bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of amplified spectrum of a weak frequency-detuned signal in a Brillouin amplifier
Authors: Gao W. , Lu Z.W. , He W.M. , Dong Y.K. , Hasi W.L.J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe will theoretically and experimentally study the effect of the linewidth and the frequency of a weak detuned signal on its amplified spectrum in the Brillouin amplifier. We will show that the spectral profile of the input signal is preserved during amplification only when the signal linewidth is much narrower than the Brillouin linewidth of the amplifier. If the signal linewidth is near or above the Brillouin linewidth, the frequency shift of the amplified signal with respect to the pump will be close to the Brillouin shift of the amplifier, and will be independent of the frequency shift of the input signal.
Funding, Funding
Authors: Altman Micah 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTI show herein how to develop fundable proposals to support your research. Although the proposal strategy I discuss is commonly used in successful proposals, most junior faculty (and many senior scholars) in political science and other social sciences seem to be unaware of it. I dispel myths about funding, and discuss how to find funders and target funding programs. I then outline how to write a proposal; and detail how to respond to reviews.
Teaching Quantitative Methodology to the Math Averse
Authors: Buchler Justin 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMany political science students struggle in quantitative methods courses because they have never been taught how to learn math. Learning math is different from learning in other fields, so the techniques students have used successfully in other classes are inappropriate in mathematically oriented classes. However, most students have never been told this, so they blame their difficulty with math on the impenetrability of the subject rather than tactical studying errors. This brief article discusses some of the reasons that common studying techniques do not work in quantitative methodology classes, and discusses some simple techniques to help students develop learning habits that are better suited to quantitative courses.
Making Movies Active: Lessons from Simulations
Authors: Sunderland Sheri , Rothermel Jonathan C. , Lusk Adam 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMovies have a long and distinguished history in the political science and international relations classrooms; they provide connections between abstract theories and concepts and concrete everyday practices. However, traditional approaches to teaching movies in the political science and international relations classrooms allow for passive student learning, where students watch the movie and then react. We propose using insights from simulations to help resolve these problems with using movies in the classroom. In this article, we outline the learning methods and approaches of simulations, and then apply them to movies in the international relations classroom.
Service Learning Outside the U.S.: Initial Experiences in Singapore's Higher Education
Authors: Tan Kenneth Paul 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTService learning in higher education is an American creature. But outside the U.S., practices that resemble American service learning or that have begun self-consciously to describe themselves as “service learning” may also be found. This article gives an account of a proto-service-learning course on civil society in Singapore and discusses some similarities and differences between the U.S. and Singapore contexts in which the practices of service learning have evolved, identifying how this civil society course in particular was both a product of as well as a challenge to Singapore's somewhat different priorities in higher education, political culture, and attitudes to social justice and cultural diversity.
An evaluation of taxonomic name finding &amp; next steps in Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) developments
Authors: Freeland Chris 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is an international consortium of natural history libraries that are actively scanning scientific literature from their collections and publishing the digitized content online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org. The presentation will cover updates on BHL progress thus far, including a review of the BHL portal application and services developed for bibliographic data exchange, as well as a roadmap of features scheduled for design and development. Of interest to taxonomists and bioinformaticians, the presentation will also cover a recently completed evaluation of taxonomic name finding algorithms, including TaxonFinder and FAT. Discussion will include a review of successes and failures in extracting taxonomic name strings from the BHL corpus, as well as suggestions for improvement.
Influence of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on risk factors for vertical HIV transmission
Authors: GARCIA‐TEJEDOR AMPARO , MAIQUES VICENTE , PERALES ALFREDO , LÓPEZ‐ALDEGUER JOSE 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective. To analyze the influence of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) on risk factors for perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Design. A prospective cohort study was performed between HIV pregnant women under HAART therapy and without treatment. Setting. The maternity hospital ‘La Fe’ in Valencia, Spain. Population or sample. Five hundred HIV‐positive pregnant women. Method. Known maternal and obstetrical perinatal risk factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate methods (logistic regression). The influence of HAART on the risk factors was evaluated independently to determine whether there was a modulation in perinatal HIV transmission. Main outcome measures. Known perinatal risk factors were found not to have any significant influence on perinatal HIV transmission in women under HAART therapy. Results. Vertical transmission risk decreased significantly from 18.2% without treatment to 8.6% with mono/dual therapy and 0.6% with HAART. A CD4+ cell count below 500 cell/μl, intrapartum use of invasive procedures, rupture of membranes >six hours, labor length >five hours, and birthweight were the significant risk factors associated to vertical HIV transmission and elective cesarean section. Antiretroviral treatment administered during delivery was a protective factor in HIV pregnant women before HAART therapy. Conclusions. HAART therapy reduces the influence of the perinatal risk factors on vertical HIV transmission.
Life story research: A relevant methodology for counsellors and psychotherapists
Authors: Etherington Kim 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAims: This paper introduces, describes and proposes life story research as an important, relevant and appropriate contribution to counselling and psychotherapy research. It shows how narrative knowledge is created and constructed through the stories people tell about their lived experiences and explores the concept of ‘narrative knowing’ (Bruner, 1986). Methods: Drawing on life story research with people who linked their history of problematic drug use with experiences of historic trauma/abuse, the paper contributes to the ongoing discussion related to the similarities/differences between therapy and research and what we might learn from each that informs the other. Implications for practice: The paper offers narrative ideas and practices as ways of researching matters of social and psychological importance. It suggests that therapists (and counselling researchers) could learn from what participants tell us about the therapeutic value of using life story methods which one participant described as helping him to face ‘out into the world, without unduly or specifically delving into, or focusing on [my] emotional state’. This learning may be particularly relevant for therapists working with traumatised clients.
Ghrelin resistance occurs in severe heart failure and resolves after heart transplantation
Authors: Lund Lars H. , Williams Jill J. , Freda Pamela , LaManca John J. , LeJemtel Thierry H. , Mancini Donna M. 
Published: June 2009

AimsSevere heart failure (HF) is often associated with cachexia that reverses post‐heart transplantation (HTx) with frequent development of obesity. Ghrelin is a novel appetite‐stimulating hormone. The aim was to determine the role of ghrelin in regulating appetite, food intake, and body composition in HF and post‐HTx.Methods and resultsWe measured serial ghrelin, hunger sensation, caloric intake, and body composition in 12 HF patients awaiting HTx, 12 patients 12.7 ± 8.6 months post‐HTx, and 7 controls. Seven of 12 HF patients were followed for longitudinal analysis post‐HTx. Body mass index was 23.1 ± 3.1 in HF and 31.5 ± 5.5 post‐HTx (P < 0.001). Heart transplantation patients had gained 18.0 ± 7.7 kg since HTx. Ghrelin area under the curve between controlled meals (control: 186 ± 39; HF: 264 ± 71; HTx: 194 ± 47 ng min/mL, P < 0.007) was higher in HF, but test meal caloric intake (control: 1185 ± 650; HF: 391 ± 103; HTx: 831 ± 309 kcal, P < 0.008) was lower in HF. The longitudinal analysis confirmed these findings.ConclusionHeart failure may be associated with resistance to the appetite‐stimulating effects of ghrelin, which may contribute to cachexia. Heart transplantation may be associated with resolution of ghrelin resistance, which may contribute to weight gain. These findings are preliminary and should be confirmed in larger trials.
A reanalysis of North Sea plaice spawning-stock biomass using the annual egg production method
Authors: van Damme Cindy J. G. , Bolle Loes J. , Fox Clive J. , Fossum Petter , Kraus Gerd , Munk Peter , Rohlf Norbert , Witthames Peter R. , Dickey-Collas Mark 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
van Damme, C. J. G., Bolle, L. J., Fox, C. J., Fossum, P., Kraus, G., Munk, P., Rohlf, N., Witthames, P. R., and Dickey-Collas, M. 2009. A reanalysis of North Sea plaice spawning-stock biomass using the annual egg production method. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1999–2011. Uncertainty about the quality of current virtual population analysis-based stock assessment for North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) has led to various abundance indices. We compared biomass estimates from the annual egg production (AEP) method with current stock assessments based on catch-at-age to validate the current and historical perception of exploitation. The AEP method was also used to investigate the dynamics of the spatial components of plaice in the North Sea. We corrected for fecundity down-regulation and changes in sex ratio. Estimates from both methods were similar in trend and absolute biomass. On the Dogger Bank, there was a dramatic decline in biomass from 1948 and 1950 to 2004, and in the Southern Bight, the stock appeared to increase from 1987 and 1988 to 2004, although not reaching the historically high levels of 1948 or 1950. The timing of spawning of North Sea plaice does not appear to have changed throughout the period of high exploitation. We conclude that the AEP method is a useful way to hindcast the spatial dynamics of heavily exploited flatfish stocks.
The risk to fishery performance associated with spatially resolved management of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) harvesting
Authors: Hill Simeon L. , Trathan Philip N. , Agnew David J. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Hill, S. L., Trathan, P. N., and Agnew, D. J. 2009. The risk to fishery performance associated with spatially resolved management of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) harvesting. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2148–2154. The ecosystem approach to fisheries attempts to define objectives for target species, the wider ecosystem, and critically, the fishery itself. Proposals for implementing the approach often include spatial restrictions on harvesting, so it is important to understand how these will affect fishery performance. One metric of potential performance is the probability of encountering exploitable densities of a target species at the scale of fishing operations. The probability of encountering exploitable densities of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, at the scale of 1 nautical mile during an acoustic survey was predicted by bathymetry and the mean krill density at the larger scale at which the fishery is managed. This suggests that the risk to fishery performance will increase if management actions relocate the fishery into deeper water. The results also suggest that ecosystem models resolved to the spatial scale of management units could usefully predict effects at the scale of fishing operations. However, correct parameterization of these models will require better characterization of threshold densities for efficient exploitation. Finally, the distribution of catch and fishing effort over an entire fishing season reflected the distribution of krill density observed during the survey.
Involvement of Pin1 induction in epithelial–mesenchymal transition of tamoxifen‐resistant breast cancer cells
Authors: Kim Mi Ra , Choi Hoo‐Kyun , Cho Kyoung Bin , Kim Hyung Sik , Kang Keon Wook 
Published: June 2009

Acquisition of resistance to tamoxifen is a critical therapeutic problem in breast cancer patients. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), where cells undergo a developmental switch from a polarized epithelial phenotype to a highly motile mesenchymal phenotype, is associated with invasion and motility of cancer cells. Here, we found that tamoxifen‐resistant (TAMR)‐MCF‐7 cells had undergone EMT, as evidenced by mesenchymal‐like cell shape, downregulation of basal E‐cadherin expression, and overexpression of N‐cadherin and vimentin, as well as increased Snail transcriptional activity and protein expression. Given the roles of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB in Snail‐mediated E‐cadherin deregulation during EMT, we examined the role of these signaling pathways in the EMT of TAMR‐MCF‐7 cells. Both Ser9‐phosphorylated GSK‐3β (inactive form) and NF‐κB reporter activity were increased in TAMR‐MCF‐7 cells, as was activation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog depleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)–phosphoinositide 3 (PI3)‐kinase–Akt pathway. Pin1, a peptidyl‐prolyl isomerase, was overexpressed in TAMR‐MCF‐7 cells, and Snail transcription and the expression of EMT markers could be decreased by Pin1 siRNA treatment. These results imply that Pin1 overexpression in TAMR‐MCF‐7 cells is involved in the EMT process via PTEN–PI3‐kinase–Akt–GSK‐3β and/or GSK‐3β–NF‐κB‐dependent Snail activation, and suggest the potential involvement of Pin1 in EMT during breast cancer development. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1834–1841)
Insulin resistance is a major determinant of liver stiffness in nondiabetic patients with HCV genotype 1 chronic hepatitis
Authors: PETTA S. , CAMMÀ C. , DI MARCO V. , CALVARUSO V. , ENEA M. , BRONTE F. , BUTERA G. , CABIBI D. , CRAXÌ A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground  In patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC), liver stiffness measurement (LSM) by transient elastography (TE), is closely related to the stage of fibrosis, but may be affected by necroinflammation. Other factors, such as insulin resistance (IR), might influence the performance of LSM.Aims  To evaluate in a cohort of nondiabetic patients with genotype 1 CHC, whether IR and other anthropometric, biochemical, metabolic and histological factors contribute to LSM and to identify the best cut‐off values of LSM for predicting different stages of fibrosis.Methods  Nondiabetic patients with genotype 1 CHC (n = 156) were evaluated by liver biopsy (Metavir score), anthropometric, biochemical and metabolic features including IR. Furthermore, all subjects underwent LSM by TE.Results  Severe fibrosis (F3–F4) was associated with LSM (OR 1.291; 95%CI 1.106–1.508). LSM was also independently correlated with low platelets (P = 0.03), high γGT (P < 0.001) and high HOMA (P = 0.004) levels. A stiffness value ≥8 KPa was identified as the best cut‐off for predicting severe fibrosis (AUC 0.870); yet this cut‐off still failed to rule out F3–F4 fibrosis in 22.7% of patients (false‐negative rate) or rule in F3–F4 in 19.6% (false‐positive rate). Platelets <200 × 103/mmc and a HOMA of >2.7 were the major determinants of these diagnostic errors in predicting severe fibrosis.Conclusions  In nondiabetic patients with genotype 1 CHC, insulin resistance, γGT and platelet levels contribute to LSM independently of liver fibrosis. The identification of these three factors contributes to a more correct interpretation of LSM.
The effects of urotensin II and urantide on forearm blood flow and systemic haemodynamics in humans
Authors: Cheriyan Joseph , Burton Timothy J. , Bradley Timothy J. , Wallace Sharon M. L. , Mäki‐Petäjä Kaisa M. , Mackenzie Isla S. , McEniery Carmel M. , Brown John , Wilkinson Ian B. 
Published: June 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • In vitro studies have shown that urotensin II is a potent arterial vasoconstrictor.• Previous studies investigating the in vivo cardiovascular actions of intra‐arterial administration of urotensin II in humans have provided conflicting results.• The cardiovascular actions of intra‐arterial administration of the urotensin II receptor antagonist, urantide, are unknown. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • We have shown no in vivo effect of urotensin II or urantide on human forearm resistance vessels.• Previous study discrepancies do not seem to relate to either the age or cardiovascular disease (CVD) status of subjects.AIMS(i) To compare the effects of intra‐arterial administration of urotensin II in patients with CVD with healthy volunteers, and (ii) to study the haemodynamic effects of intra‐arterial infusion of the urotensin II receptor antagonist, urantide.METHODSTen healthy volunteers and 10 patients with CVD received a dose‐ramped brachial artery infusion of urotensin II. A further six healthy male volunteers received a prolonged urotensin II infusion and 11 healthy male volunteers received a dose‐ramped infusion of urantide. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured every 20 min and blood pressure and heart rate were assessed every 20 min.RESULTSIn healthy volunteers and patients with CVD, intra‐arterial infusion of urotensin II had no effect on FBF ratio. A dose‐ramped infusion of urantide similarly had no effect on FBF ratio. During dose‐ramped infusions of urotensin II and urantide, systolic and mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly. In healthy volunteers, urotensin II and urantide, respectively, increased systolic blood pressure from 133 ± 6 to 137 ± 5 mmHg (P < 0.01) and from 113 ± 4 to 120 ± 4 mmHg (P < 0.01). In patients with CVD, heart rate also significantly increased during dose‐ramped infusion of urotensin II from 59 ± 3 to 62 ± 4 bpm (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONSWe have shown no in vivo effect of urotensin II or urantide on human forearm resistance vessels. Previous discrepancies do not seem to relate to either the age or CVD status of subjects. Changes in systemic cardiovascular haemodynamics during the dose‐ramped infusion studies are unlikely to be caused by urotensin II receptor modulation.
Trends in prescribing and self‐poisoning in relation to UK regulatory authority warnings against use of SSRI antidepressants in under‐18‐year‐olds
Authors: Bergen Helen , Hawton Keith , Murphy Elizabeth , Cooper Jayne , Kapur Navneet , Stalker Carol , Waters Keith 
Published: June 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Ecological studies have shown conflicting evidence in relation to associations between trends in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) prescription rates and suicide rates in adolescents.• After regulatory warnings in the UK against SSRI use in children and adolescents, prescribing of antidepressants in general declined in this group; there were no related changes in rates of suicide or hospital admissions for self‐harm. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Based on all presentations to general hospitals, nonfatal self‐poisoning with SSRI antidepressants (but not fluoxetine) declined in 12–19‐year‐olds in three centres in England in line with UK prescribing trends.• There was some evidence of a possible small substitution effect from use of other SSRIs for nonfatal self‐poisoning to use of fluoxetine• Overall rates of nonfatal self‐harm in 12–19‐year‐olds in three centres in England were stable, indicating no major substitution of method to self‐injury or overall adverse impact of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Authority warning.AIMSTo assess the impact of the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Authority (MHRA) warning in December 2003 not to prescribe selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants, except fluoxetine, to under‐18‐year‐olds.METHODSInterrupted time series analysis of prescriptions (UK) and general hospital presentations for nonfatal self‐poisoning (three centres in England) for 2000–2006.RESULTSFollowing the MHRA warning in December 2003 there were significant decreases in prescribing of SSRI antidepressants (conservative estimate 51%) to young people aged 12–19 years. Surprisingly, this decrease also affected fluoxetine (conservative estimate 20%) and tricyclics (conservative estimate 27%). Nonfatal self‐poisoning in this age group following the warning also declined significantly for SSRIs (conservative estimate 44%), but not for fluoxetine, tricyclic antidepressants, or all drugs and other substances. Rates of nonfatal self‐harm did not change significantly over the study period.CONCLUSIONSThe reduction in both prescribing and self‐poisoning with SSRI antidepressants (except fluoxetine) following the MHRA warning is in keeping with reduced availability of these drugs. There was some evidence of substitution from other SSRIs to fluoxetine for use in self‐poisoning. Importantly, overall rates of nonfatal self‐harm and self‐poisoning did not change, indicating no substitution of method or increases in self‐injury.