bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying acute respiratory failure using administrative and claims data
Authors: Jones Natalie , Schneider Gary , Kachroo Sumesh , Rotella Philip , Avetisyan Ruzan , Reynolds Matthew W. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeThe Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Mini‐Sentinel pilot program initially aims to conduct active surveillance to refine safety signals that emerge for marketed medical products. A key facet of this surveillance is to develop and understand the validity of algorithms for identifying health outcomes of interest (HOIs) from administrative and claims data. This paper summarizes the process and findings of the algorithm review of acute respiratory failure (ARF).MethodsPubMed and Iowa Drug Information Service searches were conducted to identify citations applicable to the anaphylaxis HOI. Level 1 abstract reviews and Level 2 full‐text reviews were conducted to find articles using administrative and claims data to identify ARF, including validation estimates of the coding algorithms.ResultsOur search revealed a deficiency of literature focusing on ARF algorithms and validation estimates. Only two studies provided codes for ARF, each using related yet different ICD‐9 codes (i.e., ICD‐9 codes 518.8, “other diseases of lung,” and 518.81, “acute respiratory failure”). Neither study provided validation estimates.ConclusionsResearch needs to be conducted on designing validation studies to test ARF algorithms and estimating their predictive power, sensitivity, and specificity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying seizures, convulsions, or epilepsy using administrative and claims data
Authors: Kee Vicki R. , Gilchrist Brad , Granner Mark A. , Sarrazin Nicola R. , Carnahan Ryan M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeTo systematically review algorithms to identify seizure, convulsion, or epilepsy cases in administrative and claims data, with a focus on studies that have examined the validity of the algorithms.MethodsA literature search was conducted using PubMed and the Iowa Drug Information Service database. Reviews were conducted by two investigators to identify studies using data sources from the USA or Canada because these data sources were most likely to reflect the coding practices of Mini‐Sentinel data partners.ResultsEleven studies that validated seizure, convulsion, or epilepsy cases were identified. All algorithms included International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code 345.X (epilepsy) and either code 780.3 (convulsions) or code 780.39 (other convulsions). Six studies included 333.2 (myoclonus). In populations that included children, 779.0 (convulsions in newborn) was also fairly common. Positive predictive values (PPVs) ranged from 21% to 98%. Studies that used nonspecific indicators such as presence of an electroencephalogram or anti‐epileptic drug (AED) level monitoring had lower PPVs. In studies focusing exclusively on epilepsy as opposed to isolated seizure events, sensitivity ranged from 70% to 99%.ConclusionsAlgorithm performance was highly variable, so it is difficult to draw any strong conclusions. However, the PPVs were generally best in studies where epilepsy diagnoses were required. Using procedure codes for electroencephalograms or prescription claims for drugs possibly used for epilepsy or convulsions in the absence of a diagnostic code is not recommended. Many newer AEDs require no drug level monitoring, so requiring an AED level monitoring procedure in algorithms to identify epilepsy is not recommended. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic review of validated methods for identifying pancreatitis using administrative data
Authors: Moores Kevin , Gilchrist Bradley , Carnahan Ryan , Abrams Thad 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeTo systematically review algorithms identifying cases of pancreatitis in administrative data, with a focus on studies examining algorithm validity.MethodsA literature search was conducted using PubMed and the Iowa Drug Information Service database. Reviews were conducted by two investigators identifying studies using data sources from the USA or Canada. These data sources most likely reflect the coding practices of Mini‐Sentinel data partners.ResultsEight studies were obtained examining the validity of an algorithm to identify pancreatitis in either hospital or ambulatory medical records or billing databases. The best‐performing algorithm was International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) code 577.0; with a positive predictive value of 60%–80% and a negative predictive value usually greater than 90%. Populations involved in different studies were heterogeneous; age ranges, level of population risk, pancreatitis etiology, and geographic distribution were highly variable.ConclusionsValidation studies find that the principal ICD‐9‐CM diagnosis code of 577.0 had the best positive predictive value and specificity. Current studies do not support the use of the ICD‐9‐CM codes 577.1 and 577.2. Databases enhanced with laboratory values at point of care would invariably increase the specificity of existing algorithms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design considerations, architecture, and use of the Mini‐Sentinel distributed data system
Authors: Curtis Lesley H. , Weiner Mark G. , Boudreau Denise M. , Cooper William O. , Daniel Gregory W. , Nair Vinit P. , Raebel Marsha A. , Beaulieu Nicolas U. , Rosofsky Robert , Woodworth Tiffany S. , Brown Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeWe describe the design, implementation, and use of a large, multiorganizational distributed database developed to support the Mini‐Sentinel Pilot Program of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As envisioned by the US FDA, this implementation will inform and facilitate the development of an active surveillance system for monitoring the safety of medical products (drugs, biologics, and devices) in the USA.MethodsA common data model was designed to address the priorities of the Mini‐Sentinel Pilot and to leverage the experience and data of participating organizations and data partners. A review of existing common data models informed the process. Each participating organization designed a process to extract, transform, and load its source data, applying the common data model to create the Mini‐Sentinel Distributed Database. Transformed data were characterized and evaluated using a series of programs developed centrally and executed locally by participating organizations. A secure communications portal was designed to facilitate queries of the Mini‐Sentinel Distributed Database and transfer of confidential data, analytic tools were developed to facilitate rapid response to common questions, and distributed querying software was implemented to facilitate rapid querying of summary data.ResultsAs of July 2011, information on 99 260 976 health plan members was included in the Mini‐Sentinel Distributed Database. The database includes 316 009 067 person‐years of observation time, with members contributing, on average, 27.0 months of observation time. All data partners have successfully executed distributed code and returned findings to the Mini‐Sentinel Operations Center.ConclusionThis work demonstrates the feasibility of building a large, multiorganizational distributed data system in which organizations retain possession of their data that are used in an active surveillance system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrodynamic Modeling and Mathematical Simulation of Flow Field and Temperature Profile for Molten Stainless Steel in an Asymmetrical T‐Type Single‐Strand Continuous Casting Tundish with Arch or Round Hole(s) at Dam Bottom
Authors: Yang Xue‐min , Liu Song‐xia , Jiao Jin‐sha , Zhang Meng , Duan Jian‐ping , Li Liang , Liu Cheng‐zhi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn order to obtain the optimal structural parameters of the dug arch or round hole(s) at dam bottom in an 18–20 tons asymmetrical T‐type single‐strand continuous casting tundish, the flow field profiles and temperature profiles of molten stainless steel in the tundish with arch or round hole(s) at dam bottom have been investigated using hydrodynamic modeling coupled with mathematical simulation. The optimal structural parameters of arch hole(s) at dam bottom can be obtained from hydrodynamic modeling as that two arch holes with 30 mm as height and 50 mm as radius are symmetrically dug at dam bottom with the distance between arch hole center and dam center as 205 mm; or the optimal structural parameters of round hole(s) can be recommended as that one round hole with 70 mm as diameter is dug at left of the dam bottom with the distance between hole center and dam center as 205 mm. The results of mathematical simulation suggest that digging arch or round hole(s) at dam bottom with above‐mentioned structural parameters cannot obviously induce negative effects on streamlines and velocity vector profiles of molten stainless steel in the tundish by short circuit flow via arch or round hole(s) at dam bottom. The calculated temperature drop of molten stainless steel between the submerged ladle shroud and submerged entry nozzle in the tundish with arch or round hole(s) at dam bottom is about 3.0 K, the maximum temperature drop of molten stainless steel in the tundish is about 6.0 K.
The Life of John Wishart (1850–1926): Study of an Academic Surgical Career Prior to the Flexner Report
Authors: Claydon Emily , McAlister Vivian C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe 1910 Flexner Report on Medical Education in the United States and Canada is often taken as the point when medical schools in North America took on their modern form. However, many fundamental advances in surgery, such as anesthesia and asepsis, predated the report by decades. To understand the contribution of educators in this earlier period, we investigated the forgotten career of John Wishart, founding Professor of Surgery at Western University, London Ontario.MethodsArchives at the University of Western Ontario, University of Toronto, London City Library, and Wellington County Museum were searched for material about Wishart and his times.ResultsA fragmented biography can be assembled from family notes and obituaries with the help of contemporary documents compiled by early 20th century medical school historians. Wishart assisted Abraham Groves in the first reported operation for which aseptic technique was used (1874). He was considered locally to perform pioneering surgery, including an appendectomy in 1886. Wishart was a founding member of the medical faculty at Western University in 1881, initially as Demonstrator of Anatomy and subsequently as its first Professor of Clinical Surgery, which post he held until 1910. Comprehensive notes from his undergraduate lectures demonstrate his teaching style, which mixed organized didacticism with practical advice. The role of the Flexner review in the termination of his professorship is hinted at in minutes of Faculty of Medicine meetings. Wishart was a foundation fellow of the American College of Surgeons and a founding physician of London’s Catholic hospital, St. Joseph’s, despite his own Protestant background.ConclusionsWishart’s career comprised all the elements of modern academic surgery, including pioneering service, research, and teaching. Surgery at Western owes as much to Wishart as it does to university reorganization in response to the Flexner report.
Invasion of the Hepatic Artery is a Crucial Predictor of Poor Outcomes in Gallbladder Carcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Akihiko , Oda Tatsuya , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Sasaki Ryoko , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundIn the present study we undertook a retrospective analysis of gallbladder carcinoma to assess whether histologically determined hepatic artery (HA) invasion and portal vein (PV) invasion can be considered prognostic factors.MethodsSeventy‐one patients who had undergone radical resection for gallbladder carcinoma between 1995 and 2008 at University of Tsukuba were selected from the database for analysis. Patients who required extended surgery for para‐aortic lymph node metastasis were also included. Correlation between invasion of the HA and the PV and prognosis and other clinicopathologic factors were analyzed.ResultsThere were two postoperative deaths among the 71 patients. Pathological invasion of the HA was confirmed in 16 (22.5%) cases and PV invasion was confirmed in 15 patients. Patients with invasion of the HA had a significantly poorer prognosis than those without HA invasion (P < 0.0001). Additionally, in univariate analysis, gender (male), positive para‐aortic lymph node metastasis, PV invasion, and HA invasion were identified as significant poor prognostic factors. In multivariate analysis, only HA invasion was an independent prognostic factor (Odds Ratio 0.323; P = 0.029).ConclusionsInvasion of the HA is a crucial prognostic factor in patients with gallbladder carcinoma.
Trauma and Burn Education: A Global Survey
Authors: Zonies David , Maier Ronald V. , Civil Ian , Eid Anas , Geisler Benjamin P. , Guerrero Alejandro , Mock Charles 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Assembly recently adopted a resolution to urge improved competency in the provision of injury care through medical education. This survey sought to investigate trauma education experience and competency among final year medical students worldwide.MethodsAn Internet survey was distributed to medical students and conducted from March 2008 to January 2009. Demographic data and questions pertaining to both instruction and attainment of specific skills in burn and trauma care were assessed.ResultsThere were 776 responses from final year medical students in 77 countries, with at least 10 countries from each economic stratum. Over 93% of final year students reported receiving some form of trauma or burn training, with 79% reporting a minimum compulsory requirement. Students received theoretical instruction without practical exposure. Few felt prepared to undertake basic procedures, such as laceration repair (19%), vascular access (8%), or endotracheal intubation (21%). Over 99% agreed that trauma education should be mandatory, but only half felt prepared to provide basic care. Those from low income and low middle income countries felt better prepared to provide trauma care than students from high middle and high income countries.ConclusionsTrauma education and experience varies among medical students in different countries. Many critical concepts are not formally taught and practical experience with many basic procedures is often lacking. The present study confirms that the trauma care training received by medical students needs to be strengthened in countries at all economic levels.
Involvement of Surgical Residents in the Management of Trauma Patients in the Emergency Room: Does the Presence of an Attending Physician Affect Outcomes?
Authors: Cohen Robert , Adini Bruria , Radomislensky Irina , Givon Adi , Rivkind Avraham I. , Peleg Kobi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have investigated whether the presence or absence of attending physicians (AP) in the emergency department (ED) during the management of trauma patients by residents.MethodsSix level 1 trauma center admissions for years 2006–2008 were analyzed to determine whether presence of an AP affected the time spent in the ED, post‐ED disposition, and in‐hospital mortality.ResultsPatient demographics differed in relation to the presence of APs (P < 0.01). Patients with ISS > 25 who died during hospitalization were more often managed when APs were present. Male patients, those <65, and patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 16 were more often treated in the presence of an AP (P < 0.01). Penetrating, terror trauma, motor vehicle collision and assaults were more often managed in the presence APs. Presence of APs differed by hospital (P < 0.0001). Adjusted logistic regression revealed that patients spent less time in the ED, went directly to the operating room or the ICU for definitive care, if an AP was present.ConclusionsPresence of an attending physician improved and focused patient triage, disposition decisions, and outcomes.
FIELDS OF DREAMS, FIELDS OF SCHEMES: PONZI FINANCE AND MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Krige Detlev 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe structural conditions associated with increased inequality amidst rapid change brought about by growing financialization and efforts to get the ‘unbanked’ sections of society into the formal financial system have created the conditions under which illegal pyramid and ponzi schemes, fake investment schemes, and legal multi-level marketing companies have been able to flourish. In contemporary Johannesburg and Soweto the originators of money multiplication schemes and the agents who ‘work’ to recruit new members position themselves in this context as financial entrepreneurs and brokers who embody a range of seemingly contradictory discourses, drawing on discourses of ‘empowerment’, ‘self-help’, ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘religiously sanctioned wealth and prosperity’ in the course of their risk taking in the field of finance. Based on a series of case studies of female agents of ‘push-push’ schemes, the article shows how many of these discourses reflect some of the conditions of contemporary capitalism: citizens are expected to be active investors, active entrepreneurs and hard workers who are able to work from home and without a boss. Moreover, the schemes use sophisticated technologies, marketing strategies and other practices which simulate formality, legality and sincerity – echoing religious practices and discourses. At the same time a set of cultural values and social logics that are not necessarily produced by neo-liberal capitalism and financialization, but are certainly activated by them, makes it hard for citizens to recognize or admit the forms of deception involved, unless deception is seen to be central to the operation of the modern state or the present ‘get-rich-quick’ culture. Risk taking, and pursuit of social mobility, originate in dual economy legacies, with their unfulfilled expectations, wealth disparities and frustrated class aspiration. Participants in pyramid schemes have ideologies combining ‘progress’ with ‘imminent doom’, entrepreneurship with greed: contradictory attitudes reflective of financialization in the broader world.
New species of Myxosporea from frogs and resurrection of the genus Cystodiscus Lutz, 1889 for species with myxospores in gallbladders of amphibians
Authors: HARTIGAN ASHLIE , FIALA IVAN , DYKOVÁ IVA , ROSE KARRIE , PHALEN DAVID N. , ŠLAPETA JAN 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYTwo new myxosporean species in the gallbladders of frogs have recently spread across eastern Australia and cause disease. Cystodiscus axonis sp. n. and Cystodiscus australis sp. n. are species of Myxosporea (Myxozoa) identified from a range of Australian frogs and tadpoles including the introduced Cane toad (Rhinella marina). The new species are defined by their distinct genetic lineage, myxospore morphology and ultrastructure of the pre-sporogonic development. Spores of both species are produced in the gallbladder. Spores of C. axonis sp. n. possess distinct filiform polar appendages (FPA). The pre-sporogonic development of C. axonis sp. n. is within myelinated axons in the central nervous system of hosts, as well as bile ducts of tadpoles. Pre-sporogonic and sporogonic development of C. australis sp. n. is confined to tadpole bile ducts and myxospores of C. australis sp. n. are devoid of FPA. The genus Cystodiscus Lutz, 1889 introduced for Cystodiscus immersus Lutz, 1889 is emended to accompany myxosporean parasites affecting amphibians previously classified in the genus Myxidium sensu lato. A synopsis of described species within Cystodiscus is provided.
Development of laser-plasma generator for injector of C4+ ions
Authors: Alekseev N.N. , Balabaev A.N. , Vasilyev A.A. , Satov Yu.A. , Savin S.M. , Sharkov B.Yu. , Shumshurov A.V. , Roerich V.C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe results of the development of the ITEP accelerator carbon ion injector based on a repetition-rate CO2 laser ion source are described. The improvement includes a modified pulsed HV-feeding generator for the discharge formation in the laser gas mixture. The advanced discharge module ensures essential increase of the laser active volume and specific electrical deposition energy. The comparative computer simulations of the discharge characteristics for the improved and the prototype lasers are applied. The design and the output spatial-temporal parameters of the free-running laser “Malish-M” are shown, so the significant increase of the laser power is reached. The spatial characteristics of the laser beam obtained with diffraction calculations are compared to measured radial distribution of the energy density. The target laser intensity and the different channels of the energy loss of the laser beam in the optical scheme are estimated. Finally, the output C4+ current trace of heavy ion injector as well as the injector scheme are shown.
Bushes protect tortoises from lethal overheating in arid areas of Morocco
Authors: LAGARDE F. , LOUZIZI T. , SLIMANI T. , EL MOUDEN H. , BEN KADDOUR K. , MOULHERAT S. , BONNET X. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYArid Mediterranean regions that shelter unique biodiversity are threatened by increasing anthropogenic pressures, such as urbanization, overgrazing and climate change. In Morocco, one of the main bush species in arid areas, the jujube (Ziziphus lotus), suffers from officially promoted programmes of removal. The Moorish tortoise (Testudo graeca soussensis) is threatened by such habitat loss. Like most animals, the Moorish tortoise must navigate between microhabitats to find essential feeding resources and thermal refuges. This study combined radio-tracking of free-ranging individuals, microhabitat temperature monitoring and transects in a range of habitats. Tortoises were found to depend on the occurrence of large and relatively abundant bushes to escape lethal overheating. Thus, (1) current official encouragements for the destruction of the jujube bushes should be reappraised; (2) habitat restoration relying on replanting jujube bush should be encouraged; and (3) large-scale monitoring of critical bush densities should be used to better organize conservation plans (protection and/or restoration of areas) for the Moorish tortoise.