bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fetuses of Obese Mothers Develop Insulin Resistance in Utero
Authors: Catalano Patrick M. , Presley Larraine , Minium Judi , Hauguel-de Mouzon Sylvie 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
Offspring of obese mothers have an increased risk for obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fetuses of obese women have increased obesity, insulin resistance, and markers of inflammation, supporting the concept of fetal programming.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fifty-three lean and 68 obese women with singleton term pregnancies were evaluated at elective cesarean delivery. Maternal and umbilical cord blood was obtained for measures of insulin resistance and cytokines. Neonatal body composition was estimated using anthropometric measurements within 24 h of delivery.

RESULTS
The fetuses of obese mothers had greater percent body fat (13.1 ± 3.4 vs. 11.6 ± 2.9%, P = 0.02), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (1.51 ± 0.86 vs. 1.06 ± 0.70, P = 0.003), cord leptin (14.5 ± 13.5 vs. 8.2 ± 4.7 ng/ml, P = 0.001), and interleukin-6 (3.5 ± 2.3 vs. 2.4 ± 1.4 pg/ml, P = 0.02) than fetuses of lean women. There was a strong positive correlation between fetal adiposity and insulin resistance (r = 0.32, P = 0.0008) as well as maternal pregravid BMI and fetal insulin resistance (r = 0.31, P = 0.007) even with adjustment for potential confounders. Cord leptin had a significant correlation with fetal insulin resistance (r = 0.30, P = 0.001), but there was no significant correlation between any other umbilical cord cytokines and fetal insulin resistance.

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that maternal obesity creates a significant risk for the next generations with metabolic compromise already apparent at birth. Therefore, if prevention of obesity is the goal rather than treatment, the perinatal period may be an important focus of future research.
Identification of Nucleation Center Sites in Thermally Annealed Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Mahan A. Harv , Su Tining , Williamson Don L. , Gedvilas Lynn M. , Ahrenkiel S. Phil , Parilla Phillip A. , Xu Yueqin , Ginley David A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUtilizing the concepts of a critical crystallite size and local film inhomogeneity, it is shown that nucleation in thermally annealed hydrogenated amorphous silicon occurs in the more well ordered spatial regions in the network, which are defined by the initial inhomogeneous H distributions in the as‐grown films. Although the film H evolves very early during annealing, the local film order is largely retained in the still amorphous films even after the vast majority of the H is evolved, and the more well ordered regions which are the nucleation center sites for crystallization are those spatial regions which do not initially contain clustered H, as probed by H NMR spectroscopy. The sizes of these better ordered regions relative to a critical crystallite size determine the film incubation times (the time before the onset of crystallization). Changes in film short range order upon H evolution, and the presence of microvoid type structures in the as grown films play no role in the crystallization process. While the creation of dangling bonds upon H evolution may play a role in the actual phase transformation itself, the film defect densities measured just prior to the onset of crystallization exhibit no trends which can be correlated with the film incubation times.
Densely Packed Arrays of Ultra‐High‐Aspect‐Ratio Silicon Nanowires Fabricated using Block‐Copolymer Lithography and Metal‐Assisted Etching
Authors: Chang Shih‐Wei , Chuang Vivian P. , Boles Steven T. , Ross Caroline A. , Thompson Carl V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMetal‐assisted etching is used in conjunction with block‐copolymer lithography to create ordered and densely‐packed arrays of high‐aspect‐ratio single‐crystal silicon nanowires with uniform crystallographic orientations. Nanowires with diameters and spacings down to 19 nm and 10 nm, respectively, are created as either continuous carpets or as carpets within trenches. Wires with aspect ratios up to 220 are fabricated, and capillary‐induced clustering of wires is eliminated through post‐etching critical point drying. The wires are single crystals with 〈100〉 axis directions. The distribution of wire diameters is narrow and closely follows the size distribution of the block copolymer, with a standard deviation of 3.12 nm for wires of mean diameters 22.06 nm. Wire arrays formed in carpets and in channels have hexagonal order with good fidelity to the block copolymer pattern. Fabrication of wires in topographic features demonstrates the ability to accurately control wire placement. Wire arrays made using this new process will have applications in the creation of arrays of photonic and sensing devices.
Extraction, identification and sorption studies of dyes from madder on wool
Authors: Farizadeh Khostro , Montazer Majid , Yazdanshenas Mohammad Esmaiel , Rashidi Abosaeid , Malek Reza Mohammad Ali 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSince the last decade, the application of natural dyes on textile materials is gaining popularity all over the world, possibly because of increasing awareness of environment, ecology, and pollution control. In this research, extraction of dyes from madder at different conditions has been studied. The extracted dyes from madder were examined by TLC and HPLC. The adsorption properties of the dyes extracted from madder on natural polyamide fibers (wool) were also determined. The rate of dyeing at different temperatures, as well as the values of standard affinity, entropy, and enthalpy was calculated. The results indicated that increase of temperature leads to decrease the values of partition ratio and affinity. The adsorption isotherm was tested by fitting the adsorption data with Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, and Temkin isotherms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Reactive mold filling in resin transfer molding processes with edge effects
Authors: Ding Yanyu , Jia Yuxi , Yang Junying , Sun Sheng , Shi Tongfei , An Lijia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractReactive mold filling is one of the important stages in resin transfer molding processes, in which resin curing and edge effects are important characteristics. On the basis of previous work, volume‐averaging momentum equations involving viscous and inertia terms were adopted to describe the resin flow in fiber preform, and modified governing equations derived from the Navier–Stokes equations are introduced to describe the resin flow in the edge channel. A dual‐Arrhenius viscosity model is newly introduced to describe the chemorheological behavior of a modified bismaleimide resin. The influence of the curing reaction and processing parameters on the resin flow patterns was investigated. The results indicate that, under constant‐flow velocity conditions, the curing reaction caused an obvious increase in the injection pressure and its influencing degree was greater with increasing resin temperature or preform permeability. Both a small change in the resin viscosity and the alteration of the injection flow velocity hardly affected the resin flow front. However, the variation of the preform permeability caused an obvious shape change in the resin flow front. The simulated results were in agreement with the experimental results. This study was helpful for optimizing the reactive mold‐filling conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Intumescent polylactide: A nonflammable material
Authors: Fontaine Gaëlle , Bourbigot Serge 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this article, we examine intumescent polylactide, which exhibits a nonburning behavior upon heating. The combination of melamine and ammonium polyphosphate incorporated in the polylactide allowed us to obtain an intumescent char and low flammability. The incorporation of an additional ingredient such as organomodified montmorillonite Cloisite 30B or multiwall carbon nanotubes demonstrated varying effects on the material's reaction to fire, i.e., a large synergistic effect was observed when Cloisite 30B was used, whereas it was antagonistic when multiwall carbon nanotubes were used. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Distribution of κ‐Opioid Receptor in the Pulmonary Artery and its Changes During Hypoxia
Authors: Peng Pai , Huang Lu‐yu , Li Juan , Fan Rong , Zhang Shu‐Miao , Wang Yue‐Min , Hu Yu‐Zhen , Sun Xin , Kaye Alan David , Pei Jian‐Ming 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe present study evaluated the distribution of κ‐opioid receptors (κ‐ORs) in pulmonary arteries (PAs) in rats and investigated whether κ‐ORs are altered in PAs during hypoxia. An animal model of hypobaric/hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and a pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) model of hypoxia were utilized. Distribution of κ‐ORs was determined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and changes in κ‐ORs expression in PAs and PASMCs were determined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry or Western blot techniques. The κ‐ORs were primarily distributed in the smooth muscle layer of the PAs and in the nucleus of PASMCs. The expression of the κ‐ORs were increased in PAs of rats subjected to hypoxia for 1–4 week (P< 0.01). Accordingly, the expression of κ‐ORs in PASMCs were also increased when subjected to hypoxia for 12–36 hr (P< 0.05). The present study has provided evidence for the first time of the precise location of κ‐ORs in PAs and PASMCs of rats and that hypoxia upregulates expression of κ‐ORs. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
V‐ATPase deactivation in blowfly salivary glands is mediated by protein phosphatase 2C
Authors: Voss Martin , Blenau Wolfgang , Walz Bernd , Baumann Otto 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe activity of vacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) in the apical membrane of blowfly (Calliphora vicina) salivary glands is regulated by the neurohormone serotonin (5‐HT). 5‐HT induces, via protein kinase A, the phosphorylation of V‐ATPase subunit C and the assembly of V‐ATPase holoenzymes. The protein phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of subunit C and V‐ATPase inactivation is not as yet known. We show here that inhibitors of protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A (tautomycin, ocadaic acid) and PP2B (cyclosporin A, FK‐506) do not prevent V‐ATPase deactivation and dephosphorylation of subunit C. A decrease in the intracellular Mg2+ level caused by loading secretory cells with EDTA‐AM leads to the activation of proton pumping in the absence of 5‐HT, prolongs the 5‐HT‐induced response in proton pumping, and inhibits the dephosphorylation of subunit C. Thus, the deactivation of V‐ATPase is most probably mediated by a protein phosphatase that is insensitive to okadaic acid and that requires Mg2+, namely, a member of the PP2C protein family. By molecular biological techniques, we demonstrate the expression of at least two PP2C protein family members in blowfly salivary glands. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Secondary school science predictors of academic performance in university bioscience subjects
Authors: Green Rod , Brown Elizabeth , Ward Alex 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn 2009 the Faculty of Health Sciences at La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia is introducing a common first year for 11 different undergraduate courses in the faculty. Current prerequisite science entry requirements vary with course and range from none to at least two science or mathematics subjects and from ∼50 to 99 in Equivalent National Tertiary Entrance Rank (ENTER) scores. Under the previous structure, students in different courses completed a variety of different subjects at first year. Concern about the ability of such disparate groups to complete a common first year led to the current investigation of the relationships between year 12 (final year of secondary school) science subjects and performance in first year university bioscience subjects. Year 12 results for all science‐related units and ENTER scores were obtained for all Victorian students enrolling in a first year course in the Faculty of Health Sciences in 2005 and 2006. Regression and other analyses were conducted for five first year bioscience subjects. The ENTER score was the best predictor of academic performance in all units except regional anatomy. Performance in many secondary school science subjects was highly predictive of performance in physiology, combined systematic physiology and anatomy and biomechanics units, but again not for regional anatomy units. It appears that year 12 performance in science subjects and ENTER scores may be important predictors of success in physiology, but not regional anatomy subjects at university. It is possible that regional anatomy is an entirely new subject area that requires new types of learning unrelated to year 12 science subjects. Anat Sci Ed 2:113‐118, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Age modulates attitudes to whole body donation among medical students
Authors: Perry Gary F. , Ettarh Raj R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractManaging a whole body donor program is necessary for facilitating a traditional dissection‐based anatomy curriculum in medicine and health sciences. Factors which influence body donations to medical science can therefore affect dissection‐based anatomy teaching. In order to determine whether age influences the attitudes of medical students to donations, this study surveyed, by Likert‐type questionnaires, first‐year graduate‐entry medical students attending a dissection‐based anatomy course. In contrast to attitudes among younger traditional‐entry medical students, initial support for whole body donation by an unrelated stranger (83.8%), a family member (43.2%) or by the respondent (40.5%) did not decrease among graduate‐entry medical students after exposure to dissection although there was a significant shift in strength of support for donation by stranger. This suggests that older medical students do not readily modify their pre‐established attitudes to the idea of whole body donation after exposure and experience with dissection. Initial ambivalence among respondents to the idea of donation by family member was followed by opposition to this type of donation. These findings demonstrate that age modulates the influences on a priori attitudes to whole body donation that exposure to dissection causes in younger medical students. Anat Sci Educ 2:167–172, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
The isolation and identification of a secreted biomarker associated with cell stress in serum‐free CHO cell culture
Authors: Woolley John F. , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOne approach to improving mammalian culture productivity has been to reduce cell stress and cell death in the bioreactor, thus enhancing productivity through a longer phase of viability. Here we describe the isolation and identification of a biomarker for stress and viability loss in CHO culture. Using SELDI‐TOF mass spectrometry to profile the protein component of supernatant culture media we have identified a peak at 7.7 kDa that was associated with loss of viability toward the end of the culture and simulated stress from both toxic metabolite accumulation and nutrient depletion. The relative intensity (signal/noise ratio) of the peak increased rapidly at the onset of dropping viability toward the end of the growth phase. Also, the peak height was seen to increase significantly when cells were grown under conditions emulating ammonia accumulation and glutamine deprivation. The species has been identified as a fragment of Galectin‐1 (Gal‐1) via MS/MS fingerprinting. We propose that this peak could be utilized as a marker for early onset of stress in cell culture. This work demonstrates the efficacy of SELDI technology to identify biomarkers in mammalian cell culture and highlights its value as a tool for the monitoring and improvement of culture processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 590–600 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐throughput protein refolding screening method using zeolite
Authors: Nara Takayuki Y. , Togashi Hideaki , Sekikawa Chisato , Sakaguchi Kengo , Mizukami Fujio , Tsunoda Tatsuo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe established a 96‐well‐plate‐based refolding screening system using zeolite. In this system, protein denatured and solubilized with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride is adsorbed onto zeolite placed in a 96‐well plate. The refolding conditions can be tested by incubating the samples with refolding buffers under various conditions of pH, salts, and additives. In this study, we chose green fluorescent protein as the model protein. Green fluorescent protein was expressed as inclusion bodies, and we tested the effects of four pH conditions and six additives on its refolding. The results demonstrate that green fluorescent protein was more efficiently refolded with zeolite than with the conventional dilution method. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Improved Copper(I)–NHC Catalytic Efficiency on Huisgen Reaction by Addition of Aromatic Nitrogen Donors
Authors: Teyssot Marie‐Laure , Chevry Aurélien , Traïkia Mounir , El‐Ghozzi Malika , Avignant Daniel , Gautier Arnaud 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA simple addition with a large impact: Addition of aromatic amines such as phenanthroline and 4‐DMAP (4‐dimethylaminopyridine) increases copper(I)‐catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) catalytic activity of [CuCl(SIMes)] at a large range of temperatures in such a way that efficient catalysis can safely take place in hydro‐alcoholic solvents (see scheme).magnified image
A comparison of screening times between the ThinPrep imager and conventional cytology
Authors: Boost Terese 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis small prospective study compared the time cytologists spend reviewing cervical cytology slides processed by the ThinPrep Imager (TPI) with screening times for conventional cytology slides (CS), to determine the effect, if any, of the TPI on productivity in our department. Some possible factors affecting TPI reading times, such as individual screener's experience with both specimen types, were also studied.We recorded the time taken to screen approximately 2,140 corresponding CS and TPI slides. The CS slides were screened by 22 cytologists, of whom 14 also read the TPI slides. The time taken to screen the slides at the conventional or review microscope was recorded, including any full reviews. Administrative duties including history checks and result entry were not included.Overall, the mean CS reading time was 5.6 minutes, (or 10.7 slides/hour) while the mean screening time for TPI was 2.9 minutes (20.6 slides/hour), a productivity increase of 92%. For the 14 cytologists who read both types of specimen, individual productivity increases ranged from 38.9 to 252%. Screener experience had little or no effect on TPI times, but slower CS readers were found to have greater increase in speed and productivity when using the TPI.This study has demonstrated a significant decrease in screening times for TPI when compared with CS (P = 0.001), resulting in significantly increased productivity (P = 0.001). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monomeric and Dimeric Copper(II) Complexes of a Pyrrole‐Containing Tridentate Schiff‐Base Ligand
Authors: Li Rongqing , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S. , Brooker Sally 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThree copper(II) complexes of (L1)–, [CuL1Cl] (1), [CuL1Br]n (2) and [Cu2(L1)2(μ1,3‐NCS)2] (3), and two copper(II) complexes of HL1, [Cu(HL1)X2] (X = Cl–, 4; X = Br–, 5), have been prepared and characterised [where HL1 is the Schiff‐base ligand derived from pyrrole‐2‐carbaldehyde and 2‐aminomethylpyridine]. The removal of a chloride ion and deprotonation of [Cu(HL1)Cl2] (4) to form [CuL1Cl] (1) worked well. However, attempts to protonate [CuL1Cl] with HCl to re‐form [Cu(HL1)Cl2] were not successful. X‐ray structure determinations revealed that 1 is a N3Cl‐coordinated square‐planar copper(II) monomer [CuL1Cl], whereas 3 is a doubly end‐to‐end thiocyanate‐bridged square‐pyramidal copper(II) dimer [Cu2(L1)2(μ1,3‐NCS)2]. The structure determinations on 4 and 5 showed that in both cases the copper(II) ion is in a distorted square‐planar N2X2 environment, with the pyrrole NH remaining non‐deprotonated and uncoordinated. Variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility investigations carried out on the end‐to‐end thiocyanate doubly bridged square‐pyramidal copper(II) dimer 3 showed that no magnetic coupling occurs between the two copper(II) ions; it exhibits Curie‐like magnetic behaviour.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A DFT Model Study of the Carbocations Formed via the Fjord‐ and Bay‐Region Diol Epoxide Metabolites of Isomeric Dibenzopyrenes and Naphthopyrene
Authors: Borosky Gabriela L. , Laali Kenneth K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA density‐functional theory (DFT) study aimed at understanding structure–reactivity relationships in the oxidized metabolites of isomeric dibenzopyrenes (DBPs) and naphthopyrene (NP) is reported. These large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contain a pyrene moiety and two benzannelated rings or a naphtho ring, and depending on the annelation mode, possess a fjord region (DB[a,l]P and N[1,2‐a]P) or two or three bay‐regions (DB[a,h]P, DB[a,i]P, and DB[a,e]P). Relative energies of the resulting carbocations were examined and compared, taking into account the available biological activity data on these compounds. Geometrical, electronic and conformational issues were considered. Charge‐delocalization modes in the resulting carbocations were deduced by the changes in charges derived from natural population analysis (NPA). The reported biological activity of these toxic PAHs was found to correlate with the degree of deviation from planarity of the aromatic system, in accord with the higher bioactivity of the fjord‐ and methylated bay‐region compounds. On the other hand, relative formation of the possible carbocations derived from each PAH, as well as the activity order for compounds presenting similar distortions, were explained by their relative carbocation stabilities. The covalent adducts formed via the fjord‐region diol epoxide of DB[a,l]P and the exocyclic amino group and the N‐7 of guanine were computed, and relative energies and geometries of the resulting adducts were examined. Furthermore, PAH‐purine base adduct formation was modeled inside a DNA fragment by means of the ONIOM method. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Quantification of phase shift in the simulation of shallow water waves
Authors: Sriram V. , Sannasiraj S. A. , Sundar V. , Schlenkhoff A. , Schlurmann T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNumerical simulation of nonlinear waves to reproduce the laboratory measurements has been a topic of great interest in the recent past. The results reported in the literature are mainly focused on qualitative comparison or on the relative errors between the numerical simulation and measurements in laboratory and hence lack in revealing the existence of phase shift in nonlinear wave simulation. In this paper, the simulation of nonlinear waves in mixed Eulerian and Lagrangian framework using finite element method (FEM) is investigated by applying two different velocity calculation methods viz, cubic spline and least squares (LS). The simulated wave surface elevation has been compared with the experimental measurements. The coherence analysis has been carried out using the wavelet transformation, which gives a better understanding between the numerical and the experimental results with respect to the time–frequency space, compared with the conventional Fourier transformation. It is observed that the application of cubic spline approach leads to a higher phase difference for steeper waves. The present study has shown that the phase difference exists at the higher modes rather than at the primary period. For waves with steepness (wave height/wave length) higher than 0.04, LS approach is found to be effective in capturing the higher‐order frequency components in the event of nonlinearity. In addition, the comparison of numerical simulations with that from PIV measurements for the tests with solitary waves is also reported. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.