bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer sources and placement methods in maize (Zea mays L.) using labelled fertilizers
Authors: Papanicolaou E. P. , Skarlou V. D. , Nobeli C. , Katranis N. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe influence of various nitrogen and phosphorus sources, applied at the preseeding stage with two placement methods, on maize yield and fertilizer utilization, was studied in two field experiments and a pot experiment with a calcareous, heavy to medium heavy textured recent alluvial soil.Phosphorus alone had no effect on crop yield. Nitrogen alone or nitrogen (various forms) and phosphorus had a clear positive effect on crop yield. As to the various sources the observed differences in the crop yield of the field experiments were not significant, while in the pot experiment ammonium sulphate gave the highest yields.The data on the phosphate concentrations in the tops derived from phosphate fertilizer (Pf) indicate that the presence of nitrogen increased the utilization of phosphorus fertilizer. From the tested placement methods the incorporation method appears clearly superior in the pot experiment with a similar trend in the field experiment for all sources except ammonium phosphate-sulphate.The utilization coefficients of the nitrogen fertilizer sources suggest that ammonium and urea were better utilized than nitrates, that the higher nitrogen utilization reflected higher yields and that phosphorus fertilizer exerted a beneficial effect on nitrogen fertilizer utilization. Finally they suggest that the addition of 120 kg N/ha enhanced the amount of soil nitrogen taken up in the maize grain by 53%.
Lodging studies inLolium perennegrown for seed: 3. Chemical control of lodging
Authors: Wright D. , Hebblethwaith P. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree field experiments at the University of Nottingham, in 1976, 1977 and 1978, examined whether a growth retardant chemical, ancymidol, could be used to restrict stem extension, delay the onset of lodging and thereby increase the seed yield of S. 24 perennial ryegrass. Applications of ancymidol increased seed yield by up to 60% by increasing number of seeds per unit area, although this was associated with a delay in the onset of lodging in 1977 and 1978 only. Application of ancymidol increased the percentage of the total above-ground crop dry matter harvested as seed, but it was not possible to relate this to the growth of the crop between anthesis and harvest.
The effects of aldicarb, triazophos and benomyl plus zineb on the incidence of pests and pathogens and on the yields and nitrogen uptakes of leafless peas (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: McEwen J. , Cockbain A. J. , Fletcher K. E. , Salt G. A. , Wall C. , Whitehead A. G. , Yeoman D. P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments testing the effects on leafless peas of aldicarb, triazophos and a mixture of benomyl with zineb, were made on clay-with-flints soil at Rothamsted and on sandy loam at Woburn in 1977 and 1978.The crop was shown to be susceptible to a wide range of pests and pathogens including the pea and bean weevil Sitona lineatus, the migratory nematode genera Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus and Tylenchus, the pea moth Cydia nigricana, the aphids Acyrihosiphon pisum and Macrosiphum euphorbiae, the bean leaf roll and pea enation mosaic viruses and the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe polygoni.The mean yield of the four experiments when none of the treatments was applied was 3·6 t grain/ha, increased to 4·3 t/ha when all were applied. Aldicarb had the largest effect and increased mean yield at Rothamsted by 0·3 t/ha, attributed mainly to control of S. lineatus, and by 0·8 t/ha at Woburn attributed to control of S. lineatus and perhaps also to migratory nematodes, particularly Tylenchorhynchus. Triazophos and benomyl plus zineb did not individually increase yield but at Woburn when both aldicarb and triazophos were applied benomyl plus zineb increased mean yield by 0·7 t/ha.All crops lodged severely, irrespective of treatment but perhaps because of experimental conditions. We suggest that susceptibility to lodging under field-scale conditions requires further study.
The effect of body-weight changes during pregnancy and lactation on the performance of three breeds of sheep
Authors: Mavrogenis A. P. , Hancock J. , Louca A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree husbandry systems were used to promote differential live-weight gains in 603 Cyprus Fat-tailed, Chios and Awassi ewes. Ewes on the high level of feeding had heavier litters than those on the medium and low levels. Litter size was not affected by level of feeding during pregnancy. Milk production was highest (P < 0·01) for ewes on the high level. The milk production of Chios and Awassi ewes was similar on the high and low feeding levels, but Awassi ewes outyielded both other breeds on the medium level. Chios ewes had larger and heavier litters (P < 0·01) than both other breeds. The correlations between live weights during lactation and milk yield were low and negative indicating a tendency for body loss at high yields.
Patterns of yield production in two semi-dwarf and two conventional height European spring wheats
Authors: Angus W. J. , Sage G. C. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo semi-dwarf and two conventional height European spring wheat varieties were grown at different sowing dates and sowing rates in two dry years. Yield component analysis showed the varieties to fall into three groups. The conventional height varieties were dependent for grain yield on either a high number of ears or a large number of spikelets per ear whereas the semi-dwarfs were dependent on high spikelet fertility.The semi-dwarfs were consistently higher yielding over a range of environmental conditions than the conventional height varieties. Maintenance of high yield was associated with high spikelet fertility and 1000-grain weight, characters determined late in development. It is suggested that the change to the semi-dwarf plant type has resulted in high yields with greater consistency over a range of environmental conditions particularly when dry.
Methods of milk production: some results of a survey in four areas of England and wales
Authors: Leech F. B. , Egdell J. W. , Heskin P. , Thomas S. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Methods, buildings and equipment used for milk production in Caernarvonshire, Hertfordshire, Pembrokeshire and Wiltshire have been ascertained by a random sample survey carried out in 1948–9.2. The results showed marked differences between counties in practically every respect which are summarized in thirty-two tables.3. The value of this survey and some points in its planning and execution are critically discussed.
Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics I. Seasonal variation in the chemical composition of the grassesBothriochloa insculpta, Chloris gayanaandBrachiaria dictyoneura, under rotational light grazing, with a note on the persistence of the grasses
Authors: Todd J. R. 
Published: March 2009

Seasonal variations in the contents of organic and inorganic constituents of three East African grasses,Bothriochloa insculpta, Chloris gayanaandBrachiaria dictyoneuraare reported.Protein content is closely associated with rainfall and the stage of growth of the grasses. Protein content of from 15 to 20% is maintained for a short time only, at the beginning of the rainy season. During the dry season the values fall to 4–5%.Even in the vegetative phase the fibre contents are relatively high, 23% being the lowest figure recorded.A common feature of the grasses is a high content of silica, which may amount to more than 10% of the dry matter.The phosphorus content of the grasses is low, ranging from 0·65% P2O5in young grass during the rainy season to 0·13% during the dry season.
The effect of floor type and the choline content of the diet upon the incidence of perosis in chickens
Authors: Cumming R. B. , Tribe D. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. A series of experiments, involving the use of three hundred and forty Rhode Island Red x Light Sussex day-old cockerels, was carried out to determine (a) the influence of floor type on the incidence of perosis, and (b) a method of lowering the high incidence of perosis which may occur when chicks are fed the experimental diet no. 124 originally described by Damet al.(1951).2. It was found that the incidence of perosis was about 60% higher in groups of chicks raised on wiremesh floors than in groups of chicks similarly raised on wooden floors.3. Neither the area of the floor space nor the level of manganese in the diet influenced the incidence of perosis.4. When the calculated choline content of the diet was 500 mg./kg. the incidence of perosis was 60% but when it was raised to above 800 mg./kg. the incidence fell to about 15%. This could not be reduced further by further increasing the choline content.5. Since the rate of body-weight gain increased as the choline content of the diet was raised to 1400 mg./kg. it is suggested that diet no. 124 may be improved from both the points of view of perosis prevention and of growth rate if the choline content is raised to 1500 mg./kg. of diet.
Investigations into the chemical composition and nutritive value of certain forage plants at medium altitudes in the tropics III. The digestibility and nutritive value of grass and legume hays and ‘standing hays’
Authors: Todd J. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. The results are presented of two series of digestibility trials. The first series consists of six grass hays, cut at different stages of growth, and two legume hays cut at the flowering stage. The second series consists of trials using seven species of grasses at the ‘standing hay’ stage.2. Good-quality grass hays are obtained from grasses at the flowering stage. More mature grasses yield poor- or very poor-quality hays of low-protein content.3. The legume hays were of good quality, being particularly high in digestible protein.4. The grasses at the ‘standing hay’ stage are generally of poor feeding value, Brachiaria brizantha, a drought-resistant species, being the best of the seven studied.5. From these results a tentative conclusion is drawn that, during the dry season, the extensive grazing areas of East Africa are capable of providing, at the most, for the maintenance requirements of ruminants.
Modelling the field drying of hay
Authors: Thompson N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe loss of moisture from swaths drying in the field has been investigated using bulk and multi-layer micrometeorological models of an idealized swath. The models produced almost identical results for the variations with time of the swaths' mean moisture contents but the multi-layer version showed in addition the results to be expected from tedding, and the effects of transpiring stubble and evaporation from an underlying moist soil surface on swath drying. The models reproduced in broad detail changes of swath moisture, including rain and dew intercepted by the swath, which had been observed in experiments on grass wilting. However, there appeared to be under-estimation of the rate at which the swath tissue absorbed moisture when the swath contained surface water. The bulk model reduces to a very simple formula when used with typical swath resistances, revealing the importance of both sunshine and vapour pressure deficit in promoting drying, and demonstrating the adverse effect of wind; the model lends itself to the routine classification from daily climatological data of days suitable for hay drying.
Photolysis and degradation of Thanite in cotton plants and artificial rumen
Authors: El-Sebae A. H. , Aal M. Abd El , Marei A. S. M. , Tantawy G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThin-layer chromatography and infra-red spectrosoopy were used to identify the components of technical Thanite. A method is developed for qualitative and quantitative determination using a gas liquid chromatograph (GLC) equipped with a flame ionization detector. Two major peaks, having retention times 1 and 5 min, were obtained. This was achieved using a glass column (15 × 0·3 cm), packed with diethylene glycol (1·5%) on chromosorb W, 60–80 mesh, at temperature range 70–170 °C. The results obtained by GLC showed that 33·7–55·8%, and 36·6–68·3% of the initial deposit of Thanite on cotton leaves degraded within 12 h from exposure to sunlight and ultraviolet irradiation respectively. One fifth of the initial deposit of Thanite on cotton leaves was lost after 24 h from spraying, then 70 % of the compound was dissipated after 3 days. Incubation of Thanite with rumen liquor at 39 °C for 24 h under anaerobic conditions resulted in degradation of 45–74% of the initial concentration.
The effects of light illuminance and wavelength on the growth of broiler chickens
Authors: Wathes C. M. , Spechter H. H. , Bray T. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of light illuminance and wavelength on the growth of male and female broiler chickens from day-old to 8 weeks of age were studied.Different coloured lights, at equal illuminance and peak wavelengths of 425, 525 and 610 nm and a broad-spectrum white light of median wavelength 560 nm had no significant effect on the growth rate or cumulative food intake of birds of either sex.The performance of male broilers was unaffected by light of different illuminances, equal to 0·7, 3·0, 15·0 and 46·5 lux. The weight gain of female broilers, adjusted for food intake, was progressively depressed at illuminances above 3 lux.There is probably no commercial advantage in using broad-spectrum white light at intensities above 3 lux.
Growth patterns in sheep: wool growth during weight loss and subsequent compensatory growth
Authors: Butler-Hogg B. W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryWool growth rates (WGR) of individual sheep were measured by a patch-sampling technique, during periods of developmental growth, body-weight loss (which ranged from 21 to 34% of original body weight, at rates between 60 and 150g/day) and subsequent compensatory growth under ad libitum feeding.There was a ‘lag phase’ of about 30 days before WGR appeared to be affected by changes in direction of the animals' growth paths.During body-weight loss WGR declined about 300% more than the percentage change in body weight, with the duration of nutritional stress exerting a greater influence than the rate of body-weight loss.During compensatory growth in body weight, the relationship between WGR and rate of body-weight change was initially negative. Sheep required between 11 and 14 weeks to reach the WGR of 21 g/day found during developmental growth. Compensatory growth of wool did not occur.Duration of the nutritional stress, rather than its severity (as indicated by rate of body-weight loss), was the more important determinant of the time taken for the sheep to regain normal levels of wool growth after the commencement of ad libitum feeding.
The analysis of data from germination tests
Authors: Hunter E. A. , Glasbey C. A. , Naylor R. E. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe development of statistically sound methods of summarizing the results from germination tests appears to have been neglected. This paper reviews the literature critically, proposes the use of maximum likelihood techniques to summarize such data and develops an appropriate routine, available as a computer program ‘DISTGERM’.
The effect of different proportions of protein and antibiotic in the diet on reproductive performance of indigenous pigs in Nigeria
Authors: Ilori J. O. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryOne hundred and twelve indigenous gilts and sows were used in two trials to study the effects of strepcillin (a mixture of streptomycin and penicillin) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/t feed in a basal 15% protein diet and strepcillin at 0, 25, and 50g/t feed in rations containing 12, 15 and 18% protein, on the reproductive performance of pigs.Reproductive performance in terms of sow net gain in weight through the reproductive cycle, average birth weight of live pigs per litter and number of pigs weaned per litter were significantly affected by antibiotic levels. The dietary level of 50 g antibiotic/t feed gave the highest reproductive performance though at higher levels no adverse effects on reproductive performance were obtained.Reproductive performance of pigs was significantly influenced by protein and antibiotic levels. A significant interaction between antibiotic and protein levels was obtained for weight loss in sows at parturition and lactation, net gain in weight through the reproductive cycle, total and live pigs farrowed per litter.
The effect of plane of nutrition on the body composition of two breeds of wearier sheep fed a high protein diet
Authors: Searle T. W. , Graham N. McC. , Donnelly J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCorriedale and Dorset Horn castrate male (wether) lambs reared at pasture were weaned at 19 kg live weight (LW), brought indoors and fed a high protein diet such that half of each group grew at ca. 200 g/day and the other half at ca. 100 g/day. Animals were slaughtered at 25 and 30 kg LW and chemical composition (protein, fat, energy, water and ash) of the body determined. The relationship between each body component and shorn empty-body weight was examined by regression analysis.Within levels of feeding the results were similar in the two breeds. When comparisons were made between feeding levels, the slower-growing animals contained more fat, energy and ash than the faster-growing group, less water, but similar amounts of protein at any given empty-body weight.
Intake and digestion of formaldehyde-treated red clover silages offered to calves either alone or with a urea supplement
Authors: Kaiser A. G. , Osbourn D. F. , England P. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a 3 × 3 latin-square design experiment, 12 British Friesian steer calves with rumen cannulae were offered three red clover silages to appetite, either alone or with a urea supplement of 18.9 g/kg total dietary dry matter (D.M.). The silages were prepared from a second cut of red clover using additives of 2·11 formic acid/t fresh crop together with formaldehyde at 0, 31 or 123 g/kg crude protein (CP) in the crop.The control silage was well preserved, as indicated by a low content of volatile fatty acids and ammonia N. Formaldehyde treatment generally restricted silage fermentation, although there was an increase in the content of butyric acid at the intermediate level of application, and an increase in 2, 3-butanediol content at the high level of application. A decline in ammonia-N content and an increase in insoluble-N content, with increasing level of formaldehyde application, indicated that formaldehyde had been effective in reducing protein degradation in the silages.Formaldehyde treatment depressed intake, the apparent digestibility of D.M., organic matter (OM), N, cellulose and energy, and N retention, the effect being particularly evident at the high level of application. Behavioural observations showed an increase in eating time on the formaldehyde-treated silages. Urea supplementation increased intake of the formaldehyde-treated silages, but did not influence intake of the control silage, and increased N retention on all silage diets. Apart from an improvement in apparent N digestibility, urea supplementation did not influence the digestibility of other dietary components.Within the rumen, formaldehyde treatment reduced ammonia-N concentration and the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate, and increased the molar proportion of acetate. The rate of D.M. and cellulose disappearance from treatment silages suspended in the rumen in nylon bags was reduced by formaldehyde treatment, the effect being most evident at the high level of formaldehyde application. A similar effect on rate of D.M. disappearance was observed when the control silage was placed in nylon bags, indicating that the adverse effect of formaldehyde was probably due to an effect on the rumen environment. Urea supplementation increased rumen ammonia-N concentrations, although this effect was not as great on the high formaldehyde silage, and increased the rate of D.M. and cellulose disappearance from silage in nylon bags.It appears that the lower intake and the poorer utilization of dietary N on the high formaldehyde silage may have been due to a reduction in the rate of digestion within the rumen. While there was some response to urea supplementation, it could not restore the apparent rate of digestion in the rumen to levels observed on the control diet. Hence, factors other than the supply of rumen-degradable N in the diet must have been responsible for the depression of digestion within the rumen.
Utilization of proteins from milk and raw or acid-treated Toprina yeast by newly born ruminant lambs and growing rats
Authors: Soliman H. S. , Ørskov E. R. , Davies N. T. , McDonald I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour experiments were carried out to study the possibility of replacing milk proteins for lambs with Toprina yeast (G) grown on hydrocarbons. In Expt 1 the effect of replacing all the milk protein with Toprina was studied in the presence of milk fat or a mixture of lard and coconut fat. In Expt 2 the maximum level of Toprina yeast that could be used was studied. In Expt 3 the effect of treatment of the yeast with acid on the digestion of Toprina proteins in the small intestine of pre-ruminant lambs (fitted with re-entrant cannulae in the terminal ileum) was examined. In Expt 4 the effect of the supplementation of acid-treated yeasts with tryptophane and methionine was studied using growing rats.The results of Expt 1 showed that lambs given milk diets grew faster (145 v. 80g/day) and converted feed more efficiently than those given Toprina yeast. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen of skim milk was higher (93%) than that of Toprina yeast (84%). The poorest results were obtained from lambs given lard and coconut as the source of fat and Toprina yeast as the source of protein. In Expt 2 it was found that progressively replacing the casein protein by yeast protein (0, 33, 67 and 100%) resulted in a linear reduction in daily live-weight gain, feed conversion and nutrient digestibility, but at 33% replacement of milk protein any effect on lamb performance appeared to be small. In Expt 3 the flow rates of dry matter, nitrogen and its fractions (soluble and insoluble in water) and fats were highest with the raw yeast, intermediate with acid-treated yeasts and lowest with skim milk. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen up to the ileal cannula was 67, 77 and 88% for raw yeast, acid-treated yeast and skim milk respectively.In Expt 4, raw yeast supplemented with methionine was found to be as good a protein source as casein for growing rats. The supplementation of acid-treated yeasts with tryptophane did not improve rat performance, but supplementation with methionine increased growth rate and improved efficiency of feed and protein utilization. Acid hydrolysis of yeast also improved its nutritive value, but the full improvement was only obtained when the diet was supplemented with methionine.It is concluded that yeast protein can provide only about one third of the protein in milk replacers for lambs; prehydrolysis of the yeast may help to increase this proportion without reduction in animal performance.