bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Maternal Lead Exposure on Craniofacial Ossification in Rat Fetuses and the Role of Antioxidant Therapy
Authors: Saleh H. A. , El‐Aziz G. A. , El‐Fark M. M. , El‐Gohary M. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryLead exposure during intrauterine life was found to result in reduced birth weight, impaired skeletal development and post‐natal neurotoxic effects. In this study, the effect of pre‐natal exposure to different doses of lead on the development of craniofacial skeleton in rat fetuses was investigated. Vitamin E was tested as a concomitant treatment, aiming to improve the fetotoxic effects of lead. Positively pregnant female rats were randomly divided into four groups; groups I and II (L250 and L500), exposed to lead acetate in doses of 250 and 500 mg/l respectively, group III (L500 + E), exposed to lead acetate (500 mg/l) wit concomitant vitamin E and group IV (Control) which was given sodium acetate only. All the treatments started from the first day of gestation till the 20th day, where all rats were sacrificed and the fetuses were recovered. Fetuses were processed to alizarin red staining for ossified components. Twenty‐seven bones of the craniofacial skeleton were studied in each fetus where the ossification was scored as being complete, delayed or absent. In all studied fetuses from all groups, changes were found only in eight bones while the remaining craniofacial bones were normally ossified. In affected bones there was a significant decrease in the number of completely ossified bones; associated with a significant increase of both partially ossified and absent bones in L250 and L500 treated groups when compared to the control group. These differences were more significant in the L500 treated group. Giving vitamin E improved the percentage of completely ossified craniofacial bones and decreased the percentage of both partially ossified and absent bones. The most affected bone was presphenoid, then to a lesser extent supraoccipital, squamosal, parietal, interparietal and frontal bone respectively. In conclusion, lead exposure to rats during pregnancy led to varying degrees of fetal growth retardation as well as delayed ossification of some craniofacial bones which were dose dependent and the concomitant supplementation with vitamin E greatly improved the deleterious effect of lead.
The Prenatal Development and Histochemistry of the Ileal Mucins in the Bovine Fetuses
Authors: Beyaz F. , Liman N. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryFew studies exist regarding the distribution of intestinal mucins in fetuses of mammalians such as cattle and sheep. In this study, we aimed to describe the changes in the mucin production by ileal epithelium of bovine fetuses during their prenatal development. The goblet cells showed heterogeneity in mucins and the apical cytoplasm of the enterocytes demonstrated Periodic acid Schiff‐positive reaction which declined gradually towards the birth. Moreover, the number of the goblet cells containing acidic and mixed mucins augmented, whereas those containing neutral mucins decreased with advancing gestational age. After sixth month of gestation, with the initiation of the ileal Peyer patches and follicle‐associated epithelium development, a gradual increase in the number of goblet cells containing sulfomucins was also noticed towards the birth. The presence of different mucins in the ileum of bovine fetuses throughout prenatal development might play a role in the protection of the intestinal mucosa against urinary waste products in swallowed amniotic fluid and bile. Furthermore, mucins can also contribute for the formation of meconium in intra‐uterine life and building of strong intestinal barrier with predominating sulfomucins, protecting the intestine against potential pathogens and digestive enzymes after birth.
The Sound of Arousal: The Addition of Novel Non‐linearities Increases Responsiveness in Marmot Alarm Calls
Authors: Blumstein Daniel T. , Récapet Charlotte 
Published: September 2009

AbstractVocal structure should reflect vocal function. While much attention has focused on quantifying attributes of harmonic vocalizations, the vocalizations of many species also may contain non‐linear phenomena such as warbles, subharmonics, biphonation, and deterministic chaos or noise. The function of these non‐linearities remains enigmatic. In some species, harmonic vocalizations abruptly become ‘noisy’ when individuals are physiologically aroused and the sudden onset of these non‐linearities could signal arousal or fear to receivers. One untested functional hypothesis is that vocalizations containing non‐linearities are more variable from one rendition to the next, and thus are harder to habituate to. In some situations, reducing the likelihood of habituation could be important. Signals that are highly evocative are more difficult to habituate to. Thus, we conducted playback experiments to foraging yellow‐bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to determine whether the addition of white noise (a non‐linear acoustic phenomenon) to alarm calls elicited a greater response than control calls without the non‐linearity or control calls with silence, rather than noise, added to them. Marmots spent less time foraging after hearing calls that included noise than after normal or control calls. This result is consistent with the unpredictability hypothesis and suggests that the adaptive value of non‐linearities is to prevent habituation.
Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 3′UTR SNPs and their influence on milk fatty acid composition of Canadian Holstein cows
Authors: Kgwatalala P.M. , Ibeagha‐Awemu E.M. , Hayes J.F. , Zhao X. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryStearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) catalyses the synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and mono‐unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the mammary gland of ruminant animals. Considerable variations in CLA and MUFA have been reported among animals of the same contemporary group. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs) of the SCD1 gene would influence the production of SCD1 enzyme and consequently its activity in the mammary gland, which may account for some of the observed within breed variations in CLA and MUFA. The 5′ and 3′UTRs of the SCD1 gene of 46 Holsteins and 35 Jerseys were analysed for SNPs by sequencing. No SNPs were identified in the 5′UTR, while 14 SNPs were identified in the 3′UTR region. Further analysis revealed three haplotype structures or regulatory variants in Holsteins: named H1, H2 and H3 and only H1 and H3 in Jerseys. An IRES motif was found in the H1 variant. A subsequent association study involving the milk fatty acid profiles of 862 Holstein cows found the H1 regulatory variant to be associated with higher C10 and C12 desaturase indices and consequently with higher contents of C10:1 and C12:1 relative to the H3 variant. The effects of the H2 variant were intermediate to those of H1 and H3. SNPs in the 3′UTR of the SCD1 gene could therefore explain some of the within‐breed variations in MUFA content of milk fat.
Multi‐trait animal model estimation of genetic parameters for linear type and gait traits in the Belgian warmblood horse
Authors: Rustin M. , Janssens S. , Buys N. , Gengler N. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryGenetic parameters for the height at withers, 27 linear type and six linear gait traits were estimated for the Belgian warmblood horse. Observations on 987 mares, mostly 3 years old, were analysed using a multi‐trait animal model. The statistical model included appraiser, age and location (date × place of appraisal) as fixed effects. Genetic parameters were estimated using a canonical transformation and an expectation‐maximization restricted maximum likelihood algorithm with an additional deceleration step. Estimates of heritability for the 33 linear traits were between 0.15 and 0.55. Heritability of the height at withers was 0.34 ± 0.06. Estimated genetic correlations ranged from −0.60 to 0.98 with an average SE of 0.10. The highest positive correlations were found among traits of walk and among traits of trot. Volume and the quality of legs were the most negatively correlated. Estimated genetic parameters indicated that the linear scoring system is a valuable tool to assess conformation. The full (co)variance matrix is now available for breeding value estimation to support selection for conformation and gaits.
Field Studies on Cross‐protection against Japanese yam mosaic virus in Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) with an Attenuated Strain of the Virus
Authors: Kajihara H. , Kameya‐Iwaki M. , Oonaga M. , Kimura I. , Sumida Y. , Ooi Y. , Ito S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn attenuated strain of Japanese yam mosaic virus (JYMV), designated T‐3, was evaluated for its cross‐protection efficacy against virulent (native) strains of JYMV in Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) grown in farmers’ fields in Japan. Native strains of JYMV were detected by a polymerase chain reaction‐based assay in all the Chinese yam plants grown from virus‐free tubers in the first growing season in the fields. In contrast, the virus was detected in only one of fifty plants grown from tubers preinoculated with T‐3 during the experiments for 6 years, suggesting that T‐3 consistently cross‐protected against native JYMV in Chinese yam in the field. Chinese yam plants preinoculated with T‐3 produced significantly greater yield of tubers per plant compared with non‐inoculated plants.
Anesthesia for children with hyperleukocytosis a retrospective review
Authors: FONG CLEMENT , FUNG WINNIE , McDONALD JANE , DALLA‐POZZA LUCE , DE LIMA JONATHAN 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground:  Hyperleukocytosis (a white cell count in peripheral blood >100 × 109 l−1) is a well‐recognized medical emergency. Rates of morbidity associated with anesthesia in hyperleukocytotic patients have not been previously described. This retrospective study describes the perioperative morbidity and mortality of children who present acutely with hyperleukocytosis.Methods:  All patients under 17 years of age with leukemia complicated by hyperleukocytosis and who received general anesthesia as part of their acute care at the Children’s Hospital in Westmead from July 1999 to June 2008 were included. Data describing perioperative adverse events within 48 h of anesthesia were collected using a systematic chart review.Results:  Over the 8‐ year period, 60 children were admitted with hyperleukocytosis related to a new diagnosis of leukemia. Fifty‐two children had general anesthesia within 48 h of their admission. Eleven children required two separate general anesthetics within this same time frame. Two deaths were recorded within 48 h of anesthesia; one child died from neurological complications of her disease, and the second died from multi‐organ failure. Three children had serious respiratory adverse events requiring postanesthesia intensive care. Thirteen children had notable but less serious adverse events. These were typically respiratory in nature and required supplemental oxygen for more than 2 h after anesthesia.Conclusion:  Children with leukemia‐related hyperleukocytosis often require general anesthesia at the time of presentation and are at significant perioperative risk. Respiratory adverse events are very common and mandate close postanesthesia care.
Angioplasty and stenting of symptomatic and asymptomatic vertebral artery stenosis: to treat or not to treat
Authors: Parkhutik V. , Lago A. , Tembl J.I. , Aparici F. , Vazquez V. , Mainar E. 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose:  Comprehensive indications for treatment of symptomatic vertebral stenosis remain unavailable. Even less is known about endovascular treatment of asymptomatic cases. We treated symptomatic and asymptomatic vertebral ostium stenosis with angioplasty and stenting and investigated the long term outcome.Methods:  Consecutive patients with two different indications were included. Group 1 (G1) had symptomatic >50% stenosis. Group 2 (G2) had asymptomatic >50% stenosis and severe lesions of anterior circulation and were expected to benefit from additional cerebral blood supply.Results:  Twenty nine vertebral origin stenoses in 28 patients (75% men, mean age 64 ± 9 years) were treated. There were 16 G1 and 13 G2 cases. Technical success rate was 100%. Immediate neurological complications rate was 3.4% (one G1 patient with vertebral TIA due to release of emboli). Two further strokes were seen during follow up (32 ± 24 months): vertebrobasilar stroke in a G2 patient with permeable stent in V1 segment, new ipsilateral V3 occlusion and high‐risk cardioembolic source, and carotid stroke in a G1 patient who had had ipsilateral carotid stenting. There were no deaths of any cause. Asymptomatic restenosis was observed in one out of 19 patients from both groups who underwent a follow up angiography.Conclusions:  Angioplasty and stenting appears to be technically feasible and safe in asymptomatic and symptomatic vertebral stenosis. More studies are needed in order to clarify its role in primary and secondary prevention of vertebrobasilar stroke. High risk anterior circulation lesions should be taken into account as a possible indication in patients with asymptomatic vertebral stenosis.
Overview of comparative cognitive studies of dolphins in Japan1
Authors: MORISAKA TADAMICHI 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDolphins live in aquatic environments that differ greatly from our terrestrial environments. Several studies have demonstrated that dolphins have complex cognitive abilities comparable to those of great apes. No comparative cognitive studies of dolphins were conducted in Japan until the mid‐1990s, but several pioneering works on dolphin comparative brain studies in Japan had already implied the higher cognitive ability of dolphins by the 1940s. Research in this field is now increasing gradually. This paper provides an overview of comparative cognitive studies of dolphins conducted in Japan, in order to promote dolphin cognition studies in Japan in the future. It begins with a brief history of dolphin cognitive studies in Japan, which is followed by case studies of visual, acoustic, and social cognition, and a discussion of future studies.
Contact calls: Information and social function
Authors: KONDO NORIKO , WATANABE SHIGERU 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe focus of acoustic communication studies differs between birds and primates due to differences between the avian and primate social structures. Contact calls exist in almost all species independent of social structure, indicating their importance for animals. Contact calls contain various types of information about the sender. They function to keep groups cohesive or to help reunite visually separated individuals. In this review, we first describe the type of information contained in the acoustic structure of contact calls, and then we consider the function of contact calls in animals' social lives, particularly their function as identity advertisements.
Deficits in interval timing measured by the dual‐task paradigm among children and adolescents with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Hwang Shoou‐Lian , Gau Susan Shur‐Fen , Hsu Wen‐Yau , Wu Yu‐Yu 
Published: September 2009

Background: The underlying mechanism of time perception deficit in long time intervals in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is still unclear. This study used the time reproduction dual task to explore the role of the attentional resource in time perception deficits among children and adolescents with ADHD.Methods: Participants included 168 children and adolescents with DSM‐IV ADHD and 90 control children and adolescents without ADHD, aged 10 to 17 years, in Taipei. The DSM‐IV diagnoses of ADHD and other psychiatric comorbid conditions were made by clinical assessments and confirmed by the psychiatric interviews of both parents and participants using the Chinese Kiddie Epidemiologic version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. The participants were also assessed by using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐3rdedition (WISC‐III), and time reproduction tasks (the single task and the simple and difficult versions of the dual tasks) at 5‐second, 12‐second, and 17‐second intervals. The linear mixed model was used for data analysis.Results: Children and adolescents with ADHD had less precise time reproduction than the controls in all three tasks except the 5‐second interval of the single task. There were significant interactions between group and interval (12‐second vs. 5‐second,p = .030; 17‐second vs. 5‐second,p < .001), and between group and task (simple dual task vs. single task,p = .016; difficult dual task vs. single task,p < .001) after controlling for FSIQ, comorbidity, sex, age, use of methylphenidate, and the performance of the non‐temporal tasks in dual tasks, if relevant.Conclusions: Significantly increased estimation errors in ADHD with increased task difficulties suggest that impaired timing processing in children and adolescents with ADHD during long time intervals may be accounted for by the limited attentional capacity rather than a primary problem in timing per se. This finding does not apply to rapid time intervals, in which cerebellar circuitry is important.
Microbiological control of soil‐borne phytopathogenic fungi with special emphasis on wilt‐inducingFusarium oxysporum
Authors: Alabouvette Claude , Olivain Chantal , Migheli Quirico , Steinberg Christian 
Published: September 2009

SummaryPlant diseases induced by soil‐borne plant pathogens are among the most difficult to control. In the absence of effective chemical control methods, there is renewed interest in biological control based on application of populations of antagonistic micro‐organisms. In addition toPseudomonasspp. andTrichodermaspp., which are the two most widely studied groups of biological control agents, the protective strains ofFusarium oxysporumrepresent an original model. These protective strains ofF. oxysporumcan be used to control wilt induced by pathogenic strains of the same species.Exploring the mechanisms involved in the protective capability of these strains is not only necessary for their development as commercial biocontrol agents but raises many basic questions related to the determinism of pathogenicity versus biocontrol capacity in theF. oxysporumspecies complex. In this paper, current knowledge regarding the interaction between the plant and the protective strains is reviewed in comparison with interactions between the plant and pathogenic strains. The success of biological control depends not only on plant–microbial interactions but also on the ecological fitness of the biological control agents.ContentsSummary 529I.Biological control of plant diseases: state of the art 530II.Main modes of action of biological control agents 530III.The protective strains of F. oxysporum: an unexplored model 532IV.Future directions for the study of the protective capacity of strains of F. oxysporum 539V.How to make biological control successful in the field? 540References 541
The influences of consumer innovativeness and consumer evaluation attributes in the purchase of fashionable ethnic wear in India
Authors: Chakrabarti Somnath , Baisya Rajat K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper highlights the consumer motivations for purchase of an innovative product like fashionable ethnic wear in India. It attempts to combine consumer innovativeness constructs and consumer evaluation attributes to understand buying behaviour in fashionable ethnic wear through a consumer survey. It confirms the relationship between product usage (the number of brands bought) and ethnic wear domain‐specific innovativeness. It also explores the correlations among different dimensions of consumer innovativeness like domain‐specific innovativeness, optimum stimulation level and consumers' need for uniqueness constructs. It shows the difference in importance attached to the chosen consumer innovativeness constructs and consumer evaluation attributes by buyers and non‐buyers in the purchase process.
TDP‐43 is recruited to stress granules in conditions of oxidative insult
Authors: Colombrita Claudia , Zennaro Eleonora , Fallini Claudia , Weber Markus , Sommacal Andreas , Buratti Emanuele , Silani Vincenzo , Ratti Antonia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTransactive response DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) forms abnormal ubiquitinated and phosphorylated inclusions in brain tissues from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. TDP‐43 is a DNA/RNA‐binding protein involved in RNA processing, such as transcription, pre‐mRNA splicing, mRNA stabilization and transport to dendrites. We found that in response to oxidative stress and to environmental insults of different types TDP‐43 is capable to assemble into stress granules (SGs), ribonucleoprotein complexes where protein synthesis is temporarily arrested. We demonstrated that a specific aminoacidic interval (216–315) in the C‐terminal region and the RNA‐recognition motif 1 domain are both implicated in TDP‐43 participation in SGs as their deletion prevented the recruitment of TDP‐43 into SGs. Our data show that TDP‐43 is a specific component of SGs and not of processing bodies, although we proved that TDP‐43 is not necessary for SG formation, and its gene silencing does not impair cell survival during stress. The analysis of spinal cord tissue from ALS patients showed that SG markers are not entrapped in TDP‐43 pathological inclusions. Although SGs were not evident in ALS brains, we speculate that an altered control of mRNA translation in stressful conditions may trigger motor neuron degeneration at early stages of the disease.
The origin of pterygotid eurypterids (Chelicerata: Eurypterida)
Authors: TETLIE O. ERIK , BRIGGS DEREK E. G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  The Silurian and Lower Devonian pterygotid eurypterids were the largest of all arthropods, but their origin and early evolution are poorly understood. Pterygotus? ventricosus from Kokomo, Indiana, is shown to be the most basal of the pterygotids and constitutes the sister taxon to the rest of the clade. P.? ventricosus has walking appendages similar to those of Slimonia, which is the sister taxon of pterygotids. There is no evidence in P.? ventricosus of the dorsal median pretelson carina characteristic of other pterygotids, but the taxon does have the typical pterygotid undivided genital appendage. The status of the iconic pterygotid character (and presumed synapomorphy), the enlargement of the chelicerae, is uncertain in the Kokomo pterygotid. All the diagnostic characters of pterygotids did not develop simultaneously. A new genus Ciurcopterus is erected to accommodate the Kokomo pterygotid and Pterygotus? sarlei Ciurca and Tetlie.