bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The latitude dependence of the rotation measures of NVSS sources
Authors: Schnitzeler D. H. F. M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In this Letter I use the variation of the spread in rotation measure (RM) with Galactic latitude to separate the Galactic from the extragalactic contributions to RM. This is possible since the latter does not depend on Galactic latitude. As input data I use RMs from the catalogue by Taylor, Stil & Sunstrum, supplemented with published values for the spread in RM (‘σRM’) in specific regions on the sky. I test four models of the free-electron column density (which I will abbreviate to ‘DM∞’) of the Milky Way, and the best model builds up DM∞ on a characteristic scale of a few kpc from the Sun. σRM correlates well with DM∞. The measured σRM can be modelled as a Galactic contribution, consisting of a term σRM,MW that is amplified at smaller Galactic latitudes as 1/sin |b|, in a similar way to DM∞, and an extragalactic contribution, σRM,EG, that is independent of latitude. This model is sensitive to the relative magnitudes of σRM,MW and σRM,EG, and the best fit is produced by σRM,MW≈ 8 rad m−2 and σRM,EG≈ 6 rad m−2. The four published values for σRM as a function of latitude suggest an even larger σRM,MW contribution and a smaller σRM,EG. This result from the NVSS RMs and published σRM shows that the Galactic contribution dominates structure in RM on scales between about 1° and 10° on the sky. I work out which factors contribute to the variation of σRM with Galactic latitude, and show that the σRM,EG I derived is an upper limit. Furthermore, to explain the modelled σRM,MW requires that structure in 〈B∥〉 has a 1σ spread ≲0.4 μG.
Cycle of sexual assault and women's alcohol misuse
Authors: Kalmakis Karen A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Purpose: To describe the complex relationship between sexual assault and alcohol misuse by female assault victims. Data sources: Drawing on recent research and theoretical models from other social sciences, the author interjects a nursing perspective for this complex patient problem. Conclusions: This review of theories and models, and the evidence that supports them, provides a way for nurses to conceptualize the relationship between sexual victimization and alcohol misuse as bidirectional or reciprocal. Implications for practice: The evidence and models discussed here suggest that when patients present with sexual assault or alcohol misuse, nurses should assess and address the possibility of both conditions being present.
BION, BECKETT AND BOB
Authors: Gordon John , Kirtchuk Gabriel 
Published: October 2010

abstractWe worked with Bob Hinshelwood for many years and begin our paper with an account of what we experienced as the essence of his approach in applying psychoanalytic understanding, especially an awareness of the ubiquitous effects of projective identification, to individual, group and organizational dynamics in mental health settings. This takes the form of a juxtaposition of some ideas and responses triggered by contact with patients expressed by Bion, Samuel Beckett and Bob himself. They all conveyed what it feels like when ‘bits of identity’ are passed around through unconscious interpersonal interactions. We then introduce the forensic psychotherapy context in which we work and try to apply what Bob helped us to see. Contact with severely mentally ill patients, who have committed catastrophic assaults, is work on the countertransference edge where patients' deficit in the capacity for symbolic communication and subsequent resort to action – sustained streams of projective identifications – evoke the maximum emotional impact in staff. We conclude with an example of a reflective practice group for beleaguered, often frightened, staff who desperately need but also attack – much as their patients do – what Bob called the attempt to build a reflective space which is so vital to survival and effective work.
BEHIND LOCKED DOORS: AN EXPLORATION OF THERAPEUTIC PROCESSES WITHIN A PRISON THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
Authors: Polden Jane 
Published: October 2010

abstractSupervision work in a prison Therapeutic Community is used to explore countertransference implications for staff engaging with residents' disturbed states of mind. Parallel process (a psychoanalytic concept supported by contemporary neurological findings and particularly relevant to supervisory relationships) is used to explore vulnerabilities within the staff group towards acting out the dynamics they are working with therapeutically such as attacks on linking, feelings of helplessness and cynicism, and the denial of aggression. Conversely, the development and reinforcement of the staff group's capacity to generate and preserve a thinking space while under threat has a therapeutic effect upon residents' states of mind, again through the workings of parallel process. The establishment of this benign parallel process is a central task of the Therapeutic Community, and underpins its effectiveness. Its relevance for effective therapy with disturbed states of minds in other settings is also considered.
Anti-Inflammatory Benefits of Antibiotic-Induced Neutrophil Apoptosis: Tulathromycin Induces Caspase-3-Dependent Neutrophil Programmed Cell Death and Inhibits NF-κB Signaling and CXCL8 Transcription
Authors: Fischer Carrie D. , Beatty Jennifer K. , Zvaigzne Cheryl G. , Morck Douglas W. , Lucas Merlyn J. , Buret A. G. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTClearance of apoptotic neutrophils is a central feature of the resolution of inflammation. Findings indicate that immuno-modulation and induction of neutrophil apoptosis by macrolide antibiotics generate anti-inflammatory benefits via mechanisms that remain obscure. Tulathromycin (TUL), a new antimicrobial agent for bovine respiratory disease, offers superior clinical efficacy for reasons not fully understood. The aim of this study was to identify the immuno-modulating effects of tulathromycin and, in this process, to establish tulathromycin as a new model for characterizing the novel anti-inflammatory properties of antibiotics. Bronchoalveolar lavage specimens were collected from Holstein calves 3 and 24 h postinfection, challenged intratracheally with liveMannheimia haemolytica(2 × 107CFU), and treated with vehicle or tulathromycin (2.5 mg/kg body weight). Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed that tulathromycin treatment significantly increased leukocyte apoptosis and reduced levels of proinflammatory leukotriene B4inM. haemolytica-challenged calves.In vitro, tulathromycin concentration dependently induced apoptosis in freshly isolated bovine neutrophils from healthy steers in a capase-3-dependent manner but failed to induce apoptosis in bovine fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells, as well as freshly isolated bovine blood monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. The proapoptotic effects of TUL were also, in part, drug specific; equimolar concentrations of penicillin G, oxytetracycline, and ceftiofur failed to cause apoptosis in bovine neutrophils. In addition, tulathromycin significantly reduced levels of phosphorylated IκBα, nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, and mRNA levels of proinflammatory interleukin-8 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bovine neutrophils. The findings illustrate novel mechanisms through which tulathromycin confers anti-inflammatory benefits.
Host DNA Repair Proteins in Response to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in Lung Epithelial Cells and in Mice
Authors: Wu Min , Huang Huang , Zhang Weidong , Kannan Shibichakravarthy , Weaver Andrew , Mckibben Molynda , Herington Danielle , Zeng Huawei , Gao Hongwei 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Although DNA repair proteins in bacteria are critical for pathogens' genome stability and for subverting the host defense, the role of host DNA repair proteins in response to bacterial infection is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, that infection with the Gram-negative bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
significantly altered the expression and enzymatic activity of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) in lung epithelial cells. Downregulation of OGG1 by a small interfering RNA strategy resulted in severe DNA damage and cell death. In addition, acetylation of OGG1 is required for host responses to bacterial genotoxicity, as mutations of OGG1 acetylation sites increased Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein expression. These results also indicate that CSB may be involved in DNA repair activity during infection. Furthermore, OGG1 knockout mice exhibited increased lung injury after infection with
P. aeruginosa
, as demonstrated by higher myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation. Together, our studies indicate that
P. aeruginosa
infection induces significant DNA damage in host cells and that DNA repair proteins play a critical role in the host response to
P. aeruginosa
infection, serving as promising targets for the treatment of this condition and perhaps more broadly Gram-negative bacterial infections.
Everyday ethics
Authors: Forrest Niky 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to the discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, entitled ‘A question of ownership’, is presented and discussed by Niky Forrest. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Rabbit tooth abscess’, which was published in the April issue of In Practice, appears on page 293.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Canine blood donor
Authors: Ashall Vanessa 
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Canine blood donor’, is presented and discussed by Vanessa Ashall. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Injured fawn’, which was published in the October issue of In Practice, appears on page 528.The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Tricuspid regurgitation: contemporary management of a neglected valvular lesion
Authors: Irwin Richard Bruce , Luckie Matthew , Khattar Rajdeep S 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Right-sided cardiac valvular disease has traditionally been considered less clinically important than mitral or aortic valve pathology. However, detectable tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is common and recent data suggest that significant TR can lead to functional impairment and reduced survival, particularly in patients with concomitant left-sided valvular disease. The tricuspid valve is a complex anatomical structure and advances in three dimensional echocardiography and cardiac MRI have contributed to a greater understanding of tricuspid valve pathology. These imaging techniques are invaluable in determining the aetiology and severity of TR, and provide an assessment of right ventricular function and pulmonary artery pressure. TR is more prevalent in women and those with a history of myocardial infarction and heart failure. It also occurs in about 10% of patients with rheumatic heart disease. Chronic severe TR may have a prolonged clinical course culminating in the development of fatigue and poor exercise tolerance due to a reduced cardiac output. Approximately 90% of cases of TR are secondary to either pulmonary hypertension or intrinsic right ventricular pathology and about 10% are due to primary tricuspid valve disease. Primary causes such as Ebstein’s anomaly, rheumatic disease, myxomatous changes, carcinoid syndrome, endomyocardial fibrosis, and degenerative disease have characteristic morphological features readily identifiable by echocardiography. Ascertaining an accurate right ventricular systolic pressure is important in separating primary from secondary causes as significant TR with a pressure &lt;40 mm Hg implies intrinsic valve disease. Cardiac MRI may be indicated in those with inadequate echocardiographic images and is also the gold standard for the evaluation of right ventricular function and morphology. The assessment of leaflet morphology, annular dimensions, and pulmonary artery pressure are particularly important for determining subsequent management. Along with appropriate treatment of the underlying cause of TR and pulmonary hypertension, management guidelines indicate a move towards more aggressive treatment of TR. In those undergoing left-sided valve surgery, tricuspid valve repair is universally recommended in the presence of severe coexistent TR; in those with isolated severe TR, surgery is recommended in the presence of symptoms or progressive right ventricular dilatation or dysfunction.
Intrinsic Coagulation Activation and the Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Young Women
Authors: Siegerink B. , Govers-Riemslag J.W.P. , Rosendaal F.R. , ten Cate H. , Algra A. 
Published: October 2010

Background—
Classically, intrinsic coagulation proteins are thought to have a minor role in hemostasis. Recently, these proteins, especially FXII, were implicated as possible key players in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis. This study aims to determine the risks of arterial thrombosis conferred by increased activation of intrinsic coagulation proteins in young women and the effect of oral contraceptive use on this association.

Methods and Results—
The Risk of Arterial Thrombosis In relation to Oral contraceptives (RATIO) study is a population-based case-control study including young women (age 18 to 50 years) with myocardial infarction (n=205) and ischemic stroke (n=175) and 638 healthy controls. Intrinsic coagulation protein activation was determined by measuring activated protein-inhibitor complexes. This complex is with C1 esterase inhibitor (FXIIa-C1-INH, FXIa-C1-INH, Kallikrein-C1-INH) or antitrypsin inhibitor (FXIa-AT-INH). Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated with logistic regression. High levels of protein activation (>90th percentile of controls) showed an increased risk of ischemic stroke: FXIIa-C1-INH (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.5), FXIa-C1-INH (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.7), FXIa-AT-INH (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.0), and Kallikrein-C1 (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 2.6 to 7.2). If anything, myocardial infarction risk was only increased by Kallikrein-C1-INH (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9 to 2.5). Oral contraceptive use further increased the risks.

Conclusions—
High levels of activated proteins of the intrinsic coagulation system are associated with arterial thrombosis, whereas the strength of these associations differs for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. This contradicts similar analyses among men in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Together with the finding that oral contraceptive use further increases the risks, the question of whether the role of intrinsic coagulation proteins in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis is sex-specific is raised.
Vascular Dysfunction in Women With a History of Preeclampsia and Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Authors: Yinon Yoav , Kingdom John C.P. , Odutayo Ayodele , Moineddin Rahim , Drewlo Sascha , Lai Vesta , Cherney David Z.I. , Hladunewich Michelle A. 
Published: October 2010

Background—
Women with a history of placental disease are at increased risk for the future development of vascular disease. It is unknown whether preexisting endothelial dysfunction underlies both the predisposition to placental disease and the later development of vascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess vascular function in postpartum women and to determine whether differences emerged depending on the presentation of placental disease.

Methods and Results—

Women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia (n=15), late-onset preeclampsia (n=9), intrauterine growth restriction without preeclampsia (n=9), and prior normal pregnancy (n=16) were studied 6 to 24 months postpartum. Flow-mediated vasodilatation and flow-independent (glyceryl trinitrate–induced) vasodilatation were studied through the use of high-resolution vascular ultrasound examination of the brachial artery. Arterial stiffness was assessed by pulse-wave analysis (augmentation index). Laboratory assessment included circulating angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, placental growth factor, and soluble endoglin). Flow-mediated vasodilatation was significantly reduced in women with previous early-onset preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction compared with women with previous late-onset preeclampsia and control subjects (3.2±2.7% and 2.1±1.2% versus 7.9±3.8% and 9.1±3.5%, respectively;
P
<0.0001). Flow-independent vasodilatation was similar among all groups. Similarly, the radial augmentation index was significantly increased among women with previous early-onset preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, but not among late preeclamptic women and control subjects (
P
=0.0105). Circulating angiogenic factors were similar in all groups.

Conclusion—
Only women with a history of early-onset preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction without preeclampsia exhibit impaired vascular function, which might explain their predisposition to placental disease and their higher risk of future vascular disease.
Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration from Satellite and Meteorological Data in Central Bolivia
Authors: Seiler Christian , Moene Arnold F. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Spatial estimates of actual evapotranspiration are useful for calculating the water balance of river basins, quantifying hydrological services provided by ecosystems, and assessing the hydrological impacts of land-use practices. To provide this information, the authors estimate actual evapotranspiration in central Bolivia with a remote sensing algorithm [Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land (SEBAL)]. SEBAL was adapted for the effects of topography (particularly for elevation, slope, and aspect) and atmospheric properties on incoming solar radiation. Instantaneous fluxes are converted to daily and annual fluxes using reference evapotranspiration. The required input data consist of meteorological data and satellite data. Results show more evapotranspiration for humid regions and less evapotranspiration for dry regions and deforested land. Actual evapotranspiration estimates are compared with annual precipitation measurements from 27 meteorological observations. In case annual actual evapotranspiration is estimated correctly, it must be lower than the precipitation measurements. This is the case for 23 stations. The remaining four stations are all located at higher altitudes (&gt;2700 m). Unfortunately, no actual evapotranspiration measurements are available for additional validation purposes.
The Role of the North Atlantic Oscillation in Shaping Regional-Scale Peak Seasonal Precipitation across the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Roy Shouraseni Sen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe present study focuses on the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in shaping the regional-level precipitation during the peak months of the two main rainy seasons over the Indian subcontinent. Monthly precipitation data from 1871 to 2005 were collected for 30 homogenous regions across the subcontinent. Regression analysis was used to analyze the strength of the relationship between NAO on regional-level precipitation patterns. The results of the study showed distinct spatial variations in the response of regional-level rainfall to the monthly NAO index. There were greater variations in the strength of the regression coefficients for peak monsoon rainfall (PMR) compared to the peak winter rainfall (PWR) season. During the latter half of the year, the association between PMR and the NAO index was predominantly negative. In general, the role of NAO was more pronounced across most of the regions in the peninsular India.
Exploring Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Earth Highpoint Attachment Geography by Peak Current
Authors: Vogt Brandon J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This study applied remotely sensed cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strike location data, a digital elevation model (DEM), and a geographic information system (GIS) to characterize negative polarity peak current CG lightning Earth attachment behavior. It explored the propensity for (i) flashes to favor topographic highpoint attachment and (ii) striking distance (a near-Earth attachment force) to increase with peak current. On a 16 000 km2 10-m DEM covering a section of southeast and south-central Colorado, a GIS extraction method identified approximately 5000 hilltop and outcrop highpoints containing at least 15 m of vertical gain in a 300-m radius neighborhood with a minimum horizontal separation of 600 m. Flashes with peak currents ranging from −20 to −119 kiloamps (kA), collected between February 2005 and May 2009, were subdivided into 10 kA classes and mapped on this modified DEM. Buffers of 100-, 200-, and 300-m radii created around each highpoint were used to assess the hypothesis that striking distance increases with higher negative peak current. Point-in-polygon counts compared actual CG strike totals to random point totals received inside buffers. CG strikes favored topographic highpoints by as much as 5.0% when compared to random points. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests further corroborated that actual CG strikes at highpoints were generated by a more nonrandom process. A positive trend between striking distance and peak current was also observed. Although this correlation has been characterized in controlled settings, this study is the first to document this physical process at real-world landscape scales over multiple years.