bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Intention (Niyya) Under Saudi Arabian Hanbali Law
Authors: Saleh Nabil 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOn the authority of the Shari'a, the part that intention (niyya) holds in religious matters ('ibādāt) is undisputed. However, a number of schools of thought have questioned its significance with respect to secular transactions (mu'āmalāt). The very first hadīth reported in the Compendium of Tradition, Sahih al-Bukhari says in substance: “Deeds are judged according to intention and every human being will have to take responsibility for what he intended”. Sunni schools of law are divided with regard to the extent of application of that hadīth. Whilst Hanafī and Shāfī'ī schools interpret it narrowly to cover only religious matters, Hanbalī and Mālikī teachings extend it to mu'āmalāt. This article looks at intention and its possible relevance in matters concerning breach of contact, abuse of rights and the validity and construction of contract when governed by Saudi/Hanbalī law.
Antioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidation
Authors: Carmeli E , Fogelman Y 
Published: August 2009

This study was conducted to determine the effect of a natural polyphenolic isoflavone antioxidant (Glabridin) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Determination of the extent of LDL oxidation was done by measuring the formation of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). After oral administration of licorice-root ethanol extract to healthy subjects for 6 months, the subjects’ oxidative stress level as well as plasma LDL oxidation reduced by 20%. We concluded that dietary consumption of glabridin protects LDL from oxidation.
Examining communication between Ultraviolet (UV)-damaged cutaneous nerve cells and epidermal keratinocytes in vitro
Authors: Gruber JV , Holtz R 
Published: August 2009

The exposure of the skin to Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a stressful event and the skin has multiple innate defense mechanisms to counter this threat. For instance, oxidatively damaged nerve cells will express neuroglobin, a hexa-coordinate heme protein, to scavenge free radicals such as nitric oxide (NO). Likewise, keratinocytes will express various anti-oxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), which will defend the cells against oxidative threats. Nonetheless, cells will still express free radicals during excessive irradiation. A fundamental question that needs to be asked is: what do these cells communicate to one another during such stressful events? This paper will present results of an in vitro study in which dorsal root ganglion were irradiated with UV radiation to elicit oxidative events such as release of NO and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a potent neuropeptide. Cell survival was also examined using the standard MTT assay. A plant-based neuroglobin mimic called phytoglobin was used as an NO scavenger to see if control of NO would influence CGRP expression and cell survival. Results of this study demonstrate that control of NO expression in irradiated nerve cells can influence CGRP expression and can also increase cell survival rates. Following this preliminary study, controlled amounts of the nerve cell growth media were added to cultures of normal human keratinocytes and the keratinocytes were allowed to interact with the nerve cell media for 24 h. Following this treatment period, human microarrays were run on the keratinocytes to see what genes were influenced in the keratinocytes as a result of contact with the irradiated nerve cell growth media. It was found that several critical genes expressed by the keratinocytes including NO synthase (NOS1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), transglutaminase 1 and 3 (TGM1 and TGM3), metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), and filaggrin (FLG) were clearly influenced by the damaged nerve cells.
Whey proteins influence hepatic glutathione after CCl4 intoxication
Authors: Balbis E , Patriarca S , Furfaro AL , Millanta S , Sukkar SG , Marinari UM , Pronzato MA , Cottalasso D , Traverso N 
Published: August 2009

Whey proteins (WP) are known to contain more cysteine than casein (CAS), so it is suggested that they should ameliorate the oxidative equilibrium in the organisms. To evaluate the influence of a WP-based diet on liver glutathione (GSH) content, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 3 weeks a balanced liquid diet containing either WP or CAS as main source of protein. Liver GSH content was evaluated at the end of the treatment by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), both in basal conditions and after oxidative stress induced by CCl4 acute intoxication. In basal conditions, WP diet significantly increased hepatic GSH in comparison to CAS diet. After CCl4 intoxication, hepatic GSH was negligibly increased in CAS group, while its increase was much more marked in WP group, so that the difference between the two diets was significant; this suggests that WP provided rats with better ability to increase their GSH synthesis in case of need.
Hypercholesterolemia impairs exercise capacity in mice
Authors: Maxwell Andrew J , Niebauer Josef , Lin Patrick S , Tsao Philip S , Bernstein Daniel , Cooke John P 
Published: August 2009

Abstract We previously reported an attenuation of both exercise hyperemia and measures of aerobic capacity in hypercholesterolemic mice. In this study, we expanded upon the previous findings by examining the temporal and quantitative relationship of hypercholesterolemia to aerobic and anaerobic capacity and by exploring several potential mechanisms of dysfunction. Eight-week-old wild type ( n = 123) and apoE knockout ( n = 79) C57BL/6J mice were divided into groups with distinct cholesterol levels by feeding with regular or high-fat diets. At various ages, the mice underwent treadmill ergospirometry. To explore mechanisms, aortic ring vasodilator function and nitrate (NOx) activity, urinary excretion of NOx, running muscle microvascular density and citrate synthase activity, as well as myocardial mass and histologic evidence of ischemia were measured. At 8 weeks of age, all mice had similar measures of exercise capacity. All indices of aerobic exercise capacity progressively declined at 12 and 20 weeks of age in the hypercholesterolemic mice as cholesterol levels increased while indices of anaerobic capacity remained unaffected. Across the four cholesterol groups, the degree of aerobic dysfunction was related to serum cholesterol levels; a relationship that was maintained after correcting for confounding factors. Associated with the deterioration in exercise capacity was a decline in measures of nitric oxide-mediated vascular function while there was no evidence of aberrations in functional or oxidative capacities or in other components of transport capacity. In conclusion, aerobic exercise dysfunction is observed in murine models of genetic and diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and is associated with a reduction in vascular nitric oxide production.
Enhanced efficacy of recombinant FVIII in noncovalent complex with PEGylated liposome in hemophilia A mice
Authors: Pan Junliang , Liu Tongyao , Kim Ji-Yun , Zhu Daguang , Patel Chandra , Cui Zhi-Hua , Zhang Xin , Newgren James O. , Reames Aaron , Canivel Dodie , Jesmok Gary , Pierce Glenn F. , Sommer Jurg M. , Jiang Haiyan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecombinant FVIII formulated in PEG-ylated liposomes (rFVIII-PEG-Lip) was reported to increase the bleed-free days from 7 to 13 days (at 35 IU/kg rFVIII) in severe hemophilia A patients. To understand the underlying mechanism, we sought to recapitulate its efficacy in hemophilia A mice. Animals treated with rFVIII-PEG-Lip achieved approximately 30% higher survival relative to rFVIII after tail vein transection inflicted 24 hours after dosing. The efficacy of rFVIII-PEG-Lip represents an approximately 2.5-fold higher “apparent” FVIII activity, which is not accounted for by its modestly increased (13%) half-life. The enhanced efficacy requires complex formation between rFVIII and PEG-Lip before the administration. Furthermore, PEG-Lip associates with the majority of platelets and monocytes in vivo, and results in increased P-selectin surface expression on platelets in response to collagen. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) analysis of whole blood from rFVIII-PEG-Lip–treated animals at 5 minutes up to 72 hours after dosing recapitulated the 2- to 3-fold higher apparent FVIII activity. The enhanced procoagulant activity is fully retained in plasma unless microparticles are removed by ultracentrifugation. Taken together, the efficacy of rFVIII-PEG-Lip is mediated mainly by its sensitization of platelets and the generation of procoagulant microparticles that may express sustained high-affinity receptors for FVIII.
An updated 18S rRNA phylogeny of tunicates based on mixture and secondary structure models
Authors: Tsagkogeorga Georgia , Turon Xavier , Hopcroft Russell R , Tilak Marie-Ka , Feldstein Tamar , Shenkar Noa , Loya Yossi , Huchon Dorothée , Douzery Emmanuel JP , Delsuc Frédéric 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundTunicates have been recently revealed to be the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Yet, with more than 2500 described species, details of their evolutionary history are still obscure. From a molecular point of view, tunicate phylogenetic relationships have been mostly studied based on analyses of 18S rRNA sequences, which indicate several major clades at odds with the traditional class-level arrangements. Nonetheless, substantial uncertainty remains about the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic status of key groups such as the Aplousobranchia, Appendicularia, and Thaliacea.ResultsThirty new complete 18S rRNA sequences were acquired from previously unsampled tunicate species, with special focus on groups presenting high evolutionary rate. The updated 18S rRNA dataset has been aligned with respect to the constraint on homology imposed by the rRNA secondary structure. A probabilistic framework of phylogenetic reconstruction was adopted to accommodate the particular evolutionary dynamics of this ribosomal marker. Detailed Bayesian analyses were conducted under the non-parametric CAT mixture model accounting for site-specific heterogeneity of the evolutionary process, and under RNA-specific doublet models accommodating the occurrence of compensatory substitutions in stem regions. Our results support the division of tunicates into three major clades: 1) Phlebobranchia + Thaliacea + Aplousobranchia, 2) Appendicularia, and 3) Stolidobranchia, but the position of Appendicularia could not be firmly resolved. Our study additionally reveals that most Aplousobranchia evolve at extremely high rates involving changes in secondary structure of their 18S rRNA, with the exception of the family Clavelinidae, which appears to be slowly evolving. This extreme rate heterogeneity precluded resolving with certainty the exact phylogenetic placement of Aplousobranchia. Finally, the best fitting secondary-structure and CAT-mixture models suggest a sister-group relationship between Salpida and Pyrosomatida within Thaliacea.ConclusionAn updated phylogenetic framework for tunicates is provided based on phylogenetic analyses using the most realistic evolutionary models currently available for ribosomal molecules and an unprecedented taxonomic sampling. Detailed analyses of the 18S rRNA gene allowed a clear definition of the major tunicate groups and revealed contrasting evolutionary dynamics among major lineages. The resolving power of this gene nevertheless appears limited within the clades composed of Phlebobranchia + Thaliacea + Aplousobranchia and Pyuridae + Styelidae, which were delineated as spots of low resolution. These limitations underline the need to develop new nuclear markers in order to further resolve the phylogeny of this keystone group in chordate evolution.
A gene expression signature shared by human mature oocytes and embryonic stem cells
Authors: Assou Said , Cerecedo Doris , Tondeur Sylvie , Pantesco Véronique , Hovatta Outi , Klein Bernard , Hamamah Samir , De Vos John 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
The first week of human pre-embryo development is characterized by the induction of totipotency and then pluripotency. The understanding of this delicate process will have far reaching implication for in vitro fertilization and regenerative medicine. Human mature MII oocytes and embryonic stem (ES) cells are both able to achieve the feat of cell reprogramming towards pluripotency, either by somatic cell nuclear transfer or by cell fusion, respectively. Comparison of the transcriptome of these two cell types may highlight genes that are involved in pluripotency initiation.

Results
Based on a microarray compendium of 205 samples, we compared the gene expression profile of mature MII oocytes and human ES cells (hESC) to that of somatic tissues. We identified a common oocyte/hESC gene expression profile, which included a strong cell cycle signature, genes associated with pluripotency such as LIN28 and TDGF1, a large chromatin remodelling network (TOP2A, DNMT3B, JARID2, SMARCA5, CBX1, CBX5), 18 different zinc finger transcription factors, including ZNF84, and several still poorly annotated genes such as KLHL7, MRS2, or the Selenophosphate synthetase 1 (SEPHS1). Interestingly, a large set of genes was also found to code for proteins involved in the ubiquitination and proteasome pathway. Upon hESC differentiation into embryoid bodies, the transcription of this pathway declined. In vitro, we observed a selective sensitivity of hESC to the inhibition of the activity of the proteasome.

Conclusion
These results shed light on the gene networks that are concurrently overexpressed by the two human cell types with somatic cell reprogramming properties.
A bacterial artificial chromosome library for the Australian saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and its utilization in gene isolation and genome characterization
Authors: Shan Xueyan , Ray David A , Bunge John A , Peterson Daniel G 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
Crocodilians (Order Crocodylia) are an ancient vertebrate group of tremendous ecological, social, and evolutionary importance. They are the only extant reptilian members of Archosauria, a monophyletic group that also includes birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. Consequently, crocodilian genomes represent a gateway through which the molecular evolution of avian lineages can be explored. To facilitate comparative genomics within Crocodylia and between crocodilians and other archosaurs, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for the Australian saltwater crocodile, Crocodylus porosus. This is the first BAC library for a crocodile and only the second BAC resource for a crocodilian.

Results
The C. porosus BAC library consists of 101,760 individually archived clones stored in 384-well microtiter plates. Not I digestion of random clones indicates an average insert size of 102 kb. Based on a genome size estimate of 2778 Mb, the library affords 3.7 fold (3.7×) coverage of the C. porosus genome. To investigate the utility of the library in studying sequence distribution, probes derived from CR1a and CR1b, two crocodilian CR1-like retrotransposon subfamilies, were hybridized to C. porosus macroarrays. The results indicate that there are a minimum of 20,000 CR1a/b elements in C. porosus and that their distribution throughout the genome is decidedly non-random. To demonstrate the utility of the library in gene isolation, we probed the C. porosus macroarrays with an overgo designed from a C-mos (oocyte maturation factor) partial cDNA. A BAC containing C-mos was identified and the C-mos locus was sequenced. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignment of the C. porosus C-mos coding sequence with avian and reptilian C-mos orthologs reveals greater sequence similarity between C. porosus and birds (specifically chicken and zebra finch) than between C. porosus and squamates (green anole).

Conclusion
We have demonstrated the utility of the Crocodylus porosus BAC library as a tool in genomics research. The BAC library should expedite complete genome sequencing of C. porosus and facilitate detailed analysis of genome evolution within Crocodylia and between crocodilians and diverse amniote lineages including birds, mammals, and other non-avian reptiles.
Formation and Structure of Perfluorosulfonated Ionomer Thin Film on a Graphite Surface
Authors: Masuda Takuya , Naohara Hideo , Takakusagi Satoru , Singh Pankaj R , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Adsorption process and structure of perfluorosulfonated acid (PFSA) polymer on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface were elucidated by an in situ tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM). Micellar aggregates of PFSA polymers first randomly adsorbed on a bare HOPG surface, and then the adsorbed aggregates extended under the influence of atomic arrangement of HOPG surface, to form two-dimensionally ordered domains.
Spectroscopic Evaluation of the Length of Poly(ethylene glycol) Covalently Attached to Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kubota Satoshi , Maruyama Takafumi , Nishikiori Hiromasa , Tanaka Nobuaki , Endo Morinobu , Fujii Tsuneo 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were covalently functionalized by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different molecular weights. The lengths of the PEG on each sample were evaluated using 1-naphthol as a fluorescence probe. The intensity of ion-pair fluorescence of the 1-naphthol increased with the length of the attached PEG due to interaction between the 1-naphthol and ether groups of the PEG. This increase indicated that fluorescence measurement using 1-naphthol is an excellent tool to evaluate the length of PEG on the MWNTs.
Prolonged treatment with the Pavlik harness in infants with developmental dysplasia of the hip
Authors: van der Sluijs J. A. , De Gier L. , Verbeke J. I. , Witbreuk M. M. E. H. , Pruys J. E. H. , van Royen B. J. 
Published: August 2009

We prospectively studied the benefits and risks of prolonged treatment with the Pavlik harness in infants with idiopathic developmental dysplasia of the hip. Bracing was continued as long as abduction improved. It was started at a mean age of four months (1 to 6.9). Outcome measures were the number of successful reductions, the time to reduction, the acetabular index and evidence of avascular necrosis at follow-up at one year. In 50 infants with 62 subluxated and dislocated hips (42 Graf type III and 20 type IV), 37 were reduced successfully with a mean time to reduction of 13.4 weeks (sd 6.8). Bracing was successful in 31 type-III (73.8%) and in only six type-IV hips (20%, p = 0.002). Avascular necrosis was seen in ten hips. Prolonged treatment with the Pavlik harness for developmental dysplasia of the hip over the age of one month can be beneficial in type-III hips, but it is unclear as to whether this is the optimal treatment, since it may postpone the need for closed or open reduction to a more unfavourable age. The use of the Pavlik harness in type-IV hips in this age group is questionable, but if used, prolonged bracing is not advised.
Early clinical failure of the Birmingham metal-on-metal hip resurfacing is associated with metallosis and soft-tissue necrosis
Authors: Ollivere B. , Darrah C. , Barker T. , Nolan J. , Porteous M. J. 
Published: August 2009

The rate and mode of early failure in 463 Birmingham hip resurfacings in a two-centre, multisurgeon series were examined. Of the 463 patients two have died and three were lost to follow-up. The mean radiological and clinical follow-up was for 43 months (6 to 90). We have revised 13 resurfacings (2.8%) including seven for pain, three for fracture, two for dislocation and another for sepsis. Of these, nine had macroscopic and histological evidence of metallosis. The survival at five years was 95.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 94.1 to 96.8) for revision for all causes and 96.9% (95% CI 95.5 to 98.3) for metallosis. The rate of metallosis related revision was 3.1% at five years. Risk factors for metallosis were female gender, a small femoral component, a high abduction angle and obesity. We do not advocate the use of the Birmingham Hip resurfacing procedure in patients with these risk factors.
Backside volumetric change in the polyethylene of uncemented acetabular components
Authors: Krieg A. H. , Speth B. M. , Ochsner P. E. 
Published: August 2009

Polyethylene wear of acetabular components is a key factor in the development of periprosthetic osteolysis and wear at the articular surface has been well documented and quantified, but fewer data are available about changes which occur at the backside of the liner. At revision surgery for loosening of the femoral component we retrieved 35 conventional modular acetabular liners of the same design. Linear and volumetric articular wear, backside volumetric change and the volume of the screw-head indentations were quantified. These volumes, clinical data and the results from radiological Ein Bild Röntgen Analyse migration analysis were used to identify potential factors influencing the volumetric articular wear and backside volumetric change. The rate of backside volumetric change was found to be 2.8% of the rate of volumetric articular wear and decreased with increasing liner size. Migrated acetabular components showed significantly higher rates of backside volumetric change plus screw-head indentations than those without migration. The backside volumetric change was at least ten times larger than finite-element simulation had suggested. In a stable acetabular component with well-anchored screws, the amount of backside wear should not cause clinical problems. Impingement of the screw-heads could produce more wear particles than those generated at the liner-shell interface. Because the rate of backside volumetric change is only 2.8% of the rate of volumetric articular wear and since creep is likely to contribute a significant portion to this, the debris generated by wear at the backside of the liner may not be sufficient to create a strong osteolytic response.
The treatment of metastasis to the femoral neck using percutaneous hollow perforated screws with cement augmentation
Authors: Kang H. G. , Roh Y. W. , Kim H. S. 
Published: August 2009

We have developed a hollow perforated cannulated screw. One or more of these was implanted percutaneously in 11 patients with an osteolytic metastasis in the femoral neck and multiple metastases elsewhere. They were supplemented by one or two additional standard 6.5 mm cannulated screws in nine patients. Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement was injected through the screw into the neck of the femur using small syringes, as in vertebroplasty. The mean amount of cement injected was 23.2 ml (17 to 30). Radiotherapy was started on the fourth post-operative day and chemotherapy, on average, was resumed a day later. Good structural stability and satisfactory relief from pain were achieved in all the patients. This technique may be useful in the palliation of metastases in the femoral neck.
Splash in elective primary knee and hip replacement
Authors: Singh V. K. , Kalairajah Y. 
Published: August 2009

An intra-operative splash is a common occurrence in elective knee and hip replacement surgery and can potentially transmit bloodborne diseases, with devastating consequences. This study aimed to quantify the risk of a splash and to assess its correlation with body mass index, duration of surgery and the volume of lavage fluid used. Between December 2007 and April 2008, 62 consecutive patients (38 women, 24 men) undergoing an elective total knee or total hip replacement (TKR, THR) were recruited into the study (32 TKRs and 30 THRs) after appropriate consent. A splash occurred in all 62 cases. A THR had a slightly higher risk of a splash than a TKR, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.27). The correlation between body mass index, duration of surgery and the amount of pulse lavage used with a splash was r = 0.013, (non-significant), r = 0.52, (significant) and r = 0.92 (highly significant), respectively. A high number of splashes are generated during a TKR and a THR. The simple visor mask fails to protect the surgeon, the assistant or the patient from the risk of a splash and reverse splash, respectively.