bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diameters and eigenvalues
Authors: Chung F. R. K. 
Published: June 2010

We derive a new upper bound for the diameter of akk-regular graphGGas a function of the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix. Namely, suppose the adjacency matrix ofGGhas eigenvaluesλ1,λ2,…,λn{\lambda _1},{\lambda _2}, \ldots ,{\lambda _n}with|λ1|≥|λ2|≥⋯≥|λn|\left | {{\lambda _1}} \right | \geq \left | {{\lambda _2}} \right | \geq \cdots \geq \left | {{\lambda _n}} \right |whereλ1=k{\lambda _1} = k,λ=|λ2|\lambda = \left | {{\lambda _2}} \right |. Then the diameterD(G)D(G)must satisfy\[D(G)≤⌈log⁡(n−1)/log(k/λ)⌉D(G) \leq \left \lceil {\log (n - 1)/{\text {log}}(k/\lambda )} \right \rceil\]. We will consider families of graphs whose eigenvalues can be explicitly determined. These graphs are determined by sums or differences of vertex labels. Namely, the pair{i,j}\left \{ {i,j} \right \}being an edge depends only on the valuei+ji + j(ori−ji - jfor directed graphs). We will show that these graphs are expander graphs with small diameters by using an inequality on character sums, which was recently proved by N. M. Katz.
A rigorous time bound for factoring integers
Authors: Lenstra H. W. , Pomerance Carl 
Published: June 2010

In this paper a probabilistic algorithm is exhibited that factors any positive integernninto prime factors in expected time at mostLn[12,1+o(1)]{L_n}[\tfrac {1}{2},1 + o(1)]forn→∞n \to \infty, whereLx[a,b]=exp(b(log⁡x)a(loglog⁡x)1−a){L_x}[a,b] = {\text {exp}}(b{(\log x)^a}{({\text {log}}\log x)^{1 - a}}). Many practical factoring algorithms, including the quadratic sieve and the elliptic curve method, are conjectured to have an expected running time that satisfies the same bound, but this is the first algorithm for which the bound can be rigorously proved. Nevertheless, this does not close the gap between rigorously established time bounds and merely conjectural ones for factoring algorithms. This is due to the advent of a new factoring algorithm, the number field sieve, which is conjectured to factor any positive integernnin timeLn[13,O(1)]{L_n}[\tfrac {1}{3},O(1)]. The algorithm analyzed in this paper is a variant of the class group relations method, which makes use of class groups of binary quadratic forms of negative discriminant. This algorithm was first suggested by Seysen, and later improved by A. K. Lenstra, who showed that the algorithm runs in expected time at mostLn[12,1+o(1)]{L_n}[\tfrac {1}{2},1 + o(1)]if one assumes the generalized Riemann hypothesis. The main device for removing the use of the generalized Riemann hypothesis from the proof is the use of multipliers. In addition a character sum estimate for algebraic number fields is used, with an explicit dependence on possible exceptional zeros of the correspondingLL-functions. Another factoring algorithm using class groups that has been proposed is the random class groups method. It is shown that there is a fairly large set of numbers that this algorithm cannot be expected to factor as efficiently as had previously been thought.
Convolution singular integrals on Lipschitz surfaces
Authors: Li Chun , McIntosh Alan , Semmes Stephen 
Published: June 2010

We prove the

L
p

{L_p}

-boundedness of convolution singular integral operators on a Lipschitz surface
\[

Σ
=
{
g
(

x

)

e
0

+

x

∈

R

n
+
1

:

x

∈

R

n

}

\Sigma = \{ g({\mathbf {x}}){e_0} + {\mathbf {x}} \in {\mathbb {R}^{n + 1}}:{\mathbf {x}} \in {\mathbb {R}^n}\}

\]
where

g
g

is a Lipschitz function which satisfies

‖

∇
g

‖

∞

≤

tan

ω
>
∞

{\left \| {\nabla g} \right \|_\infty } \leq {\text {tan}}\omega > \infty

. Here we have embedded

R

n
+
1

{\mathbb {R}^{n + 1}}

in the Clifford algebra

R

(
n
)

{\mathbb {R}_{(n)}}

with identity

e
0

{e_0}

, and are considering convolution with right-monogenic functions

ϕ
\phi

which satisfy

|

ϕ
(
x
)

|

≤
C

|
x
|

−
n

\left | {\phi (x)} \right | \leq C{\left | x \right |^{ - n}}

on a sector
\[

S
μ
o

=
{
x
=

x
0

+

x

∈

R

n
+
1

:

|

x
0

|

>

|

x

|

tan

μ
}

S_\mu ^o = \{ x = {x_0} + {\mathbf {x}} \in {\mathbb {R}^{n + 1}}:\left | {{x_0}} \right | > \left | {\mathbf {x}} \right |{\text {tan}} \mu \}

\]
where

μ
>
ω

\mu > \omega

. Provided there exists an

L
∞

{L_\infty }

function

ϕ
_

\underline \phi

satisfying
\[

ϕ
_

(
R
)
−

ϕ
_

(
r
)
=

∫

r
>

|

x

|

>
R

x
∈

R

n

ϕ
(
x
)

d
x

\underline \phi (R) - \underline \phi (r) = \int _{\substack {r > |x| > R\\x \in {\mathbb {R}^{n}}}} \phi (x)\;dx

\]
, then the related convolution singular integral operator
\[

(

T

(
ϕ
,

ϕ
)

_

u
)
(
x
)
=

lim

ε
→
0
+

{

∫

y
∈
Σ

|

x
−
y

|

≥
ε

ϕ
(
x
−
y
)
n
(
y
)
u
(
y
)

d

S
y

+

ϕ
_

(
ε
n
(
x
)
)
u
(
x
)
}

({T_{(\phi ,\underline {\phi )} }}u)(x) = \lim _{\varepsilon \to 0+}\left \{\int _{\substack {y \in \Sigma \\|x - y| \geq \varepsilon }} \phi (x - y)n(y)u(y)\;d{S_y} + \underline \phi (\varepsilon n(x))u(x) \right \}

\]
is bounded on

L
p

(
Σ
)

{L_p}(\Sigma )

for

1
>
p
>
∞

1 > p > \infty

.
The acute and long‐term effects of intracoronary Stem cell Transplantation in 191 patients with chronic heARt failure: the STAR‐heart study
Authors: Strauer Bodo‐Eckehard , Yousef Muhammad , Schannwell Christiana M. 
Published: June 2010

AimsDespite accumulated evidence that intracoronary bone marrow cell (BMC) therapy may be beneficial in acute myocardial infarction, there are only limited data available on the effectiveness of BMC's in chronic heart failure. The aim of this study was to quantitatively investigate ventricular haemodynamics, geometry, and contractility as well as the long‐term clinical outcome of BMC treated patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) due to chronic ischaemic cardiomyopathy.Methods and resultsPatients with chronic heart failure (n = 391 LVEF ≤35%) due to ischaemic cardiomyopathy were enrolled in the present study. Of these, 191 patients (mean NYHA class 3.22) underwent intracoronary BMC therapy. The control group (mean NYHA class 3.06) consisted of 200 patients with comparable LVEF. Assessments of haemodynamics at rest and exercise, quantitative ventriculography, spiroergometry, 24 h Holter ECG, late potentials, and heart rate variability were analysed. Over 3 months to 5 years after intracoronary BMC therapy there was a significant improvement in haemodynamics (e.g. LVEF, cardiac index), exercise capacity, oxygen uptake, and LV contractility. Importantly, there was a significant decrease in long‐term mortality in the BMC treated patients compared with the control group.ConclusionIntracoronary BMC therapy improves ventricular performance, quality of life and survival in patients with heart failure. These effects were present when BMC were administered in addition to standard therapeutic regimes. No side effects were observed.
Stock collapses and their recovery: mechanisms that establish and maintain life-cycle closure in space and time
Authors: Petitgas Pierre , Secor Dave H. , McQuinn Ian , Huse Geir , Lo Nancy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPetitgas, P., Secor, D. H., McQuinn, I., Huse, G., and Lo, N. 2010. Stock collapses and their recovery: mechanisms that establish and maintain life-cycle closure in space and time. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1841–1848. Experience has established that the recovery of many collapsed stocks takes much longer than predicted by traditional fishery population models. We put forward the hypothesis that stock collapse is associated with disruption of the biological mechanisms that sustain life-cycle closure of intrapopulation contingents. Based on a review of case studies of nine marine fish stocks, we argue that stock collapses not only involve biomass loss, but also the loss of structural elements related to life-cycle diversity (contingents), as well as the breakdown of socially transmitted traditions (through a curtailed age range). Behavioural mechanisms associated with these structural elements could facilitate recovery of depleted populations. Migratory behaviour is argued to relate to phenotypic plasticity and the persistence of migration routes to social interactions. The case studies represent collapsed or depleted populations that recovered after a relatively short period (striped bass, capelin), after more than a decade (herring and sardine), or not at all (anchovy, cod). Contrasting the population dynamics from these stocks leads us to make a distinction between a depleted and a collapsed population, where, in addition to biomass depletion, the latter includes damage to contingent structure or space-use pattern. We also propose a mechanism to explain how lost habitats are recolonized.
The Bagrada Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): A New Invasive Pest of Cole Crops in Arizona and California
Authors: Palumbo John C. , Natwick Eric T. 
Published: June 2010

A new pest of cole crops, the Bagrada bug, was recently found infesting commercial Brassica crops throughout the southwestern desert growing areas of Arizona and California. The authors anticipate that this pest will become permanently established. Development of information on the Bagrada bug's biology and ecology on our local crops will be important for developing pest management recommendations. Accepted for publication 2 May 2010. Published 21 June 2010.
Beneficial role of l‐arginine in cardiac matrix remodelling in insulin resistant rats
Authors: Monti L. D. , Galluccio E. , Lucotti P. , Setola E. , Costa S. , Fontana B. , Oldani M. , Merante D. , Di Blasi P. , Bosi E. , Piatti P. M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground  The study was performed to determine whether sucrose‐induced insulin resistance could increase the expression of cardiac matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), indices of matrix remodelling, and whether the addition of 1·25 g die−1 of L‐arginine (ARG) to a sucrose diet could prevent both the sucrose‐induced metabolic abnormalities and elevated cardiac expression of matrix metalloproteinases in an insulin resistant stage that precedes frank type 2 diabetes.Materials and methods  Experiments were performed on 38 male Sprague‐Dawley rats, 16 rats maintained a standard chow diet (ST), 12 rats were switched to a sucrose enriched diet (SU) and 10 rats to a sucrose plus L‐arginine (1·25 g die−1) enriched diet (SU + ARG) for a period of 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of different diets, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed and samples were drawn for the measurements of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA), plasma cyclic guanosine‐monophosphate (c‐GMP) and retroperitoneal, omental, epididymal fat pad and heart were dissected and weighed.Results  At the end of the study, retroperitoneal fat, heart weight/body weight ratio, fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, and serum triglyceride levels and integrated insulin area after IVGTT were significantly higher in SU than in SU + ARG and ST. All these parameters were comparable between SU + ARG and ST animals. FFA levels were significantly different among groups, with highest levels in SU and lowest levels in ST. Fasting plasma c‐GMP levels and the integrated c‐GMP area after IVGTT, an index of nitric oxide activity, were significantly lower in SU than in SU + ARG and ST, the result was similar in SU + ARG and in ST MMP‐9 protein expression increased 10·5‐fold, MMP‐2 protein expression increased 2·4‐fold and the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP‐1) increased 1·7‐fold in SU rats as compared to ST animals. This was accompanied with a significant increase of cardiac triglyceride concentrations. In contrast, cardiac MMP‐9, MMP‐2, and TIMP‐1 protein expressions were not different between SU + ARG and ST animals. Cardiac triglyceride levels were not significantly different between SU + ARG and ST rats.Conclusions  SU rats developed insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia, accompanied with increased fat deposition in the heart and enhanced MMP protein expression. Conversely, ARG supplementation prevents these metabolic abnormalities and restored MMP/TIMP‐1 balance.
Beneficial effects of oral tilactase on patients with hypolactasia
Authors: Portincasa P. , Di Ciaula A. , Vacca M. , Montelli R. , Wang D. Q.‐H. , Palasciano G. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground A lactose‐free diet is commonly prescribed to subjects with hypolactasia. We tested the effectiveness of a single ingestion of tilactase (a β‐d‐galactosidase fromAspergillus oryzae) in adults with hypolactasia, previously assessed by lactose H2‐breath test.Materials and methods After measurement of orocecal transit time (OCTT, by lactulose H2‐breath test) and lactose H2‐breath testing plus placebo, a total of 134 subjects were positive to hypolactasia and underwent lactose H2‐breath testing plus either low (6750 U) or standard (11 250 U) doses of tilactase. The appearance of gastrointestinal symptoms during the tests was monitored.Results OCTT was longer in malabsorbers (subjects without bloating, abdominal pain and/or diarrhoea,n = 25) than in intolerants (bloating, abdominal pain and/or diarrhoea,n = 109,P < 0·02). Malabsorbers had longer time to H2peak (P < 0·03), lower H2peak levels (P < 0·002) and smaller integrated H2excretion levels (P < 0·005) than intolerants. After tilactase ingestion, integrated H2levels were decreased by 75% (low dose) and 87% (standard dose) in malabsorbers, and by 74% (low dose) and 88% (standard dose) in intolerants. In the latter group, total symptom score were decreased by 76% (low dose) and by 88% (standard dose) (P < 0·0001).Conclusion A single oral administration of tilactase is highly effective in decreasing symptoms and hydrogen excretion of hypolactasia assessed by lactose H2‐breath test. If confirmed by long‐term observations, ingestion of tilactase might be a better option than exclusion diets in intolerant subjects with hypolactasia.
Image analysis as an adjunct to manual HER‐2 immunohistochemical review: a diagnostic tool to standardize interpretation
Authors: Dobson Lynne , Conway Catherine , Hanley Alan , Johnson Alex , Costello Sean , O’Grady Anthony , Connolly Yvonne , Magee Hilary , O’Shea Daniel , Jeffers Michael , Kay Elaine 
Published: June 2010

Dobson L, Conway C, Hanley A, Johnson A, Costello S, O’Grady A, Connolly Y, Magee H, O’Shea D, Jeffers M & Kay E (2010) Histopathology 57, 27–38 Image analysis as an adjunct to manual HER‐2 immunohistochemical review: a diagnostic tool to standardize interpretationAims:  Accurate determination of HER‐2 status is critical to identify patients for whom trastuzumab treatment will be of benefit. Although the recommended primary method of evaluation is immunohistochemistry, numerous reports of variability in interpretation have raised uncertainty about the reliability of results. Recent guidelines have suggested that image analysis could be an effective tool for achieving consistent interpretation, and this study aimed to assess whether this technology has potential as a diagnostic support tool.Methods and results:  Across a cohort of 275 cases, image analysis could accurately classify HER‐2 status, with 91% agreement between computer‐aided classification and the pathology review. Assessment of the continuity of membranous immunoreactivity in addition to intensity of reactivity was critical to distinguish between negative and equivocal cases and enabled image analysis to report a lower referral rate of cases for confirmatory fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing. An excellent concordance rate of 95% was observed between FISH and the automated review across 136 informative cases.Conclusions:  This study has validated that image analysis can robustly and accurately evaluate HER‐2 status in immunohistochemically stained tissue. Based on these findings, image analysis has great potential as a diagnostic support tool for pathologists and biomedical scientists, and may significantly improve the standardization of HER‐2 testing by providing a quantitative reference method for interpretation.
Interleukin‐17A is required to suppress invasion of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to enteric mucosa
Authors: Mayuzumi Hirokazu , Inagaki‐Ohara Kyoko , Uyttenhove Catherine , Okamoto Yuko , Matsuzaki Goro 
Published: June 2010

Summary Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) causes a localized enteric infection and its elimination is dependent on a T helper type 1 immune response. However, the mechanism of the protective immune response against the pathogen in gut‐associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) at an early stage of the infection is not yet clarified. Here, we show that interleukin‐17A (IL‐17A) was constitutively expressed in GALT; it was also detected on crypt and epithelial cells of the small intestine. Neutralization of the IL‐17A in the intestinal lumen exacerbated epithelial damage induced by intestinal S. typhimurium infection at an early stage of the infection. The result suggests that IL‐17A has a pivotal role in the immediate early stage of protection against bacterial infection at the intestinal mucosa. As IL‐17A neutralization also suppressed the constitutive localization of β‐defensin 3 (BD3), an IL‐17A‐induced antimicrobial peptide, at the apical site of the intestinal mucosa, it is estimated that IL‐17A constitutively induces the expression of the antimicrobial peptide to kill invading pathogens at the epithelial surface immediately after the infection. In contrast, interferon‐γ is induced around 3 days after S. typhimurium infection, and its expression level increases thereafter. Taken together, the findings lead to the hypothesis that IL‐17A participates in the immediate early stage of protection against S. typhimurium intestinal infection whereas interferon‐γ is important at a later stage of the infection.
Prey dispersal rate affects prey species composition and trait diversity in response to multiple predators in metacommunities
Authors: Howeth Jennifer G. , Leibold Mathew A. 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Recent studies indicate that large‐scale spatial processes can alter local community structuring mechanisms to determine local and regional assemblages of predators and their prey. In metacommunities, this may occur when the functional diversity represented in the regional predator species pool interacts with the rate of prey dispersal among local communities to affect prey species diversity and trait composition at multiple scales. 2. Here, we test for effects of prey dispersal rate and spatially and temporally heterogeneous predation from functionally dissimilar predators on prey structure in pond mesocosm metacommunities. An experimental metacommunity consisted of three pond mesocosm communities supporting two differentially size‐selective invertebrate predators and their zooplankton prey. In each metacommunity, two communities maintained constant predation and supported either Gyrinus sp. (Coleoptera) or Notonecta ungulata (Hemiptera) predators generating a spatial prey refuge while the third community supported alternating predation from Gyrinus sp. and N. ungulata generating a temporal prey refuge. Mesocosm metacommunities were connected at either low (0·7% day−1) or high (10% day−1) planktonic prey dispersal. The diversity, composition and body size of zooplankton prey were measured at local and regional (metacommunity) scales. 3. Metacommunities experiencing the low prey dispersal rate supported the greatest regional prey species diversity (H’) and evenness (J’). Neither dispersal rate nor predation regime affected local prey diversity or evenness. The spatial prey refuge at low dispersal maintained the largest difference in species composition and body size diversity between communities under Gyrinus and Notonecta predation, suggesting that species sorting was operating at the low dispersal rate. There was no effect of dispersal rate on species diversity or body size distribution in the temporal prey refuge. 4. The frequency distribution, but not the range, of prey body sizes within communities depended upon prey dispersal rate and predator identity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that prey dispersal rate can moderate the strength of predation to influence prey species diversity and the local frequency distribution of prey traits in metacommunities supporting ecologically different predators.
Food‐web composition affects cross‐ecosystem interactions and subsidies
Authors: Romero Gustavo Q. , Srivastava Diane S. 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Ecosystems may affect each other through trophic interactions that cross ecosystem boundaries as well as via the transfer of subsidies, but these effects can vary depending on the identity of species involved in the interaction. 2. In this study, we manipulated two terrestrial bromeliad‐living spider species (Aglaoctenus castaneus, Corinna gr. rubripes) that have variable hunting modes, to test their individual and combined effects on aquatic invertebrate community structure and ecosystem processes (i.e. decomposition rate and nitrogen cycling). We predicted that these terrestrial predators can affect aquatic invertebrates and nutrient dynamics within water‐filled bromeliads. 3. Aglaoctenus spiders reduced the richness, abundance and biomass of aquatic insect larvae via consumptive or non‐consumptive effects on ovipositing terrestrial adults, but effects of the two spider species in combination were usually the linear average of their monoculture effects. In contrast, invertebrates with entirely aquatic life cycles were unaffected or facilitated by spiders. Spiders did not affect either net detritivore biomass or the flux of detrital nitrogen to the bromeliad. Instead, Corinna spiders contributed allochthonous nitrogen to bromeliads. 4. Our results provide the novel observations that predators in one ecosystem not only directly reduce taxa whose life cycles cross‐ecosystem boundaries, but also indirectly facilitate taxa whose life cycles are entirely within the second ecosystem. This compensatory response between cross‐ecosystem and within‐ecosystem taxa may have led to an attenuation of top‐down effects across ecosystem boundaries. In addition, our results add to a growing consensus that species identity is an important determinant of community structure and ecosystem functioning. Thus, the composition of both terrestrial and aquatic food webs may affect the strength of cross‐ecosystem interactions.