bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammation Is Necessary for Long-Term but Not Short-Term High-Fat Diet–Induced Insulin Resistance
Authors: Lee Yun Sok , Li Pingping , Huh Jin Young , Hwang In Jae , Lu Min , Kim Jong In , Ham Mira , Talukdar Saswata , Chen Ai , Lu Wendell J. , Bandyopadhyay Guatam K. , Schwendener Reto , Olefsky Jerrold , Kim Jae Bum 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Tissue inflammation is a key factor underlying insulin resistance in established obesity. Several models of immuno-compromised mice are protected from obesity-induced insulin resistance. However, it is unanswered whether inflammation triggers systemic insulin resistance or vice versa in obesity. The purpose of this study was to assess these questions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to wild-type mice and three different immuno-compromised mouse models (lymphocyte-deficient Rag1 knockout, macrophage-depleted, and hematopoietic cell-specific Jun NH2-terminal kinase–deficient mice) and measured the time course of changes in macrophage content, inflammatory markers, and lipid accumulation in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle along with systemic insulin sensitivity.

RESULTS
In wild-type mice, body weight and adipose tissue mass, as well as insulin resistance, were clearly increased by 3 days of HFD. Concurrently, in the short-term HFD period inflammation was selectively elevated in adipose tissue. Interestingly, however, all three immuno-compromised mouse models were not protected from insulin resistance induced by the short-term HFD. On the other hand, lipid content was markedly increased in liver and skeletal muscle at day 3 of HFD.

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that the initial stage of HFD-induced insulin resistance is independent of inflammation, whereas the more chronic state of insulin resistance in established obesity is largely mediated by macrophage-induced proinflammatory actions. The early-onset insulin resistance during HFD feeding is more likely related to acute tissue lipid overload.
Potential Role of Regulatory T Cells in Reversing Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance and Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Eller Kathrin , Kirsch Alexander , Wolf Anna M. , Sopper Sieghart , Tagwerker Andrea , Stanzl Ursula , Wolf Dominik , Patsch Wolfgang , Rosenkranz Alexander R. , Eller Philipp 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the potential role of FoxP3-expressing regulatory T cells (Tregs) in reversing obesity-linked insulin resistance and diabetic nephropathy in rodent models and humans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To characterize the role of Tregs in insulin resistance, human visceral adipose tissue was first evaluated for Treg infiltration and second, the db/db mouse model was evaluated.

RESULTS
Obese patients with insulin resistance displayed significantly decreased natural Tregs but an increase in adaptive Tregs in their visceral adipose tissue as compared with lean control subjects. To further evaluate the pathogenic role of Tregs in insulin resistance, the db/db mouse model was used. Treg depletion using an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody enhanced insulin resistance as shown by increased fasting blood glucose levels as well as an impaired insulin sensitivity. Moreover, Treg-depleted db/db mice developed increased signs of diabetic nephropathy, such as albuminuria and glomerular hyperfiltration. This was paralleled by a proinflammatory milieu in both murine visceral adipose tissue and the kidney. Conversely, adoptive transfer of CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs significantly improved insulin sensitivity and diabetic nephropathy. Accordingly, there was increased mRNA expression of FoxP3 as well as less abundant proinflammatory CD8+CD69+ T cells in visceral adipose tissue and kidneys of Treg-treated animals.

CONCLUSIONS
Data suggest a potential therapeutic value of Tregs to improve insulin resistance and end organ damage in type 2 diabetes by limiting the proinflammatory milieu.
One-Hour Postload Plasma Glucose Levels and Diastolic Function in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Sciacqua Angela , Miceli Sofia , Greco Laura , Arturi Franco , Naccarato Paola , Mazzaferro Deborah , Tassone Eliezer J. , Turano Laura , Martino Francesco , Sesti Giorgio , Perticone Francesco 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
To address whether glucose tolerance status, and in particular 1-h postload plasma glucose levels, may affect diastolic function in 161 never-treated hypertensive white subjects. Impaired left ventricular relaxation, an early sign of diastolic dysfunction, represents the first manifestation of myocardial involvement in diabetic cardiomyopathy. A plasma glucose value ≥155 mg/dL for the 1-h postload plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is able to identify subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) at high risk for type 2 diabetes and with subclinical organ damage.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects underwent OGTT and standard echocardiography. Diastolic function was assessed by pulsed Doppler transmitral flow velocity and tissue Doppler imaging. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by Matsuda index.

RESULTS
Among the participants, 120 had NGT, 26 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 15 had type 2 diabetes. According to the 1-h postload plasma glucose cutoff point of 155 mg/dL, we divided NGT subjects as follows: NGT &lt;155 mg/dL (n = 90) and NGT ≥155 mg/dL (n = 30). Those with NGT ≥155 mg/dL had higher left atrium dimensions (P &lt; 0.0001) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) (P = 0.037) than those with NGT &lt;155 mg/dL. By contrast, early/late transmitral flow velocity and all tissue Doppler parameters were significantly lower in those with NGT ≥155 mg/dL than in those with NGT&lt;155 mg/dL. At multiple regression analysis, 1-h glucose was the major determinant of left atrium area, IVRT, septal e′, septal e′-to-a′ ratio, lateral e′, and lateral e′-to-a′ ratio.

CONCLUSIONS
The main finding of this study is that 1-h postload plasma glucose is associated with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Subjects with NGT ≥155 mg/dL had significantly worse diastolic function than those with NGT&lt;155 mg/dL.
Noncarious Cervical Lesions and Their Association With Toothbrushing Practices: In Vivo Evaluation
Authors: Brandini DA , de Sousa ALB , Trevisan CL , Pinelli LAP , Santos SC do Couto , Pedrini D , Panzarini SR 
Published: September 2011

Clinical RelevanceKnowledge of the characteristics and etiologies of noncarious cervical lesions assists dentists in selecting an appropriate treatment and improving the prognosis.
Functional Conservation and Innovation of Amphioxus RIP1-Mediated Signaling in Cell Fate Determination
Authors: Li Jun , Yuan Shaochun , Qi Lin , Huang Shengfeng , Huang Guangrui , Yang Manyi , Xu Liqun , Li Yuxin , Zhang Renwei , Yu Yingcai , Chen Shangwu , Xu Anlong 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Recently, receptor interacting protein (RIP)-1 has been recognized as an intracellular sensor at the crossroads of apoptosis, necroptosis, and cell survival. To reveal when this crucial molecule originated and how its function in integrating stress signals evolved, in this study we report on two RIP1 homologs in Chinese amphioxus (Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense), designated B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1a and B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1b. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that they are generated by domain recombination and lineage-specific duplication. Similar to human RIP1, both B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1a and B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1b activate NF-κB in a kinase activity-independent manner and induce apoptosis through the Fas-associated death domain protein-caspase cascade. Moreover, we found that the natural point mutation of Q to I in the RIP homotypic interaction motif of B. belcheri tsingtauense RIP1a provides negative feedback for amphioxus RIP1-mediated signaling. Thus, our study not only suggests that RIP1 has emerged as a molecular switch in triggering cell death or survival in a basal chordate, but also adds new insights into the regulation mechanisms of RIP1-related signaling, providing a novel perspective on human diseases mediated by RIP1.
A Shimizu Non‐Aldol Approach to the Formal Total Synthesis of Palmerolide A
Authors: Pujari Sandip A. , Gowrisankar Parthasarathy , Kaliappan Krishna P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA formal total synthesis of palmerolide A has been accomplished by assembling three fragments by means of successive Julia–Kocienski olefination, Yamaguchi esterification, and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM). Our initial efforts to combine the first two fragments through a Julia–Kocienski reaction between a secondary sulfone and a ketone were not successful; nevertheless, it was feasible between a primary sulfone and aldehyde. Yamaguchi esterification with the third fragment then set the stage for a RCM reaction. Initial failure of the RCM with a PMB‐ether adjacent to the olefins and the difficulty in cleaving the PMB‐ether prompted us to change the choice of protecting groups, which then paved the way to the macrocyclic core of palmerolide A.
Scale‐Up of flat plate photobioreactors considering diffuse and direct light characteristics
Authors: Quinn Jason C. , Turner Chris W. , Bradley Thomas H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study investigates the scaling of photobioreactor productivity based on the growth ofNannochloropsis salinaincorporating the effects of direct and diffuse light. The scaling and optimization of photobioreactor geometry was analyzed by determining the growth response of a small‐scale system designed to represent a core sample of a large‐scale photobioreactor. The small‐scale test apparatus was operated at a variety of light intensities on a batch time scale to generate a photosynthetic irradiance (PI) growth dataset, ultimately used to inform a PI growth model. The validation of the scalability of the PI growth model to predict productivity in large‐scale systems was done by comparison with experimental growth data collected from two geometrically different large‐scale photobioreactors operated at a variety of light intensities. For direct comparison, the small‐scale and large‐scale experimental systems presented were operated similarly and in such a way to incorporate cultivation relevant time scales, light intensities, mixing, and nutrient loads. Validation of the scalability of the PI growth model enables the critical evaluation of different photobioreactor geometries and design optimization incorporating growth effects from diffuse and direct light. Discussion focuses on the application of the PI growth model to assess the effect of diffuse light growth compared to direct light growth for the evaluation of photobioreactors followed by the use of the model for photobioreactor geometry optimization on the metric of areal productivity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:363–370. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrogen Production Integrated with Simultaneous CO2 Sequestration on Fly Ashes from Power Plants
Authors: Molga E. , Cherbanski R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntegration of chemical reactions with in situ adsorptive separation of one of the reaction products helps to improve the reactant conversion or/and product selectivity. In the steam‐methane reforming (SMR) process, despite a reversibility of employed reactions, the in situ adsorption of CO2 enables an almost total conversion of methane and produced CO, so pure hydrogen can be obtained directly from a single‐step adsorptive reactor. However, the main problem in practical application of such integrated process is a saturation of sorbent with CO2 and the need of its cyclic regeneration. A series of experiments to determine the kinetics for CO2 sorption on fly ashes were performed under operating conditions usually applied for the sorption‐enhanced SMR process and the possible CO2 uptake was estimated. The obtained results indicate that fly ashes can be utilized as an efficient and cheap sorbent for the considered hydrogen production process.
A New Route towards Redox Bistability through the Inspection of Manganese–Porphyrin Complexes
Authors: Kepenekian Mikaël , Vetere Valentina , Le Guennic Boris , Maldivi Pascale , Robert Vincent 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe redox and spin versatilities of manganese–porphyrin complexes [MnIIP] are examined to construct a redox‐switchable device. The electronic structure of [MnIIIP]+ was analyzed by using wavefunction‐based calculations (complete active spaces plus single excitations on top of the active spaces, that is, CAS+singles). A non‐negligible σ‐type electron‐transfer configuration is present in the [MnIIIP]+ S=2 ground state. By contrast, the [MnIIP.]+ valence tautomer is a purely π‐type intramolecular charge transfer, thus reflecting an S=3 spin state as a result of the strong ferromagnetic interaction (J=30 meV) between the S=5/2 MnII ion and the S=1/2 porphyrin radical cation P.+. The change of the redox‐sensitive site in the valence tautomer leads to a ‘triangular scheme’ that involves a critical step in which a simultaneous electron transfer and spin change are expected to induce bistability. From the wavefunction inspection, a meso‐substituted porphyrin candidate was designed to support this scenario. The complete active‐space second‐order perturbation theory (CASPT2) adiabatic energy difference between the S=2 and the S=3 spin states was reduced down to 0.15 eV, thereby giving rise to a metastable S=3 state characterized by a 0.10 Å extension of the porphyrin cavity radius. These results not only confirm the rather versatile nature of these inorganic systems but also demonstrate that redox and spin changes are intermingled in this class of compounds and can be used for applied devices.
Acylation Mechanisms of DMSO/[D6]DMSO with Di‐tert‐butylketene and Its Congeners
Authors: Knorr Rudolf 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tBu2C=C=O in diglyme require heating to about 150 °C to furnish the Pummerer‐type product tBu2CHCO2CH2SCH3 through a novel mechanistic variant. The “ester enolate” tBu2C=C(O–)–O–S+(CH3)2 arising through the reversible addition of DMSO (step 1) to C‐1 of tBu2C=C=O must be trapped through protonation (step 2) at C‐2 by a carboxylic acid catalyst to form tBu2CH–C(=O)–O–S+(CH3)2 so that the reaction can proceed. The ensuing cleavage (step 3) of the O–S bond and one of the C–H bonds in the –S(CH3)2 group (E2 elimination, no ylide intermediate) results in the formation of tBu2CHCO2– and H3CS–CH2+, whose combination (step 4) generates the final product. With a mixture of DMSO and [D6]DMSO competing for tBu2C=C=O in diglyme, the small value of the kinetic H/D isotope effect (KIE) kH/kD = 1.26 at 150 °C indicates that the cleavage of the C–H/C–D bonds (step 3) does not occur in the transition state with the highest free enthalpy. Therefore, the practically isotope‐independent steps 1 and 2 determine the overall rate. The alternative slow initial protonation at C‐2 of tBu2C=C=O generating the acylium cation tBu2CHC≡O+ can be excluded. Preparatory studies were undertaken to compare the mechanistic behavior of tBu2C=C=O with that of two related acylating agents: (i) The anhydride (tBu2CHCO)2O affords the same Pummerer‐type product more slowly, again with an unexpectedly small KIE of 1.24 at 150 °C, which indicates that the overall rate is limited here by the almost isotope‐independent initial O‐acylation of DMSO in the addition/elimination (AE) mechanism. (ii) The acyl chloride tBu2CHCOCl affords ClCH2SCH3 through a more common mechanistic variant involving neither the ketene nor the acylium cation tBu2CHC≡O+: The modestly enhanced kH/kD value of 2.4 at 55 °C shows that the C–H/C–D bond fissions contribute to the overall rate in cooperation with the retarded initial O‐acylation. Deuterium labeling was quantified through 1H and 13C NMR integrations of deuterium‐shifted signals.
BEM solution to magnetohydrodynamic flow in a semi‐infinite duct
Authors: Bozkaya Canan , Tezer‐Sezgin M. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYWe consider the magnetohydrodynamic flow that is laminar and steady of a viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting fluid in a semi‐infinite duct under an externally applied magnetic field. The flow is driven by the current produced by a pressure gradient. The applied magnetic field is perpendicular to the semi‐infinite walls that are kept at the same magnetic field value in magnitude but opposite in sign. The wall that connects the two semi‐infinite walls is partly non‐conducting and partly conducting (in the middle). A BEM solution was obtained using a fundamental solution that enables to treat the magnetohydrodynamic equations in coupled form with general wall conductivities. The inhomogeneity in the equations due to the pressure gradient was tackled, obtaining a particular solution, and the BEM was applied with a fundamental solution of coupled homogeneous convection–diffusion type partial differential equations. Constant elements were used for the discretization of the boundaries (y  =  0, −a ⩽ x ⩽ a) and semi‐infinite walls at x  =  ±a, by keeping them as finite since the boundary integral equations are restricted to these boundaries due to the regularity conditions as y  →  ∞ . The solution is presented in terms of equivelocity and induced magnetic field contours for several values of Hartmann number (M), conducting length (l), and non‐conducting wall conditions (k). The effect of the parameters on the solution is studied. Flow rates are also calculated for these values of parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tried and true: A survey of successfully promoted academic hospitalists
Authors: Leykum Luci K. , Parekh Vikas I. , Sharpe Bradley , Boonyasai Romsai T. , Centor Robert M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Academic hospital medicine is a new and rapidly growing field. Hospitalist faculty members often fill roles not typically held by other academic faculty, maintain heavy clinical workloads, and participate in nontraditional activities. Because of these differences, there is concern about how academic hospitalists may fare in the promotions process.OBJECTIVE:To determine factors critical to the promotion of successfully promoted hospitalists who have achieved the rank of either associate professor or professor.DESIGN:A cross‐sectional survey.PARTICIPANTS:Thirty‐three hospitalist faculty members at 22 academic medical centers promoted to associate professor rank or higher between 1995 and 2008.MEASUREMENTS:Respondents were asked to describe their institution, its promotions process, and the activities contributing to their promotion. We identified trends across respondents.RESULTS:Twenty‐six hospitalists responded, representing 20 institutions (79% response rate). Most achieved promotion in a nontenure track (70%); an equal number identified themselves as clinician‐administrators and clinician educators (40%). While hospitalists were engaged in a wide range of activities in the traditional domains of service, education, and research, respondents considered peer‐reviewed publication to be the most important activity in achieving promotion. Qualitative responses demonstrated little evidence that being a hospitalist was viewed as a hindrance to promotion.CONCLUSIONS:Successful promotion in academic hospital medicine depends on accomplishment in traditional academic domains, raising potential concerns for academic hospitalists with less traditional roles. This study may provide guidance for early‐career academic hospitalists and program leaders. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine
Lack of association of RAD51 genetic variations with hepatitis B virus clearance and occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in a Korean population
Authors: Pasaje Charisse Flerida A. , Kim Jeong‐Hyun , Park Byung‐Lae , Cheong Hyun Sub , Bae Joon Seol , Park Tae‐Joon , Lee Jin‐Sol , Kim Yongha , Lee Hyo‐Suk , Koh InSong , Kim Yoon Jun , Shin Hyoung Doo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe RecA homolog, E. coli (S. cerevisiae) (RAD51) may modulate hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection by maintaining genome integrity and mediating homologous DNA repairs. In this study, 16 sequence variations were detected by resequencing all exons, the exon–intron boundary, and promoter regions of the human RAD51 gene in DNA samples of 24 unrelated individuals. To investigate the association of common variations in the RAD51 locus with HBV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence, six common polymorphisms were genotyped in a total of 1,103 Korean HBV cohort, composed of 433 spontaneously recovered patients as controls and 670 chronic carriers of HBV, who were stratified further into 327 cirrhosis/chronic hepatitis patients and 343 patients with HCC infected with HBV. Logistic analyses revealed no significant association of RAD51 polymorphisms and haplotypes with HBV clearance and HCC occurrence (P > 0.05). Furthermore, with age of infection as an important factor in disease progression to HCC, results from the Cox proportional hazards analysis showed no significant associations between any of the tested RAD51 variants and the age of onset of HCC (P > 0.05), suggesting that genetic polymorphisms of RAD51 may not play an important role in clearance of HBV and disease progression to HCC. Although studies in other populations are needed to confirm these findings, this preliminary data may contribute to the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of hepatitis. J. Med. Virol. 83:1892–1899, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of hepatitis B surface antigen over time: Implications for studies using stored sera
Authors: Fung James , Lai Ching‐Lung , Young John , Wong Danny Ka‐Ho , Yuen John , Seto Wai‐Kay , Yuen Man‐Fung 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn chronic hepatitis B, quantitative measurements of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have been studied increasingly using stored sera to determine its usefulness in disease management. However, the stability of stored HBsAg levels has not been established. The current study determines prospectively the stability of HBsAg levels in sera stored for 1 year. Fresh sera from 105 samples were divided into 5 aliquots. The first aliquot was used to determine HBsAg at the time of blood sampling. The remaining four aliquots were stored at −20°C and thawed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months to determine the HBsAg levels. HBsAg was measured by adopting the research protocol using the Elecsys HBsAg II assay. At baseline, age and HBV DNA showed a significant correlation with HBsAg levels (r = −0.291, P = 0.003 and r = 0.256, P = 0.003, respectively). There was no overall significant difference observed between the HBsAg levels measured at the different time points. There was high correlation between each consecutive time points from baseline to 3 months, 3–6 months, 6–9 months, and 9–12 months (r = 0.991, 0.987, 0.989, 0.993, respectively, all P < 0.001). The overall log difference in HBsAg levels between baseline and at 12 months was 0.03 (range, −0.29 to 0.85), with over 99% of samples showing no significant change (defined as >1 log) after 12 months. In conclusion, HBsAg levels remained stable in stored frozen sera for 12 months without significant changes, and could be used to quantify HBsAg accurately. J. Med. Virol. 83:1900–1904, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.