bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity of methylmercury injected into eggs when dissolved in water versus corn oil
Authors: Heinz Gary H , Hoffman David J , Klimstra Jon D , Stebbins Katherine R , Kondrad Shannon L 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In a previous study, the embryotoxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil was compared among 26 species of birds. Corn oil is not soluble in the water-based matrix that constitutes the albumen of an egg. To determine whether the use of corn oil limited the usefulness of this earlier study, a comparison was made of the embryotoxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil versus water. Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and chicken (Gallus gallus) eggs were injected with methylmercury chloride dissolved in corn oil or water to achieve concentrations of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 µg/g mercury in the egg on a wet weight basis. Hatching success at each dose of mercury was compared between the two solvents. For mallards, 16.4% of the eggs injected with 1.6 µg/g mercury dissolved in water hatched, which was statistically lower than the 37.6% hatch rate of eggs injected with 1.6 µg/g mercury dissolved in corn oil, but no differences in hatching success were observed between corn oil and water at any of the other doses. With chicken eggs, no significant differences occurred in percentage hatch of eggs between corn oil and water at any of the mercury doses. Methylmercury dissolved in corn oil seems to have a toxicity to avian embryos similar to that of does methylmercury dissolved in water. Consequently, the results from the earlier study that described the toxicity of methylmercury dissolved in corn oil to avian embryos were probably not compromised by the use of corn oil as a solvent. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2103–2106. © 2011 SETAC
Influences of specimen size and heating mode on the ignitability of polymeric materials in typical small‐scale fire test conditions
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Jun 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYSmall‐scale fire tests including the Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) vertical burning test and the cone calorimeter test are widely used. In this paper, the ignition times of materials heated by the conical heater of a cone calorimeter and the UL94 flame were measured. It was found that for polymer bars heated by the UL94 flame, the ignition time is relatively short and increases with the specimen thickness. But the contribution of the specimen thickness to the delay of the ignition time is limited. The intrinsic properties of materials play a more important role in the ignition time than the specimen thickness. In addition, respectively corresponding to one‐dimensional, two‐dimensional, and three‐dimensional heat transfer, three heating modes of the UL94 flame were presented and compared with the conical heater. It was found that whether the heat source is the conical heater or the UL94 flame, the ignition time depends on the heat flux and the multidimensional heat transfer. The ignition time decreases with the increasing heat flux, and the magnitude order of the ignition time might drop when the heating mode changes from one‐dimensional to multidimensional heat transfer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia treatment in a well‐screened population
Authors: Barken Sidsel Svennekjær , Rebolj Matejka , Andersen Erik Søgaard , Lynge Elsebeth 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTreatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) detectable at screening has helped reduce the incidence of cervical cancer, but has also led to overtreatment. The estimates of overtreatment have often focused on a particular grade of CIN or age group. The aim of this paper was to provide a nationwide population‐based estimate of the frequency of CIN treatment per prevented cervical cancer case in a well‐screened population. We retrieved the data from the Danish National Population, Patient, Health Insurance, Pathology, and Cancer Registers, and calculated annual age‐standardized CIN treatment rates. We estimated the frequency of CIN treatment per prevented cervical cancer case by comparing the cumulative life‐time risk of CIN treatment from 1996 onward, with the difference in the cumulative life‐time risks of cervical cancer in the prescreening and the screening periods. Since 1996, more than 5,000 CIN treatments were undertaken annually in the population of about 2.2 million women aged 15–84 years, and at present 5.2 CIN treatments are undertaken per 1,000 women aged 20–49. About six women have undergone CIN treatment for each prevented cervical cancer. The frequency of CIN treatment increased after 2004 and at present almost eight women are treated per prevented cervical cancer case. Screening, though effective in reducing the incidence of cervical cancer, leads also to a considerable burden of CIN treatment. Future trends in CIN treatment should be closely monitored.
The emerging epidemic of estrogen‐related cancers in young women in a developing Asian country
Authors: Lin Ching‐Hung , Chen Yong‐Chen , Chiang Chun‐Ju , Lu Yen‐Shen , Kuo Kuan‐Ting , Huang Chiun‐Sheng , Cheng Wen‐Fang , Lai Mei‐Shu , You San‐Lin , Cheng Ann‐Lii 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe incidence of breast and genital tract cancers is increasing among Taiwanese women, but the age specificity and histopathological features of these cancers have not been determined. We used a descriptive epidemiological method and data from the Taiwan Cancer Registry (1979–2007) to examine secular trends in the age‐specific incidences of female breast cancer, three major female genital tract cancers and the histopathological subtypes of these cancers. Age‐specific incidence rates in the United States (1978–2002) were used as an external reference, and the incidence rates of all malignancies and of malignant brain tumors were used as internal references. We found that age‐adjusted incidence rates of female breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers increased in Taiwan from 1979 to 2007, whereas the incidence of cervical cancer decreased after 1998. The largest increase was observed for ductal and lobular carcinomas of the breast and endometrioid carcinomas of the uterus and ovary in women ≤55 years, all of these tumors show a high prevalence of hormone receptor expressions. In addition, hormone‐receptor‐positive rates of breast cancer were uniquely higher in younger, as opposed to older, Taiwanese women. These findings indicate that estrogen‐related cancers rapidly emerge in young women in Taiwan and that incidence rates are catching up with that of women living in the United States.
Humoral response to catumaxomab correlates with clinical outcome: Results of the pivotal phase II/III study in patients with malignant ascites
Authors: Ott Marion G. , Marmé Frederik , Moldenhauer Gerhard , Lindhofer Horst , Hennig Michael , Spannagl Rolf , Essing Mirko M. , Linke Rolf , Seimetz Diane 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe trifunctional antibody catumaxomab is a targeted immunotherapy for the intraperitoneal treatment of malignant ascites. In a Phase II/III trial in cancer patients (n = 258) with malignant ascites, catumaxomab showed a clear clinical benefit vs. paracentesis and had an acceptable safety profile. Human antimouse antibodies (HAMAs), which could be associated with beneficial humoral effects and prolonged survival, may develop against catumaxomab as it is a mouse/rat antibody. This post hoc analysis investigated whether there was a correlation between the detection of HAMAs 8 days after the fourth catumaxomab infusion and clinical outcome. HAMA‐positive and HAMA‐negative patients in the catumaxomab group and patients in the control group were analyzed separately for all three clinical outcome measures (puncture‐free survival, time to next puncture and overall survival) and compared to each other. There was a strong correlation between humoral response and clinical outcome: patients who developed HAMAs after catumaxomab showed significant improvement in all three clinical outcome measures vs. HAMA‐negative patients. In the overall population in HAMA‐positive vs. HAMA‐negative patients, median puncture‐free survival was 64 vs. 27 days (p < 0.0001; HR 0.330), median time to next therapeutic puncture was 104 vs. 46 days (p = 0.0002; HR 0.307) and median overall survival was 129 vs. 64 days (p = 0.0003; HR 0.433). Similar differences between HAMA‐positive and HAMA‐negative patients were seen in the ovarian, nonovarian and gastric cancer subgroups. In conclusion, HAMA development may be a biomarker for catumaxomab response and patients who developed HAMAs sooner derived greater benefit from catumaxomab treatment.
Downregulation and growth inhibitory role of FHL1 in lung cancer
Authors: Niu Chang , Liang Chaoyang , Guo Juntang , Cheng Long , Zhang Hao , Qin Xi , Zhang Qunwei , Ding Lihua , Yuan Bin , Xu Xiaojie , Li Jiezhi , Lin Jing , Ye Qinong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFour and a half Lin‐11, Isl‐1, Mac‐3 (LIM) protein 1 (FHL1) has been linked to carcinogenesis. However, the role of FHL1 in lung cancer remains unclear and the detailed mechanism underlying its tumor suppressive role is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine FHL1 expression in lung cancer patients and to investigate how it was associated with lung cancer cell growth. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry showed that FHL1 protein was downregulated in over 90% of 80 lung cancer patients. FHL1 expression was strongly correlated with tumor histological types (p < 10−4) and the differentiation of the tumor (p = 0.002). FHL1 inhibited anchorage‐dependent and ‐independent growth of human lung cancer cell lines. The inhibitory effects of FHL1 on lung cancer cell growth were associated with both the G1 and the G2/M cell cycle arrest concomitant with a marked inhibition of cyclin A, cyclin B1 and cyclin D as well as the induction of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 (WAF1/CIP1) and p27 (Kip1). Direct intratumoral injection of an adenovirus expressing FHL1 dramatically suppressed the growth of A549 lung cancer cells in nude mice. Our data suggest that reduced expression of FHL1 may play an important role in the development and progression of lung cancer and that FHL1 may be a useful target for lung cancer gene therapy.
Mapping the zinc‐transporting system in mammary cells: Molecular analysis reveals a phenotype‐dependent zinc‐transporting network during lactation
Authors: Kelleher Shannon L. , Velasquez Vanessa , Croxford Thomas P. , McCormick Nicholas H. , Lopez Veronica , MacDavid Joshua 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe mammary epithelial cell transitions from a non‐secreting to a terminally differentiated, secreting cell during lactation. Zinc (Zn) is a key modulator of phenotypic transition as it regulates over 300 biological functions including transcription, translation, energy transformation, intracellular signaling, and apoptosis. In addition, Zn must be redirected from normal cellular functions into the secretory compartment, as many components of the secretory system are Zn‐dependent and an extraordinary amount of Zn is secreted (1–3 mg Zn/day) into milk. Herein, we utilized a “systems biology” approach of genomic and proteomic profiling to explore mechanisms through which Zn is reallocated during phenotype transition in the lactating mammary gland from mice and cultured mammary cells. Nine Zn transporters play key roles in Zn redistribution within the network during lactation. Protein abundance of six Zip (Zip3, Zip5, Zip7, Zip8, Zip10, Zip11) and three ZnT (ZnT2, ZnT4, ZnT9) proteins was expanded >2‐fold during lactation, which was not necessarily reflected by changes in mRNA expression. Our data suggest that Zip5, Zip8, and Zip10 may be key to Zn acquisition from maternal circulation, while multiple Zip proteins reuptake Zn from milk. Confocal microscopy of cultured mammary cells identified the Golgi apparatus (modulated in part by ZnT5, Zip7, and Zip11) and the late endosomal compartment (modulated in part by ZnT2 and Zip3) as key intracellular compartments through which Zn is reallocated during lactation. These results provide an important framework for understanding the “Zn‐transporting network” through which mammary gland Zn pools are redistributed and secreted into milk. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1761–1770, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts as Notch3 expression models
Authors: Di Maio Giuseppe , Formichi Patrizia , Radi Elena , Bianchi Silvia , Onnis Anna , Tarquini Ermelinda , Leoncini Lorenzo , Federico Antonio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNotch3 is a single pass transmembrane protein belonging to the Notch receptor family. Notch proteins are involved in a very conserved signaling system (Notch signaling) with a broad spectrum of functions, from cell proliferation and differentiation to apoptosis. Mutations in Notch3 gene are linked to cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a disorder characterized by stroke and dementia in young adults. Studies evaluating Notch3 expression in human differentiated cells and adult tissues have shown high Notch3 levels only in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). However, it has been hypothesized that Notch3 is ubiquitously expressed in adult human tissues. Our aim was to evaluate Notch3 expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and fibroblasts from normal healthy subjects. In both cell types, we examined the expression of Notch3 by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Moreover, we assessed Notch3 protein expression by Western blot analysis. RT‐PCR and qRT‐PCR analysis showed the presence of Notch3 mRNA in both cell types. Western blot analysis confirmed Notch3 protein expression in PBLs and fibroblasts though showing different profiles. Our data support the expression of Notch3 in adult human cell types, and suggests that PBLs and fibroblasts could provide readily available cells for the study of the role of Notch3 expression in the pathogenetic mechanisms leading to different human disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 1771–1775, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1‐MCP suppresses ethylene biosynthesis and delays softening of ‘Hami’ melon during storage at ambient temperature
Authors: Li Xuewen , Cao Shifeng , Zheng Yonghua , Sun Aiping 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: ‘Hami’ melon is susceptible to softening during postharvest storage at ambient temperature, which enhances postharvest deterioration and limits transportation and storage. To look for a method of softening control, the effect of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) on regulating postharvest softening of ‘Hami’ melon fruit was investigated.RESULTS: 1‐MCP treatment at 1 µL L−1 significantly reduced ethylene production and maintained higher levels of fruit firmness. It also markedly inhibited the accumulation of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) and maintained lower activities of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. In addition, 1‐MCP treatment reduced the activities of fruit‐softening enzymes such as pectin methyl esterase, polygalacturonase, endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase and β‐galactosidase.CONCLUSION: 1‐MCP was effective in suppressing ethylene production and delaying fruit softening in ‘Hami’ melon by decreasing the activities of ethylene biosynthesis enzymes and inhibiting fruit‐softening enzymes. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Intersession reliability of the electromyographic signal during incremental cycle ergometry: Quadriceps Femoris
Authors: Travis Liesle A. , Arthmire Steven J. , Baig Ahmed M. , Goldberg Allon , Malek Moh H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntroduction:The purposes of this investigation were to determine the: (1) reproducibility of the patterns of responses for electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF); and (2) intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the EMG amplitude and MPF during three incremental cycle ergometer tests separated by 48 hours.Methods:Ten men performed incremental cycle ergometry tests to exhaustion on three separate occasions. Surface EMG signals were recorded simultaneously from the three superficial quadriceps muscles at each trial.Results:Polynomial regression indicated that, for >95% of the cases, the best‐fit model was the same at each trial for EMG amplitude but not for EMG MPF. The ICC values were high for EMG amplitude but low for EMG MPF.Conclusions:These results indicate that EMG amplitude is a reliable measure of motor unit activation strategy during incremental cycle ergometry, whereas the EMG MPF was unreliable. Muscle Nerve 2011
Linearization techniques for band structure calculations in absorbing photonic crystals
Authors: Effenberger C. , Kressner D. , Engström C. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYBand structure calculations for photonic crystals require the numerical solution of eigenvalue problems. In this paper, we consider crystals composed of lossy materials with frequency‐dependent permittivities. Often, these frequency dependencies are modeled by rational functions, such as the Lorentz model, in which case the eigenvalue problems are rational in the eigenvalue parameter. After spatial discretization using an interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin method, we employ a recently developed linearization technique to deal with the resulting rational matrix eigenvalue problems. In particular, the efficient implementation of Krylov subspace methods for solving the linearized eigenvalue problems is investigated in detail. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our new approach is considerably cheaper in terms of memory and computing time requirements compared with the naive approach of turning the rational eigenvalue problem into a polynomial eigenvalue problem and applying standard linearization techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal and microstructural investigations of oxyfluoride lead germanate glasses
Authors: Cem Elbizim Mithat , Tatar Demet , Yılmaz Deniz , Lütfi Öveçoğlu M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study, thermal behaviour and microstructural characterization of germanium rich GeO2–PbF2 binary glass system were investigated. The studies were conducted for 10, 20 and 30 mol% PbF2 contents. The thermal behaviour of oxyfluoride lead germanate glasses was studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA) at the heating rate of 10 °C/min, in air flow. Effects of different heating rates and PbF2 content were investigated on the glass transition, crystallization and melting temperatures. The structural investigations of as‐cast and annealed samples which are heat‐treated above crystallization peak temperatures were conducted using X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Utilizing these techniques, α‐GeO2, α‐PbGe4O9, γ‐PbGe4O9, PbGeO3 and Pb3GeO5 phases were identified. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient expression of a Paenibacillus barcinonensis endoglucanase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mormeneo María , Pastor FI Javier , Zueco Jesús 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The endoglucanase coded by celA (GenBank Access No. Y12512) from Paenibacillus barcinonensis, an enzyme with good characteristics for application on paper manufacture from agricultural fibers, was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using different domains of the cell wall protein Pir4 as translational fusion partners, to achieve either secretion or cell wall retention of the recombinant enzyme. Given the presence of five potential N-glycosylation sites in the amino acid sequence coded by celA, the effect of glycosylation on the enzymatic activity of the recombinant enzyme was investigated by expressing the recombinant fusion proteins in both, standard and glycosylation-deficient strains of S. cerevisiae. Correct targeting of the recombinant fusion proteins was confirmed by Western immunoblot using Pir-specific antibodies, while enzymatic activity on carboxymethyl cellulose was demonstrated on plate assays, zymographic analysis and colorimetric assays. Hyperglycosylation of the enzyme when expressed in the standard strain of S. cerevisiae did not affect activity, and values of 1.2 U/ml were obtained in growth medium supernatants in ordinary batch cultures after 24 h. These values compare quite favorably with those described for other recombinant endoglucanases expressed in S. cerevisiae. This is one of the few reports describing the expression of Bacillus cellulases in S. cerevisiae, since yeast expressed recombinant cellulases have been mostly of fungal origin. It is also the first report of the yeast expression of this particular endoglucanase.
Decolorization of Rice Bran Oil Using Modified Kaolin
Authors: Worasith Niramon , Goodman Bernard A. , Jeyashoke Narumon , Thiravetyan Paitip 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMeasurements show that kaolin from Ranong, obtained from a major deposit in southern Thailand, can be modified to produce a material that is suitable for decolorizing rice bran oil. Its sorption properties were determined after various physical and chemical modifications of this kaolin. Physical modification was achieved by grinding via a planetary ball mill (300 rpm for 1 h), and this was followed by chemical treatment using sulfuric or oxalic acids. The optimum decolorization capacity (~80%) was achieved by using 2 M sulfuric acid. With oxalic acid, the best results were obtained with 0.7 M, but these were slightly lower than those obtained with 2 M sulfuric acid. Compared to the original kaolin sample, the specific surface area of the modified clay increased from ~13 to ~244 cm2 g−1, and the total pore volume from 0.06 to 0.43 cm3 g−1. The pore size distribution curves show that most pores are in the mesoporous region with their diameters between 3.0–4.5 nm, and are suitable for adsorption of pigment molecules that are present in rice bran oil. Desorption and spectroscopic studies suggest that both electrostatic and chemical processes are involved in the interaction between pigments and active sites on the clay surface.
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Effect of Carrier Oil and Emulsifier Type on Phase Behavior and Physical Stability
Authors: Qian Cheng , Decker Eric Andrew , Xiao Hang , McClements David Julian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe impact of surfactant type and carrier oil type on the phase behavior and physical stability of emulsified tripalmitin was investigated. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared by homogenizing lipid and aqueous phases at a temperature (≈80 °C) above the melting point of tripalmitin, and then cooling the resulting oil‐in‐water emulsion to induce lipid droplet crystallization. When stored at 37 °C, tripalmitin particles had good long‐term stability (d < 150 nm) when coated with Tween 20, but were prone to aggregation and gelation when coated with modified starch (MS). Conversely, when stored at ≤20 °C tripalmitin particles coated by MS were more stable to aggregation/gelation than those coated by Tween 20. Blending tripalmitin with low melting point lipids (either medium chain triglycerides or orange oil) prior to homogenization led to a considerable alteration in the SLN phase behavior and stability. DSC measurements indicated that the presence of the carrier oils reduced the crystallization temperature, melting temperature, and melting enthalpy of tripalmitin. In addition, the carrier oils improved the stability of SLNs to particle aggregation and gelation, although some particle coalescence still occurred. These results have important implications for formulating colloidal delivery systems for utilization within the food and other industries.