bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rawls's Political Liberalism. A Reassessment
Authors: NUSSBAUM MARTHA 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSince Rawls's Political Liberalism is by now the subject of a wide and deep philosophical literature, much of it excellent in quality, it would be foolhardy to attempt to say something about each of the major issues of the work, or to sort through debates that can easily be located elsewhere. I have therefore decided to focus on a small number of issues where there is at least some chance that a fresh approach may yield some new understanding of the text: Rawls's distinction between “reasonable” and “unreasonable” comprehensive doctrines; the psychological underpinnings of political liberalism; and the possibility that political liberalism might be extended beyond the small group of modern Western societies that Rawls's historical remarks suggest as its primary focus. I also include a discussion of the much‐debated issue of civility and public reason, which could hardly be avoided given its prominence in the book's reception. This paper should therefore be read not as a comprehensive account of the work but as one person's attempt to grapple, very incompletely and imperfectly, with a book that is as great as any philosophy has seen on this topic of great human urgency.
Habermas, Feminism, and Law: Beyond Equality and Difference?*
Authors: SORIAL SARAH 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that Habermas' proceduralist model of law can be put to feminist ends in at least two significant ways. First, in presenting an alternative to the liberal and welfare models of laws, the proceduralist model offers feminism a way out of the equality/difference dilemma. Both these attempts to secure women's equality by emphasising women's sameness to men or their difference from men have placed the onus on women to either find a way of integrating themselves into existing institutions or to confront the so‐called question of women's difference. The proceduralist model renders this dilemma irrelevant. Instead, it proceeds from the fact of sexual difference; a fact that produces competing and conflicting needs and interests that require interpretation by both men and women. This, I argue, marks a change in the very way we conceptualise the so‐called problem of women's difference, insofar as the question is no longer framed in these terms. Second, I argue that this deliberative process over the interpretation of conflicting interests affects a fundamental shift in the nature of legal institutions themselves, insofar as law is no longer a vehicle for promoting male interests.
Constitutional Conflicts, Moral Dilemmas, and Legal Solutions
Authors: ALVAREZ SILVINA 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe article focuses on the definition of constitutional conflicts as moral dilemmas. It discusses the conception of tragic conflicts by which “loss” is a distinctive feature that identifies both moral and constitutional dilemmas. It also asserts the peculiarity of constitutional conflicts vis‐à‐vis moral dilemmas, as well as the possibility of legal solutions to constitutional conflicts.
Responding to Trust
Authors: HARDING MATTHEW 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe essay considers what respect demands and what trust demands when one person trusts another. What respect requires in responding to trust is substantial but limited, ranging from the sharply proscriptive to the mildly prescriptive. What trust requires is, in a sense, unlimited, its content depending on the extent to which the person who trusts, and more importantly the person who is trusted, seek to build a relationship characterised by trust and trustworthiness.
Directives in EU Legal Systems: Whose Norms Are They Anyway?
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article is concerned with whether the concept of a legal system—long a centrepiece of state‐based legal theories—is a useful conceptual tool in theorising the contemporary EU and its legal relations with its Member States. The focus lies particularly with EU directives, and with what the character and operation of this distinctive type of EU norm can tell us as regards the existence of and relations between legal systems in the EU. I argue for the view that the EU is comprised of distinct but interacting legal systems at EU and national level, and claim that the character and operation of directives supports this view. Throughout the discussion I try to bring the conceptual tools of analytical legal philosophy to bear on puzzles generated by EU law and its relations with national law, in order to show that a sound analysis of aspects of the EU can benefit from abstract legal philosophical reflection, and vice versa.
EU Enlargement and the Emboldening of Institutional Integrity in Central and Eastern Europe: The ‘Tough Test’ of Public Procurement
Authors: Engelbrekt Kjell 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEU enlargement and the incorporation of the acquis communautaire are widely seen as successful and emboldening the integrity of political, administrative and legal institutions in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The analysis reported here describes the specific problems associated with affirming institutional integrity in the field of public procurement, which constitutes a ‘tough test’. Public procurement is namely an area where the acquis swiftly gained pre‐eminence in accession states, but whose complex regulations depend on a well‐functioning judiciary, effective administrative supervision and limited corruption. The experience in Poland and Bulgaria, countries that represent different stages of institution building in this area, is compared. The results suggest that an EU‐compatible public procurement regime is being consolidated throughout the CEE region. At the same time, that regime may only work well when boundaries between institutional subjects, as well as between the spheres of law, politics and economics, are upheld in post‐communist countries.
The Value of ‘Integration’ in European Law—The Implications of the Förster Case on Legal Assessment of Integration Conditions for Third‐Country Nationals
Authors: Jesse Moritz 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe European Court of Justice's Förster judgment can lead to a reduction of legal uncertainty caused by integration requirements for third‐country nationals. The judgment has created a strong ‘assumption of integration’ after five years of legal residence because it equalised integration requirements for European students to access the welfare system of host Member States with a requirement of five years legal residence. Almost all pieces of European legal migration law also contain five‐year residence requirements after which the status of third‐country nationals improves. However, these improvements are mostly subjected to the fulfilment of additional integration requirements. To keep coherence with European law, courts will not be able to disregard the Förster‘assumption of integration’ when assessing the legality of integration conditions for third‐country nationals put in place in addition to residence requirements.
Contribution of glucocerebrosidase mutation in a large cohort of sporadic Parkinson’s disease in Taiwan
Authors: Huang C.‐L. , Wu‐Chou Y.‐H. , Lai S.‐C. , Chang H.‐C. , Yeh T.‐H. , Weng Y.‐H. , Chen R.‐S. , Huang Y.‐Z. , Lu C.‐S. 
Published: February 2011

Background and purpose:  The association between glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutations and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is attracting increased attention worldwide. In patients of Chinese ethnicity, other than the common L444P mutation, a few mutations have been reported. However, the contribution of GBA to PD can be answered only by a thorough investigation of its mutations in a unique large population.Methods:  We enrolled 1747 participants: 967 PD patients and 780 healthy individuals. We screened entire GBA coding regions and exon–intron boundaries in 30 randomly chosen PD patients, followed by testing five variants (L444P, D409H, R120W, L174P, and Q497R) in all participants. The G2385R and R1628P in LRRK2 had been previously studied in almost all participants.Results:  In total, 36 patients (3.72%) carried a heterozygous mutant GBA allele (27 L444P, 7 RecNciI, and 2 D409H). Only two controls (0.26%) carried heterozygous GBA mutation (1 L444P and 1 RecNciI). In PD group, the mean age at onset in carriers was younger than in non‐carriers. The difference in percentage of mutation frequencies between patients and controls was highly significant for the L444P mutation (P < 0.0001). One L444P carrier was also associated with LRRK2 G2385R variant, but no atypical Parkinsonism was observed.Conclusions:  The present study ascertains that L444P mutation in GBA gene may contribute to an earlier onset of development of PD in Han/Chinese population. Following LRRK2 variants, GBA is the second most frequent mutations indicated for sporadic PD development in the Han/Chinese population. These GBA carriers are associated with an earlier onset of Parkinsonism.
Patient care encounters with the MCHL: a questionnaire study
Authors: Ström Mayvor , Baigi Amir , Hildingh Cathrine , Mattsson Bengt , Marklund Bertil 
Published: February 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 517–524

Patient care encounters with the MCHL: a questionnaire study Background:  Both internationally and nationally, the medical care help line (MCHL) is a growing operation within the healthcare field. In Sweden, approximately 5 million calls per year are processed. The service is managed by specially trained nurses.Aim:  To describe how patients’ sex, age, education level and care level influenced their perceptions of care encounters with the MCHL.Methodological design and instrument:  A questionnaire was designed through the operationalisation of terms based on a previous interview study with MCHL callers. It was distributed to 858 callers in a region of southwest Sweden. The questionnaire was comprised of 14 visual analogue scales (VAS). Validity and reliability were determined to be acceptable by a pilot study and factor analyses.Results:  Response frequency n = 517 (60.4 %). Three factors, interaction, service and product, emerged to describe high satisfaction with the MCHL from different perspectives. The items ‘friendliness’, ‘respect’, ‘confirmation’, ‘accessibility’ and ‘simplicity’ scored highest, whereas the ‘joint decision‐making’, ‘composure’ and ‘time’ items had the lowest values.Conclusions and relevance to clinical nursing:  A new questionnaire with acceptable validity and reliability was created on the basis of an interview study examining patient encounters with the MCHL. The new questionnaire may provide useful support in the education of MCHL nurses and other nurses in telephone triage. It can also be used for quality development and as a basis for further research on telephone nursing.
The Importance of Prognosis in Cancer Screening in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Holley Jean L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe high mortality of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) suggests that general cancer screening in this population is costly and of little value. Patients with ESRD awaiting transplantation and those who have been successfully transplanted require cancer screening because of their higher expected survival and increased cancer risk. If shared decision‐making is to guide cancer screening protocols that are individualized based on cancer risk, transplantation status, and expected survival, it is incumbent upon nephrologists to discuss overall expected survival with their patients with ESRD. Most nephrologists are poorly trained in the communication skills needed to address these issues and feel uncomfortable engaging in such discussions. The revised clinical practice guideline, “Shared Decision‐Making in the Appropriate Initiation of and Withdrawal from Dialysis,” is a useful resource which nephrologists may consult when facing such situations.
Vascular Access for HD: Aligning Payment with Quality
Authors: Amedia Chester A. , Bolton W. Kline , Cordray Trelles , Hakim Ray , Howard Randy , Jackson Jerry , Kulawik Deuzimar , Lyon Maryam , Mahoney David , Messana Anthony , Nissenson Allen , Oviatt Lauren , Parlato David , Roddy Sean , Solid Craig 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative (FFBI) has improved the awareness of the value of fistula creation in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). The FFBI Health Policy Workgroup has been charged with reviewing the relationship of policy and economic issues to this project. This article reviews the efforts and successes of renal community clinical activities and reemphasizes the economic impact of fistula creation and catheter reduction on the health care system. Major obstacles are discussed, and existing tools and efforts designed to address them are outlined. The FFBI Health Policy Workgroup then identifies less frequently recognized barriers to the achievement of the FFBI goals and suggests solutions to them. It concludes that nephrologists need to assume the leadership role and drive fistula creation and central venous catheter reduction to achieve programmatic success.
Distinct expression of perforin and granzyme B in lip and oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Costa Nádia Lago , Gonçalves Andréia Souza , Souza‐Lima Nathália Caroline , Jaime‐Paiva Luís Gustavo , Junqueira‐Kipnis Ana Paula , Silva Tarcília Aparecida , Mendonça Elismauro Francisco , Batista Aline Carvalho 
Published: February 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2011) 40: 380–384Background:  Perforin and granzyme B (GB) are the main constituents of cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte granules, and they have important roles in preventing the initiation and progression of cancer.Methods:  The aim of this study was to compare the expression of CD8+/perforin+ double‐staining and GB+ cells, by immunohistochemistry, in primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC), lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), non‐dysplastic leukoplakia (LK), dysplastic LK, actinic cheilitis (AC), oral lichen planus (LP) and normal oral mucosa.Results:  Our results showed a higher expression of CD8+/perforin+ and GB+ cells in LSCC when compared with the samples of OCSCC, non‐dysplastic and dysplastic LK, AC, oral LP and normal oral mucosa. In addition, increased CD8+/perforin+ and GB+ cell numbers were observed in all pre‐malignant lesions (non‐dysplastic LK, dysplastic LK, AC) when compared with the control.Conclusions:  Perforin and GB proteins may contribute to antitumoural immunity, leading to the direct killing of tumour cells; however, it seems to occur more effectively in LSCC than OCSCC.
Skin texture parameters of the dorsal hand in evaluating skin aging in China
Authors: Gao Qian , Hu Li‐Wen , Wang Yang , Xu Wen‐Ying , Ouyang Nan‐Ning , Dong Guo‐Qing , Shi Song‐Tian , Liu Yang 
Published: February 2011

Background/purpose: There are various non‐invasive methods in skin morphology for assessing skin aging. The use of digital photography will make it easier and more convenient. In this study, we explored some skin texture parameters for evaluating skin aging using digital image processing.Methods: Two hundred and twenty‐eight subjects who lived in Sanya, China, were involved. Individual sun exposure history and other factors influencing skin aging were collected by a questionnaire. Meanwhile, we took photos of their dorsal hands. Skin images were graded according to the Beagley–Gibson system. These skin images were also processed using image analysis software. Five skin texture parameters, Angle Num., Angle Max., Angle Diff., Distance and Grids, were produced in reference to the Beagley–Gibson system.Results: All texture parameters were significantly associated with the Beagley–Gibson score. Among the parameters, the distance between primary lines (Distance) and the value of angle formed by intersection textures (Angle Max., Angle Diff.) were positively associated with the Beagley–Gibson score. However, there was a negative correlation between the number of grids (Grids), the number of angle (Angle Num.) and the Beagley–Gibson score. These texture parameters were also correlated with factors influencing skin aging such as sun exposure, age, smoking, drinking and body mass index. In multivariate analysis, Grids and Distance were mainly affected by age. But Angle Max. and Angle Diff. were mainly affected by sun exposure.Conclusion: It seemed that the skin surface morphologic parameters presented in our study reflect skin aging changes to some extent and could be used to describe skin aging using digital image processing.
A novel method to measure conspicuous facial pores using computer analysis of digital‐camera‐captured images: the effect of glycolic acid chemical peeling
Authors: Kakudo Natsuko , Kushida Satoshi , Tanaka Nobuko , Minakata Tatsuya , Suzuki Kenji , Kusumoto Kenji 
Published: February 2011

Background/purpose: Chemical peeling is becoming increasingly popular for skin rejuvenation in dermatological esthetic surgery. Conspicuous facial pores are one of the most frequently encountered skin problems in women of all ages. This study was performed to analyze the effectiveness of reducing conspicuous facial pores using glycolic acid chemical peeling (GACP) based on a novel computer analysis of digital‐camera‐captured images.Methods: GACP was performed a total of five times at 2‐week intervals in 22 healthy women. Computerized image analysis of conspicuous, open, and darkened facial pores was performed using the Robo Skin Analyzer CS 50.Results: The number of conspicuous facial pores decreased significantly in 19 (86%) of the 22 subjects, with a mean improvement rate of 34.6%. The number of open pores decreased significantly in 16 (72%) of the subjects, with a mean improvement rate of 11.0%. The number of darkened pores decreased significantly in 18 (81%) of the subjects, with a mean improvement rate of 34.3%.Conclusion: GACP significantly reduces the number of conspicuous facial pores. The Robo Skin Analyzer CS 50 is useful for the quantification and analysis of ‘pore enlargement’, a subtle finding in dermatological esthetic surgery.
Influence of probe application pressure on in vitro and in vivo capacitance (Corneometer CM 825®) and conductance (Skicon 200 EX®) measurements
Authors: Clarys Peter , Clijsen Ron , Barel André O. 
Published: February 2011

Background/purpose: The measuring probe of the electrical hydration instruments is equipped with a spring system to ensure a constant pressure of probe application on the skin surface. However, it is possible to trigger the measurement at, respectively, a low and a high force of probe application. It is the purpose of this paper to compare the in vitro and in vivo hydration values of the capacitance and conductance method at, respectively, low and high values of application pressure on the considered surface.Methods: In vitro capacitance and conductance hydration measurements were carried out at a low and a high pressure on a calibration filter pad impregnated with different alcohols and in vivo on different skin sites covering a wide range of hydration values.Results: The in vitro results were pressure dependent and higher hydration values were noticed when the probes were applied with a high pressure compared with a low pressure.In vivo, the pressure effect was a function of the skin type and it was more pronounced for dry skin (40%), lower for normal skin (20%) and the lowest for hydrated skin (5–8%).Conclusion: This study confirms the influence of probe pressure application on the skin surface when carrying out capacitance and conductance hydration measurements.
The prevalence of hypertension in children with spina bifida
Authors: Mazur L , Lacy B , Wilsford L 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine whether children with spina bifida (SB) have a higher prevalence of hypertension (HTN) than population‐based controls.Methods:  Charts of all patients (n = 123) seen in the Spina Bifida Clinic at Shriners Hospital in Houston, Texas, were reviewed for age, gender, ethnicity, type and level of neural tube defect, height, weight and blood pressure (BP). HTN was defined as a systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure ≥95th percentile for age, gender and height on ≥3 occasions. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and from a Houston‐based study were used for comparison.Results:  Fifty‐one (41.5%) patients were hypertensive. This was significantly higher than the 3% prevalence in the national controls, p < 0.001 and the 4.5% prevalence in the Houston controls, p < 0.001. Maximum body mass index increased the risk for HTN [odds ratio, 1.018; 95% confidence interval (1.005, 1.031); and p = 0.005].Conclusion:  Children with SB have a significantly higher prevalence of HTN than children in the general population. Age‐, gender‐, and height‐based norms are important for the early identification and treatment of HTN in children.
Quality of life in infants with atopic dermatitis and healthy infants: a follow‐up from birth to 24 months
Authors: Alanne S , Nermes M , Söderlund R , Laitinen K 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To evaluate quality of life (QOL) in infants with atopic dermatitis (AD) by comparison with healthy infants to find treatment modalities contributing most to QOL in these patients.Methods:  The population (N = 134) was recruited in the context of an on‐going prospective mother–infant study. QOL was measured using the Infant Dermatitis Quality of Life Index for the infants with AD and a modification of this for the healthy infants.Results:  The index scores of infants with AD were 4.15 (SD 2.96), 3.89 (SD 3.62) and 3.23 (SD 2.71) at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively, the QOL being significantly poorer at 6 (p < 0.001) and 12 (p = 0.01) months compared to healthy infants. The principal impairments were itching, scratching and sleep disturbances at 6 and 12 months and treatment difficulties at 6 months. Problems with getting to sleep were reported at all stages irrespective of AD.Conclusions:  Simple treatment regimens targeting itching in particular are likely to contribute most to the QOL of infants with AD; however, sleeping problems may remain as an age‐related phenomenon. Early detection of symptoms and effective parent guidance contributed to the well‐being of the child.