bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiology and Field Performance of Wheat Infected with Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus1
Authors: Jensen S. G. , Fitzgerald P. J. , Thysell J. R. 
Published: July 2010

The effect of barley yellow dwarf virus infection on agronomic and physiological responses was compared on 10 cultivars of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The cultivars varied in their agronomic characteristics and in the effect of BYDV on some of these characteristics. The yield of diseased plants was only one‐fourth to one‐half of normal.Healthy plants of all cultivars had essentially the same physiological patterns. Second, fourth, and flag leaf tissues differed in physiological characteristics. Changes in physiology caused by BYDV were greatest in the second Leaf and progressively less in the fourth and flag leaves. Virus infection induced both qualitative and quantitative changes in the interaction between physiological functions. The effect of BYDV infection on physiology was the same for all cultivars. Interrelationships between agronomic characteristics and between physiological functions are presented and discussed. No associations between physiological response and field performance were detected.
Locating Genes for Resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic In Maize Seedlings by Using Chromosomal Translocations1
Authors: Scott Gene E. , Nelson Lloyd R. 
Published: July 2010

F2 populations from crosses involving 28 reciprocal chromosomal translocations were used to identify the chromosome arms of corn (Zea mays L.) inbred GA209 that carry genes for resistance to maize dwarf mosaic (MDM). We found that both arms of chromosome 6 carried a gene(s) for resistance to this disease. However, GA209 probably lacks a gene for resistance on either the long arm of chromosome 1 or the short arm of chromosme 9.The heterozygous genotype was nearly as susceptible as the homozygous susceptible genotype. Conclusions regarding type of gene action involved in resistance were dependent on when the notes for the presence or absence of the diease were taken.
Heterotic Response for Vegetative Growth and Fruiting Development in Grain Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Patanothai Aran , Atkins R. E. 
Published: July 2010

Three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) hybrids that exhibited different levels of heterosis for grain yield were evaluated for vegetative and fruiting development over a 90‐day period of growth. Two‐year means showed that the high‐heterosis hybrid had greater vegetative weight, vegetative plant height, and more leaves/plant than its midparent at 30 days after planting. During the grand period of growth, the absolute rate of vegetative weight accumulation of the hybrid was greater than that of the midparent, but their relative growth rates were alike. The vegetative weight advantage of the hybrid continued to increase during the early stages of enlargement of the fruiting structure. The hybrid exceeded the midparent in rate and extent of fruiting development at all stages.Similar heterotic response was observed for the med. ium‐heterosis hybrid, but the magnitude of heterosis was lower than that of the high‐heterosis hybrid. The low‐heterosis hybrid did not differ significantly from its midparent values for vegetative or fruiting weight at any of the stages of plant development.
Recurrent Selection for High Self‐Fertility in Vernal Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.)
Authors: Villegas C. T. , Wilsie C. P. , Frey K. J. 
Published: July 2010

Three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) populations, each representing one cycle of phenotypic recurrent selection for high self‐fertility (seeds per tripped flower), and unselected Vernal (check) were evaluated. Progress from selection was measured via clones selected for high selffertility and single crosses from diallel intercrossing of the selected clones.Self‐fertility in alfalfa was increased significantly in each cycle of recurrent selection. The gain per cycle for number of seeds per tripped flower was 0.83 when measured via the selected clones, and 0.36 when measured via the single crosses. Seeds per flower was increased 73% in three cycles.Diallel analyses indicated that gain in seeds per flower from the first cycle of selection was due to additive gent action, whereas gains in cycles 2 and 3 were due to nonadditive gent action.
Nitrogen Translocation and the Role of Individual Leaves in Protein Accumulation in Wheat Grain1
Authors: Mikesell Merrel E. , Paulsen Gary M. 
Published: July 2010

Translocation of 14C‐labe_lled amino acids from culms to grain of high‐ and low‐protein wheat (Triticum aestirum L.) lines during grain development was low initially after anthesis, increased at midmaturity, and decreased slightly at full maturity. Efficiency of translocation did not differ between high‐ and low‐protein lines.Total N content was similar in flag leaves and greater in lower leaves removed at anthesis from high‐protein wheat lines than from low‐protein wheat lines. Grain N content at maturity was greater in high‐protein wheat lines when no leaves were removed at anthesis. Removing flag leaf blades at anthesis had little effect on grain N content of low‐protein wheat lines, but greatly decreased N content of high‐protein wheat lines. Removing lower leaves or all leaves at anthesis decreased grain N content markedly in all lines.Nitrogen content in leaves at maturity did not differ consistently between high‐ and low‐protein lines when no leaves were removed at anthesis. Nitrogen content of mature lower leaves remaining after flag leaves were removed at anthesis was greater in low‐protein lines. When lower leaves were removed at anthesis, the remaining flag leaves contained similar amounts of N at maturity in all wheat lines.
Inheritance of Crude Protein Percentage and Its Correlation with Seed Yield in Beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Leleji O. I. , Dickson M. H. , Crowder L. V. , Bourke J. B. 
Published: July 2010

Five lines of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were selected for differences in protein content and were used as parents in crosses. The F1, F2, and F3 mean crude protein contents were generally between the parents, but slightly closer to the low‐protein parent. Reciprocal differences in protein of F1 seeds and its absence in F2 seeds showed that the maternal genotype controlled seed protein content.Broad‐sense heritability estimates ranged from 30.7% to 63.7%. The narrow‐sense heritability estimates were 20.1% for backcrosses and 5.0% and 12% based on F3/F2 regression. These low values indicate high environmental influence on crude protein content and relatively low additive genetic variance.Yield and crude protein percentage were generally negatively correlated in F2 and F3 plants from crosses between low and high percent crude protein bean lines. Seed yield and protein yield were highly correlated. The highest total seed protein was produced by plants average or below average in percent crude protein. In breeding for total protein production per unit area, progress appears more likely if efforts are directed toward increased seed yield while maintaining percent crude protein near average levels rather than by selecting for high protein in the seeds alone.Generally, high‐yielding segregates tended to be relatively low in protein percentage. Among F2 and F3 progenies, however, there were plants that were high in seed yield and had above‐average percent crude protein.
Integrating Exotic Germplasm into Corn Belt Maize Breeding Programs1
Authors: Hallauer Arnel R. , Sears J. H. 
Published: July 2010

Two procedures were compared for integrating the Colombian ‘Eto Composite’ into our maize (Zea mays L.) breeding program: (i) mass selection for earlier silking and (ii) crossing Eto Composite with six early inbred lines and intermating to form ‘BS2.’ Both procedures were effective for adapting Eto Composite to the central Corn Belt.Mass selection for early silking decreased the interval from planting to silking by 20 days, for an average decrease of 3.8 days per cycle of selection. A concomitant change with mass selection for early silking was an average decrease of 15 cm per cycle of selection for ear height. The simple correlation between early silking and lower ear height was r = 0.89.*The (Eto Composite ✕ early lines) crosses averaged 10% heterosis for earlier silking, relative to the midparent. The intermated population (BS2) of the (Eto Composite ✕ early line) crosses showed nearly 50% silk emergence by August 1. The heritability (h2) estimates for silking date (h2 = 59%) and ear height (h2 = 58%), on an individual plant basis, verify that mass selection for early silking is effective for adapting Eto Composite to the Corn Belt.
Two Genes Affecting Stem Termination in Soybeans1
Authors: Bernard R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Inheritance of the common determinate (abruptly terminated) stem type (dt1) vs indeterminate (tapered) stem (Dt1) in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] was confirmed as monogenic. The heterozygote Dt1dt1 showed a distinct intermediate or semi‐determinate phenotype in the genetic backgrounds studied. A stem type resembling this Dt1dt1 heterozygote was found in a few true‐breeding varieties and was shown to be controlled by a single dominant gene designated Dt2. Crosses between the two types gave F2 ratios of 1 indeterminate:11 semi‐determinate:4 determinate, the expected ratio for independent segregation with dt1 epistatic to Dt2‐dt2.The primary effect of both dt1 and Dt2 is to hasten the termination of apical stem growth, which decreases both plant height and number of nodes, but dt1 has a much greater effect. In tests at Urbana of dt1 and Dt2 BC5 isolines of the indeterminate (Dt1 dt2) commercial varieties ‘Harosoy’ and ‘Clark,’ plant height was reduced by 45 to 60% by dt1 and 12 to 15% by Dt2. Seed yield was only slightly reduced by dt1 and was unaffected by Dt2. Lodging resistance was consistently improved by dt1 and in some instances by Dt2. Time of maturity and seed size and composition were slightly affected in some cases.
Gene Action in Oh45 and Oh45B Crosses of Zea mays L.1
Authors: Findley W. R. , Dollinger E. J. , Eberhart S. A. 
Published: July 2010

Experiments were conducted to study types of gene action contributing to yield increases obtained by substitution of inbred Oh45B for inbred Oh45 in the pedigree of certain double‐cross corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Estimates of mean, additive, dominance, additive ✕ additive, additive ✕ dominance, and dominance ✕ dominance gene effects, and deviations due to linkage and/or higher orders of epistasis were obtained. Generations P1, P2, F1, F2, F3, B1, B2, BS1, and BS2 were grown for inbred lines WF9, Oh51A, Oh26, and Hy each crossed with Oh45 and Oh45B. Grain yield, kernel weight, ear length, and ear diameter were studied.Crosses involving Oh45 showed an average yield heterosis of 95%; whereas, the heterosis for Oh45B crosses was 136%. Differences in average yield of the Oh45 and Oh45B families were due primarily to dominance effects. The addition of digenic epistatic effects did not improve the predictive ability of the model even though epistatic effects were statistically significant. Most of the variation among generation means was accounted for by the mean, the additive effect, and the dominance effect for all attributes studied. Deviations from the digenic model were non‐significant, except for grain weight in one family and for ear diameter in two families.
Oil Content and Groat Weight of Entries in the World Oat Collection1
Authors: Brown C. M. , Craddock J. C. 
Published: July 2010

Wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to determine the oil content from primary groats of more than 4,000 entries of the world oat (Avena sp.) collection. Weight per groat, based on the mean weight of the same primary groats used for oil determinations, was also determined.Oil content varied from 3.1 to 11.6%, with a mean oil content of 7.0%. Ninety percent of the entries ranged from 5 to 9%, but five entries contained more than 11%, while 25 contained less than 4% oil. Groat weight of entries ranged from less than 10 mg to 41.2 mg, with a mean weight for all entries of 26.2 mg. Most of the observations (85%) ranged from 20 to 32 mg per groat.A positive correlation coefficient of .ll between oil content and groat weight was obtained. While this was statistically significant, based on more than 4,000 d.f., it was considered too small to have practical importance in oat breeding.
Isogenic Analysis of the Effects of the Awn on Productivity of Barley1
Authors: Schaller C. W. , Qualset C. O. , Rutger J. N. 
Published: July 2010

The performance of four isogenic lines of ‘Atlas’ barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‐ ‘Full‐,’ ‘Half‐,’ ‘Quarterawned,’ and ‘Awnless’ ‐ was measured at 22 locations in western U.S. and Canada, and in a date‐of‐planting experiment at Davis, Calif. The relative mean yields over all environments were 110.1, 112.6, 105.1, and 100.0 for Full‐, Half‐, Quarter‐awned and Awnless, respectively. Although Half‐awned had the highest mean yield over all locations, a differential trend in genotype performance at high and low yield levels was evident. Half‐awned was most productive at low yield levels and was superior to Awnless and Quarter‐awned throughout the range of productivity. Full‐awned was the highest‐yielding in good environments, but lower than Half‐awned and comparable with Quarter‐awned in low‐yielding environments. Isogenic line‐environment interactions were not strongly associated with years or locations, but were generated by conditions specific to each test site and were related, in part, to the productivity level of the site.The differential performance of Full‐awned in the low and high‐yielding environments was independent of kernel weight. Competition for substrate at the time of awn development and initiation and development of additional florets and tillers was suggested as a possible cause for the failure of Full‐awned to attain maximum yield expression in low‐yielding environments.The linear regression coefficient of kernel weight on awn length, b = 0.69 mg kernel−lcm−l, obtained in the date of planting study, agreed very closely to the value (0.64) reported previously. The contribution of the awns to grain yield was estimated as 35.6 kg ha−1cm,−l. In addition to the effect on kernel weight, the awns provided considerable protection to the developing kernels from infection by foliar pathogens.
Estimates of Dry Matter Digestibility Differences in Grain of Some Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Varieties1
Authors: Miller F. R. , Lowrey R. S. , Monson W. G. , Burton G. W. , Cruzado H. J. 
Published: July 2010

Grain of several varieties from the World Collection of Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, was analyzed for dry matter digestibility using the nylon‐bag method (NBDMD). Selected lines, parents, and hybrid combinations were analyzed using the NBDMD and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) methods.All exotic sorghums selected for a high proportion of floury endosperm were more digestible than US varieties used as controls. White‐colored grains with more than 70% floury endosperm produced highest NBDMD values. Brown or purple grains containing high proportions of floury endosperm did not produce as high NBDMD values as white grains, but did produce higher NBDMD values than nonbrown grains of US varieties. Varieties with high NBDMD values as ground kernels were not always more digestible as whole kernels. NBDMD values of whole and ground nonbrown grain from hybrids was similar to the more digestible parent in the cross. Brownseeded hybrids tended to be intermediate between both parents when evaluated as ground grain. Whole kernel digestion showed nonbrown‐seeded hybrids to be intermediate between both parents in digestibility, but brownseeded hybrids were generally significantly lower in digestibility than the lowest parent.The modified Tilley‐Terry 2‐stage IVDMD method gave higher dry matter digestibility values than the 1‐stage IVDMD (rumen fluid alone) or NBDMD methods. NBDMD and IVDMD values for whole grain were highly correlated (r = .98). The 1‐stage and 2‐stage IVDMD percentages were significantly correlated for ground grain but IVDMD and NBDMD values for ground grain were not. Both the NBDMD and IVDMD methods gave significant correlations for whole vs. ground grain.
Effects of Plant Maturity on Oil Composition of Several Spearmint Species Grown in Indiana and Michigan1
Authors: Murray Merritt J. , Faas William , Marble Phillip 
Published: July 2010

In 1970, herbage samples of 2nd‐year meadow mint of the native spearmint cultivar (Mentha spicata), the Scotch spearmint cultivar (M. cardiaca), and the wild mint M. crispa were harvested on May 16, June 3, June 17, July 1, and thereafter insofar as possible every 10 days until Nov. 3. Assay data for 10 principal constituents accounting for at least 85% of the oil showed that overmature and senescent herbage had more dihydrocarvone than did mature herbage, and that M. crispa had more than both cultivars at all times. Replicated tests in 1971 showed that flower oil of both cultivars had more carvone and less dihydrocarvone than either the whole herbage or the top half of the herbage.The thesis is advanced that all inter‐regional, intra‐regional, and ontogenetic differences in oil composition must result from either a direct effect of environment on the amount or efficiency of a specific gene‐controlled enzyme for a specific conversion or an indirect effect resulting from environmentally induced changes in plant growth influencing the proportion of young leaves to mature leaves, time of maturity, and extent of flower production. No direct effects are known. Ontogenetic differences in oil composition between juvenile, mature, and overmature plants are believed to depend upon the relative proportions of leaves of various ages and of flowers in the herbage. Ontogenetic trends will not be found unless specific inherited chemical syntheses occur at a slow rate, giving a product increase that is proportional to time and perhaps temperature, or unless there are inherited differences between leaves and flowers. All differences in stand, amount of fertilizer, cultural conditions, frequency of irrigation, weather, or climatic conditions that increase the proportion of young leaves will improve oil quality, whereas the suggestion is made that the poorer oil quality obtained from harvesting overmature herbage or herbage prematurely aged by crop mistreatment is due not only to the increased dihydrocarvone, but also to a higher alcohol/ester content.
Heterosis in Inbred Source Crosses of Maize (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Grogan C. O. , Francis C. A. 
Published: July 2010

This study was designed to determine the variability within maize (Zea mays L.) lines maintained at different stations in the northern maize‐growing areas of the U. S., with particular attention to heterotic expression in withinline crosses. There was significant variation in the various characteristics studied in most of the lines, although certain characteristics such as kernel row number and ear diameter showed considerable stability.The information should be of particular interest to seed producers and certification agencies where variation within lines could have serious consequences or could be used to an advantage in production of related‐line single crosses.
Stability Indexes for Isolines of Oats (Avena sativa L.)1
Authors: Frey K. J. 
Published: July 2010

An early group and a midseason group of oat (Avena sativa L.) isolines developed via backcrossing were yield tested in 15 environments with a range of productivity indexes from 25.5 to 42.2 q/ha. Isolines within a group were compared for mean grain yields and the stability indexes: regression coefficient (b) and deviations‐from‐regression (s2d).The isolines in a group were quite homogeneous for appearance, plant height, heading date, and seed traits. For grain yield, however, three isolines in the early group and four in the midseason group produced grain yields significantly deviant from the respective recurrent parents. Two were negative and five were positive. The regression value for neither recurrent parent was significantly different from 1.0, but four early and five midseason isolines had b values significantly different from unity. Occasionally, if one isoline of a pair (i.e., one early and one midseason) with crown‐rust resistance from the same donor cultivar had a b value less than unity, the other one had a b value greater than unity.
Genetic Variation in Yield and Quality of Oat Forage1
Authors: Stuthman D. D. , Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

We evaluated 30 cultivars of oats (Avena sativa L.) for forage quality and yield at heading and 10 days later in 1968. Quality traits measured included in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), cell wall constituents (CWC), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and crude protein (CP) concentration. Eleven of the cultivars were tested for 2 additional years.All three fiber components (CWC, ADF, and ADL) were positively correlated with each other and all were negatively correlated with IVDDM. Of the three, however, ADL was most closely associated with digestibility. Yield and quality were negatively correlated at heading, but independent 2 weeks later. Forage yield and grain yield were not associated. Forage yield was correlated with plant height and heading date.Cultivars differed in oat forage quality within a given environment; differences, however, generally were not repeatable over years. In contrast, cultivar variation for forage yield was consistent over years and sufficient for effective selection. Therefore, we recommend primary emphasis on forage yield in the developmnt of superior forage oat cultivars. However, one should examine forage quality before making final selections.
Free Amino Acid Content of the Anthers of Male‐Sterile and Fertile Lines of Grain Sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Kern J. J. , Atkins R. E. 
Published: July 2010

Anthers of cytoplasmic‐genic, male‐sterile lines of Combine Kafir 60 and Martin grain sorghums (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were analyzed for free amino acid content at two stages of microsporogenesis, and those of their counterpart fertile B‐lines and recovered restorer lines were examined at three stages. Total amino acid contents were similar for the sterile and the fertile lines at the tetrad stage, but at the free‐microspore stage, total amino acid contents were higher in the fertile lines. In three of the four comparisons among stages in the fertile lines the greatest accumulation of total amino acids occurred between the microspore and the pollen stages.Proline, tyrosine, and asparagine showed noteworthy differences in concentration between fertile (B‐ and Rlines) and male‐sterile (A) lines. As microsporogenesis proceeded, proline content rose sharply in the fertile lines but did not increase in the steriles. Tyrosine content increased in both the sterile and fertile lines, but the accumulation with advancing stages was more rapid in the fertile lines. In greenhouse plants asparagine content increased in the steriles, but decreased in the fertile lines, as microsporogenesis progressed. This trend was not manifested in field‐grown plants. Significant differences between stages and between fertile and sterile lines also were noted for other amino acids, particularly leucine, but the differences seemed either less pronounced or more inconsistent.