bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Fracture After Single Fraction Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy to Spinal Metastases
Authors: Rose Peter S. , Laufer Ilya , Boland Patrick J. , Hanover Andrew , Bilsky Mark H. , Yamada Josh , Lis Eric 
Published: September 2009

Purpose Single-fraction image-guided intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IG-IMRT) allows for tumoricidal treatment of traditionally radioresistant cancers while sparing critical adjacent structures. Risk of vertebral fracture after IG-IMRT for spinal metastases has not been defined. Patients and Methods We evaluated 62 consecutive patients undergoing single fraction IG-IMRT at 71 sites for solid organ metastases. A neuroradiologist and three spine surgeons evaluated prospectively obtained magnetic resonance/computed tomography (CT) imaging studies for post-treatment fracture development and tumor recurrence. Results Fracture progression was noted in 27 vertebrae (39%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that CT appearance, lesion location, and percent vertebral body involvement independently predicted fracture progression. Lesions located between T10 and the sacrum were 4.6 times more likely to fracture than were lesions above T10 (95% CI, 1.1 to 19.7). Lytic lesions were 6.8 times more likely to fracture than were sclerotic and mixed lesions (95% CI, 1.4 to 33.3). As percent vertebral body involvement increased, odds of fracture also increased. Patients with fracture progression had significantly higher narcotic use, change in Karnofsky performance score, and a strong trend toward higher pain scores. Local tumor progression occurred in seven patients and contributed to one fracture. Obesity, posterior element involvement, bisphosphonate use, and local kyphosis did not confer increased risk. Conclusion Vertebral fracture is common after single fraction IG-IMRT for metastatic spine lesions. Lytic disease involving more than 40% of the vertebral body and location at or below T10 confer a high risk of fracture, the presence of which yields significantly poorer clinical outcomes. These results may help clinicians identify high-risk patients who would benefit from prophylactic vertebro- or kyphoplasty.
Phase I Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Oral CP-868,596, a Highly Specific Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Patients With Advanced Cancers
Authors: Lewis Nancy L. , Lewis Lionel D. , Eder Joseph P. , Reddy Nandi J. , Guo Feng , Pierce Kristen J. , Olszanski Anthony J. , Cohen Roger B. 
Published: September 2009

Purpose This phase I, first-in-human study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of an oral platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitor, CP-868,596. Patients and Methods Patients with advanced solid tumors were eligible. Dose escalations were performed in three groups with two formulations: uncoated on an empty stomach (UES), uncoated with food (UFED), and film-coated (FC) without food. Initial dose escalation in the UES group was followed by parallel escalations in the UFED and FC groups. Results Fifty-nine patients enrolled. CP-868,596 was escalated from 100 mg to 340 mg daily in the UES group, from 60 mg to 100 mg twice daily in the UFED group, and from 100 mg once daily to 140 mg twice daily in the FC group. MTDs were 200 mg daily in the UES group and 100 mg twice daily in the FC group; MTD was not reached at 100 mg twice daily in the UFED group. Dose-limiting toxicities included hematuria, increased γ-glutamyltransferase or ALT, insomnia, and nausea/vomiting. Most treatment-related AEs were of grades 1 to 2 severity; nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were reported most frequently. Administration with food generally improved tolerability. CP-868,596 was absorbed slowly; systemic exposure parameters appeared to increase greater than proportionally with dose. Mean serum concentrations exceeded the preclinically predicted minimal efficacious concentration (ie, 16 ng/mL) at all dosages. Food and film coating apparently increased interpatient variability of the maximum observed plasma concentration and the area under the concentration-time curve. No objective responses were reported, and eight patients achieved stable disease (mean duration, 5.7 months). Conclusion CP-868,596 potentially demonstrated greater than dose-proportional pharmacokinetics. The recommended dosage of 100 mg twice daily with food was well tolerated. Additional development as a single agent in selected populations or in combination with chemotherapy in broader populations is warranted.
Safety of Bevacizumab in Patients With Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Brain Metastases
Authors: Socinski Mark A. , Langer Corey J. , Huang Jane E. , Kolb Margaret M. , Compton Peter , Wang Lisa , Akerley Wallace 
Published: September 2009

Purpose Patients with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and brain metastases have previously been excluded from trials of bevacizumab because of suspected risk of CNS hemorrhage. This phase II trial, AVF3752g (PASSPORT), specifically addressed bevacizumab safety (incidence of grade ≥ 2 CNS hemorrhage) in patients with NSCLC and previously treated brain metastases. Patients and Methods This open-label multicenter trial for first- and second-line treatment of nonsquamous NSCLC enrolled patients with treated brain metastases. First-line patients received bevacizumab (15 mg/kg) every 3 weeks with platinum-based doublet therapy or erlotinib (at physician's decision), and second-line patients received bevacizumab with single-agent chemotherapy or erlotinib, until disease progression or death. Results Of the 115 enrolled patients, 66 of 76 first-line patients received carboplatin-based chemotherapy; 22 of 39 second-line patients received pemetrexed, and nine of 39 received erlotinib. As of the June 23, 2008 data cut, among 106 safety-evaluable patients, median on-study duration was 6.3 months (range, 0 to 22 months), with a median of five bevacizumab cycles (range, one to 17), and no reported episodes of grade ≥ 2 CNS hemorrhage (95% CI, 0.0% to 3.3%). Of the bevacizumab-targeted adverse events reported, two were grade 5. Both were pulmonary hemorrhages, one occurring during treatment and the other occurring 6 weeks after the data cut; there was also one grade 4, nonpulmonary/non-CNS hemorrhage. Twenty-six patients (24.5%) discontinued study treatment as a result of an adverse event, and 37 (34.9%) discontinued because of disease progression. Conclusion Addition of bevacizumab to various chemotherapy agents or erlotinib in patients with NSCLC and treated brain metastases seems to be safe and is associated with a low incidence of CNS hemorrhage.
Perineural Invasion Is an Independent Predictor of Outcome in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Liebig Catherine , Ayala Gustavo , Wilks Jonathan , Verstovsek Gordana , Liu Hao , Agarwal Neeti , Berger David H. , Albo Daniel 
Published: September 2009

Purpose Perineural invasion (PNI) is associated with decreased survival in several malignancies, but its significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be clearly defined. We evaluated PNI as a potential prognostic indicator in CRC, focusing on its significance in node-negative patients. Patients and Methods We identified 269 consecutive patients who had CRC resected at our institution. Tumors were rereviewed for PNI by a pathologist blinded to the patients' outcomes. Overall and disease-free survivals were determined using the Kaplan-Meier method, with differences determined by multivariate analysis using the Cox multiple hazards model. Results were compared using the log-rank test. Results PNI was identified in less than 0.5% of the initial pathology reports. On rereview, 22% of tumors in our series were found to be PNI positive. The 5-year disease-free survival rate was four-fold greater for patients with PNI-negative tumors versus those with PNI-positive tumors (65% v 16%, respectively; P < .0001). The 5-year overall survival rate was 72% for PNI-negative tumors versus 25% for PNI-positive tumors. On multivariate analysis, PNI was an independent prognostic factor for both cancer-specific overall and disease-free survival. In a subset analysis comparing patients with node-negative disease with patients with stage III disease, the 5-year disease-free survival rate was 56% for stage III patients versus 29% for patients with node-negative, PNI-positive tumors (P = .0002). Similar results were seen for overall survival. Conclusion PNI is grossly underreported in CRC and could serve as an independent prognostic factor of outcomes in these patients. PNI should be considered when stratifying CRC patients for adjuvant treatment.
Randomized Comparison of the Stanford V Regimen and ABVD in the Treatment of Advanced Hodgkin's Lymphoma: United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Lymphoma Group Study ISRCTN 64141244
Authors: Hoskin Peter J. , Lowry Lisa , Horwich Alan , Jack Andrew , Mead Ben , Hancock Barry W. , Smith Paul , Qian Wendi , Patrick Philippa , Popova Bilyana , Pettitt Andrew , Cunningham David , Pettengell Ruth , Sweetenham John , Linch David , Johnson Peter W.M. 
Published: September 2009

PurposeThis multicenter, prospective, randomized controlled trial compared the efficacy and toxicity of two chemotherapy regimens in advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL): the weekly alternating Stanford V and the standard, twice-weekly regimen of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD).Patients and MethodsPatients had stage IIB, III, or IV disease or had stages I to IIA disease with bulky disease or other adverse features. Radiotherapy was administered in both arms to sites of previous bulk (> 5 cm) and to splenic deposits, although this was omitted in the latter part of the trial for patients achieving complete remission (CR) in the ABVD arm. A total of 520 patients were randomly assigned and were assessed for the primary outcome measure of progression-free survival (PFS). Five hundred patients received protocol treatment, and radiotherapy was administered to 73% in the Stanford V arm and to 53% in the ABVD arm.ResultsThe overall response rates after completion of all treatment were 91% for Stanford V and 92% for ABVD. During a median follow-up of 4.3 years, there was no evidence of a difference in projected 5-year PFS and overall survival (OS) rates (76% and 90%, respectively, for ABVD; 74% and 92%, respectively, for Stanford V). More pulmonary toxicity was reported for ABVD, whereas other toxicities were more frequent with Stanford V.ConclusionIn a large, randomized trial, the efficacies of Stanford V and ABVD were comparable when given in combination with appropriate radiotherapy.
Synthesis of π-Stacked Polymers on the Basis of [2.2]Paracyclophane
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We synthesized π-stacked polymers by incorporating [2.2]paracyclophane units into conjugated polymer backbones and developed corresponding through-space-conjugated polymers and aromatic-ring-layered polymers. We also synthesized [2.2]paracyclophane-containing polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and optically active polymethylenes. These polymers and dendrimers are the first well-defined and well-characterized conjugated polymers with cyclophane units in their main chain. We studied the properties of the [2.2]paracyclophane-containing through-space-conjugated polymers. We demonstrated the use of these through-space-conjugated polymers in optoelectronic applications such as an EL device. Further, we developed a synthetic strategy for new π-stacked polymers comprising layered aromatic rings on a xanthene skeleton as the scaffold. The occurrence of fluorescence resonance energy transfer from the layered cyclophanes to the end-capping aromatic moieties was verified.
Cesium Salt-Catalyzed Addition of Diphenyl Dichalcogenides to Alkynes: Selective Synthesis of Bis- and Mono(phenylchalcogeno)alkenes
Authors: Nishiyama Yutaka , Ohnishi Haruko , Koguma Yuya 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A cesium salt has a unique catalytic ability for the reaction of alkynes with diphenyl dichalcogenides. When the diphenyl dichalcogenides, such as the disulfide, diselenide, or ditelluride, were allowed to react with alkynes in the presence of a catalytic amount of a cesium fluoride or carbonate, the bisphenylchalcogenolation of the alkynes efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding vic-bis(phenylchalcogeno)alkenes in moderate to good yields with high selectivity. When H2O was added to the reaction medium, monophenylchalcogenolation of the alkynes occurred giving the mono(phenylchalcogeno)alkenes in moderate yields.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Series of Mono-O-(diphenylphosphinobenzyl)calix[6]arenes with and without tert-Butyl Moieties at the Upper Rim
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Kubouchi Sho , Obora Yasushi , Tokunaga Makoto , Takenaka Kazuhiro , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Synthesis and characterization of a series of mono-O-(diphenylphosphinobenzyl)calix[6]arenes are presented. The two types of calix[6]arene moieties were prepared: 1 (with tert-butyl groups at the upper rim) and 2 (without the tert-butyl groups). With regard to the position of a phosphorus atom, the diphenylphosphino group was introduced onto the ortho, meta, or para positions with the benzyl ether moiety. These phosphines as well as their oxides were fully characterized by elemental analysis, NMR measurements, and HR-ESI-MS. The NMR study indicated that 1 had a cone conformation whereas 2 was very flexible in solution. These phosphines were found to be effective ligands in Rh-catalyzed hydroformylation.
Apricitabine: A Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor for HIV Infection
Authors: Gaffney Monica M , Belliveau Paul P , Spooner Linda M 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of apricitabine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is currently under investigation and has fast-track approval status with the Food and Drug Administration. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using PubMed (1966–June 2009) to retrieve relevant material using the search terms apricitabine, SPD754, and AVX754. References from selected articles were evaluated to identify other pertinent trials. Information was also obtained from the manufacturer. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language in vitro and in vivo studies and abstracts evaluating apricitabine were reviewed and considered for inclusion. Preference was given to human data. Data Synthesis: Apricitabine is a prodrug that is phosphorylated to its active triphosphate form intracellularly, which ultimately results in chain termination and inhibition of reverse transcription. Apricitabine is administered orally, displays linear pharmacokinetics, and is renally excreted with minimal to no hepatic metabolism. It has demonstrated antiretroviral activity against drug-resistant strains both in vitro and in vivo. In clinical studies, in both antiretroviral-naïve and treatment-experienced patients, apricitabine achieved the primary endpoint of significant reductions in plasma viral load versus comparator. Further Phase 2 and 3 studies are currently enrolling. Safety analysis indicates that apricitabine is well tolerated and has a low potential for causing mitochondrial damage. The most common adverse events reported include headache and rhinitis. Development of resistance or further gene mutations has not been shown in clinical studies to date. Conclusions: Although the role of apricitabine in the treatment of HIV-1 infection has yet to be established, its activity against resistant HIV-1 strains and its tolerability profile will likely make it a viable second-line treatment option in patients who have failed regimens containing lamivudine or emtricitabine.
Analysis of Drug Authentication at the Point of Dispensing in Belgian and Greek Community Pharmacies
Authors: Simoens Steven 
Published: September 2009

Background: Authentication processes based on mass serialization technology may help to make the drug supply more secure for patients. Objective: To analyze the AegateProtect service, a new drug authentication service implemented in Belgian and Greek community pharmacies. Methods: A prospective analysis conducted via a mystery shopper audit assessed the reliability of the authentication service in a sample of Belgian community pharmacies. A retrospective analysis evaluated the effectiveness of the authentication service in Belgian and Greek community pharmacies in terms of the number of scans relating to authentic, recalled, expired, and suspicious products. Also, the costs of providing an authentication service in a hypothetical country were weighed against the benefits in terms of preventing the dispensing of substandard drugs. Results: The authentication service attained a sample reliability of 100% (95% CI 99.8 to 100) in Belgium. The 220,751 scans tested in Belgium during June–August 2008 consisted of authentic products (96.13% of scans), recalled products (0.74%), products that may be recalled (3.00%), and expired products (0.13%). No suspicious products were identified. Similar results were observed in Greece. For a hypothetical country, a modeling exercise showed that an authentication service would become cost-neutral in a scenario in which 0.47% of products per year are identified as recalled or expired. Conclusions: A drug authentication process such as the AegateProtect service is reliable and effective in identifying recalled, expired, and suspicious drugs in community pharmacies at the point of dispensing. The proportion of products identified as recalled, expired, or suspicious in a given country determines the level of cost benefits of an authentication service.
A Method for Educating Patients and Documenting Smoking Status in an Electronic Medical Record
Authors: Ragucci Kelly R , Shrader Sarah P 
Published: September 2009

Background: Published evidence demonstrates benefit from pharmacist smoking cessation interventions; however, there is limited research evaluating the impact of a template within an electronic medical record used at pharmacy disease state management visits. Objective: To determine the rates of smoking cessation and movement along the transtheoretical model of change after implementation of a template into existing pharmacy-related progress notes within the electronic medical record. Methods: Patients who were routinely followed by clinical pharmacists for anticoagulation and diabetes mellitus education at 3 clinics at the Medical University of South Carolina were included. At each visit, the pharmacist would document patient smoking information in a newly designed template within the existing progress note. In addition, pharmacists would educate patients on the benefits of smoking cessation and pharmacologic options that may be available to them. Data were collected between April 2007 and March 2008. Baseline demographic data and smoking cessation rates and products were compared using descriptive statistics. The McNemar χ2 test was used to compare the groups of patients achieving smoking cessation pre- and postintervention. Results: Of the 90 current smokers, 38 (42%) achieved smoking cessation postintervention. Movement along the transtheoretical model of change was also seen, with 52 (58%) patients progressing to at least the next stage. Thirty-four patients in the contemplation/preparation stage and 4 patients in the precontemplation stage moved to the action or maintenance stage by the end of the study period (p = 0.03). A variety of pharmacologic therapies were used in individuals who stopped smoking, although varenicline was most common. Thirty-nine percent of the patients used no medications to achieve cessation. Conclusions: Incorporating a smoking cessation template into existing progress notes and providing education during existing pharmacy referral visits is a simple and effective method to assist patients in achieving smoking cessation.
Structure of Displacement Cascades Produced by Neutron Irradiation
Authors: Van Lint V. A. J. 
Published: September 2009

Experiments have been performed to measure the range-energy relation for recoiling atoms in solids. Recoiling atoms with energies between 10 and 500 kev have been produced as a result of photonuclear reactions, such as (γ,n), (γ,p), and (γ,α). In addition to receiving kinetic energy by recoiling from the particle emission, the atoms are transmuted and thus can be detected by radiochemical techniques. These experiments have indicated roughly an E0.7 relation for the range and have shown that the average scattering angle for the particles is small enough that they retain most of the memory of their initial direction of motion.
Analytical studies have also been conducted, based on an exponentially screened Coulomb potential between two atoms. Scattering cross-sections have been calculated by numerical means, and a Monte Carlo computer program has been used for following the history of slowing-down atoms in a solid, for mass ratios between moving and target atoms both equal to unity and appreciably different from unity.
The experimental data are in agreement with calculations based on the best available interatomic-potential functions.
Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Iron and Iron Alloys
Authors: Chow J. G. Y. , McRickard S. B. , Gurinsky D H. 
Published: September 2009

The effects of fast neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of pure iron, iron alloyed with carbon, and iron alloyed with chromium were studied as part of an investigation of irradiation damage in body-centered cubic metals. In addition, A 212 grade B and modified HY80 steels were also analyzed.
It was observed in the pure iron that the yield strength was no longer a function of the grain size after a fast neutron exposure of 2 x 1018 nvt. The postirradiation yield strength appears to be proportional to the log 1/T, and furthermore neutron exposures of 2 x 1018 nvt or greater produced a sharp ductile-to-brittle transition point with a shift of 85 K in fine-grained pure iron. For each initial grain size there exists a fast neutron exposure level above which the flow curve becomes linear with the apparent elimination of the initial rapid work hardening portion of the curve.
While carbon additions of up to 0.11 weight per cent increased the strength and decreased the ductility of pure iron before irradiation, these differences in properties after irradiation were not found. The addition of chromium, however, decreased the yield strength and increased the ductility of both unirradiated and irradiated iron. A linear flow curve was obtained from the iron chromium alloy after the 2 x 1018 nvt exposure but no sharp ductile-to-brittle transition was observed. The two steels generally showed increased strength and some decrease in ductility without a sharp ductile-to-brittle transition point after irradiation.
These results are explained by attributing the initial increases in strength and decreases in ductility to radiation-produced point defects. However, after a certain level of exposure is reached these defects become saturated and vacancy loops are created which tangle with slip dislocations. These tangles create a dislocation cell structure similar to that found in cold worked metals. These complex defects and the resulting structure produce the independence of yield strength on grain size and a linear flow curve in irradiated iron. A possible explanation for the effects produced by the introduction of carbon and chromium is given.