bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular identification of some Hoplolaimus species from the USA based on duplex PCR, multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP analysis
Authors: Robbins Robert , Szalanski Allen , Bae Chang-Hwan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTwo different molecular approaches, a multiplex PCR and PCR-RFLP of ITS-rDNA, were developed for the identification of Hoplolaimus species. DNA sequences of H. columbus, H. galeatus, H. concaudajuvencus, H. magnistylus, H. seinhorsti and three undescribed Hoplolaimus species were used to design species-specific primers. Three reverse species-specific PCR primers for H. columbus, H. galeatus and H. magnistylus were developed using the ITS1 region exhibiting interspecific variation. Three species-specific PCR primers in combination with the forward primer, Hoc-1f, produced distinct amplicons of 580 bp for H. columbus, 120 bp for H. galeatus and 340 bp for H. magnistylus. We successfully identified each of three species by multiplex PCR when all three were mixed in a single PCR reaction. Restriction enzyme digests of the PCR amplicon using HaeIII and RsaI permitted discrimination of H. columbus, H. galeatus, H. magnistylus, H. concaudajuvencus, H. sp. 1, H. sp. 2 and H. sp. 3 from each other. These results suggest that these molecular techniques allow for rapid, easy and reliable identification of Hoplolaimus species.
The Temporal Dimension of Addiction
Authors: Kemp Ryan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractKnowledge concerning the relation of the addicted subject to time is deepened through a phenomenological analysis. The theoretical understanding of lived-time, or temporality, is explored with particular reference to the theories of Heidegger, Fuchs and van den Berg. Grounded in a description of the lived experiences of addicted persons, it is argued that the temporal relation of the addict is drawn, by the adoption of an addictive existence, primarily towards “the now” which predisposes the addict to various consequences. These include impulsiveness, sleep disturbance, pain and social alienation. The relation of addiction to death is also briefly discussed in its temporal dimension. Implications for treatment and therapy are explored.
A Prostitute's Lived Experiences of Stigma
Authors: Tomura Miyuki 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis research used a semi-structured interview method and Smith and Osborn's (2003) interpretive phenomenological analysis to investigate a female prostitute's experiences of stigma associated with her work. To structure the interview schedule, Seidman's (2006) in-depth phenomenologically based interviewing method, which comprises three areas of focus, “focused life history,” “details of the experience” under investigation, and “reflection of the meaning” of the experience, was used as a general guide. Ten broad psychological themes were identified: 1) awareness of engaging in what people think is bad; (2) negative labeling by people who discover she is a prostitute; 3) hiding and lying about her identity as a prostitute to avoid being labeled negatively; 4) hiding and lying about her prostitution identity result in stress, anxiety, and exhaustion; 5) wishing she did not have to hide and lie about being a prostitute; 6) questioning and objecting to the stigmatization of prostitution; 7) managing the sense of stigmatization by persons who know about her prostitution by shifting focus away from devaluing and toward valuable qualities of prostitution; 8) developing occupational esteem and self-esteem through reflection of values; 9) compassion towards other people who suffer from stigma; and 10) resiliency.
Epistolarity in a Nahdah Climate: The Role of Mayy Ziyādah's Letter Writing
Authors: Khaldi Boutheina 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIt is the purpose of this article to study Mayy Ziyādah's (d. 1941) epistolary art as an extension of her salon in the years of its formation, 1913-1936. While her salon gathered together the most distinguished Nahdah elite, her epistolary art consolidated an enormous network that included intellectuals from all over the Arab world, Europe, and North and South America. Her epistolary art made use of the eighteenth-century French salon model, but it also drew on a solid tradition of Arabic chancery art that reached its peak between the tenth and fifteenth centuries. Her letters as well as the letters addressed to her demonstrate how central her role and function as salonnière and littérateure were to the Nahdah climate of ideas. The article also provides a typological reading of this art, placing it in the context of French and Egyptian models.
Narrative and the Reading Public in 1870s Beirut
Authors: Holt Elizabeth 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper reads narrative published in the journals of 1870s Beirut in the context of an emerging bourgeois readership and argues that the significance of this archive to modern Arabic fiction has been neglected by critics. Taking the intensification of the silk trade with France following the civil war of 1860 as a point of historical departure, this paper traces the nexus of multiple influences upon narrative forms published in the burgeoning press of this period. Reading two serialized novels of 1870 alongside one another, this paper reveals the centrality of suspense to the proliferation of the press and the novel form. Anticipation, anxiety and hope pervade the pages of these periodicals as readers and writers negotiate changing notions of class and gender. The final portion of the paper returns to the question of influence, exposing the overdetermined narrative weave that connects these early serialized Arabic novels to not only the European novel, but also the heritage of popular Arabic storytelling epitomized by A Thousand and One Nights.
Indigenous Participation in Elective Bodies: The Maori in New Zealand
Authors: Xanthaki Alexandra , O'Sullivan Dominic 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe article argues that Maori political participation in New Zealand constitutes a positive example of how the current international standards on indigenous political participation can be implemented at the national level. Notwithstanding the weaknesses of the system and the challenges laying ahead, the combination of the Mixed Member Proportional electoral system, dedicated Maori seats and the establishment of the Maori Party have ensured a Maori voice in Parliament and have broadened the possibilities of effective indigenous participation in the political life of the state. Such state practice that implements the 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples firmly confirms the position of the Declaration within current international law.
Human and Group Rights Issues in Ethiopia: A Reply to Kjetil Tronvoll
Authors: Assefa Getachew 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn an article published in the International Journal on Minority and Group Rights ('Human Rights Violations in Ethiopia: When Ethnic Identity is a Political Stigma', 15(1) (2008) 49–79), Kjetil Tronvoll from Oslo University argued that in federal Ethiopia, the violations of human rights are in some ways ethnically motivated. Tronvoll's arguments are based on the concluding observations of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) on Ethiopia. The objective of my Reply is to show that both CERD and Tronvoll have made unsubstantiated generalisations in trying to gauge any violation of human rights in Ethiopia as an ethnically-motivated occurrence. With this purpose in view, the current article briefly discusses the constitutional legal framework of the Ethiopian federal system, and critically examines the positions of CERD and Dr. Tronvoll.
Reappraising Diplomacy: Structural Diplomacy and the Case of the European Union
Authors: Keukeleire Stephan , Justaert Arnout , Thiers Robin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDiverse shifts have taken place in both the daily practice and academic analyses of diplomacy. The authors argue that the various conceptualizations do not sufficiently take into account that diplomacy is increasingly concerned with influencing or shaping structures. The aim of this article is therefore to reappraise the nature of diplomacy in general and of the European Union in particular by elaborating on the concept structural diplomacy. This concept refers to the process of dialogue and negotiation by which actors in the international system seek to influence or shape sustainable external political, legal, economic, social and security structures at different relevant levels in a given geographic space (from the level of the individual and society, to the state, regional and global levels). The EU's institutional and diplomatic set-up allows it to conduct structural diplomacy. However, the extent and effectiveness of this diplomacy strongly differ depending on the regions in question.
The EU and the Diplomacy of Complex Interregionalism
Authors: Hardacre Alan , Smith Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article explores the diplomatic implications of a central pillar in EU external relations: the development of interregional relations. In particular, the article investigates the emergence of a specific pattern of interregional relations — 'complex interregionalism' — and develops an initial framework for the analysis of this phenomenon. This framework allows for a detailed investigation of how the EU has simultaneously engaged in bilateral, multilateral and interregional relations across the globe. The EU — notably the Commission — is found to have a consistent and coherent complex interregional strategy that it employs across three world regions: Asia; Africa; and Latin America. This strategy embodies multi-level interregional relations, but aspires to the creation of 'pure interregionalism' between the EU and other customs unions. Such a strategy presents two key tensions that lie at the heart of 'complex interregionalism': the first tension is between the reality of multi-level diplomacy and the desire for 'pure interregionalism'; and the second is between the Commission's strategic vision and the realities of Council-shaped diplomacy. Analysis of the internal and external dynamics of the strategic pursuit of interregionalism, and the failure to implement it fully, can thus offer important insights for the study of both the EU's external relations and EU diplomacy.
The European Union in Multilateral Diplomacy
Authors: Jørgensen Knud Erik 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article examines the role of the European Union in multilateral diplomacy. By means of synthesizing and summarizing research on seven selected policy fields, the article aims to make more general claims than single policy or single case studies allow. The analysis focuses on five analytical dimensions: governance (that is, how the EU handles multilateral diplomacy in different international institutions); the role of EU domestic politics; negotiation style(s); outreach; and impact. As the seven policy fields comprise some very diverse issue-areas, it would not be wise to expect any uniform approach or general findings. However, the analysis does show that the EU is increasingly engaged in multilateral diplomacy, actually playing a leadership role in some policy fields. Findings do not correspond to traditional expectations concerning the EU's engagement in politico-economic and security issues, as the EU plays a limited role in financial and macro-economic diplomacy and a fairly significant role in non-proliferation and crisis management. The article suggests that an extension to more policy fields and more analytical dimensions would provide the comprehensive understanding of the European Union's role in multilateral diplomacy that the engagement deserves.
Taking Stock: 50 Years of European Diplomacy
Authors: Spence David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe assumption that the European Union is creating a new diplomacy begs many questions. However, it is clear that the role of national diplomats in the integrative processes has changed dramatically during the last 50 years, producing a blueprint for a new form of European diplomacy. It is apparent that European diplomacy has been characterized by the existence of two broad but distinct diplomatic career paths, each with a separate and specific mindset, and that there are, arguably, two identifiable epistemic communities of European diplomats — national and supranational — sometimes cooperating willingly, sometimes reluctantly, in an interplay between national and EU diplomacy. Against this background, in the short term a 'variable geometry' of representation is likely to continue, as member states refashion their networks of representation, influenced by a combination of international involvement, perceptions of national need and, at times, the unwelcome dictates of diminishing national resources. But a new European diplomacy already exists alongside the old, and its distinctive feature is the withering away of explicit national interests.
The spectrum of clinical manifestations, outcome and treatment of pericardial tamponade in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective study and literature review
Authors: Rosenbaum E , Krebs E , Cohen M , Tiliakos A , Derk CT 
Published: May 2009

Pericardial effusions causing pericardial tamponade are rare in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The goal of this study is to describe in detail the clinical and laboratory characteristics of a group of patients with pericardial effusions and pericardial tamponade secondary to SLE. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 71 patients with SLE, admitted to our Hospital between 1985 and 2006 with a diagnosis of pericarditis, pericardial effusion and tamponade. Clinical features in the patients with tamponade were compared with those with pericardial effusions without tamponade. Pericardial effusion and SLE was confirmed in 41 patients. Pericardial tamponade occurred in nine of these patients (21.9%) at the time of presentation. All tamponade patients were women. Patients with pericardial effusions who developed tamponade had a statistically significant ( P = 0.05) lower C4 level as compared with patients who did not develop tamponade. A pericardial window was required in five patients even though the patients were receiving high-dose corticosteroids. In the present series, all patients with tamponade were treated with high-dose corticosteroids though five of nine patients required a pericardial window in contrast to previous studies. A low C4 level at presentation was predictive of the development of tamponade physiology.
Invasive fungal infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: experience from affiliated hospitals of Catholic University of Korea
Authors: Kim Hyun-Jin , Park Yoon-Jung , Kim Wan-Uk , Park Sung-Hwan , Cho Chul-Soo 
Published: May 2009

The purpose of study was to determine the nature, outcomes and associated risk factors of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and compare the incidence of IFI in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A total of 1155 patients with SLE and 2004 patients with RA were retrospectively reviewed between 1992 and 2007. Twelve cases of IFI patients were identified in SLE patients (6 Aspergillus spp.; 5 Cryptococcus spp.; 1 Candida spp.). The incidence of IFI was significantly higher in patients with SLE than RA (1.04 vs. 0.15%). Among 12 patients with SLE, 10 had high Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores (≥8). The most commonly involved organ was the lung (n = 6), followed by the meninges (n = 4). Most of SLE patients with IFI (91.7%) had taken steroids prior to IFI. Three SLE patients resulted in death. Notably, these patients were all infected with Aspergillus spp. The mortality was associated with the presence of leukopenia, high anti-DNA antibodies and high SLEDAI. Collectively, IFI is more common in patients with SLE than in patients with RA. High disease activity in patients with SLE might contribute to increased risk of IFI. In addition, mortality was associated with aspergillus infection, leukopenia and high anti-DNA antibodies.
Trophoblast Stem Cells: Models for Investigating Trophectoderm Differentiation and Placental Development
Authors: Douglas Gordon C. , VandeVoort Catherine A. , Kumar Priyadarsini , Chang Tien-Cheng , Golos Thaddeus G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe placenta is an ephemeral organ containing diverse populations of trophoblasts that are all derived from the embryonic trophectoderm but have morphological, functional, and molecular diversity within and across species. In hemochorial placentation, these cells play especially important roles, interfacing with and modifying the cells of the maternal decidua. Within the rapidly growing placenta, it has been shown that there are trophoblast stem cells well characterized in the mouse and postulated but not well understood in primates. This review will discuss the characteristics of candidates for human and nonhuman primate trophoblast stem cells, present the diverse methods of their generation, and propose future prospects for experimental systems in which they can shed light on developmental and pathophysiological processes in human pregnancy.
Hydrotreatment of Jatropha Oil to Produce Green Diesel over Trifunctional Ni–Mo/SiO2–Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Liu Yanyong , Sotelo-Boyás Rogelio , Murata Kazuhisa , Minowa Tomoaki , Sakanishi Kinya 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Jatropha oil containing 15 wt % free fatty acids (FFAs) was converted to green diesel by hydrotreatment in a fixed-bed reactor over sulfided Ni–Mo/SiO2–Al2O3 catalyst with functions of hydrogenation, deoxygenation, and isomerization/cracking.
A Novel Tailoring Route for the Fabrication of Different Hierarchical CuS Superstructures
Authors: Gao Peng , Wang Xiaona , Chen Yujin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Different nanoscaled hierarchical CuS superstructures, such as tree-like superstructures, nanowires, and nanowebs, have been prepared by a novel “ion-tailoring” method with clear advantages over the traditional complex approaches for the production of 1D superstructured nanomaterials. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and optical spectroscopy were used to characterize the products. This novel designed strategy may be used for the preparation of other sulfide nanocrystalline superstructures.
Preparation of Perfluorocarbon/Fluoroalkyl Polymer Nanodroplets for Cancer-targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents
Authors: Nishihara Masamichi , Imai Kenji , Yokoyama Masayuki 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanodroplets formed from PEG-b-poly(fluoroheptyl aspartate) were developed for a cancer-targeted ultrasound (US) contrast agent. 10% esterifed fluoroalkyl polymer (F10) was the optimal composition for PFC solubilization in aqueous solution. PFC/F10 nanodroplets showed echogenicity with US irradiation, and long-term stability of PFC nanodroplets at 4 °C was confirmed.
What is a blatte? Migration and ethnic identity in contemporary Sweden
Authors: Lacatus Corina 
Published: May 2009

Contemporary Sweden is experiencing an interesting sociocultural phenomenon of redefinition of national identity as a result of the rise of awareness of the everyday reality of discrimination and segregation of first- and second-generation immigrants from the Middle East, North Africa and Africa.My article examines the formation and manifestations of a new kind of collective consciousness of immigrants living in Sweden calledblatteidentity, defined by ethnic markers constructed by opposition to the nationalistic ideals of an ethnically pure Swedish identity. More specifically, my article examines the construction and affirmation of a special kind ofblatte. identity, called athought sultan (tankesultan). Briefly, atankesuktanis a Swede of Arabic descent, proud of his Muslim background, and actively engaging in resisting the assimilative forces within Swedish society. The concept was coined by the author Jonas Hassen Khemiri in his debut novel entitledAn Eye Red (Ett ga Rtt)published in 2003. My argument discusses the trajectory of the concept from the artistic and literary realm into public discourse through the help of mass media, as well as the relation to other terms in the official and public discourse, such as immigrant,black skull (svartskalle), or ethnic Swede(svenne). From being an individual marker of ethnic belonging to the community of Arabic-speaking, Muslim immigrants to Sweden, a thought sultan(tankesultan)is used as a common denominator for some of the members of the immigrant community living in Sweden who like to consider their marginal social status and their everyday life marked by ethnic and religious discrimination. An instance of such use can be found in the magazineGringothat is distributed for free in Sweden's large urban areas, which made use of this concept as a categorizational tool of ethnic otherness forblattar, or immigrants, alongside other stereotyping concepts and images circulating in the public discourse of contemporary Sweden.
Solubility of Pu and rare-earths in LiCl-Li2O melt
Authors: Kato Testuya , Sakamura Y. , Iwai T. , Arai Y. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The solubility of Pu and rare-earths (REs) were measured in LiClLi2O melt where individually the oxides precipitated. The solubility of Pu(III) was measured at 923 K as a function of Li2O concentration. After every addition of Li2O to increase the Li2O concentration in the melt, the Pu concentration increased and showed a saturation in several hours. The stepwise variation means that the Pu concentrations at the saturation are regarded as the Pu solubility at the respective Li2O concentrations. The solubility of Nd(III), Gd(III), Pu(IV), and Ce(IV) were also measured as a fanction of Li2O concentration, and all of them increased with increased Li2O concentration. Especially, the solubility of the trivalent Pu and REs were related almost proportionally with the Li2O concentration. The solubility of La(III) and Pr(III) were measured in molten LiCl saturated with Li2O between 883 and 973 K. The logarithmic solubility was related linearly with the reciprocal temperature. The systematic measurement indicated that the solubility was higher for the element with a larger ionic radius as to the trivalent Pu and REs.
In search of an optimum plutonium density measurement fluid
Authors: Dziewinska K. M. , Peters A. M. , La Verne J. A. , Martinez P. , Dziewinski J. J , Davenhall L.B. , Rajesh P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Density measurements of plutonium metal and its alloys are performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) using a technique based on the Archimedes principle. The goal is to find and characterize a fluid for density determination of large objects made of plutonium to replace the currently used monobromobenzene. Physical and chemical properties must be considered while selecting the fluid. Chemical properties of the fluid must ensure low corrosion rates and good resistance to radiological decomposition. The study was carried on to evaluate the corrosion rates of Pu metal cause by FC-43 and the FC-43 decomposition products of radiolysis. The results of these studies proved favourable for this application. The evaluation of the surface reactions between FC-43 and Pu metal will be conducted in the near future.
Excitation spectra of near-infrared photoluminescence from Np(VI) in Cs2U(Np)O2Cl4
Authors: Wilkerson M. P. , Berg J. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Excitation spectra between 13200 and 21275 cm-1 at 75 K are reported for single crystals of Cs2U(Np)O2Cl4. These excitation spectra are collected from an infra-5f near-infrared luminescence origin of the neptunyl ion, and the energies and intensities of the spectral transitions are consistent with 4.2 K plane-polarized absorption spectra reported by Denning.