bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thulium fiber laser lithotripsy using tapered fibers
Authors: Blackmon Richard L. , Irby Pierce B. , Fried Nathaniel M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIntroductionThe Thulium fiber laser has recently been tested as a potential alternative to the Holmium:YAG laser for lithotripsy. This study explores use of a short taper for expanding the Thulium fiber laser beam at the distal tip of a small‐core fiber.MethodsThulium fiber laser radiation with a wavelength of 1,908 nm, 10 Hz pulse rate, 70 mJ pulse energy, and 1‐millisecond pulse duration was delivered through a 2‐m‐length fiber with 150‐µm‐core‐input‐end, 300‐µm‐core‐output‐end, and 5‐mm‐length taper, in contact with human uric acid (UA) and calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones, ex vivo (n = 10 each). Stone mass loss, stone crater depths, fiber transmission losses, fiber burn‐back, irrigation rates, and deflection through a flexible ureteroscope were measured for the tapered fiber and compared with conventional fibers.ResultsAfter delivery of 1,800 pulses through the tapered fiber, mass loss measured 12.7±2.6 mg for UA and 7.2±0.8 mg COM stones, comparable to conventional 100‐µm‐core fibers (12.6±2.5 mg for UA and 6.8±1.7 mg for COM stones). No transmission losses or burn‐back occurred for the tapered fiber after 36,000 pulses, while a conventional 150‐µm fiber experienced significant tip degradation after only 1,800 pulses. High irrigation rates were measured with the tapered fiber inserted through the working port of a flexible ureteroscope without hindering its deflection, mimicking that of a conventional 150 µm fiber.ConclusionsThe short tapered distal fiber tip allows expansion of the laser beam, resulting in decreased fiber tip damage compared to conventional small‐core fibers, without compromising fiber bending, stone vaporization efficiency, or irrigation rates. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:45–50, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
330Cb alloy (Fe35Ni18Cr1Nb2Si) oxidation study between 800 and 1000 °C
Authors: Issartel C. , Buscail H. , Nguyen C. T. , Fleurentin A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe 330Cb alloy (Fe35Ni18Cr1Nb2Si) has been oxidized, in air, in the 800–1000 °C temperature range. Results show the formation of a chromia layer acting as a good diffusion barrier under isothermal conditions. Nevertheless, some oxide scale spallation is generally observed after cooling to room temperature. A fine and adherent chromia scale is only obtained after short‐term oxidation at 800 °C. In this case, the scale is probably too fine to expect a protection against carburization. At 900 °C we have observed that the scale spalled off on the niobium rich alloy areas. At 1000 °C the scale adherence is very bad. This study shows that the oxide scale adherence is decreased when the 330Cb alloy oxidation duration is increased.
Electrochemical behavior of corroded and protected construction steel in cement extract
Authors: Koleva D. A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe corrosion behavior of corroded, cathodically protected and control (reference) construction steel, previously embedded in concrete, was studied in cement extract (pH 12.6, considered as concrete pore water), using cyclic voltammetry (CVA) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP). The necessity for this investigation occurred from the previously observed and commented discrepancies in the recorded corrosion parameters for corroded and protected steel in embedded conditions 1. Therefore this study aimed to evaluate how the “naturally” formed in concrete product layers (after 460 days) will influence the electrochemical behavior of the steel in cement extract. The PDP measurements reveal the lowest corrosion resistance to be for the previously corroded steel samples, for which the most active corrosion potential (−0.7 V SCE) and the highest anodic current in the potential region 0 to 0.6 V (SCE) were recorded. The CVA tests support the results from PDP and correlate the properties of the naturally formed layers with the recorded peak current densities and peak potentials with cycling. For all specimens, except the corroded ones, the peak potential initially shifts anodically, which denotes for a high corrosion resistance in the former and low corrosion resistance in the latter case. For the control and protected specimens, the passive current in the potential region of 0 to 0.6 V (SCE) remains almost unchanged with cycling, i.e. the protective properties of the initial layers remain unchanged. Thickening of the film with cycling does not influence the corrosion resistance of the previously formed layers. For the protected specimens, however, a tendency to reach a steady state and change of peak currents' height only were observed, without a pronounced shift to more anodic values. An increase in the peak current only, not accompanied by anodic shift of the peak potential, suggests that the layers in the cathodically protected specimens are more homogeneous and compact. Overall it can be stated that in cement extract, the product layer with lowest corrosion resistance is the one on the surface of the corroded steel reinforcement. The product layers in the protected specimens (although similar to control conditions) are with the highest corrosion resistance.
The inhibitive effect of 5‐amino‐indole on the corrosion of mild steel in acidic media
Authors: Düdükcü M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe inhibitor performance of 5‐aminoindole (5‐AI) on mild steel corrosion in 0.5 M HCl was investigated in relation to the inhibitor concentration using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and linear polarization (LPR) methods. The effect of immersion time on the corrosion behavior of mild steel was also studied. The impedance data obtained were fitted and modeled using an equivalent circuit model. The results show that 5‐AI is an effective inhibitor and has an inhibition efficiency of 90% at 1 × 10−2 M additive concentration. The adsorption behavior of 5‐AI was also investigated. For this purpose, the adsorption equilibrium constant (Kads), and the free energy of adsorption (ΔGads) were calculated and discussed. It was found that 5‐AI acts as mixed‐type inhibitor and obeys Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a free energy of adsorption of −27.71 kJ/mol.
The use of infrared thermography in the corrosion science area
Authors: Jönsson M. , Rendahl B. , Annergren I. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe use of infrared (IR) cameras has in recent years gained interest as a non‐destructive testing (NDT) technique in a number of different research fields. All objects with a temperature above absolute zero emits IR radiation, and the amount of radiation increases with temperature. Infrared thermography is a non‐contact technique with high speed which allows inspection of large areas in a relatively short time. In the present work different aspects of IR thermography are described and discussed. Further, corrosion panels with defects, i.e. blisters and filiform corrosion, have been investigated with pulsed thermography. The area of the blisters and filaments, measured with pulsed thermography, have been evaluated, the result obtained have been compared with results from surface profile measurements of the same area. The differences between the results and the limitations of the pulsed thermography are discussed.
Electrochemical aspects of Ti–Ta alloys in HBSS
Authors: Mareci D. , Chelariu R. , Ciurescu G. , Sutiman D. , Gloriant T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCorrosion behaviour of the studied Ti–Ta alloys with Ta contents of 30, 40 and 50 wt% together with the currently used metallic biomaterials commercial pure titanium (Cp–Ti) was investigated for biomedical applications. All the samples were tested by potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) with and without albumin protein at 25 °C. Very low corrosion current densities and passive current densities (in the order of 10−6 A/cm2) were obtained from the polarization curves, indicating a typical passive behaviour for all the samples in HBSS with and without albumin. The EIS technique was applied to study the nature of the passive film formed on all the samples at various imposed potentials −500 mV (SCE), 0 mV (SCE), 500 mV (SCE) and 1000 mV (SCE). The equivalent circuit (EC) used successfully to describe the behaviour of the samples suggests a single passive film present on the metals' surface in HBSS with and without albumin. The results showed that the presence of albumin in HBSS had an influence on the zero current potential (ZCP), polarization resistance (Rp) and capacitance (C). The presence of albumin protein in HBSS improved slightly the corrosion resistance of the entire sample. The experimental results confirm that the electrochemical behaviour of the studied Ti–Ta alloys is better to that of Cp–Ti, suggesting their promising potential for biomedical applications.
Effect of different thermochemical treatments on the electrochemical behaviour of a hot working steel
Authors: Rosalbino F. , Scavino G. , Angelini E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe X 37CrMoV5 1 KU hot working steel has been quenched and tempered, overcarburised, nitrided and nitrocarburised. The surface layers constituted after the thermochemical treatments were characterised by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, micro‐ and macrohardness indentations. The electrochemical behaviour was evaluated in two different aggressive environments: 0.1 M Na2SO4 and 0.1 M NaCl solutions. While the overcarburised and the nitrocarburised samples exhibit a poor electrochemical behaviour, the presence of a nitrided surface layer enhances the corrosion resistance. This is attributable to the protective action of the nitrided layer that hinders the anodic dissolution reaction of the matrix, whereas the presence of complex carbides in the overcarburised or nitrocarburised samples causes the preferential dissolution of the ferritic matrix due to galvanic coupling phenomena. Finally, the poor corrosion resistance exhibited by the nitrocarburised sample can be ascribed to the presence of a large amount of ferrite together with little ε solid solution in the surface layer.
Two Types of Block Copolymer Micelles with Ion‐Containing Cores
Authors: Erel Irem , Zhu Zhichen , Sukhishvili Svetlana , Patyukova Elena , Potemkin Igor , Kramarenko Elena 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report a combined experimental and theoretical study of micellization of block copolymer with hydrophilic nonionic corona‐forming blocks and weak polyelectrolyte (wPE) core‐forming blocks with pH‐triggered solubility in aqueous solutions. We demonstrate that in addition to micelles with neutral cores, there exist two other types of micelles with PE‐ or ionomer‐like cores, in which monovalent counterions are released or condensed on core wPE block, respectively. The transition between the two types of micelles occurred upon changes in ionization of the PE core block and resulted in nonmonotonous changes of aggregation number as a function of pH. Such micelles with stimulus responsive cores represent promising nanocarriers for controlled delivery applications.magnified image
Reckless generosity in Parkinson's disease
Authors: O'Sullivan Sean S. , Evans Andrew H. , Quinn Niall P. , Lawrence Andrew D. , Lees Andrew J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere is an increasing awareness of impulsive‐compulsive phenomena in patients treated for Parkinson's disease (PD). We describe another, potentially related phenomenon putatively associated with the use of dopamine agonists in 3 patients with PD, characterized by excessive and inappropriate philanthropy. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Kinematic and electromyographic tools for characterizing movement disorders in mice
Authors: Scholle Hans C. , Jinnah H.A. , Arnold Dirk , Biedermann Frank H.W. , Faenger Bernd , Grassme Roland , Hess Ellen J. , Schumann Nikolaus P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIncreasing interest in rodent models for movement disorders has led to an increasing need for more accurate and precise methods for both delineating the nature of abnormal movements and measuring their severity. These studies describe application of simultaneous high‐speed video kinematics with multichannel electromyography (EMG) to characterize the movement disorder exhibited by tottering mutant mice. These mice provide a uniquely valuable model, because they exhibit paroxysmal dystonia superimposed on mild baseline ataxia, permitting the examination of these two different problems within the same animals. At baseline with mild ataxia, the mutants exhibited poorly coordinated movements with increased variation of stance and swing times, and slower spontaneous walking velocities. The corresponding EMG showed reduced mean amplitudes of biceps femoris and vastus lateralis, and poorly modulated EMG activities during the step cycle. Attacks of paroxysmal dystonia were preceded by trains of EMG bursts with doublets and triplets simultaneously in the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis followed by more sustained coactivation. These EMG characteristics are consistent with the clinical phenomenology of the motor phenotype of tottering mice as a baseline of mild ataxia with intermittent attacks of paroxysmal dystonia. The EMG characteristics of ataxia and dystonia in the tottering mice also are consistent with EMG studies of other ataxic or dystonic animals and humans. These studies provide insights into how these methods can be used for delineating movement disorders in mice and for how they may be compared with similar disorders of humans. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
The flavonoid tangeretin activates the unfolded protein response and synergizes with imatinib in the erythroleukemia cell line K562
Authors: Lust Sofie , Vanhoecke Barbara , Van Gele Mireille , Philippé Jan , Bracke Marc , Offner Fritz 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe explored the mechanism of cell death of the polymethoxyflavone tangeretin (TAN) in K562 breakpoint cluster region‐abelson murine leukemia (Bcr‐Abl+) cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that TAN arrested the cells in the G2/M phase and stimulated an accumulation of the cells in the sub‐G0 phase. TAN‐induced cell death was evidenced by poly(ADP)‐ribose polymerase cleavage, DNA laddering fragmentation, activation of the caspase cascade and downregulation of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐xL. Pretreatment with the pancaspase inhibitor Z‐VAD‐FMK_blocked caspase activation and cell cycle arrest but did not inhibit apoptosis which suggest that other cell killing mechanisms like endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐associated cell death pathways could be involved. We demonstrated that TAN‐induced apoptosis was preceded by a rapid activation of the proapoptotic arm of the unfolded protein response, namely PKR‐like ER kinase. This was accompanied by enhanced levels of glucose‐regulated protein of 78 kDa and of spliced X‐box binding protein 1. Furthermore, TAN sensitized K562 cells to the cell killing effects of imatinib via an apoptotic mechanism. In conclusion, our results suggest that TAN is able to induce apoptosis in Bcr‐Abl+ cells via cell cycle arrest and the induction of the unfolded protein response, and has synergistic cytotoxicity with imatinib.
Life‐history theory, past human populations and climatic perturbations
Authors: Ahlström T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA sensitivity and elasticity analysis is performed on historical life‐tables, that of Swedish females from 1751–1755 and 1966–1970, i.e. during and after the Little Ice Age. Coupled with life‐history theory, this approach supplies us with some ideas on how stature can be understood as a proxy for conditions during the intrauterine growth, important if we aspire to calibrate proposed climatic perturbations and their effect on past societies. Matrix population models represent a versatile tool that has been used extensively in conservation biology, ecology, primatology and evolutionary demography. As of yet, applications in bioarchaeology/human osteology have been restricted to population forecasting. The following paper introduces matrix population models and discusses their use in bioarchaeology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unusual burial from an early Neolithic site of the lengyel culture in central Poland: Punishment, violence or mortuary behaviour?
Authors: Lorkiewicz W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuring excavations at the Early Neolithic site of the Brześć Kujawski Group of the Lengyel Culture in Osłonki (central Poland), an atypical burial of an adult male was discovered. The individual's skeleton revealed traces of several perimortem injuries: both broken shins (the right shin with two fractures), a large fracture to the frontal bone and about 25 cut marks made with a flint blade in the parietal‐occipital region of the cranium on the left side. The arrangement of the fractured parts of the lower limbs might suggest that the injuries were intentionally exposed. Due to the relatively rich grave goods, it seems unlikely that the buried person was rejected by the community and thus killed or stigmatized by mutilation of the cadaver. The way the cuts were made is different from the cases of scalping or severing muscles in cannibalistic or mortuary practices known from the literature. This burial probably reflects some special funerary rite, which is now difficult to reconstruct or interpret. It is both possible that the observed injuries resulted from wounds that led to the individual's death (perhaps in circumstances that motivated the other special features of the burial) or that they were inflicted on the dead body. Taking into account the probable practices of dismembering of the dead body or human sacrifice found in the later Neolithic period in Poland, all of these possibilities may be considered with respect to this burial. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial cranial modification on a female skeleton from the Byzantine site of Maroneia (Thrace, Greece)
Authors: Tritsaroli Paraskevi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractArtificial cranial modification is one of the most often documented types of intentional intervention on the human skeleton in the anthropological record. A female cranium exhibiting headshaping recently came to light at the Early Byzantine site of Maroneia, in Thrace, northern Greece. Headshaping was practiced by several different population groups during the migration period (1st–9th c. AD), but was unknown in Byzantine customs. Homogeneity in burial customs, evidenced by the skeleton's position and orientation and by cemetery topography, strongly supports the hypothesis that this burial belonged to a Christianised citizen who had the right to be buried in a common Christian cemetery. Headshaping provides strong evidence for the cultural adaptability and complexity of Early Byzantine society at Maroneia, an important provincial urban centre of the Byzantine Empire. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased nuchal translucency in euploid fetuses—what should we be telling the parents?
Authors: Bilardo C.M. , Timmerman E. , Pajkrt E. , van Maarle M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNuchal translucency (NT) measurement between 11 and 14 weeks' gestation is an undisputed marker for aneuploidies. When conventional karyotyping is normal, enlarged NT is a strong marker for adverse pregnancy outcome, associated with miscarriage, intrauterine death, congenital heart defects, and numerous other structural defects and genetic syndromes. The risk of adverse outcome is proportional to the degree of NT enlargement. Although the majority of structural anomalies are amenable to ultrasound detection, unspecified genetic syndromes involving developmental delay may only emerge after birth. Concern over these prenatally undetectable conditions is a heavy burden for parents. However, following detection of enlarged NT the majority of babies with normal detailed ultrasound examination and echocardiography will have an uneventful outcome with no increased risk for developmental delay when compared to the general population. Counseling should emphasize this to help parents restore hope in normal pregnancy outcome and infant development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anxiolytic, hypnotic and sedative medication use in Australia
Authors: Hollingworth Samantha A , Siskind Dan J 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPurposeNew sedative drugs have been marketed in Australia in the last few years. We examined the trends in the prescribing of subsidised anxiolytic, hypnotic and sedative (AHS) medication use in the Australian population from 2002 to 2007.MethodsWe analysed the Medicare Australia and Drug Utilisation Sub‐Committee databases for AHS script data from 2002 to 2007 by source, class of prescriber, gender and 5‐year age groups. Scripts were converted to defined daily dose per 1000 population per day (DDD/1000 population/day) using Australian Bureau of Statistics population data.ResultsOverall use of AHS increased from 23.76 to 24.11 DDD/1000 population/day between 2002 and 2007. Anxiolytic medication utilisation increased as hypnotic medication utilisation decreased. Diazepam was the most widely used anxiolytic followed by alprazolam and oxazepam. Temazepam was the most widely used hypnotic followed by nitrazepam. Medication use was concentrated in those aged ≥65 years with peak use in those aged 85–89 years. There was substantial use of anxiolytics in those aged 30–65 years. Age‐adjusted utilization was higher in females than males.ConclusionsThe prescribing of AHS medications increased slightly over the last half decade. There is growing use of zolpidem on private prescription. The gender differences in use reflect the higher prevalence of anxiety and sleep disorders in women. The very high use of these drugs in elderly people warrants further exploration because of the concomitant increased risks of mortality and morbidity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Same constructs, different results: Examining the consistency of two behavior‐rating scales with referred preschoolers
Authors: Myers Carl L. , Bour Jennifer L. , Sidebottom Kristina J. , Murphy Sara B. , Hakman Melissa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBroad‐band or multidimensional behavior‐rating scales are common tools for evaluating children. Two popular behavior‐rating scales, the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC‐2; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 2004) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000), have undergone downward extensions so that the preschool versions are available for children as young as 18 months. Limited research, however, has been conducted on the preschool versions of the BASC‐2 and CBCL. This study examined the consistency of results from the two preschool versions when completed by parents of clinically referred preschoolers. Comparisons of similarly named scales found significant correlations. Mean scores for several of the constructs were significantly different, however, and often resulted in inconsistent classification decisions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐bullying practices in American schools: Perspectives of school psychologists
Authors: Sherer Yiping C. , Nickerson Amanda B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA random sample of 213 school psychologists working in a school setting completed a survey on their schools' current anti‐bullying practices. Talking with bullies following bullying incidents, disciplinary consequences for bullies, and increasing adult supervision were the three most frequently used strategies. Peer juries/court, an anti‐bullying committee, and peer counselors were least frequently used, according to respondents. School‐wide positive behavior support, modifying space and schedule, and immediate responses to bullying incidents were perceived as most effective, whereas avoiding contact between bullies and victims, a zero‐tolerance policy with bullies, and a written anti‐bullying policy were least effective. Results and implications are discussed within the context of empirically supported practices. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.