bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of factor method for minimum reflux: Multiple feed distillation columns
Authors: Chou San‐Min , Yaws Carl L. , Cheng Jeng‐Shia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAnalytical equations for determining the minimum reflux ratio of multiple feed distillation columns are presented by using a factor method. For the method, a factor which converts feed flow to minimum reflux ratio is used. The factor is a function of the feed concentration and thermal condition. The calculation steps for determining minimum reflux ratio of multiple feed columns are summarized. A computer program is available (microcomputer or mainframe). Application of the factor method for minimum reflux ratio is illustrated by several examples.
Rate and selectivity modification in fischer—tropsch synthesis over charcoal supported molybdenum by forced concentration cycling
Authors: Dun Jo‐Wei , Gulari Erdogan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractForced concentration cycling of the feed between pure CO and pure H2 was used to successfully change both the selectivities and reactivities of promoted and unpromoted charcoal supported molybdenum catalysts in Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis. It was found that with the unpromoted catalyst the rate enhancement increases with temperature and selectivity shifts towards methane. At the lower temperatures concentration cycling increases selectivity to ethane and higher hydrocarbons to levels only achievable with promoted catalysts. Periodic operation with the potassium promoted catalyst results in small rate enhancements but the olefin to paraffin ratio is dramatically changed without changing the carbon number distribution.
Catalytic conversion of canola oil to fuels and chemical feedstocks Part I. Effect of process conditions on the performance of HZSM‐5 catalyst
Authors: Prasad Y. S. , Bakhshi N. N. , Mathews J. F. , Eager R. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe conversion of canola oil to hydrocarbons using a shape selective zeolite catalyst is reported in this work. Canola oil was passed over HZSM‐5 catalyst in a fixed bed micro‐reactor and the effects of reaction temperature and oil space velocity on the conversion and selectivity were studied using a statistical experimental design. The results show that 60–95 wt% of the canola oil can be converted to hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range, light gases and water. The gasoline fraction contained 60–70 wt% of aromatic hydrocarbons and the gases were mostly C3 and C4 paraffins. Furthermore, the spent catalyst could be regenerated completely at 600°C in 1 h with dry air.
Black liquor gasification
Authors: Kohl Arthur L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new process has been developed for converting concentrated Kraft mill black liquor into clean fuel gas and reduced smelt. Bench‐ and pilot‐scale tests have demonstrated that the process can be operated to provide essentially complete conversion of the black liquor feed into fuel gas with a heating value of about 4470 kJ/m3 (120 Btu/scf) and smelt that is over 95% reduced to sulfide. Engineering studies indicate that the process can be used to fuel a gas turbine in a power generation system that integrates well with the requirements of a pulp mill. The overall process has the potential for higher efficiency, lower cost, and greater safety than conventional Tomlinson recovery boiler systems.
Effects of catalyst surface heterogeneity on methanation kinetics
Authors: Wojciechowski B. W. , Hsu C. C. , Rudzinski W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of methanation are presented from the point of view of reactions on heteroenergetic catalyst surfaces.Using a general adsorption isotherm for such surfaces developed by Crickmore and Wojciechowski, we have derived kinetic rate expressions which describe the rapid drop in activity observed by Dalmon and Martin at low pressures as well as the form of the rate expression proposed by Bell at higher pressures.
A new spouting regime in beds of coarse particles deeper than the maximum spoutable height
Authors: Littman H. , Morgan M. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new spouting regime for coarse particles in beds deeper than the maximum spoutable height has been identified and its location on a phase diagram is presented for an air spouted bed of 5 mm glass spheres.The periodic formation and breakup of single bubbles originating at the top of the spout at lower gas velocities than required to observe the new regime has been studied using high speed photographs. An analogy is drawn between these observations and the breakup of bubbles in a turbulently fluidized bed.
Design and Biological Evaluation of Novel, Balanced Dual PPARα/γ Agonists
Authors: Grether Uwe , Bénardeau Agnes , Benz Jörg , Binggeli Alfred , Blum Denise , Hilpert Hans , Kuhn Bernd , Märki Hans Peter , Meyer Markus , Mohr Peter , Püntener Kurt , Raab Susanne , Ruf Armin , Schlatter Daniel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn X‐ray‐guided design approach led to the identification of a novel, balanced class of α‐ethoxy‐phenylpropionic acid‐derived dual PPARα/γ agonists. The series shows a wide range of PPARα/γ ratios within a rather narrow structural space. Advanced compounds possess favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles and show a high efficacy in T2D and dyslipidemia animal models.magnified image
Tuning the Rates of Long‐Range Charge Transfer across Phenylene Wires
Authors: Walther Mathieu E. , Wenger Oliver S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWalking a tight wire: Phototriggered charge transfer across a tetra‐p‐dimethoxybenzene bridge is three orders of magnitude faster than that across a structurally similar tetra‐p‐xylene spacer, despite equal reaction driving forces in both cases (see picture). This result is interpreted in terms of markedly different donor–bridge energy gaps.magnified image
Summary of ‘Short‐course versus long‐course antibiotic therapy for non‐severe community‐acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Haider B. A. , Saeed M. A. , Bhutta Z. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Haider BA, Saeed MA, Bhutta ZA. Short‐course versus long‐course antibiotic therapy for non‐severe community‐acquired pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art No.: CD005976. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005976.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Cochrane review: Modes of administration of antibiotics for symptomatic severe urinary tract infections
Authors: Pohl Annette 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundUrinary tract infection (UTI), worldwide, is a major source of disease in children and adults. As it may have long‐term consequences such as kidney failure and hypertension, it is important to treat patients with UTI adequately. Although standard management of severe UTI usually means intravenous (IV) therapy, at least initially, there are studies showing that oral therapy may also be effective.ObjectivesTo assess whether the mode of administration of antibiotic therapy for severe UTI has an effect on cure rate, reinfection rate and kidney scarring.Search strategyThe Cochrane Renal Group's specialised register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched. No language restriction was applied. Reference lists of relevant articles and reviews were checked for additional studies and authors of relevant articles/abstracts were contacted for further information.Selection criteriaAll randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing different modes of antibiotic application for patients with severe UTI (children and adults) were considered.Data collection and analysisStudy quality was assessed and data extracted. Statistical analyses were performed using the random effects model and the results expressed as risk ratio (RR) for dichotomous outcomes or mean difference (MD) for continuous data with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Main resultsFifteen RCTs (1743 patients) were included. Studies compared oral versus parenteral treatment (1), oral versus switch treatment (initial intravenous (IV) or intramuscular (IM) therapy followed by oral therapy) (5), switch versus parenteral treatment (6) and single dose parenteral followed by oral therapy versus oral (1) or switch therapy (3). There was a variety of short‐term and long‐term outcomes, but no pooled outcomes showed significant differences. Most included studies were small though and there were few outcomes for combination in a meta‐analysis.Authors' conclusionsThere is no evidence suggesting that oral antibiotic therapy is less effective for treatment of severe UTI than parenteral or initial parenteral therapy. The results of this review suggest that the mode of application does not determine therapeutic success.Plain language summaryNo evidence that oral antibiotic therapy is less effective for treating urinary tract infection than intravenous antibioticsSevere urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection in adults and children, causing acute disease with a variety of symptoms such as fever and flank pain. This may lead to kidney damage, kidney failure or hypertension. Standard therapy involves antibiotics given at least initially by injection. This review identified 15 studies (1743 participants). The results of this review suggest oral therapy is equally effective in treating UTI and preventing long‐term damage. This might reduce costs but also inconvenience for the patient.
The German National Innovation Programme Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology
Authors: Garche J. , Bonhoff K. , Ehret O. , Tillmetz W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo support the market introduction of fuel cells and hydrogen for energetic use in Germany, the National Innovation Programme Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology was set up in 2006. The German Federal Government together with representatives from research organisations as well as from various industry sectors were involved in designing the programme. Combined funds from the public and private sectors amount to Euro 1.4 billion and cover the period 2007–2016. About one‐third of this total is to fund R&D and two‐third to finance demonstration and market preparation projects. The National Organization Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology manages the implementation in close collaboration with its partner organisation Project Management Organization Jülich, and in continuous consultation with the key stakeholders. This article spells out the main characteristics of the Innovation Programme and the organisations involved.
Effects of the Permian–Triassic boundary on reservoir characteristics of the South Pars gas field, Persian Gulf
Authors: Rahimpour‐Bonab Hossain , Asadi‐Eskandar Ashkan , Sonei Roshanak 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB) is a world‐wide event characterized by the most extensive mass extinction in the history of life. In the Persian Gulf, the rock record of this time interval host one of the most important hydrocarbon reserves in the world: the South Pars Gas Field and its southern extension, the North Dome (or North Field). These carbonate and evaporite successions were sampled in eight wells for petrographic, geochemical and porosity–permeability studies. An important characteristic of the Dalan and Kangan formations is the centimetre‐scale lithological heterogeneities caused by facies changes and diagenetic imprints that led to the compartmentalization of these reservoirs. These Permian–Triassic (P‐T) sediments were deposited in a shallow marine homoclinal ramp. The PTB in this hydrocarbon field is represented by a reworked coarse‐grained intraclastic/bioclastic grainstone facies deposited during a marine transgression. Prolonged subaerial exposure in the P‐T transition caused hypersaline and meteoric diagenesis, including extensive cementation, dolomitization and some dissolution, influencing reservoir characteristics of bordering units. Both δ18O and δ13C values in this succession mirror worldwide excursions typical of other P‐T sections, with some variations due to diagenetic alterations. A pronounced decline in 87Sr/86Sr values, reflective of global seawater geochemistry for most of the Permian is evident in our data. Reservoir quality declines through the late Permian, as a result of facies change and diagenesis. The Late Permian is succeeded by a Triassic transgressive facies and decline in reservoir quality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of psychiatric consultation between geriatric and non‐geriatric medical inpatients
Authors: Schellhorn Sarah E. , Barnhill John W. , Raiteri Valentine , Faso Veronica Lo , Ferrando Stephen J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe authors examine changes in psychiatric referral patterns for geriatric inpatients since last reported in the United States, more than 20 years ago, and compare geriatric psychiatric referrals to those of a non‐geriatric cohort.MethodRetrospective study comparing psychiatric diagnosis, treatment and aftercare of younger (ages 18–60 years, n = 474) and older (>60 years, n = 487) patients seen in psychiatric consultation in a large, urban, university‐based tertiary care hospital setting.ResultsCompared to previous reports in the literature, this cohort contains a notably higher percentage of the ‘old‐old’ (>80 years), reflecting the general aging of those who are hospitalized. Compared to younger patients, geriatric inpatients were more commonly referred for psychiatric consultation, but overall rates of referral remain low (<4%). Geriatric patients were diagnosed with dementia and delirium more frequently; with substance dependence less frequently; and were just as likely to be diagnosed with depression. Geriatric patients were also more likely to receive atypical antipsychotic medications and less likely to receive benzodiazepines than younger patients. In patients diagnosed with depression, psychiatric follow‐up is more likely relegated to outpatient geriatricians and nursing homes.ConclusionsConsulting psychiatrists frequently encounter geriatric patients and, given patterns of diagnosis and aftercare, should play a major role in medical staff education and in development of enhanced in‐hospital and aftercare services, including psychiatric liaison. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Targeted employee retention: Performance‐based and job‐related differences in reported reasons for staying
Authors: Hausknecht John P. , Rodda Julianne , Howard Michael J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWhat makes employees stay with a particular employer? To find out, we developed a content model of 12 retention factors in the context of previous theory and research and analyzed open‐ended responses from 24,829 employees in the leisure and hospitality industry. Our coding of their comments supported the identified framework and revealed that job satisfaction, extrinsic rewards, constituent attachments, organizational commitment, and organizational prestige were the most frequently mentioned reasons for staying. High performers and nonhourly workers were more likely to cite advancement opportunities and organizational prestige as reasons for staying, whereas low performers and hourly employees were more likely to cite extrinsic rewards. These findings highlight the importance of differentiating human resource management practices when the goal is to retain valued employees. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pluripotency: Toward a gold standard for human ES and iPS cells
Authors: Smith Kelly P. , Luong Mai X. , Stein Gary S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWith the advent of technologies for the derivation of embryonic stem cells and reprogrammed stem cells, use of the term “pluripotent” has become widespread. Despite its increased scientific and political importance, there are ambiguities with this designation and a common standard for experimental approaches that precisely define this state in human cells remains elusive. Recent studies have revealed that reprogramming may occur via many pathways which do not always lead to pluripotency. In addition, the pluripotent state itself appears to be highly dynamic, leading to significant variability in the results of molecular studies. Establishment of a stringent set of criteria for defining pluripotency will be vital for biological studies and potential clinical applications in this rapidly evolving field. In this review, we explore the various definitions of pluripotency, examine the current status of pluripotency testing in the field and provide an analysis of how these assays have been used to establish pluripotency in the scientific literature. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 21–29, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Der p2 activates airway smooth muscle cells in a TLR2/MyD88‐dependent manner to induce an inflammatory response
Authors: Chiou Ya‐Ling , Lin Ching‐Yuang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDer p2 is a major allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, the main species of house dust mite and a major inducer of asthma, inducing harmful respiratory inflammatory responses by activating cells in the respiratory tract, leading to an unstable status. We hypothesize that Der p2 may induce local inflammatory responses by directly affecting airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. In this study, we demonstrated that Der p2 raised nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation and induced a high level of proinflammatory cytokines expression in primary cultured ASM cells. Der p2 activated the MyD88 signaling pathway through toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2, not through TLR4. Notably, Der p2 stimulated ASM cells to increase phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and expression of c‐Fos, which were also important in the T helper type 2 (Th2) immune response. These results suggest that Der p2 induces asthma through the MyD88 signaling pathway in respiratory tissue. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 311–318, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term transduction of miniature pig parotid glands using serotype 2 adeno‐associated viral vectors
Authors: Hai Bo , Yan Xing , Voutetakis Antonis , Zheng Changyu , Cotrim Ana P. , Shan Zhaochen , Ding Gang , Zhang Chunmei , Xu Junji , Goldsmith Corinne M. , Afione Sandra , Chiorini John A. , Baum Bruce J. , Wang Songlin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundPreviously, using an adenoviral vector, we showed that miniature pigs could provide a valuable and affordable large animal model for pre‐clinical gene therapy studies to correct parotid gland radiation damage. However, adenoviral vectors lead to short‐term transgene expression and, ideally, a more stable correction is required. In the present study, we examined the suitability of using a serotype 2 adeno‐associated viral (AAV2) vector to mediate more stable gene transfer in the parotid glands of these animals.MethodsHeparan sulfate proteoglycan was detected by immunohistochemistry. β‐galactosidase expression was determined histochemically. An AAV2 vector encoding human erythropoietin (hEpo) was administered via Stensen's duct. Salivary and serum hEpo levels were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Serum chemistry and hematological analyses were performed and serum antibodies to hEpo were measured throughout the study. Vector distribution was determined by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction.ResultsTransgene expression was vector dose‐dependent, with high levels of hEpo being detected for up to 32 weeks (i.e. the longest time studied). hEpo reached maximal levels during weeks 4–8, but declined to approximately 25% of these values by week 32. Haematocrits were elevated from week 2. Transduced animals exhibited low serum anti‐hEpo antibodies (1 : 8–1 : 16). Vector biodistribution at animal sacrifice revealed that most copies were in the targeted parotid gland, with few being detected elsewhere. No consistent adverse changes in serum chemistry or hematology parameters were seen.ConclusionsAAV2 vectors mediate extended gene transfer to miniature pig parotid glands and should be useful for testing pre‐clinical gene therapy strategies aiming to correct salivary gland radiation damage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poverty and environment links: An illustration from Africa
Authors: Comim Flavio , Kumar Pushpam , Sirven Nicolas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe impact of environmental change on the incidence of poverty through the changes in the livelihood options is expected to be significant. The resilience and condition of environment and ecosystems to deliver services within vulnerable regions is quite often crucial for ensuring livelihood security for the poor. However, understanding the links between poverty and environment (P&E) is a hard task. Even harder is to think about how to capture the links in the format of indicators. But this is the main objective of this paper. More specifically, the paper explores the implications of a new methodology for examining the links between different constituents of well‐being (in which poverty is understood as an unacceptable deprivation of multidimensional well‐being) and ecosystem services. The proposed methodology is based on the use of econometrics and adjustment factors. Focusing on the particular environmental problems presented in Africa, the paper delves into the links between livelihoods and capabilities, providing an encompassing framework for suggesting solutions for poverty reduction in this continent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Key central pattern generators of the spinal cord
Authors: Guertin Pierre A. , Steuer Inge 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn the central nervous system (CNS), central pattern generators (CPGs) are generally considered as specialized networks that can produce oscillatory motor output in the absence of any oscillatory input. For instance, respiration and mastication are among the critical biological functions well known to be controlled by such specialized networks. Several other CPGs have also been found specifically in the spinal cord. Among them, the CPG for locomotion is probably the most extensively studied rhythm‐ and pattern‐generating network of the CNS. Other, less completely understood CPGs have also been associated with the control of scratching, micturition, and ejaculation. This review provides a brief update on CPG organization and function in the spinal cord and focuses on similarities and differences between these networks and their pharmacological modulation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.