bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Drought and Its Effect on Germination of Five Pasture Species1
Authors: Sharma M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile studying the effect of drought on seed germination, water potentials are usually simulated by addition of various osmotic substrates to water. Studies showing the comparative effects of these simulated water potentials and of true drought are rather scarce. A study was undertaken whereby drought was simulated by sodium chloride (NaCl)), mannitol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG, 20,000 mol wt.), and its effect on the germination characteristics of Trifolium repens L., Lolium perenne L., Danthonia caespitosa Gaudich, Atriplex vesicaria Hew. ex Benth. and A. nummularia Lindl. was determined. These osmotic drought effects were compared with those of true drought.The rate and total germination of all the species declined with decreasing levels of water potential. The extent of such reduction varied considerably among species and with the type of osmotic medium. On iso‐potential basis, the order of osmotic medium with respect to the severity of their effect on germination reduction in all the species was PEG > NaCl> mannitol. It was suspected that both NaCl and mannitol entered the seeds, and also that the toxic effects of NaCl were either equally or dominantly offset by the solute entry effects.Under artificial conditions when soil/seed contact and water flow properties of soil media were nonlimiting and there was no undesirable microbial activity, the equivalence of osmotic‐PEG and matric potential held for all the species under study. Osmotic solutions created by PEG did serve as a convenient and satisfactory media for studying the effect of true drought on seed germination. However, caution must be exercised in extending these results to predict germination behavior in soil/water media where the so‐called “nonlimiting” conditions may not always be met.The order of species with respect to drought tolerance at germination was: L. perenne > A. nummularia = D. caespitosa > A. vesicaria > T. repens. This tolerance may be a reliable indication for species as regards their ease of germination under comparatively adverse soil/ water conditions. However, it is suggested that it is not necessarily an acceptable index of drought tolerance in mature plants.
High‐Clearance Sprayer for Small Plot Research1
Authors: Seltmann Heinz , Priest Joseph A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA high‐clearance sprayer equipped with compressed air and electronic controls provided a versatile system for small plot research. The large solution tank was replaced with a rack to carry eight (or more) solution tanks each of which could be connected to a separate spray nozzle arrangement. Various combinations of spray rate, solution, and nozzle arrangements were instantly available to the operator
Effect of Applied Nitrogen on the Nodulation and Early Growth of Soybeans (Glycine Max (L.) MERR.)1
Authors: Hatfield J. L. , Egli D. B. , Leggett J. E. , Peaslee D. E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Cutler’ soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown for 6 weeks after emergence in a gravel culture system to evaluate the effects of applied N on nodulation and early growth. Treatments included inoculated plants supplied 10 meq/liter NO3– for 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks from the time of emergence and uninoculated plants supplied N for 6 weeks. Dry weight of inoculated plants receiving N for 0 and 2 weeks was significantly lower than that of inoculated plants receiving N for 4 and 6 weeks. Dry weight of the stems and leaves was the same for the un‐inoculated plants receiving N for 6 weeks as for the inoculated plants receiving N for 4 or 6 weeks. The number of nodules was increased by the addition of N for 2 weeks following seedling emergence. Total N in the stem and leaves was the same for the inoculated plants supplied N for 4 and 6 weeks as for the uninoculated plants with N. These results provide evidence of the importance of soil N for the initial growth of soybeans, even in the presence of adequate inoculation.
Nutritive Value of Crownvetch Forage as Influenced by Structural Constituents and Phenolic and Tannin Compounds1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Cope W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the nutritive value of crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) forage by in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). Structural constituents [neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (lignin)] and secondary compounds (tannin and phenols) were determined and were related to IVDMD.In experiment I, leaves were discarded from 40 clones and the stems were separated into tops and bottoms. A regrowth of leafy forage was also harvested. Clonal differences in IVDMD were greater in the stem tissue than in the leaves. Increased quality of crownvetch appeared possible through plant selection; however, selection for increased IVDMD would probably result in late flowering clones that had low spring vigor.In experiment II, six crownvetch clones varying in internode length, leaflet size, and date of flowering were separated into component parts (stems, leaflets, petioles, and flowers) at different growth stages in different years. Mature stems were considerably lower in percentage IVDMD (47.7) than either leaflets (66.1) or petioles (64.7). However, IVDMD of immature stems was almost equal to those of leaflets and petioles of the same harvest (72.0, 77.9, and 78.9%, respectively). Both cell solubles (100‐NDF) and ADF predicted IVDMD of stems (r2 = 0.96**), while only ADF showed any relation to IVDMD of petioles (r2 = 0.80**) or leaflets (r2 = 0.44**). Total phenol and tannin fractions of leaflets were negatively associated with IVDMD. Total phenols accounted for 59% of the variation, and tannins, 30%. Of the six clones evaluated, highest, but similar, total phenol concentrations were found in leaf tissues of clones 4 and 6. However, IVDMD percentages for clone 6 were not as drastically affected (62.7 to 71.9%) as were those of clone 4 (53.6 to 61.6%). When both structural constituents (ADF) and secondary compounds (total phenols and tannins) were considered, 77% of the variation in leaf IVDMD was accounted for. The importance of the leaf portion in altering the nutritive value of crownvetch is apparent when considering that the total‐plant dry matter, when averaged over the six clones and three harvest dates, consisted of 38.5% leaflets, 45.9% stems, and 10.1% petioles.
Effect of SO4‐S Fertilization on Se Concentration of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)1
Authors: Westermann D. T. , Robbins C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelenium is not required for plant growth, but is necessary for the prevention of white muscle disease and other low‐Se related animal disorders. Areas in the Pacific Northwest that produce forages low in Se are nearly identical to those known to be S deficient. While SO4‐S has been shown to inhibit SeO4‐Se uptake by plants, the effect of S fertilization on Se uptake by plants growing on low‐Se soils where other forms of Se may exist has not been evaluated. This was examined on eight alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) experimental sites where S fertilization was a variable in southern Idaho. Yields were measured, and plant samples were taken from the first harvest of alfalfa (0.1 bloom) and analyzed for total Se and S, and Se uptake.Sulfur fertilization significantly reduced forage Se concentrations at four of the eight experimental sites. Forages at seven sites contained less than 0.1 ppm Se before S fertilization, which was further reduced by the S fertilization. The decrease in Se concentration mainly reflected a dilution effect caused by a growth response to the S fertilization. No direct relationship was apparent between forage Se and S levels. This study showed that S fertilization of S‐deficient, low‐Se soils to increase forage production may increase the incidence of Se deficiency in animals. Thus ranchers, cattlemen, and agronomists should become aware of this potential problem and provide protective measures against Se deficiency in their livestock.
Effect of an Asphalt Barrier on Water Storage and Drought Probability1
Authors: Palta J. P. , Blake G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField measurements of water redistribution after infiltration were made on two sandy soils with and without asphalt barriers at a 55 cm depth to determine the barrier effect on soil water potential gradients and on water retention at various times. Estimates of the effect of the barrier on seasonal drought severity and on movement of water to horizons below the barrier were made on one of the soils.Soil water potential gradients and the volumetric water content at different depths were nearly the same for barrier and nonbarrier plots on Hubbard loamy coarse sand because a coarse sand‐gravel layer between the 25 and 50‐cm soil depths acts as a water barrier. After 96 hours drainage, suctions in Zimmerman fine sand reached 31 cm of water just above the barrier and 61 cm at the same depth without barrier. Available water to barrier depth was increased from 2.9 cm to 7.5 cm by the barrier.Available water above the barrier was determined for Zimmerman fine sand and was used to calculate the effect of a barrier on drought probability. This analysis showed that on barrier plots, there would be 25 fewer drought days in the driest year in 10, and 31 fewer in the 5 driest years in 10.Based on rainfall at the Zimmerman fine sand site, it was shown that, over a 3‐year period, supplemental water needed to keep an active growing crop could have been reduced by 58% with a barrier. Probable water loss by percolation, on the other hand, would have been one‐fifth as great with a barrier as without.
Dating Termination of Cotton Irrigation from Soil Water‐Retention Characteristics1
Authors: Grimes D. W. , Dickens W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the semiarid San Joaquin Valley of California, about 90% of the evapotranspiration needs for nonstressed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) are met by irrigation. Soil water‐retention characteristics determine the frequency with which irrigations must be made to replenish depleted soil water during the growing season. Comparatively little attention has been given to using this soil parameter in a predictive sense to help define the correct timing of a final irrigation which may save water and hasten maturity without reducing yield.Studies were conducted in the San Joaquin Valley, on two soils that have a broad difference in water retention ability, to determine the best irrigation termination date for cotton. A multiple‐regression model that included time of irrigation termination and water‐retention capacity of soil as independent variables was used to describe the influence of these variables on cotton production potential (R2 = 0.71”*). Prepared from the function was a graphic relation illustrating an irrigation termination time that allows a 98% relative yield on the basis of the amount of available water the soil can retain. An optimum irrigation termination time was 28 days later for the low water‐retaining soil of the study than for the high water‐retaining soil. Correct timing of a final irrigation saved water and hastened the opening of mature bolls without harm to lint yield or quality.
Cottonseed Density: Associated Physical and Chemical Properties of 10 Cultivars1
Authors: Bartee S. N. , Krieg D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent studies have indicated that cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germination and seedling vigor are more closely related to seed density than to any other physical properties such as size or weight. This study was undertaken to determine the physical and chemical differences among seed of different densities within a cultivar and among seed of the same density between cultivars. The primary objective was to relate physical or chemical properties to seed density and to offer an explanation for the reported correlation between seed density, germination, and seedling vigor. Cottonseed of 10 cultivars grown on the Texas High Plains were separated into 4 density groups using a pneumatic separator and increasing air velocities. Separation of seed by density was somewhat independent of cultivar; whereas, seed weight was highly dependent on the cultivar. As seed density increased, the proportion of the total seed weight attributable to the embryo increased from 50% to 65% across all cultivars. The lipid concentration increased significantly from the lowest to the second density group, then remained essentially constant thereafter. All chemical constituents increased significantly when expressed on the basis of seed content. A significant cultivar effect existed within each density group with respect to the quantity of material present.Seed density was a good indication of seed maturity, as shown by the ratios of embryo weight to total seed weight. Although the concentrations of the various chemical constituents were only slightly affected, the quantity of both organic and inorganic material available to the germinating seedling was increased as seed density increased.
Simple Procedure for Quantitative Analysis of Turfgrass Color1
Authors: Johnson G. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAssessments of turfgrass responses to environment, management, and culture are most often subjective, visual estimates. A simple procedure, based on methanol extraction of chlorophyll from dried turfgrass clippings, was developed to provide an objective quantitative measure of turf color. Extracted chlorophyll (chlorophyll index, CI) ranged from about 4 to 10 mg/g for ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) containing from 3 to 5.2% N. The procedure was validated by linear correlation (r3 = 0.77 to 0.90) of CI and % N values. The procedure adapts easily to routine use because it uses common laboratory instruments and is not time‐consuming. The resulting values are not confounded by turf density, cover, or thatch.
Winter Wheat Response to Barrier‐Induced Microclimate1
Authors: Skidmore E. L. , Hagen L. J. , Naylor D. G. , Teare I. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this research was to investigate morphological and physiological response of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to microclimate induced by a slatfence wind barrier. Six varieties of wheat were grown in 90‐m‐long plots running perpendicular to centrally placed, east‐west barriers. Meteorological conditions and plant response were observed on selected days. Stomatal resistance and leaf water potential were measured with stomatal resistance meter and pressure bomb, respectively. Rate of photosynthesis was evaluated by determining uptake of labeled CO2. When environmental conditions were conducive to plant water stress, the plants in the sheltered area had significantly lower stomatal diffusive resistance, tended to have higher leaf‐water potential, and photosynthesized at an equal or significantly greater rate than those in the open field, even though plants in shelter contained 24%less leaf chlorophyll than those in open field. On days when water stress was low, the difference in plant responses between open field and shelter was generally nonsignificant. The plants in the sheltered area generally grew taller, had larger leaves, and had improved water‐stress relationships compared with those in open field. Yet, the grain yields were not consistently increased for the growing environment at Manhattan, Kansas.
Line Source Carbon Dioxide Release. II. Two‐Dimensional Numerical Diffusion Model1
Authors: Allen L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments of CO2 release from a line source left many gaps in our knowledge of CO2 diffusion and how the released gas was lost from the field. The two dimensional vertical flux and horizontal mass flow numedical model presented here showed graphically where and how this loss was occurring. CO2 tended to be lost vertically in a bent‐over plume. Some of the CO2 which was lost vertically would diffuse again into the crop canopy, but this small amount would not increase the canopy CO2 concentration significantly.
Model for Predicting Plant Yield as Influenced by Water Use1
Authors: Hanks R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA model has been devised to predict plant yield, both total dry matter and grain, as a function of water use. The model is simple and inexpensive to run on a computer to determine seasonal yields as influenced by irrigation frequency and amount, rainfall, and soil water storage. A good fit of predicted vs measured dry matter yield of sorghum (Sorghum vulgate L.) in Colorado, corn (Zea mays L.) dry matter and grain yields in Israel, and corn grain yields in Nebraska, with various water application treatments, was found. A basic assumption is that the ratio of actual to potential dry matter yield is directly related to the ratio of actual to potential transpiration. Evaporation from the soil is assumed to decrease with the square root of time after wetting as well as with the stage of growth. The shape of the relative yield‐water use curve was found to be sensitive to the evaporation and transpiration assumptions made, but insensitive to the relation used to describe the influence of soil water status on transpiration.
Woody Core Fiber Length, Cellulose Percentage, and Yield Components of Kenaf1
Authors: Adamson W. C. , Bagby M. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIf kenaf lines differ in woody core fiber length and cellulose content, it may be possible to increase the pulp quality of kenaf through breeding. Forty‐eight cultivars, breeding lines, and accessions of cultivated kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) were analyzed for differences in woody core fiber length and monethanolamine (MEA) cellulose, yield, and plant size. All commercial cultivars of kenaf in the test had relatively short woody core fibers. In the breeding line with the longest woody core fibers, such fibers averaged 0.19 mm longer than those of the longest‐fibered cultivar, a significant difference. Mean woody core fiber length showed negative correlations with yield, plant height, stalk diameter, and MEA cellulose.Kenaf lines and cultivars did not vary greatly in MEA cellulose, and the commercial cultivars were near the middle of the range. MEA cellulose showed positive correlations with stalk diameter and plant height.
Effects of Tannin Content and Temperature on Storage of Propionic Acid Treated Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Nelson L. R. , Cummins D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] can be stored as high‐moisture grain when treated with propionic acid, but it is not known if grain tannin levels affect the amount of acid needed. We planned the investigation to answer this question and to determine the effects of storage temperature on the amount of propionic acid needed for storage of high‐moisture grain sorghum. Grain from a high‐ and a low‐tannin hybrid was stored with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (wet weight) propionic acid for 9 weeks to determine rates required for safe storage. Results showed that high‐tannin grain does not require as much propionic acid (1.0%) for safe high‐moisture storage as does low‐tannin grain (1.5% propionic acid). Low‐tannin grain was stored at low and high temperatures at the above propionic acid rates. Grain stored at the higher temperature spoiled at a faster rate, and results indicated that a higher rate of acid is needed for safe storage at higher temperatures.
Changes in Nutritive Value of Siratro Forage with Age1
Authors: Siewerdt Lotar , Holt Ethan C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutritive value characteristics are not as well documented for tropical legumes as for temperate legumes and grasses. ‘Siratro’ (Phaseolus atropurpureus D.C.), a tropical legume, was grown under field conditions in soil classified as a udertic haplustoll with adequate moisture, to determine its nutritive value as affected by plant age. Plant samples, harvested at the ground level every 2 weeks, beginning at the 4th week after establishment and continuing to 26 weeks of age, were separated into leaf, petiole, and stem fractions and analyzed for crude protein (CP) and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM). The nutritional value of Siratro was relatively high at all times, averaging 68% IVDDM for whole plants over a 26‐week period. During the first 18 weeks of growth, leaves averaged 75% IVDDM, ranging from 74 to 77%; stems averaged 61%, ranging from 59 to 63%; and petioles averaged 70%, ranging from 67 to 73%. Crude protein averaged 15% for whole plants and was highest during the first 8 weeks of growth. After the 16th week, CP content remained stable at about 13%. Leaves had the highest CP content, averaging 21% with values ranging from 15 to 23%. All three plant portions showed a declining pattern, with time, in percent of both CP and IVDDM, but the change was less than that found in perennial tropical grasses.
Intercultivar Competition in Sunflower Test Plots1
Authors: Fick G. N. , Swallers C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of single‐row test plots would greatly facilitate evaluation of experimental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars, particularly when the number of entries is large and seed or land area is limited. The objectives of our study were to obtain information on intercultivar competition, and to determine whether single‐row plots will provide reliable performance data. Eight sunflower cultivars representing diverse agronomic types were grown at Fargo, N. D., in 1972 and 1973. Seed (achene) yields for individual cultivars ranged from 50% higher to 25% lower in one‐row as compared to three‐row plots. These differences were highly significant and indicated the need for bordered plots in preliminary yield testing. One hundred‐ seed weights were also influenced significantly by intercultivar competition in one‐row plots but to a lesser degree than seed yields. Competition did not significantly affect days to 50 percent flowering, plant height, rust reaction, test weight, and seed oil percent, which suggests that these traits can be estimated accurately in single‐row plots.
Hay Preservation and Quality Improvement by Anhydrous Ammonia Treatment1
Authors: Knapp W. R. , Holt D. A. , Lechtenberg V. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of anhydrous ammonia (NH3) as a preservative to prevent microbial activity and consequent dry matter and digestibility losses in hay that is intentionally or unintentionally stored at moisture levels above 20%. An effective hay preservative would shorten required drying time, thus reducing mechanical losses and risk of weather damages.Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.), and ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.)‐tall fescue hays were baled at moisture contents ranging from 16 to 33%. Immediately after baling, gaseous NH3 was applied at 1.0% of the weight of the hay. Temperatures were recorded for three weeks following treatment. Dry matter and digestibility losses were measured in samples taken at baling and after 2 or 3 months in storage.All of the untreated hays with initial moisture contents above 32% became moldy, heated to 55 C or above, and suffered significant losses in dry matter, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), and in vitro cell wall disappearance (IVCWD) during storage. Ammonium N,acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and ADF‐N percentages increased significantly. Total N percentage of alfalfa hay increased significantly during storage.NH3 treatment reduced molding, heating, and dry matter loss in stored hay. Significant increases in total N, ammonium‐N, and IVCWD occurred following NH3 treatment. IVDMDfollowing NH3 treatment. IVDMDfollowing NH3 treatment. IVDMDfollowing NH3 treatment. IVDMD decreased during storage but remained higher than in untreated hay. Animals readily consumed the ammoniated hay.NH3 has the potential to preserve hay that is too wet to store without a preservative. In addition, ammoniation may improve hay quality by increasing total N content and cell wall digestibility. Ammoniation of highly lignified, low N materials such as corn stalks, corn cobs, or straw might significantly improve nutritional quality of these materials.