bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Manganese Oxide and Silica on the Morphological Structure of Hematite Compacts
Authors: El‐Geassy A.A. , Nasr M.I. , Mousa E.A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDry compacts of pure Fe2O3 and Fe2O3 doped with either (2–6 mass%) MnO2, (2.5–7.5 mass%) SiO2 or with both (2–6% MnO2 + 7.5% SiO2) were indurated at 1373 K for 6 hours and physically and chemically characterized. The fired compacts were isothermally reduced with pure CO gas at 1073–1373 K. The O2‐weight loss was continuously recorded as a function of time using TGA technique. The external volume of pure and doped compacts was measured at different reduction conditions and the volume change was calculated. The structural changes accompanying the reduction process were visually and microscopically examined and the different phases were identified by X‐ray diffraction analysis. After firing, manganese ferrite (MnFe2O4) phase was identified in MnO2‐doped compacts. In pure Fe2O3 compacts, the external volume of compacts was increased with reduction temperature, showing a maximum swelling value at 1198 K. Catastrophic swelling was observed in MnO2‐doped Fe2O3 compacts, the volume change increased with MnO2 content showing catastrophic swelling in compacts containing 6%MnO2 at 1248 K. The catastrophic swelling was attributed to the formation of dense metallic iron whiskers and plates in a highly porous structure. Unlike in MnO2‐doped samples, no considerable volume changes were detected in SiO2‐doped Fe2O3 and (MnO2 + SiO2)‐doped Fe2O3 compacts where the presence of silica greatly hindered the swelling phenomenon at all reduction temperatures.
Analysis of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Different Hot Stamped B‐bearing Steels
Authors: Naderi M. , Ketabchi M. , Abbasi M. , Bleck W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHot stamping is a technique to produce ultra high strength automobile components. The common material used in hot stamping process is coated and/or uncoated 22MnB5 boron alloyed steel. Ferritic‐pearlitic microstructure in as‐delivered sheets is transformed to fully lath martensitic after hot stamping. In the present research, hot stamping under water or nitrogen cooling media was investigated using different boron alloyed steel grades. Microstructural analyses, linear and surface hardness profiling as well as tensile tests of hot stamped samples were performed. Various microstructures of fully bainitic and/or fully martensitic were produced. The resulting microstructures provided yield strengths of 650–1370 MPa and tensile strengths of 850–2000 MPa. There is an optimum carbon equivalent content for which the highest formability index value, UTS × A25, is achieved. Using a nitrogen cooled punch resulted in higher yield strength without significant changes in ultimate tensile strength. It is concluded that a wide range of B‐bearing steels having an extended carbon equivalent range with an acceptable formability index value can be used by increasing the cooling rate in the die assembly.
Microstructure Transformations in Tempering Steels during Continuous Cooling from Hot Forging Temperatures
Authors: Nürnberger F. , Grydin O. , Schaper M. , Bach F.‐W. , Koczurkiewicz B. , Milenin A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractApart from reducing the processing energy, hardening and tempering of near‐net shape forged components from their forging heat primarily promises shortened conventional process sequences. In this case, the continuous cooling transformation diagrams (CCT diagrams) found in the literature can only be used as a rough approximation of microstructural transformations during the heat‐treatment. The reasons for this are that firstly, the deformation influences the transformation kinetics and secondly, the deformation temperatures are comparatively high. Therefore, both deformation CCT diagrams and, for reference purposes, CCT diagrams without deformation were determined for a selection of heat‐treatable steels (34CrMo4, 42CrMo4, 52CrMo4, 51CrV4, 34NiMo6) at the heating temperature of 1200 °C and deformation levels of 0.3 and 0.6.
Effect of Carbon on Stainless Austenitic CrMnCN Steel Castings
Authors: Berns H. , Hussong B. , Riedner S. , Wischnowski F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe effect of up to 0.5 mass% C on a steel with 18 to 19 mass% Cr and Mn each and about 0.6 mass% N was investigated by tensile tests, notch impact tests and corrosion tests. The experimental results show that the solution anneal temperature and the sensitisation to intercrystalline corrosion depend on the carbon content which raise the strength and cold work hardening. Up to 1 mass% C+N the ductile to brittle transition temperature remains at about −90 °C. Corrosion in diluted aqueous solutions of H2SO4, HCl and NaCl is described.
Dopaminergic regulation of dopamine D3 and D3nf receptor mRNA expression
Authors: Richtand Neil M. , liu Yanhong , Ahlbrand Rebecca , Sullivan Juliana R. , Newman Amy Hauck , Mcnamara Robert K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDopamine D3 receptors have the highest dopamine affinity of all dopamine receptors, and may thereby regulate dopamine signaling mediated by volume transmission. Changes in D3 receptor isoform expression may alter D3 receptor function, however, little is known regarding coordination of D3 isoform expression in response to perturbations in dopaminergic stimulation. To determine the effects of dopamine receptor stimulation and blockade on D3 receptor alternative splicing, we determined D3 and D3nf isoform mRNA expression following treatment with the D3 receptor antagonist NGB 2904, and the indirect dopamine agonist amphetamine. Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA, the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, was also determined. The D3/D3nf mRNA expression ratio was increased in ventral striatum, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus 6 h following D3 antagonist NGB 2904 treatment, and remained persistently elevated at 24 h in hippocampus and substantia nigra/ventral tegmentum. D3 mRNA decreased 65% and D3nf mRNA expression decreased 71% in prefrontal cortex 24 h following amphetamine treatment, however, these changes did not reach statistical significance. TH mRNA expression was unaffected by D3 antagonist NGB 2904, but was elevated by amphetamine in ventral striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These findings provide evidence for an adaptive response to altered D3 receptor stimulation involving changes in D3 receptor alternative splicing. Additionally, these data suggest D3 autoreceptor regulation of dopamine synthesis does not involve regulation of TH mRNA expression. Finally, the observation of regulated TH mRNA expression in dopamine terminal fields provides experimental support for the model of local control of mRNA expression in adaptation to synaptic activity. Synapse, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic Ablation of CD36 Does not Alter Mouse Brain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Concentrations
Authors: Song Byung Jun , Elbert Adrienne , Rahman Tupur , Orr Sarah K. , Chen Chuck T. , Febbraio Maria , Bazinet Richard P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the brain, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are required for regulating membrane fluidity, neuronal survival and signal transduction. Since the brain cannot synthesize n‐6 and n‐3 PUFA de novo, they must be supplied from the blood. However, the methods of PUFA entry into the brain are not agreed upon. This study tested the necessity of CD36, a candidate transporter of unesterified fatty acids, for maintaining brain PUFA concentrations by comparing brain PUFA concentrations in CD36−/− mice to their wild‐type littermates. Because CD36−/− mice have been reported to have impaired learning ability, the PUFA concentrations in different brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum and the remainder of brain) were investigated. At 9 weeks of age, the brain was separated into the four regions and fatty acid concentrations in total and phospholipid classes of these brain regions were analyzed using thin layer and gas chromatography. There were no statistical differences in arachidonic acid or DHA concentrations in the different brain regions between wild‐type and CD36−/− mice, in total or phospholipid fractions. Concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids were decreased in several phospholipid fractions in CD36−/− mice. These findings suggest that CD36 is not necessary for maintaining brain PUFA concentrations and that other mechanisms must exist.
Influence of pain reduction by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on somatosensory functions in patients with painful traumatic peripheral partial nerve injury
Authors: Engholm Gerd , Leffler Ann‐Sofie 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFollowing peripheral nerve injury sensory loss is taken as a sign of denervation. However, based on reports of improved sensitivity following relief of pain it has been suggested that a functional block produced by the activity in the nociceptive system itself may be responsible for at least part of the sensory aberrations. The aim was to examine if pain reduction by high‐frequency TENS influenced somatosensory functions in patients with long‐term unilateral painful traumatic peripheral partial nerve injury. Eighteen patients with spontaneous ongoing pain and a touch sensation in the innervation territory of the injured nervous structure of at least 5 on an intensity 11‐point Likert rating scale compared with contralaterally, participated. Before and following 80 Hz TENS with a stimulus intensity generating non‐painful paresthesiae in the painful areas during 30 min the pain intensity was rated on a numerical rating scale and bedside examination of somatosensory functions (BE) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) were performed in the same areas. Before and following TENS there was no difference in sensory functions between nine patients with ≥50% pain reduction and nine patients with a smaller or no reduction in pain. Compared to baseline, only minor TENS‐induced alterations in somatosensory functions were found at BE in conjunction with decreased sensitivity to light touch at QST (p< 0.01) in both groups alike. In conclusion ≥50% pain reduction by TENS did not alter sensory functions differentially compared to a smaller or no reduction in pain.
Age, influenza pandemics and disease dynamics
Authors: GREER A. L. , TUITE A. , FISMAN D. N. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe world is currently confronting the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century [caused by a novel pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus]. Earlier pandemics have been characterized by age distributions that are distinct from those observed with seasonal influenza epidemics, with higher attack rates (and correspondingly increased proportionate or relative mortality) in younger individuals. While the genesis of protection against infection in older individuals during a pandemic is uncertain, differential vulnerability to infection by age has important implications for disease dynamics and control, and for choice of optimal vaccination strategies. Age-related vulnerability to infection may explain differences between school- and community-derived estimates of the reproductive number (R) for a newly emerged pandemic strain, and may also help explain the failure of a newly emerged influenza A (H1N1) virus strain to cause a pandemic in 1977. Age-related factors may also help explain variability in attack rates, and the size and impact of influenza epidemics across jurisdictions and between populations. In Canada, such effects have been observed in the apparently increased severity of outbreaks on Indigenous peoples' reserves. The implications of these patterns for vaccine allocation necessitate targeted research to understand age-related vulnerabilities early in an influenza pandemic.
Establishment and characterization of embryonic stem-like cells from porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer blastocysts
Authors: Kim S. , Kim J.H. , Lee E. , Jeong Y.W. , Hossein M.S. , Park S.M. , Park S.W. , Lee J.Y. , Jeong Y.I. , Kim H.S. , Kim Y.W. , Hyun S.H. , Hwang W.S. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThis study was aimed to establish embryonic stem (ES)-like cells from blastocysts derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pig. Somatic cells isolated from both day-30 fetus and neonatal cloned piglet were used for donor cells. A total of 60 blastocysts (46 and 14 derived from fetal and neonatal fibroblast donor cells, respectively) were seeded onto a mitotically inactive mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) monolayer and two ES-like cell lines, one from each donor cell type, were established. They remained undifferentiated over more than 52 (fetal fibroblast-derived) and 48 (neonatal fibroblast-derived) passages, while retaining alkaline phosphatase activity and reactivity with ES specific markers Oct-4, stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1), SSEA-4, TRA-1–60 and TRA-1–81. These ES-like cells maintained normal diploid karyotype throughout subculture and successfully differentiated into embryoid bodies that expressed three germ layer-specific genes (ectoderm: β-III tubulin; endoderm: amylase; and mesoderm: enolase) after culture in leukemia inhibitory factor-free medium. Microsatellite analysis confirmed that they were genetically identical to its donor cells. Combined with gene targeting, our results may contribute to developing an efficient method for producing transgenic pigs for various purposes.
The autonomic nervous system dysregulation in response to orthostatic stress in children with neurocardiogenic syncope
Authors: Topcu Burcu , Akalın Figen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNeurocardiogenic syncope is a common disorder, which is considered as a benign condition. However, sudden loss of conscience and muscle tone causes anxiety among the family members due to its similarity to sudden death. Autonomic nervous system dysregulation is thought to be responsible in the aetiology. Heart rate variability is used for assessment of autonomic nervous system.We evaluated 24 children between 6 and 18 years (mean plus or minus standard deviation is equal to 12.5 plus or minus 3.28, with neurocardiogenic syncope and 10 healthy controls, mean plus or minus standard deviation is equal to 12.48 plus or minus 3.27) by using 24 hour Holter monitorisation and head-up tilt test. Heart rate variability analysis was performed using the Holter recordings obtained both during head-up tilt test and throughout the day.Our results revealed that, there is no significant difference between the study and the control groups in terms of the mean heart rate and all indices of the heart rate variability (p > 0.05). However, during the first 5 minutes of the head-up tilt test, standard deviation of all RR intervals and root mean square of successive differences were significantly lower in the syncope group compared with the control group, 42.17 plus or minus 12.56 versus 60.10 plus or minus 33.10 and 21.26 plus or minus 8.87 versus 36.80 plus or minus 31.03; p-values 0.02 and 0.03, respectively.In conclusion; autonomic functions in children with neurocardiogenic syncope are similar to healthy children. However, sympathetic hyperactivation occurs during the early phase of orthostatic stress in children with neurocardiogenic syncope comparing to healthy controls. Parasympathetic innervation is not sufficient in compensation of this sympathetic hyperactivation. Management strategy in neurocardiogenic syncope should be based on these pathophysiologic mechanisms.
Successful transseptal puncture for radiofrequency ablation of left atrial tachycardia after closure of secundum atrial septal defect with Amplatzer septal occluder
Authors: Pedersen Michala E. F. , Gill Jaswinder S. , Qureshi Shakeel A. , Rinaldi Christopher A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe report on a 37-year-old woman presenting with atrial arrhythmias after catheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect with an Amplatzer septal occluder device. Eletrophysiological studies suggested that the arrhythmia originated from the left atrium, from an area near the device. Transseptal puncture was successfully performed under transoesophageal guidance and the arrhythmia was successfully ablated. This case showed that transseptal puncture can be safely performed in the presence of an Amplatzer septal occluder device under transoesophageal echocardiography guidance and we speculate that the device may have created the substrate for the arrhythmia.
Exploring the recollective experience during autobiographical memory retrieval in amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: IRISH MUIREANN , LAWLOR BRIAN A. , O’MARA SHANE M. , COEN ROBERT F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAutonoetic consciousness refers to the ability to mentally transport oneself back in subjective time to relive elements of, or all, of a past event, and is compromised in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigate autobiographical memory (ABM) and the recollective experience in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). aMCI participants exhibited significant deficits compared with healthy elderly controls for both personal semantic and event detail components of ABM. These decrements were evident across all life epochs for episodic recall. Recall of an event that occurred 1 week previously, was tested in the same spatiotemporal context, and provided the greatest group dissociation, with elderly controls benefitting from a context-dependent memory effect. This reinstantiation of context did not ameliorate the anterograde deficits in the aMCI cohort, nor did it facilitate the mental reliving of these memories for either participant group. Whereas reliving judgments were comparable in both groups, aMCI participants exhibited a compromised capacity to generate vivid, self-referential visual imagery and to re-experience the original emotion of events. These contextual and experiential deficits extended beyond recently encountered events into remote epochs, and suggest a greater level of ABM impairment in aMCI than previously assumed. (JINS, 2010, 16, 546–555.)
The dialogue of difference: gender perspectives on international humanitarian law
Authors: Durham Helen , O'Byrne Katie 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article examines the meaning and potential usefulness of a ‘gender perspective’ on international humanitarian law (IHL). In order to do so, it considers a number of ‘gendered’ themes found within IHL, including the role of women as combatants, and the gendered use of sexual violence during times of armed conflict. The authors suggest that further development and understanding of a gender perspective will contribute to the resilience and effectiveness of IHL as a system of law, and will strengthen the protection of those who are victimized and disempowered during times of war.
A Hypothetic Mechanism of Ordering and Shaping Cells within Discrete Regions
Authors: Strokovskyy Yaroslav 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe propose a hypothetic mechanism of ordering and shaping cells during C. elegans embryogenesis. The mechanism is based on the assumption that during each round of division of cells, daughter cells acquire electric charges from its mother cells (charge conservation law is taken into account). Between the acts of division, the total electric field, generated by a system of charged cells, change relative positions of the charged cells within the region. In one’s turn, the positions of the charged cells determine the pattern of the electrostatic field. A mathematical model of such self-consistent mechanism is developed. The process of developing the sixteen-cell structure starting with one cell is simulated. The results correspond to the known experimental data.
Dialogical mindfulness in supervision role‐play
Authors: Andersson Lars , King Robert , Lalande Lloyd 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAims: This exploratory pilot study investigated Mindfulness‐based Role‐play (MBRP) supervision to find out how therapists would experience the approach, and to what extent they would find it useful, particularly in relation to empathy toward clients. Method: Thirteen therapists participated in a workshop, introducing mindfulness and MBRP supervision, and subsequently had one individual MBRP supervision session. Data collection and analysis: Qualitative data were collected by means of semi‐structured interviews and analysed with regard to participants' supervision experiences by means of a modified version of the Consensual Qualitative Research method. Findings: Participants predominantly had positive emotional and cognitive responses to their supervision experiences. The main supervision outcomes were empathy with the client's emotional experience, enhanced awareness of functioning as a therapist, and thoughts about how to proceed in therapy. A subset of participants also reported observed effects in therapy with clients. Conclusions: Even taking into account the methodological limitations of the study, these findings are promising and suggest that further research into the MBRP supervision approach is warranted.
Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Authors: KAWACHI ICHIRO , KROENKE CANDYCE 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health status is so robust and consistent that epidemiologists routinely adjust for it as a potential confounding variable when evaluating the etiologic role of other risk factors for disease. This chapter turns this logic on its head, focusing on SES as a fundamental determinant of disease, specifically cancer incidence, and mortality. The chapter is organized into four sections. The first section defines the concept of SES and describes the various approaches to its measurement. The second section summarizes observations on the general nature of the association between SES and cancer morbidity, mortality, and survival. The third section outlines the general categories of explanations, both causal and noncausal, that have been put forward to account for the association between SES and cancer. The fourth and final section provides a survey of the specific causal mechanisms underlying the relation between SES and cancer.
Solar Radiation
Authors: GREEN ADELE C. , WHITEMAN DAVID C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses link between solar radiation and cancer. Topics covered include methods of measurement, determinants of solar irradiance and solar dose, measuring personal exposure to solar radiation, artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation exposure, biologic mechanisms for ultraviolet radiation carcinogenesis, cancers associated with ultraviolet radiation exposure, and opportunities for prevention.
Occupation
Authors: SIEMIATYCKI JACK , RICHARDSON LESLEY , BOFFETTA PAOLO 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the link between occupational carcinogens and cancer. Topics covered include sources of evidence on risk to humans due to chemicals, published literature in the field of occupational cancer, percentage of cancer attributable to occupation, occupational cancer epidemiology, molecular epidemiology and gene environment interactions, cancer prevention, and structural challenges and obstacles to conduct epidemiological research on occupational cancer.
Physical Activity
Authors: LEE I-MIN , OGUMA YUKO 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses epidemiologic studies of physical activity and cancer prevention. There is a large body of epidemiologic data on the relation between physical activity and the risk of developing cancer. Although the direct evidence on this relation comes only from observational studies, randomized clinical trials have provided indirect evidence by examining the association of physical activity with markers of cancer risk, such as body weight and hormone levels. Moreover, several plausible biological mechanisms support the hypothesis that higher levels of physical activity decrease the incidence of various cancers. The data are clearest for colon and breast cancer, with case-control and cohort studies supporting a moderate, inverse relation between physical activity and the development of these cancers.