bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Montelukast Alone or in Combination with Desloratadine or Levocetirizine in Patients with Persistent Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Ciebiada Maciej , Gorska-Ciebiada Malgorzata , Barylski Marcin , Kmiecik Tomasz , Gorski Pawel 
Published: January 2011

Background We assessed the course of treatment in patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (AR) treated with montelukast, levocetirizine, or desloratadine alone or combinations of antihistamine and montelukast. Methods A 32-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover, double-armed study in 40 adult patients with history of persistent AR, clinical allergy to house-dust mites, and a total nasal symptom score of at least 5 (congestion of at least 2) has been performed. Patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nonallergic rhinitis with clinical allergy associated with seasonal allergens, and other serious diseases were excluded. There were four 6-week treatment periods separated by 2-week washout periods. Twenty patients received either montelukast or antihistamine, a combination of montelukast and antihistamine, or placebo. The sequence of treatment was randomly assigned. Nasal symptoms were assessed using a 4-point scale at baseline, daily during the 1st week and on days 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 of treatment. Results Montelukast alone, levocetirizine alone, desloratadine alone, and the montelukast/antihistamine combinations significantly improved nasal symptoms during the first 24 hours. Improvement gradually increased during the 6 weeks of treatment, especially in patients receiving montelukast alone or in combination therapy with the antihistamine in both arms. Improvement at 42 days of treatment was significantly greater than that achieved on the 1st day of therapy in patients treated with the combination of montelukast and levocetirizine. Conclusion Montelukast alone or in combination with antihistamines gave a gradual increase in nasal symptom improvement within 6 weeks of treatment in patients with persistent AR.
A Previously Undescribed Branch of the Pterygopalatine Ganglion
Authors: Oomen Karin P. , Ebbeling Michelle , de Ru Jacob A. , Hordijk Gerrit J. , Bleys Ronald L. 
Published: January 2011

Background Endonasal and infrazygomatic pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) block for facial pain provides pain relief in a broader area than expected on anatomic grounds. The aim of this study was to search for neural structures in the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) that could explain unexpected pain relief after PPG blockage. Methods The neural PPF content was explored through human cadaver study and nerve-specific staining. Five human PPF specimens were dissected as whole-mount preparations with the aid of an operation microscope and stained for acetylcholinesterase. One of these specimens was partially sectioned and analyzed through nitric oxide synthase (NOS) immunohistochemistry. Results A previously unknown nerve was identified. The nerve runs between the PPG and the ophthalmic nerve and was identified in all five specimens. NOS-containing nerve fibers were present but did not occupy the complete nerve area. Conclusion Because it is likely that the nerve contains sensory fibers, our findings may provide an anatomic basis for unexplained pain relief in the ophthalmic area after PPG blockage.
Paranasal Sinus Development in Children: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis
Authors: Adibelli Zehra Hilal , Songu Murat , Adibelli Hamit 
Published: January 2011

Background The anatomy of the paranasal sinus is significantly different between adults and children, and surgeons must be aware of these differences to safely perform pediatric functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the normal dimensions of the paranasal sinuses during development using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data compiled from the largest cohort to date. Methods The records of 2025 children, aged 0–18 years, who underwent cranial MRI, were examined retrospectively and 1452 patients with no history of sinus disease were included in the study. Coronal, axial, and sagittal images were used to measure the dimensions of the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses, and the sinus volume index was measured. Patients were divided into 10 cohorts based on their age at the time of the scan. Results No difference between left and right one-dimensional measurements and volume indexes for the maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses was observed in any age group. Initial signs of pneumatization were observed at birth for the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses, at 9 months for sphenoid sinus, and after the age of 5 years for the frontal sinus. Conclusion These results will help physicians correlate the clinical and radiographic findings of pediatric patients who are being evaluated for sinus disease and potential surgical intervention. Knowledge of the variations in the size of the paranasal sinuses is essential for determining the significance of incidental findings.
Increased Expression of Angiogenin in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Hwang Kyu Sung , Park Il-Ho , Choi Hyuk , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Sang Hag , Lee Heung-Man 
Published: January 2011

Background The aim of this study was to determine the expression and distribution of angiogenin in nasal polyps and to evaluate the implication of such expression with respect to the development of nasal polyps. Methods Normal inferior turbinate mucosa was obtained from 20 patients undergoing surgery for augmentation rhinoplasty. Nasal polyp samples were obtained from 20 patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic polypoid rhinosinusitis. A semiquantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for angiogenin mRNA. Sections of nasal polyps were immunostained for localization of angiogenin and quantitatively analyzed using computer-based image analysis. Western blot analysis was performed. Results Semiquantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that angiogenin expression in nasal polyps was increased compared with that in normal nasal mucosa. Using immunohistochemical staining, moderate-to-high levels of angiogenin were mainly localized in the infiltrating inflammatory cells of nasal polyps and faint staining was found in normal nasal mucosa. Conclusion These results suggest that angiogenin may play a role in the pathophysiology of nasal polyps.
Association of T Cells and Eosinophils with Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxin a and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 in Nasal Polyps
Authors: Kim Seon Tae , Chung Seung Won , Jung Joo Hyun , Ha Jong Su , Kang Il Gyu 
Published: January 2011

Background Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins (SEs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps (NPs) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between SEs and T cells in NPs. Methods After a nasal smear culture, the nasal lavage fluid and NP tissue were obtained from 30 CRS with NP (CRSwNP) patients. The control samples were taken from 10 normal individuals. The presence of S. aureus exotoxin A (SEA) and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) was verified through a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was performed, followed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining for eosinophils. Results The PCR analysis and immunohistochemical staining for SEA and TSST-1 showed a significantly higher expression in the NP group when compared with that in the control group. Furthermore, the number of T cells and eosinophils were notably increased in the NP group when compared with that in the control group. Significant correlation was observed between the results of the culture, PCR, and immunohistochemical staining in the NP group. Moreover, the number of T cells and eosinophils was significantly increased in the positive experimental groups, when compared with that in the control group. Conclusion Our results indicate that there was, indeed, some correlation between the expression of SE in the nasal cavity and the increased number of T cells and eosinophils in NPs.
The Effect of Dilute Baby Shampoo on Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Isaacs Seth , Fakhri Samer , Luong Amber , Whited Chad , Citardi Martin J. 
Published: January 2011

Background Biofilm formation has been implicated as an etiologic factor in the development of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Nasal irrigation with surfactants including dilute baby shampoo have been proposed as an antibiofilm treatment for CRS patients. The effect of dilute baby shampoo on normal sinonasal mucosal function is unknown. Methods Mucociliary clearance time (MCT), as measured by the time in minutes for a subject to detect a sweet taste after the application of a saccharin granules at the anterior part of the inferior turbinate, was performed before and shortly after nasal irrigation with 50 ml of 1% baby shampoo (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, NJ) in 27 healthy volunteers. Results Mean MCTs before and after irrigation were 12.09 (±4.83 minutes) and 15.45 (±7.71 minutes) minutes, respectively. The mean difference, 3.37 minutes, was statistically significant (p = 0.031). Pre- and post-MCTs for each subject were not correlated (r = 0.324; p = 0.100). Conclusion Nasal irrigations with dilute baby shampoo increase MCTs in healthy subjects. The impact of such interventions in CRS patients warrants additional investigation.
Precision beats interval: appropriate monitoring efforts for management of a harvested Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population
Authors: Danell Anna C. , Andrén Henrik 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAdaptive management of wild populations requires good knowledge of the population status. The main way to evaluate management performance is through recurring surveys, which often also serve as a decision basis for harvest quotas. We evaluated the effect of different survey reliabilities and frequencies during 1‐4 years on management performance using a stochastic age and stage‐specific population model for an Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx population. As a proxy for management performance, we looked at the proportion of time that the population remained within a preferred interval, the proportion of time with no harvest, the average harvest number and the total number of surveys during the 50‐year period in the simulation. In general, management performance increased with increased monitoring accuracy. More interestingly, a more reliable survey performed less frequently performed better than a less reliable survey performed every year. The management performance was not perfect even with complete knowledge of the population size at the survey, as annual variation in reproduction and survival between the survey (decision based on year t) and harvest (performed in year t+1) sometimes cause the population to be outside the preferred interval. If financial resources are limited, we recommend managers to minimise the error in the survey rather than to increase the frequency of surveys.
Sky longwave radiation on tropical Andean glaciers: parameterization and sensitivity to atmospheric variables
Authors: Sicart Jean Emmanuel , Hock Regine , Ribstein Pierre , Chazarin Jean Philippe 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn mountain environments, longwave radiation provides large amounts of melt energy for high-albedo snow surfaces and can dominate in the energy balance of snow or glacier surfaces under cloudy skies. This study examines the atmospheric controls of sky longwave radiation at Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia (16°15’ S, 5060 ma.s.l.) over an entire year to derive a parameterization suitable for melt studies. Tropical glaciers are characterized by a pronounced seasonality of longwave radiation, due to cloud emissions during the wet season that strongly enhance the small emissivity of the thin and dry clear-sky atmosphere at very high altitudes. Clear-sky radiation is well simulated as a function of air temperature and humidity, but changes in humidity atmospheric profiles from daytime to night-time entail different optimized coefficients for hourly and daily data. Cloud emission, which enhances clear-sky emissivity by up to 55%, with an average of 20%, is estimated using daily atmospheric transmissivity for solar radiation. Partial correlations show that in high mountains cloud emissions control the variations of longwave radiation, far more than clear-sky emissivity and temperature of the emitting atmosphere. An independent test on Glaciar Antizana in the humid tropics of Ecuador (0°280 S, 4860ma.s.l.) indicates that the parameterization is robust for the Central Andes.
An energy-balance model for debris-covered glaciers including heat conduction through the debris layer
Authors: Reid Tim D. , Brock Ben W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractExtensive covers of supraglacial debris are often present in glacier ablation areas, and it is essential to assess exactly how the debris affects glacier melt rates. This paper presents a physically based energy-balance model for the surface of a debris-covered glacier. The model is driven by meteorological variables, and was developed using data collected at Miage glacier, Italy, during the ablation seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007. The debris surface temperature is numerically estimated by considering the balance of heat fluxes at the air/debris interface, and heat conduction through the debris is calculated in order to estimate melt rates at the debris/ice interface. The predicted hourly debris surface temperatures and debris internal temperatures provide a good fit to temperatures measured on rock-covered Miage glacier (r2 >0.94) and the tephra-covered glacier on Villarrica volcano, Chile (r2 >0.82). The model can also be used to reproduce observed changes in melt rates below debris layers of varying types and thicknesses, an important consideration for the overall mass balance of debris-covered glaciers.
Atmospheric warming threatens the untapped glacial archive of Ortles mountain, South Tyrol
Authors: Gabrielli P. , Carturan L. , Gabrieli J. , Dinale R. , Krainer K. , Hausmann H. , Davis M. , Zagorodnov V. , Seppi R. , Barbante C. , Dalla Fontana G. , Thompson L.G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOrtles mountain (3905 m a.s.l.), South Tyrol, Italy, is the highest mountain of the Eastern European Alps, and its upper glacier, Alto dell’Ortles, presents a unique opportunity to obtain the first paleoenvironmental record from an ice core in this area. To study the suitability of this glacier as a drilling site, in 2009 we performed the first preliminary study of its glaciological characteristics at ˜3830 m a.s.l. The maximum thickness is ˜75 m, and lamination of the exposed ice layers is excellent down to bedrock. Firn and ice lenses were observed in a 10 m shallow core, and the firn/ice transition was below ˜24m. The seasonal chemical signal is clearly preserved only within the uppermost 2008 and 2009 snow/firn. A simple mass-balance model, the incipient ‘smoothing’ of the chemical record, and the observed ice lenses provide evidence that melting, infiltration and refreezing cycles occurred within the firn layers formed before 2008. Nevertheless, the mass balance of the upper part of Alto dell’Ortles was positive (˜800mma_1) during the last few years. We suggest that an environmental history is likely to be well preserved only within the ice layers formed before ˜1980, when summer air temperature was ˜2°C colder than today in this area. Clearly the continued warming trend predicted to occur over the next few decades, and the consequent increase in frequency and/or intensity of infiltration processes, will endanger the preservation of the glacial archive conserved in the deep ice layers of Ortles mountain.
Characterization of subglacial landscapes by a two-parameter roughness index
Authors: Li Xin , Sun Bo , Siegert Martin J. , Bingham Robert G. , Tang Xueyuan , Zhang Dong , Cui Xiangbin , Zhang Xiangpei 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPrevious studies using Fourier transformation (FT) methods to analyze subglacial roughness have shown promise for distinguishing between different types of subglacial landscape from raw subglacial elevation data. We derive a two-parameter FT roughness index {ξ, η}, where • is based on the FT of elevation (as previously considered in isolation), and η is based on both the FT of elevation and the FT of bed-slope profile. In this way, we take account of both vertical and horizontal irregularities in subglacial surfaces. We demonstrate the statistical veracity of using {ξ, η} to consider roughness in terms of obstacle amplitudes and spacing, and consider the use of {ξ, η} in studies of ice dynamics and subglacial geomorphological interpretation. We show that {ξ, η} can be linked to basal sliding rates on the metre scale, and can be used to differentiate further than single-parameter roughness indices between different classes of subglacial landscape, in particular between erosional and depositional settings.
A physically based calving model applied to marine outlet glaciers and implications for the glacier dynamics
Authors: Nick F.M. , Van Der Veen C.J. , Vieli A. , Benn D.I. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe present results from numerical ice-flow models that include calving criteria based on penetration of surface and basal crevasses, which in turn is a function of longitudinal strain rates near the glacier front. The position of the calving front is defined as the point where either (1) surface crevasses reach the waterline (model CDw), or (2) surface and basal crevasses penetrate the full thickness of the glacier (model CD). For comparison with previous studies, results are also presented for a height-above-buoyancy calving model. Qualitatively, both models CDw and CD produce similar behaviour. Unlike previous models for calving, the new calving criteria are applicable to both grounded termini and floating ice shelves and tongues. The numerical ice-flow model is applied to an idealized geometry characteristic of marine outlet glaciers. Results indicate that grounding-line dynamics are less sensitive to basal topography than previously suggested. Stable grounding-line positions can be obtained even on a reverse bed slope with or without floating termini. The proposed calving criteria also allow calving losses to be linked to surface melt and therefore climate. In contrast to previous studies in which calving rate or position of the terminus is linked to local water depth, the new calving criterion is able to produce seasonal cycles of retreat and advance as observed for Greenland marine outlet glaciers. The contrasting dynamical behaviour and stability found for different calving models suggests that a realistic parameterization for the process of calving is crucial for any predictions of marine outlet glacier change.
'Risky Business': Disease, Disaster and the Unintended Consequences of Epizootics in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century France and Germany
Authors: Brantz Dorothee 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Livestock diseases have a long history. Epizootics like cattle plague and foot and mouth disease have always been a great threat to the well being of animals, human health, and agricultural production. However, thus far they have received little attention in the historical scholarship on risk management. The following essay seeks to contribute to this scholarship by looking at the history of Rinderpest in eighteenth and nineteenth century France and Germany. In comparing these two examples, the essay examines how epizootics have affected the development of European meat production. I maintain that they fostered the creation of expert knowledge, which in turn directly affected the reform of meat production. Yet it also increased the realization that meat production always remained a risky business prone to such 'natural' disasters.
Disciplining the Earth: Earthquake Observation in Switzerland and Germany at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Westermann Andrea 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article examines how, in late nineteenth-century Switzerland and Germany, the established earthquake discourse was socially reshaped and, in turn, helped change the way people conceived of social reality. Scientists broke with the tradition of enlightened earthquake discourse in that they argued that earthquake research was about the regular and statistically frequent, and not primarily about the exceptional or hazardous. Their attitude was sustained by the idea of social contingency that had come to define Western societies' self-perception. The idea started to transform the supposed accidental and threatening character of earthquakes. It suggested that the individual and social scopes of action had broadened and mattered, that 'progress' was shapeable. In the face of nature's uncertainties, seismologists were eager to highlight the opportunity for social action offered by moderate quakes and instrument-based observation. Earthquake research added to another key feature of Western modernity: arguably, the new pictures of the earth such as global earthquake belts and the shell-like construction of the inner earth suggested by seismology contributed to the social and cultural processes of globalisation at work at the turn of the twentieth century. To the practitioners, the seismic survey of the whole earth, whether undertaken on a micro or a macro scale, offered what could be called a material substrate for the growing awareness among Western nation states of being globally embedded and interconnected in many terms: political, economic, scientific and cultural.
US Weather Bureau Chief Willis Moore and the Reimagination of Uncertainty in Long-Range Forecasting
Authors: Pietruska Jamie L. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article examines competing modes of knowledge production in the context of long-range weather forecasting in the United States at the turn of the twentieth century. The US Weather Bureau, a newly constituted civilian organisation in 1891, sought to build its institutional reputation based on authoritative short-term 24-hour forecasts by discrediting the popular and ubiquitous 'weather prophets' who made long-range predictions. Chief Willis L. Moore, at the helm of the Weather Bureau from 1895 to 1913, initially condemned long-range forecasting as superstition and quackery inherently inferior to professional meteorological expertise. But the Weather Bureau, which began issuing its own weekly forecasts in 1908, reimagined long-range forecasting to accept the very indeterminacy it had formerly denounced, thereby rationalising the uncertainty of weather prediction into its weekly forecasts and into its vision of modern scientific meteorology.