bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of acute kidney injury in neurotrauma
Authors: DAVENPORT Andrew 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFortunately, the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in neurotrauma is low and decreasing. Whereas the majority of AKI occurs in older patients with pre‐existing chronic kidney disease, neurotrauma typically occurs in children and young adults with normal renal function. The development of outreach trauma teams has improved initial resuscitation, reducing both volume responsive and volume unresponsive cases of AKI. Most cases occur in the setting of multiple organ trauma with muscle injury, or patients who subsequently develop multiple organ failure. Once AKI has developed and renal replacement therapy is required, continuous modalities of renal replacement therapy offer an advantage to the patient with compromised cerebral perfusion and intracranial hypertension, by reducing the rate of change in serum urea, compared with standard intermittent therapies of hemodialysis and hemofiltration, thus minimizing abrupt changes in serum osmolality. Continuous hemodialysis and hemofiltration are better suited to maintain a normal or high serum sodium and thermal losses through the extracorporeal circuit, than peritoneal dialysis. Dialyzers should preferably be minimally bioincompatible and of a small surface area. In patients at risk of intracranial hemorrhage and those with invasive intracranial monitoring, systemic anticoagulants should either be avoided or regional anticoagulants should be used.
The popliteal fossa – a problem zone for sentinel lymphonodectomy
Authors: Kretschmer Lutz , Sahlmann Carsten Oliver , Bardzik Pawel , Thoms Kai‐Martin , Bertsch Hans Peter , Meller Johannes 
Published: October 2010

Summary Background: The impact of lymphatic drainage to popliteal sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) has yet to be explored in detail. Patients and Methods: We performed lymphoscintigraphy on 663 patients with cutaneous melanomas. The following day sentinel lymphonodectomy was performed. SLNs were studied on serial sections with both histology and immunohistochemistry. Results: 166 patients had a melanoma located on the foot, the lower leg or the knee, i. e., the potential of lymphatic drainage to the popliteal lymph nodes. On lymphoscintigraphy, only 16 patients (9.6 %) showed popliteal SLNs. A popliteal SLN was surgically identified in only 6 of the 16 patients. The reason for the poor identification rate was exhausted radioactivity in the small popliteal nodes the day after lymphoscintigraphy. In 3 cases, popliteal SLN metastasis was diagnosed. All but one patient had an additional drainage to the inguinal lymph nodes; inguinal SLN metastasis was diagnosed in 7 patients. Even all 16 patients showed lymphatic drainage to iliac lymph nodes, metastasis in the pelvis was diagnosed in 4 patients. Conclusions: Popliteal SLNs are observed in less than 10 % of the patients with melanomas of the distal leg. In the case of suspected popliteal drainage, lymphoscintigraphy should be performed on the day of sentinel lymphonodectomy because the radioactivity of the small and deeply situated popliteal nodes diminishes rapidly. With respect to complete lymphadenectomy, decision‐making is difficult since three nodal basins (popliteal, inguinal and iliac) may harbor metastases.
Diol dehydratase‐reactivating factor is a reactivase – evidence for multiple turnovers and subunit swapping with diol dehydratase
Authors: Mori Koichi , Hosokawa Yasuhiro , Yoshinaga Toshiyuki , Toraya Tetsuo 
Published: October 2010

Adenosylcobalamin‐dependent diol dehydratase (DD) undergoes suicide inactivation by glycerol, one of its physiological substrates, resulting in the irreversible cleavage of the coenzyme Co–C bond. The damaged cofactor remains tightly bound to the active site. The DD‐reactivating factor reactivates the inactivated holoenzyme in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ by mediating the exchange of the tightly bound damaged cofactor for free intact coenzyme. In this study, we demonstrated that this reactivating factor mediates the cobalamin exchange not stoichiometrically but catalytically in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. Therefore, we concluded that the reactivating factor is a sort of enzyme. It can be designated DD reactivase. The reactivase showed broad specificity for nucleoside triphosphates in the activation of the enzyme·cyanocobalamin complex. This result is consistent with the lack of specific interaction with the adenine ring of ADP in the crystal structure of the reactivase. The specificities of the reactivase for divalent metal ions were also not strict. DD formed 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes with the reactivase in the presence of ADP and Mg2+. Upon complex formation, one β subunit was released from the (αβ)2 tetramer of the reactivase. This result, together with the similarity in amino acid sequences and folds between the DD β subunit and the reactivase β subunit, suggests that subunit displacement or swapping takes place upon formation of the enzyme·reactivase complex. This would result in the dissociation of the damaged cofactor from the inactivated holoenzyme, as suggested by the crystal structures of the reactivase and DD.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7997177: Reactivase alpha (uniprotkb: O68195), Reactivase beta (uniprotkb: O68196), Diol Dehydratase gamma (uniprotkb: Q59472), Diol Dehydratase beta (uniprotkb: Q59471) and Diol Dehydratase alpha (uniprotkb: Q59470) physically interact (MI:0915) by comigration in non denaturing gel electrophoresis (MI:0404)
MINT‐7997157: Diol Dehydratase alpha (uniprotkb: Q59470), Diol Dehydratase beta (uniprotkb: Q59471), Diol Dehydratase gamma (uniprotkb: Q59472), Reactivase beta (uniprotkb: O68196) and Reactivase alpha (uniprotkb: O68195) physically interact (MI:0915) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
The Photochemistry of Uracil: A Reinvestigation
Authors: Shetlar Martin D. , Basus Vladimir J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractResults from a re‐examination of the photochemical reactions undergone by uracil (Ura) are presented. Irradiation of Ura in frozen aqueous solution at −78.5°C produces two diastereomeric (6‐4) products, namely the cis and trans isomers of 5‐hydroxy‐6‐4′‐(pyrimidin‐2′‐one)‐5,6‐dihydrouracil. Upon heating in 0.1 m HCl, each of these compounds decomposes to form 6‐4′‐(pyrimidin‐2′‐one)uracil. In addition, evidence for production of a hydrate of a trimer of Ura is presented, Irradiation of this compound at 254 nm forms Ura and a (6‐4) adduct as products. The compounds 5‐4′‐(pyrimidin‐2′‐one)uracil and 6‐hydroxy‐5,6‐dihydrouracil were also present after Ura was irradiated in frozen aqueous solution. Cyclobutane dimers (CBDs) are formed when Ura is irradiated in the frozen aqueous state, in fluid aqueous and acetonitrile solution and in the presence of photosensitizers (e.g. acetone). Published information, concerning the identity and relative quantitative importance of the four CBD isomers (cis‐syn, cis‐anti, trans‐syn and trans‐anti) formed in these photochemical systems, is incomplete and often in substantial disagreement. Using chemical methods in conjunction with HPLC, the identity and relative amounts of the four dimers have been determined in each of these systems. Consequently, a number of inconsistencies found in the literature concerning dimer product identity and quantitative distribution have been resolved.
Photodimerization of 7,8‐Dihydroneopterin in Aqueous Solution Under UV‐A Irradiation
Authors: Vignoni Mariana , Serrano Mariana P. , Oliveros Esther , Thomas Andrés H. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract7,8‐Dihydroneopterin (H2Nep) is secreted during the oxidative burst of stimulated macrophages. The photochemistry of H2Nep was investigated in neutral aqueous solutions exposed to UV‐A radiation (320–400 nm) at room temperature. The kinetics were followed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and HPLC, whereas the photoproducts were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Excitation of H2Nep leads to the formation of isomeric dimers with molecular masses equal to exactly twice the molecular mass of the reactant. The corresponding quantum yield of H2Nep consumption (Φ−R = (3.8 ± 0.5) × 10−2) was independent of O2 and reactant concentrations. Mechanistic implications are discussed.
Analytical Solutions to the Linearized Boussinesq Equation for Assessing the Effects of Recharge on Aquifer Discharge1
Authors: Boggs Kevin G. , Van Kirk Robert W. , Johnson Gary S. , Fairley Jerry P. , Steve Porter P. 
Published: October 2010

Boggs, Kevin G., Robert W. Van Kirk, Gary S. Johnson, Jerry P. Fairley, and P. Steve Porter, 2010. Analytical Solutions to the Linearized Boussinesq Equation for Assessing the Effects of Recharge on Aquifer Discharge. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1116–1132. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00479.xAbstract:  There is a need to develop a general understanding of how variations in aquifer recharge are reflected in discharge. Analytical solutions to the linearized Boussinesq equation governing flow in an unconfined aquifer provide a unified mathematical framework to quantify relationships among lag time, attenuation and distance between aquifer recharge and discharge and the effect of an up‐gradient no‐flow boundary. We applied this framework to three types of recharge: (1) instantaneous, (2) periodic, and (3) constant rate for a finite duration. When the temporal scale of recharge exceeds the diffusive aquifer time scale, recharge will be reflected in discharge quickly and with little attenuation. When aquifer time scale is large, most recharge events are shorter in scale than that of the aquifer, resulting in large attenuation. Attenuation is more sensitive to boundary effects than lag time, and boundary effects increase as recharge time scale increases. Boundary effects can often be ignored when the recharge source is farther than 1/3 of the domain length away from the no‐flow boundary. We illustrate analytical results with application to the economically critical Eastern Snake River Plain Aquifer in Idaho. In this aquifer, detectable annual and decadal cycles in discharge can result from recharge no farther than 20 and 60 km away from the discharge point, respectively. The effects of more distant, long‐term recharge can be detected only after a time lag of several decades.
Valuing Improvements in The Water Rights System in South Africa: A Contingent Ranking Approach1
Authors: Speelman Stijn , Farolfi Stefano , Frija Aymen , Van Huylenbroeck Guido 
Published: October 2010

Speelman, Stijn, Stefano Farolfi, Aymen Frija, and Guido Van Huylenbroeck, 2010. Valuing Improvements in the Water Rights System in South Africa: A Contingent Ranking Approach. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1133–1144. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00480.xAbstract:  In the context of increasing water scarcity, understanding is growing that irrigation water rights are important and that a lack of an effective water rights system constitutes a major reason for inefficient water management. This study carried out a contingent ranking experiment to study how smallholder irrigators in South Africa would value potential changes in water rights. Three specific dimensions of water rights, relevant for the South African case, are considered: duration, quality of title, and transferability. Results indicate that smallholder irrigators are prepared to pay considerably higher water prices if improvements are made in the water rights system. This implies that the proposed interventions in the water rights system would improve the efficiency and productivity of the small‐scale irrigation sector. The increased willingness to pay could furthermore also assist the South African government to reach the objective of increased cost recovery.
A Field‐Based Evaluation of Wet Retention Ponds: How Effective Are Ponds at Water Quantity Control?1
Authors: Hancock Gregory S. , Holley Jonathan W. , Chambers Randolph M. 
Published: October 2010

Hancock, Gregory S., Jonathan W. Holley, and Randolph M. Chambers, 2010. A Field‐Based Evaluation of Wet Retention Ponds: How Effective Are Ponds at Water Quantity Control? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1145–1158. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00481.xAbstract:  Wet retention ponds are widely used structural stormwater best management practices (BMPs) with the primary goals of reducing peak flows and extending flow duration. Despite widespread use, few field‐based studies have evaluated the success of wet retention ponds at meeting these goals. We determined pond elevation, flow rate, and pond volume over four years in five suburban watersheds in James City County, Virginia. We selected five ponds designed under regulations requiring a 24 hour inflow‐to‐outflow centroid lag time for a one year, 24 hour design storm. We used pressure transducers to measure pond water surface elevation at 5 min intervals, and calculated pond outflow and volume using rating curves obtained from site stormwater management plans (SWMPs). Peak inflows, peak outflows, and runoff ratios frequently exceeded SWMP calculations in measured events. Four ponds never achieved the required 24 hour inflow‐to‐outflow centroid lag for storms similar to the one year, 24 hour storm. These BMPs fail to achieve regulatory goals for channel protection because of regulatory loopholes, underprediction of rainfall intensity, unrealistic predictions of postdevelopment flows in SWMPs, and the inability of wet retention ponds to reduce overall runoff volume. While specific to one locality, the shortcomings highlighted suggest similar field‐based assessments of retention pond performance are needed in other locations.
An evaluation of a primary preventive dental programme in non‐fluoridated areas of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Morgan M. V. , Campain A. C. , Crowley S. J. , Wright F. A. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA primary preventive dental programme targeting adolescents living in non‐fluoridated areas of Victoria, Australia was evaluated for a three‐year period. The programme comprised annual placement or replacement/repair of fissure sealants combined with a weekly 0.2 per cent sodium fluoride mouthrinse and was evaluated in terms of acceptance by the providers and the community to which it was directed. Acceptance was measured using accessibility, availability, continuity, quality of care, role responsibility, provider and consumer satisfaction, and cost‐effectiveness. In general, the programme was considered to represent an acceptable model for future preventive interventions, although there were areas of its design that were found to require improvement. In particular, deficiencies in the manner in which the fluoride mouthrinsing component was delivered indicate that further investigation would be required before a recommendation to adopt its use could be made.
Florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia in a young Chinese man. Case report
Authors: Ong Siew‐Tin , Siar Chong‐Huat 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFlorid cemento‐osseous dysplasia refers to a group of fibro‐osseous lesions which are exuberant, multi‐quadrant and arise from the tooth‐bearing area of the jaws. It is classically described as a condition occurring almost exclusively in middle‐aged black women. A case of florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia occurring in a young Chinese male is reported which was rare in regard to race and sex.This 20 year old Chinese man presented with huge symmetrical bony lesions in all four quadrants of the jaws. Clinical presentation, radiological findings and histological features of the excised specimens are described. Treatment of the lesions was unusual. Curettage was first done with minimal benefit and it was followed by mandibular recontouring to improve facial appearance. The outcome of these procedures will be discussed.
Mechanism of diabetic neuropathy: Where are we now and where to go?
Authors: Yagihashi Soroku , Mizukami Hiroki , Sugimoto Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNeuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes. As a consequence of longstanding hyperglycemia, a downstream metabolic cascade leads to peripheral nerve injury through an increased flux of the polyol pathway, enhanced advanced glycation end‐products formation, excessive release of cytokines, activation of protein kinase C and exaggerated oxidative stress, as well as other confounding factors. Although these metabolic aberrations are deemed as the main stream for the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular complications, organ‐specific histological and biochemical characteristics constitute distinct mechanistic processes of neuropathy different from retinopathy or nephropathy. Extremely long axons originating in the small neuronal body are vulnerable on the most distal side as a result of malnutritional axonal support or environmental insults. Sparse vascular supply with impaired autoregulation is likely to cause hypoxic damage in the nerve. Such dual influences exerted by long‐term hyperglycemia are critical for peripheral nerve damage, resulting in distal‐predominant nerve fiber degeneration. More recently, cellular factors derived from the bone marrow also appear to have a strong impact on the development of peripheral nerve pathology. As evident from such complicated processes, inhibition of single metabolic factors might not be sufficient for the treatment of neuropathy, but a combination of several inhibitors might be a promising approach to overcome this serious disorder. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00070.x, 2010)
Induction of Toll-Like Receptor 3-Mediated Immunity during Gestation Inhibits Cortical Neurogenesis and Causes Behavioral Disturbances
Authors: De Miranda Joari , Yaddanapudi Kavitha , Hornig Mady , Villar Gabriel , Serge Robert , Lipkin W. Ian 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Maternal infection during pregnancy with a wide range of RNA and DNA viruses is associated with increased risk for schizophrenia and autism in their offspring. A common feature in these exposures is that virus replication induces innate immunity through interaction with Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We employed a mouse model wherein pregnant mice were exposed to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I ⋅ C)], a synthetic, double-stranded RNA molecular mimic of replicating virus. Poly(I ⋅ C) inhibited embryonic neuronal stem cell replication and population of the superficial layers of the neocortex by neurons. Poly(I ⋅ C) also led to impaired neonatal locomotor development and abnormal sensorimotor gating responses in adult offspring. Using Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-deficient mice, we established that these effects were dependent on TLR3. Inhibition of stem cell proliferation was also abrogated by pretreatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) carprofen, a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms by which maternal infection can induce subtle neuropathology and behavioral dysfunction, and they may suggest strategies for reducing the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders subsequent to prenatal exposures to pathogens and other triggers of innate immunity.

IMPORTANCE
Maternal infection during gestation increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in their offspring. Furthermore, work in animal models indicates that pre- or neonatal infections with a wide range of viruses results in similar neurodevelopmental outcomes. These observations are consistent with a mechanism whereby damage is mediated through common pathways. Exposure of pregnant mice to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I ⋅ C)], a synthetic, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecular mimic of replicating virus, inhibited embryonic neuronal stem cell replication and led to behavioral abnormalities in their offspring. These effects were mediated through TLR3 and abrogated by pretreatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) carprofen. Our findings provide insights into mechanisms by which maternal infection can induce subtle neuropathology and may suggest strategies for reducing the risk of neuropsychiatric diseases following exposures to infectious agents and other triggers of innate immunity during gestation.
p16INK4aimmunostaining as an alternative to histology review for reliable grading of cervical intraepithelial lesions
Authors: Dijkstra Maaike G , Heideman Daniëlle A M , de Roy Sabine C , Rozendaal Lawrence , Berkhof Johannes , van Krimpen Kees , van Groningen Krijn , Snijders Peter J F , Meijer Chris J L M , van Kemenade Folkert J 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundHistomorphological grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is crucial for clinical management. CIN grading is however subjective and affected by substantial rates of discordance among pathologists, which may lead to overtreatment. To minimise this problem, a histology review of CIN lesions by a consensus panel of pathologists is often used. Diffuse strong p16INK4aimmunostaining has been proposed to aid the identification of true high-grade cervical lesions (ie, CIN2/3).AimTo assess the value of additional interpretation of p16INK4aimmunostains for making a more reproducible diagnosis of CIN2/3 lesions.MethodsThe authors used a series of 406 biopsies of cervical lesions, with known HPV status, stained for both H&E- and p16INK4a. First, in a randomly selected set of 49 biopsies, we examined the effect of additional interpretation of p16INK4aimmunostained slides, on the agreement of CIN diagnosis among three pathologists. Second, the full series of samples was used to assess the accuracy of p16INK4a-supported lesion grading by a single pathologist, by evaluating the degree of diagnostic agreement with the consensus diagnosis of expert pathologists based on H&E-stained sections only.ResultsThe study shows that the interobserver agreement between three pathologists for the routine H&E-based diagnosis ranged from fair (weighted kappa 0.44 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.64)) to moderate (weighted kappa 0.66 (95% CI 0.47 to 0.79)). The concordance increased substantially for p16INK4a-supported grading (mean weighted kappa 0.80 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.89)). Furthermore, an almost perfect agreement was found between the p16INK4a-supported diagnosis of a single pathologist and the consensus diagnosis of an expert pathology panel (kappa 0.88 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.89)).ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that additive use of p16INK4aimmunohistochemistry significantly improves the accuracy of grading CIN lesions by a single pathologist, equalling an expert consensus diagnosis. Hence, the authors advocate the combined use of p16INK4a-stained slides and conventional H&E sections in routine histopathology to improve accuracy of diagnosis.