bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the importance of the diffusional uptake of water vapour for the development and radiative properties of high altitude clouds: a large eddy model sensitivity study
Authors: Ghosh S. , Dobbie S. , Marsham J. , Jonas P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh altitude clouds such as Cirrus have a substantial impact on the global radiation budget and their climatic impact depends on their micro‐structure. Clouds composed of small crystals with effective radii less than 16 µm have a cooling effect, whilst clouds made up of larger crystals have a warming effect (Lynch et al., 2002; p 397). The success of cirrus microphysical modelling depends largely on the right choice of microphysical parameters and the diffusivity of water vapour (Dv) is one such crucial parameter. In this study we have explored the sensitivity of cirrus microphysics to the specification of Dv in large eddy model (LEM) simulations of cirrus case studies. We analysed important processes where vapour diffusion plays a role in the evolving microphysics. Cirrus clouds form at high altitudes where the molecular mean free path and hence Dv is significantly larger than the ground level value. To date some LEMs (e.g. the UK Met Office LEM) do not consider the height‐dependence of the diffusivity of water vapour. Although this may not pose much of a problem for warm clouds formed in the lower boundary layer, for high altitude cirrus clouds, using ground level values could affect the microphysical development. In this study we have shown that crystal growth rates, the ice water mixing ratios, crystal number concentrations, auto‐conversion rates of ice particles to form aggregates, the deposition rates of water vapour on aggregates, and the long‐wave radiative cooling rates depend sensitively on the choice of the diffusivity of water vapour. The most widely used empirical formulation on the height‐dependence of the diffusion coefficient is that described by Pruppacher and Klett (1997) and is valid over a temperature regime between − 40 °C and 40 °C. Since many cirrus clouds form at temperatures colder than − 40 °C, it becomes imperative to use sophisticated formulations for an accurate prescription of Dv for cirrus studies. In this first LEM study we have used a Lennard‐Jones (L‐J) model to estimate Dv and applied it to two cirrus case studies. This formulation is accurate and valid over cirrus forming altitudes and is effective even when temperatures are colder than − 40 °C. First, we have shown that the L‐J model can be easily adapted within LEMs to study cirrus clouds and thence we examined the resulting microphysics through simulations with and without the L‐J update. We observed that the overall microphysical development was sensitive to the choice of the diffusion coefficient of water vapour. We believe that this study will aid cirrus modellers worldwide who are often constrained by the availability of microphysical observational data. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Synthesis, IR, HPLC Analysis and Performances of Palm Fatty Acids and Triethanolamine‐Based Esterquats
Authors: Bahmaei Manochehr , Badiee Flora , Kasehgari Hosein 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEsterquats were synthesized by esterification of palm fatty acids and triethanolamine (TEA) followed by quaternization with dimethyl sulfate. The optimum reaction conditions for the esterification of palm fatty acids and triethanolamine were found to be 160 °C under nitrogen. The esters obtained were subjected to quaternization with dimethyl sulfate at a 1:0.95 ratio. The maximum yield of synthesized esterquats was 53.0 ± 1% in isopropanol. Instrumental techniques, viz. IR and HPLC verified the esterification and subsequent quaternization of the ester obtained. The performances of the esterquats produced were evaluated by tests on towel fabric substrates. The synthesized esterquats exhibited good softness and rewettability (51 mm/6 min) for towel fabrics.
Orthognathic Surgery for Patients with Maxillofacial Deformities
Authors: Robinson Randolph C. , Holm Rebecca L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrthognathic surgery is performed to alter the shape of the jaws to improve dental occlusion stability, improve temporomandibular joint function, open the oropharyngeal airway, and improve the patient's facial proportions. Surgery must be coordinated with orthodontic treatment. The surgeon develops a plan based on the patient's measurements and performs the planned procedure on plaster models of the patient's jaw and teeth to obtain the proper jaw position. Surgical techniques include LeFort procedures and distraction osteogenesis. Possible complications of orthognathic procedures include airway compromise, numbness, and nonunion or malunion of the bones. Postoperative instructions include an emphasis on the need for the patient to consume a blended diet for six weeks after surgery.
The effect of farmed trout on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy men
Authors: Hallund Jesper , Overgaard Madsen Birgitte , Bügel Susanne H. , Jacobsen Charlotte , Jakobsen Jette , Krarup Henrik , Holm Jørgen , Nielsen Henrik H. , Lauritzen Lotte 
Published: July 2010

Increased intake of marine long-chainn-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) may decrease the risk of CVD and reduce mortality by lowering serum TAG and blood pressure (BP). Furthermore,n-3 LCPUFA may affect novel CVD risk markers related to inflammation and vascular function. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of farmed trout on novel and traditional CVD risk markers in healthy men, and to evaluate whether this was affected by the aquacultural feed regime. We performed a parallel, 8-week intervention study in which sixty-eight healthy male volunteers were randomised to consume either a daily meal with 150 g farmed trout raised on either marine or vegetable-based feed, or a reference meal containing 150 g chicken. Twenty-four hour BP, pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, fatty acid composition of erythrocyte (RBC), and concentrations of TAG, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and other markers of inflammation were measured at weeks 0 and 8. RBC content of totaln-3 LCPUFA, both EPA and DHA, was significantly higher among men consuming trout raised on marine feed compared with men consuming the vegetable-fed trout or chicken. The three intervention groups did not differ significantly with respect to any of the other outcome variables, although there were trends towards associations between the changes in RBCn-3 LCPUFA and those in BP and CRP. In the present study, we conclude that we could not confirm the fish oil-induced reduction in CVD risk markers after daily consumption of trout with high or lown-3 LCPUFA content. However, trout raised on vegetable-based feed had less pronounced impact on RBCn-3 LCPUFA status.
Carbon- and oxygen-isotope records of palaeoenvironmental and carbonate production changes in shallow-marine carbonates (Kimmeridgian, Swiss Jura)
Authors: COLOMBIÉ CLAUDE , LÉCUYER CHRISTOPHE , STRASSER ANDRÉ 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarbon- and oxygen-isotope ratios are commonly used to correlate shallow- and deep-marine successions. Carbon- and oxygen-isotope analyses were performed on bulk-carbonate samples from two Kimmeridgian sections of the Swiss Jura platform in order to correlate them with biostratigraphically well-dated coeval sections in the adjacent basin. On the platform, a general decrease in δ13C and δ18O values from the base to the top of the studied interval is measured, whereas time-equivalent pelagic–hemipelagic carbonates record an increase in carbon- and oxygen-isotope ratios. Moreover, the measured δ13C and δ18O values are generally lower than those indicated for the Kimmeridgian open ocean and show high-frequency variations superimposed on the general trend. Samples were screened for diagenetic alteration using optical and cathodoluminescence petrography and coupled carbon- and oxygen-isotope and trace-element analyses. Some observations favour a role for diagenetic alteration, but isotopic and elemental trends as well as sedimentological evidence suggest that the more negative values of δ13C and δ18O relative to Kimmeridgian seawater are also due to local environmental conditions. High-frequency changes in δ18O and δ13C values most likely result from variations in salinity and carbonate production and accumulation rates. These variations were produced by different water masses that were isolated from the open ocean and developed their own geochemical signatures. Repeated isolation was induced by high-frequency sea-level fluctuations and helped by irregular platform morphology. Consequently, carbon- and oxygen-isotope records in shallow-marine carbonates can be used for stratigraphic correlation only if their origin is well known.
On the accuracy of the symmetric ergodic magnetic limiter map in tokamaks
Authors: SOHRABI A. R. , JAZAYERI S. M. , MOLLABASHI M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new symmetric symplectic map for an ergodic magnetic limiter (EML) is proposed. A rigorous mapping technique based on the Hamilton–Jacobi equation is used for its derivation. The system is composed of the equilibrium field, which is fully integrable, and a Hamiltonian perturbation. The equilibrium poloidal flux function is a solution of the Grad–Schlüter–Shafranov equation. This equation is written in polar toroidal coordinate in order to take into account the outward Shafranov shift. The static perturbation field breaks the exact axisymmetry of the equilibrium field and creates a region of chaotic field lines near the plasma edge. The new symmetric EML map is compared with the conventional (asymmetric) EML map which is derived by applying delta-function method. The accuracy of the maps is considered through mean energy error criterion and maximal Lyapunov exponents. For asymmetric and symmetric maps the approximate location of the main cantorus near the edge of plasma is determined with high accuracy by using mean energy error. The forward–backward error criterion is applied to show the relation between the accuracy of the symmetric EML map and the number of EML rings. We also report on the effect of the number of EML rings on the maximal Lyapunov exponent of the symmetric EML map.
Risk attribution ofCampylobacterinfection by age group using exposure modelling
Authors: BUETTNER S. , WIELAND B. , STAERK K. D. C. , REGULA G. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYKnowledge on the relative importance of alternative sources of human campylobacteriosis is important in order to implement effective disease prevention measures. The objective of this study was to assess the relative importance of three key exposure pathways (travelling abroad, poultry meat, pet contact) for different patient age groups in Switzerland. With a stochastic exposure model data onCampylobacterincidence for the years 2002–2007 were linked with data for the three exposure pathways and the results of a case-control study. Mean values for the population attributable fractions (PAF) over all age groups and years were 27% (95% CI 17–39) for poultry consumption, 27% (95% CI 22–32) for travelling abroad, 8% (95% CI 6–9) for pet contact and 39% (95% CI 25–50) for other risk factors. This model provided robust results when using data available for Switzerland, but the uncertainties remained high. The output of the model could be improved if more accurate input data are available to estimate the infection rate per exposure. In particular, the relatively high proportion of cases attributed to ‘other risk factors’ requires further attention.
Electoral Systems, Political Career Paths and Legislative Behavior: Evidence from South Korea's Mixed-Member System
Authors: JUN HAE-WON , HIX SIMON 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA growing literature looks at how the design of the electoral system shapes the voting behavior of politicians in parliaments. Existing research tends to confirm that in mixed-member systems the politicians elected in the single-member districts are more likely to vote against their parties than the politicians elected on the party lists. However, we find that in South Korea, the members of the Korean National Assembly who were elected on PR lists are more likely to vote against their party leadership than the members elected in single-member districts (SMDs). This counterintuitive behavior stems from the particular structure of candidate selection and politicians' career paths. This suggests that any theory of how electoral systems shape individual parliamentary behavior needs to look beyond the opportunities provided by the electoral rules for voters to reward or punish individual politicians (as opposed to parties), to the structure of candidate selection inside parties and the related career paths of politicians.
Population dynamics of Vibrio spp. associated with marine sponge microcosms
Authors: Hoffmann Maria , Fischer Markus , Ottesen Andrea , McCarthy Peter J , Lopez Jose V , Brown Eric W , Monday Steven R 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Vibrio is a diverse genus of marine-associated bacteria with at least 74 species and more expected as additional marine ecospheres are interrogated. This report describes a phylogenetic reconstruction of Vibrio isolates derived from one such unique ecosystem, marine sponges (Phylum Porifera) collected from depths of 150 to 1242 feet. 16S rRNA gene sequencing along with molecular typing of 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions clustered many sponge-associated Vibrio (spp) with current known species. That is, several benthic Vibrio species commensal with Porifera sponges seemed genetically linked to vibrios associated with coastal or shallow-water communities, signalling a panmictic population structure among seemingly ecologically disparate strains. Conversely, phylogenetic analysis provided evidence for at least two novel Vibrio speciation events within this specific sponge microcosm. Collectively, these findings earmark this still relatively unknown environment as a bastion of taxonomic and phylogenetic variability for the genus and probably other bacterial taxa.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization on methane oxidation, abundance, community structure, and gene expression of methanotrophs in the rice rhizosphere
Authors: Shrestha Minita , Shrestha Pravin Malla , Frenzel Peter , Conrad Ralf 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Nitrogen, one of the limiting factors for the yield of rice, can also have an important function in methane oxidation, thus affecting its global budget. Rice microcosms, planted in the greenhouse, were treated with the N-fertilizers urea (UPK) and ammonium sulfate (APK) or were only treated with phosphorous and potassium (PK). Methane oxidation rates in PK and UPK treatments were similar during most of the rice-growing season, revealing no effect of urea. However, ammonium sulfate strongly suppressed methanogenesis providing an unfavorable environment for methanotrophs in APK treatment. Roots and rhizospheric soil samples, collected from six different growth stages of the rice plant, were analyzed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of the pmoA gene. Assignment of abundant T-RFs to cloned pmoA sequences indicated that the populations on roots were dominated by type-I methanotrophs, whereas the populations in rhizospheric soil were dominated by type-II methanotrophs irrespectively of growth stages and fertilizer treatments. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination analysis of T-RFLP profiles revealed that the methanotrophic community was significantly (P&lt;0.001) affected by the different fertilizer treatments; however, the effect was stronger on the roots than in the rhizospheric soil. Contrary to pmoA gene-based analysis, pmoA transcript-based T-RFLP/cloning/sequencing analysis in rhizospheric soil showed type I as the predominant methanotrophs in both PK and UPK treatments. Collectively, our study showed that type-I methanotrophs were dominant and probably active in rhizospheric soil throughout the season irrespective of nitrogen fertilizer used, whereas type-II methanotrophs were relatively more dominant under unfavorable conditions, such as in APK treatment.
Index of Productive Syntax for Children Who Speak African American English
Authors: Oetting Janna B. , Newkirk Brandi L. , Hartfield Lekeitha R. , Wynn Christy G. , Pruitt Sonja L. , Garrity April W. 
Published: July 2010

Purpose
The validity of the Index of Productive Syntax (IPSyn; Scarborough, 1990) for children who speak African American English (AAE) was evaluated by conducting an item analysis and a comparison of the children’s scores as a function of their maternal education level, nonmainstream dialect density, age, and clinical status.

Method
The data were language samples from 62 children; 52 of the children were between the ages of 4 and 6 years and were classified as developing typically, and 10 were 6 years old with specific language impairment (SLI).

Results
All IPSyn items were produced by at least 1 child, and 88% of the items were produced by 50% or more of the children. The children’s IPSyn scores were unrelated to maternal education level and dialect density and were visually comparable to IPSyn scores reported for children who speak mainstream English. Nevertheless, IPSyn could not be used to detect differences between the 4- to 6-year-olds based on age, nor could it be used to detect differences between the 6-year-olds with and without SLI.

Conclusion
IPSyn is a valid measure for AAE speakers, but it can be insensitive to age and clinical differences between children who are over the age of 48 months.
Impact of Chromosome 4p- Syndrome on Communication and Expressive Language Skills: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Marshall Althea T. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this investigation was to examine the impact of Chromosome 4p- syndrome on the communication and expressive language phenotype of a large cross-cultural population of children, adolescents, and adults.MethodA large-scale survey study was conducted and a descriptive research design was used to analyze quantitative and qualitative data regarding the communication and expressive language manifestations of 200 children, youth, and adults from 16 countries and Puerto Rico who had been diagnosed with 4p conditions, including Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS), Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome (PRDS), Proximal 4p Deletion syndrome, and complex chromosomal rearrangements associated with 4p-.ResultsIndividuals with Chromosome 4p- syndrome represent a heterogeneous population with complex phenotypic profiles. The majority of the participants exhibited communication and expressive language skills below the 36-month developmental functioning level. A relatively small cohort of the study population exhibited advanced expressive language skills, a finding not reported in the professional literature.ConclusionResults broaden the spectrum of expressive language skills associated with Chromosome 4p- syndrome and highlight the communication potential of a subset of individuals with 4p abnormalities for development of advanced language structures. It is hypothesized that the largest 4p deletion, which includes the 4p16.3 band and contiguous gene regions, results in the most severely affected expressive language phenotype.
Deficiencies in circulating testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, and depression in men with systolic chronic heart failure
Authors: Jankowska Ewa A. , Drohomirecka Anna , Ponikowska Beata , Witkowska Agnieszka , Lopuszanska Monika , Szklarska Alicja , Borodulin‐Nadzieja Ludmila , Banasiak Waldemar , Poole‐Wilson Philip A. , Ponikowski Piotr 
Published: July 2010

AimsElderly men with androgen deficiencies are prone to develop late‐onset depression. We investigated links between circulating androgens and depression, and their combined impact on outcome in men with chronic heart failure (CHF).Methods and resultsSerum total testosterone (TT) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) were measured using immunoassays in 163 men with stable systolic CHF [age: 60 ± 10 years, NYHA class (I/II/III/IV): 27/84/46/6] and 316 healthy men. Depression was assessed using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and defined as BDI ≥16 points. In men with CHF, reduced TT and DHEAS, advanced NYHA class, elevated N‐terminal pro‐B type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), reduced glomerular filtration rate, and reduced haemoglobin independently predicted severity of depressive symptoms (all P < 0.05). Depression was present in 20, 37 and 77% of men with no androgen deficiency, either TT or DHEAS deficiency, and both androgen deficiencies, respectively (P < 0.0001). During follow‐up (median: 28 months), there were 87 (53%) cardiovascular deaths or unplanned hospitalizations. TT and DHEAS deficiencies (defined as ≤ the 10th percentile of serum androgen levels in healthy controls) and BDI ≥16 points independently predicted unfavourable outcome (all P < 0.05).ConclusionTT and DHEAS deficiencies predict severity of depression in men with CHF. Depression and combined androgen deficiencies are independently related to poor outcome in these patients.
Development and Feasibility of a Scale to Assess Postoperative Recovery
Authors: Royse Colin F. , Newman Stanton , Chung Frances , Stygall Jan , McKay Rachel E. , Boldt Joachim , Servin Frederique S. , Hurtado Ignacio , Hannallah Raafat , Yu Buwei , Wilkinson David J. 
Published: July 2010

Background
Good postoperative recovery is increasingly recognized as an important outcome after surgery. The authors created a new Post-operative Quality Recovery Scale (PQRS) that tracks multiple domains of recovery from immediate to long-term time periods in patients of varying ages, languages, and cultures.

Methods
The parameters of importance to both clinicians and patients were identified. After an initial pilot study of 133 patients, the PQRS was refined. It consists of six domains (physiologic, nociceptive, emotive, activities of daily living, cognitive, and overall patient perspective). An observational study of 701 patients was performed with the refined PQRS to assess its capacity to evaluate and track recovery and to discriminate between patients. It was conducted in eight countries and in five languages, involving patients more than or equal to 6 yr undergoing elective surgery with general anesthesia. Recovery was assessed before surgery and at multiple time periods postoperatively. Recovery was defined as return to baseline values or better.

Results
Seven hundred one patients completed the PQRS. Mean completion time was 4.8 (SD 2.8) min. Recovery scores improved with time. Physiologic recovery was complete in 34% of subjects by 40 min. By the third postoperative day, complete recovery was obtained in 11% of cases (all domains): 48.7% nociceptive, 81.8% emotive, 68.8% activities of daily living, and only 33.5% cognitive. Overall, 95.8% of the patients reported that they were "satisfied or totally satisfied" with their anesthetic care.

Conclusion
The scores on the PQRS demonstrated an improvement over time, consistent with an expected recovery after surgery and anesthesia, and an ability to discriminate between individuals. Many patients had incomplete recovery by the third postoperative day.