bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating program analyses with programmer productivity tools
Authors: von Dincklage Daniel , Diwan Amer 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBecause software continues to grow in size and complexity, programmers increasingly rely on productivity tools to understand, debug, and modify their programs. These tools typically use program analyses to produce information for the programmer. This is problematic because it is based on the assumption that the programmer and program analyses all use the same vocabulary. If the programmer and analyses did not use the same vocabulary then the results of the analyses will be meaningless to the programmer. For example, ‘v124 may be NULL’ does not mean much to the programmer but ‘myStack may be NULL’ is meaningful. Often, the programmer and analyses prefer different vocabularies. While the programmer prefers his programs' source code, an analysis will prefer a simplified representation. Unfortunately, writing an analysis that works on the source code is difficult because the analysis must deal with the idiosyncracies of the source language (e.g. nested classes). In comparison, writing an analysis on SSA form is easy but the output of the analysis is not meaningful to the programmer; it must somehow be translated into something the programmer understands. We present a system, RTalk, that makes it easy to support both the programmers' and the analysis' needs. RTalk generates a translator between the programmers' and the analysis' vocabulary. Thus both the programmer and the analysis can use the vocabulary most natural to them. We demonstrate the effectiveness of RTalk by describing program understanding and program optimization tools that we have already built using RTalk. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 10‐year experience of laparoscopic surgery for adnexal masses during pregnancy
Authors: Koo Yu‐Jin , Lee Ji‐Eun , Lim Kyung‐Taek , Shim Jae‐Uk , Mok Jung‐Eun , Kim Tae‐Jin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the clinicopathologic outcomes of laparoscopic surgery for adnexal masses during pregnancy.MethodsIn a retrospective study, the medical records of 88 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for adnexal masses during pregnancy between 2000 and 2009 were reviewed.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 30.1 years (range 21–40 years), and the mean gestational age at surgery was 11.6 weeks (4.6–23.6 weeks). The mean diameter of the mass on sonography was 7.5 cm (1.8–18 cm). Pathologically, the most common tumor was a mature cystic teratoma (35.2%), and the prevalence of malignancy was 6.8%. Emergency surgery due to torsion was performed in 28 patients (31.8%). Two spontaneous abortions occurred, both after emergency surgery. The frequency of obstetric complications, such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, use of tocolytics for preterm labor, low Apgar score, and fetal anomaly, was acceptable.ConclusionLaparoscopic surgery for adnexal masses during pregnancy provided tolerable outcomes for the fetus and the mother. In the future, larger prospective clinical trials are necessary to elucidate fully the impact on the fetus.
Ethical dilemmas in women's health in under‐resourced settings
Authors: Wilkinson Jeffrey P. , Lyerly Anne D. , Masenga Gileard , Hayat Sumera K. , Prabhu Malavika 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEthical decision making in women's health presents a series of unique challenges that are exacerbated considerably in under‐resourced settings. Severe constraints on both autonomy and resources highlight limitations of principle‐based ethics for addressing ethical dilemmas. Other useful ethical “tools” are considered in the context of 2 cases that emphasize the challenges to ethical decision making in under‐resourced settings. The cases confront traditional notions of patient autonomy, highlight pervasive issues with regard to allocation of resources, and demonstrate the difficulties encountered in the careful application of medical ethics.
The implementation of elder-care in France and Sweden: a macro and micro perspective
Authors: JÖNSSON INGRID , DAUNE-RICHARD ANNE-MARIE , ODENA SOPHIE , RING MAGNUS 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents results from a comparative project on the implementation of elder-care in France and Sweden. The transition to requiring care is understood as a process, and elder-care is seen as a part of a more general organisation of social care that reflects different welfare traditions. An overview of elder-care on the institutional level in the two countries is supplemented by case studies from the perspective of older people which identify ways of co-operation between actors, such as public eldercare providers, family members and help provided by profit and non-profit organisations. The interviews include approximately 20 older persons in each country as well as a small number of administrators and adult children. The study sheds light on how policies are implemented on the local level and puts the focus on who actually does what and when for older persons with care needs. The different roles played by the state, the family, the market and civil society are examined. Family members in France take on a more active role both as co-ordinators of care and as actual caregivers. The study shows that gender and social class remain associated with caring but that such differences are much larger in France than in Sweden.
Stiefel–Whitney numbers for singular varieties
Authors: McTAGUE CARL 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper determines which Stiefel–Whitney numbers can be defined for singular varieties compatibly with small resolutions. First an upper bound is found by identifying theF2-vector space of Stiefel–Whitney numbers invariant under classical flops, equivalently by computing the quotient of the unoriented bordism ring by the total spaces ofRP3bundles. These Stiefel–Whitney numbers are then defined for any real projective normal Gorenstein variety and shown to be compatible with small resolutions whenever they exist. In light of Totaro's result [Tot00] equating the complex elliptic genus with complex bordism modulo flops, equivalently complex bordism modulo the total spaces of3bundles, these findings can be seen as hinting at a new elliptic genus, one for unoriented manifolds.
The impact of a workplace catering initiative on dietary intakes of salt and other nutrients: a pilot study
Authors: Geaney F , Harrington J , Fitzgerald AP , Perry IJ 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveOwing to modern lifestyles, individuals are dependent on out-of-home eating. The catering sector can have a pivotal role in influencing our food choices. The objective of the present study was to examine the impact of a structured catering initiative on food choices in a public sector workplace setting.DesignA cross-sectional comparison study in two hospitals, one of which had implemented a catering initiative designed to provide nutritious food while reducing sugar, fat and salt intakes.SettingTwo public sector hospitals in Cork, Ireland.SubjectsA total of 100 random participants aged 18–64 years (fifty intervention, fifty non-intervention) who consumed at least one main meal in the hospital staff canteen daily. Each respondent was asked to complete one anonymous 24 h dietary recall and questionnaire. Food and nutrient analysis was conducted using WISP (Weighed Intake Software Program).ResultsReported mean intakes of total sugars (P< 0·001), total fat (P< 0·000), saturated fat (P< 0·000) and salt (P< 0·046) were significantly lower in the intervention hospital when adjusted for age and gender. In the intervention hospital, 72 % of respondents, compared with 42 % in the non-intervention hospital, complied with the recommended under-3 daily servings of food high in fat and sugar (P< 0·005). In the intervention hospital, 43 % of respondents exceeded the recommended salt intake of 4–6 g/d, compared with 57 % in the non-intervention hospital.ConclusionsStructured catering initiatives in the workplace are a potentially important option in the promotion of healthy food choices. Targeted public health programmes and health policy changes are needed to motivate caterers in the public sector and other industries to develop interventions that promote a healthy diet.
Detecting sp2-bonded carbon in diamond using optically detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Jones G. O. , Roberts O. R. , Williams G. T. , Langstaff D. P. , Poolton N. R. J. , Martineau P. , Fisher D. , Lawson S. , Evans D. A. 
Published: January 2011

Optically detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy (ODXAS) and X-ray excited optical luminescence (XEOL) have been applied in parallel to the study of local bonding in luminescent diamonds. Imaging ODXAS and XEOL reveal correlations between lateral variation in colour (transmitted light and luminescence) and local carbon bonding in selected samples showing strong optical absorption contrast. Dark regions of the crystals viewed in transmitted light correlate with a lower total luminescence yield when excited with soft X-rays of photon energy ~280 eV. ODXAS reveals a higher proportion of sp2-bonded carbon species in darker (less luminescent) regions associated with graphitic micro-inclusions.
Erratum: Survival of Escherichia coli in the environment: fundamental and public health aspects
Authors: van Elsas Jan Dirk , Semenov Alexander V , Costa Rodrigo , Trevors Jack T 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal advance online publication, 24 June 2010; doi: 10.1038/ismej.2010.80 The authors of the above article have noticed a misprint in the publication of their paper. This occurs in the second sentence of the introduction. The sentence should read: ‘On the basis of genomic information, the species has been divided into five (four major) different phylogenetic groups, denoted as A, B1, B2, D and E (Touchon et al.
The CALBC RDF Triple store: retrieval over large literature content
Authors: Croset Samuel , Grabmüller Christoph , Li Chen , Kavaliauskas Silvestras , Rebholz-Schuhmann Dietrich 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Background
Integration of the scientific literature into a biomedical research infrastructure requires the processing of the literature, identification of the contained named entities (NEs) and concepts, and to represent the content in a standardised way. Little efforts have been spent on the integration of content from the literature text into RDF Triple Stores.The CALBC project partners (PPs) have produced a large-scale annotated biomedical corpus with four different semantic groups through the harmonisation of annotations from automatic text mining solutions, the first version of the Silver Standard Corpus I (SSC-I). The four semantic groups were chemical entities and drugs (CHED), genes and proteins (PRGE), diseases and disorders (DISO) and species (SPE). The annotations of the corpus has been transformed into RDF Triple Store representation to query the content in combination with bioinformatics data resources (UniProtKb, ArrayExpress) using RDF query language (SPARQL).

Results
All four PPs from the CALBC project contributed annotated data sets for generating the SSC-I and in addition, 12 challenge participants (CPs) provided annotated data sets for evaluation against the SSC-I and for the generation of the SSC-II. The SSC-II contains the following annotations: CHED 238,431, PRGE 435,797, DISO 245,524, and SPE 304,503. The content of the SSC-II has been fully integrated into RDF Triple Store (4,568,678 triples) and has been aligned with content from the GeneAtlas (182,840 triples), UniProtKb (12,552,239 triples for human) and the lexical resource LexEBI (BioLexicon). RDF Triple Store enables querying the scientific literature and bioinformatics resources at the same time for evidence for gene-disease links that involve immunological processes. In total the CALBC RDF Triple Store makes use of 1,224,255 annotations in the corpus for exposing links between the entities supported by the evidence in the text. RDF Triple Store is implemented as a retrieval engine that allows querying for collocations of named entities and associated relevant information from the bioinformatics data resources (UniProtKb, ArrayExpress).

Conclusions
The CALBC RDF Triple Store is the first of its kind that exposes content extracted from the scientific literature in combination with a large scale terminological resource to enable querying for causes of immunological diseases across the most relevant bioinformatics data resources.
Observation of ultrafast Q-band fluorescence in horse heart cytochrome c in reduced and oxidized forms
Authors: Suemoto Tohru , Ebihara Hideaki , Nakao Hiroyuki , Nakajima Makoto 
Published: January 2011

The dynamics of fluorescence from horse heart cytochrome c is investigated in reduced (ferrous) and oxidized (ferric) forms by a streak camera and an up-conversion technique under B-band excitation at 415 nm. In the reduced form, we found the Q-band emission at 550 and 600 nm originated from the S1 state in a short time range. A very broad continuum observed from 440 to 660 nm had only shown a slow component and was assigned to impurity. In the reduced form, the lifetime of S1 was determined to be 120 fs by using the up-conversion technique. In the oxidized form, the S1 lifetime was estimated to be 21 fs. These values are consistent with the values estimated from the quantum yield in order of their magnitude.
Effect of mineral nutritional status on shoot-root partitioning of photoassimilates and cycling of mineral nutrients
Authors: Marschner H. , Kirkby E. A. , Cakmak I. 
Published: January 2011

Mineral nutrients taken up by the roots are, as a rule, transported in the xylem to the shoot, and photoassimilates transported in the phloem to the roots. According to the Thornley model of photosynthate partitioning, nutrient deficiencies should favour photosynthate partitioning to the roots. Examples are cited to show that this preferential partitioning is dependent on phloem mobility and hence on nutrient cycling from shoot to roots. Thus, root growth is enhanced under nitrogen and phosphorus deficiencies, but not under deficiencies of nutrients of low mobility in the phloem, such as calcium and boron. Enhanced root growth under nutrient deficiency relies on the import of both photosynthates and mineral nutrients.
Cycling of mineral nutrients serves a number of other functions. These include the root supply of nutrients assimilated in the shoot (nitrate and sulphate reduction), maintenance of cation-anion balance in the shoot, providing an additional driving force for solute volume flow in the phloem and xylem, and acting as a shoot signal to convey nutrient demand to the root.
Cycling of certain mineral nutrients through source leaves has a considerable impact on photosynthate export as demonstrated in impaired export under magnesium, potassium, or zinc deficiencies. Mineral nutrient deficiency can, therefore, affect photosynthate partitioning either directly via phloem loading and transport or indirectly by depressing sink demand.
The Perfect Stage of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) of Beta vulgaris Found in Michigan
Authors: Hanson L. E. , McGrath J. M. 
Published: January 2011

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC [synonym E. betae {Vanha} Weltzien]) affects several different crops of Beta vulgaris, including sugar beet, Swiss chard, and table beet. The disease has been prevalent in many sugar beet-growing areas of the United States since the first major epidemic in beet in 1974 (3). Powdery mildew in the United States was primarily associated with the asexual stage of the pathogen until the perfect stage was found, first in western states such as Idaho and Colorado (2), then in more Midwestern states such as Nebraska, and most recently in North Dakota (1). Similar to North Dakota, powdery mildew has not been a major problem in the Michigan growing area. It does appear sporadically, particularly on sugar beets that have not been sprayed to control other foliar diseases. In 2010, powdery mildew infection on sugar beet was observed in late August in a field in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Plants were inspected periodically for the presence of the sexual stage. In early October, sugar beet and Swiss chard plants with heavy powdery mildew infection also were observed at the Michigan State University (MSU) Horticultural Demonstration Gardens in East Lansing and on sugar beet at the MSU Plant Pathology and Botany research farms. On both the Saginaw Valley sugar beet and Swiss chard on the MSU campus, ascomata were observed on a few leaves in mid-October. No ascomata were found on sugar beet at the other two locations. The majority of ascomata were dark brown to black when located, although a few light tan ascomata were observed on the Swiss chard. Ascomata varied from 70 to 100 μm in diameter. Asci contained one to four hyaline or golden yellow ascospores similar to those described in other growing regions on sugar beet (1,2). No ascomata had been detected on powdery mildew-infected sugar beet from either the Saginaw Valley or the MSU research farms the previous two years. These results appear to indicate a spread of the ability to form the perfect stage eastward from the western United States. This may be due to movement of one mating type because E. polygoni has been reported to be heterothallic on some crops (4). The presence of the perfect stage indicates that sexual recombination could occur in E. polygoni on Beta species in Michigan, creating the potential for more rapid development of new strains that might vary in fungicide sensitivity and response to host resistance. References: (1) C. A. Bradley et al. Plant Dis. 91:470, 2007 (2) J. J. Gallian and L. E. Hanson. Plant Dis. 87:200, 2003. (3) E. G. Ruppel. Page 13 in: Compendium of Beet Disease and Insects. E. D. Whitney and J. E. Duffus, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1986. (4) C. G. Smith. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 55:355, 1970.
Prescribing of medicines in the Danish paediatric population outwith the licensed age group: characteristics of adverse drug reactions
Authors: Aagaard Lise , Hansen Ebba Holme 
Published: January 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Off‐label use of medicine in children is common, as few medications are licensed for use in this population.• There is concern about off‐label use of medicines in children due to lack of knowledge about safety beyond the indication area described in the official product information documented in the licensing material.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• One‐fifth of all ADRs reported over a decade in Danish children were associated with off‐label prescribing of medicines.• Serious ADRs from off‐label prescribing primarily appeared in therapeutic groups: allergens, dermatologicals and sex hormones.• Until more clinical studies are conducted in children, prescribers and carers must be aware of the risk of potentially serious ADRs from off‐label prescribing, and the safety of off‐label prescribing in the paediatric population should be closely monitored.AIM To identify adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with off‐label prescribing of medicines in a paediatric population.METHODS We analysed spontaneous ADR reports for children from ages 0 to 17 years submitted to the Danish national ADR database from 1998 to 2007. We defined off‐label prescribing as prescriptions outside the licensed age group. Off‐label ADRs were categorized by therapeutic group, age of child, type and severity. The unit of analysis was one ADR.RESULTS We analysed 4388 ADRs for children reported in the national database. Approximately 17% of reported ADRs were associated with off‐label use, 60% of them serious. More than one half of off‐label ADRs were reported in adolescents. Serious ADRs due to off‐label prescribing are more likely to be reported for hormonal contraceptives (ATC group G), anti‐acne preparations (ATC group D) and allergens (ATC group V).CONCLUSION One‐fifth of all ADRs reported over a decade in Danish children was associated with off‐label prescribing, and serious ADRs due to off‐label prescribing were primarily present in three therapeutic groups: sex hormones, dermatologicals and allergens. There is a need for more research into the prescribing of these medicines in the teenage population, as well as tighter reporting and monitoring of ADRs for medicines prescribed off‐label in the paediatric population.
High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support for patients with histologically transformed B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. A Norwegian multi centre phase II study
Authors: Eide Marianne B. , Lauritzsen Grete F. , Kvalheim Gunnar , Kolstad Arne , Fagerli Unn M. , Maisenhölder Martin , Østenstad Bjørn , Fluge Øystein , Delabie Jan , Aarset Harald , Liestøl Knut , Holte Harald 
Published: January 2011

SummaryWe present a prospective phase II study of patients with relapse after chemotherapy showing transformation of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, performed before rituximab was included in standard treatment. Patients in complete (CR) or partial remission (PR) after salvage chemotherapy were eligible for high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support (HDT). Forty‐seven patients from five Norwegian centres were included, of whom 30 (63%) received HDT. Eighteen (60%) achieved CR, seven (23%) PR and five (10%) had progressive disease following HDT. Median follow‐up for the surviving patients was 75 months; median progression‐free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 26 and 47 months, respectively. Median OS for all patients was 43 months, compared to only 10 months for patients not eligible for HDT. Patients receiving CD34+ enriched/B‐cell depleted grafts had inferior PFS and a trend for inferior OS compared to patients receiving non‐purged grafts (Log Rank 0·025 and 0·151, respectively). In conclusion, two thirds of patients with transformation of follicular lymphoma were eligible for HDT. The majority of patients achieved CR and a considerable number had prolonged OS. The use of in vitro purged grafts did not result in a survival benefit compared to that of non‐purged grafts.
The Expression of Interferon‐Stimulated Gene 15 in Equine Endometrium
Authors: Klein C , Scoggin KE , Troedsson MHT 
Published: January 2011

ContentsEstablishment of pregnancy is critically dependent upon a precisely orchestrated embryo–maternal interaction leading to a receptive uterine environment. The up‐regulation of the interferon‐stimulated protein 15 kDa (ISG15) during pregnancy has been described in various species and has been hypothesized to be part of the molecular repertoire that makes the uterus receptive to conceptus development. In the current study, the expression of ISG15 and enzymes involved in ISG15ylation was examined at the mRNA and protein level in equine endometrium at Day 14 of the luteal phase and at Day 14 and 50 of pregnancy. ISG15 mRNA showed a 2.63‐fold higher expression at Day 14 of pregnancy when compared to Day 14 of the cycle, while mRNA abundance at Day 50 of pregnancy was unchanged compared to Day 14 of the cycle. Upon Western blot analysis using anti‐ISG15 antibody, several higher molecular weight bands could be observed, representing proteins conjugated to ISG15. No free ISG15 could be detected. The pattern of ISG15 reactive proteins differed from those observed in non‐uterine samples. Upon immunohistochemistry, ISG15 reactive proteins located primarily to luminal and glandular epithelial cells, while stromal cells showed weaker staining. In conclusion, the expression of ISG15‐conjugated proteins in equine endometrium did not differ between cyclic and pregnant 14 days after ovulation and Day 50 of pregnancy. It is hypothesized that the unique subset of ISG15ylated proteins expressed in endometrial tissue contributes to normal cellular function and that, unlike other species, the modification of ISG15‐conjugated proteins is not an active contributor to conceptus–maternal interaction in the mare.