bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns
Authors: Foerster Steffen , Wilkie David S. , Morelli Gilda A. , Demmer Josefien , Starkey Malcolm , Telfer Paul , Steil Matthew 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the role that protected areas play in the livelihood security of local communities is essential to ensure that local people are not left shouldering the costs of what is a public good, and to help maintain robust local and national constituencies for biodiversity conservation. To provide baseline data for a longitudinal study on the effects of newly established national parks on human livelihoods in Gabon we conducted a cross-sectional study that compared livelihood indicators between communities that do, and do not, use natural resources within protected areas. We interviewed 2,035 households in 117 villages at four sites, recording income, consumption, education, health indicators and social capital, and village characteristics such as distance to markets, distance to park boundaries, and land cover within a 5-km radius. Our results indicated that closed rainforest coverage was greater around park than control villages and that this difference was associated with a greater reliance of park households on forest resources. However, we found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households. Instead, the relationship between household livelihood measures and proximity to parks varied in idiosyncratic ways between sites, suggesting that determinants of human welfare are highly localized and cannot be generalized to larger spatial scales.
IUCN management categories fail to represent new, multiple-use protected areas in Madagascar
Authors: Gardner Charlie J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe IUCN protected area management category system provides an internationally-recognized, unifying framework for the description and classification of the world’s diverse protected areas. It includes six main categories, of which category V has attracted debate because of its emphasis on the role of harmonious people–nature interactions in maintaining biodiversity within cultural landscapes. Madagascar’s new generation of protected areas comprises sites mainly proposed as category V, with the joint management objectives of biodiversity conservation and the promotion of natural resource use for rural development. Here, I use a categorization decision tool to investigate the categorization of 10 new protected areas proposed as category V, and find that these sites fail to meet the criteria for any management category. I argue that category V is inappropriate for these new protected areas because their associated people–nature interactions are largely negative for biodiversity. I further argue that management of these new protected areas differs fundamentally from management of category V protected areas in Europe, and recommend the modification of the management category system to account for such distinctions.
Misreading the conservation landscape
Authors: Redford Kent H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe social sciences are often seen as being in opposition to conservation and the practice of conservationists. Yet social scientists have made important contributions to conservation and could make even more contributions if they are willing to use their perceptive, insightful tools as a means of both improving the practice of conservation and sharpening social science’s critique of conservation ideas and practices. I provide two lists: first, a list of the ways in which I think social science work has already improved conservation practice and, second, a set of generalizations made by some social scientists about the practice of conservation that are incorrect or incomplete. I argue that a more careful application of social science tools and approaches could begin an active and informed exploration of the diversity of values, histories, institutions, politics and approaches in conservation. This would facilitate the sharpening of social science’s critique of conservation ideas and practices and, through these, improve the practice of conservation.
Distribution and status of the Critically Endangered blond titi monkey Callicebus barbarabrownae of north-east Brazil
Authors: Printes Rodrigo C. , Rylands Anthony B. , Bicca-Marques Júlio César 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe blond titi monkey Callicebus barbarabrownae lives in forest fragments in the caatinga (tropical thorn scrub and forest) of north-east Brazil. In 2004–2005 we carried out five surveys to determine its current distribution and conservation status; surveying forest fragments, interviewing local people, and recording vegetation types and patterns of land use. The blond titi monkey occurs mainly in Dense Arboreal Caatinga and Highland Coastal Rainforest in the state of Bahia, at elevations of 241–908 m. Its range extends over 291,438 km2, with an area of occupancy of 2,636 km2. Estimated minimum population was 260 individuals. It was not recorded in any protected area. Cattle ranching favours the persistence of forest fragments for this species, whereas agriculture, subsistence or commercial, does not. Our findings supported the IUCN Red List assessment of Critically Endangered for this species.
NULL RECURRENT UNIT ROOT PROCESSES
Authors: Myklebust Terje , Karlsen Hans Arnfinn , Tjøstheim Dag 
Published: August 2011

The classical nonstationary autoregressive models are both linear and Markov. They include unit root and cointegration models. A possible nonlinear extension is to relax the linearity and at the same time keep general properties such as nonstationarity and the Markov property. A null recurrent Markov chain is nonstationary, andβ-null recurrence is of vital importance for statistical inference in nonstationary Markov models, such as, e.g., in nonparametric estimation in nonlinear cointegration within the Markov models. The standard random walk is an example of a null recurrent Markov chain.In this paper we suggest that the concept of null recurrence is an appropriate nonlinear generalization of the linear unit root concept and as such it may be a starting point for a nonlinear cointegration concept within the Markov framework. In fact, we establish the link between null recurrent processes and autoregressive unit root models. It turns out that null recurrence is closely related to the location of the roots of the characteristic polynomial of the state space matrix and the associated eigenvectors. Roughly speaking the process isβ-null recurrent if one root is on the unit circle, null recurrent if two distinct roots are on the unit circle, whereas the others are inside the unit circle. It is transient if there are more than two roots on the unit circle. These results are closely connected to the random walk being null recurrent in one and two dimensions but transient in three dimensions. We also give an example of a process that by appropriate adjustments can be madeβ-null recurrent for anyβ∈ (0, 1) and can also be made null recurrent without beingβ-null recurrent.
Effect of population size, tree diameter and crown position on viable seed output per cone of the tropical conifer Widdringtonia whytei in Malawi
Authors: Chanyenga Tembo F. , Geldenhuys Coert J. , Sileshi Gudeta W. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:The tropical montane conifer tree Widdringtonia whytei is found in small fragments on Mulanje Mountain in Malawi. A study was conducted with the objectives of determining the effect of population size, tree stem diameter and crown position on the proportion of viable seeds per cone produced by W. whytei at three sites (Sombani, Chambe and Lichenya) on Mulanje Mountain. Three population sizes, namely small (fragments with ≤10 cone-bearing trees), medium (fragments with 11–20 cone-bearing trees) and large (fragments with >20 cone-bearing trees) and isolated trees were sampled at each study site. In each fragment, four cone-bearing trees were randomly located, 20 mature cones were collected from each tree and the viability of seeds was tested. Only 23% of the seeds per cone were viable but seed viability per cone was highly variable among fragments. Large fragment populations produced the highest proportion of viable seeds per cone (30%), followed by similar proportions in small fragments (28.3%) and isolated trees (26.1%), with the lowest proportions in medium-sized fragments (18.7%), indicating a non-linear relationship between viable seed output per cone and population size. Tree stem diameter and crown position had no effect on the proportion of viable seeds per cone. Further studies are needed to identify the factors that lead to the low viable seed output per cone, and how this influences whole-tree seed production in W. whytei.
Environmental changes during secondary succession in a tropical dry forest in Mexico
Authors: Lebrija-Trejos Edwin , Pérez-García Eduardo A. , Meave Jorge A. , Poorter Lourens , Bongers Frans 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:Vegetation and environment change mutually during secondary succession, yet the idiosyncrasies of the vegetation effect on the understorey environment are poorly understood. To test whether the successional understorey environment changes predictably and is shaped by the structure and seasonality of tropical dry forests, we estimated basal area and vegetation cover, and measured understorey temperature, light and moisture conditions, in 17 plots forming a 60-y chronosequence and a mature forest. Light and air and soil temperature decreased with time (75−15% of open-sky radiation, 31.7−29.3 °C, and +2.5 °C to −0.5 °C relative to ambient, respectively), whereas relative humidity increased (67−74%). Soil water availability increased with early-successional development (−45 to −1 kPa) but decreased afterwards (to −18 kPa). The first axis of a PCA of the rainy-season environment explained 60% of the variation and was strongly related to air temperature and relative humidity. During tropical dry-forest succession, such factors may be more important than light, the reduction in which is not extreme compared with taller and more vertically stratified wet forests. Seasonality significantly affected the successional environmental gradients, which were marked mainly during the wet season. Environmental heterogeneity was higher in the wet than in the dry season, and larger for resources (light and water) than for conditions (temperature and humidity). The wet-season increase in environmental heterogeneity potentially creates differential growing scenarios; the environmental harshness of the dry season would mostly challenge seedling survival.
Investigating dietary acculturation and intake among US-born and Thailand/Laos-born Hmong-American children aged 9–18 years
Authors: Mulasi-Pokhriyal Urvashi , Smith Chery , Franzen-Castle Lisa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe Hmong are a growing population of South-East Asian immigrants with increasing rates of obesity and diabetes, yet little is known about their dietary consumption patterns. The present study aimed to investigate the dietary intake of Hmong children and whether acculturation and/or time lived in the USA influences dietary intake, BMI and nutritional status.DesignTwo 24 h dietary recalls were collected on non-consecutive days using the multiple-pass interviewing method and were averaged. Heights and weights were measured, from which BMI was calculated. An acculturation score was computed.SettingSchools, churches, Hmong organizations, and community centres.SubjectsThree hundred and thirty-five Hmong children aged 9–18 years from Twin Cities, Minnesota, USA.ResultsApproximately half of our participants were either overweight or obese. US-born children were significantly heavier, taller, had a higher BMI, and in general consumed more energy, saturated fat and Na than those who were born in Thailand/Laos and were living in the USA for <5 years. Children who were more acculturated to US norms including language use, social connections and dietary habits had higher BMI-for-age and consumed significantly more saturated fat,transfatty acids, Na and Ca compared with their less acculturated counterparts.ConclusionsDiets of most Hmong children appear below the recommendations for fibre, vitamins A, D and E, Ca, P, Mg and K, and are higher in fats, sugars and Na. Living in an obesogenic US environment is a probable reason for poor dietary quality of Hmong and may be a contributing factor to the rising rates of obesity and diabetes in this population.
Relative validity of the pre-coded food diary used in the Danish National Survey of Diet and Physical Activity
Authors: Knudsen Vibeke K , Gille Maj-Britt , Nielsen Trine H , Christensen Tue , Fagt Sisse , Biltoft-Jensen Anja 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relative validity of the pre-coded food diary applied in the Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity.DesignA cross-over study among seventy-two adults (aged 20 to 69 years) recording diet by means of a pre-coded food diary over 4 d and a 4 d weighed food record. Intakes of foods and drinks were estimated, and nutrient intakes were calculated. Means and medians of intake were compared, and cross-classification of individuals according to intake was performed. To assess agreement between the two methods, Pearson and Spearman's correlation coefficients and weighted kappa coefficients were calculated.SettingValidation study of the pre-coded food diary against a 4 d weighed food record.SubjectsSeventy-two volunteer, healthy free-living adults (thirty-five males, thirty-seven females).ResultsIntakes of cereals and vegetables were higher, and intakes of fruit, coffee and tea were lower, in the weighed food record compared with the food diary. Intakes of nutrients were grossly the same in the two methods, except for protein, where a higher intake was recorded in the weighed record. In general, moderate agreement between the two methods was found.ConclusionsParticipants were classified moderately correct according to food and nutrient intakes assessed in the pre-coded food diary; however values of absolute food intakes should be used and interpreted with caution. Improvement of the methods to estimate portion size may increase the accuracy of the dietary intake estimates.
Socio-economic differences in exposure to television food advertisements in the UK: a cross-sectional study of advertisements broadcast in one television region
Authors: Adams Jean , Tyrrell Rachel , Adamson Ashley J , White Martin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo document socio-economic differences in exposure to food advertising, including advertisements for foods high in fat, salt and sugar (HFSS) as defined by the UK Food Standards Agency's Nutrient Profiling Model.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Information (including product advertised and viewing figures) on all advertisements broadcast in one UK region over one week (6–12 July 2009) was obtained. Food advertisements were identified and linked to nutritional information on the content of advertised foods.SettingUK Tyne-Tees television region.SubjectsData were sourced from a UK-wide television viewing panel.ResultsEleven per cent of advertising seen was for food and 63 % of food advertising seen was for HFSS foods. The proportion of all advertising seen that was for food was smaller among viewers in the leastv. most affluent social grade (OR = 0·98, 99 % CI 0·95, 1·00). There was no difference in the proportion of food advertising seen that was for HFSS food between viewers in the most and least affluent social grades. Total exposure to both all food advertising and HFSS food advertising was 2·1 times greater among the leastv. the most affluent viewers.ConclusionsWhile the least affluent viewers saw relatively fewer food advertisements, their absolute exposure to all food and HFSS food advertisements was higher than that of the most affluent viewers. Current UK restrictions prohibit advertisements for HFSS foods during programmes with a high proportion of child viewers. Extending these to all programming may reduce socio-economic inequalities in exposure to these advertisements and in diet and obesity.
Fruit and vegetable consumption – the influence of aspects associated with trust in food and safety and quality of food
Authors: Taylor Anne W , Coveney John , Ward Paul R , Henderson Julie , Meyer Samantha B , Pilkington Rhiannon , Gill Tiffany K 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo profile adults who eat less than the recommended servings of fruit and vegetables per day.DesignAustralia-wide population telephone survey on a random sample of the Australian population, with results analysed by univariate and multivariate models.SettingAustralia.SubjectsOne thousand one hundred and eight interviews, respondents’ (49·3 % males) mean age was 45·12 (sd 17·63) years.ResultsOverall 54·8 % and 10·7 % were eating the recommended number of servings of fruit and vegetables. Variables included in the multivariate model indicating low fruit consumption included gender, age, employment, education and those who were less likely to consider the safety and quality of food as important. In regard to low vegetable consumption, people who were more likely to do the food shopping only ‘some of the time’ and have a high level of trust in groups of people such as immediate family, neighbours, doctors and different levels of government were included in the final model. They were also less likely to neither consider the safety and quality of food as important nor trust organisations/institutions such as the press, television and politicians. In the final model depicting both low fruit and low vegetable servings, sex, age and a low level of importance with regard to safety and quality of food were included.ConclusionTo increase fruit and vegetable consumption, research into a broad range of determinants associated with behaviours should be coupled with a deeper understanding of the process associated with changing behaviours. While levels of trust are related to behaviour change, knowledge and attitudes about aspects associated with safety and quality of food are also of importance.
Genetically modified Cotton species detection by LISS-III satellite data
Authors: Singh Amit , Mukherjee Anita , Singh Bhoop , Mukherjee Saumitra , Shashtri Satyanarayan , Singh Chander Kumar , Kumari Bindu , Kumari Reena , Avatar Ram 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt is possible to infer the genetically modified species by using remotely sensed data. Using ERDAS software the algorithm of BT (Bacillus thuringiensis) Cotton in Punjab, India was developed successfully. GPS enabled space technology has the potential to identify the exact location of Bt Cotton by generating Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for the calculation of total area covered by this species. It was possible to develop a correlation in between genetically modified Cotton crop and NDVI value. In parts of Bhatinda district of Punjab the yield of Bt Cotton and NDVI showed R2 value of more than 4.5 in regression analysis. A correlation matrix was also generated which shows that NDVI values of BT cotton also has reasonably acceptable correlation with Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of soil and water.
Emergence of potent inhibitors of metastasis in lung cancer via syntheses based on migrastatin
Authors: Lecomte Nicolas , Njardarson Jon T. , Nagorny Pavel , Yang Guangli , Downey Robert , Ouerfelli Ouathek , Moore Malcolm A. S. , Danishefsky Samuel J. 
Published: August 2011

Migrastatin is a biologically active natural product isolated from
Streptomyces
that has been shown to inhibit tumor cell migration. Upon completion of the first total synthesis of migrastatin, a number of structurally simplified analogs were prepared. Following extensive in vitro screening, a new generation of analogs was identified that demonstrates substantially higher levels of in vitro inhibitory activity, stability and synthetic accessibility when compared to the parent natural product. Herein, we describe two promising ether-derivative analogs, the migrastatin core ether (ME) and the carboxymethyl-ME (CME), which exhibit high efficacy in blocking tumor cell migration and metastasis in lung cancer. These compounds show an in vitro migration inhibition in the micromolar range (IC
50
: ME 1.5 to 8.2 μM, CME 0.5 to 5 μM). In a human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) primary xenograft model, ME and CME compounds were found to be highly potent in inhibiting overall metastasis even at the lowest dosage used (degree of inhibition: 96.2% and 99.3%, respectively). Together these very encouraging findings suggest that these analogs have promise as potent antimetastatic agents in lung cancer.
Homogeneous catalytic O
2
reduction to water by a cytochrome
c
oxidase model with trapping of intermediates and mechanistic insights
Authors: Halime Zakaria , Kotani Hiroaki , Li Yuqi , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Karlin Kenneth D. 
Published: August 2011

An efficient and selective four-electron plus four-proton (4
e
-
/4H
+
) reduction of O
2
to water by decamethylferrocene and trifluoroacetic acid can be catalyzed by a synthetic analog of the heme
a
3
/Cu

B

site in cytochrome
c
oxidase (
6
LFeCu) or its Cu-free version (
6
LFe) in acetone. A detailed mechanistic-kinetic study on the homogeneous catalytic system reveals spectroscopically detectable intermediates and that the rate-determining step changes from the O
2
-binding process at 25 °C room temperature (RT) to the O-O bond cleavage of a newly observed Fe
III
-OOH species at lower temperature (-60 °C). At RT, the rate of O
2
-binding to
6
LFeCu is significantly faster than that for
6
LFe, whereas the rates of the O-O bond cleavage of the Fe
III
-OOH species observed (-60 °C) with either the
6
LFeCu or
6
LFe catalyst are nearly the same. Thus, the role of the Cu ion is to assist the heme and lead to faster O
2
-binding at RT. However, the proximate Cu ion has no effect on the O-O bond cleavage of the Fe
III
-OOH species at low temperature.
Ice-shelf collapse from subsurface warming as a trigger for Heinrich events
Authors: Marcott Shaun A. , Clark Peter U. , Padman Laurie , Klinkhammer Gary P. , Springer Scott R. , Liu Zhengyu , Otto-Bliesner Bette L. , Carlson Anders E. , Ungerer Andy , Padman June , He Feng , Cheng Jun , Schmittner Andreas 
Published: August 2011

Episodic iceberg-discharge events from the Hudson Strait Ice Stream (HSIS) of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, referred to as Heinrich events, are commonly attributed to internal ice-sheet instabilities, but their systematic occurrence at the culmination of a large reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) indicates a climate control. We report Mg/Ca data on benthic foraminifera from an intermediate-depth site in the northwest Atlantic and results from a climate-model simulation that reveal basin-wide subsurface warming at the same time as large reductions in the AMOC, with temperature increasing by approximately 2 °C over a 1–2 kyr interval prior to a Heinrich event. In simulations with an ocean model coupled to a thermodynamically active ice shelf, the increase in subsurface temperature increases basal melt rate under an ice shelf fronting the HSIS by a factor of approximately 6. By analogy with recent observations in Antarctica, the resulting ice-shelf loss and attendant HSIS acceleration would produce a Heinrich event.