bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservatism as a Crusade: F. J. C. Hearnshaw
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the most introspective and innovative of the inter‐war conservative historians who taught and wrote history to demonstrate the superiority of conservatism to all other political creeds. Reaching large popular and educated audiences through ceaseless lecturing and publishing, Hearnshaw tried to persuade them that they had the most to lose from socialism, and its embodiment in the growing Labour Party, and the most to gain from a meritocratic and hierarchical order that maintained peace, security, success, and morality within every station of life. He believed that conservative principles were historically proven lessons necessary for private motivation, public policy, and a harmonious national life.
Arthur Bryant, Appeasement, and Anti‐Semitism
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Bryant's attitudes towards fascism cannot be separated from the rapidly accelerating events that began around 1934; or from the conflicting and confusing perceptions of those events and their context to most British participants; or from the political and social circles in which Bryant lived, thought, and worked. His commitment to the avoidance of war was hardly unique but belonged rather to a common currency, whose credit was exhausted only when war began in late 1939. The relation between his deeply felt patriotism and his desire to avoid war with the Nazis was complicated by the ambivalent anti‐Semitism he shared with so many Conservatives.
Conservative Historians and Social Criticism in America, 1941 through the 1960s
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts American and British post‐Second World War perceptions about nation, historiography, and the role of historians. In America, until the Reagan years, conservative political thought and practice was characterized by a specifically American mingling of conservative, liberal, and Progressive themes. From the 1940s through the early 1970s, one tradition, represented by Daniel Boorstin and Rowland Berthoff, celebrated American accomplishments within a uniquely American context. A second and more pugnacious tradition, represented by Peter Viereck and Russell Kirk, fought contentious battles with those forces in American history which they saw as deviations from their approved model of British and European conservative traditions, institutions, values, and culture.
The Americanization of the British Conservative Mind: Peter Viereck and Russell Kirk
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Very different in social background and in adherents, Viereck and Kirk were the most conspicuous and most public of the conservative historians and prominent conservative intellectuals, who each attracted a large popular audience and were required reading for a generation of undergraduates. Attacking selfish mercantile, financial, and business interests, they both revered a divinely sanctioned Christian order; found human nature unreliable; promoted a government of the best and brightest; reduced political problems to moral problems; trusted institutions, laws, and traditions to maintain a civil society; and saw conservatism as the necessary social and cultural bond that would guarantee individual security, social equity, and harmony.
Schwarzschild Spacetime and Black Holes
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of spherically symmetric spacetimes, the Schwarzschild metric, and other coordinates. It then covers Schwarzschild spacetime, the motion of the planets and perihelion precession, stability of circular orbits, deflection of light rays, red shift and time delay, spherically symmetric interior solutions, the Schwarzschild black hole, spherically symmetric gravitational collapse, the Reissner-Nordström solution, and Schwarzschild spacetime in dimension n + 1.
Local Cauchy Problem
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of moving frame formulae. It then covers n + 1 splitting adapted to space slices, constraints and evolution, Hamiltonian and symplectic formulation, Cauchy problem, wave gauges, local existence for the full Einstein equations, constraints in a wave gauge, and Einstein equations with field sources.
Relativistic Fluids
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents general properties of perfect fluids. When appropriate definitions are given, some of these properties generalize well-known properties of non-relativistic perfect fluids. However, the equivalence of mass and energy in Relativity introduces some fundamental differences. The limitation by the speed of light of the speed of any macroscopically transmitted signal also leads to new considerations. Topics covered include the case of dust, charged dust; perfect fluid, Euler equations; energy properties, particle number conservation, thermodynamics; wave fronts, propagation speeds, shocks; stationary motion, dynamic velocity for barotropic fluids, general perfect fluids, hyperbolic Leray system, first-order symmetric hyperbolic system, charged fluids, fluids with finite conductivity, magnetohydrodynamics, Yang-Mills fluids, and dissipative fluids.
Relativistic Kinetic Theory
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic equations of the relativistic kinetic theory; it proves local existence theorems for Einstein equations coupled with kinetic matter. It then provides thermodynamic properties linked with the Boltzmann equation, proves the H-theorem, and indicates how perturbation around a Maxwell-Jütner equilibrium distribution gives possible equations for dissipative fluids. Finally, the chapter indicates how the theory of extended thermodynamics circumvents the difficulty of generalizing to Relativity the dissipative fluids equations.
Singularities
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a computable sufficient condition for the future causal completeness of a spacetime, and then a sufficient condition for its future or null incompleteness. It gives the fundamentals of the definitions pertinent to the study of incompleteness of spacetimes by the geometric methods introduced and developed by Penrose, Hawking, and their followers. It provides some elements of black hole theory and comments on Penrose's weak cosmic censorship conjecture, which says essentially that singularities developing from smooth initial data are hidden inside black holes. The conjecture is not easy to make mathematically precise without impoverishing its possible physical content. The chapter analyzes the study by Christodoulou of the singularities in spherically symmetric solutions of the Einstein-scalar equations. An up-to-date survey of results on the Belinskii, Khalatnikov, and Lifshitz (BKL) conjecture is presented. Finally, how the Fuchs theorem permits the analysis of some types of initial (Big Bang) singularities occurring in solutions of the Einstein equations, called asymptotically velocity term dominated (AVTD) behavior, is discussed.
Global Justice and Cosmopolitanism: An Introduction
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the key themes of the book and also considers some issues basic to debates about which (if any) account of global justice we should endorse. These basic issues include explaining what cosmopolitanism is and some distinctions widely used in the literature, such as: moral versus institutional cosmopolitanism, weak versus strong cosmopolitanism, and extreme versus moderate cosmopolitanism. The chapter also presents an introduction to the field of global justice and concepts often associated with it, such as globalization. The chapter also indicates a general strategy about how to reconcile cosmopolitanism with other commitments and special attachments that fill ordinary human beings' lives with value and meaning (such as those that derive from their cultural, religious, ethnic or national identities).
The Debate about Rawls'sLaw of Peoples: Critics and Defences
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractJohn Rawls' highly influential work, The Law of Peoples, dominates discussion of what our responsibilities are in the global domain. After a concise account of The Law of Peoples, this chapter discusses the debate between defenders and critics of John Rawls' approach. The critical responses covered include those offered by Thomas Pogge, Rainer Forst, Andrew Kuper, Amartya Sen, Darrel Moellendorf, and James Nickels. Defenses discussed include those of Samuel Freeman, Joseph Heath, Leif Wenar, David Reidy, and Rex Martin. Though proponents of Rawls' views can accommodate several lines of criticism, Rawls remains vulnerable on others, if he is aiming to present a vision of global justice that can lay claim to the title of “realistic utopia”.
Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that military intervention to support the goals of global justice can be defensible in the extreme cases in which people's abilities to meet their most basic needs and protect their basic freedoms are not adequately attended to by the governments of those citizens. Reconceptualizing sovereignty as responsibility allows us to circumvent problems thought to attend such proposals, for instance, that intervention would interfere unjustly with the sovereignty of nations. Protections against abuse provide the assurances we need and constitute an important part of the justification for legitimate interventions. The findings of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty discussed in this chapter provide reason for optimism about future possibilities for acting decisively as humanitarian crises unfold, especially as the core idea of a responsibility to protect now enjoys widespread endorsement.
Immigration
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChapter 8 discusses whether easing restrictions on immigration would be helpful in advancing global justice. Some particular kinds of migration policies (such as, those that have strict term limits, or create net benefits for those in the home and host countries) might constitute progress. However we must also appreciate the significant drawbacks that also frequently accompany increased immigration (such as brain drain, worsening health, or negative economic consequences). The chapter considers such detrimental effects, and shows how we can mitigate some of these if migration is carefully managed. Examining and addressing root causes of why people want to emigrate is, all things considered, a better strategy. This chapter indicates what such a deeper analysis would yield. The chapter argues that increased immigration by itself, and in the absence of other measures, would not necessarily improve the prospects for global justice.
Japanese Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This text contains the latest edition of this book. It covers the basis of the Japanese legal system, the civil code, business related laws, and other laws including criminal law and procedure, and foreign relations law. Since the last edition, Japanese law has undergone major reform all of which is reflected in the new text. In particular, the new edition covers the new company law and the Financial Products Trading Law, both of which have been completely overhauled. After the ‘lost decade’ following the collapse of the ‘bubble economy’ in 1990, Japan has gone through a major reform — deregulation or ‘regulatory reform’. Accordingly, major changes took place in almost every area of law. There was a large-scale ‘Justice System Reform’ which encompassed various changes in the court system, the introduction of lay assessors in the criminal procedure, a new law school system, etc. Company law, which was embodied in the Commercial Code, was completely overhauled under a different concept and became a separate law — the Company Law of 2005. Securities and Exchange Law was replaced by the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law in 2006. Even the Civil Code, which had remained more or less unchanged (except for family and succession) since the late 19th century, has gone through significant changes. Certainly there are many positive results coming out of these reforms, but also there have been some doubtful changes. Thee outcome of the reforms of the past decade is yet to be assessed. These changes and their impact are covered in this book.
Family Law and Inheritance
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Japanese family law and inheritance. Family law is embodied in Book Four of the Civil Code. Together with Book Five which deals with inheritance, this part of the Code has undergone a total change in the course of the post-war reform. Historical background of family law, marriage and divorce, family and children, procedure for dispute settlement on family matters, and the law of inheritance are discussed.
Equity under the New Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines equity in different conceptual and policy settings, arguing for the abandonment of a universal construct of access, and a universal construct of equity more generally. The need for culturally particular constructs is emphasized and exemplified in the specific context of Aboriginal access to health care, where cultural barriers including institutional racism and lack of cultural security/safety are major impediments to access. Using the paradigm of Chapter 8, different constructs of equity are discussed. It looks at equity in the context of the culture of poverty and the culture of corruption. It then discusses possible way forward to pursuing equity when dealing with access as a cultural concept.
Chapter 2 The Sen System of Social Evaluation
Authors: Osmani S. R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter argues that Amartya Sen's writings in the diverse fields of development economics, social choice, and moral philosophy add up to an integrated and coherent system of social evaluation, and the chapter also provides a brief outline of that system. As an expositional device, the major elements of this system are best described by contrasting them with the three main components of utilitarianism — namely, consequentialism, welfarism, and sum-ranking. Consequentialism refers to a methodology of social evaluation in which the goodness or rightness of some action or rule is judged solely with reference to its consequences, without attaching any intrinsic value to the nature of the act, or the agent who acted, or the process through which the consequent state of affairs came about. While most critiques of utilitarianism reject consequentialism, Sen argues strongly in favour retaining the moral salience of consequences but in a manner that can also accord due weight to relevant non-consequence features and suggests ways in which this can be done. Welfarism judges the goodness of consequences solely in terms of the utilities enjoyed by individuals. Sen rejects welfarism and suggests replacing utility by the notion of freedom, i.e., the opportunity people have to live the kind of life they have reason to value. At the same time, he also rejects income or resources or anything else that has an instrumental role in achieving freedom as the basis of social evaluation. Sum-ranking employs a simple method of aggregation, for the purpose of social evaluation, that involves adding the well-being of all individuals. By contrast, Sen proposes a much more nuanced approach to aggregation that allows for the existence of multiple values — both across individuals and for the same individual — and sees possible incompleteness of social choice as a virtue rather than as a weakness of a system of social evaluation.
Chapter 3 The Good Life and the Good Economy
Authors: Phelps Edmund S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The humanist thinkers from ancient Greece onward asked what sort of life gives the deepest satisfaction and arrived at arresting insights. Aristotle started it off with his thesis that the highest good is the pursuit of knowledge. Like conceptions can be seen in Cervantes, James, and Bergson. Another variant is represented by Voltaire, Dewey, and Sen. These humanist insights into the life that most people desire show how and why enterprising, innovative economies appeared once countries could afford it. The humanists' good life also takes us toward a justification for an economy of entrepreneur-based innovation. It wasn't just the falling way of restrictions and the establishment of property rights that sparked capitalism: it was a widespread desire for problem-solving and exploration. Some say capitalism is inherently unjust to workers in the bottom rungs. But capitalism has, over its history, widened economic inclusion by creating jobs and pulling up low-end pay far beyond what east European socialism and west European corporatism normally achieve.
Chapter 4 The Adaptation Problem, Evolution and Normative Economics
Authors: Qizilbash Mozaffar 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Amartya Sen has advanced a number of distinct arguments against utilitarianism and ‘utility’-based views more generally. One of these invokes various ways in which underdogs can ‘adapt’ and learn to live with their situations. Sen's argument is related to discussion of ‘adaptive preferences’ but is distinct in part because Sen cites the need for underdogs to survive. When read in combination with his discussion of Darwinism, Sen's discussion of adaptation is relevant to recent work in normative economics which has been influenced by evolutionary biology. It poses a problem for Richard Layard's book on happiness, particularly its policy conclusions. It also poses a problem for Ken Binmore's account of justice because the empathetic preferences in terms of which interpersonal comparisons are made in Binmore's account are formed through social evolution.
Chapter 12 Rights, Individual Preferences and Collective Rationality
Authors: Pattanaik Prasanta K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the context of Amartya Sen's well-known result on the impossibility of a Paretian liberal, this chapter studies two distinct issues, namely, the role of individual preferences over social states in our conception of individual rights to liberty in private affairs, and the implications of individual rights for collective rationality. In the process, several alternative interpretations of Sen's theorem are discussed. It is argued that though some of these interpretations, which have been often adopted in the literature, involve intuitive problems, there more satisfactory interpretations of Sen's theorem, which are free from such problems.
Chapter 15 Dominance Criteria for Critical‐Level Generalized Utilitarianism
Authors: Trannoy Alain , Weymark John A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSocial welfare dominance criteria based on critical-level generalized utilitarian social welfare functions are investigated in this chapter. An analogue of a generalized Lorenz curve called a generalized concentration curve is introduced. For a fixed critical utility level c, a quasiordering of utility distributions based on these curves is defined and shown to coincide with the quasiordering obtained by declaring one utility distribution to be weakly preferred to a second if and only if the former is weakly preferred to the latter for all inequality averse critical-level c generalized utilitarian social welfare functions. An extension of this result that allows for a range of critical levels is also established.
Chapter 16 The Measurement of Capabilities
Authors: Anand Paul , Santos Cristina , Smith Ron 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
It has often been claimed that it is impossible to measure human capabilities but within the methodological conventions of household survey design, this chapter shows that some non-financial capability indicators do already exist and this chapter demonstrates how similar indicators, covering a wide range of life domains, can be constructed. This chapter draws on a continuing research project which contributes to the operationalization of the capabilities approach by devising over sixty capability indicators which can be used to extend coverage of indices such as HDI, illustrating different ways in which such indicators may be analysed, and discussing some of the associated methodological issues that have emerged in the process. Based on usable observations from a national UK sample of 1,000 adults, this chapter uses latent class analysis to identify an impoverished group of respondents with low capabilities across the board, builds models of experienced violence and subjective wellbeing as a function of experienced and anticipated violence, and explores the relationship between capability indicators and subjective wellbeing. Substantive findings include: the identification of a group with low all round capabilities associated with low health and low income; evidence that fear of future violence can be a more significant determinant of subjective wellbeing than past experience of violence; and evidence which supports the view that a large diverse set of non-financial dimensions of capability have a detectable impact on subjective wellbeing. The chapter concludes by discussing some of the econometric issues that have emerged in the course of this work.
Chapter 17 On Ultrapoverty
Authors: Anand Sudhir , Harris Christopher , Linton Oliver 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Lipton (1983) defined an individual to be ‘ultrapoor’ if and only if: (i) his calorie intake falls below 0.8 of the intake appropriate for his age, sex, and activity group; and (ii) his foodshare exceeds 0.8. of the appropriate foodshare. This chapter evaluates Lipton's concept of ultrapoverty. This is done by relating it to the well-established welfare indicator ‘total expenditure’, on the one hand, and to a wide range of housing and other non-monetary indicators on the other. The chapter agues that: (i) while calorie intake does contain important poverty information, it contains less poverty information than total expenditure; and (ii) foodshare contains very little poverty information. Hence, neither of the components of Lipton's double criterion is, on its own, a good criterion for poverty. It further argues that while the double 0.8 (or ‘double-eighty’) criterion may have some merits over each of its components, it is nonetheless inferior to a poverty criterion based simply on total expenditure. A particular feature of the analysis is the chapter's use of non-parametric methods to assess the local strength of the association between calorie intake and foodshare, respectively, against total expenditure.
Chapter 18 Multidimensional Poverty Orderings
Authors: Bourguignon François , Chakravarty Satya R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter generalizes the poverty ordering criteria available for single dimensional income poverty to the case of multidimensional welfare attributes. It discusses a set of properties to be satisfied by multidimensional poverty measures. It then defines general classes of poverty measures based on these properties. Finally, dominance criteria are derived such that a distribution of multidimensional attributes exhibits less poverty than another for all multidimensional poverty indices belonging to a given class. These criteria may be seen as a generalization of the single dimensional poverty-line criterion. However, it turns out that the way this generalization is made depends on whether attributes are complements or substitutes.