bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS AND ZERNIKE POLYNOMIALS—A RANDOM VARIABLE INTERPRETATION
Authors: WITHERS C. S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThere are advantages in viewing orthogonal functions as functions generated by a random variable from a basis set of functions. Let Y be a random variable distributed uniformly on [0,1]. We give two ways of generating the Zernike radial polynomials with parameter l, {Zll+2n(x), n≥0}. The first is using the standard basis {xn,n≥0} and the random variable Y1/(l+1). The second is using the nonstandard basis {xl+2n,n≥0} and the random variable Y1/2. Zernike polynomials are important in the removal of lens aberrations, in characterizing video images with a small number of numbers, and in automatic aircraft identification.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF WAIRAKEI GEOTHERMAL FIELD
Authors: GRANT MALCOLM A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMathematical modelling of Wairakei geothermal field is reviewed, both lumped-parameter and distributed-parameter models. In both cases it is found that reliable predictions require five to ten years of history for calibration. With such calibration distributed-parameter models are now used for field management. A prudent model of Wairakei, constructed without such historical data, would underestimate field capacity and provide only general projections of the type of changes in surface activity and subsidence.
Forest history and the Great Divergence: China, Japan, and the West compared
Authors: Saito Osamu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article surveys changing interrelationships between humans and the earth's forest cover over the past few centuries. The focus is on the interplay between population increase, deforestation, and afforestation at both ends of Eurasia. Through the consideration of long-term changes in population and woodland area, Japan is compared with Lingnan in south China, and the East Asians with two European countries, England and France. Based on East–West comparisons and also on somewhat more detailed intra-Asian comparisons with respect to market linkages and the role of the state, the article examines the proposition made by Kenneth Pomeranz that, although both ends of Eurasia were ecologically constrained at the end of the early modern period, East Asia's pressure on forest resources was ‘probably not much worse’ than that in the West.
National aspirations on a global stage: concepts of world/global history in contemporary China
Authors: Spakowski Nicola 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSince the beginning of the twenty-first century, China has witnessed a surge in world history research and a reorientation towards what is called a ‘global view on history’. This article will demonstrate, however, that the ‘global’ in these discussions is not regarded as the substance of the historical process but merely as the context for the development of the nation-state as the uncontested historical unit. This specific orientation is caused by a persistent nationalism, discursive traditions, and alliances of world history writing with contemporary political discourse. Three major concepts will be discussed: integration/interaction as a response to China's ‘open door’ policy and in connection with discourse on globalization; ‘modernization’ in its relation to the Four Modernizations of state ideology; and the ‘rise of the great powers’ as related to discussions of ‘China's rise’. Particular attention will be given to the problem of Eurocentrism in Chinese world history writing.
Study of Echinoids of Gurpi formation, Iran
Authors: Balmaki Behnaz , Asgharian Rostami Masoud 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn order to detailed study of Echinoids, some samples are collected from Brown limestone member of Seimare from Gurpi Formation with 213 meter thickness which located in the vicinity of Ilam province; settling over Ilam Formation continuously. Paleontological results indicated Campanian - maastrichtian age at this section. Detailed analysis of the 300 samples led to recognition of Bivalve especially Bivalve of Lofa, Brachiopods and five species of Echinoids such as: Salenia nutrix, Globator bleicheri, Orthopsis miliarisi, Goniopygus superbus, and Conulus douville
Theoretical Investigation on Electronic Properties of Topological Materials: Moebius Nanographite *and Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Harigaya Kikuo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract1. Topological materials: Moebius nanographite and conjugated polymers2. Magnetic domain wall states [1] vs. helical magmetic order in nanographite [2]3. Static polarizability [alpha] and the first hyperpolarizability [beta] are studied, comparing three models: Mobius strip cyclacene, ring cyclacene, and linear strip.4. Opening the knot of the Mobius to form the ring leads to the increase of [alpha] from 268 to 323 a.u. and [beta] increases about three times from 393 to 1049 a.u.5. Opening the ring to form the linear strip, [alpha] increases from 323 to 476 a.u. [beta] as well increases about three times from 1049 to 2814 a.u.[1] K. Wakabayashi and K. Harigaya, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 72, 998 (2003).[2] A. Yamashiro, Y. Shimoi, K. Harigaya, and K. Wakabayashi, Physica E 22, 688 (2004).
Measurement of gel characteristics
Authors: Mitchell John 
Published: November 2009

In the case of solutions formed from non-gelling hydrocolloids determination of viscosity and viscoelastic properties using rotational rheometers can provide an almost complete description of the rheological properties of interest. Additional information which is sometimes required are extensional viscosities which are very difficult to measure and changes from a particulate system to a “solution” for example starch gelatinisation or dissolution of hydrocolloids. For gels the situation is different. Gel texture is multidimensional. Rotational rheology provides important information but other techniques are required to provide the full picture. This paper covers some of these additional methods. Topics that will be considered are:-
• Difference Between Fundamental and Empirical Rheological Methods• Industrially Important Properties of Gels• Empirical Methods• Fundamental Methods
Structural properties of gelatin in mixture with sugar
Authors: Kasapis Stefan , Al-Marhoobi Insaf M. A. , Deszczynski Marcin , Mitchell John R. , Abeysekera Rukmal 
Published: November 2009

The structural behaviour of a well-characterized gelatin sample has been revisited to investigate the morphology of its network in the presence of sugar. This was then contrasted with the corresponding properties of the gelling polysaccharides agarose, κ-carrageenan and deacylated gellan reported earlier in the literature. Small deformation dynamic oscillation, large deformation compression testing, differential scanning calorimetry in plain and modulated mode, visual observations and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the structural characteristics of the biopolymers. Characteristics ranged from the melt and the rubbery plateau through the transition region to the glassy state.
In contrast to the collapse of the polysaccharide gels at intermediate levels of cossolute, gelatin forms reinforced networks. The drop in polysaccharide network strength is accompanied by a decline in the enthalpy of the coil-to-helix transition, whereas the transition enthalpy is more pronounced in gelatin gels in accordance with their strengthening. Tangible evidence of the molecular transformations was obtained using microscopy, with polysaccharides disaggregating and dissolving in the saturated sugar environment. Gelatin, on the other hand, is visualized in an aggregated form thus producing a phase-separated topology with sugar. We feel that these are thought-provoking results for confectionery manufacturers aiming to replace the protein with gelling polysaccharides in product formulations.
Effect of principal ingredients on quality of cookies with dietary fibre
Authors: Piteria M. F. , Nunes C. , Raymundo A. , Sousa I. 
Published: November 2009

It is well known that fibre is very important in human diet. Distinct segments of the population, for different reasons, would welcome the existence of ready to use food with high level in fibre.
This work is a contribution to understand the role of fibres in a traditional food – cookies or biscuits. These are also convenient foods, easy to carry pocket food, without any special storage requirements. Fibre is known to be determinant of food structure, namely the insoluble fibre has a strong impact on food texture.
The aim of this work is to optimise cookies formulations, using fibre from different sources (oat, orange and pea). Fibre, fat and cooking time were the independent variables considered. Texture, colour, moisture and water activity were the responses, completed with phase transition temperatures information.
The effects of the various ingredients, interacting together, were studied and the optimum formulations for cookies were determined using a Central Composite Rotatable Experimental Design with five levels for the variables. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was measured by Differential scanning Calorimetry.
This study demonstrates the potential use of dietary fibre as a functional ingredient at levels up to 6 - 8%. The textural characteristics of cookies produced with those levels are more lipids than fibre dependent. This means that those levels of fibre can be used in the cookies base formulations, and still producing cookies within the commercial texture standards.
Focal adhesion kinase‐dependent regulation of adhesive forces involves vinculin recruitment to focal adhesions
Authors: Dumbauld David W. , Michael Kristin E. , Hanks Steven K. , García Andrés J. 
Published: November 2009

Background information. FAK (focal adhesion kinase), an essential non‐receptor tyrosine kinase, plays pivotal roles in migratory responses, adhesive signalling and mechanotransduction. FAK‐dependent regulation of cell migration involves focal adhesion turnover dynamics as well as actin cytoskeleton polymerization and lamellipodia protrusion. Whereas roles for FAK in migratory and mechanosensing responses have been established, the contribution of FAK to the generation of adhesive forces is not well understood.Results. Using FAK‐null cells expressing wild‐type and mutant FAK under an inducible tetracycline promoter, we analysed the role of FAK in the generation of steady‐state adhesive forces using micropatterned substrates and a hydrodynamic adhesion assay. FAK expression reduced steady‐state strength by 30% compared with FAK‐null cells. FAK expression reduced VCL (vinculin) localization to focal adhesions by 35% independently of changes in integrin binding and localization of talin and paxillin. RNAi (RNA interference) knock‐down of VCL abrogated the FAK‐dependent differences in adhesive forces. FAK‐dependent changes in VCL localization and adhesive forces were confirmed in human primary fibroblasts with FAK knocked down by RNAi. The autophosphorylation Tyr‐397 and kinase domain Tyr‐576/Tyr‐577 sites were differentially required for FAK‐mediated adhesive responses.Conclusions. We demonstrate that FAK reduces steady‐state adhesion strength by modulating VCL recruitment to focal adhesions. These findings provide insights into the role of FAK in mechanical interactions between a cell and the extracellular matrix.
Development of an intracellularly acting inhibitory peptide selective for PKN
Authors: Shiga Kazuhiro , Takayama Kentaro , Futaki Shiroh , Hutti Jessica E. , Cantley Lewis C. , Ueki Katsuko , Ono Yoshitaka , Mukai Hideyuki 
Published: November 2009

PKNs form a subfamily of the AGC serine/threonine protein kinases, and have a catalytic domain homologous with that of PKC (protein kinase C) in the C-terminal region and three characteristic ACC (antiparallel coiled-coil) domain repeats in the N-terminal region. The preferred peptide phosphorylation motif for PKNs determined by a combinatorial peptide library method was highly similar to that of PKCs within a 10-amino-acid stretch. Previously reported PKN inhibitory compounds also inhibit PKCs to a similar extent, and no PKN selective inhibitors have been commercially available. We have identified a 15-amino-acid peptide inhibitor of PKNs based on amino acids 485–499 of the C-terminal region of the C2-like domain of PKN1. This peptide, designated as PRL, selectively inhibits the kinase activity of all isoforms of PKN (Ki=0.7 μM) towards a peptide substrate, as well as autophosphorylation activity of PKN in vitro, in contrast with PKC. Reversible conjugation by a disulfide bond of a carrier peptide bearing a penetration accelerating sequence to PRL, facilitated the cellular uptake of this peptide and significantly inhibited phosphorylation of tau by PKN1 at the PKN1-specific phosphorylation site in vivo. This peptide may serve as a valuable tool for investigating PKN activation and PKN-mediated responses.
The adaptor protein EBP50 is important for localization of the protein kinase A–Ezrin complex in T-cells and the immunomodulating effect of cAMP
Authors: Stokka Anne Jorunn , Mosenden Randi , Ruppelt Anja , Lygren Birgitte , Taskén Kjetil 
Published: November 2009

We recently reported that the dual-specificity AKAP (A-kinaseanchoring protein) Ezrin targets type I PKA (protein kinase A) to the vicinity of the TCR (T-cell receptor) in T-cells and, together with PAG (phosphoprotein associated with glycosphingolipid-enriched membrane microdomains) and EBP50 [ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin)-binding phosphoprotein 50], forms a scaffold that positions PKA close to its substrate, Csk (C-terminal Src kinase). This complex is important for controlling the activation state of T-cells. Ezrin binds the adaptor protein EBP50, which again contacts PAG. In the present study, we show that Ezrin and EBP50 interact with high affinity (KD=58±7 nM). A peptide corresponding to the EB (Ezrin-binding) region in EBP50 (EBP50pep) was used to further characterize the binding kinetics and compete the Ezrin–EBP50 interaction by various methods in vitro. Importantly, loading T-cells with EBP50pep delocalized Ezrin, but not EBP50. Furthermore, disruption of this complex interfered with cAMP modulation of T-cell activation, which is seen as a reversal of cAMP-mediated inhibition of IL-2 (interleukin 2) production, demonstrating an important role of EBP50 in this complex. In summary, both the biochemical and functional data indicate that targeting the Ezrin–EBP interaction could be a novel and potent strategy for immunomodulation.
Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-binding protein (PBP) is essential for the growth of active Notch4-immortalized mammary epithelial cells by activating SOX10 expression
Authors: Zhu Yiwei Tony , Jia Yuzhi , Hu Liping , Qi Chao , Prasad Megana K. , McCallion Andrew S. , Zhu Yi-Jun 
Published: November 2009

PBP (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-binding protein) [Med1 (mediator 1)/TRAP220 (thyroid-hormone-receptor-associated protein 220)] is essential for mammary gland development. We established a mammary epithelial cell line with a genotype of PBPLoxP/LoxP by expressing an active form of Notch4. Null mutation of PBP caused severe growth inhibition of the Notch4-immortalized mammary cells. We found that truncated PBP without the two LXXLL motifs could reverse the growth inhibition due to the deficiency of endogenous PBP, indicating that signalling through nuclear receptors is unlikely to be responsible for the growth inhibition as the result of PBP deficiency. Loss of PBP expression was shown to completely ablate the expression of SOX10 [Sry-related HMG (high-mobility group) box gene 10]. The re-expression of SOX10 was capable of reversing the growth inhibition due to PBP deficiency, whereas suppressed expression of SOX10 inhibited the growth of Notch4-immortalized mammary cells. Further studies revealed PBP is directly recruited to the enhancer of the SOX10 gene, indicating that SOX10 is a direct target gene of PBP. We conclude that PBP is essential for the growth of Notch4-immortalized mammary cells by activating SOX10 expression, providing a potential molecular mechanism through which PBP regulates the growth of mammary stem/progenitor cells.
Crystal structure of the human transcription elongation factor DSIF hSpt4 subunit in complex with the hSpt5 dimerization interface
Authors: Wenzel Sabine , Martins Berta M. , Rösch Paul , Wöhrl Birgitta M. 
Published: November 2009

The eukaryotic transcription elongation factor DSIF [DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-β-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) sensitivity-inducing factor] is composed of two subunits, hSpt4 and hSpt5, which are homologous to the yeast factors Spt4 and Spt5. DSIF is involved in regulating the processivity of RNA polymerase II and plays an essential role in transcriptional activation of eukaryotes. At several eukaryotic promoters, DSIF, together with NELF (negative elongation factor), leads to promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II. In the present paper we describe the crystal structure of hSpt4 in complex with the dimerization region of hSpt5 (amino acids 176–273) at a resolution of 1.55 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm). The heterodimer shows high structural similarity to its homologue from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Furthermore, hSpt5-NGN is structurally similar to the NTD (N-terminal domain) of the bacterial transcription factor NusG. A homologue for hSpt4 has not yet been found in bacteria. However, the archaeal transcription factor RpoE” appears to be distantly related. Although a comparison of the NusG-NTD of Escherichia coli with hSpt5 revealed a similarity of the three-dimensional structures, interaction of E. coli NusG-NTD with hSpt4 could not be observed by NMR titration experiments. A conserved glutamate residue, which was shown to be crucial for dimerization in yeast, is also involved in the human heterodimer, but is substituted for a glutamine residue in Escherichia coli NusG. However, exchanging the glutamine for glutamate proved not to be sufficient to induce hSpt4 binding.
Cell death and lumen formation in spheroids of MCF‐7 cells
Authors: Amaral Do Bussador Jônatas , Urabayashi Shiniti Marcel , Machado‐Santelli Maria Gláucia 
Published: November 2009

Abstract3D (three‐dimensional) cell culture permits a more integrated analysis of the relationship between cells, inserting them into a structure more closely resembling the cellular microenvironment in vivo. The development of in vitro parameters to approximate in vivo 3D cellular environments makes a less reductionist interpretation of cell biology possible. For breast cells, in vitro 3D culture has proven to be an important tool for the analysis of luminal morphogenesis. A greater understanding of this process is necessary because alterations in the lumen arrangement are associated with carcinogenesis. Following lumen formation in 3D cell culture using laser scanning confocal microscopy, we observed alterations in the arrangement of cytoskeletal components (F‐actin and microtubules) and increasing levels of cell death associated with lumen formation. The formation of a polarized monolayer facing the lumen was characterized through 3D reconstructions and the use of TEM (transmission electron microscopy), and this process was found to occur through the gradual clearing of cells from the medullary region of the spheroids. This process was associated with different types of cell death, such as apoptosis, autophagy and entosis. The present study showed that changes in the extracellular matrix associated with long periods of time in 3D cell culture lead to the formation of a lumen in MCF‐7 cell spheroids and that features of differentiation such as lumen and budding formation occur after long periods in 3D culture, even in the absence of exogenous extracellular compounds.
Distinct localization of histone H3 methylation in the vegetative nucleus of lily pollen
Authors: Sano Yaeko , Tanaka Ichiro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe analysed the distribution of histone H3 modifications in the nucleus of the vegetative cell (the vegetative nucleus) during pollen development in lily (Lilium longiflorum). Among the modifications specifically and/or abundantly present in the vegetative nucleus, dimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2) and lysine 27 (H3K27me2) were found in heterochromatin, whereas trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) was localized in euchromatin in the vegetative nucleus. Such unique localization of the histone H3 methylation marks, particularly of H3K27me3, within a nucleus was not observed in lily nuclei other than the vegetative nucleus. The level of H3K27me3 increased in the euchromatic region of the vegetative nucleus during pollen maturation. The results suggest that H3K27me3 controls the gene expression of the vegetative cell during pollen maturation.
Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux and Its Effects on Voice
Authors: Theis Shannon M. , Heatley Diane G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVoice disorders in the pediatric population are common, but have been understudied. Inflammation, trauma, neurologic, and congenital anomalies can all result in childhood dysphonia. Laryngopharyngeal reflux, an extra-esophageal variation of gastroesophageal reflux, has been associated with laryngeal symptoms of dysphonia, globus sensation, throat-clearing, and chronic cough in children. This article reviews the current evaluation and treatment techniques of reflux, and the effects of laryngopharyngeal reflux on voice quality in children. A case study illustrating the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing and treating this challenging disorder is presented.
The Science Case for PILOT I: Summary and Overview
Authors: Lawrence J. S. , Ashley M. C. B. , Bailey J. , Barrado y Navascues D. , Bedding T. R. , Bland-Hawthorn J. , Bond I. , Boulanger F. , Bouwens R. , Bruntt H. , Bunker A. , Burgarella D. , Burton M. G. , Busso M. , Coward D. , Cioni M.-R. , Durand G. , Eiroa C. , Epchtein N. , Gehrels N. , Gillingham P. , Glazebrook K. , Haynes R. , Kiss L. , Lagage P. O. , Le Bertre T. , Mackay C. , Maillard J. P. , McGrath A. , Minier V. , Mora A. , Olsen K. , Persi P. , Pimbblet K. , Quimby R. , Saunders W. , Schmidt B. , Stello D. , Storey J. W. V. , Tinney C. , Tremblin P. , Wheeler J. C. , Yock P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPILOT (the Pathfinder for an International Large Optical Telescope) is a proposed 2.5-m optical/infrared telescope to be located at Dome C on the Antarctic plateau. Conditions at Dome C are known to be exceptional for astronomy. The seeing (above ∼30 m height), coherence time, and isoplanatic angle are all twice as good as at typical mid-latitude sites, while the water-vapour column, and the atmosphere and telescope thermal emission are all an order of magnitude better. These conditions enable a unique scientific capability for PILOT, which is addressed in this series of papers. The current paper presents an overview of the optical and instrumentation suite for PILOT and its expected performance, a summary of the key science goals and observational approach for the facility, a discussion of the synergies between the science goals for PILOT and other telescopes, and a discussion of the future of Antarctic astronomy. Paper II and Paper III present details of the science projects divided, respectively, between the distant Universe (i.e. studies of first light, and the assembly and evolution of structure) and the nearby Universe (i.e. studies of Local Group galaxies, the Milky Way, and the Solar System).