bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxic Encounters: Poisoning in Early Modern English Literature and Culture
Authors: Thomas Catherine E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis essay discusses the various ways poisoning signified as a literal act and symbolic motif in the literature and culture of early modern England. I offer an overview of the scholarship on the subject, from its early focus on dramatic imagery and questions of historical prevalence, to its interest in poisoning’s cultural and rhetorical meanings. This field of study has enjoyed significant growth in the past 10 years with increased critical attention to embodiment, political rhetoric, and encounters between dominant and marginalized groups. Poisoning serves as an important index of early modern ideas about violence, language, health (individual and social), gender, and nationhood. I argue, finally, that it is most significant in its production of a rhetoric of terror, one that may be particularly situated in its historical moment, but also that resonates with readers and critics of later periods.
‘Enchanted Traps?’ The Historiography of Art and Colonialism in Eighteenth‐century India
Authors: Eaton Natasha 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis essay examines the visual culture of 18th‐century India in the light of recent historiographical debates in art history, postcolonial studies and anthropology. It seeks to highlight the exciting new developments in this long neglected field to explore how and why scholars of the visual are now rising to the challenge of the ‘imperial turn’. My argument foregrounds the relationship between knowledge, power and representation before turning to the issue and the danger of viewing empire as a ubiquitous presence in British and Indian art. I consider whether we need to provincialize Europe or whether ‘Europe’ (i.e. the Western episteme broadly defined) is already ‘parochial’ in outlook.
The Romantic Aesthetics of Settlement in 19th Century Canada
Authors: Bentley D. M. R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDuring the “Settler Revolution” of the pre‐Confederation period (1759–1867) in Canada and for some time afterwards, perceptions of the Canadian landscape were filtered through the aesthetics of the sublime and the picturesque. In addition to seeking out and describing sublime and picturesque sites such as Niagara Falls and the Thousand Islands in what is now Ontario, writers used and adapted the two aesthetics to suit the needs of settlement, deploying the sublime to depict, for example, the clearing fires that were deliberately set to deforest large tracts of land, and the picturesque to identify areas of “profitable beauty”– that is, areas whose fertility, terrain, and climate were amenable to successful agricultural settlement and, hence, to the eventual realization of the utopian ideal of independence and freedom based on prosperity. Works such as Thomas Cary’s Abram’s Plains (1789), John Howison’s Sketches of Upper Canada (1821), Oliver Goldsmith’s The Rising Village (1825), Catharine Parr Traill’s The Backwoods of Canada (1836), and Susanna Moodie’s Roughing It in the Bush (1852) contain passages in which the picturesque aesthetic especially is used to give shape to the landscapes of central and eastern Canada and, indeed, to the country that emerged in 1867.
Bowel Evisceration Through the Bladder Neck in a Paraplegic Female Secondary to Urethral Coitus
Authors: Brown Elizabeth T. , Koski Michelle E. , LaCour Stephen M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Urethral coitus is rarely reported in the literature. The majority of reported cases have been secondary to vaginal agenesis or hymenal anomalies.

Aim
We report a case of urethral coitus in a paraplegic patient with a patulous urethra resulting from chronic indwelling catheter use, with the unfortunate presentation of bladder rupture and evisceration per urethra. To our knowledge, this is the only report of urethral coitus due to sequelae from an indwelling catheter, as well as the only report of the subsequent complication of bowel evisceration per urethra.

Results
After initial temporization at an outside facility, we were able to perform primary cystorrhaphy. There was no need for bowel resection. The patient has chosen to defer her decision on permanent reconstruction.

Conclusions
Urethral coitus is rare and the subsequent ramifications can be devastating, particularly in neurologically impaired patients. This unusual case speaks to the importance of properly caring for the neurogenic bladder.
Nonischemic Priapism Following Penile Tattooing
Authors: Zargooshi Javaad , Rahmanian Elham , Motaee Hiwa , Kohzadi Mozhgan 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
To our knowledge, here we report the first case of nonischemic priapism following penile tattooing.

Aim
To report the first case of nonischemic priapism following penile tattooing.

Methods
A case with tattooing-induced priapism is presented including subjective reporting, physical examination, and laboratory/radiologic evaluations.

Results
A 21-year-old man, presented with partially rigid penis of 3-month duration. On examination, the penis was half rigid, with a tattoo on its dorsal surface, and a smaller tattoo on the glans (Figure 1). The patient initially stated that the tattoo had been created years ago, but later admitted that he had it created just before the occurrence of priapism. A traditional tattooist created the tattoo manually, using a handheld needle. Bleeding from deep penile tissue for several days complicated the tattooing.
Known etiologies of priapism were investigated and ruled out. Specifically, perineal injury, leukemia, sickle cell trait, thalassemia, urinary tract infection, neurogenic, neoplastic, infectious, toxic, and pharmacological causes were actively investigated and ruled out. There was no history of alcohol consumption or smoking. Aspirated penile blood was bright red. Cavernous blood gas measurements confirmed high oxygen and low carbon dioxide content, diagnostic of arterial priapism.
There was no embolization facility in Kermanshah. In fact, there are few experts in superselective embolization in Iran. We referred the patient for superselective embolization. However, he underwent a nonindicated Sacher procedure. Predictably, the procedure was unsuccessful. At present, the patient continues to have priapism. Because of the painless nature of erections, moderately good preservation of erectile function during intercourses, and disappointment with former surgery, the patient declined further therapies, and he lives with his condition.

Conclusions
Tattooing should be added to the etiologies of nonischemic priapism. Considering this case, we discourage penile tattooing.
Evaluation of Sexual Function in Brazilian Women with Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Localized Provoked Vulvodynia
Authors: Giraldo Paulo César , Polpeta Nádia Cristina , Juliato Cássia Raquel Teatin , Yoshida Laura Pagotto , Amaral Rose Luce Gomes do , Junior José Eleutério 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Recurrent vulvovaginitis is an important trigger for inflammatory processes that in many cases may result in vulvovaginal pain. Vulvodynia, a vulvar disorder, can also cause a lot of pain in the female genitals. The sexual function in women with vulvodynia or recurrent vulvovaginitis will possibly be negatively affected and therefore should be evaluated.

Aim
To assess sexual function in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) and localized provoked vulvodynia (LPV) in comparison with women without lower genital tract dysfunction.

Methods
A 1-year cross-sectional study evaluated sexual function in 58 women (11 with RVVC, 18 with LPV, and 29 controls) seen at a university outpatient clinic. Sexual function was assessed by taking into account the results obtained from the application of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, chi-square, and Fisher’s tests were used for statistical analysis.

Main Outcome Measure
FSFI, a validated questionnaire in Portuguese.

Results
There were no significant differences in the three groups with respect to age, marital status, schooling, race, body mass index, contraceptive method, and parity. The FSFI questionnaire total score found was 25.51 (±5.12), 21.17 (±5.15), and 29.56 (±3.87) for the RVVC, LPV, and control groups, respectively. The scores were significantly statistically lower in the study groups compared with the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Women with RVVC and LPV also had lower total scores compared with 26.55 values, considered a cutoff score for sexual dysfunction in literature. The LPV group showed a significant difference and scored worse in the domains of arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain but not in the domain of sexual desire. The same occurred with the RVVC group but only for the domains of orgasm and satisfaction.

Conclusion
Women with RVVC and LPV had significantly more symptoms of sexual dysfunction than women without lower genital tract diseases.
Erectile Dysfunction and Premature Ejaculation in Men Who Have Sex with Men
Authors: Shindel Alan W. , Vittinghoff Eric , Breyer Benjamin N. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Quantitative research into sexual function and dysfunction in men who have sex with men (MSM) has been sparse due in large part to a lack of validated, quantitative instruments for the assessment of sexuality in this population.

Aim
To assess prevalence and associations of erectile problems and premature ejaculation in MSM.

Methods
MSM were invited to complete an online survey of sexual function. Ethnodemographic, sexuality, and health-related factors were assessed.

Main Outcome Measure
Participants completed a version of the International Index of Erectile Function modified for use in MSM (IIEF-MSM) and the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT). Total score on the erectile function (EF) domain of the IIEF-EF (IIEF-MSM-EF) was used to stratify erectile dysfunction (ED) severity (25–30 = no ED, 16–24 mild or mild moderate ED, 11–15 moderate ED, and ≤10 severe ED). PEDT scores were used to stratify risk of premature ejaculation (PE, diagnosed as PEDT score ≥9).

Results
Nearly 80% of the study cohort of 2,640 men resided in North America. The prevalence of ED was higher in older men whereas the prevalence of PE was relatively constant across age groups. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that increasing age, HIV seropositivity, prior use of erectogenic therapy, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and lack of a stable sexual partner were associated with greater odds of ED. A separate multivariate analysis revealed that younger age, LUTS, and lower number of lifetime sexual partners were associated with greater odds of PE.

Conclusions
Risk factors for sexual problems in MSM are similar to what has been observed in quantitative studies of non-MSM males. Urinary symptoms are associated with poorer sexual function in MSM.
Sexual Risk History and Condom Use Among People Living with HIV/AIDS in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Amoran Olorunfemi , Ladi-Akinyemi Temitope 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are acquired through unprotected sex between partners; only male or female condoms can reduce the chances of infection with HIV during a sexual act.

Aim
This study was therefore designed to describe sexual risk history and identify factors associated with condom use among people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (PLWHAs) in Ogun State, Nigeria.

Main Outcome Measures
Main outcome measures are sexual and HIV risk history, safe sex practices, and condom use.

Methods
This study is an analytical cross-sectional study. A total sample of all people living with HIV/AIDS attending secondary health facilities in Ogun State were recruited into the study.

Result
A total of 637 were interviewed; median age at first sexual intercourse among the study participants was 19 years (mean age = 18.95, standard deviation [SD] = 4.148) with a median of two lifetime sexual partners (mean = 3.22, SD = 3.57). Majority (71.4%) of the respondents had not been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection other than HIV. Precisely 47.7% of men and 52.3% of women had two or more sexual partners in the last 6 months. Men were statistically significantly more likely to have multiple sexual partners when compared with women (P = 0.00). Significantly more women (69.8%) than men (30%) had sexual partners whose HIV status they did not know (P = 0.006). Predictors of condom use were individuals who had multiple sexual partners (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41, confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.83) and married (OR = 3.13, CI = 1.15–8.51) with higher level of education (OR = 2.78, CI = 1.39–5.79), with knowledge of partner’s serostatus (OR = 2.53, CI = 1.50–4.28), and awareness of reinfection (OR = 1.90, CI = 1.22–2.95).

Conclusion
The study indicates that the establishment of effective safe sex practices and condom use behavior among PLWHAs in low-income countries such as the study population requires adequate health education on the transmission of HIV/AIDS and the understanding of the dynamics of family life and gender issues.
Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Transfection Reduces Apoptosis in Human Penile Smooth Muscle Cells and Slows Down Cellular Aging
Authors: Wu XiaoJun , Song Bo , Zhang Jiahua , Li Longkun , Ji Huixiang , Lu Gensheng , Chen Zhiwen , Li Weibing , Zhou Zhansong 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common diseases in male urology that greatly affects the quality of life in senior people. Relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle is the key to penile erection.

Aim
To explore effects of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene transfection on biological behaviors of human penile smooth muscle cells.

Methods
Human penile smooth muscle cells were grown in primary culture. A fluorescent eukaryotic expression vector, hTERT-internal ribosome entry site 2 (IRES2)-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), was constructed and transfected into human penile smooth muscle cells using Lipofectin reagent.

Main Outcome Measure
The telomerase activity, mitotic index, cell apoptosis, and cell growth curves of transfected smooth muscle cells were determined; the potential formation of malignant phenotypes in these transfected cells was investigated.

Results
Telomerase activity, mitotic index, and cell growth of hTERT-transfected cells were significantly higher than those of nontransfected cells and cells transfected with the empty EGFP vector, while apoptosis rates were the lowest in hTERT-transfected cells. No changes in cell morphology, chromosome number, and tumorigenicity were observed between hTERT-transfected cells and control cells.

Conclusions
In this study, for the first time, the hTERT gene was transfected into human penile smooth muscle cells, and the gene increased telomerase activity in cells, reduced cell apoptosis, and slowed down cell aging. We believe that this finding is of potential clinical value in the prevention and treatment of organic ED.
THE MCCORMICK SPICE WHEEL: A SYSTEMATIC AND VISUAL APPROACH TO SENSORY LEXICON DEVELOPMENT
Authors: LAWLESS LYDIA J.R. , HOTTENSTEIN ANNETTE , ELLINGSWORTH JOHN 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTSensory wheels provide standardized vocabularies for product categories and thus enable better communication among sensory scientists, product developers and their business partners. Recently, increased interest in spices prompted the development of an updated dried spice and herb aroma wheel, the original of which was created at McCormick and Company, Inc. (McCormick) during the mid‐1990s. The new version of the McCormick Spice Wheel (MSW) was generated from lexicons developed at McCormick, a sample of which were validated to still be appropriate through cluster analysis, principal component analysis and correlations. The final spice‐ wheel was validated by a team of sensory scientists (n = 5) including panel leaders (n = 3) and a group of trained descriptive panelists (n = 9). The final MSW has 17 categories and 56 attributes.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSLexicons allow sensory scientists to evaluate a product or product category with an organized, established vocabulary. Wheels are visual representations of these lexicons and offer a standardized vocabulary for sensory scientists and their business associates, particularly those in product development. Wheels can be useful in teaching descriptive panelists which attributes are related to each other. This can be useful in panel discussions in which there is dissension about the definition of a particular attribute. If panelists understand that two or more attributes are related in a wider perspective, then consensus flows more naturally. Additionally, wheels are helpful in business presentations in which sensory scientists must explain a conceptual sensory space or during benchtop evaluations in which sensory scientists must assist product developers in understanding the sensory properties of a food product.
Fate and removal of selected endocrine‐disrupting compounds in sewage using activated sludge treatment
Authors: Zhou Haidong , Zhou Yanfen , Li Han , Wang Fengfei 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe variation and fate of four endocrine‐disrupting compounds (EDCs) composed of 4‐n‐nonylphenol (4‐n‐NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 17β‐estradiol (E2) and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) were investigated along treatment units in a sewage treatment plant (STP), China with anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic activated sludge processes. The mean concentrations were 64.8 ng/L (E2), 115.3 ng/L (4‐n‐NP), 171.5 ng/L (EE2), and 920.7 ng/L (BPA) in the influents, and 22.8 ng/L (E2), 50.9 ng/L (4‐n‐NP), 49.9 ng/L (EE2), and 84.3 ng/L (BPA) in the effluents. The biological treatment was more effective in removing NP, BPA and E2 from the aqueous phase than the primary treatment, while the latter could effectively remove EE2. Their possible removal mechanisms during the biological treatment with activated sludge were further explored through spiked batch experiments under three oxygen‐supplying conditions (anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic). The batch experiments showed that 4‐n‐NP, E2 and BPA were removed from the aqueous phase through biodegradation. The combination of sludge sorption and biodegradation accounted for the removal of EE2. Anoxic activated sludge showed the most rapid degradation of 4‐n‐NP, while E2 could be removed most effectively by aerobic activated sludge, and sludge sorption had a remarkable effect on its removal within the initial 15 min of the experiments under three oxygen‐supplying conditions.
Water quality index as a simple indicator of watersheds pollution in southwestern part of Iran
Authors: Dadolahi‐Sohrab A. , Arjomand F. , Fadaei‐Nasab M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Karun River is the most important watershed in the southwestern region of Iran. Water quality parameters were sampled from October 2006 through July 2007 at three sites along a 4 km gradient, covering both the wet and the dry season. Surface water was collected at three different stations per site (close to the banks and in the middle of the river) and analysed for 14 parameters and heavy metals. The values of 1300, 196.8 and 4042.9 ppm for chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and chloride, respectively, were higher than the standards limits. water quality index (WQI) values were very useful for the classification of the waters monitored. The averaged WQI was low (47%), and quality declined significantly during the dry season [analysis of variance (ANOVA, P < 0.05)]. The annual WQI values of 54.60, 40.29 and 45.71 from sites 1, 2 and 3 correspond to medium, bad and bad water qualities, respectively.
The many uses of regulatory impact assessment: A meta‐analysis of EU and UK cases
Authors: Dunlop Claire A. , Maggetti Martino , Radaelli Claudio M. , Russel Duncan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractResearch on regulation has crossed paths with the literature on policy instruments, showing that regulatory policy instruments contain cognitive and normative beliefs about policy. Thus, their usage stacks the deck in favor of one type of actor or one type of regulatory solution. In this article, we challenge the assumption that there is a predetermined relationship between ideas, regulatory policy instruments, and outcomes. We argue that different combinations of conditions lead to different outcomes, depending on how actors use the instrument. Empirically, we analyze 31 EU and UK case studies of regulatory impact assessment (RIA) – a regulatory policy instrument that has been pivotal in the so‐called better regulation movement. We distinguish four main usages of RIA, that is, political, instrumental, communicative, and perfunctory. We find that in our sample instrumental usage is not so rare and that the contrast between communicative and political usages is less stark than is commonly thought. In terms of policy recommendations, our analysis suggests that there may be different paths to desirable outcomes. Policymakers should therefore explore different combinations of conditions leading to the usages they deem desirable rather than arguing for a fixed menu of variables.
Interaction of an Antituberculosis Drug with Nano‐sized Cationic Micelle: Förster Resonance Energy Transfer from Dansyl to Rifampicin in the Microenvironment
Authors: Mondol Tanumoy , Batabyal Subrata , Pal Samir Kumar 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this contribution, we report studies on the interaction of an antituberculosis drug rifampicin (RF) in a macromolecular assembly of CTAB with an extrinsic fluorescent probe, dansyl chloride (DC). The absorption spectrum of the drug RF has been employed to study Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from DC, bound to the CTAB micelle using picosecond resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. We have applied a kinetic model developed by Tachiya to understand the kinetics of energy transfer and the distribution of acceptor (RF) molecules around the donor (DC) molecules in the micellar surface with increasing quencher concentration. The mean number of RF molecules associated with the micelle increases from 0.24 at 20 μm RF concentration to 1.5 at 190 μm RF concentration and consequently the quenching rate constant (kq) due to the acceptor (RF) molecules increases from 0.23 to 0.75 ns−1 at 20 and 190 μm RF concentration, respectively. However, the mean number of the quencher molecule and the quenching rate constant does not change significantly beyond a certain RF concentration (150 μm), which is consistent with the results obtained from time resolved FRET analysis. Moreover, we have explored the diffusion controlled FRET between DC and RF, using microfluidics setup, which reveals that the reaction pathway follows one‐step process.