bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric inpatient falls and injuries: A descriptive analysis of risk factors
Authors: Schaffer Patricia L. , Daraiseh Nancy M. , Daum Lynn , Mendez Ed , Lin Li , Huth Myra Martz 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose.  This study identified patient characteristics and environmental factors related to falls and injuries at one pediatric hospital.Design and Methods.  This descriptive study was part of a multisite study based on inpatient pediatric falls reported over a 6‐month period.Results.  Fall prevalence was .84/1,000 patient days. Thirty‐one of the 53 falls (58.5%) resulted in injury; 17% required treatment. Of the injured children, 83% were developmentally appropriate, 58% were in the hospital room, and five fell from a bed.Practice Implications.  Comprehensive fall prevention programs are required to promote patient safety.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE USE OF ESSENTIAL OILS AS ANTIMICROBIALS AGAINST CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI CECT 7572 IN RETAIL CHICKEN MEATS PACKAGED IN MICROAEROBIC ATMOSPHERE
Authors: DJENANE DJAMEL , YANGÜELA JAVIER , GÓMEZ DIEGO , RONCALÉS PEDRO 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe chemical composition of the essential oils (EOs) of Inula graveolens, Laurus nobilis, Pistacia lentiscus and Satureja montana was analyzed using a gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry technique. The main components of EOs obtained were, respectively, bornyl acetate, 1,8‐cineole, β‐myrcene and carvacrol. EOs were screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of Campylobacter jejuni CECT 7572 using the standard agar‐disk diffusion assay. The results obtained, followed by measurements of minimal inhibitory concentrations, indicated that I. graveolens was most active (Φ = 53.3 mm), with the lowest MIC value against C. jejuni (2 µL/mL). EOs were tested in chicken stored in microaerobic conditions at 3 ± 2C, experimentally inoculated with the pathogen at a level of 5 × 105 cfu/g. C. jejuni counts in treated samples were 0.7–4.7 log10 cfu/g lower (P < 0.05) than the controls throughout storage. The latter reached numbers of about 8 log10 cfu/g after 1 week. Lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) and sensory freshness odor were also determined. Samples treated with any EO had the lowest TBARS values (P < 0.05). The presence of EOs significantly extended fresh meat odor. The results of the bioassays, together with the chemical profile of the EOs, support the possibility of using all EOs as potent natural preservatives to contribute in the reduction of experimentally inoculated C. jejuni in chicken meat.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results revealed for the first time in a chicken meat system the potential of I. graveolens, L. nobilis, P. lentiscus and S. montana EOs in inhibiting C. jejuni. This suggests the possibility that they, particularly I. graveolens, could be used as natural preservatives in chicken meat for reducing food hazards caused by this pathogen, which is now recognized as the leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis.
Assessment of the Long‐Term Stability of Retort Pouch Foods to Support Extended Duration Spaceflight
Authors: Catauro Patricia M. , Perchonok Michele H. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  To determine the suitability of retort processed foods to support long‐duration spaceflight, a series of 36‐mo accelerated shelf life studies were performed on 13 representative retort pouch products. Combined sensory evaluations, physical properties assessments, and nutritional analyses were employed to determine shelf life endpoints for these foods, which were either observed during the analysis or extrapolated via mathematical projection. Data obtained through analysis of these 13 products were later used to estimate the shelf life values of all retort‐processed spaceflight foods. In general, the major determinants of shelf life appear to be the development of off‐flavor and off‐color in products over time. These changes were assumed to be the result of Maillard and oxidation reactions, which can be initiated or accelerated as a result of the retort process and product formulation. Meat products and other vegetable entrées are projected to maintain their quality the longest, between 2 and 8 y, without refrigeration. Fruit and dessert products (1.5 to 5 y), dairy products (2.5 to 3.25 y), and starches, vegetable, and soup products (1 to 4 y) follow. Aside from considerable losses in B and C vitamin content, nutritional value of most products was maintained throughout shelf life. Fortification of storage‐labile vitamins was proposed as a countermeasure to ensure long‐term nutritive value of these products. The use of nonthermal sterilization technologies was also recommended, as a means to improve initial quality of these products and extend their shelf life for use in long‐duration missions. Data obtained also emphasize the importance of low temperature storage in maintaining product quality.Practical Application:  Retort sterilized pouch products are garnering increased commercial acceptance, largely due to their improved convenience and quality over metal‐canned products. Assessment of the long‐term stability of these products with ambient storage can identify potential areas for improvement, and ultimately increase consumer satisfaction with these technologies.
Tagatose Stability in Milk and Diet Lemonade
Authors: Bell Leonard N. , Luecke Katherine J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The monosaccharide tagatose has been shown to behave physiologically as a prebiotic. To provide its healthful prebiotic effect to consumers, tagatose must not break down during food processing and storage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the storage and thermal stabilities of tagatose in milk and lemonade. Tagatose (0.9% to 1.5%) was added to commercially available shelf stable milk and diet lemonade. Samples were stored at 20, 40, 61, and 81 °C. Tagatose loss was monitored chromatographically. Pseudo‐first‐order rate constants for tagatose degradation were determined along with the reaction's activation energy. No tagatose degradation was observed in lemonade at temperatures equal to or less than 61 °C. Degradation occurred faster in milk because of its higher pH in comparison to lemonade and its dairy proteins enabling the Maillard reaction. The activation energy for tagatose degradation in milk was 24.6 kcal/mol. Using this activation energy, it was estimated that less than 0.1% tagatose would be lost during pasteurization and less than 4% would be lost during storage at 25 °C for 6 mo. Although tagatose degradation occurs in beverages, the extent of its loss during pasteurization and storage would be very low. Tagatose can be formulated into beverages with minimal concern about its degradation and the subsequent loss of prebiotic activity.Practical Application:  Tagatose can be incorporated into beverages as a prebiotic to improve the healthful characteristics of the product without significant degradation.
Molecular techniques in the biotechnological fight against halogenated compounds in anoxic environments
Authors: Ding Chang , He Jianzhong 
Published: November 2011

SummaryMicrobial treatment of environmental contamination by anthropogenic halogenated organic compounds has become popular in recent decades, especially in the subsurface environments. Molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction‐based fingerprinting methods have been extensively used to closely monitor the presence and activities of dehalogenating microbes, which also lead to the discovery of new dehalogenating bacteria and novel functional genes. Nowadays, traditional molecular techniques are being further developed and optimized for higher sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy to better fit the contexts of dehalogenation. On the other hand, newly developed high throughput techniques, such as microarray and next‐generation sequencing, provide unsurpassed detection ability, which has enabled large‐scale comparative genomic and whole‐genome transcriptomic analysis. The aim of this review is to summarize applications of various molecular tools in the field of microbially mediated dehalogenation of various halogenated organic compounds. It is expected that traditional molecular techniques and nucleic‐acid‐based biomarkers will still be favoured in the foreseeable future because of relative low costs and high flexibility. Collective analyses of metagenomic sequencing data are still in need of information from individual dehalogenating strains and functional reductive dehalogenase genes in order to draw reliable conclusions.
Fluoride content of solid foods impacts daily intake
Authors: Rankin Scott J. , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Gilmore Julie Eichenberger , Broffitt Barbara 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective: To determine the amount of fluoride received from solid foods for a cohort of children.Methods: Parents were asked to complete questionnaires for the preceding week and dietary diaries for 3 days for their children. Data collected at 6, 9, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months were analyzed cross‐sectionally.Results: At 6 months of age, children ingested an estimated mean of 8 percent of dietary fluoride from solid foods. At 12 months of age, children ingested an estimated 39 percent of dietary fluoride from solid foods. Although the percentage of fluoride intake from solid foods stabilized from 24 to 60 months (means of 36‐39 percent), some children received as much as 85‐88 percent of their dietary fluoride from solid foods.Conclusions: Some children receive a substantial portion of dietary fluoride from solid foods.
Locating the source of hyperglycemia: Liver versus muscle
Authors: YU Haoyong , ZHOU Dequan , JIA Weiping , GUO ZengKui 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:  Glucose homeostasis relies on insulin to suppress hepatic glucose production and to stimulate glucose uptake by peripheral tissues (primarily skeletal muscle) during and after a meal or glucose load. Glucose metabolism impairments in the liver and/or muscle attenuate these insulin actions, causing hyperglycemia. Thus, identifying the loci of the impairments can improve the understanding of hyperglycemia and enable organ‐targeted interventions.Methods:  Studies were performed to identify such loci using modified oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) techniques in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and overweight/obese individuals.Results:  Individuals with severe T2D were found to have significantly impaired glucose metabolism in both the liver and muscle. In contrast, impairments in glucose metabolism in individuals with non‐severe T2D were predominantly localized in the liver or muscle, but not both. Similarly, milder impairments in overweight or obese individuals were clearly localized in either the liver or muscle, but not both. All these impairments are quantifiable.Conclusion:  Impairments in glucose metabolism in the liver and muscle can be differentiated and quantified in a clinical setting.
Complexity and Extended Phenomenological‐Cognitive Systems
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Chemero Anthony 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe complex systems approach to cognitive science invites a new understanding of extended cognitive systems. According to this understanding, extended cognitive systems are heterogenous, composed of brain, body, and niche, non‐linearly coupled to one another. This view of cognitive systems, as non‐linearly coupled brain–body–niche systems, promises conceptual and methodological advances. In this article we focus on two of these. First, the fundamental interdependence among brain, body, and niche makes it possible to explain extended cognition without invoking representations or computation. Second, cognition and conscious experience can be understood as a single phenomenon, eliminating fruitless philosophical discussion of qualia and the so‐called hard problem of consciousness. What we call “extended phenomenological‐cognitive systems” are relational and dynamical entities, with interactions among heterogeneous parts at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Commentary: Why I Am Not a Dynamicist
Authors: Botvinick Matthew 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe dynamical systems approach in cognitive science offers a potentially useful perspective on both brain and behavior. Indeed, the importation of formal tools from dynamical systems research has already paid off for our field in many ways. However, like some other theoretical perspectives in cognitive science, the dynamical systems approach comes in both moderate or pragmatic and “fundamentalist” varieties (Jones & Love, 2011). In the latter form, dynamical systems theory can rise to some stirring rhetorical heights. However, as argued here, it also triggers a number of serious and specific reservations.
Alteronol inhibits proliferation in HeLa cells through inducing a G1-phase arrest
Authors: Yao Ying , Zhang Bo , Chen Hongmei , Chen Na , Liu Liangliang , Yishan Wang , Li Changling , Zheng Qiusheng 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Alteronol is a novel compound purified from fermentation products of a microorganism in the bark of the yew tree. The study was designed to evaluate the anticancer effects of alteronol.

Methods
Human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa was cultured in vitro. The cell viability was evaluated by using sulforhodamine B assay. The cell cycle distribution was analysed by flow cytometry. The level of cyclin D1 protein was evaluated using Western blot analysis. The changes in cyclinD1, CDK4 and p21 were detected by ELISA assay and the changes in G1-related regulators were detected by RT-PCR assay.

Key findings
Our data showed that alteronol inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells and induced G1 phase arrest. Downregulation of the mRNA levels of CDK2, CDK4 and cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21 in alteronol-treated cells were observed.

Conclusions
Downregulation of the mRNA levels of CDK2, CDK4 and cyclin D1 and upregulation of p21 might be a possible mechanism for the inhibition of proliferation induced by alteronol in HeLa cells.
Interpersonal interactions, job demands and work-related outcomes in pharmacy
Authors: Gaither Caroline A , Nadkarni Anagha 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to examine the interaction between job demands of pharmacists and resources in the form of interpersonal interactions and its association with work-related outcomes such as organizational and professional commitment, job burnout, professional identity and job satisfaction. The job demands-resources (JD-R) model served as the theoretical framework.MethodsSubjects for the study were drawn from the Pharmacy Manpower Project Database (n = 1874). A 14-page mail-in survey measured hospital pharmacists' responses on the frequency of occurrence of various job-related scenarios as well as work-related outcomes. The study design was a 2 × 2 factorial design. Responses were collected on a Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, reliability analyses and correlational and multiple regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 17 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).Key findingsThe 566 pharmacists (30% response rate) who responded to the survey indicated that high-demand/pleasant encounters and low-demand/pleasant encounters occurred more frequently in the workplace. The strongest correlations were found between high-demand/unpleasant encounters and frequency and intensity of emotional exhaustion. Multiple regression analyses indicated that when controlling for demographic factors high-demand/unpleasant encounters were negatively related to affective organizational commitment and positively related to frequency and intensity of emotional exhaustion. Low-demand/pleasant encounters were positively related to frequency and intensity of personal accomplishment. Low-demand/unpleasant encounters were significantly and negatively related to professional commitment, job satisfaction and frequency and intensity of emotional exhaustion, while high-demand/pleasant encounters were also related to frequency and intensity of emotional exhaustionConclusionSupport was found for the JD-R model and the proposed interaction effects. Study results suggest that adequate attention must be paid to the interplay between demands on the job and interactions with healthcare professionals to improve the quality of the pharmacist's work life. Future research should examine other types of job demands and resources.
Predicting the fidelity of JPEG2000 compressed CT images using DICOM header information
Authors: Kim Kil Joong , Kim Bohyoung , Lee Hyunna , Choi Hosik , Jeon Jong‐June , Ahn Jeong‐Hwan , Lee Kyoung Ho 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:To propose multiple logistic regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models constructed using digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) header information in predicting the fidelity of Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) 2000 compressed abdomen computed tomography (CT) images.Methods:Our institutional review board approved this study and waived informed patient consent. Using a JPEG2000 algorithm, 360 abdomen CT images were compressed reversibly (n = 48, as negative control) or irreversibly (n = 312) to one of different compression ratios (CRs) ranging from 4:1 to 10:1. Five radiologists independently determined whether the original and compressed images were distinguishable or indistinguishable. The 312 irreversibly compressed images were divided randomly into training (n = 156) and testing (n = 156) sets. The MLR and ANN models were constructed regarding the DICOM header information as independent variables and the pooled radiologists' responses as dependent variable. As independent variables, we selected theCR (DICOM tag number: 0028, 2112), effective tube current‐time product (0018, 9332), section thickness (0018, 0050), and field of view (0018, 0090) among the DICOM tags. Using the training set, an optimal subset of independent variables was determined by backward stepwise selection in a four‐fold cross‐validation scheme. The MLR and ANN models were constructed with the determined independent variables using the training set. The models were then evaluated on the testing set by using receiver‐operating‐characteristic (ROC) analysis regarding the radiologists' pooled responses as the reference standard and by measuring Spearman rank correlation between the model prediction and the number of radiologists who rated the two images as distinguishable.Results:TheCR and section thickness were determined as the optimal independent variables. The areas under the ROC curve for the MLR and ANN predictions were 0.91 (95% CI; 0.86, 0.95) and 0.92 (0.87, 0.96), respectively. The correlation coefficients of the MLR and ANN predictions with the number of radiologists who responded as distinguishable were 0.76 (0.69, 0.82, p < 0.001) and 0.78 (0.71, 0.83, p < 0.001), respectively.Conclusions:The MLR and ANN models constructed using the DICOM header information offer promise in predicting the fidelity of JPEG2000 compressed abdomen CT images.
Persistence and Titer Changes of Rubella Virus Antibodies in Primiparous Women Who Had Been Vaccinated with Strain RA 27/3 in Junior High School
Authors: Lin Ching-Chiang , Yang Chun-Yuh , Shih Yung-Luen , Huang Yang-Yang , Yang Tsung-Han , Liang Jin-Yuan , Chang Chu-Fen , Hsieh Hsiu-Shu , Huang Yeou-Lih 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Taiwan's rubella vaccination program was launched in 1986; each schoolgirl in the third grade of junior high school received one dose of rubella (RA 27/3) vaccine. We reviewed the results of 14,090 prenatal rubella tests for primiparas from three areas of Taiwan during 2002 to 2008 to investigate seronegativity rates and titer changes. In all primiparous women, the average rubella virus seronegativity rate was 6.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 6.1 to 6.9%), and the average rubella virus antibody titer was 65.9 IU/ml (95% CI, 64.7 to 67.1 IU/ml). There were 1,220 women (8.7%) with weakly positive antibody titers (10 to 20 IU/ml). The rubella virus seronegativity rates, which ranged from 5.4 to 9.7%, did not exhibit a linear trend from 9 to 22 years after vaccination (
P
= 0.201); in contrast, a significant trend appeared in the average rubella virus IgG titer (
P
= 0.003), dropping from 69.9 IU/ml in the 9th year after vaccination to 54.8 IU/ml in the 22nd year. The mean annual antibody decay rate was −0.77 IU/ml. This study reveals that the level of rubella virus antibodies declined slowly in women of childbearing age who were vaccinated with RA 27/3 at junior high school age. The number of women who were seronegative or had weakly positive antibody titers was still high (15.2%). Therefore, in countries that implement a single-dose regimen in children or teenagers, it should remain an important policy to encourage voluntary immunization in seronegative women and to immunize all postpartum women who are susceptible to rubella virus infection before they leave the hospital.
Covariation of Major and Minor Viral Capsid Proteins in Norovirus Genogroup II Genotype 4 Strains
Authors: Chan Martin Chi-Wai , Lee Nelson , Ho Wing-Shan , Law Carmen Oi-Kwan , Lau Terrence Chi-Kong , Tsui Stephen Kwok-Wing , Sung Joseph Jao-Yiu 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
We report sequence hypervariability in the viral protein 1 (VP1) interaction domain of VP2 in the norovirus (NoV) genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) lineage on 3 levels: (i) the global evolution of pandemic/epidemic strains from the mid-1970s through post-2006, (ii) the local emergence of an epidemic strain, and (iii) an immunocompromised patient chronically shedding NoV. When a quantitative yeast two-hybrid assay was used, VP2 was found to interact with VP1 in a time-ordered, strain-dependent manner among 3 NoV GII.4 strains. Our findings suggest that VP1 and VP2 may covary in virus evolution and that sequence hypervariability of VP2 may be functionally driven. Further investigations are warranted.
Δγ
1
34.5 Herpes Simplex Viruses Encoding Human Cytomegalovirus IRS1 or TRS1 Induce Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Phosphorylation and an Interferon-Stimulated Gene Response
Authors: Cassady Kevin A. , Saunders Ute , Shimamura Masako 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

The chimeric herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are Δγ
1
34.5 vectors encoding the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) IRS1 or TRS1 genes. They are capable of late viral protein synthesis and are superior to Δγ
1
34.5 HSVs in oncolytic activity. The interferon (IFN) response limits efficient HSV gene expression and replication. HCMV TRS1 and IRS1 restore one γ
1
34.5 gene function: evasion of IFN-inducible protein kinase R, allowing late viral protein synthesis. Here we show that, unlike wild-type HSV, the chimeric HSV do not restore another γ
1
34.5 function, the suppression of early IFN signaling mediated by IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3).