bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential implications of future climate and land‐cover changes for the fate and distribution of persistent organic pollutants in Europe
Authors: Paul Alexander G. , Hammen Volker C. , Hickler Thomas , Karlson Ulrich G. , Jones Kevin C. , Sweetman Andrew J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAim  Climate change is having far‐reaching effects on the global environment. Here, the ALARM (Assessing Large‐scale Risks for Biodiversity with Tested Methods, European Union 6th Framework Programme) climate change scenarios were used to assess changes to the fate of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Scenarios detailing climate and land‐cover changes, such as precipitation, temperature and vegetation cover, were used as input in a European multi‐media chemical fate model to help understand their impact on the environmental fate and behaviour of POPs over the period 1990–2100 in Europe.Location  Europe.Methods  Chemicals chosen for study included four classical POPs (two polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and two polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners). Using 30‐year time steps, the model was run in steady‐state mode four times for each chemical and each ALARM scenario.Results  PCB153 displayed the greatest changes, with a reduction in burden of up to 40% in some Mediterranean compartments (e.g. soil and fresh water) under the worst case climate change scenario. The overall continental persistence of PCB153 was reduced by 1.5 years (12%) due to increased volatilization and degradation in air from a drier and warmer south‐western Europe. This predicted loss resulted in a transfer and redeposition to the cooler and wetter north‐eastern Europe, and increased the burden of PCB153 to Arctic compartments by up to 22%. The remaining chemicals displayed less pronounced changes, particularly under more the sustainable scenarios.Main conclusions  Overall, the model simulations suggest that the dominant driver behind differences seen between the present and climate‐changed future scenarios is temperature, resulting in a slight shift in chemical distribution from surface compartments to the air. This subsequently leads to a reduced continental persistence for PCBs and a north‐easterly migration due to prevailing meteorological conditions. As a result of these calculations, it is reasonable to conclude that chemicals with properties similar to PCBs may experience enhanced mobility due to climate change. However, the climate‐induced temperature changes were not large enough to significantly alter the distribution of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), which are less volatile and have greater enthalpies of phase change.
Projecting the future distribution of European potential natural vegetation zones with a generalized, tree species‐based dynamic vegetation model
Authors: Hickler Thomas , Vohland Katrin , Feehan Jane , Miller Paul A. , Smith Benjamin , Costa Luis , Giesecke Thomas , Fronzek Stefan , Carter Timothy R. , Cramer Wolfgang , Kühn Ingolf , Sykes Martin T. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAim  To assess the extent to which climate change might cause changes in potential natural vegetation (PNV) across Europe.Location  Europe.Method  We parameterized a generalized dynamic vegetation model (LPJ‐GUESS) for the most common European tree species, and, for the first time, modelled large‐scale vegetation dynamics using a process‐based model explicitly representing tree species, age cohorts, gap dynamics and biogeochemical cycles in a single framework. For projections, the model was driven with climate scenario data from two atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs), downscaled to 10 × 10′ spatial resolution (c. 18.5 × 12 km at 50° N).Results  At a general level, modelled present‐day PNV corresponded better with an expert reconstruction of the PNV than most earlier plant functional type (PFT)‐based simulations, but at a finer scale the model and the expert map showed substantial discrepancies in some areas. Simulations until 2085 showed considerable successional shifts in vegetation types in most areas: 31–42% of the total area of Europe was projected to be covered by a different vegetation type by the year 2085. In the long term, equilibrium changes are substantially larger: simulations with one climate scenario suggest that 76–80% of the European land surface could exist within another PNV if climate was stabilized by the end of the century and vegetation had unlimited time to achieve equilibrium with the new climate. ‘Hotspots’ of change include arctic and alpine ecosystems, where trees replace tundra in the model, and the transition zone between temperate broad‐leaved and boreal conifer forest. In southern Europe, the model projected widespread shifts from forest to shrublands as a result of drought.Main conclusions  The model presents a considerable advance in modelling dynamic changes in natural vegetation across Europe. Climate change might cause substantial changes in PNV across Europe, which should be considered in the management of reserves and forestry.
Climate change and historical biogeography of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides
Authors: Jones Sierra J. , Southward Alan J. , Wethey David S. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTAim  Marine sessile inter‐tidal invertebrates are expected to undergo shifts in distribution due to climate change. Using a combination of survey and transplant data with thermal modelling, we investigated the role of climate on the poleward contraction of the southern range edge of the north temperate barnacle Semibalanus balanoides.Location  Western Atlantic of the United States.Methods  Barnacle surveys were conducted along the east coast of the United States in 1963 and 2007. Presence, absence and abundance data were collected and the time periods were compared. Transplant experiments monitoring survival with relation to temperature were conducted upon S. balanoides along the more southerly portion of their range, and modelling predicting barnacle survival with relation to biogeography was completed.Results  The southern limit of S. balanoides has contracted approximately 350 km to the north.Main conclusions  The changes thus far observed in climate along the east coast of the United States have contributed to the southern limit range contraction of S. balanoides. Further changes in the biogeography of S. balanoides are expected with continued climate warming.
Foreign Direct Investment and Managerial Knowledge Spillovers through the Diffusion of Management Practices
Authors: Fu Xiaolan 
Published: December 2011

abstractAlthough managerial knowledge spillovers have long been claimed to be a major benefit of foreign direct investment (FDI), such spillovers have not yet been systematically analysed. This paper adds to the literature by analysing the nature and extent of managerial knowledge spillovers from FDI through the diffusion of management practices. Taking into account the tacit and explicit elements of management practices and distinguishing between industry and non‐industry specific practices, the paper identifies different types of spillovers and discusses their transmission mechanisms. Evidence from establishment‐level panel data from the UK attests to the existence and significance of intra‐industry, linkage, and non‐linkage based inter‐industry spillovers of managerial knowledge from foreign to local firms, although the strength varies for different types of practices. The spillovers are geographically localized, especially in channels without supply chain linkages. Local firms are selective in the adoption of individual practices and the spillover effects are more significant at the cluster and management system level. Reverse spillovers from local firms to MNEs from industrialized countries appear to be limited despite significant spillovers of practices amongst local firms.
Conditional Cash Transfer Programs, Credit Constraints, and Migration
Authors: Angelucci Manuela 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper models the effect of anti‐poverty conditional cash transfer programs on labor migration. Their effect on migration depends on both the size and type of transfers. Conditional transfers, where the potential recipient has to comply with some requirement in order to qualify for eligibility, may decrease contemporaneous migration for some households, but increase future migration for others. In contrast, unconditional grants may increase current migration.
Employability of Young Italian Men after a Jobless Period, 1989–98
Authors: Contini Bruno , Poggi Ambra 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the existence of negative jobless duration dependence and the impact of jobless spells on future wages. Our findings are somewhat out of line compared with analogous explorations. We find evidence of very long unemployment duration of the young male labor force, higher than reported anywhere else in Western Europe, as well as large negative unemployment duration dependence. On the other hand, young Italian men experiencing jobless periods in their early careers face small re‐employment wage losses. Such losses do increase with the duration of joblessness, but they are lower than reported in the USA, Canada, the UK, France, and Spain.
Cultural diversity, democracy and the prospects of cosmopolitanism: a theory of cultural encounters
Authors: Delanty Gerard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe most appropriate way of theorizing cultural diversity is to situate it in the context of a broader relational theory of culture in which the key dynamic is cultural encounters. The relational conception of culture places the emphasis on the relations between social actors and the processes by which some of these relations generate enduring cultural regularities and forms. This has important implications for political community and in particular for cosmopolitanism. It is in relationships that cultural phenomena are generated and become the basis of different kinds of political community. The paper outlines a typology of six kinds of cultural encounters and discusses four major cultural trends that variously emerge from these encounters. This approach with its emphasis on cultural encounters is the broad sociological context in which questions about cultural change and the prospects of cosmopolitanism should be discussed.
Interdisciplinarity and the social sciences: capital, institutions and autonomy1
Authors: Garforth Lisa , Kerr Anne 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRecent discussions about disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity in the social sciences have tended to map and critique methods, theories and approaches to knowledge production, but spend less time exploring the ways in which institutional constraints and personal trajectories produce different kinds of disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity. In this paper we present findings on interdisciplinarity from UK research undertaken as part of an EC project on knowledge, gender and institutions. The research involved a small survey (n = 14), in‐depth interviews (n = 5), two focus groups (n = 7) and observation of social scientists in one university department between June 2006 and April 2007. We reflect on the unwillingness of social scientists to confront the conditions of our academic labour in an account of our difficulties with gaining access and respondents in this study, before moving on to consider some of the different ways in which interdisciplinarity and disciplinary commitments were related to particular forms of scientific and symbolic capital. We go on to discuss this in relation to the autonomy of academic teaching‐and‐research staff compared to contract researchers, and consider the implications of our findings for the future of interdisciplinarity and the social sciences.
Personal vote‐seeking in flexible list systems: How electoral incentives shape Belgian MPs' bill initiation behaviour
Authors: BRÄUNINGER THOMAS , BRUNNER MARTIN , DÄUBLER THOMAS 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is well known that different types of electoral systems create different incentives to cultivate a personal vote and that there may be variation in intra‐party competition within an electoral system. This article demonstrates that flexible list systems – where voters can choose to cast a vote for the list as ordered by the party or express preference votes for candidates – create another type of variation in personal vote‐seeking incentives within the system. This variation arises because the flexibility of party‐in‐a‐district lists results from voters' actual inclination to use preference votes and the formal weight of preference votes in changing the original list order. Hypotheses are tested which are linked to this logic for the case of Belgium, where party‐in‐a‐district constituencies vary in their use of preference votes and the electoral reform of 2001 adds interesting institutional variation in the formal impact of preference votes on intra‐party seat allocation. Since formal rules grant Belgian MPs considerable leeway in terms of bill initiation, personal vote‐seeking strategies are inferred by examining the use of legislative activity as signalling tool in the period between 1999 and 2007. The results establish that personal vote‐seeking incentives vary with the extent to which voters use preference votes and that this variable interacts with the weight of preference votes as defined by institutional rules. In addition, the article confirms the effect of intra‐party competition on personal vote‐seeking incentives and illustrates that such incentives can underlie the initiation of private members bills in a European parliamentary system.
Regionalist Parties and the Mobilization of Territorial Difference in Germany
Authors: Hepburn Eve , Hough Dan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAnalysis of political regionalism and regionalist parties has traditionally neglected the case of Germany. We argue that this is a curious ommission. This article looks to redress this balance by applying frameworks created for understanding the determinants of regionalist party success to the Bavarian Christian Social Union (CSU) and the eastern Germany Party of Democratic Socialism (1990–2005, PDS). Although very different in terms of their politics, both parties have been successful as they have followed strategies and tactics evident in the broader regionalist parties' literature. This article therefore deepens our knowledge of regionalism in Germany, while also testing regionalist literatures in a new country-context.
‘England Does Not Love Coalitions’: The Most Misused Political Quotation in the Book
Authors: McLean Iain 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn mid-2011, it certainly looks as if England does not love coalitions, or at any rate the coalition that is governing it. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Disraeli in 1852. This article begins with the context in which Disraeli spoke, then gradually broadens its scope from England to the UK to the set of advanced democracies. Modern political economy has a great deal to say on the subject of coalitions. In conclusion we return to the prospects for future coalitions and minority governments in the UK.
Phylogenetic analysis based on multiple gene sequences revealing cryptic biodiversity in Simulium multistriatum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand
Authors: PRAMUAL Pairot , NANORK Piyamas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships among four species of the Simulium multistriatum group (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Thailand were examined based on two mitochondrial genes (COI, COII) and one nuclear gene (18S/ITS1). Simulium takense was found to be genetically divergent (>20.3% for COI) from the other species, consistent with their distinctive morphology. Simulium chainarongi and S. chaliowae were monophyletic but were included in paraphyletic S. fenestratum. Simulium fenestratum was divided into three distinct lineages with high levels of genetic divergence. This suggests that S. fenestratum is a species complex. Neither morphological nor cytological examinations revealed evidence of sibling species. The clades derived from phylogenetic analyses were found to be correlated with the ecological conditions of larval habitat. Therefore, ecological adaptation may have played a role in black fly diversification and evolution. These results suggest the use of integrated, multidisciplinary approaches for fully understanding black fly biodiversity and systematics.
Status of Japanese Dytiscus species (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data
Authors: INODA Toshio , BALKE Michael 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe sequenced 628 base pairs of the mitochondrial cytochrome‐c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene to investigate the genetic differentiation among Japanese Dytiscus diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). Dytiscus beetles are a charismatic part of the fauna of lakes, ponds and swamps. Three species are known from Japan: D. dauricus Gebler, 1832; D. marginalis czerskii Zeitzev*, 1953; and D. sharpi Wehncke, 1875. Adults of D. sharpi collected in Chiba and Ishikawa Prefectures were morphologically highly similar, but here we found that they differed by 20 cox1 base pairs (3.18%). Our results imply that conservation strategies especially for Japanese D. sharpi sharpi and D. sharpi validus Régimbart, 1899 might need to be adjusted to address the presence of two evolutionarily significant units.
A Facile Hydrothermal Conversion of Rice Husk Ash to ZSM‐5 Zeolite Powders
Authors: Naskar Milan K. , Kundu Debtosh , Chatterjee Minati 
Published: December 2011

The ZSM‐5 zeolite powders were prepared through in situ extraction (extraction and conversion in single step process) of silica from rice husk ash in the presence of other aqueous‐based precursors (sodium aluminate and tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide) following a simple hydrothermal condition at 130°C–170°C. The powders were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, N2 physisorption measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Crystallizations of ZSM‐5 were noticed at 130°C/96 h, 150°C/24 h, and 170°C/12 h. The exothermic peak at 422°C in DTA curve indicated the removal of tetrapropyl ammonium ions (TPA+) used as structure directing agent (SDA). The vibration bands at around 550 and 1221 cm−1 indicated the presence of double 5‐ring in ZSM‐5. The 150°C–170°C‐treated samples exhibited higher BET surface area and pore volume compared to those of 130°C‐treated powders. The FESEM images showed coffin‐shaped morphology of the powders, and their sizes increased with increase in both reaction temperature and time.
Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α cells in mouse urinary bladder: a new class of interstitial cells
Authors: Koh Byoung H. , Roy Rishiparna , Hollywood Mark A. , Thornbury Keith D. , McHale Noel G. , Sergeant Gerard P. , Hatton William J. , Ward Sean M. , Sanders Kenton M. , Koh Sang Don 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSpecific classes of interstitial cells exist in visceral organs and have been implicated in several physiological functions including pacemaking and mediators in neurotransmission. In the bladder, Kit+ interstitial cells have been reported to exist and have been suggested to be neuromodulators. More recently a second interstitial cell, which is identified using antibodies against platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α (PDGFR‐α) has been described in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and has been implicated in enteric motor neurotransmission. In this study, we examined the distribution of PDGFR‐α+ cells in the murine urinary bladder and the relation that these cells may have with nerve fibres and smooth muscle cells. Platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α+ cells had a spindle shape or stellate morphology and often possessed multiple processes that contacted one another forming a loose network. These cells were distributed throughout the bladder wall, being present in the lamina propria as well as throughout the muscularis of the detrusor. These cells surrounded and were located between smooth muscle bundles and often came into close morphological association with intramural nerve fibres. These data describe a new class of interstitial cells that express a specific receptor within the bladder wall and provide morphological evidence for a possible neuromodulatory role in bladder function.
Immunogenicity of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Schu Sabine , Nosov Mikhail , O'Flynn Lisa , Shaw Georgina , Treacy Oliver , Barry Frank , Murphy Mary , O'Brien Timothy , Ritter Thomas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) inhibit proliferation of allogeneic T cells and express low levels of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI), MHCII and vascular adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1). We investigated whether their immunosuppressive properties and low immunophenotype protect allogeneic rat MSCs against cytotoxic lysis in vitro and result in a reduced immune response in vivo. Rat MSCs were partially protected against alloantigen‐specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro. However, after treatment with IFN‐γ and IL‐1β, MSCs upregulated MHCI, MHCII and VCAM‐1, and cytotoxic lysis was significantly increased. In vivo, allogeneic T cells but not allogeneic MSCs induced upregulation of the activation markers CD25 and CD71 as well as downregulation of CD62L on CD4+ T cells from recipient rats. However, intravenous injection of allo‐MSCs in rats led to the formation of alloantibodies with the capacity to facilitate complement‐mediated lysis, although IgM levels were markedly decreased compared with animals that received T cells. The allo‐MSC induced immune response was sufficient to lead to significantly reduced survival of subsequently injected allo‐MSCs. Interestingly, no increased immunogenicity of IFN‐γ stimulated allo‐MSCs was observed in vivo. Both the loss of protection against cytotoxic lysis under inflammatory conditions and the induction of complement‐activating antibodies will likely impact the utility of allogeneic MSCs for therapeutic applications.
A systematic review on the association between genetic predisposition and dental implant biological complications
Authors: Dereka Xanthippi , Mardas Nikos , Chin Sarah , Petrie Aviva , Donos Nikolaos 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and dental implant biological complications.Material and methodsAll prospective, cross‐sectional and retrospective studies reporting on dental implant loss/peri‐implantitis/peri‐implant marginal bone loss after loading in association with genetic polymorphism were considered for inclusion. A thorough search of electronic databases, supplemented by checking bibliographies of review articles was performed by two independent reviewers. Quality assessment of the included studies was conducted independently and in duplicate by two reviewers as part of the data extraction process.ResultsThe search provided 344 related articles. Twenty‐two publications were identified for possible inclusion and finally, seven articles met the defined inclusion criteria. Four studies which investigated the potential relationship between early implant loss and IL‐1, IL‐2, IL‐6, TNF‐α or TGF‐β1 genotype revealed no evidence to support this association. In two of the three studies which evaluated peri‐implantitis in relation to IL‐1 genotype, the findings indicate that IL‐1RN (intron 2), IL‐1A (–899), IL‐1B (+3954) gene polymorphisms were correlated to increased peri‐implant tissue infection and destruction.ConclusionsMethodological and study design issues restricted the possibility to draw robust conclusions. Within the limits of this review, it might be concluded that there is no obvious association between specific genetic polymorphism and dental implant failure in terms of biological complications, although a tendency should be underlined showing the potential link between IL‐1 genotype and peri‐implantitis. Well designed and adequately powered prospective cohort studies are needed to provide further information.