bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions among occupational and physical therapy students of a nontraditional methodology for teaching laboratory gross anatomy
Authors: Thomas K. Jackson , Denham Bryan E. , Dinolfo John D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis pilot study was designed to assess the perceptions of physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) students regarding the use of computer‐assisted pedagogy and prosection‐oriented communications in the laboratory component of a human anatomy course at a comprehensive health sciences university in the southeastern United States. The goal was to determine whether student perceptions changed over the course of a summer session regarding verbal, visual, tactile, and web‐based teaching methodologies. Pretest and post‐test surveys were distributed online to students who volunteered to participate in the pilot study. Despite the relatively small sample size, statistically significant results indicated that PT and OT students who participated in this study perceived an improved ability to name major anatomical structures from memory, to draw major anatomical structures from memory, and to explain major anatomical relationships from memory. Students differed in their preferred learning styles. This study demonstrates that the combination of small group learning and digital web‐based learning seems to increase PT and OT students' confidence in their anatomical knowledge. Further research is needed to determine which forms of integrated instruction lead to improved student performance in the human gross anatomy laboratory. Anat Sci Educ 4: 71–77, 2011. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Use of interactive live digital imaging to enhance histology learning in introductory level anatomy and physiology classes
Authors: Higazi Tarig B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHistology is one of the main subjects in introductory college‐level Human Anatomy and Physiology classes. Institutions are moving toward the replacement of traditional microscope‐based histology learning with virtual microscopy learning amid concerns of losing the valuable learning experience of traditional microscopy. This study used live digital imaging (LDI) of microscopic slides on a SMART board to enhance Histology laboratory teaching. The interactive LDI system consists of a digital camera‐equipped microscope that projects live images on a wall‐mounted SMART board via a computer. This set‐up allows real‐time illustration of microscopic slides with highlighted key structural components, as well as the ability to provide the students with relevant study and review material. The impact of interactive LDI on student learning of Histology was then measured based on performance in subsequent laboratory tests before and after its implementation. Student grades increased from a mean of 76% (70.3–82.0, 95% CI) before to 92% (88.8–95.3, 95% CI) after integration of LDI indicating highly significant (P < 0.001) enhancement in students' Histology laboratory performance. In addition, student ratings of the impact of the interactive LDI on their Histology learning were strongly positive, suggesting that a majority of students who valued this learning approach also improved learning and understanding of the material as a result. The interactive LDI technique is an innovative, highly efficient and affordable tool to enhance student Histology learning, which is likely to expand knowledge and student perception of the subject and in turn enrich future science careers. Anat Sci Educ 4: 78–83, 2011. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Cassava for food and energy: exploring potential benefits of processing of cassava into cassava flour and bioenergy at farmstead and community levels in rural Mozambique
Authors: Zvinavashe Ednah , Elbersen H. Wolter , Slingerland Maja , Kolijn Sicco , Sanders Johan P. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAs in most of sub‐Sahara Africa, rural people in Mozambique use firewood as their main source of energy. The use of firewood is associated with several health problems, and the time spent collecting it reduces time for other activities. Cassava is grown as a reserve crop in Mozambique where it is considered a ‘woman's crop’. Because the crop is drought‐tolerant and resistant to diseases, it needs little attention and hence little labor input. This paper examines how the rural people in the case of Mozambique can use their current reserve crop, cassava, to meet their energy needs and food requirements and to increase their annual income. Cassava processing chains were modeled to assess (i) the effect of introducing an anaerobic digester for the digestion of cassava peels and other material (dung, kitchen waste and maize residues) at family level (BAU (business as usual) + family digester) and (ii) the effect of introducing an ethanol plant with treatment of stillage and production of electricity (BAU + community ethanol). The results show that it is economically viable to have BAU + family digester system and BAU + community ethanol. Sensitivity analysis showed that an increase in crop yield and the local price of cassava are the most important factors to increase the economic viability of the BAU + family digester system. Sensitivity analysis of the BAU + community ethanol system showed that this system is mainly affected by the price of ethanol. Besides the economic benefits, the proposed systems have other benefits, such as efficient recycling of nutrients and pollution reduction. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The energy balance of soybean biodiesel in Brazil: a case study
Authors: Mourad Anna Lúcia , Walter Arnaldo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLike any other manufactured product, the production of biofuels involves the consumption of several inputs along its production chain. Energy balance results are often contradictory mainly due to differences in the methodologies used for their calculation. Despite the lack of a national database, this paper is a first estimate of the energy balance of biodiesel from soybean in Brazil. Data collected from five plantations located in the state of São Paulo, with a total production of 2000 metric tonnes, along with information about the industrial production process, were taken into account for calculating the energy balance of soybean biodiesel. A renewability factor of 4.3 was found considering an input allocation factor of 18% up to the stage of soybean oil production. This result was compared to information available in the literature. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Indirect land‐use change: how can we avoid negative impacts?
Authors: Fritsche Uwe 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAs interest in biofuels has grown, concerns over competition for land use with food have been raised and the issue of indirect land‐use change has become a topic of debate. For example, if country A decides to convert more corn to biofuels and therefore exports less, country B may run short on corn for food. As a result, country B may clear forests to grow more corn itself. Such indirect land‐use changes result in higher greenhouse gas emissions and the loss of biologically precious regions. How can this threat be tackled? For BioFPR, Brigitte Osterath interviews Uwe Fritsche, Coordinator of the Energy and Climate Division at the Öko‐Institut (Institute for applied ecology) in Darmstadt, Germany. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Use of performance curves in estimating number of procedures required to achieve proficiency in coronary angiography
Authors: Räder Sune B.E.W. , Jørgensen Erik , Bech Bo , Lönn Lars , Ringsted Charlotte V. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground: Current guidelines in cardiology training programs recommend 100–300 coronary angiography procedures for certification. We aimed to assess the number of procedures needed to reach sufficient proficiency. Methods: Procedure time, fluoroscopy time, dose area product (DAP), and contrast media volume were used as indicators of quality of performance. We analyzed data from 4,200 coronary angiographies. Performance curves of seven trainees were compared with recommended reference levels and to those of seven interventional cardiologists. Results: On average, the number of procedures needed for trainees to reach recommended reference levels was estimated as 226 and 353, for DAP and use of contrast media, respectively. After 300 procedures, trainees' procedure time, fluoroscopy time, DAP, and contrast media volume were significantly higher compared with experts' performance, P < 0.001 for all parameters. To approach the experts' level of DAP and contrast media use, trainees need 394 and 588 procedures, respectively. Performance curves showed large individual differences in the development of competence. Conclusion: On average, trainees needed 300 procedures to reach sufficient level of proficiency, and this is in accordance with current guidelines. However, because of large individual differences, performance curves might be useful in monitoring individual trainees' progress and ensure documentation of sufficient competence when dealing with patients at risk. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐Shaped Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on the Imidazolium Motif: Exploring Substitution of the C‐2 Imidazolium Carbon Atom
Authors: Goossens Karel , Wellens Sil , Van Hecke Kristof , Van Meervelt Luc , Cardinaels Thomas , Binnemans Koen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this contribution the first examples of so‐called rigid‐core, T‐shaped imidazolium ionic liquid crystals, in which the C‐2 atom of the imidazolium ring is substituted with an aryl moiety decorated with one or two alkoxy chains, are described. The length of the alkoxy chain(s) was varied from six to eighteen carbon atoms (n=6, 10, 14–18). Whereas the compounds with one long alkoxy chain display only smectic A phases, the salts containing two alkoxy chains exhibit smectic A, multicontinuous cubic, as well as hexagonal columnar phases, as evidenced by polarising optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X‐ray diffraction. Structural models are proposed for the self‐assembly of the molecules within the mesophases. The imidazolium head groups and the iodide counterions were found to adopt a peculiar orientation in the central part of the columns of the hexagonal columnar phases. The enantiotropic cubic phase shown by the 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐[3,4‐bis(pentadecyloxy)phenyl]imidazolium iodide salt has a multicontinuous Pm$\bar 3$m structure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a thermotropic cubic mesophase of this symmetry.
Chiral Diaminopyrrolic Receptors for Selective Recognition of Mannosides, Part 1: Design, Synthesis, and Affinities of Second‐Generation Tripodal Receptors
Authors: Nativi Cristina , Francesconi Oscar , Gabrielli Gabriele , Vacca Alberto , Roelens Stefano 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new generation of chiral tripodal receptors for recognition of carbohydrates, featuring trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane as a key structural element, and their recognition properties toward a set of glycosides of biologically relevant monosaccharides is described. The introduction of a chelating diamino unit into the pyrrolic tripodal architecture markedly enhanced their binding abilities compared with the parent aminopyrrolic receptors previously reported by our group. In addition, the chirality of the structure had a clear impact on affinities, as well as on selectivities, displaying high enantiodiscrimination levels. These second‐generation diaminopyrrolic tripodal receptors are highly selective for mannose among other monosaccharides, with two members of the family being selective for the α and the β anomers respectively. The measured affinities in acetonitrile, 83 μM of (S)‐7 for the β mannoside and 127 μM of (R)‐5 for the α mannoside, make them the most effective synthetic receptors for mannosides reported to date. The affinity assessment required a further evolution of the ${BC{{0\hfill \atop 50\hfill}}}$ parameter, a previously developed binding descriptor, which in its ultimate formulation has now been extended to include, with no restrictions, complexes of any stoichiometry, and can thus be generally employed to rank affinity data from heterogeneous systems on a common scale.
Concise Synthesis of Complicated Polypropionates through One‐Pot Dissymmetrical Two‐Directional Chain Elongation
Authors: Exner Claudia J. , Turks Maris , Fonquerne Freddy , Vogel Pierre 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHerein, a major breakthrough in a sulfur dioxide‐mediated oxyallylation cascade reaction is reported that allows the preparation of complex long‐chain polyketide fragments with more than ten stereogenic centers through a carefully designed desymmetrization process. An allylbissilane is combined, under the appropriate reaction conditions, with two different 1,3‐dioxy‐1,3‐dienes permitting the construction of a 13‐membered polypropionate precursor in one pot. Four stereocenters are selectively created during this process. The so‐obtained pseudo‐C2‐ or ‐CS‐symmetric products are desymmetrized through selective deprotection and can be selectively elongated in both directions using aldol chemistry.
MyTH4, independent of its companion FERM domain, affects the organization of an intramacronuclear microtubule array and is involved in elongation of the macronucleus in Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Gotesman Michael , Hosein Roland E. , Gavin R. H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMyo1 is a class XIV Tetrahymena myosin involved in amitotic elongation and constriction of the macronucleus into two subnuclei at cell division. Elongation of the macronucleus is accompanied by elongation of an intramacronuclear microtubule array, which is oriented parallel to the axis of nuclear elongation. Elongation of the macronucleus often fails to occur or is only partially completed in a MYO1 knockout, and division of the macronucleus is frequently uncoupled from cytokinesis. Myo1 contains a myosin tail homology 4 (MyTH4) and a band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin homology (FERM) domain. Recently, we used green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions to demonstrate that the entire FERM domain, independent of MyTH4, is essential for localization of FERM to the cytoskeleton and does not appear to directly affect nuclear division. Antiactin coprecipitates GFP‐FERM, tubulin, actin, and Myo1. The immunoprecipitated GFP‐FERM cosediments with either exogenous F‐actin or exogenous microtubules. Here, we show that overexpressed GFP‐MyTH4 colocalized with antitubulin to intramacronuclear microtubules. Ninety percent of overexpressing cells assembled intramacronuclear microtubules that did not become organized into a parallel array. Amitosis did not advance in the absence of the parallel array of intramacronuclear microtubules. Five percent of overexpressing cells organized the parallel array, but the microtubules and the macronucleus did not achieve full elongation. Partially elongated macronuclei constricted without cytokinesis. Antiactin coprecipitated GFP‐MyTH4, tubulin, and actin. AntiGFP pulled down GFP‐MyTH4, tubulin, and actin. GFP‐MyTH4 cosedimented with either exogenous microtubules or exogenous F‐actin. A novel finding from this study is that MyTH4 and FERM have overlapping and distinct roles in the function of a myosin. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms in the cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 gene and cancer risk
Authors: Zhang Yonggang , Zhang Jie , Deng Yao , Tian Can , Li Xiaobo , Huang Jin , Fan Hong 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Polymorphisms in the cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) gene have been implicated in susceptibility to cancer, but the many published studies have reported inconclusive results. The objective of the current study was to conduct a meta‐analysis investigating the association between polymorphisms in the CTLA‐4 gene and the risk of cancer.METHODS:The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for all articles published up to September 19, 2010 that addressed cancer and polymorphisms, variants, or mutations of CTLA‐4. A statistical analysis was performed using proprietary statistical software.RESULTS:Three polymorphisms (+49 adenine/guanine [+49A/G], −318 cytosine/thymine [−318C/T], and the +6230G/A polymorphism [CT60]) in 48 case‐control studies from 27 articles were analyzed. The results indicated that individuals who carried the +49 G allele (AG + GG) had a 16% decreased risk of cancer compared with homozygotes (+49AA; odds ratio [OR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74‐0.95). However, there was no significant association between the risk of cancer and the −318C/T polymorphism or the CT60 polymorphism (−318C/T: OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.99‐1.54 for TT + TC vs CC; CT60: OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.80‐1.29 for AA + AG vs GG). In further stratified analyses for the +49A/G and −318C/T polymorphisms, the decreased risk of cancer remained in subgroups of Europeans, patients with breast cancer, and patients with lung cancer for the +49A/G polymorphism; whereas an increased risk of cancer was observed among Europeans for the −318C/T polymorphism.CONCLUSIONS:Results from the current meta‐analysis suggested that the +49A/G and −318C/T polymorphisms in CTLA‐4 are risk factors for cancer. To further evaluate gene‐gene and gene‐environment interactions between CTLA‐4 polymorphisms and the risk of cancer, more studies with larger groups of patients will be required. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Functional analysis and classification of phytoplankton based on data from an automated flow cytometer
Authors: Malkassian Anthony , Nerini David , van Dijk Mark A. , Thyssen Melilotus , Mante Claude , Gregori Gerald 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAnalytical flow cytometry (FCM) is well suited for the analysis of phytoplankton communities in fresh and sea waters. The measurement of light scatter and autofluorescence properties of particles by FCM provides optical fingerprints, which enables different phytoplankton groups to be separated. A submersible version of the CytoSense flow cytometer (the CytoSub) has been designed for in situ autonomous sampling and analysis, making it possible to monitor phytoplankton at a short temporal scale and obtain accurate information about its dynamics. For data analysis, a manual clustering is usually performed a posteriori: data are displayed on histograms and scatterplots, and group discrimination is made by drawing and combining regions (gating). The purpose of this study is to provide greater objectivity in the data analysis by applying a nonmanual and consistent method to automatically discriminate clusters of particles. In other words, we seek for partitioning methods based on the optical fingerprints of each particle. As the CytoSense is able to record the full pulse shape for each variable, it quickly generates a large and complex dataset to analyze. The shape, length, and area of each curve were chosen as descriptors for the analysis. To test the developed method, numerical experiments were performed on simulated curves. Then, the method was applied and validated on phytoplankton cultures data. Promising results have been obtained with a mixture of various species whose optical fingerprints overlapped considerably and could not be accurately separated using manual gating. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Color quantification for evaluation of stained tissues
Authors: Wang Defeng , Shi Lin , Wang Yi‐Xiang J. , Man Gene Chi‐Wai , Heng Pheng Ann , Griffith James F. , Ahuja Anil T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe objective evaluation of the color and shade in stained images remains unsolved and is frequently and extensively encountered in biomedical studies. Most of the evaluations on the color and shade in the stained images are currently performed by subjective grading, which is prone to be affected by inter‐reader variation. This paper introduces a novel approach to automatically quantify the color and shade in the stained histological image based on its similarity map in the CIELAB color space with respect to a user specified reference color. The proposed algorithm was applied on three datasets, i.e., a phantom image, the Prussian blue staining of human osteosarcoma cell culture, and histological sections of the Prussian blue stained rat kidney, liver and spleen. The result shows that our method is able to represent the color and shade as a numerical value that correlated well with human perception. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Translocation frequencies and chromosomal proximities for selected mouse chromosomes in primary B lymphocytes
Authors: Righolt Christiaan H. , Wiener Francis , Taylor‐Kashton Cheryl , Harizanova Jana , Vermolen Bart J. , Garini Yuval , Young Ian T. , Mai Sabine 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChromosome positions within the nucleus of mammalian cells are nonrandom and it is assumed that chromosomal neighborhoods affect the probability of translocations. Four chromosomes can be involved in c‐myc‐activating chromosomal translocations in mouse plasmacytoma (PCT): the c‐myc gene on mouse chromosome 15 can be juxtaposed to either one of the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci on chromosomes 12 (IgH), 16 (Igλ), or 6 (Igκ). In the BALB/c mouse, the translocation between chromosomes 12 and 15, T(12;15), is most common (90%) while the other two possible translocations, T(6;15) and T(16;15), are much less common (<10%). In contrast, in the BALB/cRb6.15 mouse, T(6;15) is found with the same frequency as T(12;15). We, therefore, examined the distance between chromosomes 15 and 12, 6, and 16 in primary mouse B lymphocytes in order to examine the effect of the chromosome proximity on the translocation frequency. We performed three‐dimensional fluorescent in situ hybridization (3D‐FISH) with chromosome paints. We acquired three‐dimensional image stacks with 90 slices per stack and used constrained iterative deconvolution. The nucleus and chromosomes were segmented from this image stack and the interchromosomal distances were measured. Chromosomes 6 and 15 were found in close proximity in BALB/cRb6.15 mice (82%), whereas they did not share this neighborhood relationship in BALB/c mice. No other chromosome combinations showed such a high percentage of close proximities in either mouse strain. Chromosome positions contribute to translocation frequencies in mouse PCTs. The BALB/cRb6.15 mouse data argue for a proximity relationship of chromosomes that engage in illegitimate recombination. These positions are not, however, the only contributing factor as the T(12;15) translocation preference in BALB/c mice could not be supported by significantly elevated proximity of chromosomes 12 and 15 versus 12 and 16 or 12 and 6. Moreover, while there is a significant increase in T(6;15) in BALB/cRb6.15 mice, T(12;15) still occurs in this mouse strain. © 2011 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Efficient CDMA wireless position location system using TDOA method
Authors: Alam M. S. , Alsharif S. , Haq N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, a new position location (PL) estimation technique for CDMA wireless communications system is proposed. The proposed technique provides faster solution to the hyperbolic model and does not suffer from the convergence problem. The performance of the proposed PL technique has been tested by considering different system parameters, such as channel noise and variable position of the user. Test results show that the proposed PL technique can successfully determine the position of a wireless user under various challenging scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Summary of ‘Interventions for acute otitis externa’
Authors: Editorial Office Evidence‐Based Child Health 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis is a summary of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Kaushik V, Malik T, Saeed Sr. Interventions for acute otitis externa. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004740. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004740.pub2. Copyright © 2011 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration