bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nursing roles and levels of practice: a framework for differentiating between elementary, specialist and advancing nursing practice
Authors: Daly William M. , Carnwell Ros 
Published: October 2010

Summary• The recent profusion of new nursing roles in the UK has led to much confusion in the minds of health care consumers, employers, nursing practitioners and educationalists regarding the meaning, scope of practice, preparation for, and expectations of such roles.• Titles such as Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS), Nurse Practitioner (NP), Advanced Nurse Practitioner (ANP), Higher Level Practitioner (HLP) and more recently Nurse Consultant (NC) are being adopted in a variety of care settings with little understanding or consensus as to the nature of or differences between such roles.• Further, the formerUnited Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (1992)initiative for extending the scope of professional practice allows for the prospect that nurses can adopt additional clinical tasks or alter the nature of service provision provided that they acquire the appropriate education or training, levels of competence and are prepared to be accountable for their new practices.• Consequently, nursing practice is becoming more diverse than ever before and the boundaries of inter‐ and intraprofessional practices are becoming increasingly blurred.• TheUKCC (1999a)has recently contributed to an understanding of the levels of clinical practice undertaken at the specialist level but the situation at advanced or consultant levels remains unclear.
Team supervision in multiprofessional teams: team members' descriptions of the effects as highlighted by group interviews
Authors: Hyrkäs Kristiina , Appelqvist‐Schmidlechner Kaija 
Published: October 2010

Summary• The aim of the study was to describe the effects of team supervision in multiprofessional teams as perceived by team members.• The literature describes team supervision as a way to develop collaboration in multiprofessional teams. However, little empirical research into the effects of team supervision is available.• A research project was undertaken on five units of a university hospital between 1995 and 1998. Data were collected using group interviews with 62 interviewees and were analysed using qualitative content analysis.• Team members' perceptions of the feeling of togetherness varied. Communication had become more open in the teams, but the frankness of expression varied: communication had generally become more tactful, whereas in one of the teams frankness offended some members. Team members had learned to know each other. This had improved mutual understanding, but also increased tension.• Teams' working methods had changed. Joint decision making had developed, but conflicts had also emerged. Motivation for work had improved as a result of the awareness of shared problems. However, motivation had been lessened by frustration caused by slow progress in the team.• Perceptions of the effects of team supervision in the multiprofessional teams varied by units and teams. The study showed that team supervision is a challenge to supervisors.
The characteristics, qualities and skills of practice developers
Authors: Mccormack Brendan , Garbett Robert 
Published: October 2010

Summary• There is a growing interest in practice development as a systematic process for the development of quality patient care.• Whilst there is a range of accounts of practice development in the literature, little work has been undertaken to develop an understanding of the systems and processes involved and there is even less on the roles involved in practice development.• This paper explores in particular the characteristics, qualities and skills of practice developers, i.e. professionals who have formal responsibility for developing practice in organizations.• The paper represents part of a larger study exploring the conceptual basis of the term ‘practice development’.• Data for this part of the project were collected through literature analysis, seven focus groups involving 60 practice developers and telephone interviews with 25 practising nurses with experience of working with practice developers. The data were analysed using cognitive mapping processes.• Four role functions are presented in the paper, as well as qualities and skills needed to operationalize the identified role functions.• A clear picture of the skills and qualities required by practice developers emerges from the data.
Development and evaluation of intermediate care
Authors: Roe Brenda , Daly Sue , Shenton Gary , Lochhead Yvonne 
Published: October 2010

Summary• Intermediate care is being developed as part of the national strategy for older people in England and Wales to prevent their admission to hospital and facilitate early discharge.• Evaluation of intermediate care is implicit within current policy directives.• This project evaluated the client information across a number of intermediate care schemes within one National Health Service community trust for 3 months and disseminated the results to staff as part of a reflective workshop which also provided an opportunity for additional data collection.• Rates of referral and acceptance on intermediate care were high for all the schemes except one, indicating reliable referral and inclusion criteria.• Older people were the recipients of intermediate care with nearly half of them having experienced falls.• A number of developments were identified by staff covering both current services and long‐term strategy for intermediate care and indicating the importance of involving providers in the evaluation and development of services.• Fall prevention initiatives and involvement of users and carers in the evaluation and development of intermediate care were also identified.
Sensory stimulation programme to improve recovery in comatose patients
Authors: Oh Hyunsoo , Seo Whasook 
Published: October 2010

Summary• The purpose of this study was to examine whether positive changes in consciousness level after applying a sensory stimulation programme exceed natural recovery.• A single experimental group interrupted time series design was used.• Subjects were brain‐injured patients who were hospitalized at a university hospital in South Korea.• The sensory stimulation programme was composed of auditory, visual, olfactory, gustatory, tactile and physical stimulation. Levels of consciousness were evaluated using the Glasgow Coma Scale.• The intervention was carried out twice, first for 4 weeks, then a recession period was allowed for 4 weeks, and immediately after this the second intervention was implemented for 4 weeks.• Results showed significant alterations in consciousness levels 2 weeks after starting intervention 1. This effect increased gradually and was maintained for 3–4 weeks. However, consciousness levels began to decrease 2 weeks after terminating intervention 1 and this decrement continued until starting intervention 2. The pattern of improvement of intervention 1 could be represented as a gradual onset and temporary duration model.• At the beginning of intervention 2, consciousness levels were maintained at a low level. However, they began to increase again after 2 weeks and this increment continued even after terminating intervention 2. Therefore, the effect of intervention 2 could be represented as a gradual onset and permanent duration model.• These results suggest that an intervention programme should be applied for more than 1 month to achieve a permanent effect on consciousness levels and that at least 2 weeks are required for any significant effect.
Characterization and fabrication of fully metal‐coated scanning near‐field optical microscopy SiO2 tips
Authors: Aeschimann L. , Akiyama T. , Staufer U. , De Rooij N. F. , Thiery L. , Eckert R. , Heinzelmann H. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe fabrication of silicon cantilever‐based scanning near‐field optical microscope probes with fully aluminium‐coated quartz tips was optimized to increase production yield. Different cantilever designs for dynamic‐ and contact‐mode force feedback were implemented. Light transmission through the tips was investigated experimentally in terms of the metal coating and the tip cone‐angle. We found that transmittance varies with the skin depth of the metal coating and is inverse to the cone angle, meaning that slender tips showed higher transmission. Near‐field optical images of individual fluorescing molecules showed a resolution < 100 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images of tips before and after scanning near‐field optical microscope imaging, and transmission electron microscopy analysis of tips before and after illumination, together with measurements performed with a miniaturized thermocouple showed no evidence of mechanical defect or orifice formation by thermal effects.
Near‐field imaging of ultrathin magnetic films with in‐plane magnetization
Authors: Dickson W. , Takahashi S. , Pollard R. , Atkinson R. , Zayats A. V. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryA new approach to near‐field magneto‐optical imaging was developed capable of visualization of in‐plane magnetization of ultrathin magnetic structures. The approach relies on the magneto‐optical effect specific for thin magnetic layers and employs near‐field transmission measurements of longitudinal and/or transverse magneto‐optical effect arising from the presence of thin film interfaces. The near‐field magneto‐optical contrast of in‐plane domain structure of ultrathin Co film has been demonstrated in different polarization configurations.
Two‐photon excitation of excitons in CuCl in total reflection geometry
Authors: Hasuo M. , Shimamoto A. , Fujimoto T. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryWe have observed emission spectra of a CuCl film on a TiO2 prism surface(110) associated with the two‐photon excitation of the exciton system in total reflection geometry. The I1 bound exciton emission, which resonantly appeared at the two‐photon excitation of the Z3‐longitudinal excitons and Z1,2‐exciton band, was observed. The dependence of the emission intensities on the polarization of the excitation light was explained from the field intensity and the penetration depth of the evanescent light in CuCl accompanying the totally reflected light at the TiO2/CuCl interface.
Single‐molecule near‐field optical energy transfer microscopy with dielectric tips
Authors: Trabesinger W. , Kramer A. , Kreiter M. , Hecht B. , Wild U. P. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe fluorescence lifetime and the fluorescence rate of single molecules are recorded as a function of the position of a Si3N4 atomic force microscopy tip with respect to the molecule. We observe a decrease of the excited state lifetime and the fluorescence rate when the tip apex is in close proximity to the molecule. These effects are attributed to the fact that the dielectric tip converts non‐propagating near‐fields to propagating fields within the dielectric tip effectively quenching the fluorescence. The spatial extension of the quenching area is of subwavelength dimensions. The results are discussed in terms of molecular fluorescence in a system of stratified media. The experiment provides surprising new insights into the interactions between a fluorescent molecule and a dielectric tip. The methodology holds promise for applications in ultra high‐resolution near‐field optical imaging at the level of single fluorophores.
Photonic nanopatterns of gold nanostructures indicate the excitation of surface plasmon modes of a wavelength of 50–100 nm by scanning near‐field optical microscopy
Authors: Maas H.‐J. , Heimel J. , Fuchs H. , Fischer U. C. , Weeber J. C. , Dereux A. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryScanning near‐field optical microscopy images of metal nanostructures taken with the tetrahedral tip (T‐tip) show a distribution of dark and bright spots at distances in the order of 25–50 nm. The images are interpreted as photonic nanopatterns defined as calculated scanning near‐field optical microscopy images using a dipole serving as a light‐emitting scanning near‐field optical microscopy probe. Changing from a positive to a negative value of the dielectric function of a sample leads to the partition of one spot into several spots in the photonic nanopatterns, indicating the excitation of surface plasmons of a wavelength in the order of 50–100 nm in metal nanostructures.
Determining dislocation cell sizes for high‐strain deformation microstructures using the EBSP technique
Authors: Cao W. Q. , Godfrey A. , Liu Q. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe effect of several data collection and processing choices has been examined for high‐resolution electron back‐scatter pattern (EBSP) investigation of a highly deformed sample. The results were compared with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) investigation of the same sample. The estimated dislocation cell size was examined as a function of data cleaning strategy, line intercept vs. reconstruction method, critical misorientation angle definition and step‐size. The best agreement with the TEM results was obtained using a modified relative reconstruction algorithm on fine step‐size maps allowing some of the noise in the data to be overcome. Step sizes of up to one‐quarter the average cell size yielded similar values for the estimated average cell size. As a result of the mixture of both high‐ and low‐angle boundaries, single diffraction condition TEM images may give larger cell size estimates than the EBSP data. Orientation noise in the EBSP data, however, still limits the extent to which quantitative information can be extracted.
Suppression of sleepiness and melatonin by bright light exposure during breaks in night work
Authors: Lowden Arne , Åkerstedt Torbjörn , Wibom Roger 
Published: October 2010

SummaryNight work is non‐optimal for performance and recuperation because of a lack of circadian influence that fully promote a night orientation. Our study assessed, in an industrial setting, the effects of bright light exposure (BL) on sleepiness, sleep and melatonin, during night work and during the following readaptation to day work. In a crossover design, 18 workers at a truck production plant were exposed to either BL (2500 lx) during breaks or normal light during four consecutive weeks. Twenty minute breaks were initiated by 67% of the workers between 03:00 and 04:00 hours. Sleep/wake patterns were assessed through actigraphs and ratings were given in a sleep/wake diary. Saliva melatonin was measured at 2‐h intervals before, during and after night shift weeks. A significant interaction demonstrated a reduction of sleepiness in the BL condition particularly on the first two nights at 04:00 and 06:00 hours. Day sleep in the BL condition was significantly lengthened. Bright light administration significantly suppressed melatonin levels during night work and most strongly at 02:00 hours. Daytime melatonin during the readaptation after night work remained unaffected. The present findings demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of photic stimulation in industrial settings to increase adaptation to night work.
Eyelid movements measured by Nightcap predict slow eye movements during quiet wakefulness in humans
Authors: Atienza Mercedes , Cantero Jose L. , Stickgold Robert , Allan Hobson J. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryA precipitous decline in eyelid movements (ELMs) has been shown to be a highly reliable indicator of sleep onset. While ELMs correlate well with eye movements during waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the eye sensor remains silent during the period of slow eye movements (SEMs) typical of sleep onset. If the ELM density (e.g. ELMs per minute) dropped simultaneously with the appearance of SEMs prior to sleep onset, it could be a promising tool for identifying decreases in alertness prior to overt sleep onset. The present study was designed to determine whether the presence of SEMs in the transitional period preceding stage 1 sleep is reflected in decreases in ELM density. ELM densities were computed for 2.5‐s epochs with and without SEMs, as well as for 15‐s epochs. Decreases in ELM density not only were an excellent correlate of the appearance of SEMs during wakefulness with closed eyes, but also a good predictor of their occurrence (c. 82% accuracy) at a time resolution of 2.5 s. Based on these results, we conclude that ELM density reliably predicts moderate changes in the level of alertness during quiet wakefulness.
Inward and outward K+‐selective currents in the plasma membrane of protoplasts from maize root cortex and stele
Authors: Roberts Stephen K. , Tester Mark 
Published: October 2010

SummaryIn an attempt to understand the processes mediating ion transport within the root, the patch clamp technique was applied to protoplasts isolated from the cortex and stele of maize roots and their plasma membrane conductances investigated. In the whole‐cell configuration, membrane hyperpolarization induced a slowly activating inwardly rectifying conductance in most protoplasts isolated from the root cortex. In contrast, most protoplasts isolated from the stele contained a slowly activating outwardly rectifying conductance upon plasma membrane depolarization. The reversal potential of the inward current indicated that it was primarily due to the movement of K+; the outwardly rectifying conductance was comparatively less selective for K+. Membrane hyperpolarization beyond a threshold of about −70 mV induced inward currents. When EK was set negative of this threshold, inward currents activated negative of EK and no outward currents were observed positive of EK. Outward currents in the stelar protoplasts activated at potentials positive of −85 mV. However, when EK was set positive of −85 mV a small inward current was also observed at potentials negative (and slightly positive) of the equilibrium potential for K+. Inwardly and outwardly rectifying K+ channels were observed in outside‐out patches from the plasma membrane of cortical and stelar cells, respectively. Characterization of these channels showed that they were likely to be responsible for the macroscopic ‘whole‐cell’ currents. Inward and outward currents were affected differently by various K+ channel blockers (TEA+, Ba2+ and Cs+). In addition, Ca2+ above 1 mM partially blocked the inward current in a voltage‐dependent manner but had little effect on the outward current. It is suggested that the inwardly rectifying conductance identified in protoplasts isolated from the cortex probably represents an important component of the low‐affinity K+ uptake mechanism (mechanism II) identified in intact roots. The outwardly rectifying conductance identified in protoplasts isolated from the stele could play a role in the release of cations into the xylem vessels for transport to the shoot.
Gene activation by UV light, fungal elicitor or fungal infection in Petroselinum crispum is correlated with repression of cell cycle‐related genes
Authors: Logemann Elke , Wu Sheng‐Cheng , Schröder Joachim , Schmelzer Elmon , Somssich Imre E. , Hahlbrock Klaus 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe effects of UV light or fungal elicitors on plant cells have so far been studied mostly with respect to defense‐related gene activation. Here, an inverse correlation of these stimulatory effects with the activities of several cell cycle‐related genes is demonstrated. Concomitant with the induction of flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes in UV‐irradiated cell suspension cultures of parsley (Petroselinum crispum), total histone synthesis declined to about half the initial rate. A subclass of the histone H3 gene family was selected to demonstrate the close correlation of its expression with cell division, both in intact plants and cultured cells. Using RNA‐blot and run‐on transcription assays, it was shown that one arbitrarily selected subclass of each of the histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 gene families and of the genes encoding a p34cdc2 protein kinase and a mitotic cyclin were transcriptionally repressed in UV‐irradiated as well as fungal elicitor‐treated parsley cells. The timing and extent of repression differed between the two stimuli; the response to light was more transient and smaller in magnitude. These differential responses to light and elicitor were inversely correlated with the induction of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. Essentially the same result was obtained with a defined oligopeptide elicitor, indicating that the same signaling pathway is responsible for defense‐related gene activation and cell cycle‐related gene repression. A temporary (UV light) or long‐lasting (fungal elicitor) cessation of cell culture growth is most likely due to an arrest of cell division which may be a prerequisite for full commitment of the cells to transcriptional activation of pathways involved in UV protection or pathogen defense. This conclusion is corroborated by the observation that the histone H3 mRNA level greatly declined around fungal infection sites in young parsley leaves.
Ethylene is a positive regulator of root hair development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Tanimoto Mimi , Roberts Keith , Dolan Liam 
Published: October 2010

SummaryEvidence is provided that ethylene is a positive regulator of hair cell development in the root epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Treatment of seedlings with increasing concentrations of the ethylene precursor, 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) results in progressively more root hair cells developing in positions normally occupied by non‐hair cells. Consistent with these findings are observations that treatments that block either ethylene synthesis or its perception reduce the number of root hairs. A model is proposed in which either ethylene or ACC is a signal involved in specifying the pattern of cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root epidermis.
Pathogenesis‐related protein 10 isolated from hot pepper functions as a ribonuclease in an antiviral pathway
Authors: Park Chang‐Jin , Kim Ki‐Jeong , Shin Ryoung , Park Jeong Mee , Shin Yun‐Chul , Paek Kyung‐Hee 
Published: October 2010

SummaryA hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) cDNA clone encoding pathogenesis‐related protein 10 (CaPR‐10) was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library prepared from pepper leaves inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus pathotype (TMV‐P0).CaPR‐10transcripts were induced in the incompatible interaction with TMV‐P0orXanthomonas campestrispv.vesicatoria(Xcv) but not induced in the compatible interaction. Characterization of enzymatic properties of CaPR‐10 indicated that the recombinant protein exhibits a ribonucleolytic activity against TMV RNA, as well as against pepper total RNA, and shows its putative antiviral activity in several conditions. The CaPR‐10 protein existed at very low level in leaf tissue but was dramatically induced as soon as plants were inoculated with TMV‐P0, and this was correlated with the increase of its ribonucleolytic activity. Immunoblot analysis and pull‐down assays using proteins extracted from pepper leaves showed that TMV‐P0inoculation led to the phosphorylation of CaPR‐10, a modification that should affect its capacity for RNase function. We present data that the induction and subsequent phosphorylation of CaPR‐10 increased its ribonucleolytic activity to cleave invading viral RNAs, and this activity should be important to its antiviral pathway during viral attackin vivo.