bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial lumping of a distributed rainfall‐sediment‐runoff model and its effective lumping scale
Authors: Apip  , Sayama Takahiro , Tachikawa Yasuto , Takara Kaoru 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes a method to spatially lump a distributed rainfall‐sediment‐runoff model at the catchment scale. Based on a kinematic wave rainfall‐sediment‐runoff model, the proposed method spatially integrates (1) a rainfall‐runoff model that simulates unsaturated, saturated subsurface and surface runoff processes and (2) a rainfall‐sediment‐runoff model that simulates soil erosion and transport processes induced by raindrops and surface flow detachment, respectively. The method deductively derives a set of lumped equations that relates the streamflow discharge and the catchment storage of water and sediment, which are then used together with continuity equations to predict the sediment runoff fluxes from the catchment outlet. The main advantage of the method is that the derived lumped model parameters are reflected by the spatially distributed topographical and soil property information, and yet the model can be implemented with a much less computational load compared to the original distributed model. Thus, the model gives a possibility of its numerous applications − such as the application to real‐time flood forecasting, sediment yield‐flood prediction for hydraulical structure designing, and for a climate change impact analysis on hydrological responses − coupled with the risk and uncertainty analyses which require a number of simulations. The developed lumped model successfully simulated the original distributed model outputs, as well as the observed streamflow and sediment at the Lesti River Catchment (381 km2), a tributary of the Brantas River Basin in Indonesia. After validating the proposed lumped model, the most effective lumping scale was then investigated by conducting multiple simulations, the results of which suggested that approximately 200 km2 is the ideal lumping scale for this model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catchment responses to plausible parameters and input data under equifinality in distributed rainfall‐runoff modeling
Authors: Lee Giha , Tachikawa Yasuto , Sayama Takahiro , Takara Kaoru 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn a hydrological simulation using a complex model, equifinality is likely to occur in many different ways, due to various sources associated with the model structure, parameter as well as data uncertainties involved in modeling process. This study aims to demonstrate the equifinality problem in streamflow prediction with a distributed rainfall‐runoff model and also investigate the effect of parameter and input uncertainties on an internal catchment response in time and space under the equifinality condition. For this objective, several experiments were carried out step by step as follows. First, we estimated plausible parameter sets, which lead to similarly good objective function values, using the shuffled complex evolution metropolis (SCEM‐UA) algorithm and also generated plausible input scenarios with different spatial patterns from radar rainfall field, which showed minimum runoff errors. Then, we adopted a computational tracer method based on a time‐space accounting scheme, combined with a distributed model for analyzing how a catchment behaves under a given equifinality condition by parameter and input uncertainties. It was found that the global responses of a catchment to the predefined equifinality factors were very similar; all simulated hydrographs were almost identical in spite of the different model parameter values and different spatial patterns of rainfall data. On the other hand, the internal catchment responses, tracked by the computational tracer method, were sensitive to plausible scenarios. The results of the internal catchment behavior show that the distributed rainfall‐runoff model has multiple alternative flow pathways, providing identical hydrographs in time and space when the rainfall over the catchment transforms into runoff. Our approach can be used to understand catchment responses to various uncertainty sources by visualizing the spatiotemporal runoff generation process at the watershed scale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A statistically based runoff‐yield model coupling infiltration excess and saturation excess mechanisms
Authors: Liang Zhongmin , Wang Jun , Li Binquan , Yu Zhongbo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA statistically based runoff‐yield model is proposed in this paper. The model considers spatial heterogeneities of rainfall, soil infiltration capacity and soil water storage capacity that are main factors controlling runoff‐yield process. It assumes that the spatial variation of rainfall intensity at each time step can be characterized by a probability density function, which is estimated by matching the hyetograph through goodness‐of‐fit measure, whereas the spatial heterogeneities of soil infiltration capacity and soil water storage capacity are described by parabola‐type functions. Surface runoff is calculated according to infiltration excess mechanism; the statistical distribution of surface runoff rate can be deduced with the joint distribution of rainfall intensity and soil infiltration rate, thus obtaining a quasi‐analytical solution for surface runoff. Based on saturation excess mechanism, the groundwater flow (flows below the ground are collectively referred to as groundwater flow) is calculated by infiltration and the probability distribution of soil water storage capacity. Consequently, the total runoff is composed of infiltration excess and saturation excess runoff components. As an example, this model is applied to flood event simulation in Dongwan catchment, a semi‐humid region and a tributary of Yellow River in China. It indicates that the proposed runoff‐yield model could achieve acceptable accuracy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of distinct human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 circulating recombinant forms in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Santos Luciane Amorim , Monteiro‐Cunha Joana Paixao , Araujo Adriano Fernando , Brites Carlos , Galvao‐Castro Bernardo , Alcantara Luiz Carlos Junior 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe extraordinary genetic diversity and immune evasion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pose significant challenges for vaccine development and antiretroviral therapy efficacy. The objective of this study was to characterize the molecular profile of HIV‐1 epidemic in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, determining the genetic subtypes and the presence of antiretroviral resistance mutations. HIV‐1 pol DNA sequences from 57 individuals infected with HIV were obtained by PCR, followed by sequencing. The subtypes were determined by phylogenetic analyses and the intersubtype recombination was investigated by bootscanning. The pol subtypes were compared with gag and env subtypes. Antiretroviral susceptibility was evaluated through the Stanford HIV resistance Database. The subtypes frequencies were: 77.2% of subtype B, 1.8% of subtype F1, and 21.0% of BF recombinant forms. Two intergenic and three intragenic BF recombinant patterns were observed. Six (10.5%) viruses were related to CRF28/CRF29, two were related to CRF12 (3.5%), and one (1.8%) was CRF39. Fourteen (24.6%) strains carried one or more mutations associated with at least intermediate resistance: 24.6% had resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 21.0% to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and 7% to protease inhibitors. The substitutions I54V (7.0%), M184V (14.0%), and K103N (10.5%) were the most frequent within each class of drugs. The results show a high diversity of BF genotypes and a lower prevalence of major reverse transcriptase and protease drug resistance mutations in Salvador, compared with other regions of Brazil. These findings may contribute to improve treatment strategies of patients infected with HIV‐1 from this Brazilian region. J. Med. Virol. 83:2066–2072, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transmission of Hepatitis C virus among spouses in Cameroon and the Central African Republic
Authors: Njouom Richard , Lavoie Myriam , Foupouapouognigni Yacouba , Frost Eric , Deslandes Sylvie , Mamadou‐Yaya Fleurie , Mbélesso Pascal , Mbadingai Sylvestre , Pépin Jacques 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHeterosexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is uncommon, with few studies undertaken in Central Africa. To determine the frequency of inter‐spouse HCV transmission, cross‐sectional studies of elderly individuals in Ebolowa, Cameroon and Nola, Central African Republic, in which, respectively, 24 and 83 long‐term couples had been identified, were examined further. Blood samples were tested for antibody to HCV. Anti‐HCV positive samples were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the NS5B gene. In Nola, 4 out of 9 (44.4%) wives of anti‐HCV positive husbands and 1 out of 74 (1.4%) wives of anti‐HCV negative husbands were anti‐HCV positive (P < 0.001); in Ebolowa, the corresponding proportions were 10 out of 15 (66.7%) and 3 out of 9 (33.3%) (P = 0.21). After adjustment for age and site‐specific risk factors of HCV infection, HCV seropositivity of the wives remained associated with their husbands' HCV serostatus, significantly so in Nola (P = 0.003) and marginally in Ebolowa (P = 0.06). In 7 out of 14 concordant seropositive couples, the genotype could be determined in both spouses. Four couples were infected with different genotypes, while three were infected with the same genotype. Thus, serological concordance between the spouses was related to a combination of infections acquired independently and inter‐spouse transmission. It could not be determined whether inter‐spouse transmission occurred sexually, through blood–blood contact, or otherwise. Inter‐spouse transmission may have contributed to the high prevalence among elderly populations of Central Africa since some patients infected during healthcare subsequently transmitted the virus to their spouse. J. Med. Virol. 83:2113–2118, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Number of mutations within CTL‐defined epitopes of the hepatitis B Virus (HBV) core region is associated with HBV disease progression
Authors: Kim Daniel , Lyoo Kwang Soo , Smith Davey , Hur Wonhee , Hong Sung Woo , Sung Pil Soo , Yoon Seung Kew , Mehta Sanjay 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe virologic determinants of progressive liver disease associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remain unclear. Previous investigations have associated HBV disease with specific mutations but this association may be confounded by HBV genotype, HLA haplotype of the infected individual or both. The association between non‐synonymous mutations located within putative cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte directed epitopes (CDE) of the HBV core region and disease states was investigated. Subjects infected with HBV were enrolled from a clinical cohort in Seoul, Korea, and HBV core gene sequences were analyzed for mutational patterns inside and outside of CDE with respect to subject demographics and HBV‐related disease states. No specific mutation or pattern of mutations were associated with progressive disease states; however, individuals with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma had greater numbers of non‐synonymous mutations within CDE when compared to those with chronic HBV infection who were HBeAg positive (P = 0.007 and 0.026, respectively). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that HBV disease progression is associated with viral escape mutations that are a marker of CTL activity. These data suggest that the number of non‐synonymous mutations in the HBV core region may predict HBV disease progression better than any single mutation or pattern of mutations. J. Med. Virol. 83:2082–2087, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective evaluation of epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological features of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in Italy
Authors: Fabbiani Massimiliano , Sali Michela , Di Cristo Valentina , Pignataro Giulia , Prete Valentina , Farina Salvatore , D'Avino Alessandro , Manzara Stefania , dal Verme Lorenzo Zileri , Silveri Nicolò Gentiloni , Cauda Roberto , Delogu Giovanni , Fadda Giovanni , Di Giambenedetto Simona 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince several characteristics of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection remain to be determined, this study aimed to describe clinical features and complications of patients infected with H1N1. Subjects affected by influenza‐like illnesses and a control group of asymptomatic patients were enrolled prospectively at an Emergency Department from October 2009 to April 2010. At enrollment, clinical data and nasopharyngeal swabs for virological analyses were obtained. Ill subjects were followed until recovery and swabs were collected weekly in patients infected with H1N1. Of 318 patients enrolled, 92 (28.9%) were positive to H1N1. Patients infected with H1N1 were mainly young adults and complained classic influenza‐like symptoms. Fever was observed for a median time of 5 (IQR 3–7) days. Hospitalization occurred in 27.7% with 2% requiring intensive care unit admission: median length of hospitalization was 6 days (IQR 5–9). Pneumonia was diagnosed in 19.6% of patients. A similar proportion of lower airways involvement and of clinical complications was observed in subjects testing positive or negative for H1N1. However, patients infected with H1N1 were younger and hospitalized for a shorter period as compared to the control group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.045, respectively). Older age, asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypertension were associated with an increased risk of pneumonia. Viral shedding was observed for at least 1 week in 21.3% of patients. Asymptomatic infection was uncommon (1.1%). Respiratory syndromes caused by H1N1 and factors associated with disease severity were investigated and compared to influenza‐like illnesses of other origin. Such findings might contribute to improve clinical and epidemiological management of the disease. J. Med. Virol. 83:2057–2065, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Near‐full genome characterization of unclassified hepatitis c virus strains relating to genotypes 1 and 4
Authors: Demetriou Victoria L. , Kostrikis Leondios G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNear‐full genome sequences are presented in this report for the first time of unclassified HCV strains amplified using RT‐PCR from plasma of patients living in Cyprus. One strain appears to be a unique genotype‐1‐like isolate, displaying closer phylogenetic relationship to genotype 1 strains than other genotypes. Two isolates representing an unclassified variant of genotype 4 were also amplified, cases of which have been found elsewhere in the world in patients of central African origin and could now be assigned provisionally as new subtype 4v. The near‐full genome nucleotide sequences of unclassified HCV isolates provide reference sequences of variants unknown previously, and contribute to the publicly available HCV sequence data to be used for diagnosis or research. J. Med. Virol. 83:2119–2127, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epstein–Barr virus gene expression and latent membrane protein 1 gene polymorphism in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Kasztelewicz Beata , Jankowska Irena , Pawłowska Joanna , Teisseyre Joanna , Dzierżanowska‐Fangrat Katarzyna 
Published: October 2011

AbstractImmunosuppressed pediatric transplant recipients are at risk of developing Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated complications (such as post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders). Monitoring of the EBV DNA level in blood alone has a low predictive value for the post‐transplant course of EBV infection and its complications. Therefore, additional prognostic markers are widely sought. The study aim was to analyze EBV gene expression patterns and LMP1 polymorphism in relation to EBV DNA levels in pediatric liver transplant recipients. EBV load measurement, LMP1 variant, and gene expression analysis were performed in collected prospectively multiple blood samples from 30 patients. Several distinct patterns of EBV gene expression were identified: latency 2 (71%), latency 3 (13%), latency 0 (11%), and lytic infection (5%). In most children's multiple blood samples, both EBV gene expression patterns and expression levels of individual EBV genes varied significantly over time. EBV gene expression patterns were not associated with the EBV load. However, the viral load correlated with the LMP1 and LMP2 expression (r = 0.34; P = 0.006, and r = 0.45; P = 0.001, respectively). Two variants of the LMP1 gene were detected, and they were consistent over time in individual patients. A wild type of LMP1 was associated with higher EBV‐DNA loads (P = 0.03). This indicates that EBV infection in immunosuppressed patients is a very dynamic process, but changes in the state of EBV infection do not influence significantly the viral load. The latter, however, can be associated with the activity of LMP1 and LMP2 genes, as well as polymorphism of LMP1. J. Med. Virol. 83:2182–2190, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functional interaction between the dorsal hippocampus and the striatum in visual discrimination learning
Authors: Fidalgo C. , Conejo N.M. , González‐Pardo H. , Arias J.L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe hippocampus and the striatum have traditionally been considered as part of different and independent memory systems. However, there is evidence that supports a functional interaction between the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum at least in particular learning tasks. Here, we evaluated the functional contribution of both brain regions in a visual discrimination learning task using cytochrome c oxidase (CO) quantitative histochemistry. Compared with other brain metabolic mapping techniques, CO activity reflects steady‐state neuronal energy demand. Rats were trained for 6 days in a water T‐maze to find a hidden escape platform associated with an intramaze visual cue. A control group of animals swam for an equivalent amount of time compared as the trained group but without any escape platform available. After finishing the behavioral task, CO activity was measured in subdivisions of the dorsal hippocampus and the dorsal striatum in both groups. Results show significantly higher CO activity in the CA1 area and the dentate gyrus of the dorsal hippocampus in the trained rats compared with the control group. In addition, a significant negative functional cross‐correlation between area CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus and the anterodorsal striatum was found. Our results support current theories on competitive interaction of different memory systems during visual discrimination learning. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid chromatography incorporating ultraviolet and electrochemical analyses for dual detection of zeranol and zearalenone metabolites in mouldy grains
Authors: Hsieh Han‐Yun , Shyu Ching‐Lin , Liao Chen‐Wei , Lee Ren‐Jye , Lee Maw‐Rong , Vickroy Thomas W , Chou Chi‐Chung 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Zeranol (Z) is a semi‐synthetic mycotoxin that is used in some countries as a growth‐promoting agent in livestock. In view of the known oestrogenic actions by Z and certain Z analogues, significant concerns exist with regard to the presence of Z residues in human foods and the potential for untoward effects, including carcinogenicity within the reproductive system. In order to confirm that foods are free from harmful Z residues, regulators need a quick and reliable analytical method that can be used for routine confirmation of Z‐positive samples identified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening. In this study the authors have developed and validated a simple and rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography method incorporating ultraviolet (UV) absorbance (wavelength 274 nm) and electrochemical (EC) dual‐mode detection for simultaneous determination of Z‐related mycotoxins produced from mouldy grain matrices, including rice, soybean and corn flakes.RESULTS: Recoveries for all analytes were around 80% and the limits of detection ranged from 10 to 25 ng mL−1 for UV and from 50 to 90 ng mL−1 for EC detection with good accuracy and reproducibility. Differential profiles and occurrence rates of Z, β‐zearalenol, β‐zearalanol and α‐zearalenol in naturally moulded grain matrices were observed, indicating different metabolite patterns and possibly grain‐specific effects of mycotoxin exposure for humans and animals. The strength of this dual detection method lies in its selectivity characterised by a carbon screen‐printed electrode such that aflatoxin interference is precluded.CONCLUSION: The combined dual detection technique affords quick and reliable semi‐confirmative and quantitative information on multiple types of Z analogues in mouldy grains without the necessity of using expensive mass spectrometry. The method is considered a superior supplement to ELISA, which only screens total Z immunoreactivity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Is sarcosine a biomarker for prostate cancer?
Authors: Issaq Haleem J. , Veenstra Timothy D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSarcosine was suggested in a letter to Nature in 2009 as a biomarker for prostate cancer. This communication reviews what has been accomplished to date to determine whether sarcosine is or is not a biomarker for prostate cancer that can replace prostate‐specific antigen tests.
Hydrolytic Degradation Behavior of Poly(rac‐lactide)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol)‐block‐poly(rac‐lactide) Dimethacrylate Derived Networks Designed for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wischke Christian , Tripodo Giuseppe , Choi Nok‐Young , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor polymer‐based degradable implants, mechanical performance and degradation behavior need to be precisely controlled. Based on a rational design, this work comprehensively describes the properties of photo‐crosslinked polymer networks prepared from poly(rac‐lactide)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol)‐block‐poly(rac‐lactide) dimethacrylate precursors during degradation. By varying the length of poly(rac‐lactide) blocks connected to a central 4 kDa polyether block, microphase separated networks with adjustable crosslinking density, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratio, thermal, and mechanical properties are obtained. The materials are characterized by a low water uptake, controlled mass loss, and slowly decreasing wet‐state E moduli in the kPa range.magnified image
Stability conditions under change of base field
Authors: Sosna Pawel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe investigate the behaviour of Bridgeland stability conditions under change of base field with particular focus on the case of finite Galois extensions. In particular, we prove that for a variety X over a field K and a finite Galois extension L/K the stability manifold of X embeds as a closed submanifold into the stability manifold of the base change variety.