bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Network analysis in conservation biogeography: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Cumming Graeme S. , Bodin Örjan , Ernstson Henrik , Elmqvist Thomas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAims  To highlight the potential value of network analysis for conservation biogeography and to focus attention on some of the challenges that lie ahead in applying it to conservation problems.Location  Global.Methods  We briefly review existing literature and then focus on five important challenges for the further development of network‐based approaches in the field.Results  Our five challenges include (i) understanding cross‐scale and cross‐level linkages in ecological systems (top–down and bottom–up effects, such as trophic cascades, have been demonstrated in food webs but are poorly understood in nested hierarchies such as reserve networks and stream catchments), (ii) capturing dynamic aspects of ecological systems and networks (with a few exceptions we have little grasp of how important whole‐network attributes change as the composition of nodes and links changes), (iii) integrating ecological aspects of network theory with metacommunity frameworks and multiple node functions and roles (can we link the spatial patterns of habitat patches in fragmented landscapes, the parallel networks of interacting species using those patches and community‐level interactions as defined by metacommunity theory in a single framework?), (iv) integrating the analysis of social and ecological networks (particularly, can they be analysed as a single interacting system?) and (v) laying an empirical foundation for network analysis in conservation biogeography (this will require a larger data bank of well‐studied networks from diverse habitats and systems).Main conclusions  Recent research has identified a variety of approaches that we expect to contribute to progress in each of our five challenge areas. We anticipate that some of the most exciting outcomes of attempts to meet these challenges will be frameworks that unite areas of research, such as food web analysis and metacommunity theory, that have developed independently.
Electronic Medical Records as a Research Tool: Evaluating Topiramate Use at a Headache Center
Authors: Marmura Michael J. , Hopkins Mary , Andrel Jocelyn , Young William B. , Biondi David M. , Rupnow Marcia F.T. , Armstrong Robert B. 
Published: March 2010

(Headache 2010;50:769‐778)Background.— Electronic medical records (EMRs) are used in large healthcare centers to increase efficiency and accuracy of documentation. These databases may be utilized for clinical research or to describe clinical practices such as medication usage.Methods.— We conducted a retrospective analysis of EMR data from a headache clinic to evaluate clinician prescription use and dosing patterns of topiramate. The study cohort comprised 4833 unique de‐identified records, which were used to determine topiramate dose and persistence of treatment.Results.— Within the cohort, migraine was the most common headache diagnosis (n = 3753, 77.7%), followed by tension‐type headache (n = 338, 7.0%) and cluster or trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (n = 287, 5.9%). Physicians prescribed topiramate more often for subjects with migraine and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (P < .0001) than for those with other conditions, and more often for subjects with coexisting conditions including obesity, bipolar disorder, and depression. The most common maintenance dose of topiramate was 100 mg/day; however, approximately 15% of subjects received either less than 100 mg/day or more than 200 mg/day. More than a third of subjects were prescribed topiramate for more than 1 year, and subjects with a diagnosis of migraine were prescribed topiramate for a longer period of time than those without migraine.Conclusions.— Findings from our study using EMR demonstrate that physicians use topiramate at many different doses and for many off‐label indications. This analysis provided important insight into our patient populations and treatment patterns.
Life Cycle Assessment of Biosolids Land Application and Evaluation of the Factors Impacting Human Toxicity through Plant Uptake
Authors: Sablayrolles Caroline , Gabrielle Benoît , Montrejaud‐Vignoles Mireille 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDue to increasing environmental concerns in the wastewater treatment sector, the environmental impacts of organic waste disposal procedures require careful evaluation. However, the impacts related to the return of organic matter to agricultural soils are difficult to assess. The goals of this study are to assess the environmental impacts of land application of two types of biosolids (dried and composted, respectively) from the same wastewater treatment plant in France, and to improve the quantification of human toxicity.A life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out on a case study based on validated data from an actual wastewater treatment plant. Numerous impacts were included in this analysis, but a particular emphasis was laid on human toxicity via plant ingestion. For six out of the eight impact categories included in the analysis, the dried biosolids system was more harmful to the environment than the composting route, especially regarding the consumption of primary energy. Only human toxicity via water, soil, and air compartments and ozone depletion impacts were higher with the composted biosolids.
Development and Psychometric Testing of the Supportive Supervisory Scale
Authors: McGilton Katherine S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract Purpose: To describe the development and psychometric testing of the Supportive Supervisory Scale (SSS). Methods: The development of the items of the scale was based on Winnicott's relationship theory and on focus groups with 26 healthcare aides (HCAs) and 30 supervisors from six long‐term care (LTC) facilities in Ontario, Canada. Content validity of the 15‐item instrument was established by a panel of experts. Based on a secondary analysis of data collected from 222 HCAs in 10 LTC facilities in Ontario, Canada, the SSS was subjected to principal components analysis with oblique rotation. Findings: A two‐factor solution was accepted, which is consistent with the theoretical conceptualization of the instrument. Factor I was labeled Respects Uniqueness and Factor II was labeled Being Reliable. Internal consistency of Factor I was .95, and that of Factor II was .91. Discriminant validity was also established. The focus groups revealed that “being available to staff” while “recognizing the HCA as an individual, and taking a moment to get to know them” was essential to feeling supported by their supervisor. Conclusions: The SSS is a reliable and valid measure of supervisory support of supervisors working in LTC facilities. At the core of supportive supervision is the supervisor's ability to develop and maintain positive relationships with each HCA. It is through respecting the uniqueness of each HCA and being reliable that supervisor‐HCA relationships can flourish. Clinical Relevance: Supportive leadership in LTC settings is a major contributor to HCAs’ job satisfaction and retention and to quality of patient care. Therefore, a tool developed and tested to measure supervisors’ supportive capacities in LTC is primal to evaluate the effectiveness of supervisors in these environments.
Mammography Decision Making in Older Women With a Breast Cancer Family History
Authors: Greco Karen E. , Nail Lillian M. , Kendall Judy , Cartwright Juliana , Messecar Deborah C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPurpose:This study's purpose is to describe and explain how women 55 years of age and older with a family history of breast cancer make screening mammography decisions.Design:A qualitative design based on grounded theory. This purposeful sample consisted of 23 women 55 years of age or older with one more first‐degree relatives diagnosed with breast cancer.Method:Open‐ended interviews were conducted with 23 women 55 years of age and older with a family history of breast cancer using a semistructured interview guide. Transcribed interview data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis to identify the conditions, actions, and consequences associated with participant's screening mammography decision making.Findings:Women reported becoming aware of their breast cancer risk usually due to a triggering event such as having a family member diagnosed with breast cancer, resulting in women “guarding against cancer.” Women's actions included having mammograms, getting health check‐ups, having healthy behaviors, and being optimistic. Most women reported extraordinary faith in mammography, often ignoring negative mammogram information. A negative mammogram gave women peace of mind and assurance that breast cancer was not present. Being called back for additional mammograms caused worry, especially with delayed results.Conclusions:The “guarding against cancer” theory needs to be tested in other at‐risk populations and ultimately used to test strategies that promote cancer screening decision making and the adoption of screening behaviors in those at increased risk for developing cancer.Clinical Relevance:Women 55 years of age and older with a breast cancer family history need timely mammogram results, mammography reminders, and psychosocial support when undergoing a mammography recall or other follow‐up tests.
Sleep in Dementia Caregivers and the Effect of a Nighttime Monitoring System
Authors: Rowe Meredeth A. , Kairalla John A. , McCrae Christina S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if a nighttime home monitoring system, designed to track the movements of a care recipient with dementia, would relieve worry and improve sleep in caregivers of persons with dementia. Design and Methods: In this controlled clinical trial, 49 dementia caregivers were followed for up to 1 year. Sleep was measured for 7‐day intervals at nine points in time using actigraphy and a sleep diary. Findings: Although the experimental caregivers generally reported that the system was “of great help” in relieving worry about nighttime activity, no significant group differences were found using multilevel modeling analyses. With regard to total sleep time, time awake after sleep onset, and sleep quality, multilevel models did not demonstrate any changes in sleep between groups, either averaged over time or for the interaction of group and time. Conclusions: Since previous analysis of our qualitative data suggested improvements in caregiver worry and sleep, problems other than night awakenings may be perpetuating the sleep problem. Future studies should include testing of multimodal sleep interventions. Clinical Relevance: Caregivers have high amounts of unwanted wake time during the night and additional research is needed to identify effective interventions to improve their sleep.
Shamanism and San Pedro through Time: Some Notes on the Archaeology, History, and Continued Use of an Entheogen in Northern Peru
Authors: GLASS‐COFFIN BONNIE 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses archaeological, historical, and contemporary ethnographic evidence for the use of the San Pedro cactus in northern Peru as a vehicle for traveling between worlds and for imparting the “vista” (magical sight) necessary for shamanic healers to divine the cause of their patients' ailments. Using iconographic, ethnohistorical, and ethnographic evidence for the uninterrupted use of this sacred plant as a means of access to the Divine and as a tool for healing, it describes the relationship between San Pedro, ancestor worship, water/fertility cults and also the common symbolic associations between San Pedro and wind‐spirits. It closes by suggesting that the more than 2000 year time‐depth of using this plant as a means for accessing the realms of Spirit and as a tool for healing should serve to challenge the unfortunate tendency in the contemporary United States to consider this plant as a “recreational drug.”
Trance and Shamanic Cure on the South American Continent: Psychopharmacological and Neurobiological Interpretations
Authors: BLANC FRANCOIS 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis article examines the neurobiological basis of the healing power attributed to shamanic practices in the Andes and Brazil in light of the pharmacology of neurotransmitters and the new technological explorations of brain functioning. The psychotropic plants used in shamanic psychiatric cures interfere selectively with the intrinsic neuromediators of the brain. Mainly they may alter: (1) the neuroendocrine functioning through the adrenergic system by controlling stressful conditions, (2) the dopaminergic system in incentive learning and emotions incorporation, (3) the serotoninergic system in modulating behaviors, and mood, and (4) basic functions implied in anxiety or depression. PET scans and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of hypnotic trance and altered states of consciousness may provide a useful model for the neurophysiological phenomena of shamanic drum‐and‐dance trance. The reorganization of cortical areas and the direct interconnections between the prefrontal cortex and the dopaminergic reward centers in the limbic system are of particular significance for human social judgment and symbolic processing. Those centers—including the hypothalamus and the amygdala (associated with psychosomatic equilibrium, memory, and emotion) are enhanced. This arousal may be amplified in order to induce a cathartic crisis—the shamanic trance. It is suggested that through this holistic approach the shaman empirically interferes in neurobiological dysfunctions.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: OSTERMAN Paul 
Published: March 2010

Résumé.Les articles de ce numéro spécial de la Revue internationale du Travail présentent les résultats d'une large recherche comparative internationale sur le travail faiblement rémunéré, soutenue par la Fondation Russel Sage. Dans cette brève introduction, Paul Osterman, qui a coordonné l'édition de ce numéro, expose la raison d'être et la méthodologie de cette recherche, ainsi que son utilité pour les politiques publiques visant à améliorer la qualité de l'emploi au bas de l'échelle salariale.
Entre marché et flexicurité: le personnel d'entretien dans les hôtels au Danemark
Authors: ERIKSSON Tor , LI Jingkun 
Published: March 2010

Résumé.Au Danemark, le personnel d'entretien dans les hôtels n'est pas qualifié et est faiblement rémunéré, mais il est comparativement bien payé compte tenu de la compression de la structure salariale. Les auteurs examinent les conditions de travail et l'expérience du personnel d'entretien dans huit hôtels de diverses catégories pour analyser les réactions de l'hôtellerie face à la concurrence croissante et aux exigences de restructuration de ses activités. Les aspects considérés concernent la réorganisation du travail, l'augmentation de la cadence du travail, l'entretien sous‐traité et en interne, et la «flexicurité» propre au Danemark. La flexibilité, la sécurité du travail et d'autres avantages sociaux en nature compensent une assurance chômage et une progression de carrière insuffisantes.
L'emploi dans le commerce de détail aux Pays‐Bas: bas salaires et modération salariale
Authors: VAN KLAVEREN Maarten , SALVERDA Wiemer , TIJDENS Kea 
Published: March 2010

Résumé.Aux Pays‐Bas, depuis les années quatre‐vingt, la modération salariale est au cœur du modèle de gouvernance socio‐économique. L'emploi à bas salaire a fortement augmenté. Les bas salaires sont contenus par une baisse des salaires minima. La diminution des revenus et de la consommation a réduit la demande dans le secteur du commerce de détail, dont les salariés, notamment les jeunes, acceptent des emplois à temps partiel mal rémunérés. Les bas salaires nuisent à la qualité des emplois – phénomène avivé par l'amplitude exceptionnelle des salaires minima applicables aux jeunes et par le régime de bourses d'études les autorisant à travailler et faussant le marché du travail des jeunes à la recherche d'un emploi à plein temps. La crise actuelle pourrait entraver la re‐professionnalisation en cours dans ce secteur.
The French food‐processing model: High relative wages and high work intensity
Authors: CAROLI Ève , GAUTIÉ Jérôme , LAMANTHE Annie 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.The authors examine wages and working conditions in meat processing and confectionery in France. Working there may not require much skill, or command good wages and working conditions, but this article reveals a more complex, positive situation than expected, thanks to the “French model's” national minimum wage and the extension of collective wage agreements to all workers in the sector. But pressures to lower labour costs are still felt, and the firms examined must meet pressures to increase productivity, flexibility and automation. Moreover, retail chains also seek to lower prices and impose just‐in‐time production.
Formaldehyde‐releasers in cosmetics in the USA and in Europe
Authors: De Groot Anton C. , Veenstra Margo 
Published: March 2010

Background: Frequencies of sensitization to formaldehyde among US patients patch tested for suspected contact dermatitis are higher than in Europe. Cosmetics are an important source of contact with formaldehyde. Objectives: To acquire data on the frequency of use of formaldehyde‐releasers in cosmetics sold in the USA and Europe and their use concentrations. To assess whether any observed differences may contribute to the discrepancies in sensitization rates. Methods: Enquiries with Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Cosmetics Association, and the Dutch Cosmetics Association. Reading the labels of skin care cosmetics in a local drugstore. Results: The FDA provided data on the presence of formaldehyde and releasers. Nearly one fifth of all cosmetics contain a releaser. In 25% of 496 examined skin care products, releasers were present. In comparable FDA data categories, the percentage was 24. No data were found on use concentrations of the releasers in cosmetics in either the USA or Europe. Conclusions: The percentages of stay‐on skin care products containing a formaldehyde‐releaser are virtually identical in the USA (FDA data) and our local drugstore sample. However, this does not necessarily imply that cosmetics play no part in the differences in formaldehyde sensitization rates.
Congenital digital aplasia in a free‐ranging group of silvery marmosets, Mico argentatus
Authors: Ferrari S.F. , Coutinho P.E.G. , Corrêa H.K.M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCongenital aplasia of the hallux (big toe) was observed in seven adult and infant members of a free‐ranging group of silvery marmosets (Mico argentatus) in the Alter do Chão savannah of central Amazonia. Apparently heritable, the condition was more common in males (80%) than females (50%) but was found in no other members of the population. Animals with the condition presented normal behaviour.
How cold is dark matter? Constraints from Milky Way satellites
Authors: Macciò Andrea V. , Fontanot Fabio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We test the luminosity function of Milky Way satellites as a constraint for the nature of dark matter particles. We perform dissipationless high-resolution N-body simulations of the evolution of Galaxy-sized halo in the standard cold dark matter model and in four warm dark matter (WDM) scenarios, with a different choice for the WDM particle mass mw. We then combine the results of the numerical simulations with semi-analytic models for galaxy formation, to infer the properties of the satellite population. Quite surprisingly, we find that even WDM models with relatively low mw values (2–5keV) are able to reproduce the observed abundance of ultra faint (Mv &lt; −9) dwarf galaxies, as well as the observed relation between luminosity and mass within 300pc. Our results suggest a lower limit of 1keV for thermal WDM, in broad agreement with previous results from other astrophysical observations such as Lyman α forest and gravitational lensing.
Relationship Between Subsurface Landfill Gas and Arsenic Mobilization into Groundwater
Authors: Whitlock Ian A. , Kelly Timothy M. 
Published: March 2010

The maximum contaminant level for arsenic was reduced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. E.P.A.) for Drinking Water Standards from 50 micrograms per liter (µg/L) to 10 µg/L, effective January 23, 2006. The subject site is a double‐lined sanitary landfill facility located in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. Arsenic was reported above the maximum contaminant level in a downgradient monitoring well (MW‐18) in July 2005. Since July 2005, arsenic levels in MW‐18 fluctuated above and below 10 µg/L. This research focuses on determining whether reducing conditions in groundwater, enhanced by subsurface landfill gas emissions, were causing naturally‐occurring arsenic to mobilize from the native variably‐saturated vadose zone soils into groundwater.The groundwater data collected from the impacted well (MW‐18) were compared to an upgradient well (MW‐8) to determine whether significant differences existed during the time period of April 2004 to April 2007. Linear regression analysis was also used to determine whether other parameters had a significant relationship with the arsenic concentrations detected in MW‐18. The groundwater located in MW‐18 was consistently more reduced than groundwater located in the upgradient/background well MW‐8, and this was most likely attributed to the presence of subsurface landfill gas in the area. According to the U.S. E.P.A., oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP) values in groundwater less than 50 millivolts (mv) suggest that a reducing environment may be present. The data presented in this study indicate that arsenic can mobilize into groundwater under moderately reducing conditions, with ORP measurements averaging 53 mv.
Race‐specific WBC and neutrophil count reference intervals
Authors: LIM E.‐M. , CEMBROWSKI G. , CEMBROWSKI M. , CLARKE G. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryHealthy African Americans are known to have reduced white blood cell counts (WBC) and absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) compared with European Americans, with little agreement about the levels in reference intervals. The objective is to establish race‐specific reference intervals for WBC and ANC using US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of 2000–2003. A total of 14 184 civilian noninstitutionalized US citizens participated in NHANES 2000–2003 had complete blood count, red cell distribution width, platelet count and automated WBC differential determined on a Coulter MAXM. The exclusion criteria were used: ferritin <12 ng/ml, pregnancy, body mass index >30, diastolic blood pressure >100 mm Hg, creatinine >2.5 mg/dl, glucose >126 mg/dl. Data were separated into six sex/race categories: female non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black (NHBF)], Mexican American; male non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black (NHBM), Mexican American and two age groupings (12–18 and >18 years). NHB 2.5–97.5 percentile WBC and (ANC) limits follow (units: × 109/l): NHBM, ages 12–18: 3.2–9.3 (1.0–6.2); NHBF, ages 12–18: 3.7–10.1 (1.2–6.6); adult NHBM: 3.1–9.9 (1.3–6.6); adult NHBF: 3.4–11 (1.4–7.5). NHB limits are significantly lower than the NHW and MA limits. In most US healthcare organizations, insufficient agreement exists because of large differences in reference intervals for different ethnicities. In areas with peoples of African descent (>10‐–20%), race‐specific WBC and ANC reference intervals must be provided for proper diagnosis and clinical research.