bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of cadmium on the growth ofLactobacillus lactis, L. helveticusandStreptococcus thermophilusin milk
Authors: Korkeala Hannu , Soback Stefan , Hirn Jorma 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe viable counts, pH and production of lactic acid were determined forLactobacillus lactis, L. helveticusandStreptococcus thermophilusafter 0, 5 and 24 h anaerobic incubation at 44 °C in skim milk containing 0, 3, 5 or 7μg cadmium (Cd)/l. In skim milk containing 7μg Cd/l, a noticeable decrease in lactic acid production and inhibition of the decrease in pH was observed for all three strains after 24 h, although there was only a slight inhibition of growth. With 3 and 5μg Cd/l, there was only a slight inhibition in the decrease in pH. In addition, with 3 μg Cd/l some evidence of stimulation of lactic acid production was found. The inhibitory effect of low Cd concentrations on lactic acid bacteria may give rise to problems in the dairy industry.
31P-nuclear magnetic resonance study of milk fractions
Authors: Wahlgren Magnus , Drakenberg Torbjörn , Vogel Hans J. , Dejmek Petr 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMilk serum, whey and milk ultrafiltrate were examined by31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR). About 20 phosphorylated milk constituents gave rise to resonances in the spectra. Most of these have been assigned to such well-known milk constituents as inorganic phosphate,N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate and glycerophosphorylcholine. Resonances from previously unknown constituents such as phosphocreatine were also observed. When the pH-dependence of inorganic phosphate,N-acetylglucosamine-1 -phosphate, glycerophosphorylcholine and gly-cerophosphorylethanolamine was examined it was observed that the resonance of inorganic phosphate overlapped that ofN-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate around neutral pH. This is the most probable explanation as to why this constituent was not observed in earlier31P-NMR studies on milk.
Measurement and calculation of water activity in Blue cheese
Authors: Fernández-Salguero José , Alcalá Manuel , Marcos Andres , Esteban Maria A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryWateractivity (aw), pH, and several chemical components were determined in 20 samples of Blue cheese belonging to the varieties Bleu de Bresse, Cabrales, Danablu, Edelpilzkäse, Gorgonzola and Roquefort. The aw in these cheeses could be calculated from chemical data on a water content basis (g/100 g H2O) by two simple equations:where SN is the soluble nitrogen.Differences between calculated and measured aw using these relationships were similar to those obtained with a more complex equation described by Rüegg & Blanc (1983).
Viscosity and voluminosity of caseins chemically modified by reductive alkylation with reducing sugars
Authors: Colas Bernard , Gobin Christine , Lorient Denis 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe effect of the covalent binding of reducing sugars such as galactose, glucose, fructose, lactose and maltose on the flow properties of casein solutions and on the voluminosity of casein molecules was investigated, voluminosity being calculated from viscosity measurements. Rheological parameters appeared to be efficient indices of structural changes occurring in proteins as a result of chemical modifications. Results showed an increase in voluminosity of casein after the binding of sugars, possibly explained by an increase in the net negative charge or by an increase in the steric hindrance of the molecule. At high concentrations (above 0·03 g/ml), viscosity of the solutions depended on the nature of the attached sugar and on the level of the modification. Thus galactose- and glucose-modified caseins were more viscous than the control. With disaccharides, the level of modification appeared to be more important than the amount of sugar bound.
Heat stability of recombined concentrated milk: changes in calcium activity and pH on sterilization
Authors: Augustin Mary-Ann , Clarke Phillip T. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryRecombined concentrated milks (18% SNF, 8% fat) at their natural pH and at pH values in the range 6·28–6·68, made with powders subjected to different preheat conditions (high heat (85°C, 30 min), indirect UHT (120°C, 2 min) and direct UHT (120°C, 2 min)), were sterilized at 120°C for 13 min. The heat stabilities of recombined concentrated milks were dependent on preheat treatment. Ca2+ activity and pH of sterilized recombined concentrated milks, measured l h after sterilization, were lower than those of corresponding unsterilized recombined concentrated milks. The magnitude of the decreases in Ca2+ activity and pH induced on sterilization were dependent on the pH of the unsterilized recombined concentrated milk but were not markedly influenced by the type of preheat treatment applied during powder manufacture. The results suggest that differences in heat stability of high heat, indirect UHT and direct UHT powders are unlikely to be due to Ca2+ activity.
Variation in the N-acetyl neuraminic acid content of bovine κ-casein
Authors: Robitaille Gilles , Ng-Kwai-Hang Kwet-Fane , Monardes Humberto G. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA total of 555 milk samples was collected from 53 Holstein cows for 1 year. Samples were analysed for N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) content, κ-casein content and somatic cell count. The extent of glycosylation of κ-casein was estimated through the NANA content of κ-casein in each milk sample. The overall mean value for the NANA content was 63·6 ± 20 μg/mg of κ-casein with a range of 23–166 μg/mg. Least squares analysis showed significant (P < 0·01) effects of parity, test day, stage of lactation, phenotype for κ-casein, somatic cell count, and cow within phenotype. The NANA content of κ-casein decreased with increasing parity number and increased significantly when somatic cell count was above 200000 cells/ml. After reaching a minimum value between 2 and 3 months after calving, the NANA content of κ-casein increased during the later part of the lactation. NANA content was higher in the milk of cows phenotyped AB for κ-casein than for cows phenotyped for κ-casein AA, thus suggesting that B variant is more efficiently glycosylated than A variant.
The structure and formation of metacercarial cysts in the trematode family Microphallidae Travassos 1920
Authors: Galaktionov K.V. , Malkova I.I. , Irwin S.W.B. , Saville D.H. , Maguire J.G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study deals with the formation of the metacercarial cysts of four microphallid trematodes, Maritrema subdolum, M. arenaria, Levinseniella brachysoma and Microphallus claviformis. The first observable cyst was present around Maritrema arenaria 18 h p.i. (post-infection). The other species had not developed a cyst by day 8 p.i. but their cysts were apparent by day 16 p.i. These were bi-layered and that of M. subdolum was thicker than those of L. brachysoma and Microphallus claviformis of the same age. The structure of older cysts varied substantially between the four species. Microphallus claviformis and Maritrema subdolum cysts were fully formed at 30 days p.i. Like those of M. arenaria they were bi-layered, the outer layer (up to 3 μm thick) being electron-dense and the inner one (up to 7 μm thick) being less electron-dense. The cysts of fully formed L. brachysoma metacercariae were much more complex, composed of four layers, one of which was divisible into three sub-layers. It was concluded that the outer cyst layer was the product of secretory granules which were previously identified in cercarial tegument. The inner, thicker layer was derived from several sources. These included small tegument vesicles produced over the entire surface of the metacercariae, larger fragments of tegument released from the anterio-ventral region and material liberated from the metacercarial excretory bladder. This heterogeneous material accumulated in the cyst lumen for some time before becoming polymerized to form the thick inner layer or layers of the metacercarial cysts.
Echinococcus multilocularis: mouse strain difference in hydatid development
Authors: Nakaya K. , Nakao M. , Ito A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFemale mice of nine inbred strains (A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6, C57BL/10, CBA, DBA/1 and DBA/2) and H-2 congenic B10.D2, at 9–10 weeks of age, were infected with larval Echinococcus multilocularis by trans-portal injection of hydatid homogenate. Parasitized livers were histologically examined 9 or 13 weeks after infection. Hydatid development was quite different among mouse strains. Multivesiculation was prominent in C57BL/10, DBA/1, C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Protoscoleces were well developed in DBA/2, AKR, DBA/1 and CBA. H-2 congenic B10.D2, which has the background genes of C57BL/10 except for the H-2d gene of DBA/2, resembled C57BL/10 in prohibiting the development of protoscoleces. These data suggest that the qualitative difference in hydatid development may be regulated by non-H-2 gene(s).
Occurrence and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes in Sri Lanka
Authors: Amarasinghe L.D. , Hominick W.M. , Briscoe B.R. , Reid A.P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEntomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) were isolated from Sri Lankan soils using theGalleriabaiting technique. Samples collected from different agro-ecological regions and different habitat types revealed that the presence of nematodes was restricted to sandy coastal soils. Two heterorhabditid and three steinernematid RFLP types were discovered within 5–100 m of the sea. Members of both families were equally prevalent. However, no parasitized insects were found although insect species were encountered which are potentially natural hosts. These nematodes were present at high temperatures (some above 30°C) and neither the monsoon rain nor the drought had any effect on their prevalence.
Ultrastructural study of Trichinella spiralis with emphasis on adult male reproductive organs
Authors: Takahashi Y. , Goto C. , Kita K. K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe ultrastructure of the reproductive system of adult male Trichinella spiralis has been examined, particularly to assist in recent advances such as the localization of target antigens of protective immunity and the mode of immune attack. The male reproductive system consists of a single tube with a hairpin-like bend, composed of a basal lamina, epithelial cells, rachis, circumferential and constrictor muscles, and germinal cells. The organs were surrounded by basal lamina and haemolymph. Germinal cells in different stages of maturation were found on the wall of the testis along its entire length. As the maturation of germinal cells proceeded, the cells moved towards the lumen of the testis. The germinal cells had a row of vesicles (cup-shaped structures) at the cell periphery. The mature sperm, lacking flagella and an acrosome, were stored in the seminal vesicle. The cytoplasm of the epithelial cells of the seminal vesicle and ejaculatory duct was filled with distended rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and exocrine granules which appeared homogenous and of medium electron density. The granules appeared to discharge to the lumen.
The Behaviour of sterilised exsheathed infective Trichostrongylid larvae in sterile media resembling their environment in Ovine hosts
Authors: Lapage Geoffrey 
Published: June 2009

1. Attempts were made to cultivate in sterile artificial media the sterilised first parasitic larva of intestinal nematodes of sheep. These larvae were obtained by artificial production of the second ecdysis in 1 in 20 dilutions of Milton hypochlorite in distilled water.2. Over 1,500 larvae were thus isolated, usually in hanging drops, in more than 200 different sterile media, containing ingredients likely to be present in the normal environment of these larvae inside their hosts.3. None of the larvae showed any growth. Most formed the next sheath and were ready for the third ecdysis, but only 10 larvae actually performed this. The parasitic third larva thus liberated always emerged by a rent at the side of the eosophageal region of the sheath, and never by detachment of a cap like that characteristic of the second ecdysis. In every instance the parasitic third larva died immediately after the third ecdysis, which set it free. Two of these 10 larvae underwent the second and third ecdyses simultaneously.4. The methods used by the writer (1933b) to induce artificially the second ecdysis always failed to produce the third ecdysis. No method of producing this at will was found.5. The longest time any first parasitic larva lived was 41 days. Few of them lived, however, less than 8–10 days. A life of 18–30 days was more usual before visible signs of physiological abnormality appeared, such as the gradual vacuolation and emptying of the intestinal cells which usually preceded their death.6. Those which were ready with a loose sheath for the third ecdysis, showed, as infective larvae also do, remarkable powers of resistance to changes produced in them by osmotic factors.7. None of the larvae showed any particular reaction to blood, mucosa of the stomach or duodenum, nor, indeed, to any of the ferments or tissues these larvae encounter in their hosts. They seemed to be as indifferent in this respect as the sheathed infective larvae are.8. A comparative physiological study of the sheathed infective and the exsheathed first parasitic phases of the second larva would verify, and perhaps modify, our knowledge of the functions of the so-called protective sheath of the infective larva.
Some Observations on the Effect of Digestive Juices on Scolices ofEchinococcus granulosus(Batsch).
Authors: Berberian D. A. 
Published: June 2009

Experimentsin vivoandin vitroare reported on the action of digestive juices of various animals on the scolices ofE. granulosus. Inin vitrostudies, scolices ofE. granulosuswere placed in the digestive juices of different animals, incubated at 37°C., and the digestive action of the fluids was studied by examining portions of the material under the microscope.In vivoexperiments were carried out on kittens, rats and rabbits. These animals were fed large quantities of scolices of hydatid cyst membranes and they were killed at definite time intervals and their intestinal tract was carefully examined for scolices.Gastric juice of rats, dogs, cats, sheep and cattle did not digest scolices. The action of the gastric juice of rabbits begins late and proceeds slowly. Human gastric juice causes incomplete digestion and acts only on the evaginated scolices.The intestinal juices of man, rats, rabbits, sheep and cattle are able to digest scolices completely, whereas the intestinal juice of dogs and cats is inactive. In spite of the fact that cat intestinal juice is inactive, kittens are found to be slightly susceptible. Since they suffer only relatively light infestation and the rate of development is retarded, we would classify the cat as an “abnormal” host toE. granulosus.Time of evagination of scolices from a single cyst or from cysts from different animals is variable. Some scolices evaginate readily, others more slowly and still others fail to evaginate completely.
Studies on the Life History ofBrachylaimus oesophageiShaldybin, 1953 (Digenea: Brachylaimidae)
Authors: Lewis J. W. 
Published: June 2009

1.Brachylaimus oesophageiShaldybin, 1953 from the common shrew,Sorex araneus castaneusJenyns is described and compared with that of Shaldybin (1953) and a closely related speciesB. fulvusDujardin, 1843.2. Despite unsuccessful attempts in hatching the egg ofB. oesophagei, some morphological features of the miracidium are described and compared with previous studies on brachylaimid miracidia. Neither flame cells nor epidermal plates have been observed in miracidia of this family and present observations confirm this.3. A description is given of the cercaria and metacercaria ofB. oesophageifrom the kidney of the hollowed snailZonitoides excavatus(Bean) at Aberystwyth, but no sporocysts or cercariae were found in the digestive gland.4. Previous work on brachylaimid life histories is discussed, together with a resumé of the life history ofB. oesophagei.
Studies on the Serological Response in Sheep to Naturally Acquired Gastro-intestinal Nematodes
Authors: Soulsby E. J. L. 
Published: June 2009

An inverse relationship has been demonstrated between egg counts and antibody titres. This relationship is also evident on a seasonal basis in the “spring rise”.The “spring rise” is preceded by a decrease in the immune status of the sheep and is terminated by a self cure mechanism which establishes a period of protection.The significance of these findings is discussed with regard to the onset and development of the “spring rise”.
Some Observations on Cercaria splendens Szidat, 1932 from a New Intermediate Host, Planorbis vortex, in the Netherlands
Authors: van den Broek Elisabeth 
Published: June 2009

(1) Cercaria splendens Szdiat was found in a specimen of Planorbis vortex, caught in a ditch near Utrecht, the Netherlands.(2) Its morphology and behaviour are briefly described and compared with the data given by previous authors.(3) A feeding experiment with the stickleback, Gasterosteus pungitus, is described. The preliminary conclusion is drawn that Gasterosteus is not the final host but probably acts as a transport host for this species.
Histochemical distribution of succinic dehydrogenase in the lymphatic system of a trematode Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium
Authors: Sharma P. N. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTHistochemical observations have been made on the localization and distribution pattern of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in the lymphatic system of Ceylonocotyle scoliocoelium by employing tetrazolium nitro BT. The enzyme activity appeared in the form of diformazon granules which are believed to consist of mitochondrial aggregates. It is further suggested that this enzyme helps in the transportation of the metabolites. This is the first report of SDH in the lymph channels involving transportation.
Strigeoid trematodes of Malaysia with descriptions of a new genus and three new species
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Krishnasamy M. , Sullivan John T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSix species of strigeoid trematodes are reported from Malaysia. One new genus and 3 new species are described: Apatemon (Apatemon) jamesi sp. n. (Strigeidae); cercaria Cotylurus sullivani sp. n. (Strigeidae); Neodiplostomum (Neodiplostomum) sp. (Diplostomatidae); Fibricola ramachandrani (Diplostomatidae); Pseudoscolopacitrema otteri gen. n. et sp. n. (Diplostomatidae); and cercaria Cyathocotyle malayi sp. n. (Cyathocotylidae). The life cycles of A. jamesi and C. malayi have also been investigated.
Bufonerakis andersonin. gen. (Nematoda: Heterakoidea) fromBufo arenarumof South America
Authors: Baker M. R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTBufonerakis andersonin. gen. n. sp. fromBufo arenarumof Argentina is described.Bufonerakisis proposed for species in the Subfamily Meteterakinae with a short muscular vagina and opposed uteri. The other genera in the subfamily,MeteterakisKarve, 1930, andGireterakisLane, 1917, have an elongate vagina divided into a short muscular portion and long common uterine trunk giving rise to two parallel uteri in the posterior third of the worm.Meteterakis rodriguesiVicente and Corrêa Gomes, 1971, is reclassified asBufonerakis rodriguesin. comb.
Development of Pelodera strongyloides (Schneider, 1860) Schneider, 1866 (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) in Culture
Authors: Cliff G. M. , Anderson R. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDauerlarvae of Pelodera strongyloides, recovered from two species of lemmings, Dicrostonyx groenlandicus (Traill) and Lemmus trimucronatus (Richardson) trapped at Eskimo Point, N. W. T., were cultured on agar medium with E. coli. Development from egg to adult stage was followed. Eggs hatched between 22 and 26 hours at 22°C. The first moult occurred 24 to 28 hours after the eggs hatched, the second at 40 to 48 hours, the third at 60 to 64 hours and the fourth at 84 to 88 hours at 22°C. Adults lived approximately 5 to 6 days and females oviposited for 2 to 3 days during this time. All stages were measured and described. The effect of temperature on development was examined. Dauerlarvae survived freezing temperatures, short periods of desiccation and prolonged periods without food.
Immunofluorescent studies in filariasis: antibody levels in jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with Brugia malayi
Authors: Singh Mulkit , Kane G. J. , Burren C. , Mackinlay L. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe indirect fluorescent antibody technique has been applied to detect antibody levels in jirds (meriones unguiculatus) infected with Brugia malayi. Sonicated antigens were prepared from microfilariae and adult worms. Sonicated microfilariae were found to be satisfactory for this purpose. Cyanogen bromide-activated sepharose coated with soluble antigens prepared from microfilariae and adult worms was also used to detect antibodies to Brugia infections. The present observation show that these techniques can be usefully applied for detection of filarial infections. Antibody titres in infected jirds generally ranged from 1: 16 –1:256 and were not affected by treatment with diethylcarbamazine.
Presence of cholesterol in the neutral lipids of three sheep cestodes
Authors: Nigam S. C. , Premvati G. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe adult worms of Stilesia globipunctata, Avitellina centripunctata and Moniezia expansa with immature, mature and gravid proglottids and having almost the same length were collected simultaneously from the sheep intestine. Neutral lipid concentration is about 2.2, 1.24 and 18.4% of the dried worm tissue respectively. Cholesterol is 87.8, 85.7 and 88.0% of the unsaponifiable material respectively.
A new genus of hymenolepid cestodes from the Indian gerbil, Tatera indica
Authors: Wason Anil , Johnson Sylvester 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTParaoligorchis taterae gen. et sp.n. is described from the Indian gerbil Tatera indica. It is characterised by unarmed suckers; rudimentary and unarmed rostellum; 4–7 testes of which 1–2 are aporal and anterior to others which are in a transverse row; cirrus pouch extending beyond excretory stems; unilateral genital pores; genital ducts dorsal to excretory stems; prominent external and internal seminal vesicles; large rosette-like ovary; saccular uterus; vaginal opening posterior to that of the cirrus pouch; three-layered eggs devoid of both a pyriform apparatus and polar filaments. It has been compared with related genera of Hymenolepidinae and Anoplocephalinae and found to differ from all of these in some character or other.
Episthmium everardi sp.n. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) from a great kiskadee, Pitangus sulfuratus, in Trinidad
Authors: Rutledge Thomas A. , Schmidt Gerald D. , Tikasingh Elisha S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTEpisthmium everardi sp.n. is described from a bird, Pitangus sulfuratus, from Trinidad, W.I. It differs from all other species in the genus in having 20 circumoral spines, each 20 to 22 long, and in the shape of the body, which is attenuated at its anterior end.