bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trichodinid ciliates from fishes of the Rumanian Black Sea coast
Authors: Lom Jiří 
Published: June 2009

Representatives of a total of twenty fish species, most of them marine, from the Black Sea coast in Rumania were investigated. Of these, ten species were found to harbour ectoparasitic trichodinids on their skin and gills. Three of them, Trichodina rectuncinata Raabe, 1959, from Gaidropsis mediterranaeus and Crenilabrus griseus, T. caspialosae (Dogiel, 1940) mihi from Alosa braschnikowi meotica and T. d. f. latispina from Gasterosteus aculeatus, were already known.Three species could be established as new ones: T. puytoraci sp.nov. from Mugil auratus, M. cephalus and M. saliens, T. raabei sp.nov. from Pleuronectes flesus and T. lepsii sp.nov. from M. auratus. They are clearly differentiated from other species.The following trichodinids were provisionally classified as forms (including one new one) of T. domerguei, thus enlarging this most complicated Trichodina species: T. domerguei, cf. latispina from Gobius syrman, T. domerguei f.n. maris-negri from Gaidropsis mediterranaeus, and T. domerguei f. partidisci from Mugil cephalus. Other populations of T. domerguei could not be properly classified because of lack of material.The description of the new species of Tripartiella which have been mentioned in the introduction, will be given in a separate paper.A short survey on marine trichodinids recorded up to the present is given.
On the myiasis of the Indian toadBufo melanostictus
Authors: Dasgupta B. 
Published: June 2009

It was found thatLucilia porphyrinaWalker lays eggs on living toads (Bufo melanostictus). Larvae hatched out of the eggs in about two days and attacked the region of the upper eye-lids of the toads, where a lesion was produced. The parotoid gland was sometimes attacked. The larvae also infested the sites of injuries on the toads.The toads thus attacked soon died and the larvae fed on their dead tissues. Mature larvae came out of the carcass within a few days and entered the soil, where they pupated. The adult fly emerged after about 20 days.
The incidence of helminth parasites in a particular frog population
Authors: Lees E. 
Published: June 2009

1. Frogs were collected from a single area in the West Riding of Yorkshire and examined for adult helminth parasites. The following species were found:Polystoma integerrimum, Gorgoderina vitelliloba, Haplometra cylindracea, Dolichosaccus rastellus, Rhabdias bufonis, Cosmocerca ornata, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Aplectana acuminataandAcanthocephalus ranae.2. The seasonal incidence and intensity of infection was studied by monthly examinations of 2413 frogs over a period of 4 years. The highest incidence of parasitization by helminths occurred in the autumn. In general, when the incidence was high, the intensity of infection was also high.3. The incidence of infection was generally higher in male than in female frogs. This effect of the host's sex was much more marked immediately before the breeding season than at any other time of the year.4. Possible reasons for these variations in levels of infection are discussed.
Studies on the susceptibility of the guinea-pig to infection with Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906
Authors: Dutt S. C. 
Published: June 2009

Studies on the susceptibility of the guinea-pig to infection with Schistosoma spindale Montgomery are reported.Of twenty-two guinea-pigs, examined 33–153 days after exposures to 8000–50,000 cercariae of S. spindale, seventeen furnished conclusive evidence of the development of the female schistosome and two furnished inconclusive evidence. The male S. spindale developed in all the animals.The female schistosomes attained maturity in 48 days or more and laid viable ova which could be detected in the liver, intestinal wall and lungs, but not in faeces.The pathological lesions caused by the parasite consisted of thrombosis in the liver and lungs due to adult worms and pseudotubercles in the liver and nodules in the intestinal wall due to the eggs.The guinea-pig shows varying degrees of individual susceptibility to infection with S. spindale and is an unsuitable host for the parasite, more especially for the female schistosome.
Acladium castellanii Pinoy and the existence of the so-called acladiosis of Castellani
Authors: Butler E. J. 
Published: June 2009

Previous records and descriptions of the fungus known as Acladium castellanii, a human pathogen in the south-east of Asia and Europe and in Brazil, are cited and an account is given of its morphology when studied in culture on organic media.It is concluded that it is closely related to, and perhaps merely a strain of, the widely distributed Sporotrichum schencki, the commonest cause of human and equine sporotrichosis, and that the term acladiosis as denominating a distinct disease should be deleted.
Studies onRhodnius prolixus: growth and development of normal and sterile bugs, and the symbiotic relationship
Authors: Harington J. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. The growth and development of normal and sterile (i.e. symbiont-free)Rhodnius prolixusare compared. The last three instars of sterile bugs weigh less than normal ones. Sterile insects completed the first three stages of their life-histories in less time than normal insects, and at the fourth stage, nutritional deficiencies had profound effects on their further development.2. The sensitivity of theRhodniussymbionts,Nocardia rhodnii,to five antibiotic substances is determined. Terramycin, aureomycin and chloramphenicol are effective inhibitors.3. The symbiotic condition inRhodniusand the related bug,Triatoma infestans,is discussed.
The physiology of the second ecdysis of parasitic nematodes
Authors: Rogers W. P. , Sommerville R. I. 
Published: June 2009

When third-stage trichostrongyle larvae exsheathed, they released an exsheathing fluid which eroded the sheath at the anterior end. This led to the formation of a refractile ring and ultimately to the fracture of the sheath which enabled the larva to escape.Exsheathment was induced by ovine rumen fluid. The exsheathing activity of rumen fluid was impaired by centrifuging, filtering, boiling and aeration, but activity could be restored by the addition of reducing agent. The activity in vitro of either fresh rumen fluid or freeze-dried rumen fluid, after addition of a reducing agent, was comparable with that obtained in vivo.After stimulation, the process of exsheathment continued in the absence of rumen fluid. The ability of rumen fluid to stimulate larvae was dependent upon temperature, hydrogen-ion concentration and oxidation-reduction potential.Exsheathing fluid was present in larvae both before and after exsheathment. Larvae which had been stimulated to exsheath released exsheathing fluid for a brief interval and further release could be obtained only after the stimuli had been temporarily withdrawn.The mechanisms for reception of the stimulus to exsheath and for storing and releasing exsheathing fluid were located in a region between the base of the oesophagus and the excretory pore. The fluid was probably released from the excretory pore.Exsheathing fluid from one species was not necessarily as active against sheaths from other species as against its own. The activity of exsheathing fluid was dependent upon the presence of a heat-stable cofactor of low molecular weight. Activity of the dialysed fluid could be restored by addition of MnCl2 or MgCl2. Values of Q10 for the action of the fluid on the sheath lay between 1·3 and 1·9. Activity was inhibited by Hg2+, Fe3+ and iodoacetic acid.
The problem of Mehlis's gland in helminths with special reference to Penetrocephalus ganapatii (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Hanumantha-Rao K. 
Published: June 2009

1. Mehlis's gland secretion in trematodes and pseudophyllidean cestodes may be a lecithin-like phospholipid.2. After enzymic degradation of the lecithin into lysolecithin the release of egg-shell precursors from the vitelline cells is effected.3. Soon after the completion of the egg-shell the lysolecithin may be reconverted into lecithin in vitelline cells of Penetrocephalus ganapatii, thus accounting for the periodic acid-Schiff positive reaction.
The larval trematodes of certain fresh-water molluscs
Authors: Iles Christine 
Published: June 2009

1. Observations have been made on the life cycles of Cercaria paracauda, Iles, G. tetraglandis, Iles, and C. Apatemon gracilis minor, Yamaguti. The development of the tetracotyle metacercaria of C. tetraglandis has been followed and also that of the metacercaria and adult of A. g. minor. The pathology and distribution of the metacercariae of the last two species within the leech, Erpobdella testacea (Sav.) has been studied.2. It was noted that development of the metacercariae within the same host and resulting from the same infection was not simultaneous and that it was improbable that a 100 % encystment of the metacercariae would occur. Temperature was found to have a marked effect on the length of time required for encystment.3. Data are given on the infectivity and excystation of the metacercariae of A. g. minor and on the biology and morphology of the adult of this subspecies.4. Stress is placed on the importance, in the systematics of the digenetic trematodes, of considering both the morphological and biological characters of the adult and those of the related larval stages.
Field studies on the seasonal incidence of Nematodirus battus and N. filicollis in sheep
Authors: Thomas R. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The seasonal incidence of Nematodirus infection in sheep was followed by faecal egg counts, post-mortem examination and pasture larval studies.2. It was shown that only one generation of adult worms was produced each year and that the life history required a prolonged resting stage on the pasture, which took 12 months to complete.3. The influence of this type of life cycle on the parasitic disease caused by Nematodirus, and on its control, are discussed.
Metastrongylus apri the pig lungworm
Authors: Rose J. H. 
Published: June 2009

Observations out of doors demonstrated that the viability of embryonated eggs in soil was adversely affected by dryness. This was confirmed in laboratory experiments.The resistance of embryonated eggs to temperatures below freezing-point was observed both out of doors and in the laboratory.The rate of development of larvae in the intermediate host was reduced as the temperature fell.The longevity of the infective larvae appeared to be largely determined by the longevity of the earthworm intermediate host, although they were able to survive for a time when separated from the earthworm's tissues.The longevity of eggs and larvae under natural conditions and the persistence of infection on a pasture are discussed.
The mites parasitic in the lungs of birds. The variability of Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence, 1948, in domestic and wild birds
Authors: Fain A. , Hyland K. E. 
Published: June 2009

The mites known to parasitize the lower respiratory tract of birds are discussed and a host list of the various species is given.Sternostoma tracheacolum Lawrence, 1948, is redescribed and the variations in specimens from various hosts and localities are analysed. The synonymy of S. castroae with S. tracheacolum is confirmed and S. meddai and Agapornyssus faini are made new synonyms of S. tracheacolum. The specimens found in canaries vary widely according to the origin of the host. Those from South African and Italian canaries are closely related morphologically and present relatively long chelae, while specimens from Belgian and North American canaries have much smaller chelae. An intermediate form is found in a Brazilian canary. S. tracheacolum is thought to use wild birds as its normal hosts since it has been found repeatedly in birds in North America, as well as in other parts of the world, and because its presence in the trachea and lungs in these birds seems to be much better tolerated than in the canaries. Canaries are thus probably infested secondarily, and it seems that Passer domesticus has served in the transfer of the mites between the two groups. The specimens from wild birds present the same variability as those of the canaries, and one can also distinguish three different groups on the basis of the length of the chela. The origin of these variations is discussed. Geographical or biological isolation of the host probably plays a more important role than the host itself in the production of variation.Hypopi representing probably two species of the genus Falculifer have been found in the air-sacs and lungs of two central African birds. Also Speleognathus poffei, S. striatus and Boydaia sp. have been taken from the lungs or trachea of their hosts in Ruanda-Urundi or U.S.A.Collection of most North American material was carried out under a research grant (G-11035) from the National Science Foundation.The authors wish to thank the following for their co-operation and assistance in this study by making available various collections of Sternostoma tracheacolum: E. W. Baker, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.; G. Owen Evans, British Museum (Natural History), London; D. P. Furman, University of California, Berkeley; S. Grétillat, Laboratoire Central de l'Elevage, Dakar; R. F. Lawrence, Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg; and G. Lombardini, Rome.
Dirofilaria aethiops Webber, 1955, a filarial parasite of monkeys III. The larval development in mosquitoes
Authors: Webber Winfrith A. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. A description is given of the morphological development of the larval stages of Dirofilaria aethiops in the mosquito Aëdes aegypti.2. The first-stage larvae migrate from the stomach to the connective tissue in all parts of the mosquito body, where they pass through the inactive ‘sausage’ stages. At 26° C. and 80% relative humidity the first moult takes place about the twelfth day of development and the second moult about the sixteenth day. The third-stage larvae migrate towards the proboscis where they can be found after 18–20 days.3. The number of microfilariae ingested by the mosquito is approximately equal to the number which would be expected from the numbers in the blood of the monkey and the volume of the blood meal. The death rate of the larvae in the mosquitoes is very high for the first 2 days, but less severe later. Approximately 1% of the ingested microfilariae survive 20 days; at this time two-thirds of the surviving larvae have reached the third stage.4. Comparison of D. aethiops with other filariae shows that first-stage larvae of different species can often be distinguished by the structure of the tail, which is the same as that of the microfilaria. Second-stage larvae are similar to each other in morphology but develop in characteristic sites in the host. Third-stage larvae differ from each other in the cephalic and caudal papillae.
Observations on the structure and the nature of ‘NR bodies’ found in the testes of bed-bug
Authors: Ray H. N. , Dasgupta B. 
Published: June 2009

1. NR bodies show special affinity for neutral red. They are rounded or irregular in outline, measuring 0·25–12·5µ in diameter.2. In fixed preparations NR bodies appear as spherical and vacuolated structures.3. RNA is present in abundance in mature NR bodies, but while DNA is present in variable amount, the Feulgen technique shows that in their very young stage NR bodies are rich in DNA.4. Glycogen is absent from the NR bodies, but Hale's technique provides evidence that the hyaluronic acid type of polysaccharide is present in them.5. By Gomori's modified technique the presence of alkaline phosphatase in the NR body was demonstrated.6. The mature NR bodies multiply by a process of budding. Small buds or spherules rich in DNA infect fresh spermatogonial cells, the latter being converted into the ‘pathological cells’ of Hertig.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz Robert E. 
Published: June 2009

Viktorocara acholonui sp.nov. is described from a babbler, Alcippe brunnea, from Taiwan. It differs from V. charadrii Belopolskaja, 1959, and V. guschanscoi Leonov, 1958, in having a longer pharynx and in shape of tip of left spicule, and from V. tenuis (Maplestone, 1932) in having 6 rather than 10–13 pairs of preanal papillae.Smetaleksenema gen.nov. is proposed for Skrjabinobronema pileati Smetanina et Alekseev, 1968, which becomes Smetaleksenema pileati (Smetanina et Alekseev, 1968), comb.nov. It differs from Ancyracanthopsis Diesing, 1861, in having serrated cephalic processes. The species is redescribed.Ornithostrongylus vetterlingi sp.nov. is described from emerald doves, Chalcophaps indica, from Borneo and Palawan. It differs from all other species in the shape of the gubernaculum and in possessing a striated, common spicule sheath which binds the spicules tightly together.Also reported and briefly discussed are: Viguiera dicrurusi Gupta, 1960; V. buckleyi (Yeh, 1954) Chabaud, 1957; Cyrnea (P.) excisiformis Yamaguti, 1935; C. (P.) leptoptera (Rudolphi, 1819) Chabaud, 1958; C. (C.) eurycerca Seurat, 1914; Physaloptera alata Rudolphi, 1819; Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus (Stevenson, 1904) Travassos, 1914; O. travassosi Maplestone, 1932; Amidostomum skrjabini Boulenger, 1926; and Epomidiostomum anatinum Skrjabin, 1915.We wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 for general assistance in procurement and examination of hosts, and to Mr H. G. Deignan (deceased), U.S. National Museum, for identification of birds.Initial work for this study was supported by funding under Public Law 480, section 104(c), by funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department Work Unit MR 005.20-0098, by contract no. NR 103-690/N 0014-66-C0094, between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy, and the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education, and research grant HE-5-P01-6M-13252-02 from National Institutes of Health, USPHS.Final efforts were sponsored by Department of the Army, contract no. DADA17-68-C-8094.
Sensory basis of activity inAncylostoma tubaeformeinfective larvae
Authors: Croll Neil A. , Al-Hadithi Ismail 
Published: June 2009

Upon stimulation, following a period of ambient conditions, infectiveA. tubaeformelarvae follow a committed characteristic pattern of activity, after being released by short-term mechanical or continuous photic stimulation. For the photic response this is stimulated by an increase in the intensity of stimulation, and for non-dark-adapted larvae a sudden fivefold increase in illumination is required, irrespective of previous stimulation.Acetylcholine chloride, adenosine triphosphate, γ-amino butyric acid, histamine diphosphate, 5-hydroxytryptamine, neostigmine bromide, physostigmine (eserine), potassium hydroxide, succinyl choline chloride andd-tubocurarine chloride have been added to larvae and their subsequent postures and activity recorded. It is concluded that the typical activity pattern of larvae may be altered by the use of drugs which interfere with neuromuscular phenomena, and therefore the activity responses of infectiveA. tubaeformeare based on sensory and neurosecretory rather than energetic considerations.We thank Mrs Helen Foreman for maintaining the larvae and the Medical Research Council of Great Britain for their generous support.
The effect of cortisone acetate treatment on the growth of Hymenolepis microstoma in mice
Authors: Moss G. D. 
Published: June 2009

It has been demonstrated that Hymenolepis microstoma in mice treated with cortisone grow larger than those in control mice.The possibility of this being an immunosuppressive or growth-stimulating effect is discussed since the results from two strains of mice are different.Antibody production is suppressed in the cortisone-treated animals and it is suggested that the circulating antibody normally affects a partial rejection of the worm.I am grateful to Professor C. A. Hopkins and Dr T. S. C. Orr for many helpful comments during the course of this work and especially to Professor C. A. Hopkins for the facilities which he has placed at my disposal. Many thanks also to Miss Gillian Moore and Mr Jack Keys for their expert technical assistance. This work was in part supported by a grant from Fisons Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
Histochemical observations on the tegumentary epithelium and interproglottidal glands of Moniezia expansa (Rud., 1805) (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Howells R. E. , Erasmus D. A. 
Published: June 2009

Regional differences in the tegumentary tissue of Moniezia expansa, as revealed at the light-microscope level by histological and histochemical techniques, are described and evidence for secretory activity by the interproglottidal glands is presented.In very immature proglottides the interproglottidal glands are at the ‘precryptic’ stage. Gland cells may be differentiated from other tegumentary cells by their high RNA content and in certain gland cells the presence of an alcian blue staining material.In mature proglottides the glands consist of rosette-like clusters of cells around crypt-like intuckings of the tegument. Two types of cells are found in the gland, small alcian blue-staining cells which are most numerous in the neck region of the crypt, and larger cells, the predominant gland cells, which do not stain with alcian blue but possess non-specific esterase activity. No other tegumentary cells in Moniezia exhibit this activity. Esterase and phosphatase activity is found in the tegument and crypt of the glands and in the interproglottidal folds.The non-enzyme histochemistry confirms and extends the observations of previous workers.Cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were detected in the tegumentary cells and tegument. Very strong reactions were given in the neck and scolex, with a progressive diminution of activity posteriorly along the strobila. Very low activities were recorded in the tegument of the glands.
Compound sensilla in monogenean skin parasites
Authors: Lyons Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2009

The fine structure of two kinds of compound presumed sense organs from the heads of three skin parasitic monogeneans Gyrodactylus sp. Entobdella soleae (larva only) and Acanthocotyle elegans is described. One kind of compound receptor consists of a number of associated sensilla, each ending in a single cilium (the spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus and the cone sensilla of E. soleae oncomiracidium).The other kind of compound organ is made up of one or a few neurones only, each of which bears many cilia (pit organs of E. soleae oncomiracidium and feeding organ sensilla of Acanthocotyle elegans). The spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus have also been studied using a Cambridge Instrument Co. Stereoscan electron microscope and by phase-contrast microscopy. The ciliary endings of all these sense organs are highly modified and have lost the 9 + 2 structure, being packed with many fibres. The fibre arrangement in the cilia of the cone sensillae of E. soleae oncomiracidium and the feeding organ sensilla of A. elegans has been compared with that in the ciliary endings of other invertebrate mechano- and chemoreceptors. The possibility that the spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus may be chemoreceptors has been discussed but it is considered premature to attempt to assign functions to the other sense organs studied. Electron dense membrane-bound inclusions occurring specifically in the nerves supplying the spike sensilla of Gyrodactylus may be neurosecretory.