bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Efron Daryl , Hazell Philip , Anderson Vicki 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is now the most frequent diagnosis in children seen by Australian general paediatricians. It is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder and is usually accompanied by one or more co‐morbid developmental and/or mental health conditions. In addition to daily symptoms, which often impair quality of life, ADHD can compromise educational and social development for the individual, and impact on families, schools and the broader community. Draft revised National Health and Medical Research Council Guidelines on ADHD were published in November 2009. This comprehensive document discusses the evidence in relation to many aspects of ADHD, which inform the large number of practice recommendations. Although there is an enormous literature on the causes, neurobiology and management of ADHD, there is still much to be learned particularly in relation to early intervention, behavioural therapies and factors influencing long‐term outcomes.
Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis in the newborn
Authors: Malhotra Atul , Hunt Rod W , Doherty Richard R 
Published: December 2010

Background:  Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is an uncommon cause of neonatal sepsis.Aims:  To report on the spectrum of morbidity associated with SP infections in the neonatal period.Methods:  A case series of SP infection in the neonatal period was studied. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were noted.Results:  Four cases of neonatal SP infection are reported, one of which was due to a strain with reduced susceptibility to penicillin. All four cases had very early onset of severe clinical disease with bacteremia and pneumonia. In one case a retrospective diagnosis of meningitis was made as well. Maternal illness was a feature in one of these infants.Conclusions:  Although less common now than in the pre‐antibiotic era, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains a rare but important cause of neonatal sepsis and can mimic early onset Group B streptococcal sepsis. It is unclear whether current infant or adult pneumococcal immunisation programs might influence its incidence in the neonatal period. The potential for strains with reduced susceptibility to β‐lactam antibiotics to cause neonatal infection needs to be considered in relevant settings.
Persistence of acute rheumatic fever in a tertiary children's hospital
Authors: Smith Michael T , Lester‐Smith David , Zurynski Yvonne , Noonan Sara , Carapetis Jonathan R , Elliott Elizabeth J 
Published: December 2010

Aim:  To identify and describe all children admitted with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) to a tertiary paediatric hospital in Sydney over a 9‐year period and to describe their demographic and clinical characteristics, management and short‐term outcomes. Delays in diagnosis, recurrence of ARF and use of secondary prophylaxis were also documented.Methods:  Retrospective review of medical records for children aged <15 years admitted to the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, with ARF (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)‐10 classification I0.0–I09.9) during 2000–2008. Only cases meeting the National Heart Foundation of Australia diagnostic criteria for ARF were included.Results:  Twenty‐six children met the National Heart Foundation of Australia criteria for ARF. The median age was 11.5 years (range 5.8–14.6) and 15 (58%) were male. Ten (38%) identified as Pacific Islander, and 5 (19%) as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI). Most (n= 20, 77%) lived in suburban Sydney, and 69% were classified in the two most disadvantaged quintiles on the Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Advantage. Four (15%) had Sydenham's chorea, and 81% had carditis (mitral and/or aortic regurgitation). Six (23%) children had previous ARF. Antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent recurrent ARF was prescribed in all cases, but 50% received oral penicillin, rather than by intramuscular injection. Barriers to timely diagnosis were identified in 81%, including delayed presentation and delayed referral.Conclusion:  Most children presenting to the hospital with ARF lived in disadvantaged areas of Sydney. Pacific Islander and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were over‐represented. Mitigation of RHD requires early identification of ARF and appropriate delivery of secondary prophylaxis.
Functional haplotypes in the PTGDR gene fail to associate with asthma in two Australian populations
Authors: JAMROZIK Euzebiusz F. , WARRINGTON Nicole , MCCLENAGHAN Jane , HUI Jennie , MUSK Arthur W. , JAMES Alan , BEILBY John P. , HANSEN Janice , DE KLERK Nicholas H. , PALMER Lyle J. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Haplotypes in the promoter region of the prostanoid DP receptor (PTGDR) gene have been shown to functionally influence gene transcription and to be associated with asthma in two previous case–control studies in Caucasians. This study tested the association of PTGDR haplotypes with asthma phenotypes in two large Caucasian‐Australian populations. These results were incorporated in a meta‐analysis with previously published data to determine the overall role for these haplotypes in the risk of asthma.Methods:  Three PTGDR promoter‐region single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were genotyped in 368 individuals from the Western Australian Twin Child Health study and 2988 individuals from the Busselton Health Study. Logistic regression and transition disequilibrium tests were used to assess whether SNP genotypes and three SNP haplotypes were associated with doctor‐diagnosed asthma or intermediate quantitative traits. Longitudinal data from the Busselton Health Study were used to examine whether PTGDR influences changes in lung function over time. Meta‐analysis incorporated the findings of this study with those of two previous studies in Caucasian populations.Results:  Cross‐sectional associations between PTGDR haplotypes and asthma phenotypes were non‐significant (P > 0.05) in both populations. Longitudinal analyses of PTGDR and lung function were also non‐significant. Meta‐analysis, however, suggested that haplotype TCT was significantly associated with decreased risk of asthma (OR = 0.76; P = 0.02) while haplotype CCC was not significantly associated with asthma (OR = 1.30; P = 0.07).Conclusions:  These results suggest that despite the non‐significant findings in the present study populations, PTGDR promoter haplotypes may account for a small but significant proportion of the risk of asthma in Caucasian populations.
Effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation on health care utilization and health status in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of COPD
Authors: KO FANNY W.S. , DAI DAVID L.K. , NGAI JENNY , TUNG ALVIN , NG SUSANNA , LAI KENNETH , FONG RICKY , LAU HERMAN , TAM WILSON , HUI DAVID S.C. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) incur heavy utilization of health‐care resources for patients who require hospitalization. We evaluated whether an early outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation programme (PRP) after hospitalization for AECOPD could reduce acute health‐care utilization over the succeeding year. Methods:  Sixty patients admitted with AECOPD were randomized to either PRP or usual care (UC). The PRP group received 8 weeks of outpatient rehabilitation programme 2–3 weeks after discharge from hospital. Lung function, 6 min walk test and dyspnoea score were assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, while St George's respiratory questionnaire and cardiopulmonary exercise test were assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months. Results:  The PRP and UC groups demonstrated a 53.3% and 43.3% risk of readmissions at 12 months (incident risk ratio 0.97 (95% CI: 0.57–1.60), P = 0.90). The mean readmission rates were 1.00 ± 1.20 and 1.03 ± 1.87 (P = 0.47) for the PRP versus UC groups respectively. The rates of AECOPD and emergency department visits were similar between the two groups. The St George's respiratory questionnaire total score was lower in the PRP group (40.15 ± 19.10 vs 46.91 ± 18.21, P = 0.01 and 42.3 ± 20.06 vs 51.44 ± 18.98 P = 0.01 at 3 and 6 months respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in the FEV1% predicted, dyspnoea score, 6 min walk test and maximal oxygen consumption during exercise test between PRP and UC at different time points. Conclusions:  An early rehabilitation programme following AECOPD led to improvement in quality of life up to 6 months, but did not reduce health‐care utilization at 1 year.
Cardiovascular risk modification in participants with coronary disease screened by the Kidney Early Evaluation Program
Authors: McCullough P. A. , Whaley‐Connell A. , Brown W. W. , Collins A. J. , Chen S.‐C. , Li S. , Norris K. C. , Jurkovitz C. , McFarlane S. , Obialo C. , Sowers J. , Stevens L. , Vassalotti J. A. , Bakris G. L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground: Coronary artery disease (CAD) identifies the need for intensive treatment of risk factors among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a high‐risk, complex cardiovascular risk state.Methods: An estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or a urine albumin : creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/g (3.4 mg/mmol) defined CKD.Results: Of 70 454 volunteers screened the mean age was 53.5 ± 15.7 years and 68.3% were female. A total of 5410 (7.7%) had a self‐reported history of CAD; 1295 (1.8%) had a history of prior percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); and 1124 (1.6%) had a prior history of coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). Multivariate analysis for the outcome of suboptimal CAD risk management (composite of systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg, glucose ≥125 mg/dL (6.9 mmol/L) for diabetics, total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL (5.2 mmol/L), or current smoking; n= 38 746/53 403, 72.5%) revealed older age (per year) (odds ratio (OR) = 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.04, P < 0.0001), male gender (OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.34–1.47, P < 0.0001), ACR ≥ 30 mg/g (3.4 mg/mmol) (OR = 1.66, 95% CI 1.55–1.79, P < 0.0001), body mass index (per kg/m2) (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.06–1.06, P < 0.0001), CAD without a history of revascularization (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.28, P= 0.02) and care received by a nephrologist (OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.22–1.83, P < 0.0001) were associated with worse risk factor control. Prior coronary revascularization and being under the care of a cardiologist were not associated with either improved or suboptimal risk factor control.Conclusions: Chronic kidney disease is associated with overall poor rates of CAD risk factor control.
Hypoglycaemia‐induced myocardial infarction as a result of sulphonylurea misuse
Authors: Corley B. T. , Davenport C. , Delaney L. , Hatunic M. , Smith D. 
Published: December 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 876–879 (2011)AbstractBackground  Recent large‐scale randomized trials of intensive therapy in Type 2 diabetes have reported increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patient populations who experience a high frequency of hypoglycaemic events. However, there are few descriptions of hypoglycaemia leading directly to a myocardial infarction (MI) in the medical literature to date.Case report  In this article we describe the case of a 76‐year‐old woman without diabetes who presented with symptoms, left bundle branch block and raised troponin, indicative of an MI. She was also noted to be hypoglycaemic with a plasma glucose level of 2.5 mmol/l. It was subsequently discovered that she had mistakenly been dispensed glibenclamide, a long‐acting sulphonylurea, in the preceding weeks. Her cardiac symptoms resolved completely upon treatment of her hypoglycaemia and she had no significant coronary artery disease on angiography.Conclusion  This is the first case of sulphonylurea‐induced MI in a patient without diabetes and illustrates the adverse effects of acute hypoglycaemia upon the cardiovascular system.
Impact of species variability and ‘probe‐dependence’ on the detection andin vivovalidation of allosteric modulation at the M4muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Suratman S , Leach K , Sexton PM , Felder CC , Loiacono RE , Christopoulos A 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEWe recently characterized LY2033298 as a novel allosteric modulator and agonist at M4muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs). Evidence also suggested a difference in the potency of LY2033298 at rodent relative to human M4mAChRs. The current study investigated the basis for the species difference of this modulator and used this knowledge to rationalize itsin vivoactions.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHLY2033298 was investigatedin vitroin CHO cells stably expressing human or mouse M4mAChRs, using assays of agonist‐induced ERK1/2 or GSK‐3α phosphorylation, [35S]‐GTPγS binding, or effects on equilibrium binding of [3H]‐NMS and ACh. Thein vivoactions of LY2033298 were investigated in a mouse model of amphetamine‐induced locomotor activity. The function of LY2033298 was examined in combination with ACh, oxotremorine or xanomeline.KEY RESULTSLY2033298 had similar affinities for the human and mouse M4mAChRs. However, LY2033298 had a lower positive co‐operativity with ACh at the mouse relative to the human M4mAChR. At the mouse M4mAChR, LY2033298 showed higher co‐operativity with oxotremorine than with ACh or xanomeline. The different degrees of co‐operativity between LY2033298 and each agonist at the mouse relative to the human M4mAChR necessitated the co‐administration of LY2033298 with oxotremorine in order to showin vivoefficacy of LY2033298.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results provide evidence for species variability when comparing the allosteric interaction between LY2033298 and ACh at the M4mAChR, and also highlight how the interaction between LY2033298 and different orthosteric ligands is subject to ‘probe dependence’. This has implications for the validation of allosteric modulator actionsin vivo.
γ‐Tocotrienol is a novel inhibitor of constitutive and inducible STAT3 signalling pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma: potential role as an antiproliferative, pro‐apoptotic and chemosensitizing agent
Authors: Rajendran Peramaiyan , Li Feng , Manu Kanjoormana Aryan , Shanmugam Muthu K. , Loo Ser Yue , Kumar Alan Prem , Sethi Gautam 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEActivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) play a critical role in the survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and chemoresistance of tumour cells. Thus, agents that suppress STAT3 phosphorylation have potential as cancer therapies. In the present study, we investigated whether the apoptotic, antiproliferative and chemosensitizing effects of γ‐tocotrienol are associated with its ability to suppress STAT3 activation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe effect of γ‐tocotrienol on STAT3 activation, associated protein kinases and phosphatase, STAT3‐regulated gene products, cellular proliferation and apoptosis in HCC cells was investigated.KEY RESULTSγ‐Tocotrienol inhibited both the constitutive and inducible activation of STAT3 with minimum effect on STAT5. γ‐Tocotrienol also inhibited the activation of Src, JAK1 and JAK2 implicated in STAT3 activation. Pervanadate reversed the γ‐tocotrienol‐induced down‐regulation of STAT3, suggesting the involvement of a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Indeed, we found that γ‐tocotrienol induced the expression of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐1 and deletion of the SHP‐1 gene by small interfering RNA abolished the ability of γ‐tocotrienol to inhibit STAT3 activation. γ‐Tocotrienol also down‐regulated the expression of STAT3‐regulated gene products, including cyclin D1, Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL, survivin, Mcl‐1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. Finally, γ‐tocotrienol inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and significantly potentiated the apoptotic effects of chemotherapeutic drugs (paclitaxel and doxorubicin) used for the treatment of HCC.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSOverall, these results suggest that γ‐tocotrienol is a novel blocker of the STAT3 activation pathway, with a potential role in future therapies for HCC and other cancers.
Glucocorticosteroids: current and future directions
Authors: Barnes Peter J 
Published: December 2010

Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti‐inflammatory therapy for asthma yet are relatively ineffective in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Glucocorticoids suppress inflammation via several molecular mechanisms. Glucocorticoids suppress the multiple inflammatory genes that are activated in chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, by reversing histone acetylation of activated inflammatory genes through binding of ligand‐bound glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to co‐activator molecules and recruitment of histone deacetylase‐2 to the activated inflammatory gene transcription complex (trans‐repression). At higher concentrations of glucocorticoids GR homodimers interact with DNA recognition sites to activate transcription through increased histone acetylation of anti‐inflammatory genes and transcription of several genes linked to glucocorticoid side effects (trans‐activation). Glucocorticoids also have post‐transcriptional effects and decrease stability of some pro‐inflammatory mRNA species. Decreased glucocorticoid responsiveness is found in patients with severe asthma and asthmatics who smoke, as well as in all patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance have now been identified which involve post‐translational modifications of GR. Histone deacetylase‐2 is markedly reduced in activity and expression as a result of oxidative/nitrative stress so that inflammation becomes resistant to the anti‐inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Dissociated glucocorticoids and selective GR modulators which show improved trans‐repression over trans‐activation effects have been developed to reduce side effects, but so far it has been difficult to dissociate anti‐inflammatory effects from adverse effects. In patients with glucocorticoid resistance alternative anti‐inflammatory treatments are being investigated as well as drugs that may reverse the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid resistance.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Respiratory Pharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐1
Heat shock protein 47 expression in oral squamous cell carcinomas and upregulated by arecoline in human oral epithelial cells
Authors: Lee Shiuan‐Shinn , Tseng Ling‐Hsien , Li Yi‐Ching , Tsai Chung‐Hung , Chang Yu‐Chao 
Published: December 2010

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 40: 390–396Background:  Heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) is a product of CBP2 gene located at chromosome 11q13.5, a region frequently amplified in human cancers. Areca quid chewing is a major risk factor of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of this study was to compare HSP47 expression in normal human oral epithelium and OSCC and further to explore the potential mechanisms that may lead to induce HSP47 expression.Methods:  Thirty‐two OSCC specimens and ten normal oral tissue biopsy samples without areca quid chewing were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The oral epithelial cell line OC2 cells were challenged with arecoline, a major areca nut alkaloid, by using Western blot analysis. Furthermore, glutathione precursor N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC), extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor NS‐398, and tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A were added to find the possible regulatory mechanisms.Results:  HSP47 expression was significantly higher in OSCC specimens than normal epithelium (P < 0.05). No significant difference in HSP47 expression was observed with respect to age, sex, T category, stage, and differentiation (P > 0.05). The lower HSP47 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.015). Arecoline was found to elevate HSP47 expression in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner (P < 0.05). The addition of NAC, PD98059, LY294002, NS398, and herbimycin A markedly inhibited the arecoline‐induced HSP47 expression (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Our findings demonstrated that HSP47 expression is significantly upregulated in areca quid chewing‐associated OSCCs. HSP47 could be used clinically as a marker for lymph node metastasis of oral carcinogenesis. In addition, arecoline‐induced HSP47 expression was downregulated by NAC, PD98059, LY294002, NS398, and herbimycin A.
Mini-radio lobes in AGN core illumination and their hadronic gamma-ray afterlight
Authors: Kino Motoki , Asano Katsuaki 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Recent radio observations reveal the existence of mini-radio lobes in active galaxies with scales of ∼10 pc. The lobes are expected to be filled with shock-accelerated electrons and protons. In this work, we examine the photon spectra from the mini-lobes, properly taking the hadronic processes into account. We find that the resultant broad-band spectra contain the two distinct hadronic bumps in γ-ray bands, i.e. the proton synchrotron bump at ∼1 MeV and the synchrotron bump at ∼1 GeV due to the secondary electrons/positrons produced via photo-pion cascade. In particular, when the duration of particle injection is shorter than the lobe age, radio-dark γ-ray lobes are predicted. The existence of the γ-ray lobes could be testable with the future TeV–γ Cherenkov Telescope Array.
Phase Chemistry Study of the Zabuye Salt Lake Brine: Isothermal Evaporation at 15°C and 25°C
Authors: Zhen NIE , Lingzhong BU , Mianping ZHENG , Yongsheng ZHANG 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:Zabuye Salt Lake in Tibet, China is a carbonate‐type salt lake, which has some unique characteristics that make it different from other types of salt lakes. The lake is at the latter period in its evolution and contains liquid and solid resources. Its brine is rich in Li, B, K and other useful minor elements that are of great economic value. We studied the concentration behavior of these elements and the crystallization paths of salts during isothermal evaporation of brine at 15°C and 25°C. The crystallization sequence of the primary salts from the brine at 25°C is halite (NaCl) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3) → trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) · sylvite (KCl), while the sequence is halite (NaCl) → sylvite (KCl) → trona (Na2CO3·NaHCO3·2H2O) → zabuyelite (Li2CO3) → thermonatrite (Na2CO3·H2O) → aphthitalite (3K2SO4·Na2SO4) at 15°C. They are in accordance with the metastable phase diagram of the Na+, K+‐Cl−, CO32−, SO42−‐H2O quinary system at 25°C, except for Na2CO3·7H2O which is replaced by trona and thermonatrite. In the 25°C experiment, zabuyelite (Li2CO3) was precipitated in the early stage because Li2CO3 is supersaturated in the brine at 25°C, in contrast with that at 15°C, it precipitated in the later stage. Potash was precipitated in the middle and late stages in both experiments, while boron was concentrated in the early and middle stages and precipitated in the late stage.