bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene from Monilinia species causing brown rot of stone and pome fruit and its significance in the development of QoI resistance
Authors: Hily Jean‐Michel , Singer Stacy D , Villani Sara M , Cox Kerik D 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) resistance as a consequence of point mutations in the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene has been reported in numerous plant pathogenic fungi. To examine the potential for QoI resistance development in those Monilinia species causing brown rot of stone and pome fruits [Monilinia fructicola (G Winter) Honey, M. laxa (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey and M. fructigena (Aderhold & Ruhland) Honey], an examination was made of the sequence and exon/intron structure of their cyt b genes for the presence of any point mutations and/or introns commonly associated with resistance to QoIs in fungal plant pathogens.RESULTS: None of the point mutations typically linked to QoI resistance was present in any of the Monilinia isolates examined. Furthermore, the cyt b genes from M. fructicola and M. laxa, but not M. fructigena, possessed a group‐I‐like intron directly after codon 143. Based on the results obtained, a simple PCR assay using a single primer pair was developed, allowing discrimination between the three Monilinia species without the need for culturing.CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that resistance to QoI fungicides based on the G143A mutation is not likely to occur in M. fructicola or M. laxa. Conversely, M. fructigena may be at higher risk for developing QoI resistance owing to the absence of a G143‐associated intron. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Contradictions in host plant resistance to pests: spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) behaviour undermines the potential resistance of smooth‐leaved cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Reddall Amelia A , Sadras Victor O , Wilson Lewis J , Gregg Peter C 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Two‐spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) oviposit near leaf veins or in leaf folds on the undersides of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) leaves where the humid boundary layer offers protection from desiccation. The authors predicted that the boundary layer of glabrous cotton leaves should be shallower than that of hairy leaves, providing some resistance to mites. The dynamics of mite populations, leaf damage, leaf gas exchange and crop yield on two leaf hair isolines (smooth versus hairy) in two genetic backgrounds was assessed.RESULTS: Mite colonies developed faster on the hairy leaf isolines, but leaf damage per mite was higher in smooth leaf isolines, indicating more intense damage. A 50% reduction in photosynthesis on the hairy isolines required 1.8 times more mites than smooth leaves. The yield of cotton was reduced in + mite treatments, but the magnitude of reduction was similar for hairy and smooth isolines.CONCLUSION: Paradoxically, the relative inhospitality of glabrous leaves may have induced mites to concentrate in protected leaf sections, causing more localised and more severe damage, negating the yield benefits from fewer mites. These results highlight interactions between leaf microenvironment, pest behaviour and plant productivity that may have implications for other instances of plant resistance. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling lifetime degradation in boron‐doped Czochralski silicon
Authors: Voronkov Vladimir V. , Falster Robert , Batunina Anna V. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractElectron lifetime in boron‐ and oxygen‐containing silicon is known to decrease under illumination. The emerging recombination centre was previously thought to be a complex BsO2, of a substitutional boron atom and an oxygen dimer. However this attribution has turned out to be inconsistent with recently published data. A new model was proposed, based on a latent single‐positive complex BiO2 that involves an interstitial boron atom Bi rather than Bs. Excess electrons lead to recharging the latent BiO2 centre into the neutral state, with subsequent reconstruction into recombination‐active configuration. This model was used to simulate the reported data on production of recombination centres, in a wide range of applied illumination intensity – and found to provide a good reproduction of the data.
Defect delineation by chemical etching techniques in silicon and engineered silicon substrates: Novel chemistries and basic aspects
Authors: Kolbesen Bernd O. , Mähliß Jochen , Possner Daniel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPreferential etching techniques in combination with light optical microscopy are still the workhorse for the evaluation of defect types and area densities in engineered silicon substrates such as silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) wafers. Most etching recipes are based on chromium (VI) compounds as oxidizing agent. Since in the meantime the use of carcinogenic Cr (VI) compounds is restricted by law there is a need for Cr‐free recipes with adequate or superior defect delineation performance. We present novel Cr‐free etching chemistries based on organic peracids or on organic oxidizing agents (OOE) such as benzoquinone and derivatives in organic solvents. Some of these have very low removal rates (nm/min at 25 °C), are very defect sensitive and are especially suitable for the application on thin (<50 nm) SOI films. Preferential etching solutions can be characterized by parameters like removal rate, activation energy for the etching process and selectivity. The selectivity describes the ratio of the removal at the crystal defect and at the perfect crystal. In this work the selectivity was determined experimentally on dislocations for various defect etching chemistries. Dislocations were generated by damaging silicon substrates by controlled indentation with a diamond tip and subsequent annealing at 1000 °C. After preferential etching the depth of etch pits was measured by an atomic force microscope. The activation energy was evaluated via an Arrhenius plot of the temperature dependent etch rates. At the dislocations the activation energies are reduced by about 5%. For the various defect etching chemistries selectivities in the range of 1.5–2.5 were found.
Analysis and development of structure‐fragmentation relationships in withanolides using an electrospray ionization quadropole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry hybrid instrument
Authors: Musharraf Syed Ghulam , Ali Arslan , Ali Rahat Azher , Yousuf Sammer , Rahman Atta‐ur‐ , Choudhary M. Iqbal 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStructural elucidation and gas‐phase fragmentation of ten withanolides (steroidal lactones) were studied using a positive ion electrospray ionization quadropole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐QqTOF‐MS/MS) hybrid instrument. Withanolides form an important class of plant secondary metabolites, known to possess a variety of biological activities. Withanolides which possess hydroxyl groups at C‐4, C‐5, C‐17, C‐20, and C‐27, and an epoxy group at C‐5/C‐6, were evaluated to determine the characteristic fragments and their possible pathways. ESI‐QqTOF‐MS (positive ion mode) showed the presence of the protonated molecules [M + H]+. Low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometric (CID‐MS/MS) analysis of the protonated molecule [M + H]+ indicated multiple losses of water and the removal of the C‐17‐substituted lactone moiety affording the [M + H–Lac]+ product ion as the predominant pathways. However, withanolides containing a hydroxyl group at C‐24 of the lactone moiety showed a different fragmentation pathway, which include the loss of steroidal part as a neutral molecule, with highly diagnostic ions at m/z 95 and 67 being generated from the cleavage of lactone moiety. Our results also determined the influence of the presence and positions of hydroxyl and epoxy groups on product ion formation and stability. Moreover, the knowledge of the fragmentation pattern was utilized in rapid identification of withanolides by the LC/MS/MS analysis of a Withania somnifera extract. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reactions of a series of terpenoids with H3O+, NO+ and O studied using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Authors: Amadei Gianluca , Ross Brian M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reactions of H3O+, NO+ and O with twelve terpenoids and one terpene, all of which occur naturally in plants and which possess important smell and flavourant properties, were characterized using Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). The H3O+ reactions resulted primarily in the formation of the proton transfer product and occasionally in a water elimination product. The NO+ reactions instead generated the charge transfer product or NO+ adducts, and occasionally alkyl fragments, or resulted in hydride abstraction. Reaction with O caused a higher fragmentation of the terpenoids with the molecular ion being the minor product of most reactions. Identification and quantification of each compound in complex mixtures are probably possible in most cases using the H3O+ and/or NO+ precursors while O may be useful for isomer discrimination. Our data suggests that SIFT‐MS may be a useful tool for the rapid analysis of these compounds in plants and derived foodstuffs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dansyl labeling and bidimensional mass spectrometry to investigate protein carbonylation
Authors: Palmese Angelo , Rosa Chiara De , Marino Gennaro , Amoresano Angela 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCarbonylation is a non‐enzymatic irreversible post‐translational modification. The adduction of carbonyl groups to proteins is due to the presence of excess of ROS in cells. Carbonylation of specific amino acid side chains is one of the most abundant consequences of oxidative stress; therefore, the determination of carbonyl groups content in proteins is regarded as a reliable way to estimate the cellular damage caused by oxidative stress. This paper reports a novel RIGhT (Reporter Ion Generating Tag) (A. Amoresano, G. Monti, C. Cirulli, G. Marino. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006, 20, 1400) approach for selective labeling of carbonyl groups in proteins using dansylhydrazide, coupled with selective analysis by bidimensional mass spectrometry. We first applied this approach to ribonuclease A and lysozyme as model proteins. According to the so‐called 'gel‐free procedures', the analysis is carried out at the level of peptides following tryptic digest of the whole protein mixture. Modified RNaseA was analyzed in combined MS2 and MS3 scan mode, to specifically select the dansylated species taking advantage of the dansyl‐specific fragmentation pathways. This combination allowed us to obtain a significant increase in signal/noise ratio and a significant increase in sensitivity of analysis, due to the reduction of duty cycle of the mass spectrometer. The unique signal obtained was correlated to peptide 1‐10 of RNaseA carbonylated and labeled by dansylhydrazide. This strategy represents the first method leading to the direct identification of the carbonylation sites in proteins, thus indicating the feasibility of this strategy to investigate protein carbonylation in a proteomic approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamflow variability in the Southern Appalachians and atmospheric teleconnections
Authors: Sen A. K. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTWe have examined streamflow variability in the Southern Appalachian region of the United States for the period 1950–2009. In particular, we have analysed the monthly discharge time series at two stations along the following rivers in North Carolina: (1) Little Tennessee River (LTR) near Prentiss and (2) French Broad River in Asheville. These two gauging stations are part of the Hydro‐Climatic Data Network (HCDN) system. The HCDN system was developed by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) to provide a long‐term database for tracking changes in flow and water quality of streams and rivers, with minimal human interventions. Using continuous wavelet transform (CWT), we have identified the dominant oscillatory modes in the monthly discharge data at these two rivers, and delineated the time intervals over which these modes may persist. It is found that in addition to the annual hydrologic cycle, the monthly discharge fluctuates at interannual timescales. These interannual variations may be linked to the Pacific North American (PNA) teleconnection pattern. Knowledge of the interannual periodicities may be useful for understanding long‐term streamflow variability in the Southern Appalachian region. Understanding patterns of streamflow variability may be important for water resources management operations in the surrounding area. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailoring Plasmonic Nanostructures for Optimal SERS Sensing of Small Molecules and Large Microorganisms
Authors: Xu Jiajie , Zhang Lei , Gong Heng , Homola Jir˘í , Yu Qiuming 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLocal electric fields can be tuned dramatically by varying the diameter of quasi‐3D gold plasmonic nanostructure arrays, as indicated by 3D finite‐difference time‐domain calculations. Utilizing quasi‐3D arrays that exhibit a maximum electric field intensity (i.e., a “hot” spot) either at the bottom (gold nanodisks) or on the top (gold film patterned with nanoholes), the optimal surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensitivity for the detection of small molecules or large microorganisms can be achieved. The precisely fabricated and optimized SERS‐active quasi‐3D nanostructure arrays make it possible to quantitatively and reproducibly detect chemical and biological species using SERS, leading to a new sensing platform with molecular specificity based on SERS for many important applications.
Fluorinated graphene: Fluorographene: A Two‐Dimensional Counterpart of Teflon (Small 24/2010)
Authors: Nair Rahul R. , Ren Wencai , Jalil Rashid , Riaz Ibtsam , Kravets Vasyl G. , Britnell Liam , Blake Peter , Schedin Fredrik , Mayorov Alexander S. , Yuan Shengjun , Katsnelson Mikhail I. , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Strupinski Wlodek , Bulusheva Lyubov G. , Okotrub Alexander V. , Grigorieva Irina V. , Grigorenko Alexander N. , Novoselov Kostya S. , Geim Andre K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA stoichiometric derivative of graphene with a fluorine atom attached to each carbon is reported. Raman, optical, structural, micromechanical, and transport studies show that the material is qualitatively different from the known graphene‐based nonstoichiometric derivatives. Fluorographene is a high‐quality insulator (resistivity >1012 Ω) with an optical gap of 3 eV. It inherits the mechanical strength of graphene, exhibiting a Young’s modulus of 100 N m−1 and sustaining strains of 15%. Fluorographene is inert and stable up to 400 °C even in air, similar to Teflon.
Energy transfer: Visualizing Resonance Energy Transfer in Supramolecular Surface Patterns of β‐CD‐Functionalized Quantum Dot Hosts and Organic Dye Guests by Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (Small 24/2010)
Authors: Dorokhin Denis , Hsu Shu‐Han , Tomczak Nikodem , Blum Christian , Subramaniam Vinod , Huskens Jurriaan , Reinhoudt David N. , Velders Aldrik H. , Vancso G. Julius 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDetection of an analyte via supramolecular host–guest binding and quantum dot (QD)‐based fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) signal transduction mechanism is demonstrated. Surface patterns consisting of CdSe/ZnS QDs functionalized at their periphery with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) were obtained by immobilization of the QDs from solution onto glass substrates patterned with adamantyl‐terminated poly(propylene imine) dendrimeric “glue.” Subsequent formation of host–guest complexes between vacant β‐CD on the QD surface and an adamantyl‐functionalized lissamine rhodamine resulting in FRET was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, spectroscopy, and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM).
Progressive collapse analysis of a steel building with pre‐northridge moment connections
Authors: Purasinghe Rupa , Nguyen Cuong , Gebhart Kenneth 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYThis study is on progressive collapse analysis of a sample steel building using various procedures suggested by the General Service Administration and the Department of Defense. The progressive collapse was accommodated by removing columns as per above guidelines. The analysis methods considered were linear static, linear dynamic, non‐linear static and nonlinear dynamic using SAP2000 structural simulation program. The analysis model was a 3D nine‐storey steel moment resisting building. For linear analysis, rigid moment connections were used, while for nonlinear analysis pre‐Northridge connections were used. The effect of an extreme event was incorporated by removing a column in the analysis model. The static analysis was performed on the model with a column removed subjected to static gravity loadings. The dynamic analysis employed a ramp function to simulate the dynamic effect of the removal of a column. For nonlinear analysis, material nonlinearity was incorporated using strength degrading nonlinear hinges of pre‐Northridge connections as per FEMA 356. The paper documents the results of this analysis with comparison among methods. The potential for collapse and performance levels of the building were determined using the demand capacity ratio and the rotational limit obtained through the analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considering rupture directivity effects, which structures should be named ‘long‐period buildings’?
Authors: Ghahari S. Farid , Khaloo A. Reza 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYRecorded accelerograms in the regions near active faults may have specific characteristics that inclusion of their effects on the response of structures is necessary. Of particular importance are permanent displacement, i.e. fling‐step, rupture directivity pulses and high‐frequency content. Several researchers have focused on the effects of rupture directivity pulses on response of structures. They have shown that long‐period structures are severely affected by these types of excitations. However, in near‐fault regions, the question ‘which building structures are long period?’ has not been clearly and quantitatively answered. In this paper, responses of 10‐, 20‐, 30‐ and 40‐story steel structures designed based on Uniform Building Code 1997 regulations are investigated under artificial pulses produced by directivity effects. It is shown that, considering rupture directivity effects, a long‐period structure is the one that has a first‐mode period–to–pulse period ratio greater than about 0.44. Furthermore, the effects of variations in the period of the near‐fault velocity pulses on the characteristics of inelastic response of structures are examined. Consequently, analysis of the structures experiencing actual near‐fault records indicates that the pattern of response spectrum obtained from artificial pulses presents the behavior of the structure under real near‐fault earthquakes rather accurately. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors associated with partial and complete regression of fetal lung lesions
Authors: Hadchouel A. , Benachi A. , Revillon Y. , Rousseau V. , Martinovic J. , Verkarre V. , Dumez Y. , Delacourt C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectiveA decrease in the volume of congenital pulmonary malformations (CPM) can be observed on prenatal ultrasonography, but the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon is unknown. Our objective was to identify factors associated with the prenatal reduction in size of cystic and/or hyperechoic lung lesions.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of cases with a prenatal diagnosis of hyperechoic and/or cystic lung lesion. The extent of reduction in lesion size was calculated from ultrasound measurements. Clinical, ultrasound, radiological and histological data were tested for their relationship with prenatal CPM reduction.ResultsIn a 4‐year period, 36 patients were referred with a cystic and/or hyperechoic fetal lung lesion diagnosed at a mean gestational age of 23.4 weeks. The lesions were cystic in 16 cases (44%), hyperechoic in 12 (33%) and both in eight (22%). The malformation was no longer visible before birth (apparent disappearance) in nine cases (25%), shrank by 18–90% in 15 (42%) and did not reduce in 12 (33%). Findings on postnatal computed tomography were always abnormal. Isolated hyperechoic lesions were significantly more likely to shrink in utero. The mean reductions were 79%, 35% and 19%, for isolated hyperechoic, cystic and mixed lesions, respectively (P = 0.001). Only 8% of hyperechoic lesions demonstrated no volume reduction, as compared to 50% and 42% of cystic and mixed lesions, respectively (P = 0.03). Greater gestational age at birth was also associated with a decrease in the incidence of malformations (P = 0.02). In cases that underwent surgery, hyperechoic lesions were linked to a variety of pathological diagnoses, whereas cystic lesions were all described histologically as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations.ConclusionsPrenatal size reduction of fetal lung malformations is associated with isolated hyperechogenicity and greater gestational age at birth. This might result from the resumption of normal lung development after local disruption of lung growth. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex, gender, coping, and self‐efficacy: Mediation of sex differences in pain perception in children and adolescents
Authors: Vierhausl Marc , Lohaus Arnold , Schmitz Anne‐Katharina 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSex differences in pain perception have been reported in an expanding literature based on adult samples in epidemiological as well as laboratory studies. Especially with respect to the latter, studies with children and adolescents do not consistently show that females report higher pain ratings and display lower pain tolerance than males. The first aim of the presented studies is to comparably examine sex differences in children and adolescents based on experimental and questionnaire approach indices of pain perception. The second aim is to examine the contribution of three prominent psychosocial factors (gender‐role expectations, coping with pain, and pain self‐efficacy) to these sex differences. In Study 1, a total of 118 children and adolescents from grades 5 to 9 were tested with the Cold Pressor Task (CPT) and a Pain Perception Questionnaire. In Study 2, 148 participants additionally reported on their gender‐role expectations, coping with pain, and pain self‐efficacy. Although the results reveal only medium‐sized correlations between the CPT and the questionnaire measures, both measures indicate substantial sex differences in pain perception in both studies. In Study 2, sex differences are also present for masculinity, femininity, catastrophizing as well as pain self‐efficacy. However, while the relation between sex and the CPT rating is partially mediated by pain self‐efficacy, catastrophizing partially mediates the relation between sex and the questionnaire based pain ratings. The results of both studies are discussed with respect to the difference between experimental assessments of pain perception and assessments by questionnaire in children and adolescents.