bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformity in diversity? Isotopic investigations of infant feeding practices in two iron age populations from Southern Öland, Sweden
Authors: Howcroft Rachel , Eriksson Gunilla , Lidén Kerstin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article presents the results of a study of infant diet at two Iron Age sites on the island of Öland, Sweden. The cemetery at Bjärby contained a large number of subadults who had survived the earliest years of life, whereas most individuals at Triberga had died by 6 months of age. To investigate whether differences in infant feeding could explain the different mortality rates, the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope ratios of bone and tooth dentin collagen from the two sites were analyzed. Twenty‐two samples from Triberga and 102 from Bjärby yielded data that could be included in the carbon and nitrogen analysis. Twelve samples from Triberga and 42 from Bjärby were included in the sulfur analysis. The results for carbon (δ13C: Triberga X = –18.8, s.d. = 1.1; Bjärby X = –19.8, s.d. = 0.4), nitrogen (δ15N: Triberga X = 12.9, s.d. = 1.5; Bjärby X = 13.4, s.d. = 1.4), and sulfur (δ34S: Triberga X = 8.1, s.d. = 1.1; Bjärby X = 5.8, s.d. = 1.3) suggest that diet was broadly similar at both sites and based on terrestrial resources. At Bjärby, females and high‐status individuals consumed higher‐trophic level protein than other males from early childhood onward. There was some indication that the contribution of marine resources to the diet may also have differed between the sexes at Triberga. No consistent differences in breast milk intake were observed between the two sites, but there was substantial variation at each. This variation may reflect an influence of gender and social status on infant feeding decisions. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:217–230, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: Prenatal and early postnatal stress exposure influences long bone length in adult rat offspring
Authors: Dancause Kelsey Needham , Cao Xiu Jing , Veru Franz , Xu Susan , Long Hong , Yu Chunbo , Laplante David P. , Walker Claire Dominique , King Suzanne 
Published: July 2012

AbstractStress during the prenatal and early postnatal periods (perinatal stress, PS) is known to impact offspring cognitive, behavioral, and physical development, but effects on skeletal growth are not clear. Our objective was to analyze effects of variable, mild, daily PS exposure on adult offspring long bone length. Twelve pregnant rat dams were randomly assigned to receive variable stress from gestational days 14–21 (Prenatal group), postpartum days 2–9 (Postnatal), both periods (Pre–Post), or no stress (Control). Differences in adult offspring tibia and femur length were analyzed among treatment groups. Mean tibia length differed among groups for males (P = 0.016) and females (P = 0.009), and differences for femur length approached significance for males (P = 0.051). Long bone length was shorter among PS‐exposed offspring, especially those exposed to postnatal stress (Postnatal and Pre–Post groups). Results persisted when controlling for nose–tail length. These differences might reflect early stunting that is maintained in adulthood, or delayed growth among PS‐exposed offspring. This study suggests that PS results in shorter long bones in adulthood, independently of effects on overall body size. Stunting and growth retardation are major global health burdens. Our study adds to a growing body of evidence suggesting that PS is a risk factor for poor linear growth. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:307–311, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: The human humerus from the Broken Hill Mine, Kabwe, Zambia
Authors: Trinkaus Erik 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe distal half of a right human humerus (E.898), recovered ex situ in 1925 by Hrdlička at the Broken Hill Mine, Kabwe, Zambia, has figured prominently in assessments of Middle Pleistocene Homo postcranial variation and of the phylogenetic polarity and functional anatomy of Pleistocene Homo upper limb morphology. Reassessment of distal humeral features that distinguish modern human and some archaic Homo humeri, especially relative olecranon breadth and medial and lateral pillar thicknesses, confirm previous studies placing it morphologically close to recent humans, as well as possibly to Early Pleistocene Homo. However, it completely lacks stratigraphic context, and there is faunal and archeological evidence for human activity at Broken Hill from the Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene. Given its uncertain geological age and modern human morphology, the Broken Hill E.898 humerus should not be used in analyses of Pleistocene humans until it is securely dated. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:312–317, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lichtgesteuerte Werkzeuge
Authors: Brieke Clara , Rohrbach Falk , Gottschalk Alexander , Mayer Günter , Heckel Alexander 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDie zeitliche und räumliche Kontrolle über chemische und biologische Prozesse spielt eine Schlüsselrolle im Leben, wo das Ganze oft viel mehr ist als die Summe seiner Einzelteile. Trivialerweise bilden die Moleküle einer Zelle noch lange kein lebendiges System aus, wenn sie lediglich willkürlich angeordnet werden. Wenn wir diese Zusammenhänge und die Probleme, die durch Fehlfunktionen entstehen, verstehen wollen, benötigen wir Werkzeuge, mit denen wir komplexe Experimente für diese Fragestellungen entwickeln können. Externe Triggersignale, mit denen wir präzise bestimmen können, wo, wann und in welchem Ausmaß ein Prozess gestartet oder gestoppt wird, sind dafür äußerst wertvoll. Licht ist solch ein ideales Triggersignal: Es ist hoch selektiv und bei richtiger Anwendung unschädlich. Es kann mit gut etablierten Techniken erzeugt und manipuliert werden, und viele Ansätze existieren, um Licht in lebenden Systemen anzuwenden – von Zellen bis zu höheren Organismen. Dieser Aufsatz wird sich mit den aktuellen Entwicklungen der letzten sechs Jahre befassen und die zugrundeliegenden Technologien sowie ihre Anwendungen diskutieren.
Light‐Controlled Tools
Authors: Brieke Clara , Rohrbach Falk , Gottschalk Alexander , Mayer Günter , Heckel Alexander 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSpatial and temporal control over chemical and biological processes plays a key role in life, where the whole is often much more than the sum of its parts. Quite trivially, the molecules of a cell do not form a living system if they are only arranged in a random fashion. If we want to understand these relationships and especially the problems arising from malfunction, tools are necessary that allow us to design sophisticated experiments that address these questions. Highly valuable in this respect are external triggers that enable us to precisely determine where, when, and to what extent a process is started or stopped. Light is an ideal external trigger: It is highly selective and if applied correctly also harmless. It can be generated and manipulated with well‐established techniques, and many ways exist to apply light to living systems—from cells to higher organisms. This Review will focus on developments over the last six years and includes discussions on the underlying technologies as well as their applications.
Surface immobilization of Rhizopus oryzae (ATCC 96382) for enhanced production of lipase enzyme by multiple responses optimization
Authors: Potumarthi Ravichandra , Liu Jacques , Wan Harry , Danquah Michael 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTA modified Response Surface Methodology was used for the optimization of lipase production by immobilized cells of Rhizopus oryzae (ATCC 96382). Multiple responses optimization strategy was adopted to optimize process condition of surface immobilization technique for the optimization of lipase productivity. Five parameters, pH, Temperature, revolutions per minute, olive oil and glucose were considered, and their effect was evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively by using a modified central composite design approach and model validation. The second order regression equation was developed for the three yield parameters are YP/B, YL/P and YL/B, where Y is the yield parameter at their corresponding values of L: Lipase (U/mL), P: Protein (mg/mL) and B: Biomass (mg/mL). The regression equation was fitted and model fit (R2) was 0.604 (YP/B), 0.746 (YL/P) and 0.618 (YL/B), respectively showing an effective fit. Further, the model was validated theoretically and experimentally at higher level of production. Different growth patterns were observed during 120 h of fermentation period. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioplastics from renewable resources: the benefits of biodegradability
Authors: Razza Francesco , Innocenti Francesco Degli 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTBioplastics made with renewable resources are now ready for full commercial exploitation. Starch‐based plastics are an important class of bioplastics used to make biodegradable products. Biodegradability can contribute to alleviating the waste problem of our current society. In this paper, three case studies based on the use of starch‐based plastics are shown. Biodegradable products can both reduce the amount of waste produced and increase material recycling and landfill diversion. The products analysed and the main effects of shifting towards biodegradable plastics are examined next. By using biodegradable mulch film, waste passes from 400 up to ≈ 0 kg per mulched hectare. By using biodegradable catering items, the average recycling (including organic recycling) rate increases from ≈ 0 up to 50% whereas landfill diversion increases by 36% on average across EU‐27. By shifting towards biodegradable carrier bags, a substantial reduction of contaminants present in bio‐waste and screened off by composting plants results in an almost fivefold increase of bio‐waste quality. The possibility of shifting from heterogeneous waste (non‐biodegradable plastics + bio‐waste) into homogeneous waste (biodegradable plastics + bio‐waste) makes the use of bioplastics particularly beneficial for the waste management ecoprofile as shown by previous life cycle assessment studies available in literature. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of 4,4′‐methylenediphenyl diisocyanate on thermal and mechanical properties of Bioflex/lactic acid polycondensate blends
Authors: Gregorova A. , Riedl E. , Sedlarik V. , Stelzer F. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTPolylactic acid as thermoplastic aliphatic polyester has attracted much attention because of its renewability and biodegradability. The current work investigates the influence of 4,4′‐methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) on thermal and mechanical properties of Bioflex/lactic acid polycondensate blends. Bioflex is a commercial product based on polylactic acid and a thermoplastic copolyester. Lactic acid polycondensate (polylactide) was obtained by direct melt polycondensation of lactic acid in the presence of stannous octoate as the catalyst. The increase in molecular weights (size exclusion chromatography) and the improved mechanical properties (stress–strain analysis) revealed that MDI under reactive extrusion conditions effectively adjusted the compatibility of Bioflex with 10 wt% of polylactide. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of polydisperse particle mixtures by deterministic lateral displacement. The impact of particle diffusivity on separation efficiency
Authors: Cerbelli S. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTDeterministic lateral displacement (DLD) has been recently proposed as a simple and efficient method to separate a polydisperse mixture of particles based on particle size. The separation device consists of a shallow rectangular channel filled with a periodic lattice of micrometer‐sized obstacles, whose principal direction forms an angle with the channel walls. Particles are dragged by a carrier flow stream through the device. Experiments have shown that particles larger than a critical size depart from the average direction of the carrier flow, as they are systematically deflected by the obstacles while being dragged downstream. Theoretical models based on the geometric structure of the Stokes flow through the obstacle lattice have been proposed to predict the average direction of particle current flux. Besides, little is known about the dispersion of diffusing particles about the average particle current. In this article, we show that the interaction between the deterministic and stochastic components of particle motion results in a large‐scale, possibly anisotropic, convection‐enhanced dispersion process, which may hinder separation far beyond what could be predicted from the value of the bare particle diffusivity. The prediction of dispersion regimes results therefore essential for an optimal design of DLD devices. Copyright © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a modified differential biofiltration reactor with online sample and carbon dioxide monitoring system
Authors: Detchanamurthy Swaminathan , Gostomski Peter Alan 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTBiofiltration is one of the air pollution control technologies (APCTs) used widely in treating the odorous and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Reliability and robustness in measuring the pollutant degradation rate and carbon dioxide production is considered most important in a biofiltration system. In this current work, a gas chromatography (GC) system and carbon dioxide analyser were introduced online to a lab scale differential biofiltration reactor with water content control. Toluene, one of the potential VOCs, was used as a model pollutant in our current study. The feasibility and limitations of online GC and CO2 analyzer was evaluated by measuring the inlet and outlet toluene concentrations along with CO2 concentrations and compared with the regular offline measurements. Furthermore, a simple diffusion system was proposed and used in the current work to improve the robustness of toluene vapour production. The results indicate that the modifications carried out in the lab scale biofiltration reactor and in the diffusion system improved the data collection and stability. This improved system can be used effectively in the lab scale biofiltration research. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naphthyl Groups in Chiral Recognition: Structures of Salts and Esters of 2‐Methoxy‐2‐naphthylpropanoic Acids
Authors: Ichikawa Akio , Ono Hiroshi , Mikata Yuji 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe crystal structures of salt 8, which was prepared from (R)‐2‐methoxy‐2‐(2‐naphthyl)propanoic acid ((R)‐MβNP acid, (R)‐2) and (R)‐1‐phenylethylamine ((R)‐PEA, (R)‐6), and salt 9, which was prepared from (R)‐2‐methoxy‐2‐(1‐naphthyl)propanoic acid ((R)‐MαNP acid, (R)‐1) and (R)‐1‐(p‐tolyl)ethylamine ((R)‐TEA, (R)‐7), were determined by X‐ray crystallography. The MβNP and MαNP anions formed ion‐pairs with the PEA and TEA cations, respectively, through a methoxy‐group‐assisted salt bridge and aromatic CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The networks of salt bridges formed 21 columns in both salts. Finally, (S)‐(2E,6E)‐(1‐2H1)farnesol ((S)‐13) was prepared from the reaction of (2E,6E)‐farnesal (11) with deuterated (R)‐BINAL‐H (i.e., (R)‐BINAL‐D). The enantiomeric excess of compound (S)‐13 was determined by NMR analysis of (S)‐MαNP ester 14. The solution‐state structures of MαNP esters that were prepared from primary alcohols were also elucidated.
Helical Folding of Conjugated Oligo(phenyleneethynylene): Chain‐Length Dependence, Solvent Effects, and Intermolecular Assembly
Authors: Zhu Ningbo , Yan Qifan , Luo Zhouyang , Zhai You , Zhao Dahui 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAs a representative folding system that features a conjugated backbone, a series of monodispersed (o‐phenyleneethynylene)‐alt‐(p‐phenyleneethynylene) (PE) oligomers of varied chain length and different side chains were studied. Molecules with the same backbone but different side‐chain structures were shown to exhibit similar helical conformations in respectively suitable solvents. Specifically, oligomers with dodecyloxy side chains folded into the helical structure in apolar aliphatic solvents, whereas an analogous oligomer with tri(ethylene glycol) (Tg) side chains adopted the same conformation in polar solvents. The fact that the oligomers with the same backbone manifested a similar folded conformation independent of side chains and the nature of the solvent confirmed the concept that the driving force for folding was the intramolecular aromatic stacking and solvophobic interactions. Although all were capable of inducing folding, different solvents were shown to bestow slightly varied folding stability. The chain‐length dependence study revealed a nonlinear correlation between the folding stability with backbone chain length. A critical size of approximately 10 PE units was identified for the system, beyond which folding occurred. This observation corroborated the helical nature of the folded structure. Remarkably, based on the absorption and emission spectra, the effective conjugation length of the system extended more effectively under the folded state than under random conformations. Moreover, as evidenced by the optical spectra and dynamic light‐scattering studies, intermolecular association took place among the helical oligomers with Tg side chains in aqueous solution. The demonstrated ability of such a conjugated foldamer in self‐assembling into hierarchical supramolecular structures promises application potential for the system.
Contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasonography using perfluorobutane microbubbles for the enumeration of colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Takahashi M , Hasegawa K , Arita J , Hata S , Aoki T , Sakamoto Y , Sugawara Y , Kokudo N 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) is considered the standard for the identification of liver metastases. Use of lipid-stabilized perfluorobutane microbubbles as an ultrasound contrast agent may improve this. The value of contrast-enhanced IOUS (CE-IOUS) in enumerating colorectal liver metastases was studied here.

Methods
CE-IOUS was performed in consecutive resections for colorectal liver metastases in 2007–2010. All patients underwent preoperative computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging was not carried out routinely. Conventional intraoperative examination including IOUS, and CE-IOUS with peripherally injected contrast were performed. The histopathological findings and 6-month follow-up images were used as the reference standard.

Results
The study group of 102 patients had a total of 315 lesions identified on preoperative imaging (2·4 lesions per operation; 129 operations). Conventional intraoperative examination including IOUS identified 350 lesions (2·7 per operation). CE-IOUS identified 370 lesions (2·9 per operation). The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of CE-IOUS were 97·1, 59·1 and 93·2 per cent respectively. The CE-IOUS findings altered the surgical plan in 19 operations (14·7 per cent).

Conclusion
CE-IOUS provided additional information to that obtained using contemporary preoperative imaging and conventional intraoperative examinations.
Erythropoietin in the prevention of experimental burn progression
Authors: Tobalem M , Harder Y , Schuster T , Rezaeian F , Wettstein R 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Damage control is essential in first aid of burn lesions. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether systemic erythropoietin (EPO) administration could prevent secondary burn progression in an experimental model.

Methods
The burn comb model creates four rectangular burn surfaces intercalated by three unburned zones prone to progression. Twenty-one Wistar rats were randomized to a control group or to receive intraperitoneal EPO (500 units per kg) once a day for 5 days starting 45 min (EPO45min) or 6 h (EPO6h) after burn injury. Histological analyses assessing burn depth, inflammation and neoangiogenesis, planimetric evaluation of burn progression, and laser Doppler flowmetry to assess perfusion were performed after 1, 4 and 7 days. Final scarring time and contracture rate were assessed once a week.

Results
Burn progression was decreased significantly with EPO45min but not EPO6h; progression of burn depth stopped in the intermediate dermis (mean(s.e.m.) burn depth score 3·3(0·6) for EPO45min versus 4·7(0·3) and 5·0(0·0) for EPO6h and control respectively on day 7; P = 0·026) and the surface extension was significantly reduced (45(8), 65(4) and 78(4) respectively on day 7; P = 0·017). This was paralleled by faster re-establishment of perfusion with EPO45min (114(5) per cent on day 4 versus 85(6) and 91(3) per cent for EPO6h and control respectively; P = 0·096). The reduction in progression resulted in a decreased healing time (7·3(0·7) weeks for EPO45min versus 11·5(1·0) and 10·8(0·5) weeks for EPO6h and control; P = 0·020) and contracture rate (P = 0·024).

Conclusion
Early EPO prevented burn progression, mainly by improved vascular perfusion.
Soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) is likely a biomarker of cancer‐associated hypercoagulability in human hematologic malignancies
Authors: Ducros Elodie , Mirshahi Shah Soltan , Faussat Anne‐Marie , Mirshahi Pezhman , Dimicoli Sophie , Tang Ruoping , Pardo Julia , Ibrahim Jdid , Marie Jean‐Pierre , Therwath Amu , Soria Jeannette , Mirshahi Massoud 
Published: July 2012

AbstractElevated plasma level of soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR) may be an indicator of thrombotic risk. The present study aims to correlate leukemia‐associated hypercoagulability to high level plasma sEPCR and proposes its measurement in routine clinical practice. EPCR expressions in leukemic cell lines were determined by flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). EPCR gene sequence of a candidate cell line HL‐60 was also determined. Plasma samples (n = 76) and bone marrow aspirates (n = 72) from 148 patients with hematologic malignancies and 101 healthy volunteers were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) via a retrospective study for sEPCR and D‐dimer. All leukemic cell lines were found to express EPCR. Also, HL‐60 EPCR gene sequence showed extensive similarities with the endothelial reference gene. All single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) originally described and some new SNPs were revealed in the promoter and intronic regions. Among these patients 67% had plasma sEPCR level higher than the controls (100 ± 28 ng/mL), wherein 16.3% patients had experienced a previous thrombotic event. These patients were divided into: group‐1 (n = 45) with amount of plasmatic sEPCR below 100 ng/mL, group‐2 (n = 45) where the concentration of sEPCR was between 100 and 200, and group‐3 (n = 20) higher than 200 ng/mL. The numbers of thrombotic incidence recorded in each group were four, six, and eight, respectively. These results reveal that EPCR is expressed not only by a wide range of human malignant hematological cells but also the detection of plasma sEPCR levels provides a powerful insight into thrombotic risk assessment in cancer patients, especially when it surpasses 200 ng/mL.