bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of Chronic Ethanol Consumption and Withdrawal on Homer/Glutamate Receptor Expression in Subregions of the Accumbens and Amygdala of P Rats
Authors: Obara Ilona , Bell Richard L. , Goulding Scott P. , Reyes Cindy M. , Larson Lindsay A. , Ary Alexis W. , Truitt William A. , Szumlinski Karen K. 
Published: August 2009

Background: Homer proteins are constituents of scaffolding complexes that regulate the trafficking and function of central Group1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) andN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Research supports the involvement of these proteins in ethanol‐induced neuroplasticity in mouse. In this study, we examined the effects of short versus long‐term withdrawal from chronic ethanol consumption on Homer and glutamate receptor protein expression within striatal and amygdala subregions of selectively bred, alcohol‐preferring P rats.Methods: For 6 months, male P rats had concurrent access to 15% and 30% ethanol solutions under intermittent (IA: 4 d/wk) or continuous (CA: 7 d/wk) access conditions in their home cage. Rats were killed 24 hours (short withdrawal: SW) or 4 weeks (long withdrawal: LW) after termination of ethanol access, subregions of interest were micropunched and tissue processed for detection of Group1 mGluRs, NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor and Homer protein expression.Results: Within the nucleus accumbens (NAC), limited changes in NR2a and NR2b expression were detected in the shell (NACsh), whereas substantial changes were observed for Homer2a/b, mGluRs as well as NR2a and NR2b subunits in the core (NACc). Within the amygdala, no changes were detected in the basolateral subregion, whereas substantial changes, many paralleling those observed in the NACc, were detected in the central nucleus (CeA) subregion. In addition, most of the changes observed in the CeA, but not NACc, were present in both SW and LW rats.Conclusions: Overall, these subregion specific, ethanol‐induced increases in mGluR/Homer2/NR2 expression within the NAC and amygdala suggest changes in glutamatergic plasticity had taken place. This may be a result of learning and subsequent memory formation of ethanol’s rewarding effects in these brain structures, which may, in part, mediate the chronic relapsing nature of alcohol abuse.
Suppression of Heavy Drinking and Alcohol Seeking by a Selective ALDH‐2 Inhibitor
Authors: Arolfo Maria P. , Overstreet David H. , Yao Lina , Fan Peidong , Lawrence Andrew J. , Tao Guoxin , Keung Wing‐Ming , Vallee Bert L. , Olive M. Foster , Gass Justin T. , Rubin Emanuel , Anni Helen , Hodge Clyde W. , Besheer Joyce , Zablocki Jeff , Leung Kwan , Blackburn Brent K. , Lange Louis G. , Diamond Ivan 
Published: August 2009

Background: Inherited human aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH‐2) deficiency reduces the risk for alcoholism. Kudzu plants and extracts have been used for 1,000 years in traditional Chinese medicine to treat alcoholism. Kudzu contains daidzin, which inhibits ALDH‐2 and suppresses heavy drinking in rodents. Decreased drinking due to ALDH‐2 inhibition is attributed to aversive properties of acetaldehyde accumulated during alcohol consumption. However, daidzin can reduce drinking in some rodents without necessarily increasing acetaldehyde. Therefore, a selective ALDH‐2 inhibitor might affect other metabolic factors involved in regulating drinking.Methods: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 inhibitors were synthesized based on the co‐crystal structure of ALDH‐2 and daidzin. We tested the efficacy of a highly selective reversible ALDH‐2 inhibitor, CVT‐10216, in models of moderate and high alcohol drinking rats. We studied 2‐bottle choice and deprivation‐induced drinking paradigms in Fawn Hooded (FH) rats, operant self‐administration in Long Evans (LE), FH, and inbred P (iP) rats and in cue‐induced reinstatement in iP rats. We also assayed blood acetaldehyde levels as well as dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and tested possible rewarding/aversive effects of the inhibitor in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm.Results: CVT‐10216 increases acetaldehyde after alcohol gavage and inhibits 2‐bottle choice alcohol intake in heavy drinking rodents, including deprivation‐induced drinking. Moreover, CVT‐10216 also prevents operant self‐administration and eliminates cue‐induced reinstatement of alcohol seeking even when alcohol is not available (i.e., no acetaldehyde). Alcohol stimulates DA release in the NAc, which is thought to contribute to increased drinking and relapse in alcoholism. CVT‐10216 prevents alcohol‐induced increases in NAc DA without changing basal levels. CVT‐10216 does not show rewarding or aversive properties in the CPP paradigm at therapeutic doses.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that selective reversible ALDH‐2 inhibitors may have therapeutic potential to reduce excessive drinking and to suppress relapse in abstinent alcoholics.
Focal localization of MukBEF condensin on the chromosome requires the flexible linker region of MukF
Authors: Shin Ho‐Chul , Lim Jae‐Hong , Woo Jae‐Sung , Oh Byung‐Ha 
Published: August 2009

Condensin complexes are the key mediators of chromosome condensation. The MukB–MukE–MukF complex is a bacterial condensin, in which the MukB subunit forms a V‐shaped dimeric structure with two ATPase head domains. MukE and MukF together form a tight complex, which binds to the MukB head via the C‐terminal winged‐helix domain (C‐WHD) of MukF. One of the two bound C‐WHDs of MukF is forced to detach from two ATP‐bound, engaged MukB heads, and this detachment reaction depends on the MukF flexible linker preceding the C‐WHD. Whereas MukB is known to focally localize at particular positions in cells by an unknown mechanism, mukE‐ or mukF‐null mutation causes MukB to become dispersed in cells. Here, we report that mutations in MukF causing a defect in the detachment reaction interfere with the focal localization of MukB, and that the dispersed distribution of MukB in cells correlates directly with defects in cell growth and division. The data strongly suggest that the MukB–MukE–MukF condensin forms huge clusters through the ATP‐dependent detachment reaction, and this cluster formation is critical for chromosome condensation by this machinery. We also show that the MukF flexible linker is involved in the dimerization and ATPase activity of the MukB head.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7216106: mukBhd (uniprotkb:P22523), mukF (uniprotkb:P60293) and mukE (uniprotkb:P22524) physically interact (MI:0915) by blue native page (MI:0276)
William Law and The Fable of the Bees
Authors: STARKIE ANDREW 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBernard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees (1723), an influential work of moral and economic theory, was decried as a libertine publication. The response of William Law to Mandeville, Remarks on the Fable of the Bees (1724), attacked the work on both the rational and the rhetorical level. Despite his reputation as a pious High‐Churchman, Law was as adept as his opponent at employing the fashionable rhetoric of wit and irony. He appealed to Newtonian and Lockean ideas, and made alliance with Low‐Church and Whig moralists in articulating a realist moral philosophy in opposition to Mandeville's libertinism.
Mary Toft, Religion and National Memory in Eighteenth‐Century England
Authors: SHAW JANE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn 1726 Mary Toft claimed that she had given birth to rabbits, an event that led to much medical examination and a good deal of satire but surprisingly little religious commentary, apart from William Whiston's interpretation that she was a portent of the apocalypse. And yet Toft was repeatedly remembered and re‐invoked throughout the century – along with several other miraculous, supernatural or wondrous events – in relation to broader public discussions about the boundaries between the natural and supernatural, between reason and revelation, with the result that each new ‘remembering’ paradoxically reiterated that those boundaries could not be definitively settled.
‘Friend of my Soul’: Constructing Spiritual Friendship in the Autobiography of Mary Fletcher
Authors: CRUICKSHANK JOANNA 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMary Bosanquet Fletcher (1739‐1815) was a leading early English Methodist, active throughout her adult life as a preacher, author, spiritual director and head of a large household. She was also part of a largely unexamined network of intense and intimate friendships between Methodist women across England. This article analyses the ways in which Fletcher represented friendship in her autobiography, a text that was widely published and read throughout the nineteenth century. Fletcher's autobiography shows how religious conviction could shape a distinctive construction of female friendship, at a time when such friendships had growing social and cultural significance.
Comparison of semiquantitative test strips, urine protein electrophoresis, and an immunoturbidimetric assay for measuring microalbuminuria in dogs
Authors: Murgier Philippe , Jakins Amanda , Bexfield Nicholas , Archer Joy 
Published: August 2009

Background:The presence of albumin in urine, even in small amounts, is always abnormal and usually reflects kidney dysfunction. Different techniques are commercially available for the measurement of microalbuminuria in dogs.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of semiquantitative test strips, urine protein electrophoresis, and a validated immunoturbidimetric assay in the measurement of microalbuminuria in dogs.Methods:Urine samples were collected from 307 dogs presented to The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, for a variety of clinical conditions. Urine was collected by midstream free catch (193/307, 63%), cystocentesis (89/307, 29%), or catheterization (25/307, 8%). Routine urinalysis was performed on all samples. Albumin was measured by using semiquantitative test strips, by agarose gel electrophoresis, and by an automated immunoturbidimetric assay designed for human samples (considered as the gold standard). The latter was validated using a purified canine albumin standard.Results:The immunoturbidimetric assay had within‐assay and between‐assay coefficients of variation (CV) of 1.3% and 5.0%, respectively, overall recovery of 97.1%, and high linearity (r=.985). Of the samples with measurable albumin (>1.4 mg/L) by the immunoturbidimetric assay, 57/195 (29%) were negative for albumin using the semiquantitative test strips and 138/195 (71%) were positive. Urine protein electrophoresis (UPE) and immunoturbidimetric results had a concordance CV of 86%.Conclusions:UPE and semiquantitative test strips are less accurate than the automated immunoturbidimetric method for the measurement of albumin in canine urine.
Using Lidocaine and Benzocaine to Link Sodium Channel Molecular Conformations to State-Dependent Antiarrhythmic Drug Affinity
Authors: Hanck Dorothy A. , Nikitina Elena , McNulty Megan M. , Fozzard Harry A. , Lipkind Gregory M. , Sheets Michael F. 
Published: August 2009

Rationale:Lidocaine and other antiarrhythmic drugs bind in the inner pore of voltage-gated Na channels and affect gating use-dependently. A phenylalanine in domain IV, S6 (Phe1759 in NaV1.5), modeled to face the inner pore just below the selectivity filter, is critical in use-dependent drug block.Objective:Measurement of gating currents and concentration-dependent availability curves to determine the role of Phe1759 in coupling of drug binding to the gating changes.Methods and Results:The measurements showed that replacement of Phe1759 with a nonaromatic residue permits clear separation of action of lidocaine and benzocaine into 2 components that can be related to channel conformations. One component represents the drug acting as a voltage-independent, low-affinity blocker of closed channels (designated as lipophilic block), and the second represents high-affinity, voltage-dependent block of open/inactivated channels linked to stabilization of the S4s in domains III and IV (designated as voltage-sensor inhibition) by Phe1759. A homology model for how lidocaine and benzocaine bind in the closed and open/inactivated channel conformation is proposed.Conclusions:These 2 components, lipophilic block and voltage-sensor inhibition, can explain the differences in estimates between tonic and open-state/inactivated-state affinities, and they identify how differences in affinity for the 2 binding conformations can control use-dependence, the hallmark of successful antiarrhythmic drugs.
Advance Health Care Directives: Towards a Coordinated European Policy?
Authors: Andorno Roberto , Brauer Susanne , Biller-Andorno Nikola 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to compare the different existing approaches to advance health care directives within the European context, and to explore the possibility of reaching a deeper consensus among countries on this subject. To this end, it first discusses the shortcomings of Article 9 of the Council of Europe's Biomedicine Convention. Second, it offers a comparative analysis of the legal status of advance directives in a number of European countries. Finally, it presents the conclusions of an international interdisciplinary workshop focused on this topic that was held in Zurich in June 2008.
Biobank Research: Reporting Results to Individual Participants
Authors: Bovenberg Jasper , Gevers Sjef , Meulenkamp Tineke , Smets Ellen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOver the last years we conducted an extensive study on the question whether and, if so, how, any results to be derived from research with large scale biobanks shoud be communicated to individual research participants. More specifically, our research intended (1) to assess the attitudes and information preferences of major stakeholders (participants/researchers), and (2) to examine whether there are any legal obligations of researchers to provide feedback to individuals. Our aim was to elaborate a general normative framework that could provide (further) guidance in this matter and be taken into account in the establishment and operation of biobanks. In this article, we first summarize the results of the empirical study on attitudes and preferences; subsequently, address the legal aspects. The article ends with a section that discusses our main findings and provides the basis for the guiding principles we propose; the principles themselves are located in an Annex.
Stable Boundary Layer Depth from High-Resolution Measurements of the Mean Wind Profile
Authors: Pichugina Yelena L. , Banta Robert M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The depth h of the stable boundary layer (SBL) has long been an elusive measurement. In this diagnostic study the use of high-quality, high-resolution (Δz = 10 m) vertical profile data of the mean wind U(z) and streamwise variance σu2(z) is investigated to see whether mean-profile features alone can be equated with h. Three mean-profile diagnostics are identified: hJ, the height of maximum low-level-jet (LLJ) wind speed U in the SBL; h1, the height of the first zero crossing or minimum absolute value of the magnitude of the shear ∂U/∂z profile above the surface; and h2, the minimum in the curvature ∂2U/∂z2 profile. Boundary layer BL here is defined as the surface-based layer of significant turbulence, so the top of the BL was determined as the first significant minimum in the σu2(z) profile, designated as hσ. The height hσ was taken as a reference against which the three mean-profile diagnostics were tested. Mean-wind profiles smooth enough to calculate second derivatives were obtained by averaging high-resolution Doppler lidar profile data, taken during two nighttime field programs in the Great Plains, over 10-min intervals. Nights are chosen for study when the maximum wind speed in the lowest 200 m exceeded 5 m s−1 (i.e., weak-wind, very stable BLs were excluded). To evaluate the three diagnostics, data from the 14-night sample were divided into three profile shapes: Type I, a traditional LLJ structure with a distinct maximum or “nose,” Type II, a “flat” structure with constant wind speed over a significant depth, and Type III, having a layered structure to the shear and turbulence in the lower levels. For Type I profiles, the height of the jet nose hJ, which coincided with h1 and h2 in this case, agreed with the reference SBL depth to within 5%. The study had two major results: 1) among the mean-profile diagnostics for h, the curvature depth h2 gave the best results; for the entire sample, h2 agreed with hσ to within 12%; 2) considering the profile shapes, the layered Type III profiles gave the most problems. When these profiles could be identified and eliminated from the sample, regression and error statistics improved significantly: mean relative errors of 8% for hJ and h1, and errors of &lt;5% for h2, were found for the sample of only Type I and II profiles.
Application of Object-Based Verification Techniques to Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts
Authors: Gallus William A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Both the Method for Object-based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) and contiguous rain area (CRA) object-based verification techniques have been used to analyze precipitation forecasts from two sets of ensembles to determine if spread-skill behavior observed using traditional measures can be seen in the object parameters. One set consisted of two eight-member Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model ensembles: one having mixed physics and dynamics with unperturbed initial and lateral boundary conditions (Phys) and another using common physics and a dynamic core but with perturbed initial and lateral boundary conditions (IC/LBC). Traditional measures found that spread grows much faster in IC/LBC than in Phys so that after roughly 24 h, better skill and spread are found in IC/LBC. These measures also reflected a strong diurnal signal of precipitation. The other set of ensembles included five members of a 4-km grid-spacing WRF ensemble (ENS4) and five members of a 20-km WRF ensemble (ENS20). Traditional measures suggested that the diurnal signal was better in ENS4 and spread increased more rapidly than in ENS20.
Standard deviations (SDs) of four object parameters computed for the first set of ensembles using MODE and CRA showed the trend of enhanced spread growth in IC/LBC compared to Phys that had been observed in traditional measures, with the areal coverage of precipitation exhibiting the greatest growth in spread with time. The two techniques did not produce identical results; although, they did show the same general trends. A diurnal signal could be seen in the SDs of all parameters, especially rain rate, volume, and areal coverage. MODE results also found evidence of a diurnal signal and faster growth of spread in object parameters in ENS4 than in ENS20.
Some forecasting approaches based on MODE and CRA output are also demonstrated. Forecasts based on averages of object parameters from each ensemble member were more skillful than forecasts based on MODE or CRA applied to an ensemble mean computed using the probability matching technique for areal coverage and volume, but differences in the two techniques were less pronounced for rain rate and displacement. The use of a probability threshold to define objects was also shown to be a valid forecasting approach with MODE.
Formaldehyde exposure risk in air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong
Authors: Mui KW , Wong LT , Hui PS , Chan WY 
Published: August 2009

Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a carcinogenic toxicant commonly present in an air-conditioned office environment. This study examines the lifetime exposure risk of HCHO in air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong under various indoor environmental conditions. Using the regional indoor air quality assessment results of 511 Hong Kong offices recorded from 1996 to 2005, together with the mathematical correlations among HCHO exposure concentration, ventilation and thermal environment verified at 43 other local air-conditioned offices, the exposure risk in terms of loss of life expectancy (USEPA standard) was predicted for an office environment preset at certain air temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) level. It was reported that the average increment of HCHO exposure risk was 2% for every 1°C increment in the air temperature range of 22.5—25.5°C, or 2.5% for every 10 ppm increment in the CO2 concentration range of 800—1000 ppm. This study presents useful information on HCHO exposure risk evaluation for air-conditioned offices associated with various policies on indoor air temperature and ventilation demands. Practical applications: This study outlines an approach to lifetime exposure risk assessment for HCHO inhaled in air-conditioned offices of Hong Kong under various indoor environmental conditions. In a typical office environment, the findings demonstrated that the average increment of HCHO exposure risk was 2% for every 1°C increment in air temperature or 2.5% for every 10 ppm increment in CO 2 concentration.
Migration Remittances
Authors: Panda Rajaram 
Published: August 2009

Remittances are increasingly identified as golden eggs that contribute crucially to the foreign exchange earnings of many developing countries across the world. Governments and international agencies have recognised that remittances to the developing world are substantially greater than aid. Though the global flow of such remittances is in the vicinity of $150–200 billion, remittances to South Asia alone total perhaps $40–50 billion. Much of these remittances are done through unofficial mechanisms and procedures, via informal value transfer systems and are, therefore, unregulated and uncontrolled. Proliferating migrant social networks and the emergence of a vibrant immigration industry, have given a momentum to international migration. Remittances generate both micro and macro-economic effects. In microeconomic terms, remittances make an important welfare contribution to the receiving household, besides providing a cushion during an economic downturn or following natural disasters. They also generate ripple effects impacting extended family and community beyond the receiving household due to increased consumption. In macroeconomic terms, remittances provide a stable flow of funds that is often counter-cyclical and an important source of foreign exchange for many countries. The argument in this article concentrates on the economic and financial linkages that the Indian diasporic community has maintained with the mother country and their relevance to the developmental programmes in India.