bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A consideration of the needs of the adult patient with dementia attending for radiotherapy and its impact on the practical consent process
Authors: Mowbray Joan , Mowbray Helen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDementia, which affects about 5% of those aged over 65 years, is the progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the body beyond that expected from normal aging. It causes the loss of mental abilities such as thinking, remembering and reasoning and memory impairment, which is important when considering informed consent in radiotherapy. Radiotherapy treatment often involves many visits for a patient and each time it is the legal responsibility of staff to ensure that patient is aware of what is happening and why. Informed consent is challenging in patients with dementia because of the memory impairments and the nature of the information. There is enormous variation in how this illness affects people, depending on the type of dementia and the individuals themselves. Full information about the treatment itself, the benefits and risks of the treatment and the availability of any other reasonable alternatives to the proposed treatment or procedure must be made available. Dementia patients respond well to set approaches and these are detailed. It is important for staff to be familiar with the most effective approaches and consider these in obtaining informed consent.
Dosimetric comparison between 3D conformal and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Buckey Courtney , Swanson Gregory , Stathakis Sotirios , Papanikolaou Nikos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground and Purpose: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is considered by many to be the standard of care in the delivery of external-beam radiotherapy treatments to the prostate. The purpose of this study is to assess the validity of the purported benefits of IMRT.Materials and Methods: Treatment plans were produced for 10 patients using both 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) and IMRT, utilising the dose constraints recommended by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0415 protocol. Three IMRT modalities used in this study were linear accelerator based IMRT, helical tomotherapy, and serial tomotherapy. The prescription to the target, 76 Gy, was the same for all plans.Results: In general the 3D-CRT plans satisfied the RTOG criteria for planning target volume (PTV) coverage, and met or bettered the dose criteria for the organs at risk. PTV coverage was more homogeneous for the IMRT plans than the 3D-CRT plans but not significantly improved.Conclusions: Technically, because the IMRT plans required greater effort for the optimisation, longer treatment times and higher monitor units, the use of IMRT for the fulfilment of the protocol’s dosimetric goals was not justified using these constraints.
The power of social structure: how we became an intelligent lineage
Authors: de Sousa António Marina Resendes , Schulze-Makuch Dirk 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew findings pertinent to the human lineage origin (Ardipithecus ramidus) prompt a new analysis of the extrapolation of the social behavior of our closest relatives, the great apes, into human ‘natural social behavior’. With the new findings it becomes clear that human ancestors had very divergent social arrangements from the ones we observe today in our closest genetic relatives.The social structure of chimpanzees and gorillas is characterized by male competition. Aggression and the instigation of fear are common place. The morphology ofA. ramiduspoints in the direction of a social system characterized by female-choice instead of male–male competition. This system tends to be characterized by reduced aggression levels, leading to more stable arrangements. It is postulated here that the social stability with accompanying group cohesion propitiated by this setting is favorable to the investment in more complex behaviors, the development of innovative approaches to solve familiar problems, an increase in exploratory behavior, and eventually higher intelligence and the use of sophisticated tools and technology.The concentration of research efforts into the study of social animals with similar social systems (e.g., New World social monkeys(Callitrichidae), social canids (Canidae) and social rodents (Rodentia)) are likely to provide new insights into the understanding of what factors determined our evolution into an intelligent species capable of advanced technology.
Integrated 79 GHz UWB automotive radar front-end based on Hi-Mission MCM-D silicon platform
Authors: Platt Duncan , Pettersson Lars , Jakonis Darius , Salter Michael , Haglund Joacim 
Published: July 2010

A highly integrated silicon platform (Hi-Mission) for high frequency applications is introduced. This platform utilizes heterogeneous Multi-Chip Module-Deposited (MCM-D) technology with integrated passive devices together with silicon and GaAs Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) technology developed for the automotive Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radar (short-range radar) frequency band from 77 to 81 GHz. Developments are described in the area of MCM-D process development, MMIC, integrated phased array antenna, module design, and assembly process development. The demonstrator is composed of two test vehicles designed for conducted and radiated measurements, respectively. Test results are presented at the component and module level.
Is There a Sex Ratio Difference in the Familial Aggregation of Specific Language Impairment? A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Whitehouse Andrew J. O. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeSpecific language impairment (SLI) is known to aggregate in families. Debate exists on whether the male sex presents an additional risk for SLI. This meta-analysis examined whether there is a sex ratio difference in the risk for impairment among family members of an SLI proband and whether this is mediated by assessment method (direct assessment via psychometric tests vs. indirect assessment via questionnaire/interview) or relative type (sibling vs. parent).MethodTwelve studies met inclusion criteria, including 11 parent and 9 sibling samples. Risk ratios, indicating relative risk for language difficulties for males versus females, were calculated as a function of assessment method and relative type.ResultsDirect assessments identified a male predominance of language impairment, with a pooled risk ratio of 1.73 for siblings (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–2.52) and 1.54 for parents (95% CI: 1.14–2.07). No sex differences were observed for studies using indirect testing methods, with mean risk ratios of 1.12 (0.85–1.48) and 1.17 (0.92–1.49) for sibling and parent samples, respectively.ConclusionA predominance of affected males among family members is observed when using direct assessments only. This finding is interpreted with reference to the strengths and weaknesses of different assessment methodologies and what sex differences may indicate about the biological mechanisms underlying the SLI phenotype.
The Etiology of Diverse Receptive Language Skills at 12 Years
Authors: Dale Philip S. , Harlaar Nicole , Hayiou-Thomas Marianna E. , Plomin Robert 
Published: July 2010

Purpose
In the 2nd decade of life, language skills expand in both quantitative and qualitative ways. The etiology of these new skills and the relationships among them have been little explored.

Method

Taking advantage of widespread access to inexpensive and fast Internet connections in the United Kingdom, we administered four Web-based measures of receptive language development—Vocabulary, Listening Grammar, Figurative Language, and Making Inferences—to a sample of 12-year-old twin pairs (
N
= 4,892) participating in the Twins Early Development Study (TEDS; Oliver & Plomin, 2007).

Results

The 4 measures showed moderate phenotypic intercorrelation. All 4 showed moderate genetic influence (a
2
between .25 and .36) and low shared environmental influence (c
2
between .13 and .19). The median genetic correlation among the 4 measures was .87, indicating strong genetic overlap among them. A latent factor score for Language, based on the common variance among the measures, showed substantial genetic influence (a
2
= .59) and moderate shared environmental influence (c
2
= .28). A small but significant sex difference favored females on the Listening Grammar and Making Inferences tests, but there was no evidence for sex differences in the etiology of any of the measures.

Conclusion
Despite the emergence of new skills at this developmental period, from the etiological perspective, language skills remain relatively undifferentiated at an etiological level.
Separation and identification of mouse liver membrane proteins using a gel-based approach in combination with 2DnanoLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS
Authors: Tran The Thanh , Phan Van Chi 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In this work, we present results of membrane proteome profiling from mouse liver tissues using a gel-based approach in combination with 2DnanoLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Following purification of the membrane fraction, SDS-PAGE was carried out as a useful separation step. After staining, gels with protein bands were cut, reduced, alkylated and trypsin-digested. The peptide mixtures extracted from each gel slice were fractionated by two-dimensional nano liquid chromatography (2DnanoLC) coupled online with tandem mass spectrometry analysis (NanoESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS). The proteins were identified by MASCOT search against a mouse protein database using a peptide and fragment mass tolerance of ±0.5 Da. Protein identification was carried out using a Mowse scoring algorithm with a confidence level of 95% and processed by MSQuant v1.5 software for further validation. In total, 318 verified membrane proteins from mouse liver tissues were identified; 66.67% of them (212 proteins) contained at least one or more transmembrane domains predicted by the SOSUI program and 43 were found to be unique microsome membranes. Furthermore, GRAVY values of membrane proteins varied in the range -1.1276 to 0.9016 and only 31 (9.76%) membrane proteins had positive values. The functions and subcellular locations of the identified proteins were categorized as well, according to universal GO annotations.
G-SQZ: compact encoding of genomic sequence and quality data
Authors: Tembe Waibhav , Lowey James , Suh Edward 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
SUMMARY: Large volumes of data generated by high-throughput sequencing instruments present non-trivial challenges in data storage, content access and transfer. We present G-SQZ, a Huffman coding-based sequencing-reads-specific representation scheme that compresses data without altering the relative order. G-SQZ has achieved from 65% to 81% compression on benchmark datasets, and it allows selective access without scanning and decoding from start. This article focuses on describing the underlying encoding scheme and its software implementation, and a more theoretical problem of optimal compression is out of scope. The immediate practical benefits include reduced infrastructure and informatics costs in managing and analyzing large sequencing data.
Availability: http://public.tgen.org/sqz. Academic/non-profit: Source: available at no cost under a non-open-source license by requesting from the web-site; Binary: available for direct download at no cost. For-Profit: Submit request for for-profit license from the web-site.
Contact: wtembe@tgen.org
PERMORY: an LD-exploiting permutation test algorithm for powerful genome-wide association testing
Authors: Pahl Roman , Schäfer Helmut 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMotivation: In genome-wide association studies (GWAS) examining hundreds of thousands of genetic markers, the potentially high number of false positive findings requires statistical correction for multiple testing. Permutation tests are considered the gold standard for multiple testing correction in GWAS, because they simultaneously provide unbiased type I error control and high power. At the same time, they demand heavy computational effort, especially with large-scale datasets of modern GWAS. In recent years, the computational problem has been circumvented by using approximations to permutation tests, which, however, may be biased.Results: We have tackled the original computational problem of permutation testing in GWAS and herein present a permutation test algorithm one or more orders of magnitude faster than existing implementations, which enables efficient permutation testing on a genome-wide scale. Our algorithm does not rely on any kind of approximation and hence produces unbiased results identical to a standard permutation test. A noteworthy feature of our algorithm is a particularly effective performance when analyzing high-density marker sets.Availability: Freely available on the web at http://www.permory.orgContact: rpahl@staff.uni-marburg.de
Determination and Comparison of Graded Dose–Response Curves for Epidural Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine for Analgesia in Laboring Nulliparous Women
Authors: Kee Warwick D. Ngan , Ng Floria F. , Khaw Kim S. , Lee Anna , Gin Tony 
Published: July 2010

Background
The potencies of bupivacaine and ropivacaine have been compared using up-and-down methodology, but their complete dose-response curves have not been compared. The authors performed a random allocation-graded dose-response study of epidural bupivacaine and ropivacaine given epidurally for labor analgesia.

Methods
Three hundred laboring nulliparous patients were randomly given epidural bupivacaine (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 40 mg) or ropivacaine (7, 15, 20, 30, 45, or 60 mg) in 20 ml of saline. Visual Analog Scale pain scores were recorded for 30 min. Response was defined by the percentage decrease in pain score from baseline at 30 min, and dose-response data were analyzed by using nonlinear regression.

Results
Sigmoidal Emax model dose-response curves were fitted to the datasets for bupivacaine (R = 0.53) and ropivacaine (R = 0.59). The curves had similar steepness (Hill coefficient 2.02 [95% CI, 1.55-2.50] vs. 2.25 [1.70-2.79], P = 0.55). The ED50 (dose of the drug that reduces pain score to 50% of baseline at 30 min, also known as D50) of ropivacaine was greater than that of bupivacaine (15.3 [95% CI 13.7-17.1] mg vs. 11.3 [10.0-12.7] mg, P = 0.0003), but ED90 (D90) was similar (40.6 [32.4-51.1] mg vs. 33.4 [26.2-42.7] mg, P = 0.29). The potency ratio at ED50 for ropivacaine:bupivacaine was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.65-0.88).

Conclusions
Ropivacaine is less potent than bupivacaine, but otherwise they have similar dose-response characteristics. The difference in potency is not statistically significant at ED90 doses.
Spinal α2-Adrenoceptor-mediated Analgesia in Neuropathic Pain Reflects Brain-derived Nerve Growth Factor and Changes in Spinal Cholinergic Neuronal Function
Authors: Hayashida Ken-ichiro , Eisenach James C. 
Published: July 2010

Introduction
Spinal alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation produces analgesia in neuropathic pain states, and this effect in animals is blocked by the inhibitors of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) function. In rats, alpha2-adrenoceptor stimulation normally inhibits acetylcholine release, but it excites release after nerve injury. The authors examined the roles of BDNF and excitatory Gs-protein in this change.

Methods
Male rats underwent L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), and their lumbar spinal dorsal horns with or without spinal BDNF infusion were used for either synaptosome preparation for acetylcholine release or immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase.

Results
SNL did not alter spontaneous release from synaptosomes or choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn, but it reduced KCl-evoked acetylcholine release. Dexmedetomidine inhibited KCl-evoked acetylcholine release in synaptosomes from normal rats, but it excited KCl-evoked release in synaptosomes from SNL rats, and both effects were blocked by the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan. Spinal infusion of an antibody to BDNF reduced choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn in both normal and SNL rats and abolished facilitation of KCl-evoked acetylcholine release by dexmedetomidine in SNL rats. Dexmedetomidine facilitation of acetylcholine release was also blocked by the inhibitors of Gs function.

Discussion
The increased reliance of spinal alpha2 adrenoceptors on cholinergic stimulation to cause analgesia after nerve injury reflects in part a shift from direct inhibition to direct excitation of spinal cholinergic neurons. The authors' results suggest that this shift relies on an interaction with Gs-proteins and BDNF.
Multicenter, Randomized, Comparative Cost-effectiveness Study Comparing 0, 1, and 2 Diagnostic Medial Branch (Facet Joint Nerve) Block Treatment Paradigms before Lumbar Facet Radiofrequency Denervation
Authors: Cohen Steven P. , Williams Kayode A. , Kurihara Connie , Nguyen Conner , Shields Cynthia , Kim Peter , Griffith Scott R. , Larkin Thomas M. , Crooks Matthew , Williams Necia , Morlando Benny , Strassels Scott A. 
Published: July 2010

Background
Among patients presenting with axial low back pain, facet arthropathy accounts for approximately 10-15% of cases. Facet interventions are the second most frequently performed procedures in pain clinics across the United States. Currently, there are no uniformly accepted criteria regarding how best to select patients for radiofrequency denervation.

Methods
A randomized, multicenter study was performed in 151 subjects with suspected lumbar facetogenic pain comparing three treatment paradigms. Group 0 received radiofrequency denervation based solely on clinical findings; group 1 underwent denervation contingent on a positive response to a single diagnostic block; and group 2 proceeded to denervation only if they obtained a positive response to comparative blocks done with lidocaine and bupivacaine. A positive outcome was predesignated as > or =50% pain relief coupled with a positive global perceived effect persisting for 3 months.

Results
In group 0, 17 patients (33%) obtained a successful outcome at 3 months versus eight patients (16%) in group 1 and 11 (22%) patients in group 2. Denervation success rates in groups 0, 1, and 2 were 33, 39, and 64%, respectively. Pain scores and functional capacity were significantly lower at 3 months but not at 1 month in group 2 subjects who proceeded to denervation compared with patients in groups 0 and 1. The costs per successful treatment in groups 0, 1, and 2 were $6,286, $17,142, and $15,241, respectively.

Conclusions
Using current reimbursement scales, these findings suggest that proceeding to radiofrequency denervation without a diagnostic block is the most cost-effective treatment paradigm.
Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Propofol in Children
Authors: Rigouzzo Agnes , Servin Frederique , Constant Isabelle 
Published: July 2010

Background
The aim of this study was to identify the best model to describe pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in prepubertal children and therefore to calculate the corresponding pharmacodynamic parameters. In addition, and to confirm our method, a group of postpubertal subjects was also studied.

Methods
Sixteen children (9.5 yr, range 6-12) and 13 adults (22 yr, range 13-35) were included. Induction was performed by plasma target-controlled infusion of propofol (6 microg/ml) based on the Kataria model in children and on the Schnider model in adults. The relationship of bispectral index to predicted concentrations was studied during induction using the Kataria, pediatric Marsh, Schüttler, and Schnider models in children. Because the best performance was obtained, strangely enough, with the Schnider model, the two groups were pooled to investigate influence of puberty on pharmacodynamic parameters (kE0 [plasma effect-site equilibration rate constant] and Ce50 [effect-site concentration corresponding with 50% of the maximal effect]). The time-to-peak effect was calculated, and the kE0 was determined for the Kataria model (nonlinear mixed-effects modeling; pkpdtools).

Results
In children, the predicted concentration/effect relationship was best described using the Schnider model. When the whole population was considered, a significant improvement in this model was obtained using puberty as a covariate for kE0 and Ce50. The time to peak effect, Tpeak (median, 0.71 [range, 0.37-1.64] and 1.73 [1.4-2.68] min), and the Ce50 (3.71 [1.88-4.4] and 3.07 [2.95-5.21] microg/ml) were shorter and higher, respectively, in children than in adults. The kE0 linked to the Kataria model was 4.6 [1.4-11] min.

Conclusions
In children, the predicted concentration/effect relationships were best described using the Schnider model described for adults compared with classic pediatric models. The study suggests that the Schnider model might be useful for propofol target-control infusion in children.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing of Plastidial Soluble Inorganic Pyrophosphatase Impairs Essential Leaf Anabolic Pathways and Reduces Drought Stress Tolerance inNicotiana benthamiana
Authors: George Gavin M. , van der Merwe Margaretha J. , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Bauer Rolene , Fernie Alisdair R. , Kossmann Jens , Lloyd James R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe role of pyrophosphate in primary metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we report on the transient down-regulation of plastid-targeted soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase in Nicotiana benthamiana source leaves. Physiological and metabolic perturbations were particularly evident in chloroplastic central metabolism, which is reliant on fast and efficient pyrophosphate dissipation. Plants lacking plastidial soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase (psPPase) were characterized by increased pyrophosphate levels, decreased starch content, and alterations in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, while constituents like amino acids (except for histidine, serine, and tryptophan) and soluble sugars and organic acids (except for malate and citrate) remained invariable from the control. Furthermore, translation of Rubisco was significantly affected, as observed for the amounts of the respective subunits as well as total soluble protein content. These changes were concurrent with the fact that plants with reduced psPPase were unable to assimilate carbon to the same extent as the controls. Furthermore, plants with lowered psPPase exposed to mild drought stress showed a moderate wilting phenotype and reduced vitality, which could be correlated to reduced abscisic acid levels limiting stomatal closure. Taken together, the results suggest that plastidial pyrophosphate dissipation through psPPase is indispensable for vital plant processes.
Cooperation of LPA3 and LPA2 Is Essential for Photosystem II Assembly in Arabidopsis
Authors: Cai Wenhe , Ma Jinfang , Chi Wei , Zou Meijuan , Guo Jinkui , Lu Congming , Zhang Lixin 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit membrane protein complex that is assembled in a sequence of steps. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the assembly of the individual subunits into functional PSII complexes are still largely unknown. Here, we report the identification of a chloroplast protein, Low PSII Accumulation3 (LPA3), which is required for the assembly of the CP43 subunit in PSII complexes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). LPA3 interacts with LPA2, a previously identified PSII CP43 assembly factor, and a double mutation of LPA2 and LPA3 is more deleterious for assembly than either single mutation, resulting in a seedling-lethal phenotype. Our results indicate that LPA3 and LPA2 have overlapping functions in assisting CP43 assembly and that cooperation between LPA2 and LPA3 is essential for PSII assembly. In addition, we provide evidence that LPA2 and LPA3 interact with Albino3 (Alb3), which is essential for thylakoid protein biogenesis. Thus, the function of Alb3 in some PSII assembly processes is probably mediated through interactions with LPA2 and LPA3.