bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

Introductory Note: The dynamic equilibrium of the various factors involved in the world water balance or budget is the central scientific problem of the International Hydrological Decade. One of the potentially vital elements of the balance is groundwater discharge to the oceans. To paraphrase the authors of the following Russian publication, the world water budget can't be properly balanced, statically or dynamically, until there are improved values for the amount of groundwater that is discharged directly to oceans, seas, and enclosed lakes. The following report, with its bibliography, presents some Russian approaches to the problem and provides a few bits of numerical information.The report was translated by Frank W. Trainer of the U.S. Geological Survey. The text has been slightly reduced in the interests of saving space but the bibliography is given in full and has been transcribed into more or less standard U.S. Geological Survey bibliographical style.
FAO/IHD Working Group On Hydrology Of Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin, Tunis, Tunisia April 26”30, 1971
Authors: Heindl L. A. 
Published: April 2012

Liaison and cooperation between the FAO/IHD Working Group on Hydrology of Carbonate Rocks of the Mediterranean Basin and the U.S./IHD Work Group on the Hydrology of Carbonate Terranes was greatly increased during the third session of the FAO/IHD Work Group.At that meeting the FAO/IHD Group accepted the offer of the Geological Survey of Alabama to incorporate bibliographic references on the carbonate hydrology of the Mediterranean basin into its own continuing computer based bibliographic file. As a result, the United States will have readily available to its carbonate‐rock scientists as complete a bibliography of carbonate hydrology as exists any place in the world. The Geological Survey of Alabama, in conjunction with the U.S./IHD Work Group, published the first edition of Annotated Bibliography of Carbonate Rocks in 1970, and a second, expanded edition is planned as soon as enough new material is available.
IFYGL
Authors: Gardner W. R. 
Published: April 2012

This three‐day intensive briefing/discussing/coordinating conference may perhaps be taken as the symbolic date of the beginning of operations in the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. Thus, it was most fitting that the Workshop was held in the modern and superbly equipped facilities of McMaster University.The Workshop brought together most of the principal participants in the Field Year at a time when each had developed his own plans as far as possible. Extensive briefing sessions on the plans available, interspersed with lively and intense discussion and coordination sessions often continued into the evening.
Three firms compete in design of environmental buoys
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has announced the award of competitive design contracts for two types of buoy systems for gathering ocean and weather data. One system is to be moored in a fixed position, while the other will drift freely.Under a $425,000 contract, the Re‐Entry and Environmental Systems Division of General Electric in Philadelphia, will design both a drifting and a moored buoy system. Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, a Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Sunnyvale, California, was awarded a $270,000 contract for design of a moored buoy system. The Magnavox Company, Government and Industrial Division, ASW Operation, Fort Wayne, Indiana, has a $260,000 contract for designing a drifting buoy system.
El Salvador plans geothermal power generation
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: April 2012

A recently completed United Nations study has concluded that geothermal power represents a significant source of indigenous energy in El Salvador, which lies within the main volcanic belt of Central America. At present the principal source of electricity in El Salvador is hydropower, supplemented by imported fuel‐based thermal power.Due to the rapid pace of industrialization and rural electrification now in progress, the demand for electrical power in the country is expected to double in six to seven years. It is estimated that the maximum demand for power in 1984 will be of the order 494MW. But the country's hydropower resources are limited. Moreover, these unexploited resources are located in remote areas, and the cost of producing additional hydropower is considered high. Thermal power generation contributes to the depletion of the country's meager foreign exchange reserves because it requires imports of oil.
Vertical segregation and phylogenetic characterization of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea in a deep oligotrophic lake
Authors: Auguet Jean-Christophe , Triadó-Margarit Xavier , Nomokonova Natalya , Camarero Lluís , Casamayor Emilio O 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Freshwater habitats have been identified as one of the largest reservoirs of archaeal genetic diversity, with specific lineages of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) populations different from soils and seas. The ecology and biology of lacustrine AOA is, however, poorly known. In the present study, vertical changes in archaeal abundance by CARD-FISH, quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses and identity by clone libraries were correlated with environmental parameters in the deep glacial high-altitude Lake Redon. The lake is located in the central Spanish Pyrenees where atmospheric depositions are the main source of reactive nitrogen. Strong correlations were found between abundance of thaumarchaeotal 16S rRNA gene, archaeal amoA gene and nitrite concentrations, indicating an ammonium oxidation potential by these microorganisms. The bacterial amoA gene was not detected. Three depths with potential ammonia-oxidation activity were unveiled along the vertical gradient, (i) on the top of the lake in winter–spring (that is, the 0 oC slush layers above the ice-covered sheet), (ii) at the thermocline and (iii) the bottom waters in summer—autumn. Overall, up to 90% of the 16S rRNA gene sequences matched Thaumarchaeota, mostly from both the Marine Group (MG) 1.1a (Nitrosoarchaeum-like) and the sister clade SAGMGC−1 (Nitrosotalea-like). Clone-libraries analysis showed the two clades changed their relative abundances with water depth being higher in surface and lower in depth for SAGMGC−1 than for MG 1.1a, reflecting a vertical phylogenetic segregation. Overall, the relative abundance and recurrent appearance of SAGMGC−1 suggests a significant environmental role of this clade in alpine lakes. These results expand the set of ecological and thermal conditions where Thaumarchaeota are distributed, unveiling vertical positioning in the water column as a key factor to understand the ecology of different thaumarchaeotal clades in lacustrine environments.
Dimethylsulfoxide exposure modulates HL-60 cell rolling interactions
Authors: Gee David J. , Wright L. Kate , Zimmermann Jonathan , Cole Kayla , Soule Karen , Ubowski Michelle 
Published: April 2012

Human leukaemic HL-60 cells are widely used for studying interactions involving adhesion molecules [e.g. P-selectin and PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1)] since their rolling behaviour has been shown to mimic the dynamics of leucocyte rolling in vitro. HL-60 cells are neutrophilic promyelocytes that can undergo granulocytic differentiation upon exposure to compounds such as DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). Using a parallel plate flow chamber functionalized with recombinant P-selectin–Fc chimaera, undifferentiated and DMSO-induced (48, 72 and 96 h) HL-60 cells were assayed for rolling behaviour. We found that depending on P-selectin incubation concentration, undifferentiated cells incurred up to a 6-fold increase in rolling velocity while subjected to an approximately 10-fold increase in biologically relevant shear stress. HL-60 cells exposed to DMSO for up to 72 h incurred up to a 3-fold increase in rolling velocity over the same shear stress range. Significantly, cells exposed for up to 96 h incurred up to a 9-fold decrease in rolling velocity, compared with undifferentiated HL-60 cells. Although cell surface and nuclear morphological changes were evident upon exposure to DMSO, flow cytometric analysis revealed that PSGL-1 expression was unchanged, irrespective of treatment duration. The results suggest that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells may be problematic as a substitute for neutrophils for trafficking studies during advanced stages of the LAC (leucocyte adhesion cascade). We suggest that remodelling of the cell surface during differentiation may affect rolling behaviour and that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells would behave differently from the normal leucocytes during inflammatory response in vivo.
Modeling a high power fusion plasma reactor-type ion source: Applicability of particle methods
Authors: Fubiani G. , Hagelaar G. J. M. , Boeuf J. P. , Kolev S. 
Published: April 2012

A simple two-dimensional (2D) Cartesian, three-velocities (3 V), particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collisions (PIC MCC) model of a tandem type inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge is presented. The conditions are similar to those of negative ion sources for fusion applications, i.e., a high absorbed power (on the order of 100 kW) and a high density plasma (typically 1018 m−3) in a large volume vessel with a magnetic field barrier. We show that the plasma transport properties may be calculated with sufficient accuracy by performing simulations at low plasma density (low absorbed power) and rescaling the results to large plasma density by assuming linear variations of plasma density with power (in case of non-linear plasma chemistry, appropriate scale of the cross-sections or reaction rates is also necessary). This is equivalent to performing the simulations with the real absorbed power but using a larger value of the vacuum permittivity in Poisson’s equation, to force quasineutrality. Rescaled results from explicit PIC MCC simulations compare well with those from direct implicit PIC MCC simulations (performed with real power and plasma density). Implicit simulations have less stringent constraints on time step and grid spacing but numerical heating may be more difficult to control and verification of energy conservation during the calculation is necessary. Rescaled explicit simulations may be employed for non-turbulent plasmas provided that the sheath length is small with respect to the plasma dimensions. The simulation results are used to discuss the physics of plasma transport across the magnetic filter and the role of the drift currents (E×B drift and diamagnetic drift).
Preparation and ferroelectric properties of freestanding Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin membranes
Authors: Zuo Zhenghu , Chen Bin , Zhan Qing-feng , Liu Yiwei , Yang Huali , Li Zhixiang , Xu Gaojie , Li Run-Wei 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Freestanding Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) thin membranes were fabricated by pulsed laser deposition on 200 nm-thick Pt foils which were obtained by etching the platinized Si substrates with HF solutions. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectra show that the crystal lattice distortion of the PZT membranes is relaxed after removing the rigid substrates. Compared with the substrate-clamped PZT films, the saturation polarization and the remanent polarization of the freestanding PZT membranes are increased by about 18% and 21%, respectively. In addition, the freestanding PZT thin membranes possess higher dielectric tunability and larger domain size. The novel facile fabrication method is important for developing flexible ferroelectric devices and also for studying the strain effects on the physical properties of flexible functional membranes.
Measuring Inefficiency in Long‐term Care Commissioning: Evidence from English Local Authorities
Authors: D'Amico Francesco , Fernandez Jose‐Luis 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUsing a stochastic frontier approach, this paper explores efficiency in the commissioning of publicly funded social services among 148 English Councils through a six‐year panel database (2002‐2007), covering institutional and community care. Our estimates provide key policy evidence in a context in which optimization is critical both for social and financial purposes. Results suggest a slight decrease in the average inefficiency score, moving from 1.080 in the first year to 1.076 in the last year. Cost‐output elasticity of institutional care is greater than those of community care services. Greater savings are obtained when the market is open to independent providers.
GeneclusterViz: a tool for conserved gene cluster visualization, exploration and analysis
Authors: Pejaver Vikas R. , An Jaehyun , Rhee SungMin , Bhan Ankita , Choi Jeong-Hyeon , Liu Boshu , Lee Heewook , Brown Pamela J. , Kysela David , Brun Yves V. , Kim Sun 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Gene clusters are arrangements of functionally related genes on a chromosome. In bacteria, it is expected that evolutionary pressures would conserve these arrangements due to the functional advantages they provide. Visualization of conserved gene clusters across multiple genomes provides key insights into their evolutionary histories. Therefore, a software tool that enables visualization and functional analyses of gene clusters would be a great asset to the biological research community.
Results: We have developed GeneclusterViz, a Java-based tool that allows for the visualization, exploration and downstream analyses of conserved gene clusters across multiple genomes. GeneclusterViz combines an easy-to-use exploration interface for gene clusters with a host of other analysis features such as multiple sequence alignments, phylogenetic analyses and integration with the KEGG pathway database.
Availability: http://biohealth.snu.ac.kr/GeneclusterViz/; http://microbial.informatics.indiana.edu/GeneclusterViz/
Contact: sunkim.bioinfo@snu.ac.kr; ybrun@indiana.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cross‐sectional content analysis of clinically applied circumferences
Authors: Tresignie Jonathan , Scafoglieri Aldo , Cattrysse Erik , Clarys Jan Pieter 
Published: April 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (9): 961–966AbstractBackground  The contours of a human body are determined by the volumes of the underlying tissues [adipose tissue (AT), muscle, bone and viscera]. Conceptually, they are assumed to be used as a concentric set of cylinders. Determination of these clinically applied circumferences in terms of relative tissue proportions has led to conflicting results. As it remains unclear what a circumference really measures or represents and how it relates to body composition (BC), the aim of this study was to determine the content of the circumferences and whether these perimeters can be used to assess segmental or whole body tissue components.Design  Subsequent to an anthropometric protocol, the five white Caucasian cadavers were fractionated into slices of 3 cm and segmental and whole BC was determined at the anatomical tissue‐system level by direct dissection.Results  Only two circumferences correlated significantly with their dominating component [upper arm circumference (r = 0·98; P < 0·01) and waist circumference (WC) (r = 0·90; P < 0·05) with AT]. Two circumferences were related to a segmental tissue component [WC (r = 1·00; P < 0·001) with muscle mass of the trunk and wrist circumference (WrC) (r = 0·90; P < 0·05) with bone mass of the upper limb]. Two circumferences were related to a whole body tissue component [chest circumference (r = 0·90; P < 0·05) with whole body AT mass and WrC (r = 0·90; P < 0·05) with whole body bone mass].Conclusion  The clinically applied circumferences do not measure what they pretend to measure. Of all the studied circumferences, only 2 circumferences (WC and WrC) can be used to assess segmental or whole body tissue components.
Biomass partitioning and root morphology of savanna trees across a water gradient
Authors: Tomlinson Kyle W. , Sterck Frank J. , Bongers Frans , da Silva Dulce A. , Barbosa Eduardo R. M. , Ward David , Bakker Freek T. , van Kaauwen Martijn , Prins Herbert H. T. , de Bie Steven , van Langevelde Frank 
Published: April 2012

Summary1. Plant organ biomass partitioning has been hypothesized to be driven by resources, such that species from drier environments allocate more biomass to roots than species from wetter environments to access water at greater soil depths. In savanna systems, fire may select for greater allocation to root biomass, especially in humid environments where fire is more frequent. Therefore, species from drier environments may have been under selection pressure to reach deeper soil water more effectively than species from humid environments, through faster root extension, more efficient depth penetration, and faster plant growth rates to respond rapidly to variable rainfall events.2. We compared biomass partitioning, root morphology traits [root extension rate, RER; specific taproot length (STRL)] and relative growth rate (RGR) of seedlings of 51 savanna tree species, sampled from three continents (Africa, Australia and South America) in a greenhouse experiment. We used phylogenetically corrected and uncorrected analyses to compare the traits of the groups. We conducted a permanova on the combined traits to establish whether species could be distinguished on the basis of their combined traits.3. On average, species from humid environments allocated more biomass to roots and less to stems than species from semi‐arid environments, consistent with the expectation that fire pressure selects for greater allocation to roots in humid environments. However, some species from humid environments had fast growth rates instead of high allocation to roots. Both RER and STRL were greater among species of semi‐arid environments than among species of humid environments, and also differed between continents. Differences between strategies under each climate type appear to be associated with leaf habit.4. Synthesis. Plant biomass partitioning has been selected by defoliation pressure and the effects of this selection pressure can supersede any selection in response to local water constraints. Root morphological adaptations, but not plant growth rate, of tree seedlings, have been selected in response to water deficits.
Microscopy beyond the diffraction limit using actively controlled single molecules
Authors: MOERNER W.E. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryIn this short review, the general principles are described for obtaining microscopic images with resolution beyond the optical diffraction limit with single molecules. Although it has been known for several decades that single‐molecule emitters can blink or turn on and off, in recent work the addition of on/off control of molecular emission to maintain concentrations at very low levels in each imaging frame combined with sequential imaging of sparse subsets has enabled the reconstruction of images with resolution far below the optical diffraction limit. Single‐molecule active control microscopy provides a powerful window into information about nanoscale structures that was previously unavailable.
Weekend catch‐up sleep is associated with decreased risk of being overweight among fifth‐grade students with short sleep duration
Authors: KIM CHAN‐WON , CHOI MIN‐KYU , IM HYOUNG‐JUNE , KIM OK‐HYUN , LEE HYE‐JA , SONG JIHYUN , KANG JAE‐HEON , PARK KYUNG‐HEE 
Published: April 2012

SummaryPrevious studies have reported a relationship between short sleep duration and childhood overweight. Although school‐aged children tend to compensate for weekday sleep deficit by increasing weekend sleep duration, the association between weekend catch‐up sleep and childhood overweight remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the relationship between weekend catch‐up sleep and being overweight in children. A total of 936 school children (48.2% boys) aged 10 or 11 years participated in this school‐based cohort study. Anthropometric measurements including height and body weight were carried out. We obtained data on sleep patterns, lifestyle and parent characteristics using questionnaires. The main outcome measure was childhood overweight. After adjusting for the relevant confounding variables (age, sex, breakfast eating, screen time and parental obesity), longer sleep on weekdays and weekends was associated with decreased odds of childhood overweight (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54–0.86; OR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.53–0.77, respectively). Participants with increased catch‐up sleep duration during weekends also had decreased odds of being overweight (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.53–0.85). There was an interaction between weekday sleep duration and weekend catch‐up sleep in relation to childhood overweight, and this effect of weekend catch‐up sleep on being overweight was stronger as the participants slept less on weekdays (P = 0.024). These results indicate that weekend catch‐up sleep is independently associated with decreased risk of being overweight in fifth‐grade students, and this effect can be varied by the weekday sleep duration. A prospective study is required to confirm this observation.
Persistent genetic signatures of historic climatic events in an Antarctic octopus
Authors: STRUGNELL J. M. , WATTS P. C. , SMITH P. J. , ALLCOCK A. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRepeated cycles of glaciation have had major impacts on the distribution of genetic diversity of the Antarctic marine fauna. During glacial periods, ice cover limited the amount of benthic habitat on the continental shelf. Conversely, more habitat and possibly altered seaways were available during interglacials when the ice receded and the sea level was higher. We used microsatellites and partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene to examine genetic structure in the direct‐developing, endemic Southern Ocean octopod Pareledone turqueti sampled from a broad range of areas that circumvent Antarctica. We find that, unusually for a species with poor dispersal potential, P. turqueti has a circumpolar distribution and is also found off the islands of South Georgia and Shag Rocks. The overriding pattern of spatial genetic structure can be explained by hydrographic (with ocean currents both facilitating and hindering gene flow) and bathymetric features. The Antarctic Peninsula region displays a complex population structure, consistent with its varied topographic and oceanographic influences. Genetic similarities between the Ross and Weddell Seas, however, are interpreted as a persistent historic genetic signature of connectivity during the hypothesized Pleistocene West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapses. A calibrated molecular clock indicates two major lineages within P. turqueti, a continental lineage and a sub‐Antarctic lineage, that diverged in the mid‐Pliocene with no subsequent gene flow. Both lineages survived subsequent major glacial cycles. Our data are indicative of potential refugia at Shag Rocks and South Georgia and also around the Antarctic continent within the Ross Sea, Weddell Sea and off Adélie Land. The mean age of mtDNA diversity within these main continental lineages coincides with Pleistocene glacial cycles.