bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Marketing Management
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explains the nature of marketing management. Marketing is the management of the exchanges between an organization and its stakeholders — customers, employees, community groups, and others. This book focuses on customers. The skill in managing the marketing function is to take a broader view than simply designing products and services for sale to target consumers. The two primary roles of marketing are to attain and retain target customers. Markets can be defined from both supply and demand perspectives. Supply reflects the mechanics of the business while demand reflects the desires of customers. Marketing managers need to balance between the value of the benefits and solutions to problems offered to customers and the profitability of customers to the organization. Organizations have their own unique culture that can help or hinder the marketing function.
Positioning and Branding
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines brands, often one of the organization's key strategic marketing assets. The management of brands is of fundamental concern to marketers. For sellers, they are a means of legally protecting their products and services. For consumers, brands help to identify the maker of the product and know who should be held accountable for any problems. Parts A and B of this chapter examine three key issues about brands: brand position and positioning — where positioning is the management process that leads to a brand's position; branding — the identity and architecture of brands; and brand equity — the value added to a product or service that is endowed by its brand name.
Attaining Customers: Creating, Communicating, and Delivering Customer Value
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of customer acquisition. It explores how an organization makes an offer to its target consumers that will entice them to buy and keep buying. Part A of this chapter focuses on value creation, Part B on value communication, and Part C on the delivery of customer value. By focusing and integrating their brand communications, organizations find that the cost-effectiveness of communication is improved relative to a scattergun approach. The design of a distribution channel needs to generate consumer demand and create time and place utility for target consumers. The key marketing function for the distribution channel is to deliver the value offered, and in the process to support the customer value proposition (CVP) and brand position.
Liberalism and Liberty
Authors: Parry J. P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter is divided into three sections. The first two discuss some of the main uses of liberty in Liberal political discourse between the First and Second, and Second and Third, Reform Acts, respectively. Both sections bring out the difficulties, as well as the benefits, that Liberals encountered in using the idea, particularly their ambivalence to state authority. The final section considers liberty in its religious aspect. The emphasis on maintaining authority, checking man's sinfulness, and developing national character and morality helps to explain why so many Victorian politicians attached such importance to religion.
Women and Liberty
Authors: Rogers Helen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn 1869, with scant debate or dissent, the newly reformed Parliament passed the Third Contagious Diseases Act (CDA) which, extending those of 1864 and 1866, aimed to diminish the spread of venereal disease in the armed forces by providing for the medical examination of prostitutes in garrison towns and, if infected, their compulsory treatment. The CDA has been read as exemplifying the new disciplinary structures of the mid-19th-century state that produced knowledge about ‘fallen women’ by categorizing and regulating sexual behaviour and thereby policing the boundaries between the ‘respectable’ and ‘unrespectable’ poor. The repeal campaign has been seen as a major conductor of feminist consciousness yet, paradoxically, though studies have focused on the movement's defence of women's liberty and critique of the exclusively masculinist state; little attention has been paid to the sources or the implications of their political conceptions of the state per se. While, for many, the CDA typified the dangers of state power for women, some women were beginning to target the state as a site for the exercise of their expertise and authority. This chapter shows how the CDA posed challenging matters of principle and priority for the first generation of professional female nursing and medical practitioners.
A Brief Guide to Type Theory
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe organizing principles of the simple theory of types are: (i) sentence-meanings are truth-values; (ii) the meaning of a name is its referent; and (iii) the meanings of other basic constituents of sentences are to be assigned in such a way that when functions are applied to arguments as the structure of the sentence dictates, the final output is a truth-value. This chapter discusses extensional type-theory covering intransitive verbs, transitive verbs, binary truth-functions, common nouns and adjectives, quantified noun phrases, the lambda operator, and type shifting and systematic ambiguity. It also discusses hyperintensional semantics.
Unspecificity and Inference
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is controversial whether there is such a topic as the logic of propositional attitudes. For if p and q are distinct complete propositions and R an attitude relation, then even if p entails q, it is not obvious why logic alone should compel everyone who stands in R to p also to stand in R to q (say if R is belief) or conversely (say if R is doubt). In terms of a popular metaphor, logic alone does not guarantee that if a token conjunction is inscribed on a thinker's belief board, a second token of the first conjunct is also inscribed there. Perhaps the first conjunct must be implicitly believed. In that case, we can take ourselves to be discussing only explicit attitudes. This is actually a welcome restriction, as the idea of a logic of implicit propositional attitudes is rather unappealing, due to the obscurity of ‘implicit’. But in either sense, closure of belief under logical consequence is prima facie unattractive. However, this chapter shows that closure principles for objectual attitudes are more defensible.
Verbs of Creation and Depiction
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe proposal that verbs of creation in progressive aspect be given the same semantic treatment as intensional transitives generally, is found in (Bennett 1977) and is worked out in a Montagovian way in (Zucchi 1999); also, Richard (2001) classifies creation verbs as intensional transitives ‘in the progressive’. Since creation verbs are action verbs, Davidsonian event semantics is appropriate for them. This chapter discusses Parsons' theory, characterizing processes of creation, verbs of depiction, depiction verbs and the definiteness effect, and the pure inventory effect.
Efficiency Wages
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPersonnel management has always pertained to the use of wages to ‘recruit, retain, and motivate’ workers. There are many factors why a company may gain by paying wages above the market-clearing level. When worker effort is tough to observe, better motivation could not be well achieved by the posting of bonds or steeply sloping earning profiles. The major reason for this is the moral hazard — the risk that the company will cheat. Wages differ between identical workers in different companies, and the differences produce differences in quit rates and application rates and in overall factor productivity.
Job Search: the Duration of Unemployment
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn a steady state, the unemployment rate is the result of the inflow rate and the mean duration of unemployment spells. In Britain and in the majority of the countries in Europe, the unemployment level rise has taken the form of a duration increase rather than an inflow rate increase. The chapter illustrates sufficient evidence that the unemployment experience has a great effect on search effectiveness, and that the long-term unemployed experience significant difficulty with going back to work. Cross-section data on the United States suggest that the duration of benefit availability is crucial. Most people enter a period of unemployment because their contract of employment naturally comes to an end, or they are dismissed from their job.
Explaining Post-war Unemployment in OECD Countries
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter investigates the different trends in post-war unemployment across nineteen OECD countries. The initial step is to calibrate the fundamental equations and it is found that the estimated parameters enable the unemployment movements to be explained, that is until 1985. Some of the basic parameters can be connected to different economic and socio-political features of the various countries, having success with the wage equation parameters but not with price-setting. This failure was due to the inability to find uniform measures of product-market characteristics across the nineteen countries. Finally, a case study is given in Britain based on the open-economy model, producing estimates of the three-way trade-off between unemployment, inflation, and trade deficit.
Specific Objections
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter turns to specific objections against logical pluralism. There are a number of objections to classical, intuitionistic, and relevant logic which are specific to those logics, and not to the scheme of pluralism as a whole. Since it makes sense not only to be a pluralist about logical consequence, but to be a pluralist who endorses each of classical, constructive, and relevant reasoning, it becomes obligatory to say something about such logic-specific objections. These objections relate to coherence and relevant models, relevance and explosion, intensionality and the slingshot, and constructivity and semantics.
A Journey into Disillusionment—Discovering Problems
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses a variety of problems that were experienced regarding research methodology and the conceptualizations of topics from the 1950s to the 2000s. Although a chronological approach may cause confusion, the book uses this approach because it will allow the readers to relate through their own experience. Although the book has attempted to report personal experiences accurately, this chapter explains that our brains alter our memories for the events to seem more logical. Objective facts regarding several of the events that the book enlists therefore did not existed as some people may have observed and they may have remembered the events differently. The book assumes that generalizations about organizations are based on changes in education, occupational and task specialization, technologies, and other such social and technological changes during the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century.
Monotone Quantifiers
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor quantifiers, being second-order relations, the relevant order for arguments is inclusion, and for values implication, and the general concept of monotonicity applies straightforwardly to quantifiers. However, for the quantifiers that show up as denotations of noun phrases (NPs) or determiners in natural languages, there are more fine-grained notions of monotonicity which play significant roles. In a way, Aristotle discovered logic by studying monotonicity. Each of the four Aristotelian quantifiers has strong monotonicity properties, and, moreover, many valid syllogisms can be seen as statements of these properties. This chapter discusses monotone quantifiers and some facts about the distribution of monotonicity in natural languages in the form of monotonicity universals. It also deals with smooth quantifiers, proves a result that sheds light on the semantics of quantified NPs with conjoined nouns, and looks at ongoing research into what monotonicity and other related properties have to do with the occurrence of (positive and negative) polarity items in natural languages.
The Concept of Expressiveness
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe expressive power of languages is an intriguing subject. Logical languages are more or less expressive, and that certain concepts expressible in some of these cannot be expressed in others. This chapter shows that there are precise ways of talking about facts of expressivity for natural languages, and moreover that, in the case of facts concerning quantification, they can be established using relatively simple model-theoretic tools. It can be shown that one language is more expressive than another by not only providing a translation in one direction, but also by demonstrating that no translation in the other direction is possible. This chapter examines how the concept of expressiveness can be specified and focuses on the related notions involved. It also presents a sketch of a theory of expressivity and discusses the expressibility of quantifier expressions versus predicate expressions. The concept of sameness as a partial equivalence relation is also considered.
Applications to Monadic Definability
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter applies the Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé (EF) technique to present a variety of results about the expressive power of certain monadic quantifiers. After repeating the general method, (un)definability relative to first-order logic and then relative to stronger logics is considered. The chapter also discusses issues of expressivity and monotonicity, and gives a number of exercises for applying the EF-tools. The direct applications of the method concern logical languages, but results about such languages may transfer to natural languages under certain conditions. The possible consequences for expressibility issues within natural languages are examined. In particular, the prospects of finding a universal statement that would somehow describe or even explain the role of monotonicity in the context of expressive power in natural languages is analysed, in view of certain rather striking technical results about definability in terms of monotone quantifiers.
Economic rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEconomic rationality is a part of the taken-for-granted assumptions of how organizations are understood and studied. Organizations have economic purpose and intent; organizational structures, systems, and policies are designed to achieve goals or ends. Ergo, organizations are rational. All this notwithstanding, there is an abundance of literature illustrating that organizations often follow purposes and objectives which do not make strict economic sense and that structures, systems, and purposes are rarely designed and often fail to achieve stated intent or purpose. Although economic rationality is often presented as a discrete, coherent, and readily identifiable mode of rationality, it elides a series of confusions and contestations: disputed definitions of rationality; disagreements as to what behaviours typify it and how it may be identified; and strong objections to the characterization of its dominant actor, homo economicus. Its genesis, both from debates about the nature of individual autonomy and from the disciplinary development of economic thought, where rationality arrives as a relative latecomer, reveals a series of discrete strands of literatures and debates that coalesce in a generic, rather fragmented, understanding. These various strands and how they have impacted on organizations form the basis of this chapter.
The characteristics of financial services
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe strategic challenges of internationalization vary greatly between different financial services sectors. A retail bank such as the Italian UniCredit, as opposed to an investment bank such as Merrill Lynch or an online bank like ING Direct, will pursue distinct strategies. Different countries and regions do pose very different internationalization issues: for a European firm it is more hazardous and challenging to expand into China than to neighbouring countries within the same trade bloc. Similarly, serving different customer groups in foreign countries will pose distinct opportunities: large corporate customers tend to have less naturally differentiated needs than small corporate customers or retail clients. Hence, internationalization strategies need to be carefully tailored to specific circumstances. This chapter describes how the financial services industry emerged and how the first financial institutions started to engage in international transactions. The main objective is to increase our understanding of the factors that have led to the rise (and fall) of the first internationally active financial services firms.
Profit impact of internationalization
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe previous chapter showed that service characteristics substantially influence the way financial services firms internationalize, highlighting the ever-growing importance of digital goods. Different financial services sub-segments require different approaches to cross-border strategies. Building on this insight, this chapter discusses the performance patterns of internationalizing firms. It shows that there is no universal law that links the profitability of a firm and its degree of internationalization. Performance outcomes are highly dependent on a complex set of factors related to the development, choice, and execution of strategy.
How to boost innovation across borders? International corporate entrepreneurship
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores how financial services firms facilitate international corporate entrepreneurship within their multinational networks of affiliated firms. It identifies three types of entrepreneurial uncertainty that hamper the cross-border flow of entrepreneurial activities: communicative, behavioural, and value uncertainty. It concludes by proposing organizational mechanisms that have the power to facilitate international corporate entrepreneurship.
Maria Theresa and Hungary
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay concerning the place of Hungary in the Habsburg Monarchy during the centralist reform begun by Queen Maria Theresa and continued by her son Joseph II. It suggests that Maria Theresa cooperated enough with the ruling elite in Hungary to achieve a significant part of her programme. However, elemental antagonisms persisted and these subsequently frustrated almost all of Joseph's reform measures. Even the accomplishments of Maria Theresa created a gap between Hungary and the rest of the Habsburg lands.
The Origins of Enlightenment in the Habsburg Lands
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents an essay on the historical origins of Enlightenment in the territory of the Habsburg Monarchy. There were two different kinds of Enlightenment movement in the Habsburg territory in Central Europe. One was the officially sponsored reform programme launched under Maria Theresa and her son Joseph II and the other was the campaigns for cultural renewal among the nations of the region. This chapter explores the common genesis of these two movements.
The Habsburgs and the Hungarian Problem, 1790–1848
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on the Habsburg Monarchy's problem with Hungary during the period from 1790 to 1848. These include the perilous civil unrest of 1790 and the revolutionary situation of 1848. This essay explores the roles of the neglected personalities who mediated between Austria and Hungary on the areas of common policy between government and opposition. It also argues that the 1848 event is a clear failure of the established mechanisms for compromise.
Australia’s Empire
Authors: Schreuder Deryck , Ward Stuart 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book reappraises Australia’s experience of empire since the end of the British Empire. The volume examines the meaning and importance of empire in Australia across a broad spectrum of historical issues — ranging from the disinheritance of the Aborigines to the foundations of a new democratic state. The overriding theme is the distinctive Australian perspective on empire. The country’s adherence to imperial ideals and aspirations involved not merely the building of a ‘new Britannia’ but also the forging of a distinctive new culture and society. It was Australian interests and aspirations which ultimately shaped ‘Australia’s Empire’. While modern Australians have often played down the significance of their British imperial past, the chapters in this book argue that the legacies of empire continue to influence the temper and texture of Australian society today.
The Saga of Captain Cook
Authors: Danaiyarri Hobbles 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents an account of British explorer Captain James Cook’s discovery of Australia as recorded the memory of Hobbles Danaiyarri, an Aboriginal cultural custodian and cattle-station stockman. According to Indigenous oral traditions, the discovery of Australia is depicted as a recurring cycle of destruction, violence, and dispossession where Cook himself reappears across space and time as the mythological symbol of the insensitivity and greed of England. Danaiyarri’s account suggests that history itself is part of Australia’s imperial legacy.
Introduction: What Became of Australia’s Empire?
Authors: Schreuder Deryck M. , Ward Stuart 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the Australian experience of empire. It aims to show how Australia’s empire was as much the project of the colony as of the metropole, as much the product of the Australian imagination as of the British Colonial Office. This book examines Australia’s own imperial inheritance. It explores the saga of British explorer Captain James Cook, the meaning and practice of the conquest of Australia and the way by which rural Australia became tied to the Empire. It also discusses the contact and accommodation between the aborigines and the colonisers and the central issue of governance and the formation of the Australian State.
Relationship between the WTO and International Human Rights Law
Authors: Joseph Sarah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the philosophical and normative relationship between the WTO and international human rights regimes. The philosophical issues essentially concern the extent to which the two regimes are driving towards the same, or different, ends. The normative relationship concerns the issue of how conflicts between the two systems are addressed in international law. It is argued that the WTO and human rights have divergent philosophical backgrounds and goals. The normative relationship between WTO law and human rights law is complex. At least some, if not all, human rights norms are likely to be hierarchically superior within international law to WTO law. This position is reflected in the case law and statements of numerous human rights bodies as well as the European Court of Justice.