bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ activity of NAC11‐7 roseobacters in coastal waters off the Chesapeake Bay based on ftsZ expression
Authors: Yao Daohong , Buchan Alison , Suzuki Marcelino T. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryDetermining in situ growth rates for specific bacterioplankton is of critical importance to understanding their contributions to energy and matter flow in the Ocean. Quantifying expression of genes central to cell division is a plausible approach for obtaining these measurements. In order to test this approach's assumptions, a quantitative PCR assay targeting the cell division gene ftsZ in the ubiquitous NAC11‐7 group of the Rhodobacterales order of marine bacteria was developed. ftsZ genes and their corresponding mRNAs were measured in diel in situ samples and in parallel on‐deck incubations. Strong correlations between ftsZ expression and gene abundance (R‐squared = 0.62) were observed in situ. Rapid changes in NAC11‐7 ftsZ gene copies suggested that different populations from different water types were sampled with a significant positive correlation between ftsZ expression and water temperature (R‐squared = 0.68, P < 0.001). An outlier to this trend occurred at a single time point (9:00), which was remarkably consistent with a concomitant peak in ftsZ expression in on‐deck incubations, suggesting the possibility of synchronous population growth.
The relationship between attachment, personality and antisocial tendencies in a prison sample: A pilot study
Authors: HANSEN ANITA LILL , WAAGE LEIF , EID JARLE , JOHNSEN BJØRN HELGE , HART STEPHEN 
Published: January 2011

Hansen, A. L., Waage, L., Eid, J., Johnsen, B. H. & Hart, S. (2011). The relationship between attachment, personality and antisocial tendencies in a prison sample: A pilot study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology52, 268–276.This study examined the role of adult attachment and personality in relation to antisocial tendencies (i.e. convictions for violence and interpersonal problems in romantic relationships) in Norwegian prison inmates (N = 92). Attachment styles and personality were measured using self‐report questionnaires (RSQ; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994; and NEO‐FFI, Costa & McCrae, 1992a). The prison inmates scored higher on avoidant than on anxious attachment style. While age and agreeableness (negatively associated) emerged as significant predictors of violence, anxious attachment explained most of the variances in aggression in intimate relationships. The study suggests that different types of antisocial tendencies could have different attachment and general personality correlates.
PERFORMING HISTORY: HOW HISTORICAL SCHOLARSHIP IS SHAPED BY EPISTEMIC VIRTUES
Authors: PAUL HERMAN 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPhilosophers of history in the past few decades have been predominantly interested in issues of explanation and narrative discourse. Consequently, they have focused consistently and almost exclusively on the historian's (published) output, thereby ignoring that historical scholarship is a practice of reading, thinking, discussing, and writing, in which successful performance requires active cultivation of certain skills, attitudes, and virtues. This paper, then, suggests a new agenda for philosophy of history. Inspired by a “performative turn” in the history and philosophy of science, it focuses on the historian's “doings” and proposes to analyze these performances in terms of epistemic virtue. It argues that historical scholarship is embedded in “practices” or “epistemic cultures,” in which knowledge is created and warranted by means of such virtues as honesty, carefulness, accuracy, and balance. These epistemic virtues, however, are not etched in stone: historians may highlight some of them, exchange one for another, or reinterpret their meaning. On the one hand, this suggests a rich area of research for historians of historiography. To what extent can consensus, conflict, continuity, and change in historical scholarship be explained in terms of epistemic virtue? On the other hand, the proposal outlined in this article raises a couple of philosophical questions. For example, on what grounds can historians choose among epistemic virtues? And what concept of the self comes with the notion of virtue? In addressing these questions, philosophy of history may expand its current scope so as to encompass not only “writings” but also “doings,” that is, the virtuous performances historians recognize as professional conduct.
THE TEETH OF TIME: PIERRE HADOT ON MEANING AND MISUNDERSTANDING IN THE HISTORY OF IDEAS1
Authors: FORCE PIERRE 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe French philosopher and intellectual historian Pierre Hadot (1922–2010) is known primarily for his conception of philosophy as spiritual exercise, which was an essential reference for the later Foucault. An aspect of his work that has received less attention is a set of methodological reflections on intellectual history and on the relationship between philosophy and history. Hadot was trained initially as a philosopher and was interested in existentialism as well as in the convergence between philosophy and poetry. Yet he chose to become a historian of philosophy and produced extensive philological work on neo‐Platonism and ancient philosophy in general. He found a philosophical rationale for this shift in his encounter with Wittgenstein's philosophy in the mid‐1950s (Hadot was one of Wittgenstein's earliest French readers and interpreters). For Hadot, ancient philosophy must be understood as a series of language games, and each language game must be situated within the concrete conditions in which it happened. The reference to Wittgenstein therefore supports a strongly contextualist and historicist stance. It also supports its exact opposite: presentist appropriations of ancient texts are entirely legitimate, and they are the only way ancient philosophy can be existentially meaningful to us. Hadot addresses the contradiction by embracing it fully and claiming that his own practice aims at a coincidence of opposites (a concept borrowed from the Heraclitean tradition). For Hadot the fullest and truest way of doing philosophy is to be a philosopher and a historian at the same time.
HISTORICAL AND LITERARY APPROACHES TO THE “FINAL SOLUTION”: SAUL FRIEDLÄNDER AND JONATHAN LITTELL
Authors: LACAPRA DOMINICK 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis article discusses together two recent prize‐winning works of epic proportions that have received much attention: Saul Friedländer's two‐volume historical study Nazi Germany and the Jews and Jonathan Littell's novel Les Bienveillantes (The Kindly Ones), the former of which focuses on victims and the latter on perpetrators of the “Final Solution.” I provide a critical analysis of Littell's novel, especially with respect to its seemingly fatalistic mingling of erotic and genocidal motifs and its disavowal or underestimation of the difficulty and necessity of understanding victims of the Nazi genocide. My analysis raises the question of the extent to which the notoriety of the novel may be due to the way it instantiates influential approaches to both literature and the Holocaust in terms of an aesthetic of the sublime, excess, radical ambiguity (resolvable at best into irony and paradox), and fatalistic entry into an incomprehensible “heart of darkness.” Crucial here is the notion that an object (paradigmatically, the Holocaust) both demands representation or explanation and ultimately is beyond comprehension, narrative, or even words. I also reevaluate the bases for the justified praise accorded Friedländer's masterwork and question certain claims made on its behalf by commentators, especially with respect to literary and historiographical innovation. In so doing, I explore and defend the role of critical theory in relation to historical narrative.
HISTORY AND KAIRÓS
Authors: Baird Andrew 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe recent wave of interest in the “theological‐political” has focused scholarly attention on the constellation of ideas associated with “messianic time.” The term kairós belongs to this constellation, and Giacomo Marramao's brief but ambitious text of the same name both proposes and performs a “kairological” reconfiguration of the close relationship between philosophy and time. Marramao's argument for the productive potential of “cosmic disorientation” and contingency will merit the attention of historians interested in Benjamin's blend of messianism and historical materialism, and of anyone who is intrigued by the prospect of a messianism without apocalypticism.
Family Migration: The Role of Children and Education in Family Decision‐Making Strategies of Polish Migrants in London
Authors: Ryan Louise , Sales Rosemary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPoland’s accession to the European Union in May 2004 brought many new possibilities and opportunities for Polish migrants to the United Kingdom. However, the focus on individual migrants has underestimated the complex roles of families in migration strategies and decision making. This paper brings together data from two studies of Polish migrants in London. In 2006–2007, we carried out a qualitative study, Recent Polish Migrants in London. That research examined how families may be reconfigured in different ways through migration, for example, transnational networks and splits within families. While the study participants represented varied examples of family reunification, they also revealed the complex decision making processes about leaving, staying, rejoining and returning. In our most recent study, Polish Children in London Primary Schools, we interviewed parents, who had migrated with children, about their experiences and expectations of London schools. This study revealed that the age of children was usually a factor in family migration decision making. There was a common expectation that younger children could easily adapt to a new school and learn English quickly. Drawing on the findings of these two studies, this paper will explore firstly, the variety of family migration strategies and secondly, the factors that inform migrants’ decisions to bring their families (especially children) or to leave them back home. Finally, the paper concludes by considering some of the policy implications of our findings.
Albanian Entrepreneurial Practices in Human Smuggling and Trafficking: On the Road to the United Kingdom via Brussels, 1995–2005
Authors: Leman Johan , Janssens Stef 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe authors studied the entrepreneurial culture among Albanian smugglers and traffickers using 43 Albanian judicial files in Belgium from 1995–2005. They analyse the niches that these “entrepreneurs” created as well as the way they invested profits. The authors also analyse the personal agency of the smuggled and trafficked clients, and practices that may help to explain the specific entrepreneurial culture. Short comparisons are made with other ethnic criminal groups engaged in similar activities during the same period in Belgium.
Brain region‐specific deficit in mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes in children with autism
Authors: Chauhan Abha , Gu Feng , Essa Musthafa M. , Wegiel Jerzy , Kaur Kulbir , Brown William Ted , Chauhan Ved 
Published: January 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 209–220.AbstractMitochondria play important roles in generation of free radicals, ATP formation, and in apoptosis. We studied the levels of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, that is, complexes I, II, III, IV, and V, in brain tissue samples from the cerebellum and the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal cortices of subjects with autism and age‐matched control subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups according to their ages: Group A (children, ages 4–10 years) and Group B (adults, ages 14–39 years). In Group A, we observed significantly lower levels of complexes III and V in the cerebellum (p < 0.05), of complex I in the frontal cortex (p < 0.05), and of complexes II (p < 0.01), III (p < 0.01), and V (p < 0.05) in the temporal cortex of children with autism as compared to age‐matched control subjects, while none of the five ETC complexes was affected in the parietal and occipital cortices in subjects with autism. In the cerebellum and temporal cortex, no overlap was observed in the levels of these ETC complexes between subjects with autism and control subjects. In the frontal cortex of Group A, a lower level of ETC complexes was observed in a subset of autism cases, that is, 60% (3/5) for complexes I, II, and V, and 40% (2/5) for complexes III and IV. A striking observation was that the levels of ETC complexes were similar in adult subjects with autism and control subjects (Group B). A significant increase in the levels of lipid hydroperoxides, an oxidative stress marker, was also observed in the cerebellum and temporal cortex in the children with autism. These results suggest that the expression of ETC complexes is decreased in the cerebellum and the frontal and temporal regions of the brain in children with autism, which may lead to abnormal energy metabolism and oxidative stress. The deficits observed in the levels of ETC complexes in children with autism may readjust to normal levels by adulthood.
Implementing and sustaining dietary change in the context of social relationships
Authors: Rydén Petra J. , Sydner Ylva Mattsson 
Published: January 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 583–590

Implementing and sustaining dietary change in the context of social relationships Background:  Changing to healthier dietary habits is quite difficult to implement and even more difficult to sustain. As the majority of people have some or all their meals with others, it is likely that their social relationships influence the dietary change process and its sustainability. Thus, the aim of this research was to explore and describe experiences of dietary change and its sustainability in the context of an individual’s social relationships.Methods:  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted individually with fourteen individuals who had previously been participants in a 3‐month dietary intervention study using a Mediterranean diet. Thematic analysis was used on verbatim transcripts of the interviews.Results:  Social relationships were the main barrier to sustainability – in particular social relationships within the household where various coping strategies were needed on an everyday basis. Social relationships outside the household were also difficult to manage as dietary change challenged existing traditions and norms of what to eat. The changer was thereby forced to risk social disapproval or to deviate from the diet.Conclusions:  Social relationships within and outside the household complicated the accomplishment of healthy dietary changes. Hence, it is important to acknowledge the social context of the changer when dietary change is to be implemented.
Hydraulics of Asteroxylon mackei, an early Devonian vascular plant, and the early evolution of water transport tissue in terrestrial plants
Authors: WILSON J. P. , FISCHER W. W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe core of plant physiology is a set of functional solutions to a tradeoff between CO2 acquisition and water loss. To provide an important evolutionary perspective on how the earliest land plants met this tradeoff, we constructed a mathematical model (constrained geometrically with measurements of fossils) of the hydraulic resistance of Asteroxylon, an Early Devonian plant. The model results illuminate the water transport physiology of one of the earliest vascular plants. Results show that Asteroxylon’s vascular system contains cells with low hydraulic resistances; these resistances are low because cells were covered by scalariform pits, elliptical structures that permit individual cells to have large areas for water to pass from one cell to another. Asteroxylon could move a large amount of water quickly given its large pit areas; however, this would have left these plants particularly vulnerable to damage from excessive evapotranspiration. These results highlight a repeated pattern in plant evolution, wherein the evolution of highly conductive vascular tissue precedes the appearance of adaptations to increase water transport safety. Quantitative insight into the vascular transport of Asteroxylon also allows us to reflect on the quality of CO2 proxy estimates based on early land plant fossils. Because Asteroxylon’s vascular tissue lacked any safety features to prevent permanent damage, it probably used stomatal abundance and behavior to prevent desiccation. If correct, low stomatal frequencies in Asteroxylon reflect the need to limit evapotranspiration, rather than adaptation to high CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. More broadly, methods to reveal and understand water transport in extinct plants have a clear use in testing and bolstering fossil plant‐based paleoclimate proxies.
Lymphocyte function antigen‐1 regulates neutrophil recruitment and tissue damage in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Awla Darbaz , Abdulla Aree , Zhang Su , Roller Jonas , Menger Michael D , Regnér Sara , Thorlacius Henrik 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSELeucocyte infiltration is a rate‐limiting step in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis (AP) although the adhesive mechanisms supporting leucocyte‐endothelium interactions in the pancreas remain elusive. The aim of this study was to define the role of lymphocyte function antigen‐1 (LFA‐1) in regulating neutrophil‐endothelium interactions and tissue damage in severe AP.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHPancreatitis was induced by retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct in mice. LFA‐1 gene‐targeted mice and an antibody directed against LFA‐1 were used to define the role of LFA‐1.KEY RESULTSTaurocholate challenge caused a clear‐cut increase in serum amylase, neutrophil infiltration, CXCL2 (macrophage inflammatory protein‐2) formation, trypsinogen activation and tissue damage in the pancreas. Inhibition of LFA‐1 function markedly reduced taurocholate‐induced amylase levels, accumulation of neutrophils, production of CXC chemokines and tissue damage in the pancreas. Notably, intravital microscopy revealed that inhibition of LFA‐1 abolished taurocholate‐induced leucocyte adhesion in postcapillary venules of the pancreas. In addition, pulmonary infiltration of neutrophils was attenuated by inhibition of LFA‐1 in mice challenged with taurocholate. However, interference with LFA‐1 had no effect on taurocholate‐induced activation of trypsinogen in the pancreas.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSOur novel data suggest that LFA‐1 plays a key role in regulating neutrophil recruitment, CXCL2 formation and tissue injury in the pancreas. Moreover, these results suggest that LFA‐1‐mediated inflammation is a downstream component of trypsinogen activation in the pathophysiology of AP. Thus, we conclude that targeting LFA‐1 may be a useful approach to protect against pathological inflammation in the pancreas.
Collage of Comment
Authors: SCHMIDT ERIC , COHEN JARED , CLINTON HILLARY , KOUCHNER BERNARD , ASSANGE JULIAN 
Published: January 2011

Is Internet freedom an absolute, universal value like freedom of speech? If there are limits, how and by whom can they be established? Is crying fire or scaling firewalls anymore acceptable in cyberspace than in physical space? What is the impact on the discourse between nations, cultures and individuals?In this section, we gather a collage of comments from various key players from Google to Wikileaks to the US State Department along with comments by one of the most cogent analysts of the Net and the president of Turkey.
The Mother of All Solutions for the Global Crisis
Authors: MOHAMAD MAHATHIR 
Published: January 2011

The solidarity of the G‐20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies.In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
Domestic Inequality Is Root of US‐China Conflict
Authors: REICH ROBERT 
Published: January 2011

The solidarity of the G‐20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies.In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
Human Rights and the Renminbi
Authors: JINGSHENG WEI 
Published: January 2011

The solidarity of the G‐20 nations in staving off global financial crisis two years ago has deteriorated into a brawl over currency valuations, trade imbalances and sovereign debt, reflecting the great powershift from the West to the East and the emerging economies.In this section, we invited comments from historians, a former head of state who successfully navigated the Asian financial crisis and a prominent Chinese dissident.
Effect of pretreatment with mildly acidic hypochlorous acid on adhesion to caries‐affected dentin using a self‐etch adhesive
Authors: Kunawarote Sitthikorn , Nakajima Masatoshi , Foxton Richard M. , Tagami Junji 
Published: January 2011

Kunawarote S, Nakajima M, Foxton RM, Tagami J. Effect of pretreatment with mildly acidic hypochlorous acid on adhesion to caries‐affected dentin using a self‐etch adhesive.

Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119: 86–92. © 2011 Eur J Oral Sci Caries‐affected dentin is covered with a thicker and organically enriched smear layer than normal dentin. This may affect the demineralization ability and the infiltration of self‐etch adhesives, thus reducing the efficacy of bonding to caries‐affected dentin. This study evaluated the adhesion of a two‐step self‐etching adhesive to normal and caries‐affected dentin after pretreatment with mildly acidic hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solutions. We used a microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test to compare the μTBS of Clearfil SE Bond to either caries‐affected dentin or to normal dentin, after pretreatment for 5 s with one of three solutions (806 mM NaOCl, or 0.95 or 1.91 mM HOCl). The μTBS of the self‐etch adhesive was significantly lower to caries‐affected dentin than to normal dentin. Pretreatment with 0.95 mM HOCl improved the μTBS of the self‐etch adhesive to caries‐affected dentin, but there was no significant difference compared with normal dentin. On the other hand, pretreatment with 806 mM NaOCl or 1.91 mM HOCl did not demonstrate a significant improvement in the μTBS to caries‐affected dentin. None of the pretreatments demonstrated a negative effect on adhesion to normal dentin.