bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the scanning electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectrometry to locate 14C‐ and 13C‐labelled plant residues within soil aggregates
Authors: Blair Nelly , Prince K. E. , Faulkner R. D. , Till A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are placing emphasis on the necessity for sequestering carbon (C) into soil organic matter (SOM). By studying the interior parts of soil aggregates, a better understanding of the incorporation and sequestration of plant residue materials within these aggregates could be obtained. The location of newly added plant residues within soil aggregates may also assist in the investigation of the impact of these newly added plant materials on soil aggregation. This study investigated two different techniques for determining the location of newly added plant residues within soil aggregates by using plant materials labelled with 14C and 13C isotopes incorporated into two different soil types, Black Earth (Pellic Vertisol) and Red Clay (Chromic Vertisol). Both autoradiography combined with scanning electron microprobe analysis (14C) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) (13C) were successfully used for detecting the presence and location of the newly added plant residues fragments within soil aggregates of both soil types. The use of labelled plant materials is essential for the study of the location of newly added plant materials within soil aggregates, and this has proven to be a useful tool for studying the impact of residue additions on soil aggregate formation. Furthermore, these methods have been shown to be useful for determining the incorporation and sequestration of C materials within soil aggregates. The development of the 13C SIMS technique could alleviate the necessity for the use of the radioactive isotope 14C in soil studies.
Charging compensation of alumina samples by using an oxygen microinjector in the environmental scanning electron microscope
Authors: Quan Xueling , Ji Yuan , Zhang Hong , Zhang Yinqi , Xu Xuedong , Zhong Taoxing 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA gas microinjector system was set up in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) to create an oxygen atmosphere around the alumina samples for the charging compensation under a pressure between 2 × 10−5 Pa ∼ 2 × 10−2 Pa. At low pressures, the skirt effect of the electron scattering can be degraded, which results in improvement of the imaging contrast and increase of the signal/noise ratio. The sample current (ISC) and the Duane‐Hunt limit were measured to evaluate the charging effect.
An interpretive study of students' use of scientific reasoning during a collaborative report writing intervention in ninth grade general science
Authors: Keys Carolyn W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory report writing should promote learners' ability to reason scientifically from data to conclusions, especially if opportunities for collaborative discussion are provided, yet few studies have examined the use of writing as a tool for the development of scientific reasoning skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate scientific reasoning skills used by students in a naturalistic collaborative writing context and changes in students' reasoning discourse over time. During the fall and winter of 1992‐1993, three ninth grade general science classes taught by one teacher participated in a collaborative writing intervention. The students wrote ten collaborative laboratory reports over the course of the intervention. Report guidelines were designed by the teacher and the researcher to assist students with their writing. An interpretive research design was used to study the conversations of three target student pairs in depth. Eleven distinct, yet integrated scientific reasoning skills used to support report composition emerged from the data. The emergent scientific reasoning skills reflected the socially constructed nature of reasoning for collaborative writing. Patterns in the data revealed that all target students used reasoning skills in similar ways to: (a) assess prior models of scientific phenomena; (b) generate new models for scientific phenomena; (c) extend models to new situations; and (d) support other forms of reasoning. One of the target pairs improved their reasoning discourse over time by discussing conceptual meanings more fully and bringing specific information into their conversations. The other two target pairs did not change their reasoning discourse systematically throughout the intervention. The findings of this study suggest that an understanding of socially constructed scientific reasoning skills is important for designing meaningful collaborative activities and assessments in science. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk‐adjusted survival time monitoring with an updating exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart
Authors: Steiner Stefan H. , Jones Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMonitoring medical outcomes is desirable to help quickly detect performance changes. Previous applications have focused mostly on binary outcomes, such as 30‐day mortality after surgery. However, in many applications the survival time data are routinely collected. In this paper, we propose an updating exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart to monitor risk‐adjusted survival times. The updating EWMA (uEWMA) operates in a continuous time; hence, the scores for each patient always reflect the most up‐to‐date information. The uEWMA can be implemented based on a variety of survival‐time models and can be set up to provide an ongoing estimate of a clinically interpretable average patient score. The efficiency of the uEWMA is shown to compare favorably with the competing methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of logrank scores in the analysis of litter‐matched data on time to tumour appearance
Authors: Michalek Joel E. , Mihalko Daniel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreviously, Mantel and Ciminera1 introduced an application of the Mantel‐Haenszel procedure to litter‐matched time‐to‐tumour data on treated and control animals with a device for recovering ‘interlitter information’ from non‐informative litters. An example is given here to show that the Mantel‐Ciminera procedure can confound litter effect and treatment effect; their procedure is shown to produce a large chisquare value on contrived data containing no information on the treatment effect on time to tumour. An alternative procedure is described which completely adjusts for litter effect. This procedure is adaptable to any scoring system. As an illustration, it is carried out with logrank scores to reanalyse the data of Mantel and Ciminera.
Some non‐parametric and categorical data analyses for a change‐over design study and discussion of apparent carry‐over effects
Authors: Koch Gary G. , Gitomer Saul L. , Skalland Lorie , Stokes Maura E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the statistical analysis of data from a pair of two period change‐over design studies from two centers. These studies compared an active treatment with placebo for the relief of heartburn. The principal response variable was whether or not the patient experienced relief for heartburn from a symptom‐provoking meal within 15 minutes of the initial dose of treatment. Other response variables were an ordinal response classification for the pattern of relief for up to two doses and a composite measure for time to relief. Categorical data methods and non‐parametric rank methods for the analysis of such responses are described. A result of interest is the significance of (treatment x period) interaction (i.e. carry‐over effects). It is interpreted as a tendency for less effective placebo treatment in the period following the active period compared with the first period; in contrast, the active treatment was equally effective in both periods. Discussion centers on the implications of this finding for conclusions concerning the comparison of the active treatment with placebo.
Mediating effects of emotional exhaustion on the relationship between job demand–control model and mental health
Authors: Huang Yu‐Hwa , Du Pey‐lan , Chen Chin‐Hui , Yang Chin‐Ann , Huang Ing‐Chung 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study attempted to investigate the role of emotional exhaustion as a mediator on the relationship between job demands–control (JDC) model and mental health. Three‐wave data from 297 employees were collected. The results showed that job demands were positively related to emotional exhaustion, and increasing job demands will increase the level of emotional exhaustion. Job control was negatively associated with emotional exhaustion; therefore, increasing job control will decrease the level of emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion was negatively related to mental health. Emotional exhaustion fully mediated the relationship between job demands and mental health, and partially mediated the positive relationship between job control and mental health. In addition, job control was positively associated with mental health directly. The remarkable finding of the present study was that emotional exhaustion served as the key mediator between the JDC model and mental health. Theoretical and managerial implications and limitations were discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological well‐being and the role of perceived primal threat: evidence from two studies in patient and healthy samples
Authors: Karademas Evangelos C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn two studies we examined the interrelations of threats against four basic human needs (i.e. self‐preservation, social integration, personal identity and growth, and personal worldview), as well as their role in the stress process. These threats are proposed to represent the aspects of a common factor referred to as perceived primal threat (PPT). In the first study, 108 hospitalized patients completed questionnaires about PPT, psychological symptoms and illness threat. In the second study, 100 healthy individuals completed questionnaires about PPT, psychological symptoms, life satisfaction, social support, self‐efficacy and the perceived stressfulness of a recent negative condition. According to the results of both studies, the four PPT aspects were strongly intercorrelated; loaded on a higher order common factor; were associated with psychological symptoms, life satisfaction and stress‐related evaluations (i.e. stressfulness of the condition, self‐efficacy, social support) and mediated the relation of stress‐related evaluations to psychological symptoms in an equivalent way. These findings are in line with our hypotheses, and provide support to the role of PPT in the stress process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized staffing for product releases and its application at Chartwell Technology
Authors: Kapur Puneet , Ngo‐The An , Ruhe Günther , Smith Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRelease planning for incremental software development assigns features to releases such that technical, resource, risk and budget constraints are met. Each feature offers a piece of functionality. A feature can be offered as part of a release only if all its necessary tasks are done before the given release date. These tasks require different skills. Staffing for product releases as considered in this paper is the process of assigning human resources from a given pool of developers who might have varying levels of skill to perform different tasks. In addition to that, we consider time windows of absence of the developers. The primary goal of staffing is to provide product releases of best quality where quality means offering the most attractive features to customers in a timely manner. We call the problem STAFF‐PRO. The problem is known to be NP‐complete. Consequently, we have to be satisfied with solutions that are sufficiently good, but not necessarily optimal in the case of mid‐sized or large problems. Search‐based methods relying on meta‐heuristics have been proven to be successful in similar contexts. In this research, a focused search (FS) method is presented. This refers to a two‐phased solution approach where Phase 1 applies integer linear programming to a relaxed version of the full problem. Its solution is used as a starting point to perform FS in a reduced search space in Phase 2. The search itself is conducted by a genetic algorithm. It generates a solution that fulfills all the stated resource and scheduling constraints and is of a proven degree of optimality. We performed an empirical analysis of the proposed solution approach by comparing FS and unfocused search (UFS) (without Phase 1) for a series of 200 test examples. On average, FS performs about 15% better than UFS. The whole method was applied as an industrial case study performed at Chartwell Technology. The case study demonstrates that application of the FS method to STAFF‐PRO (i) allows a reduction in the time needed for generating acceptable staffing plans, (ii) generates plans of proven quality that are better than manual plans and (iii) supports the various types of re‐planning necessary for varying parameters, budgets and resource. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppressive effects of two bioresponse modifiers, Krestin and Levamisole, on 5‐azacytidine‐induced digital defects in rats
Authors: Kurishita Akihiro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of two bioresponse modifiers, krestin (PSK) and levamisole hydrochloride (levamisole), on 5‐azacytidine (5‐AC)‐induced syndactyly, brachydactyly, and ectrodac‐tyly were investigated. Both PSK and levamisole suppressed 5‐AC‐induced digital malformations in the rat. The effect of PSK was significant when given 24 h before to 1 h after 5‐AC treatment, and levamisole when given 12 h before to 3 h after treatment. Both agents showed an immune‐stimulating effect and have been used as cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. However, as the contribution of fetal or maternal immune functions or the alleviation action is unknown, further investigations are required to clarify the mechanism.
Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of paraquat in Hordeum vulgare and human lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Jovtchev Gabriele , Gateva Svetla , Stergios Mila , Kulekova Stanislava 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo phylogenetically distant types of test‐systems—root tip meristems of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and human lymphocytes in vitro were used to detect genotoxicity and cytotoxicity induced by the herbicide paraquat (PQ) in the concentration range (10−6 to 5 × 10−4 mol/l). As an endpoint for cytotoxicity the mitotic index (MI) was evaluated. The frequency of chromosome aberrations (CA) and the frequency of micronuclei (MN) were used as endpoints for genotoxicity. A dose‐dependent increase of CA and MN was observed in both test systems, although the values for PQ‐induced MN were somewhat lower. The increase of the genotoxic effect corresponds to a decrease of mitotic activity. The structurally reconstructed barley karyotype MK14/2034 allowed the allocation of the PQ‐specific features of aberration distribution patterns and gave information about which chromosome segments in different chromosomal positions were involved in induced aberrations. Paraquat produced preferably isochromatid breaks and “aberration hot spots” in a restricted number of heterochromatin‐containing segments. The comparative analysis of susceptibility in the used test‐systems to PQ with respect to its cytotoxic and clastogenic effect showed that the human lymphocytes were more sensitive than Hordeum vulgare. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Toxic effect of the harmful dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides on the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus
Authors: Dorantes‐Aranda Juan José , García‐de la Parra Luz María , Alonso‐Rodríguez Rosalba , Morquecho Lourdes , Voltolina Domenico 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides isolated from Bahía de La Paz, Gulf of California, showed an important short‐term toxic effect on the spotted rose snapper Lutjanus guttatus. This microalga was able to decrease fish liver catalase activity and lipid peroxidation. Fish exposed to live dinoflagellates developed an abnormal mucus secretion on the gills that was directly related to algal cell concentration. Hepatic catalase inhibition and an increase in mucus secretion on the gills occurred when fish were exposed to 2 × 106 cells L–1 of C. polykrikoides. Lipid peroxidation was significantly different at 4 × 106 cells L–1 and the hepatosomatic index decreased at 3 × 106 cells L–1. Our results suggest that oxidative stress contributes, at least in part, to the ichthyotoxic effect of C. polykrikoides from the Gulf of California. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 319–326, 2010.
First‐trimester measurement of the ductus venosus pulsatility index and the prediction of congenital heart defects
Authors: Timmerman E. , Clur S. A. , Pajkrt E. , Bilardo C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveThis study was carried out to evaluate the additional predictive value of ductus venosus pulsatility index for veins (DV‐PIV) in the identification of congenital heart defects (CHDs) in fetuses with an enlarged nuchal translucency (NT) and a normal karyotype.MethodsAll chromosomally normal fetuses referred to our Fetal Medicine Unit between September 1996 and December 2008 with known NT, DV‐PIV and ductus venosus (DV) a‐wave measurements were included. Intrafetus variation in DV‐PIV was overcome by averaging three recordings. Follow‐up included special focus on CHD. The odds of CHD at any NT and DV‐PIV value were evaluated using logistic regression analysis.ResultsOf 792 fetuses included, the NT was enlarged (equal to or above the 95th percentile (P95)) in 318 (40.2%). The DV‐PIV was abnormal (≥ P95) in 41.8% of the fetuses with an enlarged NT and the a‐wave was abnormal (negative or reversed) in 29.9%. CHD was diagnosed in 35 fetuses, 33 of which had an enlarged NT. Amongst the fetuses with an enlarged NT, the sensitivities for CHD of abnormal DV‐PIV and DV a‐wave were 73% and 55%, with specificities of 62% and 73%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that in this risk group the DV‐PIV multiple of the median (MoM) (as a continuous variable) was significantly associated with the risk of CHD (odds ratio = 2.4), independent of the degree of NT enlargement, whereas the DV a‐wave did not significantly add to the prediction of CHD.ConclusionTwo‐thirds of fetuses with an enlarged NT, a normal karyotype and CHD have an increased DV‐PIV. DV‐PIV can be used as continuous variable in combination with NT to increase specificity in the identification of CHD and to refine the individual risk assessment. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What does magnetic resonance imaging add to the prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of facial clefts?
Authors: Mailáth‐Pokorny M. , Worda C. , Krampl‐Bettelheim E. , Watzinger F. , Brugger P. C. , Prayer D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveUltrasound is the modality of choice for prenatal detection of cleft lip and palate. Because its accuracy in detecting facial clefts, especially isolated clefts of the secondary palate, can be limited, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used as an additional method for assessing the fetus. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of fetal MRI in the prenatal diagnosis of facial clefts.MethodsThirty‐four pregnant women with a mean gestational age of 26 (range, 19–34) weeks underwent in utero MRI, after ultrasound examination had identified either a facial cleft (n = 29) or another suspected malformation (micrognathia (n = 1), cardiac defect (n = 1), brain anomaly (n = 2) or diaphragmatic hernia (n = 1)). The facial cleft was classified postnatally and the diagnoses were compared with the previous ultrasound findings.ResultsThere were 11 (32.4%) cases with cleft of the primary palate alone, 20 (58.8%) clefts of the primary and secondary palate and three (8.8%) isolated clefts of the secondary palate. In all cases the primary and secondary palate were visualized successfully with MRI. Ultrasound imaging could not detect five (14.7%) facial clefts and misclassified 15 (44.1%) facial clefts. The MRI classification correlated with the postnatal/postmortem diagnosis.ConclusionsIn our hands MRI allows detailed prenatal evaluation of the primary and secondary palate. By demonstrating involvement of the palate, MRI provides better detection and classification of facial clefts than does ultrasound alone. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in analysis of transcriptional regulatory networks
Authors: Kim Tae‐Min , Park Peter J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA transcriptional regulatory network represents a molecular framework in which developmental or environmental cues are transformed into differential expression of genes. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by the combinatorial interplay between cis‐regulatory DNA elements and trans‐acting transcription factors, and is perhaps the most important mechanism for controlling gene expression. Recent innovations, most notably the method for detecting protein–DNA interactions genome‐wide, can help provide a comprehensive catalog of cis‐regulatory elements and their interaction with given trans‐acting factors in a given condition. A transcriptional regulatory network that integrates such information can lead to a systems‐level understanding of regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we will highlight the key aspects of current knowledge on eukaryotic transcriptional regulation, especially on known transcription factors and their interacting regulatory elements. Then we will review some recent technical advances for genome‐wide mapping of DNA–protein interactions based on high‐throughput sequencing. Finally, we will discuss the types of biological insights that can be obtained from a network‐level understanding of transcription regulation as well as future challenges in the field. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 21–35 DOI:10.1002/wsbm.105This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Analytical Methods
Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Macromolecular Interactions, Methods
Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology
Chemical Vapour Transport of Bismuth and Antimony Chalcogenides M2Q3 (M = Sb, Bi, Q = Se, Te)
Authors: Schöneich Michael , Schmidt Marcus P. , Schmidt Peer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThermodynamic modelling of the ternary systems M/Q/I (M = Sb, Bi, Q = Se, Te) indicated solid‐gas equilibria suitable for chemical vapour transport of bismuth and antimony chalcogenides. The predictions of the modelling were confirmed by transport experiments on a transport balance. The optimum transport conditions using iodine as transport agent were determined for all systems to: ϑsource = 500 °C and ϑsink = 450 °C. For ΔT > 50 K the sequential transport of chalcogenide iodides MQI followed by M2Q3 occurs. Thermodynamic standard data of the gas species SbI(g) were concluded from equilibrium calculations: ΔH0f,298(SbI(g)) = 106 ± 3 kJ·mol–1; S0298(SbI(g)) = 255 ± 3 J·mol–1·K–1; Cp(SbI(g)) = 37 ± 1 J·mol–1·K–1