bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On The Lower Carboniferous Corals : Rhopalolasma Bradbournense (Wilmore) And Rhopalolasma Rylstonense Sp. Nov.
Authors: Hudson Robert George Spencer 
Published: October 2009

Summary

Descriptions are given of
Rhopalolasma bradbournense
(Wilmore) and R.
rylstonense
sp. nov., two species of corals which occur in the Middle Viséan of the Carboniferous Central Province. The difference between them is not expressed in the ontogeny of either and is considered to be neither palingenetic nor coenogenetic variation. The forms belong to the same species-plexus as R.
tachyblastum
Hudson and R.
sympecta
Hudson from the Lower Viséan, and differences between these earlier and later forms are correlated with a change in the upward, relative to the outward, growth-rate of the corallum. The occurrence of a few but abnormally lengthy cylindrical individuals of R.
rylstonense
and R.
bradbournense
is also attributed to a change in the differential growth-rate of the corallum.

I. Introduction

Numerous small zaphrentoid corals characterized by a stereocolumn
1
and occurring in the zaphrentid-phase faunas of the Carboniferous have been listed by various authors under the genus
Densiphyllum
Dybowski. Those forms which occur in the Middle Viséan are usually named
D. bradbournense
Vaughan or
D. rushianum
Vaughan. The taxonomy of the former species, which has never been adequately described, is involved : in this paper the author redescribes the species and shows that it belongs to the genus
Rhopalolasma
Hudson.

II. Generic Diagnoses
Genus Densiphyllum Dybowski 1873

The genolectotype of the genus
Densiphyllum
Dybowski 1873 is
D. thomsoni
Dybowski 1873, a coral from zone 4 (Schmidt 1858) of the Silurian of Herkull, Esthonia (see Lang, Smith and Thomas 1940, p. 49). This species, according to Dybowski (1873,
Intrusive Rocks of the Shelve Area, South Shropshire
Authors: Blyth Francis George Henry 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The minor intrusions which are emplaced in the folded Ordovician sediments and pyroclastic rocks of the Shelve area are mainly basic in character, but range from picrite to alkali-rich andesite. Their structure and petrology are described and chemical analyses given. The Corndon dolerite phacolith, which occupies a faulted dome in shales near the main anticlinal axis of the area, is the largest of the intrusive masses and is discussed in detail; evidence based on 25–inch mapping of its outcrop and structural features is put forward for a re-interpretation of its form. The related Squilver dolerite and adinolization arising from it are also described in some detail, and other dyke and sill occurrences more briefly. The igneous rocks form a differentiation series with alkaline affinities, and were probably derived from a parent magma whose composition was not far removed from that of plateau-basalt. Folding of the Shelve rocks at the end of Ordovician times was accompanied by emplacement of the intrusions; smaller bodies of syenitic aplite were injected either at the same time or subsequently, and with this possible exception it is believed that all the igneous rocks were intruded before the Valentian submergence of the area.
I. Introduction
The Ordovician rocks of the Shelve area, which lies to the west of the Longmynd in South Shropshire, occupy some 40 to 50 square miles arid extend from near Minsterley (10 miles west-south-west of Shrewsbury) southward to within two miles of Bishop's Castle. Their eastern boundary is the prominent ridge of
The South-Western End of the Newry Igneous Complex. A Contribution towards the Petrogenesis of the Granodiorites
Authors: Reynolds Doris Livesey 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The south-western end of the Newry Complex is shown to be composed of hornblende-, biotite-, and porphyritic granodiorite, and the evidence as to the origin of these three varieties is presented.
Biotite-granodiorite is found to have developed from biotite-hornfels, sometimes with trondhjemite as an intermediate stage, by the introduction of Na, Ca and Si, with the concomitant removal of Al, Fe, Mg, Na, K, H, Ti, P and Mn. This outgoing material has been fixed in adjacent bands of biotite- and diopside-hornfels, both these rock types becoming basified. As a result of this basification, the complement of granitization, the biotite-hornfels is enriched in biotite and cordierite, whilst the diopside-hornfels is converted first to biotite-hornblende-plagioclase-diabrochite (equivalent to quartz-biotite-diorite) and subsequently to oligoclase porphyroblast biotite-hornblende-plagioclase-diabrochite (equivalent to porphyritic quartz-biotite-diorite). Finally, the granitization of oligoclase porphyroblast diabrochite, by introduction of K and Si, and loss of Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, H, Ti, and P, leads to the development of hornblende-granodiorite.
The minimum introductions from an external source necessary for the granitization of the country rocks of the region were Na, Ca and Si, and after granitization was completed migratory material remained which was rich in Al, Fe, Mg and Ca, and included, in addition, Si, Na, K, H, Ti, P and Mn. By analogy with the small-scale complementary changes of granitization and basification, it is suggested that the basic material which migrated from the region of granitization as a whole was fixed (a) in the biotite-enriched contact aureole, and (b) in basic and ultrabasic roof rocks such as those which cap the granodiorites at the north-eastern end of the complex, some of which have already been shown to have been evolved from sediments.
The evidence suggests that the processes involved in the evolution of the granodiorites and their complementary basic and ultrabasic types culminate in magma formation.
The Geology of Deudraeth. the Country between Traeth Mawr and Traeth Bâch, Merioneth
Authors: Fearnsides William George , Davies William 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Strip outcrops of Upper Cambrian strata in normal succession form the southeastern half of the Deudraeth peninsula. Garth Grit of Lower Arenig age follows with slight discordance. In echelon against the north-western face of the grit ridge are slabs of strata varying in age from Lower Bala at Ty-obry to Lingula Flags at Rhyd. Beyond these towards the north-west is the broad outcrop of the Crushed Slates group, enclosing separated lenses of ash and lava of late Arenig or Llandeilo age. Slip surfaces in this crush belt cut across the regional cleavage and slice the aureole of the Tan-y-grisiau intrusion. Late dolerite sills have entered along shear surfaces, but themselves are uncrushed. The shear zone is the broken middle limb of the main Caernarvonshire syncline, here thrust south-eastwards to override the margins of the Harlech Dome.
I. Introduction

The country described forms the north-western fringes of the Harlech Dome, immediately to the east of the type area of Tremadoc (Fearnsides 1910A). It lies between the Traeth Mawr and the Traeth Bach. It is mostly included on the six-inch sheets Merioneth XI and XIX NW.
1

The only detailed stratigraphical account of the district is that of J. W. Salter (in Ramsay 1866). At that time thrust movements were not suspected, although the section he described includes country which is very severely disturbed.
On his map of North Wales, D. Sharpe (1846) indicated an outcrop of greenstone extending from Moelwyn to the Portmadoc embankment close to the position of the grit
A Strong Convergence Theorem for a Family of Quasi-"Equation missing" -Nonexpansive Mappings in a Banach Space
Authors: Zhou Haiyun , Gao Xinghui 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to propose a modified hybrid projection algorithm and prove a strong convergence theorem for a family of quasi-"Equation missing"-nonexpansive mappings. The strong convergence theorem is proven in the more general reflexive, strictly convex, and smooth Banach spaces with the property (K). The results of this paper improve and extend the results of S. Matsushita and W. Takahashi (2005), X. L. Qin and Y. F. Su (2007), and others.
Umbanda and Hybridity
Authors: Engler Steven 
Published: October 2009

AbstractScholars of religion continue to talk of syncretism where their colleagues have moved on to talk of hybridity. This paper reviews critiques of the latter concept and argues that “hybridity” can be a useful concept, but only if further specified. I follow Peter Wade in distinguishing between hybridity of origin (the combination of pre-existing forms), and hybridity of encounter (the result of diasporic movements). I propose a third type, hybridity of refraction, in order to highlight the manner in which religious or cultural phenomena refract social tensions within a specific nation or society, resulting in a spectrum of ritual, doctrinal and/or religious forms. The typology is not meant to be complete or mutually exclusive: it suggests the value of adopting distinct, potentially overlapping, perspectives on hybridization. I illustrate the heuristic value of this approach with the case of Umbanda, a twentieth-century Brazilian religion.
Evil and the Experience of Freedom: Nancy on Schelling and Heidegger
Authors: Roney Patrick 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis essay examines Jean-Luc Nancy's re-posing of the question of freedom in The Experience of Freedom in relation to three issues—what he calls the “thought of freedom,” the reality of evil, and the closure of metaphysics. All three elements that he discusses point directly to Heidegger's engagement with Friedrich Schelling's attempt to establish a system of freedom. My intervention into the discussion between these three thinkers will address several issues. The first part draws out the implications of Nancy's argument that the thought of freedom, not the question of being as Heidegger would have it, is the ultimate matter for thinking that arises at the end of metaphysics. This in turn has important implications for Nancy's understanding of evil. The next part confronts and criticizes Nancy's contention that there is an “ontodicy” in Heidegger's thought that lends a certain justification to evil. The final part aims to show how Heidegger's engagement with Schelling and the reality of evil has to be understood within the context of the question concerning technology. This leads to a second confrontation with Nancy, who proposes a quite different interpretation of technology according to his own ontology, which he calls “being singular plural,” which amounts in effect to a liberation of technology from the being-question.
Transversality and the Philosophical Politics of Multiculturalism in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Jung Hwa Yol 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis essay advances the concept of transversality by drawing philosophical insights from Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Calvin O. Schrag, and the Martinicuan francophone Edouard Glissant. By so doing, it begins with a critique of the notion of universality in modern Western philosophy. It targets Hegel—the modernist incarnate—in particular, who had a dark view of the non-Western world. His overarching Eurocentric universality is founded on the fallacious premise that what is particular in the West is universalized or universalizable, whereas what is particular in the non-West remains particular forever. As Glissant puts it succinctly, however, thinking about “One” is not thinking about “All” or “Many.” Eurocentric universality is outmoded and thus has no place in the globalization of the multicultural world. It simply ignores the reality of interlacing of multiple life-worlds. The concept of transversality, which is symbolized in the Maitreyan Middle Way, is proposed to replace universality, which tends to be nothing but the philosophical expression of a particular socio-cultural life-world. It not only reduces ethnocentric ignorance but also fosters a hybridity that in fact dissolves the binary opposition between particularism and universalism. In short, transversality is conceived of as a new paradigm in philosophical conceptualization or world philosophy. What is traditionally called “comparative philosophy” is not just a neglected branch of philosophy, but it is poised to transform radically the very conception of philosophy itself.
Did Tertullian Possess a Greek Copy or Latin Translation of Marcion's Gospel?
Authors: Roth Dieter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn his significant work on Marcion, Adolf von Harnack was the first to advance the view that Tertullian employed a Latin translation of Marcion's Euangelion when writing Adversus Marcionem. This view was quickly embraced and subsequently accepted by numerous scholars throughout the twentieth century. However, several scholars, most recently those focusing on Marcion's Apostolikon, have argued against the various attempts to advance Harnack's view. In particular, Ulrich Schmid's recent study of both the similarities and differences of the vocabulary of Tertullian's citations from his own and the Marcionite scriptures demonstrated that it is much more probable that Tertullian was translating Marcion's text ad hoc from a Greek copy of Marcion's Apostolikon. This article undertakes a similar examination of the vocabulary in Marcion's Gospel, which reveals that it in all likelihood Tertullian was working from a Greek copy, and not a Latin translation, of this text as well.
Identity: The Indigent and the Wealthy in the Homilies of John Chrysostom
Authors: Sitzler Silke 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this article, identity theory is applied to a selection of John Chrysostom's homilies in order to investigate the identities being created, negotiated and modified in his commentary on the 'poor'. It is proposed that his discourse on the poor and almsgiving seeks overwhelmingly to negotiate identities for the wealthy within his Christian community, rather than for the poor. These identities are considered through Chrysostom's use of imagery, his commentary on behaviour, and his emphasis on the benefits provided both by the poor and almsgiving. Furthermore, it is argued that in these homilies Chrysostom sought to mediate Christian identities for the wealthy that complemented rather than opposed those operating in the wider non-Christian, Greco-Roman world.
Normalised spectrum for flow-generated noise prediction using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Mak CM , Au KC 
Published: October 2009

Flow-generated noise from in-duct strip spoilers was radiated from an open exhaust termination unit into a 70 m3 reverberation chamber and have been measured in 1/3 octave bands using sound power spectra. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package was adopted to model the strip spoilers in the air duct. Based on the results of CFD simulation of relevant configurations, the technique of Mak and Au and Mak and Oldham was adopted to normalise the experimental data. A normalised spectrum has been produced for predicting the sound power level of flow-noise produced by the strip spoilers in a rectangular air duct. The data collapse for the strip spoilers is generally good at higher Strouhal numbers, but is less efficient at lower Strouhal numbers where considerable scatter is observed. Together with the normalised spectrum, the predictive equations of Mak and his co-investigators can be used to predict the flow-generated noise produced by in-duct strip spoilers in a ventilation system at design stage using CFD. Practical application: Together with the normalised spectrum, the predictive equations of Mak and his co-investigators can be used to predict the flow-generated noise produced by in-duct strip spoilers in a ventilation system at design stage using CFD.
An impaired transendothelial migration potential of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells can be linked to ephrin-A4 expression
Authors: Trinidad Eva M. , Ballesteros Mónica , Zuloaga Jaime , Zapata Agustín , Alonso-Colmenar Luis M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell migration into lymphoid tissues is an important aspect of the pathobiology of this disease. Here, we investigated the role of ephrin-A4 (EFNA4) in the transendothelial migration (TEM) capacity of CLL and normal B cells through interacting with endothelial EphA2 (erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma). CLL cells showed a remarkable impairment in the adhesion to and transmigration through human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers, correlating with their higher EFNA4 expression. In vitro, TEM was mediated by EFNA4 binding to endothelial EphA2 receptor, which is highly expressed in tumor necrosis factor-α–activated HUVECs as well as in the CD31+ endothelial cells of human lymph nodes. The pretreatment of CLL cells with EphA2 homodimers further impaired their adhesion to and transmigration through HUVEC monolayers, whereas pretreatment of HUVECs with EFNA4 homodimers improved those phenomena in both CLL and normal B cells, suggesting that EFNA4 signaling negatively contributed to TEM. In fact, EFNA4 signaling into CLL cells significantly reduced their adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and several extracellular matrix molecules and impaired CCL-19–mediated TEM and chemotaxis. Our results suggest that EFNA4-EphA2 interactions are involved in CLL cell trafficking between blood and the tissues and therefore may become a therapeutic target in the future.
In vitro–differentiated T/natural killer–cell progenitors derived from human CD34+ cells mature in the thymus
Authors: Meek Bob , Cloosen Silvie , Borsotti Chiara , Van Elssen Catharina H. M. J. , Vanderlocht Joris , Schnijderberg Melanie C. A. , van der Poel Marjolein W. M. , Leewis Bas , Hesselink Reinout , Manz Markus G. , Katsura Yoshimoto , Kawamoto Hiroshi , Germeraad Wilfred T. V. , Bos Gerard M. J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) is a treatment option for patients with hematopoietic malignancies that is hampered by treatment-related morbidity and mortality, in part the result of opportunistic infections, a direct consequence of delayed T-cell recovery. Thymic output can be improved by facilitation of thymic immigration, known to require precommitment of CD34+ cells. We demonstrate that Delta-like ligand-mediated predifferentiation of mobilized CD34+ cells in vitro results in a population of thymocyte-like cells arrested at a T/natural killer (NK)–cell progenitor stage. On intrahepatic transfer to Rag2−/−γc−/− mice, these cells selectively home to the thymus and differentiate toward surface T-cell receptor–αβ+ mature T cells considerably faster than animals transplanted with noncultured CD34+ cells. This finding creates the opportunity to develop an early T-cell reconstitution therapy to combine with HSCT.
Endocytosis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins
Authors: Lakhan Shaheen E , Sabharanjak Shefali , De Ananya 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) represent an interesting amalgamation of the three basic kinds of cellular macromolecules viz. proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. An unusually hybrid moiety, the GPI-anchor is expressed in a diverse range of organisms from parasites to mammalian cells and serves to anchor a large number of functionally diverse proteins and has been the center of attention in scientific debate for some time now. Membrane organization of GPI-APs into laterally-organized cholesterol-sphingolipid ordered membrane domains or "rafts" and endocytosis of GPI-APs has been intensely debated. Inclusion into or exclusion from these membrane domains seems to be the critical factor in determining the endocytic mechanisms and intracellular destinations of GPI-APs. The intracellular signaling as well as endocytic trafficking of GPI-APs is critically dependent upon the cell surface organization of GPI-APs, and the associations with these lipid rafts play a vital role during these processes. The mechanism of endocytosis for GPI-APs may differ from other cellular endocytic pathways, such as those mediated by clathrin-coated pits (caveolae), and is necessary for unique biological functions. Numerous intracellular factors are involved in and regulate the endocytosis of GPI-APs, and these may be variably dependent on cell-type. The central focus of this article is to describe the significance of the endocytosis of GPI-APs on a multitude of biological processes, ranging from nutrient-uptake to more complex immune responses. Ultimately, a thorough elucidation of GPI-AP mediated signaling pathways and their regulatory elements will enhance our understanding of essential biological processes and benefit as components of disease intervention strategies.
Magallanes: a web services discovery and automatic workflow composition tool
Authors: Ríos Javier , Karlsson Johan , Trelles Oswaldo 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
To aid in bioinformatics data processing and analysis, an increasing number of web-based applications are being deployed. Although this is a positive circumstance in general, the proliferation of tools makes it difficult to find the right tool, or more importantly, the right set of tools that can work together to solve real complex problems.

Results
Magallanes (Magellan) is a versatile, platform-independent Java library of algorithms aimed at discovering bioinformatics web services and associated data types. A second important feature of Magallanes is its ability to connect available and compatible web services into workflows that can process data sequentially to reach a desired output given a particular input. Magallanes' capabilities can be exploited both as an API or directly accessed through a graphic user interface.
The Magallanes' API is freely available for academic use, and together with Magallanes application has been tested in MS-Windows™ XP and Unix-like operating systems. Detailed implementation information, including user manuals and tutorials, is available at http://www.bitlab-es.com/magallanes.

Conclusion
Different implementations of the same client (web page, desktop applications, web services, etc.) have been deployed and are currently in use in real installations such as the National Institute of Bioinformatics (Spain) and the ACGT-EU project. This shows the potential utility and versatility of the software library, including the integration of novel tools in the domain and with strong evidences in the line of facilitate the automatic discovering and composition of workflows.