bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hochschild cohomology of tensor products of topological algebras
Authors: Lykova Zinaida A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe describe explicitly the continuous Hochschild and cyclic cohomology groups of certain tensor products of $\widehat{\otimes}$-algebras which are Fréchet spaces or nuclear DF-spaces. To this end we establish the existence of topological isomorphisms in the Künneth formula for the cohomology of complete nuclear DF-complexes and in the Künneth formula for continuous Hochschild cohomology of nuclear $\widehat{\otimes}$-algebras which are Fréchet spaces or DF-spaces for which all boundary maps of the standard homology complexes have closed ranges.
Upper conical density results for general measures on ℝn
Authors: Csörnyei Marianna , Käenmäki Antti , Rajala Tapio , Suomala Ville 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe study conical density properties of general Borel measures on Euclidean spaces. Our results are analogous to the previously known result on the upper density properties of Hausdorff and packing-type measures.
Corrigendum: equivalent weights and standard homomorphisms for convolution algebras on ℝ+
Authors: Grabiner Sandy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThere is an error in one of the major results in our original paper ‘Equivalent weights and standard homomorphisms for convolution algebras on ℝ+’. We describe the error and give a counterexample to the result as stated. We then give a substitute result which is in many ways stronger than the erroneous result. We will also indicate what changes need to be made in the original paper to accommodate the replacement of the erroneous result by the substitute.
Political utilisation of scholarly ideas: the ‘clash of civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US foreign policy
Authors: ERIKSSON JOHAN , NORMAN LUDVIG 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article discusses how and under what conditions ideas coming from International Relations (IR) scholarship are used in foreign policy. We argue that the focus on policy relevance, which dominates the IR literature on the research-policy interface, is limited. Focusing instead on political utilisation highlights types and mechanisms of political impact, which are overlooked in studies on policy relevance. The fruitfulness of this change in focus is showed in an analysis of how Samuel Huntington's ‘clash of civilizations’ notion and Joseph Nye's ‘soft power’ concept have been used in US foreign policy. George W. Bush's explicit critique and reframing of ‘the clash’ thesis should not be interpreted as absence of impact, but as a significant symbolic utilisation, which has helped legitimate US foreign policy. Likewise, in the few instances in which the notion of ‘soft power’ has been used explicitly, it has played a conceptual and symbolical rather than instrumental role. More generally, this article argues that accessible framing and paradigm compatibility are essential for political utilisation of ideas.
Human rights narrative in the George W. Bush Administrations
Authors: HANCOCK JAN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article examines the human rights claims made by the George W. Bush Administrations of their post 9/11 foreign and security policy. Two common scholastic explanations of this narrative are evaluated: (i) that human rights constitute, at least in part, independent foreign policy goals and; (ii) that the human rights claims of policymakers can be dismissed as hypocritical rhetoric. The article informs and progresses this debate by revisiting the works of the early twentieth century political culture theorists Gabriel Almond, Graham Wallas and Edward Bernays. The article details the consistent use of a human rights narrative by administration officials as a technique of political discipline. The article identifies five linguistic mechanisms through which this technique of discipline was made manifest in practice. The article thereby explains how a human rights narrative was employed as an instrument to inculcate, rather than describe, reality.
Discourses of danger and the ‘war on terror’: gothic Kyrgyzstan and the collapse of the Akaev regime
Authors: KARAGULOVA ANARA , MEGORAN NICK 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCritical international relations theory has given too little attention to regionally specific manifestations of discourses of the ‘war on terror’. Using Richard Devetak's concept of a ‘gothic scene of international relations’, this article considers the final months of the regime of Kyrgyzstan's former President, Askar Akaev. Akaev evoked a gothic fantasy of a gloomy Kyrgyzstan terrorised by monsters recognisable from President Bush's nightmares, peculiarly Kyrgyz monsters, and obscene hybrids. That America was portrayed as a monster by an undemocratic regime fighting a desperate rearguard action highlights ironies both in Devetak's theory and in the international relations of Central Asia. We therefore suggest that attention needs to be paid to a gothic geography of international relations.
Recasting Gramsci in international politics
Authors: WORTH OWEN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGramscian theory has had a profound influence on critical and Marxist thought within International Relations (IR), particularly in bringing an alternative understanding to the realist concept of hegemony. Despite these developments much Gramscian theory remains developed within the often narrow sub-discipline of International Political Economy (IPE), with Gramscian scholars such as Stuart Hall, Raymond Williams and Ernesto Laclau from diverse disciplines outside of IR largely ignored. This article argues that Gramscian theory needs to be re-thought so that it moves away from the Coxian dominated ontology that it is currently situated within, towards one which both provides a more open theory of global hegemony and engages more with civil societal areas that have often been ignored by those within IPE.
Multi-objective optimization-based method for kinematic posture prediction: development and validation
Authors: Yang Jingzhou (James) , Marler Tim , Rahmatalla Salam 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYPosture prediction plays an important role in product design and manufacturing. There is a need to develop a more efficient method for predicting realistic human posture. This paper presents a method based on multi-objective optimization (MOO) for kinematic posture prediction and experimental validation. The predicted posture is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem. The hypothesis is that human performance measures (cost functions) govern how humans move. Twelve subjects, divided into four groups according to different percentiles, participated in the experiment. Four realistic in-vehicle tasks requiring both simple and complex functionality of the human simulations were chosen. The subjects were asked to reach the four target points, and the joint centers for the wrist, elbow, and shoulder and the joint angle of the elbow were recorded using a motion capture system. We used these data to validate our model. The validation criteria comprise R-square and confidence intervals. Various physics factors were included in human performance measures. The weighted sum of different human performance measures was used as the objective function for posture prediction. A two-domain approach was also investigated to validate the simulated postures. The coefficients of determinant for both within-percentiles and cross-percentiles are larger than 0.70. The MOO-based approach can predict realistic upper body postures in real time and can easily incorporate different scenarios in the formulation. This validated method can be deployed in the digital human package as a design tool.
Water use and acute diarrhoeal illness in children in a United States metropolitan area
Authors: GORELICK M. H. , McLELLAN S. L. , WAGNER D. , KLEIN J. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYWe examined the association between water exposures and acute diarrhoeal illness (ADI) in children under non-outbreak conditions in a major US metropolitan area. We used a nested case-control study of children seen in an urban/suburban emergency department. Cases were those seen for a complaint of diarrhoea, while controls were age-matched children with a non-gastrointestinal complaint. Parents of subjects completed a validated water-use survey. Stratum-specific adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated for the three main water effects: water source [surface vs. ground (well)], drinking-water type (tap vs. bottled), and use of water filters. Of 2472 subjects, 45% drank mostly or only bottled water. Well-water use was associated with increased odds of ADI compared to surface water [aOR 1·38, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·01–1·87]. Use of bottled water did not affect the odds of ADI in well-water users, but increased the odds of ADI for surface-water users (aOR 1·27, 95% CI 1·02–1·57). We conclude that well-water use and bottled-water use are associated with increased odds of ADI in children.
A major subgroup of Beijing familyMycobacterium tuberculosisis associated with multidrug resistance and increased transmissibility
Authors: HU Y. , MA X. , GRAVISS E. A. , WANG W. , JIANG W. , XU B. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYThis study investigated further the association between the Beijing familyMycobacterium tuberculosiscirculating in rural China and anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance. In total, 351M. tuberculosisisolates were collected through a population-based epidemiological study, 223 (63·5%) of which were resistant to at least one anti-TB drug, including 53 (15·1%) multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Spoligotyping found 243 isolates (69·2%) that belonged to the Beijing family. A major subgroup of the Beijing family identified by mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) genotyping (223325173533), showed significantly higher frequencies of MDR (44·7%vs. 13·7%, OR 6·18, 95% CI 2·68–14·23),katGandrpoBmutations (31·6%vs. 9·3%, OR 4·27, 95% CI 1·86–9·80), and being clustered by IS6110RFLP genotyping (60·5%vs. 21·0%, OR 6·14, 95% CI 2·82–13·37) in comparison with other Beijing family isolates. Our data suggest that MIRU genotype 223325173533 of the Beijing family is associated with MDR and increased transmissibility.
Impact of malnutrition on clinical presentation, clinical course, and mortality in MDR-TB patients
Authors: PODEWILS L. J. , HOLTZ T. , RIEKSTINA V. , SKRIPCONOKA V. , ZAROVSKA E. , KIRVELAITE G. , KREIGERE E. , LEIMANE V. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYDespite the adoption of strategies to prevent and treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) over the past decade, Latvia continues to have one of the highest rates of MDR-TB in the world. It is important to identify modifiable factors that may impact on MDR-TB patient outcomes. A study was conducted to elucidate the association between nutritional status and clinical presentation, clinical course, and mortality in 995 adult patients treated for MDR-TB from 2000 to 2004. Twenty percent of patients were underweight, defined as a body mass index <18·5, at the time of diagnosis. These patients were significantly more likely to have clinical evidence of advanced disease, and had a greater risk of experiencing ⩾3 side-effects [adjusted odds ratio 1·5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1–2·1] and death (adjusted hazard ratio 1·9, 95% CI 1·1–3·5) compared to patients who were normal or overweight. Interventions aimed at these high-risk patients, including nutritional supplementation as an adjunct to anti-TB therapy, should be considered and evaluated by TB programmes.
Multistate outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 infections associated with a national fast-food chain, 2006: a study incorporating epidemiological and food source traceback results
Authors: SODHA S. V. , LYNCH M. , WANNEMUEHLER K. , LEEPER M. , MALAVET M. , SCHAFFZIN J. , CHEN T. , LANGER A. , GLENSHAW M. , HOEFER D. , DUMAS N. , LIND L. , IWAMOTO M. , AYERS T. , NGUYEN T. , BIGGERSTAFF M. , OLSON C. , SHETH A. , BRADEN C. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYA multistate outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 infections occurred in the USA in November–December 2006 in patrons of restaurant chain A. We identified 77 cases with chain A exposure in four states – Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. Fifty-one (66%) patients were hospitalized, and seven (9%) developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome; none died. In a matched analysis controlling for age in 31 cases and 55 controls, illness was associated with consumption of shredded iceberg lettuce [matched odds ratio (mOR) 8·0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1–348·1] and shredded cheddar cheese (mOR 6·2, CI 1·7–33·7). Lettuce, an uncooked ingredient, was more commonly consumed (97% of patients) than cheddar cheese (84%) and a single source supplied all affected restaurants. A single source of cheese could not explain the regional distribution of outbreak cases. The outbreak highlights challenges in conducting rapid multistate investigations and the importance of incorporating epidemiological study results with other investigative findings.
A national case-control study of risk factors for listeriosis in Australia
Authors: DALTON C. B. , MERRITT T. D. , UNICOMB L. E. , KIRK M. D. , STAFFORD R. J. , LALOR K. ,   the OzFoodNet Working Group
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYListeriosis is a foodborne disease associated with significant mortality. This study attempts to identify risk factors for sporadic listeriosis in Australia. Information on underlying illnesses was obtained from cases' treating doctors and other risk factors were elicited from the patient or a surrogate. We attempted to recruit two controls per case matched on age and primary underlying immune condition. Between November 2001 and December 2004 we recruited 136 cases and 97 controls. Of perinatal cases, living in a household where a language other than English was spoken was the main risk factor associated with listeriosis (OR 11·3, 95% CI 1·5–undefined). Of non-perinatal cases we identified the following risk factors for listeriosis: prior hospitalization (OR 4·3, 95% CI 1·0–18·3), use of gastric acid inhibitors (OR 9·4, 95% CI 2·4–37·4), and consumption of camembert (OR 4·7, 95% CI 1·1–20·6). Forty percent of cases with prior hospitalization were exposed to high-risk foods during hospitalization.
A norovirus outbreak associated with environmental contamination at a hotel
Authors: KIMURA H. , NAGANO K. , KIMURA N. , SHIMIZU M. , UENO Y. , MORIKANE K. , OKABE N. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYIn December 2006, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred involving 372 guests and 72 employees at a hotel after a guest vomited in corridors on the third (F3) and 25th (F25) floors. Norovirus with identical genotype was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in faecal samples from guest cases and employees. Spread of the outbreak on F25 was compared with that on F3. The attack rate in the guests who visited F25 alone (15·0%, 106/708 guests) was significantly higher than in those who visited F3 alone (3·5%, 163/4710 guests) (relative risk 4·3, 95% confidence interval 3·4–5·5, P<0·001). The outbreak on F3 ended within 2 days, while that on F25 extended over 7 days. The environmental ratios of F3 to F25 were 7·4 for volume, 6·9 for floor area and 7·6 for ventilation rate. This outbreak suggests that environmental differences can affect the propagation and persistence of a norovirus outbreak following environmental contamination.
Changes in the expression of pluripotency-associated genes during preimplantation and peri-implantation stages in bovine cloned and in vitro produced embryos
Authors: Rodríguez-Alvarez Lleretny , Cox José , Tovar Heribelt , Einspanier Ralf , Castro Fidel Ovidio 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn cattle, embryos elongate before implantation and after hatching. Changes in gene expression during this transition are not well studied. Especially important are variations in the expression of pluripotency-associated genes as a result of assisted reproductive biotechnologies, such as cloning and in vitro fertilization (IVF). We hypothesize that there will be a decline in the expression of key pluripotency-associated genes and an increase in the expression of IFN-τ in elongated embryos when compared with day-7 blastocysts. To test this we generated cloned and IVF bovine day-7 blastocyst and day-17 elongated embryos (day 0 = day of nucleus transfer or IVF). Gene expression in all embryos was assessed via RT-qPCR. OCT4 was overexpressed (p < 0.05) in the cloned blastocysts when compared with IVF. No differences in gene expression at this stage between cloned and IVF embryos were found for EOMES, NANOG and FGF4. At elongation EOMES, NANOG and FGF4 were upregulated in IVF embryos (p < 0.05). IFN-τ and OCT4 were expressed at similar levels. There were changes in the expression levels for all transcripts between blastogenesis and elongation. NANOG, IFN-τ and EOMES were overexpressed in all the elongated embryos (p < 0.05), FGF4 was underexpressed in both treatments. OCT4 dropped drastically in the cloned elongated embryos, but not in the IVF. Interestingly only adult donor cells (but not fetal) from which the cloned embryos originated also expressed high levels of OCT4. Our findings might help to understand the shift of gene expression during elongation and to identify key markers of embryonic development useful for embryo screening purposes.
De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à la Conférence diplomatique de
1949
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Jean Pictet, a former Vice-President of the ICRC, is one of the chief
architects of modern international humanitarian law. In an article entitled
“The formation of international humanitarian law” and published (in English)
in the Review (No. 244, January-February 1985, pp. 3–24), Pictet analysed
the ideas and forces which led to the successful negotiation and adoption of
the four Geneva Conventions of 1949.
Le demi-siècle des Conventions de Genève
Authors: Sandoz Yves 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is obvious that adopting the Geneva Conventions of 1949 did not put an end to tragedy in war time. Although there is clearly no reason to rejoice, this anniversary presents an opportunity to reflect on what the Conventionshaveachieved. After a brief discussion of the circumstances under which they were adopted in the following the Second World War, the author points out the great impact of those treaties on the conduct of parties to armed conflict in the last fifty years. Moreover, the 1949 Conventions have provided a solid basis for further development of international humanitarian law, both in the form of treaties (such as the 1977 Additional Protocols) and practice. A number of issues are identified which, today, ought to be examined in the search for fresh solutions. They include the law applicable in non-international armed conflict, the rules on the conduct of hostilities, the question of nuclear weapons and international humanitarian law, simpler procedures for adopting prohibitions or restrictions on the use of new conventional weapons, and the applicability of humanitarian law to armed forces acting under UN auspices. The article concludes with an appeal to respect the fundamental values embodied in international humanitarian law. Appart from anything else, respecting those values in times of armed conflict facilitates a return to peace.
Cent ans après La Haye, cinquante ans après Genève: le droit
international humanitaire au temps de la guerre civile
Authors: Domestici-Met Marie-José 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In the author's view the state of international humanitarian law as we
approach the 21st century may be characterized by two major developments.
The first is the trend away from well-structured conflicts between States
and towards chaotic violence within the territory of the classic State
entity. The second is the growing tendency to target civilians. The result
is an increase in suffering and casualties among the civilian population.
After considering the major obstacles to humanitarian action in present-day
conflicts, the author looks at what she calls “the remarkable development of
the international rules governing non-international armed conflicts”. She
discusses ways of strengthening and developing standards applicable to such
conflict other than formal codification of new rules. The paper finishes by
stressing the decisive importance of making the law known among those who
need to know it, particularly those engaged in violence.
Steps taken to ensure implementation of international humanitarian law in
the Philippines
Authors: Muyot Alberto T. , Yambao Vincent Pepito F. 
Published: April 2010

Résumé
Dans cet essai, les auteurs décrivent la position des différents octeurs
du conflit qui sévit depuis des années aux Philippines. Il apparaît d'emblée
que le gouvernement a toujours invoqué, à la fois, le droit international
humanitaire et les règles internationales protégeant les droits de l'homme.
De même, les partenaires aux négotiations pour la paix n'ont jamais fait h
distinction entre ces deux régimes juridiques. Les auteurs procèdent ensuite
à une analyse approfondie des mesures prises par le gouvernement ou par les
forces armées pour faire respecter les obligations internationales dans les
actions entreprises pour combattre la violence dans le pays. Ils arrivent à
la conclusion que les règles juridiques et les instructions ne manquent pas,
mais que le respect de celles-ci n'est pas toujours à la hauteur de ce qu'on
peut attendre.
The influence of humanitarian principles in the negotiation of arms
control treaties
Authors: Mathews Robert J. , McCormack Timothy L.H. 
Published: April 2010

Résumé
La Conférence de la Paix de La Haye (1899) a tenté de rendre la guerre
moins cruelle par deux sortes de mesures: l'adoption de règles
internationales qui protègent les victimes de la guerre, d'une part, et
l'interdiction de certaines armes particulièrement cruelles ou la limitation
de leur emploi, d'autre part. Les auteurs examinent l'impact de ces mesures
— qu'ils qualifient d'« approche humanitaire » — sur les négociations pour
un contrôle de l'armement par le désarmement. Souvent, l'interdiction pure
et simple d'une arme ou la limitation de son emploi n'ont pas réussi à faire
disparaître l'arme en question (par exemple, l'arme chimique). Ceci a amené
la communauté internationale à chercher une solution dans le cadre des
négociations pour le désarmement. Cependant, celles-ci obéissent
principalement à des considérations politiques et de sécurité. Mais les
auteurs font la démonstration que des réflexions d'ordre humanitaire puent
parfois un rôle important dans l'élaboration de mesures de désarmement. Des
chapitres sur les décisions internationales prises en matière d'armes
chimiques, biologiques et nucléaires, ou encore par rapport aux mines
antipersonnel et à quelques autres armes particulièrement cruelles, mettent
cette thèse en évidence.