bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POVERTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND ESPECIALLY CHILD BENEFIT
Authors: TOWNSEND PETER 
Published: December 2009

Poverty has been reduced by too little, or not at all, in recent years. A fifth, perhaps a quarter, of the world's population are living in extreme poverty. The measurement of the phenomenon, and especially of annual trends in the rates and severity of poverty, is not acceptably precise, consistent, and generally agreed. Nor is policy being analyzed and justified in precise correlation with such trend reports as have been published. The first Millennium Development Goal — to halve world poverty by 2015 — has become an unlikely prospect. The reasons lie in the present form of the globalization of the market, together with continuing preference shown to neo-liberal economic and social policies. If poverty is to be systematically reduced, the orthodoxies of definition, measurement, explanation and resolution, which as key elements of the problem necessarily reinforce each other, have to be re-examined and re-formulated quickly. In re-examining approaches to measurement and policy the new human rights instruments, endorsed by a majority and in some cases by an overwhelming majority of governments, must play a vital role. Their potentialities are considerable for the measurement of poverty, deprivation, exclusion and development. But, crucially, they can help to engineer an international, as well as scientific, consensus in the war on poverty. One priority illustration would be a UN Child Investment Fund to finance the universal right of children to social security.
香港推展復和公義的探討
Authors: 秦 炳傑 , 陳 沃聰 , 鄭 之灝 
Published: December 2009

The most conspicuous change in Hong Kong juvenile justice in recent decades is to divert the offenders from the courts by relaxing the use of the Police Superintendent Discretion Scheme. Nevertheless, the fundamentals of the traditional criminal justice system remain unchanged. Hong Kong has not yet incorporated restorative justice into the criminal justice system. The article discusses restorative justice and explores the feasibility of its adoption in Hong Kong. The authors argue that restorative justice can benefit Hong Kong and professionals can adopt it in our everyday work before formal restorative justice is supported. 香港青少年司法在近數十年最顯著的改變是加强了警司警誡令的運用，讓更多違法青少年得到分流處理，不需要一一予以刑事審理。然而，傳統的刑事司法系統的基礎卻沒有根本改變。香港刑事司法制度現時還未正式引進復和公義。文章探討復和公義和其應用在香港的可行性。作者認爲復和公義的引進能使香港社會得益。在未獲政府正式支持前，專業人士仍然能在他們日常工作中善用復和公義來發揮它的作用。
SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK IN HONG KONG — TASK ANALYSIS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: LIU ELAINE SUK-CHING 
Published: December 2009

Task analysis is applied to school social work in Hong Kong to examine, first, how school social workers conceptualise the functions and ideologies of their work. Secondly, it argues how they can better meet the needs of the students and the community. Research results indicate an inclination for local practice to move towards a clinical model with less emphasis on a systems change approach. The implications for future practice are also discussed. 此研究采用职务分析方法探讨香港学校社会工作者如何构思及定义学校社会工作服务，并讨论现时之服务模式对服务未来发展之影响。研究结果显示本地学校社会工作服务倾向采用「诊治」模式，而较忽视「制度改革」方法，以改善本地学生之学习及成长福利。
EXPLORING THE PARENTING DIFFICULTIES OF STEPMOTHERS IN HONG KONG: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORKERS AND TEACHERS
Authors: LAM GLADYS L. T. 
Published: December 2009

The number of divorce cases in Hong Kong is soaring in recent years and the stepfamily is an emerging family structure. This exploratory study is aimed at examining difficulties of parenting in stepfamilies through interviews with stepmothers, social workers and teachers. Reports of these stepmothers reveal that they feel overloaded in the stepfamilies and that their spouses do not give them enough support. They complain that their in-laws and relatives create stress rather than offer help in child management. The findings indicated that there are difficulties in communication between the couples, problems between stepmother-stepchild, and in-law relationships. It is suggested that social workers and teachers should cooperate to deal with cultural stereotyping of stepfamily and change negative social attitudes towards members of stepfamilies. Efforts should also be made by these professionals to identify stepmother-stepchild relationship problems with greater sensitivity, and regularity. 香港近年离婚个案数字飚升，再婚家庭成逐渐涌现的家庭架构。这个研究目的是透过访问继母、社工和教师检视再婚家庭的亲职问题。被访继母感到家务繁重、配偶支持不足，在管教子女方面，她们的翁姑及姻亲没有给予援助反而给她们加添压力。资料显示再婚家庭内的夫妇沟通出现困难，继母和继子女及翁姑姻亲关系亦有问题。社工和教师应携手处理文化上将再婚家庭典型化的问题，改变社会人士对这类家庭的负面态度，醒觉地识别继母和继子女关系的问题予以适切介入。
MULTIPLE FAMILY GROUP MODEL FOR POST-SEPARATION AND POST-DIVORCE FAMILIES — AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: LAU YUK-KING 
Published: December 2009

Divorce is a family issue and not only an individual concern; a family systems perspective is proposed as a more appropriate framework when working with the post-divorce families. This is an intervention model. Guided by the family systems perspective, two multiple family groups for post-separation and post-divorce families were organised. The evaluation results of the two groups and their implications to the social work profession at clinical and macro levels will be discussed in this article. 离婚是一项影响深远的家庭事件，在离婚适应过程中，家庭成员的功能间存著互为影响的关系，以提升个人功能为主辅导模式并未能处理这种关系，家庭系统理论则能补此不足。多家庭小组是结合家庭系统理论及小组辅导的一种创新性介入模式，本文将简介两个多家庭小组的检讨结果及其对社会工作专业在实务和宏观层面之启示。
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDENT WORKER IN FIELD PRACTICE TRAINING
Authors: LEUNG ANNA Y.L. 
Published: December 2009

Findings from a pilot study on the field practice experience of undergraduate social work students give support to the postulation that in field practice, students go through a developmental process with stages, through which they learn to master practice knowledge and skills, develop personal awareness and establish a professional identity. The stages are roughly identified as "looking for certainty", "chaos" and "finding one's place". In each stage, common patterns of trainee needs, characteristics and emotional experiences are highlighted. Suggestions are made on how field instructors can provide the facilitating conditions for the students'; learning and development through an understanding of these stages. 根据文献资料和一个初步研究的结果，作者认为社工学生在学习过程中，会经历不同的阶段；[追求肯定]，[迷惘]，到[安身立命]。每一个阶段，学生的学习需要，适应方式，情绪状况，对自己的要求，对导师的期望，都有所不同。导师如果对学生的发展过程有深入的了解，自能採取适当的教学方法，辅助学生的学习和成长。
The engineering geology of the Nottingham area, UK
Authors: Bell F. G. , Culshaw M. G. , Forster A. , Nathanail C. P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Nottingham was built near a crossing point on the River Trent in the East Midlands of England. Initially, the city developed on a low sandstone hill close to the north bank of the river, which provided a secure, well-drained location above the marshes that bordered the river. Geologically, Nottingham stands at the boundary between Palaeozoic rocks to the north and west, and Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata to the south and east. The area is underlain by coal-bearing Carboniferous Coal Measures, Permian dolomitic limestones, Permo-Triassic mudstones and weak sandstones, Jurassic clays and Quaternary glacial and alluvial deposits. Artificial deposits, resulting from the social, industrial and mineral extraction activities of the past, cover the natural deposits over much of the area. This geological environment has underpinned the economic development of the area through the mining of coal (now largely ceased), oil extraction that was important during World War II, brickmaking from clays, alluvial sand and gravel extraction from the Trent Valley, and gypsum extraction from the Permo-Triassic mudstones. The Permo-Triassic sandstone is a nationally important aquifer, and has also been exploited at the surface and from shallow mines for sand. However, this history of the use and exploitation of mineral deposits has created a number of environmental problems, including rising groundwater levels, abandoned mine shafts and mining subsidence, and, within the city itself, the occasional collapse of artificial cavities in the sandstone and contaminated land left by industrial activities. Natural constraints on development include gypsum dissolution, landslides, rockfalls, swell–shrink problems in Jurassic clays and flooding. Occasional minor earthquakes are attributed to movements related to coal mining or natural, deep geological structures. Thus, Nottingham's geological context remains an important consideration when planning its future regeneration and development.
Substructures and underground space
Authors: Hunt D. , Chapman D. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper gives a brief overview of the 43 papers that were submitted to the ‘Substructure and Underground Space’ theme of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment's (IAEG) 10th International Congress held in Nottingham, UK. The contributions within this theme are truly international, reflecting the global contribution that substructures make with respect to underground space. Papers within this theme have been submitted from 13 countries including Australia, China, the Czech Republic, Germany, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Nepal, the Netherlands, Turkey, the UK and the USA. The papers are diverse in nature, covering the many contributory facets that are encompassed within the theme. The papers discussed here include 13 papers that relate to tunnelling, two papers on piling, 20 papers on minimizing risks related to underground construction, nine papers on numerical modelling and three papers on laboratory testing. In all, more than 20 case studies were described, relating to a wide range of materials (from London Clay to red-bed soft rocks). Where appropriate the paper has been supplemented with additional information gathered during the question and answer sessions undertaken during the afternoon presentations.
Advances in the use of geodata for the urban environment
Authors: Hack R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The increased demand for space on the surface and the increased use of the underground, in particular in urban areas, has created new requirements for the type and quality of geodata. In a very crowded subsurface in an urban environment where new applications such as geo-energy storage are going to be used, properties describing the degradation of materials in time and heat convection and isolation are required. In addition, data on moving objects in the subsurface or properties of subsurface materials that can be used to forecast movement of objects should be available. The very crowded subsurface also requires that the data are of better quality, and the reliability of the data should be known and quantified.
Geotechnical aspects of underground railway construction in the urban environment: the examples of Rome and Naples
Authors: Viggiani G. M. B. , de Sanctis L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper presents some of the geotechnical aspects of underground railway construction in the urban environment, drawing from recent experience gathered during the design of the new Line C of Rome Underground and the construction of Line 1 of Naples Underground. For Rome Underground, the paper summarizes the main results of a study of the interaction between tunnel construction and a monumental structure at the surface. The assessment of the potential damage induced by tunnelling was approached following stages of increasing complexity, from simple and well-established semi-empirical methods to 2D and 3D numerical soil–structure interaction analyses. A significant joint effort from archaeologists and geotechnical and structural engineers was required to define reliable models of the monument and of the subsoil ground conditions. For Naples Underground, this paper describes the construction techniques that were implemented to build the open excavations required to accommodate the stations, including artificial ground freezing, and illustrates some of the analyses that were carried out to interpret the observations of the ground behaviour and of the behaviour of the structures during construction.
Earth Science for the city
Authors: de Mulder Eduardo , Pereira Joy Jacqueline 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The Earth Sciences, in particular the geosciences, contribute to solutions for a wide range of urban problems, encompassing aspects of urban health, urban safety, urban space, urban environment and urban equity. The prospects for geoscientists, particularly with respect to the subsurface, are encouraging, in light of urban development trends influenced by population growth, urbanization, quality of life, environmental awareness and technological development. Unfortunately, there is little recognition that geoscience information and knowledge contributes to sustainable urban development. The International Year of Planet Earth provides an opportunity to improve the image of geoscientists in the public eye and promote new geoscience concepts and ideas for ensuring the well-being of society and sustainability of the environment.
Resources for the city
Authors: Cripps J. C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Judging by the publication of text books it was not until the latter part of the 20th century that the need for engineering geological factors to be considered in the planning, construction and running of cities gained recognition. That is not to say that information about the ground conditions was not considered in the design and construction of buildings and infrastructure or that ground conditions did not exert a control, in some cases decisive, over the locations and type of construction in developed areas, but there appear to be few cases in which thought was given to the sources of energy, water and construction materials, the safe disposal of wastes and the risks posed by hazards in the overall planning of cities. On the other hand, governmental authorities have a responsibility to undertake such planning, although they may lack the means of effectively achieving this.
One of the main objectives of the Session of the IAE2006 Congress concerned with resources for the city was to highlight these issues and assist engineering geologists and planners appreciate the importance of knowledge of the ground conditions and geological processes in the planning and development of urban areas. The contents of the 40 papers submitted to the Session are briefly summarized and reviewed in this paper. The majority of the papers cover the supply of water, construction materials and waste disposal facilities for rapidly growing cities in newly industrialising countries, whereas fewer deal with the supply of materials for restoration and renovation of existing structures, re-use of previously developed land and underground facilities in older established cities. The monitoring, decommissioning and remediation of landfills, the re-use of existing foundations in new development, the reclamation of quarries and the evaluation of rock materials for fills are not directly addressed in the papers, in spite of the importance of these topics in efforts to improve the sustainability of developments.
This paper includes a critique of a set of papers that provides examples of the applications of engineering geological data and knowledge of geological processes to the evaluation, supply and management of resources for cities at different stages of development. Improving the planning and operation of cities, requires wide dissemination and adoption of the concepts covered in the Session, as reviewed in this paper.

The session was chaired by Daniel Morfeldt of Mine Consult, Stockholm, Sweden.
The core attributes of engineering geology: a US perspective
Authors: Tepel R. E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Our profession operates in a state of identity confusion because we engineering geologists have never engaged as a community in a thorough and profound examination of our profession, to discover and define its core attributes. This paper is a call for such engagement. Acknowledging recent and welcome progress, the theme of this paper nonetheless is that our exploration must be both broader in social context and deeper in introspection if we are to establish a
raison d'être
for engineering geology that we can all accept and use to nurture its growth in a meaningful way.

Engineering geologists understand the interaction between the built environment and the natural geologic environment. That understanding must be communicated to politicians, business leaders, employers, and clients if our profession is to reach its potential for serving the public good. We must become pro-active active in the political environment. To explain the worth of engineering geology to others, we must come to agreement amongst ourselves as to its core attributes and core worth (value) to humankind.
The core attributes of Engineering Geology suggested here are: Core Societal Worth (Core Contribution to Humankind; Core Value to Humankind); Core Knowledge; Core Competencies; Core Working Methods; Core Activity (or Core Function); Core Work Products; Core Practice Areas; Core Practice Settings; Core Values (core beliefs or tenets as to the place of engineering geology in society)

This paper suggest a
raison d'être
for engineering geology, its core value to humankind: Engineering geologists benefit humanity by discovering, defining, and analyzing geologically based risks or conditions that affect, or might affect, humans as they utilize and interact with their built and natural environments. This paper further suggests that the core activity of engineering geologists, resulting in a core work product of the same name, is the Engineering Geology Site Characterization.
Engineering geology core values: a UK perspective
Authors: Griffiths J. S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Civil engineering work is worth over €80 billion/year to the UK economy and is an industry that employs over 6000 geotechnical and engineering geological professionals. However, there is concern that a skills shortage is developing in engineering geology due to the lack of academic champions in universities, the reduction in support for specialist masters degrees by research councils, and industry being non-responsive to the financial need to support training and research in the subject. Unless these issues are addressed there will be an increasing risk of civil engineering construction works being built without a full appreciation of the ground conditions, possibly leading to more functional failures, costly over-designs, or increased litigation.
Core values, competences and issues in engineering geology: a European perspective
Authors: Bock H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Core values and competences in engineering geology have been specified in the document of the Joint European Working Group of the three international geo-engineering societies ISSMGE, ISRM and IAEG. The implications of that document are far-reaching, bringing new opportunities but also challenges to engineering geology. Focusing on Central Europe, in particular on Germany, a number of current issues in engineering geology are addressed. These include the organizational setting of engineering geology as a learned society, education and the promotion of young talent, technical specifications or standards and professional matters. Certain problem areas are identified with strategies, and specific measures are proposed for appropriate solutions on a consensual basis with geotechnical engineers in the spirit of the current Federation of International Geo-engineering Societies (FIGS) formation process.
The future of engineering geology
Authors: Baynes F. J. , Griffiths J. S. , Rosenbaum M. S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

In recent years, there has been much debate about what constitutes engineering geology and how it should develop in the future. In the special session on. ‘The Future of Engineering Geology’ at the 10th Congress of the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG), it was agreed that:

engineering geology was now a defined profession with status and recognised roles within the broader field of geo-engineering;

continuing and improved education and training is the most important issue for the future;

there needs to be a greater involvement in projects relating to environmental change and geohazards;

there needs to be better communication with society as a whole about what engineering geologists do and the benefits they produce;

there needs to be pro-active stewardship of the profession.

As the international society responsible for the promotion of engineering geology, the IAEG must increase the effectiveness of its activities and those of the IAEG national groups. In particular, the IAEG must encourage the continuing development of technical knowledge through its Technical Commissions. In addition,

engineering geologists must establish a genuine research agenda for their subject;

universities must be willing to appoint practitioners as lecturers who may not have a conventional academic track record;

Quaternary geology and geomorphology must be incorporated far more into engineering geology teaching;

employers must actively support Masters' degree programmes and research in engineering geology;

employers need to set up clear career paths for engineering geologists with an identified programme of continued professional development (CPD).
On the impact of urban landslides
Authors: Petley D. N. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Although considerable attention has been paid to the issue of urban landslides in the literature since Alexander's 1989 paper on the topic, few attempts have been made to quantify their importance. In this paper, such an attempt is made, based upon global landslide fatality data from 2005. First, a new definition for the term ‘urban landslide’ is proposed. This is then applied in the analysis of the 2005 landslide fatality data. It is shown that fatal urban landslides occur primarily in the tropical regions, whereas rural landslides dominate the mid- and high-latitude regions. The causes for this are explored using a detailed dataset for landslide fatalities in Nepal during the period 1968–2006. It is proposed that the key difference between the tropical and the extra-tropical regions is that in the case of the former areas, landslides are mostly triggered as a result of disturbance of the thick weathering layers, whereas in the latter case they tend to be shallow, high-energy events triggered by seasonal rainfall. Finally, an analysis is presented of the distribution by latitude of papers presented in the ‘Urban Landslides’ session at the International Association for Engineering Geology and the Environment (IAEG) Congress in 2006. It is shown that the distribution of papers mirrors the distribution of all landslide types, and of the global population, and not the distribution of urban landslides. This suggests that urban landslides in the tropical regions, specifically, are not receiving adequate attention from the research community.