bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leading and Trailing Anvil Clouds of West African Squall Lines
Authors: Cetrone Jasmine , Houze Robert A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe anvil clouds of tropical squall-line systems over West Africa have been examined using cloud radar data and divided into those that appear ahead of the leading convective line and those on the trailing side of the system. The leading anvils are generally higher in altitude than the trailing anvil, likely because the hydrometeors in the leading anvil are directly connected to the convective updraft, while the trailing anvil generally extends out of the lower-topped stratiform precipitation region. When the anvils are subdivided into thick, medium, and thin portions, the thick leading anvil is seen to have systematically higher reflectivity than the thick trailing anvil, suggesting that the leading anvil contains numerous larger ice particles owing to its direct connection to the convective region. As the leading anvil ages and thins, it retains its top. The leading anvil appears to add hydrometeors at the highest altitudes, while the trailing anvil is able to moisten a deep layer of the atmosphere.
Turbulent Airflow at Young Sea States with Frequent Wave Breaking Events: Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Suzuki Nobuhiro , Hara Tetsu , Sullivan Peter P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A neutrally stratified turbulent airflow over a very young sea surface at a high-wind condition was investigated using large-eddy simulations. In such a state, the dominant drag at the sea surface occurs over breaking waves, and the relationship between the dominant drag and local instantaneous surface wind is highly stochastic and anisotropic. To model such a relationship, a bottom boundary stress parameterization was proposed for the very young sea surface resolving individual breakers. This parameterization was compared to the commonly used parameterization for isotropic surfaces. Over both the young sea and isotropic surfaces, the main near-surface turbulence structure was wall-attached, large-scale, quasi-streamwise vortices. Over the young sea surface, these vortices were more intense, and the near-surface mean velocity gradient was smaller. This is because the isotropic surface weakens the swirling motions of the vortices by spanwise drag. In contrast, the young sea surface exerts little spanwise drag and develops more intense vortices, resulting in greater turbulence and mixing. The vigorous turbulence decreases the mean velocity gradient in the roughness sublayer below the logarithmic layer. Thus, the enhancement of the air–sea momentum flux (drag coefficient) due to breaking waves is caused not only by the streamwise form drag over individual breakers but also by the enhanced vortices. Furthermore, contrary to an assumption used in existing wave boundary layer models, the wave effect may extend as high as 10–20 times the breaking wave height.
The Development of Arctic Air Masses in Northwest Canada and Their Behavior in a Warming Climate
Authors: Turner Jessica K. , Gyakum John R. 
Published: January 2011

Surface observations, soundings, and a thermodynamic budget are used to investigate the formation process of 93 arctic airmass events. The events involve very cold surface temperatures—an average of −42.8°C at Norman Wells, a centrally located station in the formation region—and cooling in the 1000–500-hPa layer. A multistage process for their formation in northwestern Canada is proposed. This process is contrary to the classical conceptualization of extremely shallow, surface formations. In the first stage of formation, snow falls into a layer of unsaturated air in the lee of the Rocky Mountains, causing sublimational cooling and moistening the subcloud layer. Simultaneously, the midtroposphere is cooled by cloud-top radiation emissions. In the second stage, snowfall abates, the air column dries, and clear-sky surface radiational cooling predominates, augmented by the high emissivity of fresh snow cover. The surface temperature falls very rapidly, up to a maximum of 18°C day−1 in one event. In the final stage, after near-surface temperatures fall below the frost point, ice crystals and, nearer the surface, ice fog form. At the end of formation, there is cold-air damming, with a cold pool and anticyclone in the lee of the Rockies, lower pressure in the Gulf of Alaska, and an intense baroclinic zone oriented northwest to southeast along the mountains. There have been secular changes in the characteristics of the arctic air masses over the period 1948–2008. The surface temperature during the events has become warmer, and the air masses are deeper and moister. The 1000-hPa diabatic cooling during events, which includes latent heat and radiative processes, has decreased by 2.2°C day−1.
India’s Look East Policy
Authors: Das Samir Kumar 
Published: January 2011

This article seeks to find out how the new policy thinking, namely, the ‘Look East’ apparently intended to deliver India’s Northeast from its presently landlocked and peripheral status produces new geopolitical imaginaries that are not necessarily bound by the limits set forth by it. The article is more about the gaze that India’s ‘Look East’ casts particularly on the Northeast and how it constitutes and imagines into existence a space that extends beyond the region. The new geopolitical imagination set off by the new policy thinking envisages a space that apparently refuses to be bound by the present geography of the Northeast as much as it promises to spread across the international borders to the countries of Southeast Asia through such frontline states as Myanmar and Bangladesh. I propose to call this imagined space—the extended Northeast—and argue that the way the space is imagined in official circles sets in motion many new imaginaries. The extended Northeast as being officially imagined now has therefore a mnemonic effect insofar as it offers a significant cue to the alternative modalities of imagining the Northeast.
High-avidity cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a new PRAME-derived peptide can target leukemic and leukemic-precursor cells
Authors: Quintarelli Concetta , Dotti Gianpietro , Hasan Sayyeda T. , De Angelis Biagio , Hoyos Valentina , Errichiello Santa , Mims Martha , Luciano Luigia , Shafer Jessica , Leen Ann M. , Heslop Helen E. , Rooney Cliona M. , Pane Fabrizio , Brenner Malcolm K. , Savoldo Barbara 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The cancer testis antigen (CTA) preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (PRAME) is overexpressed by many hematologic malignancies, but is absent on normal tissues, including hematopoietic progenitor cells, and may therefore be an appropriate candidate for T cell–mediated immunotherapy. Because it is likely that an effective antitumor response will require high-avidity, PRAME-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), we attempted to generate such CTLs using professional and artificial antigen-presenting cells loaded with a peptide library spanning the entire PRAME protein and consisting of 125 synthetic pentadecapeptides overlapping by 11 amino acids. We successfully generated polyclonal, PRAME-specific CTL lines and elicited high-avidity CTLs, with a high proportion of cells recognizing a previously uninvestigated HLA-A*02–restricted epitope, P435-9mer (NLTHVLYPV). These PRAME-CTLs could be generated both from normal donors and from subjects with PRAME+ hematologic malignancies. The cytotoxic activity of our PRAME-specific CTLs was directed not only against leukemic blasts, but also against leukemic progenitor cells as assessed by colony-forming–inhibition assays, which have been implicated in leukemia relapse. These PRAME-directed CTLs did not affect normal hematopoietic progenitors, indicating that this approach may be of value for immunotherapy of PRAME+ hematologic malignancies.
Referential CPs and DPs: An operator movement account
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , Ürögdi Barbara 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The empirical focus of this paper is the syntax and semantics of embedded clauses, and in particular, finite object clauses that are weak islands for extraction and incompatible with main clause phenomena (MCP). Such CPs (which subsume factive complements) have been shown to have referential properties both distributionally and in terms of their semantics (de Cuba & Ürögdi, Eliminating factivity from syntax: Sentential complements in Hungarian, John Benjamins, 2009a). By analogy with proposals for the derivation of adverbial clauses (Haegeman, Main clause phenomena and intervention, Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, 2009a, English Language and Linguistics 13: 385– 408, b, The internal syntax of adverbial clauses, 2010), this paper develops a movement derivation for such referential embedded clauses. The paper updates a tradition of work on ‘reduced’ or ‘impoverished’ complement clauses and shows that their referential property can be made to follow from event relativization, which in turn accounts for the constraints on the syntax of their left periphery. Looking at the feature make-up of the operator enables us to make fine-grained predictions with respect to the availability of various MCP in these clauses. Pursuing insights due to Campbell (Studia Linguistica 50: 161–188, 1996), Aboh (The morphosyntax of complement-head sequences. Clause structure and word order patterns in Kwa, Oxford University Press, 2004: 84–90), it is proposed that both referential DPs and referential clauses (RCP) are derived by operator movement. The paper thus offers further evidence for the CP/DP parallelism.
„Streck dich nicht mit einer Verheirateten zum Weingelage hin“ (Sir 9,9a) Edition von P.Vindob. K. 9670
Authors: Förster Hans 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
In this article, a parchment preserving a fragment of a Coptic homily is published. The fragment presents an interesting account of the temptation of a man by his business partner's wife. The scene is modelled on the story of the temptation of Joseph by Potiphar's wife. She is alone at home when he arrives. She offers him food and wine. During the meal she gets drunk and wants to sleep with her husband's business partner. The man rejects her proposition. The story describes her wish to sleep with him, which arose under the influence of alcohol, as a temptation under the influence of the devil. However, the story has a curious twist. Both the woman and the man argue in favour of their respective behaviours. The woman says that she wants to conceive a child with this man as she has been married for a long time and still has not conceived a child. Thus, the topic of childlessness and its tragedy in the ancient world is introduced. Curiously, the man, who does not want to commit adultery with the woman, does not argue that adulterous behaviour would be immoral. Instead, he states that he has signed an agreement with the husband in the sanctuary of the archangel Gabriel and that this makes it impossible for him to do as the woman wishes. He fears for his life should he behave in this way, since it would break the contract. This superstition of a divine punishment for breaking an oath is also known from other homilies, as well as from the oaths contained in numerous contracts which include the punishment of “Ananias and Sapphira”. Thus, the contract between him and his business partner seems to be more than a normal contract of a simple business transaction, such as the sale of property, since it also includes adulterous behaviour. She tries to draw him to herself. In the ensuing struggle the woman is struck by the man and falls dead to the ground. A prayer to the archangel Gabriel, who is asked to remedy somehow this precarious situation, and the promise never to touch wine again if the angel graciously helps, concludes what remains of the story on the parchment. Thus, this homily is either a homily glorifying the archangel Gabriel or a homily in honour of this honest man.
Der frühchristliche Märtyrer und der stoische Weise. Eine topologische Untersuchung
Authors: Trelenberg Jörg 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Early Christian martyrology presents its protagonists almost uniformly as heroic figures: They hold on to their beliefs, they neglect physical pain and they are not afraid of death. Thus a Christian martyr stays calm and tempered even if subjected to severe distress and masters every situation with dignity. Another idealized character is the stoic sage. Similarly, he keeps his “stoic” countenance: he will not accept alterations of his emotional status and instead welcomes whichever fate he meets, since in his view following and accomplishing one's divine destiny outranks saving one's own life. The attribution of similar qualities and character traits to the vir sapiens of stoic philosophy on the one hand and to the martyr of the Christian church on the other, as seen in many literary representations, inevitably raises the question of (literary) interdependence. The answer to this question has to be multifaceted: Early Christian martyrology includes examples of direct influence of Stoicism (a), of indirect adoption of motifs taken over from Stoicism via Jewish martyr literature (b) or via philosophical syncretism in the Roman Principate (c); in addition to these, one has to assume the possibility of independent creation (d).
Alium sub meo nomine: Augustine between His Own Self-Fashioning and His Later Reception
Authors: Pollmann Karla 
Published: January 2011

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Wie andere Autoren vor und nach ihm war Augustinus von Hippo sich sehr bewusst, wie unterschiedlich seine Person und sein Werk von anderen rezipiert werden könnten. Daher versuchte er, sowohl die Rezeption seines Lebens, durch das Verfassen seiner Confessiones, als auch die Rezeption seiner Werke, durch das Abfassen der Retractationes, zu kontrollieren. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert die verschiedenen Methoden, mit denen Augustinus besonders Letzteres zu erreichen versuchte. In einem zweiten Teil demonstriert dieser Aufsatz dann an zwei Einzelfällen (Beda Venerabilis und Johannes Scotus Eriugena), inwieweit dieses Ansinnen Augustins tatsächlich erfolgreich war.
Serious Games – zwischen Anwendungssoftware und Videospiel (?)
Authors: Müller Cornelius 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung
Der folgende Artikel erörtert die These, dass mögliche Handlungsfelder der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion im Entwicklungsprozess von Serious Games auch daraus resultieren, dass in dieser Art Videospiel die Grenzen von Anwendungssoftware und Videospiel verschwimmen.
Wissenschaftskommunikation und Social Media: Grenzaufbruch und Vertrauensmerkmale
Authors: Schmirmund Jan 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit dem, durch Social Media induzierten, Aufbruch der Grenzen zwischen interner und externer Wissenschaftskommunikation und beschreibt die Kontextualisierung von Social Media Formaten in die Wissenschaftskommunikation durch Setzen von Vertrauensmerkmalen. Der Beitrag kommt zu dem Schluss, dass durch vermehrten Einsatz von Social Media, bisher klare Grenzen zwischen interner und externer Wissenschaftskommunikation verschwimmen und aufgrund fehlender Formalisierungen von in Social Media veröffentlichten Beiträgen, ein Problem der Kontextualisierung in den Bereich seriöser Wissenschaft auftritt. Es ist zu beobachten, dass diesem Problem durch das Setzen von Vertrauen erzeugenden Merkmalen entgegengewirkt wird.
Spectroscopic Studies on the Interaction of Synthetic Food Colorants with Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Liu Bao-Sheng , Wang Jing , Xue Chun-Li , Yang Chao , Lü Yun-Kai 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The conjugation between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and three synthetic food colorants like tartrazine (TTZ), sunset yellow (SY) and erythrosine (ETS) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy in tris-HCl buffer solution of pH 7.40. The results indicated that TTZ, SY and ETS could form non-covalent compounds with BSA, which led to the static quenching of endogenous fluorescence of BSA. The binding ability followed the pattern: ETS > TTZ > SY. The values of Hill's coefficients were slightly more than 1 in all systems. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrogen bond and Van der Waals played a major role in the binding of synthetic food colorants to BSA; besides, the competitive experiments suggested that the primary binding site for three synthetic food colorants was located at site I in sub-domain II A of BSA. According to Förster's non-radiative energy transfer theory, the binding distances (r) between synthetic food colorants and BSA were much smaller than 7ߙnm. Meanwhile, synthetic food colorants reduced the binding constants between ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CPFX) and BSA, leading to the change of medicinal efficacy.
Teaching Nutrition Integration: MUST Screening in Cancer
Authors: Boléo-Tomé Carolina , Chaves Mariana , Monteiro-Grillo Isabel , Camilo Maria , Ravasco Paula 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Rationale.
Nutritional risk screening should be routine in order to select patients in need of nutrition care; this conduct change has to rely on education. In this project, radiotherapy department health professionals were trained on how to use the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), to foster its integration into cancer outpatient management; we also aimed to identify those more adherent to screening.

Methods.
Research dieticians (the standard) conducted interactive sessions with all physicians, nurses, and radiotherapy (RT) technicians, who were closely supervised to facilitate routine MUST integration. There were two phases: after the first session, phase 1 assessed 200 patients over 4 months; after the second session, phase 2 screened 450 patients, always before RT. Validity was evaluated comparing results from the standard against all other health professionals, adjusted for number.

Results.
RT technicians were most adherent to the MUST: 80% of patients in phase 1, increasing to 85% in phase 2. Nurses doubled their input, from 19% to 36%. Physicians had poor MUST integration, yet they progressively incorporated percentage weight loss into patient records, increasing from 57% in phase 1 to 84% in phase 2, independently of diagnosis and stage. The highest concordance (κ coefficient) with dieticians was found with RT technicians' use of the MUST (p &lt; .002) and percentage weight loss determination by physicians (p &lt; .001).

Conclusions.
We show that systematic screening in cancer is feasible by all professionals involved, once a proximity teaching project is put into practice. RT technicians, who daily treat patients, were highly adherent to integrate the MUST and might be in charge of selecting at-risk patients. Physicians are unlikely to use the MUST, but acknowledged nutrition value and changed their routine by integrating recent percentage weight loss into their approach to patients. Our structured methodology may be used as a model for the development of teaching adapted to different departments with other realities.
Management of Skin Toxicity Associated with Cetuximab Treatment in Combination with Chemotherapy or Radiotherapy
Authors: Pinto Carmine , Barone Carlo Antonio , Girolomoni Giampiero , Russi Elvio Grazioso , Merlano Marco Carlo , Ferrari Daris , Maiello Evaristo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background.
Cetuximab was demonstrated by clinical trials to improve response rate and survival of patients with metastatic and nonresectable colorectal cancer or carcinoma of the head and neck. Appropriate management of skin toxicity associated with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFR-i) therapy is necessary to allow adequate drug administration and to improve quality of life and outcomes.

Methods.
A group of Italian Experts produced recommendations for skin toxicity management using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. Statements were generated on the basis of a systematic revision of the literature and voted twice by a panel of 40 expert physicians; the second vote was preceded by a meeting of the panelists.

Results.
Skin toxicity included skin rash, skin dryness, pruritus, paronychia, hair abnormality, and mucositis. Recommendations for prophylaxis and therapeutic interventions for each type of toxicity were proposed.

Conclusions.
Interventions that were considered appropriate to improve compliance and outcomes of cancer patients treated with EGFR-i were identified.
Race Disparities in U.S. Nephrology Fellowship Training
Authors: Onumah Chavon , Kimmel Paul L. , Rosenberg Mark E. 
Published: January 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Renal disease disproportionately affects African-American patients. Trust has been implicated as an important factor in patient outcomes. Higher levels of trust and better interpersonal care have been reported when race of patient and physician are concordant. The purpose of this analysis was to examine trends in the racial background of U.S. medical school graduates, internal medicine residents, nephrology fellows, and patients with ESRD.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Data for medical school graduates were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges and data for internal medicine and nephrology trainees from GME Track. ESRD data were obtained from U.S. Renal Data System (USRDS) annual reports.

Results
A significant disparity continues to exist between the proportional race makeup of African-American nephrology fellows (3.8%) and ESRD patients (32%). The low numbers of African-American nephrology fellows, and consequently new nephrologists, in light of the increase in ESRD patients has important implications for patient-centered nephrology care.

Conclusions
Efforts are needed to increase minority recruitment into nephrology training programs, to more closely balance the racial background of trainees and patients in hopes of fostering improved trust between ESRD caregivers and patients, increasing access to care, alleviating ESRD health care disparities, and improving patient care.
Randomized, Double-blind Study with Glycerol and Paraffin in Uremic Xerosis
Authors: Balaskas Elias , Szepietowski Jacek C. , Bessis Didier , Ioannides Dimitrios , Ponticelli Claudio , Ghienne Corinne , Taberly Alain , Dupuy Patrick 
Published: January 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Uremic xerosis is a bothersome condition that is poorly responsive to moisturizing and emollient therapy.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
A randomized, double-blind, intraindividual (left versus right comparison), multicentric clinical study was performed on 100 patients with moderate to severe uremic xerosis for 7 days, during which the patients applied twice daily an emulsion combining glycerol and paraffin (test product) on one allocated lower leg, and the emulsion alone (comparator) on the other lower leg. This was followed by an open-labeled use of the test product on all of the xerotic areas for 49 days. The main efficacy parameter was treatment response on each lower leg, as defined by a reduction from baseline of at least two grades in a five-point clinical score on day 7.

Results
Among the 99 patients analyzed, the test product was highly effective with a treatment response in 72 patients (73%), whereas 44 patients (44%) responded to the comparator (P < 0.0001, intergroup analysis). This was associated with an objective reduction in the density and thickness of the scales on day 7 (P < 0.0001 compared with the comparator) and a substantial improvement of the uremic pruritus (75%) and quality of life of the patients at study end (P < 0.001, intragroup analysis). The test product was very well tolerated, with product-related local intolerance (exacerbated pruritus, local burning, or erythema) occurring in only five patients (5%).

Conclusions
Uremic xerosis can be managed successfully when an appropriate emollient therapy is used.