bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sacrifice of re‐use: the travels of leftovers and family relations
Authors: Cappellini Benedetta 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

This paper focuses on food divestment practices surrounding the consumption of food leftovers in a domestic context. It argues that divestment practices of consuming food leftovers are not the last and disconnected point of a linear consumption process; rather they influence previous and subsequent consumption practices. Drawing on research among middle class British families it shows that consuming leftovers implies a set of practices, (classifying, selecting, storing and re‐using) which transform leftovers from polluted to clean food re‐admissible to the table. Leftovers' consumption has analogies with the process of sacrifice. It is an everyday thrift practice through which consumers produce excess value to be designated for extraordinary food consumption wherein the family as a whole entity is celebrated. Consuming leftovers requires a high degree of admission to the family and thus only family members, and some of them more than others, are called to such a sacrifice. Therefore it is not only during extraordinary food consumption that familial bonds are reinforced, rather is also during the everyday practice of consuming leftovers that familial bonds are sustained and perpetuated.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural Alerts, Reactive Metabolites, and Protein Covalent Binding: How Reliable Are These Attributes as Predictors of Drug Toxicity?
Authors: Kalgutkar Amit S. , Didiuk Mary T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn an increasing number of cases, a deeper understanding of the biochemical basis for idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs) has aided to replace a vague perception of a chemical class effect with a sharper picture of individual molecular peculiarity. Considering that IADRs are too complex to duplicate in a test tube, and their idiosyncratic nature precludes prospective clinical studies, it is currently impossible to predict which new drugs will be associated with a significant incidence of toxicity. Because it is now widely appreciated that reactive metabolites, as opposed to the parent molecules from which they are derived, are responsible for the pathogenesis of some IADRs, the propensity of drug candidates to form reactive metabolites is generally considered a liability. Procedures have been implemented to monitor reactive‐metabolite formation in discovery with the ultimate goal of eliminating or minimizing the liabilityviarational structural modification of the problematic chemical series. While such mechanistic studies have provided retrospective insight into the metabolic pathways which lead to reactive metabolite formation with toxic compounds, their ability to accurately predict the IADR potential of new drug candidates has been challenged. There are several instances of drugs that form reactive metabolites, but only a fraction thereof cause toxicity. This review article will outline current approaches to evaluate bioactivation potential of new compounds with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitation of these assays. Plausible reason(s) for the excellent safety record of certain drugs susceptible to bioactivation will also be explored and should provide valuable guidance in the use of reactive‐metabolite assessments when nominating drug candidates for development.
Lipid‐Bilayer Permeation of Drug‐Like Compounds
Authors: Krämer Stefanie D. , Lombardi Dario , Primorac Adriana , Thomae Anita V. , Wunderli‐Allenspach Heidi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLipid‐bilayer permeation is determinant for the disposition of xenobiotics in the body. It controls the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs and is, in many cases, a prerequisite for intracellular targeting. Permeation ofin vivobarriers is in general predicted from lipophilicity and related parameters. This article goes beyond the empirical correlations, and elucidates the processes and their interplay determining bilayer permeation. A flip‐flop model for bilayer permeation, which considers the partitioning rate constants beside the translocation rate constants, is compared with the diffusion model based onFick's first law. According to the flip‐flop model, the ratios of aqueous volumes to barrier area can determine whether partitioning or translocation is rate‐limiting. The flip‐flop model allows permeation of anions and cations, and expands our understanding of pH‐dependent permeation kinetics. Some experimental evidences for ion‐controlled permeation at pH 7 are also included in this work.
New Ideas about the Solubility of Drugs
Authors: Box Karl , Comer John E. , Gravestock Tom , Stuart Martin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMethods are described for detecting precipitation of ionisable drugs under conditions of changing pH, estimating kinetic solubility from the onset of precipitation, and measuring solubility by chasing equilibrium. Definitions are presented for kinetic, equilibrium, and intrinsic solubility of ionisable drugs, supersaturation and subsaturation, and for chasers and non‐chasers, which are two classes of ionisable drug with significantly different solubility properties. The use of Bjerrum Curves and Neutral‐Species Concentration Profiles to depict solubility properties are described and illustrated with case studies showing super‐dissolving behaviour, conversion between crystalline forms and enhancement of solubility through supersaturation, and the use of additives and simulated gastrointestinal fluids.
Copper Transfer from Cu–Aβ to Human Serum Albumin Inhibits Aggregation, Radical Production and Reduces Aβ Toxicity
Authors: Perrone Lorena , Mothes Emmanuelle , Vignes Maeva , Mockel Anaïs , Figueroa Cindy , Miquel Marie‐Christine , Maddelein Marie‐Lise , Faller Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAmyloid‐β peptides (Aβ) and the protein human serum albumin (HSA) interact in vivo. They are both localised in the blood plasma and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Among other functions, HSA is involved in the transport of the essential metal copper. Complexes between Aβ and copper ions have been proposed to be an aberrant interaction implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease, where Cu is involved in Aβ aggregation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present work, we studied copper‐exchange reaction between Aβ and HSA or the tetrapeptide DAHK (N‐terminal Cu‐binding domain of HSA) and the consequence of this exchange on Aβ‐induced ROS production and cell toxicity. The following results were obtained: 1) HSA and DAHK removed CuII from Aβ rapidly and stoichiometrically, 2) HSA and DAHK were able to decrease Cu‐induced aggregation of Aβ, 3) HSA and DAHK suppressed the catalytic HO. production in vitro and ROS production in neuroblastoma cells generated by Cu–Aβ and ascorbate, 4) HSA and DAHK were able to rescue these cells from the toxicity of Cu–Aβ with ascorbate, 5) DAHK was more potent in ROS suppression and restoration of neuroblastoma cell viability than HSA, in correlation with an easier reduction of CuII–HSA than Cu–DAHK by ascorbate, in vitro. Our data suggest that HSA is able to decrease aberrant CuII–Aβ interaction. The repercussion of the competition between HSA and Aβ to bind Cu in the blood and brain and its relation to Alzheimer's disease are discussed.
Shape‐ and Size‐Specific Chemistry of Ag Nanostructures in Catalytic Ethylene Epoxidation
Authors: Christopher Phillip , Linic Suljo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCatalytic selectivity in the epoxidation of ethylene to form ethylene oxide on alumina‐supported silver catalysts is dependent on the geometric structure of catalytically active Ag particles and reaction conditions. Shape and size controlled synthesis of Ag nanoparticles is used to show that silver nanocubes exhibit higher selectivity than nanowires and nanospheres. For a given shape, larger particles offer improved selectivity. The enhanced selectivity toward ethylene oxide is attributed to the nature of the exposed Ag surface facets; Ag nanocubes and nanowires are dominated by (100) surface facet and Ag nanospheres are dominated by (111). Furthermore, the concentration of undercoordinated surface sites is related to diminished selectivity to ethylene oxide. We demonstrate that a simple model can account for the impact of chemical and physical factors on the reaction selectivity. These observations have also been used to design a selective catalyst for the ethylene epoxidation reaction.
New Strategies to Phosphino–Phosphonium Cations and Zwitterions
Authors: Geier Stephen J. , Dureen Meghan A. , Ouyang Eva Y. , Stephan Douglas W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBy employing strategies based on frustrated Lewis pair chemistry, new routes to phosphino‐phosphonium cations and zwitterions have been developed. B(C6F5)3 is shown to react with H2 and P2tBu4 to effect heterolytic hydrogen activation yielding the phosphino‐phosphonium borate salt [(tBu2P)PHtBu2] [HB(C6F5)3] (1). Alternatively, alkenylphosphino‐phosphonium borate zwitterions are accessible by reaction of B(C6F5)3 and PhCCH with P2Ph4, P4Cy4, or P5Ph5 affording the species [(Ph2P)P(Ph)2C(Ph)C(H)B(C6F5)3] (2), [(P3Cy3)P(Cy)C(Ph)C(H)B(C6F5)3] (3), and [(P4Ph4)P(Ph)C(Ph)C(H)B(C6F5)3] (4). A related phosphino‐phosphonium borate species—[(Ph4P4)P(Ph)C6F4B(F)(C6F5)2] (5) is also isolated from the thermolysis of B(C6F5)3 and P5Ph5.
Absolute configurations of DNA lesions determined by comparisons of experimental ECD and ORD spectra with DFT calculations
Authors: Ding Shuang , Kolbanovskiy Alexander , Durandin Alexander , Crean Conor , Shafirovich Vladimir , Broyde Suse , Geacintov Nicholas E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe usefulness of modern density functional theory (DFT) methods is considered for establishing the absolute configurations of DNA lesions by comparisons of computed and experimentally measured optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Two rigid, structurally different DNA lesions (two spiroiminodihydantoin stereoisomers and four equine estrogen 4‐hydoxyequilenin—DNA stereoisomeric adducts) have been investigated. In all cases, the signs and shapes of the computed ORD spectra reproduced the experimentally measured ORD spectra, although the magnitudes of the computed and experimental ORD values do not coincide exactly. The computed ECD spectra also reproduced the shapes of the experimental ECD spectra rather well, but are blue‐shifted by 10–20 nm. Since the assignments of the absolute configurations of the DNA lesions studied based on computed and experimental ORD and ECD spectra are fully consistent with one another, the computational DFT method shows significant promise for determining the absolute configurations of DNA lesions. Establishing the stereochemistry of DNA lesions is highly useful for understanding their biological impact, especially when sufficient amounts of material are not available for other methods of structural characterization. Chirality 21:E231–E241, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispersed phase holdup and slip velocity of phases in a pulsed packed column in conditions with and without mass transfer
Authors: Hokmabadi Farzad Torabi , Bahmanyar Hossein , Amanabadi Marzieh , Safdari Jaber 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDispersed phase holdup and slip velocity of phases were measured in a pilot plant pulsed packed column with a diameter of 76.2 mm for two different chemical systems in conditions with and without mass transfer. The effects of pulsation intensity, dispersed and continuous phases flow rates, interfacial tension and solute concentration on dispersed phase holdup and slip velocity of phases were investigated. A new empirical correlation in terms of the above‐mentioned parameters developed from the measurements is given for the prediction of slip velocity. The dispersed phase holdup was calculated by means of this correlation and very good agreement between calculated and experimental values was obtained.
Oral L‐arginine Supplementation in Acute Myocardial Infarction Therapy: A Meta‐analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Sun Tao , Zhou Wen‐bai , Luo Xin‐ping , Tang Yao‐liang , Shi Hai‐ming 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe objective was to analyze completed trials assessing the effect of oral L‐arginine supplementation on clinical outcomes of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).BackgroundPrior trials suggest that oral L‐arginine administration improves endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is still unclear whether oral supplementation of L‐arginine has any effect on clinical outcomes in patients with unstable CAD, such as AMI.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, reviews, and reference lists of relevant articles. The search strategy paired the term “arginine” with the following: “coronary heart disease,” “myocardial infarction,” “cardiovascular disease,” “ischemia,” and “trial.” We conducted a meta‐analysis of randomized, placebo‐controlled L‐arginine supplementation trials that evaluated clinical outcomes in AMI patients. Two reviewers independently assessed the trials. Differences were resolved by consensus.ResultsOnly 2 trials (927 participants) were included. None of the 2 studies showed a significant difference in event rate between the L‐arginine and placebo groups. In an overall pooled estimate, there was a 7% reduction in mortality in the L‐arginine treatment group (105/459, 22.9%) compared with the control group (111/455, 24.4%), which did not reach statistical significance (risk ratio [RR]: 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74–1.17; P = 0.54).ConclusionOral L‐arginine supplementation has no effect on the clinical outcomes of patients with AMI. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A randomized trial of external beam radiotherapy versus cryoablation in patients with localized prostate cancer
Authors: Donnelly Bryan J. , Saliken John C. , Brasher Penelope M. A. , Ernst Scott D. , Rewcastle John C. , Lau Harold , Robinson John , Trpkov Kiril 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Localized prostate cancer can be treated several different ways, but head‐to‐head comparisons of treatments are infrequent. The authors of this report conducted a randomized, unblinded, noninferiority trial to compare cryoablation with external beam radiotherapy in these patients.METHODS:From December 1997 through February 2003, 244 men with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer were assigned randomly to receive either cryoablation or radiotherapy (122 men in each arm). All received neoadjuvant antiandrogen therapy. The primary endpoint was disease progression at 36 months based on a trifecta definition: 1) radiologic evidence of metastatic disease, or 2) initiation of further antineoplastic therapy, or 3) biochemical failure. Two definitions of biochemical failure were used: 1) 2 consecutive rises in prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) with a final value >1.0 ng/mL, and 2) a rise above PSA nadir + 2 ng/mL. Secondary endpoints included overall survival, disease‐specific survival, and prostate biopsy at 36 months.RESULTS:The median follow‐up was 100 months. Disease progression at 36 months was observed in 23.9% (PSA nadir + 2 ng/mL, 17.1%) of men in the cryoablation arm and in 23.7% (PSA nadir + 2 ng/mL, 13.2%) of men in the radiotherapy arm. No difference in overall or disease‐specific survival were observed. At 36 months, more patients in the radiotherapy arm had a cancer‐positive biopsy (28.9%) compared with patients in the cryoablation arm (7.7%).CONCLUSIONS:The observed difference in disease progression at 36 months was small, 0.2%; however, because of the wide confidence interval, from −10.8% to 11.2%, it was not possible to rule out inferiority (defined a priori as a 10% difference). With longer term follow‐up, the trend favors cryoablation. Significantly fewer positive biopsies were documented after cryoablation than after radiotherapy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Diffusion from within a Spherical Body with Partially Blocked Surface: Diffusion through a Constant Surface Area
Authors: Amatore Christian , Oleinick Alexander I. , Svir Irina 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDiffusion from spherical bodies has been a subject of interest since the earliest times of modern sciences and a few equivalent analytical formulations of the problem are taught in engineering textbooks dealing with cooling rates of hot spheres. However, all these former studies assume that the diffusing material is transferable to/from the surrounding space through the whole surface of the spherical body. Conversely, the development of nanoscience and the improved knowledge of microscopic biological events have evidenced that diffusion from spherical bodies is a ubiquitous problem. It often occurs in situations where the nanosphere surfaces are not isotropic and partly impermeable to diffusing materials. This work elaborates on this issue and theoretically establishes that—with some specific allowance—the basic analytical equation of diffusion from/to fully accessible spherical bodies may be used.
Copper‐Azide‐Thioarylazoimidazoles – Structure, Spectra, Redox Properties, Magnetism and Theoretical Interpretation
Authors: Bhunia Prasenjit , Banerjee Debasis , Datta Papia , Raghavaiah Pallepogu. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins John D. , Ribas Joan , Sinha Chittaranjan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAzido‐copper(II) and ‐copper(I) complexes of 1‐alkyl‐2‐[(o‐thioalkyl)phenylazo]imidazole (SRaaiNR′) have been prepared and studied. Complex 2 [Cu(SRaaiNR′)(μ1,1‐N3)(N3)]2 dimerises via end‐to‐end (μ1,3)‐N3 to form a tetrameric structure. Azido‐copper(I) complexes of the ligands are obtained as MeOH‐bridged dimers, [Cu(SRaaiNR′)(N3)(μ‐OHMe)]2 (3). The electronic spectra suggest that a small reorganisation energy (0.08 eV) is associated with the change in electronic configuration, structure and oxidation state from CuII to CuI. Redox interconversion, CuII ↔ CuI, [Cu(SMeaaiNMe)(μ‐N3)(N3)]2 (2a) ↔ [Cu(SMeaaiNMe)(N3)(μ‐OHCH3)]2 (3a), has been performed in one case. The tetranuclear complex shows ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions. The spectra, redox chemistry and magnetism are explained by DFT studies.
2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluoro‐p‐phenylenebis(phosphanes) – Preparation and Structure of an Electron‐Poor P–RF–P Linker
Authors: Orthaber Andreas , Belaj Ferdinand , Albering Jörg H. , Pietschnig Rudolf 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA general synthetic access to functional 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐p‐phenylenebis(phosphanes) is presented, which should open the way to linear phosphorus‐based conjugated systems incorporating an electron‐deficient aryl moiety. 1,4‐Bis[bis(diethylamino)phosphanyl]‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzeneand 1,4‐bis(dichlorophosphanyl)‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorobenzene have been synthesized in good yields and were characterized by spectroscopic methods and X‐ray crystallography.
Nucleophilic Reactivities of Primary and Secondary Amines in Acetonitrile
Authors: Kanzian Tanja , Nigst Tobias A. , Maier Andreas , Pichl Stefan , Mayr Herbert 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of the reactions of primary and secondary amines with benzhydrylium ions and quinone methides in acetonitrile have been studied under pseudo‐first‐order conditions (high excess of amines) by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Generally, the plots of kobs versus amine concentration were linear, in line with a second‐order rate law. However, for some reactions of secondary amines with quinone methides, the plots of kobs versus amine concentration showed an upward curvature, which indicates rate‐limiting deprotonation of the initially formed adduct by a second molecule of amine. From the second‐order rate constants k2 for the attack on the electrophiles by the amines, the nucleophilicity parameters N and s for the amines were determined from the linear free energy relationship log k2 (20 °C) = s(N + E). The rates of the reactions of the amines with benzhydrylium ions are strongly affected by solvent polarity, in sharp contrast to the analogous reactions of other neutral nucleophiles.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A Simple One‐Pot Synthesis of New Imidazol‐2‐yl‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐ones from the Direct Reaction of 2‐Chloroquinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde with Aromatic o‐Diamines
Authors: Abonia Rodrigo , Castillo Juan , Cuervo Paola , Insuasty Braulio , Quiroga Jairo , Ortíz Alejandro , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn alternative and general one‐pot synthesis of a library of novel imidazol‐2‐yl‐1H‐quinolin‐2‐one derivatives was performed in 70 % aqueous acetic acid by the direct reaction of 2‐chloroquinolin‐3‐carbaldehyde with aromatic o‐diamines. Experiments showed that adding Amberlyst®‐15 (20 % w/w) to the reaction media increased both the speed of reaction as well as the yield of products. Both DFT theoretical calculations and X‐ray diffraction studies confirmed the proposed structures and the more stable conformation of the obtained products. Antitumor studies against sixty different cancer cell lines showed the potential of these kinds of compounds.
Regioselective Reductive Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Unsymmetrical Alkynes
Authors: Reichard Holly A. , McLaughlin Martin , Chen Ming Z. , Micalizio Glenn C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present Microreview summarizes our progress over the last few years in defining regioselective reductive cross‐coupling reactions of unsymmetrical alkynes with terminal‐ and internal alkynes, aldehydes, and imines. We begin with a brief historical perspective of metal‐mediated reductive dimerization reactions of aromatic alkynes and discuss the challenges associated with “crossed” versions of this mode of reactivity. Next, a collection of available methods that allow for regioselective reductive cross‐coupling of internal alkynes with terminal and internal alkynes, aldehydes, and imines is summarized. After an examination of the requirements for regioselectivity in these cases, the logic behind our design of alkoxide‐directed titanium‐mediated reductive cross‐coupling reactions is presented. A nomenclature is introduced to delineate the presumed mechanistic origin of regioselection associated with each reaction design, and a presentation of alkoxide‐directed regioselective reductive cross‐coupling reactions of alkynes follows. Throughout, principal issues related to reactivity and selectivity are discussed to assess scope and limitations of available methods and to describe the broad challenges that exist for defining complex fragment union reactions based on reductive cross‐coupling chemistry.