bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Point Load Weight Functions for Semi-Elliptical Cracks in Finite Thickness Plate
Authors: Jin Zhaoyu , Wang Xin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This paper presents the application of the weight function method for the calculation of stress intensity factors for surface semi-elliptical cracks in finite thickness plates subjected to arbitrary two-dimensional stress fields. A new general mathematical form of point load weight function has been formulated by taking advantage of the knowledge of a few specific weight functions for two-dimensional planar cracks available in the literature and certain properties of the weight function in general. The existence of the generalized form of the weight function simplifies the determination of a specific weight function for specific crack configurations. The determination of a specific weight function is reduced to the determination of the parameters of the generalized weight function expression. These unknown parameters can be determined from reference stress intensity factor solutions. This method is used to derive the weight functions for semi-elliptical surface cracks in finite thickness plates. The derived weight functions are then validated against stress intensity factor solutions for several linear and non-linear two-dimensional stress distributions. The derived weight functions are particularly useful for the fatigue crack growth analysis of planar surface cracks subjected to fluctuating nonlinear stress fields resulting from surface treatment (shot peening), stress concentration, or welding (residual stress)
Experimental Procedure for the Mechanical Evaluation of Oxide-Carbon Refractories by Strain Measurement
Authors: Muñoz V. , Rohr G. A. , Cavalieri A. L. , Tomba Martinez A. G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Experimental issues regarding the implementation of a methodology for obtaining strain-stress curves at high temperatures and in a controlled atmosphere of oxide-C refractories are presented. These curves give a detailed description of the material’s mechanical behavior that is not attainable using conventional tests. The method to measure the specimen strain by contact extensometry and the system to control the atmosphere by a gas flow are described. As an example, the experimental study of commercial Al2O3-MgO-C refractory bricks used in steel ladles at high temperature (1260 °C) in both air and N2 atmospheres is presented showing the valuable information obtained applying strain-stress measurements.
ADHD: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors:   Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Steering Committee on Quality Improvement and Management
Published: October 2011

This Clinical Practice Guideline was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurobehavioral disorder of childhood and can profoundly affect the academic achievement, well-being, and social interactions of children; the American Academy of Pediatrics first published clinical recommendations for the diagnosis and evaluation of ADHD in children in 2000; recommendations for treatment followed in 2001.
Kinetic Monte Carlo Investigation of the Effects of Vacancy Pairing on Oxygen Diffusivity in Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia
Authors: Good Brian S. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTYttria-stabilized zirconia’s high oxygen diffusivity and corresponding high ionic conductivity, and its structural stability over a broad range of temperatures, have made the material of interest for use in a number of applications, for example, as solid electrolytes in fuel cells. At low concentrations, the stabilizing yttria also serves to increase the oxygen diffusivity through the presence of corresponding oxygen vacancies, needed to maintain charge neutrality. At higher yttria concentration, however, diffusivity is impeded by the larger number of relatively high energy migration barriers associated with yttrium cations. In addition, there is evidence that oxygen vacancies preferentially occupy nearest-neighbor sites around either dopant or Zr cations, further affecting vacancy diffusion. We present the results of ab initio calculations that indicate that it is energetically favorable for oxygen vacancies to occupy nearest-neighbor sites adjacent to Y ions, and that the presence of vacancies near either species of cation lowers the migration barriers. Kinetic Monte Carlo results from simulations incorporating this effect are presented and compared with results from simulations in which the effect is not present.
Linear and Nonlinear Thermal Transport in Graphene: Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Qiu Bo , Wang Yan , Ruan Xiulin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this work, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the linear thermal transport in suspended graphene and the nonlinear thermal transport phenomena in graphene nanoribbons (GNR). We use spectral energy density analysis to quantitatively address the relative importance of different types of phonon in thermal transport in suspended graphene. Negative differential thermal conductance (NDTC) and thermal rectification in graphene nanoribbons have been studied using nonequilibrium molecular dyanmics simulations. Ballistic transport regime, sufficient temperature nonlinearity and asymmetry are found to be necessary conditions for the onset of these behaviors.
The Business of Fast ALD Equipment for Depositing Alumina Passivation Layers on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells.
Authors: Vermeer Ad , Gortzen Roger , Poodt P. , Roozeboom F. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAtomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a gas phase deposition technique for depositing very high quality thin films with an unsurpassed conformality. The main drawback of ALD however is the very low deposition rate (~ 1 nm/min). Recently, record deposition rates for alumina of up to 1 nm/s were reached using spatial ALD, while maintaining the typical assets regarding film quality as obtained by conventional, slow ALD [1]. This allows for ALD at high throughput numbers.One interesting application is passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells. Applying a thin alumina layer is reported to increase solar cell efficiency and enables the use of thinner wafers, thus reducing the main cost factor [2]. In this paper we report on the latest progress made by SoLayTec that delivered a working prototype of a system realizing full area single sided deposition of alumina on 156 x 156 mm2, mono- and multi crystalline silicon wafers for solar cell applications. The alumina layers showed excellent passivation. Based on this concept, a high-throughput ALD deposition tool is being developed targeting throughput numbers of up to 3000 wafers/hr. Finally, we report on the process of commercializing this technology.
Early History of the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis: 1878–1938
Authors: Moore Gregory H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper explores how the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis (GCH) arose from Cantor's Continuum Hypothesis in the work of Peirce, Jourdain, Hausdorff, Tarski, and how GCH was used up to Gödel's relative consistency result.
Cosmopolitanism and the Study of German Politics
Authors: Sutherland Claire 
Published: October 2011

This special issue sets out to examine aspects of German politics, philosophy,and society through the multifaceted lens of cosmopolitanism. A complexand contested concept, cosmopolitanism has particularly importantimplications for the study of contemporary nation-states, as conventionalunderstandings of bounded territory and sovereignty are reassessed in thecontext of globalization, migration and transnationalism. Accordingly, thisintroduction aims to outline several key strands of cosmopolitan thoughtwith reference both to contemporary Germany and the wider global conjuncture,in order to provide a conceptual framework for the articles thatfollow. It begins by briefly placing cosmopolitanism in the context of theevolving concepts of German Heimat (homeland) and nation, because contemporarycosmopolitanism can only be fully understood in relation tonationalism. It then looks at the relevance of methodological, political andethical cosmopolitanism for the study of nation-states today, before introducingthe five articles in the special issue.
The Hsana's Revenge: Syrian Tribes and Politics in Their Shaykh's Story
Authors: Schoel Thorsten 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In early 1979 one of the sons of the shaykh of the Ósana, a Syrian Bedouin tribe, was killed by members of another tribe. The story of why and how the Ósana took revenge on the perpetrators' tribe was told to the author by their current shaykh. The article uses this story and its specifi cities when compared to other tribes and their oral histories as a reference for illustrating and explaining the present, special situation of the Ósana in Syria.
Ocular Toxicity in Children Exposedin Uteroto Antimalarial Drugs: Review of the Literature
Authors: OSADCHY ALLA , RATNAPALAN THIRUKUMARAN , KOREN GIDEON 
Published: October 2011

Objective.The antimalarial drugs chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been used for decades to treat rheumatic diseases. CQ is still beneficial for the management of malaria during pregnancy. A growing body of research suggests that antimalarials are safe during pregnancy. There have been concerns about adverse longterm effects, mainly retinal toxicity, in offspring of women exposed to antimalarials during pregnancy. Our objective was to review the published evidence on safety of antimalarials during pregnancy, focusing on ocular toxicity in the offspring.Methods.Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for the period from their inception to May 2010 inclusive with no restrictions on language or year of publication. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies examining the safety of CQ or HCQ during pregnancy and reporting on visual function or ocular toxicity in the offspring of exposed women at any point of the followup were eligible for inclusion. The quality of evidence was assessed according to established criteria (the GRADE approach).Results.Twelve studies with a total of 588 offspring born to mothers treated with CQ or HCQ during pregnancy met the inclusion criteria. Five studies with a total of 251 exposed children reported no clinical visual abnormalities in any case. In an RCT on malaria prophylaxis, visual acuity in 251 infants exposed to CQin uterodid not differ from the placebo group. Detailed ophthalmological examination was performed in 4 studies and normal results were reported in all children (n = 59). Electro-physiological testing using electroretinogram was performed in 3 small cohorts and results were normal in all but 6 infants aged 3–7 months. All 6 children had normal fundoscopy before 4 years of age. Heterogeneity in comparison groups and in outcome measures precluded formal metaanalysis.Conclusion.Current evidence suggests no fetal ocular toxicity of antimalarial medications during pregnancy. The clinical significance of early electroretinogram anomalies reported in a small subset of infants remains to be established. Larger followup studies are warranted to confirm low risk of ocular toxicity in children following antenatal exposure to antimalarial medications.
Bacterial Superantigens Enhance the In Vitro Proinflammatory Response and In Vivo Lethality of the TLR2 Agonist Bacterial Lipoprotein
Authors: Kearney David E. , Wang Wei , Redmond H. Paul , Wang Jiang Huai 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Bacterial superantigens are Gram-positive exotoxins that induce proinflammatory cytokine release in vitro, cause lethal shock in vivo, and can be detected in the bloodstream of critically ill patients. They also have a powerful priming effect on the TLR4 agonist LPS. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between superantigens and the TLR2 agonist bacterial lipoprotein (BLP). Priming of human monocytes or PBMCs with superantigens significantly enhanced proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6 release in response to BLP stimulation. The priming effect of superantigens could be blocked by inhibiting p38 MAPK during the priming phase as opposed to NF-κB or ERK inhibition. This was consistent with higher expression of the phosphorylated p38 after superantigen priming and BLP or LPS stimulation. C57BL/6 mice with superantigen priming (10 μg/mouse) when challenged with BLP (600 μg/mouse) exhibited substantially higher mortality (100%) compared with mice without superantigen priming (zero). Mice given superantigen alone did not demonstrate any signs of illness. Mice challenged with both superantigen and BLP had significantly higher levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 compared with those of mice challenged with either agent alone. Depletion of the monocyte/macrophage subpopulation significantly reduced the mortality rate from 100 to 20% in superantigen-primed, BLP-challenged C57BL/6 mice, with a 5- to 10-fold decrease in serum TNF-α and IL-6. Our results demonstrate that bacterial superantigens enhance the in vitro proinflammatory cytokine release and in vivo lethality of BLP. This novel finding may help to explain the massive proinflammatory cytokine release seen in superantigen-mediated septic shock.
The NLRP3 Inflammasome Contributes to Brain Injury in Pneumococcal Meningitis and Is Activated through ATP-Dependent Lysosomal Cathepsin B Release
Authors: Hoegen Tobias , Tremel Nadin , Klein Matthias , Angele Barbara , Wagner Hermann , Kirschning Carsten , Pfister Hans-Walter , Fontana Adriano , Hammerschmidt Sven , Koedel Uwe 
Published: October 2011

AbstractStreptococcus pneumoniae meningitis causes brain damage through inflammation-related pathways whose identity and mechanisms of action are yet unclear. We previously identified caspase-1, which activates precursor IL-1 type cytokines, as a central mediator of inflammation in pneumococcal meningitis. In this study, we demonstrate that lack of the inflammasome components ASC or NLRP3 that are centrally involved in caspase-1 activation decreases scores of clinical and histological disease severity as well as brain inflammation in murine pneumococcal meningitis. Using specific inhibitors (anakinra and rIL-18–binding protein), we further show that ASC- and NLRP3-dependent pathologic alterations are solely related to secretion of both IL-1β and IL-18. Moreover, using differentiated human THP-1 cells, we demonstrate that the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin pneumolysin is a key inducer of IL-1β expression and inflammasome activation upon pneumococcal challenge. The latter depends on the release of ATP, lysosomal destabilization (but not disruption), and cathepsin B activation. The in vivo importance of this pathway is supported by our observation that the lack of pneumolysin and cathepsin B inhibition is associated with a better clinical course and less brain inflammation in murine pneumococcal meningitis. Collectively, our study indicates a central role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathology of pneumococcal meningitis. Thus, interference with inflammasome activation might be a promising target for adjunctive therapy of this disease.
MicroRNA-125b Potentiates Macrophage Activation
Authors: Chaudhuri Aadel A. , So Alex Yick-Lun , Sinha Nikita , Gibson William S. J. , Taganov Konstantin D. , O’Connell Ryan M. , Baltimore David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
MicroRNA (miR)-125b expression is modulated in macrophages in response to stimulatory cues. In this study, we report a functional role of miR-125b in macrophages. We found that miR-125b is enriched in macrophages compared with lymphoid cells and whole immune tissues. Enforced expression of miR-125b drives macrophages to adapt an activated morphology that is accompanied by increased costimulatory factor expression and elevated responsiveness to IFN-γ, whereas anti–miR-125b treatment decreases CD80 surface expression. To determine whether these alterations in cell signaling, gene expression, and morphology have functional consequences, we examined the ability of macrophages with enhanced miR-125b expression to present Ags and found that they better stimulate T cell activation than control macrophages. Further indicating increased function, these macrophages were more effective at killing EL4 tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, miR-125b repressed IFN regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and IRF4 knockdown in macrophages mimicked the miR-125b overexpression phenotype. In summary, our evidence suggests that miR-125b is at least partly responsible for generating the activated nature of macrophages, at least partially by reducing IRF4 levels, and potentiates the functional role of macrophages in inducing immune responses.
Inflammation, Oxidation and Venous Neointimal Hyperplasia Precede Vascular Injury from AVF Creation in CKD Patients
Authors: Wasse Haimanot , Huang Rong , Naqvi Nawazish , Smith Eileen , Wang Dezhi , Husain Ahsan 
Published: October 2011

Purpose Intimal hyperplasia (IH), a well-recognized cause of dialysis vascular access failure, is generally believed to be an acquired pathologic lesion. Recent data suggests that IH is present prior to AVF creation. We sought to determine whether pre-existing inflammation and oxidation co-exist with IH prior to their incorporation into an AVF conduit, as their presence may predispose the AVF to further IH following AVF creation. Methods At the time of first AV access surgery, vein segments were collected from ten Stage 4 and 5 CKD patients undergoing AVF creation 6–12 months prior to anticipated dialysis initiation. Morphometry and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect inflammatory markers IL-6, TGF-β1, and TNFa, and markers of DNA oxidative damage (8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine [HNE]) and lipid peroxidation (4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal [8OHdG]). Results The degree of IH severity was variable. IL-6, TGF-β1, and TNFa co-localized with a-smooth muscle actin prominently within the venous intima and media. Although more diffuse, HNE and 8OHdG were intensely expressed in parallel with the inflammatory markers. In spite of these findings, however, neither extant IH nor the intensity of inflammatory or oxidative markers were associated with primary or secondary AVF failure at 12 month follow-up. Conclusions Not only does venous IH pre-exist, but inflammation and oxidation markers are present within veins used for the AVF conduit prior to its creation in CKD patients as early as one year before dialysis is commenced. Nevertheless, short and long-term AVF outcomes were not associated with the inflammatory or oxidative burden, suggesting the complexity of AVF dysfunction in humans with CKD.
HLA associations reveal genetic heterogeneity in psoriatic arthritis and in the psoriasis phenotype
Authors: Winchester Robert , Minevich Gregory , Steshenko Valeria , Kirby Brian , Kane David , Greenberg David A. , FitzGerald Oliver 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveRigorously ascertained cases of psoriatic arthritis in subjects presenting to a rheumatology unit were compared with cases of psoriasis in subjects presenting to a dermatology unit, where subjects with musculoskeletal features were excluded, to address 1) the extent to which the contribution of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) to psoriatic arthritis susceptibility resembles that in psoriasis, and 2) whether MHC genes determine quantitative traits within the psoriatic arthritis phenotype.MethodsSeparate discovery and validation subcohorts of patients recruited from a relatively homogeneous population were studied by sequence‐based HLA typing, in which frequencies of the HLA–B and HLA–C alleles and haplotypes were compared.ResultsIn patients with psoriatic arthritis, the frequency of C*06:02 was lower than that in patients with psoriasis (28.7% versus 57.5%; P = 9.9 × 10−12). Three haplotypes containing B*27:05 or B*39:01 were significantly increased in frequency in patients with psoriatic arthritis, but not in those with psoriasis. The structurally related B*39:06 allele was not increased in frequency. B*27 was associated with an interval of 0.98 years between skin and musculoskeletal disease (P = 2.05 × 10−6), compared with an interval of 10.14 years for C*06. Preliminary evidence suggested that B*38:01 and B*08 may be associated with psoriatic arthritis susceptibility, and that allotypes encoding P2 pockets that bind side chains opposite in charge from those encoded by the B*27 and B*39 molecules may exert a protective role.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the psoriasis phenotype results from two patterns of MHC effect. The first involves the classic psoriasis susceptibility gene C*06, which confers more penetrant skin disease with less prevalent and more time‐dependent musculoskeletal phenotype development. The second pattern appears to be mediated by HLA–B alleles, notably B*27, and includes temporally more coincident musculoskeletal involvement that is nearly equivalent in penetrance to that of the skin disease.
The CD14brightCD16+ monocyte subset is expanded in rheumatoid arthritis and promotes expansion of the Th17 cell population
Authors: Rossol Manuela , Kraus Stephan , Pierer Matthias , Baerwald Christoph , Wagner Ulf 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveCirculating monocytes contain a subpopulation of CD14+CD16+ cells; this subpopulation of cells has been described to be proinflammatory and to have an increased frequency in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). New evidence suggests that this subpopulation can be further subdivided into CD14dimCD16+ and CD14brightCD16+ cells. The aim of this study was to determine which of the two CD16+ monocyte subpopulations is expanded in patients with RA and to investigate their possible role in disease pathogenesis.MethodsThe frequencies of monocyte subpopulations in the peripheral blood of healthy donors and patients with RA were determined by flow cytometry. Monocyte subpopulations were sorted and cocultured with CD4+ T cells. Cytokines were determined in the supernatant, and Th17 cell frequencies were measured by flow cytometry.ResultsIn comparison with the other monocyte subpopulations, CD14brightCD16+ cells showed higher HLA–DR and CCR5 expression and responded with higher tumor necrosis factor production to direct cell contact with preactivated T cells. They were observed at increased frequencies in the peripheral blood of patients with RA, while CD14dimCD16+ monocyte frequencies were not increased. CD14brightCD16+ cells were extremely potent inducers of Th17 cell expansion in vitro. Their frequency in the peripheral blood of patients with RA correlated closely with Th17 cell frequencies determined ex vivo.ConclusionThis study is the first to provide a link between the increased frequency of the CD14brightCD16+ monocyte subpopulation in RA and the expansion of Th17 cells, which are likely to have a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity.