bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed Inoculative Freezing of Insects
Authors: Salt R. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInoculative freezing of insects is distinguished from nucleative freezing and is treated from the standpoint of the delays observed in freezing. On the assumption that the fine structure of the cuticle regulates the penetration or growth of external ice into the insect's body, the cuticle was experimentally altered by soaking, boiling, and immersion in strong detergent solution. Soaking was of doubtful effectiveness, whereas boiling and detergent hastened inoculation, Detergent also caused many insects to freeze when the contact water froze, with no delay. Rate of inoculation of untreated larvae was directly proportional to the area in contact with ice, and inversely proportional to temperature down to −10 °C. No further rate increase took place down to −15 °C, possibly because the vapor pressure difference between ice and supercooled body fluid does not change appreciably in this temperature range. Larvae froze more rapidly when they had already been frozen and thawed once or twice. No relation between inoculation rate and rate of water loss in a dry atmosphere could be established.The freezing of water in extremely small spaces is discussed and related to the process of inoculative freezing. Probable pathways of ice growth through the cuticle are considered in relation to known structural characteristics and the results of the present experiments. Two hypotheses are proposed to account for the observed delays in freezing, but neither is wholly satisfactory. The first postulates that the outer extremities of the pathways, through the epicuticle, are hydrophobic and contain air which temporarily separates contact moisture from pore liquids. After freezing of the contact moisture a vapor pressure differential results in a net flow of vapor outwards, the vapor freezing on the ice and building inwards until the ice front touches liquid in a space large enough to allow freezing. This hypothesis assumes the existence of at least one pathway large enough to support ice penetration without hindrance caused by restricted size. The second hypothesis assumes that no such unrestricted pathways are present, all being inadequate in size. Differences in chemical potential between ice and liquid cause pore liquids to move outwards to the contacting ice surface and accrete on its
Synonymy and Color Variation in the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNorthern and southern specimens of the fall webworm in eastern North America exhibit color differences in both the adult and larval stages, and have often been referred to Hyphantria textor Harris and H. cunea Drury, respectively. However, they will readily inter-breed and produce viable offspring; differences in wing maculation are not discrete and genitalic differences have not been found; differences in the degree of larval pigmentation are not discrete and depend largely on environmental factors; and the nesting and feeding behaviors are similar. It is therefore concluded that the common webworm (larvae with the head and dorsal tubercles black) in both north and south should be referred to H. cunea, which has priority. A sibling species or race (lighter heads and tubercles and different nesting and feeding habits) occurs sympatrically with cunea in the south and also, rarely, in the north; if it has specific status it cannot be referred to either cunea or textor; so textor is relegated to synonymy.
Daily Selection by Drino bohemica Mesn. (Diptera: Tachinidae) of Four Species of Hosts
Authors: Monteith L. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe percentage of eggs deposited by Drino bohemica Mesn. on a species of host in preference to other hosts on successive days through the oviposition period of the parasite fluctuated continually within a comparatively wide range. The fluctuations in the selection of hosts within a generation apparently had little influence on those between generations. There was no significant relationship between the percentage of attacks on one species of host and the age of the parasites. Individuals within a group may select a different host than that preferred by the group as a whole.
Relationships of Cremifania Czerny (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and Description of a New Species
Authors: McAlpine J. F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe genus Cremifania Czerny combines characters of various taxa which Hennig (1958) placed in two superfamilies, the Sciomyzoidea and the Lauxanioidea. In some ways it can be considered a taxonomic link between the two groups. Important characters of the genus are compared with homologous characters in related families and its taxonomic relationships are discussed. At the same time, a family tree for the major families assigned to both superfamilies is suggested.Cremifania does not fit well in any family as they are now defined, but, because it fits best in the Chamaemyiidae, that family is redefined to embrace the genus. The family is then divided into two subfamilies, the Cremifaniinae, new subfamily, for Cremifania, and the Chamaemyiinae comprised of two tribes, the Chamaemyiini and Leucopini, new tribe; a key to all the suprageneric categories is presented.A new Cremifania, the second known species of the genus and the first Nearctic one, is described from New Mexico.
The Barley Jointworm, Harmolita hordei (Harr.) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), in Prince Edward Island
Authors: Cannon F. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe barley jointworm, Harmolita hordei (Harr.), was first discovered at a point in the northeastern part of Prince Edward Island in 1946. It spread quite rapidly along the northern coastline of the province and more slowly southward, and today infestations may be found in most areas of the province. Inland movement of the pest did not start until about 1955 and since that time infestations have generally been lighter than they were previously.H. hordei overwinters as mature larvae in galls in barley stubble left in fields after the grain is harvested. Adults emerge the following year during late June and early July and oviposit in the stems of young barley plants, usually when the plants are six to eight inches high. Eggs are almost always laid just above the lower nodes or joints, either on the main or on tillering stems. The adults live for four to eight days. The larvae develop inside the stems and the plant tissue around them develops into hard, woody galls. The larvae mature in three to four weeks and, thereafter, remain dormant inside the galls in the stems until the following year. Infested barley plants are stunted and heads may fail to develop or, if formed, contain small, shrivelled kernels. In severely infested fields, the grain crop is considered a complete loss.There are six speoies of parasites known to attack H. hordei in Prince Edward Island, and all of them are chalcids that closely resemble the pest. Parasite eggs are deposited in the stem with the host and the larvae attack and destroy H. hordei larvae and then complete their development inside the galls. In addition to biological control by natural parasites, the other major natural control agent is considered to be weather, combinations of moisture, humidity, and temperature. However, further investigations are necessary to establish the influence of these different factors.
Notes on the Life History and Habits of the Spruce Cone Worm, Dioryctria reniculella (Grt.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: McLeod J. M. , Daviault L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDioryctria reniculella may be occasionally found in abundance feeding on cones and foliage of spruce in Quebec. In this paper, the life history, habits, and description of immature stages as yet unreported in the literature are presented, along with short notes on populations and natural control organisms.
Facteurs Naturels de Régulation des Populations de la Tenthrède Européenne de l’épinette, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), dans le Sud du Québec
Authors: Martineau René 
Published: January 2010

RésuméDepuis la fin de l'invasion de la tenthrède européenne de l'épinette vers 1945, la population de cet insecte s'est maintenue à un niveau relativement bas dans la province de Québec. Une étude conduite de 1956 à 1960 aux environs de la ville de Québec a révélé qu'aucun changement important n'est survenu dans la biologie de l'insecte et dans les facteurs naturels susceptibles de limiter sa pullulation. Les conditions de climat sont sensiblement les mêmes qu'au temps de l'invasion, et contribuent annuellement à éliminer une partie importante de la population au début du développement larvaire. Les parasites exercent une légère influence et une seule espèce, Drino bohemica Mesn., semble s'être définitivement adaptée dans la région étudiée. Les prédateurs au contraire continuent à prélever une forte partie de la population en hivernement. La virose larvaire qui a provoqué le déclin de l'invasion, constitue le facteur régulateur et son action est particulièrement efficace au cours de la génération estivale.
Development and Survival of the Onion Maggot under Field and Artificial Conditions on Attractive and Unattractive Onion Varieties
Authors: Perron J. P. , Jasmin J. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhen onions were grown in cages under field conditions, the number of plants killed per egg deposited by hand showed no significant differences between any of the varieties studied, indicating that onion maggot (Hylemya antiqua (Meig.)) fed, developed, and survived as well on varieties Nebuka and Hishiko (Allium fistulosum L.) as on White Globe Southport (Allium cepa L.) and Beltsville Bunching (A. cepa × A. fistulosum), even though the last two varieties were more attractive for natural oviposition in the field. When larvae were fed in petri dishes with crushed tissues of onion plants, no significant differences were obtained between any of the varieties in the duration of larval stages, number of pupae, weight of pupae, or number of adults, whereas in glass vials, a better larval development, a higher number of heavier pupae, and a higher number of adults were obtained from the unattractive varieties. Therefore, it appears that the preference of the females to lay eggs in the field on varieties White Globe South-port and Beltsville Bunching is not associated with the nutritive value of the host-plants.
Spiracular Structure and Water Loss from Tribolium confusum Jacq. and Sitophilus granarius (L.) under Reduced Pressures
Authors: Sharplin J. , Bhambhani H. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe structure and position of the spiracles in Sitophilus granarius and Tribolium confusum adults was studied. On the basis of this an attempt was made to explain the differences in water loss from these two species under reduced pressure. It was concluded that the spiracular structure combined with the inflation of the body under very low pressures, can account for the apparently anomalous water loss results.
Life History and Ecology of Pulvinaria vitis (L.) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), the Cottony Scale Attacking Peach in Ontario
Authors: Phillips J. H. H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe cottony scale attacking the peach in Ontario is apparently the European species Pulvinaria vitis (L.) and may have been introduced to North America prior to 1897. It is thelytokous and has only one generation per year. The partly grown, adult female overwinters on the bark of its host. The eggs, laid about mid-May, are enclosed in a white, felt-like ovisac that is secreted by submarginal glands in the ventral region of the scale's body. The eggs, which on peach averaged about 4,000 per female, were laid over a relatively short period when the temperature was 14 °C. or higher. Eggs began to hatch after about 200 day degrees above 10 °C. Increasing the temperature increased the rate of hatching, but no close correlation was found between the rate of hatching and the average daily temperature during the hatching period.The newly emerged nymphs were both phototactic and photokinetic, and their establishment on the host plant was affected by several factors including light, humidity, and air movement. For a given set of conditions there appeared to be a maximum number of nymphs that could become established per unit area of host. P. vitis was dispersed by wind at any stage when it was active, but especially at the early crawler stage.Growth of the scales was discontinuous with varying periods when no growth took place. There were three moults: the first 12 to 18 days after hatching; the second 28 to 36 days; and the third 56 to 93 days. At ecdysis only the cuticle of the ventral surface and the appendages was shed. Movement of the scales on the host plant was particularly frequent till the first moult, but some movement took place throughout the summer and early fall except for a period in late August and early September. Only a small percentage of the scales reached the bark from the leaves, probably due to random movement.Feeding appeared to be discontinuous with periods of days when no feeding took place. The scales fed on the phloem, but on twigs the stylets penetrated as far as the xylem and destroyed the cambium in the feeding area.Though parasites and predators exist in the area and appeared to be capable of exercising a large measure of control, the spray programs used in the orchards held them to relatively small numbers. At least one species of parasite was almost absent from sprayed orchards.
The Effect of Low Temperatures on some Predacious Phytoseiid Mites, and on the Brown Mite Bryobia arborea M. & A.
Authors: MacPhee A. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe mean freezing point of adults of T. pyri was about −20° F., of T. finlandicus −22° F., and of T. rhenanus −24.5° F. The responses of T. fallacis and P. macropilis to low temperatures were about the same as T. pyri. The effect of the duration of exposure on the last three species was to increase the mortality about 12 to 15 per cent for each doubling of the duration of exposure from 0.5 to eight hours at −10° F. or lower.The phytophagous brown mite, B. arborea, had a mean freezing point of −26° F. and the effect of duration of exposure was to increase the mortality eight to ten per cent each time the period of exposure was doubled from 0.25 to 16 hours at −24° F. or lower.
A New Species of Anthocoris from Canada, with Distribution Records for Three other Species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Authors: Anderson N. H. , Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnthocoris dimorphicus n. sp. is described and characters are given to distinguish it from A. musculus (Say). Two species, A. confusus Reut. and nemoralis (F.) are recorded for the first time from North America. A. antevolens White, a common species in western North America, is recorded from Ontario, collected in association with galls of Pemphigini aphids on Populus spp.
Some Factors that Distort the Sex Ratio of the Gypsy Moth Porthetria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)
Authors: Campbell Robert W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuring a study on the population dynamics of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.), conducted in the Town of Glenville, New York, some factors were found to affect the sexes differentially. The importance of this differential mortality is indicated by the fact that 78 per cent of the variation in the logarithm of an index of population trend (the ratio of population density from year to year) was associated with the logarithm of adult sex ratio.Disease and desiccation during instars IV-VI and among pre-pupae were strongly selective against the female insects. This differential mortality caused a change in the pupal sex ratio from about 70 per cent females where no disease occurred to less than 25 per cent female pupae following an epizoötic. Ichneumonids, on the other hand, usually killed more male pupae than females, except when host size was reduced by excessive larval density and competition. The net result from this series of factors that distort the sex ratio has been to produce adult sex ratios varying from more than 80 per cent female moths to only 2 per cent females.In this host species, as in most other animals, it seems that the population consequences of a mortality factor that kills the host sexes in different proportions should be evaluated in terms of the more critical (female) sex destroyed.
The Natural Groups of Species in the GenusIpsDe Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America
Authors: Hopping G. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe genusIpsis one of four closely related genera in the tribe Ipini, sub-tribe Ipina (De Geer 1775, Balachowsky 1949, Nunberg 1954, Hopping 1963). There are now 32 species ofIpsrecognized in North America, with a few more as yet undescribed. This paper defines the groups of closely related species with observations on the group relationships of species from other parts of the world. Work is in progress to define the North American species in each group.
Larvae of Pine Needle Miners in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a key to the larvae of six species of lepidopterous needle miners on pine in Ontario, namely, gelechiids Recurvaria canusella Free., R. coniferella Kft., R. resinosae (Free.) (n.comb.), and Exoteleia pinifoliella Cham.; and yponomeutids Ocnerostoma strobivorum Free., and Ocnerostoma sp. Complementary information is given on distribution, hosts, biology, and parasites of each species.
Genetics and Biological Control
Authors: Simmonds F. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe possibilities of using genetic principles to improve biotic agents used in biological control are discussed, and a number of examples quoted where possibly useful racial differences between parasites occur.However, the main conclusion is that in introductions of biotic agents the principal aim should be to have as much genetic variability as possible in the material released, rather than to try and select a priori certain apparently suitable strains.
The Myzaphidines of Canada (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe myzaphidines in Canada consist of three genera and seven species of which two are described as new. Myzaphis v. d. G. is recorded from North America apparently for the first time and one endemic species is described. Keys and brief descriptions of the genera and viviparous forms are offered. Pentatrichopus Borner, which includes the economically important pests of strawberries is considered a synonym of Chaetosiphon Mord. Chaetosiphon is retained as a genus only because of its association with Rosa spp., Potentilla spp., and Fragaria spp. The presence of five setae on the basal tarsal segments, which was the only means by which the myzaphidines could be distinguished from other capitophorine aphids, is no longer valid. C. fragaefolii, which has been considered to be a complex of two species, is treated as a single species. The conspicuous variation in the arrangement of dorsal abdominal setae and in the tarsal setae is readily explained by neotenic development which probably only indirectly affects the development of the setae.
Pineus pineoides (Cholodkovsky) (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on Red Spruce in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Authors: Underwood G. R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPineus pineoides was found for the first time in North America in New Brunswick in 1948, on red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. It is the first known species of Adelgidae in North America to complete its life cycle on spruce without producing galls or winged forms. The life history is compared with that in Europe. The first-instar nymph and the adult of the summer generation are described and compared with those from Europe.
Phaenopria popei (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) Reared from Puparia of Sciomyzid Flies
Authors: Knutson L. V. , Berg C. O. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFour females of Phaenopria popei oviposited into a one-day-old puparium of Dictya sp. Adult progeny emerged 18 days later at 19-25 °C. Host flies include Dictya, Elgiva, and Sepedon, and probably Tetanocera (all Sciomyzidae).
Introducing Parasites and Predators to Control Native Pests
Authors: Pimentel David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractConsiderable evidence substantiates the idea that native pests can be controlled by parasites and predators of allied species and genera. In a survey of 66 pest species, which were successfully controlled by biological means and for which the habitats of all species could be verified, it was found that 39% were controlled by an introduced parasite or predator of an allied species or genus. Although relatively few attempts have been made to control native and imported pests with parasites and predators of species allied to the pest species, the proportion of successes is surprisingly high. Employing these species has certain advantages, especially in the control of imported pests, because no ecological homeostasis has evolved and the association between the parasite and host (predator and prey included) is new.
Studies on Mosquito Larvae: I. Later Instars of Eastern North American Species
Authors: Dodge H. Rodney 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn artificial key is presented to separate the second to fourth instar mosquito larvae of eastern United States and Canada, west to and including Texas and Manitoba. A second, natural key, separates the genera and many of the subgenera. A list of the 134 included species and subspecies with their ranges within this region is given, with indicated corrections since Carpenter and LaCasse (1955) and the Stone et al. (1959) catalog. Larvae of two species are unknown.
Continuous Rearing of the Carrot Rust Fly, Psila rosae (Fab.)
Authors: McClanahan R. J. , Niemczyk H. D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA method for continuous rearing of the carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fabricius), has been developed for the first time. All stages of the rearing were conducted in a temperature cabinet maintained at 64 ± 2°F. Adults in a screen cage were fed water, honey, soybean flour and yeast. The females oviposited in the soil of potted carrots. Eggs were periodically removed with the top layer of soil to gallon jars containing several carrots layered in muck soil.Field collected puparia emerged satisfactorily at 70°F., but not at higher temperatures. In the laboratory population there was a preponderance of males. A generation of carrot rust flies was completed in approximately 80 days.
Observations on the Natural Control of the Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola Förster, in California
Authors: Madsen H. F. , Westigard P. H. , Sisson R. L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractStudies in 1961 and 1962 showed that several naturally occurring conditions suppress the pear psylla. Temperatures above 100°F. caused mortality of nymphal stages and reduced adult oviposition. Crystallization of honeydew was a mortality factor in a few instances, and seemed to be associated with high temperature and low humidity. Absence of new growth and poor condition of leaves caused a steady decline in pear psylla numbers in abandoned orchards. Anthocoris antevolens White was an effective predator in unsprayed orchards and significantly reduced pear psylla populations. A parasite, Trechnites insidiosus (Crawford) was encountered, but its significance as a mortality agent was not determined.