bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allgemeine Signalphonetik als phonetische Informationserschließung
Authors: Vieregge Wilhelm H. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
After a short critical presentation of the position of phonetics as a scientific discipline, it is shown how to develop the concept of ‘disclosure of phonetic information’ (phonetische Informationserschlieβung). One can see that it is possible to understand the ‘signal phonetics’ (Signalphonetik) as a process of disclosure of phonetic information along the fields of manifestation of phonetic information (Manifestationsbereiche) within the chain: speaker, transmission medium, and hearer.
Speaker Identification from Turbulent Portions of Fricatives
Authors: La Riviere Conrad 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Previous reports have not indicated whether inter-speaker variation in the production of fricative consonants is great enough so that turbulence can serve as a cue in speaker identification. In this experiment 12 listeners were exposed to isolated turbulence portions of fricatives, as produced by 8 male speakers, and asked to judge speaker identity. Results indicate that speakers can be identified from such stimuli, that the addition of a laryngeal source results in higher identification levels, and that performance tends to improve as place of articulation moves posteriorly.
Coarticulation of Upper Lip Protrusion in French
Authors: Benguerel André-Pierre , Cowan Helen A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study investigates the temporal organization of upper lip protrusion in French. A photocell was used to transduce upper lip movement into a recordable electrical signal. The utterances under study were recorded by six native speakers of French. Three aspects of the protrusion gesture are examined: extent of protrusion, velocity, and transition time. Results indicate differences between these three measures for the production of /u/ as compared to /y/ as well as differences when upper lip movement is directed away from its target protrusion position as compared to when it is directed toward its target protrusion position. This study also includes an attempt to determine onset of protrusion in a consonant cluster followed by a rounded vowel. Results show that the protrusion movement due to the rounding of the second vowel of a group –VCC ... CV– starts as early as the first consonant of a cluster of 4–6 consonants. In some cases, it even starts during the vowel preceding the cluster. These results do not support Kozhevnikov and Chistovich’s model of a CC ... CV-type syllable. On the other hand, they are compatible with Henke’s articulatory model of speech production.
Theories and Methods in Spanish Intonational Studies
Authors: Kvavik Karen H. , Olsen Carroll L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper demonstrates and evaluates the various approaches used in Spanish intonational research. Dialectal studies, theoretical and methodological approaches, and intonation representational schemata are reviewed in a chronological order and integrated with the main theoretical currents of the field. The authors suggest directions for future research and present a summary of their own investigations into two dialects of Spanish – Castilian and Mexican – using the computerized intonation extractor of the University of Toronto.
Test sur la perception des voyelles orales françaises par des Français et des étrangers
Authors: Calbris G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The variations requested about 14 vocal pairs confirm two privileged axes: one horizontal of gravity, the other vertical of aperture, with however on each of the axes an interference between both aspects. Besides these common points, to which belongs the perception of /o/ as the gravest vowel, the results obtained with Frenchmen differ from those of the foreigners in so far as the native speakers are revealed to have a more phonological than phonetic and a more proprioceptive than auditory perception. Likewise, we notice the emergence of two perceptive axes: an auditory acute/grave axe, which is rather linked to the volume of the cavity, and a proprioceptive ‘opening’/‘closure’ axe, which is linked to the joined factors of aperture and retraction as opposed to closure and labialization. The clearness of the vowel becomes a result of the acuity and of the perceptive ‘opening’, the darkness a result of the gravity and of the ‘closure’.
Discrimination Learning of Nasalized and Non-Nasalized Vowels by Five-, Six-, and Seven-Year-OId Children
Authors: Gilbert John H. , Wyman Virginia J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
15 predominantly English-speaking, and 9 predominantly French-speaking kindergarten and grade one children served as subjects in an experiment designed to investigate discrimination learning of distinctive features. Stimuli were presented aurally and consisted of (a) meaningful non-linguistic sounds, (b) four non-nasalized vowels, (c) nasalized equivalents of the non-nasalized vowels. Results showed that: (a) linguistic stimuli were not as well learned as non-linguistic stimuli, (b) nasalized vowels were learned significantly less well than their non-nasalized equivalents, and (c) only the distinctive feature [± nasal] appeared to correlate with discrimination learning scores. The other features, [ ± round] and [ ± back], did not appear to operate independently in vowel perception. No evidence was obtained to support the hypothesis that one feature is more easily learned than other features within a discrimination learning task, or that a hierarchy governing the perception of distinctive features exists.
Stress in Icelandic
Authors: Liberman A.S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The author sets out to reconsider the relationships between stress and quantity in Icelandic. He comes to the conclusion that since in Icelandic the same line separates stress from non-stress and the long from the short, there is no need to introduce both length and stress into the phonological description of this language. The only objective criterion of classifying Icelandic syllables is the so-called quantitative peak. Icelandic, as well as all the other Germanic languages and Russian, shows that stress does not just mark off a syllable as a physical entity; it rather turns it into a plaything of other forces: phonematic or prosodic, as the case may be.
Analyse contrastive des variables temporelles de l’anglais et du français: vitesse de parole et variables composantes, phénomènes d’hésitation
Authors: Grosjean François , Deschamps Alain 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper analyses the different temporal variables of English and French in a similar linguistic task, namely radio-interviews. Both languages show a great deal of similarities, but differ considerably with regard to silent pauses and the distribution of the secondary variables. A tentative explanation for these differences is given; it is partly based on the hypothesis that the two languages have the same over-all behaviour in view of a given linguistic task, but differ in the distribution of the simple variables. A compensation would therefore take place at the level of the simple variables leading to identical central values for the complex variables of the two languages.
Cinefluorographic Study of Selected Allophones of English /I/
Authors: Giles Stephen B. , Moll Kenneth L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this cinefluorographic study of a number of allophonic variations of English /l/ was to describe the articulatory characteristics of these variations and to assess factors which may be responsible for the variations. Three subjects produced a speech sample containing English words and phrases while the high speed cinefluorographic films were made. The observed variability centered around two allophone groups, the prevocalic and the post-vocalic, having different articulatory characteristics. The pre-vocalic productions showed a more anterior lingual position and faster speed of movement than was observed for the post-vocalic group. Consequently, the pre-vocalic allophones showed no undershoot of the anterior lingual contact, while the post-vocalics did show undershoot of this position. The syllabic /l/ productions displayed lingual configurations like the post-vocalic group and movement characteristics like those shown when /l/ is articulated in a pre-vocalic cluster. Variation within the three major allophone groups can be explained within current concepts of coarticulation and articulatory undershoot.
Etude statistique de la fréquence laryngienne
Authors: Boë Louis-Jean , Contini Michel , Rakotofiringa Hippolyte 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Some precisions concerning the specification and the instruments developed for the measurement of laryngeal frequency F1 being stated, the authors give statistical results for French. In first approximation, the F1 distribution is gaussian for a given corpus; the standard deviation measured and given in percentage referring to the mean laryngeal frequency F1 is about 16% for male and female speakers. Ceteris partibus, the variations of F1 are relatively low for a given speaker from one record to an other (about ± ½ tone). The means of F1 are given for samples (gaussian) concerning adults (30 males and 30 female): respectively 118 and 207 Hz with standard deviation σ (F1) of 18 and 20 Hz. The ratio ?1 of the voiced duration to the total duration of the corpus, dependant on the sex: 0.50 for men and 0.63 for women (the difference is significant at the 0.001 level) allows the specification of the speaking rate. When the speaking rate increases, the length of pauses decreases. These results can be used for an estimation of the precision of the statistical measurement of F1 and σ (F1), in relation to the number of periods N. To N appears a total duration of the corpus determined by ?1. A comparison is made between the results of the calculation and the measurement. The F1 specification can be used for determination of the vocal source of synthesizer to improve naturalness of synthetic sounds and for analysis and synthesis of prosodic features using the results of two previous papers which have allowed to specify the position of level 1 2 and 4 and to show the differences in the perceptual importance of the variations introduced in connection with the three levels.
Variation in Dialect Proficiency and Restructuring
Authors: Hameyer Klaus 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper investigates the linguistic consequences of the post-World War II relocation of low-German speaking Pomeranians in the west. These speakers have been under the influence of three language norms; those of standard German, of Pomeranian low-German, and of Schleswig-Holstein low-German for 25 years. The study shows that the Pomeranian dialect has not been retained to the same extent by all speakers, and moreover, that the variable proficiency does not correlate with age, even though it is often assumed that older speakers necessarily speak a ‘purer’ dialect, but rather it correlates with social factors and structural factors of the dialect. As regards the structural factors, it is shown that reinforcement, i.e. the agreement of the Pomeranian dialect form with that of standard German or Holstein low-German, is significant. Eleven phonological traits of the Pomeranian dialect are studied in the speech of twelve migrated speakers.
Analyse phonologique du maltais
Authors: Krier Fernande 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study analyzes the phonemes of Maltese, an Arabic dialect which has been much influenced by Sicilian and Italian. The method of commutation allows to bring out the phonemes which are defined and classified; then follows the treatment of their combinations and the prosodic features. A specimen of the corpus is added in phonetic and phonemic transcription.
French Liaison as a Function of Grammatical, Phonetic and Paralinguistic Variables
Authors: Malécot André 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This article, the sixth in a series presenting the results of a computer-assisted analysis of a tape-recorded corpus of natural conversations by members of the educated middle-class of Paris, deals with liaison. The results, as compared to those of earlier studies on this subject, show a number of interesting differences, possibly due to recent linguistic evolution. The frequency of liaison is studied in the context of (1) the grammatical functions of the contiguous words involved in the phenomenon, (2) the phonetic characteristics of the liaison consonant and (3) a number of paralinguistic variables such as sex, age, occupation, syllabic rate, loudness, the attitude and posture of the speaker, and subject matter. These results are incorporated into a new table of practical rules for the linguist, teacher and student of French, that also specifies liaison differences between the conversational style of the dominant (Ile-de-France) dialect of French and the artistic affectation known as elocution.
Tongue-Lip Pressures during Speech of Australian Aborigines
Authors: Proffit William R. , McGlone Robert E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Electronic instruments to measure tongue and lip pressures and pressure patterns in Australian aborigines made it possible to differentiate physiologically between certain sounds. Lingual pressure patterns indicate that the /t/, /nt/ and /tj/ sounds in the Walbiri language require different articulatory gestures and are properly considered separate phonemes. Labial pressures distinguish classes of phonemes but not individual sounds. Tongue positioning within the oral cavity of aborigines reveals compensations for their different anatomy, but articulatory gestures are remarkably similar in aborigines and Americans.
Variation in Lingual Coarticulation at Certain Juncture Boundaries
Authors: Su Lo-Soun , Daniloff Raymond , Hammarberg Robert 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The acoustic spectra of [m] produced by speakers of American English in various [mV] contexts was studied for coarticulatory variations caused by the [vowel] under conditions of varying juncture boundaries occurring between [m] and [vowel]. Dispersion analysis was used to estimate the coarticulatory variation in [m] spectra. Low level junctures marked by short pauses do not disrupt nasal-vowel coarticulation. However, higher level junctures such as between extraposed clauses or phrases and the body of an utterance are more often than not marked with long pauses, and concomitant reduction of nasal-vowel coarticulation.
Neutralisierung englischer Akzentunterschiede in der Nachkontur
Authors: Huss Volker 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
PILCH's analysis of the English intonation contour implies that the difference between the primary and secondary stresses exists only in the contour nucleus, but is inaudible elsewhere. This hypothesis has been checked and confirmed both by auditory and acoustic analysis and by the test responses of native speakers. The parameters by which primary and secondary stresses are heard as different are length and pitch change. The pitch difference disappears outside the contour nucleus, and the length relations may be reversed causing wrong identifications by the listeners.
La mimique buccale
Authors: Fónagy Ivan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The mechanism for the acoustic encoding of emotions was analyzed by means of two X-ray films containing neutral and emotional variants (anger, hate, sadness, joy, tenderness, irony) of six Hungarian phrases. Each attitude is expressed by an articulatory pattern peculiar to it. This oral gesture can be seen as superimposed on the (ideal) neutral articulation. Each concrete sound necessarily contains two pieces of information differing profoundly both at the level of content (conceptual vs. preconceptual) and of expression (arbitrary linguistics vs. non-arbitrary prelinguistic encoding). In some cases, this double encoding is reflected in ambiguous and contradictory lingual articulation.
On the Predictive Role of the Recent Theories of Aspiration
Authors: Bhatia Tej K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive power of recent theories of aspiration. These theories (lag of voicing) predict that aspirated sounds will be perceived as unaspirated in word-final position, as in the case of Korean stops. Contrary to the predictions of these theories, our experiment showed that in final position in Hindi stops, such a neutralization between unaspirated and aspirated stops was absent. What is even more interesting is that the intelligibility of aspirated sounds in Hindi was the highest on the perception scale while unaspirated had a lower rank.
A Minor Figure in 19th-Century French Linguistics: A. Dufriche-Desgenettes
Authors: Koerner E.F.K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A.DUFRICHE-DESGENETTES’ (1804-ca. 1885) life and work has remained in the dark until today, although he was a founding member of the Société de Linguistique de Paris. It was only some 70 years after his death that R. Godel in 1957, in his Sources manuscrites of the Saussurean Cours, bestowed recognition on Dufriche-Desgenettes as the inventor of the term ‘phoneme’ in a paper presented to the Paris Linguistic Society on May 24 1873. The present paper is the first attempt to bring together the essential information available about Dufriche-Desgenettes, the man and his work.
An Analysis of the Temporal Features of Ejective Consonants
Authors: Hogan John T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper reports some temporal measurements of glottalic ejective consonants. Measurements of pre-release silence before stops, the time from consonant release to vowel onset, and the post-release silent interval are obtained and submitted to analyses of variance. Also several interesting properties emerge from the study. First, the silent interval between release of consonant and vowel onset is an important factor relating to the characterization of voice onset time. Second, F2 and F3 transitions do not regularly appear in the beginning of the vowel nucleus as a cue for place of articulation.
Relations entre la forme du conduit vocal et les caractéristiques acoustiques des voyelles françaises
Authors: Mrayati M. , Carré R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The distribution inside the vocal tract of certain acoustic parameters (volume velocity, acoustic pressure, stored energy) is calculated for the French vowels. Calculations are made using a simulated lossy transmission line model of the vocal tract. The obtained results are used to study the relation between the acoustic characteristics of these vowels and the corresponding articulatory dimensions. Three aspects of this relation are developed: (1) the ‘affiliation degree’ of each formant with different sections of the vocal tract; (2) the sensitivity of each formant frequency to small changes of the vocal tract area function, and (3) the contribution of each part of the vocal tract to formant damping for each of the distributed losses. The effects of radiation impedance and wall vibration on these relations are evaluated. Use of these results is possible in the fields of speech analysis and vocal tract modeling.
Toward Defining Acoustic Phonetic Equivalence for Vowels
Authors: Broad David J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Determining whether or not two arbitrary vowel tokens are phonetically equivalent is the crucial step in classifying vowels phonetically. Acoustic phonetic equivalence for vowel sounds is discussed in the light of data on formant frequency variability. Random variation between repetitions of the same item by the same speaker or between imitations of the same item by different speakers determines a range of practical limits on the sizes of acoustic phonetic equivalence classes. Vowel imitation is suggested as an approach to defining vowel equivalence across speakers. Effects of prosody and context can be handled cither by estimating vowel targets or by permitting an intended or perceived vowel type to have a number of condition-dependent variants. The consequences of these options are discussed in terms of their practicality and consistency with basic phonetic concepts.
Nouvelle contribution à la théorie des «locus»
Authors: Emerit Etienne 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Johansson’s experiments reveal that /d/ is identified mostly thanks to its transitions, in opposition to /b/ and /g/, a consideration which sustains the author’s opinion. By means of EVA III, he first synthesized /da/ and /du/ after DELATTREs rules, then after natural patterns. The latter turn out to be quite more intelligible, a consideration which shows that the extrapolated ‘loci’ which Delattre had to use in order to avoid categorization confusions, are not able to ensure ‘maximal’ consonantic perception; his experiments must have been altered by confusion between ‘transitions’ and ‘sonorous attacks’. The author considers logatoms as ‘aggregate patterns’, tackles formantic anamorphosis and ‘balance’, and gives notice of the realization of an ‘evagraphic dictionary’ intended for computer speech.
The Acoustic Status of the Mute-e in French
Authors: Malécot Andre , Chollet Gérard 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A recent article in Phonetica has shown the effect of linguistic and paralinguistic factors on the frequency of elision of the French mute-e. The present study deals primarily with its spectral characteristics and identifiability. It also describes a new computer-assisted technique of acoustic analysis which advantageously replaces conventional spectrograms. The results of the study show that the entity in question has hardly half the phonetic individuality of other French vowels, and while it is closest in color to /ø/, it is only half as discrete.
Tonal Distinctions in Cantonese
Authors: Vance Timothy J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The experiment reported here is a perceptual study of the six contrastive tones of Cantonese. The monosyllable [jλu] was synthesized, and a large number of closely spaced Fo contours were applied to it. Listeners were asked to identify each synthetic stimulus as one of six Cantonese words which all have the segmental shape [jλu] and differ only in tone. The response data were used to compare two impressionistic accounts of the tonal distinctions and determine which reflects actual Fo more accurately. In general, the results accord fairly well with straightforward predictions made from the impressionistic accounts, but there is one major exception. It appears that something in addition to differences in Fo is involved in distinguishing the low-low tone from the other tones.
Baseldeutsche Phonologie
Authors: Pilch Herbert 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper attempts a new departure both in German dialectology and in phonemic analysis: (i) It is based on an open corpus of spontaneous, colloquial speech. (ii) The segmentals (phonemes and clusters) are integrated into the hierarchy of supra-segmentals (syllable types, shape types, intonation contours). (iii) Phonemic variability is recognized within the dialect. Its major isoglosses are restated in terms of phoneme correlations. (iv) Certain unstressed words do occur in isolation. (v) Vowel length is recognized as redundant, but the difference between the dental /t/ and the alveolar /t/ is distinctive. (vi) The inventories of stressed and unstressed vowels differ radically, the unstressed suffixes containing the vowels /i a/ only. (vii) The peripheral status is analyzed of the aspirates (other than /kh/), of the affricates /tš kχ/, and of the lenis /t š n/, but none of these phonemes is limited to loanwords.(viii) The fusion is analyzed of adjacent stops in initial k- and {-clusters.