bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMODITIES INTERFACE IN AFRICA: TIME FOR CAUTIOUS OPTIMISM?
Authors: Farooki Masuma 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe recent surge in African economic growth rates associated with the rise in commodity prices have led to renewed interest in the role of resources in economic growth. Africa has multiple economic and social needs, infrastructure being one of them. The resource sector is contributing towards growth of investments in infrastructure, but how effective this contribution is to wider development goals needs to be chronicled. This paper examines two vectors of interaction between infrastructure and commodities: first, the direct provision of infrastructure for commodity extraction; second, the use of resource rents for infrastructure spending. This paper emphasises the policy need to align infrastructure spending with development needs, rather than building transport networks per se. We find there are positive indications that such recognition exists on a policy level, and there are partial successes. However, more needs to be carried out to ensure sub‐Saharan Africa can benefit from its infrastructure spending in relation to the commodity sector. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WILL IT ALL END IN TEARS? INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING AND AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Mold Andrew 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTOver the last decade, the majority of both resource‐rich and resource‐poor countries in Africa have enjoyed a marked improvement in their economic performance. Many of these countries have embarked on large‐scale infrastructure projects, in many senses reminiscent of the last major economic boom experienced in the region in the 1960s and 1970s. Yet, that boom very much ended in tears, as countries' economies contracted sharply under unsustainable debt and harsh Structural Adjustment Programmes. This paper asks to what extent can African countries avoid the pitfalls of the previous infrastructure boom and develop an infrastructure investment strategy that will prove both sustainable and catalytic for economic development. The paper critically reviews the salient features of the previous infrastructure boom and its theoretical underpinning, examining three cautionary tales of unsustainable infrastructure booms in Ghana, Nigeria and Zaire (now DRC). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glutamate receptors in tendinopathic patients
Authors: Schizas Nikos , Weiss Rudiger , Lian Øystein , Frihagen Frede , Bahr Roald , Ackermann Paul W. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTendinopathy, pain, and degeneration, may be related to the up‐regulation of substance P (SP) and its activation of glutamate receptors. We hypothesized that the pathogenesis of tendinopathy involves N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor type 1 (NMDAR1) activation (phosphorylated NMDAR1; phospho‐NMDAR1) co‐existing with SP. Moreover, we examined the presence of metabotropic receptors that increase (mGluR1 and mGluR5) or decrease (mGluR6 and mGluR7) NMDAR1 excitability. Biopsies from patients with patellar tendinopathy (n = 10) and from controls (n = 8) were immunohistochemically analyzed according to the occurrence and tissue distribution of NMDAR1, phosho‐NMDAR1, mGluR (1, 5–7), and SP. The biopsies were immunohistochemically single‐ and double‐stained and semi‐quantitatively assessed. Tendinopathic biopsies exhibited increased occurrence of NMDAR1, phospho‐NMDAR1, SP, and mGluR5, while mGluR6–7 were not increased and mGluR1 was not found. The occurrence of NMDAR1 and SP correlated in tendinopathy (r2 = 0.54, p = 0.03), but not in the controls (r2 = 0.11, p = 0.4). Co‐localization of SP and phospho‐NMDAR1 within the tendon proper was only found in tendinopathy, localized on hypertrophic tenocytes, blood vessels, and penetrating free‐nerve fibres. Up‐regulation and activation of the glutamate receptor, phospho‐NMDAR1, suggests a role in the pathophysiology of tendinopathy. Increased NMDAR1 excitability may be related to increased SP and mGluR5. The unique co‐existence of SP and phospho‐NMDAR1 in tendinopathy presumably reflects a tissue proliferative and nociceptive role. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1447–1452, 2012
Genetic polymorphism of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator is interacting with plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 to raise risk of cervical neoplasia
Authors: Tee Yi‐Torng , Wang Po‐Hui , Tsai Hsiu‐Ting , Lin Long‐Yau , Lin Hung‐Ting , Yang Shun‐Fa , Hsieh Yi‐Hsien , Ying Tsung‐Ho 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of plasminogen activator (PA) system genes, including urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) gene polymorphisms in patients with the cervical neoplasia.MethodsIn total, 336 blood samples were collected from healthy women and 136 patients with cervical neoplasia to analyze the gene polymorphisms of representative PA system genes.ResultsThere was no significant association between cervical neoplasia cases and gene polymorphisms of uPA, uPAR and PAI‐1 genes as well as to the carcinogenesis of cervical if the cervical neoplasia cases were stratified to HSILs and invasive cancer cases. However, we found a mutual interaction between uPA/PAI‐1 genes, which women carrying the uPA/PAI‐1 CC/4G4G allele had a 1.70‐fold higher risk (OR = 1.70; 95% CI 1.04–2.79) of cervical neoplasia compared with those carrying the CC/4G5G allele.ConclusionsIndividuals with uPA/PAI‐1 CC/4G5G allele were in high susceptibility for cervical neoplasia. The combined polymorphism of uPA/PAI‐1 might diminish the ability of PAI‐1 to inhibiting cervical cancer carcinogenesis when PAI‐1 alone as the role of inhibitor. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 106:204–208. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A comparison of mental health outcomes in persons entering U.S. military service before and after September 11, 2001
Authors: Wells Timothy S. , Ryan Margaret A. K. , Jones Kelly A. , Hooper Tomoko I. , Boyko Edward J. , Jacobson Isabel G. , Smith Tyler C. , Gackstetter Gary D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that those who entered military service in the pre‐September 11, 2001 era might have expectations incongruent with their subsequent experiences, increasing the risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other mental disorders. A subset of Millennium Cohort Study participants who joined the military during 1995–1999 was selected and compared with a subset of members who joined the military in 2002 or later. Outcomes included new‐onset symptoms of PTSD, depression, panic/anxiety, and alcohol‐related problems. Multivariable methods adjusted for differences in demographic and military characteristics. More than 11,000 cohort members were included in the analyses. Those who entered service in the pre‐September 11 era had lower odds of new‐onset PTSD symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 0.74, 95% CI [0.59, 0.93]) compared with the post‐September 11 cohort. There were no statistically significant differences in rates of new‐onset symptoms of depression, panic/anxiety, or alcohol‐related problems between the groups. The cohort who entered military service in the pre‐September 11 era did not experience higher rates of new‐onset mental health challenges compared with the cohort who entered service after September 11, 2001. Findings support the concept that the experience of war, and resulting psychological morbidity, is not a function of incongruent expectations.
Racial and ethnic differences in symptom severity of PTSD, GAD, and depression in trauma‐exposed, urban, treatment‐seeking adults
Authors: Ghafoori Bita , Barragan Belen , Tohidian Niloufar , Palinkas Lawrence 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUrban, socially disadvantaged individuals are at high risk for traumatic event exposure and its subsequent psychiatric symptomatology. This study examined the association between race/ethnicity and symptom severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and depression in an urban clinical sample of 170 trauma‐exposed adults. In addition, this study investigated the role of socioeconomic position (SEP) and coping style in the relationship between race/ethnicity and posttrauma psychiatric symptom severity. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that Blacks had lower depression symptom severity compared to Whites. No significant relationship was found between racial/ethnic group status and indices of SEP, PTSD, or GAD symptom severity. Adjustment for trauma exposure, gender, positive reframe coping, avoidance coping and negative coping accounted for 3%, 3%, 8%, 4%, and 3% of the variance in depression severity, respectively; however, Black race remained significantly associated with decreased depression symptom severity accounting for a statistically significant 5% of the variance in lower depression symptom severity. These preliminary findings and their clinical implications are discussed.
Peritraumatic reactions and posttraumatic stress disorder in psychiatrically impaired youth
Authors: Sugar Jeff , Ford Julian D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAlthough peritraumatic dissociation and other subjective peritraumatic reactions, such as emotional distress and arousal, have been shown to affect the relationship between a traumatic event and the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults, systematic studies with youth have not been done. In a mixed ethnic and racial sample of 90 psychiatrically impaired youth (ages 10–18, 56% boys), we investigated the contributions of peritraumatic dissociation, emotional distress, and arousal to current PTSD severity after accounting for the effects of gender, trauma history, trait dissociation, and psychopathology (attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression). Peritraumatic dissociation emerged as the only peritraumatic variable associated with current PTSD severity assessed both by questionnaire and interview methods (β = .30 and .47 p < .01). Peritraumatic dissociation can be rapidly assessed in clinical practice and warrants further testing in prospective studies as a potential mediator of the trauma‐PTSD relationship in youth.
Effect of the Density of ATRP Thiol Initiators in the Yield and Water Content of Grafted‐From PMETAC Brushes. A Study by Means of QCM‐D and Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Combined in a Single Device
Authors: Ramos Jagoba Iturri , Moya Sergio E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPoly {[2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride} (PMETAC) brushes are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization from mixed monolayers of ω‐mercaptoundecyl bromoisobutyrate thiol (initiator) and 1‐undecanethiol (blank). Initiator density is varied from 100% to 1% by the molar ratio of initiator to blank in solution. Brush growth is followed in situ by a single device combination of a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Acoustic mass (macous) and optical mass (mopt) are simultaneously recorded. Brush hydration is calculated from the difference between macous and mopt. The percentage of water lost during brush collapse in NaCl solution at concentration from 10−3 M to 1 M is quantified for each initiator density.
Surface‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization from Silica Nanoparticles with High Initiator Density
Authors: Louis Chakkalakal Golda , Alexandre Michaël , Abetz Clarissa , Boschetti‐de‐Fierro Adriana , Abetz Volker 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe surface of silica nanoparticles is modified using the “grafting from” technique. A multi‐step reaction is conducted to modify their surface properties. (3‐glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPS) is used as the coupling agent for the fixation of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator. The grafting efficiency of GPS mixed with aqueous suspension of silica nanoparticles is studied, followed by the coupling efficiency towards ATRP initiator. The bromide concentration of ATRP initiator is kept constant for comparative kinetic studies of styrene and MMA polymerizations. The consequences at high conversions and the particle size distribution are studied. The behaviour of the glass transition temperature of either polymer‐modified particles and the nature of dispersion of polymer‐coated silica particles are analyzed.
Bounded approximation properties in non‐archimedean Banach spaces
Authors: Perez‐Garcia C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSome non‐archimedean bounded approximation properties are introduced and studied in this paper. As an application, an affirmative answer is given, for non‐spherically complete base fields, to the following problem, posed in , p. 95: Does there exist an absolutely convex edged set B in a non‐archimedean locally convex space such that its closure is not edged?
In Situ Hetero End‐Functionalized Polythiophene and Subsequent “Click” Chemistry With DNA
Authors: Lee Jungkyu K. , Ko Sangwon , Bao Zhenan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIt is demonstrated that bifunctionalized polythiophenes involving thiol and azide end‐functional groups can be synthesized by chain‐growth Suzuki‐Miyaura type polymerization. The bifunctionalized polythiophenes are successfully characterized by 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF). Furthermore, the azide end‐group reacts with DNA via “click chemistry” to form a polythiophene/DNA hybrid structure, which is characterized by ESI‐MS. The described synthetic approaches will lead to the synthesis of novel multi‐block copolymers as well as biomolecule‐based conjugated polymer structures.
Regulation of Supramolecular Chirality in Co‐Assembled Polydiacetylene LB Films with Removable Azobenzene Derivatives
Authors: Jiang Hao , Chen Xin , Pan Xiujuan , Zou Gang , Zhang Qijin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHerein, we report a novel model that combines supramolecular chemistry and the LB technique for the chirality regulation of the PDA films. The helical packing of PCDA molecules and the chiroptical properties of the resulting PDA LB films can be easily modulated by different azobenzene derivatives. Moreover, the effect of the photo‐isomerization of azobenzene chromophores on the helical formation of PCDA assemblies is investigated in detail.
Mesoporous Polymer Networks–Ultraporous DVB Resins by Hard‐Templating of Close‐Packed Silica Spheres
Authors: Wilke Antje , Weber Jens 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe preparation of ultraporous polymer resins using a straightforward hard‐templating synthesis is presented. Self‐assembly of silica nanospheres into densely packed glasses allows an easy preparation of templates. Polydivinylbenzene resins with surface areas of up to 1000 m2 g−1 are synthesized as a model system and porosity analysis reveals bimodal porosity (spherical mesopores and micropores within the pore walls). The prepared systems can be further functionalized without loss of porosity as demonstrated by sulfonation. Because of their large pore sizes (13–28 nm), they are efficient adsorbents also for large molecules. Finally, the systems can also be used as model systems for the study of the pore drying and collapse process, which is of crucial importance for any application of mesoporous polymers.
Use of Solvent Effects to Improve Control Over Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of Isoprene
Authors: Harrisson Simon , Couvreur Patrick , Nicolas Julien 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe use of 1,4‐dioxane or pyridine as solvents for the polymerization of isoprene mediated by the acid‐functional SG1‐based alkoxyamines N‐(2‐methylpropyl)‐N‐(1‐diethylphosphono‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl)‐O‐(2‐carboxylprop‐2‐yl)hydroxylamine (BlocBuilder MA) and N‐(2‐methylpropyl)‐N‐(1‐diethylphosphono‐2,2‐dimethylpropyl)‐O‐(2‐carboxyleth‐2‐yl)hydroxylamine results in an increase in the rate of consumption of the initiator and narrower molecular weight distributions of the resulting polymer. In pyridine, an improved control of the polymerization was also obtained for a non‐acid‐functional initiator, and the overall rate of polymerization increased. These effects are likely to be the result of the disruption of intramolecular hydrogen bonding and, in the case of pyridine, stabilization of the polar SG1 free radical.
Polyelectrolyte Complexes Consisting of Macromolecules With Varied Stiffness: Computer Simulation
Authors: Lazutin Alexei A. , Semenov Alexander N. , Vasilevskaya Valentina V. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMonte Carlo simulations are employed in order to analyze the structure of polyelectrolyte complexes consisting of two identical but oppositely charged macroions with varying chain stiffness. It is shown that two complex structures can arise depending on the stiffness of the constituent chains. Stiff chains are organized into a “ladder” structure in which chains are located parallel to each other and monomeric units are arranged into ionic pairs according to their position in the chain. Flexible chains form a globular “scrambled‐egg” structure with a disordered position of monomer units. The conformational transition between the two structures proceeds as a phase transition.magnified image
The possible separation of 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate‐induced skin inflammation and hyperplasia by compound A
Authors: Kowalczyk Piotr , Kowalczyk Magdalena C. , Junco Jacob J. , Tolstykh Olga , Kinjo Tatsuya , Truong Ha , Walaszek Zbigniew , Hanausek Margaret , Slaga Thomas J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractActivated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) acts via two different mechanisms: transcriptional regulation that requires DNA‐binding, and protein–protein interaction between GR and other transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) or activator protein 1 (AP‐1). It has been postulated that many important effects of glucocorticoids, including their anti‐inflammatory properties, depend on GR's transrepressive effects on NF‐κB and AP‐1. In the present study, we have employed a TPA‐induced model of skin inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia to determine whether partial activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by compound A (CpdA) is sufficient to reverse the effect of TPA treatment. CpdA is a nonsteroidal GR modulator with high binding affinity, is capable of partial activation of GR. Topical application of TPA twice per week for 2 wk results in inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. TPA treatment also elevates levels of c‐jun (AP‐1 component), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), p50 (NF‐κB component), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the skin. Fluocinolone acetonide (FA) (a full GR agonist) was able to completely reverse the above effects of TPA. When applied alone, CpdA increased the epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation as well as levels of c‐jun, COX‐2, IL‐6, and IFN‐γ. However, CpdA treatment resulted in a decrease in the number of p50 positive cells induced by TPA, suggesting its role in inhibition of NF‐κB. The level of metallothionein‐1 mRNA, regulated by GR was also significantly decreased in skin samples treated with CpdA. Our results suggest that CpdA is able to inhibit GR transactivation and activate only some transrepression properties of GR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dimensional approach to understanding severity estimates and risk correlates of marijuana abuse and dependence in adults
Authors: Wu Li‐Tzy , Woody George E. , Yang Chongming , Pan Jeng‐Jong , Reeve Bryce B. , Blazer Dan G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWhile item response theory (IRT) research shows a latent severity trait underlying response patterns of substance abuse and dependence symptoms, little is known about IRT‐based severity estimates in relation to clinically relevant measures. In response to increased prevalences of marijuana‐related treatment admissions, an elevated level of marijuana potency, and the debate on medical marijuana use, we applied dimensional approaches to understand IRT‐based severity estimates for marijuana use disorders (MUDs) and their correlates while simultaneously considering gender‐ and race/ethnicity‐related differential item functioning (DIF). Using adult data from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 37,897), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) criteria for MUDs among past‐year marijuana users were examined by IRT, logistic regression, and multiple indicators–multiple causes (MIMIC) approaches. Among 6917 marijuana users, 15% met criteria for a MUD; another 24% exhibited subthreshold dependence. Abuse criteria were highly correlated with dependence criteria (correlation = 0.90), indicating unidimensionality; item information curves revealed redundancy in multiple criteria. MIMIC analyses showed that MUD criteria were positively associated with weekly marijuana use, early marijuana use, other substance use disorders, substance abuse treatment, and serious psychological distress. African Americans and Hispanics showed higher levels of MUDs than Whites, even after adjusting for race/ethnicity‐related DIF. The redundancy in multiple criteria suggests an opportunity to improve efficiency in measuring symptom‐level manifestations by removing low‐informative criteria. Elevated rates of MUDs among African Americans and Hispanics require research to elucidate risk factors and improve assessments of MUDs for different racial/ethnic groups. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voxel‐wise quantification of myocardial perfusion by cardiac magnetic resonance. Feasibility and methods comparison
Authors: Zarinabad Niloufar , Chiribiri Amedeo , Hautvast Gilion L. T. F. , Ishida Masaki , Schuster Andreas , Cvetkovic Zoran , Batchelor Philip G. , Nagel Eike 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to enable high spatial resolution voxel‐wise quantitative analysis of myocardial perfusion in dynamic contrast‐enhanced cardiovascular MR, in particular by finding the most favorable quantification algorithm in this context. Four deconvolution algorithms—Fermi function modeling, deconvolution using B‐spline basis, deconvolution using exponential basis, and autoregressive moving average modeling —were tested to calculate voxel‐wise perfusion estimates. The algorithms were developed on synthetic data and validated against a true gold‐standard using a hardware perfusion phantom. The accuracy of each method was assessed for different levels of spatial averaging and perfusion rate. Finally, voxel‐wise analysis was used to generate high resolution perfusion maps on real data acquired from five patients with suspected coronary artery disease and two healthy volunteers. On both synthetic and perfusion phantom data, the B‐spline method had the highest error in estimation of myocardial blood flow. The autoregressive moving average modeling and exponential methods gave accurate estimates of myocardial blood flow. The Fermi model was the most robust method to noise. Both simulations and maps in the patients and hardware phantom showed that voxel‐wise quantification of myocardium perfusion is feasible and can be used to detect abnormal regions. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A fast heuristic approach for large‐scale cell‐transmission‐based evacuation route planning
Authors: Kimms A. , Maassen K.‐C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe cell‐transmission‐model by Daganzo (1994) was introduced as a traffic simulation model. Its basic ideas were picked up recently to formulate optimization models for evacuation planning. These optimization models were capable of generating high quality evacuation plans, but computational effort and computational requirements, especially in dimensions of real‐world applications, were very high. To extend adaptability to much larger evacuation scenarios, a fast heuristic procedure will be presented. In a computational study, we will demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in several real‐world scenarios of different road network size, population distribution, and risk distribution, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2012