bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Hydatidosis in Childhood: A Retrospective Survey with Emphasis on Long-term Follow-up
Authors: Lunardi Pierpaolo , Missori Paolo , Di Lorenzo Nicola , Fortuna Aldo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We report the long-term outcome of surgery for cerebral hydatid cyst in 12 children. In only one child, who had been operated on for cardiac hydatidosis a year earlier, was the brain cyst known to be secondary. Of the 12 children. 10 had a single cyst and 2 had multiple cysts. Five single cysts were removed intact by “hydatid birth,” two cysts—one single and one multiple—were removed after puncture and aspiration of the cyst fluid, and the other five—four single and one multiple—were accidentally ruptured in the course of the operation. One patient died of infection of the residual space. 2 died of intracranial recurrence of the parasite (7 and 22 months later, respectively), and one. the child with secondary cerebral echinococcosis, died 6 years later of systemic echinococcosis. Eight patients who had a mean follow-up of 28 years are still living and enjoy very good health, both general and neurological. This long-term follow-up with such good results confirms the usually primary character of cerebral hydatid disease, at least in children. The combination of patent ductus arteriosus and ingestion of unboiled animals' milk might well explain how primarv cerebral hvdatid disease develops in children.
Modified Thermal Diffusion Flow Probe for the Continuous Monitoring of Cortical Blood Flow
Authors: Kuwayama Naoya , Takaku Akira , Harada Jun , Fukuda Osamu , Endo Shunro , Saito Tateo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A small thermal diffusion flow probe has been developed to monitor the dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow in small animals. Constantan wire was used as a heat source to make a miniature probe. The pair of thermocouples used to detect the heat gradient between two gold plates was elongated to avoid heat conduction between them, and this improvement allowed us to make quantitative measurements. After several basic experiments, local cerebral blood flow was measured simultaneously, using both the modified thermal probe and the hydrogen clearance method in four rabbits. A close relationship was obtained between the local cerebral blood flow values measured by hydrogen clearance (F, ml/100g/min) and the reciprocal of the thermocouple voltage (1/V;1/mV). The regression line was F = 29111(1/V- 1/226), (r = 0.92, P&lt;0.001). We suggest that the modified thermal probe is a reliable and quantitative means of measuring flow. In addition, another probe modified for clinical use was evaluated. Continuous monitoring of local cerebral blood flow in postoperative patients was performed, and some illustrative cases are described.
Aphasia in Polyglots: Report of Two Cases and Analysis of the Literature
Authors: Mastronardi Luciano , Ferrante Luigi , Celli Paolo , Acqui Michele , Fortuna Aldo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two cases of aphasia in polyglot patients who experienced different symptoms in each of the languages they knew are reported. The authors discuss the problem and analyze the available literature in an attempt to formulate a pathogenetic hypothesis of the different involvement of the known idioms sometimes observed in aphasic polyglots. In particular, when time has elapsed between the learning of the mother tongue and other languages, and all the known languages are. consequently, functionally independent, it is possible that the two or more known idioms have distinct anatomical representations, probably localized separately in the two hemispheres. This could explain why. in some polyglots, aphasia affects one of the known languages preferentially. In subjects in whom the different known idioms were learned during early childhood, the anatomical representation of the languages is similar, which explains why, in this kind of polyglot, all the known languages can be equally affected by cerebral damage that causes aphasia.
Recurrent Acoustic Tumor after a Suboccipital Removal
Authors: Thedinger Bradley S. , Keith C. Whittaker , Charles M. Luetje 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Surgery for acoustic tumors has several priorities. First and foremost is the preservation of life with the total removal of the tumor; second is the preservation of the facial nerve; and last, when applicable, is the preservation of hearing. During the suboccipital (retrosigmoid) removal of a tumor, the surgeon unknowingly may leave tumor remnants leading to regrowth. We present five cases of recurrent acoustic tumors after a suboccipital removal. Inadequate drilling exposure of the internal auditory canal was the probable direct cause for tumor recurrence. A translabyrinthine removal is the best approach for total exposure of the entire internal auditory canal. The consequences of small tumor remnants will be discussed as well as their clinical relevance. Current radiological imaging and surgical techniques that avoid residual tumor will be presented.
Bedside Monitoring of Regionald Cortical Blood Flow in Comatose Patients Using Laser Doppler Flowmetry
Authors: Meyerson B. A. , Gunasekera L. , Linderoth B. , Gazelius B. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Continuous bedside monitoring of regional cerebrocortical blood flow was carried out using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in four comatose patients. Newly designed thin and flexible optical probes that were easily implanted into the cortex were employed. When the patients were in a deep comatose state, the recordings revealed a conspicuous relationship to intracranial pressure. As the patients improved, the flux values gradually increased, and the recordings showed characteristic changes in the wave pattern, presumably related to the restoration of an impaired cerebral autoregulation. Changes in regional cerebrocortical blood flow were also observed during routine nursing procedures, the use of medications, and voluntary activities, as demonstrated by one patient after a complete recovery. Although the volume of tissue scanned with LDF was limited, and the flux values did not directly express regionalf cerebrocortical blood flow in terms of milliliters per unit volume, changes in cerebral circulation were portrayed clearly in the flow recordings. Thus. LDF, which is simple to use. permits continuous bedside monitoring of the cerebral microcirculation. Its use should improve the management of comatose patients and also open avenues for a better understanding of the cerebral circulation in pathological states.
Cervical Vertebral Artery Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Fistulae in Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Case Reports
Authors: Schievink Wouter I. , Piepgras David G. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Neurofibromatosis is of particular interest to neurosurgeons because of the various central and peripheral nervous system tumors and, more rarely, cervicocerebral arterial lesions associated with the disease. In the present paper, we report two patients with neurofibromatosis Type 1 (von Recklinghausen's disease) who had anomalies of the extracranial vertebral arteries. A large extracranial vertebral artery' aneurysm was incidentally discovered in the first patient, a 43-year-old woman, after rupture of a subclavian artery aneurysm. The second patient, a 28-year-old woman, had an enlarging neck mass and was found to have an extensive extracranial vertebral artery arteriovenous fistula. The vascular lesions associated with neurofibromatosis Type 1 in general and those arising from the extracranial vertebral artery in particular are reviewed.
Esophageal Perforation during Surgery on the Cervical Spine
Authors: van Berge Henegouwen D. P. , Roukema J. A. , de Nie J. C. , vd Werken C. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Esophageal perforation during surgery for cervical disc herniation is a rare complication. Differences in the time of diagnosis of this complication in three patients-no delay and delays of 6 hours and 4 days, respectively-resulted in different symptoms and outcomes. Early detection of the perforation allows prompt treatment. In the early stage, primary suture and, if necessary, interposition of vital tissue are sufficient to complete healing. In later stages, only drainage procedures, sometimes with a diversion of the salivary leakage, are indicated. In the reported patients, the outcome was favorable. On the other hand as an ongoing infection may cause mediastinitis, awareness of this complication and urgent surgical treatment may be lifesaving.
Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations: Factors Influencing the Surgical Difficulty and Outcome
Authors: Tamaki Norihiko , Ehara Kazumasa , Lin Tin-Kai , Kuwamura Keiichi , Obora Yoshiro , Kanazawa Yasuhisa , Yamashita Hideyuki , Matsumoto Satoshi 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The outcomes of 151 patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) treated either surgically or conservatively are presented. In terms of long-term survival rate and follow-up results, the patients who underwent total excision had more favorable results than did those treated conservatively. Patient age was the most important clinical factors, with the preoperative level of consciousness being the second most important. A grading system was formulated on the basis of the angiographical factors by using multiregression analysis; the size of the AVM influenced the surgical outcome twice as much as did the location and the pattern of arterial feeding. Thus, a large AVM (≥4 cm) was given 2 points; a small AVM (&lt;4 cm) was given 0 points; a deep AVM was given 1 point; a superficial AVM was given 0 points; an AVM supplied by three of more artery systems was given 1 point; and an AVM supplied by one or two artery systems was given 0 points. AVMs were categorized into 5 grades from Grade 0 to 4 by the summation of these points. Predicted Karnofsky scale after surgery was calculated by this grading system and the following equation: predicted Karnofsky scale = 87.2 - 5.6 × Grade. Grade 0 and 1 AVMs showed high rates of total excision (Grade 0, 94%; Grade 1, 82%) and of satisfactory outcome (Grade 0, 90%; Grade 1, 82%) and were classified as “easy” lesions. Grade 2 AVMs are lesions classified as “moderate” and had a total excision rate of 76% and a satisfactory outcome rate of 71%. Grade 3 and 4 lesions should be considered to be AVMs classified as “difficult” and showed total excision rates of 64 and 67%, respectively, and satisfactory outcome rates of 64 and 33%, respectively. This gradient system is useful for predicting both the degree of surgical difficulty and the operative morbidity of AVMs and, hence, for deciding the surgical indications.
Extramedullary Subdural Meningioma after Trauma
Authors: Kasantikul Vira , Charuchaikul Sirichan , Shuangshoti Samruay 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A 61-year-old man had an extramedullary subdural meningioma occurring close to the site of an old vertebral traumatic fracture and spinal cord injury. The tumor was discovered 3 years after the spinal trauma. This finding supports the existence of a causal relationship between trauma and subsequent tumor development. A review of the literature disclosed only one other case of intraspinal meningioma after the traumatic fracture of the spine with spinal cord compression.
The Brain Tumor Cooperative Group NIH Trial 87-01: A Randomized Comparison of Surgery, External Radiotherapy, and Carmustine versus Surgery, Interstitial Radiotherapy Boost, External Radiation Therapy, and Carmustine
Authors:   Brain Tumor Cooperative Group, Selker Robert G. , Shapiro William R. , Burger Peter , Blackwood Margaret S. , Deutsch Melvin , Arena Vincent C. , Van Gilder John C. , Wu Julian , Malkin Mark G. , Mealey John , Neal John H. , Olson Jeffrey , Robertson James T. , Barnett Gene H. , Bloomfield Stephen , Albright Robert , Hochberg Fred H. , Hiesiger Emile , Green Sylvan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
The objective of the Brain Tumor Cooperative Group NIH Trial 87-01 trial was to investigate the effect of additional implanted radiation therapy in newly diagnosed patients with pathologically confirmed malignant gliomas.

METHODS
The study involved a randomized comparison of surgery, external beam radiotherapy, and carmustine (BCNU) versus surgery, external beam therapy, interstitial radiotherapy boost, and BCNU in newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. 125I was chosen as best suited for this effort because it allowed preimplantation planning and postimplantation quality assurance review. Two hundred ninety-nine patients met the eligibility criteria and were randomized into the two arms of the study between December 1987 and April 1994. Follow-up continued for an additional 3 years. Twenty-nine patients were identified as having committed protocol violations and were excluded, resulting in 270 subjects in the Valid Study Group. One hundred thirty-seven patients received external beam radiation and BCNU, and 133 underwent the 125I implantation plus external beam radiation and BCNU therapy.

RESULTS
The overall median survival for the Valid Study Group was 64.3 weeks. The median survival for patients receiving additional therapy of 125I was 68.1 weeks, and median survival for those receiving only external beam radiation and BCNU was 58.8 weeks. The cumulative proportion surviving between the two treatment groups was not statistically significantly different (log-rank test, P = 0.101). As in other studies in the literature, age, Karnofsky score, and pathology were predictors of mortality. Additional analyses incorporating an adjustment for these prognostic variables, either in a stratified analysis or Cox proportional hazards model, did not result in statistically significant differences in the cumulative proportion of patients surviving between the two treatment groups.

CONCLUSION
We conclude that there is no long-term survival advantage of increased radiation dose with 125I seeds in newly diagnosed glioma patients.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Patients with “Radioresistant” Brain Metastases
Authors: Brown Paul D. , Brown Cerise A. , Pollock Bruce E. , Gorman Deborah A. , Foote Robert L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for the treatment of patients with brain metastases that have been determined to be “radioresistant” on the basis of histological examination.

METHODS
We reviewed the medical records of 41 consecutive patients who presented with 83 brain metastases from radioresistant primaries and subsequently underwent SRS. All patients were followed until death or for a median of 31 months after SRS. Tumor histologies included renal cell carcinoma (16 patients), melanoma (23 patients), and sarcoma (2 patients). Eighteen patients (44%) had a solitary metastasis, and 23 patients (56%) had multiple metastases.

RESULTS
The median overall survival time was 14.2 months after SRS. On the basis of univariate analysis, systemic disease status (P = 0.006) and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) class (P = 0.005) were associated with survival. The median survival time was 23.5 months for patients in RPA Class I status and 10.5 months for patients in RPA Class II or III status. There was a trend (P = 0.12) toward improved median survival for patients with renal cell carcinoma (17.8 mo) as compared with patients with melanoma (9.7 mo). Multivariate analysis showed RPA class (P = 0.038) and histological diagnosis of primary tumor (P &lt; 0.001) to be independent predictors for overall survival. In the 35 patients who underwent follow-up imaging, 9 (12%) of 73 tumors recurred locally. In 54% of the patients, distant brain failure (DBF) developed. Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) improved local control and decreased DBF, according to the univariate and multivariate analyses. Patients who received adjuvant WBRT in addition to SRS had 6-month actuarial local control of 100% as compared with 85% among those who did not receive WBRT (P = 0.018). Patients who received adjuvant WBRT with SRS had a 6-month actuarial DBF rate of 17%, as compared with a rate of 64% among patients who had SRS alone (P = 0.0027).

CONCLUSION
Well-selected patients with brain metastases from radioresistant primary tumors who undergo SRS survive longer than historical controls. RPA Class I status and primary renal cell carcinoma predict longer survival. Adjuvant WBRT improves local control and decreases DBF but does not affect overall survival. Further studies are needed to determine which patients should receive WBRT.
Origin and Diversification Dynamics of Self-Incompatibility Haplotypes
Authors: Gervais Camille E , Castric Vincent , Ressayre Adrienne , Billiard Sylvain 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSelf-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic system found in some hermaphrodite plants. Recognition of pollen by pistils expressing cognate specificities at two linked genes leads to rejection of self pollen and pollen from close relatives, i.e., to avoidance of self-fertilization and inbred matings, and thus increased outcrossing. These genes generally have many alleles, yet the conditions allowing the evolution of new alleles remain mysterious. Evolutionary changes are clearly necessary in both genes, since any mutation affecting only one of them would result in a nonfunctional self-compatible haplotype. Here, we study diversification at the S-locus (i.e., a stable increase in the total number of SI haplotypes in the population, through the incorporation of new SI haplotypes), both deterministically (by investigating analytically the fate of mutations in an infinite population) and by simulations of finite populations. We show that the conditions allowing diversification are far less stringent in finite populations with recurrent mutations of the pollen and pistil genes, suggesting that diversification is possible in a panmictic population. We find that new SI haplotypes emerge fastest in populations with few SI haplotypes, and we discuss some implications for empirical data on S-alleles. However, allele numbers in our simulations never reach values as high as observed in plants whose SI systems have been studied, and we suggest extensions of our models that may reconcile the theory and data.
Extensive and Heritable Epigenetic Remodeling and Genetic Stability Accompany Allohexaploidization of Wheat
Authors: Zhao Na , Zhu Bo , Li Mingjiu , Wang Li , Xu Liying , Zhang Huakun , Zheng Shuangshuang , Qi Bao , Han Fangpu , Liu Bao 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAllopolyploidy has played a prominent role in organismal evolution, particularly in angiosperms. Allohexaploidization is a critical step leading to the formation of common wheat as a new species, Triticum aestivum, as well as for bestowing its remarkable adaptability. A recent study documented that the initial stages of wheat allohexaploidization was associated with rampant genetic and epigenetic instabilities at genomic regions flanking a retrotransposon family named Veju. Although this finding is in line with the prevailing opinion of rapid genomic instability associated with nascent plant allopolyploidy, its relevance to speciation of T. aestivum remains unclear. Here, we show that genetic instability at genomic regions flanking the Veju, flanking a more abundant retroelement BARE-1, as well as at a large number of randomly sampled genomic loci, is all extremely rare or nonexistent in preselected individuals representing three sets of independently formed nascent allohexaploid wheat lines, which had a transgenerationally stable genomic constitution analogous to that of T. aestivum. In contrast, extensive and transgenerationally heritable repatterning of DNA methylation at all three kinds of genomic loci were reproducibly detected. Thus, our results suggest that rampant genetic instability associated with nascent allohexaploidization in wheat likely represents incidental and anomalous phenomena that are confined to by-product individuals inconsequential to the establishment of the newly formed plants toward speciation of T. aestivum; instead, extensive and heritable epigenetic remodeling coupled with preponderant genetic stability is generally associated with nascent wheat allohexaploidy, and therefore, more likely a contributory factor to the speciation event(s).
Pch2 Modulates Chromatid Partner Choice During Meiotic Double-Strand Break Repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zanders Sarah , Brown Megan Sonntag , Chen Cheng , Alani Eric 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In most organisms, the segregation of chromosomes during the first meiotic division is dependent upon at least one crossover (CO) between each pair of homologous chromosomes. COs can result from chromosome double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are induced and preferentially repaired using the homologous chromosome as a template. The PCH2 gene of budding yeast is required to establish proper meiotic chromosome axis structure and to regulate meiotic interhomolog DSB repair outcomes. These roles appear conserved in the mouse ortholog of PCH2, Trip13, which is also involved in meiotic chromosome axis organization and the regulation of DSB repair. Using a combination of genetic and physical assays to monitor meiotic DSB repair, we present data consistent with pch2Δ mutants showing defects in suppressing intersister DSB repair. These defects appear most pronounced in dmc1Δ mutants, which are defective for interhomolog repair, and explain the previously reported observation that pch2Δdmc1Δ cells can complete meiosis. Results from genetic epistasis analyses involving spo13Δ, rad54Δ, and mek1/MEK1 alleles and an intersister recombination reporter assay are also consistent with Pch2 acting to limit intersister repair. We propose a model in which Pch2 is required to promote full Mek1 activity and thereby promotes interhomolog repair.
Vitamin D Status in Relation to Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes in Septuagenarians
Authors: Dalgård Christine , Petersen Maria Skaalum , Weihe Pal , Grandjean Philippe 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
Vitamin D deficiency is thought to be a risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes, and elderly subjects at northern latitudes may therefore be at particular risk.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Vitamin D status was assessed from serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] in 668 Faroese residents aged 70–74 years (64% of eligible population). We determined type 2 diabetes prevalence from past medical histories, fasting plasma concentrations of glucose, and/or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

RESULTS
We observed 70 (11%) new type 2 diabetic subjects, whereas 88 (13%) were previously diagnosed. Having vitamin D status &lt;50 nmol/L doubled the risk of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes after adjustment for BMI, sex, exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, serum triacylglyceride concentration, serum HDL concentration, smoking status, and month of blood sampling. Furthermore, the HbA1c concentration decreased at higher serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations independent of covariates.

CONCLUSIONS
In elderly subjects, vitamin D sufficiency may provide protection against type 2 diabetes. Because the study is cross-sectional, intervention studies are needed to elucidate whether vitamin D could be used to prevent development of type 2 diabetes.