bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Different Initial Cutting Treatments on the Production and Quality of Climax Timothy and Reed Canarygrass1
Authors: Mislevy P. , Washko J. B. , Harrington J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal yield, aftermath, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) production of perennial grasses when harvested at various physiological stages of development were investigated. The initial harvest of Climax timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) was removed at eight physiological stages of development corresponding to plant heights of 20, 30, 41, 46, 51, 61, 71, and 81 cm.Removal of the initial harvest of timothy when the apical meristem was at a transition stage (plants 30 cm tall) resulted in highest total seasonal yield, aftermath, and TDN/ha. Reed canarygrass, however, produced lowest total seasonal yield and TDN when the initial harvest was removed early, at the first two stages of development. This species was less influenced by initial plant cutting height. Total seasonal aftermath of reed canarygrass varied by only 1,973 kg/ha regardless of when the initial crop was removed. These data indicate a differential response of timothy and reed canarygrass to specific cutting management practices.
Effect of Irrigation and Water‐Table Depth on Crop Yields1
Authors: Follett R. F. , Doering E. J. , Reichman G. A. , Benz L. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective in this field study was to determine the most desirable combination of amount of irrigation and degree of drainage for production of corn (Zea mays L.), sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown on sandy soil over a declining water table. Irrigation was applied at weekly intervals at rates of either 0, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 times the water requirement of the crops as predicted by the modified Jensen‐Haise equation. Irrigation amounts were applied in combination with shallow, medium, and deep drainage. In 1971 and 1972, early season depth to water table was 92 and 69 cm for the shallow drainage treatment, 166 and 145 cm for the medium, and 186 and 193 cm for the deep. Water‐table declines were 94 and 96 cm during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons, respectively, under all treatments. Corn was harvested at maturity, sugarbeets in mid‐October, and alfalfa (three cuttings) at 1/10 bloom.Maximum yields of all crops occurred over the shallow water table; no yield response to irrigation was observed over the shallow water table. Both corn and sugarbeets grown over the medium and deep water tables responded to irrigation as did alfalfa grown over the deep water table. Regardless of irrigation amount, crop yields from deeper water tables never exceeded those from the shallowest water table. Results indicate a need for research on methods for developing practical systems of controlled shallow drainage on a field scale.
Dissipation of Acetanilide Herbicides from Soils1
Authors: Beestman G. B. , Deming J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree commercial α‐chloroacetanilide herbicides, alachlor, butachlor, and propachlor, were surface‐applied in aqueous solution on two soil types in the field to determine their soil half‐lives. Laboratory studies were conducted to assess the major routes of dissipation from soils. While much is known about the activity and mode of action of these herbicides, little quantitative information is available concerning the modes of dissipation from soils. This research was conducted to determine dissipation rates under field conditions and to quantitate the contributions of microbial decomposition, chemical breakdown, volatilization, and leaching. Dissipation followed first order kinetics with short field half‐lives ranging from 2 to 14 days depending upon the herbicide and soil type. Leaching did not contribute to dissipation since no residues were found below the upper 4 cm layer. Dissipation from sterilized soil was 50 times slower than dissipation from viable soil, indicating that microbial decomposition played a major role in herbicide degradation. Rapid herbicide volatilization occurred from continuously moist soil exposed to a constant 21C, 3.2 kph air stream impinging upon the treated soil surface but little loss occurred from dry soils. Atrazine was also rapidly lost from moist soil under these conditions, with volatilization rates falling in the order propachlor > atrazine > alachlor > butachlor. The major avenue of dissipation of these acetanilide herbicides from soil is by microbial decomposition. Significant volatilization losses occur only under windy conditions during the interval that exposed soil surfaces remain moist.
Determining Nitrogen Fertilizer Needs for Sugarbeets from Residual Soil Nitrate and Mineralizable Nitrogen1
Authors: Carter J. N. , Jensen M. E. , Bosma S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil nitrate and mineralizable nitrogen are used to predict the root yield potential and N fertilizer needs of sugarbeets. Predicting the required N fertilizer for optimum refined sucrose production based on soil test procedures is needed because inadequate N limits root yield and high levels of N may reduce both extractable sucrose and sucrose yield.Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown at 14 residual and fertilizer N rates to determine the root yield, sucrose percentage, sucrose yield, and N uptake in relation to the residual, mineralizable, and fertilizer N. A soil test to measure both the mineralizable and NO3‐N level of a soil was found to serve as a valuable guide in recommending N fertilizer for sugarbeets. The amount of N supplied from mineralizable sources in a uniformly cropped and fertilized field is expected to remain reasonably constant if adequate but not excess N fertilizer is supplied each year to the crop grown. Therefore, repeating the test for mineralizable N each year may not be necessary. Determining the amount of NO3‐N in the root zone, which is now feasible with rapid and accurate methods of soil analysis, combined with the predetermined mineralizable N, would increase the accuracy of N fertilizer recommendations.
Comparison of Fall‐Applied N Under Formed Beds with Conventional Spring N Application for Corn Production1
Authors: Boswell Fred C. , Futral J .G. , Anderson O. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFew studies have been reported on the comparison of fall‐ and spring‐applied N for crop production in the Southeast, especially when nitrification inhibitors have been used to ameliorate N losses due to leaching. Because of the agronomic advantages inherent to such a practice, research was needed to assess its feasibility. A study was begun to 1) compare the efficiency in corn (Zea mays L.) production of fall‐applied N under formed beds, with and without a nitrification inhibitor, with spring‐applied N conventionally, and 2) determine the influence of these practices on certain plant constituents. Results indicate that moisture conditions for early planting and plant emergence under formed beds were excellent. In only the 1st year of the 3 years, did fall‐applied N with a nitrification inhibitor result in greater corn grain yield (P = .01) than did the same N rate (156 kg/ha) without the inhibitor. Fall‐applied N (156 kg/ha rate), with or without the inhibitor, was as efficient in corn production as a split application of half in the fall and half as sidedressing, or a preplant application plus sidedressing. For 2 of 3 years, tissue sampled at the silking stage had a higher N content when the N was applied split than did tissue where all the N was fall‐applied.
Quality of First Growth Crownvetch Forage and Its Potential for Improvement1
Authors: Shenk J. S. , Risius M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterest has been developing in the utilization of crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) forage as livestock feed. In 1969 and 1970, changes in the quality of first growth forage from three crownvetch cultivars were characterized. Forage from ‘Penngift,’ ‘Chemung,’ and ‘Emerald’ was harvested during the spring at weekly intervals from field plots. First growth forage increased in dry matter percentages and cell wall constituents and deceased in in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and protein percentages from late May to late June. These changes in forage quality were similar for the three cultivars but significant year effects for most quality traits were found.The potential for improving the quality of crownvetch forage by breeding and selection was explored by determining the variation for quality and morphological traits among individual plants of Penngift and Chemung. In each cultivar, forage was harvested at first flower from 24 plants. Significant variation for morphological traits, IVDMD, and protein was found among plants within each cultivar. Differences among plants for cell wall concentration and composition were significant for Penngift only. Flowering date, stem length, and regrowth height were not significantly correlated with IVDMD. Although dry matter, protein, and estimated digestibility were significantly correlated with IVDMD, none of the relationships were strong enough to use for predictive purposes. The in vitro system would seem to be the most useful procedure for screening individual plants for higher forage quality.
Rate of Nutrient Uptake per Unit of Corn Root Under Field Conditions1
Authors: Mengel D. B. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation on changes in the rate of nutrient uptake per unit of plant root length (nutrient flux) during the growth of the plant is important for evaluating the capacity of the soil to supply sufficient nutrient to the root surface. Since little information was available, nutrient flux into the root was determined in the field by sampling corn (Zea mays L.) plants at 9 and 14 dates in 1970 and 1971, respectively. Root length, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, and content of 10 nutrients in the shoot were determined on replicated samples at each harvest. Nutrient uptake rates per plant per day were calculated and divided by mean root lengths to get nutrient flux into the root as related to plant age.Nutrient flux was greatest at the first sampling, decreased rapidly with increased plant age until plants were 70 days old, and then remained relatively constant. Phosphorus flux into the root was 11.3 μmoles per meter of root per day at 20 days and 0.08 μmoles m−1d−1 at 80 days. Mean flux into the root was similar in both years despite large grain yield differences between years. As the flux may be biased downward with older plants because of lower uptake rates by more mature tissue, efforts were made to overcome the bias by assuming that only roots less than 5 days old actively absorbed nutrients. Flux calculations on this basis still decreased as the plant developed, but the differences were smaller.
Interactive Effects of Salinity and Fertility on Yields of Grains and Vegetables1
Authors: Bernstein Leon , Francois L. E. , Clark R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe salt tolerance of crops has usually been studied under optimal fertility conditions. The objectives of the present studies were to compare crop response to salinity when nutrients were limiting, adequate, or in excess to guide proper fertilization of saline soils and to determine whether additional fertilizer could restore yield losses caused by salinity.Corn (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and six vegetable crops were grown to maturity in large, outdoor sand cultures to study the interactive effects of salinity and nutrition. Increasing levels of phosphate (0.1 to 2.0 mM) aggravated salt injury in corn and decreased salt tolerance. Decreasing solution K from 2 to 0.4 meq/liter did not affect leaf K or yield of corn. Deficient levels of P or N did not consistently decrease salt tolerance of any of the crops studied, although the wheat and barley varieties showed erratic decreases in salt tolerance when N or P was deficient. When N or P was severely growth‐limiting, salinity affected growth of some crops [broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), cabbage (B. oleracea var. botrytis)] less. Conversely, when salinity severely limited growth, nutritional responses of some crops decreased. Salinity did not aggravate N or P deficiency as judged by leaf N and leaf P contents. Effects of salinity and N or P deficiency on other mineral constituents were highly crop specific.
Physiological Responses to Wind‐ and Sandblast‐Damaged Winter Wheat Plants1
Authors: Armbrust D. V. , Paulsen Gary M. , Ellis R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield depression due to physical damage by wind and windblown soil (sandblast damage) is well known. The objective of this research was to determine if this yield depression was due to physiological changes within the plant or to the loss of viable plant tissue.Physiological responses of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell) to injury by a 20‐minute exposure to wind (13.4 m/sec), wind plus sand (5, 10, and 15 kg), and partial defoliation (removal of the distal 1/4 and 1/2 of each leaf) were evaluated. Net photosynthesis, dark respiration, ribulose‐l,5‐diphosphate (RUDP) carboxylase activity, total chlorophyll, dry weight, leaf area, and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) were determined 1, 3, and 7 days after treatment.Dry‐weight production and accumulation decreased with increased plant injury. Reduced growth of sandblasted wheat seedlings is caused by loss of viable leaf tissue and physiological changes, which are mainly reduced photosynthesis and increased respiration. It is not clear from this study whether these changes result from partial defoliation, short‐term high‐intensity moisture stress, or a combination of both.
Variations in Percent Protein of Individual Seeds from Five Peanut Plants
Authors: Young C. T. , Tai Y. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the variation in percent protein of individual seeds from five peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants of ‘NC2,’ (a Virginia‐type commercial peanut variety) using macro‐Kjeldahl analysis. The differences in percent protein between mature and immature seeds and between basal and apical seeds were also examined. Protein levels varied significantly among individual seeds from each of the five peanut plants. No relationship was obtained between the percent protein of the individual seeds and either the fruit placement or the branching pattern. Percent protein was higher in immature than in mature seeds. Apical seeds also had a higher pereent protein than the basal ones. Seeds with higher dry weight had significantly lower percent protein. Because of these observed variations in percent protein, the selection of individual seeds for genetic studies of protein must be made with great care.
Iron Supply in Soybean Seedlings1
Authors: Ambler John E. , Brown John C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seedlings are dependent on the iron supply in the seed for early growth. Any factor that limits this supply of Fe could cause poor growth and would require management practices to eliminate these factors to insure good seedlings. Phosphate and Fe‐stress response were the variables used to test the availability of seed iron in the seedlings. Phosphate competes with the plant for Fe, and Fe‐stress response is an adaptive mechanism that accentuates the transport of iron. ‘PI‐54619‐5‐1’ (PI) soybean has an inefficient Fe‐stress response mechanism and ‘Hawkeye’ (HA) has a very efficient Fe‐stress response mechanism. Our objective was to determine how these factors affected the utlization of Fe from the soybean seeds as compared to Fe supplied externally.Soybean seeds of these two lines were produced by plants treated from anthesis to seed maturity with 59Fe supplied as ferric ethylenediaminedi(o‐hydroxyphenylacetate). Seedling plants, from labeled 59Fe seeds, were subsequently studied to determine the effect of Fe‐stress response and to determine the effect of varied nutrient P on the translocation and utilization of 59Fe from the cotyledons of Fe‐inefficient and Fe‐efficient soybeans. Cotyledonary Fe, of both lines in the seedling stage, appeared available for translocation and utilization and was not affected by Fe stress or varied nutrient P. It was concluded that Fe should not be a limiting factor in establishing a good stand of soybeans in the field because of the readily available source of Fe from the seed.
Effect of Transpiration Rate on Salt Accumulation Around Corn Roots in a Saline Soil1
Authors: Sinha B. K. , Singh N. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory studies were conducted to determine the extent of ion accumulation around corn (Zea mays L.) roots of plants exposed to different transpiration conditions. Ion accumulation in the apparent free space of roots, the soil adhering to the roots, and the bulk soil was studied using a soil mixed with sodium chloride so that the electrical conductivity of saturation extract was 3.96 mmho/cm. Maximum ion accumulation occurred in the apparent free space of the roots, followed by the closely adhering soil. Under high transpiration, sodium concentration increased from 37.6 mg/100 g in the bulk soil to 90.3 mg/100 g in the soil close to the roots. After the same treatment, a threefold increase in the chloride content of the closely adhering soil was observed. A significant correlation existed between the rate of water loss per unit root length and the Na and Xl concentration of the closely adhering soil. Results indicate that under high transpiration, the salt concentration close to the roots may be much higher than that obtained from an analysis of the bulk soil.
Isolation of β‐Nitropropionic Acid from Crownvetch1
Authors: Gustine D. L. , Shenk J. S. , Moyer B. G. , Barnes R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompounds that are toxic when fed to meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) have been isolafed from freshcut, oven‐dried crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) forage. This activity was detected by weanling meadow vole bioassays in which weight change, diet intake, and death were recorded during 6‐day feeding trials. The compounds were extracted from dried, ground forage with 95% ethanol. Nonpolar compounds were precipitated by addition of water, and the active compounds remained in aqueous solution. The active compounds remained in the aqueous phase after partitioning with chloroformethanol (8.5:1.5), but were extracted into the organic phase during partitioning with ethyl formate. They were further purified by passage through a polyamide column, and then fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography. From the final fractions, β‐nitropropionic acid (BNPA) was isolated. This is the first report of the presence of BNPA in crownvetch. Weanling voles fed crownvetch and BNPA ~in diets at 20 and 0.15%, respectively, showed identical responses, thus indicating that BNPA is a toxic factor in crownvetch.
Anhydrous Ammonia and Propionic Acid as Hay Preservatives1
Authors: Knapp W. R. , Holt D. A. , Lechtenberg V. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnhydrous ammonia was applied at 1.0% and propionic acid was applied at 0.02, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0% of the weight of hay to alfalfa hay baled at about 35% moisture to test their individual effectiveness as perservatives. After 2 months of storage, ammonia‐treated hay was green and no mold was visible. The 1.0% propionic acid‐treated hay was free of visible mold but had lost green color. Hay treated with anhydrous ammonia and highest levels of propionic acid reached lower temperatures and lost only about half as much digestible dry matter as untreated hay or hay treated with lower levels of propionic acid. Anhydrous ammonia treatment at baling time increased by 30% total N content of hay stored 2 months.
Effect of pH on the Absorption of Boron by Excised Barley Roots
Authors: Oertli J. J. , Grgurevic E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to obtain information on the mechanism of B uptake and on the relative importance of the two forms H3BO3 and H2BO3− for net B absorption, the uptake of B by excised barley (Hordeum vulgure var. Briggs) was investigated using solutions having pH values from 6 to 10 and B concentrations from 1 to 10 ppm. The B uptake and final B contents after 1 hour absorption periods increased nearly linearly with increasing B supply. The relative B uptake (uptake at pH 6 = 100%) at all supply levels decreased with increasing pH similar to the decrease of the fraction of undissociated H3BO3. At pH 6 final B contents in roots and treatment solutions were similar. From this it is concluded that B in root tissues and external solution tends to approach a diffusion equilibrium which is governed by the undissociated acid. Boron thus differs fundamentally from most other nutrients which are present in an ionized form and are transported actively.
Relationship between Corn Yield and Plant Potassium1
Authors: Walker W. M. , Peck T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical composition of the sixth corn (Zea mays L.) leaf at early tassel has been widely used in diagnosing the nutritional status of the plant at this particular stage of development. However at this relatively late stage of development, application of supplement plant nutrients when needed, is difficult. Thus, critical nutrient values for corn and other crop plants should be determined so that a knowledgeable interpretation of their chemical composition can be made at an early stage of development which would permit supplementary nutrient applications. Under some conditions and for some nutrients, plant uptake of one or more nutrients may be more important than concentration; “critical” uptake values should also be determined.The objective of this experiment was to determine the relationship between corn yield and the K composition of corn plants at three stages of growth where K composition includes both its concentration and uptake. Corn yields and plant samples were obtained from an experiment at the U. of Ill. Agron. Res. Cen. at Browns‐town in South Central Illinois. Experimental plots were lanted in 76‐cm rows to a population of 49,000 plants/ha of an Illinois‐adapted cultivar. The soil type was a Cisne silt loam (mollic albaqualf).Corn yields were regressed on the K concentration (%K) of whole plants that averaged 25 and 76 cm in height, respectively, and upon the average K concentration of the fifth, sixth, and seventh leaves at early tassel. Co‐efficients of multiple determination (R2) for the quadratic equations were 0.71, 0.74, and 0.78, respectively. The critical K percentage (the percent K resulting in maximum predicted yield) for whole corn plants 25 cm in height was determined to be 3.98; for plants 76 cm in height, it was 3.90. The critical K percentage for the average of the fifth, sixth, and seventh leaves was 1.80%. When corn yield was regressed upon K uptake of plants 25 and 76 cm in height, R2 values were 0.63 and 0.60, respectively. The K content for the maximum predicted yield when corn plants averaged 25 and 76 cm was 0.094 and 0.674 g/plant, respectively. Since the critical K percentage varied with the stage of plant development, critical percentages established for one stage of growth should not be used for diagnosing plant nutrition problems at other stages of the corn plant's development.