bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Prevalence of Caesarian Sections at a Referral Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Bhuiya Abdul Latif 
Published: July 2009

The rate of Caesarean delivery in Bangladesh is not known but thought to have increased markedly in recent years. This observational study addressed the prevalence of various types of deliveries conducted on 2714 subjects attending the postnatal ward of a referral hospital in Dhaka from August 1994 to March 1995. During this period data were collected retrospectively from their registries and clinical history sheets. Of these participants 1509 (55.6%) had a history of normal delivery and 1150 (42.4%) underwent Caesarean sections. Very few (1.7%) had other means of delivery and only 0.7% were reported to have forceps delivery. The Caesarian delivery for the first baby was 14.1%, which gradually decreased in subsequent deliveries. Most of the deliveries, be it normal or Caesarean, were conducted by the trainee doctors (43.6%) and Medical Officers (25.7%). Professors and Assistant Professors performed less than 1%. The normal or Caesarean deliveries were assisted mostly by trainee doctors (54.4%), interns (19.0%) and nurses (15.8%); and very few were conducted by Medical Officers (8.3%) and Assistant Registrars (2.1%). The study observes that the rate of Caesarean delivery is much higher than that observed in western countries. Most of the deliveries in this hospital, whether normal or Caesarean, were found to be conducted by the trainee or junior doctors. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 21-23 Keywords: Pregnancy, normal delivery, Caesarean delivery, delivery practices, tertiary hospital. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2915
Unmet Need of Contraceptives among Eligible Couples of Urban Slum Dwellers in Dhaka
Authors: Nahar Shamsun , Amin Farhana 
Published: July 2009

This cross-sectional study was conducted on married women residing in urban slums of Kamrangirchar in Dhaka to determine the magnitude of unmet need for family planning. A total of 265 married women of reproductive age who were fecund and living with husband were the sample of the study. The mean age of the respondents was 26.8±6.7 years. A little above 14% of the women were in the age group of 15-19 years. Almost equal proportion of respondents and their husbands were found to be illiterate. Nearly one-tenth of the respondents have not had ever experienced pregnancy, while 23% experienced pregnancy once, 18.1% twice and 33.6% three-four times, 17% more than four times. Among the respondents, 51.3% were currently using a contraceptive method. Around 5% were pregnant, which was intended. Another 3% wanted to conceive. The rest 41.1% wanted to use a contraceptive but certain barriers did not allow them to use the same suggesting that their family planning need was unmet. This need included limiting (21.5%) and spacing (19.6%). Lactational amenorrhea, no specific reasons, side effect of past contraceptive use, lack of support from husband or other family members, lack of proper knowledge of contraceptive and difficulties in obtaining contraceptive supplies were the cited reasons. Unmet need of contraceptive is high despite an extensive family planning programme in Bangladesh. Mean age at marriage is still below the legal age and gender discrimination plays a vital role in this unmet need. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 24-28 Key words: Unmet need, contraceptive, reasons of unmet need doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2916
Protein C Deficiency in a Patient of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ahmed Tamzeed , Mansur Mahbub 
Published: July 2009

A 42-year old male presented with acute myocardial infarction with no discernable risk factors; he never smoked; did not suffer from diabetes and had a well controlled blood pressure with single medication; plasma concentration of total cholesterol was on the upper normal limit, high and low density lipoprotein, cholesterol and triglyceride being normal. In addition to a single antihypertensive he received Allupurinol (Xanthine Oxidase inhibitor) for hyperuricaemia. Coronary angiogram revealed ectatic epicardial coronary arteries. The patient developed deep vein thrombosis of right leg after four days of the coronary angiogram. Coagulation analysis revealed protein C deficiency. The recognition of protein C deficiency as a risk factor for myocardial infarction is important as anticoagulators prevent further thrombotic events whereas inhibitors of platelet aggregation are ineffective. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 34-35 Key words: myocardial infarction, risk factors, protein C deficiency, anticoagulation. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2918
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Cancer (LCNEC) of Uterine Cervix
Authors: Baral Gehanath , Sharma Reetu 
Published: July 2009

A rare type of cervical cancer was encountered as a neuroendocrine cancer of cervix. Clinically, the patient presented with bleeding per vagina. She refused biopsy in her first visit and did not come for follow up. However, after few months she came and since there was a polypoid growth from cervix, she was advised to undergo hysterectomy. Histopathologically, it was diagnosed as large cell type of neuroendocrine cancer. Multimodality systemic treatment was offered as per literature. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2009; 3(1): 36-38 Key words: Uterine cervix, neuroendocrine cancer (NEC), human papilloma virus (HPV) doi: 10.3329/imcj.v3i1.2919
The Adaptation of Contents for the Creation of Foreign Language Learning Exams for Mobile Devices
Authors: Jose Luis Gimenez López , Teresa Magal-Royo , Francisco Garde Calvo , Salvador Prefasi Gomar 
Published: July 2009

This article describes the process of adaptation of online digital contents for the realization of foreign language learning tests through mobile devices.
Taking into account the need detected in relation to the quick development of mobile technologies, the development and adaptation of existing online exams for mobile devices will be studied. We will do that by considering the possible navigation limits when using multiplatforms, and the aspects related to the formal and technical conditions which the audiovisual contents shown by the device must fulfil.
The existing online language learning tests can be adapted to mobile devices through the programming XHTML language. But, the limitations of navigability in relation to contents and the handling of interaction devices available for users to do the tests must also be considered.
Usability Considerations of Mobile Learning Applications
Authors: Mostakhdemin-Hosseini Ali 
Published: July 2009

Abstract- Mobile usability is not one-dimensional property of user interface, it has many components and attributes [1] The most attributes associated with the mobile usability are as following: Satisfaction, Efficiency, Learnability, Lack of Errors, and Memorability
The assessment and importance of the usability attributes varies based on the application and the type of the users. For the expert usersâ?? lack of errors, reliability and efficiency are important and for the novice users beside mentioned factors the adjustability, learnability and memorability are essentials factors. This paper reveals different usability considerations for mobile learning system with approparte guidelines.
Induction of Antigen-Specific Tolerance by Oral Administration of Lactococcus lactis Delivered Immunodominant DQ8-Restricted Gliadin Peptide in Sensitized Nonobese Diabetic Ab° Dq8 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Huibregtse Inge L. , Marietta Eric V. , Rashtak Shadi , Koning Frits , Rottiers Pieter , David Chella S. , van Deventer Sander J. H. , Murray Joseph A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Active delivery of recombinant autoantigens or allergens at the intestinal mucosa by genetically modified Lactococcus lactis (LL) provides a novel therapeutic approach for the induction of tolerance. Celiac disease is associated with either HLA-DQ2- or HLA-DQ8-restricted responses to specific antigenic epitopes of gliadin, and may be treated by induction of Ag-specific tolerance. We investigated whether oral administration of LL-delivered DQ8-specific gliadin epitope induces Ag-specific tolerance. LL was engineered to secrete a deamidated DQ8 gliadin epitope (LL-eDQ8d) and the induction of Ag-specific tolerance was studied in NOD AB° DQ8 transgenic mice. Tolerance was assessed by delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, cytokine measurements, eDQ8d-specific proliferation, and regulatory T cell analysis. Oral administration of LL-eDQ8d induced suppression of local and systemic DQ8-restricted T cell responses in NOD AB° DQ8 transgenic mice. Treatment resulted in an Ag-specific decrease of the proliferative capacity of inguinal lymph node (ILN) cells and lamina propria cells. Production of IL-10 and TGF-β and a significant induction of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were associated with the eDQ8d-specific suppression induced by LL-eDQ8d. These data provide support for the development of effective therapeutic approaches for gluten-sensitive disorders using orally administered Ag-secreting LL. Such treatments may be effective even in the setting of established hypersensitivity.
CD44 Costimulation Promotes FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cell Persistence and Function via Production of IL-2, IL-10, and TGF-β
Authors: Bollyky Paul L. , Falk Ben A. , Long S. Alice , Preisinger Anton , Braun Kathy R. , Wu Rebecca P. , Evanko Stephen P. , Buckner Jane H. , Wight Thomas N. , Nepom Gerald T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Work by our group and others has demonstrated a role for the extracellular matrix receptor CD44 and its ligand hyaluronan in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell (Treg) function. Herein, we explore the mechanistic basis for this observation. Using mouse FoxP3/GFP+ Treg, we find that CD44 costimulation promotes expression of FoxP3, in part through production of IL-2. This promotion of IL-2 production was resistant to cyclosporin A treatment, suggesting that CD44 costimulation may promote IL-2 production through bypassing FoxP3-mediated suppression of NFAT. CD44 costimulation increased production of IL-10 in a partially IL-2-dependent manner and also promoted cell surface TGF-β expression. Consistent with these findings, Treg from CD44 knockout mice demonstrated impaired regulatory function ex vivo and depressed production of IL-10 and cell surface TGF-β. These data reveal a novel role for CD44 cross-linking in the production of regulatory cytokines. Similar salutary effects on FoxP3 expression were observed upon costimulation with hyaluronan, the primary natural ligand for CD44. This effect is dependent upon CD44 cross-linking; while both high-molecular-weight hyaluronan (HA) and plate-bound anti-CD44 Ab promoted FoxP3 expression, neither low-molecular weight HA nor soluble anti-CD44 Ab did so. The implication is that intact high-molecular weight HA can cross-link CD44 only in those settings where it predominates over fragmentary LMW-HA, namely, in uninflamed tissue. We propose that intact but not fragmented extracellular is capable of cross-linking CD44 and thereby maintains immunologic tolerance in uninjured or healing tissue.
Smoking-Dependent Reprogramming of Alveolar Macrophage Polarization: Implication for Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Shaykhiev Renat , Krause Anja , Salit Jacqueline , Strulovici-Barel Yael , Harvey Ben-Gary , O'Connor Timothy P. , Crystal Ronald G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
When exposed to a specific microenvironment, macrophages acquire either M1- or M2-polarized phenotypes associated with inflammation and tissue remodeling, respectively. Alveolar macrophages (AM) directly interact with environmental stimuli such as cigarette smoke, the major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease characterized by lung inflammation and remodeling. Transcriptional profiling of AM obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of 24 healthy nonsmokers, 34 healthy smokers, and 12 COPD smokers was performed to test the hypothesis whether smoking alters AM polarization, resulting in a disease-relevant activation phenotype. The analysis revealed that AM of healthy smokers exhibited a unique polarization pattern characterized by substantial suppression of M1-related inflammatory/immune genes and induction of genes associated with various M2-polarization programs relevant to tissue remodeling and immunoregulation. Such reciprocal changes progressed with the development of COPD, with M1-related gene expression being most dramatically down-regulated (p &lt; 0.0001 vs healthy nonsmokers, p &lt; 0.002 vs healthy smokers). Results were confirmed with TaqMan real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Among progressively down-regulated M1-related genes were those encoding type I chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5. Progressive activation of M2-related program was characterized by induction of tissue remodeling and immunoregulatory genes such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP7, and adenosine A3 receptor (ADORA3). Principal component analysis revealed that differential expression of polarization-related genes has substantial contribution to global AM phenotypes associated with smoking and COPD. In summary, the data provide transcriptome-based evidence that AM likely contribute to COPD pathogenesis in a noninflammatory manner due to their smoking-induced reprogramming toward M1-deactivated, partially M2-polarized macrophages.
Neuron-Interacting Satellite Glial Cells in Human Trigeminal Ganglia Have an APC Phenotype
Authors: van Velzen Monique , Laman Jon D. , KleinJan Alex , Poot Angelique , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E. , Verjans Georges M. G. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Satellite glial cells (SGC) in sensory ganglia tightly envelop the neuronal cell body to form discrete anatomical units. This type of glial cell is considered neuroectoderm-derived and provides physical support to neuron somata. There are scattered hints in the literature suggesting that SGC have an immune-related function within sensory ganglia. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that SGC are tissue-resident APC. The immune phenotype and function of a large series (n = 40) of human trigeminal ganglia (TG) were assessed by detailed flow cytometry, in situ analyses, and functional in vitro assays. Human TG-resident SGC (TG-SGC) uniformly expressed the common leukocyte marker CD45, albeit at lower levels compared with infiltrating T cells, and the macrophage markers CD14, CD68, and CD11b. In addition, TG-SGC expressed the myeloid dendritic cell (DC) marker CD11c, the T cell costimulatory molecules CD40, CD54, CD80, and CD86 and MHC class II. However, the mature DC marker CD83 was absent on TG-SGC. Functionally, TG-SGC phagocytosed fluorescent bacteria, but were unable to induce an allogeneic MLR. Finally, TG-infiltrating T cells expressed the T cell inhibitory molecules CD94/NKG2A and PD-1, and the interacting TG-SGC expressed the cognate ligands HLA-E and PD-L1, respectively. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that human TG-SGC have a unique leukocyte phenotype, with features of both macrophages and immature myeloid DC, indicating that they have a role as TG-resident APC with potential T cell modulatory properties.
Poly I:C-Induced Activation of NK Cells by CD8α+ Dendritic Cells via the IPS-1 and TRIF-Dependent Pathways
Authors: Miyake Tohru , Kumagai Yutaro , Kato Hiroki , Guo Zijin , Matsushita Kazufumi , Satoh Takashi , Kawagoe Tatsukata , Kumar Himanshu , Jang Myoung Ho , Kawai Taro , Tani Tohru , Takeuchi Osamu , Akira Shizuo 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
NK cells play essential roles in eliminating virally infected cells and tumor cells. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a double-stranded RNA analog recognized by melanoma-differentiation associated gene 5 (MDA5) and TLR3, activates NK cells in vivo. MDA5 and TLR3 signal through distinct adaptor molecules, IFN-promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) and Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF), respectively. However, it remains unclear how NK cells are activated by poly I:C in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that the IPS-1-dependent and the TRIF-dependent pathways are essential for NK cell activation to poly I:C stimulation in mice, whereas deficiency in either IPS-1 or TRIF only modestly impairs the poly I:C-induced NK cell activation. Furthermore, both IPS-1 and TRIF contributed to suppression of implanted B16 tumor growth in response to poly I:C administration via NK cell activation. Presence of IPS-1 and TRIF in dendritic cells (DCs), but not NK cells, was required for production of IFN-γ to poly I:C in NK cells in vitro. Moreover CD8α+ conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), but not CD8α− cDCs, expressed genes for type I IFNs, IL-6, and IL-12p40 in response to poly I:C stimulation, and were also responsible for inducing IFN-γ production in NK cells. Taken together, poly I:C activates the IPS-1- and TRIF-dependent pathways in CD8α+ cDCs, which in turn leads to NK cell activation.
Defect‐Mediated Polarization Switching in Ferroelectrics and Related Materials: From Mesoscopic Mechanisms to Atomistic Control
Authors: Kalinin Sergei V. , Rodriguez Brian J. , Borisevich Albina Y. , Baddorf Arthur P. , Balke Nina , Chang Hye Jung , Chen Long‐Qing , Choudhury Samrat , Jesse Stephen , Maksymovych Peter , Nikiforov Maxim P. , Pennycook Stephen J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe plethora of lattice and electronic behaviors in ferroelectric and multiferroic materials and heterostructures opens vistas into novel physical phenomena including magnetoelectric coupling and ferroelectric tunneling. The development of new classes of electronic, energy‐storage, and information‐technology devices depends critically on understanding and controlling field‐induced polarization switching. Polarization reversal is controlled by defects that determine activation energy, critical switching bias, and the selection between thermodynamically equivalent polarization states in multiaxial ferroelectrics. Understanding and controlling defect functionality in ferroelectric materials is as critical to the future of oxide electronics and solid‐state electrochemistry as defects in semiconductors are for semiconductor electronics. Here, recent advances in understanding the defect‐mediated switching mechanisms, enabled by recent advances in electron and scanning probe microscopy, are discussed. The synergy between local probes and structural methods offers a pathway to decipher deterministic polarization switching mechanisms on the level of a single atomically defined defect.
Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofluidic Transport
Authors: Holt Jason Knowles 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecent strides have been made in both the modeling and measurement of fluid flow on the nanoscale. Carbon nanotubes, with their atomic dimensions and atomic smoothness, are ideal materials for studying such flows. This Progress Report describes recent modeling and experimental advances concerning fluid transport in carbon nanotubes. The varied flow characteristics predicted by molecular dynamics are described, as are the roles of defects and chirality on transport. Analytical models are increasingly being used to describe nanofluidic transport by relaxing many of the assumptions commonly used to describe bulk water. Recent experimental studies examine the size dependence of flow enhancements through carbon nanotubes and use varied spectroscopies to probe water structure and dynamics in these systems. Carbon nanotubes are finding increasing applications in biology, from protein filters to platforms for cell interrogation.
Highly Selective Oxidation of Alkylphenols to Benzoquinones with Hydrogen Peroxide over Silica‐Supported Titanium Catalysts: Titanium Cluster Site versus Titanium Single Site
Authors: Kholdeeva Oxana A. , Ivanchikova Irina D. , Guidotti Matteo , Pirovano Claudio , Ravasio Nicoletta , Barmatova Marina V. , Chesalov Yurii A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTitanium‐silica catalysts have been prepared by supporting titanium(IV) precursors with different nuclearity {mononuclear titanocene dichloride Ti(Cp)2Cl2, dinuclear titanium diethyl tartrate and the tetranuclear titanium peroxo complex (NH4)8[Ti4(C6H4O7)4(O2)4]⋅8 H2O} onto the surface of silica materials with different textural characteristics. The supported catalysts have been explored as highly active and reusable catalysts for the oxidation of 2,3,6‐trimethylphenol (TMP) and 2,6‐dimethylphenol (DMP) to 2,3,5‐trimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (TMBQ, vitamin E key intermediate) and 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DMBQ), respectively, using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as green oxidant. Catalysts prepared by grafting mononuclear Ti(Cp)2Cl2 revealed a strong dependence of the product selectivity on the surface concentration of titanium active centers. Mesoporous materials with titanium surface concentration in the range of 0.6–1.0 Ti/nm2 were identified as optimal catalysts for the transformation of alkylphenols to benzoquinones. Catalysts having <0.6 Ti/nm2 produced a mixture of benzoquinones and dimeric by‐products. Conversely, when di‐/tetranuclear titanium precursors were employed for the catalyst preparation, a diminution of the titanium surface concentration had no impact on the benzoquinone selectivity, which was typically as high as 96–99%. DR‐UV spectroscopic studies revealed that the catalysts capable of producing alkylbenzoquinones with nearly quantitative yields possess titanium dimers and/or subnanometer‐size clusters homogeneously distributed on a silica surface. On the contrary, catalysts with isolated titanium sites give a considerable amount of dimeric by‐products. This is the first example which clearly demonstrates the advantages of titanium cluster‐site catalysts over titanium single‐site catalysts in hydrogen peroxide‐based selective oxidation reaction.
Prevention of Manganese Precipitation during the Continuous Selective Partial Oxidation of Methyl Aromatics with Molecular Oxygen in Supercritical Water
Authors: Fraga‐Dubreuil Joan , Garcia‐Verdugo Eduardo , Hamley Paul A. , Perez Eduardo , Pearson Ian , Thomas W. Barry , Housley Duncan , Partenheimer Walt , Poliakoff Martyn 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPresented here is an investigation of the activity and recovery of the homogeneous manganese/bromide catalyst during the continuous flow oxidation of o‐xylene, as model substrate, with molecular oxygen (O2) in supercritical water (scH2O). Two strategies are discussed for preventing catalyst precipitation, mainly in the form of oxides such as manganese(IV) oxide, The first strategy involves varying the manganese:bromide ratio using either manganese(II) acetate or manganese(II) bromide in the presence of hydrobromic and other acids. The results show that the effect of acidity and bromide concentration plays an important role in preventing the manganese/bromide catalyst from precipitating. The second strategy uses aromatic carboxylic acids in combination with the manganese/bromide catalyst, particularly benzoic acid, which improves the catalyst recovery dramatically over a certain range of acid concentrations. Our studies show how the presence of an organic acid and/or its precursors is important in stabilising the catalyst. Our results are rationalised on the basis of a tentative reaction mechanism.
Promiscuous Substrate Binding Explains the Enzymatic Stereo‐ and Regiocontrolled Synthesis of Enantiopure Hydroxy Ketones and Diols
Authors: Kurina‐Sanz Marcela , Bisogno Fabricio R. , Lavandera Iván , Orden Alejandro A. , Gotor Vicente 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRegio‐ and stereoselective reductions of several diketones to afford enantiopure hydroxy ketones or diols were accomplished using isolated alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs). Results could be rationalised taking into account different (promiscuous) substrate‐binding modes in the active site of the enzyme. Furthermore, interesting natural cyclic diketones were also reduced with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Some of the 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diketones used in this study were reduced by employing a low excess of the hydrogen donor (2‐propanol) due to the quasi‐irreversibility of these ADH‐catalysed processes. Thus, using lower quantities of co‐substrate, scale‐up could be easily achieved.