bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in user organizations
Authors: Bradburn Jane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the growth of the user movement and the contribution that this has made to giving a ‘voice to the voiceless’. It explores the way cancer user organizations in particular have developed user involvement along with the NHS initiatives. The chapter also provides a description of some current developments, highlights some of the issues that relate to palliative care services user involvement, and offers examples of good practice.
Theoretical Bearings: The British Societal Model
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide a better understanding of the German Kaserreich. It discusses an argument suggesting that the Second Reich was an induration with institutional forms no longer appropriate to the notional needs of a modern industrial society. It mentions a historian's view indicating that German society did not become bourgeois but remained quasi-feudal because industrialization failed to produce a self-confident bourgeoisie with its own political aspirations. It also suggests that fascism succeeded in Germany because of the persistence of illiberal, authoritarian structures in state and society.
Possibilities of Reform in Britain and Germany
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the possibility of reform in German and British history in the nineteenth century. It suggests that German historians have normally had a special kind of reformism in mind when castigating the German bourgeoisie for its illiberalism and the German liberals for their infirmity. This reformism is derived from mid-twentieth century definitions of parliamentary democracy and political participation, which is closely linked to notions of the welfare state. This chapter explains that this kind of reformism tends to be viewed as the logical consequence of a bourgeois triumphalism which has successfully deposed the pre-industrial elites from their command of the political system.
German Peculiarities
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the peculiarities of German history. It suggests that most of those who wrote the history of Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries regarded what did not happen as more important than what did, and most of these accounts attributed the sins of omission to the German bourgeoisie. This chapter argues that the great strength of bourgeois revolution, in many respects, was its very lack of open action.
Economy and Society: A Silent Bourgeois Revolution
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the so-called silent bourgeois revolution in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that one of the main changes brought about by this silent revolution was the emergence and consolidation of the capitalist system based on the sanctity and disposability of private property and on production to meet individual needs through a system of exchange dominated by the market. It also describes the changes in the law, in mechanical civilization, and in patterns of sociability.
Conclusion
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of Germany during the nineteenth century. The results suggest that most historians have adopted a rather restricted idea of what constituted a successful bourgeois program and therefore blamed the failure of the German bourgeois revolution for Germany's peculiar history. This chapter proposes a redefinition of the concept of bourgeois revolution to denote a broader pattern of material, institutional, legal, and intellectual changes whose cumulative effect was all the more powerful for coming to be seen as natural.
Nations, States, and Violence
Authors: Laitin David D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book presents a revisionist view of the sources of nationalism, the relationship of the nation to culture, and the implications of nationalism and cultural heterogeneity for the future of the nation-state. It accepts the now-standard view that national identities are not inherited traits but constructed communities in order to serve political ends. But the resulting national identities do not emerge from some metaphorical plebiscite as had been suggested by some; rather they result from efforts by people to coordinate their identities with people who share at least some cultural traits with them. Coordination leads to powerful social and cultural ties that are hard to unravel, and this explains the persistence of national identities. Understood as the result of coordination dynamics, the implications of national homogeneity and heterogeneity are explored. The book shows that national heterogeneity is not, as it is sometimes accused of being, a source of hatred. Nonetheless, there are advantages to homogeneity for the production of public goods and economic growth. Whatever the positive implications of homogeneity, the book shows that in the current world, classic nation-states are defunct. Heterogeneity is proliferating not only due to migration but also because small groups in many states once thought to be homogeneous are coordinating to demand national recognition. With the prohibitive costs of eliminating cultural heterogeneity, citizens and leaders need to learn how best to manage, or even take advantage of, national diversity within their countries. Management of diversity demands that we understand the coordination aspects of national heterogeneity, a perspective that this book provides.
Managing the Multinational State
Authors: Laitin David D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhile not a culprit in fostering violence, there is a downside to cultural diversity: it weakens the social solidarity necessary for a healthy public life. It is therefore imperative to find a route toward the management of diversity that does not compromise economic growth or the efficient production of public goods. This chapter proposes a route to managing the costs of diversity, which has the added potential of enhancing democratic participation. It serves as a normative response to the political trends outlined in the previous chapters. While the route that outlined is designed for rich democratic states, the chapter draws some implications of the proposal for poor countries that suffer from abysmal levels of public goods provision.
Temporary Parts and Intermittent Existence
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere are a number of mereological issues which are relevant to the ontology of continuants. First, there is simply the question as to what happens when we attempt to extend the notions developed in the tenseless extensional mereology to a temporally modified part—whole relation. Many of the complications arise because continuants may have temporary parts, or be mereologically variable. This chapter examines some of the implications of this view and defends it against criticisms by Roderick Chisholm. It argues that mereological considerations lead to the perhaps surprising view that continuants need not exist continuously, and shows how this in turn leads to a novel solution to the Ship of Theseus problem.
Superposition, Composition, and Matter
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRejection of the antisymmetry of part—whole allows us to recognise different objects having the same parts. Objects with the same parts are necessarily in the same place at all times at which they have the same parts. This leads to the more general question as to how more than one object can be in the same place at the same time. This chapter defends this idea against objections and considers the more difficult issue of the conditions under which such superposition is possible. It turns out that this frequently happens when one object is the matter of, composes, or constitutes another, and this in turn leads us to a general consideration of matter and its likely mereological properties. It is impossible to isolate mereological from more general ontological issues.
Essential Parts
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince the rapid development of modern modal logic, there has been nothing to stop anyone interested from developing a modal extension of the calculus of individuals or mereology. But in fact, those logicians interested in modal logic and those interested in part—whole theory overlap hardly at all, for largely ideological reasons: modal logic tends to be intensionalist and mereology extensionalist. This logical apartheid of modality and mereology is however a recent phenomenon and, it is to be hoped, a transient one; in the writings of Roderick Chisholm and David Wiggins, the two groups of concepts are once again brought together. In the work of the earliest systematic mereologist of this century, Edmund Husserl, modal and mereological considerations are inexorably bound together. The whole of this third part may be taken as an attempt to carry further the project which Husserl began in the third of his Logical Investigations.
Ontological Dependence
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractImplicit in the criticism of mereological theories which permit the existence of arbitrary sums is the view that something cannot count as an individual, as one object, unless it is possessed of a certain degree of integrity or internal connectedness. There are problems with this criticism, however. First, arbitrary sums may be bizarre or ontologically wasteful, but they are algebraically neatening and appear not to lead to contradictions. Second, the properties said to keep individuals on the right side of respectability are hardly very clear. Integrity or connectedness, whatever they are, presumably come in degrees. Yet it seems to be counter-intuitive to suppose that there are degrees of being an individual. This chapter discusses ontological dependence, independence, substance, accident, disturbance, non-modal theories of foundation and dependence, and unconditional existence.
Case Study. Property Rights: Access to Land and Forest Resources in Uganda
Authors: Gombya-Ssembajjwe W. S. , Banana A. Y. , Bahati J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Since property rights entail certain rules that every person has to comply with especially in terms of interactions with other people, property rights also have an effect on incentives and on the behavior of individuals. As such, tenure — an individual's bundle of rights imposed over a particular resource — includes the terms and conditions which cover issues such as how these resources are accessed, owned, managed, and even transferred. While these rights have significant effects on incentives for the use of resources, tenure should also be considered in strategy planning for the management of natural resources. In Uganda, such matters are governed by a wide variety of social systems and laws that is made evident throughout history. This chapter examines Uganda's three fundamental land tenure forms and their respective roles in land access — customary tenure, mailo-land tenure, and leasehold and freehold tenure.
Devolution of Control of Common Pool Resources to Local Communities: Experiences in Forestry
Authors: Arnold J. E. Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn overlapping situations which involve how rural households used their own resources in dealing with income and material flows through drawing on scrubland, forest, and woodland and where woodland and forests comprise a larger livelihood systems where land had to be managed by its various users as a group, common pool resources (CPR) of forest products has played no small part. In such systems, rotational agriculture is adopted wherein periods of cultivations are alternated with longer bouts of forest fallow. With ongoing political and economic changes, along with the effects of the growing population, the collective systems that were in charge of managing and utilizing CPR have encountered several difficulties. This chapter looks into how systems that employ a certain amount of local collective control on the access and management of forest and forest product resources.
Case Study. Grassroots-Initiated Land Reform in Brazil: The Rural Landless Workers' Movement
Authors: Wolford Wendy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough Brazil may be perceived as the Latin American country which has experienced the least progress through land reform that has been initiated by the state, this country is not without the motivation to provide land to the poorest rural groups. In contrast, however, to the earlier attempts in the 1960s, these endeavours are initiated not by the government, but from nationally organized groups of small squatters communities which is furthered by one of the most prominent grassroots organizations in the country — the Rural Landless Workers' Movement (MST). MST has already been able to establish a large number of land reform settlements through convincing families to utilize ‘unproductive’ land and asserting negotiation to the government for the title to property.
Transition from Collective Farms to Individual Tenures in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Swinnen Johan F. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLand reform played an integral role in the overall agrarian reforms in all Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs). This reform began during the early 1990s and it served as a crucial precondition for the restructuring of both the collective and state farms. Land property rights were transferred either from collective farms or from the state to private agents as part of many land reform measures. This happened despite the fact that land ownership remained prohibited in some areas. Although the reforms across all CEECs resulted in a greater number of individual tenures, there were significant discrepancies in the extent of the shift as observed throughout the different farming specializations and the regions in the CEECs. This chapter gives a comparative analysis of land reform and the implications of the shift from collective to individual tenures within the CEECs.
Case Study. The Dramatic Rise of Individual Farming in Albania: Causes and Effects
Authors: Cungu Azeta , Swinnen Johan F. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince agriculture accounts for a significant portion in Albania's total GDP and because of its large farming population, agrarian reform has played no small part in the economic reforms imposed there. Because of this reform, land and other such assets were distributed to farm workers, which furthered the decollectivization of collective farms and the transition to the adoption of private land ownership. As such, the individual family farm became the fundamental farm organization. The effects on Albania of these reforms are found to be different from the effects experienced by other Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs). This is because land in large-scale farming in the other CEECs still accounts for a sizeable share of the total land and land was mostly restituted to its former owners. Improved resource allocation and labour incentives initiated growth in agricultural output after the reform. This chapter identifies the determinants of agricultural privatization policies and land reform, particularly in the case of Albania.
Utilitarianism and Global Justice
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCosmopolitan justice can take up a number of forms, the most important and promising of which are utilitarian, rights-based, and obligation-based conceptions. This chapter outlines each of these views in turn, with the goal of showing how an approach centered on basic human rights overcomes the shortcomings of its main contenders. It begins with utilitarianism because its simplicity and direct approach to global justice has a significant appeal and also because some of the most notable contributions to the global ethics debates have been utilitarian. It is worthwhile therefore to determine the character and plausibility of this approach. Utilitarianism has quite radical implications for global social policy: it demands a significant redistribution of wealth and resources from rich to poor and if necessary, supports institutional changes.
The LDP's Policy-Making Structures
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe constitution of Japan's Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) prescribes that all proposed legislation and policies adopted by the party must first be examined and approved by the party before submission to the Cabinet and the Diet. The Policy Affairs Research Council is charged with studying, researching, and planning party policies. The Council was the party's central policy-making body throughout the last quarter of the 20th century. As the turnover of both party and government posts was high, there was a large group of party elders, some of whom were also leaders of factions or remained influential within them. Elders and senior party leaders provided initiative, guidance, management, coordination, and control in the party's policy-making. This chapter examines the role and influence of elders and senior leaders in the LDP's formal policy-making structures, together with the contribution made by the rank-and-file Dietmen, as well as the role played outside those structures by informal policy tribes. The focus is mainly on the LDP in the period 1975–93, and again in 1996–2000.
Budget Institutions and Structures
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe formal institutions and structures of Japan's budgetary system are complex; the processes of making budgets through them labyrinthine and opaque. The proliferation of the number and different types of budgets and accounts is partly an historical legacy of the creation of the modern state after the Meiji Restoration, when many of them were established, and used explicitly as instruments of national economic development. There are two main central government budgets: the General Account Budget and the so-called second budget, the Fiscal Investment and Loan Programme. Both budgets are revised in-year, and revisions are incorporated in one or more Supplementary Budgets. There are, besides, the budgets of public banks and finance corporations, compiled under the sole or shared supervisory jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, and those of other public corporations and special companies, supervised by various Spending Ministries and Agencies. Finally, there are thirty-eight Special Accounts, established by law to manage the revenues and expenditures of specific government activities or special projects.
The Budget Processes in the Spending Ministries
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn Japan, ministries and agencies submitted budget requests for shares of the General Account Budget to the Ministry of Finance (MOF) on 31 August each year. Their processes of internal compilation were concerned with two main issues: the budget limit or ceiling agreed informally with the Budget Bureau prior to submission, and, within that ceiling, the allocation of shares to each bureau, and to the programmes, projects, and items of spending of their policy divisions. Those issues were articulated through four linked and overlapping processes: first, the evolution, preparation, discussion, and negotiation of budget proposals within and between the policy divisions of each bureau; second, the examination of those proposals by the ministry's Budget and Accounts Division, and its negotiations with divisions and bureaux; third, and concurrently, the ministry's Budget and Accounts Division's informal negotiations with the MOF's Budget Bureau of that probable budget ceiling (that is, its putative share of the total of the planned General Account Budget); and, finally, the preparation and legitimation of formal budget requests.
The Organization
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the business context in which marketing decisions are made. It frames the discussion from a marketing point of view, emphasizing, products and services, customers, innovation, and sources of competitive advantage. Marketing scholars agree that a good business strategy makes marketing much easier and its productivity more achievable. While marketing managers typically have little direct influence over their organization's strategic intent and business model, their actions can affect the efficiency and effectiveness with which it implements strategy. They do this through their understanding of target consumers' buying behaviour and making sure that the voice of the customer is not lost in the process of strategic planning. In this process, they gain more credibility in the organization by linking marketing actions to accounting outcomes.
Planning and Control
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses marketing planning. Part A of this chapter presents a marketing planning framework that gathers and organizes the information in this book. The framework contains a number of feedback loops to reflect the fact that a great deal of the process of planning involves a compromise between what is desirable and what is feasible. Part B looks at the issue of making marketing work. While there has been a great deal written about designing marketing strategy and programmes, there is much less known about actually implementing marketing. The process of planning is a good way to capture and organize the knowledge about customers, competitors, and markets that is distributed throughout the organization. Also, the process of planning acts as a form of collective decision-making.
Clearing the Ground
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book is out of step with some well-established verities in the interpretation of David Hume's philosophy. The preference is misguided in at least two respects. In the first place, it reflects certain convictions about the nature of Hume's philosophy — convictions derived from selected passages in A Treatise of Human Nature — that necessarily subordinate the first Enquiry concerning Human Understanding to the earlier work; and so, where they differ, rules it out of serious consideration. These convictions are not addressed directly, but will be counted by the book as a whole, as the aim is to show that the Enquiry is a unified work with a coherent argument, and that the very coherence, and significance, of the argument shows it to be the best short guide to Hume's philosophy.
Of Probability
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAccording to John Locke, probability is to supply the defect of people's knowledge, and it is for this purpose that David Hume now turns his attention to probabilities. He has argued that people's beliefs about matters of fact are based not in reason, but in merely habitual connections. They are therefore not certain knowledge. Hume asserts that experience itself provides the standards, in the sense that the relative frequencies of particular occurrences produces degrees of belief of expectation that correspond to those relative frequencies. It is custom, then, that is the real measure of all things, of things that are that they are, and of things that are more or less, that they are more or less. Custom generates standards of judgement that are as subtle and nuanced as experience itself.
Attitude Problems
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAscriptions of mental states to oneself and others give rise to many interesting logical and semantic problems. This problem presents an original account of mental state ascriptions that are made using intensional transitive verbs such as ‘want’, ‘seek’, ‘imaginer’, and ‘worship’. This book offers a theory of how such verbs work that draws on ideas from natural language semantics, philosophy of language, and aesthetics.