bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organie Dye for Subsea Flowline Assessment
Authors: Khalil C. N. , Oliveira M. C. K. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Specific chemical additives are frequently used in the petroleum industry in order to obtain information regarding the flow conditions of water and oil in pipelines and reservoirs. The application of tracer agents supplies information, such as the free volume from a subsea pipeline under wax deposition. Among the available organic dyes, fluorescein is the most efficient tracer agent. Fluorescein exhibits intense fluorescence when in alkaline solution, under incidence of visible, or ultra-violet light and in concentrations of the order of 0.1 to 10 ppm.
In order to simplify the method for determining the free volume in subsea pipelines, a study was undergone for adapting an organic dye of strongly oleophilic nature. In this sense a derivative of fluorescein in the form of an ester of a higher alcohol was used, the main feature of which is its non-ionic character and its high solubility in a non-polar liquid, which renders possible its incorporation in the flow of the petroleum oil being produced, or in usual non-polar solvents such as kerosene, diesel oil or xylene.
The tracer agent originally soluble in the oil phase, when submitted to an alkaline treatment becomes fully soluble in water, and may be colorimetrically monitored The free volume of the pipelines may be accurately determined up to 98% by using this method.
Solubility experiments of the coloring were accomplished in several organic solvents, with subsequent alkaline extraction for several conditions. The conversion yields of the active principle of the dyes were determined by photometric methods.
Producing Oil Below the Water: Success Through Total Reservoir Management
Authors: Smith Grover E. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Basal Oil Creek sandstone in this part of Garvin County, Oklahoma, is unconsolidated and produces heavy oil under a strong water drive. The geological and engineering studies conducted resulted in an unconventional, but correct, understanding of the manner of water influx into the oil reservoir. An additional two to five million barrels of recoverable oil were proven.
Minimizing Drilling Risk in Extended-Reach Wells at Valhall Using Geomechanics, Geoscience and 3D Visualization Technology
Authors: Kristiansen T. G. , Mandziuch K. , Heavey P. , Kol H. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In the Valhall field in the North Sea, significant resources have been identified in the flanks of the field. In this situation the reservoir targets are the main driver for the wellbore trajectory planning. Even if all of the traditional drilling parameters have been addressed and the well can be drilled on paper, the wellbore can experience wellbore stability problems (lost circulation, stuck pipe, tight hole). These wellbore problems can gradually progress or suddenly occur. The problems may be aggravated by mud properties or mechanical interaction between the rock and the drilling assembly.
Wellbore stability models, using offset drilling information, indicated early in the planning process at Valhall that the drilling of extended reach wells in the field was going to be a challenge. This challenge is the result of a narrow safe operational mud pressure window that narrows progressively with increasing wellbore sail angle. This theoretical window upper bound is given by lost circulation. The lower bound is given by the onset of wellbore collapse. This narrow window leaves hardly any room for the surge and swab pressures associated with pipe movement and pump changes.
The flank locations require sail angles close to 75 degrees in the overpressured unconsolidated claystone of Tertiary age. The record well to date had a build and hold trajectory at 74 degrees. On this record well around 3 MM USD was spent on fighting wellbore stability problems (around 750 hours). Since traditional wellbore stability analyses have already indicated a high risk of instability, and some wells have been successful, while others not, consideration was given to developing new tools to assist in the well planning in the overburden. We wanted to look at potential heterogeneous rock strength changes that could not be picked up using offset well information in the planning. The approach was to develop a more detailed geological model for the overburden with geologic formation top surfaces and 3D seismic coherency data. In this 3D data cube the drilling problems encountered on the offset wells were correlated along the wellbores. The 3D data presentation was done in a standard visualization software (GEOVIZ). The paper will present the geomechanical theory behind wellbore stability problems in faultzones and fractured rock mass, how the geologic model has been developed and how the visualization software is used to select a wellbore trajectory with the lowest risk of wellbore instability problems. Several case histories are included to illustrates the potential this methodology has for reducing unscheduled events due to wellbore instability problems while drilling the wellbore from the seafloor to the reservoir. Potential for further improvement is highlighted
Valuation of the Total Federal Economic Benefits Associated With the U.S. Dept, of Energy's NOSR 1 and 3 Properties in Western Colorado: A Case Study
Authors: Moritz E. C. , Lencioni L. C. , Grove K. W. , Hagemann S. G. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Recently, the U.S. government decided the Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (NPOSR) were no longer strategically significant to the federal government. This prompted the U.S. Congress to order an evaluation of various options that included retention, transfer, or sale of the NPOSR by the Department of Energy (DOE).
The DOE retained Gustavson Associates, Inc. in 1996 to conduct a portion of the studies ordered by the U.S. Congress. For this paper, we profile the evaluation of NOSR 1 and 3, since it presented unique challenges. These include the evaluation of both surface and mineral rights, complex economic and regulatory issues specific to each option, the determination of applicable discount rates to government versus industry, and the effects of costs associated with environmental liabilities and compliance.
The following strategies were used to meet the challenges: 1) a multidisciplinary effort for evaluation of both the surface and mineral rights, 2) calculation of different discount rates that would apply to both government and industry, 3) use of a specialized model for projection of economic benefits to the federal government under each scenario, 4) research on comparable sales of similar surface and mineral properties, 5) adherence to appraisal standards for estimation of Fair Market Value, and 6) application of the unit rule when appraising both surface and mineral rights.
An Innovative Approach to Development of Adgas Hse Programme
Authors: Al-Zaabi Abdullah M. Obaid 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In the 1970's and 1980's ADGAS managed Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) through development of various independent procedures like Permit to Work and Accident Reporting. In the early 1990's it had become obvious that there was a need to develop these and other procedures into a structured Safety Management System, this was achieved by adopting the International Safety Rating System (ISRS), ADGAS ultimately achieved a 3 Star Rating in ISRS.
ISRS was invaluable in helping ADGAS to enhance its Health and Safety performance through adoption of a wide ranging Safety Management System. However by the later half of the 1990's it was identified that the Safety performance has improved to a world class standard but had started to "plateau". The identified reason for the plateau were clear, lack of true ownership of ISRS in the line function as well as a poorly defined need to continually improve. This together with the need to incorporate Environment into the system led ADGAS to develop, in house a new HSE Management system called ADGAS HSEMS.
An innovative approach was taken by ADGAS in developing HSEMS which would satisfy the requirements of it's major shareholder, ADNOC, whilst being fully complaint with the Exploration & Production Forum recommendations for HSE Management Systems.
The System consists of 12 HSE Programmes which incorporate the Expectations of HSEMS. The expectations are met through development of Process Maps which simply and clearly define what is done to meet all, or part of the Expectation. Each Process
Map is described on one page and like a road map it helps people find their way around the system. The Process Map is a key clement in helping all employees understand what HSEMS means to them and to find out what the key performance measures are to measure the success of the Process.
To ensure that ADGAS achieved fill ownership of the system HSE Department facilitated the line function to develop the HSE Management System. The key to success being communication and involvement.
The structure of the HSEMS will be presented together with the development process and how continuous improvement is incorporated into the system. It will be shown how the HSE Management System will be clearly visible and understood by all employees, including how the HSE Policy and expectations will be met.
A Predictive Network Model for Three-Phase Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Lerdahl Thomas R. , Øren Pål-Eric , Bakke Stig 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
We reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) Berea sandstone samples by stochastically modeling the results of the main sandstone forming processes. The morphology of the reconstructed microstructure is compared quantitatively with a microtomography image of an actual sample of Berea sandstone. The comparison shows that the process based reconstruction adequately reproduces important intrinsic properties such as the local porosity distribution and the degree of connectivity. The reconstructed pore space is transformed into a pore network that is used directly as input to a network model. The model simulates two-phase flow and drainage dominated three-phase flow. Computed relative permeabilities for reconstructed Berea sandstone samples are compared with experimental data. The predicted relative permeability curves for both two-phase and three-phase flow compare favorably with the experimental results. Both the experiments and the simulations show that continuous oil layers present in the corners of gas invaded pores may allow low oil saturations to be reached during drainage dominated three-phase flow. However, the residual oil saturation and the oil permeability are strongly dependent on the saturation history.
The Retinoblastoma Protein and Its Homolog p130 Regulate the G1/S Transition in Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Harb George , Vasavada Rupangi C. , Cobrinik David , Stewart Andrew F. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
The retinoblastoma protein family (pRb, p130, p107) plays a central role in the regulation of cell cycle progression. Surprisingly, loss of pRb in the β-cell has no discernible effect on cell cycle control. Therefore, we explored the effects of individual loss of either p130 or p107 in addition to the simultaneous loss of both pRb/p130 on the β-cell.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adult mice deficient in either p130 or p107 or both pRb/p130 were examined for effects on β-cell replication, function, and survival. The Cre-Lox system was also used to inactivate pRb in wild-type and p130-deficient β-cells in vitro.

RESULTS
In vivo loss of either p107 or p130 did not affect β-cell replication or function. Combined pRb/p130 loss, however, resulted in dramatically accelerated proliferation as well as apoptotic cell death. Pancreas and β-cell mass were significantly reduced in double mutants. Despite this, overall glucose tolerance was normal, except for mild postprandial hyperglycemia. Ex vivo, acute deletion of pRb in p130-deficient β-cells also caused a striking increase in proliferation. The combined deletion of pRb/p130 upregulated islet expression of E2F2 but not E2F1.

CONCLUSIONS
These studies define an essential role for the pocket proteins in controlling the G1/S transition in β-cells. When deficient in both pRb and p130, β-cells undergo unrestrained cell cycle reentry and activation of apoptosis. These studies underscore the central role of the pRb pathway in controlling β-cell turnover and provide new cellular targets for β-cell regeneration.
Impact of Primary Care–Based Disease Management on the Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Comorbidity
Authors: Ose Dominik , Wensing Michel , Szecsenyi Joachim , Joos Stefanie , Hermann Katja , Miksch Antje 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
This study examined the effectiveness of the German diabetes disease management program (DMP) for patients with varying numbers of other medical conditions with respect to their health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A questionnaire, including the HRQoL-measured EQ-5D, was mailed to a random sample of 3,546 patients with type 2 diabetes (59.3% female). The EQ-5D score was analyzed by grouping patients according to those on a DMP and those receiving routine care.

RESULTS
The analysis showed that participation in the DMP (P &lt; 0.001), the number of other medical conditions (P &lt; 0.001), and the interaction between the DMP and the number of other conditions (P &lt; 0.05) had a significant impact on the EQ-5D score.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that the number of other medical conditions may have a negative impact on the HRQoL of patients with type 2 diabetes. The results demonstrate that the German DMP for type 2 diabetes may help counterbalance this effect.
Glycemic Status and Brain Injury in Older Individuals
Authors: Saczynski Jane S. , Siggurdsson Sigurdur , Jonsson Palmi V. , Eiriksdottir Gudny , Olafsdottir Elin , Kjartansson Olafur , Harris Tamara B. , van Buchem Mark A. , Gudnason Vilmundur , Launer Lenore J. 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine the association of glycemic status to magnetic resonance imaging indicators of brain pathological changes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a cross-sectional, population-based study of 4,415 men and women without dementia (mean age 76 years) participating in the Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility–Reykjavik Study. Glycemic status groups included the following: type 2 diabetes (self-report of diabetes, use of diabetes medications, or fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l [11.1%]); impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (fasting blood glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/l [36.2%]); and normoglycemic (52.7%). Outcomes were total brain volume, white and gray matter volume, white matter lesion (WML) volume, and presence of cerebral infarcts.

RESULTS
After adjustment for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, participants with type 2 diabetes had significantly lower total brain volume (72.2 vs. 71.5%; P &lt; 0.001) and lower gray and white matter volumes (45.1 vs. 44.9%, P &lt; 0.01 and 25.7 vs. 25.3%, P &lt; 0.001, respectively) and were more likely to have single (odds ratio 1.45 [95% CI 1.14–1.85]) or multiple (2.27 [1.60–3.23]) cerebral infarcts compared with normoglycemic participants. Longer duration of type 2 diabetes was associated with lower total brain volume and gray and white matter volume, higher WML volume (all Ptrend &lt; 0.05), and a greater likelihood of single and multiple cerebral infarcts (all Ptrend &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Type 2 diabetic participants have more pronounced brain atrophy and are more likely to have cerebral infarcts. Duration of type 2 diabetes is associated with brain changes, suggesting that type 2 diabetes has a cumulative effect on the brain.
Increased Left Ventricular Torsion in Uncomplicated Type 1 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Shivu Ganesh Nallur , Abozguia Khalid , Phan Thanh Trung , Ahmed Ibrar , Weaver Rebekah , Narendran Parth , Stevens Martin , Frenneaux Michael 
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE
We used speckle tracking echocardiography to study the early changes in left ventricular (LV) torsion in young patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes and stress magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess its interrelationships with coronary microangiopathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recruited 33 asymptomatic subjects with type 1 diabetes and 32 age-matched healthy control subjects. All subjects underwent echocardiograms. Stress MRIs were performed in 30 subjects (8 healthy control subjects) to compute myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI).

RESULTS
A significant increase in LV torsion (2 ± 0.7 vs. 1.4 ± 0.7°/cm, P &lt; 0.05) was identified in longer-term and retinopathy-positive type 1 diabetic subjects (1.9 ± 0.7 vs. 1.4 ± 0.7°/cm, P &lt; 0.05) as compared with the healthy control subjects. The MPRI was independently associated with increased LV torsion.

CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate that LV torsion is increased in young patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes and that coronary microvascular disease may play a key pathophysiological role in the development of increased LV torsion.
Hypoglossal—facial nerve side-to-end anastomosis for preservation of hypoglossal function: results of delayed treatment with a new technique
Authors: Sawamura Yutaka , Abe Hiroshi 
Published: June 2009

✓ This report describes a new surgical technique to improve the results of conventional hypoglossal—facial nerve anastomosis that does not necessitate the use of nerve grafts or hemihypoglossal nerve splitting.
Using this technique, the mastoid process is partially resected to open the stylomastoid foramen and the descending portion of the facial nerve in the mastoid cavity is exposed by drilling to the level of the external genu and then sectioning its most proximal portion. The hypoglossal nerve beneath the internal jugular vein is exposed at the level of the axis and dissected as proximally as possible. One-half of the hypoglossal nerve is transected: use of less than one-half of the hypoglossal nerve is adequate for approximation to the distal stump of the atrophic facial nerve. The nerve endings, the proximally cut end of the hypoglossal nerve, and the distal stump of the facial nerve are approximated and anastomosed without tension. This technique was used in four patients with long-standing facial paralysis (greater than 24 months), and it provided satisfactory facial reanimation, with no evidence of hemitongue atrophy or dysfunction.
Because it completely preserves glossal function, the hemihypoglossal—facial nerve anastomosis described here constitutes a successful approach in patients with long-standing facial paralysis who do not wish to have tongue function compromised.
Cerebral hyperglycolysis following severe traumatic brain injury in humans: a positron emission tomography study
Authors: Bergsneider Marvin , Hovda David A. , Shalmon Ehud , Kelly Daniel F. , Vespa Paul M. , Martin Neil A. , Phelps Michael E. , McArthur David L. , Caron Michael J. , Kraus Jess F. , Becker Donald P. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Experimental traumatic brain injury studies have shown that cerebral hyperglycolysis is a pathophysiological response to injury-induced ionic and neurochemical cascades. This finding has important implications regarding cellular viability, vulnerability to secondary insults, and the functional capability of affected regions. Prior to this study, posttraumatic hyperglycolysis had not been detected in humans.
The characteristics and incidence of cerebral hyperglycolysis were determined in 28 severely head injured patients using [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose—positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). The local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRG) was calculated using a standard compartmental model. In six of the 28 patients, the global cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was determined by the simultaneous measurements of arteriovenous differences of oxygen and cerebral blood flow (xenon-133). Hyperglycolysis, defined as an increase in glucose utilization that measures two standard deviations above expected levels, was documented in all six patients in whom both FDG-PET and CMRO2 determinations were made within 8 days of injury. Five additional patients were found to have localized areas of hyperglycolysis adjacent to focal mass lesions. Within the 1st week following the injury, 56% of patients studied had presumptive evidence of hyperglycolysis.
The results of this study indicate that the metabolic state of the traumatically injured brain should be defined differentially in terms of glucose and oxygen metabolism. The use of FDG-PET demonstrates that hyperglycolysis occurs both regionally and globally following severe head injury in humans. The results of this clinical study directly complement those previously reported in experimental brain-injury studies, indicating the capability of imaging a fundamental component of cellular pathophysiology characteristic of head injury.
The suboccipital cavernous sinus
Authors: Arnautović Kenan I. , Al-Mefty Ossama , Pait T. Glenn , Krisht Ali F. , Husain Muhammad M. 
Published: June 2009

✓ The authors studied the microsurgical anatomy of the suboccipital region, concentrating on the third segment (V3) of the vertebral artery (VA), which extends from the transverse foramen of the axis to the dural penetration of the VA, paying particular attention to its loops, branches, supporting fibrous rings, adjacent nerves, and surrounding venous structures.
Ten cadaver heads (20 sides) were fixed in formalin, their blood vessels were perfused with colored silicone rubber, and they were dissected under magnification. The authors subdivided the V3 into two parts, the horizontal (V3h) and the vertical (V3v), and studied the anatomical structures topographically, from the superficial to the deep tissues. In two additional specimens, serial histological sections were acquired through the V3 and its encircling elements to elucidate their cross-sectional anatomy. Measurements of surgically and clinically important features were obtained with the aid of an operating microscope.
This study reveals an astonishing anatomical resemblance between the suboccipital complex and the cavernous sinus, as follows: venous cushioning; anatomical properties of the V3 and those of the petrous—cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA), namely their loops, branches, supporting fibrous rings, and periarterial autonomic neural plexus; adjacent nerves; and skull base locations. Likewise, a review of the literature showed a related embryological development and functional and pathological features, as well as similar transitional patterns in the arterial walls of the V3 and the petrous-cavernous ICA. Hence, due to its similarity to the cavernous sinus, this suboccipital complex is here named the “suboccipital cavernous sinus.” Its role in physiological and pathological conditions as they pertain to various clinical and surgical implications is also discussed.