bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
May a cormorant colony be a source of coliform and chemical pollution in a lake?
Authors: Klimaszyk Piotr 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Studies on the influence of a perennial cormorant colony on chemical and microbial pollution of a reservoir were conducted in Chrzypskie Lake. During the investigation carried out between 2009–2010 in the area of the colony, 155–175 breeding pairs were observed. High pollution of groundwater with biogenic elements and coliform bacteria (together with E. coli) was recorded within the boundaries of the colony. Pollutants migrated to the lake together with groundwater. Mean values of the analyzed forms of biogenic elements and bacteria formed a gradient from the highest values recorded near the colony to the lowest ones recorded in the central part of the lake.
Growth and collapse of the distributed subglacial hydrologic system of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, USA, and its effects on basal motion
Authors: Bartholomaus Timothy C. , Anderson Robert S. , Anderson Suzanne P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNearly 100 days of hourly glacier motion, hydrology and hydrochemistry measurements on Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, USA, demonstrate the complicated relationship between water and motion at the glacier bed. Our observations capture the transient glacier response to seasonal and daily melt cycles, and to a jökulhlaup that prompts a sixfold increase in glacier speed. Sliding is promoted whenever the water inputs to the glacier exceed the capacity of the subglacial hydrologic system to transmit the water. Sensitivity of sliding to daily meltwater inputs varies strongly through the season, implying that the state of the hydrologic system governs the sensitivity of basal sliding. A numerical model constructed to explore these relationships reveals: the roles of the effective pressure; the exponent to which this is taken in the ‘sliding law’ (0.1 <γ< 0.6); glacier macroporosity (φ < 2%); and the ‘cavity-generating capacity’ of the glacier bed, which encapsulates the sizes and spacing of bed roughness elements. Temporal changes in the effective pressure associated with evolution of both water inputs and subglacial water transmission capacity can explain the varying strength of diurnal velocity fluctuations of Kennicott Glacier. Spatial patterns of glacier macroporosity and of basal roughness govern variation in sensitivity of sliding to water inputs.
Glacier change on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Thomson Laura I. , Osinski Gordon R. , Ommanney C. Simon L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHistorical records are valuable for assessing glacier change in the Canadian High Arctic. Ommanney’s (1969) detailed inventory of Axel Heiberg Island glaciers, based on photography from 1958–59, has been revisited, converted into digital format and compared to glacier extents mapped from 1999–2000 satellite imagery. Our results show that the island-wide ice coverage decreased by 15.92 km2 in the 42 year period, a loss of <1%. However, two trends are apparent: one of advance or minor retreat from basins hosting outlet glaciers from Müller and Steacie Ice Caps, and one of significant retreat, on the order of 50–80%, for independent ice masses, which include valley glaciers, mountain glaciers, glacierets, and ice caps smaller than 25 km2. If the contributions to ice advance of only three surging glaciers are removed, then the island-wide ice loss approaches 60 km2. Furthermore, it is notable that 90% of ice masses smaller than 0.2 km2 disappeared entirely during the 42 year study period, an observation confirmed by field studies. Successful predictions from the original inventory are highlighted and the likely mechanisms driving the observed advances and retreats are discussed.
Crystal growth of air hydrates over 720 ka in Dome Fuji (Antarctica) ice cores: microscopic observations of morphological changes below 2000 m depth
Authors: Uchida Tsutomu , Miyamoto Atsushi , Shin’yama Atsushi , Hondoh Takeo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAir-hydrate crystals store most of the ancient air contained in deep ice sheets. We carried out microscopic observations of air-hydrate crystals below 2000 m depth within the ice core from Dome Fuji, Antarctica, to obtain their number and size distributions. We found that the number density continuously decreased with depth, whereas the average size increased, in contrast to findings from shallower depths. In addition, the characteristic perturbations in both number density and average size distribution with climatic changes almost disappeared, although they are clearly observed in shallow cores. These results indicate that the air-hydrate crystals grow considerably in deeper parts of the ice sheet, and this growth is accompanied by the diffusion of air molecules in the ice. The permeation coefficient of the air molecules in the ice sheet was estimated from the geometric parameters of the air-hydrate distributions. This is the first practical evidence comparable to the previous model estimations. It allows us to evaluate the impacts of the air-molecule migration in the ice sheet on the paleoclimatic information recorded in the deep ice cores.
Microstructural evolution in the fine-grained region of the Siple Dome (Antarctica) ice core
Authors: Obbard R.W. , Sieg K.E. , Baker I. , Meese D. , Catania G.A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn in-depth analysis of seven samples from the Siple Dome (Antarctica) ice core, using optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction, illustrates rotational recrystallization or polygonization in the fine-grained region of the core between 700 and 800 m. Between 640 and 700 m, the microstructure is characterized by a bimodal grain-size distribution and a broken girdle fabric with evidence of polygonization. From 727 to 770 m, mean grain size decreases and a single-maximum fabric is found, and, by 790 m, mean grain size has again increased and a multiple-maxima fabric manifests itself. We compare grain-size distribution, c- and a-axis orientation, and misorientation between adjacent grains. We found that misorientations between adjacent grains in the 727–770 m region were predominantly low-angle and typically around a common a-axis, suggesting polygonization. This conclusion is supported by radar evidence of a physical disturbance at 757 m, which may be correlated with higher than usual strain in the 700–800 m range. Below 770 m, larger less regular misorientations and textural evidence show that migration recrystallization is the primary recrystallization mechanism.
Using high-resolution tritium profiles to quantify the effects of melt on two Spitsbergen ice cores
Authors: Van Der Wel L.G. , Streurman H.J. , Isaksson E. , Helsen M.M. , Van De Wal R.S.W. , Martma T. , Pohjola V.A. , Moore J.C. , Meijer H.A.J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIce cores from small ice caps provide valuable climatic information, additional to that of Greenland and Antarctica. However, their integrity is usually compromised by summer meltwater percolation. To determine to what extent this can affect such ice cores, we performed high-resolution tritium measurements on samples from two ice cores from Spitsbergen covering the period AD1955–75. The very sharp and distinct peaks in the tritium precipitation record are subject to several post-depositional processes. We developed a model that uses the precipitation record as input and incorporates the three most important processes (radioactive decay, isotope diffusion and meltwater percolation). Results are compared with measured tritium and density profiles. Both ice-core records contain sharp bomb peaks in the pre-1963 period. It is shown that these peaks would be much smoother in the absence of melt. In this case the main effect of melt and the refreezing of percolation water is the formation of ice layers that form barriers for firn diffusion; thus melt paradoxically results in better preservation of the annual isotope signals. Conversely, for the period after 1963 the main effect of melt is a stronger smoothing of the tritium profiles.
The Effect of Handedness in Vocational Training among Adults with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Samadi Sayyed Ali 
Published: December 2011

Aim: The main aim of this study was to describe the relationship between right-handed, left-handed and mixed-handed adults with intellectual disability and their success in vocational training courses. Method: A total of 71 research participants in Iran with moderate and severe intellectual disability were chosen and their hand preferences were determined by means of a hand preference test. Results: The results showed that the research participants who were right-handers or left-handers were significantly more successful than those participants who were mixed-handers. There was a significant relationship between left or right handedness and success in job training (chi2 = 11.490, df = 2, p = 0.003). Left-handers were statistically more successful in job training programmes than their mixed-hander counterparts (chi2 = 9.252, df = 1, p = 0.002).A similar difference was found between right-hander and mixed-hander groups (chi2 = 9.047, df = 1, p = 0.003). The difference between left and right handers in job training was not statistically significant (chi2 = 0.227, df = 1, p = 0.634). Conclusion: Hand preference could be an important consideration in the vocational rehabilitation assessment and evaluation of people with intellectual disabilities. Training programmes may need to be tailored to suit an individual according to handedness, particularly with those who are mixed-handers.
Dielectric Properties of Short Nylon‐6 Fiber‐Reinforced NBR Composites
Authors: Rajesh C. , Manoj K. C. , Unnikrishnan G. , Purushothaman E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractShort nylon‐6 fiber‐reinforced acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) composites were prepared, and their dielectric properties such as dielectric constant, volume resistivity, and dielectric loss factor have been studied as a function of frequency at different fiber loadings. The effects of curing systems and bonding agents on the dielectric properties have also been studied. The dielectric constant decreases with an increase in frequency, which is attributed to the decrease in orientation polarization at higher frequencies. The dielectric constant values have been found to be lower for fiber‐filled systems than for the gum. Composite samples cured with dicumyl peroxide exhibit a higher dielectric constant than the corresponding sulfur‐cured systems. The addition of bonding agents reduces the dielectric constant of the composites. The volume resistivities of the composites increase with the addition of fibers and with the incorporation of the bonding agents. The added fibers and the different bonding agents decrease the dielectric dissipation factor of the rubber matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: E90–E102, 2013; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20274
Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among farm owners and farm workers: A systematic review
Authors: Osborne Aoife , Blake Catherine , Fullen Brona M. , Meredith David , Phelan James , McNamara John , Cunningham Caitriona 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundA systematic review was undertaken to establish risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among farmers.MethodsComprehensive electronic searches of Pubmed, Web of Science, CINAHL, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Agris Database, and Cochrane Library were carried out using a battery of key words for MSDs and farmers. The studies methods quality was assessed using a standardized checklist.ResultsThirty‐three studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The median method score was 65% of the maximum attainable score, resulting in 15 studies of higher methodological. Risks were categorized into: Work characteristics (n = 11), personal characteristics (n = 5), and psychosocial factors (n = 5). Spinal MSD risk factors include exposure to working in tree crops, vibration, postural load, being an owner operator, age, education beyond high school, suffering from asthma or depression, having <8 hr nightly sleep, bad quality sleep, and geographic location. Upper extremity MSD risk factors include being an owner operator, dust with pig workers, numbness and coldness in younger milkers and numbness in milkers >43 years, age, and body height in dairy farmers. Lower extremity MSD risk factors include, duration of farming ≥10 years, working >5 hr daily in animal barns, milking >40 cows, years as a dairy farmer, farm work, age, body mass, and female gender.ConclusionsIn exploring risk factors the spine was the most researched body region, followed by lower and upper extremity. Given the variance between studies, it is recommended that future studies focus on specific types of farmers and should explore specific exposures for specific body parts using standardized case definitions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:376–389, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A twin study of schizoaffective‐mania, schizoaffective‐depression, and other psychotic syndromes
Authors: Cardno Alastair G. , Rijsdijk Frühling V. , West Robert M. , Gottesman Irving I. , Craddock Nick , Murray Robin M. , McGuffin Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe nosological status of schizoaffective disorders remains controversial. Twin studies are potentially valuable for investigating relationships between schizoaffective‐mania, schizoaffective‐depression, and other psychotic syndromes, but no such study has yet been reported. We ascertained 224 probandwise twin pairs [106 monozygotic (MZ), 118 same‐sex dizygotic (DZ)], where probands had psychotic or manic symptoms, from the Maudsley Twin Register in London (1948–1993). We investigated Research Diagnostic Criteria schizoaffective‐mania, schizoaffective‐depression, schizophrenia, mania and depressive psychosis primarily using a non‐hierarchical classification, and additionally using hierarchical and data‐derived classifications, and a classification featuring broad schizophrenic and manic syndromes without separate schizoaffective syndromes. We investigated inter‐rater reliability and co‐occurrence of syndromes within twin probands and twin pairs. The schizoaffective syndromes showed only moderate inter‐rater reliability. There was general significant co‐occurrence between syndromes within twin probands and MZ pairs, and a trend for schizoaffective‐mania and mania to have the greatest co‐occurrence. Schizoaffective syndromes in MZ probands were associated with relatively high risk of a psychotic syndrome occurring in their co‐twins. The classification of broad schizophrenic and manic syndromes without separate schizoaffective syndromes showed improved inter‐rater reliability, but high genetic and environmental correlations between the two broad syndromes. The results are consistent with regarding schizoaffective‐mania as due to co‐occurring elevated liability to schizophrenia, mania, and depression; and schizoaffective‐depression as due to co‐occurring elevated liability to schizophrenia and depression, but with less elevation of liability to mania. If in due course schizoaffective syndromes show satisfactory inter‐rater reliability and some specific etiological factors they could alternatively be regarded as partly independent disorders. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strong nonlinear optical effects from a new polymeric silver(I)–propyl–benzotriazole complex
Authors: Xu Hong , Song Yinglin , Meng Xiangru , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new polymeric Ag(I) complex {[Ag2(pbbt)3](NO3)2·0.5H2O}n [where pbbt = 1,1′‐(1,3‐propylene)‐bis‐1H‐benzotriazole] was synthesized as a good optical limiter. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction determined that the complex assumed a rare, two‐dimensional lamellar structural motif with isolated cavities of [Ag6(pbbt)6]. The Z‐scan measurements of an 8‐ns pulsed laser at 532 nm revealed that the presented complex in dimethylformamide exhibited very strong third‐order optical nonlinear absorption. The optical‐limiting (OL) performance was investigated in the sample of the complex induced by 8‐ns and 30‐ps pulses at 532 nm. The results show that this complex exhibited large OL effects with a very low limiting threshold value of 0.16 J/cm2 under 8‐ns pulse and 0.56 J/cm2 under 30‐ps pulses, among those of the best OL materials. Density functional theory calculation results further confirmed the cooperative contributions of Ag ions and bridge ligands to the optical nonlinearities of Ag(I)‐containing metal–organic complex. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Optical properties of bi‐doped epoxy novolak resin containing Ce, Dy, and Y ions
Authors: Prajzler Václav , Lyutakov Oleksiy , Hüttel Ivan , Špirková Jarmila , Oswald Jirí , Machovic Vladimír , Jerábek Vítězslav 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article, we report on the optical properties of Bismuth doped Epoxy Novolak Resin (ENR) co‐doped with Dysprosium, Cerium, and Yttrium ions. The polymer layers containing 1.0 to 20.0 at % of Bismuth were fabricated by spin‐coating onto silicon or quartz substrates. The properties of the material were studied using several methods with special regards to its potential utilization in photonics devices. Transmission spectra were taken in the range from 350 to 1600 nm, while photoluminescence spectra around 1300 nm were recorded by using excitation of semiconductor lasers operating at 808 nm and at 980 nm (Ex= 250 mW). Optical properties of the samples were evaluated on the bases of the concentration of the Bismuth ions as well as on the concentrations of the co‐doping ions and showed close relations between concentration of the dopants and intensity of the luminescence band at 1300 nm. Our results proved that the Bismuth doped ENR has a strong potential for application in active photonics structures, as it has excellent optical properties and very easy and not demanding fabrication procedures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cast polyurethane elastomers with improved dynamic fatigue resistance
Authors: Xie Rui , Lakrout Hamed , Mueller Gerhard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCast polyurethane (PU) elastomers have been widely used in dynamic applications, such as rollers and wheels, where a low heat buildup, high‐loading resistance, and good cut‐growth resistance are desired. Because of their different molecular structure, cast PU elastomers do not perform in the same way in highly demanding dynamic applications. Small variations in the viscoelastic properties can result in significant differences in the longevity of the wheels and rollers that are subjected to a large number of cyclic compressive deformations. Therefore, it is of great interest to understand dynamic performance of urethane elastomers based on various backbones. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is commonly used to differentiate the dynamic performance of elastomers, but it only provides characterization of the dynamic behavior of a given elastomer at small deformation in the linear viscoelastic regime, where information such as the heat buildup and load‐bearing capability of elastomers cannot be obtained. As such, we developed a stress‐controlled flexometer on the basis of the ISO4666/4 method that enabled measurement of the heat buildup and load‐bearing capabilities of urethane elastomers in a large dynamic deformation environment. Moreover, a dynamometer was constructed to evaluate wheels based on different urethane elastomers under load at various speeds; this allowed close simulation of the urethane elastomers in a real application environment. In this article, the viscoelastic properties of cast urethane elastomers based on different backbones were studied by DMA. The heat buildup and load‐bearing capabilities of the elastomers were investigated via the stress‐controlled flexometer, and the performance of the wheels based on various prepolymer systems were evaluated with the dynamometer. Correlations between the material viscoelastic behavior and the heat buildup were established. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effect of glycidyl methacrylate‐grafted natural rubber on physical properties of polylactic acid and natural rubber blends
Authors: Juntuek Punmanee , Ruksakulpiwat Chaiwat , Chumsamrong Pranee , Ruksakulpiwat Yupaporn 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNatural rubber (NR) was melt blended with polylactic acid (PLA) at various ratios using an internal mixer. The impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/NR blend dramatically increased with increasing NR content up to 10% (w/w). Glycidyl methacrylate‐grafted natural rubber (NR‐g‐GMA) was used as a compatibilizer for PLA/NR blend. The effects of content and %grafting of NR‐g‐GMA on mechanical properties of PLA/NR blend were studied. The experimental result showed that the addition of NR‐g‐GMA in PLA/NR blend significantly improved impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/NR blend when compared with that of neat PLA and PLA/NR blend without NR‐g‐GMA. The impact strength and elongation at break of PLA/NR blend increased with increasing NR‐g‐GMA content up to 1% (w/w). Moreover, with increasing % grafting of NR‐g‐GMA in PLA/NR blend up to 4.35, the impact strength and elongation at break of the blend increased. Morphological and thermal property of PLA, PLA/NR, and PLA/NR/NR‐g‐GMA were elucidated as well. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Dry‐jet wet‐spun PAN/MWCNT composite fibers with homogeneous structure and circular cross‐section
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhang Youwei , Zhang Degang , Zhao Jiongxin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTo produce polyacrylonirtile (PAN) fiber precursor with desired cross‐section shape, microstructure and mechanical properties, several measurements including adopting DMSO/water (95/5, v/v) mixture as the solvent of the spinning dope, ethanol/DMSO (60/40, v/v) mixture at 10°C as the coagulation medium, and modified multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as the reinforcing nanofiller, as well as extra‐drawing the as‐spun fiber in air, were taken in the preparation of PAN fibers via dry‐jet wet spinning. The morphology, structure, and properties, thermal behavior of the resultant fibers were studied. The results show that gel fibers with homogeneous dense structure and circular cross‐section were obtained. High orientation of PAN molecules in fiber was achieved by additional drawing the as‐spun fiber in air. After the introduction of a very small amount of modified MWCNT, the tensile strength and modulus of the fiber enhance substantially: there is a 19% increase in strength and a 62% increase in modulus at a MWCNT content of 1.0 wt %. Also, the heat release rate decreases during the oxidative stabilization. The uniform microstructure, circular cross‐section, high orientation of PAN molecules, high tensile strength and modulus, as well as the gentle oxidative cyclization behavior, make the PAN/MWCNT composite fiber an attractive precursor candidate for carbon fiber. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012