bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Payer Status, Race/Ethnicity, and Acceptance of Free Routine Opt-Out Rapid HIV Screening Among Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Sankoff Jeffrey , Hopkins Emily , Sasson Comilla , Al-Tayyib Alia , Bender Brooke , Haukoos Jason S. 
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We estimated associations between payer status, race/ethnicity, and acceptance of nontargeted opt-out rapid HIV screening in the emergency department (ED). Methods. We analyzed data from a prospective clinical trial between 2007 and 2009 at Denver Health. Patients in the ED were offered free HIV testing. Patient demographics and payer status were collected, and we used multivariable logistic regression to estimate associations with HIV testing acceptance. Results. A total of 31 525 patients made 44 765 unique visits: 40% were White, 37% Hispanic, 14% Black, 1% Asian, and 7% unknown race/ethnicity. Of all visits, 10 237 (23%) agreed to HIV testing; 27% were self-pay, 23% state-sponsored, 18% Medicaid, 13% commercial insurance, 12% Medicare, and 8% another payer source. Compared with commercial insurance patients, self-pay patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51, 1.75), state-sponsored patients (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.52, 1.77), and Medicaid patients (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.14, 1.34) had increased odds of accepting testing. Compared with White patients, Black (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.21, 1.38) and Hispanic (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.11, 1.23) patients had increased odds of accepting testing. Conclusions. Many ED patients are uninsured or subsidized through government programs and are more likely to consent to free rapid HIV testing.
Methods for the Scientific Study of Discrimination and Health: An Ecosocial Approach
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: March 2012

The scientific study of how discrimination harms health requires theoretically grounded methods. At issue is how discrimination, as one form of societal injustice, becomes embodied inequality and is manifested as health inequities. As clarified by ecosocial theory, methods must address the lived realities of discrimination as an exploitative and oppressive societal phenomenon operating at multiple levels and involving myriad pathways across both the life course and historical generations. An integrated embodied research approach hence must consider (1) the structural level—past and present de jure and de facto discrimination; (2) the individual level—issues of domains, nativity, and use of both explicit and implicit discrimination measures; and (3) how current research methods likely underestimate the impact of racism on health.
Institutional Variation in the Promotion of Racial/Ethnic Minority Faculty at US Medical Schools
Authors: Nunez-Smith Marcella , Ciarleglio Maria M. , Sandoval-Schaefer Teresa , Elumn Johanna , Castillo-Page Laura , Peduzzi Peter , Bradley Elizabeth H. 
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We compared faculty promotion rates by race/ethnicity across US academic medical centers. Methods. We used the Association of American Medical College's 1983 through 2000 faculty roster data to estimate median institution-specific promotion rates for assistant professor to associate professor and for associate professor to full professor. In unadjusted analyses, we compared medians for Hispanic and Black with White faculty using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. We compared institution-specific promotion rates between racial/ethnic groups with data stratified by institutional characteristic (institution size, proportion racial/ethnic minority faculty, and proportion women faculty) using the χ2 test. Our sample included 128 academic medical centers and 88 432 unique faculty. Results. The median institution-specific promotion rates for White, Hispanic, and Black faculty, respectively, were 30.2%, 23.5%, and 18.8% (P < .01) from assistant to associate professor and 31.5%, 25.0%, and 16.7% (P < .01) from associate to full professor. Conclusions. At most academic medical centers, promotion rates for Hispanic and Black were lower than those for White faculty. Equitable faculty promotion rates may reflect institutional climates that support the successful development of racial/ethnic minority trainees, ultimately improving healthcare access and quality for all patients.
Implicit Stereotyping and Medical Decisions: Unconscious Stereotype Activation in Practitioners' Thoughts About African Americans
Authors: Moskowitz Gordon B. , Stone Jeff , Childs Amanda 
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We investigated whether stereotypes unconsciously influence the thinking and behavior of physicians, as they have been shown to do in other professional settings, such as among law enforcement personnel and teachers. Methods. We conducted 2 studies to examine whether stereotypes are implicitly activated in physicians. Study 1 assessed what diseases and treatments doctors associate with African Americans. Study 2 presented these (and control terms) to doctors as part of a computerized task. Subliminal images of African American and White men appeared prior to each word, and reaction times to words were recorded. Results. When primed with an African American face, doctors reacted more quickly for stereotypical diseases, indicating an implicit association of certain diseases with African Americans. These comprised not only diseases African Americans are genetically predisposed to, but also conditions and social behaviors with no biological association (e.g., obesity, drug abuse). Conclusions. We found implicit stereotyping among physicians; faces they never consciously saw altered performance. This suggests that diagnoses and treatment of African American patients may be biased, even in the absence of the practitioner's intent or awareness.
Under the Radar: How Unexamined Biases in Decision-Making Processes in Clinical Interactions Can Contribute to Health Care Disparities
Authors: Dovidio John F. , Fiske Susan T. 
Published: March 2012

Several aspects of social psychological science shed light on how unexamined racial/ethnic biases contribute to health care disparities. Biases are complex but systematic, differing by racial/ethnic group and not limited to love–hate polarities. Group images on the universal social cognitive dimensions of competence and warmth determine the content of each group's overall stereotype, distinct emotional prejudices (pity, envy, disgust, pride), and discriminatory tendencies. These biases are often unconscious and occur despite the best intentions. Such ambivalent and automatic biases can influence medical decisions and interactions, systematically producing discrimination in health care and ultimately disparities in health. Understanding how these processes may contribute to bias in health care can help guide interventions to address racial and ethnic disparities in health.
The Influence of Implicit Bias on Treatment Recommendations for 4 Common Pediatric Conditions: Pain, Urinary Tract Infection, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Asthma
Authors: Sabin Janice A. , Greenwald Anthony G. 
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We examined the association between pediatricians’ attitudes about race and treatment recommendations by patients’ race. Methods. We conducted an online survey of academic pediatricians (n = 86). We used 3 Implicit Association Tests to measure implicit attitudes and stereotypes about race. Dependent variables were recommendations for pain management, urinary tract infections, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and asthma, measured by case vignettes. We used correlational analysis to assess associations among measures and hierarchical multiple regression to measure the interactive effect of the attitude measures and patients’ race on treatment recommendations. Results. Pediatricians’ implicit (unconscious) attitudes and stereotypes were associated with treatment recommendations. The association between unconscious bias and patient’s race was statistically significant for prescribing a narcotic medication for pain following surgery. As pediatricians’ implicit pro-White bias increased, prescribing narcotic medication decreased for African American patients but not for the White patients. Self-reported attitudes about race were associated with some treatment recommendations. Conclusions. Pediatricians’ implicit attitudes about race affect pain management. There is a need to better understand the influence of physicians’ unconscious beliefs about race on pain and other areas of care.
Self-Reported Experience of Racial Discrimination and Health Care Use in New Zealand: Results From the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey
Authors: Harris Ricci , Cormack Donna , Tobias Martin , Yeh Li-Chia , Talamaivao Natalie , Minster Joanna , Timutimu Roimata 
Published: March 2012

Objectives. We investigated whether reported experience of racial discrimination in health care and in other domains was associated with cancer screening and negative health care experiences.Methods. We used 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey data (n = 12 488 adults). We used logistic regression to examine the relationship of reported experience of racial discrimination in health care (unfair treatment by a health professional) and in other domains (personal attack, unfair treatment in work and when gaining housing) to breast and cervical cancer screening and negative patient experiences adjusted for other variables.Results. Racial discrimination by a health professional was associated with lower odds of breast (odds ratio [OR] = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.14, 0.996) and cervical cancer (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.30, 0.87) screening among Maori women. Racial discrimination by a health professional (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.14) and racial discrimination more widely (OR = 1.55; 95% CI = 1.35, 1.79) were associated with negative patient experiences for all participants.Conclusions. Experience of racial discrimination in both health care and other settings may influence health care use and experiences of care and is a potential pathway to poor health.
Reporting Guidelines and the American Journal of Public Health’s Adoption of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Authors: McLeroy Kenneth R. , Northridge Mary E. , Balcazar Hector , Greenberg Michael R. , Landers Stewart J. 
Published: March 2012

Widespread recognition of the need to improve the science of published research, as well as the moral and ethical reasons for adequately reporting study results, has spurred recent interest in strengthening journal research reporting through the use of reporting guidelines. Reporting guidelines also provide information for readers to judge study quality. American Journal of Public Health previously adopted the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and Transparent Reporting of Evaluations With Nonrandomized Designs guidelines and recently endorsed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. In adopting these guidelines, the journal aims to support authors, reviewers, and editors in reporting and evaluating systematic reviews of public health policy and practice priorities.
Research on Discrimination and Health: An Exploratory Study of Unresolved Conceptual and Measurement Issues
Authors: Williams David R. , John Dolly A. , Oyserman Daphna , Sonnega John , Mohammed Selina A. , Jackson James S. 
Published: March 2012

Objectives. Our goal in this study was to better understand racial and socioeconomic status (SES) variations in experiences of racial and nonracial discrimination. Methods. We used 1999 and 2000 data from the YES Health Study, which involved a community sample of 50 Black and 50 White respondents drawn from 4 neighborhoods categorized according to racial group (majority Black or majority White) and SES (≤ 150% or > 250% of the poverty line). Qualitative and quantitative analyses examined experiences of discrimination across these neighborhoods. Results. More than 90% of Blacks and Whites described the meaning of unfair treatment in terms of injustice and felt certain about the attribution of their experiences of discrimination. These experiences triggered similar emotional reactions (most frequently anger and frustration) and levels of stress across groups, and low-SES Blacks and Whites reported higher levels of discrimination than their moderate-SES counterparts. Conclusions. Experiences of discrimination were commonplace and linked to similar emotional responses and levels of stress among both Blacks and Whites of low and moderate SES. Effects were the same whether experiences were attributed to race or to other reasons.
Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Disease Activity in a Large Cohort of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: FISHER MARK C. , HOCHBERG MARC C. , EL-TAHA MUHAMMAD , KREMER JOEL M. , PENG CHENG , GREENBERG JEFFREY D. ,   the CORRONA Investigators
Published: March 2012

Objective.While cigarette smoking is the best-studied environmental factor contributing to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), no study to date has examined the influence of smoking cessation on disease activity. We examined this relationship in an observational cohort of patients with RA in the United States.Methods.Patients enrolled in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry (CORRONA) were stratified into never, former, and current smokers at enrollment. Current smokers were further stratified into continued and ceased smoking groups during their followup in the registry. The primary outcome was change in Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) at last visit in a multivariate, random-effects regression model accounting for multiple timepoints.Results.At last visit, there was no significant change in CDAI between ceased smokers and continued smokers (coefficient −0.00091, SE 0.0033, p = 0.7834). The study did confirm prior cross-sectional studies that current smokers have worse disease activity than former or never smokers.Conclusion.In the short term, smoking cessation did not appear to influence change in disease activity over time.
Effect of Limbal Marking Prior to Laser Ablation on the Magnitude of Cyclotorsional Error
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Stojanovic Aleksandar , Stojanovic Filip , Eidet Jon Roger , Raeder Sten , Øritsland Haakon , Utheim Tor Paaske 
Published: March 2012

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the residual registration error after limbal-marking-based manual adjustment in cyclotorsional tracker-controlled laser refractive surgery.

METHODS:
Two hundred eyes undergoing custom surface ablation with the iVIS Suite (iVIS Technologies) were divided into limbal marked (marked) and non-limbal marked (unmarked) groups. Iris registration information was acquired preoperatively from all eyes. Preoperatively, the horizontal axis was recorded in the marked group for use in manual cyclotorsional alignment prior to surgical iris registration. During iris registration, the preoperative iris information was compared to the eye-tracker captured image. The magnitudes of the registration error angle and cyclotorsional movement during the subsequent laser ablation were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS:

Mean magnitude of registration error angle (absolute value) was 1.82°±1.31° (range: 0.00° to 5.50°) and 2.90°±2.40° (range: 0.00° to 13.50°) for the marked and unmarked groups, respectively (
P
<.001). Mean magnitude of cyclotorsional movement during the laser ablation (absolute value) was 1.15°±1.34° (range: 0.00° to 7.00°) and 0.68°±0.97° (range: 0.00° to 6.00°) for the marked and unmarked groups, respectively (
P
=.005). Forty-six percent and 60% of eyes had registration error >2°, whereas 22% and 20% of eyes had cyclotorsional movement during ablation >2° in the marked and unmarked groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
Limbal-marking-based manual alignment prior to laser ablation significantly reduced cyclotorsional registration error. However, residual registration misalignment and cyclotorsional movements remained during ablation.
Effect of Simulated IOL Tilt and Decentration on Spherical Aberration After Hyperopic LASIK for Different Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Ruiz-Alcocer Javier , Pérez-Vives Caridad , Madrid-Costa David , López-Gil Norberto , Montés-Micó Robert 
Published: March 2012

PURPOSE:
To evaluate visual quality differences among intraocular lenses (IOLs) in patients with previous hyperopic laser ablations and to assess the impact of decentration and tilt of IOLs on visual quality.

METHODS:
An adaptive optics visual simulator was used to simulate the wavefront aberration pattern of one aberration-correcting IOL (AcrySof IQ SN60WF, Alcon Laboratories Inc) and two spherical IOLs with different amounts of positive spherical aberration (Akreos Adapt [Bausch & Lomb] and Triplato [AJL Ophthalmic]) in five situations—centered, 0.2 mm and 0.4 mm of decentration, and 2° and 4° of tilt—in two groups: simulated low hyperopic laser corneal ablation (low hyperopia group) and high hyperopic laser corneal ablation (high hyperopia group). Monocular distance visual acuity at 100%, 50%, and 10% contrast were measured.

RESULTS:
Ten eyes were evaluated. When the IOLs were centered, all IOLs obtained comparable results for the low hyperopia group, whereas for the high hyperopia group, the Akreos Adapt and AcrySof IQ SN60WF showed better visual acuity than the Triplato. When the IOLs were misaligned, for the low hyperopia group, the best visual acuity results were obtained with the Akreos Adapt and the most critical situation was at 0.4 mm of decentration. For the high hyperopia group, misalignments decreased visual acuity in a higher amount than for the low hyperopia group.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our results suggest that the IOLs studied offer good visual quality when they are centered for both groups. However, tilt and decentration of monofocal IOLs have an impact on visual function in patients with hyperopic ablations. For these patients, the Akreos Adapt is the most robust to misalignments.
Aspergillus
Endophthalmitis in One Eye Subsequent to Bilateral Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation
Authors: Jalili Mohammad , Hashemi Hassan , Jabarvand Mahmood , Tabatabai Said Ali 
Published: March 2012

PURPOSE:

To present a case of unilateral
Aspergillus
endophthalmitis after bilateral anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in a 26-year-old myopic patient.

METHODS:
Three days after bilateral phakic IOL implantation, the patient presented with complaints of pain and low vision in the left eye and was treated for uveitis. Four weeks later, the patient presented with complaints of pain and decreased vision.

RESULTS:

Culture results of the anterior chamber and IOL specimens were positive for
Aspergillus
. Anterior chamber washing, membrane removal, anterior chamber phakic IOL removal, lensectomy, and anterior vitrectomy along with administration of topical, systemic, and antifungal drugs and intracameral tissue plasminogen activator improved the patient’s corrected distance visual acuity to 20/40 with +6.00 −2.00 × 130°.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although ocular inflammation occurring after IOL implantation responds to corticosteroids, intraocular infections should always be taken into consideration to prevent severe ocular morbidity.
Stereotypes, Stigma, and Mental Illness: Learning From Fieldwork Experiences
Authors: Lyons Michael , Ziviani Jenny 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Objectives. A phenomenological study explored occupational therapy students’ experiences in psychiatric fieldwork. Of particular interest were students’ experiences with and perceptions of persons using psychiatric services.
Method. Data were gathered from 16 informants, via in-depth interviews and participant observation, on multiple occasions throughout the students’ fieldwork affiliations in hospital and community psychiatric service settings. Triangulation of data gathering methods and member checking were used to strengthen the interpretive validity of the study.
Results. Informants manifested stereotyped preconceptions and associated anxiety regarding persons labeled as mentally ill, though the strength of such beliefs and feelings was found to diminish as fieldwork progressed. Sensationalized popular images of mental illness (e.g., that it is linked with malevolence) and some aspects of academic and clinical education (e.g., a deficit focus) seemed to adversely affect students’ perceptions.
Conclusions. Assisting students to acquire a sound appreciation of the humanness of persons with psychiatric disorders is an educational imperative. There is a need to critically appraise academic and fieldwork practices in psychiatric occupational therapy.
Second Generation Curvelet Transform for Building Extraction from High Resolution Satellite Imagery
Authors: Shawky Elsharkawy Ahmed , Elhabiby Mohamed , El-Sheimy Naser 
Published: March 2012

The process of automatic extraction of buildings from digital imagery has had major practical importance for many years in the area of data acquisition and updating of geographic information system (GIS) databases. This process also presents a huge scientific challenge for researchers as a result of the heterogeneous nature of the buildings, especially in the developing countries[Aytekin et al. 2009]. Several techniques were used in building extraction for satellite images in this research paper, second generation curvelet transform will be introduced as an edge detection tool helping in the detection of buildings boundaries. Second generation curvelet transform provides optimally sparse representations of objects, which display smoothness except for discontinuity along the curve with bounded curvature [Candes et al. 2006]. Some papers have investigated this technique for edge detection in high resolution satellite imagery such as IKONOS or QuickBird, and microscopic imagery [Geback and Koumoutsakos 2009; Guha and Wu 2010; Zhenghai and Jianxiong 2009; Xiao et al. 2008], which show great potential of using curvelet transform in solving edge detection problems. However, until now, there is no research tackling the building detection problem using the curvelet transform in high resolution satellite imagery. The algorithm consists of four main parts; first, data fusion between the panchromatic band (0.50 m resolution) and the multispectral ones (2.00 m resolution), to generate 8-spectral bands with a resolution of 0.50 m. Second, a Gaussian high pass filter is applied to enhance the edges. Third, using the curvelet transform, edges will be detected based on the fact that the values of curvelet coefficients are determined by how they are aligned in the real image. The more accurately a curvelet is aligned with a given curve in an image, the higher its coefficient value. Fourth, a filling process is performed for every closed boundary followed by calculation of statistics for these enclosed boundaries; such as area, major and minor axis, and compactness to extract the buildings.
Performance Prediction Network for Serial Manipulators Inverse Kinematics Solution Passing Through Singular Configurations
Authors: Hasan Ali T. , Al-Assadi H.M.A.A. 
Published: March 2012

This paper is devoted to the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to the solution of the Inverse Kinematics (IK) problem for serial robot manipulators, in this study two networks were trained and compared to examine the effect of considering the Jacobian Matrix to the efficiency of the IK solution. Given the desired trajectory of the end effector of the manipulator in a free-of-obstacles workspace, Offline smooth geometric paths in the joint space of the manipulator are obtained. Even though it is very difficult in practice, data used in this study were recorded experimentally from sensors fixed on robot's joints to overcome the effect of kinematics uncertainties presence in the real world such as ill-defined linkage parameters, links flexibility and backlashes in gear train The generality and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated through simulations of a general six DOF serial robot manipulator, finally the obtained results have been verified experimentally.