bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kindness, Not Compassion, in Healthcare
Authors: FAUST HALLEY S. 
Published: May 2009

“Dissecting Bioethics,” edited by Tuija Takala and Matti Häyry, welcomes contributions on the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of bioethics.The section is dedicated to the idea that words defined by bioethicists and others should not be allowed to imprison people's actual concerns, emotions, and thoughts. Papers that expose the many meanings of a concept, describe the different readings of a moral doctrine, or provide an alternative angle to seemingly self-evident issues are therefore particularly appreciated.The themes covered in the section so far include dignity, naturalness, public interest, community, disability, autonomy, parity of reasoning, symbolic appeals, and toleration.All submitted papers are peer reviewed. To submit a paper or to discuss a suitable topic, contact Tuija Takala at tuija.takala@helsinki.fi.
The effect of interaction between macromolecule supplement and oxygen tension on bovine oocytes and embryos culturedin vitro
Authors: Mingoti G.Z. , Caiado Castro V.S.D. , Méo S.C. , Barretto L.S.S. , Garcia J.M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAiming to improvein vitroproduction of bovine embryos and to obtain supplements to replace serum forin vitromaturation (IVM), this study evaluated the effects of macromolecular supplementation of IMV medium (bovine serum albumin – BSA, polyvinyl alcohol – PVA, polyvinyl pyrrolidone – PVP, Ficoll, KnockoutSR, or fetal calf serum – FCS) and oxygen tension [5% CO2in air (20% O2) or 5% CO2, 5% O2and 90% N2(5% O2)] on oocyte maturation and embryo development. Nuclear progression to germinal vesicle breakdown, metaphase I and metaphase II stages were evaluated and overall results revealed that undefined (FCS) and semi-defined (BSA) media gave better results at 20% O2and defined media (PVA, PVP and Ficoll) at 5% O2. Independent of macromolecule supplement, IVM at 20% O2was considered optimal for nuclear maturation. To evaluate embryo development, oocytes matured in the previously described conditions were fertilized and cultured at the same oxygen tension used for IVM and assessed for cleavage (43.0 to 74.8%) and development to morulae (16.4 to 33.8%), blastocyst (7.7 to 52.9%) and hatched blastocyst (9.6 to 48.1%). Apart from oxygen tension, all treatments, except Knockout (22.7%), gave similar results for blastocyst development (26.5 to 38.7%). Independently of macromolecule supplement, higher development rates were obtained in an oxygen tension of 20% O2(67.4% cleavage, 29.2% morulae, 40.8% blastocyst and 34.0% hatched blastocyst) when compared with 5% O2(52.5, 21.8, 18.2 and 15.6%, respectively). This study indicates that BSA, PVA, PVP and Ficoll can replace serum during IVM and that the optimal atmospheric condition forin vitroproduction of bovine embryos is 5% CO2and 20% O2.
A Unique Vascular Configuration among the Efferent Branchial Arteries and Splanchnic Arteries in the Yellow Stingray,Urobatis jamaicensis
Authors: Basten Bethany L. , Sherman Robin L. , Lametschwandtner Alois , Spieler Richard E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWith light and scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts, we have observed inUrobatis jamaicensisthat the fourth epibranchial arteries do not merge completely with the dorsal aorta. Instead they form a brief anastomosis with a short vessel projecting ventrally from the dorsal aorta and maintain their integrity as separately distinct vessels. Posterior to the anastomosis, the right epibranchial becomes the celiac trunk and left epibranchial becomes the anterior mesenteric artery/posterior intestinal artery. This vascular configuration appears to be unique in elasmobranchs.
An Interdisciplinary Treatment Approach for Soldiers With TBI/PTSD: Issues and Outcomes
Authors: Schneider Sandra L. , Haack Lisa , Owens Jenny , Herrington Dominique P. , Zelek Anita 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: While the co-morbidity of symptoms associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the injured military population is currently being discussed and researched, those of us in the rehabilitation fields need to be ready now to serve this complex population. We are challenged to provide the best services with limited research and evidence-based practices to guide us. This article presents an interdisciplinary approach to treatment for soldiers with TBI.Method: We compare and contrast the blast-induced brain injury acquired in the military population, designated as the “signature injury of this war,” to “typical” TBI populations.Results and conclusions: We share what we have learned by serving this population and present each discipline's assessments, treatment strategies, outcome measures, and suggestions for navigating the military “mindset” of the soldiers being served.
Self delta-equivalence for links whose Milnor’s isotopy invariants vanish
Authors: Yasuhara Akira 
Published: May 2009

For an

n
n

-component link, Milnor’s isotopy invariants are defined for each multi-index

I
=

i
1

i
2

.
.
.

i
m

(

i
j

∈
{
1
,
.
.
.
,
n
}
)

I=i_1i_2...i_m~(i_j\in \{1,...,n\})

. Here

m
m

is called the length. Let

r
(
I
)

r(I)

denote the maximum number of times that any index appears in

I
I

. It is known that Milnor invariants with

r
=
1

r=1

, i.e., Milnor invariants for all multi-indices

I
I

with

r
(
I
)
=
1

r(I)=1

, are link-homotopy invariant. N. Habegger and X. S. Lin showed that two string links are link-homotopic if and only if their Milnor invariants with

r
=
1

r=1

coincide. This gives us that a link in

S
3

S^3

is link-homotopic to a trivial link if and only if all Milnor invariants of the link with

r
=
1

r=1

vanish. Although Milnor invariants with

r
=
2

r=2

are not link-homotopy invariants, T. Fleming and the author showed that Milnor invariants with

r
≤
2

r\leq 2

are self

Δ
\Delta

-equivalence invariants. In this paper, we give a self

Δ
\Delta

-equivalence classification of the set of

n
n

-component links in

S
3

S^3

whose Milnor invariants with length

≤
2
n
−
1

\leq 2n-1

and

r
≤
2

r\leq 2

vanish. As a corollary, we have that a link is self

Δ
\Delta

-equivalent to a trivial link if and only if all Milnor invariants of the link with

r
≤
2

r\leq 2

vanish. This is a geometric characterization for links whose Milnor invariants with

r
≤
2

r\leq 2

vanish. The chief ingredient in our proof is Habiro’s clasper theory. We also give an alternate proof of a link-homotopy classification of string links by using clasper theory.
When is year-class strength determined in western Baltic herring?
Authors: Oeberst Rainer , Klenz Birgitt , Gröhsler Tomas , Dickey-Collas Mark , Nash Richard D. M. , Zimmermann Christopher 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Oeberst, R., Klenz, B., Gröhsler, T., Dickey-Collas, M., Nash, R. D. M., and Zimmermann, C. 2009. When is year-class strength determined in western Baltic herring? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1667–1672. Weekly surveys of larvae in the Strelasund and the Greifswalder Bodden were used to investigate when year-class strength is determined in western Baltic spring-spawning (WBSS) herring. An abundance metric of larvae reaching a length of 20 mm over the entire spawning season was constructed by accounting for increases in daily growth resulting from seasonal increases in temperature (5–20°C). The index was significantly correlated with the acoustic estimates of age-1 herring in the western Baltic Sea (r = 0.88) and with the estimates of year-class strength obtained from stock assessment (r = 0.65). Previous studies of herring elsewhere have reported that year-class strength is determined during the late larval stage, but we show that year-class strength can already be fixed at a larval length of only 20 mm. Although the index obtained may be used in stock assessment and predictions, the intriguing question remains, namely how can the signal of larval productivity from one single spawning component of WBSS herring reflect the year-class dynamics of the entire stock?
2,4-Bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one
Authors: Parthiban P. , Ramkumar V. , Kim Min Sung , Son Se Mo , Jeong Yeon Tae 
Published: May 2009

In the title compound, C22H25NO3, the molecule has a pseudo-mirror plane. The structure is a positional isomer of 2,4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one [Cox, McCabe, Milne & Sim (1985).J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.pp. 626–628]. The 3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one moiety adopts a double chair conformation with equatorial orientations of both 2-methoxyphenyl substituents on either side of the secondary amino group. The benzene rings are oriented at an angle of 33.86 (4)° with respect to each other and the methoxy groups point towards the carbonyl group. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N—H...π interactions.
3-(1H-Tetrazol-5-yl)pyridinium chloride
Authors: Dai Jing , Yu Miao-Jia 
Published: May 2009

In the cation of the title compound, C6H6N5+·Cl−, the pyridinium and tetrazole rings are nearly coplanar, making a dihedral angle of 5.05 (12)°. The cations and anions are connected by intermolecular N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming a centrosymmetric [2 + 2] aggregate. The aggregates are stacked along theaaxis.
Effects of chitosan coating and storage position on quality and shelf life of eggs
Authors: Kim Su Hyun , Youn Dal Kyoung , No Hong Kyoon , Choi Sang Won , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: May 2009

SummaryEffects of chitosan coating and storage positions (small‐end down, small‐end up or horizontal) on internal quality and shelf life of eggs were evaluated during 5 weeks of storage at 25 °C. Compared with noncoated eggs, all chitosan‐coated eggs, irrespective of storage positions, had significantly lesser weight loss, higher Haugh units and higher yolk index throughout the storage. Chitosan coating, irrespective of storage positions, extended the egg shelf life by at least 3 weeks at 25 °C compared with noncoated eggs. Noncoated and chitosan‐coated eggs placed small‐end down tentatively showed better quality than eggs placed small‐end up after 3 and 4 weeks of storage. After 5 weeks of storage, storage positions did not significantly affect quality of noncoated and chitosan‐coated eggs. There were no notable differences in total amino acid content of the albumen and fatty acid composition of the yolk between noncoated and chitosan‐coated eggs after 5 weeks of storage.
Potato starch edible films to control oxidative rancidity of polyunsaturated lipids: effects of film composition, thickness and water activity
Authors: Osés Javier , Niza Sandra , Ziani Khalid , Maté Juan I. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe objective of this work was to study the effect of potato starch‐based films acting as oxygen barrier on the oxidative rancidity of vegetable oil, as an example of a food rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect of glycerol (Gly) content (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%), film thickness (30, 60, 100 μm) as well as environmental relative humidity (RH) (50% or 75%) were analysed. Results obtained confirmed that potato starch films delayed the rancidity in vegetable oil. Films without Gly provided the same protection as films with 10% Gly. Films with higher Gly content were not as effective oxygen barrier. It is likely that the fact that film protective capability diminished with increased RH or Gly content was due to the increasing moisture content of the films. Despite that fact, potato starch films can be considered a very efficient oxygen barrier even at RH as high as 75%.
Detection of Acidovorax valerianellae in corn‐salad seeds, seed transmission of the pathogen and disease development in the field
Authors: Grondeau C. , Samson R. 
Published: May 2009

Acidovorax valerianellae, the causal agent of bacterial black spot of corn salad and responsible for severe economic losses to this vegetable in France, was successfully transmitted to corn‐salad plants by artificially inoculated seeds in glasshouse and field experiments. In the field experiments, climatic data recorded under plastic tunnels indicated that increasing temperature and relative humidity increased symptom development. To investigate the possible contamination of commercial seedlots of corn salad, a seed test was developed consisting of soaking batches of seeds (five batches each of 5000, 1000, 500 and 100 seeds) overnight at 4°C in distilled sterile water, followed by dilution‐plating of seed extracts on TSAV (tryptic soya agar for A. valerianellae) semiselective medium. Suspected colonies were identified by biochemical and pathogenicity tests or, within 24 h, using antibodies specific to A. valerianellae. Acidovorax valerianellae was detected in three lots. Seed infection levels ranged from 0·10 to 0·89% of contaminated seeds and a single seed carried up to 1800 A. valerianellae colony‐forming units.
Sm–Nd isotopic mapping of lithospheric growth and stabilization in the eastern Kaapvaal craton
Authors: Schoene Blair , Dudas Francis O. L. , Bowring Samuel A. , De Wit Maarten 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhole‐rock Sm–Nd isotope systematics of 79 Archean granitoids from the eastern Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa, are used to delineate lithospheric boundaries and to constrain the timescale of crustal growth, assembly and geochemical differentiation c. 3.66–2.70 Ga. Offsets in εNd values for 3.2–3.3 Ga granitoids across the Barberton greenstone belt (BGB) are consistent with existing models for c. 3.23 Ga accretion of newly formed lithosphere north of the BGB onto pre‐existing c. 3.66 Ga lithosphere south of the BGB along a doubly verging subduction margin. The Nd isotopic signature of c. 3.3–3.2 Ga magmatic rocks show that significant crustal growth occurred during subduction–accretion. After c. 3.2 Ga, however, the Nd signature of intrusive rocks c. 3.1 and 2.7 Ga is dominated by intracrustal recycling rather than by new additions from the mantle, signalling cratonic stability.
Evolution of sexual size monomorphism: the influence of passive mate guarding
Authors: DUNHAM A. E. , RUDOLF V. H. W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSome species have potential for intense mate competition yet exhibit little or no sexual size dimorphism, despite predictions from sexual selection theory. Using a conceptual model, we show the conditions for which passive mate guarding with copulatory plugs can be an alternative and more successful strategy to active (direct) guarding, reducing selection pressure on large male size. The model predicts that copulatory plugs in mammals should be favoured in species for which females have short sexual receptivity periods. Using data on 62 primate species and a phylogenetic regression approach, we show that, as predicted, copulatory plugs are negatively associated with degree of sexual dimorphism and females’ sexual receptivity length. Penile spines are also significantly associated with plug use and short receptivity periods suggesting a possible offensive role in sperm competition. Results highlight that life‐history characteristics, such as sexual receptivity lengths, may alter the costs and benefits of alternative male strategies and thus alter the strength of sexual selection.
Dopamine D2/3receptor binding potential and occupancy in midbrain and temporal cortex by haloperidol, olanzapine and clozapine
Authors: Tuppurainen Heli , Kuikka Jyrki T. , Viinamäki Heimo , Husso Minna , Tiihonen Jari 
Published: May 2009

Aims: Aberrant dopamine transmission in extrastriatal brain regions has been repeatedly illustrated among patients with schizophrenia. Differences between typical and second‐generation antipsychotics in dopamine D2receptor modulation within various brain areas remain a topic for debate. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate dopamine D2/3receptor apparent binding potential (BPapp) and occupancy in midbrain and temporal cortex among clozapine‐, olanzapine‐ and haloperidol‐treated schizophrenia patients.Methods: Dopamine D2/3binding was studied on single‐photon emission computed tomography ligand [123I]epidepride in 13 schizophrenia patients treated with medication (two with haloperidol, four with olanzapine and seven with clozapine), six drug‐naïve patients and seven healthy controls.Results: Statistically significant differences in midbrain dopamine D2/3receptor BPapp(P = 0.015) and occupancy (P = 0.016) were observed between the clozapine, olanzapine and haloperidol groups. The lowest occupancy was found in clozapine‐treated patients (5%), followed by olanzapine‐treated patients (28%), compared to haloperidol‐treated patients (40%). No significant differences were observed in the temporal poles. Occupancy changed substantially depending on the comparison group used (either drug‐naïve vs healthy controls) in the examined brain areas (P = 0.001), showing an overestimation with all antipsychotics when the healthy control group was used.Conclusion: Both typical and second‐generation antipsychotics occupy cortical dopamine D2/3receptors, thus mediating therapeutic efficacy. Observed differences in midbrain dopamine D2/3occupancy between classical antipsychotics and second‐generation antipsychotics may have clinical relevance by modulating altered nigrostriatal dopamine neurotransmission during the acute phase of schizophrenia.
Sleep paralysis in adolescents: The ‘a dead body climbed on top of me’ phenomenon in Mexico
Authors: Jiménez‐Genchi Alejandro , Ávila‐Rodríguez Víctor M. , Sánchez‐Rojas Frida , Vargas Terrez Blanca E. , Nenclares‐Portocarrero Alejandro 
Published: May 2009

Aims:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of sleep paralysis in adolescents using a folk expression.Methods:  Three hundred and twenty‐two adolescents (mean age, 15.9 ± 0.88 years; 66.8% female) from three high schools in Mexico City completed both a self‐reported questionnaire, including a colloquial definition of sleep paralysis and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.Results:  A high proportion of the adolescents (92.5%) had heard about the ‘a dead body climbed on top of me’ expression and 27.6% of them had experienced the phenomenon. Sleep paralysis was present in 25.5% while the prevalence rate for hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations was 22%; 61% had experienced ≥2 episodes in their lifetime. The mean age of onset was 12.5 ± 3 years. Sleepiness scores for the subjects who had experienced at least one event were not significantly different from subjects who had not experienced any. In 72% of cases, the episodes were composed of both sleep paralysis and hallucinations while 20.2% consisted of only sleep paralysis and 7.8% of only hallucinations. The number and characteristics of events were not significantly different between adolescents with only one episode and those with two or more episodes.Conclusions:  The characteristics of the ‘a dead body climbed on top of me’ phenomenon suggest that is identical to sleep paralysis and a frequent experience among Mexican adolescents. During adolescence, sleep paralysis seems to be a recurrent phenomenon frequently accompanied by hallucinatory experiences.
Intrasubject reproducibility of prefrontal cortex activities during a verbal fluency task over two repeated sessions using multi‐channel near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Kakimoto Yu , Nishimura Yukika , Hara Naomi , Okada Motohiro , Tanii Hisashi , Okazaki Yuji 
Published: May 2009

Aim:  To determine whether intrasubject reproducibility could be observed in the frontal cortex and to assess the mental‐health status of subjects in each session.Methods:  We measured changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([oxy‐Hb]) during a letter version of the verbal fluency task using near‐infrared spectroscopy imaging in twenty healthy adults over two sessions approximately two months apart. Additionally, the mental‐health status of the subjects in each session was evaluated according to the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Zung Self‐rating Depression Scale, the Profile of Mood States, and the revised edition of the Neuroticism–Extroversion–Openness Personality Inventory. The association between those scores and [oxy‐Hb] changes during the verbal fluency task in each session was investigated.Results:  Performance on the verbal fluency task was about equal across the two sessions, and frontal activation during the task was observed globally in approximately the same region. In the test–retest reliability, acceptable values were shown in both the Intraclass Correlation Coefficients of the mean [oxy‐Hb] changes and the correlation coefficients of the whole waveforms for each subject in the two sessions. Mental‐health status as measured by several questionnaires was within the healthy range, and no correlation with the frontal activation was seen, except in several channels.Conclusion:  The current results suggest that the measurement experience exerted very little influence, except for in a very small region. In addition, the intrasubject reproducibility of frontal activation measured by multi‐channel near‐infrared spectroscopy was well demonstrated in mentally healthy subjects at intervals of two months.
Exposure to exogenous estrogen through intake of commercial milk produced from pregnant cows
Authors: Maruyama Kazumi , Oshima Tomoe , Ohyama Kenji 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground:  Modern genetically improved dairy cows continue to lactate throughout almost the entire pregnancy. Therefore, recent commercial cow's milk contains large amounts of estrogens and progesterone. With regard to the exposure of prepubertal children to exogenous estrogens, the authors are particularly concerned about commercial milk produced from pregnant cows. The purpose of the present study was therefore to examine concentrations of serum and urine sex hormones after the intake of cow milk.Methods:  Subjects were seven men, six prepubertal children, and five women. The men and children drank 600 mL/m2 of cow milk. Urine samples were collected 1 h before the milk intake and four times every hour after intake. In men the serum samples were obtained before and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min after milk intake. Women drank 500 mL of cow's milk every night for 21 days beginning on the first day of the second menstruation. In three successive menstrual cycles, the day of ovulation was examined using an ovulation checker.Results:  After the intake of cow milk, serum estrone (E1) and progesterone concentrations significantly increased, and serum luteinizing hormone, follicle‐stimulating hormone and testosterone significantly decreased in men. Urine concentrations of E1, estradiol, estriol and pregnanediol significantly increased in all adults and children. In four out of five women, ovulation occurred during the milk intake, and the timing of ovulation was similar among the three menstrual cycles.Conclusions:  The present data on men and children indicate that estrogens in milk were absorbed, and gonadotropin secretion was suppressed, followed by a decrease in testosterone secretion. Sexual maturation of prepubertal children could be affected by the ordinary intake of cow milk.