bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco point-of-sale advertising in Guatemala City, Guatemala and Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Barnoya Joaquin , Mejia Raul , Szeinman Debora , Kummerfeldt Carlos E 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesTo determine tobacco point of sale advertising prevalence in Guatemala City, Guatemala and Buenos Aires, Argentina.MethodsConvenience stores (120 per city) were chosen from randomly selected blocks in low, middle and high socioeconomic neighbourhoods. To assess tobacco point of sale advertising we used a checklist developed in Canada that was translated into Spanish and validated in both countries studied. Analysis was conducted by neighbourhood and store type.ResultsAll stores sold cigarettes and most had tobacco products in close proximity to confectionery. In Guatemala, 60% of stores had cigarette ads. High and middle socioeconomic status neighbourhood stores had more indoor cigarette ads, but these differences were determined by store type: gas stations and supermarkets were more prevalent in high socioeconomic status neighbourhoods and had more indoor cigarette ads. In poorer areas, however, more ads could be seen from outside the stores, more stores were located within 100 metres of schools and fewer stores had ‘No smoking’ or ‘No sales to minors’ signs. In Argentina, 80% of stores had cigarette ads and few differences were observed by neighbourhood socioeconomic status. Compared to Guatemala, ‘No sales to minors’ signs were more prevalent in Argentina.ConclusionsTobacco point of sale advertising is highly prevalent in these two cities of Guatemala and Argentina. An advertising ban should also include this type of advertising.
Breadcrumbs
Authors: Bond Michael D. , Baker Graham Z. , Guyer Samuel Z. 
Published: June 2010

Calling context--the set of active methods on the stack--is critical for understanding the dynamic behavior of large programs. Dynamic program analysis tools, however, are almost exclusively context insensitive because of the prohibitive cost of representing calling contexts at run time. Deployable dynamic analyses, in particular, have been limited to reporting only static program locations.
This paper presents Breadcrumbs, an efficient technique for recording and reporting dynamic calling contexts. It builds on an existing technique for computing a compact (one word) encoding of each calling context that client analyses can use in place of a program location. The key feature of our system is a search algorithm that can reconstruct a calling context from its encoding using only a static call graph and a small amount of dynamic information collected at cold (infrequently executed) callsites. Breadcrumbs requires no offline training or program modifications, and handles all language features, including dynamic class loading.
We use Breadcrumbs to add context sensitivity to two dynamic analyses: a data-race detector and an analysis for diagnosing null pointer exceptions. On average, it adds 10% to 20% runtime overhead, depending on a tunable parameter that controls how much dynamic information is collected. Collecting less information lowers the overhead, but can result in a search space explosion. In some cases this causes reconstruction to fail, but in most cases Breadcrumbs >produces non-trivial calling contexts that have the potential to significantly improve both the precision of the analyses and the quality of the bug reports.
A GPGPU compiler for memory optimization and parallelism management
Authors: Yang Yi , Xiang Ping , Kong Jingfei , Zhou Huiyang 
Published: June 2010

This paper presents a novel optimizing compiler for general purpose computation on graphics processing units (GPGPU). It addresses two major challenges of developing high performance GPGPU programs: effective utilization of GPU memory hierarchy and judicious management of parallelism.
The input to our compiler is a naïve GPU kernel function, which is functionally correct but without any consideration for performance optimization. The compiler analyzes the code, identifies its memory access patterns, and generates both the optimized kernel and the kernel invocation parameters. Our optimization process includes vectorization and memory coalescing for memory bandwidth enhancement, tiling and unrolling for data reuse and parallelism management, and thread block remapping or address-offset insertion for partition-camping elimination. The experiments on a set of scientific and media processing algorithms show that our optimized code achieves very high performance, either superior or very close to the highly fine-tuned library, NVIDIA CUBLAS 2.2, and up to 128 times speedups over the naive versions. Another distinguishing feature of our compiler is the understandability of the optimized code, which is useful for performance analysis and algorithm refinement.
Parameterized verification of transactional memories
Authors: Emmi Michael , Majumdar Rupak , Manevich Roman 
Published: June 2010

We describe an automatic verification method to check whether transactional memories ensure strict serializability a key property assumed of the transactional interface. Our main contribution is a technique for effectively verifying parameterized systems. The technique merges ideas from parameterized hardware and protocol verification--verification by invisible invariants and symmetry reduction--with ideas from software verification--template-based invariant generation and satisfiability checking for quantified formulæ (modulo theories). The combination enables us to precisely model and analyze unbounded systems while taming state explosion.
Our technique enables automated proofs that two-phase locking (TPL), dynamic software transactional memory (DSTM), and transactional locking II (TL2) systems ensure strict serializability. The verification is challenging since the systems are unbounded in several dimensions: the number and length of concurrently executing transactions, and the size of the shared memory they access, have no finite limit. In contrast, state-of-the-art software model checking tools such as BLAST and TVLA are unable to validate either system, due to inherent expressiveness limitations or state explosion.
Green
Authors: Baek Woongki , Chilimbi Trishul M. 
Published: June 2010

Energy-efficient computing is important in several systems ranging from embedded devices to large scale data centers. Several application domains offer the opportunity to tradeoff quality of service/solution (QoS) for improvements in performance and reduction in energy consumption. Programmers sometimes take advantage of such opportunities, albeit in an ad-hoc manner and often without providing any QoS guarantees.
We propose a system called Green that provides a simple and flexible framework that allows programmers to take advantage of such approximation opportunities in a systematic manner while providing statistical QoS guarantees. Green enables programmers to approximate expensive functions and loops and operates in two phases. In the calibration phase, it builds a model of the QoS loss produced by the approximation. This model is used in the operational phase to make approximation decisions based on the QoS constraints specified by the programmer. The operational phase also includes an adaptation function that occasionally monitors the runtime behavior and changes the approximation decisions and QoS model to provide strong statistical QoS guarantees.
To evaluate the effectiveness of Green, we implemented our system and language extensions using the Phoenix compiler framework. Our experiments using benchmarks from domains such as graphics, machine learning, signal processing, and finance, and an in-production, real-world web search engine, indicate that Green can produce significant improvements in performance and energy consumption with small and controlled QoS degradation.
PACER
Authors: Bond Michael D. , Coons Katherine E. , McKinley Kathryn S. 
Published: June 2010

Data races indicate serious concurrency bugs such as order, atomicity, and sequential consistency violations. Races are difficult to find and fix, often manifesting only after deployment. The frequency and unpredictability of these bugs will only increase as software adds parallelism to exploit multicore hardware. Unfortunately, sound and precise race detectors slow programs by factors of eight or more and do not scale to large numbers of threads.This paper presents a precise, low-overheadsampling-baseddata race detector called Pacer. PACER makes aproportionalityguarantee: it detects any race at a rate equal to the sampling rate, by finding races whose first access occurs during a global sampling period. During sampling, PACER tracks all accesses using the dynamically sound and precise FastTrack algorithm. In nonsampling periods, Pacer discards sampled access information that cannot be part of a reported race,andPacer simplifies tracking of the happens-before relationship, yielding near-constant, instead of linear, overheads. Experimental results confirm our theoretical guarantees. PACER reports races in proportion to the sampling rate. Its time and space overheads scale with the sampling rate, and sampling rates of 1-3% yield overheads low enough to consider in production software. The resulting system provides a "get what you pay for" approach that is suitable for identifying real, hard-to-reproduce races in deployed systems.
Bamboo
Authors: Zhou Jin , Demsky Brian 
Published: June 2010

Traditional data-oriented programming languages such as dataflow languages and stream languages provide a natural abstraction for parallel programming. In these languages, a developer focuses on the flow of data through the computation and these systems free the developer from the complexities of low-level, thread-oriented concurrency primitives. This simplification comes at a cost --- traditional data-oriented approaches restrict the mutation of state and, in practice, the types of data structures a program can effectively use. Bamboo borrows from work in typestate and software transactions to relax the traditional restrictions of data-oriented programming models to support mutation of arbitrary data structures.
We have implemented a compiler for Bamboo which generates code for the TILEPro64 many-core processor. We have evaluated this implementation on six benchmarks: Tracking, a feature tracking algorithm from computer vision; KMeans, a K-means clustering algorithm; MonteCarlo, a Monte Carlo simulation; FilterBank, a multi-channel filter bank; Fractal, a Mandelbrot set computation; and Series, a Fourier series computation. We found that our compiler generated implementations that obtained speedups ranging from 26.2x to 61.6x when executed on 62 cores.
UGT2B10 Genotype Influences Nicotine Glucuronidation, Oxidation, and Consumption
Authors: Berg Jeannette Zinggeler , von Weymarn Linda B. , Thompson Elizabeth A. , Wickham Katherine M. , Weisensel Natalie A. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Murphy Sharon E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground: Tobacco exposure is routinely assessed by quantifying nicotine metabolites in plasma or urine. On average, 80% of nicotine undergoes C-oxidation to cotinine. However, interindividual variation in nicotine glucuronidation is substantial, and glucuronidation accounts for from 0% to 40% of total nicotine metabolism. We report here the effect of a polymorphism in a UDP-glucuronsyltransferase, UGT2B10, on nicotine metabolism and consumption.Methods: Nicotine, cotinine, their N-glucuronide conjugates, and total trans-3′-hydroxycotinine were quantified in the urine (n = 327) and plasma (n = 115) of smokers. Urinary nicotine N-oxide was quantified in 105 smokers. Nicotine equivalents, the sum of nicotine and all major metabolites, were calculated for each smoker. The relationship of the UGT2B10 Asp67Tyr allele to nicotine equivalents, N-glucuronidation, and C-oxidation was determined.Results: Individuals heterozygous for the Asp67Tyr allele excreted less nicotine or cotinine as their glucuronide conjugates than did wild-type, resulting in a 60% lower ratio of cotinine glucuronide to cotinine, a 50% lower ratio of nicotine glucuronide to nicotine, and increased cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine. Nicotine equivalents, a robust biomarker of nicotine intake, were lower among Asp67Tyr heterozygotes compared with individuals without this allele: 58.2 (95% confidence interval, 48.9-68.2) versus 69.2 nmol/mL (95% confidence interval, 64.3-74.5).Conclusions: Individuals heterozygous for UGT2B10 Asp67Tyr consume less nicotine than do wild-type smokers. This striking observation suggests that variations in nicotine N-glucuronidation, as reported for nicotine C-oxidation, may influence smoking behavior.Impact: UGT2B10 genotype influences nicotine metabolism and should be taken into account when characterizing the role of nicotine metabolism on smoking. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1423–31. ©2010 AACR.
Association of Body Size Measurements and Mammographic Density in Korean Women: The Healthy Twin Study
Authors: Sung Joohon , Song Yun-Mi , Stone Jennifer , Lee Kayoung , Kim Sun-Young 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground: Both greater body size and higher mammographic density seem to be associated with a risk of breast cancer. To understand a mechanism through which body size confers a higher risk of breast cancer, associations between mammographic measures and various measures of body size were examined.Method: Study subjects were 730 Korean women selected from the Healthy Twin study. Body size measurements were completed according to standard protocol. Mammographic density was measured from digital mammograms using a computer-assisted method from which the total area and the dense area of the breast were calculated, and nondense area and percent of dense area were straightforwardly derived. Linear mixed models considering familial correlations were used for analyses.Results: Total and nondense areas were positively associated with current body mass index (BMI), BMI at 35 years, total fat percent, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, whereas percent dense area was inversely associated with these characteristics in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Height was not associated with any mammographic measure. Total and nondense areas had strong positive genetic correlations with current BMI, total fat percent, waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio, whereas percent dense area had strong inverse genetic correlations with these body size measurements.Conclusion: Mammographic density and obesity are inversely associated with each other possibly from common genetic influences that have opposite effects on mammographic density and obesity in Korean women.Impact: The association between obesity and breast cancer does not seem to be mediated through mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1523–31. ©2010 AACR.
Synergistic Effects ofNAT2slow andGSTM1null Genotypes on Carcinogen DNA Damage in the Lung
Authors: Lee Mi-Sun , Su Li , Christiani David C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground: Polymorphisms in carcinogen detoxification enzymes, NAT2 and GSTM1, have been suggested as susceptibility factors for DNA damage and lung cancer. However, little information is available on DNA adduct burden in the lung tissue and polymorphisms in NAT2 and GST genes. We investigated the independent and combined effects of the metabolic gene polymorphisms of NAT2 and GSTs on DNA adduct formation in different tissues (lung and blood) in lung cancer patients.Methods: DNA adducts were measured in lung and blood by the 32P-postlabeling assay. Multiple regression models were used to assess adjusted percent change in DNA adduct levels associated with GST and NAT2 genotypes.Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, as well as for other GST gene variants, lung adduct levels significantly increased by 150.3% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 35.4-362.6%] for the GSTM1 null and by 73.9% (95% CI, −3.2% to 212.4%) for the NAT2 slow acetylator genotype, respectively. No association was seen with polymorphisms of other GST genes such as GSTT1 and GSTP1. The high-risk group, the combined GSTM1 null plus NAT2 slow, had significantly enhanced levels of lung adducts by 295% (95% CI, 72.7-803.5%) over those associated with single genes, suggesting a synergistic effect on DNA damage in the target lung tissue.Conclusions: The increase in DNA adduct levels in lung is associated with the GSTM1 null and NAT2 slow genotypes alone or in combination.Impact: These results suggest that GSTM1 and NAT2 genotypes play an independent and interactive role in the formation of carcinogen DNA adduct in the lung. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1492–7. ©2010 AACR.
Incidence, Duration, and Reappearance of Type-Specific Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infections in Young Women
Authors: Insinga Ralph P. , Perez Gonzalo , Wheeler Cosette M. , Koutsky Laura A. , Garland Suzanne M. , Leodolter Sepp , Joura Elmar A. , Ferris Daron G. , Steben Marc , Brown Darron R. , Elbasha Elamin H. , Paavonen Jorma , Haupt Richard M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground: We describe the incidence and duration of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection episodes along with the risk of infection reappearance following a period of nondetection.Methods: Women (1,788) ages 16 to 23 years underwent cytologic testing and PCR-based testing of cervical swab samples for HPV DNA (HPV-16/18/31/33/35/45/52/58/59) at ∼6-month intervals for up to 4 years in the context of a phase 3 clinical trial (placebo arm). HPV type–specific incidence rates were estimated per 100 person-years. Duration of type-specific cervical infection episodes and risk of reappearance following a period of nondetection were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methods.Results: HPV-16 exhibited the highest (5.9), and HPV-35 and HPV-33 exhibited the lowest (1.0) incidence rates per 100 person-years. Mean cervical infection durations ranged from 13 months for HPV-59 to 20 months for HPV-16 and 58 (with ongoing infections censored at the time of treatment, if done). The risk of cervical infection reappearance within ∼3 years following a period of nondetection ranged from 0% to 16% across HPV types, with a mean of 8%. Limited evidence was found for a role of false-positive HPV tests, missed infections that were above the threshold for detection, or new acquisition of infection in accounting for patterns of infection reappearance.Conclusions: Incidence of high-risk cervical infection was observed to vary considerably more across HPV types than infection duration. A nontrivial proportion of women exhibited infection reappearance following a period of nondetection, with a potential explanation for many such events observed within this analysis being a return to detectable levels of a previously acquired infection.Impact: The risk of HPV infection reappearance following a period of nondetection has not been previously reported for individual HPV types, and this study finds that a nontrivial proportion of infected women exhibit reappearances. Future studies could ascertain subject-level factors that potentially modify the risk of infection reappearance. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1585–94. ©2010 AACR.
Indoor Tanning and Risk of Melanoma: A Case-Control Study in a Highly Exposed Population
Authors: Lazovich DeAnn , Vogel Rachel Isaksson , Berwick Marianne , Weinstock Martin A. , Anderson Kristin E. , Warshaw Erin M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Background: Indoor tanning has been only weakly associated with melanoma risk; most reports were unable to adjust for sun exposure, confirm a dose-response, or examine specific tanning devices. A population-based case-control study was conducted to address these limitations.
Methods: Cases of invasive cutaneous melanoma, diagnosed in Minnesota between 2004 and 2007 at ages 25 to 59, were ascertained from a statewide cancer registry; age-matched and gender-matched controls were randomly selected from state driver's license lists. Self-administered questionnaires and telephone interviews included information on ever use of indoor tanning, types of device used, initiation age, period of use, dose, duration, and indoor tanning–related burns. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were adjusted for known melanoma risk factors.
Results: Among 1,167 cases and 1,101 controls, 62.9% of cases and 51.1% of controls had tanned indoors (adjusted OR 1.74; 95% CI, 1.42-2.14). Melanoma risk was pronounced among users of UVB-enhanced (adjusted OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 2.03-4.03) and primarily UVA-emitting devices (adjusted OR, 4.44; 95% CI, 2.45-8.02). Risk increased with use: years (P &lt; 0.006), hours (P &lt; 0.0001), or sessions (P = 0.0002). ORs were elevated within each initiation age category; among indoor tanners, years used was more relevant for melanoma development.
Conclusions: In a highly exposed population, frequent indoor tanning increased melanoma risk, regardless of age when indoor tanning began. Elevated risks were observed across devices.
Impact: This study overcomes some of the limitations of earlier reports and provides strong support for the recent declaration by the IARC that tanning devices are carcinogenic in humans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1557–68. ©2010 AACR.
Pigmentary Characteristics, UV Radiation Exposure, and Risk of Non–Hodgkin Lymphoma: a Prospective Study among Scandinavian Women
Authors: Veierød Marit Bragelien , Smedby Karin Ekström , Lund Eiliv , Adami Hans-Olov , Weiderpass Elisabete 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Background: UV radiation and pigmentary characteristics may be associated with non–Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) risk, but few prospective studies exist. We investigated these associations in a Norwegian-Swedish cohort.
Methods: The cohort included women ages 30 to 50 years at enrolment in 1991 to 1992. Host factors, and exposure to sun and artificial tanning devices in life-decades 0 to 50 years were collected by questionnaire. Relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by Poisson regression.
Results: Among 104,953 women with complete follow-up through 2006 (Sweden) and 2007 (Norway), 158 were diagnosed with NHL. Women with brown hair had an increased risk of NHL compared with dark brown–haired/black-haired women (RR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.08-2.74); decreased risks were found among women with gray, green or mixed (RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.32-0.77), or blue (RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.35-0.81) eyes compared with those with brown eyes, and among those with high propensity to burn compared with those with low propensity (RR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.36-0.91). Annual number of sunburns and bathing vacations in any age decade, or ever use of artificial tanning devices were not significantly associated with NHL risk. After exposure at ages 10 to 39 years, RRs for ever versus never exposed were 0.99 (95% CI, 0.65-1.50) for sunburn, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.64-1.54) for bathing vacations, and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.67-1.46) for artificial tanning device use.
Conclusion: Whereas several pigmentary characteristics were associated with NHL risk, our results do not support an association between UV radiation and NHL.
Impact: Studies of UV radiation and NHL are warranted for etiologic understanding and public health recommendations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1569–76. ©2010 AACR.