bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Sudbury Copper-Deposits
Authors: Collins J. H. 
Published: October 2009

The extensive deposits of copper-ore in the neighbourhood of Sudbury, to the north of Georgian Bay on Lake Huron, have attracted a great deal of attention during the past two years.
The geological and mineralogical characters of the Huronian rocks of the Sudbury district were described by Prof. Bonney in a paper read before the Geological Society of London in November of last year. The copper was discovered about the time of his visit; but as he does not refer to it in his paper, I presume his attention was not called to it. At first it was thought to be an immensely important discovery, likely to revolutionize the copper-trade, and to reduce the price of copper, then, and for a long time after, only £40 per ton, to a figure which would render such mines as Rio Tinto, Calumet and Hecla, and Anaconda quite unremunerative. One of the deposits, the Stable Mine, which had been tested by a series of shallow trial pits, was reported to consist of “a mass of solid sulphides of copper and iron, 1600 ft. long and 1200 ft. across,” the depth being supposed practically unlimited. The description (published only a few months before my visit in October 1887, but written some time before) runs accurately enough as follows:—“It is in the form of a wide round hill, covered, like the surrounding region, with burnt trees, and in appearance it does not differ in any way from the other low hills around, except in the
On the Remains and Affinities of five Genera of Mesozoic Reptiles
Authors: Lydekker R. 
Published: October 2009

Introductory.

The following communication treats of certain remains referred to four species of English Mesozoic Reptiles, some of which were first described or named by Professor H. G. Seeley, and also includes a discussion as to the affinities of a fifth form. The substance of that portion of the paper relating to
Peloneustes philarchus
was previously brought under the notice of the Society at the Meeting held on May 23rd as a separate communication, entitled “On the Skeleton of a Sauropterygian from the Oxford Clay near Bedford”, but, on account of a change of view on the part of the Author, it was considered advisable that it should be again presented in a revised form.

Vertebræ of an Ornithopodous Dinosaur from the Canbridge Greensand.
On page 621 of a memoir on the remains of Dinosaurs from the Cambridge Greensand, published in the 35th volume of the Society's 'Journal,' professor Seeley applied the name Syngonosaurus macrocercus to a series of nineteen vertebræ from the cervical, dorsal, sacral, and caudal regions, which were said to be associated, and indicate a medium-sized species. At the conclusion of the description of these vertebræ mentions is also made of csrtain dermal scutes. which it was suggested might also be associated. I have no intention of entering into the question whether the alleged association of all these remains is absolutely certain, and I shall accordingly confine my remarks to the one cervical and eight dorsal vertebræ, which, as being the first described (although not figured), may,
Description of a new Species of
Clupea
(
C. vectensis
) from Oligocene Strata in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Newton E. T. 
Published: October 2009

Mr. G. W. Colenutt, of Ryde, has recently been investigating the Oligocene strata of the northern parts of the Isle of Wight, and an account of his researches appeared in the August number of the ‘Geological Magazine’. Among the numerous fossils he has obtained from these deposits, none are more interesting than the small fishes which occur, apparently in some numbers, in a grey shaly clay belonging to the “Osborne Series,” at King's Quay and other localities. The best examples, which Mr. Colenutt kindly sent me for examination, vary in length from 20 to 60 millimetres. Most of them have the back concave and the mouth wide open, seeming to indicate that they died in a state of tetanus, probably due to asphyxiation, as their condition is very similar to that of fishes which have died from being kept in too small a quantity of water.
Many of these fossil fishes are beautifully preserved, with the vertebral column, ribs, fins, and tail in their natural positions. The heads also are present, but unfortunately they are all more or less mutilated, so that the forms of the bones cannot be well deciphered.
The large examples, of which there are tour well preserved (Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2, 3), measure from 43 to 58 millimetres in length. These vary somewhat in form, as will be seen from the examples figured; but this is probably due to pressure, as they seem to be precisely alike in other particulars. The single dorsal fin has
On the Growth of Crystals in Igneous Rocks after their Consolidation
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

Three years ago, in describing some basic igneous rocks from Scotland and Ireland, I expressed my conviction that a part, at least, of the structures known as
micropegmatitic
and
granophyric
were really of secondary origin. At the same time, I stated that these structures were so much more clearly illustrated by the intermediate and acid rocks of the same district that it would be well to defer the discussion of the subject till my examination and description of the rocks in question should be completed.

The study of the intermediate and acid lavas (which, in 1874, I grouped under the old English field-name of “felstones”) and of their plutonic representatives has occupied much of my time and thought during the last fifteen years. But so numerous and interesting are the problems connected with the wonderful metamorphoses which the minerals of these rocks have undergone, and so singular are the changes which have taken place in the structures of these rocks, that, in spite of a number of visits to the district and much labour in the laboratory, some time must yet elapse before the examination of the chief types and the elucidation of their mode of origin is completed.
In the meanwhile, however, certain discussions which have taken place concerning rock-structures and their significance—especially as a basis of rock-nomenclature and classification—render it desirable that the very definite and unmistakable evidence which I have obtained concerning the secondary origin of the characteristic structures of the “granophyric” rocks should be placed on
The Tertiary Volcanoes of the Western Isles of Scotland
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

In the year 1874 I communicated to this Society the results of my studies concerning the Tertiary and Older Volcanic rocks of Western Scotland, and their relations to the Secondary strata with which they are so intimately associated*. The very generous manner in which the memoir dealing with those subjects was received by this Society—and especially by those who were at that time the leaders of geological thought in this country—can never be forgotten by me. Such a reception lays upon the author of a memoir certain very obvious responsibilities. In the event of serious and fatal errors being indicated in his observations or reasoning, it is clearly his duty to come forward and frankly withdraw the statements to which this Society has given such wide currency. It is equally incumbent upon him, should his premises and conclusions be openly challenged on what seem to him to be insufficient grounds, to undertake the task of re-examining and, if necessary, of defending his views.
It may not perhaps be out of place to remark that my work in Scotland, to which were devoted five years of heavy labour and careful research, was one that taxed to the full the powers of a private individual. It involved the examination of the physical relations and the discussion of the palæontological characteristics of the whole of the rocks of the Highlands between the Old Red Sandstone and the Glacial deposits. Of these formations, it may be remembered that the strata of Carboniferious and Cretaceous
On the Occurrence of Palæolithic Flint Implements in the Neighbourhood of Ightham, Kent, their Distribution and probable Age
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

It has hitherto, with a few disputed exceptions, been generally held that, in this country, palæolithic stone implements are confined to “river-drifts” and caves of the so-called Postglacial age, in which they occur buried at greater or less depths; and little search was made outside the drift-deposits, or the valleys to which such deposits are confined. It is true that a few specimens had been found at various heights on the hills, but they failed to attract much attention or to suggest any different explanation. In 1861 Dr. John Evans found a large pointed implement on the surface of a ploughed field in the parish of Abbots Langley, and at a height of 160 feet above the Colne. Another smaller specimen was found in 1861 by Mr. W. Whitaker on the surface of the Chalk, one mile east of Horton Kirby, and about 200 feet above the Darent. In 1869, in searching over a field near the edge of the Chalk-escarpment at Currie Farm, Halstead, Kent, in company with General Pitt-Rivers, Sir J. Lubbock, and myself, Dr. Evans picked up a rude ovoid specimen; but we did not succeed in finding any more. This spot is nearly 600 (not 500) feet above O.D. From time to time a few similar instances have been recorded; but they were either passed by as chance specimens, possibly dropped and lost, or were in some way supposed to be connected with the ordinary river-valley drifts.
But the remarkable discoveries of palæolithic flint implements made
On a Tachylyte associated with the Gabbro of Carrock Fell in the Lake District
Authors: Groom Theo. T. 
Published: October 2009

Whilst engaged in studying the igneous rocks of Carrock Fell I observed a peculiar vein of tachylyte traversing the gabbro close to the point at which the latter passes into the granophyre. The vein is about an inch thick, and shows well-marked flow-structure parallel to the sides. The centre of the vein is of a pale greenish colour, and shows spherulitic structure, while on each side is a purplishgrey zone. The rock shows a horny or subvitreous lustre, weathers to a yellowish-brown tint, and is slightly magnetic; under the blow-pipe splinters fuse readily to a black enamel; the hardness is about
3 1/2. The specific gravity of the whole rock is 2·99, while that of the central zone is 2·95. The average density of basalt-glasses is, according to Messrs. Judd and Cole, about 2"7, that of the Scotch varieties varies from 2·72 to 2·89. The specific gravity of Carroek-Fen rock, it will be seen, considerably exceeds the heaviest of them, but appears to approach that of the continental variolites, such as those of Durance or Jalguba
The percentage of silica places the rock high up in the basic series. It appears to have most affinity with the more acid basalts and with the augite-andesites; this agrees with the conclusions formed from microscopical and other evidence, as well as with the fact that the rock is associated with the Carrock-Fell gabbro, which, according to Mr. Teall, is the plutenic representative of the andesitic dolerites. The percentage of iron is unusually high
The Occurrence of Colloid Silica in the Lower Chalk of Berkshire and Wiltshire
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. , Hill W. 
Published: October 2009

The existence in the Lower Chalk of beds containing a certain proportion of pure disseminated silica is not a new discovery, the occurrence of such material having been proved by Messrs. Way and Paine in 1851; but we are not aware that it has ever before been found in such quantity, or that any detailed investigation of its mode of occurrence has previously been made.
The beds which are the subject of the present communication were discovered during the examination of the Lower Chalk of Berkshire and Wiltshire in 1887–88, for the purposes of the Geological Survey, and we are indebted to the Director-General of the Survey for permission to make use of the stratigraphical information then obtained. Beds of siliceous chalk were first observed near Wantage and Letcombe Bassett, and attracted attention from their hard and compact character; they occurred near the horizon at which the Totternhoe Stone is found further north, and it was at first thought possible that one of them might be the representative of that stone. Specimens were therefore submitted to microscopical examination, and were found to be different from Totternhoe Stone and from any other samples of Lower Chalk previously examined by us. The exact stratigraphical position of these beds was subsequently ascertained by means of the excellent section exposed by the cutting on the Didcot, Newbury, and Winchester line, near Chilton.
On Tachylyte from Victoria Park, Whiteinch, near Glasgow
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

In a paper published last year in the ‘Transactions of the Geological Society of Glasgow' by Messrs. John Young, F.G.S., and D. Corse Glen, F.G.S., an interesting account is given of certain intrusive sheets and veins of dolerite passing through Carboniferous shales and sandstones, which contain the erect stems of fossil trees, determined by Mr. R. Kidston, F.G.S., as those of
Lepidodendron Veltheimianum
. In one instance a thin vein of the dolerite was found to pass completely through one of the trees a little above the roots. There can therefore be no doubt that these dolerite veins were formed, as the authors point out, subsequently to the growth of the trees and the deposition of the surrounding beds.

In the paper already cited the authors duly recognize the tachylytic character which the margins of the smaller intrusive veins present in the following words:—
“In this quarry we have the interesting evidence that along these lines, especially in the thinner veins, the dolerite has cooled as a vitreous glassy lava, in which a thin layer, showing micro-spherulitic structure, has been developed during the process along the surface of both faces of the vein. These veins are now seen to have lost their glassy structure through devitrification, and are of a whitish colour, but their spherulitic structure, which still remains, clearly indicates that they once existed as veins of a glassy tachylyte. This is the first instance in which we have found such a structure amongst the dolerites of the Glasgow Coal-field.”
Notes on the Bagshot Beds and their Stratigraphy
Authors: Lyons H. G. 
Published: October 2009

Since the publication in the Quarterly Journal of the Society (Q. J. G. S. xliii. p. 431) of a paper on the London Clay and Bagshot Beds of Aldershot, I have made a number of observations on these beds as they occur in the area between Aldershot and Ascot. These observations I would now place at the disposal of other workers, as I shall have no further opportunities of making use of them, and I would also shortly refer to the results to which they seem to me to lead.
In my previous paper, referred to above, I only discussed the beds at their southern outcrop over an area about 5 miles from E. to W. by 2 miles from N. to S., and showed that within this area the Bagshot and London-Clay strata remained of constant thickness and dipped at an angle of about 2¼° northwards.
Over so small an area it was easy to obtain sections which would show what was required, and at the same time of a length short enough to avoid the necessity of any great exaggeration of the vertical scale in order to show the details.
On some Palæozoic Ostracoda from North America, Russia, Wales, and Ireland
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: October 2009

1.
Some good specimens of North-American Ostracoda from the Lower-Helderberg and Cincinnati Groups, in the British Museum and my own collection, have given occasion for a critical revision and careful illustration of several forms shown in Pl. III. figs. 1–20, 24, 25, and Pl. IV. figs. 16–24. For comparison with some of these, three Russian specimens (Pl. III. figs. 21–23) are introduced.

2.

In the ‘Palæontology of New York,’ vol. iii. 1859, several of the Palæozoic Ostracoda of New-York State were described, but pls. 79
a
and 79
b
, intended to contain figures of some of them, could not be then produced. With Dr. James Hall's permission, copies of some of the original drawings have been courteously supplied by Mr. J. M. Clarke, of Albany, and are here reproduced (Pl. I. figs. 1–6, and woodcut, fig. 1), thus enlarging our knowledge of the Lower-Helderberg fauna by the illustration of seven out of the ten forms originally intended for the unpublished plates.

3.
Prof. K. P. Whitfield, of New York, having kindly sent a large series of Palæozoic Ostracoda, collected in the Lake-Champlain district and elsewhere in North America, for examination, they are illustrated in Pl. I. figs. 7–15, and Pl. II. figs. 1–13. Figs. 7–10 and 15 of Pl. I. are from the Lower Silurian of Lake Champlain; Pl. I. fig. 12 and Pl. II. figs. 1 and 6 are from the Upper Silurian of Nova Scotia; Pl. I. figs. 11, 13, 14, and Pl. II. figs 2–5 and 7–13, are from the Hamilton Group of Lake Erie.
Note on the Glaciation of Parts of the Valleys of the Jhelam and Sind Rivers in the Himalaya Mountains of Kashmir
Authors: Stiffe A. W. 
Published: October 2009

The extent of the former glaciation of the Himalayas has been discussed by various authors, and very different views have been expressed as to its magnitude. Mr. Lyddeker has noticed the unstratified deposits of boulders in the Jhelam gorge, and the probability of their being ice-borne; Messrs. Theobald and Wynne have described glacial deposits in the plains of the Punjab, not remote from the foot of the mountains; quoting Dr. Verechere's remarks on erratic blocks about 100 miles S.W. of the Jhelam valley, Mr. Wynne describes similar blocks near the Indus river southward of Attock, and enormous moraines and angular blocks in the Eastern parts of the Salt Range, also others 20 miles southward of Jhelam City; Col. God win-Austen also refers to extensive glaciation of the Jhelam valley.
The Author records his own experience while on a visit to the valleys of the Jhelam and Sind rivers, stating, in the first place, his belief in the gigantic scale of the ancient glaciation, and then giving first a general description of the principal features of the Sind valley and the existing glaciers near Sonamarg, which are at present apparently still shrinking. The existence of snow-fields far below the foot of the glaciers is an unusual feature.
Very perfect and typical older terminal moraines exist at Sonamarg, some 4 miles below the present glaciers, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet, and these, at a not remote period, blocked up the valley of the Sind river, and formed a small lake
On the Relation of the Westleton Beds, or Pebbly Sands of Suffolk, to those of Norfolk, and on their Extension Inland; with some Observations on the Period of the Final Elevation and Denudation of the Weald and of the Thames Valley, &c.
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

1.
Objects of the Paper &c.

In the first part of this paper
*
the relation of the Wesfleton Beds in the Eastern Counties to the Crag Series on the one hand, and to the Glacial Series on the other, was discussed. My object in this part is to trace the extension of the former beyond the area of the Crag, aud to show that a Westleton Shingle-bed passes transgressively over the Red Crag, the Tertiary strata, and the Chalk, and ranges westward through the length of the London Basin, while it rises to considerable heights above the Glacial Drifts and exists independently of them; and although it occupies only isolated and detached outliers, if the relation of these outliers to the Pre-Glacial Beds of Suffolk and Norfolk—the position of which has been proved—can be determined, we shall then have a definite base by which to correlate them and establish the order of succession and relative age of the many Drift Beds of the London Basin.

I purpose therefore to proceed step by step and to take each stage separately, confining myself now to the oldest and highest stage, where the distinctive characters of composition are best defined. These are lost in later stages, owing to frequent reconstruction, but we can then follow by levels.
In 1847 I showed that in the neighbourhood of London there
were hill-gravels as distinct from valley-gravels, but I was not then
in possessxon of any clue whereby to fix their separate age. Subsequent observations, especially
On Composite Spherulites in Obsidian, from Hot-Springs, near Little Lake, California
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

In a paper read before the Royal Society in 1885, allusion was made to certain greyish, or yellowish-white spherulites occurring in a specimen of black obsidian which was given me by the late Mr. John Arthur Phillips, F.R.S.
These spherulites (portions of two occur in the specimen) are about an inch in diameter and are seen to consist of numerous spherulites of very much smaller dimensions. In the paper referred to it was suggested “that the smaller spherulitic structure was set up in the large spherule after its formation, the vestiges of a radiating crystalline structure tending to confirm this view.” This opinion was based merely upon what could be seen on a fractured surface by the help of a pocket-lens. The microscopic examination of a section made through one of these bodies seems, however, to show that the smaller spherulites were formed first, and that after they had assembled together in spheroidal aggregates, a radiating crystallization was set up within the mass, travelling stage by stage from the centre to the periphery.
As I have not yet met with any account of precisely similarspherulites, even in Mr. Iddings's monograph, it seems to me that the following notes may prove of some interest to petrographers.
In reflected light, but better when dark-ground illumination is employed the entire section of the spherulite is seen to be composed of much smaller spherical or spheroidal bodies, so closely packed that they are usually in contact, the matter occupying the interstices appearing darker than
On certain Physical Peculiarities exhibited by the so-called “Raised Beaches” of Hope's Nose and the Thatcher Rock, Devon
Authors: Pidgeon D. 
Published: October 2009

The so-called “Raised Beaches” of Hope's Nose and the Thatcher Hock, near Torquay, have been so often discussed by eminent geologists that no attempt will be made to add anything by way of description in a paper proposing to deal exclusively with certain physical peculiarities exhibited by the “beaches” in question.
The word “beach” may be defined as an accumulation of sandy, shelly, and pebbly materials brought together, by the action of waves, upon the shore; while “raised beaches” are similar accumulations which since their formation have been lifted above the present level of the sea.
These definitions being granted, the author proposes to show, in the first place, that certain physical considerations, applicable to both of the “raised beaches” in question, make it impossible to consider them as beaches at all; and, in the second place, to suggest a possible explanation of their origin.
The considerations in question first struck the writer while working out the Conchology of the beaches for his friend Mr. A. R. Hunt, of Torquay, who has embodied the results thus obtained in a speculative paper on “The Raised Beach on the Thatcher Rock: its Shells and their Teaching”. He gives a list of 43 species, with notes on their distribution in the present seas.
Referring, in the first instance, to the stony constituents of the beach, it will be observed―
1. That all the hand-samples exhibited to the Meeting are composed of fragments of rock and shells, both of which, with scarcely an exception,