bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do People Comprehend Legal Language in Wills?
Authors: Greene Edith , Fogler Kethera , Gibson Sheri C. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis study assessed the ability of laypeople to understand a document that most have read and signed: a last will and testament. We focused on concepts that are frequently included in wills, examined whether understanding can be enhanced by psycholinguistic revisions, and assessed comprehension as a function of age. Participants ages 32 to 89 years read will‐related concepts in (i) their traditional format, (ii) a version revised to increase readability, or (iii) a version in which, in addition to those changes, we explained archaic and legal terms. Results showed that increasing the readability and explaining terms enhanced participants' abilities to apply will‐related concepts to novel fact patterns and to explain their reasoning. We found no age‐related effects on comprehension, consistent with well‐documented findings that processing at the situation level of text comprehension is preserved in older adults. We discuss the implications of these findings and suggest ideas for further research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Masculinity and Suspect Gender on Perceptions of Guilt
Authors: Ward Charlotte , Flowe Heather , Humphries Joyce 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis study investigated whether perceptions of guilt for both male and female suspects co‐varied with masculine physical appearance. In addition, the study tested whether the relationship between masculine physical appearance and perceptions of guilt was dependent upon whether the crime is stereotypically male perpetrated. Participants read one of three crime scenarios (burglary, child abuse and neglect, fraud and forgery) and evaluated the likelihood that suspects of varying masculine appearance committed the crime in question. Masculine physical appearance significantly affected guilt ratings across all crime types for both male and female suspects. Additionally, guilt ratings for male compared with female suspects were higher for burglary, a crime that was viewed as stereotypically male perpetrated by research participants. The results are discussed in relation to applied implications and future research directions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing Differences between Feature‐Based Facial Composites and Photos of Real Faces
Authors: Carlson Curt A. , Gronlund Scott D. , Weatherford Dawn R. , Carlson Maria A. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryComputer‐generated faces (composites) constructed by select2ing individual facial features (e.g. eyes, nose, mouth) are poorly recognized because this process contrasts with the natural holistic processing of real faces. This result suggests that there should be differences in the cognitive processing of these composites compared with photos of real faces, which would make these stimuli problematic for theories seeking to explain real face processing. We conducted five experiments to test potential conditions for moving composite processing closer to how real face photos are processed, first taking the perspective of researchers who construct composites with a random selection of available features and then taking a perspective closer to police by creating each composite to match a real face photo. Composites with randomly selected features (but configured like real faces) showed no face inversion effect and recognition memory for these composites benefited from increased encoding time, unlike real face photos. Although composites constructed to match real face photos yielded an inversion effect, they still were remembered differently than the photos. Researchers should not use feature‐based composites as proxies for real face photos. We conclude with a discussion of alternative methods of constructing composites. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding mode control theory‐based algorithm for online learning in type‐2 fuzzy neural networks: application to velocity control of an electro hydraulic servo system
Authors: Kayacan Erdal , Kaynak Okyay 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, a novel sliding mode control theory‐based learning algorithm is proposed to train an interval type‐2 fuzzy neural network using type‐2 fuzzy triangular membership functions. The structure considered is a type‐2 Takagi–Sugeno–Kang fuzzy logic system in which the antecedents are type‐2 fuzzy sets, and consequents are crisp numbers (A2‐C0). In the proposed learning algorithm, instead of trying to minimize an error function as is generally performed, the weights of the fuzzy neural network are tuned by the proposed algorithm in a way that the error is enforced to satisfy a stable equation. The parameter update rules to achieve this are derived, and the convergence of the parameters is proved by the use of Lyapunov stability method. To illustrate the applicability and the efficacy of the proposed method, we tested it on the velocity control of an electro hydraulic servo system in the presence of flow nonlinearities and internal friction. The motivation behind testing the proposed learning algorithm on this system is that it contains several nonlinearities that limit the ability of conventional controllers in achieving a satisfactory performance. The simulation studies indicate that the type‐2 fuzzy neuro structure with the proposed learning algorithm results in a better performance than its type‐1 fuzzy counterpart. Moreover, the proposed learning algorithm is easy to implement because of its simple structure, which makes it less complicated than the other learning algorithms seen in literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐Enhanced Efficient Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Trisubstituted 2‐Mercaptoimidazoles on a Soluble Support
Authors: Yellol Gorakh S. , Chou Cheng‐Ting , Chang Wang‐Jin , Maiti Barnali , Sun Chung‐Ming 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA novel efficient synthetic method for regioselective synthesis of optically active 2‐mercaptoimidazoles with three points of structural diversity was investigated on a polyethylene glycol (PEG) support. The key synthetic steps involve (i) synthesis of thiourea derivatives of polymer‐supported amino acids with isothiocyanates and (ii) one‐pot regioselective condensation of PEG‐linked thiourea with α‐bromo ketones to furnish the 2‐mercaptoimidazole skeleton under microwave conditions. An excellent regioselectivity was observed during this one‐pot condensation reaction which was further supported by NOE studies. In addition to three sets of structural diversity, supplementary chirality at the α‐position of the 2‐mercaptoimidazole skeleton is the key feature of this synthesis. A representative set of 2‐mercaptoimidazoles was efficiently assembled on soluble support utilizing various L‐amino acids, isothiocyanates and α‐bromoaryl ketones with good yields.
Domino Carbopalladation‐Carbonylation: Investigation of Substrate Scope
Authors: Seashore‐Ludlow Brinton , Danielsson Jakob , Somfai Peter 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis work gives an in depth account of our domino carbopalladation‐carbonylation method for substrates possessing β‐hydrogens. The scope of the method is examined for allylic amines containing trisubstituted olefins and we detail our attempts toward the diastereospecific synthesis of contiguous quaternary centers using this technology. The results give key insights into the relative rates of the competing reactions of the alkyl palladium intermediates, which is crucial for the understanding and development of new domino processes.
New Developments in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis: Growth and High‐Impact Research for Green Organic Synthesis
Authors: Richmond Joe P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAdvanced Synthesis & Catalysis has continued on the upward curve in 2011 and passed several milestones along the way. The submissions exceeded 1000, the number of printed pages reached 3500, and the number of published articles passed the 400 mark. With 2010 impact factors of 5.25 (2‐year IF) and 5.36 (5‐year IF) ASC continued to be at the top for green synthesis. Submissions and published papers from Europe and from Asia continue to dominate. Over one quarter of the published papers now come from China and Hong Kong. The percentage of communications continued to grow and is now 54% of the published articles. The new Editorial and Advisory Boards have settled in and with them Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis will further change and develop over the next years. The goal of Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis continues to be to publish seminal research as chemists move toward greener synthesis: “new catalytic systems effecting perfect chemical reactions that give only the desired products, with 100% selectivity and 100% yield without unwanted wastes.”
Search for a gene responsible for Floating‐Harbor syndrome on chromosome 12q15q21.1
Authors: Lopez Estelle , Callier Patrick , Cormier‐Daire Valérie , Lacombe Didier , Moncla Anne , Bottani Armand , Lambert Sandy , Goldenberg Alice , Doray Bérénice , Odent Sylvie , Sanlaville Damien , Gueneau Lucie , Duplomb Laurence , Huet Frédéric , Aral Bernard , Thauvin‐Robinet Christel , Faivre Laurence 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFloating‐Harbor syndrome (FHS) is characterized by characteristic facial dysmorphism, short stature with delayed bone age, and expressive language delay. To date, the gene(s) responsible for FHS is (are) unknown and the diagnosis is only made on the basis of the clinical phenotype. The majority of cases appeared to be sporadic but rare cases following autosomal dominant inheritance have been reported. We identified a 4.7 Mb de novo 12q15‐q21.1 microdeletion in a patient with FHS and intellectual deficiency. Pangenomic 244K array‐CGH performed in a series of 12 patients with FHS failed to identify overlapping deletions. We hypothesized that FHS is caused by haploinsufficiency of one of the 19 genes or predictions located in the deletion found in our index patient. Since none of them appeared to be good candidate gene by their function, a high‐throughput sequencing approach of the region of interest was used in eight FHS patients. No pathogenic mutation was found in these patients. This approach failed to identify the gene responsible for FHS, and this can be explained by at least four reasons: (i) our index patient could be a phenocopy of FHS; (ii) the disease may be clinically heterogeneous (since the diagnosis relies exclusively on clinical features), (iii) these could be genetic heterogeneity of the disease, (iv) the patient could carry a mutation in a gene located elsewhere. Recent descriptions of patients with 12q15‐q21.1 microdeletions argue in favor of the phenocopy hypothesis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dominant and recessive forms of fibrochondrogenesis resulting from mutations at a second locus, COL11A2
Authors: Tompson Stuart W. , Faqeih Eissa Ali , Ala‐Kokko Leena , Hecht Jacqueline T. , Miki Rika , Funari Tara , Funari Vincent A. , Nevarez Lisette , Krakow Deborah , Cohn Daniel H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFibrochondrogenesis is a severe, recessively inherited skeletal dysplasia shown to result from mutations in the gene encoding the proα1(XI) chain of type XI collagen, COL11A1. The first of two cases reported here was the affected offspring of first cousins and sequence analysis excluded mutations in COL11A1. Consequently, whole‐genome SNP genotyping was performed to identify blocks of homozygosity, identical‐by‐descent, wherein the disease locus would reside. COL11A1 was not within a region of homozygosity, further excluding it as the disease locus, but the gene encoding the proα2(XI) chain of type XI collagen, COL11A2, was located within a large region of homozygosity. Sequence analysis identified homozygosity for a splice donor mutation in intron 18. Exon trapping demonstrated that the mutation resulted in skipping of exon 18 and predicted deletion of 18 amino acids from the triple helical domain of the protein. In the second case, heterozygosity for a de novo 9 bp deletion in exon 40 of COL11A2 was identified, indicating that there are autosomal dominant forms of fibrochondrogenesis. These findings thus demonstrate that fibrochondrogenesis can result from either recessively or dominantly inherited mutations in COL11A2. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nationwide survey of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome in Japan revealing the low frequency of basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Endo Mamiko , Fujii Katsunori , Sugita Katsuo , Saito Kayoko , Kohno Yoichi , Miyashita Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) is characterized by developmental defects and tumorigenesis. The clinical manifestations of NBCCS have been reported in large epidemiological studies from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, but not from an Asian country. We conducted a nationwide survey and identified 311 NBCCS patients in Japan. We investigated the detailed clinical manifestations of 157 patients ranging in age from 9 months to 77 years old (mean: 33.1 years). We then compared the frequency and age of onset for various tumors developed in Japanese NBCCS patients with patients from the three countries listed above in which NBCCS studies were previously conducted. Our most significant finding was the low frequency of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in Japanese patients. Frequency of BCC in patients over 20 years of age was 51.4%, a much lower rate compared to the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom (91%, 85%, and 73%, respectively). The mean age of BCC onset was 37.4 years of age, a much older age compared to the above‐mentioned countries. These findings suggest that differences in ethnicity and/or environmental factors affect the incidence of BCC. Because the age of BCC onset is generally higher in Japanese NBCCS patients, careful skin examination over a prolonged period of time is warranted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectively training pediatric residents to deliver diagnoses of Down syndrome
Authors: Lunney Carol A. , Kleinert Harold L. , Ferguson James E. , Campbell Lynn 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPhysicians and parents report a need for pediatricians to have additional training in delivering a diagnosis of Down syndrome (DS). This study tested a web‐based tutorial to assess its effectiveness in improving physicians' perceived comfort with both ambiguous and more medically factual situations as they deliver diagnoses of DS. Based on this web tutorial that integrated prenatal and postnatal information into virtual patient scenarios, the study assessed pediatrics residents' knowledge and comfort in delivering a diagnosis of DS pre and postnatally. A separate survey, given at the same time, asked for residents' perception of their need for this training. Ninety‐one volunteer residents from 10 pediatric training programs across the country participated. The tutorial yielded significant improvement in knowledge and a significant decrease in perceived level of discomfort in both ambiguous situations and more medically certain contexts related to a DS diagnosis. In addition, across all pediatric resident groups (by year, gender, and performance on the knowledge test and the comfort scale), residents strongly agreed that this type of training was beneficial for themselves, other residents, practicing physicians, and other medical professionals. This study suggests that web‐based, interactive, multi‐media training may be an effective tool for improving resident physician comfort with both ambiguous and more medically certain situations in delivering a diagnosis of DS to families. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A de novo interstitial deletion of 2p23.3–24.3 in a boy presenting with intellectual disability, overgrowth, dysmorphic features, skeletal myopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Shoukier Moneef , Schröder Julia , Zoll Barbara , Burfeind Peter , Freiberg Clemens , Klinge Lars , Kriebel Thomas , Lingen Michael , Mohr Alexander , Brockmann Knut 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInterstitial deletions of the distal part of chromosome 2p are rare, with only six reported cases involving regions from 2p23 to 2pter. Most of these were cytogenetic investigations. We describe a 14‐year‐old boy with an 8.97 Mb deletion of 2p23.3–24.3 detected by array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) who had intellectual disability (ID), unusual facial features, cryptorchidism, skeletal myopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), and postnatal overgrowth (macrocephaly and tall stature). We compared the clinical features of the present case to previously described patients with an interstitial deletion within this chromosomal region and conclude that our patient exhibits a markedly different phenotype. Additional patients are needed to further delineate phenotype–genotype correlations © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Low temperature plasma‐initiated precipitation copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride
Authors: Yan Da , Xu Xinhua , Ma Guiqiu , Sheng Jing 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this study, we show that the plasma‐initiated polymerization (PIP) can be carried out at ambient pressure using the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) technology. The structure of styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) is analyzed by 1H and 13C‐NMR. The effects of initiation time, gas flow rate, post‐polymerization time, and temperature on yield are also discussed. The results show that SMA exhibits a dominant alternating structure. The yield of SMA increases with the increase of initiation time and polymerization temperature, remains unchanged with the increase of flow rate, and decreases rapidly with the increase of St‐MAH molar ratio. The PIP in this experiment is shown to follow the free‐radical polymerization mechanism and the process of the polymerization is also discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Organosoluble and light‐colored fluorinated semialicyclic polyimide derived from 1,2,3,4‐cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride
Authors: Lu Yunhua , Hu Zhizhi , Wang Yongfei , Fang Qing Xu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this study, the alicyclic dianhydrides 1,2,3,4‐cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) was polymerized with seven kinds of fluorinated aromatic diamines, 2,2′‐bis(trifluoromethyl)‐4,4′‐diaminobiphenyl (1), 1,4‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)benzene (2), 1,4‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)diphenyl (3), 1,4‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy) diphenyl ether (4), 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane (5), 4,4′‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)diphenyl sulfone (6), and 2,7‐bis(4‐amino‐2‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)naphthalene (7), via a two‐step polycondensation procedure to prepare seven kinds of fluorinated semialicyclic polyimides (PI) PI‐1 ∼ PI‐7. The structures of these polyimides were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (IR). Solubility of the polyimides was tested in various organic solvents and their thermal properties were investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Ultraviolet‐visible spectra (UV‐vis) and near infrared absorption spectra (NIR) were obtained to evaluate the optical properties of these polyimides. The obtained polyimides PI‐1 ∼ PI‐7 displayed excellent solubility in a variety of organic solvents; they were readily soluble in amide‐type polar solvent. These polyimide films exhibited good optical transparency in the visible light region (400–700 nm) with the transmittance higher than 80% at 450 nm, and these polyimide films showed little absorption at the optocommunication wavelengths of 1.30 and 1.55 μm. These polyimides showed good thermal stability with the 10% thermal decomposing temperatures higher than 443°C in nitrogen and the glass transition temperatures higher than 265°C. In addition, the effect of the structure of fluorinated diamines on the properties of polyimide films was also compared. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Equilibrium adsorption studies on removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution using sawdust–polyaniline (SD–PAn) composites
Authors: Bajpai M. , Rai Neelam , Bajpai S. K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this work, equilibrium adsorption studies were carried out for the removal of antiinflamatory drug diclofenac sodium (DS) from aqueous solutions using sawdust–polyaniline(SD‐PAn) composite as a potential sorbent at 20, 30, and 40°C. The composite sorbent was characterized by FTIR and SEM analysis. The particles exhibited porous and rough surface. The equilibrium uptake data was interpreted by the Langmuir, the Freundlic, the Temkin, and the Dubinin–Redushkevich (D‐R) isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to decrease with increase in temperature, thus indicating exothermic nature of the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters were evaluated using Langmuir, Flory–Huggins, Frumkin, and modified‐Frumkin models. The negative values of ΔGads0 and ΔH0 indicated spontaneous and exothermic nature of the adsorption process, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 125:1382–1390, 2012
A cost‐effective model for preliminary site evaluation for the reintroduction of a threatened quillwort
Authors: Abeli Thomas , Barni Elena , Siniscalco Consolata , Amosso Cecilia , Rossi Graziano 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

The choice of suitable sites for establishment of a new population of a species is the first step in a translocation programme. However, evaluation of a large number of sites can be demanding of time and money; practitioners need time‐ and cost‐effective evaluation tools.
A predictive model for the preliminary evaluation of potential reintroduction sites was developed using the endangered quillwort Isoëtes malinverniana as a case study. The reliability of three water habitat variables (pH, conductivity, and clarity) as predictors of the presence/absence of I. malinverniana was tested. Three sets of logistic models were produced on the basis of the mean values of pH and conductivity measured over 3, 4 and 6 months to understand whether frequency of measurement affected the reliability of the models. Models of each set were ranked according to AIC and their reliability was then tested using data from the literature.
The conductivity of water and pH were the most effective predictors of the suitability of sites for the reintroduction of I. malinverniana. In particular there was a negative relationship between the presence of I. malinverniana and these variables.
Because of seasonal fluctuations in the variables considered, at least 4 months monitoring are required to obtain reliable results. Despite this, the method is still advantageous in terms of costs, compared with repeated measurements of a wide range of chemical characteristics at a large number of sites.
The main goal of this method is to limit expensive chemical analysis to a few sites chosen after the exclusion of unsuitable sites, through application of the model. Considering the similar ecophysiological features of quillworts from oligotrophic waters, the same model or conceptual framework could be applied to other quillworts and isoetid species growing in degraded areas and needing active conservation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Access to Transition‐Metal–Carbonyl Complexes with an Amidinate‐Stabilized Chlorosilylene Ligand
Authors: Azhakar Ramachandran , Ghadwal Rajendra S. , Roesky Herbert W. , Hey Jakob , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThree transition‐metal–carbonyl complexes [V(L)(CO)3(Cp)] (1), [Co(L)(CO)(Cp)] (2), and [Co(L2)(CO)3]+[CoCO)4]− (3), each containing stable N‐heterocyclic‐chlorosilylene ligands (L; L=PhC(NtBu)2SiCl) were synthesized from [V(CO)4(Cp)], [Co(CO)2(Cp)], and Co2(CO)8, respectively. Complexes 1, 2, 3 were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, EI‐MS spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of compounds 1, 2, 3 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.