bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of suicide due to charcoal burning
Authors: Yip Paul 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new method for suicide, charcoal-burning poisoning, was initiated in Hong Kong in 1998, and has replaced hanging as the second most commonly used method of suicide in the last five years. It has also spread to other regions, for example, Taiwan and Japan. Furthermore, the use of charcoal-burning suicide has drawn a new cohort of individuals into the suicide population. The profiles of the charcoal-burning poisoning death are different from the non-charcoal-burning deaths: there are more males, less psychiatric illness and more financial problems among these cases. Restricting access to charcoal has been proposed to reduce the number of charcoal-burning deaths. The idea is not to completely remove it from the market, but rather to set up barriers to obtaining the suicide means. This means that there is a wider window of opportunity for intervention.
Why suicide loss is different for the survivors
Authors: Dunne Edward J , Dunne-Maxim Karen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractPeople who are bereaved by suicide are confronted with a number of unique circumstances which hold the potential for complicating or even completely derailing their recovery process. First, they must work through the considerable stigma, which still surrounds this type of death. This chapter examines some of the historical and contemporary manifestations of societal reactions to death by suicide as a way of establishing a background for understanding the aspects of suicide bereavement, which distinguish it from other types of bereavement. These reactions are described based on the authors’ work with more than 2000 survivors over the past 25 years. Not all survivors experience all of these reactions, and the intensity of the reactions will differ for each individual and even over time for the same individual. Yet, their common appearance in many survivors warrants special attention to them as a way of understanding the grieving process of those bereaved by suicide. Particular attention is paid to the tasks of the treating clinician when intervention is initiated. They are directed specifically at stigma reduction as a means of avoiding complicated mourning as well as familial discord. The chapter also draws attention to the special needs of young children who survive a loved one’s suicide.
Therapists as survivors of suicide loss
Authors: Grad Onja T 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhen a patient in an inpatient or outpatient setting—whether in therapy or after ending it—commits suicide, this act provokes a lot of distressful feelings in their therapist. Besides very personal reactions of shock, grief and regret, therapists often feel guilt, failure and incompetence connected to their professional performance. They are afraid of being blamed by their colleagues and/or of legal litigation from the family of the deceased. If they work in an institution they fear how the management will react to this event. Therapists need help and support, preferably in a form of standardized procedure, which is also presented in this chapter.
Suicide on all the continents in the young
Authors: Apter Alan , Bursztein Cendrine , Bertolote José M , Fleischmann Alexandra , Wasserman Danuta 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews the epidemiology of suicidal behaviours in young people in selected countries on the five continents. The chapter indicates that suicide is a global public health problem, and an issue of major concern in developing countries as much as it is in the well-studied developed parts of the world. Patterns of suicidal behaviours in the various continents have some similarities and some differences in aspects such as male:female ratio, cultural and societal risk factors and relative rates in different age groups. For example, in North America, Australia and New Zealand all indigenous populations show the same pattern of high suicidality. Also, after a long period of increasing rates among males in the West, there is now a significant drop in rates of young male suicides. In contrast to the other continents, Asia shows a unique pattern of higher suicide rates in young women compared to young men. Furthermore, a high use of self-poisoning with pesticides can be found in this part of the world.
Psychopathology and risk factors for suicide in the young
Authors: Orbach Israel , Iohan-Barak Maya 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn the first section risk factors along the categories of pathology, emotional states, personality traits, cognitive deficits, deficits in self-regulation, stressors and facilitators and inhibitors of suicidal behaviour are classified. The second section consists of a presentation of several theoretical perspectives of self-destructive behaviour in adolescents. The third section provides a review of theoretical and empirical models that try to track the interactions between the various risk factors leading to suicidal behaviour. The last section focuses on different pathways, based on different major dynamics, showing that there is more than one way to approach suicidal behaviour in adolescents.Many risk factors have been implicated in suicidal behaviour. In order to gain some clarity in this web of multiple risk factors, a meaningful organization of the existing data is needed. In this chapter we will rely on Orbach’s (1997) taxonomy of risk factors in order to facilitate in the organization of data related to suicidal behaviour in adolescents.
Psychodynamic and family aspects of youth suicide
Authors: King Robert A 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe psychodynamic approach to suicide examines the meaning and origins of suicidal behaviour in terms of the vicissitudes of feelings, motives, self-concept, and interpersonal relationships. Negative or poorly differentiated self-concept; maladaptive defensive or attachment style; and isolative, avoidant, or self-critical personality traits appear to be important risk factors for suicidality in youth.Across diverse national contexts, adolescent suicidality is associated with family factors such as parental psychopathology, negative life events, family discord, negative parent–child relationship (including abuse and neglect), and low perceived family support. Further research is needed to understand the intervening variables linking such family factors to suicide, including delineating the relative contributions of shared genetic risk (e.g. for psychopathology or maladaptive traits) versus the negative developmental impact of adverse family environment.The developmental challenges of adolescence increase the vulnerability to suicidal ideation and behaviour. How specific national or cultural contexts mitigate or exacerbate these factors remains an important area for further study.
Psychiatric disorders in suicide and suicide attempters
Authors: Apter Alan , Krispin Orit , Bursztein Cendrine 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter reviews common psychiatric disorders and conditions which appear to be major risk factors for all types of suicidality, both non-fatal and fatal, among children and adolescents. These psychiatric conditions include personality disorders, conduct disorder, affective disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and eating disorders. Each psychiatric condition is described and discussed in terms of its unique features that are associated with suicide behaviours and its risk for suicide behaviour.
Suicidal behaviours on all the continents among the elderly
Authors: De Leo Diego , Krysinska Karolina , Bertolote José M , Fleischmann Alexandra , Wasserman Danuta 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDespite tremendous variability across countries, suicide rates among the elderly, especially elderly males, remain globally the highest. On average, suicide rates increase with age, with the global suicide rate among those aged 75 and over being approximately three times higher than the rate among youth under 25 years of age. This chapter gives an overview of the epidemiology of fatal and non-fatal suicidal behaviour among people over 65 years of age on the five continents. The purpose is to facilitate a better appreciation of the extent of the differences among nations (where possible data from continents are provided), collectively with an example from a country from each of the continents: South Africa, China, Australia, Italy, and Brazil.
Suicidal elderly people in clinical and community settings
Authors: De Leo Diego , Draper Brian , Krysinska Karolina 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuicide in old age is still exposed to misunderstandings and controversies. From one side, in fact, it is the object of idiosyncratic interpretations (e.g. if subjects of advanced age are so close to their natural exit from life, why should they decide to hasten it?). From the other, the very answers to this question have fed a rationalistic view of elderly suicide that is widespread among community members: that self-killing may become an acceptable solution when facing the pains and miseries of old age (De Leo 1988).
The World Health Organization's role in suicide prevention
Authors: Saraceno Benedetto 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuicide is not only a personal tragedy, but a serious international public health problem. The majority of suicides in the world (85 per cent) occur in low- and middle-income countries (Krug et al. 2002). Suicide is among the top three causes of death in the young population aged 15–34 (World Health Organization 2001).Whereas national data about completed suicide exists for many countries, similar statistics on attempted suicide are largely missing, reflecting a lack of official or systematic national data collection. Hence, the scale of suicide attempts is not clearly known. Relying on hospital records and population surveys, it is estimated that attempted suicides are 10–20 times more frequent than completed suicides (Wasserman 2001).The Secretary-General of the United Nations in his report to the General Assembly in 1991 drew attention to the fact that suicide was a significant and growing problem, particularly among youth. The ensuing monitoring process revealed a lack of comprehensive national strategies for preventing suicide and, in many countries, rapidly rising suicide rates. In 1993, a United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO) International Expert Meeting on Guidelines for the Formulation and Implementation of Comprehensive National Strategies for the Prevention of Suicidal Behaviour was held in Canada, which culminated in a report (United Nations 1996) that included a comprehensive set of guidelines, together with a case study of the Finnish national strategy. These guidelines encouraged the development of national suicide-prevention strategies around the world, for instance, in the United States (US Department of Health and Human Services 2001), where suicide was recognized as a national problem, and suicide-prevention as a national priority, as well as in Europe (WHO 2002b; Wasserman et al. 2004). In 1999, WHO launched the worldwide initiative for suicide prevention (SUPRE) with the overall goal of reducing the mortality and morbidity of suicidal behaviours.The WHO, a specialized agency of the UN, is an intergovernmental organization, established by the formal agreement of, and ultimately governed by, 193 Member States. As the directing and coordinating authority on international health work, WHO stimulates international action on health issues of global concern with the ultimate objective of the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health (WHO 2003). The WHO’s normative function and advocacy role, as well as its convening power in establishing global partnerships, places it in a unique position to provide leadership at global, regional and country levels.
The International Association for Suicide Prevention
Authors: Mehlum Lars 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) was founded by the Austrian suicidologist Erwin Ringel in Vienna in 1960, with the aim of preventing suicidal behaviour, to alleviate its effects, and to provide a forum for academicians and mental health professionals, later embracing also crisis workers, volunteers, and suicide survivors. Today, IASP has grown to become the leading international organization concerned with suicide prevention. It is in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO), and as an umbrella organization, embraces members from nearly fifty national and international organizations on all continents. In its first decade, IASP held its conferences mainly in Europe and North America, but gradually, countries in other regions have been involved in hosting these world conferences. IASP and its international network of people, activities and resources has an important role to fill in a world that seems to be becoming gradually more aware of suicide as the huge societal problem it indeed is. Members from more than sixty different countries, with extensive knowledge and diverse experience, form a truly unique network that will be indispensable for the development of suicide preventive work worldwide.
The European Psychiatric Association Section on Suicidology and Suicide Prevention
Authors: Wasserman Danuta , Sarchiapone Marco , Carli Vladimir 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
European scholars historically pioneered research on suicide. Attitudes towards suicide dramatically changed during nineteenth and twentieth centuries, mainly due to the recognition of psychiatry as an autonomous discipline, which allowed treatment for disorders causing suicide, such as ‘melancholy’ or ‘hysteria’, for instance, and thanks to the original contribution of illustrious scientists such as Enrico Morselli (1882) and Emile Durkheim (1897/1951). As Durkheim, in his work, regarded suicide as a social illness reflecting alienation, anomy and other side-effects of modern times, Morselli, in his earlier moral statistics comparative essay, had already stressed the influence of biological, individual, and social factors on the development of suicide, and emphasized the importance of treatment, and the role of psychic suffering in suicidal persons.
As the study of suicidal behaviours in the twenty-first century has been engaging with the novel impulse of the biological trajectory of causation, taking advantage of new perspectives which stem from recent advances in scientific technology, European psychiatrists still achieve notable results: European contribution to scientific knowledge on suicide parallels with the huge commitment in the field by North America and the recent involvement of nations from other continents. With the aim of highlighting European contribution to this specific area of psychiatry, providing cohesion and coordinating individual European researchers, a new Section on Suicide and Suicide Prevention within the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), previously known as the Association of European Psychiatrists (AEP), was conceived and established by the General Assembly during the Annual Congress held in March 2006 in Nice.
The American Association of Suicidology
Authors: Berman Lanny 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The American Association of Suicidology (AAS) (http://www.suicidology.org) was founded by clinical psychologist Edwin S. Shneidman, PhD, in 1968. After co-directing the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center (LASPC) since 1958 with Norman Farberow, PhD, Dr Shneidman was appointed Chief of The Center for Suicide Prevention at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). There he had the opportunity to closely observe the limited available knowledge-base regarding suicide. Consequently, with the support of the NIMH, he organized a meeting of several world-renowned scholars, determined the need for and fathered a national organization devoted to research, education, and practice in suicidology, and advancing suicide prevention.
Given his leadership at the LASPC Shneidman was quick to recognize the contemporaneous and rapid expansion of the crisis centre/ hotline movement across the United States. The newly established AAS embraced these centres as sources of research information on suicidal clients. Soon, the relationship between the AAS and these centres was symbiotic. AAS became the central clearing house for support and the hub of a many-spoked wheel, networking these centres to common needs, training materials, and goals.
As a result of this marriage of research and crisis counselling, the AAS developed a set of standards and criteria for certification of crisis centers throughout the United States and Canada. Since certifying its first center in 1976, the AAS has accredited more than 160 centres meeting what has been described as ‘the gold standard’ of service and training accreditation programmes. In 1989, the AAS began a certification programme for individual crisis workers as well. More than 400 individuals to date have passed a rigorous examination of their knowledge and application of crisis theory to their work
Suicide Prevention International
Authors: Hendin Herbert 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWith one million suicides a year and several hundred million people suffering from serious depression worldwide, depression and suicide are now recognized as major global health problems. Our ability to treat depression and prevent suicide has improved significantly over the past few decades, but proven suicide prevention measures have still not reached people both in developing countries and in large areas of many industrialized countries. Suicide Prevention International is uniquely positioned to address this problem.Utilizing its international network of experts, Suicide Prevention International (SPI) undertakes projects that are most likely to prevent suicide, selects qualified investigators, and works with them in developing and implementing the projects from beginning to end. SPI’s focused approach and broad base of expertise are at work implementing a wide range of projects. The following are a few examples.
Suicide Prevention in South Africa
Authors: Burrows Stephanie , Schlebusch Lourens 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuicidal behaviour is an increasingly significant public health concern on the African continent. Although there is an obvious, urgent need for comprehensive national suicide prevention programmes, only a handful of local or regionalized efforts exist and to the best of our knowledge there are no national programmes. In South Africa, a framework for a national suicide prevention programme has been proposed (Schlebusch 2005; Burrows and Schlebusch 2008), and a statement of intent to implement such plans has been issued by government representatives and South African suicidologists (Burrows 2005).In some ways, South Africa has set the lead in contemporary suicide research in Africa (Kinyanda and Kigozi 2005; Schlebusch 2005). For example, the twenty-third World Congress of the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) was held for the first time on the African continent and hosted in Durban (a major harbour city on the east coast of South Africa) in 2005. South Africa has unique features compared to many other countries on the continent in that it is fairly prosperous with many well-established universities, research institutes and research infrastructures. It is one of the few countries in the African region to regularly monitor and update data on suicidal behaviour (Matzopoulos 2005; Schlebusch 2005) and researchers have developed a framework for the management (Schlebusch 2005) and prevention of suicidal behaviour (Burrows and Schlebusch 2008).
Suicide Prevention in Hong Kong
Authors: Yip Paul 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Hong Kong, formerly a British Colony, returned to People’s Republic of China and has been a special administrative region of that country since 1997. In 2006, Hong Kong had a population of 6.9 million people with a living area of about 1000 square kilometres: it is one of the most densely populated areas on Earth. Economic development in Hong Kong has been impressive during the past two decades with a GDP of about 25,000 US dollars per year. However, Hong Kong’s suicide rate has increased from 9.6 to 18.6 deaths per 100,000 from 1981 to 2003, and is well above the global average of 14.5 per 100,000. In 2003, 1264 people committed suicide with an average of about 3.5 persons per day. It is the sixth leading cause of death, and has accounted for 3 per cent of the deaths annually. Moreover, suicide is the leading cause of death among the 15–24 age group, and the rate has increased by more than 70 per cent since 1997. Due to the increase in suicides among young people and adults, the proportion of life of years lost due to suicide has contributed to about 8 per cent of the total loss (Yip et al. 2005a). In 2003, the estimated loss of labour productivity on account of suicide was about US$175 million.
Suicide prevention in Singapore
Authors: Hock Chia Boon 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Singapore is a small island nation (pop: 3.3 million), which is centrally located in South East Asia. The resident population comprises a mixture of cultures including Chinese (77 per cent), Malay (14 per cent) and Indian (8 per cent). Over the last decades, suicide rates in Singapore have fluctuated between 8–10/100,000 populations per year (Chia and Chia 2008). Between 2000 and 2004, suicide accounted for 2.2 per cent of all deaths. These rates were highest in those aged &gt;65 years (29.9/100,000); amongst ethnic Chinese (13.5/100,000), followed by ethnic Indians (13.2/100,000) and ethnic Malays (2.8/100,000). The male:female ratio of completed suicide was 1.5:1. The most common mode of suicide was by jumping from high-rise buildings, with 23 per cent having attempted suicide before. In 55 per cent of the cases, the victims had provided warnings that they were contemplating suicide.
Suicide prevention in Vietnam
Authors: Tran Thi Thanh Huong , Pham Thi Minh Duc 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough the highest suicide rates are currently found in Eastern Europe, the largest number of suicides take place in Asia (Bertolote 2001). Unfortunately, in Vietnam, as in many other Asian countries, national strategies for suicide prevention have not yet been developed. Suicide was among the ten leading causes of death in Vietnam during 2002, and according to the Ministry of Health, the estimated suicide rate (based on hospital records of mortality is 0.98/100,000 (Ministry of Health in Vietnam 2002). The real suicide rate in Vietnam is still unknown, because the number of deaths reported by the Ministry of Health is based only on hospital data. However, most suicides occur outside the hospital system. There is no national system to monitor causes of death, including suicide, in Vietnam.
Suicide prevention in Estonia
Authors: Värnik Airi 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Mortality data on suicide were kept in secret behind the doors of statistical offices in the former Soviet Union. All the draft articles for scientific journals were censored in special ministerial departments, and information considered as state secrets or data liable to ruin the illusory image of consummate welfare, was deleted or rejected.
In 1988, during the Gorbachev reform era, permission was given to form a Suicide Research Group within the framework of the re-established Estonian Medical Association (EMA), and to have access to statistical data (Wasserman and Värnik 1998). According to calculations, the suicide rate was approximately 33–35 per 100,000 inhabitants.
The Baltic republics regained their independence in 1991, and were granted creative freedom. The assistance from the National Swedish Prevention of Suicide and Mental Ill-Health (NASP) resulted in the growth of the EMA Suicide Research Group into the Estonian-Swedish Institute of Suicidology (ERSI), in Tallinn, in 1993 (Estonian–Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute 2008), with economic support from Stockholm Care, an agency of Stockholm County Council and the Swedish Eastern European Committee.