bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced removal of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen in a one‐stage vertical flow constructed wetland system
Authors: Du Xiaoli , Xu Zuxin , Wang Sheng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA modified cyclic batch constructed wetland was innovated to examine the removal of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen from rural wastewater in the eastern area of China. The results demonstrated that mean percentage removal of BOD5 and NH‐N in the modified cyclic batch constructed wetland treating rural wastewater were 80 and 97%, respectively. Compared with conventional constructed wetland systems, the quality of effluent from the modified cyclic batch constructed wetland was higher when treating rural wastewater. The predominant process for BOD5 removal was aerobic biodegradation and biomass assimilation in the system, which accounted for more than 99% of total removal. Mass balance calculation of NH‐N showed that the average rate of nitrification was 6.247 g m−2 day−1, which was 7.5 times more than the amount removed by biomass assimilation. The supply of oxygen by the modified methods in the modified cyclic batch constructed wetland was significantly high for available oxygen, which was 76.984 g m−2 day−1, much higher than the demand for rural wastewater treatment. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Adsorption and desorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II) on the soils amended with nanoscale hydroxyapatite
Authors: Chen Jie‐hua , Wang Yu‐jun , Zhou Dong‐mei , Cui Yu‐xia , Wang Shen‐qiang , Chen Yu‐cheng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdsorption and desorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Cd(II) on a Red soil (RS, Udic Ferrosols) and a Wushan soil (WS, Anthrosol) amended with nanoscale hydroxyapatite (nano‐HAP) were studied by batch experiments. The adsorption isotherms show that different kinds of heavy metals had different affinity to the soils in the order of Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Zn(II). The amount of each heavy metal adsorbed on the RS was lower than that on the WS, because the former had lower CEC and pH than the latter. The amendment of nano‐HAP in the soils significantly enhanced the adsorption of heavy metals, in comparison with the treatment receiving no nano‐HAP. The Kf, simulated from the adsorption isotherms, increased from 78 to 2180 for Cu(II), 16.6 to 59.5 for Zn(II), and 17.9 to174 for Cd(II) on the RS, and from 995 to 6410 for Cu(II), 52.5 to 92.4 for Zn(II), and 59.2 to 199 for Cd(II) on the WS, when 0.20 g nano‐HAP was added into 1.00 g soil. The nano‐HAP remarkably inhibited desorption of heavy metals from the soils, suggesting that the addition of nano‐HAP can significantly reduce the mobilization of heavy metals and increase their geochemical stability in metal contaminated soils. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Geomorphological, stratigraphic and geochronological evidence of fast Pleistocene coastal uplift in the westernmost part of the Corinth Gulf Rift (Greece)
Authors: Palyvos N. , Mancini M. , Sorel D. , Lemeille F. , Pantosti D. , Julia R. , Triantaphyllou M. , De Martini P.‐M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRapid extension and active normal faulting in the western extremity of the Corinth Gulf are accompanied by fast coastal uplift. We investigate Pleistocene uplift west of Aigion, by attempting to date remains of marine terraces and sedimentary sequences by calcareous nannoplankton and U‐series analyses. Net uplift initiated recently, due to abandonment of an older rift‐bounding fault zone and increase in activity on the presently active, coastal fault zone. This change apparently coincides with an abrupt slow down (or, termination) of secondary fault block tilting within the broader hangingwall block of the older zone, indicated by an angular unconformity that dates in the early part of MIS10 (∼390–350 ka BP, preferably, in the earlier part of this period). Net uplift driven by the coastal zone resulted in the formation of MIS9c (330 ka) and younger terraces. The formation of the unconformity and the initiation of net uplift coincide temporally with a ∼300–400 ka unconformity recognized by recent studies in a wide area offshore Aigion i.e. they could be part of an evolutionary event that affected the entire western part of the Corinth Rift or, a large area therein. Uplift rate estimates at four locations are discussed with reference to the morphotectonic context of differential uplift of secondary fault blocks, and the context of possible increase in uplift rate with time. The most reliable and most useful estimate for uplift rate at the longitude of the studied transect is 1.74–1.85 mm/year (time‐averaged estimate for the last ∼240 ka, based on calcareous nannoplankton and sequence‐stratigraphic interpretation). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic variation in CYP17A1 and pancreatic cancer in a population‐based case‐control study in the San Francisco Bay Area, California
Authors: Duell Eric J. , Holly Elizabeth A. , Kelsey Karl T. , Bracci Paige M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related death in men and women in the United States. Reproductive factors and steroid hormones have been suspected risk factors for many years, but the results from epidemiologic studies to date have been inconclusive. CYP17A1 encodes cytochrome P450c17α, an enzyme with 17α‐hydroxylase and 17,20‐lyase activities in estradiol biosynthesis. A polymorphism in the 5′UTR promoter region of CYP17A1‐34T/C(A1/A2) has been associated with circulating estrogens in premenopausal women and with susceptibility to breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. Questionnaire data and germline DNA collected in a San Francisco Bay Area population‐based case‐control study of pancreatic cancer (cases = 532, controls = 1701) were used to conduct analyses of pancreatic cancer susceptibility related to the CYP17A1 polymorphism and whether effects associated with smoking and reproductive risk factors were modified by this polymorphism. Mass spectrometry– and TaqMan‐based methods were used to determine CYP17A1 genotypes in DNA samples from 308 cases and 964 controls. Results showed that carriers of the A2 allele (vs. A1/A1) were significantly less likely to have been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer (A1/A2, adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.58‐1.0; A2/A2, OR = 0.63, 95%CI = 0.42‐0.93; p‐trend = 0.01). ORs for CYP17A1 genotypes did not differ by sex, but the observed inverse association was stronger in postmenopausal women. ORs for smoking and pancreatic cancer were not modified by CYP17A1 genotype. Our results suggest that the CYP17A1 A2 allele may be associated with a lower risk of pancreatic cancer in both men and women.
EFNA1 ligand and its receptor EphA2: potential biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Cui Xiang‐Dan , Lee Mi‐Jin , Yu Goung‐Ran , Kim In‐Hee , Yu Hee‐Chul , Song Eun‐Young , Kim Dae‐Ghon 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNovel biomarkers are needed for early detection and progression evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to identify useful biomolecular markers for HCC. The 26 genes that encode membrane or secretory proteins were identified from cDNA microarray data. We further examined the expression of EFNA1 and its receptor EphA2 and determined their biological implications during the development and progression of HCC. The EFNA1 mRNA was overexpressed in most HCCs as compared with its expression in corresponding nontumor tissues (36 out of 40 cases, 90%), but EphA2 expression was noted in only half of the HCC tissues (20 of 40 cases, 50%). In most of the hepatoma cell lines, the EFNA1 protein expression was positively associated with alpha‐fetoprotien (AFP) expression but inversely associated with EphA2 expression. Furthermore, EFNA1 levels were detectable in the supernatant of the cultured hepatoma cells and in the serum of patients with HCC. In contrast, EphA2 expression was prominent in highly invasive hepatoma cells, and its overexpression was significantly correlated with decreased differentiation (r = 0.0248, p < 0.010) and poor survival (p = 0.0453) for HCC patients. EFNA1 and EphA2 may be useful serum markers for the detection of HCC development and progression, respectively.
Cancer incidence among children and adolescents in Brazil: First report of 14 population‐based cancer registries
Authors: de Camargo Beatriz , de Oliveira Santos Marceli , Rebelo Marise Souto , de Souza Reis Rejane , Ferman Sima , Noronha Claudio Pompeaino , Pombo‐de‐Oliveira Maria S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Brazilian Population‐Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) was started in 1967; today there are 20 PBCRs in Brazil. We report the first descriptive analysis of the incidence of childhood cancer based on data from 14 PBCRs, corresponding to 15% of the child and adolescent population in Brazil. Data were obtained from registry databases, including information on population coverage and data quality indicators. The International Classification of Childhood Cancer was used. Age‐adjusted rates were calculated by world population. Incidence by cancer registry, age, sex, and cancer type were calculated per 1,000,000 children. Age‐adjusted rates per 1,000,000 children/adolescents ranged from 92 to 220 among the 14 PBCRs. The principal groups of cancers were leukemia, lymphoma and central nervous tumors. The median incidence rate of childhood cancer in the 14 PBCRs was 154.3 per million; children 1–4 years of age had the highest incidence rates. The Brazilian PBCRs provide important information about pediatric cancer incidence in an emerging country. The observed incidence rates of childhood leukemia were similar to previous reported rates, and the age‐specific incidence rates of retinoblastoma (0–4 years of age) were higher than those for developed countries. These data can be used as baseline incidence rates of childhood and adolescent cancer in Brazil in future epidemiological studies.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1)/CCL2 secreted by hepatic myofibroblasts promotes migration and invasion of human hepatoma cells
Authors: Dagouassat Maylis , Suffee Nadine , Hlawaty Hanna , Haddad Oualid , Charni Faten , Laguillier Christelle , Vassy Roger , Martin Loïc , Schischmanoff Pierre‐Olivier , Gattegno Liliane , Oudar Olivier , Sutton Angela , Charnaux Nathalie 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aim of our study was to investigate whether myofibroblasts and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1)/CCL2 may play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma progression. We observed that hepatic myofibroblast LI90 cells express MCP‐1/CCL2 mRNA and secrete this chemokine. Moreover, myofibroblast LI90 cell‐conditioned medium (LI90‐CM) induces human hepatoma Huh7 cell migration and invasion. These effects are strongly reduced when a MCP‐1/CCL2‐depleted LI90‐CM was used. We showed that MCP‐1/CCL2 induces Huh7 cell migration and invasion through its G‐protein–coupled receptor CCR2 and, to a lesser extent, through CCR1 only at high MCP‐1/CCL2 concentrations. MCP‐1/CCL2's chemotactic activities rely on tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion components and depend on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9. Furthermore, we observed that Huh7 cell migration and invasion induced by the chemokine are strongly inhibited by heparin, by β‐D‐xyloside treatment of cells and by anti‐syndecan‐1 and ‐4 antibodies. Finally, we developed a 3‐dimensional coculture model of myofibroblast LI90 and Huh7 cells and demonstrated that MCP‐1/CCL2 and its membrane partners, CCR1 and CCR2, may be involved in the formation of mixed hepatoma‐myofibroblast spheroids. In conclusion, our data show that human liver myofibroblasts act on hepatoma cells in a paracrine manner to increase their invasiveness and suggest that myofibroblast‐derived MCP‐1/CCL2 could be involved in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
A short history of the development studies association
Authors: Tribe Michael 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper outlines the origins of the Development Studies Association (DSA) in the 1960s together with the main features of the association since its formation in 1978. Some of the leading individuals in this evolution are identified, but it is made clear that institutional pressures have also been important over the years. Issues which threaten the Association include ‘free‐riding’ (the obverse of which is ‘externalities’) as well as the linked question of those involved in ‘development’ who are neither members nor involved in the activities of the association. The paper also considers whether the DSA has ‘made a difference’, links the DSA to its European sister association, the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), and describes recent and prospective future developments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liberalisation and poverty in Africa since 1990–Why is the operation of the ‘invisible hand’ uneven?
Authors: Mosley Paul , Chiripanhura Blessing 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe dramatic reduction in poverty in Uganda and Ghana in the 1990s was derived largely from the liberalisation of the export price received by a labour‐intensive peasant export sector. Other African economies ought to be able to derive inspiration from this manifestation of the invisible hand, but can they? Several other African peasant export economies experienced price liberalisation during the structural adjustment period, but without experiencing anything like the same positive poverty reduction dynamic. Two reasons are fairly clear—liberalising countries varied in the extent to which they passed on higher export prices, and they also varied in the extent to which they impacted on dimensions of governance, especially the politics of market access, in the rest of the economy. The latter continues to be an important research frontier for future investigators. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development with dearer food: Can the invisible hand guide us?
Authors: Toye John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper argues that, notwithstanding the current global recession, the tripling of food prices in the period 2005–2008 presages a permanent increase in the average real price of food over the next 30 years. The underlying causes are likely to be rising energy prices, adverse effects of climate change on agriculture and rising food consumption in Asia. The consequences will be increased social and political turbulence of the urban poor and misguided government policies to try to mitigate this instability. Adam Smith's invisible hand indicates the shape of more constructive policies, consistent with economic development objectives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three invisible hands: Comments on the plenary presentations at the DSA conference 2008 by past presidents Paul Mosley, Frances Stewart, John Toye—and the essay by past president John Harriss
Authors: Harriss‐White Barbara 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResponding to three plenary addresses at the DSA conference 2008, and another written contribution, this paper comments on the invisible hand; the dynamics of institutional change; the role of the (commodified) state; ‘markets’ versus actually existing capitalism and the implications of global warming for development studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should God play a role in development?
Authors: de Kadt Emanuel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFaith‐based organisations (FBOs) have made important contributions to the furthering of development, particularly in health care and education. They have also stood up to dictatorial regimes, as with the Roman Catholic Church in Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s. Protestant organisations, especially its Evangelical variants, have played a more ambivalent role, also because these were at times ‘promoted’ by military regimes subject to RC criticism. They also reveal why FBOs, for whom religion is the only relevant aspect of identity, can have a negative effect on development, especially if they promote rigid and inflexible beliefs, limiting individual freedom. Taking religion seriously is important in development studies, but there are good reasons to resist the ‘faith‐based bandwagon’, not least because this increasingly obscures the borderline between analysis and endorsement. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where next for development studies? Coverage, capacity, communications
Authors: Maxwell Simon 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree challenges face development studies and development studies institutions—the three ‘C's’. The first ‘C’ is coverage: making sure that the sector has sufficient coverage of new topics. The second ‘C’ is capacities: recognising that growth in the number and strength of developing country institutions requires developed country institutions to re‐think their role. The third ‘C’ is communications: using new technology to deliver policy messages faster and more effectively. With the geographical scope of the development studies ‘industry’ also changing, as more countries reach middle income status, change management becomes a high priority. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
After 2015: What are the ingredients of an ‘MDG‐PLUS’ agenda for poverty reduction?
Authors: Sumner Andy , Tiwari Meera 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), for better or worse, have played a major role in focusing development policy since their original incarnation in the 1990s. Some development agencies have gone as far as to judge the value of all their activities on the contribution to achieving the MDGs. This paper asks how is the context for poverty reduction changing, what has been the impact of the MDG paradigm to date, and what, if anything should replace the MDGs in 2015 as a policy focus (or foci) or paradigm. The paper is based on the authors' own ideas and draws upon the presentations and background papers from the ‘After 2015’ panel held at the DSA 2008 conference. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microscale synthesis and kinetic isotope effect analysis of (4R)‐[Ad‐14C,4‐2H] NADPH and (4R)‐[Ad‐3H,4‐2H] NADPH
Authors: Yahashiri Atsushi , Sen Arundhuti , Kohen Amnon 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe present a one‐pot chemo‐enzymatic microscale synthesis of NADPH with two different patterns of isotopic labels: (4R)‐[Ad‐14C,4‐2H] NADPH and (4R)‐[Ad‐3H,4‐2H] NADPH. These co‐factors are required by an enormous range of enzymes, and isotopically labeled nicotinamides are consequently of significant interest to researchers. In the current procedure, [Ad‐14C] NAD+ and [Ad‐3H] NAD+ were phosphorylated by NAD+ kinase to produce [Ad‐14C] NADP+ and [Ad‐3H] NADP+, respectively. Thermoanaerobium brockii alcohol dehydrogenase was then used to stereospecifically transfer deuterium from C2 of isopropanol to the re face of C4 of NADP+. After purification by HPLC, NMR analysis indicated that the deuterium content at the 4R position is more than 99.7%. The labeled cofactors were then used to successfully and sensitively measure kinetic isotope effects for R67 dihydrofolate reductase, providing strong evidence for the utility of this synthetic methodology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of the symmetric doped double‐gate MOSFET model in Verilog‐A for circuit simulation
Authors: Alvarado Joaquín , Iñiguez Benjamin , Estrada Magali , Flandre Denis , Cerdeira Antonio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecently we developed a model for symmetric double‐gate MOSFETs (SDDGM) that, for the first time, considers the doping concentration in the Si film in the complete range from 1×1014 to 3×1018 cm−3. The model covers a wide range of technological parameters and includes short channel effects. It was validated for different devices using data from simulations, as well as measured in real devices. In this paper, we present the implementation in Verilog‐A code of this model, which allows its introduction in commercial simulators. The Verilog‐A implementation was optimized to achieve reduction in computational time, as well as good accuracy. Results are compared with data from 2D simulations, showing a very good agreement in all transistor operation regions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memantine lowers amyloid‐β peptide levels in neuronal cultures and in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Authors: Alley George M. , Bailey Jason A. , Chen DeMao , Ray Balmiki , Puli Lakshman K. , Tanila Heikki , Banerjee Pradeep K. , Lahiri Debomoy K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMemantine is a moderate‐affinity, uncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that stabilizes cognitive, functional, and behavioral decline in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, the extracellular deposition of fibrillogenic amyloid‐β peptides (Aβ) occurs as a result of aberrant processing of the full‐length Aβ precursor protein (APP). Memantine protects neurons from the neurotoxic effects of Aβ and improves cognition in transgenic mice with high brain levels of Aβ. However, it is unknown how memantine protects cells against neurodegeneration and affects APP processing and Aβ production. We report the effects of memantine in three different systems. In human neuroblastoma cells, memantine, at therapeutically relevant concentrations (1–4 μM), decreased levels of secreted APP and Aβ1–40. Levels of the potentially amylodogenic Aβ1–42 were undetectable in these cells. In primary rat cortical neuronal cultures, memantine treatment lowered Aβ1–42 secretion. At the concentrations used, memantine treatment was not toxic to neuroblastoma or primary cultures and increased cell viability and/or metabolic activity under certain conditions. In APP/presenilin‐1 (PS1) transgenic mice exhibiting high brain levels of Aβ1–42, oral dosing of memantine (20 mg/kg/day for 8 days) produced a plasma drug concentration of 0.96 μM and significantly reduced the cortical levels of soluble Aβ1–42. The ratio of Aβ1–40/Aβ1–42 increased in treated mice, suggesting effects on the γ‐secretase complex. Thus, memantine reduces the levels of Aβ peptides at therapeutic concentrations and may inhibit the accumulation of fibrillogenic Aβ in mammalian brains. Memantine's ability to preserve neuronal cells against neurodegeneration, to increase metabolic activity, and to lower Aβ level has therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disorders. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down‐modulation of programmed death 1 alters regulatory T cells and promotes experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Wang Chunhe , Li Yuexin , Proctor Thomas M. , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Offner Halina 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe regulatory role of programmed death 1 (PD‐1) was investigated in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Typical EAE could be induced by immunization without pertussis toxin (PTX) in PD‐1‐null but not in wild‐type (WT) mice. However, both strains developed a similar EAE phenotype when immunized with PTX or by adoptive transfer of pathogenic T cells. In WT mice that did not develop EAE after immunization without PTX, the frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells was boosted in the periphery but not in the thymus. This increase in Treg frequency was abrogated by PD‐1 deficiency or inclusion of PTX. In addition, PD‐1 expression was critical to in vitro conversion of naïve myelin‐specific CD4 T cells into Treg cells and was directly related to Treg suppressive activity. Finally, PD‐1 was markedly down‐modulated in the periphery of WT mice after administration of PTX. Therefore, down‐modulation of PD‐1 in Treg cells may abrogate Treg‐mediated immune suppression, permitting the activation of myelin‐reactive T cells and induction of EAE. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.