bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Rht Genes in Modern and Historic Winter Wheat Cultivars from the Eastern and Central USA
Authors: Guedira M. , Brown‐Guedira G. , Van Sanford D. , Sneller C. , Souza E. , Marshall D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOver 70% of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars grown worldwide have a semidwarf phenotype controlled by the major genes Rht‐B1, Rht‐D1, and Rht8c The objective of this study was to determine their frequency in a set of historic and modern soft and hard winter wheat cultivars grown in the central and eastern USA. Three hundred sixty‐two cultivars that were developed from 1808 to 2008 were evaluated with molecular markers for Rht‐B1, Rht‐D1, and Rht8c All cultivars released before 1964 (41 soft winter wheat and 6 hard winter wheat) had wild‐type (tall) alleles at all three loci. After introduction of the dwarfing genes, the percentage of tested lines carrying either Rht‐B1b or Rht‐D1b increased rapidly to greater than 90% of modern varieties. Among soft winter wheat cultivars, the Rht‐D1b dwarfing gene was the most frequent being present in 45% of all lines tested and Rht‐B1b was present in 28%, while in the hard winter wheat cultivars the Rht‐B1b allele is the most prevalent in 77% of lines. Only 8% of the hard cultivars tested had the Rht‐D1b allele. The presence of the 192‐base pair (bp) allele of the microsatellite marker Xgwm261 indicated that Rht8c was less frequently used as a source of dwarfing in U.S. winter wheat germplasm, being present in 8 and 3% of the soft winter wheat and the hard winter wheats, respectively. A number of modern cultivars were identified that did not carry any of the dwarfing genes assayed and may possess alternative reduced height genes.
Plant Breeding with Genomic Selection: Gain per Unit Time and Cost
Authors: Heffner Elliot L. , Lorenz Aaron J. , Jannink Jean‐Luc , Sorrells Mark E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAdvancements in genotyping are rapidly decreasing marker costs and increasing genome coverage. This is facilitating the use of marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in plant breeding. Commonly employed MAS strategies, however, are not well suited for agronomically important complex traits, requiring extra time for field‐based phenotyping to identify agronomically superior lines. Genomic selection (GS) is an emerging alternative to MAS that uses all marker information to calculate genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) for complex traits. Selections are made directly on GEBV without further phenotyping. We developed an analytical framework to (i) compare gains from MAS and GS for complex traits and (ii) provide a plant breeding context for interpreting results from studies on GEBV accuracy. We designed MAS and GS breeding strategies with equal budgets for a high‐investment maize (Zea mays L.) program and a low‐investment winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) program. Results indicate that GS can outperform MAS on a per‐year basis even at low GEBV accuracies. Using a previously reported GEBV accuracy of 0.53 for net merit in dairy cattle, expected annual gain from GS exceeded that of MAS by about threefold for maize and twofold for winter wheat. We conclude that if moderate selection accuracies can be achieved, GS could dramatically accelerate genetic gain through its shorter breeding cycle.
A Major QTL Controlling Seed Cadmium Accumulation in Soybean
Authors: Benitez Eduardo R. , Hajika Makita , Yamada Tetsuya , Takahashi Koji , Oki Nobuhiko , Yamada Naohiro , Nakamura Takehiro , Kanamaru Kyohei 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCadmium (Cd) is a pollutant heavy metal that is naturally present in soils and highly toxic to biological organism even at low concentrations. Significant differences were observed among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars in the uptake of Cd by root and its posterior translocation to the shoot and grain. The aim of this research was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed Cd concentration in soybean. A single population derived from a cross between the cultivars Harosoy and Fukuyutaka, which differ in seed Cd levels, were used for QTL analysis. The population consisted of 93 F5:6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), 93 F6:7 RILs, 93 F7:8 RILs, and 100 F6:7 near‐isogenic lines (NILs). A total of 220 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were genetically mapped on the 93 F5:6 RILs population and clustered into 22 molecular linkage groups (MLGs) which covered a genetic distance of approximately 2400 centimorgans (cM). Analysis revealed one major QTL (cd1) on Chromosome 9 (MLG K) associated with seed Cd concentration. The cd1 was stable across years–generations and accounted for 82, 57, and 75% of the genetic variation in the RILs populations tested in the field. Effect of cd1 was verified by means of a NIL population developed from the F5:6 RILs. The followup survey results indicated that the novel SSR markers Gm09: 4770663 and Gm09: 4790483 assigned to MLG K seemed to be suitable markers for selecting genotypes with low seed Cd concentration in soybean.
QTL for Yield, Earliness, and Cell Wall Quality Traits in Topcross Experiments of the F838 × F286 Early Maize RIL Progeny
Authors: Barrière Yves , Méchin Valérie , Denoue Dominique , Bauland Cyril , Laborde Jacques 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTQTL for cell wall digestibility related traits were investigated in maize (Zea mays L.) topcross experiments of 240 RILs obtained from the F838 × F286 early maize hybrid. Genotype effects were highly significant for all agronomic and cell wall related traits and much higher than genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects for cell wall digestibility traits. Eight quantitative trait loci (QTL) for dry matter (DM) yield were observed, out of which only one increasing allele originated from F286. Conversely, three QTL out of four with alleles increasing DM content at silage harvest stage originated from the earliest F286 line. Out of four QTL increasing starch content, two QTL, which originated from F838, did not colocalize with silking date QTL or any other investigated traits. Ten QTL were observed for lignin content and between six and nine QTL were observed for each of the three cell wall digestibility investigated traits. QTL located in bins 1.02 (position 76–80 cM), 1.07 (position 228–230 cM), and 8.07 (position 134–142 cM) are likely of priority interest when it comes to improving maize cell wall digestibility. Candidate genes underlying cell wall digestibility QTL were searched for on the basis of in silico investigations and with maize, Arabidopsis, poplar, and eucalyptus genomic information. In most of QTL positions, transcription factors regulating cell wall lignification were shown to be the currently most plausible candidates involved in genetic variation of maize cell wall digestibility.
Genetic Improvement in Winter Wheat Yields in the Great Plains of North America, 1959–2008
Authors: Graybosch Robert A. , Peterson C. James 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTData from USDA‐coordinated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) regional performance nurseries collected over the time period 1959 to 2008 were used to estimate genetic gain (loss) in grain yield, grain volume weight, days to heading, and plant height in winter wheats adapted to the Great Plains of North America. In both the Southern Regional (SRPN) and Northern Regional Performance Nurseries (NRPN), linear regression revealed significant positive relationships between relative grain yields of advanced breeding lines and calendar year of the nursery trial. The estimated genetic gain in grain yield potential since 1959 was approximately 1.1% (of the control cultivar Kharkof) yr−1 for all entries in the SRPN, and 1.3% yr−1 if only the most productive entry was considered. For the NRPN, the estimates of genetic gain in grain yield were 0.79% yr−1 for all entries, and also 0.79% yr−1 for the most productive entry. Linear regressions of relative grain yields vs. year over the time period 1984 to 2008, however, showed no statistically significant trend in the SRPN. For the same time period in the NRPN, a statistically significant positive slope of 0.83 was observed, though the coefficient of determination (R2) was only 0.28. Relative grain yields of Great Plains hard winter wheats may have peaked in the early to mid‐1990s, and further improvement in the genetic potential for grain yield awaits some new technological or biological advance.
Increased Wheat Grain Hardness Conferred by Novel Puroindoline Haplotypes from Aegilops tauschii
Authors: Reynolds Nicholas P. , Martin John M. , Giroux Michael J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe Puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb) together comprise the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Hardness locus (Ha) located on chromosome 5D and control grain texture. While hard wheats contain a mutation in either Pina or Pinb, there is no puroindoline allelic diversity among soft hexaploid wheats as all carry the Pina‐D1a/Pinb‐D1a alleles. However, Pina and Pinb allelic variation exists within synthetic hexaploid wheats created using novel D genome donors. Here we tested the effects of four Aegilops tauschii‐derived Ha locus haplotypes (Pina‐D1c/Pinb‐D1h, Pina‐D1e/Pinb‐D1i, Pina‐D1a/Pinb‐D1i, and Pina‐D1j/Pinb‐D1i) found in synthetic wheats by crossing them into the soft white spring wheats ‘Alpowa’ and ‘Vanna’. The effect of each Ha haplotype on grain hardness was measured by analyzing backcross or F2–derived lines. All novel Ha loci increased grain hardness while still conditioning soft wheat texture independent of durum or Ae. tauschii synthetic wheat parent line. The Pina‐D1c/Pinb‐D1h haplotype was found to increase grain hardness relative to the wild‐type Ha locus by an average of 6.5 units, Pina‐D1e/Pinb‐D1i by 5.6 units, Pina‐D1a/Pinb‐D1i by 12.6 units, and Pina‐D1j/Pinb‐D1i by 3.8 units. None of the novel Ha locus haplotypes significantly affected Pina or Pinb transcript or protein expression levels. The results indicate that Ae. tauschii derived novel Ha loci could be useful in modifying soft wheat grain texture and end product quality.
Multiple Origins of Lima Bean Landraces in the Americas: Evidence from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Polymorphisms
Authors: Motta‐Aldana Jenny R. , Serrano‐Serrano Martha L. , Hernández‐Torres Jorge , Castillo‐Villamizar Genis , Debouck Daniel G. , Chacóns Maria I. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCrop wild relatives that have experienced multiple and independent domestication events provide an excellent model for understanding adaptation processes in crop populations and a first and relevant aspect to investigate is the geographic origin of landraces. The aim of this research was to establish the origin of Mesoamerican and Andean Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) landraces by analyzing chloroplast DNA and ITS polymorphisms in a sample of 59 wild and 50 landrace accessions. According to seed size, genetic distance analyses, and haplotype networks, at least two independent domestication events are proposed. The first one would have taken place in the Andes of southern Ecuador–northwestern Peru and would have given rise to the large‐seeded landraces collectively known as the “Big Lima” cultivars. The second one would have taken place in central–western Mexico, more likely in the area to the north and northwest of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. This event, along with post‐domestication migrations of landraces in South America, would have given rise to the great variety of small‐seeded Mesoamerican landraces that exist today. We did not find any evidence supporting the existence of two discrete groups within Mesoamerican landraces that might correspond to the previously proposed “Sieva” and “Potato” cultigroups. A severe reduction in genetic diversity because of domestication, known as the “founder effect”, was detected, which may have implications for the conservation of genetic resources in this species.
Inheritance and Linkage Map Positions of Genes Conferring Resistance to Stemphylium Blight in Lentil
Authors: Saha Gopesh C. , Sarker Ashutosh , Chen Weidong , Vandemark George J. , Muehlbauer Fred J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTStemphylium blight (caused by Stemphylium botryosum Wallr.) is one of the major diseases of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in South Asia and North America. The objective of the study was to identify linkage map position of the genes conferring resistance to stemphylium blight and the markers linked to the genes for its utilization in marker‐assisted breeding. A population of 206 F7–derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed from a cross between ILL‐6002 (resistant) and ILL‐5888 (susceptible). The RILs were planted in disease‐screening plots at Ishurdi, Bangladesh in the 2006–2007 and 2008–2009 winter cropping seasons. Significant variation was detected among RILs for disease scores and frequency distributions suggested complex inheritance. An intraspecific linkage map was constructed that comprised 139 markers; 21 simple sequence repeats (SSR), 27 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), 89 sequence related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers and 2 morphological markers distributed over 14 linkage groups. One significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) was detected based on disease scores from the 2006–2007 experiment while three significant QTLs were detected from the 2008–2009 experiment. The QTL QLG480–81 was common in both years and accounted for 25.2 and 46.0% of the variation of disease scores in 2006–2007 and 2008–2009 experiments, respectively. Two SRAP markers, ME5XR10 and ME4XR16c, and one RAPD marker, UBC34, located on linkage group 4, were significantly associated with the QLG480–81 in both crop years. After validation, the more tightly linked ME4XR16c marker may be used for marker assisted selection for stemphylium blight resistance.
Characterization of the Chromosomal Transmission of Intergeneric Hybrids of Saccharum spp. and Erianthus fulvus by Genomic in situ Hybridization
Authors: Wang Xian‐Hong , Yang Qing‐Hui , Li Fu‐Sheng , He Li‐Lian , He Shun‐Chang 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGenomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to characterize the genomic constitution of 16 intergeneric F1 hybrids derived from three cross‐combinations between sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and the related wild species Erianthus fulvus Both monocolor and bicolor GISH were performed using digoxigenin‐labeled E. fulvus DNA and biotin‐labeled female parental DNA as probes. Differentiation of the chromosomes contributed by E. fulvus and female parents was easier in bicolor than mono‐color GISH. The results revealed the transmission of 7 to 10 E. fulvus chromosomes into progenies, suggesting that there was “n” transmission of this wild species and that some of the progenies were partial hybrids. Elimination and fragmentation of E. fulvus chromosomes, as well as rearrangements between two chromosomes from different parental genomes, were observed in the cells of the hybrids. Possible explanations for these phenomena and the potential of these hybrids in sugarcane breeding are discussed.
Biology and Genetics of Crown Rust Disease in Ryegrasses
Authors: Dracatos P. M. , Cogan N. O. I. , Keane P. J. , Smith K. F. , Forster J. W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe most serious foliar disease of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata Corda f.sp. lolii Brown). Progress in resistance breeding using recurrent selection has been slow, due to lack of genetic knowledge. Puccinia coronata is a basidiomycete fungus with a complex life‐cycle involving both asexual and sexual reproductive modes. Pathotype variation may exist, but confirmation is complicated by the outbreeding nature of the host grass and consequent intrapopulation diversity. Qualitative and quantitative resistance mechanisms may hence be due to either major resistance genes responding to mixed pathogen populations, or minor (quantitative) resistance genes. Advances in molecular biology have permitted analysis of both host and pathogen genetics. Development of pathogen‐derived simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic markers allowed detailed analysis of genetic variation, as well as generation of homogenized inoculum for detailed trait‐dissection studies. Multiple genomic regions were identified as containing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pathogen resistance, and specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for defense response (DR) and disease resistance (R) genes have been evaluated for QTL co‐location. The current knowledge status of the crown rust pathogen and genetics of host resistance is reviewed, as well as future prospects for facilitated rust resistance breeding.
Integrating Annual and Perennial Warm‐season Grasses in a Temperate Grazing System
Authors: Tracy Benjamin F. , Maughan Matthew , Post Nathan , Faulkner Dan B. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTWarm‐season grasses (WSG) can supply badly needed forage in summer when cool‐season grasses (CSG) are often unproductive. This study was conducted from 2005–2007 in central Illinois to compare annual and perennial WSG pasture types integrated into a CSG grazing system. The objective was to compare summer herbage mass, forage nutritive value, cattle (Bos taurus) performance, and variable costs between CSG systems integrated with either annual (AWSG) or native, perennial warm‐season grass (NWSG) pastures. The AWSG pastures were established with sorghum‐sudangrass cultivars [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench], and eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides(L.) L.] dominated NWSG pastures. Beef cow–calf groups were moved between CSG and WSG pastures during summer based on forage availability. Both WSG pasture types averaged 61% more herbage mass (493 g m−2) in mid‐summer compared with CSG pastures (204 g m−2). Except for one sampling date, herbage mass on NWSG pastures either exceeded (P< 0.05) or was equal to AWSG pastures. The nutritive value of AWSG forage was consistently higher than NWSG (P< 0.05), but cow and calf performance was similar on both pasture types. A simple cost analysis showed that AWSG pastures were more expensive to maintain even though establishment costs of NWSG pasture were much higher. Our results suggest NWSG pastures may be the better option for livestock producers seeking a longer‐term solution to summer forage deficits associated with CSG.
Identification of Vegetatively Propagated Turf Bermudagrass Cultivars Using Simple Sequence Repeat Markers
Authors: Wang Zan , Wu Yanqi , Martin Dennis L. , Gao Hongwen , Samuels Tim , Tan Chengcheng 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAccurate identification of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) cultivars is necessary to ensure the purity of the cultivars produced by sod farmers, to protect the intellectual property of cultivar developers, and to assure cultivar purity for the benefit of turfgrass consumers. Vegetatively propagated turf bermudagrass cultivars have been extensively used in the turf industry not only in the USA but also in many other countries. Accordingly, the objectives of the study were to examine simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for their ability to distinguish commonly grown clonal turf bermudagrass cultivars, which were derived through crosses and mutations, from each other and their respective parent cultivars and to develop a set of SSR markers for accurate identification of commercially used clonal cultivars. Thirty‐two clonal turf bermudagrass genotypes comprising 29 commercially released cultivars and 3 Oklahoma State University experimental lines were assessed by 11 microsatellite markers. A total of 141 DNA fragments were generated for the 11 primer pairs in the 32 bermudagrass genotypes, with an average of 12.8 bands per primer pair. Forty‐four fragments were cultivar specific. The SSR markers successfully identified 22 cultivars when mutant cultivars had the same banding patterns as the 2 parent cultivars, ‘Tifgreen’ and ‘Tifway’. It was concluded from the study that the SSR markers are highly polymorphic and can be utilized as a reliable tool for accurate cultivar identification in nonmutated bermudagrass.
The Filling Behavior of Reinforcing Glass Fiber in Micro Injection Molding
Authors: Liou G. L. , Young W. B. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Microinjection molding is one of the methods used to fabricate micro scale plastic components. Addition of reinforcement in the thermoplastic materials can enhance the mechanical properties of the molded components. Due to the small dimension in micro features, the filling of reinforcements into those features is more difficult than into the main body of the component. This study is to investigate the filling efficiency in micro features for different reinforcements. The filling efficiency in the micro feature is almost the same as that in the main body of the component for using the reinforcement in nano size. For milled glass fibers, which have a distribution of the particle size, higher fiber content has better filling efficiency in the micro features. On the other hand, the filling efficiency is not affected by the volume fraction for using short glass fibers.
Synthesis, anticonvulsant activity and <i>in silico</i> study of some novel amino acids incorporated bicyclo compounds
Authors: Sharma Chandra Shekhar , Nema Rajesh Kumar , Sharma Vinod Kumar 
Published: August 2010

In the present study, some novel amino acids incorporated bicyclo compounds have been synthesized and their structure was confirmed by physico-chemical and spectral data. The title compounds were evaluated for in silico toxicity study and anticonvulsant activity by maximal electric shock method. The results showed that substitution with cysteine and glutamic acid moiety was found to increase the activity. In silico toxicity study results showed that the compounds are free of toxicity in neurotoxicity, irritability, sensitivity, immunotoxicity and oncogenecity Key words: Maximal electrical shock method; anticonvulsant activity; in silico toxicity. DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i2.2607Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2009: 42-47
Chemical and Biological Investigation of Leaves of <i>Polygonum plebejum</i>
Authors: Hasan Md Kamrul , Kabir Abul Kalam Lutful , Mistry Sabyasachy 
Published: August 2010

The cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of methanol crude extract and column fractions of the extract of theleaves of P. plebejum were examined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and disc diffusion methodrespectively. The extracts showed significant cytotoxic as well as antimicrobial activities. Silica gel columnchromatography of methanol extract of P. plebejum afforded a steroid. The structure was elucidated on thebasis of spectral analysis, including 1H NMR and 13C NMR and also by comparing with data in the literature. Key words: Polygonum plebejum; Polygonaceae; Stigmasterol; Cytotoxicity.DOI: 10.3329/sjps.v2i2.5826Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.2(2) 2009: 66-71