bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in intra-tree distribution of immature balsam fir sawfly (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Anstey Lynne J. , Quiring Dan T. , Ostaff Don P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA field study was carried out to determine the intracrown distribution of the balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis Harris (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), throughout the season on balsam fir, Abies balsamea L. (Pinaceae), during the first 2 years of an outbreak in western Newfoundland. Eggs were usually laid one per needle on current-year shoots, and the following year, newly emerged larvae usually initiated feeding on the same shoots. Balsam fir sawfly larvae were gregarious on needle and shoot levels in the early instars but gradually became solitary as larvae developed. The process of becoming solitary was not due to the increased physical area required for the growing larvae as some older individuals, in mainly solitary stages, were seen feeding together. Unlike the continuous change from gregarious to solitary at the needle and shoot levels, the seasonal variation in larval density among whorls varied in an inconsistent manner. The majority of early-instar larvae were found in the middle crown, but on at least one date in both years the majority of late instars were in the lower crown. Seventy-five percent of crawling larvae trapped within the crown were third and fourth instars, suggesting that changes in the intra-tree distribution are due to larval movement.
Four new species of feather mites (Acari: Analgoidea)
Authors: Mironov Sergei V. , Galloway Terry D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFour new species of feather mites are described from birds in Canada: Megniniella ratcliffisp.nov. (Analgidae) and Metanalges holderisp.nov. (Analgidae) from the Sora, Porzana carolina (Linnaeus) (Gruiformes: Rallidae): Metingrassia pelecanisp.nov. (Xolalgidae) from the American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin (Pelecaniformes: Pelecanidae); and Vingrassia cygnisp.nov. (Xolalgidae) from the Tundra Swan, Cygnus columbianus (Ord) (Ànseriformes: Anatidae). The genus Vingrassia is reinstated from its previous synonymy with the genus Ingrassia based on the presence of an enlarged prodorsal shield in both sexes, by the shape of the idiosoma and the interlobar membrane on the lobar apices in the male, and by the shape of the hysteronotal shield and the absence of setae ps2 in the female.
Genetic variation within and among populations of an arctic/alpine sweat bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Packer Laurence , Taylor John S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe present the results of electrophoretic analyses of allozymes for eight population samples of the arctic/alpine sweat bee,Lasioglossum(Evylaeus)borealeSvensson, Sakagami and Ebmer. This holarctic species is found at high latitudes and at increasingly high elevations in the mountains of western North America as far south as southern Arizona. Our samples encompass a large proportion of the species' range; three samples are from Arizona, one from Utah, two from northern Canada, one from Mount Washington (the highest point in the eastern United States), and one from Sweden. Most samples had high levels of genetic variation compared with other bees, but the one from Sweden had low heterozygosity, suggesting that this location may have been comparatively recently colonized. The three northern North American samples were genetically similar despite the large geographic distances separating the localities (average > 3000 km). In contrast, the southern United States samples were (with the exception of one pairwise estimate) genetically divergent despite the small geographic distances separating them (average < 500 km). These results are consistent with earlier divergence among the southern populations, which are currently separated by regions of low elevation and inhospitable desert, than among the more northern ones. Although the data are not conclusive, they are suggestive of northward dispersal from refugia south of the ice sheets since the last glaciation.
A new genus, Codonopsimyzus, and two new species of macrosiphine aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from Korea
Authors: Lee Seung-Hwan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCodonopsimyzus sasammi, gen.nov., sp.nov., and Aulacorthum ligularicola, sp.nov., are described from specimens collected in South Korea on Codonopsis lanceolata Trautv. (Campanulaceae) and Ligularia fischeri Tucz. (Asteraceae), respectively. Both species are illustrated with the biométrie data for apterous viviparous females and alate viviparous females. The host plants and a brief description of the biology are also provided for each species. A revised key to the species of the genus Aulacorthum Mordvilko in Korea and a key to Korean genera of macrosiphine aphids related to Codonopsimyzus, sp.nov., are presented.
Leaping behaviour and responses to moisture and sound in larvae of piophilid carrion flies
Authors: Bonduriansky Russell 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObservations suggesting that mature larvae of some carrion flies (Piophilidae) tend to leap off carcasses during rain motivated an investigation of the ontogeny and possible functions of larval leaping behaviour and larval responses to two stimuli associated with rain: moisture and sound. These behaviours were investigated in larvae ofProchyliza xanthostomaWalker (Diptera: Piophilidae) by means of laboratory and field observations and experiments. Mature larvae left their feeding substrates (rotting meat) in response to either moisture or rattling sound. The response to moisture was exhibited also by immature larvae. Once on the carcass surface, however, only mature larvae leaped off and pupated in the surrounding soil. The response to sound and the ability to leap only appeared late in larval development and were lost in the prepupal stage. Because rain may facilitate larval locomotion on carcass surfaces, and leaping appears to represent a more rapid and efficient means of leaving a carcass than creeping, these responses may reduce the metabolic costs and predation risks experienced by mature larvae moving to pupation sites in the soil. Thus, the ability to leap and the responses to moisture and sound may represent “ontogenetic adaptations” associated with a brief stage of larval development.
Natural history and behavior of Chymomyza mycopelates and C. exophthalma (Diptera: Drosophilidae), and allometry of structures used as signals, weapons, and spore collectors
Authors: Eberhard William G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMales of Chymomyza mycopelates Grimaldi and Chymomyza exophthalma Grimaldi battled at sites where females fed and mated (but did not oviposit). Both sexes in the two species waved their brightly marked front legs during aggressive interactions, and males used these legs to strike and grasp opponents forcefully. During intense battles, male C. mycopelates also butted or pushed with their heads, whereas male C. exophthalma used their more strikingly wide heads to threaten with stereotyped displays, during which they also held their front legs folded against the sides of their eyes. Courtship behavior by male C. mycopelates involved tactile and perhaps visual displays with the tips of their front legs. Both species also fed by sweeping their front legs over the surface of fruiting fungi and by removing the spores from their legs with their mouthparts. Although male head width in C. exophthalma showed positive allometry, portions of the front legs that were used as signals and as weapons did not, and thus were not in accord with theoretical predictions that weapons and display devices would have steeper allometries.
Effects of photoperiod on induction of diapause in Feltiella acarisuga (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Gillespie D.R. , Quiring D.M.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLarvae of the predatory gall midge Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) diapaused as prepupae in tightly woven, brown, silk cells on leaf surfaces. Photoperiod alone, at day lengths from 16 to 8 h did not induce diapause at either 20 or 25 °C. A low incidence of diapause was induced by a combined photoperiod and thermoperiod of an 8-h day at 25 °C and a 16-h night at 15 °C. The incidence of diapause was higher under these conditions if the larvae were fed diapausing spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). Because F. acarisuga only diapauses at daylengths equivalent to mid-winter, when its prey, T. urticae, is also in diapause, it can be used as a biological control agent for T. urticae in British Columbia greenhouses throughout most of the growing season.
New species of the genus Camisia (Acari: Oribatida): an arboreal mite with enclosed sensilli
Authors: Olszanowski Z. , Clayton M.R. , Humble L.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA new oribatid mite (Acari), Camisia abdosensillasp.nov., is described from all instars, based on specimens from British Columbia, Canada. This species occurs on branches and foliose lichens in the canopies of western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., 1898 (Pinaceae), and Pacific silver fir, Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes, 1939 (Pinaceae), growing in high elevation coastal forests. The most unusual feature of this species is the distinctive structure of the prodorsal trichobothrium in adults; the significantly reduced sensillus is completely enclosed within the bothridium. A resemblance between the structure of this organ and those of the superfamily Crotonioidea appears to have resulted from parallel evolution rather than being evidence of a sister-group relationship. Another species, Camisia islandica Gjelstrup and Solhøy, 1994, is herein recognized as a junior synonym of Camisia solhoeyi Colloff, 1993. A key of the Nearctic species of the genus Camisia is given.
Effect of cold storage of eggs on the response of cabbage looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to a nucleopolyhedrovirus
Authors: Milks Maynard L. 
Published: November 2009

Nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) are naturally occurring entomopathogens that show promise as bioinsecticides against pest caterpillars. Determining the potential of a NPV as an insecticide requires conducting many laboratory assays. These experiments typically require a large number of larvae and it may be necessary to collect eggs from laboratory or wild sources for several days before an adequate supply is obtained. Fortunately, in many species of Lepidoptera, it is possible to synchronize rearing by storing eggs at 4°C.Cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni Hübner) are widespread, highly destructive agricultural pests. Preliminary trials suggest that the single (S) nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus of cabbage loopers (TnSNPV) might be effective in controlling cabbage loopers (Jaques 1977); however, many additional studies are required before it can be commercially developed as a bioinsecticide.
Incidence and impact of Entomophaga aulicae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and a nucleopolyhedrovirus in an outbreak of the whitemarked tussock moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen K. , Ebling P. , Thurston G. , Lucarotti C. , Royama T. , Guscott R. , Georgeson E. , Silver J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn Nova Scotia, the whitemarked tussock moth, Orgyia leucostigma Fitch, periodically erupts in outbreaks that typically last 3–5 years. Population changes during a recent outbreak were monitored by means of aerial defoliation surveys and fall egg-mass surveys that were conducted between 1997 and 2001. Severe defoliation was first recorded on approximately 250 ha in 1996. The defoliated area increased rapidly to hundreds of thousands hectares in 1998, after which it sharply declined to about 4700 ha in 2000 and 0 ha in 2001. The total infested area [>0.01 egg masses per three branches of Abies balsamea L. (Pinaceae)] decreased from about 1.4 million ha in 1997 to about 13 500 ha in 2001. Between 1996 and 2001, the infestation involved a cumulative total of 2.4 million ha, covering most of the province. The collapse of larval populations during 1998 was associated with widespread prevalence of a singly embedded nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) and Entomophaga aulicae (Reichardt in Bail) Humber (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). Sampling of larval populations in late July and August 1998 revealed a widespread and virtually sympatric occurrence of those pathogens in areas that were under defoliation pressure, with infection levels by each pathogen exceeding 75% in many sample sites. Pathogen impacts on larval survival were studied in 1999 in a persisting pocket of severe infestation in Hants County. Larvae were collected every 3 d from balsam fir branch samples between 17 June and 21 July and reared to determine cause of death. The two pathogens together accounted for at least 50% of cohort mortality, calculated as marginal mortality rates according to Royama (2001). Although cohort mortality due to disease on balsam fir was significantly correlated with between-generation reduction in mean egg-mass density, overall pathogen-induced mortality was not high enough to drive the populations into an endemic state, and a moderate infestation persisted into 2000.
Description of mature larvae of the four species of the Pissodes strobi complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Williams Daryl J.M. , Langor David W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMature larvae of Pissodes strobi (Peck), Pissodes schwarzi Hopkins, Pissodes nemorensis Germar, and Pissodes terminalis Hopping are described and external morphology illustrated. A key to species is presented. A phylogenetic analysis is done using single- and multiple-outgroup comparisons, which both find trees of identical topology. Character states of clypeus pigmentation and premental sclerite shape putatively support a monophyletic relationship of the P. strobi complex.
Variation of Lygus species assemblages in canola agroecosystems in relation to ecoregion and crop stage
Authors: Cárcamo H. , Otani J. , Herle C. , Dolinski M. , Dosdall L. , Mason P. , Butts R. , Kaminski L. , Olfert O. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPlant bugs in the genus Lygus (Hahn) (Hemiptera: Miridae) are sporadic pests of canola, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae) and Brassica rapa L., in western Canada and infestations appear to have become increasingly common and severe in recent years. Surveys conducted from 1998 to 2000 identified a "northern" assemblage in the boreal ecoregion that was dominated by Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), with minor representation of Lygus borealis (Kelton), Lygus elisus (Van Duzee), and Lygus keltoni (Schwartz). A "southern" assemblage in the grassland ecoregions was dominated by L. keltoni, with a substantial abundance of L. elisus and L. borealis and with few L. lineolaris in the driest areas. The assemblage from the parkland ecoregion was variable but with few L. elisus. The boreal plains and parkland ecoregions of Alberta had the most serious and persistent infestations of Lygus spp. Relative species composition of the Lygus assemblage at the bolting stage was not related to the overall abundance of these bugs at the early pod stage. Lygus species assemblages were similar in terms of composition and relative abundance at the bolting and early pod stages of canola. A shift in species proportions in favour of L. lineolaris in the north and L. keltoni in the south and a decrease of L. elisus has taken place relative to studies conducted in the 1980's.
Biology of larvae and adults ofErynnis propertiusat the northern edge of its range
Authors: Prior Kirsten M. , Dzurisin Jason D.K. , Pelini Shannon L. , Hellmann Jessica J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe describe aspects of the life history ofErynnis propertius(Scudder and Burgess) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) by examining several populations over multiple years. We focused on peripheral populations of this species because they are isolated, are threatened by habitat loss, and may play an important role in driving poleward range expansion under increasing regional temperature. Our findings show that the annual larval growth rate does not vary directly with temperature, adult flight phenology and the timing of key resources respond to average daytime temperatures in spring, and population-density patterns among sites are robust over years across a broad region near the species' northern range limit. In addition, we provide descriptions of all larval instars for this species. This fundamental information about the biology, timing, and abundance of this species will facilitate further experimental study and improved assessment of its conservation status.
Sirexspecies (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and their parasitoids inPinus sylvestrisin eastern North America
Authors: Long Stefan J. , Williams David W. , Hajek Anne E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSiricids and their parasitoids were reared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL. (Pinaceae)) trees infested bySirex noctilioF. in central New York State.Sirex noctilioaccounted for 94.3% of the siricid specimens emerging, totaling 1313 specimens from six trees, with a maximum of 495 from one tree. Of the individuals emerging per tree, 20.6 ± 5.2% were female. Two native siricids,Sirex nigricornisF. andS. edwardsiiBrullè, also emerged from trees but in low numbers. Three hymenopteran parasitoid species that attack siricids emerged, totaling 21.8 ± 6.4% parasitism per tree.Ibalia leucospoides ensigerNorton (Ibaliidae) was by far the most abundant parasitoid, at 20.5 ± 6.3% parasitism per tree. The percentage of femaleS. noctilioemerging was positively correlated with wood diameter, whereas percent parasitism byI. l. ensigerwas negatively correlated with wood diameter.
Current status of invasive alien birch-leafmining sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in Canada, with keys to species
Authors: Digweed Scott C. , MacQuarrie Chris J.K. , Langor David W. , Williams Daryl J.M. , Spence John R. , Nystrom Kathryn L. , Morneau Louis 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the 20th century, five species of birch-leafmining sawflies were inadvertently introduced from Europe to North America:Heterarthrus nemoratus(Fallén),Fenusa pumilaLeach,Profenusa thomsoni(Konow),Fenusella nana(Klug), andScolioneura vicinaKonow. All have been recorded at outbreak levels in North America, and three (F. pumila, P. thomsoni, andH. nemoratus) have been the targets of successful biological control programs. The most recently detected species,F. nanaandS. vicina, are good candidates for future biological control in Canada. We review the biology of all five of these birch-leafmining sawflies in North America and present keys to adults, larvae, and mines to aid correct identification.
Pheromone identification ofDioryctria abietivorella(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) from an eastern North American population: geographic variation in pheromone response
Authors: Grant Gary G. , Millar Jocelyn G. , Trudel Richard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe fir coneworm,Dioryctria abietivorella(Groté), is a transcontinental pest of coniferous seed cones. Recently, the attractive pheromone components and lure blend for the fir coneworm in western Canada were identified as a 200 µg : 2000 µg ratio of (9Z,11E)-tetradecadienyl acetate (9Z,11E-14:Ac) and a polyunsaturated hydrocarbon, (3Z,6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z)-pentacosapentaene (C25pentaene). A potential third component, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (9Z-14:Ac), which was detected in pheromone gland extracts, had no effect on males of the western population when added to the binary blend. In contrast, in eastern Canada (Quebec) we found that the 200 µg : 2000 µg binary blend was unattractive to male fir coneworms until 9Z-14:Ac was added. By means of several field experiments we established that a 67 µg : 200 µg : 2000 µg ratio of 9Z-14:Ac, 9Z,11E-14:Ac, and the C25pentaene was attractive to fir coneworms in Quebec. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of pheromone gland extracts of fir coneworm from Quebec confirmed the presence of the three components in extracts in an approximately 1 µg : 4 µg : 10 µg ratio of 9Z-14:Ac, 9Z,11E-14:Ac, and the C25pentaene. Our results provide evidence that the eastern and western populations ofD. abietivorellaare distinct geographic pheromone races, with 9Z-14:Ac being required for attracting males of the eastern population but not males of the western population.
Spacing of traps baited with species-specific Lymantria pheromones to prevent interference by antagonistic components
Authors: Gries Regine , Schaefer Paul W. , Gotoh Tadao , Takács Stephen , Gries Gerhard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn pheromone-based surveys for detecting multiple species of exotic lymantriine moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Lymantriinae), spacing between traps baited with species-specific pheromone lures must be sufficient to prevent antagonistic effects of heterospecific pheromone on lure attractiveness. Conducting field experiments with the Japanese gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar japonica Motschulsky, in northern Honshu, Japan, we first determined which congeneric pheromone components have strong antagonistic effects on attraction of male moths to the conspecific pheromone (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ((+)-disparlure). Since the most antagonistic compounds were pheromone/volatile components from the sympatric nun moth, L. monacha (L.), we then conducted experiments with paired traps baited with either a L. dispar (L.) pheromone lure ((+)-disparlure (50 µg)) or L. monacha pheromone lure (a mixture of (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxyoctadecane ((+)-monachalure (50 µg)), (7Z)-2-methyloctadecene (5 µg), and (+)-disparlure (50 µg)). As spacing between paired traps increased (0, 0.5, 2, 7.5, 15, or 30 m), the antagonistic effect of the L. monacha lure on the attractiveness of the L. dispar lure decreased and finally disappeared. For pheromone-based detection surveys of multiple species of exotic lymantriine moths in North America to be effective, trap spacing of 15 m is recommended.