bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Important Parasite of the Greenhouse White-fly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Westwood)
Authors: Speyer Edward R. 
Published: July 2009

1.—Encarsia formosa, Gahan, is a Chalcid wasp that parasitises the white-fly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Westw., a single female ovipositing in 50 or more young pupae of the host. The larvae of the parasite, on hatching from the egg, destroys the white-fly pupa, the skin of which becomes black in colour, thus distinguishing the parasitised pupa from the normal white scales and pupa of the white-fly.2.—The parasite is parthenogenetic, males, probably impotent, only appearing when temperatures are low.3.—The life-history of the parasite occupies at least 28 days, and adults may remain in the scales for some time before cutting their way out by a circular hole in the roof of the scale. The adult is capable of travelling over large areas in glasshouses.4.—Low temperatures militate seriously against the increase of the parasite, which is probably a tropical insect and has possibly been imported into this country from India.5.—Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas, as practised commercially for the control of white-fly, does not affect the parasites.6.—The parasite is best distributed by detaching the black pupae of white-fly from the foliage, though 20 per cent, may be injured in this way. An almost complete emergence is obtained by cutting branches from plants and pinning them to the plants in houses where distribution is desired, but this involves risk of infecting the houses with various pests and diseases.
Some Notes on Syringopais temperatella, Led., in Cyprus
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

It has just lately been reported to the writer that Syringopais (Nochelodes) temperatella, Led., a Microlepidopteron of the family Oecophoridae, has again in Cyprus begun to assume the rôle of a major pest. Little work seems to have been done on this insect anywhere, so that it may be worth while to give a few notes on one or two interesting points that have lately been brought to light with regard to it.On first appointment to the island, in 1923, the writer was given to understand that Nochelodes temperatella was the greatest insect pest with which the impoverished and struggling farmer had to deal ; but that this is indeed the whole truth was not entirely borne out by enquiries during the years 1924, 1925, and early 1926, for it was found that no serious endeavour to deal with the insect on the lines previously advocated by the Agricultural Department had ever been made, despite the fact that cultural methods only had been advocated, and in addition such as could easily have been carried out with the exercise of no great energy.Broadly, the life-history of the insect is as follows :—The adults are on the wing in the late spring or early summer, some little time before the wheat is cut. It is supposed that the eggs are laid in the soil—certainly they are to be found in the soil—and that they there persist through the hot weather, hatching some time during the winter, and the larvae immediately proceeding to attack the young wheat. The pest becomes really noticeable only towards the spring, when sometimes whole areas of wheat are virtually destroyed. Pupation takes place in the soil.
Tabanidae of the Samoan Islands
Authors: Ferguson Eustace W. 
Published: July 2009

So far no species of this family of Diptera have been described or recorded from the Samoan Islands. The acquisition of a species of Tabanus by Dr. P. A. Buxton and Mr. G. H. E. Hopkins is therefore of great interest.The Tabanidae of the Pacific Islands undoubtedly form an eastward extension of the family from Papua through Melanesia to Fiji ; various species are known from the Solomons, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, the Loyalties and Fiji, but the family is unrecorded from Tonga or islands to the eastward of Samoa. The Tabanidae thus represent a Papuo-Melanesian element in the Polynesian fauna. It might be mentioned here that two species of Tabanus, T. sidneyensis and T. nigriventris, were described by Macquart from “ Sidney Island,” which has been supposed to be Sidney Island in the Phoenix group. This locality is certainly erroneous ; most of the Diptera described as coming from there are known now to be common Australian forms and these two species are in all probability also Australian. The only other species recorded from Polynesia proper is T. insularis, Walker, described from the Sandwich Islands ; this record is also certainly wrong, since the group is not known to occur in these islands, of which the fauna has been extensively collected.
Notes on the Breeding-habits of Two Mosquitos
Authors: Cleare L. D. 
Published: July 2009

The observations herein recorded were carried out on a portion of the foreshore and of the low-lying front-lands in the vicinity of Georgetown, British Guiana, during the months of January, 1925, and July and August, 1926. The results obtained appear to be of sufficient interest to warrant their being placed on record as throwing further light on the breeding-habits of two important mosquitos of this Colony, namely, Anopheles tarsimaculatus, Goeldi, and Aëdes taeniorhynchus, Wied.The principal area in which the investigations were carried out is situated to the north of Kitty Village outside of the Sea Wall and is bounded on the south by that wall, on the west by the Kitty Groyne, and on the east by another groyne (Case Groyne) erected a few years ago as part of the sea-defences. The area measures roughly from east to west about 700 yards and from north to south about 200 yards at its greatest width, and about 60 yards at its narrowest part, these being situated at the western and eastern boundaries respectively. The accompanying sketch-map gives a general plan of the area. The places from which mosquito larvae were collected are indicated on the plan, Anopheles by black spots, Aëdes by concentric rings.
On the Effect of Methods of Mechanical Control on the Progress of Introduced Parasites of Insect Pests
Authors: Thompson W. R. 
Published: July 2009

The importation of parasites from the native home of introduced insect pests now constitutes a recognised part of entomological practice in most countries under civilised control. However, since the method is still in the experimental stage, and since long periods of time often elapse before the parasites colonised become sufficiently abundant to exert any appreciable influence on the host, the entomologist often finds it necessary, in order to avert disaster, to utilise remedies which, though temporary, are more immediately effective. To this end he employs some one or other of the various methods of mechanical control, by which the population of the insect pest can be at once greatly reduced.But in many cases, these methods of attack affect the parasites as well as the hosts. It is therefore important to consider what influence they will have upon the progress of the natural enemies and whether, in order to obtain the temporary relief afforded by mechanical methods, we are not sacrificing the hope of permanent control.We have at present no data permitting us to attack this problem from the experimental angle ; but it can be studied in a broad general way when reduced to mathematical terms.
Haitian Cotton and the Pink Bollworm
Authors: Wolcott George N. 
Published: July 2009

The pink bollworm of cotton in recent years has become so extensively distributed and is of such general, world-wide importance that its exceptional status in Haiti may prove to be of more than local interest.Haiti is the western third of the island of Hispaniola, which is the second largest of the West Indies, lying between Cuba and Jamaica on the west and Porto Rico on the east. The Dominican Republic occupies the remainder of the island, and is sharply contrasted with its smaller but more populous neighbour in the language, racial origins, habits and customs of its people. Cotton is not extensively grown in the Dominican Republic ; in Haiti, however, it is second only in importance to coffee. The extensive plains of the Cul-de-Sac and the Artibonite seem to be especially well adapted in soil, elevation, and climate to its growth, and here it forms the main money crop of the region.
Notes on the Food-plants and Habits of some Southern Nigerian Insects
Authors: Golding F. D. 
Published: July 2009

The object of the present paper is to place on record a number of observations made by the writer in the Ibadan district of Southern Nigeria in the years 1922 to 1925, in the hope that they may be of some interest to other workers in Africa.The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Dr. G. A. K. Marshall and the specialists of the Department of Entomology in the British Museum for identifying the insects mentioned, and to Dr. A. W. Hill, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, for determining the majority of the plants.
Natural Enemies of the Pear Leaf-curling Midge,Perrisia pyri, Bouché (Dipt., Cecidom.)
Authors: Myers J. G. 
Published: July 2009

There are three main parasitoids and one very efficient predator associated withPerrisia pyriin France. Of these, at least during July and August, the predacious Capsid,Pilophorus perplexus, achieves the greatest destruction of midge larvae.The two species of Platygasterids differ in several points of ethology from the species of the same or adjacent genera attackingContarinia pyrivora. They are both egg-parasites, developing very slowly in the midge larvae during the growth of the host. Their action appears to be largely complementary, corresponding to morphological differences in the organs of oviposition. Their life-history is very imperfectly known.Torymus abbreviatusis extremely efficient. Its eggs are laid within the curled leaf among well-grown midge maggots on which the larva lives as an ectoparasitoid. The duration and location of the pupa stadium is unfortunately not yet known.Some half a dozen other enemies were found to play a less important part than the preceding.
Tree-holes and Mosquito Breeding in West Africa
Authors: Dunn Lawrence H. 
Published: July 2009

(1) During studies on the mosquito breeding occurring in tree-holes in the vicinity of Lagos, Nigeria, water was collected from holes in 260 trees. This number included 36 species, consisting largely of fruit trees and those used for shade and ornamental purposes.(2) Mosquito larvae were present in samples of water taken from 227, or 87·3 per cent., of the trees.(3) The number of adult mosquitos bred out from all larvae collected totalled 12,285, with 14 species represented.(4) Among the several species, Aëdes aegypti stood second in the number of trees in which it was found and fourth in the number of adults bred out.(5) Aëdes aegypti larvae were taken from holes in trees at a distance of 350 yards from the nearest habitation.(6) The amount of breeding of Aëdes aegypti found occurring in tree-holes was sufficient to demonstrate their importance as a source of mosquitos of this species and the necessity for their elimination as a measure in yellow fever control.
On the Indo-Malayan Species of the Genus Microgaster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

♂. Black ; flagellum brownish red, hind legs from the femora to the claws blackish red ; scape, fore and middle legs, hind trochanters and hind trochantines, light testaceous red ; palpi almost white ; basal ventrites whitish ; stigma and wing veins brown.♂. Head rugose throughout, except that the occiput is rugoso-reticulate and that the vertex between the ocelli and the toruli is rugoso-striate ; face with indications of a median keel ; antennae moderately thick and strong ; basal joint of flagellum a little longer than twice its breadth, about 0·24 mm. long ; clypeus apparently emarginate, just about half as long as distance between facial depressions, which latter are nearer to the eyes than to the apex of the clypeus ; posterior ocelli nearer to the eyes than to each other. Thorax : mesonotum closely and strongly punctate, anteriorly almost rugose, as are also the mesopleurae except for a posterior median smooth and shining area ; mesopleural sulcus apparently smooth ; scutellum apparently rugose ; metanotum apparently not crenulate ; propodeon with an extremely short median longitudinal carina which, bifurcating at its apex, emits two strong carinae which, on each side, run transversely across the basal half of the propodeon and join a strong carina which in conjunction with a strong lateral longitudinal carina encircles the spiracles, as in M. kuchingensis ; remainder of the propodeon apparently rugose between broad reticulations, except outside the lateral keels, where it is only rugose.
On the Hedycryptine GenusOneilella, Cam. (Hym., Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Waterston James 
Published: July 2009

[In 1919 work on the genusOneilellawas begun by the author and Mr. R. E. Turner. General agreement was reached as to the species represented in the material studied, and a table constructed before Mr. Turner's return to S. Africa. Subsequently all the additional material now dealt with was seen by Mr. Turner, and determined in collaboration.]The genusOneilella, Cam. 1904, created for the reception ofCryptus formosus, Brullé 1846, has up to the present remained monotypic. That it contained many more species was evident after an examination of the examples of this genus available in the British Museum collection and in various collections forwarded for identification to the Museum or received through the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. The material so gathered together (over 450 specimens) is, with one doubtful exception, African in source and dates from 1848 onwards. Its analysis has been a matter of some difficulty and has been undertaken chiefly because of the economic importance of some of the species. In the following pages an attempt has been made to summarise our present knowledge of the genus and its parasitism, and to describe such forms as appeared to be new.
Mating behaviour of males ofGlossina pallidipesAusten (Diptera: Glonidae)
Authors: Jaenson T. G. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe sexual bahaviour of males ofGlossina pallidipesAust. from the kibwezi Forest Lambwe Valley in Kenya was investigated in the laboratory. Most observatations were on the Kibwezi strain. Three copulatory phases were recorginsed, marked by male courtship, female buzzing, and male jerking with ejaculation. Maturation of copulatory brhaviour occured in advance of ability to inseminate. All males copulated by day 10 and all copulating males inseminated by day 12. Insemination took place only if the jerking phase was present, but neither the occurence of this phase nor the ejection of a spermatophore proved that insemination had taken place. The degree of insemination showed no general relation to age in previously unmated males. The jerking phase was generally shorter in non-inseminating than in inseminating copulations, although duration of copulation showed no obvious relation to the frequency and degree of insemination. The duration of copulation decreased with increasing age of previously unmated males between 10 and 30 days old. Copulation duration was strain-specific while the jerking phase duration was not, suggesting that the length of the pretransmission period (courtship phase plus female buzzing phase) is strain-dependent. In Kibwezi Forest, sexually appetitive (head-down) behaviour among males caught off a moving vehicle was, in geenral, not present among teneral and old males. Head-up and head-down males had small and large amouns of abdominal fat-body, respectively, and both had little gut content. Head-down males had comparatively low activity at dawn and dusk and relatively high middaly activity. The findigs are discussed in relation to the laboratory rearing ofG. pallidipes.
The biology of the tree-hole breeding mosquito Aedes geniculatus (Olivier) (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England
Authors: Yates M. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology of Aedes geniculatus (O1.) was studied in 1967–73 in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, an oak-ash woodland, in southern England. Adult emergence from tree-holes occurred from May to September, and the sex ratio was approximately 1:1. Catches on man indicated that the maximum biting densities occurred in July and August and that females spend about two minutes obtaining a blood-meal. Significant positive correlations were found between their unfed weight and the weight of the blood-meal and also between female wing length and fecundity. The mean number of eggs per batch was 70. Studies with bamboo pots used as artificial oviposition sites in the field showed that the seasonal peak in oviposition spanned July and August, daily ovipositional activity was greatest in mid-afternoon and evening and ovipositing females preferred oviposition sites positioned within 4 m of the ground. A small proportion of eggs hatched during the summer in which they were laid, but most hatched in the following spring. Continuous or intermittent soaking failed to induce hatching until this time. In 'the laboratory, partially em'bryonated eggs required a minimum relative humidity of 88% to develop fully, but some embryonated eggs survived at 58%. Some eggs survived for 18–24 months in the field. The sampling of preadult stages dn tree-holes showed that larvae in the first two instars occurred almost throughout the year while third- and fourth-instar larvae were present in spring and summer. Pupae occurred only in the summer. It was concluded that A. geniculatus is univoltine in Monks Wood.
On the life-history and fecundity of the cochineal insect, Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae), a biological control agent for the cactus Opuntia awantiaca
Authors: Moran V. C. , Cabby B. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe life-history of Dactylopius austrinus De Lotto on the weed Opuntia aurantiaca, is described. The male moults four times and the female twice. The instars are illustrated. Fecundity is shown to be a function of female density on the plant and of host-plant condition. The sexes were produced in a ratio of about two males to one female.
Field trials with the synthetic pyrethroids permethrin, cypermethrin and decamethrin against Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Nigeria
Authors: Spielberger U. , Na'isa B. K. , Koch K. , Manno A. , Skidmore P. R. , Coutts H. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo years of field trials in Nigeria with the synthetic pyrethroids permethrin, cypermethrin and decamethrin against Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) and G. tachinoides Westw. are described. Laboratory tests were also made against G. morsitans submorsitans Newst. The three pyrethroids were applied successfully from the ground at 0·5%, 0·3% and 0·075%, respectively, to fly resting sites on vegetation using pressurised knapsack sprayers, populations of both species being eradicated after a single application of one insecticide. Following residual spraying from a helicopter, only decamethrin at 30 g/ha achieved complete eradication. It was thought that, with permethrin wettable powder at 200 g/ha, by modifying the spraying equipment and, with cypermethrin, by increasing the dosage to over 150 g/ha, both could be successful in the future. A new ‘sideways’ spraying technique tested using the helicopter gave promising results. Comparatively little harm was done to non-target organisms in the environment after spraying with any of the three pyrethroids, and it is expected that they may gradually replace the chlorinated hydrocarbons in future routine anti-tsetse operations.
Mosquito (Dipteral Culicidae) flight behaviour near conspicuous objects
Authors: Bidlingmayer W. L. , Hem D. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies were conducted in Florida to investigate the behaviour of night-flying mosquitoes includingAedes sollicitans(Wlk.),Ae. taeniorhynchus(Wied.),Anopheles atroposD. & K.,An. cruciansWied.,Culex nigripalpusTheo.,Culiseta melanura(Coq.),Deinocerites cancerTheo.,Psorophora columbiae(D. & K.) and (Uranotaenia lowiiTheo.) in relation to visually conspicuous objects. Adults of all species exceptAe. sollicitanswere taken in greater numbers in a large weathered plywood suction trap covered with black panels than in one without panels. However, both traps were attractive, as a transparent plastic suction trap covered with weathered plywood panels took larger numbers of all species exceptU. lowiithan a transparent trap without panels. Buried suction traps furnished with visible risers (extensions) that made captures at 1·2 m elevations always captured proportionately larger numbers than buried traps with visible baffles that captured mosquitoes at ground level. A woodland species,C. nigripalpus, was captured in larger numbers toy traps furnisihed with visible risers and baffles than in traps furnished with transparent risers and baffles; however, collections of field species, e.g.Ae. taeniorhynchus, were smaller. The distribution of blood-fed and gravid females in collections from these traps provided some evidence that blood-seeking females are more responsive to visible objects than engorged or gravid females. These results are compatible with the hypotheses that (1) mosquitoes are attracted from a distance to visible objects, (2) in close proximity an avoidance action occurs and mosquitoes then pass over or around the visible object and (3) woodland species approach visible objects closely (<30 cm), whereas field species pass by at greater mean distances. Consequently, a larger percentage of visually attracted woodland mosquitoes than of visually attracted field species will be captured by suction traps. Depending upon trap design and specific behaviour, increasing the visibility of a suction trap can either increase or decrease trap collections
Three new South African Xenopsylla (Siphonapt.)
Authors: Ingram A. 
Published: July 2009

The examination of a collection of fleas, obtained during the last two years in the course of the investigation of plague amongst the rodents of the South African veld, has resulted in the finding of three new species of Xenopsylla, which are described below.My thanks are again due to Dr. K. Jordan and to Dr. G. A. K. Marshall for advice and help kindly given to me.
The Relation of certain Algae to Breeding Places of Mosquitos in Queensland
Authors: Hamlyn-Harris Ronald 
Published: July 2009

(1) An effort has been made to find an explanation for certain problems involved in the selection of breeding-places of mosquitos in Queensland.(2) Many of these problems must remain unsolved until it is possible by patient study of local conditions to bring all the factors involved into play.(3) In order to explain the reason for the avoidance of natural water, where it exists, it is suggested that the soils that underlie them should first be taken into consideration, and that the waters should be examined with reference to their physical and chemical conditions.(4) Observations and experiments, spread over a period of eighteen months, confirm the findings of previous authors that Characeae do not in themselves possess larvicidal properties.(5) That food is the main determining factor in the choice of preferential breeding-places seems to be borne out by actual results obtained, and that when such are not available, mosquitos will resort to breeding-places of compulsion, such places being usually observed to be entirely or partly devoid of food supplies.(6) It is suggested that the salts of alumina and iron in the ferrous state tend to destroy food organisms, and that where these conditions exist, the water is not selected preferentially.(7) The presence of algae leads to the appearance of Anopheles annulipes.(8) That Cladophora holsatica inhibits larval growth seems to be experimentally established.(9) Bacterial scums are mainly due to B. subtilis and have a tendency to produce a slight alkalinity.