtramedullary plasma cell cancers, such as plasma cell leukaemia (PCL) and multiple extramedullary plasmacytomas (MEP) are very aggressive malignancies. These can be primary (de‐novo) or secondary due to progressive prior multiple myeloma (MM). Recent reports suggest an increase in incidence of these disorders. Compared to MM, organ invasion is common in PCL, while soft tissue tumors involving the head, neck or paraspinal area are common sites for MEP. Markers of poor prognosis are frequently observed in these extramedullary forms of plasma cell cancers, and survival is significantly inferior compared to patients with MM. Conventional chemotherapeutic and radiotherapy approaches have been employed with variable results. Even high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue has not been able to demonstrate consistent improvement in survival outcome. Although not specifically evaluated, novel anti‐plasma cell agents, such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and immunomodulatory drugs, such as lenalidomide, appear to be active against these aggressive cancers. Clinical and translational research directed at improved understanding of disease biology and development of novel therapeutics is urgently needed.
Unique populations of lung mast cells are required for antigen‐mediated bronchoconstriction
Authors: Cyphert J. M. , Kovarova M. , Koller B. H. 
Published: August 2010

Cite this as: J. M. Cyphert, M. Kovarova and B. H. Koller, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 260–269.SummaryBackground
Studies in both human and mouse indicate that mediators released by mast cells can lead to bronchoconstriction, and thus these are important effector cells in lifethreatening anaphylaxis. Much of our understanding of the various functions of mast cells emanates from the study of mice lacking these cells, particularly mice carrying mutations in the tyrosine kinase gene Kit. Definitive evidence for the role of mast cells in the altered immune response requires the demonstration that this response can be normalized by reconstitution of the mice with cultured bone marrow‐derived mast cells (BMMCs). While many mast cell niches can be restored with BMMCs, this has not been demonstrated for mast cells present in the airways of the lung, cells poised to mediate bronchoconstriction during allergic responses.Objective
To determine if mast cell‐deficient KitWsh/Wsh reconstituted lines are an appropriate model for the study of the role of these cells in bronchoconstriction associated with allergic responses.Methods
KitWsh/Wsh mice were reconstituted with either whole bone marrow (WBM) or BMMCs and responses to IgE‐mediated mast cell activation were determined; including systemic hypothermia, mediator release, and bronchoconstriction in anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated animals.Results
Engraftment of KitWsh/Wsh mice with WBM and BMMCs results in reconstitution of the central airways with mast cells. While the treatment of the two groups of animals resulted in systemic changes when challenged with IgE/Ag in a model of passive anaphylaxis, bronchoconstriction was observed only in KitWsh/Wsh animals, which had received a bone marrow transplant.Conclusions
While BMMCs can populate the lung, they cannot restore IgE/Ag‐mediated bronchoconstriction to mast cell‐deficient animals. This suggests that the mast cell population, which mediates this function, may be unique, and to fill this niche in the lung cells must undergo a specific developmental programme, one that is no longer available to cultured mast cells.
Environmental epigenetics and allergic diseases: recent advances
Authors: Kuriakose J. S. , Miller R. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSignificant strides in the understanding of the role of epigenetic regulation in asthma and allergy using both epidemiological approaches as well as experimental ones have been made. This review focuses on new research within the last 2 years. These include advances in determining how environmental agents implicated in airway disease can induce epigenetic changes, how epigenetic regulation can influence T helper cell differentiation and T regulatory cell production, and new discoveries of epigenetic regulation associated with clinical outcomes. Cite this as: J. S. Kuriakose and R. L. Miller, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1602–1610.
Evaluation of pituitary function after traumatic brain injury in childhood
Authors: Khadr Sophie N. , Crofton Patricia M. , Jones Patricia A. , Wardhaugh Barbara , Roach Jennifer , Drake Amanda J. , Minns Robert A. , Kelnar Christopher J. H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryObjectives  Post‐traumatic hypopituitarism is well described amongst adult traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors. We aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of pituitary dysfunction after head injury in childhood.Design  Retrospective exploratory study. Patients: 33 survivors of accidental head injury (27 boys). Mean (range) age at study was 13·4 years (5·4–21·7 years) and median (range) interval since injury 4·3 years (1·4–7·8 years). Functional outcome at study: 15 good recovery, 16 moderate disability, two severe disability.Measurements  Early morning urine osmolality and basal hormone evaluation were followed by the gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and insulin tolerance (n = 25) or glucagon tests (if previous seizures, n = 8). Subjects were not primed. Head injury details were extracted from patient records.Results  No subject had short stature (mean height SD score +0·50, range −1·57 to +3·00). Suboptimal GH responses (<5 μg/l) occurred in six peri‐pubertal boys (one with slow growth on follow‐up) and one postpubertal adolescent (peak GH 3·2 μg/l). Median peak cortisol responses to insulin tolerance or glucagon tests were 538 and 562 nm. Nine of twenty‐five and two of eight subjects had suboptimal responses, respectively, two with high basal cortisol levels. None required routine glucocorticoid replacement. In three, steroid cover was recommended for moderate/severe illness or injury. One boy was prolactin deficient. Other basal endocrine results and GnRH‐stimulated LH and FSH were appropriate for age, sex and pubertal stage. Abnormal endocrine findings were unrelated to the severity or other characteristics of TBI or functional outcome.Conclusions  No clinically significant endocrinopathy was identified amongst survivors of accidental childhood TBI, although minor pituitary hormone abnormalities were observed.
Metabolic and target organ outcomes after total pancreatectomy: Mayo Clinic experience and meta‐analysis of the literature
Authors: Parsaik Ajay K. , Murad Mohammad Hassan , Sathananthan Airani , Moorthy Vetriselvi , Erwin Patricia J. , Chari Suresh , Carter Rickey E. , Farnell Michael B. , Vege S. S. , Sarr Michael G. , Kudva Yogish C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIntroduction  Total pancreatectomy (TP) has been associated with substantial metabolic abnormalities and poor glycaemic control limiting its use. Because data reported to date are limited, we evaluated outcomes related to the diabetes mellitus obligated by TP.Methods  A case series study of all patients who underwent TP from 01/01/1985 to 12/31/2006 at Mayo Clinic was conducted. TP cases were summarized according to perioperative procedures, mortality and morbidity after TP. To complement this retrospective examination, a survey was developed to measure DM treatment modality, target organ failure and complications in patients alive in 2007. We performed a meta‐analysis to compare our results with similar previous studies and provide overall estimates of outcomes.Results  A total of 141 cases were studied (97 malignant diseases, 44 benign diseases). The median survival was much less for malignant pathology (2·2 vs 8·7 years, Log rank P = 0·0009). In 2007, there were 59 patients that were presumed alive and 47 (80%) responded to the survey. Mean HbA1c at last follow‐up was 7·5% with 89% of respondents on a complex insulin programme (mean daily insulin requirement 35 ± 13 units). Episodic hypoglycaemia was experienced by 37 (79%); 15 (41%) experienced severe hypoglycaemia. In contrast, diabetic ketoacidosis developed in only 2 (4%). Target organ complications and chronic diarrhoea developed in 13 patients (28%) each.Conclusion  The primary factor determining survival after TP is the aetiology necessitating TP, i.e. pancreatic malignancy. Most respondents used complex insulin programmes, but hypoglycaemia continues to be a problem.
Cervical cancer screening in Mediterranean countries: implications for the future
Authors: Syrjänen K. , Di Bonito L. , Gonçalves L. , Murjal L. , Santamaria M. , Mahovlic V. , Karakitsos P. , Önal B. , Schmitt F. C. 
Published: August 2010

K. Syrjänen, L. Di Bonito, L. Gonçalves, L. Murjal, M. Santamaria, V. Mahovlic, P. Karakitsos, B. Önal and F. C. SchmittCervical cancer screening in Mediterranean countries: implications for the futurePrompted by feedback from the 34th European Congress of Cytology (ECC), the practice of including a special symposium in the programme was continued in the 35th ECC in Lisbon (2009) by arranging a satellite symposium entitled ‘Cervical Cancer Screening in the Mediterranean Countries’. Because of the importance to the future of this discipline, it was felt appropriate to summarize the highlights of this symposium here. Cervical cancer prevention strategies in the countries participating in the symposium (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Croatia, Greece and Turkey) appear to be highly variable. As yet, none of these countries can demonstrate a fully implemented national screening programme, but all are in different phases of designing and/or setting up such a programme, which is important. At present, the time‐honoured concept of cervical cancer prevention by Pap smear screening is under review, because prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines demonstrate a potential to prevent the vast majority (albeit not all) of cases of cervical cancer in the foreseeable future. Cervical cancer screening is still needed in this emerging era of HPV vaccination, but clearly the existing screening strategies must be modified to provide a cost‐effective combination of vaccination and screening. If the currently evaluated new screening strategies, such as HPV testing followed by cytology triage, become a reality, there is the likelihood that the Pap test will have only a secondary role, subordinate to HPV testing. Supporters of this scenario claim that Pap test performance will deteriorate in vaccinated populations. Reduced positive predictive value (PPV), due to lower disease prevalence, is inevitable, however, and this would also affect HPV tests. Any decline in sensitivity and specificity depends on human performance, and as such is avoidable by taking appropriate preventive measures. As clinical cytologists, we should focus attention on minimizing the risk to the Pap test of falling sensitivity because of unfamiliarity with abnormal cells, and also of reduced specificity if the fear of missing significant disease leads to overcalling of benign abnormalities.
Endocrine autoimmune disease: genetics become complex
Authors: Wiebolt Janneke , Koeleman Bobby P. C. , Van Haeften Timon W. 
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (12): 1144–1155AbstractThe endocrine system is a frequent target in pathogenic autoimmune responses. Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease are the prevailing examples. When several diseases cluster together in one individual, the phenomenon is called autoimmune polyglandular syndrome. Progress has been made in understanding the genetic factors involved in endocrine autoimmune diseases. Studies on monogenic autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X‐linked and primary immune deficiencies helped uncover the role of key regulators in the preservation of immune tolerance. Alleles of the major histocompatibility complex have been known to contribute to the susceptibility to most forms of autoimmunity for more than 3 decades. Furthermore, sequencing studies revealed three non‐major histocompatibility complex loci and some disease specific loci, which control T lymphocyte activation or signalling. Recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled acceleration in the identification of novel (non‐HLA) loci and hence other relevant immune response pathways. Interestingly, several loci are shared between autoimmune diseases, and surprisingly some work in opposite direction. This means that the same allele which predisposes to a certain autoimmune disease can be protective in another. Well powered GWAS in type 1 diabetes has led to the uncovering of a significant number of risk variants with modest effect. These studies showed that the innate immune system may also play a role in addition to the adaptive immune system. It is anticipated that next generation sequencing techniques will uncover other (rare) variants. For other autoimmune disease (such as autoimmune thyroid disease) GWAS are clearly needed.