bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival and failure rates of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices: a systematic review
Authors: Schätzle Marc , Männchen Roland , Zwahlen Marcel , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAim: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on the survival rates of palatal implants, Onplants®, miniplates and mini screws.Material and methods: An electronic MEDLINE search supplemented by manual searching was conducted to identify randomized clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies on palatal implants, Onplants®, miniplates and miniscrews with a mean follow‐up time of at least 12 weeks and of at least 10 units per modality having been examined clinically at a follow‐up visit. Assessment of studies and data abstraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Reported failures of used devices were analyzed using random‐effects Poisson regression models to obtain summary estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of failure and survival proportions.Results: The search up to January 2009 provided 390 titles and 71 abstracts with full‐text analysis of 34 articles, yielding 27 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In meta‐analysis, the failure rate for Onplants® was 17.2% (95% CI: 5.9–35.8%), 10.5% for palatal implants (95% CI: 6.1–18.1%), 16.4% for miniscrews (95% CI: 13.4–20.1%) and 7.3% for miniplates (95% CI: 5.4–9.9%). Miniplates and palatal implants, representing torque‐resisting temporary anchorage devices (TADs), when grouped together, showed a 1.92‐fold (95% CI: 1.06–2.78) lower clinical failure rate than miniscrews.Conclusion: Based on the available evidence in the literature, palatal implants and miniplates showed comparable survival rates of ≥90% over a period of at least 12 weeks, and yielded superior survival than miniscrews. Palatal implants and miniplates for temporary anchorage provide reliable absolute orthodontic anchorage. If the intended orthodontic treatment would require multiple miniscrew placement to provide adequate anchorage, the reliability of such systems is questionable. For patients who are undergoing extensive orthodontic treatment, force vectors may need to be varied or the roots of the teeth to be moved may need to slide past the anchors. In this context, palatal implants or miniplates should be the TADs of choice.
Bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw around dental implants in the maxilla: report of a case
Authors: Shirota Tatsuo , Nakamura Atsushi , Matsui Yoshiro , Hatori Masahi , Nakamura Masanori , Shintani Satoru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective: We describe a patient who developed bisphosphonate (BP)‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) around implants in the upper molar area.Patients and methods: The patient was a 54‐year‐old woman with ulceration of the gum, bone exposure, and severe spontaneous pain around implants in the upper left molar area. She had received BPs intravenously for 2 years to treat bone metastases of breast cancer. She was diagnosed with BP‐related ONJ. Sequestrum including implants was resected, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy was performed. Undecalcified ground sections were prepared from the resected bone around the implants and stained with toluidine blue. For the bone around the lesion, decalcified sections were prepared, and examined by histological and immunohistological analysis.Results: The surgical wound became completely covered with mucosal epithelia, and postoperative pain disappeared. No recurrence of ONJ was noted during a 6‐month postoperative follow‐up period. However, the patient died from metastatic disease. Although histopathological examination of the resected jaw bone revealed sequestrum, osseointegration of the implant was maintained. In the area around the lesion, there was no progression of bone necrosis, and reactive bone formation, fibrosis, and invasion of lymphoid cells into the marrow cavity were observed.Conclusion: There is no effective treatment for ONJ caused by BPs, and conservative therapy based on clinicians' experience is recommended. However, if chemotherapy is planned, or if bone necrosis around implants is thought to harbor infection, the option of jaw resection should be considered.
Intercanopy community structure across a heterogeneous landscape in a western juniper‐encroached ecosystem
Authors: Petersen Steven L. , Stringham Tamzen K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractQuestions: How does landscape position influence biotic and abiotic attributes of western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) encroached ecosystems? How does intercanopy plant community structure respond to changes in soil moisture and temperature based on juniper cover and topographic position?Location: Steens Mountain, southeast Oregon, USA.Objectives: Competition with western juniper modifies plant community composition, alters soil hydrology, and reduces plant productivity. Research is needed to understand these influences across heterogeneous landscapes. This study characterizes the relationship between juniper encroachment and soil water, soil temperature, topographic position, and intercanopy plant community structure.Methods: Using a completely randomized block design, plant density and cover, percent bare ground, percent soil moisture, soil temperature, heat accumulation, and elevation were sampled in 10 m2 plots representing low (<1%), moderate (∼14%), and high (∼27%) juniper cover at four aspects. The relationship and difference between vegetation patterns and environmental variables were analyzed using AOV, NMS, and MRPP (α=0.1). Indicator species analysis tested for shifts in dominant species along ecological gradients.Results: Soil moisture remained higher in low juniper cover sites than moderate and high juniper cover sites. North‐facing sites had highest soil moisture at 5 cm depth with low and moderate juniper cover levels. With increasing soil temperature from May to June, soil moisture declined by 19.7% at 5 cm depth. Achnatherum lemmonii and Pseudoreogneria spicata occurred in closed juniper stands while Achnatherum occidentale and Leymus cinereus were common when encroachment was limited.Application: This approach can be used to predict ecosystem response to western juniper encroachment across heterogeneous landscapes.
Racial Disparities in Erectile Dysfunction Among Participants in the California Men’s Health Study
Authors: Smith James F. , Caan Bette J. , Sternfeld Barbara , Haque Reina , Quesenberry Charles P. , Quinn Virginia P. , Shan Jun , Walsh Thomas J. , Lue Tom F. , Jacobsen Steven J. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The burden of erectile dysfunction (ED) among different racial and ethnic groups is unclear, in part, because prior studies have not included all four major racial and ethnic groups in the same population-based sample.

Aim
To determine the prevalence and odds of ED among all four major racial and ethnic groups after adjustment for demographic, medical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle characteristics.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from men, aged 45–69 years, without a diagnosis of prostate cancer (N = 78,445), who completed questionnaires as part of the California Men’s Health Study, a large multiethnic cohort study with detailed demographic, medical and, socioeconomic data.

Main Outcome Measure
Erectile dysfunction measured by a previously validated four-level response question.

Results
The overall prevalence of ED by age category was 13%, 24%, and 44% for men aged 45–49 years, 50 and 59 years, and 60–69 years, respectively. In a multivariable model, relative to white men, Hispanic (OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.99, 1.12), Asian (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.02, 1.19), and other men (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06, 1.1.21) had increased odds of moderate-severe ED, while black men were less likely to report moderate to severe ED (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.81, 0.92). Black (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.48, 0.61) and Asian men (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.80, 1.04) were less likely to have severe ED after adjustment for age, socioeconomic status, medical co-morbidities, and lifestyle characteristics.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate that the prevalence of ED among different racial and ethnic groups is likely the result of complex phenomena and depends upon the interplay of socioeconomic, demographic, medical, cultural, and lifestyle characteristics. After accounting for these factors, these data suggest that Asian and black men are less likely to have severe ED relative to white men.
Increased Levels of Osteocalcin-Positive Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients Affected by Erectile Dysfunction and Cavernous Atherosclerosis
Authors: Foresta Carlo , De Toni Luca , Biagioli Andrea , Ganz Francesco , Magagna Sabina , Caretta Nicola 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) was shown to be the expression of a systemic vascular disease that can precede coronary artery disease of some years. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are a population of circulating cells with endothelial-regenerative potential that may be reduced in ED and coronary patients. Recently, increased levels of osteocalcin (OCN)-positive EPC have been reported in coronary patients.

Aim
Investigate the correlation between OCN-positive EPC and cavernous atherosclerotic lesion in ED patients.

Methods
A total of 35 subjects (20 ED patients and 15 controls) were evaluated in our andrological center and enrolled in the study.

Main Outcome Measure
All subjects underwent routine clinical examination. Patients were also evaluated with high resolution echo color doppler of penile districts (intima media thickness [IMT] before and after intracavernous alprostadil injection) and circulating levels of progenitor cells (PC), EPC, and OCN-positive fraction of EPC.

Results
A progressive reduction of circulating EPC with the severity of cavernous artery atherosclerosis was found. Conversely circulating OCN-positive EPC levels undergo to a significant increase with cavernous atherogenesis progression.

Conclusions
OCN-positive EPC levels in association with penile-color Doppler ultrasound evaluation of cavernous IMT could be predictive markers of subsequent coronary artery disease in ED patients.
Natural Aphrodisiacs
Authors: Shamloul Rany 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The search for a remedy or a prescription that can enhance sexual function and/or treat male erectile dysfunction has been an obsession throughout known history. Whether it was an Eastern civilization or a Western one, religious or atheist, man’s aspiration for a better or best “manhood” has been a history-time goal.

Aim
This review will discuss the current research done on the most popular natural aphrodisiacs and examine the weight of evidence to support or discourage the use of any of these substances to enhance sexual desire and/or function.

Methods
Review of the current evidence on the use of natural substances as aphrodisiacs.

Main Outcome Measures
Efficacy of natural aphrodisiacs in enhancing sexual function in men and women.

Results
There is little evidence from literature to recommend the usage of natural aphrodisiacs for the enhancement of sexual desire and/or performance. Data on yohimbine’s efficacy does not support the wide use of the drug, which has only mild effects in the treatment of psychogenic ED. Although there’s a positive trend towards recommending ginseng as an effective aphrodisiac, however, more in depth studies involving large number of subjects and its mechanism of action are needed before definite conclusions could be reached. Data on the use of natural aphrodisiacs in women is limited.

Conclusions
The current body of objective evidence does not support the use of any natural aphrodisiac as an effective treatment for male or female sexual dysfunctions. Potent men and men with ED will continue the search for natural aphrodisiacs despite the current disappointing data on their effectiveness. Care should be taken regarding the fraud addition of sildenafil analogues to natural aphrodisiacs.
Socioeconomic, Anthropomorphic, and Demographic Predictors of Adult Sexual Activity in the United States: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth
Authors: Eisenberg Michael L. , Shindel Alan W. , Smith James F. , Breyer Benjamin N. , Lipshultz Larry I. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Individuals who engage in regular sexual intercourse are more likely to report good overall quality of life. Studies of sexuality in adolescents have focused on high-risk behaviors whereas similar studies in older adults have focused on sexual dysfunction. Given a paucity of data on the sexual behaviors of young adults and the possibility of important relationships between sexuality and overall health, we sought to determine factors that influence the frequency of intercourse in adult men and women in the United States.

Aim
To identify factors related to coital frequency in young and middle-aged adults.

Methods
We analyzed data from the male and female sample of the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth to examine frequency of sexual intercourse among Americans aged 25–45 years (men: N=2,469; women: N=5,120).

Main Outcome Measures
Multivariable negative binomial regression modeling was used to test for independent associations between the frequency of sexual intercourse and demographic, socioeconomic, and anthropometric variables.

Results
In this study, men and women between the ages of 25 and 45 have sex a mean 5.7 and 6.4 times per month, respectively. Being married significantly increased coital frequency for women but has no effect on male coital frequency. Increased height, less than high school education, and younger age were predictive of increased sexual frequency in men. Pregnancy was associated with significantly lower coital frequency for both men and women. No association was shown between self-reported health status and coital frequency on multivariable analysis.

Conclusions
Among young male adults, coital frequency is associated with specific socioeconomic, demographic, and anthropomorphic characteristics. Sexual frequency in women does not appear to be influenced by such factors. Self-reported health is not predictive of sexual activity in this age group.
Apical microleakage evaluation of system B compared with cold lateral technique: In vitro study
Authors: Farea Manal , Masudi Sam'an , Wan Bakar Wan Zaripah 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro the apical sealing ability of cold lateral and system B root filling techniques using dye penetration. Eighty‐six extracted single‐rooted human teeth were prepared and randomly divided into two experimental groups to be obturated by cold lateral condensation (n = 33) and system B (n = 33). The remaining 20 teeth served as positive and negative controls. The roots were embedded for 72 h in methylene blue dye solution and sectioned transversely for dye penetration evaluation using stereomicroscope. The results of this study showed that cold lateral condensation leaked significantly more (P < 0.001) than system B technique.
Rapid evolution of morphology and adaptive life history in the invasive California wild radish (Raphanus sativus) and the implications for management
Authors: Ridley Caroline E. , Ellstrand Norman C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the evolution and demography of invasive populations may be key for successful management. In this study, we test whether or not populations of the non‐native, hybrid‐derived California wild radish have regionally adapted to divergent climates over their 150‐year history in California and determine if population demographic dynamics might warrant different region‐specific strategies for control. Using a reciprocal transplant approach, we found evidence for genetically based differences both between and among northern, coastal and southern, inland populations of wild radish. Individual fitness was analyzed using a relatively new statistical method called ‘aster modeling’ which integrates temporally sequential fitness measurements. In their respective home environments, fitness differences strongly favored southern populations and only slightly favored northern populations. Demographic rates of transition and sensitivities also differed between regions of origin, suggesting that the most effective approach for reducing overall population growth rate would be to target different life‐history stages in each region.
Gut hormones and the brain*
Authors: ZHANG Yifei , NING Guang , HANDELSMAN Yehuda , BLOOMGARDEN Zachary T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe dialogue between gut hormone, bile acids, and the brain plays an important role in energy homeostasis and the onset of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present review focuses on: (i) bile acid metabolism and the role of bile acids in the regulation of both glucose homeostasis and the control of hypercholesterolemia; (ii) the role of gut hormones in energy homeostasis; and (iii) translation of the pathophysiology of bile acids and gut hormones into clinical practice. Although definitive mechanisms of action of gut hormones and bile acids have not been elucidated completely, these concepts allow us to understand several pharmacological interventions in the treatment of T2DM. Results from further clinical studies with related therapies will help us determine the role of these treatments in the management of energy homeostasis.
History, heresy and radiology in scientific discovery
Authors: McCredie J 
Published: September 2009

SummaryNowadays, most drugs reach the market after research has established their pharmacology, safety and efficacy. That was not always the case 50 years ago. Thalidomide was used before its target cell or mode of action were known. Commencing with the thalidomide catastrophe – an epidemic of gross birth defects (1958–1962) – thalidomide's origins are revisited to show how this drug came to be made and sold in the 1950s. Thalidomide intersected with Australian radiology in the 1970s. The site and mode of action of the drug was deduced from X‐rays of thalidomide‐induced bone defects, which have classical radiological signs of sensory neuropathic osteoarthropathy. The longitudinal reduction deformities follow the distribution of segmental sensory innervation of the limb skeleton, indicating neural crest as the target organ. Injury to one level of neural crest halts normal neurotrophism and deletes the dependent segment – a previously unrecognised embryonic mechanism that explains most non‐genetic birth defects. The final common pathway is neural crest injury and failure of normal neurotrophism to result in longitudinal reduction deformities, for example, phocomelia.
Prophylactic gastrostomy tubes for patients receiving radical radiotherapy for head and neck cancers: A retrospective review
Authors: Chang JH , Gosling T , Larsen J , Powell S , Scanlon R , Chander S 
Published: September 2009

SummaryPatients undergoing radical radiotherapy for head and neck cancers often experience significant complications. We sought to evaluate the impact of prophylactic gastrostomy tubes (PGTs) among these patients on four easily evaluable adverse outcomes, namely, absolute weight loss, percentage weight loss, admissions for nutritional reasons and treatment interruptions. A retrospective review was carried out on patients undergoing radical radiotherapy for primary head and neck cancers from September 1999 to October 2005 at the Wellington Blood and Cancer Centre (n = 71). PGTs were placed in 7 (10%) patients. Patients with PGTs were compared with the patients without PGTs (the control group) by univariate and multivariate analyses. By univariate analysis, there was no significant difference in absolute or percentage weight loss between those with PGTs and the control group. By multivariate analysis, those with PGTs lost 5.2% (P = 0.016) less weight than the control group. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to admissions for nutritional reasons or treatment interruptions. The use of PGTs can reduce weight loss in patients undergoing radical radiotherapy for head and neck cancers, and its use should be further evaluated in future studies.
Semi‐quantitative differences in gene transcription profiles between sexes of a marine snail by a new variant of cDNA‐AFLP analysis
Authors: MARTÍNEZ‐FERNÁNDEZ M. , BERNATCHEZ L. , ROLÁN‐ALVAREZ E. , QUESADA H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA variant of the cDNA‐AFLP method coupled to an automated sequencer was used to quantify transcripts differentially expressed between sexes of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis. First, we conducted a validation study of the technique using known concentrations of a commercial marker. Second, we analysed six replicates of males and females from a population showing no apparent sexual dimorphism. The results confirm that the method can be properly used within the range of DNA concentrations utilized. In addition, we detected a small percentage of spots (1.8%) differentially expressed between sexes, as expected from a low to moderately sexual dimorphic species.
Computer‐aided detection of breast masses on mammograms: Dual system approach with two‐view analysis
Authors: Wei Jun , Chan Heang‐Ping , Sahiner Berkman , Zhou Chuan , Hadjiiski Lubomir M. , Roubidoux Marilyn A. , Helvie Mark A. 
Published: September 2009

Purpose:The purpose of this study is to develop a computer‐aided detection (CAD) system that combined a dual system approach with a two‐view fusion method to improve the accuracy of mass detection on mammograms.Methods:The authors previously developed a dual CAD system that merged the decision from two mass detection systems in parallel, one trained with average masses and another trained with subtle masses, to improve sensitivity without excessively increasing false positives (FPs). In this study, they further designed a two‐view fusion method to combine the information from different mammographic views. Mass candidates detected independently by the dual system on the two‐view mammograms were first identified as potential pairs based on a regional registration technique. A similarity measure was designed to differentiate TP‐TP pairs from other pairs (TP‐FP and FP‐FP pairs) using paired morphological features, Hessian feature, and texture features. A two‐view fusion score for each object was generated by weighting the similarity measure with the cross correlation measure of the object pair. Finally, a linear discriminant analysis classifier was trained to combine the mass likelihood score of the object from the single‐view dual system and the two‐view fusion score for classification of masses and FPs. A total of 2332 mammograms from 735 subjects including 800 normal mammograms from 200 normal subjects was collected with Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval.Results:When the single‐view CAD system that was trained with average masses only were applied to the test sets, the average case‐based sensitivities were 50.6% and 63.6% for average masses on current mammograms and 22.6% and 36.2% for subtle masses on prior mammograms at 0.5 and 1 FPs/image, respectively. With the new two‐view dual system approach, the average case‐based sensitivities were improved to 67.4% and 83.7% for average masses and 44.8% and 57.0% for subtle masses at the same FP rates.Conclusions:The improvement with the proposed method was found to be statistically significant by JAFROC analysis.