bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haemonchosis in sheep and goats in Sierra Leone
Authors: Asanji M. F. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe incidence of haemonchosis in sheep and goats in Sierra Leone showed a seasonal variation with a high peak in the dry season (October to January) and a low one from March to May. Mean relative densities were significantly higher in young hosts and showed two peaks, a high one from August to December and a low one from April to June while the mean relative densities of old hosts were low and exhibited an irregular seasonal pattern with no defined peaks. The peak seasons in young hosts coincided approximately with the dry and rainy seasons. Male hosts showed an overall higher but not a significant mean relative density than females but for most of the months mean relative densities of infection of female hosts were not significantly higher than those of males. The roles of climatic conditions and arrested development (hypobiosis) and self-cure and host age immunity on Haemonchus contortus worm burdens are discussed.
Oesophagostomum radiatum: inhibition of in vitro development by newborn calf serum
Authors: East I. J. , Fitzgerald C. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTOesophagostomum radiatum developed to fourth stage larvae after 14 days in in vitro culture. However, development was totally inhibited if the standard 50% foetal calf serum in the medium was replaced by newborn calf serum. Inhibition did not occur with serum from cattle immune to O. radiatum through natural infection or experimental vaccination irrespective of the titre of specific antibodies to O. radiatum in each serum. The inhibitory action of NCS could be abolished by heat treatment at 56°C for 1 h but not by dialysis or repeated freeze-thawing. The inhibition was not consistent with observed differences in the activity of 19 enzymes in the various sera or the absence of various thiol-containing stimulants of worm development.
Schistosoma haematobium: the effect of Astiban on the cell composition and ultrastructure of the vitelline gland and the ultrastructure of the tegument and gastrodermis
Authors: Leitch B. , Probert A. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTTreatment of Schistosoma haematobium (Nigerian strain) in hamsters with a single dose of 40 mg/kg of Astiban caused a reduction in the number of S1, S2, and S3 vitelline cells and an increase in S4 cells. Following seven daily doses of the drug, a marked reduction in S1 cells and a complete loss of S2 and S3 cells occurred such that 95% of the cells were S4 cells, all of which were structurally abnormal. Coagulation and disintegration of the protein granules of the vitelline droplets occurred with increase in lipid droplets, swelling of the nuclear membrane and an increase in cytosegresomes. Blebbing of the tegument in both sexes occurred following a single treatment and vacuolation of the basal infolds and alterations to the mitochondria also resulted, but severe erosion of the tegument was rare even following repeated drug treatment. Damage to the gastrodermis was severe with the development of autophagic vacuoles containing whorls of myelin and sequestered portions of damaged tissue. The degree of damage increased with the number of drug treatments.
Chemoprophylactic drug trials for treatment of dracunculiasis using the Dracunculus insignis-ferret model
Authors: Eberhard Mark L. , Brandt Floy H. , Ruiz-Tiben Ernesto , Hightower Allen 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTGroups of ferrets inoculated with Dracunculus insignis were treated with various anthelminthic compounds to evaluate the potential use of drugs in controlling the human parasite D. medinensis. The three primary compounds tested were diethylcarbamazine (DEC), albendazole (ALBZ), and ivermectin (IVER); they were administered in dosages of 60 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 1 mg/kg, respectively. Groups of animals received treatment either once at 60 days after inoculation, once at 60 and 90 days, or for 3 days at either 60 or 90 days postinoculation. The most marked decrease occurred in the animals that received treatment once at 60 and at 90 days after inoculation. This was observed for all three drugs tested. Increased dosages, i.e., 3 days of treatment at 60 or 90 days did not result in decreased worm burdens. In no group was there a statistically significant reduction in worm burden when compared with controls. Two other compounds, metrifonate and CGP 6140, were tested in a more limited manner, but again the worm recovery rates were comparable with those in control groups. It would appear that existing drugs commonly used to treat helminthic infections are poor candidates for use in the campaign to eradicate guinea worm disease.
Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding a 42 kDa antigenic polypeptide ofAnisakis simplexlarvae
Authors: Sugane K. , Sun S. , Matsuura T. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe gene encoding an antigenic polypeptide ofAnisakis simplexlarvae was studied using recombinant DNA techniques. cDNA synthesized from poly(A)-rich mRNA fromA. simplexlarvae was ligated into phage vector λ gtll DNA and packagedin vitro. The phages were propagated onEscherichia coliand a λ gtll expression library was constructed. A cDNA clone encoding a 42 kDa antigenic polypeptide was selected by immunoscreening of the library and identified by the epitope selection method. A clone containing cDNA for a 42 kDa protein was isolated. The gene encoding this 42 kDa antigenic polypeptide was characterized by DNA and RNA blot analysis using the cDNA as a probe. The gene was transcribed to mRNA with approximately 1400 nucleotides and translated to 42 kDa polypeptide. The antigenic β-galactosidase fusion protein synthesized by bacteria had no cross-reactivity with other parasite-infected sera.
Effects of patent Echinostoma caproni infection on the sterol composition of the digestive gland-gonad complex of Biomphalaria glabrata as determined by gas-liquid chromatography
Authors: Shetty P. H. , Fried B. , Sherma J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSterols in the digestive gland-gonad (DGG) complex of Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda) infected with patent larval stages of Echinostoma caproni (Trematoda) versus uninfected control snails were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. The major sterol present in both populations was cholesterol, 59% in the infected snails and 51% in the controls. Infected snails contained the same phytosterols as the controls—desmosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and beta-sitosterol–but the percent composition was reduced. The reduction was significant for both campesterol and stigmasterol.
Isozymic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase in cases of bancroftian filariasis
Authors: Misra S. , Mahopatra T. M. , Rathaur S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIsozymic patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.27) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) were observed m various categories of filariasis and controls, i.e. asymptomatic microfilaraemia and symptomatic amicrofilaraemia, endemic normal and non-endemic normal. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was also observed amongst the above categories of patients. An increase in enzyme activity and change in the isozymic pattern was observed in the above categories of filaria infected serum. LDH activity doubled in asymptomatic microfilaraemia whereas in symptomatic amicrofilaraemia the increase in LDH activity was thirtyfold. The isozymic pattern of microfilaraemia cases showed the presence of three bands B4, A1B3, A2 B2, which are quite thick as compared to normal healthy subjects, whereas the patients with symptomatic amicrofilaraemia showed marked elevation of serum LDH-4 or A3B1. The LDH was partially purified by combined treatment of (NH4)2SO4 fractionation and gel filtration. The isozymic pattern of purified LDH showed a similar pattern.
Induction of protective immunity toBrugia pahangiin jirds by drug-abbreviated infection
Authors: Horii Y. , Nakanishi H. , Mori A. , Ueda M. , Kurokawa K. , Zaitsu M. , Oda T. , Fujita K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTProtective immunity of homologous challenge infection was examined in jirds after drug-abbreviated infection withBrugia pahangi. Mebendazole (MBZ) treatment at the early prepatent (5–7 weeks of post infection) or the late prepatent (7–9 weeks of post infection) period was highly effective in causing almost complete eradication of the primary infection. After challenge infection, the worm burden was significantly reduced 19% (31·1 in average) and 77% (9·5) to that of the controls (38·8 and 41·7), respectively. The magnitude of eosinophil response paralleled the degree of protection. No or only a few microfilariae were seen after challenge infection in jirds treated during the prepatent periods. They were also resistant to intravenous challenge with the microfilariae ofB. pahangi. MBZ treatment at the patent period was, on the contrary, incomplete against primarily infected adult worms, and was not able to induce either significant protection (30·1 vs 33·1 in control) or eosinophil response to the challenge infection.
Studies on cryopreservation of third-stage larvae of Parastrongylus cantonensis
Authors: Chao David , Wang Lian-Chen , Chen Eng-Rin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAttempts have been made to increase the survival rate of third-stage larvae of Parastrongylus cantonensis during cryopreservation. Parasites were obtained from experimentally infected snails, Biomphalaria glabrata. The maximum non-toxic concentrations of cryoprotectants dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and glycerol were determined as 10% v/v in NCTC 109 medium. Different pre-cooling times and serum additives were assayed to determine their effects on the viability of larvae. Larvae pre-cooled at –20°C for 15–20 minutes before transfer to –70°C had the optimum survival rate. The presence of serum was essential for further cooling to –196°C. There were no differences between native and heat-inactivated sera on the larval viability. The survival of larvae recovered after storage at –196°C was higher in sera collected from the rat, man, or fetal calf than in sera collected from the mouse, dog, or horse. Viability assessed by mouse-infections showed that thawed larvae retained infectivity for susceptible hosts, but it was significantly lower than that of unfrozen control worms.
Effect of irradiation on the viability of Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. costaricensis infective larvae
Authors: Ooi H. K. , Ishii K. , Inohara J. , Kamiya M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractInfective larvae (third-stage larvae) of both Angiostrongylus cantonensis and A. costaricensis from their snail intermediate host were subjected to either X-ray or gamma-ray irradiation. The viability of the irradiated larvae was assayed by oral inoculation of the larvae into rodents (A. cantoflensis in mice and rats, A. costaricensis in mice only). From the results of worm recovery, the minimal dose of irradiation that inhibited the infectivity of the third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis and A. costaricensis was 2 and 4 kGy, respectively.
Some observations on hydatidosis in Jordan
Authors: Abo-Shehada M. N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA total of 2.8% (5 of 176) sera from schoolchildren and university students were seropositive for hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus) by the ELISA IgEtest. The prevalence of seropositivity was 4·5% among females of all age groups (5–24 years) and among males of the age group 18–24 years. Males of the age group (5–17 years) were seronegative. The ratio of seropositivity between schoolboys and schoolgirl was 1:4. Sera collected from 1085 university students, aged 18–24 years, and from 1656 outpatients from northern and central Jordan, and the Jordan River valley, when tested by the IHA test, revealed the presence of antihydatid agglutinating antibodies in 5·16% (56 of 1085) and in 3·6% (60 of 1656) respectively, with a male to female infection ratio of 1:3 in the unviersity students and 1:1·1 in the outpatients. Intensity, prevalence and cyst fertility of E.granulosus increased increased in sheep with age. The results of this study indicate that hydatidosis is in an endemic steady state in Jordan with estimated economic losses if JD 3·0 (=US $ 4·4) per infected sheep.
Diploid Paragonimus westermani: the experimental completion of its life-cycle
Authors: Shibahara T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractExperimental completion of the life-cycle of Paragonimus westermani (Trematoda: Troglotrematidae) (diploid type) from egg to adult has been achieved in the laboratory for the first time. A dog was fed metacercariae of P. westermani from naturally infected freshwater crabs, Geothelphusa dehaani. The adult flukes were recovered and their eggs were incubated in water at 28°C, hatching after 20 days. Laboratory reared marsh snails, Semisulcospira libertina, were exposed to miracidia from embryonated eggs. One of 47 snails became infected with a large number of 2nd generation rediae containing fully mature cercariae 245 days after exposure. Paragonimus-free crabs (G. dehaani) were then infected with the intramolluscan larvae. Of the 40 crabs examined 34–70 days after infection, 17 were infected with a total of 84 metacercariae. A cat and 4 dogs were fed with 55 metacercariae obtained. Eighty to 100 days later, a total of 40 flukes was recovered; 39 flukes were adults with eggs in their Uteri.
Effect of antibiotics on protein synthesis in filarial parasites
Authors: Wani J. H. , Srivastava V. M. L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAcanthocheilonema viteae,Litomosoides cariniiandSetaria cerviwere found to actively synthesize proteinsin vitro. Different centrifugation fractions and their TCA-precipitable fractions were assessed for the distribution of newly synthesized proteins. Penicillin and streptomycin inhibited the process inA. viteae. The synthesis inS. cerviwas susceptible to puromycin, chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, neomycin and polymyxin B. The process inL. cariniiwas strongly blocked by puromycin while chloramphenicol had no significant effect.
Migration and development of the larvae of Gnathostoma nipponicum in the rat, second intermediate or paratenic host, and the weasel, definitive host
Authors: Ando K. , Sato Y. , Miura K. , Matsuoka H. , Chinzei Y. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMigration and development of the larvae of Gnathostoma nipponicum in the rat as second intermediate or paratenic host and the weasel as definitive host were examined to clarify the pathogenesis in each animal. The advanced third-stage larvae (AdL3) given orally to rats remained in the stomach for 12 h post-infection (PI). After that, larvae transiently invaded various organs and finally moved into the muscle within 48 h. The percentage of eosinophils in the blood taken from the jugular vein of rats infected with AdL3 reached a maximum (about 6%) on day 20 PI and then decreased. IgG antibody titre for G. nipponicum measured by ELISA began to increase on day 5 PI and reached a plateau on day 20 PI. The AdL3 given orally to weasels moved from the stomach into the muscle and then increased in size. Half of them invaded the muscle within 5 days, whereas the majority of them invaded the muscles within 20 days PI. Morphology of worms which invaded the muscles indicated that they were still the larval form with three rows of hooklets on the head bulb. The larvae in the muscles developed to young adult worms with seven rows of hooklets on the head bulb within 40 days PI. These young adult worms invaded the oesophageal wall and formed a tumour within 60 days PI. It was presumed that worms invaded the oesophageal wall though the adventitia. Ferret and mink were shown to be potential final hosts of G. nipponicum.
The migration and attrition of Strongyloides ratti in naive and sensitized rats
Authors: McHugh T.D. , Jenkins T. , Greenwood R. , McLaren D.J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCompressed organ autoradiography has been utilized to study the migration of the homogonic strain of Strongyloides ratti from the site of skin penetration to the gut. This transit is characterized by rapid disappearance of parasites from the cutaneous site of infection, followed by vascular dispersal throughout all organs investigated. For the first time, parasite migration in both naive and previously sensitized hosts is compared; the principal stations of migration are the same in the two groups although there is a quantitative difference in accumulation of parasites with time in these stations. Parasite attrition occurs in both groups of animals; however, in naive rats it is not manifest until day 20–25 post challenge, whereas in sensitized rats immune elimination occurs as early as 48 h post challenge.
Ultrastructural study on spermatogenesis in Ganeo tigrinum, an intestinal trematode of Rana tigrina
Authors: Sharma P.N. , Rai N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpermatogenesis and the structure of the spermatozoon of the frog intestinal fluke, Ganeo tigrinum has been examined by electron microscopy. Each testis is covered by a tunica consisting of sustentacular cells and fibrous material. Internally the testis is lined by undifferentiated spermatogonial cells, with cytoplasm rich in free ribosomes. The arrangement of the diverse spermatogonic cell populations is similar to those studied in other digeneans. During spermatogenesis the elongation and spiralling of nuclear materials occurs synchronously in the late spermatid stage. The G. tigrinum spermatozoon appears to be biflagellate due to the presence of two filaments. Between the two filaments is an elongated nucleus; these elements fuse to form the monopartite shaft of the sperm. The spermatozoon of G. tigrinum is characterized by the presence of an unusually long nucleus that even surpasses the length of the mitochondrion. At almost half the length of the spermatozoon there is sharp rotation between first axial filament, mitochondrion and the nucleus. Both the axial filaments show 9+1 arrangement of axonemal units throughout the spermatozoon.
The Karyotypes ofCalicophoron microbothriumandCarmyerius gregariusfrom Egyptian ruminants
Authors: Ashour A.A. , Hassan N.H.A. , Ibrahim A.M. , El-Kabbany A.I 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe karyotypes of the two amphistomesCalicophoron microbothriumFischoeder, 1901 andCarmyerius gregarius(Looss, 1896), Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 from Egyptian ruminants were studied using the air drying technique. The two species have similar number of chromosomes (n = 9), but differ in chromosome morphology. All the chromosomes ofC. microbothriumare subtelocentric, except the first and the fifth are metacentric, whereas the chromosomes ofC. gregariusare submetacentric, subtelocentric and acrocentric. Some cells in the two species showed tetraploidy. The results are discussed in terms of the phylogenetic relationship of different amphistomes.
Light microscopic observations of Echinostoma caproni metacercariae during in vitro excystation
Authors: Ursone R.L. , Fried B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLight microscopy was used to study excystation of Echinostoma caproni metacercariae in various media. Optimal excystation was observed in an alkaline trypsin-bile salts medium (TB) at 40 ± 1°C. The percentage of excystation in TB medium declined following either acid pepsin or acid saline pretreatment. Excystation rarely occurred in either trypsin or bile salts alone. Dissolution of the outer cyst occurred in TB medium thus facilitating excystation. Activation of the larva within the inner cyst led to its eventual release through an aperture in the mucoid plug region. Excystation of this species was facilitated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. There were considerable differences in excystation events between this species and the related allopatric species, E. trivolvis
Abundance/host size relationship in a fish trematode community
Authors: Saad-Fares A. , Combes C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe abundance of six species of trematodes: Aphanurus stossichi, Bacciger israelensis, Diphterostomum israelense, Plagioporus idoneus, Lepocreadium album and L. pegorchis, parasitic in the digestive tract of marine teleostei (Sparidae) collected near Jounieh (east Mediterranean), was analysed as a function of the host-size. In two parasite/host systems, infections were observed from the lowest size classes of the sample, with a clear tendency to an increase of abundance in older fish. In four others, parasites appear only above a rather high threshold class, young individuals never being infected. In the last three parasite/host systems, host invasion may occur early or late, but infection decreases above a well defined size class, old fishes rarely or never being infected. A given trematode species. when parasitizing several host species, shows similar abundance/host size relationships, e.g. P. idoneus in Diplodus vulgaris and Oblada melanura. When more than one species of trematode infects a single host species, curves can be markedly distinct; for instance, L. pegorchis was collected from Pagellus erythrinus below 15 cm. whereas D. israelense parasitized the same fish approximately above the same size. There is no evidence that such a replacement of one trematode by another in the course of host growth is a result of interspecific competition.
Ultrastructure of the spermatid and spermatozoon of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Authors: Zhao Bin , Liu Bing 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe ultrastructure of the spermatid and spermatozoon of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (Archiacanthocephala) was studied by means of transmission electron microscopy. The flagellum and nucleus in the spermatid gradually expanded simultaneously. The karyoplasm of the spermatid transformed into dense inclusions and a multibarrel structure, which were also found in the spermatozoan body. The multibarrel structure was located close to the flagellum and consisted of many irregular microtubes. The flagellum of the developing spermatozoon was observed in a concavity of the spermatid nucleus. The microtubule arrangement of the flagellum was ″9+2″. No mitochondria or acrosome were observed in spermatozoa.
Em18 and Em16, new serologic marker epitopes for alveolar echinococcosis in Western blot analysis, are the only two epitopes recognized by commercially available weak positive (cut off) sera for Em2plus-ELISA
Authors: Ito A. , Osawa Y. , Nakao M. , Horii T. , Okamoto M. , Itoh M. , Yamashita T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe assay system for antibody responses against Em2, the most specific antigen for serodiagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis (AE), has been established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) but not by Western blot assay, since Em2 antigen is not protein but carbohydrate in nature. Recently we reported that previously undescribed protein epitopes, designated Em18 and Em16 due to their molecular weights, were good serologic markers for AE by Western blot analysis. It has been shown that Em18 and Em16 are the only two epitopes recognized by commercially available weak positive (cut off) sera for the Em2plus-ELISA.