bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfabric of folded quartz veins in metagreywackes: dislocation creep and subgrain rotation at high stress
Authors: TREPMANN C. A. , STÖCKHERT B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe microfabrics of folded quartz veins in fine‐grained high pressure–low temperature metamorphic greywackes of the Franciscan Subduction Complex at Pacheco Pass, California, were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy including electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The foliated host metagreywacke is deformed by dissolution–precipitation creep, as indicated by the shape preferred orientation of mica and clastic quartz without any signs of crystal‐plastic deformation. The absence of crystal‐plastic deformation of clastic quartz suggests that the flow stress in the host metagreywacke remained below a few tens of MPa at temperatures of 250–300 °C. In contrast, the microfabric of the folded quartz veins indicates deformation by dislocation creep accompanied by subgrain rotation recrystallization. For the small recrystallized grain size of ∼8 ± 6 μm, paleopiezometers indicate differential stresses of a few hundred MPa. The stress concentration in the single phase quartz vein is interpreted to be due to its higher effective viscosity compared to the fine‐grained host metagreywacke deforming by dissolution–precipitation creep. The fold shape suggests a viscosity contrast of one to two orders of magnitude. Deformation by dissolution–precipitation creep is expected to be a continuous process. The same must hold for folding of the vein and deformation of the vein quartz by dislocation creep. The microfabric suggests dynamic recrystallization predominantly by subgrain rotation and only minor strain‐induced grain boundary migration, which requires low contrasts in dislocation density across high‐angle grain boundaries to be maintained during climb‐controlled creep at high differential stress. The record of quartz in these continuously deformed veins is characteristic and different from the record in metamorphic rocks exhumed in seismically active regions, where high‐stress deformation at similar temperatures is episodic and related to the seismic cycle.
Favorable Long‐Term Survival in Patients Undergoing Multivessel‐PCI Compared to Predicted Prognosis of CABG Estimated by EuroSCORE: Procedural and Clinical Determinants of Long‐Term Outcome
Authors: LEHMANN RALF , FICHTLSCHERER STEPHAN , SCHÄCHINGER VOLKER , HELD LAURA , HOBLER CAROLA , BAIER GREGOR , ZEIHER ANDREAS M. , SPYRIDOPOULOS IOAKIM 
Published: September 2009

Aims/Methods:

Treatment of patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) has been an ongoing focus of recent clinical studies, questioning the ideal treatment. Randomized trials comparing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have so far only included a minority of screened patients. Therefore, we analyzed data from 679 consecutive “all‐comer” patients, who underwent PCI in at least two main vessels. Expected in‐hospital mortality for CABG was calculated using the EuroSCORE and compared to the observed mortality rate during in‐hospital as well as long‐term follow‐up.
Results:

The patients were suffering from 2.5 ± 0.6 diseased vessels, and 2.8 ± 1.0 lesions were stented (32% of patients received at least one drug‐eluting stent [DES]; 20% of lesions were treated with DES). Forty‐seven percent of patients were treated for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (
N = 176 ST‐elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI]; N = 140 non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI]). The EuroSCORE was significantly higher in ACS patients compared to stable patients (logistic: STEMI 16.3 ± 17.2; NSTEMI 13.6 ± 13.0; stable CAD 3.9 ± 4.2). The observed in‐hospital mortality (STEMI 13.0%; NSTEMI 2.9%; stable CAD 1.7%, P < 0.001) was far lower than the estimated 30‐day mortality. Cox regression analysis identified an elevated logistic EuroSCORE (HR per quartile 2.7, P = 0.003), severely reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HR 2.7, P < 0.001), elevated C‐reactive protein (HR 1.8, P = 0.012), and chronic renal failure (HR 2.8, P = 0.001) as independent predictors of long‐term mortality.
Conclusions:

The EuroSCORE, which is routinely used to estimate the perioperative risk of patients undergoing CABG, also predicts short‐ and long‐term prognosis of patients undergoing MV‐PCI. The observed mortality of patients undergoing MV‐PCI seems to be much lower than the estimated mortality of CABG.
Compression of the Left Ventricular Outflow Tract During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Hwang Sung Oh , Zhao Pei Ge , Choi Han Joo , Park Kyung Hye , Cha Kyung Chul , Park So Mi , Kim Sang Chul , Kim Hyun , Lee Kang Hyun 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectives:  This prospective observational study was performed to investigate if the hand position used for external chest compressions is in an optimal position for compressing the ventricles during standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Methods:  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed during standard CPR in 34 patients with nontraumatic cardiac arrest (24 males, mean ± standard deviation [SD] age = 56 ± 12 years). On the recorded image of TEE, an area of maximal compression (AMC) was identified, and the degree of compression at the AMC and the left ventricular stroke volume was calculated.Results:  A significant narrowing of the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) or the aorta was noted in all patients, with the degree of compression at the AMC ranging from 19% to 83% (mean ± SD = 49 ± 19%). The AMC was found at the aorta in 20 patients (59%) and at the LVOT in 14 patients (41%). A significant narrowing of more than 50% of the diameter at the end of the relaxation phase occurred in 15 patients (44%). On linear regression, the left ventricular stroke volume was correlated with the location of the AMC (R2 = 0.165, p = 0.017).Conclusions:  The outflow of the left ventricle is affected during standard CPR, resulting in varying degrees of narrowing in the LVOT and/or the aortic root.
Spectroscopic characterization and microscopic imaging of extracted and in situ cutaneous collagen and elastic tissue components under two‐photon excitation
Authors: Chen Jianxin , Lee Anthony , Zhao Jianhua , Wang Hequn , Lui Harvey , McLean David I. , Zeng Haishan 
Published: September 2009

Background/purposes: Understanding the two‐photon excitation spectral characteristics and microscopic morphology of cutaneous collagen and elastic tissue components is important for applying multiphoton microscopy (MPM) in basic skin biology research and for clinical diagnosis.Methods: We developed a system for two‐photon excitation spectral measurements at various excitation wavelengths. The microscopic morphology was studied using a commercial multiphoton microscope.Results: We obtained two‐photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) excitation–emission matrices (EEM), for the first time, of purified collagen and elastin samples, as well as in situ collagen and elastic fibers within excised human dermis. The EEM of the dermis was found to be similar to that of elastin. The excitation spectra for second harmonic generation (SHG) from purified collagen and excised dermis were also studied and were found to have similar spectral shapes.Conclusion: This study, using the EEM spectroscopic approach, confirmed a previous imaging study inference that in the dermis, TPEF predominantly originates from elastic fibers, while SHG originates solely from collagen fibers. The EEM data and SHG excitation spectra obtained in this study can be used to guide the selection of excitation wavelengths for MPM applications in basic skin biology research and for clinical diagnosis.
Semi‐quantitative assessment of the distribution of skin lesions in patients with psoriasis and psoriasis arthritis
Authors: Piechnik Stefan Kazimierz , Forseth Karin Øien , Krogstad Anne‐Lene 
Published: September 2009

Background: We propose that the distribution of skin lesions in psoriasis may be assessed using parametric maps on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis.Material and methods: We processed 428 patient‐drawn self‐descriptions of the psoriasis lesions on a supplied body template. We compared 195 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) with 89 who had this diagnosis rejected (Psor). Additionally, 28 Psor cases supplied drawings performed after 3 weeks of climate therapy (PsorCT) to test the treatment efficacy. The drawings were scanned, lesion areas were segmented, followed by construction of parametric maps of lesion distributions and calculation of statistical differences between groups.Results and discussion: In PsorCT, the lesions occupied 11.2% (0–42%) [median (min.–max.)] of the body area. The area decreased to 2.4% (6–11%) after heliotherapy. The differences were statistically significant for all the areas studied and spread evenly over the body surface. PsA had a relatively low psoriasis lesion occupancy of 2.5% (0–42%) compared with Psor 9.8% (0–34%), which is attributed to the difference in recruitment. Correcting for this, we demonstrate a clear tendency for the head, palms, feet, groin and nails to be preferred lesion sites in PsA in contrast to psoriasis.Conclusion: Pixel‐based analysis of self‐reported skin lesion distributions is a powerful tool to assess systematic differences due to treatment or disease variants.
Effect of antifungal gels incorporated into a tissue conditioning material on the growth of Candida albicans
Authors: Radnai Marta , Whiley Rob , Friel Tim , Wright Paul S 
Published: September 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00337.x

Effect of antifungal gels incorporated into a tissue conditioning material on the growth of Candida albicans Objective:  The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of antifungal gels incorporated into a tissue conditioner which inhibits the growth of Candida albicans in vitro.Background:  The release of drugs from relining materials has been demonstrated earlier. However, the incorporation of antifungal agents in gel form has not yet been studied.Materials and methods:  Visco‐gel® tissue conditioner was prepared with chlorhexidine digluconate and miconazole in gel form in a concentration of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% by volume. Sample discs were prepared and placed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) plates which had been previously inoculated with C. albicans, and incubated aerobically at 37°C.To investigate antifungal activity over time, Visco‐gel discs containing 20%v/v miconazole were prepared and immersed in water for different time periods before being placed on SDA plates inoculated with C. albicans.Results:  Chlorhexidine digluconate gel added to tissue conditioner had no inhibition effect on the growth of C. albicans. Incorporation of miconazole gave a dose‐related inhibitory effect on candidal growth. Immersion of the discs in water showed an inverse relationship between time of immersion and degree of inhibition.Conclusion:  Miconazole added in gel form to Visco‐gel® had an inhibitory effect on the growth of C. albicans in vitro.
The relationship of the interleukin‐6 −174 G>C gene polymorphism with cardiovascular risk factors in Turkish polycystic ovary syndrome patients
Authors: Erdogan M. , Karadeniz M. , Berdeli A. , Tamsel S. , Yilmaz C. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryWe aimed to evaluate the relationship between 174 promoter region of the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) C/G gene polymorphism and high sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), fibrinogen and carotis intima–media thickness (CIMT), body mass index, homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance index, serum lipid parameters, in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients carrying a potential risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). We studied 88 PCOS patients and 119 healthy controls. PCOS was defined by the Rotterdam PCOS consensus criteria. The genotype IL‐6 distribution did differ between the control group (CC 10.1%, GC 63.0%, GG 29.6%) and the PCOS patients (CC 5.7%, GC 29.5%, GG 64.8%) (P < 0.001). The frequency of the polymorphic G allele was also no similar for the group with PCOS as for the control group with 79.5% and 58.4% respectively (P < 0.001). Both in PCOS patients and in control group, no statistically significant difference was determined between C/C, G/C and G/G, and blood cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, high‐density lipoprotein levels, low density lipoprotein levels, fasting blood sugar levels, insulin levels, HOMA values, CIMT measurements either on the right or left side, hs‐CRP, f‐testosterone, fibrinogen and 17 alpha‐hydroxy‐progesterone levels (P > 0.05). Gene polymorphism of IL‐6 −174 G>C is a risk factor for PCOS in Turkish patients, but we found no relationship between the cardiovascular risk factors and IL‐6 −174 G>C gene polymorphism in women with PCOS and healthy subjects. Our negative results in risk factors of CVD can probably be explained by the fact that metabolic parameters and endothelial systems of patients may not yet be affected in this short time of period.
The optimal redshift for detecting ionized bubbles in Hi 21-cm maps
Authors: Datta Kanan K. , Bharadwaj Somnath , Choudhury T. Roy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The detection of individual ionized bubbles in H i 21-cm maps is one of the most promising, direct probes of the epoch of reionization (EoR). At least 1000 h of observation would be required for such a detection with either the currently functioning Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) or the upcoming Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). Considering the large investment for telescope time, it is essential to identify the ‘optimal redshift’ where the prospects of a detection are most favourable. We find that the optimal redshift is determined by a combination of instrument dependent factors and the evolution of the neutral fraction xH i. We find that the redshift range 8.1 ± 1.1 and 9.8 ± 1 are optimum for detecting ionized bubbles with the GMRT and MWA, respectively. The prospects of a detection, we find, are more favourable in a scenario with late reionization with xH i≈ 0.5 at z≈ 7.5 as compared to an early reionization model where xH i≈ 0.5 at z≈ 10. In the late reionization scenario, for both instruments a 3σ detection is possible for bubbles of comoving radius Rb≥ 30 Mpc with 1000 h of observation. Future observations will either lead to the detection of ionized bubbles, or in the event of non-detection, lead to constraints on the product xH iRγb for the observational volume, where γ= 1.5 and 2 for GMRT and MWA, respectively.
DETERMINATION OF INDICATOR BACTERIA IN PHARMACEUTICAL SAMPLES BY MULTIPLEX PCR
Authors: FARAJNIA S. , HASSAN M. , HALLAJ NEZHADI S. , MOHAMMADNEJAD L. , MILANI M. , LOTFIPOUR F. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT Rapid and sensitive detection techniques for indicator pathogens are important in pharmaceutical industry. However, common detection methods rely on bacterial culture in combination with biochemical tests, a process that typically takes 5–6 days to complete. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay for simultaneous detection and identification of four indicator pathogenic bacteria in a single reaction. Specific primers for indicator bacteria, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosaand Salmonella, were applied to allow simultaneous detection of them, and the sensitivity and specificity of each primer pairs were determined. In the mPCR with mixed DNA samples, specific bands for corresponding bacteria were simultaneously detected. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products revealed 100% specificity of mPCR with single bands in the expected sizes. Low levels of microbial contamination less than 10 cfu per milliliter or gram of product were detected using mPCR assay. The detection of all four indicator pathogenic bacteria were completed in less than 8 h with this novel mPCR method, whereas the conventional United States Pharmacopeia methods and uniplex PCR required 5–6 days and 27 h for completion, respectively. Using mPCR assay, the microbial quality control of nonsterile pharmaceutical products can be performed in a cost‐effective and timely manner in pharmaceutical industry.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDetection of pathogenic indicatiors of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the mandatory tests in microbial quality of nonsterile pharmaceutical products; therefore, rapid and sensitive detection of the contaminations is of great importance for product release. According to the results of the present study, simultaneous detection of low levels of four major potential pathogenic bacteria in pharmaceutical finished products can be performed using mPCR in a cost‐effective and timely manner, and upon these properties of the mPCR assay it could have potential applications in pharmaceutical industry.
The Use of the Hebrew Bible in Early Jewish Magic
Authors: Angel Joseph 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study seeks to enumerate the extensive and variegated use of the Hebrew Bible in early Jewish magic. The survey focuses mainly on the key Jewish magical corpora from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages – Palestinian Amulets, Babylonian magic bowls, assorted magical texts from the Cairo Geniza, and several magical handbooks deriving from Babylonia and other indeterminate locations. The article is divided into three substantive sections. The first treats numerous methodological pitfalls tied to the use of the terms ‘magic,’‘Jewish magic,’ and ‘Hebrew Bible.’ The second and third sections are devoted, respectively, to the two broad formal categories into which magical use of the Hebrew Bible may be divided, citations of biblical verses and biblical historiolae.
From Tracking Statistics to Learning words: Statistical Learning and Lexical Acquisition
Authors: Estes Katharine Graf 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBy age 1, infants display remarkable sensitivity to the sound structure of their native language. Statistical learning, the process of detecting structure in the environment by tracking patterns in the input, is hypothesized to contribute to infants’ early learning about sound. The present paper explores how infants’ ability to track distributional information in the speech signal contributes to a fundamental aspect of language development, linking sounds with meanings in word learning. Previous research has demonstrated that infants detect several cues that mark where words begin and end in the fluent stream of speech (e.g., transitional probability, phonotactic regularities). Tracking such patterns may allow infants to isolate individual words, making them available to be associated with referents. Even very early in vocabulary development, statistical learning about which sound sequences are likely or unlikely to occur within words in the native language may also shape word learning. We propose that early experience with sound sequence regularities provides infants with a foundation for lexical acquisition.
Genomic events underlying the changes in adamantane resistance among influenza A(H3N2) viruses during 2006–2008
Authors: Deyde Varough , Garten Rebecca , Sheu Tiffany , Smith Catherine , Myrick Allison , Barnes John , Xu Xiyan , Shaw Michael , Klimov Alexander , Gubareva Larisa 
Published: September 2009

Background  Adamantanes resistance in H3N2 viruses has been increasing since 2000, and in 2005–2006 reached nearly 100% in most countries, with the circulation of the N‐lineage. In 2006–2007, however, a significant decrease in resistance was observed in many regions.Objectives  To explore potential links between adamantane resistance and the A(H3N2) viruses that circulated between 2006 and 2008.Methods  A total of 1451 Influenza A (H3N2) viruses collected globally in 2001–2008 were screened for the presence of adamantane resistance markers. A subset of 100 viruses representing the broad genetic and geographic spectrum of these viruses was selected for complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses.Results  Full genome sequence analysis of 2006–2007 viruses revealed co‐circulation of four distinct genotypes, designated A–D. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated reassortment between viruses from the N‐lineage and other viruses that had circulated in prior seasons, including those bearing an adamantane sensitive marker. Genotype D viruses became dominant in late 2006–2007 and continued to be the main H3N2 genotype in 2007–2008. Viruses of this genotype retained all N‐lineage genome segments except PB2 and NP, which were acquired through reassortment.Conclusions  The decrease in adamantane resistance at that time was due to transient co‐circulation of genotypes that emerged through reassortment. Our findings emphasize the importance of complete genome sequencing in understanding the complex nature of the relationship between influenza virus evolution and antiviral resistance. The recent emergence of the pandemic multi‐reassortant H1N1 virus underscores the importance of whole genome sequence monitoring for rapid detection of such unusual and novel strains.
Immunotherapy of Diffuse Gliomas: Biological Background, Current Status and Future Developments
Authors: Grauer Oliver M. , Wesseling Pieter , Adema Gosse J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDespite aggressive multimodal treatment approaches, the prognosis for patients with diffuse gliomas remains disappointing. Glioma cells often extensively infiltrate in the surrounding brain parenchyma, a phenomenon that helps them to escape surgical removal, radiation exposure and chemotherapy. Moreover, conventional therapy is often associated with considerable local and systemic side effects. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches is essential to improve the outcome of these patients. Immunotherapy offers the opportunity to specifically target residual radio—and chemoresistant tumor cells without damaging healthy neighboring brain tissue. Significant progress has been made in recent years both in understanding the mechanisms of immune regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) as well as tumor‐induced and host‐mediated immunosuppression elicited by gliomas. In this review, after discussing the special requirements needed for the initiation and control of immune responses in the CNS, we focus on immunological phenomena observed in glioma patients, discuss different immunological approaches to attack glioma‐associated target structures and touch on further strategies to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy of gliomas.
Biased Assimilation: Effects of Assumptions and Expectations on the Interpretation of New Evidence
Authors: Lord Charles G. , Taylor Cheryl A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPeople so readily generalize that they often ‘know’ in advance what they are going to like and what they are going to dislike. They develop assumptions and expectations, which in part determine their future evaluative responses. Biased assimilation occurs when perceptions of new evidence are interpreted in such a way as to be assimilated into preexisting assumptions and expectations. Because this bias may not be deliberate, people suspect the motives of others who do not share their evaluations, and the bias is difficult to overcome. Biased assimilation most likely occurs, however, because acting as though one’s assumptions and expectations are correct is generally more adaptive than acting as though one’s assumptions and expectations might be wrong. Therefore, overcoming a general tendency toward biased assimilation is not necessarily desirable.