bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Product Morphologies and Reaction Mechanisms on Gaseous Reduction of Iron Oxides
Authors: Hayes P. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt is well established that in gaseous reduction processes solid iron oxides exhibit a wide range of reducibilities. Using the interface stability criteria developed to describe the decomposition of metal compounds in reactive gas atmospheres, together with microstructural evidence obtained under well characterised reaction conditions, the relationships between product structures, and the mechanisms and the kinetics of reduction of iron oxides have been examined. It is shown that the structures and reaction rates can be explained through the occurrence of four principal mechanisms; continuous gas pore formation, dense metal layer growth, discontinuous metal layer breakdown and continuous coupled growth of metal and pores. Through identification of the critical conditions for these different mechanisms, the maximum rates of reduction of a given starting material as a function of temperature, thermal history and gas conditions can be more clearly understood.
Performance of proposed thin‐wire model in finite difference time domain method
Authors: Tanabe Kazuo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThin‐wire approximation in the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is important in saving computer resources and truncating central processing unit (CPU) time. Previously, thin wires were mainly realized using the true thin wire (TTW) model, in which electric field components along the wire axis are set at zero, and three methods, in which electric field components along the wire axis are also set at zero and the medium around thin wires is replaced depending on wire radius, are hereafter called the RM model. The former is the most conventional and widely used method; however, its resultant radius is 0.23Δs, supposing that the space under consideration is divided by cubic cells with a Δs of the side length of FDTD cells.The first method of the RM model can realize thin wires having a radius of about 0.15Δs under the conditions we used, in which the time interval is set at a value which is slightly less than Δtc, e.g. 0.9999tc, where Δtc is defined by the Courant condition; in the case of a thin wire having a radius less than 0.15Δs, the FDTD computation suffers from numerical instability. The second method can realize a thin wire having a radius of about 10−4Δs. We need some changes in the numerical electromagnetic analysis program based on the FDTD method to employ these models.The third of the RM model, which has already been proposed by the author and in which the relative permittivity and relative permeability of four FDTD cells closest to a thin wire are replaced according to the radius of the thin wire and Δs, could realize thin wires having a radius of about 10−6Δs without changing the program and numerical instability.In this paper, the third model is extensively investigated and it is demonstrated that we can deal with a thin wire with a radius of about 10−9Δs without numerical instability. The maximum difference in the evaluation of the surge impedance of an open‐ended horizontal wire located 5 m above a perfectly conducting ground is less than 5%. We can easily use the third model even though the program, which is available, has no the specific function of thin‐wire approximation. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of four‐dimensional ultrasound (spatiotemporal image correlation and Sonography‐based Automated Volume Count) in prenatal assessment of atrial morphology in cardiosplenic syndromes
Authors: Paladini D. , Sglavo G. , Masucci A. , Pastore G. , Nappi C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the diagnostic role of four‐dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation and Sonography‐based Automated Volume Count (STIC‐SonoAVC) in the identification of the morphology of the atrial appendages in cases with cardiosplenic syndrome.MethodsThis was a retrospective investigation of 22 fetuses with cardiosplenic syndromes seen at our institution over a 5‐year period from January 2004. As control groups, 10 normal fetuses, five cases with a non‐isomeric atrioventricular septal defect and five cases with other congenital heart diseases were also analyzed. For all fetuses, one or more cardiac volume datasets were available for offline analysis. Two‐dimensional and four‐dimensional echocardiography was carried out in all cases at the time of diagnosis using high quality three‐dimensional equipment. Dedicated software was used to assess chamber morphology using the SonoAVC technique, which allows the creation of casts of hollow structures. Two different operators used the software. The first performed all steps up to positioning of the region of interest box. The second operator, who was blinded to clinical information, then rendered the cardiac chambers using the SonoAVC technique. This operator then used the rendered image to subjectively assess atrial morphology.ResultsSuitable rendered images of the cardiac chambers could be produced in 40/42 fetuses. In two cases of left atrial isomerism, advanced (34 weeks) and early (13 weeks) gestational age made it impossible to obtain adequate rendered images. In the remaining 40 cases (13 cases of left atrial isomerism, seven cases of right atrial isomerism, five cases of non‐isomeric atrioventricular septal defect, five cases of other congenital heart diseases and 10 normal fetuses), atrial morphology was correctly identified by evaluation of the rendered images.ConclusionFour‐dimensional ultrasound with SonoAVC rendering allows correct identification of the morphology of atrial appendages in all cases of cardiosplenic syndromes in which an adequate cardiac volume dataset can be obtained for analysis. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrospective review of diagnostic performance of intracranial translucency in detection of open spina bifida at the 11–13‐week scan
Authors: Fong K. W. , Toi A. , Okun N. , Al‐Shami E. , Menezes R. J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate diagnostic performance of intracranial translucency (IT) for detection of open spina bifida and interobserver agreement for visualization of IT during the 11–13‐week scan.MethodsA retrospective study was undertaken in a tertiary referral center. Two hundred 11–13‐week scans for nuchal translucency, performed by sonographers certified by The Fetal Medicine Foundation, UK, were reviewed independently for IT by two expert observers. When IT was not seen, the observers determined whether this was due to poor IT image quality or the presence of spina bifida. Discordant cases were reviewed by a third observer and the majority decision was used for analysis. All observers were blinded to individual pregnancy outcome and the number of cases with spina bifida.ResultsThere were 191 normal fetuses, eight fetuses with open spina bifida and one with closed spina bifida (this case was excluded from analysis). IT was seen in 150 fetuses and all were normal. In six of the 49 cases in which IT was not seen, IT non‐visibility was attributed to open spina bifida; among these cases, four fetuses had open spina bifida and two were normal. In the remaining 43 cases (including 39 normal fetuses), IT non‐visibility was attributed to inadequate image quality. Sensitivity was 50% (4/8) and specificity was 99% (150/152). Concordance between the two observers concerning IT visibility was 79%, (κ = 0.47, representing moderate agreement).ConclusionThere was moderate interobserver agreement for visualization of IT on images obtained for nuchal translucency measurement at 11–13 weeks. When IT was confidently seen, open spina bifida could be excluded. However, non‐visibility of IT correctly diagnosed only 50% of fetuses with open spina bifida. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data mining techniques for information security applications
Authors: Al‐Shawi Amany 
Published: March 2011

AbstractInformation security technology is an essential component for protecting public and private computing infrastructures. With the widespread utilization of information technology applications, organizations are becoming more aware of the security threats to their resources. No matter how strict the security policies and mechanisms are, more organizations are becoming susceptible to a wide range of security breaches against their electronic resources. Network‐intrusion detection is an essential defense mechanism against security threats, which have been increasing in rate lately. It is defined as a special form of cyber threat analysis to identify malicious actions that could affect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information resources. Data mining‐based intrusion‐detection mechanisms are extremely useful in discovering security breaches. This article will provide an overview of the applications of data mining techniques in the information security domain. The focus will be on applying data mining to intrusion detection and intrusion prevention. This article will present a critical overview of the research directions in these fields, which will help researchers identify the key practical and research issues essential for building a successful network‐protection system. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 221–229 DOI: 10.1002/wics.161This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Data Reduction, Smoothing, and Filtering
Algorithms and Computational Methods > Networks and Security
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Text Mining
Approach to Empyema Necessitatis
Authors: Akgül Asli Gül , Örki Alpay , Örki Tülay , Yüksel Mustafa , Arman Bülent 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThoracic empyema is a collection of pus in the pleural space. Empyema necessitatis is a rare complication of empyema, characterized by the dissection of pus through the soft tissues of the chest wall and eventually through the skin. We present nine cases of empyema necessitatis, including etiology, duration, and characteristics of clinical history, kind of surgery used, and treatment choices.MethodsIn a 4‐year period nine patients were treated for empyema necessitatis. Six were male and 3 female with an age range of 13–89 years (median = 40 years).ResultsEmpyema necessitatis was treated with drainage and antibiotherapy or antituberculosis therapy in three patients with the diagnosis of tuberculosis or nonspecific pleuritis. Decortication of the thoracic cavity was used in three patients successfully. Others were treated with open drainage. Final diagnoses were tuberculous empyema in five patients, chronic fibrinous pleuritis in three, and squamous cell carcinoma in one. Except for two patients, one with multisystem failure and one with squamous cell carcinoma, all were discharged with no complications.ConclusionSurgery plays a critical role in the management of empyema necessitatis in selected patients. Tube drainage, open drainage, and decortication are the choices in variable conditions for obliterating the cavity and regenerating pulmonary function.
Twenty Years of Laparoscopic Fundoplication for GERD
Authors: Dallemagne Bernard , Perretta Silvana 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe first laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication was performed 20 years ago. Surgical management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) should be offered only to appropriately studied and selected patients, with the ultimate aim of improving the well‐being of the individual, the “quality of life.” The choice of fundoplication should be dictated by the surgeon’s preference and experience.
The Generalized DINA Model Framework
Authors: de la Torre Jimmy 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe G-DINA (generalized deterministic inputs, noisy “and” gate) model is a generalization of the DINA model with more relaxed assumptions. In its saturated form, the G-DINA model is equivalent to other general models for cognitive diagnosis based on alternative link functions. When appropriate constraints are applied, several commonly used cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) can be shown to be special cases of the general models. In addition to model formulation, the G-DINA model as a general CDM framework includes a component for item-by-item model estimation based on design and weight matrices, and a component for item-by-item model comparison based on the Wald test. The paper illustrates the estimation and application of the G-DINA model as a framework using real and simulated data. It concludes by discussing several potential implications of and relevant issues concerning the proposed framework.
Physicochemical Studies on the Interfacial and Micellization Behavior of CTAB in Aqueous Polyethylene Glycol Media
Authors: Manna Kausik , Panda Amiya Kumar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractInterfacial and micellization behavior of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) have been studied in aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixed solvent systems of varying concentrations and molar mass. Interfacial behavior of CTAB was investigated by the equilibrium surface tension method. Conductance studies of surfactant solutions under different condition helped in determining the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and degree of dissociation of CTAB micelles. In addition, the limiting molar conductivity of surfactant and micellar species were evaluated from the differential plots. The CMC of CTAB was found to increase with increasing PEG concentration as well as its molar mass, although, the process of interfacial adsorption and micellization was found to be spontaneous, as evidenced by negative free energy change. The viscosity of CTAB micelles in aqueous‐PEG mixtures was found to increase with the increase in PEG concentration and molar mass. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed a size enhancement effect contributed by the PEG oligomers. An increase in the CMC of CTAB and the subsequent presence of a higher number of ionic species in their dissociated form was further established by an overall increase in the zeta potential value in the presence of PEG oligomers. It is proposed that the PEG could wrap around the micelles through their conformational changes. Results also suggest that PEG oligomers could give solvophobic effect which enhances the CMC of CTAB compared to that in pure water.
Surfactants Based on Bis‐Galactobenzimidazolones: Synthesis, Self‐Assembly and Ion Sensing Properties
Authors: Lakhrissi L. , Hassan N. , Lakhrissi B. , Massoui M. , Essassi E. M. , Ruso J. M. , Solans C. , Rodriguez‐ Abreu C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of new non‐ionic amphiphiles based on bis‐galactobenzimidazolones have been synthesized by grafting alkyl bis‐benzimidazolone units as hydrophobic tails on hydroxypropyloxygalacto‐pyranose moieties as hydrophilic heads. Their surface and self‐aggregation properties in water were evaluated. The compounds show very low critical micellar concentrations (CMCs) that decrease with increasing chain length; values for the minimal area per molecule at the interface (Amin) follow the same trend. The synthesized compounds also form hexagonal liquid crystals in water for a certain range of hydrophobic tail lengths. On the other hand, the new amphiphiles show characteristic UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence emission bands associated with the benzimidazolone moiety. The fluorescence emission is quenched with a certain degree of selectivity by cations, due to their strong affinity towards the benzimidazolone group, which shows ion complexation properties. Hence, the reported new amphiphiles are candidates as self‐assembling chemosensors. The quenching efficiency and also ion sensing sensitivity is higher in the monomeric state as compared to the micellar state. The fluorescence emission intensity is higher for compounds with a shorter alkyl chain.
The influence of corporate and political interests on models of illness in the evolution of the DSM
Authors: Pilecki B.C. , Clegg J.W. , McKay D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) is an evolving document that serves the many mental health care disciplines as the primary reference guide for classifying mental disorders. While the successive framers of the DSM have attempted to base it on scientific evidence, political and economic factors have also shaped the conceptualization of mental illness. These economic and institutional forces have reinforced the DSM's use of a medical model in understanding psychopathology. Though the scientific evidence for a medical model is mixed and evidence for other types of conceptualizations have been given less attention, the medical model provides for reliable diagnoses that allot diverse benefits to treatment providers and researchers, as well as to the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. This article will outline the development of a medical model of mental illness, highlighting connections between this model and corporate and political interests, and will show how this model relates to the various revisions of, and developments within, the DSM. Such an analysis is especially relevant today as the field looks towards the publication of the newest revision of the DSM and attempts to understand and integrate its proposed changes into current treatment, theory, and research.
Parental bonding in severely suicidal adolescent inpatients
Authors: Freudenstein O. , Zohar A. , Apter A. , Shoval G. , Weizman A. , Zalsman G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFamily environment has a clear role in suicidal behavior of adolescents. We assessed the relationship between parental bonding and suicidal behavior in suicidal (n= 53) and non-suicidal (n= 47) adolescent inpatients. Two dimensions of parental bonding: care and overprotection, were assessed with the Parental Bonding Instrument. Results showed that adolescents with severe suicidal behavior tended to perceive their mothers as less caring and more overprotective compared to those with mild or no suicidal behavior. A discriminant analysis distinguished significantly between adolescents with high suicidality and those with low suicidality [χ2(5) = 15.54;p= 0.01] in 71% of the cases. The perception of the quality of maternal bonding may be an important correlate of suicidal behavior in adolescence and may guide therapeutic strategies and prevention.
Virtual Socialization in Adults With Spina Bifida
Authors: Chan Wendy M. , Dicianno Brad E. 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo use spina bifida (SB) as a model of chronic physical disability to study the associations of virtual socialization, friendships, and quality of life (QOL) in adults.DesignCross‐sectional survey.SettingSubjects were recruited from residential living facilities, outpatient clinics, and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) research registry.PatientsInclusion criteria were age between 18 and 80 years and clinical diagnoses of SB cystica (myelomeningocele) and hydrocephalus. The exclusion criterion was the diagnosis of SB occulta. Sixty‐three eligible adults were enrolled, and all completed the study.MethodsThe survey via questionnaire was performed in person or over the telephone.Main Outcome MeasurementsData collected included the World Health Organization's Medical Outcomes Study 26‐item Short Form, Economic Self‐Sufficiency from the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique Short Form, virtual socializing habits, and number of friends. Three linear regression models were performed, each with a unique dependent variable: number of friends, psychological QOL, or social QOL. The following independent variables were included in all models: age, gender, ethnicity, economic self‐sufficiency, marital status, education level, lesion level, health status, user group, collection method, and time spent virtually socializing. In addition, each regression model included the dependent variables from the other 2 models in its independent variables.ResultsIncreased degree of virtual socialization (VS) was associated with a greater number of friends (P = .003, r = .684). Mean (standard deviation) numbers of friends by VS groups were the following: users, n = 4.9 ± 2.7; semi‐users, n = 3.8 ± 2.7; and nonusers, n = 2.1 ± 2.3, which represent a 2.3 times greater number of friends between the users and nonusers. The effect of virtual socialization on QOL was also positive, however, not statistically significant.ConclusionsPeople with chronic physical disabilities, such as SB, are at high risk for peer rejection and long‐term social avoidance. Users of the most immersive forms of virtual socialization, have more real world friends than both semi‐users and nonusers. Any form of VS, whether immersive or real time, may improve the opportunity for meaningful social encounters. Prospective intervention studies are needed to elucidate whether a causal positive relationship between virtual socialization and friendships exists. Further research is needed to clarify virtual socialization's impact on QOL; however, the upward trend in all 4 domains of QOL across user groups suggests similar potential benefits.
Effects of 4-week very-high-fructose/glucose diets on insulin sensitivity, visceral fat and intrahepatic lipids: an exploratory trial
Authors: Silbernagel Guenther , Machann Juergen , Unmuth Susanne , Schick Fritz , Stefan Norbert , Häring Hans U. , Fritsche Andreas 
Published: March 2011

An increasing amount of fructose in the diet is suggested to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and fatty liver. Our aim was to investigate and compare the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose and lipid metabolism and on fat depots in healthy humans. We conducted an exploratory, prospective, randomised, single-blinded, intervention trial. Participants in addition to a balanced weight-maintaining diet received 150 g of fructose or glucose/d for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was estimated from oral glucose tolerance tests. Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat was determined with MRI. Liver fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle were measured with 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A total of twenty healthy subjects (fructose group n 10 and glucose group n 10; twelve males and eight females) completed the study. They had a mean age of 30·5 (sem 2·0) years and a mean BMI of 25·9 (sem 0·5) kg/m2. Insulin sensitivity appeared to decrease both in the fructose and glucose groups. TAG markedly increased in the fructose group. No strong alterations or treatment effects were found for liver fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous abdominal fat and intramyocellular lipids of the tibialis anterior muscle. In conclusion, the effects of very high fructose and very high glucose in hyperenergetic diets on glucose metabolism and body fat composition were not different in the healthy participants of the present study. However, elevation of plasma TAG seemed to be fructose-specific.