bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Network Organizations
Authors: Phillips Robert A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:As value chains become longer with increases in outsourcing and subcontracting, the challenges of fixing responsibility become more difficult. Using concepts from the literature on social networks, this paper considers issues of diffusion of responsibility and plausible deniability in such relationships. Specifically, this paper isolates three sources of denial of – or defense against – attributions of responsibility: connection, control and knowledge. It goes on to consider the effects on network density and actor centrality as third parties (tertius illuminans) alter the structure of these networks. Finally, preliminary conclusions are considered including suggestions for addressing these new challenges as well as the potential for conceptual cross-fertilization between network analysis and organizational ethics.
Unmet Duties in Managing Financial Safety Nets
Authors: Kane Edward J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Officials must understand why and how the public lost confidence in the federal government’s ability to manage financial turmoil. Officials outsourced to private parties responsibility for monitoring and policing the safety-net exposures that were bound to be generated by weaknesses in the securitization process. When the adverse consequences of this imprudent arrangement first emerged, officials claimed for months that the difficulties that short-funded, highly leveraged firms were facing in rolling over debt reflected only a shortage of aggregate liquidity and not individual-firm shortages of economic capital. Then, in September 2008, the president and other officials created an unwise sense of urgency that delays in implementation show to have been greatly exaggerated.That authorities and financiers violated common-law duties of loyalty, competence, and care they owe to taxpayers indicates a massive incentive breakdown in industry and government. Taxpayers deserve a thorough-going reorientation of: (1) how regulatory agencies report on their regulatory performance and back-room interactions with Congress and the Treasury, and (2) the contract structures and performance measures used by the financial industry and its government overseers.
Where Is the Accountability in International Accountability Standards?: A Decoupling Perspective
Authors: Behnam Michael , MacLean Tammy L. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:A common complaint by academics and practitioners is that the application of international accountability standards (IAS) does not lead to significant improvements in an organization’s social responsibility. When organizations espouse their commitment to IAS but do not put forth the effort necessary to operationally enact that commitment, a “credibility cover” is created that perpetuates business as usual. In other words, the legitimacy that organizations gain by formally adopting the standards may shield the organization from closer scrutiny, thus enabling rather than constraining the types of activities the standards were designed to discourage.There is a lack of research on why certain types of IAS are more prone than others to being decoupled from organizational practices. Applying a neo-institutional perspective to IAS, we theorize that the structural dimensions of the types of standards themselves can increase the likelihood of organizations adopting IAS standards in form but not in function.
Decoupling of Standard Implementation from Certification: Does Quality of ISO 14001 Implementation Affect Facilities’ Environmental Performance?
Authors: Aravind Deepa , Christmann Petra 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:The literature on certifiable management standards has not paid sufficient attention to implementation of standard requirements in certified firms. Firms that obtain standard certification to achieve the legitimacy benefits of certification may not implement standard requirements sufficiently to realize the standard’s intended performance outcomes. We argue that such decoupling of implementation from certification threatens the effectiveness of certifiable standards as governance mechanisms for firms’ environmental conduct because standard certification may not accurately signal firms’ superior environmental performance to external stakeholders. Empirical findings based on the ISO 14001 standard at the facility level support this view: Quality of standard implementation affects facilities’ environmental performance, and environmental performance of certified and non-certified facilities does not differ significantly for the overall sample and low-quality implementers, while high-quality implementers have better environmental performance than their non-certified counterparts. We provide recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of governance systems for firm conduct based on certifiable standards.
An Institutional Perspective on the Diffusion of International Management System Standards: The Case of the Environmental Management Standard ISO 14001
Authors: Delmas Magali A. , Montes-Sancho Maria J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:This paper analyzes how national institutional factors affect the adoption of the international environmental management standard ISO 14001, using a panel of 139 countries from 1996 to 2006. The analysis emphasizes that during the emerging phase of the standard, the potential lack of consensus within the constituents of the national institutional environment concerning the value of a new standard could send mixed signals to firms about the standard. The results show that in the early phase of adoption, regulative and normative forces within the institutional environment can work against each other. Results also show that regulative or coercive forces play a relatively more important role in the early phase of adoption of the standard than in the subsequent phases of diffusion. In the later phases of diffusion of ISO 14001, normative forces, such as the diffusion of other management standards, as well as factors related to trade, play a more important role. Because of the similarities between environmental management standards and corporate social responsibility standards, this study can help identify some of the challenges for diffusion of ISO management standards in the area of social responsibility.
Comments onBEQ’s Twentieth Anniversary Forum on New Directions for Business Ethics Research
Authors: Crane Andrew , Gilbert Dirk Ulrich , Goodpaster Kenneth E. , Miceli Marcia P. , Moore Geoff , Reynolds Scott J. , Schminke Marshall , Waddock Sandra , Weaver Gary R. , Wicks Andrew C. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:In 2010,Business Ethics Quarterlypublished ten articles that considered the potential contributions to business ethics research arising from recent scholarship in a variety of philosophical and social scientific fields (strategic management, political philosophy, restorative justice, international business, legal studies, ethical theory, ethical leadership studies, organization theory, marketing, and corporate governance and finance). Here we offer short responses to those articles by members ofBusiness Ethics Quarterly’s editorial board and editorial team.
The Ethics of Price Discrimination
Authors: Elegido Juan M. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Price discrimination is the practice of charging different customers different prices for the same product. Many people consider price discrimination unfair, but economists argue that in many cases price discrimination is more likely to lead to greater welfare than is the uniform pricing alternative—sometimes for every party in the transaction. This article shows i) that there are many situations in which it is necessary to engage in differential pricing in order to make the provision of a product possible; and ii) that in many such situations, the seller does not obtain an above-average rate of return. It concludes that price discrimination is not inherently unfair. The article also contends that even when conditions i) and/or ii) do not obtain, price discrimination is not necessarily unethical. In itself, the fact that some people get an even better deal than do others does not entail that the latter are wronged.
Dialogue: CEO Compensation
Authors: Kolb Robert , Moriarty Jeffrey 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:In this journal, Jeffrey Moriarty argued that CEOs must refuse to accept compensation above the minimum compensation that will induce them to accept and perform their jobs. Acting otherwise, he maintains, violates the CEO’s fiduciary duty, even for a CEO new to the firm. I argue that Moriarty’s conclusion rests on a failure to adequately distinguish when a person acts as a fiduciary from when she acts on her own account as a person. Further, Moriarty’s argument assumes that the CEO knows this minimum level of compensation. However, we learn the suitability of compensation only through the market process of wage negotiation, not through some process of introspection. I conclude that a CEO who abstains from interfering with the board of directors and its compensation committee is morally free to negotiate for the highest wage available.
Distinct Molecular Motions in a Switchable Chromophore Dielectric 4‐N,N‐Dimethylamino‐4′‐N′‐methylstilbazolium Trifluoromethanesulfonate
Authors: Sun Zhihua , Luo Junhua , Chen Tianliang , Li Lina , Xiong Ren‐Gen , Tong Ming‐Liang , Hong Maochun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMolecular motion associated with rotational and orientational phase transitions is one of the prominent structural strategies for assembling the functional materials such as artificial motors and tunable molecular dielectrics. Here, a new organic chromophore molecule, 4‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐4′‐N′‐methylstilbazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (complex 1), which undergoes an exceptional order‐disorder phase transition at 322 K, is successfully synthesized. The single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, thermal analysis, and dielectric measurements are used to characterize its dielectric dynamic behaviors. The results reveal that 1 behaves as a molecular rotator with the obviously distorted bipyramidal geometry of trifluoromethanesulfonate anions. In addition to its disorderings, two very distinct motions of the anionic moieties are confirmed, namely the “earth rotation” of partial units and the “earth revolution” of the whole molecule. Such unique molecular motions are found to be mainly responsible for the order–disorder phase transition together with the abrupt dielectric anomaly and anisotropy. The charge‐transfer cationic parts enhance the molecular motions behaving as the stator and give rise to its excellent third‐order nonlinearities. The concept may allow for the remote control of molecular events to explore functional materials in organic chromophores.
Well‐Defined Degradable Cationic Polylactide as Nanocarrier for the Delivery of siRNA to Silence Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chen Chih‐Kuang , Law Wing‐Cheung , Aalinkeel Ravikumar , Nair Bindukumar , Kopwitthaya Atcha , Mahajan Supriya D. , Reynolds Jessica L. , Zou Jiong , Schwartz Stanley A. , Prasad Paras N. , Cheng Chong 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWell‐defined tertiary amine‐functionalized cationic polylactides (CPLAs) are synthesized by thiol‐ene click functionalization of an allyl‐functionalized polylactide, and utilized for the delivery of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) siRNA via CPLA‐IL‐8 siRNA nanoplexes. The CPLAs possess remarkable hydrolytic degradability, and their cytotoxicity is relatively low. The CPLA‐IL‐8 siRNA nanoplexes can be readily taken up by prostate cancer cells, resulting in significant IL‐8 gene silencing. It is found that the degradability and cytotoxicity of CPLAs, as well as the transfection efficiency of the CPLA‐IL‐8 siRNA nanoplexes, positively correlate with the amine mol% of CPLAs.
Graphene Multilayer Supported Gold Nanoparticles for Efficient Electrocatalysts Toward Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Choi Yuri , Gu Minsu , Park Jongnam , Song Hyun‐Kon , Kim Byeong‐Su 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis study reports a simple method of integrating electroactive gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet support by layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly for the creation of 3‐dimensional electrocatalytic thin films that are active toward methanol oxidation. This approach involves the alternating assembly of two oppositely charged suspensions of Au NPs with GO nanosheets based on electrostatic interactions. The GO nanosheets not only serve as structural components of the multilayer thin film, but also potentially improve the utilization and dispersion of Au NPs by taking advantages of the high catalytic surface area and the electronic conduction of graphene nanosheets. Furthermore, it is found that the electrocatalytic activity of the multilayer thin films of Au NPs with graphene nanosheet is highly tunable with respect to the number of bilayers and thermal treatment, benefiting from the advantageous features of LbL assembly. Because of the highly versatile and tunable properties of LbL assembled thin films coupled with electrocatalytic NPs, we anticipate that the general concept presented here will offer new types of electroactive catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells.
Oxidation of CoO Studied with the Perturbed Angular Correlation Method
Authors: Wegner D. , Inglot Z. , Lieb K. P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe substages of the oxidation of CoO have been investigated with the PAC method during isochronal and isothermal annealings at low oxygen activity (10−9 atm). The successive trapping of cation vacancies at the 111In probe atoms up to the formation of spinel‐like microclusters has been observed. The results of the PAC experiments are compared with those of X‐ray diffraction and RBS analyses and confirmed by a PAC experiment for 111In in Co3O4. A quantitative analysis of the oxidation kinetics in terms of first order rate equations yields an activation enthalpy of ΔH = 0.27(4) eV. It is found that the absorption of oxygen and the formation of vacancies at the surface are the rate controlling processes in this experiment.
A Study of the Photochromic and Electrochromic Properties of MoO3 Thin Films
Authors: Yao J. N. , Loo B. H. , Fujishima A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe photochromic and electrochromic responses of MoO3 thin films subjecting to UV irradiation were investigated in different environments. It was found that photochromic responses were different in different chemical environments. The presence of oxygen had a detrimental effect on the photochromic responses of the films. Additionally, the irradiated MoO3 films, after biased negatively in 0.1 M LiClO4/propylene carbonate solution, showed enhancement in electrochromism when compared to the non‐irradiated samples treated in a similar fashion. The MoO3 and WO3 thin films showed significant differences in photochromic responses in HCOOH and C2H5OH vapors.
Cyclic Voltammetry for Electron Transfer Reactions at Liquid/Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Stewart A. A. , Campbell J. A. , Girault H. H. , Edddowes M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA theory for cyclic voltammetry at liquid/liquid interfaces for electron transfer is proposed, and the numerical solution of the resulting integral equation is evaluated. This theory has been used to show how the cyclic voltammograms, for electron transfer at ITIES, vary when different ratios of reactants and products, in both phases, are used, and how these voltammograms differ from classical cyclic voltammograms.
Molar Fraction Dependence of Excitation Energy Transfer in Mixed Monolayer Assemblies of 11‐(9‐Carbazolyl)undecanoic Acid and Long‐chain Fatty Acids
Authors: Nagamura Toshihiko , Kamata Shigenobu , Toyozawa Kenji , Ogawa Teiichiro 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe efficient energy transfer from 11‐(9‐carbazolyl)undecanoic acid to a very small fraction (470 ppm) of benzocarbazolyl derivatives in mixed monolayer assemblies with long‐chain fatty acids was observed when the molar fraction of chromophore‐containing amphiphiles (fc) was higher than about 0.05. The fluorescence intensity ratio of acceptors and donors increased with the molar fraction. It tended to saturate when fc is larger than about 0.2. Such fraction dependence was not explained by the Förster energy transfer among randomly distributed chromophores, but was analyzed by the exciton migration model. Our results show that aggregation of chromophores in mixed monolayer assemblies does occur depending on the molar fraction fc.
Correlation Field, Two‐Dimensional First Order Phase Transition and Heats of Adsorption in CO2on the NaCl(100) Cleavage Plane
Authors: Heidberg J. , Kampshoff E. , Schönekäs O. , Stein H. , Weiss H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInfrared spectra of13C16O2adsorbed on the NaCl(100) cleavage plane from zero to monolayer coverage θ and the corresponding adsorption isotherms have been measured. At 0.3 θm≲ θ ≲ θm,θmbeing the CO2monolayer coverage, thev3vibrational band of adsorbed CO2shows a doublet structure due to a correlation field, whereas at θ ≲ 0.3 θma single band is observed. — The coverage and polarization dependence of the spectra as well as the shape of the isotherms between 80 and 95 K adsorbate temperature reveal a two‐dimensional (2D) first order phase transition from a 2D low density phase into a 2D island‐like solid. The isosteric heats of adsorption have been determined to be 28.5 kJ mol−1and 24 kJ mol−1(‐10% and +25% error) for θ = 0.08 θmand θ = 0.96 θm,respectively. — In the 2D solid there are two CO2molecules per unit cell with a (2 × 1) herringbone structure and two‐dimensional space group pg. The angle between the linear CO2molecule and the NaCl(100) plane is (27 & 5)°. In the 2D low density phase a parallel orientation of the CO2molecules with respect to the surface and a site symmetry C2vhas been found.
Time‐reversible Molecular Motion and Macroscopic Irreversibility
Authors: Posch Harald A. , Hoover William G. , Holian Brad Lee 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe thermodynamic irreversibility of molecular processes involving heat transfer is established by incorporating time‐reversible dynamical thermostats in the equations of motion. It is then possible to understand why nonequilibrium steady states must obey the Second Law of Thermodynamics, not just with high probability, but with probability one. This is because nonequilibrium states are so rare, relative to equilibrium ones, as to occupy a zero‐volume multifractal part of equilibrium phase space. These conclusions are generally valid. We illustrate them here by studying equilibrium manybody systems, both solid and fluid, as well as a simple one‐body chaotic nonequilibrium steady state. In all these cases we follow the motion of an orthonormal set of comoving vectors {δ}, determining the time‐averaged “Lyapunov Spectrum” of dynamic instability rates, as well as the vectors “Rotation Spectrum”, and relating these spectra to the irreversible nature of nonequilibrium flows described above.
Short‐Wavelength Collective Dynamics in Metastable Water A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
Authors: Kowall Th. , Mausbach P. , Geiger A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMotivated by a controversial discussion of the short‐wavelength collective dynamics in water, we calculate the coherent dynamic structure factor from the oxygen motion in low‐density water. In accord with early results of Rahman and Stillinger, we detect at the lowest accessible wavevectors the simultaneous existence of two Brillouin lines. Whereas the low‐frequency mode is strongly damped and is considered to be a remnant of the ordinary sound, the high‐frequency mode can be attributed to collective excitations, propagating within the hydrogen‐bond network. Consequently, a density decrease lowers the weak damping of this mode even more, due to the increasing rigidity of the hydrogen‐bond network. For comparison, we also discuss the temperature and density dependence of a related single particle property, the frequency spectrum of the velocity autocorrelation function.
The Molecular Dynamics of Adsorbed Hydrocarbons
Authors: Leggetter S. , Tildesley D. J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe molecular dynamics simulation technique has been used to study the adsorption of hydrocarbons on a structured graphite surface. Simulations were performed on a united atom model of butane at 282 K and surface coverages of 22.3 Å2/molecule and 32 Å2/molecule. One simulation of decane was performed at 291 K and a surface coverage of 85.6 Å2/molecule. We report in‐plane and out‐of‐plane velocity autocorrelation functions and the surface diffusion coefficients, angular velocity and the reorientational correlation functions and the time correlation functions associated with the conformational dynamics of these flexible molecules.
Computer Simulation of Liquid Methyl Iodide
Authors: Crone‐Münzebrock H. , Döge G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA simple intermolecular potential — with five Lennard‐Jones‐centers and five point charges at the atoms of the molecule — has been used for a molecular dynamic simulation of liquid CH3I at 298 K and 213 K. Structural and dynamical data like radial distribution functions, reorientational correlation times and diffusion coefficients have been calculated and are in good agreement with experimental data. The distributions of some angular functions have been studied to obtain the most probable pair configuration. Particular the Wertheim D(12)‐function has been compared with results of Raman studies of intermolecular vibrational coupling.
High‐Pressure NMR Spectroscopy of the Dynamic Processes in Complex Liquids
Authors: Jonas J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis lecture reviews recent applications of the high resolution, high‐pressure NMR spectroscopy to the study of the dynamics in complex liquids. After a brief introduction which points out the essential role of pressure as an experimental variable in the studies of the dynamic structure of liquids, three main topics are covered. — First, selected results of the high‐resolution, natural abundance 13C NMR relaxation experiments on complex liquids of 2‐ethylhexyl cyclohexanecarboxylate and 2‐ethylhexyl benzoate are presented. Second, the experimental studies of the dynamical solvent effects on reaction rates in several systems including 1,1‐difluorocyclohexane, N,N‐dimethyltrichloro‐acetamide, and rhodium complexes are briefly discussed. Third, the promising future of the high‐resolution, high‐pressure NMR techniques to investigate the dynamics in biochemical systems is illustrated on several studies currently in progress in our laboratory.
The Microscopic Basis of Self Diffusion — Mutual Diffusion Relationships in Binary Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Weingärtner Hermann 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe general relation between self and mutual diffusion coefficients in binary liquid mixtures is best described in terms of velocity cross‐correlation integrals fab. In analogy to the definition of the self diffusion coefficient in terms of a time integral over the velocity autocorrelation function, the fab are given as integrals over velocity cross‐correlation functions. As the latter coefficients are measures for the coupling of the diffusive motions between pairs of particles, they may be used for probing intermolecular interactions in liquid mixtures. The approach is illustrated in application by considering diffusion in some thermodynamically ideal systems and in systems with strong positive and negative deviations from Raoult's law.