bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free Movement of Students and the Protection of National Educational Interests: Reflections on Bressol and Chaverot
Authors: van der Mei A.P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFree movement of students is one of EU law’s most important achievements, but it cannot be denied that its beneficiaries are in fact free-riders who enjoy education to the financing of which they do not significantly contribute. The legitimacy of EU law is at stake when it condones situations in which 50%, 60%, 70% and sometimes even more of the chairs in lecture halls and classrooms are occupied by non-resident students. Bressol and Chaverot demonstrates that the ECJ has an eye on national educational interests, but suggests that these can only justify restrictions on non-residents’ access in exceptional circumstances.
Legal Analysis of the New Saudi Procurement Regulations
Authors: Alhudaithy Ibrahim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractImproving procurement and developing better products and services have been priority aims for the Saudi government since the 1990s. In the late 1990s, the government began to introduce several economic and legislative changes with the intention of developing the public sector. Among the main aims of this approach were simplification and modernization of the Saudi public procurement regulations and opening up the competitiveness of the market place. This article explores public procurement regulations in Saudi Arabia and focuses in particular on analyzing the New Procurement Regulations and comparing the New with the Old Code.
An Examination of the Principles of Corporate Governance from an Islamic Perspective: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Aysha Shafat 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article attempts and establishes a positive and direct link between Islamic law and the principles of corporate governance, using practical examples from the banking and finance industry. Several theoretical approaches are implemented to analyse the subject of corporate governance. Commentators have previously linked theories to explain the elements of corporate governance and its essential principles, ranging from board activities to internal control mechanisms such as auditing. Once proven that there is a link, this research attempts to analyse how well or how this Islamic approach to corporate governance is enriched within organisations based in Pakistan. However, at the same time, despite the Islamic element involving accountability to God and individual responsibilities under Islam as a religion, one finds immense similarities to the types of internal and external control mechanisms. There is a similarity in the way an Islamic organisation is counselled by the Shariah Supervisory Board just as a conventional Board would perform their actions. Similar problems are associated in organisations implementing Islamic principles of corporate governance. The main difference unearthed by this research is the element of religious beliefs. Pakistan as a country exemplifies how the development of corporate governance code is more inclined towards the Anglo-Saxon model than towards the Islamic perspective, despite a strong Islamic law background. However, this does not mean that one perspective is better than the other. It just illustrates the flexibility of the subject of corporate governance and its principles. The task to choose the type of principles to adhere to is entirely up to the region, culture, and the corporate structure.
Observations on the Biblical Miniatures in Spanish Haggadot
Authors: Mann Vivian B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis essay discusses the last two centuries of medieval Spanish art, and demonstrates that cooperative relations existed between Christians and Jews who worked either independently or together to create art both for the Church and the Jewish community. Artists of different faiths worked together in ateliers such as that headed by Ferrer Bassa (d. 1348), producing both retablos (altarpieces) as well as Latin and Hebrew manuscripts.The work of such mixed ateliers is of great significance when considering the genesis ca. 1300 of illuminated haggadot with prefatory biblical cycles and genre scenes that were produced in Spain until ca. 1360. These service books for Passover have always been viewed as a unique phenomenon within the Jewish art of Spain, their origins inexplicable. When the biblical scenes, however, are viewed in the context of contemporaneous Spanish art for the Church, their sources become more transparent.
Illustration, allusion, and commentary: Choosing the four sons in 1695
Authors: Frankel David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Amsterdam Haggadot of 1695 and 1712 had exceptional influence on subsequent manuscript copies and printed editions, not least because of the copperplate illustrations by Abraham ben Jacob. A reanalysis of the sources from which the figures of the Four Sons were taken reveals that these were not selected at random but that they involve specific allusions to both Jewish and non-Jewish events, providing a form of additional commentary. Their selection demonstrates the visual and historical knowledge and understanding of disparate material on the part of those responsible for choosing these and other images.
Idolatry and the Civil Covenant of Photography: On the Practice of Exhibiting Images of Suffering, Degradation, and Death
Authors: Simon Roger I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractExhibiting perpetrator photographs of suffering and death presents a series of curatorial problems for museums and galleries. Unlike photojournalist images taken to inform a social conscience, the initial creation and circulation of such photographs have historically been implicated in the violence they depict. Beyond skepticism as to photography’s capacity to arouse a moral impulse, exhibitions of perpetrator photographs have been criticized for promoting voyeurism and extending suffering through the reiteration of images of human degradation. I consider how a problem central to Jewish theology might speak to such curatorial concerns, specifically the question of what constitutes the practice of idolatry. In this context I explore issues related to the ethics of visuality, developing the implications of Leora Batnitzky’s reading of Franz Rosenzweig’s cultural writings for my own concerns regarding the museological practice of public history.
Visions of the tenement: Jews, photography, and modernity on the lower east side
Authors: Blair Sara 
Published: March 2011

AbstractScholars have recently begun to focus on the problem of explaining a signal phenomenon: the preponderance of Jews (the so-called “people of the book”) in the development of modern photography. Against identitarian readings, this essay stresses the embeddedness of photography’s developing interests in a specific site in which both Jewishness and modernity were being made and remade: the variably iconic Lower East Side. Long imagined as a world apart, that space embodied the most profound and urgent paradoxes of historicity; it became a proving-ground for the powers of the camera to document new urgencies of social experience, and the experience of historicity itself. In particular, the built landscape and the iconography of its distinctive form, the tenements, became a resource for photographers of various affiliations for new stylistics and registers of response. Focusing on the difference the Lower East made to photographic practice, this essay aims to bring into view the importance of that site to the emergence of postwar photography, and to account more richly for the complex relations between Jewishness and visual practices.
Mock Aqedah or Mashiah? Imagining Herod in Sepher Yosippon
Authors: Bowman Steven 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn 1978, David Flusser presented his long awaited critical edition of Sepher Yosippon; two years later his extended commentary to the text appeared. To date this seminal work has not been subject to the scholarly enquiry it deserves; especially given the reputation earlier editions have received by scholars. This paper reintroduces the importance of Sepher Yosippon and explores several facets of the book's treatment of Herod in the context of the ‘Binding of Isaac’ and its relationship to the Jesus tradition and the book's treatment of the terms messiah and meshuah milhamah. The paper also looks at the author's use of parody and polemic as aspects of his secular historiography.
Profit or Exploitation? The Production of Private Ramesside Tombs Within the West Theban Funerary Economy
Authors: Cooney Kathlyn 
Published: March 2011

AbstractExisting economic models for Egyptian craft activity are currently dominated by theories of state redistribution, to the extent that market driven economic systems, as evidenced in the ancient texts themselves, may have been overlooked. This article examines New Kingdom textual material from western Thebes, reconsidering how private tomb production might fit updated economic models – models that allow for private sector, pre-modern and pre-capitalist market activity within any redistributive state economic context.
Regarding the Eisagogeus (εισαγωευς) At Ptolemaic Law Courts
Authors: Allam Schafik 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn viewing the documents relative to the Ptolemaic jurisdiction we come across an official with a title transcribed into Demotic, but which apparently corresponds to the Greek designation εισαγωευς. This official is mentioned in conjunction with judicial proceedings. His functions were to introduce cases before the judges and to take actions in concert with them; and his bailiff was empowered to enforce judicial decisions. Since the eisagogeus represented the central administration, we may postulate that he was regarded as a royal functionary acting as a liaison man with the law courts. My concern is to point out an official in the pre-Ptolemaic administration who had to play the same role. In the judicial machine of Pharaonic times many a scribe played an active part, not only in writing down the records. In reality he used to act in legal proceedings from start to finish. In grave situations he had to communicate directly with the highest office in the State (that of the vizier); and even at the great council (qnbt) held by the vizier, the scribe officiated sometimes as prosecutor. We come to the conclusion that it is likely that the position of the Hellenistic eisagogeus was no more than the continuation of a much older Pharaonic institution.
Some Remarks on the Foreign Policy of Psammetichus II in the Levant (595–589 B.C.)
Authors: Kahn Dan'el 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince it is commonly held that Psammetichus II abstained from aggressive activity against Babylonia, I want to reconsider his policy (595-589 B.C.) toward the Levant and the Babylonian Empire. No new data exists, leaving us only the (re)interpretation of the facts. In this article I shall review: 1. The Babylonian presence and activity in the Levant; 2. The anti-Babylonian conference in the fourth year of Zedekiah, King of Judah (most probably 593 B.C.); 3. Alleged Judean involvement in Psammetichus II's campaign against Kush; 4. Psammetichus II's campaign to Kush in his third year of reign (593 B.C.); 5. The Effect of the Egyptian Campaign to Kush on the Levant; 6. The campaign of Psammetichus to the land of Kharu in his fourth regnal year.
Ideals of a Life: Words for “Transgression” in the Stela of Baki
Authors: Guerry Eve 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study is a lexical analysis of the words for “deviant behaviour” found in the Dynasty 18 stela of Baki (Turin 156). The text contains numerous praises that are formulated as disclaimers against wrongdoing and it therefore provides a fertile ground to examine members of the “transgression” word-field. Many of these words, including isf.t, hww, dw, iwh, wn and sp hsy are not sufficiently differentiated by current dictionaries, where they are generally translated as “Böses” or “Sünde.” An examination of the way these synonyms are used in the stela of Baki reveals distinctions in meaning and allows insight into what may govern the selection of one word over another in certain contexts. This enhances our understanding of the meaning of these words and illuminates the structure of the word-field they belong to as well as the corresponding concept in the Egyptian thought-world.
The Late Middle Kingdom (Thirteenth to Seventeenth Dynasties): The Chronological Framework
Authors: Franke Detlef 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe article summarizes the state of the art in chronology of the late Middle Kingdom, which the author takes to also encompass the so-called Second Intermediate Period. Moving from the king-list of the Turin Royal Canon and from Kim Ryholt's investigation, the study focuses on the internal chronology of Dynasties 13–17 by drawing upon historical data from commemorative inscriptions and seals, with a strong attention to sources from Dynasties 13 and 16. Dynasty 13 is to be divided into two halves and four parts of different length: the second part marks the zenith of the period, the end of the third part corresponds to the beginning of the so-called Second Intermediate Period, while the end of the fourth part witnesses the dynastic shift from the North to Thebes. Ryholt's Upper-Egyptian “Abydos Dynasty” contemporary with the Theban 16th Dynasty, as well his idea of a short-time conquest of Thebes by the Hyksos are dismissed. The article ends with remarks on the sequence of kings during Dynasty 17 as well as a chronological table of the Middle Kingdom.
Flowers of Persian Song and Music: Davud Pirniā and the Genesis of the Golhā Programs
Authors: Lewisohn Jane 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article examines the 'Flowers of Persian Song and Music' (golhā) radio programs broadcast during the third quarter of the 20th century on the Iran National Radio. These programs—some 1,400 of which the author has collected and deposited in the British Library—constitute an unrivalled encyclopaedia of classical Persian music and poetry. The golhā programs introduced to the general public over 250 poets from the ancients to the moderns, and it preserved Persian classical music and fostered its future development. The seminal role played by Dāvud Pirniā in founding and producing these programs is examined and explored, while highlighting the various artists, poets, musicians, vocalists and scholars who performed in them.
The Salience of Political Ethic in the Spread of Persianate Islam
Authors: Amir Arjomand Saïd 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPersianate Islam developed in close connection with the rise of independent monarchies and state formation in Iran from the last decades of the ninth century onward. Political ethic and norms of statecraft developed under the Sāmānids and Ghaznavids, and constituted a major component of Persianate Islam from the very beginning. When Islam spread to India under the Delhi Sultanate in the thirteenth century and to the Sultanates in Malaysia and Indonesia after the fifteenth, Persianate political ethic was one of its two salient components, Sufism being the other. The immigrating Persian bureaucratic class engaged in state formation for Indian rulers became the carriers of this political ethic, importing it in its entirety and together with symbols and institutions of royalty and justice. With the continued eastward expansion of Islam, Persianate political ethic and royal institutions spread beyond India into the sprawling Malay world.
Persian Rap: The Voice of Modern Iran's Youth
Authors: Johnston Sholeh 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPersian Rap, or Rap-e Farsi, is the latest craze in contemporary underground Iranian music, both with Iran and its extensive Diaspora. In Iran, rap is met with strong opposition from the Islamic government, but continues to enjoy immense popularity amongst web-savvy Iranian youths who consume the songs online through internet chat forums, websites, blogs and radio. This article examines the development of Persian Rap from an imitation of Afro-American "Gangsta" Rap, to a unique style of fusion rap with a distinctly Iranian identity, grounded in cultural tradition and a powerful social conscience.
Liesborn in Amsterdam. Jacob de Wits Porträt des Liesborner Abtes Gregor Waltmann von 1716
Authors: Priever Andreas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn 1971 the Museum Abtei Lieborn of the Warendorf area came into possession of a remarkable and qualitative Portrait of Gregor Waltmann (1661-1739), who had been the abbot of the Benedictine Abbey of Liesborn between 1698 and 1739. During its restoration, the portrait could be identified as a signed work of the Amsterdam painter Jacob de Wit (1695-1754), dated 1716. To this day the only known portrait of De Wit was the Portrait of Pater Aegidius de Glabbais of 1718 (collection Commissie Monumentenzorg Minderbroeders Franciscanen Nederland).This article reconstructs the provenance of the Portrait of Gregor Waltmann, which was most likely assigned to Jacob de Wit by Gregor's brother Jan Woltman in Amsterdam. Most likely the abbot himself never saw his portrait; there is no account of a journey to Amsterdam in 1716, nor is there evidence that Gregor Waltmann knew the catholic painter personally. De Wit returned to Amsterdam from Antwerp in 1715 and devoted himself with success to portrait painting and was initially supported by the catholic community.In the early nineteenth century the portrait was still owned by the Woltman family, who had emigrated to Amsterdam from Lüdinghausen, Westfalen in the 1690s and who over generations had run the soap factory De Vergulde Hand. While the name of the painter over the course of time became forgotten, the catholic family kept the memory of the in 1739 deceased abbot alive with a memorial note.Hardly known outside the county of Münster the signed and dated portrait is an important prerequisite for the determination of further, possibly still preserved portraits of Jacob de Wit.
Samenwerking tussen Alexander Keirincx en Cornelis van Poelenburch belicht
Authors: Wolters Margreet , Sluijter-Seijffert Nicolette 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCollaboration between two painters was a common occurrence in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century. To date, sixteen examples are known to have resulted from the partnership of the Antwerp landscape painter, Alexander Keirincx, and the Utrecht Italianate master, Cornelis van Poelenburch (see appendix). The paintings usually combine a wooded landscape by the hand of Keirincx with a few figures added by Van Poelenburch. Two of the works are signed by both artists, one by Van Poelenburch only, and most of the others by Keirincx alone.A few of these paintings have been analyzed using infrared reflectography, which revealed that Keirincx meticulously executed his underdrawing of the landscape, without any indication for the staffage. Next, Keirincx painted the landscape, sometimes deviating slightly from his preliminary underdrawing. After that, Cornelis van Poelenburch added figures and animals, here and there inserting small brush strokes to the landscape immediately around the figures.Although Van Poelenburch may have included his staffage without consulting Alexander Keirincx, an addition by Keirincx in one of his compositions, seems to indicate a closer contact between the artists. While they lived near each other in Utrecht (1632-1636) and London (1637-1641), their collaboration did not only occur during those years, as can be concluded from two dated works (1629, 1630).A unique instance of their collaboration is the Landscape with Cimon and Iphigenia (Utrecht; replica or copy in Leipzig, figs 17 and 26). IRR analysis unequivocally confirms that the landscape and the figure zone initially were painted by Van Poelenburch, after which Keirincx added the large tree at the left. A differently prepared plank was attached to the lower part, maybe especially for that purpose. The Leipzig version lacks this feature, as well as some minor adjustments to the composition, thus indicating that it was executed after the Utrecht panel.
Een manuscript van Jan van Mieris, met daarin gedichten over zijn vader Frans van Mieris I
Authors: van der Hut Margreet 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Dutch painter Jan van Mieris (Leiden 1660-Rome 1690) was twenty years old when his father, the famous painter Frans van Mieris the Elder (1635-1681) died. Jan van Mieris was not only a painter but also a poet; he translated the play Aminta by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso and wrote some poems. Three of these poems concern his father: one is about his fathers painting The old lover and in two other poems Jan mourns his father's death. These poems and the translation of the play, discussed in this article, are part of a manuscript kept in the University Library in Leiden (nr. LTK 522).
The (ir)resistible temptation of privatizing security: A Dutch perspective
Authors: van Staden Alfred 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe use of private contractors in peace support operations may involve a large variety of services. However, there is a conspicuous lack of information and transparency in general regarding the number of PMC personnel employed, the tasks they perform and the sums of money that are at stake. The employment of private military companies can be looked at from three different perspectives, the economic, the military-operational and the legal (as well as ethical) perspective. In the recently published report Employing Private Military Companies two recommendations are made. First, the Dutch government is advised to make the level of its political ambitions with regard to participation in peace support operations dependent on the structural capacity of the armed forces, including basic logistics. Second, the government is urged to provide as much information as possible concerning all relevant aspects of the employment of private companies that render services to the Dutch armed forces in operational areas. Finally, the government is urged to raise the whole issue in the ESDP discussions of the European Union.
The West and RussiaNo more diplomacy of lost opportunities: Response by Erik Holm
Authors: Holm Erik 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDr Holm and Ambassador De Vos van Steenwijk discuss the state of affairs between the West and Russia. They argue that it is much worse and antagonistic than would have been necessary. They blame this largely on mistakes in American and European policies towards the Soviet Union/Russia, but disagree on the causes and motivations of those policies. Holm and De Vos van Steenwijk offer thoughts on how matters could be rectified or at least improved.
The West and Russia Western Europe and European Security: Rational actions and obvious mistakes
Authors: Holm Erik 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDr Holm and Ambassador De Vos van Steenwijk discuss the state of affairs between the West and Russia. They argue that it is much worse and antagonistic than would have been necessary. They blame this largely on mistakes in American and European policies towards the Soviet Union/Russia, but disagree on the causes and motivations of those policies. Holm and De Vos van Steenwijk offer thoughts on how matters could be rectified or at least improved.
Kazakhstan's upcoming OSCE Chairmanship: Election related issues
Authors: Aderhold Eltje 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElectoral standards and commitments are at the core of the OSCE Acquis in the human dimension. The most urgent election-related challenge is the implementation of existing standards and commitments. However, instead of identifying and considering pathways towards better implementation of standards and commitments, OSCE participating States over the past years maneuvered into a political deadlock. As OSCE Chairman-in-Office, Kazakhstan should help identifying creative ways in which to achieve better implementation of existing standards and commitments. Kazakhstan could also foster consensus on additional electoral commitments, supplementing existing ones.