bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevention of corrosion in glycerine‐water hydraulic fluids
Authors: Wyllie D. , Morgan A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mixture of 0.2% sodium nitrite and 0.8% hydrated disodium hydrogen phosphate in 40% glycerine is effective in preventing the corrosion of steel and copper over a much wider pH range than is possible with either inhibitor alone. In an unusually severe laboratory test involving oxygen under 500 p.s.i. pressure at 205°F, this inhibitor combination was much superior to triethanolamine phosphate with sodium mercaptobenzothiazole and superior to sodium benzoate with sodium nitrite. It was little affected by 100 p.p.m. of the fungicide dichlorophen, but larger concentrations caused a serious reduction in corrosion‐preventing properties in the laboratory test. The laboratory test indicates that use of ethylene glycol in place of glycerine with the nitrite‐phosphate inhibitor combination would be a considerable improvement.
Crosslinking of collagen
Authors: Bowes J. H. , Cater C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt has been shown that the introduction of a few stable crosslinks into the skin protein can greatly increase the resistance of the leather to deterioration by moist heat and perspiration.A method based on stress‐strain measurements has been developed for the determination of the number of crosslinks introduced into collagen, and a study made of the crosslinking potentialities of a number of bifunctional and polyfunctional compounds. Aldehydes appear to be most promising, cyanuric chloride and its derivatives also offer possibilities, while di‐isocyanates are relatively inefficient due mainly to their low solubility in and sensitivity to water. Of the aldehydes, glutaraldehyde and acrolein were the most efficient both with respect to the number of crosslinks introduced and their stability.Leathers tanned with glutaraldehyde show good resistance in moist heat and perspiration tests and pretannage or retannage of chrome leather with this aldehyde greatly improves its resistance.
The surface properties of precipitated and calcined cobalt oxide
Authors: Chisnall K. T. , Lucas J. W. , Sing K. S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrecipitates of ‘hydrous’ cobalt oxide have been prepared by reacting cobaltous chloride and sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions of pH, concentration and flow rate. The samples were washed and dried at room temperature and small portions heated at controlled temperatures up to 900°. X‐Ray analysis of the unheated precipitate indicated that it was possibly a basic chloride of indefinite composition, rather than Co(OH)2. Heat treatment over the range 400°—900° gave Co3O4, the crystallinity increasing with temperature; some CoO was also detected in the 900° sample. The unheated material had an appreciable specific surface area (> 110 m.2/g.), but this decreased rapidly with the temperature of heat treatment and became very low (< 1 m.2/g.) at 900°. The shape of the nitrogen adsorption isotherm changed after heat treatment and the preliminary results suggest that the oxide surface became either more uniform or covered with a chemisorbed layer of oxygen.
Storage of compressed gaseous ozone
Authors: Waller J. G. , McTurk G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStorage of liquid ozone or pure gaseous ozone has practical disadvantages and a study has been carried out on the storage of oxygen containing 10% ozone. It has been shown that this mixture can be compressed to and handled at 70 atm. The slow thermal decomposition of ozone can be minimised by cooling to −78°, when the gas can be stored in suitable vessels for long periods with negligible loss of ozone.Results suggest that, when stored at ambient temperature and elevated or normal pressures, the predominant reaction is a simple monomolecular decomposition of ozone, with an energy of activation of 3.9 kcal./mole.
The critical temperatures and critical pressures of binary mixtures of aliphatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Ekiner O. , Thodos G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental critical temperatures and critical pressures presented in the literature for binary aliphatic hydrocarbon systems have been utilised to obtain the excess critical temperature, Tc—T′c, and the excess critical pressure, Pc—P′c, for reported compositions of these binary systems. Besides composition, these excess quantities were found to depend on α, the critical temperature parameter, and β, the critical pressure parameter.Because of the different behaviour associated with the methane‐containing binaries, these systems were treated separately. The final correlations of these excess critical quantities for non‐methane systems produced an average deviation of 0.46% for critical temperature and 2.30% for critical pressure for 63 experimental values considered; for the methane‐containing binary systems, the corresponding correlations produced a deviation of 0.93% for critical temperature and 1.10% for critical pressure from 36 experimental values.
The reactions occurring during the refining of benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid. III. The formation of benzene‐soluble reaction products
Authors: Roberts D. , Gore P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the two‐phase reaction of benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid, benzene‐soluble reaction products (gum) are derived from the polymerisation of olefins present, thiophen alone forming little gum.
The adsorption of quaternary ammonium ions at a dropping mercury electrode in N‐sulphuric acid
Authors: Meakins R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes measurements with a dropping mercury electrode of the interfacial tensions and differential capacitances of solutions of N‐sulphuric acid containing small concentrations of n‐alkyltrimethylammonium bromides. Adsorption of the n‐alkyltrimethylammonium ions was indicated by decreases in the interfacial tension and the differential capacitance, the latter being the more sensitive criterion. The magnitude of these changes increased with increasing alkyl chain‐length. With the longest chains the electrocapillary maxima were displaced towards more anodic potentials.The results are briefly discussed in relation to the performance of the n‐alkyltrimethylammonium bromides as inhibitors of the acid pickling of steel.
The emission of corrosive vapours by wood. II. The analysis of the vapours emitted by certain freshly felled hardwoods and softwoods by gas chromato‐graphy and spectrophotometry
Authors: Arni P. C. , Cochrane G. C. , Gray J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in composition of volatiles released by freshly‐felled specimens of different softwood and hardwood species after incubation at sub‐tropical temperatures and high humidity have been determined by gas chromatographic and spectrophotometric techniques. A method is described for the isolation, identification and quantitative assay of organic acids, alcohols and esters released to atmosphere from selected wood species under certain exposure conditions. Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), oak (Quercus robur), wych elm (Ulmus glabra) and Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) heart‐wood and wych elm sapwood all released significant quantities of acetic acid (1600‐550 p.p.m. of dried wood) and of formic acid (200‐40 p.p.m. of wood as dried) when incubated for 6 months at 48° and 100% R.H., but Norway spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) heartwood and sapwood and Douglas Fir sapwood on the other hand released only small quantities of acids. The main neutral volatiles identified after incubation were methanol, methyl acetate, ethanol, formaldehyde and an unidentified component. Sterilisation of wood shavings with propylene oxide prior to incubation significantly reduced the concentrations of formic acid, acetic acid and methanol, with accompanying increases in ester concentration. This may be due to inhibition of enzymic hydrolysis of simple esters in sap fluids and of polymeric esters in the wood cell‐wall substance.
Biological method for the assessment of leaching rates of antifouling compositions
Authors: Rivett P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA biological method for the determination of small quantities of toxic compounds in sea water using Chlamydomonas as an indicator organism is described. The method is sufficiently accurate for concentrations in the region of 5 × 10−3 p.p.m. The value of the method is its applicability to a range of toxic compounds for which no convenient methods of estimation exist, particularly in low concentrations.The technique has been applied to the measurement of leaching rates of potential antifouling compositions.
Particle size determination and hindered settling
Authors: Ramakrishna V. , Rao S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe settling rates of finely powdered quartz in benzene and xylene have been studied. The nature of hindered settling in the range 0.7 < ε < 1.0 has been critically examined. It has been concluded that log Q/ε2 versus ε plots in the dilute range of the suspensions yield more reliable data for the particle size.
Synthesis and properties of some gelatin derivatives with substituents at the amino group
Authors: Clark R. C. , Cobbett W. G. , Gibbs J. A. , Jones R. T. , Leach A. A. , Pratt A. N. , Sutton D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGelatin has been interacted with benzenesulphonyl chloride and with other sulphonyl chlorides to give sulphonyl‐gelatin derivatives. With dichloro‐s‐triazines, gelatin afforded crosslinked products or monofunctionally substituted soluble products according to the reactivity of the dichloro‐s‐triazine selected and the reaction conditions used; some of the monofunctionally substituted soluble products were reactive towards amines, including gelatin. The properties of the modified gelatins are recorded. Introduction of a sufficient number of hydrophobic groups into gelatin and other soluble proteins conferred diminished solubility in the region of the iso‐ionic point of the derivative, bringing about the separation of a distinct protein‐rich phase (coacervate) from aqueous solution when the pH was adjusted to that region. Some uses of these derivatives are indicated.
Extraction of uranium (VI) and thorium from nitric acid solutions by tri‐n‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partitions of uranium (vi) and thorium between nitric acid solutions and kerosene solutions of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) have been investigated at different concentrations of nitric acid and solvent and at different temperatures. An infra‐red spectral study has also been made of the organic solutions obtained.
Diffusivities of ammonium and potassium alums in aqueous solutions
Authors: Mullin J. W. , Garside J. , Unahabhokha R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiffusivities of ammonium and potassium alum solutions have been measured by an interferometric technique. Values are recorded for the diffusion of solutions of different concentration into water at 25°, and of solutions containing 2 g. of hydrate/100 g. of water diffusing into water at temperatures within the range 20 to 40°. Measurements have also been made for diffusion between near‐saturated solutions, and these values are considered suitable for application in crystal growth and dissolution studies. The activation energy for diffusion in near‐saturated solutions (20 to 40°) is approximately 2.8 kcal./mole.Viscosity and density measurements have been made over the temperature range 15–50° and at solution concentrations up to saturation. Solubility data have also been checked over the same temperature range.
The gelation of aqueous bentonite dispersions by organic ammonium ions
Authors: Taylor M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe treatment of bentonite clay sols with the salts of amines and aminoalcohols containing not more than 6 carbon atoms gives gels of hydrophilic organic ammonium bentonites. The gels, e.g. 3 wt.‐% methylammonium bentonite, ethylammonium bentonite and triethanolammonium bentonite in water, have plastic rheology and high yield values which depend on the nature of the organic substituents. Use of these organic derivatives of bentonite offers a means of gelling aqueous systems alternative to the use of the purified montmorillonite clays.
The cause of self‐heating of npk compound fertilisers containing nitrates
Authors: Barclay K. S. , Crewe J. M. , Dawson J. B. , Thatcher K. F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAttack by nitrates on organic matter contained in granular fertilisers is a major cause of self‐heating of bulk storage heaps. Methods are described by which the organic matter in superphosphates can be destroyed or modified prior to the manufacture of granular compound fertilisers.Oxidation of the organic material by nitrates can be inhibited by substances capable of reacting with nitrous acid, notably urea. Production‐scale trials prove that small amounts of urea can adequately control this, and in addition, incorporation of urea reduces nitrous gas evolution from NPK fertilisers and enables these materials to be stored satisfactorily in multiwall paper sacks.Under certain conditions, inter‐ionic reaction between potassium chloride and an ammonium nitrate/potassium nitrate solid solution can also cause significant temperature rises. Such self‐heating can be limited by reducing the residual water content of the granular fertiliser, or by other variations in manufacturing procedure.
The fading of colouring matters
Authors: Giles C. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn outline of the causes and nature of fading of organic colouring matters is given. Atmospheric fading, in absence of light, is produced by nitrogen oxides in urban air, especially with blue and violet disperse dyes on some hydrophobic fibres, but sulphur dioxide and ozone can also cause fading. Light fading occurs with all dyes; some of the factors which affect it are discussed, including the physical state of the dye, the chemical and the physical nature of the fibre, the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, and the quality and intensity of the illumination. The hue of many soluble dyes becomes redder on fading. The types of fading rate are described; the fading of many dyes is rapid at first, but later it slows to a constant rate, so that a dye, which by normal testing methods has low fastness, may yet withstand prolonged exposure.
Composition and pozzolanic properties of pulverised fuel ashes. II. Pozzolanic properties of fly ashes, as determined by crushing strength tests on lime mortars
Authors: Thorne D. J. , Watt J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pozzolanic activities of 14 representative British fly ashes have been compared by determining the crushing strengths of their lime mortars cured for periods of 7–730 days. The mortars differed considerably both in the crushing strengths attained and in the rates at which these strengths were developed. The relations between the crushing strengths and the carbon content, glass content, silica and alumina content, density, and specific surface of the ashes have been examined, as such factors have been suggested in the literature as parameters of pozzolanic activity. For short periods of cure, none of these factors was found to correlate closely with crushing strength; the best correlation was that given by the specific surface of the ashes, as determined from the particle size analysis. For long periods of cure, the best correlation was given by the SiO2 or the (SiO2 + Al2O3) content of the ashes. The activity of an ash was found to reside in its siliceous particles and was determined by their particle size characteristics. The chemical compositions of these particles lay within a fairly narrow range and differences in composition within this range were found to have no significant influence on activity.
Batch and continuous ion‐flotation of hexavalent chromium
Authors: Grieves R. B. , Schwartz S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental investigation is presented of the flotation of dichromate ion using a cationic surfactant, ethylhexadecyldimethylammonium (EHDA) bromide. Dichromate ion forms a colloidal complex with EHDA ion in a molar ratio of 1 : 2, which may be efficiently floated from solution and concentrated in a stable foam produced by excess surfactant. Batch experiments with feed solutions containing 5–100 mg/l of dichromate ion produced residual dichromate concentrations ranging from 0.004 to 0.198 of that of the feed, depending upon the concentration of surfactant in the feed. The effects of pH and of possible interfering anions were determined. Continuous experiments indicated the reduction of dichromate from 50 to 15 mg/l, producing a foam stream containing 450 mg/l of dichromate. The influence of retention time is discussed.
Evaluation of low‐temperature coal tars by a rapid, detailed assay based on chromatography
Authors: Karrjun C. , Comberiati J. R. , McCaskill K. B. , Estep Patricia A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid, detailed assay, based largely on both liquid and gas chromatography, was developed for low‐temperature coal tars. With the use of this assay, the pounds per ton of coal of various compounds of commercial interest could be determined, thus supplying the information needed for an economic evaluation of the tars and the carbonisation processes. The amounts of about 100 individual compounds of several classes were involved, including light oil components, tar acids and bases, and neutral‐oil components such as naphthalenes and straight‐chain paraffins and olefins, and the total amounts of these classes in the entire tar. The results for six different tars from the same coal were chosen as examples.
The composition and pozzolanic properties of pulverised fuel ashes
Authors: Watt J. D. , Thorne D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pozzolanic activities of the fly ashes and other materials examined in previous papers1,2 have been determined by two chemical methods based on estimating the amount of acid‐soluble material that is produced when a pozzolan reacts with lime. The conclusions reached from these results, on the relative importance of the factors that determine the activity of an ash, agree with those previously based on the crushing strengths of fly ash mortars, as already presented. There was a close relation between the amount of chemical reaction taking place in a mortar and the strength it developed, but short‐term chemical assessments showed no relation to long‐term crushing strengths. It was concluded that chemical methods were unlikely to have any practical value for predicting the long‐term strength of a mortar in the field.
The electrical resistance of sodium aluminate solutions
Authors: Glastonbury J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpecific resistance data for sodium aluminate solutions at 25° have been obtained. The equation: p = 6.353 + 3.466 R‐5.0185 S × 10−2 + (1.517 + 1.154 R)S2 × 10−4 where p = specific resistance (ohm‐cm) S = Na2O concentration (g/l) R = mass ratio Al2O3/Na2O expresses the effect of sodium hydroxide and alumina concentrations on the specific resistance. The effects of: (a) presence of carbonate and (b) temperature are also discussed. In association with density measurements, specific resistance provides a rapid and continuous means of determining the composition of sodium aluminate solutions.
Foam separation: The principles governing surfactant transfer in a continuous foam column
Authors: Newson I. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface‐active agents have been removed from solution by foaming in a continuous flow foam column and the results have been analysed in terms of a mass balance and the surface adsorption equilibrium. The analysis permits the prediction of column performance at other operating conditions.The analysis was tested during foaming experiments with the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesul‐phonate in dilute aqueous solution. The maximum value of the surfactant surface adsorption determined by experiment agreed well with predictions from surface tension measurements. It is possible also to predict the effect of the operating variables, such as feed‐liquid and air‐flow rates, and of feed concentration on the quantitative removal of surfactant. The predictions were confirmed by experiment.The foam column as operated for these experiments with feed injection into the liquid pool of the column (‘pool feed’) was shown to represent a single equilibrium stage and the derived working equation to be that of an operating line. It follows that there is greater advantage to be gained from multi‐stage operation if this can be simply accomplished. Column operation where feed liquid is injected into the foam phase, so‐called ‘foam feed’, can provide a multi‐stage system.
Extraction of uranium (VI) and thorium from hydrochloric acid solutions by tri‐n‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partitions of uranium (vi) and thorium between hydrochloric acid solutions and solutions of tri‐n‐butyl phosphate (TBP) in benzene or kerosene have been investigated at different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and solvent, and at different temperatures. An infra‐red spectral study has also been made of the organic solutions obtained in the extraction of uranium. The effect of organic solvent on the extractions has also been examined.
Dimensional stabilisation of wood
Authors: Gibson E. J. , Laidlaw R. A. , Smith G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dimensional stabilisation of timber by impregnation with methyl methacrylate and polymerisation by γ‐radiation has been studied. Treatment with pure monomer yielded a product wherein the voids in the wood were filled with homopolymer, but introduction of the monomer in a solvent which swells wood enabled the methacrylate to penetrate the cell walls, giving a product which was not entirely extractable with polymer solvents such as chloroform. Both methods gave products with improved strength and stability, but it was shown that, at low polymer loadings, use of a swelling solvent for impregnation caused some breakdown of the more ordered regions of the cell wall, and could lead to swelling greater than that of the untreated wood.There is some evidence to suggest that, if graft copolymerisation is achieved at all under these conditions, it may be to the lignin rather than to the carbohydrate portions of the wood.
Aeration mass‐transfer related to reynolds number
Authors: Iberall A. S. , Cardon S. Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of aeration rate data for streams and laboratory channels shows that the aeration rate can be correlated with Reynolds number and Schmidt number by a suitable dimensionless mass‐transfer parameter which varies only slowly over a wide range of Reynolds number. This parameter, analogue to similar correlations in the heat‐ and mass‐transfer fields, has two different near‐constant levels, one in the low Reynolds number regime corresponding to molecular diffusivity, and another in the high Reynolds number regime corresponding to eddy diffusivity. The Schmidt number dependence has been found by comparison of gas into water data with vapour into gas data.
The reactivity of calcium sulphate hemihydrate
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were made of the effects of temperature, duration of heating and intergranular movement during the dehydration of gypsum in vacuo, on the reactivity of the resultant calcium sulphate hemihydrate. The formation of orthorhombic anhydrite was not associated with a significant increase in reactivity. The results are discussed in terms of variations in the population of seeding nuclei for the growth of gypsum.The kinetics of the formation of orthorhombic anhydrite from soluble anhydrite formed from gypsum in vacuo are significantly different from those found when soluble anhydrite has been formed by dehydrating calcium sulphate hemihydrate.