bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation-induced outgrowth inhibition in explant cultures from surgical specimens of five human organs
Authors: Mothersill Carmel , Cusack Anne , Seymour C. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An explant outgrowth technique to determine the radiation response of five different human organs (bladder, oesophagus, colon, breast and thyroid) is described. In each case except thyroid, where malignancies are rare, data are presented for normal and malignant tissue. Results show that variations in response, consistent with those observed in vivo, can be measured. Tumours were in all cases highly resistant to radiation relative to their corresponding normal tissue. Possible reasons for this are discussed. The method may prove useful in the prediction of the radiobiological response for tumour and surrounding normal tissue where post-operative therapy is planned.
Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges by d(42 MeV)-Be neutrons in unstimulated human-blood lymphocytes
Authors: Savage John R. K. , Holloway Michelle 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The ability of d(42 Mev)-Be neutrons and 250 kV X rays to produce sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) has been reexamined using unstimulated (G0) human-blood lymphocytes. Contrary to a previous report, the neutrons produced a significant and dose-dependent increase in SCE. X rays, as previously, produced no measurable increase at any absorbed dose. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for this end-point is therefore undefined and effectively infinite. In contrast to the findings of many workers, the between-cell distributions of SCE were, in most cases, underdispersed. This could imply that the SCE burden of a cell was not selectively neutral in these experiments.
The potential of cylindrical co-ordinate three-dimensional surface models
Authors: Mott D. J. 
Published: July 2009

In the rapidly expanding field of the creation of three-dimensional (3D) surface models from stacks of contiguous computed tomography (CT) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) cross-sectional scans, the views generated are usually orthogonal projections. This results in images of internal or external anatomy being produced as if those objects were being observed by the viewer. The problem of displaying 3D surfaces on a two-dimensional plane is one that has long been studied by cartographers and the use of cylindrical co-ordinates offers one solution. In this the locations of structures on a surface are found in r, θ, z, cylindrical co-ordinates where r is the radius from an axis through the body, θ is the angular location around the axis and z is the distance along the axis. If the z axis is taken as the axis of rotation of the CT scanner then Fig. 1 illustrates this co-ordinate system on a stack of CT slices and its relationship to the x i, y i co-ordinate system of each image.
Infants presenting with respiratory distress due to anterior mediastinal teratomas: a report of three cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Kenny J. B. , Carty H. M. L. 
Published: July 2009

Mediastinal teratomas comprise 10% of all teratomas in children (Bower & Kiesewetter, 1977). Three new cases are described and the role of plain radiography and ultrasound are discussed.
A girl presented at 7 months of age with dyspnoea; she was a full-term infant, had a normal delivery, and had previously been well. An initial chest radiograph showed an unusually prominent left lobe of the thymus but this was regarded as being within normal limits. A repeat radiograph 15 weeks later showed a clear anterior mediastinal mass which contained fat (Fig. 1). The diagnosis of a thymic teratoma was suggested and at operation a soft, multicystic tumour occupying the whole of the left lobe of the thymus and measuring 5 cm × 5 cm × 3 cm was removed. Histological examination of the specimen revealed elements of cartilage, skin with appendages, pancreas and thymus. The diagnosis was a benign teratoma. Recovery was uneventful.
Ultrasonographic appearances of glomus vagale tumour
Authors: Raby Nigel 
Published: July 2009

The sonographic features of a glomus vagale tumour (vagus nerve paraganglioma) are described and correlated with computed tomography (CT), angiography and operative findings. The features enable a pre-operative sonographic diagnosis to be made with reasonable certainty.
A 21-year-old man presented with a painless swelling in the right side of the neck which had been enlarging for some months. On examination there was a palpable 10 cm × 5 cm × 3 cm soft mass with no distinguishing features.
Three-dimensional computed tomographic reformations of intracranial vascular lesions
Authors: Gholkar A. , Isherwood I. 
Published: July 2009

Intracranial vascular lesions may be evident on plain skull radiographs and can be confirmed by various radiological studies including cerebral angiography, radionuclide studies and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT). Cerebral angiography and contrast-enhanced CT are now the principal investigations for diagnosis of such lesions. Transaxial CT,while successfully demonstrating intracranial mass lesions, may be inadequate for outlining detailed vascular anatomy.
Computer software enabling three-dimensional (3D) images to be produced from a series of conventional CT sections has been developed and successfully applied to examine the complex bony structures of the head and pelvis (Hemmy et al, 1983; Marsh & Vannier, 1983; Burk et al, 1985; Gillespie et al, 1987a, c). Three-dimensional imaging has been less successful when applied to specific intra- and extracranial soft tissues. Since vascular lesions enhance during intravenous contrast infusion and are then readily differentiated from surrounding brain, we have applied 3D imaging to a variety of vascular intracranial lesions.
The calculation of absorbed doses for radiobiological studies involving the use of small irradiation fields
Authors: Dixon-Brown A. , Hopewell J. W. 
Published: July 2009

In radiobiological experiments involving small animals, small field sizes with large elongation ratios are often used. In the recent study by Hopewell et al (1987) the field size effect on the late tolerance of the rat spinal cord to single doses of X rays was investigated. Field sizes of 90 mm × 16 mm, 90 mm × 8 mmand 90 mm × 4 mm, with respective elongation ratios of 5.63, 11.25 and 22.5, were used. If correct account had not been taken of the effect of field size on the absorbed dose delivered to the rats, then the effects seen would have been over emphasized by as much as 10–20%. In clinical practice this would inevitably lead to increased dose reductions for the treatment of large volumes or larger increases in dose for smaller volumes with the associated rise in clinical complications.
Other investigators (Berg & Lindgren, 1963; Albert et al, 1967; Knowles & Trott, 1988) have used smaller, slit-shaped fields than those used by Hopewell et al (1987), in which practical dose measurements even with lithium fluoride (LiF) rods (6 mm × 1 mm) would be difficult, if not impossible. The present report describes a method for the calculation of absorbed doses in small irradiation fields in the hope that a standard method of dosimetry for radiobiological experiments with small fields will be used by all workers.
The metacarpal index in homozygous sickle-cell disease
Authors: Walker T. M. , Dunn D. T. , Serjeant G. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The metacarpal index (MCI) was measured in 240 patients with homozygous sickle-cell (SS) disease and in 1082 normal persons constituting a comparison group. The MCI was greater in females than in males, but there appeared to be no significant difference between genotypes. Arachnodactyly may occur insome patients with SS disease, but there is no evidence of a genotype-related increase in metacarpal index.
Shades of Richard Asher?
Authors: Shorvon P. , Lees W. R. 
Published: July 2009

As admirers of Richard Asher, we too were saddened that it was necessary to diagnose aortic stenosis by intubating the oesophagus. In our defence, severe aortic stenosis is often clinically unobtrusive for years as the cardiac output is maintained, and the patient in question had remained undiagnosed during two recent inpatient stays.
However, we would not recommend endoscopic ultrasound as a normal means of diagnosing this condition, but only point out that its detection in this case was an example of “serendipity”.
Radiological awareness of current recommendations on prophylaxis of infective endocarditis
Authors: Raby N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In 1982 the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy produced a report recommending that all patients with a prosthetic heart valve should receive prophylatic antibiotics prior to any procedure likely to cause a transient bacteraemia. This includes barium enema and genitourinary tract instrumentation. A postal survey of 38 radiology departments has shown that there is very poor awareness of this report and of its implications for radiology departments and suggestions are made as to how this may be improved.
Performance assessment of X-ray image intensified television fluoroscopy systems in New Zealand
Authors: Poletti J. L. , Le Heron J. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The protocol for image intensifier (II) quality assurance recommended by the UK Hospital Physicists' Association (HPA) and the UK Department of Health and Social Security has been adapted for use in New Zealand for assessment of such systems. Test objects were constructed at the National Radiation Laboratory to match the specifications of those recommended by the HPA. Over 100 individual surveys have been made and, in a few cases, machines have been surveyed several times. Results are summarized in terms of key parameters: II input dose rate, low-contrast detectability, contrast-detail performance and limiting resolution. These are given as mean and standard deviation, and also as good, average or poor. Video waveforms, conversion factors and modulation transfer functions have also been determined on a number of systems. In several cases, video voltages were found to be seriously maladjusted.
Life-threatening haemorrhage from typhoid fever
Authors: Rubin Caroline M. E. , Fairhurst Joanna J. 
Published: July 2009

Although rarely seen in this country, typhoid fever remains endemic in some underdeveloped countries, and should not be forgotten as a possible cause of gastrointestinal bleeding, particularly in foreign visitors. We present a patient with an uncommon complication of this disease in whom selective angiography permitted appropriate management with excellent results.
A 33-year-old Indonesian was admitted with a 2-week history of pyrexia. He had felt unwell prior to leaving Indonesia 3 weeks earlier and on admission had a temperature of 39.4°C, slight abdominal distension and rectal bleeding. No rash was seen. Initial investigations revealed a haemoglobin level of 5.4 g/dl, a white blood cell count of 2.1 × 109/l and a platelet count of 38 × 109/l. Sigmoidoscopy showed contact bleeding but no frank ulceration, and biopsy revealed mild proctitis. He was transfused with six units of blood initially, but required further transfusion following a massive lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage some hours after admission.
The dyspeptic disco dancer
Authors: Peck R. J. , Ng Karen , Li Arthur 
Published: July 2009

A 25-year-old girl, who enjoys regular visits to the local disco, presented early in 1987 with hepatomegaly and a mass arising from the pelvis. She was otherwise fit and normal. Her previous medical history was very interesting.
Seven years previously she had developed painless jaundice. Laparotomy at another hospital revealed a mass in the pancreatic head and a Whipple's operation was performed. Histology at that time was said to be carcinoma of the pancreas, and she and her parents were informed of the poor prognosis to be expected. She remained well however for the next 3 years before returning to the same hospital because of recurrent nocturnal epigastric pain and an epigastric mass. Obstruction by recurrent tumour was diagnosed but at laparotomy widespread metastases were found in the liver. The stomach was not obstructed but an anastomotic ulcer was found.
It was considered that she had an “inoperable tumour” and further surgery was not performed. Her family doctor treated her with ranitidine which gave good symptomatic relief. The presence of multiple hepatic metastases, with histology similar to that found previously, was taken to suggest an advanced stage of the disease with a poor prognosis, although she had already survived 3 years.
Book reviews
Authors: Joseph A. E. A. 
Published: July 2009

This book claims to differ from most other ultrasound texts in its approach to the diagnosis of pathological conditions affecting various organs. It is certainly different in approach and in the format used for the text.
It has chapters dealing with “abscess search” and “ascites search”, followed by a guide to scanning techniques for the various abdominal organs. For each organ, scanning techniques are described with scanning tips that may be of value for that particular organ. Pitfalls in the interpretation of the normal and pathological appearances are clearly and repeatedly pointed out. In each organ and pathological state, the other sites that must be carefully examined are also emphasized.
Non-obstructive kidney transplant dysfunction: magnetic resonance evaluation
Authors: Van Gansbeke Daniel , Segebarth Christoph , Toussaint Charles , Matos Celso , Gevenois Pierre A. , Kinnaert Paul , Struyven Julien 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the differential diagnosis of non-obstructive dysfunction of renal allografts was studied in a series of 58 examinations at 0.5 T. Four parameters were evaluated: the corticomedullary differentiation; the relative thickness of the cortex; the evolution, with echo number, of the relative signal intensities of kidney parenchyma and adjacent fatty tissue on images generated by a long time to repeat multiecho sequence; and the proximal vascularization. The loss of corticomedullary differentiation is the major finding in acute rejection, but it is not specific as it is also observed in chronic rejection and in the much rarer acute glomerulonephritis. Thickening of the cortex is helpful for the detection of rejected transplants with visible corticomedullary delineation (26% of the cases). Uncomplicated acute tubular necrosis appears as a normal transplant.
Appearances on computed tomography following thoracoplasty for pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Moore N. R. , Phillips M. S. , Shneerson J. M. , Smith M. L. , Flower C. D. R. , Dixon A. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Thoracic computed tomography was performed in 32 patients who had undergone thoracoplasty as part of their treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Pleural thickening and the prevalence of bronchiectasis were more marked in the operated hemithorax. Bullae were more prevalent in the operated hemithorax but the difference was not statistically significant. In all but one patient, scoliosis was present. Illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the range of appearances following this operation.
Comparison of the image quality of intravenous urograms using low-osmolar contrast media
Authors: Kaye B. , Howard J. , Foord K. D. , Cumberland D. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Almost equivalent, intravenous iodine doses of the three new low-osmolar contrast media, ioxaglate (Hexabrix), iopamidol (Niopam) and iohexol (Omnipaque) have been compared for image quality on the intravenous urogram. Generally good radiographic images were obtained. Iohexol gave better results for the nephrogram and pelvicalyceal distension compared with the other contrast media, but only the nephrogram results were statistically significant. Pyelographic density and ureteric distension and density were similar with all three contrast media. In patients where low-osmolality contrast media need to be used for intravenous urography, we suggest that iohexol gives the best radiographic images. Other factors, such as cost and the relative incidence of side-effects of the low-osmolar contrast media also need to be taken into consideration.
Bone mineral content in normal UK subjects
Authors: Compston J. E. , Evans W. D. , Crawley E. O. , Evans C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Bone mineral content in the lumbar vertebrae and in the shaft of the left radius has been measured in 129 normal British subjects using quantitative computed tomography and single-photon absorptiometry. Significant negative correlations between bone mineral content and age were found at both sites in males and females (p &lt; 0.001 in all cases). When expressed in g/cm the bone mineral content in the radial shaft showed significant positive correlations with body height and weight in both sexes, but after correction for bone size only a weak correlation with body height in males was found. Spinal trabecular bone mineral content showed no significant correlations with body height or weight in either sex. Comparison of the values obtained with normal data from centres in the USA revealed lower mean values for both radial and spinal bone mineral content in the British subjects. These differences emphasize the importance of using locally derived normal data for comparison with values obtained from patients.
Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and the use of animals in scientific investigations
Authors: McNally N. J. 
Published: July 2009

In 1985 the British Journal of Radiology introduced a requirement that authors sign a statement that the use of animals in research studies reported in the Journalwas in conformity with the Biological Council Guidelines on the Use of Living Animals in Scientific Investigations. An editorial outlining these Guidelines was published in the January 1985 issue.
On 1st January 1987 the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986, governing the use of animals in experimentation in the United Kingdom, came into effect. This Act made extensive changes to the law and, as a result, the Biological Council has issued a second edition of their Guidelines taking account of these changes (Biological Council, 1987). Subsequently the United Kingdom Co-ordinating Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCR) representing the main cancer charities and the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom prepared a set of Guidelines for the Welfare of Animals in Experimental Neoplasia (UKCCR, 1988).
An iodine-125 plaque for radiotherapy of the eye: manufacture and dosimetric considerations
Authors: Harnett A. N. , Thomson E. S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A comparison of computer dose calculations and thermoluminescent dosemeter measurements in a phantom is given for an iodine-125 plaque for radiotherapy of the eye. The off-central-axis measurements and their relationship to the central-axis depth doses are documented. It was found that the gold backing of the applicator did not influence dosimetry in the phantom and thus the eye.
Patient activation with a 25 MV therapeutic X-ray beam
Authors: Dunscombe P. B. , McLellan J. , Huda W. , Gillies J. M. 
Published: July 2009

Induced radioactivity in biological materials irradiated with high-energy photon beams was first reported in 1949 (Mayneord et al, 1949). From half-life determinations these authors identified the principal radionuclides produced at photon energies between 17 and 24 MV as the positron emitters 15O (τ½ = 2.05 min) and 11C (τ½ = 20.5 min). These result from (X, n) reactions on the abundant 16O and 12C radionuclides present in tissue. The ratio of the activities of these positron emitters and the cross-sections for their production were estimated. Quantitation of the activity present was through detection of the β particles emitted from irradiated rats and phantoms of similar size.
After a gap of nearly 30 years, interest was once again shown in the activation of patients in therapy beams by Stranden (1977) and Bennett and co-workers (1978, 1981). Stranden (1977) reported induced activities in patients irradiated with a betatrongenerated 45 MV X-ray beam although, as discussed later, the interpretation of his results is difficult. Bennett (1978, 1981) has employed coincidence counting of the annihilation γ rays from animals and patients irradiated with both protons and betatron-produced 33 MV X rays. These latter reports do not contain details of the specific activities induced by irradiation. However, the proton study does demonstrate the feasibility of obtaining scintigrams of the region irradiated with the proton beam.
Radiology of the pharynx and oesophagus in young adults
Authors: Borgström Pia S. , Birch-Iensen Marianne , Ekberg Olle 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The indication for and results of radiological examination of the pharynx in 195 young adults (83 men, 112 women; age 13—40 years) were analysed retrospectively. A total of 99 patients were examined because of a suspected foreign body. In only seven was a foreign body revealed; two patients had mucosal tears. Five other emergency examinations were normal. Eightyseven patients were examined because of long-standing upper oesophageal dysphagia. One had a diverticulum in the pharyngooesophageal segment and another had oesophageal achalasia. Nineteen other patients had pharyngeal dysfunction. Eighteen patients were examined because of retrosternal pain on swallowing. One had a pedunculated pharyngeal cyst while two had pharyngeal dysfunction. The other examinations were normal. Our results show that a careful radiological examination of the pharyngeal function is of value in young adults with swallowing complaints. Even in acute dysphagia a foreign body is seldom revealed. In patients who had undergone cineradiography, 21 of 90 (23%) had some form of pharyngeal dysfunction which could account for the patients' symptoms.
Image processing of digital chest ionograms
Authors: Yarwood J. R. H. , Moores B. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A number of image-processing techniques have been applied to a digital ionographic chest image in order to evaluate their possible effects on this type of image. In order to quantify any effect, a simulated lesion was superimposed on the image at a variety of locations representing different types of structural detail. Visualization of these lesions was evaluated by a number of observers both pre- and post-processing operations. The operations employed included grey-scale transformations, histogram operations, edge-enhancement and smoothing functions. The resulting effects of these operations on the visualization of the simulated lesions are discussed.
Iotrolan versus iopamidol for cervical myelography: a randomized double-blind trial
Authors: Coutinho C. , McGeorge A. , Macpherson P. , Teasdale E. 
Published: July 2009

Iotrolan is the first dimeric, non-ionic, hexaiodinated, watersoluble contrast medium available for diagnostic purposes. The dimeric structure enables highly concentrated solutions to be produced which are virtually isotonic with blood and cerebrospinal fluid. A multi-centre study is being undertaken under licence from the Department of Health and Social Security. We have recently reported on its use for radiculography (Coutinho et al, 1988) and with the approval of the Hospital Ethics Committee, have now completed a larger double-blind trial of its use compared with iopamidol for runup myelography.
Fifty-one patients comprising 28 males (mean age 54.3 years) and 23 females (mean age 48.7 years) were examined with iopamidol and 49 patients comprising 31 males (mean age 48.6 years) and 18 females (mean age 46 years) were examined with iotrolan. Iopamidol (Niopam, E. Merck Ltd) was used at a strength of 300 mgI/ml. Because iotrolan (Schering AG) has a longer opacification time, some patients in this group received the 300mgI/ml (iotrolan 300) and others the 240 mgI/ml (iotrolan 240) strength. There were 23 patients in the iotrolan 300 group, comprising 17 males (mean age 50.9 years) and six females (mean age 50 years), while of 26 patients examined with iotrolan 240, 14 were males (mean age 46.4 years) and 12 females (mean age 42.2 years). In each case 10 ml of contrast medium was injected.