bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is closely associated with the clinical and pathologic features of gastric cancer
Authors: Chung Hye Won , Lee Sang-Guk , Kim Heejung , Hong Duck Jin , Chung Jae Bock , Stroncek David , Lim Jong-Baeck 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a newly recognized factor regulating cancer cell tumorigenesis, expansion and invasion. We investigated the correlation between the serum HMGB1 levels and the clinical and pathologic features of gastric cancer and evaluated the validity of HMGB1 as a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of gastric cancer.

Methods
A total of 227 subjects were classified into 5 disease groups according to the 'gastritis-dysplasia-carcinoma' sequence of gastric carcinogenesis and their serum levels of HMGB1 were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Clinical parameters, International Union Against Cancer (UICC) TNM stage, cancer size, differentiation or lymphatic invasion, vascular or perineural invasion and prognosis were used as analysis variables.

Results
The serum HMGB1 levels were significantly different among disease groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05) and HMGB1 levels tended to increase according to the progression of gastric carcinogenesis. Serum HMGB1 levels were significantly associated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, and poor prognosis (p < 0.05). However, HMGB1 levels were not associated with patient gender or age, differentiation of tumor cells, or lymphatic, vascular and perineural invasion, or the existence of distant metastasis in advanced cancer (p > 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of serum HMGB1 was 71% and 67% (cut-off value of 5 ng/ml) for the diagnosis of early gastric cancer, and 70% and 64% (cut-off value of 4 ng/ml) for the diagnosis of high-risk lesions, respectively. These values were greater than those for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (30–40% of sensitivity).

Conclusion
HMGB1 appears to be a useful serological biomarker for early diagnosis as well as evaluating the tumorigenesis, stage, and prognosis of gastric cancer.
Computational investigation of epithelial cell dynamic phenotype in vitro
Authors: Kim Sean HJ , Park Sunwoo , Mostov Keith , Debnath Jayanta , Hunt C Anthony 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
When grown in three-dimensional (3D) cultures, epithelial cells typically form cystic organoids that recapitulate cardinal features of in vivo epithelial structures. Characterizing essential cell actions and their roles, which constitute the system's dynamic phenotype, is critical to gaining deeper insight into the cystogenesis phenomena.

Methods
Starting with an earlier in silico epithelial analogue (ISEA1) that validated for several Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell culture attributes, we built a revised analogue (ISEA2) to increase overlap between analogue and cell culture traits. Both analogues used agent-based, discrete event methods. A set of axioms determined ISEA behaviors; together, they specified the analogue's operating principles. A new experimentation framework enabled tracking relative axiom use and roles during simulated cystogenesis along with establishment of the consequences of their disruption.

Results
ISEA2 consistently produced convex cystic structures in a simulated embedded culture. Axiom use measures provided detailed descriptions of the analogue's dynamic phenotype. Dysregulating key cell death and division axioms led to disorganized structures. Adhering to either axiom less than 80% of the time caused ISEA1 to form easily identified morphological changes. ISEA2 was more robust to identical dysregulation. Both dysregulated analogues exhibited characteristics that resembled those associated with an in vitro model of early glandular epithelial cancer.

Conclusion
We documented the causal chains of events, and their relative roles, responsible for simulated cystogenesis. The results stand as an early hypothesis–a theory–of how individual MDCK cell actions give rise to consistently roundish, cystic organoids.
CANnabinoid Receptor Type 2 Activation Induces a Microglial Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype and Reduces Migration via MKP Induction and ERK Dephosphorylation
Authors: Romero-Sandoval Edgar Alfonso , Horvath Ryan , Landry Russell P , DeLeo Joyce A 
Published: May 2009

Background Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CBR2) inhibits microglial reactivity through a molecular mechanism yet to be elucidated. We hypothesized that CBR2 activation induces an anti-inflammatory phenotype in microglia by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, via mitogen-activated protein kinase-phosphatase (MKP) induction. MKPs regulate mitogen activated protein kinases, but their role in the modulation of microglial phenotype is not fully understood. Results JWH015 (a CBR2 agonist) increased MKP-1 and MKP-3 expression, which in turn reduced p-ERK1/2 in LPS-stimulated primary microglia. These effects resulted in a significant reduction of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) expression and microglial migration. We confirmed the causative link of these findings by using MKP inhibitors. We found that the selective inhibition of MKP-1 by Ro-31-8220 and PSI2106, did not affect p-ERK expression in LPS+JWH015-treated microglia. However, the inhibition of both MKP-1 and MKP-3 by triptolide induced an increase in p-ERK expression and in microglial migration using LPS+JWH015-treated microglia. Conclusion Our results uncover a cellular microglial pathway triggered by CBR2 activation. These data suggest that the reduction of pro-inflammatory factors and microglial migration via MKP-3 induction is part of the mechanism of action of CBR2 agonists. These findings may have clinical implications for further drug development.
DNA-like class R inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs) preferentially block autoantigen-induced B-cell and dendritic cell activation in vitro and autoantibody production in lupus-prone MRL-Fas
lpr/lpr
mice in vivo
Authors: Lenert Petar , Yasuda Kei , Busconi Liliana , Nelson Patrice , Fleenor Courtney , Ratnabalasuriar Radhika S , Nagy Peter L , Ashman Robert F , Rifkin Ian R , Marshak-Rothstein Ann 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Introduction
B cells have many different roles in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ranging from autoantigen recognition and processing to effector functions (for example, autoantibody and cytokine secretion). Recent studies have shown that intracellular nucleic acid-sensing receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9, play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Dual engagement of rheumatoid factor-specific AM14 B cells through the B-cell receptor (BCR) and TLR7/9 results in marked proliferation of autoimmune B cells. Thus, strategies to preferentially block innate activation through TLRs in autoimmune B cells may be preferred over non-selective B-cell depletion.

Methods
We have developed a new generation of DNA-like compounds named class R inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs). We tested their effectiveness in autoimmune B cells and interferon-alpha-producing dendritic cells in vitro and in lupus-prone MRL-Fas
lpr/lpr
mice in vivo.

Results
Class R INH-ODNs have 10- to 30-fold higher inhibitory potency when autoreactive B cells are synergistically activated through the BCR and associated TLR7 or 9 than when stimulation occurs via non-BCR-engaged TLR7/9. Inhibition of TLR9 requires the presence of both CCT and GGG triplets in an INH-ODN, whereas the inhibition of the TLR7 pathway appears to be sequence-independent but dependent on the phosphorothioate backbone. This difference was also observed in the MRL-Fas
lpr/lpr
mice in vivo, where the prototypic class R INH-ODN was more effective in curtailing abnormal autoantibody secretion and prolonging survival.

Conclusions
The increased potency of class R INH-ODNs for autoreactive B cells and dendritic cells may be beneficial for lupus patients by providing pathway-specific inhibition yet allowing them to generate protective immune response when needed.
White matter microstructural impairments and genetic liability
to familial bipolar I disorder
Authors: Chaddock Christopher A. , Barker Gareth J. , Marshall Nicolette , Schulze Katja , Hall Mei Hua , Fern Adele , Walshe Muriel , Bramon Elvira , Chitnis Xavier A. , Murray Robin , McDonald Colm 
Published: May 2009

BackgroundSubtle abnormalities in frontal white matter have been reported in
bipolar disorder.AimsTo assess whether impaired integrity of white matter tracts is associated
with bipolar disorder and genetic liability for the disorder.MethodA total of 19 patients with psychotic bipolar I disorder from multiply
affected families, 21 unaffected first-degree relatives and 18 comparison
individuals (controls) underwent diffusion tensor imaging. Whole brain
voxel-based analyses compared fractional anisotropy between patients and
relatives with controls, and its relationship with a quantitative measure
of genetic liability.ResultsPatients had decreased fractional anisotropy compared with controls in
the genu of the corpus callosum, right inferior longitudinal fasciculus
and left superior longitudinal fasciculus. Increased genetic liability
for bipolar disorder was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy
across distributed regions of white matter in patients and their
unaffected relatives.ConclusionsDisturbed structural integrity within key intra- and interhemispheric
tracts characterises both bipolar disorder and genetic liability for this
illness.
Dual training in psychiatry: where now?
Authors: Oakley Clare , White Ollie , Bailey Sue 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThis is a time of rapid change in postgraduate training, the implications of which are wide ranging. This paper reviews the current situation regarding dual training in psychiatry. Included is an analysis of utilisation of dual training in psychiatric specialities gleaned via the College membership data and an examination of the current employment prospects in relation to dual training. the impact on dual training of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC), competency-based training and the possibility of a single Certificate of Completion of Training (CCT) in psychiatry is considered. Suggestions are then made for the way forward.
Mental health rehabilitation services in the UK in 2007
Authors: Mountain Debbie , Killaspy Helen , Holloway Frank 
Published: May 2009

Aims and MethodA survey of UK consultants in rehabilitation psychiatry was carried out to investigate current service provision and changes over the past 3 years.ResultsMost services had undergone multiple changes, with an overall reduction in over half and an overall expansion in a minority. the proportion with low secure provision had doubled. Around a third reported reinvestment of rehabilitation resources into other specialist in-patient and community services.Clinical ImplicationsRehabilitation services are undergoing rapid change with diversion of resources into services that may lack rehabilitation expertise. This risks an increase in independent sector referrals for in-patient rehabilitation for those with complex needs. Expansion of community services should be balanced against the need for local in-patient rehabilitation services.
Mental Capacity Act 2005: views and experiences of learning disability psychiatrists
Authors: Sawhney Indermeet , Mukhopadhyay Abir , Karki Chuda 
Published: May 2009

Aims and MethodPostal questionnaires were sent out to 66 learning disability psychiatrists to assess their knowledge and experience of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.ResultsA response rate of 55% (n = 36) was achieved; 22 (61%) respondents felt that patient care had improved; 16 (44%) felt workload had increased. Despite 79% (n = 23) of the respondents feeling that the training for the Act was adequate, only 19% (n = 7) were aware of the situations where patients had to be referred to the Independent Mental Capacity Advocate (IMCA) service and only 53% (n = 19) were aware that the Act currently does not cover patients who fall in the ‘Bournewood gap’.Clinical ImplicationsLearning disability psychiatrists are still not conversant with significant parts of the Act and this raises questions about the adequacy of the training delivered. Implementing the Act should improve patient care but will have implications for the workload of professionals.
New Ways not working? Psychiatrists' attitudes
Authors: Dale Jenny , Milner Gabrielle 
Published: May 2009

Aims and MethodA questionnaire survey of general adult psychiatric consultants and specialist registrars in the West Midlands was conducted to examine attitudes towards New Ways of Working (NWW) for psychiatrists; these were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. Participants were also asked about their own experiences of NWW. the data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U-test.ResultsThe response rate was 31.2%. Attitudes were generally negative, particularly regarding the effect on patient care, the erosion of the professional role of the consultant and effect on quality of work life. the attitudes of those who did not have any direct experience of working to the NWW models were more negative than those who had direct experience of NWW.Clinical ImplicationsThere are significant concerns about NWW among consultants and specialist registrars. There is a need for further debate and research with regard to the proposals.
Effect of brief motivational interviewing on stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness
Authors: Luty Jason , Umoh Okon , Nuamah Francis 
Published: May 2009

Aims and MethodStigmatised attitudes among the general public towards people with mental illness are one of the main factors delaying such people from seeking treatment, hindering their recovery and rehabilitation. Our aim was to devise a simple motivational interviewing technique to reduce stigmatised attitudes towards people with schizophrenia and substance misuse. We conducted a randomised paired-design trial of 100 adults subjected to a 10 min motivational interview to reduce their stigmatised attitudes; we used the Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ) to measure the effect of the various procedures on stigmatised attitudes.ResultsA small improvement in stigma scores was observed in attitudes towards people with alcoholism but not towards those with schizophrenia.Clinical ImplicationsA brief intervention involving motivational interviewing can be used to challenge the stigma of mental disorders.
Changes to the Mental Health and Mental Capacity Acts: implications for patients and professionals
Authors: Hall Ian , Ali Afia 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe new Mental Health Act 2007 for England and Wales has introduced substantial amendments to the 1983 Mental Health Act and has also amended the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Most provisions came into effect in November 2008. the introduction of supervised community treatment, changes to professional roles such as the role of ‘responsible clinician’, and the introduction of deprivation of liberty safeguards in the Mental Capacity Act are discussed. Many of the new safeguards in the Act are welcomed by clinicians and service user groups. However, other changes are more controversial and could potentially lead to an increase in the work load of clinicians.
Mediating wars and conflicts: North African TV audiences in the UK and the changing security landscape
Authors: Miladi Noureddine 
Published: May 2009

This article examines television audiences' perceptions of the war on terrorism and the war on Iraq coverage by western as well as Arab media. It looks at how bilingual North African viewers in the United Kingdom perceive news reporting and what issues they raise vis--vis the repercussions
of mediating the war on their everyday existence, hence on social change in this country. Informed by sixteen interviews and family discussions among North African families in London, and the influential theoretical discussion offered by Edward Said's Orientalism, Fukuyama's end of history
and others, this work seeks to find out the extent to which the media can be seen as agents of social control or social change? To what extent can media messages play a role in social stability or instability? What role can the news coverage audiences get on their television screens via satellite
or terrestrial services contribute to their integration or alienation in the society they live in?
This study reveals that there is a changing perception of people's identity, which has been the result of a perceived biased coverage of their causes and the British government's unjust foreign
policy in various parts of the Arab and Muslim world. Meanings of Britishness and the notion of belonging have become to be questioned among some of the respondents. Even those holding British citizenship feel they are becoming more and more second-class citizens, excluded and segregated against.
Also, the lack of trust and perception of bias vis--vis western media highlights my respondents' changing loyalty towards Arab satellite TV. Arab television channels headed by Al-Jazeera have been seen as sources of more accurate information with which Arab audiences wish to identify.
This
article also argues that the issues raised here by the media's war coverage will have long-term negative repercussions on this North African minority, as well as British society at large. Social change will be characterized by the possible exclusion of Arab and Muslim communities instead of
including them in the wider British society. The sense of security, which is salient in people's discussions, will probably dominate the feature of British public debates for years to come.
Smart Graphics in Medical VisualizationSmart Graphics in Medizinischen Visualisierungen
Authors: Muehler Konrad , Preim Bernhard 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Smart graphics techniques have a great potential in supporting medical treatment planning and education. In particular, the use of high-level knowledge and carefully selected default values reduces the interaction effort in exploring complex 3D data sets. Automatic viewpoint selection techniques may support the exploration of patient-specific 3D models. Camera movements and other animation techniques allow to emphasize important anatomic structures and convey complex spatial relations. Illustrative rendering techniques and smart visibility techniques enable the expressive visualization of nested surfaces which is important, e. g., to understand the location of a tumor inside an organ. General smart graphics techniques, however, have to be carefully adapted to support medical applications. In-depth discussions of usage scenarios, requirements, priorities and preferences are therefore a prerequisite for successful developments. In this paper, we give an overview of smart medical visualizations.
Sketch-Based Navigation in 3D Virtual EnvironmentsSkizzen-basierte Navigation in virtuellen 3D-Umgebungen
Authors: Hagedorn Benjamin , Döllner Jürgen 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Navigation represents a fundamental interaction technique for 3D virtual environments (3DVEs) — it enables users to explore the virtual world and to interact with its objects. For this, effective navigation techniques are required that take into account users and their goals. They also should prevent common problems of 3D navigation, such as an intricate camera control or “getting-lost” situations due to incoherent and confusing camera views. Smart navigation aims at this category of navigation techniques; it represents a special type of smart interaction and, thus, an essential element of smart graphics. This article presents the conceptual building blocks of smart navigation for 3DVEs and describes a navigation technique that allows for specifying navigation commands by sketches and gestures: Users sketch their navigation intentions on top of the perspective projection of the 3D scene; the system interprets these sketches regarding the affected scene geometry, as well as the spatial and temporal context. Based on this interpretation, navigation activities are derived and automatically performed. By providing assistance and automation, the smart navigation approach can substantially simplify user interfaces for 3DVEs and, thus, represents an essential component for novel applications of 3DVEs, e. g., based on touch-sensitive displays.
Parametrisierte Ansätze für schwere Graphprobleme: Algorithmen und ExperimenteAlgorithms and Experiments for Parameterized Approaches to Hard Graph Problems
Authors: Hüffner Falk 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
Viele kombinatorische Probleme aus der Praxis sind NP-schwer; zu ihrer Lösung werden meist Heuristiken verwendet. Parametrisierte Komplexität ist ein neuerer Ansatz, der versucht, Strukturen von Praxisinstanzen auszunutzen. Ziel der Arbeit war es zu belegen, dass parametrisierte Komplexität, und insbesondere neuartige algorithmische Techniken, deren Entwicklung auf dieses Konzept zurückgeht, tatsächlich zu einsetzbaren Programmen für die exakte Lösung von Praxisinstanzen führt. Wir zeigen dies hier am Beispiel der Graphprobleme Clique Cover und Minimum-Weight Path, die Anwendungen in der Bioinformatik und anderen Gebieten haben.
Map-Based Cloning of the Gene Associated With the Soybean Maturity Locus E3
Authors: Watanabe Satoshi , Hideshima Rumiko , Xia Zhengjun , Tsubokura Yasutaka , Sato Shusei , Nakamoto Yumi , Yamanaka Naoki , Takahashi Ryoji , Ishimoto Masao , Anai Toyoaki , Tabata Satoshi , Harada Kyuya 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Photosensitivity plays an essential role in the response of plants to their changing environments throughout their life cycle. In soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill], several associations between photosensitivity and maturity loci are known, but only limited information at the molecular level is available. The FT3 locus is one of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for flowering time that corresponds to the maturity locus E3. To identify the gene responsible for this QTL, a map-based cloning strategy was undertaken. One phytochrome A gene (GmPhyA3) was considered a strong candidate for the FT3 locus. Allelism tests and gene sequence comparisons showed that alleles of Misuzudaizu (FT3/FT3; JP28856) and Harosoy (E3/E3; PI548573) were identical. The GmPhyA3 alleles of Moshidou Gong 503 (ft3/ft3; JP27603) and L62-667 (e3/e3; PI547716) showed weak or complete loss of function, respectively. High red/far-red (R/FR) long-day conditions enhanced the effects of the E3/FT3 alleles in various genetic backgrounds. Moreover, a mutant line harboring the nonfunctional GmPhyA3 flowered earlier than the original Bay (E3/E3; PI553043) under similar conditions. These results suggest that the variation in phytochrome A may contribute to the complex systems of soybean flowering response and geographic adaptation.