bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny of dengue virus type 3 circulating in Colombia between 2001 and 2007
Authors: Villabona‐Arenas Christian Julián , Miranda‐Esquivel Daniel Rafael , Jimenez Raquel Elvira Ocazionez 
Published: July 2009

SummaryDengue virus type 3 (DENV‐3) re‐appeared in Colombia in 2001 after 23 years of apparent absence, in the state of Santander in the North‐eastern region near to Venezuelan border. In 2002, the virus was isolated in the state of Valle del Cauca in the South‐east region near to Ecuadorian/Peruvian border, and in the state of Antioquia in the North‐east region near to Panama border. To gain insight into the molecular epidemiology of DENV‐3 in Colombia, we sequenced the complete E gene of 21 isolates sampled in the period 2001–2007. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Colombian strains seem to have been introduced from Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru, but not from Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay or Central America countries. This study also confirms previous report showing that Colombian isolates is closely related to DENV‐3 genotype III.
Masitinib, a c‐kit/PDGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, improves disease control in severe corticosteroid‐dependent asthmatics
Authors: Humbert M. , De Blay F. , Garcia G. , Prud’homme A. , Leroyer C. , Magnan A. , Tunon‐de‐Lara J.‐M. , Pison C. , Aubier M. , Charpin D. , Vachier I. , Purohit A. , Gineste P. , Bader T. , Moussy A. , Hermine O. , Chanez P. 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Masitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting stem cell factor receptor (c‐kit) and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor, which are expressed on several cell types including mast cells and bronchial structural cells, respectively. We hypothesized that c‐kit and PDGF receptor inhibition may decrease bronchial inflammation and interfere with airway remodeling, which are crucial features of severe asthma.Objectives:  The primary endpoint was the percent change from baseline in oral corticosteroids after 16 weeks of treatment. Change in asthma control (asthma control questionnaire), exacerbation rate, pulmonary function tests, rescue medication requirement and safety were secondary endpoints.Methods:  A 16‐week randomized, dose‐ranging (3, 4.5, and 6 mg/kg/day), placebo‐controlled study was undertaken in 44 patients with severe corticosteroid‐dependent asthma who remained poorly controlled despite optimal asthma management.Results:  At 16 weeks of treatment, a comparable reduction in oral corticosteroids was achieved with masitinib and placebo (median reduction of ­78% and ­57% in the masitinib and placebo arms, respectively). Despite this similar reduction, the Asthma Control Questionnaire score was significantly better in the masitinib arm as compared to placebo with a reduction by 0.99 unit at week 16 (P < 0.001) vs 0.43 unit in the placebo arm. Masitinib therapy was associated with more transient skin rash and edema.Conclusions:  Masitinib, a c‐kit and PDGF‐receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, may represent an innovative avenue of treatment in corticosteroid‐dependent asthma. These preliminary results warrant further long‐term clinical studies in severe asthma (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00842270).
Lithium‐induced enhancement of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in human brain tissue
Authors: Maurer Iris C , Schippel Patricia , Volz Hans‐Peter 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  Extensive preclinical and clinical evidence suggests mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. Studies of brain energy metabolism in bipolar disorder suggest an impairment of energy generation by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Lithium is an effective drug widely used in treating bipolar disorder, but its mechanism of action has remained uncertain. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of lithium on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.Methods:  We spectrophotometrically determined the activities of the respiratory chain complexes I + III [antimycin A‐sensitive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cytochrome c oxidorductase], complexes II + III (succinate cytochrome c oxidoreductase), succinate dehydrogenase, and complex IV [cytochrome c oxidase (COX)], and of the mitochondrial matrix enzyme citrate synthase in postmortem human brain cortex homogenates following exposure to lithium (up to 10 mM).Results:  Activities of complexes I + III and of complexes II + III were dose‐dependently increased by lithium with maximum values at 1 mM (165%, p = 0.03, and 146%, p = 0.00002, of controls). Activity of succinate dehydrogenase remained unchanged up to 2 mM, but was raised at higher drug concentrations (maximum 220%, p = 0.01, of controls). In contrast, activity of COX was not significantly affected by the drug (decrease of 12% at 1 mM, p = 0.4).Conclusions:  Our study suggests that lithium stimulates mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities at clinically relevant concentrations. Lithium’s effect on the mitochondrial respiratory chain presents further evidence of the pathophysiological significance of mitochondrial dysfunction in bipolar disorder. The effect may be relevant to the therapeutic efficacy of the drug by potentially reversing a disease‐related alteration.
The genetic and environmental basis of adaptive differences in shoaling behaviour among populations of Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata
Authors: HUIZINGA M. , GHALAMBOR C. K. , REZNICK D. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe degree of plasticity an individual expresses when moving into a new environment is likely to influence the probability of colonization and potential for subsequent evolution. Yet few empirical examples exist where the ancestral and derived conditions suggest a role for plasticity in adaptive genetic divergence of populations. Here we explore the genetic and plastic components of shoaling behaviour in two pairs of populations of Poecilia reticulata (Trinidadian guppies). We contrast shoaling behaviour of guppies derived from high‐ and low‐predation populations from two separate drainages by measuring the shoaling response of second generation laboratory‐reared individuals in the presence and absence of predator induced alarm pheromones. We find persistent differences in mean shoaling cohesion that suggest a genetic basis; when measured under the same conditions high‐predation guppies form more cohesive shoals than low‐predation guppies. Both high and low‐predation guppies also exhibit plasticity in the response to alarm pheromones, by forming tighter, more cohesive shoals. These patterns suggest a conserved capacity for adaptive behavioural plasticity when moving between variable predation communities that are consistent with models of genetic accommodation.
The Lymph Drainage Pattern of the Mammary Glands in the Cat: A Lymphographic and Computerized Tomography Lymphographic Study
Authors: Papadopoulou P. L. , Patsikas M. N. , Charitanti A. , Kazakos G. M. , Papazoglou L. G. , Karayannopoulou M. , Chrisogonidis I. , Tziris N. , Dimitriadis A. 
Published: July 2009

SummarySeventy‐three clinically normal, lactating cats were used to investigate the lymph drainage of 73 mammary glands. In 50 cats of the first group, the number of lymphatic vessels emerging from the examined mammary gland, their course and the lymph nodes into which they are drained were studied by indirect lymphography (IL) after intramammary injection of an oily contrast medium. In 23 cats of the second group, the lymph drainage of the mammary glands was studied by computerized tomography indirect lymphography (CT‐IL) after intramammary injection of a water soluble contrast medium. The following day, the lymph drainage of the mammary gland examined by CT‐IL was studied by IL, as it was described in the first group, for comparison purposes. The main conclusions drawn after this study were as follows: lymph drains from the first and second mammary glands with one or rarely two or three lymphatic vessels to the accessory axillary lymph nodes. Lymph drains from the third mammary gland with one or two and rarely three lymphatic vessels usually to the accessory inguinal lymph nodes or to the accessory axillary lymph nodes. In some cases, it drains to both lymph nodes simultaneously or it may rarely drain only to the medial iliac lymph nodes. The fourth mammary gland with one or two and rarely three lymphatic vessels usually drains to the accessory inguinal lymph nodes. It may rarely drain only to the medial iliac lymph nodes. Mammary lymphatic vessels that cross the midline and lymphatic connection between the mammary glands were not demonstrated. No differences in the mammary lymph drainage pattern between IL and CT‐IL were found.
Predicting oak tree mortality caused by the ambrosia beetlePlatypus quercivorusin a cool‐temperate forest
Authors: Yamasaki M. , Sakimoto M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMass mortality of fagaceous trees due to wilt disease, which has been spreading throughout Japan since the 1980s, is caused by the ambrosia beetlePlatypus quercivorus.Quercus crispulais one of the species most susceptible to the disease. Previous studies have examined this disease in secondary forests, where fagaceous trees are dominant and are considered to be distributed uniformly. We examined whether the uneven distribution ofQ.crispulain a natural forest affects the spread of this disease. We determined its distribution using Morisita’s index of dispersion (Iδ), and then predicted the probability of mortality using a generalized linear model with topographic variables (altitude and index of convexity), tree size (diameter at breast height, DBH), and basal areas ofQ.crispulaandCryptomeria japonica(the dominant species at the study site) per 0.01, 0.09, and 0.25 ha as explanatory variables. The site included 310Q.crispulawithin a 14 ha plot in a cool‐temperate forest of Japan with no signs of beetle infestation in 2003. The calculated index of dispersion showed a clumped distribution ofQ.crispulawith an estimated clump size of 0.08 ha. At the end of 2007, 36Q.crispulain the study site were dead, and DBH and basal area ofQ.crispulaper 0.09 ha had significant positive effects on the probability of mortality. The basal area ofC.japonica, a non‐host conifer species forP.quercivorus, per 0.09 ha also had a positive effect on the probability of mortality. These results suggest thatP.quercivorusfirst flew to a cluster ofQ.crispulaaggregated in about a 0.1 ha area where the density ofC.japonicais high, and then DBH played a role in determining the target trees.
Vaginal Neurofibroma in a Hysterectomized Poodle Dog
Authors: Sontas BH , Altun ED , Güvenc K , Arun SS , Ekici H 
Published: July 2009

ContentsA 15‐year‐old, spayed, female poodle dog was presented for evaluation of a mass of tissue prolapsed from the vulva. The dog had been hysterectomized when it was 5 years old. A vaginal mass had been removed approximately 10 months before presentation. Haematological and serum biochemistry analyses demonstrated mild leucocytosis and glycaemia. A vaginal smear was predominantly made up of parabasal cells and intermediate cells with no neoplastic cells. Thoracal and abdominal radiographic findings were unremarkable. The ovaries could not be identified using abdominal ultrasonography. A midline exploratory laparotomy identified both ovaries that were surgically excised. The vaginal mass was also removed following an episiotomy procedure. Histopathological examination of the mass demonstrated that it was a neurofibroma. Both ovaries had cystic changes. Four months after the surgery, the owner reported that the dog was clinically normal. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of a vaginal neurofibroma after an incomplete ovariohysterectomy in the dog.
Evaluation of docetaxel plus estramustine in the treatment of patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Matsumoto Akihiro , Inoue Atsushi , Yokoi Satoshi , Nozumi Kazuyoshi , Miyazaki Kanetaka , Hosoki Shigeru , Nagata Maki , Yamaguchi Kunio 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  To investigate the feasibility and efficacy of docetaxel‐based chemotherapy in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).Methods:  Forty‐six consecutive HRPC patients treated between January 2003 and March 2008 were included in this analysis. Docetaxel was given at a dose of 35 mg/m2 twice every 3 weeks and oral estramustine concurrently for three consecutive days during weeks 1 and 2 of each cycle. During each treatment week, the dose of estramustine was 1260 mg on the first day, 980 mg on the second day and 840 mg on the third day. Patients were premedicated with 4 mg twice a day of oral dexamethasone for three consecutive days. Treatment was continued until evidence of disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels were evaluated at least once every 4 weeks.Results:  Patients received a median of three cycles of chemotherapy. Of the evaluable 46 patients, 25 (54%) had a ≥50% PSA decline and 12 (26%) had a ≥75% PSA decline. Median time to PSA progression and overall survival time were 10.1 and 27.0 months, respectively. Median follow‐up was 15.0 months. Major severe toxicities were grade 3 or 4 leukopenia in five (11%) patients. Mild toxicities included grade 1 or 2 nausea in eight (17%) patients. Two patients could not continue the treatment because of interstitial pneumonitis and a gastric hemorrhage, respectively.Conclusions:  Docetaxel plus estramustine chemotherapy represents an active and well tolerated treatment for Japanese HRPC patients.
Microbial communities of ultramafic soils in maquis and rainforest at Mont Do, New Caledonia
Authors: LENCZEWSKI MELISSA , RIGG LESLEY , ENRIGHT NEAL , JAFFRE TANGUY , KELLY HEIDI 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe analysed variation in microbial community richness and function in soils associated with a fire‐induced vegetation successional gradient from low maquis (shrubland) through tall maquis to rainforest on metal‐rich ultramafic soils at Mt Do, New Caledonia. Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was used to determine the extent of genetic relatedness among the microbial communities and indicated that the open and tall maquis microbial communities were more similar to each other than they were to the rainforest community. Sole‐source carbon utilization indicated variation in the microbial communities, again with greater diversity in rainforest soils. Plate counts showed that both rainforest and maquis soils contained bacteria that can grow in the presence of up to 20 mmol L−1 nickel and 10 mmol L−1 chromium. Understanding microbial community composition and dynamics in these ultramafic soils may lead to a better understanding of the processes facilitating vegetation succession from shrubland to forest on these high‐metal substrates, and of approaches to successful revegetation following mining for metals including nickel, chromium and cobalt.
Spatial and temporal scaling in habitat utilization by klipspringers (Oreotragus oreotragus) determined using giving‐up densities
Authors: DRUCE DAVE J. , BROWN JOEL S. , KERLEY GRAHAM I. H. , KOTLER BURT P. , MACKEY ROBIN L. , SLOTOW ROB 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn animal's pattern of habitat use can reveal how different parts of its environment vary in quality based on the costs (such as predation risk) and benefits (such as food intake) of using each habitat. We studied klipspringer habitat use in Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa using giving‐up densities (GUDs; the amount of food remaining in a resource patch following exploitation) in experimental food patches. We tested hypotheses related to how salient habitat variables might influence klipspringers' perceptions of foraging costs. At small spatial scales (3–4 m), klipspringer GUDs did not vary with cover and open microhabitats, or with the four cardinal aspects (shading) around shrubs. Adding water adjacent to food patches did not influence GUDs, showing that water is not a limiting complementary resource to food. Generally, klipspringers do not appear to be physiologically constrained. There was no difference in GUDs between four daily time periods, or between summer and winter; however, a significant interaction effect of time‐of‐day with season resulted from GUDs during the midday time period in winter being significantly higher (perceived value lower) than during the same time period in summer. At moderate spatial scales (10–60 m), klipspringer GUDs increased with distance from rocks because of increased predation risk. Based on GUDs collected at the largest scale (two 4.41‐ha grids), klipspringers preferred foraging at greater distances from drainage lines and on pebble and cobble substrates. Overall, this study has shown the efficacy of measuring GUDs to determine klipspringers' habitat utilization while foraging.
Glial activation in the rostroventromedial medulla promotes descending facilitation to mediate inflammatory hypersensitivity
Authors: Roberts Jill , Ossipov Michael H. , Porreca Frank 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSubstantial evidence shows that activation of glial cells in the spinal cord may promote central sensitization and pain. Descending facilitation from the rostroventromedial medulla (RVM) is a critical component in the maintenance of chronic pain states, although the precise mechanisms through which facilitation maintains pain are unclear. Here, we investigated the possibility that glial activation in the RVM could promote descending facilitation from the RVM in states of inflammatory pain. Peripheral inflammation was induced with carrageenan injected into the hindpaws of male Sprague–Dawley rats, and behavioral responses to noxious thermal and light tactile stimuli were determined. Microinjection of the glial inhibitors minocycline or fluorocitrate, or of the p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB 203580, produced a significant and time‐related attenuation of behavioral hypersensitivity resulting from hindpaw inflammation. Carrageenan‐induced inflammation increased immunolabeling for microglia and astrocytes in the RVM, as well as for phosphorylated p38 MAPK. Phosphorylated p38 MAPK was found in microglia and neurons of the RVM. Inflammation‐induced microglial and astrocytic activation in the RVM were attenuated by RVM microinjection of the glial inhibitors. The data show that inflammatory pain is associated with glial activation in the RVM that probably participates in driving descending pain facilitation. These findings reveal a novel site of glial modulation of inflammatory pain.
Humidification during high‐frequency oscillation ventilation is affected by ventilator circuit and ventilatory setting
Authors: CHIKATA YUSUKE , IMANAKA HIDEAKI , ONISHI YOSHIAKI , UETA MASAHIKO , NISHIMURA MASAJI 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground:  High‐frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV) is an accepted ventilatory mode for acute respiratory failure in neonates. As conventional mechanical ventilation, inspiratory gas humidification is essential. However, humidification during HFOV has not been clarified. In this bench study, we evaluated humidification during HFOV in the open circumstance of ICU. Our hypothesis is that humidification during HFOV is affected by circuit design and ventilatory settings.Methods/Materials:  We connected a ventilator with HFOV mode to a neonatal lung model that was placed in an infant incubator set at 37°C. We set a heated humidifier (Fisher & Paykel) to obtain 37°C at the chamber outlet and 40°C at the distal temperature probe. We measured absolute humidity and temperature at the Y‐piece using a rapid‐response hygrometer. We evaluated two types of ventilator circuit: a circuit with inner heating wire and another with embedded heating element. In addition, we evaluated three lengths of the inspiratory limb, three stroke volumes, three frequencies, and three mean airway pressures.Results:  The circuit with embedded heating element provided significantly higher absolute humidity and temperature than one with inner heating wire. As an extended tube lacking a heating wire was shorter, absolute humidity and temperature became higher. In the circuit with inner heating wire, absolute humidity and temperature increased as stroke volume increased.Conclusion:  Humidification during HFOV is affected by circuit design and ventilatory settings.
Intranasal flumazenil and naloxone to reverse over‐sedation in a child undergoing dental restorations
Authors: HEARD CHRISTOPHER , CREIGHTON PAUL , LERMAN JERROLD 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWe describe a 3‐year‐old child who became over‐sedated after receiving intranasal (IN) midazolam (0.53 mg·kg−1) and IN sufentanil (1 mcg·kg−1) for dental restorations in the dental office. Desaturation was attributed to laryngospasm, which was managed with positive pressure ventilation and oxygen. The sedation was reversed with a combination of IN flumazenil and naloxone.
Reducing distress for children during invasive procedures: randomized clinical trial of effectiveness of the PediSedate®
Authors: BROWN STEPHEN C. , HART GEOFF , CHASTAIN DAVID P. , SCHNEEWEISS SUZAN , McGRATH PATRICIA A. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground:  Procedural pain control remains problematic for young children, especially during anxiety‐causing procedures for which children should not be deeply sedated. The PediSedate® was designed to address this problem by delivering nitrous oxide in oxygen through a simple nosepiece, combined with an interactive video component, so that children can use attention and distraction with drug delivery.Objectives:  We conducted a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of the PediSedate® for reducing children’s behavioral distress in comparison with standard care in the emergency department. Secondary objectives were to assess children’s acceptance, cooperation, and pain.Methods:  Thirty‐six children, aged 3–9 years old, who required invasive procedures associated with high levels of anxiety and low levels of pain such as sutures, IVs, and lumbar punctures were randomized to receive either the standard care or the PediSedate®. The primary outcome was children’s distress (observational scale of behavioral distress) that was monitored before and during the procedure.Results:  Children randomized to the PediSedate® group had significantly less distress during invasive procedures (mean = 1.8, sd = 3.2) than children receiving standard care (mean = 9.3, sd = 5.6; anova, P < 0.0001). Also, children in the PediSedate® group were more cooperative [χ2(1) = 22.05, P < 0.0001] and fewer children reported pain [χ2(1) = 14.45, P < 0.001].Conclusions:  Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of nitrous oxide sedation alone for minimizing pain and distress during invasive procedures. We have found that delivering nitrous oxide sedation via a system combined with an interactive video component is also effective. Further studies should determine which factors are dominant and determine the specific failure rate for this delivery system in comparison with other systems.