bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Countershock Success
Authors: Fischer G. , Neurauter A. , Wieser L. , Strohmenger H. U. , Nowak C. N. 
Published: May 2009

Summary
Objectives: Spectral analysis of the ventricular fibrillation (VF) ECG has been used for predicting countershock success, where the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) is the standard spectral estimator. Autoregressive (AR) spectral estimation should compute the spectrum with less computation time. This study compares the predictive power and computational performance of features obtained by the FFT and AR methods.
Methods: In an animal model of VF cardiac arrest, 41 shocks were delivered in 25 swine. For feature parameter analysis, 2.5 s signal intervals directly before the shock and directly before the hands-off interval were used, respectively. Invasive recordings of the arterial pressure were used for assessing the outcome of each shock. For a proof of concept, a micro-controller program was implemented.
Results: Calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), the results of the AR-based features called spectral pole power (SPP) and spectral pole power with dominant frequency (DF) weighing (SPPDF) yield better outcome prediction results (85 %; 89 %) than common parameters based on FFT calculation method (centroid frequency (CF), amplitude spectrum area (AMSA)) (72%; 78%) during hands-off interval. Moreover, the predictive power of the feature parameters during ongoing CPR was not invalidated by closed-chest compressions. The calculation time of the AR-based parameters was nearly 2.5 times faster than the FFT-based features.
Conclusion: Summing up, AR spectral estimators are an attractive option compared to FFT due to the reduced computational speed and the better outcome prediction. This might be of benefit when implementing AR prediction features on the microprocessor of a semi-automatic defibrillator.
Facile Fabrication and Superparamagnetism of Silica‐Shielded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Carbon Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Lee Jung Woo , Viswan Ravindranath , Choi Yoon Jeong , Lee Yeob , Kim Se Yun , Cho Jaehun , Jo Younghun , Kang Jeung Ku 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUsing conventional methods to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with uniform size is a challenging task. Moreover, the degradation of magnetic NPs is an obstacle to practical applications. The fabrication of silica‐shielded magnetite NPs on carbon nitride nanotubes (CNNTs) provides a possible route to overcome these problems. While the nitrogen atoms of CNNTs provide selective nucleation sites for NPs of a particular size, the silica layer protects the NPs from oxidation. The morphology and crystal structure of NP–CNNT hybrid material is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the atomic nature of the N atoms in the NP–CNNT system is studied by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (nitrogen K‐edge) and calculations of the partial density of states based on first principles. The structure of the silica‐shielded NP–CNNT system is analyzed by TEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, and their magnetism is measured by vibrating sample and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometers. The silica shielding helps maintain the superparamagnetism of the NPs; without the silica layer, the magnetic properties of NP–CNNT materials significantly degrade over time.
Layer‐by‐Layer Hydrogen‐Bonded Polymer Films: From Fundamentals to Applications
Authors: Kharlampieva Eugenia , Kozlovskaya Veronika , Sukhishvili Svetlana A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRecent years have seen increasing interest in the construction of nanoscopically layered materials involving aqueous‐based sequential assembly of polymers on solid substrates. In the booming research area of layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly of oppositely charged polymers, self‐assembly driven by hydrogen bond formation emerges as a powerful technique. Hydrogen‐bonded (HB) LbL materials open new opportunities for LbL films, which are more difficult to produce than their electrostatically assembled counterparts. Specifically, the new properties associated with HB assembly include: 1) the ease of producing films responsive to environmental pH at mild pH values, 2) numerous possibilities for converting HB films into single‐ or two‐component ultrathin hydrogel materials, and 3) the inclusion of polymers with low glass transition temperatures (e.g., poly(ethylene oxide)) within ultrathin films. These properties can lead to new applications for HB LbL films, such as pH‐ and/or temperature‐responsive drug delivery systems, materials with tunable mechanical properties, release films dissolvable under physiological conditions, and proton‐exchange membranes for fuel cells. In this report, we discuss the recent developments in the synthesis of LbL materials based on HB assembly, the study of their structure–property relationships, and the prospective applications of HB LbL constructs in biotechnology and biomedicine.
New approximate formula for the generalized temperature integral
Authors: Chen Haixiang , Liu Naian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe generalized temperature integral
$ \int\nolimits_0^T {T^m \,\exp ( - E/RT)dT} $
frequently occurs in nonisothermal kinetic analysis. This article has proposed a new approximate formula for the generalized temperature integral, which is in the following form:

For commonly used values of m in kinetic analysis, the deviation of the new approximation from the numerical values of the integral is within 0.4%. More importantly, the new formula represents the exponential approximation, which is not found earlier, and it can result in a new and very accurate integral method in kinetic analysis. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
CFD modeling and validation of the turbulent fluidized bed of FCC particles
Authors: Gao Jinsen , Lan Xingying , Fan Yiping , Chang Jian , Wang Gang , Lu Chunxi , Xu Chunming 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn experimental and computational study is presented on the hydrodynamic characteristics of FCC particles in a turbulent fluidized bed. Based on the Eulerian/Eulerian model, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model incorporating a modified gas‐solid drag model has been presented, and the model parameters are examined by using a commercial CFD software package (FLUENT 6.2.16). Relative to other drag models, the modified one gives a reasonable hydrodynamic prediction in comparison with experimental data. The hydrodynamics show more sensitive to the coefficient of restitution than to the flow models and kinetics theories. Experimental and numerical results indicate that there exist two different coexisting regions in the turbulent fluidized bed: a bottom dense, bubbling region and a dilute, dispersed flow region. At low‐gas velocity, solid‐volume fractions show high near the wall region, and low in the center of the bed. Increasing gas velocity aggravates the turbulent disorder in the turbulent fluidized bed, resulting in an irregularity of the radial particle concentration profile. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Social stress, visceral obesity, and coronary artery atherosclerosis: product of a primate adaptation
Authors: Shively Carol A. , Register Thomas C. , Clarkson Thomas B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAbdominal obesity is prevalent and often accompanied by an array of metabolic perturbations including elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state, together referred to as the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome greatly increases coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Social stress also increases CHD although the mechanisms through which this occurs are not completely understood. Chronic stress may result in sustained glucocorticoid production, which is thought to promote visceral obesity. Thus, one hypothesis is that social stress may cause visceral fat deposition and the metabolic syndrome, which, in turn increases CHD. CHD is caused by coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) and its sequelae. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are a well‐established models of CAA. Social subordination may be stressful to cynomolgus monkeys and result in hypercortisolemia and exacerbated CAA in females. Herein is reviewed a body of literature which suggests that social stress increases visceral fat deposition in cynomolgus monkeys, that subordinate females are more likely than dominants to have visceral obesity, that females with visceral obesity have behavioral and physiological characteristics consistent with a stressed state, and that females with high ratios of visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat develop more CAA. While these relationships have been most extensively studied in cynomolgus macaques, obesity‐related metabolic disturbances are also observed in other primate species. Taken together, these observations support the view that the current obesity epidemic is the result of a primate adaptation involving the coevolution with encephalization of elaborate physiological systems to protect against starvation and defend stored body fat in order to feed a large and metabolically demanding brain. Social stress may be engaging these same physiological systems, increasing the visceral deposition of fat and its sequelae, which increase CHD risk. Am. J. Primatol. 71:742–751, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of salivary cortisol and testosterone assays in chimpanzees by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kutsukake Nobuyuki , Ikeda Koki , Honma Seijiro , Teramoto Migaku , Mori Yusuke , Hayasaka Ikuo , Yamamoto Rain , Ishida Takafumi , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Hasegawa Toshikazu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOwing to its high temporal sensitivity, saliva has distinct advantages for measuring steroids, compared with other noninvasive samples such as urine and feces. Here, we report the validity of assaying salivary cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) in captive male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. For both the C and T concentrations, we found positive relationships between saliva and plasma. The concentrations of C and T in saliva showed clear patterns of diurnal fluctuation, whereas those in urine and feces did not. These results suggest that the salivary steroid concentrations can be regarded as good indicators of circulating steroid levels. We also developed and validated an efficient method for collecting saliva samples from cotton rope. Although rope includes inherent steroid‐like compounds and may affect the accuracy of steroid measurements, our rope‐washing procedures effectively removed intrinsic steroidal materials. There was a significant association between the C and T concentrations measured from saliva collected from rope licked by the chimpanzees and those measured from saliva collected directly from the mouth. Salivary T values estimated by LC/MS‐MS were similar to those measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate the usefulness of saliva as a noninvasive steroid measure and that steroids in the saliva of chimpanzees can be accurately measured by LC‐MS/MS. Am. J. Primatol. 71:696–706, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploiting the 1,2,3‐Triazolium Motif in Anion‐Templated Formation of a Bromide‐Selective Rotaxane Host Assembly
Authors: Mullen Kathleen M. , Mercurio James , Serpell Christopher J. , Beer Paul D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBromid bevorzugt: Ein [2]Rotaxan mit einer Triazolium‐Einheit wurde mithilfe von Bromid als Templat aufgebaut. Erste Studien zur Anionenbindung zeigten eine ungewöhnliche Vorliebe des Rotaxans für Bromid‐ gegenüber Chloridionen.magnified image
3D Airway Reconstruction Using Visible Human Data Set and Human Casts with Comparison to Morphometric Data
Authors: Robinson Risa J. , Russo Jackie , Doolittle Richard L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractRealistic airway geometry is required for accurate biomechanical modeling, particle deposition predictions and ultimately risk assessment and inhaled drug delivery protocols. Morphometric studies to date provide data for specific anatomical locations or for more generational average data for the entire lung. In an attempt to provide a realistic geometry representative of a typical human, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Visible Human (VH)® female data set was reconstructed and compared to available morphometric data from the literature. The reconstructed NIH VH female airway model extended from just distal to the larynx down through the fifth generation of bronchial passageways. Casting and scanning techniques were used to create the upper airway geometries so that the model could be used realistically for oral exposure. Each reconstruction stage was examined to show the loss of data during segmentation, decimation, and smoothing processes. The resulting dimensions of the complete female model were consistent with morphometric data from the literature, indicating that the model is a reasonable representation of an adult female that could be used for biomechanical modeling. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the morphological characteristics of spinal motoneurons
Authors: David Pamela , Subramaniam Krishnan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Clinical studies and research in animals have established that alcohol consumption during pregnancy produces irreversible developmental anomalies. Deficits in fine motor performance are often noted in infants diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. However, the effects of alcohol on the spinal motoneurons have not been examined. In this study, the morphometric alterations in spinal motoneurons were assessed as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure.METHODS:Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were administered with 1.0 ml of 20% ethyl alcohol per 100 gm body weight via intraperitoneal injections, and unexposed rats served as controls. Rats were perfused through the left cardiac ventricle and a complete laminectomy was performed. Spinal cord sections from the L4–5 segments were cut serially and stained for cresyl fast violet. Sections were also subjected to TUNEL assay for detection of apoptosis. Observations were made between 1 and 4 weeks after birth.RESULTS:Morphologic characteristics of motoneurons in the alcohol‐exposed group of rats were altered. Counts and measurements revealed significant reduction in number and size of alcohol‐exposed spinal motoneurons at all time points studied.CONCLUSIONS:Prenatal exposure to alcohol showed cytotoxic effects whereby it adversely affected both motoneuron growth and differentiation in utero. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progress in kalata peptide production via plant cell bioprocessing
Authors: Dörnenburg Heike 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCyclotides are disulfide‐rich mini‐proteins with the unique structural features of a circular backbone and knotted arrangement of three conserved disulfide bonds. They typically comprise 28–37 amino acids and are produced from linear precursors, and translational modification via oxidative folding, proteolytic processing and N‐C cyclization. Because these plant‐derived peptides are resistant to degradation and do exhibit a diverse range of biological activities, they have become important agronomic and industrial objectives. Due to its tolerance to sequence variation, the cyclotide backbone is also potentially useful as a molecular scaffold for protein‐engineering applications. Several production options are available for bioactive plant metabolites including natural harvesting, total chemical synthesis, and expression of plant pathways in microbial systems. For the cyclotides with low yields in nature, chemical complexity and lack of knowledge of the complete biosynthetic pathway, however, many of these options are precluded. Plant cell‐culture technology shows promise towards the goal of producing therapeutically active cyclotides in quality and quantities required for drug development as they are amenable to process optimization, scale‐up, and metabolic engineering. It is conceivable that plant‐based production systems may ultimately prove to be the preferred route for the production of native or designed cyclotides, and will contribute towards the development of target‐specific drugs.
Clarified cashew apple juice as alternative raw material for biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis in a batch bioreactor
Authors: Giro Maria Estela Aparecida , Martins João Jeferson Lima , Rocha Maria Valderez Ponte , Melo Vânia Maria M. , Gonçalves Luciana Rocha Barros 
Published: May 2009

AbstractClarified cashew apple juice was evaluated as carbon source for surfactin production by Bacillus subtilis LAMI005 isolated from the tank of chlorination at the Wastewater Treatment Plant on Campus do Pici (WWTP‐PICI) in the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. The highest surfactin concentration using clarified cashew apple juice (CCAJ) supplemented with mineral medium (MM‐CCAJ) was 123 mg/L, achieved after 48 h of fermentation. Almost 2‐fold less than the amount produced using mineral medium supplemented with 10 g/L of glucose and 8.7 g/L of fructose (MM‐GF). However, critical micelle concentration of the biosurfactants produced using MM‐CCAJ was 2.5‐fold lower than the one produced using MM‐GF, which indicates it is a more efficient biosurfactant. Surface tension decreased from 38.50 ± 0.0 to 29.00 ± 0.0 dyne/cm when B. subtilis was grown on MM‐CCAJ media (24.68% of reduction on surface tension) and remained constant up to 72 h. Emulsification index was 51.15 and 66.70% using soybean oil and kerosene, respectively. Surfactin produced in MM‐CCAJ showed an emulsifying activity of, respectively, 1.75 and 2.3 U when n‐hexadecane or soybean oil was tested. However, when mineral medium supplemented with 10 g/L of glucose (MM‐G) was used an emulsifying activity of 2.0 and 1.75 U, with n‐hexadecane and soybean oil, respectively, was obtained. These results indicate that it is feasible to produce surfactin from CCAJ, a renewable and low‐cost carbon source.
Scale‐up of controlled‐shear affinity filtration using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Francis Patrick , Haynes Charles A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractControlled shear affinity filtration (CSAF) is an integrated bioprocess that positions a contoured rotor above a membrane affinity chromatography column to permit the capture and purification of a secreted protein product directly from cell culture. Here, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations previously used on a laboratory‐scale unit (Francis et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2005, 95, 1207–1217) are extended to study the fluid hydrodynamics and expected filter performance of the CSAF device for rotor sizes up to 140 cm in radius. We show that the fluid hydrodynamics within the rotor chamber of larger‐scale CSAF units are complex and include turbulent boundary layers; thus, CFD likely provides the only reliable route to CSAF scale‐up. We then model design improvements that will be required for CSAF scale‐up to permit processing of industrial feedstock. The result is the in silico design of a preparative CSAF device with an optimized rotor 140 cm in radius. The scaled up device has an effective filtration area of 5.93 m2, which should allow for complete processing in ca. 2 h of 1000 L of culture harvested from either a perfusion, fed‐batch or batch bioreactor. Finally, a novel method for the parallelization of CSAF units is presented for use in bioprocessing operations larger than 1000 L.
Robust control of the activated sludge process
Authors: David R. , Vande Wouwer A. , Vasel J.‐L. , Queinnec I. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this work, a robust control strategy is proposed for maintaining the oxygen concentration in the aerobic tank and the pollutant, i.e., ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, concentrations at acceptable levels in the effluent water at the outlet of the activated sludge process. To this end, the Activated Sludge Model no. 1 (ASM1) is first reduced using biological arguments and a singular perturbation method, and a simplified model of the secondary settler is included. In contrast with previous studies that make use of piecewise linear models, an average operating point is evaluated using available data (here data from the COST Action 624) and the reduced‐order model is linearized around it using standard techniques. Finally, a H2 robust control strategy acting on the oxygen injection and the recirculated flow rate is designed and tested in simulation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Continuous ‐ discrete interval observers for monitoring microalgae cultures
Authors: Goffaux G. , Vande Wouwer A. , Bernard O. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlgorithms estimating unmeasured component concentrations play a key role in bioprocess applications where only a few on‐line measurements are usually available. In this article, interval observers are designed to provide guaranteed intervals for the key components involved in cultures of microalgae. In contrast with most of the published studies focusing on continuous‐time measurements, this study considers discrete‐time measurements with possibly long and irregular sampling and defines predictors based on model equations and state transformations to ensure the enclosure of the state variables between two measurement times. The methods are validated with experimental data where the remaining inorganic nitrogen and the microalgal internal quota are estimated. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Teaching differential equations in different environments: A first approach
Authors: Carneiro Filipa , Leão Celina P. , Teixeira Senhorinha F. C. F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe use of specific softwares was the basis for a new approach for teaching ordinary and partial differential equations, in the field of heat transfer and fluid mechanics. The main objective was to enhance learning effectiveness of Numerical Methods in the post‐graduate course of Polymers Engineering at the University of Minho. This degree takes place into two different environments: at the university campus and at the industrial field. Different commercial codes were used, namely EXCEL, MATLAB, and FLUENT, as well as two tools developed in house at University of Minho: CoNum and a graphics application PDE v.1. Lectures were based on videoconferencing and other web utilities. The teaching methodology presented and discussed in this article was well received and accepted by the post‐graduate students, motivating teachers to improve their teaching/learning strategies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 555–562, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com; DOI 10.1002/cae.20231