bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEW: Human and laboratory rodent low response to alcohol: is better consilience possible?
Authors: Crabbe John C. , Bell Richard L. , Ehlers Cindy L. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTIf people are brought into the laboratory and given alcohol, there are pronounced differences among individuals in many responses to the drug. Some participants in alcohol challenge protocols show a cluster of ‘low level of responses to alcohol’ determined by observing post‐drinking‐related changes in subjective, motor and physiological effects at a given dose level. Those individuals characterized as having low level of response (LR) to alcohol have been shown to be at increased risk for a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence (AD), and this relationship between low LR and AD appears to be in part genetic. LR to alcohol is an area where achieving greater consilience between the human and the rodent phenotypes would seem to be highly likely. However, despite extensive data from both human and rodent studies, few attempts have been made to evaluate the human and animal data systematically in order to understand which aspects of LR appear to be most directly comparable across species and thus the most promising for further study. We review four general aspects of LR that could be compared between humans and laboratory animals: (1) behavioral measures of subjective intoxication; (2) body sway; (3) endocrine responses; and (4) stimulant, autonomic and electrophysiological responses. None of these aspects of LR provide completely face‐valid direct comparisons across species. Nevertheless, one of the most replicated findings in humans is the low subjective response, but, as it may reflect either aversively valenced and/or positively valenced responses to alcohol as usually assessed, it is unclear which rodent responses are analogous. Stimulated heart rate appears to be consistent in animal and human studies, although at‐risk subjects appear to be more rather than less sensitive to alcohol using this measure. The hormone and electrophysiological data offer strong possibilities of understanding the neurobiological mechanisms, but the rodent data in particular are rather sparse and unsystematic. Therefore, we suggest that more effort is still needed to collect data using refined measures designed to be more directly comparable in humans and animals. Additionally, the genetically mediated mechanisms underlying this endophenotype need to be characterized further across species.
REVIEW: Reward sensitivity: issues of measurement, and achieving consilience between human and animal phenotypes
Authors: Stephens David N. , Duka Theodora , Crombag Hans S. , Cunningham Christopher L. , Heilig Markus , Crabbe John C. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTReward is a concept fundamental to discussions of drug abuse and addiction. The idea that altered sensitivity to either drug–reward, or to rewards in general, contributes to, or results from, drug‐taking is a common theme in several theories of addiction. However, the concept of reward is problematic in that it is used to refer to apparently different behavioural phenomena, and even to diverse neurobiological processes (reward pathways). Whether these different phenomena are different behavioural expressions of a common underlying process is not established, and much research suggests that there may be only loose relationships among different aspects of reward. Measures of rewarding effects of drugs in humans often depend upon subjective reports. In animal studies, such insights are not available, and behavioural measures must be relied upon to infer rewarding effects of drugs or other events. In such animal studies, but also in many human methods established to objectify measures of reward, many other factors contribute to the behaviour being studied. For that reason, studying the biological (including genetic) bases of performance of tasks that ostensibly measure reward cannot provide unequivocal answers. The current overview outlines the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches that hinder the conciliation of cross‐species studies of the genetics of reward sensitivity and the dysregulation of reward processes by drugs of abuse. Some suggestions are made as to how human and animal studies may be made to address more closely homologous behaviours, even if those processes are only partly able to isolate ‘reward’ from other factors contributing to behavioural output.
Clinical and molecular characterization of individuals with recurrent genomic disorder at 10q22.3q23.2
Authors: Alliman S , Coppinger J , Marcadier J , Thiese H , Brock P , Shafer S , Weaver C , Asamoah A , Leppig K , Dyack S , Morash B , Schultz R , Torchia BS , Lamb AN , Bejjani BA 
Published: February 2010

Alliman S, Coppinger J, Marcadier J, Thiese H, Brock P, Shafer S, Weaver C, Asamoah A, Leppig K, Dyack S, Morash B, Schultz R, Torchia BS, Lamb AN, Bejjani BA. Clinical and molecular characterization of individuals with recurrent genomic disorder at 10q22.3q23.2.The identification of genomic imbalances in young patients can affect medical management by allowing early intervention for developmental delay and by identifying patients at risk for unexpected medical complications. Using a 105K‐feature oligonucleotide array, we identified a 7.25 Mb deletion at 10q22.3q23.2 in six unrelated patients. Deletions of this region have been described in individuals with cognitive and behavioral abnormalities, including autistic features, and may represent a recurring genetic syndrome. All four patients in this study for whom clinical information was available had mild dysmorphic features and three had developmental delay. Of note is the emerging clinical phenotype in these individuals with similar dysmorphic features such as macrocephaly, hypertelorism, and arachnodactyly, and neurodevelopmental delay that includes failure to thrive, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties in the neonatal period, and receptive and expressive language delay with global neurodevelopmental delay after the neonatal period. However, there is no pattern of abnormalities, craniofacial, behavioral, or otherwise, that would have aroused clinical suspicion of a specific syndrome. Finally, the patients' deletions encompass BMPR1A but not PTEN, and these patients may be at risk for colon cancer and should be referred for appropriate prophylactic care and surveillance. Of the two patients in this study who had colonoscopy following the array results, neither had polyps. Therefore, the magnitude of the increased risk for colon cancer is currently unknown.
Delineation of 15q13.3 microdeletions
Authors: Masurel‐Paulet A , Andrieux J , Callier P , Cuisset JM , Le Caignec C , Holder M , Thauvin‐Robinet C , Doray B , Flori E , Alex‐Cordier MP , Beri M , Boute O , Delobel B , Dieux A , Vallee L , Jaillard S , Odent S , Isidor B , Beneteau C , Vigneron J , Bilan F , Gilbert‐Dussardier B , Dubourg C , Labalme A , Bidon C , Gautier A , Pernes P , Pinoit JM , Huet F , Mugneret F , Aral B , Jonveaux P , Sanlaville D , Faivre L 
Published: February 2010

Masurel‐Paulet A, Andrieux J, Callier P, Cuisset JM, Le Caignec C, Holder M, Thauvin‐Robinet C, Doray B, Flori E, Alex‐Cordier MP, Beri M, Boute O, Delobel B, Dieux A, Vallee L, Jaillard S, Odent S, Isidor B, Beneteau C, Vigneron J, Bilan F, Gilbert‐Dussardier B, Dubourg C, Labalme A, Gautier A, Pernes P, Bidon C, Pinoit JM, Huet F, Mugneret F, Aral B, Jonveaux P, Sanlaville D, Faivre L. Delineation of 15q13.3 microdeletions.The increasing use of array‐comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) to identify copy number variations (CNVs) in patients with developmental delay (DD), mental retardation and/or dysmorphic features has allowed the recent recognition of numerous genomic imbalances, including the 15q13.3 microdeletion. Patients with this microdeletion generally present with relatively consistent breakpoints at BP4 and BP5, which include the CHRNA7 gene. About 100 index cases have been reported since the first publication in 2008. This large number of patients ascertained through highly variable samples has been necessary to describe the full phenotypic spectrum of this microdeletion, ranging from mental retardation with dysmorphic features, epilepsy, neuropsychiatric disturbances with or without cognitive impairment to complete absence of anomalies. Here, we describe a collaborative study reporting a new cohort of 12 index patients and 13 relatives carrying a heterozygous BP4–BP5 microdeletion out of a series of 4625 patients screened by array‐CGH for DD. We confirm the clinical expressivity of the disease as well as the incomplete penetrance in seven families. We showed through a review of the literature that males are more likely to be symptomatic. Sequence analysis of CHRNA7 yielded no data to support the unmasking of recessive variants as a cause of phenotypic variability. We also report the first patient carrying a 15q13.3 homozygous microdeletion inherited from both parents. He had severe epileptic encephalopathy with retinopathy, autistic features and choreoathetosis. Besides the classical ∼1.5 Mb BP4–BP5 microdeletion, we also describe three index patients and two relatives with a smaller 500 kb microdeletion, including the CHRNA7 gene.
Epidemiology of Van der Woude syndrome from mutational analyses in affected patients from Pakistan
Authors: Malik S , Kakar N , Hasnain S , Ahmad J , Wilcox ER , Naz S 
Published: February 2010

Malik S, Kakar N, Hasnain S, Ahmad J, Wilcox ER, Naz S. Epidemiology of Van der Woude syndrome from mutational analyses in affected patients from Pakistan.Mutations inIRF6cause Van der Woude syndrome (VWS), one of the most common syndromes associated with cleft lip (CL) with or without cleft palate (CP). The presence of pits on the lower lip of patients is the most characteristic feature of the syndrome. We have identified three novel and seven previously reportedIRF6mutations in 12 of 16 unrelated families segregating VWS from Pakistan. The three newly identified mutations include a frameshift (c.568delG) and two missense mutations c.295G>A (p.G99S) and c.1219T>C (p.S407P). Recent functional studies on IRF6 and the three‐dimensional structure of IRF5 carboxy (C) terminus, a protein encoded by a paralog ofIRF6, shed light on the p.S407P substitution. Additionally, the identification of the same mutations responsible for VWS in Pakistan, as reported in other global populations worldwide, marks these residues as mutational hotspots and indicates their essential role in structural stability or function of IRF6. This is the first study of VWS in Pakistan and we estimate that 1 in 100 patients with CL with or without CP (CL/P) are affected in the Pakistani population predominantly from the Punjab area.
Population differences in behaviour are explained by shared within‐population trait correlations
Authors: PRUITT JONATHAN N. , RIECHERT SUSAN E. , ITURRALDE GABRIEL , VEGA MAURICIO , FITZPATRICK BENJAMIN M. , AVILÉS LETICIA 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCorrelations in behavioural traits across time, situation and ecological context (i.e. ‘behavioural syndromes’ or ‘personality’) have been documented for a variety of behaviours, and in diverse taxa. Perhaps the most controversial inference from the behavioural syndromes literature is that correlated behaviour may act as an evolutionary constraint and evolutionary change in one’s behaviour may necessarily involve shifts in others. We test the two predictions of this hypothesis using comparative data from eighteen populations of the socially polymorphic spider, Anelosimus studiosus (Araneae, Theriidae). First, we ask whether geographically distant populations share a common syndrome. Second, we test whether population differences in behaviour are correlated similarly to within‐population trait correlations. Our results reveal that populations separated by as much as 36° latitude shared similar syndromes. Furthermore, population differences in behaviour were correlated in the same manner as within‐population trait correlations. That is, population divergence tended to be along the same axes as within‐population covariance. Together, these results suggest a lack of evolutionary independence in the syndrome’s constituent traits.
Heritability of resistance to oxidative stress in early life
Authors: KIM S.‐Y. , NOGUERA J. C. , MORALES J. , VELANDO A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOxidative stress has recently been suggested to play an important role in life‐history evolution, but little is known about natural variation and heritability of this physiological trait. Here, we explore phenotypic variation in resistance to oxidative stress of cross‐fostered yellow‐legged gull (Larus cachinnans) chicks. Resistance to oxidative stress was not related to plasma antioxidants at hatching, which are mostly derived from maternal investment into eggs. Common environmental effects on phenotypic variation in resistance to oxidative stress were not significant. Heritability was relatively low and nonsignificant in hatchlings, but interestingly, the chicks of age 8 days showed high and significant heritability (h2 = 0.59). Our results suggest that resistance to oxidative stress is determined mainly by the genotype as chicks grow. Further work is required to explore the genetic role of oxidative stress in life‐history evolution.
Habitat‐specific population structure in native western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera)
Authors: BRUNNER P. C. , FREY J. E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInvasions by pest organisms are among the main challenges for sustainable crop protection. They pose a serious threat to crop production by introducing a highly unpredictable element to existing crop protection strategies. The western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera) managed to invade ornamental greenhouses worldwide within < 25 years. To shed light on possible genetic and/or ecological factors that may have been responsible for this invasion success, we studied the population genetic structure of western flower thrips in its native range in western North America. Analysis of nucleotide sequence variation and variation at microsatellite loci revealed the existence of two habitat‐specific phylogenetic lineages (ecotypes) with allopatric distribution. One lineage is associated with hot/dry climates, the second lineage is restricted to cool/moist climates. We speculate that the ecological niche segregation found in this study may be among the key factors determining the invasion potential of western flower thrips.
Fungal carbohydrate support in the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: a review
Authors: Nehls U. , Göhringer F. , Wittulsky S. , Dietz S. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEctomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction between certain soil fungi and fine roots of perennial plants, mainly forest trees, by which both partners become capable of efficiently colonising nutrient‐limited environments. The success of this interaction is reflected in the dominance of ECM forest ecosystems in the Northern hemisphere. Apart from their economic importance (wood production), forest ecosystems are essential for large‐scale carbon sequestration, leading to substantial reductions in anthropogenic CO2 release. The biological function of ECM symbiosis is the exchange of fungus‐derived mineral nutrients for plant‐derived carbohydrates. Improved plant nutrition as a result of this interaction, however, has a price. Together with their fungal partner, root systems of ECM plants can receive about half of the photosynthetically fixed carbon. To enable such a strong carbohydrate sink, the monosaccharide uptake capacity and carbohydrate flux through glycolysis and intermediate carbohydrate storage pools (trehalose and/or mannitol) of mycorrhizal fungi is strongly increased at the plant–fungus interface. Apart from their function as a carbohydrate store, trehalose/mannitol are additionally considered to be involved in carbon allocation within the fungal colony. Dependent on the fungal species involved in the symbiosis, regulation and fine‐tuning of fungal carbohydrate uptake and metabolism seems to be controlled either by developmental mechanisms or by the apoplastic sugar content. As a consequence of the increased carbohydrate demand in symbiosis, trees increase their photosynthetic capacity. In addition, host plants control and restrict carbohydrate flux towards their partner to avoid fungal parasitism. The mechanisms behind this phenomenon are still largely unknown but rates of local sucrose hydrolysis and hexose uptake by rhizodermal cells are thought to restrict fungal carbohydrate nutrition under certain conditions (e.g., reduced fungal nutrient export).
Cloning and expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 in fenvalerate‐resistant and susceptible Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) from China
Authors: Zhang H. , Tang T. , Cheng Y. , Shui R. , Zhang W. , Qiu L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOur previous studies have found that the levels of cytochrome P450 and oxidative activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were enhanced in a fenvalerate‐resistant strain (HDFR) of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in China, comparing with those of a susceptible strain (HDS). Here, we report the molecular cloning and gene expression of a specific P450 CYP6B7 from HDFR and HDS strain of H. armigera. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence showed that there were three substitutions of amino acids in the coding region of CYP6B7 cDNA of HDFR strain, comparing with that of HDS strain. Meanwhile, there were three mutative nucleotides in the intron of CYP6B7 genomic DNA in HDFR strain. Northern blotting analysis showed that the expression of CYP6B7 mRNA in HDFR strain of H. armigera was more than 5‐fold higher than that in HDS strain. Further studies indicated that the expression of CYP6B7 mRNA increased as the larvae developed; however, it was rarely detected in the pupae and adult stages. The results suggested that cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 plays an important role in the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate resistance of HDFR strain of H. armigera; over‐expression of CYP6B7 combined with relevant substitution of amino acids might be responsible for fenvalerate‐resistance in H. armigera from China.
Changes of Connexin43 Expression in Non‐pregnant Porcine Myometrium Correlate with Progesterone Concentration During Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Karasinski J , Galas J , Semik D , Fiertak A , Bilinska B , Kilarski WM 
Published: February 2010

ContentsConnexin43 (Cx43) is a major protein of myometrial gap junctions. The number of Cx43 gap junctions increase dramatically with the onset of labour in association with development of synchronized uterine contractions. The formation of myometrial gap junctions follows an increase in the oestrogen to progesterone ratio indicating an important role of steroid hormones in regulating Cx43 expression at term. However, no relationship has been established between the expression of Cx43 in the non‐pregnant myometrium and concentration of steroid hormones during the oestrous cycle. Here, we used immunofluorescence and Western blotting to analyse the expression of Cx43 gap junctions in the myometrium of pre‐pubertal pigs (n = 7) and mature pigs at pre‐ovulatory (n = 7), luteal (n = 5) and late luteal (n = 3) stages of the oestrous cycle. The number of Cx43 gap junctions calculated per 1 mm2 of the myometrial section was low in pre‐pubertal pigs and significantly higher (p < 0.022) in pre‐ovulatory animals. In relation to pre‐ovulatory animals the number of myometrial gap junctions was significantly lower (p < 0.019) at the luteal phase and correlated with significantly higher (p < 0.005) concentration of endogenous progesterone. Phosphorylated isoforms of Cx43 protein were expressed in the myometrium of pre‐pubertal pigs and mature animals at pre‐ovulatory and late luteal phases, while they were down regulated at the luteal stage. These results indicate that changes of Cx43 expression in the porcine myometrium during the oestrous cycle may be regulated by progesterone concentration and may contribute to the modulation of uterine motility.
Positron emission tomography: current status and future challenges
Authors: Lin M. , Shon I. Ho , Lin P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPositron emission tomography (PET) using fluorine‐18–2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (FDG) has made a major impact in clinical oncology in diagnosing, staging and restaging malignancy as well as in monitoring therapy response. Over the past decade, there has been an enormous growth in the scientific and clinical evidence supporting PET including recent important contribution from the Australian PET Data Collection Project. Since 2001, hybrid PET‐computed tomography has also largely replaced PET alone systems with significant improvement in diagnostic accuracy. This review is a brief update on the current status of FDG‐PET focusing on its oncologic applications.
Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome associated with bortezomib
Authors: Terwiel E. , Hanrahan R. , Lueck C. , D'Rozario J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractReversible posterior encephalopathy (RPES) is an uncommon neurological syndrome that is being increasingly reported in association with anti‐neoplastic therapies. The first case of reversible posterior encephalopathy associated with the proteosome inhibitor bortezomib is described and the reported experience of the occurrence of RPES with other antineoplastic therapies reviewed. Dysregulation of cerebral vasomotor autoregulation is postulated as the underlying pathophysiology in this case of bortezomib associated RPES.
Guest Editors' Introduction
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary , Graham Margaret B. W. 
Published: February 2010

abstractThere are already manifold interactions between business history and management studies but, to date, they have tended to be more particular and patchy than general and systematic. In this introduction we summarize the arguments that scholars from business history, management studies and social science have made for closer contact between these fields which emphasize the benefits to be gained both for theoretical and historical research on business. We highlight how the articles published in this Special Issue show the wide variety of intellectual purposes, approaches, and benefits that closer engagement between business history and management theories might entail. Yet, concerns have also been raised about the value of a closer alliance between business history and management studies and we suggest that they are worthy of further consideration and discussion. To that end, we propose a more deliberate conversation about what it is we do as historians and theorists of business and what we seek to accomplish. Such a discussion would help us not only to better understand the limits to fruitful integration but also how to work together more productively in the collaborations that seem most worthwhile.
Postcolonial Transitions in Africa: Decolonization in West Africa and Present Day South Africa
Authors: Decker Stephanie 
Published: February 2010

abstractBlack Economic Empowerment is a highly debated issue in contemporary South Africa. Yet few South Africans realize that they are following a postcolonial trajectory already experienced by other countries. This paper presents a case study of British firms during decolonization in Ghana and Nigeria in the 1950s and 1960s, which saw a parallel development in business and society to that which occurred in South Africa in the 1990s and 2000s. Despite fundamental differences between these states, all have had to empower a majority of black citizens who had previously suffered discrimination on the basis of race. The paper employs concepts from social capital theory to show that the process of postcolonial transition in African economies has been more politically and socially disruptive than empowerment in Western countries. Historical research contributes to our understanding of the nature of institutional shocks in emerging economies.