bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma: Factors important for relapse and survival
Authors: Struck Aaron , Howard Thomas , Chiorean Elena G. , Clarke Jeffrey M. , Riffenburgh Robert , Cardenes Higinia R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackgroundDuodenal adenocarcinoma (DA) is rare, but potentially curable. Prospective data on treatment outcomes is scarce and large retrospective studies show conflicting results on the impact of radical resection, node‐status, and adjuvant therapy.MethodsIn the past 17 years, 30 patients presented with resectable DA. Data on the aforementioned variables were acquired then analyzed for impact on recurrence and survival.ResultsOverall‐survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 70.0%, 53.3%, and 33.3% respectively. Recurrence‐free survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 53.3%, 30.0%, and 26.7%. Overall‐survival rates for patients with node‐positive disease at 1, 2, and 3 years were 68.8%, 43.8%, 12.5%, and for node‐negative 70%, 60%, 60%. Recurrence‐free survival in node‐positive disease at 1, 2, 3 years was 50%, 12.5%, 12.5%, and for node negative 50%, 50%, and 40%. Median survival from diagnosis was 27.5 months (0.5–226.7 months). Significant predictors of recurrence and survival were nodal‐status and AJCC stage (P < 0.001). Adjuvant therapy, surgical‐type, pathological tumor‐stage, and surgical margins were not significant.ConclusionNodal‐status and overall pathological‐stage significantly affect the prognosis for patients with DA, while resection‐status and adjuvant therapy may not. The role of adjuvant therapy requires prospective trials for elucidation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:144–148. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revisiting the role of positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography in determining the need for planned neck dissection following chemoradiation for advanced head and neck cancer
Authors: Gourin Christine G. , Boyce Brian J. , Williams Hadyn T. , Herdman Anne V. , Bilodeau Paul A. , Coleman Teresa A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Planned neck dissection following chemoradiation (CR) has been advocated in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) with advanced nodal disease and a clinical complete response to CR because of the potential for residual occult nodal disease. The utility of positron‐emission tomography/computed tomography (PET‐CT) in identifying occult nodal disease in this scenario is controversial.Methods:The medical records of all patients treated with CR for advanced HNSCC with N2 or N3 disease from December 2003 to June 2007 were reviewed. Patients with a complete clinical response were included if PET‐CT performed 8 to 11 weeks after CR showed no distant disease and they underwent planned neck dissection.Results:Thirty‐two patients met study criteria. PET‐CT was positive for residual nodal disease in 20 patients (63%). Pathology revealed carcinoma in 10 patients (31%): six of 20 patients with positive PET‐CT scans (30%) and four of 12 patients with negative PET‐CT scans (33%). The sensitivity and specificity of PET‐CT was 60% and 36%. Regional recurrence developed in two patients (6%) who were not successfully salvaged.Conclusions:PET‐CT performed 8 to 11 weeks after CR does not reliably predict the need for planned post‐treatment neck dissection in patients with a complete clinical response following CR. Regional recurrence rates are comparable to those reported for patients observed with PET‐CT, suggesting no advantage for planned neck dissection, and salvage rates were poor. These data suggest that delaying the timing of PET‐CT, with surgery reserved for positive findings, is a reasonable alternative to planned neck dissection to avoid unnecessary surgery. Laryngoscope, 2009
A controlled safety study of diindolylmethane in the immature rat model
Authors: Elackattu Alphi P. , Feng Lining , Wang Zhi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural product from cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to be a dietary component that has inhibitory effects on some tumors (e.g., laryngeal papilloma). However, current evidence to support its safety is based on adult humans or mature animals. There is little to show on its safety in children. This study is designed to assess safety in the young rat model.Study Design:Prospective controlled animal study.Methods:Forty rats were separated into four treatment groups of 10 rats each, based on the amount of study drug they received in their daily food: 1) immature rats fed a low dose of DIM, (0.6 mg/kg/day); 2) immature rats fed a high dose of DIM (6.0 mg/kg/day); 3) immature rats fed no DIM (control); and 4) adult rats fed a high dose of DIM (6.0 mg/kg/day). At the conclusion of the study we collected blood to compare serum chemistries and vitamin D levels, and harvested organs to observe for any gross or histological changes among the groups. Statistical methods involved one‐way analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons with Tukey multiple comparison adjustment.Results:Although our numbers do not allow for statistical significance, there was no appreciable difference in rat weights among the immature groups, nor was there appreciable difference in serum chemistries, or gross or histological examination of liver, kidney, and bone.Conclusions:Diindolylmethane seems to have no adverse affects on the rat even when given in doses 3× what we propose to be therapeutic. This adds evidence to the safety of this drug in the pediatric population as a treatment option for recurrent respiratory papilloma. Laryngoscope, 2009
Dual‐Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels from Water‐Soluble PEG‐Grafted Copolymers and Cyclodextrin
Authors: Ren Lixia , He Lihong , Sun Tongchen , Dong Xia , Chen Yongming , Huang Jin , Wang Chun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNovel temperature and pH dual‐responsive hydrogels were constructed by inclusion of poly(PEGMA)‐co‐poly(DMA) with α‐cyclodextrin in aqueous solution. The temperature‐ or pH‐induced sol/gel transition in the hydrogels was completely reversible. Studies on structure/property relationships show that chain uniformity, graft density and copolymer concentration affect the hydrogel behavior. A dual‐responsive mechanism is proposed. The in vitro release of a model drug from this hydrogel was studied. It was found that the release kinetics were greatly accelerated at higher temperature and at acidic pH conditions, indicating potential applications in controlled drug delivery.magnified image
High‐Molecular‐Weight Polycarbonates Synthesized by Enzymatic ROP of a Cyclic Carbonate as a Green Process
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshio , Kaihara Sachiko , Toshima Kazunobu , Matsumura Shuichi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHigh‐molecular‐weight PTeMC and PHMC were prepared by the lipase‐catalyzed polymerization of butane‐1,4‐diol or hexane‐1,6‐diol and diphenyl carbonate via the formation of a cyclic dimer by a green process. Cyclic carbonate dimers were prepared by the lipase‐catalyzed condensation of diphenyl carbonate with butane‐1,4‐diol or hexane‐1,6‐diol in dilute toluene solution using an immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica, and was followed by the ring‐opening polymerization of the cyclic dimer in bulk with the same lipase to produce PTeMC with $\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 119 000 g · mol−1 and PHMC with $\overline M _{\rm w}$ = 399 000 g · mol−1, respectively. Additionally, enzymatic polymerization of cyclic carbonate dimer was analyzed with respect to the Km and Vmax for the lipase.magnified image
Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine‐Urea‐Formaldehyde Microcapsules Containing ENB‐Based Self‐Healing Agents
Authors: Liu Xing , Sheng Xia , Lee Jong Keun , Kessler Michael R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMicrocapsules for self‐healing applications were produced with a melamine‐urea‐formaldehyde (MUF) polymer shell containing two different healing agent candidates, 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene (ENB) and ENB with 10 wt.‐% of a norbornene‐based crosslinking agent (CL), by in situ polymerization in an oil‐in‐water emulsion. Relatively neat outer surfaces with minor roughness were observed on the MUF microcapsules under optical and scanning electron microscopy. Shell thickness of the capsules ranged from 700 to 900 nm. Particle size analysis of the microcapsules showed narrow size distributions with a mean diameter of 113 µm for ENB‐filled and 122 µm for ENB + CL‐filled microcapsules at an agitation rate of 500 rpm. The microcapsules were found to be thermally stable up to 300 °C and exhibited a 10 to 15% weight loss when isothermally held at 150 °C for 2 h from thermogravimetric analysis. Overall, these MUF microcapsules exhibited superior properties compared to the urea‐formaldehyde (UF) microcapsules used extensively for self‐healing composites to date. In addition, the manufacturing process of MUF microcapsules is much simpler than those made from UF. Additional advantages of MUF microcapsules for self‐healing composites are discussed.magnified image
Compartmentalization in NMP in Dispersed Systems: Relative Contributions of Confined Space Effect and Segregation Effect Depending on Nitroxide Type
Authors: Zetterlund Per B. , Okubo Masayoshi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractModeling and simulations employing modified Smith‐Ewart equations have been performed to elucidate compartmentalization effects (the segregation effect and the confined space effect) in nitroxide‐mediated polymerization of styrene at 125 °C in dispersed systems using the nitroxides TEMPO and TIPNO. By proper choice of particle size, it is possible to improve both the level of control and livingness relative to the corresponding homogeneous (bulk/solution) systems.magnified image
The Effect of Intramolecular Transfer to Polymer on Stationary Free‐Radical Polymerization of Alkyl Acrylates, 3 – Consideration of Solution Polymerization up to High Conversions
Authors: Nikitin Anatoly N. , Hutchinson Robin A. , Kalfas George A. , Richards John R. , Bruni Christopher 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of butyl acrylate solution polymerization up to high conversion are studied both experimentally and theoretically. New expressions taking into account both inter‐ and intra‐molecular transfer to polymer are derived for polymerization rate, average chain‐length and branching level. These expressions are used for comparative analysis of these two chain transfer events and for evaluation of the backbiting rate coefficient, kbb, and the constant of chain transfer to solvent (xylene), CtrS. Using batch experiments performed at 50, 60 and 70 °C, the Arrhenius parameters for kbb and CtrS are estimated to be, respectively, A(kbb) = (7.4 ± 1.5) × 107 s−1, Ea(kbb) = (32.7 ± 0.5) kJ · mol−1 and A(CtrS) = 10.5 ± 3.5, Ea(CtrS) = (26.9 ± 1.9) kJ · mol−1.magnified image
Angiogenesis as a strategic target for prostate cancer therapy
Authors: Li Yong , Cozzi Paul J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly clear that angiogenesis plays a crucial role in prostate cancer (CaP) survival, progression, and metastasis. Tumor angiogenesis is a hallmark of advanced cancers and an attractive treatment target in multiple solid tumors. By understanding the molecular basis of resistance to androgen withdrawal and chemotherapy in CaP, the rational design of targeted therapeutics is possible. This review summarizes the recent advancements that have improved our understanding of the role of angiogenesis in CaP metastasis and the potential therapeutic efficacy of inhibiting angiogenesis in this disease. Current therapeutic options for patients with metastatic hormone‐refractory CaP are very limited. Targeting vasculature is a developing area, which shows promise for the control of late stage and recurrent CaP disease and for overcoming drug resistance. We discuss angiogenesis and its postulated mechanisms and focus on the regulation of angiogenesis in CaP progression and the therapeutic beneficial effects associated with targeting of the CaP vasculature to overcome the resistance to current treatments and CaP recurrence. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 1, 23–66, 2010
Promising tumor‐associated antigens for future prostate cancer therapy
Authors: Li Yong , Cozzi Paul J. , Russell Pamela J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractProstate cancer (CaP) is one of the most prevalent malignant diseases among men in Western countries. There is currently no cure for metastatic castrate‐resistant CaP, and median survival for these patients is about 18 months; the high mortality rate seen is associated with widespread metastases. Progression of CaP from primary to metastatic disease is associated with several molecular and genetic changes that can affect the expression of specific tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) or receptors on the cell surface. Targeting TAAs is emerging as an area of promise for controlling late‐stage and recurrent CaP. Several reviews have summarized the progress made in targeting signaling pathways for CaP but will not be discussed here. We describe some important CaP TAAs. These include prostate stem‐cell antigen, prostate‐specific membrane antigen, MUC1, epidermal growth factor receptor, platelet‐derived growth factor and its receptor, urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor, and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer. We summarize recent advancements in our understanding of their role in CaP metastasis, as well as potential therapeutic options for targeting CaP TAAs. We also discuss the origin, identification, and characterization of prostate cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the potential benefits of targeting prostate CSCs to overcome chemoresistance and CaP recurrence. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 1, 67–101, 2010
Magnetic resonance imaging–guided adoptive cellular immunotherapy of central nervous system tumors with a T1 contrast agent
Authors: Sengar Raghvendra S. , Spokauskiene Laima , Steed Daniel P. , Griffin Patricia , Arbujas Norma , Chambers William H. , Wiener Erik C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are the most effective antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and are used in a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) of cancer using DCs has attracted much interest due to their capacity to promote immunity in prophylactic and therapeutic protocols. As one approach, DCs are injected into patients or tumor‐bearing animals, to trigger specific antitumor immunity. In that framework, several approaches to DC delivery have been reported, including direct intratumoral injection; this has yielded positive but variable results. The underlying reasons for this have not been fully determined, but major hypotheses include technical difficulties in delivering cells into tumors and tumor‐mediated immunosuppression. Image‐guided ACI offers the potential to establish that DCs are efficiently delivered to the tumor site, which might eliminate some of the variability. Therefore, we developed highly sensitive methods for monitoring the injection or trafficking of DCs into tumors using a clinically approved formulation of a gadolinium‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent, Gd(III)‐HP‐DO3A (ProHance™). We determined the labeling efficiency of DCs with this formulation; that labeling DCs with this agent did not inhibit expression of surface markers important for antigen presentation and activation of naive T cells; that their capacity to interact with natural killer (NK) cells was not reduced; and that their migration was not diminished. Further, we determined that ProHance™‐labeled DCs can be effectively imaged in vivo in established central nervous system tumors. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural modification of chitosan biopolymer as a novel polyelectrolyte membrane for green power generation
Authors: Dashtimoghadam Erfan , Hasani‐Sadrabadi Mohammad Mahdi , Moaddel Homayoun 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present study, a series of bioresource polyelectrolytes based on chitosan were synthesized and assessed for applicability in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). A binary cross‐linking agent (sulfosuccinic acid/glutaraldehyde) was used for the structural modification of chitosan and membranes comprising various amounts of sulfosuccinic acid (0, 8, 12, and 16 wt% SSA/wt chitosan) were prepared. It was found that by increasing the sulfonate groups' content up to 16 wt%, proton conductivity and methanol permeability properties reach the values of 0.0452 S cm−1 and 9.6 × 10−7 cm2 sec−1, respectively. Based on the membrane selectivity evaluation and activation energy measurements of proton conduction, the optimum composition of cross‐linking agent was determined. The optimum composition resulted in a relatively high proton conductivity of 0.0452 S cm−1 and a low methanol permeability of 9.6 × 10−7 cm2 sec−1. Moreover, the optimum proton exchange membrane exhibited selectivity value of 47,100 in comparison with the corresponding value of 40,500 for Nafion® 117. The fabricated membranes showed acceptable oxidative and hydrolytic stability. Furthermore, single cell DMFC performance test revealed a power density of 17 mW cm−2 at 30°C and 41 mW cm−2 at 60°C in a 2 M methanol feed. Hence, prepared proton‐conducting bioresource ionomers could have promising potential in the field of green power generation as a low cost and biodegradable polyelectrolyte. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
c‐Rel is a transcriptional repressor of EPHB2 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Fu Tao , Li Peng , Wang Hanzhi , He Yujun , Luo Donglin , Zhang Anping , Tong Weidong , Zhang Lianyang , Liu Baohua , Hu Chuanmin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe receptor tyrosine kinase EPHB2 has recently been identified as a TCF4 transcriptional target that controls the intestinal epithelial architecture through repulsive interactions with Ephrin‐B ligands. Many reports have demonstrated that most human colorectal cancers lose EPHB2 expression despite constitutive Wnt activation. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms that cause EPHB2 down‐regulation in colorectal cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that DNA hypermethylation was not responsible for the frequent loss of EPHB2 expression in colorectal cancer. Cloning and functional characterization of the EPHB2 gene 5′‐flanking region revealed a potential negative regulatory element in the distal regulatory region. In vitro electrophoretic gel mobility shift and in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that c‐Rel directly binds to the putative element. Inhibiting c‐Rel activity or knocking down c‐Rel expression by RNA interference in colon cancer cells was sufficient to induce EPHB2 expression. Furthermore, transient transfection assays demonstrated that c‐Rel over‐expression repressed endogenous EPHB2 expression in colon cancer cells. We demonstrate for the first time that c‐Rel acts as a transcriptional repressor of EPHB2 and plays an active role in EPHB2 down‐regulation in colorectal cancers. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐structural 5A protein of hepatitis C virus induces a range of liver pathology in transgenic mice
Authors: Wang Ai‐Guo , Lee Dong‐Seok , Moon Hyung‐Bae , Kim Jin‐Man , Cho Kyung‐Hyun , Choi Soo‐Ho , Ha Hye‐Lin , Han Ying‐Hao , Kim Dae‐Ghon , Hwang Soon B. , Yu Dae‐Yeul 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the mechanism of HCV pathogenesis is not well understood. Our previous in vitro studies suggested that non‐structural 5A (NS5A) protein may play an important role in liver pathogenesis. To elucidate the mechanism of HCV‐induced liver pathogenesis, we investigated the histopathological changes of liver in transgenic mice harbouring the NS5A gene. We generated transgenic mice harbouring HCV NS5A gene under the control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhancer. Pathological changes were analysed by immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis. Lipid composition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in NS5A transgenic mice were analysed. HCV NS5A transgenic mice developed extraordinary steatosis over 6 months old and induced HCC in some mice. NS5A was co‐localized with apolipoprotein A‐I in fatty hepatocytes. In addition, the extraordinarily high levels of ROS, NF‐κB and STAT3 were detected in hepatocytes of NS5A transgenic mice. These data suggest that NS5A, independent of other HCV viral proteins, may play an important role in the development of hepatic pathologies, including steatosis and hepatoceullular carcinoma in transgenic mice. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Introduction to Insulin’ classes: flexible approach to insulin initiation
Authors: Greenslade ME , Lunt H , Kendall D , Frampton CM 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere is increased interest in undertaking task orientated patient education, such as commencement on insulin, in the group setting. Group education allows use of adult educational theory and may reduce educator time. The usual model of group education for commencing insulin is to delay insulin initiation until the first class. We describe an alternative flexible, hybrid model of education, combining initial 1:1 education in some patients with group classes (‘Introduction to Insulin’ classes), for initiation and stabilisation on insulin. This model was adopted primarily to ensure that insulin was commenced with minimal delay, once the decision to start it had been made.Following piloting and design of the ‘Introduction to Insulin’ classes, a prospective audit was undertaken of the first 50 patients participating in the classes. By one year, HbA1c had fallen from 9.8% to 7.8% and there was an associated 2.7 kg weight gain. This model of insulin education is therefore as effective as traditional 1:1 education, yet has the potential to utilise less overall educator time. Copyright ©2009 John Wiley & Sons.
An international partnership to implement innovative systems of health care delivery for diabetes in a developing country
Authors: Gunathilake W , Idampitiya CA , Siriwardana A , Lenora D , Thomson GA , Fernando DJS 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSri Lanka currently faces a ‘double burden’ of non‐communicable and communicable diseases. Public institutions geared primarily to care for communicable diseases struggled to meet demand for quality care in non‐communicable diseases. The World Health Organization has developed tools for implementing appropriate health care for long‐term problems.We piloted interventions in self‐management support, delivery system design, decision support and clinical information systems at sites in urban and rural Sri Lanka. This undertaking confirmed that interventions through adaptation of Sri Lanka's primary care infrastructure and establishment of innovative partnerships enable the effective implementation of care with existing resources in the short term. We demonstrated that media can be used as a powerful forum for educating the public, promoting new attitudes, providing skills for improving health status and influencing both planners and health care professionals. We also demonstrated that training and education of health care workers and research collaborations can influence policy makers. The collaboration to date has established a model for international collaboration providing both educational and technical support towards capacity building within the country. Collaborations with developing countries will enable the prevention and control of chronic disease in the developing world in keeping with the United Nations resolution regarding diabetes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.