bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes in Patients With Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices and Bacteremia Caused by Gram-Positive Cocci Other Than Staphylococcus Aureus
Authors: Madhavan Malini , Sohail Muhammad R. , Friedman Paul A. , Hayes David L. , Steckelberg James M. , Wilson Walter R. , Baddour Larry M. ,   for the Mayo Cardiovascular Infections Study Group
Published: September 2010

Background—
Infection is a serious complication of cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) placement and requires device removal for attempted cure.

Methods and Results—

We studied the rate, risk factors, and outcomes of CIED infection in 74 consecutive patients with bacteremia caused by Gram-positive cocci (GPC) other than
Staphylococcus aureus
between 2001 and 2007. CIED infection was defined as the presence of signs of infection at the generator site, lead vegetations seen on echocardiography, or microbiological growth from device cultures. Twenty-two (30%) of 74 patients with non–
S aureus
GPC bacteremia had CIED infections. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) accounted for 73% of CIED infections. The rate of CIED infection in patients with CoNS bacteremia was almost 2-fold that of non-CoNS GPC bacteremia (36% versus 20%,
P
=0.13). The number of leads, the presence of abandoned leads, and prior generator replacement were associated with CIED infection. Among 33 patients without identifiable CIED infection at initial evaluation who did not undergo device removal, 5 (15%) had relapsing bacteremia within 12 weeks of completing antibiotic therapy. CoNS accounted for all relapses, and none had evidence of CIED infection at relapse.

Conclusions—

Patients with a CIED and bacteremia caused by GPC other than
S aureus
frequently had evidence of underlying CIED infection on clinical evaluation that included transesophageal echocardiography. This was particularly true among those with CoNS bacteremia. No evidence of underlying CIED infections was identified in the subgroup of patients who did not have manifestations of CIED infection on initial evaluation but subsequently had relapsing bacteremia caused by CoNS.
Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Chromosome 9p21.3 With Platelet Reactivity
Authors: Musunuru Kiran , Post Wendy S. , Herzog William , Shen Haiqing , O'Connell Jeffrey R. , McArdle Patrick F. , Ryan Kathleen A. , Gibson Quince , Cheng Yu-Ching , Clearfield Elizabeth , Johnson Andrew D. , Tofler Geoffrey , Yang Qiong , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Becker Diane M. , Yanek Lisa R. , Becker Lewis C. , Faraday Nauder , Bielak Lawrence F. , Peyser Patricia A. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Mitchell Braxton D. 
Published: September 2010

Background—
Genome-wide association studies have identified a locus on chromosome 9p21.3 to be strongly associated with myocardial infarction/coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying these associations, we hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this region would be associated with platelet reactivity across multiple populations.

Methods and Results—

Subjects in the initial population included 1402 asymptomatic Amish adults in whom we measured platelet reactivity (n=788) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) (n=939). Platelet reactivity on agonist stimulation was measured by impedance aggregometry, and CAC was measured by electron beam CT. Twenty-nine SNPs at the 9p21.3 locus were genotyped using the Affymetrix 500K array. Twelve correlated SNPs in the locus were significantly associated with platelet reactivity (all
P
≤0.001). The SNP most strongly associated with platelet reactivity, rs10965219 (
P
=0.0002), also was associated with CAC (
P
=0.002) along with 9 other SNPs (all
P
<0.004). Association of rs10965219 with platelet reactivity persisted after adjustment for CAC, a measure of underlying atherosclerotic burden known to affect platelet reactivity. We then tested rs10965219 for association with platelet function in 2364 subjects from the Framingham Heart Study and 1169 subjects from the Genetic Study of Aspirin Responsiveness. The rs10965219 G allele (frequency ≈51% across all 3 populations) was significantly associated with higher platelet reactivity in the Framingham Heart Study (
P
=0.001) and trended toward higher reactivity in the Genetic Study of Aspirin Responsiveness (
P
=0.087); the combined
P
value for metaanalysis was 0.0002.

Conclusions—
These results suggest that risk alleles at 9p21.3 locus may have pleiotropic effects on myocardial infarction/coronary artery disease and stroke risk, possibly through their influence on platelet reactivity.
Encounters between Christian and Muslim Women in the Netherlands
Authors: Speelman Dr. Gé M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this article, I want to explore the different types of encounter that take place between Christian and Muslim women. I will give an example of each type, drawing on my own experience and on the accounts of others. I will subsequently place these encounters in a threefold framework. I want to look at the dialogue between Christian and Muslim women from an organisational, a social political, and a theological framework.
Christian-Muslim Experiences in Poland
Authors: Grodź Stanisław 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe reality of Christian-Muslim encounters in Eastern Europe is often overlooked because problems that states and societies of Western Europe face in relation to Muslim presence tend to be placed in the focal positions of contemporary debates on Christian-Muslim relations. Refection given in this article is presented from a Polish perspective marked by the dominance of one religious tradition, namely Roman Catholic. The Muslim population of Poland is tiny at present — estimated at 0.04-0.08% of the total population. The argument presented here is that even in such an imbalanced situation interreligious contacts can effectively contribute to rethinking, renewing and strengthening of the identities of those involved in the contacts. For the RC Church it is an opportunity of learning to “make space for the others” without a feeling of giving in under pressure. After giving some attention to a question whether Poland is “multicultural”, brief characteristics of Muslim communities in Poland will be given with some attention devoted to the problem whether they are marginal or involved in the main stream of the Polish society. This will form a framework for acquaintance with examples of interreligious experiences/ encounters, and with their results and significance. The article was written before the outbursts of controversies around the construction of a mosque in Warsaw in March 2010.
Nowcasting Convective Storm Initiation Using Satellite-Based Box-Averaged Cloud-Top Cooling and Cloud-Type Trends
Authors: Sieglaff Justin M. , Cronce Lee M. , Feltz Wayne F. , Bedka Kristopher M. , Pavolonis Michael J. , Heidinger Andrew K. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Short-term (0–1 h) convective storm nowcasting remains a problem for operational weather forecasting, and convective storms pose a significant monetary sink for the aviation industry. Numerical weather prediction models, traditional meteorological observations, and radar are all useful for short-term convective forecasting, but all have shortcomings. Geostationary imagers, while having their own shortcomings, are valuable assets for addressing the convective initiation nowcast problem. The University of Wisconsin Convective Initiation (UWCI) nowcasting algorithm is introduced for use as an objective, satellite-based decision support tool. The UWCI algorithm computes Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Imager infrared window channel box-averaged cloud-top cooling rates and creates convective initiation nowcasts based on a combination of cloud-top cooling rates and satellite-derived cloud-top type–phase trends. The UWCI approach offers advantages over existing techniques, such as increased computational efficiency (decreased runtime) and day–night independence. A validation of the UWCI algorithm relative to cloud-to-ground lightning initiation events is also presented for 23 convective afternoons and 11 convective nights over the central United States during April–June and 1 night of July during 2008 and 2009. The mean probability of detection and false-alarm ratio are 56.3% (47.0%) and 25.5% (34.8%), respectively, for regions within a Storm Prediction Center severe storm risk area (entire validation domain). The UWCI algorithm is shown to perform 1) better in regimes with storms developing in previously clear to partly cloudy skies and along sharp boundaries and 2) poorer in other regimes such as scenes covered with cirrus shields, existing convective anvils, and fast cloud motion.
Impact of Bathythermograph Temperature Bias Models on an Ocean Reanalysis
Authors: Giese Benjamin S. , Chepurin Gennady A. , Carton James A. , Boyer Tim P. , Seidel Howard F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHistorical bathythermograph datasets are known to be biased, and there have been several efforts to model this bias. Three different correction models of temperature bias in the historical bathythermograph dataset are compared here: the steady model of Hanawa et al. and the time-dependent models of Levitus et al. and Wijffels et al. The impact of these different models is examined in the context of global analysis experiments using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation system. The results show that the two time-dependent bias models significantly reduce warm bias in global heat content, notably in the 10 years starting in the early 1970s and again in the early 1990s. Overall, the Levitus et al. model has its greatest impact near the surface and the Wijffels et al. model has its greatest impact at subtropical thermocline depths. Examination of the vertical structure of temperature error shows that at thermocline depths the Wijffels et al. model overcompensates, leading to a slight cool bias, while at shallow levels the same model causes a slight warm bias in the central and eastern subtropics and at thermocline depths on the equator in the Pacific Ocean as a result of reduced vertical entrainment. The results also show that the bias-correction models may alter the representation of interannual variability. During the 1997/98 El Niño and the subsequent La Niña the Levitus et al. model, which has its main impact at shallow depths, reduces the 50-m temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific by 10%–20% and strengthens the zonal currents by up to 50%. The Wijffels et al. correction, which has its main impact at deeper levels, has much less effect on the oceanic expression of ENSO.
Tropical Cyclone Count Forecasting Using a Dynamical Seasonal Prediction System: Sensitivity to Improved Ocean Initialization
Authors: Alessandri Andrea , Borrelli Andrea , Gualdi Silvio , Scoccimarro Enrico , Masina Simona 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study investigates the predictability of tropical cyclone (TC) seasonal count anomalies using the Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per i Cambiamenti Climatici–Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (CMCC-INGV) Seasonal Prediction System (SPS). To this aim, nine-member ensemble forecasts for the period 1992–2001 for two starting dates per year were performed. The skill in reproducing the observed TC counts has been evaluated after the application of a TC location and tracking detection method to the retrospective forecasts. The SPS displays good skill in predicting the observed TC count anomalies, particularly over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The simulated TC activity exhibits realistic geographical distribution and interannual variability, thus indicating that the model is able to reproduce the major basic mechanisms that link the TCs’ occurrence with the large-scale circulation. TC count anomalies prediction has been found to be sensitive to the subsurface assimilation in the ocean for initialization. Comparing the results with control simulations performed without assimilated initial conditions, the results indicate that the assimilation significantly improves the prediction of the TC count anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean (ENP) and northern Indian Ocean (NI) during boreal summer. During the austral counterpart, significant progresses over the area surrounding Australia (AUS) and in terms of the probabilistic quality of the predictions also over the southern Indian Ocean (SI) were evidenced. The analysis shows that the improvement in the prediction of anomalous TC counts follows the enhancement in forecasting daily anomalies in sea surface temperature due to subsurface ocean initialization. Furthermore, the skill changes appear to be in part related to forecast differences in convective available potential energy (CAPE) over the ENP and the North Atlantic Ocean (ATL), in wind shear over the NI, and in both CAPE and wind shear over the SI.
A Climatology of Arabian Sea Cyclonic Storms
Authors: Evan Amato T. , Camargo Suzana J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
On average 1–2 tropical cyclones form over the Arabian Sea each year, and few of these storms are intense enough to be classified as very severe or super cyclonic storms. As such, few studies have explicitly identified the seasonal to interannual changes in environmental conditions that are associated with Arabian Sea tropical cyclogenesis. However, over the last 30 yr several intense Arabian storms did form and make landfall, with large impacts, which motivates this new study of the basin. The conclusions of earlier studies are visited by utilizing modern observational and reanalysis data to identify the large-scale features associated with Arabian tropical cyclone variability on seasonal time scales. Then year-to-year changes in environmental conditions that are related to interannual variability in Arabian storms during the pre- and postmonsoon periods are elucidated. The analysis of the relationship between large-scale environmental variables and seasonal storm frequency supports conclusions from work completed more than 40 yr prior. Investigation of the year-to-year changes in premonsoon storm frequency suggests that May (June) storms are associated with an early (late) onset of the southwest monsoon. The findings also demonstrate that November cyclones (the month when the majority of postmonsoon cyclogenesis occurs) primarily form during periods when the Bay of Bengal experiences a broad region of high sea level pressure, implying that November storms form in either the Arabian Sea or the Bay of Bengal but not in both during the same year. Finally, the analysis of changes in a genesis potential index suggests that long-term variability in the potential for a storm to form is dictated by changes in midlevel moisture.
Simulation of the Direct Radiative Effect of Mineral Dust Aerosol on the Climate at the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Yue Xu , Wang Huijun , Liao Hong , Jiang Dabang 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The climatic responses to the direct radiative effect of dust aerosol at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are examined using a general circulation model with online simulation of dust. The predicted global dust emission at the LGM is 2.3 times as large as the present-day value, which is the combined effect of the expansion of dust sources and the favorable meteorological parameters (MPs; e.g., the strong surface wind and the low air humidity) under the LGM climate. Simulated global dust emission is 1966 Tg yr−1 with present-day dust sources and MPs, 2820 Tg yr−1 with LGM dust sources and current MPs, 2599 Tg yr−1 with present-day dust sources and LGM MPs, and 4579 Tg yr−1 with LGM sources and MPs. The simulated percentage increases of dust concentrations are the largest at high latitudes in both hemispheres, which are consistent with the deposition data from geological records. The LGM dust is estimated to exert global annual-mean shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiative forcing (RF) of −4.69 and +1.70 W m−2 at the surface, respectively, and −0.58 and +0.68 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere, respectively. On a global- and annual-mean basis, surface air temperature (SAT) is predicted to be reduced by 0.18 K and precipitation is reduced by 0.06 mm day−1, as a result of the net (SW and LW) radiative effect of dust at the LGM. Two sensitivity studies are performed to identify the uncertainties in simulated climatic effect of LGM dust that arise from the assumed LW and/or SW absorption by dust: 1) in the absence of dust LW radiative effect, the LGM global- and annual-mean SAT is predicted to be further reduced by 0.19 K; and 2) when the single scattering albedo of the Saharan dust at 0.55 μm is increased from 0.89 to 0.98 in the LGM climate simulation, the LGM dust-induced annual- and global-mean surface cooling increases from 0.18 to 0.63 K even with both SW and LW radiative effects of dust. In these two sensitivity studies, the LGM dust is predicted to induce an average cooling of 0.42 and 0.72 K in SAT, respectively, over the tropical oceans.
Mixed Layer Lateral Eddy Fluxes Mediated by Air–Sea Interaction
Authors: Shuckburgh Emily , Maze Guillaume , Ferreira David , Marshall John , Jones Helen , Hill Chris 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The modulation of air–sea heat fluxes by geostrophic eddies due to the stirring of temperature at the sea surface is discussed and quantified. It is argued that the damping of eddy temperature variance by such air–sea fluxes enhances the dissipation of surface temperature fields. Depending on the time scale of damping relative to that of the eddying motions, surface eddy diffusivities can be significantly enhanced over interior values. The issues are explored and quantified in a controlled setting by driving a tracer field, a proxy for sea surface temperature, with surface altimetric observations in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) of the Southern Ocean. A new, tracer-based diagnostic of eddy diffusivity is introduced, which is related to the Nakamura effective diffusivity. Using this, the mixed layer lateral eddy diffusivities associated with (i) eddy stirring and small-scale mixing and (ii) surface damping by air–sea interaction is quantified. In the ACC, a diffusivity associated with surface damping of a comparable magnitude to that associated with eddy stirring (∼500 m2 s−1) is found. In frontal regions prevalent in the ACC, an augmentation of surface lateral eddy diffusivities of this magnitude is equivalent to an air–sea flux of 100 W m−2 acting over a mixed layer depth of 100 m, a very significant effect. Finally, the implications for other tracer fields such as salinity, dissolved gases, and chlorophyll are discussed. Different tracers are found to have surface eddy diffusivities that differ significantly in magnitude.
Diapycnal Transport and Mixing Efficiency in Stratified Boundary Layers near Sloping Topography
Authors: Umlauf Lars , Burchard Hans 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The interaction of shear, stratification, and turbulence in boundary layers on sloping topography is investigated with the help of an idealized theoretical model, assuming uniform bottom slope and homogeneity in the upslope direction. It is shown theoretically that the irreversible vertical buoyancy flux generated in the boundary layer is directly proportional to the molecular destruction rate of small-scale buoyancy variance, which can be inferred, for example, from microstructure observations. Dimensional analysis of the equations shows that, for harmonic boundary layer forcing and no rotation, the problem is governed by three nondimensional parameters (slope angle, roughness number, and ratio of forcing and buoyancy frequencies). Solution of the equations with a second-moment closure model for the turbulent fluxes reveals the periodic generation of gravitationally unstable boundary layers during upslope flow, consistent with available observations. Investigation of the nondimensional parameter space with the help of this model illustrates a systematic increase of the bulk mixing efficiencies for (i) steep slopes and (ii) low-frequency forcing. Except for very steep slopes, mixing efficiencies are substantially smaller than the classical value of Γ = 0.2.
Idiopathic acute transverse myelitis in children: an analysis and discussion of MRI findings
Authors: Alper Gulay , Petropoulou Kalliopi A , Fitz Charles R , Kim Yeonhee 
Published: September 2010

Background:There is lack of reported magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of idiopathic acute transverse myelitis (ATM) in children. Objective:To describe the imaging features of idiopathic ATM in children. Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the spinal MRI findings of children diagnosed with ATM. The anatomic regions, vertebral segmental length, gray or white matter involvement, cord expansion and gadolinium enhancement were examined. Results:A total of 27 children were diagnosed with isolated monophasic ATM with a mean follow-up of 5.2 years. Two children later diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica were excluded from the pediatric ATM cohort. None of the patients had a subsequent diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. The mean age of onset was 9.5 years (0.5–16.9 years). Spinal MRIs were abnormal in 21 (78%). The mean interval between symptom onset and the MRI was 1.7 days (0–19 days). Central cord hyperintensity involving gray matter was seen in all patients. A majority (67%) of the patients demonstrated long segment lesions with a mean segment length of 6.4. Conclusions:We conclude that central cord inflammation extending over three or more segments is the most common finding of idiopathic monophasic transverse myelitis in children. The risk of multiple sclerosis in children who experience isolated transverse myelitis as a first demyelinating event is low.
Parents as prisoners: A study of parent–child relationships in the Children’s Court of Victoria
Authors: Sheehan Rosemary 
Published: September 2010

• Summary: This article reports on a study funded by the Criminology Research Council, Australia, investigating the intersection between the child protection and criminal justice systems and the extent to which children before the Melbourne Children’s Court on child protection matters, during the study period June to December 2006, had a parent currently in prison, awaiting sentencing or previously in prison. This article focuses on what associations there might be between parental imprisonment and its impact on family life and the care of children. • Findings: Magistrates identified 156 children as meeting these criteria during the study period for whom there were concerns about physical and emotional harm, child development, or the parent’s incapacity to provide care for the child; concerns about parental substance abuse, mental health, family violence and transience. The instability in these children’s lives was linked to the parents’ offending and was reflected in the reasons why the children came to the attention of the court, and the child protection concerns expressed about them. Yet, there was no co-ordinated response by the child protection and justice systems to managing these children’s situations. • Application: Early intervention for children affected by parental offending, and the development of child protection service protocols with the corrections system about children when their parents enter prison is essential, to better address the instability and disruption in care these children experience, their vulnerability as adults to mental health and relationship problems, and their reduced education and employment outcomes.