bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity and geographical gaps inCajanus scarabaeoides(L.) Thou. germplasm conserved at the ICRISAT genebank
Authors: Upadhyaya H. D. , Reddy K. N. , Pundir R. P. S. , Singh Sube , Gowda C. L. L. , Ahmed M. Irshad 
Published: June 2011

Crop wild relatives are important components of agro-ecosystems as potential gene contributors for crop improvement programmes.Cajanus scarabaeoides(L.) Thou., a pigeonpea wild relative is crossable with cultivated pigeonpea and possesses several beneficial traits. Hundred accessions conserved at the ICRISAT genebank were characterized for 13 quantitative and ten qualitative traits to assess the diversity in the collection. Highly significant genotypic variance for leaflet length, days to 5% maturity, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, seed protein content and trichome density and length was observed. AllC. scarabaeoidesaccessions used in the present study are the best sources for extra early ( < 80 d to 50% flowering) and early maturity (80–100 d to 50% flowering). Eight accessions (ICP 15692, ICP 15696, ICP 15698, ICP 15699, ICP 15712, ICP 15719, ICP 15732 and ICP 15758) and the control ICP 15695 have produced more than 92% healthy pods per plant and higher number of seed per pod (4–6 seeds). Accessions in cluster 2, 3 and 4 with low mean values for days to 50% flowering were found as the best sources for early flowering and maturity. Accessions in cluster 2 and 3 for seeds per pod and cluster 2 for healthy pods per plant were found as promising sources for use in crop improvement. Mean diversity over all clusters was highest (H= 0.57 ± 0.01) for seeds per pod and lowest for days to 50% flowering (0.48 ± 0.02). Significant negative correlation between pods per raceme and healthy pods per plant ( − 0.213) indicated high pod damage in racemes having more pods. Trichome length had highly significant negative association with healthy pods per plant ( − 0.293). The probability map generated using FloraMap, a GIS tool, revealed the occurrence ofC. scarabaeoidesquite close to the origin and dispersal of pigeonpea. The probability (>75%) map identified a total of 118 provinces covering 790 districts in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam as geographical gaps in the collection. Complete passport data including location coordinates should be collected while collecting the germplasm to analyze the spatial aspects of species distribution.
Anthocyanin indexes, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin concentration in leaves and fruit ofAbutilon theophrastiMedik. genetic resources
Authors: Morris J. B. , Wang M. L. 
Published: June 2011

Anthocyanin indexes, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin may provide industry with potential new medicines or nutraceuticals. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik) leaves from 42 plant introductions (PI) were analyzed for anthocyanin indexes while both leaves and fruit were used for quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin concentration analysis by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Leaf anthocyanin indexes ranged from 6.15 to 11.25 among PI. Leaf quercetin and kaempferol concentrations ranged from 1.50 to 4.79 mg/g and 0.43 to 2.17 mg/g, respectively. Fruit quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin concentrations ranged from 0.061 to 0.266 mg/g, 0.054 to 0.734 mg/g, and 0 to 35.87 μg/g, respectively. Significant differences in leaf weight were also observed. Significant correlations were found between several traits. This information regarding anthocyanin indexes, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin concentrations will be useful for velvetleaf cultivar development. Breeders and other scientists could use this germplasm that contains high concentrations of anthocyanins, quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin to develop new medicines or nutraceuticals from an extremely useful weedy species.
How “Proficient” Is Proficient? Subjective Proficiency as a Predictor of Bilingual Listeners’ Recognition of English Words
Authors: Shi Lu-Feng 
Published: June 2011

Purpose
English proficiency must be considered when a bilingual individual is to be evaluated clinically with English speech material. This study describes the minimum level of self-reported English proficiency that identifies bilingual individuals who may perform on par with monolingual listeners on an English word recognition test.

Method
A total of 125 normal hearing bilingual listeners rated their English proficiency in listening, speaking, and reading on an 11-point scale. Other related linguistic variables were also obtained. A randomly selected Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) list (50 English monosyllabic words) was presented to all participants at 45 dB HL in quiet.

Results
Over 90% of the listeners self-rated to have at least “good” proficiency in English listening, speaking, or reading. Of these participants, more than 30% did not achieve a monolingual normative level in English as delimited by binomial distribution. Composite proficiency ratings across language domains better predicted word recognition performance than self-ratings for listening proficiency only. Combining language dominance and age of English acquisition with proficiency ratings further improved prediction specificity.

Conclusions
Self-rated English proficiency can predict bilingual listeners’ performance on the NU-6 test. For desirable sensitivity and specificity in predicting monolingual-like performance, a minimum rating of 8 out of 10 across all language domains is recommended.
Survey of the Diagnosis and Management of Auditory Processing Disorder
Authors: Emanuel Diana C. , Ficca Kristen N. , Korczak Peggy 
Published: June 2011

PurposeA survey of audiologists’ diagnosis and intervention protocols for auditory processing disorder (APD) was conducted to determine current protocols and compare results with published recommendations.MethodA survey was distributed by mail to 515 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association audiology members who listed APD as an area of expertise and via e-mail to Educational Audiology Association members. The survey was completed by 195 audiologists.ResultsThe majority of respondents reported using auditory processing (AP) test batteries selected based on clinical experience, review of the literature, and attendance at professional conferences. The most popular tests were dichotic, monaural low-redundancy speech, and temporal processing tests. Treatment and management recommendations were usually customized for each patient based on deficits found in behavioral AP testing. The majority of respondents indicated that audiologists are responsible for APD diagnosis (97%) and recommendation of treatment/management (81%); in contrast, only 40% of respondents indicated audiologists were responsible for providing treatment/management.ConclusionsAudiologists are selecting AP test batteries based on the age and case history of the patient, which is in accordance with recent national guidelines. Audiologists are primarily responsible for APD diagnosis and recommending treatment/management. APD treatment is provided by speech-language pathologists, educators, and audiologists.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963496
Noise-Induced Hearing Injury and Comorbidities Among Postdeployment U.S. Army Soldiers: April 2003–June 2009
Authors: Helfer Thomas M. , Jordan Nikki N. , Lee Robyn B. , Pietrusiak Paul , Cave Kara , Schairer Kim 
Published: June 2011

Purpose
To evaluate noise-induced hearing injury (NIHI) and blast-related comorbidities among U.S. Army soldiers in an effort to understand the morbidity burden and future health service requirements for wounded war fighters returning from the Central Command Area of Responsibility, predominantly from Iraq and Afghanistan deployments.

Method
Inpatient and outpatient records with diagnosed NIHI or blast-related comorbidities (e.g., significant threshold shift [STS], noise-induced hearing loss, tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss, eardrum perforations, mild traumatic brain injury, and posttraumatic stress disorder) were extracted for active duty soldiers returning from combat deployments. Records were limited to those within 6 months of the soldier’s return date from April 2003 through June 2009. To account for changes in STS coding practice, STS rates observed after October 1, 2006, were used to extrapolate prior probable postdeployment STS.

Results
Statistically significant increases were observed for tinnitus, dizziness, eardrum perforations, and speech-language disorders. The combination of observed and extrapolated STS yielded a conservative estimate of 27,427 cases.

Conclusions
Estimates can be used to forecast resource requirements for hearing services among veterans. This article could serve as a guide for resourcing and innovating prevention measures and treatment in this population. Data provided may also serve as a baseline for evaluating prevention measures.
The Ratio of the Lateral Diffusion Coefficient to Mobility for Electrons in Argon at 294 K
Authors: Milloy HB , Crompton RW 
Published: June 2011

The ratio of the lateral diffusion coefficient to mobility (DT/μ) for electrons in argon has been measured at 294 K in the range 0.001 ≤ E/N (Td) ≤ 0.1 using pressures in the range 309–1171 kPa. The total error in the best-estimate values is estimated to be less than � 2 % for E/N ≤ 0.0035 Td and less than � 1.5 % for E/N ≥ 0.004 Td. A discussion is given of the design of a Townsend–Huxley diffusion experiment in light of recent theoretical work on the influence of material boundaries on diffusing streams of charged particles and of the effects on the measurements of multiple scattering and dimer formation.
Clofarabine 5′-di and -triphosphates inhibit human ribonucleotide reductase by altering the quaternary structure of its large subunit
Authors: Aye Yimon , Stubbe JoAnne 
Published: June 2011

Human ribonucleotide reductases (hRNRs) catalyze the conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides and are composed of α- and β-subunits that form activeαnβm(n,m = 2 or 6) complexes. α binds NDP substrates (CDP, UDP, ADP, and GDP, C site) as well as ATP and dNTPs (dATP, dGTP, TTP) allosteric effectors that control enzyme activity (A site) and substrate specificity (S site). Clofarabine (ClF), an adenosine analog, is used in the treatment of refractory leukemias. Its mode of cytotoxicity is thought to be associated in part with the triphosphate functioning as an allosteric inhibitor of hRNR. Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of hRNR by ClF di- and triphosphates (ClFDP and ClFTP) are presented. ClFTP is a reversible inhibitor (Ki = 40 nM) that rapidly inactivates hRNR. However, with time, 50% of the activity is recovered. D57N-α, a mutant with an altered A site, prevents inhibition by ClFTP, suggesting its A site binding. ClFDP is a slow-binding, reversible inhibitor (;t1/2 = 23 min). CDP protects α from its inhibition. The altered off-rate of ClFDP from E•ClFDP∗by ClFTP (A site) or dGTP (S site) and its inhibition of D57N-α together implicate its C site binding. Size exclusion chromatography of hRNR or α alone with ClFDP or ClFTP, ± ATP or dGTP, reveals in each case that α forms a kinetically stable hexameric state. This is the first example of hexamerization of α induced by an NDP analog that reversibly binds at the active site.
Gonality and Clifford index of projective curves on ruled surfaces
Authors: Choi Youngook , Kim Seonja 
Published: June 2011

Let

X
X

be a smooth curve on a ruled surface

π
:
S
→
C

\pi : S\rightarrow C

. In this paper, we deal with the questions on the gonality and the Clifford index of

X
X

and on the composedness of line bundles on

X
X

with the covering morphism

π

|

X

\pi |_X

. The main theorem shows that if a smooth curve

X
∼
a

C
o

+

b

f

X\sim aC_o +\textbf {b}f

satisfies some conditions on the degree of

b
\bf b

, then a line bundle

L

\mathcal {L}

on

X
X

with

C
l
i
f
f

(

L

)
≤
a
g
(
C
)
−
1

\mathrm {Cliff}(\mathcal {L})\le ag(C)-1

is composed with

π

|

X

\pi |_X

. This implies that a part of the gonality sequence of

X
X

is computed by the gonality sequence of

C
C

as follows:
\[

d
r

(
X
)
=
a

d
r

(
C
)

for

r
≤
L
,

d_r (X)=ad_r (C) ~~\mbox { for }~r\le L,

\]
where

L
L

is the length of the gonality sequence of

C
C

.
Increasing B‐type natriuretic peptide levels predict mortality in unselected haemodialysis patients
Authors: Breidthardt Tobias , Kalbermatter Stefan , Socrates Thenral , Noveanu Markus , Klima Theresia , Mebazaa Alexandre , Mueller Christian , Kiss Denes 
Published: June 2011

AimsCardiac disease is the major cause of death in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Recent studies have found that B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels accurately reflect the cardiovascular burden of dialysis patients. However, the prognostic potential of BNP measurements in dialysis patients remains unknown.Methods and resultsThe study included 113 chronic dialysis patients who were prospectively followed up. Levels of BNP were measured at baseline and every 6 months thereafter. The potential of baseline BNP and annual BNP changes to predict all‐cause and cardiac mortality were assessed as endpoints. Median follow‐up was 735 (354–1459) days; 35 (31%) patients died, 17 (15%) of them from cardiac causes. Baseline BNP levels were similar among survivors and non‐survivors, and failed to predict all‐cause and cardiac death. Cardiac death was preceded by a marked increase in BNP levels. In survivors BNP levels remained stable [median change: +175% (+20–+384%) vs. −14% (−35–+35%) over the 18 months preceding either death or the end of follow‐up, P< 0.001]. Hence, annual BNP changes adequately predicted all‐cause and cardiac death in the subsequent year {AUCall‐cause = 0.70 [SD 0.05, 95% CI (0.60–0.81)]; AUCcardiac = 0.82 [SD 0.04, 95%CI (0.73–0.90)]}. A BNP increase of 40% provided the best cut‐off level. Cox regression analysis confirmed that annual increases over 40% were associated with a seven‐fold increased risk for all‐cause and cardiac death.ConclusionsAnnual BNP increases above 40% predicted all‐cause and cardiac death in the subsequent year. Hence, serially measuring BNP levels may present a novel tool for risk stratification and treatment guidance of end‐stage renal disease patients on chronic dialysis.
From IMGT-ONTOLOGY CLASSIFICATION Axiom to IMGT Standardized Gene and Allele Nomenclature: For Immunoglobulins (IG) and T Cell Receptors (TR): Figure 1.
Authors: Lefranc Marie-Paule 
Published: June 2011

INTRODUCTIONSince the creation of IMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system in 1989, at New Haven during the 10th Human Genome Mapping Workshop (HGM10), the standardized classification and nomenclature of the immunoglobulins (IG) and T cell receptors (TR) of human and other vertebrate species have been under the responsibility of the IMGT Nomenclature Committee (IMGT-NC). In 1995, following the first demonstration online of the nucleotide database IMGT/LIGM-DB at the 9th International Congress of Immunology in San Francisco, IMGT-NC has become the World Health Organization-International Union of Immunological Societies (WHO-IUIS)/IMGT Nomenclature Subcommittee for IG and TR. As described here, IMGT gene and allele names are based on the concepts of classification of “Group,” “Subgroup,” “Gene,” and “Allele,” generated from the IMGT-ONTOLOGY CLASSIFICATION axiom. The IMGT gene nomenclature for IG and TR genes was approved at the international level by the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) in 1999 and by the WHO-IUIS. The IMGT IG and TR gene names are the official reference for the vertebrate genome projects and, as such, have been entered in IMGT/GENE-DB, the IMGT gene database, in Entrez Gene (National Center for Biotechnology Information [NCBI]), in Ensembl (European Bioinformatics Institute [EBI]), and in the Vega Genome Browser (Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute).
Preparation of Peptides from Yeast Cells for iTRAQ Analysis
Authors: Simon Eric S. 
Published: June 2011

INTRODUCTIONA commercial reagent, known as the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), makes it possible to analyze multiple samples simultaneously. The ability of iTRAQ to compare relative protein abundances across as many as eight samples is a significant advantage over other stable isotope strategies, such as stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT). The iTRAQ protocol set compares the proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under two different metabolic states (fermentation versus respiration) with the goal of determining the proteins involved in each of the activated pathways by measuring their relative abundances using iTRAQ. This protocol describes the preparation of yeast peptides in different metabolic states for iTRAQ analysis.
Labeling Yeast Peptides with the iTRAQ Reagent
Authors: Simon Eric S. 
Published: June 2011

INTRODUCTIONA commercial reagent, known as the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), makes it possible to analyze multiple samples simultaneously. The ability of iTRAQ to compare relative protein abundances across as many as eight samples is a significant advantage over other stable isotope strategies, such as stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) and isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT). The iTRAQ protocol set compares the proteome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under two different metabolic states (fermentation versus respiration) with the goal of determining the proteins involved in each of the activated pathways by measuring their relative abundances using iTRAQ. This protocol describes the labeling of the yeast peptides with the iTRAQ reagent.
Introducing Recombinant Picornaviral Genomes into Cells
Authors: Mueller Steffen , Wimmer Eckard 
Published: June 2011

IntroductionPicornarviruses comprise a large group of small, nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. The picornavirus life cycle is usually rapid and exclusively cytoplasmic, without integration into the host cell’s genome or a nuclear phase. Due to their biology and genetic constraints, the utility of picornaviruses for general gene delivery purposes is limited. However, they may prove useful as vaccine vectors. Furthermore, picornavirus-driven expression of various reporter genes or foreign RNA elements is of interest to the picornavirus molecular virologist. Introduction of recombinant picornaviral genomes into the cell relies on the historic observation that the isolated virion RNA is infectious. This property extends to in-vitro-transcribed RNA as long as the authentic viral 5' end is preserved. That said, up to two additional 5'-terminal guanine residues (remnants from the T7 RNA polymerase-based in vitro transcription), although reducing infectivity, can be tolerated. Additional nucleotides at the 3' end are of far less consequence. Thus, any unique restriction site downstream from the poly(A) sequence (preferably as close as possible downstream) can be used to linearize the plasmid containing the viral genome before in vitro transcription.
Preparation of Mouse Embryos for Optical Projection Tomography Imaging
Authors: Quintana Laura , Sharpe James 
Published: June 2011

INTRODUCTIONOptical projection tomography (OPT) is a method for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of whole vertebrate embryos. The specimen is suspended in an index-matching liquid to reduce the scattering of light and reduce heterogeneities of refractive index throughout the specimen. Inside the OPT scanning device, the specimen is maintained within the liquid and rotated through a series of angular positions, and an image is captured at each orientation. There are two imaging modes for OPT: transmission imaging or bright-field OPT, and emission tomography or fluorescence OPT. In both modes of OPT, the fact that lenses are used to focus an image means that OPT suffers one technical drawback compared to its X-ray equivalent: As with all optical imaging systems, there is only a limited depth of focus, and this usually cannot encompass the entire specimen. OPT, therefore, generally takes advantage of a compromise, which yields good results—the focal plane is positioned halfway between the axis of rotation and the edge of the specimen closest to the lenses. This maximizes the focused information obtained from the specimen, while bypassing the need to image at multiple depths and keeping the imaging time to a minimum. This article presents a series of short methods for preparing specimens for OPT imaging. These include fixing the sample, embedding it correctly in an agarose block, trimming the agarose block, and, finally, clearing for optical imaging.
IMGT, the International ImMunoGeneTics Information System
Authors: Lefranc Marie-Paule 
Published: June 2011

INTRODUCTIONIMGT, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system (http://www.imgt.org), created in 1989 by the Laboratoire d’ImmunoGénétique Moléculaire LIGM (Université Montpellier 2 and CNRS, Montpellier, France), is the global reference in immunogenetics and immunoinformatics. IMGT-ONTOLOGY concepts, generated from the Formal IMGT-ONTOLOGY or IMGT-Kaleidoscope axioms, have allowed us to set up the IMGT Scientific chart rules and to standardize and manage the complexity of immunogenetics data. IMGT is a high-quality integrated knowledge resource specializing in the immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, T cell receptors (TR), and major histocompatibility (MH) of human and other vertebrate species, proteins of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and MH superfamily (MhSF), related proteins of the immune systems (RPI) of vertebrates and invertebrates, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb), and fusion proteins for immune applications (FPIA). IMGT provides a common access to standardized data from genome, proteome, genetics, and three-dimensional (3D) structures. IMGT consists of databases, interactive online tools, and Web resources.
CAST AWAY, a Membrane-Associated Receptor-Like Kinase, Inhibits Organ Abscission in Arabidopsis
Authors: Burr Christian A. , Leslie Michelle E. , Orlowski Sara K. , Chen Iris , Wright Catherine E. , Daniels Mark J. , Liljegren Sarah J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractReceptor-like kinase-mediated cell signaling pathways play fundamental roles in many aspects of plant growth and development. A pair of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs), HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2), have been shown to activate the cell separation process that leads to organ abscission. Another pair of LRR-RLKs, EVERSHED (EVR) and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1, act as inhibitors of abscission, potentially by modulating HAE/HSL2 activity. Cycling of these RLKs to and from the cell surface may be regulated by NEVERSHED (NEV), a membrane trafficking regulator that is essential for organ abscission. We report here the characterization of CAST AWAY (CST), a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase that acts as a spatial inhibitor of cell separation. Disruption of CST suppresses the abscission defects of nev mutant flowers and restores the discrete identity of the trans-Golgi network in nev abscission zones. After organ shedding, enlarged abscission zones with obscured boundaries are found in nev cst flowers. We show that CST is a dual-specificity kinase in vitro and that myristoylation at its amino terminus promotes association with the plasma membrane. Using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, we have detected interactions of CST with HAE and EVR at the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis protoplasts and hypothesize that CST negatively regulates cell separation signaling directly and indirectly. A model integrating the potential roles of receptor-like kinase signaling and membrane trafficking during organ separation is presented.