bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of fulvic acids in water
Authors: Wilson A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for the determination of fulvic acids present in naturally‐occurring waters has been developed, based on the measurement of the ultra‐violet absorption spectrum of the sample. The method has been applied to samples of water from different parts of the country, and the results indicate that for moorland waters the fulvic acids are very similar in all samples. Their concentrations varied between 2 and 30 p.p.m. for moorland waters, but were appreciably smaller (0.6 p.p.m. and less) in hard well‐waters.
Determination of particle size by β‐back‐scattering
Authors: Connor P. , Hardwick W. H. , Laundy B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA cumulative method of particle size analysis is described wherein the mass deposited from an homogeneous suspension by gravitational or centrifugal force is determined by a β‐back‐scatter thickness measurement technique. The method is applicable to compounds having an effective atomic number greater than 16, and comparisons of results obtained by this and other methods for thoria, urania, zirconia and lithopone powders are given.
A partition cell for the study of gas‐liquid equilibria under pressure
Authors: Miller D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simplified partition cell has been developed for the investigation of gas‐liquid equilibria. In it, the two phases may be brought to equilibrium fairly rapidly, isolated and then sampled separately. The cell gives results comparable with those already published by other workers. Results for the absorption of CO2 in water at 30° and pressures up to 300 p.s.i.g. are given.
Effect of coal and long‐chain polymers on the characteristics of bituminous road binders
Authors: Karius H. , Dickinson E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBituminous road binders have been prepared containing dispersed long‐chain polymers, including both natural and synthetic rubbers, and also certain South African coals dispersed in them under high temperature conditions.Examination of the rheological properties of these binders has confirmed that both types of additive produce an improvement of the viscosity/temperature characteristics and a reduction in brittleness at low temperature. If both coal and polymer are incorporated together, however, the improvement is greater than that calculated from the sum of the separate effects of the two additives.Some of the polymers studied were found to stabilise mixtures of pitch and petroleum bitumen which are normally not completely miscible.An apparatus is described for assessing brittleness under stress and loading times of the same order as those occurring on the road under traffic. The methods of test used in the investigation are critically discussed.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of rates of hydration of cement and of calcium silicates
Authors: French C. M. , Warder J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA proton magnetic resonance apparatus has been constructed and its use for investigating rates of reaction examined. The hydration of several typical cements and of di‐ and tri‐calcium silicate was followed by this technique. An explanation of the results for the latter compound is offered in terms of two consecutive reactions with latent periods present at some temperatures, and occasioned by the formation of protective gel coatings round the reacting particles.
Treatment of phenolic effluents
Authors: Hall D. A. , Nellist G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe following methods of disposal and treatment of phenolic liquors from coke oven plants are studied:

direct use on froth flotation media in coal washing plant. The coal absorbs 60% of the phenols present, but only half the normal output can be used in this way.
chemical oxidation of the phenols by ozone. This is satisfactory for dilute liquors (100 p.p.m. of phenols) but is too costly for spent ammoniacal liquors.
biological oxidation. The activated sludge process is satisfactory but somewhat expensive. An enclosed percolating filter containing coke activated with soil organisms gave promising results.
extraction of phenols. The use of light creosote oil in a rotating disc extractor gave promising results.
For liquors rich in phenols, the procedure recommended is method (4) followed by methods (3) or (1) and then method (2) if desirable. Final effluents with 10–50 p.p.m. of phenols can be obtained.
Corrosion inhibitors for cast iron and other metals in ethylene glycol solutions and in mains water
Authors: Mercer A. D. , Wormwell F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEthylene glycol solutions containing 1.5% of sodium benzoate + 0.1% of sodium nitrite will protect cast iron only if the system is initially heated. A mixture of 5.0% sodium benzoate + 0.3% sodium nitrite in 25% ethylene glycol has been shown to be effective in preventing the corrosion of cast iron and other metals both at room temperature and in conditions of intermittent heating. The use of sodium benzoate/sodium nitrite mixtures, sodium nitrite, disodium hydrogen phosphate and potassium chromate as inhibitors for cast iron in mains water has been examined. In the absence of inhibitors the reduced rate of corrosion of many metals in ethylene glycol solutions as compared with mains water has been demonstrated and the significance of this in the maintenance of vehicle cooling systems discussed. Electrode‐potential/time curves obtained for various metals in ethylene glycol solutions have consistently reflected the corrosion behaviour of these metals in the solutions studied.
Corrosion inhibitors for ethylene glycol solutions, with particular reference to cadmium‐plated and terne‐plated steel
Authors: Mercer A. D. , Brasher D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCadmium‐plated steel, terne‐plated steel and tin‐plated copper are effectively protected in ethylene glycol solutions containing sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite, and also in ‘D.T.D. 779’.
Ion exchange on modified cellulose. II. Recovery of thorium from monazite using cellulose phosphate
Authors: Head A. J. , Kember N. F. , Miller R. P. , Wells R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA process for the recovery of thorium from monazite has been developed using cellulose phosphate as a selective cation‐exchange material. The ore is broken down with sulphuric acid and the leach liquor passed through columns of cellulose phosphate where thorium is preferentially adsorbed, and from which it is subsequently eluted with 10% ammonium carbonate solution. It has been shown that leach liquors with a high iron content require preliminary reduction with aluminium before adsorption. A typical concentrate contains >90% thoria and <4% phosphorus pentoxide. The optimum conditions for preparation of the adsorbent and for operating the process have been determined.
The spontaneous ignition of wool. II. A new process for wool removal from sheepskin pieces
Authors: Carrie M. S. , Walkeer I. K. , Harrison W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new process has been developed for the removal of wool from sheepskin pieces, which has considerable advantages over the pie process. The wool is slightly loosened and the skin toughened by immersion in hot water for a few minutes, and a specially designed roller strips the wool from the skin. A commercial machine using this principle has been designed, and 7 years' commercial experience of the process has been obtained.Nearly 200 samples of wool have been examined from machines operated under commercial conditions, using adequate safeguards against undue contamination of the wool with fat or with iron. It has been shown that the wool produced under these conditions is free from hazards of spontaneous ignition in commerce.A simple method has been demonstrated for predicting the commercial hazards of spontaneous ignition, by calculating the temperature distribution to be expected through bales of self‐heated wool from the results of smaller‐scale experiments.
Action of water and lime solutions on anhydrous calcium aluminates at 5°c
Authors: Buttler F. G. , Taylor H. F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpecimens of CA, CA2* and Secar 250 (a mixture of these two compounds together with corundum) were treated with water or lime solutions in dilute suspension at 5°. The results confirm the reactivity of CA with water or lime solutions and show that CA2 also reacts, though more slowly, either alone or in the presence of CA. They also confirm some of the solubility curves already established for the CaOAl2O3H2O system at 5°, and help especially to locate the triple point C4AH19C2AH8 solution.
Monolayer formation from hexadecanol crystals. I
Authors: Roylance A. , Jones T. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe spontaneous formation of monolayers from single hexadecanol crystals has been examined. It is confirmed that the rate of generation of a monolayer is, at constant temperature, proportional to the extent of the air/water/crystal triple interface. Surface solution occurs directly from the properly formed crystal lattice and not necessarily from active centres only. The effect of film dissolution into the substrate on the spreading process is examined.
Some constituents of the high‐boiling tar acids
Authors: Dean R. E. , White E. N. , McNeil D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForty‐five phenols have been identified in a sample of coal tar acids of vertical‐retort origin. The method of separation was based on the butylation of close‐boiling cuts. Twenty‐two of the phenols had not previously been found in high‐temperature tars and nine are new compounds. Derivatives have been prepared and their melting points are listed.5‐Ethyl‐3‐methylphenol, 4‐ and 5‐hydroxy‐hydrindenes are the most abundant individual phenols boiling between the xylenols and the naphthols. The methyl‐hydroxyhydrindenes are the main constituents of the 255–285° range. Three butylphenols were isolated, the 3‐ and 4‐n‐ and the 4‐sec.‐isomers, these being the first examples of such large alkyl groups to be found in tar components.
Reaction of polyphenols with formaldehyde
Authors: Hillis W. E. , Urbach Gerda 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of wattle and mangrove polyphenols with formaldehyde was studied at various pH and under different conditions of temperature and time. The reactivity was greater at pH 8 than at pH 1 and least at pH 4–5. The initial fast stage in the reaction was followed by a slow stage. The formaldehyde uptake at pH 8 and 100° in 3 h. was determined for several polyphenols; it gave a better indication of the efficiency of a polyphenol as an adhesive than did the determination of Stiasny polyphenols. The reasons for the different behaviour of polyphenols as adhesives are discussed.
The problem of painting rusty steel
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRust on steel specimens exposed in Cambridge always contains ferrous sulphate, the amount of which is lowest in July and highest in January‐February. It is shown that rust catalyses the oxidation of SO2 in the air to SO2.Paint applied to rusty steel when the ferrous sulphate content is lowest has the best durability. A “limpet cell” is described for the determination of ferrous sulphate on structures in situ.The implications to the practical painting of rusty structures are discussed.
Some physical properties of n‐alkyl trifluoroacetates
Authors: Jeffery G. H. , Kyte V. G. , Vogel A. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the physical properties of a series of pure n‐alkyl trifluoroacetates. The values of the bond parachors, bond refractions and bond refractivities for the (C‐F) link are compared with those derived previously for the n‐alkyl fluorides.
Determination of traces of cyanide in water by cathode ray polarography
Authors: Hetman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is described for the determination of trace amounts of cyanide ion in water by linearsweep cathode ray polarography. The method is shown to be unaffected by the presence of large excesses of chloride, but free chlorine, bromine and iodine, as well as sulphide ion, must be absent. The limit of detection is about 0·05 μg. per ml.
Phorone and isomeric forms
Authors: Craven E. C. , Ward W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhorone, 2,6‐dimethyl‐2,5‐heptadien‐4‐one (I), when prepared by the dehydration of acetone condensation products with mineral acid catalysts, is accompanied by an isomer, purer samples of which were prepared by isomerisation of pure phorone with an acid catalyst and subsequent distillation; by this method scanty but definite evidence of a second isomer was obtained. The isomer obtained by dehydration is shown to be 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,5‐heptadiene‐4‐one (II) and the equilibrium mixture of phorone and isomer (II) at room temperature contains about 7% of isomer (II). Both phorone and isomer (II) can be rearranged to the equilibrium mixture by acid or alkali treatment but are reasonably stable, even to distillation at atmospheric pressure, under neutral conditions. The second isomer found in isomerisation experiments is believed, from spectroscopic and chemical evidence on its mixtures with isomer (II), to be 2,6‐dimethyl‐1,6‐heptadien‐4‐one (III).Attempts to prepare the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone of phorone yielded mixtures. The properties of purified derivatives of phorone, phorone isomer (II) and related ketones are described.
Inhibition by organic compounds of the acid dissolution of mild steel. II. Distribution of quinolines and thioureas at the metal/acid interface
Authors: West J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results of Hoar & Holliday1 are discussed and it is shown that, when the anodic and cathodic polarisation curves in the absence of inhibitor are known, the individual adsorptions at anodes and cathodes may be calculated from the experimental weight losses and shifts in steady corrosion potential when inhibitor is added. An estimate is made of the effective anode area. The results are interpreted as showing that thioureas adsorb generally at the interface whereas quinolines exhibit a 3 : 1 preference for anodic sites.
Equilibrium distribution ratios of diethylamine and triethylamine at low concentrations
Authors: Williams K. C. , Ellis S. R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEquilibrium distribution data at 20° are presented for three ternary liquid systems having aliphatic amines as solutes. For the low range of solute concentrations considered, the distribution ratio for each system varies appreciably. This is shown to be due largely to the effect of partial dissociation of the solute amines in the aqueous phase, and the equilibrium data are correlated successfully from a consideration of this effect.
Preparation and properties of some aminoalkoxysilanes
Authors: Emblem H. G. , Harrison A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation and properties of some tetra‐(aminoalkoxy)silanes are described, and the alcoholysis of tetra‐(2‐aminoethoxy)silane confirmed. Attempts to prepare some mixed alkoxy‐(aminoalkoxy)silanes by partial alcoholysis of tetra‐alkoxysilanes were unsuccessful, because of re‐distribution of the organic groups.
Polymerisation of DEC‐1‐ENE. I. Effect of change of reaction conditions
Authors: van der Want G. M. , Beynon K. I. , Evans T. G. , Milne C. B. , Southern D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe polymerisation of dec‐1‐ene has been studied using catalysts prepared by mixing titanium tetrachloride and triethylaluminium. The properties of the polymers vary with the ratio of the two components used to prepare the catalyst, with the concentration of the catalysts, and with the reaction temperature. When the catalyst is prepared by mixing the components at molar ratios of lower than about 0.8:1, liquid polymers are obtained. At catalyst ratios greater than 1:1, waxy polymers are formed. The difference may arise from a difference in the reaction mechanism which is considered to be predominantly cationic at the lower ratios (< 1:1) and predominantly anionic at the higher ratios (> 1:1). Evidence for this conclusion is discussed. Under the cationic conditions the polymerisation is sensitive to solvent and when benzene is used it is involved chemically in the polymerisation. At high ratios benzene acts as an inert solvent. The properties of the polymers obtained using Ziegler catalysts are compared with those obtained using catalysts based on aluminium chloride.
Potentiometric titration of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. III. Determination of the neutralisation value of road tar
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Buglass G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new method of estimating the content of phenols in road tar, developed from the methods described in Parts I and II, is described. Potentiometric titrations with potassium methoxide have been made on tars from various crude sources. The results are expressed in terms of the ‘neutralisation value’, i.e. the weight of potassium methoxide required to neutralise the phenols in 1 g. of tar.The results are lower than those obtained by the benzoylation method. It is thought that the potentiometric results probably give a more reliable indication of the phenol content of a tar because benzoic anhydride tends to react, not only with phenolic groups in tar, but also with labile hydrogen atoms.
Surface‐active agents in bituminous road materials
Authors: Mathews D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of cationic surfactants to surface dressing and coated materials is discussed and results are given of some recent full‐scale road experiments. It is shown that the application of cationic agents in surface dressing may now be extended successfully to bitumen macadam and other coated materials. The action of cationic agents in bituminous materials is to some extent specific and care is needed in their selection for a particular purpose. This specific action depends partly on the conditions of use and partly on the binder and stone to which the agents are applied.
Potentiometric titration of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. IV. Titration of acids in bitumen
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Brown J. R. , Welch T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods that have been developed for the potentiometric titration of acidic substances in bitumen with potassium methoxide as the titrant are described. The carboxylic acids and other strong acids are determined by titration in a neutral solvent (a mixture of benzene and methanol).Titrations have been carried out with bitumens to which carboxylic acids and pure phenols have been added. These have shown that carboxylic acids and phenols can be accurately determined in the presence of bitumen by the potentiometric technique.
Some polyamides from dicarboxylic acids containing two p‐phenylene groups
Authors: Cummings W. A. W. , Whittaker K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of some novel dicarboxylic acids containing two p‐phenylene groups is described. The acids give polyamides of high molecular weight when condensed with diamines. Some properties of the polyamides with hexamethylenediamine and decamethylenediamine are described.
Titration of carbonate‐bicarbonate leach solutions
Authors: Zangen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe acidimetric titration as generally used in analysis of carbonate/bicarbonate was found to be inaccurate whenever the concentration ratio of carbonate to bicarbonate was very different from unity.The pH at the equivalent point for the carbonate varied over the range 7.8–9.1 as a function of the initial concentrations.These facts limit the usefulness of the acidimetric titration in this case to the determination of total alkalinity. For determination of carbonate and bicarbonate, use can be made of a graph giving iso‐pH curves as a function of carbonate‐bicarbonate concentrations.
One‐step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the fixed bed. II BINARY‐ AND TERNARY‐OXIDE CATALYSTS
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Ganguly N. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe activity of a large number of binary‐ and ternary‐oxide catalyst systems comprising dehydrating and dehydrogenating components has been tested for the conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the fixed bed.Alumina‐zinc oxide (60 : 40) was the best catalyst, and it gave a maximum of 55.8% process yield of ethanol to butadiene at a temperature of 425° and ethanol feed rate of 1.875 ml./h./g. of catalyst.Other promising binary catalysts are alumina‐magnesium oxide (80 : 20), alumina‐ferric oxide or ‐chromium oxide (60 : 40) and zirconia‐ferric oxide (40 : 60). These gave maximum process yields of 47.8, 37.7, 47.2 and 39.7% respectively under optimum conditions.Of 40 different ternary‐oxide catalyst systems tried, only alumina‐chromium oxide‐ferric oxide (80 : 5 : 15) was appreciably active giving 35.7% process yield of butadiene under optimum conditions.In general, the ternary‐ are less active than the binary‐oxide systems.
Ternary systems: Propylene glycol‐ethanol‐hydrocarbons
Authors: Degaleesan T. E. , Laddha G. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn connexion with the study of extraction of alcohols from hydrocarbons with propylene glycol as solvent, liquid‐phase solubility data and ternary extraction equilibria of systems comprising ethanol and propylene glycol with n‐hexane, cyclohexane and benzene were determined at 30°. The equilibrium results indicate that propylene glycol should be useful as a selective solvent for extraction of ethanol from hydrocarbons.
The zero‐charge potential and the adsorption of ions on metals
Authors: Gellings P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been assumed that adsorption of ions on an electrode surface is possible only when the charge of that surface has a sign opposite to that of the ion. This leads, however, to discrepancies between the calculated and experimentally derived zero‐charge potentials.In this paper it will be shown that several extra attractive forces exist. From this it is concluded that adsorption will already begin to take place while the sign of the surface charge is still the same as that of the adsorbed ion.
Oxidation of n‐alkanes by chromic acid
Authors: Moussa G. E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements of the rate of reduction of chromium (vi) trioxide in acetic acid‐anhydride solution by n‐octane, n‐decane, n‐tetradecane and n‐hexadecane show that the initial rate increases with the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon. The values obtained agree approximately with those calculated from the Chambers & Ubbelohde equations.
Kinetics and equilibria of fluorosilicate solutions with special reference to the fluoridation of public water supplies
Authors: Cooke J. R. , Minski Margaret J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe equilibrium set up when sodium fluorosilicate is dissolved in water has been investigated for a range of concentrations and temperatures. Evidence is presented to show that fluorosilicate, in the strength added to public water supplies, is completely dissociated within the temperature range likely to be encountered.
Extraction of uranium (VI) from sulphuric acid solutions by some cyclohexyl‐ and benzyl‐ alkylamines
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partition of uranium (VI) between sulphuric acid solutions and solutions of some cyclohexyl‐and benzyl‐alkylamines in chloroform or benzene has been investigated when the concentrations of sulphuric acid and solvent and temperature were varied. An infra‐red spectral study has also been made of the organic phases obtained.The mechanism of the extraction of uranium is discussed in the light of the results obtained.