bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurocognitive disorders: Cluster 1 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11
Authors: Sachdev P. , Andrews G. , Hobbs M. J. , Sunderland M. , Anderson T. M. 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundIn an effort to group mental disorders on the basis of aetiology, five clusters have been proposed. In this paper, we consider the validity of the first cluster, neurocognitive disorders, within this proposal. These disorders are categorized as ‘Dementia, Delirium, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders’ in DSM-IV and ‘Organic, including Symptomatic Mental Disorders’ in ICD-10.MethodWe reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by a Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force as applied to the cluster of neurocognitive disorders.Results‘Neurocognitive’ replaces the previous terms ‘cognitive’ and ‘organic’ used in DSM-IV and ICD-10 respectively as the descriptor for disorders in this cluster. Although cognitive/organic problems are present in other disorders, this cluster distinguishes itself by the demonstrable neural substrate abnormalities and the salience of cognitive symptoms and deficits. Shared biomarkers, co-morbidity and course offer less persuasive evidence for a valid cluster of neurocognitive disorders. The occurrence of these disorders subsequent to normal brain development sets this cluster apart from neurodevelopmental disorders. The aetiology of the disorders is varied, but the neurobiological underpinnings are better understood than for mental disorders in any other cluster.ConclusionsNeurocognitive disorders meet some of the salient criteria proposed by the Study Group of the DSM-V Task Force to suggest a classification cluster. Further developments in the aetiopathogenesis of these disorders will enhance the clinical utility of this cluster.
Neurodevelopmental disorders: Cluster 2 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11
Authors: Andrews G. , Pine D. S. , Hobbs M. J. , Anderson T. M. , Sunderland M. 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundDSM-IV and ICD-10 are atheoretical and largely descriptive. Although this achieves good reliability, the validity of diagnoses can be increased by an understanding of risk factors and other clinical features. In an effort to group mental disorders on this basis, five clusters have been proposed. We now consider the second cluster, namely neurodevelopmental disorders.MethodWe reviewed the literature in relation to 11 validating criteria proposed by a DSM-V Task Force Study Group.ResultsThis cluster reflects disorders of neurodevelopment rather than a ‘childhood’ disorders cluster. It comprises disorders subcategorized in DSM-IV and ICD-10 as Mental Retardation; Learning, Motor, and Communication Disorders; and Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Although these disorders seem to be heterogeneous, they share similarities on some risk and clinical factors. There is evidence of a neurodevelopmental genetic phenotype, the disorders have an early emerging and continuing course, and all have salient cognitive symptoms. Within-cluster co-morbidity also supports grouping these disorders together. Other childhood disorders currently listed in DSM-IV share similarities with the Externalizing and Emotional clusters. These include Conduct Disorder, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Separation Anxiety Disorder. The Tic, Eating/Feeding and Elimination disorders, and Selective Mutisms were allocated to the ‘Not Yet Assigned’ group.ConclusionNeurodevelopmental disorders meet some of the salient criteria proposed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to suggest a classification cluster.
Archaeal ammonia oxidizers and nirS-type denitrifiers dominate sediment nitrifying and denitrifying populations in a subtropical macrotidal estuary
Authors: Abell Guy C J , Revill Andrew T , Smith Craig , Bissett Andrew P , Volkman John K , Robert Stanley S 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Nitrification and denitrification are key steps in nitrogen (N) cycling. The coupling of these processes, which affects the flow of N in ecosystems, requires close interaction of nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms, both spatially and temporally. The diversity, temporal and spatial variations in the microbial communities affecting these processes was examined, in relation to N cycling, across 12 sites in the Fitzroy river estuary, which is a turbid subtropical estuary in central Queensland. The estuary is a major source of nutrients discharged to the Great Barrier Reef near-shore zone. Measurement of nitrogen fluxes showed an active denitrifying community during all sampling months. Archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA of AOA, functional marker for nitrification) was significantly more abundant than Betaproteobacterial (β-AOB) amoA. Nitrite reductase genes, functional markers for denitrification, were dominated by nirS and not nirK types at all sites during the year. AOA communities were dominated by the soil/sediment cluster of Crenarchaeota, with sequences found in estuarine sediment, marine and terrestrial environments, whereas nirS sequences were significantly more diverse (where operational taxonomic units were defined at both the threshold of 5% and 15% sequence similarity) and were closely related to sequences originating from estuarine sediments. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis revealed that AOA population compositions varied spatially along the estuary, whereas nirS populations changed temporally. Statistical analysis of individual T-RF dominance suggested that salinity and C:N were associated with the community succession of AOA, whereas the nirS-type denitrifier communities were related to salinity and chlorophyll-α in the Fitzroy river estuary.
A constitutively active and uninhibitable caspase-3 zymogen efficiently induces apoptosis
Authors: Walters Jad , Pop Cristina , Scott Fiona L. , Drag Marcin , Swartz Paul , Mattos Carla , Salvesen Guy S. , Clark A. Clay 
Published: October 2009

The caspase-3 zymogen has essentially zero activity until it is cleaved by initiator caspases during apoptosis. However, a mutation of V266E in the dimer interface activates the protease in the absence of chain cleavage. We show that low concentrations of the pseudo-activated procaspase-3 kill mammalian cells rapidly and, importantly, this protein is not cleaved nor is it inhibited efficiently by the endogenous regulator XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis). The 1.63 Å (1 Å = 0.1 nm) structure of the variant demonstrates that the mutation is accommodated at the dimer interface to generate an enzyme with substantially the same activity and specificity as wild-type caspase-3. Structural modelling predicts that the interface mutation prevents the intersubunit linker from binding in the dimer interface, allowing the active sites to form in the procaspase in the absence of cleavage. The direct activation of procaspase-3 through a conformational switch rather than by chain cleavage may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for inducing cell death.
Labels Used by Young People to Describe Mental Disorders: Factors Associated with Their Development
Authors: Wright Annemarie , Jorm Anthony F. 
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe the most common terms used to label mental disorders and examine how label use develops with age, and the factors that may mediate any of these developmental changes. Method: A national telephone survey was conducted with 2802 Australian young people aged 12–25 years and 1528 co-resident parents. Label use was assessed in response to one of three randomly assigned vignettes describing symptoms of depression, psychosis and social phobia. Results: Depression was correctly labelled twice as frequently as psychosis, whereas social phobia was rarely correctly labelled and most commonly labelled using lay terms. Use of accurate labels increased with age and female subjects were more likely to use them. For all vignettes, likelihood of using an accurate label was associated with exposure to mental health community awareness campaigns and accuracy of label used by a parent. Exposure to a family member or friend who had experienced the disorder and sought help was associated with accurate labelling of the depression and psychosis vignettes only. Male gender was more frequently associated with inaccurate label use. Conclusions: Accuracy of labelling by young people varies greatly between disorders. More predictors were found for use of accurate labels compared to almost all other non-diagnostic labels. An understanding of the landscape of labelling of mental disorders and factors that mediate their development can be harnessed to improve the effectiveness of community education initiatives. This in turn has the potential to improve labelling of mental disorders by young people and increase appropriate help-seeking during this crucial onset period.
Pubertal Process and Green-Sickness in Renaissance Drama: A Form Fruste of Anorexia Nervosa?
Authors: Potter Ursula , Bartrop Roger , Touyz Stephen 
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between puberty and the onset of green-sickness in early modern popular culture with findings on puberty and the onset of anorexia nervosa. Method: Four plays from the late 16th and early 17th centuries dealing with 14–15-year-old girls were analysed for information on puberty and for precipitating factors for the onset of green-sickness. These were then contrasted with the literature on anorexia nervosa where puberty has been proposed as a potential risk factor for the development of the disorder. Results: These four plays endorse a common understanding in early modern popular culture that puberty presents a major developmental challenge for young women. Four common precipitating factors for the development of green-sickness were identified: socio-economic status; age at onset; nutrition and sexual development. These have a striking resemblance to our current understanding of the development of anorexia nervosa in adolescence. Conclusion: Green-sickness shares certain similarities with anorexia nervosa. It is a post menarcheal condition arising out of the body's ripeness for reproduction at around the age of 14. Affluence and improved nutrition were recognized as contributory factors. The development of both green-sickness and anorexia nervosa appear to share a common theme in the context of puberty.
The Case for Case Histories
Authors: Frost Mary 
Published: October 2009

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to provide background to the ‘case history’ requirement of the RANZCP examinations, and assist trainees preparing these histories. Conclusion: The case histories provide the only opportunity in psychiatric training for assessment of the capacity to write professionally and to prepare a sophisticated formulation, important aspects of any medico-legal report. Recent public debate regarding declining standards of literacy highlights public concerns about written communication. Retaining the case histories demonstrates that the College's commitment to ensuring high standards of written communication remains a cornerstone of the practice of psychiatry in Australasia. The histories provide a vital learning ground for trainees in preparing themselves to be competent psychiatrists. In order to improve trainees’ preparation in submitting case histories, examiners’ advice is provided.
Amygdaloid Neurosurgery for Aggressive Behaviour, Sydney, 1967–1977: Societal, Scientific, Ethical and Other Factors
Authors: White Richard , Williams Sid 
Published: October 2009

Objectives: In 1967, despite escalating international hostility towards psychosurgery, a program of amygdaloid neurosurgery for the reduction of aggressive and self-harming behaviour commenced in Sydney. In this paper, the second of two articles on the Amygdaloid Neurosurgery Project (ANP), we analyse the relative contributions of seven nominated societal, ethical and other factors to the genesis and demise of the ANP, and consider implications of the history of the ANP for the future of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders (NPD) in New South Wales (NSW) and elsewhere. Conclusions: Leadership and the availability of resources were crucial factors in the genesis of the project. Its scientific foundations were doubtful in 1967, and remain so in 2009. Ethical issues became the focus of hostile media and Government attention in 1977 and precipitated the project's demise. Lessons derived from an historical analysis of the ANP should assist the medical profession develop appropriate approaches to recent advances in NPD, including deep brain stimulation, new ablative procedures and stem cell implantation.
L'Anecdote proustienne: outil d'inscription de l'histoire
Authors: Guez Stéphanie 
Published: October 2009

Résumé

Les longs passages explicatifs que Proust consacrait à l'actualité dans
Jean Santeuil
disparaissent de
La Recherche
… au profit d'anecdotes. L'entier matériau historiographique est anecdotisé tant par les personnages que par le romancier, et cette anecdotisation semble avoir pour tâche, à tout le moins pour résultat, d'évacuer l'Histoire du roman. Une étude suivie des fonctions de l'anecdote prouve toutefois que le micro-récit assume simultanément deux fonctions distinctes, voire contraires. Pour les personnages, il y va d'une stratégie d'escamotage, pour le romancier d'une technique d'inscription de l'Histoire. Grâce à l'anecdote, un élément pourtant réputé secondaire, Proust indexe son récit au discours social de l'époque.
Point-of-Care Testing for Pandemic Influenza and Biothreats
Authors: Louie Richard F. , Kitano Tyler , Brock T. Keith , Derlet Robert , Kost Gerald J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTNew and reemerging infectious diseases, such as pandemic viruses and resistant bacteria, pose a serious threat in the 21st century. Some of these agents represent global security threats. This review provides an overview of diagnostic challenges presented by pandemic influenza and biothreat agents. The article summarizes recent pandemics and disease outbreaks, point-of-care influenza diagnostic tests, biothreat agents, biothreat instrument systems, and technologies in development. It highlights how medical innovation and health care initiatives can help prepare health care professionals and public health personnel to handle future crises. Based on gap analysis for current point-of-care testing deficiencies, it concludes with policy recommendations that will enhance preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 2):S193–S202)
The ‘Mother of Thousands’ (Kalanchoë daigremontiana): A Plant Model for Asexual Reproduction and CAM Studies
Authors: Garcês Helena , Sinha Neelima 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe genus Kalanchoë plays an important role in the investigation of biochemical, physiological and phylogenetic aspects of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in plants, which is an important evolutionary adaptation of the photosynthetic carbon assimilation pathway to arid environments. In addition, natural compounds extracted from tissues of Kalanchoë have potential applicability in treating tumors and inflammatory and allergic diseases, and have been shown to have insecticidal properties. Kalanchoë daigremontiana (Hamet & Perrier) originated in Madagascar and reproduces asexually by spontaneously forming whole plantlets on leaves. Plantlets develop symmetrically along the leaf margins on leaf notches, closely resembling zygotic embryos in development, and once the root system is formed, they detach from the mother-leaf, fall to the ground, and grow into new plants. This phenomenon is also found in other species from this same genus; however, the formation of leaf-plantlets is variable among species. Nevertheless, all species illustrate the remarkable ability of plant somatic cells to regenerate an entire organism, which has fascinated the scientific community for many years. It was only recently that the morphogenic process involved in the origin of K. daigremontiana plantlets was determined using molecular and genetic tools: K. daigremontiana forms plantlets by co-opting both organogenesis and embryogenesis programs into leaves. The ability of K. daigremontiana species to form somatic embryos outside of a seed environment provides an attractive model system to study somatic embryogenesis in nature, particularly the molecular mechanism involved in the acquisition of competence by vegetative cells to make embryos without fertilization.
High-Resolution Dual-Trap Optical Tweezers with Differential Detection: Managing Environmental Noise: Figure 1.
Authors: Bustamante Carlos , Chemla Yann R. , Moffitt Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONOptical traps or “optical tweezers” have become an indispensable tool in understanding fundamental biological processes. The ability to manipulate and probe individual molecules or molecular complexes has led to a new, more refined understanding of the mechanical properties of the fundamental building blocks of the cell, and of the mechanism by which molecular machines function. The minimization and management of noise are the keys to building a high-resolution optical tweezers. The high degree of stability needed to observe angstrom motions of a biological system places rather stringent requirements on the environment in which the instrument operates. Specifically, environmental noise is a concern when it leads to differential movements of the optical trap relative to the second attachment point of the tether. In this article, we discuss what entails a quiet environment--what sources of noise are relevant and how they affect the instrument--and provide guidelines for choosing an appropriate location for a high-resolution instrument.
Fixing and Sectioning Tissue from the Plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana
Authors: Garcês Helena , Sinha Neelima 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONTissue samples from Kalanchoë daigremontiana can be fixed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), histology, and in situ hybridization using several common steps described in this protocol. All steps should be performed in the same manner for all three methods unless otherwise noted.
Transformation of the Plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana using Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Garcês Helena , Sinha Neelima 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONKalanchoë daigremontiana can be stably transformed using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated T-DNA transfer method, as described here. Sterilized plant tissue is cocultivated with an A. tumefaciens suspension, transformants are selected and the shoots are grown in rooting medium and then in soil. Plant phenotypes can be examined ~3 mo after transfer of plants to soil.
Extraction of DNA from the Plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana
Authors: Garcês Helena , Sinha Neelima 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to isolate genomic DNA from leaves and stems of Kalanchoë daigremontiana. The procedure can be applied to adult leaves, but it is best to use younger leaves because they have fewer secondary metabolites and polysaccharides, which can interfere with the DNA extraction. The resulting DNA can be used for polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), Southern blots, or other applications.
Formation and Use of Water-Soluble Lipopolymer-pDNA and Lipopeptide-pDNA Complexes
Authors: Mahato Ram I. , Ye Zhaoyang , Kim Sung Wan 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONWater-soluble lipopolymers and lipopeptides are nonviral gene-transfer reagents that combine the advantages of lipids, which increase permeability of DNA through cell membranes, with the DNA-condensing and enhanced endosomal release properties of polycations. This protocol describes the synthesis and characterization of water-soluble lipopolymer/lipopeptide-DNA complexes and their use in transfection of cultured cells and injection into tumor-bearing mice. Lipopolymers are formed by conjugating cholesteryl chloroformate with the primary or secondary amines of 1800-Da branched polyethylenimine (PEI); the use of the 1800-Da PEI avoids the cytotoxicity problems associated with higher molecular-mass PEI. Lipopeptides are composed of a human protamine-derived peptide that has been incubated with a reaction of O-(N-succinimidyl)-N,N,N′,N′,-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate with lithocholic acid in the presence of excess diisopropylethylamine. The therapeutic gene used as an example in this protocol encodes the murine interleukin 12 (IL-12) subunits p35 and p40, each under the transcriptional control of a separate cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter; the reporter plasmid contains the luciferase gene driven by a CMV promoter. The target cells are C-26 colon carcinoma cells.
Rearing Sarcophaga bullata Fly Hosts for Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp)
Authors: Werren John H. , Loehlin David W. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONNasonia is a complex of four closely related species of wasps with several features that make it an excellent system for a variety of genetic studies. These include a short generation time, ease of rearing, interfertile species, visible and molecular markers, and a sequenced genome. It also can serve as a behavior model for studies of courtship, male aggression and territoriality, female dispersal, and sex ratio control. Nasonia vitripennis is a parasitoid of a number of calliphorid flies, such as Sarcophaga bullata, allowing investigations of questions relating to parasitoid/host dynamics, host preference, and specialist versus generalist biology. S. bullata are relatively large, increasing the offspring yield that a single N. vitripennis female can produce. They are also easily reared in the lab if proper ventilation is available. This protocol describes the methods to collect and raise S. bullata larvae that will be used as hosts for N. vitripennis.
Larval RNAi in Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp)
Authors: Werren John H. , Loehlin David W. , Giebel Jonathan D. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONNasonia is a complex of four closely related species of wasps with several features that make it an excellent system for a variety of genetic studies. These include a short generation time, ease of rearing, interfertile species, visible and molecular markers, and a sequenced genome. Furthermore, its parasitoid lifestyle allows investigations of questions relating to parasitoid/host dynamics, host preference, and specialist versus generalist biology. It also can serve as a behavior model for studies of courtship, male aggression and territoriality, female dispersal, and sex ratio control. This protocol describes a method to use RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down genes in Nasonia larvae. Unlike in Drosophila, RNAi in Nasonia is systemic. In the example presented here, adult red-eye-color phenotypes are produced by injecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) against the eye color gene cinnabar into last-instar Nasonia larvae.
Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) of Zebrafish Transcripts: Optimization of RNA Extraction, Quality Control Considerations, and Data Analysis
Authors: Lan Chuan-Ching , Tang Rongying , Un San Leong Ivone , Love Donald R. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a popular model species. The rapid development of zebrafish embryos provides opportunities for investigation of genes essential for developmental processes, the human counterparts of which might be implicated in diseases. Understanding when and where genes are expressed can facilitate greater understanding of their function, and also allow the genes to be manipulated by gene knockdown in temporally and spatially specific manners. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) is widely applied in gene expression studies. This protocol presents techniques to optimize RNA isolation from zebrafish embryos; quality assessment and the use of multiple reference genes are also emphasized. The combined use of TRIzol extraction and column-based purification is strongly recommended, because the resulting RNA is of better quality than RNA isolated using either of those methods alone. The procedure can be performed in 2 d, with individual stages taking up to 15 h to complete.