bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PPEGMEA‐g‐PDEAEMA: Double hydrophilic double‐grafted copolymer stimuli‐responsive to both pH and salinity
Authors: Gu Lina , Feng Chun , Yang Dong , Li Yaogong , Hu Jianhua , Lu Guolin , Huang Xiaoyu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA series of well‐defined double hydrophilic double‐grafted copolymers, consisting of polyacrylate backbone, hydrophilic poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, were synthesized by successive atom transfer radical polymerization. The backbone, poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate] (PPEGMEA) comb copolymer, was firstly prepared by ATRP of PEGMEA macromonomer via the grafting‐through route followed by reacting with lithium diisopropylamide and 2‐bromopropionyl chloride to give PPEGMEA‐Br macroinitiator of ATRP. Finally, poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate]‐g‐poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) graft copolymers were synthesized by ATRP of 2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate using PPEGMEA‐Br macroinitiator via the grafting‐from route. Poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) side chains were connected to polyacrylate backbone through stable CC bonds instead of ester connections, which is tolerant of both acidic and basic environment. The molecular weights of both backbone and side chains were controllable and the molecular weight distributions kept relatively narrow (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.39). The results of fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic laser light scattering and transmission electron microscopy showed this double hydrophilic copolymer was stimuli‐responsive to both pH and salinity. It can aggregate to form reversible micelles in basic surroundings which can be conveniently dissociated with the addition of salt at room temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3142–3153, 2009
Toll‐like receptor 4‐mediated immunoregulation by the aqueous extract of Mori Fructus
Authors: Yang Xin‐Ying , Park Gil‐Soon , Lee Moo Hyung , Chang In Ae , Kim Youn Chul , Kim Sung Yeon , Lee Joo Young , Yun Yong Gab , Park Hyun 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aqueous extract of Mori Fructus (MF) exerts a change of phenotype and a cytoprotective effect in macrophages. The present study was carried out to investigate the immunomodulating activity of MF on the expression of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), co‐stimulatory molecules and also interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) in macrophages and splenocytes. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a promising molecular target for immune‐modulating drugs. It was hypothesized that one possible upstream signaling pathway leading to immunoregulation of MF may be mediated by TLRs. Multiple signaling molecules (NF‐κB, ERK1/2, p38 and JNK) of the TLR4 signaling pathway were also detected. It was found that MF increased NO production and TNF‐α secretion in RAW 264.7 and peritoneal macrophages, co‐stimulatory molecules expression in peritoneal macrophages and IFN‐γ expression in splenocytes. Further studies indicated that MF could significantly induce the phosphorylation of signal molecules of MAPKs and the degradation of IκBα which finally led to the activation and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) for the target gene expression. All those notions disclosed that the aqueous extract MF is a new TLR4 activator, which induces a Th1 immune response as a consequence of induction of cytokines secretion, especially TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Danshen extracts decrease blood c reactive protein and prevent ischemic stroke recurrence: a controlled pilot study
Authors: Xu Gelin , Zhao Wenxin , Zhou Zhiming , Zhang Renliang , Zhu Wusheng , Liu Xinfeng 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe efficacy of a danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) dripping pill (DDP) for secondary stroke prevention was evaluated in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The preparation also contained Panax notoginseng (sanqi) and Dryobalanops camphor. Patients who had suffered from ischemic stroke or a transient ischemic attack (TIA) within the previous 20 days were managed according to established guidelines, and were divided into groups to receive either DDP or non‐DDP treatment according to their time of enrolment. Mortality, cerebrovascular events and any suspected adverse reactions during the 1‐year follow‐up were recorded and analysed. Hematological and hemorheological parameters were measured at the start of the study (baseline) and the end of the follow‐up period. A total of 106 patients with ischemic stroke/TIA were enrolled, of which 52 were allocated to take DDP and 54 were in the control group. Recurrent stroke/TIA was observed in five patients (9.6%) with DDP and in 13 patients (24.1%) without DDP during the follow‐up. Recurrence in the patient group taking DDP was lower than that in the control group (p < 0.05). No significant differences in intracranial hemorrhage and mortality were detected between groups (p > 0.05). Blood C reactive protein decreased significantly in patients with DDP compared with patients without DDP. These results indicate that DDP treatment may reduce the risk for stroke/TIA recurrence, and this reduction of risk may be associated with its antiinflammatory effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of palm oil on doxorubicin induced cytotoxicity in normal and tumor cell cultures
Authors: Dan Postescu Ion , Virag Piroska , Achim Marcela , Fischer‐Fodor Eva 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe vitamin E of palm oil, unlike most other vegetal fats, consists largely of tocotrienols (TT), products previously reported as having antioxidant and tumor‐inhibitory properties. A tocotrienols containing palm oil, in the form of liposomes entrapping dosages of 0.5–0.05 µgTT/mL, was studied in combined treatments with doxorubicin (30 min before drug administration). The IC50 values of doxorubicin, at 24 h, showed that its cytotoxic effects were decreased by palm oil, in a dose effect relationship (p < 0.01, ANOVA), in both normal (Hfl‐1, Huvec) and tumor (HepG2, Mls) cells. These results demonstrated an unselective protective activity of tocotrienols, in vitro, on some normal and tumor cultured cells treated with doxorubicin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple strategy for linearizing complex moist convective schemes
Authors: Mahfouf J.‐F. , Bilodeau B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractVariational data assimilation methods and related applications depend on the validity of the tangent‐linear approximation, which is truly challenging when applied to deep moist convection. A simple strategy for linearizing complex moist convective schemes in numerical weather prediction models is proposed. This strategy represents a trade‐off between code development and maintenance on the one hand and expected benefit on the other hand. The generic linearized scheme described hereafter can be used in conjunction with any nonlinear moist convective scheme, thus eliminating the need to linearize complex codes. The universality of the scheme stems from the fact that conditional triggers and cloud vertical extent are supplied by the trajectory of the nonlinear scheme. In active columns, the convective tendencies cancel the large‐scale dynamical tendencies. Potential uses of the scheme include variational data assimilation and diagnostic studies such as tropical singular vectors and key analysis errors with precipitation. The relevance of the methodology is examined with the Global Environmental Multiscale model using the Kain–Fritsch mass‐flux scheme that is operational at the Canadian Meteorological Centre. It is shown that the tangent‐linear approximation is improved when compared to a linearized convection scheme having its own trigger functions. The improvement is particularly noticeable for the partition between stratiform and convective components of surface precipitation. Finally the examination of adjoint sensitivities of surface precipitation with the simplified linearized scheme triggered by the Kain–Fritsch scheme reveals a more pronounced sensitivity to midlatitude baroclinic instability and less predictability for tropical systems when compared to a Kuo‐type scheme. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown in the Right of Canada
Physical layer security in broadcast networks
Authors: Liang Yingbin , Poor H. Vincent , Shamai (Shitz) Shlomo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews the information theoretic characterization of security in broadcast channels, in which a transmitter has both public and confidential messages intended for multiple receivers. All messages must be successfully received by their intended receivers, and the confidential messages must be kept as secret as possible from non‐intended recipients. Various scenarios are considered in the context of two‐user broadcast channels, for which known results on the secrecy capacity region are reviewed and corresponding coding schemes for achieving rates in these regions are described. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multilevel perspective on knowledge transfer: evidence from the Chinese automotive industry
Authors: Jane Zhao Zheng , Anand Jaideep 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe adopt a multilevel perspective to study the transfer of collective and individual knowledge. By making a clear theoretical distinction between collective and individual attributes in concepts such as knowledge, teaching approach, and absorptive capacity, this study extends the knowledge transfer literature and provides fresh insights into the ways in which collective and individual knowledge are transferred. Based on a survey of the capability transfer activities of 161 engineering units of multinationals in the Chinese automotive industry, we empirically validate the distinction between individual and collective teaching activities and absorptive capacity. More importantly, we find that the largely underexplored collective‐level mechanisms, such as collective teaching and collective absorptive capacity, are more effective in transferring both collective knowledge and individual knowledge in comparison to their individual‐based counterparts. Our findings also have important implications for management of multinationals and international joint ventures, particularly in emerging economies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exercise Increases Neural Stem Cell Number in a Growth Hormone-Dependent Manner, Augmenting the Regenerative Response in Aged Mice
Authors: Blackmore Daniel G. , Golmohammadi Mohammad G. , Large Beatrice , Waters Michael J. , Rietze Rodney L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory, and its ability to slow age-related cognitive decline in humans led us to investigate whether running stimulates periventricular (PVR) neural stem cells (NSCs) in aging mice, thereby augmenting the regenerative capacity of the brain. To establish a benchmark of normal aging on endogenous NSCs, we harvested the PVR from serial vibratome sections through the lateral ventricles of juvenile (6-8 weeks), 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-month-old mice, culturing the cells in the neural colony-forming cell assay. A significant decline in NSC frequency was apparent by 6 months (∼40%), ultimately resulting in a ∼90% reduction by 24 months. Concurrent with this decline was a progressive loss in regenerative capacity, as reflected by an incomplete repopulation of neurosphere-forming cells following gamma cell irradiation-induced depletion of the PVR. However, voluntary exercise (i.e., 21 days of running) significantly increased NSC frequency in mice ≥ 18 months of age, augmenting the regeneration of irradiation-ablated periventricular cells and restoring NSC numbers to youthful levels. Importantly, and consistent with the demonstrated ability of growth hormone (GH) to increase NSC proliferation, and the elevated secretion of GH during exercise, exercise failed to stimulate NSCs in GH receptor-null mice. These findings now provide a novel basis for understanding the ability of exercise to delay the onset and rate of decline in neurodegenerative conditions not typically associated with the hippocampus and suggest that the GH-dependent activation of endogenous NSCs may be effective in reversing or preventing age-related neurodegeneration in humans.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Lagrangean relaxation for service location in large‐scale networks with QoS constraints
Authors: Kamal Zille Huma , Al‐Fuqaha Ala , Gupta Ajay 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCurrent trends in computing indicate that there is a great potential for service‐oriented computing and similar technologies, such as application‐oriented networks (AONs), where services can relocate to adapt to the conditions of the underlying network. In such environments, providing and consuming services and establishing a relationship between consumers (users of services) and producers (providers of services) are still challenging and vastly researched aspects.Bearing this in mind, we define a service location and planning (SLP) problem that uniquely matches producers to consumers and accounts for realistic parameters such as, quality of service (QoS) constraints of throughput and delay, and network constraints of underlying link layer bandwidth capacities, and cost of meeting consumer requests.Our contribution lies in the mathematical formulation of the SLP problem as an integer linear programming (ILP) problem that can be solved optimally for small‐scale networks and extending this work using Lagrangean relaxation (LR) approximation techniques to solve the SLP problem for large‐scale networks. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olfactory ensheathing cells represent an optimal substrate for hippocampal neurons: an in vitro study
Authors: Pellitteri Rosalia , Spatuzza Michela , Russo Antonella , Zaccheo Damiano , Stanzani Stefania 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOlfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are cells that display Schwann cell or astrocyte‐like properties. They are a source of growth factors and adhesion molecules which play a very important role as neuronal support enhancing cellular survival. Over the past 10 years, OECs have emerged as a leading reparative candidate, when transplanted into the injured spinal cord, having shown significant promise in the regeneration of spinal cord lesions. In this study we assessed the efficacy of OECs on the survival and neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Co‐cultures of OECs and hippocampal of postnatal rats were successfully established and cells were immunocytochemically characterized. Some hippocampal cultures were added with growth factors, as bFGF, NGF and GDNF. Furthermore, conditioned medium from OECs cultures was used to feed some hippocampal neurons coverslips. Our results show that in co‐cultures of hippocampal neurons and OECs the number of neurons and their neurite outgrowth were significantly increased in comparison with controls. Moreover, we showed that NGF and GDNF promoted a more positive effect in both neuronal survival and neurite outgrowth than bFGF. OEC‐conditioned media stimulated both the neuronal survival and dense neurite outgrowth. These data indicate that OECs, as a source of growth factors, can promote the survival and the neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons in vitro and that bFGF, NGF and GDNF support them differently. Therefore, as OECs and their secreted growth factors appear to exert a neuroprotective effect for functional restoration and for neural plasticity in neurodegenerative disorders, they might be considered an approach for functional recovery.
ZnCl2 exposure protects against behavioral and acetylcholinesterase changes induced by HgCl2
Authors: Franciscato C. , Goulart F.R. , Lovatto N.M. , Duarte F.A. , Flores E.M.M. , Dressler V.L. , Peixoto N.C. , Pereira M.E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effects of inorganic mercury exposure on behavioral and biochemical parameters and investigated the possible preventive effects of zinc on the alterations induced by mercury. Pups were exposed from 3rd to 7th postnatal day to ZnCl2 (27 mg/kg/day, s.c.) and subsequently to HgCl2 (5 doses of 5 mg/kg/day, s.c.). Each litter contained two rats for each treatment. The rats were submitted to behavioral task and litters were killed at 13 or 33 days old for acetylcholinesterase activity assays and for the determination of metal levels. Based on the results obtained from 13‐day‐old rats, they were divided in two groups of litters that were defined at the end of the experimental period (33 days) as less sensitive rats to mercury and more sensitive rats to mercury in accordance with the recovery of body weight until day 33. The mercury exposure caused accumulation of this metal in cerebrum and cerebellum in all mercury treated rats, and inhibited the cerebellum acetylcholinesterase activity from 13‐day‐old rats. Besides, the mercury‐animals of the most sensitive litters to mercury presented impairment in motor function and muscular strength verified in the beaker test, as well as a reduction of the locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field task. Zinc partially prevented all the alterations induced by mercury exposure and reduced the mercury level accumulated in cerebrum and cerebellum. This study confirms the preventive effect of zinc on behavioral alterations induced by mercury in young rats and demonstrates that the mercury behavioral effects are present even for a long time after the end of the exposure.
THE CLEAN WEHRMACHT, THE WAR OF EXTERMINATION, AND BEYOND
Authors: SHEPHERD BEN 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis article surveys recent research on the German Wehrmacht's anti-partisan campaign in the Soviet Union during the Second World War. German anti-partisan warfare in the Soviet Union was conducted not just against partisans, but also as cover for annihilating the Reich's ‘ideological enemies’ and plundering ‘bandit areas’ for resources. The Wehrmacht's role was significant, constituting an important element of its wider participation in Nazi crimes. The review sketches the historical background and surveys the historiography's development to the late 1990s. It then examines at length the significant works that have emerged since, dividing them according to the operational levels on which they focus: higher command, individual regions, and, finally, middle-level units.
The effects of global warming on soybean yields in a long-term fertilization experiment in Northeast China
Authors: ZHENG H. F. , CHEN L. D. , HAN X. Z. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYUnderstanding how crop systems might respond to recent climate change is fundamental to the successful adaptation of efforts for sustainable agriculture. In the present paper, records over the period 1987–2004 from a long-term agroecosystem experiment carried out in Northeast China were used to explore the impacts of global warming on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) yields under different controlled fertilization treatments. The results indicated that soybean yields were closely related to growing season temperatures. In most fertilization treatments, soybean yields showed a significant negative response to higher daily maximum temperature and greater diurnal temperature range (DTR), whereas they showed a significant positive response to higher daily minimum temperature. Analysis of covariance showed that these responses of soybean yields to temperature variables did not differ across fertilization treatments. Overall, soybean yields have declined significantly due to the warming trends since 1987. This has been mainly attributed to the higher daily maximum temperature. The present report demonstrates that soybean production in Northeast China may face challenges due to global warming unless potential adaptation options are adopted. The true mechanisms behind these yield impacts need further investigation to address effective agricultural adaptations for soybean systems to adapt to global warming.
The Disintegration of Influenza Virus Particles on Entry into the Host Cell. Studies with Virus Labelled with Radiophosphorus
Authors: Hoyle L. , Frisch-Niggemeyer W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryInfluenzaAvirus labelled with radiophosphorus was introduced as a primary inoculum into the allantoic sac of fertile eggs. Virus so introduced enters the cells of the chorio-allantoic membrane, and a study has been made of the chemical state of32P present in the membranes 1½ hr. after inoculation.It was found that on entry into the host cell the virus particle disintegrates probably as a result of destruction of its phospholipid. Radiophosphorus derived from the virus phospholipid can be recovered from the infected membranes by extraction with physiological saline in the form of compounds of small molecular weight which are not precipitated by protein precipitants and are not sedimentable at a centrifugal force of 100,000g.Saline extracts of the infected membranes also contain labelled nucleic acid which appears to be derived from the virus nucleoprotein.A large part of the nucleoprotein phosphorus of the inoculated labelled virus cannot be recovered from the infected membranes by extraction with physiological saline but can be recovered if the cell nuclear material is dissolved in molar sodium chloride. The32P in such molar chloride extracts is partly precipitated with the deoxyribonucleoprotein on dilution with water, and is partly present as free nucleic acid.It is suggested that on entry into the host cell the virus particle is broken down, the phospholipid being destroyed and the nucleoprotein disintegrated with the release of free nucleic acid which enters into a close relation with the cell nuclear material.
Further Remarks on the Production of a Malarial from of South African Horse-Sickness
Authors: Edington Alexander 
Published: May 2009

The conclusions I seek to draw from this part of my investigations are:—1. That a malarial form of horse-sickness probably occurs naturally.2. That when animals which are either naturally relatively susceptible, such as the donkey, ox, and goat, or animals which have acquired protection, e.g. “salted” horses, are inoculated with virulent horse-sickness blood, their blood conveys a modified infection of horse-sickness which is malarial in type.3. That this malarial from is associated with the presence of parasites within the red corpuscles of the blood of the infected animal.4. That the blood of “salted” horse which have been previously regularly inoculated during several months is of a dangerous order of virulence. Vide former experiments.5. That the blood of “salted” horses which have only been once inoculated after several months' rest conveys a fairly severe fever.6. That the blood of “salted” horses, which have not been inoculated for even a year, can still convey infection.7. That “unsalted” horses which have been inoculated a year previously with “salted” blood convey only a week infection.8. That a severe attack of malarial horse-sickness gives a considerable degree of protection against subsequent inoculation with “salted” blood.9. That when regularly inoculated “salted” horses are used to produce blood giving severe fever, such fever may become so severe as to cause death with symptoms of horse-sickness.10. That the blood of the latter animals which die can produce virulent horse-sickness in clean horses, if used in a considerable dose, i.e. 20 c.c.