bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Physical Relations of the Reptiliferous Sandstone near Elgin
Authors: Symonds W. S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

R
eferring
to Sir R. Murchison’s sections of the Elgin district, published in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. No. 59, pp. 424 and 428, which show a conformable sequence of strata from the Old Red Sandstone of Foths to the yellow sandstone and cornstone of Lossiemouth and Burgh Head, the author first stated that the siliceous marly rocks, or so-called “cornstones” of Glassgreen, Linksfield, Spynie, Inveragie, and Lossiemouth are in reality very dissimilar to the cornstones of Foths and Cothall; and he then pointed out the improbability of the so-called cornstone of Glassgreen continuing to dip north-westwardly under the sandstone of the Quarry-wood Ridge, especially as near Linksfield it is, at different spots, seen to dip away from that ridge. Evidence also of a break in the strata at the Bishop Mill quarries was advanced to show that the sandstone beneath this “cornstone” (presumed to be the Reptiliferous sandstone) is probably brought by a fault against the lower or Holoptychian sandstone, which latter towards Spynie the author thinks is surmounted by the Reptiliferous sandstone, and this last conformably by a marly siliceous rock or so-called “cornstone.”

Beyond Spynie Loch, northward, the author supposed that another fault had again brought up the sandstone with
Stagonolepis
and
Hyperodapedon
at Lossiemouth. Beyond this a cornstone-like rock is again seen to cover the sandstone.

The author then referred to the probable Liassic and Triassic character of the shales at Linksfield, and dwelt upon the suggestion that had been offered as to the probability of the layer of boulder-clay beneath the shales having been due to the mass of shales being a portion of a cliff in the glacial period, and having then slipped from a higher level. Regarding these shales as having been removed merely by a slip from their original site, and as conformably over-lying the calcarco-siliceous rock and sandstone beneath, Mr. Symonds expressed his belief that this sandstone, shifted by a fault against the Holoptychian sandstone at Quarry-wood, must be the Reptiliferous sandstone and of Triassic age. Lastly he remarked that the pebble-beds and sandstone, track-marked and rippled, of Burgh Head are far more like the Triassic conglomerates of England than like the Old Red rocks of Cothall and Foths.
Notice of the Discovery of Two Bone-caves in Northern Sicily
Authors: Anca François 
Published: October 2009

Since you left Sicily, I have continued my palæontological researches, and I am happy in having discovered two bone-caves previously unknown. One of these is at Monte Gallo, at the western extremity of the Bay of Palermo, and is situated at an elevation of 160 feet above the sea-level; the other is situated near the village of Acque Dolei, at the foot of Monte San Fratello, in the north of Sicily, and is 214 feet above the sea-level.

These caves, especially the last, are very rich; and, what will astonish you, they contain a prodigious quantity of bones of
Carnivora
, including perfect jaws armed with molars and canines. I have collected also two molars and a tusk of
Elephas
, teeth and bones of
Hippopotamus
(of the two species, I believe, determined by yourself). Altogether, remains of the following were met with:—

Hippopotamus; two species.

Elephas antiquus.

Elephas Africanus.

Sus scrofa?

Equus.

Bos; two species.

Cervus (two species?).

Canis.

Ursus.

Hyæna.

Felis.

Lepus. And others.

Having this large group of genera, we may say that we have recovered in this cave an entire fossil Sicilian fauna.
I have also found in these two caves a large quantity of flint implements (“do silex en armes”); and it is remarkable that we do not generally see them but where there are great deposits of bones of Deer,—never otherwise. Lastly there occur coprolites of Carnivores, and another kind of coprolite, which, I suppose, belonged to Herbivorous animals.
I have been fortunate also in detecting
On certain Rocks of Miocene Age in Tuscany, including Serpentine, Copper-ores, Lignite, and pure Alabaster, used in Sculpture
Authors: Jervis W. P. 
Published: October 2009

The geology of Tuscany is peculiarly interesting, though presenting many difficulties to the palæontologist and field-geologist, owing to the diversified changes which have been produced on the sedimentary strata since their consolidation.
These metamorphic agencies are still at work in Central and Southern Italy, either in the form of simple hot vapour-emanations, or the more extended and allied volcanos whence solid matter is also ejected. On the other hand, no such phenomena are seen N. of the Arno, where nature has been comparatively quiescent since the close of the Miocene period.
Most of the metamorphoses of the Italian rocks appear to be of comparatively recent origin; nor can I find any proof of their existence at all previous to the close of the Mesozoic period or tho beginning of the Eocene. Serpentinous rocks then first upheaved the littoral of Piedmont and Tuscany, where they formed the eastern barrier of the Maremme,—probably producing an archipelago of little islands surrounded by an iron-bound coast, many of them rising to the height of several hundred feet, covered by a peculiar flora in certain portions where soil was formed by the disintegration of the magnesian rocks. Four consecutive and allied eruptions are distinguished by Italian geologists. Three are considered as having occurred during Tertiary times; the fourth, during the Mesozoic epoch, is the oldest, and must be first spoken of.
The geography of the Serpentine-eruptions has been described by Savi, who enumerates four series, lying more or less parallel to the chain of the
On the Fossils, from the High Andes, collected by David Forbes, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S.
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

The number of species that we recognize in this collection, made with so much perseverance and at great personal hazard, are—

5
Lower? Silurian (Bilobite-schists).

14
Upper Silurian (grey sandy schists and sandstones).

3
Devonian.

13
Carboniferous.

D'Orbigny's collection of Silurian fossils contained 10 species, of which none have occurred to Mr. Forbes. They are—

Cruziana rugosa.

Cruziana furcifera.

Orthis Humboldtii.

Lingula marginata.

Lingula Muensterii.

Lingula dubia.

Graptolites dentatus.

Phacops (Calymene) Verneuilii

Phacops (C.) macrophthalma?

Asaphus Boliviensis.

There is some doubt about both his species of Phacops. They are probably Devonian.
Adding these to our list, we obtain 27 or 29 Silurian species for the Central Andes, belonging to a fauna specifically different from that of any other quarter of the world. I venture without hesitation to assert that the identifications by D'Orbigny with European forms, where I am acquainted with the species, are wrong. I am obliged to say this much, since that distinguished author has fearlessly united things which differ by the most obvious external characters, and has lent the sanction of his great reputation, on such evidence as this, to a former community of species, and an equable diffusion of heat. In regard to the Carboniferous forms, where M. D'Orbigny is unwilling to allow more than, a close analogy between the two continents, I am again compelled to differ from him, but it is in an opposite direction.
On a New Species of
Macrauchenia (M. Boliviensis)
Authors: Huxley Thomas H. 
Published: October 2009

The vertebrate remains obtained by David Forbes, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., from the mines at Corocoro, under the circumstances detailed in his paper “On the Geology of Bolivia and Southern Peru,” consist of the following parts of the skeleton of apparently one and the same Mammal:—1. A portion of the right maxilla and palate, with fragments of grinding teeth. 2. Rather more than the right half of the occipital portion of the skull. 3. A middle cervical vertebra, nearly entire. 4. A fragment of a posterior lumbar vertebra. 5. A small portion of a right scapula. 6. A crushed fragment of the proximal end of an ulna. 7. Part of the proximal end of the left tibia. 8. The entire left astragalus, and part of the right astragalus.
The bones are all in the same, and that a very peculiar, mineral condition—the Haversian canals being for the most part filled up with threads of native copper; so that the fossils are not only exceedingly dense, but, in consequence of their internal flexible metallic support, their thinner and more delicate parts bend, rather than break, when force is applied to them.
On the Structure of the South-West Highlands of Scotland
Authors: Jamieson T. F. 
Published: October 2009

The following paper is an attempt to throw some light upon the relations of those rocks which figure in our geological maps as the mica-schist, clay-slate, the chlorite-series, and quartz-rock of the South-western Highlands, and the prolongations of which, ranging N.E. through the middle of Scotland, form so conspicuous a feature in the geology of that country.

An examination of these rocks, as displayed in Bute and Argyle-shire, has led me to believe that from the quartz-rock of Jura to the border of the Old Red Sandstone we have a conformable series of strata which, although closely linked together, may be classed into three distinct groups, namely:—

1.
A set of lower grits, of immense thickness.

2.
A great mass of thin-bedded slates.

3.
A set of upper grits, with intercalated seams of slate.
On the Sections of the Malvern and Ledbury Tunnels (Worcester and Hereford Railway), and the intervening Line of Railroad
Authors: Symonds W. S. , Lambert Alan 
Published: October 2009

In a paper published in the Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal for April 1857 (p. 257), I described briefly the “Correlation of the Triassic Eocks in the Yale of Worcester and at the Malvern Tunnel.” These rocks have the following order on the flanks of the Malverns:—

1.
Upper Keuper Marls.

2.
Upper Keuper Sandstone.

3.
Lower Eed or Keuper Marls.

4.
Lower Keuper Sandstones (Waterstones).

5.
Upper Red Sandstone (Bromesberrow beds).

6.
Lower Red Sandstone (Stourport beds).

No. 6. The lowest of these deposits is a dark-red sandstone with black patches, and closely resembles the “Lower Red Sandstone” of the geological surveyors in mineralogieal character. It is to be seen at the back of the stables of the Belle Vue Hotel at Great Malvern, dipping from the hill, to the south-east, at an angle of 60°.
A large erratic block, angular and with no sign of subaqueous action, was found imbedded in this dark-red sandstone. This erratic block is different to any rock now exposed in the Malvern district, and appears to me to belong to the Cambrian grits of North Wales, or possibly to that of the Longmynd. It may be seen in the Museum of the Malvern Field-Club at the Messrs. Burrow's, Great Malvern.
On the Permian Rocks of South Yorkshire; and on their Palæontological Relations
Authors: Kirkby James W. 
Published: October 2009

In the present communication I propose to speak of the geology and palæontology of the Permian strata that lie between the towns of Pontefract and Knottingley, on the one hand, and Tickhill and the village of Maltby, on the other. In doing so my chief objects are, first, to endeavour to determine the equivalency of the subdivisional groups of these strata with those of the adjoining county of Durham; and second, to throw some additional light, if possible, upon the distribution of Permian species south of the Durham area. Towards the accomplishment of these objects I have made two visits to the district in question—one in 1854, and the other during the summer of 1859.
Prof. Sedgwick has already described the geology of this region in his admirable memoir “On the Geological Relations and Internal Structure of the Magnesian Limestone.” Prof. Phillips has also noticed some of its features in a short paper “On the Geology of Ferry Bridge and its Vicinity,” published about the same period as the preceding. And since the publication of these papers, Mr. H. Clifton Sorby and Mr. Edward W. Binney appear to have pursued investigations in the same district, though the results have not been published J. Sir Roderick Murchison has also alluded to certain points of its geology in the last edition of ‘Siluria.’
On Two Bone-caverns in the Montagne du Ker at Massat, in the Department of the Ariège
Authors: Fontan M. Alfred 
Published: October 2009

The Valley of Massat, situated near the centre of the Pyrenees, opens to the west between two lofty mountains, which, at first approaching each other, spread out and diverge as they extend on the south-east towards the mountain-range of which they are the ramifications, so that in this direction the valley has no outlet. It thus forms an elongated basin, of a triangular form, the base of which extends along the side of one of the great spurs of the Pyrenees (see fig. 1), whilst the apex forms a narrow and winding gorge which affords the only outlet for the waters of the valley.
A short distance above the spot where the basin commences, namely on the western side, near the apex of the triangle, a high mountain of limestone rises up, which, advancing abruptly into the valley, forms an elevated promontory, against which the torrents or diluvial waters, which appear to have inundated this region at one or several remote periods, must have rushed. It stretches out almost at a right angle from the southern side of the basin; and, exactly where it extends furthest into the basin, its crest forms a mound or hillock, the summit of which is considerably more elevated than all the surrounding heights.
On a Reconstructed Bed on the top of the Chalk and underlying the Woolwich and Reading Beds
Authors: Whitaker William 
Published: October 2009

In a memoir illustrating Sheet 13 of the Map of the Geological Survey of Great Britain (p. 21), I have noticed the fact that “at Maidenhatch Farm, between Bradfield and Pangbourn” (over six miles west of Reading), “there is a chalk-pit showing above 20 feet of rubbly chalk, with scattered blocks of chalk and irregular lines of flint, overlying ordinary chalk. A similar bed of apparently reconstructed chalk may be seen in a pit to the south of Tilehurst” (over two miles a little south of west of Reading), “where it is capped by the bottom-bed of the Reading Beds, so that the reconstruction must have taken place before the deposition of the latter formation.”
I have since seen a like bed, a short distance below the point where the Chalk is capped by the Tertiary beds, in a pit by Batten's Barn, a mile north of Burnham, near Maidenhead. There was here “about 18 feet of reconstructed chalk, with scattered flints and blocks of chalk, and a line of flints near the middle. There were some pipes of the drift-clay with, flints, so common in chalk-countries, in the top of this bed.” This section and the one near Tilehurst are clearly at the very top of the Chalk; but the one at Maidenhatch Farm is on the flank of a valley cut through that rock.
On the Volcanic Cones of Paternó and Motta (Sta. Anastasia), Etna
Authors: Gemmellaro Signor G. G. 
Published: October 2009

The base of that portion of the ancient basin of the Simeto which extends from Catania to the Carca di Paternó is formed of pleistocene clay, which is particularly exposed at the Siete della Motta and in the neighbourhood of the Valley of St. Biagio. The post-pliocene conglomerate, with beds of yellow sand and bands of clay, overlies it, and forms the upper part of the hills of Terre-forti, extending down their southern flanks as far as the broad plain of Catania, whilst the freshwater calcareous tuff, which is above it, completes for the neighbourhood of Paternó the series of sedimentary materials of the said basin.
This fertile district, in addition to having been exposed to the pyroxenic lava-streams from Etna, has been disturbed by the destructive agency of volcanic cones. In the pleistocene period the intrusion of the basalt, coëval with that of Aci-Castello, ravaged the district of Valcorrente; and at a subsequent period two centres of volcanic action existed at Paternó and at Motta (Santa Anastasia), of which the traces only now remain. These, however, offer such interesting phenomena, that I think it desirable to confine my remarks in this notice exclusively to them.

Volcanic Cone of Paternø
—The beautiful city of Paternø, in the Province of Catania, is partly built on a mass of doleritic rock, which, according to Hoffmann, rises to the height of 620 mètres above thelevel of the sea, and is distant about 12 miles from the existing axisof Etna. After a careful examination of
On some Carboniferous Brachiopoda collected in India by A. Fleming, M.D., and W. Purdon, Esq., F.G.S.
Authors: Davidson T. 
Published: October 2009

During his geological survey of the Salt-range in the Punjab, Dr. A. Fleming had opportunities of collecting a considerable number of fossils, which he sent to England in 1849 and 1852, and of which a portion were at the time cursorily examined by M. De Verneuil, myself, and one or two other pakeontologists. Some few of these fossils have been already recorded in a paper by Dr. Fleming, published in the 9th volume of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (1853), also in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1853, as well as in the same author's excellent 'Report of the Geological Structure and Mineral Wealth of the Salt-range in the Punjab,' printed at Lahore in 1854; and at the author's request I have recently re-examined all the species of JBrachioToda of the Carbonfferous age which he had collected, with the view of completing in this respect the imperfect list published in 1853 *.
It will not be necessary to dwell upon the geological features of the Carboniferous rocks of the district, as I could only repeat those details that have been made known in the report and papers above referred to. It will suffice for my present purpose to mention that the fossils occur in several beds differing mincralogically, some being crystalline and very hard, and others argillaceous: a few of the fossils occur in a magnesian limestone; but the same bed may be magnesian in one locality, and at a few miles distance be
Supplemental Note on the Plant-bearing Sandstones of Central India
Authors: Hislop Stephen 
Published: October 2009

“Recently I have obtained more Insect-remains † from Kotá, with a morsel of
Sphenopteris
in the limestone; also an
Ichthyolite
, probably
Æchmodus Egertoni
.

“I think there are strong reasons for believing that the ichthyolitic beds of Kotá are superior to our plant-sandstone and coal; and hence, if the former be Lower Jurassic, the latter must be older.
“In the sandstone at Sironcha, six miles further down the River Pranhita, there is an abundance of compressed stems identical with those at Silewada; so that there can be no doubt that the argillaceous sandstone there is of the ‘Damúda group.’ This sandstone of Sironcha is stated by Mr. Wall to underlie almost immediately the Kotá limestone.”

After remarking that the genus
Tœniopteris
occurs both in the Rajmahal Beds of Bengal and in the “Damúda Beds” of Nagpur, Mr. Hislop proceeds to state that the largest
Tæniopteris
from Kampti (near Nagpur) is exceedingly like
T. lata
and
T. multinervis
of the Rajmahal Beds. The
Tœniopterides
, thus closely approaching in form, prove, in his opinion, that the Damúda and the Rajmahal Beds cannot be widely separated.
On the Bracklesham Beds of the Isle of Wight Basin
Authors: Fisher Osmond 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.—We are indebted to Mr. Prestwich for a clear conception of the age of the Bracklesham series, and of its place among the Eocene Tertiaries; while the late Mr. Dixon has described the fossils of Bracklesham and Selsea, and given a very interesting account of the coast of that part of Sussex. In the course, however, of collecting specimens from these beds during the last eight years, I have been led to think that there are many points of interest on which a more minute description of the succession of their subordinate divisions, and of the fossiliferous localities, might be acceptable.

The term “Bracklesham Beds” is applied to the group of strata, many of them rich in organic remains, the greater part of which are seen displayed at low water upon the shore of Bracklesham Bay in Sussex. But I shall include under that name beds that are above any seen at Bracklesham Bay, because, when the deposits of Stubbington and of the New Forest come to be described, it will appear that many of the fossil forms peculiar to the Bracklesham Beds range higher than the highest stratum seen at the Bay. In other words, I shall group certain strata, which appear to intervene between the base of the Barton series and the highest beds of Bracklesham Bay, among the Bracklesham Beds, on account of their containing an assemblage of fossils more akin to the fauna of the latter than of the former.
As regards the inferior limit, I
On the Carboniferous Limestone of Oreton and Farlow, Clee Hills, Shropshire
Authors: Morris John , Roberts George E. 
Published: October 2009

§ 1. The general physical and palseontological features of the small district referred to in these notes having been carefully and clearly described by Sir Roderick Murchison in his classic work ‘The Silurian System,’ the additional facts which a visit paid to it during the past autumn enables us to record may be considered simply as a continuation of those previously observed.
The thin beds of limestone which form the basement of the Titterstone Clee Coal-field are well exposed in a marginal flexure of the strata north-eastward of the hill, at Oreton and Farlow, and also, at a somewhat higher level, around its southern abutments. Our observations upon the character of the beds and their fossil contents have bcen confined to the exposures in the first-named localities.
The geographical relations of this limestone ridge with the nearlying millstone-grit and coal-measurcs, in their turn covered up by the sheets of erupted basalt which form the high summits of the Clee, are well scen from the igneous knoll of Kinlet, three miles to the emstward.
§ 2. Immediately below the summit of the ridge at Farlow, and on the northern side, is a quarry of yellow sandstone, from which recently a large quantity of stone has been obtained for the rebuilding of the church.
It is a thick-bedded, fine-grained sandstone, having ripple-marked surfaces, and occasionally containing disseminated pebbles of quartz. The colour of the stone is a pale yellow, in places slightly stained by ferruginous oxidation. Remains of fossil Fishes were first
On a Hyæna-den at Wookey-Hole, near Wells
Authors: Dawkins W. Boyd 
Published: October 2009

Of all the ossiferous caverns of this country which have from time to time been explored since 1821, there are none, perhaps, which form so exact a parallel to the Hyæna-den at Kirkdale as that which I bring before your notice this evening.
It is situated at Wookey-Itole, a village on the southern flanks of the Mendips, and about two miles to the north-west of Wells. The ravine in which it was discovered is one of the many which pierce the dolomitic conglomerate, or petrified sea-beach of the Permian (?) age, still lmderlying its ancient sea-cliffs of Mountain-limestone, and overlying the lower slopes of the Mendips. Open to the south, it runs almost horizontally into the mountain-side, until closed abruptly northwards by a perpendicular wall of rock, 200 feet or more in height, ivy-covered, and affording a dwelling-place to innumerable jackdaws. Out of a cave at its base, in which Dr. Buckland* discovered pottery and human teeth, flows the River Axe, in a canal cut in the rock. In cutting this passage, that the water might be conveyed to a large paper-mill close by, the mouth of the tty~ena-den was intersected some ten years ago; and from that time up to December 1859, it was undisturbed save by rabbits and badgers ; and even they did not penetrate far into the interior, or make deep burrows. Close to the mouth of the cave the workmen (employed in making this canal) found more than 300 Roman coins, among which were those