bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Grave Investigation
Authors: Connor Melissa 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Mass graves are graves of four or more individuals buried at or about the same time. When bodies are piled on top of each other, the mass decomposes differently than a single body in a grave, owing to accumulated water and body fluids. The variation in decomposition stages, as well as the sheer size of the graves, can make the exhumations logistically challenging. Criminal mass graves rarely result from simple homicide, but often are a result of genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity. Framing a charge relies on attention to the cause and manner of death of decedents, grave demographics, artifacts, and personal effects, as well as other factors. Attention to how the grave is dug and bodies arranged can help to corroborate witness testimony on the sequence of events and mechanics of execution and body disposal.
Crime Scene Photography:
US
Perspective
Authors: Gardner Ross M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Crime scene photography is an important part of crime scene documentation. Quality crime scene photographs are only achieved by understanding the purpose of the photographs and through proper composition of the photographs. This article discusses the following: (i) basic considerations for crime scene photography; (ii) composition of crime scene photography, understanding the basic types of crime scene photographs; (iii) camera control; and (iv) video.
Threat Assessment: Workplace
Authors: Dietz Park 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Threat assessment arose in the latter half of the twentieth century through the work of a handful of pioneers of various backgrounds seeking techniques for the analysis of threatening communications. Some public agencies and private employers have developed internal capabilities to evaluate threats, but many threat assessment services are delivered by unregulated private vendors of variable quality and expertise. Standardizing use of the terms
threat
and
threat assessment
would be an important advance. The diversity of threats arising in workplaces requires that a system for recognizing, reporting, investigating, assessing, and managing threats be implemented as part of a comprehensive workplace violence prevention program.
Alcohol: Use, Abuse, Tolerance, and Dependency
Authors: Brick John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe interpretation of toxicology evidence often requires understanding and discussion of the behavioral and psychological characteristics of the alleged intoxicated person. If a diagnosis of alcohol abuse, tolerance, or alcoholism is available for clinical purposes, jurors, chemists, generalists, and others can misinterpret such terms if they are not explained using current definitions. To avoid misleading descriptions or erroneous conclusions in forensic cases involving different types of drinkers, we review and define alcohol, alcohol use, abuse, tolerance, and dependence, which are particularly relevant to forensic evaluations.
Alcohol: Behavioral and Medical Effects
Authors: Brick John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reviews the behavioral and medical consequences of alcohol. Alcohol, more than any other drug, is a common finding in toxicology and forensic medicine and proper understanding of its effects is critical to the interpretation of forensic evidence. Acute intoxication results in increased risk for and is a contributing factor in a variety of injuries including driving, fall‐downs, bicycling, thermal, water sport, aircraft operation, and suicide. Intoxication may also affect the outcome of certain types of injuries and shortens life. Chronic alcohol abuse also increases risk and injuries of the nature often encountered in forensic evaluations because of frequent intoxication to high blood‐alcohol concentrations. Physiological changes, such as in bone density and liver pathology can affect injury severity, behavior, pharmacokinetics, and life span.
Analysis: Neutron Activation
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a method of determining the quantitative and qualitative presence of certain elements in minute specimens of trace evidence. While, because of the high cost associated with having samples analyzed, it was never widely used forensically except by large federal governmental agencies in the United States, it has currently seen a revival because of the entry into the business of some private as well as university‐associated laboratory services marketing the technique to civil litigators. This article briefly explains the nature of the test and its possibilities in forensic examinations.
Emergency Response Planning for Water And/Or Wastewater Systems
Authors: Warren Linda , Davis Sandra , Cyr Christopher T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEmergency response planning is required for water and wastewater utilities to prepare for any type of emergency, whether human‐caused or natural disasters. This article contains background information on why utilities need an emergency response plan (ERP), and summarizes legislative directives that relate to utility emergency planning. Utility resiliency can be best achieved when an ERP is part of an overarching preparedness program that includes business continuity planning, training and exercises, and plans updates to keep the program current. In this article, the phases of emergency management are explained, along with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and the Incident Command System, both required for use by utilities because utility staff are considered “first responders” under the Homeland Security Presidential Directive 5. Development of an ERP is discussed, and an example table of contents for a NIMS compliant ERP is included. Sections of an ERP are described and include communications, suggestions for use with staff, external agencies, the public, and critical customers.
Application of A Conditional Risk Assessment Methodology for Prioritization of Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Hecker Edward J. , Seda‐Sanabria Yazmin , Matheu Enrique E. , Morgeson James D. , Fainberg M. Anthony 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In 2006, the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) initiated a preliminary risk methodology comparison study for civil infrastructure projects. The research study focused on a review of the state‐of‐practice of critical infrastructure security risk assessment, evaluating their effectiveness in addressing security and protection requirements. As a continuation to that effort, USACE and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) established an interagency agreement to further this study by evaluating comparative advantages and limitations of a number of risk assessment methodologies and identifying requirements for a risk assessment methodology that could support risk‐informed decisions considering a wide spectrum of consequences, vulnerabilities, and threats. A comprehensive evaluation process was developed to provide a standardized and objective method for comparing two or more risk methodologies. This paper discusses the preliminary findings and recommendations resulting from this joint USACE‐DHS effort.
Overview of Radar and
Li
DAR
Extended Detection Technologies
Authors: Griffin Frank W. , Hurley Rick , Keller Dan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the issues, and variables security system designers should consider when selecting radar and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technologies for fixed‐site security applications. Available technologies and operational principles are described, and an examination of the variables affecting technology selection, deployment, and installation is provided.
Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical Nanowire Composites for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Chen Zheng , Qin Yaochun , Weng Ding , Xiao Qiangfeng , Peng Yiting , Wang Xiaolei , Li Hexing , Wei Fei , Lu Yunfeng 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNanocomposites of interpenetrating carbon nanotubes and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanowires networks are synthesized via a simple in situ hydrothermal process. These fibrous nanocomposites are hierarchically porous with high surface area and good electric conductivity, which makes them excellent material candidates for supercapacitors with high energy density and power density. Nanocomposites with a capacitance up to 440 and 200 F g−1 are achieved at current densities of 0.25 and 10 A g−1, respectively. Asymmetric devices based on these nanocomposites and aqueous electrolyte exhibit an excellent charge/discharge capability, and high energy densities of 16 W h kg−1 at a power density of 75 W kg−1 and 5.5 W h kg−1 at a high power density of 3 750 W kg−1. This performance is a significant improvement over current electrochemical capacitors and is highly competetive with Ni–MH batteries. This work provides a new platform for high‐density electrical‐energy storage for electric vehicles and other applications.
Enantioseparation via EIC‐OSN: Process design and improvement of enantiomers resolvability and separation performance
Authors: Sereewatthanawut Issara , Ferreira Frederico Castelo , Ghazali Nazlee F. , Livingston Andrew G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article presents a mathematical model to assess and optimize the separation performance of an enantioselective inclusion complexation‐organic solvent nanofiltration process. Enantiomer solubilities, feed concentrations, solvent compositions, permeate solvent volumes, and numbers of nanofiltrations were identified as key factors for process efficiency. The model was first tested by comparing calculated and experimental results for a nonoptimized process, and then, calculations were carried out to select the best operating conditions. An important finding was that the optimal configuration varied with the objective function selected, e.g., resolvability versus yield, with a boundary on product optical purity. The model also suggested that the process efficiency could benefit from diafiltration of the distomer and from the use of higher feed concentrations. However, the latter strategy would result in higher losses of eutomer. To address this drawback, a multistage process was evaluated using the verified process model. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Workflow for managing impurities in an integrated crystallization process
Authors: Cheng Yuen S. , Lam Ka W. , Ng Ka M. , Wibowo Christianto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA workflow consisting of experiments, modeling, and synthesis is presented for managing the impurity content in the product crystals of a crystallization process taking into consideration the entire train of crystallization and downstream processing steps. Experiments on solid–liquid equilibrium, impurity inclusion, washing, and deliquoring are designed in such a way that the experimental data or the model parameters derived from these data can be readily used for process design. Guidelines for experimental design and tradeoffs in process synthesis are discussed. The workflow is illustrated using the purification of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as a case study. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) studies of isobutane, n‐butane and propane sorption in β‐ and Y‐zeolites
Authors: Gong Kening , Subramaniam Bala , Ramachandran Palghat A. , Hutchenson Keith W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA TEOM is used to elucidate the adsorption/desorption characteristics of alkylation reactants on USY‐ and β‐zeolites. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms were obtained on USY‐ and β‐zeolites using n‐butane, isobutane and propane as proxy reactant molecules (T = 303–398 K, adsorbate partial pressure 0–1.2 bar). Analysis of the transient adsorption/desorption profiles of these molecules from either a bed of the zeolite or pelletized particles of the crystals (with mean size < 1 μm) demonstrate that diffusion in the secondary meso‐/macroporous structure formed in the packing or the pellets controls the overall sorption rates. The experimental adsorption/desorption profiles from the pelletized zeolites were regressed with available mathematical models to obtain effective meso‐/macropore diffusivities for reactant molecules, and nearly perfect fits of the experimental and the modeled profiles. Taking into account the dead volume in the system, a criterion for reliable measurements of either micropore or mesopore diffusivities by the TEOM technique is derived. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Retrospective comparison of mobilization methods for autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma
Authors: Nakasone Hideki , Kanda Yoshinobu , Ueda Tomoki , Matsumoto Kenji , Shimizu Naomi , Minami Jiro , Sakai Rika , Hagihara Maki , Yokota Akira , Oshima Kumi , Tsukada Yuiko , Tachibana Takayoshi , Nakaseko Chiaki , Fujisawa Shin , Yano Shingo , Fujita Hiroyuki , Takahashi Satoshi , Kanamori Heiwa , Okamoto Shinichiro 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe combination of cyclophosphamide and granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has widely been used to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma (MM). Recently, however, alternative approaches such as G‐CSF alone or etoposide followed by G‐CSF have been investigated. We, therefore, retrospectively analyzed the effects of these mobilization methods on collection yield and disease outcome in ASCT for MM. We reviewed 146 MM patients from whom we intended to collect stem cells. For mobilization, 67, 58, and 21 patients received cyclophosphamide and G‐CSF, etoposide and G‐CSF, and G‐CSF alone (including nonmyelosuppressive chemotherapy followed by G‐CSF), respectively. Among them, 136 achieved the target number of HSCs (at least 2 × 106/kg). Lower creatinine and higher albumin levels at diagnosis were significantly associated with successful yield. A lower number of infused HSCs, use of the etoposide for mobilization and high ISS were associated with delayed hematopoietic recovery. The mobilization methods did not significantly affect either the successful collection of more than 2 × 106 CD34‐positive cells/kg or PFS after ASCT. G‐CSF alone was sufficient for stem cell mobilization for a single ASCT. The optimal approach to collect HSCs in MM remains to be elucidated. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: How best to deliver the news
Authors: Skotko Brian G. , Kishnani Priya S. , Capone George T. ,   for the Down Syndrome Diagnosis Study Group
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe sought to provide evidence‐based recommendations to physicians on how to best deliver a prenatal diagnosis of DS to expectant parents. Our study design consisted of searching Medline and PsychInfo from 1960 to 2008, as well as Web sites from academic organizations and other nonprofit or private organizations, using the terms “Down syndrome,” “Trisomy 21,” “mongolism,” “prenatal diagnosis,” “postnatal care,” and “delivery of health care.” Our results showed that a health care professional knowledgeable about DS with specific training in the delivery of sensitive diagnoses should be part of the first conversation. A prenatal diagnosis of DS should be presented in person or at a pre‐established time by phone. Physicians should provide accurate information about medical conditions associated with DS and connect parents to local DS support groups and other resources. We conclude that physicians can deliver prenatal diagnoses of DS in a sensitive manner that can be appreciated by expectant parents. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Precautionary rules for exotic trout aquaculture in fishless shallow lakes of Patagonia: minimizing impacts on the threatened hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi)
Authors: Lancelotti Julio L. , Pozzi Luciana M. , Yorio Pablo M. , Diéguez María C. , Pascual Miguel A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Conflicts between habitat use and conservation are inherent to the management of wetlands. A major challenge for their management is to preserve habitat while addressing the demands from multiple users. In southern Patagonia (Argentina), a growing aquaculture activity based on rainbow trout introductions in shallow lakes is generating concerns about the effects on the waterbird fauna, including some endemic species.
Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to analyse data on the endemic hooded grebe (Podiceps gallardoi) collected over a diverse set of lakes to: (1) build presence‐absence models as a function of environmental variables; (2) assess current and potential overlap with trout aquaculture; (3) explore the power of alternative lake assignment algorithms based on habitat variables to segregate critical habitat and aquaculture activities; and (4) explore the correlation between the probability of grebe presence and their abundance in given lakes.
Hooded grebe presence is clearly correlated with macrophyte cover, lake area, and water conductivity. Medium size lakes, with a combination of emerging macrophytes, adjacent to open water areas had the highest probability of both hooded grebe presence and abundance.
Different lake allocation scenarios are identified that could grant significant protection to hooded grebes without substantial losses for trout producers. The a priori probability to hold hooded grebe, assigned by the model based on lake characteristics, provides a tool that can be used by managing authorities to derive precautionary management rules to regulate aquaculture and to preserve primary hooded grebe habitat. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biogeographical and ecological context for managing threats to coral and rocky reef communities in the Lord Howe Island Marine Park, south‐western Pacific
Authors: Edgar Graham J. , Davey Adam , Kelly Geoff , Mawbey Ron B. , Parsons Karen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Quantitative subtidal surveys of fishes, macro‐invertebrates and sessile organisms at 33 sites within the Lord Howe Island Marine Park revealed a rich fauna and flora, including 164 fishes, 40 mobile invertebrate taxa, 53 coral and other sessile invertebrate taxa, 32 algal taxa, and two seagrasses. The biota in this newly‐zoned marine park was overwhelmingly tropical when species lists were tabulated; however, species with distributions centred on temperate coasts of eastern Australia and New Zealand occurred in disproportionately high densities compared with the tropical species.
Lord Howe Island reefs were generally in good condition. Virtually no bleached coral was observed (0.2% of the reef surface; 0.8% of total hard coral cover). Living scleractinian coral comprised the predominant group of organisms growing on reef surfaces, with 25.5% cover overall. Other major taxa observed were brown algae (18.8% cover) and red algae (16.9% cover).
Three distinctive community types were identified within the marine park—coral reefs, macroalgal beds and an offshore/open coast community. The distribution of these community types was strongly related to wave exposure, as indicated by an extremely high correlation with the first principal coordinates axis for biotic data (R2=0.80).
The close (<3 km) proximity of tropical coral and temperate macroalgal community types off Lord Howe Island is highly unusual, with localized patterns of nutrient enrichment suggested as the primary cause. The macroalgal community type is only known from a small area off the south‐western coast that is not protected from fishing. This community is considered highly susceptible to threats because of potential impacts of global warming and the possibility of expansion of sea urchin barrens. Coral bleaching and ocean acidification associated with global climate change also threaten the coral reef community, which includes relatively high numbers of endemic and near endemic fish species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐pressure systems for gas‐phase free continuous incubation of enriched marine microbial communities performing anaerobic oxidation of methane
Authors: Deusner Christian , Meyer Volker , Ferdelman Timothy G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNovel high‐pressure biotechnical systems that were developed and applied for the study of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) are described. The systems, referred to as high‐pressure continuous incubation system (HP‐CI system) and high‐pressure manifold‐incubation system (HP‐MI system), allow for batch, fed‐batch, and continuous gas‐phase free incubation at high concentrations of dissolved methane and were designed to meet specific demands for studying environmental regulation and kinetics as well as for enriching microbial biomass in long‐term incubation. Anoxic medium is saturated with methane in the first technical stage, and the saturated medium is supplied for biomass incubation in the second stage. Methane can be provided in continuous operation up to 20 MPa and the incubation systems can be operated during constant supply of gas‐enriched medium at a hydrostatic pressure up to 45 MPa. To validate the suitability of the high‐pressure systems, we present data from continuous and fed‐batch incubation of highly active samples prepared from microbial mats from the Black Sea collected at a water depth of 213 m. In continuous operation in the HP‐CI system initial methane‐dependent sulfide production was enhanced 10‐ to 15‐fold after increasing the methane partial pressure from near ambient pressure of 0.2 to 10.0 MPa at a hydrostatic pressure of 16.0 MPa in the incubation stage. With a hydraulic retention time of 14 h a stable effluent sulfide concentration was reached within less than 3 days and a continuing increase of the volumetric AOM rate from 1.2 to 1.7 mmol L−1 day−1 was observed over 14 days. In fed‐batch incubation the AOM rate increased from 1.5 to 2.7 and 3.6 mmol L−1 day−1 when the concentration of aqueous methane was stepwise increased from 5 to 15 mmol L−1 and 45 mmol L−1. A methane partial pressure of 6 MPa and a hydrostatic pressure of 12 MPa in manifold fed‐batch incubation in the HP‐MI system yielded a sixfold increase in the volumetric AOM rate. Over subsequent incubation periods AOM rates increased from 0.6 to 1.2 mmol L−1 day−1 within 26 days of incubation. No inhibition of biomass activity was observed in all continuous and fed‐batch incubation experiments. The organisms were able to tolerate high sulfide concentrations and extended starvation periods. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 524–533. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.