bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sensorimotor Program for Improving Writing Readiness Skills in Elementary-Age Children
Authors: Oliver Carolyn E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article discusses a writing readiness program used with three groups of children aged 5 to 7 years. The program combines occupational therapy treatment with a supplementary program implemented by school personnel or parents. The Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration–Revised (Beery, 1982) was used to measure the developmental level of the children’s writing readiness skills before and after treatment. The group of children with a significant verbal performance IQ discrepancy (&gt; 15 points) showed a 17-month growth in readiness skills within 1 year. The group of children with mental retardation (IQ &lt; 80) showed a significant sex effect: The boys showed more gains than the girls. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Upper Extremity Assistive Devices: Assessment of Use by Spinal Cord–Injured Patients With Quadriplegia
Authors: Garber Susan Lipton , Gregorio Theresa Lee 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Upper extremity assistive devices prescribed during the rehabilitation of the patient with quadriplegia often are discarded once the patient leaves the hospital. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate patterns of the prescription and use of such devices and satisfaction with them. An oral questionnaire was administered to 56 spinal cord–injured quadriplegic patients 1 and 2 years after their first rehabilitation experience. Although the patients had discarded 46% of the devices within the 1st year, most of these devices were inexpensive, commercially available devices or devices made by occupational therapists. The respondents’ most frequently cited reasons for discarding a device were “improved physical function” and “alternative solutions found.” The devices retained in use most often were the more costly orthotics such as reciprocal orthoses and ball-bearing feeders. Sixty-four percent of the devices used within the 1st year were still being used at the end of the 2nd year. Thirty-five percent of all devices prescribed during rehabilitation were still in use at the end of 2 years. The results of this study have heightened therapists’ awareness of the efficacy and use of upper extremity assistive devices and have enabled them to eliminate some devices, to modify methods of instructing patients in the use of devices, and to develop alternative products.
Evaluating Productivity and Profitability in Occupational Therapy Contractual Work
Authors: Dickerson Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The availability of contractual work for occupational therapists is increasing steadily. Because of time constraints, therapists often must select one contract over another. To help the therapist make informed decisions, this paper provides a step-by step process for developing a trend analysis to compare the productivity and profitability of contracts. A case example taken from the author’s own experience illustrates this process.
Evaluating Level I Fieldwork Students: A Job Model
Authors: Winter Ellen Flannery , Peterson Cindee Q. , Winter Henry B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article describes how a job model, a behavioral engineering concept used to improve employee performance, was developed to evaluate the clinical performance of occupational therapy students in Level I fieldwork. The job model emphasizes accomplishments and provides immediate feedback on specific skills needed for the successful completion of Level I fieldwork. In a pilot study of 137 students from the Occupational Therapy Teaching Clinic at Western Michigan University, 68 of the students were evaluated with the job model and 69 were evaluated with Western Michigan University’s traditional Level I fieldwork evaluation. The results showed that the job model provided a method by which to identify standard values for measuring accomplishments in Level I fieldwork.
Occupational Therapy for Children With Perinatal HIV Infection
Authors: Anderson Jill , Hinojosa Jim , Bedell Gary , Kaplan Margaret T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article discusses occupational therapy for children with perinatal HIV infection and their caregivers. An interdisciplinary early intervention and preschool program serving these children is described. Current medical and neurological research is reviewed to serve as a basis for occupational therapy intervention. Therapeutic approaches that integrate physical, neurological, developmental, and psychosocial needs are presented.
The Model of Human Occupation and Adults With HIV Infection and AIDS
Authors: Pizzi Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
HIV infection affects all aspects of a person’s occupational functioning. This article examines the application of the Model of Human Occupation (Kielhofner & Burke, 1980) to adults with HIV. An occupational therapy assessment battery based on the model is introduced. Given the physical, psychosocial, and environmental needs of persons with HIV, the assessment must be comprehensive to fully evaluate the effect of HIV on occupational behaviors. Goal planning and treatment follow the assessment process. A case example illustrates the integration of the Model of Human Occupation with clinical practice.
AIDS: Toward a Compassionate Response
Authors: Peloquin Suzanne M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
AIDS evokes powerful feelings, often manifestations of fear, among health care providers. To effectively treat patients with AIDS, occupational therapists must acknowledge and reconcile their personal feelings. One way to formulate a compassionate response to patients is to understand the meanings that we give to AIDS, meanings that shape our interpersonal behaviors. Restricted meanings—that the disease constitutes death, sin, crime, war, or community division—place the person with AIDS at risk for compromised care. Recognizing the limitations of these meanings can free therapists to find other meanings that inspire compassion.
The Peabody Developmental Fine Motor Scale: An Interrater Reliability Study
Authors: Stokes Nancy A. , Deitz Jean L. , Crowe Terry K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined the interrater reliability of two raters on the Fine Motor scale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (Folio & Fewell, 1983). The sample comprised 32 children who were 4 or 5 years of age. Half of the children were considered to have normal development and half had an identified developmental delay. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients between the two sets of ratings were r = .97 for the delayed group and r = .77 for the normal group. Intraclass correlations were .97 and .76 for the delayed and normal groups, respectively. These figures appear to reflect the increased variance of the performance of the children with developmental delays. The percentage agreement between the two raters was greater for the group of normal subjects. The results suggest that the Fine Motor scale of the Peabody scales includes enough items to minimize the total score difference between two raters. Individual test items with poor agreement between the two raters were identified.
The Reliability of Goniometric Measurements of Active and Passive Wrist Motions
Authors: Horger Margaret M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A reliability study was conducted to determine (a) the intrarater and interrater reliability of goniometric measurement of active and passive wrist motions under clinical conditions and (b) the effect of a therapist’s specialization on the reliability of measurement. Randomly paired therapists performed repeated measurements of active and passive wrist motions in 48 subjects who had been referred to one of four occupational therapy or hand management clinics for evaluation and treatment. The data were analyzed with an intraclass correlation coefficient. A posteriori data analyses were performed to determine the effects of identified sources of error on the reliability of measurement.
The results indicated that measurement of wrist motion by individual therapists is highly reliable and that intrarater reliability is higher than interrater reliability for all active and passive motions. Interrater reliability was generally higher among specialized therapists for reasons not immediately apparent from this study. With the exception of pain, identified sources of error were found to have surprisingly little effect on the reliability of measurement.
Research Attitudes and Activities of Occupational Therapy Clinicians
Authors: Taylor Eve , Mitchell Marlys 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Two hundred and seventy occupational therapy clinicians, whose primary or secondary employment function was in direct patient service, were surveyed to determine their perceived roles and attitudes regarding research. Results showed a strong belief in the importance of research in the profession, yet minimal involvement in research due to limited time, money, and skill. The role of collaborator with experienced researchers was rated as highly desirable. Few clinicians indicated no interest in research. Implications of the results and suggestions for strategies to increase clinicians’ involvement and satisfaction in research through mutual experiences and continuing education are given.
Integrating Motor Control and Motor Learning Concepts With Neuropsychological Perspectives on Apraxia and Developmental Dyspraxia
Authors: Goodgold-Edwards Shelley A. , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper reviews selected pertinent literature on the learning and performance of skilled motor acts. Information on normal motor performance is integrated with that on adult apraxia and related to common problems observed in children with developmental dyspraxia. The process of motor skill acquisition is outlined, and aspects of styles of motor organization, modes of control, premovement organization, sensory organization, and analysis of the types of errors are presented. Recommendations for clinicians working with children with developmental dyspraxia are offered.
The Relationship Between Admission Criteria and Practice Preferences
Authors: Swinehart Susan , Feinberg Judy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A continual decline in the number of occupational therapists selecting mental health as their practice area has resulted in a personnel shortage. This study aimed at examining admission criteria to one occupational therapy program and the relationship of these criteria to practice preferences at admission. The question of whether current admission criteria are biased against those applicants preferring mental health practice is pertinent if the personnel shortage in mental health is to be alleviated. An analysis of the differences in practice preferences between accepted, alternate, and rejected groups of applicants indicated that such a bias did not exist. When admission was recalculated with only grade point average instead of the current procedure of a weighted combination of grade point average and interview, it was found that the admitted class would have contained more students preferring mental health practice. Additional research is recommended to further examine admission criteria and their relationship to practice.
Food Store Accessibility
Authors: McClain Linda , Todd Christy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Although occupational therapists try to help their wheelchair-bound clients reenter the community or maintain independence, many facilities’ noncompliance with accessibility standards makes such planning difficult. In the present study, a survey was used to investigate the wheelchair accessibility of 20 grocery and convenience stores. The results of the survey indicated that the types of stores with greatest accessibility, in descending order, were (a) rural grocery stores, (b) urban grocery stores, (c) urban convenience stores, and (d) rural convenience stores. No overall differences were found between the urban and rural stores. The types of deficiencies found and their effects on clients’ shopping are described.
A follow-up study was conducted to see if the store managers, who were sent letters notifying them of their stores’ deficiencies, would correct these problems. Six months after notification, the survey was repeated. Five of the 20 managers made changes in specific deficient areas, whereas the remaining 15 made no changes. The survey results and the fact that 25% of the stores made changes after receipt of a letter indicate that occupational therapists can be effective advocates for accessibility and thus provide a vital link to productive living for persons in wheelchairs.
Decreasing Drooling With Oral Motor Stimulation in Children With Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Domaracki Leigh Strawbridge , Sisson Lori A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Many persons with severe and profound disabilities exhibit chronic and excessive drooling, which can have unfavorable effects on their socialization and health. Few treatments to reduce this behavior, however, have been evaluated systematically. In the present investigation, oral motor stimulation was used with 2 children who attended a residential educational facility for students who are blind and who have multiple disabilities. The treatment involved the brushing of the hard palate, the upper and lower gums, the tongue, and the inside of both cheeks at 1-hr intervals during the school day. The efficacy of this approach was demonstrated with a withdrawal experimental design. Because this treatment did not eliminate drooling, vibration was applied to the chin and neck, first in conjunction with the oral motor stimulation and then contingent on the subject’s having a dry face. Vibration did not have additional therapeutic effects. The results of this study are discussed in relation to the existing literature on modification of drooling and the difficulty of effecting change in the behavior of persons with severe and profound mental and physical disabilities.
The Effect of Mouth Closure on Drooling and Speech
Authors: Iammatteo Patricia A. , Trombly Catherine , Luecke Linda 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The efficacy of a feeding program to decrease drooling and increase vocalizations by promoting mouth closure was explored in two boys with cerebral palsy through the use of oral facilitation techniques. A single-subject ABA design was repeated across subjects. Baseline 1 consisted of 5 (Subject 1) and 10 (Subject 2) half-hour sessions during which the subjects were fed applesauce and apple juice without treatment. A 1-hr play session followed, during which saliva was collected on an absorbent bib and weighed. Bilabial vocalizations produced by the subjects were recorded and counted. A 12-session intervention phase followed, which was identical to the baseline phase except that treatment was implemented. Treatment consisted of techniques to reduce tactile hypersensitivity before feeding and the application of jaw control during feeding. Baseline 2 consisted of 7 sessions identical to baseline 1. The results suggest that this intervention decreases drooling but does not increase bilabial vocalizations. Longer treatment and follow-up may be needed in future efficacy studies.
Evaluating a Level I Fieldwork Model for Independent Living Skills
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. , Cohn Ellen S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A model for Level I fieldwork in which students coled independent living skills (ILS) groups in clinical settings and observed occupational therapy evaluation and treatment was implemented in a curriculum and evaluated for its effectiveness. The evaluation surveys from this study suggest that the model is most effective in courses and clinical settings that deal with adult and young adult client populations. All clinicians in these settings believed that the students provided a service to the clients by co-leading ILS groups, and nearly all believed that student-led groups would be valuable for their clients in the future. The students reported learning about group leadership skills and developing creative activity adaptations to meet different clients’ needs. Faculty members want to continue using this model because they think it facilitates students’ integration of clinical and classroom experiences.
An Assessment of Measures to Predict the Outcome of Driving Evaluations in Patients With Cerebral Damage
Authors: Galski Thomas , Ehle Holly T. , Bruno Richard L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The evaluation of the ability of patients to return to driving after cerebral damage stands out as one of the most important tasks confronted by rehabilitation professionals. The present study was designed to critically assess evaluations that were developed at one facility to determine fitness to drive: an off-road, predriver evaluation of skills regarded as important in driving and an on-road, behind-the-wheel evaluation of abilities needed to drive in actual traffic situations. The evaluation results of 37 patients with cerebral damage due to traumatic head injury or cerebrovascular accident were studied retrospectively. Only 4 out of 21 items on the predriver evaluation significantly predicted the outcome of the predriver evaluation and none of the predriver evaluation items predicted the outcome of the behind-the-wheel evaluation. Only 6 of the 26 tasks on the behind-the-wheel evaluation significantly predicted the outcome of the behind-the-wheel evaluation. None of the items on the predriver evaluation or the behind-the-wheel evaluation explained a significant portion of variance related to outcome. The lack of internal and predictive validity of driver evaluations is discussed in light of these findings, and recommendations are given for improving the predictive power of driving evaluations.
Adding Purpose to the Repetitive Exercise of Elderly Women Through Imagery
Authors: Riccio Christine M. , Nelson David L. , Bush Mary Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Many studies have documented the effectiveness of verbally elicited imagery in the enhancement of motor skills in young, nondisabled populations. The present study examined the effects of verbally elicited imagery in the encouragement of two exercises (i.e., reaching up to pick apples and reaching down to pick up coins) in elderly women. The subjects were 27 women between 62 and 96 years of age who were selected from a nursing home, a residential retirement home, and a foster care home. All of the subjects received imagery as well as control conditions, but in a counterbalanced fashion. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank tests indicated that the imagery condition elicited significantly more repetitions of the reaching-up exercise than did the control condition (z = 2.25, p [one-tailed] = .012). The results in the reaching-down exercise were generally in the same direction but difficult to interpret statistically. The results are discussed in terms of other recent research investigating ways to add purpose to therapeutic exercise through occupation. Clinicians are urged to explore the advantages and disadvantages of imagery-based occupations in treatment.
Recruitment Standards and Practices in Occupational Therapy, 1900–1930
Authors: Colman Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Debate regarding recruitment standards and practices exemplifies various visions of practice that exist within a profession. In occupational therapy, early recruitment criteria provide an example of how the field’s founders envisioned the professional practitioner. As occupational therapy grew in membership throughout the 1920s, that vision was challenged. This paper identifies and describes the recruitment ideas expressed by both the founders of occupational therapy and their challengers from 1900 to 1930 and suggests the influence of their ideas on recruitment standards.
The Effects of Education on Hand Use With Industrial Workers in Repetitive Jobs
Authors: Dortch Howard L. , Trombly Catherine A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Eighteen subjects participated in a preliminary study to determine the effects of two types of educational programs on the hand-use patterns of industrial workers at risk for developing cumulative trauma disorder (CTD). The subjects were divided into three groups: Two groups received different educational programs and the third group served as the control. One program used a handout as the only educational tool: the other used the handout as well as a hands-on demonstration of the concepts in the handout. Pretests and posttests of the frequency of movements identified with CTD of the hand and wrist during work were administered to all subjects. Both educational programs were significantly effective in reducing the number of at-risk movements performed by workers tested 1 week after receiving the education. No significant difference was found between the two educational programs. The results of this study show that education can affect hand-use patterns, and a similar study on a larger sample is recommended.
The Value of Psychosocial Level II Fieldwork
Authors: Atwater Anne W. , Davis Christine G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The shortage of occupational therapists choosing to practice in mental health and the increase of therapists electing to specialize in other areas led to a pilot study designed to gather information regarding the value of psychosocial Level II fieldwork. A survey was mailed to 152 practicing occupational therapists who had graduated from Colorado State University in Fort Collins between 1983 and 1988; of the surveys returned, 116 were used in this study. The results indicate that the psychosocial Level II fieldwork experience provides therapists with valuable training and experience regardless of their current area of practice or specialization. The results also suggest that to preserve the holistic approach that occupational therapists offer their clients, psychosocial Level II fieldwork must remain a requirement of occupational therapy programs.
Creating Excellence in Patient Care
Authors: Schwartz Kathleen Barker 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists are working in health care organizations that operate from an efficiency perspective. There is growing criticism that this approach can put quality patient care at risk. This article proposes the excellence perspective as a way to address quality as well as productivity. The excellence perspective is one that occupational therapists can use as a guide to program innovation. It is a perspective that fits with the occupational therapist’s concern for quality patient care and the administration’s concern for productivity. This article examines the excellence perspective and describes its use in business and its potential for health care. A case study that exemplifies excellence in patient care is presented.
Program Evaluation for Accreditation
Authors: Meyers Susan K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Program evaluation in preparation for accreditation provides opportunities for the identification of program strengths, weaknesses, and improvement potential. In the present study, naturalistic inquiry, an evaluation methodology responsive to the concerns of persons with a stake in the program, was successfully used in preparation for the accreditation of an occupational therapy program. The experiences of undergraduate students who implemented the program evaluation as part of an honors elective course describe the process, outcomes, benefits, and problems associated with the use of naturalistic inquiry as a responsive program evaluation.
Upper Extremity Casting: Adjunct Treatment for a Child With Cerebral Palsy Hemiplegia
Authors: Yasukawa Audrey 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A common upper extremity deformity with hemiplegia is pronation contracture of the forearm in association with flexion contracture of the elbow. Early management of the child with hemiplegic cerebral palsy is critical in optimizing overall function. The use of inhibitory upper extremity casting can enhance function and improve arm-hand position. The present paper describes the evaluation process before casting, the goals of each phase of the casting program, and the follow-up.