bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Expression and Cell Size Independently Predict Survival in Canine B‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Rao S. , Lana S. , Eickhoff J. , Marcus E. , Avery P.R. , Morley P.S. , Avery A.C. 
Published: July 2011

Background:Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an independent predictor of outcome in human B‐cell lymphoma. We assessed class II expression together with other markers for their impact on prognosis in canine B‐cell lymphoma.Hypothesis:Low class II MHC expression, large cell size, and expression of CD34 will predict a poorer outcome in canine B‐cell lymphoma. Expression of CD5 and CD21 on tumor cells also may be associated with outcome.Animals:One hundred and sixty dogs with cytologically confirmed lymphoma.Methods:Patient signalment, treatment type, and flow cytometry characteristics were analyzed for their influence on outcome. A multivariable predictive model of survival was generated using 2/3 of the patients and validated on the remaining 1/3 of the dataset.Results:Class II MHC expression had a negative association with mortality and relapse. Treatment type also influenced relapse and mortality, whereas cell size and patient age was only associated with mortality. CD34, CD21, and CD5 expression was not associated with disease outcome. The constructed model performed variably in predicting the validation group's outcome at the 6‐month time point.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Low levels of class II MHC expression on B‐cell lymphoma predict a poor outcome, as in human B‐cell lymphoma. This finding has implications for the use of dogs to model human lymphomas. Class II expression, cell size, treatment, and age can be combined to predict mortality with a high level of specificity.
Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Nitrate againstMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Neonatal Calves
Authors: Fecteau M.‐E. , Whitlock R.H. , Fyock T.L. , McAdams S.C. , Boston R.C. , Sweeney R.W. 
Published: July 2011

Background:Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(MAP), the agent of Johne's disease in cattle, is a facultative intracellular bacterium that is dependent on ferric iron for its survival and replication. Gallium (Ga), a trivalent semimetal that shares many similarities with ferric iron and functions as an iron mimic has been shown to have in vitro antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms, including MAP.Objectives:(1) To investigate the antimicrobial activity of Ga in calves experimentally infected with MAP; and (2) to monitor for potential adverse effects of Ga on calf health.Animals:Twelve Holstein calves.Methods:Randomized blind controlled experiment. Beginning at 10 days of age (study day 1), the experimental calves (n = 6) were treated with 20 mg/kg gallium nitrate daily for 45 days. On study days 4 and 5, all calves were challenged with a PO dose of a live field strain MAP. Treated calves were monitored daily for adverse effects. Calves were euthanized on study day 100, and 29 tissue samples and 1 fecal sample were collected from each calf. Samples were cultured for MAP by MGIT liquid culture system, Herrold's Egg Yolk Medium culture, or both.Results:No adverse effects were observed in the treated calves. Treatment was associated with a significant reduction in MAP tissue burden when compared with control calves (P= .017).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Chemoprophylactic treatment of calves with Ga before and during the period of high susceptibility decreased MAP tissue colonization in experimentally infected neonatal calves.
Structural and Textural Modifications of Ternary Phosphate Glasses by Thermal Treatment
Authors: Samickannian Aravindan , Venkatachalam Rajendran , Nallaiyan Rajendran , Abubakkar Nishara Begum 
Published: July 2011

Phosphate‐based glasses of composition xNa2O−(45+(10−x))CaO−45P2O5 with different Na2O, CaO (x = 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol%), and invariable P2O5 (45 mol%) contents were prepared using the rapid melt quench technique. The obtained thermal data from differential thermal analysis revealed a decline in glass transition (Tg) and crystallization (Tc) temperatures of glasses against the compositional changes. The inclusion of Na2O at the cost of CaO in the glass network led to a reduction in its thermal stability. The thermal treatment carried out on glasses helped to derive their glass‐ceramic counterparts. The amorphous and crystalline features of samples were characterized using X‐ray diffraction patterns. The crystalline species that emerged out of the calcium phosphate phases confirmed the dominance of Q1 and Q2 structural distributions in the investigated glass‐ceramics. The obtained scanning electron micrographs and atomic force microscopic images confirmed the surface crystallization and textural modification of the samples after thermal treatment. The N2‐adsorption–desorption studies explored the reduction of porous structures due to thermal treatment on the melt‐driven glass surface. The measured elastic moduli and Vicker's hardness values of the glasses showed an increase after thermal treatment, which were reduced against the inclusion of alkali content in both glass and glass‐ceramics.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings of bone marrow lesions in the equine distal tarsus
Authors: Biggi M. , Zani D. D. , De Zani D. , Di Giancamillo M. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThree horses with sudden onset severe lameness were admitted for further diagnostic investigation. All horses had variable changes on radiographs in the distal tarsal region. Because of the sudden onset and severe degree of lameness, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination was performed. All horses showed areas of increased signal intensity in short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images involving the central and/or third tarsal bones. These lesions involved both the subchondral bone and bone marrow and are currently defined as bone marrow lesions (BML). Two horses were treated with shockwave therapy, one received intra‐articular medication. Two of the horses returned to previous athletic level and one is still in rehabilitation.
Chronic laminitis in a 10‐month‐old Arabian filly
Authors: Schvartz G. , Kelmer G. , Berlin D. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThe case report presented here describes in detail the treatment and clinical progression of a case of severe chronic laminitis in a 10‐month‐old Arabian filly. Starting from the acute onset of clinical signs through the severe, debilitating progression of the disease, the report describes the medical, surgical and farriery treatment over a period of 8 months. The combination of deep digital flexor tendon tenotomy, hoof wall resection, corrective trimming and shoeing was successful in halting progression of the disease. The successful treatment resulted in new healthy hoof wall growth, re‐establishment of normal third phalanx‐hoof wall alignment and reversal of the degenerative modelling changes that occurred in the third phalanx. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing treatment of severe chronic laminitis in such a young filly.
The effect of sedation on D(+)‐xylose absorption tests in 6 normal horses
Authors: FINTL C. , IHLER C. F. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:D(+)‐xylose absorption tests are commonly performed when investigating suspected small intestinal malabsorption in the horse. The test involves the administration of a D(+)‐xylose solution via a nasogastric tube followed by serial blood sampling to determine its rate of absorption. In some horses, nasogastric intubation cannot be safely performed without prior administration of a sedative. Due to its short duration of action, the α2agonist xylazine is commonly used for this purpose. However, α2agonists have also been reported to influence the rate of gastric emptying as well as small intestinal motility patterns.Objective:To evaluate if prior sedation with xylazine would influence the rate of absorption of D(+)‐xylose in 6 normal Standardbred horses in a randomised cross‐over study.Methods:D(+)‐xylose was administered by nasogastric intubation at a dose rate of 0.5 g/kg bwt given as a 10% solution with water while xylazine was administered iv at a dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg bwt. A heparinised blood sample was collected prior to administration of D(+)‐xylose (and xylazine when used) and then at 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180 and 240 min following administration. Samples were immediately analysed using a modified colorimetric micro method. The cumulative amount of D(+)‐xylose absorbed at each time point with and without prior sedation were. The significance rate was set at P<0.05.Results:The study failed to demonstrate a statistically significant difference in the amount of D(+)‐xylose absorbed between sedated and unsedated animals, although there was a tendency for a less rapid initial uptake with prior sedation.Conclusion:This study suggests that prior sedation with xylazine will not significantly affect the result of a D(+)‐xylose absorption test in the normal horse.
Comparison of primary closure of incisional hernias in horses with and without the use of prosthetic mesh support
Authors: WHITFIELD‐CARGILE C. M. , RAKESTRAW P. C. , HARDY J. , COHEN N. D. , DAVIS B. E. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Repair of incisional hernias in horses has been described previously; however, this report describes the outcome of primary closure of incisional hernias in a large number of horses and compares these results with those of mesh implantation.Objective: To report the perioperative care, complications and long‐term outcome of primary closure of incisional hernias in horses and to compare these results with a second population of horses in which prosthetic mesh was used.Methods: Medical records of horses undergoing an incisional herniorrhaphy between 1998 and 2009 were reviewed. Information obtained included case details, factors from the initial surgery that contributed to the hernia formation, method of hernia repair and outcome. Comparisons between horses with and without mesh were made using logistic regression.Results: Thirty‐eight horses with primary closure and 9 horses with mesh implantation met inclusion criteria. Long‐term follow‐up for cases in which a mesh was not used was available for 25 cases; of these, 21 horses (84%) had a normal cosmetic appearance and 4 (16%) had a visible defect. There was no significant difference between the 2 repair methods in terms of age, sex, breed, weight, size of the hernia, number of defects, timing of the repair or cosmetic outcome. Horses in which a mesh was used had significantly longer duration of surgery and hospitalisation, and were significantly more likely to develop post operative complications while having a longer duration of convalescence prior to return to use.Conclusions: Primary apposition of incisional hernias in horses without the use of mesh support appears to result in a good cosmetic outcome while avoiding the complications associated with mesh implantation in this population of horses.Potential relevance: Surgical time, duration of hospitalisation, and post operative complications may be reduced by using this technique of primary repair and avoiding mesh implantation.
In vitro validation of the lactose 13C‐ureide breath test for equine orocaecal transit time measurement
Authors: SUTTON D. G. M. , PRESTON T. , LOVE S. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Validation of a reliable, noninvasive clinical test for quantification of equine orocaecal transit time (OCTT) is required. This would facilitate an evidence‐based approach to investigation and treatment of equine small intestinal disorders.Objectives: 1) Comparison of the lactose 13C‐ureide breath test (LUBT) with the hydrogen breath test (H2BT) for OCTT measurement. 2) Identification of the characteristics of gastrointestinal microbial glycosylureide hydrolase activity in vitro. 3) Production of an optimised protocol for the LUBT for in vivo measurement of equine OCTT.Hypothesis: Significant lactose 13C‐ureide (13C‐LU) hydrolase activity is restricted to the large bowel. The rate of expiratory 13CO2 production after ingestion of the isotope will provide an indirect quantifiable measure of orocaecal transit rate. Requisite bacterial activity may be enhanced by a primer dose of unlabelled substrate as shown in Man.Methods: Combined LUBT and H2BT were performed in 8 healthy individuals. Analysis of sequential end expiratory breath samples was used to calculate OCTT and results compared. Digestion of 13C‐LU was investigated in vitro using fresh faecal material or intestinal aliquots collected post mortem. Isotopic fermentation rate was measured by rate of appearance of 13CO2.Results: Peaks in expiratory 13CO2 occurred in all individuals after ingestion of the labelled test meal, whereas H2 expiration was variable. Both faecal and intestinal microbial digestion of 13C‐LU were maximised by prior exposure to 12C‐LU. Induced bacterial glucoseureide hydrolase activity was significantly greater in the caecum than in the small intestine (n = 10, P<0.05).Conclusions: Significant 13C‐LU digestion is restricted to the equine large intestine under normal conditions, and is enhanced by prior exposure to 12C‐LU, making 13C‐LU a suitable noninvasive marker of equine OCTT. The LUBT is more reliable than the H2BT for measurement of equine OCTT.
Reporting natural health product related adverse drug reactions: is it the pharmacist's responsibility?
Authors: Walji Rishma , Boon Heather , Barnes Joanne , Welsh Sandy , Austin Zubin , Baker G Ross 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectivesHerbal medicines and other natural health products (NHPs) are sold in Canadian pharmacies as over-the-counter products, yet there is limited information on their safety and adverse effect profile. Signals of safety concerns associated with medicines can arise through analysis of reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) submitted to national pharmacovigilance centres by health professionals, including pharmacists and the public. However, typically such systems experience substantial under-reporting for NHPs. The objective of this paper is to explore pharmacists' experiences with and responses to receiving or identifying reports of suspected ADRs associated with NHPs from pharmacy customers.MethodsA qualitative study in which in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 community pharmacists in Toronto, Canada.Key findingsPharmacists generally did not submit reports of adverse events associated with NHPs to the national ADR reporting system and cited several barriers, including lack of time, complexity of the reporting process and lack of knowledge about NHPs. Pharmacists who accepted responsibility for adverse event reporting appeared to have different perceptions of their professional role: they saw themselves as ‘knowledge generators’, contributing to overall healthcare knowledge.ConclusionsReporting behaviour for suspected ADRs associated with NHPs may be explained by a pharmacist's perception of his/her professional role and perceptions of the relative importance of generating knowledge to share in the wider system of health care.
Simultaneous Determination of 12 β-Lactam Antibiotics in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with UV Detection: Application to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Verdier Marie-Clémence , Tribut Olivier , Tattevin Pierre , Le Tulzo Yves , Michelet Christian , Bentué-Ferrer Danièle 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
A rapid and specific high-performance liquid chromatography method with UV detection (HPLC-UV) for the simultaneous determination of 12 beta-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cloxacillin, imipenem, meropenem, oxacillin, penicillin G, piperacillin, and ticarcillin) in small samples of human plasma is described. Extraction consisted of protein precipitation by acetonitrile. An Atlantis T3 analytical column with a linear gradient of acetonitrile and a pH 2 phosphoric acid solution was used for separation. Wavelength photodiode array detection was set either at 210 nm, 230 nm, or 298 nm according to the compound. This method is accurate and reproducible (coefficient of variation [CV] < 8%), allowing quantification of beta-lactam plasma levels from 5 to 250 μg/ml without interference with other common drugs. This technique is easy to use in routine therapeutic drug monitoring of beta-lactam antibiotics.
PEGylated Liposome Encapsulation Increases the Lung Tissue Concentration of Vancomycin
Authors: Muppidi Krishna , Wang Jeffrey , Betageri Guru , Pumerantz Andrew S. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) often cannot be cured by vancomycin treatment. Poor lung tissue and intracellular penetration limits the ability to achieve effective bactericidal levels, particularly in alveolar macrophages, where MRSA can evade phagocytic killing. Compared to standard formulations, liposome encapsulation has been shown to enhance vancomycin intracellular killing of MRSA. In this murine pharmacokinetic and biodistribution study, PEGylated liposomal vancomycin, compared to standard and non-PEGylated formulations, significantly prolonged blood circulation time and increased deposition in lung, liver, and spleen and yet reduced accumulation in kidney tissue. As a result of optimizing antimicrobial targeting of infected lung tissue and limiting renal parenchymal exposure, administration of PEGylated liposomal vancomycin may improve the efficacy of treatment of MRSA pneumonia and reduce the risk of nephrotoxicity.
Interferon Regulatory Transcription Factor 3 Protects Mice from Uterine Horn Pathology during Chlamydia muridarum Genital Infection
Authors: Prantner Daniel , Sikes James D. , Hennings Leah , Savenka Alena V. , Basnakian Alexei G. , Nagarajan Uma M. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Mice with the type I interferon (IFN) receptor gene knocked out (IFNAR KO mice) or deficient for alpha/beta IFN (IFN-α/β) signaling clear chlamydial infection earlier than control mice and develop less oviduct pathology. Initiation of host IFN-β transcription during an
in vitro
chlamydial infection requires interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3). The goal of the present study was to characterize the influence of IRF3 on chlamydial genital infection and its relationship to IFN-β expression in the mouse model. IRF3 KO mice were able to resolve infection as well as control mice, overcoming increased chlamydial colonization and tissue burden early during infection. As previously observed for IFNAR KO mice, IRF3 KO mice generated a potent antigen-specific T cell response. However, in contrast to IFNAR KO mice, IRF3 KO mice exhibited unusually severe dilatation and pathology in the uterine horns but normal oviduct pathology after infection. Although IFN-β expression
in vivo
was dependent on the presence of IRF3 early in infection (before day 4), the IFN-independent function of IRF3 was likely driving this phenotype. Specifically, early during infection, the number of apoptotic cells and the number of inflammatory cells were significantly less in uterine horns from IRF3 KO mice than in those from control mice, despite an increased chlamydial burden. To delineate the effects of IFN-β versus IRF3, neutralizing IFN-β antibody was administered to wild-type (WT) mice during chlamydial infection. IFN-β depletion in WT mice mimicked that in IFNΑR KO mice but not that in IRF3 KO mice with respect to both chlamydial clearance and reduced oviduct pathology. These data suggest that IRF3 has a role in protection from uterine horn pathology that is independent of its function in IFN-β expression.
Mutagenic Analysis of the Clostridium difficile Flagellar Proteins, FliC and FliD, and Their Contribution to Virulence in Hamsters
Authors: Dingle Tanis C. , Mulvey George L. , Armstrong Glen D. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Although toxins A and B are known to be important contributors to the acute phase of
Clostridium difficile
infection, the role of colonization and adherence to host tissues in the overall pathogenesis of these organisms remains unclear. Consequently, we used the recently introduced intron-based ClosTron gene interruption system to eliminate the expression of two reported
C. difficile
colonization factors, the major flagellar structural subunit (FliC) and the flagellar cap protein (FliD), to gain greater insight into how flagella and motility contribute to
C. difficile
's pathogenic strategy. The results demonstrate that interrupting either the
fliC
or the
fliD
gene results in a complete loss of flagella, as well as motility, in
C. difficile
. However, both the
fliC
and
fliD
mutant strains adhered better than the wild-type 630Δerm strain to human intestine-derived Caco-2 cells, suggesting that flagella and motility do not contribute to, or may even interfere with,
C. difficile
adherence to epithelial cell surfaces
in vitro
. Moreover, we found that the mutant strains were more virulent in hamsters, indicating either that flagella are unnecessary for virulence or that repression of motility may be a pathogenic strategy employed by
C. difficile
in hamsters.
Influence of stocking on radial and longitudinal variation in modulus of elasticity, microfibril angle, and density in a 24-year-old Pinus radiata thinning trial
Authors: Watt Michael S. , Zoric Branislav , Kimberley Mark O. , Harrington Jonathan 
Published: July 2011

Detailed radial measurements of wood properties at four heights (0, 1.4, 5, and 20 m) were taken from 24-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don growing at four final crop stockings (200, 350, 500, and 1100 stems·ha–1). Using these measurements, the objectives of the study were to examine pith-to-bark trends at several heights to (i) determine how stocking influenced modulus of elasticity (MoE), wood density, and microfibril angle (MFA), (ii) quantify the relations among these properties and age at different stocking levels, and (iii) develop a graphical model for MoE across the stocking range. The influence of stocking on all wood properties was primarily expressed through a highly significant interaction between age and stocking. Wood properties in the highest stocking treatment diverged from those in the lowest stocking treatment at tree age 5 to reach a maximum difference of 92 kg·m–3 (488 vs. 580 kg·m–3) at tree age 18 for density, –5.7° (29.2° vs. 23.5°) at tree age 10 for MFA, and 5.1 GPa (12.1 vs. 17.2 GPa) at tree age 20 years for MoE. Graphical predictions from the model show greatest gains in MoE at high final crop stocking to occur over the lower part of the stem.