bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokinin Activity of cis-Zeatin and Phenotypic Alterations Induced by Overexpression of Putative cis-Zeatin-O-glucosyltransferase in Rice
Authors: Kudo Toru , Makita Nobue , Kojima Mikiko , Tokunaga Hiroki , Sakakibara Hitoshi 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
cis-Zeatin (cZ) is generally regarded as a cytokinin with little or no activity, compared with the highly active trans-zeatin (tZ). Although recent studies suggested possible roles for cZ, its physiological significance remains unclear. In our studies with rice (Oryza sativa), cZ inhibited seminal root elongation and up-regulated cytokinin-inducible genes, and its activities were comparable to those of tZ. Tracer experiments showed that exogenously supplied cZ-riboside was mainly converted into cZ derivatives but scarcely into tZ derivatives, indicating that isomerizations of cZ derivatives into tZ derivatives are a minor pathway in rice cytokinin metabolism. We identified three putative cZ-O-glucosyltransferases (cZOGT1, cZOGT2, and cZOGT3) in rice. The cZOGTs preferentially catalyzed O-glucosylation of cZ and cZ-riboside rather than tZ and tZ-riboside in vitro. Transgenic rice lines ectopically overexpressing the cZOGT1 and cZOGT2 genes exhibited short-shoot phenotypes, delay of leaf senescence, and decrease in crown root number, while cZOGT3 overexpressor lines did not show shortened shoots. These results propose that cZ activity has a physiological impact on the growth and development of rice.
Platelet mapping as part of modified thromboelastography (TEG®) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Weitzel N. S. , Weitzel L. B. , Epperson L. E. , Karimpour‐Ford A. , Tran Z. V. , Seres T. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe platelet‐mapping assay of the thromboelastograph was used to measure platelet aggregation and to examine the effect of cardiopulmonary bypass on multiple platelet receptors and the role of altered receptor activity in postoperative bleeding. The percentage platelet aggregation for collagen, adenosine diphosphate and arachidonic acid was measured in 40 patients divided post‐hoc into high‐ or low‐bleeding groups depending on postoperative 24‐h chest tube output. Platelet aggregation was lower after cardiopulmonary bypass compared to before it using collagen (mean (SD) 45 (25) vs 19 (12) %, p < 0.001), adenosine diphosphate (76 (23) vs 35 (24) %, p < 0.001), and arachidonic acid (61 (33) vs 31 (35) %, p < 0.001). Only platelet aggregation as measured using collagen pre‐ and post‐cardiopulmonary bypass was significantly less in the high‐ compared to the low‐bleeding group. This finding was significantly correlated with the 24‐h chest tube drainage, and it predicted postoperative bleeding with a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 68%. Therefore, platelet aggregation is reduced following cardiopulmonary bypass, and this may play a role in predicting postoperative blood loss.
Recent advances in incretin‐based therapies
Authors: Russell‐Jones David , Gough Stephen 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe global burden of type 2 diabetes is growing. Traditional therapies are suboptimal and there is a clear unmet need for treatments that offer effective glucose control while addressing the comorbid factors associated with diabetes, such as obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease, without the fear of hypoglycaemia. Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors offer a novel way of reducing hyperglycaemia by targeting the incretin system. This review provides an overview of the development of incretin‐based therapies and explains their differing modes of action compared with traditional interventions. A comparison of the clinical profiles of current glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists [liraglutide and exenatide (twice‐daily and once‐weekly)] and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin and linagliptin) is performed alongside a discussion of the placement of incretin‐based therapies in treatment guidelines. Further improvements in this class are expected, and we will examine some of the novel glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors currently under development.
Biophysical effects on plant competition and coexistence
Authors: Niklas Karl J. , Hammond Sean T. 
Published: July 2012

Summary

Physical laws influence the ability of plants to exchange energy and mass with their external environments, which is influenced by the size and spatiotemporal display of surface area. In turn, energy–mass exchange rates affect plant growth and thus the consumption of resources and plant competitiveness.
Representative physical laws and processes are reviewed, and empirical data and computer models are used to elaborate on how energy–mass exchange rates, growth and competitiveness are interconnected.
Our review shows that biophysical constraints on energy–mass exchange rates significantly influence plant growth and plant–plant competition. We also show that biophysical constraints also provide opportunities for adaptation and species coexistence.
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein controls antigen‐presenting cell‐driven CD4+ T‐cell motility by regulating adhesion to intercellular adhesion molecule‐1
Authors: Lafouresse Fanny , Cotta‐de‐Almeida Vinicius , Malet‐Engra Gema , Galy Anne , Valitutti Salvatore , Dupré Loïc 
Published: July 2012

SummaryT‐cell scanning for antigen‐presenting cells (APC) is a finely tuned process. Whereas non‐cognate APC trigger T‐cell motility via chemokines and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), cognate APC deliver a stop signal resulting from antigen recognition. We tested in vitro the contribution of the actin cytoskeleton regulator Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) to the scanning activity of primary human CD4+ T cells. WASP knock‐down resulted in increased T‐cell motility upon encounter with non‐cognate dendritic cells or B cells and reduced capacity to stop following antigen recognition. The high motility of WASP‐deficient T cells was accompanied by a diminished ability to round up and to stabilize pauses. WASP‐deficient T cells migrated in a normal proportion towards CXCL12, CCL19 and CCL21, but displayed an increased adhesion and elongation on ICAM‐1. The elongated morphology of WASP‐deficient T cells was related to a reduced confinement of high‐affinity lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 to the mid‐cell zone. Our data therefore indicate that WASP controls CD4+ T‐cell motility upon APC encounter by regulating lymphocyte function‐associated antigen 1 spatial distribution.
Mesenchymal stromal cells: a key player in ‘innate tolerance’?
Authors: Dazzi Francesco , Lopes Luciene , Weng Ling 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe existence of a mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) population with the main property of physically supporting parenchymal tissues has long been recognized in virtually all organs. However, it was only recently that MSC have been identified as playing a novel role in modulating inflammation. It has been extensively documented that, under particular circumstances, MSC potently impair virtually all cells of the immune system, including antigen‐presenting‐cells.
Microbial–immune cross‐talk and regulation of the immune system
Authors: Cahenzli Julia , Balmer Maria L. , McCoy Kathy D. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryWe are all born germ‐free. Following birth we enter into a lifelong relationship with microbes residing on our body's surfaces. The lower intestine is home to the highest microbial density in our body, which is also the highest microbial density known on Earth (up to 1012/g of luminal contents). With our indigenous microbial cells outnumbering our human cells by an order of magnitude our body is more microbial than human. Numerous immune adaptations confine these microbes within the mucosa, enabling most of us to live in peaceful homeostasis with our intestinal symbionts. Intestinal epithelial cells not only form a physical barrier between the bacteria‐laden lumen and the rest of the body but also function as multi‐tasking immune cells that sense the prevailing microbial (apical) and immune (basolateral) milieus, instruct the underlying immune cells, and adapt functionally. In the constant effort to ensure intestinal homeostasis, the immune system becomes educated to respond appropriately and in turn immune status can shape the microbial consortia. Here we review how the dynamic immune–microbial dialogue underlies maturation and regulation of the immune system and discuss recent findings on the impact of diet on both microbial ecology and immune function.
Primary assessment of a self‐adhesive gutta‐percha material
Authors: Marending M. , Bubenhofer S. B. , Sener B. , De‐Deus G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo evaluate a prototype gutta‐percha material (Bio‐Gutta), which is claimed to work without sealer because of its incorporated ultrafine bioactive glass particles, in terms of its induction of pH and calcium phosphate (CaP) precipitates, and its self‐adhesiveness in root canals.MethodologyBio‐Gutta was compared with conventional gutta‐percha (GP, composition: 70 wt% ZnO, 30 wt% polyisoprene). Test and control materials (N = 3) were immersed in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C for 30 days. The pH in the solution was monitored. Apparent CaP formation was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The root canals of 33 single‐rooted teeth were filled by vertical compaction of heated Bio‐Gutta, 33 control canals were filled with vertically compacted GP without sealer. Push‐out bond strengths associated with the filling materials in root cross‐sections from middle root thirds was determined 1, 8, and 30 days after root filling (N = 11 per group). These values were compared between groups using one‐way anova (α < 0.05).ResultsBio‐Gutta induced a high pH in the PBS solution, which plateaued at values between 11.4 and 11.8. Apparent CaP crystals covered the Bio‐Gutta material after 30 days of immersion in PBS, whilst no such structures were observed on GP. Both materials under investigation had similar initial push‐out bond strength values (P > 0.05). The adherence of Bio‐Gutta increased from day 1 to 8 and was significantly higher than that of conventional GP at 8 and 30 days (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe experimental gutta‐percha material under investigation was alkaline and caused CaP precipitates on its surface. It improved its adherence to the root canal wall within 1 week.
The effect of type II and type IV resistant starch on the hydrolysis of maize and wheat gelatinised starch catalysed by pancreatic α‐amylase
Authors: Bustos Mariela Cecilia , Barrera Gabriela N. , Perez Gabriela T. , León Alberto Edel 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe effects of resistant starch on human metabolism are considered to be beneficial because they decrease postprandial glycaemia following ingestion of starch‐rich foods. Using type II and IV resistant starches, we found a direct competitive inhibitory effect on porcine pancreatic α‐amylase action above 0.25 g/100 g affecting catalytic efficiency when wheat and maize starches were used as substrates. Because resistant starches do not gelatinise and no modifications of gelatinisation parameters were observed, we concluded that the inhibitory action of these types of polymer seem to be a consequence of impaired diffusion of enzyme, substrate or products because of an increase in branches in the two types of resistant starches used. Thus, the effects of type II and type IV resistant starches in lowering postprandial glycaemia not only involve modification of gut physiology, but also include direct inhibition of the first stage in the biochemical degradation of starch.
Use of thiamine for controlling Alternaria alternata postharvest rot in Asian pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Zaosu)
Authors: Yin Yan , Bi Yang , Li Yongcai , Wang Yi , Wang Di 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe effects of thiamine (vitamin B1) against Alternaria rot caused by Alternaria alternata and its possible mechanism in harvested Asian pear fruit were investigated. Thiamine strongly inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of A. alternata in vitro. Thiamine at a concentration of 100 mm effectively inhibited the development of Alternaria rot, enhanced the activities of defence‐related enzymes, such as phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD), and increased the content of flavonoids, phenolics and lignin. Thiamine also affected reactive oxygen metabolism of the pear fruit by increasing its production and H2O2 content, and enhancing the activities of major detoxifying enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). These findings suggest that the effects of thiamine on Alternaria rot in pear fruit may be associated with its direct fungitoxic property against the pathogens, and the elicitation of biochemical defence responses in the fruit.
Effects of tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus) milk liquid co‐products on the quality of pork burgers
Authors: Sánchez‐Zapata Elena , Pérez‐Alvarez José Angel , Fernández‐López Juana 
Published: July 2012

SummaryCo‐products from the tiger nut milk industry can be given added value if they are used in the manufacturing process of other food products. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of using tiger nut milk liquid co‐product as a substitute for the water added to pork burger formulations. The results showed that its use in pork burger delayed lipid oxidation and improved cooking properties (less shrinkage), while no significant changes in nutritional value were observed. Pork burgers containing tiger nut liquid co‐product were perceived to be juicier and less fatty than the control, contributing to higher scores for overall liking.
Phytochemical and microbiological changes of honey pomelo (Citrus grandis L.) slices stored under super atmospheric oxygen, low‐oxygen and passive modified atmospheres
Authors: Li Li , Ban Zhaojun , Li Xihong , Wang Xiuli , Guan Junfeng 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe effect of different modified atmosphere packaging conditions, 75 kPa O2 (high‐oxygen atmosphere, HOA), 3.0 kPa O2 + 5.0 kPa CO2 (low‐oxygen atmosphere, LOA) and passive atmosphere (PA) on the antioxidant properties of ready‐to‐eat honey pomelo slices stored at 4 °C was investigated. Both ascorbic acid content and antioxidant capacity underwent a significant depletion under HOA in comparison with LOA and PA. Total phenolic content among the samples stored under HOA and PA decreased significantly, but not for LOA. Moreover, HOA was more effective in maintaining the firmness of the slices. The hue angle values among different packaging atmosphere conditions were significantly affected, but chroma values were not. Both high oxygen and low oxygen concentrations inhibited the growth of spoilage microorganism of honey pomelo slices.
Vitamin A stability in triple fortified extruded, artificial rice grains containing iron, zinc and vitamin A
Authors: Pinkaew Siwaporn , Wegmuller Rita , Hurrell Richard 
Published: July 2012

SummaryMulti‐micronutrient‐fortified rice could be an effective and sustainable approach to combat micronutrient deficiencies. We produced hot‐extruded artificial rice grains fortified with 10 mg iron (as micronised ground ferric pyrophosphate), 5 mg zinc (as oxide, sulphate or carbonate) and 750 μg vitamin A/g [as retinyl palmitate (RP)] and measured RP stability. The rice was designed to be mixed 1:200 with natural rice. Mean RP losses were 5.3% during extrusion, 28.5% during storage and 9.8% during cooking. Storage losses after 18 weeks at 30 °C in plastic packages exposed to light were ca 40% with iron and zinc causing no further losses. In aluminium packages (no light), mean RP losses were ca 20%. Iron, but not zinc, increased RP degradation. Zinc sulphate increased the negative effect of iron. The relatively good stability of RP during hot extrusion can be explained by the closed surface and dense nature of the artificial grain protecting RP from oxidation.
Study on the protein fractions extracted from the muscle tissue of Pinctada martensii and their hydrolysis by pancreatin
Authors: Zheng Huina , Zhang Chaohua , Qin Xiaoming , Gao Jialong , Li Tianyong 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPinctada martensii muscle proteins were separated into water‐soluble, salt‐soluble and insoluble protein fractions. The salt‐soluble protein fraction was the most abundant, comprising approximately 66.3% of the protein, followed by the water‐soluble and insoluble protein fractions in decreasing order. sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles showed that 35‐ and 97‐kDa peptides represented the highest proportions of the water‐soluble and salt‐soluble protein fractions, respectively. The three protein fractions contained high levels of flavourful amino acids (Glu, Asp, Ala and Lys), with the water‐soluble protein fraction having the highest level (47.1%). The size exclusion chromatography profiles of the water‐soluble and salt‐soluble protein pancreatin hydrolysate demonstrated no significant differences in the molecular weight distributions in the >20 000, 5000–10 000 and 2000–5000 Da fractions, while those of the insoluble protein pancreatin hydrolysate were different. In conclusion, the results provided some basic information that would contribute to the utilisation of these protein fractions.
Ceratomyxa shasta genotypes cause differential mortality in their salmonid hosts
Authors: Hurst C N , Bartholomew J L 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCeratomyxa shasta is a myxozoan parasite of salmonid fish. In natural communities, distinct genotypes of the parasite are associated with different salmonid hosts. To test the hypothesis that genotypes of C. shasta cause differential mortality, the polychaete host was experimentally infected with different parasite genotypes. Genotype I was obtained from Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, and genotype II from either coho salmon, O. kisutch, or rainbow trout, O. mykiss, We then challenged four salmonid strains: Chinook and coho salmon that occur in sympatry with the parasite and allopatric Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. Parasite genotype I caused mortality only in Chinook strains, although mortality in the allopatric strain also occurred from exposure to genotype II. A second experiment demonstrated that genotype II could be separated into two biotypes based on differential mortality in rainbow trout and coho salmon. These differential patterns of mortality as a result of infection by certain genotypes of C. shasta support field observations and suggest a co‐evolutionary relationship between these parasites and their hosts.
Improving seclusion practice: implications of a review of staff and patient views
Authors: VAN DER MERWE M. , MUIR‐COCHRANE E. , JONES J. , TZIGGILI M. , BOWERS L. 
Published: July 2012

Accessible summary• An extensive review of empirical literature (n = 39) on patient and staff perceptions of seclusion in psychiatric inpatient settings was undertaken.• Patients perceived seclusion negatively while staff perceived it to be therapeutic and vital for the running of inpatient units.• Better communication, more contact with patients and staff engaging with patients before during and after a seclusion episode were suggestions for improvements to care processes.AbstractThis review explores patient and staff perceptions and improvement suggestions regarding seclusion in psychiatric inpatient settings. After an extensive literature search, 39 empirical papers were included in the review. According to the literature, patients perceived seclusion to be a distinct negative incident. Staff thought seclusion had a therapeutic effect and believed that units could not operate effectively without seclusion, but regretted that the situation was not resolved differently. Staff and patients had suggestions to improve the seclusion experience. Common themes in relation to the implications for practice are the need for better communication and more contact between patients and staff before, during and after the seclusion event.
HMGB1 Promotes the Differentiation of Th17 via Up‐Regulating TLR2 and IL‐23 of CD14+ Monocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: He Z. , Shotorbani S. S. , Jiao Z. , Su Z. , Tong J. , Liu Y. , Shen P. , Ma J. , Gao J. , Wang T. , Xia S. , Shao Q. , Wang S. , Xu H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHigh‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a non‐histone nuclear protein that is released extracellulary and has been implicated in autoimmune disease. Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) signalling is thought to be essential for the inflammatory response and for immune disorders. In recent studies, enhanced HMGB1 and TLR2 expressions have been found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), respectively. The aim of this study is to explore whether HMGB1 stimulation can up‐regulate the expression of TLR2 on CD14+ monocytes from patients with RA and to clarify the subsequent events involving Th17 cells and Th17 cell‐associated cytokine changes. Our results showed that the frequency of CD14+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) was obviously increased, and enhanced expression of TLR2 on CD14+ monocytes was also found in patients with RA, compared with healthy controls with statistical significance (P < 0.001). In addition, the levels of IL‐17, IL‐23 and IL‐6 in supernatants from cultured monocytes from patients and in patient’s plasma were increased, and NF‐κB, the downstream target of TLR2, also showed a marked elevation after monocytes were stimulated by HMGB1. This implies that the enhanced TLR2 pathway and Th17 cell polarization may be due to HMGB1 stimulation in rheumatoid arthritis.
Characterization of temperature‐sensitive mutants reveals a role for receptor‐like kinase SCRAMBLED/STRUBBELIG in coordinating cell proliferation and differentiation during Arabidopsis leaf development
Authors: Lin Lin , Zhong Si‐Hui , Cui Xiao‐Feng , Li Jianming , He Zu‐Hua 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe balance between cell proliferation and cell differentiation is essential for leaf patterning. However, identification of the factors coordinating leaf patterning and cell growth behavior is challenging. Here, we characterized a temperature‐sensitive Arabidopsis mutant with leaf blade and venation defects. We mapped the mutation to the sub‐2 allele of the SCRAMBLED/STRUBBELIG (SCM/SUB) receptor‐like kinase gene whose functions in leaf development have not been demonstrated. The sub‐2 mutant displayed impaired blade development, asymmetric leaf shape and altered venation patterning under high ambient temperature (30°C), but these defects were less pronounced at normal growth temperature (22°C). Loss of SCM/SUB function results in reduced cell proliferation and abnormal cell expansion, as well as altered auxin patterning. SCM/SUB is initially expressed throughout leaf primordia and becomes restricted to the vascular cells, coinciding with its roles in early leaf patterning and venation formation. Furthermore, constitutive expression of the SCM/SUB gene also restricts organ growth by inhibiting the transition from cell proliferation to expansion. We propose the existence of a SCM/SUB‐mediated developmental stage‐specific signal for leaf patterning, and highlight the importance of the balance between cell proliferation and differentiation for leaf morphogenesis.