bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Pituitary Tumor Irradiation in Cats
Authors: Mayer Monique N. , Greco Deborah S. , LaRue Susan M. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Information on tumor control and normal tissue effects of radiotherapy to treat pituitary tumors in cats is limited.Hypothesis:Radiation therapy is effective in controlling the clinical signs associated with pituitary tumors in cats, with a low incidence of adverse effects.Animals:Eight cats were irradiated at Colorado State University between 1991 and 2002 for spontaneous pituitary tumors.Methods:A retrospective review of records was made to assess tumor control and incidence of radiation‐induced adverse effects.Results:Pituitary carcinoma was diagnosed in 2 cats and pituitary adenoma in 6 cats. Total radiation dosage ranged from 4,500 to 5,400 cGy administered Monday through Friday in 270 or 300 cGy fractions. Acute effects were limited to epilation and mild otitis externa. Focal brain necrosis adjacent to regrowth of a pituitary carcinoma and a second tumor in the radiation field were reported as possible late effects. Median survival, regardless of cause of death of the 8 cats, was 17.4 months (range, 8.4 to 63.1 months). Median survival could not be determined if cats were censored for non‐tumor‐related causes of death. Six cats were alive at 1 year, and 3 cats were alive at 2 years after treatment. Tumor recurrence was seen in 1 cat with a pituitary carcinoma. Neurologic signs improved within 2 months in all 5 cats that presented with abnormal neurologic signs. Clinical signs caused by a concurrent endocrine disorder began to improve within 1–5 months in the 7 cats with hyperadrenocorticism or acromegaly.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Radiation therapy is an effective primary treatment modality for cats presenting with neurologic signs associated with a pituitary mass and can improve clinical signs associated with concurrent hyperadrenocorticism or acromegaly in cats with no neurologic abnormalities.
Postoperative Adjuvant Treatment of Invasive Malignant Mammary Gland Tumors in Dogs with Doxorubicin and Docetaxel
Authors: Simon Daniela , Schoenrock Dorina , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Nolte Ingo 
Published: March 2010

Background:Treatment outcome after surgery alone is unsatisfactory in dogs with invasive malignant mammary gland tumors.Hypothesis:Adjuvant doxorubicin or docetaxel will improve the treatment outcome in dogs with high‐risk malignant mammary gland tumors, and the use of docetaxel will be feasible in affected dogs.Animals:Thirty‐one dogs with malignant mammary gland tumors of histologic stages II and III (vascular or lymphatic invasion, regional lymph node metastasis, or distant metastasis) were used.Methods:A prospective clinical trial in which dogs were treated with surgery alone (n = 19) or also received adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 12) with doxorubicin or docetaxel was conducted. Docetaxel was given as an IV infusion at a dose of 30 mg/m2preceded by dexamethasone and diphenhydramine administration.Results:The recurrence‐free interval ranged from 13 to 2,585 days (median not reached); the median metastasis‐free interval and overall survival were 294 days and 370 days, respectively. Dogs treated with chemotherapy had a tendency toward higher long‐term local control and survival rates, but there was no significant difference in the recurrence‐free interval (P= .17), time to metastasis (P= .71), and overall survival (P= .12). Factors found to influence the time to metastasis and overall survival included lymph node metastasis (P= .009) and tumor fixation to underlying structures (P= .043, time to metastasis), as well as age (P= .018) and histologic stage (P< .001, survival). Mild allergic skin reactions were the most frequently observed complications of docetaxel treatment.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Chemotherapy did not lead to an improved outcome in this population. Docetaxel treatment was well tolerated. Additional investigations of adjuvant chemotherapy in dogs with high‐risk mammary cancer are warranted.
Cyclooxygenase Expression in the Early Stages of Equine Laminitis: A Cytologic Study
Authors: Blikslager Anthony T. , Yin Cailing , Cochran Anna M. , Wooten Jenna G. , Pettigrew Amanda , Belknap James K. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Recent reports indicate increased amounts of mRNA from inflammation‐related genes in the prodromal stage of laminitis.Hypothesis:Cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) undergo distinct patterns of expression in equine laminae in the developmental stage (DEV) and acute clinical stage (LAM) of laminitis.Animals:Horses selected from an outbred population were placed into 1 of 4 groups: DEV (n = 5), CON‐3h (control group for DEV, n = 5), LAM (n = 5) and CON‐10h (control group for LAM, n = 5).Methods:Laminar and skin samples were obtained from (1) animals either undergoing leukopenia (DEV) or the onset of clinical signs of laminitis (LAM) after black walnut extract (BWE) administration and (2) animals either 3 (CON‐3h) or 10 (CON‐10h) hours after administration of water. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR), immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analysis were performed for COX‐1 and COX‐2.Results:Upon immunohistochemical analysis of all 4 groups, COX‐2 was expressed by most viable epithelial cells in both laminae and skin. COX‐1 exhibited similar epithelial expression to COX‐2 in skin epidermis, but was expressed exclusively in the basal layer of laminar epidermis. COX‐1 protein was not detectable in dermal vasculature of equine skin or laminae, whereas COX‐2 was present in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells of dermal vasculature in both skin and laminae in all groups. A marked increase in laminar COX‐2 protein concentrations was detected on immunoblotting in the DEV group, although a lesser increase was observed in the LAM group.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: COX‐2 protein expression is markedly increased in the resident laminar cell types in the developmental stage of BWE‐induced laminitis.
Successful Treatment and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Confirmation of Tyzzer's Disease in a Foal and Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of 6 Additional Foals (1986–2005)
Authors: Borchers Angela , Magdesian K. Gary , Halland Spring , Pusterla Nicola , Wilson W. David 
Published: March 2010

Background:Tyzzer's disease is a rapidly progressive and highly fatal hepatitis of foals caused byClostridium piliforme.Survival of a confirmed case has not been reported previously.Hypothesis:Successful therapy ofC piliformeinfection in foals is possible. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to diagnose Tyzzer's disease antemortem or postmortem.Animals:Seven foals were included in the study.Methods:Retrospective study was made to evaluate the clinical and pathologic characteristics of foals with Tyzzer's disease. Medical records of the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at University of California Davis were reviewed. Foals <3 months old were included in the study if typical clinical signs were present and histologic examination identified multifocal coagulative necrosis and hepatitis with intracytoplasmic filamentous bacilli, consistent withC piliforme.A real‐time TaqMan assay was developed to detectC piliformegene sequences in liver tissue from affected foals.Results:Median survival time from onset of disease in nonsurviving foals was 30 hours (mean 34.5 ± 20.1; range, 16–62 hours). Common clinical findings included lethargy, recumbency, seizures, and fever. Laboratory findings included metabolic acidosis, hypoglycemia and increased activity of hepatobiliary enzymes. Treatment consisted of IV fluids, antimicrobial and antiinflammatory drugs, and parenteral nutrition. One filly survived, whereas 6 died. Postmortem examination of the 6 foals that died disclosed hepatomegaly with multifocal necrosis. Liver tissue from 4 foals was positive forC piliformegene sequences using PCR.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Although the mortality rate of Tyzzer's disease is high, successful outcome is possible if intensive care is initiated promptly. PCR can be used for early and specific diagnosis.
Comparison of Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Indices of Efficacy for 5 Fluoroquinolones toward Pathogens of Dogs and Cats
Authors: Boothe Dawn Merton , Boeckh AIbert , Simpson R. Bruce , Dubose Kirn 
Published: March 2010

Background:Fluoroquinolones are often used interchangeably in dogs and cats.Hypothesis:Predicted therapeutic efficacy differs among fluoroquinolones.Animals:Bacterial pathogens isolated from dogs and cats.Methods:Using microtube‐dilution procedures, percent resistance and 2 pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic indices (maximum concentration/minimum inhibitory concentration [Cmax/MIC] [target 0.10] and area under curve/minimum inhibitory concentration [AUC/MIC] [target 0.125]) were compared prospectively at low and high doses (mg/kg) for ciprofloxacin (5 and 20), difloxacin (5 and 10), enrofloxacin (including enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin) (5 and 20), marbofloxacin (2.5 and 5), and orbifloxacin (2.5 and 7.5). Indices were calculated for organisms represented by 15 isolates.Results:Percent resistance for all Gram‐negative (n = 180; 20 ± 3%; 39 ± 5% forEscherichia coli) and Gram‐positive isolates (n = 66; 18 ± 3%) did not differ among drugs or organisms. The pattern of Cmax/MIC was generally enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin ≥ enrofloxacin or ciprofloxacin ≥ marbofloxacin ≥ orbifloxacin ≥ difloxacin; and forAVICIMIC, enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin ≥ marbofloxacin ≥ ciprofloxacin ≥ enrofloxacin > difloxacin > orbifloxacin. Among susceptible Gram‐negative isolates studied (n = 117), targeted Cmax/MIC or AUC/MIC were achieved in 88% ofE. coli, 53% ofProteus mirabilis, and 35% ofPseudomonas aeruginosa; and for susceptible Gram‐positive isolates studied (n = 49), 53% ofStreptotoccusspp. andStaphylococcus intermediusand 27% ofStaphylococcusspp. At the high dose, the proportion of isolates for which a target was reached was: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin+ciprofloaxin, and marbofloxacin (77%), enrofloxacin (73%), orbifloxacin (51%), and difloxacin (40%); and at the low dose, enrofloxacin+ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin (43%), ciprofloxacin (40%), marbofloxacin (39%), orbifloxacin (29%), and difloxacin (28%).Conclusions:E. coliresistance to fluoroquinolones approximated 40%. For susceptible isolates, enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin more consistently reached indices associated with predicted efficacy, but only at the high dose.
Comparison of the Effects of Daily and Intermittent‐Dose Calcitriol on Serum Parathyroid Hormone and Ionized Calcium Concentrations in Normal Cats and Cats with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Hostutler Roger A. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Chew Dennis J. , Nagode Larry A. , Schenck Patricia A. , Rajala‐Schultz Päivi J. , Drost W. Tod 
Published: March 2010

Background:Chronic renal failure is complicated by secondary hyperparathyroidism, which traditionally has been controlled by dietary restriction of phosphorus and administration of phosphorus binders. Early treatment of patients with chronic renal failure with calcitriol may be indicated because once established, parathyroid gland hyperplasia does not readily resolve with therapy.Hypothesis:Daily and intermittent dosing of calcitriol will decrease plasma parathyroid hormone concentration in normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure without causing ionized hypercalcemia.Animals:Ten normal cats; 10 cats with chronic renal failure.Methods:Phase 1 was daily calcitriol administration (2.5 ng/kg PO q24h) for 14 days. Phase 2 was intermittent calcitriol administration (8.75 ng/kg PO q84h) for 14 days. A 7‐day washout period separated phases 1 and 2. Before each phase, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and ionized calcium concentrations were measured. On days 1, 2, and 3 of both phases, serum ionized calcium concentrations were measured. On the last day of both phases, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and ionized calcium concentrations were measured 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours after calcitriol administration.Results:Overall, serum parathyroid hormone concentrations were significantly higher in cats with chronic renal failure than in normal cats (P= .022), but serum parathyroid hormone concentrations for both normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure were not significantly different before and after 14 days of treatment with calcitriol, regardless of whether calcitriol was administered daily or intermittently. Adverse effects of calcitriol administration (specifically ionized hypercalcemia) were not seen in either feline group during either phase of the study over the 3‐day evaluation after calcitriol administration was initiated.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: At the dosages used, calcitriol treatment did not result in significant differences in serum parathyroid hormone concentrations before and after treatment in both normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure. With these dosages, adverse affects of calcitriol administration were not seen. Potential reasons for lack of apparent effect include small sample size, insufficient duration of study, insufficient dosage of calcitriol, problems with formulation or administration of calcitriol, and variable gastrointestinal absorption of calcitriol.
Coagulation Profiles in Dogs with Congenital Portosystemic Shunts before and after Surgical Attenuation
Authors: Kummeling Anne , Teske Erik , Rothuizen Jan , van Sluijs Frederik J. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Serious postoperative hemorrhage has been reported in dogs after closure of congenital portosystemic shunts (CPS).Hypothesis:In dogs with portosystemic shunting, low coagulation factor activity is responsible for coagulopathy, which can cause complications after surgery.Animals:Thirty‐four dogs with CPS and 39 healthy dogs.Methods:In a prospective study, coagulation times, platelet count, and the activity of 8 coagulation factors were measured in dogs before and after surgical shunt attenuation and in 31 healthy dogs. The effect of abdominal surgery on hemostasis was determined at ovariectomy in 8 healthy dogs.Results:Dogs with CPS had lower platelet counts, lower activity of factors II, V, VII, and X, and increased factor VIII and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) compared to healthy dogs. After surgical attenuation, dogs with CPS had decreased platelet counts and activity of factors I, II, V, VII, IX, X, and XI and a prolonged prothrombin time (PT). Ovariectomy resulted in decreased activity of factors VII and X. Six weeks after surgery, portosystemic shunting persisted in 9 of 30 dogs, with no improvement of hemostatic values. CPS dogs without shunting had improved coagulation times and increased activity of factors II, V, VII, and X.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs with CPS have lower activity of clotting factors compared to healthy dogs, resulting in a prolonged APTT. Surgical attenuation of the shunt results in increased abnormalities in coagulation times and factors immediately after surgery. Hemostasis is normalized after complete recovery of shunting after attenuation, in contrast to dogs with persistent shunting.
Investigation of Physiologic Leukopenia in Belgian Tervuren Dogs
Authors: Gommeren K. , Duchateau L. , Paepe D. , Vanholen L. , Vandenberghe A. , Daminet S. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Physiologic leukopenia in Tervuren dogs was reported in North America with a higher frequency in aged Tervurens. If not recognized, physiologic leukopenia can provoke unnecessary clinical investigations.Hypothesis:The primary objective was to compare Tervurens and control dogs in Belgium with respect to the numbers of dogs with physiologic leukopenia. The secondary objectives were to compare Tervurens with control dogs and age classes within Tervurens and controls for parameters related to physiologic leukopenia.Animals:Tervurens (n = 94) and control dogs (n = 48, maximum of 5 dogs per breed and 5 mixed breed dogs) were entered into the study. Dogs were 1–11 years old and healthy on routine physical examination. Dogs had no history of disease or drug administration in the previous 2 months.Methods:Hematologic analyses were performed by an automated device within 30 hours of sampling. Blood smears were evaluated for cellular morphologic anomalies.Results:Only 1 of the 94 Tervuren dogs had physiologic leukopenia (1.06%; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–5.22). Furthermore, the white blood cell (WBC) count in Tervuren dogs (median, 10.00 × 109/L; range, 5.90–20.80) was not significantly different (P= .55) from that of control dogs (median, 9.75 × 109/L; range, 5.20–20.90). The WBC count decreased significantly (P< .001) with age in Tervuren dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Physiologic leukopenia is uncommon in the Belgian Tervuren dog. Differences with earlier data published in North America might be due to genetic or environmental differences.
Clinical and Echocardiographic Features of Primary Infundibular Stenosis with Intact Ventricular Septum in Dogs
Authors: Minors Sandra L. , O'Grady Michael R. , Williams Regan M. , O'Sullivan M. Lynne 
Published: March 2010

Background:Primary infundibular stenosis is a rare congenital defect in which the right ventricle is divided into a proximal “high‐pressure” chamber and a distal “low‐pressure” chamber. The condition can be misdiagnosed as ventricular septal defect or valvular pulmonic stenosis and the disease severity underestimated. The purpose of this study was to provide a detailed clinical and echocardiographic description of this anomaly in a series of dogs.Hypothesis:Several anatomic forms of infundibular stenosis exist. High resolution two‐dimensional echocardiography could differentiate 3 gross anatomic substrates. Knowledge of the anatomy of the obstructing lesion could influence options for corrective interventions.Animals:Thirteen dogs examined at the Ontario Veterinary College teaching hospital from 1994 to 2005 with an ultrasound diagnosis of subpulmonic stenasis.Methods:A retrospective review was made of case records from 1994 to 2005.Results:Thirteen dogs were identified as having primary infundibular stenosis, with apparent increased prevalence in Golden Retrievers (8/13, 62%) and Siberian Huskies (3/13, 23%). Three types of infundibular lesions were identified by ultrasound in 11/13 dogs: a fibrous diaphragm (6), fibromuscular (4), and muscular obstruction (1). Two dogs with a fibrous diaphragm underwent direct surgical dilation without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass or inflow occlusion, resulting in substantial reduction of the severity of stenosis.Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Accurate determination of the severity of the stenosis and the anatomy of the obstructing lesion are important in devising a treatment strategy. Recognition of the fibrous diaphragm by echocardiography identifies a subset of dogs potentially amenable to surgical dilation without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass.
Prevalence of Unilateral and Bilateral Deafness in Border Collies and Association with Phenotype
Authors: Platt Simon , Freeman Julia , di Stefani AIberta , Wieczorek Lara , Henley William 
Published: March 2010

Background:Congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) occurs in Border Collies, but its prevalence and inheritance are unknown. This study estimated the prevalence of CSD in Border Collies and investigated its association with phenotypic attributes linked to the merle gene, including coat pigmentation and iris color.Hypothesis:Deafness in Border Collies is associated with pigmentation patterns linked to the merle gene.Animals:A total of 2597 Border Collies from the United Kingdom.Methods:A retrospective study of Border Collies tested, during 1994–2002, by using brainstem auditory evoked responses. Associations between deafness and phenotypic attributes were assessed by using generalized logistic regression.Results:The prevalence of CSD in puppies was estimated as 2.8%. The corresponding rates of unilateral and bilateral CSD were 2.3 and 0.5%, respectively. Adjustment for clustering of hearing status by litter reduced the overall prevalence estimate to 1.6%. There was no association between CSD and sex (P= .2). Deaf Border Collies had higher rates of merle coat pigmentation, blue iris pigment, and excess white on the head than normal hearing Border Collies (allP< .001). The odds of deafness were increased by a factor of 14 for Border Collies with deaf dams, relative to the odds for dogs with normal dams (P= .007), after adjustment for phenotypic attributes.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Associations between CSD and pigmentation patterns linked to the merle gene were demonstrated for Border Collies. Evidence for an inherited component to CSD in Border Collies supports selective breeding from only tested and normal parents to reduce the prevalence of this disease.
Hematologic Changes Associated with Half‐Body Irradiation in Dogs with Lymphoma
Authors: Axiak Sandra M. , Carreras Janet K. , Hahn Kevin A. , Endicott Melissa M. , Parshley Dorothy E. , King Glen K. 
Published: March 2010

Background:Reports describe the technique and efficacy of half‐body irradiation (HBI) of dogs with lymphoma, but few describe the distinctive toxicoses associated with the combination of HBI and chemotherapy.Hypothesis:HBI would transiently affect myelocytic and erythroid variables as assessed by serial analysis of complete blood counts.Animals:Twenty‐nine dogs with lymphoma treated with HBI during 2002 and 2003.Methods:A retrospective study of medical records of 29 dogs was performed. Two HBI protocols were used, resulting in delivery of either 6 Gy or 8 Gy to each half of the body, 1 month apart. Dogs received chemotherapy before, during, or after irradiation, or at multiple times. Serial hematology was available for all dogs. Data were analyzed between collection periods by analysis of variance (ANOVA)Results:The mean granulocyte count significantly (P < .01) decreased from 10,017 cells/μL (data range 3,001–20,170 cells/μL) before the first radiation treatment to 3,250 cells/μL (820–4,400 cells/μL) at week 5 (P < .01). Three weeks after this nadir, the mean increased to 10,150 cells/μL (900–26,700 cells/μL). The hematocrit did not change (36–38%). Thrombocytopenia (< 100,000/μL) occurred in 10 dogs. Two dogs died because of complications associated with thrombocytopenia. No significant difference in toxicity was found between the 6 Gy and 8 Gy group.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: HBI was myelosuppressive but effects were short term and resolved in 22 of 24 dogs. Further studies are needed to elucidate the safety and role of HBI in the treatment of dogs with lymphoma.