bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Polymer-Flood Management Using Streamlines
Authors: Clemens Torsten , Abdev Joseph , Thiele Marco 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Recently, modern streamline simulation has been extended to polymer flooding. In this work, we extended the applicability of streamline simulation further to efficiently manage polymer injection projects. We first present our methodology and then demonstrate the applicability of our approach using a Romanian field as an example. Owing to the price of polymers, an optimised injection strategy is crucial to minimise costs, maximize sweep, and thereby ensure profitability of a polymer flood.
The biggest advantage of streamline simulation compared to traditional finite-difference modelling is that polymer floods can be optimised on a well pattern basis. By being able to plot cumulative oil produced as a function of polymer injected for an individual well pattern, underperforming patterns—injectors and associated offset producers—can easily be indentified and rates, concentration, and slug size modified to improve the local efficiency of the flood. In this paper we introduced a new metric: the polymer injection efficiency as a function of time for each pattern and show how it is central to contain costs while improving oil recovery.
We demonstrate our management methodology on a Romanian oil field that has been operating since 1961 with 21 injectors and 136 producers. We show that the utility factor (mass of polymers injected per volume of incremental oil produced) can be reduced while sustaining oil recovery. We conclude with a discussion on streamline simulation as an enabling technology for reservoir management decisions for polymer floods and floods in general.
The First 16-in. PDC Bit and RSS Application in Vietnam
Authors: Van Hung Le , Van Minh Vu , Heisig Gerald , Heuser William 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
For the development drilling phase of Ca Ngu Vang (Golden Tuna, Block 9-2, offshore Viet Nam), the 17 ½-in. section was deepened, compared with previous wells, to better suit the well design. The technological challenge centered on drilling the interbedded sand and shale Con Son sequence through the Bach Ho Shale, to total depth (TD) the section in the early Miocene with one drill bit and bottomhole assembly (BHA) at an economically viable rate of penetration (ROP).
Operator Hoan Vu JOC previously tested several different drilling methods with limited success, including employing a roller cone drill bit on rotary and later a PDC bit in tandem with a mud motor. This paper discusses the post-offset well analysis and the cooperative effort between the operator and service company that resulted in the introduction and successful implementation of a new 16-in. PDC bit and rotary steerable system (RSS) with real-time vibration monitoring. The new BHA combination drilled the section in one run, surpassing all ROP expectations, while meeting all directional drilling objectives. Following the successful run, which was the first application of a 16-in. PDC bit and RSS tandem in Vietnam, the bit exhibited minimal wear.
The authors examine the application and share the technical and operational lessons learned with recommendations for optimizing performance in future similar applications.
Blocked Isocyanate Fluid System for Water Shut Off Application
Authors: Mohd Shafian Siti Rohaida , Hassan Abdul Azim , Ismail Suzylawati , Teng Ling Kong , Irawan Sonny 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Application of gelled polymer solution containing one or more reactive component of a polymer and a crosslinker has been widely used as water shut off fluid. They were used with the ability to reduce water production by two main performance criteria. First by reducing water relative permeability more than oil permeability using disproportionate relative permeability reduction (DPR) or relative permeability modifier (RPM), and secondly by totally block the fluid flow/total shut off using strong gels.
The current invention is related to polymerization process for total water shut off. In this study blocked isocyanate was identified and chooses as an active component in the fluid system. The polymerization process was initiated when the temperature of the injected zone reached the deblocked temperature (~90°C and above). The blocking agent (contain in the fluid) starts to unblocked and allow the isocyanate to react with other component in the system to form hard solid polyurethane. This polyurethane will form a barrier to totally block the flow of formation fluid during production.
This paper presents the performance of a blocked isocyanate water shut-off fluid designed for PETRONAS field. The newly designed fluid is one component system which works in the temperature range between 80 – 120°C. The effects of temperature at 80, 95 and 120°C and aging of core flooding experiments in water saturated condition, the treated sandstone Berea cores showed high extrusion pressure of 100psi/inch. This system is applicable for total water shut off where at residual oil saturation and irreducible water, high extrusion pressure was achieved.
Assessing Stability of Reservoir Bounding Faults While Drilling
Authors: Fernández-lbáñez Fermín , Castillo David , Firth Andrew , Courteney Steven 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Drilling experience and well data acquired during field exploration and development can be used to characterize the geomechanical properties of faults and its implications on risk assessment. We have built a geomechanical model based on the available logging and drilling data, along with failure observations from different offset wells. Modeling results have revealed a present-day stress field characterized by a transitional normal faulting to strike-slip stress regime. The large, seismically resolvable faults have been brought into a three-dimensional numerical geomechanical model to determine the stress conditions near these faults. The stress tensor is here combined with a failure criterion to assess the potential for fault instability.
Drilling through some of these faults is required to reach the main field targets. We have investigated the effective stresses acting on each fault surface in order to determine whether these faults are active under the current stress field. To understand the risk of losses while drilling, we have estimated the required downhole mud weight pressure to induce shear failure along the main fault surfaces. None of the faults considered in this study are active; however, drilling through these structures may reactivate some fault segments. MWD data has been successfully used to validate the model and highlight the importance of fault stability assessment to help control bottom hole pressures and mitigate the risk of losses while drilling.
Evaluation of Discrete Element Method for Realistic Modeling of Reservoir Rock
Authors: Nabipour A. , Sarmadivaleh M. , Asadi M. S. , Sabogal Polania J. M. , Evans B. , Rasouli V. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
One of the most important concerns in perforation operation is to reduce the extent and severity of damage caused by perforating the reservoir formation in order to maximise production. In contrast to several experimental studies on modeling perforation, not many numerical attempts have been made for modeling this process.
In this study a Discrete Element Method (DEM) based code was used for perforation modeling. After generating the rock sample using an assembly of bonded particles, the advantages and shortcomings of the method are discussed. By pointing out the differences between real perforation conditions and modeling assumptions, a number of practical solutions for improvement of the numerical model are explained. The simulated rock sample is then perforated and model behavior was analysed. The results show that the porosity around the peroration tunnel initially decreases due to rock compaction. This is followed by an increase in porosity due to stress release. Results are in accordance with experimental studies reported by other researchers. Stress monitoring around the perforation tunnel provided the ability to analyse the stress shock generated during the perforation process.
The Fracturing of Deep Non-Conventional Volcanic Reservoir - A Case History Raageshwari Gas Field, Onshore India
Authors: Vermani Sanjeev , Gupta Anish , Spitzer Winston , Stolyarov Sergey , Arora Gaurav , Dean Greg 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Raageshwari gas field is a relatively deep (3000m) non-conventional volcanic reservoir with a gas column in excess of 800 meters. Gas from Raageshwari field is used to generate energy for production of waxy high pour point crude of the nearby Mangala, Bhagyam and Aishwariya Fields (which were discovered in January 2004) in Barmer Basin, Western Rajasthan India (Figure 1, 2). Extensive laboratory studies have been conducted prior the hydraulic fracturing treatments to evaluate rock mechanical properties, rock -frac fluid interaction and mineralogy. MiniFrac analysis was performed prior to the main frac treatment in order to have a better understanding of the reservoir properties prior to pumping of the main hydraulic fracturing treatment. Microseismic fracture mapping was used to determine fracture geometry and azimuth. Fracture modeling was also used to determine effective fracture geometry which was later calibrated to the Microseismic data. Different techniques have been successfully utilized to overcome extreme fracture complexity and resultant screen-outs including proppant slugs, 100 mesh and high viscosity slugs.
Reservoir Management with Real-Time and Periodic Surveillance Data
Authors: Kabir C. S. , Ismadi D. , Fountain S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the value of collecting and interpreting real-time data. With an intensive data gathering strategy, starting at wells’ inception to the mature production phase, we show how transient pressure and rate data can be used to manage a complex carbonate gas reservoir. In particular, reservoir connectivity is discerned with pulse testing and with the leading-edge p/q graph, and continuous updates of in-place volume are made with both static and dynamic material-balance methods and corroborating the same with rate-transient analysis.
Interwell connectivity information was deduced during underbalanced drilling by way of interference test between two pairs of wells. Thereafter, transient-pressure tests on individual wells characterized the layered, dual-porosity system, with production logs corroborating the notion of layering. Production maturity over three years has paved the way for estimating connected in-place gas volume associated with each well using the transient-PI, and also with a new method introduced here. This new approach entails plotting both static and dynamic material-balance data on the same graph, yielding the same solution.
Errors associated with real-time rate measurements presented interpretation challenges for rate-transient analysis; however, application of a physics-based filtering algorithm resolved this issue. Flow-after-flow tests that were embedded in monthly variable-rate production allocations, in turn, allowed us to obtain average-reservoir pressure explicitly to do the static material-balance analysis.
Incorporating Motivation and Inspiration Into Learning
Authors: Michael Smith , Edwards J. T. , Woo George 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Many companies have career advancement training programs. As an employee gains knowledge and improves skill expertise, there is opportunity for that employee to grow within the company.
As trainers, we set a minimum passing score or requirement for the student to gain certification. Students often see the minimum score as what they need to achieve; sometimes students will ask the day before a final exam, "what is the minimum grade I need on the final exam to pass the course?" That minimum score then becomes the goal of the student. As trainers we would like to see the best from the student, not the minimum.
Whether this attitude comes from a lack of confidence or from a lack of effort, the results are the same. How much assurance can we have in a workforce that just meets the minimum requirements? We need to motivate each and every student to do their best. Enhancing the knowledge and skill expertise of the student will improve their overall job performance.
This paper focuses on motivating, inspiring, and encouraging students to strive for their best. Recently several personal award programs were implemented which provide instant student recognition for outstanding work or achievements. Excellence is rewarded not only in the class, but also acknowledged at the workplace. Because of this improvements have been seen in individual efforts. Furthermore, increases in percentage of students passing courses have been documented. The results with case histories are detailed in this paper.
Enhanced Reservoir Scenarios Management Workflow
Authors: García Alejandro , Rebeschini Jordani , Martins Diego , Vieira Carlos , Nunes Fabiano , Da Silva Edilon , Herdeiro Marco 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Historically, oilfield development has been technically and economically challenging, primarily as a result of more complex reservoirs and difficult environments. One of the roles of a reservoir engineer who encounters these challenges is to provide fast and accurate scenario analyses for management to use for making decisions. During a reservoir scenario analysis process, data management tasks required to get all results in context for successful analysis are always a challenge for engineers to respond in a fast and accurate way, besides the numerical simulation time that is already highly time consuming.
This paper presents a workflow and an environment, developed and implemented for an offshore asset in Brazil, to support reservoir and planning engineers in the generation and analyses of operational scenarios and their management. The goals of this workflow include reducing time-consuming tasks with an automated process, and to facilitate and accelerate the flow of information among key decision makers.
The scope of this work includes case study requests, updating key files in the process, running simulations, processing results, and supporting historical scenarios management. It also incorporates an alternative for conventional numerical simulation with the use of proxy models that aid in the search for an optimum scenario of production and injection profiles.
The effect of the work is primarily focused on the support provided to the engineers to reduce the time required for data management tasks and to locate requested solutions more quickly. The time reductions are highly visible, especially in data management tasks, but they are significantly more important in optimization workflows, reducing the number of regular simulations required to determine the best operational profiles.
Accurate Estimates of in-situ Porosity and Permeability Data Using Cloned Parametric Stressed Models—A Hybrid Approach
Authors: Williams Steve O. , Batarseh Samih , Solanki Max 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A major drawback in the optimal use of historical core data in reservoir description and exploitation is that most of the core porosity and permeability data are measured at ambient or near ambient conditions of 200 or 400 psi. The use of ambient core porosity and permeability data in reservoir evaluation without appropriate correction to reservoir conditions will result to some degree of uncertainty in reserves determination and flow performance predictions.
This paper presents a methodology for accurate estimation of in-situ porosity and permeability data by first using the flow unitization approach to capture reservoir heterogeneity and delineate the reservoir rock samples. Furthermore, it uses the error minimization technique to clone the non-linear and double exponential relationship of porosity and permeability versus stress, thereby unraveling cloned parameters that are used in the stress model development.
This sound numerical approach was developed and validated using core porosity and permeability data from the Ventura Avenue field, California, where porosity and permeability values are low and variable and reservoir sand quality mix is non-homogenous. Predictions using these models show a correlation coefficient of 0.90 for porosity and 0.85 for permeability, boosting the use of these models in both homogenous and non-homogenous reservoirs. Other existing methodologies in the industry are examined and compared with this robust approach and the results are promising and show a more improved and accurate prediction stress models.
Incorporating Motivation and Inspiration Into Learning
Authors: Smith Michael , Edwards J. T. , Woo George 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Many companies have career advancement training programs. As an employee gains knowledge and improves skill expertise, there is opportunity for that employee to grow within the company.
As trainers, we set a minimum passing score or requirement for the student to gain certification. Students often see the minimum score as what they need to achieve; sometimes students will ask the day before a final exam, "what is the minimum grade I need on the final exam to pass the course?" That minimum score then becomes the goal of the student. As trainers we would like to see the best from the student, not the minimum.
Whether this attitude comes from a lack of confidence or from a lack of effort, the results are the same. How much assurance can we have in a workforce that just meets the minimum requirements? We need to motivate each and every student to do their best. Enhancing the knowledge and skill expertise of the student will improve their overall job performance.
This paper focuses on motivating, inspiring, and encouraging students to strive for their best. Recently several personal award programs were implemented which provide instant student recognition for outstanding work or achievements. Excellence is rewarded not only in the class, but also acknowledged at the workplace. Because of this improvements have been seen in individual efforts. Furthermore, increases in percentage of students passing courses have been documented. The results with case histories are detailed in this paper.
Design and Application of a New Acid-Alkali-Surfactant Flooding Formulation for Malaysian Reservoirs
Authors: Elraies Khaled A. , Tan Isa M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A new Acid-Alkali-Polymeric Surfactant (AAPS) flooding formulation has been developed to overcome the precipitation problems caused by the divalent metal cations prevalent with conventional ASP flooding. The acid was evaluated in an acid- alkali-surfactant formulation using sodium carbonate and introducing a new polymeric surfactant derived from Jatropha oil. The effect of the new formula on IFT, viscosity, and oil recovery was studied using natural seawater having a large quantity of divalent metal cations. The tolerance of the AAPS towards natural untreated sea water was monitored for 90 days at 90 °C. No precipitations were formed with the acid additive, while precipitations were always generated without the acid. A combination of the new system was found to significantly reduce the IFT between Angsi crude oil and AAPS solution. The most outstanding feature of the AAPS formulation lies in its viscosity insensivity towards an increasing alkali concentration up to 1.2%. Core flood tests with alkali and acid concentrations of 0.6% and 1% respectively confirmed an optimum surfactant concentration of 0.6%. Using the optimum AAPS concentrations, another series of core flood were conducted by changing the injection volume. Only a small incremental recovery was obtained with AAPS slugs higher than 0.5 PV. Injection of 0.5 PV of the formulated AAPS slug followed by chase water produced an additional 18.8% OOIP over water flooding. The benefit of the new system is the use of seawater rather than softened water while maintaining the desired slug properties.
Multiphysics of Coal-Gas Interactions: The Scientific Foundation for CBM Production and CO2 Storage in Coal
Authors: Liu Jishan , Chen Zhongwei , Qu Hongyan 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Coal permeability is perhaps the most important parameter for the implementation of primary methane recovery and CO2-ECBM technology. It is well known that sorption-induced strain and thermal gradients have significant influence on permeability change. In this study, a general form of permeability model is developed, which includes the impact from the geomechanical process, coal swelling/shrinkage, gas pressure change, and thermal change. Then it is extended to apply on three different coal mediums: (1) Unfractured coal; (2) Fractured porous coal media; (3) Fractured coal with rigid matrixes. Based on this permeability model, a set of governing equations is built up, which fully couples the geomechanical deformation, gas and heat flow processes. This coupled model is used to evaluate the influence from different media types on permeability evaluation, gas injection and production performance, and the effective stress change around the wellbore. In addition, numerical simulations under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions are conducted. Significant influence on the permeability evolution, injection and production performance was observed for both cases.
Key Factors Sensitivity Analysis on Blowout Probability in Dangerous Drilling Conditions Applying Different Technical Solutions
Authors: Masi S. , Molaschi C. , Zausa Z. , Rossi N. , Michelez J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Blowout is one of the most significant threats associated with exploration and exploitation of petroleum resources, with the potential to cause injury as well as environmental and economic damage.
This paper will present the approach for complex probability evaluation and discuss a sensitivity analysis of blowout occurrence factors for two challenging situations: High Pressure wells drilled using the Closed Hole Circulation Drilling (CHCD) technique and High Pressure / High Temperature (HP/HT) wells drilled using a conventional technique. As such, a risk assessment approach is recommended to properly face blowout probability. In the first scenario (where the primary barrier to well influx is jeopardised), the analysis will predict the level of safety risk and identify any additional procedures and/or additional equipment that may be required. In the second scenario, the analysis will identify the proper safety procedures and equipment required for challenging drilling conditions.
The complex probability evaluation uses fault tree analysis. This allows the consideration of the real condition of the operations including equipment, operating resources and environmental conditions, all broken down to their smallest subsystem (basic event). Each basic event failure rate is then determined using statistical databases.
However, anywhere new technologies, equipment and procedures are implemented, and thus are not yet represented in historical statistics, the reliability of a standard fault tree analysis could be degraded. Therefore, where historical statistics is limited, it is possible to add variability in the fault tree, ultimately combined through a stochastic simulation, to reduce the uncertainty in the fault tree analysis.
By comparing the two challenging conditions using a probabilistic fault tree, this paper shows that the key factors affecting the considered drilling scenario can be different, such that further investigation in the form of a blowout causes/events analysis may be necessary. These key factors are not only technical, but also organizational and human.
Recommendations for preparatory works to minimise the likelihood of a blowout will also be presented.