bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Bionomics of Anopheles elutus, Edw. (Dipt., Culic.)
Authors: Mer G. 
Published: July 2009

(1) A. elutus females in Palestine show seasonal variations of fertility, but these do not appear to explain fully the distribution of adults throughout the year.(2) Females of the overwintering generations show low fertility. This depends probably on conditions of larval life.(3) The seasonal changes in the egg of A. elutus in Palestine are due to temperature variations. It is suggested that these changes are protective adaptations against cold in winter and excessive heat and irradiation in summer.(4) The entering of the hibernation stage of A. elutus in Palestine cannot be considered as a pure consequence of the low temperature in autumn, since spring activity begins at a much lower temperature.(5) During hibernation the females feed, but do not bring eggs to maturity ; the blood is used for fat accumulation.(6) During the second half of the hibernation period the females lose their reserve materials.(7) Full fat females starved in the laboratory lose their fat-body reserves, and simultaneously their ovaries develop to stage 2. Under the prevailing temperature the process requires about 3 weeks.(8) A slow development of the ovary is going on during hibernation, but never proceeds beyond the second stage. The ovaries in a large percentage of females reach this stage at all times when reactivity occurs at the end of the hibernation period.
On the recent Swarming of Locusta migratorioides, R. & F.
Authors: Lean Owen B. 
Published: July 2009

The present paper attempts to summarise the information collected by the Imperial Institute of Entomology on the swarming of migratorioides in Africa.It is concluded that the outbreaks in West, Central and East Africa are all interrelated and probably originated in one or at most two permanent breeding-grounds.The area most suspected is the lake district of the middle Niger, where conditions seem suitable for the formation of the swarming phase. Lake Chad is probably a secondary rather than a permanent breeding-ground.It is indicated that the key to the problem of the cause of the original outbreak may be found in the study of recent variations in the water régime of the River Niger.Should these suppositions be substantiated, we are well on the way towards a solution of the problem. The ultimate control of the locusts depends not on control during the swarming periods, but upon preventing the swarming phase from developing in the permanent breeding-grounds.It is therefore important to check and augment the records of the early swarms in West Africa and more important still, to study the behaviour of the locust, its ecology, and the water régime in the suspected areas.In conclusion the author wishes to acknowledge the constant help and advice of Mr. B. P. Uvarov. His thanks are also due to Mr. H. B. Johnston for his permission to make use of his paper in manuscript.
The Pseudopupa and the last larval Instar of Epicauta erythrocephala, Pall. (Col. Meloidae)
Authors: Yakhontov V. V. 
Published: July 2009

The pseudopupa and last larval instar of Epicauta erythrocephala, Pall., have remained undescribed up to the present, although the economic importance of the insect is very great, the beetle being an important pest of many cultivated plants and its larva a parasite of locust egg-pods. These stages are, however, figured in the work of I. Portchinsky, published in 1914, but in the figure of the pseudopupa the stigmata on the three thoracic segments are omitted.During investigations made in early spring (1926–1927) in the environment of Old Bukhara, I found a great quantity of the pseudopupae and larvae of the last instar of E. erythrocephala in the soil. In the early spring of 1929 the same instars were reared in the insectary of the Agricultural Experimental Station at Shirabudin (Old Bukhara).
The Relationship between Glossina morsitans and the Evaporation Rate
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

In a recent paper by the writer (Bull. Ent. Res., xxi, 1930, pp. 201–256) it was shown that the apparent fly density varied according to season. It has now been found that these seasonal variations in the fly density can be correlated with the evaporation rate.The accompanying graph shows the mean monthly evaporation rate, and the mean monthly apparent fly density. The evaporation rate figures have been obtained from a Livingston atmometer at the Kikori Entomological Station. The fly figures have been taken from the North-East Kikori Round, because this fly-round is not subjected to large game movements and hence is considered to be the best for demonstrating the correlation between fly density and season.The graph deals with a period of eighteen months, and it is clear that a relationship does exist between the two curves.In June and July 1929, the fly density was at its maximum. Hence it is reasonable to postulate that, at this time, the evaporation rate was suited to the requirements of the fly community.
Four new Species of Ichneumonoidea
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Glypta leucotretae, sp. n.♀♂ Dark red ; head and antennae (except as follows), pro- and mesosternum to a greater or less extent, hind legs entirely (except as follows), apical third or fourth of the 4th tergite, the succeeding tergites, and the ovipositor sheaths, black ; apical joint of the scape, the extreme base and extreme apex of the hind femora, the extreme bases of the hind tarsal joints, and the hind tibial spurs, reddened ; the four anterior legs (except as follows), and the palpi, more or less red testaceous ; the clypeus, mandibles (except the teeth), scape below (in one ♂ specimen), the coxae and trochanters of the four anterior legs, a large elongate spot occupying the basal half of the dorsal surface of the hind coxae, the pronotum, the propleurae narrowly along their upper margin, and the wing-insertions of the fore-wings (but not the tegulae), white ; the ventrites and the ovipositor very pale ; stigma and wing-veins uniformly opaque brown.
New injurious Curculionidae (Col.)
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K. 
Published: July 2009

Aedophronus echinatus, sp. n. (Pl. xxi, fig. 2).Derm black, with dense brown scaling, usually with an indefinite mottling of darker and paler scales ; the inflexed margins of the elytra fuscous.Head not very convex, with the median stria extending to the vertex and the anterior transverse stria slightly curved ; the infra-ocular margin much narrower than the base of the scape and not projecting ; the setae short, stout and curved backwards ; the eyes comparatively large, highest much behind the middle, and with the hind margin devoid of scaling. Rostrum longer than the head (5·5 : 4), much shorter than its basal width (5·5 : 7·5), narrowed in front, straight at the sides, with a shallow impression on the apical half and with no median carina ; the marginal carina of the epistome obtuse but distinct. Prothorax transverse (3·5 : 6), strongly rounded at the sides, widest at the middle, subtruncate at the apex, which is only slightly narrower than the base ; the dorsum with an abbreviated median stria on the basal half and bearing on the disk short curved setae like those on the head, the lateral ones much longer, stout, straight and pointed (when unbroken), the longest being about as long as the scape.
Field Spraying with undiluted Paraffin Extracts of Pyrethrum againstAntestiaandLyguson Coffee in Kenya
Authors: Le Pelley Richard H. 
Published: July 2009

The application of an undiluted paraffin extract of pyrethrum for controllingAntestiaandLygus simonyion coffee trees is described.(1) The spray is applied with a small hand “ atomiser,” using 20 cc. of extract to a tree, and spraying under a cloth cover.(2) Tables are given with detailed figures in which the different methods of application may be compared. The kill ofAntestiabrought down by the most favourable method is 99%.(3) The proportion of insects brought down by the spray is in the neighbourhood of 96%. It appears that in practice a kill not much below 95% should be possible.(4) Of theLyguson trees sprayed, 99% were brought down and the kill of these was complete.(5) The method is a dual control forAntestiaandLygus, and examples are given of trees sprayed when both these insects were present in serious numbers.(6) An experimental field spraying againstLygusis described in detail. It was shown that the numbers ofLyguscould be kept below two to a tree by this spraying, and the proportion of fruit set on the sprayed block to that on the control was 3 : 2, indicating an increase of about 8 cwt. an acre.(7) The technique of the experimental sprayings, by which the detailed figures in the tables were obtained, is described. It is believed that these methods will be of more extended value in the experimental testing of sprays in the field.
The Larvae of some Wood-boring Anobiidae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Parkin E. A. 
Published: July 2009

In this paper, an attempt has been made to describe the external morphology of eight species of larvae belonging to the family Anobiidae with a view to constructing keys for the identification of these larvae and providing descriptions by which identification can be definitely confirmed. Two keys have been drawn up for use according to whether whole larvae or mounted preparations of parts of larvae are being examined. Notes have been added at the end of the description of each larva giving particulars as to its habitat and points for comparison from the descriptions of other workers.One point of interest that arises from the foregoing descriptions is that Hedobia, which has usually in the past been classified as a member of the family Ptinidae is definitely an Anobiid when the structure of the larva is considered.In conclusion, I should like to thank Mr. R. S. Pearson, C.I.E., F.L.S., Director, Forest Products Research, for permission to publish this report.
Some Traps for Tsetse-flies
Authors: Swynnerton C. F. M. 
Published: July 2009

1. More than twenty new forms and variations of tsetse traps are described in this paper for trial, and rejection or improvement, by other investigators. The species of tsetse-flies that they have been tested against have been palpalis, pallidipes, morsitans and swynnertoni.2. The reactions of the various tsetse-flies to different forms of trap vary in a marked manner. Thus a trap (the Harris) that is excellent for pallidipes has appeared less good, though fair, for palpalis, poor (except at one season) for morsitans, and useless for swynnertoni. Another (the SS and the SSB) is particularly excellent for palpalis, excellent for pallidipes, mediocre for swynnertoni, and perfectly useless for morsilans.3. Tsetses, pallidipes in particular of the two species tested, have been found to react also most strongly to the scent of an invisible animal placed in a trap. It is not known yet whether this attracts at a distance or is merely a close-range attraction, inciting the flies that have arrived in any case to such effort as takes them in larger numbers into the traps, but the latter does undoubtedly happen.4. If the attraction be long-range, the flies do not readily distinguish between the source of the odour and conspicuous objects within its range. They go to and into a trap, even a trap that usually does not catch them, in greatly enhanced numbers when cattle are in its neighbourhood.
The insect Parasites of the Carrot Fly, Psila rosae, Fab.
Authors: Wright D. W. , Geering Q. A. , Ashby D. G. 
Published: July 2009

Four insect parasites of the carrot fly have been encountered and of these three have been identified as Dacnusa gracilis, Loxotropa tritoma, and Aleochara sparsa. The fourth is a member of the genus Kleidotoma, species not yet ascertained.The life-history, development and host relations of D. gracilis and L. tritoma are given together with data on their distribution and range of parasitism.L. tritoma also occurs as a hyperparasite of D. gracilis but this appears to be quite fortuitous.Experimental evidence is brought forward to show that the first instar larva of L. tritoma goes into a diapause in early July, that a period at a low temperature is necessary to break this and hence development is only completed in the following spring.A description is given of the three larval stages of A. sparsa.Brief reference is made to the Kleidotoma sp. which appears to be of rare occurrence.
The excitant and repellent Effects on Mosquitos of sub-lethal Contacts with DDT
Authors: Kennedy J. S. 
Published: July 2009

1. Mosquitos often recover completely after showing the preliminary symptoms of DDT poisoning.2. The effect of contact with DDT on the activity and distribution of mosquitos has been studied in a small cage, exposure times being kept below that necessary to kill the insects.3. The duration of single resting periods on DDT-treated surfaces was several times shorter than resting periods on untreated surfaces, provided the mosquitos had had no recent access to DDT.4. Mosquitos that had been in recent contact with DDT rested only slightly longer on untreated than on DDT-treated surfaces.5. Mosquitos excited by DDT moved preferentially toward light.
Aphanus (Hem., Lygaeidae) in stored Ground-nuts
Authors: Corby H. D. L. 
Published: July 2009

A bug identified as Aphanus littoralis, Dist., but believed to be synonymous with A. sordidus, F., was found infesting stored ground-nuts at Yola, Nigeria. It had not hitherto attracted attention in this country, but was found later to be recognised by native farmers as associated with ground-nut plants drying in the fields at harvest.The nuts concerned were in war emergency mud and thatch stores which were much cooler than the (uninfested) corrugated-iron stores normally used. This difference is believed to have favoured the infestation.The adults and nymphs cause damage by sucking the oil from the kernels. Loss of weight and germinative power, and development of free fatty acids and rancid and bitter taste follow. It was found, however, that bugs could not penetrate more than three inches or so into the bulked kernels, so damage was not extensive.
The Malaria Problem in Mauritius: the Bionomics Of Mauritian Anophelines
Authors: Jepson W. F. , Moutia A. , Courtois C. 
Published: July 2009

1. A sketch is given of the Malaria Control Organisation in Service areas in Mauritius with a summarised history of malaria work in the Island since the first epidemic in 1865.2. Keys to Mauritian Anophelines and their larvae with notes on their field recognition characters are followed by data on the distribution of adult Anophelines in the Colony and their relation to malaria intensity in different areas. A. melas appears to be absent from coastal swamps.3. The influence of a number of environmental factors is discussed. It is concluded that temperature is an important limiting factor generally in winter and perennially in the highlands (above 1,000 ft.), but that the flushing action of heavy rains and probably the precipitation of food supply by colloidal iron moving under high rainfall conditions (over 100 ins.) from ferrugineous lavas both play their part in the natural control of A. funestus and A. gambiae.The behaviour of A. gambiae with respect to temperature is expressed by an area enclosed by two symmetrical catenary curves, that illustrate well the adverse influence on development of low temperatures normally occurring in winter on the coast and all the year round in the residential uplands above 1,000 ft. The thermal death point of A. gambiae larvae is about 42°C. and that of A. funestus 40°C. and the lower limit of larval activity is 16·5°C. A. gambiae develops most rapidly at an estimated temperature of about 37°C.
Piperonyl Butoxide as a Constituent of Heavy-oil Sprays for the Control of Stored Product Insects
Authors: Hewlett P. S. 
Published: July 2009

The effect of piperonyl butoxide (PB) on the toxicities of allethrin, DDT, and BHC in a heavy oil base to Tribolium castaneum beetles has been tested. PB synergised allethrin and BHC both in films and direct sprays. It antagonized DDT in films, but left the toxicity of DDT unchanged in direct sprays.The effect of PB on the joint toxicity of BHC and pyrethrins to T. castaneum was also investigated, applying the materials as direct sprays. The data were not so conclusive as had been hoped, but they indicated strongly that in a mixture containing all three materials the PB synergised each insecticide as though the other were absent, i. e., it synergised both simultaneously.The experimental findings of the present paper are examined in conjunction with the findings of Hewlett and Plackett (1950). It is shown that there is an underlying similarity between the film and direct spray results for the joint toxicities to T. castaneum of pyrethrins, DDT, BHC, and PB, taken in pairs.
Some Observations on resting Tsetse-fly Populations, and Evidence that Glossina medicorum is a Carrier of Trypanosomes
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Further studies were made of G. medicorum and G. fusca using the resting-haunt technique.During 5½ collecting days, 200 G. medicorum and G. fusca were taken by the resting-haunt technique ; over this period, only one fly was taken by the normal, human bait technique.Out of 119 G. medicorum 45 per cent, were females, and out of 73 G. fusca, 44 per cent, were females ; the resting-haunt technique yields a good cross-section of the tsetse population.Out of 15 recently gorged G. medicorum and eight G. fusca examined, all contained mammalian blood. Gorged flies were very numerous, so that it should be possible to ascertain the wild hosts by the precipitin test.From the evidence available, it is believed that at the end of the rains both G. medicorum and G. fusca feed only during the twilight hours, or when the forest is fully illuminated by the moon.
Some Factors affecting the Availability of Contact Insecticides
Authors: Barlow F. , Hadaway A. B. 
Published: July 2009

The physical state of deposits from various formulations of insecticides applied to different materials is considered in relation to the availability of the insecticide to insects making contact with the surface of the treated material.Applications of oil solutions of insecticides to absorptive material result in absorption of the solution, and the insecticide is thereby rendered ineffective. On a nonabsorptive surface, oil solutions are the most efficient formulations, but only so long as the deposit remains wholly or partly liquid; if evaporation of the solvent gives a dry crystalline residue, this is much less efficient than the original solution.On some fibrous absorptive surfaces, a solution of DDT in oil remains in a supersaturated condition in and around the fibres. If crystallisation is stimulated by mechanical means, the resulting crystals project from the treated surface and it is suggested that, in these circumstances, crystals are more readily available to insects than the oil solution from which they were derived.DDT on compressed wall board shows the induced crystallisation to a greater degree than other insecticides. It is concluded, therefore, that wall board and similar surfaces should not be used in comparing the potencies of chlorinatedhydrocarbon insecticides applied as oil solutions, as DDT would be more available than others. Some factors that affect the degree of induced crystallisation are mentioned.
Entomological Problems of Food Storage in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Howe R. W. 
Published: July 2009

In Nigeria, shelled groundnuts are stored in sacks in covered warehouses and as pyramids in the open air. At the beginning of storage the nuts comprise approximately equal quantities of whole, split and broken nuts of a moisture content of 3·4 per cent. The sacks are exposed to direct hot sun whilst stacking.The mean monthly maximum shade temperature in Kano ranges from 101°F. in April to 85°F. in January and August and the mean monthly minimum from 75°F. in May to 56°F. in January. Monthly maximum relative humidities range from 100 per cent, in August and September to 45 per cent, in February, and the monthly minimum from 71 per cent, in August to 12 per cent, in February. The range of mean relative humidity is 81 per cent, in August and 18 per cent, in February. Rains fall between April and September, 70 per cent, falling in July and August. Heavy falls are recorded on about 25 days.Inside warehouses, the maximum monthly temperatures are 102°F. in May and 79°F. in January and February, and minimum temperatures are 81°F. in June, and 58°F. in February. In August the mean relative humidity range is 93 per cent, to 70 per cent. In December it is 34 per cent. to 20 per cent.Just under the roof of a warehouse and on the surface of pyramids the diurnal range is very large.
The Insects associated with Export Produce in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Cotterell G. S. 
Published: July 2009

The problem of insect infestation of stored export food commodities in southern Nigeria is discussed, and a list of insects is given. At the ports there is considerable cross-infestation between commodities produced in northern and southern Nigeria awaiting shipment.Old sacks used for the storage and transit of groundnuts are responsible for the spread of insects to palm kernel and cocoa marketing centres in the south. After bulk shipments of a portion of the groundnut crop, sacks are repaired and distributed for the shipment of palm kernels and some of them may be used by fanners and brokers as service bags for the marketing of cocoa and local food commodities. The importance of disinfestation before distribution is realised, and a small fumigation plant is in operation at port.Ephestia cautella and Lasioderma serricorne are the major pests of stored cocoa beans. Both originate in farmers' and brokers' stores which are rarely cleaned, and in which small parcels of low-grade beans may be retained for mixing with a following crop to conform with an exportable grade. Ephestia cautella also infests palm kernels, and the early abundance of adult moths in cocoa stores up country during the marketing season is considered to be largely due to the storage of palm kernels in the vicinity. The development of Ephestia larvae can be completed on the outside of cocoa beans, only germinated or damaged beans being penetrated.
The Effect of a Difference in Temperature and Humidity on certain Reactions of Female Aëdes aegypti (L.)
Authors: Parker Alec H. 
Published: July 2009

Sir Rickard Christophers (1947) working at 25°C. and a relative humidity of 80–90 per cent. found female Aëdes aegypti to be attracted by a warm dry surface at 40°C., and to be unaffected by a moist surface at room temperature. The writer (1948), working at 28°C. and 50–70 per cent. R.H. (usually near 50 per cent.) found the opposite: a warm dry surface at temperatures from 36°C. to 40°C. had no effect, while a moist surface at room temperature exerted a quite definite attraction. The purpose of the present experiments was to test the hypothesis that the difference between the results obtained in these two investigations was due to the difference in the ambient temperature and humidity.Repetition of the relevant experiments at 25°C, 85–90 per cent. R.H., and 28°C, 50–55 per cent. R.H., gave results indicating that temperature and humidity difference operating at the time of the experiment could account for part but not all of the discrepancy. There are indications that the remainder may have been a result of the conditioning effect of temperature and humidity differences operating on the insect prior to the experiment.The results emphasise the need for a full description of the climatic conditions under which behaviour work of the type discussed is performed.