bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameters of protection against ultraviolet radiation‐induced skin cell damage
Authors: Cao Cong , Wan Yinsheng 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEpidemiological and experimental evidence has supported the notion that solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the leading cause of skin cell damage and skin cancer. Non‐melanoma skin cancer, one of the malignancies with the most rapidly increasing incidence, is suggested to be directly related to the total exposure to solar UV light. Over the past few years, the mechanisms of cellular responses to UV radiation have received unprecedented attention. Understanding how skin cells respond to UV radiation will undoubtedly help decipher what goes wrong in a variety of clinical skin disorders including skin cancer and will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. In the past decade, studies have established that UV radiation induces multifarious signal transduction pathways, some of which lead to apoptotic cell death, while others protect against this process. In this review, we summarize some of the most recent progresses regarding the involvement of multiple signal pathways in UV radiation‐induced apoptosis in skin cells, especially in keratinocytes. These pathways include pro‐apoptosis components such as MAPK, AMPK, and p53 as well as pro‐survival components, namely, AKT and mTORC complexes. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 277–284, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of salinity on lead and cadmium accumulation by the salt cedar (Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge)
Authors: Manousaki Eleni , Kokkali Fotini , Kalogerakis Nicolas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The removal of heavy metals from polluted soils through the use of suitable plants has attracted much interest over recent decades. In this study Tamarix smyrnensis Bunge has been investigated for the characterization of its metal tolerance and ability to accumulate Pb and Cd, in order to evaluate its effectiveness as a cleanup tool for phytoextraction applications. For this purpose, two hydroponic experiments were performed, one with lead at concentration 100 ppm and a second with cadmium at concentration 5 ppm and at three different salt concentrations (0, 100, 200 mmol L−1 NaCl).RESULTS: The experimental results showed that Pb and Cd accumulation in shoots ranged from 150–270 ppm and 7.5–42 ppm, respectively, and salinity was found to increase metal accumulation in shoots. However, the presence of high metal and salt concentrations affected negatively the health and finally the survival of the plants.CONCLUSION: T. smyrnensis is neither a Pb nor a Cd hyperaccumulator; however, metal accumulation levels in shoots considered together with its high biomass production suggest that it could be used for phytoextraction applications. Furthermore, salinity has a positive influence on Pb and Cd accumulation in harvestable parts of the plant when it remains in low concentrations. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Simultaneous 3D visualization and quantification of murine bone and bone vasculature using micro‐computed tomography and vascular replica
Authors: Schneider Philipp , Krucker Thomas , Meyer Eric , Ulmann‐Schuler Alexandra , Weber Bruno , Stampanoni Marco , Müller Ralph 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRecent evidence suggests a close functional relationship between osteogenesis and angiogenesis as well as between bone remodeling and bone vascularization. Consequently, there is a need for visual inspection and quantitative analysis of the bone vasculature. We therefore adapted and implemented two different vascular corrosion casting (VCC) protocols using a polyurethane‐based casting resin in mice for a true three‐dimensional (3D), direct, and simultaneous measurement of bone tissue and vascular morphology by micro‐computed tomography (μCT). For assessment of vascular replicas at the level of capillaries, a vascular contrast perfusion (VCP) protocol was devised using a contrast modality based on a barium sulfate suspension in conjunction with synchrotron radiation (SR) μCT. The vascular morphology quantified using the VCP protocol was compared quantitatively with the results of a previously established method, where the vascular network of cortical bone was derived indirectly from cortical porosity. The presented VCC and VCP protocols have the potential of serving as a valuable method for concomitant 3D quantitative morphometry of the bone tissue and its vasculature. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proof of a conjecture on fractional Ramsey numbers
Authors: Brown Jason , Hoshino Richard 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJacobson, Levin, and Scheinerman introduced the fractional Ramsey function rf (a1, a2, …, ak) as an extension of the classical definition for Ramsey numbers. They determined an exact formula for the fractional Ramsey function for the case k=2. In this article, we answer an open problem by determining an explicit formula for the general case k>2 by constructing an infinite family of circulant graphs for which the independence numbers can be computed explicitly. This construction gives us two further results: a new (infinite) family of star extremal graphs which are a superset of many of the families currently known in the literature, and a broad generalization of known results on the chromatic number of integer distance graphs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 63: 164–178, 2010
The emergence of sociology from political economy in the United States: 1890 to 1940
Authors: Young Cristobal 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProfessional sociology in the U.S. began as a field area within economics, but gradually emerged as a separate discipline. Using new data on joint meetings and the separation of departments, I track interdisciplinary relations through three phases: sponsorship (1890–1905), collaboration (1905–1940), and disengagement (post‐1940). In the early years, sociology was mostly a branch of economics departments. With the formation of the American Sociological Society, relations with economics began to be more characterized by professionally autonomous collaboration. The 1920s saw a large wave of sociology departments separating from economics. Still, joint annual meetings (including joint presidential addresses) remained the norm until 1940. Paradigmatic conflict between institutional and neoclassical economists was the major force that sustained the economics–sociology collaboration. As institutionalism faded from the scene in the late 1930s, so went interdisciplinary contact. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of lead LFA‐1 antagonist [14C]spyrocyclic hydantoin
Authors: Tran Scott B. , Maxwell Brad D. , Chen Shiang‐Yuan , Bonacorsi Samuel J. , Leith Leslie , Ogan Marc , Rinehart J. Kent , Balasubramanian Balu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRadiolabelled drug lead candidate leukocyte function‐associated antigen 1 antagonist [14C]spyrocyclic hydantoin: 5‐(((5S,9R)‐9‐(4‐[14C]‐cyanophenyl)‐3‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methyl‐2,4‐dioxo‐1,3,7‐triazaspiro[4.4]nonan‐7‐yl)methyl)thiophene‐3‐carboxylic acid, 12, was conveniently prepared in three radiochemical steps from (5S,9R)‐tert‐butyl 9‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐3‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methyl‐2,4‐dioxo‐1,3,7‐triazaspiro[4.4]nonane‐7‐carboxylate 9. The radiochemical yield of 12 was 28.5% from the resolved bromide 9. The preparation of the racemic spyrocyclic hydantoin 3 was obtained via a [3+2]dipolar cycloaddition reaction between 2 and N‐benzyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl)trimethylsilylmethylamine. The introduction of [14C] cyanide was completed via a palladium (0) catalyzed reaction by the addition of Zn(14CN)2 to aryl bromide 9. The radiochemical and chiral purities of 12 determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography were 98.7 and 99.7%, respectively. The specific activity of 12 was 87.5 µCi/mg (48.6 mCi/mmol). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression analyses of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes isolated by laser capture microdissection from human brain: Detrimental effects of laboratory humidity
Authors: Ordway Gregory A. , Szebeni Attila , Duffourc Michelle M. , Dessus‐Babus Sophie , Szebeni Katalin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLaser capture microdissection (LCM) is a versatile computer‐assisted dissection method that permits collection of tissue samples with a remarkable level of anatomical resolution. LCM's application to the study of human brain pathology is growing, although it is still relatively underutilized, compared with other areas of research. The present study examined factors that affect the utility of LCM, as performed with an Arcturus Veritas, in the study of gene expression in the human brain using frozen tissue sections. LCM performance was ascertained by determining cell capture efficiency and the quality of RNA extracted from human brain tissue under varying conditions. Among these, the relative humidity of the laboratory where tissue sections are stained, handled, and submitted to LCM had a profound effect on the performance of the instrument and on the quality of RNA extracted from tissue sections. Low relative humidity in the laboratory, i.e., 6–23%, was conducive to little or no degradation of RNA extracted from tissue following staining and fixation and to high capture efficiency by the LCM instrument. LCM settings were optimized as described herein to permit the selective capture of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and noradrenergic neurons from tissue sections containing the human locus coeruleus, as determined by the gene expression of cell‐specific markers. With due regard for specific limitations, LCM can be used to evaluate the molecular pathology of individual cell types in post‐mortem human brain. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NOX2 mediates apoptotic death induced by staurosporine but not by potassium deprivation in cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Guemez‐Gamboa Alicia , Morán Julio 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNeuronal apoptotic death involves the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), but their sources have not been completely elucidated. Previous studies have demonstrated that the ROS‐producing enzyme NADPH oxidase is present in neuronal cells and that this enzyme could participate in the apoptotic neuronal death. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) undergo apoptosis when cells are transferred from a medium with 25 mM KCl (K25) to a 5 mM KCl (K5) medium or when they are treated with staurosporine (ST). Under these conditions, apoptotic death of CGN is dependent on ROS production. In this study, we evaluated the role of NOX2, an NADPH oxidase homolog, in the apoptotic death of CGN induced by two different conditions. In CGN from NOX2‐deficient (ko) mice, a significantly lower rate of apoptotic death occurs compared with wild‐type (wt) CGN. Also, caspase‐3 activation, NADPH oxidase activity, and superoxide anion production induced by ST were markedly lower in ko neurons than in wt CGN. In contrast to the case with ST, when CGN were treated with K5, no differences were observed between ko and wt cells in any of the parameters measured. However, all NADPH oxidase inhibitors tested noticeably reduced cell death and apoptotic parameters induced by K5 in both wt and ko CGN. These results suggest that NOX2 could be necessary for apoptotic death induced by ST, but not by K5, which could require other member of the NOX family in the apoptotic process. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of escitalopram on the regulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor protein levels in a rat model of chronic stress
Authors: Schulte‐Herbrüggen Olaf , Fuchs Eberhard , Abumaria Nashat , Ziegler Annerose , Danker‐Hopfe Heidi , Hiemke Christoph , Hellweg Rainer 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEscitalopram (ES‐CIT) is a widely used, highly specific antidepressant. Until now there has been very little evidence on how this drug under pathological conditions affects an important feature within the pathophysiology of stress‐related disorders such as depression: the endogenous neurotrophins. By using a well‐characterized rat model in which chronic stress induces depressive‐like behavior, the levels of neurotrophins brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) were determined in representative brain regions and serum using a highly sensitive improved fluorometric two‐site ELISA system. There was a significant increase of BDNF in the left and right cortices after stress treatment (twofold increase) that was reversed by application of ES‐CIT. An ES‐CIT‐dependent NGF reduction in stressed rats was detectable in the right cortex only (P= 0.027). The left hippocampus revealed significantly higher amounts of BDNF (2.5‐fold increase) protein than the right hippocampus. These interhemispheric differences were unrelated to stress or ES‐CIT treatment in all animals. BDNF and NGF of the frontal cortex, cerebellum, and serum did not change between the study groups. There was a negative correlation between body weight and serum BDNF, independent of stress or ES‐CIT treatment. In conclusion, BDNF and NGF show substantial changes in this rodent model of chronic social stress, which is susceptible to antidepressant treatment with ES‐CIT and therefore may constitute a neurobiological correlate for the disease. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of soluble CD14 in cerebrospinal fluid as a regulator of glial functions
Authors: Yin Guo Nan , Jeon Hyejin , Lee Shinrye , Lee Ho Won , Cho Je‐Yoel , Suk Kyoungho 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples derived from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) was performed. On the basis of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis, and Western blot validation, it was found that the level of soluble form of monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 precursor was elevated in CSF from AD or PD patients compared with normal subjects. The soluble CD14 protein and mRNA expression was detected in microglia cells, indicating that microglia may be a cellular source of soluble CD14 in CSF. Next, the role of soluble CD14 in the regulation of glial functions was investigated. Soluble CD14 inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ or LPS/interferon‐gamma‐induced nitric oxide production and cell death of microglia and astrocytes. Soluble CD14 suppressed glial neurotoxicity in a coculture of glia/neuroblastoma. In addition, soluble CD14 moderately enhanced phagocytic activity of microglia. These results suggest that microglia‐derived soluble CD14 is a candidate CSF biomarker for AD and PD, and the soluble CD14 may inhibit glial activation by interfering with LPS effects. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of different geostatistical approaches to map climate variables: application to precipitation
Authors: Moral Francisco J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe benefits of an integrated geographical information system (GIS) and a geostatistics approach to accurately model the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation are known. However, the determination of the most appropriate geostatistical algorithm for each case is usually neglected, i.e. it is important to select the best interpolation technique for each study area to obtain accurate results. In this work, the ordinary kriging (OK), simple kriging (SK) and universal kriging (universal kriging) methods are compared with three multivariate algorithms which take into account the altitude: collocated ordinary cokriging (OCK), simple kriging with varying local means (SKV) and regression‐kriging (RK). The different techniques are applied to monthly and annual precipitation data measured at 136 meteorological stations in a region of southwestern Spain (Extremadura). After carrying out cross‐validation, the smallest prediction errors are obtained for the three multivariate algorithms but, particularly, SKV and RK outperform collocated OCK, which needs a more demanding variogram analysis. These algorithms are easily implemented in a GIS, requiring the residual estimates and map algebra capability to generate the final maps. Results evidence the necessity of accounting for spatially dependent precipitation data and the collocated altitude, to accurately define monthly and annual precipitation maps. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
An error analysis for the hybrid gridding of Texas daily precipitation data
Authors: Rupp Andreas J. , Bailey Barbara A. , Shen Samuel S.P. , Lee Christine K. , Scott Strachan B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the error analysis results for the gridded daily precipitation data over the state of Texas of the United States from January 1, 1901 to December 31, 2000. The Global Daily Climatology Network dataset is used for both the data gridding and error analysis. The station data have been interpolated onto a 0.2° × 0.2° grid which starts at the base point (25°50′N, 106°38′W). The data gridding approach is a hybrid method, which is a blend of two simple methods: inverse distance weighting and nearest station assignment. Our gridding results are compared with those obtained by other gridding methods. The cross‐validation method is used for the error analysis. Our error analysis of the interpolated products includes not only the conventional errors, such as the mean bias error, but also the probabilistic distribution of the relative errors of precipitation frequency and the spatial distribution of a major Texas historical storm. The following results have been found: (1) a simple arithmetic average of station data usually overestimates Texas' average precipitation by 2.4 mm per day, (2) the relative error of the precipitation frequency follows a lognormal distribution, and (3) the hybrid gridding data do not have obvious bias and can reasonably display storm‐covered areas in Texas. The gridded data and error results are useful for the validation of climate models, calibration of satellite borne remote sensing devices, and numerous agricultural and hydrological applications. The statistical methods of our analysis and some of our results are applicable to other regions of the world. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Modelling the atmospheric response over southern Africa to SST forcing in the southeast tropical Atlantic and southwest subtropical Indian Oceans
Authors: Hansingo K. , Reason C. J. C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe sensitivity of the atmospheric circulation and rainfall over southern Africa to various regional sea surface temperature (SST) patterns observed during Benguela Niño events is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The model used is the United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) HadAM3 and experiments using idealizations of observed regional SST anomalies during various Benguela Niño events are performed. It is found that SST forcing in the tropical southeast Atlantic induces a regional baroclinic response and that a Benguela Niño is capable of forcing anomalous rainfall along the Angolan and northern Namibian coastal regions on its own, via changes in low level moisture convergence, uplift and evaporation over the SST forcing.An experiment with the tropical southeast Atlantic SST anomaly shifted slightly further north produced a larger circulation and rainfall response in the model. Additional experiments with various SST anomalies in the southwest Indian Ocean combined with those in the southeast Atlantic were performed. These experiments are motivated by the fact that South Indian Ocean SST anomalies of varying signs often occur at the same time as Benguela Niño events. The results of these experiments suggest that, depending on its sign, magnitude and location, SST forcing from the southwest Indian Ocean may augment or oppose the southern African rainfall anomalies occurring during a Benguela Niño event to varying degrees. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
In situ measurement of transport between subchondral bone and articular cartilage
Authors: Pan Jun , Zhou Xiaozhou , Li Wen , Novotny John E. , Doty Stephen B. , Wang Liyun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSubchondral bone and articular cartilage play complementary roles in load bearing of the joints. Although the biomechanical coupling between subchondral bone and articular cartilage is well established, it remains unclear whether direct biochemical communication exists between them. Previously, the calcified cartilage between these two compartments was generally believed to be impermeable to transport of solutes and gases. However, recent studies found that small molecules could penetrate into the calcified cartilage from the subchondral bone. To quantify the real‐time solute transport across the calcified cartilage, we developed a novel imaging method based on fluorescence loss induced by photobleaching (FLIP). Diffusivity of sodium fluorescein (376 Da) was quantified to be 0.07 ± 0.03 and 0.26 ± 0.22 µm2/s between subchondral bone and calcified cartilage and within the calcified cartilage in the murine distal femur, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed that calcified cartilage matrix contained nonmineralized regions (∼22% volume fraction) that are either large patches (53 ± 18 nm) among the mineral deposits or numerous small regions (4.5 ± 0.8 nm) within the mineral deposits, which may serve as transport pathways. These results suggest that there exists a possible direct signaling between subchondral bone and articular cartilage, and they form a functional unit with both mechanical and biochemical interactions, which may play a role in the maintenance and degeneration of the joint. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1347–1352, 2009
Proteome analysis of Pithecellobium dulce seeds using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sawasdipuksa Narumon , Sumner Lloyd W , Lei Zhentian , Sangvanich Polkit 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Pithecellobium dulce Benth. belongs to the Leguminosae family, which contains several members that are important components of human diets owing to their high protein content and quality. In this study the seed proteins from P. dulce were separated and identified using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) and mass spectrometry respectively.RESULTS: The 2‐DE protein map revealed a total of 317 distinct protein spots, including a cluster of about 12 proteins located in the region of pI 5–6 with molecular masses of 55–97 kDa that accounted for more than 50% of the total proteins. Ninety‐six of the most abundant protein spots were analysed using nano liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), from which 27 were successfully identified through the query of acquired tandem mass spectral data used in MASCOT searching against a custom legume protein database. A further four proteins from the highly abundant protein cluster were putatively identified using mass spectrometry‐driven BLAST (MS‐BLAST) homology searches.CONCLUSION: This research has generated a 2‐DE proteome reference map for P. dulce seeds and used LC/MS/MS to characterise the proteins. The identification of proteins from P. dulce was carried out using the sequence database successively for MASCOT and MS‐BLAST homology‐based searches. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry