bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The present status of dental rotary cutting performance tests*
Authors: Dyson J. E. , Darvell B. W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAppropriate methods of assessing the cutting ability of handpiece and rotary cutting instrument combinations are needed for research into the processes involved in dental cutting. They are also required for the development of improved devices and recommendations on operation as well as for equipment specification and standards testing.In reviewing the literature on dental rotary cutting performance testing to evaluate available methods, the factors which may influence clinical cutting behaviour are identified as those related to characteristics of the operator, handpiece, rotary cutting instrument, coolant/lubricant used and workpiece material. Existing industrial cutting theory is of limited help in understanding dental cutting in view of the differences between the control of relevant variables in the two cases. Consideration is given to the ways in which the important variables have (or have not) been controlled in past studies of dental cutting and thus the clinical relevance of available methods evaluated. Serious problems such as the lack of suitable test workpiece materials, as well as deficiencies in current knowledge of operator behaviour, handpiece characteristics and effects of coolant/lubricant application are noted. It is concluded that before improved, clinically relevant tests can be developed, further fundamental research in these areas is essential and that until this is done, further work under arbitrary experimental conditions would be of little value.
An approach to some dilemmas and complications of office oral surgery*
Authors: Leonard Myer S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article reviews an eclectic collection of problems. There is no particular reason why any one of them was chosen other than that they are more likely to occur in the course of practice than some other complications such as an oro‐antral fistula or trauma to the lingual nerve or tissue emphysema. These latter and some other predicaments were discussed in the course of the talks given by the author at the 28th Australian Dental Congress in March 1995.The problems discussed in this paper are:

1. Dentoalveolar abscess anaesthesia.
2. Inability to obtain effective anaesthesia.

The complications:

1. Post‐extraction haemorrhage.
2. Syncope.
3. Postoperative infection.
Agenesis of permanent maxillary lateral incisors in South Australian twins
Authors: Townsend Grant , Rogers James , Richards Lindsay , Brown Tasman 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe frequency of agenesis of maxillary lateral incisors (I2) in a sample of South Australian twins was determined, and associations with gender, zygosity, birthweight and dental crown size were investigated. Ten of the 446 twins examined (2.24 per cent) displayed agenesis of one or both I2, a similar frequency to that reported for Australian singletons. Seven of the ten affected individuals were monozygous female twins, including two pairs, while the three affected dizygous twins were each from different male twin pairs. Five pairs of monozygous twins were identified who displayed varying expressions of normal, small, peg‐shaped or missing I2. These twin pairs displayed disparate birthweights suggesting they may have been mono‐chorionic. These findings are consistent with a multifactorial threshold model linking size and number of I2 with developmental influences modifying phenotypic expression in those monozygous twins whose genetic predisposition places them near to the threshold for agenesis.
A new design for partial denture circumferential clasp arms
Authors: Brockhurst P. J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Partial dentures made from cast cobalt chromium alloys suffer from inadequacies of the retentive spring members. With similar devices made from Type 4 gold alloy, the retentive members are considered satisfactory. Analyses of the combined modulus and strength properties of the alloys show that the lower modulus of elasticity of the gold doubles its overall effectiveness in spring members such as retentive clasp arms. To match this, the strength of cobalt chromium alloys must be doubled. Since this appears unlikely, improvement to the design of the spring members is the only way to rectify this problem.Retentive clasp arms are required to have adequate elasticity to deflect out of the retentive undercut, adequate stiffness to produce retention and adequate strength to resist accidental damage. Current designs have no published rational basis to meet these requirements, and appear far from ideal.An analysis of the forces applying to clasp arms and design for uniform stress along the arm produced a shape which differs substantially from the currently used conical taper. The cross‐section dimensions are related to the angular distance from the tip of the clasp. A theoretical comparison of the difference between the theoretical and current designs cannot be made as the current design for tapered clasps is not specific.It is proposed that improved performance over present clasp designs can be obtained by using clasps of the derived shape. However, the manufacture of clasps of the required complex shape and variable size is impractical, and the next best alternative of clasps of constant cross section along their length was examined. Deflection calculations for this form showed that the loss of deflection in using a clasp of constant cross section instead of the ideal was only 23 per cent.It is proposed that clasps of constant cross section along their length, with a thickness chosen according to the size of the tooth used for the undercut, will present a significant improvement in clasp performance. Further, it will provide a systematic method of selecting clasp thickness which is not presently available.
Pulp response in primary teeth with deep residual caries treated with silver fluoride and glass ionomer cement (‘atraumatic’ technique)
Authors: Gotjamanos Theo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Histological assessment of the dental pulps of 55 carious primary teeth was carried out 3 to 56 months after treatment by the ‘atraumatic’ technique involving application of 40 per cent silver fluoride to residual caries followed by restoration with glass ionomer cement. Fifty of the 55 teeth examined showed a favourable pulpal response, including presence of abundant reparative dentine and a wide odontoblast layer. Histological comparisons were made between these teeth and others not treated with silver fluoride but restored with glass ionomer cement, amalgam or zinc oxide and eugenol.Possible mechanisms of the action of silver fluoride in arresting residual caries are discussed. The question of whether or not treatment of carious dentine with silver fluoride represents a biologically acceptable clinical procedure cannot be answered on the basis of pulpal histology alone. The very high concentration of fluoride in commercial preparations of silver fluoride raises several questions concerning its clinical safety.
Removable prosthodontics: A survey of practices and attitudes among South Australian dentists
Authors: Coates Anthony J. , Moore Kevin R. , Richards Lindsay C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAll dentists registered in South Australia were surveyed in July 1993 in relation to removable prosthodontics. The replies indicated that removable prosthodontics constituted a significant part of most dental practices. Most dentists felt that removable prosthodontics should be an essential part of the undergraduate curriculum. They felt that more expertise is now required to manage the treatment of the ageing population with either their first or replacement removable prostheses. The majority of dentists felt that their own undergraduate training had equipped them well to manage removable prosthodontic treatment for their patients; however, many helpful suggestions were made on areas that they thought required more emphasis.
Examination of periodontal tissues by a cutting‐grinding technique
Authors: Günhan Meral , Günhan Ömer , Celasun Bülent , Safali Mükerrem 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe decalcification process removes the mineralized part of the dental hard tissues, making the histologic examination of enamel‐associated tissues less than optimal. The cutting‐grinding technique allows preparation of histologic slides with well preserved dental hard tissues together with their surrounding soft tissue components. In this paper, the histologic appearances of undecalcified teeth and their associated periodontal tissues prepared using the cutting‐grinding technique are described.
Anatomical considerations in the diagnosis and management of acute maxillofacial bacterial infections
Authors: Bridgeman Andrew , Wiesenfeld David , Newland Stuart 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGeneral dentiste are frequently called upon to manage maxillofacial infections. Such infections are usually well localized in their initial stages but can spread to become severe and potentially life‐threatening. This paper discusses the anatomical basis of the spread of these infections and techniques relevant to the rational management of these serious conditions.
Prevalence of orofacial injuries and use of mouthguards in high school Rugby Union*
Authors: Chapman P. J. , Nasserr B. P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn Australia there is a tradition of early involvement of children in contact sports. Mouthguards are known to reduce the risk of dental and associated injuries — however, Australian studies of the use of mouthguards in contact sports and the prevalence of dental and associated injuries have only focused on adult participants. Previous studies of high school Rugby Union players in New Zealand have shown that between 13 and 15 per cent had previously sustained dental injury while between 30 and 37 per cent wore mouthguards regularly. One hundred and thirty Rugby Union football players attending a large high school in Brisbane participated in this survey. All believed in the safety value of mouthguards in football. All of the players in the four open teams and the majority of players in the four under‐age teams wore mouthguards, and the incidence of dental injury was very low, approximately 4 per cent. These and other results will be presented and compared with previous similar studies.
Hypodontia of the permanent dentition. Case reports
Authors: Cameron John , Sampson Wayne J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHypodontia has been observed as one of the most common human dental developmental anomalies. It may be defined as agenesis of one or more teeth. The prevalence in the permanent lower central and lateral incisor region is low, ranging from 0.23 per cent to 0.08 per cent, respectively. This is compared with an overall incidence of hypodontia of 3.49 per cent. However, significant racial variation occurs. Treatment options generally available are: no treatment, closure of spaces orthodontically, or prosthetic replacement. Aetiology, associated anomalies, and factors involved in treatment choice are discussed. A report of four cases of hypodontia of the permanent lower anterior teeth and their orthodontic management is presented.
An unusual facial sinus
Authors: Cheung L. K. , Samman N. , Lee E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn unusual presentation of a chronic suppurative granuloma on the alar base area originating from a maxillary lateral incisor is reported. Treatment involved adequate endodontic therapy with simultaneous apical surgery and excision of the granuloma and sinus tract. Awareness of the possible dental origin of facial sinuses, despite their unusual location, is emphasized.
Temporomandibular disorders. Part 3. Surgical treatment
Authors: Dimitroulis George , Dolwick M. Franklin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSurgery of the temporomandibular joint has a small but nonetheless important role in the overall management of temporomandibular disorders. Appropriate case selection is the mandatory requirement for successful surgical intervention in order to achieve the desired outcome of treatment, such as relief of symptoms and improved function. In this, the third article in the series, a general overview of the current surgical treatment modalities for temporomandibular disorders will be presented.
Fluoride content of infant formulae in Australia
Authors: Silva Margarita , Reynolds Eric C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe prevalence of dental fluorosis in Australia and the United States of America has increased in both optimally fluoridated and non‐fluoridated areas. This has been attributed to an increase in the fluoride level of food and beverages through processing with fluoridated water, inadvertent ingestion of fluoride toothpaste, and the inappropriate use of dietary supplements. A major source of fluoride in infancy is considered to be infant formula which has been implicated as a risk factor for fluorosis in a number of studies. In this study the fluoride content of the infant formulae commonly used in Australia was determined. The acid diffusible fluoride of each powdered formula was isolated by microdiffusion and measured using a fluoride ion‐specific electrode. The fluoride content of milk‐based formulae ranged from 0.23 to 3.71 μg F/g and for soy‐based formulae from 1.08 to 2.86 μg F/g. When reconstituted, according to the manufacturer's directions, with water not containing fluoride, the formulae ranged in fluoride content from 0.031 to 0.532 ppm, with the average fluoride content 0.240 ppm. Using average infant body masses and suggested volumes of formula consumption for infants 1–12 months of age, possible fluoride ingestion per kg body mass was estimated. None of the formulae, if reconstituted using water containing up to 0.1 ppm F, should provide a daily fluoride intake above the suggested threshold for fluorosis of 0.1 mg F/kg body mass. However, W reconstituted with water containing 1.0 ppm F they should all provide a daily fluoride intake of above the suggested threshold for fluorosis with intakes up to 2–3 times the recommended upper ‘optimal’ limit of 0.07 mg/kg body mass. Under these conditions the water used to reconstitute the formulae would provide 65–97 per cent of the fluoride ingested. These figures are likely to be overestimates due to the intake of nutrients from other sources reducing formulae consumption and also due to the lower bioavallability of fluoride from milk‐based formulae. Further, it is generally believed that the maturation stage of enamel formation is the critical period for fluorosis development by chronic, above‐threshold fluoride exposure. The maturation stage for the anterior permanent teeth, however, is after the first twelve months of life where fluoride intake from infant formula consumption per kg body mass is highest. The level of fluoride in the commonly used Australian formulae would suggest that infant formula consumption alone is unlikely to be a risk factor for dental fluorosis in a non‐fluoridated community, but could make a major contribution to an infant's daily fluoride intake. However, prolonged consumption (beyond 12 months of age) of infant formula reconstituted with optimally‐fluoridated water could result in excessive amounts of fluoride being ingested during enamel development of the anterior permanent teeth and therefore may be a risk factor for fluorosis of these teeth.
An in vitro study of the distribution of silver and fluoride following application of 40 per cent silver fluoride solution to dentine
Authors: Afonso Fernando , Gotjamanos Theo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn in vitro test system involving application of 40 per cent silver fluoride solution to prepared cavities of moderate depth in extracted teeth failed to demonstrate the passage of significant amounts of fluoride into the dental pulp, despite a very high concentration of fluoride (100 000 ppm) in the applied solution. The test system used may not be conducive to quantitative investigation of ionic transfer because of disruptions to pulp circulation and fluid flow through dentine following tooth extraction. For this reason, the results are inconclusive as to whether or not application of 40 per cent silver fluoride as a cavity varnish or liner, and its use in the ‘atraumatic’ technique for treating deep caries, can be considered safe clinical procedures.
Are end-of-life patient education materials readable?
Authors: Ache KA , Wallace LS 
Published: May 2009

Although established guidelines for developing low-literacy patient education materials are available, poorly designed material continue to be disseminated. We evaluated the readability and layout of English-language end-of-life patient education materials available on the Internet. Internet websites of five national palliative care organizations were searched to identify patient education materials for review. A convenience sample of 15 patient education materials per palliative care organization ( n = 75) was downloaded and printed. The Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) was used to calculate the reading grade level (readability) of the text, while the layout features was assessed using criteria from the User-Friendliness Tool (UFT). The reading grade level of patient education materials ranged from 7th to 12th grade (mean ± SD = 11.1 ± 1.9). None of the patient education materials scored high on all UFT criteria. In particular, the greatest need was increasing the amount of white space and improving the way in which information was organized visually. Healthcare providers can only aid in the decision process, patients and their loved ones are ultimately responsible for making these choices. These decisions are important as choices need to be made about end-of-life care while patients are still cognitively able to do so. Well designed end-of-life patient education materials can offer a wealth of knowledge to assist and guide decision making. On the basis of these results, end-of-life patient education materials should be revised so that the average adult is able to understand the message presented, thereby enhancing his/her ability to make informed decisions.
Diffusion of Professional Norms: the impact of IFLA in South Africa
Authors: Underwood Peter G. 
Published: May 2009

A study of the impact of the work of IFLA, including its role in the development of information literacy programmes, on the profession in South Africa, based on the views of South African professionals attending the World Library and Information Congress, 73rd IFLA General Conference, held in Durban, 19—23 August 2007. A series of focus group and other interviews was used. Themes arising from the discussions are: • That IFLA has a strong role to play in advice, guidance, and the development of standards; its role in national policy development is necessarily limited. • That the Congress is an important meeting place and its proceedings a source of inspiration to those who have come with a `prepared mind'. • That the influence of its work and proceedings could be greater if it were communicated in accessible forms in partnership with existing publications such as the IFLA Journal . • That, for the younger professional, seeking to become involved, IFLA is a daunting organization.
The Role of Concussion History and Gender in Recovery from Soccer-Related Concussion
Authors: Chiang Colvin Alexis , Mullen Jimmy , Lovell Mark R. , Vereeke West Robin , Collins Micky W. , Groh Megan 
Published: May 2009

Background This study was designed to investigate differences in recovery in male and female soccer athletes. Hypotheses Soccer players with a history of concussion will perform worse on neurocognitive testing than players without a history of concussion. Furthermore, female athletes will demonstrate poorer performance on neurocognitive testing than male athletes. Study Design Cohort study (prognosis): Level of evidence, 2. Methods Computer-based neuropsychological testing using reaction time, memory, and visual motor-speed composite scores of the ImPACT test battery was performed postconcussion in soccer players ranging in age from 8 to 24 years (N = 234; 141 females, 93 males). A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to examine group differences in neurocognitive performance between male and female athletes with and without a history of concussion. Results Soccer players with a history of at least 1 previous concussion performed significantly worse on ImPACT than those who had not sustained a prior concussion (F = 2.92, P = .03). In addition, female soccer players performed worse on neurocognitive testing (F = 2.72, P = .05) and also reported more symptoms (F = 20.1, P = .00001) than male soccer players. There was no significant difference in body mass index between male and female players (F = .04, P = .85). Conclusion A history of concussion and gender may account for significant differences in postconcussive neurocognitive test scores in soccer players and may play a role in determining recovery. These differences do not appear to reflect differences in mass between genders and may be related to other gender-specific factors that deserve further study.
Tibial Fixation of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Allograft Tendons
Authors: Park Daniel K. , Fogel Harold A. , Bhatia Sanjeev , Bach Bernard R. , Gupta Aman , Shewman Elizabeth F. , Wang Vincent , Verma Nikhil , Provencher Matthew T. 
Published: May 2009

Background In sum, 1-, 2-, and 4-stranded allografts are used for soft tissue anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; however, the fixation properties of fixation devices are not well assessed. Hypothesis There are no differences in the biomechanical characteristics of 1 (Achilles)-, 2 (posterior tibialis)-, and 4 (semitendinosus)-stranded allograft tibial fixation. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Sixty-three fresh-frozen porcine tibiae were used to evaluate the fixation of 1-, 2-, and 4-stranded human tendon allografts (Achilles, posterior tibialis, and semitendinosus) with 3 fixation devices (Delta, Intrafix, and Calaxo screws). With use of a materials testing system, each graft was subjected to 500 cycles of loading (50-250 N, 0.75 mm/sec) to determine displacement and cyclic stiffness, followed by a monotonic failure test (20 mm/min) to determine maximum load and pullout stiffness. Results For each graft type, there were no significant biomechanical differences between fixation devices. However, the 1-stranded graft (Achilles) construct demonstrated significantly higher mean displacement (3.17 ± 1.62 mm), lower cyclical stiffness (156 ± 25 N/mm), lower load to failure (479 ± 87 N), and lower pullout stiffness (140 ± 28 N/mm). In comparison with the 2-stranded graft (posterior tibialis), the 4-stranded graft (semitendinosus) exhibited lower displacement (0.86 ± 0.44 to 1.12 ± 0.51 mm) and higher ultimate failure load (832 ± 255 to 656 ± 168 N). Numerous differences in fixation properties were noted when comparing a device to each of the 3 grafts. Conclusion The 1-stranded allograft demonstrated inferior biomechanical tibial fixation properties when compared with 2 (posterior tibialis)- and 4 (semitendinosus)-stranded allograft constructs for all fixation devices tested. Clinical Relevance This study demonstrated that not all tibial fixation devices are designed to adequately accommodate different types of anterior cruciate ligament allografts. Biomechanical evidence suggests that caution is warranted when using an Achilles allograft fixated solely with an interference device.