bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What's That Smell?
Authors: Batty Clare 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn philosophical discussions of the secondary qualities, color has taken center stage. Smells, tastes, sounds, and feels have been treated, by and large, as mere accessories to colors. We are, as it is said, visual creatures. This, at least, has been the working assumption in the philosophy of perception and in those metaphysical discussions about the nature of the secondary qualities. The result has been a scarcity of work on the “other” secondary qualities. In this paper, I take smells and place them front and center. I ask: What are smells? For many philosophers, the view that colors can be explained in purely physicalistic terms has seemed very appealing. In the case of smells, this kind of nonrelational view has seemed much less appealing. Philosophers have been drawn to versions of relationalism—the view that the nature of smells must be explained (at least in part) in terms of the effects they have on perceivers. In this paper, I consider a contemporary argument for this view. I argue that nonrelationalist views of smell have little to fear from this argument.
Meno's Paradox, the Slave‐Boy Interrogation, and the Unity of Platonic Recollection
Authors: Franklin Lee 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPlato invokes the Theory of Recollection to explain both ordinary and philosophical learning. In a new reading of Meno's Paradox and the Slave‐Boy Interrogation, I explain why these two levels are linked in a single theory of learning. Since, for Plato, philosophical inquiry starts in ordinary discourse, the possibility of success in inquiry is tied to the character of the ordinary comprehension we bring to it. Through the claim that all learning is recollection, Plato traces the knowledge achievable through inquiry back to our pretheoretical comprehension, showing not just that knowledge is in us, but that it is inchoate in the grasp of a property—akin to a concept—that enables us to speak and think about it ordinarily. Plato acknowledges in the Meno that a second step of argument, and a second application of Recollection, is needed to explain how knowledge comes to be inchoate in our ordinary grasp of a property. Though this second argument is provided most fully in the Phaedo, the evidence of the Meno is sufficient to outline Recollection as a two‐stage theory of learning, beginning in ordinary speech and thought and extending, through philosophical reflection, to knowledge.
Affinity of Ceftaroline and Other β-Lactams for Penicillin-Binding Proteins from
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Kosowska-Shick K. , McGhee P. L. , Appelbaum P. C. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

We compared the affinities of ceftaroline for all penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) with those of ceftriaxone and cefotaxime in 6
Staphylococcus aureus
and 7
Streptococcus pneumoniae
isolates with various resistance phenotypes. Ceftaroline MICs were ≤1 μg/ml against all
S. aureus
isolates and were ≤0.25 μg/ml for 4 of 7 isolates of
S. pneumoniae
. Ceftaroline affinities for penicillin-susceptible
S. pneumoniae
strains were in the order PBP2X and -3 > PBP1A, -1B, and -2A > PBP2B, and ceftaroline had ≥4-fold higher 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) (0.1 to 4 μg/ml) for PBP2X, -2A, -2B, and -3 than those for the other cephalosporins tested. Among 3 penicillin-resistant
S. pneumoniae
strains, ceftaroline had a high affinity for PBP2X (IC
50
, 0.1 to 1 μg/ml), a primary target for cephalosporin PBP binding activity, and high affinities for PBP2B (IC
50
, 0.5 to 4 μg/ml) and PBP1A (IC
50
, 0.125 to 0.25 μg/ml) as well, both of which are also known as major targets for PBP binding activity of cephalosporins. Ceftaroline PBP affinities in methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
strains were greater than or equal to those of the 3 other β-lactams tested. Ceftaroline bound to PBP2a in methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(IC
50
, 0.01 to 1 μg/ml) with up to 256-fold-higher affinity than those of other agents. Ceftaroline demonstrated very good PBP affinity against all
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
strains tested, including resistant isolates.
Combinations of Mutations in the Connection Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase: Assessing the Impact on Nucleoside and Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance
Authors: Gupta Soumi , Fransen Signe , Paxinos Ellen E. , Stawiski Eric , Huang Wei , Petropoulos Christos J. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
Recent reports have described the effect of mutations in the connection and RNase H domains of reverse transcriptase (RT) on nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI and NNRTI, respectively) resistance in the presence of thymidine analog resistance mutations (TAMs) and NNRTI mutations (J. H. Brehm, D. Koontz, J. D. Meteer, V. Pathak, N. Sluis-Cremer, and J. W. Mellors, J. Virol. 81:7852-7859, 2007; K. A. Delviks-Frankenberry, G. N. Nikolenko, R. Barr, and V. K. Pathak, J. Virol. 81:6837-6845, 2007; G. N. Nikolenko, K. A. Delviks-Frankenberry, S. Palmer, F. Maldarelli, M. J. Fivash, Jr., J. M. Coffin, and V. K. Pathak, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104:317-322, 2007; G. N. Nikolenko, S. Palmer, F. Maldarelli, J. W. Mellors, J. M. Coffin, and V. K. Pathak, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102:2093-2098, 2005; and S. H. Yap, C. W. Sheen, J. Fahey, M. Zanin, D. Tyssen, V. D. Lima, B. Wynhoven, M. Kuiper, N. Sluis-Cremer, P. R. Harrigan, and G. Tachedjian, PLoS Med. 4:e335, 2007). In the present study, novel mutations in the connection domain of RT (T369I/V), first identified in patient-derived viruses, were characterized, and their effects on NNRTI and NNRTI susceptibility were determined. Furthermore, the effect of N348I on NRTI and NNRTI resistance was confirmed. HIV-1 with either N348I or T369I/V demonstrated reduced susceptibility to nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV), delaviridine (DLV), and zidovudine (ZDV) compared to wild-type HIV-1. However, HIV-1 with T369I and N348I demonstrated 10- to 60-fold resistance to these same drugs. In clinical samples, these two connection domain RT mutations were predominantly observed in viruses containing TAMs and NNRTI mutations and did not alter the susceptible-resistant classifications of these samples. Introduction of T369I, N348I, or T369I/N348I also reduced replication capacity (RC). These observations suggest that it may be of scientific interest to test these mutations against new NNRTI candidates.
Immunization with VAR2CSA-DBL5 Recombinant Protein Elicits Broadly Cross-Reactive Antibodies to Placental
Plasmodium falciparum
-Infected Erythrocytes
Authors: Avril Marion , Cartwright Megan M. , Hathaway Marianne J. , Hommel Mirja , Elliott Salenna R. , Williamson Kathryn , Narum David L. , Duffy Patrick E. , Fried Michal , Beeson James G. , Smith Joseph D. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Pregnancy-associated malaria is a severe clinical syndrome associated with the sequestration of
Plasmodium falciparum
-infected erythrocytes in the placenta. Placental binding is mediated by VAR2CSA, a member of the large and diverse
P. falciparum
erythrocyte membrane 1 (PfEMP1) protein family. To better understand if conserved regions in VAR2CSA can be targeted by antibodies, we immunized rabbits with VAR2CSA-DBL1 and -DBL5 recombinant proteins produced in
Pichia pastoris
and developed a panel of seven chondroitin sulfate A (CSA)-binding parasites from diverse geographic origins. Overall, no two parasites in the panel expressed the same VAR2CSA sequence. The DBL1 domains averaged 80% amino acid identity (range, 72 to 89%), and the DBL5 domains averaged 86% amino acid identity (range, 83 to 99%), similar to a broader sampling of VAR2CSA sequences from around the world. Whereas antibodies generated against the VAR2CSA-DBL1 recombinant protein had only limited breadth and reacted with three or four parasites in the panel, immunization with DBL5 recombinant proteins elicited broadly cross-reactive antibodies against all or most parasites in the panel, as well as to fresh clinical isolates from pregnant women. These findings demonstrate that the major PfEMP1 variant expressed by placental isolates exposes strain-transcendent epitopes that can be targeted by vaccination and may have application for pregnancy malaria vaccine development.
Biochemistry of Microbial Degradation of Hexachlorocyclohexane and Prospects for Bioremediation
Authors: Lal Rup , Pandey Gunjan , Sharma Pooja , Kumari Kirti , Malhotra Shweta , Pandey Rinku , Raina Vishakha , Kohler Hans-Peter E. , Holliger Christof , Jackson Colin , Oakeshott John G. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYLindane, the γ-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), is a potent insecticide. Purified lindane or unpurified mixtures of this and α-, β-, and δ-isomers of HCH were widely used as commercial insecticides in the last half of the 20th century. Large dumps of unused HCH isomers now constitute a major hazard because of their long residence times in soil and high nontarget toxicities. The major pathway for the aerobic degradation of HCH isomers in soil is the Lin pathway, and variants of this pathway will degrade all four of the HCH isomers although only slowly. Sequence differences in the primary LinA and LinB enzymes in the pathway play a key role in determining their ability to degrade the different isomers. LinA is a dehydrochlorinase, but little is known of its biochemistry. LinB is a hydrolytic dechlorinase that has been heterologously expressed and crystallized, and there is some understanding of the sequence-structure-function relationships underlying its substrate specificity and kinetics, although there are also some significant anomalies. The kinetics of some LinB variants are reported to be slow even for their preferred isomers. It is important to develop a better understanding of the biochemistries of the LinA and LinB variants and to use that knowledge to build better variants, because field trials of some bioremediation strategies based on the Lin pathway have yielded promising results but would not yet achieve economic levels of remediation.
Virulence and Immunomodulatory Roles of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Ellis Terri N. , Kuehn Meta J. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYOuter membrane (OM) vesicles are ubiquitously produced by Gram-negative bacteria during all stages of bacterial growth. OM vesicles are naturally secreted by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Strong experimental evidence exists to categorize OM vesicle production as a type of Gram-negative bacterial virulence factor. A growing body of data demonstrates an association of active virulence factors and toxins with vesicles, suggesting that they play a role in pathogenesis. One of the most popular and best-studied pathogenic functions for membrane vesicles is to serve as natural vehicles for the intercellular transport of virulence factors and other materials directly into host cells. The production of OM vesicles has been identified as an independent bacterial stress response pathway that is activated when bacteria encounter environmental stress, such as what might be experienced during the colonization of host tissues. Their detection in infected human tissues reinforces this theory. Various other virulence factors are also associated with OM vesicles, including adhesins and degradative enzymes. As a result, OM vesicles are heavily laden with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), virulence factors, and other OM components that can impact the course of infection by having toxigenic effects or by the activation of the innate immune response. However, infected hosts can also benefit from OM vesicle production by stimulating their ability to mount an effective defense. Vesicles display antigens and can elicit potent inflammatory and immune responses. In sum, OM vesicles are likely to play a significant role in the virulence of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
CHARGED PARTICLES AND THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC FIELD IN NONINERTIAL FRAMES OF MINKOWSKI SPACE-TIME I: ADMISSIBLE 3 + 1 SPLITTINGS OF MINKOWSKI SPACE-TIME AND THE NONINERTIAL REST FRAMES
Authors: ALBA DAVID , LUSANNA LUCA 
Published: March 2010

By using the 3 + 1 point of view and parametrized Minkowski theories we develop the theory of noninertial frames in Minkowski space-time. The transition from a noninertial frame to another one is a gauge transformation connecting the respective notions of instantaneous three-space (clock synchronization convention) and of the three-coordinates inside them. As a particular case we get the extension of the inertial rest-frame instant form of dynamics to the noninertial rest-frame one. We show that every isolated system can be described as an external decoupled noncovariant canonical center of mass (described by frozen Jacobi data) carrying a pole–dipole structure: the invariant mass and an effective spin. Moreover we identify the constraints eliminating the internal three-center of mass inside the instantaneous three-spaces.In the case of the isolated system of positive-energy scalar particles with Grassmann-valued electric charges plus the electro-magnetic field, we obtain both Maxwell equations and their Hamiltonian description in noninertial frames. Then by means of a noncovariant decomposition we define the noninertial radiation gauge and we find the form of the noncovariant Coulomb potential. We identify the coordinate-dependent relativistic inertial potentials and we show that they have the correct Newtonian limit.In the second paper we will study properties of Maxwell equations in noninertial frames like the wrap-up effect and the Faraday rotation in astrophysics. Also the 3 + 1 description without coordinate-singularities of the rotating disk and the Sagnac effect will be given, with added comments on pulsar magnetosphere and on a relativistic extension of the Earth-fixed coordinate system.
Slip rate variations on faults during glacial loading and post-glacial unloading: implications for the viscosity structure of the lithosphere
Authors: Hampel Andrea , Karow Tobias , Maniatis Georgios , Hetzel Ralf 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:
Many active faults in extensional and contractional tectonic settings experienced a slip rate increase after the last glacial period when the volume of nearby glaciers and lakes decreased. This post-glacial slip rate increase is caused by transient stresses that are generated by the unloading-induced rebound and superimposed on the tectonic background stress field. As the latter is different for normal and thrust faults, the response to loading and unloading should depend on the fault type. Here we use finite-element models including a fault in rheologically layered lithosphere to explore the conditions under which both normal and thrust faults experience a post-glacial slip rate increase. The results show that a post-glacial slip rate increase occurs on normal faults if the lower crust is stronger than the lithospheric mantle, whereas thrust faults accelerate if the lower crust is weaker than the lithospheric mantle. These findings imply that the response of faults to mass fluctuations on the Earth's surface may provide constraints on the rheological stratification of the lithosphere. We use our results to make predictions on the viscosity structure of the Basin-and-Range Province and northern Scandinavia, where palaeoseismological data document a pronounced increase in seismicity as a result of post-glacial unloading and rebound.
On apatite fission track dating and the Tertiary evolution of West Greenland topography
Authors: Redfield T.F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:
Combined with geological information, apatite fission track (AFT) data can impose valid thermal and temporal constraints. However, their uncritical interpretation may also lead to unsupported conclusions. Because fission tracks in apatite undergo measurable shortening even at surface temperatures, model artefacts can potentially be mistaken for geological cooling events. This problem can be especially acute when older fanning kinetic models are utilized instead of the newest curvilinear ones. In any circumstances, AFT model results must be interpreted with considerable caution and should rarely be considered to supersede conventional geological wisdom. The possibility that young cooling events are simply artefacts ought always to be entertained. As an example, this study considers AFT data and model results that have been cited to suggest that today's high mountains of West Greenland are erosional remnants of a landmass uplifted during the Neogene. However, in the best of circumstances the AFT data in question are heavily contaminated, and in the worst case they carry virtually no geological meaning. Although geological constraints require the faulted, westward-facing escarpment of West Greenland's Disko region to have been erected after commencement of sea-floor spreading in Baffin Bay, the AFT model-based hypothesis that it was constructed in purely Neogene time remains an unproven speculation.
Influence of pore water chemistry on silica diagenesis: evidence from the interaction of diagenetic reaction zones with polygonal fault systems
Authors: Ireland Mark T. , Goulty Neil R. , Davies Richard J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:
Three-dimensional seismic data from the NE Atlantic margin have revealed opal-A to opal-CT reaction zones hosted in Oligo-Pliocene strata as bright reflection events that cross-cut stratigraphic reflections. In some areas, the topographic relief at the top of the reaction zone has a remarkable geometry comprising roughly circular flattish regions, spaced 1–3 km apart, separated by networks of steep-sided troughs or ridges with a relief of up to 200 m. Here we show that these topographic structures formed around the upper tips of polygonal faults, and that remnants exist at deeper stratigraphic levels below the opal-A to opal-CT cross-cutting reflection. Furthermore, we deduce that the chemistry of formation water expelled transiently through the polygonal faults must have played a key role in their formation. Within silica-bearing successions, the transformation of opal-A to opal-CT is followed by the transformation of opal-CT to quartz at greater depth. The opal-CT to quartz transformation releases magnesium, which is known to promote opal-A to opal-CT transformation at lower temperatures. Consequently, we suggest that when the opal-A to opal-CT reaction zone nears the top of the polygonal fault system, it advances more rapidly through strata flushed by pore water that is richer in magnesium.
Structural position of high-pressure felsic to intermediate granulites from NE Moldanubian domain (Bohemian Massif)
Authors: Tajčmanová L. , Soejono I. , Konopásek J. , Košler J. , Klötzli U. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:

At the northeastern edge of the Moldanubian Zone, a large body of felsic to intermediate granulite with relics of high-pressure mineral assemblage is exposed within medium-grade paragneisses, micaschists and metagranites. A polyphase tectonic evolution in the study area resulted in three deformation phases (D
1
–D
3
). Peak metamorphic conditions (860–1000 °C and 16 kbar) in granulites are interpreted as reflecting an early stage of the high-grade evolution of the orogenic lower crust. These conditions were followed by exhumation of the orogenic lower crustal block to mid-crustal levels (6–8 kbar). In contrast to this, the study of metamorphic conditions in the surrounding micaschists (660 °C and 8 kbar) shows that these rocks never experienced pressures and temperatures of the orogenic lower crust. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb dating of zircon from the granulite yielded a concordia age of 354 ± 7 Ma, whereas the conventional isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) and LA-ICP-MS dating of xenotime gave identical concordia ages of 336.2 ± 1.2 and 339 ± 3 Ma, respectively. Combination of new structural and petrological results with LA-ICP-MS zircon and xenotime dating leads to development of a well-constrained exhumation model and brings new insights into the behaviour of lower crustal rocks during orogenesis.
Constraints on palaeoenvironments in the Lower Cretaceous Wealden of southern England, from the geochemistry of sphaerosiderites
Authors: Robinson Stuart A. , Scotchman James I. , White Timothy S. , Atkinson Tim C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract:

Sphaerosiderites are millimetre-scale concretions of FeCO
3
that form predominantly in waterlogged environments and are of use in palaeoenvironmental and palaeohydrological studies. We present petrographic, elemental and stable-isotopic (δ
13
C, δ
18
O) data from sphaerosiderites collected from the Lower Cretaceous Wealden sediments of southern England. The sphaerosiderites are composed of very pure FeCO
3
, with only small amounts of Ca, Mg and Mn present, suggesting that they are well preserved and were precipitated from fresh groundwater. δ
13
C values display a relatively large range from about −5 to −30‰ (VPDB). In contrast, δ
18
O values are relatively invariant (1σ = 0.83‰), with an average of −3.01‰ (VPDB). The relationship between carbon and oxygen suggests that the sphaerosiderites faithfully record palaeo-groundwater δ
18
O. Likely δ
18
O values for groundwater were calculated using a published, experimentally derived siderite–water fractionation equation and plausible assumed values for palaeotemperature. The average estimate was −4.9‰ (SMOW). The Wealden sphaerosiderite oxygen-isotope values are comparable with other early Cretaceous data from similar palaeolatitudes but lower than estimated Holocene values for equivalent latitudes. This observation may indicate greater rainfall at 30°N during the Cretaceous relative to the Holocene and also suggests relative stability of palaeoclimatic conditions during the early Cretaceous at this palaeolatitude.