bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase Syk in Regulating Cell-Cell Adhesion and Motility in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhang Xiaoying , Shrikhande Ulka , Alicie Bethany M. , Zhou Qing , Geahlen Robert L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The expression of the Syk protein tyrosine kinase in breast cancer cells is inversely correlated with invasive growth and metastasis. The expression of Syk inhibits cell motility while supporting the formation of cell clusters by enhancing cell-cell contacts and promoting the redistribution of the adhesion proteins cortactin and vinculin to these contacts. Syk associates physically with cortactin and catalyzes its phosphorylation on tyrosine. The clustering of integrins leads to the phosphorylation of Syk and of numerous cellular proteins in a manner dependent on the activity of the kinase and on the presence of tyrosine 342 located in the linker B region. The ability of Syk to participate in integrin-mediated protein tyrosine phosphorylation correlates well with its ability to inhibit cell motility. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(5):634–44)
Activator Protein-1 Has an Essential Role in Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Is Regulated by a Novel Akt-Mediated Mechanism
Authors: Shin Sonyo , Asano Takayuki , Yao Yixin , Zhang Ronghua , Claret Francois-Xavier , Korc Murray , Sabapathy Kanaga , Menter David G. , Abbruzzese James L. , Reddy Shrikanth A.G. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) regulates the expression of several genes involved in human tumorigenesis. However, there is little known about this transcription factor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We recently found high levels of AP-1-binding activities and multiple AP-1/DNA complexes containing c-Jun, JunD, Fra1, and Fra2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Transient transfection assays indicated that AP-1 was functional and capable of transactivating its gene targets. Furthermore, a c-Jun transactivation mutant inhibited anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent proliferation, suggesting that AP-1 had an essential role in pancreatic cancer cells. Our study also uncovered a novel mechanism by which protein kinase Akt controls c-Jun activity in pancreatic cancer cells. Indeed, distinct from its known ability to induce c-fos and fra1 and to stabilize c-Jun, Akt appeared to directly regulate the transcriptional activity of c-Jun independently of the phosphorylation sites targeted by c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (Ser63/Ser73) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Thr239). Our data also suggest that growth factors might use this Akt-regulated mechanism to potently induce c-Jun targets such as cyclin D1. Collectively, our findings indicate that AP-1 has an important function in pancreatic cancer cells and provide evidence for a previously unknown Akt-mediated mechanism of c-Jun activation. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(5):745–54)
GFAP-Cre–Mediated Activation of Oncogenic K-ras Results in Expansion of the Subventricular Zone and Infiltrating Glioma
Authors: Abel Ty W. , Clark Cara , Bierie Brian , Chytil Anna , Aakre Mary , Gorska Agnieszka , Moses Harold L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A subset of neoplastic cells within human high-grade gliomas has features associated with stem cells. These cells may sustain glioma growth, and their stem-like properties may confer resistance to standard glioma treatments. Whether glioma stem cells derive from indigenous neural stem cells (NSC), or from tumor cells that have reacquired stem cell-like properties, is unknown. However, signaling pathways that are tightly regulated and central to NSC biology, including the Ras/Raf/Erk pathway, are hyperactive and pathogenic in gliomagenesis. Furthermore, data in animal models suggests that, in some cases, tumors are initiated in the subventricular zone (SVZ), a stem/progenitor cell niche in the mature brain. We activated oncogenic K-ras in mouse glioneuronal precursor cells and adult SVZ cells using GFAP-Cre. GFAP-Cre+/K-rasG12D mice showed a marked expansion of glial fibriallary acidic protein (GFAP)- and TUJ1–expressing cell populations in the SVZ. In addition, mice developed intermediate grade, infiltrating glioma with 100% penetrance. Tumors were consistently located in the amygdalohippocampal region and nearby cortex, often in association with the lateral ventricle and expanded SVZ. Tumor cells expressed markers associated with neural progenitor cells, including Olig2, Bmi-1, and PDGFR-α. These data suggest that infiltrating tumor cells may arise from NSC transformed by activation of oncogenic K-ras in vivo. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(5):645–53)
A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Modern Modes of Religious Preaching
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Zeia , Yeganeh Mohammad Reza Javadi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Religious preaching is a means for the transfer of religious messages and to
create and modify the attitudes and trends of followers. Transferring a
message is achieved either on a macro level or on a micro level. The latter
can be conveyed face-to-face while media often present the former directly
or indirectly. Traditional preaching has been functional in traditional
societies and in that it has been able to affect emotions and minds and
through forming a social and communication network, has directed the
religious society. In this method, speech holds the religious message; but
the preacher also conveys religious emotions and feelings and because there
is mostly face-to-face communication, human relations are formed among the
audience. However, the modern media preaching, although more widespread, is
less profound, usually causing no direct feedback while communicating with
the audience who may not know each other. Thus, in spite of enjoying a
larger audience and a variety of attractive methods, it seems it cannot
build a recognizable human and communication network in the short term and
may not be able to affect human and religious emotions in a deep and lasting
way. Based on the above, it appears that contemplating the methods to apply
the modern media to preach religion (emphasizing the believers' concerns and
sensitivities), revising these methods (to make them suited to the
believers' concerns and sensitivities), and theorizing for the new
conditions of the religious society based on the capabilities of the modern
media, are among the crucial issues.
The Media Rituals: The Relationship between Media and Religion
Authors: Khojastea Hassan , Kalantarib Abdolhosein 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
What is the relationship between religion and modern media? Are the media in
essence anti-religion and a means to remove religion? Or are they a neutral
means that can also be in the service of religion? Such questions fall under
the category of the relationship between religion, modernization, and the
nature of modernization, about which there can be found a rich literature in
Iran. As far as the relationship between religion and modernization is
concerned, two related approaches can be followed: 1) an
historical-sociological approach and 2) a philosophical approach. Under the
influence of either approach one would face a spectrum of opinions which, on
the one hand, lead to “technological dogmatism” and, on the other, lead to
“instrumentalization”. To decide which of these opinions to accept depends
upon our historical situation (our destiny) and our definition of
dichotomous sides (religion and media), as well as on our
historical-sociological and philosophical reasoning in this matter. This
article deals with these points. Since the national media attempts to act
upon the implications expected by modern media within the framework of moral
criteria and religious recommendation, then we will turn to this fundamental
question: How can religious matters be addressed in the public media, so as
to be able to involve a passive audience that is supposedly not the
addressee of the message, and turn him or her into an active audience? In
this regard, taken from the media experiences both in Iran and around the
world, first the characteristics of “religious media” will be offered. Then
a pattern for media rituals will be introduced and experimentally (as a case
study) studied through some examples in Iranian society, and next the need
for a more exact planning will be tapped. Finally the necessary conditions
to develop such rituals in the national media will be dealt with.
Hollywood Mission: America the New Israel
Authors: Yazdi Mohammad Rezaie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article centres on the fact that American politicians tend to introduce America as “the New Israel.” By adherence to the religious beliefs, they identify themselves as the chosen nation. The substantial question is how the movies with so wide a range of popular viewers would reflect the new American religion. One of the ways to answer this question is to overview the movies that take up the parallel between America and Israel. If America is the new Israel, then an American film about Israel is probably a film that is (indirectly) about America as well. This article centres on two movies to go along with its proposal: the Technicolor The Ten Commandments (Demille, 1995) and the animated feature The Prince of Egypt (Chapman et.al., 1998). The two movies compare America and Israel to pose the new American civil religion in the form of the old ones. Moreover, it bears on the historical importance of the equation between America and Israel. The movie — the modern media — has converted these themes to “Californication” values and effects. Hollywood mediates the new religion that, compared with the old religion, is quite individual and does not so much refer to the whole society.
Justice Anchored in Truth: A Theological Perspective on the Nature and Implementation of Justice
Authors: Lorenzen Thorwald 
Published: May 2009

AbstractI propose that a theological perspective makes a constructive and creative contribution to the global struggle for justice. Christian theology recognizes other theories of justice, but at the same time suggests that the struggle for justice is enhanced by providing an ontological foundation for and specific content to justice. The Hebrew Bible, Jesus of Nazareth and the earliest Christian communities located justice in God and God's relationship to the world. Jesus' engagement for justice raised opposition and led to his crucifixion; yet, according to the biblical accounts God validated Jesus' vision by raising him from the dead, and God's Spirit keeps the story of Jesus alive in the world by empowering humans in their struggle for the implementation of justice.
A Flood of Justice: The Scope of Justice in the Flood Narrative (Gen. 6:5–9:19)
Authors: Clark Merilyn 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe scope of justice in the Hebrew Bible is often human-centred. Humankind is given pre-eminence, and God's responses are judged according to human values. However the flood story in Gen. 6:5–9:19 offers a very different view of justice. It locates justice within a complex web of relationships between God, humans, other life-forms and the earth itself. The creator-otherness of God permeates the story. The justice codified in the Noahic covenant takes into account the differing natures and resultant vulnerabilities inherent in the relationships between these differing participants. It is a justice that accepts the human condition, the human capacity for evil, violence and corruption, but seeks to limit its propensity to corrupt creation through regulation and by ceding to humans the responsibility for policing these regulations.
Conflicting Decisions in International Arbitration
Authors: Viñuales Jorge , Spoorenberg Frank 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThere has been much discussion recently, both in academic and practitioner circles, about inconsistency in international arbitration. The debate has concentrated on specific topics such as contradictory arbitral awards, the precedential value of arbitral awards, the creation of an appeal system, or the need for increased transparency. The present study argues that such debate has overlooked the fact that some, and perhaps most, of the perceived problems are a reflection of the underlying values that make international arbitration appealing to international economic actors. Specifically, the authors argue that instead of concentrating on far-reaching reforms, commentators should focus on refining currently existing techniques to deal with conflicting decisions in international arbitration.
Bringing Claims and Enforcing International Arbitration Awards Against Sub-Saharan African States and Parties
Authors: Kirtley William Lawton 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article examines the difficulties inherent to enforcing ICC awards and other commercial awards against sub-Saharan African States or parties, as well as the difficulties of bringing claims and enforcing ICSID (or other treaty-based awards) against sub-Saharan African States in the context of investor/State disputes. It concludes by summarizing potential means for sub-Saharan African States to improve their international arbitration regimes and the enforcement of international arbitral awards in the region.
End-of-Life Decisions: A View from Ontario and Beyond
Authors: Zuckerberg Lewis Joaquin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article is a comparative study of the law dealing with substitute decision making for incapable patients in end-of-life situations across Canadian provinces. In recent years, this issue has received growing consideration from judicial authorities in Canada and abroad. The article discusses the most significant decisions in Canada, with reference as well to leading cases in the UK, Germany and the US. Future policy and legislative options are discussed as well.
Advance Directives: Binding or Merely Indicative? Incoherence of the Portuguese National Council of Ethics for the Life Sciences and Insufficiencies of Newly Proposed Regulation
Authors: Pereira André 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Portuguese National Council of Ethics for the Life Sciences issued in 2005 two important Opinions concerning persistent vegetative state (PVS) and refusal of blood transfusions. The first one advocated that advance directives should be respected; however, the second Opinion considered them “merely indicative.” The different opinions of the National Council of Ethics reflect the difficulty of this matter.
Portugal ratified the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, which states that advance directives “should be taken into consideration” (Art. 9) and in order to regulate this generic rule, the Portuguese Association on Bioethics proposed to the Parliament a draft-law, which aims to legalize advance directives (including “living will” and “health-care proxy”) and establish a National Registry of Advance Directives. This proposal clearly states that advance directives should be binding. However, some regulatory aspects, concerning the procedure that leads to the validity of a living will deserve further discussion. The Author argues in favour of a previous medical interview and a solemn formality in the case of binding advance directives, in order to assure the freedom and information of the refusal of treatment.
Conferral of Powers by States as a Basis of Obligation of International Organisations
Authors: Erne Jaanika 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe article examines some traditional forms of conferral of powers on international organisations – by international treaties (“common” international treaties and constituent international treaties that can form the basis for further delegation) and for supranational law-making. The main conclusion is that although the agreed norms may be construed in the application processes, the formal determination of powers remains the formal basis of action.
Regionalism in the WTO and the Legal Status of a Development Agenda in the EU/ACP Economic Partnership Agreement
Authors: Hodu Yenkong Ngangjoh 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs) which share similar ideals with the World Trade Organization (WTO) has added to claims of disintegration within international trade law. Notwithstanding the ambiguity surrounding the reading of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XXIV on RTAs, WTO members are continuously negotiating RTAs with objectives which have so far not received universal acceptance under the WTO treaty system. In the context of European Union (EU)-Africa trade relations, the December 2007 EU-Africa summit was expected to be an appropriate venue for leaders from both sides to resolve the controversy surrounding the idea of development-friendly free trade agreements between the contracting parties. But, the summit was wrapped up without achieving any clear answer to this issue. Similarly, at the multilateral level, i.e. the WTO Doha Development Round negotiations, which the EU and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States have sponsored, numerous development-friendly proposals on RTAs stalled since July 2006. Consequently, in view of this controversy, if development concerns can be factored into economic partnership agreements (EPAs), what would be an acceptable threshold for such RTAs to conform to GATT Article XXIV requirements of “substantially all trade” and “reasonable period of time”? This paper discusses the idea of development and WTO compatibility in the context of the EU-Africa Economic Partnership negotiations. In view of the flawed dispute settlement provisions under the Cotonou Partnership Agreement (CPA), the paper further tries to answer the question of whether the CPA contains rights and obligations that need protection by individual EU member courts and may necessarily be enforced before the European Court of Justice. The paper ends with some thoughts on the post-EPAs adjustment programme.
Multiple sclerosis in China—history and future
Authors: Cheng Q , Cheng X-J , Jiang G-X 
Published: May 2009

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered rare in China and reports on MS in the English literature are few. Methods A systematic literature search for articles with MS was made, particularly for papers published in the Chinese medical journals from mainland China. Results In China, the first case of MS was described in the medical records from Xiehe hospital in 1926, and the first autopsy case of MS was reported from Huashan hospital in 1957. Although reports on MS based on the information from hospital case-series have been increased gradually in the recent decades, there is no national surveillance on MS frequency in the population and population-based surveys on MS were few in China. Generally for Chinese patients with MS the mean age at onset of MS is around 30 years, with a few cases younger than 20 years; the most frequent site of the lesions in the central nervous system, based on the clinical symptoms or signs, is the spinal cord (usually more than 60%); there are few patients with a family history of MS; almost all patients are treated with corticosteroids. Reported prevalence rates of MS from population surveys in China are rather low (1–2 per 100,000) and higher in females than in males, which are comparable with the results from other populations in Asia. Conclusion The clinical and epidemiological aspects of MS in China are, in general, similar to that from other populations in Asia. Epidemiological studies and national surveillance on MS are required in China.
Different white matter lesion characteristics correlate with distinct grey matter abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Furby J , Hayton T , Altmann D , Brenner R , Chataway J , Smith KJ , Miller DH , Kapoor R 
Published: May 2009

Background Although MRI measures of grey matter abnormality correlate with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis, it is uncertain whether grey matter abnormality measured on MRI is entirely due to a primary grey matter process or whether it is partly related to disease in the white matter. Methods To explore potential mechanisms of grey matter damage we assessed the relationship of white matter T2 lesion volume, T1 lesion volume, and mean lesion magnetisation transfer ratio (MTR), with MRI measures of tissue atrophy and MTR in the grey matter in 117 subjects with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Results Grey matter fraction and mean grey matter MTR were strongly associated with lesion volumes and lesion MTR mean ( r = ±0.63–0.72). In contrast, only weak to moderate correlations existed between white matter and lesion measures. In a stepwise regression model, T1 lesion volume was the only independent lesion correlate of grey matter fraction and accounted for 52% of the variance. Lesion MTR mean and T2 lesion volume were independent correlates of mean grey matter MTR, accounting for 57% of the variance. Conclusions Axonal transection within lesions with secondary degeneration into the grey matter may explain the relationship between T1 lesions and grey matter fraction. A parallel accumulation of demyelinating lesions in white and grey matter may contribute to the association of T2 lesion volume and lesion MTR with grey matter MTR.
Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hon GM , Hassan MS , van Rensburg SJ , Abel S , Marais DW , van Jaarsveld P , Smuts CM , Henning F , Erasmus RT , Matsha T 
Published: May 2009

Background Reports on fatty acids levels in multiple sclerosis remain inconclusive. Objective To determine the erythrocyte membrane fatty acid levels in multiple sclerosis patients and correlate with Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale. Methods Fatty acid composition of 31 multiple sclerosis and 30 control individuals were measured by gas chromatography. Results The membrane phosphatidylcholine C20:4 n – 6 concentration was lower in the multiple sclerosis patients when compared to that of the control group, P = 0.04 and it correlated inversely with the EDSS and FSS. Conclusion Decrease in C20:4 n – 6 in the erythrocyte membrane could be an indication of depleted plasma stores, and a reflection of disease severity.
HIV-1–infected dendritic cells show 2 phases of gene expression changes, with lysosomal enzyme activity decreased during the second phase
Authors: Harman Andrew N. , Kraus Marianne , Bye Chris R. , Byth Karen , Turville Stuart G. , Tang Owen , Mercier Sarah K. , Nasr Najla , Stern Josh L. , Slobedman Barry , Driessen Christoph , Cunningham Anthony L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. HIV interacts with these cells through 2 pathways in 2 temporal phases, initially via endocytosis and then via de novo replication. Here the transcriptional response of human DCs to HIV-1 was studied in these phases and at different stages of the virus replication cycle using purified HIV-1 envelope proteins, and inactivated and viable HIV-1. No differential gene expression was detected in response to envelope. However, more than 100 genes were differentially expressed in response to entry of viable and inactivated HIV-1 in the first phase. A completely different set of genes was differentially expressed in the second phase, predominantly in response to viable HIV-1, including up-regulation of immune regulation genes, whereas genes encoding lysosomal enzymes were down-regulated. Cathepsins B, C, S, and Z RNA and protein decreased, whereas cathepsin L was increased, probably reflecting a concomitant decrease in cystatin C. The net effect was markedly diminished cathepsin activity likely to result in enhanced HIV-1 survival and transfer to contacting T lymphocytes but decreased HIV-1 antigen processing and presentation to these T cells.