bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delinquent peer affiliation as an etiological moderator of childhood delinquency
Authors: Burt S. A. , Klump K. L. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundPrior research has indicated that affiliation with delinquent peers activates genetic influences on delinquency during adolescence. However, because other studies have indicated that the socializing effects of delinquent peers vary dramatically across childhood and adolescence, it is unclear whether delinquent peer affiliation (DPA) also moderates genetic influences on delinquency during childhood.MethodThe current study sought to evaluate whether and how DPA moderated the etiology of delinquency in a sample of 726 child twins from the Michigan State University Twin Registry (MSUTR).ResultsThe results robustly supported etiological moderation of childhood delinquency by DPA. However, this effect was observed for shared environmental, rather than genetic, influences. Shared environmental influences on delinquency were found to be several-fold larger in those with higher levels of DPA as compared to those with lower levels. This pattern of results persisted even when controlling for the overlap between delinquency and DPA.ConclusionsOur findings bolster prior work in suggesting that, during childhood, the association between DPA and delinquency is largely (although not solely) attributable to the effects of socialization as compared to selection. They also suggest that the process of etiological moderation is not specific to genetic influences. Latent environmental influences are also amenable to moderation by measured environmental factors.
Impact of vegetation die‐off on spatial flow patterns over a tidal marsh
Authors: Temmerman Stijn , Moonen Pieter , Schoelynck Jonas , Govers Gerard , Bouma Tjeerd J. 
Published: January 2012

Large‐scale die‐off of tidal marsh vegetation, caused by global change, is expected to change flow patterns over tidal wetlands, and hence to affect valuable wetland functions such as reduction of shoreline erosion, attenuation of storm surges, and sedimentation in response to sea level rise. This study quantified for the first time the effects of large‐scale (4 ha) artificial vegetation removal, as proxy of die‐off, on the spatial flow patterns through a tidal marsh channel and over the surrounding marsh platform. After vegetation removal, the flow velocities measured on the platform increased by a factor of 2 to 4, while the channel flow velocities decreased by almost a factor of 3. This was associated with a change in flow directions on the platform, from perpendicular to the channel edges when vegetation was present, to a tendency of more parallel flow to the channel edges when vegetation was absent. Comparison with hydrodynamic model simulations explains that the vegetation‐induced friction causes both flow reduction on the vegetated platform and flow acceleration towards the non‐vegetated channels. Our findings imply that large‐scale vegetation die‐off would not only result in decreased platform sedimentation rates, but also in sediment infilling of the channels, which together would lead to further worsening of plant growth conditions and a potentially runaway feedback to permanent vegetation loss.
An improved model of the lightning electromagnetic field interaction with the D‐region ionosphere
Authors: Marshall R. A. 
Published: January 2012

We present an improved time‐domain model of the lightning electromagnetic pulse (EMP) interaction with the lower ionosphere. This improved model inherently accounts for the Earth's curvature, includes an arbitrary number of ion species, and uses a convolutional Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) boundary. We apply an improved model of electron heating due to the lightning EMP and electrostatic fields, and we include ionization, attachment, and detachment. In addition to modeling lightning, this model can be used for long‐distance VLF wave propagation in the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide, heating of the lower ionosphere by VLF transmitters, and heating in the F‐region ionosphere by lightning. In this paper we present three initial results of this model. First, we compare results of ionospheric heating and electron density disturbances with and without electron detachment taken into account. We find that detachment is important only for the QE effects on time scales longer than 1 ms. Second, we find a simple explanation for the recently‐reported “elve doublets”, which we find are an effect of the rise and fall times of the lightning waveform. In particular, we find that all elves are doublets, and the rise and fall times of the current pulse control the brightness and separation in time of the two successive halves of the elve. Third, we find a similar simple explanation for “ring” sprites, whole columns appear in a circle symmetric around the discharge axis. We find that ring sprites can be initiated for particular current waveforms, where the QE and EMP fields in the mesosphere produce a maximum reduced field away from the discharge axis.
WITHDRAWN: Parameterization of Rainfall Models with 1 Emphasis on Extremes
Authors: Veneziano Daniele , Lepore Chiara 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTemporal rainfall is usually represented as a series of storms with different duration D and average intensity ID, separated by dry periods. Inside each storm, rainfall intensity fluctuates, producing different average values Id in different intervals of duration d ≤ D. We consider storm models of this type to predict the distribution of the annual maximum of Id. Of special importance is the dependence of the upper tails of ID and Id on D and (d, D, ID), respectively. From the analysis of 23 hourly rainfall records, we conclude that all marginal and conditional upper tails of ID and Id have lognormal shape. The upper tail of Id is largely independent of D and is the same as the upper tail of ID for D = d. Both tail distributions scale in a multifractal way with duration. These findings greatly simplify the parameterization of the model and the estimation of rainfall extremes. We compare extreme rainfall results from this model with those produced by methods that use only the marginal upper tail of Id and the number of wet d intervals in one year, and with the empirical distributions from the historical annual maxima.
Green tea polyphenol EGCG induces lipid-raft clustering and apoptotic cell death by activating protein kinase Cδ and acid sphingomyelinase through a 67 kDa laminin receptor in multiple myeloma cells
Authors: Tsukamoto Shuntaro , Hirotsu Keisuke , Kumazoe Motofumi , Goto Yoko , Sugihara Kaori , Suda Takafumi , Tsurudome Yukari , Suzuki Takashi , Yamashita Shuya , Kim Yoonhee , Huang Yuhui , Yamada Koji , Tachibana Hirofumi 
Published: January 2012

EGCG [(−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate], the major polyphenol of green tea, has cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities. EGCG selectively inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in cancer cells without adversely affecting normal cells; however, the underlying molecular mechanism in vivo is unclear. In the present study, we show that EGCG-induced apoptotic activity is attributed to a lipid-raft clustering mediated through 67LR (67 kDa laminin receptor) that is significantly elevated in MM (multiple myeloma) cells relative to normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and that aSMase (acid sphingomyelinase) is critical for the lipid-raft clustering and the apoptotic cell death induced by EGCG. We also found that EGCG induces aSMase translocation to the plasma membrane and PKCδ (protein kinase Cδ) phosphorylation at Ser664, which was necessary for aSMase/ceramide signalling via 67LR. Additionally, orally administered EGCG activated PKCδ and aSMase in a murine MM xenograft model. These results elucidate a novel cell-death pathway triggered by EGCG for the specific killing of MM cells.
Growth, Survival, and Body Composition of Sunshine Bass after a Feeding and Fasting Experiment
Authors: Bowzer John , Dabrowski Konrad , Ware Kyle , Ostaszewska Teresa , Kamaszewski Maciej , Botero Monica 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
There is continuous interest in experimental, semipurified diet formulations and in the formulation of practical, inexpensive diets for grow out of sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis). The effects of four diets on growth, survival, and body composition of sunshine bass after a feeding period (51 d) and a subsequent fasting period (14 d) were examined. To our knowledge, no previous sunshine bass feeding experiments have incorporated a fasting period to simulate the handling and acclimation conditions experienced by farmed fish that are stocked into new environments. Diets consisted of a high-nutrient commercial diet, a wheat-gluten-based practical diet, a semipurified diet (meeting standard nutrient requirements), and a frozen natural diet (chironomids). Fish were hand fed three times per day at 4% of body weight. At the end of the fasting period, samples were collected for histological analysis of the liver and posterior intestine. Survival was significantly lower for fish that were fed the semipurified diet than for fish given the other three diets. The greatest growth was achieved by fish that received the commercial diet. Body composition was significantly affected by diet, and protein was depleted at a greater rate than lipid during the fasting period. Analysis suggests that during this short fasting period, sunshine bass utilized protein and glycogen before using lipid. Liver sections from fish that were given the commercial diet showed that (1) the hepatocytes contained larger lipid deposits than were observed in the frozen chironomid diet group and (2) the nuclei of the hepatocytes were pushed to the cell wall. Sections of the posterior intestine revealed significant differences among dietary treatment groups in the height of folds and number of goblet cells.
Predictors of Walleye Growth and Survival in Michigan Hatchery Ponds
Authors: Knoll Marcy R , Galarowicz Tracy L 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Walleyes Sander vitreus are extensively cultured across Michigan, with highly variable success resulting in substantial differences in growth and survival. The present study was undertaken in 2005 and 2006 to determine the relationship between abiotic components (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient levels), prey (zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrate) availability, and stocking density in ponds in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the growth and survival of walleyes in these ponds. Besides fertilization of some of the ponds, there was no management of the ponds until harvest. Ponds were grouped by similarity of abiotic and biotic factors. Correlations among walleye length, weight, and stocking density, as well as between walleye percent survival and stocking density, provided contradictory results between years. Walleye growth and survival were correlated with planktonic prey densities and nutrient levels. Although these interactions among abiotic variables, prey availability, and walleye growth and survival exemplify the complexity of walleye culture at multiple geographic locations, nutrient and prey availability determine growth and survival across sites.
Quality Assessment of Wild Atlantic Sturgeon Semen under Conditions of Short-Term Storage
Authors: Dorsey Kathryn M , Guthrie H David , Welch Glenn R , Mohler Jerre , Theisen Daniel D , Siewerdt Frank , Vinyard Bryan T , Woods L Curry 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Short-term storage trials were conducted with semen of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus collected from a total of nine wild males during the 2008 and 2009 spawning seasons on the Hudson River. Semen samples were kept refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) and stored in different gaseous atmospheres and storage extenders. The gaseous environments included oxygen, nitrogen, and air, while the extender treatments included modified Tsvetkova (MT), Park and Chapman (PC), and undiluted. Analyses of four response variables—percent viable sperm (viability), percent motile sperm (motility), curvilinear velocity (VCL), and ATP content—were determined on the day of arrival in the laboratory and then every other day for 7 d in 2008 and 21 d in 2009. The experiments were conducted in a split-split-plot design to examine dilution treatment, gas atmosphere, and repeated measures across days, and linear analyses of covariance models were fit to the data after appropriate transformation. Storage of sperm in an oxygen atmosphere was superior to storage in a nitrogen atmosphere for all variables. Storage of semen in 100% or 21% (air) oxygen in PC did not lead to differences among variables except for viability; viability was maintained at more than 95% through 13 d, decreasing to 88% and 94% on day 21 in 100% oxygen and air, respectively. During the last 5 d survival in an air atmosphere was better than that in 100% oxygen. Motility decreased during the 21 d of storage and the decline was greater in undiluted than in PC-extended semen, decreasing from 85% on day 1 to approximately 21% and 47%, respectively, on day 21. We conclude that for Atlantic sturgeon semen storage, PC is the extender of choice and semen viability can be maintained for up to 21 d with some expectation of successful fertilization.
Water Quality in Tilapia Transport: From the Farm to the Retail Store
Authors: Colt John , Momoda Tracey , Chitwood Rob , Fornshell Gary , Schreck Carl 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus are routinely transported 1,200–1,400 km from Idaho to live markets in the greater Vancouver, British Columbia, area. Direct hauling mortality is typically very low, but significant economic losses occur during retail holding owing to a deterioration in physical appearance that results in fish that cannot be sold and their subsequent mortality. To address this problem, information was collected on hauling systems and protocols, holding systems and water management protocols, and water quality in the retail holding systems. During hauling, fish are exposed to high levels of dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bacteria. The transfer of fish from hauling systems to retail holding systems can subject them to rapid changes in temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH. Problem areas in retail holding include low water temperatures, high un-ionized ammonia concentrations, and elevated levels of gas supersaturation. Determination of the causes of high mortality in transportation and retail holding is difficult to clearly identify because of sampling difficulties and commercial restrictions; improvements in hauling protocols may depend on simulated hauling experiments followed by commercial verification.
Rapid Estimation of Gonad-to-Body Ratio in Eastern Oysters by Image Analysis
Authors: Quintana Roberto , Burnside Wesley M , Supan John E , Lynn John W , Tiersch Terrence R 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable method of quantifying the gonadal condition of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica based on a gonad-to-body ratio (GBR). The objectives were to compare a previously established transect method with three alternative computer-based image analysis (IA) methods based on acquisition time, composite GBR values, and GBR values at different stages of gonadal development. The first IA method calculated the area of the gonad and body while eliminating the dorsal and ventral curvature of the gonad, the second calculated the area of the gonad and body while eliminating the gill area, and the third calculated the total area of the gonad and body. The GBR values from the first and third IA methods were not different from those from the transect method. The second IA method resulted in higher GBR values in 80% of the measurements compared with the other three methods. However, measuring the gonadal area and total body area was five times faster than with the transect method and, excluding the curvature, was nine times faster but susceptible to visual error. Based on the speed and comparability with the transect method, the third IA method was the most useful for quantifying gonadal development.
Hysteresis-free deposition of niobium oxide films by HiPIMS using different pulse management strategies
Authors: Hála M , Čapek J , Zabeida O , Klemberg-Sapieha J E , Martinu L 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We systematically investigate the reactive behaviour of two types of high-power pulsed magnetron discharges above a Nb target using either square voltage pulses (denoted as HiPIMS) or custom-shaped pulses (denoted as MPPMS), and compare it with that of a dc magnetron sputtering (DCMS) discharge. We demonstrate that the surface metal oxides can be effectively sputter-eroded from the target during both HiPIMS and MPPMS pulses operated in reactive O2/Ar gas mixtures, and that sputtering from a partially oxide-free target is possible even at high oxygen concentrations. This results in a hysteresis-free deposition process which allows one to prepare optically transparent high refractive index Nb2O5 coatings exhibiting an elevated deposition rate without the need for feedback control commonly used in reactive DCMS. The cathode voltage was identified as the principal parameter that affects the reactive discharge behaviour.
Vapour phase deposition of highly crystalline self-poled piezoelectric nylon-11
Authors: Meurisch Kerstin , Gojdka Björn , Strunskus Thomas , Zaporojtchenko Vladimir , Faupel Franz 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Thin films of highly crystalline short-chain nylon-11 were fabricated by means of vapour phase deposition. Nylon-11 could be thermally evaporated without much structural degradation and for the first time the piezoelectric properties of vapour phase deposited nylon-11 were characterized. It was found that the films crystallize in a polar phase with a crystalline fraction as high as 70% and even form in a self-poled state. The results show that thermal evaporation is a straightforward alternative to the common melt or solution processing as a fabrication procedure for piezoelectric nylon-11 films.
Local Business Voice
Authors: Bennett Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis book is the first scholarly and systematic history of chambers of commerce. It challenges academic commentary on the early chambers by showing they were more numerous, persistent, and active than previously recognized. It demonstrates common origins in protest leading to a reform agenda, with diffusion down the size spectrum of cities, eventually reaching all towns and communities. Chamber voice increasingly linked lobbying with supplying a ‘bundle’ of business services. Using multiple theoretical frameworks, overlapping in time, the book traces for the first time the importance of commercial arbitration, coffee and reading rooms, and information and consultancy services as critical parts of the chambers' unique market position. For later developments it demonstrates the challenges arising from increasing partnerships with government, and competition with rival sector bodies. The book gives a critical overview of the key lobbies against the Corn Laws, over tariff reform and free trade, municipal socialism, and regulatory burden. A systematic analysis of members shows their links with early protest campaigns and religious dissent; in modern chambers it demonstrates the forces that underpin joining and lapsing decisions: exit, voice, and loyalty. The chambers investigated are those in the UK, Ireland, and the early USA and Canada, because this grouping has common origins and retains the unifying characteristics of being formed under common law as independent voluntary bodies. The book seeks to be definitive and exhaustive, covering all local chambers, in order to provide to other researchers, and current chamber managers, a firm foundation of assessment and long-term aligned local data.
Public Services Are an Important Antipoverty Tool
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Countries with larger public social expenditures tend to have less material deprivation. Public services are a key part of the story, but an often-overlooked one. Services improve the capabilities and employment prospects of people from disadvantaged homes and neighborhoods, and they directly boost living standards by expanding the sphere of consumption for which the cost is small or nil.
The Aim Is Not Spending Per Se
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Government social transfers account for a much larger share of GDP in Sweden and Denmark than in the United States. But the U.S. government distributes more benefits in the form of tax breaks rather than transfers than do the two Nordic countries; Denmark and Sweden tax back a larger portion of public transfers than the United States does; private social expenditures, such as those on employment-based health insurance and pensions, are greater in the United States; and America’s per capita GDP is larger. As a result, net public and private social expenditures per person are larger in the United States. Is this good news for the poor in the United States? Unfortunately, no. These adjustments change the story with respect to the aggregate quantity of resources that goes to social protection in the three countries, but they have limited bearing on poverty reduction and on the living standards of the poor.
3 Standards and International Trade Integration: A Historical Review of the German ‘Reinheitsgebot’
Authors: Tongeren Frank van 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Bavarian beer law of 1516, that later morphed into the German ‘Reinheitsgebot’ (purity law) is often seen as one of the oldest known food laws and is also an example of a unilateral production standard that has become a non-tariff barrier to trade. The European Court of Justice decided in 1987 that the German standard hampered free trade in the European Community and forced a national repeal of the law. Today, German beer producers are still subject to legal production standards with origins in the original Reinheitsgebot, but imported beers need not adhere to the strict requirements. This chapter provides a brief historical overview of the evolution and adoption of the Reinheitsgebot. It proceeds by presenting a simple analytical framework to analyze its economic effects on consumers, domestic producers, and foreign suppliers. Finally, it discusses the developments on the German beer market after opening to imports, using statistical data.