bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing knowledge for population health
Authors: Heller Richard F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter looks at how we can turn information into knowledge that can be used to implement the collected evidence—turning evidence into action. Knowledge, which may be explicit (based on external sources) or tacit (based on experience), must be managed in order that it can be used to inform practice. Organizational issues that will facilitate this include leadership, use of information and communications technology, and the organizational culture and skills capacity of the workforce.
Moral and legal responsibility and the new neuroscience
Authors: Morse Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that neuroscience is largely irrelevant if the concept of responsibility is properly understood and evaluated. It begins with a positive description of the dominant conception of personhood and responsibility in Western law and morality. It then considers and rejects the challenge to this conception that any materialist scientific understanding of behavior, including neuroscientific explanation, creates. It argues that unless brain science evolves to such a stage that it radically undermines current conceptions of personhood, the brain will largely be irrelevant to ascriptions of moral and legal responsibility. The chapter concludes by returning to Roper and suggesting the proper way that the case should be argued.
Brains, lies, and psychological explanations
Authors: Buller Tom 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the following question: If we adopt the view that it is the brain that feels, thinks, and decides, then how do we accommodate commonsense explanations of human behavior and the notion that we are intentional rational agents capable of voluntary action? It argues that there are limits to the coexistence of folk psychology (and the notion that we are intentional rational agents) and neuroscience. It explores how neuroethics must accommodate both science and ethics and, drawing on contemporary studies of deception, lies, and others, urges an awareness of the limitations of neuroscience in determining thought and defining responsibility for actions.
Being in the world: neuroscience and the ethical agent
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter summarizes several classic arguments about consciousness and the nature of the mind (Descartes, Russell, Parfit, Skinner, Armstrong, Nagel, Dewey, James, Searle, and Koch). It argues that a coherent view of consciousness will include a way to understand memory and rational action, and suggests areas for future research on ethics in a world in which traditional ideas about duty, covenant, ipsity, and relationality are rapidly being re-understood in biological terms. It contends that ethics depends on narrative structures that give meaning to norms. Hence, the way that minds (and brains, to be precise) structure story and rule is critical to how we know and discern. At the core of this is memory and motive, yet for the ethicist, it will be the publicity of the moral gesture, the play out in history and social space, that is the final criterion of what beings mean to one another.
Creativity, gratitude, and the enhancement debate
Authors: Parens Erik 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes two ethical frameworks out of which people seem to come to the academic debate about enhancement technologies. It argues that the impulse to creativity (or self-transformation) can be thought of as the organizing commitment for one framework, and that the impulse to gratitude (or letting things be) can be thought of as the organizing commitment of the other. It also describes some of the different sets of reasons that seem to cluster around each of those commitments. Different reasons seem most salient, depending on one's framework.
Ethical dilemmas in neurodegenerative disease: respecting patients at the twilight of agency
Authors: Jaworska Agnieszka 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study that illustrates the interplay between ethical conceptual analysis and neuroscientific findings in the resolution of moral dilemmas that arise in Alzheimer's disease. It defends the philosophical view that the immediate interests of an individual cannot be overridden as long as the individual possesses the capacity to value. In the context of each particular neurodegenerative disease, this recommendation must be guided by a scientifically informed assessment of when in the course of the disease the capacity to value could possibly be lost, and when it is likely to be retained. In the case of Alzheimer's disease, neuroscientific evidence indicates that the capacity to value is slowly and gradually weakened, and in some cases may not be completely lost until relatively far along in the disease's progression. Similar neuroethical analyses must be carried out for other diseases and disorders, and will probably yield different results.
Facts, fictions and the future of neuroethics
Authors: Gazzaniga Michael S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that cognitive neuroscience has three main issues with respect to the current field of neuroethics. First, cognitive neuroscience can help with some current ethical dilemmas such as whether the embryo has the moral status of a human being. Secondly, there are important ethical areas to which neuroscientists are being asked to contribute when, in fact, they should not be. For instance, neuroscience has nothing to say about concepts such as free will and personal responsibility, and it probably also has nothing to say about such things as antisocial thoughts. Finally, cognitive neuroscience is building an understanding of how brain research will instruct us on ideas like universal morals possessed by all members of our species. This fundamental development will find cognitive neuroscience becoming central to the modern world's view of ethical universals.
A picture is worth 1000 words, but which 1000?
Authors: Illes Judy , Racine Eric , Kirschen Matthew P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief review of technological capabilities for imaging the brain with an emphasis on functional methods, and explores the range of applications for which they have been used. It then examines the epistemological issues associated with this research. It proposes a set of new dimensions for responsibility to accompany the still-emerging field as it realizes increasingly greater potential, continues to grapple with the technology, and faces unprecedented ethical and social challenges.
Clinicians, patients, and the brain
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on where and how several key neuroethical issues converge and diverge in diagnosis and treatment. First, it examines the broad obstacles that exist to addressing neuroethical problems optimally in clinical settings. Secondly, it explores ways that these barriers manifest themselves specifically in diagnostic tests that use neuroimaging and neurogenomics, and other clinical scenarios that involve treatment interventions. It discusses several sets of predicaments that appear likely to emerge, although others will no doubt confront clinicians as neurotechnology continues to advance.
The social effects of advances in neuroscience: legal problems, legal perspectives
Authors: Greely Henry T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe term ‘neuroethics’ has been given several kinds of meanings. One use of neuroethics describes ethical problems arising directly from research in neuroscience; for example, what should researchers doing brain imaging tell research subjects about unusual findings of no known clinical significance? The term is also used to describe neuroscience (usually imaging) research into how humans resolve ethical or moral issues; for example, what parts of the brain are activated when subjects are wrestling with moral dilemmas? This chapter discusses a third area of neuroethics: the implications of new discoveries in, and capabilities of, neuroscience for our society and their consequences for the legal system. It looks specifically at three different ways in which neuroscience seems likely to change society and law. The discussion focuses on the society and the legal system of the United States, but the same basic issues will be found in all technologically advanced societies.
Poverty, privilege, and brain development: empirical findings and ethical implications
Authors: Farah Martha J. , Noble Kimberly G. , Hurt Hallam 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to relate findings on socio-economic status (SES) and brain development. The ultimate goals are to inform practical decisions concerning child policy, and to reveal the neuroethical dimensions of the problem of childhood poverty. It shows that who we are is determined not only by genetically programmed development, neurodegenerative disease, and psychoactive drugs, but also by the socio-economic circumstances of our childhood in equivalently physical mechanistic ways. Neuroethicists have rightly called attention to the ethically complex ability of drugs to change who we are. It is metaphysically just as perplexing, and socially at least as distressing, that an impoverished and stressful childhood can diminish us by equally concrete physical mechanisms, such as the impact of early life stress on medial temporal memory ability through neuroendocrine mechanisms.
Afterword. Neuroethics: mapping a new interdiscipline
Authors: Kennedy Donald 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter, drawn from the first ever presidential address on the topic of neuroethics at the annual meeting of the Society for Neurosciences, takes a look back at the discipline and a look forward. In 2003, the author projected areas of major neuroethical concern — privacy was a particularly big one — and brought attention to their ethical significance and meaning for neuroscience. This chapter reflects further on these issues, especially as they are raised in this volume, and brings us closer to realizing how intimately inseparable our science and specifically identity are from our moral world.
Memory, Cognition, and Dreams
Authors: Stickgold Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews recent findings from studies on cognitive processing during sleep using two distinct approaches. It first describes a series of studies that used standard cognitive testing to determine how these basic cognitive processes are altered during various sleep stages. It then describes a second set of experiments which used actual dream reports to investigate the nature of cognitive processing during sleep. The chapter concludes with a model of dream construction that suggests the nature of the relationship between dreaming and off-line memory reprocessing.
Neuronal Plasticity During Sleep Oscillations in Corticothalamic Systems
Authors: Steriade Mircea , Timofeev Igor 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that spontaneously occurring brain rhythms during slow wave sleep (SWS) produce plastic changes in thalamic and neocortical neurons. It discusses the role played by augmenting responses elicited by stimuli at 10 Hz, which are the experimental model of sleep spindles, in producing plastic changes in neuronal properties through the rhythmic repetition of spike-bursts and spike-trains fired by thalamic and cortical neurons.
Molecular Mechanisms of Memory Consolidation
Authors: Hellman Kevin M. , Abel Ted 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes how neuromodulators and electrophysiological phenomena in the hippocampus during NREM and REM sleep affect intracellular signaling pathways that are known to mediate memory consolidation. The hippocampus appears to be a locus for consolidation during sleep, because it is required for the consolidation of spatial learning and contextual fear conditioning and these tasks require sleep for consolidation. During this period of sleep, replay of activity occurs in the hippocampus in oscillations that have the ability to alter synaptic plasticity, perhaps via molecular cascades involved in LTP.
Sleep Modulation of the Expression of Plasticity Markers
Authors: Krueger James M. , Obál Jr. Ferenc , Harding Joseph W. , Wright John W. , Churchill Lynn 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter shows that various compounds (such as NO and various hormones, and cytokines) share three main functional features. They are released in response to neural activity; they are somnogenic; and they trigger a cascade of events involved in neural plasticity. After reviewing the somnogenic factors which are released in an activity-dependent manner, the chapter focuses on two examples, more closely related to neural plasticity: the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin involved in neural plasticity, which is modulated by sleep/sleep deprivation only in neurones with an elevated activity during previous waking periods; and metalloproteinase-9 which is involved in the interaction between neurones and extracellular matrix, a critical feature in neural plasticity. It is shown that sleep deprivation modifies the cerebral expression of the metalloproteinase-9 induced by spatial learning.
Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality
Authors: Kuh Diana , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter attempts to integrate experimental models of carcinogenesis and the life course approach into a common etiological framework. It presents a brief overview of trends in the most common cancer sites in relation to potential risk factors. Emphasis is given to breast and testicular cancers, sites for which there is evidence that their origins can be traced as far back as the prenatal period.
Statistical considerations in intergenerational studies
Authors: Nitsch Dorothea , Mishra Gita D 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIntergenerational data necessarily reflect the time and place that the different generations of participants were living in. This chapter aims first to introduce simple concepts to provide an understanding of the founding assumptions and principles, before moving on to more complex analytic methods. As the objectives of analyses may vary substantially across intergenerational studies, there is no easy guideline for analyses, except perhaps that some a priori clarity on the main associations of interest is crucial. Since parents and their offspring are genetically related, intergenerational studies are to some extent genetically informative even if no genotyping was performed. Much of the analyses are concerned with identifying or unravelling the relationship between outcomes and genetic and environmental factors. Ways of handling missing data as well as approaches to deal with non-paternity are also discussed. Illustrative examples are drawn from the two cohort studies.
Discussant chapter—statistical considerations in family-based life course studies
Authors: Sacker Amanda 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes some of the issues that have been described in the previous two chapters on statistical considerations in family studies. It highlights some of the assumptions underlying the analytic methods and discusses how their use can impact the results. The statistical analyses outlined in this section share common features aimed at quantifying the association between genetic and environmental factors with phenotypic outcomes. For some research, the focus is on heritability while for other work, the focus is on environmental issues while controlling for genetic influences. Modelling approaches for each are discussed, emphasizing potential problems and providing guidelines for careful interpretation. Examples from published empirical epidemiological work is used to illustrate the breadth of analytical strategies adopted for family studies research.
Discussant chapter—using family-based designs in life course epidemiology
Authors: Lynch John , Yang Seungmi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe three chapters in this section offer different but complementary conceptualizations of ‘family’. Morton and Rich Edwards used ‘family’ to document inter-generational concordance of reproductive outcomes, Hatch and Mishra documented how ‘family’ could be characterized as a risk exposure for later poor mental health, and Lawlor and Leon used ‘family’ as a means to control for unmeasured confounding by family characteristics to better understand causal mechanisms relating fetal growth to later disease. Lawlor and Leon's approach is similar to that used in studies examining the possible intrauterine origins of birth weight and cognitive ability and this chapter briefly explores that literature. Families surely matter for better understanding individual and population patterns of ill-health.
Is There a Value Problem?
Authors: Baehr Jason 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAccording to the ‘value problem’ in epistemology, any plausible analysis of knowledge must imply that knowledge is always more valuable than mere true belief. In this chapter it is argued that the problem thus conceived is not a genuine problem. It is widely held that the value problem is motivated by a certain intuition about the added value of knowledge compared with mere true belief. It is argued here that the intuition in question is neither sufficiently general nor sufficiently formal to play the suggested motivating role. The chapter concludes with a sketch of a very different and more plausible conception of the value problem.
Ugly Analyses and Value
Authors: DePaul Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines an argument that a number of philosophers have recently employed to show that something ordinarily considered valuable is not, in fact, valuable. The argument begins by emphasizing that the analysis of the concept of the putatively valuable thing is a ‘hodgepodge,’ ‘gerrymandered,’ ‘an ad hoc sprawl,’—in short, ugly. Reflecting upon the ugly analysis, we are supposed to intuitively judge that ‘things like that’ to lack value. The argument concludes that the putatively valuable thing is not valuable. Stephen Stich uses the argument to show true belief lacks value. The argument figures prominently in Jonathan Kvanvig's argument that knowledge has no distinctive value. Timothy Williamson flips the argument: since knowledge is obviously valuable, but its analyses have been forced to become increasingly ugly, knowledge is not analysable. This form of argument is rejected.
Luck, Knowledge, and Control
Authors: Riggs Wayne D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA variety of ‘anti-luck’ theories of knowledge have recently been defended in the epistemological literature, but the nature of luck itself is contentious. Two prominent recent accounts of luck are the ‘lack of control’ theory and the ‘safety’ theory. This chapter undertakes a two-part defense of the former as against the latter—specifically, against Duncan Pritchard's version of the safety account. The first part argues that Pritchard's modal definition of luck falls to decisive counterexamples, both as a core notion of luck, and as a component in his theory of knowledge. The second part addresses an important objection that strikes at the heart of the lack of control account, the response to which illuminates some interesting features of luck that must be taken into account by any adequate theory.
Values of Truth and Truth of Values
Authors: Lynch Michael P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this chapter the following two questions are addressed: ‘What does it mean to say that truth is a value?’ and ’How seriously, from what we might call the meta-normative point of view, should we take this value?’ It is argued that in a certain sense to be explained, we have no choice but to take it very seriously, simply because we lack any standpoint from which we can make skepticism about the value, or, as we shall see, the values, of truth intelligible.
Building brands with competitive analysis
Authors: Gordon Ross , Hastings Gerard , McDermott Laura , Evans W. Douglas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates how competitive analysis can help build brands in public health by offering customer insight, helping to develop strategic alliances, and helping marketers deal with the competition from the hazards merchants. Key lessons can be generated to help inform these outcomes by using the following forms of competitive analysis: case studies of commercial brands, internal document analysis, and studies of the deleterious effects of commercial brands.
High brand recognition in the context of an unsuccessful communication campaign: The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign
Authors: Jacobsohn Lela , Hornik Robert C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe brand name associated with the National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign was highly recognized, but this brand name awareness did not translate into the intended change in cognitive or behavioural marijuana use outcomes. There are several approaches to brand name recognition measurement, including the comparison of recognition rates of true and false brand phrases, and their association with ad exposure; here they provide parallel support to claims of substantial brand name learning. However, recognition measures comprise only one aspect of overall brand evaluation measures. Strong brand name recognition can link together the ads of a public health communication campaign. This connectedness or aggregating of the messages may lead to positive or negative consequences for the campaign.
Public health branding Down Under
Authors: Donovan Robert J. , Carroll Tom E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBrand image or positioning refers to the associations people have when reminded of or when confronted with the brand's logo, products, or services. All elements of an integrated marketing mix contribute to brand image, but the most visible are the brand's promotional activities. Public health brands have traditionally focused on increasing target audiences' awareness of various health issues and increasing awareness and encouraging adoption of preventive behaviours to reduce disease and injury. Following lessons from commercial marketing, public health campaigns can be even more successful by developing brand positioning that go beyond being simply informative, and begin to establish relationships with their target audiences. Although public health campaigns are far more limited in funding than commercial campaigns, and hence more restricted in establishing a desired brand positioning, using formative research with the target audience in developing the actual brand name and graphics can contribute substantially to establishing the desired brand image.
Branding of international public health organizations: Applying commercial marketing to global public health
Authors: Haider Muhiuddin , Lee Michelle J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Organizational branding in public health transcends products and services, and seeks to develop a relationship and a sense of trust with its target audience. Organizational branding is both about transforming the internal culture of an organization's environment through people- and process-related change and about projecting the vision, goals, and focus of the organization into its products and services for the goal of behaviour change. There is no single approach to organizational branding in public health. However, the most effective approaches are achieved by organizations whose products and services reflect the core mission and values of the organization itself. In public health, organizational branding still has much to learn and to apply from the corporate branding. Organizational branding as an approach to behaviour change often lacks clarity. Adequate documentation of successes is needed.