bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing the offloading properties of the total contact cast for plantar foot ulceration
Authors: Burns J. , Begg L. 
Published: September 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 179–185 (2011)AbstractAims  Total contact casting is the gold standard offloading treatment for plantar foot ulceration, but the optimal technique and preferred materials are poorly defined and not readily prescribed in daily practice. We investigated in‐cast pressure offloading in two types of total contact casts vs. a control condition, in patients with plantar foot ulceration.Methods  In‐cast walking pressures were collected using the Novel Pedar‐X system in 20 participants with a plantar foot ulcer in two types of total contact casts: a conventional total contact cast and a cushion‐modified total contact cast incorporating an inlay of 6 mm slow‐rebound cellular urethane and 6 mm soft cellular urethane. Casts were compared with a canvas cast shoe to establish baseline pressure values.Results  Compared with the cast shoe, the conventional total contact cast significantly reduced peak pressure at the ulcer site by 44%, mean pressure by 47% and pressure–time integral by 37% (P < 0.001), while the cushion‐modified total contact cast significantly reduced peak pressure at the ulcer site by 70%, mean pressure by 60% and pressure–time integral by 69% (P < 0.001). Plantar pressure across the entire foot and each region of the foot was also reduced with the conventional total contact cast compared with the cast shoe, and further reduced by the cushion‐modified total contact cast (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The offloading properties of the total contact cast can be enhanced with a 12 mm cellular urethane cushion modification. Further well‐designed trials are required to understand and validate this cast technique and to demonstrate healing rates and safety in different patient populations.
Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in Type 1 diabetes: arterial exposure to remnant lipoproteins leads to enhanced deposition of cholesterol and binding to glycated extracellular matrix proteoglycans
Authors: Mangat R. , Su J. W. , Lambert J. E. , Clandinin M. T. , Wang Y. , Uwiera R. R. , Forbes J. M. , Vine D. F. , Cooper M. E. , Mamo J. C. , Proctor S. D. 
Published: September 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 61–72 (2011)AbstractAims  To determine fasting and postprandial metabolism of apolipoprotein B48 (apoB48) remnant lipoproteins in subjects with Type 1 diabetes and the relationship to progressive cardiovascular disease, and to investigate the impact of remnant lipoprotein cholesterol accumulation associated with arterial wall biglycan using a rodent model of Type 1 diabetes.Methods  Normolipidaemic subjects (n = 9) with long‐standing Type 1 diabetes (and advanced cardiovascular disease) and seven healthy control subjects were studied. Fasting and postprandial apoB48 concentration was determined following a sequential meal challenge. A rodent model of streptozotocin‐induced diabetes was used to investigate the ex vivo retention of fluorescent‐conjugated remnants. Binding of remnant lipoproteins to human recombinant biglycan was assessed in vitro.Results  A significantly higher concentration of fasting plasma apoB48 remnants was observed in patients with Type 1 diabetes compared with control subjects. Patients with Type 1 diabetes exhibited a greater total plasma apoB48 area under the curve (AUC) and an increased incremental AUC following a second sequential meal compared with control subjects. The arterial retention of remnants ex vivo and associated cholesterol was increased sevenfold in Type 1 diabetes rats relative to controls. Remnants were shown to bind with significant affinity to human biglycan in vitro and a further 2.3‐fold increased binding capacity was observed with glycated biglycan. Remnants were shown to colocalize with both arterial biglycan and glycated matrix proteins in the Type 1 diabetes rodent model.Conclusion  Impaired metabolism of remnant lipoproteins associated with enhanced binding to proteoglycans appears to contribute to the arterial cholesterol deposition in Type 1 diabetes. Our findings support the hypothesis that impaired remnant metabolism may contribute to accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in the hyperglycaemic and insulin‐deficient state.
Genomic expression profiles of blood and placenta reveal significant immune‐related pathways and categories in Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Zhao Y.‐H. , Wang D.‐P. , Zhang L.‐L. , Zhang F. , Wang D.‐M. , Zhang W.‐Y. 
Published: September 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 237–246 (2011)AbstractAims  We used microarray as well as quantitative real‐time PCR (Q‐RT‐PCR) validation to define the genes and/or pathways that are involved in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in patients of Chinese ethnicity.Methods  We used the Illumina microarray platform to obtain comprehensive gene expression profiles of blood and placenta taken from GDM‐positive and GDM‐negative women.Results  We found 5197 genes in blood and 243 genes in placenta, which had significantly altered expression profiles attributable to GDM. Genes previously known to have altered expressions as a result of GDM (such as TNF, IL1B, LEP, IFNG and HLA‐G) were also validated. In addition, we identified a number of previously unreported genes: VAV3, PTPN6, CD48 and IL15, which had expression patterns that were significantly different from our GDM and control samples, as determined by both microarray and Q‐RT‐PCR assays. Two significant pathways were identified as GDM‐associated pathways through integrated functional annotation. These pathways were: ‘Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity’ in blood and ‘Cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction’ in placenta. Furthermore, despite differences between blood and placenta in terms of the quantity of gene expression, we nonetheless observed similar functional distributions in both tissues in terms of immune‐related genes.Conclusions  These newly identified key genes and pathways may provide valuable information about the pathogenesis of GDM and can be used to improve early diagnosis, prevention, medication design and clinical treatment.
Association of insulin sensitivity to lipids across the lifespan in people with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Maahs D. M. , Nadeau K. , Snell‐Bergeon J. K. , Schauer I. , Bergman B. , West N. A. , Rewers M. , Daniels S. R. , Ogden L. G. , Hamman R. F. , Dabelea D. 
Published: September 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 148–155 (2011)AbstractAims  Insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia both increase cardiovascular risk in Type 1 diabetes. However, little data exist on the associations of insulin resistance to lipids in Type 1 diabetes. Our objective was to explore the associations between insulin resistance (assessed by glucose infusion rate) and lipids in people with Type 1 diabetes and determine whether adiposity and/or average glycaemia influence these associations.Methods  Hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp studies were performed in 60 subjects with Type 1 diabetes aged 12–19 years (age 15 ± 2 years, 57% female, duration of diabetes 6.3 ± 3.8 years, HbA1c 8.6 ± 1.5%, IFCC = 70 mmol/mol) and 40 subjects with Type 1 diabetes aged 27–61 years (age 45 ± 9 years, 53% female, duration of diabetes 23 ± 8 years, HbA1c 7.5 ± 0.9%, IFCC = 58 mmol/mol). Multiple linear regression models were fit to examine the association between glucose infusion rate and fasting lipid levels with adjustment for possible confounders.Results  Lower glucose infusion rate was significantly associated with lower levels of HDL cholesterol in youths with Type 1 diabetes and with higher levels of triglycerides and higher triglyceride/HDL ratio in both youths and adults. The magnitude of the associations between glucose infusion rate and lipid levels translate into interquartile differences of 0.098 mmol/l for HDL cholesterol, 0.17 mmol/l for triglycerides and 1.06 for triglycerides/HDL in the adolescents and 0.20 mmol/l for triglycerides and 1.01 for triglycerides/HDL in the adults. The associations were attenuated and no longer statistically significant by adjustment for adiposity among adults, while adjustment for HbA1c had a small effect in youths and adults.Conclusions  Lower insulin sensitivity is associated with a more atherogenic lipid profile in both youths and adults with Type 1 diabetes.
Impaired glucose tolerance, but not impaired fasting glucose, is a risk factor for early‐stage atherosclerosis
Authors: Ando T. , Okada S. , Niijima Y. , Hashimoto K. , Shimizu H. , Tsuchiya T. , Yamada M. , Ohshima K. , Mori M. , Ono K. 
Published: September 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 1430–1435 (2010)AbstractAims  The study aimed to investigate early‐stage atherosclerosis in patients with impaired fasting glucose compared with patients with impaired glucose tolerance.Methods  Body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, lipid variables, ankle–brachial pressure index and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity were measured in 2842 subjects from Takasaki city located approximately 100 km north of Tokyo in Japan. The subjects were divided into the following five groups based on a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test: (i) normal fasting plasma glucose/normal glucose tolerance group, (ii) impaired fasting glucose group, (iii) impaired glucose tolerance group, (iv) combined glucose intolerance group and (v) diabetic glucose intolerance group.Results  In comparison with fasting plasma glucose levels (r = 0.269, P < 0.0001), 2‐h post‐challenge glucose levels were more closely correlated with pulse wave velocity values (r = 0.300, P < 0.0001). The groups with impaired glucose tolerance, combined glucose intolerance and diabetic glucose intolerance had significantly higher pulse wave velocity values compared with the groups with normal glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Multiple regression analyses showed an independent association of age, systolic blood pressures, total cholesterol, fasting and 2h plasma glucose with pulsewave velocityvalues. Furthermore, pulse wave velocity was not significantly correlated with fasting plasma glucose, but was correlated with increased 2h plasma glucose.Conclusions  Groups with impaired glucose tolerance and combined glucose intolerance had significantly higher brachio‐ankle pulse wave velocity values compared with the group with normal glucose tolerance. Although the group with impaired fasting glucose showed a marginal increase in pulse wave velocity values compared with the group with normal glucose tolerance, the difference was not significant. Thus impaired glucose tolerance, but not impaired fasting glucose, is a risk factor for early‐stage atherosclerosis.
Large artery biomechanics and diastolic dysfunctionin patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Soldatos G. , Jandeleit‐Dahm K. , Thomson H. , Formosa M. , D’orsa K. , Calkin A. C. , Cooper M. E. , Ahimastos A. A. , Kingwell B. A. 
Published: September 2010

Diabet. Med. 28, 54–60 (2011)AbstractAims  To comprehensively characterize large artery biomechanical properties and examine their relationship to cardiac function in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).Methods  Fifty‐five individuals with Type 2 DM were compared with 66 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects. Arterial biomechanical properties were assessed by systemic arterial compliance (SAC; two‐element Windkessel model), carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (PWVc‐f), femoral–dorsalis pedis pulse wave velocity (PWVf‐d) and carotid augmentation index. Cardiac structure and function were assessed by echocardiography.Results  Individuals with Type 2 DM had lower SAC and higher PWVc‐f when compared with the healthy population. The PWVc‐f was significantly lower than the PWVf‐d in control individuals, but this difference was not evident in individuals with Type 2 DM due to higher PWVc‐f. Augmentation index was similar in both groups, but the time to the first systolic inflection (time to reflection) was shorter in the individuals with Type 2 DM. The individuals with Type 2 DM had a greater prevalence of diastolic abnormalities when compared with the control group. Arterial stiffness indices, including SAC and pulse pressure, correlated with left ventricular filling pressure (defined as peak velocity during early diastolic filling divided by the velocity of movement of the mitral valve annulus in early diastole; r= −0.33 and 0.36 respectively.Conclusions  Patients with Type 2 DM on standard medication showed preferential stiffening of the large central arteries. However, carotid augmentation index was not different between the two groups and is therefore not a reliable indicator of large artery stiffening in this patient group. Diastolic dysfunction, present in a significant proportion of this population with Type 2 DM, was closely associated with arterial stiffening, suggesting a common aetiology.
Personality and Persona: Personality Processes in Self‐Presentation
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Allen Ashley Batts 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article examines the role that personality variables and processes play in people's efforts to manage their public images. Although most research on self‐presentation has focused on situational influences, people differ greatly in the degree to which they care about others’ impressions of them, the types of impressions they try to convey, and their evaluations of their self‐presentational effectiveness. Personality constructs such as public self‐consciousness, approval motivation, and fear of negative evaluation are associated with the motive to manage one's impressions, and people who differ in self‐disclosure and desire for privacy differentially reveal information about themselves to others. Other variables relating to people's self‐concepts, interpersonal goals, and traits influence the construction of specific images. Finally, the extent to which people believe they are capable of making desired impressions influences their impression management strategies and how they respond to other people's evaluations.
Virtual Video Camera: Image‐Based Viewpoint Navigation Through Space and Time
Authors: Lipski C. , Linz C. , Berger K. , Sellent A. , Magnor M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract We present an image‐based rendering system to viewpoint‐navigate through space and time of complex real‐world, dynamic scenes. Our approach accepts unsynchronized, uncalibrated multivideo footage as input. Inexpensive, consumer‐grade camcorders suffice to acquire arbitrary scenes, for example in the outdoors, without elaborate recording setup procedures, allowing also for hand‐held recordings. Instead of scene depth estimation, layer segmentation or 3D reconstruction, our approach is based on dense image correspondences, treating view interpolation uniformly in space and time: spatial viewpoint navigation, slow motion or freeze‐and‐rotate effects can all be created in the same way. Acquisition simplification, integration of moving cameras, generalization to difficult scenes and space–time symmetric interpolation amount to a widely applicable virtual video camera system.
Efficient and Quality Contouring Algorithms on the GPU
Authors: Schmitz L. , Scheidegger L. F. , Osmari D. K. , Dietrich C. A. , Comba J. L. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInteractive isosurface extraction has recently become possible through successful efforts to map algorithms such as Marching Cubes (MC) and Marching Tetrahedra (MT) to modern Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) architectures. Other isosurfacing algorithms, however, are not so easily portable to GPUs, either because they involve more complex operations or because they are not based on discrete case tables, as is the case with most marching techniques. In this paper, we revisit the Dual Contouring (MC) and Macet isosurface extraction algorithms and propose, respectively: (i) a novel, efficient and parallelizable version of Dual Contouring and (ii) a set of GPU modules which extend the original Marching Cubes algorithm. Similar to marching methods, our novel technique is based on a case table, which allows for a very efficient GPU implementation. In addition, we enumerate and evaluate several alternatives to implement efficient contouring algorithms on the GPU, and present trade‐offs among all approaches. Finally, we validate the efficiency and quality of the tessellations produced in all these alternatives.
Linking credentialed skills, social class, working conditions and self‐reported health: a focus on health inequality‐generating mechanisms
Authors: Vanroelen Christophe , Levecque Katia , Moors Guy , Louckx Fred 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this study, focus is on the mechanisms linking credentialed skills and social class relations to five dimensions of occupational stressors and three self‐reported health outcomes: persistent fatigue, musculoskeletal complaints and emotional wellbeing. We test for direct health associations of skills/class. Moreover, indirect health associations of skills/class, through differential exposure to occupational stressors and effect modifications of the occupational stressors, are tested. A modified LISREL analysis is applied to a representative cross‐sectional sample of 11,099 Flemish wage‐earners. The direct health effects of credentialed skills/class are limited, but they are clearly indirectly related to the self‐reported health outcomes through differential exposure to occupational stressors. The indirect mechanisms point to both reinforcing and moderating effects on socio‐economic health inequalities. Two cases of effect modification are also observed: social class modifying the association between control and persistent fatigue; and skills affecting the association between the quality of social relations and emotional wellbeing. Differential exposure to occupational stressors is a crucial mechanism linking skills/class to socio‐economic health inequalities. Direct effects and effect modification of class/skills are relevant, but of limited importance. One of the effect modifications found suggests that a specific focus on contradictory class positions might be warranted in future research.
The Russian Federation: Confronting the special challenges of ageing and social security policy in an era of demographic crisis
Authors: Eberstadt Nicholas , Groth Hans 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on the Russian Federation's demographic crisis and the implications it holds for the ability of the Russian government (or the Russian people through their own efforts) to generate enough funds to provide a reasonable level of old‐age economic security. Although Russia's overall population profile structure stands to be broadly similar to that of other more‐developed societies, both today and in coming decades, the challenges of providing for an ageing population are far more acute for Russia than for typical Member States of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development. One factor that adds significantly to the problem is that working‐age Russians today suffer substantially worse health and higher mortality than residents of other countries at similar — and indeed even at much lower — levels of income. Although the arguments presented focus on pensions, the same factors that will make it difficult to supply adequate pensions also mean that other aspects of social protection will be similarly difficult to fulfil. Successful social security policy for Russia, consequently, will depend upon much more than social programmes alone: it will require the reduction of mortality rates for working‐age individuals, the revitalization of higher education, and fundamental reform of the country's institutions and economic policies.
An ageing workforce and strategic human resource management: Staffing challenges for social security administrations
Authors: McKinnon Roddy 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPublic‐service employment grew rapidly through the 1970s and early 1980s in the high‐income countries. During this period, the social protection sector was one of the areas that grew most extensively. Many of the public‐service employees hired during these years have retired or are soon to do so. As a consequence, social security administrations across the OECD area are set to lose significant proportions of their current staff across all grades over a relatively short time‐period. Despite calls for a greater use of strategic staff planning and a growing awareness of the challenges presented by an ageing public‐service workforce, public‐service organizations, including social security administrations, have been slow to react. This article addresses the human resource management challenges for social security administrations posed by an ageing public‐sector workforce, outlines proposed policy responses and assesses the difficulties of successfully implementing these in a systematic manner.
Social protection for migrants: The challenges of delivery in the context of changing migration flows
Authors: Sabates‐Wheeler Rachel , Koettl Johannes 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAccess to social protection differs widely among international migrants. This article focuses on the issue of earnings‐related contributions to social security programmes and their (frequent) lack of portability across borders — a problem that particularly affects South‐South migrants. Furthermore, attention is drawn to the fact that in many low‐income countries a lack of administrative capacity in the operation of social security programmes is often, in the first instance, a greater problem than the lack of portability of any potential earned rights to cash benefits provided under them. Commonly, the inability of migrants to benefit, both from social security programmes that are in place in the country of origin and in the host country detracts significantly from the well‐being and security of migrants and their families. The article concludes that South‐South migration must be understood as being significantly different from North‐North migration, where social protection issues are much more tractable.