bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry on quality control of scintillation crystals
Authors: Zhuo Shangjun , Shen Ruxiang , Sheng Cheng 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe major components PbO and WO3 in PWO crystals, Bi2O3 and GeO2 in BGO crystals, as well as Gd, La, Nb, Mg, Mo, Bi, Sb and Y doped in PWO crystals and Eu doped in BGO crystals were successfully determined with X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) using fusion techniques. Calibration standards were synthesized with high‐purity oxides and standard solutions. The analysis results can meet the general requirements of the quality control of the crystal growth and research purpose. The relative standard deviations for Bi2O3, GeO2, PbO and WO3 are 0.21%, 0.18%, 0.25% and 0.22%, respectively (k = 8). The detection limits for dopants in PWO are below 5 µg/g for Gd, La, Nb, Mo, Sb and Y and below 20 µg/g for Mg and Bi. The detection limits for Eu doped in BGO are 8 µg/g. The testing results of XRF were compared with those of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. It was found that the relative differences of the testing results between the two methods are less than 10% for most dopants in PWO crystals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Comprehensive Characterization of Hydrated Alkaline Earth Metal Salts of 5‐Amino‐1H‐tetrazole
Authors: Miró Sabaté Carles , Jeanneau Erwann , Stierstorfer Jörg 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHydrated alkaline earth metal salts of 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole (B) were synthesized by reaction of B with a suitable metal hydroxide in water. All compounds were fully characterized by analytical (elemental analysis and mass spectrometry) and spectroscopic (IR, Raman, 1H and 13C NMR) methods. Additionally, the crystal structures of the magnesium [1·4H2O: triclinic, P$\bar {1}$, a = 5.940(1) Å, b = 7.326(1) Å,c = 7.383(1) Å, α = 106.10(1)°, β = 106.51(1)°, γ = 111.85(1)°, V = 258.0(1) Å3], calcium [2·6H2O: monoclinic, P21/m, a = 6.904(1) Å,b = 6.828(1) Å, c = 10.952(2) Å, β = 94.50(2)°, V = 514.6(1) Å3], and strontium [3·6H2O: orthorhombic, Cmcm, a = 6.987(1) Å, b = 28.394(2) Å, c = 7.007(1) Å, V = 1390.3(2) Å3] were determined by low temperature X‐ray diffraction. Additionally, the (gas phase) structure of the 5‐amino‐1H‐tetrazole anion ([B]–) was also studied by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis [B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)]. Lastly, standard tests were used to determine the sensitivity towards impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge of the compounds and the thermal stability was assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis.
New Thioantimonates(III) with Different Sb:S Ratios: Solvothermal Syntheses and Crystal Structures of [(C3H10NO)(C3H10N)][Sb8S13], [(C2H8NO)(C2H8N)(CH5N)][Sb8S13], [(C6H16N2)(C6H14N2)][Sb6S10], and [C8H22N2][Sb4S7]
Authors: Seidlhofer Beatrix , Spetzler Volker , Quiroga‐Gonzalez Enrique , Näther Christian , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFour new thioantimonates(III) with compositions [(C3H10NO)(C3H10N)][Sb8S13] (1) (C3H9NO = 1‐amino‐3‐propanol, C3H9N = propylamine), [(C2H8NO)(C2H8N)(CH5N)][Sb8S13] (2) (C2H7NO = ethanolamine, C2H7N = ethylamine, CH5N = methylamine), [(C6H16N2)(C6H14N2)][Sb6S10] (3) (C6H14N2 = 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane) and [C8H22N2][Sb4S7] (4) (C8H20N2 = 1,8‐diaminooctane) were synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Compound 1: triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$, a = 6.9695(6) Å, b = 13.8095(12) Å, c = 18.0354(17) Å, α = 98.367(11), β = 96.097(11) and γ = 101.281(11)°; compound 2: monoclinic space group P21/m, a = 7.1668(5), b = 25.8986(14), c = 16.0436(11) Å, β = 96.847(8)°; compound 3: monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 11.6194(9), b = 10.2445(5) Å, c = 27.3590(18) Å, β = 91.909(6)°; compound 4: triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$, a = 7.0743(6), b = 12.0846(11), c = 13.9933(14) Å, α = 114.723(10), β = 97.595(11), γ = 93.272(11)°. The main structural feature of the two atoms thick layered [Sb8S13]2– anion in 1 are large nearly rectangular pores with dimensions 11.2 × 11.7 Å. The layers are stacked perpendicular to [100] to form tunnels being directed along [100]. In contrast to 1 the structure of 2 contains a [Sb8S13]2– chain anion with Sb12S12 pores measuring about 8.9 × 11.5 Å. Only if longer Sb–S distances are considered as bonding interactions a layered anion is formed. The chain anion [Sb6S10]2– in compound 3 is unique and is constructed by corner‐sharing SbS3 pyramids. Two symmetry‐related single chains consisting of alternating SbS3 units and Sb3S3 rings are bound to Sb4S4 rings in chair conformation. Finally, in the structure of 4 the SbS3 and SbS4 moieties are joined corner‐linked to form a chain of alternating SbS4 units and (SbS3)3 blocks. Neighboring chains are connected into sheets that contain relatively large Sb10S10 heterorings. The sheets are further connected by sulfur atoms generating four atoms thick double sheets.
Synthese und Kristallstruktur von [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐H)(μ‐NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐PPh2CH2PPh2)]BF4
Authors: Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Mayer Tobias 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe reaction of the coordinatively unsaturated complex [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (1, dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2)] with the nitrosonium ion was revisited. Even by variation of the reaction conditions, the reaction afforded in each case not the sole addition product [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐NO)(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)]+ (2) as reported by us in an earlier paper. Instead always a mixture of three compounds containing the complexes [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐H)2(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)]+ (3), [Ru2(CO)4(μ‐NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (4), beside the originally described complex 2 was obtained. A new synthetic procedure affording compound 4 as the sole product by reaction of 1 with the nitrosylating reagent diazald (N‐methyl‐N‐nitroso‐p‐toluenesulfonamide) is described. It was found that complex 2 can act as an acid strong enough to protonate the starting complex 1. Thus, the formation of the mixture of components in the title reaction could be explained. A mixing experiment of equimolar amounts of 1 and 2 showed unambiguously the formation of complexes 3 and 4. A clean preparation of complex 2 as the sole product in form of its tetrafluoridoborate salt is only possible by reaction of 4 with tetrafluoridoboric acid in diethyl ether solution. The X‐ray crystal structure of [2]BF4 is reported confirming the molecular structure of the complex 2. Using the originally described preparation route for 2 afforded in each attempt of crystallization the complexes 2 and 3 as 1:1 mixture in the solid.
Is it possible to predict the development of an incisional surgical site infection and its severity after biliary tract surgery for benign disease?
Authors: Fujii Takehiro , Kato Hiroyuki , Suzaki Makoto , Noguchi Takashi , Isaji Shuji 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground/purposeWound infection; that is, incisional surgical site infection (ISSI), is a common complication after biliary tract surgery. The aim of the present study was to identify the various risk factors for wound infection and to establish a formula to predict the development and severity of wound infections.MethodsWe analyzed the clinical data on 207 consecutive patients who underwent biliary surgery for benign diseases at our hospital. We identified the factors with the greatest influence on wound infection after biliary tract surgery, based on a statistical procedure. An original scoring system (ISSI predictive score) was proposed based on these risk factors.ResultsThe incidence of postoperative wound infection was 9.7% (20/207). The patient's performance status; bile culture; perioperative fasting period (days); and intraoperative bile spillage were the most influential risk factors for wound infection. The incidences of wound infection in patients with ISSI predictive scores of >2.7 points and those with scores of 0—2.7 points were 75.0% (12/16) and 4.2% (8/191), respectively. Our score also correlated significantly with the severity of wound infection (r = 0.488, P < 0.001) and the length of the postoperative hospital stay (R = 0.508, P < 0.001).ConclusionOur original scoring system makes it possible to predict not only the development of a wound infection and its severity after biliary tract surgery, but also the length of the postoperative hospital stay.
Diabetes and cognitive decline in elderly African Americans: A 15‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Wessels Alette M. , Lane Kathleen A. , Gao Sujuan , Hall Kathleen S. , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Hendrie Hugh C. 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk for cognitive impairment and vascular factors seem to play a role in this relationship. In a sample involving elderly African Americans, we tested the hypothesis that diabetes accelerates cognitive decline and explored possible mediating mechanisms within a follow‐up period of 15 years.MethodsA total of 1702 subjects, of whom 441 had diabetes, were given the community screening interview for dementia to measure cognitive functioning at six different time points spread over a 15‐year follow‐up period. Mixed effects models with repeated measures were used to examine the association of diabetes and vascular risk factors with cognitive scores over time.ResultsAfrican American subjects with diabetes reported having a significant accelerated cognitive decline as compared with those without diabetes (P = .046), when controlling for basic demographics and baseline comorbid conditions (heart disease, hypertension, stroke, and depression). Adjusting for incident heart disease, and especially stroke, weakened this association (P = .098), thereby indicating a mediating effect of stroke on the association between diabetes and cognitive decline. However, when incident stroke was incorporated into the model, the effect for participants with diabetes increased greatly (P = .007).ConclusionsDiabetes, mediated by cerebrovascular pathology, accelerates cognitive decline within a follow‐up period of 15 years in a sample comprising African Americans.
The effect of TOMM40 poly‐T length on gray matter volume and cognition in middle‐aged persons with APOEɛ3/ɛ3 genotype
Authors: Johnson Sterling C. , La Rue Asenath , Hermann Bruce P. , Xu Guofan , Koscik Rebecca L. , Jonaitis Erin M. , Bendlin Barbara B. , Hogan Kirk J. , Roses Allen D. , Saunders Ann M. , Lutz Michael W. , Asthana Sanjay , Green Robert C. , Sager Mark A. 
Published: July 2011

ObjectiveApolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes are associated with variable risk of developing late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), with APOE epsilon 4 (APOE ɛ4) having higher risk. A variable poly‐T length polymorphism at rs10524523, within intron 6 of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOMM40) gene, has been shown to influence age of onset in LOAD, with very long (VL) poly‐T length associated with earlier disease onset, and short poly‐T length associated with later onset. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that brain and cognitive changes suggestive of presymptomatic LOAD may be associated with this TOMM40 polymorphism.MethodsAmong healthy APOE ɛ3 homozygous adults (N = 117; mean age, 55 years), we compared those who were homozygous for VL/VL (n = 35) TOMM40 poly‐T lengths (who were presumably at higher risk) with those homozygous for short (S/S; n = 38) poly‐T lengths, as well as those with heterozygous (S/VL; n = 44) poly‐T length polymorphisms, on measures of learning and memory and on structural brain imaging.ResultsThe VL/VL group showed lower performance than the S/S TOMM40 group on primacy retrieval from a verbal list learning task, a finding which is also seen in early Alzheimer's disease. A dose‐dependent increase in the VL TOMM40 polymorphism (from no VL alleles, to S/VL heterozygous, to VL/VL homozygous) was associated with decreasing gray matter volume in the ventral posterior cingulate and medial ventral precuneus, a region of the brain affected early in LOAD.ConclusionsThese findings among APOE ɛ3/ɛ3 late middle‐aged adults suggest that a subgroup with VL TOMM40 poly‐T lengths may be experiencing incipient LOAD‐related cognitive and brain changes.
Impact of maternal supplementation with probiotics during pregnancy on atopic eczema in childhood – a meta-analysis
Authors: Doege Katja , Grajecki Donata , Zyriax Birgit-Christiane , Detinkina Elena , zu Eulenburg Christine , Buhling Kai J. 
Published: July 2011

In the present study, we sought to conduct a literature review of randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, which assessed the impact of probiotics intake during pregnancy on the development of eczema in children. A meta-analysis was conducted for comparison of the development of atopic eczema in children whose mothers took probiotics during pregnancyv.placebo. Study selection, quality appraisal and data extraction were performed independently and in duplicate. The studies were rated according to their size in order to calculate the influence of individual studies on the meta-analysis. A total of seven randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, published between 2001 and 2009, were selected from the PubMed and Ovid databases for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was performed with statistical software Stata/SE11.0. The completed meta-analysis of the seven studies shows a significant risk reduction for atopic eczema in children aged 2–7 years by the administration of probiotics during pregnancy (reduction 5·7 %;P = 0·022). However, this effect was only significant for lactobacilli (reduction 10·6 %;P = 0·045), but not for a mixture of various bacterial strains as probiotics (difference 3·06 %,P = 0·204). In conclusion, the meta-analysis shows that the administration of lactobacilli during pregnancy prevents atopic eczema in children aged from 2 to 7 years. However, a mixture of various bacterial strains does not affect the development of atopic eczema, independent of whether they contain lactobacilli or not.
Effect of the Mediterranean diet with and without weight loss on surrogate markers of cholesterol homeostasis in men with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Richard Caroline , Couture Patrick , Desroches Sophie , Benjannet Suzanne , Seidah Nabil G. , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Lamarche Benoît 
Published: July 2011

The mechanisms implicated in the LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering effects of the Mediterranean-type diet (MedDiet) are unknown. The present study assessed the impact of the MedDiet consumed under controlled feeding conditions, with and without weight loss, on surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption, synthesis and clearance using plasma phytosterols, lathosterol and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 (PCSK9) concentrations, respectively, in men with the metabolic syndrome. The subjects' diet (n19, 24–62 years) was first standardised to a baseline North American control diet (5 weeks) followed by a MedDiet (5 weeks), both under weight-maintaining isoenergetic feeding conditions. The participants then underwent a 20-week free-living energy restriction period (10 (sd3) % reduction in body weight,P < 0·01), followed by the consumption of the MedDiet (5 weeks) under controlled isoenergetic feeding conditions. The LDL-C-lowering effect of the MedDiet in the absence of weight loss ( − 9·9 %) was accompanied by significant reductions in plasma PCSK9 concentrations ( − 11·7 %,P < 0·01) and in the phytosterol:cholesterol ratio ( − 9·7 %,P < 0·01) compared with the control diet. The addition of weight loss to the MedDiet had no further impact on plasma LDL-C concentrations and on these surrogate markers of LDL clearance and cholesterol absorption. The present results suggest that the MedDiet reduces plasma LDL-C concentrations primarily by increasing LDL clearance and reducing cholesterol absorption, with no synergistic effect of body weight loss in this process.
OTTOMAN URBAN PRIVACY IN LIGHT OF DISASTER RECOVERY
Authors: Ayalon Yaron 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between state and society in the Ottoman Empire during the 17th and 18th centuries by examining concepts and practices of privacy. Fatwas of Ottoman jurists reveal certain principles ordering the division of urban areas into public and private spaces. The article explores their application during the rebuilding of Damascus after its devastation by an earthquake in 1759. Archival sources disclose the priorities that guided the state in reconstructing a ruined provincial capital: religious values; a concern for the inhabitants’ well-being; and, rather prominently, an intent to maintain a dichotomy between public and private. In this the Ottomans were different from their contemporary European counterparts, who often took advantage of major disasters to reshape relations between rulers and subjects. This divergence is demonstrated in this article by comparing post-1759 Damascus with London after the Great Fire of 1666 and Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake.
Morphological and genetic variation in the North Atlantic copepod,Centropages typicus
Authors: Castellani Claudia , Lindley Alistair J. , Wootton Marianne , Lee Christopher M. , Kirby Richard R. 
Published: July 2011

This study describes phenotypic and genotypic variations in the planktonic copepod,Centropages typicus(Copepoda: Calanoida) that indicate differentiation between geographical samples. We found consistent differences in the morphology of the chela of the sexually modified fifth pereiopod (P5) of maleC. typicusbetween samples from the Mediterranean, western North Atlantic and eastern North Atlantic. A 560 base pairs (bp) region of theC. typicusmitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) and a 462 bp fragment of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) tandem array were analysed to determine whether these morphological variations reflect population genetic differentiation. Mitochondrial haplotype diversity was found to be high with 100 unique COI haplotypes among 116 individuals. Analysis of mtCOI variation suggested differentiation between the Mediterranean and Atlantic populations but no separation was detected within the Atlantic. Intragenomic variation in the ITS array suggested genetic differentiation between samples from the western North Atlantic and those from the eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Breeding experiments would be required to elucidate the extent of genetic isolation betweenC. typicusfrom the different population centres.
Robot navigation based on view sequences stored in a sparse distributed memory
Authors: Mendes Mateus , Coimbra A. Paulo , Crisóstomo Manuel M. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYRobot navigation is a large area of research, where many different approaches have already been tried, including navigation based on visual memories. The Sparse Distributed Memory (SDM) is a kind of associative memory based on the properties of high-dimensional binary spaces. It exhibits characteristics, such as tolerance to noise and incomplete data, ability to work with sequences and the possibility of one-shot learning. Those characteristics make it appealing to use for robot navigation. The approach followed here was to navigate a robot using sequences of visual memories stored into a SDM. The robot makes intelligent decisions, such as selecting only relevant images to store, adjusting memory parameters to the level of noise and inferring new paths from the learnt trajectories. The method of encoding the information may influence the tolerance of the SDM to noise and saturation. This paper reports novel results of the limits of the model under different typical navigation problems. The SDM showed to be very robust to illumination and scenario changes, occlusion and saturation. An algorithm to build a topological map of the environment based on the visual memories is also described.
Algorithm for topological design of multi-loop hybrid mechanisms via logical proposition
Authors: Zeng Qiang , Fang Yuefa 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThis paper introduces the mathematical logical proposition into kinematics and presents a novel method for topological design and representation of mechanisms. The six-value non-classical logical matrix in three orders is proposed to represent spatial basic motions, relations, and selection of moving reference frame. The combinatorial logical sets of mechanisms are built and axiomatized to analyze serial–parallel hybrid mechanisms. In accordance to the logical relations, the mapping between topological arrangement and topological geometry is developed, and algorithm of decomposition synthesis is presented. Furthermore, the higher dimensional topological arrangement of multi-loop hybrid mechanism can be obtained by mapping of higher dimensional geometry. At last, four typical examples are developed to illustrate application of method of logical proposition in topological design of mechanisms. The method is helpful for topological design and analysis of multi-loop hybrid mechanisms.
“The Swarming of Life”: Moving Images, Education, and Views through the Microscope
Authors: Gaycken Oliver 
Published: July 2011

ArgumentDiscussions of the scientific uses of moving-image technologies have emphasized applications that culminated in static images, such as the chronophotographic decomposition of movement into discrete and measurable instants. The projection of movement, however, was also an important capability of moving-image technologies that scientists employed in a variety of ways. Views through the microscope provide a particularly sustained and prominent instance of the scientific uses of the moving image. The category of “education” subsumes theses various scientific uses, providing a means by which to bridge the cultures of scientific and popular scientific moving images.