bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of central commands: Toward a theoretical basis for rehabilitation
Authors: Biryukova Elena V. , Frolov Alexandrez A. , Burnod Yves , Roby-Brami Agnès 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe commentary focuses on the need for motor control modeling as a rationale for rehabilitation. We give examples in a bimanual unloading task and examine the potential consequences for recovery in patients with cerebral lesions. Hierarchical models of motor control lead to a distinction between “task optimization” and “motor optimization” and to a qualifier on Latash & Anson's “hands-off” position.
Defective preprogramming does not account for the clinical deficits of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Corcos Daniel M. , Pfann Kerstin D. , Buchman Aron S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLatash & Anson argue that changed motor patterns should not be viewed as pathological. Instead, they should be viewed as adaptations to a primary deficit. We argue that the evidence shows: (1) bradykinesia is not an adaptation to a different primary deficit, and (2) bradykinetic movements are not “normal” slowed movements but, to the contrary, bradykinesia is part of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease.
The concept of “normal” movement and its consequences for therapy
Authors: Konczak Jürgen , Dichgans Johannes 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe guideline for therapy should be the improvement of the individual's functionality, not the acquisition of the ill-defined “goldstandard” of normal movement. However, Latash & Anson's suggestion that only primary causes of dysfunction should be treated is problematic for two reasons: First, the distinction between genuine and adaptive changes in motor performance is not always possible, and second, adaptive changes do not necessarily improve motor function, but may actually be detrimental to the system's performance.
When are adaptive motor patterns nonadaptive?
Authors: Summers Jeffery J. , Thomas Julie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe assumption that adaptive changes in motor patterns are optimal is questioned. Instances are cited where alteration of the adaptive motor patterns may be warranted. Other issues discussed are: (1) the relationship between central nervous system (CNS) priorities and the individual's priorities, (2) the use of cognitive bypass strategies by impaired individuals, and (3) conceiving CNS priorities as coordinative rules.
Anthropomorphizing the CNS: Is it what or who you know?
Authors: Wade Michael G. , Guan Jinhua 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe target article pays insufficient attention to (1) the difficulties that arise when the term “normal” is used to describe motor skill behavior, and (2) the need to resist ascribing motor control to an intelligent central nervous system. A complex systems perspective is proposed with attractor states and periodicity identified as markers of atypical coordination and control.
Toward peaceful coexistence of adaptive central strategies and medical professionals
Authors: Anson J. Greg , Latash Mark L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe start with a number of philosophical and theoretical issues related to motor control, proceed through a spectrum of problems related to the role of adaptive changes in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to a primary disorder, and end with tentative practical recommendations. We consider the hierarchical and dynamic approaches to motor control not as incompatible alternatives but as ways of approaching two equally important issues, those of control and coordination. Professionals working in the area of physical therapy and rehabilitation should make use of the adaptive abilities of the CNS, identify goals, provide tools, and allow the CNS to develop optimal strategies. Therapists should intervene if they suspect that the CNS settles down in a local rather than a global optimum because of such factors as pain or the lack of a long-term predictive ability. Adaptive changes within the CNS may be important not only in pathologies but also in cases of specialized training, normal growth, and normal ageing.
Functional memory requires a quite different value metaphor
Authors: Anderson Norman H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe function of memory is to allow past experience to subserve present goal-oriented thought and action. The defining characteristic of goal-oriented approach/avoidance is value. Value lies beyond the reproductive conception of memory that is basic to both metaphors discussed in Koriat & Goldsmith's target article. Functional memory requires a quite different metaphor, for which a grounded theory is available.
The storehouse/correspondence partition in memory research: Promises and perils
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe novel correspondence metaphor outlined by Koriat & Goldsmith offers important advantages for studying critical issues of memory-accuracy. It also fits well with the current emphasis on the reconstructive nature of memory and on the role of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational factors in memory performance. These positive features notwithstanding, the storehouse/correspondence framework faces potential perils having to do with its implied linkage to the laboratory/real-life controversy and its proposal of studying correspondence issues in isolation from memory phenomena captured by the storehouse paradigm.
Let's forget the everyday/laboratory controversy
Authors: Kvavilashvili Lia , Ellis Judi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn contrast to its aims, Koriat & Goldsmith&apos;s article vividly demonstrates(1) the complementarity of ecological and traditional approaches and (2) the difficulty of characterising the growing diversity of memory research with a single set of distinctions. Moreover, the contrast between correspondence and storehouse metaphors is important enough to stand alone without reference to an everyday/laboratory controversy, which is neither acute nor necessary.
Correspondence to the past: The essence of the archaeology metaphor
Authors: Larsen Steen F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe correspondence view of memory is not a metaphor. However, correspondence is the essential feature of the archaeology metaphor, which harks back to Freud and Neisser. A modern version of this metaphor and some of its implications are briefly described. The archaeology metaphor integrates the idea of stored traces in a nonmechanistic framework.
Accuracy and quantity are poor measures of recall and recognition
Authors: Mayes Andrew R. , van Eijk Rob , Gooding Patricia L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe value of accuracy and quantity as memory measures is assessed. It is argued that (1) accuracy does not measure correspondence (monitoring) because it ignores omissions and correct rejections, (2) quantity is confounded with monitoring in recall, and (3) in recognition, if targets and foils are unequal, both measures, even together, still ignore correct rejections.
False dichotomies and dead metaphors
Authors: McNamara Timothy P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractKoriat & Goldsmith's thesis is provocative but has three problems: First, quantity and accuracy are not simply related, they are complementary. Second, the storehouse metaphor is not the driving force behind contemporary theories of memory and may not be viable. Third, the taxonomy is incomplete, leaving unclassified several extremely influential methods and measures, such as priming and response latency.
Amnesia and metamemory demonstrate the importance of both metaphors
Authors: Schwartz Bennett L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe correspondence metaphor is useful in developing functional models of memory. However, the storehouse metaphor is still useful in developing structural and process models of memory. Traditional research techniques explore the structure of memory; everyday techniques explore the function of memory. We illustrate this point with two examples: amnesia and metamemory. In each phenomenon, both metaphors are useful.
Classical antecedents for modern metaphors for memory
Authors: Small Jocelyn Penny 
Published: February 2010

AbstractClassical antiquity provides not just the storehouse metaphor, which postdates Plato, but also parts of the correspondence metaphor. In the fifth century B.C., Thucydides (1.22) considered the role of gist and accuracy in writing history, and Aristotle (Poetics1451b, 1460b 8–11) offered an explanation. Finally, the Greek for truth (alêtheia) means “that which is not forgotten.”
Direct remembering and the correspondence metaphor
Authors: White K. Geoffrey 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe correspondence view is consistent with a theory of direct remembering that assumes continuity between perception and memory. Two implications of direct remembering for correspondence are suggested. It is assumed that forgetting is exponential, and that remembering at one time is independent of factors influencing remembering at another. Elaboration of the correspondence view in the same terms as perception offers a novel approach to the study of memory.
The correspondence metaphor of memory: Right, wrong, or useful?
Authors: Koriat Asher , Goldsmith Morris 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOur response to the commentators covers four general issues: (1) How useful is our proposed conceptualization of the real-life/laboratory controversy in terms of the contrast between the correspondence and storehouse metaphors? (2) What is the relationship between these two metaphors? (3) What are the unique implications of the correspondence metaphor for memory assessment and theory? (4) What are the nature and role of memory metaphors in memory research? We stress that the correspondence metaphor can be usefully exploited independent of the real-life/laboratory controversy, but that a variety of other metaphors, including the storehouse, should also be utilized in order to more fully capture the myriad facets and functions of memory in everyday life.
The evolutionary point of view: Rationality is elsewhere
Authors: Cabanac Michel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBaron has provided some examples of nonconsequentialism in decision making and describes them as biases; these may be the remnants of the biological origin of decision making. One may argue that decisions are made on the basis not of rationality but affective processes. Behavior follows the trend toward maximizing pleasure. This mechanism might explain apparent nonconsequentialism.
Temporal synchrony, dynamic bindings, and Shruti: A representational but nonclassical model of reflexive reasoning
Authors: Shastri Lokendra 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLange & Dyer misunderstand what is meant by an “entity” and confuse a medium of representation (synchrony) with the content being represented. This leads them to the erroneous conclusion that SHRUTI will run out of phases and that its representation of bindings lacks semantic content. It is argued that (1) the limit on the number of phases suffices, and (2) SHRUTI can be interpreted as using “dynamic signatures” that offer significant advantages over fixed preexisting signatures. Bonatti refers to three levels of commitment to a representational theory of the mind (RTM) and states that SHRUTI is committed to RTM at levels 1 and 2. He acknowledges that SHRUTI is not committed at level 3, but argues that an extended SHRUTI would have to make such a commitment. We agree that SHRUTI is committed to RTM at level 1 and, in a sense, also at level 2. SHRUTI, however, is not committed to RTM at level 3 and, even though it has been extended in several ways, it has retained its original representational character.
Recovered consciousness: A proposal for making consciousness integral to neuropsychological theories of memory in humans and nonhumans
Authors: Moscovitch Morris 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWhy is consciousness associated with recovery of memories that are initially dependent on the hippocampal system? A hypothesis is proposed that the medial temporal lobe/hippocampal complex (MTL/H) receives as its input only information that is consciously apprehended. By a process termed “cohesion,” the MTL/H binds into a memory trace those neural elements that mediated the conscious experience so that effectively, “consciousness” is an integral part of the memory trace. It is the phenomenological records of events (Conway 1992), integrated consciousness-content packets, that are recovered when memory traces are retrieved.
The hippocampal system: Dissociating its functional components and recombining them in the service of declarative memory
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard , Otto Tim , Cohen Neal J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractContinuing commentary raised several issues concerning our proposal that the hippocampus, parahippocampal region, and cortical association areas mediate different aspects of memory function. Recent relevant findings strengthen our argument that neocortical areas and the parahippocampal region maintain persistent encodings of specific single items and that the hippocampus mediates representations of the relations among these items. The reciprocally and closely interconnected structures that compose the hippocampal memory system work interactively to support flexible memory expression that is relevant to the natural behavior of animals and to conscious recollection in humans.
Authoritarianism as a group-level adaptation in humans
Authors: van de Wetering Sven 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWilson & Sober's discussion of group selection is marred by the absence of plausible examples of human group-level behavioral adaptation. The trait of authoritarianism is one possible example of such an adaptation. It reduces within-group variance in reproductive success, manifests itself more strongly in response to group-level threat, and is found in a variety of cultures.
Genier than thou
Authors: Waller Mike 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMany neo-Darwinists treat natural selection of genes and individual organisms as broadly equivalent. This enables Wilson & Sober (W&S) to propose a multilevel group selection model by drawing parallels between individuals and groups. The notion of gene/individual equivalence is a profound misconception. Its elimination negates W&S's current approach but offers the best way forward for both life and behavioural sciences.
The dating of linguistic beginnings
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe problem of how certain structure–function composites of high complexity could have evolved gradually and by natural selection has been with us at least since Charles Darwin admitted how difficult it was to explain, “his” theory, the origins of “organs of extreme perfection and complication” – such as the eyes of higher animals. Human language capacity is another evolutionary achievement of extraordinary perfection and complexity. Like other skilled human activities, it involves both central (neural) and peripheral (vocal and respiratory) complexes. The reduction of these to simpler building stones to which evolutionary principles may be applied is staggeringly difficult.
The lithic technology ofCebus apellaand its implications for brain evolution and the preconditions of language inHomo habilis
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWilkins & Wakefield (1995) provide a thoughtful contribution to our understanding of language origins. In this commentary I attempt to define the relationship between object-manipulation and primate brain function further by reviewing research on aimed throwing and the production and use of stone tools by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebtis apella). I propose that examining the relation between brain function and object-manipulation inCebuswill provide insight into the preconditions of language in our hominid ancestors.
Further issues in neurolinguistic preconditions
Authors: Wilkins Wendy K. , Wakefield Jennie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis response to continuing commentary addresses brain-hand relationships inCebus apella(as introduced in West-ergaard's commentary), the evolutionary and acquisition parallels between music and language (suggested by Lynch), and the potential behavioral linguistic consequences of the evolutionary neurobiology inAustralopithecus africanusandHomo habilis(discussed by Tobias). Finally, we reiterate the importance of well informed, multidisciplinary approaches to the study of the emergence of human species-specific cognition, especially linguistic capacity.
Précis ofBehaviorism: A conceptual reconstruction
Authors: Zuriff G. E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe conceptual framework of behaviorism is reconstructed in a logical scheme rather than along chronological lines. The resulting reconstruction is faithful to the history of behaviorism and yet meets the contemporary challenges arising from cognitive science, psycholinguistics, and philosophy. In this reconstruction, the fundamental premise is that psychology is to be a natural science, and the major corollaries are that psychology is to be objective and empirical. To a great extent, the reconstruction of behaviorism is an elaboration of behaviorist views of what it is for a science to be objective and empirical. The reconstruction examines and evaluates behaviorist positions on observation and the rejection of introspection, the behavioral data language, theory construction, stimulus-response psychology, the organization of behavior, complex processes, agency, and the interpretation of mentalistic language. The resulting reconstruction shows behaviorism to be a pragmatic psychological version of positivism based on a behavioral epistemology.
Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection
Authors: Rushton J. Philippe 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new theory of attraction and liking based on kin selection suggests that people detect genetic similarity in others in order to give preferential treatment to those who are most similar to themselves. There are many sources of empirical and theoretical support for this view, including (1) the inclusive fitness theory of altruism, (2) kin recognition studies of animals raised apart, (3) assortative mating studies, (4) favoritism in families, (5) selective similarity among friends, and (6) ethnocentrism. Specific tests of the theory show that (1) sexually interacting couples who produce a child are genetically more similar to each other in blood antigens than they are either to sexually interacting couples who fail to produce a child or to randomly paired couples from the same sample; (2) similarity between marriage partners is most marked in the more genetically influenced of sets of anthropometric, cognitive, and personality characteristics; (3) after the death of a child, parental grief intensity is correlated with the child's similarity to the parent; (4) long-term male friendship pairs are more similar to each other in blood antigens than they are to random dyads from the same sample; and (5) similarity among best friends is most marked in the more genetically influenced of sets of attitudinal, personality, and anthropometric characteristics. The mechanisms underlying these findings may constitute a biological substrate of ethnocentrism, enabling group selection to occur.
On singular Sturm–Liouville boundary-value problems
Authors: Hai D. D. 
Published: February 2010

We consider the existence of positive solutions for the boundary-value problem(q(t)ϕ(u′))′ + λf(t,u) = 0, r < t < R,au(r) − bϕ−1 (q(r))u′(r) = 0, cu(R) + dϕ−1(q(R))u′(R) = 0,where ϕ(u′) = |u′|p−2u′, p > 1, λ > 0, f is p-superlinear or p-sublinear at ∞ and is allowed to become −∞ at u = 0. Our results unify and extend many known results in the literature.
Recognizing vocal expressions of emotion in patients with social skills deficits following traumatic brain injury
Authors: DIMOSKA A. , MCDONALD S. , PELL M.C. , TATE R.L. , JAMES C.M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPerception of emotion in voice is impaired following traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study examined whether an inability to concurrently process semantic information (the “what”) and emotional prosody (the “how”) of spoken speech contributes to impaired recognition of emotional prosody and whether impairment is ameliorated when little or no semantic information is provided. Eighteen individuals with moderate-to-severe TBI showing social skills deficits during inpatient rehabilitation were compared with 18 demographically matched controls. Participants completed two discrimination tasks using spoken sentences that varied in the amount of semantic information: that is, (1) well-formed English, (2) a nonsense language, and (3) low-pass filtered speech producing “muffled” voices. Reducing semantic processing demands did not improve perception of emotional prosody. The TBI group were significantly less accurate than controls. Impairment was greater within the TBI group when accessing semantic memory to label the emotion of sentences, compared with simply making “same/different” judgments. Findings suggest an impairment of processing emotional prosody itself rather than semantic processing demands which leads to an over-reliance on the “what” rather than the “how” in conversational remarks. Emotional recognition accuracy was significantly related to the ability to inhibit prepotent responses, consistent with neuroanatomical research suggesting similar ventrofrontal systems subserve both functions. (JINS, 2010, 16, 369–382.)
Species sorting affects bacterioplankton community composition as determined by 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA fingerprints
Authors: Logue Jürg B , Lindström Eva S 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
To understand the mechanisms determining community composition, it is essential to distinctively unravel the importance of local from that of regional processes. In this effort, the mechanisms underlying bacterioplankton community assembly were analysed in eight lakes of short water residence time (WRT) during a four-season sampling campaign. Bacterioplankton community composition (BCC) was determined using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-RFLP) on the 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) and 16S rRNA. The relationship between similarity in BCC between a lake and its major inlet on the one hand and cell import per cell production rate from the inlet to the lake epilimnion on the other was used as a measure of the importance of cell dispersal (mass effects) for community assembly. Low similarities in BCC between lakes and their inlets were observed even at short WRTs, and the degree of similarity correlated better with the environmental conditions in lakes and streams than with cell import per cell production rates. Thus, mass effects seemed less important for local lake BCC in comparison to environmental habitat characteristics (species sorting). Analyses of 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA community fingerprints yielded similar results, indicating that species-sorting dynamics exerted an equally important effect on both the abundant and active fraction within the studied bacterioplankton communities.
Metastable Nanosized Diamond Formation from Fluid Systems
Authors: Simakov Sergei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe model of nanosized diamond particles formation at metastable P-T parameters from fluid is presented. It explains the specific of CVD diamond synthesis gases mixtures and hydrothermal growth of diamond at low P-T parameters as well as it explains the geneses of metamorphic and magmatic nano- and microdiamond in the shallow depth Earth rocks and the genesis of interstellar nanodiamond formations in the space.