bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inkjet Printing of Light-Emitting Polymer Displays
Authors: Shimoda Tatsuya , Morii Katsuyuki , Seki Shunichi , Kiguchi Hiroshi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBased on the concept of a microliquid process, we have developed an organic electroluminescent display using conductive polymers, including light-emitting polymers. The technology of inkjet printing has progressed enough to be used for the microliquid process. First, we describe the process used to form a patterned thin film. This involves inkjet-related technologies, the self-patterning behavior of a microliquid on the substrate, and the drying process that defines the thickness profile and film properties. Some microliquid behaviors and related phenomena, along with properties of the resulting film, were identified as distinct from those coming from a macroscopic liquid, as a result of size effects. By fully utilizing these unique properties of microliquids, we have succeeded in fabricating color-pixel arrays by direct patterning of polymer solutions. As a result, an organic electroluminescent display with a vivid full-color image has been developed.
New Frontiers in the Application of Neutron Scattering to Materials Science
Authors: Richter Dieter , Rowe J. Michael 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis brief article describes the content of the December 2003 issue of MRS Bulletin on New Frontiers in the Application of Neutron Scattering to Materials Science. New techniques, new instrumentation, and new sources are providing exciting opportunities for the use of neutron scattering in materials research at a time when the pace of research and development is accelerating while the complexity of the issues governing materials use is increasing. At a time such as this, it is critical to use the best tool for the job, and neutron scattering is evolving into a tool that can be used with many others, rather than a technique only for the specialist. It is also providing unprecedented resolution in energy to allow the study of the slow dynamics characteristic of many problems in soft matter and to probe surfaces and interfaces in a unique way. In this issue, we have chosen three areas to emphasize these trends: neutron reflectivity as a probe of surfaces and interfaces, the use of neutrons to study complex fluids, and high-resolution neutron scattering studies of dynamics. We also give a view of the future of neutron sources, with an article outlining the opportunities to be provided by sources proposed or under construction in Europe, Japan, and the United States. It is our hope that this sampling of new opportunities in neutron scattering will encourage wider use of these techniques to help solve the challenging materials research problems of today and tomorrow.
Next-Generation Neutron Sources
Authors: Mason Thomas E. , Arai Masatoshi , Clausen Kurt N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article gives an overview of current neutron-scattering facilities and illustrates the capabilities of third-generation sources that are now under development. The new science that is driving this development has been illustrated in the articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin and in a previous issue published in 1999 [MRS Bull.24 (12) (1999) p. 14]. The scale of these facilities is such that only three of them are envisaged worldwide, in the Asia Pacific region, Europe, and America. Two construction projects, the spallation neutron sources in the United States (SNS) and in Japan (J-PARC), are now well under way, while the European proposal for a spallation source (ESS) is still awaiting a decision to start construction.
Impact of Single-Event Upsets in Deep-Submicron Silicon Technology
Authors: Baumann Robert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe once-ephemeral soft error phenomenon has recently caused considerable concern for manufacturers of advanced silicon technology. Soft errors, if unchecked, now have the potential for inducing a higher failure rate than all of the other reliability-failure mechanisms combined. This article briefly reviews the three dominant radiation mechanisms responsible for soft errors in terrestrial applications and how soft errors are generated by the collection of radiation-induced charge. Scaling trends in the soft error sensitivity of various memory and logic components are presented, along with a consideration of which applications are most likely to require intervention. Some of the mitigation strategies that can be employed to reduce the soft error rate in these devices are also discussed.
Circuit Responses to Radiation-Induced Upsets
Authors: Bernstein Kerry 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHistorically, radiation-induced corruption of data in high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor designs has been limited to on-board static random-access memory in various memory caches. Successive generations of scaling, however, have resulted in capacitance reductions in key logic circuits, increasing their vulnerability to these “soft errors.” Charge delivered by radiation events now carries a substantial probability of inducing upsets, not only in bistable elements, but in logic evaluation circuits as well. This article introduces the reader to common logic-circuit topologies in high-speed microprocessors, radiation circuit response mechanisms that can compromise logic evaluation integrity, and existing techniques that mitigate this exposure.
Cosmic-Ray Neutrons on the Ground and in the Atmosphere
Authors: Goldhagen Paul 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNeutrons from collisions of cosmic rays with the nuclei of atoms in the atmosphere are an irremovable external radiation that causes single-event upsets in microelectronic devices. Predicting soft error rates requires knowledge of the flux and energy distribution of the cosmic-ray-induced neutrons. This article reviews cosmic-ray neutrons in the atmosphere and on the ground, the factors that determine their intensity, and recent calculations and state-of-the-art measurements of neutron spectra covering 12 decades of energy, from the thermal energy range up to 10 GeV.
Superhard Coating Materials
Authors: Chung Yip-Wah , Sproul William D. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract“Superhard” coating materials are defined by hardness values that exceed 40 GPa. In this issue of MRS Bulletin, we focus on noncarbon-based superhard coatings, with the exception of a review of carbon nitride (CN) materials. Nanometer-scale multilayered nitride coatings were the first to show the superhard property, and these coatings have quickly made their way into industry as protective coatings for cutting-tool operations. Nanocomposite thin films also exhibit superhardness, and some of these materials have hardnesses approaching that of diamond. Cubic boron nitride (c-BN), which is naturally superhard, has proven very difficult to deposit at thicknesses exceeding 0.1 μm, but it is now reported that chemical vapor deposition techniques based on fluorine chemistries can produce c-BN films up to 20 μm thick. The search to produce cubic β-CN has led to the development of noncubic, fullerene-like forms of CN that are both hard and elastic, a very interesting combination of properties that has already been put to use in the hard-disk industry. Overall, the development of hard and superhard coatings during the past 20 years has been remarkable. We have progressed from trying (and often failing) to deposit hard coatings to now designing new nanometer-scale multilayered and nanocomposite coatings that exhibit excellent hardness properties and other high-performancecharacteristics.
Stability of Nanometer-Thick Layers in Hard Coatings
Authors: Barnett Scott A. , Madan Anita , Kim Ilwon , Martin Keith 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article reviews two topics related to the stability of hard coatings composed of nanometer-thick layers: epitaxial stabilization and high-temperature stability. Early work on nanolayered hard coatings demonstrated large hardness increases as compared with monolithic coatings, but it was subsequently found that the layers interdiffused at elevated temperatures. More recently, it has been shown that nanolayers exhibit good stability at elevated temperatures if the layer materials are thermodynamically stable with respect to each other and are able to form low-energy coherent interfaces. This article discusses metal/nitride, nitride/nitride, and nitride/boride nanolayers that exhibit good high-temperature stability and hardness values that are maintained (or even increase) after high-temperature annealing. Epitaxial stabilization of nonequilibrium structuresin thin layers is a well-known phenomenon that has been applied to hard nitride materials. In particular, AlN, which crystallizes in the hexagonal wurtzite structure in bulk form, was stabilized in the rock-salt cubic structure in nitride/nitride nanolayers (e.g., AlN/TiN). These results and the current understanding of epitaxial stabilization in hard nanolayers are discussed.
Large-Scale Manufacturing of Nanoscale Multilayered Hard Coatings Deposited by Cathodic Arc/Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Münz W.-D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNanoscale multilayered (superlattice) hard coatings can be manufactured in a plastic hardness range (HP) between 25GPa and 55 GPa by a combination of cathodic arc evaporation and unbalanced magnetron sputtering (arc bond sputter technology). Using large-scale industrial physical vapor deposition (PVD) equipment and a sufficiently high pumping speed, multilayered coatings can be deposited by simultaneously operating cathodes without special shutter and shielding facilities in a common reactive-gas atmosphere. The efficiency of the process is in many cases identical to that of TiN and CrN. Temperature-resistant, wear-resistant, and corrosion-resistant coatings of various compositions have been produced under industrial conditions. So far, the main applications concentrate on metal-forming and on cutting die steel, Inconel, stainless steel, and titanium. Applications have also been found in the chemical, textile, medical, and automotive industries.
Recent Advances in Cubic Boron Nitride Deposition
Authors: Zhang W.J. , Bello I. , Lifshitz Y. , Lee S. T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article reviews recent progress in the deposition of thick, adherent, cubic boron nitride (c-BN) films. Most of the previous work applied ion-assisted physical vapor deposition methods to deposit c-BN films. The ion impact was successful in nucleating c-BN crystallites, but it resulted in a very small crystallite size and introduced stress, which caused the delamination of films thicker than 100 nm. Recent efforts to reduce the stress and obtain thicker films are described. The limited success of these attempts motivated us to explore chemical vapor deposition methods based on fluorine chemistry. We review this work, detailing the success of depositing thick (>20 μ), stress-free, adherent films with a larger crystallite size and significantly better crystalline quality.
Fullerene-like Carbon Nitride: A Resilient Coating Material
Authors: Hultman Lars , Neidhardt Jörg , Hellgren Niklas , Sjöström Hans , Sundgren Jan-Eric 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCarbon nitride is an emerging material for wear-resistant coatings. The fullerene-like CNx compounds generally exhibit extreme elasticity in combination with a low work of indentation hardness. Yet CNx shows a low-to-moderate resistance to penetration, depending on deposition conditions. Since the deformation energy is predominantly stored elastically, the material possesses an extremely resilient character. This new class of materials consists of sp2-coordinated basal planes that are buckled from the incorporation of pentagons and cross-linked at sp3-hybridized C sites, both of which are caused by structural incorporation of nitrogen. Carbon nitride thus deforms elastically due to bending of the structural units. The orientation, radius of curvature of the basal planes, and the degree of cross-linking between them defines the structure and properties of the material. Due to the unique deformation behavior, the hardness requires special care to assess, but can be very high for films with a large degree of cross-linking. This article is a review of the research on CNx films depositedby reactive magnetron sputtering, with examples from our recent work. The findings are significant for the design of fracture-tough materials.
Foam Structure: From Soap Froth to Solid Foams
Authors: Kraynik Andrew M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe properties of solid foams depend on their structure, which usually evolves in the fluid state as gas bubbles expand to form polyhedral cells. The characteristic feature of foam structure—randomly packed cells of different sizes and shapes—is examined in this article by considering soap froth. This material can be modeled as a network of minimal surfaces that divide space into polyhedral cells. The cell-level geometry of random soap froth is calculated with Brakke's Surface Evolver software. The distribution of cell volumes ranges from monodisperse to highly polydisperse. Topological and geometric properties, such as surface area and edge length, of the entire foam and individual cells, are discussed. The shape of struts in solid foams is related to Plateau borders in liquid foams and calculated for different volume fractions of material. The models of soap froth are used as templates to produce finite element models of open-cell foams. Three-dimensional images of open-cell foams obtained with x-ray microtomography allow virtual reconstruction of skeletal structures that compare well with the Surface Evolver simulations of soap-froth geometry.
Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Karp Jeffrey M. , Dalton Paul D. , Shoichet Molly S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDevices for tissue engineering comprise scaffolds with the appropriate chemistry and architecture to promote cell infiltration and colonization. The scaffold is designed with biology in mind, and thus the architecture and chemistry differ according to tissue type. In this review, we focus on scaffolds for two tissue types—bone and nervous tissue—and describe different approaches used to create them. The appropriate scaffold for a hard tissue such as bone has a high degree of interconnected macroporosity and allows the rapid invasion of cells while maintaining a rigid structure. Several approaches are described for constructing tissue-engineering scaffolds for bone. The appropriate scaffold for soft tissues like nerve fibers (e.g., axons, which conduct nerve impulses) also has a high degree of interconnected pores; however, the pores may require orientation and may be smaller. Homogeneous, high-water-content hydrogels with mechanical properties that match the soft nerve tissue are commonly used as a scaffold, and the methods used to make these are reviewed.
Toward Applications of Ceramic Nanostructures
Authors: Seal Sudipta , Baraton Marie-Isabelle 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article serves to introduce the January 2004 issue of MRS Bulletin on progress toward applications of ceramic nanostructures. Conventional ceramic materials are widely used today in areas ranging from structural to biological applications, and in devices as diverse as lasers, semiconductors, sensors, and piezoelectric components. Such materials include oxides, carbides, nitrides, mixed oxides, and composites.Over the last decade, the use of ceramic nanostructures has already changed the approach to materials design in many of these applications, by seeking structural control at the atomic level and tailoring of the engineering properties. The articles in this issue review the advantages of nanoceramics, their application in various fields, and the challenges involved in their fabrication.
Molecular Transport Junctions: An Introduction
Authors: Kagan Cherie R. , Ratner Mark A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis issue of MRS Bulletin on molecular transport junctions highlights the current experimental and theoretical understanding of molecular charge transport and its extension to the rapidly growing areas of molecular and carbon nanotube electronics. This introduction will outline the progress that has been made in understanding the mechanisms of molecular junction transport and the challenges and future directions in exploring charge transport on the molecular scale. In spite of the substantial challenges, molecular charge transport is of great interest for its intrinsic importance to potential single-molecule electronic, thin-film electronic, and optoelectronic applications.
Atomic Force Microscopy of Biological Samples
Authors: Frederix P.L.T.M. , Hoogenboom B.W. , Fotiadis D. , Müller D.J. , Engel A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe atomic force microscope (AFM) allows biomolecules to be observed and manipulated under native conditions. It produces images with an outstanding signal-to-noise ratio and addresses single molecules while the sample is in a buffer solution. Progress in sample preparation and instrumentation has led to topographs that reveal subnanometer details and the surface dynamics of biomolecules. Tethering single molecules between a support and a retracting AFM tip produces force–extension curves, giving information about the mechanical stability of secondary structural elements. For both imaging and force spectroscopy, the cantilever and its tip are critical:the mechanical properties of the cantilever dictate the force sensitivity and the scanning speed, whereas the tip shape determines the achievable lateral resolution.
Imaging, Manipulation, and Spectroscopic Measurements of Nanomagnets by Magnetic Force Microscopy
Authors: Zhu Xiaobin , Grütter Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMagnetic force microscopy (MFM) is a well-established technique for imaging the magnetic structures of small magnetic particles. In cooperation with external magnetic fields, MFM can be used to study the magnetization switching mechanism of submicrometer-sized magnetic particles. Various MFM techniques allow the measurement of a hysteresis curve of an individual particle, which can then be compared to ensemble measurements. The advantage of using MFM-constructed hysteresis loops is that one can in principle understand the origin of dispersion in switching fields. It is also possible to directly observe the correlation between magnetic particles through careful imaging and control of the external magnetic field. In all of these measurements, attention needs to be paid to avoid artifacts that result from the unavoidable magnetic tip stray field. Control can be achieved by optimizing the MFM operation mode as well as the tip parameters. It is even possible to use the tip stray field to locally and reproducibly manipulate the magnetic-moment state of small particles. In this article, we illustrate these concepts and issues by studying various lithographically patterned magnetic nanoparticles, thus demonstrating the versatility of MFM for imaging, manipulation, and spectroscopic measurements of small particles.
The Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to the Characterization of Industrial Polymer Materials
Authors: Bar Georg K. , Meyers Gregory F. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) is now well established among the tools of choice for the analysis and characterization of materials.Applications of AFM span many industries including chemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors.Advancements in AFM instrumentation over the last five years have expanded the range of application of this technology to investigate thermal and mechanical properties of complex materials at high spatial resolution as well as structural and morphological characterization of materials subjected to thermal and mechanical stresses.In particular, this has been an enabling technology for an improved understanding of structure–property relationships in polymeric materials including homopolymers, blends, impact-modified polymer systems, porous polymer systems, and semicrystalline polymers.Practical examples illustrate applications of contact, tapping-mode, phase-imaging, hot-stage, and scanning thermal methods for the characterization of modern industrial polymer materials.
Measurements of In-Plane Material Properties with Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Carpick Robert W. , Eriksson Mark A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractScanning probe microscopy (SPM) was originally conceived as a method for measuring atomic-scale surface topography. Over the last two decades, it has blossomed into an array of techniques that can be used to obtain a rich variety of information about nanoscale material properties. With the exception of friction measurements, these techniques have traditionally depended on tip—sample interactions directed normal to the sample's surface. Recently, researchers have explored several effects arising from interactions parallel to surfaces, usually by deliberately applying a modulated lateral displacement. In fact, some parallel motion is ubiquitous to cantilever-based SPM, due to the tilt of the cantilever. Recent studies, performed in contact, noncontact, and intermittent-contact modes, provide new insights into properties such as structural anisotropy, lateral interactions with surface features, nanoscale shear stress and contact mechanics, and in-plane energy dissipation. The understanding gained from interpreting this behavior has consequences for all cantilever-based scanning probe microscopies.
Germanium Nanostructures on Silicon Observed by Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Tomitori Masahiko , Arai Toyoko 
Published: February 2011

AbstractScanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy have been used to observe germanium growth on Si(001) and Si(111). The atomically resolved images provide invaluable information on heteroepitaxial film growth from the viewpoints of both industrial application and basic science. We briefly review the history of characterizing heteroepitaxial elemental semiconductor systems by means of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), where the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode can be observed on the atomic scale:the detailed phase transition from layer-by-layer growth to three-dimensional cluster growth was elucidated by the use of SPM. In addition, we comment on the potential of SPM for examining the spectroscopic aspects of heteroepitaxial film growth, through the use of SPM tips with well-defined facets.
Biaxially Textured IBAD-MgO Templates for YBCO-Coated Conductors
Authors: Arendt Paul N. , Foltyn Stephen R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article reports on the development of second-generation Y1Ba2Cu3O7–(YBCO)-coated conductors deposited on biaxially textured MgO templates fabricated using ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD).The materials system architecture and processing techniques used to achieve high critical supercurrents on flexible superalloy substrates is described.The texturing of YBCO films on metal substrates approaches that of films deposited on single-crystal oxide substrates.Critical currents and critical current densities of YBCO films on metal substrates are also equivalent to YBCO films deposited on single-crystal oxides.