bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal changes in the trot between the first and third horse inspections at a CCI*** 3‐day event
Authors: ROGERS C. W. , DAVIES A. S. , PFEIFFER D. U. , DAVIE P. S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryKinematic parameters were measured from horses competing in a CCI*** 3‐day event The horses were filmed during the first and third horse inspection. This provided a repeat sample on 16 horses. The horses were filmed using a panning lateral S‐VHS video camera (50 Hz). Spatial measurements were taken for mean ± s.d. 5.66 ± 0.92 strides for the first inspection and 5.05 ± 1.27 for the third inspection. Within the calibration zone, data of the horses accelerating and obtaining a constant velocity were collected. The horses trotted with a higher mean velocity during the third inspection (0.26 ± 0.05 m/s, P<.001). During the third inspection the horses trotted with a shorter stride length (0.193 ± 0.03 m., P<.001) and stride duration (31 ± 42 m/s, P<.001). The third inspection was characterised by a decrease in retraction percentage for both the forelimbs (3.69 ± 2.39%, P<.001) and the hindlimbs (2.48 ± 2.16%, P<.001). However, no significant difference was found between the 2 inspections for other temporal parameters when measured as a percentage of stride. It is proposed that the event horses trot with a decreased stride length and duration during the third horse inspection but maintain a consistent temporal relationship.
Effects of flunixin on movement and performance of Standardbred trotters on the track
Authors: KALLINGS P. , JOHNSTON C. , DREVEMO S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryAn often discussed and controversial issue is the effect of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the NSAID flunixin on the movement pattern and performance capacity of Standardbred trotters using a standardised track model. Five adult Standardbred horses in training trotted at 2 occasions with a 2 week interval on the same oval dirt track. Before each occasion the horses were either injected with flunixin meglumine (Finadyne) or normal saline solution i.m. 4 h before the performance test (double blind crossover study). The kinematics for 5 consecutive strides were filmed. There was no significant difference in maximal speed between the saline and flunixin treatment sessions. Significant changes in the movement pattern were observed as an effect of the flunixin treatment The horses maintained the same stride duration while significantly decreasing stance time and increasing swing time in the forelimbs. The horses' range of limb angle decreased significantly. Heart rates were monitored and plasma lactate and flunixin concentrations were measured. No significant differences were found in heart rate and plasma lactate. The results indicate that flunixin had a significant effect on locomotor pattern while it did not effect metabolic response in these horses (considered to represent a normal race track population). The overall effect on performance in racing horses may therefore be related to the anti‐inflammatory and analgesic properties of NSAIDs by masking pain and lameness.
The effect of shoeing on kinetics and kinematics during the stance phase
Authors: ROEPSTORFF L. , JOHNSTON C. , DREVEMO S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe increasing range of of horseshoes and hoofpads makes it important to be able to evaluate their influence on performance and stress in the locomotor apparatus. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in ground reaction forces and locomotion pattern during the stance phase due to the application of a standard iron shoe. Six Swedish Warmblood horses were evaluated kinetically and kinematically before and after they were shod with an 8 mm iron shoe. Data were used to calculate ground reaction forces in the vertical and cranio‐caudal directions, point of application of the force, hoof segment angle and hoof joint, pastern joint, fetlock, carpal and tarsal angles. Finally joint angular velocity and landing velocity of the hoof were calculated.During the initial phase of the stance or the concussion phase, the horses altered the conditions of the limb, as reflected by hoof‐landing velocities. Concussion‐dampening mechanisms of the distal limb subsequently were altered. In the nonshod condition, the coffin and fetlock joints rotated more rapidly in the forelimb and less rapidly in the hindlimb, while earlier proximal off‐loading by the carpus and tarsus resulted in a decrease in initial horizontal loading at the hoof.It was concluded that horses accustomed to standard iron shoes demonstrate slight but significant differences in the movement and loading of the distal limb due to shoeing. Though the main differences were related to the concussion phase of the stance, even mid‐stance loading and roll‐over were altered. The study provides a basis for further investigation of the effect of various farriery techniques on the hoof and movement of the horse.
Heritability of percentage of fast myosin heavy chains in skeletal muscles and relationship with performance
Authors: BARREY E. , VALETTE J. P. , JOUGLIN M. , BLOUIN C. , LANGLOIS B. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine the percentage of fast myosin heavy chains (fast MHCs = MHC 2A+2B) in 2 propelling muscles to estimate the heritability and to identify any relationship with performance. The gluteus medius and the biceps femoris muscles were biopsied in 100 related French Anglo‐Arabian horses. The percentages of slow and fast myosin heavy chains were measured using an ELISA technique. The heritability (s.e.) of the fast MHCs percentage was estimated at 13% (0.1) using a restricted maximum likelihood resolution of a mixed animal model. There were significant (P<.05) correlations between the performance level and the fast MHCs percentage of the gluteus medius and biceps femoris muscles: 0.47 and 0.34 respectively. An analysis of variance revealed a significant (P<.05) effect of performance level in gallop racing and show jumping on the fast MHCs percentage of the gluteus medius muscle. The good performers in gallop racing (75.5>69.6% fast MHCs) and show jumping (74.1>67.8% fast MHCs) had a higher percentage of fast MHCs in the gluteus medius than poor performers (P<.05). This muscular analysis could be one of the interesting physiological traits to measure for early selection of gallop racing and show jumping horses.
Exercise that induces substantial muscle glycogen depletion impairs subsequent anaerobic capacity
Authors: LACOMBE VÉRONIQUE , HINCHCLIFF K. W. , GEOR R. J. , LAUDERDALE M. A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to develop a model of muscle glycogen depletion and to study the effect of this model on aerobic and anaerobic capacity of horses. The maximal rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2max), maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD), muscle glycogen concentration and blood lactate concentration of 6 fit Standardbred horses were measured on 3 occasions 7 days apart (Trials 1, 2and3). BetweenTrials 2and3, strenuous exercise intended to deplete muscle glycogen was performed by exercising horses on the treadmill on 3 consecutive days. Strenuous exercise resulted in reduction of muscle glycogen concentration by at least 55% (from mean ± s.e. 155.1 ± 5.6 mmol/kg, wet weight, beforeTrial 2to 55.4 ± 5.5 mmol/kg beforeTrial 3;P<.05). V̇o2maxwas similar inTrials 2and3(140.4 ± 5.4 ml O2/kg bwt and 141.8 ml ± 6.2 ml O2/kg, respectively). Run time to fatigue during a single high‐speed exercise test (253.9 ± 33.3 s and 153.8 ± 16.4 s., P<.05), accumulated oxygen deficit (95 ± 13.2 ml O2/kg and 35 ± 13.9 ml O2/kg, P<.05) and blood lactate concentration at the end of the sprint (17 ± 1.2 mmol/l and 10.5 ± 1.1 mmol/l, P<.05) were less duringTrial 3thanTrial 2.These data suggested that repeated strenuous exercise that causes muscle glycogen depletion results in impairment of anaerobic, but not aerobic, metabolism.
Metabolic and hormonal changes after exercise in relation to muscle glycogen concentrations
Authors: PÖSÖ A. REETA , HYYPPä S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryTo test whether, in horses, the concentration of muscle glycogen can be influenced by increasing the uptake of glucose into the muscle cells or by providing a gluconeogenic precursor, 9 trained half‐bred riding horses performed on a treadmill a 1.5 h competition exercise test (CET). Each horse performed CET 3 times and 30 min after CET, each was given one of the following solutions: isotonic glucose‐electrolyte (GE) solution, GE supplemented with 50 g leucine (GEL) to increase insulin secretion, or GE supplemented with 200 ml propionic acid (GEP), a gluconeogenic precursor. Administration of GE solutions caused no increase in plasma glucose concentration. The highest concentration of insulin was measured after GEL, but also in the GE group the concentration of insulin increased. GEP completely inhibited the increase in insulin concentration. Concentration of glucagon was increased 6 and 22.5 h after CET. None of the post exercise treatments influenced significantly the glycogen content at 22.5 h after CET. This indicates that neither i) elevation of insulin concentration to increase muscle‐uptake of glucose, nor ii) increase in the availability of a glucose precursor, propionic acid, was able to increase accumulation of glycogen in the middle gluteal muscle.
Incremental treadmill exercise until onset of fatigue and its relationship to metabolic response and locomotion pattern
Authors: SCHUBACK KATARINA , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON BIRGITTA , PERSSON S. G. B. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe aim was to study metabolic response and locomotion pattern in Standardbred trotters during incremental treadmill exercise performed by increasing speed by 1 m/s in 1 min steps (start 7 m/s) until the onset of fatigue. The test protocol included determination of oxygen uptake, heart rate (HR), stride length (SL) and stride frequency (SF). Venous blood samples were collected at rest, at the end of each exercise step and after 30 min of recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest and post exercise and muscle temperature was measured after exercise. As horses fatigued at different speed steps (9–11 m/s), variation was seen in running time (180–300 s), oxygen uptake (109–170 ml/kg bwt min), HR (200–225 beats/min), SL (4.4–5.7 m) and SF (116–130 strides/min) at the last speed step. Increased mean plasma lactate concentration (20.5 mmol/l) was seen at onset of fatigue and increased mean uric acid concentration after 30 min of recovery (112.8 μmol/l). After exercise, a decrease was seen in muscle ATP (7.1 mmol/kg d.w.), creatine phosphate (43.9 mmol/kg d.w.) and glycogen (160 mmol/kg d.w.), and an increase was seen in ADP (0.3 mmol/kg d.w.), AMP (0.18 mmol/kg d.w.), IMP (5.8 mmol/kg d.w.) and lactate (100.8 mmol/kg d.w.). At onset of fatigue, muscle temperature varied from 39.9–41.4°C. Running time correlated with SL (r=0.86), with an increase in IMP (r=0.79) and AMP (r=0.70) post exercise and with plasma uric acid concentration (r=0.74) at 30 min of recovery. SF correlated negatively with the increase in ADP after exercise (r = 0.85). The results of this study indicate that running time during incremental treadmill exercise until the onset of fatigue is related to locomotion pattern and to a marked degree of anaerobic metabolism, especially adenine nucleotide degradation.
Standardisation of muscular biopsy ofgluteus mediusin French trotters
Authors: VALETTE J. P. , BARREY E. , JOUGLIN MAGGY , COUROUCE ANNE , AUVINET B. , FLAUX B. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryMorphometric measurements were taken from 41 French trotters of various ages and both sexes. Biopsy location was determined for the dorsal compartment as being one‐third of the distance from thetuber sacraleto thetuber coxaeand for the ventral compartment as being one‐third of the distance from thetuber coxaeto the caudal Cd1‐Cd2 intervertebral joint. Ten horses were biopsied at these 2 sites at a sampling depth equal to half the total depth of the compartment as measured by ultrasonography. The percentage of slow and fast myosin heavy chain fibres was measured by using an immunoenzymatic method. The depth of the dorsal and ventral compartments of thegluteus mediuswas significantly greater in males than in females. The depth of the ventral compartment was greater in the case of a straight hip than of a wide hip and was greater in young horses than in older horses. The ventral and the dorsal compartments were composed in the mid‐portion of 81.3 and 75.6% of fast myosin heavy chains, respectively. It was concluded that the locations and sampling depths in thegluteus mediuscould be standardised in French trotters by taking into account anatomical references, sex, age and width of the hip.
Sweating and skin temperature responses of normal and anhidrotic horses to intravenous adrenaline
Authors: MARLIN D. J. , SCHROTER R. C. , SCOTT CAROLINE M. , WHITE SUSAN , NYROP KAREN A. , MAYKUTH PATRICIA L. , HARRIS PAT A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryAnhidrosis has been recognised for over half a century, but despite some excellent epidemiological studies, there has been little progress in understanding the aetiology of the condition. Using a modified ventilated capsule, we obtained dynamic, quantitative data on sweating responses in anhidrotic horses and normal sweating controls from the same environment. Ten horses with current seasonal anhidrosis and 10 matched normal sweating controls were selected. Each horse was given two 10 min infusions of 1 and 2 μg/kg/min adrenaline, separated by at least 6 h. Sweating responses and skin temperatures on the neck and gluteal region were measured. Plasma and sweat for analysis of total protein and electrolytes and plasma for analysis of adrenaline were collected. Anhidrotic horses produced significantly less sweat, had lower initial and peak sweat rates and a greater neck:gluteal ratio for sweat production. Plasma adrenaline at rest or at the time of peak sweating rate was not different between groups. In nearly three‐quarters of the anhidrotic horses, the shape of the sweat rate against time curve was different compared to controls. Volume of sweat produced was significantly correlated with skin temperature on the neck of controls and anhidrotic horses and on the gluteal region of controls, but not anhidrotic horses. Plasma total protein and electrolyte concentrations were not different between groups. There were significant differences in sweat electrolyte concentrations between controls and anhidrotic horses. These differences were reduced when sweat electrolytes were expressed per g of total protein, and no differences existed when expressed as g/m2. This study has provided insight into the response of anhidrotic horses to β2 adrenergic stimulation and may be a useful technique to investigate this condition.
Frusemide and weight carriage alter the acid:base responses of horses to incremental and to brief intense exertion
Authors: HINCHCLIFF K. W. , McKEEVER K. H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe speculated that frusemide would attenuate the acidosis associated with intense exertion, and that weight carriage would mitigate this effect. Therefore, in each of 2 experiments we measured pulmonary artery and systemic arterial blood pH, Pco2, Po2and pulmonary artery temperature in 9 horses during exertion on a treadmill after each of 3 treatments. The treatments were: 1) injection of saline solution (C), 2) injection of frusemide (1 mg/kg bwt, i.v. 4 h before running) (FU) and 3) injection of frusemide (F) as for FU and the horses carried weight equal to that lost in the 4 h after frusemide administration (FL). InExperiment 1the horses performed an incremental exercise test of 90 s at each of 4, 7 and 9 m/s (4° incline). InExperiment 2, the horses ran on a treadmill inclined at 4° for 3 min at 3 m/s, at approximately 120% V̇o2maxfor 2 min, and 3 m/s for 5 min. Blood samples for measurement of blood pH, Pco2and Po2were collected into heparinised glass syringes. Values were adjusted for changes in pulmonary artery blood temperature. Data were analysed using a 2 way repeated measures ANOVA. There was a consistent pattern in both experiments characterised by a mild alkalosis or mitigated acidosis, compared to C, at rest and during exercise and recovery after FU (P<.05). Weight carriage blunted or inhibited the effect of frusemide during exercise and recovery. Inexperiment 2, at the end of the sprint, FU treatment resulted in a less severe acidosis than did C or FL: mixed venous pH for C, FU, and FL at the end of the sprint were 6.93, 6.98 and 6.93, respectively (P interaction=0.038), mixed venous base excess was ‐12.4, ‐9.91, and ‐11.8 mmol/l, respectively, and arterial base excess of ‐14.4, ‐12.7 and ‐14.1 mmol/l (P interaction = 0.006) respectively. These effects persisted into recovery. A similar pattern of responses occurred during the incremental exercise test, with weight carriage offsetting the alkalinising effect of frusemide. We conclude that frusemide attenuates the acidosis of intense exertion and that carriage of weight prevents this effect.
Effect of feeding Thoroughbred horses a high unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet for 6 months following a 10 month fat acclimation
Authors: HARRIS PAT A. , PAGAN J. D. , CRANDELL KATHLEEN G. , DAVIDSON NELL 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis study looked at the effect of feeding diets supplemented with either a predominantly saturated or unsaturated vegetable oil over a prolonged period to exercising horses.Eight Thoroughbred horses were assigned to 2 diet treatments and for 10 months were fed Timothy hay and oats, together with a fortified sweet feed supplemented with either a predominantly unsaturated (Un) or a saturated (S) vegetable oil so that ˜19% DE (Digestible Energy) came from dietary fat and ˜12% from either the Un or S source (AC). An increased amount of Un or S fortified sweet feed, replacing the oats, was then fed for a further 6 months (HF) so that ˜27% DE came from fat and ˜20% from the Un or S vegetable oil. Standardised incremental treadmill exercise (8–12 m/s) tests (STEP) and duplicate oral glucose tolerance tests (TOL) were carried out after 3, 6 and 9 months of the AC diet and after 3 and 6 months on the HF diet. There was no significant effect of dietary treatment or when the tests were undertaken (time) on the insulin or lactate responses to the STEP tests. Overall there was a significant (P<.05) effect of time and treatment on the glucose response, but there was no difference between treatments at the first and last tests or between the results for these tests or between the endAC and endHF tests. No significant effect of treatment or time was seen on the TOL glucose response (% change from Time ‘0’) although there was a trend for the glucose concentrations to be lower and the insulin responses higher (nonsignificant) in the S treatment group. No significant effect of treatment on haematological parameters, monitored monthly, was found. Total protein and gamma glutamyl transferase remained within the normal range throughout. There was a significant effect of treatment (P<.05) on cholesterol and triglycerides with higher concentrations in the S group from the first (1 month) sample. Linoleic acid was the main fatty acid in all the 4 plasma lipid classes with slightly, but significant (P<.05), higher concentrations in Un for the cholesterol ester and phospholipid classes. There was no effect of time. Overall, the total resting plasma fatty acid content was significantly higher (P<.05) with S at the sample points (endAC and endHF). No adverse effects of feeding either diet on apparent coat condition or hoof appearance were seen apart from an apparent increase in the grease score. Many of the parameters assessed showed significant improvements with time (P<.05). In conclusion, no apparent adverse effects of feeding a diet supplemented with either an unsaturated or saturated vegetable oil for 6 months at ˜20% DE after 10 months at ˜12% DE were identified and there were no apparent disadvantages of feeding a saturated vegetable oil supplemented diet compared with an unsaturated one.
Phytate and phosphorus movements in the digestive tract of horses
Authors: MATSUI T. , MURAKAMI Y. , YANO H. , FUJIKAWA H. , OSAWA T. , ASAI Y. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis experiment was conducted to study phytate degradation and the effect of dietary phytate level on phosphorus absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of horses. Six Thoroughbred horses were fed diets containing low‐phytate diet or high‐phytate diet for 5 days. The diets were supplemented with Cr2O3 as an unabsorbable marker. The horses were killed 3 h after the last feeding and digesta in some segments of the intestine were collected. In both dietary' groups, the daily passage of phytate phosphorus was decreased in the upper small intestine and in the lower large intestine. The daily passage of phytate phosphorus in the lower large intestine did not differ between these groups. Although the passage of total phosphorus increased in the upper small intestine and in the upper large intestine of both groups, its passage decreased in the lower large intestine. These results suggest that phytate phosphorus is degraded in the upper small intestine and in the lower large intestine of both groups. Phosphorus is suggested to be mainly absorbed in the lower large intestine. Therefore, phytate phosphorus is considered to be easily absorbed in horses because the major site of phosphorus is the lower large intestine where most of phytate is already degraded.
The effect of diet composition and feeding state on the response to exercise in feed‐restricted horses
Authors: POWELL DEBRA , LAWRENCE L. M. , BREWSTER‐BARNES TAMMY , FITZGERALD B. , WARREN LORI K. , ROKURODA S. , PARKER A. , CRUM A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryEight Thoroughbred horses were used to determine the effects of long‐term calorie restriction and diet composition on serum T4and T3concentrations and metabolic responses with exercise. Horses were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (n = 4):Group 1, horses were fed a calorie‐restricted diet designed to have 70% of the calories from the roughage source (RHR);Group 2, horses were fed a calorie‐restricted diet designed to have 70% of the calories from the concentrate source (RHC). Horses then completed 2 step‐wise exercise tests; one following a 12 h fast and one 2 h after a meal of 2 kg of a grain mix. Glucose concentrations declined (P<.01) in fed horses on the RHR diet but did not change in fed horses on the RHC diet Fasted horses receiving the RHR diet had a more rapid increase in glucose concentration during exercise compared to fasted horses receiving the RHC diet (P<.01) as well as the highest glucose concentration at fatigue (P<.05). Insulin concentrations were higher (P<.05) at fatigue in fed horses on the RHR diet Fasted horses receiving the RHR diet had higher (P<.01) pre‐exercise FFA concentrations and a more rapid decline (P<.01) in FFA during exercise. Serum T3concentrations increased (P<.01) in response to exercise within all treatments. The differences in thyroid hormone, glucose and FFA responses to exercise suggest that calorie source may be important in the hormonal regulation and energy metabolism of horses consuming calorie deficient diets.