bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The horse-chestnut as a source of food for livestock. II. The value of alcohol-extracted horse-chestnut meal, water-extracted horse-chestnut meal and horse-chestnut residue as a partial substitute for cereals in the rations of bacon pigs
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

Two large-scale feeding trials have been carried out with the object of testing the validity of findings from pig digestion trials in respect of the nutritive value of horse-chestnut residue (a by-product of the manufacture of saponin and glucose from horse-chestnuts); and of alcohol-extracted and water-extracted horse-chestnut meals.Trial I. The horse-chestnut residue was fed in two separate periods, the first from 50 to 100 lb. live weight, when the residue constituted 20 % of the total ration, and the second from 190 lb. to slaughter weight, when the allowance was increased to 30%. In both periods the residue replaced an equal percentage of ground oats in the control ration.
Non-sward densities for the assessment of yield in Italian ryegrass: II. Convenient plot and block size and shape
Authors: England F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo uniformity trials were carried out, one using S. 22 and the other Irish Italian ryegrass. In both trials the plants were grown at 6 in spacing and were harvested in basic units of 1 yd. If no allowance was made for guard rows the smallest plots were the most efficient in that they required a smaller total area of ground and fewer plants to detect a specified difference. For comparative purposes, the size of trial required to detect a difference of 7% of the mean was used. Allowing for 1 guard row round each plot, 2 yd plots were as efficient as those of 1 yd and had the advantage of requiring fewer replications. The effects of plot and block shape were considerable. In general long narrow plots in short wide blocks were more efficient. The choice of plot and block shape is most important. For a given plot size a poor shape may be less than half as efficient as a good one.
Effect of feeding dried beet pulp on growth rate of Awassi sheep
Authors: Al-Azzawi I. I. , Ghoneim K. E. , El-Haidary H. , Kazzal N. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGroups of Awassi lambs, aged 7–13 months at start of the trial, were fed for 100 days on four different rations. A ‘control’ ration contained ground barley: the others contained different proportions of dried sugar-beet pulp, and no barley.Male lambs were initially heavier, and gave better weight gains than the females. Groups on beet pulp grew better than the ‘control’. The most economical weight gains were obtained in the group in which beet pulp constituted 40 % of the ‘concentrate’ portion of the diet.
The aneurin (vitamin B1) content of oats: I. The influence of variety and locality. II. Possible losses in milling
Authors: Holman W. I. M. , Godden W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The aneurin content of samples of whole oat grain representing six commonly used varieties grown in different districts in Scotland and Wales did not vary widely and there were no appreciable varietal or geographical differences.2. There was a significant positive correlation between aneurin and protein content (r= 0·42).3. During the growth of the oat plant from the flowering stage a steady storage of aneurin in the kernels was observed until the crop was harvested, and there was a simultaneous decrease in the aneurin content of the dry matter of the hulls, leaves and straw, suggesting a translocation of aneurin from the leaves to the kernels during the maturation of the plant.
Experimental production of hypomagnesaemia in ewes and its control by small magnesium supplements
Authors: Ritchie N. S. , Hemingway R. G. , Inglis J. S. S. , Peacock R. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. A low magnesium diet is described, consisting of barley straw, sucrose and casein, which induced hypomagnesaemia and one case of clinical tetany in non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes.2. On the above diet a daily drench of 0·25 g. MgO maintained plasma magnesium levels at 1·60–1·80 mg./100 ml. which was significantly higher than the plasma magnesium level of 1·09–1·20 mg./100 ml. for the unsupplemented group.3. An experimental formulation of a magnesium heavy pellet is described and its use as a method of supplementation was investigated. On the above diet it was found that two or four heavy pellets also maintained plasma magnesium values at 1·601–80 mg./100 ml. which was significantly higher (P = 0·01) than the level of the unsupplemented group.4. Five sheep out of the forty ewes used in this experiment were found to have consistently lower plasma magnesium values than the remaining thirty-five.5. A preliminary trial of the use of heavy pellets as a magnesium supplement in non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes on winter grazing is described. The results of the trial under these conditions were encouraging.
Study of the effects of fertilizers and rainfall on yields of crops grown in rotation
Authors: Cowie G. A 
Published: March 2009

An analysis of the data from the continuous manurial experiment in Woodlands Field, Craibstone Experimental Farm, Aberdeen, has demonstrated the effects of fertilizers and of rainfall on the yields of various crops grown on a six-course rotation plan with a basal application of dung to the roots. The soil is a dark brown medium loam of which the parent material is ‘drift’ from the grinding down of granite and metamorphic rocks and is typical of a large class of glacial soils in the north-east of Scotland.Of the three major nutrients nitrogen gave the largest mean response on every crop except hay. The hay yield was benefited least by nitrogen and most by potash. The effect of nitrogen was to depress slightly, but not significantly, the total production of the ley for the 3 years. Potash, on the other hand, significantly improved the yield of hay as well as of the aftermath and the following ‘pastures’. The phosphate and potash responses were approximately equal in respect of barley, oats and potatoes. Turnips, swedes and potatoes responded similarly to potash, but in terms of dry matter the response was markedly higher for potatoes.Superphosphate proved more effective than ground mineral phosphate on every crop except turnips. Further study of the data revealed interesting differences between the crops in respect of their capacity for utilizing ground mineral phosphate. Oats gave negligible responses to mineral phosphate throughout the experiment.
Effects of day length on the morphology and flowering of five determinate varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Authors: Ojehomon O. O. , Rathjen A. S. , Morgan D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn an experiment to determine the effect of photoperiods of 11, 13 and 15 h on the floral development of five determinate varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris it has been shown that long photoperiods bring about the abscission of flower buds on the main axis and secondary branches of three varieties native to South America. On the basis of these results it is concluded that under field conditions it is the long photoperiods of the British summer which are largely responsible for the poor development and eventual abscission of flower buds in these varieties for most of the growing season.
Effect of dressings of basic slag on the lime status of soils
Authors: Williams Rice 
Published: March 2009

(1) The addition of basic slag to moist base-unsaturated soils, under laboratory conditions, causes an increase in their content of exchangeable calcium, degree of saturation, pH, and the amount of calcium soluble in an aqueous solution of carbon dioxide.(2) Slag seems to be almost as effective as calcium carbonate or lime in increasing the exchangeable calcium and the degree of saturation of soils, but its action on pH is not so marked.(3) The effect of dressings of slag on the lime status of soils from experimental plots is still evident after eight years.(4) The exchangeable calcium of samples of soil taken from the same fields after an interval of six years shows a considerable fall due to leaching.(5) It is suggested that the addition of low grade basic slag to unsaturated soils may tend to maintain or improve their lime status and will, to some extent, compensate for the loss of calcium due to drainage and crops.
The effect of flooding with seawater on the fertility of the soil
Authors: Page H. J. , Williams W. 
Published: March 2009

The flooding with sea-water of land around the Humber in 1921 spoilt a considerable area of arable land.The effects of the flooding, which consisted chiefly in an entire destruction of the tilth of the soil, are described, and compared with the recorded effects of similar floods in Holland and in Essex.The results of an examination of the exchangeable bases in the flooded soil are considered in the light of modern work on the relation between the nature of the exchangeable bases in the soil and its physical condition. It is shown that the observed effects can be explained by replacement of a considerable proportion of the exchangeable calcium of the soil by sodium.Dutch experience on the reclamation of flooded soils is discussed. It is shown that in the first few years after flooding the land should be cultivated as little as possible.The use of lime or gypsum for the treatment of flooded soils, in order to hasten the restitution of calcium to the clay in place of sodium, is discussed. From an examination of the soil from plots which had been treated with these materials it is shown that although both produced in some degree the desired effect chemically, the action did not proceed far enough in 12 months to produce a noticeable improvement in the tilth.It may be possible under favourable conditions to grow certain arable crops on flooded land, among which crucifers appear to be specially suitable.However, the most satisfactory and promising means of hastening the recovery of tilth and fertility by flooded land appears to be the establishment of a ley of lucerne, clover, or “seeds” which can be left down for several years.
Experiments comparing the effects on yields of potatoes of three methods of applying three amounts of NPK fertilizer and the residual effects on following winter wheat
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Williams R. J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Seven experiments with main-crop potatoes on heavy soils from 1962–5 measured yields from 0, 5, 10 or 15 cwt/acre of 13–13–20 fertilizer; (1) broadcast and worked into the soil by seed bed preparations; (2) broadcast on the final seed bed; (3) placed in bands 3 in. from the seed centre. Wheat followed the potatoes and was manured with 0, 5, or 10 cwt/acre (of the equivalent) of 13–13–20 fertilizer, in all combinations with the four amounts of, and the three ways of applying, the fertilizer given for the potatoes.2. Fertilizer greatly increased potato yields and 15 cwt/acre of 13–13–20 was justified, provided it was broadcast. Both methods of broadcasting gave similar yields with 5 or 10 cwt/acre, but working the fertilizer into the seed bed was usually the better method with 15 cwt/acre of the fertilizer. Placing in bands beside the seed was the best method in four experiments with 5 cwt, in two with 10 cwt, but never with 15 cwt/acre of fertilizer.3. Yields of green wheat, and of grain and of straw, were increased by residues of fertilizer applied for the potatoes, but were increased much more by freshly applied fertilizer. The residues increased wheat yields by the same amount as one quarter as much freshly applied fertilizer. The residues had smallest effects when the winter rainfall was largest, and were the same however the fertilizer had been applied.
Loss involved by igniting soil fractions during the mechanical analysis of soils
Authors: Martin F. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. Examinations have been made of the losses involved by igniting fractions of tropical soils.2. It has been found that these losses are partly due to organic matter and partly to combined water; the greater part of the loss is due to water.3. In the clay fraction there is a correlation between the amount of combined water and the silica/alumina ratio; the greater the ratio the less the combined water. This is affected by the proportion of iron present.4. Lateritic soils lose more water on ignition than other soils but the lateritic material in soils is not necessarily evenly distributed throughout the fractions; those fractions containing the highest proportions of lateritic material lose the most water.
Bordeaux mixture in combination with arsenical sprays
Authors: Goodwin WM. , Martin H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The interaction of Bordeaux mixture with lead arsenate and with calcium arsenate has been studied by an examination of the effects which are produced:(a) When hydrated lime is added to the arsenical compounds.(b) When copper sulphate is added to the arsenical compounds and hydrated lime.2. The nature of the interaction of calcium hydroxide and diplumbic hydrogen arsenate has been shown to be most complex and to result in the complete decomposition of part of the lead arsenate and th e formation of basic calcium arsenates.3. Support is not given to the view that calcium carbonate decomposes diplumbic hydrogen arsenate with the production of soluble arsenic compounds.4. When the lead arsenate, in water, is allowed to interact for long periods with excess of hydrated lime, the amount of basic calcium arsenates formed is such that large quantities of arsenic are brought into solution by the action of carbon dioxide.5. Under conditions when the calcium hydroxide is rapidly converted to the carbonate the amount of arsenic rendered soluble is slight.6. The conclusion is formed that in actual spraying there is a definite reduction of the risk of arsenical injury when hydrated lime is added to lead arsenate and to calcium arsenate.7. It is concluded that when the conditions are such that the addition of hydrated lime brings about a reduction of arsenical injury, the use of an “equal-lime” Bordeaux mixture containing an equivalent amount of calcium hydroxide will prove far more effective.
The Estimation of the Efficiency of Sampling, with Special Reference to Sampling for Yield in Cereal Experiments
Authors: Yates F. , Zacopanay I. 
Published: March 2009

The estimation of the experimental yields of cereal crops by sampling methods is considered in the light of results of eighteen experiments which were harvested by these methods at Rothamsted and its associated centres. The harvesting results of the Crop-Weather series of experiments are also included.A preliminary discussion of the interpretation of the analysis of variance as applied to sampling results is given, and an expression is found for the loss of information arising out of sampling. The results of the discussion are applicable to all types of sampling carried out on replicated experiments.The sampling and experimental errors of all the experiments have been calculated. The variation between sampling units in the same subplot (usually between l/100th and l/200th acre) was found to be such as would arise if each metre length of row had a standard deviation (about the plot mean) of the order of 25–30 per cent. of the mean yield.
Digestibility trials with poultry: The digestibility of dura, carobs and hide-fleshings
Authors: Bondi A. , Meyer H. 
Published: March 2009

Digestibility trials with poultry were carried out with dura, carobs and hide-fleshings.1. Dura equals the feeding value of corn and exceeds that of wheat, barley and oats. The high feeding value of dura is due to the large amount of easily digestible starch, and to the very small percentage of crude fibre.2. Carobs. The main nutrient factor in carobs is represented by the totally digestible sugars contained in the N-free extract. Protein and crude fibre are not digested to any appreciable extent. The feeding value of carobs was compared with that of grain foodstuffs.3. Hide-fleshings are a by-product of the tanneries. They contain 66·25 % of protein, which is digested by poultry like meat-meal protein (89·9 %).The authors wish to thank Mrs Gnessia Rabinovicz for her untiring assistance in the execution of these experiments.
The effect of ammonium sulphate treated with a nitrification inhibitor, and calcium nitrate, on growth and N-uptake of spring wheat, ryegrass and kale
Authors: Spratt E. D. , Gasser J. K. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWheat, ryegrass and kale were grown with ammonium sulphate (treated with a nitrification inhibitor) or calcium nitrate supplying 50 and 100 lb N/acre, and without fertilizer-N. Plants were sampled at various stages, dry weights measured, percentage N determined and N uptakes calculated.Initially wheat and ryegrass grew better and took up more N with ammonium fertilizer than with nitrate. Final yields of dry matter did not differ between forms. Kale produced more dry matter with calcium nitrate than with ammonium sulphate. All crops produced more dry matter with fertilizer-N than without. Fertilized crops contained greatest weights of N 109 days after sowing, when wheat and ryegrass had more with ammonium than with nitrate and kale had less. The 50 lb N/acre as calcium nitrate produced the most wheat grain/lb of fertilizer-N.During the period when growth and N uptake were fastest, wheat grew faster with ammonium than with nitrate, ryegrass grew similarly with both forms, and kale faster with nitrate; wheat and ryegrass took up N faster from ammonium sulphate and kale from calcium nitrate.Mature wheat recovered 58% of the fertilizer-N from calcium nitrate and 43% from ammonium sulphate. After 21 weeks of growth, kale recovered more N from calcium nitrate (50%) than from ammonium sulphate (24%), whereas grass recovered about 40% from each.
A study in the mineral composition of the soils of South Ayrshire
Authors: Eldee Samuel , McCall Robert J. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. A detailed mineralogical analysis was carried out on soils, specially selected by members of the Soil Survey.2. The heavy liquid separation showed a higher percentage of ferromagnesian minerals in soils from the Northern than the Southern Drift area.3. The minerals identified in the soils may be referred to fairly local origins, but no close relationship with subjacent rock has been established.4. The mineral assemblage was characteristically fresh and angular.5. Hypersthene, sphalerite and hornblende are characteristic of the Southern Drift, while barkevikite is more pronounced in the Northern Drift.6. Comparisons are made with results obtained by investigators in other areas.
Selenium as a catalyst in the Kjeldahl method as applied to soil and grass analysis
Authors: Ashton F. L. 
Published: March 2009

(a) A comparison was made between the catalytic efficiency of selenium and of copper sulphate in the Kjeldahl method as applied to the analysis of grass. The same value for total nitrogen was eventually obtained by both methods, but with selenium it was reached some 90 min. earlier than with copper sulphate.(b) The clearing of the digested matter was no criterion for deciding whether all the nitrogen in grass had been converted to ammonium sulphate, maximum values not being obtained with selenium until between 2 and 3 hours afterwards.(c) The catalysts were compared for three samples of soil with digestion periods ranging from when the digested material first cleared to 32 hours afterwards. The selenium figures showed an increase for the first 3 hours, and then remained constant up to the 32-hour period. The copper sulphate figures, however, showed a steady increase for the first 24 hours, after which they became constant at the same values as those reached earlier by the selenium figures.
Effects of pulverized fuel ash on the moisture characteristics of coarse-textured soils and on crop yields
Authors: Salter P. J. , Webb D. S. , Williams J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn field experiments carried out over a period of three years studies were made of the effects on soil moisture characteristics and crop yields of incorporating pulverized fuel ash into the surface 30 cm of a sandy loam and a coarse sand. Ash from two different sources was used at rates equivalent to 0, 125, 251, 502 and 753 t/ha and crops of carrots, lettuce, radish and red beet were grown.On every occasion when determinations were made the available-water capacities of the soils treated with 251 t/ha or more of ash were greater than the untreated soils; the largest increase (93%) was obtained with the highest rate of ash. Moisture release characteristics indicated that the increased amount of available water was retained in the soils at matric suctions between 0·05 and 1·0 atmospheres.Despite the increased amount of available water retained in these soils there was generally no beneficial effect on crop growth and yields.
The riboflavin requirement of the White Wyandotte chick
Authors: Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Literature relevant to the elucidation of the role of riboflavin in chick nutrition is briefly reviewed.2. A series of experiments on the quantitative requirement of White Wyandotte chicks for riboflavin is described.3. The riboflavin requirement of White Wyandotte chicks for optimum growth to 6 weeks of age is the same as that for optimum efficiency of food utilization over the same period (3·0 μg. riboflavin per g. food).4. The riboflavin content for the prevention of curled-toe paralysis is 3·6 μg. per g. food, and is slightly greater than the requirement for optimum growth and food utilization.5. The curve relating the riboflavin content of the diet to the riboflavin content of the chick's liver has a sigmoid form, and in general tends to lie asymptotically to values of about 26 μg. riboflavin per g. fresh liver when the intake is grossly deficient, and 39 μg. riboflavin per g. fresh liver when the intake is fully adequate.6. It is suggested that the riboflavin content of the liver may be a more satisfactory criterion of the minimum riboflavin requirement for full well-being than the amounts necessary to secure optimum growth and prevention of curled-toe paralysis.
Experiments on the use of home-grown foods for milk production. III. The effect of over- and under-feeding during mid-lactation
Authors: Blaxter K. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. A small-scale experiment in which cows have been fed at three levels for 3 weeks during mid-lactation has been carried out.2. The results show that the changes in milk yield due to changes in the level of feeding were relatively small.3. It has been suggested that where short-term food shortages occur in well-fed herds, economy should take place in the rations of the cows in mid-lactation rather than in the ration of the cows which are soon due to calve.