bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NOTE ON THE BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LOWER CRETACEOUS BELEMNITE GENUS
AULACOTEUTHIS
IN THE B BEDS OF THE SPEETON CLAY, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Rawson P. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Bed-by-bed collecting through part of the Speeton Clay B Beds has shown that the distinctive, deeply-grooved belemnite genus
Aulacoteuthis
is limited to a thin series of beds at the top of Lower B and the base of the Cement Beds, and therefore provides a useful biostratigraphical marker horizon in a part of the Speeton section conspicuously lacking in ammonites.
THE BASE OF THE VISÉAN IN SOUTH-WEST AND NORTH-WEST ENGLAND
Authors: Mitchell M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The lower Viséan macrofaunas of the N.W. Province are compared with those from the S.W. Province. Evidence is given to support the suggestion first made by Hudson and Dunnington (1945) that the base of the Viséan in the S.W. Province should be placed at the base of the Gully (=
Caninia
) Oolite (or Sub-Oolite Bed where present). The details of the beds at the Tournaisian–Viséan boundary are largely obscured by dolomitization in the S.W. Province but the lowest Viséan beds are thought to be missing. In addition, the top part of the beds of Tournaisian age in the Burrington Combe succession can be shown to be missing at Bristol where the Tournaisian–Viséan boundary is marked by a non-sequence.
A NOTE ON THE GEOLOGY OF DURHAM CITY
Authors: Whitworth T. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Recent construction work at Durham City, in the vicinity of the Cathedral, Palace Green, Hatfield College, Kingsgate Bridge and New Elvet, has yielded additional geological information concerning the stratigraphy of the Coal Measures and superficial deposits of that area. The data also suggest an interpretation of the structure of the Cathedral peninsula alternative to that recently propounded by Smith and Francis (1967), but supporting the views of Hindson and Hopkins (1947).
THE GEOLOGY AND ORIGIN OF THE SILVER PIT AND OTHER CLOSED BASINS IN THE NORTH SEA
Authors: Donovan D. T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Silver Pit, in the south-western North Sea, is shown to be a closed trench-like depression cut through till of Weichselian age. Its deeper southern part penetrates marine interglacial deposits below the till. The floor of the pit is probably of Chalk partly covered by Recent sediments. Other trench-like features (Sole Pit, Coal Pit, Well Hole) are described briefly and thought to be sufficiently similar to Silver Pit to imply a similar origin.
Two hypotheses of origin of these closed depressions are considered: by subglacial stream erosion (tunnel valleys) and by tidal scour during an early post-glacial low sea level. Neither hypothesis appears to be wholly satisfactory by itself, and the possibility of a composite origin is mentioned.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOINTS IN PRE-CAMBRIAN, LOWER PALAEOZOIC AND CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS IN THE WEST MIDLANDS OF ENGLAND
Authors: Moseley F. , Ahmed S. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Joint measurements were made in three northerly trending fold structures in the English Midlands, with the principal object of studying the relationships between joints in Pre-Cambrian, Lower Palaeozoic and Carboniferous rocks which had been subjected to similar folding processes. It was noted that the joints were nearly always perpendicular to bedding except in the Pre-Cambrian volcanic rocks, and, further, it was found that the joints were related to local rather than regional structures and tended to change orientation in sympathy with changes in bedding dip. It is concluded that wrench type joints tend to develop at deeper structural levels whereas at higher levels in the same fold tensional strike and dip joints are formed. There is no direct evidence from these areas that the joints above an unconformity are inherited from those below, and joint parallelism, where it occurs, can easily be explained by posthumous fold movements in which younger rocks have the same fold axes and directions of dip as the older rocks. It is suggested that the north trending Midland structures are part of a wider pattern, extending over much of England and Wales, which was initiated in Pre-Cambrian times.
REFLECTIVITY AND ANISOTROPY OF VITRINITES IN SOME COAL SCARES FROM THE COAL MEASURES OF NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Jones J. M. , Murchison D. G. , Saleh S. A. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The pattern of variation of reflectivities and bireflectances in vitrinites of low bituminous rank in coal scares from the Middle Coal Measures (Westphalian) of Northumberland has been examined in relation to the angle which the scares and the vitrinite banding make with the sedimentary bedding. The normal uniaxial negative optical character of the vitrinites is maintained when the scare margins and the edges of the vitrinite bands are parallel to the stratification, with the isotropic section in the plane of the bands. However, when the scare and the banding are in a vertical position, the optical properties of the vitrinites appear similar to those of biaxial materials. This pattern of variation can be attributed primarily to overburden pressure which, when the vitrinite bands depart from parallelism with the stratification, distorts both the form anisotropy and the specific anisotropy of the aromatic lamellae that constitute the greater part of the molecular structures of the vitrinites at this level of coalification.
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE MIDDLE JURASSIC STRATA OF THE YORKSHIRE BASIN OF NORTH-EAST ENGLAND
Authors: Hemingway J. E. , O’B. Knox R. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Changes in the lithostratigraphical nomenclature of the Middle Jurassic strata of north-east Yorkshire are proposed which avoid the genetic connotations of existing terms such as Estuarine Series and Deltaic Series and which eliminate certain equivocal aspects of previous nomenclatures. A new marine unit has been recognized which is believed to include the beds previously described as the Hydraulic Limestone.
THE SANDRINGHAM SANDS OF NORFOLK
Authors: Casey R. , Gallois R. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Improved knowledge of the stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Sandringham Sands of Norfolk permits the recognition of four divisions, named in ascending order: Roxham Beds (Middle Volgian), Runcton Beds (Upper Volgian), Mintlyn Beds (Ryazanian) and Leziate Beds (Valanginian). These marine strata span the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary and represent the interval during which the topmost Portland Beds, the Purbeck Beds and the Hastings Beds of southern England were accumulated. The Sandringham Sands rest disconformably on the Kimmeridge Clay and nodule-beds and erosion surfaces mark the lower and upper limits of the Runcton Beds. Palaeontologically the Mintlyn Beds can be divided into a lower set of strata with
Hectoroceras
(unique in western Europe), preserved mainly at West Dereham, and an upper set with
Surites
and allies found in the King’s Lynn area. Strata above the Leziate Beds formerly included in the Sandringham Sands are united with the Snettisham Clay under the new name Dersingham Beds, which comprise an interfingering complex of marine Hauterivian–Barremian sands, silts and clays roughly equivalent in age to the Weald Clay of the south. Interpretation of the whole sequence is complicated by lateral changes in lithology, intraformational erosion and by regional overstep of the Carstone.
LOWER BORDER GROUP (TOURNAISIAN) FLUVIO-DELTAIC SEDIMENTATION AND PALAEOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHUMBERLAND BASIN
Authors: Leeder M. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Lower Border Group (Tournaisian) successions in the Northumberland basin are divided into seven formations. Only broad correlation between laterally equivalent formations is possible owing to facies changes. Facies association 1 comprises thick, erosive-based sandstones of meandering fluviatile and delta-distributary channel origin. Facies association 2 comprises coarsening-upwards shale to sandstone subfacies deposited in lacustrine, pro-delta, delta-front and marginal delta embayment environments. Facies association 3 comprises alternating thinly-bedded sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and carbonate subfacies deposited in interior fluviatile flood basins, coastal plain flood basins and playa-lakes and on-delta backswamps.

Palaeocurrent evidence indicates river and delta influxes from the north-west and the north-east. The Whita fluvio-deltaic system drained from Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary source-lands in the Southern Uplands to the north and north-west. Clastic input from this system had almost ceased by the end of Tournaisian times. The Bewcastle deltaic system advanced along the axis of the Northumberland basin from the north-east during the later Tournaisian. Each delta advance (thirteen in all) closed off and then infilled a shallow embayment, the Newcastleton embayment, located north of the axis of active delta-front sedimentation. Advance of both delta systems into the basin was periodic, with gulf carbonate facies deposited during periods of delta absence. Detailed study of the facies deposited by a single advance of the Bewcastle delta system indicates: (1) delta advance into relatively shallow waters (2) development of delta-front sheet sands
and
interdistributary bay deposits (3) temporary abandonment of a portion of the delta-front and (4) absence of tidal and wave current modifications to the advancing and retreating delta-fronts.

During Lower Border Group tune the Northumberland basin was bounded by land areas to the north and south. The Whita and other fluvial systems deposited thick alluvial wedges of sediment at points along the northern basin margin. These indicate a general southerly palaeoslope over much of the Southern Uplands area.
THE MIDDLE AND UPPER JURASSIC SUCCESSION AT BOLTBY MOOR, NEAR THIRSK, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Senior J. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A number of new sections in Callovian and Lower Oxfordian strata were exposed on the western slope of the Hambleton Hills at Boltby Moor, near Thirsk, in 1967. The succession from the Upper Deltaic Series to the Lower Calcareous Grit is described and compared with other better known localities in Yorkshire. The Oxford Clay contained a prolific ammonite fauna at one horizon and proved to have the unexpectedly large thickness of about 35 metres.
A NEW SECTION IN THE LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE OF SOUTH HUMBERSIDE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Ashton M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
A new section near Kirton-in-Lindsey has exposed the lower units of the Lincolnshire Limestone which have previously been only poorly exposed. In particular, the little-understood Raventhorpe Beds are seen to be an inter-digitating sequence of oolitic limestones and clastic-rich, impure limestones. The measured section is described and the broader implications of the facies variants are briefly discussed.
The nomenclature of the Lower Lincolnshire Limestone on South Humber-side is reviewed and a formalised terminology proposed.
A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE OCCURRENCE OF MINOR SEDIMENTARY CYCLES IN THE ‘MIDDLE WHITE LIMESTONE’ (D
1
, LOWER CARBONIFEROUS) OF NORTH WALES
Authors: Power G. , Somerville I. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

A sedimentary cyclicity is recognised in the “Middle White Limestone” (D
1
, Lower Carboniferous) of North Wales. This has enabled a provisional correlation to be made between Anglesey and Llangollen, and lateral lithological variations to be identified. Comparison with the Settle and Bristol areas suggests that minor cycles could be of value in regional correlation.
THE SEDIMENTARY HISTORY OF A DELTA LOBE FROM A YOREDALE (CARBONIFEROUS) CYCLOTHEM
Authors: Elliott T. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

A delta lobe has been recognised in the Great Limestone (Yoredale) cyclothem over an area of approximately 700 square kilometres in the northern Pennines (Weardale to Stainmore). The lobe occupies the entire clastic interval of the cyclothem and has a complex history of sedimentation involving four distinct phases. The
coastal plain phase
includes small-scale fluvial channels, and a mudstone-spiculite chert association deposited in a shallow, shoreline bay. This phase preceded lobe development in the Stainmore Trough and was terminated by a localised transgression. In the upstream and intermediate lobe area, the
progradational phase
consists of small-scale coarsening upwards sequences which represent the repeated infilling of an extensive interdistributary bay by levees, crevasse splays, sand spits and minor mouth bars. Small-scale (crevasse) channels and larger-scale (distributary) channels are associated with these sequences. Farther south the progradational phase comprises a single large-scale coarsening upwards sequence which represents progradation of a river-dominated (mouth bar) shoreline over offshore muds. During the
abandonment phase,
a thin marker horizon accumulated, comprising coal in the upstream area (widespread marsh development) and fossiliferous sandstone, mudstone and limestone towards the shoreline (reworking and normal sedimentation). This horizon reflects slow deposition rates related to conditions of minimal sediment supply and subsidence. In the
post-abandonment phase,
sediment supply recommenced and a barrier island—lagoon complex was established on the abandoned lobe. The lagoon facies include small-scale coarsening upwards sequences formed during infilling, in one case by washover fans. The barrier is made up of medium-scale, wave-dominated coarsening upwards sequences which demonstrate contrasted migration trends equivalent in time along the barrier.
SOME SEDIMENTOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF A FALL IN THE LEVEL OF HAWESWATER, CUMBRIA
Authors: Donovan R. N. , Archer R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
During the autumn of 1973 a fall in the level of Haweswater led to the development of multiple shorelines of regression and to the formation of surfaces of subaerial desiccation. Rivers adjusting to the new base level transported coarse debris on to the exposed lake floor. Wave action removed sand both from the resulting deltas and from the lake shorelines, distributing it along the new, lower lake shore.
Where the depositional slope was greater than 5 degrees an orientated orthogonal desiccation crack pattern formed, whilst on slopes of less than 5 degrees the crack pattern was not orientated. Desiccation crack density was greatest where mud thickness was least.
WATER TEMPERATURES IN THE LIMESTONE AREAS OF THE CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN PENNINES
Authors: Pitty A. F. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
In the Carboniferous Limestone area of the central and southern Pennines, temperatures of emerging groundwaters and their geographical pattern reveal characteristics of water movement underground. Factors influencing water temperatures are discussed, the implications of a time lag between antecedent air temperatures and water temperatures considered and the effectiveness of this lag as an index in groundwater studies evaluated. The gross permeability of limestones in north-west Yorkshire is greater than that in Derbyshire, the rate of flows in sink-resurgence systems taking 1.4 times longer in Derbyshire than in Yorkshire.
AN EXPOSURE OF UPPER OXFORDIAN CLAYS IN THE VALE OF PICKERING, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Pyrah Barbara J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A section in the Vale of Pickering showing Upper Oxfordian clays is recorded. Previously clays of this age (between the Corallian Beds (Oxfordian) below and the Kimmeridge Clay (Kimmeridgian) above) have been identified in boreholes only.
CLAY-WITH-FLINTS ON THE YORKSHIRE AND LINCOLNSHIRE WOLDS
Authors: Matthews B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Clay-with-flints occurs as isolated patches in solution hollows in the chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds and beneath glacial till in Lincolnshire. The clay may be partly the insoluble residue of chalk left after long-continued chemical weathering in a Tertiary or Interglacial warm period and is now part or all of a paleosol. It contains white ‘sugary’ flints, which may have been strongly weathered under a climate warmer than the present one. The deposits on the Yorkshire Wolds lie outside the mapped limit of the Devensian ice-sheet and probably have survived because of their situation in solution hollows. Overlying intermixed clay-with-flints and glacial drift have splinters of flint, suggesting that this deposit was affected by a climate comparable with that in the present arctic deserts of northern Quebec, Canada.
MAJOR CYCLES OF TRANSGRESSION AND REGRESSION (MESOTHEMS) IN THE NAMURIAN
Authors: Ramsbottom W. H. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Some general principles about sedimentation resulting from major eustatic cycles in the Dinantian are applied to a reinterpretation of north of England Namurian successions in terms of major cycles of transgression and regression. Significant faunal renewals occur immediately subsequent to the development of more than usual regressive features. Eleven major cycles are distinguished in the Namurian of Britain. Such cycles are unconformity-bounded on shelf or ‘block’ areas (where the basal faunas of each major cycle are missing) and the term mesothem is recommended for them. A brief survey suggests that these cycles are widely applicable in the northern hemisphere and are of eustatic origin. Their significance in terms of a proposed new generally-applicable stratigraphical boundary in the middle of the Namurian is discussed.
THE CORNBRASH FORMATION (CALLOVIAN) IN NORTH YORKSHIRE AND CLEVELAND
Authors: Wright J. K. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Cornbrash Formation comprises two main units together forming one marine cycle—the Cornbrash Limestone followed by the Shales of the Cornbrash. The formation is the expression in the Yorkshire Jurassic of the world-wide marine transgression which began in the Lower Callovian. This study concentrates on the petrographical aspects of the Cornbrash Limestone Member. Brief discussions of the palaeoecology of the Cornbrash Limestone and the sedimentology of the Shales of the Cornbrash are also given.
Contrary to previously held opinion, the Cornbrash Limestone does not form one homogeneous unit. At the most complete sections on the coast, it is made up of four units differing markedly in petrology and thus in environment of deposition. Study of the relations of the four units along the coast and inland shows that the Callovian transgression was a gradual, step by step process, with frequent halts and periods of erosion.
BRAIDED RIVER BEDFORMS AND RELATED SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES IN THE FELL SANDSTONE GROUP (LOWER CARBONIFEROUS) OF NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Hodgson A. V. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Lower Carboniferous Fell Sandstone Group in northern Northumberland is composed of lenticular or sheet-like bodies of cross-stratified quartz arenites which alternate with shales and ripple-laminated siltstones. Although correlation is difficult due to the lack of fossils or marker horizons, those exposures described can be fixed stratigraphically by reference to the overlying Scremerston Coal Group.
The sedimentary structures and bedforms developed in the sandstones include unimodal trough and tabular cross-stratification, channel fills with penecontemporaneous deformation structures, and dunes complete forms of which are preserved in some cases. These features are characteristic of deposition at and near the boundary between the lower and upper flow regimes, where small fluctuations in gradient, flow stage and discharge migration may radically alter the style and type of deposition. The depositional environment is interpreted as alternating between low-gradient meandering and higher-gradient braided perennial rivers, with variable discharge, in channel systems several kilometres wide.
The relatively low variation in lithology, sedimentary structures and palaeoenvironments of the Fell Sandstone, compared to groups above and below, indicates relatively stable depositional conditions. Lower formations show meandering fluvio-lacustrine deposition, while coals and marine transgressive deposits above reflect the infilling of the Northumberland Basin. A comprehensive study of the whole basin is urged.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON THE ABRASION OF DETRITAL QUARTZ GRAINS
Authors: ROBSON D. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Grains of quartz sand were treated to varying degrees of abrasion in the laboratory. After abrasion by violent oscillation of the grains in air they show extensive chipping. After the same treatment in water the grains became cracked, scaled and finally rounded; still further oscillation produced more scaling. Grains which are abraded by rolling in air and in water over much longer periods of time exhibit changes similar to those seen in the initial stages of violent oscillation.
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHICAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHALK IN NORTH YORKSHIRE, HUMBERSIDE AND LINCOLNSHIRE
Authors: WOOD C. J. , SMITH E. G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
It has long been known that the Chalk of England north of the Wash is materially different from that of the southern counties, and it is now generally accepted that the two successions belong to separate depositional provinces. The standard tripartite classification of the Chalk into Lower, Middle and Upper divisions derives from the southern succession, and its use in the north cannot be justified on either lithological or palaeontological grounds. Indeed these divisions have confused and unsatisfactory definitions in southern England.
It is proposed that the Chalk of northern England should be regarded as a lithostratigraphical group consisting of four formations (in ascending order the Ferriby, Welton, Burnham and Flamborough Chalk Formations). The Ferriby Chalk Formation includes the Red Chalk, which will no longer have any formal status. There is little detailed knowledge of the Flamborough Chalk Formation, but the three lower formations are remarkably constant throughout the region, so that, for instance, marl bands a centimetre or two thick and individual flint horizons can be correlated from Flamborough Head to the Louth area of Lincolnshire. The boundaries of the formations are described in some detail and are shown to be mappable horizons.
CYCLIC SEDIMENTATION IN THE HOLKERIAN (MIDDLE VISEAN) NORTH OF SETTLE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: JEFFERSON D. P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Studies of the Horton Limestone (Holkerian) on the Askrigg Block, involving quantitative analysis of thin sections taken throughout the sequence, indicate a cyclic character to the conditions of deposition of the limestone. Eight ‘minor cycles’ have been identified in the top 78 metres of the Holkerian. These cycles are compared with those present in the overlying Kingsdale Limestone (Asbian). Stratigraphic correlation within the area studied is shown to be possible by use of the cycles.
CONODONT FAUNAS AND AGE OF THE RAYGILL QUARRY LIMESTONES (EMBSAY LIMESTONE), LOTHERSDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: METCALFE I. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The conodont faunas of the Raygill Quarry limestones represent the
Gnathodus homopunctatus
and
Gnathodus commutatus
Zones and are of Chadian to Arundian age. The base of the Arundian, as indicated by the first archaediscid foraminifera, occurs some 45 metres below the top of the section. Many of the conodonts in the limestones, particularly in the upper 25 metres, appear to be reworked. The Raygill limestones correlate very well, both lithologically and faunally, with the Embsay Limestone of the Skipton Anticline and it is suggested that the strata in Raygill Quarry should be classified as Embsay Limestone.