bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Turbidity Duration on Culture of Walleye Larvae
Authors: Clayton Richard D , Morris Joseph E , Summerfelt Robert C 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Although turbid water is an essential environmental requirement for intensive larviculture of walleyes Sander vitreus on formulated feed, research has not determined the duration of turbidity required to achieve optimal benefits for survival and growth while reducing cannibalism. We conducted a replicated, single-factor analysis to determine the effect duration of turbidity on these performance indicators at 28 d posthatch (dph). Four treatments, each with three replicate 150-L tanks, involved culture of larvae in turbid water (84–125 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) from 3 dph to 7, 14, 21, or 28 dph. After culture under turbid conditions for the specified period, the fish were then cultured in clear water until 28 dph (i.e., fish in the 28-dph treatment received no clear-water culture). At 28 dph, substantial differences were observed in survival and growth among treatments. Fish survival for the 7- and 14-dph treatments (1% and 2%, respectively) was significantly less than that for the 21- and 28-dph treatments (11% and 14%, respectively). There was a significant difference in total length at 28 dph among the 7-, 14-, and 21-dph treatments but not between the 21- and 28-dph treatments. Fish in the 28-dph treatment were 177% heavier than those in the 14-dph treatment. A shift in phototaxic response at about 20 dph further reduced the need for turbid-water culture to prevent clinging behavior in walleye larvae. Cannibalism (2–5%) was observed in all treatments between 7 and 13 dph but not thereafter. The study substantiates benefits of turbid-water culture for larval walleyes and demonstrates that duration of turbidity should extend through 28 dph to maximize survival and growth but that it is less important for preventing cannibalism after 13 dph and clinging behavior after 20 dph.
Hadrosaurid migration: inferences based on stable isotope comparisons among Late Cretaceous dinosaur localities
Authors: Fricke Henry C. , Rogers Raymond R. , Gates Terry A. 
Published: April 2009

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios were measured for carbonate in samples of hadrosaurid tooth enamel and dentine, and gar scale ganoine and dentine from five geologically “contemporaneous“ (two-million-year resolution) and geographically distant late Campanian formations (Two Medicine, Dinosaur Park, Judith River, Kaiparowits, and Fruitland) in the Western Interior Basin. In all cases, isotopic offsets were observed between enamel and dentine from the same teeth, with dentine being characterized by higher and more variable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. Isotopic offsets were also observed between gar ganoine and hadrosaur enamel in all sites analyzed. Both of these observations indicate that diagenetic overprinting of enamel isotope ratios did not entirely obfuscate primary signals. Decreases in carbon and oxygen isotope ratios were observed in hadrosaur enamel from east to west, and overlap in isotope ratios occurred only between two of the sampled sites (Dinosaur Park and Judith River Formations).The lack of isotopic overlap for enamel among localities could be due to diagenetic resetting of isotope ratios such that they reflect local groundwater effects rather than primary biogenic inputs. However, the large range in carbon isotope ratios, the consistent taxonomic offsets for enamel/ganoine data, and comparisons of enamel-dentine data from the same teeth all suggest that diagenesis is not the lone driver of the signal. In the absence of major alteration, the mostly likely explanation for the isotopic patterns observed is that hadrosaurids from the targeted formations were eating plants and drinking waters with distinct isotopic ratios. One implication of this reconstruction is that hadrosaurids in the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior did not migrate to an extent that would obscure local isotopic signatures.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation within Mine Wastes of Ultramafic-Hosted Ore Deposits: Examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile Deposits, Canada
Authors: Wilson Sasha , Dipple Gregory M. , Power Ian M. , Thom James M. , Anderson Robert G. , Raudsepp Mati , Gabites Janet E. , Southam Gordon 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is sequestered through the weathering and subsequent mineralization of the chrysotile mine tailings at Clinton Creek, Yukon Territory, and Cassiar, British Columbia, Canada. Accelerated weathering is attributed to a dramatic increase in surface area, which occurs during the milling of ore. We provide a detailed account of the natural process of carbon trapping and storage as it occurs at Clinton Creek and Cassiar, including mineralogy, modes of occurrence, methods of formation for carbonate alteration, light stable isotope geochemistry, and radiocarbon analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction data were used to identify weathering products as the hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals nesquehonite [MgCO3·3H2O], dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4 (OH)2·5H2O], hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O], and less commonly lansfordite [MgCO3·5H2O]. Textural relationships suggest that carbonate precipitates formed in situ after milling and deposition of tailings. Samples of efflorescent nesquehonite are characterized by δ13C values between 6.52 and 14.36 per mil, δ18O values between 20.93 and 26.62 per mil, and F14C values (fraction of modern carbon) between 1.072 and 1.114, values which are consistent with temperature-dependent fractionation of modern atmospheric CO2 during mineralization. Samples of dypingite ± hydromagnesite collected from within 0.2 m of the tailings surface give δ13C values between −1.51 and +10.02 per mil, δ18O values between +17.53 and +28.40 per mil, and F14C values between 1.026 and 1.146, which suggests precipitation from modern atmospheric CO2 in a soil-like environment. Field observations and isotopic data suggest that hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals formed in two environments. Nesquehonite formed in an evaporative environment on the surface of tailings piles, and dypingite and hydromagnesite formed in the subsurface environment with characteristics similar to soil carbonate. In both cases, these minerals have been trapping and storing the greenhouse gas, CO2, directly from the atmosphere. Combined use of δ13C, δ18O, and F14C data has been applied effectively as a tool for verifying and monitoring sequestration of atmospheric CO2 within mine tailings. A number of other deposit types produce tailings suitable for CO2 sequestration, including Cu-Ni-PGE deposits, diamondiferous kimberlite pipes, and podiform chromite deposits. Our results suggest that conversion of about 10 wt percent of tailings to carbonate minerals could offset the greenhouse gas emissions from many ultramafic-hosted mining operations.
A Critical Review for Proper Use of Water/Oil/Gas Transfer Functions in Dual-Porosity Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Part I
Authors: Ramirez B. , Kazemi H. , Al-Kobaisi M. , Ozkan E. , Atan S. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Accurate calculation of multiphase-fluid transfer between the fracture and matrix in naturally fractured reservoirs is a crucial issue. In this paper, we will present the viability of the use of simple transfer functions to account accurately for fluid exchange resulting from capillary, gravity, and diffusion mass transfer for immiscible flow between fracture and matrix in dual-porosity numerical models. The transfer functions are designed for sugar-cube or match-stick idealizations of matrix blocks.
The study relies on numerical experiments involving fine-grid simulation of oil recovery from a typical matrix block by water or gas in an adjacent fracture. The fine-grid results for water/oil and gas/oil systems were compared with results obtained with transfer functions. In both water and gas injection, the simulations emphasize the interaction of capillary and gravity forces to produce oil, depending on the wettability of the matrix.
In gas injection, the thermodynamic phase equilibrium, aided by gravity/capillary interaction and, to a lesser extent, by molecular diffusion, is a major contributor to interphase mass transfer. For miscible flow, the fracture/matrix mass transfer is less complicated because there are no capillary forces associated with solvent and oil; nevertheless, gravity contrast between solvent in the fracture and oil in the matrix creates convective mass transfer and drainage of oil.
Using the transfer functions presented in this paper, fracture-and matrix-flow calculations can be decoupled and solved sequentially—reducing the complexity of the computation. Furthermore, the transfer-function equations can be used independently to calculate oil recovery from a matrix block.
A New Azimuthal Deep-Reading Resistivity Tool for Geosteering and Advanced Formation Evaluation
Authors: Bittar M. , Klein J. , Beste R. , Hu G. , Wu M. , Pitcher J. , Golla C. , Althoff G. , Sitka M. , Minosyan V. , Paulk M. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Drilling services and oil companies have long been interested in acquiring the capability of landing a well accurately in a hydrocarbon reservoir and remaining in it for optimal drainage. Although traditional logging-while-drilling (LWD) propagation resistivity tools can help to achieve this goal, their overall effectiveness is not satisfactory because they lack azimuthal sensitivity. Ideally, geosteering and advanced formation-evaluation methods, such as anisotropy calculations, require azimuthally sensitive measurements.
This paper discusses a newly developed propagation resistivity tool that is designed to be azimuthally sensitive for use in geosteering and formation evaluation while drilling. It uses the tilted-antenna concept to produce directionally sensitive measurements that are lacking in traditional LWD propagation tools. This paper also discusses the theory and the development of this tool, as well as the experimentation and numerical-modeling data used to characterize its azimuthal capability. Advanced application algorithms used to calculate the horizontal and the vertical resistivity (anisotropy calculation), as well as dipping angle, will be explained in detail. Finally, the paper presents and discusses field examples to demonstrate that this newly developed tool is a two-in-one service: geosteering and advanced formation evaluation.
The azimuthal deep-reading resistivity is shown to bear promise for use in optimization of well trajectory and well placement and in advanced formation evaluation while drilling. This newly developed tool is superior to traditional propagation tools in locating bed boundaries and in keeping the well in the desired pay zone. In addition to providing traditional multiple-depth-of-investigation resistivity measurements, this new tool provides multiple-depth-of-investigation azimuthal resistivity measurements.
Dry Gas Reinjection in a Strong Waterdrive Gas/Condensate Field Increases Condensate Recovery—Case Study: The Sleipner Øst Ty Field, South Viking Graben, Norwegian North Sea
Authors: Eikeland Kjersti M. , Hansen Helga 
Published: April 2009

Summary
The Sleipner Øst Ty field is a strong waterdrive gas/condensate field, with in-place volumes of 59×109Sm3 dry gas and 52×10 Sm unstabilized condensate. The reservoir consists of deepwater turbidite sandstones and associated mudstones, which act as baffles to flow. The reservoir qualities are very good, with high porosity and permeability in the range of 100 to 1,000 md.
The first production in the area began at the Sleipner Øst Ty field in 1993. The initial reservoir pressure of 244 bar (2.44 × 104 kPa) is only a few bar above the dewpoint pressure. Massive dry-gas reinjection started in 1996, and the reservoir pressure increased during the next two years, which caused an increase in the condensate-to-gas ratio. During the injection period, which lasted until 2005, 29× 109Sm3 of dry gas was injected. The main focus during these years was to obtain good vertical and areal sweep of the dry gas in order to vaporize the dropped-out condensate. Chemical gas tracers were injected and analyzed for in the production wells to monitor the movement of the dry gas through the reservoir. This knowledge was used to identify unswept areas, and to change the drainage pattern by conducting well interventions and drilling infill wells.
The injection was stopped primarily because of high probability of trapping gas. Compositional reservoir simulation showed that from 10 to 20% of the injected dry-gas volume could be trapped in the northern region, which has no producers. The risk of not being able to back-produce the injected dry gas was considered high, since the saddle area separating the producers in the south from the injectors in the north was invaded by the aquifer.
The gas cycling program has increased the condensate recovery factor substantially; from the originally planned 50% by pressure depletion, to the current estimated ultimate recovery of 81%. As of July 2007, the condensate recovery factor was 76%.
Estimation of Fracture Porosity of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs With No Matrix Porosity Using Fractal Discrete Fracture Networks
Authors: Kim Tae H. , Schechter David S. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Matrix porosity is relatively easy to measure and estimate compared to fracture porosity. On the other hand, fracture porosity is highly heterogeneous and very difficult to measure and estimate. When matrix porosity of naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) is negligible, it is very important to know fracture porosity to evaluate reservoir performance. Because fracture porosity is highly uncertain, fractal discrete fracture network (FDFN) generation codes were developed to estimate fracture porosity. To reflect scale-dependent characteristics of fracture networks, fractal theories are adopted. FDFN modeling technique enables the systematic use of data obtained from image log and core analysis for estimating fracture porosity. As a result, each fracture has its own fracture aperture distribution, so that generated FDFN are similar to actual fracture systems. The results of this research will contribute to properly evaluating the fracture porosity of NFRs where matrix porosity is negligible.
Long-term effects of iopamidol as a contrast medium for computed tomography in Cloudy Catsharks Scyliorhinus torazame
Authors: Ito Takaomi , Furuya Masaru , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Yoshii Yusuke , Murata Mikito , Sasai Kazumi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective
The use of computed tomography (CT) in aquarium animals, including elasmobranchs, has increased dramatically. To take advantage of CT, contrast medium is used to enhance internal organs and provide contrast since elasmobranchs lack visceral fat. In this study, the contrast effects of iopamidol were examined for up to 260 days after intravenous administration to establish the time course of the CT values for the target organs in eight mature Cloudy Catsharks Scyliorhinus torazame.

Methods
A micro-CT system was used to measure the CT values of the designated region of interest in the target organs (ventricular cavity, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, ovarian follicles, uterine horn cavity) over time and the eggs laid, following administration of iopamidol (700 mg of iodine/kg).

Result
The CT values of the ventricular cavity and kidneys peaked at 30 min and showed low values after day 22. The CT values for the liver increased over time and peaked at day 200, whereas values for the gallbladder and ovarian follicles peaked on day 6, with the gallbladder showing a low value and the ovarian follicles still showing a high value on day 260. Computed tomography images with identifiable enhancement within bilateral uterine horns were followed from days 1 to 35. The mean and maximum CT values of yolk and jelly in eggs laid after day 30 were significantly higher than the values for eggs laid up to day 29; embryonic development was confirmed in 88.7% of the eggs.

Conclusion
There was no mortality or morbidity of the sharks during the experiment, indicating that the administration of iopamidol at 700 mg of iodine/kg did not result in any adverse effects for 260 days. This is the first study to describe the long-term contrast effects of iopamidol, thus contributing new information about the application of contrast studies in Cloudy Catsharks.
Abstract
Impact statement In elasmobranchs, which include species facing extinction, there is limited knowledge on diagnostic imaging of computed tomography (CT). Soft tissue organs require intravascular administration of a contrast medium for CT imaging, yet data on the contrast effects and duration have been unknown. In this study, conducting CT scans on a Cloudy Catshark over 260 days after contrast medium administration yielded practical new insights into the diagnostic imaging for elasmobranchs.
Breast density quantification in dual‐energy mammography using virtual anthropomorphic phantoms
Authors: Pacheco Gustavo , Castillo‐Lopez Jorge Patricio , Villaseñor‐Navarro Yolanda , Brandan María‐Ester 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPurposeBreast density is a significant risk factor for breast cancer and can impact the sensitivity of screening mammography. Area‐based breast density measurements may not provide an accurate representation of the tissue distribution, therefore volumetric breast density (VBD) measurements are preferred. Dual‐energy mammography enables volumetric measurements without additional assumptions about breast shape. In this work we evaluated the performance of a dual‐energy decomposition technique for determining VBD by applying it to virtual anthropomorphic phantoms.MethodsThe dual‐energy decomposition formalism was used to quantify VBD on simulated dual‐energy images of anthropomorphic virtual phantoms with known tissue distributions. We simulated 150 phantoms with volumes ranging from 50 to 709 mL and VBD ranging from 15% to 60%. Using these results, we validated a correction for the presence of skin and assessed the method's intrinsic bias and variability. As a proof of concept, the method was applied to 14 sets of clinical dual‐energy images, and the resulting breast densities were compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements.ResultsVirtual phantom VBD measurements exhibited a strong correlation (Pearson's ) with nominal values. The proposed skin correction eliminated the variability due to breast size and reduced the bias in VBD to a constant value of −2%. Disagreement between clinical VBD measurements using MRI and dual‐energy mammography was under 10%, and the difference in the distributions was statistically non‐significant. VBD measurements in both modalities had a moderate correlation (Spearman's = 0.68).ConclusionsOur results in virtual phantoms indicate that the material decomposition method can produce accurate VBD measurements if the presence of a third material (skin) is considered. The results from our proof of concept showed agreement between MRI and dual‐energy mammography VBD. Assessment of VBD using dual‐energy images could provide complementary information in dual‐energy mammography and tomosynthesis examinations.
Fabrication of Size‐Coded Amphiphilic Particles with a Configurable 3D‐Printed Microfluidic Device for the Formation of Particle‐Templated Droplets
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Usman , Sahin Mehmet Akif , Werner Helen , Destgeer Ghulam 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCompartmentalizing an aqueous media into numerous nanoliter‐scale droplets has substantially improved the performance of amplification assays. Particle‐templated droplets or dropicles offer a user‐friendly workflow for creating uniform volume compartments upon simple mixing of reagents and particles using common laboratory apparatus. Amphiphilic shape‐coded particles are demonstrated to spontaneously hold aqueous droplets within hydrophilic cavities for multiplexed diagnostic assays. Here, a configurable 3D‐printed microfluidic device is proposed for the tunable fabrication of amphiphilic size‐coded particles. The device is configured with multiple outlet tubings of different diameters and photomasks of variable slit lengths to fabricate a wide range of size‐coded particles. a range of unique particle codes are fabricated using a single reconfigurable device. The cross‐sectional profile of the particles is further engineered by tuning the flow rate ratios of precursor streams to vary the inner and outer diameters of the particles and the thicknesses of the inner hydrophilic and outer hydrophobic layers. A range of cavity diameters and particle lengths enabled dropicle volumes of ≈1 nL to ≈30 nL. The fabricated particles are characterized by their ability to hold uniform droplet volumes and to orient themselves facing upward or sideways in a well plate based on their aspect ratios.
Solar Steam Generator with Divergent Microchannels for Highly Efficient and Salt‐Resistant Brine Evaporation
Authors: Choi Jihun , Jeon Sangmin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA novel solar steam generator featuring divergent microchannels (SSG‐DM) is developed via directional freezing of a polypyrrole (PPy)–cellulose nanofiber (CNF) suspension in an inverted frustum mold. Contrary to the conventional 3D SSGs characterized by random micropores (SSG‐RM), SSGs incorporating vertical microchannels (SSG‐VM), fabricated through directional freezing procedure, demonstrate increased evaporation performance due to enhanced water transport to the top surface. However, SSG‐VM manifests a limitation in the form of reduced salt resistance on its side surfaces where water transport is restricted. This issue is addressed by directional freezing of a PPy–CNF suspension in an inverted frustum mold, followed by freeze‐thawing gelation in an AlCl3 solution. The fabricated SSG features divergent microchannels that spanned from the bottom surface to the top and side surfaces, with a gradual increase in diameter. The evaporation rate of SSG‐DM is recorded at 2.42 kg m−2h−1 under 1‐sun illumination; this rate further increases to 15.73 kg m−2h−1 in the presence of a 4 m s−1 wind. Notably, SSG‐DM demonstrates excellent salt resistance in highly saline brine (10 wt%) under windy conditions (4 m s−1), whereas SSG‐RM and SSG‐VM are ineffective under the same conditions.
Safety Through Visibility: Tracing Hydrogen in Colors with Highly Customizable and Flexibly Applicable Supraparticle Additives
Authors: Reichstein Jakob , Groppe Philipp , Stockinger Nina , Cuadrado Collados Carlos , Thommes Matthias , Wintzheimer Susanne , Mandel Karl 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe flammability of H2‐air mixtures demands timely detection and precise localization of H2 leakages to ensure safety and targeted maintenance measures in the anticipated hydrogen economy. Herein, H2 indicator supraparticles (SPs) are demonstrated that meet this demand by making H2 visible to the naked eye by a rapid (ir)reversible color change. Their toolbox‐like manufacturing from SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), Pt NPs, and indicator dye molecules via spray‐drying allows for engineering their structure, texture, and detection performance by systematically tuning their composition. It is demonstrated that decreasing the SiO2 NP size, increasing the Pt NP concentration, and adjusting the amount of dye molecules improve the SPs’ response times. This opens up the option for multidimensional customization of their detection performance. Furthermore, the toolbox of H2 indicator SPs containing the established resazurin system is expanded to other indicator dyes, which makes a color change and reversibility of choice feasible. H2 indicator SPs meet many of the target characteristics for H2 detectors, e.g., low limit of detection, cycle stability, and high selectivity. Moreover, the SPs’ particulate nature allows for their flexible application as an additive, e.g., in coatings or clothing, which enables the detection and localization of H2 leakages in relevant application scenarios.