bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2006 Ocean Sciences Meeting Travel Grant opportunities
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Travel support for students participating in the 2006 Ocean Sciences Meeting (20–24 February, Honolulu, Hawaii) is being offered through two programs. The 2006 Ocean Sciences Meeting is jointly sponsored by AGU, the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), and The Oceanography Society (TOS).Student Travel Grant Program: Students presenting first‐author papers at the Ocean Sciences Meeting are eligible to apply for partial travel support through the Student Travel Grant program. Support for this program has been made available by a grant from the U.S. National Oceanographic Partnership Program (www.nopp.org), with additional contributions from AGU and ASLO.
Research Spotlight: Changes to hydrological cycle continue after carbon dioxide is reduced
Authors: Ofori Leslie , Tretkoff Ernie 
Published: October 2011

One of the most significant direct effects of global warming is an alteration of the hydrological cycle, which affects the world's water supplies, floods, and droughts. Most studies assume that if human‐induced temperature changes were reversed, the hydrological cycle would revert to its prewarming state.A new study, however, reveals that climate change mitigation will not quickly return the hydrological cycle to its previous state. Wu et al. used climate model simulations to show how the hydrological cycle could react to changes in future amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. They simulated the effects of a steady rise in CO2 levels to more than 1000 parts per million (ppm), followed by a decrease to preindustrial levels of around 280 ppm.
How Many Times Does Three Go Into One?
Authors: Yandell Keith 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that when armed with the right understanding of the concepts of simplicity and complexity, one can conclude that the Triune God is a complex being who can be called simple when not composed of parts, but not simple when there is a lack of complexity. It holds that God is a Trinity of persons who are conscious rational agents, and it is logically impossible that any Trinitarian person exist in the absence of any other Trinitarian person. Thus there is one God who is complex (though not composite), and three divine persons who are numerically distinct from one another though logically inseparable.
Land Market Liberalization and the Agrarian Question in Latin America
Authors: Carter Michael R. , Salgado RamóN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe priority which is now given to economic development policies that attempt to address inequality and poverty is furthered by the search for what Joseph Stiglitz referred to as the ‘post-Washington Consensus’. Aside from how there are ongoing developments in both macro- and microeconomic theories that concern economic costs of inequality which allocate more focus on inequality and poverty, it is important to note that the renewed attention received by these issues reflects the post-liberalization growth exhibited by Latin America which, unfortunately, has had minimal effects in relinquishing economic inequalities, specifically in the rural sector. Today, land policy in Latin American countries consist mainly of the use of instruments such as land titling and market-assisted or negotiated land reform. This chapter aims to assess the performance of liberalized land markets through first considering the theory of smallholder land market competitiveness and through looking into experiences in three Latin American economies.
The United Nations System: Prospects for Renewal
Authors: Falk Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers the record of the United Nations (UN) system since its inception, with an eye focused on prospects for renewal and reform at the present time. The main criteria relied upon for assessment are considerations of effectiveness and legitimacy in relation to the operations of the UN. The discussion begins by exploring why the present global setting is resistant to renewal and reform, but with the qualification that such a climate of resistance could change rapidly. The UN system as a whole has over the years emerged as a site of struggle in relation to both the East-West conflict, largely superseded since 1989, and the still persisting North-South encounter. The chapter also considers the creative role played by the UN with respect to arranging conferences on global challenges on a range of issues including the environment, women, population, and human rights.
Official Criminology and the New Crime Sciences
Authors: Hope Tim 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe notion that criminological ideas provide the discursive conditions for the governance of crime has featured prominently in criminological scholarship. In the matter of government, thinking about crime coalesces into official criminologies that function to justify and validate state policies and practices of crime control. In representative democracies, these official criminological discourses are ‘public’ and, in principle, take their place alongside others, including those of lay people, the media and politics generally; as well as the criminology produced by academics. As a form of knowledge, official criminologies are definable by the purpose to which they are put. This chapter discusses the problem of causation for official criminology, the problem of prediction, and the problem of selection. It further asks whether official criminology is a science and whether official criminology is political.
Protective effect of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in acute dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis: differential regulation of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-18 in BALB/c and severe combined immunodeficiency mice
Authors: Hudcovic T , Kolinska J , Klepetar J , Stepankova R , Rezanka T , Srutkova D , Schwarzer M , Erban V , Du Z , Wells J M , Hrncir T , Tlaskalova-Hogenova H , Kozakova H 
Published: October 2011

Summary
One of the promising approaches in the therapy of ulcerative colitis is administration of butyrate, an energy source for colonocytes, into the lumen of the colon. This study investigates the effect of butyrate producing bacterium Clostridium tyrobutyricum on dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Immunocompetent BALB/c and immunodeficient severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice reared in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) conditions were treated intrarectally with C. tyrobutyricum 1 week prior to the induction of DSS colitis and during oral DSS treatment. Administration of DSS without C. tyrobutyricum treatment led to an appearance of clinical symptoms – bleeding, rectal prolapses and colitis-induced increase in the antigen CD11b, a marker of infiltrating inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The severity of colitis was similar in BALB/c and SCID mice as judged by the histological damage score and colon shortening after 7 days of DSS treatment. Both strains of mice also showed a similar reduction in tight junction (TJ) protein zonula occludens (ZO)-1 expression and of MUC-2 mucin depression. Highly elevated levels of cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the colon of SCID mice and of interleukin (IL)-18 in BALB/c mice were observed. Intrarectal administration of C. tyrobutyricum prevented appearance of clinical symptoms of DSS-colitis, restored normal MUC-2 production, unaltered expression of TJ protein ZO-1 and decreased levels of TNF-α and IL-18 in the descending colon of SCID and BALB/c mice, respectively. Some of these features can be ascribed to the increased production of butyrate in the lumen of the colon and its role in protection of barrier functions and regulation of IL-18 expression.
Floppy eyelid syndrome is associated with obstructive sleep apnoea: a prospective study on 127 patients
Authors: CHAMBE JULIETTE , LAIB SOUMIA , HUBBARD JEFFREY , ERHARDT CHRISTINE , RUPPERT ELISABETH , SCHRODER CARMEN , MALAN ANDRE , BOURCIER TRISTAN , BOURGIN PATRICE 
Published: October 2011

SummaryA few investigations have raised the question of a possible relationship between obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and floppy eyelid syndrome (FES). FES is an easily inverted floppy eyelid with papillary conjunctivis, and is a subset of the general pathology, lax eyelid syndrome. The aim of the current study is to determine whether OSAS severity is associated with FES. One hundred and 27 consecutive subjects (aged 25–75 years) referred to the Strasbourg University Sleep Clinic with suspicion of OSAS were included. All patients underwent overnight ambulatory respiratory polygraphy, comprehensive ophthalmological examination and completed standard sleep questionnaires. OSAS severity was defined based on the patient’s obstructive apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI). As expected, age, body mass index (BMI) and the proportion of males increased with OSAS severity. FES was observed in 15.8% of the subjects without OSAS, 25.8% of the total OSAS population and the frequency was significantly increased (40%) in patients with severe OSAS (AHI > 30 h−1). A significant correlation between OSAS severity and FES was found after adjustment for age, sex and BMI, using a principal component analysis (PCA). The multivariate analysis included clinical, polygraphic and comorbidity data and was followed by logistic regressions for the main components extracted from the PCA. In summary, our findings show an association between OSAS severity and FES and suggest that severe OSAS might be an independent risk factor for FES. These two disorders may share common biological determinants, such as tissue elasticity. Finally, clinicians should be aware of this association so that underlying OSAS or FES can be detected.
Preventing Violent Extremism: Perceptions of Policy from Grassroots and Communities
Authors: Lakhani Suraj 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article examines the implementation of the UK's ‘Prevent Strategy’ for countering terrorist risks and threats. Informed by qualitative data, it critically assesses the perception and reception ‘on the ground’ of Prevent Strategy policies amongst those individuals who are, in many ways, the focus of such interventions. It is found that there are a number of grievances held, though three are of particular concern and revolve around funding issues, confusion of the overarching aims of the strategy, and suspicions of intelligence gathering and spying within Muslim communities.
The Reverse Environmental Gender Gap in China: Evidence from “The China Survey”*
Authors: Shields Todd , Zeng Ka 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesThis article explores gender differences in attitudes about the seriousness of the environment as a problem in China using the “2008 China Survey.”MethodsWe use generalized ordered logit models to analyze survey respondents’ environmental attitudes.ResultsOur results indicate that there is indeed a “gender gap” in environmental attitudes in China, but the pattern is reversed from what has been generally found in previous work conducted in the United States and Europe. Chinese men, not women, show a greater concern about environmental problems and the seriousness of the environmental degradation in China. Further, we find that this gender gap is based largely in the substantial economic and educational differences between men and women in contemporary China.ConclusionsThis study emphasizes the mediating influence of socioeconomic variables in explaining gender attitudes toward the environment in China. Our findings suggest that in different contexts, women may be faced with difficult decisions between immediate economic necessities and long‐term environmental concerns. The observed environmental gender gap in China will likely persist unless further economic development results in improved access to education and economic conditions for Chinese women.
Fabrication of Three‐Dimensionally Structured Titanium Oxide Thin Films by Transfer Printing
Authors: Lee Jian‐Hong , Tsai Shu‐Yi , Lee Wen‐Jen , Hon Min‐Hsiung , Leu Ing‐Chi 
Published: October 2011

The fabrication of a three‐dimensionally structured metal oxide on various substrates mediated with self‐assemble monolayer (SAM) Au‐precoated substrates, such as Si wafer, non‐planar glass, and flexible plastic, is important for a number of practical applications in electronics, photonics, and biotechnology. In this report, we describe the use of transfer printing for forming three‐dimensionally structured TiO2 thin films with feature sizes of 10 μm in the diameter and 3 μm in height over areas of several square millimeters by direct patterning onto Si surfaces. This process is mediated by the presence of a 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane monolayer that guides the transfer of three‐dimensionally structured TiO2 thin films from the low‐energy surfaces of the mold to a Si substrate via surface forces.
Geographic variation in oviposition preference for male and female host plants in a geometrid moth: implications for evolution of host choice
Authors: Tsuji Kaoru , Sota Teiji 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSeveral dioecious plant species exhibit sexual dimorphisms in defensive traits. However, the effects of sexual dimorphism on defense against herbivores remain poorly understood. Eurya japonica (Thunb.) (Theaceae) is a dioecious shrub that shows sexual dimorphism in the chemical defense of flower buds. Female calyces contain higher concentrations of total phenolics and condensed tannins than do male calyces. Male flower buds are edible for a florivore moth, Chloroclystis excisa (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), whereas the female flower buds are lethal to the moth larvae. The moths prefer to oviposit on male over female E. japonica flower buds. As the moths also occur in areas lacking E. japonica, we tested whether the oviposition preference for E. japonica flower sex differed between moths sympatric and allopatric with E. japonica. The moths sympatric with E. japonica showed a stronger preference for male E. japonica than the moths allopatric with E. japonica. Our phylogeographic study using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences revealed little genetic differentiation between moth populations sympatric and allopatric with E. japonica. These results suggest that the adaptive oviposition preference for flower sex of E. japonica has evolved rapidly in C. excisa.
Tensegrity and plasma for skin regeneration
Authors: Pacini Stefania , Morucci Gabriele , Ruggiero Marco , Gulisano Massimo , Punzi Tiziana 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundMechanical stresses induce variations in tissue tensegrity leading to cell proliferation and differentiation thus contributing to tissue remodelling. Besides mechanical forces, skin remodelling may be induced by the application of plasma, a new type of energy delivery resulting in controlled heat damage. Here we demonstrate that mechanical stress induced by the application of vacuum increases the efficacy of plasma in skin regeneration treatment.MethodsVacuum alone and vacuum plus plasma at different energies were applied to rat skin and biopsies collected at different time intervals after treatments. Skin integrity, collagen arrangement, inflammation and myofibroblast differentiation were assessed by Masson's trichrome staining. Procollagen synthesis was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.ResultsVacuum alone induced significant and temporary alterations in the distribution of collagen bundles, with concomitant procollagen synthesis in the dermis; no myofibroblasts and no signs of inflammation were observed. Vacuum plus plasma determined an important spatial modification of collagen bundles, more intense than vacuum or plasma alone. Significant increase of procollagen synthesis, numerous myofibroblasts but slight sign of inflammation appeared after the treatment.ConclusionVacuum mechanically stimulated fibroblasts, producing changes in collagen arrangement and procollagen synthesis. Plasma led to the same effects through thermal damage. Application of a combined treatment consisting in vacuum plus plasma induced more remarkable effects on skin regeneration with relatively low plasma energies and no relevant side effects.
Decreased blood catalase activity is not related to specific beta‐thalassemia mutations in Hungary
Authors: KÓSA Z. , NAGY T. , NAGY E. , FAZAKAS F. , GÓTH L. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  Thalassemia erythrocytes are exposed to oxidative stress especially to hydrogen peroxide, which is regulated with the enzyme catalase. The aim of this study was to examine blood catalase activity and the relationship of blood catalase and beta‐thalassemia gene mutations.Methods:  Blood catalase activity, hemoglobin, HbA2, HbF, and beta‐globin gene mutations were determined in 43 Hungarian patients with beta‐thalassemia trait.Results:  Compared to controls, the beta‐thalassemia trait patients showed a low mean (P < 0.001) of blood catalase (men: 84 ± 29 MU/L vs. sex‐matched controls: 118 ± 18 MU/L and women: 74 ± 18 MU/L vs. 108 ± 114 MU/L) and a low mean of blood catalase‐to‐blood hemoglobin ratio (men: 0.72 ± 0.22 MU/g vs. 0.85 ± 0.12 MU/g, women: 0.77 ± 0.26 MU/g vs. 0.84 ± 0.11 MU/g). The HbA2 determination showed high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of beta‐thalassemia trait patients. Mutation analyses revealed 13 beta‐thalassemia trait mutations, of which six have not been reported before in Hungarian beta‐thalassemia trait patients. Each group of mutations revealed decreased (P < 0.01) mean of blood catalase and catalase‐to‐hemoglobin ratio. Acatalasemia mutations were not found in beta‐thalassemia trait patients.Conclusion:  The decrease in blood catalase activity might be due to the damaging effects of free radicals on the catalase protein. Consequently, these beta‐thalassemia trait patients may be relatively susceptible to damage caused by oxidative stress.
Embodied Spatial Cognition
Authors: Gregory Trafton J. , Harrison Anthony M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe present a spatial system called Specialized Egocentrically Coordinated Spaces embedded in an embodied cognitive architecture (ACT‐R Embodied). We show how the spatial system works by modeling two different developmental findings: gaze‐following and Level 1 perspective taking. The gaze‐following model is based on an experiment byCorkum and Moore (1998), whereas the Level 1 visual perspective‐taking model is based on an experiment byMoll and Tomasello (2006). The models run on an embodied robotic system.
Synergistic Effect by Co‐Administration of Tamsulosin and Solifenacin on Bladder Activity in Rats
Authors: NISHIJIMA Saori , SUGAYA Kimio , KADEKAWA Katsumi , ASHITOMI Katsuhiro , OHTAKE Akiyoshi , SASAMATA Masao , YAMAMOTO Hideyuki 
Published: October 2011

Objectives: We examined the effects of alpha1‐adrenoceptor antagonist (tamsulosin hydrochloride) and antimuscarinic agent (solifenacin succinate) alone or in combination on the urinary adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and cystometric parameters before and after bladder stimulation.Methods: Female rats were administered tamsulosin hydrochloride (0.5 or 3 µg/kg/h) and/or solifenacin succinate (20 or 100 µg/kg/h) via a subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipump. Rats receiving distilled water were used as control. After 2 weeks, continuous cystometry with physiological saline or 0.1% acetic acid solution was performed. Urinary ATP level was also measured before and after stimulation by 0.1% acetic acid solution.Results: During cystometry with bladder stimulation, the interval between voiding became shorter and the maximum voiding pressure (MVP) became higher in the control group. In the high‐dose tamsulosin and solifenacin groups, the inhibition of urinary frequency was observed. The MVP also became higher in the high‐dose tamsulosin group, but such a change was not seen in the high‐dose solifenacin group. In case of low‐dose administration, either agent alone did not inhibit the increase of urinary frequency and MVP due to bladder stimulation. However, co‐administration of these ineffective low doses of tamsulosin and solifenacin resulted in the inhibition of urinary frequency. The high‐dose or low‐dose solifenacin group and the co‐administration group showed similar inhibition of the increase of urinary ATP after bladder stimulation.Conclusion: Tamsulosin may have a different effect on the bladder and/or the neuronal pathways that is unrelated to ATP, so the combination of tamsulosin and solifenacin may synergistically inhibit urinary frequency after bladder stimulation.
Evaluation of brachytherapy lung implant dose distributions from photon‐emitting sources due to tissue heterogeneities
Authors: Yang Yun , Rivard Mark J. 
Published: October 2011

Purpose:Photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources are used for permanent implantation to treat lung cancer. However, the current brachytherapy dose calculation formalism assumes a homogeneous water medium without considering the influence of radiation scatter or tissue heterogeneities. The purpose of this study was to determine the dosimetric effects of tissue heterogeneities for permanent lung brachytherapy.Methods:The MCNP5 v1.40 radiation transport code was used for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. Point sources with energies of 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 MeV were simulated to cover the range of pertinent brachytherapy energies and to glean dosimetric trends independent of specific radionuclide emissions. Source positions from postimplant CT scans of five patient implants were used for source coordinates, with dose normalized to 200 Gy at the center of each implant. With the presence of fibrosis (around the implant), cortical bone, lung, and healthy tissues, dose distributions andPTVDVH were calculated using the MCNP *FMESH4 tally and the NIST mass‐energy absorption coefficients. This process was repeated upon replacing all tissues with water. For all photon energies, 109 histories were simulated to achieve statistical errors (k = 1) typically of 1%.Results:The mean PTV doses calculated using tissue heterogeneities for all five patients changed (compared to dose to water) by only a few percent over the examined photon energy range, as did PTV dose at the implant center. ThePTVV100 values were 81.2%, 90.0% (as normalized), 94.3%, 93.9%, 92.7%, and 92.2% for 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 MeV source photons, respectively. Relative to water, the maximum bone doses were higher by factors of 3.7, 5.1, 5.2, 2.4, 1.2, and 1.0 The maximum lung doses were about 0.98, 0.94, 0.91, 0.94, 0.97, and 0.99. Relative to water, the maximum healthy tissue doses at the mediastinal position were higher by factors of 9.8, 2.2, 1.3, 1.1, 1.1, and 1.1. However, the maximum doses to these healthy tissues were only 3.1, 7.2, 11.3, 10.9, 9.0, and 8.1 Gy while maximum bone doses were 66, 177, 236, 106, 49, and 39 Gy, respectively. Similarly, maximum lung doses were 55, 66, 73, 74, 73, and 73 Gy, respectively.Conclusions:The current brachytherapy dose calculation formalism overestimates PTV dose and significantly underestimates doses to bone and healthy tissue. Further investigation using specific brachytherapy source models and patient‐based CT datasets as MC input may indicate whether the observed trends can be generalized for low‐energy lung brachytherapy dosimetry.