bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 Aromas and Wine Wheels
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWine descriptions since 1980 have shifted toward specific aromas in wines. Two important influences have been Robert M. Parker's olfactory descriptions and Ann Noble's Aroma Wheel and Sparkling Wine Wheel. More recently, a Mouthfeel Wheel was also constructed by Gawel et. al. The wine wheels consist of three concentric circles: words on the inner-most ring are the most general, such as fruity. The middle ring is slightly more specific, as in tropical fruit, and the outer ring, to which more examples can be added, is the most specific, such as pineapple, mango, papaya, and banana. The wheels are purely descriptive; hedonic judgments are not part of the structure.
8 The Stanford Subjects
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSubjects in the Stanford group had not drunk or discussed wine with one another before the experiments. At some sessions subjects worked alone to describe (usually) three different wines of the same color but from different countries and different grape varietals. Tasks included free descriptions, selecting words from a list of 145 descriptors, and deciding if a descriptor was appropriate for each wine. At other sessions subjects had partners where they had to agree on wine descriptions or each subject tried to match the same wines with the partner's descriptions. Results showed little consensus on all the tasks. Two contributing factors were differences in liking or disliking the wine and the differences in norms used for scalar judgments.
Educating, informing, and mobilizing the public
Authors: Schoch-Spana Monica 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the education, information, and mobilization of the public after the 9/11 attacks. It addresses the constructive public response, devising public-communication strategies, providing practical information, educating the public to use health services wisely, activating civil-society organizations, and utilizing volunteers. The chapter concludes that the wide range of positive public responses to the consequences of terrorist attacks in 2001 indicates that health and safety professionals need to reassess their assumptions about the public's capacity to respond constructively after a terrorist attack.
Chemical weapons
Authors: Spanjaard Herman , Khabib Oxana 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes chemical weapons, including the history of their development and use in World War I and beyond, classification of chemical weapons, and international control of chemical weapons. It also describes potential chemical weapons of the future. Weapons such as nerve agents, vesicants, pulmonary-damaging agents, cynanide, blood agents, riot-control agents, and tear gas are all discussed.
Protecting food, water, and ambient air
Authors: Hedberg Craig W. , Bender Jeffrey B. , Vesley Donald 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes protecting food, water, and ambient air. It discusses progress in developing and implementing environmental health measures during the 20th century. It describes challenges that terrorism poses to protecting food, water, and ambient air. It describes threats to crops and livestock, to food processing and distribution, to water, and to ambient air, and makes recommendations for addressing these threats.
CHAPTER ONE Fontanetto and Turin, 1755–79
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes Viotti's early years: his childhood in the village of Fontanetto Po, Piedmont, Italy, his patronage by the Prince Dal Pozzo della Cisterna in Turin, and his early training with the great exponent of the Piedmontese school of violin playing, Gaetano Pugnani. Viotti's early career as a violinist in the opera house of Turin, the Teatro Regio, and in the royal chapel orchestra is considered at length.
CHAPTER TWO Grand Tour, 1780–81
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the grand tour of Europe that Viotti and his teacher, Pugnani, undertook in 1780, which lasted for two years. An important eyewitness account of Viotti's playing in Geneva is given, as well as an account of the two musicians' visits to Berne, and the courts of Dresden, and Berlin and Potsdam, where they played for Frederick the Great and made music with Frederick's nephew, the Prince of Prussia. From there they went to Warsaw, where they were fêted by the Polish king, and to St. Petersburg, where they played for Catherine the Great, and to Moscow. After retracing their steps to Berlin the two Italians parted company—Pugnani returned to Turin and Viotti went to Paris. An account is given of Viotti's early works and his emergence as a world-class violinist.
CHAPTER FOUR Paris, 1789–92
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes Viotti's three-and-a-half years as the codirector of the Théâtre de Monsieur, later the Théâtre de la rue Feydeau, which was acclaimed for its productions of Italian opera buffa. Viotti's professional association with Luigi Cherubini, who was composer-in-residence in the theater, and who became Viotti's lifelong friend, is described. The chapter devotes considerable space to Viotti's extraordinary, unsuccessful attempt to gain control of the Paris Opéra. Viotti's organization of a series of concerts in his theater is treated at length. The effect of the French Revolution on his career is considered (Viotti fled to London in July 1792).
Chronic respiratory disease epidemiology
Authors: Speizer Frank E. , Tager Ira B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of the epidemiology of chronic respiratory disease. The modern era of the study of the epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) did not blossom until the middle of the 20th century. Before that time clinicians generally believed that much of the symptomatology associated with the disease represented a ‘normal’ state. In the last fifteen years, much of the epidemiological research has been directed to identifying the characteristics of these subgroups at risk before clinical disease is apparent.
Epidemiology in war and disasters
Authors: Armenian Haroutune K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a review of important landmarks and innovations that have marked the use of epidemiology in disasters over the past fifty years. It presents some examples of projects that were conducted in wartime and during disasters that highlight the role of epidemiologists in such situations. It argues that much of what is being done in this area is palliative rather than preventive. Although philosophically epidemiologists may have no difficulty in accepting a role as public health professionals in the prevention of disasters, in particular man-made ones, but when they get to wars as a disaster situation, they may not be as clear about their commitment in its prevention.
Epidemiological methods: a view from Africa
Authors: Lucas Adetokunbo O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the development of epidemiology in Africa. The development of epidemiology can be viewed in three broad historical dimensions: the age of discovery, largely dominated by work on communicable diseases; wider applications of epidemiology to chronic diseases and accidents; and modern epidemiology including sophisticated applications of epidemiological tools including mathematical modelling. Cross-national studies and epidemiological research capacity in Africa are also discussed.
The development of epidemiology in New Zealand and the South Pacific
Authors: Prior Ian , Beaglehole Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the development of epidemiology in New Zealand with a focus on the last fifty years and on cardiovascular diseases, which by about 1950 had become the leading cause of death in New Zealand. The story is told from the perspective of the first author who was instrumental in ensuring that epidemiology took hold and eventually flourished in New Zealand as it responded to the challenges of the health transition and the growing epidemics of chronic diseases.
History of modern epidemiology: Italy
Authors: Saracci Rodolfo , Terracini Benedetto , Merletti Franco 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of epidemiology in Italy. Starting with the strong basis of genetics and the social movement of the 1960s, epidemiology began to gain a foothold in academic institutions. A major impetus for use of the subject was the need to investigate a number of environmental disasters. The creation of the Associazione Italiano di Epidemiologia (Italian Association of Epidemiologists) provided a firm foundation for the subject and it has prospered greatly since then.
Introduction to information theory
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces some of the basic concepts of information theory, as well as the definitions and notations of probability theory that are used throughout the book. It defines the fundamental notions of entropy, relative entropy, and mutual information. It also presents the main questions of information theory: data compression and data transmission. Finally, it offers a brief introduction to error correcting codes and Shannon's theory.
Number partitioning
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNumber partitioning is one of the most basic optimization problems. It is very easy to state: ‘Given the values of N assets, is there a fair partition of them into two sets?’ Nevertheless, it is very difficult to solve: it belongs to the NP-complete category, and the known heuristics are often not very good. It is also a problem with practical applications, for instance in multiprocessor scheduling. This chapter focuses on a particularly difficult case: the partitioning of a list of independent uniformly distributed random numbers. It discusses the phase transition occurring when the range of numbers varies, and shows that low cost configurations — the ones with a small unbalance between the two sets — can be seen as independent energy levels. Hence the model behaves analogously to the Random Energy Model.
Satisfiability
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBecause of Cook's theorem, satisfiability lies at the heart of computational complexity theory. This chapter presents some selected research directions, focusing on ensembles of random satisfiability instances. When the density of constraints is increased, a phase transition between a SAT and an UNSAT phase take place. Properly tuned ensembles with a density close to the transition point provide a generator of particularly hard instances. The nature of this transition is discussed, and bounds on the critical density are obtained. On the algorithmic side, the discussion focuses on exhaustive search algorithms based on tree-search, and on random walk procedures.
Linear equations with Boolean variables
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSolving a system of linear equations over a finite field is arguably one of the most fundamental operations in mathematics. This chapter considers a specific ensemble of random linear systems over Boolean variables, named XORSAT, and discusses the structure of its set of solutions. In large instances, the affine subspace of solutions can exhibit a remarkably rich geometrical structure. When the ratio of equations to variables is increased, the system first gets into an intermediate phase where solutions cluster in many well separated regions of the hypercube. Then it encounters a second phase transition and gets into an ‘UNSAT’ phase where the probability of existence of a solution vanishes. The study uses belief propagation equations, and a combinatorial analysis of the 2-core in the associated factor graph.
A life course approach to obesity
Authors: Kuh Diana , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines non-genetic determinants of obesity from fetal life to adolescence. Topics covered include measurement of overweight and obesity, critical or sensitive periods for obesity development, the prenatal period, infancy and the period of adiposity rebound. It also considers how one might intervene to address multiple behaviours.
A life course approach to neuropsychiatric outcomes
Authors: Kuh Diana , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that neuropsychiatric outcomes over the life course may be associated with exposures during critical times of brain development and with cumulative exposures over the life course. This chapter examines three models of the relationship of exposure timing to neuropsychiatric outcomes. First, it considers prenatal nutrition deprivation and its potential effects on neural tube defects and schizophrenia. Second, an example is chosen where a severe prenatal insult (maternal thyroid hormone deficiency due to lack of iodine in the diet) leads to a frank disorder (creatinism) and a lesser prenatal insult (material suboptimal thyroid function) leads to a more subtle deficit (cognitive deficit). Third, it considers an example of cumulative exposure (prenatal and postnatal exposure to environmental lead) that leads to subtle deficits in neuropsychological function. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the complexity of neuropsychological development over the life course.
Fetal growth and development: the role of nutrition and other factors
Authors: Kuh Diana , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the sources of variation in fetal growth, in particular nutrition in the context of the fetal nutritional programming hypothesis. The influence of fetal and maternal genotype on fetal growth is considered and set in the context of non-genetic intergenerational influences on birthweight, such as the mother's height and her own birthweight. The concept of programming is considered both with reference to nutritional programming and the wider view of programming, with particular reference to the hormonal, metabolic, and circulatory milieu to which the fetus is exposed.
Sicioeconomic pathways between childhood and adult health
Authors: Kuh Diana , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter develops the idea that aspects of socioeconomic environment throughout life affect adult health and disease risk. It discusses etiological studies that examine how variations in adult disease outcomes are related to socioeconomic factors at different life stages to understand better biological chains in risk. It reviews studies of social chains of risk that have investigated either the extent to which individuals experience continuity in their socioeconomic environment or how they interact with their environment in ways that lead to socially patterned exposures that may develop or damage personal and health capital.
Country review: Brazil
Authors: Ramos-Filho Celso Ferreira , Santos Cledy Eliana dos 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a description of the epidemiology of AIDS and HIV in Brazil. It then discusses treatment, results of free access to antiretroviral drugs, co-infection, and prevention. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil was detected early in the 1980s. Its progress seems to have been at least partially curbed by early and integrated response, including the establishment of an inclusive epidemiological surveillance system. The epidemic is characterized as concentrated since the prevalence among certain vulnerable groups is higher than 5%, but it is below 1% in the general population.
Maintaining and developing health systems to sustain HAART
Authors: Nixon Stephanie , Veenstra Nina 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on countries where the impact of HAART on health systems is likely to be most significant; the analysis targets countries with fragile health systems, high HIV prevalence, and generalized epidemics — the scenario in sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on secondary data in the form of published studies, it considers assumptions about the potential impact of HAART on health systems in sub-Saharan Africa and contrasts them with lessons that are currently being learned through empirical research. It argues that the current exceptional and largely vertical approach to provision of HAART in sub-Saharan Africa is an appropriate response, provided it is accompanied by simultaneous efforts to ensure that the rise of HIV incidence is stemmed as quickly as possible.
Introduction
Authors: Bordag M. , Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mohideen U. , Mostepanenko V. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter discusses the general physical foundations of the Casimir effect as manifestation of the existence of zero-point vacuum oscillations. Connections between the Casimir force, the van der Waals force, and other physical phenomena of quantum electrodynamics caused by the existence of zero-point oscillations are considered. Specifically, it is explained that the Casimir force between material boundaries can be interpreted as simply a retarded van der Waals force. The Casimir effect is presented as a multidisciplinary subject which plays an important role in condensed matter physics, elementary particle physics, atomic physics, gravitation and cosmology, mathematical physics, and nanotechnology. The chapter ends with a guide to the book explaining the structure of the book, with brief detail on the content of each chapter, and the main notation.
The Lifshitz Theory of Atom―Wall Interactions
Authors: Bordag M. , Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mohideen U. , Mostepanenko V. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter obtains a Lifshitz-type formula for the atom-wall interaction considering one of the two walls as a rarefied medium. This formula is applied for various wall materials and various atoms. It is shown that the Casimir interaction between an atom and a metal wall does not depend on the model of the metal used. The respective Casimir entropy satisfies the Nernst heat theorem. In the case of an atom interacting with a dielectric wall, the Lifshitz theory is thermodynamically consistent if the dc conductivity of the dielectric material is neglected. If the dc conductivity of the dielectric wall is included in the model of the dielectric response, the Nernst heat theorem is violated. The atom-wall interaction is also considered when the wall material is magnetic, anisotropic and in the nonequilibrium case when the temperatures of the wall and of the environment are different.
Measurements of the Casimir Force Between Metals
Authors: Bordag M. , Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mohideen U. , Mostepanenko V. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter starts chronologically with the first measurement, by means of a torsion pendulum, in the recent phase of Casimir force experiments. Then the main breakthroughs in the measurement of the Casimir force between metallic surfaces are presented. One of them was the first demonstration of corrections to the Casimir force due to the nonzero skin depth and surface roughness by means of an atomic force microscope. Another breakthrough was a series of precise indirect measurements of the Casimir pressure by means of a micromechanical torsional oscillator. These measurements allowed a definitive choice between different theoretical approaches to the thermal Casimir force for real metal surfaces. Many other experiments performed in the last few years are also presented, specifically one measurement using the configuration of two parallel plates. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of proposed experiments using metallic surfaces.
Measurements of the Casimir―Polder Force
Authors: Bordag M. , Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mohideen U. , Mostepanenko V. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractModern laboratory techniques make possible the investigation of the role of the Casimir–Polder force in experiments on Bose–Einstein condensation and quantum reflection. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the collective oscillations of a Bose–Einstein condensate of ultracold atoms provide a sensitive probe of Casimir–Polder forces. Later, the first measurement of the temperature dependence of the Casimir–Polder force was performed in this way. The Casimir–Polder interaction plays an important role in the scattering of atoms on various surfaces. Of special interest are situations where the wave nature of an atom dominates in comparison with its classical behavior as a particle (this is referred to as quantum reflection). This chapter considers both of the latter two types of experiments in connection with the properties of the Casimir–Polder force.
Enough for the Future
Authors: Meyer Lukas H. , Roser Dominic 
Published: September 2009

AbstractReflecting the normative significance of specific features of intergenerational relations this chapter investigates the justice claims of future people vis-à-vis currently living people. It discusses sufficientarian and egalitarian conceptions of justice, and argues that a sufficientarian approach is appropriate in the intergenerational context. This conclusion is based, first, on the argument that by relying on a threshold conception of harm we can solve the non-identity problem and that there are good reasons to specify the relevant threshold in sufficientarian terms. Second, it is based upon an examination of reasons given for a sufficientarian understanding of global justice. These reasons are shown to speak even more strongly for a sufficientarian understanding of intergenerational justice.
The Phenomenon of the Multinational Enterprise Group
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe significant phenomenon of multinational enterprise group (MEG) may come about using different structures and organizational patterns. This chapter first discusses the emergence and growth of the MEG phenomenon which is based on the rise of the multinational enterprise on one hand and the emergence of the corporate group business pattern on the other. It also considers different legal structures which may be regarded as groups. The chapter concludes with suggesting what should be the meaning of MEG for the purpose of addressing the problem of insolvency within MEGs.
Insolvency Goals in Legal Systems
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChapters 2 and 3 established that assessing the problem of insolvency within MEGs should be done in light of insolvency goals. This chapter attempts to identify shared key objectives and tasks of insolvency systems which are also desirable on the policy level. Based on existing theories of insolvency law, the chapter considers what could be perceived as key values of insolvency systems and their corresponding tasks. It then shows that such objectives are also widely accepted among different legal regimes, primarily referring to key insolvency objectives as stressed in the UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law.
Physiological integration of innate immunity
Authors: Schneider David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Understanding how insect immunity is regulated requires studying the interactions of all those aspects of physiology that impact immunity. This includes both resistance and tolerance aspects of defence as well as all of the other assorted physiological systems of the insect that alter the immune response. It is hypothesized that an insect's innate immune responses is in the centre of a physiological net and the immune response is sensitive to changes throughout this net. This chapter tries to tie all of these physiological strands together and demonstrate how innate immunity alters the gross physiology of an insect and how the gross physiology, in turn, alters the immune response. An emergent property that falls out of this analysis is the prediction of several types of physiological collapse — these collapses result from positive-feedback loops that lead to amplified and damage-inducing immune/physiological responses.