bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss, gain and choice difficulty in gambling patients: Neural and behavioural processes
Authors: Freinhofer Daniel , Schwartenbeck Philipp , Thon Natasha , Aichhorn Wolfgang , Lenger Melanie , Wurst Friedrich M. , Kronbichler Martin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractImpaired decision‐making is often displayed by individuals suffering from gambling disorder (GD). Since there are a variety of different phenomena influencing decision‐making, we focused in this study on the effects of GD on neural and behavioural processes related to loss aversion and choice difficulty. Behavioural responses as well as brain images of 23 patients with GD and 20 controls were recorded while they completed a mixed gambles task, where they had to decide to either accept or reject gambles with different amounts of potential gain and loss. We found no behavioural loss aversion in either group and no group differences regarding loss and gain‐related choice behaviour, but there was a weaker relation between choice difficulty and decision time in patients with GD. Similarly, we observed no group differences in processing of losses or gains, but choice difficulty was weaker associated with brain activity in the right anterior insula and anterior cingulate cortex in patients with GD. Our results showed for the first time the effects of GD on neural processes related to choice difficulty. In addition, our findings on choice difficulty give new insights on the psychopathology of GD and on neural processes related to impaired decision‐making in GD.
Advanced life support interventions during intra‐operative cardiac arrest among adults as reported to the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists
Authors: Nolan Jerry P. , Armstrong Richard A. , Kane Andrew D. , Kursumovic Emira , Davies Matthew T. , Moppett Iain K. , Cook Tim M. , Soar Jasmeet ,   NAP7 Collaborators
Published: May 2024

SummaryBackgroundFew existing resuscitation guidelines include specific reference to intra‐operative cardiac arrest, but its optimal treatment is likely to require some adaptation of standard protocols.MethodsWe analysed data from the 7th National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists to determine the incidence and outcome from intra‐operative cardiac arrest and to summarise the advanced life support interventions reported as being used by anaesthetists.ResultsIn the baseline survey, > 50% of anaesthetists responded that they would start chest compressions when the non‐invasive systolic pressure was < 40–50 mmHg. Of the 881 registry patients, 548 were adult patients (aged > 18 years) having non‐obstetric procedures under the care of an anaesthetist, and who had arrested during anaesthesia (from induction to emergence). Sustained return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 425 (78%) patients and 338 (62%) were alive at the time of reporting. In the 365 patients with pulseless electrical activity or bradycardia, adrenaline was given as a 1 mg bolus in 237 (65%). A precordial thump was used in 14 (3%) patients, and although this was associated with return of spontaneous circulation at the next rhythm check in almost three‐quarters of patients, in only one of these was the initial rhythm shockable. Calcium (gluconate or chloride) and 8.4% sodium bicarbonate were given to 51 (9%) and 25 (5%) patients, but there were specific indications for these treatments in less than half of the patients. A thrombolytic drug was given to 5 (1%) patients, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation was used in 9 (2%) of which eight occurred during cardiac procedures.ConclusionsThe specific characteristics of intra‐operative cardiac arrest imply that its optimal treatment requires modifications to standard advanced life support guidelines.
Injection burden and treatment intervals of aflibercept in observe‐and‐plan regimen for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Subhi Yousif , Schneider Miklos , Hajari Javad Nouri , la Cour Morten 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPurposeThe Observe‐and‐Plan (O&P) regimen allows for individualised treatment. In this study, we evaluated injection burden and intervals using aflibercept in an O&P regimen for eyes with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).MethodsThis was a retrospective registry‐based study of treatment‐naïve eyes with neovascular AMD. Treatment data were compiled for 3 years after commencement of intravitreal aflibercept therapy. We evaluated clinical consequences at the first follow‐up after loading dose, the proportion of patients who obtained and kept dry macula after loading dose, number of injections and intervals between injections.ResultsData were obtained for 1103 eyes. After loading dose, 0.4% were lost to follow‐up, 7.5% discontinued, 50.9% booked for further injections and 41.3% booked for monthly observations. After loading dose, the macula remained dry in 49.2% at 3 months, 34.0% at 6 months, 23.7% at 12 months and 15.2% at 24 months. For the entire population, median cumulative total number of injections was 7, 12 and 15, after 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. After the 3rd year, the proportion of eyes in the short 4–6 weeks treatment interval was 51.1%, 8 weeks interval was kept in 14.4% and the extended treatment intervals of 10 and 12 weeks was possible in 34.4%.ConclusionAfter loading dose, one in two eyes required further injections. A large proportion required therapy with shorter intervals than the label‐recommended 8 weeks. The large majority of those who obtained a dry macula after loading dose turned exudative again, mostly within the first 3 months.
Effects of automatic heel lancet on invasiveness in neonates: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Shiroshita Yui , Yonezawa Kaori , Ota Erika , Ozawa Mio 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAimWe conducted a meta‐analysis comparing the invasiveness of automatic lancet devices, which can collect adequate amount of blood at shallow puncture depths, with conventional manual lance devices (lancet or needle) to statistically identify less invasive instruments for neonatal heel lance.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CINAHL, and Ichushi databases for studies comparing the invasiveness between automatic lancet and manual lancet or needle in term and preterm neonates in neonatal intensive care unit.ResultsThis review included 9 out of 449 searched articles, with 673 neonates. Automatic lancet had significantly lower pain scores (standardised mean difference: −2.0, 95% confidence interval: −3.3 to −0.7), heart rate (mean difference: −8.0, 95% confidence interval: −13.8 to −2.1), cry duration (mean difference: −21.5, 95% confidence interval: −32.5 to −10.4), number of punctures (mean difference: −0.6, 95% confidence interval: −1.1 to −0.2), and duration of procedures (mean difference: −37.7, 95% confidence interval: −75.2 to −0.2) than manual lancet or needle. Furthermore, peripheral oxygen saturation was significantly higher in automatic lancet than in manual lancet or needle (mean difference: 4.5, 95% confidence interval: 0.5–8.5).ConclusionAutomatic heel lancet devices were less invasive than manual heel lance devices (lancet or needle).
Testicular volume at puberty in boys with congenital cryptorchidism randomised to treatment at different ages
Authors: Kollin Claude , Nordenskjöld Agneta , Ritzén Martin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAimTo assess testicular volume at puberty for boys who underwent orchidopexy at 9 or at 36 months compared to boys with spontaneous postnatal descent.MethodsAt age 6 months, boys with congenital unilateral cryptorchidism were randomised to surgery at 9 or 39 months of age and followed to 16 years in parallel with boys with spontaneous postnatal descent. Ultrasound was done at 11 and 16 years to determine testicular volume. The ratio of the initially undescended testis to its scrotal counterpart was used to assess testicular growth.ResultsAt age 16, the ratio was lower (p < 0.00) in the late group compared to the early group. At 16 years, the spontaneously descended testes were significantly smaller than their scrotal counterparts but larger than the operated groups (early p < 0.01 and late p < 0.00).ConclusionOur data at 16 years show that orchidopexy at 9 months results in better testicular growth compared to 3 years but did not reach the corresponding volumes of their scrotal counterparts. This indicates that earlier surgery is beneficial to testicular growth. At age 16, the postnatally descended testes were not only larger than the surgically treated testes but also exhibited impaired testicular growth.
Disability and gender in the history of geographical exploration: Understanding Isabella Bird Bishop as a disabled geographer
Authors: Armston‐Sheret Edward 
Published: May 2024

AbstractStudying the life and travels of the Victorian explorer Isabella Bird Bishop offers important insights into the history of disabled people within the discipline of geography. Bird Bishop is an important figure within geography's disciplinary history, as one of the first women admitted to the Royal Geographical Society in 1892. She also had a long‐standing spinal condition that intermingled with psychological symptoms. In studying how her disability (and contemporary understandings of her body) shaped her travels, this paper shows how disability interacted with Bird Bishop's racial and gender identity in shaping where and how she travelled and how she wrote about her experiences. By drawing attention to the role that disability played in justifying her travels and the positive effect travel had on her health, this paper highlights her generally positive experiences of geographical travel as a disabled person.
The social aspects of illness: Children's and parents' explanations of the relation between social categories and illness in a predominantly white U.S. sample
Authors: Menendez David , Labotka Danielle , Umscheid Valerie A. , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States has had a disproportionate impact on Black, low‐income, and elderly individuals. We recruited 175 predominantly white children ages 5–12 and their parents (N = 112) and asked which of two individuals (differing in age, gender, race, social class, or personality) was more likely to get sick with either COVID‐19 or the common cold and why. Children and parents reported that older adults were more likely to get sick than younger adults, but reported few differences based on gender, race, social class, or personality. Children predominantly used behavioral explanations, but older children used more biological and structural explanations. Thus, children have some understanding of health disparities, and their understanding increases with age.
Sonnenschutz bei Beschäftigten im Freien. Entwicklung und Validierung von standardisierten Fragebögen für Verhalten und Wissen
Authors: Rönsch Henriette , Rocholl Marc , Ludewig Michaela , Staudt Andreas , Langner Mathias , Steeb Theresa , Wilke Annika , John Swen Malte , Berking Carola , Beissert Stefan , Bauer Andrea 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZieleBeschäftigte im Freien haben ein erhöhtes Risiko, an Nicht‐Melanom‐Hautkrebs zu erkranken. Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Mangel an validierten deutschsprachigen Messinstrumenten für das Sonnenschutzverhalten und ‐wissen von Außenbeschäftigten durch das Zusammenstellen und Validieren von zwei Fragebögen zu beheben.Teilnehmer und MethodenPer Expertenkonsens wurden auf der Grundlage bestehender Messinstrumente Items für die Bewertung des Schutzverhaltens zusammengestellt (OccuSun). Für das Wissen wurde eine Übersetzung der Skin‐Cancer‐and‐Sun‐Knowledge‐Skala (SCSK) ausgewählt. Nach einem Pretest wurde im Jahr 2020 eine Validierungsstudie mit 68 im Freien arbeitenden Personen (62% weiblich) durchgeführt.ErgebnisseDie Retest‐Reliabilität betrug r = 0,93 (95%‐Konfidenzintervall: 0,86–0,96) für den Schutzscore und rs = 0,78 (0,67–0,86) für den Wissensscore. Das Schutzverhalten korrelierte mit den entsprechenden Tagebuchdaten (0,38 ≤ rs ≤ 0,74, p < 0,001) und den Veränderungen der Hautpigmentierung (–0,23 ≥ rs ≥ –0,42, 0,007 ≤ p ≤ 0,165), nicht aber mit der selbstberichteten Häufigkeit von Sonnenbränden (0,21 ≥ rs ≥ –0,04).SchlussfolgerungenZwei Fragebögen zur Erfassung des Sonnenschutzverhaltens (OccuSun) und Sonnenschutzwissens (SCSK) zeigten bei deutschen Außenbeschäftigten eine gute Reliabilität. Der OccuSun hatte allgemein eine gute Validität. Beide Instrumente eignen sich für eine anschließende Validierung, um ihre Änderungssensitivität zu bestimmen.
Dosis‐Wirkungs‐Beziehung zwischen Alkoholkonsum und Psoriasis: Systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse
Authors: Choi Jeeyu , Han Ikjoon , Min Joohong , Yun Jisang , Kim Byung‐Soo , Shin Kihyuk , Kim Kihun , Kim Yun Hak 
Published: May 2024

ZusammenfassungVerschiedene Studien zur Assoziation zwischen Psoriasis und Alkoholkonsum ergeben kein einheitliches Bild. Nach unserer Kenntnis wurde allerdings bisher noch keine Metaanalyse zur Dosis‐Wirkungs‐Beziehung durchgeführt. Diese Studie untersucht die Assoziation zwischen Alkoholkonsum und Psoriasis. Die Datenbanksuche wurde am 27. Juli 2021 in den Datenbanken Embase und MEDLINE durchgeführt. Zur Analyse der Dosis‐Wirkungs‐Beziehung wurde die Restricted‐cubic‐Spline‐Analyse eingesetzt. Insgesamt konnten wir 3904 Studien identifizieren, von denen letztlich 48 mit einer Gesamtpopulation von 1 702 847 Personen in die Metaanalyse einbezogen wurden. Alkoholkonsum war positiv assoziiert mit Psoriasis (Odds Ratio [OR] 1,47; 95%‐Konfidenzintervall [KI] 1,27–1,70). Außerdem fand sich eine positive OR für Psoriasis bei Männern (OR 1,84; 95% KI 1,13–3,01), nicht aber bei Frauen (OR 1,22; 95% KI 0,97–1,54). Auf der Basis von acht Studien (drei Kohortenstudien und fünf Fall‐Kontroll‐Studien) ergab die Analyse, dass sich für jedes zusätzliche Gramm an täglichem Alkoholkonsum die OR für Psoriasis um 4% erhöht. Wir konnten eine positive Assoziation zwischen Alkoholkonsum und Psoriasis feststellen. Diese Assoziation ist deutlicher in der Gruppe von Personen, die täglich mehr als 45 Gramm Alkohol zu sich nehmen (dies entspricht täglich 3,2 Gläsern eines alkoholischen Getränks).
Corporate pension funds’ search for yield with private equity investment: Its determinants and consequences
Authors: Park Youngkyun , Song Hakjoon 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study examines corporate pension funds’ search for yield through investments in private equity (PE). Using pension asset allocation data from 10‐K filings, we find that corporate pension funds significantly increase the PE share within their risky assets following underperformance relative to their expected return. This risk‐taking behavior is more pronounced for sponsoring firms that were more financially constrained with poorly funded plans in the previous year. Furthermore, we discover that pension asset allocation to PE does not significantly increase pension returns but does lower pension return volatility and tracking error relative to the expected return.
The transformation of UK Chilean diaspora space: new Chilean migrants and encounters across time
Authors: Radley Chantal 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Chilean diaspora space in the United Kingdom has been transformed over its 50‐year existence. From its origins as a diaspora born of political conflict and the arrival of Chilean exiles during the dictatorship, it has evolved into an altogether more diverse arena. New migrants with different interests and agendas have unsettled the delicate balance of exile life, and the impact of the clash of different histories in this diaspora space remains unknown. Although the experience of Chilean exiles has been actively studied, new empirical data introduces the existence of a much broader diaspora than that portrayed in the literature. The UK space of the Chilean diaspora has been radically altered through the diverse interests that the new cohorts bring and the organizations that reflect these new forms of interaction, as well as the divisive issues of past and present conflict that highlight the unresolved nature of the long‐term experience of exile.
Chemical bonds and hair behaviour—A review
Authors: Breakspear S. , Nöcker B. , Popescu C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWhen undertaking any review of the structure of the hair and its mechanical properties it becomes apparent that the overall behaviour of keratin fibres is commonly attributed to the presence of hydrogen, disulfide and ionic bonds. The action of physico‐chemical agents used during various cosmetic treatments is viewed as the result of an interaction with these bonds. Thus, the breaking of bonds by chemical agents, or via mechanical or thermal stresses, affects the relative balance of disulfide and hydrogen bonds and the contribution of hydrophobic interactions, which are all important factors that may alter hair behaviour. Generally, these chemical bonds are considered as responding homogeneously to the environmental and cosmetic factors. This unitary image is challenged, however, by evaluating the results of chemical, nanomechanical, tensile and thermal measurements, which suggest that disulfide bonds may be grouped into several types, according to their location within the fibre and the way they respond to various agents. A compensatory effect of newly formed hydrogen bonds for broken disulfide bonds may also be seen, and additionally involves different types of hydrogen bonds. As a result, the picture of chemical bonding in hair appears to be far from a homogeneous one. In addition, it is apparent that further investigation is required for clarifying the action of ionic bonds and hydrophobic interactions within the hair fibre. The present review aims, thus, at offering a deeper background for understanding how the hair behaves under various conditions.
The role of Ti in mitigating thermal expansion of silica from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Tian Ye , Wang Fang , Liu Hongjie , Zheng Wanguo , Deng Xuewei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the structural response of titania silicate glass to temperature. The coefficient of thermal expansion is computed for two titania silicate glasses with 0 and 10 mol% titania content, the structures of which are presented in terms of radial and angular distributions. Revealed by the different changing rates of intertetrahedra bond angles and bond lengths with respect to the Ti and Si atoms, the glass structures tend to exhibit a nonvectorized expansion process at elevated temperatures, leading to inconsistent expansion rates of the structures in different scales. While the average length of TiO and Si‐O bonds both increases with temperature, the decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion by the addition of Ti atoms is associated with the different expansion rate of tetrahedra. Arising from the gradual decrease in atomic overlapping, decrease in free volume inside the glass with temperature is also identified.
Transcriptional and hormonal control of adipose Treg heterogeneity and function
Authors: Kallies Axel , Vasanthakumar Ajithkumar 
Published: May 2024

SummaryAdipose tissue stores excess energy and produces a broad range of factors that regulate multiple physiological processes including systemic energy homeostasis. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) plays a particularly important role in glucose metabolism as its endocrine function underpins food uptake and energy expenditure. Caloric excess triggers VAT inflammation which can impair insulin sensitivity and cause metabolic deregulation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that reside in the VAT suppress inflammation and protect from metabolic disease. The cellular components of VAT and its secretory products play a vital role in fostering the differentiation and maintenance of VAT Tregs. Critically, the physiology and inflammatory tone of VAT exhibit sex‐specific disparities, resulting in substantial VAT Treg heterogeneity. Indeed, cytokines and sex hormones promote the differentiation of distinct populations of mature VAT Tregs, each characterized by unique phenotypes, homeostatic requirements, and functions. This review focuses on key findings that have significantly advanced our understanding of VAT Treg biology and the current state of the field, while also discussing open questions that require further exploration.
Evaluating Seasonal Variations in Human Contact Patterns and Their Impact on the Transmission of Respiratory Infectious Diseases
Authors: Kummer Allisandra G. , Zhang Juanjuan , Jiang Chenyan , Litvinova Maria , Ventura Paulo C. , Garcia Marc A. , Vespignani Alessandro , Wu Huanyu , Yu Hongjie , Ajelli Marco 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundHuman contact patterns are a key determinant driving the spread of respiratory infectious diseases. However, the relationship between contact patterns and seasonality as well as their possible association with the seasonality of respiratory diseases is yet to be clarified.MethodsWe investigated the association between temperature and human contact patterns using data collected through a cross‐sectional diary‐based contact survey in Shanghai, China, between December 24, 2017, and May 30, 2018. We then developed a compartmental model of influenza transmission informed by the derived seasonal trends in the number of contacts and validated it against A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza data collected in Shanghai during the same period.ResultsWe identified a significant inverse relationship between the number of contacts and the seasonal temperature trend defined as a spline interpolation of temperature data (p = 0.003). We estimated an average of 16.4 (95% PrI: 15.1–17.5) contacts per day in December 2017 that increased to an average of 17.6 contacts (95% PrI: 16.5–19.3) in January 2018 and then declined to an average of 10.3 (95% PrI: 9.4–10.8) in May 2018. Estimates of influenza incidence obtained by the compartmental model comply with the observed epidemiological data. The reproduction number was estimated to increase from 1.24 (95% CI: 1.21–1.27) in December to a peak of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.31–1.37) in January. The estimated median infection attack rate at the end of the season was 27.4% (95% CI: 23.7–30.5%).ConclusionsOur findings support a relationship between temperature and contact patterns, which can contribute to deepen the understanding of the relationship between social interactions and the epidemiology of respiratory infectious diseases.
The role of financial inclusion, technology innovation, energy and environmental degradation in determining sustainable growth in Asia
Authors: Azam Khan Muhammad , Nawab Shagufta , Gohar Ali 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSustainable growth is a top priority for all economies as they work towards creating a prosperous and resilient future for current and future generations. This study empirically explores the important role of financial inclusion (FI), energy consumption, technological (TECH) innovation and environmental degradation in the economic growth of 13 selected developing Asian countries from 2000 to 2021. The feasible generalized least squares method is used for empirical examinations due to the nature of the data. The study focuses on three dimensions of FI: penetration, usage and availability of financial institutions. The results show that FI, energy consumption and TECH innovation encourage economic growth, whereas ecological footprint discourages economic growth in selected Asian countries. The empirical findings highlight the importance of promoting sustainable growth in Asia through enhanced FI, TECH innovation, sustainable energy practices and environmental conservation. Governments in these countries should prioritize strengthening the financial sector, investing in research and development and implementing effective policies to ensure a clean and green environment. This will lead to inclusive and environmentally responsible development that benefits both current and future generations in the region.