bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of 79 referral colic cases
Authors: PARRY B. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical, surgical and/or necropsy diagnosis of 79 horses admitted to a referral clinic for evaluation of colic are reported. Twenty‐one horses were presented with conditions amenable to medical treatment and all were subsequently discharged. Exploratory laparotomies were performed on 44 horses during the present study, in some cases as a diagnostic procedure preceding euthanasia. In general, in surgical cases the mortality rate was highest for problems involving the small intestine, followed by those affecting the large colon and then the small colon. Postoperative sequelae included peritonitis, infarction, visceral rupture and acute circulatory failure. Colitis, visceral rupture and thromboembolic infarction generally had a fatal result. The overall recovery rate (for 79 horses) was about 50 per cent.RésuméLes diagnostics cliniques, chirurgicaux ou nécropsiques concernant 79 chevaux atteints de coliques sont passés en revue. Vingt‐et‐un chevaux furent atteints d'une affection compatible avec un traitement médical et tous furent guéris. Des laparotomies exploratrices furent faites sur 44 chevaux, quelquefois à des fins diagnostiques précédant l'euthanasie. En général dans les cas chirurgicaux, le taux de mortalité fut supérieur pour les situations impliquánt l'intestin grèle, ensuite pour celles impliquant le colon replié puis le colon flottant. Les séquelles post opératoires regroupèrent des péritonites, des infarctus, des ruptures viscérales et des insuffisances circulatoires aigues. Les entérocolites, les ruptures viscérales et les infarctus thrombo emboliques comportaient une issue fatale. Au total 50 pour cent des chevaux furent sauvés (sur 79).ZusammenfassungDie klinischen, chirurgischen und/oder autoptischen Diagnosen von 79 Pferden werden besprochen, die an eine Klinik wegen Kolik überwiesen worden waren. 21 Pferde konnten medizinisch betreut und alle entlassen werden. 44 Pferde hatten sich einer Laparotomie zu unterziehen, in einigen Fällen als diagnostische Massnahme vor der Euthanasie. In der Regel erwies sich in chirurgischen Fällen die Mortalität bei Dünndarmproblemen am höchsten, gefolgt von Affektionen des grossen Colons und dann kleinen Colons. Post‐operative Folgen umfassten Peritonitis, Infarkte, Eingeweiderupturen und akute zirkulatorische Zusammenbrüche. Colitis, Eingeweiderupturen und thromboembolische Infarkte endeten im allgemeinen ungünstig. Die Erholungsquote betrug für 78 Pferde ungefähr 50%.
Review of pulsing electromagnetic field therapy and its possible application to horses
Authors: AUER J. A. , BURCH G. E. , HALL P. 
Published: April 2010

The relevant literature on electrostimulation in general, and pulsing electromagnetic fields in particular, is reviewed. DC current influences cell behaviour by affecting transmembrane ion transport, which is often under enzymatic control. Pulsing electromagnetic fields influence cell functions through adsorption of ions or dipole formation at the cell membrane. Invasive and non‐invasive DC current stimulation is compared to pulsing electromagnetic fields. The mode of application of pulsing electromagnetic fields to the equine limb and suggested treatment times are briefly discussed. Two case reports are used to illustrate the effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields in equine fracture treatment.RésuméOn passe en revue la bibliographie qui traite de l'électro‐stimulation et des champs électromagnétiques. Le courant influence le comportement cellulaire, modifiant le transport des ions au travers des membranes, lequel est souvent sous contrôle enzymatique. Les champs électromagnétiques pulsés influencent les fonctions cellulaires par absorption d'ions et formation de dipôles sur les membranes cellulaires. La stimulation agressive ou non agressive par le courant électrique DC est comparée à l'action des champs magnétiques pulsés. On discute de la technique d'emploi des champs magnétiques pulsés sur les membres de chevaux sans omettre la durée des traitements. Deux cas cliniques sont utilisés pour illustrer les effets des champs électromagnétiques pulsés dans le traitement des fractures chez le cheval.ZusammenfassungDie einschlägige Literatur über Elektrostimulation im allgemeinen und über pulsierende elektro‐magnetische Felder im besonderen wird in einer Uebersicht besprochen. Gleichstrom beeinflusst die Zelle, indem der Ionentransport durch die Membran — oft under enzymatischer Kontrolle — verändert wird. Pulsierende elektromagnetische Felder beeinflussen die Zellfunktionen durch die Anlagerung von Ionen oder durch Dipol‐Bildungen an den Zellmembran. Invasive und nicht‐invasive Gleichstromstimulation wird mit pulsierenden, elektromagnetischen Feldern verglichen. Die Art der Applikation derartiger Felder an Gliedmassen von Pferden und die vorgeschlagenen Behandlungszeiten werden kurz besprochen. Zwei Fall‐Beschreibungen werden zur Illustration der Wirkung pulsierender elektromagnetischer Felder in der Frakturbehandlung benützt.
Effects of environmental control on pulmonary function of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: THOMSON JILL R. , McPHERSON E. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of environmental control on horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was assessed by clinical examination and pulmonary function tests, ie, maximum change in intrathoracic pressure, tidal volume, minute volume, non‐elastic work of breathing, dynamic compliance, inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and arterial blood gas analysis. A controlled environment (ie, bedding horses on shredded paper and feeding a complete cubed diet) caused symptomatic COPD affected horses to become asymptomatic within four to 24 days (mean ± sd 8.4 ± 4.8 days). When asymptomatic, their pulmonary function values did not differ significantly from those of normal horses, which indicates that the pathophysiological changes occurring in equine COPD are reversible. The time taken for horses to become asymptomatic correlated significantly with age, duration of illness and severity of disease as adjudged by the non‐elastic work of breathing.
Some reflections on positive results from medication control tests in the USA
Authors: TOBIN T. , COMBIE JOAN 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis article describes 3 of the drugs responsible for positive tests in American racing in recent years: fentanyl, apomorphine and reserpine. Experimental work is described in which the effect of administration was measured objectively against step counting; other aspects of locomotor stimulation and clinical responses are discussed. The supposed tonic effects of “pangamic acid” are considered and attention is drawn to the view of the US Food and Drug Administration that the substance does not exist.
Pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid in horses
Authors: LÖSCHER W. , JAESCHKE G. , KELLER H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe pharmacokinetics of ascorbic acid were studied in 29 horses after intravenous (iv), subcutaneous, intramuscular (im) and oral administration. Following iv injection of 5 and 10 g ascorbic acid, respectively, a biphasic decline of ascorbic acid serum levels was found, indicating that the vitamin distributes in the body according to a two‐compartment open model. The apparent volume of distribution (average value for Vd(ss)= 0.6 litre/kg) was approximately equivalent to the volume of total body water. The terminal half‐life of the biexponential serum level‐time curve (t1/2β) varied between 5 and 17 h. Both distribution and elimination were found to be positively correlated with the iv dose administered. Following subcutaneous and im injection, the average bioavailability of ascorbic acid amounted to 82 and 61 per cent, respectively. However, both routes of administration gave rise to marked local irritation. Following oral administration, the systemic availability of ascorbic acid was very poor. Serum levels in most experiments were not increased above the endogenous pre‐administration values of the vitamin. Thus, in horses iv injection appears to be the only satisfactory route of administration of ascorbic acid if supplementation is required.
Muscle perfusion in the horse
Authors: WEAVER B. M. Q. , LUNN C. E. M. , STADDON G. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMuscle perfusion was studied in conscious and anaesthetised horses by monitoring the clearance of a locally injected bolus of saline containing radioactive xenon (133Xe). The mean of all the measurements made from the brachiocephalicus and semimembranosus muscles in conscious subjects was 1.29 ml/min/100 g while in anaesthetised subjects it was 0.40 ml/min/100 g. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the clinical occurrence of post anaesthetic myositis.
Immunocytochemical distribution of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse
Authors: KITAMURA N. , YAMADA J. , CALINGASAN N. Y. , YAMASHITA T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEndocrine cells immunoreactive for somatostatin, gastrin, glicentin, glucagon, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and neurotensin were identified immunocytochemically in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the horse. Somatostatin‐, glicentin‐and glucagon‐immunoreactive cells were very numerous in the cardiac and fundic regions of the stomach, whereas most gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were confined to the pyloric region. Somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells also were detected in all portions of the small intestine while gastrin‐immunoreactive cells were confined exclusively to the upper portion and glicentin‐immunoreactive cells were limited to the lower portions of the small intestine. Secretin‐, cholecystokinin‐ and motilin‐immunoreactive cells were observed only in the duodenum, while neurotensin‐immunoreactive cells were confined primarily to the ileum. In the large intestine, somatostatin‐ and glicentin‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the colon and rectum. The preferential location of endocrine cells provides additional information for future studies on the physiological roles of gastrointestinal peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the horse.
3‐methylindole as a model of equine obstructive lung disease
Authors: BREEZE R. G. , BROWN C. M. , TURK M. A. M. 
Published: April 2010

Summary3‐methylindole was administered orally and intravenously to horses and ponies in order to determine the ability of this chemical to provide a model of equine pulmonary disease. Both routes produced a severe and sometimes fatal pulmonary disease, characterised by bronchiolitis. Clinical signs developed 48 to 72 h after dosing and were most severe between Days 4 and 10 post dosing. Intravenous administration of 3‐methylindole produced lung injury more rapidly and at a lower dose rate than the oral route. It is suggested that the respiratory condition induced by this chemical could become a method for standardisation of lung function techniques and interpretation in equine obstructive pulmonary disease.
Perilla ketone toxicity: A chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease
Authors: BREEZE R. G. , LAEGREID W. W. , BAYLY W. M. , WILSON B. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPerilla ketone was assessed for its usefulness as a model of equine restrictive pulmonary disease. Three ponies were given 18 mg/kg bodyweight synthetic perilla ketone in dimethyl sulphoxide. Within 24 h of administration, respiratory rate, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and minute volume were increased. By 48 h there was a significant decrease in tidal volume, and blood pH and base excess were also decreased but not outside normal limits. At necropsy there was congestion and oedema of the lungs. Histologically there was diffuse alveolar injury but no evidence of significant obstruction in bronchial or bronchiolar lumina. It is assumed that perilla ketone toxicity in ponies produces a restrictive disease without a significant obstructive component.
Arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in conscious laterally recumbent ponies
Authors: RUGH K. S. , GARNER H. E. , HATFIELD D. G. , HERROLD D. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix adult ponies were trained calmly to assume and maintain left lateral recumbency without the use of sedative or immobilising agents. During a 30 min recumbent period, pHa, arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions (Pao2andPacO2) and heart and respiratory rates were monitored at regular intervals to evaluate ventilatory response. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences found between mean control and recumbent or final standing values. When light‐weight ponies were compared to heavyweight ponies, only meanPao2at 10 mins recumbency was different. This information supports the hypothesis that ventilation impairment during the first 30 mins of equine general anaesthesia is primarily drug‐mediated, rather than initiated by recumbencyper se.
Blood metabolite profiles of broodmares and foals
Authors: ROGERS PAULA A. , FAHEY G. C. , ALBERT W. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySerum amino acid profiles and other serum characteristics of broodmares and their foals were studied. Compared with mares, foals had significantly higher concentrations of serum leucine, threonine, aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline and tyrosine, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine and phosphorus. Foals had significantly less serum histidine, glycine, cystine, taurine, protein and urea nitrogen. Lysine and/or methionine supplementation of pregnant and lactating broodmare diets was conducted. Changes in serum amino acid profiles caused by dietary amino acid supplementation were then quantified. Changes in concentrations of 19 amino acids as well as of ammonia occurred from the first bleeding period (12 weeks prepartum) to the second bleeding period (seven weeks prepartum) in mares supplemented with methionine. When blood samples were collected at 2 h intervals post feeding, after a preliminary rise, a large decrease in serum amino acid levels occurred over a 19 h post feeding period.
Leucocyte counts in the healthy English Thoroughbred in training
Authors: ALLEN B. V. , KANE CHRISTINE E. , POWELL D. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTotal and differential leucocyte counts have been determined by electronic counting techniques in 474, two‐to four‐year‐old healthy Thoroughbreds in training. The ranges of values observed (particularly those for neutrophils and lymphocytes) were narrower than previously described. Absolute and percentage lymphocyte values were significantly decreased with advancing age causing a relative increase in percentage neutrophils. The fall in absolute lymphocyte numbers was the main cause for a significant decrease in total leucocytes with age. Frequency plots for each variable showed that, with the exception of the eosinophil count, data from other leucocyte cell types following either a normal or lognormal distribution.
Studies on equine prematurity 2: Post natal adrenocortical activity in relation to plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone and catecholamine levels in term and premature foals
Authors: SILVER MARIAN , OUSEY JENNIFER C. , DUDAN FRANCOISE E. , FOWDEN ABIGAIL L. , KNOX JEAN , CASH R. S. G. , ROSSDALE P. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAdrenocortical and medullary function was investigated during the immediate post natal period in premature and full term foals. High plasma cortisol concentrations were characteristic of the term foals in the first 2 h after birth and these were accompanied by significant arteriovenous differences in plasma cortisol across the umbilical circulation at birth, indicating enhanced adrenal activity before delivery. No such arteriovenous differences were detected in the premature group and post natal changes in plasma cortisol were minimal. The apparent inability of the premature foal adrenal to secrete cortisol was not due to the lack of endogenous adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) because high levels of this hormone were found immediately after birth in both groups of foals. Tests on the sensitivity of the foal adrenal to exogenous ACTH1–24(0.125 mg intramuscularly [im]) showed that a maximum response to this hormone could be elicited in term foals on the day of birth. Subsequently basal cortisol levels and the response of the adrenal to ACTH1–24declined. By contrast, only a slight response was observed following the same dose of ACTH1–24in the premature group. Exposure to Depot ACTH1–24over 24 h enhanced the basal secretion of cortisol in both premature and term foals but no consistent response to the same ACTH test dose could be elicited in the former.A wide range of total plasma catecholamine concentrations was observed in both groups of newborn foals. The highest values were seen in acidotic animals and there was a significant inverse relationship between blood pH and total plasma catecholamine level at delivery. The pattern of catecholamine release after birth was similar in both groups of foals although more adrenaline was found in the term group. There was a significant correlation between plasma cortisol concentration and the adrenaline level both at birth and 1 h later. The low plasma cortisol concentrations and the apparent lack of available adrenaline in the premature foals at birth emphasise the inadvisability of inducing parturition in the mare before the foetus has undergone full maturation and is ‘ready for birth’.
Studies on equine prematurity 4: Effect of salt and water loss on the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system in the newborn foal
Authors: PIPKIN FIONA BROUGHTON , OUSEY JENNIFER C. , WALLACE C. P. , ROSSDALE P. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma renin substrate concentration was measured in 18, four‐day‐old pony foals after the administration of the natriuretic agent frusemide. Thirteen foals had been delivered spontaneously; labour had been induced in the remaining five mares. Plasma aldosterone concentration was measured in 12 of the spontaneously delivered foals. Renin substrate concentration had risen sharply within 15 mins (P<0.005) and peaked at 1 h. The response was consistently greater in the induced foals. Serum sodium concentration fell rapidly in the induced foals (P<0.002 by 60 mins) but was better maintained in the spontaneous group. Individual serum potassium concentrations varied widely and were higher in both the induced group and smaller (30 kg or less) spontaneous foals. Plasma renin substrate concentration was positively correlated with plasma potassium in both groups (P<0.05, P<0.001 respectively). Plasma aldosterone rose significantly within 30 mins (P<0.025) and did not stabilise during the experiment. Plasma aldosterone was significantly correlated with renin substrate concentration in both lighter (P<0.005) and heavier (P<0.05) spontaneously delivered foals. It is suggested that maturation of renal sodium and potassium handling occurs late in gestation in the foal and is in part related to body mass. ‘Premature’ delivery following induced labour is associated with a more rapid loss of sodium when challenged with frusemide, even though the response of the renin‐angiotensin system may be exaggerated.
Haemostatic mechanisms of the newborn foal: Reduced platelet responsiveness
Authors: CLEMMONS R. M. , DORSEY‐LEE M. R. , GORMAN N. T. , STURTEVANT F. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWhole blood platelet counts, coagulation profiles and in vitro platelet function tests were monitored in newborn foals during the first week of life. Platelet counts, mean platelet volumes and thrombin‐induced malondialdehyde production were not different from adult mares. Prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times were slightly, but not significantly, longer for neonatal blood samples than for mare samples. Platelet aggregation responses to serotonin, arachidonic acid or adrenaline did not change during the study. On the other hand, adenosine diphosphate‐induced aggregation and collagen‐induced aggregation increased progressively over the first week of life. Adrenaline exposure diminished adenosine diphosphate‐induced aggregation only during the first 12 h of life. The results of this study indicate that the haemostatic mechanisms of equine neonates are immature at birth and that, during the maturation period, the equine neonate may be at risk of platelet‐associated haemorrhagic disorders.
Drug disposition in the neonatal animal, with particular reference to the foal
Authors: BAGGOT J. D. , SHORT C. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDifferences between neonatal and adult animals in their response to drugs can usually be attributed to altered disposition (ie, distribution, metabolism and excretion) processes during the neonatal period. These alterations affect the plasma concentrations as well as the concentrations of drug attained at the receptor site. Some characteristics of the neonatal period include greater absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, lower extent of plasma protein binding, increased apparent volume of distribution of drugs that distribute in extracellular fluid or total body water, increased permeability of the ‘blood‐brain’ barrier and slower elimination of many drugs. The hepatic microsomal oxidative reactions and glucuronide conjugation are deficient metabolic pathways for a varying period of time, usually up to six weeks after birth or even longer in some species. Decreased metabolism can affect the duration of action of lipid‐soluble drugs. Functional immaturity of the kidneys decreases the renal excretion of polar drugs and drug metabolites. Overall renal function appears to reach maturity within two weeks after birth in ruminant species and pigs, while maturation may take at least four weeks in other species of domestic animals. Considerable physiological and biochemical development takes place during the first five days after birth with maturation continuing more slowly over the succeeding five weeks. The time it takes for any process to reach functional maturity depends on the process in question and varies with the species of animal. The absorption, disposition and pharmacological response to drugs during the first 24 h after birth may be unique to that time and, because of lack of information, are impossible to predict.The meagre evidence available suggests that processes responsible for metabolism and excretion of drugs develop comparatively rapidly in the foal. At present, however, there are no definitive pharmacokinetic or metabolic studies in the literature which can lead to firm recommendations on dosage regimens or serve as a basis for predicting the clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs during the neonatal period in the horse. However, there has been a recent surge of interest in drug dosage in foals and this review of the available literature and presentation of concepts may serve as a useful guideline.
Ampicillin trihydrate in foals: Serum concentrations and clearance after a single oral dose
Authors: BROWN M. P. , GRONWALL R. , KROLL W. R. , BEAL CAROLYN 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFive foals from two to three days old were given a single oral dose of ampicillin trihydrate (20 mg/kg bodyweight [bwt]). Serum ampicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 24 h period. The study was repeated in the same foals at 16 to 21 days old. The mean peak serum ampicillin concentration at two to three days old was 5.0 μg/ml at 1 h after treatment; the mean peak serum concentration at 16 to 21 days old was 2.7 μg/ml at 2 h. The concentrations steadily declined and ampicillin was not detected in the serum from any of the foals by 24 h. Serum clearance averaged 17.7 ml/min/kg at two to three days and 35.8 ml/min/kg at 16 to 21 days.