bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The comparative effects of environmental enrichment with exercise and serotonin transporter blockade on serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus
Authors: MacGillivray Lindsey , Reynolds Katelyn B. , Rosebush Patricia I. , Mazurek Michael F. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe have previously reported that inhibition of the serotonin transporter (SERT) by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine significantly reduces the number of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH)‐positive cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). We have been interested in exploring whether this SSRI‐induced change in TPH might be modified by housing in an enriched environment. Like SSRI antidepressants, environmental enrichment (EE) and physical exercise have been found to have efficacy in the prevention and alleviation of depression. We postulated that EE with exercise and SERT inhibition would similarly affect TPH regulation and that EE with exercise might modify the effect of fluoxetine on TPH. Three week old male Sprague‐Dawley rats were housed in either a standard cage (SE) or an enriched environment (EE). SE animals were singly housed with no access to enrichment objects. EE animals were group housed and were provided with various enrichment objects (e.g. running wheel) that were changed and rearranged regularly. Nine weeks after the experiment began, the rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (1) SE control; (2) SE fluoxetine; (3) EE control; or (4) EE fluoxetine. Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg/day) was placed in the drinking water. Sections of DRN were processed for TPH immunohistochemistry. The number of TPH‐positive cells was determined by blinded, manual counting. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post‐hoc Tukey tests. Significance was set at P < 0.05. For animals housed in a standard environment, fluoxetine induced a significant 29% reduction in the number of TPH‐immunoreactive cells in the DRN. A similar reduction in TPH immunoreactivity was observed in animals that were housed in an enriched environment but not exposed to fluoxetine (39%). The number of TPH‐positive cells in the DRN for animals housed in an enriched environment and exposed to fluoxetine was not significantly different than animals housed in an enriched environment and not exposed to fluoxetine. The reduction of TPH immunoreactivity in the DRN by EE with exercise suggests that a modified housing environment and voluntary exercise affects regulation of TPH, possibly via a mechanism similar to that of SERT inhibitors. This downregulation of serotonin biosynthesis by fluoxetine and EE with exercise may ultimately play a role in the therapeutic action of both interventions. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient TMY method of practical evaluation for solar energy utilization
Authors: Xu Qingshan , Zang Haixiang , Ichiyanagi Katsuhiro 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe typical‐meteorological‐year (TMY) method is investigated in this letter, and TMYs of six cities in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China are generated based on the latest and accurate recorded weather data (air dry‐bulb temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity, and global solar radiation) in the period 1994–2009, using the Finkelstein–Schafer (FS) statistical method. Based on the actual situation in China, the letter proposes novel assigned weighting factors in the procedure of forming TMY data. The typical solar radiation data obtained from TMY data are essential for the evaluation of solar energy systems. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
STANDARDS OF NON-DISCRIMINATION IN INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW
Authors: Diebold Nicolas F 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe principle of non-discrimination constitutes a corner-stone in different fields of international economic law, notably international trade in goods and services as well as intellectual property and investment protection. While its basic rationale appears to be straightforward, the application of the different legal elements which constitute a non-discrimination obligation has proven to be most challenging. Adjudicating bodies have been applying different interpretations and standards with regard to the legal elements of ‘less favourable treatment’, ‘likeness’ and ‘regulatory purpose’, which leads to a high fragmentation of the non-discrimination principle in international economic law. This article maps out the different theories for each of these elements on the examples of WTO law, NAFTA, bilateral investment treaties (BIT) and EU law and analyses how these theories affect the scope and liberalizing effect of the non-discrimination obligation. The article then attempts to develop a coherent factor-based application of non-discrimination rules suitable for all fields of international economic law. The article submits the theory that the elements of non-discrimination should not be applied as strict legal conditions which must be proven by a complainant, but as a range of factors which are weighed and balanced by the adjudicating bodies.
TOWARDS MINIMUM PROCEDURAL GUARANTEES FOR THE DEFENCE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE EU
Authors: van Puyenbroeck Laurens , Vermeulen Gert 
Published: November 2011

A critical observer would not deny that the practice of European Union (‘EU’) policy making in the field of criminal law in the past decade since the implementation of the Tampere Programme has been mainly repressive and prosecution-oriented.1 The idea of introducing a set of common (minimum) rules, guaranteeing the rights of defence at a EU-wide level, has not been accorded the same attention as the introduction of instruments aimed at improving the effectiveness of crime-fighting. What does this mean for the future of EU criminal policy? Will the EU succeed in the coming years in developing an area where freedom, security and justice are truly balanced? According to several authors, to date the EU has evolved in the opposite direction. As one observer put it:[I]f Procedural Criminal Law arises from the application of Constitutional Law, or indeed if it may be described as “a seismograph of the constitutional system of a State”, then as a consequence the Procedural Criminal Law of the European Union shows the extent of the Democratic Rule of Law, of the existence of a true “Rechtsstaat”, within an integrated Europe. This situation may be qualified as lamentable, as the main plank of the EU's criminal justice policy relates to the simplification and the speeding up of police and judicial cooperation—articles 30 and 31 of the Treaty of the EU—but without at the same time setting an acceptable standard for fundamental rights throughout a united Europe.2
Effects of Repeated Listening Experiences on the Recognition of Synthetic Speech by Individuals With Severe Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Koul Rajinder , Hester Kasey 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
To examine the perception of synthetic speech by individuals with severe intellectual disabilities using a closed-response format task.

Method
Participants were 14 individuals with severe intellectual disabilities and a group of 14 typical individuals. A between-groups design was used to compare the performance of the 2 groups on word identification accuracy and word latency tasks. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures design.

Results

The results indicated that the performance of a group of individuals with severe intellectual disabilities was significantly poorer (
p
< .05) than that of typical individuals on the word identification task. Data analyzed for practice effects indicated that individuals with severe intellectual disabilities demonstrated a significant reduction (
p
< .01) in their word latency scores across sessions. Furthermore, there was an absence of significant effect (
p
> .01) of stimulus type (i.e., repeated vs. novel), indicating that individuals with intellectual disabilities are able to generalize their knowledge of the acoustic–phonetic properties of synthetic speech to novel stimuli.

Conclusions
This study indicates that persons with severe intellectual impairments become more proficient at recognizing synthetic speech as a result of repeated exposure to it. These results have significant clinical implications for people who use speech-generating devices.
Aerobic biotransformation of alkyl branched aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids via two different pathways by a new isolate of Mycobacterium
Authors: Johnson Richard J. , West Charles E. , Swaih Aisha M. , Folwell Ben D. , Smith Ben E. , Rowland Steven J. , Whitby Corinne 
Published: November 2011

SummaryNaphthenic acids (NAs) are complex mixtures of carboxylic acids found in weathered crude oils and oil sands, and are toxic, corrosive and persistent. However, little is known about the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in NA degradation. We isolated a sediment bacterium (designated strain IS2.3), with 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to Mycobacterium aurum, which degraded synthetic NAs (4′‐n‐butylphenyl)‐4‐butanoic acid (n‐BPBA) and (4′‐t‐butylphenyl)‐4‐butanoic acid (t‐BPBA). n‐BPBA was readily oxidized with almost complete degradation (96.8% ± 0.3) compared with t‐BPBA (77.8% ± 3.7 degraded) by day 49. Cell counts increased fourfold by day 14 but decreased after day 14 for both n‐ and t‐BPBA. At day 14, (4′‐butylphenyl)ethanoic acid (BPEA) metabolites were detected. Additional metabolites produced during t‐BPBA degradation were identified by mass spectrometry of derivatives as (4′‐carboxy‐t‐butylphenyl)‐4‐butanoic acid and (4′‐carboxy‐t‐butylphenyl)ethanoic acid; suggesting that strain IS2.3 used omega oxidation of t‐BPEA to oxidize the tert‐butyl side‐chain to produce (4′‐carboxy‐t‐butylphenyl)ethanoic acid, as the primary route for biodegradation. However, strain IS2.3 also produced this metabolite through initial omega oxidation of the tert‐butyl side‐chain of t‐BPBA, followed by beta‐oxidation of the alkanoic acid side‐chain. In conclusion, an isolate belonging to the genus Mycobacterium degraded highly branched aromatic NAs via two different pathways.
Fatigue rate of the external anal sphincter
Authors: Nockolds C. L. , Hosker G. L. , Kiff E. S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim  Studies of skeletal muscle show that fatigue rate corresponds to the proportion of fast‐twitch and slow‐twitch fibres that are present in the muscle. Limited work has been done on the fatigue rate of the external anal sphincter. We have prospectively studied fatigability of the external anal sphincter in women with faecal incontinence and women with normal bowel control.Method  Anorectal manometry was measured by a station‐pull technique using a water‐filled microballoon. Fatigue rate was calculated from anal pressure measurements taken every 0.1 s over a 20‐s squeeze.Results  Women with faecal incontinence (n = 88, median −12 cmH2O/min) were less susceptible to fatigue than women with normal bowel control (n = 36, median −43 cmH2O/min) (P < 0.01). The external anal sphincter was less susceptible to fatigue with increasing age (P < 0.01, r = 0.499). In women with normal bowel control and in women with faecal incontinence fatigue rate was negatively correlated with maximum squeeze pressure (P < 0.01, r = −0.287; P < 0.01, r = −0.579).Conclusion  The external anal sphincter was less susceptible to fatigue with increasing age. Women with faecal incontinence have a weaker but more fatigue‐resistant external anal sphincter. This might correspond to a higher proportion of slow‐twitch muscle fibres. Histological studies are needed to examine this hypothesis.
Friend or Foe? New Managerialism and Technical, Administrative and Clerical Support Staff in Australian Universities
Authors: Pick David , Teo Stephen , Yeung Melissa 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to assess and conceptualise the effects of new managerialism‐related organisational reforms in three Australian public universities on technical, administrative and clerical support staff job stressors and job satisfaction. Using a mixed method approach consisting of a quantitative core component and qualitative supplementary component it was found that six different types of stressors were evident: time, information; supervisory; work environment; staffing and pay; and career. Path analysis showed that these stressors were closely connected to reduced job satisfaction, which could be ameliorated by employee participation, improved communication and work‐related social support. However, the qualitative analysis suggested that the prevailing climate of managerialism was not conducive to such improvements. It is concluded that while appropriate human‐resource management strategies have the potential to prevent the worst consequences of change, there is some doubt about the ability of university managers, captured by new managerialism, to create and implement such an approach.
Assembly of the presenilin γ‐/ε‐secretase complex
Authors: St George‐Hyslop P. , Fraser P. E. 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 84–88.AbstractThe presenilin complex is composed of four core proteins (presenilin 1 or presenilin 2, APH1, nicastrin, and PEN2). Several endogenous proteins have been reported to selectively modulate the function of the presenilin complexes; these include transmembrane trafficking protein, 21‐KD (TMP21), CD147 antigen (basigin), the γ‐secretase‐activating protein (gSAP), and the orphan G‐protein‐coupled receptor 3. Because the structure and assembly of these complexes underlies their activity, this review will discuss current work on the assembly of the complex and on presenilin‐interacting proteins that regulate secretase activity.
Conflicted Principals, Uncertain Agency: The International Monetary Fund and the Great Recession
Authors: Kaya Ayse 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe G20’s renewal of faith in the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during the 2008 financial crisis appears to have reversed the IMF’s declining relevance evident in the years preceding the crisis. This article examines this putative revival of the IMF, arguing that the G20’s actions contained a paradox of delegation. On the one hand, the nature of the G20’s replenishment of the IMF’s resources during the crisis (mostly through credit lines available to the IMF) as well as the independence the major G20 economies can afford to have from the IMF (given that they are not beholden to its resources) has meant that the G20 countries faced low sovereignty costs in reviving the IMF. On the other hand, truly re‐establishing the IMF’s relevance would impose higher sovereignty costs, specifically in the form of strengthened IMF surveillance over G20 economies. This paradox of delegation suggests that the G20’s action toward the IMF does not inform properly whether the G20 states have contemplated the trade‐off between suffering sovereignty costs and achieving gains from delegation. In this regard, the proper role of the IMF in the governance of the global economy remains uncertain.Policy Implications
The G20’s resuscitation of the IMF cannot be simply interpreted as indicating certainty regarding the future of the institution.
In order for the IMF to fulfill its key tasks, particularly surveillance of global economic conditions, as envisioned by key members of the G20, these states need to permit the IMF to play the role of a mediator and technical expert in close coordination of their policies.
The G20 states should resist the temptation to forum shop, namely charge other institutions with tasks similar to those of the IMF with a view to dispersing/avoiding sovereignty costs.
It is no longer viable to hold on to prior assumptions and frameworks regarding the distribution of influence among states vis‐à‐vis the IMF – scholarly and policy works need to recognize large emerging economies as key principals of the Fund.
At the same time, the IMF needs to enhance the evenhandedness of its analysis and advice in order to increase key member states’ perceptions of its effectiveness and fairness.
Genome Sequence of Halobiforma lacisalsi AJ5, an Extremely Halophilic Archaeon Which Harbors a
bop
Gene
Authors: Jiang Xiawei , Wang Shuang , Cheng Hong , Huo Yingyi , Zhang Xinqi , Zhu Xufen , Han Xifang , Ni Peixiang , Wu Min 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The draft genome sequence (4,398,155 bp, with 65.35% G+C content) of
Halobiforma lacisalsi
AJ5, an extremely halophilic archaeon isolated from a salt lake, is reported here. This is the first genome report for a species of the
Halobiforma
genus.
Paronomasia, Ambiguities and Shifts in Hos 5:1-2
Authors: Kwakkel Gert 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Building on Elliger’s and Mazor’s analyses of the structure of Hos 5:1-2, this study discusses several problematic aspects of Hos 5:1-2, such as the meaning of בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל and מִשְׁפָּט in 1a and מוּסָר in 2b. It accepts the emended reading שַׁחַת הַשִּׁטִּים “the pit of Shittim” in verse 2a, but also puts this into perspective. With the benefit of data from the context, it demonstrates that the text makes use of paronomasia, deliberate ambiguities and shifts of meaning as parts of its rhetorical strategy.
Ruling Ideology and Marginal Subjects: Ming Loyalism and Foreign Lineages in Late Chosŏn Korea
Authors: Bohnet Adam 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Numerous Ming Chinese took refuge in Chosŏn Korea during the early seventeenth century. Despite the supposed sinocentrism of Chosŏ’s elites, refugees from China were treated as belonging to the category of submitting-foreigner (hyanghwain), a protected but distinctly humble social status that had been used primarily as a tool for settling Japanese and Jurchen from Chosŏn’s frontiers. Beginning in the mid-eighteenth century, however, the Chosŏn court considered it incongruous to include Ming Chinese descendants in that category. Chinese lineages were thus distinguished from other submitting-foreigners and reclassified according to the considerably more prestigious category of imperial subjects. This paper explores this change, seeing it as part of a trend in the Qing Empire and indeed in Eurasia as a whole in which identity and subjecthood became increasingly bureaucratized, and loyalties treated as absolute.
The Right of Irregular Immigrants to Outstanding Remuneration under the EU Sanctions Directive: Rethinking Domestic Labour Policy in a Globalised World
Authors: Dewhurst Elaine 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article will analyse the provisions of, and the rationale for, the EU Sanctions Directive and the significant divergence in treatment of irregular immigrants in EU Member States, in particular, in relation to the provision of outstanding remuneration, which the EU Sanctions Directive has highlighted. Ireland, a state that has chosen to opt-out of the Directive, has been selected as a case study to analyse some of the issues that states encounter in bringing domestic labour policy in line with globalisation. In particular, this article will address the phenomenon of irregular immigration to Ireland, the current approach to the provision of outstanding remuneration and the rationale behind this current approach. Finally, the article will conclude that the reasoning behind the Irish opt-out was based upon misinformed assumptions about the purpose of the provision of outstanding remuneration arising out of a ‘disconnect’ between immigration and labour policy at a domestic level.
Vive la Clause de Standstill: The Issue of First Admission of Turkish Nationals into the Territory of a Member State within the Context of Economic Freedoms
Authors: Karayigit Mustafa T. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The article scrutinises the issue of first admission of Turkish nationals into the territory of a Member State within the context of freedom of establishment, freedom to provide services and freedom of movement for workers under association law. The article emphasises the prospective potential rights of Turkish nationals to arise from the standstill clause and the principle of non-discrimination, in addition to their present accumulated rights under case law. Moreover, negative legal consequences of the relevant case law for the European integration are expressed, and solutions are offered to circumvent them for the sake of the coherence of EU law.
Power, Plenty and Pressure Groups: A Comparative Study of British and Danish Colonialism in the West Indies and the Role of the State, 1768–1772
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWhy was the British crown unable to generate direct net revenue from its West Indian possessions during the early modern era, while a country such as Denmark was able to do just that? is paper undertakes a comparison between Great Britain and Denmark, which might yield important insights into what yielded revenue and drove the costs of colonialism. The British West Indian lobby, this paper proposes, was comparatively successful in shifting the burden of taxation to other areas, for example import tariffs, thus keeping direct taxation on colonial subjects low. In the Danish West Indies, direct taxation was on the other hand comparatively high. Danish neutrality during the period also contributed to reducing military costs for the state. The findings emphasize the importance of political power for the profitability of colonialism.
A Novel Approach to Branched Polymers via Latent Thiol Chain-transfer Polymerization
Authors: Jiang Jinqiang , Jia Xiuli , Chen Xin , Zong Yiwu , Zhang Hongwu , Lin Ling , Liu Xiaoya , Chen Mingqing 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A novel sodium 4-vinylbenzyl thiosulfate (VBTS) monomer was designed and can be prepared effectively via the Bunte salt reaction in room temperature, which can be conveniently used as the latent chain-transfer monomer in the radical polymerization to prepare branched polymers.
Temperature-swing Microfluidic Separation of Uranyl Ions Using Thermoresponsive Copolymer Brushes
Authors: Tsukahara Takehiko , Idota Naokazu 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This paper reports a novel temperature-swing microfluidic separation method. The selective adsorption–desorption of uranyl (UO22+) ions could be realized by swelling–shrinking of a thermoresponsive copolymer brush, which was constructed with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (NIPAAm) and vinylpyrrolidone (VP) ligand, onto a microchannel surface. We clarified that the hydrophilic–hydrophobic transition temperature of the copolymer brush was about 35 °C and that the selectively for UO22+ ions was 92%.
Fast Preparation of High-performance Zeolite T Membranes in Fluoride Media
Authors: Zhou Rongfei , Zhang Fei , Hu Na , Chen Xiangshu , Kita Hidetoshi 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A high-quality zeolite T membrane was prepared in only 6 h using a fluoride-mediated gel with NaF/SiO2 ratio of 0.5 on mullite tubes seeded with nanosized zeolite T. The 19F MAS NMR evidence shows that fluorine anion presents in channels as counter ion of cations. Zeolite T membranes synthesized in fluoride media displayed the high flux values of 4.43 and 3.64 kg m−2 h−1with high separation factors of 8200 and 2900 toward 10 wt % water/isopropanol and 10 wt % water/ethanol mixtures at 348 K, respectively.
Fire-shielding Properties of Flexible, Transparent Laponite–PEG Hybrid Film
Authors: Shikinaka Kazuhiro , Aizawa Kazuto , Osada Yoshihito , Shigehara Kiyotaka 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Flexible and transparent hybrid film consisting of Laponite and poly(ethylene glycol) has flame-resistant and fire-shielding properties regardless of the absence of halogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus atoms. The film adhered to plastics with polar surface and inhibited the deformation of plastics upon exposing to fire.