bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afghanistan and Pakistan in Soviet and American Cold War politics: diplomatic relations and their ideological impact
Authors: Ибрайымов Г.В. 
Published: May 2024

Афганистан во второй половине XX в. был одним из основных направлений в «холодной войне» СССР и США. Это небольшое государство Центральной Азии оказалось крайне ценным в регионально-стратегическом значении. Активность в Афганистане советских и американских дипломатических миссий вызвана необходимостью склонить афганские политические верхи на одну из сторон. Методы применялись разные, от мощной экономической поддержки до связей с внутренними организациями, нередко находящиеся в оппозиции к власти. Соседний Пакистан также имел серьезную ценность в регионе, поэтому поддержка оказывалась и ему. При этом у Пакистана имелись собственные внешнеполитические интересы, в том числе и в Афганистане. Со стороны Пакистана велась активная деятельность в союзе с США для установления контроля в Афганистане и противодействию распространения коммунистической идеологии. А идеологический фактор имел значительную роль в отношениях СССР и США с государствами Афганистан и Пакистан. Представленная статья ставит своей цель исследовать взаимодействия двух сверхдержав в Афганистане и Пакистане на политическом и идеологическом уровне. В основном исследование сосредоточится на проникновение и развитие марксизма в Афганистане, история афганской коммунистической партии, советско-афганским отношениям. Так же будет исследовано отношение обеих сверхдержав с Пакистаном, реакция США и Пакистана на происходящие в Афганистане события, и их совместное противодействие политики СССР.
in the second half of the 20th century, Afghanistan was one of the major focuses in the "Cold War" between the USSR and USA. This Central Asian country has proven to be of extreme strategic importance in the region. The activities of Soviet and American diplomatic missions in Afghanistan were motivated by the need to convince Afghan political leaders into one camp. Different methods were employed, ranging from strong economic aid to connections with domestic organizations that often oppose the government. Pakistan, a neighboring country, also had significant value in the area, so support for it was given. At the same time, Pakistan has its own foreign policies, including those regarding Afghanistan. Through alliance with the US, Pakistan actively works to establish control over Afghanistan and counter communist ideology's spread. And the ideological factor played a significant role in relations between the USSR and the United States and the states of Afghanistan and Pakistan. This article aims to explore interaction between these two superpowers in Afghanistan and Pakistan, at the political and ideological levels. The research will focus mainly on penetration and development of Marxism in Afghanistan, history of the Afghan Communist Party, and Soviet-Afghan relations. It will also investigate the relationship between both superpowers and Pakistan; the reaction of the US and Pakistan to events in Afghanistan; and their joint opposition to policy of the USSR.
List of wounded soldiers of Abraham Leslie's Regiment as a source for the history of military affairs and medicine mid-17th century
Authors: Гусельников С.Д. 
Published: May 2024

целью статьи является анализ списка раненых полка Авраама Лесли для выявления тех вызовов которые стояли перед зарождающейся военно-полевой медициной в 50-е гг. XVII в. В данной статье на основе использования методов статистики, отражены ранения которые солдат мог получить в бою, их количественное и процентное соотношение. Т.е. те задачи которые стояли перед лечащими их врачами. Определение характера и мест ранений дает нам представление о необходимых медикаментах и навыках, которыми должны были обладать работники зарождающихся военно-полевых госпиталей. Также определяется роль такого типа источников как списки раненых для изучения военного дела и медицины XVII в., и перспективность дальнейшего изучения данной темы.
the purpose of the article is to analyze the list of wounded from Abraham Leslie's regiment, to identify the challenges that faced the nascent military field medicine in the 50s of the XVII century This article, based on the use of statistical methods, reflects the injuries that a soldier could receive in battle, their quantitative and percentage ratio. Those tasks that faced the doctors treating them. Determining the nature and location of wounds gives us an idea of the necessary medications and skills that workers in the nascent military field hospitals had to possess. The role of this type of sources as lists of the wounded for the study of military affairs and medicine of the 17th century is also determined, as well as the prospects for further study of this topic.
Evaluation of Conductive Hearing Loss in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Obstruction in a Tertiary Care Setup of Karachi
Authors: Mehfooz Sana , Iqrar Areej , Ahmed Zeba , Khan Tariq Zahid , Kumar Vasandani Rajesh , Junaid Tehmina 
Published: May 2024

Objective: To evaluate the frequency and severity of conductive hearing loss in patients with nasopharyngeal obstruction, admitted in tertiary care setup of Karachi.
Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional type of study. The study was conducted in the depart- ment of otorhinolaryngology and head and neck surgery Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau, Civil Hospital, Karachi. The study continued for 6 months from September 8th, 2021, to March 8th 2022. Both males and fe- males were included in the study, with ages ranging between 15 and 40 years. The data was col- lected using a questionnaire. Questions were asked to all the patients with nasal/nasopharyngeal obstructive pathologies who were admitted in the ENT ward for different managements, including their gender, age, cause and duration of nasal/ nasopharyngeal obstruction. Assessment of degree and type of hearing loss was done using Pure Tone Audiogram (PTA). Data analysis done using SPSS version 23.
Results: The patients’ average age was 28.23 ± 8.23 years. All patients with nasopharyngeal block- age suffered from conductive hearing loss (100%). The degree of conductive hearing loss in patients with nasopharyngeal blockage was mild loss in 51 (52.58%), moderate loss in 36 (37.11%), moderately severe loss in 9 (9.28%), and severe loss in one (1.03%).
Conclusion: This study suggests that there is a strong link between obstructive nasal and/or nasopharyngeal lesions and conductive hearing loss. If the study could be conducted on a larger scale, the role of eustachian tube obstruction in the formation and disease course of otitis media would become clearer, and its management would be more beneficial in the treatment of otitis media.
Risk Tolerance, Overconfidence and Investment Decisions in Nepal
Authors: Pitambar Lamichhane  , Arogya Simkhada  
Published: May 2024

In the present globalized, modernized and digitalized business environment, investors are attracted to the stock market for their investment in financial assets rather than real assets. Investors' Investment decisions are affected by various factors affecting their investment in financial assets in the stock market. This research intends to address problems of how investors’ psychological factors (risk attitude & overconfidence) influence their investment decisions. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of investors’ risk tolerance capacity and overconfidence level on investors’ investment decisions in Nepal. This study has applied descriptive and causality (regression) research designs to investigate the effect of risk tolerance and overconfidence on investment decisions based on financial behavior theories. Data were obtained through the structured questionnaire survey. Investment decision-making is considered a dependent variable in this research, and risk tolerance and investors' overconfidence levels are used as explanatory variables. The correlation result reveals positive associations between explanatory variables and investment decisions. The regression result of this research study concludes that risk tolerance capacity and overconfidence level both significantly impact investors’ investment decisions in the Nepalese stock market. Therefore, policymakers, regulatory bodies, decision makers, market traders, and academics should focus on investors’ risk tolerance ability and overconfidence level to enhance investors' ability to make sound investment decisions to maximize their returns and minimize risk in Nepal.
Climate Change and Gender Differential Impacts among Farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County in Kenya
Authors: Ndubi Jessica , Thuranira Elias , Murithi Festus 
Published: May 2024

Aim: Climate change affects the livelihoods of all people irrespective of their gender but the poor are more negatively impacted. Among the poor, women are affected more than men because women have less access to resources required for climate change preparedness and adaptation. Women also have unequal participation in climate change adaptation decisions at the household, national and international levels. This inequality is compounded by the ‘unpaid’ triple tasks of women in the reproductive, productive and community fields that are often exacerbated during times of disasters such as droughts and famines. The objective of the study was to examine climate change gender differential impacts and adaptation strategies among farmers in Tharaka-Nithi County in Kenya.
Methods: Data were collected through a survey that covered 289 households. A combination of purposive and systematic sampling techniques was used to select the respondents. Data were also collected through key informants’ interviews, focus group discussions and secondary sources. Data were entered in SPSS Version 20 and analyzed through descriptive statistics (percentages, chi-squared and means). This analysis was based on the Moser analytical framework which structures data into who has access what resources, who makes what decisions, and who does what activity in regard to (reproductive, productive, and community activities).
Results: The study found that women were affected by climate change more than men through increased burden of work and malnutrition. Results also revealed that men were more involved in climate change adaptation strategies such as soil conservation and tree planting because they had more access to land.
Conclusion: The study concludes that climate change impacts are not gender neutral. However, the impacts are disproportionate with women being affected more than men.
Recommendation: The study recommends a need to mainstream gender in climate change adaptation and mitigation endeavors in order to address the various inequalities. This can be done by incorporating a gender equity perspective in the process of designing climate change adaptation and mitigation policies, programmes, projects and activities.
Difficulties in Learning the Data Structures and Algorithms Course: Literature Review
Authors: Mtaho Adam , Mselle Leonard 
Published: May 2024

Data Structures and Algorithms (DSA) is a highly demanding course for computer science students. DSA content is highly interconnected and therefore the cognitive load is very high. Due to its high cognitive load, DSA is associated with higher failure and high dropout rates. This article analyses the main causes of student’s difficulties in learning DSA concepts as reported in CS literature. The study used desktop review methods to examine the causes of difficulties in learning DSA from several sources published in CS education pertaining to teaching and learning programming. The cognitive load theory (CLT) is used as a lens to analyze these difficulties in learning DSA. Our review reveals that difficulties associated with DSA course can be traced on varied of factors including abstract and dynamic nature of DSA concepts, poor instructional methods, curricula organization, instructional materials, background knowledge, the multidimensional nature of the DSA, lack of conceptual understanding, poor problem-solving and planning skills, faulty mental models, and low student motivation. Based on these findings we recommend instructors to improve teaching strategies and adopt new instructional approaches that stimulate student’s motivations and minimize learning overheads for novices. The study provides a reference and roadmap for both course designers and developers of computer programming teaching tools towards effective development of programming teaching tools. It also provides insights for both designers and developers of education supporting tools such as program visualization tools towards effective design appropriate
¿Es el Universo procesual? ¿Es su realidad estructural? Consideraciones metafísicas
Authors: Ruiz-Lapuente Pilar 
Published: May 2024

Presentamos una discusión sobre las filosofías del devenir, del proceso y su ontología y reflexionamos sobre el lugar que una filosofía del cosmos tendría en ellas. ¿Es el Universo una estructura, un proceso? Si es proceso, ¿es determinista, como se sostiene desde el punto de vista de la teoría del universo bloque? Hacemos un repaso de ciertas corrientes incluyendo la del último Zubiri, y su dinamismo estructural bien informado desde la cosmología de su tiempo. Traemos a colación esta vertiente estructuralista en el debate filosófico del siglo XXI.
Deleuze y Beckett: la imagen como agotamiento de la palabra
Authors: Pombo Nabais Catarina , Santaya Gonzalo , Heffesse Solange 
Published: May 2024

Desde Diferencia y repetición, Deleuze quiere liberar al espíritu de su relación con la representación. Sin embargo, este programa contenía una formulación paradójica. Deleuze propone una nueva imagen del pensamiento, la cual no es otra que la de un pensamiento sin imagen. Todo el combate en contra de “la filosofía de la representación” nos obligaba a pensar el pensamiento sin representar nada, a buscar una imagen del pensamiento que, en tanto pensamiento sin imagen, no fuera ella misma una imagen. Esta ceguera atraviesa todo el trabajo de Deleuze en los años 70, donde no encontramos ninguna teoría de la imagen, ni ninguna tentativa de construir cualquier imagen de un pensamiento sin imagen. Podríamos decir que aquello que fascinó a Deleuze en la experiencia del cine, a comienzos de los años 80, fue precisamente la posibilidad de producir imágenes del pensamiento, e imágenes de un pensamiento sin imagen. Recién en El agotado la actividad del espíritu es presentada como la creación de imágenes. Mientras que en los libros sobre cine el espíritu está sobre la pantalla, es decir, que él es el movimiento y el tiempo de las imágenes, en el análisis de las piezas para televisión de Beckett, sin embargo, el espíritu es más bien algo que se cumple en la cabeza de personajes agotados.
REQUESTS FROM PARENTS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN FROM AMONG THE INDIGENOUS MINORITIES OF THE NORTH TO ORGANIZE THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN BOARDING SCHOOLS OF THE KHANTYMANSIYSK AUTONOMOUS OKRUG — UGRA (SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY)
Authors: ТКАЧУК Н.В. 
Published: May 2024

Представлены результаты социологического исследования запросов родителей, чьи дети с 5 по 11 классы получают общее образование в школах-интернатах, распо- ложенных в местах традиционного проживания и традиционной хозяйственной деятельности коренных малочисленных народов Севера Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа — Югры. В школах-интернатах на период учёбы дети ханты, манси, ненцы проводят большую часть года вдали от семьи. Объём выборки составил 177 респондентов, полнота заполнения без выбраковки — все анкеты прошли кодирование и систематизированы в программе обработки социологических данных «Vortex». Выяснилось, на основе субъективных высказываний родителей, внимание должно уделяться физкультурно-спортивным кружкам, секциям, программам, в основе которых предусмотрен этнокультурный опыт коренных малочисленных народов Севера. По мнению родителей, наиболее востребованные направленности внеурочной досуговой деятельности — это круж- ки по интересам спортивные, творческие и познавательные. Среди запросов не обозначены добровольчество, экопросветительская деятельность как инновационные подходы в совре- менном воспитании школьников.
The results of a sociological study of the requests of parents whose children from grades 5 to 11 receive general education in boarding schools located in places of traditional residence and traditional economic activity of the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug — Ugra are presented. Khanty, Mansi, and Nenets children spend most of the year away from their families in boarding schools during their studies. The sample size was 177 respondents, the completeness of filling without rejection — all questionnaires were encoded and systematized in the "Vortex" sociological data processing program. It turned out, based on the subjective statements of parents, attention should be paid to physical education and sports clubs, sections, programs based on the ethnocultural experience of the indigenous small peoples of the North. According to parents, the most popular areas of extracurricular leisure activities are sports, creative and educational interest groups. Volunteerism and eco-educational activities as innovative approaches in modern education of schoolchildren are not indicated among the requests.
The COVID-19 pandemic “anthropause” decreased plastic ingestion in neotropic cormorants Nannopterum brasilianus in Lima, Peru
Authors: Porras-Parra Laura Catalina , Zavalaga Carlos B. , Rios Alvaro 
Published: May 2024

Background
The anthropause during the recent COVID-19 pandemic provided a unique opportunity to examine the impact of human activity on seabirds. Lockdowns in Peru prevented people from visiting coastal areas, thereby reducing garbage disposal on beaches and the movement of microplastics into the ocean. This cessation of activities likely led to a temporary decrease in plastic pollution in coastal regions. We aimed to investigate this phenomenon in inshore-feeding neotropic cormorants (Nannopterum brasilianus) along the Circuito de Playas Costa Verde (CPCV), situated on the coastal strip of Lima, Peru (∼ 11 million people).

Methods
We collected and analyzed fresh pellets along the CPCV before (over 11 months) and during the pandemic lockdowns (over 8 months).

Results
Our findings revealed a significant reduction in the occurrence of plastic in pellets during the pandemic period (% Oc = 2.47, n = 647 pellets) compared to pre-pandemic conditions (% Oc = 7.13, n = 800 pellets). The most common plastic debris item found in the pellets was threadlike microplastic. Additionally, our study highlights the direct correlation between human presence on beaches and the quantity of microplastics (mainly threadlike) found in cormorant pellets. We suggest that the reintroduction of these materials into the sea, previously accumulated on the coast, is likely facilitated by the movement and activity of beachgoers toward the ocean.
Seasonal dynamics and environmental drivers of tissue and mucus microbiomes in the staghorn coral Acropora pulchra
Authors: Miller Therese C. , Bentlage Bastian 
Published: May 2024

Background
Rainfall-induced coastal runoff represents an important environmental impact in near-shore coral reefs that may affect coral-associated bacterial microbiomes. Shifts in microbiome community composition and function can stress corals and ultimately cause mortality and reef declines. Impacts of environmental stress may be site specific and differ between coral microbiome compartments (e.g., tissue versus mucus). Coastal runoff and associated water pollution represent a major stressor for near-shore reef-ecosystems in Guam, Micronesia.

Methods
Acropora pulchra colonies growing on the West Hagåtña reef flat in Guam were sampled over a period of 8 months spanning the 2021 wet and dry seasons. To examine bacterial microbiome diversity and composition, samples of A. pulchra tissue and mucus were collected during late April, early July, late September, and at the end of December. Samples were collected from populations in two different habitat zones, near the reef crest (farshore) and close to shore (nearshore). Seawater samples were collected during the same time period to evaluate microbiome dynamics of the waters surrounding coral colonies. Tissue, mucus, and seawater microbiomes were characterized using 16S DNA metabarcoding in conjunction with Illumina sequencing. In addition, water samples were collected to determine fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations as an indicator of water pollution. Water temperatures were recorded using data loggers and precipitation data obtained from a nearby rain gauge. The correlation structure of environmental parameters (temperature and rainfall), FIB concentrations, and A. pulchra microbiome diversity was evaluated using a structural equation model. Beta diversity analyses were used to investigate spatio-temporal trends of microbiome composition.

Results
Acropora pulchra microbiome diversity differed between tissues and mucus, with mucus microbiome diversity being similar to the surrounding seawater. Rainfall and associated fluctuations of FIB concentrations were correlated with changes in tissue and mucus microbiomes, indicating their role as drivers of A. pulchra microbiome diversity. A. pulchra tissue microbiome composition remained relatively stable throughout dry and wet seasons; tissues were dominated by Endozoicomonadaceae, coral endosymbionts and putative indicators of coral health. In nearshore A. pulchra tissue microbiomes, Simkaniaceae, putative obligate coral endosymbionts, were more abundant than in A. pulchra colonies growing near the reef crest (farshore). A. pulchra mucus microbiomes were more diverse during the wet season than the dry season, a distinction that was also associated with drastic shifts in microbiome composition. This study highlights the seasonal dynamics of coral microbiomes and demonstrates that microbiome diversity and composition may differ between coral tissues and the surface mucus layer.
Familial cardiac valvulopathy due to filamin A mutation
Authors: Bernstein Jonathan A. , Bernstein Daniel , Hehr Ute , Hudgins Louanne 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe report on the clinical findings in siblings affected by the recently characterized X‐linked form of hereditary cardiac valvular dystrophy or cardiac valve disease (OMIM 314400) due to mutations in the FLNA gene and review the literature on this condition. Although FLNA related cardiac valve disease is presumed to be a rare disorder, it is likely underdiagnosed. Several features of this condition may aid in its identification. FLNA related valvular disease can be recognized on the basis of its distinctive inheritance, early age of onset, and frequent multi‐valve involvement. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange of helicity in a knotted electromagnetic field
Authors: Arrayás M. , Trueba J.L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThere are solutions of Maxwell equations in vacuum in which the magnetic and the electric lines have a nontrivial topology. This behaviour has physical consequences since it is related to classical expressions indicating aspects of the photon content of the electromagnetic field. In this work we present for the first time an exact solution of Maxwell equations in vacuum, having non trivial topology, in which there is an exchange of helicity between the electric and magnetic part of such field. We calculate the temporal evolution of the magnetic and electric helicities, and explain the exchange of helicity making use of the Chern‐Simon form. We also have found and explained that, as time goes to infinity, both helicities reach the same value and the exchange between the magnetic and electric part of the field stops.