bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In‐Furrow Water Injection for Improving Cotton Stand Establishment1
Authors: Fowler J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuccessful stand establishment is essential to cotton (Gossypium spp.) production efficiency as it affects yield, earliness, weed control, and harvesting efficiency. Availability of soil moisture to the germinating seed is one of the most critical factors affecting stand establishment. In‐furrow water injection is a method of applying supplemental moisture to the soil in contact with the seed by injecting a small stream of water into the seed furrow at planting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in‐furrow water injection as a means of enhancing stand establishment by improving soil moisture conditions surrounding the germinating seed. Several water injection treatments were compared with conventional planting methods over a period of four years. Four water injection treatments (water injection at rates of 94, 187, 281 liters/ha, and a combination of water injection at 94 liters/ha and soil capping) were compared with three conventional planting methods (soil capping, post‐plant irrigation, and a check planting into seedbed moisture) over three planting dates in 1974 and 1975. In 1974, water injection increased stand counts in a linear manner up to 82%, over that of the check. In 1975, a differential treatment response occurred among planting dates but the highest water injection rate improved mean stand count by 33%. Seedling vigor was not affected by treatment. Both earliness and yield were positively correlated with stand count in 1974 in all planting dates but only in the second planting date of 1975. Water injection resulted in mean lint yield increases as high as 41%, in 1974 and 26% in 1975.In 1976, the effect of water injection treatments on stand count were compared with a check and a soil capping treatment over several planting dates as seedbeds progressively dried out. Two combination soil capping and water injection treatments of 94 and 187 liters/ha were added in 1977. Water injection at 187 liters/ha and above generally resulted in stand counts significantly better than that of the check and comparable to that of the soil capping treatment.
Comparison of the Hydrocyanic Acid Potential of Sorghum Seedlings and Tillers1
Authors: Haskins F. A. , Gorz H. J. , Nielsen R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe usefulness of seedling assays for predicting the hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) of older plants of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] has been questioned. In this study, first leaves of chamber‐grown seedlings were compared with young leaves of field‐grown tillers by means of the spectrophotometric assay of p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde as an indicator of HCN‐p.Absorption spectra of seedling and tiller leaf extracts indicated that the spectrophotometric method was more reliable with the seedling extracts. However, highly significant correlation coefficients were obtained in most comparisons of seedling HCN‐p and tiller HCN‐p. The r values varied greatly, depending to a considerable extent on whether the calculations were based on individual plant values, plot means, or cultivar means. With plot or cultivar means as the basis of calculation, r values in the range of 0.8 to 0.9 were not uncommon. It was concluded that assay of young seedlings with this method is useful in sudangrass [S. sudunense (Piper) Stapf] and sorghum breeding programs in which decreased HCN‐p is an objective.
Classification of Land Use and Crop Maturity, Types, and Disease Status by Remote Reflectance Measurements1
Authors: Tinker R. W. , Brach E. J. , LaCroix L. J. , Mack A. R. , Poushinsky G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRemote sensing techniques supply useful crop information in large area crop survey programs. In such programs, however, the spectral and spatial resolution, measurement geometry, and environmental correction cap abilities have been limited by the fixed and truly remote nature of the sensor platform. To extend the applications of existing systems, or to use new systems, some workers have started small‐scale, ground‐based programs, such as the one described in this paper. The purpose of the experiment was to classify land use categories, crop maturity, type, and disease status by discriminant analysis of high resolution, normalized visible (350 to 750 nm) and infrared (750 to 1,850 nm) spectral reflectance data which were acquired, at an oblique angle, from field plots of sod, soil, and various cereal and broadleaf crops throughout the 1976 growing season. Biological data (plant heights, growth stages, leaf chlorophyll) were acquired concurrently with plot spectral measurements so that the results of the classifications could be explained in term of plot development or condition. Land use categories (sod, soil, crop), stages of crop maturity (vegetative, flowered), crop type [rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.), fababean (Vicia faba L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and cereals], and disease status (diseased or healthy cereals) were classified from the spectral data with 95.2, 93.3, 90.7, and 67.9% accuracy, respectively. The accuracy of classification for specific cereals was low [wheat (Triticum aestivum L, T. durum L.), 53.5%; oats (Avena sativa L), 67.7%; barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), 50.0%]. Partially due to stress, the growth habit and, therefore, reflectance of these crops was similar. The results of the spectral classifications were supported by trends observed in plot development or condition. Thus, it was possible to discern land use categories, general crop maturity and specific or general crop types from the analysis of remotely acquired reflectance data. Such parameters would supply useful information in a functional crop reporting system.
Herbicide Applications in Tillered Winter Wheat for Doublecrop Soybean Weed Control1
Authors: McHarry M. J. , Kapuśta George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffective, doublecrop soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] weed control usually requires a foliar‐active herbicide to control emerged weeds and one or two residual herbicides to control those that emerge after planting. This combination is expensive in relation to the narrow profit margin frequently experienced. If timely rainfall does not occur shortly after application, poor weed control may occur, resulting in reduced soybean yields. Field studies were conducted on a Weir silt loam (fine, montmorillinic, mesic Typic Ochraqualfs) to evaluate alternative methods of herbicidal weed control in doublecrop soybeans.Oryzalin (3,5‐dinitro‐N4, N4‐dipropylsulfanilamide) and USB 3153 (N3,N3‐di‐N‐propyl‐2,4‐dinitro‐6‐trifluoromethyl‐M‐phenylenediamine) applied after the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was fully tillered but prior to the jointing stage (full‐tiller) did not cause any visual injury or yield reduction any of the 3 years of the study. Oryzalin at 2.8 kg/ha in 1976 and at 1.68 kg/ha in 1977 and 1978 controlled at least 85% of all weeds and volunteer wheat in the doublecrop soybeans that followed the wheat harvest. USB 3153 applied at 1.12 kg/ha in 1977 controlled more than 85% of the large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea), and Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pennsylvanicum L.) but common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and volunteer wheat control was not acceptable (<80%). In 1978, USB 3153 at 0.84 and 1.12 kg/ha controlled 95% or more of all weeds and volunteer wheat. Herbicides applied after doublecrop soybean planting provided acceptable weed control in 1976 and 1977 but poor control in 1978. These results indicate that oryzalin and USB 3153 applied over‐the‐top of tillered wheat provide good weed control in doublecrop soybeans and do not affect wheat yields at rates needed for acceptable weed control. Similar studies are needed at other locations to fully evaluate these treatments under different soil and environmental conditions.
Sod‐Seeding Bahiagrass in Winter with Three Temperate Legumes1
Authors: Kalmbacher R. S. , Mislevy P. , Martin F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBahiagrass, Paspalum notatum Flügge, is the major pasture grass in Florida and constitutes large hectarages in other Southern states. The species produces little forage during winter, thus overseeding with temperate legumes could be of great value to cattlemen. This experiment was designed to define the problems and potential of sod‐seeding temperate legumes in bahiagrass.At the Ona Agricultural Research Center in south Florida, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and ladino clover (T. repens L.) were seeded in 1976, and red and ladino clover and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were seeded in 1977 by a Zip sod‐seeder or a disk and broadcast method (D+B). The following herbicides (active rates kg/ha): 0.56 paraquat, (1, 1' dimethyl‐4, 4' bipyridium dichloride) 2 days before seeding, with sod burned at seeding (1976); 0.28 paraquat desiccation and burn (1977); 0.14 paraquat desiccation and burn (1977); 0.56 paraquat at seeding (1976); 0.28 paraquat at seeding (1976 and 1977); 2.49 dalapon (2, 2‐dichloropropionic acid) (1976); 1.66 dalapon (1977); 2.49 dalapon, 13 days before seeding with 0.28 paraquat at seeding (1976); and no herbicide (1976 and 1977) were used to control sod growth.The 2‐year average number of legume seedlings/m3 was 103 in the D+B seeding method vs. 49 in the Zip seeded plots. Paraquat‐burn treated plots averaged 131 seedlings/m3 while all other herbicide treatments averaged 64. Legume dry matter yield was 6,130 kg/ha in the D+B plots vs. 4,500 kg/ha in sod‐seeded plots. Yields averaged 6,740 kg/ha in paraquat‐burn plots vs. 4,630 kg/ha in all other herbicide treatments. Crude protein and IVOMD in the D+B plots averaged 15.2 and 62.5%, respectively, vs. 14.0 and 60.6%, in Zip‐seeded plots. Paraquat‐burn treated plots averaged 15.2 and 63.2% crude protein and IVOMD, respectively, vs. 14.4 and 60.8% in other herbicide treatments.Alfalfa and red clover have considerable potential for providing high yield and quality forage when overseeded in bahiagrass. Removal of competition before seeding, as was done with the paraquat‐burn treatments or the D+B seeding method, was more valuable than suppressing bahiagrass growth after seeding.
Shading and Temperature as Environmental Factors Affecting Growth, Nodulation, and Symbiotic N2 Fixation by Soybeans1
Authors: Trang Kry M. , Giddens Joel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are subjected to varying amounts of light and temperature changes when grown in the field. A study was made on the effect of shading and different temperatures of the root medium upon growth and N2 fixation of soybeans. Four shading treatments (0, 18, 40, and 62%) were imposed by screen cloths and two fertilizer N levels were used. Soybeans were also grown with four root temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 C) and four fertilizer N rates (0, 15, 30, and 45 ppm N). Growth, total N, nonstructural carbohydrate, nodule count, and nodule mass were determined on all experiments and, in addition, acetylene reduction was done on the shading experiment.Plants with no shade produced more dry matter and had higher N content, higher nonstructural carbohydrate, higher nodule mass and number than when shaded. Total nodule activity (acetylene reduction) was greatest at 18% shading, however. Fertilizer N increased nonstructural carbohydrate and specific nodule activity but decreased nodule number and mass, and total nodule activity.Temperature increase from 15 to 30 C resulted in an increase in relative growth rate and N content of plant tops, whereas total N and nonstructural carbohydrate in roots was decreased. There was no significant effect of increasing temperature upon growth of roots or nodule number or nodule mass. The N content of plant tops was increased while nodule number and nodule mass were decreased by fertilizer N application.The most significant finding was that 18% shading produced the highest acetylene reducing activity of soybeans.
Sugarbeet Quality as Related to KCl Fertilization1
Authors: Ludwick A. E. , Gilbert W. A. , Westfall D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExcessive available soil N decreases sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) quality. The chloride‐nitrate uptake antagonism offers a possible mechanism for reducing the amount of NO3− absorbed by sugarbeets. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of KCl fertilizer applications for reducing plant absorption of NO3− and its subsequent effect on sugarbeet production parameters, especially quality.Experiments using six rates of KCl (up to 896 kg/ha of K and 814 kg/ha of Cl) were conducted on five farm sites in northeastern Colorado during 1977. The experimental sites were chosen so they were high in residual soil NO3− or had a history of producing low‐quality sugarbeets. All soils tested high in available K+.Fertilization with KCl had only minor and occasional effects on depressing NO3− concentrations in petiole samples taken on three dates during the season. Root thin juice Cl− content was increased at three locations; effects of fertilization on other quality components (K+, Na+ nitrate, α‐amino N, sucrose, and purity) were mostly not significant (P≤0.10). Initial levels of soil K+ and Na+, and soil Cl− plus irrigation water Cl− were positively related to these constituents in the root thin juice. Sucrose was inversely related to soil NO3−. Fertilizer treatments did not significantly (P≤0.10) affect yield, sucrose, purity, or recoverable sugar of the crop at any location. The lack of appreciable treatment effects is attributed, at least in part, to high levels of available soil K+ and Cl−, plus a large Cl− contribution from the irrigation water.
Perennial Irrigated Pastures. III. Beef Calf Production from Irrigated Pasture and Winter Annual Range1
Authors: Raguse C. A. , Hull J. L. , Delmas R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIrrigated pastures in the Western arid and semi‐arid regions provide support to the beef cattle industry through the maintenance of beef cow herds and the production of calves. Increasingly unfavorable production economics, including the rising cost and logistical difficulty of seasonally moving cattle from seasonal range to other pastures (e.g., high mountain Federal grazing allotments), necessitate evaluation of management options which permit increased stocking rate and year‐around home ranch operation.The objective of this study was to compare simple (range‐only, yearlong) and complex [improved range and irrigated pasture plus winter supplementation with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cubes] systems for beef calf production using a fall calving (November‐December), early summer weaning (May‐June) reproduction cycle.In the complex system, cleared and reseeded range was used (winter) an average (4 years) of 6 months per year at a stocking rate of 2.2 ha/cow (2.8 AUM/ha). Irrigated pasture was used (summer) an average of 6 months per year at a stocking rate of 0.5 ha/cow (10.3 AUM/ha). Alfalfa cube supplement was fed (about 1 kg/ha per day) during fall and winter. In the simple system, cleared range was used yearlong at an average stocking rate of 5 ha/cow (2.4 AUM/ha). No supplements were fed except during the last year when drought prevailed. An average of 70 kg calf/ha was produced in the complex system. Average birth weight was 34 kg and average daily gain (ADG) to 205 days was 0.76 kg. In the simple system, comparable values were 37.5 kg calf/ha, 32 kg birth weight, and 0.75 ADG. Birth weights and ADGs were not significantly different between systems. Average cow weights reflected seasonal changes in forage availability and quality. Cows in the simple system tended to lose weight more consistently during the months July. October than did those in the complex system, which, instead, more consistently lost weight during the months November‐March. Economic return was similar but low in both systems. While total land per cow/calf unit was less for the complex system and total investment higher for the simple system, operating costs, depreciation, and interest were higher for the complex system.It appeared that second and third trimester cow stresses, as evidenced by negative bodyweight changes, did not adversely affect calf birth weights and ADG, at least at the levels found under these experimental conditions.
Stalk and Sugar Yield of Sweet Sorghum as Affected by Spacing1
Authors: Broadhead Dempsey M. , Freeman Kelly C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSweet sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, is a potentially renewable source of biomass, sucrose, and other fermentable sugars. Limited data are available on the influence of row width, plant arrangements within the row, and row width × plant arrangement within the row interaction on stalk and sugar yield. These field experiments were conducted from 1967‐1972 to determine the influence of row width and arrangement of plants within the row on gross and stripped stalk yield and juice quality of 'Rio' sweet sorghum. Four plant arrangements within each row, one, two, three, and four plants in hills spaced 15, 30, 45, and 60 cm, respectively, were planted on 52.5 and 105‐cm‐width rows. Narrow rows (52.5 cm) resulted in higher yields of gross and stripped stalks, and sugar per ha than conventional rows (105 cm). Plants from narrow rows were inferior to those from conventional rows in juice Brix, sucrose, purity, and yield of sugar per ton of stalks. Plants grown on narrow rows weighed less, contained less juice, and lodged more readily than those grown on conventional rows. Plant arrangement within the row did not significantly affect yield of gross stalk, stripped stalk, sugar per ton of stalks, and sugar per ha or juiciness, Brix, sucrose and purity. The width‐of‐row × plant arrangement interaction was highly significant only for stalk weight. Stalk weight was not affected by plant arrangement on narrow rows, but increased as the space between hills increased from 15 to 30, 45 or 60 cm on conventional rows.Since the narrow rows produced higher yields of stalks and sugar than conventional rows, planting sweet sorghum on narrow rows appears to be an effective method for increasing yield of total sugar per ha.
Productivity ‐ Leaf Nutrient Content Relationships Among 10 Virginia Peanut Genotypes1
Authors: Hallock D. L. , Coffelt T. A. 
Published: July 2010

Genotypes are known to differ in nutrient requirements. If there is a trend between productivity and the concentration of nutrients in peanut (Arachis hypogoea L.) foliage, this information may be useful in fertilization practices. Field studies were undertaken on Ruston and Woodstown loamy fine sands in 1976 and 1977, respectively, to provide a profile of the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Mn, Zn, and Cu in peanut leaf petioles and blades of 10 peanut genotypes sampled at mid‐season and maturity. These contents were correlated to crop value, to determine significant relationships.Leaves of 'Florigiant' generally were higher in Mg, Zn, and Cu, 'GA C194 V‐VV' in Ca and Mn, 'PI 366048' in P, 'NC 3033' in K and 'Early Bunch' in B than other genotypes. Contents of Ca, B, Mn, and Zn in leaves of NC 3033, Mg and P in 'UF 714021', Zn and Cu in Early Bunch, Cu and P in 'GK 3', K in PI 366048 and 'PI 370327', and P in 'NC 6' were generally lower than in other genotypes.One or more of the 64 simple correlations involving each nutrient was significant, except for Zn. Most occurred in 1976 data, a more productive year. The closest relationships were between crop value and contents of K, Ca, or Mn in mature leaf blades. Genotypes with higher crop value were somewhat higher in Ca, Mg, Mn, or B (in blades) and lower in K, P, B (in petioles), or Cu (in blades). Among the new genotypes studied, the K, Ca, and Mn fertilization requirements of NC 3033 may differ from most of the others.
Yield and Oil Content of Large and Small‐Seed Rai‐Mustard1
Authors: Ahmed S. U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree cultivars of rai‐mustard (Brassica juncea L. var. Rai) were studied to determine the effects of seed size on yield, yield components, and seed oil content. Seeds were screened to obtain small and large seeds, and were grown in the field at the Univ. of Kuwait, Kuwait, in 1978. At maturity, 20 plants were randomly‐selected in each row and data were recorded on an individual plant basis. Highly significant differences in character performance, except for number of days‐to‐flowering and maturity, were observed between plants developed from large and small seeds. The large seeds produced plants with a larger number of primary and secondary branches per plant, more pods per plant, larger pods, heavier seeds, higher seed yield per plant, and higher percentage seed oil content than those developed from the smaller seeds, but had relatively fewer seeds per pod. Uniform seed size is important for agronomic and genetic studies in rai‐mustard.
Construction of Serviceable, Fast Response Tensiometers from Porous Ceramic Tubes1
Authors: Nelms L. R. , Spomer L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTensiometers are widely used in commercial and research applications where in situ soil water status must be monitored. Tensiometers in these situations have the disadvantage of requiring frequent servicing to remove gas bubbles and having relatively slow response times. In research where a large number of tensiometers is required to adequately monitor changes in soil water status, easily serviceable, fast response tensiometers are essential. This note describes the construction and operation of one such tensiometer system which proved useful in studies of the water relations of transplanted container soils.
Ammonia Exchange at the Land Surface1
Authors: Lemon Edgar , Van Houtte Raymond 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies of NH3 exchange between plant leaves and air have mostly been made in controlled chambers where the concentrations were far above the ambient atmospheric levels usually found in nature. Under such conditions leaves act as an infinite sink for NH3. More recent controlled chamber studies, however, have shown NH3 evolving from leaves when concentrations were nearer to those of the atmosphere. In this study we measured both NH3 absorption and evolution by vegetation under field conditions using micrometeorological techniques where vertical profiles of wind and NH3 are measured. Both evolution and absorption strongly suggest that plants have a compensation point for NH3. Data are presented for fields of quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.), soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Computer simulation confirmed that vegetation exchange is concentration dependent. We speculate that plants (and soil) keep atmospheric NH3 in check, at low concentrations, with winds moving it from N rich to N poor ecosystems. Dispersed sources of NH3 from crop lands are probably increasing due to more fixed N in farming. Thus the added NH3 due to man's activity probably increases the net global biosphere uptake of both N and C.