bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural Development in Malaysia-Issues and Problems Conf ronting MADA, FELDA and RISDA1
Authors: Kwan Alex Yui-Huen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAsia is predominantly a rural society. And yet, a quarter century ago, when the Asian countries emerged as politically independent nations from centuries of colonial rule, they adopted a development model2 which was indifferent if not inimical to rural development. Support for this model, which essentially permitted continuation of existing international economic relationships, came from two external sources-the developed countries of the West and the developed centrally planned countries.3 Recent years have also witnessed a heightened concern in the Third World countries over the problem of economic development. In most developing countries, past development efforts appear to have failed to bring about a real development breakthrough. Yet the recent spate of world economic crises, associated with global inflation-cum-recession, oil price increases, food shortages, instabilities in the world commodity markets, have hit many developing countries very hard, especially those in South Asia which have actually experienced a reduction in average per capita living standards over the past few years. In Malaysia, some even suggested that although money income has gone up, there are disquieting signs that the quality of life is deteriorating and that many people are finding it more and more difficult to satisfy their basic needs.4 Then the crisis of the world's agriculture and its peasant masses had led to the proposal of a number of development strategies in the rural areas (i.e. Redistribution of land; Abolition of rents and tenant arrangements; Landholding reform; Intensification of peasant agriculture; Family farms; Cooperatives; and Collective farms, etc.), all of which have been tried with more or less success in different parts of the world. Within this paper, we will specially look at the rural development efforts of Malaysia, especially some of the issues and problems encountered by some of it's rural development programmes.
Population Education and China: P rospects for the One Child Family
Authors: Fraser Stewart E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe must conscientiously carry out ideological, educational and technical work as well as child care and health work throughout the country so that people can practise family planning willingly, safely and effectively, practical measures should be taken to reward couples who limit themselves to a single child and gradually to institute social insurance for aged people who are childless ... This year, we must do everything we can to lower the country's population growth rate to about 10 per thousand and we must continue to lower it year by year in the future. By 1985, it should drop to 5 per thousand. * Premier Hua Guofeng: Report on the Work of the Government, Beijing, June 25, 1979.
Crime and Socio-Economic Change in Hong Kong
Authors: Traver Harold 
Published: January 2010

AbstractExpanded crime has been linked with increasing affluence in the United States and Europe, the dislocation of tribal peoples in Africa, and a widening disparity between rich and poor in Latin America. In short, it appears that virtually any part of the world that has been touched by urbanization, industrialization, and economic development must expect increases in crime and delinquency (Cf. Wolf, 1971, Christiansen, 1960). However, crime in Asia has received somewhat less than its fair share of attention. The assumption appears to be that in contrast to other parts of the world a unique combination of cultural values has enabled many Asian countries to maintain low rates of crime in the face of extensive social and economic change (Cf. Schmitt, 1963; Canter and Canter, 1971, and Behrman, 1976). While there can be little doubt that the level of crime in Asian countries is generally below that found in advanced western industrial societies, this is not to say that significant increases in crime have not been observed. Hong Kong is a case in point. More than most societies Hong Kong has managed to successfully compress a great deal of social and economic change into a relatively brief period of time, and during this same period Hong Kong has also experienced pronounced increases in many types of crime. This article reports on an effort to measure trends in crime in Hong Kong and determine what social and economic forces might lie back of these trends. Concentrating on the relation between crime trends and social and economic change shifts attention away from the offender to the offense. Individual motivations obviously has a role to play in crime, but this alone cannot adequately explain why the volume of crime changes over time or why it should apparently be higher in one country than in another. Viewed in this way crime begins to take on a wider significance than if it were merely an expression of personal characteristics or an abberation existing in what would otherwise be a healthy society. Among other things, the magnitude to crime in society and the direction it is moving in may serve as an important means for better understanding how society itself works and what is happening to it.
Impact of Policy on the Family: Can the Family Be Strengthened by Legislation?
Authors: Quah Stella R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe present interest on the family in Singapore is shared by other countries. There is continuous discussion on the effects of legislation on the family both in Europe and in the United States. The concern is primarily with family well-being and with the search for effective strategies to attain it. This search leads to the question: can the family be strengthened by legislation? The aim of this paper is to suggest a qualified answer to this question based on our own and other nations' experiences. The discussion will be divided into three parts. The first part is a brief review of what is meant by family and family policy. The second part deals with the situation of family and policy in Singapore and discusses some direct and indirect policies affecting the family. The third and final part draws some lessons for the 1980s.
The White Man's Burden and Brown Humanity: Colonialism and Ethnicity in British Malaya
Authors: Stockwell A.J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEthnicity is one of several boundary phenomena (another is class) marking out groups within society. Ethnic identity may be perceived according to a variety of terms such as race, culture, religion, language or according to the place of origin of the group's members. In the colonial context the most obvious boundary was between Europeans and non-Europeans. Cast into an alien environment, Europeans acquired a self-awareness and a corporate sense, and the first part of this paper deals with this colonial experience, including the alienation of the individual, the growth of white tribalism and the emergence of a colonial ideology which was partly common to the empire as a whole and partly peculiar to Malaya. I then turn to examine European perceptions of non-Europeans (especially Malays) and the way ethnic attitudes affected colonial administration. I conclude by briefly considering the British influence upon the Malay's image of themselves.
Clinical Outcomes after Microfracture of the Glenohumeral Joint
Authors: Frank Rachel M. , Van Thiel Geoffrey S. , Slabaugh Mark A. , Romeo Anthony A. , Cole Brian J. , Verma Nikhil N. 
Published: January 2010

Background Microfracture is an effective surgical treatment for isolated, full-thickness cartilage defects with current data focused on applications in the knee. No studies describing clinical outcomes of patients who have undergone microfracture in the shoulder joint have been reported. Hypothesis Treatment of glenohumeral joint articular defects using microfracture would demonstrate similar short-term clinical outcomes when compared with other joints. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods From March 2001 to August 2007, 16 patients (17 shoulders) who underwent arthroscopic microfracture of the humeral head and/or glenoid surface were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were examined by an independent, blinded examiner and completed surveys containing the Simple Shoulder Test (SST), American Shoulder and Elbow Score (ASES), and visual analog scale (VAS). Results Two patients were lost to follow-up, for a follow-up rate of 88%. Three patients went on to subsequent shoulder surgery and were considered to have failed results. The mean age was 37.0 years (range, 18-55 years) with an average follow-up of 27.8 months (range, 12.1-89.2 months). The average size of humeral and glenoid defects was 5.07 cm2 (range, 1.0-7.84 cm2) and 1.66 cm2 (range, 0.4-3.75 cm2), respectively. There was a statistically significant decrease from 5.6 ± 1.7 to 1.9 ± 1.4 (P < .01) in VAS after surgery as well as statistically significant improvements (P < .01) in SST (5.7 ± 2.1 to 10.3 ± 1.3) and ASES (44.3 ± 15.3 to 86.3 ± 10.5). Twelve (92.3%) patients claimed they would have the procedure again. Conclusion Microfracture of the glenohumeral joint provides a significant improvement in pain relief and shoulder function in patients with isolated, full-thickness chondral injuries. Longer term studies are required to determine if similar results are maintained over time.
NK cells expressing inhibitory KIR for non–self-ligands remain tolerant in HLA-matched sibling stem cell transplantation
Authors: Björklund Andreas T. , Schaffer Marie , Fauriat Cyril , Ringdén Olle , Remberger Mats , Hammarstedt Christina , Barrett A. John , Ljungman Per , Ljunggren Hans-Gustaf , Malmberg Karl-Johan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Natural killer (NK)–cell alloreactivity in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell grafts from HLA-identical siblings is intriguing and has suggested breaking of NK-cell tolerance during the posttransplantation period. To examine this possibility, we analyzed clinical outcomes in a cohort of 105 patients with myeloid malignancies who received T cell–replete grafts from HLA-matched sibling donors. Presence of inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) for nonself HLA class I ligands had no effect on disease-free survival, incidence of relapse, or graft-versus-host disease. A longitudinal analysis of the NK-cell repertoire and function revealed a global hyporesponsiveness of NK cells early after transplantation. Functional responses recovered at approximately 6 months after transplantation. Importantly, NKG2A− NK cells expressing KIRs for nonself HLA class I ligands remained tolerant at all time points. Furthermore, a direct comparison of NK-cell reconstitution in T cell–replete and T cell–depleted HLA-matched sibling stem cell transplantation (SCT) revealed that NKG2A+ NK cells dominated the functional repertoire early after transplantation, with intact tolerance of NKG2A− NK cells expressing KIRs for nonself ligands in both settings. Our results provide evidence against the emergence of alloreactive NK cells in HLA-identical allogeneic SCT.
Does replication groups scoring reduce false positive rate in SNP interaction discovery?
Authors: Toplak Marko , Curk Tomaz , Demsar Janez , Zupan Blaz 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Computational methods that infer single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions from phenotype data may uncover new biological mechanisms in non-Mendelian diseases. However, practical aspects of such analysis face many problems. Present experimental studies typically use SNP arrays with hundreds of thousands of SNPs but record only hundreds of samples. Candidate SNP pairs inferred by interaction analysis may include a high proportion of false positives. Recently, Gayan et al. (2008) proposed to reduce the number of false positives by combining results of interaction analysis performed on subsets of data (replication groups), rather than analyzing the entire data set directly. If performing as hypothesized, replication groups scoring could improve interaction analysis and also any type of feature ranking and selection procedure in systems biology. Because Gayan et al. do not compare their approach to the standard interaction analysis techniques, we here investigate if replication groups indeed reduce the number of reported false positive interactions.

Results
A set of simulated and false interaction-imputed experimental SNP data sets were used to compare the inference of SNP-SNP interactions by means of replication groups to the standard approach where the entire data set was directly used to score all candidate SNP pairs. In all our experiments, the inference of interactions from the entire data set (e.g. without using the replication groups) reported fewer false positives.

Conclusions
With respect to the direct scoring approach the utility of replication groups does not reduce false positive rates, and may, depending on the data set, often perform worse.
Regulation of UGT1A1 and HNF1 transcription factor gene expression by DNA methylation in colon cancer cells
Authors: Bélanger Anne-Sophie , Tojcic Jelena , Harvey Mario , Guillemette Chantal 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) is a pivotal enzyme involved in metabolism of SN-38, the active metabolite of irinotecan commonly used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer. We previously demonstrated aberrant methylation of specific CpG dinucleotides in UGT1A1-negative cells, and revealed that methylation state of theUGT1A15'-flanking sequence is negatively correlated with gene transcription. Interestingly, one of these CpG dinucleotides (CpG -4) is found close to a HNF1 response element (HRE), known to be involved in activation ofUGT1A1gene expression, and within an upstream stimulating factor (USF) binding site.ResultsGel retardation assays revealed that methylation of CpG-4 directly affect the interaction of USF1/2 with its cognate sequence without altering the binding for HNF1-alpha. Luciferase assays sustained a role for USF1/2 and HNF1-alpha inUGT1A1regulation in colon cancer cells. Based on the differential expression profiles ofHNF1Agene in colon cell lines, we also assessed whether methylation affects its expression. In agreement with the presence of CpG islands in theHNF1Apromoter, treatments of UGT1A1-negative HCT116 colon cancer cells with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor restoreHNF1Agene expression, as observed forUGT1A1.ConclusionsThis study reveals that basalUGT1A1expression in colon cells is positively regulated by HNF1-alpha and USF, and negatively regulated by DNA methylation. Besides, DNA methylation ofHNF1Acould also play an important role in regulating additional cellular drug metabolism and transporter pathways. This process may contribute to determine local inactivation of drugs such as the anticancer agent SN-38 by glucuronidation and define tumoral response.
A set of novel multiplex Taqman real-time PCRs for the detection of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and its use in determining the prevalence of EPEC and EAEC in a university hospital
Authors: Hardegen Christoph , Messler Sabine , Henrich Birgit , Pfeffer Klaus , Würthner Jens , MacKenzie Colin R 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Accurate measurement of the incidence of diarrhoeagenic E. coli in patients with diarrhoea is hindered by the current methods of detection and varies from country to country. In order to improve the diagnosis of diarrhoeagenic E. coli (DEC), we developed a set of multiplex TaqMan real-time PCRs designed to detect the respective pathogens from an overnight stool culture.

Methods
Over the period Jan. 2006 to Dec. 2006 all stool specimens (n = 1981) received were investigated for EPEC and EAEC.

Results
Of these, 371 specimens had no growth of Enterobacteriaceae. Of the remaining 1610 specimens 144 (8,9%) were positive for EPEC and 78 (4,8%) positive for EAEC. Among the EPEC positive stool specimens 28 (19,4%) were received from the tropical diseases unit, 49 (34%) from the paediatric dept. and 67 (46,5%) from the remainder of the wards. The EAEC were distributed as follows: 39 (50%) - tropical diseases, 19 (24,4%) -paediatrics and 20 (25,6%) other wards. Proportionately more EAEC and EPEC were found in children less than 3 years of age than other age groups. In only 22,2% of the detected EPEC and 23% of EAEC was the investigation requested by hospital staff.

Conclusions
This is, to our knowledge, the first study using a multiplex TaqMan PCR for the successful detection of diarrhoeagenic E. coli. In conclusion, due to the high prevalence of DEC detected, investigation of EPEC and EAEC should be recommended as a routine diagnostic test for patients with infectious diarrhoea.
Intracellular and extracellular rhomboid shaped crystalline inclusions in a case of IgG lambda restricted plasma cell myeloma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Matoso Andres , Rizack Tina , Treaba Diana O 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The presence of crystalline inclusions in plasma cell myeloma is a rare phenomenon and cases have been reported with rod, needle, and rectangular shaped crystals. Here, we present a case of IgG lambda restricted plasma cell myeloma with rhomboid shaped intracellular crystalline inclusions and extracellular crystal depositions in the bone marrow. Since rhomboid crystal depositions can be seen in other clinical conditions such as pseudogout, this case invites consideration of plasma cell myeloma in the differential diagnosis of patients with rhomboid crystalline deposition in the bone marrow and in sites/organs other than the bone marrow.
Perforating eyelid injury extending to the brain stem in a 17-year-old woman: a case report
Authors: Noda Eiichiro , Inoue Makoto , Yoshikawa-Kobayashi Izumi , Nagamoto Toshiyuki 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Introduction
This case report describes a patient who had a perforating eyelid injury that extended to the brain stem.

Case presentation
A 17-year-old Japanese woman complained of decreased vision in her right eye, with severe ocular pain and headaches, after the metal tip of an umbrella struck her upper right eyelid accidentally. Her vision in the right eye decreased to light perception with commotio retinae, intraretinal hemorrhage, and severe lid swelling. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated edema of the head of the caudate nucleus and putamen, and the edema extended to the hypothalamus. The MRI findings indicated that the umbrella tip had penetrated through the eyelid and the posterior orbital wall. Vision improved to 20/50 in the right eye, with subretinal fibrosis caused by the choroidal rupture.

Conclusions
We recommend that MRI be performed on the orbit and brain in patients who appear to have symptoms that are inconsistent with the observed injury and when a severe orbitocranial injury is suspected.
Assembly of 500,000 inter-specific catfish expressed sequence tags and large scale gene-associated marker development for whole genome association studies
Authors: Wang Shaolin , Peatman Eric , Abernathy Jason , Waldbieser Geoff , Lindquist Erika , Richardson Paul , Lucas Susan , Wang Mei , Li Ping , Thimmapuram Jyothi , Liu Lei , Vullaganti Deepika , Kucuktas Huseyin , Murdock Christopher , Small Brian C , Wilson Melanie , Liu Hong , Jiang Yanliang , Lee Yoona , Chen Fei , Lu Jianguo , Wang Wenqi , Xu Peng , Somridhivej Benjaporn , Baoprasertkul Puttharat , Quilang Jonas , Sha Zhenxia , Bao Baolong , Wang Yaping , Wang Qun , Takano Tomokazu , Nandi Samiran , Liu Shikai , Wong Lilian , Kaltenboeck Ludmilla , Quiniou Sylvie , Bengten Eva , Miller Norman , Trant John , Rokhsar Daniel , Liu Zhanjiang ,   the Catfish Genome Consortium
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Background
Through the Community Sequencing Program, a catfish EST sequencing project was carried out through a collaboration between the catfish research community and the Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute. Prior to this project, only a limited EST resource from catfish was available for the purpose of SNP identification.

Results
A total of 438,321 quality ESTs were generated from 8 channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and 4 blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) libraries, bringing the number of catfish ESTs to nearly 500,000. Assembly of all catfish ESTs resulted in 45,306 contigs and 66,272 singletons. Over 35% of the unique sequences had significant similarities to known genes, allowing the identification of 14,776 unique genes in catfish. Over 300,000 putative SNPs have been identified, of which approximately 48,000 are high-quality SNPs identified from contigs with at least four sequences and the minor allele presence of at least two sequences in the contig. The EST resource should be valuable for identification of microsatellites, genome annotation, large-scale expression analysis, and comparative genome analysis.

Conclusions
This project generated a large EST resource for catfish that captured the majority of the catfish transcriptome. The parallel analysis of ESTs from two closely related Ictalurid catfishes should also provide powerful means for the evaluation of ancient and recent gene duplications, and for the development of high-density microarrays in catfish. The inter- and intra-specific SNPs identified from all catfish EST dataset assembly will greatly benefit the catfish introgression breeding program and whole genome association studies.
Determining the Air-Entraining Admixture Dosage Response for Concrete with a Single Concrete Mixture
Authors: Ley M. Tyler 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Currently there is no standardized test method to determine the interaction of the ingredients of a concrete mixture with a dosage of air-entraining admixtures (AEAs). Typically, to investigate the AEA demand, multiple concrete mixtures are made with varying dosages of AEA, and the resulting air contents are measured. This method is not ideal as it is time consuming, uses large amounts of material, and allows several variables to change that could cause changes in the dosage response of the mixture. A method is presented that is able to measure the AEA dosage response of a mixture through a correlation between the gravimetric (ASTM C138-01a) and pressure method (ASTM C231-03) with only minimal changes to the volume of the mixture. This allows the AEA demand to be determined from a single concrete mixture rather than sequential mixtures. Testing results are also provided for concrete mixtures containing fly ashes with various AEA demands. These mixtures are evaluated for changes in AEA demand with water reducer, mixing temperature, fly ash replacement level, and type of AEA.
Uncertainty Analysis of Thermal Transmission Properties Determined by ASTM C177-04
Authors: Zarr Robert R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
An uncertainty analysis for steady-state thermal transmission properties determined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 1016 mm guarded-hot-plate apparatus is presented for fibrous-glass blanket and expanded polystyrene board. The uncertainties are presented for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus in the single-sided mode of operation covering specimen heat flows from 0.5 to 5 W. The relative expanded uncertainties for thermal resistance increase from 1 % to 3.5 % for thicknesses of 25.4 to 254 mm, respectively. Although these uncertainties have been developed for two thermal insulation materials, the results are indicative of other insulation materials measured at a mean temperature near 297 K (23.9°C). This assessment of uncertainties is of particular interest for users of ASTM C177-04 test method that operate similar apparatus at low heat flows (i.e., near or less than 1 W). Implications for laboratories that develop secondary standards from NIST calibrations are discussed.