bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application and interpretation of zero and short-span testing on nanofibre sheet materials
Authors: Varanasi Swambabu , Chiam Hui Hui , Batchelor Warren 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This paper investigates the use of zerospan testing to measure the tensile strength of cellulose nanofibre sheets. The mechanical strength of cellulose nanofibre paper is a key property but tensile strength measurement requires a substantial amount test material, whereas a zero/short span test needs much less material. Sheets made from cellulose nanofibres, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and northern bleached softwood fibres were tested at spans ranging from 0 to 0.6 mm and tensile strength spans of 50 and 100 mm. For the cellulose nanofibres or the MFC sheets, strength was constant with span from 0 to 0.6 mm when tested dry and negligible when tested wet, except at zero span. The sheets made from the softwood fibres showed significant strength when tested wet at all spans from 0 to 0.6 mm. The results showed that for nanofibre materials, the zero or short span strength is measuring sheet tensile strength at a smaller sample length. The strength of the nanofibre sheets at 50 or 100 mm was smaller than at zero/short span due to sample size effects and Poisson contraction. The effects of starch and grammage on strength were also studied.
The effects of process variables for GCC pre-flocculation on floc and handsheet properties
Authors: Seo Dongil , Im Wan Hee , Youn Hye Jung , Lae Lee Hak 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Pre-flocculation is a technique that aggregates filler particles by means of polyelectrolytes. The size of the filler flocs is a critical factor affecting the properties of the paper. Process variables including the concentration of the flocculants, the stirring speed, and the dilution of the suspension change the size of the flocculated fillers. Ground calcium carbonate and cationic polyacrylamide were used to investigate the influence of these variables on flocculation. The median particle size and size distribution were examined and the tensile and optical properties influenced by the floc size and ash levels were evaluated. The addition of high concentration C-PAM increased the median particle size. Stirring speeds in the range of 1000 ~ 3000 rpm were used to simulate various turbulent environments, and it was shown that high stirring speeds drastically decreased the floc size. Diluting and low speed stirring the flocculated GCC suspension was effective in keeping the particle size intact without disruption before sheet forming. Larger GCC flocs in the handsheets resulted in better mechanical properties.
The effect of MFC on the pressability and paper properties of TMP and GCC based sheets
Authors: Hii Collin , Gregersen Øyvind W. , Chinga-Carrasco Gary , Eriksen Øyvind 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Different qualities of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) were blended with thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and ground calcium carbonate (GCC) filler. The addition of MFC reduced the drainage of the pulp suspension but improved strength properties. Wet pressing experiments showed that optimal use of MFC and filler could enhance the strength and optical properties without reducing the solids content after wet pressing. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that MFC adsorbed onto and contributed to the bonding of the filler particles and fibres. The MFC binds the filler-MFC-fines aggregates to the fibre network and partially filled the pore network. As a result, MFC addition increased the air resistance and internal bonding of the sheet.
Dependence between paper properties and spectral optical response of uncoated paper
Authors: Hägglund Håkan , Norberg Ole , Neuman Magnus , Edström Per 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This paper presents a method to describe, with good accuracy, the relation between variations in paper properties and variations of the spectral optical response of an uncoated paper. The dependence between density, filler content, grammage, and the spectral optical response is characterized by a multivariate model. The model is based on large-scale measurements data on a set of paper samples that have been produced with different values of grammage, density and filler content, representing the variations within a normal 80 g/m² uncoated paper. From the optical measurements the light scattering (s) and light absorption (k) coefficients have been estimated according to the Kubelka-Munk theory. The results from this study will give valuable input to optical modeling activities, where the optical variations are predicted from measured small-scale variations in underlying paper properties. The variations in the paper properties can be used to model the light scattering coefficient, s, but there were too small variations in the light absorption coefficient, k, to find any significant dependence to the paper properties for the samples studied in this work. Furthermore, linear models give sufficient accuracy in the intervals studied. Additional findings from this study are the different effects of wet-pressing and calendering on the light scattering coefficient.
Contacting paper-based supercapacitors to printed electronics on paper substrates
Authors: Andersson Henrik , Manuilskiy Anatoliy , Andres Britta , Forsberg Sven , Hummelgård Magnus , Bäckström Joakim , Zhang Renyun , Olin Håkan 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Hybrid printed electronics, in which printed structures and silicon-based components co-exist will likely be among the first commercial solutions. In this case the paper substrate acts much in the same way as circuit boards, containing conductive tracks and acting as a carrier for the electrical components. It is important to consider the contacting of the components to be able to produce low resistance electrical contacts to the conductive tracks. Supercapacitors are able to deliver a large amount of current in a short time and are a good option for short term energy storage and if the printed product is to be used only one, or a few times, it can be the only power source needed. When manufacturing printed electronics, the overall resistance of the printed tracks as well as the contact resistance of the mounted components will add up to the total resistance of the system. A high resistance will cause a voltage drop from the power source to the component. This will waste power that goes to Joule heating and also the voltage and current available to components may be too low to drive them. If the intention is to use a power supply such as batteries or solar cells this becomes a limitation. In this article have been tested several conductive adhesives used to contact paper based supercapacitors to ink jet printed silver tracks on paper. The best adhesive gives about 0.3 Ω per contact, a factor 17 better compared to the worst which gave 5 Ω. The peak power that is possible to take out from a printed system with a flexible battery and super capacitors is about 10 times higher than compared with the same system with only the battery.
Anisotropic light propagation in paper
Authors: Linder Tomas , Löfqvist Torbjörn 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We investigate anisotropic light propagation in paper using both a theoretical model and experiments. The theoretical model utilizes the Monte Carlo method to solve the photon transport equation numerically. It is assumed that wood fibres are represented by infinitely long, homogeneous and straight cylinders. The layer-like microstructure and anisotropic orientation of the fibres is considered in the model. The conical scattering by cylindrical objects, the wood fibres, is argued as the main source of anisotropic scattering. Simulations revealed that laterally resolved transmittance exhibits directional dependence. Experiments on light transmitted through a standard kraft liner product confirmed that light in fact do propagate more in the machine direction than in the cross direction. Reasonably good agreement was obtained between experimentally and numerically obtained iso-intensity patterns.
Combined structural interventions for gender equality and livelihood security: a critical review of the evidence from southern and eastern Africa and the implications for young people
Authors: Gibbs Andrew , Willan Samantha , Misselhorn Alison , Mangoma Jaqualine 
Published: June 2012

IntroductionYoung people in southern and eastern Africa remain disproportionately vulnerable to HIV with gender inequalities and livelihood insecurities being key drivers of this. Behavioural HIV prevention interventions have had weak outcomes and a new generation of structural interventions have emerged seeking to challenge the wider drivers of the HIV epidemic, including gender inequalities and livelihood insecurities.MethodsWe searched key academic data bases to identify interventions that simultaneously sought to strengthen people's livelihoods and transform gender relationships that had been evaluated in southern and eastern Africa. Our initial search identified 468 articles. We manually reviewed these and identified nine interventions that met our criteria for inclusion.ResultsWe clustered the nine interventions into three groups: microfinance and gender empowerment interventions; supporting greater participation of women and girls in primary and secondary education; and gender empowerment and financial literacy interventions. We summarise the strengths and limitations of these interventions, with a particular focus on what lessons may be learnt for young people (18–24).ConclusionsOur review identified three major lessons for structural interventions that sought to transform gender relationships and strengthen livelihoods: 1) interventions have a narrow conceptualisation of livelihoods, 2) there is limited involvement of men and boys in such interventions, 3) studies have typically been done in stable populations. We discuss what this means for future interventions that target young people through these methods.
Higher, Stronger, Better…︁ A Review of 5 Volt Cathode Materials for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kraytsberg Alexander , Ein‐Eli Yair 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe ever‐increasing demand for high‐performing, economical, and safe power storage for portable electronics and electric vehicles stimulates R&D in the field of chemical power sources. In the past two decades, lithium‐ion technology has proven itself a most robust technology, which delivers high energy and power capabilities. At the same time, current technology requires that the energy and power capabilities of Li‐ion batteries be ‘beefed up’ beyond the existing state of the art. Increasing the battery voltage is one of the ways to improve battery energy density; in Li‐ion cells, the objective of current research is to develop a 5‐volt cell, and at the same time to maintain high specific charge capacity, excellent cycling, and safety. Since current anode materials possess working potentials fairly close to the potential of a lithium metal, the focus is on the development of cathode materials. This work reviews and analyzes the current state of the art, achievements, and challenges in the field of high‐voltage cathode materials for Li‐ion cells. Some suggestions regarding possible approaches for future development in the field are also presented.
Middle and inner ear malformations in mutation‐proven branchio‐oculo‐facial (BOF) syndrome: Case series and review of the literature
Authors: Carter Melissa T. , Blaser Susan , Papsin Blake , Meschino Wendy , Reardon Willie , Klatt Regan , Babul‐Hirji Riyana , Milunsky Jeff , Chitayat David 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHearing impairment is common in individuals with branchio‐oculo‐facial (BOF) syndrome. The majority of described individuals have conductive hearing impairment due to malformed ossicles and/or external canal stenosis or atresia, although a sensorineural component to the hearing impairment in BOF syndrome is increasingly being reported. Sophisticated computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone has revealed middle and inner ear malformations in three previous reports. We present middle and inner ear abnormalities in three additional individuals with mutation‐proven BOF syndrome. We suggest that temporal bone CT imaging be included in the medical workup of a child with BOF syndrome, in order to guide management. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Platyspondylic lethal dysplasia torrance type with a heterozygous mutation in the triple helical domain of COL2A1 in two sibs from phenotypically normal parents
Authors: Okamoto Toshio , Nagaya Ken , Asai Hiroko , Tsuchida Etsushi , Nohara Fumikatsu , Hayashi Tokitsugi , Yamashita Akiko , Nishimura Gen , Azuma Hiroshi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHeterozygous COL2A1 mutations create a group of skeletal dysplasias collectively termed type II collagenopathies. Sporadic cases of type II collagenopathies are almost exclusively caused by de novo mutations. Very few cases with intrafamilial recurrence due to germinal mosaicism have been known. We report here on a family in which a severe form of skeletal dysplasia was recurrent in two sibs whose phenotype was most consistent with platyspondylic lethal skeletal dysplasia Torrance type (PLSD‐T). A COL2A1 analysis showed that the two sibs had a heterozygous mutation in the encoded triple helical region of COL2A1, c.3545G>A (p.Gly1182Asp) in exon 50. The parents did not consent to a molecular analysis; however, the presence of the same mutation in the two sibs is proof of germinal mosaicism in one of the parents. PLSD‐T has been shown to arise from a heterozygous dominant negative COL2A1 mutation in the encoded C‐propeptide region. However, our observation suggests that the phenotype is also caused by a COL2A1 mutation in the encoded C‐terminal triple helical region. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The t‐U‐V‐J model in cuprates: Strengths of the interactions
Authors: Koinov Z.G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe t‐U‐V‐J model fits together three major parts of the superconductivity puzzle of the cuprite compounds: (i) it describes the opening of a d‐wave pairing gap, (ii) it is consistent with the fact that the basic pairing mechanism arises from the antiferromagnetic exchange correlations, and (iii) it takes into account the charge fluctuations associated with double occupancy of a site which play an essential role in doped systems. The strengths of the interactions U, V and J in YBa2Cu3O6.7 and La2‐xSrxCuO4 (x = 0.16) samples are obtained by requiring quantitative consistency between the angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) measurements, the sharp collective mode at the antiferromagnetic wave vector QAF=(π,π), and the observed inelastic neutron scattering resonance (INSR) positions of the incommensurate peaks at wave vectors Qδ = ((1 ± δ)π,π) and Qδ = (π(1 ± δ)π).
Photoredoxkatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht
Authors: Xuan Jun , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOrganische Umsetzungen, die durch sichtbares Licht ausgelöst werden, finden seit einigen Jahren immer größere Aufmerksamkeit. Insbesondere im Hinblick auf Kosten, Sicherheit, Verfügbarkeit und Umweltfreundlichkeit ist die Entwicklung solcher photokatalytischer Reaktionen zur effizienten Herstellung von Feinchemikalien höchst wünschenswert. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die jüngsten Fortschritte auf diesem sich schnell entwickelnden Forschungsgebiet erörtert.
Human Masseter Muscle Fibers From the Elderly Express Less Neonatal Myosin Than Those of Young Adults
Authors: Cvetko Erika , Karen PetŘ , JanÁček JiŘí , KubínovÁ Lucie , Plasencia Ana LÓpez , Eržen Ida 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn contrast to limb muscles where neonatal myosin (MyHC‐neo) is present only shortly after birth, adult masseter muscles contain a substantial portion of MyHC‐neo, which is coexpressed with mature MyHC isoforms. Changes in the numerical and area proportion of muscle fibers containing MyHC‐neo in masseter muscle with aging could be expected, based on previously reported findings that (i) developmental MyHC‐containing muscle fibers exhibit lower shortening velocities compared to fibers with exclusively fast MyHC isoforms and (ii) transformation toward faster phenotype occurs in elderly compared to young masseter muscle. In this study, we detected MyHC isoforms in the anterior superficial part of the human masseter muscle in a sufficiently large sample of young, middle‐aged, and elderly subjects to reveal age‐related changes in the coexpression of MyHC‐neo with adult MyHC isoforms. MyHC isoforms were visualized with immunoperoxidase method and the results were presented by (i) the area proportion of fibers containing particular MyHC isoforms and (ii) the numerical proportion of fiber types defined by MyHC‐1, ‐2a, ‐2x, and ‐neonatal isoform expression from a successive transverse sections. We found a lower numerical and area proportion of fibers expressing MyHC‐neo as well as a lower area proportion of fibers containing MyHC‐1 in elderly than in young subjects. We conclude that the diminished expression of MyHC‐neo with age could point to a lower regeneration capacity of masseter muscle in the elderly. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dye‐Sensitized TiO2 Nanotube Solar Cells: Rational Structural and Surface Engineering on TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Jun , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOwing to well‐defined structural parameters and enhanced electronic properties, highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays have been employed to substitute TiO2 nanoparticles for use in dye‐sensitized solar cells. To further improve the performance of dye‐sensitized TiO2 nanotube solar cells, efforts have been directed toward the optimization of TiO2 photoanodes, dyes, electrolytes, and counter electrodes. Herein, we highlight recent progress in rational structural and surface engineering on anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays and their effects on improving the power conversion efficiency of dye‐sensitized TiO2 nanotube solar cells.
Protein interaction affinity determination by quantitative FRET technology
Authors: Song Yang , Rodgers V.G.J. , Schultz Jerome S. , Liao Jiayu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe dissociation constant, Kd, is an important parameter for characterizing protein–protein interaction affinities. SUMOylation is one of the important protein post‐translational modifications and it involves a multi‐step enzymatic cascade reaction, resulting in peptide activation and substrate conjugation. Multiple covalent and non‐covalent protein–protein interactions are involved in this cascade. Techniques involving Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been widely used in biological studies in vitro and in vivo, and they are very powerful tools for elucidating protein interactions in many regulatory cascades. In our previous studies, we reported the attempt to develop a new method for the determination of the Kd by FRET assay using the interaction of SUMO1 and its E2 ligase, Ubc9 as a test system. However, the generality and specifications of this new method have not been fully determined. Here we report a systematic approach for determining the dissociation constant (Kd) in the SUMOylation cascade and for further sensitivity and accuracy testing by the FRET technology. From a FRET donor to acceptor concentration ratio range of 4–40, the Kds of SUMO1 and Ubc9 consistently agree well with values from surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry. These results demonstrate the high sensitivity and accuracy of the FRET‐based Kd determination approach. This technology, therefore, can be used in general for protein–protein interaction dissociation constant determination. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2875–2883. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth kinetics of microalgae in microfluidic static droplet arrays
Authors: Dewan Alim , Kim Jihye , McLean Rebecca H. , Vanapalli Siva A. , Karim Muhammad Nazmul 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe investigated growth kinetics of microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, in immobilized arrays of nanoliter‐scale microfluidic drops. These static drop arrays enabled simultaneous monitoring of growth of single as well as multiple cells encapsulated in individual droplets. To monitor the growth, individual drop volumes were kept nearly intact for more than a month by controlling the permeation of water in and out of the microfluidic device. The kinetic growth parameters were quantified by counting the increase in the number of cells in each drop over time. In addition to determining the kinetic parameters, the cell‐size distribution of the microalgae was correlated with different stages of the growth. The single‐cell growth kinetics of C. vulgaris showed significant heterogeneity. The specific growth rate ranged from 0.55 to 1.52 day−1 for different single cells grown in the same microfluidic device. In comparison, the specific growth rate in bulk‐scale experiment was 1.12 day−1. It was found that the average cell size changes significantly at different stages of the cell growth. The mean cell‐size increased from 5.99 ± 1.08 to 7.33 ± 1.3 µm from exponential to stationary growth phase. In particular, when multiple cells are grown in individual drops, we find that in the stationary growth phase, the cell size increases with the age of cell suggesting enhanced accumulation of fatty acids in older cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2987–2996. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the activity and stability of amylase from saliva and detergent: Laboratory practicals for studying the activity and stability of amylase from saliva and various commercial detergents
Authors: Valls Cristina , Rojas Cristina , Pujadas Gerard , Garcia‐Vallve Santi , Mulero Miquel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article presents two integrated laboratory exercises intended to show students the role of α‐amylases (AAMYs) in saliva and detergents. These laboratory practicals are based on the determination of the enzymatic activity of amylase from saliva and different detergents using the Phadebas test (quantitative) and the Lugol test (qualitative) under different conditions (e.g. variations in temperature and alkalinity). This work also proposes the study of enzyme stability in the presence of several surfactants and oxidizing agents using the same technical approach. The proposed laboratory exercises promote the understanding of the physiological function of this enzyme and the biotechnological applications of AAMYs in the detergent industry. The exercises also promote the understanding that the enzymatic stability and performance are dependent on the organism of origin, and if necessary, these properties could be modified by genetic engineering. In addition, this article reinforces the development of laboratory skills, problem‐solving capabilities, and the ability to write a laboratory report. The exercises are proposed primarily as an undergraduate project for advanced students in the biochemical and biotechnological sciences. These laboratory practicals are complementary to the previously published BAMBED article (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 280–290, 2011) on detergent proteases.