bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sterols and carboxylic acid‐5‐hydroxytrypt‐amides in selected tree nuts
Authors: Speer Karl , Zahm Alexander 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDue to their high lipid content, tree nuts are energy‐dense foods. However, they are also sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can affect the cardiovascular health in a positive way. Furthermore, tree nuts contain useful levels of plant sterols and their esters. The share of the esterified form ranges from 30% to 70%. Plant sterols are known to reduce serum cholesterol levels. The least known part of the lipid fraction in tree nuts is the group the carboxylic acid‐5‐hydroxytryptamides. They are suspected of causing stomach irritation, but also interfere with pain sensation. The C‐5‐HT level in tree nuts varies. Walnuts, hazelnuts, and almonds contain less than 10 mg/kg, but Brazil nuts show C‐5‐HT amounts of up to 1000 mg/kg. Therefore, tree nuts can contribute significantly to the daily intake of C‐5‐HTs. In all of the nuts analyzed, the fatty acid profiles of the TAGs and the sterol esters were similar, containing mainly oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid. In contrast, the C‐5‐HTs generally consisted of saturated long‐chain fatty acids.
Milestones in clinical neurophysiology
Authors: Hallett Mark , Rothwell John 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOver the last 25 years, clinical neurophysiology has made many advances in the understanding, diagnosis, and even treatment of different movement disorders. Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been the biggest technical advance. Progress in pathophysiology includes improved knowledge about bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease, loss of inhibition and increased plasticity in dystonia, abnormal startle in hyperekplexia, and various features of psychogenic movement disorders that can aid diagnosis. Studies have been done looking at the use of noninvasive brain stimulation for therapy, but effects are generally small. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in tremor research
Authors: Elble Rodger , Deuschl Günther 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTremor is one of the most frequent movement disorders and covers a wide spectrum of entities summarized in the 1998 consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society. Essential tremor and Parkinson tremor are most common and are also the most thoroughly studied. Major progress has occurred in the clinical semiology, neuroimaging, epidemiology, and pathophysiology of tremors. Pathology and genetic research are rapidly growing fields of study. Recently described tremor entities include orthostatic tremor, dystonic tremor, cortical tremor, and thalamic tremor. Treatment research methodology has improved substantially, but few double‐blind controlled trials have been published. Deep brain stimulation is the most effective treatment for most tremors but is reserved for advanced cases. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in Parkinson's disease—Clinical and pathologic features
Authors: Halliday Glenda , Lees Andrew , Stern Matthew 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe identification of the widespread deposition of fibrillized α‐synuclein in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease in 1997 has had a profound impact on how the disease is now conceptualized. The previous focus on the loss of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system, the concept of subcortical dementia, and the idea that Parkinson's disease was dominated by motor impairment have all given way to research assessing more diverse brain regions, clinical symptoms, and phenotypes. It is now recognized that Parkinson's disease is more than just a loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in association with Lewy bodies. There are now several theories on how the disease develops and progresses currently being validated in a variety of studies, although many of these theories have yet to incorporate the phenotypic clinical and pathological changes associated with age. A particularly exciting new area of research involves the cell‐to‐cell transmission of pathogenic proteins. The recent consensus definition of Parkinson's disease dementia will allow its pathologic substrates to be determined. These advances have progressed to a stage where the preclinical stages of Parkinson's disease and its specific signs and symptoms are being predicted and tested clinically. Such strategies herald a future wave of preventive strategies for Parkinson's disease and its clinical symptoms. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in Huntington disease
Authors: Shoulson Ira , Young Anne B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThere have been extraordinary advances in our knowledge of the underlying gene, the protein it encodes, various models of disease, and potential targets for effective therapies for Huntington disease. Huntington disease research has increased exponentially in the past 25 years, and we now understand many of the molecular mechanisms underlying the disease. Still, more work needs to be done before we have a full understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Clinical research on biomarkers and clinical trials on potential neuroprotective agents are underway. Here we review our progress in these areas over the last 25 years and speculate on what the next 25 years may hold. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
A tale on animal models of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bezard Erwan , Przedborski Serge 
Published: June 2011

AbstractParkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder whose cardinal manifestations are due primarily to a profound deficit in brain dopamine. Since the 1980s, several therapeutic strategies have been discovered to treat the symptoms of this neurological disorder, but as of yet, none halts or retards the neurodegenerative process. In an attempt to shed light on the neurobiology of Parkinson's disease, a number of experimental models have been developed, especially during the last 25 years. They come essentially in 3 flavors: pharmacological (eg, reserpine), toxic (eg, 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine), and genetic (eg, transgenic synuclein mice). These models can also be recast as etiologic, pathogenic, and symptomatic/pathophysiologic, as each may contribute to our understanding of the cause, the mechanisms, and the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will discuss the question of Parkinson's disease models, starting from the period when this journal was born to today. During this journey of 25 years, we will discuss both the significant contributions of the Parkinson's disease models and hurdles that remain to be overcome to one day cure this neurological disease. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Milestones in Parkinson's disease therapeutics
Authors: Rascol Olivier , Lozano Andres , Stern Matthew , Poewe Werner 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the mid‐1980s, the treatment of Parkinson's disease was quite exclusively centered on dopatherapy and was focusing on dopamine systems and motor symptoms. A few dopamine agonists and a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor (selegiline) were used as adjuncts in advanced Parkinson's disease. In the early 2010s, levodopa remains the gold standard. New insights into the organization of the basal ganglia paved the way for deep brain stimulation, especially of the subthalamic nucleus, providing spectacular improvement of drug‐refractory levodopa‐induced motor complications. Novel dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole, rotigotine), catecholmethyltransferase inhibitors (entacapone), and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors (rasagiline) have also been developed to provide more continuous oral delivery of dopaminergic stimulation in order to improve motor outcomes. Using dopamine agonists early, before levodopa, proved to delay the onset of dyskinesia, although this is achieved at the price of potentially disabling daytime somnolence or impulse control disorders. The demonstration of an antidyskinetic effect of the glutamate antagonist amantadine opened the door for novel nondopaminergic approaches of Parkinson's disease therapy. More recently, nonmotor symptoms (depression, dementia, and psychosis) have been the focus of the first randomized controlled trials in this field. Despite therapeutic advances, Parkinson's disease continues to be a relentlessly progressive disorder leading to severe disability. Neuroprotective interventions able to modify the progression of Parkinson's disease have stood out as a failed therapeutic goal over the last 2 decades, despite potentially encouraging results with compounds like rasagiline. Newer molecular targets, new animal models, novel clinical trial designs, and biomarkers to assess disease modification have created hope for future therapeutic interventions. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Why do covariates defined by International Classification of Diseases codes fail to remove confounding in pharmacoepidemiologic studies among seniors?
Authors: Jackson Michael L. , Nelson Jennifer C. , Jackson Lisa A. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeThe common practice of using administrative diagnosis codes as the sole source of data on potential confounders in pharmacoepidemiologic studies has been shown to leave substantial residual confounding. We explored reasons why adjustment for comorbid illness defined from International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes fails to remove confounding.MethodsWe used data from a case‐control study among immunocompetent seniors enrolled in Group Health to estimate bias in the estimated association between receipt of influenza vaccine and the risk of community‐acquired pneumonia during non‐influenza control periods and to estimate the effects of adjusting for comorbid illnesses defined from either ICD codes or the medical record. We also estimated the accuracy of ICD codes for identifying comorbid illnesses compared with the gold standard of medical record review.ResultsSensitivity of ICD codes for illnesses recorded in the medical record ranged from 59 to 97% (median, 76%). Strong confounding was present in the vaccine/pneumonia association, as evidenced by the non‐null odds ratio of 0.60 (95% confidence interval, 0.38–0.95) during this control period. Adjusting for the presence/absence of comorbid illnesses defined from either medical record review (odds ratio, 0.73) or from ICD codes (odds ratio, 0.68) left considerable residual confounding.ConclusionsICD codes may fail to control for confounding because they often lack sensitivity for detecting comorbid illnesses and because measures of the presence/absence of comorbid illnesses may be insufficient to remove confounding. These findings call for caution in the use of ICD codes to control for confounding. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemotherapy and information‐seeking behaviour: characteristics of patients using mass‐media information sources
Authors: Muusses Linda D. , van Weert Julia C.M. , van Dulmen Sandra , Jansen Jesse 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveFulfilling patients' information needs can help them cope with illness and improve their well‐being. Little research has been conducted on the characteristics of patients using different information sources. This study aims to get insight into which information sources patients receiving chemotherapy for the first time use and which factors (background characteristics, psychological factors, information needs and source reliability) explain the use of different mass‐media information sources.MethodsThree hundred forty‐five patients receiving chemotherapy in ten hospitals in the Netherlands completed a questionnaire. Use of 16 sources (mass‐media and interpersonal) was measured with a five‐point Likert scale. Regression analyses were conducted to test whether use of the three most frequently used mass‐media sources could be explained by socio‐demographic, medical and psychological factors, unfulfilled information needs and perceived reliability of the source.ResultsTreatment guide, brochures and Internet were the most frequently used mass‐media sources. Medical specialists, nurses, and family and/or friends were the most common interpersonal sources. Using the treatment guide was found to be associated with treatment goal, unfulfilled information needs and source reliability. Using brochures was associated with cancer‐related stress responses, coping style and source reliability. Using Internet was associated with age, education, coping style and source reliability.ConclusionsThis study developed a model to explain the use of mass‐media information sources by patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. The use of different information sources is associated with different factors, indicating that each source offers specific opportunities to tailor information to the patient's needs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of a disease screener by hierarchical all‐subset selection using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves
Authors: Wang Yuanjia , Chen Huaihou , Schwartz Theresa , Duan Naihua , Parcesepe Angela , Lewis‐Fernández Roberto 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn many clinical settings, a commonly encountered problem is to assess the accuracy of a screening test for early detection of a disease. In this article, we develop hierarchical all‐subset variable selection methods to assess and improve a psychosis screening test designed to detect psychotic patients in primary care clinics. We select items from an existing screener to achieve best prediction accuracy based on a gold standard psychosis status diagnosis. The existing screener has a hierarchical structure: the questions fall into five domains, and there is a root question followed by several stem questions in each domain. The statistical question lies in how to implement the hierarchical structure in the screening items when performing variable selection such that when a stem question is selected in the screener, its root question should also be selected. We develop an all‐subset variable selection procedure that takes into account the hierarchical structure in a questionnaire. By enforcing a hierarchical rule, we reduce the dimensionality of the search space, thereby allowing for fast all‐subset selection, which is usually computationally prohibitive. To focus on prediction performance of a selected model, we use area under the ROC curve as the criterion to rank all admissible models. We compare the procedure to a logistic regression‐based approach and a stepwise regression that ignores the hierarchical structure. We use the procedure to construct a psychosis screening test to be used at a primary care clinic that will optimally screen low‐income, Latino psychotic patients for further specialty referral. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Debating controversies in the management of locally advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Payne Heather A. , O'Sullivan Joe M. , Troup Janis 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe 7th Annual Meeting of the British Uro‐oncology Group in Birmingham highlighted many controversial areas in the management of urological malignancies. The authors summarise a lively debate on the optimal management for men diagnosed with locally advanced prostate cancer. They highlight areas of controversy and discuss the progress that has been made in the past decade to improve both survival and quality of life for men with this disease. In the next issue, they will cover controversies in the management of advanced prostate cancer. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
Endoscopic ultrasonographic study of autoimmune pancreatitis and the effect of steroid therapy
Authors: Okabe Yoshinobu , Ishida Yusuke , Kaji Ryohei , Sugiyama Gen , Yasumoto Makiko , Naito Yoshiki , Toyonaga Atsushi , Tsuruta Osamu , Sata Michio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundRecently, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has been used for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP); however, EUS diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) varies among different researchers. We investigated EUS findings in AIP and retrospectively analyzed them before and after steroid therapy.Patients and methodsThe subjects were 32 patients with AIP and the EUS images of the pancreatic parenchyma were evaluated with reference to the Sahai criteria. Patients' background factors detected by EUS were analyzed statistically. Peroral steroid was given to 23 of the 32 patients. EUS was also performed 2 weeks after the initiation of therapy in 14 of the 23 patients, and the changes in EUS were investigated. Microscope images were compared with EUS images in one patient who underwent surgical resection.ResultsEUS results included hyperechoic strands in 26 (81.3%) and lobularity in 17 (53.1%) patients. The patients' background factors included the presence of splenic and/or portal vein occlusion or narrowing around the pancreas in patients who had neither hyperechoic strands nor lobularity (p = 0.002,p = 0.004). The numbers of EUS findings before versus after steroid therapy were 11 versus 5 for hyperechoic strands and 7 versus 2 for lobularity. Microscope images showed the coexistence of relatively well‐maintained lobular structures of pancreatic acini and almost complete loss of such structures.ConclusionEUS findings in AIP were similar to those in early‐stage CP, and hyperechoic strands and lobularity seem to suggest a condition under which the histology of lobular structures of the pancreatic acini is relatively well‐maintained. EUS results had improved within about 2 weeks of steroid therapy.
Aggregation, Counter Ion Binding and Adsorption Behaviors of Cetylpyridinium Chloride in Water/Glycerol Media at 25 °C
Authors: Mukhim Teiborlang , Ismail Kochi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) in water/glycerol media and in the presence of sodium chloride were determined at 25 °C by surface tension and conductance methods. Variation in CMC follows the normal trend, i.e., it increases with increases in glycerol content and decreases on adding NaCl. Empirical analysis of the exponential increase in CMC of CPC with weight per cent of glycerol is indicative of CMC having two components; one component being dependent while the other independent of the glycerol amount. The counter ion binding constant was determined from both slope–ratio and Corrin‐Harkins methods and showed no dependence on glycerol amount, thus confirming the unusual trend in the behavior of β in water/glycerol media. In a water/glycerol medium, the ratio of solvent surface tension to limiting surface tension at CMC is also independent of the glycerol amount, whereas the Gordon Parameter decreases with increasing glycerol content as in other aqueous organic solvents. The air–solution interface becomes saturated by the adsorption of CPC when the concentration of added NaCl is about 0.02 mol kg−1 irrespective of the glycerol amount.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ricinoleamide‐Based Polyurethane
Authors: Kashif Mohammad , Sharmin Eram , Zafar Fahmina , Ahmad Sharif 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRicinus communis (RC) oil‐based materials are currently receiving increasing attention because of economic and environmental concerns. In the present work, RC oil—a natural triol has been utilized for the development of an advanced polymeric material—poly(urethane‐ricinoleamide) (PUR) through very simple synthesis and curing strategy, omitting derivatization steps or side reactions, chain extenders and crosslinkers. The synthesis of PUR was carried out in two steps. The first step is the introduction of an amide group in the RC oil (89.5% ricinoleic acid) via base catalyzed amidation, which results in N, N‐bis (2‐hydroxyethyl) ricinoleamide (HERA). The second step is urethanation of HERA by the reaction of toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) in minimal possible organic solvent by one‐shot technique, which results in the formation of polyurethane along with amide linkages. The physico‐chemical and spectral studies (FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR techniques) confirm these two reactions and the structure of PUR. The resin was cured at ambient temperature without any cross linker. Solubility of the resin was investigated in different polar and non‐polar solvents. Thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermal analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to determine the thermal stability and curing behavior of PUR. An ambient cured ricinoleamide modified polyurethane resin exhibited thermal resistance up to 200–220 °C.
Effect of Origanum vulgare L. Essential Oil on Growth and Lipid Profile of Yarrowia lipolytica Cultivated on Glycerol‐Based Media
Authors: Chatzifragkou Afroditi , Petrou Ioanna , Gardeli Chryssavgi , Komaitis Michael , Papanikolaou Seraphim 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAim of the present study was to identify the chemical composition of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil and to investigate its effect on the biochemical behavior of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Twenty‐three compounds were identified by GC–MS analysis, representing the 92.3% (w/w) of the total essential oil of the plant. Carvacrol (56.3%) and thymol (16.4%) were the major components. Additionally, shake‐flask cultivations of Y. lipolytica were performed, with various essential oil additions (0.05–2 mL/L of medium) on glycerol‐based media. Growth was affected even at low concentrations (0.05 mL/L), while in higher essential oil concentrations, strong inhibition phenomena were observed. A tolerance‐threshold concentration for the strain was hence established at 0.15 mL/L of oil. Furthermore, the presence of the essential oil in the culture medium resulted in changes in the composition of the intra‐cellular lipids of the yeast. Specifically, oil addition to nitrogen‐limited cultures to a level >0.15 mL/L caused a substantial increase in the percentage of saturated fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0) in the lipid composition of the yeast Y. lipolytica.
Alcohol‐induced neuronal death in central extended amygdala and pyriform cortex during the postnatal period of the rat
Authors: Balaszczuk V. , Bender C. , Pereno G.L. , Beltramino C.A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy may cause a neurotoxic syndrome defined as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in their offspring. This disorder is characterized by reduction in brain size, cognitive deficits and emotional/social disturbances. These alterations are thought to be caused by an alcohol‐induced increase in apoptosis during neurodevelopment. Little is known about neuroapoptosis in the central extended amygdala and the pyriform cortex, which are key structures in emotional/social behaviors. The goal of this study was to determine the vulnerability of neuroapoptotic alcohol effects in those areas. Rats were administered alcohol (2.5 g/kg s.c. at 0 and 2 h) or saline on postnatal day (PND) 7, 15 and 20. The Amino‐cupric‐silver technique was used to evaluate neurodegeneration and immunohistochemistry to detect activated caspases 3–8 and 9 at 2 h, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after drug administration. We measured blood alcohol levels each hour, from 2 to 8 h post second administration of alcohol in each of the ages studied. Results showed alcohol induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the central extended amygdala on PND 7 and 15, and pyriform cortex on PND 7, 15 and 20. These structures showed activation of caspase 3 and 9 but not of caspase 8 suggesting that alcohol‐induced apoptosis could occur by the intrinsic pathway. The pharmacokinetic differences between ages did not associate with the neurodegeneration age dependence. In conclusion, these limbic areas are damaged by alcohol, and each one has their own window of vulnerability during the postnatal period. The possible implications in emotional/social features in FASD are discussed.