bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of nonpoint-source runoff in a stream using in situ and laboratory approaches
Authors: Tucker Kathryn A , Jr. G Allen Burton, 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnthropogenic activities that change a watershed can cause adverse impacts to receiving water. Agricultural and urban runoff are the two leading causes of surface-water impairment in the United States. When assessing pollutant sources and their effects on aquatic ecosystems, and prior to implementing source controls, it is necessary to define the systems stressors and receptors of exposure. Toxicity assays are a key component to integrative assessments that include habitat (physical), chemical, and indigenous community characterization. Traditional toxicity assay methods and the use of water-quality criteria are often inappropriate because of exposure design and effect assumptions. Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans were exposed in situ for varying time periods during both low- and high-flow conditions to determine the effect of urban and agricultural runoff. Short-term chronic and acute toxicity of urban and agricultural runoff was then measured in the laboratory and related to in situ test results. Nonpoint-source (NPS) runoff from urban areas was often more acutely toxic to organisms in the laboratory as compared to in situ results. Conversely, toxicity to the organisms was greater at the agricultural site during in situ exposures when compared to laboratory. In situ assays were an essential and integral component of NPS runoff assessments. They provided unique information that complemented laboratory toxicity, habitat, benthic community, and physicochemcial characterizations.
Environmental contaminants in great blue herons (Ardea herodias) from the Lower Columbia and Willamette Rivers, Oregon and Washington, USA
Authors: Thomas Carmen M , Anthony Robert G 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) eggs and prey items were collected from six colonies in Oregon and Washington, USA, during 1994 to 1995. Contaminant concentrations, reproductive success, and biomagnification factors were determined and effects of residue levels were measured by H4IIE rat hepatoma bioassays. Mean residue concentrations in heron eggs and prey items were generally low. However, elevated concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in eggs and prey from Ross Island on the Willamette River. Biomagnification factors varied among sites. Sites were not significantly different in H4IIE tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TCDD-EQs), although the TCDD-EQ for Karlson Island was 9 to 20 times greater than that of any other site. Large differences existed between toxic equivalents calculated from egg residue concentrations and TCDD-EQs, which indicated nonadditive interactions among the compounds. Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents and nest failure were positively correlated with TCDD concentration. Fledging and reproductive rates were similar to those determined for healthy heron populations, however, indicating that any adverse effects were occurring at the individual level and not at the colony level. Our results support the use of great blue herons as a biomonitor for contamination in aquatic ecosystems. Their relatively low sensitivity to organochlorine contaminants and high trophic position allows contaminant accumulation and biomagnification without immediate adverse effects that are often seen in other, more sensitive species.
Sensitivity to nitrate and nitrite in pond-breeding amphibians from the Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Marco Adolfo , Quilchano Consuelo , Blaustein Andrew R 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In static experiments, we studied the effects of nitrate and nitrite solutions on newly hatched larvae of five species of amphibians, namely Rana pretiosa, Rana aurora, Bufo boreas, Hyla regilla, and Ambystoma gracile. When nitrate or nitrite ions were added to the water, some larvae of some species reduced feeding activity, swam less vigorously, showed disequilibrium and paralysis, suffered abnormalities and edemas, and eventually died. The observed effects increased with both concentration and time, and there were significant differences in sensitivity among species. Ambrystoma gracile displayed the highest acute effect in water with nitrate and nitrite. The three ranid species had acute effects in water with nitrite. In chronic exposures, R. pretiosa was the most sensitive species to nitrates and nitrites. All species showed 15-d LC50s lower than 2 mg N-NO2-/L. For both N ions, B. boreas was the least sensitive amphibian. All species showed a high mortality at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-recommended limits of nitrite for warm-water fishes (5 mg N-NO2-/L) and a significant larval mortality at the recommended limits of nitrite concentration for drinking water (1 mg N-NO2-/L). The recommended levels of nitrate for warm-water fishes (90 mg N-NO3-/L) were highly toxic for R. pretiosa and A. gracile larvae.
In vitro phytotoxicity screening test using immobilized spinach thylakoids
Authors: Laberge Denise , Chartrand Josee , Rouillon Regis , Carpentier Robert 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSeveral pollutants found in water inhibit the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and therefore affect the growth of phytoplankton and aquatic plants. In this study, thylakoid membranes isolated from spinach leaves were used in a microelectro-chemical cell to generate photocurrent. The toxic effect of an inhibitor is observed by a decrease in the photocurrent. To improve the stability of their biological functions, the thylakoid membranes were immobilized in an albumin–glutaraldehyde cross-linked matrix. The developmental work of this phytotoxicity test was done by using the herbicide atrazine as the reference toxicant. Results on reproducibility were in the range generally accepted for standardized bioassays. The phytotoxicity of herbicides from various chemical classes including photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic inhibitors was evaluated. Toxicity responses of the immobilized thylakoid test to photosynthetic inhibitors compared favorably with literature data for the algal growth inhibition test using Selen-astrum capricornutum. The detection capabilities of the photosynthetic microassay for cyanazine, metribuzin, diuron, and propanil met the recommandation for the water quality guidelines for raw water. Characteristics of this in vitro approach such as rapidity, experimental simplicity, and cost effectiveness are also discussed.
Isolation and tentative identification of compound in bleached-kraft mill effluent capable of causing mixed-function oxygenase induction in fish
Authors: Burnison B Kent , Comba Michael E , Carey John H , Parrott Joanne , Sherry James P 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA substance isolated from a bleached-kraft mill effluent, capable of causing mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) induction in rainbow trout and in a hepatocyte cell line, was tentatively identified. The MFO-inducing chemicals in final pulp-mill effluent were isolated with the use of C18 solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation. Compound identifications for the MFO-inducing fractions were made using gas chromatography with low- and high-resolution mass spec-trometry. In comparing data from each of three fractionation trials, we noted that MFO activity corresponded best with the presence of a compound tentatively identified as a chlorinated pterostilbene. The parent compound belongs to the pinosylvin family, a group of naturally occurring substances that are often present in coniferous trees.
Toxicity of C 10 −, C 11 −, C 12 −, and C 14 −Polychlorinated alkanes to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos
Authors: Fisk Aaron T , Tomy Gregg T , Muir Derek CG 
Published: March 2010

AbstractJapanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) eggs were exposed to aqueous concentrations of six polychlorinated n-alkane (PCA) standards (C10H155Cl65, C10H153Cl67, C11H184Cl56, C12H195Cl65, C14H24,9Cl5.1, and C14H23, 3Cl67) of known carbon chain length and chlorine content to assess their toxicity. Eggs were also exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to act as a positive control. Chlorinated paraffins are complex industrial products for which there is a lack of toxicological data on individual congeners. High aqueous concentrations of C10H155Cl65 and C10H15,3Cl6,7 (9,600 and 7,700 ng/ml, respectively) caused 100% mortality in eggs, but no other significant mortalities or lesions were observed at lower concentrations or in any eggs exposed to the other PCAs. Larvae from eggs exposed to high concentrations of the C10-, C11- and C12-PCAs were extremely lethargic or did not move, although a heart beat was present. The concentrations in these exposures and the tissue concentrations of the larvae were at levels that should elicit narcosis. Concentrations of the C14-PCAs in larvae did not reach narcotic levels, and larvae in these exposures appeared normal with no signs of narcosis. The TCDD was found to be extremely embryotoxic, consistent with past work using Japanese medaka eggs. The ratio of LC50 of TCDD to the LC50 of the PCAs, based on acute toxicity and TCDD results, were all &lt;0.0001, and most were &lt;0.000001. These results suggest that the acute mechanism of toxicity of lower chlorinated, short (C10-13) and medium (C14-18) carbon chain PCAs is narcosis and that chlorine substitution on the terminal carbons of PCAs does not significantly increase nor decrease the toxicity of C10- and C14-PCAs. However, additional work is needed to assess a greater range of PCAs as well as their sublethal effects and chronic toxicity.
Life-cycle studies with marine copepods (Tisbe battagliai) exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone and diethylstilbestrol
Authors: Hutchinson Thomas H , Pounds Nadine A , Hampel Miriam , Williams Tim D 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLife-cycle effects of a reference ecdysteroid, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HEC) and the model xenoestrogen, diethylstil-bestrol (DES) in Tisbe battagliai (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) have been evaluated. T. battagliai is a sexually reproducing species that is representative of an ecologically diverse group of aquatic Crustacea and is highly amenable to laboratory life-cycle studies. Newly released (&lt;24-h old) Copepod nauplii were exposed to 20-HEC or DES and effects monitored in terms of survival, development, and sex ratio after 10 d at 20 ± 1°C. A mortality of ≈40% occurred after 9-d exposure to 20-HEC at 269 μg/L, whereas significant (17.5%) mortality (p &lt; 0.05) occurred after 4-d exposure to DES at 100 μg/L. Adult males and females were paired after day 10, and exposures continued to investigate effects on reproductive output (21-d total exposure). In summary, the 21-d LC50 values (with 95% confidence intervals) for 20-HEC and DES were 53.4 μg/L (36.5–78.7) and 31.6 μg/L (10–100), respectively. For 20-HEC, the 21-d no observed effect concentration (NOEC) for survival was 26.9 μg/L, whereas reproduction was a more sensitive endpoint (NOEC = 8.7 μg/L). For DES, survival and reproduction were equally sensitive, and both gave an NOEC value of 10 μg/L (all based on nominal concentrations). These results suggest that the 21-d life-cycle protocol using T. battagliai holds much promise as an in vivo test for developmental and reproductive effects in aquatic Crustacea.
Effect of sulfometuron methyl and nicosulfuron on development and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis: Impact of purity
Authors: Fort Douglas J , Rogers Robert , Copley Holly , Bruning Lizbeth , Stover Enos L , Rapaport Dave 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Analytically impure (∼85–88%) and purified (99.5%) preparations of two sulfonylurea herbicides, sulfometuron methyl and nicosulfuron, were evaluated for short- and long-term developmental effects on organogenesis (0–4 d) and limb development (0–30 d), and impact on metamorphosis (tail resorption [50–64 d]). Overall, the analytically impure sulfonylurea herbicides were more developmentally toxic than the purified preparations. Purified preparations did not induce early embryo–larval developmental effects or effects on hind limb development, although the rate of tail resorption was slowed at relatively high concentrations. Tail resorption rates were slowed significantly and abnormal limb development was induced by the analytically impure sulfonylurea herbicides. The process of organogenesis as monitored by the traditional frog embryo teratogenesis assay—Xenopus (FETAX) test was the least sensitive stage of development monitored in this study. Although some maldevelopment was induced at the limit of aqueous solubility of the analytically impure material, the severity of the malformations with the impure preparations was moderate. Based on this study, the analytically impure herbicides were more developmentally toxic than purified preparations of the same herbicides, which exerted little effect at maximum soluble concentrations. Thus, the capacity of purified nicosulfuron and sulfometuron methyl to interfere with amphibian development and maturation seems to be relatively low.
A probabilistic risk assessment of the effects of methylmercury and PCBs on mink and kingfishers along East Fork Poplar Creek, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
Authors: Moore Dwayne RJ , Sample Bradley E , Suter Glenn W , Parkhurst Benjamin R , Teed R Scott 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Over fifty years of operations, sorage, and disposal of wastes from the U.S. Department of Energy (U.S. DOE) Y-12 nuclear weapons facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, has resulted in the contamination of water, sediment, biota, and floodplain soils of East Fork Poplar Creek. A preliminary assessment revealed that methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were the contaminants of most concern. Because these contaminants are persistent, accumulate in tissues, and biomagnify up the food chain, piscivorous wildlife are the biota at greatest risk of exposure. The objective of this study was to estimate the risks posed by methylmercury and PCBs to two piscivorous species: mink and belted kingfishers. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to estimate total daily intakes of each contaminant by each species and then integrated the resulting distributions with their respective dose–response curves to estimate risks. The results indicate that methylmercury poses a moderate risk to female mink (24% probability of at least 15% mortality) and kingfishers (50% probability of at least a 12–28% decline in fecundity depending on location). The PCBs pose a very serious risk to mink (52% probability of at least a 50% decline in reproductive fecundity), a species known to be especially sensitive to the effects of organochlorine substances, but little risk to kingfishers (&lt;5% probability of a decline in reproductive fecundity greater than 10% at any location).
Risk-based decision making: The east fork poplar creek case study
Authors: Moore Dwayne RJ , Sample Bradley E , Suter Glenn W , Parkhurst Benjamin R , Teed R Scott 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA Probabilistic risk assessment revealed that methylmercury released from the U.S. Department of Energy(DOE) Y-12 weapons facility at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, poses moderate risks to mink and kingfishers residing near the receiving waters of East Fork Poplar Creek. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) released from this facility pose severe risks to mink but little risk to kingfishers. The objective of this study was to use a risk-based decision-making approach to select remedial cleanup levels for each of these contaminants. We conducted Monte Carlo simulations to estimate total daily intakes of each contaminant by mink (mercury and PCBs) and kingfishers (PCBs only) for a range of exposure-reduction scenarios. The resulting exposure distributions were then integrated with their respective dose–response curves to estimate postremediation risks. The results indicated that total mercury levels in surface water would need to be reduced from current levels (mean = 0.225 μg/L) to 0.03 to 0.05 μg/L to reduce risks to very low levels (&lt;5% probability of ≥10% mortality) for both mink and kingfishers. If interested parties define acceptable risk as, for example, a 20% probability of ≥10% mortality, then mercury levels would need to be reduced to 0.14 μg/L. The PCBs analysis indicated that reducing water-borne exposures would produce only a modest reduction in risk to mink because much of the current exposure is through terrestrial exposure pathways.
Field assessments in conjunction with whole effluent toxicity testing
Authors: La Point Thomas W , Waller William T 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWhole effluent toxicity (WET) tests are widely used to assess potential effects of wastewater discharges on aquatic life. This paper represents a summary of chapters in a 1996 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry–sponsored workshop and a literature review concerning linkages between WET testing and associated field biomonitoring. Most published studies thus far focus primarily on benthic macroinvertebrates and on effluent-dominated stream systems in which effluents demonstrate little or no significant acute toxicity. Fewer studies examine WET test predictability in other aquatic ecosystems (e.g., wetlands, estuaries, large rivers) or deal with instream biota such as fish and primary producers. Published results indicate that standards for the usual WET freshwater test species, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas, may not always protect most of the species inhabiting a receiving stream. Although WET tests are useful in predicting aquatic individual responses, they are not meant to directly measure natural population or community responses. Further, they do not address bioconcentration or bioaccumulation of hydrophobic compounds; do not assess eutrophication effects in receiving systems; and lastly, do not reflect genotoxic effects or function to test for endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Consequently, a more direct evaluation of ecosystem health, using bioassessment techniques, may be needed to properly evaluate aquatic systems affected by wastewater discharges.
Correspondence between whole effluent toxicity and the presence of priority substances in complex industrial effluents
Authors: Sarakinos Helen C , Bermingham Norman , White Paul A , Rasmussen Joseph B 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine broad-scale correlation between presence of priority substances and whole effluent toxicity (WET) across a range of industry types. Using regression analysis, we examined how chemical-based inferred toxicity predicted measured WET of the effluents. Whole effluent toxicity was determined using a suite of acute and chronic bioassays; chemical-based toxicity was inferred from concentrations of priority chemicals and from published chemical toxicity values. When inferred toxicity was corrected for bioavailable metal and ion concentrations, 43% of the variability in measured toxicity was explained. For many industries, priority contaminants accounted for WET, and their toxic action was generally additive. However, industry-specific analysis of the residuals highlighted effluent types for which there was over one order of magnitude variation in inferred and measured toxicity. In particular, chemical-based assessments tended to overestimate toxicity of effluents containing high concentrations of metals and to underestimate toxicity of pulp mill effluents.
Whole effluent toxicity of sewage treatment plants in the hawkesbury–nepean watershed, New South Wales, Australia, toCeriodaphnia dubiaandSelenastrum capricornutum
Authors: Bailey Howard C , Krassoi Rick , Elphick James R , Mulhall Ann-Maree , Hunt Peta , Tedmanson Louise , Lovell Adam 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the results of whole effluent toxicity tests conducted with Ceriodaphnia dubia and Selenastrum capricornutum on sewage treatment plant effluents in the Hawkesbury–Nepean watershed in New South Wales, Australia. Effluents from 18 sewage treatment plants were evaluated for acute and chronic toxicity. Toxicity identification evaluations were performed on toxic samples to determine the cause of toxicity. Fifteen of the facilities sampled exhibited acute or chronic toxicity to C. dubia. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) (e.g., diazinon, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenvinphos) accounted for toxicity in the majority of samples. Ammonia also contributed to toxicity in one sample, an unidentified OP was responsible for toxicity in another sample, and unidentified transient toxicant(s) were present in four samples. Transient toxicity was not due to surfactants (methylene blue active substances, cobalt thiocyanate active substances, or nonyl- or octylphenolethoxylates) or to a polymer used to dewater the sludge. The most likely cause of the transient toxicity was chlorpyrifos, which rapidly dissipated when stored in polyethylene containers. Only two effluent samples reduced the cell numbers of S. capricornutum. In both cases, toxicity dissipated too rapidly to identify its cause.
Assessment of whole effluent toxicity test variability: Partitioning sources of variability
Authors: Warren-Hicks William J , Parkhurst Benjamin R , Moore Dwayne RJ , Teed R Scott , Baird Rodger B , Berger Robert , Denton Debra L , Pletl James J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In this article, we quantify the variability of toxicity tests used in whole effluent toxicity (WET) testing and ambient water testing and demonstrate how knowledge of this variability can be used in the interpretation of compliance with WET limits in National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. Whole effluent toxicity test endpoint accuracy and precision are important factors in establishing the credibility of test results. Initially, we developed a national data set consisting of raw reference toxicant data from freshwater and marine tests. The data set consisted of the most commonly used test species, protocols, and laboratories and included results from multiple tests over time within single laboratories. Using a random-effects model, we evaluate and estimate the following variance components: between-laboratory variability, variability as a function of dilution concentration, variability of toxicity tests conducted over time, and random error. A variance components model was used to calculate the relative contribution of each variance component to the total variability in specific test endpoints. All analyses were conducted separately for specific reference toxicant, test species, and test protocol combinations. We demonstrate how to use the resulting variance estimates to calculate the minimum significant difference expected for specific test species and test protocols and present an application with WET test data. We present an application using actual WET test results and make recommendations for ensuring the quality of the information resulting from future WET testing.