bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon monoxide knowledge, attitudes and practices in urban households
Authors: McDonald E M , Shields W , Stepnitz R , Frattaroli S , Valentine D , Gielen A C 
Published: March 2011

PurposePreventing carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is increasingly recognised by safety advocates as a public health priority. CO alarms are the best defence against CO poisoning yet little attention has been placed on developing and evaluating comprehensive CO programs. The presentation shares CO knowledge, attitudes and practices from a household survey conducted in an urban area prior to the implementation of a community intervention trial to enhance a fire departments home visit program.MethodsInterview households were randomly selected from 12 census tracks selected for comparability on fire department home visit rates, fire rates and vacancy rates. A letter mailed to the home preceded an interview team who, after consent, led participants through a structured survey and observation to confirm CO alarms.ResultsAfter applying exclusion criteria (non-English speakers, businesses, refusals), 618 households were consented; 609 completed the survey, for a response rate of 46%. The typical respondent is a Black (60%) female (70%) with a high school diploma or less (52%) and a per capita income of $25,000 or less (74%). Despite reporting numerous CO sources in homes (gas furnaces (78%), water heaters (66%) and stoves (86%)) and a recognition that CO alarms save lives (96%), CO alarms were reported in only 33% of homes and confirmed by observation in only 27%. Additional knowledge and attitude results will be presented.ConclusionsMore effort is needed to promote the life-saving benefits of CO alarms so that more households will be protected by them.
Evaluating services for immigrant and refugee families who experience abuse
Authors: Olson L M , Parekh A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionSurveys from around the world indicate that 10% to 69% of women experience violence from an intimate male partner. We evaluated the Family Justice Center (FJC), a confidential walk in centre with co- located services supporting families experiencing abuse concentrating on the experiences of refugee and immigrant families.MethodsFour structured focus groups with English, Spanish and Arabic speaking women.ResultsBefore visiting the FJC, participants felt apprehensive, confused, scared and unsure how to stop the abuse. Participants expressed that domestic violence was normal and the abuse should be tolerate and hope that the abuser will change. After receiving services, participants reported feeling empowered, knowledgeable and more secure. We are women with needs that should be met; we should be entitled to those resources regardless of race, or legal status. It shouldn't hold us back from seeking protection. Participants needed and recognised the diverse array of services offered at the FJC. A lot of people speak different languages or can't read or write in English. I feel more secure and have more direction (after visiting the FJC). Participants reported receiving help with protective orders, child support, housing, translation of legal and other documents and group counselling. Most participants reported following a safety plan including escape routes and packing a bag with essentials.ConclusionsThe information is an important first step in understanding issues facing immigrant and refugee families and provides a basis to modify and continue services including translation to meet the changing needs of the community.
Developmental differences in family supervision of child injuries
Authors: Piotrowski C C , McRae S , Stewart-Tufescu A , Warda L , Briggs G , Tenenbein M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesThe goal of the present study was to explore developmental differences in the nature of typical supervision by family members from infancy to adolescence.MethodsA phone survey was conducted in Winnipeg Manitoba Canada. Qualifying respondents were parents of a child up to 17 years of age living in the home. Parents were questioned about their typical supervision behaviours (ie, checking on their child) as well as whether a specific injury event occurred within the past 12 months.ResultsFour hundred respondents were interviewed; of these, 88% reported having a child who sustained an injury within the past 12 months. Examination of injury cases indicated significant developmental differences in typical parent supervision style across age. Parents were most vigilant in their supervision of the youngest children (under age 4) and school-aged children (aged 5–11), reporting seeing and hearing them virtually all of the time (98%). However, parents were significantly more likely to report indirect supervision strategies such as checking occasionally for children aged 12 years and older. Interestingly, supervision by siblings also showed clear developmental trends; sibling supervision was most likely to occur for shorter periods of time (1–4 h) with children aged 12–14 years. A small minority of families (4%) reported using sibling supervision for children under the age of 12.ConclusionsThere were significant differences in typical family supervision style as a function of child age. Findings suggest supervision style is a modifiable risk factor which may inform future injury prevention strategies.
Compare the main characteristics related with pedestrian fatality in Mexico City during the periods 1994–1997 and 2004–2007
Authors: Rodriguez-Hernndez J M , Hijar-Medina M , Campuzano-Rincn J C , Hidalgo-Solorzano E 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveCompare the main characteristics related with pedestrian death in Mexico City (MC) during the periods 1994–1997 and 2004–2007.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a comparative observational study of trends in the records of pedestrian death in MC between the two periods; it was compared by sex, age, provenance, education and delegation of death; it were obtained Standardised Mortality Ratio and Reasons Mortality Internal versus External according to the delegation of death. We implemented a logistic regression analysis to characterise the probability of pedestrian death by sex.ResultsFor 2004–2007 there was a 20% reduction in pedestrian death about 1994–1997. The mortality declined about 2.9/100 000. 95% CI 2.6 to 3.4/100 000; in men of 15.9 to 11.5/100 000 and in women of 5.5 to 4.3/100 000. Delegations with the highest risk of death during the two periods were Miguel Hidalgo, Gustavo Madero, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juarez. Mortality risk was higher in men (for the first period, from the CM, born before 1955 and with low educational level, more marked in those without schooling) about women.ConclusionsThe methodology used in this article contributes valuable elements for the analysis of pedestrian death. The variables related to the risk of death by pedestrian injuries allow us to identify a group of pedestrians who inside these users' category of the thoroughfare end up by being the most vulnerable and who have been traditionally left of side in the definition of policies of urban development sustainable and assurance in countries as Mexico.
Bathing burn injuries in children: an opportunity for teaching and prevention
Authors: Gonzalez R , Nagappala K B , Schaewe H , Shanti C M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionBath-related burn injuries are a significant cause of morbidity in children. Despite the common notion that sinks are smaller, and hence harmless, both bathtubs and sinks remain culprits. We sought to review the experience at our paediatric burn centre in an effort to analyse the mechanisms of burn injury while bathing and enhance our current education strategies.MethodsA 5 year retrospective analysis of the burn registry at our institution was conducted from 2004 to 2008. A thorough analysis of patient demographics, burn related data (burn depth, distribution and percent of total body surface area (TBSA)), operative intervention and child protective services (CPS) involvement was performed. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS.ResultsDuring this time period, 1237 patients incurred burn injuries. The incidence of bath associated burns was 8% (n=104). Seventy two patients (69%) were injured while in the bathtub, 31% were burned in the sink. The average age of our patients was 15 months, no gender difference was observed. TBSA ranged from 6.5% to 10.3%. Greater than 90% suffered partial thickness burns; greater than 50% favoured the lower body, regardless of the mechanism. No association between mechanism of injury and depth of burn was observed (p=0.105). CPS involvement was sought in more than half of the cases, irrespective of the mechanism of injury. Although length of stay (LOS) was similar with both types of injuries, it was associated to CPS involvement (p=0.015) and the need for operative intervention (p=0.000). (table 1)ConclusionsOur series confirms the morbidity associated to bath-related burn injuries in the paediatric population. Both bathtubs and sinks pose similar risks in terms of burn depth, distribution, body surface area involvement and the need for surgical intervention. It is our responsibility as healthcare providers to continue enhancing care provider education for safe measures while bathing children via in hospital teaching as well as prevention outreach programs. Table 1 patient demographics of bathtub versus. sink burns Variable Mechanism of injury p value bathtub sink 72 (69%) 32 (31%) gender (male) 40 (56%) 17 (53%) 0.82 age (years) 1.582.51 1.351.28 0.63 burn distribution 38 (53%) 19 (59%) 0.75 (lower body) burn depth 65 (90%) 30 (94%) 0.26 (partial thickness) TBSA 10.2713.41% 6.4710.81 0.12 operative intervention 10 (14%) 4 (3%) 0.85 CPS involvement 39 (54%) 19 (59%) 0.83 LOS (days) 8.2611.48 9.3814.04 0.67.
A systematic review of road traffic injury risks for immigrant populations
Authors: Consunji R J , Jumangit A , Ameratunga S 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThere are currently some 200 million migrants and immigrants worldwide, majority of these coming from low and middle-income countries (LMICs), where risks for road traffic injury (RTI) are high. The relationship between RTIs and immigrant populations has not been well described to date. This work will assess, by systematic review, the relationship between RTI risk and immigrant populations.MethodsImmigrants were defined as those with both parents not native to the country he is residing in. Eligible studies were identified by standard systematic review methodology.ResultsThe initial search yielded 41 articles, only 5 described RTIs specifically among immigrant populations. Swedish data showed no statistically significant difference in RTI risk for young (18–26 years) foreign-born (FB) drivers when compared to native born (NB) drivers. Drivers of all ages showed a 1.5 to 2.5 times increased risk. Greek data showed that immigrant permanent residents have a higher risk for RTI when compared to Greek drivers. Australian data show evidence of higher risk of RTI for pedestrians from a non-English speaking or right-hand side driving country. For all other road users, FB were generally at similar or lower risk of dying or being hospitalised due to road trauma than those NB.Discussion/conclusionsThere is a surprising paucity of data on the RTI risks in immigrant populations. There are contrasting findings as regards the differential risk for RTI for FB when compared to NB road users. Present research in this field is not commensurate to the population at risk.
Temporal trends in hospital mortality and early functional outcomes associated with severe traumatic brain injuries in children, Pennsylvania 1998–2007
Authors: Weiss H B , Sanchez-Ortiz A I , Krafty R T , Rubiano A M , Peitzman A B , Puyana J C 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionUS paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) hospitalisations have been decreasing due mostly to increased admission criteria. Severe TBI (STBI) has not followed this trend. For children (≤17) we wanted to quantify trends in hospital mortality and early functional independence measures (FIM) outcomes for STBI in a mature state-wide trauma system.MethodsTrauma registry data were obtained from all Pennsylvania trauma centres from 1998–2007. We included patients with a discharge diagnosis of STBI and Abbreviated Injury Scale Head-neck ≤4. Temporal trends for hospital mortality proportion and discharge FIM (patients ≤2) were assessed using multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, co-morbidities, injury mechanisms, transport, vital signs, severity, hospital stay and trauma centre level.ResultsThere were 4813 patients meeting the criteria. Annual number of discharges increased (390 in 1998 to 553 in 2007) while the admission rate also increased (13.26 to 19.85/100 000 persons). Most were male and mean age was 9.1 years. Leading mechanisms of injury were motor vehicles, followed by falls and other transport events. Inpatient mortality decreased significantly from 21.3% to 8.9% (mortality trend β=−0.096, 95%CI–0.058 to −0.135, p<0.001) and discharge functional status scores improved.ConclusionsTends for paediatric STBI served by Pennsylvania's mature trauma system showed increases in rates but substantial reductions in inpatient mortality and significant improvements in functional outcome at discharge. While positive from a clinical perspective, these findings imply that child safety programs that use fatal outcomes as evaluation endpoints need to be very cautious about attributing mortality reductions to interventions.
Injuries to pedal cyclists on New Zealand Roads, 1988–2007
Authors: Tin S Tin , Woodward A , Ameratunga S 
Published: March 2011

AimTo assess exposure-based risks and profiles of road traffic injuries sustained by pedal cyclists that resulted in death or hospital inpatient treatment in New Zealand.MethodsTraffic cycling injuries were identified from the National Minimum Dataset and Mortality Collection. Total time spent cycling was used as the measure of exposure and computed from National Household Travel Surveys. Analyses were undertaken for the periods 1988–1991, 1996–1999 and 2003–2007. A modified Barell Matrix was used to characterise injury profiles by body region affected and nature of injury.ResultsCyclists had the second highest risk of traffic injuries compared to other major road user categories and the risk increased from 1996–1999 to 2003–2007. During 2003–2007, 31 injuries occurred per million hours spent cycling. Non-collision crashes (40%) and collisions with a car, pick-up truck or van (26%) accounted for two thirds of the injuries. Children and adolescents aged under 15 years were at the highest risk of non-collision crashes. Males had a higher risk of injury compared to females. The rate of traumatic brain injuries fell over the study period; however, injuries to other body parts increased steadily. Traumatic brain injuries were most common in collision cases whereas upper extremity fractures were most common in other crashes.ConclusionThe burden of fatal and hospitalised injuries among pedal cyclists is considerable and has been increasing over the last decade. This underscores the development of road safety and injury prevention programmes for cyclists alongside the cycling promotion strategies.
Multiple injury profiles of different road users in New Zealand, 2000–2007
Authors: Tin S Tin , Woodward A , Ameratunga S 
Published: March 2011

AimTo compare profiles of traffic injuries sustained by different road users that resulted in death or hospital inpatient treatment.MethodsTraffic injuries were identified from the Mortality Collection and the National Minimum Dataset. The hospitalised sample was restricted to patients admitted to public hospitals with (a) a principal diagnosis of injury only, (b) hospital stay of one day or more and (c) first admissions only. Using a modified Barell matrix, the International Classification of Diseases injury diagnosis codes were classified into seven body regions and six injury types/natures. The ‘multiple injury profiles’ approach was used and up to ten diagnoses per case were extracted.ResultsDuring 2000–2007, 13 792 car/van drivers, 9252 car/van passengers, 5881 motorcyclists, 5266 pedal cyclists and 4152 pedestrians were killed or admitted to hospital. The most common injuries (experienced by >20% of specific road users injured) include:? Traumatic brain injuries – internal: occurred in 30.1% of pedestrians, 26.2% of drivers, 24.1% of passengers and 20.8% of pedal cyclists? Other head, face, neck – open wounds: occurred in 31.7% of drivers, 29.2% of passengers and 26.7% of pedestrians? Lower extremity – fracture: occurred in 38.8% of pedestrians, 35.0% of motorcyclists and 23.4% of drivers? Upper extremity – fracture: occurred in 34.4% of pedal cyclists and 31.1% of motorcyclists. The detailed matrix will be presented graphically for each road user.ConclusionThe injury profiles varied by mode of travel. This could help inform the prioritisation of future injury prevention, road safety and healthcare policies and interventions targeted at specific road users.
Alcohol drinking behaviour patterns and intimate partner violence
Authors: Bangdiwala S I , Taylor B B , Shankar V 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveThe association between alcohol consumption and intimate partner violence (IPV) is well known in developed Western countries, but not in developing and Eastern countries. This study examines the relationship with IPV of different patterns of alcohol consumption across wet and dry alcohol culture communities.MethodsThe World Studies of Abuse in Family Environment conducted parallel population-based surveys of family violence, and studied 12 804 women in low and middle income communities between 1998 and 2003. Ever drinking, regular drinking, drinking to get drunk by the husband or partner was studied in communities of Brazil, Chile, India and the Philippines. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine their relationship with concurrent psychological and physical violence.ResultsEver drinking ranged from 22% in India to 88% in Chile, while reported drunkenness ranged from 1% in Chile to 16% in India. Women perceived that their husband/partner would insult them (12%–98%) and hit/beat them (1%–98%) when their partners were under the influence of alcohol. A clear dose-response relationship was observed between physical violence and alcohol consumption. The estimated odds (95% CI) of physical violence in regular drinkers compared to teetotallers were 3.8 (1.3 to 11.3) in Brazil, 4.5 (0.7 to 29.7) in Chile and 4.7 (1.6 to 13.8) in the Philippines. In India, these were 9.4 (7.4 to 11.9) in urban-slums, 6.7 (5.4 to 8.3) in non-slums and 6.6 (4.9 to 9.1) in rural areas.ConclusionsThis study found strong relationships between alcohol consumption and IPV in selected communities from developing countries. This relationship was seen in communities with different drinking cultures, with varying violence severity.
Cost differentials between standard and non-standard motorcycle helmet in Mexico
Authors: Hidalgo E , Inclan M C , Hijar M 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo identify the cost ratio of standard and non-standard helmets sold in retail shops in Cuernavaca, Mexico.MethodA survey was performed using a convenience sampling taken from 10 retail shops. The data was collected in a questionnaire applied by a single interviewer during February 2009, exploring the maximum and minimum cost prices (in local currency) of standard and non-standard helmets provided by the vendors. Data analysis included descriptive statistics.Results60% of the retail shops sold standard helmets. Almost half of the shops sold standard helmets; being the largest difference of nearly US $851 between the cheapest and the most expensive standard helmet. The average cost of the most common sold standard helmet was US $124. Thus, showing great costs variations: the cheapest of US $43 and the most expensive standard helmet of US $923. 100% of the retail shops sold non-standard helmets with more homogeneous costs.ConclusionsThe study suggests that Mexican Motorcycle users tend not to pay attention to the quality of the product, and generally lack interest in the standardised elements. This behaviour is influence by the high costs, lack of information on security and risk factors associated to traffic accidents, and most importantly, due to the lack of law enforcement. An important finding was the non-existence of the term standard in any Mexican legislation related with the matter, as much as with the fact that some of the non-standard helmets are aesthetically similar to the standard helmets.
Teachers opinions, beliefs and attitudes regarding accidents and their prevention
Authors: Ungaro J F , De Hoyos G H , Enders J 
Published: March 2011

Objectives(1) to describe the opinions and beliefs among teachers of educational units in Argentina regarding (a) injuries as a health problem; b) Accidents characteristics, their prevention and causal attribution c) Schools` role in the prevention (2) to explore their attitudes regarding the feasibility the school involvement in prevention programs.Material and methodsData was collected through self-administered questionnaires. 322 educational units took part of the study and 3752 completed questionnaires were obtained. Answer categories were defined by contents analysis. Factorial analysis of multiple correspondences and mixed classification were then carried out. From these results a second survey was designed and administered to 2100 teachers from 350 schools. A typology of their answers was obtained from a new multidimensional analysis. The typical expressions of each class were identified by contents analyses.ResultsOnly a small minority (2%) of the participants identifies injuries as a problem. According to their opinions and beliefs, four different groups according to their opinions and beliefs were identified: (1) those who agree that accidents are preventable events; (2) those who see them as unpreventable situations given sociocultural factors; (3) those who sustain a deterministic conception; and (4) those who support a fortuitous, casual view.Discussion and ConclusionsIgnorance regarding the problems magnitude and teachers` beliefs and opinions about accidents nature could endanger education effectiveness and preventive programs success. A deep analysis of the problem by educational staff is required in order to change attitudes.
Childhood fall, a major cause of morbidity and disability: epidemiological findings from the largest population based survey in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury S M , Rahman A , Mashreky S R , Giashuddin S , Svanström L , Horte L G , Linnan M , Shafinaz S , Uhaa L J , Rahman A K M Fazlur 
Published: March 2011

Childhood falls and their complications are a serious public health concern worldwide. However, very few programs have been developed to address the problem because of the lack of convincing data, especially in developing countries. Our study aimed at exploring the magnitude and associated factors of the childhood fall in Bangladesh.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted during 2003 (January to December) in 12 randomly selected districts and Dhaka Metropolitan City of Bangladesh. Nationally representative data were collected from 171 366 households comprising 351 651 children of below 18 years of age. Information includes the number of deaths and illness at the household in the preceding year. Verbal autopsy and verbal diagnosis form was used to determine the cause of mortality and morbidity respectively.ResultsFall was the fourth leading cause of morbidity after infancy and the leading cause of morbidity among 5–9 years age group. The incidence of childhood fall was significantly higher among boys than in girls (642.8 vs 298.2 per 100 000 children year). Rural children (594.7 per 100 000 children-years) were the most vulnerable group, whereas home and its premises were found as the most common place for the incidence. Fall (28.9%) was the leading cause of injury-related permanent disability.ConclusionThe result of the study could provide insight to policymakers for future action on one of the leading causes of morbidity and disability among children in Bangladesh and possibly in other developing countries.