bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superfluidity in neutrino clusters
Authors: Dvornikov Maxim 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We study the formation of a superfluid condensate of neutrinos inside a neutrino cluster. The attractive interaction between neutrinos is mediated by a scalar boson which is lighter than a neutrino. We consider the appearance of neutrino bound states consisting of particles with oppositely directed spins. The gap equation for such a system is derived. Based on numerical simulations of the neutrino distribution in a cluster, we find the phase transition temperature and the coherence length inside such a cluster for various parameters of the system. The constraints on the parameters of the Yukawa interaction, resulting in the neutrino superfluidity, are derived. We obtain that the cosmic neutrino background can contribute to the superfluid condensate inside a neutrino cluster having realistic characteristics. The mechanism of the neutrino cluster cooling in the early universe, based on the plasmons Čerenkov radiation, is proposed.
Experimental investigation of water-based beam reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna
Authors: Babu Raja , Agrahari Rajan , Mevada Pratik , Jain Pradip Kumar , Mahto Manpuran 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the present article, a novel dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for the control of radiated beams is presented. The proposed DRA is capable of not only reconfiguring the beam width and gain, but also generating single, double, and multiple beams without changing the shape of the antenna. The DRA consists of a cuboid-shaped dielectric resonator having two chambers for storing the water. By varying the water levels in the chambers the beam width can be varied from 56° to 116° and gain 9.8 dBi to 5.86 dBi at the operating frequency of 9.2 GHz. In addition, multiple beams can also be produced by reducing the water level in one chamber. The prototype of the proposed DRA is fabricated and measured for different water levels. The simulated and measured results are in close agreement. The proposed DRA can find its potential application in microwave, space, and wireless communication systems.
A noise-robust CNN architecture with global attention and gated convolutional Kernels for bearing fault detection
Authors: Bowen Xiao , Yongpeng Zhao , Chengjiang Zhou , Jiayu Ou , Gangjin Huang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Detecting faults in bearings is essential for the maintenance and operation of rotating machinery. However, achieving high accuracy and noise immunity is challenging due to the involvement of intricate and noisy signals. To address this issue, this paper introduces a multi-scale separable gated convolutional neural network (GCK-MSSC). In the GCK-MSSC model, the gate convolutional kernel replaces the conventional convolutional kernel. It is designed to dynamically adjust the convolution kernel’s weights based on the input features. Additionally, the one-dimensional global attention mechanism is incorporated, enhancing the model’s global awareness within the MSSC framework. The experimental results on two public bearing datasets confirm the performance of the proposed method. It demonstrates improved performance over current leading-edge methods, especially in terms of accuracy, and proves to be significantly robust against various levels of noise. Specifically, it achieves accuracies of 99.45% and 99.78% on the two datasets. Furthermore, even after the addition of noise with a signal-to-noise ratio of 0, it still maintains an accuracy as high as 85.65% (on the Politecnico di Torino dataset).
Simulating hindered grain boundary diffusion using the smoothed boundary method
Authors: Hanson Erik , Andrews W Beck , Powers Max , Jenkins Kaila G , Thornton Katsuyo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Grain boundaries can greatly affect the transport properties of polycrystalline materials, particularly when the grain size approaches the nanoscale. While grain boundaries often enhance diffusion by providing a fast pathway for chemical transport, some material systems, such as those of solid oxide fuel cells and battery cathode particles, exhibit the opposite behavior, where grain boundaries act to hinder diffusion. To facilitate the study of systems with hindered grain boundary diffusion, we propose a model that utilizes the smoothed boundary method to simulate the dynamic concentration evolution in polycrystalline systems. The model employs domain parameters with diffuse interfaces to describe the grains, thereby enabling solutions with explicit consideration of their complex geometries. The intrinsic error arising from the diffuse interface approach employed in our proposed model is explored by comparing the results against a sharp interface model for a variety of parameter sets. Finally, two case studies are considered to demonstrate potential applications of the model. First, a nanocrystalline yttria-stabilized zirconia solid oxide fuel cell system is investigated, and the effective diffusivities are extracted from the simulation results and are compared to the values obtained through mean-field approximations. Second, the concentration evolution during lithiation of a polycrystalline battery cathode particle is simulated to demonstrate the method’s capability.
Enhancing modulation performance by design of hybrid plasmonic optical modulator integrating multi-layer graphene and TiO2 on silicon waveguides
Authors: Supasai Wisut , Siritaratiwat Apirat , Srichan Chavis , Suwanarat Suksan , Amorntep Narong , Wannaprapa Mongkol , Jutong Nuttachai , Chaisakul Papichaya , Wiangwiset Thalerngsak , Narkglom Sorawit , Keokhoungning Thongsavanh , Surawanitkun Chayada 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A novel way to enhance modulation performance is through the design of a hybrid plasmonic optical modulator that integrates multi-layer graphene and TiO2 on silicon waveguides. In this article, a design is presented of a proposed modulator based on the use of the two-dimensional finite difference eigenmode solver, the three-dimensional eigenmode expansion solver, and the CHARGE solver. Leveraging inherent graphene properties and utilizing the subwavelength confinement capabilities of hybrid plasmonic waveguides (HPWs), we achieved a modulator design that is both compact and highly efficient. The electrical bandwidth f
3dB is at 460.42 GHz and it reduces energy consumption to 12.17 fJ/bit with a modulator that functions at a wavelength of 1.55 μm. According to our simulation results, our innovation was the optimization of the third dielectric layer’s thickness, setting the stage to achieve greater modulation depths. This synergy between graphene and HPWs not only augments subwavelength confinement, but also optimizes light–graphene interaction, culminating in a markedly enhanced modulation efficiency. As a result, our modulator presents a high extinction ratio and minimized insertion loss. Furthermore, it exhibits polarization insensitivity and a greater bandwidth. Our work sets a new benchmark in optical communication systems, emphasizing the potential for the next generation of chip-scale with high-efficiency optical modulators that significantly outpace conventional graphene-based designs.
Recent progress of group III–V materials-based nanostructures for photodetection
Authors: Cong Xiangna , Yin Huabi , Zheng Yue , He Wenlong 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Due to the suitable bandgap structure, efficient conversion rates of photon to electron, adjustable optical bandgap, high electron mobility/aspect ratio, low defects, and outstanding optical and electrical properties for device design, III–V semiconductors have shown excellent properties for optoelectronic applications, including photodiodes, photodetectors, solar cells, photocatalysis, etc. In particular, III–V nanostructures have attracted considerable interest as a promising photodetector platform, where high-performance photodetectors can be achieved based on the geometry-related light absorption and carrier transport properties of III–V materials. However, the detection ranges from Ultraviolet to Terahertz including broadband photodetectors of III–V semiconductors still have not been more broadly development despite significant efforts to obtain the high performance of III–V semiconductors. Therefore, the recent development of III–V photodetectors in a broad detection range from Ultraviolet to Terahertz, and future requirements are highly desired. In this review, the recent development of photodetectors based on III–V semiconductor with different detection range is discussed. First, the bandgap of III–V materials and synthesis methods of III–V nanostructures are explored, subsequently, the detection mechanism and key figures-of-merit for the photodetectors are introduced, and then the device performance and emerging applications of photodetectors are provided. Lastly, the challenges and future research directions of III–V materials for photodetectors are presented.
Planets, springs and pendulums
Authors: Hughes Stephen , Young Mark 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Seeing connections between different areas of physics is a good way to teach physics. In the orbit of a planet, there is a continuous interchange between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy with the sum being constant. This is essentially the same physics as a mass on the end of a spring, or a pendulum. In this paper, equivalent spring constants are calculated for planetary orbits and the pendulum equation used to derive Kepler’s third law.
Attention decoupled contrastive learning for semi-supervised segmentation method based on data augmentation
Authors: Pan Pan , Chen Houjin , Li Yanfeng , Peng Wanru , Cheng Lin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective. Deep learning algorithms have demonstrated impressive performance by leveraging large labeled data. However, acquiring pixel-level annotations for medical image analysis, especially in segmentation tasks, is both costly and time-consuming, posing challenges for supervised learning techniques. Existing semi-supervised methods tend to underutilize representations of unlabeled data and handle labeled and unlabeled data separately, neglecting their interdependencies. Approach. To address this issue, we introduce the Data-Augmented Attention-Decoupled Contrastive model (DADC). This model incorporates an attention decoupling module and utilizes contrastive learning to effectively distinguish foreground and background, significantly improving segmentation accuracy. Our approach integrates an augmentation technique that merges information from both labeled and unlabeled data, notably boosting network performance, especially in scenarios with limited labeled data. Main results. We conducted comprehensive experiments on the automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) dataset and the results demonstrate that DADC outperforms existing segmentation methods in terms of segmentation performance.
Experiments and modelling of negative triangularity ASDEX Upgrade plasmas in view of DTT scenarios
Authors: Aucone L , Mantica P , Happel T , Hobirk J , Pütterich T , Vanovac B , Zimmermann C F B , Bernert M , Bolzonella T , Cavedon M , Dunne M , Fischer R , Innocente P , Kappatou A , McDermott R M , Mariani A , Muscente P , Plank U , Sciortino F , Tardini G , WPTE Team the EUROfusion , Upgrade Team the ASDEX 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The paper presents experimental and modelling results of a comparison of negative (NT) and positive (PT) triangularity ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) discharges using the plasma shapes presently foreseen in the DTT tokamak, under construction in Italy. This work is part of a broader effort of investigation to understand whether the good properties observed in NT scenarios in DIII-D and TCV may be extrapolated to the DTT device and more generally to DEMO future operations. The experimental results have shown a practical gain of running these AUG plasmas with only ECRH and mixed NBI+ECRH phases in negative triangularity, even if they access the H-mode. Indeed, the NT electron kinetic profiles recover in all cases the PT electron pressures inside mid-radius due to reduced transport in the region

ρ
tor

=
0.7
−
0.9

, while exhibiting lower individual ELM (Edge Localised Mode) energy losses. The ion pressure and expected fusion performance are comparable in the case of similar densities. Integrated modelling has been performed using the transport solver ASTRA and the quasi-linear turbulent model TGLF, investigating the transport properties of these discharges. The modelling reproduces the experiments qualitatively with reasonable accuracy. Nonetheless, the heat transport in NT cases is partially overestimated. This may be because TGLF uses the Miller equilibrium, which approximates the magnetic flux surfaces as up-down symmetric. In the caseof these asymmetric NT shapes, the simulated outer surfaces lose part of the tilt with respect to the z-axis, reducing the upper δ < 0 effect. A numerical test to discern the impact of the geometry by symmetrically flipping the shape has shown a beneficial effect of the negative triangularity on heat transport.
Reconfigurable modular soft robots with modulating stiffness and versatile task capabilities
Authors: Knospler Joshua , Xue Wei , Trkov Mitja 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Soft robots have revolutionized machine interactions with humans and the environment to enable safe operations. The fixed morphology of these soft robots dictates their mechanical performance, including strength and stiffness, which limits their task range and applications. Proposed here are modular, reconfigurable soft robots with the capabilities of changing their morphology and adjusting their stiffness to perform versatile object handling and planar or spatial operational tasks. The reconfiguration and tunable interconnectivity between the elemental soft, pneumatically driven actuation units is made possible through integrated permanent magnets with coils. The proposed concept of attaching/detaching actuators enables these robots to be easily rearranged in various configurations to change the morphology of the system. While the potential for these actuators allows for arbitrary reconfiguration through parallel or serial connection on their four sides, we demonstrate here a configuration called ManusBot. ManusBot is a hand-like structure with digits and palm capable of individual actuation. The capabilities of this system are demonstrated through specific examples of stiffness modulation, variable payload capacity, and structure forming for enhanced and versatile object manipulation and operations. The proposed modular, soft robotic system with interconnecting capabilities significantly expands the versatility of operational tasks as well as the adaptability of handling objects of various shapes, sizes, and weights using a single system.
Enabling electrical response through piezoelectric particle integration in AA2017-T451 aluminium parts using FSP technology
Authors: Ferreira Pedro M , Caçador David , Machado Miguel A , Carvalho Marta S , Vilaça Pedro , Sorger Gonçalo , Farias Francisco Werley Cipriano , Figueiredo Arthur Ribeiro , Vidal Catarina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the field of structural engineering, the integration of smart materials and structural health monitoring (SHM) has given rise to self-sensing materials (SSM), leading to a paradigm shift in SHM. This paper focuses on the interplay between self-sensing capabilities and the piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) and barium titanate (BT) in aluminium components. Leveraging Friction Stir Processing (FSP), the study explores the synthesis and performance of SSMs with embedded piezoelectric particles, potentially transforming structural engineering. The paper highlights FSP as a key methodology for incorporating piezoelectric particles into structural materials, showcasing its potential in developing SSMs with enhanced functionalities. A specific focus is placed on integrating PZT and BT particles into AA2017-T451 aluminium parts using FSP, with metallographic assessments and mechanical property evaluations conducted to analyse particle distribution and concentration. This study shows how BT and PZT particles are incorporated into AA2017-T451 aluminium to create a SSM that responds to external stimuli. Under cyclic loading, the SSMs exhibit a linear load-electrical response correlation, with sensibility increasing at lower frequencies. Metallographic analysis shows homogeneous particle distribution, while PZT induces increased brittleness and brittle fractures. Yield strength remains relatively stable, but ultimate strength decreases post-FSP. Hardness variations indicate weaker bonding with PZT particles. Eddy’scurrent testing aligns with hardness profiles, and sensorial characterization reveals a non-linear frequency-sensibility relationship, showcasing the SSMs’ suitability for low-frequency applications, particularly with PZT embedment.
Degraded image restoration of vortex beam array based on deep learning
Authors: Zhao Jiasheng , Wei Hongyan , Du Qianqian , Fu Yuejiao , Zhou Han 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The phase aberration and intensity fluctuation of the vortex beam array caused by atmospheric turbulence decrease the decoding accuracy of the optical communication system. This paper proposes an end-to-end turbulence-degraded image restoration method based on deep learning to solve the problem. The K-means clustering algorithm is employed to obtain the coordinate information of each beam in the array, and the distorted vortex beam array is segmented. The neural network constructed is used to restore the degraded image of a single vortex beam obtained by segmentation. Then the restored intensity image of the vortex beam array is obtained by combining the existing coordinate information. The simulation results show that the intensity correlation coefficients of the 3 × 3 rectangular distribution Laguerre–Gaussian beam arrays are increased to more than 0.99 after restoring from 1000 meters of transmission in both varied and unknown turbulence intensities, alongside differing CCD signal-to-noise ratios. This method does not require wavefront reconstruction, which further improves the restoration speed and saves computational resources, and has good generalization ability and robustness in quickly restoring the distorted light intensity of vortex beams. The results provide a theoretical basis for studying atmospheric turbulence influence mitigation techniques for vortex optical communication.
Effect of biaxial tensile-compressive deformation on the optoelectronic properties of monolayers of MoTe2 with adsorbed alkali metals X (X = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs): a first principles
Authors: Dai Ying , Liu Guili , He Jianlin , Yang Zhonghua , Zhang Guoying 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Based on a first-principles approach, the effects of tensile-compression deformation on the structural stability, electronic structure, and optical properties of monolayers of MoTe2 adsorbed with alkali metal atoms X (X = Li, Na, K, Rb or Cs) were calculated. It was found that the structural stability of the MoTe2 monolayer after adsorption of Li atoms was the most stable, with the smallest adsorption and formation energies and the smallest adsorption height. The movement of the Fermi energy toward the conduction band makes the system an n-type semiconductor. Subsequently, the adsorbed Li-MoTe2 monolayers were selected for tensile-compressive deformation, and with the increase of tensile deformation, the band gap decreased to zero at 10% deformation and exhibited metallic properties. As compressive deformation grows, the band gap shifts from direct to indirect, and metallic characteristics emerge when deformation approaches −10%. The Te-s and Te-p orbital electrons near the Fermi energy level and Mo-d orbitals make the main contribution to the adsorbed alkali metal molybdenum ditelluride system. In terms of optical characteristics, the MoTe2 system after alkali metal adsorption deformation is blue-shifted/ red-shifted at the absorption/reflection peak. These discoveries may help to broaden the possible applications of MoTe2 in low-dimensional electron-emitting devices.
High-performance CsPbBr3-silicon heterojunction photodetectors fabricated by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Nie Wanggao , Liu Jingyi , Yan Lairong , Hu Hao , Lin Ping , Liu Chao , Xu Lingbo , Wang Peng , Wu Xiaoping , Cui Can 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Inorganic perovskite cesium lead halide (CsPbBr3) has attracted extensive research attention due to its excellent photoelectric properties and long-term stability to water, oxygen, light and heat. In this work, high crystallinity CsPbBr3 microcrystals with different morphologies and grain sizes were synthesized by one-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on silicon (Si) wafers and silicon nanowires (SiNWs), respectively. Characterization results show that the CsPbBr3 microcrystals grown on SiNWs (CsPbBr3-SiNWs) display more compact and uniform morphologies than those grown on Si wafer (CsPbBr3-Si). Moreover, CsPbBr3-SiNWs exhibits higher detectivity and larger on/off ratio than CsPbBr3-Si, which are 5.1 × 1012 Jones over 3.4 × 1012 Jones, and 51.3 over 14.7, respectively. Furthermore, CsPbBr3-SiNWs shows a faster photo response with a rise/fall time of 0.22 s/0.28 s than 0.26 s/0.32 s in CsPbBr3-Si. In addition, the CsPbBr3-SiNWs photodetector maintained 90% of its original photocurrent after 60 days of exposure to air, showing excellent stability. These results strongly suggest a promising fabrication approach for constructing perovskite-based heterojunction optoelectronic devices with high performance and excellent stability.
Observation of electron temperature anisotropy in the magnetic filter of a hot cathode discharge
Authors: Sangma Jocelyn , Baitha Anuj Ram , Chakraborty Monojit 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Instabilities arising from electron temperature in an ambient magnetic field when measured parallel and perpendicular to it could influence plasma stability and have effect on plasma diffusion. A planar Langmuir probe measures this instability in the double plasma device in the magnetic filter field region and it is found that the electron temperature measured parallel and perpendicular to the filter region is not equal. This anisotropy is also found to vary with filament current and working pressure.
Detecting the core of a network by the centralities of the nodes
Authors: Ma 马 Peijie 佩杰 , Ren 任 Xuezao 学藻 , Zhu 朱 Junfang 军芳 , Jiang 蒋 Yanqun 艳群 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Many networks exhibit the core/periphery structure. Core/periphery structure is a type of meso-scale structure that consists of densely connected core nodes and sparsely connected peripheral nodes. Core nodes tend to be well-connected, both among themselves and to peripheral nodes, which tend not to be well-connected to other nodes. In this brief report, we propose a new method to detect the core of a network by the centrality of each node. It is discovered that such nodes with non-negative centralities often consist in the core of the networks. The simulation is carried out on different real networks. The results are checked by the objective function. The checked results may show the effectiveness of the simulation results by the centralities of the nodes on the real networks. Furthermore, we discuss the characters of networks with the single core/periphery structure and point out the scope of the application of our method at the end of this paper.