bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mercury levels in tissues of otters from Ontario, Canada: Variation with age, sex, and location
Authors: Mierle Gregory , Addison Edward M , MacDonald Katherine S , Joachim Damien G 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Concentrations of mercury in hair, brain, and liver tissues of river otter (Lutra canadensis) from several townships in Ontario, Canada, were determined. Levels of Hg in these tissues were highly intercorrelated but differed from tissue to tissue. The highest concentration was in hair, followed by liver and brain. The high correlation between Hg in hair and brain, as well as the ease and precision of Hg determinations on hair, demonstrate that Hg in hair holds considerable promise for monitoring the Hg in otters. Within the sampled otters, Hg varied with respect to age. The Hg concentrations increased over the first two to three years of age, remained stable over the next two to three years of age, and then declined in the remaining age-groups. Mean age of otters in townships with high-Hg concentrations was about half the mean age of otters in low-Hg townships. In areas where mercury levels are high, otters may have reduced survivorship because of Hg-induced stress on their health.
Assessing sediment contamination in estuaries
Authors: Chapman Peter M , Wang Feiyue 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHistoric and ongoing sediment contamination adversely affects estuaries, among the most productive marine ecosystems in the world. However, all estuaries are not the same, and estuarine sediments cannot be treated as either fresh or marine sediments or properly assessed without understanding both seasonal and spatial estuarine variability and processes, which are reviewed. Estuaries are physicochemically unique, primarily because of their variable salinity but also because of their strong gradients in other parameters, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, and amount and composition of particles. Salinity (overlying and interstitial) varies spatially (laterally, vertically) and temporally and is the controlling factor for partitioning of contaminants between sediments and overlying or interstitial water. Salinity also controls the distribution and types of estuarine biota. Benthic infauna are affected by interstitial salinities that can be very different than overlying salinities, resulting in large-scale seasonal species shifts in salt wedge estuaries. There are fewer estuarine species than fresh or marine species (the paradox of brackish water). Chemical, toxicological, and community-level assessment techniques for estuarine sediment are reviewed and assessed, including chemistry (grain size effects, background enrichment, bioavailability, sediment quality values, interstitial water chemistry), biological surveys, and whole sediment toxicity testing (single-species tests, potential confounding factors, community level tests, laboratory-to-field comparisons). Based on this review, there is a clear need to tailor such assessment techniques specifically for estuarine environments. For instance, bioavailability models including equilibrium partitioning may have little applicability to estuarine sediments, appropriate reference comparisons are difficult in biological surveys, and there are too few full-gradient estuarine sediment toxicity tests available. Specific recommendations are made to address these and other issues.
Ecological condition of the estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States
Authors: Summers J Kevin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Monitoring the estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines of the United States from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, to Brownsville, Texas, was performed annually from 1990 through 1997 to assess ecological conditions on a regional basis for four biogeographic provinces. These province estimates-Virginian, Carolinian, West Indian, and Louisianian Provinces-are combined to provide an assessment of 87% of the estuarine area of the United States and 96% of the area of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Combining information over the six years of monitoring showed 34 ± 4% of the Atlantic and Gulf estuarine sediments displayed poorer than expected biological conditions, based on benthic and finfish community conditions, and 21 ± 4% of the area was characterized by low water clarity, the presence of marine debris/noxious odors, or elevated fish tissue contaminants.
Vapor pressures of six brominated diphenyl ether congeners
Authors: Tittlemier Sheryl A , Tomy Gregg T 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Subcooled liquid vapor pressures (P oL of six polybrominateddiphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners containing three to seven bromine atoms were determined using the gas chromatograph retention time technique. Values ranged from 2.3 × 10−7 to 1.45 × 10−4 Pa at 25°C. An increase in the number of bromine atoms tended to decrease P oL according to the correlation logP oL = −0.692 (bromine number) −1.76 (R2 = 0.953, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, the first such data for individual PBDE congeners demonstrates that P oL would vary four orders of magnitude over environmentally relevant temperatures.
Linear alkylbenzenes in muscle tissues of white croaker near a large ocean outfall in southern California, USA
Authors: Phillips Charles R , Venkatesan M Indira , Lin Timothy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMuscle tissues of a bottom-dwelling marine fish, white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), collected near a large wastewater outfall in southern California, USA, were analyzed for long-chain linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). Total LABs (summed concentrations of C11 through C14 isomers) were highest (166–748 ng g−1 wet wt) in individuals collected in the immediate vicinity of the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD; Fountain Valley, CA, USA) outfall diffuser, whereas relatively lower concentrations occurred in fish from mid-shelf and inshore locations at distances of 2.5 and 5 km, respectively, from the outfall. Fish tissue LAB concentrations were roughly proportional to sediment LAB concentrations at the respective collection sites. The extent of LAB degradation, as determined by ratios of internal to external C12 isomers, did not appear to relate to LAB concentrations or sampling location. Tissue DDT and PCB concentrations were not significantly correlated with LABs and, thus, did not appear to relate to recent exposures to sewage residues from the OCSD discharge. Measurements of LAB concentrations in fish tissues may be widely applicable as a monitoring tool for interpreting exposures to sewage discharges.
Reproductive and transgenerational effects of methylmercury or Aroclor 1268 onFundulus heteroclitus
Authors: Matta Mary Baker , Linse Jo , Cairncross Charles , Francendese Leo , Kocan Richard M 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis research determined the potential for methylmercury or Aroclor 1268 to disrupt reproduction and sexual differentiation in Fundulus heteroclitus. The research determined whether fish that are exposed to mercury or Aroclor 1268 survive and successfully reproduce; whether offspring of exposed fish hatch, survive, produce eggs, and fertilize them; and whether the secondgeneration offspring of exposed fish hatch and survive. Fundulus heteroclitus were exposed to mercury or Aroclor 1268 via contaminated food. Endpoints evaluated included survival, growth, fecundity, fertilization success, hatch success, larval survival, sex ratios, and the prevalence of gonadal abnormalities. In general, polychlorinated biphenyls were highly bioavailable and accumulated well through feeding. The only statistically significant effect observed as a result of treatment with Aroclor 1268 was an increase in growth in the offspring of exposed fish. Mercury was accumulated in a dose-dependent fashion via food exposures. Exposure to mercury in food increased mortality in male F. heteroclitus, which possibly occurred as a result of behavioral alterations. Increased mortality was observed at body burdens of 0.2 to 0.47 μg/g. Offspring of F. heteroclitus fed mercury-contaminated food were less able to successfully reproduce, with reduced fertilization success observed at egg concentrations of 0.01 to 0.63 μg/g, which corresponds with parent whole-body concentrations of 1.1 to 1.2 μg/g. Offspring of exposed fish also had altered sex ratios, with treatment at moderate concentrations producing fewer females and treatment at the highest concentration producing more females than expected. Alterations in sex ratios were observed at concentrations of less than 0.01 μg/g in eggs or between 0.44 and 1.1 μg/g in parents. Offspring of mercury-exposed fish also had increased growth in moderate treatments, when egg concentrations were less than 0.02 μg/g, or when parent whole bodies contained 0.2 to 0.47 μg/g. In summary, exposure to mercury reduced male survival, reduced the ability of offspring to successfully reproduce, and altered sex ratios in offspring. Both direct effects on exposed fish and transgenerational effects were observed.
Sediment quality in Los Angeles Harbor, USA: A triad assessment
Authors: Anderson, Brian S , Hunt John W , Phillips Bryn M , Fairey Russell , Roberts Cassandra A , Oakden James M , Puckett H Max , Stephenson Mark , Tjeerdema Ronald S , Long Edward R , Wilson Craig J , Lyons J Michael 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSediment quality in the Los Angeles and Long Beach Harbor area of southern California, USA, was assessed from 1992 to 1997 as part of the California State Water Resources Control Board's Bay Protection and Toxic Cleanup Program and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Status and Trends Program. The assessment strategy relied on application of various components of the sediment quality triad, combined with bioaccumulation measures, in a weight-of-evidence approach to sediment quality investigations. Results of bulk-phase chemical measurements, solid-phase amphipod toxicity tests, pore-water toxicity tests with invertebrate embryos, benthic community analyses (presented as a relative benthic index), and bioaccumulation measures indicated that inner harbor areas of this system are polluted by high concentrations of a mixture of sediment-associated contaminants and that this pollution is highly correlated with toxicity in laboratory experiments and degradation of benthic community structure. While 29% of sediment samples from this system were toxic to amphipods (Rhepoxynius abronius or Eohaustorius estuarius), 79% were toxic to abalone embryos (Haliotis rufescens) exposed to 100% pore-water concentrations. Statistical analyses indicated that amphipod survival in laboratory toxicity tests was significantly correlated with the number of crustacean species and the total number of species measured in the benthos at these stations. Triad measures were incorporated into a decision matrix designed to classify stations based on degree of sediment pollution, toxicity, benthic community degradation, and, where applicable, tissue concentrations in laboratory-exposed bivalves and feral fish.
Fatty acid composition of tomato leaves as biomarkers of metal-contaminated soils
Authors: Verdoni Nicole , Mench Michel , Cassagne Claude , Bessoule Jean-Jacques 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether fatty acid composition of leaves, cotyledons or roots could be used as an indicator of the bioavailability and of the adverse effects of heavy metals on plants. Tomato seedlings were grown on soils obtained by mixing increasing amounts of a highly metal-contaminated soil with an uncontaminated sandy soil, and the fatty acid composition of plant tissues was analyzed. The fatty acid composition of roots and cotyledons of plants grown on contaminated soils was mostly the same as in the control plants. In contrast, significant changes in the fatty acid composition of primary leaves occurred. Our results clearly indicate a relationship between metal accumulation (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) and the fatty acid composition of primary leaves, with the contribution of 18 C atom fatty acids (as 18:3 fatty acid and precursors) being more closely correlated with the availability of heavy metals in soils.
Effectiveness of the sulfur(IV) compound, sodium bisulfite, in reducing chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chlorite toxicity toDaphnia magnain well water and pond water
Authors: Yonkos Lance T , Fisher Daniel J , Burton Dennis T , Whitekettle Wilson K , Petrille Joseph C 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFlow-through toxicity tests were conducted with Daphnia magna to determine the residual toxicity of chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chlorite after treatment with the sulfur(IV) compound sodium bisulfite. Daphnids were exposed separately to 0.5-mg/L concentrations of each of the three compounds without the addition of sodium bisulfite, with a low stoichiometric dose of sodium bisulfite, and with a high stoichiometric dose of sodium bisulfite. Tests were performed in well water with a low total organic carbon (TOC) content and pond water with a high TOC content. Analysis of results indicated that sodium bisulfite did not eliminate the toxicity of chlorine dioxide or chlorite to D. magna. Total residual oxidant (TRO) concentrations were reduced and survival times were extended, but acute toxicity persisted even with a SIV concentration 10.0 times the stoichiometric ratio of oxidant. Mortality occurred in chlorine dioxide treatments in which no TRO was detected, indicating that standard analytical (amperometric) techniques may be inadequate to detect toxicity. Sodium bisulfite did succeed in eliminating chlorine toxicity except in pond water receiving a low (3.0×) sodium bisulfite dose. Oxidant reactions with organic substrates may have produced chlorinated residuals that were resistant to SIV dechlorination.
Sea urchin fertilization assay: An evaluation of assumptions related to sample salinity adjustment and use of natural and synthetic marine waters for testing
Authors: Jonczyk Emilia , Gilron Guy , Zajdlik Barry 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMost industrial effluents discharged into the marine coastal environment are freshwater in nature and therefore require manipulation prior to testing with marine organisms. The sea urchin fertilization test is a common marine bioassay used for routine environmental monitoring, investigative evaluations, and/or regulatory testing of effluents and sediment pore waters. The existing Canadian and U.S. Environmental Protection Agencies test procedures using sea urchin (and sand dollar) gametes allow for sample salinity adjustment using either brine or dry salts. Moreover, these procedures also allow for the use of either natural or synthetic marine water for culturing/holding test organisms and for full-scale testing. At present, it is unclear to what extent these variables affect test results for whole effluents. The test methods simply state that there are no data available and that the use of artificial dry sea salts should be considered provisional. We conducted a series of concurrent experiments aimed at comparing the two different treatments of sample salinity adjustment and the use of natural versus synthetic seawater in order to test these assumptions and evaluate effects on the estimated end points generated by the sea urchin fertilization sublethal toxicity test. Results from these experiments indicated that there is no significant difference in test end points when dry salts or brine are used for sample salinity adjustment. Similarly, results obtained from parallel (split-sample) industrial effluent tests with natural and artificial seawater suggest that both dilution waters produce similar test results. However, data obtained from concurrent tests with the reference toxicant, copper sulfate, showed higher variability and greater sensitivity when using natural seawater as control/dilution water.
Effects of natural organic matter source on reducing metal toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and on metal binding to their gills
Authors: Richards Jeff G , Curtis P Jeff , Burnison B Kent , Playle Richard C 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 3 g) were exposed for 74 h in ion-poor (soft) water to a mixed-metal solution in the presence of 4, 6, and 10 mg C/L natural organic matter (NOM). The metals were 0.2 μM Pb, 0.1 μM Hg, 0.1 μM Cd, 1.3 μM Cu, 0.05 μM Ag, and 3.5 μM Co, and the natural organic matter was isolated by reverse osmosis from three sources in southern Ontario, Canada. The six-metal solution alone was extremely toxic to the fish. Increasing concentrations of each NOM increased trout survival, but the NOM having the most allochthonous properties (from Luther Marsh) increased fish survival most, while the NOM having the most autochthonous properties (from Sanctuary Pond, Point Pelee) increased fish survival least. This pattern was reflected in the degree of reduction of Pb and Cu accumulation by the gills. Relatively simple chemical characterization of NOM, such as protein-to-carbohydrate ratios, or optical characterization, such as absorbance-to-fluorescence ratios (e.g., representing aromaticity), may adequately reflect these biologically relevant differences in organic matter quality.
Simultaneous experimental study of direct and direct plus trophic contamination of the crayfish astacus astacus by inorganic mercury and methylmercury
Authors: Simon Olivier , Boudou Alain 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An experimental study was carried out to investigate direct and direct plus trophic contamination routes of the crayfish Astacus astacus by inorganic mercury (Hg(II)) or methylmercury (MeHg). Direct exposure was based on low contamination conditions, 300 and 30 ng/L in the dissolved phase, respectively, during 30 d at 20°C. Trophic exposure was based on daily consumption of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea, previously contaminated during 40 d with similar exposure conditions. The Hg concentrations in the bivalves were very similar: 1,451 ± 287 ng/g for Hg(II) and 1,346 ± 143 ng/g for MeHg. In the crustaceans, Hg bioaccumulation was analyzed at the whole-organism level and in eight organs (gills, stomach, intestine, hepatopancreas, tail muscle, green gland, carapace, and hemolymph), after 15 and 30 d of exposure. Analysis of the results showed marked differences between Hg(II) and MeHg accumulation in favor of MeHg: for the direct route, the ratio between metal concentrations was close to 8; for the trophic route, no significant increase in Hg accumulation was observed for Hg(II) even when the ratio between Hg concentration in the direct plus trophic contamination route and Hg concentration in the direct contamination route was 1.6 for MeHg, with an estimated trophic transfer rate close to 20%. Mercury organotropism was also specifically connected to the exposure conditions, especially at the biological barrier level according to the route of exposure: gills and carapace for the direct route and digestive tract including hepatopancreas for the trophic route.
Comparison of laboratory and in situ sediment bioassays using Corophium volutator
Authors: Kater Belinda J , Postma Jaap F , Dubbeldam Marco , Prins Jeannot T. H J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Bioassays with the marine amphipod Corophium volutator were performed simultaneously in situ and in the laboratory using sediments sampled from the in situ locations. In most cases, the in situ response was significantly higher compared to the laboratory response. This difference was not caused by direct influence of the use of the field chamber on Corophium sp., nor was the difference caused by the overlying water used. Experiments showed homogenization can affect the toxicity of a sediment, but not in such a way that it can completely explain the difference between the response in situ and in the laboratory. Possible explanatory factors are harbor activity, storms, and temperature. To reduce the influence of some of these factors, the best period of the year to perform in situ bioassays with C. volutator is May, June, or September.
Heritability of resistance to individual contaminants and to contaminant mixtures in the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
Authors: Klerks Paul L , Moreau Casey J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Resistance heritability (the additive genetic variance out of the total phenotypic variance, signifying a population's potential to genetically adapt to detrimental levels of contamination) was quantified in the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Heritability was estimated for tolerance to individual contaminants (phenanthrene, zinc) and to contaminant mixtures (phenanthrene plus zinc, and a complex mixture with three metals and three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Estimates were obtained from resemblances between relatives, both parent–offspring pairs, and families of sibs and half-sibs. Heritabilities determined from parent–offspring regressions averaged only 0.08 (scale, 0—1), whereas resemblance among full sibs yielded heritabilities averaging 0.85. The half-sib analysis yielded heritabilities of −0.01 (sire component) and 0.77 (dam component). This pattern in the magnitude of heritabilities indicates that heritabilities for the resistance of C. variegatus to these chemicals are low (with the high resemblances among sibs being due to common environmental and dominance genetic variation rather than additive genetic variation). The parent–offspring regressions provide evidence that heritabilities may be lower if more contaminants are involved. Our results mean, then, that C. variegatus in contaminated environments is not likely to become resistant to these contaminants very rapidly, and that resistance may develop even more slowly as more contaminants become involved.