bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching Students about Intravenous Therapy: Increased Competence and Confidence
Authors: Jensen Rebecca 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAim/Purpose: Graduate nurses require competency in IV therapy. Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) programs offer elective IV education to provide additional information for interested students. After instituting such a course, students' perceived comfort and knowledge of IV therapy were evaluated.Review of Relevant Literature: Studies demonstrated that IV education for nurses in practice helped reduce complication rates. Dated research also indicated that nursing programs were reluctant to provide IV instruction that included advanced skills, such as catheter insertions. More recent literature involved teaching methodology.Methods: A researcher-designed survey was distributed at the completion of an ADN program to evaluate perceived knowledge and comfort related to IV therapy, as well as information about IV education throughout the program.Results: Students who participated in the workshop perceived having a higher level of comfort and knowledge of several IV content areas than those who participated in the course or had no elective IV education. Conversely, participants in the workshop and course felt more comfortable with central line dressing changes and IV insertions than students who did not take either IV educational offering.Conclusions: The standard IV education appeared to provide adequate knowledge and comfort with IV therapy. However, optional IV education benefited students who wanted more in depth IV knowledge and skills.Implications for Practice: The best methods for teaching ADN students about IV therapy remains unknown. However, offering an elective course provides opportunities for interested students to increase their knowledge and comfort related to IV therapy prior to graduation.
A Clinical Trial of a New All-in-One Peripheral Short Catheter
Authors: McNeill Elizabeth E. , Hines Nicole L , Phariss Regina 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The objectives of this survey were to: 1) understand current peripheral IV stabilization practices within our hospital and 2) evaluate the use of a new closed IV catheter system with a built-in stabilization platform. All medical-surgical patients within an 851-bed acute care hospital with peripheral-short catheters were evaluated within a 3-day period for catheter securement, dwell time, and signs of complications. Additionally, catheter restart data were collected from a renal telemetry unit for 2 weeks. Catheter and dressing protocols were then standardized to a new catheter system with a built-in stabilization platform (Nexiva™ Closed Catheter System) and an absorbent transparent dressing (SorbaView® 2000). After a 2-week trial of the new protocol, catheters were again evaluated for securement and restart data were again collected from the renal telemetry unit. Staff nurse (N = 42) opinions on the new catheter system and dressing combination were sought, as well as a vote on willingness to change to the new catheter system and dressing. Results demonstrate improvement in catheter stabilization (out to 96 hours of dwell-time), decreased restarts, a high clinical preference for the new catheter/dressing system, and a high willingness to convert to the new system. Results indicate that the new closed IV catheter system with a built-in stabilization platform and the transparent absorbent dressing evaluated in this survey may help to improve catheter securement and increase dwell-time. Research studies utilizing more rigorous randomized, controlled comparisons are warranted.
Structural control of englacial conduits in the temperate Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, USA
Authors: Gulley Jason 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFourteen englacial conduits were mapped within 2 km of the terminus of the temperate Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, USA, to ice depths of 65 m using speleological techniques. Detailed three-dimensional maps of the conduits were made over 3 years to characterize conduit relationships with glacier structural features and to track conduit evolution through time. All conduits consisted of single unbranching passages that followed fractures in the ice. All conduits were either too constricted to continue or became water-filled at their deepest explored point and were not able to be followed to the glacier bed. Conduit morphology varied systematically with the orientation of the glacier principal stresses, allowing them to be categorized into two broad classes. The first class of conduits were formed by hydrostatic crevasse penetration where a large supraglacial stream intersected longitudinal crevasses. These conduits plunged toward the glacier bed at angles of 30–40°. The second class of conduits formed where smaller streams sank into the glacier on shear crevasses. Many of these conduits changed direction dramatically where they intersected transverse crevasses at depth. These results suggest that the conduits observed in this study formed along fractures and, over their surveyed length, were not affected by gradients in ice overburden pressure.
Snow replica method for three-dimensional X-ray microtomographic imaging
Authors: Heggli Martin , Frei Esther , Schneebeli Martin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractVisualization and quantification of snow structures at a scale of a few millimetres is important in understanding the mechanical, thermal and electromagnetic properties of snow. Surface sections and, to an even greater degree, three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of cast snow samples are difficult to prepare, and automatic image processing is notoriously difficult and often requires manual evaluation. Here, we present a new method to measure the 3-D structure of cast snow samples. Snow samples cast with diethyl phthalate (DEP) and frozen are cut to a sample size a few centimetres in diameter and up to 10 cm in height. The ice of these samples is then sublimated in high vacuum and the remaining negative structure (replica) is imaged using X-ray microtomography (micro-CT). The accuracy of the method is demonstrated by comparing micro-CT scans of the original snow structure and the replica. The method described here allows easy transportation of samples, requires little manual interaction, has a very high spatial resolution of up to 10 μm and is environmentally friendly.
Postindividualism: Fata Morgana and the Swindon Gout Clinic
Authors: Aling Michael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhat might happen to Middle England if the retail and financial sectors were simply to melt away? Michael Aling casts a visionary eye on his hometown of Swindon and imagines a dystopian future of ‘post‐individualism’ in which retail mausoleums and gout clinics take the place of shopping malls and call centres. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergent Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 4‐Hydroxypent‐2‐ynoic Acid Diphenylamide for a Thrombin Receptor Antagonist Sch 530348 and Himbacine Analogues
Authors: Zaks Alex , Tamarez Maria , Li Tao 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSch 530348 and many himbacine analogues were prepared by using 4‐hydroxypent‐2‐ynoic acid diphenylamide as the only chiral material. We developed deracemization methods to prepare both enantiomers of this propargyl alcohol. These methods involved a resolution followed by inversion. The objective for the resolution step was to obtain the desired enantiomer as an ester, and undesired enantiomer as an alcohol. With (R)‐selective lipase, this was achieved by transesterifcation for (R)‐alcohol, and ester hydrolysis for (S)‐alcohol. The undesired enantiomer was inverted through the corresponding tosylate to yield the desired enantiomer as the ester. Deprotection of the ester gave enantiopure alcohol as the product. These methods not only overcame the 50% yield limit in resolution, but also eliminated the need to remove the undesired enantiomer.
Hydroxypropyl‐α‐Cyclodextrin‐Capped Palladium Nanoparticles: Active Scaffolds for Efficient Carbon‐Carbon Bond Forming Cross‐Couplings in Water
Authors: Senra Jaqueline D. , Malta Luiz Fernando B. , da Costa Marcelo E. H. M. , Michel Ricardo C. , Aguiar Lúcia C. S. , Simas Alessandro B. C. , Antunes O. A. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA new approach for the preparation of palladium nanoparticles in water from a renewable source, 2‐hydroxypropyl‐α‐cyclodextrin (α‐HPCD), which acts both as a reductant and capping agent, is presented. The palladium nanoparticles were characterized by using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which revealed the formation of spherical particles in the size range of 2–7 nm. Further analysis by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and 1H NMR did not show covalent bonds between cyclodextrins and palladium nanoparticles, suggesting that α‐HPCD is only physically adsorbed on the nanoparticle surface, presumably through hydrophobic interactions which limit the mutual coalescence of nanoclusters. The catalytic activity was tested in Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira reactions in neat water, providing good yields and selectivities of coupling products under very low Pd loadings (0.5–0.01 mol%). Remarkably, the nanocatalyst showed significant stability hence the aqueous phase remained active for four subsequent runs. The combination of a binding site for substrates (the HPCD cavity) and a reactive centre (Pd core) provides a potential to explore functional catalysis in aqueous medium.
(R,S)‐Azolides as Novel Substrates for Lipase‐Catalyzed Hydrolytic Resolution in Organic Solvents
Authors: Wang Pei‐Yun , Chen Ying‐Ju , Wu An‐Chi , Lin Yi‐Sheng , Kao Min‐Fang , Chen Jin‐Ru , Ciou Jyun‐Fen , Tsai Shau‐Wei 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAzolides, that is, N‐acylazoles, as versatile acylation reagents are well characterized in the literature, in which the azole structure can not only act as a better leaving group but also make the carbonyl carbon more electrophilic and susceptible to nucleophilic attack. It is therefore desirable to combine this unique property and lipase resolution ability in the development of a new resolution process for preparing optically pure carboxylic acids. With the Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)‐catalyzed hydrolysis of (R,S)‐N‐profenylazoles in organic solvents as the model system, (R,S)‐N‐profenyl‐1,2,4‐triazoles instead of their corresponding ester analogues were exploited as the best substrates for preparing optically pure profens, i.e., 2‐arylpropionic acids. The structure‐reactivity correlations for the (R,S)‐azolides in water‐saturated methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) at 45 °C coupled with a thorough kinetic analysis were further employed for elucidating the rate‐limiting formation of a tetrahedral adduct without CN bond breaking or with moderate CN bond breaking concerted with CO bond formation in the acylation step. The advantages of easy substrate preparation, high enzyme reactivity and enantioselectivity, and easy recovery of the product and remaining substrate by aqueous extraction demonstrate the potential of using (R,S)‐azolides as novel substrates for the enzymatic resolution process.
Iron‐Catalyzed Tandem Reactions of 2‐Halobenzenamines with Isothiocyanates Leading to 2‐Aminobenzothiazoles
Authors: Qiu Jing‐Wen , Zhang Xing‐Guo , Tang Ri‐Yuan , Zhong Ping , Li Jin‐Heng 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA highly practical method for the synthesis of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles has been developed through an iron‐catalyzed tandem reaction. The present tandem process allows the assembly of a wide range of 2‐aminobenzothiazoles by the reactions of 2‐halobenzenamines with isothiocyanates.
Evidence for the involvement of genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in the etiology of autistic disorders on high‐functioning level
Authors: Wermter Anne‐Kathrin , Kamp‐Becker Inge , Hesse Philipp , Schulte‐Körne Gerd , Strauch Konstantin , Remschmidt Helmut 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn increasing number of animal studies advert to a substantial role of the neuropeptide oxytocin in the regulation of social attachment and affiliation. Furthermore, animal studies showed anxiety and stress‐reduced effects of oxytocin. First human studies confirm these findings in animal studies and implicate a crucial role of oxytocin in human social attachment behavior and in social interactions. Thus, the oxytocin system might be involved in the impairment of social interaction and attachment in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The human oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) represents a plausible candidate gene for the etiology of ASD. To analyze whether genetic variants in the OXTR gene are associated with ASD we performed family‐based single‐marker and haplotype association analyses with 22 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the OXTR and its 5′ region in 100 families with autistic disorders on high‐functioning level (Asperger syndrome (AS), high‐functioning autism (HFA), and atypical autism (AA)). Single‐marker and haplotype association analyses revealed nominally significant associations of one single SNP and one haplotype with autism, respectively. Furthermore, employing a “reverse phenotyping” approach, patients carrying the haplotype associated with autism showed nominally significant impairments in comparison to noncarriers of the haplotype in items of the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised algorithm describing aspects of social interaction and communication. In conclusion, our results implicate that genetic variation in the OXTR gene might be relevant in the etiology of autism on high‐functioning level. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analysis of Tourette syndrome in a large utah pedigree
Authors: Knight Stacey , Coon Hilary , Johnson Michael , Leppert Mark F. , Camp Nicola J. , McMahon William M. ,   Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics
Published: September 2009

AbstractTourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and phonic tics. The heritability of TS has been well established, yet there is a lack of consensus in genome‐wide linkage studies. The purpose of this study was to conduct a genome‐wide linkage analysis on a unique, large, high‐risk TS Utah pedigree. We examined a qualitative trait (TS1) where cases had a definitive diagnosis of TS as observed by a clinical interviewer (n = 66) and a quantitative phenotype based on the total Yale global motor and phonic tic severity scores (n = 102). Both parametric and non‐parametric multipoint linkage analyses based on MCMC methods were performed using a 10 cM spaced micro‐satellite autosomal marker set. Two regions of interest were identified under affecteds‐only recessive models; a LOD score of 3.3 on chromosome 1p for Yale tic severity and a LOD score of 3.1 on chromosome 3p for the TS1 phenotype. Twenty‐seven individuals shared linked segregating haplotypes for the 1p region. They had significantly higher Yale tic phonic scores than non‐sharers (P = 0.01). There were 46 haplotype sharers on chromosome 3p with significantly higher percentage of females among these individuals compared to the non‐sharers (P = 0.03). The significant linkage peaks on chromosomes 1p and 3p are in new areas of the genome for TS, and replication of these findings is necessary. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thioxanthone sensitized photodegradation of poly(alkyl methacrylate) films
Authors: Neumann Miguel G. , Schmitt Carla C. , Goi Beatriz E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe thioxanthone‐sensitized photodegradation of poly(alkyl methacrylate) films [alkyl = methyl, ethyl, butyl, and hexyl] was studied using near UV‐vis light. The photooxidation process continued even after the total consumption of the sensitizer, possibly due to the excitation of the ketyl groups formed during the first stages of the process. The rate of oxidation, as well as the formation of hydroxy, peroxy, and ketyl groups was faster for polymers with larger ester groups. The decrease of the molecular weight of the degradated polymers was also larger for the hexyl substituted polymer. The side‐chain size effect was attributed to the larger amount of secondary hydrogens available for abstraction by the triplet state of thioxanthone, present in the larger ester groups. The lower glass transition temperature of the hexyl substituted polymer allows a better diffusion of oxygen to the deeper layers of the films that also contributes to the faster photodegradation rate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The mechanical and rheological behavior of the PA/TPU blend with POE‐g‐MA modifier
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Chuang Chao‐Yin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this research, we attempt to improve the impact strength and the viscosity of PA (polyamide) by blending two elastomers, TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) and POE‐g‐MA (maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene‐octene elastomer), in PA matrix with twin screw extruder. The ratio of blending is 80PA/20TPU and 80PA/20TPU/20POE‐g‐MA (66.66PA/16.67TPU/16.67POE‐g‐MA). Results indicate that POE‐g‐MA improves the low viscosity of PA and TPU during the blending process, and also their compatibility. Thus, the 80PA/20TPU/20POE‐g‐MA blend has better tensile stress and elongation than 80PA/20TPU blend, and furthermore POE‐g‐MA significantly improves the impact strength of PA, even to super‐toughness grade. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Variability of Human Foramen Magnum Size
Authors: Gruber Philipp , Henneberg Maciej , Böni Thomas , Rühli Frank J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe foramen magnum is an important landmark of the skull base and is of particular interest for anthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine, and other medical fields. Despite its importance, few osteometric studies of the foramen magnum have been published so far. A total of 110 transverse and 111 sagittal diameters from Central European male and female dry specimens dating from the Pleistocene to modern times were measured, and related to sex, age, stature, ethnicity, and a possible secular trend. Only a moderate positive correlation between the transverse and the sagittal diameter of the foramen magnum was found. Surprisingly, neither sexual dimorphism, individual age‐dependency, nor a secular trend was found for either diameter. Furthermore, the relationship between the individual stature and foramen magnum diameters was weak: thus foramen magnum size cannot be used as reliable indicator for stature estimation. Further consideration of possible factors influencing the variability of human foramen magnum size shall be explored in larger and geographically more diverse samples, thus serving forensic, clinical, anatomical, and anthropological interests in this body part. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optic Foramen Morphology and Activity Pattern in Birds
Authors: Hall Margaret I. , Iwaniuk Andrew N. , Gutiérrez‐Ibáñez Cristián 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe optic nerve is the sole output of visual information from the ganglion cell layer of the retina to the brain in vertebrates. The size of the optic nerve is predicted to be closely associated with activity pattern, and, in many birds, the size of the optic foramen approximates the size of the optic nerve. Specifically, nocturnal species should have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species because of differences in retinal pooling between activity patterns. If optic foramen morphology varies predictably with activity pattern in birds, this variable may be useful for interpreting activity pattern for birds that do not have soft tissue available for study, specifically for fossils. Across 177 families (from 27 orders), we describe four different optic foramen morphologies, only one of which corresponds well with the size of the optic nerve and is therefore appropriate for activity pattern analyses. Here, we test our hypothesis that nocturnal species will have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species, across all species that we measured that have a discrete optic foramen. Regression analyses using species as independent data points and using comparative methods yielded significant differences in optic foramen size between nocturnal and diurnal species relative to three variables: head length, orbit depth, and sclerotic ring inner diameter. Nocturnal species consistently exhibit significantly smaller relative optic foramen diameters than diurnal species. Our results indicate that optic foramen diameter, in combination with either the sclerotic ring or the orbit diameter, can be used to predict activity pattern. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Graphite‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Amines to Imines and N‐Substituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines to Amides: Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Study
Authors: So Man‐Ho , Liu Yungen , Ho Chi‐Ming , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSelective oxidation of amines using oxygen as terminal oxidant is an important area in green chemistry. In this work, we describe the use of graphite‐supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/C) to catalyze aerobic oxidation of cyclic and acyclic benzylic amines to the corresponding imines with moderate‐to‐excellent substrate conversions (43–100 %) and product yields (66–99 %) (19 examples). Oxidation of N‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines in the presence of aqueous NaHCO3 solution gave the corresponding amides in good yields (83–93 %) with high selectivity (up to amide/enamide=93:4) (6 examples). The same protocol can be applied to the synthesis of benzimidazoles from the reaction of o‐phenylenediamines with benzaldehydes under aerobic conditions (8 examples). By simple centrifugation, AuNPs/C can be recovered and reused for ten consecutive runs for the oxidation of dibenzylamine to N‐benzylidene(phenyl)methanamine without significant loss of catalytic activity and selectivity. This protocol “AuNPs/C+O2” can be scaled to the gram scale, and 8.9 g (84 % isolated yield) of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline can be obtained from the oxidation of 10 g 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline in a one‐pot reaction. Based on the results of kinetic studies, radical traps experiment, and Hammett plot, a mechanism involving the hydrogen‐transfer reaction from amine to metal and oxidation of M‐H is proposed.
Investigating the simulation of cloud microphysical processes in numerical models using a one‐dimensional dynamical framework
Authors: Dearden Christopher 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the method by which the performance of a suite of microphysics schemes of varying levels of complexity can be compared within an idealised framework. The purpose is to establish the level of microphysical sophistication required for the successful simulation of liquid clouds in operational models, paying particular attention to the required level of coupling with aerosols. Initial results from a lagrangian parcel model are able to demonstrate the importance of the treatment of droplet activation in dual moment schemes for predicting droplet number qualitatively. Subsequent testing within a one‐dimensional (1D) column model using the existing factorial method (FM) will aim to quantify the importance of microphysical complexity on precipitation and cloud albedo relative to the effects of meteorology. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society