bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on Ham and Bologna Using Pectin‐Based Apple, Carrot, and Hibiscus Edible Films Containing Carvacrol and Cinnamaldehyde
Authors: Ravishankar Sadhana , Jaroni Divya , Zhu Libin , Olsen Carl , McHugh Tara , Friedman Mendel 
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Edible films can be used as wrapping material on food products to reduce surface contamination. The incorporation of antimicrobials into edible films could serve as an additional barrier against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms that contaminate food surfaces. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effects of carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde, incorporated into apple, carrot, and hibiscus‐based edible films against Listeria monocytogenes on contaminated ham and bologna. Ham or bologna samples were inoculated with L. monocytogenes and dried for 30 min, then surface wrapped with edible films containing the antimicrobials at various concentrations. The inoculated, film‐wrapped samples were stored at 4 °C. Samples were taken at day 0, 3, and 7 for enumeration of surviving L. monocytogenes by plating on appropriate media. Carvacrol films showed better antimicrobial activity than cinnamaldehyde films. Compared to control films without antimicrobials, films with 3% carvacrol induced 1 to 3, 2 to 3, and 2 to 3 log CFU/g reductions on ham and bologna at day 0, 3, and 7, respectively. Corresponding reductions with 1.5% carvacrol were 0.5 to 1, 1 to 1.5, and 1 to 2 logs, respectively. At day 7, films with 3% cinnamaldehyde reduced L. monocytogenes population by 0.5 to 1.5 and 0.5 to 1.0 logs on ham and bologna, respectively. Inactivation by apple films was greater than that by carrot or hibiscus films. Apple films containing 3% carvacrol reduced L. monocytogenes population on ham by 3 logs CFU/g on day 0 which was 1 to 2 logs greater than that by carrot and hibiscus films. Films were more effective on ham than on bologna. The food industry and consumers could use these films to control surface contamination by pathogenic microorganisms.Practical Application:  Antimicrobial edible, food‐compatible film wraps prepared from apples, carrots, and hibiscus calyces can be used by the food industry to inactivate Listeria monocytogenes on widely consumed ready to eat meat products such as bologna and ham. This study provides a scientific basis for large‐scale application of edible fruit‐ and vegetable‐based antimicrobial films on foods to improve microbial food safety.
Activity of Caprylic Acid, Carvacrol, ɛ‐Polylysine and their Combinations against Salmonella in Not‐Ready‐to‐Eat Surface‐Browned, Frozen, Breaded Chicken Products
Authors: Moschonas Galatios , Geornaras Ifigenia , Stopforth Jarret D. , Wach Damien , Woerner Dale R. , Belk Keith E. , Smith Gary C. , Sofos John N. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  Caprylic acid (CAA), carvacrol (CAR), ɛ‐polylysine (POL), and their combinations were evaluated for reduction of Salmonella contamination in not‐ready‐to‐eat surface‐browned, frozen, breaded chicken products. Fresh chicken breast meat pieces (5 × 5 × 5 cm) were inoculated with Salmonella (7‐strain mixture; 4–5 log CFU/g) and mixed with distilled water (control) or with CAA, CAR, and POL as single or combination treatments of 2 or 3 ingredients. Sodium chloride (1.2%) and sodium tripolyphosphate (0.3%) were added to all formulations, followed by grinding of the mixtures and forming into 9 × 5 × 3 cm portions. Sample surfaces were brushed with egg whites, coated with breadcrumbs, surface‐browned in an oven (208 °C, 15 min), packaged, and stored at –20 °C (7 d). Total reductions of inoculated Salmonella in untreated (control) surface‐browned, breaded products after frozen storage were 0.8 to 1.4 log CFU/g. In comparison, single treatments of CAA (0.25% to 1.0%), CAR (0.3% to 0.5%), and POL (0.125% to 1.0%) reduced counts by 2.9 to at least 4.5, 3.4 to at least 4.4, and 1.4 to 2.3 log CFU/g, respectively, depending on concentration. Pathogen counts of products treated with 2‐ or 3‐ingredient combination treatments (0.03125% to 0.25% CAA, 0.0375% to 0.3% CAR, and/or 0.5% POL) were 0.4 to at least 3.3 log CFU/g lower (depending on treatment) than those of the untreated controls. The antimicrobial activity of 2‐ingredient combinations comprised of 0.125% CAA, 0.15% CAR, or 0.5% POL was enhanced (P < 0.05) when applied as a 3‐ingredient combination (that is, 0.125% CAA + 0.15% CAR + 0.5% POL). These data may be useful for the selection of antimicrobial treatments to reduce Salmonella contamination in not‐ready‐to‐eat processed chicken products.Practical Application:  Findings from the study may be useful for the selection of suitable antimicrobials, concentrations, and combinations to reduce Salmonella contamination in not‐ready‐to‐eat surface‐browned, frozen, breaded chicken products.
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Edible Seafood by QuEChERS‐Based Extraction and Gas Chromatography‐Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Johnson Yoko S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract:  A high‐throughput analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible seafood using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) based extraction and gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) was developed and validated in 4 seafood matrices – crab, finfish, oyster, and shrimp. The extraction employs QuEChERS with dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) using cleanup sorbent that includes C18. The acetonitrile extract is partitioned into hexane and analyzed by GC‐MS/MS. The procedure was validated by spike recovery experiments of 15 parent and 5 substituted PAHs at 5ppb and 25 ppb levels in the 4 matrices. Recoveries were 71%–130% with RSDs less than 14%. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for benzo[a]pyrene are 0.4–2.5 ppb depending on matrix. For all 15 parent PAHs the LOQs are less than 10% of the Levels of Concern established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Good recoveries were also achieved in aged spikes at 5 ppb level in oyster and shrimp. Method accuracy was further evaluated by analyzing NIST Standard Reference Material 1974b. Ten of 14 incurred PAHs corresponding to the parent compounds in the present study fell within the control limits established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Using the present method approximately 20 samples every 24 h can be analyzed with confirmation.Practical Application:  The presented analytical method could be used for seafood safety assessments to examine petroleum contaminant levels in edible seafood after an oil spill. The method is fast and sensitive.
Application of an immune‐magnetic cell sorting method for CD138‐positive plasma cells in FISH analysis of multiple myeloma
Authors: SHIN S. Y. , JANG S. , PARK C.‐J. , CHI H.‐S. , LEE J.‐H. , LEE J. H. , LEE K. H. , SUH C. , LIM S. E. , SEO E.‐J. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryIntroduction:  Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of multiple myeloma (MM) may indiscriminately count signals of nonplasma cells, thus decreasing specificity and sensitivity. We aimed to evaluate the usefulness of an immune‐magnetic sorting method for plasma cells in FISH analysis of MM and define optimal sample preparation conditions.Methods:  Plasma cells were purified using EasySep® CD138 Positive Selection Cocktail and Magnetic Nanoparticles (Invitrogen). We compared FISH results with and without plasma cell purification for three sample preparation methods: direct harvest, 24‐h culture, and 96‐h culture with interleukin‐4 in five newly diagnosed MM patients. Archived fixed bone marrow cells of 17 MM patients were also studied.Results:  The percentage of abnormal cells identified was significantly higher with plasma cell purification than without purification (median, 88.0%; range, 84.0‐100.0%vs. 15.0%, 12.5‐29.5%, respectively). The three sample preparation methods showed comparable results. Immune‐magnetic sorting also significantly increased the percentage of abnormal cells identified in FISH analysis of archived fixed bone marrow cells (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Immune‐magnetic CD138‐positive cell sorting significantly increased the percentage of abnormal cells identified in FISH analysis of MM samples for all sample preparation methods. This method could also be applied for retrospective FISH analysis of archived fixed bone marrow cells.
Facial and vocal affect perception in people at ultra‐high risk of psychosis, first‐episode schizophrenia and healthy controls
Authors: Amminger G. Paul , Schäfer Miriam R. , Klier Claudia M. , Schlögelhofer Monika , Mossaheb Nilufar , Thompson Andrew , Bechdolf Andreas , Allott Kelly , McGorry Patrick D. , Nelson Barnaby 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim: The study aims to investigate affect recognition in young people at different stages of psychotic illness.Methods: Seventy‐nine ultra‐high risk patients, 30 first‐episode schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy control subjects completed a facial affect labelling test and an affective prosody recognition test. Psychiatric symptoms were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).Results: We observed significant impairments in facial and vocal emotion recognition in both of the clinical groups compared with the control group. These group differences remained significant when age, sex and education were taken into account.Conclusions: The findings suggest that emotion recognition impairments may be independent of the stage of illness in schizophrenia. Deficits in emotion recognition may be present before the full expression of psychotic illness, and may contribute to the social cognition and social functioning deficits apparent in emerging psychotic disorders.
Find, Remind, and Bind: The Functions of Gratitude in Everyday Relationships
Authors: Algoe Sara B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThough interest in the emotion of gratitude has historically focused on its role in social exchange, new evidence suggests a different and more important role for gratitude in social life. Thefind‐remind‐and‐bindtheory of gratitude posits that the positive emotion of gratitude serves the evolutionary function of strengthening a relationship with a responsive interaction partner (Algoe, Haidt, & Gable, 2008). The current article identifies prior, economic models of gratitude, elaborates on unique features of thefind‐remind‐and‐bindtheory, reviews the accumulating evidence for gratitude in social life in light of this novel perspective, and discusses how thefind‐remind‐and‐bindtheory is relevant to methodology and hypothesis testing. In sum, within the context of reciprocally‐altruistic relationships, gratitude signals communal relationship norms and may be an evolved mechanism to fuel upward spirals of mutually responsive behaviors between recipient and benefactor. In this way, gratitude is important for forming and maintaining the most important relationships of our lives, those with the people we interact with every day.
Scratching the Surface: Internationalization, Cultural Diversity and the Politics of Recognition
Authors: Arfken Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWithin recent years a number of scholars have called on the discipline of psychology to expand beyond the confines of Western society in an effort to address a range of issues in an increasingly interconnected and multicultural world. While scholars interested in the internationalization of psychology have addressed both organizational and representational issues surrounding the development of a global psychology, there has been relatively little effort to understand the theoretical dimensions of internationalization. To the extent that contextualist challenges to universalism focus exclusively on ethnocentrism, these challenges fail to adequately interrogate the economic foundations of internationalization and globalization. Ultimately, a politics of recognition must be balanced with a renewed focus on the redistributive dimensions of social justice.
Use of the Dietary Supplement 5‐Aminiolevulinic Acid (5‐ALA) and Its Relationship with Glucose Levels and Hemoglobin A1C among Individuals with Prediabetes
Authors: Rodriguez Beatriz L. , Curb J. David , Davis James , Shintani Terry , Perez Michael H. , Apau‐Ludlum Noelani , Johnson Crystal , Harrigan Rosanne C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjective: This study examined the association between 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) and glucose tolerance.Design: A double blinded, randomized prospective parallel‐group comparison study.Setting: Participants were recruited from the community in Honolulu, Hawaii, using radio and TV ads, and at community events.Participants: One hundred fifty‐four males and females ages 40–70 years, with evidence of prediabetes: hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 5.8%–7.0% at the screening visit.Intervention: Participants were randomized equally to one of three study groups: (1) low dose 5‐ALA supplement (15 mg capsule); (2) high dose 5‐ALA (50 mg capsule); and (3) control (placebo capsule of identical size and color).Main outcome measures: HbA1c and 2 hours post‐oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose levels.Results: Among individuals taking 5‐ALA supplements for 12 weeks, 2 hours post‐OGTT glucose levels declined significantly compared to those not taking the supplement (p= 0.02). The relationships were stronger among those with baseline glucose intolerance, or 2 hours post‐OGTT glucose measurements greater than 140 mg/dL (p= 0.005 and p= 0.02 for the low and high dose group, respectively). Similar trends were observed for HbA1c but results were of borderline significance (p= 0.07). No untoward effects were reported.Conclusions: Further studies are indicated. The potential benefits of 5‐ALA dietary supplementation are affirmed by this investigation. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 314–320
THE METAPHYSICS FROM ARISTOTLE TO ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS
Authors: FAZZO SILVIA 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The article explores (alleged) evidence concerning the Metaphysics from Aristotle to Alexander of Aphrodisias, casting doubt on the idea that the work was assembled in its current form by Andronicus of Rhodes. No ancient source supports this claim, nor can we be certain that the collection as it now stands was already available in the first century BC. By contrast, Alexander seems to be well-acquainted with the Metaphysics as we have it today. The article also reconsiders the role that Eudorus of Alexandria, Nicolaus of Damascus, Aspasius may have played in the tradition of commentary on the Metaphysics.
Pharmacists’ experiences and attitudes regarding generic drugs and generic substitution: two sides of the coin
Authors: Olsson Erika , Kälvemark Sporrong Sofia 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Objective
Generic drug substitution reduces costs for medicines, but the downsides include unintentional double medication, confusion and anxiety among patients. Information from pharmacists affects patients’ experiences of substitution with generic drugs. The aim of this study was to explore experiences and attitudes to generic substitution among Swedish community pharmacists.

Methods
An interview guide was developed. Semi-structured interviews with community pharmacists were conducted and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was inductive; extracts from the transcripts were compared and combined to form themes and subcategories. Pharmacists from a heterogeneous convenience sample of pharmacies were interviewed until data saturation had been achieved.

Key findings
Sixteen pharmacists were interviewed. Three main themes and twelve subcategories were identified, with the main themes being the role of the pharmacist, pharmacists’ concerns regarding patients, and the generic drug. Pharmacists found it positive that generic substitution decreases the costs for pharmaceuticals but also emphasized that the switch can confuse and worry patients, which could result in less benefit from treatment. Respondents claimed that generic substitution has changed the focus in the pharmacist–patient meeting towards economics and regulations.

Conclusion
According to the interviewed pharmacists generic substitution is not primarily an issue of generic versus brand-name products, but concerns above all the challenges that the switch implies for patients and pharmacists. To prevent known confusion and concerns among patients it is important that community pharmacists acquire the necessary tools and knowledge to manage this situation; pharmacists themselves as well as pharmacy owners and authorities share responsibility for this.
The impact of patient aggression on community pharmacists: a critical incident study
Authors: Irwin Amy , Laing Christianne , Mearns Kathryn 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
The impact of patient aggression on healthcare staff has been an important research topic over the past decade. However, the majority of that research has focused primarily on hospital staff, with only a minority of studies examining staff in primary care settings such as pharmacies or doctors' surgeries. Moreover, whilst there is an indication that patient aggression can impact the quality of patient care, no research has been conducted to examine how the impact of aggression on staff could affect patient safety.

Objective
The aim of the current study was to examine the impact of aggression on community pharmacists in Scotland. Three main aspects were examined: the cause of patient aggression, the impact of aggression on pharmacist job performance and pharmacist behaviours in response to aggression.

Method
A sample of 18 community pharmacists were interviewed using the critical incident technique. In total, 37 incidents involving aggressive patients were transcribed.

Key findings
Aggression was considered by the majority of participants to be based on a lack of understanding about the role of a pharmacist. More worrying were the reports of near misses and dispensing errors occurring after an aggressive incident had taken place, indicating an adverse effect on patient safety. Pharmacists described using non-technical skills, including leadership, task management, situational awareness and decision-making, in response to aggressive behaviour.

Conclusions
Patient aggression may have a significant impact on patient safety. This could be addressed through training in non-technical skills but further research is required to clarify those skills in pharmacy staff.
Variation: use it or misuse it – replication and its variants
Authors: Drummond Gordon B. , Vowler Sarah L. 
Published: June 2012

Key points
Variation between measurements may be reduced if sampling is not random
Fixed factors can reduce variation
Replicates are repeated measurements from within an experimental unit
Replication means that samples can no longer be considered random
Comparisons of replicated values require correction, usually by reducing the effect of sample size
Correction requires knowledge of the intra‐class correlation
A before and after study on personality assessment in adolescents exposed to the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy: influence of sports practice
Authors: Valenti Marco , Vinciguerra Maria Giulia , Masedu Francesco , Tiberti Sergio , Sconci Vittorio 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo assess and estimate the personality changes that occurred before and after the 2009 earthquake in L'Aquila and to model the ways that the earthquake affected adolescents according to gender and sport practice. The consequences of earthquakes on psychological health are long lasting for portions of the population, depending on age, gender, social conditions and individual experiences. Sports activities are considered a factor with which to test the overall earthquake impact on individual and social psychological changes in adolescents.DesignBefore and after design.SettingPopulation-based study conducted in L'Aquila, Italy, before and after the 2009 earthquake.ParticipantsBefore the earthquake, a random sample of 179 adolescent subjects who either practised or did not practise sports (71 vs 108, respectively). After the earthquake, of the original 179 subjects, 149 were assessed a second time.Primary outcome measureMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescents (MMPI-A) questionnaire scores, in a supervised environment.ResultsAn unbalanced split plot design, at a 0.05 significance level, was carried out using a linear mixed model with quake, sex and sports practice as predictive factors. Although the overall scores indicated no deviant behaviours in the adolescents tested, changes were detected in many individual content scale scores, including depression (A-dep score mean ± SEM: before quake =47.54±0.73; after quake =52.67±0.86) and social discomfort (A-sod score mean ± SEM: before quake =49.91±0.65; after quake =51.72±0.81). The MMPI-A profiles show different impacts of the earthquake on adolescents according to gender and sport practice.ConclusionsThe differences detected in MMPI-A scores raise issues about social policies required to address the psychological changes in adolescents. The current study supports the idea that sport should be considered part of a coping strategy to assist adolescents in dealing with the psychological effects of the earthquakes on their personalities.
Too complex and time-consuming to fit in! Physicians' experiences of elderly patients and their participation in medical decision making: a grounded theory study
Authors: Ekdahl Anne Wissendorff , Hellström Ingrid , Andersson Lars , Friedrichsen Maria 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo explore physicians' thoughts and considerations of participation in medical decision making by hospitalised elderly patients.DesignA qualitative study using focus group interviews with physicians interpreted with grounded theory and completed with a questionnaire.Setting and participantsThe setting was three different hospitals in two counties in Sweden. Five focus groups were conducted with physicians (n=30) in medical departments, with experience of care of elderly patients.ResultsPhysicians expressed frustration at not being able to give good care to elderly patients with multimorbidity, including letting them participate in medical decision making. Two main categories were found: ‘being challenged’ by this patient group and ‘being a small part of the healthcare production machine’. Both categories were explained by the core category ‘lacking in time’. The reasons for the feeling of ‘being challenged’ were explained by the subcategories ‘having a feeling of incompetence’, ‘having to take relatives into consideration’ and ‘having to take cognitive decline into account’. The reasons for the feeling of ‘being a small part of the healthcare production machine’ were explained by the subcategories ‘at the mercy of routines’ and ‘inadequate remuneration system’, both of which do not favour elderly patients with multimorbidity.ConclusionsPhysicians find that elderly patients with multimorbidity lead to frustration by giving them a feeling of professional inadequacy, as they are unable to prioritise this common and rapidly growing patient group and enable them to participate in medical decision making. The reason for this feeling is explained by lack of time, competence, holistic view, appropriate routines and proper remuneration systems for treating these patients.