bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Success rates in periodontal treatment as related to choice of evaluation criteria
Authors: Lundgren Dan , Asklöw Barbro , Thorstensson Helene , Härefeldt Ann Marie 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground, aims: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the success rates of treatment of 36 patients with moderate to advanced periodontal disease as related to different clinical and radiographic criteria.Method: The treatment comprised oral hygiene education, subgingival scaling and root planing, and when judged indicated, periodontal surgery. An “evaluation criteria staircase” comprising 5 levels was introduced to be utilized for evaluation of the treatment results in 4 proximal sites (1 in each quadrant) which were followed for 3 years. The highest level of the staircase (level 1) is the most challenging and comprises the traditonal criteria for “perfect” periodontal health, while the lower levels are gradually less demanding.Results: At the follow‐up examination 3 years after active treatment, 52.1% of the experimental sites fulfilled the criteria for successful treatment according to level 1. On the lowest level (level 5) which only required no further loss of alveolar bone for treatment to be considered “successful”, the number of such treated sites reached 95.1%. The present data showed that even if level 5 was accepted as the evaluation criterion for “success”, resulting in very few failed sites (4.9%), these sites may demand considerable extra clinical time and costs for retreatment because of their distribution among many individuals (13.2%). This clinical time increases substantially if higher levels of success are desired. From a cost‐benefit point of view, it is therefore of utmost importance that not only patient compliance but also disease resistance and the value of the affected tooth for the dentition are taken into consideration when the indications for retreatment are weighed. This is especially important since many sites were found to be non‐progressive for a long time, even though they did not exhibit perfect periodontal health.Conclusions: It is suggested that the “evaluation criteria staircase” presented in this paper might be a helpful clinical instrument for decision‐making in individually designed and site‐related retreatments of patients with periodontal disease.
Low‐dose aspirin therapy and periodontal attachment loss in ex‐ and non‐smokers
Authors: Drouganis Arthur , Hirsch Robert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground, aims: This study investigated the periodontal status of non‐smokers and ex‐smokers in relation to their intake of low‐dose aspirin.Methods: A self‐selected sample of 392 males aged 50 years and over was recruited from the general population. Subjects were included in the study if they had a minimum of 6 or more natural teeth, took aspirin (300 mg or less per day) for at least 2 years and were either ex‐ or non‐smokers. Controls were subjects who did not take aspirin regularly. A questionnaire was used to record demographic data, medical and dental histories. Individuals who had diabetes or other systemic diseases were excluded from the study. Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) was calculated by adding measurements of gingival recession and periodontal pocket depth made by a single examiner at 6 sites around each tooth using non‐pressure sensitive periodontal probes. Plaque and gingival bleeding indices were also scored. Subjects were divided into 4 groups: aspirin non‐smokers, aspirin ex‐smokers, no aspirin non‐smokers and no aspirin ex‐smokers. Data were analysed using two‐way ANOVA with age as the covariate. Severity and extent of mean PAL and the cumulative distribution of the mean of the most severe sites (MSS) of PAL were analysed.Results: Controlling for age, mean PAL in aspirin takers was significantly less 2.6±0.08 (se) mm than non‐aspirin takers 2.9±0.06 (se) mm; this association was independent of smoking history. Ex‐smokers had significantly more mean PAL 3.9±0.07 (se) mm than non‐smokers 2.6±0.08 (se) mm, irrespective of aspirin status. When MSS‐PAL was analysed, these differences became more pronounced; MSS‐PAL in aspirin takers was significantly less 3.9±0.1 (se) mm than non‐aspirin takers 4.2±0.08 (se) mm. Ex‐smokers had significantly more MSS‐PAL 4.3±0.08 (se) mm than non‐smokers 3.8±0.08 (se) mm. Aspirin apparently had a protective association on PAL and it is hypothesised that low‐dose aspirin may have reduced the rate of attachment loss.Conclusions: This hypothesis needs to be confirmed by a prospective study. The results of this study suggest that individuals aged over 50 years, particularly ex‐smokers, may benefit by taking low‐doses of aspirin daily to reduce their risk of periodontal attachment loss.
A rapid spectrophotometric assay for tetracycline in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Needleman Ian G. , Grahn Michael F. , Pandya Nikunj V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to investigate a rapid spectrophotometric assay for its potential to measure tetracycline levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).Materials and methods: The technique involves complexation of tetracycline with molybdenum in order to shift the absorbance spectrum away from that region where interference with plasma proteins is a problem. The sensitivity of the assay and reproducibility of elution were examined together with an assessment of the effect of plasma proteins. The assay was also tested in a small pilot clinical project, measuring tetracycline levels in GCF following placement of a test gel formulation in 25 periodontal pockets in 5 patients.Results: The in vitro results showed good sensitivity of the assay over the concentration range tested (0.5–200 μg tetracycline) and with little effect of plasma proteins. Elution from the paper strips was reproducible with a good linear correlation between direct and filter absorbed assays (r=0.9989, p<0.01). The pilot clinical study indicated a mean half‐time of tetracycline in GCF of 28 min with confidence intervals of 21 to 34 min, although wide variation between the drug levels of individual periodontal pockets was seen.Conclusions: The results indicate good sensitivity for this assay to measure tetracycline hydrochloride in vivo. The potential for rapidly processing large numbers of samples contrasts with the assay time and limited sample throughput of other methods such as high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and suggests that the technique may be a useful addition to current techniques for measuring tetracycline hydrochloride in vivo.
Comparison of the clinical effects and gingival abrasion aspects of manual and electric toothbrushes
Authors: Mantokoudis Dimosthenis , Joss Andreas , Christensen Morten M. , Meng Huan Xin , Suvan Jean E. , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAims: The clinical effects and gingival abrasion aspects of 2 electrical toothbrushes (Braun Oral‐B Plak Control Ultra and the novel development Braun Oral‐B Plak Control 3D) were to be compared with conventional manual toothbrushing.Material and Methods: In a cross‐over study, 26 dental student volunteers participated and were assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Following instruction in the use of the electric as well as manual toothbrushes, the volunteers were timed for 2 min each day to apply one electric or the manual toothbrush, respectively, during 3 experimental phases of 2 weeks. No other methods of tooth cleaning were to be performed except the one specified for the respective test period. When brushing manually, the Bass toothbrushing technique was applied. Between each test period, a recovery period of 1 week was allowed during which no oral hygiene was performed at all. At the start and the end of each of the experimental periods, the extension of plaque deposits from the gingival margin in coronal direction was assessed using the Turesky et al. modification of the Quigley and Hein plaque index. Presence or absence of gingival inflammation was evaluated by bleeding and probing (BOP). The extent and severity of gingival abrasions were assessed by use of a modified method of Breitenmoser et al. and adapted by Danser et al.Results:The plaque‐reducing effect was similar in all groups with the same cleaning regime. For that reason, the result of the different experimental phases with the respective cleaning modalities were collapsed. Cleaning with the Braun Oral‐B Plak Control Ultra electric toothbrush resulted consistently in the lowest plaque scores when compared to both the Braun Oral‐B Plak Control 3D and the manual toothbrush. Although the differences in plaque reduction were statistically significant between cleaning with Braun Oral‐B Plak Control Ultra and 3D, they were small and of questionable clinical relevance. No significant differences in plaque reductions were found between manual brushing and any of the 2 electric brushes. Gingival abrasions were least pronounced following brushing with the Braun Oral‐B Plak Control 3D electric toothbrush. However, no significant differences in gingival abrasion were encountered following brushing with the Braun Oral‐B Plak Control Ultra electric in comparison with the manual toothbrush.Conclusions: The results of the present study have shown that in a group of dental students trained in manual brushing technique, where efficacy was similar with the 3 toothbrushes tested, there is no evidence of greater gingival abrasion with either Braun Oral‐B Plak Control Ultra or 3D when compared with a manual brush.
The effectiveness of enamel matrix proteins used in combination with bovine porous bone mineral in the treatment of intrabony defects in humans
Authors: Camargo Paulo M. , Lekovic Vojislav , Weinlaender Michael , Vasilic Nikola , Kenney E. Barrie , Madzarevic Milovan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) used in combination with bovine porous bone mineral (BPBM), compared to open flap debridment (OFD) in the treatment of intrabony defects in humans.Material and Methods: Using a split‐mouth design, 24 paired intrabony defects were surgically treated and re‐entered 6 months later. Experimental sites were treated with EMPs and grafted with BPBM. Control sites were treated with an OFD. The primary outcomes evaluated in the study were changes in pocket depth, clinical attachment level and defect bone fill.Results: Preoperative pocket depths, attachment levels and intra‐operative bone measurements were similar for control and experimental sites. 6‐month post surgical measurements revealed a significantly greater reduction in pocket depth (differences of 2.35±0.86 mm on buccal and 2.28±0.90 mm on lingual measurements) and more gain in clinical attachment (differences of 2.04±0.28 mm on buccal and 1.99±0.26 mm on lingual measurements) in the experimental sites. Surgical reentry of the defects revealed a significantly greater amount of defect fill in favor of the experimental sites (differences of 2.85±0.28 mm on buccal and 2.67±0.33 mm on lingual measurements).Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that combining EMPs and BPBM as a regenerative technique for intraosseous defects results in statistically and clinically significant more favorable results than OFD. The nature of the attachment between the newly regenerated tissue and the root surfaces needs to be evaluated histologically to confirm the presence of new attachment.
Plaque removal characteristics of electric toothbrushes using an in vitro plaque model
Authors: Carter Kevin , Landini Gabriel , Walmsley A. Damien 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground/aim: The purpose of the study was to investigate and quantify the efficacy of plaque removal by commercially available electric toothbrushes using an in vitro system based on artificial plaque grown on glass slides.Material and Methods: Artificial plaque based on Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans was cultured in a series of phosphate buffer solution, sucrose solution and brain heart infusion on sterile glass slides, for a period of 5 weeks. 7 different electric toothbrushes of current designs were operated in contact with the glass slides under loads of 1 or 2N for 10 s after which image analysis of the brushed slides was undertaken to calculate the absolute and relative areas of removal.Results: The electric toothbrushes showed a larger area of plaque removal as loading force increased from 1 to 2N. The area of biofilm removed also depended on the head design and ranged from 258 mm2 (1N, Interplak) and 314 mm2 (2N, Interplak), to 30 mm2 (1N, Braun 3D), and 148 mm2 (2N, Blend‐a‐Dent). The area of biofilm removal was significantly different among all electric toothbrushes at p<0.01 (ANOVA). All electric toothbrushes removed more biofilm than the actual contacting tufted area of the head.Conclusion: The artificial plaque model system under different loading conditions showed differences in the absolute area of removal per electric toothbrush and also differences in the relative removal per unit contact bristle area. These differences on operating variables should be considered when evaluating new electric toothbrushes.
Association of early onset periodontitis microbiota with aspartate aminotransferase activity in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Kamma Joanna J. , Nakou Mela , Persson Rutger G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between the activity of the enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) using the colorimetric PerioGardTM (PTM) test and the subgingival microflora in early onset periodontitis lesions.Material and methods: The study population consisted of 25 otherwise healthy individuals exhibiting early onset periodontitis (EOP). In each patient four experimental sites were identified comprising one deep periodontal pocket (PD >5 mm) randomly chosen in each quadrant. Bacterial samples were obtained from the experimental sites, consecutively cultured anaerobically and in 10% CO2 using selective and nonselective media. Isolates were characterized to species level by conventional biochemical tests and various identification kits. Clinical measurements as well as AST activity, assessed either as positive or negative using the PTM, were recorded at the same sites.Results: Sixty‐two sites exhibited AST positive and 38 AST negative activity. Analysis of bacterial counts using the ANOVA (Mann Whitney U‐test) showed that Streptococcus intermedius, Peptostreptococcus micros, Campylobacter concisus, Bacteroides forsythus, Camplobacter gracilis, Campylobacter rectus and Selenomonas sputigena were significantly higher in sites with AST‐positive acitivity. The odds ratio of having high prevalence of S. intermedius, P. micros, C. concisus, B. forsythus, C. gracilis, C. rectus and S. sputigena in the presence of a positive AST site was very high (range: 3.5–17.0). Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces naeslundii, Gemella morbillorum, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium varium, Eubacterium lentum and Prevotella oralis were detected in significantly higher proportions in sites with AST negative activity and manifested a negative odds ratio in the presence of AST positive sites. The logistic regression analysis revealed that smoking and bleeding upon probing showed a significant association with AST activity, while plaque and suppuration were not found to be significant predictors of AST activity. The co‐infection of Porphyromonas gingivalis, B. forsythus and P. micros, or P. gingivalis, B. forsythus and C. rectus were found to be significantly associated with the AST activity (p<0.001). AST positive sites revealed significantly higher occurence of co‐infections by P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, S. sputigena or by P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, S. intermedius than AST negative sites (p<0.001). P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, A. naeslundii co‐infection was found significantly higher in the AST negative sites (p<0.001).Conclusions: The present study found a high level of agreement between the presence of putative periodontal pathogens and positive AST scores at periodontal sites that clinically were considered to be potentially disease active. Prospective studies should be performed to confirm the findings.
Bacterial survival rate on tooth‐ and interdental brushes in relation to the use of toothpaste
Authors: Quirynen Marc , De Soete Marc , Pauwels Martine , Goossens Kitty , Teughels Wim , Van Eldere Johan , Van Steenberghe Daniel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground, aims: Previous studies indicated that oral hygiene aids can play a rôle in the intra‐oral translocation of pathogens. The survival rate of cariogenic and periodontopathogenic species on toothbrushes, with and without toothpaste, and interdental brushes was presently investigated.Material and methods: 12 periodontitis patients had their interdental spaces professionally cleaned with interdental brushes and their teeth with new toothbrushes with or without different dentifrices. Each time brushes were rinsed with tap water and stored dry at room temperature. At different time intervals an interdental brush or 4 tufts from a toothbrush were processed for vitality staining and selective and non‐selective culturing procedures.Results: Immediately after rinsing, a toothbrush without toothpaste harboured 107, 108 and 107 colony forming units (CFU) of respectively aerobic, anaerobic and black pigmented species. An insignificant decrease occurred the first 24 hours and after 48 hours still 104 CFU of aerobic and anaerobic species could be cultured. No periodontopathogen remained detectable at 8 hours, except for Fusobacterium nucleatum. The proportion of vital bacteria decreased in 48 hours from 50% to 30%. Comparable results were obtained for interdental brushes. The bacterial survival rate on toothbrushes was significantly reduced by the use of a detergent containing toothpaste by 2 log at baseline, another 2 log at 4 hours and an extra log more at 8 hours for aerobic and anaerobic species. A toothpaste without detergent only had an insignificant bactericidal effect.Conclusion: Toothpaste detergents decrease the survival rate of pathogenic species on a toothbrush and can thus limit the risk for bacterial translocation.
Effect of a polyhexamethylene biguanide mouthrinse on bacterial counts and plaque
Authors: Rosin M. , Welk A. , Bernhardt O. , Ruhnau M. , Pitten F.‐A. , Kocher T. , Kramer A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: For various clinical applications, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) has been used for many years as an antiseptic in medicine. Little is known, however, of its antibacterial activity in the oral cavity and its ability to inhibit plaque formation. In this study, a 0.04% PHMB mouthrinse (A) was compared with a negative control placebo rinse (10% ethanol, flavour) (B) and 2 positive control chlorhexidine rinses, one of which was a 0.12% aqueous solution (C) and the other a commercially available mouthrinse (Skinsept® mucosa) diluted to a chlorhexidine concentration of 0.12% (D).Material and Methods: The study was a double‐blind, randomised 4‐replicate 4×4 Latin square cross‐over design. Plaque regrowth was assessed with the Turesky et al. modification of the Quigley and Hein plaque index. The in vivo antibacterial effect was assessed by taking bacterial counts from the tooth surface (smears from the lingual surface of 16) and mucosa (smears from the buccal mucosa) 4 h after the 1st rinse with the preparations on day 1 and prior to the clinical examination on day 5. 16 volunteers participated, and on day 1 of each study period were rendered plaque‐free, ceased toothcleaning, and rinsed 2× daily with the allocated mouthrinse. On day 5, plaque was scored and smears were collected according to the protocol. Washout periods were 9 days. Data were analysed using ANOVA with Tukey HSD adjustment for multiple comparisons (significance level α=0.05).Results: Mouthrinses A, C, and D were significantly more effective in inhibiting plaque than the placebo (B). Mouthrinse C was significantly better than mouthrinses A and D, while mouthrinses D and A were equally effective in inhibiting plaque. Bacterial count reductions on the tooth surface with mouthrinse C were significantly greater compared to mouthrinse A and the placebo (B). The reduction of bacterial counts on the mucosa with C was significantly greater than with A and B after 4 h and significantly greater than with A, B and D after 5 days. Mouthrinse A reduced bacteria on the mucosa significantly more effectively than the placebo (B) after 4 h and 5 days, while mouthrinse D was more effective than the placebo (B) after 4 h.Conclusion: The results indicate that a 0.04% PHMB mouthwash inhibits plaque regrowth and reduces oral bacterial counts, and may be used in preventive applications in the oral cavity.
Clinical comparison of the effectiveness of novel sonic instruments and curettes for periodontal debridement after 2 months
Authors: Beuchat M. , Busslinger A. , Schmidlin P. R. , Michel B. , Lehmann B. , Lutz F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo the effectiveness of scaling and root planing of new oscillating instruments (Periosonic®) using a sonic handpiece compared to hand curettes with a split mouth design after 2 months.Methods: 11 patients with adult periodontitis participated in this study. Plaque index (PII) (O’Leary), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), recession (REC) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline and 2 months after treatment. After oral hygiene instruction, 2 randomly assigned quadrants per patient were scaled and root planed with curettes (control side) and the remaining 2 quadrants with the Periosonic® instruments 1 and 2 (test side). The student t‐test for paired data was used to test the significance of difference between test and control sides.Results: There was no statistical difference (p>0.05) between the 2 sides for the improvement of the clinical parameters excepted for the group with initial PPD of 4–6 mm (test: 1.3±0.4 mm PPD reduction, control: 1.6±0.4 mm). For PPD 7 mm, the test side had better clinical improvement in attachment levels (2.2±0.9 mm), less recession (−0.4±0.5 mm) with lower PPD reduction (2.4±0.6 mm) than the control side (AL: 1.6±1.8 mm; REC: −1.3±0.7 mm, PPD reduction: 3.0±1.4 mm).Conclusion: This clinical study demonstrated that Periosonic® instruments are clinically at least as effective as curettes in PPD reduction when initial PPD is 6 mm and show better clinical attachment level improvement with less recession for initial PPD of 7 mm.