bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated With Psychological Insulin Resistance in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nam Soohyun , Chesla Catherine , Stotts Nancy A. , Kroon Lisa , Janson Susan L. 
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE
To describe the predictive relationships of selected sociodemographic, biomedical, and psychosocial variables to reluctance to use insulin among patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 178 patients with type 2 diabetes participated in this cross-sectional, observational study. Data were obtained by patient interview using validated measures of diabetes attitude, knowledge, self-efficacy, care communication, and perceived barriers to treatment, as well as sociodemographic and biomedical data.

RESULTS
Women and ethnic minorities with type 2 diabetes have more psychological barriers to insulin treatment (P &lt; 0.05). The final regression model showed that individuals who believed in the value of tight glucose control, had strong self-efficacy, and had better interpersonal processes with their healthcare providers were less reluctant to use insulin treatment (R2 = 0.403; P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes self-efficacy and better interaction with clinicians were important in decreasing patients' reluctance to use insulin, known as psychological insulin resistance.
Corneal Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Tavakoli Mitra , Quattrini Cristian , Abbott Caroline , Kallinikos Panagiotis , Marshall Andrew , Finnigan Joanne , Morgan Philip , Efron Nathan , Boulton Andrew J.M. , Malik Rayaz A. 
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE
The accurate quantification of human diabetic neuropathy is important to define at-risk patients, anticipate deterioration, and assess new therapies.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 101 diabetic patients and 17 age-matched control subjects underwent neurological evaluation, neurophysiology tests, quantitative sensory testing, and evaluation of corneal sensation and corneal nerve morphology using corneal confocal microscopy (CCM).

RESULTS
Corneal sensation decreased significantly (P = 0.0001) with increasing neuropathic severity and correlated with the neuropathy disability score (NDS) (r = 0.441, P &lt; 0.0001). Corneal nerve fiber density (NFD) (P &lt; 0.0001), nerve fiber length (NFL), (P &lt; 0.0001), and nerve branch density (NBD) (P &lt; 0.0001) decreased significantly with increasing neuropathic severity and correlated with NDS (NFD r = −0.475, P &lt; 0.0001; NBD r = −0.511, P &lt; 0.0001; and NFL r = −0.581, P &lt; 0.0001). NBD and NFL demonstrated a significant and progressive reduction with worsening heat pain thresholds (P = 0.01). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for the diagnosis of neuropathy (NDS &gt;3) defined an NFD of &lt;27.8/mm2 with a sensitivity of 0.82 (95% CI 0.68–0.92) and specificity of 0.52 (0.40–0.64) and for detecting patients at risk of foot ulceration (NDS &gt;6) defined a NFD cutoff of &lt;20.8/mm2 with a sensitivity of 0.71 (0.42–0.92) and specificity of 0.64 (0.54–0.74).

CONCLUSIONS
CCM is a noninvasive clinical technique that may be used to detect early nerve damage and stratify diabetic patients with increasing neuropathic severity.
Mechanical loading of the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in horses during walking and trotting
Authors: Merritt Jonathan S. , Pandy Marcus G. , Brown Nicholas A. T. , Burvill Colin R. , Kawcak Christopher E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Davies Helen M. S. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To assess the net mechanical load on the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in horses during walking and trotting.
Animals—3 Quarter Horses and 1 Thoroughbred.
Procedures—Surface strains measured on the left third metacarpal bone of the Thorough-bred were used with a subject-specific model to calculate loading (axial compression, bending, and torsion) of the structure during walking and trotting. Forelimb kinematics and ground reaction forces measured in the 3 Quarter Horses were used with a musculoskeletal model of the distal portion of the forelimb to determine loading of the distal end of the third metacarpal bone.
Results—Both methods yielded consistent data regarding mechanical loading of the distal end of the third metacarpal bone. During walking and trotting, the distal end of the third metacarpal bone was loaded primarily in axial compression as a result of the sum of forces exerted on the metacarpal condyles by the proximal phalanx and proximal sesamoid bones.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of strain gauge and kinematic analyses indicated that the major structures of the distal portion of the forelimb in horses acted to load the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in axial compression throughout the stance phase of the stride.
Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer for the determination of blood gas partial pressures, electrolyte concentrations, and hematocrit in venous blood samples collected from cattle, horses, and sheep
Authors: Peiró Juliana R. , Borges Alexandre S. , Gonçalves Roberto C. , Mendes Luiz Claudio N. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare results reported for blood gas partial pressures, electrolyte concentrations, and Hct in venous blood samples collected from cattle, horses, and sheep and analyzed by use of a portable clinical analyzer (PCA) and reference analyzer (RA).
Animals—Clinically normal animals (24 cattle, 22 horses, and 22 sheep).
Procedures—pH; Pco2; Po2; total carbon dioxide concentration; oxygen saturation; base excess; concentrations of HCO3−, Na+, K+, and ionized calcium; Hct; and hemoglobin concentration were determined with a PCA. Results were compared with those obtained for the same blood sample with an RA. Bias (mean difference) and variability (95% confidence interval) were determined for all data reported. Data were also subjected to analyses by Deming regression and Pearson correlation.
Results—Analysis of Bland-Altman plots revealed good agreement between results obtained with the PCA and those obtained with the RA for pH and total carbon dioxide concentration in cattle, K+ concentration in horses and sheep, and base excess in horses. Except for Na+ concentration and Hct in horses and sheep, correlation was good or excellent for most variables reported.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data from blood gas and electrolyte analyses obtained by use of the PCA can be used to evaluate the health status of cattle, horses, and sheep. Furthermore, the handheld PCA device may have a great advantage over the RA device as a result of the ability to analyze blood samples on farms that may be located far from urban centers.
Identification of potential vectors of and detection of antibodies against Rift Valley fever virus in livestock during interepizootic periods
Authors: Rostal Melinda K. , Evans Alina L. , Sang Rosemary , Gikundi Solomon , Wakhule Lilian , Munyua Peninah , Macharia Joseph , Feikin Daniel R. , Breiman Robert F. , Njenga M. Kariuki 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the prevalence of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) antibodies in livestock and presence of competent mosquito vectors of RVFV during an interepizootic period (IEP) in Kenya.
Animals—208 sheep and 84 goats ranging in age from 4 months to 15 years, from 2 breeding herds.
Procedures—Blood specimens were collected from the sheep and goats during the 1999–2006 IEP in Rift Valley Province, and serum was harvested. Serum specimens were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies against RVFV by use of an ELISA. In addition, 7,134 mosquitoes were trapped in Naivasha, Nairobi, and Northeastern Province, and speciation was performed.
Results—No animals were seropositive for IgM against RVFV. Of the animals born after the 1997–1998 epizootic, 18% (34/188) of sheep were seropositive for IgG against RVFV, compared with 3% (2/75) of goats. Seventy percent (8,144/11,678) of the mosquitoes collected were of the Culex subgenera; 18% (2,102/11,678) were Aedes spp.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Detection of IgG in the sera of sheep and goats born after the 1997–1998 epizootic and before the 2006 epizootic indicated that virus activity existed during the IEP. Detection of Aedes mosquitoes, which are competent vectors of RVFV, suggested that a cryptic vector-to-vertebrate cycle may exist during IEPs.
Analysis of gene expression in brain tissue from Greyhounds with meningoencephalitis
Authors: Greer Kimberly A. , Daly Paul , Murphy Keith E. , Callanan John J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To elucidate the pathogenesis of Greyhound meningoencephalitis by evaluating gene expression in diseased brain tissue.
Animals—Cadavers of 3 diseased (8- to 15-month-old) and 3 (10-month-old) control Greyhounds.
Procedures—Samples of RNA were extracted from brain tissue of all dogs and evaluated by use of a canine-specific microarray.
Results—A unique profile involving significant alterations in expression of 21 genes was evident in diseased dogs, compared with expression in control dogs. Most genes with up-regulated expression were related to immune function, with the remaining genes involved in ligand binding, signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, and formation and transportation of proteins including enzymes. Of notable involvement were genes encoding for major histocompatibility complexes, small inducible cytokine A5 precursor, myxovirus-resistant proteins, and components of the classical complement pathway, which are all genes common to pathways of viral infections and autoimmunity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although results of microarray analysis did not clearly define a potential etiology of Greyhound meningoencephalitis, they did highlight a consistent gene alteration signature that would suggest a common etiology and pathogenesis for this condition.
Aqueous humor and plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin following topical ocular administration in ophthalmologically normal horses
Authors: Clode Alison B. , Davis Jennifer L. , Salmon Jacklyn , LaFevers Heath , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the degree of ocular penetration and systemic absorption of commercially available topical ophthalmic solutions of 0.3% ciprofloxacin and 0.5% moxifloxacin following repeated topical ocular administration in ophthalmologically normal horses.
Animals—7 healthy adult horses with clinically normal eyes as evaluated prior to each treatment.
Procedures—6 horses were used for assessment of each antimicrobial, and 1 eye of each horse was treated with topically administered 0.3% ciprofloxacin or 0.5% moxifloxacin (n = 6 eyes/drug) every 4 hours for 7 doses. Anterior chamber paracentesis was performed 1 hour after the final dose was administered, and blood samples were collected at 24 (immediately after the final dose), 24.25, 24.5, and 25 hours (time of aqueous humor [AH] collection). Plasma and AH concentrations of ciprofloxacin or moxifloxacin were determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.
Results—Mean ± SD AH concentrations of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin were 0.009 ± 0.008 μg/mL and 0.071 ± 0.029 μg/mL, respectively. The AH moxifloxacin concentrations were significantly greater than those of ciprofloxacin. Mean ± SD plasma concentrations of ciprofloxacin were less than the lower limit of quantification. Moxifloxacin was detected in the plasma of all horses at all sample collection times, with a peak value of 0.015 μg/mL at 24 and 24.25 hours, decreasing to < 0.004 μg/mL at 25 hours.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Moxifloxacin was better able to penetrate healthy equine corneas and reach measurable AH concentrations than was ciprofloxacin, suggesting moxifloxacin might be of greater value in the treatment of deep corneal or intraocular bacterial infections caused by susceptible organisms. Topical administration of moxifloxacin also resulted in detectable plasma concentrations.
Evaluation of nasolacrimal fluorescein transit time in ophthalmically normal dogs and nonbrachycephalic cats
Authors: Binder Daniel R. , Herring Ian P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate fluorescein nasolacrimal transit (NLT) times in ophthalmically normal dogs and nonbrachycephalic cats by use of 2 methods of the Jones test.
Animals—73 dogs and 36 cats.
Procedures—Fluorescein dye was applied to the ocular surface of both eyes by means of a wetted fluorescein strip and, in a subsequent test, by administration of a drop of 0.2% fluorescein solution. During each test, the nares were monitored for the appearance of fluorescein for up to 30 minutes after application. Time of fluorescein appearance at the nares was recorded as NLT time. Recorded variables for all study animals included age, reproductive status, body weight, and Schirmer tear test values. For dogs, skull index, snout length, and cephalic conformation were also recorded. Data were grouped for statistical comparisons according to test results.
Results—In both dogs and cats, NLT was faster when the fluorescein solution versus fluorescein strip was used. In cats, none of the recorded variables had a significant effect on NLT, irrespective of the testing method used. In dogs, several variables had a significant effect on NLT, including cephalic conformation, snout length, age, and reproductive status, but these findings varied with testing method and testing group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—NLT was highly variable in dogs and cats, regardless of testing method used. Assessment of nasolacrimal patency in brachycephalic dogs by use of either method evaluated here is not likely to be clinically useful. In cats, assessment of nasolacrimal patency with the fluorescein drop method was faster and more conclusive than with the fluorescein strip method.
Evaluation of biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for discrimination between asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats
Authors: Nafe Laura A. , DeClue Amy E. , Lee-Fowler Tekla M. , Eberhardt Jason M. , Reinero Carol R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and total nitric oxide (NO) metabolites in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for discrimination between asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats.
Animals—97 cats.
Procedures—Cats screened with cytologic examination of BALF included 13 client-owned cats with naturally developing asthma, 8 client-owned cats with chronic bronchitis, 23 research cats with experimentally induced asthma, 33 research cats with experimentally induced nonseptic suppurative inflammation of the airways, and 20 healthy control cats. Banked unconcentrated BALF supernatant samples were assayed for concentrations of IL-4, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and total NO metabolites.
Results—Concentrations of IL-4 and IFN-γ in BALF were less than the limits of detection for most cats, precluding statistical analysis. No significant differences were detected among groups for TNF-α concentrations. Concentrations of total NO metabolites were significantly higher in cats with clinical chronic bronchitis, compared with research cats with nonseptic suppurative inflammation or research cats with asthma.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—There were no significant differences in tested biomarkers between cats with asthma and healthy control cats. None of the measured cytokines or NO metabolites were useful for discriminating between cats with naturally developing asthma and those with chronic bronchitis.
Expression of cyclooxygenase isoforms in ulcerated tissues of the nonglandular portion of the stomach in horses
Authors: Rodrigues Natália L. F. , Doré Monique , Doucet Michèle Y. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To characterize the expression of the cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 isoforms in naturally occurring ulcers of the nonglandular portion of the stomach in horses.
Specimen Population—38 specimens from ulcerated stomachs and 10 specimens from healthy stomachs.
Procedures—Specimens were collected at an abbatoir; for each specimen of squamous gastric mucosa, 1 portion was fixed in neutral-buffered 10% formalin for immunohistochemical analysis and another was frozen at −70°C for immunoblotting analysis. Immunoreactivity to 2 antibodies, MF241 (selective for COX-1) and MF243 (selective for COX-2), was evaluated by a veterinary pathologist using a scoring system. Expression of COX-1 and COX-2 was confirmed by use of immunoblotting analyses.
Results—All specimens from healthy stomachs strongly expressed COX-1, whereas only 2 of 10 expressed COX-2. The expression of both isoforms varied greatly in the ulcerated mucosal specimens. Expression of COX-1 was significantly lower and expression of COX-2 was significantly higher in ulcerated versus healthy specimens.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased expression of COX-2 in gastric ulcers of the squamous portion of the stomach in horses suggested a role for this enzyme in gastric ulcer healing.
Clinical relevance of serial determinations of lactate dehydrogenase activity used to predict recurrence in dogs with lymphoma
Authors: Marconato Laura , Crispino Giampaolo , Finotello Riccardo , Mazzotti Silvia , Zini Eric 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate whether serial determinations of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in dogs with lymphoma could be used to predict outcome and assist in early recognition of disease progression.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—50 dogs with lymphoma.
Procedures—LDH activity was determined in dogs with newly diagnosed lymphoma or that had not received treatment. The LDH activity was measured at time of initial diagnosis, at completion of chemotherapy, and at 1, 3, and 6 months after chemotherapy. Treatment response and recurrence were recorded. At the end of chemotherapy and at each time point thereafter, the proportion of dogs in complete remission with elevated LDH activity was compared between dogs that did or did not have recurrence within the successive 45 or 90 days. Use of the LDH activity at admission to predict disease-free and survival intervals was evaluated.
Results—The proportion of dogs in complete remission with increased LDH activity at completion of chemotherapy and at 1 month after chemotherapy with recurrence during the successive 45 days was significantly higher (3/9 and 7/9 dogs, respectively) than the proportion of dogs without recurrence (0/32 and 1/26 dogs, respectively). At 3 or 6 months, only 1 dog without recurrence within 45 days had increased LDH activity. Increased LDH activity at time of diagnosis was not associated with disease-free and survival intervals.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Determination of LDH activity may help with identifying episodes of recurrence in dogs with lymphoma. Anticipation of recurrence is an appropriate reason to begin rescue treatment.
Laparoscopy for percutaneous tube cystostomy in dogs
Authors: Zhang Jian-Tao , Wang Hong-Bin , Shi Jiao , Zhang Nan , Zhang Shi-Xia , Fan Hong-Gang 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To describe a laparoscopic technique for percutaneous tube cystostomy in dogs.
Design—Prospective cohort study.
Animals—8 healthy mixed-breed dogs.
Procedures—A laparoscope portal and 2 instrumental portals were created in the abdomen of anesthetized dogs that were in dorsal recumbency. Intracorporeal suturing was performed to place 2 simple interrupted sutures between the ventral body wall and urinary bladder. A purse-string suture was placed in the urinary bladder wall approximately 1 cm cranial to the 2 simple interrupted sutures. A stab incision was made into the urinary bladder in the middle of the purse-string suture; an 8F Foley catheter was inserted through the stab incision and into the urinary bladder. Two other sutures were placed between the ventral body wall and bladder 1 cm cranial to the Foley catheter to create a cystopexy. The Foley catheter was secured to the skin with a finger-trap suture and was attached to a closed urine collection bag. All dogs underwent follow-up laparoscopy 1 month later.
Results—Median time for laparoscopic percutaneous tube cystostomy was 85 minutes (range, 72 to 103 minutes); there were no major intraoperative or postoperative complications. On follow-up laparoscopy, focal fibrous adhesions between the ventral body wall and bladder were observed in all dogs and omentum attached to the cystopexy site was observed in 2 dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In this study, a laparoscopic percutaneous tube cystostomy was accomplished in healthy dogs by use of a 3-portal technique and appeared to be an effective and safe procedure.
Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in cats: 65 cases (1994–2006)
Authors: Culp William T. N. , Weisse Chick , Kellogg Melissa E. , Gordon Ira K. , Clarke Dana L. , May Lauren R. , Drobatz Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Objective—To describe the clinical signs, physical examination findings, clinical laboratory abnormalities, etiology, and outcome in cats with spontaneous hemoperitoneum.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—65 client-owned cats with spontaneous hemoperitoneum.
Procedures—Medical records of cats with spontaneous hemoperitoneum at 7 large referral clinics were reviewed. Cats were included if a definitive diagnosis of spontaneous hemoperitoneum could be obtained from review of the medical records.
Results—65 cats met inclusion criteria. The most common historical findings were lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting. Common findings on physical examination included inadequate hydration status and hypothermia. The most common clinicopathologic abnormalities were high serum AST activity, anemia, prolonged prothrombin time, and prolonged partial thromboplastin time. Forty-six percent (30/65) of cats had abdominal neoplasia, and 54% (35/65) had nonneoplastic conditions. Hemangiosarcoma was the most often diagnosed neoplasm (18/30; 60%), and the spleen was the most common location for neoplasia (11/30; 37%). Eight cats survived to be discharged from the hospital. Cats with neoplasia were significantly older and had significantly lower PCVs than cats with non-neoplastic disease.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in cats often results in debilitating clinical consequences. In contrast to dogs with hemoperitoneum, the cause of hemoperitoneum in cats is approximately evenly distributed between neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. Although only a few cats were treated in this study, the prognosis appears poor.