bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori Recurrence in Developed and Developing Countries: Meta‐Analysis of 13C‐Urea Breath Test Follow‐Up after Eradication
Authors: Niv Yaron , Hazazi Rachel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective:  Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection after eradication is rare in developed countries and more frequent in developing countries. Most recurrent cases are attributed to recrudescence (recolonization of the same strain within 12 months) rather than to reinfection (colonization with a new strain after more than 12 months). The aim of the study was to analyze recurrence rates in developed and developing countries and to deduce the relative roles of recrudescence and reinfection.Methods:  The PubMed database was searched up to January 31, 2007 using the keywords “Helicobacter pylori” or “H. pylori” and “recurrence” or “recrudescence,” or “reinfection.” Only prospective case studies in adults that used the 13C‐urea breath test (13CUBT) were included. Meta‐analyses were performed with statdirect Statistical software, version 2.6.1, StatsDirect Ltd, Chesire, UK.Results:  The literature search yielded 10 studies of H. pylori recurrence in developed countries (3014 patients followed for 24–60 months) and 7 studies in developing countries (2071 patients followed for 12–60 months). The calculated annual recurrence rates were 2.67% and 13.00%, respectively. Nested meta‐analysis of cases with a longer follow‐up after eradication revealed an annual recurrence rate of 1.45% (RR 0.54) in developed countries and 12.00% (RR 0.92) in developing countries.Conclusions:  The similarity of the annual recurrence rates during the first year after eradication and the annual recurrence rates in the second year after successful eradication in developing countries supports reinfection as the main cause in the second period. Therefore, a different approach for follow‐up of H. pylori eradication may be needed between developed and developing countries.
CpG Island Hypermethylation of Tumor‐Suppressor Genes in H. pylori‐Infected Non‐Neoplastic Gastric Mucosa Is Linked with Gastric Cancer Risk
Authors: Kaise Mitsuru , Yamasaki Takuji , Yonezawa Jin , Miwa Jun , Ohta Yasuhiko , Tajiri Hisao 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and aim:  Gastric carcinogenesis involves CpG island hypermethylation (CIHM) of tumor‐suppressor genes. Although the CIHM of these genes occurs in non‐neoplastic gastric cells, it is unclear whether this epigenetic alteration is linked with aging and/or gastric cancer risk. We investigated this linkage in noncancerous gastric mucosa infected with H. pylori.Subjects and methods:  Noncancerous corpus mucosa was endoscopically obtained from H. pylori‐positive gastric cancer patients (n = 34), and age‐matched H. pylori‐positive noncancerous controls (n = 68). Genomic DNA retrieved from the mucosa was subjected to methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction for p16, Ecad, and DAPK genes. Linkage between CIHM and clinicopathologic factors was evaluated.Results:  CIHM rates of DAPK, Ecad, and p16 promoters were significantly higher in noncancerous gastric mucosa of gastric cancer patients (91, 88, and 68%, respectively) than in noncancerous controls (71, 53, and 25%, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant linkage between CIHM in noncancerous mucosa and coexistence of gastric cancer. Significant linkage between polymorphoneutrophil infiltration and CIHM was observed except for CIHM of p16. No linkage was observed between CIHM and other parameters, including age. High CIHM status (all three tested genes methylated) was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, with an odds ratio of 9.8 (95% confidence interval, 3.8–25.3).Conclusions:  In a subset of the H. pylori‐infected population, CIHM of tumor‐suppressor genes in noncancerous gastric mucosa is linked with the risk of gastric cancer and polymorphoneutrophil infiltration, but not aging. CIHM is a potential marker of gastric cancer risk.
Sensitivity Testing of Indicators of Ecosystem Health
Authors: De Soyza Amrita G. , Whitford Walter G. , Herrick Jeffrey E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe sensitivities of three indicators of ecosystem health were evaluated at several sites in the Jornada Basin of the Chihuahuan Desert in southern New Mexico. The size of bare patches, proportion of total grass cover contributed by long‐lived perennial grasses, and soil stability are interdependent indicators of ecosystem functions related to the retention and use of water and nutrients. Sensitivity tests were chosen using data collected along disturbance gradients and then tested using independent, ungrazed exclosures and adjacent grazed pastures. The mean size of bare soil patches was sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance. When bare soil patch data were transformed using natural logarithms, the skewness of the frequency distribution weighted by mean bare patch size could be used to indicate early disturbance to the ecosystem. The proportion of total vegetation that was long lived also was sensitive to anthropogenic disturbance and appears to be a good indicator of ecosystem degradation. The slake test for soil surface stability was extremely sensitive to disturbance and may serve as an early‐warning indicator of soil degradation for the coarse‐textured soils that were evaluated.
LA GEOGRAPHIE DE RAOUL BLANCHARD
Authors: Hamelin Louis‐Edmond 
Published: September 2010

RÉSUMÉRaoul Blanchard, one of the Honorary Presidents of the Canadian Association of Geographers, has certainly made a most voluminous contribution to geography. His writing alone covers 15,000 pages, much of it on French Canada. He has also enjoyed a remarkable professional career: his teaching, mainly at Grenoble, France, and his concurrent research on the Western Alps and on the heartland of French Canada each in themselves constitute an outstanding achievement. In the province of Quebec, Blanchard's influence on the development of the field of geography has been profound.The principal concern of this article is with Blanchard's concept of a geographer. This consideration necessitates an evaluation of Blanchard's definition of geography, the specific character of his “schools,” the class of people he wrote for, as well as an examination of his methods of teaching, of research. and of writing. To do this, the writer reviews Blanchard's books with the following: questions in mind: What is Blanchard's meaning of the term “géographie régionale” of which he is said to be a “maitre”? Does he, during his career of sixty years, keep the same approach to his science? Is he the “perfect geographer,” or simply an outstanding representative of a glorious period in the history of French geography?
OPTIMISATION DU TRACÉ D'UN CORRIDOR ROUTIER DANS LA RÉGION DU RIF AU MAROC DANS LE CONTEXTE DE LA LIAISON FIXE EUROPE‐AFRIQUE À L'AIDE D'UN SIG
Authors: FOULADI ABDERRAHMAN EL , MARCEAU DANIELLE J. 
Published: September 2010

Cet article décrit une méthodologie basée sur l'utilisation d'un système d'information géographique (SIG) pour l'identification d'un corridor routier optimal dans la région du Rif au Maroc. L'optimisation a été réalisée en appliquant l'approche de propagation de l'onde frontale sur une surface de coûts cumulés en utilisant la pente comme contrainte dominante. Différents tests ont ensuite été réalisés afin de vérifier la faisabilité du corridor en fonction des caractéristiques physiographiques de la région de même que son efficacitéà contribuer au désenclavement du Rif, à mettre en valeur ses potentialités économiques et à améliorer le transit international de l'Europe vers l'Afrique du Nord. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de démontrer l'intérêt de construire une rocade autoroutière à travers le Rif. Les fonctions d'intégration de données multi‐sources, d'analyse spatiale et de cartographie d'un SIG se sont révélées particulièrement efficaces pour ce genre d'étude qui peut être généralisée à d'autres contextes.This paper describes the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify an optimal corridor for the construction of a highway in the Rif region, in Morocco. The optimization is based on the front wave propagation approach, where slope was used as the dominant constraint. Different tests were conducted to verify the feasibility of the corridor in relation to the physiographic characteristics of the region and its efficiency in enhancing the economic potential of the Rif and in facilitating the international traffic between Europe and North Africa. The results demonstrated the numerous advantages of building a highway along the Mediterranean Sea. The analytical functions of a GIS, for the integration of multisource data, spatial analysis, and cartography, were particularly efficient in conducting a study like this, which can be adapted to other contexts.
Geographies of criminal victimization in Canada
Authors: SHARPE BOB 
Published: September 2010

This paper provides a summary review and analysis of some of the recent literature on the geography of crime and criminal victimization, especially as it relates to Canada. The topic is approached from a risk perspective focussing on human vulnerability to criminal victimization. The analysis reveals divergent perspectives in the literature. On one hand, the most readily accessible literature is that of the dominant geographical representation of crime in Canada which is found in the official reports of the criminal justice system, media reports, and social science texts. This perspective concentrates on offences and maps of the spatial distribution of crime. On the other hand, there is a less integrated literature which is both critical of, and complementary to, the dominant view. This literature emphasizes the victims of crime and gives particular attention to the role of local context and community in conditioning human vulnerability. These different perspectives reflect a fundamental spatial tension between a criminal justice system which attempts to manage the hazards of criminal activity through technocratic, large scale, and centralized practices, and the need and desire of individuals and communities to maintain some degree of local control over their own vulnerability and public safety.Cet article nous donne un bref résumé ainsi qu'une analyse de certains ouvrages traitant de la géographie du crime et de la “victimisation criminelle” dans une perspective canadienne. Le sujet est abordé du point de vue du risque et plus particulièrement sur celui du sentiment de vulnérabilité face à la “victimisation criminelle.” L'analyse met en évidence deux perspectives divergentes dans ce domaine. D'une part le matériel le plus accessible traite sans doute de la répartition du crime à travers le Canada, telle qu'elle apparaît dans les rapports officiels du système pénal, dans les médias et les manuels de sciences sociales. Cette approche tend à s'attacher aux crimes et à leur distribution géographique. D'autre part, il existe des ouvrages de perspective beaucoup plus mixtes qui sont à la fois critiques, mais adhèrent aussi à l'opinion prévalente. Ces derniers s'intéressent davantage aux victimes du crime et insistent tout particulièrement sur le rôle du contexte local et de celui de la communauté dans le conditionnement de la vulnérabilité chez l'individu. Ces différentes perspectives reflètent la tension fondamentale qui existe entre une justice pénale tentant de gérer les risques associés à la criminalité grâce à des mesures centralisées, purement technocratiques, exécutées à grande échelle. Elles reflètent aussi à la fois le besoin et le désir des individus et des communautés de vouloir exercer un certain contrôle sur leur propre vulnérabilité et sur leur sécurité publique.
Advanced Airway Management Does Not Improve Outcome of Out‐of‐hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Arslan Hanif M. , Kaji Amy H. , Niemann James T. 
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:926–931 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractBackground:  The goal of out‐of‐hospital endotracheal intubation (ETI) is to reduce mortality and morbidity for patients with airway and ventilatory compromise. Yet several studies, mostly involving trauma patients, have demonstrated similar or worse neurologic outcomes and survival‐to‐hospital discharge rates after out‐of‐hospital ETI. To date, there is no study comparing out‐of‐hospital ETI to bag‐valve‐mask (BVM) ventilation for the outcome of survival to hospital discharge among nontraumatic adult out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) patients.Objectives:  The objective was to compare survival to hospital discharge among adult OOHCA patients receiving ETI to those managed with BVM.Methods:  In this retrospective cohort study, the records of all OOHCA patients presenting to a municipal teaching hospital from November 1, 1994, through June 30, 2008, were reviewed. The type of field airway provided, age, sex, race, rhythm on paramedic arrival, presence of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), whether the arrest was witnessed, site of arrest, return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival to hospital admission, comorbid illnesses, and survival to hospital discharge were noted. A univariate odds ratio (OR) was first computed to describe the association between the type of airway and survival to hospital discharge. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed, adjusting for rhythm, bystander CPR, and whether the arrest was witnessed.Results:  A cohort of 1,294 arrests was evaluated. A total of 1,027 (79.4%) received ETI, while 131 (10.1%) had BVM, 131 (10.1%) had either a Combitube or an esophageal obturator airway, and five (0.4%) had incomplete prehospital records. Fifty‐five of 1,294 (4.3%) survived to hospital discharge; there were no survivors in the Combitube/esophageal obturator airway cohort. Even after multivariable adjustment for age, sex, site of arrest, bystander CPR, witnessed arrest, and rhythm on paramedic arrival, the OR for survival to hospital discharge for BVM versus ETI was 4.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3–8.9; p<0.0001).Conclusions:  In this cohort, when compared to BVM ventilation, advanced airway methods were associated with decreased survival to hospital discharge among adult nontraumatic OOHCA patients.
The effect of undergraduate education in communication skills: a randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Haak Rainer , Rosenbohm Jakob , Koerfer Armin , Obliers Rainer , Wicht Michael J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To determine whether students improve their communication skills as a result of supervised patient care and whether a newly implemented communication course could further improve these skills.Method:  We conducted a randomised, controlled trial including all participants of the first clinical treatment course (n = 26) between October 2006 and February 2007. Randomisation was balanced by gender and basic communication skills. The test group practised dentist‐patient communication skills in small groups with role‐plays and videotaped real patient interviews, whereas the control group learned in problem‐based workshops both on a weekly basis. Before and after the interventions (two group pre‐ and post‐design) all students conducted two interviews with simulated patients. The encounters were rated using a 10‐item checklist derived from the Calgary–Cambridge Observation Guide I.Results:  Repeated measures ANOVA (α = 0.05) showed a significant difference of the sum scores of the ratings between test and control group (P = 0.004). The participants educated in communication skills improved significantly (Δ = +14.9; P = 0.004), whereas in the control group no accretion of practical communication competence was observed (Δ = −3.9; P = 0.23).Conclusion:  It could be demonstrated that solely interacting with patients during a clinical treatment course did not inevitably improve professional communication skills. In contrast, implementation of a course in communication skills improved the practical competence in dentist‐patient interaction.
Reasons for choosing dentistry as a career by Arab dental students
Authors: Al‐Bitar Z. B. , Sonbol H. N. , Al‐Omari I. K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the reasons for choosing dentistry as a career in an Arab population of undergraduate dental students in Jordan. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to dental students from year 1 to 5 at the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Jordan in Amman. The questionnaire comprised 31 items and the students were required to rate the importance of each item for selecting dentistry as a career on a 10 point scale. Parametric tests were used to investigate if statistically significant differences existed between scores for different groups. The response rate for the study was 79% (477 out of 604 students recruited). Two hundred and twenty one students (46%) had dentistry as a first choice. Prestige was given a maximum score by 44.4% of the students recruited and a similar number of students, 43.6% gave a maximum score to the factor representing helping people. There were slight differences in the motivation between male and females with males more motivated by financial factors. It was concluded that ‘prestige’ and ‘helping people’ were important motivating factors in this group of dental students.
Appearance of chemically treated root canal walls in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: KOSKINEN KARI P. , MEURMAN JUKKA H. , STENVALL HANNELE 
Published: September 2010

Abstract –The dissolving effects of seven endodontic solutions on unprepared root canal walls of young intact human premolars were evaluated with the scanning electron microscope. After incubation at 37°C in distilled water or isotonic saline for 10 min the predentinal surfaces showed no changes as compared with untreated controls. The demineralizers Decal® and Largal Ultra® had little effect on the organic tissues but caused some decalcification where mineralized dentin was exposed. Nelex® caused concentration‐dependent coagulation of the residual pulp tissue, making typical ring structures on the surfaces. Sodium hypochlorite at 2.5% and 5.0% dissolved most of the predentin, exposing the globular appearance of the mineralizing front. Salvizol® produced small globules on otherwise intact surfaces. Dissolution of both the organic and inorganic tissue of the root canal wall would require the combined use of two of the solutions studied.
Effect of Zn and Mg on the formation of whitlockite in human subgingival calculus
Authors: KNUUTTILA MATTI , LAPPALAINEN ROLF , KONTTURI‐NÄRHI VUOKKO 
Published: September 2010

Abstract –X‐ray diffraction analyses were carried out from pooled samples of old subgingival calculus. Also the concentrations of Ca, Mg, Zn, Sr, Pb, Fe and Cu from these samples were determined by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The comparison of the samples containing almost the same Zn concentration and two different concentrations of Mg (9 mg/g and 16 mg/g) showed an increase of 2. 0. 10 and 220 whitlockite reflections with an increasing Mg concentration. The increase of Mg concentration shifted whitlockite reflections suggesting a contraction of a‐axis. The increase of Zn concentration showed an increase of 2. 0. 10 and 220 reflections indicating the fitness of Zn into the laitice of whitlockite. No changes of a‐axis were detectable. When comparing all diffractograms and the results obtained from chemical analyses, the presence of Zn‐Mg‐whitlockite proved evident.
Pulmonary deposition following inhalation of chromium‐cobalt grinding dust in rats and distribution in other tissues
Authors: BRUNE DAG , KJÆRHEIM ASMUND , PAULSEN GUNNAR , BELTESBREKKE HANS 
Published: September 2010

Abstract –Twenty rats were exposed to dust particles of chromium‐cobalt alloy abrasives produced in dental material handling. The exposure was carried out in chambers for periods up to 107 days at concentrations of particulate matter of about 10‐50 mg/m3. The content of chromium and cobalt in autopsy specimens of lung, liver, kidney and trachea was measured with nuclear techniques. The alloy particles were found to be markedly accumulated in lung tissue. Increased levels of chromium and cobalt were also observed in the trachea. In addition, a moderate increase of cobalt in liver and kidney was demonstrated. The lungs of six exposed rats were examined microscopically. The main part of the dust particles was observed within macrophages. Only a minor fraction of particles were seen in the bronchial lumen close to the epithelial surface. The majority of dust‐filled macrophages were located in groups within the bronchial wall or in the interstitium close to the terminal broncheoli. No fibrosis, dysplasia or tumor formation occurred. No acute adverse effects in the lungs were observed.
The reasons for tooth loss in geriatric patients attending two surgical clinics in Jerusalem, Israel.
Authors: Stabholz Ayala , Babayof Itai , Mersel Alex , Mann Jonathan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Objectives Numerous studies around the world have been conducted in order to understand the reasons for tooth extractions in various age groups. Most studies have dealt with the general adult population but little attention has been paid to the elderly population. In Israel, as in most of the western countries, the elderly population is growing rapidly and thus demands for its dental needs are also increasing. In order to meet the dental requirements of the geriatric population, data on the main reasons of tooth mortality have been collected. Design Retrospective analysis of reasons for extraction divided into three categories: caries, periodontal disease and “other”. Subjects The files of 302 consecutive elderly patients aged 65–95 years attending for extraction. The cause for tooth extraction was gathered from the written diagnosis described by the operator us well as from radiographs. Setting. Two surgical clinics in Jerusalem serving low income residents. Results Results indicated that 30% of the extractions were due to caries, 65% were due to periodontal disease and only 6.4% related to “other” reasons. In both, males and females, periodontal disease was the major cause for tooth loss yet, females exhibited more extractions due to caries than males (35% vs 23% respectively). A relatively high incidence of tooth loss was documented for the 85+ age group. Of the teeth that were extracted, incisors and molars were equally the most frequent (29%) followed by premolars (26%) and canines (17%). Premolars were the teeth most frequently extracted out of the teeth removed due to caries (32%) whereas incisors were the most frequently removed within the group of teeth extracted due to periodontal disease (31%). Conclusions The results of this study point to the importance of prevention and treatment of dental diseases, particularly periodontal disease, in adults aged 0 years and above in order to prevent tooth loss in their later years.