bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between the concentration of ionised calcium and parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP[1–34]) in the milk of mares
Authors: CARE A. D. , ABBAS S. K. , OUSEY J. , JOHNSON L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOnce lactation is established in mares, there is little change in the ionised calcium concentration in their milk. In contrast, the concentration of PTHrP(1–34) in the milk increases to a maximum level by the end of the second week of lactation, near which it remains for the rest of the lactation. As found in other species, the concentration of PTHrP(1–34) in mare's milk is considerably higher than that in plasma, sampled at the same time. No significant correlation could be demonstrated between the concentrations of PTHrP(1–34) and ionised calcium in the milk except during the last 10 weeks of lactation.
A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues of horses: 1. The occlusal surface and enamel thickness
Authors: KILIC S. , DIXON P. M. , KEMPSON S. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGross and microscopic examinations were undertaken on 46 cheek (molar and premolar) and 4 incisor equine teeth that were fractured, or sectioned either with a lathe or diamond saw. Specimens were examined without treatment, after decalcification or acid etching, utilising light, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In some horses, the occlusal surface of the teeth were covered with an organic pellicle. The occlusal surface of the underlying equine enamel contained different wear patterns, including polished areas, local fractures, wedge‐shaped pits, striations and depressions. Occlusal dentine showed depressions whose depth was related to its occlusal surface area, with larger surface areas having deeper depressions. The thickness of equine enamel varied greatly throughout its folds in the transverse plane, and was thickest in areas where folds were parallel to the long axis of the maxilla and mandible. Enamel thickness remained constant in the longitudinal plane (throughout the length of the tooth). Peripheral enamel was more deeply infolded in lower than in upper cheek teeth and this appeared to compensate for the absence of infundibula (deep, cup‐like enamel indentations that are partially filled with cement) in the lower cheek teeth.
A light microscopic and ultrastructural examination of calcified dental tissues of horses: 2. Ultrastructural enamel findings
Authors: KILIC S. , DIXON P. M. , KEMPSON S. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryUltrastructural examinations defined 3 equine enamel types termed equine (Eq.) Types 1,2 and 3 enamel, according to the transverse appearances of their enamel prisms and the amount and appearance of their interprismatic enamel. Eq. Type 1 enamel contained alternating rows of oval shaped prisms and thick interprismatic enamel plates, and was found adjacent to the amelodentinal junction. Eq. Type 2 enamel consisted of circular, ‘keyhole’ to ‘horseshoe’ shaped prisms with little or no interprismatic enamel and was located adjacent to the amelocemental junction. Eq. Type 3 enamel was composed of rounded prisms surrounded by large amounts of interprismatic enamel and was inconsistently present in a thin layer at the amelodentinal and amelocemental junctions. Prism decussation was seen in the thickest peripheral enamel of the upper cheek teeth but was present throughout incisor enamel therefore making incisors highly resistant to cracking. Scanning electron microscopic examination showed enamel crystals to be cylindrical shaped on transverse section; however, on transmission electron microscopic examination these crystals had shapes, ranging from near oval to rectangular and formed small subunits, with crystals diverging from each other at various angles.
Abdominal surgery in foals: a review of 119 cases (1977–1994)
Authors: CABLE CHRISTINA S. , FUBINI SUSAN L. , ERB HOLLIS N. , HAKES JEANNE E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe case records of 119 young horses (all less than age one year) that underwent an exploratory celiotomy during a 17 year period were examined to determine the surgical findings, short‐ and long‐term outcome, and prevalence of small intestinal disease compared to previous reports in the mature horse. Physical and laboratory values were compared for long‐term survivors vs. nonsurvivors and the frequency of post operative intra‐abdominal adhesions was determined. The most common cause for exploratory celiotomy was small intestinal strangulation, followed by enteritis and uroperitoneum. Six horses died during surgery, 23 were subjected to euthanasia at the time of surgery due to a grave prognosis, and 17 horses died or were destroyed after surgery, prior to discharge from the hospital; the short‐term survival was 61%. Nine horses were lost to follow‐up. Forty‐one horses survived long‐term (at least 6 months after surgery), 15 died or were subjected to euthanasia after discharge for reasons related to the prior abdominal surgery, and 8 died or were destroyed after discharge due to unrelated reasons, making the long‐term survival 45%. Fifty‐three (45%) of the horses presented as neonates, and 66 (55%) presented age 3–12 months. Uroperitoneum and meconium impaction were the most common disease in the neonate. Intussusception and enteritis were the most common diseases in older foals. The overall prevalence of small intestinal disease was 44%. Significant elevations in packed cell volume, heart rate, nucleated cell counts and total protein in abdominal fluid and rectal temperature were observed in nonsurvivors compared to survivors. Nonsurvivors had significantly decreased serum bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, and venous pH values. There was no evidence that location of the lesion affected long‐term survival. Horses with a simple obstruction had a higher survival percentage than those with a strangulating obstruction, and horses that underwent an intestinal resection had a lower long‐term survival than those horses undergoing only intestinal manipulation. Nineteen (33%) of the foals examined after the original surgery had evidence of intra‐abdominal adhesions. Nine of these (16%) had adhesions that caused a clinical problem.
Causes of natal dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation in Misaki feral horses
Authors: KASEDA Y. , OGAWA H. , KHALIL ASHRAF M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMisaki feral horses were separated into 2 herds and the difference between dispersal from natal group (natal dispersal) and dispersal from natal area (natal emigration) was studied. The causes of dispersal and emigration and their effects on harem formation were studied 1979–1994. The number of horses ranged from 73 (mature males: 8, mature females: 26, young males: 8, young females: 3, colt foals: 6, filly foals: 10 and geldings: 12) in 1979 and 86 (mature males: 14, mature females: 37, young males: 12, young females: 7, colt foals: 5, filly foals: 7 and geldings: 4) in 1994 when the present study ended. All 29 males which survived to age 4 years and 58 females which survived to age 3 years left their natal or mother groups at age one to 3. Seventeen of 22 dispersing males and 29 of 39 dispersing females left their natal groups around the birth of their siblings and significant correlations were found between natal dispersal and birth of a sibling. The number of emigrating young males correlated negatively and significantly with the total number of young males in another herd and the number of emigrating young females correlated positively and significantly with the total number of young females in the natal herd. All 13 emigrating stallions which survived to age 5 years formed stable harem groups and a significant correlation was found between natal emigration and harem formation. Twenty‐three of 35 resident mares formed stable consort relations with harem stallions and a significant correlation was found between residence and formation of stable consort relations.
Clinical evaluation of the serodiagnostic value of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay forRhodococcus equiinfection in foals
Authors: HIGUCHI T. , HASHIKURA S. , GOJO C. , INUI T. , SATOH S. , YOSHIDA M. , ISHIYAMA T. , YAMADA H. , TAKAl S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of serum IgG antibodies against Tween 20‐extracted antigen of strain ATCC 6939 was applied in Hidaka, Japan to a total of 752 sick foals showing a variety of signs of infectious disease. An optical density (OD) value of more than 0.3 was tentatively fixed to be positive on the basis of readings made of healthy horse sera in previous studies. During a 2 year study, 138 of the 752 sick foals showed an OD value of 0.3 or higher and were designated as ‘suspected ofR. equiinfection’. Age distribution during the initial medical examination of the 138 seropositive foals was significant in that most (64%) foals were age 31–60 days, with a sharp decrease in subjects beyond that age. Of the 138 foals suspected of havingR. equiinfection, 34 foals (25%) showed OD values of over 0.9 at the initial medical examination, in addition to high blood leucocyte counts and serum fibrinogen and alpha‐globulin values. The infectious foals had been treated with antibiotics just before and after serodiagnosis and 126 foals (91%) recovered from the disease. However, no clinical improvement was observed in 12 foals (9%). At necropsy, these foals revealed suppurative pneumonia and lymphadenitis of gut associated lymph nodes accompanied by abdominal abscesses. All isolates from the pulmonary and abdominal abscesses revealedR. equi. These results suggest that OD readings in the high range are associated with severe disseminated infection withR. equi.
Prostaglandin F2αrelease associated with an embryo transfer procedure in the mare
Authors: KASK K. , ODENSVIK KRISHNA , KINDAHL H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe pattern of the main metabolite of prostaglandin (PG) F2αwas recorded following a nonsurgical embryo transfer technique in 9 mares under field conditions in Estonia. Three patterns were observed. Two of them were characterised by PG release, thereas the third was not. A tendency towards a shortened cycle was seen in 3 mares. Observations were made regarding the manipulation of the uterus as being normal or difficult to perform. In general, mares where the procedure was considered difficult were also found to have a PG release.;
Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on anin vivoequine osteochondral fragment exercise model
Authors: FRISBIE D. D. , KAWCAK C. E. , TROTTER G. W. , POWERS B. E. , WALTON R. M. , McILWRAITH C. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of intra‐articularly administered triamcinolone acetonide (TA) in exercised equine athletes with carpal osteochondral fragmentation. Eighteen horses were randomly assigned to each of 3 groups. An osteochondral chip fragment was created in one randomly chosen intercarpal joint of each horse. Both intercarpal joints in the placebo control group (CNT) horses were injected with intra‐articular administration (IA) of polyionic fluid. Both joints in the TA control group (TA CNT) horses were treated with 12 mg of TA in the intercarpal joint without an osteochondral fragment, and the opposite intercarpal joint was injected with a similar volume of polyionic fluid. The TA treated group (TA TX) horses were treated with 12 mg of TA in the joint that contained the osteochondral fragment and the opposite intercarpal joint was injected with a similar volume of polyionic fluid. All horses were treated IA on days 13 and 27 after surgery and exercised on a high speed treadmill for 6 weeks starting on Day 14.Horses in the TA TX group were significantly less lame than horses in the CNT and TA CNT groups. Horses in either TA CNT or TA TX groups had lower total protein, and higher hyaluronan, and glycosaminoglycan concentrations in synovial fluid than did those in the CNT group. Synovial membrane collected from subjects in TA CNT and TA TX groups had significantly less inflammatory cell infiltration, subintimal hyperplasia and subintimal fibrosis compared to the CNT group. Articular cartilage histomorphological parameters were significantly better from the TA CNT and TA TX groups compared to the CNT group.In conclusions, results from this study support favourable effects of TA on degree of clinically detectable lameness, and on synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage morphological parameters, both with direct intra‐articular administration and remote site administration as compared to placebo treatment. The clinical use of IA administered TA in horses may be therapeutically beneficial in selected cases of osteochondral fragmentation and osteoarthritis.
Estimation of performance potential of Standardbred trotters from blood lactate concentrations measured in field conditions
Authors: COUROUCÉ ANNE , CHATARD J. C. , AUVINET B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between V4 (velocity which results in a blood lactate concentration of 4 mmol/1), age and racing performance of Standardbred trotters and to establish V4 normal values to select good and poor performers. The specific influence of racing (RT) and training (T1 and T2) tracks was also examined. A total of 159 horses were divided into 5 age‐groups from 2 to 6 and over and performed 330 standardised exercise tests of 3 steps performed at increasing speeds. The velocity of the horses was measured with a tachometer on the sulky. Blood lactate concentrations were measured from the jugular vein after each step. For the 5 age‐groups, mean V4 values increased significantly (P<0.05) with age between 2 and 4 years. After 5 years, this increase was reduced and became nonsignificant. The highest V4 values were obtained on the racing track (RT) and the lowest on the training tracks (T1; P<0.05). No significant difference was found between RT and T2 nor between T1 and T2. Horses were defined as good performers (GP) when finishing between the first and the fifth place in a race or poor performers (PP) when finishing lower than fifth. V4 was significantly higher for GP than for PP (P<0.05). Normal value of V4 were established for good and poor performers taking into account the 95% confidence interval of the data.Therefore, V4 depends on age and track and can be considered an important parameter to evaluate trotters' racing potential.
Influence of antigen challenge on platelet responsiveness in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: ABLETT J. M. , FAIRBAIRN S. M. , PAGE C. P. , LEES P. , CUNNINGHAM F. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA role for platelets in allergic airways disease has been postulated and changes in the responsiveness of circulating platelets have been demonstrated following antigen challenge of asthmatic human subjects. In this study agonist‐induced aggregation of equine platelets in vitro has been compared before and after exposure of horses to a controlled hay and straw challenge. Prior to challenge the response of platelets, from horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and normal animals, to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and platelet activating factor (PAF) did not differ. Five hours after initiation of the challenge, there was a modest but significant decrease in the response of platelets from the COPD horses to PAF, but not to ADP. Platelets from normal horses were not less sensitive to either agonist at this time. Twenty four hours after challenge the responses of platelets from COPD horses to both agonists were the same as pre‐challenge values. These results demonstrate that antigen challenge alters the responsiveness of platelets from allergic horses to PAF and this change is suggestive of PAF release accompanying allergen exposure in the horse.
Some effects of multiple administrations of detomidine during the last trimester of equine pregnancy
Authors: LUUKKANEN L. , KATILA T. , KOSKINEN E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDetomidine was given to 11 pregnant mares at 3 week intervals during the last trimester of pregnancy. Maternal and fetal electrocardiographs were recorded and fetal activity studied by transabdominal ultrasonography, before and 2 h (2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mini after injection. After parturition, the foals were examined and weighed. Maternal and fetal hearts rate showed an initial decline after detomidine administration. Maternal heart rate in the treatment group were lower already 2 min after injection, but a reduction in fetal heart was first seen 5 min after detomidine administration. Mean fetal heart rate at 2 min after detomidine injection was 109, 104, 95 and 89 beats/min, whereas at 5 min it was 80,76,72 and 66 beats/min in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th examination session, respectively. The heart rates did not revert to the control values during follow‐up. Decline and recovery patterns were quite similar during all examination sessions. The mares exhibited conductive disturbances 2 min after detomidine administration, but fetal heart rhythm remained regular. Fetal activity was decreased at 5 min but had reverted to control values about 90 min after detomidine administration. Administration of detomidine (0.015 mg/kg) to healthy pregnant mares at 3 week intervals during the last trimester had no measurable detrimental effects on the outcome of pregnancy.
Expression of transforming growth factor‐β1 in normal and dyschondroplastic articular growth cartilage of the young horse
Authors: HENSON FRANCES M. D. , SCHOFIELD P. N. , JEFFCOTT L. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study describes the distribution pattern of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) mRNA and protein in normal pre‐and post natal growth cartilage and alterations present in lesions of dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis). TGF‐β1 expression and immunoreactivity have been investigated byin situhybridisation and immunolocalisation in the articular/epiphyseal growth cartilage of the lateral trochlear ridge of the distal femur. Cartilage was obtained from 19 normal Thoroughbred horses (5 prenatal and 14 post natal horses) and 15 post natal horses with dyschondroplasia (DCP).TGF‐β1 mRNA expression and immunoreactivity were detected in the proliferative and upper hypertrophic zones in both pre‐ and post natal normal articular/epiphyseal cartilage. However, mRNA itself was only detected in the mid‐ and lower hypertrophic zones. Immunoreactivity was identified intracellularly with some nuclear staining observed. In focal lesions of DCP mRNA expression and immunoreactivity were reduced compared to normal cartilage, but strong mRNA expression was observed in the chondrocyte clusters immediately surrounding a lesion of DCP. The results described in this study demonstrate alterations in TGF‐β1 in dyschondroplastic lesions and indicate that it could be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition in the horse.
Prospective study of equine colic incidence and mortality
Authors: TINKER MARY K. , WHITE N. A. , LESSARD P. , THATCHER C. D. , PELZER K. D. , DAVIS BETTY , CARMEL D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA prospective study of one year was conducted on 31 horse farms to obtain population based estimates of incidence, morbidity and mortality rates of equine colic. Farms with greater than 20 horses were enrolled by randomly selecting horse owners from 2 adjacent counties of Virginia and Maryland. Descriptive information for 1427 horses was collected at the initiation of the study and updated at 3 month intervals. Time on the farm during the study was tabulated for each horse. When colic was reported by the owner, investigators visited the farm to obtain information about the colic. The crude incidence density rate of colic was 10.6 colic cases/100 horse‐years, based on 104 cases/358,991 horse‐days. The median farm specific incidence density rate was 7 cases/100 horse‐years, and the range for individual farms varied from 0 to 30 colic cases/100 horse‐years. A specific diagnosis was not made for 84 (81%) of colic episodes. Seventy colic episodes (67%) were treated by a veterinarian. Drugs were used in 83 (80%) colic episodes, and 78 (75%) of colic cases were mild, requiring no treatment or resolving after only one treatment. Four horses required colic surgery. Fourteen (13%) horses had more than one episode of colic during the year. Mortality from all causes of death was 2.5 deaths/100 horse‐years, mortality rate for colic was 0.7 deaths/100 horse‐years. Proportional mortality rate of colic, 28%, was higher than for any other cause of death. Horses less than age 2 years or greater than age 10 years had lower incidence than horses age 2–10 years. No difference in colic risk between genders was identified. Arabian horses had the lowest and Thoroughbreds the highest breed specific incidence rates. Horses used for eventing, or in training had a statistically significant higher incidence rate of colic compared to mature horses with no use (pets, retired, on pasture with no stated purpose). Horses used for lessons or with no use had the lowest incidence rates.
Surgical treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of the third metacarpal bone: results in 15 horses (1986–1994)
Authors: HOGAN PATRICIA M. , McILWRAITH C. W. , HONNAS C. M. , WATKINS J. P. , BRAMLAGE L. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySubchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) in the condyle of the third metacarpal bone (MCIII) were surgically treated in 15 horses. The median age at presentation was 18 months (range 10 months‐12 years) with 10 of 15 horses less than age 2 years. The SCLs were confined to the front limbs in all cases with 2 horses having bilateral lesions. Lesions were isolated to the medial condyle(s) of MCIII in 13 of 15 horses; a cystic lesion occurred in the lateral condyle in one horse and in the sagittal ridge in one horse. One horse with bilateral lesions had an additional cystic lesion located in the right medial femoral condyle. Fourteen of 15 horses had a history of moderate lameness attributable to the metacarpophalangeal joint; the lesion was an incidental finding in one horse. Duration of lameness ranged from 4 weeks to 8 months and was either acute in onset, or occurred intermittently and was associated with exercise. Fetlock flexion significantly exacerbated the lameness in all cases. Synovial effusion was absent in 8 (53%) cases.Cystic lesions were curetted arthroscopically in 12 horses, and through a dorsal pouch arthrotomy in 3 horses. Concurrent osteostixis of the cystic cavity was performed in 7 horses. Two horses were treated arthroscopically for osteochondral fragmentation of the proximodorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx one year following surgical curettage of the SCL.Twelve of 15 horses (80%) were sound for intended use following surgical treatment. Two horses did not regain soundness and follow‐up information was unavailable for one horse. Total period of follow‐up was 1–6 years. Follow‐up radiographic examinations were available for 9 horses. Mild periarticular osteophyte formation and enthesiophyte formation at the dorsal joint capsular attachments was present in 5 of the 9 horses. Bony ingrowth of the cystic lesion was detectable in 8 horses and enlargement of the cystic cavity was observed in one horse. Based on the information gained from this study, it would appear that surgical treatment of SCLs in the distal metacarpus can result in a favourable outcome for athletic use.