bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iron carburization in CO‐H2‐He gases, Part I: Experiment
Authors: Wang Zhe , Yetter Richard A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarburization of iron was studied at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 850°C to 1150°C in gaseous mixtures of CO, H2, and He. The resistance relaxation method was applied to measure the carburization rates. Experimental results show that for carburization in CO‐He mixtures, the carburization rate increased proportionally with CO partial pressure with a reaction order of unity. The overall rate also increased with temperature up to approximately 960°C and subsequently decreased with further increases in temperature. For carburization in CO‐H2‐He mixtures, the carburization rate increased with both the CO and H2 partial pressures under most conditions and was considerably faster than the rate in mixtures without hydrogen. Up to approximately 960°C, the rate was nearly independent of temperature with H2 present, but decreased with a further increase in temperature. The decrease in reaction rate for mixtures with and without H2 at 960°C coincides closely with the change in phase of iron from α to γ. Experiments at 925°C with constant P and PCO indicate that CO dissociation on the iron surface is faster than oxygen removal from the surface except at high ratios of P/PCO, and therefore oxygen removal was generally the rate‐limiting step. The rate of oxygen removal from the surface by H2 was found to be of the same order as that by CO. At high hydrogen levels, the rate of oxygen removal exceeds dissociative absorption of CO and the latter becomes rate controlling. The present results are used to establish a numerical model for the carburization of iron, which is described in a companion paper. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 327–336, 2009
Kinetics and modeling of (R,S)‐1‐phenylethanol acylation over lipase
Authors: Kirilin Alexey , Sahin Serap , Mäki‐Arvela Päivi , Wärnå Johan , Salmi Tapio , Murzin Dmitry Yu. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the acylation of (R,S)‐1‐phenylethanol was investigated using lipase as a catalyst. The main parameters were temperature, reaction atmosphere, different acyl donors, and different amounts of acyl donor as well as the presence of some additives in the reaction mixture. The initial reaction rate increased with increasing temperature and with a decreasing amount of an acyl donor. The activated esters, such as isopropenyl‐ and vinyl acetate, exhibited very high acylation rates for R‐1‐phenylethanol, whereas low rates were obtained with ethyl acetate and 2‐methoxyethyl acetate. The addition of water and acetophenone decreased the acylation rate. A kinetic model was developed based on a sequential step mechanism, in which enzyme was reacting in the first step with an acyl donor followed by the reaction of a modified enzyme complex with the reactant, R‐1‐phenylethanol. Comparison with experimental data obtained at different temperatures allowed simplification of this model, leading to a kinetic equation with just one apparent parameter. The influence of the amount of acyl donor, ethyl acetate, could be quantitatively described by taking into account the competitive inhibition of the ethanol produced. The rate constants and apparent activation energy for experiments performed under different temperatures and the amounts of acylation agent were determined. The apparent activation energy was 24.5 kJ/mol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 629–639, 2010
The decreasing incidence of diaphragmatic dysfunction in liver transplantation: A probable advantage of the piggy-back liver transplant technique
Authors: Ishitani Michael B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Pediatric orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has a low mortality. Some children, however, have an adverse outcome defined as a prolonged ventilatory support requirement and protracted pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay. The aim of this study was to determine if that adverse outcome related to the child’s condition pre-OLT and/or the development of a pleural effusion or diaphragmatic dysfunction.

Methods
The study included 210 children with a median age at transplantation of 45.5 months (range 0.2-252 months). Fourteen had undergone retransplantation. The duration of ventilatory support (intermittent positive pressure ventilation [IPPV]) and PICU admission and development of a pleural effusion and/or diaphragmatic dysfunction were documented for each child. The patients were divided into three groups according to whether they had acute liver failure (ALF), chronic liver disease at home (CHOM), or chronic liver failure sufficiently ill to be in the hospital awaiting transplantation (CHOSP)

Results
The 36 children with ALF were of similar age to the 138 CHOM and 36 CHOSP children but required longer IPPV (P < 0.0001) and PICU stay (P < 0.0001). Overall, 17 children developed diaphragmatic dysfunction and 138 pleural effusions; affected children required longer IPPV and PICU stay (P <0.01). Regression analysis demonstrated that diaphragmatic dysfunction, but not pleural effusion development, was associated with prolonged ventilation (P <0.01) and protracted PICU stay (P <0.05). Other risk factors were ALF (P <0.01), retransplantation (P <0.01), and young age (P <0.05)

Conclusion
Diaphragmatic dysfunction adversely influences PICU morbidity after OLT. Early assessment of diaphragmatic function, and if necessary aggressive management, might improve outcome.
Die Struktur Kollagenähnlicher Homo‐ und Heteropolytripeptide, 2. Unterschung des Tripelhelix‐Knäuel‐Übergangs an (L‐Pro‐L‐Ala‐Gly‐L‐Pro‐L‐Ala‐Gly)‐Oligomeren
Authors: Heymer Gerd , Heidemann Eckhart R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Oligomeren von L‐Pro‐L‐Ala‐Gly‐L‐Pro‐L‐Ala‐Gly (9) mit n=4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12–13 und ≈︁ 31 wurden aus Polykondensationsgemischen mittels Gelchromatographie isoliert, nachdem der schrittweise Aufbau durch Tripeptidkondensation mit der Festphasenmethode am Bromacylharz trotz 20fachem Überschuß der Monomeren zu geringe Ausbeuten und damit zu große Uneinheitlichkeit ergeben hat. Durch Messung des Circulardichroismus konnte nach langer Einstellzeit bis zum Gleichgewicht der Helixzustand und nach ganz kurzer Einstellzeit, ausgehend von hoher Temperatur, der Knäuelzustand erfaßt werden. Hierzu dienten die Messungen beim Absorptionsmaximum bei 198 nm bzw. in einigen Fällen die Messung bei dem viel kleineren Maximum bei 225 nm. Die Helixbildung beginnt in Wasser bei n=6, in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluor‐2‐propanol/Äthylenglykol (1:2V/V) bei n=6 und in 1,3‐Propandiol bei n=5. Es wurde die mittlere innere Restelliptizität im Knäuelzustand errechnet und der Helixanteil im Gleichgewichtszustand bei verschiedenen Temperaturen, Lösungsmitteln und Kettenlängen bestimmt. Nach Anpassung der Umwandlungskurven nach Rosenbrock bestimmten wir für das Oligomere mit n=8 in 1,3‐Propandiol nach van't Hoff ΔH0 zu −0,8 kcal/mol (−3,35 kJ/mol) und ΔS0 zu −1,7 cal mol−1 K−1 (−7.12J mol−1 K−1).
A kinetic study of the photoinitiated polymerization of isobutylene in the presence of vanadium tetrachloride
Authors: Toman L. , Marek M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA kinetic study of the polymerization of isobutylene with VCl4 induced with monochromatic light, wave length 436 nm, has revealed that the light‐induced polymerization is spontaneously quenched after the light source has been switched off; this process depends on the duration of preceding irradiation. The polymerization rate increases with increasing concentration of catalyst and monomer and with the intensity of light. The polymerization rate with respect to the catalyst and monomer concentration at constant light intensity can be expressed by an experimentally found relationship:

The polymerization rate increase with decreasing temperature (in polychromatic visible light) and its activation energy for temperatures ranging from −20 to −78°C is E = −19,2±0,8 KJ/mol.The molecular weight of the polymer increases with increasing monomer concentration and with decreasing polymerization temperature. The “activation energy” of the degree of polymerization is EDP = −20,9±0,8 kJ/mol. The molecular weight of the polymer is independent of the catalyst concentration and of light intensity. It slightly decreases from the very beginning depending on conversion. The induction period decreases with increasing catalyst and monomer concentration at constant light intensity.The kinetic study has shown that the propagation in the polymerization of isobutylene proceeding via cation‐radical intermediates is cationic.
Polynomial stabiization of the wave equation with Ventcel's boundary conditions
Authors: Nicaise Serge , Laoubi Karima 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe consider the wave equation on the unit square of the plane with Ventcel boundary conditions on a part of the boundary. It was shown by A. Heminna [8] that this problem is not exponentially stable. Here using a Fourier analysis and a careful analysis of the 1‐d problem with respect to the Fourier parameter l, we show a polynomial stability of this system (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the Modular Figure and Ford‐Spheres
Authors: Rieger G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn §1 we study Figure 1 for variable h. In §2 and §3 this is combined with Ford‐circles (Figure 2) and the choice h = 0 (Figure 3). In §4 a limit is evaluated. In §5 we treat Figure 5 (“Ford‐circles inside the unit‐circle”) and a technical application. In §6 contains various modular figures (Figures 7, 8, 9). §7 treats synchronous rotation of Figure 1 and Eoing from R2 to R3; the rotating upper half‐plane of C corresponds then to the unit‐sphere. In §8 a sphere‐packing on C is introduced. Finally in §9 a sphere‐packing inside the unit‐sphere arises.
Murine p53 intron sequences 5–8 and their use in polymerase chain reaction/direct sequencing analysis of p53 mutations in CD‐1 mouse liver and lung tumors
Authors: Goodrow Tamra L. , Storer Richard D. , Leander Karen R. , Prahalada Srinivasa R. , van Zwieten Matthew J. , Bradley Matthews O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInactivating point mutations and small deletions in the p53 tumor suppressor gene have been found in human liver and lung tumor—derived cell lines and tumors. However, little evidence has been reported concerning inactivation or mutation of the p53 gene in mouse primary tumors. To examine CD‐1 mouse liver and lung tumors for mutations in the p53 gene, we first sequenced p53 introns 5–8 so that polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing primers located within the introns could be prepared. Use of these primers prevented amplification of the mouse p53 pseudogene and allowed sequencing of exons 5–8 in their entirety as well as their intron‐exon junctions. DNA isolated from CD‐1 mouse tumors was amplified and directly sequenced using nested primers. Nine spontaneous hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and 34 chemically induced HCCs (induced by single intraperitoneal injections of N‐nitrosodiethylamine [DEN] [8 HCCs], 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene [DMBA] [8 HCCs], 4‐aminoazobenzene [8 HCCs], and N‐OH‐2‐acetylaminofluorene [10 HCCs]) were examined for mutations in exons 5–8 of the p53 gene. In addition, 12 spontaneous, 10 DMBA‐induced, and 13 DEN‐induced lung adenocarcinomas or adenomas were analyzed for mutations. No mutations were found in any of the tumors examined. However, a mutation was demonstrated at codon 135 in the positive‐control plasmid LTRp53cG(val). The results of this study suggest that inactivation of p53 is unlikely to play a major role in murine lung or liver carcinogenesis. However, inactivation of p53 may occur at a very low frequency, or it may occur as a late event and therefore be present in only a very small number of the tumor cells, rendering it undetectable by this method. Lastly, although few p53‐inactivating mutations are found outside of exons 5–8 in human tumors, it is possible that these murine tumors contained mutations outside of this region and were therefore missed by our approach.
The same γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase RNA species is expressed in fetal liver, hepatic carcinomas, and rasT24‐transformed rat liver epithelial cells
Authors: Habib Geetha M. , Rajagopalan Sridharan , Godwin Andrew K. , Lebovitz Russell M. , Lieberman Michael W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn rats, ‐γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) exists as a single‐copy gene, and three distinct species of RNA (types I, II, and III) that differ in their 5′ untranslated regions have been identified. To compare steady‐state levels of these ‐γGT RNAs in rat tissues, hepatic carcinomas, and cultured cells, we used RNA dot‐blot hybridization and a reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique with oligonucleotides specifically designed for each type of RNA. Fetal liver, hepatic carcinomas, rasT24‐transformed rat liver epithelial (RLE) cells and pancreas make only type III RNA. Liver and untransformed RLE cells do not make detectable levels of γGT RNA. We found that both fetal and adult kidneys synthesize all three types of RNA, indicating that increases in γGT RNA known to occur after birth do not result from recruitment of additional RNA species. When we increased the sensitivity of the assay approximately 1000 fold by sequencing the RT‐PCR product directly after an additional round of amplification, we found that very low levels of types I and II RNA were present in fetal liver, rasT24‐transformed RLE cells, and pancreas, and that adult liver and untransformed RLE cells synthesized very low levels of all three RNA species. Rat‐1 fibroblasts did not make levels of γGT RNA detectable by this method. These results demonstrate that different γGT RNA species are regulated differently during development and neoplastic transformation and that there is a commitment in some cell types to very‐low‐level expression of γGT RNAs.
Premotor Parkinson's disease: Clinical features and detection strategies
Authors: Stephenson Randolph , Siderowf Andrew , Stern Matthew B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn many areas of medicine, the focus has shifted from treating existing disease to screening and prevention. The technology to screen for Parkinson's disease (PD) already exists. The current challenge is to define the appropriate use of predictive testing for PD. Imaging technologies currently offer the highest degree of accuracy for identifying premotor PD, but they are expensive as screening tools. Efficiency is greatly enhanced by combining imaging with a prescreening test, such as olfactory testing. This two‐step process has the potential to greatly reduce costs while retaining diagnostic accuracy. Ultimately, the role of preclinical detection of PD will be determined by the ability of emerging therapies to influence clinical outcomes. As such, implementation of large‐scale screening strategies awaits the arrival of clearly safe and effective therapies that address the underlying pathogenesis of PD. Current research to evaluate efficient screening methods and to understand the clinical and physiological features of “premotor” PD will lay the foundation for the screening and prevention strategies of the future. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy in Parkinson's disease and related disorders
Authors: Rascol Olivier , Schelosky Ludwig 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAutonomic dysfunction is common in Lewy body disorders (Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, Pure Autonomic Failure, and REM sleep disorder). The loss of post‐ganglionic myocardial sympathetic nerve fibers is a prominent feature of autonomic dysfunction in such disorders. 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy that visualizes catecholaminergic terminals in vivo is a biomarker used to detect cardiac sympathetic degeneration. Abnormal MIBG uptake has been consistently reported in Lewy body disorders. Some studies agree in the notion that increasing bradykinesia is related with an incremental cardiac sympathetic denervation, whereas tremor is not closely linked to cardiac denervation. “Atypical” parkinsonian syndromes, including Multiple System Atrophy, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, and others, show modest reductions of cardial MIBG uptake. MIBG scintigraphy is moderately sensitive and specific in differentiating Parkinson's disease from such syndromes. Conversely, its sensitivity and specificity might be better in cognitively impaired patients, helping differential diagnosis between Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Alzheimer disease. Confounding factors (comorbidities, comedications) should be carefully controlled before analyzing MIBG scintigraphy. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Transcranial ultrasound as a risk marker for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Berg Daniela 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe question of early, even premotor, detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) has become a major issue because the effect of neuroprotective therapies depends on the time they are started.A number of clinical premotor markers which are helpful especially in the early diagnosis are being discussed; however, they are mostly unspecific and already signs of the progressing neurodegenerative process. An increasingly important risk marker for PD is genetic predisposition, as the number of known disease causing and modulating genes is increasing. Still, only the minority of PD cases can be attributed to monogenetic forms. Substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity, assessed by transcranial sonography, has been shown to be a typical marker for PD. Because of its stability during the disease course, this echofeature is very helpful in early and differential diagnosis. Moreover, functional neuroimaging studies indicate a vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system of yet healthy subjects with SN hyperechogenicity. This vulnerability may become clinically relevant with age, under neuroleptic therapy, or under demanding motor tasks. The fact that still unaffected mutation carriers for monogenetic PD show this echofeature and that over the years some subjects with SN hyperechogenicity have already been observed to develop PD indicates that it may be regarded as a risk factor—a hypothesis which is currently being investigated in large prospective investigations. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
In Silico Receptorome Screening of Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Vidal David , Mestres Jordi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recent availability of a complete interaction matrix between 13 antipsychotic drugs and 34 protein targets (Roth et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2004, 3, 353–359) allows to assess the performance of computational methods on their ability to anticipate the entire affinity profile of drugs across multiple targets. The analyses reveal that our current implementations, based on the similarity of drugs against a reference set of small molecules for which pharmacological data is available in the public domain, are able to predict 65 % of the 442 affinities within 1‐log unit error, with a level of precision above 92 %. In spite of the relatively small scale of this validation study, the results are indicative that in silico receptorome screening of drugs offers an efficient and cost‐effective complement to in vitro screening.
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in Mediterranean countries: A hypothesis related to olive oil
Authors: Soriguer Federico , Rojo‐Martínez Gemma , de Fonseca Fernando Rodriguez , García‐Escobar Eva , García Fuentes Eduardo , Olveira Gabriel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Mediterranean countries people would previously have consumed a diet with a high proportion of MUFA. Physical activity would have been intense with a low level of stress. The stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD1) system selected over thousands of years of this type of behavior must have adapted to a particular capacity of self regulation. Now, this pattern, called the “Mediterranean diet”, has been broken and many people living by the Mediterranean consume a high quantity of calories, mainly from saturated or n‐6‐rich fats and the relative intake of MUFA has decreased. Simultaneously, physical activity has decreased and the pattern of stress has changed towards what is called a western lifestyle. In this new context, if people have a favorable, genetically conditioned SCD1 activity that will let them confront the new situation or else have some other compensatory mechanism, such as being keen on sport, etc, then they can prevent the appearance of some of the complications associated with the metabolic syndrome. If, on the other hand, the SCD1 pattern is genetically unfavorable for this new situation and they have a new cultural context, then they do not have the alternative compensatory mechanisms and the probability of developing the metabolic syndrome is high.
The potential role of olive oil‐derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity
Authors: Tierney Audrey C. , Roche Helen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDietary fatty acids play an important role in the development of insulin resistance, the prelude to type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review addresses the potential role of olive oil‐derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity, particularly how dietary fat interacts with insulin resistance looking at whole body metabolic measures, as well as molecular effects. The review focuses on the role of non‐esterified fatty acids, fatty acid compositionin vivoand dietary fat modification on insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of olive oil within the context of dietary modification to improve insulin sensitivity and for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome.
Crosstalk Among the Parallel Multilevel Interconnections on the GaAs‐Based Vlsic's
Authors: Goel A. K. , Huang Y. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have developed a computer‐efficient algorithm and carried out computer simulations of the crosstalk effects in the single‐ and bilevel high density interconnections on the GaAs‐based VLSIC's. The algorithm has been wed to study the dependence of the crosstalk voltage on the interconnection dimensions and other parameters such as the driving transistor's resistance.
Complex And Backward‐Wave Modes In Dielectrically Loaded Lossy Circular Waveguides
Authors: Whites Keith W. , Mittra Raj 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe identification and subsequent classification of modes in many‐layered circular waveguides are examined in this paper with special emphasis placed on the complex and backward‐wave modes. The results of this investigation suggest a different designation for the backward‐wave modes than is typically used From this, a revised concept of the modal cutoff frequency is identified when complex modes exist in the axial‐wave‐number trace.
Spectral Domain Analysis of a Microstrip Thin Superconducting Line Laid on GaAs Substrate
Authors: Huret F. , Kinowski D. , Ptibetich P. , Kennis P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study is to show the combined influence of the superconductor nature of the strip and of the ground plane on propagation characteristics of a simple microstrip line laid on a semiconducting layer for two kinds of superconductors, one with low critical temperature and the other one with high Tc critical temperature.
Frequency Dependent Characteristic Impedance Of Microstrip And Finline On Layered Biaxial Substrates
Authors: Cano G. , Medina F. , Horno M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the spectral domain analysis is extended to compute the frequency dependent characteristic impedance of microstrip or finline structures embedded in multilayered and uni‐ and biaxial anisotropic substrates. In this way, the number of dielectrics and/or their anisotropic nature is no longer a difficulty for the analysis.