bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modal Testing of the
V
asco
da
G
ama
B
ridge,
P
ortugal
Authors: Caetano Elsa , Cunha Álvaro 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Vasco da Gama Bridge is a 17‐km crossing over the river Tagus in Lisbon that was constructed and opened to traffic on the occasion of the World Exhibition Expo'98. As part of the dynamic tests required at the commissioning stage, ambient and free vibration tests were developed on the five viaducts and on the main cable‐stayed part that form the bridge, with the purpose of assessing the most relevant dynamic parameters in order to validate design studies and verify the safety condition of the structure.
Focusing on the main cable‐stayed bridge, the efficient strategy followed in order to form an extensive and high‐quality database and the different techniques successively employed to identify modal properties are described, showing the potential of operational modal analysis in the assessment of the dynamic behavior of a complex structure and the usefulness of free vibration tests in the accurate identification of modal damping ratios.
The full characterization of the dynamic behavior of the bridge provides the definition of the so‐called zero‐state condition of the bridge and has been used as reference in the subsequent surveillance and monitoring of the bridge that has been implemented by Lusoponte, the consortium that owns the concession of the bridge.
SHM
of a Tall Building
Authors: Brownjohn James M. W. , Pan Tso‐Chien 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A long‐term monitoring program on a 280‐m 65‐story office tower began in 1993 when Shimizu Corporation installed stress and strain gauges at the 18th story during construction. Manual static readings were combined with measurements of fundamental mode natural frequencies, and when the building was completed, a full vibration survey was undertaken, after which a remotely operated monitoring system was installed to track wind velocities along with accelerations at basement and roof levels. The system operated for 10 years, and in its final years global positioning system (GPS) receivers for tracking “absolute” displacements were included. The monitoring system showed gradual changes in building performance over time, but more importantly it provided valuable information about the nature of the dynamic loading experienced due to wind and earthquake. Using the building as a super sensor showed the significance of regional seismic hazard in comparison to the benign wind loading. The system also provided a platform for evaluating structural health monitoring technology including GPS, operational modal analysis, and data mining.
Novelty Detection
Authors: Tarassenko Lionel , Clifton David A. , Bannister Peter R. , King Steve , King Dennis 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNovelty detection is described here as a data‐driven technique in which a probabilistic model of normality is constructed from (normal) training data, so that subsequent departures from expected behavior can be identified as novel events. The first step in constructing the model of normality is to select features that characterize normal behavior, but which are also likely to change during periods of abnormal behavior. Data visualization techniques, such as the NeuroScale dimensionality‐reduction mapping, are helpful in investigating the distribution of the features over the space of normal data, especially at the boundaries of this space. We show, in this article, how the Parzen windows density estimator can be used to characterize normal vibration behavior and identify an unexpected event during the development phase of a three‐shaft jet engine. We discuss how the novelty threshold may be set in principled fashion using extreme value statistics and present results for two types of vibration feature vectors; one is based on the real‐time measurement of vibration levels at harmonically related frequencies and the other, a speed‐based vibration signature, summarizing the entire flight.
Comprehensive process design study for layered‐NOX‐control in a tangentially coal fired boiler
Authors: Zhou Wei , Moyeda David , Nguyen Quang , Payne Roy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs emissions regulations for coal‐fired power plants become stricter worldwide, layering combustion modification and post‐combustion NOX control technologies can be an attractive option for efficient and cost‐effective NOX control in comparison to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. The layered control technology approach designed in this article consists of separate overfire air (SOFA), reburn, and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR). The combined system can achieve up to 75% NOX reduction. The work presented in this article successfully applied this technology to NRG Somerset Unit 6, a 120‐MW tangential coal‐fired utility boiler, to reduce NOX emissions to 0.11 lb/MMBtu (130 mg/Nm3), well under the US EPA SIP Call target of 0.15 lb/MMBtu. The article reviews an integrated design study for the layered system at Somerset and evaluates the performance of different layered‐NOX‐control scenarios including standalone SNCR (baseline), separated overfire air (SOFA) with SNCR, and gas reburn with SNCR. Isothermal physical flow modeling and computational fluid dynamics simulation (CFD) were applied to understand the boiler flow patterns, the combustible distributions and the impact of combustion modifications on boiler operation and SNCR performance. The modeling results were compared with field data for model validation and verification. The study demonstrates that a comprehensive process design using advanced engineering tools is beneficial to the success of a layered low NOX system. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Development of a mechanistic model for biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems and application to a full‐scale WWTP
Authors: Ni Bing‐Jie , Xie Wen‐Ming , Liu Shao‐Gen , Yu Han‐Qing , Gan Yi‐Ping , Zhou Jun , Hao Er‐Cheng 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) the production of nitrite as an intermediate in the biological nutrient removal (BNR) process has been widely observed, but not been taken into account by most of the conventional activated sludge models yet. This work aims to develop a mechanistic mathematical model to evaluate the BNR process after resolving such a problem. A mathematical model is developed based on the Activated Sludge Model No.3 (ASM3) and the EAWAG Bio‐P model with an incorporation of the two‐step nitrification–denitrification, the anoxic P uptake, and the associated two‐step denitrification by phosphorus accumulating organisms. The database used for simulations originates from a full‐scale BNR municipal wastewater treatment plant. The influent wastewater composition is characterized using batch tests. Model predictions are compared with the measured concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH‐N, NO‐N, NO‐N, PO‐P, and mixed liquid volatile suspended solids. Simulation results indicate that the calibrated model is capable of predicting the microbial growth, COD removal, nitrification and denitrification, as well as aerobic and anoxic P removal. Thus, this model can be used to evaluate and simulate full‐scale BNR activated sludge WWTPs. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Genomic duplication of PTPN11 is an uncommon cause of Noonan syndrome
Authors: Graham John M. , Kramer Nancy , Bejjani Bassem A. , Thiel Christian T. , Carta Claudio , Neri Giovanni , Tartaglia Marco , Zenker Martin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNoonan syndrome (NS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder caused most commonly by activating mutations in PTPN11. We report a patient with hypotonia, developmental delay and clinical features suggestive of NS. High‐resolution chromosome analysis was normal, and sequence analyses of PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS, BRAF, RAF1, MEK, and MEK2 were also normal. Array CGH revealed a single copy gain of 9 BAC clones at 12q24.11q24.21 (8.98 Mb in size), which encompassed the PTPN11 locus at 12q24.13 and was confirmed by FISH analysis. Shchelochkov et al. [Shchelochkov et al. (2008); Am J Med Genet Part A 146A:1042–1048] reported a similar case and speculated that such duplications might account for 15–30% of NS cases with no detectable mutation in NS genes. We screened more than 250 NS cases without mutation in known NS disease‐causing genes by quantitative PCR, and none of these studies produced results in the duplicated range. We also explored the possibility that de novo changes affecting the untranslated region (UTR) of the PTPN11 transcript might represent an alternative event involved in SHP2 enhanced expression. DHPLC analysis and direct sequencing of the entire 3′ UTR in 36 NS patients without mutation in known genes did not show any disease‐associated variant. These findings indicate that duplications of PTPN11 represent an uncommon cause of NS, and functionally relevant variations within the 3′UTR of the gene do not appear to play a major role in NS. However, recurrent observations of NS in individuals with duplications involving the PTPN11 locus suggest that increased dosage of SHP2 may have dysregulating effects on intracellular signaling. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Descriptive epidemiology of nonsyndromic omphalocele in Texas, 1999–2004
Authors: Agopian A. , Marengo L. , Mitchell L.E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOmphalocele is a congenital malformation that involves protrusion of abdominal contents into the umbilicus. Though omphalocele may present as a manifestation of several chromosomal and Mendelian syndromes, the etiology for nonsyndromic omphalocele is unknown. The present study sought to estimate the birth prevalence of nonsyndromic omphalocele in offspring of women residing in Texas from 1999 to 2004, and to describe prevalence as a function of parental and infant demographic characteristics. Data on 325 cases with nonsyndromic omphalocele and 2,208,758 live births delivered during 1999–2004 were obtained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry. These data were used to estimate omphalocele birth prevalence and obtain both crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for the association of nonsyndromic omphalocele with parental and infant demographic characteristics. Nonsyndromic omphaloceles were significantly more common among the offspring of women without previous live births (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.41–2.30), compared to the offspring of women with previous live births. The prevalence of nonsyndromic omphalocele was also increased among women aged 25–29 (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.68, 95% CI: 1.12–2.50) and women aged 40 and older (adjusted prevalence ratio: 4.83, 95% CI: 2.63–8.86) compared to the offspring of women age <20, and in infants of multiple gestation pregnancies compared to singleton infants (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.22–3.37). In addition, among Hispanic women, the prevalence of nonsyndromic omphalocele was higher in the offspring of those born in the U.S. as compared to those born elsewhere (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.12–2.00). These findings augment the existing omphalocele literature. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel mutations in the calreticulin gene core promoter and coding sequence in schizoaffective disorder
Authors: Olad Nabi M. , Mirabzadeh A. , Feizzadeh G. , Khorram Khorshid H.R. , Karimlou M. , Zarif Yeganeh M. , Asgharian A.M. , Najmabadi H. , Ohadi M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe have recently reported the first case of mutation in the core promoter sequence of the human calreticulin gene in a family case of schizoaffective disorder. Remarkably, this gene coincides with a region of suggested linkage at 19p13.2, identified in a whole genome scan [Hamshere et al. (2005); Arch Gen Psychiatry 62;1081–1088]. The identified mutation was located at the conserved position −48 from the transcription start site, and was shown to be of functional effect, resulting in the aberrant expression of the gene. Following screening of the gene in 60 independent cases of schizoaffective disorder, we report novel germ‐line mutations at positions −205 C > T and the conserved exon 5 (c: 682 C > T, pro228ser) in two unrelated cases of schizoaffective disorder. These mutations were disease‐specific, and as for the −48 G > C mutation, neither was detected in a control population of 370 individuals, indicating a contribution of 3.17% in this sample series. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of disease‐specific mutations in schizoaffective disorder, which warrants systematic screening of the regulatory and coding regions of the calreticulin gene in this disorder. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biphasic oligomerization of ethylene with nickel complexes immobilized in organochloroaluminate ionic liquids
Authors: Pei Lixia , Liu Xianmei , Gao Haiyang , Wu Qing 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEthylene was selectively oligomerized by nickel complexes such as (PPh3)2NiBr2 and (PPh3)2NiCl2 immobilized in chloroaluminate ionic liquid in biphasic catalytic reactions. The influence of reaction parameters such as reaction media, reaction temperature and Et2AlCl:Ni molar ratio was also evaluated. Turnover frequency up to 24000 mol C2H4/(mol Ni h) was achieved under mild reaction conditions (0.5 atm and 40 °C). GC‐MS analyses showed that the obtained oligomers completely consist of C4 and C6. The olefinic products can be easily separated from the catalytic ionic liquid phase by simple decantation, and the nickel catalyst can be reused without a significant decrease in turnover frequency and change of the distribution of the olefinic products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecdysteroids from Cyanotis longifolia Benth. (Commelinaceae)
Authors: Crouzet Sophie , Maria Annick , Dinan Laurence , Lafont René , Girault Jean‐Pierre 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCyanotis longifolia Benth. (Commelinaceae) contains ecdysteroids, which are highly concentrated in the roots and flowers, whereas leaves contain only very low amounts and stems intermediate amounts. 20‐Hydroxyecdysone is the major component found in all tissues, but roots also contain large amounts of 20‐hydroxyecdysone 3‐acetate and ajugasterone C. A preparative experiment has shown that roots contain a complex ecdysteroid mixture, and the analysis of minor components has allowed the isolation of several already known ecdysteroids (polypodine B, 2‐deoxy‐20,26‐dihydroxyecdysone, isovitexirone, poststerone) together with five new (ajugasterone C 3‐acetate, 5β‐hydroxy‐poststerone, poststerone 2‐acetate, 14(15)‐dehydro‐poststerone 2‐acetate, 24‐epi‐atrotosterone A [=24‐methyl‐ajugasterone C]) ecdysteroids that have been fully characterized. A preliminary investigation of 55 species belonging to 15 different genera of the Commelinaceae has shown that several of them contain significant concentrations of ecdysteroids, among which some previously uninvestigated ones appear to be very promising sources of ecdysteroids. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Der Hydraulische Grundbruch – Bemessungsdiagramme zur Ermittlung der erforderlichen Einbindetiefe
Authors: Ziegler Martin , Aulbach Benjamin , Heller Hartmut , Kuhlmann Dieter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFür den Nachweis der Sicherheit gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch werden oftmals Näherungsverfahren zur Bestimmung der Strömungskraft verwendet. Nach DIN 1054 ist die Strömungskraft jedoch in der Regel durch Auswertung von Strömungsnetzen zu ermitteln. Im Rahmen eines vom Deutschen Institut für Bautechnik geförderten Forschungsvorhabens wurden am Lehrstuhl für Geotechnik im Bauwesen der RWTH Aachen in Zusammenarbeit mit der Wayss & Freytag Ingenieurbau AG Untersuchungen zur erforderlichen Einbindetiefe zur Gewährleistung der Sicherheit gegen hydraulischen Grundbruch angestellt. Als Ergebnis der auf der Auswertung von Strömungsnetzen beruhenden Untersuchungen entstanden dimensionslose Bemessungsdiagramme, welche es ermöglichen, die erforderliche Einbindetiefe der seitlichen Baugrubenwände in Abhängigkeit der geometrischen Randbedingungen auf einfachem Wege zu ermitteln.The Hydraulic Heave – Design charts for determining the necessary embedded length.Often simplified calculation methods are used to determine the seepage force for the proof of safety against hydraulic heave. However, according to DIN 1054 the seepage force normally has to be determined by means of a flow net. Within the framework of a research project, which was funded by Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, the required embedded length for the safety against hydraulic heave was investigated at the Chair of Geotechnical Engineering at RWTH Aachen University in collaboration with Wayss & Freytag Ingenieurbau AG. As a result of the research dimensionless design charts have been generated based on the analysis of flow nets. These design charts easily allow determining the required embedded length of the lateral wall of a building pit with respect to the geometrical boundary conditions.
Reduktion der Frosthebungen bei der künstlichen Bodenvereisung
Authors: Zhou Guoqing , Zou Yazhou , Boley Conrad 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMit dem Ziel der Reduktion der Frosthebungen bei der künstlichen Bodenvereisung wurden die Einflüsse des Temperaturgradienten, der Temperaturänderung sowie der Temperaturänderungsamplitude und ‐periode der Vereisungstemperatur auf die Frosthebungen bei der eindimensionalen Frosteindringung in feinkörnige Böden experimentell im Labor untersucht. Bei der Frosteindringung in feinkörnige Böden ist die Frosthebung infolge der Bildung der untersten Eislinse (letzte Eislinse bei Frostung von oben nach unten) im thermodynamisch stationären Zustand maßgebend. Der Temperaturgradient beeinflusst zwar die Frosteindringtiefe, die Größe der Frosthebung dagegen nur in geringem Maße. Durch zyklische Veränderungen der Vereisungstemperatur kann das Wachstum der letzten Eislinse beschränkt und dadurch die Frosthebung vermindert werden. Die zyklische Veränderung der Vereisungstemperatur bereits vor der Bildung der letzten Eislinse führt dagegen zu einer großen Frosthebung. Zur Minimierung der Frosthebung müssen die Temperaturveränderungsamplitude und ‐periode während der Vereisung auf die Eislinsenbildung abgestimmt werden.Decreasing frost heaves of artificial frozen soils by intermission freezing.For decreasing the frost heaves of artificially frozen soils the influences of temperature gradient, its changes as well as the amplitude and period of changing freezing temperature on the one‐dimensional frost heaves of fine‐grained soils were investigated by experiments in the laboratory. During the frost penetration into the fine‐grained soils the frost heaves due to the formation of the final ice lens under thermodynamic stationary condition is decisive. The gradient of temperature influences strongly the depth of frost penetration but only little the total frost heave. Cyclical changes of the freezing temperature can confine the growth of the final ice lens and thereby the frost heave decreases. However, the cyclical changes of the freezing temperature before the formation of the final ice lens can cause a heavy frost heave. For decreasing frost heaves the amplitude und period of changing the freezing temperature must be controlled properly.
Windkraftwerke–Umwelt, Bemessung, Perspektiven
Authors: Noakowski Piotr , Harling Andreas , Breddermann Martin , Rost Markus , Hoffmeister Hermann 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDie globale Erwärmung wird offensichtlich durch eine Membrane aus Industriegasen verursacht, die bei der konventionellen Energiegewinnung entstehen. Die zur Zeit vorherrschende Meinung besagt, dass die derzeitigen Naturkatastrophen Folgen dieser Umweltverschmutzung sind. Eine der Reaktionen der hochentwickelten Welt ist die Forcierung von erneuerbaren Energiequellen wie Biomasse, Wasser, Sonne und Wind. Wind ist definitive die wichtigste Alternative zu den fossilen Brennstoffen, und deshalb gehören Windkraftanlagen zu den wichtigsten Bauarten der nahen Zukunft.In diesem Beitrag wird “The state of the art” von Windkraftanlagen behandelt. Entsprechend dem hohen Stellenwert dieser turmartigen Massenbauwerke stehen dabei Lösungen ihrer beiden bautechnischen Fragen – Sicherheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit – im Vordergrund, untermauert durch drei Kernthemen:– Merkmale, Grundlagen, maßgebliche Tragrichtungen– vertikale Tragrichtung mit einem Erläuterungsbeispiel– horizontale Tragrichtung mit einem ErläuterungsbeispielDer Aufsatz schließt mit Ausführungen über die aktuellen Herausforderungen und Entwicklungstendenzen der Energiegewinnung aus Windkraft.Wind Power Plants – Environment, design, outlook and scope.The today's world is confronted by two global threats: worming effect caused probably by the excessive use of fossil fuels and dependence on these becoming short sources of energy.The worming effect is caused by a membrane of gases produced among others during the conventional energy generation. There are voices claiming that some of the current natural disasters are consequences of such air pollution.One of the reactions of the highly developed world is use of renewable energy sources such as bio mass, water, sun and wind. Wind is definitive the most important alternatives to the fossil fuels and so wind mills belong to the most important structures of the near future.Consequently, the paper addresses the following major issues regarding modern structural design of wind mills:– Basis of structural design: Structural features, design principles, bearing directions– vertical bearing direction: Design process, design tools, design example– horizontal bearing direction: Design process, design tools, design example
Making Epothilones Fluoresce: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Characterization of a Fluorescent N12‐Aza‐Epothilone (Azathilone)
Authors: Gertsch Jürg , Feyen Fabian , Bützberger Alexander , Gerber Barbara , Pfeiffer Bernhard , Altmann Karl‐Heinz 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA green fluorescent 12‐aza‐epothilone (azathilone) derivative has been prepared through the attachment of the 4‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD) fluorophore to the 12‐nitrogen atom of the azamacrolide core structure. While less potent than natural epothilones or different N12‐acylated azathilone derivatives, NBD‐azathilone (3) promotes tubulin assembly, inhibits cancer cell proliferation in vitro and arrests the cell cycle at the G2/M transition. Most significantly, the binding of 3 to cellular microtubules (MTs) could be directly visualized by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Based on competition binding experiments with laulimalide‐stabilized MTs in vitro, the N12‐Boc substituted azathilone 1, Epo A, and NBD‐azathilone (3) all interact with the same tubulin‐binding site. Computational studies provided a structural model of the complexes between β‐tubulin and 1 or 3, respectively, in which the NBD moiety of 3 or the BOC moiety of 1 directly and specifically contribute to MT binding. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the cellular effects of 3 and, by inference, also of other azathilones are the result of their interactions with the cellular MT network.