bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Major vault protein forms complexes with hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α and reduces HIF‐1α level in ACHN human renal adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Iwashita Ken‐ichi , Ikeda Ryuji , Takeda Yasuo , Sumizawa Tomoyuki , Furukawa Tatsuhiko , Yamaguchi Tatsuya , Akiyama Shin‐ichi , Yamada Katsushi 
Published: December 2009

Vaults are evolutionarily highly conserved ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles with a hollow barrel‐like structure. Although roles in multidrug resistance and innate immunity have been suggested, the physiological function of vaults remains unclear. Major vault protein (MVP), the main component of the vault particle, has been reported to be induced by hypoxia. However, there are no reports about the effect of vaults on cellular responses to hypoxia. We thus examined whether vaults are implicated in cellular responses to hypoxia. In this study, we focused on hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α), which is a master regulator of hypoxic responses, and found that: (i) MVP knockdown by RNA interference increases HIF‐1α protein levels induced by hypoxia and hypoxia mimetics; (ii) MVP knockdown does not affect HIF‐1α mRNA levels, but decreases the ubiquitination and degradation of HIF‐1α protein; and (iii) vaults form complexes with HIF‐1α, PHD2, and pVHL. Taken together, these results suggest that vaults function as scaffolds in HIF‐1α degradation pathway and promote the ubiquitination and degradation of HIF‐1α.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 920–926)
Influence of plant species and soil conditions on plant–soil feedback in mixed grassland communities
Authors: Harrison Kathryn A. , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary 1. Our aim was to explore plant–soil feedback in mixed grassland communities and its significance for plant productivity and community composition relative to abiotic factors of soil type and fertility. 2. We carried out a 4‐year, field‐based mesocosm experiment to determine the relative effects of soil type, historic management intensity and soil conditioning by a wide range of plant species of mesotrophic grassland on the productivity and evenness of subsequent mixed communities. 3. The study consisted of an initial soil conditioning phase, whereby soil from two locations each with two levels of management intensity was conditioned with monocultures of nine grassland species, and a subsequent feedback phase, where mixed communities of the nine species were grown in conditioned soil to determine relative effects of experimental factors on the productivity and evenness of mixed communities and individual plant species performance. 4. In the conditioning phase of the experiment, individual plant species differentially influenced soil microbial communities and nutrient availability. However, these biotic effects were much less important as drivers of soil microbial properties and nutrient availability than were abiotic factors of soil type and fertility. 5. Significant feedback effects of conditioning were detected during the second phase of the study in terms of individual plant growth in mixed communities. These feedback effects were generally independent of soil type or fertility, and were consistently negative in nature. In most cases, individual plant species performed less well in mixed communities planted in soil that had previously supported their own species. 6. Synthesis. These findings suggest that despite soil abiotic factors acting as major drivers of soil microbial communities and nutrient availability, biotic interactions in the form of negative feedback play a significant role in regulating individual plant performance in mixed grassland communities across a range of soil conditions.
Chemical Activation with a Combination of Ionomycin and Dehydroleucodine for Production of Parthenogenetic, ICSI and Cloned Bovine Embryos
Authors: Vichera G , Alfonso J , Duque CC , Silvestre MA , Pereyra‐Bonnet F , Fernández‐Martín R , Salamone D 
Published: December 2009

ContentsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of dehydroleucodine (DhL), a new drug isolated from a medicinal herb used in Argentina, for activation of bovine oocyte. Several DhL concentrations and exposure times after ionomycin (Io) treatment were tested. The optimal DhL treatment, found for parthenogenetic development, was employed to produce bovine embryos by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The best parthenogenic embryo developments were observed with 5 μm Io for 4 min followed by 5 μm DhL concentration and after 3‐h exposure time (52.3% cleavage; 17.4% morulae; 7.3% blastocyst; n = 109). This treatment generated no significant differences with standard Io plus 6‐dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) treatment in preimplantation embryo development. In our conditions, the embryo development reached after ICSI and SCNT assisted by the DhL treatment did not differ in terms of cleavage and blastocyst development from activation with standard Io plus DMAP treatment (p > 0.05). In conclusion, DhL utilization to activate oocytes and induce development of parthenogenotes, ICSI‐embryos or SCNT‐embryos is reported here for first time.
The Missing Link Between the Theory and Empirics of Path Dependence: Conceptual Clarification, Testability Issue, and Methodological Implications
Authors: Vergne Jean‐Philippe , Durand Rodolphe 
Published: December 2009

abstractPath dependence is a central construct in organizational research, used to describe a mechanism that connects the past and the future in an abstract way. However, across institutional, technology, and strategy literatures, it remains unclear why path dependence sometimes occurs and sometimes not, why it sometimes lead to inefficient outcomes and sometimes not, how it differs from mere increasing returns, and how scholars can empirically support their claims on path dependence. Hence, path dependence is not yet a theory since it does not causally relate identified variables in a systematized manner. Instead, the existing literature tends to conflate path dependence as a process (i.e. history unfolding in a self‐reinforcing manner) and as an outcome (i.e. a persisting state of the world with specific properties, called ‘lock‐in’). This paper contributes theoretically and methodologically to tackling these issues by: (1) providing a formal definition of path dependence that disentangles process and outcome, and identifies the necessary conditions for path dependence; (2) distinguishing clearly between path dependence and other ‘history matters’ kinds of mechanisms; and (3) specifying the missing link between theoretical and empirical path dependence. In particular, we suggest moving away from historical case studies of supposedly path‐dependent processes to focus on more controlled research designs such as simulations, experiments, and counterfactual investigation.
Balanced effect of PACAP and FasL on granule cell death during cerebellar development: a morphological, functional and behavioural characterization
Authors: Allais Aurélie , Burel Delphine , Roy Vincent , Arthaud Sébastien , Galas Ludovic , Isaac Emma Rachel , Desfeux Arnaud , Parent Bénédicte , Fournier Alain , Chapillon Pierre , Sherwood Nancy McKeown , Vaudry Hubert , Gonzalez Bruno José 
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 329–340.AbstractIt is now established that the development of the CNS requires equilibrium between cell survival and apoptosis. Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) exerts a powerful protective effect on cerebellar granule cells by inhibiting the caspase 3. In contrast, Fas ligand (FasL) plays an essential role during ontogenesis in eliminating supernumerary neurons by apoptosis. To determine if PACAP and FasL interact during cerebellar development, we characterized the effects of these factors on cerebellar morphogenesis and caspase 3 activity in PACAP+/+ and PACAP−/− mice. First, we demonstrated in vivo that PACAP is able to reverse the diminution of internal granule cell layer thickness induced by FasL in PACAP+/+ and PACAP−/− mice. Second, ex vivo and immunohistochemical studies revealed that interaction between FasL and PACAP occurs through the caspase 3 activity. Third, behavioural study showed a significant difference for the PACAP + FasL group in the righting reflex test at P8 which does not persist at P60. Finally, a time course study revealed that the pro‐apoptotic effect of FasL characterized at P8 was followed by a progressive compensatory mechanism in caspase 3 activity and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. These data suggest that PACAP and FasL interact during cerebellar development to control apoptosis of granule cells and may affect some motor cerebellar functions.
An update on clinical proteomics in Alzheimer’s research
Authors: Korolainen Minna A. , Nyman Tuula A. , Aittokallio Tero , Pirttilä Tuula 
Published: December 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 1386–1414.AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a pathologically complex and aetiologically multifactorial dementing disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. The pathological brain changes are assumed to occur decades prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. The diagnosis of early AD remains problematic and is mainly based on clinical and neuropsychological findings after the onset of symptoms. Currently available drugs are able to delay the symptom progression of the disease but not to attenuate the progression of pathological brain changes. Many studies exploring AD proteomes have been conducted as the middle of 1990s as a consequence of recent advances in the development of both gel‐based and gel‐free proteomics approaches. It is hoped that proteomics can contribute to improving the understanding, diagnosis, and follow‐up of the progression of AD. In this review, we summarise the present status of proteome alterations, with emphasis on quantitative approaches, in AD brain, CSF and blood, and their relevance to dementia research.
P2Y receptors and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice
Authors: Guns Pieter‐Jan DF , Hendrickx Jan , Van Assche Tim , Fransen Paul , Bult Hidde 
Published: December 2009

Background and purpose:  P2Y nucleotide receptors are involved in the regulation of vascular tone, smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and inflammatory responses. The present study investigated whether they are involved in atherosclerosis.Experimental approach:  mRNA of P2Y receptors was quantified (RT‐PCR) in atherosclerotic and plaque‐free aorta segments of apolipoprotein E‐deficient (apoE–/–) mice. Macrophage activation was assessed in J774 macrophages, and effects of non‐selective purinoceptor antagonists on atherosclerosis were evaluated in cholesterol‐fed apoE–/– mice.Key results:  P2Y6 receptor mRNA was consistently elevated in segments with atherosclerosis, whereas P2Y2 receptor expression remained unchanged. Expression of P2Y1 or P2Y4 receptor mRNA was low or undetectable, and not influenced by atherosclerosis. P2Y6 mRNA expression was higher in cultured J774 macrophages than in cultured aortic SMCs. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of plaques demonstrated P2Y6‐positive macrophages, but few SMCs, suggesting that macrophage recruitment accounted for the increase in P2Y6 receptor mRNA during atherosclerosis. In contrast to ATP, the P2Y6‐selective agonist UDP increased mRNA expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin‐6 in J774 macrophages; this effect was blocked by suramin (100–300 µM) or pyridoxal‐phosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′‐4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS, 10–30 µM). Finally, 4‐week treatment of cholesterol‐fed apoE–/– mice with suramin or PPADS (50 and 25 mg·kg−1·day−1 respectively) reduced plaque size, without changing plaque composition (relative SMC and macrophage content) or cell replication.Conclusions and implications:  These results suggest involvement of nucleotide receptors, particularly P2Y6 receptors, during atherosclerosis, and warrant further research with selective purinoceptor antagonists or P2Y6 receptor‐deficient mice.
Virological Surveillance and Preliminary Antigenic Characterization of Influenza Viruses in Pigs in Five European Countries from 2006 to 2008
Authors: Kyriakis C. S. , Brown I. H. , Foni E. , Kuntz‐Simon G. , Maldonado J. , Madec F. , Essen S. C. , Chiapponi C. , Van Reeth K. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThis study presents the results of the virological surveillance for swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in Belgium, UK, Italy, France and Spain from 2006 to 2008. Our major aims were to clarify the occurrence of the three SIV subtypes – H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 – at regional levels, to identify novel reassortant viruses and to antigenically compare SIVs with human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Lung tissue and/or nasal swabs from outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in pigs were investigated by virus isolation. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were determined using standard methods. Of the total 169 viruses, 81 were classified as ‘avian‐like’ H1N1, 36 as human‐like H3N2 and 47 as human‐like H1N2. Only five novel reassortant viruses were identified: two H1N1 viruses had a human‐like HA and three H1N2 viruses an avian‐like HA. All three SIV subtypes were detected in Belgium, Italy and Spain, while only H1N1 and H1N2 viruses were found in UK and Northwestern France. Cross‐hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests with hyperimmune sera against selected older and recent human influenza viruses showed a strong antigenic relationship between human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses from the 1980s and H1N2 and H3N2 human‐like SIVs, confirming their common origin. However, antisera against human viruses isolated during the last decade did not react with currently circulating H1 or H3 SIVs, suggesting that especially young people may be, to some degree, susceptible to SIV infections.
Genotyping of Giardia duodenalis Among Children and Dogs in a Closed Socially Deprived Community From Italy
Authors: Marangi M. , Berrilli F. , Otranto D. , Giangaspero A. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryMolecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis cysts from humans and animals living in well‐defined contexts is useful to study the circulation of isolates and represents a tool to evaluate zoonotic infection risk. The presence of giardiasis in children living in a disadvantaged and socially deprived small Rom community, as well in dogs roaming freely in the same context was carried out by microscopic analysis and beta‐giardin gene amplification. Five out of 14 children were found positive at microscopic examination for G. duodenalis and six positive at PCR, while eight out of 14 dogs tested both microscopically and molecularly positive for G. duodenalis. Moreover, most of the children and dogs were symptomatic. Molecular characterization of Giardia positive samples from children and dogs showed 99.5% identity with Giardia Assemblage A1. The dog‐specific genotypes C and D were not found. The findings of this survey provide the first European evidence to support the possible role of dogs in zoonotic transmission involving children and stray dogs in a closed context with very low standards of hygiene (i.e. Rom community), and these results show the need to monitor the health of marginal populations to safeguard ethnic minority groups.
Evaluation of Mass Vaccination Campaign Coverage Against Rabies in Dogs in Tunisia
Authors: Touihri L. , Zaouia I. , Elhili K. , Dellagi K. , Bahloul C. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIn Tunisia, rabies continues to be considered as a serious public health concern. Very costly mass vaccination of dogs against rabies and expensive post‐exposure prophylaxis are prerequisites to maintain a low level of human rabies cases. In Tunisia, the implementation of mass vaccination campaigns at the national level has undoubtedly contributed to the drop of rabies endemicity, but the overall outcome is rather suboptimal. In this investigation, we wanted to estimate the extent of the vaccination coverage in dogs in three Governorates (Manouba, Kassrine and Mednine), by collecting data through questionnaires and interviews relevant to 1470 owned dogs. When the campaign is correctly applied, as in Manouba, almost all the targeted dog population can be reached by parenteral vaccination and an almost elimination of the disease can be evidenced. However, in Kasserine and especially in Medenine, where the vaccination coverage is lower than 31%, a reservoir for the disease can be maintained. To match the official figures of vaccination coverage, we should update the statistics of the size of dog population which seems to be bigger than what is assumed. In addition, we wanted to assess the level of involvement of the local population with the vaccination campaigns by marking vaccinated dogs with necklaces and establishing later on the vaccination coverage accordingly. The highest levels of vaccination coverage can be reached in the rural regions. Therefore, the low vaccination coverage in rural areas, reported at the national level, is more attributable to the lack of human and financial resources to reach remote regions. We think that rabies control programmes in Tunisia can be successful if vaccination coverage can reach 70% in all parts of the country. The achieved vaccination coverage should be estimated after random visits in many parts of the country and by checking valid vaccination certificates.
Comparison of Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism with the Polymorphic Guanine-Cytosine-Rich Sequence and Spoligotyping for Differentiation of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Isolates with Five or Fewer Copies of IS
6110
Authors: Flores Laura , Jarlsberg Leah G. , Kim Elizabeth Y. , Osmond Dennis , Grinsdale Jennifer , Kawamura Masae , Desmond Ed , Hopewell Philip C. , Kato-Maeda Midori 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

The use of IS
6110
as a marker for molecular epidemiological studies is limited when a
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolate has five or fewer copies of
IS6110
. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with a highly polymorphic GC-rich repetitive sequence located in the plasmid pTBN12 (PGRS RFLP) and spoligotyping (based on the polymorphism of the DR region) are two frequently used secondary typing methods. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of these two methods in a population-based study in San Francisco. We included all patients with culture-positive tuberculosis from 1999 to 2007 with IS
6110
RFLP results presenting five or fewer bands. PGRS RFLP and spoligotyping were performed using standardized methods. We determined the concordance between the two methods regarding cluster status and the risk factors for an isolate to be in a cluster with each of the methods. Our data indicate that both methods had similar discriminatory power and that the risk factors associated with clustering by either method were the same. Although the cluster/unique status was concordant in 84% of the isolates, patients were clustered differently depending on the method. Therefore, the methods are not interchangeable, and the same method should be used for longitudinal studies.
Sequestration of Free Tubulin Molecules by the Viral Protein NSP2 Induces Microtubule Depolymerization during Rotavirus Infection
Authors: Martin Davy , Duarte Mariela , Lepault Jean , Poncet Didier 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTMicrotubules, components of the cell cytoskeleton, play a central role in cellular trafficking. Here we show that rotavirus infection leads to a remodeling of the microtubule network together with the formation of tubulin granules. While most microtubules surrounding the nucleus depolymerize, others appear packed at the cell periphery. In microtubule depolymerization areas, tubulin granules are observed; they colocalize with viroplasms, viral compartments formed by interactions between rotavirus proteins NSP2 and NSP5. With purified proteins, we show that tubulin directly interactsin vitrowith NSP2 but not with NSP5. The binding of NSP2 to tubulin is independent of its phosphatase activity. The comparison of three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of NSP2 octamers alone or associated with tubulin reveals electron densities in the positively charged grooves of NSP2 that we attribute to tubulin. Site-directed mutagenesis of NSP2 and competition assays between RNA and tubulin for NSP2 binding confirm that tubulin binds to these charged grooves of NSP2. Although the tubulin position within NSP2 grooves cannot be precisely determined, the tubulin C-terminal H12 α-helix could be involved in the interaction. NSP2 overexpression and rotavirus infection produce similar effects on the microtubule network. NSP2 depolymerizes microtubules and leads to tubulin granule formation. Our results demonstrate that tubulin is a viroplasm component and reveal an original mechanism. Tubulin sequestration by NSP2 induces microtubule depolymerization. This depolymerization probably reroutes the cell machinery by inhibiting trafficking and functions potentially involved in defenses to viral infections.
The Latent Origin of Replication of Epstein-Barr Virus Directs Viral Genomes to Active Regions of the Nucleus
Authors: Deutsch Manuel J. , Ott Elisabeth , Papior Peer , Schepers Aloys 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

The Epstein-Barr virus efficiently infects human B cells. The EBV genome is maintained extrachromosomally and replicates synchronously with the host's chromosomes. The latent origin of replication (
oriP
) guarantees plasmid stability by mediating two basic functions: replication and segregation of the viral genome. While the segregation process of EBV genomes is well understood, little is known about its chromatin association and nuclear distribution during interphase. Here, we analyzed the nuclear localization of EBV genomes and the role of functional
oriP
domains FR and DS for basic functions such as the transformation of primary cells, their role in targeting EBV genomes to distinct nuclear regions, and their association with epigenetic domains. Fluorescence
in situ
hybridization visualized the localization of extrachromosomal EBV genomes in the regions adjacent to chromatin-dense territories called the perichromatin. Further, immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated a preference of the viral genome for histone 3 lysine 4-trimethylated (H3K4me3) and histone 3 lysine 9-acetylated (H3K9ac) nuclear regions. To determine the role of FR and DS for establishment and subnuclear localization of EBV genomes, we transformed primary human B lymphocytes with recombinant mini-EBV genomes containing different
oriP
mutants. The loss of DS results in a slightly increased association in H3K27me3 domains. This study demonstrates that EBV genomes or
oriP
-based extrachromosomal vector systems are integrated into the higher order nuclear organization. We found that viral genomes are not randomly distributed in the nucleus. FR but not DS is crucial for the localization of EBV in perichromatic regions that are enriched for H3K4me3 and H3K9ac, which are hallmarks of transcriptionally active regions.
Identification of the CD163 Protein Domains Involved in Infection of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus
Authors: Van Gorp Hanne , Van Breedam Wander , Van Doorsselaere Jan , Delputte Peter L. , Nauwynck Hans J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT
Scavenger receptor CD163 is a key entry mediator for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). To identify the CD163 protein domains involved in PRRSV infection, deletion mutants and chimeric mutants were created. Infection experiments revealed that scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain 5 (SRCR 5) is essential for PRRSV infection, while the four N-terminal SRCR domains and the cytoplasmic tail are not required. The remaining CD163 protein domains need to be present but can be replaced by corresponding SRCR domains from CD163-L1, resulting in reduced (SRCR 6 and interdomain regions) or unchanged (SRCR 7 to SRCR 9) infection efficiency. In addition, CD163-specific antibodies recognizing SRCR 5 are able to reduce PRRSV infection.