bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as a pancreatic mass by computed tomography scan and mimicking a primary neuroendocrine tumor: A potential pitfall in aspiration cytology
Authors: Fitzhugh Valerie A. , Kim Stacey A. , Borcich Anthony , Zhu Hongfa , Wu Maoxin , Szporn Arnold H. , Chen Hua 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant neoplasm, often presenting at late stage and portending a poor prognosis for the patient. The peripancreatic fat is a rare site of extrahepatic metastasis, and metastatic HCC can mimic primary pancreatic neoplasms, even in this location. It is crucial to be aware of this pitfall in the evaluation of aspiration cytology of pancreatic neoplasms and to develop a strategy to reach the correct diagnosis. We present an endoscopic ultrasound fine‐needle aspiration diagnosis of metastatic HCC presenting as a pancreatic mass radiologically that had neuroendocrine features on various cytological and histological preparations. The metastatic lesions were located surgically in the peripancreatic adipose tissue with involvement of one peripancreatic lymph node. This case illustrates the utility of FNA for diagnosing uncommon presentations of HCC and the importance of clinical history, cell block, and an immunocytochemical panel in determining the origin of the tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma variants
Authors: Chute Deborah J. , Stelow Edward B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe most common diagnosis rendered with head and neck fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While most cases of metastatic SCC pose little diagnostic difficulty, the diagnosis of metastatic histologic variants of SCC, often coupled with less common etiologies, can be more problematic. This manuscript reviews the clinicopathologic features of the histologic variants of upper aerodigestive tract SCC (verrucous, papillary, spindle cell, undifferentiated, acantholytic, and basaloid) and uncommon etiologies of head and neck SCC (human papillomavirus, Epstein‐Barr Virus, and NUT midline carcinomas). Particular attention is paid to the cytologic features of these lesions. Differential diagnoses and the use of ancillary testing are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathological diagnosis of adult retinoblastoma in a vitrectomy specimen
Authors: Orellana Maria E. , Brimo Fadi , Auger Manon , Galic John , Deschenes Jean , Burnier Miguel N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRetinoblastoma (RB) is extremely rare in adults. We describe a case of RB diagnosed by cytology in a vitrectomy specimen of a 23‐year‐old patient who presented with diminished visual acuity and retinal detachment in the absence of a clinically‐visible mass. Cytological examination of the vitreous fluid showed clusters of loosely cohesive atypical cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and “salt and pepper” chromatin pattern in a background of normal neuronal retinal cells. Nuclear molding was present as well as numerous apoptotic bodies. The cells were focally positive for epithelial markers and showed strong and diffuse positivity for neuroendocrine markers. Ki‐67 stained 90% of the “atypical cells” nuclei, in contrast to nonneoplastic retinal neuronal cells, which were negative for the marker. A diagnosis of RB was rendered, and subsequently was confirmed in the enucleation specimen. The cytological differential diagnosis is discussed as well as the role that cytology and immunohistochemistry can play in differentiating neoplastic cells from normal retinal cellular elements in vitreous fluid specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orbital sarcoma in HIV positive patient: A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Gupta Nalini , Gupta Pankaj , Sharma Upender , Vashishta Rakesh Kumar , Rajwanshi Arvind 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDiagnosis of a high‐grade sarcoma on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) may not pose any difficulty; however, further sub‐typing is sometimes difficult. The clinical data, investigations, and finer points on cytomorphology may help for proper categorization of the tumor, however, we encountered a case of orbital sarcoma in an Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive patient, in which further sub‐typing was difficult even on histopathology and immunohistochemistry was helpful. The diagnostic difficulties on FNA cytology smears as well as histopathology are highlighted. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What drives cell morphogenesis: A look inside the vertebrate photoreceptor
Authors: Kennedy Breandán , Malicki Jarema 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVision mediating photoreceptor cells are specialized light‐sensitive neurons in the outer layer of the vertebrate retina. The human retina contains approximately 130 million of such photoreceptors, which enable images of the external environment to be captured at high resolution and high sensitivity. Rod and cone photoreceptor subtypes are further specialized for sensing light in low and high illumination, respectively. To enable visual function, these photoreceptors have developed elaborate morphological domains for the detection of light (outer segments), for changing cell shape (inner segments), and for communication with neighboring retinal neurons (synaptic terminals). Furthermore, rod and cone subtypes feature unique morphological variations of these specialized characteristics. Here, we review the major aspects of vertebrate photoreceptor morphology and key genetic mechanisms that drive their formation. These mechanisms are necessary for cell differentiation as well as function. Their defects lead to cell death. Developmental Dynamics 238:2115–2138, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cadherin‐11 controls otolith assembly: Evidence for extracellular cadherin activity
Authors: Clendenon Sherry G. , Shah Bijal , Miller Caroline A. , Schmeisser Glen , Walter Amanda , Gattone Vincent H. , Barald Kate F. , Liu Qin , Marrs James A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCadherin‐11/Cdh11 is expressed through early development and strongly during inner ear development (otic placode and vesicle). Here we show that antisense knockdown of Cdh11 during early zebrafish development interferes with otolith formation. Immunofluorescence labeling showed that Cdh11 expression was concentrated on and within the otolith. Cdh11 was faintly detected at the lateral surface (sites of cell–cell contact) of otic epithelial cells and in the cytoplasm. Strongly labeled Cdh11 containing puncta were detected within the otolymph (the fluid within the otic vesicle) and associated with the otolith surface. BODIPY‐ceramine‐labeled vesicular structures detected in the otolymph were larger and more numerous in Cdh11 knockdown embryos. We present evidence supporting a working model that vesicular structures containing Cdh11 (perhaps containing biomineralization components) are exported from the otic epithelium into the otolymph, adhere to one another and to the surface of the growing otolith, facilitating otolith growth. Developmental Dynamics, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interaction between DC and Plasmodium berghei/chabaudi‐infected erythrocytes in mice involves direct cell‐to‐cell contact, internalization and TLR
Authors: Seixas Elsa , Moura Nunes José F. , Matos Inês , Coutinho António 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEarly interactions between blood‐stage Plasmodium parasites and cells of the innate immune system are very important in shaping the adaptive immune response to malaria, and a number of studies have suggested that DC are responsible for this phenomenon. Therefore, we examined the capacity of murine BM‐derived DC to internalize parasites, be activated and produce cytokines upon in vitro interaction with murine erythrocytes infected with two different strains of rodent malaria parasites (Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi). We show that the increased expression of MHC class II and co‐stimulatory molecules and increased production of cytokines by DC following Plasmodium infection involves internalization of infected RBC. Such DC activation not only requires direct cell‐to‐cell contact and internalization of infected RBC by DC but also involves TLR4, TLR9, MyD88 and signaling via NF‐κB; however, TLR involvement in survival to Plasmodium infection was found to be negligible.
Immunisation route‐dependent expression of IL‐4/IL‐13 can modulate HIV‐specific CD8+ CTL avidity
Authors: Ranasinghe Charani , Ramshaw Ian A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAll HIV‐1 ‘systemic vaccine trials’ in humans have yielded poor outcomes. Thus, it is important to understand whether the route of delivery influences the quality of protective CTL immunity. Using heterologous poxvirus immunisation we have shown that systemically (i.m./i.m.) immunised CD8+ T cells generated higher levels of IL‐4/IL‐13 compared to mucosal delivery and expression also correlated with i.m./i.m. immunised mice eliciting CTL of lower avidity. Studies using IL‐4−/− and IL‐13−/− KO mice have shown that the capacity to express IFN‐γ, IL‐4 and/or IL‐13 by KdGag197–205‐specific CTL differed between these groups and was inversely correlated with CTL avidity (IL‐13−/−>IL‐4−/−>BALB/c), although no significant differences in the magnitude of CTL responses were observed between IL‐13−/− and wild type mice. When IL‐13 was reconstituted in IL‐13−/− splenocytes in vitro, their ability to bind tetramers also decreased significantly. Our data reveal that total absence of IL‐13 can greatly enhance CTL avidity. In contrast, extracellular IL‐4 appears to be important in maintaining long‐term Th1/Th2 balance in CTL, even though expression of IL‐4 by CTL markedly reduced avidity. STAT6−/− mice also showed memory CTL of higher avidity. Furthermore, CCL5 expression in KdGag197–205‐specific CTL was also regulated by IL‐4/IL‐13.
Multiple tissue‐specific isoforms of sulfatide activate CD1d‐restricted type II NKT cells
Authors: Blomqvist Maria , Rhost Sara , Teneberg Susann , Löfbom Linda , Østerbye Thomas , Brigl Manfred , Månsson Jan‐Eric , Cardell Susanna L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe glycosphingolipid sulfatide (SO3‐3Galβ1Cer) is a demonstrated ligand for a subset of CD1d‐restricted NKT cells, which could regulate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model for multiple sclerosis, as well as tumor immunity and experimental hepatitis. Native sulfatide is a mixture of sulfatide isoforms, i.e. sulfatide molecules with different long‐chain bases and fatty acid chain lengths and saturation. Here, we demonstrate that sulfatide‐specific CD1d‐restricted murine NKT hybridomas recognized several different sulfatide isoforms. These included the physiologically relevant isoforms C24:1 and C24:0, major constituents of the myelin sheet of the nervous system, and C16:0, prominent in the pancreatic islet β‐cells. The most potent sulfatide isoform was lysosulfatide (lacking a fatty acid). Shortened fatty acid chain length (C24:1 versus C18:1), or saturation of the long fatty acid (C24:0), resulted in reduced stimulatory capacity, and fatty acid hydroxylation abolished the response. Moreover, sulfatide was not responsible for the natural autoreactivity toward splenocytes by XV19 T hybridoma cells. Our results reveal a promiscuity in the recognition of sulfatide isoforms by a CD1d‐restricted NKT‐cell clone, and suggest that sulfatide, a major component of the myelin sheet and pancreatic β‐cells, is one of several natural ligands for type II CD1d‐restricted NKT cells.
CREB and AP‐1 activation regulates MKP‐1 induction by LPS or M‐CSF and their kinetics correlate with macrophage activation versus proliferation
Authors: Casals‐Casas Cristina , Álvarez Eva , Serra Maria , de la Torre Carolina , Farrera Consol , Sánchez‐Tilló Ester , Caelles Carme , Lloberas Jorge , Celada Antonio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMAPK phosphatase‐1 (MKP‐1) is a protein phosphatase that plays a crucial role in innate immunity. This phosphatase inactivates ERK1/2, which are involved in two opposite functional activities of the macrophage, namely proliferation and activation. Here we found that although macrophage proliferation and activation induce MKP‐1 with different kinetics, gene expression is mediated by the proximal promoter sequences localized between −380 and −180 bp. Mutagenesis experiments of the proximal element determined that CRE/AP‐1 is required for LPS‐ or M‐CSF‐induced activation of the MKP‐1 gene. Moreover, the results from gel shift analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that c‐Jun and CREB bind to the CRE/AP‐1 box. The distinct kinetics shown by M‐CSF and LPS correlates with the induction of JNK and c‐jun, as well as the requirement for Raf‐1. The signal transduction pathways that activate the induction of MKP‐1 correlate kinetically with induction by M‐CSF and LPS.
The effect of allogeneic in vitro stimulation and in vivo immunization on memory CD4+ T‐cell APOBEC3G expression and HIV‐1 infectivity
Authors: Jeffrey Pido‐Lopez , Wang Yufei , Seidl Thomas , Babaahmady Kaboutar , Vaughan Robert , Lehner Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAllogeneic immunity is one of the most potent natural immune responses. APOBEC3G (A3G) is an intracellular anti‐viral factor that deaminates cytidine to uridine. Allogeneic stimulation of human CD4+ T cells in vitro upregulated A3G mRNA and a significant correlation was found between the mixed leukocyte reaction and A3G mRNA. The mechanism of upregulation of A3G mRNA involves interaction between HLA on DC and TCR of CD4+ T cells, which is ZAP70 and downstream ERK phosphokinase signalling dependent and induces CD40L and A3G mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells. Alloimmune‐induced A3G was found to be significantly increased in CD45RA−, CCR5+ and CD45RA−CCR7− subsets of effector memory T cells. In vivo studies of women alloimmunized with their partners' PBMC also showed a significant increase in A3G protein in CD4+ T cells, CD45RO+ memory and CCR7− effector memory T cells. The functional effect of allostimulation upregulating A3G mRNA was demonstrated by a significant decrease in in vitro infectivity, using GFP‐labelled pseudovirus and confirmed by a decrease in HIV‐1 (BaL) infection of primary CD4+ T cells. The results suggest that alloimmunization offers an alternative or complementary strategy in inducing an innate anti‐viral factor that inhibits HIV‐1 infection.
Novel HIV‐1 clade B candidate vaccines designed for HLA‐B*5101+ patients protected mice against chimaeric ecotropic HIV‐1 challenge
Authors: Roshorm Yaowaluck , Hong Jessie P. , Kobayashi Naoki , McMichael Andrew J. , Volsky David J. , Potash Mary Jane , Takiguchi Masafumi , Hanke Tomáš 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNovel candidate HIV‐1 vaccines have been constructed, which are tailor‐designed for HLA‐B*5101+ patients infected with HIV‐1 clade B. These vaccines employ novel immunogen HIVB‐B*5101 derived from consensus HIV‐1 clade B Gag p17 and p24 regions coupled to two Pol‐derived B*5101‐restricted epitopes, which are together with a third B*5101 epitope in Gag dominant in HIV‐1‐infected long‐term non‐progressing patients. Both plasmid DNA and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors supported high expression levels of the HIVB‐B*5101 immunogen in cultured cells. Heterologous DNA prime‐recombinant MVA boost regimen induced efficiently HIV‐1‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses in BALB/c mice. These vaccine‐elicited T cells were multifunctional, killed efficiently target cells in vivo, and protected mice against challenge with ecotropic HIV‐1/NL4‐3 and ecotropic HIV‐1/NDK chimaeric viruses with HIV‐1 clade B or D backbones, respectively, and ecotropic murine leukemia virus gp80 envelope, and therefore did so in the absence of anti‐HIV‐1 gp120 antibodies. These results support further development of HIVB‐B*5101 vaccines in combined heterologous‐modality regimens. The use of allele‐specific vaccines in humans is discussed in the context of other developments in the HIV‐1 field.
Invariant NKT cells and CD1d+ cells amass in human omentum and are depleted in patients with cancer and obesity
Authors: Lynch Lydia , O'Shea Donal , Winter Desmond C. , Geoghegan Justin , Doherty Derek G. , O'Farrelly Cliona 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInvariant NKT (iNKT) cells recognize lipid antigens presented by CD1d and respond rapidly by killing tumor cells and release cytokines that activate and regulate adaptive immune responses. They are essential for tumor rejection in various mouse models, but clinical trials in humans involving iNKT cells have been less successful, partly due to their rarity in humans compared with mice. Here we describe an accumulation of functional iNKT cells in human omentum, a migratory organ with healing properties. Analysis of 39 omental samples revealed that T cells are the predominant lymphoid cell type and of these, 10% expressed the invariant Vα24Jα18 TCR chain, found on iNKT cells, higher than in any other human organ tested to date. About 15% of omental hematopoietic cells expressed CD1d, compared with 1% in blood (p<0.001). Enriched omental iNKT cells killed CD1d+ targets and released IFN‐γ and IL‐4 upon activation. Omental iNKT‐cell frequencies were lower in patients with severe obesity (p=0.005), and with colorectal carcinoma (p=0.004) compared with lean healthy subjects. These data suggest a novel role for the omentum in immune regulation and tumor immunity and identify it as a potential source of iNKT cells for therapeutic use.
The C‐type lectin DC‐SIGN internalizes soluble antigens and HIV‐1 virions via a clathrin‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Cambi Alessandra , Beeren Inge , Joosten Ben , Fransen Jack A. , Figdor Carl G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDendritic cells (DC), professional Ag‐presenting cells located in mucosae and lymphoid organs, operate at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity and are likely the first cells to encounter invading HIV‐1. Although the C‐type lectin DC‐Specific ICAM‐3‐grabbing non‐integrin (DC‐SIGN) binds to several viruses, including HIV‐1, its direct involvement in viral entry remains controversial. Despite its central role in DC function, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism(s) of DC‐SIGN‐mediated Ag uptake. Here, we analyzed the early stages of DC‐SIGN‐mediated endocytosis and demonstrate that both membrane cholesterol and dynamin are required. Confocal microscopy and clathrin RNAi showed that DC‐SIGN‐mediated internalization occurs via clathrin‐coated pits. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections showed the involvement of DC‐SIGN in clathrin‐dependent HIV‐1 internalization by DC. Currently, DC‐specific C‐type lectins are considered potential target in anti‐tumor clinical trials. Detailed information about how different Ag are internalized via these receptors will facilitate the rational design of targeted therapeutic strategies.
CTL quality and the control of human retroviral infections
Authors: Bangham Charles R. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe CTL response plays a central part in deciding the outcome of viral infections. Evidence from host and viral genetics, gene expression microarrays and assays of T‐cell phenotype and function indicate that individual differences in the efficiency of the virus‐specific CTL response strongly determine the outcome of infection with the human retroviruses HTLV‐1 and HIV‐1. It is now believed that differences in anti‐viral CTL efficiency or “quality” at the single‐cell level are critical in determining the efficacy of the host response to viruses. However, it is difficult to identify and quantify the reasons for this apparent individual variation in CTL efficiency, because of the chronic course of infection and the dynamical complexity of the equilibrium that is established between the virus and the host immune response. Specifically, it is unclear whether the observed variations among infected hosts,i.e. in the frequency, phenotype and function or quality of T cells, are the causes or effects – or both – of the variation in the efficiency of virus control.
Getting to the crux of the matter: IL‐23 and Th17 cell accumulation in the CNS
Authors: Segal Benjamin M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIL‐23 plays a critical role in EAE induced by the active immunization of C57BL/6 mice with an immunodominant epitope of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35–55). It was initially assumed that the pathogenic effects of IL‐23 were directly related to the generation, expansion and/or stabilization of autoreactive CD4+ Th17 cells. However, a number of recent studies have uncovered discrepancies between the requirement for IL‐23, as opposed to Th17 cells or their products (IL‐17A, IL‐17F and IL‐22), in the development of EAE. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, it is demonstrated that impairment of IL‐23 signaling does not impede the expansion of myelin‐specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues but inhibits their accumulation in the CNS. This paper contributes to a growing body of data that implicates IL‐23 in the acquisition of CNS homing properties by autoreactive effector cells.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 7/09
Authors: Cambi Alessandra , Beeren Inge , Joosten Ben , Fransen Jack A. , Figdor Carl G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe cover image depicts the co‐staining of DC‐SIGN and EEA‐1 in dendritic cells and shows the co‐localization of the endocytosed ligand with markers of the early endosomal compartments. The image was taken from the article by Cambi et al. (pp. 1923–1929), in which the authors analyze the role of the C‐type lectin DC‐SIGN in viral entry. The authors show that DC‐SIGN is involved in clathrin‐dependent HIV‐1 internalization by dendritic cells.
Designer Peptides: Attempt to Control Peptide Structure by Exploiting Ferrocene as a Scaffold
Authors: Lataifeh Anas , Beheshti Samaneh , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe design of peptides that display a β‐sheet‐like secondary structure remains a challenge. Molecular scaffolds, such as ferrocene (Fc) can help to overcome some of these challenges. Monosubstituted Fc derivatives offer no control over the self‐assembly of the conjugates, and the formation of supramolecular structures is entirely serendipitous. 1,n′‐disubstituted Fc derivatives provide a significant level of control over the direction of the peptide, their relative orientation, and the intramolecular hydrogen‐bonding patterns, which increases the rigidity of the molecule and in many cases, generates a new H‐bonding interface for intermolecular assembly. In this Microreview, we explore the use of ferrocene as a scaffold in the design of structurally well‐defined peptide conjugates. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)