bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution and biology of the harvest mite in Great Britain (Trombiculidae, Acarina)
Authors: Richards W. S. 
Published: June 2009

Previous work is discussed and described. The numbers of larvae present in a square yard of soil can be estimated by the use of caged guinea-pigs or by light traps. The infestation observed on the ears of wild rabbits gives a rough index of the population present in a given area.Using a modified light trap, gorged larvae can be collected from their hosts.Adults can be extracted from light, friable soils by flotation in water and from any type of soil by the Salt-Hollick soil-sampling machine.The harvest mite occurs throughout the British Isles. It seems possible that climate and the geological origin of the soil do not affect harvest mite abundance. They are, however, less numerous on heavy clays.Larvae are most abundant in late summer and autumn. Adults remain constant in numbers throughout the year.The larvae appear to infest most warm-blooded vertebrates. They do not attack at night. Nymphs have been observed sucking the contents of nymphophanes.Adults have been found at a depth of 3 ft. They appear to come nearer the surface in warm, moist weather, but are driven down by drought, heavy rain and ground frost.
The Penetration of the host tissue by the harvest mite, Trombicula Autumnalis shaw
Authors: Jones B. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. The introduction refers to the fragmentary state of our knowledge on Trombiculid mites and indicates that most attention has been devoted to the taxonomy and bionomics of the group. The life cycle and general method of feeding are briefly outlined and reference is made to previous work directly concerned with the present treatise.2. The morphology of the organs related to the phenomenon of piercing and sucking in the larva of Trombicula autumnalis is described.3. The physical factors of the skin influence the choice of habitat upon the host.4. The food consists of tissue fluid and disintegrated cells of the malpighian layer partially liquefied by the action of injected saliva, a condition typical of extra-intestinal digestion.5. The mechanism of the initial piercing of the skin, which is done by the cheliceral claws, is described.6. A tubular tissue canal is gradually formed in the skin of the host and around its insoluble wall are deposited superimposed layers of keratinized protective tissue.7. The mechanism of suction is described and the factors which play a part are considered. The problem of the tissue canal serving as a duct for both the ejection of saliva and the suction of food is explained by the alternation of the two processes. The inter-relationship, between the intermittent injections of saliva, the formation of the tissue canal and the deposition of protective tissue, is elucidated.
Observations on a new cercaria developing in Melanopsis praemorsa in Israel
Authors: Ullman H. 
Published: June 2009

1. An account on the cercariae found in Melanopsis praemorsa common in the River Yarkon (Israel) is given.2. A new species of Cercaria of the Pleurolophocerca group, Cercaria orospinosa, is described.3. The development of C. orospinosa to the stage of metacercaria in the tadpole of Bufo viridis shows its affinity to the subfamily Cryptogoniminae (Hetero-phydae).4. An artificial genus Velocercaria is proposed to comprise cercariae which have common morphology with Cercaria orospinosa and are characterized by the same type of tail-fins.
A morphological study of a fish tapeworm, Proteocephalus pollanicola
Authors: Gresson R. A. R. , Corbett M. Pauline 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of the general structure of Proteocephalus pollanicola. The genital system is dealt with in greater detail. The characteristic features of the species are enumerated.The male portion of the reproductive system consists of 60–75 testes in a single layer; vasa efferentia with a lining epithelium; a wide, coiled vas deferens; a small cirrus-sac; a coiled ejaculatory duct and a short cirrus. A description is given of the histological structure of the male ducts.The vagina opens anterior to the cirrus-sac. A well-developed vaginal sphincter is present. The seminal canal communicates with the oviduct and the uterine canal. An oocapt is present; the transverse vitelline ducts and the ovary open into it. A few unicellular glands are present hi the vicinity of the oocapt; these possibly represent Mehlis's gland. An ootype is absent. The histological structure of the female ducts is described.
Some Observations on the Value and the Mechanism of the Red-Cell Adhesion Test for Trypanosomiasis of Man and other Animals
Authors: Wormall A. 
Published: June 2009

1. The results of further tests with the red-cell adhesion phenomenon in trypanosomiasis of man and other animals, described first by Duke and Wallace (1930) and later by Wallace and Wormall (1931), are discussed.2. The conclusion is reached that the tests should always be made with several different strains of trypanosomes; in this way the number of negative results with undoubted cases of trypanosomiasis is decreased considerably. It is also advisable to have available stock adhesin sera (human or monkey) so that preliminary tests can be made to determine whether the trypanosomes in any animal are capable of giving adhesion. In doubtful cases of trypanosomiasis, treatment with trypanocidal drugs should be started. This treatment usually results in a marked improvement in the power of the serum or plasma of men and monkeys infected with trypanosomes to give red-cell adhesion.3. If a suitable small amount of phenol is added to the serum of a trypanosomiasis patient, this serum can be kept at the ordinary temperatures for 3 weeks or more without appreciable loss of its power to give red-cell adhesion. In this way it is possible to carry out tests at a central laboratory on sera which have been collected at outlying stations.4. Experiments have been carried out to determine the amounts of adhesin and complement (or “X factor”) required for red-cell adhesion.5. The adhesin is non-dialysable, and in this, and many other respects it behaves like a true immune body.
Studies in Tick-borne Fever of Sheep. I. Transmission by the Tick, Ixodes ricinus, with a Description of the Disease Produced
Authors: Macleod J. , Gordon W. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. The causal agent of tick-borne fever is transmitted by the adult female and the nymphal stage of the tick Ixodes ricinus. Two female ticks are sufficient to produce infection in a sheep. The larval stage does not appear to be infective. In a limited number of experiments the disease has not been produced in sheep by the inoculation of emulsions of presumably infective ticks.2. The disease as produced by tick infestation is characterised by a period of incubation which varies from 3 to 13 days, after which there is a sharp rise in temperature; a “plateau” type of febrile reaction follows which lasts from 6 to 22 days, the temperature gradually subsiding to normal. Affected animals usually recover. Mortality as a direct result of infection is rare, but there is evidence to suggest that tick-borne fever may predispose affected animals to death from secondary causes.3. The blood of a sheep which has reacted to the disease remains infective for some time after the subsidence of the thermal reaction.4. The goat is susceptible to tick-borne fever.5. The economic importance of tick-borne fever is discussed.
On the Life-Cycle of Hymenolepis fraterna (H. nana var. fraterna Stiles) of the White Mouse
Authors: Woodland W. N. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. Of 20 mice (previously ascertained to be free from Hymenolepis infection for a period of at least 42 days), artificially infected with Hymenolepis eggs, only one failed to show definite evidence of Hymenolepis infection when examined from three to 24 days after. Of nine control mice none showed infection during a period of at least 53 days and were found to be uninfected when killed. Of five further control mice which were subsequently artificially infected, four were found to be free from infection when killed.These results prove conclusively that direct infection, i.e. the infection of one mouse by ingestion of the eggs laid by the Hymenolepis of another mouse, can take place without the intervention of any intermediate host. The one-host account of the life-cycle of Hymenolepis fraterna promulgated by Grassi and Rovelli and Joyeux is thus the correct one, though this does not exclude the possibility of the Hymenolepis egg occasionally developing into a cysticercoid inside the body-cavity of a flea and undergoing the rest of its development when the flea is eaten by a mouse. I have not ascertained whether or not a mouse can re-infect itself by swallowing Hymenolepis eggs contained in its own faeces.2. Hymenolepis fraterna individuals of the same age (i.e. developed from eggs ingested at the same time) often but not always develop at very different rates in different mice and in the same mouse. Grassi and Rovelli's statement that Hymenolepis fraterna takes from 15 to 30 days to become mature is approximately correct.Hymenolepis fraterna can become mature, i.e. possess ripe eggs in the hind proglottides, when only 6 mm. or 7 mm. long. In cases of heavy infection (e.g. 100–200 individuals in a single mouse) the worms probably always remain of small size (ca. 10 mm.) as compared with the worms in light infections where they attain a length of 20–25 mm.Eggs can be shed as early as the fifteenth and probably on the fourteenth day of development.3. It is probable that mature H. fraterna often sheds all its eggs within a period of a week and often less, the eggless and degenerate worm then being voided in the faeces.4. In artificial infection of mice definite results can only be obtained with heavily-infected faecal material. Occasionally mice appear to be immune, but, judging from my experiments, such immunity is rare in mice of medium size. I cannot confirm Joyeux's statement that very young mice are most susceptible to infection. Out of some 200 mice examined I found that the smallest and largest mice were least liable to be infected, medium-sized mice supplying all my infected faeces. The largest mouse (over 35 gm.) in my experimental series, on the other hand, became infected with a weak concentration of eggs.
Studies in Tropisms of the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius L.
Authors: Rivnay Ezekiel 
Published: June 2009

1. Heat is an important factor in stimulating bed bugs to obtain food. Light and atmospheric humidity do not influence the reactions to heat to any great extent, but the state of nutrition and moulting do interfere with them.2. The bug detects heat very slowly. At a room temperature of 23° C., from a distance of 4 cm., about 1½ min. were required before a bug reacted to the heat of the hand. At a lower temperature a longer period was required.3. At ordinary room temperature a differential temperature of about 2° C. was necessary to cause a reaction to heat.4. Bed bugs, although attracted to heat, will be repelled when the temperature is too high. Bugs were repelled by objects at 43° C. at a distance of about 3 cm.5. Bed bugs have a sense of smell, but only react when very close to the odoriferous substance.6. The odours of blood, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and clean, washed skin seemed to have no influence upon the bug; the odour of bile repels them; while liver at first attracted and then repelled them.7. The odour of perspiration, depending upon its state of decomposition, sometimes repels and at others attracts bed bugs. Of the substances tested the odours of sebum and cerumen had the greatest attracting power.8. The bed bug apparently discriminates between foods by taste.9. Negative reactions to water counterbalance positive reactions to heat and odour.10. The tendency to be in contact with an object, rather than the negative reaction to light, underlies the gregarious habit of the bed bugs as well as their search for places of retreat.
On Protozoal Blood Parasites Collected in Uganda
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. 
Published: June 2009

This paper contains a report on a collection of parasitic protozoa from the blood of some vertebrate animals of Uganda.Seven new species and a number of parasites recorded for new hosts are described. New observations on some known parasites are also recorded.An account is given of the life history of the crocodile haemogregarine. It is shown that the schizogony of Hepatozoon pettiti (nomen novum for Haemogregarina pettiti) occurs in the liver of the crocodile, while the sporogony takes place in Glossina palpalis, its intermediate host.A list of all the blood parasites found, together with their hosts, is given.
Entamoeba aulastomiNöller
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

1.Entamoeba aulastomiandHexamitasp. fromHaemopis sanguisugahave been cultivated in inactivated horse-serum diluted 1 : 10 in 0·5 NaCl solution + solid sterile rice-starch, and upon an inspissated horse-serum slope covered with the liquid medium + sterile rice-starch. Cysts ofE. aulastomiappeared on or after the 9th day from subcultivation, but cysts ofHexamitahave not appeared in the cultures.2. The amoeboid phase ofE. aulastomidivides by a simple direct method, without the formation of a spindle. There is no equatorial plate. It was not possible to count the number of chromatin granules.3. The mature cyst is quadrinucleate, though occasional octonucleate cysts are found. Chromatoids are present but are absorbed before hatching. A. large glycogen vacuole is present in the uninucleate cyst. The nucleus divides by the formation of a delicate spindle but no chromosomes were found.4.E. aulastomiare not harmed by being kept at 2° C. but they die out in the 2nd subculture if kept at 30° C. and within 24 hours if kept at 37° C. The cysts also are killed at 37° C.5. If treated withN/20 HCl all amoebae are killed in less than 10 min. but the cysts are unharmed.
Studies on Avian Cestodes From China
Authors: Tseng Shen 
Published: June 2009

In conclusion, the following comments may prove suggestive:Out of fifty-five vials of the Chinese cestodes from Charadriiform birds, fifteen have not been determined definitely, owing to the poorly preserved condition and to insufficient material for detailed study, such as Pe 510, Pe 517, Pe 526, Pe 529, Pe 552 b, Pe 588, Pe 593, Pe 1466, Pe 735 c, Pe 1431 d, Pe 760, Pe 144 b, Pe 151, Pe 848 and Pe 841 d.In this paper, seven species are described as new, namely, Amoebotaenia fuhrmanni, A. pekinensis, Monopylidium guiarti, Choanotaenia joyeuxi, Haplo-paraxis sinenis, Fuhrmanniella clerci, and Gyrocoelia fausti.The present study indicates, to a certain extent, that the Chinese fauna of the avian cestodes is more or less related to that of the Ural, Australia, Egypt and Europe.Pe 848 is an interesting tapeworm recorded from the liver of Totanus calidris. Owing to the poor preservation, the strobilae can not be examined, but its incomplete rostellar hooks, larger 0·0234 mm., and smaller 0·0216 mm. shown in Fig. 54, are characteristic.
External features and life cycle of Cucumaricola notabilis nov.gen. et sp., a copepod parasite of the holothurian, Cucumaria
Authors: Paterson Nellie F. 
Published: June 2009

1. Cucumaricola notabilis, a new genus and species of Copepoda, occurs in cysts in the coelom of Cucumaria frauenfeldi Ludwig collected at Sea Point, Blaauwberg Strand and Dalebrook in the Cape Peninsula.2. An account is given of the features of the sexually dimorphic males and females.3. Fertilized eggs and nauplius larvae are also contained in the cysts and, from observations on living material, it has been established that, after escaping from the cysts, the larvae metamorphose within a short period into the copepodid stage. There are two copepodid stages, the first an active swimming form and the second a quiescent phase from which the juvenile parasite develops.4. Although of uncertain systematic position, this parasite seems to be nearly related to the Chondracanthidae. This conclusion is based on the similarity of the trunk appendages of the adult female to those of Acanthochondria as described by Oakley (1930), and also on the general agreement of the ontogeny with that of Acanthochondria cornuta investigated by Heegaard in 1947. It is further suggested that it may be assigned to the key devised by Delamare Deboutteville & Nunes-Ruivo (1955) for certain copepod parasites having some affinity with the Chondracanthidae.
A new schizogregarine, Mattesia orchopiae n.sp., in a flea of squirrels in England
Authors: Dasgupta Biswapati 
Published: June 2009

A new schizogregarine Mattesia orchopiae, n.sp., parasitic in the flea Orchopeas wickhami, is described. The schizogony takes place in the fat-cells, while the gametogony and the sporogony occur in the Malpighian tubules. The micronuclear schizonts measured 13·7 × 11 μ. The trophozoites of the second schizogony measured 14·2 × 3·5 μ. The spores measured 10·5 × 7 μ.After staining with toluidene blue metachromatic granules were found in the cytoplasm of the macronuclear schizonts and in the merozoites and the trophozoites resulting therefrom. Some of this metachromatic material could be removed by digestion with ribonuclease, while the rest of it persisted. Material stained with alcian blue was detected in the cytoplasm of the macronuclear schizonts.I wish to thank Professor P. C. C. Garnham for encouragement and advice received during the conduct of this investigation, Mrs M. Vizoso and Miss K. Meedeniya for the supply of the fleas, the authorities of the British Museum for the identification of the fleas, and Sir W. P. MacArthur for his advice regarding the problem of nomenclature.
The bird fleas of Fair Isle
Authors: Rothschild Miriam 
Published: June 2009

Approximately 5000 birds (78 species) were trapped on Fair Isle and examined for fleas. Six species of flea were recorded: D. g. gallinulae (430 records), C. gallinae (205 records), C. borealis (126 records), C. garei (4 records), C. fringillae and C. vagabundus (1 record each).The infestation rate among spring-passage migrants was 52·2% and among autumn-passage migrants only 2·7%. Spring migrants released and retrapped after ‘de-fleaing’ in the Fair Isle apparatus showed a 55% re-infestation rate. On spring migrants D. g. gallinulae was the dominant flea, but on autumn migrants C. gallinae was dominant. The most heavily infested group of birds were the Turdidae (61% spring, 3% autumn infestation rate) and Sylviidae (53% spring, 1% autumn infestation rate).A number of double and triple infestations with 2 or 3 species of flea is recorded. Double infestations involving D. g. gallinulae and C. borealis occur more frequently than would be expected for purely chance associations. More male birds (90) than female birds (70) were infested.The sex ratio of the fleas (on the bodies of birds) was: D. g. gallinulae 294 males, 325 females; C. gallinae 115 males, 214 females; C. borealis 77 males, 77 females. On the spring migrants there was an excess of male D. g. gallinulae and on the autumn migrants an excess of females.On the resident birds there was definite evidence of host preference. The starling was the chief host of C. gallinae, the pipits of D. g. gallinulae and the wheatear of C. borealis. The re-infestation rate of ‘de-fleaed’ retraps showed a higher rate than original trappings in all cases, but the lack of D. g. gallinulae on retrapped starlings suggested some host selection on the part of the flea.The proportions of the three principal species of flea found in (i) the nest of the wheatear, and (ii) on the body of the bird were strikingly different.
Electron microscopic observations of Toxoplasma ‘Nicolle et Manceaux’ in thin sections of tissue cultures
Authors: Meyer H. , Mendonça I. De Andrade 
Published: June 2009

Toxoplasma ‘Nicolle et Manceaux’ has been examined in the electron microscope in thin sections of infected tissue cultures. The intracellular forms, single or in rosette formations, show that the parasite has no flagella, cilia or other organelles for locomotion. It is covered by a double membrane which is especially well denned at the two poles. A ring-like formation, often slightly protruding, can be seen at one end of the parasite, and in connexion with this, long, homogeneous, dark-stained inclusions of still unknown nature. At the opposite pole a distinct opening has been found.Mitochondria and strands of an endoplasmic reticulum are also present in the cytoplasm and a fine striation in the region of the periplast. No dividing forms have been observed. Near the nucleus, in the region of what may correspond to the centrosome and the Golgi apparatus, a few extremely fine granules and a spiral-like formation of fine striae or tubules have been observed.This work has been partly supported by the National Research Council of Brazil. The cost of reproduction of figures was defrayed by the Institute de Biofísica da Universidade do Brasil.
The study of the transmission of the cattle lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus) in relation to pasture conditions
Authors: Spedding C. R. W. , Michel J. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. A series of experiments is described in which the transmission of cattle lung-worm infection has been investigated in relation to four different pasture conditions—long grass, short grass produced by gangmowing, grazing by sheep and grazing by resistant cattle.2. The methods of study of value in this type of field investigation are discussed. It is suggested that the results can be usefully expressed as a series of coefficients which summarize the factors involved in the process of transmission. The methods of calculation of these coefficients are described.
Immunity in trypanosomiasis. II. Agglutination reaction with African trypanosomes
Authors: Soltys M. A. 
Published: June 2009

Agglutination reactions between living trypanosomes and sera of experimentally infected rabbits is described.Agglutinins in infected rabbits and in hyperimmunized rabbits with dead trypanosomes appeared between 5 and 8 days and reached their maximum within 14 days. They persisted in infected untreated rabbits until death, but in infected rabbits treated with Suramin they persisted for only 3 months. In hyperimmunized rabbits the titre of agglutinins gradually fell and disappeared 4 weeks after the last inoculation.Agglutinins appear to be species specific; sera of rabbits infected with T. brucei agglutinated homologous and heterologous strains of the T. brucei, but failed to agglutinate heterologous species of trypanosomes. Similar results were obtained with sera of other species of trypanosomes.Four sera from naturally occurring cases of T. rhodesiense infection in man produced agglutination reactions with titre varying from 1:80 to 1:1280 with T. rhodesiense, but did not agglutinate T. brucei.
Morphological and Taxonomic Studies on Mammalian Trypanosomes
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. 
Published: June 2009

This paper is devoted to a critical analysis and revision of the systematics of the mammalian trypanosomes. It is shown that there is no justification for the recognition of more than one genus, Trypanosoma.The trypanosomes are subdivided into two sections, each with distinct morphological and biological characteristics.In the section corresponding to the lewisi group the method of reproduction is used as a criterion for the specific differentiation of the trypanosomes.