bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of a Macroporous Microwell Array for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Zamuner Martina , Talaga David , Deiss Frédérique , Guieu Valérie , Kuhn Alexander , Ugo Paolo , Sojic Neso 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHere, a colloidal templating procedure for generating high‐density arrays of gold macroporous microwells, which act as discrete sites for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), is reported. Development of such a novel array with discrete macroporous sites requires multiple fabrication steps. First, selective wet‐chemical etching of the distal face of a coherent optical fiber bundle produces a microwell array. The microwells are then selectively filled with a macroporous structure by electroless template synthesis using self‐assembled nanospheres. The fabricated arrays are structured at both the micrometer and nanometer scale on etched imaging bundles. Confocal Raman microscopy is used to detect a benzenethiol monolayer adsorbed on the macroporous gold and to map the spatial distribution of the SERS signal. The Raman enhancement factor of the modified wells is investigated and an average enhancement factor of 4 × 104 is measured. This demonstrates that such nanostructured wells can enhance the local electromagnetic field and lead to a platform of ordered SERS‐active micrometer‐sized spots defined by the initial shape of the etched optical fibers. Since the fabrication steps keep the initial architecture of the optical fiber bundle, such ordered SERS‐active platforms fabricated onto an imaging waveguide open new applications in remote SERS imaging, plasmonic devices, and integrated electro‐optical sensor arrays.
Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic Surface from a Smectic Liquid‐Crystal Defect Array
Authors: Kim Yun Ho , Yoon Dong Ki , Jeong Hyeon Su , Kim Jung Hyun , Yoon Eun Kyoung , Jung Hee‐Tae 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA novel fabrication method is developed for the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces. The procedure uses focal conic structures of semi‐fluorinated smectic liquid crystals (LCs) whose periodic toric focal conic domains (TFCDs) are prepared on a surface modified substrate. Reactive ion etching (RIE) on the periodic TFCD surface leads to a superhydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of ∼160° and a sliding angle of ∼2° for a 10 µL water droplet. The results show that this phenomenon is due to the development of a dual‐scale surface roughness arising from the nanoscale protuberance caused by applying the RIE process to the top of the microscale TFCD arrays. The unique surface behavior is further verified by demonstrating that RIE on a flat lamellar liquid crystal film, in which the director is aligned parallel with surface, results in a relatively low hydrophobicity as compared to when periodic TFCDs are subjected to REI. The observations made in this publication suggest that a new approach exists for selecting potential candidates of superhydrophic surface formation based on spontaneous self‐assembly in smectic liquid‐crystalline materials.
Sociodemographic determinants of growth among Malian adolescent females
Authors: Leslie Timothy F. , Pawloski Lisa R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn Africa, research concerning the social determinants of poor nutritional status has typically focused on children under 5 years of age and has used defined categorical boundaries based on international reference standards. In this article, stunting and wasting of 1,157 Malian adolescent girls is measured through both categorical and continuous data. The focus on adolescent girls is significant because there is relatively little literature examining this group, and because adolescence marks the time when girls gain greater workload responsibilities, autonomy of food choices, and, as a result of the adolescent growth spurt, require the greatest amount of caloric intake respective to their weight since infancy. To differentiate stunting and wasting causes, a number of socioeconomic, geographic, and demographic factors are explored. The findings suggest that continuous data provides a basis for modeling stunting and wasting superior to utilizing international reference categories. Estimations show that decreasing age, the presence of servants, a greater number of wives in a compound, and residence in a large urban area correlate with improved nutritional status while wealthier families appear to correlate with greater stunting and wasting, and no correlation exists with estimated energy expenditure. Future studies should incorporate continuous data, and the need exists for greater analysis of social determinants of growth indicators among adolescent females. Further, these findings have significant implications in the development of nutrition intervention programs aimed at the vulnerable population in Mali, leading us to conclude that factors beyond socioeconomic indicators such as household structure and location should be more fully examined. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Support of association between BRD1 and both schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Nyegaard Mette , Severinsen Jacob E. , Als Thomas D. , Hedemand Anne , Straarup Steen , Nordentoft Merete , McQuillin Andrew , Bass Nicholas , Lawrence Jacob , Thirumalai Srinivasa , Pereira Ana C.P. , Kandaswamy Radhika , Lydall Gregory J. , Sklar Pamela , Scolnick Edward , Purcell Shaun , Curtis David , Gurling Hugh M.D. , Mortensen Preben B. , Mors Ole , Børglum Anders D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA recent study published by our group implicated the bromodomain containing protein 1 (BRD1) gene located at chromosome 22q13.33 with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar affective disorder (BPD) susceptibility and provided evidence suggesting a possible role for BRD1 in neurodevelopment. The present study reports an association analysis of BRD1 and the neighboring gene ZBED4 using a Caucasian case–control sample from Denmark and England (UK/DK sample: 490 patients with BPD, 527 patients with SZ, and 601 control individuals), and genotypes obtained from a BPD genome wide association (GWA) study of an overlapping English sample comprising 506 patients with BPD and 510 control individuals (UCL sample). In the UK/DK sample we genotyped 11 SNPs in the BRD1 region, of which six showed association with SZ (minimal single marker P‐values of 0.0014), including two SNPs that previously showed association in a Scottish population [Severinsen et al. (2006); Mol Psychiatry 11(12): 1126–1138]. Haplotype analysis revealed specific risk as well as protective haplotypes with a minimal P‐value of 0.0027. None of the 11 SNPs showed association with BPD. However, analyzing seven BRD1 SNPs obtained from the BPD GWA study, positive associations with BPD was observed with all markers (minimal P‐value of 0.0014). The associations reported add further support for the implication of BRD1 with SZ and BPD susceptibility. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption properties of microwave synthesized inorgano–organo montmorillonite
Authors: Emreol Miray , Soycan Nefset , Yapar Saadet 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine the adsorption properties of microwave synthesized inorgano–organo montmorillonites. Microwave irradiation is preferred because of its low time and energy consumption properties, forming an advantage in industrial applications. In addition to the intercalation of Keggin and hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA+) cations, the aging process of pillaring solution was also carried out through the microwave irradiation. Both inorgano clays, namely the parents, and their inorgano–organo derivatives, were prepared by using the same amounts of aluminum by keeping the OH−/Al3+ and Al3+/clay ratios constant. The HDTMA+/clay ratio was changed in inorgano‐organo clays (IOCs) during the preparation. The effects of these parameters on the surface properties and adsorption behaviors of the samples were investigated by conducting X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and simultaneous thermal analyses (STA), as well as batch adsorption experiments, in which phenol was used as a model pollutant. The results of XRD analyses reveal that the intercalation is successfully achieved. The existence of the Keggin and HDTMA+ cations was observed in FTIR spectra of the samples. Through the STA, it was determined that the existence of organic layer increases the dehydroxylation temperature and the thermal behavior of inorgano‐organo montmorillonites strongly depends on the structure of the parent clay. An increase in the adsorption efficiencies with increasing HDTMA+/clay ratio was observed, except with the highest ratio. The behavior of this sample was explained by the formation of the second HDTMA+ layer leading to the hydrophilic surface formation. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The water‐gas shift reaction: from conventional catalytic systems to Pd‐based membrane reactors—a review
Authors: Mendes D. , Mendes A. , Madeira L. M. , Iulianelli A. , Sousa J. M. , Basile A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe water‐gas shift (WGS) reaction is a well‐known step for upgrading carbon monoxide to hydrogen in the production of synthesis gas. For more than 90 years after its first industrial application, many issues in respect of the catalyst, process configuration, reactor design, reaction mechanisms and kinetics have been investigated. More recently, a renewed interest in the WGS reaction carried out in hydrogen perm‐selective membrane reactors (MRs) has been observed because of the growing use of polymeric electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells that operate using high‐purity hydrogen. Moreover, MRs are viewed as an interesting technology in order to overcome the equilibrium conversion limitations in traditional reactors.This article reviews the most relevant topics of WGS MR technology—catalysis and membrane science. The most used catalysts and relevant progress achieved so far are described and critically reviewed. The effects of the most important parameters affecting the WGS in MRs are detailed. In addition, an overview on the most used membranes in MRs is also presented and discussed. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reforming diesel‐fuel distillates with membrane reactors
Authors: Mundschau Michael V. , Gribble David A. , Henton Lee M. , Jentzsch Nicholas R. , Plassmeyer Paul N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA porous‐membrane reactor is used to produce H2 and CO by dry partial oxidation of volatile hydrocarbons distilled from diesel fuel. To eliminate deposition of thermodynamically and kinetically favored carbon onto reactor walls as the fuel is heated, cool air is brought into reactors through porous walls of refractory, zirconia‐based ceramic. Flow of air through reactor walls suppresses alkyl‐radical polymerization that otherwise leads to formation of tar and soot in the reformer heating zone. Diesel fuel is distilled just below 200 °C to avoid cracking of long‐chain n‐alkanes. The volatile distillates enter the reformer in the vapor phase, eliminating need for complex liquid‐fuel injectors and mixers. Volatile distillates are relatively easily reformed, eliminating soot and most naphthalene in the exhaust, converting 88 mole% of carbon in the distillate into CO, 7% into CH4, and 5% into CO2. Approximately 75 mole% of the hydrogen is converted into H2, 13% into CH4, and the remainder into H2O. Synthesis gas produced from diesel fuel distillates could fuel solid‐oxide fuel cells or regenerate NOx traps used in pollution control. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State of the art of carbon molecular sieves supported on tubular ceramics for gas separation applications
Authors: Briceño Kelly , Garcia‐Valls Ricard , Montané Daniel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDuring recent years, research into alternative power generation and less polluting vehicles has been directed towards the fabrication of compact and efficient devices using hydrogen fuel cells. As a compact viable proposal, membrane reactors (MR) have been studied as means of providing a fuel cell with an on‐board supply device for pure hydrogen streams obtained by reforming hydrocarbons. However, the development of MRs is strongly dependant on the membrane having high permeation flux and high selectivity ratios towards H2 in a mixture of gases. To meet this need, carbon membranes are proposed materials, which have pores that are the same size as the kinetic diameters of syngases. These would provide an alternative to polymers, metals and ceramics in MR applications. Moreover, a tubular shape is a highly recommended configuration for achieving a compact and large reaction surface area. However, it is not easy to obtain a supported and amorphous carbon layer from polymer pyrolysis because the fabrication methods, the type of precursor material, characteristics of the support and pyrolysis conditions are all closely connected. The combination of all these factors and the stability problems of carbon membranes have limited the use of carbon molecular sieves (CMS) in large‐scale applications. This review attempts to provide an overview of the use of carbon membranes in MRs for gas separation. It also reviews the advances in the materials, fabrication methods and characterisation techniques of specific supported carbon molecular sieve membranes that have been supported on tubular carriers so they can take advantage of the high permeation and selectivity values previously reported for unsupported CMS. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionomeric modification of a metallocene‐based polyolefinic elastomer and its influence on the physicomechanical properties: Effects of the crystallinity and pendent chain length
Authors: Biswas Anjan , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit , Singha Nikhil K. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA new class of ionomer was developed through the grafting of acrylic acid onto a metallocene‐based poly(ethylene octene) elastomer, followed by its neutralization with zinc acetate. The ionomeric product was characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy studies. The effect of the crystallinity and pendent chain length on the ionomeric modification was also studied through the variation of the level and nature of comonomer, respectively. The impact of these ionomeric modifications on various physicomechanical properties was thoroughly investigated with differential scanning calorimetry and mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermogravimetric analysis, and the resulting properties were correlated with the structure of the modified elastomers. The ionomerization of the base elastomers caused a significant improvement in the mechanical and thermal properties compared to the corresponding pristine elastomer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Modification of κ‐carrageenan by graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid: Synthesis and applications
Authors: Tripathy Jasaswini , Mishra Dinesh Kumar , Yadav Mithilesh , Sand Arpit , Behari Kunj 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this article, the synthesis of κ‐carrageenan‐g‐methacrylic acid has been reported by free radical polymerization initiated by Potassium peroxymonosulphate/glycolic acid redox pair under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction conditions have been optimized by varying the reaction conditions, including the concentration of monomer, peroxymonosulphate, glycolic acid, sulphuric acid, κ‐carrageenan along with reaction time and temperature. It has been observed that the maximum yield has been obtained at time 120 min, temperature 40°C, at 20 × 10−2 mol dm−3 concentration of methacrylic acid, 1.0 g dm−3 concentration of κ‐carrageenan and 16 × 10−3 mol dm−3 concentration of peroxymonosulphate. The graft copolymer is characterized by Forier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Thermal analysis. Water swelling capacity of graft copolymer has been determined. Intrinsic viscosity has been obtained for both grafted and ungrafted κ‐carrageenan. Metal ion sorption and flocculation performance of synthesized graft copolymer has been studied with respect to the ungrafted substrate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of high metal‐complexation linear elastomers containing sym‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine rings
Authors: Sayed Abdelwahed R. , Wiggins Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe report the synthesis of polyurethane‐urea elastomers containing 1,2,4,5‐tetrazine covalently reacted within the main chains of the polymers. Our study investigates the synthesis of 3,6‐diamino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine (DAT), the polymerization reaction conditions for reacting DAT into the backbone of segmented polyurethane elastomers, and the metal‐complexation capabilities of tetrazine‐containing elastomers with cobalt (II) chloride. Tetrazines are highly colored and electro‐active heterocyclic moieties, which have a very high electron affinity which make them reducible at high to very high potentials. Upon complexation with metals, we observed a strong color shift of the polymers from deep red to blue indicating the binding efficacy for the polymers. We quantified the metal‐complexation capability of the tetrazine elastomers and determined a molar ratio of approximately two metal atoms per tetrazine allowing us to provide a plausible complexation mechanism for the active polymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Application of crosslinked carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan in speciation of dissolved Fe(II) and Fe(III) in water samples
Authors: Shen Min , Dai Ke , Wei Xing , Li Shengqing , Xue Aifang , Chen Hao 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA new solid‐phase extraction technique has been developed for the speciation of trace dissolved Fe(II) and Fe(III) in environmental water samples with a microcolumn packed with crosslinked carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan (CCMKGM) prior to its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Various influencing factors on the separation and preconcentration of Fe(II) and Fe(III), such as the acidity of the aqueous solution, sample flow rate and volume, and eluent concentration and volume, have been investigated systematically and optimized. Fe(III) could be quantitatively retained by CCMKGM in the pH range of 3.0–7.0, then the retained Fe(III) on the CCMKGM was eluted with 5.0 mol L−1 HCl after cleaning with 0.01 mol L−1 HCl to eliminate Fe(II) and determined by FAAS. Total Fe was determined after the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) by H2O2, and Fe(II) concentration was calculated by subtracting Fe(III) from total iron. The adsorption capacity of CCMKGM for Fe(III) was found to be as high as 162.3 mg g−1. The detection limit (3σ) for Fe(III) was 1.5 μg L−1 and the RSD was 3.5% (n = 11, c = 20 μg L−1) with an enrichment factor of 50. The proposed method has been applied to the speciation of iron in water samples with satisfactory results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Studies on the preparation and properties of inorganic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on tetraethoxysilane and silane coupling agents
Authors: Lee Sung‐Chuan , Lin Hui‐Min , Chen Hui 
Published: August 2009

AbstractInorganic molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based on tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), methyl triethoxysilane (MTEOS), and phenyl triethoxysilane (PTEOS) by sol‐gel process has been developed. The MIP's preparation conditions, H2O/Si molar ratios (R), template removal procedures, calcination temperatures, and quantity of ammonium hydroxide were investigated. The competition experiments of the MIP for template (caffeine, CAF) and analogue (theophylline, TH) were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the AdCAF decreased with an increase of the H2O/Si molar ratios, but the selectivity (α) increased with an increase of the H2O/Si molar ratios in the MIP. In addition, in a comparison of the procedures for removing the template, calcination obtained better efficiency and higher selectivity than extraction. The optimum adsorption and selectivity of MIP were obtained with R = 10 and the template was removed by calcination at 600°C. Moreover, the selectivity of the MIP (283.9) was greater than the nonimprinted polymer (2.45) under optimum preparation conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effect of molecular weight of epoxidized natural rubber on shear strength of adhesives
Authors: Poh B. T. , Yong A.T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe dependence of shear strength of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)‐based adhesives on molecular weight of the rubber is studied using coumarone–indene resin, gum rosin, and petro resin as tackifiers. The adhesive was coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film substrate using a SHEEN hand coater at various coating thickness. The shear strength of adhesives was determined by a Texture Analyzer. Results show a maximum at 6.63 × 104 and 4.14 × 104 for ENR 25 and ENR 50, respectively, after which the shear strength decreases with further increases in molecular weight for all the coating thickness. This observation is attributed to varying degree of cohesiveness which culminates at the respective optimum molecular weight of ENR. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effects of air plasma treatment on tribological properties of hybrid PTFE/Kevlar fabric composite
Authors: Zhang Hui‐Juan , Zhang Zhao‐Zhu , Guo Fang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHybrid PTFE/Kevlar fabric was surface‐modified by air plasma to improve the adhesion to phenolic resin. The tribological properties of fabric composite with or without plasma‐treated hybrid PTFE/Kevlar fabric were investigated in detail. Friction and wear tests showed that friction‐reducing and antiwear ability of hybrid PTFE/Kevlar fabric composite were remarkably improved after plasma treatment. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicated that the fiber surfaces were etched and the contents of oxygen and nitrogen increased after plasma treatment, which was favorable for improved fiber/resin bonding strength. The enhancement contributed to the improved tribological properties of hybrid PTFE/Kevlar fabric composite after plasma treatment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Structural changes evidenced by rheology in PPgMA nanocomposites during oxidative ageing
Authors: Fordiani F. , Aubry T. , Grohens Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMaleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PPgMA) reinforced by layered silicates was studied using rheological investigation techniques, to probe the degree of exfoliation of the clay particles in the melt state at 190°C. The rheological properties of the composites were investigated as a function of the ageing time and interpreted in terms of degree of dispersion of the clay platelets in the maleic anhydride modified polypropylene matrix. The interpretation in terms of exfoliation degree was confirmed by wide angle X‐ray scattering and nano‐secondary ions mass spectroscopy experiments. Chemical reaction, promoted by oxygen, of maleic anhydride with hydroxyl groups located on clay platelet edges, is one of the major mechanisms involved in the exfoliation process highlighted in this study. PP chain segment thermal motions as well as moderate shear were shown to be required in order to achieve clay exfoliation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009