bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytochemical and cytological properties of perineuronal oligodendrocytes in the mouse cortex
Authors: Takasaki Chihiro , Yamasaki Miwako , Uchigashima Motokazu , Konno Kohtarou , Yanagawa Yuchio , Watanabe Masahiko 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNeuronal cell bodies are associated with glial cells collectively referred to as perineuronal satellite cells. One such satellite cell is the perineuronal oligodendrocyte, which is unmyelinating oligodendrocytes attaching to large neurons in various neural regions. However, little is known about their cellular characteristics and function. In this study, we identified perineuronal oligodendrocytes as 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase‐positive cells attaching to neuronal perikarya immunostained for microtubule‐associated protein 2, and examined their cytochemical and cytological properties in the mouse cerebral cortex. 2′,3′‐Cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase‐positive perineuronal oligodendrocytes were immunonegative to representative glial markers for astrocytes (brain‐type lipid binding protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglia (Iba‐1) and NG2+ glia. However, almost all perineuronal oligodendrocytes expressed glia‐specific or glia‐enriched metabolic enzymes, i.e. the creatine synthetic enzyme S‐adenosylmethionine:guanidinoacetate N‐methyltransferase and l‐serine biosynthetic enzyme 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. As to molecules participating in the glutamate–glutamine cycle, none of the perineuronal oligodendrocytes expressed the plasmalemmal glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT‐1, although nearly half of the perineuronal oligodendrocytes were immunopositive for glutamine synthetase. Cytologically, perineuronal oligodendrocytes were mainly distributed in deep cortical layers (layers IV–VI), and attached directly and tightly to neuronal cell bodies, making a long concave impression to the contacting neurons. Interestingly, they attached more to glutamatergic principal neurons than to GABAergic interneurons, and this became evident at postnatal day 14, when the cerebral cortex develops and maturates. These cytochemical and cytological properties suggest that perineuronal oligodendrocytes are so differentiated as to fulfill metabolic support to the associating principal cortical neurons, rather than to regulate their synaptic transmission.
Self‐organization of repetitive spike patterns in developing neuronal networks in vitro
Authors: Sun Jyh‐Jang , Kilb Werner , Luhmann Heiko J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe appearance of spontaneous correlated activity is a fundamental feature of developing neuronal networks in vivo and in vitro. To elucidate whether the ontogeny of correlated activity is paralleled by the appearance of specific spike patterns we used a template‐matching algorithm to detect repetitive spike patterns in multi‐electrode array recordings from cultures of dissociated mouse neocortical neurons between 6 and 15 days in vitro (div). These experiments demonstrated that the number of spiking neurons increased significantly between 6 and 15 div, while a significantly synchronized network activity appeared at 9 div and became the main discharge pattern in the subsequent div. Repetitive spike patterns with a low complexity were first observed at 8 div. The number of repetitive spike patterns in each dataset as well as their complexity and recurrence increased during development in vitro. The number of links between neurons implicated in repetitive spike patterns, as well as their strength, showed a gradual increase during development. About 8% of the spike sequences contributed to more than one repetitive spike patterns and were classified as core patterns. These results demonstrate for the first time that defined neuronal assemblies, as represented by repetitive spike patterns, appear quite early during development in vitro, around the time synchronized network burst become the dominant network pattern. In summary, these findings suggest that dissociated neurons can self‐organize into complex neuronal networks that allow reliable flow and processing of neuronal information already during early phases of development.
Thalamic projections to the macaque caudal ventrolateral prefrontal areas 45A and 45B
Authors: Contini Massimo , Baccarini Matteo , Borra Elena , Gerbella Marzio , Rozzi Stefano , Luppino Giuseppe 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe studied the sources of thalamic projections to the caudal ventrolateral prefrontal areas 45A and 45B, which display markedly distinct cortical connections [M. Gerbella et al. (2010) Cereb. Cortex, 20, 141–168], and compared them with those to area 8/FEF (frontal eye field). Both areas 45A and 45B were the targets of highly predominant projections from the mediodorsal nucleus (MD) and of additional projections, mostly from the magnocellular ventral anterior and the medial pulvinar nucleus. The projection profiles from different MD subdivisions clearly distinguished these two areas from one another and from area 8/FEF. Area 45A was the target of predominant projections from parvicellular MD and of minor, albeit robust, projections from magnocellular MD. The opposite was true for area 45B: magnocellular MD was the major source of projections and parvicellular MD contributed minor, albeit robust, projections. Furthermore, area 45B, but not area 45A, was targeted by robust projections from multiform MD, the principal thalamic nucleus for area 8/FEF. These results provide further evidence for the distinctiveness of areas 45A and 45B, and support the idea that area 45B is affiliated with the frontal oculomotor system, challenging the proposed homology of this area with part of the human language‐related area 45 (rostral part of Broca’s region). Furthermore, the present data provide evidence for potentially robust trans‐thalamic (via magnocellular MD) afferent, as well as direct and reciprocal, amygdaloid connections of areas 45A and 45B, suggesting the contribution of emotional information to the differential role of these two areas in non‐spatial information processing.
Chronic activation of the D2 autoreceptor inhibits both glutamate and dopamine synapse formation and alters the intrinsic properties of mesencephalic dopamine neurons in vitro
Authors: Fasano C. , Kortleven C. , Trudeau L.‐E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDysfunctional dopamine (DA)‐mediated signaling is implicated in several diseases including Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Chronic treatment with DA receptor agonists or antagonists is often used in pharmacotherapy, but the consequences of these treatments on DA neuron function are unclear. It was recently demonstrated that chronic D2 autoreceptor (D2R) activation in DA neurons decreases DA release and inhibits synapse formation. Given that DA neurons can establish synapses that release glutamate in addition to DA, we evaluated the synapse specificity of the functional and structural plasticity induced by chronic D2R activation. We show that chronic activation of the D2R with quinpirole in vitro caused a parallel decrease in the number of dopaminergic and glutamatergic axon terminals. The capacity of DA neurons to synthesize DA was not altered, as indicated by the lack of change in protein kinase A‐mediated Ser(40) phosphorylation of tyrosine hydroxylase. However, the spontaneous firing rate of DA neurons was decreased and was associated with altered intrinsic properties as revealed by a prolonged latency to first spike after release from hyperpolarization. Moreover, D2R function was decreased after its chronic activation. Our results demonstrate that chronic activation of the D2R induces a complex neuronal reorganization involving the inhibition of both DA and glutamate synapse formation and an alteration in electrical activity, but not in DA synthesis. A better understanding of D2R‐induced morphological and functional long‐term plasticity may lead to improved pharmacotherapy of DA‐related neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Creating Mountains out of Mole Hills: Automatic Identification of Hills and Ranges Using Morphometric Analysis
Authors: Chaudhry Omair Z , Mackaness William A 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between scale of observation and landform features and their representation in map form. The research is premised on the idea that large scale features are defined by the smaller features that comprise them (that mountain ranges are a collection of clustered yet individually identifiable mountains or hills). In preference to subjective selection of the higher order features, we propose a methodology for automatically discerning mountain ranges as well as the smaller hills that constitute them. A mountainous region can be defined by its prominence (relative height among surrounding features) and various morphological characteristics including the variability in morphology. The algorithm presented here uses derivatives of elevation and the density of morphological properties in order to automatically identify individual hills or mountains and ranges together with their extents. Being able to create generalised views of landscape morphology is considered to be part of the model generalisation process and is an essential prerequisite to spatial query and to the cartographic portrayal of these features at a range of scales (levels of detail). For the purposes of evaluation the algorithm was applied to the hills around Edinburgh city and the hills and ranges around Fort William, Scotland. The research reflects on the challenge of defining the subjective nature of what is a ‘hill’ or a ‘mountain’, but reminds us that a map seeks to capture the essence and characteristic form of the landscape – something that is necessarily fuzzy and scale dependent.
THEOLOGICAL ETHICS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE: A BIOCULTURAL APPROACH
Authors: Hogue Michael S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.This article examines an orientation for thinking theologically and ethically about the cultural pattern of technology and a vision for living responsibly within it. Building upon and joining select insights of philosophers Hans Jonas and Albert Borgmann, I recommend the analytic and evaluative leverage to be gained through development of an integrative biocultural theological anthropology.
GOLEMS IN THE BIOTECH CENTURY
Authors: Sherwin Byron L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.The legend of the golem, the creation of life through mystical and magical means, is the most famous postbiblical Jewish legend. After noting recent references to the golem legend in fiction, film, art, and scientific literature, I outline three stages of the development of the legend, including its relationship to the story of Frankenstein. I apply teachings about the golem in classical Jewish religious literature to implications of the legend for ethical issues relating to bioengineering, reproductive biotechnology, robotics, artificial intelligence, artificial life, and corporate ethics. The golem legend emerges as a source of prudent guidance through the minefield of ethical and spiritual problems emerging from current and expected developments in biotechnology.
BIOMEDICAL ETHICS: MUSLIM PERSPECTIVES ON GENETIC MODIFICATION
Authors: Al‐Hayani Fatima Agha 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Technology pertaining to genetically modified foods has created an abundance of food and various methods to protect new products and enhance productivity. However, many scientists, economists, and humanitarians have been critical of the application of these discoveries. They are apprehensive about a profit‐driven mentality that, to them, seems to propel the innovators rather than a poverty‐elimination mentality that should be behind such innovations. The objectives should be to afford the most benefit to those in need and to prevent hunger around the world. Another major concern is the safety of genetically modified food. Muslims, as well as those in other religious communities, have been reactive rather than proactive. Muslims must connect scientific knowledge and ethical behavior based on faith. In Islam, there is no divide between the two. God has commanded us to seek knowledge and make discoveries to better our lives and our environment. We are trustees of this world and everything in it. The poor, the sick, and the wayfarers have a right to be fed and cared for. God reminds Muslims continuously that the earth and all the heavens belong to God; therefore, no one should feel hunger, no one should suffer or be prevented from sharing this bounty.
C. S. PEIRCE, G. W. F. HEGEL, AND STUART KAUFFMAN'S COMPLEXITY THEORY: A RESPONSE
Authors: Cuff Joyce M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Stuart Kauffman's work on complexity and self‐organization echoes ideas found in writings of C. S. Peirce and G. W. F. Hegel. Included in these common threads are the understanding of science as historical narrative, the recognition of emergence as a phenomenon associated with complex systems, and the appreciation of agency as an emergent property that serves as both a creative and determining force in evolution.
TAKING THE SUPER OUT OF THE SUPERNATURAL
Authors: Marsh Leslie 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Metaphysical dualities divorce humankind from its natural environment, dualities that can precipitate environmental disaster. Loyal Rue in Religion Is Not About God (2005) seeks to resolve the abstract modalities of religion and naturalism in a unified monistic ecocentric metaphysic characterized as religious naturalism. Rue puts forward proposals for a general naturalistic theory of religion, a theory that lays bare the structural and functional features of religious phenomena as the critical first step on the road to badly needed religion‐science realignment. Only then will humanity be equipped to address the environmental imperative.
RELIGIOUS NATURALISM—WHERE DOES IT LEAD?
Authors: Rue Loyal 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.I respond to the four symposiasts who commented on my recent book Religion Is Not About God (2005)—religious studies scholars Donald Braxton and David Klemm, philosopher William Rottschaefer, and cognitive scientist Leslie Marsh. Various general and specific points relative to the nature of religion and the future of religion are either clarified or defended. Among the issues that receive attention are (1) the status and adequacy of my proposals for religious naturalism: Can it motivate wholeness, and is it finally a form of pantheism? (2) ritual practices, particularly those of Christianity, reinterpreted within the framework of religious naturalism; and (3) the adequacy of any naturalistic position to account for subjective properties of consciousness.
A CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY OF EVOLUTION AND PARTICIPATION
Authors: Creegan Nicola Hoggard 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Recent controversies surrounding the discernment of design in the natural world are an indication of a pervasive disquiet among believers. Can God as creator/sustainer of creation be reconcilable with the belief that God's work is indiscernible behind secondary evolutionary causes? Christian piety requires that the order experienced in the natural world be evidence of God's love and existence. Theistic evolutionary models rarely examine this matter, assuming that God is indiscernible in the processes and order of the world because only secondary causes can be examined. This leaves antievolutionary perspectives to interpret and address the problem of seeing God in the world. I examine these issues in order to gain more credibility for the religious longing to discern God in nature while at the same time affirming the indubitable truth of an evolutionary history. I argue that God's trinitarian nature, hiddenness, and incarnation give us reason to believe that God's presence in the natural world will be discernible, but only within the natural processes, and thereby only in an obscured fashion. I also argue that newer understandings of evolutionary mechanisms are more consistent with theological appropriation than are strictly Darwinian ones.
THE SENSE OF THE BEAUTIFUL AND APOPHATIC THOUGHT: EMPIRICAL BEING AS IKON
Authors: Rhodes Michael Craig 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.This essay is an interdisciplinary study of beauty that attempts to bridge the gap between religion/theology and science in some measure by drawing from Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 500) a notion of being that I argue is consonant with the notion of the sense of the beautiful, which I develop using Steven Weinberg's and Werner Heisenberg's discussions of empirical beauty. I use the term ikon to refer concisely to Dionysius' theophanic notion of being, namely, that the beyond‐being is nonsubstantially present in being.
Cross‐Species Chimeras: Exploring a Possible Christian Perspective
Authors: Cobbe Neville 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Various entities that combine material from humans and other animals at either the cellular or subcellular level have attracted growing public interest. I explore the controversy by considering both the scientific rationale behind creating various entities that have prompted the greatest public concern and possible ethical implications. I note a number of potentially relevant biblical passages and reflect on the imago Dei and considerations of telos in order to prompt wider discussion regarding how Christians might respond to such emerging bioethical issues.
Synapses, Schizophrenia, and Civilization: What Made Homo Sapient?
Authors: Page Lyman A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Progress in technology has allowed dynamic research on the development of the human brain that has revolutionized concepts. Particularly, the notions of plasticity, neuronal selection, and the effects of afferent stimuli have entered into thinking about brain development. Here I focus on development from the age of four years to early adulthood, during which a 30 percent reduction in some brain synapses occurs that is out of proportion to changes in neuronal numbers. This corresponds temporally with changes in normal child behavior from the loose‐associative, almost schizoid, thinking and art of the four‐year‐old to the more trained, or disciplined, or acculturated—and restrained—personality of the young adult. I propose that the synaptic changes can best be thought of as a winnowing process likely subject to environmental influences. Acquisition of language and the ability to link linguistic cognition to the plastic development of the brain provide a potentially powerful means of explaining the evolutionally explosive development of human cognition and culture. Schizophrenia, a disease that can be envisioned as representing a derangement of synaptic maturation, may provide an entry into the search for genes controlling the processes mediating the unprecedented development of Homo sapiens over the past 40,000 to 70,000 years. The recently completed mapping of the genome of the chimpanzee provides a new frame of reference that may speed the search.
Reflections upon the development of a dementia screening service for individuals with Down’s syndrome across the Hyndburn and Ribble Valley Area
Authors: Cairns Victoria , Lamb Isobel , Smith Esther 
Published: September 2010

Accessible summary

People with Down’s Syndrome are at a high risk of developing dementia, and as such research encourages services to take a proactive approach by providing baseline and regular screening assessments to this population.
This paper provides a description of the process of development of the Down’s Syndrome and Dementia Service currently operating in the Hyndburn and Ribble Valley area of East Lancashire.
A reflection on experiences of the service 12 months after the addition of a full‐time Assistant Psychologist and input from an Older Adults Consultant Psychiatrist is also discussed.

SummaryThe high prevalence of dementia in individuals with Down’s syndrome has led learning disability services in the Hyndburn and Ribble Valley (HRV) area to develop a screening service to address this need; this paper offers reflections upon this process by its members after the first 12 months of operation. A multidisciplinary team comprising professionals from Learning Disability Psychology, Learning Disability Speech and Language Therapy, Learning Disability Community Nursing and Older Adults Psychiatry has developed, and begun to implement, screening care pathways. The service conducts routine screening assessments, provides intervention for individuals where concerns arise and delivers training to carers. At the point of writing, 27 service users have received screening assessments and six have been identified as at moderate–high risk of developing dementia. Reflection and feedback has highlighted issues for consideration throughout the service development process, and an evaluation of the training provided by the service has found this to be effective in increasing carers understanding about dementia and learning disabilities. Considerations for the future development are discussed.
The Child Behavior Checklist‐Dysregulation Profile predicts substance use, suicidality, and functional impairment: a longitudinal analysis
Authors: Holtmann Martin , Buchmann Arlette F. , Esser Guenter , Schmidt Martin H. , Banaschewski Tobias , Laucht Manfred 
Published: September 2010

Background:  Recent studies have identified a Child Behavior Checklist profile that characterizes children with severe affective and behavioral dysregulation (CBCL‐dysregulation profile, CBCL‐DP). In two recent longitudinal studies the CBCL‐DP in childhood was associated with heightened rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, among them bipolar disorder, an increased risk for suicidality, and marked psychosocial impairment at young‐adult follow‐up. This is the first study outside the US that examines the longitudinal course of the CBCL‐DP.Methods:  We studied the diagnostic and functional trajectories and the predictive utility of the CBCL‐DP in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an epidemiological cohort study on the outcome of early risk factors from birth into adulthood. A total of 325 young adults (151 males, 174 females) participated in the 19‐year assessment.Results:  Young adults with a higher CBCL‐DP score in childhood were at increased risk for substance use disorders, suicidality and poorer overall functioning at age 19, even after adjustment for parental education, family income, impairment and psychiatric disorders at baseline. Childhood dysregulation was not related to bipolar disorder in young adulthood. The CBCL‐DP was neither a precursor of a specific pattern of comorbidity nor of comorbidity in general.Conclusions:  Children with high CBCL‐DP values are at risk for later severe, psychiatric symptomatology. The different developmental trajectories suggest that the CBCL‐DP is not simply an early manifestation of a single disease process but might rather be an early developmental risk marker of a persisting deficit of self‐regulation of affect and behavior.