bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using asynchronous electronic surveys to help in‐class revision: A case study
Authors: Tong Vincent C. H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSynchronous e‐voting systems (commonly known as ‘clickers’) have become increasingly popular as they can be used to enhance interactivity in lectures. Asynchronous electronic surveys (AESs), unlike these voting system, usually serve as a method of gathering feedback before or after teaching sessions. This paper describes and evaluates a project involving the use of AES with an integrated follow‐up lecture in an undergraduate science module. The study shows that the AES enhanced the students' learning experience by (1) prompting them to review previously taught material and (2) providing an engaging context for teaching in the follow‐up lecture. As AES can act as an effective link between module components, they can be used as a pedagogical device for improving the coherence of a curriculum. AES is, therefore, a valuable e‐learning platform, especially given the growing emphasis on interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary modules in recent years.Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic
Electronic voting and surveys can either be conducted during the teaching (synchronous) or be employed before or after the teaching (asynchronous).
Synchronous voting devices, such as ‘clickers’, are widely used in lecturing.
Asynchronous electronic surveys (AESs) are mainly used in assessments and teaching evaluation.
What this paper adds
Novel implementation of AES: it can be used in conjunction with a follow‐up lecture.
Novel pedagogic application of AES: it can be used to help (1) students prepare for exams and (2) lecturers tailor their teaching to students' needs at the same time.
An evaluation of the students' perspectives on the use of AES with a follow‐up lecture in an undergraduate science module.
Implications for practice and/or policy
AES can be used to enhance the delivery of lectures as students may find the release of survey results an engaging experience.
It is a good practice to keep AES simple and anonymous.
AES with follow‐up lectures can provide effective links between different teaching components in a module.
The Monetary Analysis of Hyperinflation and the Appropriate Specification of the Demand for Money
Authors: Sokic Alexandre 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper emerges from the failure of the traditional models of hyperinflation with perfect foresight. Insights from two standard optimizing monetary settings and economic reasoning from case studies of extreme hyperinflation episodes provide relevant requirements for the specification of the demand for money during hyperinflation. The paper demonstrates that the possibility of perfect foresight monetary hyperinflation paths depends robustly on the essentiality of money. The essentiality of money provides some depth of explanation of the reasons why the popular semi-log schedule of the demand for money is not appropriate for analysing monetary hyperinflation with perfect foresight. The paper proposes a simple test of money essentiality for the appropriate specification of the demand-for-money equation in empirical studies of hyperinflation.
Efficient Specialization in Ricardian Production
Authors: Richter Wolfram F. , Rosenmüller Joachim 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
It is well known that the analysis of efficient specialization in Ricardian production with many countries and many commodities cannot be broken down to the simple case of two countries and two commodities. By drawing on some recent results of convex geometry and the theory of cephoids, this paper characterizes efficient specialization in the general case.
Political discourse networks and the conflict over software patents in Europe
Authors: LEIFELD PHILIP , HAUNSS SEBASTIAN 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn 2005, the European Parliament rejected the directive ‘on the patentability of computer‐implemented inventions’, which had been drafted and supported by the European Commission, the Council and well‐organised industrial interests, with an overwhelming majority. In this unusual case, a coalition of opponents of software patents prevailed over a strong industry‐led coalition. In this article, an explanation is developed based on political discourse showing that two stable and distinct discourse coalitions can be identified and measured over time. The apparently weak coalition of software patent opponents shows typical properties of a hegemonic discourse coalition. It presents itself as being more coherent, employs a better‐integrated set of frames and dominates key economic arguments, while the proponents of software patents are not as well‐organised. This configuration of the discourse gave leeway for an alternative course of political action by the European Parliament. The notion of discourse coalitions and related structural features of the discourse are operationalised by drawing on social network analysis. More specifically, discourse network analysis is introduced as a new methodology for the study of policy debates. The approach is capable of measuring empirical discourses both statically and in a longitudinal way, and is compatible with the policy network approach.
Lipocalin‐2 deficiency prevents endothelial dysfunction associated with dietary obesity: role of cytochrome P450 2C inhibition
Authors: Liu Jacky TC , Song Erfei , Xu Aimin , Berger Thorsten , Mak Tak W , Tse Hung‐Fat , Law Ivy KM , Huang Bosheng , Liang Yan , Vanhoutte Paul M , Wang Yu 
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lipocalin‐2 is a pro‐inflammatory adipokine up‐regulated in obese human subjects and animal models. Its circulating levels are positively correlated with the unfavourable lipid profiles, elevated blood pressure and insulin resistance index. Augmented lipocalin‐2 has been found in patients with cardiovascular abnormalities.The present study was designed to investigate the role of lipocalin‐2 in regulating endothelial function and vascular reactivity.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wild‐type and lipocalin‐2 knockout (Lcn2‐KO) mice were fed with either a standard chow or a high‐fat diet. Blood pressures and endothelium‐dependent relaxations/contractions were monitored at 2 week intervals.RESULTS Systolic blood pressure was elevated by high‐fat diet in wild‐type mice but not in Lcn2‐KO mice. Endothelial dysfunction, reflected by the impaired endothelium‐dependent relaxations to insulin and augmented endothelium‐dependent contractions to ACh, was induced by high‐fat diet in wild‐type mice. In contrast, Lcn2‐KO mice were largely protected from the deterioration of endothelial function caused by dietary challenges. The eNOS dimer/monomer ratio, NO bioavailability, basal and insulin‐stimulated PKB/eNOS phosphorylation responses were higher in aortae of Lcn2‐KO mice. Administration of lipocalin‐2 attenuated endothelium‐dependent relaxations to insulin and promoted endothelium‐dependent contractions to ACh. It induced eNOS uncoupling and elevated COX expression in the arteries. Treatment with sulphaphenazole, a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9, improved endothelial function in wild‐type mice and blocked the effects of lipocalin‐2 on both endothelium‐dependent relaxations to insulin and endothelium‐dependent contractions to ACh, as well as eNOS uncoupling.CONCLUSIONS Lipocalin‐2, by modulating cytochrome P450 2C9 activity, is critically involved in diet‐induced endothelial dysfunction.
Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb: Completeness of cortical, not subcortical, resection is necessary for seizure freedom
Authors: Wagner Jan , Urbach Horst , Niehusmann Pitt , von Lehe Marec , Elger Christian E. , Wellmer Jörg 
Published: July 2011

SummaryPurpose:  Focal cortical dysplasia type IIb (FCD IIb) lesions are highly epileptogenic and frequently cause pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Complete surgical resection leads to seizure freedom in most cases. However, the term “complete” resection is controversial with regard to the necessity of performing resections of the subcortical zone, which is frequently seen in these lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods:  We retrospectively analyzed 50 epilepsy patients with histologically proven FCD IIb. The extent of surgical resection was determined by SPM5‐based coregistration of the preoperative and postoperative MRI scans. Postoperative outcome was analyzed with regard to (1) the completeness of the resection of the cortical abnormality and (2) the completeness of the resection of the subcortical abnormality.Key Findings:  Complete resection of the cortical abnormality led to postoperative seizure freedom (Engel class Ia) in 34 of 37 patients (92%), whereas incomplete cortical resection achieved this in only one of 13 patients (8%, p < 0.001). Among the patients with complete cortical resection, 36 had FCDs with a subcortical hyperintensity according to MRI. In this group, complete resection of the subcortical abnormality did not result in a better postoperative outcome than incomplete resection (90% vs. 93% for Engel class Ia, n.s.).Significance:  Complete resection of the MRI‐documented cortical abnormality in FCD IIb is crucial for a favorable postoperative outcome. However, resection of the subcortical hyperintense zone is not essential for seizure freedom. Therefore, sparing of the subcortical white matter may reduce the surgical risk of encroaching on relevant fiber tracts. In addition, these findings give an interesting insight into the epileptogenic propensity of different parts of these lesions.
Modifiable Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors Affecting the Retinal Microcirculation
Authors: SERRE KEVIN , SASONGKO MUHAMMAD BAYU 
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Serre and Sasongko (2012). Modifiable Lifestyle and Environmental Risk Factors Affecting the Retinal Microcirculation. Microcirculation 19(1), 29–36.AbstractStructural changes within the human retinal vasculature may reflect systemic vascular changes associated with various cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Recent data suggest that systemic exposure from a range of modifiable lifestyle and environmental risk factors (e.g., diet, physical activity, and smoking) may affect the morphology of the retinal vasculature. Being easily accessible and non‐invasively visualized, the retinal microvasculature therefore can be a clinically useful biomarker of reversible sub‐clinical physiologic deviation of the systemic circulation as results of such unfavorable exposures. Importantly, quantitative analysis of the retinal microvasculature may be utilized as a prognostic tool, allowing for targeted vascular therapies before the onset of overt cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. This review summarizes the modifiable lifestyle and environmental risk factors that affect retinal microvascular structure and the possible clinical implications of such relationships.
Lucifer yellow – an angel rather than the devil
Authors: Hanani Menachem 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Introduction
A very brief history of intracellular labelling techniques
Methods for loading cells with LY
Electrophysiological studies using LY‐filled electrodes
Studying cell morphology with LY
Using LY to study intercellular communication
Retrograde labelling with LY
Photoconversion of LY
Combination of LY labelling with other methods
Antibodies against LY
Using LY for selective ablation of cells
Conclusion
The fluorescent dye Lucifer yellow (LY) was introduced in 1978, and has been extremely useful in studying cell structure and communications. This dye has been used mostly for labelling cells by intracellular injection from microelectrodes. This review describes the numerous applications of LY, with emphasis on the enteric nervous system and interstitial cells of Cajal. Of particular importance is the dye coupling method, which enables the detection of cell coupling by gap junctions.
Interleukin‐2, interleukin‐6 and T regulatory cells in peripheral blood of patients with Behçet’s disease and recurrent aphthous ulcerations
Authors: Pekiner Filiz Namdar , Aytugar Emre , Demirel Gulderen Yanikkaya , Borahan Mehmet Oguz 
Published: July 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 73–79Background:  One of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of Behçet disease (BD) and recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU) is a cell‐mediated immune response in which several cytokines (interleukin‐2, interleukin‐6) and T regulatory cell (T reg cell) population seem to play a major role. The aim of this study was to measured the interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels and analysis of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp‐3+ Treg cells in peripheral blood from patients with BD and RAU. In addition; we also analysed peripheral blood from healthy subjects for comparison.Methods:  Thirty patients (15 men and 15 women) with BD, 30 patients (12 men and 18 women) with RAU and 15 healthy control subjects (nine men and six women) participated in the study. Analysis of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp‐3+ Treg cells, IL‐2 and IL‐6 levels have been measured in flow cytometry.Results:  No statistical differences were observed in the serum levels of IL‐2 and IL‐6 between BD and RAU patients, and healthy subjects. Although there were no statistical differences in the number of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp‐3+ cells between groups, there were statistically significant differences in the number of CD4+ CD25bright Treg cells. CD4+ CD25bright Treg cells were significantly increased in BD and RAU patients compared to healthy subjects. Statistical analysis revealed no difference according to the number of CD4+ CD25bright cells between BD and RAU patients.Conclusions:  These results indicate that CD4+ CD25bright T regulatory cells may be contributing factor in the pathogenesis of BD and RAU.
Mother's perceptions and experiences of infant feeding within a community‐based peer counselling intervention in South Africa
Authors: Nor Barni , Ahlberg Beth Maina , Doherty Tanya , Zembe Yanga , Jackson Debra , Ekström Eva‐Charlotte ,   for the PROMISE‐EBF Study Group
Published: July 2011

AbstractExclusive breastfeeding (EBF) has the potential to significantly reduce infant mortality, but is frequently not practiced in low‐income settings where infants are vulnerable to malnutrition and infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This study explores mothers' experiences of infant feeding after receiving peer counselling promoting exclusive breast or formula feeding. This qualitative study was embedded in a cluster randomized peer counselling intervention trial in South Africa that aimed to evaluate the effect of peer counselling on EBF. Participants were selected from the three districts that were part of the trial reflecting different socio‐economic conditions, rural–urban locations and HIV prevalence rates. Seventeen HIV‐positive and ‐negative mothers allocated to intervention clusters were recruited. Despite perceived health and economic benefits of breastfeeding, several barriers to EBF remained, which contributed to a preference for mixed feeding. The understanding of the promotional message of ‘exclusive’ feeding was limited to ‘not mixing two milks’: breast or formula and did not address early introduction of foods and other liquids. Further, a crying infant or an infant who did not sleep at night were given as strong reasons for introducing semi‐solid foods as early as 1 month. In addition, the need to adhere to the cultural practice of ‘cleansing’ and the knowledge that this practice is not compatible with EBF appeared to promote the decision to formula feed in HIV‐positive mothers. Efforts to reduce barriers to EBF need to be intensified and further take into account the strong cultural beliefs that promote mixed feeding.
The Knowledge Argument and the Implications of Phenomenal Knowledge
Authors: Howell Robert J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article presents the knowledge argument against physicalism and objections to it. The focus is on the ways responses to that argument have tried to account for phenomenal knowledge within a physicalist picture. Various ‘phenomenal concepts’ strategies are considered, along with recent arguments against them. Also considered are attempts to explain phenomenal knowledge in terms of indexical knowledge and in terms of acquaintance.
Hypothetico‐Deductive Confirmation
Authors: Sprenger Jan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHypothetico‐deductive (H‐D) confirmation builds on the idea that confirming evidence consists of successful predictions that deductively follow from the hypothesis under test. This article reviews scope, history and recent development of the venerable H‐D account: First, we motivate the approach and clarify its relationship to Bayesian confirmation theory. Second, we explain and discuss the tacking paradoxes which exploit the fact that H‐D confirmation gives no account of evidential relevance. Third, we review several recent proposals that aim at a sound and more comprehensive formulation of H‐D confirmation. Finally, we conclude that the reputation of H‐D confirmation as outdated and hopeless is undeserved: not only can the technical problems be addressed satisfactorily, the H‐D method is also highly relevant for scientific practice.
Arterial stiffness and renal impairment in non‐proteinuric type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Nakao Keiko , Uzu Takashi , Araki Shin‐ichi , Kume Shinji , Deji Naoko , Chin‐Kanasaki Masami , Araki Hisazumi , Isshiki Keiji , Sugimoto Toshiro , Kawai Hiromichi , Nishio Yoshihiko , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Maegawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAims/Introduction:  Although increases in urinary protein excretion generally precede a decline in the glomerular filtration rate, non‐proteinuric renal impairment is common in patients with diabetes. In the present study, we examined the relationship between indices of arterial stiffness and renal function in type 2 diabetic patients without proteinuria.Methods:  Blood sampling, 24‐h urine collection, brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, and 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were performed in type 2 diabetic patients without overt proteinuria. The ambulatory arterial stiffness index was calculated as (1 – the regression slope of diastolic/systolic ambulatory blood pressure). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)was calculated using the simplified prediction equation proposed by the Japanese Society of Nephrology.Results:  Of 213 non‐proteinuric patients with type 2 diabetes, 60 (28.2%) had a reduced eGFR (<60 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Although the urinary albumin excretion rate was significantly correlated with the eGFR, 34 of 152 patients with normoalbuminuria (22.4%) had a reduced eGFR. The eGFR was significantly and negatively correlated with the ambulatory arterial stiffness index and brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, but not with 24‐h pulse pressure. Multivariate analysis revealed that increased age and increased urinary albumin excretion were independently associated with decreased eGFR. In addition, the ambulatory arterial stiffness index, but not brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity, were found to be independently and significantly associated with eGFR.Conclusions:  Ambulatory arterial stiffness index is a marker for increased risk of renal failure in non‐proteinuric patients with type 2 diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2011.00146.x, 2012)
Asc Modulates the Function of NLRC4 in Response to Infection of Macrophages by Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Case Christopher L. , Roy Craig R. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (NLRs) activate caspase-1 in response to a variety of bacterium-derived signals in macrophages. NLR-mediated activation of caspase-1 by
Legionella pneumophila
occurs through both an NLRC4/NAIP5-dependent pathway and a pathway requiring the adapter protein Asc. Both pathways are needed for maximal activation of caspase-1 and for the release of the cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Asc is not required for caspase-1-dependent pore formation and cell death induced upon infection of macrophages by
L. pneumophila
. Here, temporal and spatial localization of caspase-1-dependent processes was examined to better define the roles of Asc and NLRC4 during infection. Imaging studies revealed that caspase-1 localized to a single punctate structure in infected cells containing Asc but not in cells lacking this adapter. Both endogenous Asc and ectopically produced NLRC4 tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) were found to localize to caspase-1 puncta following
L. pneumophila
infection, suggesting that NLRC4 and Asc coordinate signaling through this complex during caspase-1 activation. Formation of caspase-1-containing puncta correlated with caspase-1 processing, suggesting a role for the Asc/NLRC4/caspase-1 complex in caspase-1 cleavage. In cells deficient for Asc, NLRC4 did not assemble into discrete puncta, and pyroptosis occurred at an accelerated rate. These data indicate that Asc mediates integration of NLR components into caspase-1 processing platforms and that recruitment of NLR components into an Asc complex can dampen pyroptotic responses. Thus, a negative feedback role of complexes containing Asc may be important for regulating caspase-1-mediated responses during microbial infection.

IMPORTANCE
Caspase-1 is a protease activated during infection that is central to the regulation of several innate immune pathways. Studies examining the macromolecular complexes containing this protein, known as inflammasomes, have provided insight into the regulation of this protease. This work demonstrates that the intracellular bacterium
Legionella pneumophila
induces formation of complexes containing caspase-1 by multiple mechanisms and illustrates that an adapter molecule called Asc integrates signals from multiple independent upstream caspase-1 activators in order to assemble a spatially distinct complex in the macrophage. There were caspase-1-associated activities such as cytokine processing and secretion that were controlled by Asc. Importantly, this work uncovered a new role for Asc in dampening a caspase-1-dependent cell death pathway called pyroptosis. These findings suggest that Asc plays a central role in controlling a distinct subset of caspase-1-dependent activities by both assembling complexes that are important for cytokine processing and suppressing processes that mediate pyroptosis.