bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatially Resolved Compositional Analysis of a BCN Thin Film Grown on a Ni Substrate by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Suzuki Satoru , Hibino Hiroki 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTA thin film consisting of boron, carbon, and nitrogen (BCN) was grown on a polycrystalline Ni substrate by thermal chemical vapor deposition. The local elemental composition of the BCN film was analyzed by scanning Auger electron spectroscopy. The film is elementally highly inhomogeneous and consists of domains with a typical size of 1-10 μm and irregular shapes. The domain structure is strongly related to the structure of the grains of the polycrystalline Ni film beneath the domain. A thick domain is often formed on a small Ni grain. On a large and flat Ni grain, the film thickness is relatively small, and both the boron and nitrogen contents are often below the detection limit, indicating that it is a graphene domain. Boron and nitrogen contents are highly correlated, which is consistent with formation of hexagonal boron nitride. However, unbalanced boron and nitrogen contents are observed from thick domains.
The Photoelectric Properties of Oxygen-deficient Mixed-phase TiO2 Nanotube Arrays
Authors: Chen Chun-Hsien , Shieh Jay , Liao Hua-Yang 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe photoelectric properties of oxygen-deficient titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube arrays are investigated in this study. The TiO2 nanotube arrays are prepared by anodization, followed by annealing at 450 to 750 °C for 3 h in air to form different crystalline phase mixtures. When the annealing temperature is increased, several phenomena are observed: (1) the ratio of anatase to rutile decreases, (2) the anatase nanotubes are shortened and (3) the thickness of the dense rutile film layer underneath the anatase nanotubes increases. The efficiency of visible light absorption of the nanotube arrays is enhanced with increasing annealing temperature. This is believed to be caused by the ionic defects, especially the oxygen vacancies, generated during the annealing procedure, enabling the absorption of low-energy radiations. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile analysis provides the supporting evidence on the chemical nonstoichiometry (i.e., oxygen-deficiency) of the TiO2 nanotube arrays annealed at high temperature. With increasing annealing temperature, a decrease and an increase in the photocurrent density of the nanotube arrays under UV and visible light (wavelength > 500 nm) irradiations, respectively, are detected. The decrease of the photocurrent density under UV irradiation is caused by the reduction in the specific surface area (i.e., anatase nanotubes transform into rutile film with vigorous annealing). In contrast, the increase of the photocurrent density under visible light irradiation is contributed to the oxygen vacancies in the nanostructure, providing extra electron energy levels (locating below the conduction band of TiO2) within the band structure.
Incidence and Outcomes of BK Virus Allograft Nephropathy among ABO- and HLA-Incompatible Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Sharif Adnan , Alachkar Nada , Bagnasco Serena , Geetha Duvuru , Gupta Gaurav , Womer Karl , Arend Lois , Racusen Lorraine , Montgomery Robert , Kraus Edward 
Published: May 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
ABO-incompatible kidney transplant recipients may have a higher incidence of BK virus allograft nephropathy (BKVAN) compared with ABO-compatible recipients. It is unclear whether HLA-incompatible recipients share this risk or whether this phenomenon is unique to ABO-incompatible recipients.

Design, setting, participation, & measurements
This study analyzed adult incompatible kidney transplant recipients from 1998 to 2010 (62 ABO-incompatible and 221 HLA-incompatible) and identified patients in whom BKVAN was diagnosed by biopsy (per protocol or for cause). This was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database that compared BKVAN incidence and outcomes between ABO- and HLA-incompatible recipients, respectively. BKVAN link to rejection and graft accommodation phenotype were also explored. The Johns Hopkins Institutional Review Board approved this study.

Results
Risk for BKVAN was greater among ABO-incompatible than HLA-incompatible patients (17.7% versus 5.9%; P=0.008). Of BKVAN cases, 42% were subclinical, diagnosed by protocol biopsy. ABO-incompatibility and age were independent predictors for BKVAN on logistic regression. C4d deposition without histologic features of glomerulitis and capillaritis (graft accommodation-like phenotype) on 1-year biopsies of ABO-incompatible patients with and without BKVAN was 40% and 75.8%, respectively (P=0.04). Death-censored graft survival (91%) and serum creatinine level among surviving kidneys (1.8 mg/dl) were identical in ABO- and HLA-incompatible patients with BKVAN (median, 1399 and 1017 days after transplantation, respectively).

Conclusions
ABO-incompatible kidney recipients are at greater risk for BKVAN than HLA-incompatible kidney recipients. ABO-incompatible recipients not showing the typical graft accommodation-like phenotype may be at heightened risk for BKVAN, but this observation requires replication among other groups.
Decoy Receptor 3, a Novel Inflammatory Marker, and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hung Szu-Chun , Hsu Ta-Wei , Lin Yao-Ping , Tarng Der-Cherng 
Published: May 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
Inflammation is closely associated with cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of mortality in patients with CKD. Serum decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily. CKD patients have higher levels of DcR3 than the general population, but whether DcR3 predicts mortality in CKD patients on hemodialysis has not been explored.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
DcR3 levels were measured in 316 prevalent hemodialysis patients who were followed up from November 1, 2004, to June 30, 2009, for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.

Results
The baseline DcR3 concentration showed a strong positive correlation with inflammatory markers including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). During a follow-up period of 54 months, 90 patients died (34 cardiovascular deaths). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed higher cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with higher DcR3 levels. The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the highest versus lowest tertiles of DcR3 were 2.8 (1.1–7.3; P for trend=0.04) for cardiovascular mortality and 2.1 (1.1–3.7; P for trend=0.02) for all-cause mortality, respectively. Based on the minimal increase in the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve from 0.79 to 0.80, the addition of DcR3 to established risk factors including VCAM-1, albumin, and IL-6 does not improve the prediction of mortality.

Conclusions
Higher DcR3 levels strongly correlate with inflammation and independently predict cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in CKD patients on hemodialysis.
Lorentzian similarity manifolds
Authors: Kamishima Yoshinobu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
An (m+2)-dimensional Lorentzian similarity manifold M is an affine flat manifold locally modeled on (G,ℝm+2), where G = ℝm+2 ⋊ (O(m+1, 1)×ℝ+). M is also a conformally flat Lorentzian manifold because G is isomorphic to the stabilizer of the Lorentzian group PO(m+2, 2) of the Lorentz model S
m+1,1. We discuss the properties of compact Lorentzian similarity manifolds using developing maps and holonomy representations.
A Survey of the McKenzie Classification System in the Extremities: Prevalence of Mechanical Syndromes and Preferred Loading Strategies
Authors: May Stephen J. , Rosedale Richard 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundClassification of patients with extremity problems is commonly based on patho-anatomical diagnoses, but problems exist regarding reliability and validity of the tests and diagnostic criteria used. Alternatively, a classification system based on patient response to repeated loading strategies can be used to classify and direct management.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of McKenzie's classification categories among patients with extremity problems and the loading strategies used in their management.DesignThis was a prospective, observational study.MethodsThirty therapists among 138 invited (response rate=22%) with a Diploma in Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy (MDT) were identified from the McKenzie Institute International registry and recruited worldwide to complete an e-mailed questionnaire. They provided data about their age, years qualified, years since gaining a diploma, and practice, and prospectively provided data on anatomical site and categorization for 15 consecutive patients with extremity problems.ResultsData were gathered on 388 patients; classification categories were as follows: derangement (37%); contractile dysfunction (17%); articular dysfunction (10%); and “other” (36%), of which 20% were postsurgery or posttrauma. Exercise management strategies and syndrome application varied considerably among anatomical sites. Classification categories remained consistent in 85.8% of patients over the treatment episode.LimitationsThese findings are not generalizable to therapists who are not experienced with use of MDT in the extremities.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that trained clinicians can classify patients with extremity problems into MDT classifications and that these classifications remain stable during the treatment episode. Further work is needed to test the efficacy of this system compared with other approaches, but if derangements are as common as this survey suggests, the findings have important prognostic implications because this syndrome is defined by its rapid response to repeated movements.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations after embolization: a case-control study
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Kondziolka Douglas , Flickinger John C. , Park Kyung-Jae , Iyer Aditya , Yang Huai-che , Liu Xiaomin , Monaco Edward A. , Niranjan Ajay , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: May 2012

Object
In this paper the authors' goal was to define the long-term benefits and risks of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) who underwent prior embolization.

Methods
Between 1987 and 2006, the authors performed Gamma Knife surgery in 996 patients with brain AVMs; 120 patients underwent embolization followed by SRS. In this series, 64 patients (53%) had at least one prior hemorrhage. The median number of embolizations varied from 1 to 5. The median target volume was 6.6 cm3 (range 0.2–26.3 cm3). The median margin dose was 18 Gy (range 13.5–25 Gy).

Results
After embolization, 25 patients (21%) developed symptomatic neurological deficits. The overall rates of total obliteration documented by either angiography or MRI were 35%, 53%, 55%, and 59% at 3, 4, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Factors associated with a higher rate of AVM obliteration were smaller target volume, smaller maximum diameter, higher margin dose, timing of embolization during the most recent 10-year period (1997–2006), and lower Pollock-Flickinger score. Nine patients (8%) had a hemorrhage during the latency period, and 7 patients died of hemorrhage. The actuarial rates of AVM hemorrhage after SRS were 0.8%, 3.5%, 5.4%, 7.7%, and 7.7% at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, respectively. The overall annual hemorrhage rate was 2.7%. Factors associated with a higher risk of hemorrhage after SRS were a larger target volume and a larger number of prior hemorrhages. Permanent neurological deficits due to adverse radiation effects (AREs) developed in 3 patients (2.5%) after SRS, and 1 patient had delayed cyst formation 210 months after SRS. No patient died of AREs. A larger 12-Gy volume was associated with higher risk of symptomatic AREs. Using a case-control matched approach, the authors found that patients who underwent embolization prior to SRS had a lower rate of total obliteration (p = 0.028) than patients who had not undergone embolization.

Conclusions
In this 20-year experience, the authors found that prior embolization reduced the rate of total obliteration after SRS, and that the risks of hemorrhage during the latency period were not affected by prior embolization. For patients who underwent embolization to volumes smaller than 8 cm3, success was significantly improved. A margin dose of 18 Gy or more also improved success. In the future, the role of embolization after SRS should be explored.
Stereotactic radiosurgery using the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion unit in the management of patients with 10 or more brain metastases
Authors: Grandhi Ramesh , Kondziolka Douglas , Panczykowski David , Monaco Edward A. , Kano Hideyuki , Niranjan Ajay , Flickinger John C. , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: May 2012

Object
To better establish the role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in treating patients with 10 or more intracranial metastases, the authors assessed clinical outcomes and identified prognostic factors associated with survival and tumor control in patients who underwent radiosurgery using the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion (LGK PFX) unit.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed data in all patients who had undergone LGK PFX surgery to treat 10 or more brain metastases in a single session at the University of Pittsburgh. Posttreatment imaging studies were used to assess tumor response, and patient records were reviewed for clinical follow-up data. All data were collected by a neurosurgeon who had not participated in patient care.

Results
Sixty-one patients with 10 or more brain metastases underwent SRS for the treatment of 806 tumors (mean 13.2 lesions). Seven patients (11.5%) had no previous therapy. Stereotactic radiosurgery was the sole prior treatment modality in 8 patients (13.1%), 22 (36.1%) underwent whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) only, and 16 (26.2%) had prior SRS and WBRT. The total treated tumor volume ranged from 0.14 to 40.21 cm3, and the median radiation dose to the tumor margin was 16 Gy. The median survival following SRS for 10 or more brain metastases was 4 months, with improved survival in patients with fewer than 14 brain metastases, a nonmelanomatous primary tumor, controlled systemic disease, a better Karnofsky Performance Scale score, and a lower recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class. Prior cerebral treatment did not influence survival. The median survival for a patient with fewer than 14 brain metastases, a nonmelanomatous primary tumor, and controlled systemic disease was 21.0 months. Sustained local tumor control was achieved in 81% of patients. Prior WBRT predicted the development of new adverse radiation effects.

Conclusions
Stereotactic radiosurgery safely and effectively treats intracranial disease with a high rate of local control in patients with 10 or more brain metastases. In patients with fewer metastases, a nonmelanomatous primary lesion, controlled systemic disease, and a low RPA class, SRS may be most valuable. In selected patients, it can be considered as first-line treatment.
Spatial and temporal variation of ice motion and ice flux from Devon Ice Cap, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Van Wychen Wesley , Copland Luke , Gray Laurence , Burgess Dave , Danielson Brad , Sharp Martin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpeckle tracking of repeat RADARSAT-2 fine-beam imagery acquired over 24 day periods in March 2009 allowed the creation of updated surface motion maps for the entire Devon Ice Cap, Canada. Error analysis indicates that speckle tracking can determine ice motion to an accuracy of ~5 ma-1. Comparisons with earlier velocity maps from the mid-1990s and 2000 reveal velocity patterns that largely agree with flow regimes described previously. However, motion determined along East5 Glacier indicates an increase in surface velocities between the studies. Additionally, Southeast2 Glacier has significantly accelerated over the past decade, with velocities greater in 2009 than in the early 1990s along almost the entire length of the glacier. This is likely indicative of a surge. Present-day total mass loss from Devon Ice Cap due to iceberg calving is calculated as 0.40 ± 0.09 Gta-1, similar to that reported by Burgess and others (2005), with Belcher Glacier accounting for ~42% of the entire loss.
Extent of low-accumulation 'wind glaze' areas on the East Antarctic plateau: implications for continental ice mass balance
Authors: Scambos T.A. , Frezzotti M. , Haran T. , Bohlander J. , Lenaerts J.T.M. , Van Den Broeke M.R. , Jezek K. , Long D. , Urbini S. , Farness K. , Neumann T. , Albert M. , Winther J.-G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPersistent katabatic winds form widely distributed localized areas of near-zero net surface accumulation on the East Antarctic ice sheet (EAIS) plateau. These areas have been called 'glaze' surfaces due to their polished appearance. They are typically 2-200 km2 in area and are found on leeward slopes of ice-sheet undulations and megadunes. Adjacent, leeward high-accumulation regions (isolated dunes) are generally smaller and do not compensate for the local low in surface mass balance (SMB). We use a combination of satellite remote sensing and field-gathered datasets to map the extent of wind glaze in the EAIS above 1500 m elevation. Mapping criteria are derived from distinctive surface and subsurface characteristics of glaze areas resulting from many years of intense annual temperature cycling without significant burial. Our results show that 11.2 ± 1.7%, or 950 ± 143 × 103km2, of the EAIS above 1500 m is wind glaze. Studies of SMB interpolate values across glaze regions, leading to overestimates of net mass input. Using our derived wind-glaze extent, we estimate this excess in three recent models of Antarctic SMB at 46-82 Gt. The lowest-input model appears to best match the mean in regions of extensive wind glaze.
Commerce à distance et voyage d'affaires. Les missions a Gênes et à Cadix de Jean-Joseph Leydet, un commis qui voyage (1803-1804)
Authors: Bartolomei Arnaud 
Published: May 2012

Résumé Au XVIII e siècle parmi les différentes manières d’accroître leurs ventes, les négociants lyonnais de la soierie et de la mode privilégient le système des commis voyageurs auxquels ils donnent des directives très précises concernant les itinéraires, les logements, les moyens de transport à utiliser et le temps à passer dans les différentes villes. Leurs préparatifs effectués, les commis doivent ajuster le moment de leur départ pour lutter contre la concurrence. Sur place, leurs déplacements permanents leur permettent de s’informer, de régler de multiples problèmes et de développer la clientèle tout en rendant compte régulièrement de leurs démarches à leurs mandants. Ce travail incessant presque sans temps de repos use les commis. Les négociants n’en ont cependant guère cure : leurs voyages doivent être rentables ou ne pas exister.
Adaptive stabilization of a class of high‐order uncertain nonholonomic systems with unknown control coefficients
Authors: Zhang Jian , Liu Yungang 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThis paper is concerned with the globally stabilizing control design for a class of high‐order nonholonomic systems. Compared with the existing literature, the high‐order nonholonomic systems under investigations have more uncertainties and unknowns, such as neither lower nor upper bound is known for each control coefficient of the systems. This renders the existing control methods highly difficult to the control problems of the systems or even inapplicable. In this paper, by defining two new unknown parameters whose dynamic updating laws are properly chosen and also by using the discontinuous coordinates transformation and the method of adding a power integrator, a new design approach is given to the adaptive stabilizing controllers for the systems. A numerical simulation is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germline mosacism in Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome
Authors: Shanske Alan L. , Goodrich James T. , Ala‐Kokko Leena , Baker Stuart , Frederick Barbara , Levy Brynn 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe report on maternal half‐sibs born to unaffected, non‐consanguineous parents with classical Shprintzen–Goldberg syndrome (SGS) who had in addition intestinal malrotation and an aberrant subclavian artery. In one other SGS family germline mosaicism has been described. SGS is molecularly heterogeneous and has been linked to mutations in three genomic loci. This suggests there may be multiple other genetic factors that result in a common clinical phenotype and a number of investigators have implicated a fourth region (15q25‐qter) in the etiology of SGS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relation of neuropathology to cognition in persons without cognitive impairment
Authors: Bennett David A. , Wilson Robert S. , Boyle Patricia A. , Buchman Aron S. , Schneider Julie A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective:A study was undertaken to examine the relation of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology, cerebral infarcts, and Lewy body (LB) pathology to cognition in persons without cognitive impairment.Methods:Persons without dementia from 2 cohort studies of aging, the Religious Orders Study and the Memory and Aging Project, agreed to annual clinical evaluation and brain donation. The studies had 19 neuropsychological performance tests in common that assessed 5 cognitive domains. For 296 persons without cognitive impairment who died and underwent postmortem assessment, we quantified AD pathology as a global pathology score, and as amyloid load, paired helical filament tau‐positive (PHFtau) tangle density, cerebral infarcts, and LB pathology. Linear regression was used to examine the relation of neuropathology to cognitive abilities, controlling for demographics.Results:Nearly all persons had AD pathology with >¾ exhibiting amyloid; 22% had macroscopic and 24% had microscopic infarctions, and 13% had LB pathology. The global measure of AD pathology was related to global cognition (p = 0.008), whereas infarcts and Lewy bodies were not. Amyloid load was related to global cognition (p < 0.05), with only a trend for tangles (p = 0.08). In analyses of cognitive domains, AD pathology (p = 0.006), PHFtau tangles (p = 0.03), and macroscopic infarctions (p = 0.02) were related to episodic memory, with a trend for amyloid load (p = 0.06); AD pathology (p = 0.02) and amyloid load (p = 0.03) were related to working memory. Findings for global cognition and episodic memory were stronger in additional analyses with neocortical amyloid and mesial temporal tangles.Interpretation:AD pathology and macroscopic infarctions are common in older persons without cognitive impairment and are related to episodic and working memory. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:599–609
Biomineralization as an Inspiration for Materials Chemistry
Authors: Nudelman Fabio , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLiving organisms are well known for building a wide range of specially designed organic–inorganic hybrid materials such as bone, teeth, and shells, which are highly sophisticated in terms of their adaptation to function. This has inspired physicists, chemists, and materials scientists to mimic such structures and their properties. In this Review we describe how strategies used by nature to build and tune the properties of biominerals have been applied to the synthesis of materials for biomedical, industrial, and technological purposes. Bio‐inspired approaches such as molecular templating, supramolecular templating, organized surfaces, and phage display as well as methods to replicate the structure and function of biominerals are discussed. We also show that the application of in situ techniques to study and visualize the bio‐inspired materials is of paramount importance to understand, control, and optimize their preparation. Biominerals are synthesized in aqueous media under ambient conditions, and these approaches can lead to materials with a reduced ecological footprint than can traditional methods.