bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: DENNIS MAUREEN , FRANCIS DAVID J. , CIRINO PAUL T. , SCHACHAR RUSSELL , BARNES MARCIA A. , FLETCHER JACK M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIQ scores are volatile indices of global functional outcome, the final common path of an individual’s genes, biology, cognition, education, and experiences. In studying neurocognitive outcomes in children with neurodevelopmental disorders, it is commonly assumed that IQ can and should be partialed out of statistical relations or used as a covariate for specific measures of cognitive outcome. We propose that it is misguided and generally unjustified to attempt to control for IQ differences by matching procedures or, more commonly, by using IQ scores as covariates. We offer logical, statistical, and methodological arguments, with examples from three neurodevelopmental disorders (spina bifida meningomyelocele, learning disabilities, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) that: (1) a historical reification of general intelligence, g, as a causal construct that measures aptitude and potential rather than achievement and performance has fostered the idea that IQ has special status and that in studying neurocognitive function in neurodevelopmental disorders; (2) IQ does not meet the requirements for a covariate; and (3) using IQ as a matching variable or covariate has produced overcorrected, anomalous, and counterintuitive findings about neurocognitive function. (JINS, 2009, 15, 331–343.)
Early prediction of long-term cognitive impairment after cardiac arrest
Authors: PROHL JÖRN , BODENBURG SEBASTIAN , RUSTENBACH STEPHAN JEFF 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis prospective study evaluated the prognostic value of early neurobiochemical markers, neuron-specific enolase and astroglial protein S-100B, for long-term cognitive outcome after cardiac arrest. Six months after admission of a cohort of 80 consecutive patients, 26 survivors were able to undergo a neuropsychological test battery. Survivors showed low test performances in attention, learning/memory, and executive functioning. Neuropsychological bedside screening during the first month significantly differentiated between patients with and without long-term cognitive impairment. The neurobiochemical marker S-100B at day 3 after admission was found to predict significant proportions of variance in specific cognitive domains (learning/memory and executive functioning). The results indicate that early neuropsychological assessment might help identify patients who run at risk of long-term neuropsychological dysfunction. This study also suggests that especially the protein S-100B provides valuable information on long-term cognitive outcomes. To understand the exact relationship, results have to be replicated in larger trials. (JINS, 2009,15, 344–353.)
Rule violation errors are associated with right lateral prefrontal cortex atrophy in neurodegenerative disease
Authors: POSSIN KATHERINE L. , BRAMBATI SIMONA M. , ROSEN HOWARD J. , JOHNSON JULENE K. , PA JUDY , WEINER MICHAEL W. , MILLER BRUCE L. , KRAMER JOEL H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGood cognitive performance requires adherence to rules specific to the task at hand. Patients with neurological disease often make rule violation (RV) errors, but the anatomical basis for RV during cognitive testing remains debated. The present study examined the neuroanatomical correlates of RV errors made on tests of executive functioning in 166 subjects diagnosed with neurodegenerative disease or as neurologically healthy. Specifically, RV errors were voxel-wisely correlated with gray matter volume derived from high-definition magnetic resonance images using voxel-based morphometry implemented in SPM2. Latent variable analysis showed that RV errors tapped a unitary construct separate from repetition errors. This analysis was used to generate factor scores to represent what is common among RV errors across tests. The extracted RV factor scores correlated with tissue loss in the lateral middle and inferior frontal gyri and the caudate nucleus bilaterally. When a more stringent control for global cognitive functioning was applied using Mini Mental State Exam scores, only the correlations with the right lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) remained significant. These data underscore the importance of right lateral PFC in behavioral monitoring and highlight the potential of RV error assessment for identifying patients with damage to this region. (JINS, 2009,15, 354–364.)
Examination of processing speed deficits in multiple sclerosis using functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: GENOVA HELEN M. , HILLARY FRANK G. , WYLIE GLENN , RYPMA BART , DELUCA JOHN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAlthough it is known that processing speed deficits are one of the primary cognitive impairments in multiple sclerosis (MS), the underlying neural mechanisms responsible for impaired processing speed remain undetermined. Using BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging, the current study compared the brain activity of 16 individuals with MS to 17 healthy controls (HCs) during performance of a processing speed task, a modified version of the Symbol Digit Modalities Task. Although there were no differences in performance accuracy, the MS group was significantly slower than HCs. Although both groups showed similar activation involving the precentral gyrus and occipital cortex, the MS showed significantly less cerebral activity than HCs in bilateral frontal and parietal regions, similar to what has been reported in aging samples during speeded tasks. In the HC group, processing speed was mediated by frontal and parietal regions, as well as the cerebellum and thalamus. In the MS group, processing speed was mediated by insula, thalamus and anterior cingulate. It therefore appears that neural networks involved in processing speed differ between MS and HCs, and our findings are similar to what has been reported in aging, where damage to both white and gray matter is linked to processing speed impairments (JINS, 2009, 15, 383–393).
Neurocognitive outcome after endoscopic third ventriculocisterostomy in patients with obstructive hydrocephalus
Authors: LACY MAUREEN , OLIVEIRA MARTIN , AUSTRIA EMILY , FRIM M. DAVID 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObstructive hydrocephalus can be treated with an extracranial shunting system or, when the obstruction is between the posterior third ventricle and the fourth ventricular outflow tracts, by an endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy (ETV). The placement of an extracranial shunting device entails significant long-term risk of infection and malfunction. This risk has led to the concept that ETV is preferable to shunting. While the long-term cognitive performance of shunted hydrocephalus patients has been extensively examined, the outcome of patients undergoing ETV has been studied only sparsely. Ten adults who had undergone ETV were entered into the study under institutional review board approval. Each patient underwent a neuropsychological testing battery that included testing within the domains of basic attention, verbal memory, visual memory, language, and executive functioning. Aggregate test scores showed a decrease in performance in the domains of memory and executive functioning when compared to normative data. The present study revealed persistent cognitive inefficiencies in memory and executive domains in patients post-ETV intervention. A larger longitudinal study considering the impact of prior shunting, presence of headaches, emotional status, and surgical complications will assist in elucidating the etiology and eventual treatment of these deficits. (JINS, 2009, 15, 394–398.)
Preliminary evidence for progressive prefrontal abnormalities in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder
Authors: KALMAR JESSICA H. , WANG FEI , SPENCER LINDA , EDMISTON ERIN , LACADIE CHERYL M. , MARTIN ANDRÉS , CONSTABLE R. TODD , DUNCAN JAMES S. , STAIB LAWRENCE H. , PAPADEMETRIS XENOPHON , BLUMBERG HILARY P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPrevious cross-sectional study of ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC) implicated progressive volume abnormalities during adolescence in bipolar disorder (BD). In the present study, a within-subject, longitudinal design was implemented to examine brain volume changes during adolescence/young adulthood. We hypothesized that VPFC volume decreases over time would be greater in adolescents/young adults with BD than in healthy comparison adolescents/young adults. Eighteen adolescents/young adults (10 with BD I and 8 healthy comparison participants) underwent two high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans over approximately 2 years. Regional volume changes over time were measured. Adolescents/young adults with BD displayed significantly greater volume loss over time, compared to healthy comparison participants, in a region encompassing VPFC and rostral PFC and extending to rostral anterior cingulate cortex (p< .05). Additional areas where volume change differed between groups were observed. While data should be interpreted cautiously due to modest sample size, this study provides preliminary evidence to support the presence of accelerated loss in VPFC and rostral PFC volume in adolescents/young adults with BD. (JINS, 2009,15, 476–481.)
Cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease: A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: MUSLIMOVIĆ DINO , POST BART , SPEELMAN JOHANNES D. , DE HAAN ROB J. , SCHMAND BEN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis controlled prospective study examined the evolution and predictors of cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Consecutive patients diagnosed at baseline with PD (n = 89), established PD (EPD) patients (n = 52) with a mean disease duration of 6.5 years, and healthy control subjects (n = 64) underwent extensive neuropsychological assessment twice, approximately 3 years apart. A standardized regression-based method, normative data, and multivariate normative comparisons were used to assess the cognitive course of PD. Cognitive performance of newly diagnosed patients decreased significantly over time, particularly on measures of psychomotor speed and attention and to a lesser extent on tests of memory, visuospatial skills, and executive functions. About 50% of the patients showed cognitive decline and 9% developed dementia. Similar results were observed in EPD patients. None of the baseline features predicted cognitive change in newly diagnosed patients, whereas age at disease onset and axial impairment (postural and gait disorders) contributed to decline in established patients. We conclude that within few years after diagnosis, PD patients show faster rate of cognitive decline than matched healthy subjects, particularly in domains of attention and psychomotor speed. Selection bias probably led to underestimation of the true extent of cognitive decline in established patients. (JINS, 2009, 15, 426–437.)
Neuropsychological patterns in magnetic resonance imaging-defined subgroups of patients with degenerative dementia
Authors: LISTERUD JOHN , POWERS CHIVON , MOORE PEACHIE , LIBON DAVID J. , GROSSMAN MURRAY 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe hypothesized that specific neuropsychological deficits were associated with specific patterns of atrophy. A magnetic resonance imaging volumetric study and a neuropsychological protocol were obtained for patients with several frontotemporal lobar dementia phenotypes including a social/dysexecutive (SOC/EXEC,n= 17), progressive nonfluent aphasia (n= 9), semantic dementia (n= 7), corticobasal syndrome (n= 9), and Alzheimer’s disease (n= 21). Blinded to testing results, patients were partitioned according to pattern of predominant cortical atrophy; our partitioning algorithm had been derived using seriation, a hierarchical classification technique. Neuropsychological test scores were regressedversusthese atrophy patterns as fixed effects using the covariate total atrophy as marker for disease severity. The results showed the model accounted for substantial variance. Furthermore, the “large-scale networks” associated with each neuropsychological test conformed well to the known literature. For example, bilateral prefrontal cortical atrophy was exclusively associated with SOC/EXEC dysfunction. The neuropsychological principle of “double dissociation” was supported not just by such active associations but also by the “silence” of locations not previously implicated by the literature. We conclude that classifying patients with degenerative dementia by specific pattern of cortical atrophy has the potential to predict individual patterns of cognitive deficits. (JINS, 2009,15, 459–470.)
A corner store intervention in a low-income urban community is associated with increased availability and sales of some healthy foods
Authors: Song Hee-Jung , Gittelsohn Joel , Kim Miyong , Suratkar Sonali , Sharma Sangita , Anliker Jean 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveWhile corner store-based nutrition interventions have emerged as a potential strategy to increase healthy food availability in low-income communities, few evaluation studies exist. We present the results of a trial in Baltimore City to increase the availability and sales of healthier food options in local stores.DesignQuasi-experimental study.SettingCorner stores owned by Korean-Americans and supermarkets located in East and West Baltimore.SubjectsSeven corner stores and two supermarkets in East Baltimore received a 10-month intervention and six corner stores and two supermarkets in West Baltimore served as comparison.ResultsDuring and post-intervention, stocking of healthy foods and weekly reported sales of some promoted foods increased significantly in intervention stores compared with comparison stores. Also, intervention storeowners showed significantly higher self-efficacy for stocking some healthy foods in comparison to West Baltimore storeowners.ConclusionsFindings of the study demonstrated that increases in the stocking and promotion of healthy foods can result in increased sales. Working in small corner stores may be a feasible means of improving the availability of healthy foods and their sales in a low-income urban community.
Rapid assessment of infant feeding support to HIV-positive women accessing prevention of mother-to-child transmission services in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia
Authors: Chopra Mickey , Doherty Tanya , Mehatru Saba , Tomlinson Mark 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe possibility of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV through breast-feeding has focused attention on how best to support optimal feeding practices especially in low-resource and high-HIV settings, which characterizes most of sub-Saharan Africa. To identify strategic opportunities to minimize late postnatal HIV transmission, we undertook a review of selected country experiences on HIV and infant feeding, with the aims of documenting progress over the last few years and determining the main challenges and constraints.DesignField teams conducted national-level interviews with key informants and visited a total of thirty-six facilities in twenty-one sites across the three countries – eighteen facilities in Malawi, eleven in Kenya and seven in Zambia. During these visits interviews were undertaken with key informants such as the district and facility management teams, programme coordinators and health workers.SettingA rapid assessment of HIV and infant feeding counselling in Kenya, Malawi and Zambia, undertaken from February to May 2007.ResultsInfant feeding counselling has, until now, been given low priority within programmes aimed at prevention of MTCT (PMTCT) of HIV. This is manifest in the lack of resources – human, financial and time – for infant feeding counselling, leading to widespread misunderstanding of the HIV transmission risks from breast-feeding. It has also resulted in lack of space and time for proper counselling, poor support and supervision, and very weak monitoring and evaluation of infant feeding. Finally, there are very few examples of linkages with community-based infant feeding interventions. However, all three countries have started to revise their feeding policies and strategies and there are signs of increased resources.ConclusionsIn order to sustain this momentum it will be necessary to continue the advocacy with the HIV community and stress the importance of child survival – not just minimization of HIV transmission – and hence the need for integrating MTCT prevention.
Abundance, composition, diversity and novelty of soil Proteobacteria
Authors: Spain Anne M , Krumholz Lee R , Elshahed Mostafa S 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Small subunit (16S) rRNA gene surveys generating near full-length 16S rRNA clones offer a unique opportunity for in-depth phylogenetic analysis to highlight the breadth of diversity within various major bacterial phyla encountered in soil. This study offers a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the Proteobacteria-affiliated clones identified from 13 001 nearly full-length 16S rRNA gene clones derived from Oklahoma tall-grass prairie soil. Proteobacteria was the most abundant phylum in the community, and comprised 25% of the total clones. The most abundant and diverse class within the Proteobacteria was Alphaproteobacteria, followed by the Delta-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria. Members of the Epsilon- and Zetaproteobacteria were not detected in the dataset. Our analysis identified 15 novel order-level and 48 novel family-level Proteobacteria lineages. In addition, we show that the majority of Proteobacteria clones in the dataset belong to orders and families containing no described cultivated representatives (50% and 65%, respectively). An examination of the ecological distribution of the six most abundant Proteobacteria lineages in this dataset with no characterized pure culture representatives provided important information regarding their global distribution and environmental preferences. This level of novel phylogenetic diversity indicates that our understanding of the functions of soil microorganisms, even those belonging to phyla with numerous and diverse well-characterized cultured representatives such as the Proteobacteria, remains far from adequate.
Epidemiology of Speech and Language Impairment in a Nationally Representative Sample of 4- to 5-Year-Old Children
Authors: McLeod Sharynne , Harrison Linda J. 
Published: April 2009

PurposeTo draw on multiple sources of information to determine prevalence of speech and language impairment in young Australian children.MethodInformation about 4,983 children (ages 4–5 years) from Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2007) was obtained via parent interviews and questionnaires, teacher questionnaires, and direct assessment. Data were statistically weighted to the Australian population of 253,202 children in the target age group.ResultsParent-reported prevalence: 25.2% had concerns about how their child talked and made speech sounds (11.8% “concerned”; 13.4% “a little concerned”), and 9.5% had concerns about how their child understood language (4.4% “concerned”; 5.1% “a little concerned”). Parents who reported concerns identified “speech not clear to others” as the most frequent area of difficulty (12.0%).Teacher-reported prevalence: 22.3% of children were considered to be less competent than others in their expressive language ability (6.7% “much less competent”; 15.6% “less competent”); 16.9% were considered to be less competent than others in their receptive language ability (4.0% “much less competent”; 12.9% “less competent”). The match between parent and teacher identification was higher for expressive speech and language concern than for receptive language.Direct assessment: 13.0% of children were 1–2SDs below the mean on the Adapted Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test–III (S. Rothman, 2003), and a further 1.7% were > 2SDs below the mean. Parent and teacher reports were significantly correlated with scores obtained via direct assessment.Period prevalence: Parents and teachers reported that 14.5% of children had accessed speech-language pathologist (SLP) services. 2.2% indicated that they needed but could not access an SLP.ConclusionMultiple indicators of speech and language impairment in diverse contexts confirmed the high prevalence of this condition in early childhood and a concomitant need for SLP services.
School-Age Children Talk About Chess: Does Knowledge Drive Syntactic Complexity?
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose
This study examined language productivity and syntactic complexity in school-age children in relation to their knowledge of the topic of discussion—the game of chess.

Method

Children (
N
= 32; mean age = 10;11 [years;months]) who played chess volunteered to be interviewed by an adult examiner who had little or no experience playing chess. Children’s chess knowledge and experience was assessed, and each child was classified as a novice or an expert player. Each child participated in 3 speaking tasks: General Conversation, Chess Conversation, and Chess Explanation. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed into Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts (J. F. Miller & R. Chapman, 2003), segmented into T-units, and coded for finite clauses. Each speaking task was analyzed for total T-units; mean length of T-unit; clausal density; and nominal, relative, and adverbial clause use.

Results
Total T-units, mean length of T-unit, clausal density, and the use of each type of subordinate clause was substantially higher in the Chess Explanation task compared with the Chess Conversation task or the General Conversation task. Compared with the novices, the experts knew more about chess, had played longer, and were stronger players. Nevertheless, the novices and experts did not differ on any of the language factors for any of the speaking tasks.

Conclusions
Language productivity and syntactic complexity in school-age children are strongly influenced by the speaking task. When children are presented with a motivating and challenging topic, they rise to the occasion to explain the finer details of it to a naïve adult.
THE ‘EUROPEANISATION’ OF REFERENCE GROUPS
Authors: Whelan Christopher T. , Maître Bertrand 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT
In this paper we address the question of the relative importance of within and between country differences in income and material deprivation in the European Union in the context of recent suggestions that insufficient attention has been paid to the latter. In particular, we respond to the argument that the ‘state bounded’ relative income approach obscures the significance of EU-wide reference groups. Making use of EU-SILC 2004, we have sought to quantify the magnitude of relevant within and between country differences and their relative impact. Overall, our analysis supports the view that the predominant frame of reference is a national one. The limited impact of European reference groups observed in our analysis does not require explanation in terms of the emergence of a European social stratification system. Furthermore, the significance of such comparisons depends not only on the expectations of those affected by European inequalities but on the degree of legitimacy afforded to ensuing demands. While an EU-wide income-threshold can provide information regarding progress of the Union towards greater social cohesion, its usage for this purpose does not require a strong sense of European identity. Given the current status of the European Social Model, it would seem unwise to attribute an undue degree of policy relevance to the relatively modest impact of EU-wide reference groups revealed in our analysis.