bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Re-Audit of Urology Outpatient Practice in UK
Authors: Sinclair A.M. , Derbyshire L.F. , Clarke N.W. , Betts C.D. , Shackley D.C. , O'Flynn K.J. 
Published: April 2009

Introduction: In 2002 a National structure audit was conducted to assess UK urologists' compliance with BAUS guidelines on outpatient provision. Given the recent change in government emphasis on waiting targets, and the possible impact of MMC and EWTD on trainees, we re-audited the contemporary urological clinic-based workload and service provision. Methods: All 649 UK consultant urologists were asked to complete a postal questionnaire. This provided outpatient clinic information on medical staff, clinic frequency, numbers of new and follow-up patients seen, and geographical region. Data was compared to 2002. Results: Usable questionnaire return rate was 65%. Median clinics/week were 1.87 (1–5) seeing a mean of 11.2 (1–32) new and 21.5 (1–80) follow-ups. Since 2002 consultant appointments have increased by 20%, SpR clinic attendance has decreased by 10%, with ‘consultant-only’ clinics increasing from 15% to 20.7%. Compliance with BAUS standards remains very low (18% vs. 21% (2002)) with the average consultant team ‘over-performing’ by a factor of 1.4. There were wide inter- and intra-regional variations. Conclusion: Despite growth in consultant numbers since 2002, very few urological teams are able to meet the BAUS clinic guidelines. A trend has been demonstrated in clinic towards a consultant-led service with less support from doctors-in-training.
Quantitative aspects of the metabolism of lignans in pigs fed fibre-enriched rye and wheat bread
Authors: Lærke Helle N. , Mortensen Marianne A. , Hedemann Mette S. , Bach Knudsen Knud E. , Penalvo José L. , Adlercreutz Herman 
Published: April 2009

A diet rich in lignans has been suggested to be protective against a range of chronic diseases. The distribution and metabolic fate of lignans is, however, very poorly understood. We fed high-fibre wheat breads low in lignans (n8) or high-fibre rye breads (n9) rich in plant lignans to pigs for 58–67 d, and analysed the content of plant lignans and their metabolites in the diet, blood, bile, faeces, urine and selected tissues. Apparent faecal digestibility of dietary precursors was higher than of total (plant- and entero-) lignans due to conversion to enterolactone and enterodiol. The digestibility of lariciresinol and matairesinol was lower than that of the sum of plant lignans. This suggests that interconversion of plant lignans during digestion and enterohepatic circulation occur without complete conversion to enterolignans. The majority of lignans present in plasma and urine was in the form of enterolignans, but up to 23 % in the plasma, and 11 % in the urine of the rye-fed pigs were in the form of plant lignans. There was a very high concentration of lignans in bile from the rye-fed pigs with as much as 77 % in the form of plant lignans. Lignans were detected in the tissue of colon, liver, breast and brain at a much higher level with rye than with wheat, but only in the form of enterolactone. The importance and implications of systemic exposure to plant lignans remain to be elucidated.
Ruminal metabolism of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) lignans to the mammalian lignan enterolactone and its concentration in ruminal fluid, plasma, urine and milk of dairy cows
Authors: Gagnon Nathalie , Côrtes Cristiano , da Silva Daniele , Kazama Ricardo , Benchaar Chaouki , dos Santos Geraldo , Zeoula Lucia , Petit Hélène V. 
Published: April 2009

Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside is the main flax (Linum usitatissimum) lignan that is converted to the mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) by gastrointestinal microbiota. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the role of ruminal microbiota and the effects of flax oil onin vivometabolism of flax lignans and concentration of EL in biological fluids. Four rumen-cannulated dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. There were four periods of 21 d each and four treatments utilising flax hulls (1800 g/d) and oil (400 g/d) supplements. The treatments were: (1) oil and hulls administered in the rumen and abomasal infusion of water; (2) oil and hulls administered in the abomasum; (3) oil infused in the abomasum and hulls placed in the rumen; (4) oil placed in the rumen and hulls administered in the abomasum. Samples were collected during the last week of each period and subjected to chemical analysis. The site of supplementation of oil and hulls had no effect on ruminal EL concentration. Supplementing flax oil in the rumen and the abomasum led to similar EL concentrations in urine, plasma and milk. Concentrations of EL were higher in the urine, plasma and milk of cows supplemented with hulls in the rumen than in those placed with hulls in the abomasum. The present study demonstrated that ruminal microbiota play an important role in the metabolism of flax lignans.
La réforme du mécanisme, ou le «rêve» d'Henri Bergson
Authors: Moll François 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWhen it comes to explaining life and living organisms, it is as insufficient to see in Descartes a proponent of radical mechanicism (the human body is not any sort of body since it is united with a soul) and in Kant a proponent of radical finalism (in biology, scientific explanations are in the last resort mechanicist), as it is to see in Bergson nothing other than an opponent of mechanicism. In fact in Creative Evolution Bergson “dreams” of a “mechanism of transformation” that should consist of a reform of mechanicism, the conditions of possibility of which are based not only on the progress of chemistry, but first of all on the progress of mathematics, and more precisely of infinitesimal calculus, the only method able to objectively grasp movement.
Hegel's Ontological Grasp of Judgement and the Original Dividing of Identity into Difference
Authors: Reid Jeffrey 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWithin Hegel's system of science, judgement(Urteil)is thought's original dividing from identity into difference. In the same context, judgement is also an act of predication where “subject” must be understood in both a grammatical and psychical sense. Thus, judgement expresses a language act that is a self-positing into the difference of being. This article looks at two examples where Hegel's ontological notion of judgement obtains, then finds, the roots of this notion in Hölderlin and Fichte.
Bentham and the Death Penalty
Authors: Calvert Brian 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines the three works of Jeremy Bentham on capital punishment dating from 1775, 1809, and 1831. Besides Hugo Bedau's analysis of Bentham's 1775 and 1831 works and James Crimmins's assessment of Bentham's 1809 work, little attention has been paid to his abolitionist arguments on this contentious issue. I review some of the developments in Bentham's position, noting where the later work corrects some deficiencies in the earlier work, and I assess the cogency of the position as it evolves. I concentrate on deterrence and irremissibility, though I also comment on his discussion of popularity in his 1831 address and his 1775 essay.
La destination communautaire de l'interprétation, leDe doctrina christianad'Augustin
Authors: Thériault Patrick 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn theDe doctrina christianaAugustine lays the foundations of a type of hermeneutics more community oriented than epistemological. Likewise, the rules he formulates have jurisdiction beyond the sole domain of semiotics; as I shall argue, they are applicable, in like (even congruent) manner, to the world of social relations. More fundamentally, these rules are intended to moderate an economy of desire, in which semiotics and social relations find a common origin and, above all, the principles of their harmonious organization. I shall demonstrate these ideas through an analysis of the image of“the voyage towards the homeland” (peregrinatio ad patriam).
Kant and Dependency Relations: Kant on the State's Right to Redistribute Resources to Protect the Rights of Dependents
Authors: Varden Helga 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTContrary to much Kant interpretation, this article argues that Kant's moral philosophy, including his account of charity, is irrelevant to justifying the state's right to redistribute material resources to secure the rights of dependents (the poor, children, and the impaired). The article also rejects the popular view that Kant either does not or cannot justify anything remotely similar to the liberal welfare state. A closer look at Kant's account of dependency relations in “The Doctrine of Right” reveals an argumentative structure sufficient for a public institutional protection of dependents and evidence that Kant identifies concerns of economic justice as lying at the heart of the state's legitimacy.
Holisme, référence et irréductibilité du mental
Authors: Montminy Martin 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTI examine in detail the argument vaguely suggested by Davidson to the effect that holism entails the irreducibility of the mental. I defend this argument against two objections often made against arguments that attempt to derive metaphysical theses from premises that concern our ordinary criteria for applying terms. I appeal to two-dimensional semantics to explain the links between these criteria and issues about reference and reduction. I show how the irreducibility of the mental follows from the holistic and flexible character of our criteria for attributing beliefs and intentional states.
The Rationality of Dispositions and the Rationality of Actions: The Interdependency Thesis
Authors: Superson Anita M. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTI defend the Interdependency Thesis, according to which rational evaluations of dispositions and actions are made in light of each other. I invoke a model of rationality that relies on various levels of consistency existing between an agent's reasons for adopting a moral disposition, the argument for the moral theory she endorses (relying on the Kantian notion that all persons are equal in humanity), her desires, disposition, and choice to be a moral person as reflected in the maxim she adopts. The Interdependency Thesis shows that we do not need to demonstrate the rationality of every morally required action in order to defeat scepticism fully.
Philippa Foot's Virtue Ethics Has an Achilles' Heel
Authors: Woodcock Scott 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTMy aim in this article is to argue that Philippa Foot fails to provide a convincing basis for moral evaluation in her bookNatural Goodness.Foot's proposal fails because her conception of natural goodness and defect in human beings either sanctions prescriptive claims that are clearly objectionable or else it inadvertently begs the question of what constitutes a good human life by tacitly appealing to an independent ethical standpoint to sanitize the theory's normative implications. Foot's appeal to natural facts about human goodness is in this way singled out as an Achilles' heel that undermines her attempt to establish an independent framework for virtue ethics. This problem might seem to be one that is uniquely applicable to the bold naturalism of Foot's methodology; however, I claim that the problem is indicative of a more general problem for all contemporary articulations of virtue ethics.
The Transition from the Lower to the Higher Mysteries of Love in Plato's Symposium
Authors: Ionescu Cristina 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn the Symposium Socrates shows how Diotima initiated him into the mysteries of love in two stages. Yet, at first sight, the teachings offered at the two stages seem divergent and discontinuous. In this article I argue that we can understand the continuity between them if we regard Diotima's notions of spiritual pregnancy and birth-giving as metaphors suggesting that the metaphysical horizon looming in the background of her teaching is that of Plato's theory of recollection.
A Fallacy in Potentiality
Authors: Berkich Don 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTA popular response to proponents of embryonic stem cell research and advocates of abortion rights alike—summarized by claims such as “you came from an embryo!” or “you were a fetus once!”—enjoys a rich philosophical pedigree in the arguments of Hare, Marquis, and others. According to such arguments from potentiality, the prenatal human organism is morally valuable because every person's biological history depends on having completed embryonic and fetal stages. In this article I set out the steps of the underlying argument in light of how it has been cast in the philosophical literature and uncover an intriguingly illicit inference.
The Transition from Art to Religion in Hegel's Theory of Absolute Spirit
Authors: James David 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTI relate the aesthetic mediation of reason and the identity of religion and mythology found in theEarliest System-Programme of German Idealismto Hegel's account of the transition from the ancient Greek religion of art to the revealed religion (Christianity) in his theory of absolute spirit. While this transition turns on the idea that the revealed religion mediates reason more adequately in virtue of its form (i.e., representational thought), I argue that Hegel's account of the limitations of religious representational thought, when taken in conjunction with some of his ideas concerning Romantic art, suggests that he fails to demonstrate the necessity of the transition in question, thus undermining the triadic structure (i.e., art, religion, philosophy) of his theory of absolute spirit.
Equality, Sufficiency, and the State
Authors: Igneski Violetta 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article, I support the liberal claim that the state's fundamental responsibility is to ensure that persons are able to interact as equals, that is, on the basis of equal freedom. That persons must be treated as responsible agents leads to an obligation on the part of the state to ensure that its citizens have the necessary conditions (and resources) for responsible agency. I further suggest that this conception of equality and the requirement for responsible agency is the right measure to use for setting limits on the state's obligation to redistribute its resources. I defend this claim by making a parallel argument in moral philosophy that distinguishes the duty to aid from the duty of beneficence and establishes a priority relationship between them.
Amusement and the Philosophy of Emotion: A Neuroanatomical Approach
Authors: Palencik Joseph T. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTPhilosophers who discuss the emotions have usually treated amusement as a non-emotional mental state. Two prominent philosophers making this claim are Henri Bergson and John Morreall, who maintain that amusement is too abstract and intellectual to qualify as an emotion. Here, the merit of this claim is assessed. Through recent work in neuroanatomy there is reason to doubt the legitimacy of dichotomies that separate emotion and the intellect. Findings suggest that the neuroanatomical structure of amusement is similar to other commonly recognized emotion states. On the basis of these it is argued that amusement should be considered an emotion.
On the Conceivability of an Omniscient Interpreter
Authors: Silcox Mark 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTI examine the “omniscient interpreter” (OI) argument against scepticism that Donald Davidson published in 1977 only to retract it twenty-two years later. I argue that the argument's persuasiveness has been underestimated. I defend it against the charges that Davidson assumes the actual existence of an OI and that Davidson's other philosophical commitments are incompatible with the very conceivability of an OI. The argument's surface implausibility derives from Davidson's suggestion that an OI would attribute beliefs using the same methods as a fallible human interpreter. But this problem can be remedied via the adoption of an ambiguity theory of belief.
The Authority of Expressive Self-Ascriptions
Authors: Nguyen A. Minh 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWhat explains first-person authority? What explains the presumption that an utterance is true when it is a sincere intelligible determinate first-person singular simple present-tense ascription of intentional state? According to Rockney Jacobsen, self-ascriptions each enjoy a presumption of truth because they are systematically reliable. They are systematically reliable because they are typically both truth-assessable and expressive. Such self-ascriptions, if sincere, are certain to be true. This article presents a defence and a critique of Jacobsen's theory. It is argued that the purported prevalence of expressive self-ascriptions is at best contingent. This contingency cannot explain why self-ascriptions are necessarily authoritative.
De la possibilité à l'existence, Kant critique de Leibniz
Authors: Vilmer Jean-Baptiste Jeangène 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article offers a contribution to the study of Leibniz's thought on possibility and existence based on a reconstruction of the evolution of Kant's thought on these notions in Nova dilucidatio (1755), Beweisgrund (1763) and Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781–1787). Its aim is to shed light on Kant's debt to Leibniz and to show that only the critical turn could make them diverge on this question through a twofold opposition on epistemology (the role of experience) and ontology (the eclipse of God).
Why All Feminists Should Be Contractarians
Authors: Dimock Susan 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article I defend the view that all feminists should be contractarians. Indeed, I argue that feminists should be Hobbesian or rational-choice contractarians at that. The argument proceeds by critically examining some of the main reasons why feminists have been resistant or even hostile to contractarian moral theory, and showing that the criticisms are misguided against Hobbesian versions of the theory. I conclude with a brief positive argument to the effect that contractarianism provides a plausible explanation of what is wrong with patriarchy and so can serve as the theoretical basis for feminist ethics.
Personal Identity and Practical Reason: The Failure of Kantian Replies to Parfit
Authors: Anomaly Jonny 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis essay examines and criticizes a set of Kantian objections to Parfit's attempt inReasons and Personsto connect his theory of personal identity to practical rationality and moral philosophy. Several of Parfit's critics have tried to sever the link he forges between his metaphysical and practical conclusions by invoking the Kantian thought that even if we accept his metaphysical theory of personal identity, we still have good practical grounds for rejecting that theory when deliberating about what to do. The argument between Parfit and his opponents illuminates broader questions about the relationship between our metaphysical beliefs and our practical reasons.
The Psychological Approach to Personal Identity: Non-Branching and the Individuation of Person Stages
Authors: Brueckner Anthony , Buford Christopher T. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWe begin by discussing some logical constraints on the psychological approach to personal identity. We consider a problem for the psychological approach that arises in fission cases. The problem engenders the need for a non-branching clause in a psychological account of the co-personality relation. We look at some difficulties in formulating such a clause. We end by rejecting a recently proposed formulation of non-branching. Our criticism of the formulation raises some interesting questions about the individuation of person stages.
The Glass Shatters and Ducks Turn into Rabbits: Bad Faith and Moral Luck
Authors: King Matthew 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article shows how the “problem of moral luck” and Sartre's concept of “bad faith” are mutually illuminating, since both have to do with confusions about how much we control, or are controlled by, our situations. I agree with three recent proposals that the problem of moral luck results from certain epistemic malfunctions. However, I argue that the problem cannot be dissolved by overcoming these malfunctions because they are rooted in bad faith. Against the currently dominant interpretation, I argue that bad faith is an inescapable condition of human being because, while we are both free and factical, we can only exist as one or the other at once (much as a “duck-rabbit” drawing can only be seen as duck or rabbit), thus always keeping an aspect of our nature hidden (though in plain sight) from ourselves.
La conception du raisonnement de John Broome: «Que nous exprimons-nous lorsque nous raisonnons?»
Authors: Brunet Josée 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article offers a critical analysis of John Broome's conception of practical reasoning. I first introduce his main claims and then point out some of the difficulties raised by the notion of “double expression” and by some aspects of the cognitivism which he explicitly endorses. I then emphasize two consequences of these criticisms: one concerning the link he sees between belief and intention, and the other concerning the idea that our practical reasonings are inextricably linked to our theoretical reasonings. Finally, I argue that the problem Broome seems to be facing has its source in the difficulty of distinguishing clearly between reasoning (a relation between mental states) and the description of its content (a relation between propositions).
Breeding without breeding
Authors: El-KASSABY YOUSRY A. , LSTIBŮREK MILAN 
Published: April 2009

SummaryAn innovative approach to tree breeding called ‘breeding without breeding’ (BWB) is presented. The method, as applied on the material in hand, allows the capture of 75–85% of the genetic response to selection attained through conventional programmes without the need to do any controlled pollination and simplified or possibly no experimental field testing: both considered to be the most resource-demanding activities in breeding programmes. BWB combines the use of genotypic or phenotypic pre-selection of superior individuals, informative DNA markers for fingerprinting and pedigree reconstruction of offspring to assemble naturally created full- and half-sib families resulting from mating among selected parents, and quantitative genetics analyses to identify elite genotypes for further genetic improvement or the establishment of production populations. BWB utility is demonstrated using a retrospective study of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) progeny tests consisting of offspring produced from 150 controlled crosses among 60 parents and established over three sites. The empirical results are supported by theoretical expectations demonstrating anticipated minimum genetic response compared with conventional approaches. The method's simplicity offers an exceptional opportunity for the development of comparable breeding efforts in developing countries, advanced and new breeding programmes, and economically important and ‘minor’ species.
PINCHING THEOREMS FOR TOTALLY REAL MINIMAL SUBMANIFOLDS INCPn
Authors: MURATHAN CENGİZHAN , ÖZGÜR CİHAN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLetMbe ann-dimensional totally real minimal submanifold inCPn. We prove that ifMis semi-parallel and the scalar curvature τ,$\frac{-(n-1)(n-2)(n+1)}{2}\leq \tau \leq 0$, thenMis an open part of the Clifford torusTn⊂CPn. IfMis semi-parallel and the scalar curvature τ,$n(n-1)\leq \tau \leq \frac{n^{3}-3n+2}{2}$, thenMis an open part of the real projective spaceRPn.