bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
45 Awardee Talk: Investigation of the nutritional and functional roles of a combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase on intestinal health and growth of nursery pigs
Authors: Choi Hyunjun , Duarte Yesid R Garavito , Pasquali Guilherme , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs affected by dietary supplementation of increasing levels of xylanase and b-glucanase combinations. Pigs [n = 40; initial body weight (BW) = 6.5 ± 0.4 kg] were assigned to 5 dietary treatments and fed for 35 d in 3 phases (11, 9, and 15 d, respectively). Basal diets mainly included corn, soybean meal, and distiller’s dried grains with solubles with phytase (750 FTU/kg) supplemented with 5 levels of xylanase and b-glucanase combinations (NSPase) at 1) 0, 2) 280 TXU/kg xylanase and 125 TGU/kg b-glucanase, 3) 560 and 250, 4) 840 and 375, or 5) 1,120 and 500, respectively. Growth performance and fecal score were measured for each phase. On d 35, all pigs were euthanized and collected jejunal mucosa, jejunal digesta, jejunal tissues, and ileal digesta to determine the effects of increasing NSPase levels (%) and NSPase intake on jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, jejunal digesta viscosity, immune responses, intestinal morphology, feed digestibility, and growth performance. Increasing NSPase level quadratically decreased (P &lt; 0.05) Bacteroidetes (min: 0.7% at 636 TXU/kg and 284 TGU/kg), Prevotellaceae (min: 0.6% at 630 TXU/kg and 281 TGU/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing NSPase intake quadratically increased (P &lt; 0.05) Firmicutes (max: 72.7% at 604 TXU/kg and 270 TGU/kg), Lactobacillaceae (max: 40.3% at 608 TXU/kg and 271 TGU/kg), and Lactobacillus (max: 40.3% at 608 TXU/kg and 271 TGU/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing NSPase intake also quadratically decreased (P &lt; 0.05) Proteobacteria (min: 3.8% at 562 TXU/kg and 251 TGU/kg), Helicobacteraceae (min: 1.6% at 560 TXU/kg and 250 TGU/kg), and Helicobacter (min: 1.6% at 560 TXU/kg and 250 TGU/kg) in the jejunal mucosa. Increasing NSPase intake tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.059) viscosity of jejunal digesta reaching the minimum (1.74 mPa·s) at 751 TXU/kg and 335 TGU/kg. Increasing NSPase level tended to linearly decrease (P = 0.073) jejunal IgG and tended to quadratically increase (P = 0.085) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio reaching the maximum (2.62) at 560 TXU/kg and 250 TGU/kg. Increasing NSPase intake tended to linearly increase the apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.087) and ether extract (P = 0.065). Increasing NSPase intake linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG). In conclusion, increasing the combinational use of xylanase and β-glucanase positively modulated jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota, reduced jejunal digesta viscosity, reduced intestinal humoral immune response, enhanced villus morphology, increased ileal digestibility of nutrients, and increased growth of nursery pigs. The beneficial effects were maximized when xylanase and β-glucanase were supplemented at a range of 550 to 800 TXU/kg and 246 to 357 TGU/kg, respectively.
43 Evaluating the effects of HiPhorius phytase added in diets at or below the P requirement on nursery pig growth performance and bone mineralization
Authors: Reeb Macie E , Reeb Macie E , Bergstrom Jon R , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A total of 297 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initial body weight = 8.64 ± 0.181 kg) were used in a 21-d trial to evaluate the effects of HiPhorius phytase (dm-firmenich, Parsippany, NJ) on pig growth performance and bone mineralization. All pigs were fed P depletion diets (0.09% aP) for a 3-d period before the start of the study (d 14 after weaning). Pens of pigs were then assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 5 pigs per pen and 12 replications per treatment. The first three diets were formulated to contain 0.09% aP; without added phytase (control), or control with 600 or 1,000 FYT/kg of added phytase (considering a release of 0.15 or 0.18% aP, respectively). The remaining two diets were formulated to contain 0.27% aP, one without added phytase and the other with 1,000 FYT/kg. One pig per pen was euthanized on d 21 and the right fibula, 10th rib, and metacarpal were collected to determine bone density, bone ash, and bone Ca and P. From d 0 to 21, increasing phytase in diets containing 0.09% aP increased (linear, P ≤ 0.002) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) and increased percentage bone ash in metacarpals and 10th ribs (linear, P &lt; 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.004, respectively), and increased grams of Ca and P in all three bones (linear, P ≤ 0.027; Table). Adding 1,000 FYT/kg in diets with 0.27% aP did not impact growth performance, but increased percentage bone ash (P ≤ 0.038) in all bones and grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs (P ≤ 0.023) compared with pigs fed 0.27% aP without added phytase. Increasing aP from 0.09% to 0.27% in diets without added phytase increased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and G:F and increased bone density (P ≤ 0.002) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.074), and increased (P &lt; 0.05) grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs. Increasing aP from 0.09 to 0.27% aP in diets with 1,000 FYT added phytase increased bone density (P ≤ 0.008) in fibulas and metacarpals, percentage bone ash in all bones (P ≤ 0.002), and grams of Ca and P in fibulas and 10th ribs (P &lt; 0.05). For growth performance (average of ADG and G:F), aP release was calculated to be 0.170% for 600 FYT/kg and 0.206% for 1,000 FYT/kg. For the average of all 3 bone measurements (average of 3 bones for bone density and percentage bone ash), aP release was calculated to be 0.120% and 0.125% for 600 and 1,000 FYT/kg, respectively.
50 Feeding a multi-carbohydrase improves mortality, morbidity and variability of growing pigs fed varying levels of dried distiller’s grains with solubles
Authors: Giesemann Mark A , Bloxham Darlene J , Cecccantini Marcio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of Rovabio Advance 10 P, a multi-carbohydrase, on growth performance, mortality, and morbidity of growing pigs fed 15% or 35% dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS). In the trial, 1,220 DNA pigs were fed from 32 kg to 134 kg body weight (BW). Four diets were fed: 15% DDGS (LO), 15% DDGS with Rovabio Advance (LO+), 35% DDGS (HI), and 35% DDGS with Rovabio Advance (HI+). Each pen had approximately 30 pigs each with 10 pens per dietary treatment. Pig BW and feed were measured as were the number and BW of dead pigs (mortality) and other pig removals (morbidity). Pigs were harvested beginning on d 105 and weekly thereafter through d 126. No significant (P &gt; 0.16) interactions between DDGS level and Rovabio Advance were observed. Feeding greater levels of DDGS tended to reduce average daily gain (ADG), final BW and carcass weight (P &lt; 0.09) and reduced mortality and morbidity (P = 0.1). Greater levels of DDGS also reduced cost of gain and improved income over feed (P &lt; 0.04). Feeding Rovabio Advance reduced mortality and morbidity (P = 0.08), reduced standard deviation of carcass weight (P = 0.02), improved carcass price (P = 0.02), and improved income over feed (P = 0.02). Feeding greater levels DDGS slowed growth rate but improved cost of gain and profitability. Rovabio Advance improved mortality and morbidity and reduced variability resulting in improved profitability.
48 Use of 4,500 FTU/kg of phytase on performance and blood parameters of finishing pigs
Authors: de Brito Alexandre Barbosa , da Costa Miliane Alves , Rojas Ingrid Y Martinez , Cordero Gustavo , Gomes Gilson A , Santos Tiago 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Phytase hyper-dosing is a recent concept in nutrition based on the use of high doses of the enzyme with growth promoting effect. Supplementary release of inosotol, rapid and strong destruction of phytic acid and other non-phosphoric effects are proposed mechanisms for the positive results found on pig growth. The hypothesis of this concept would be to accelerate this destruction of the phytate improving feed conversion ratio (FCR). A second hypothesis is that this increased destruction of the phytate may generate decreased concentrations of cortisol, because the inositol has insulin-like effects, reducing glycemy and reducing cortisol concentrations and FCR. To evaluate these hypotheses, two different studies were conducted, in Brazil and Mexico, using Quantum Blue (AB Vista) in two formulation strategies, Control Group - a dose and nutritional matrix of 750 FTU/kg; Hyper-dosing Group - a dose strategy of 4,500 FTU/kg (but with the same matrix of 750 FTU/kg). In the Brazilian evaluation (Trial 1 - RESTRICTED feed consumption trial), 364 animals/treatment were used, divided into 26 replications of 14 animals each (13 pens of males and 13 pens of females). In the Mexican evaluation (Trial 2 – NO restricted feed consumption trial), 400 animals/treatment were used, divided into 8 replications of 50 animals each, all animals used in this evaluation were males. In both studies, body weight gain, feed intake and FCR were evaluated. In the Brazilian study, in addition, the blood cortisol concentration of the animals was also evaluated. The data from each experiment were analyzed using the GLM platform (Minitab 18), and ANOVA used to assess differences on treatments (P ≤ 0.05). As presented in Table 1, in Trial 1, no differences were noted (P &gt; 0,05) with the Hyper-dosing strategy for males; however, for females, this strategy improved (P ≤ 0.05) the FCR in Hyper-dosing Group versus Control Group. This difference in results between sexes can be explained by the feeding rate adopted in this experiment, which was similar for all animals (highly restrictive), what may have penalized some animals more because of the greater maintenance costs. The analysis of the blood parameters of these animals demonstrated a reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in cortisol concentrations, indicating that the use of phytase Hyper-dosing can be even better in situations of thermal or environmental stress. Also presented in Table 1, in the Mexican study the results were possible to observe a statistical trend (P ≤ 0.05 and &gt; 0.10) for the use of the Hyper-dosing concept for FCR. In conclusion, the use of 4,500 FTU/kg of Quantum Blue in the last 30 d of finishing pigs helps to improve performance and reduce blood cortisol concentrations of these animals, especially in situations where the production efficiency rate is moderate.
49 Effects of xylanase or a stimbiotic on growth performance and total tract digestibility of nutrients by pigs weaned from sows fed a lactation diet without or with xylanase
Authors: Acosta Jessica P , Ortiz Gemma Gonzalez , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two hypotheses were tested 1) the offspring of sows fed xylanase in lactation have greater growth performance after weaning than offspring of sows fed no xylanase, and 2) xylanase and a stimbiotic (i.e., xylanase in combination with xylo-oligosaccharides) improve growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and total dietary fiber (TDF), and digestible energy (DE) of diets for weanling pigs. A total of 120 newly weaned pigs from sows fed a lactation diet without xylanase and 120 pigs from sows fed a lactation diet containing 16,000 beechwood xylanase units (BXU) per kg of an exogenous xylanase were used [initial body weight (BW) = 5.81 ± 0.50 kg]. Pigs were allotted to a 2 × 3 factorial with two sow groups (lactation diet without or with xylanase) and three dietary treatments (i.e., control, control plus 100 g/t of xylanase, or control plus 100 g/t of stimbiotic). The xylanase (Econase XT) and the stimbiotic (Signis) were procured from AB Vista, Marlborough, UK. Pigs were weaned in 4 blocks and allotted to 12 pens per block, with 5 pigs per pen for a total of 8 replicate pens per treatment. Pigs were fed phase 1 diets from d 1 to 14, phase 2 diets from d 15 to 28, and phase 3 diets from d 29 to 42 post-weaning. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F) were calculated. Fecal samples were collected at the end of phases 2 and 3. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Sow group, diet, and the interaction between sow group and diet were fixed effects, and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that for the overall experiment, there were no interactions between sow group and diet, and sow lactation diet treatment did not impact any post-weaning growth or digestibility parameters in the weaned pigs (Table 1). However, weaned pigs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, G:F, ATTD of GE and TDF, and DE in phase 2 if fed the diet with stimbiotic than if fed the xylanase diet or the control diet, but pigs fed the xylanase diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, G:F, ATTD of GE and TDF, and DE than pigs fed the control diet (Table 2). In phase 3, pigs fed the diet with xylanase or stimbiotic had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, ATTD of GE and TDF, and DE than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, pigs fed diets containing xylanase or stimbiotic had greater nutrient digestibility and DE, resulting in greater overall ADG, G:F, and final body weight on d 42 post-weaning, but feeding sows xylanase in lactation did not influence post-weaning growth performance.
53 Evaluation of the impact of high doses of phytase and marketing strategy on performance and carcass characteristics of late finishing pigs in commercial settings
Authors: Kuneff Izadora Batista , Rosero David S , Paz Ximena , Leiva Samuel F , Wilcock Pete , van Heugten Eric , Elsbernd Amanda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
As late finishing pigs reach market weight, space allowance per unit of body weight (BW) is reduced, which negatively impacts growth performance. Supplementing high doses of phytase results in the near complete destruction of phytic acid resulting in increased levels of lower inositol esters and inositol, which have been associated with a decreased stress response as well as having insulin-like effects. This study evaluated the impacts of high doses of phytase and two marketing strategies on growth performance and carcass characteristics of late finishing pigs. Pigs (n = 2,200; initial BW = 89.64 ± 3.08 kg) were randomly distributed to 96 pens using two commercial research barns, with 18 to 24 pigs per pen, balanced for gilts and barrows. Two phytase supplementation doses (super-dosing control of 2,250 FTU/kg and hyper-dosing at 4,500 FTU/kg) and two marketing strategies (Standard or Late) were combined to create 4 treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. The first marketing event occurred at an average BW of 123.3 kg on d 22 for the Standard group and at 145.3 kg on d 44 for the Late group, marketing the heaviest 1 to 5 pigs per pen (13.2% of pigs). The second group (15.4% of pigs; BW of 147.3 and 144.8 kg for Standard and Late marketing) was marketed on d 50 and marketing of all remaining pigs occurred on d 63 for both treatments. Finisher diets contained 0.74% SID lysine, 0.60% Ca, and 0.37% available P. Regardless of the dose, phytase was given the same matrix values for nutrients and metabolizable energy. No interactions were observed between marketing strategy and phytase supplementation (P &gt; 0.22), and no effect of phytase was observed (P &gt; 0.09). Average BW of all pigs marketed was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for the Late compared with the Standard marketing strategy (143.8 vs. 141.7 kg/d). Days to market was greater for Late marketing (59.7 vs. 56.8 d) as a result of the extra 22 d before the first marketing compared with the Standard strategy. Thus, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio were not impacted (P ≥ 0.486) by marketing treatments. Hot carcass weight (103.83 vs. 101.44 kg) and yield (78.10 vs. 77.73%) were greater (P &lt; 0.001) for Late marketing. Fat cover was greater and percent lean was less (P &lt; 0.05) for the Late marketing treatment, but loin depth and marbling were not different (P &gt; 0.09). All primal cuts were heavier (P &lt; 0.001), resulting in a total primal weight of 89.44 and 87.54 kg (P &lt; 0.001) for Late and Standard marketing, respectively. Results suggest that delaying the first marketing improved final BW, yield, and weight of primal cuts and that supplementing phytase above super-dosing levels in late finishing pigs did not improve growth performance or carcass value, regardless of marketing strategy.
52 Alleviating antinutritional effects of high soybean meal diets for nursery pigs through multienzyme and acidifier supplementation
Authors: Atoo Ashir Foreman , Bolivar-Sierra Andres , Palencia Jorge Y Perez , Patterson Rob , Krishnan Hari B , Levesque Crystal L , Hong Jinsu 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of multienzyme and acidifier supplementation in high soybean meal (SBM) diets on performance and allergenic response in nursery pigs. A total of 240 weaned pigs, 5.9 ± 0.8 kg body weight (BW), were allotted to 5 dietary treatments with 8 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments were low SBM diet (17% in phase 1 and 20% in phase 2), standard SBM diet (22% in phase 1 and 25% in phase 2), high SBM diet (30% in phase 1 and 35% in phase 2), high SBM diet with multienzyme supplementation (100 ppm of phytase, 500 ppm of carbohydrase, 250 ppm of protease, and 25 ppm of keratinase), and high SBM diet with multienzyme and acidifier (0.5%) supplementation. The enzyme combination was selected based on an in-vitro digestion experiment evaluating the degradation rate for antinutritional factors present in SBM. Diets were provided in a 3-phase feeding program: phase 1 (wk 1), phase 2 (wk 2 and 3), and phase 3 (wk 4 to 6); common corn-SBM based diet. Growth performance was measured at the end of each phase along with blood collection for serum IGF-1, IgA, and IgE analyses. One pig per pen was euthanized to collect intestinal tissue for histomorphology and ileal digesta for sIgA analysis. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS and fecal score data was analyzed using FREQ procedure of SAS. Pigs fed high SBM diets with multienzyme or with multienzyme and acidifier tended to have a greater (P = 0.08) average daily gain compared with pigs fed High-SBM diet during phase 2 by 12.5%. Pigs fed high SBM diets with multienzyme and acidifier supplementation had greater (P &lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake compared with pigs fed high SBM diet in phase 2. During phase 1 and 2, pigs fed high SBM diets supplemented with multienzyme or multienzyme plus acidifier had less incidence of soft and watery feces (χ2 &lt; 0.05) than those fed high SBM diet. Dietary treatment did not affect serum concentrations of T4, IGF-1, IgA, and IgE. Pigs fed high SBM diet with multienzyme and acidifier supplementation had less (P &lt; 0.05) concentration of sIgA in the ileal digesta on d 14 compared with high SBM diet (24.2 vs 33.8 mg/mL) but similar to low SBM diet (22.7 mg/mL). Pigs fed high SBM diet with multienzyme and acidifier supplementation had greater (P &lt; 0.05) jejunal villus height to crypt depth ratio on d 7 compared with low SBM by 12%. In conclusion, supplementation with multienzyme or multienzyme and acidifier in high SBM diets could reduce the negative impact of high SBM inclusion in nursery pig diets by improving growth performance, promoting intestinal health, and reducing allergenic response in nursery pigs.
159 Concentrations of energy in pistachio shell powder fed to gestating sows and lactating sows
Authors: Kim Yeonwoo , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), and metabolizable energy (ME) in pistachio shell powder are not different from those in soybean hulls when fed to gestating sows. The second hypothesis was that the ATTD of GE and DE in pistachio shell powder are not different from those in soybean hulls when fed to lactating sows. In Exp. 1, gestating sows (n = 24) were housed in metabolism crates and were fed a corn-based control diet or two diets that included corn and 20% pistachio shell powder or 20% soybean hulls. Sows were fed the experimental diets for 13 d with feces and urine being quantitatively collected for 4 d, after a 6 d of adaptation. Concentrations of DE and ME were calculated. In Exp. 2, lactating sows (n = 24) were housed in farrowing crates and fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal (SBM) or two diets that contained corn, SBM and 20% of either pistachio shell powder or soybean hulls. All diets contained corn and SBM at a ratio of 2.87:1.00 and 0.40% TiO2 as the digestibility marker. Lactating sows were allowed ad libitum access to the experimental diets and feces were collected for 6 d after a 7 d of adaptation to the diets. The DE in each diet and in pistachio shell powder and soybean hulls was calculated. Each experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design and each experiment used two blocks of 12 sows, with 4 sows per diet in each block. The statistical model in both experiments included diet or ingredient as the fixed effect and block and replicate within block as the random effects. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the ATTD of GE and DE and ME on an as-fed basis as well as on a dry matter basis were less (P &lt; 0.05) in pistachio shell powder compared with corn and soybean hulls and DE and ME in soybean hulls were less (P &lt; 0.05) than in corn (Table 1). Results from Exp. 2 indicated that the ATTD of GE and DE in pistachio shell powder were less (P &lt; 0.05) than in soybean hulls. In conclusion, pistachio shell powder has a high concentration of fiber and energy digestibility and concentrations of energy in pistachio shell powder were, therefore, less than in soybean hulls when fed to gestating or lactating sows, but gestating sows appear to be better at digesting pistachio shell powder than lactating sows. This is likely due to the restricted feed intake of gestating sows that allows more time for nutrient and energy digestion and absorption in the intestinal tract compared with lactating sows.