bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical multi‐label classification based on over‐sampling and hierarchy constraint for gene function prediction
Authors: Chen Benhui , Hu Jinglu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHierarchical multi‐label classification (HMC) is a variant of classification where instances may belong to multiple classes at the same time and these classes are organized in a hierarchy. Gene function prediction is a complicated HMC problem with large class number and usually strongly imbalanced class distributions. This paper proposes an improved HMC method based on over‐sampling and hierarchy constraint for solving the gene function prediction problem. The HMC task is transferred into a set of binary support vector machine (SVM) classification tasks. Then, two measures are implemented to enhance the HMC performance by introducing the hierarchy constraint into learning procedures. Firstly, for imbalanced classes, a hierarchical synthetic minority over‐sampling technique (SMOTE) is proposed as over‐sampling preprocessing to improve the SVM learning performance. Secondly, an improved True Path Rule (TPR) ensemble approach is introduced to combine the results of binary probabilistic SVM classifications. It can improve the classification results and guarantee the hierarchy constraint of classes. Experiment results on four benchmark FunCat Yeast datasets show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the basic TPR method and the Flat ensemble method. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Benefits from typhoons – the Hong Kong perspective
Authors: Lam Hilda , Kok Mang Hin , Shum Karen Kit Ying 
Published: January 2012

AbstractImpacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) have usually been linked with human and economic losses. However, TCs in some places could bring benefits to the affected communities and the environment. Potential benefits of TCs to Hong Kong are reviewed in this paper. TCs bring about around 30% of annual rainfall in Hong Kong an amount which can help alleviate prevailing drought and hot weather. The high wind brought by TCs contributes to wind energy potential. The study of local temperature during the passage of 21 TCs from 2007 to 2009 reveals that TCs may reduce the electricity demand for cooling in summer time. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Quantifying the white blood cell transcriptome as an accessible window to the multiorgan transcriptome
Authors: Kohane Isaac S. , Valtchinov Vladimir I. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Motivation: We investigate and quantify the generalizability of the white blood cell (WBC) transcriptome to the general, multiorgan transcriptome. We use data from the NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository to define two datasets for comparison, WBC and OO (Other Organ) sets.
Results: Comprehensive pair-wise correlation and expression level profiles are calculated for both datasets (with sizes of 81 and 1463, respectively). We have used mapping and ranking across the Gene Ontology (GO) categories to quantify similarity between the two sets. GO mappings of the most correlated and highly expressed genes from the two datasets tightly match, with the notable exceptions of components of the ribosome, cell adhesion and immune response. That is, 10 877 or 48.8% of all measured genes do not change &gt;10% of rank range between WBC and OO; only 878 (3.9%) change rank &gt;50%. Two trans-tissue gene lists are defined, the most changing and the least changing genes in expression rank. We also provide a general, quantitative measure of the probability of expression rank and correlation profile in the OO system given the expression rank and correlation profile in the WBC dataset.
Contact: vvaltchinov@partners.org
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Adaptation genomics: next generation sequencing reveals a shared haplotype for rapid early development in geographically and genetically distant populations of rainbow trout
Authors: DAVIDSON W. S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLocal adaptation occurs when a population evolves a phenotype that confers a selective advantage in its local environment, but which may not be advantageous in other habitats. Restricted gene flow and strong selection pressures are prerequisites for local adaptation. Fishes in the family Salmonidae are predicted to provide numerous examples of local adaptation because of the high fidelity of returning to spawn in their natal streams, which results in highly structured populations, and the wide diversity of environments that salmonids have colonized. These conditions are ideally suited for producing a set of specialist phenotypes, whose fitness is maximized for one specific habitat, rather than a generalist phenotype similarly viable in several environments. Understanding patterns and processes leading to local adaptations has long been a goal of evolutionary biology, but it is only recently that identifying the molecular basis for local adaptation has become feasible because of advances in genomic technologies. The study of shared adaptive phenotypes in populations that are both geographically distant and genetically distinct should reveal some of the fundamental molecular mechanisms associated with local adaptation. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Miller et al. (2012) make a significant contribution to the development of adaptation genomics. This study suggests that salmonids use standing genetic variation to select beneficial alleles for local adaptations rather than de novo mutations in the same gene or alternative physiological pathways. Identifying the genetic basis for local adaptation has major implications for the management, conservation and potential restoration of salmonid populations.
Spiteful interactions between sympatric natural isolates of Xenorhabdus bovienii benefit kin and reduce virulence
Authors: BASHEY F. , YOUNG S. K. , HAWLENA H. , LIVELY C. M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSpite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming others. Spiteful behaviour may be more pervasive in nature than commonly thought. One of the clearest examples of spite is the costly production and release of bacteriocins, antimicrobial toxins noted for their ability to kill conspecifics. A key question is to what extent these toxins provide a fitness advantage to kin of the producer cell, especially in natural communities. Additionally, when bacteria are involved in parasitic relationships, spiteful interactions are predicted to lower bacterial densities within a host, causing a reduction in parasite‐induced virulence. Using five sympatric, field‐collected genotypes of the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus bovienii, we experimentally demonstrate that bacteriocin production benefits kin within the host, and that it slows the mortality rate of the host. These results confirm that spite among naturally coexisting bacterial clones can be a successful kin‐selected strategy that has emergent effects on virulence.
Getting the message: intuition and reflexivity in professional interpretations of non‐verbal behaviours in people with profound learning disabilities
Authors: Phelvin Andrew 
Published: January 2012

Accessible summaryPeople with profound and multiple learning disabilities are often unable to talk to the staff who help to care for them. They rely on non‐verbal communication behaviours to communicate, for example

Facial expressions.

Gestures.

Eye contact.

This raises particular challenges for those staff, who include nurses with learning disability nurses. This paper outlines those challenges. They include challenges raised by

Person centred planning.

The mental capacity act.

The need to provide evidence for practice.

This paper goes on to suggest ways in which staff can meet these challenges, including the use of skills based on intuition and the use of reflective practice. This paper will help professional staff move towards understanding the NVC of people who have profound and multiple learning disabilities.SummaryThis paper describes the current challenges facing nurses and other professionals who care for people with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities. This particularly vulnerable group of service users often rely on a repertoire of non‐verbal behaviours to communicate their needs and wishes. These challenges include the requirements of Person Centred Planning, the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the evidence‐based practice movement. Drawing on nursing and some other relevant professional literature, this paper explores the latter in particular and how it relates to the intuitive knowledge base that professionals use to interpret NVC behaviours in this field. It concludes with a discussion of the dangers and limitations of this knowledge and skill base and posits a professional need to discipline its deployment by reflective practice (reflexivity) within well‐established therapeutic relationships. A theoretical example of reflective practice is included.
Risk stratification in cardiovascular disease primary prevention – scoring systems, novel markers, and imaging techniques
Authors: Zannad Faiez , De Backer Guy , Graham Ian , Lorenz Matthias , Mancia Giuseppe , Morrow David A. , Reiner Željko , Koenig Wolfgang , Dallongeville Jean , Macfadyen Robert J. , Ruilope Luis M. , Wilhelmsen Lars ,   the ESC Working Group on CardioVascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to review and discuss current methods of risk stratification for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention, emerging biomarkers, and imaging techniques, and their relative merits and limitations. This report is based on discussions that took place among experts in the area during a special CardioVascular Clinical Trialists workshop organized by the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy in September 2009. Classical risk factors such as blood pressure and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels remain the cornerstone of risk estimation in primary prevention but their use as a guide to management is limited by several factors: (i) thresholds for drug treatment vary with the available evidence for cost‐effectiveness and benefit‐to‐risk ratios; (ii) assessment may be imprecise; (iii) residual risk may remain, even with effective control of dyslipidemia and hypertension. Novel measures include C‐reactive protein, lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2, genetic markers, and markers of subclinical organ damage, for which there are varying levels of evidence. High‐resolution ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging to assess carotid atherosclerotic lesions have potential but require further validation, standardization, and proof of clinical usefulness in the general population. In conclusion, classical risk scoring systems are available and inexpensive but have a number of limitations. Novel risk markers and imaging techniques may have a place in drug development and clinical trial design. However, their additional value above and beyond classical risk factors has yet to be determined for risk‐guided therapy in CVD prevention.
Dupes or Incompetents? An Examination of Management's Impact on Firm Distress
Authors: Leverty J. Tyler , Grace Martin F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article examines whether managers impact firm performance. We conservatively define managerial ability as the manager's capacity to deploy the firm's resources. We verify the validity of our metric using a manager–firm matched panel data set that allows us to track managers (CEOs) across different firms over time. We find managerial ability is inversely related to the amount of time a firm spends in distress, the likelihood of a firm's failure, and the cost of failure. These results suggest that the managers of failed firms are less skilled than their counterparts. But even within failed firms there is heterogeneity in the talents of managers.
Under What Conditions Is an Insurance Guaranty Fund Beneficial for Policyholders?
Authors: Rymaszewski Przemysław , Schmeiser Hato , Wagner Joël 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this article, we derive conditions in an imperfect market setting, under which the introduction of a self‐supporting insurance guaranty fund improves the position of the policyholders. When a guaranty fund is advantageous given homogeneous firms in the market, all policyholders benefit from it to the same extent, if they have the same underlying risk preferences and are charged identical premiums. In a more realistic heterogeneous setting, the introduction of an insurance guaranty fund is in general no longer beneficial for all policyholders in the same manner. Hence, systematic wealth transfers take place between the policyholders of different insurance companies. As a possible solution, and in order to counteract this effect, we introduce a framework for utility‐based fund charges.
Short Selling: The Impact of SEC Rule 201 of 2010
Authors: Jain Chinmay , Jain Pankaj , McInish Thomas H. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDespite its sizeable compliance costs, we are unable to document any clear benefits of SEC Rule 201 in ensuring fair valuations and price stability, promoting higher liquidity and execution quality, or preventing a sudden flash crash or prolonged market crises. Our daily and intraday analysis of data both before and after Rule 201 finds that short sellers are naturally more active before the occurrence of negative returns, not after significant price declines. Our simulation results show that Rule 201 further curtails short selling during normal periods, but is not binding on short sellers during the volatile period of the 2008 financial crisis.
Are Short Sellers Informed? Evidence from REITs
Authors: French Dan W. , Lynch Andrew A. , Yan Xuemin (Sterling) 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper uses intraday short sale data to examine whether short sellers of Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are informed. We find strong evidence that short selling predicts future returns of REITs. Heavily shorted REITs significantly underperform lightly shorted REITs by approximately 1% over the following 20 trading days. This predictive relation holds for both small and large trades, but is stronger for large short trades. We also document a positive relation between shorting activity and volatility. Our results are consistent with the view that short sellers of REITs are informed and contribute to market efficiency by impounding information into prices.
Are Short Sellers Informed? Evidence from the 2007–2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis
Authors: Liu Ming , Ma Tongshu , Zhang Yan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the short selling activities around financial firms’ announcements of asset write‐downs during the 2007–2008 subprime mortgage crisis. We find that short sellers accumulate short positions prior to write‐down announcements, and that stocks experience significantly negative returns around such announcements. These results suggest that the return predictability of short interests is due to short sellers’ informational advantage. Furthermore, we show that short sellers increase their positions significantly in the announcement month and keep increasing their positions afterward, suggesting the feedback effect of the disclosed write‐downs on financial firms’ existing exposures. The valuable information contained in the short interest should encourage regulators to mandate stock exchanges disclose short selling activities more frequently.
Antiplatelet Therapy for Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Acelajado Maria Czarina , Oparil Suzanne 
Published: January 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).****;**:**–**. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is currently defined as a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia without infarction. TIA is an important risk factor for stroke and other major vascular events. Risk factors for TIA or stroke need to be addressed effectively to reduce the risk for stroke in patients who have had a TIA. Aspirin (ASA) significantly reduces the risk for stroke when given after a TIA, stroke, or myocardial infarction in a dose of 50 mg/d to 325 mg/d. The role of ASA in the primary prevention of TIA or stroke, however, is less well‐substantiated. Clopidogrel may be used in the secondary prevention of TIA or stroke, but its antiplatelet effect may be reduced in poor metabolizers of the drug. The combination of ASA and extended‐release dipyridamole is effective in reducing risk for TIA and stroke, and may confer additional risk‐lowering without an increased risk of bleeding compared with ASA alone. ASA monotherapy, clopidogrel alone, or the combination of ASA and extended‐release dypiridamole are all acceptable options for initial therapy in patients with a TIA and stroke, and the combination of ASA plus extended‐release dypiridamole is recommended over ASA alone.
Cervical screening among migrant women: a qualitative study of Polish, Slovak and Romanian women in London, UK
Authors: Jackowska Marta , Wagner Christian von , Wardle Jane , Juszczyk Dorota , Luszczynska Aleksandra , Waller Jo 
Published: January 2012

ObjectiveTo explore awareness of and participation in cervical screening services in women from Poland, Slovakia and Romania living in London, UK.MethodsThree qualitative studies were carried out in London in 2008–2009: an interview study of professionals working with Central and Eastern European migrants (n=11); a focus group study including three Polish, one Slovak and one Romanian focus group; and an interview study of Polish (n=11), Slovak (n=7) and Romanian (n=2) women.ResultsAwareness of the cervical screening programme was good, but understanding of the purpose of screening was sometimes limited. Some women were fully engaged with the UK screening programme; others used screening both in the UK and their countries of origin; and a third group only had screening in their home countries. Women welcomed the fact that screening is free and that reminders are sent, but some were concerned about the screening interval and the age of the first invitation.ConclusionsMigrant women from Poland, Slovakia and Romania living in London vary in their level of participation in the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme. More needs to be done to address concerns regarding screening services, and to ensure that language is not a barrier to participation.
Oncolytic virotherapy in veterinary medicine: current status and future prospects for canine patients
Authors: Patil Sandeep S , Gentschev Ivaylo , Nolte Ingo , Ogilvie Gregory , Szalay Aladar A 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Oncolytic viruses refer to those that are able to eliminate malignancies by direct targeting and lysis of cancer cells, leaving non-cancerous tissues unharmed. Several oncolytic viruses including adenovirus strains, canine distemper virus and vaccinia virus strains have been used for canine cancer therapy in preclinical studies. However, in contrast to human studies, clinical trials with oncolytic viruses for canine cancer patients have not been reported. An 'ideal' virus has yet to be identified. This review is focused on the prospective use of oncolytic viruses in the treatment of canine tumors - a knowledge that will undoubtedly contribute to the development of oncolytic viral agents for canine cancer therapy in the future.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings of true bifid mandibular condyle with duplicated mandibular fossa
Authors: Melo S.L.S. , Melo D.P. , Oenning A.C.C. , Haiter‐Neto F. , Almeida S.M. , Campos P.S.F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBifid mandibular condyle (BMC) is a rare asymptomatic morphological alteration with no predilection for age group or gender. Its morphology varies from a shallow groove to two condylar heads with separate necks, oriented mediolaterally or anteroposteriorly. This report describes an unusual case of anteroposterior bifid condyle in a 39‐year‐old female patient with the main complaint of mouth‐opening limitation and a deviation of the mandible to the left side. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings revealed a bifid condyle on the left side and duplicated mandibular fossa, with the articular disc over the anterior head. The MRI images in the open‐mouth position revealed minimal movement of the condyle. Despite the increased number of mediolateral bifid mandibular condyle cases described in the literature, none of previously reported cases of BMC included an anteroposterior bifid condyle case with two distinct mandibular fossa. Clin. Anat. 25:650–655, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparative analysis of clinicopathologic features, treatment, and survival of Asian women with a breast cancer diagnosis residing in the United States
Authors: Yi Min , Liu Peijun , Li Xu , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , He Jianjun , Ren Yu , Nayeemuddin Khazi , Hunt Kelly K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:It has been established that disparities by ethnicity in the rates of breast cancer diagnoses and disease‐specific survival (DSS) exist in the United States. However, few studies have assessed differences specifically between Asians and other ethnic groups or among Asian subgroups.METHODS:The authors used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify patients who were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 1988 and 2008. Clinicopathologic features, treatment, and DSS rates were compared among broad ethnic groups and among Asian subgroups.RESULTS:In total, there were 658,691 patients in the study, including 511,701 non‐Hispanic white (NHW) women (77.7%), 57,890 black women (8.8%), 45,461 Hispanic white (HW) women (6.9%), and 43,639 Asian women (6.6%). The Asian cohort was divided into the following subgroups: Filipino, Chinese, Japanese, Indian/Pakistani, Korean, Vietnamese, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and other. Patients in all the Asian subgroups, except Japanese, were younger at diagnosis than NHW patients. After adjustment for disease stage, Japanese patients diagnosed with stage I through III disease had better DSS rates than patients in the NHW group or in the other Asian subgroups. Hawaiian/Pacific Islander patients with stage III or IV disease had worse DSS rates than NHW patients and patients in the other Asian subgroups. All other Asian subgroups had DSS rates similar to the DSS rate in the NHW group.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that disparities exist for Asian women with breast cancer who reside in the United States compared with NHW groups and among Asian subgroups. Differences in presenting clinicopathologic features may affect DSS rates, suggesting that further investigation of these disparities is warranted to increase early detection and treatment for specific subgroups. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
The biological function of the WD40 repeat‐containing protein p55/Caf1 in Drosophila
Authors: Wen Pei , Quan Zhenghui , Xi Rongwen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground: The p55 family WD40 repeat‐containing histone chaperone proteins are components of several chromatin regulatory complexes (such as PRC2, NURF and CAF‐1) and interact with histone H4, yet their functional relevance in vivo is unclear. Results: Here we use Drosophila as a genetic model to dissect the function of p55/Caf1 during development. In agree with a recent report, we find that p55 is essential for Drosophila development and is required for cell proliferation and viability. However, our data further demonstrate that histone H3K27 di‐/tri‐methylation and PRC2‐mediated gene silencing still occur normally when p55 is missing. p55 is also implicated in bridging chromatin regulatory complexes to the chromatin by binding to histone H4, but we find that a transgene of p55 whose binding pocket is disrupted could still functionally substitute the wild‐type p55 for the survival. Conclusions: Our studies suggest that p55 is not crucial for PRC2‐mediated gene silencing in vivo, and the vital function of p55 is probably not dependent on its interaction with histone H4. Developmental Dynamics 241:455–464, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.