Recovery of Heavy Oils Using Vapourized Hydrocarbon Solvents: Further Development of the Vapex Process
Authors: Butler Roger M. , Mokrys Igor J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
There are extensive deposits of heavy oil in Saskatchewan and Alberta which can only be recovered with low efficiency by conventional methods. Primary recovery in the best of these heavy oil reservoirs can yield about 6 percent of the OOIP. Waterflooding can improve the recovery, but only to an extent of 1–2 percent because of the adverse mobility ratio. Thermal recovery processes using steam can be effective, but these are uneconomic in many Lloydminister type reservoirs because the deposits are relatively thin and heat losses to the overburden and underburden are excessive.
One potential means for overcoming the problem of heat loss is to make use of vapourized hydrocarbon solvents at their dew point. This paper discusses the results of experiments withangleflags heavy oil and propane carried out in a large, scaled physical model. It focuses on the area of potential problems encountered with the use of saturated hydrocarbon vapour as a solvent. In particular, it addresses the issue of precipitation of asphaltenes which may lead to reduced permeability and lower production rates. Rates, recoveries, gas to oil ratios and other important parameters will be presented and field performance ofhe process will be predicted from the data obtained in the scaled laboratory model.

Introduction
Production of heavy oils anti bitumens from the extensive Deposits in Alberta and Saskatchewan hampered by the high viscosity of these materials caused by the high content ofsphaltenes. After these heavy crudes have been produced, often by thermal methods, dilution with light hydrocarbons is required to facilitate transport through pipelines to upgrading plants and refineries. The cost of steam injection to mobilize the heavy crude is large, mostly because there are inherent heat losses associated with heatingsurrounding rock formations that do not bear oil. This situation is further exacerbated in thinner reservoirs.
A new idea is to be recover heavy oils using saturated hydrocarbon vapours under carefully controlled conditions which lead to eparation of asphaltenes from the heavy crude. The asphaltenes thus left behind are deposited on the reservoir matrix while the much lighter oil is recovered. The handling, processing and transport of such in situ upgraded oil is easier and more economical.
In our previous paper(1) we described a new process for recovering heavy oil with the aid of a saturated Hydrocarbon vapour. In this paper we present further experimental data to support the feasibility of the Process and explore the benefits of an in situ upgrading by asphaltene removal and deposition on the rock matrix.

Experimental Work -Hot Water-propane Injection into a Packed Cell: Apparatus Development
The purpose of this work was to extend the body of knowledge obtained in our original development of the Vapex process(1) to a larger physical model in which problems not apparent to a small cell come into focus. The previous work was carried out with a small cell with inside dimensions 7 cm × 7 cm × 2.5 cm. The results were encouraging.