bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Participation in Collective Action in the Context of a Caribbean Island State: Testing the Effects of Multiple Dimensions of Social Capital
Authors: Jicha Karl A. , Thompson Gretchen H. , Fulkerson Gregory M. , May Jonathan E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article presents the findings of a case study examining the relationship between social capital and individual participation in collective action on a Caribbean island recovering from devastation inflicted by Hurricanes Ivan and Emily. Using data drawn from 114 residential surveys on the island of Carriacou, Grenada, over the summer of 2006, we empirically test social capital as a predictor of individual participation in both formal and informal civic events. In addition, we further the theoretical development of the concept of social capital by independently testing the relationships between its multiple dimensions, specifically social networks; interpersonal trust; and norms of reciprocity. We find that associational membership and age are the two strongest predictors, while interpersonal trust, gender, and marital status are also significant. Our path analysis reveals that there is not a significant direct effect between associational membership and interpersonal trust, suggesting that the two dimensions may have independent, yet complementary, influences. This study sheds light on factors influencing citizen participation in “civic” forms of collective action in a developing region of the world, while demonstrating the multidimensional nature of social capital.
Knowledge and Value in a Globalizing World: Disentangling Dichotomies, Querying Unities
Authors: Acciaili Greg , Harney Nicholas 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:Gustavo Lins Ribeiro and Setha Low are contributing editors of “World Anthropologies,” the AAA Committee on World Anthropologies column in Anthropology News.
Keywords:
association business, Committee on World Anthropologies
Skin pattern analysis for lesion classification using local isotropy
Authors: She Zhishun , Excell Peter S. 
Published: January 2011

Background/purpose: The observation that skin pattern tends to be disrupted by malignant skin lesions, but not by benign ones suggests that measurements of skin pattern disruption on simply captured white light optical clinical (WLC) skin images could be a useful contribution to a diagnostic feature set. Previous work, which generated a flow field of skin pattern using a measurement of local line direction and intensity, was encouraging. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of extracting new features using local isotropy metrics to quantify the skin pattern disruption.Methods: The skin pattern was extracted from WLC skin images by high‐pass filtering. A local tensor matrix was computed. The local isotropy was measured by the condition number of the local tensor matrix. The difference of this measure over the lesion and normal skin areas, combined with the local line direction and the ABCD features, was used as a lesion classifier.Results: A set of images of malignant melanoma and benign naevi was analysed. A one‐dimensional scatter plot showed the potential of a local isotropy metric, showing an area of 0.70 under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. A two‐dimensional scatter plot, combined with the local line direction, indicated enhancement of the classification performance, showing an area of 0.89 under the ROC curve. A three‐dimensional scatter plot combined with the local line direction and the ABCD features, using principal component analysis, demonstrated excellent separation of benign and malignant lesions. An ROC plot for this case enclosed an area of 0.96.Conclusion: The experimental results show that the local isotropy metric has a potential to increase lesion classifier accuracy. Combined with the local line direction and the ABCD features, it is very promising as a method to distinguish malignant melanoma from benign lesions.
Ultrasonic Characterization of Lactose Crystallization in Gelatin Gels
Authors: Yucel Umut , Coupland John N. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements (2.25 MHz center frequency) were used to follow bulk crystallization of lactose (43% and 46%) from gelatin (1.5% and 3%) gels at 25 °C, and compared to turbidity (500 nm) and isothermal calorimetric measurements. Ultrasonic velocity decreased slightly (approximately 0.5%) during crystallization while ultrasonic attenuation was low in the absence of lactose crystals and increased progressively during crystallization. The lag time before the onset of crystallization decreased and the maximum rate of increase in attenuation during crystallization increased with increasing lactose supersaturation but was not affected by gelatin concentration (P < 0.05). Similar results were seen in turbidity and isothermal calorimetric measurements. Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have the potential to measure crystallization kinetics in complex food matrices and to be applied on‐line.Practical Application:  Many foods contain crystals that affect their taste and texture (for example, lactose crystals can give a grainy defect in ice cream). The formation of crystals is often hard to predict so methods to measure the development of crystals inside real foods are useful. In this study, we show that as lactose crystallizes in a gelatin gel the ultrasonic attenuation—capacity to absorb sound—increases and can be related to the amount of crystals present. Ultrasound is easier to apply in real food processing than the existing methodologies.
Rested and Stressed Farmed Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Chilled in Ice or Slurry and Effects on Quality
Authors: Digre Hanne , Erikson Ulf , Aursand Ida G. , Gallart‐Jornet Lorena , Misimi Ekrem , Rustad Turid 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:  The main objectives of this study were to investigate (1) whether rested harvest of farmed cod was better maintained by chilling with slurry rather than by traditional ice storage, (2) whether chilling with slurry would be a feasible chilling method to assure low core temperatures (≤0 °C) at packing of gutted fish, and (3) the effects of superchilling compared with traditional ice on selected quality parameters of cod during storage. In the experiment, seawater slurry at −2.0 ± 0.3 °C was used. Anesthetized (AQUI‐S™), percussion stunned, and stressed cod chilled in slurry were compared. Cod stored on ice were used as reference group. The fish were evaluated at the day of slaughter, and after 7 and 14 d of storage according to handling stress (initial muscle pH, muscle twitches, rigor mortis), core temperatures, quality index method, microbial counts, weight changes, salt and water content, water distribution, pH, adenosine triphosphate‐degradation products, K‐value, water‐holding capacity, fillet color, and texture. Chilling cod in slurry was more rapid than chilling in ice. Prechilling (1 d) of cod in slurry before subsequent ice storage resulted in lower quality 7 d postmortem compared with both ice and continuous slurry storage. The potential advantages of superchilling became more prominent after 14 d with lower microbiological activity, better maintenance of freshness (lower total quality index scores and lower K‐values) compared with fish stored on ice. A drawback with slurry‐stored fish was that cloudy eyes developed earlier, in addition to weight gain and salt uptake compared to ice‐stored fish.Practical Application:  Chilling is an essential operation in any fish‐processing plant. This manuscript addresses different applications of slurry ice in the processing and storage of Atlantic cod. Cod quality was assessed after 7 and 14 d of iced and superchilled storage.
Troubled youth: an island of misery in an ocean of happiness, or the tip of an iceberg of suffering?
Authors: Eckersley Richard 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim: To critically examine the orthodox view that young people's health and wellbeing are continuing to improve in line with historic trends.Methods: Transdisciplinary synthesis is used to analyse and integrate a wide range of evidence on young people's health and wellbeing. Synthesis seeks coherence in the overall conceptual picture rather than precision in the empirical detail.Results: The orthodox view rests mainly on declining mortality among teenagers and young adults, and findings that most say they are healthy, happy and satisfied with life. With health improving for most, the focus of attention is on social inequalities in health. However, mortality rates understate the growing importance of non‐fatal, chronic health problems, especially mental illness; self‐reported health and happiness are flawed indicators of overall well being. Evidence suggests that rates of mental illness in young people have increased over time, and are higher than in older age groups. Explanatory factors include quite fundamental features of modern societies, which go beyond inequality and disadvantage; trends in these factors predict a deterioration in health and wellbeing.Conclusion: Contrary to the dominant view that young people have never been healthier, their health and wellbeing may have declined over several generations. Which perspective is right has important implications for understanding and addressing youth mental health problems, implications that go well beyond medical interventions.
Forming and sustaining partnerships to provide integrated services for young people: an overview based on the headspace Geelong experience
Authors: Callaly Tom , von Treuer Kathryn , van Hamond Toni , Windle Kelly 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim: To discuss critical considerations in the formation and maintenance of agency partnerships designed to provide integrated care for young people.Methods: Two years after its establishment, an evaluation of the headspace Barwon collaboration and a review of the health‐care and management literature on agency collaboration were conducted. The principal findings together with the authors' experience working at establishing and maintaining the partnership are used to discuss critical issues in forming and maintaining inter‐agency partnerships.Results: Structural and process considerations are necessary but not sufficient for the successful formation and maintenance of inter‐agency partnerships and integrated care provision. Specifically, organizational culture change and staff engagement is a significant challenge and planning for this is essential and often neglected.Conclusions: Although agreeing on common goals and objectives is an essential first step in forming partnerships designed to provide integrated care, goodwill is not enough, and the literature consistently shows that most collaborations fail to meet their objectives. Principles and lessons of organizational behaviour and management practices in the business sector can contribute a great deal to partnership planning.
The use of e‐health applications for anxiety and depression in young people: challenges and solutions
Authors: Christensen Helen , Reynolds Julia , Griffiths Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim: E‐health applications are effective. However, challenges to their uptake amongst youth need to be investigated. This paper aims to explore the barriers to the use of these programs by young people and the methods by which these barriers might be overcome.Methods: Qualitative review of research literature.Results: Barriers to the use of these programs included the difficulty in engaging young people in their use, perceptions that the programs have low adherence, and clinician concerns about their value, effectivenessand safety. Evidence to date suggests that more research is needed to understand the reasons more young people do not engage with them. However, adherence rates are reasonable when properly benchmarked and the applications can be appropriately implemented in clinical and educational settings.Conclusions: Optimal methods for implementing these applications will require further targeted research.
Diversity, transmission and persistence of Escherichia coli in a cohort of mothers and their infants
Authors: de Muinck Eric J. , Øien Torbjørn , Storrø Ola , Johnsen Roar , Stenseth Nils Christian , Rønningen Kjersti S. , Rudi Knut 
Published: January 2011

SummaryDespite that Escherichia coli is one of the most important bacteria in early infant colonization and immune modulation, we have limited knowledge about diversity, transmission and persistence within human populations for this bacterium. Here we have utilized a novel, growth‐independent, direct typing approach to describe E. coli mother‐to‐child transmission and persistence within infants in a well‐defined cohort of 86 mothers and their infants in Norway. Seven gene multilocus sequence typing of 28 study isolates, three probiotic strains, eight Norwegian pathogenic isolates and the ECOR strain collection added a phylogenetic framework to the direct sequencing data. We found that a type B2 subpopulation of the maternal E. coli strains was the main group transmitted to the infants and that the proportion of children carrying their mothers' strain decreased as the children age. Using species richness estimates we also found a limited number of strains within the cohort compared with total E. coli diversity, constraints on infant colonization, and that infant strain diversity levels increased towards maternal diversity levels over time. This knowledge about inheritance and diversity forms a foundation for future understanding of E. coli in human health and disease.
Riemannian median and its estimation
Authors: Yang Le 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we define the geometric median for a probability measure on a Riemannian manifold, give its characterization and a natural condition to ensure its uniqueness. In order to compute the geometric median in practical cases, we also propose a subgradient algorithm and prove its convergence as well as estimating the error of approximation and the rate of convergence. The convergence property of this subgradient algorithm, which is a generalization of the classical Weiszfeld algorithm in Euclidean spaces to the context of Riemannian manifolds, also improves a recent result of P. T. Fletcher et al. [NeuroImage 45 (2009) S143–S152].
Cellodextrin Utilization by
Bifidobacterium breve
UCC2003
Authors: Pokusaeva Karina , O'Connell-Motherway Mary , Zomer Aldert , MacSharry John , Fitzgerald Gerald F. , van Sinderen Douwe 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Cellodextrins, the incomplete hydrolysis products from insoluble cellulose, are accessible as a carbon source to certain members of the human gut microbiota, such as
Bifidobacterium breve
UCC2003. Transcription of the
cldEFGC
gene cluster of
B. breve
UCC2003 was shown to be induced upon growth on cellodextrins, implicating this cluster in the metabolism of these sugars. Phenotypic analysis of a
B. breve
UCC2003::
cldE
insertion mutant confirmed that the
cld
gene cluster is exclusively required for cellodextrin utilization by this commensal. Moreover, our results suggest that transcription of the
cld
cluster is controlled by a LacI-type regulator encoded by
cldR
, located immediately upstream of
cldE
. Gel mobility shift assays using purified CldR
His
(produced by the incorporation of a His
12
-encoding sequence into the 3′ end of the
cldC
gene) indicate that the
cldEFGC
promoter is subject to negative control by CldR
His
, which binds to two inverted repeats. Analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) of medium samples obtained during growth of
B. breve
UCC2003 on a mixture of cellodextrins revealed its ability to utilize cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, and cellopentaose, with cellotriose apparently representing the preferred substrate. The
cldC
gene of the
cld
operon of
B. breve
UCC2003 is, to the best of our knowledge, the first described bifidobacterial β-glucosidase exhibiting hydrolytic activity toward various cellodextrins.
The Multifactorial Basis for Plant Health Promotion by Plant-Associated Bacteria
Authors: Kim Young Cheol , Leveau Johan , McSpadden Gardener Brian B. , Pierson Elizabeth A. , Pierson Leland S. , Ryu Choong-Min 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTOn plants, microbial populations interact with each other and their host through the actions of secreted metabolites. However, the combined action of diverse organisms and their different metabolites on plant health has yet to be fully appreciated. Here, the multifactorial nature of these interactions, at the organismal and molecular level, leading to the biological control of plant diseases is reviewed. To do so, we describe in detail the ecological significance of three different classes of secondary metabolites and discuss how they might contribute to biological control. Specifically, the roles of auxin, acetoin, and phenazines are considered, because they represent very different but important types of secondary metabolites. We also describe how studies of the global regulation of bacterial secondary metabolism have led to the discovery of new genes and phenotypes related to plant health promotion. In conclusion, we describe three avenues for future research that will help to integrate these complex and diverse observations into a more coherent synthesis of bacterially mediated biocontrol of plant diseases.
Detection, Isolation, and Characterization of
Helicobacter
Species from the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Brushtail Possum
Authors: Coldham Thosaporn , Rose Kerrie , O'rourke Jani , Neilan Brett A. , Dalton Helen , Lee Adrian , Mitchell Hazel 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

The presence of
Helicobacter
species in Australian marsupials was examined systematically using microscopy, culture, and PCR in different regions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and in the liver of brushtail possums (BTPs) (
Trichosurus vulpecula
), a common Australian marsupial that feeds on eucalyptus leaves. The spatial distribution of
Helicobacter
species in the GIT sections also was examined microscopically in silver-stained sections and by fluorescent
in situ
hybridization (FISH) using a
Helicobacter
genus-specific probe.
Helicobacter
species were found colonizing the lower bowel of all BTPs studied. Good agreement was observed between the detection of
Helicobacter
species using culture and PCR, which was supported by the microscopic examination of silver-stained sections and FISH. The lower bowel of BTPs were colonized by one to three morphologically different (a comma-shaped species with no apparent flagella, a fusiform-shaped species entwined with periplasmic fibers and a bipolar sheathed flagella, and an S-shaped species with bipolar sheathed flagella) and potentially novel
Helicobacter
species, as well as in one case with a potentially novel
Campylobacter
species, which was a tightly coiled rod with bipolar unsheathed flagella. The isolation and characterization of these
Helicobacter
species in BTPs provides important information regarding the specific natural niche of these bacteria and their corelationship within their host, and it increases our understanding of the ecology of
Helicobacter
species.
Recovery ofBacillusSpore Contaminants from Rough Surfaces: a Challenge to Space Mission Cleanliness Control
Authors: Probst Alexander , Facius Rainer , Wirth Reinhard , Wolf Marco , Moissl-Eichinger Christine 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTMicrobial contaminants on spacecraft can threaten the scientific integrity of space missions due to probable interference with life detection experiments. Therefore, space agencies measure the cultivable spore load (“bioburden”) of a spacecraft. A recent study has reported an insufficient recovery ofBacillus atrophaeusspores from Vectran fabric, a typical spacecraft airbag material (A. Probst, R. Facius, R. Wirth, and C. Moissl-Eichinger, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:5148-5158, 2010). Here, 10 different sampling methods were compared forB. atrophaeusspore recovery from this rough textile, revealing significantly different efficiencies (0.5 to 15.4%). The most efficient method, based on the wipe-rinse technique (foam-spatula protocol; 13.2% efficiency), was then compared to the current European Space Agency (ESA) standard wipe assay in sampling four different kinds of spacecraft-related surfaces. Results indicate that the novel protocol out-performed the standard method with an average efficiency of 41.1% compared to 13.9% for the standard method. Additional experiments were performed by sampling Vectran fabric seeded with seven different spore concentrations and five differentBacillusspecies (B. atrophaeus,B. anthracisSterne,B. megaterium,B. thuringiensis, andB. safensis). Among these,B. atrophaeusspores were recovered with the highest (13.2%) efficiency andB. anthracisSterne spores were recovered with the lowest (0.3%) efficiency. Different inoculation methods of seeding spores on test surfaces (spotting and aerosolization) resulted in different spore recovery efficiencies. The results of this study provide a step forward in understanding the spore distribution on and recovery from rough surfaces. The results presented will contribute relevant knowledge to the fields of astrobiology andB. anthracisresearch.
Catalytic Properties and Classification of Cellobiose Dehydrogenases from Ascomycetes
Authors: Harreither Wolfgang , Sygmund Christoph , Augustin Manfred , Narciso Melanie , Rabinovich Mikhail L. , Gorton Lo , Haltrich Dietmar , Ludwig Roland 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Putative cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) genes are frequently discovered in various fungi by genome sequencing projects. The expression of CDH, an extracellular flavocytochrome, is well studied in white rot basidiomycetes and is attributed to extracellular lignocellulose degradation. CDH has also been reported for plant-pathogenic or saprotrophic ascomycetes, but the molecular and catalytic properties of these enzymes are currently less investigated. This study links various ascomycetous
cdh
genes with the molecular and catalytic characteristics of the mature proteins and suggests a differentiation of ascomycete class II CDHs into two subclasses, namely, class IIA and class IIB, in addition to the recently introduced class III of hypothetical ascomycete CDHs. This new classification is based on sequence and biochemical data obtained from sequenced fungal genomes and a screening of 40 ascomycetes. Thirteen strains showed CDH activity when they were grown on cellulose-based media, and
Chaetomium atrobrunneum
,
Corynascus thermophilus
,
Dichomera saubinetii
,
Hypoxylon haematostroma
,
Neurospora crass
a
, and
Stachybotrys bisbyi
were selected for detailed studies. In these strains, one or two
cdh
-encoding genes were found that stem either from class IIA and contain a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module or from class IIB without such a module. In several strains, both genes were found. Regarding substrate specificity, class IIB CDHs show a less pronounced substrate specificity for cellobiose than class IIA enzymes. A pH-dependent pattern of the intramolecular electron transfer was also observed, and the CDHs were classified into three groups featuring acidic, intermediate, or alkaline pH optima. The pH optimum, however, does not correlate with the CDH subclasses and is most likely a species-dependent adaptation to different habitats.