bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structures of the Metal Diborides ReB2, RuB2, and OsB2 from Neutron Powder Diffraction
Authors: Frotscher Michael , Hölzel Markus , Albert Barbara 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBecause of the very small scattering power of the light element, the crystal structures of metal borides that contain heavy metal atoms are difficult to determine unambiguously from X‐ray diffraction data only. Using neutron diffraction methods and applying them to isotopically enriched 11B boride powders, the crystal structures of ReB2, RuB2, and OsB2 were re‐determined and analysed with respect to the boron atom arrangement. In accordance with the findings from X‐ray diffraction experiments, the structures exhibit corrugated boron atom layers of conjugated six‐rings, either seat‐like (ReB2) or boat‐like (RuB2, OsB2). ReB2 crystallises in the hexagonal crystal system, space group P63/mmc (no. 194, a = 290.05(1) pm, c = 747.72(1) pm); OsB2 and RuB2 are isostructural and crystallise orthorhombically, space group Pmmn (no. 59, a = 464.479(5) pm, b = 286.515(3) pm, c = 404.560(6) pm (RuB2); a = 468.408(5) pm, b = 287.255(3) pm, c = 407.693(6) pm (OsB2)). Boron–boron distances vary between 181.7 and 189.9 pm. For RuB2 and OsB2, shortest metal‐boron distances range from 217.2 to 217.3 pm, indicating a covalent interaction between metal and boron, compared to 222.7 pm for ReB2. Metal–metal distances are between 286.5 pm and 302.2 pm. All three compounds have been described as very hard or incompressible materials.
4‐[(E)‐2‐Phenylethenyl]‐2,6‐bis(2‐pyrazinyl)pyridine and its Dichlorocadmium(II) Complex: Synthesis, Luminescence, and Supramolecular Network
Authors: Dai Jing‐Wei , Li Zhao‐Yang , Chen Ying‐Lin , Cai Bin , Wu Jian‐Zhong , Yu Ying 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA novel dipyrazinylpyridine ligand, 4‐[(E)‐2‐phenylethenyl]‐2,6‐bis(2‐pyrazinyl)pyridine (L) and its cadmium complex [CdLCl2] were synthesized and characterized. Structural analysis revealed that there are extensive C–H···N and C–H···π unconventional hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions in the crystal structure of L, whereas in [CdLCl2] rich C–H···Cl hydrogen bonding was the exclusive force in assembling the molecules and led to formation of a new 3,3,4,6‐nodal topological network. Spectral analysis suggested that the absorption and luminescence behavior of [CdLCl2] is ascribed to L based intraligand transitions. Coordination to CdIIdid not change the electronic structure of L but significantly enhanced the π* →nemission.
Li4Ca3Si2N6 and Li4Sr3Si2N6 – Quaternary Lithium Nitridosilicates with Isolated [Si2N6]10– Ions
Authors: Pagano Sandro , Lupart Saskia , Schmiechen Sebastian , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe isotypic nitridosilicates Li4Ca3Si2N6 and Li4Sr3Si2N6 were synthesized by reaction of strontium or calcium with Si(NH)2 and additional excess of Li3N in weld shut tantalum ampoules. The crystal structure, which has been solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (Li4Sr3Si2N6: C2/m, Z = 2, a = 6.1268(12), b = 9.6866(19), c = 6.2200(12) Å, β = 90.24(3)°, wR2 = 0.0903) is made up from isolated [Si2N6]10– ions and is isotypic to Li4Sr3Ge2N6. The bonding angels and distances within the edge‐sharing [Si2N6]10– double‐tetrahedra are strongly dependent on the lewis acidity of the counterions. This finding is discussed in relation to the compounds Ca5Si2N6 and Ba5Si2N6, which also exhibit isolated [Si2N6]10– ions.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Dinuclear Zinc Complexes with the 3,5‐Bis(pyridine‐2‐yl)pyrazolato Ligand
Authors: Kloubert Tobias , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: June 2010

AbstractZincation of 3,5‐bis(pyridine‐2‐yl)pyrazole with Zn[E(SiMe3)2]2 in tetrahydrofuran yields dimeric 3,5‐bis(pyridine‐2‐yl)pyrazolato zinc bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (E = N, 1) and bis(trimethylsilyl)methanide (E = CH, 2). These complexes crystallize in the space groups $\rm P2_1/n$, respectively. The zinc atoms are in distorted tetrahedral environments. In the solid state the 3,5‐bis(pyridine‐2‐yl)pyrazolato anions act as bridging tridentate bases with one pyridyl group not participating in the coordination behavior. In solution, exchange processes, which are fast on the NMR time scale, lead to a single set of resonances for the pyridyl substituents.
Fatal Acute Pancreatitis Occurring Outside of the Hospital: Clinical and Social Characteristics
Authors: Andersson Bodil , Ansari Daniel , Andersson Ellen , Persson Sixten , Andersson Roland 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundMortality caused by acute pancreatitis in patients admitted to the hospital has been thoroughly investigated, but knowledge regarding outpatient fatalities is far from complete. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence and clinical characteristics of patients who have died due to acute pancreatitis occurring outside the hospital.MethodsDeaths caused by acute pancreatitis in the southern part of Sweden during 1994–2008 were identified at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Lund. A retrospective review of all cases was performed.ResultsA total of 50 patients were included, representing approximately 50 of 292 (17%) of all deaths due to acute pancreatitis in the region during this period of time. Median age was 54 (47–69) years and the majority—37 (74%)—were men. The main etiology was alcohol, seen in at least 35 (70%) patients. Twelve (24%) patients were obese. The duration of abdominal pain, in evaluable cases, was 3.0 (1.6–6.2) days. Profound signs of pancreatitis were seen in all patients; 35 (70%) had a necrotising disease according to histopathological examination. Pulmonary changes were common, e.g., bronchopneumonia, pleural effusion, or edema, and all but four had fatty liver. Massive intra‐abdominal bleeding was seen in one patient. At least eight patients had a mental disorder, and three were homeless.ConclusionsFatal acute pancreatitis occurring outside the hospital accounts for a substantial part of all deaths due to the disease. The incidence seems to decline, and no variation in season was seen. Alcohol was the predominant etiology. Many of the patients lived alone and in poor social conditions.
Plastics from an Improved Canola Protein Isolate: Preparation and Properties
Authors: Manamperi Wajira A. R. , Chang Sam K. C. , Ulven Chad A. , Pryor Scott W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCanola meal proteins were solubilized from canola flour at pH 12 using sodium hydroxide solution. Proteins were then precipitated sequentially at pH values ranging from 11 to 3 in decrements of 1 pH unit. The weight distribution and the properties of these fractions were analyzed. The majority (>76%) of the recovered proteins were precipitated at pH values at or below 7. Another substantial fraction was precipitated at pH 11. The functional and thermal property (differential scanning calorimetry) analyses showed that this protein fraction exhibits the highest water holding capacity and lowest melting point. The plastics prepared with refined protein isolates (with pH 11 fraction removed) showed higher water resistance, tensile, and flexural strength, toughness, and elongation values compared to those prepared with standard canola protein isolates. This shows that mechanical and water resistance properties of protein‐based plastics can be enhanced using improved protein isolates.
Ultrasound features of deep-seated lipomas
Authors: Paunipagar Bhawan K. , Griffith James F. , Rasalkar Darshana D. , Chow L. T. C. , Kumta S. M. , Ahuja Anil 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Purpose
The objective of this study was to describe the sonographic features of deep-seated lipomas.

Methods
A retrospective review of the sonographic features of 64 deep seated lipomas in 64 patients (43 females, 21 males, mean age 46.5, range 16–77 years) seen over an 8-year period (1998–2006) was undertaken.

Results
Features evaluated were location, size, shape, marginal definition, internal echogenicity, including the presence of intermingled muscle fibres and linear internal echoes, acoustic transmission and vascularity. Confirmation was histological in 37 (58%) cases and by typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance in 27 (42%) cases.

Conclusion
The results show that although the features of deep-seated lipoma are more variable than those reported for subcutaneous lipomas, the presence of thin internal echoes in conjunction with other less specific features should enable a correct diagnosis.
Is There any Hope? The Idea of Strategy in Business Networks
Authors: Ford David , Mouzas Stefanos 
Published: June 2010

This paper explores some of the implications for the idea of business strategy of the networks of interlocking interdependencies which comprise the business landscape. The paper proposes a framework for analysing the strategic situations facing companies in business networks and for developing business strategy within them. The central message of the paper is that in the complex networks in which companies operate, business strategy cannot realistically be regarded as an individual-company activity. The paper argues that in these circumstances, strategy is more usefully conceived of as a matrix of interdependencies that connects the structure and process of a network and that confronts the existing with the evolving. This structure and process provide an array of evolving possibilities for the choices of any one actor and others, whether they are suppliers, customers, competitors or development partners. The paper argues that the strategy of a single company can usefully be interpreted as part of the process of interaction through which the company and others confront aspects of the status quo with new evolving possibilities, whilst conforming to other existing patterns within the network.
Substrate metabolism, appetite and feeding behaviour under low and high energy turnover conditions in overweight women
Authors: Burton Francesca L. , Malkova Dalia , Caslake Muriel J. , Gill Jason M. R. 
Published: June 2010

The present study aimed to investigate whether substrate metabolism, appetite and feeding behaviour differed between high and low energy turnover conditions. Thirteen overweight premenopausal women completed two 1 d trials: low energy turnover (LET) and high energy turnover (HET), in a randomised, cross-over design. In LET, subjects consumed a test breakfast (49 % carbohydrate, 37 % fat, 14 % protein) calculated to maintain energy balance over a 6 h observation period, during which metabolic rate and substrate utilisation were measured and blood samples taken. Immediately following this anad libitumbuffet meal was provided. HET was identical to LET, except that subjects walked on a treadmill for 60 min at 50 % VO2maxbefore the test breakfast, which was increased in size (by about 65 %) to replace the energy expended during the walk and maintain energy balance over the observation period. Postprandial fat balance (i.e. the difference between fat intake and oxidation) was lower and carbohydrate balance higher in HET compared with LET throughout the postprandial period (P < 0·05 for both). After the buffet meal, carbohydrate balance did not differ between trials but energy and fat balances were lower (by 0·28 MJ and 11·6 g, respectively) in HET compared with LET (P < 0·001 for both). Carbohydrate balance immediately before the buffet meal correlated negatively with buffet energy intake (r− 0·49) and postprandial acylated ghrelin responses (r− 0·48), and positively with postprandial glucose responses (r0·49). These findings demonstrate that HET resulted in a more positive carbohydrate balance than LET, which associated with lower subsequent energy intake. This may have implications for the regulation of body weight.
Selenoprotein P gene r25191g/a polymorphism and quantification of selenoprotein P mRNA level in patients with Kashin-Beck disease
Authors: Sun Wenyan , Wang Xin , Zou Xiuzhen , Song Ruixia , Du Xiaohong , Hu Jun , Xiong Yongmin 
Published: June 2010

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is an endemic and deformable osteoarthrosis. Epidemiological study has revealed that lower Se level is the principal environmental factor in the pathogenesis of KBD. Selenoprotein P (SEPP1) is a special selenoprotein, which is the primary form of Se in vivo. Our aim was to investigate the putative association of SEPP1 r25191g/a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with KBD risk and the SEPP1 transcriptional levels in whole blood and articular cartilage tissue of KBD cases and controls, respectively. One hundred and sixty-seven cases with KBD and 166 control subjects from Shaanxi province of China were included in the present study. The detection of SNP r25191g/a in the 3′ untranslated region was performed using an efficient technique, tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system PCR. A quantitative analysis of SEPP1 mRNA in KBD and control groups by real-time PCR was also performed. The present results show no significant difference in genotype and allele distribution of SNP r25191g/a between individuals with KBD and controls (P = 0·279 and 0·428, respectively). There was also no association between SNP r25191g/a and risk of KBD (OR 1·153; 95 % CI 0·533, 2·496). However, the frequency of the rare genotype AG of SNP r25191g/a was significantly lower in Chinese population than in the Caucasians. It was shown that the SEPP1 mRNA expression in whole blood was lower in KBD patients than in the control group (0·149-fold, P < 0·001), but that it was much higher in articular cartilage tissue (4·53-fold, P = 0·012). Our aim was to lay a foundation for us to further study the association between the pathogenesis of KBD and SEPP1.
Fractal functional quantization of mean-regular stochastic processes
Authors: GRAF SIEGFRIED , LUSCHGY HARALD , PAGÈS GILLES 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe investigate the functional quantization problem for stochastic processes with respect toLp(IRd, μ)-norms, where μ is a fractal measure namely, μ is self-similar or a homogeneous Cantor measure. The derived functional quantization upper rate bounds are universal depending only on the mean-regularity index of the process and the quantization dimension of μ and as universal rates they are optimal. Furthermore, for arbitrary Borel probability measures μ we establish a (nonconstructive) link between the quantization errors of μ and the functional quantization errors of the process in the spaceLp(IRd, μ).
Accurate Detection of Low Levels of Fluorescence Emission in Autofluorescent Background: Francisella-Infected Macrophage Cells
Authors: Davis Ryan W. , Timlin Jerilyn A. , Kaiser Julia N. , Sinclair Michael B. , Jones Howland D.T. , Lane Todd W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCellular autofluorescence, though ubiquitous when imaging cells and tissues, is often assumed to be small in comparison to the signal of interest. Uniform estimates of autofluorescence intensity obtained from separate control specimens are commonly employed to correct for autofluorescence. While these may be sufficient for high signal-to-background applications, improvements in detector and probe technologies and introduction of spectral imaging microscopes have increased the sensitivity of fluorescence imaging methods, exposing the possibility of effectively probing the low signal-to-background regime. With spectral imaging, reliable monitoring of signals near or even below the noise levels of the microscope is possible if compensation for autofluorescence and background signals can be performed accurately. We demonstrate the importance of accurate autofluorescence modeling and the utility of spectral imaging and multivariate analysis methods using a case study focusing on fluorescence confocal spectral imaging of host-pathogen interactions. In this application fluorescent proteins are produced when Francisella novicida invade host macrophage cells. The resulting analyte signal is spectrally overlapped and typically weaker than the cellular autofluorescence. In addition to discussing the advantages of spectral imaging for following pathogen invasion, we present the spectral properties and cellular origin of macrophage autofluorescence.
Behavior of Au Species in Au/Fe2O3 Catalysts Characterized by Novel In Situ Heating Techniques and Aberration-Corrected STEM Imaging
Authors: Allard Lawrence F. , Flytzani-Stephanopoulos Maria , Overbury Steven H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe recent advent of a novel design of in situ heating technology for electron microscopes has permitted unprecedented control of elevated temperature studies of catalytic materials, particularly when coupled with the sub-Ångström imaging performance of a modern aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS)-based Aduro™ heating chips from Protochips, Inc. (Raleigh, NC, USA) allows nearly instantaneous heating and cooling of catalyst powders, avoiding effects of temperature ramping as experienced with standard heating stages. The heating technology also provides stable operation limited only by the inherent drift in the microscope stage, thus allowing full image resolution to be achieved even at elevated temperatures. The present study details the use of both the high X-Y spatial resolution in both dark-field and simultaneous bright-field imaging, along with the high resolution in Z (depth sectioning) provided by the large probe incidence semiangle in the aberration-corrected instrument, to characterize the evolution of microstructure in a commercial Au/Fe2O3 water-gas shift catalyst during elevated temperature treatment. The phenomenon of Au diffusion to the surface of hematite support particles to form discrete crystalline Au nanoparticles in the 1–2 nm size range, after a prior leaching treatment to remove surface Au species has been characterized.
Transmission Electron Microscopy of Lipid Vesicles for Drug Delivery: Comparison between Positive and Negative Staining
Authors: Bello Valentina , Mattei Giovanni , Mazzoldi Paolo , Vivenza Nicoletta , Gasco Paolo , Idee Jean Marc , Robic Caroline , Borsella Elisabetta 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLipid-containing nanostructures, in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles or iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) coated with a lipid shell, were used as case studies for assessing and optimizing staining for transmission electron microscopy structural and compositional characterization. These systems are of paramount importance as drug delivery systems or as bio-compatible contrast agents. In particular, we have treated the systems with a negative (phospshotungstic acid) or with a positive (osmium tetroxide) staining agent. For iron-oxide NPs coated with the lipid shell, negative staining was more efficient with respect to the positive one. Nevertheless, in particular cases the combination of the two staining procedures provided more complete morphological and compositional characterization of the particles.
Abrupt change of Antarctic moisture origin at the end of Termination II
Authors: Masson-Delmotte V. , Stenni B. , Blunier T. , Cattani O. , Chappellaz J. , Cheng H. , Dreyfus G. , Edwards R. L. , Falourd S. , Govin A. , Kawamura K. , Johnsen S. J. , Jouzel J. , Landais A. , Lemieux-Dudon B. , Lourantou A. , Marshall G. , Minster B. , Mudelsee M. , Pol K. , Röthlisberger R. , Selmo E. , Waelbroeck C. 
Published: June 2010

The deuterium excess of polar ice cores documents past changes in evaporation conditions and moisture origin. New data obtained from the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica Dome C East Antarctic ice core provide new insights on the sequence of events involved in Termination II, the transition between the penultimate glacial and interglacial periods. This termination is marked by a north–south seesaw behavior, with first a slow methane concentration rise associated with a strong Antarctic temperature warming and a slow deuterium excess rise. This first step is followed by an abrupt north Atlantic warming, an abrupt resumption of the East Asian summer monsoon, a sharp methane rise, and a CO2overshoot, which coincide within dating uncertainties with the end of Antarctic optimum. Here, we show that this second phase is marked by a very sharp Dome C centennial deuterium excess rise, revealing abrupt reorganization of atmospheric circulation in the southern Indian Ocean sector.
Theory for polymer analysis using nanopore-based single-molecule mass spectrometry
Authors: Reiner Joseph E. , Kasianowicz John J. , Nablo Brian J. , Robertson Joseph W. F. 
Published: June 2010

Nanometer-scale pores have demonstrated potential for the electrical detection, quantification, and characterization of molecules for biomedical applications and the chemical analysis of polymers. Despite extensive research in the nanopore sensing field, there is a paucity of theoretical models that incorporate the interactions between chemicals (i.e., solute, solvent, analyte, and nanopore). Here, we develop a model that simultaneously describes both the current blockade depth and residence times caused by individual poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecules in a single α-hemolysin ion channel. Modeling polymer-cation binding leads to a description of two significant effects: a reduction in the mobile cation concentration inside the pore and an increase in the affinity between the polymer and the pore. The model was used to estimate the free energy of formation for K
+
-PEG inside the nanopore (≈-49.7 meV) and the free energy of PEG partitioning into the nanopore (≈0.76 meV per ethylene glycol monomer). The results suggest that rational, physical models for the analysis of analyte-nanopore interactions will develop the full potential of nanopore-based sensing for chemical and biological applications.
Latitudinal and interannual distribution of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the western Mediterranean, and sampling uncertainty in abundance estimates
Authors: Tugores M. Pilar , Iglesias Magdalena , Díaz Núria , Oñate Dolores , Miquel Joan , Giráldez Ana 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTugores, M. P., Iglesias, M., Díaz, N., Oñate, D., Miquel, J., and Giráldez, A. 2010. Latitudinal and interannual distribution of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the western Mediterranean, and sampling uncertainty in abundance estimates. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1574–1586. On the Spanish Mediterranean continental shelf, late-autumn echo-integration acoustic surveys have been performed annually since the 1990s. The surveys coincide with the recruitment season of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and the start of the spawning season of sardine (Sardina pilchardus), and they provide estimates of stock size for the main fisheries in the area. Latitudinal distribution of the abundance of the two species from 2003 till 2006 is evaluated, and transitive geostatistical techniques applied to estimate the sampling uncertainty of the overall abundance estimate. The anchovy stock was found mainly in areas influenced by river run-off, in well-known anchovy spawning areas, suggesting that anchovy remained on their spawning grounds until late autumn or that survival was higher in these regions of enhanced productivity. By the time of the surveys, sardine were already occupying their spawning grounds over the continental shelf. The precision of the abundance estimates was generally high. The few cases of low precision were re-examined and found to stem most probably from processing errors, so the re-examination has contributed to an improvement in the accuracy of the estimates. The greater precision obtained in the southern subarea suggested a greater homogeneity in the spatial distribution of both species.