bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Fitness to Absenteeism and Medical Care Claims among Law Enforcement Officers
Authors: Steinhardt Mary , Greenhow Linda , Stewart Joy 
Published: December 2011

Background. Previous research has shown an inverse relationship between cardiovascular fitness and both absenteeism and health care costs. The documentation of these relationships with law enforcement officers will support the usefulness of providing health promotion programs for this population. Methods. Data were collected over a one-year period to examine the relationship of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness to absenteeism and medical care claims among law enforcement officers (N = 734). Results. Analysis of covariance indicated that sedentary officers were absent significantly more often than active officers; also, female officers were absent significantly more than male officers. Although proportionally more female officers than males scored above the 50th percentile on fitness (based on Cooper's norms), increased fitness for females was not related to decreased absenteeism. Increased fitness for male officers was related to decreased absenteeism. Medical care claims for a sub-sample of male officers (N = 363) were lower for more fit and more active officers, although this relationship was nonsignificant. Discussion. These observational data strengthen the hypothesis that absenteeism levels of physically active officers are lower than those of sedentary officers. For females, the relationship of absenteeism to family issues associated with child care and pregnancy leave in the workplace appears worthy of examination.
False Identity and Multiple Identities in Russian History: The Mongol Empire and Ivan the Terrible
Authors: Halperin Charles 
Published: December 2011

Anatolii Fomenko, the “New Chronology,”and Russian History*The ludicrous reconstruction of Russian history by the Moscow mathematicians Anatolii Fomenko and Gleb Nosovskii, called the “New Chronology,” has elicited a heated response in Russia from professional historians and other scholars. Fomenko and Nosovskii’s methodology purports to be good natural science (mathematics and astronomy), but it is actually bad humanities (history and linguistics) research. Because its conclusions are worthless, the support engendered by the New Chronology among the Russian public requires explanation and sheds light on the current status of historiography and historical memory in Russia. In addition, more study is needed of the New Chronology’s relationship to Marxism, nationalism, and Eurasianism, its attitude toward religion and possible anti-Semitism.Who Was Not Ivan the Terrible,Who Ivan the Terrible Was NotThe New Chronology’s contention that “Ivan IV” is really a composite of four rulers is science fi ction, but legitimate scholars have also proposed that Ivan had multiple identities to resolve contradictions and shed more light upon Ivan’s reign. However, newer attempts to attribute multiple names to Ivan and to ascribe literary alter egos to him are as unconvincing as earlier theories that Ivan’s reign was divided into “good” and “bad” phases or the more recent contention that Ivan’s writings are seventeenth-century apocrypha. There was one and only one Ivan the Terrible, and one is more than enough.
Dead mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum protects transplanted cotton plants agains fungal wilts in a saline field
Authors: Zhang H. J. , Dong H. Z. , Li W. J. 
Published: December 2011

Previous studies have shown that the dead mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum at 900-1,500 kg ha–1 effectively controlled Fusarium and Verticillium wilt of cotton. Our objective was to determine if the dead mycelium is also effective at lower rates under a cotton seedling transplanting system. Columned soil blocks (500 g each), made of fertile soil alone in the first experiment, and both soil and dead mycelium at varying rates in the second experiment, were sown with cotton seeds in 2006 and 2007. Seedlings in the mycelium-free blocks were drenched with aqueous extract of the dead mycelium after full emergence, and then transplanted to a saline field. The disease severity of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp vasinfectum and Verticillium dahliae, leaf chlorophyll and malondialdehyde concentrations, leaf photosynthetic rate and lint yield of the transplanted plants were determined. The aqueous extract at a rate of 1 to 5% provided 18.6 to 25.6% protection against Fusarium wilt but not against Verticillium wilt. Lint yield was slightly increased with the aqueous extract in 2006, but not in 2007. The incorporation of the dead mycelium to soil blocks before sowing was effective in controlling both the Fusarium and Verticillium wilts of cotton. Dead mycelium applied at 1 to 3% (w/w) provided 26-30% protection against Fusarium wilt and 48-50% protection against Verticillium wilt, and increased lint yield by 13-14%. Such incorporation also delayed leaf senescence as indicated by the increased leaf photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content, and reduced malondialdehyde concentrations. Incorporation of the dead mycelium of P. chrysogenum into soil blocks at a relatively lower rate (270 kg ha–1) would be an effective application mode for wilt control in sustainable cotton production.
n‐GaAs/InGaP/p‐GaAs Core‐Multishell Nanowire Diodes for Efficient Light‐to‐Current Conversion
Authors: Gutsche Christoph , Lysov Andrey , Braam Daniel , Regolin Ingo , Keller Gregor , Li Zi‐An , Geller Martin , Spasova Marina , Prost Werner , Tegude Franz‐Josef 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHeterostructure n‐GaAs/InGaP/p‐GaAs core‐multishell nanowire diodes are synthesized by metal‐organic vapor‐phase epitaxy. This structure allows a reproducible, selective wet etching of the individual shells and therefore a simplified contacting of single nanowire p‐i‐n junctions. Nanowire diodes show leakage currents in a low pA range and at a high rectification ratio of 3500 (at ±1V). Pronounced electroluminescence at 1.4 eV is measured at room temperature and gives evidence of the device quality. Photocurrent generation is demonstrated at the complete area of the nanowire p‐i‐n junction by scanning photocurrent microscopy. A solar‐conversion efficiency of 4.7%, an open‐circuit voltage of 0.5 V and a fill factor of 52% are obtained under AM 1.5G conditions. These results will guide the development of nanowire‐based photonic and photovoltaic devices.
Self‐Assembling Peptides as Cell‐Interactive Scaffolds
Authors: Wu Elizabeth C. , Zhang Shuguang , Hauser Charlotte A. E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCell and tissue engineering therapies for regenerative medicine as well as cell‐based assays require an understanding of the interactions between cells with the surrounding microenvironment at the nanoscale. Engineering a cell‐interactive scaffold therefore entails control over the nanostructure of the biomaterial. Peptides that are able to self‐assemble into 3D scaffolds have emerged as interesting biomaterials for directing cell behavior, with desirable properties such as the capability of tuning the nanostructure by modulating the amino acid composition. Here, an overview of the development of self‐assembling peptide hydrogels as functional cell scaffolds is presented, highlighting recent work on incorporating features such as bioactive ligands, growth factor delivery, controlled degradation, and formulation into microgels for defined cell microenvironments.
Hierarchical Y and USY Zeolites Designed by Post‐Synthetic Strategies
Authors: Verboekend Danny , Vilé Gianvito , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStrategic combinations of affordable and scalable post‐synthetic modifications enabled to design a broad family of hierarchical Y and USY zeolites (FAU topology) independent on the Si/Al ratio. Pristine (Y, Si/Al = 2.4), steamed (USY, Si/Al = 2.6), and steamed and dealuminated (USY, Si/Al = 15 and 30) zeolites were exposed to a variety of acid (H4EDTA and Na2H2EDTA) and base (NaOH) treatments, which led to the introduction of mesopore surfaces up to 500 m2 g−1, while preserving the intrinsic zeolite properties. Pristine Y and USY zeolites (Si/Al ∼ 2.5) required mild dealumination (to Si/Al > 4 in the case of Y) to facilitate subsequent efficient desilication. Alkaline treatment of Y and USY zeolites with low Si/Al ratios (∼4–6) led to an abundance of Al‐rich debris, which could be removed by a subsequent mild acid wash. On the other hand, severely steamed and dealuminated, hence Si‐rich, USY zeolites (Si/Al = 15 and 30) proved extremely sensitive to the alkaline solution, displaying facile dissolution and substantial amorphization. For the latter group of ultra‐stable Y zeolites, the presence of TPA+ in the alkaline solution enables to protect the zeolite structures upon the introduction of mesoporosity by desilication, preserving crystallinity and micropore volume. The sorption and catalytic properties of the hierarchical Y and USY zeolites were superior compared to the conventional counterparts.
Age‐related changes of digital endocranial volume during human ontogeny: Results from an osteological reference collection
Authors: Coqueugniot Hélène , Hublin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEndocranial volume (EV) estimation is widely used in physical anthropology for assessing brain size differences between taxa and monitoring the emergence of brain growth patterns in modern humans. However, to date, no reference data are available for modern human EV ontogeny. We measured 94 skulls with known sex and age (ranging from 0 to 7.5 years) from the osteological collection of Strasbourg University (OCSU) by using an accurate digital active contour model algorithm on 3D virtual models, reconstructed by CT. The OCSU data also allow us to propose improved equations for estimating EV in immature individuals from dry skull diameters (length, width, and height). Aside from the EV, the average proportional endocranial volume (PEV), corresponding to the ratio of EV at a given age to the average EV in the corresponding adult population, was also computed. EV nearly doubles during the first year of life, and later continues to expand more slowly, at least until 7 years of age. No sex differences can be demonstrated between the EV distributions of boys and girls in this sample. However, although PEV at birth is identical in girls and boys, it later displays significantly higher values in the girls of our series. PEV obtained at birth is 22%, which is quite different from values established for the brain itself from autopsied individuals, or MRI data. This suggests that assessments of EV and PEV values in fossil specimens should be conducted by using identical measures in comparative samples of extant humans and apes. Am J Phys Anthropol 147:312–318, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic Evaluation of CapG, Gelsolin, P‐gp, GSTP1, and Topo‐II Proteins in Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zhu Wang‐Yu , Hunag Yan‐Yan , Liu Xiao‐Guang , He Jian‐Ying , Chen Dong‐Dong , Zeng Fang , Zhou Ji‐Hang , Zhang Yong‐Kui 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMetastasis and multidrug resistance (MDR) are the main reasons for the poor prognosis of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The use of biomarkers may contribute to a more accurate prediction of tumor metastasis, a better response to chemotherapy, and better patient survival. Gelsolin‐like actin‐capping protein (CapG) and gelsolin have been identified as playing important roles in tumor invasion and metastasis. Permeability glycoprotein (P‐gp), glutathione S‐transferase pi (GSTP1), and topoisomerase‐II (Topo‐II) are proteins that are closely related to MDR. In this study, we assessed the prognostic significance of CapG and gelsolin (both markers of tumor motility), and of P‐gp, GSTP1, and Topo‐II (markers of MDR) in NSCLC patients. One hundred and twenty‐one patients with pathologically confirmed, resectable NSCLC were included in the study. The expression levels of the five kinds of proteins mentioned above were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The correlation between the clinical characteristics and IHC findings were analyzed. Expression of CapG, gelsolin, and P‐gp was found to be associated with an increased risk of death (Hazard Ratio (HR) = 2.799, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.2705–6.169, P = 0.011; HR = 3.968, 95% CI = 1.811–8.693, P = 0.001; HR = 3.251, 95% CI = 1.456–7.260, P = 0.004, respectively), whereas expression of GSTP1 and Topo‐II was not. These results suggest that higher tumor motility and MDR may be important in NSCLC prognosis. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporation of Manganese Complexes into Xylanase: New Artificial Metalloenzymes for Enantioselective Epoxidation
Authors: Allard Mathieu , Dupont Claude , Muñoz Robles Victor , Doucet Nicolas , Lledós Agustí , Maréchal Jean‐Didier , Urvoas Agathe , Mahy Jean‐Pierre , Ricoux Rémy 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHere we report the best artificial metalloenzyme to date for the selective oxidation of aromatic alkenes; it was obtained by noncovalent insertion of MnIII‐meso‐tetrakis(p‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin [Mn(TpCPP), 1‐Mn] into a host protein, xylanase 10A from Streptomyces lividans (Xln10A). Two metallic complexes—N,N′‐ethylene bis(2‐hydroxybenzylimine)‐5,5′‐dicarboxylic acid MnIII [(Mn‐salen), 2‐Mn] and 1‐Mn—were associated with Xln10A, and the two hybrid biocatalysts were characterised by UV–visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism and molecular modelling. Only the artificial metalloenzyme based on 1‐Mn and Xln10A was studied for its catalytic properties in the oxidation of various substituted styrene derivatives by KHSO5: after optimisation, the 1‐Mn‐Xln10A artificial metalloenzyme was able to catalyse the oxidation of para‐methoxystyrene by KHSO5 with a 16 % yield and the best enantioselectivity (80 % in favour of the R isomer) ever reported for an artificial metalloenzyme.
Synthesis of Fe3O4@Phenol Formaldehyde Resin Core–Shell Nanospheres Loaded with Au Nanoparticles as Magnetic FRET Nanoprobes for Detection of Thiols in Living Cells
Authors: Yang Ping , Xu Qi‐Zhi , Jin Sheng‐Yu , Zhao Yang , Lu Yang , Xu Xue‐Wei , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA magnetic, sensitive, and selective fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe for detection of thiols in living cells was designed and prepared. The FRET probe consists of an Fe3O4 core, a green‐luminescent phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR) shell, and Au nanoparticles (NPs) as FRET quenching agent on the surface of the PFR shell. The Fe3O4 NPs were used as the core and coated with green‐luminescent PFR nanoshells by a simple hydrothermal approach. Au NPs were then loaded onto the surface of the PFR shell by electric charge absorption between Fe3O4@PFR and Au NPs after modifying the Fe3O4@PFR nanocomposites with polymers to alter the charge of the PFR shell. Thus, a FRET probe can be designed on the basis of the quenching effect of Au NPs on the fluorescence of Fe3O4@PFR nanocomposites. This magnetic and sensitive FRET probe was used to detect three kinds of primary biological thiols (glutathione, homocysteine, and cysteine) in cells. Such a multifunctional fluorescent probe shows advantages of strong magnetism for sample separation, sensitive response for sample detection, and low toxicity without injury to cellular components.
One‐Reactor Design for the Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass under High Pressure
Authors: Zetzl Carsten , Gairola Krishan , Kirsch Christian , Perez‐Cantu Lilia , Smirnova Irina 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFür die vollständige Verwertung lignocellulosehaltiger Bio‐Reststoffe werden verschiedenste Verfahren genutzt, die sich jeweils beeinflussen. In dieser Arbeit werden nachhaltige, auf Wasser, CO2 und Enzymen basierende Prozesse betrachtet. Der Vergleich der relevanten Prozessparameter Temperatur, Druck und Verweilzeit zeigt, dass sich die verschiedenen Verfahren in einem einzigen Reaktorkonzept zusammenführen lassen. Dies ermöglicht ein objektives und effizientes Screening unterschiedlicher Bio‐Reststoffe. Interaktionen zwischen den Biomassekomponenten werden betrachtet und daraus eine sinnvolle Prozessreihenfolge abgeleitet, die Abbauprodukte minimiert und zu möglichst hochwertigen Produkten führt.
A layered classification for malicious function identification and malware detection
Authors: Liu Ting , Guan Xiaohong , Qu Yu , Sun Yanan 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYMillions of new malicious programs are produced by the mature industry of malware production. These programs have tremendous challenges on the signature‐based antivirus products. Machine learning techniques are applicable for detecting unknown malicious programs without knowing their signatures. In this paper, a layered classification method is developed to detect malwares with a two‐layer framework. The low‐level‐classifier is employed to identify whether the programs perform any malicious functions according to the API‐calls of the programs; the up‐level‐classifier is applied to detect malwares according to the function identification. A hybrid structure called Type‐Function, constituting of the classification results of low‐level‐classifier and up‐level‐classifier, is proposed to describe the malware. This method is compared with Naive Bayes, decision tree, and boosting using a comprehensive test dataset containing 16,135 malwares and 1800 benign programs. The experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms other algorithms in terms of detection accuracy. Moreover, the Type‐Function structure is proved as an unprejudiced and effective method for malware description. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of human‐following robot based on cooperative positioning with an intelligent space
Authors: Morioka Kazuyuki , Oinaga Yudai , Nakamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes a localization method based on interactive communication between a mobile robot and a networked laser range scanner installed in an intelligent space and achieves human‐following control of a mobile robot with the method. Generally, human tracking with cameras or laser range scanners on board the robots has been utilized for control of mobile robots to follow human walking. In addition to human tracking, mobile robots have to perform position estimation simultaneously. There are constraints in measurement for landmark detection or SLAM, because the target human walks close to the robot during human following. Thus, the proposed system considers the utilization of an intelligent environment where the sensors are distributed. The proposed system performs mutual exchange of position and heading information between the mobile robot and the networked laser range scanner. The networked laser range scanner searches and detects the target human and the robot based on the position information sent from the robot. The robot receives the detection results from the networked laser range scanner. Then, the estimated position is updated and reference velocities for human‐following control are calculated from the results. Estimation errors of odometry in the robot and unstable target tracking by the networked laser range scanner are compensated with this system. In this paper, communication timing between the robot and the networked laser range scanners while human‐following is discussed. Human‐following experiments are performed and the results are shown. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(1): 20–30, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10391
Guanidine Electron Donors and Silver Halides: Interplay and Competition between Redox, Coordination and Polymerization Reactions
Authors: Emeljanenko Dimitri , Horn Julian , Kaifer Elisabeth , Wadepohl Hubert , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRedox reactions compete with coordination and polymerization reactions when the organic electron donor and ligand, 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(tetramethylguanidino)benzene (1), is dissolved together with silver halides AgX (X = Cl, Br or I) in solvents of different polarity. The complex results obtained for the relatively simple system 1/AgX highlight the importance of solvent effects. A variety of chain polymers have been synthesized in which the guanidine electron‐donor building blocks are connected by silver halide clusters of different sizes.
Dendritic Architectures with Positively Charged Cores and Negatively Charged Shells
Authors: Schunk Torsten , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new family of dipolar ionic dendrimers that consist of a cationic pyridinium core surrounded by a negatively charged shell of carboxylic acids was successfully synthesized and characterized. Both spherical architectures and examples of amphiphiles with a dipolar head group were synthesized. Studies of the aggregation behaviour in aqueous solution by determining the cmc values were performed. This new type of dipolar core–shell dendrons can be considered as molecular architectures that contain a positively charged nucleus covalently incorporated within a negatively charged shell.
Polypyrrole Microcapsules in All‐solid‐state Reference Electrodes
Authors: Kisiel Anna , Kijewska Krystyna , Mazur Maciej , Maksymiuk Krzysztof , Michalska Agata 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAs shown by earlier reports, heterogeneous membranes containing solid AgCl and KCl in the presence of equimolar amount of cation‐ and anion‐exchanger placed on substrate prove to be interesting options for preparation of robust and stable all‐solid state reference electrodes. The additional benefits can arise from encapsulation of components of (all‐solid‐state) reference electrode membranes within polypyrrole microcapsules, prior to introducing them into a membrane of the reference electrode. The aim was to verify whether microvessels can improve the performance of reference electrodes – yielding better stability of potentials compared to other proposed arrangements – due to the presence of conducting polymer and/or encapsulation of membrane components. Polypyrrole microcapsules filled with either KCl or AgNO3 solutions were prepared using a novel photopolymerization method. The resulting microstructured material was introduced as such (KCl filled capsules) or after contact with KCl aiming AgCl formation (AgNO3 filled capsules) to the poly(vinyl chloride) membrane of the all‐solid‐state reference electrode.
The postbaccalaureate goals of college women in STEM
Authors: Cole Darnell , Espinoza Araceli 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCurrent research on undergraduate women continues to provide insight on what dissuades, attracts, and retains them in STEM programs; however, less is known about their postbaccalaureate goals. Using social cognitive career theory (SCCT) as the theoretical framework, this chapter discusses the relationships among self‐efficacy, the college environment, and women's postbaccalaureate goals.