bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENDOSCOPIC SPHINCTEROTOMY ALONE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF LOW‐GRADE BILIARY LEAKS DUE TO CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Authors: Aksoz Kadir , Unsal Belkis , Yoruk Gazi , Buyrac Zafer , Haciyanli Mehmet , Akpinar Zehra , Alper Emrah 
Published: June 2009

Aim:  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is important in the diagnosis and management of postoperative bile leaks. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) alone, ES with stent or nasobiliary drain (NBD) placement and stent or NBD without ES are the methods of choice. In the present study, we aimed to show the efficacy of ES alone in the management of low‐grade (LGL) cystic duct stump (CDS) leaks due to cholecystectomy.Methods:  Between September 2005 and January 2008, ES was carried out on 31 patients with LGL from the CDS due to cholecystectomy who were referred to the endoscopy unit of Izmir Ataturk Training and Research Hospital. Biliary leakage was detected by biliary discharge from a tube drain inserted during the operation. In cases of retaining common bile duct stones, balloon extraction was carried out. If bile discharge continued, a stent was introduced for cessation of the leak as a second procedure.Results:  The success rate of ES alone was 87.1% (27 of 31 patients). In four patients (12.9%), ES alone was inadequate, therefore a stent was placed. The biliary leak ceased gradually and stopped in all patients at a mean of 11 (7–21) days. Balloon extraction of retained stones was carried out in six patients (19.6%). In two (6.5%) patients, mild hemorrhage and in two patients self‐limited pancreatitis was seen (6.5%) as complications.Conclusion:  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is essential in the management of postoperative biliary leaks. Endoscopic sphincterotomy alone can be the initial procedure in the treatment of LGL from the CDS due to cholecystectomy.
A PROPOSAL FOR DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN EARLY‐ AND ADVANCED‐STAGE AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS BY ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Kubota Kensuke , Kato Shingo , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Fujita Koji , Yoneda Masato , Takahashi Hirokazu , Ogawa Masami , Inamori Masahiko , Abe Yasunobu , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Noritoshi , Saito Satoru , Hisatomi Kantaro , Matsuhashi Nobuyuki , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: June 2009

Aim:  We evaluated the characteristic endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) findings of early autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP).Methods:  Nineteen patients with AIP were identified from our database. We reviewed the following features of EUS as being potentially characteristic of early AIP: hyperechoic foci, hyperechoic strands, lobularity, hyperechoic pancreatic duct margins and reduced echogenicity. According to the Cambridge classification for chronic pancreatitis, we classified AIP into early AIP (Grades 0–2) and advanced AIP (Grades 3–5) and examined the histopathological findings in each stage of AIP.Results:  There were nine cases of early AIP and 10 cases of advanced AIP. Five of the nine early cases of AIP showed spontaneous remission without corticosteroid therapy (P < 0.05). The EUS findings were as follows (early vs advanced): hyperechoic foci, 100% (9/9) vs 100% (10/10); hyperechoic strands, 66.7% (6/9) vs 70% (7/10); lobularity, 77.8% (7/9) vs 20% (2/10); hyperechoic pancreatic duct margin, 88.9% (8/9) vs 30% (3/10); reduced echogenicity, 88.9% (8/9) vs 90% (9/10). Lobularity and hyperechoic pancreatic duct margin were detected at a significantly higher frequency in early AIP than in the advanced AIP patients (P < 0.05). Regarding the histopathological findings, acinar cells were better preserved in the cases of early AIP, whereas acinar cells were reduced in number and replaced by massive fibrosis in the patients with advanced AIP.Conclusions:  Lobularity and hyperechoic pancreatic duct margin are characteristic EUS features of early AIP, which has a more favorable prognosis, and shows a higher frequency of spontaneous remission and preservation of acinar cells, than advanced AIP.
ERCP AFTER ROUX‐EN‐Y RECONSTRUCTION CAN BE CARRIED OUT USING AN OBLIQUE‐VIEWING ENDOSCOPE WITH AN OVERTUBE
Authors: Kikuyama Masataka , Sasada Yuzo , Matsuhashi Toru , Ota Yuji , Nakahodo Jun 
Published: June 2009

Background:  We report that an oblique‐viewing endoscope facilitates endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in Billroth II reconstruction. With this endoscope, we carried out ERCP in Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction.Methods:  Fifteen patients with Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction were enrolled. Eleven of these patients had undergone gastrectomy, while Whipple's operation or choledochectomy had each been carried out in two patients. Among the 11 post‐gastrectomy patients, eight had bile duct stones, and there was one case each of pancreatic abscess with chronic pancreatitis, bile duct obstruction due to gallbladder, or pancreatic cancer. The remaining four patients suffered from stenotic anastomosis of choledochojejunostomy. All procedures were carried out with an oblique‐viewing endoscope.Results:  The papilla of Vater or anastomosis was reached in 10 patients. In these 10 patients, all planned procedures were completed. Endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation (EPBD) was carried out in three patients with bile duct stones. The remaining three patients with bile duct stones underwent sphincterotomy with tube stent placement, EPBD after sphincterotomy with biliary tube stent placement, and biliary tube stent placement, respectively. Pancreatic stent placement via the minor papilla was carried out in one patient with pancreatic abscess, and a biliary tube stent was introduced in the patient with gallbladder cancer. Two patients underwent cutting of a stenotic anastomosis with a needle knife, followed by balloon dilatation. None of the patients experienced any complications.Conclusion:  The results appear to support the feasibility of using an oblique‐viewing endoscope for ERCP in Roux‐en‐Y reconstruction. Further studies including a large population of patients should be planned to confirm these results.
LONG INTESTINAL TUBE INSERTION WITH THE ROPEWAY METHOD FACILITATED BY A GUIDEWIRE PLACED BY TRANSNASAL ULTRATHIN ENDOSCOPY FOR BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Kanno Yoshihide , Hirasawa Dai , Fujita Naotaka , Noda Yutaka , Kobayashi Go , Ishida Kazuhiko , Ito Kei , Obana Takashi , Suzuki Takashi , Sugawara Toshiki , Horaguchi Jun , Takasawa Osamu , Nakahara Kazunari , Ohira Tetsuya , Onochi Kengo , Harada Yoshihiro , Iwai Wataru , Kuroha Masatake 
Published: June 2009

Aim:  For patients with bowel obstruction, intestinal decompression by a long tube is recommended. We assessed the usefulness of a new technique for insertion of a long tube with a guidewire placed by transnasal ultrathin endoscopy.Methods:  Nineteen patients who had been diagnosed as suffering from bowel obstruction underwent long‐tube insertion with the ropeway technique using a guidewire placed by transnasal endoscopy. Thirty‐three patients who had undergone conventional insertion of a long tube were included as controls. The success rate of intubation of the small bowel and the time required for the procedure were compared between the subjects and controls.Results:  The success rate of intubation was 94.7% (18/19) in subjects and 84.8% (28/33) in controls (P = 0.53). The time required for insertion in the subjects and controls was 24.1 ± 8.1 min and 48.7 ± 25.3 min, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). No complications relevant to the procedure were encountered in either of the groups.Conclusion:  Long‐tube insertion facilitated by transnasal endoscopy reduces the time required for insertion in comparison with the conventional technique without endoscopy. Endoscopy‐assisted long‐tube insertion with the ropeway method is a safe and useful procedure for decompression in patients with bowel obstruction.
Exenatide efficacy and safety: a systematic review
Authors: Norris S. L. , Lee N. , Thakurta S. , Chan B. K. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective  To examine the efficacy, effectiveness and side effects of exenatide when compared with oral glucose‐lowering agents or insulin therapy.Research design and methods  Relevant citations were identified from searches of multiple bibliographic databases supplemented with searches of the US Food and Drug Administration website and other sources. A qualitative synthesis was performed, with a random effects meta‐analysis when appropriate.Results  We identified 17 studies. In placebo‐controlled trials of subjects with poorly controlled diabetes (with both groups receiving various oral glucose‐lowering agents), exenatide 10 μg twice daily improved glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) by approximately 1.0% over 30 weeks [pooled estimate −0.97%, 95% confidence interval (CI), −1.16 to −0.79%, P < 0.0001] and exenatide treatment over 16–30 weeks was associated with weight loss of 1.0–2.5 kg. Exenatide appeared to confer a similar benefit to various insulin regimes for glycaemic control at follow‐up between 16 and 52 weeks (pooled estimate HbA1c−0.04%, 95% CI, −0.14 to 0.06%, P = 0.41), but was advantageous over insulin with respect to weight loss (3–6 kg loss at up to 52 weeks of follow‐up). Nausea was the most common adverse event in placebo‐ and active‐controlled trials. Rates of hypoglycaemia were similar in exenatide and insulin groups, but were higher with exenatide 10 μg twice daily compared with placebo and hypoglycaemia was most frequent when a sulphonylurea was administered.Conclusions  In subjects with poorly controlled diabetes, exenatide was associated with a reduction in HbA1c that was similar to introducing another oral agent or insulin. Weight loss may be an advantage with exenatide. Long‐term studies in diverse and unselected populations are needed to clarify the benefit vs. harm profile of this drug.
Effects of a short‐term improvement in glycaemic control on skin microvascular dysfunction in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Meyer M. F. , Rose C. J. , Schatz H. , Klein H. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAims  To investigate whether Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients differ in the effects of short‐term improvement in glycaemic control on skin microvascular dysfunction.Methods  Fourteen Type 1 and 14 Type 2 diabetic patients admitted to hospital to improve glycaemic control were investigated. Two age‐ and sex‐matched groups of non‐diabetic subjects served as controls. Capillary blood cell velocity (CBV) was assessed at the dorsal middle phalangeal area of the ring finger at rest and after 3‐min arterial occlusion using laser Doppler anemometry.Results  Comparing the measurements before and after improvement in glycaemic control, there were no significant changes in peak CBV, time to peak CBV and vasomotion amplitudes in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients. On admission to hospital, time to peak CBV was prolonged in Type 1 (20.9 ± 2.9 vs. 12.3 ± 1.6 s, P = 0.003) and Type 2 diabetic patients (20.6 ± 2.6 vs. 11.9 ± 1.3 s, P = 0.021) compared with control subjects. After improvement in glycaemic control, there was no significant difference in time to peak CBV between Type 1 diabetic patients and their control subjects (17.8 ± 4.2 vs. 12.3 ± 1.6 s, P = 0.535). In Type 2 diabetic patients, the time to peak CBV increased non‐significantly.Conclusions  Short‐term improvement in glycaemic control did not appear to reverse microcirculatory dysfunction in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. However, there was an improvement of the delayed reactive hyperaemia in Type 1 diabetic patients.
Interrogating Notions of the Powerless Oustee
Authors: Beazley Kim 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the year leading up to the relocation of Botezari village from Tadoba‐Andhari Tiger Reserve, India, and suggests that it does not accord with the conventional scholarly theory of the powerless oustee. The village's pre‐relocation phase was characterized by a genuine local openness to displacement; a socially‐aware displacement authority; lively NGO and press presence; and a relatively assertive and astute village community. This facilitated constructive dialogue, culminating in meaningful concessions and a perceptible power structure shift, which, I argue, indicates that the received wisdom of inevitable oustee powerlessness may in some instances require qualification, at least in the Indian context. There, the last decade has witnessed some broad changes in regimes of governance and civil society, and a growth of cultures of opposition and struggle from ‘below’. Where such wider structural changes come together with other more locally‐specific favourable factors, cases such as the one described here may materialize, in which the acute powerlessness of the displaced should not be assumed.
Defining Political Community and Rights to Natural Resources in Botswana
Authors: Poteete Amy R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTCommunity‐Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), once presented as the best way to protect common pool natural resources, now attracts a growing chorus of critiques that either question its underlying assumptions or emphasize problems related to institutional design. These critiques overlook connections between the definition of rights to natural resources and membership in political communities. The potential for competing definitions of political identity and rights across natural resources arises when property rights regimes differ across natural resources and these different systems of rights appeal to alternative definitions of community. In Botswana, the entangling of natural resource policy with identity politics contributed to a partial recentralization of CBNRM in 2007.
The Politics of Disciplining Water Rights
Authors: Boelens Rutgerd 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines how the legal systems of Andean countries have dealt with the region's huge plurality of local water rights, and how official policies to ‘recognize’ local rights and identities harbour increasingly subtle politics of codification, confinement and disciplining. The autonomy and diversity of local water rights are a major hindrance for water companies, elites and formal rule‐enforcers, since State and market institutions require a predictable, uniform playing field. Complex local rights orders are seen as irrational, ill‐defined and disordered. Officialdom cannot simply ignore or oppress the ‘unruliness and disobedience’ of local rights systems: rather it ‘incorporates’ local normative orders that have the capacity to adequately respond to context‐based needs. This article examines a number of evolving, overlapping legal domination strategies, such as the ‘marrying’ of local and official legal systems in ways that do not challenge the legal and power hierarchy; and reviews the ways in which official regulation and legal strategies deny or take into consideration local water rights repertoires, and the politics of recognition that these entail. Post‐colonial recognition policies are not simply responses to demands by subjugated groups for greater autonomy. Rather, they facilitate the water bureaucracy's political control and help neoliberal sectors to incorporate local water users’ rights and organizations into the market system — even though many communities refuse to accept these policies of recognition and politics of containment.
Ageing, Poverty and the Role of a Social Pension in Vietnam
Authors: Long Giang Thanh , Pfau Wade Donald 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTUsing the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey in 2004, this article seeks to quantify the potential role and impacts of a social pension scheme for reducing elderly poverty in Vietnam. The authors simulate changes in the poverty rate, poverty gap and poverty severity of the elderly in the counterfactual situation that such a scheme had been introduced to Vietnam in the past. They consider a number of categorical targeting groups of elderly people along with various transfer parameters to assess the impacts of the scheme on social welfare. They conclude that, depending on the characteristics of the social pension, there would be beneficial poverty reductions, but also large leakages to the non‐poor people. For a variety of measures, the results suggest that targeting the elderly in rural areas might be the most effective use of limited resources. Simulations for different budgetary constraints show that, even with limited budgeting, a social pension scheme would significantly reduce poverty incidence for the elderly. Furthermore, for a given programme cost, combining lower benefits with lower eligibility requirements is more effective at reducing poverty than providing larger benefits to a more limited group of recipients.
Young children follow pointing over words in interpreting acts of reference
Authors: Grassmann Susanne , Tomasello Michael 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAdults refer young children’s attention to things in two basic ways: through the use of pointing (and other deictic gestures) and words (and other linguistic conventions). In the current studies, we referred young children (2‐ and 4‐year‐olds) to things in conflicting ways, that is, by pointing to one object while indicating linguistically (in some way) a different object. In Study 1, a novel word was put into competition with a pointing gesture in a mutual exclusivity paradigm; that is, with a known and a novel object in front of the child, the adult pointed to the known object (e.g. a cup) while simultaneously requesting ‘the modi’. In contrast to the findings ofJaswal and Hansen (2006), children followed almost exclusively the pointing gesture. In Study 2, when a known word was put into competition with a pointing gesture – the adult pointed to the novel object but requested ‘the car’– children still followed the pointing gesture. In Study 3, the referent of the pointing gesture was doubly contradicted by the lexical information – the adult pointed to a known object (e.g. a cup) but requested ‘the car’– in which case children considered pointing and lexical information equally strong. Together, these findings suggest that in disambiguating acts of reference, young children at both 2 and 4 years of age rely most heavily on pragmatic information (e.g. in a pointing gesture), and only secondarily on lexical conventions and principles.
Infants' individuation of agents and inert objects
Authors: Surian Luca , Caldi Stefania 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUsing the violation‐of‐expectancy method, we investigated 10‐month‐old infants’ ability to rely on dynamic features in object individuation processes. Infants were first familiarized to events in which two different objects repeatedly appeared and disappeared, one at a time from behind a screen; at test, the screen was removed, revealing either one or two objects. In Experiment 1, one self‐moving non‐rigid agent and one inert object were involved in each trial, while in Experiment 2 two different agents were presented. Infants preferred to look at one‐object outcomes in Experiment 1, but they did not show any preference for one‐ or two‐object outcomes in Experiment 2. The results suggest that infants can use dynamic information to detect agents in complex individuation tasks before they can rely on shape or surface features. We propose that the sortals agent and inert object appear in development before 12 months without a substantial contribution of linguistic experience. These findings may motivate a revision of current theories on the development of kind‐based individuation and object files.
Who Cares About Corporate Taxation? Asymmetric Tax Effects on Outbound FDI
Authors: Overesch Michael , Wamser Georg 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates whether different types of FDI are asymmetrically affected by corporate taxation. We classify investment projects according to several characteristics such as the general motivation for FDI, the type of business activity, or the degree of internationalisation of the multinational firm. Subsequently, we analyse how local taxes influence the number of German outbound investments in European countries. The analysis reveals significant asymmetries with regard to tax effects: vertically integrated investments are more sensitive to host‐country taxation than horizontal FDI; larger tax rate elasticities are estimated if business activities are considered highly mobile; and in accordance with profit‐shifting considerations, subsidiaries of more internationalised companies are less tax responsive to host‐country taxation.
Gene duplication and evolutionary novelty in plants
Authors: Flagel Lex E. , Wendel Jonathan F. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryDuplication is a prominent feature of plant genomic architecture. This has led many researchers to speculate that gene duplication may have played an important role in the evolution of phenotypic novelty within plants. Until recently, however, it was difficult to make this connection. We are now beginning to understand how duplication has contributed to adaptive evolution in plants. In this review we introduce the sources of gene duplication and predictions of the various fates of duplicates. We also highlight several recent and pertinent examples from the literature. These examples demonstrate the importance of the functional characteristics of genes and the source of duplication in influencing evolutionary outcome.
An appreciation of Ronnie Mac Keith (1978)
Authors: Bax Martin 
Published: June 2009

It is 100 years since Ronnie Mac Keith's birth and 50 years since he started the Journal Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology (DMCN; initially called The Cerebral Palsy Bulletin), the first number being a reprint of William Little's original article. Scope, then The Spastics Society, had just begun to raise significant sums of money and Ronnie persuaded them not only to put some money into medical research, which they did, funding the research laboratories at Guy's, but also, uniquely, to spend some money on educating and informing doctors. This led to financial backing, happily still continuing, to the publishers of DMCN, now the Mac Keith Press.Initially, it was published under the title Spastics International Medical Publications but this was a clumsy and difficult title because of the unfortunate use of the word 'spastics’and soon after Ronnie's death, who was then senior editor, the Mac Keith Press Board were delighted that his family agreed that the Press would be named after him.In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Ronnie was collecting a team around him to develop the Journal and the books, and contacted me because he knew I had literary interests. I didn't really want to edit a medical journal but I was interested in paediatrics so in the end I got involved! I worked very closely with Ronnie, both clinically and at the Mac Keith Press, and also with the Medical Education Information Unit of the Spastics Society on the meetings he ran. When he died, I tried to pull together something of Ronnie's nature in this personal memoir below, which supplemented the more formal statements about his life and career which can be found in the relevant number of the Journal.1 One hopes that Ronnie would be pleased with what we have done and I know that he would be hoping that we would continue for another 50 years developing ideas and approaches which were essentially developed by Ronnie Mac Keith.