bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Drought Resistance of Crop Genotypes by Means of the Water Potential Index
Authors: Karamanos A. J. , Papatheohari A. Y. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe evaluation of crop genotypes for their adaptability is often performed by means of regression techniques of yields against some kind of an environmental index as independent variable. The weakness of these techniques lies in the lack of a direct assessment of a given environment by specific environmental factors. In this work, a new index, the water potential index (WPI), is suggested as a measure of the total water stress experienced by any crop in a given environment for a specific time interval. The index is derived from the integral of the course of leaf water potential over time. Its usefulness is demonstrated in evaluations of field‐grown bread wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) em. Thell] and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes of contrasting characteristics by yield vs. WPI linear regression analysis. In these regressions, the intercept represents the “potential” yield at no stress conditions and the slope represents the “adaptability” of each genotype. It was found that the dwarf wheat cultivars Yecora and Siette Cerros exhibited higher potential yields and lower adaptability in comparison with the tall cultivar Generoso. In faba beans, the smaller the seed size of a cultivar, the lower was the potential yield and the better the adaptability. On the basis of this regression analysis, different response scenarios of hypothetical crop genotypes are described. Furthermore, the “relative adaptability” concept is presented, in which the potential yield effect is removed from the adaptability of any genotype. Examples of the use of WPI for obtaining information on the involvement of water shortage in specific growth stages of the wheat crop or for assessing the sensitivity of faba bean yield components to water shortage are presented.
Variation in Agronomic and Morphological Traits among Russian Wildrye Accessions
Authors: Berdahl J. D. , Mayland H. F. , Asay K. H. , Jefferson P. G. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTRussian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski] accessions in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System have not been adequately characterized for agronomic and morphological traits. Such characterization would be helpful in development of improved cultivars. Objectives of this study were to (i) measure consistency of dry‐matter and seed yields as well as plant height and vigor of 65 Russian wildrye accessions and four cultivars at three diverse test sites, (ii) characterize phenotypic diversity among these accessions using cluster analysis, and (iii) define needs for future evaluation and collection of Russian wildrye germplasm. Field tests were conducted at Logan, UT; Mandan, ND; and Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada. Dry‐matter and seed yields were not consistent among accessions and cultivars at the three locations, and testing at each location was necessary to identify accessions that were best suited to a specific location. Variance component estimates were small and of little consequence for accession × year interaction effects. The 69 entries were grouped into 10 clusters based on multivariate analysis of 17 classification variables. Accessions in Cluster 3 averaged well above the overall test mean for dry‐matter yield, seed yield, and plant vigor and have high utility in plant breeding programs in North America. Only four accessions had high levels of resistance to Septoria spraguei Uecker & J.M. Krupinsky, an important foliar disease. Accessions from a defined geographic area tended to cluster, but some accessions from a particular area were spread among several clusters. This emphasizes the value of sampling diverse collection sites within a defined geographic area.
A Comparison between Crop Domestication, Classical Plant Breeding, and Genetic Engineering
Authors: Gepts P. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSeveral claims have been made about genetic engineering (GE) in comparison with crop domestication and classical plant breeding, including the similarity of genetic changes between those taking place during domestication and by GE, the increased speed and accuracy of GE over classical plant breeding, and the higher level of knowledge about the actual genes being transferred by GE compared with classical breeding. In reviewing evidence pertaining to these claims, I suggest that (i) it is unlikely that changes introduced by GE will make crops weedier, although exceptions have been noted, (ii) changes brought about by GE currently often involve gain‐of‐function mutations, whereas changes selected during domestication generally involve loss‐of‐function mutations, (iii) adoption of GE cultivars has been much faster than any previous introduction and spread of agriculture that occurred earlier but has occurred at about the same rate as the spread of cultivars obtained by plant breeding, (iv) introduction of agriculture reduced the health of agriculturists compared with that of hunter–gatherers, suggesting that introduction of innovations do not automatically improve well being, (v) although GE is not a substitute for plant breeding, it can significantly contribute to plant breeding by generating additional genetic diversity, (vi) uncertainties associated with the site of insertion of transgenes in the genome and the expression of transgenes following insertion, makes GE less rapid and precise than originally claimed, and (vii) a potential advantage of GE over classical breeding is the knowledge of the actual gene(s) being inserted, although few cases of unwanted gene introductions through classical plant breeding have been documented. Further advances in GE will increase the precision of the technique, its relevance to consumers, and its environmental friendliness. What is most needed are even‐handed, case‐by‐case assessments of the benefits and potential pitfalls of GE in comparison with other crop improvement techniques. Classical plant breeding may, in the end, also be regulated in the same way as GE.
Screening the Cucumber Germplasm Collection for Fruit Yield and Quality
Authors: Shetty Nischit V. , Wehner Todd C. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTYield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) in the United States has not been significantly increased during the last two decades. Our objective was to evaluate the USDA cucumber germplasm collection for fruit yield and quality. All cucumber plant introduction accessions from the USDA National Plant Germplasm System collection plus check cultivars and breeding lines (hereafter collectively referred to as cultigens) were evaluated for early, total, and marketable yield (number and weight), fruit quality rating, and days to harvest in small plots harvested once. All plants were treated with ethephon (2‐chloroethyl phosphonic acid) to make them gynoecious. Highly significant differences were observed among cultigens for all traits evaluated in the study. Pickling type cultigens with the highest yield (fruit weight) were PI 209065, PI 326598, PI 137848, PI 285610, and PI 264666. Slicing type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 234517, PI 118279, PI 304085, and PI 512614. Beit Alpha type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 167050, PI 163213, PI 532519, PI 211978, PI 357864, PI 183231, and PI 211117. Trellis type cultigens with the highest yield were PI 264228, PI 478366, PI 390262, PI 532524, PI 390267, and PI 532520. The USDA collection also exhibited a wide range in diversity for marketable fruit number, fruit weight, percentage of culled fruit at harvest, fruit quality, and days to harvest. High yielding cultigens identified in the study could be used to develop high yielding cultivars.
Evaluating the Reliability of Structure Outputs in Case of Relatedness between Individuals
Authors: Camus‐Kulandaivelu Létizia , Veyrieras Jean‐Baptiste , Gouesnard Brigitte , Charcosset Alain , Manicacci Domenica 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTInference of population structure from neutral marker loci is a key issue for association genetics. However, the presence of highly related individuals, commonly observed in breeders' panels, may lead to deviation from model hypotheses and therefore unreliable group assignment. The present note proposes a tool to help interpret Structure software outputs on populations that include highly related individuals, such as plant breeding material. We ran Structure software on simple sequence repeat (SSR) data from two maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) inbred panels. We propose a criterion to evaluate Structure stability based on Euclidian distance between outputs. This approach shows a high stability across runs for the panel composed of first cycle inbred lines. On the contrary, the presence of highly related individuals in the second panel induces strong instability in Structure outputs.
Development and Evaluation of a Core Subset of the USDA Rice Germplasm Collection
Authors: Yan WenGui , Rutger J. Neil , Bryant Rolfe J. , Bockelman Harold E. , Fjellstrom Robert G. , Chen Ming‐Hsuan , Tai Thomas H. , McClung Anna M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA valuable core collection that is a subset of a whole germplasm collection should capture most of the variation present in the whole collection, while allowing for more efficient evaluation and management due to smaller size. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) rice (Oryza sativa L.) core subset (RCS), assembled by stratified random sampling, consists of 1790 entries from 114 countries and represents approximately 10% of the 18412 accessions in the rice whole collection (RWC). Data for this study were obtained from the USDA germplasm system at www.ars‐grin.gov for the RWC and from an evaluation conducted in 2002 for the RCS. Comparative analysis for frequency distributions of 14 descriptors demonstrated that the RCS was highly correlated with the RWC (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001). Thus, information drawn from the RCS could be effectively used to assess the RWC with 88% certainty. Correlation coefficients between the RCS and the RWC for eight descriptors were ≥ 0.9, indicating that the RCS was highly representative of the RWC. Correlation coefficients for the other six descriptors were lower (0.65–0.88), but still significant.
BMO-Estimates for Maximal Operators via Approximations of the
Identity with Non-Doubling Measures
Authors: Yang Dachun , Yang Dongyong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLet μ be a nonnegative Radon measure on ℝd that satisfies the growth condition that there exist constants
C0 > 0 and n ∈ (0, d] such
that for all x ∈ ℝd and r > 0,
μ(B(x,
r)) ≤ C0rn, where B(x, r)
is the open ball centered at x and having radius
r. In this paper, the authors prove that if
f belongs to the BMO-type space RBMO(μ)
of Tolsa, then the homogeneous maximal function S( f ) (when ℝd is not an initial cube) and the inhomogeneous maximal function ℳS( f ) (when ℝd is an initial cube) associated with a given approximation of the
identity S of Tolsa are either infinite everywhere or
finite almost everywhere, and in the latter case, S and ℳS are bounded from RBMO(μ) to the BLO-type space
RBLO(μ). The authors also prove that the inhomogeneous
maximal operator ℳS is bounded from the local BMO-type space rbmo(μ)
to the local BLO-type space rblo(μ).
Extension of the type/token distinction to document structure
Authors: Huitfeldt Claus , Marcoux Yves , Sperberg-McQueen C. M. 
Published: July 2010

The type/token distinction introduced by C. S. Peirce and taken up by many others is familiar when applied to individual symbols or characters in a writing system, and also when applied at a higher level to words (and word-like objects).
Some writers apply the distinction not only at some basic or foundational level but also as a description of higher levels of organization. This paper follows their example by outlining a concrete extension of the type/token distinction to all levels of document organization, specifying that higher-level types may contain sequences of lower-level types, and similarly for higher- and lower-level tokens. We further extend the usual model of types and tokens by allowing higher-level types to contain not just sequences of (lower-level) types but also sets, bags, conjunctions and disjunctions of types. This allows the system to deal gracefully both with indeterminate documents (e.g., a manuscript in which it is not clear whether a given mark on the page represents a 'c' or a 't') and with intentionally polyvalent documents, in which some marks are to be read as tokens of more than one type, as in the “ambigram”, a sort of combination puzzle and calligraphic artwork in which the shapes on the page may be read in different ways, or the same way, in different directions.
This account of document structure in terms of types and tokens is similar in many ways to that offered by SGML, XML, and other systems of descriptive markup. On this view, SGML and XML elements are, strictly speaking, types (and tokens) in Peirce's sense of those words. Some techniques developed in other areas to which the type/token distinction is relevant may be useful in work on markup languages (and vice versa).
A Streaming XSLT Processor
Authors: Kay Michael 
Published: July 2010

Existing XSLT implementations build a tree representation of the source document in memory, and are therefore limited to processing of documents that fit in memory. With many transformations, however, there is a direct correspondence between the order of information in the output, and the order of the corresponding information in the input. In such cases it ought to be possible to perform the transformation without allocating memory to the entire source tree.
The XSL Working Group within W3C has been working on a new version of the language designed to make streamed implementations feasible, and the author, who is editor of that specification, has at the same time been working on the implementation of streaming in the Saxon XSLT processor. This paper describes how far this work has progressed, and the way in which the implementation is structured. It adopts a chronological approach to the exposition, explaining how the streaming features have gradually developed from small beginnings.
Development and validation of a pediatric severity index for sickle cell patients
Authors: van den Tweel Xandra W. , van der Lee Johanna H. , Heijboer Harriët , Peters Marjolein , Fijnvandraat Karin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is no instrument to measure severity of sickle cell disease (SCD) in pediatric patients that is generally accepted. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a severity index for SCD in children. We developed an index consisting of 12 items and tested its validity of the index using data from 92 children. We tested whether different scores were obtained for patients classified by severity both subjectively and objectively by a partially validated existing index. Furthermore, we tested whether the index could differentiate patients classified according to genotype or the number of α‐gene deletions and evaluated whether the score on the index was correlated with the average number and days of hospitalizations/year, age and a risk of death score. We explored the effect of three different weighting systems (Score A, B, and C) to summarize these items. All weightings demonstrated a significant difference between the scores of mild, moderate, and severely affected patients, as classified by a subjective rating or with an existing index (P < 0.01). The index clearly differentiated patients by genotype (P < 0.01) or α‐gene deletions (P < 0.01). The correlation with hospitalization was moderate. Age and the risk of death score were weakly associated with the pediatric severity index for SCD. This is the first pediatric SCD severity index that was developed and validated using modern clinimetric methodology. The validity and reliability of this index should be further evaluated in a prospective study including a larger cohort, preferably diagnosed at birth. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A 3′‐untranslated region variant is associated with impaired expression of CD226 in T and natural killer T cells and is associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Löfgren Sara E. , Delgado‐Vega Angelica M. , Gallant Caroline J. , Sánchez Elena , Frostegård Johan , Truedsson Lennart , de Ramón Garrido Enrique , Sabio José M. , González‐Escribano María F. , Pons‐Estel Bernardo A. , D'Alfonso Sandra , Witte Torsten , Lauwerys Bernard R. , Endreffy Emoke , Kovács László , Vasconcelos Carlos , Martins da Silva Berta , Martín Javier , Alarcón‐Riquelme Marta E. , Kozyrev Sergey V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveCostimulatory receptor CD226 plays an important role in T cell activation, differentiation, and cytotoxicity. This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic association of CD226 with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to assess the functional implications of this association.MethodsTwelve tag single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CD226 were typed in 1,163 SLE patients and 1,482 healthy control subjects from Europe or of European ancestry. Analyses of association were performed by single‐marker Cochran‐Mantel‐Haenszel meta‐analysis, followed by haplotype analysis. Gene expression was analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analyses of RNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and by fluorescence‐activated cell sorter analysis. To study the functional impact of the associated variants, luciferase reporter constructs containing different portions of the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of the gene were prepared and used in transfection experiments.ResultsA 3‐variant haplotype, rs763361;rs34794968;rs727088 (ATC), in the last exon of CD226 was associated with SLE (P = 1.3 × 10−4, odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.11–1.38). This risk haplotype correlated with low CD226 transcript expression and low CD226 protein levels on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells. NK cells expressed high levels of CD226, but this expression was independent of the haplotype. Reporter assays with deletion constructs indicated that only the presence of rs727088 could account for the differences in the levels of luciferase transcripts.ConclusionThis study identified an association of CD226 with SLE in individuals of European ancestry. These data support the importance of the 3′‐UTR SNP rs727088 in the regulation of CD226 transcription both in T cells and in NKT cells.
Development and homeostasis of dendritic cells
Authors: Liu Kang , Nussenzweig Michel C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDC are specialized antigen‐presenting cells that serve as essential mediators of immunity and tolerance. DC's functional versatility is enabled in part by the various DC subsets with heterogeneous cell surface markers and anatomic locations. Here, we review the development and homeostasis of DC found in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues.
Some active areas of DC research and their medical potential
Authors: Steinman Ralph M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis Viewpoint series provides authoritative and detailed outlines of exciting areas of DC research. Some of the subjects that frequently come up include development of DC; distribution of DC in lymphoid and non‐lymphoid tissues such as skin, intestine and lung; different forms or subsets of DC; and the role of DC in initiating tolerance and immunity. In this Preface, I will introduce the Viewpoints and consider some future challenges as well as the medical relevance of DC research.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 8/10
Authors: Guilliams Martin , Henri Sandrine , Tamoutounour Samira , Ardouin Laurence , Schwartz‐Cornil Isabelle , Dalod Marc , Malissen Bernard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe set of scales on the front cover highlights the Viewpoint articles featured in this issue; the focus of the series being, this time, dendritic cells. The cartoon cells represent the five dendritic cell subsets (Langerhans cells, CD11b+‐like DC, CD8α+‐like DC, plasmacytoid DC and inflammatory DC) described phenotypically and functionally in the Viewpoint by Malissen and colleagues (pp. 2089–2094) and proposed by the authors to be conserved across tissues and species. The background image shows staining of dermal dendritic cells in the skin (green, CD207+ DC; red, CD103+ DC; blue, keratin 5+ epidermal cells) and is kindly provided by Béatrice de Bovis and Bernard Malissen.
Binuclear Cyclopentadienylmanganese Carbonyl Thiocarbonyls: Four‐Electron Donor Bridging Thiocarbonyl Groups of Two Types and a Bridging Acetylenedithiolate Ligand
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Li Qian‐shu , Xie Yaoming , King R. Bruce , Schaefer Henry F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a starting point, the mononuclear cyclopentadienylmanganese carbonyl thiocarbonyls [CpMn(CS)(CO)n] (Cp = η5‐C5H5; n = 2, 1, 0) and binuclear derivatives [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)n] (n = 3, 2, 1, 0) have been studied by density functional theory (DFT). For coordinately saturated binuclear [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)3], the four electron donor end‐on CE(E = O, S) bridged structures are preferred energetically over the normal CE (E = O, S) bridged structures, analogous to [Cr2(CS)2(CO)9]. The lowest energy structure for [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)2] has one four‐electron donor bridging η2‐μ‐CS group. However, this structure is thermodynamically unstable with respect to disproportionation into [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)3] and [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)]. Only two structures are found for [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)] as is the case for the carbonyl analogue [Cp2Mn2(CO)3]. The global minimum of [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)], a singlet triply bridged structure, is very favorable energetically with respect to loss of a CO group, disproportionation into [Cp2Mn2(CS)2(CO)2] + [(Cp)2Mn2(CS)2], and dissociation into mononuclear fragments. The lowest energy structure for [Cp2Mn2(CS)2] is a triplet structure with two bridging CS groups and the Mn≡Mn triple bond required to give each Mn atom a 17‐electron configuration for a binuclear triplet. A higher energy singlet [Cp2Mn2(CS)2] structure is found with a very short MnblablaMn distance of about 2.1 Å suggesting the formal quadruple bond required to give each Mn atom the favored 18‐electron configuration. In other higher energy singlet and triplet [Cp2Mn2(CS)2] structures the two CS ligands have coupled to form an acetylenedithiolate ligand bridging the two manganese atoms.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (–)‐Lentiginosine by Double Aza‐Michael Reaction
Authors: Liu Sin‐Wei , Hsu He‐Chu , Chang Chiao‐Hsin , Tsai Hui‐Hsu Gavin , Hou Duen‐Ren 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal synthesis of (–)‐lentiginosine (1) was achieved in nine steps from (3R,4R)‐3,4‐dihydroxy‐1,5‐hexadiene (2). Cross metathesis, vinyl addition and DDQ oxidation were applied to generate the key 3‐oxonona‐1,4,8‐triene 6, which was cyclised to 4‐oxopiperidine 7 by diastereoselective double aza‐Michael reaction. Both theoretical and empirical studies support that the stereochemical assignment of the major Michael adduct is the desired (2R)‐4‐oxopiperidine 7.
Social cognition in eating disorders: Encoding and representational processes in binging and purging patients
Authors: Rothschild‐Yakar Lily , Eviatar Zohar , Shamia Adi , Gur Eitan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjective: The present study investigates social cognition impairments in 29 women with bingeing/purging spectrum eating disorders (ED) compared to 27 healthy controls.Method: Measures were used to examine encoding and representational processes in relation to affect perception and affect attribution, as well as the ability to recognize mental causality in social relationships.Results: ED patients failed to correctly encode causality in interpersonal relations, exhibited deficits in their ability to ascribe behaviour to mental states, and showed a greater tendency to attribute negative affects in interpersonal relationships. Stepwise regression analyses suggested that ED symptoms could account for deficits in the recognition of causality in interpersonal relations.Conclusions: In addition to addressing ED symptoms, social cognition deficits should be addressed in the psychological treatment of EDs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.