bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGY IN RETICULOCAULIS GEN. NOV. AND NACCARIA HAWAIIANA SP. NOV. (RHODOPHYTA, NACCARIACEAE)1
Authors: Abbott Isabella A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA secondarily formed reticulum of cells that encloses axial strands and a carposporophyte that is almost entirely converted to sporangia are the diagnostic features of a new genus, Reticulocaulis (Naccariaceae, Nemaliales), with R. mucosissimus as the type species. A new species of Naccaria, N. hawaiiana permits close comparison with the new genus and other previously described species of Naccaria. Until now, no Naccariaceae were known in the Pacific, and these new taxa are part of the sketchily known subtidal marine flora of Hawaii.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE CELL WALLS OF SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL BANGIA ATROPURPUREA (RHODOPHYTA). I. HISTOCHEMISTRY OF POLYSACCHARIDES1
Authors: Cole Kathleen M. , Park Carol M. , Reid Philip E. , Sheath Robert G. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA comparative histochemical study of the nature and distribution of acidic and neutral cell wall polysaccharides was conducted on marine sexual and asexual filaments of the red alga Bangia atropurpurea (Roth) C. Ag. Outer and inner walls of this species were clearly partitioned according to staining and transmission electron microscopic characteristics. Neutral polysaccharides were detected in the outer coating (cuticle) but were absent from outer and inner walls of all filaments. Acidic polysaccharides were noted in the outer wall material but not in the inner wall layers of any filaments at any developmental stages. The major staining component of vegetative regions of sexual material and all regions of asexual filaments was a highly sulfated polymer. During sexual reproduction only there was a generalized change in the nature of the acidic component, characterized by a decrease in intensity of staining for sulfates in both male and female filaments and the appearance, in female filaments only, of polysaccharides which presumably were carboxylated. Spermatia attached to both male and female filaments in regions where sexual differentiation was initiated and where changes in the outer wall components commenced.
REGULATION OF GAS VESICLE CONTENT AND BUOYANCY IN LIGHT‐ OR PHOSPHATE‐LIMITED CULTURES OF APHANIZOMENON FLOS‐AQUAE (CYANOPHYTA)1
Authors: Konopka Allan , Kromkamp Jacco , Mur Luuc R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTMeasurements of the gas vesicle space in steady‐state light or phosphate‐limited cultures of Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae Ralfs, strain 7905 showed that gas vesicle content decreased as energy‐limited growth rate increased hut was the same at several phosphate‐limited growth rates. Upon a decrease in growth irradiance, gas vesicle content did increase in phosphate‐limited cultures, hut the cultures remained nonbuoyant as long as P was limiting. Buoyant, energy‐limited cultures lost their buoyancy in less than 2 h when exposed to higher irradiances. The primary mechanism for buoyancy loss was the accumulation of polysaccharide as ballast. Collapse of gas vesicles by turgor pressure played a minor role in the loss of buoyancy. When cultures were exposed to higher irradiances, cells continued to synthesize gas vesicles at the same rate as before the shift for at least 1 generation time. The amount of ballast required to make individual filaments in the population sink varied 4‐fold. This variation appears to be due to differences in gas vesicle content among individual filaments.
INTRACELLULAR PHOTOSYNTHATE ALLOCATION AND THE CONTROL OF ARCTIC MARINE ICE ALGAL PRODUCTION1
Authors: H. Smith Ralph E. , Clement Pierre , Cota Glenn F. , Li William K. W. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIce algae are a case study in photo‐autotrophic growth and metabolism under chronically low temperature and irradiance. We measured the allocation of 14C‐labelled photosynthate among major classes of intracellular carbon (low molecular weight compounds, or LMW; lipid; protein; and polysaccharide) and found light‐dependent changes in allocation broadly similar to photo‐adaptive responses known in phytoplankton at higher temperatures; average relative allocation to protein varied inversely (10–37%) and allocation to lipids and polysaccharides directly (10–23%, and 16–21%, respectively) with the sub‐inhibiting irradiance levels we employed (3.5–33.0 μE·M−2·s−1). Unlike many observations at higher temperatures, ours indicated (on average) a large and light‐insensitive allocation to LMW (ca. 40%) and a greater light‐sensitivity in lipid than in polysaccharide allocation. At the higher incubation irradiances, resembling in situ levels typical of areas with little (0–5 cm) snow cover, allocation to protein was often low (10–13%) compared to many observations of nutrient‐sufficient or light‐limited phytoplankton. Allocation to protein increased substantially (to ca. 40%) during a period of intensified tidal mixing, and assimilation numbers also attained a maximum at about the same time. Suck dynamics show that the ice algae are not constrained to their often protein‐poor allocation by the constantly low ambient temperature. Rather, they display marked shifts in metabolism consistent with major changes in light and inorganic nutrient supply, driven in part by the physical process of tidal mixing.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF COPPER AND SILICIC ACID ON RESTING SPORE FORMATION AND VIABILITY IN A MARINE DIATOM1
Authors: Valente Raymond M. , Cosper Elizabeth M. , Wurster Charles F. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe toxic effects of copper on resting spore formation and viability in the marine diatom Chaetoceros protuberans Lauder were determined both with and without silicic acid added to the medium. With silicic acid available, partial inhibition of resting spore formation occurred only at the highest cupric ion activity (pCu 8.6), while the percentage of cells forming spores at pCu's 10.2 and 11.3 was nearly the same as in the controls. Without silicic acid added to the medium, sporulation was completely inhibited at pCu 8.6 and greatly inhibited, at pCu 10.2. At pCu 11.3 and in the controls, the rate of spore formation was less than 50%. The results indicate that the inhibition of resting spore formation by copper is related to the concentration of silicic acid available to cells of C protuberans. This is consistent with previous studies which show that copper toxicity during vegetative growth involves interference with silicification in diatoms and is a Junction of the silicic acid concentration of the medium.Viable resting spores of C. protuberans were still present in cultures following exposure to elevated copper concentrations during a 100‐day incubation period. This indicates that resting spores can serve to enhance diatom survival in areas polluted by heavy metals.
AN ATLANTIC POPULATION OF PIKEA CALIFORNICA (DUMONTIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Maggs Christine A. , Guiry Michael D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe marine red alga Pikea californica Harvey, previously known only from the east coast of Japan and the west coast of North America, was found in 1983 to be abundant in the surge zone throughout the Isles of Scilly archipelago, off SW England. Examination of herbarium material showed that the population was present in 1967. All plants observed in July 1983 and September 1984 were sterile, but reproductive male and female plants were collected in November 1983. The habitat and phenology of P. californica in the Isles of Scilly closely resemble those of Pacific populations. English plants are vegetatively and reproductively identical to the type and other California specimens. They can easily be distinguished from Sphaerococcus coronopifolius Stackhouse (Sphaerococcaceae, Gigartinales), the most similar species in the flora of the British Isles, by the presence in transverse sections of several lacunae, representing axial and whorl‐branchlet filaments, in contrast to the single axial filament of S. coronopifolius. It is possible that the Isles of Scilly population of P. californica is a relict of a species once more widespread, but it seems more likely that it is another example of the well‐established pattern of marine introductions into the British Isles from the North Pacific. The range of temperature regimes occupied by P. Californica in the Pacific suggests that the species could become more widespread in Europe, but at present it appears to be confined to the Isles of Scilly.
NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1) and some NPR1‐related proteins are sensitive to salicylic acid
Authors: MAIER FELIX , ZWICKER SYLVIA , HÜCKELHOVEN ANGELA , MEISSNER MEIKE , FUNK JENNIFER , PFITZNER ARTUR J. P. , PFITZNER URSULA M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYNONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1; also known as NIM1) is a master regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). SAR is induced by salicylic acid (SA), leading to the expression of PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED (PR) genes. Current evidence suggests that NPR1 is part of a transcription complex tethered to activation sequence‐1 (as‐1)‐like cis‐acting elements in PR‐1 gene promoters through TGA transcription factors, and that SA‐dependent PR‐1 gene expression is regulated by NIM1‐INTERACTING (NIMIN) proteins. In Arabidopsis, NPR1 is active only after SA induction. Regulation of Arabidopsis NPR1 activity has been proposed to comprise cysteine‐156 (Cys‐156), mediating SA‐induced cytoplasmic oligomer–nuclear monomer exchange, and Cys‐521 and Cys‐529, mediating SA‐dependent transcriptional activation. Tobacco NPR1 does not harbour these residues. To understand the function of tobacco NPR1, we analysed its biochemical capabilities in a heterologous system: yeast. Tobacco NPR1 differs from Arabidopsis NPR1 in its subcellular localization and its transactivation potential. Yet, both tobacco and Arabidopsis NPR1, as well as tobacco NIM1‐like1, alter some of their biochemical activities in response to SA. Whereas the addition of SA to yeast growth medium induces transcriptional activity in tobacco NPR1, its interaction with NIMIN2‐type proteins is suppressed. The effects of SA are specific, sensitive and occur coordinately. They are abolished completely by mutation of the arginine residue within the invariable penta‐amino acid motif LENRV, as present in the nonfunctional Arabidopsis nim1‐4 allele. Furthermore, NPR1 proteins with the LENRV domain coincidently harbour a broad and strongly conserved NIMIN1/NIMIN2 binding site. Our data suggest that NPR1 and some NPR1‐like proteins are sensitive to the plant hormone SA, altering some of their biochemical capabilities to enable stimulus‐dependent gene expression. The sensitivity of NPR1 proteins to SA, together with their differential interaction with diverse NIMIN proteins, seems a plausible molecular basis for the timely and coordinated activation of PR genes during SAR.
Food selection and competition in the East African buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman)
Authors: SINCLAIR A. R. E. , GWYNNE M. D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryRumen samples collected at different times of the year from buffalo in the Serengeti, were analysed with respect to proportions of plant parts present. Buffalo were almost exclusive grazers and were capable of selecting for grass leaf. At certain times of year it was the dominant food intake component but declined to only 11% of the diet by the end of the dry season. The amount of leaf in the diet was determined by the amount of rainfall which governed the growth of the food grasses. Experimental preference tests with tame animals indicated that they were capable of selecting for different grass species. The preferences were, however, for those species with a higher leaf: stem ratio. The mechanism of selection is discussed. The function of the behavioural selection appeared to be concerned with maximizing the nutrient quality of the food requirements. It appeared that ecological separation had evolved through interspecific competition.
Seasonal and interannual variations of oceanographic conditions off Mangalore coast (Karnataka, India) in the Malabar upwelling system during 1995–2004 and their influences on the pelagic fishery
Authors: KRISHNAKUMAR P. K. , BHAT G. S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMangalore coast is well known for its multi‐species and multi‐gear fisheries and the fishery and oceanographic features of this region is a true representation of the Malabar upwelling system. Ten years of study (1995–2004) of oceanographic parameters has been carried out from the inshore waters off Mangalore to understand their seasonal and interannual variations and influences on the pelagic fishery of the region. Attempt has been also made to understand the influence of local and global environmental conditions on the alternating patterns of abundance between the Indian mackerel and oil sardine from the area. Field‐ and satellite‐derived oceanographic data have shown that coastal upwelling occurs during July–September with a peak in August resulting in high nutrient concentrations and biological productivity along the coast. Nearly 70% of the pelagic fish catch, dominated by oil sardine and mackerel, was obtained during September–December, during or immediately after the upwelling season. Catches of scombroid fishes were significantly related to cold Sea Surface Temperature, while such relationships were not observed for sardines and anchovies. Significant positive correlations were observed between the ENSO events (MEI) and seawater temperature from the study area. The extreme oceanographic events associated with the cold La Niña, which preceded the exceptional 1997–98 El Niño event, were responsible for the collapse of the pelagic fishery, especially the mackerel fishery along the southwest coast of India (Malabar upwelling system). Coinciding with the collapse of the mackerel fishery, oil sardine populations revived during 1999–2000 all along the southwest coast of India. Tolerance of oil sardine to El Niño / La Niña events and the low predatory pressure experienced by their eggs and larvae due to the collapse of mackerel population might have resulted in its population revival.
Can filter‐feeding Asian carp invade the Laurentian Great Lakes? A bioenergetic modelling exercise
Authors: COOKE SANDRA L. , HILL WALTER R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. There is much concern that filter‐feeding Asian carp will invade the Laurentian Great Lakes and deplete crucial plankton resources. We developed bioenergetic models, using parameters from Asian carp and other fish species, to explore the possibility that planktonic food resources are insufficient to support the growth of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (H. nobilis) in the Great Lakes.2. The models estimated basic metabolic requirements of silver and bighead carp under various body sizes, swimming speeds and reproductive stages. These requirements were then related to planktonic food resources and environmental temperature to predict when and where silver and bighead carp may survive in the Great Lakes, and how far they may travel.3. Parameter values for respiration functions were derived experimentally in a coordinated study of silver and bighead carp, while consumption parameters were obtained from the literature on silver carp. Other model parameters lacking for Asian carp, such as those for egestion and excretion, were obtained from the literature on other fish species.4. We found that full‐sized bighead carp required 61.0 kJ d−1 just to maintain their body mass at 20 °C, approximately equivalent to feeding in a region with 255 μg L−1 macrozooplankton (dry) or 10.43 μg L−1 chlorophyll a. Silver carp energy requirements were slightly higher.5. When applied to various habitats in the Great Lakes, our results suggest that silver and bighead carp will be unable to colonise most open‐water regions because of limited plankton availability. However, in some circumstances, carp metabolism at lower temperatures may be low enough to permit positive growth even at very low rations. Positive growth is even more likely in productive embayments and wetlands, and the modelled swimming costs in some of these habitats suggest that carp could travel >1 km d−1 without losing biomass.6. The simulation (and firmly hypothetical) results from this modelling study suggest when and where Asian carp could become established in the Great Lakes. Given the potential consequences to Great Lakes ecosystems if these filter feeders do prove capable of establishing reproducing populations, efforts to keep Asian carp out of the Great Lakes must not be lessened. However, we do encourage the use of bioenergetic modelling in a holistic approach to assessing the risk of Asian carp invasion in the Great Lakes region.
Quality of care for diabetes patients using National Health Insurance claims data in Japan
Authors: Tomio Jun , Toyokawa Satoshi , Tanihara Shinichi , Inoue Kazuo , Kobayashi Yasuki 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  Assessment of the quality of care is a key element in current diabetes care. However, the quality of care for diabetes patients in Japan has rarely been reported.Objectives  To assess the quality of diabetes care in two communities in Japan by using National Health Insurance claims data.Methods  We analysed claim data of 13 650 beneficiaries of National Health Insurance in two communities in Japan from May 2006 to April 2007. Diabetes cases were identified by using a case detection algorism. Our main outcome measures were three process quality indicators: (1) haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing; (2) annual eye examination; and (3) annual nephropathy screening, recommended in the existing clinical guidelines. We calculated the performance rate of each quality indicator and examined the effects of demographic characteristics and co‐morbid conditions.Results  We identified 636 diabetes cases. Of these, 97.0% had at least one HbA1c test, and 69.8% had ≥4 tests during the study period. The odds ratios (ORs) for ≥4 HbA1c tests were lower in subgroups aged 75–79 (OR 0.58, 95% confidence interval 0.35–0.96), and aged ≥80 (OR 0.54, 95% confidence interval 0.32–0.88) compared with the subgroup aged <70 after adjusting for other patient characteristics. The annual rate for eye examinations and nephropathy screenings were 20.8% and 5.8% respectively.Conclusions  We found high performance rates for HbA1c testing, while the annual rates for eye examinations and nephropathy screenings were suboptimal. Using administrative data would facilitate more comprehensive assessment of the quality of care in Japan.
The German version of the Assessment of Chronic Illness Care: instrument translation and cultural adaptation
Authors: Steurer‐Stey Claudia , Frei Anja , Schmid‐Mohler Gabriela , Malcolm‐Kohler Sibylle , Zoller Marco , Rosemann Thomas 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  In Switzerland, there is a dearth of information on the extent to which patients with chronic illnesses receive care congruent with the Chronic Care Model (CCM). To drive quality improvement programmes, it is necessary to have practical assessment tools in the country's own language to evaluate the delivery of CCM activities.Methods  German translation and adaptation of the original Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC). We followed a sequential forward and backward translation approach. In a multidisciplinary committee review the original English version and the translations were compared, instructions and formats modified and cross‐cultural equivalences verified. The second version was pre‐tested and multidisciplinary group discussion led to the final version which aimed to create a comprehensive culturally adapted translation capturing the original idea of the items rather than a direct one to one translation.Results  Difficulties encountered during the translation process consisted in the difference of health care settings and health care organization in Switzerland and USA.The adapted German version was delivered to a managed care organization in the city of Zurich to test the initial use for diabetes care. The average ACIC subscale scores were: organization of the health care delivery system: mean (m) = 7.31 (SD = 0.79), community linkages: m = 3.78 (SD = 1.09), self‐management support: m = 4.88 (SD = 1.21), decision support: m = 4.79 (SD = 1.16), delivery system design: m = 5.56 (SD = 1.28) and clinical information systems: m = 4.50 (SD = 2.69). Overall, the ACIC subscale scores were comparable with the scores of the original testing.Conclusion  After cultural adaptations the German version of the ACIC is applicable as a tool to guide quality improvement in chronic illness care in German speaking countries in Europe.
The design of patient decision support interventions: addressing the theory–practice gap
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Stiel Mareike , Durand Marie‐Anne , Boivin Jacky 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground Although an increasing number of decision support interventions for patients (including decision aids) are produced, few make explicit use of theory. We argue the importance of using theory to guide design. The aim of this work was to address this theory–practice gap and to examine how a range of selected decision‐making theories could inform the design and evaluation of decision support interventions.Methods We reviewed the decision‐making literature and selected relevant theories. We assessed their key principles, theoretical pathways and predictions in order to determine how they could inform the design of two core components of decision support interventions, namely, information and deliberation components and to specify theory‐based outcome measures.Results Eight theories were selected: (1) the expected utility theory; (2) the conflict model of decision making; (3) prospect theory; (4) fuzzy‐trace theory; (5) the differentiation and consolidation theory; (6) the ecological rationality theory; (7) the rational–emotional model of decision avoidance; and finally, (8) the Attend, React, Explain, Adapt model of affective forecasting. Some theories have strong relevance to the information design (e.g. prospect theory); some are more relevant to deliberation processes (conflict theory, differentiation theory and ecological validity). None of the theories in isolation was sufficient to inform the design of all the necessary components of decision support interventions. It was also clear that most work in theory‐building has focused on explaining or describinghow humans thinkrather than on how tools could be designed tohelp humans makegood decisions. It is not surprising therefore that a large theory–practice gap exists as we consider decision support for patients. There was no relevant theory that integrated all the necessary contributions to the task of making good decisions in collaborative interactions.Discussion Initiatives such as the International Patient Decision Aids Standards Collaboration influence standards for the design of decision support interventions. However, this analysis points to the need to undertake more work in providing theoretical foundations for these interventions.