bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in primary visual and auditory cortex of blind and sighted adults following 10 weeks of click-based echolocation training
Authors: Norman Liam J , Hartley Tom , Thaler Lore 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Recent work suggests that the adult human brain is very adaptable when it comes to sensory processing. In this context, it has also been suggested that structural “blueprints” may fundamentally constrain neuroplastic change, e.g. in response to sensory deprivation. Here, we trained 12 blind participants and 14 sighted participants in echolocation over a 10-week period, and used MRI in a pre–post design to measure functional and structural brain changes. We found that blind participants and sighted participants together showed a training-induced increase in activation in left and right V1 in response to echoes, a finding difficult to reconcile with the view that sensory cortex is strictly organized by modality. Further, blind participants and sighted participants showed a training induced increase in activation in right A1 in response to sounds per se (i.e. not echo-specific), and this was accompanied by an increase in gray matter density in right A1 in blind participants and in adjacent acoustic areas in sighted participants. The similarity in functional results between sighted participants and blind participants is consistent with the idea that reorganization may be governed by similar principles in the two groups, yet our structural analyses also showed differences between the groups suggesting that a more nuanced view may be required.
Cardiac shockwave therapy in addition to coronary bypass surgery improves myocardial function in ischaemic heart failure: the CAST-HF trial
Authors: Holfeld Johannes , Nägele Felix , Pölzl Leo , Engler Clemens , Graber Michael , Hirsch Jakob , Schmidt Sophia , Mayr Agnes , Troger Felix , Pamminger Mathias , Theurl Markus , Schreinlechner Michael , Sappler Nikolay , Ruttmann-Ulmer Elfriede , Schaden Wolfgang , Cooke John P , Ulmer Hanno , Bauer Axel , Gollmann-Tepeköylü Can , Grimm Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
In chronic ischaemic heart failure, revascularisation strategies control symptoms but are less effective in improving left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The aim of this trial is to investigate the safety of cardiac shockwave therapy (SWT) as a novel treatment option and its efficacy in increasing cardiac function by inducing angiogenesis and regeneration in hibernating myocardium.

Methods
In this single-blind, parallel-group, sham-controlled trial (cardiac shockwave therapy for ischemic heart failure, CAST-HF; NCT03859466) patients with LVEF ≤40% requiring surgical revascularisation were enrolled. Patients were randomly assigned to undergo direct cardiac SWT or sham treatment in addition to coronary bypass surgery. The primary efficacy endpoint was the improvement in LVEF measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging from baseline to 360 days.

Results
Overall, 63 patients were randomized, out of which 30 patients of the SWT group and 28 patients of the Sham group attained 1-year follow-up of the primary endpoint. Greater improvement in LVEF was observed in the SWT group (Δ from baseline to 360 days: SWT 11.3%, SD 8.8; Sham 6.3%, SD 7.4, P = .0146). Secondary endpoints included the 6-minute walking test, where patients randomized in the SWT group showed a greater Δ from baseline to 360 days (127.5 m, SD 110.6) than patients in the Sham group (43.6 m, SD 172.1) (P = .028) and Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire score on day 360, which was 11.0 points (SD 19.1) for the SWT group and 17.3 points (SD 15.1) for the Sham group (P = .15). Two patients in the treatment group died for non-device-related reasons.

Conclusions
In conclusion, the CAST-HF trial indicates that direct cardiac SWT, in addition to coronary bypass surgery improves LVEF and physical capacity in patients with ischaemic heart failure.
Campaign-induced interpersonal communication following exposure to strong and weak persuasive messages
Authors: Li Shu Scott , Dillard James Price , Su Youzhen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Media campaigns can create change in their audiences directly via message exposure and indirectly via conversations about the campaign. An experiment (N = 232) exposed regular consumers of sugar-sweetened beverages to either strong or weak messages that advocated reduced consumption, then allowed conversation or did not. There was evidence of direct media effects in that heavy drinkers who privately judged the messages as effective reported higher intended consumption reduction. However, when conversation was allowed, it erased the desired effect of campaign messages on intended reduction. Heavy drinkers had less favorable conversations about strong campaign messages than weak ones. Further, analytic language (e.g., but, because) augmented the persuasiveness of strong messages among heavy drinkers, but detracted from the persuasiveness of weak messages. Thus, we observed a complex interplay between intrapersonal processes devoted to the accurate assessment of campaign messages and interpersonal processes that defended existing levels of sugary beverage consumption.
Microbially mediated sulfur oxidation coupled with arsenate reduction within oligotrophic mining–impacted habitats
Authors: Sun Xiaoxu , Chen Qizhi , Häggblom Max M , Liu Guoqiang , Kong Tianle , Huang Duanyi , Chen Zhenyu , Li Fangbai , Li Baoqin , Sun Weimin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractArsenate [As(V)] reduction is a major cause of arsenic (As) release from soils, which threatens more than 200 million people worldwide. While heterotrophic As(V) reduction has been investigated extensively, the mechanism of chemolithotrophic As(V) reduction is less studied. Since As is frequently found as a sulfidic mineral in the environment, microbial mediated sulfur oxidation coupled to As(V) reduction (SOAsR), a chemolithotrophic process, may be more favorable in sites impacted by oligotrophic mining (e.g. As-contaminated mine tailings). While SOAsR is thermodynamically favorable, knowledge regarding this biogeochemical process is still limited. The current study suggested that SOAsR was a more prevalent process than heterotrophic As(V) reduction in oligotrophic sites, such as mine tailings. The water-soluble reduced sulfur concentration was predicted to be one of the major geochemical parameters that had a substantial impact on SOAsR potentials. A combination of DNA stable isotope probing and metagenome binning revealed members of the genera Sulfuricella, Ramlibacter, and Sulfuritalea as sulfur oxidizing As(V)-reducing bacteria (SOAsRB) in mine tailings. Genome mining further expanded the list of potential SOAsRB to diverse phylogenetic lineages such as members associated with Burkholderiaceae and Rhodocyclaceae. Metagenome analysis using multiple tailing samples across southern China confirmed that the putative SOAsRB were the dominant As(V) reducers in these sites. Together, the current findings expand our knowledge regarding the chemolithotrophic As(V) reduction process, which may be harnessed to facilitate future remediation practices in mine tailings.
Mechanistic insight into roles of α/β-type small acid-soluble proteins, RecA, and inner membrane proteins during bacterial spore inactivation by ohmic heating
Authors: Singh Shyam K , Ali Mohamed Medhat , Mok Jin Hong , Korza George , Setlow Peter , Sastry Sudhir K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Aim
Ohmic heating (OH) (i.e. heating by electric field) more effectively kills bacterial spores than traditional wet heating, yet its mechanism remains poorly understood. This study investigates the accelerated spore inactivation mechanism using genetically modified spores.

Methods and results
We investigated the effects of OH and conventional heating (CH) on various genetically modified strains of Bacillus subtilis: isogenic PS533 (wild type_1), PS578 [lacking spores’ α/β-type small acid-soluble proteins (SASP)], PS2318 (lacking recA, encoding a DNA repair protein), isogenic PS4461 (wild type_2), and PS4462 (having the 2Duf protein in spores, which increases spore wet heat resistance and decreases spore inner membrane fluidity). Removal of SASP brought the inactivation profiles of OH and CH closer, suggesting the interaction of these proteins with the field. However, the reemergence of a difference between CH and OH killing for SASP-deficient spores at the highest tested field strength suggested there is also interaction of the field with another spore core component. Additionally, RecA-deficient spores yielded results like those with the wild-type spores for CH, while the OH resistance of this mutant increased at the lower tested temperatures, implying that RecA or DNA are a possible additional target for the electric field. Addition of the 2Duf protein markedly increased spore resistance both to CH and OH, although some acceleration of killing was observed with OH at 50 V/cm.

Conclusions
In summary, both membrane fluidity and interaction of the spore core proteins with electric field are key factors in enhanced spore killing with electric field-heat combinations.
Zero-shot learning to extract assessment criteria and medical services from the preventive healthcare guidelines using large language models
Authors: Luo Xiao , Tahabi Fattah Muhammad , Marc Tressica , Haunert Laura Ann , Storey Susan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The integration of these preventive guidelines with Electronic Health Records (EHRs) systems, coupled with the generation of personalized preventive care recommendations, holds significant potential for improving healthcare outcomes. Our study investigates the feasibility of using Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate the assessment criteria and risk factors from the guidelines for future analysis against medical records in EHR.

Materials and Methods
We annotated the criteria, risk factors, and preventive medical services described in the adult guidelines published by United States Preventive Services Taskforce and evaluated 3 state-of-the-art LLMs on extracting information in these categories from the guidelines automatically.

Results
We included 24 guidelines in this study. The LLMs can automate the extraction of all criteria, risk factors, and medical services from 9 guidelines. All 3 LLMs perform well on extracting information regarding the demographic criteria or risk factors. Some LLMs perform better on extracting the social determinants of health, family history, and preventive counseling services than the others.

Discussion
While LLMs demonstrate the capability to handle lengthy preventive care guidelines, several challenges persist, including constraints related to the maximum length of input tokens and the tendency to generate content rather than adhering strictly to the original input. Moreover, the utilization of LLMs in real-world clinical settings necessitates careful ethical consideration. It is imperative that healthcare professionals meticulously validate the extracted information to mitigate biases, ensure completeness, and maintain accuracy.

Conclusion
We developed a data structure to store the annotated preventive guidelines and make it publicly available. Employing state-of-the-art LLMs to extract preventive care criteria, risk factors, and preventive care services paves the way for the future integration of these guidelines into the EHR.
Vertebral compression fractures at abdominal CT: underdiagnosis, undertreatment, and evaluation of an AI algorithm
Authors: Wiklund Peder , Buchebner David , Geijer Mats 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are common and indicate a high future risk of additional osteoporotic fractures. However, many VCFs are unreported by radiologists, and even if reported, many patients do not receive treatment. The purpose of the study was to evaluate a new artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm for the detection of VCFs and to assess the prevalence of reported and unreported VCFs. This retrospective cohort study included patients over age 60 yr with an abdominal CT between January 18, 2019 and January 18, 2020. Images and radiology reports were reviewed to identify reported and unreported VCFs, and the images were processed by an AI algorithm. For reported VCFs, the electronic health records were reviewed regarding subsequent osteoporosis screening and treatment. Totally, 1112 patients were included. Of these, 187 patients (16.8%) had a VCF, of which 62 had an incident VCF and 49 had a previously unknown prevalent VCF. The radiologist reporting rate of these VCFs was 30% (33/111). For moderate and severe (grade 2–3) VCF, the AI algorithm had 85.2% sensitivity, 92.3% specificity, 57.8% positive predictive value, and 98.1% negative predictive value. Three of 30 patients with reported VCFs started osteoporosis treatment within a year. The AI algorithm had high accuracy for the detection of VCFs and could be very useful in increasing the detection rate of VCFs, as there was a substantial underdiagnosis of VCFs. However, as undertreatment in reported cases was substantial, to fully realize the potential of AI, changes to the management pathway outside of the radiology department are imperative.
Unraveling the complex biogeographic and anthropogenic history of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in Alaska
Authors: Young Kiana B , White Kevin S , Shafer Aaron B A 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Both natural and anthropogenic forces can play a substantial role in the demographic history and current structure of a wildlife population. Species with strict habitat requirements are especially susceptible to these impacts. Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) in Alaska are of particular interest in this regard due to their influence on alpine ecosystems, importance to human cultures, and enigmatic history in some areas. Here, we used genetic tools to examine the population structure and demographic history of mountain goats in Alaska. We genotyped 816 mountain goats at 18 microsatellites, identified the number of genetically distinct subpopulations, and assessed their genetic diversity. We used Bayesian methods to investigate demographic history relative to the known geologic and human history of Alaska, and we simulated human-mediated translocation events onto islands to address the hypothesis that Baranof Island harbored an extant population prior to an early 20th-century introduction. We showed that Alaska has 4 genetically distinct subpopulations of mountain goats. The main demographic split between Southcentral and Southeast Alaska occurred following the retreat of ice after the Last Glacial Maximum. Simulations of translocation events largely aligned with expected genetic diversity patterns of current subpopulations except for Baranof Island which showed greater diversity than the simulation, consistent with the hypothesis of an endemic population prior to the translocation. This study highlights the value of considering both natural and anthropogenic forces when assessing the biogeographic history of a species and provides new insights about the complex demographic history and biogeography of mountain goats in Alaska.
Baseline DSB repair prediction of chronic rare Grade ≥ 3 toxicities induced by radiotherapy using classification algorithms
Authors: Muggiolu Giovanna , Sauvaigo Sylvie , Libert Sarah , Millet Mathias , Daguenet Elisabeth , Bouleftour Wafa , Maillet Thierry , Deutsch Eric , Magné Nicolas 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Small fractions of patients suffer from radiotherapy late severe adverse events (AEs Grade ≥ 3), which are usually irreversible and badly affect their quality of life. A novel functional DNA repair assay characterizing several steps of double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanisms was used. DNA repair activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were monitored for 1 week using NEXT-SPOT assay in 177 breast and prostate cancer patients. Only seven patients had Grade ≥ 3 AEs, 6 months after radiotherapy initiation. The machine learning method established the importance of variables among demographic, clinical and DNA repair data. The most relevant ones, all related to DNA repair, were employed to build a predictor. Predictors constructed with random forest and minimum bounding sphere predicted late Grade ≥ 3 AEs with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 77.17 and 86.22%, respectively. This multiplex functional approach strongly supports a dominant role for DSB repair in the development of chronic AEs. It also showed that affected patients share specific features related to functional aspects of DSB repair. This strategy may be suitable for routine clinical analysis and paves the way for modelling DSB repair associated with severe AEs induced by radiotherapy.
Properties of molecular clumps and cores in colliding magnetized flows
Authors: Weis M , Walch S , Seifried D , Ganguly S 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We simulate the formation of molecular clouds in colliding flows of warm neutral medium with the adaptive mesh refinement code flash in eight simulations with varying initial magnetic field strength, between 0.01–5 μG. We include a chemical network to treat heating and cooling and to follow the formation of molecular gas. The initial magnetic field strength influences the fragmentation of the forming cloud because it prohibits motions perpendicular to the field direction and hence impacts the formation of large-scale filamentary structures. Molecular clump and core formation occurs anyhow. We identify 3D clumps and 3D cores, which are defined as connected, CO-rich regions. Additionally, 3D cores are heavily shielded. While we do not claim those 3D objects to be directly comparable to observations, this enables us to analyse their full virial state. With increasing field strength, we find more fragments with a smaller average mass; yet the dynamics of the forming clumps and cores only weakly depends on the initial magnetic field strength. The molecular clumps are mostly unbound, probably transient objects, which are weakly confined by ram pressure or thermal pressure, indicating that they are swept up by the turbulent flow. They experience significant fluctuations in the mass flux through their surface, such that the Eulerian reference frame shows a dominant time-dependent term due to their indistinct nature. We define the cores to encompass highly shielded molecular gas. Most cores are in gravitational-kinetic equipartition and are well described by the common virial parameter $\alpha _\mathrm{vir}$, while some undergo minor dispersion by kinetic surface effects.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Authors: Banerjee Sourav 
Published: June 2024

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (b. 1770–d. 1831) is considered to be one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy, and is also one of the most important figures in German idealism. His influence encompasses the whole gamut of contemporary philosophical issues, ranging from political philosophy to metaphysical issues in epistemology and ontology, philosophy of religion, philosophy of art, philosophy of history, and the history of philosophy. Born during the transitional period between the Enlightenment and the Romantic movements in the German regions of Europe, Hegel lived during the period of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars and was greatly influenced by them. Hegel went to the German School and then the Latin School, studied at Stuttgart’s Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium, and read authors like the poet Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and writers associated with the Enlightenment, such as Christian Garve and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing. In 1844, Hegel’s first biographer, Karl Rosenkranz described the young Hegel’s education by saying that it “belonged entirely to the Enlightenment with respect to principle, and entirely to classical antiquity with respect to curriculum.” His fame rests predominantly upon three of his achievements: The Phenomenology of Spirit, The Science of Logic, and finally the lectures he delivered at the University of Berlin on various topics from his Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences. Throughout his work, he endeavored to address and rectify the problematic dualisms that existed in modern philosophy, essentially by referring to the resources of ancient philosophy, particularly Aristotle. Hegel vehemently argued that reason and freedom are not natural givens to men, but are historically achieved. His dialectical hypothetical procedure is based on the principle of immanence. Taking skepticism seriously, he contends that we cannot presume any truths that have not passed the test of experience; even the a priori categories of “the Logic” must attain their “verification” in the natural world and the historical accomplishments of mankind. Guided by the Delphic imperative to “know thyself,” Hegel presents free self-determination as the essence of mankind—a conclusion from his 1806–1807 Phenomenology that he argues is substantiated by the interdependence of logic, nature, and spirit in his later Encyclopedia. His claim is that Logic both conserves and incapacitates the dualism of whatever is mental and material, or in other words it covers both the difference and continuity of the fields of nature and culture. Hegel’s thought continues to exercise enormous influence across a wide variety of traditions in Western philosophy.
Philosophy of Music Education in Modern and Contemporary China
Authors: Xiu Hailin , Fung C. Victor 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
As a continuation of chapter 2, this chapter articulates the philosophy of music education in modern and contemporary China. It begins by explaining the notion of “Chinese learning as core, Western learning as application.” Next, it unpacks the ideas of leading twentieth-century music educators in China, including Cai Yuanpei, Xiao Youmei, Wang Guangqi, and Liu Tianhua. Given the importance of politics in the formation of philosophical ideas during this period, the philosophies and policies of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai are discussed as well. After further discussion of the intersection of Chinese and Western ideas, the chapter concludes by sketching some ideas about the future.
Progress and Development of the Philosophy of Music Education in China since the Twentieth Century
Authors: Wang Yaohua , Guo Xiaoli , Dou Hongmei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with a synopsis of Confucian philosophy, highlighting the attachment of moral principles to formal music education. Since the early twentieth century, music education in modern China has continued to evolve, but with a strong Western influx of ideas from scholars such as John Dewey. A representative figure in early-twentieth-century China who absorbed Western ideas on a Chinese foundation, Wang Guowei, emphasized aesthetic education. While Marxism had a strong hold on education in China after 1949, another wave of influence from the West has appeared since the late 1980s via Bennett Reimer, David Elliott, and others. The latest official music-education curriculum standards show traces of traditional Confucianism and a renewed commitment to music aesthetics. The high-school music curriculum standards identify aesthetic perception, artistic expression, and cultural understanding as core qualities. Music educators in China are set for an ever-deepening quest as they move music education forward.