bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of continuous positive airway pressure during stabilisation and retrieval of infants with suspected bronchiolitis
Authors: Fleming Paul F , Richards Susie , Waterman Kelly , Davis Peter G , Kamlin C Omar F , Sokol Jenni , Stewart Michael 
Published: May 2012

Aim:  Infants with viral bronchiolitis are often hospitalised with a proportion requiring respiratory support. The aim of this review was to examine the use of nasal prong continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as a management strategy for infants with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis, who required stabilisation and transport to a tertiary centre.Method:  A retrospective audit of infants with bronchiolitis requiring CPAP during transport between January 2003 and June 2007.Results:  Nasal CPAP was initiated in 54 infants with 51 of these (34 ex‐preterm, 17 term) subsequently continuing on CPAP during retrieval. Mean CPAP pressure was 7 cmH2O. Oxygenation improved between stabilisation and the end of retrieval (P < 0.01). During retrieval, there was no significant increase in transcutaneous CO2, no infant required endotracheal ventilation and no adverse events were noted. Five infants were intubated within the first 24 h of admission at the receiving hospital.Conclusion:  This review demonstrated that use of nasal prong CPAP to transport infants with bronchiolitis was a safe management strategy in those with moderate to severe disease severity.
Preoperative stenting for ureteroscopic lithotripsy for a large renal stone
Authors: Kawahara Takashi , Ito Hiroki , Terao Hideyuki , Ishigaki Hanako , Ogawa Takehiko , Uemura Hiroji , Kubota Yoshinobu , Matsuzaki Junichi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA large renal stone can be treated ureteroscopically, but the treatment often requires more than one procedure. The use of stenting before ureteroscopy was recently reported. The present study investigated the effectiveness of preoperative stenting before ureteroscopic lithotripsy for large (>15 mm) renal stones. A ureteral stent was intentionally inserted in 25 patients undergoing ureteroscopic surgery. A group of 36 non‐prestented patients was used as control. Median stone diameter was 21 mm in both groups. Pre‐ureteroscopy stenting significantly improved the stone‐free rate, defined as stones <2 mm and <4 mm (P < 0.05), whereas it did not significantly improve the stone‐free rate defined as 0 mm (P = 0.12). The uretereoscopy success rate was 72.0% in the stented and 55.6% in the control group (P = 0.09). A 14/16‐Fr ureteral access sheath was successfully inserted in 94.7% of the stented patients, and 74.2% of the non‐stented patients (P < 0.05). Our findings showed that preoperative stenting is effective for dilation of the ureter, and also to facilitate the insertion of a ureteral access sheath in patients undergoing ureteroscopic lithotripsy for large renal stones.
Post‐fire recovery of revegetated woodland communities in south‐eastern Australia
Authors: PICKUP MELINDA , WILSON SUSIE , FREUDENBERGER DAVID , NICHOLLS NICK , GOULD LORI , HNATIUK SARAH , DELANDRE JENI 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe primary goal of restoration is to create self‐sustaining ecological communities that are resilient to periodic disturbance. Currently, little is known about how restored communities respond to disturbance events such as fire and how this response compares to remnant vegetation. Following the 2003 fires in south‐eastern Australia we examined the post‐fire response of revegetation plantings and compared this to remnant vegetation. Ten burnt and 10 unburnt (control) sites were assessed for each of three types of vegetation (direct seeding revegetation, revegetation using nursery seedlings (tubestock) and remnant woodland). Sixty sampling sites were surveyed 6 months after fire to quantify the initial survival of mid‐ and overstorey plant species in each type of vegetation. Three and 5 years after fire all sites were resurveyed to assess vegetation structure, species diversity and vigour, as well as indicators of soil function. Overall, revegetation showed high (>60%) post‐fire survival, but this varied among species depending on regeneration strategy (obligate seeder or resprouter). The native ground cover, mid‐ and overstorey in both types of plantings showed rapid recovery of vegetation structure and cover within 3 years of fire. This recovery was similar to the burnt remnant woodlands. Non‐native (exotic) ground cover initially increased after fire, but was no different in burnt and unburnt sites 5 years after fire. Fire had no effect on species richness, but burnt direct seeding sites had reduced species diversity (Simpson's Diversity Index) while diversity was higher in burnt remnant woodlands. Indices of soil function in all types of vegetation had recovered to levels found in unburnt sites 5 years after fire. These results indicate that even young revegetation (stands <10 years old) showed substantial recovery from disturbance by fire. This suggests that revegetation can provide an important basis for restoring woodland communities in the fire‐prone Australian environment.
Phylogenetic diversity and the functioning of ecosystems
Authors: Srivastava Diane S. , Cadotte Marc W. , MacDonald A. Andrew M. , Marushia Robin G. , Mirotchnick Nicholas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPhylogenetic diversity (PD) describes the total amount of phylogenetic distance among species in a community. Although there has been substantial research on the factors that determine community PD, exploration of the consequences of PD for ecosystem functioning is just beginning. We argue that PD may be useful in predicting ecosystem functions in a range of communities, from single‐trophic to complex networks. Many traits show a phylogenetic signal, suggesting that PD can estimate the functional trait space of a community, and thus ecosystem functioning. Phylogeny also determines interactions among species, and so could help predict how extinctions cascade through ecological networks and thus impact ecosystem functions. Although the initial evidence available suggests patterns consistent with these predictions, we caution that the utility of PD depends critically on the strength of phylogenetic signals to both traits and interactions. We advocate for a synthetic approach that incorporates a deeper understanding of how traits and interactions are shaped by evolution, and outline key areas for future research. If these complexities can be incorporated into future studies, relationships between PD and ecosystem function bear promise in conceptually unifying evolutionary biology with ecosystem ecology.
No pharmacokinetic interaction between ipragliflozin and sitagliptin, pioglitazone, or glimepiride in healthy subjects
Authors: Smulders R. A. , Zhang W. , Veltkamp S. A. , van Dijk J. , Krauwinkel W. J. J. , Keirns J. , Kadokura T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAimsTo investigate the effect of ipragliflozin on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin, pioglitazone or glimepiride and vice versa in healthy subjects.MethodsThree trials with an open‐label, randomized, two‐way crossover design were conducted in healthy subjects. Ipragliflozin 150 mg, sitagliptin 100 mg, pioglitazone 30 mg or glimepiride 1–2 mg were administered alone or in combination. Primary endpoints were the area under the curve from the time of dosing to infinity (AUCinf) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) of each drug.ResultsMultiple doses of ipragliflozin did not change the AUCinf and Cmax of a single dose of sitagliptin, pioglitazone or glimepiride. All geometric mean ratios and 90% CIs for AUCinf and Cmax, with and without ipragliflozin, were within the predefined range of 80–125% (AUCinf: sitagliptin 100.1 [96.9–103.5], pioglitazone 101.7 [96.6–107.0], glimepiride 105.1 [101.3–109.0], and Cmax: sitagliptin 92.4 [82.8–103.1], pioglitazone 98.6 [87.7–110.8], glimepiride 110.0 [101.9–118.8]). Similarly, multiple doses of sitagliptin, pioglitazone or glimepiride did not change the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ipragliflozin (AUCinf: 95.0 [93.4–103.1], 100.0 [98.1–102.0], 99.1 [96.6–101.6]; and Cmax: 96.5 [90.4–103.1], 93.5 [86.3–101.2], 97.3 [89.2–106.2]). Ipragliflozin either alone or in combination with any of the three glucose‐lowering drugs was well tolerated in healthy subjects.ConclusionIpragliflozin did not affect the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin, pioglitazone or glimepiride and vice versa, suggesting that no dose‐adjustments are likely to be required when ipragliflozin is given in combination with other glucose‐lowering drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Short‐term glucose variability in healthy volunteers is not associated with raised oxidative stress markers
Authors: Wakil A. , Smith K. A. , Atkin S. L. , Kilpatrick E. S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIt is unknown whether glycaemic variability adds to the risk of microvascular complications of diabetes over and above the mean glucose value for a patient. We examined the effect of purposefully induced short‐term glycaemic variability on oxidative stress markers. Eleven healthy subjects underwent three sequential glycaemic states; sustained hyperglycaemia, sustained euglycaemia and variable glycaemia, using glycaemic clamps for 3 h. Twenty‐four hours urinary 8‐isoprostane‐PGF2α was measured before and after each glycaemic state to assess oxidative stress. The median and interquartile range of the urinary 8‐iso‐PGF2α in ng/24 h were (1373, 513), (996, 298) and (1227, 472) for the euglycaemic, hyperglycaemic and variable states, respectively. There was no significant difference in urinary isoprostanes between the three different states; mean ranks 20.9, 11.9 and 18.2 for the euglycaemic state, hyperglycaemic state and glycaemic variability state, respectively, p = 0.083. In conclusion, we did not see a significant increase in the urinary isoprostanes when glycaemic variability was induced under controlled conditions in healthy individuals.
Urinary calculi and an increased risk of stroke: a population‐based follow‐up study
Authors: Chung Shiu‐Dong , Liu Shih‐Ping , Keller Joseph J. , Lin Herng‐Ching 
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Prognosis (cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Although early studies failed to detect an association between urinary calculi (UC) and subsequent cardiovascular risk, there is growing evidence among more recent research supporting this association with some studies more specifically suggesting that stroke is a major concern for UC sufferers. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, UC patients were more likely to have experienced a stroke then those without UC during the five‐year follow‐up period (hazard ratio = 1.43, 95% Cl = 1.35–1.50, P < 0.001).OBJECTIVE
To examine in a population‐based study the relationship between a history of nephrolithiasis and/or ureterolithiasis and the subsequent risk of stroke, as previous studies have shown that stone disease is associated with several cardiovascular risk factors. However, none of the studies that have investigated the relationship between urinary calculi (UC) and stroke were able to detect an association at a significant level.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We used data sourced from the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000.
In all, 25 181 adult patients newly diagnosed with UC were recruited as a study cohort, along with 125 905 matched enrolees with no history of stone disease as a comparison cohort.
All the subjects were tracked for a 5‐year period beginning from their index ambulatory care visits, and those who subsequently had a stroke identified.
Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to compare the risk of stroke between the study and comparison cohorts.
RESULTS
During the 5‐year follow‐up period, the incidence rate of stroke was 1.78 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.71–1.86) per 100 person‐years in patients with UC and 1.25 (95% CI 1.22–1.27) per 100 person‐years in patients without UC.
After adjusting for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, cardiovascular disease, urbanization level, gout, and obesity, patients with UC were more likely to have had a stroke than those without UC during the 5‐year follow‐up period (hazard ratio 1.43, 95% CI 1.35–1.50, P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that there is an increased risk of stroke during the first 5 years after a diagnosis of UC.
Projected impacts of climate change on spatio‐temporal patterns of freshwater fish beta diversity: a deconstructing approach
Authors: Tisseuil Clément , Leprieur Fabien , Grenouillet Gäel , Vrac Mathieu , Lek Sovan 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTAim  To assess the potential impacts of future climate change on spatio‐temporal patterns of freshwater fish beta diversity.Location  Adour–Garonne River Basin (France).Methods  We first applied an ensemble modelling approach to project annually the future distribution of 18 fish species for the 2010–2100 period on 50 sites. We then explored the spatial and temporal patterns of beta diversity by distinguishing between its two additive components, namely species turnover and nestedness.Results  Taxonomic homogenization of fish assemblages was projected to increase linearly over the 21st century, especially in the downstream parts of the river gradient. This homogenization process was almost entirely caused by a decrease in spatial species turnover. When considering the temporal dimension of beta diversity, our results reveal an overall pattern of decreasing beta diversity along the upstream–downstream river gradient. In contrast, when considering the turnover and nestedness components of temporal beta diversity we found significant U‐shaped and hump‐shaped relationships, respectively.Main conclusions  Future climate change is projected to modify the taxonomic composition of freshwater fish assemblages by increasing their overall similarity over the Adour–Garonne River Basin. Our findings suggest that the distinction between the nestedness and turnover components of beta diversity is not only crucial for understanding the processes shaping spatial beta‐diversity patterns but also for identifying localities where the rates of species replacement are projected to be greatest. Specifically we recommend that future conservation studies should not only consider the spatial component of beta diversity but also its dynamic caused by climate warming.
Anxious and Angry Rejection Sensitivity, Social Withdrawal, and Retribution in High and Low Ambiguous Situations
Authors: Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. , Nesdale Drew 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveRejection sensitivity (RS) is a tendency to expect, perceive, and overreact to rejection. Our objective was to examine whether anxious and angry RS have specific associations with negative social reactions, and whether responses are intensified in situations of high rejection ambiguity.MethodIn two studies, youth (N = 464 and N = 371) reported their RS and anticipated responses to social scenarios. In Study 1, all scenarios portrayed overt rejection events. In Study 2, participants were randomly assigned to conditions portraying overt or ambiguous rejection.ResultsGreater rejection expectation was associated with more negative reactions to rejection. Moreover, as expected, anxiety about rejection was uniquely associated with withdrawal, and anger about rejection was uniquely associated with retribution (i.e., reactive aggression). In the second study, RS persons responded more negatively than others to both overt and high ambiguous rejections, but retribution was intensified among participants high in rejection expectation when rejection was ambiguous, and withdrawal was intensified among participants high in anxious RS in overt rejection situations.ConclusionsConsistent with the revised RS model, there are different patterns of emotions, cognitions, and behaviors in response to high and low ambiguous rejection events, which are heightened in youth sensitive to rejection.
How Are Curious People Viewed and How Do They Behave in Social Situations? From the Perspectives of Self, Friends, Parents, and Unacquainted Observers
Authors: Kashdan Todd B. , Sherman Ryne A. , Yarbro Jessica , Funder David C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectivePeople who are open and curious orient their lives around an appreciation of novelty and a strong urge to explore, discover, and grow. Researchers have recently shown that being an open, curious person is linked to healthy social outcomes.MethodTo better understand the benefits (and liabilities) of being a curious person, we used a multimethod design of social behavior to assess the perspectives of multiple informants (including self, friends, and parents) and behavior coded from direct observations in unstructured social interactions.ResultsWe found an impressive degree of convergence among self, friend, and parent reports of curiosity, and observer‐rated behavioral correlates of curiosity. A curious personality was linked to a wide range of adaptive behaviors, including tolerance of anxiety and uncertainty, positive emotional expressiveness, initiation of humor and playfulness, unconventional thinking, and a nondefensive, noncritical attitude.ConclusionsThis characterization of curious people provides insights into mechanisms underlying associated healthy social outcomes.
Constructing Summary Statistics for Approximate Bayesian Computation: Semi-Automatic Approximate Bayesian Computation
Authors: Fearnhead Paul , Prangle Dennis 
Published: May 2012

SummaryMany modern statistical applications involve inference for complex stochastic models, where it is easy to simulate from the models, but impossible to calculate likelihoods. Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) is a method of inference for such models. It replaces calculation of the likelihood by a step which involves simulating artificial data for different parameter values, and comparing summary statistics of the simulated data with summary statistics of the observed data. Here we show how to construct appropriate summary statistics for ABC in a semi-automatic manner. We aim for summary statistics which will enable inference about certain parameters of interest to be as accurate as possible. Theoretical results show that optimal summary statistics are the posterior means of the parameters. Although these cannot be calculated analytically, we use an extra stage of simulation to estimate how the posterior means vary as a function of the data; and we then use these estimates of our summary statistics within ABC. Empirical results show that our approach is a robust method for choosing summary statistics that can result in substantially more accurate ABC analyses than the ad hoc choices of summary statistics that have been proposed in the literature. We also demonstrate advantages over two alternative methods of simulation-based inference.
Dental enamel hypoplasia as indicators of seasonal environmental and physiological impacts in modern sheep populations: a model for interpreting the zooarchaeological record
Authors: Upex B. , Dobney K. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDental enamel hypoplasia is a developmental defect in enamel caused by physiological stress during dental development. Previous analysis of enamel hypoplasia in sheep has demonstrated that variation in its frequency can be linked to nutrition levels, with animals suffering from malnutrition more susceptible to enamel hypoplasia formation. Variation in enamel hypoplasia frequency has also been linked to climatic and ecological factors, leading to variation in the availability of fodder supplies and, consequently, variation in nutritional intake. In this paper, the occurrence of enamel hypoplasia in two modern sheep populations is, for the first time, correlated with known seasonal physiological and nutritional stress events. Using known age‐at‐death data, the dental development rates for sheep are reconstructed, allowing the position of enamel hypoplasia on the tooth crown to be linked to known periods of malnutrition and physiological stress. Both populations live under identical climatic conditions but with very different diets. Clear differences are observed between the two populations, with peaks of enamel hypoplasia correlating with different seasonal periods of malnutrition as well as common physiological stressors linked to birth and weaning. This is the first time that a clear correlation has been made between seasonal variation in nutrition and the occurrence of hypoplastic enamel defects in caprine populations. As such, this study provides a baseline from which the nutritional impact of caprine foddering and husbandry practices can be determined in future archaeological studies.
Male morphotypes in the Andean river shrimp Cryphiops caementarius (Decapoda: Caridea): morphology, coloration and injuries
Authors: Rojas R. , Morales M. C. , Rivadeneira M. M. , Thiel M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn many species, different male morphotypes usually employ different tactics to access resources. Males with highly developed weapons are expected to fight and possibly incur higher levels of injury than males with less developed weapons, which usually avoid agonistic encounters. Discrete male morphotypes, where some males are very large and feature powerful chelae, have been reported for several large shrimp species, where males show a lobster‐like monopolization of resources. During competitive interactions, these large males fight more vigorously than small males and, consequently, it is expected that they accumulate more injuries. Herein, we identified different morphotypes in the river shrimp Cryphiops caementarius, and we compared the percentage of body damage between large and small shrimps. We measured 26 morphometric data and 6 intensities of color on the chelipeds. Multivariate analysis based on a combination of morphometric and color data confirmed that there are two morphotypes. The ‘dominant’ morph is characterized by stout teeth on the cutting edges and by dark blue color on the external surface of the major cheliped. The two morphotypes can be distinguished based on the differences in the allometric relationships between several morphologic traits and carapace length. Males from the large morphotype had a higher percentage of injuries on their chelipeds than other males. These results suggest that males from the large morphotype are dominant and compete aggressively for access to resources, a hypothesis to be tested in future, behavioral studies.
High molecular weight hyaluronan reduces lipopolysaccharide mediated microglial activation
Authors: Austin James W. , Gilchrist Chris , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: May 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 344–355.AbstractToll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4) signaling has been implicated in microglial activation and propagation of inflammation following spinal cord injury (SCI). As such, modulating microglial activation through TLR4 represents an attractive therapeutic approach to treat SCI. High molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW‐HA), a polymer with multiple therapeutic uses, has been previously shown to modulate TLR4 activation in macrophages and has shown early promise as a therapeutic agent in SCI. However, the mechanism associated with HMW‐HA has not been fully elucidated or tested in microglia, a similar cell type. In the current study, we sought to determine the effects of HMW‐HA on TLR4 activation in microglia and to gain insights into the mechanism of action. Rat primary microglial cultures were exposed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and HMW‐HA, and the extent and mechanisms of inflammation were studied. HMW‐HA decreased LPS mediated IL‐1β, IL‐6, and Tumor necrosis factor‐α gene expression and IL‐6 and nitric oxide production. This decrease was associated with a reduction in ERK 1/2 and p38 phosphorylation, was dependent on the continued presence of HMW‐HA, and activation of Akt and A20 protein expression was reduced by HMW‐HA. Together, our results show that HMW‐HA can reduce LPS‐mediated inflammatory signaling in microglia. We suggest that HA possibly mediates its effects by blocking the induction of inflammatory signaling through an extracellular mechanism.