bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burr Erosion in Rotational Ablation of Metallic Coronary Stent: An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: HO PAUL C. , WEATHERBY TINA M. , DUNLAP MARILYN 
Published: April 2010

Background: Rotational atherectomy is used to penetrate resistant coronary lesions from standard balloon dilatation. These lesions may contain heavy calcification or metallic components from previously implanted stents. When the rotablator
® device is utilized to ablate an undilatable lesion containing metallic stent component, what happens to the rotablator® burr after grinding through metal? Are there additional technical considerations of rotational atherectomy when used in metallic “ablation”?
Methods: A challenging case of rotational ablation of a freshly placed coronary stent is presented requiring 2 burrs to penetrate the undilatable lesion overlaid by the stent. Comparative scanning electron microscopic (SEM) evaluations of 3 rotablator
® burrs are presented including the 2 used burrs and 1 brand new burr as control. SEM analyses including gross observations and detailed account of the diamond chips (DC) on the burr‐surfaces were performed.
Results: The results showed that the 1st used burr received most of the damage and erosion from the high‐speed impact with the metallic stent struts. Significant scratch marks were observed on the surface of the 1st used burr. Also, a significant number of the DC on the surface of the 1st used burr were found missing, as compared to the 2nd used burr or the brand new burr.
Conclusions: The SEM findings of the rotablator
® burrs in this study suggest a mechanism for burr erosion when used in ablating metallic coronary stents. Also based on the SEM results, technical recommendations are discussed when the rotational atherectomy device is used to ablate metallic struts of coronary stents. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:233–239)
ENTEROTOXIN‐PRODUCING STAPHYLOCOCCUS STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH SOUTH AFRICAN BILTONG AT POINT OF SALE
Authors: MHLAMBI S.G. , NAIDOO K. , LINDSAY D. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT This study assessed the presence of Staphylococcus strains associated with the ready‐to‐eat meat product, biltong, (n = 26), at point of sale. Traditional beef, spiced/flavored beef, chicken and venison biltong varieties were purchased from local retailers, butcheries and street vendors. Samples were prepared for aerobic counts, yeast counts and presumptive Staphylococcus counts using standard spread plating techniques. Presumptive Staphylococcus aureus strains were selected using Pake's disk and characterized using a dichotomous key. Eleven of these strains were selected and further identified using 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Five of these, representing different species of Staphylococcus, were tested for enterotoxin production using the Set‐RPLA toxin detection kit. Of the three biltong varieties, the chicken and venison consistently showed the highest counts across all types of media used (ca. 7 log colony forming units (cfu)/g), while the spiced biltong varieties generally showed lowest counts (ca. 5.5 log cfu/g). All 11 strains were identified by 16S rDNA sequence analysis as members of the Staphylococcus genus. Of these, five clustered with other Staphylococcus equorum strains, two with the Staphylococcus saprophyticus/Staphylococcus xylosus group, two with Staphylococcus succinus isolates and one each with Staphylococcus piscifermentans or S. aureus clusters. Enterotoxins staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) and staphylococcal enterotoxin D (SED) were produced by two of the isolates indicating foodborne illness implications.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Biltong is a South African dried meat commodity which is a national favorite. However, very few studies have been conducted on the microbiological safety of biltong, as it has traditionally been seen as “safe” due to a low water activity (0.77) and pH (5.5). This preliminary study identified the presence of various strains of Staphylococcus associated with biltong product at point of sale in South Africa, and showed that some of these isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus equorum strains, held foodborne illness implications as they produced staphylococcal enterotoxins. This is the first such report on the presence of enterotoxin‐producing Staphylococcus in biltong and contributes new knowledge to food processors in South Africa relating to production of safe dried meat products.
Efficacy of oral prednisolone and dexamethasone in horses with recurrent airway obstruction in the presence of continuous antigen exposure
Authors: LECLERE M. , LEFEBVRE‐LAVOIE J. , BEAUCHAMP G. , LAVOIE J.‐P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Orally administered prednisolone and dexamethasone are used commonly in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses. However, the efficacy of prednisolone in improving pulmonary function during continuous antigen exposure has not been evaluated critically and there is little evidence supporting the efficacy of low‐dose oral dexamethasone in the same conditions.Hypothesis:Oral prednisolone and dexamethasone improve pulmonary function in RAO under conditions of continuous antigen exposure, and dexamethasone is more effective than prednisolone at commonly used dosages.Methods:Using a randomised crossover design, prednisolone (2 mg/kg bwt) and dexamethasone (0.05 mg/kg bwt) were administeredper os, s.i.d. for 7 days, to 7 horses during clinical exacerbation of the disease. Maximal difference in transpulmonary pressure (ΔPL), lung resistance (RL) and elastance (EL) were measured before and after 3 and 7 days of treatment.Results:Prednisolone and dexamethasone improved pulmonary function significantly. However, the improvement was of greater magnitude after 3 and 7 days of treatment with dexamethasone compared to prednisolone. Also, after 7 days of treatment with dexamethasone, ΔPLand RLwere not different from values obtained when horses were on pasture, while all 3 pulmonary function parameters remained different from pasture values after prednisolone treatment.Conclusions:Both corticosteroids improve pulmonary function, in spite of continuous antigen exposure. However, oral dexamethasone at 0.05 mg/kg bwt is more effective than prednisolone at 2 mg/kg bwt in the treatment of RAO.Potential relevance:Prednisolone was shown, for the first time, to our knowledge, to improve the pulmonary function of horses with RAO in the presence of continuous antigen exposure. This study also demonstrates the efficacy of low‐dose oral dexamethasone in reversing airway obstruction in these conditions.
Post mortem survey of peripheral dental caries in 510 Swedish horses
Authors: GERE I. , DIXON P. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Peripheral caries (PC) of equine teeth is a poorly described disorder that can cause serious clinical problems if it progresses.Objectives: To assess the prevalence, sites and severity of PC in a population of Swedish horses.Methods: A post mortem study of 510 equine skulls was performed in 2 Swedish equine abattoirs.Results: PC only affected the cheek teeth (CT) and was present in 6.1% (31/510) of skulls. It affected mainly the peripheral cementum, and 87% of PC in the 29 affected mature horses occurred in the 3 caudal CT (Triadan 09‐11). Concurrent infundibular caries involving most maxillary CT (mean 9.7/skull) was present in 32% of skulls affected with PC. Trotting horses (mean age 8.1 years) believed to be on a high concentrate and silage diet were preferentially affected with PC in this population. Food was usually tightly adherent to the PC lesions and this feature may have promoted the progression of the disease. Significantly increased levels of diastemata were present in PC‐affected horses, and periodontal disease was present in areas adjacent to some PC lesions.Conclusions: PC is a relatively common disorder of horses under certain management conditions that can progress to cause serious dental disorders, especially if concurrent, widespread infundibular caries is present.Potential relevance: Equine clinicians should be aware of this significant dental disorder and research into its aetiopathogenesis, possible prevention and treatment are required.
Exploring lay perceptions of the causes of crib‐biting/windsucking behaviour in horses
Authors: LITVA A. , ROBINSON C. S. , ARCHER D. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Crib‐biting/windsucking behaviour has important consequences for equine health and welfare. Lay perceptions of health and illness are of interest to medical sociologists, providing important information to medical practitioners, but have infrequently been applied in veterinary research.Objectives:To demonstrate how lay epidemiology can be applied within veterinary research by exploring the lay perceptions regarding the causes of crib‐biting/windsucking behaviour in horses.Methods:Informants were recruited from professional and amateur horse owners who had or had not owned/cared for a horse that exhibited crib‐biting/windsucking behaviour. In‐depth interviews were used to examine perceptions about the development of this behaviour within each group until a ‘saturation’ of themes emerged.Results:The main themes that emerged as causes of crib‐biting/windsucking behaviour were ‘boredom’, ‘stress’ and ‘habit/addiction’. In the group of owners/carers who did not have direct experience of this type of behaviour, ‘copying’ from other horses emerged as a strong theme and they stated that they would not wish to own a crib‐biting/windsucking horse. In contrast, those who had direct experience of horses demonstrating this behaviour did not believe copying was a cause based on their own observations and would not be put off purchasing or caring for another horse displaying this behaviour.Conclusions:Perceptions about what causes crib‐biting/windsucking was influenced by whether or not informants had personal experience of horses demonstrating this behaviour. The three main themes that emerged have some justification based on current research and highlight the need for further investigation into the underlying pathophysiology of crib‐biting/windsucking behaviour.Potential relevance:Qualitative approaches to health, disease and behaviour have an important role in the medical field and are applicable to veterinary research.
Kinematics of saddle and rider in high‐level dressage horses performing collected walk on a treadmill
Authors: BYSTRÖM A. , RHODIN M. , Von PEINEN K. , WEISHAUPT M. A. , ROEPSTORFF L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing the study:The kinematics of the saddle and rider have not been thoroughly described at the walk.Objective:To describe saddle and rider movements during collected walk in a group of high‐level dressage horses and riders.Methods:Seven high‐level dressage horses and riders were subjected to kinematic measurements while performing collected walk on a treadmill. Movements of the saddle and rider's pelvis, upper body and head were analysed in a rigid body model. Projection angles were determined for the rider's arms and legs, and the neck and trunk of the horse. Distances between selected markers were used to describe rider position in relation to the horse and saddle.Results:During the first half of each hindlimb stance the saddle rotated cranially around the transverse axis, i.e. the front part was lowered in relation to the hind part and the rider's pelvis rotated caudally, i.e. in the opposite direction. The rider's seat moved forwards while the rider's neck and feet moved backwards. During the second half of hindlimb stance these movements were reversed.Conclusion:The saddles and riders of high‐level dressage horses follow a common movement pattern at collected walk. The movements of the saddle and rider are clearly related to the movements of the horse, both within and outside the sagittal plane.Potential relevance:The literature suggests that the rider's influence on the movement pattern of the horse is the strongest at walk. For assessment of the horse‐rider interaction in dressage horses presented for unsatisfactory performance, evaluations at walk may therefore be the most rewarding. Basic knowledge about rider and saddle movements in well‐performing horses is likely to be supportive to this task.
The distal sesamoidean impar ligament: Comparison between its appearance on magnetic resonance imaging and histology of the axial third of the ligament
Authors: DYSON S. , POOL R. , BLUNDEN T. , MURRAY R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:There is limited knowledge about the interpretation of alterations in the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL) detected using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and their correlation with histopathology.Hypotheses:There would be: 1) a correlation between histopathology and MRI findings; and 2) a relationship between MR abnormalities at the origin and the insertion of the DSIL, between insertion and body; and origin and body.Methods:Fifty limbs from 28 horses were examined using high‐field MRI and histopathology. MR abnormalities of the DSIL, its origin on the navicular bone and its insertion on the distal phalanx were graded. Sections of the axial third of the DSIL were examined histologically and graded according to fibre orientation, integrity of fibroblasts, collagen architecture and vascularity. Associations between MRI and histology findings were tested by Spearman rank correlation and Chi‐squared tests.Results:There were significant correlations between the presence of a cystic structure in the distal third of the navicular bone, or a distal border fragment, or increased signal intensity in fat suppressed images at the insertion of the DSIL on the distal phalanx and the histological grade of the body of the DSIL. There were significant associations between a cystic structure in the distal third of the navicular bone and the presence of either a distal border fragment or entheseous new bone at the insertion of the DSIL, swelling of the DSIL and increased signal intensity in the DSIL in fat suppressed images; between distal elongation of the flexor border of the navicular bone and the presence of one or more distal border fragments and between swelling of the body of the DSIL and irregularity of its palmar border or increased signal intensity in fat suppressed images in the DSIL.Conclusions and clinical relevance:The presence of a cystic structure in the distal third of the navicular bone detected using MRI, a distal border fragment or increased signal intensity at the insertion of the DSIL are suggestive of significant alterations in the infrastructure of the DSIL.
Effect of temperature on race times on a synthetic surface
Authors: PETERSON M. L. , REISER II R. F. , KUO P.‐H. , RADFORD D. W. , Mc ilwraith C. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Differences in racing times have been noted on synthetic track surfaces that appear to depend on the temperature of the track. No published study to date has considered this effect in a systematic manner.Objectives:To investigate the relationship between temperature of track and speed of horses racing on a synthetic surface. Potential changes in the wax component of the synthetic track were investigated as one possible cause of changes in the track speed at the temperatures observed.Methods:At Del Mar racetrack (California, USA), the air, surface and subsurface temperatures at 4 depths in the synthetic race surface were measured periodically throughout the day over a 42 day period. The 6 furlong (1.2 km) race (afternoon) and fast training ‘work’ (morning) times were also compiled. Samples of the track were obtained and the wax separated using a solvent separation technique. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to determine the range of temperatures at which the wax from the track underwent softening and other material changes. Transformation temperatures were compared to temperatures acquired from the track to evaluate the likelihood of changes in the wax properties during racing.Results:Average air, surface and subsurface temperatures changed significantly throughout the day. Temperatures were higher during the afternoon race sessions and race times were significantly slower compared to morning work times. Temperatures at which some of the components of the wax began to soften were found to be within the range of temperature measured during track operation.Conclusions:A correlation was found between temperature of the synthetic track and speed of horse. Wax separated from the track showed that the temperatures experienced in the surface during normal operation exceed the temperatures at which the wax begins to experience thermal transformation. It is therefore hypothesised that the wax may be a cause of the observed changes in the track performance.Potential relevance:Future work should include a study of components of the synthetic track responsible for the change and epidemiological association of risk of injury.
Intralesional bovine papillomavirus DNA loads reflect severity of equine sarcoid disease
Authors: HARALAMBUS R. , BURGSTALLER J. , KLUKOWSKA‐RÖTZLER J. , STEINBORN R. , BUCHINGER S. , GERBER V. , BRANDT S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: Sarcoids are nonmetastasising, yet locally aggressive skin tumours that constitute the most frequent neoplasm in equids. Infection by bovine papillomaviruses types 1 and 2 (BPV‐1, BPV‐2) has been recognised as major causative factor in sarcoid pathogenesis, but a possible correlation of intralesional virus load with disease severity has not been established thus far.Hypothesis: Given the pathogenic role of BPV‐1 and BPV‐2 in sarcoid disease, we suggest that intralesional viral DNA concentration may reflect the degree of affection.Methods: Severity of disease was addressed by recording the tumour growth kinetics, lesion number and tumour type for 37 sarcoid‐bearing horses and one donkey. Viral load was estimated via quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) of the E2, E5, L1 and L2 genes from the BPV‐1/‐2 genome for one randomly selected lesion per horse and correlated with disease severity.Results: Quantitative PCR against E2 identified viral DNA concentrations ranging from 0–556 copies/tumour cell. Of 16 horses affected by quiescent, slowly growing single tumours or multiple mild‐type lesions, 15 showed a viral load up to 1.4 copies per cell. In stark contrast, all equids (22/22) bearing rapidly growing and/or multiple aggressive sarcoids had a viral load between 3 and 569 copies per cell. Consistent results were obtained with qPCR against E5, L1 and L2.Conclusions: While tumours of the same clinical type carried variable virus load, confirming that viral titre does not determine clinical appearance, we identified a highly significant correlation between intralesional viral load and disease severity.Potential relevance: The rapid determination of BPV viral load will give a reliable marker for disease severity and may also be considered when establishing a therapeutic strategy.
Diagnostic utility of computed tomography imaging in equine intracranial conditions
Authors: LACOMBE V. A. , SOGARO‐ROBINSON C. , REED S. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study: The use of computer tomography (CT) and contrast‐enhanced CT (CCT) to image the head is common. However, the validity of CT as a neurodiagnostic indicator of intracranial diseases in horses is unknown.Objective: To define the validity of CT and CCT in horses with suspected intracranial disorders.Methods: The validity of CT imaging was estimated by comparing clinical, clinicopathological and histopathological findings to CT findings in 15 horses presented for intracranial disorders, for which pre‐ and post contrast CT images and post mortem examination of the brain and skull were reviewed. Post mortem examination (gross and histopathological examination) was considered as the gold standard; and sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, likelihood ratios, and pre‐ and post test probabilities were calculated.Results: All horses had abnormal neurological examinations on admission. Computer tomography imaging identified intracranial lesions in 8 horses, and included masses (oligodendroglioma, adenocarcinoma and cholesterinic granulomas), acute haemorrhage and skull fractures. Computer tomography imaging failed to identify intracranial lesions in 6 cases, which included meningitis, meningoencephalitis and nonacute haemorrhage. Lesions not recognised by CT were also not evident on gross examination but were identified by histopathological examination of the brain. Post mortem examination of the brain and skull was unremarkable in one horse, for which cranial CT imaging was normal (specificity, 100%). Therefore, the odds of having an intracranial lesion after an abnormal CT were very high. In contrast, there was a moderate sensitivity (57.1%, 95% confidence interval: 29.6–81.2).Conclusions and potential relevance: CT was an excellent neurodiagnostic tool in identifying skull fractures, intracranial space‐occupying lesions (e.g. neoplasia) and acute haemorrhage and allows to rule in intracranial disorders. However, CT showed limited sensitivity in identifying inflammatory disorders and small parenchymal lesions in the equine brain, which was not further detectable after contrast administration.
Outcome and long‐term follow‐up of 20 horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction: A retrospective study (2000–2008)
Authors: SMITH L. C. R. , PAYNE R. J. , BOYS SMITH S. J. , BATHE A. P. , GREET T. R. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:If untreated, caecal impaction may progress to rupture of the caecum and reports of long‐term outcome for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction are required.Objectives:To describe short‐ and long‐term complication rates for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction in an otherwise life‐threatening gastrointestinal condition.Methods:Case records were reviewed for horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction. Horses were included in the study if an abnormally large, fluid‐distended or feed‐impacted caecum was the primary diagnosis at surgery and excluded if the caecum had already ruptured upon opening the abdomen, necessitating euthanasia. Short‐term follow‐up data were obtained from clinical records; and included complications, repeat celiotomy and survival to discharge. Long‐term survival was defined as survival for >1 year post operatively. Long‐term follow‐up data were obtained through telephone interviews with owners and referring veterinary surgeons. Survival, occurrence of post operative colic and subsequent use of the horse were recorded.Results:Twenty horses underwent surgery for caecal impaction: 16 horses underwent caecal bypass (typhlotomy and removal of caecal contents, ileal transection followed by ileocolostomy); 3 underwent typhlotomy alone; and one horse underwent typhlotomy followed by a second procedure where caecal bypass was performed. Five horses (25%) were admitted for colic evaluation with primary caecal impactions, in 10/20 (50%) of cases the impaction was secondary to previous orthopaedic surgery and in 5/20 (25%) caecal impaction was identified at repeat celiotomy following a previous colic surgery. Sixty‐five percent (13/20) of horses survived to discharge; 11/13 (85%) of horses discharged survived long term; 100% (3/3) horses that received typhlotomy alone were discharged and survived long term.Conclusions:The prognosis following caecal impaction surgery is fair, if the horse survives to discharge then prognosis for long‐term survival is good.Potential relevance:Surgery for caecal impaction carries a fair prognosis for a potentially life threatening disease, in particular where caecal dysfunction is suspected.