bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mammary Epithelial Reconstitution with Gene-Modified Stem Cells Assigns Roles to Stat5 in Luminal Alveolar Cell Fate Decisions, Differentiation, Involution, and Mammary Tumor Formation
Authors: Vafaizadeh Vida , Klemmt Petra , Brendel Christian , Weber Kristoffer , Doebele Carmen , Britt Kara , Grez Manuel , Fehse Boris , Desriviéres Sylvane , Groner Bernd 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The mammary gland represents a unique model system to study gene functions in adult stem cells. Mammary stem cells (MaSCs) can regenerate a functional epithelium on transplantation into cleared fat pads. We studied the consequences of distinct genetic modifications of MaSCs on their repopulation and differentiation ability. The reconstitution of ductal trees was used as a stem cell selection procedure and the nearly quantitative lentiviral infection efficiency of the primary mammary epithelial cells (MECs) rendered the enrichment of MaSCs before their transplantation unnecessary. The repopulation frequency of transduced MaSCs was nearly 100% in immunodeficient recipients and the resulting transgenic ducts homogeneously expressed the virally encoded fluorescent marker proteins. Transplantation of a mixture of MECs, expressing different fluorescent proteins, resulted in a distinct pattern of ductal outgrowths originating from a small number of individually transduced MaSCs. We used genetically modified MECs to define multiple functions of Stat5 during mammary gland development and differentiation. Stat5-downregulation in MaSCs did not affect primary ductal outgrowth, but impaired side branching and the emergence of mature alveolar cells from luminal progenitors during pregnancy. Conversely, the expression of a constitutively active variant of Stat5 (cS5-F) caused epithelial hyperproliferation, thickening of the ducts and precocious, functional alveoli formation in virgin mice. Expression of cS5-F also prevented involution and caused the formation of estrogen and progesterone receptor positive (ER+PR+) adenocarcinomas. The tumors expressed activated Stat5 and Stat3 and contained a small fraction of CD44+ cells, possibly indicative of cancer stem cells.
Students' comprehension of science textbooks using a question‐based reading strategy
Authors: Smith Betty Lou , Holliday William G. , Austin Homer W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDespite the heavy reliance on textbooks in college courses, research indicates that college students enrolled in first‐year science courses are not proficient at comprehending informational text. The present study investigated a reading comprehension questioning strategy with origins in clinical research based in elaboration interrogation theory, which outlines how to encourage readers to recall relevant background knowledge while reading text materials. The theory suggests that the strategy increases the likelihood that readers will integrate what they read with what they know to make new knowledge. The setting for the study more closely resembled classroom conditions compared to similar studies in the past. Unlike previous studies on reading comprehension, students read a challenging passage from the textbook used in a science course in which they were enrolled. In addition, the text was longer than that used in clinical research. The college students (n = 294) in this study were randomly assigned to either a questioning strategy treatment or a rereading placebo‐control. While reading, treatment students were presented with statements taken from regular intervals in their textbook (about every 150 words) and asked a simple why question about each of these statements. Significant differences were found favoring elaborative interrogation theory and its question strategy treatment over the placebo‐control in terms of science comprehension even after significant estimated predictors of prior knowledge and verbal ability were statistically controlled or accounted for by removing the statistical contributions of these predictors to the main effects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 363–379, 2010
A more patient-friendly use of circular fixators in deformity correction
Authors: Sakkers Ralph J. , van der Wal A. J. , Dijkstra P. T. , Jaspers J. E. N. 
Published: March 2010

Purpose The evaluation of a construction that allows the exchange of circular and unilateral external fixators on the same fixation pins to the bone in outpatient circumstances during bone lengthening and alignment procedures. Methods Nine children were treated with this concept. After bone lengthening and alignment, the circular fixators were exchanged for unilateral fixators in the outpatient clinic to hold the position of the bony parts during the consolidation phase. Results The decrease of time needed to use the circular fixator during the treatment was considered to be an improvement in comfort. Conclusions The concept of using both a circular and a unilateral external fixator in a construction that allows the exchange of the external fixators in outpatient circumstances combines the advantages of both systems, and creates more options in the different stages of bone deformity correction. Patient comfort is increased by the decrease of time needed to use the circular fixator.
A lithofacies description of Jurassic sediments in the south of the Predyenisei petroleum subprovince, West Siberia
Authors: Vakulenko L.G. , Aksenova T.P. , Yeltsov I.S. , Zamirailova A.G. , Yan P.A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We have studied Jurassic sections in the Predyenisei subprovince of the West Siberian petroleum basin, which were penetrated in the Vostok-1, Vostok-3, and Vostok-4 stratigraphic wells. The Urman, Togur, Ilan, Peshkovo, Tyumen’, Naunak, and Mar’yanovka Formations are described from a detailed comprehensive core analysis and log data. The depositional environment for these sediments was predominantly continental. There is evidence for short transgressions in the Ilan (Lower Toarcian) and Peshkovo (Upper Toarcian) Formations, as well as the Upper Urman (Upper Pliensbachian) and the Upper Tyumen’ (Bajocian) Subformations. In the Upper Naunak Subformation (Oxfordian), there was a change of facies from continental to littoral continental and littoral marine. The Mar’yanovka Formation developed in normal marine shallow- or moderately deep-water environments. Although good reservoirs are common throughout the Jurassic section in the southeast of West Siberia, only small, lithologically screened deposits are predicted here.
New data on Quaternary morpholithogenesis in the Chuya basin (Gorny Altai)
Authors: Zol’nikov I.D. , Deev E.V. , Lyamina V.A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
New data have been obtained on the paleogeographic and stratigraphic assignment of Neopleistocene morpholithogenesis in the Chuya basin. They were derived from analysis of topographical maps, digital elevation models, and medium- and high-resolution satellite images as well as a textural and facies description of Quaternary sections. Near the basin side, a paragenetic association of sediments is widespread. These sediments, laid down by fluid debris flows and mudflows, formed a ridged terrain during the emptying of a Late Quaternary paleolake. A diluvial–erosional origin of a series of small parallel scarps has been suggested. They are usually interpreted as wave-cut benches, which mark temporary levels of a glacier-dammed lake. We have examined geological evidence for a high glacial dam with an age of maximum glaciation inside the Chuya basin. Because of the dam, glacier floods during the Middle Neopleistocene were larger than those during the Late Neopleistocene.
Experimental study of the system H3BO3–NaF–SiO2-H2O at 350–800 °C and 1–2 kbar by the method of synthetic fluid inclusions
Authors: Peretyazhko I.S. , Smirnov S.Z. , Kotel’nikov A.R. , Kotel’nikova Z.A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The phase state of fluid in the system H3BO3–NaF–SiO2–H2O was studied at 350–800 °C and 1–2 kbar by the method of synthetic fluid inclusions. The increase in the solubility of quartz and the high reciprocal solubility of H3BO3 and NaF in water fluid at high temperatures are due to the formation of complexes containing B, F, Si, and Na. At 800 °C and 2 kbar, both liquid and gas immiscible phases (viscous silicate-water-salt liquid and three water fluids with different contents of B and F) are dispersed within each other. The Raman spectra of aqueous solutions and viscous liquid show not only a peak of [B(OH)3]0 but also peaks of complexes [B(OH)4]–, polyborates [B4O5(OH)4]2–, [B3O3(OH)4]–, and [B5O6(OH)4]–, and/or fluoroborates [B3F6O3]3–, [BF2(OH)2]–, [BF3(OH)]–, and [BF4]–. The high viscosity of nonfreezing fluid is due to the polymerization of complexes of polyborates and fluorine-substituted polyborates containing Si and Na. Solutions in fluid inclusions belong to P–Q type complicated by a metastable or stable immiscibility region. Metastable fluid equilibria transform into stable ones owing to the formation of new complexes at 800 ºC and 2 kbar as a result of the interaction of quartz with B-F-containing fluid. At high concentrations of F and B in natural fluids, complexes containing B, F, Si, and alkaline metals and silicate-water-salt dispersed phases might be produced and concentrate many elements, including ore-forming ones. Their transformation into vitreous masses or viscous liquids (gels, jellies) during cooling and the subsequent crystallization of these products at low temperatures (300–400 °C) should lead to the release of fluid enriched in the above elements.
The Earth’s magnetic field history for the past 400 Myr
Authors: Kurazhkovskii A.Yu. , Kurazhkovskaya N.A. , Klain B.I. , Bragin V.Yu. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Published and new data on the Earth’s past magnetic field have been interpreted in terms of its links with the frequency of magnetic polarity reversals and with tectonic events such as plume-related eruptions and rifting. The paleointensity and reversal frequency variations show an antiphase correlation between 0 and 160 Ma, and the same tendency likely holds for the past 400 Myr. The geomagnetic field intensity averaged over geological ages (stages) appears to evolve in a linearly increasing trend while its variations increase proportionally in amplitude and change in structure. Both paleointensity and reversal frequency patterns correlate with rifting and eruption events. In periods of high rifting activity, the geomagnetic field increases (15 to 30%) and the reversals become about 40% less frequent. Large eruption events between 0 and 150 Ma have been preceded by notable changes in magnetic intensity which decreases and then increases, the lead being most often within a few million years.
Characterization of finite type string link invariants of degree <5
Authors: MEILHAN JEAN-BAPTISTE , YASUHARA AKIRA 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe give a complete set of finite type string link invariants of degree <5. In addition to Milnor invariants, these include several string link invariants constructed by evaluating knot invariants on certain closures of (cabled) string links. We show that finite type invariants classify string links up toCk-moves fork≤ 5, which proves, at low degree, a conjecture due to Goussarov and Habiro. We also give a similar classification of string links up toCk-moves and concordance fork≤ 6.
Partial Castelnuovo–Mumford regularities of sums and intersections of powers of monomial ideals
Authors: HOA LÊ TUÂN , TRUNG TRÂN NAM 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLet I, I11,. . ., I1q1,. . ., Ip1,. . ., Ipqp be monomial ideals of a polynomial ring R = K[X1,. . ., Xr] and Ln = I+∩jIn1j + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ∩jIpjn. It is shown that the ai-invariant ai(R/Ln) is asymptotically a quasi-linear function of n for all n ≫ 0, and the limit limn→∞ad(R/Ln)/n exists, where d = dim(R/L1). A similar result holds if I11,. . ., I1q1,. . ., Ip1,. . ., Ipqp are replaced by their integral closures. Moreover all limits $\lim_{n\to\infty} a_i(R/(\cap_j \overline{I_{1j}^n} + \cdots + \cap_j \overline{I_{pj}^n}))/n $ also exist.As a consequence, it is shown that there are integers p > 0 and 0 ≤ e ≤ d = dim R/I such that reg(In) = pn + e for all n ≫ 0 and pn ≤ reg(In) ≤ pn + d for all n > 0 and that the asymptotic behavior of the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of ordinary symbolic powers of a square-free monomial ideal is very close to a linear function.
The Listing of Chinese State-Owned Banks and their Path to Banking and Ownership Reform
Authors: McGuinness Paul B. , Keasey Kevin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractChina's leading state-owned banks have undergone radical transformation in recent years, with six of the country's top seven players listed in both Hong Kong and Shanghai. We first consider how the banks were reorganized for initial public offering, in terms of the removal of non-performing loans and the massive recapitalization of their balance sheets. Second, and more importantly, we consider whether they have been able to retain market share, further commercialize and enhance overall financial positions post-listing. Through in-depth case analysis of the six state-owned banks, we show that post-initial public offering they have significantly improved profitability, loan book size, loan book quality and capital reserve protection. However, we caution that the debilitating effects of the global credit crunch may slow or even arrest further progress across these dimensions in the near term. We conclude that China's leading banks have benefited materially from their transition, and have accordingly developed a range of competitive and co-operative strategies not only to sustain domestic market advantage but also to penetrate overseas markets.
An observational study of consumer use of fast-food restaurant drive-through lanes: implications for menu labelling policy
Authors: Roberto Christina A , Hoffnagle Elena , Bragg Marie A , Brownell Kelly D 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveSome versions of restaurant menu labelling legislation do not require energy information to be posted on menus for drive-through lanes. The present study was designed to quantify the number of customers who purchase fast food through drive-in windows as a means of informing legislative labelling efforts.DesignThis was an observational study.SettingThe study took place at two McDonald’s and Burger King restaurants, and single Dairy Queen, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco Bell and Wendy’s restaurants.SubjectsThe number of customers entering the chain restaurants and purchasing food via the drive-through lane were recorded. A total of 3549 patrons were observed.ResultsThe percentage of customers who made their purchases at drive-throughs was fifty-seven. The overall average (57 %) is likely a conservative estimate because some fast-food restaurants have late-night hours when only the drive-throughs are open.ConclusionsSince nearly six in ten customers purchase food via the drive-through lanes, menu labelling legislation should mandate the inclusion of menu labels on drive-through menu boards to maximise the impact of this public health intervention.
The effect of biogas digestion on the environmental impact and energy balances in organic cropping systems using the life-cycle assessment methodology
Authors: Michel Jens , Weiske Achim , Möller Kurt 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA life-cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out to compare the environmental performance of different organic cropping systems with and without digestion of slurry and crop residues. The aims of the present study are: (1) to compare the environmental performance of organic farming dairy systems with the currently prevalent animal housing systems [solid farmyard manure (FYM) versus liquid slurry] as the main reference systems; (2) to analyze the effect of the implementation of a biogas digestion system on the consumption of fossil fuels and production of electrical energy; (3) to quantify the effects of the implementation of a biogas digestion system on the environment; and (4) to compare the obtained net energy yields with other means of obtaining energy by using the farmland area. The considered impact categories are greenhouse gas (GHG) balances, acidification, eutrophication and groundwater pollution. LCA results indicated that total emissions in systems based on FYM are much higher than in liquid slurry systems for most of the considered impact categories. The benefits of digestion of stable wastes in comparison with the reference system without digestion are mainly (1) the net reduction of the emissions of GHG and (2) energy recovery from produced biogas, while the disadvantages can be higher emissions of NH3 after spreading. The effects of additional biogas digestion of biomass such as crop residues (e.g., straw of peas and cereals) and cover crops are: (1) an optimization of the N-cycle and therewith higher yields; (2) higher energy production per unit arable land; (3) a further reduction of the GHG balance; but (4) higher N-related environmental burdens like eutrophication and acidification. The offsets of fossil fuel emissions were the largest GHG sink in most of the biogas digestion systems. The inclusion of a biogas plant into organic cropping systems and the use of the available wastes for production of energy largely increased the overall productivity of the farming system and matched very well the basic principles of organic farming such as a high self-sufficiency of the cropping system and reducing as much as possible the environmental impact of farming.
Enhancing RNAi efficiency by inserting Nuclear factor-κB binding sequence into SiRNA expression cassette
Authors: Yi Jianzhong , Liu Chenqian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRNAi based applications have been widely used to manipulate cellular phenotypes, analyze gene function and as a promising molecular therapy, however, there are rare reports in how to target the SiRNA expression constructs from the cytoplasm to nucleus. In this study, we inserted NF-κB binding sequence into the SiRNA expression cassette to enhance RNAi efficiency, tested this propose by use of tRNAval and human H1 promoters, and eGFP and luciferase as reporter protein. The results showed that inserting NF-κB binding sequence at the 3’-terminal of the SiRNA expression construct could enhance RNAi efficiency.
Protein-assisted self-assembly of multifunctional nanoparticles
Authors: Nikitin Maxim P. , Zdobnova Tatiana A. , Lukash Sergey V. , Stremovskiy Oleg A. , Deyev Sergey M. 
Published: March 2010

A bioengineering method for self-assembly of multifunctional superstructures with in-advance programmable properties has been proposed. The method employs two unique proteins, barnase and barstar, to rapidly join the structural components together directly in water solutions. The properties of the superstructures can be designed on demand by linking different agents of various sizes and chemical nature, designated for specific goals. As a proof of concept, colloidally stable trifunctional structures have been assembled by binding together magnetic particles, quantum dots, and antibodies using barnase and barstar. The assembly has demonstrated that the bonds between these proteins are strong enough to hold macroscopic (5 nm–3 μm) particles together. Specific interaction of such superstructures with cancer cells resulted in fluorescent labeling of the cells and their responsiveness to magnetic field. The method can be used to join inorganic moieties, organic particles, and single biomolecules for synergistic use in different applications such as biosensors, photonics, and nanomedicine.
Job Displacement from Agriculture
Authors: Kandilov Amy M. G. , Kandilov Ivan T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUnlike manufacturing employers, “small” agricultural employers are generally not required to participate in the Unemployment Insurance system, which leaves many farm workers ineligible for unemployment benefits. Theory implies that displaced workers who are ineligible for benefits experience shorter jobless spells and a lower reemployment wage. With data from the Displaced Workers’ Survey, we show that displaced agricultural workers spend 4.6 fewer weeks unemployed and upon reemployment earn 9% less than displaced manufacturing workers. Not surprisingly, in states where “small” agricultural employers are required to participate in the Unemployment Insurance program, postdisplacement outcomes for agricultural and manufacturing workers are similar.
Dyspnoea in patients with acute heart failure: an analysis of its clinical course, determinants, and relationship to 60‐day outcomes in the PROTECT pilot study
Authors: Metra Marco , Cleland John G. , Weatherley Beth Davison , Dittrich Howard C. , Givertz Michael M. , Massie Barry M. , O'Connor Christopher M. , Ponikowski Piotr , Teerlink John R. , Voors Adriaan A. , Cotter Gad 
Published: March 2010

AimsDyspnoea is the most common symptom leading to hospitalization for acute heart failure (AHF). Its early and persistent relief is an important goal of therapy, but little is known about its course, determinants, and prognostic significance.Methods and resultsIn a post hoc analysis, we studied changes in dyspnoea and in‐hospital course in 303 subjects with AHF enrolled in the PROTECT pilot trial. Changes in dyspnoea were assessed by patient self‐report using a seven‐point Likert scale daily to discharge and at Days 7 and 14. We defined dyspnoea relief as a moderate to marked improvement of dyspnoea at both 24 and 48 h, and treatment success as dyspnoea relief without worsening HF or renal function or death during the first 7 days. Dyspnoea relief occurred in 54% of the patients, while treatment success was achieved in 44% of the patients. By Day 14, only 75% of patients reported a moderate or marked improvement in dyspnoea. Both dyspnoea relief and treatment success were associated with greater improvement in signs of congestion, shorter hospitalization duration, and a lower 60‐day mortality rate. Treatment success, but not dyspnoea relief, was also associated with a lower incidence of 60‐day death or re‐hospitalization for HF or renal failure.ConclusionHalf of patients admitted for AHF do not have substantial improvement in dyspnoea at 24 h and 25% do not have substantial improvement at 7 and 14 days from admission. Dyspnoea relief and treatment success are associated with shorter length of stay and lower 60‐day mortality. These analyses should be confirmed in larger studies.
First Report of the Early Spore Stages of Sunflower Rust, Caused by Puccinia helianthi, in Nebraska
Authors: Harveson Robert M. 
Published: March 2010

Sunflower rust is a common disease that sporadically causes losses in Nebraska production. In May 2009, symptoms suggestive of P. helianthi were observed on volunteer sunflowers in Gering, NE. A survey of production fields planted to sunflower in 2008 in western Nebraska was conducted to determine the incidence and distribution of early spore stages of P. helianthi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of these early spore stages in Nebraska, and the first documentation of the pycnial stage under natural field conditions. Accepted for publication 4 December 2009. Published 15 March 2010.