bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘CREATIONISM’ AND THE CONTINGENT A PRIORI
Authors: Leech Jessica F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWilliamson (1986) presents a troublesome example of the contingent a priori; troublesome, because it does not involve indexicals, and hence cannot be defused via the usual two‐dimensional strategies. Here I explore how the example works, via an examination of crucial belief‐forming method M, partly in response to Hawthorne (2002) and the questions there raised for ‘hyperreliable’ belief‐forming methods. I suggest that, when used to form a belief, M does its special work through creating a verifying state of affairs which guarantees the truth of the belief thus formed. This creative link can be said to account for the knowledge‐conferring status of M. But it also provides us with a way to defuse the purported example of the contingent a priori. The knowledge at issue is only a priori in virtue of this creative link, an importantly different epistemic achievement from standard cases of a priori knowledge. One important moral to be drawn is that the a priori/a posteriori distinction does not appear to be slicing the epistemological beast at its joints.
GLOBAL OBLIGATIONS AND THE AGENCY OBJECTION
Authors: Wringe Bill 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMany authors hold that collectives, as well as individuals can be the subjects of obligations. Typically these authors have focussed on the obligations of highly structured groups, and (less often) of small, informal groups. One might wonder, however, whether there could also be collective obligations which fall on everyone – what I shall call ‘global collective obligations’. One reason for thinking that this is not possible has to do with considerations about agency: it seems as though an entity can only be the subject of obligations if it is an agent. In this paper, I try to show that the argument from agency is not a good reason for being sceptical about the existence of global collective obligations: it derives whatever plausibility it has from the idea that claims about obligation need to be addressable to some agent. My suggestion is that we should accept this principle about the addressability of obligations, but deny that the addressee of an obligation need be the subject of that obligation. The collective obligations of unstructured collections of individuals, including global collective obligations, meet the addressability requirement insofar as they require something of the individuals who make up the collective.
Geophysical signatures associated with fluid flow and gas hydrate occurrence in a tectonically quiescent sequence, Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea
Authors: WANG X. , WU S. , YUAN S. , WANG D. , MA Y. , YAO G. , GONG Y. , ZHANG G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractInterpretation of high‐resolution two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) seismic data collected in the Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea reveals the presence of polygonal faults, pockmarks, gas chimneys and slope failure in strata of Pliocene and younger age. The gas chimneys are characterized by low‐amplitude reflections, acoustic turbidity and low P‐wave velocity indicating fluid expulsion pathways. Coherence time slices show that the polygonal faults are restricted to sediments with moderate‐amplitude, continuous reflections. Gas hydrates are identified in seismic data by the presence of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs), which have high amplitude, reverse polarity and are subparallel to seafloor. Mud diapirism and mounded structures have variable geometry and a great diversity regarding the origin of the fluid and the parent beds. The gas chimneys, mud diapirism, polygonal faults and a seismic facies‐change facilitate the upward migration of thermogenic fluids from underlying sediments. Fluids can be temporarily trapped below the gas hydrate stability zone, but fluid advection may cause gas hydrate dissociation and affect the thickness of gas hydrate zone. The fluid accumulation leads to the generation of excess pore fluids that release along faults, forming pockmarks and mud volcanoes on the seafloor. These features are indicators of fluid flow in a tectonically‐quiescent sequence, Qiongdongnan Basin. Geofluids (2010) 10, 351–368
Diurnal variation is lost in preterm deliveries before 28 weeks of gestation
Authors: Vatish M , Steer PJ , Blanks AM , Hon M , Thornton S 
Published: April 2010

Please cite this paper as: Vatish M, Steer P, Blanks A, Hon M, Thornton S. Diurnal variation is lost in preterm deliveries before 28 weeks of gestation. BJOG 2010; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2010.02526.x.Preterm delivery is the primary cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Labour at term occurs as a culmination of maturational events in both the fetus and maternal uterus. This process exhibits diurnal variation, with the onset of labour being more common at night. We have confirmed that this diurnal variation is present in gestations between 28 and 36 weeks, but is absent below 28 weeks. We hypothesise that this is because before 28 weeks of gestation, the onset of labour may result from a pathological rather than a physiological process. This may have important implications regarding any pharmacological approach to the prevention and/or treatment of very early preterm labour.
Single‐ versus double‐layer hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and bladder adhesions
Authors: Blumenfeld YJ , Caughey AB , El‐Sayed YY , Daniels K , Lyell DJ 
Published: April 2010

Please cite this paper as: Blumenfeld Y, Caughey A, El‐Sayed Y, Daniels K, Lyell D. Single‐ versus double‐layer hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and bladder adhesions. BJOG 2010; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2010.02529.x.Objective  To determine the association between single‐layer (one running suture) and double‐layer (second layer or imbricating suture) hysterotomy closure at primary caesarean delivery and subsequent adhesion formation.Design  A secondary analysis from a prospective cohort study of women undergoing first repeat caesarean section.Setting  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.Population  One hundred and twenty‐seven pregnant women undergoing first repeat caesarean section.Methods  Patient records were reviewed to identify whether primary caesarean hysterotomies were closed with a single or double layer. Data were analysed by Fisher’s exact tests and multivariable logistic regression.Main outcome measure  Prevalence rate of pelvic and abdominal adhesions.Results Of the 127 women, primary hysterotomy closure was single layer in 56 and double layer in 71. Single‐layer hysterotomy closure was associated with bladder adhesions at the time of repeat caesarean (24% versus 7%, P = 0.01). Single‐layer closure was associated in this study with a seven‐fold increase in the odds of developing bladder adhesions (odds ratio, 6.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.72–28.1), regardless of other surgical techniques, previous labour, infection and age over 35 years. There was no association between single‐layer closure and other pelvic or abdominal adhesions.Conclusions  Primary single‐layer hysterotomy closure may be associated with more frequent bladder adhesions during repeat caesarean deliveries. The severity and clinical implications of these adhesions should be assessed in large prospective trials.
Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly after 23 weeks of gestation: a European register‐based study
Authors: Garne E , Khoshnood B , Loane M , Boyd PA , Dolk H ,   The EUROCAT Working Group
Published: April 2010

Please cite this paper as: Garne E, Khoshnood B, Loane M, Boyd P, Dolk H. Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly after 23 weeks of gestation: a European register‐based study. BJOG 2010;117:660–666.Objective  To determine the prevalence of termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) after 23 weeks of gestation in European countries, and describe the spectrum of anomalies for which late TOPFA is recorded.Design  Population‐based study.Setting  Twelve European countries.Population  Nineteen registries of congenital anomaly in 12 European countries between 2000 and 2005. The number of total births covered was 2 695 832.Methods  TOPFAs in singleton pregnancies from the European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies and Twins (EUROCAT) database.Main outcome measures  The prevalence of TOPFA and type of anomaly.Results  There were 10 233 TOPFAs, 678 (6.6%) of which were performed at 24 weeks or more. The rate of TOPFA before 24 weeks was 3.4 per 1000 births, at 24–25 weeks 0.14 per 1000 births and at 26 weeks or more 0.11 per 1000 births. There was significant variation in the prevalence of TOPFA at ≥24 weeks between countries (P < 0.001), with all countries in the range 0–0.55 per 1000 births, except France (Paris) at 2.65 per 1000 births. The large majority of late TOPFAs had a gestational age of 24–27 weeks (516/678, 76%). The proportion of TOPFAs from 24 weeks or more varied by type of anomaly, with 4% of all TOPFAs for chromosomal anomalies and 9% of all TOPFAs for nonchromosomal anomalies resulting in late TOPFA (P < 0.001). For transposition of the great arteries, single ventricle, hypoplastic left heart and hydrocephaly, the percentage of late TOPFA was 12–23%. The median time interval between diagnosis and late TOPFA was 2 weeks for most anomalies, but longer (≥5 weeks) for diaphragmatic hernia, omphalocoele, arthrogryposis multiplex and Turner’s syndrome.Conclusion  Late TOPFA is rare in Europe, and varies in prevalence between countries. Compared with earlier TOPFA, late TOPFA is more often performed for a nonchromosomal isolated major structural anomaly and less often for a fetus with a chromosomal syndrome or multiple anomalies.
Baicalein reduces E46K α‐synuclein aggregation in vitro and protects cells against E46K α‐synuclein toxicity in cell models of familiar Parkinsonism
Authors: Jiang Mali , Porat‐Shliom Yair , Pei Zhong , Cheng Yong , Xiang Lan , Sommers Katherine , Li Qing , Gillardon Frank , Hengerer Bastian , Berlinicke Cynthia , Smith Wanli W. , Zack Donald J. , Poirier Michelle A. , Ross Christopher A. , Duan Wenzhen 
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 419–429.AbstractThe E46K is a point mutation in α‐synuclein (α‐syn) that causes familial Parkinsonism with Lewy body dementia. We have now generated a cell model of Parkinsonism/Parkinson’s disease (PD) and demonstrated cell toxicity after expression of E46K in the differentiated PC12 cells. E46K α‐syn inhibited proteasome activity and induced mitochondrial depolarization in the cell model. Baicalein has been reported to inhibit fibrillation of wild type α‐syn in vitro, and to protect neurons against several chemical‐induced models of PD. We now report that baicalein significantly attenuated E46K‐induced mitochondrial depolarization and proteasome inhibition, and protected cells against E46K‐induced toxicity in a cell model of PD. Baicalein also reduced E46K fibrilization in vitro, with a concentration‐dependent decrease in beta sheet conformation, though it increased some oligomeric species, and decreased formation of E46K α‐syn‐induced aggregates and rescued toxicity in N2A cells. Taken together, these data indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasome inhibition and specific aspects of abnormal E46K aggregation accompany E46K α‐syn‐induced cell toxicity, and baicalein can protect as well as altering aggregation properties. Baicalein has potential as a tool to understand the relation between different aggregation species and toxicity, and might be a candidate compound for further validation by using in vivoα‐syn genetic PD models.
Superoxide dismutase‐1 and other proteins in inclusions from transgenic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis model mice
Authors: Bergemalm Daniel , Forsberg Karin , Srivastava Vaibhav , Graffmo Karin S. , Andersen Peter M. , Brännström Thomas , Wingsle Gunnar , Marklund Stefan L. 
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 408–418.AbstractMutant superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD1) causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) through a cytotoxic mechanism of unknown nature. A hallmark in ALS patients and transgenic mouse models carrying human SOD1 (hSOD1) mutations are hSOD1‐immunoreactive inclusions in spinal cord ventral horns. The hSOD1 inclusions may block essential cellular functions or cause toxicity through sequestering of other proteins. Inclusions from four different transgenic mouse models were examined after density gradient ultracentrifugation. The inclusions are complex structures with heterogeneous densities and are disrupted by detergents. The aggregated hSOD1 was mainly composed of subunits that lacked the native stabilizing intra‐subunit disulfide bond. A proportion of subunits formed hSOD1 oligomers or was bound to other proteins through disulfide bonds. Dense inclusions could be isolated and the protein composition was analyzed using proteomic techniques. Mutant hSOD1 accounted for half of the protein. Ten other proteins were identified. Two were cytoplasmic chaperones, four were cytoskeletal proteins, and 4 were proteins that normally reside in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The presence of ER proteins in inclusions containing the primarily cytosolic hSOD1 further supports the notion that ER stress is involved in ALS.
Analysis of peptides in prohormone convertase 1/3 null mouse brain using quantitative peptidomics
Authors: Wardman Jonathan H. , Zhang Xin , Gagnon Sandra , Castro Leandro M. , Zhu Xiaorong , Steiner Donald F. , Day Robert , Fricker Lloyd D. 
Published: April 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 215–225.AbstractNeuropeptides are produced from larger precursors by limited proteolysis, first by endopeptidases and then by carboxypeptidases. Major endopeptidases required for these cleavages include prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2. In this study, quantitative peptidomics analysis was used to characterize the specific role PC1/3 plays in this process. Peptides isolated from hypothalamus, amygdala, and striatum of PC1/3 null mice were compared with those from heterozygous and wild‐type mice. Extracts were labeled with stable isotopic tags and fractionated by HPLC, after which relative peptide levels were determined using tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 92 peptides were found, of which 35 were known neuropeptides or related peptides derived from 15 distinct secretory pathway proteins: 7B2, chromogranin A and B, cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript, procholecystokinin, proenkephalin, promelanin concentrating hormone, proneurotensin, propituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide, proSAAS, prosomatosatin, provasoactive intestinal peptide, provasopressin, secretogranin III, and VGF. Among the peptides derived from these proteins, ∼1/3 were decreased in the PC1/3 null mice relative to wild‐type mice, ∼1/3 showed no change, and ∼1/3 increased in PC1/3 null. Cleavage sites were analyzed in peptides that showed no change or that decreased in PC1/3 mice, and these results were compared with peptides that showed no change or decreased in previous peptidomic studies with PC2 null mice. Analysis of these sites showed that while PC1/3 and PC2 have overlapping substrate preferences, there are particular cleavage site residues that distinguish peptides preferred by each PC.
Regulation of secretory granule size by the precise generation and fusion of unit granules
Authors: Hammel Ilan , Lagunoff David , Galli Stephen J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Introduction
The ‘unit granule’ and evidence of granule–granule fusion
Evidence for two models of secretory granule formation, unit addition and random fusion
Formation of unit granules: progranule fusion, immature granule maturation and membrane conservation
Functional implications
Conclusions and future directions

Morphometric evidence derived from studies of mast cells, pancreatic acinar cells and other cell types supports a model in which the post‐Golgi processes that generate mature secretory granules can be resolved into three steps: (1) fusion of small, Golgi‐derived progranules to produce immature secretory granules which have a highly constrained volume; (2) transformation of such immature granules into mature secretory granules, a process often associated with a reduction in the maturing granule’s volume, as well as changes in the appearance of its content and (3) fusion of secretory granules of the smallest size, termed ‘unit granules’, forming granules whose volumes are multiples of the unit granule’s volume. Mutations which perturb this process can cause significant pathology. For example, Chediak–Higashi syndrome / lysosomal trafficking regulator (CHS)/(Lyst) mutations result in giant secretory granules in a number of cell types in human beings with the Chediak–Higashi syndrome and in ‘beige’ (Lystbg/Lystbg) mice. Analysis of the secretory granules of mast cells and pancreatic acinar cells in Lyst‐deficient beige mice suggests that beige mouse secretory granules retain the ability to fuse randomly with other secretory granules no matter what the size of the fusion partners. By contrast, in normal mice, the pattern of granule–granule fusion occurs exclusively by the addition of unit granules, either to each other or to larger granules. The normal pattern of fusion is termed unit addition and the fusion evident in cells with CHS/Lyst mutations is called random addition. The proposed model of secretory granule formation has several implications. For example, in neurosecretory cells, the secretion of small amounts of cargo in granules constrained to a very narrow size increases the precision of the information conveyed by secretion. By contrast, in pancreatic acinar cells and mast cells, large granules composed of multiple unit granules permit the cells to store large amounts of material without requiring the amount of membrane necessary to package the same amount of cargo into small granules. In addition, the formation of mature secretory granules that are multimers of unit granules provides a mechanism for mixing in large granules the contents of unit granules which differ in their content of cargo.
Role of disturbed vegetation in mapping the boreal zone in northern Eurasia
Authors: Hofgaard Annika , Rees Gareth , Tømmervik Hans , Tutubalina Olga , Golubeva Elena , Lukina Natalia , Høgda Kjell Arild , Karlsen Stein Rune , Isaeva Ludmila , Kharuk Viacheslav 
Published: April 2010

AbstractQuestion: Is there a need for disturbance mapping integrated in the CircumBoreal Vegetation Mapping Program?Location: Eurasian boreal forest.Disturbance and mapping: The boreal zone is characterized by a multitude of natural and anthropogenic disturbance agents with importance over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Disturbance is a prime driver of succession in most of the boreal zone, producing landscape diversity characterized by a large‐scale vegetation mosaic of early to late succession states. When mapping the circumboreal vegetation, spatial extent, time involved from disturbance to recovered condition and likelihood of interacting disturbance types are crucial for how current vegetation is interpreted and subsequently included as map characteristics. In this paper we present examples from the boreal zone where natural and/or anthropogenic disturbance regimes dominate the state and distribution of vegetation, and possibilities for assessing the nature and extent of the disturbed regions using remotely sensed data.Conclusion: Disturbed vegetation occupies large areas in the boreal zone and related vegetation successions should be adequately represented when mapping the zone. In regions where the ‘potential natural vegetation’ is a hypothetical reconstruction from remnants of ‘natural’ vegetation it would be preferable to use the concept of ‘actual real vegetation’ for which remote sensing at coarse, medium and fine resolution is an efficient tool. The Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) may offer sufficient flexibility to incorporate information about the disturbance of circumboreal vegetation.
Structural basis for the interaction between dynein light chain 1 and the glutamate channel homolog GRINL1A
Authors: García‐Mayoral María F. , Martínez‐Moreno Mónica , Albar Juan P. , Rodríguez‐Crespo Ignacio , Bruix Marta 
Published: April 2010

Human dynein light chain 1 (DYNLL1) is a dimeric 89‐residue protein that is known to be involved in cargo binding within the dynein multiprotein complex. Over 20 protein targets, of both cellular and viral origin, have been shown to interact with DYNLL1, and some of them are transported in a retrograde manner along microtubules. Using DYNLL1 as bait in a yeast two‐hybrid screen with a human heart library, we identified GRINL1A (ionotropic glutamate receptor N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐like 1A), a homolog of the ionotropic glutamate receptor N‐methyl d‐aspartate, as a DYNLL1 binding partner. Binding of DYNLL1 to GRINL1A was also demonstrated using GST fusion proteins and pepscan membranes. Progressive deletions allowed us to narrow the DYNLL1 binding region of GRINL1A to the sequence REIGVGCDL. Combining these results with NMR data, we have modelled the structure of the GRINL1A–DYNLL1 complex. By analogy with known structures of DYNLL1 bound to BCL‐2‐interacting mediator (BIM) or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), the GRINL1A peptide also adopts an extended β‐strand conformation that expands the central β‐sheet within DYNLL1. Structural comparison with the nNOS–DYNLL1 complex reveals that a glycine residue of GRINL1A occupies the conserved glutamine site within the DYNLL1 binding groove. Hence, our data identify a novel membrane‐associated DYNLL1 binding partner and suggest that additional DYNLL1‐binding partners are present near this glutamate channel homolog.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7713396: DYNLL1 (uniprotkb:P63167) and GRINL1A (uniprotkb:P0CAP1) bind (MI:0407)by nuclear magnetic resonance (MI:0077)
MINT‐7713280, MINT‐7713382: DYNLL1, (uniprotkb:P63167) physically interacts (MI:0915) with GRINL1A (uniprotkb:P0CAP1) by two hybrid (MI:0018)
MINT‐7713416, MINT‐7713439: GRINL1A (uniprotkb:P0CAP1) binds (MI:0407) to DYNLL1 (uniprotkb:P63167) by peptide array (MI:0081)
MINT‐7713307: GRINL1A (uniprotkb:P0CAP1) binds (MI:0407) to DYNLL1 (uniprotkb:P63167) by pull down (MI:0096)
Retrospective review of extra‐pulmonary small cell carcinoma at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital cases during 1998–2005
Authors: CHALERMCHAI Thep , SUWANRUSME Harit , CHANTRANUWAT Poonchavis , VORAVUD Narin , SRIURANPONG Virote 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to review cases of extra‐pulmonary small cell carcinoma (EPSCC), including their clinical manifestations and treatment outcomes.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and pathological reports of patients who were diagnosed with EPSCC from 1998 to 2005.Results: Overall 21 EPSCC patients were eligible for this study. The most common primary sites were the gastrointestinal organs and the nasal cavity. Eleven patients (52.3%) had limited disease (LD) and 10 patients (47.7%) had extensive disease (ED). Nine patients underwent radical surgery alone, four received only radical radiation and two received only palliative chemotherapy. Two patients received adjuvant radiation or chemotherapy following surgical resection and one received a combination of all three treatment modalities. Three patients declined specific treatment and were treated with best supportive care. The median overall survival in the ED group was only 3 months (range 1–16 months), compared to 30 months (range 20–61 months) for LD. EPSCC of pancreas demonstrated a favorable clinical outcome with treatment, whereas primary EPSCC of the liver, esophagus and rectum had an aggressive natural history and a poor response to treatment.Conclusion: Our report suggests that EPSCC may have a different biology from that of pulmonary small cell carcinoma. When detected at an early stage, EPSCC may have an excellent prognosis with treatment. Additional studies involving more patients with EPSCC are warranted to further define the optimal roles of each treatment modality.