bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of novel thermosetting polyphosphazene‐urethanes
Authors: Zhou Yubo , Huang Xiaobin , Tang Xiaozhen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPolyphosphazenes are ready to move from the level of a mere scientific curiosity to the rank of industrially and commercially important macromolecules because they have experienced an explosive development during the last 10 years. In this paper, novel linear poly [bis‐(phenoxy) 1.8 (4‐hydroxybutaneoxy) 0.2 phosphazene] (PPHBP) was synthesized and characterized by FTIR, NMR, and GPC. Then, a series of new thermosetting polyphosphazene‐urethanes (PPU)s were prepared by using PPHBP polyol via a two‐step method. The FTIR spectra have showed the PPUs were successfully prepared. Compared to conventional polyurethane, the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG) have indicated that the PPUs exhibited better thermal stability and flame resistance. The study on water contact angle showed that PPUs were more hydrophobic than conventional polyurethane. This may widen the opportunities for producing a new class of polyurethanes with broad range of uses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preserving female fertility following cancer treatment: Current options and future possibilities
Authors: West Erin R. , Zelinski Mary B. , Kondapalli Laxmi A. , Gracia Clarisa , Chang Jeffrey , Coutifaris Christos , Critser John , Stouffer Richard L. , Shea Lonnie D. , Woodruff Teresa K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChildren and women of reproductive age are increasingly surviving cancer diagnoses, and therefore long‐term quality‐of‐life issues are of greater importance at the time of diagnosis. Cancer therapies including radiation and chemotherapy can be detrimental to fertility, and therefore many patients are motivated to preserve fertility prior to cancer treatment. The only highly successful method in preserving fertility to date is embryo cryopreservation, which may not be appropriate for some patients due to age, delay in treatment, cancer type and stage, as well as availability of an acceptable sperm donor. Alternative methods including oocyte cryopreservation and ovarian tissue banking may also preserve fertility while providing additional flexibility to patients. In vitro ovarian follicle maturation following tissue banking is one potential approach that would not require a delay in cancer therapy for ovarian stimulation, would not require an immediate sperm donor, and does not carry the risk of reintroducing malignant cells following tissue transplantation. In vitro follicle culture systems have resulted in successful live births in the mouse. However, many challenges must be addressed in translating the system to the human. This review summarizes current approaches to fertility preservation and discusses recent developments and future challenges in developing a human in vitro follicle culture system. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:289–295. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of an infant with severe acute refractory immune thrombocytopenic purpura using combination therapy including rituximab
Authors: Iesato Kotoe , Hatakeyama Naoki , Yamamoto Masaki , Hori Tsukasa , Inazawa Natsuko , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Suzuki Nobuhiro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSome infants with acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) do not respond to first‐line therapy, and currently there is no consensus on therapy for these refractory cases. We describe a 12‐week‐old infant with acute ITP who was unresponsive to intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroid, and developed gastrointestinal bleeding. Several combination therapies were unsuccessful. After four doses of rituximab followed by intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroid, his platelet counts gradually increased. Combined therapy which includes rituximab may be a promising treatment for severe acute refractory ITP. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:203–205. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects
Authors: Cameron Martin , Moran Paul 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis review article discusses prenatal screening and diagnosis of neural tube defects (NTD). High detection rates occur in countries operating ultrasound screening programmes because classical two‐dimensional ultrasound cranial signs (lemon shaped head, banana cerebellum, ventriculomegaly) are important diagnostic clues to the presence of spina bifida. Careful evaluation of both the spine and a search for other abnormalities is warranted. Important prognostic information for spina bifida relates to the lesion level, with a “watershed” between L3 and L4 marking a very high chance of being wheelchair bound with the higher lesions. Three‐dimensional ultrasound using multiplanar views can achieve diagnostic accuracy within one vertebral body in around 80% of patients. There are high rates of pregnancy termination for spina bifida in many European countries, but the use of new imagining techniques allow better prediction of outcome, and consequently a refinement of prenatal counselling. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of pH‐responsive crosslinked poly[styrene‐co‐(maleic sodium anhydride)] and cellulose composite hydrogel nanofibers by electrospinning
Authors: Cao Shengguang , Hu Binghuan , Liu Haiqing 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Stimuli‐sensitive materials show enormous potential in the development of drug delivery systems. But the low response rate of most stimuli‐sensitive materials limits their wider application. We propose that electrospinning, a technique for the preparation of ultrafine fibrous materials with ultrafine diameters, may be used to prepare materials with a fast response to stimuli.RESULTS: Poly[styrene‐co‐(maleic sodium anhydride)] and cellulose (SMA‐Na/cellulose) hydrogel nanofibers were prepared through hydrolysis of precursor electrospun poly[styrene‐co‐(maleic anhydride)]/cellulose acetate (SMA/CA) nanofibers. In the presence of diethylene glycol, the SMA/CA composite nanofibers were crosslinked by esterification at 145 °C, and then hydrolyzed to yield crosslinked SMA‐Na/cellulose hydrogel nanofibers. These nanofibers showed better mechanical strengths and were pH responsive. Their water swelling ratio showed a characteristic two‐step increase at pH = 5.0 and 8.2, with the water swelling ratio reaching a maximum of 27.6 g g−1 at pH = 9.1.CONCLUSION: The crosslinked SMA‐Na hydrogel nanofibers supported on cellulose showed improved dimensional stability upon immersion in aqueous solutions. They were pH responsive. This new type of hydrogel nanofiber is a potential material for biomedical applications. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Childhood depression: Rethinking the role of the school
Authors: Herman Keith C. , Reinke Wendy M. , Parkin Jason , Traylor Karen B. , Agarwal Geetika 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSchools play a privileged and strategic role in the lives of children acting as their principle environment away from home. Additionally, schools act as part of the community linking families and neighborhoods. These characteristics make schools a relevant setting for mental health service delivery and support to children and parents. In this article the role of the school environment on the development of childhood depression and as a leverage point in the prevention and treatment of depression will be discussed. Rationales for this viewpoint, as well as practical suggestions for reducing the deleterious effects of schooling on children's emotional well‐being, are offered. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing the viability of treatment rights for prisoners with personality disorder: Substance or substantive?
Authors: McRae Leon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPersonality disorder (PD) has long been criticized as a diagnosis, not least for the issue of its supposed untreatability. This has precluded many offenders with PD from receiving treatment for their disorder in a secure hospital, with detention in the potentially deleterious penal environment the result. However, transfers for public protection continue to occur. A further problematic issue for treatment considerations when diversion from prison hangs in the balance is the removal of the need for proposed treatment to provide a therapeutic benefit under the recently amended Mental Health Act 1983. In light of these developments, this paper considers the significance of human rights instruments, such as the European Prison Rules 2006, which aim to offer rights to treatment, giving the offender with a diagnosis of PD access to adequate and sustaining treatment, both in prison and secure hospitals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasma proteome analysis for anti‐obesity and anti‐diabetic potentials of chitosan oligosaccharides inob/obmice
Authors: Kumar Suresh G. , Rahman Md. Atiar , Lee Sung Hak , Hwang Hee Sun , Kim Hyun Ah , Yun Jong Won 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAltered levels of adipokines, derived as a result of distorted adipocytes, are the major factors responsible for changing biochemical parameters in obesity that leads to the development of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. In our previous reports, chitosan oligosaccharides (CO) were proved to inhibit the differentiation of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the anti‐obesity and anti‐diabetic effect of CO onob/obmice, by means of differential proteomic analysis of plasma. This was followed by immunoblotting, and gene expression in adipose tissue to clarify the molecular mechanism. CO treatment showed reduced diet intake (13%), body weight gain (12%), lipid (29%) and glucose levels (35%). 2‐DE results showed differential levels of five proteins namely RBP4, apoE, and apoA‐IV by >2‐fold down‐regulation and by >2‐fold of apoA‐I and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) up‐regulation after CO treatment. Immunoblotting studies of adiponectin and resistin showed amelioration in their levels in plasma. Furthermore, the results of gene expressions for adipose tissue specific TNF‐α, and IL‐6 secretary molecules were also down‐regulated by CO treatment. Gene expressions of PPARγ in adipose tissue were in good agreement with the ameliorated levels of adipokines, thereby improving the pathological state. Taken together, CO might act as a potent down‐regulator of obesity‐related gene expression inob/obmice that may normalize altered plasma proteins to overcome metabolic disorders of obesity.
Tumoristatic effects of endostatin in prostate cancer is dependent on androgen receptor status
Authors: Isayeva Tatyana , Moore Lakisha D. , Chanda Diptiman , Chen Dongquan , Ponnazhagan Selvarangan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough anti‐angiogenic therapy is a promising new line of therapy for prostate cancer, we recently reported that stable expression of endostatin arrested the progression of prostate cancer to poorly differentiated state and distant metastasis in TRAMP mice. However, the same therapy failed to provide any benefit when given either during or after the onset of metastatic switch. The present study determined the possible mechanisms behind the selective advantage of endostatin therapy in early‐stage disease.METHODSAngiogenesis‐related gene expression analysis was performed to identify target genes and molecular pathways involved in the therapy effects. Based on the results from in vivo studies, and recapitulation of the in vivo data in vitro using tumorigenic and non‐tumorigenic human prostate cancer cells that are either androgen‐sensitive or androgen‐independent, analyses of possible mechanisms of the selective advantage of early treatment were performed using assays for cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and cell signaling. The identified mechanisms were further confirmed in vivo.RESULTSResults indicated that cells with high androgen receptor (AR) expression were more sensitive to endostatin treatment than androgen‐independent cells with low or no AR expression. Endostatin was found to significantly downregulate the expression of growth factors, receptor tyrosine kinases, proteases, and AR both in vitro and in vivo only when the cells express high‐levels of AR. Cell proliferation was not influenced by endostatin treatment but migration was significantly affected only in androgen‐sensitive cells. Targeted downregulation of AR prior to endostatin treatment in androgen‐sensitive cells and overexpression of AR in androgen‐independent cells indicated that the effect of endostatin via AR downregulation is mediated by a non‐genotropic mechanism on Ras and RhoA pathways, and independently of AR on MAPK/ERK pathway.CONCLUSIONSThese data indicate that systemically stable endostatin expression delays the onset of metastatic switch by acting on multiple pathways involving AR. Prostate 69:1055–1066, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transmission electron microscopical investigation of AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors
Authors: Pretorius Angelika , Aschenbrenner Timo , Dartsch Heiko , Figge Stephan , Hommel Detlef , Rosenauer Andreas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with 40 mirror pairs were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The structures were analysed for defects, interfaces, layer thicknesses and composition in order to reveal possible reasons for the experimentally obtained reflectivity falling behind the theoretically expected one. A low crack density and a homogeneous Al‐concentration in the AlGaN‐layers was found.Nevertheless, the threading dislocation density was significant, and numerous inversion domains were observed, which originate in the AlGaN‐buffer layer below the DBR‐structure. In addition, the thickness of the GaN‐DBR layers measured along the growth direction of the DBR exhibits large variations, and the interfaces are broad with extensions of ∼ 10% of the intended layer thickness (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Violet blue laser mini‐bars
Authors: Holc Katarzyna , Wisniewski Przemek , Leszczynski Michal , Suski Tadek , Grzegory Iza , Czernecki Robert , Grzanka Szymon , Perlin Piotr 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate the construction of violet blue multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) InGaN/GaN laser mini‐bars, a novel system in nitride‐based devices. It consists of three laser stripes, closely spaced with 40 μm pitch. The width of the stripe was 3 microns. Structures were fabricated on high pressure grown, low dislocation density substrates. Under cw operation the measured spectra demonstrate sharp, almost single line emission (FWHM ∼ 1.43 Å). Measurements of the optical far field pattern revealed that when operated under threshold the device was emitting light from all three stripes, whereas during lasing we observed the optical mode only in the area of the middle laser stripe. The behaviour of optical mode suggests the formation of the supermode (coherent emission from all three devices). The maximum optical output power was 270 mW at 402 nm and the slope efficiency was 0.7 W/A. This device offers the possibility to overcome the optical output power limit, characteristic for narrow stripe devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron transport in nitrogen‐polar high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Brown David F. , Rajan Siddharth , Keller Stacia , Hsieh Yun‐Hao , DenBaars Steven P. , Mishra Umesh K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe electron mobility in N‐polar heterostructures was measured as a function of gate bias using resistance and capacitance measurements on gated transmission line method structures. The mobility was observed to decrease as the gate was reverse biased. Experimental results also revealed that the access resistance of the device increased with increasing reverse bias of the gate. Theoretical scattering rates caused by phonon, alloy disorder and ionized impurity scattering were calculated as a function of gate bias and found to match the experimental data well. An electrostatic model was developed to calculate the sheet charge density of the devices, and they were found to be independent of the polarization of the barrier layer. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A porous layer: an evidence for the deterioration of MOVPE InN grown at high temperature (∼650 °C)
Authors: Sugita K. , Hashimoto A. , Yamamoto A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper indicates an evidence for the deterioration of the MOVPE InN during the growth at high temperature (∼650 °C). It is noted that the deterioration occurs near the interface and InN film becomes porous layer during the further growth. The porous layer has high electron density. The rate‐limiting process of N‐face InN decomposition depends on atomic hydrogen. The atomic hydrogen produced by the decomposition of NH3 is responsible for the deterioration of InN film. The crystal quality of InN improves with decreasing the porous layer which is important for MOVPE InN. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Homogeneous and inhomogeneous linewidth broadening of single polar GaN/AlN quantum dots
Authors: Demangeot F. , Simeonov D. , Dussaigne A. , Butté R. , Grandjean N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe report on the dependence on temperature of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the fundamental transition of single polar GaN/AlN quantum dots (QDs). Stranski‐Krastanov QDs have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy using NH3 as a nitrogen source, with a very low surface density. Low temperature (LT) microphotoluminescence measurements have been performed on 200 nm wide mesas in order to isolate the luminescence of single QDs. The linewidth is found to vary from 590 μeV at 4 K up to 1350 μeV at 65 K in a dot of 6 monolayer height. Though the LT linewidth is still dominated by spectral diffusion, the temperature dependent broadening up to 50 K is mainly accounted for by interactions between excitons and acoustic phonons through a coupling coefficient value nearly two orders of magnitude larger than its counterpart in InAs QDs. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mass spectrometric characterization of 4‐oxopentanoic acid and gas‐phase ion fragmentation mechanisms studied using a triple quadrupole and time‐of‐flight analyzer hybrid system and density functional theory
Authors: Kanawati Basem , Joniec Seweryn , Winterhalter Richard , Moortgat Geert K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract4‐Oxopentanoic acid was characterized experimentally by electrospray ionization using a triple quadrupole and time‐of‐flight analyzer hybrid system. This compound was chosen as a model substance for small organic compounds bearing an acetyl and a carboxyl group. Collision‐induced dissociation experiments at different activation energies were performed to elucidate possible fragmentation pathways. These pathways were also studied on the theoretical level using density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6‐311++G(3df,3pd)//B3LYP/6‐31+G(d)+ZPVE calculations. CO2 ejection from the [M–H]− anion of 4‐oxopentanoic acid was observed and the fragmentation pathway studied by DFT reveals a new concerted mechanism for CO2 elimination accompanied by an intramolecular proton transfer within a pentagonal transition state structure. Successive elimination of water and CO from the [M–H]− anion of 4‐oxopentanoic acid was also observed. A rearrangement in the primary deprotonated ketene anion produced after water elimination was found on the theoretical level and leads to CO elimination from the primary product anion [M–H–H2O]−. Energy diagrams along the reaction coordinates of the fragmentation pathways are presented and discussed in detail. Mulliken charge distributions of some important structures are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From medical image computing to computer‐aided intervention: development of a research interface for image‐guided navigation
Authors: Papademetris Xenophon , DeLorenzo Christine , Flossmann Sven , Neff Markus , Vives Kenneth P. , Spencer Dennis D. , Staib Lawrence H. , Duncan James S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundThis paper describes the development and application of a research interface to integrate research image analysis software with a commercial image‐guided surgery navigation system. This interface enables bi‐directional transfer of data such as images, visualizations and tool positions in real time.MethodsWe describe both the design and the application programming interface of the research interface, as well as showing the function of an example client program. The resulting interface provides a practical and versatile link for bringing image analysis research techniques into the operating room (OR).ResultsWe present examples from the successful use of this research interface in both phantom experiments and real neurosurgeries. In particular, we demonstrate that the integrated dual‐computer system achieves tool‐tracking performance that is comparable to the more typical single‐computer scenario.ConclusionsNetwork interfaces for this type are viable solutions for the integration of commercial image‐guided navigation systems and research software. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DEA‐based efficiency evaluation of a novel robotic system for femoral neck surgery
Authors: Wang Yu , Yun Chao , Hu Lei , Liu Wenyong , Luan Sheng 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundEfficiency evaluation is important for expanding the acceptance and deployment of medical robots, but it is still an open issue. In this study, a data envelopment analysis (DEA)‐based method was proposed and implemented with a novel robotic system for femoral neck surgery.MethodsFemoral neck surgeries with and without the assistance of the robotic system were modelled as decision‐making units (DMUs). C2R model was chosen to calculate the relative efficiency.ResultsClinical simulation experiments were performed with 12 Sawbone models and 24 cadaveric femurs, and 19 clinical cases were chosen to be the control group. The minimum value of the robotically assisted surgery was 1, and the minimum value of the traditional surgery was 0.741535, demonstrating the efficiency of the robotic system.ConclusionThis research showed that DEA‐based efficiency evaluation is practical for medical robotic systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extraction of knowledge from high strength steel data using soft computing techniques—an overview
Authors: Datta Shubhabrata 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSoft computing techniques like artificial neural network, fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm are used to extract knowledge from experimentally developed data on the mechanical properties of thermomechanically processed high‐strength steel. Though these techniques, in most case, are used for developing models or optimizing a system, here the additional factor of gathering better understanding of the steel system, under investigation, has also been targeted. The extracted information has been validated by the existing concepts of physical metallurgy of steel. It is seen that these tools have the capability to confirm some of the hypotheses generated through experimentation and could easily be utilized for designing the steel with superior and/or tailor‐made properties. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company