bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study Sample and Demographics of the Participating Agencies
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides the background for two research questions concerning youth spending extended periods of time in care: (1) Are there key factors or program components linked to better functioning of youth from foster care as they reach adulthood? (2) Is one family foster care program approach more successful than another in helping youth achieve desired outcomes? Answers to these questions could be used by policymakers to promote changes in public and voluntary foster care programs. This chapter consists of two sections. The first section (Sample Characteristics and Matching Criteria) explains how the Northwest Alumni Study sample was formed, including eligibility, sample matching, data weighting, and power analyses. The second section (Alumni Demographics: Ethnicity, Gender, and Age at the Time of the Interview) provides demographic information on the Northwest alumni including ethnicity, gender, and age.
Data Sources, Variables, and Data Collection Procedures
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the two means of data collection (case record reviews and interviews); the description of study variables, predictors, and outcomes; and the response rate, the handling of missing data, and how the data were weighted to adjust for interview nonresponse.
Mental and Physical Health Functioning
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBased on alumni interviews, this chapter reports on the mental and physical health functioning of alumni, thus providing more empirical data about the short-term and long-term functioning of maltreated youth who were placed in foster care. The primary hypothesis was that alumni would exhibit mental and physical health difficulties that would be more severe than those of the general population.
Employment and Finances
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPrevious research has shown that youth who have been placed in foster care experience a wide range of economic-related adversities after leaving care, such as homelessness, unemployment, and low wages and income. Table 8.1 summarizes studies that have examined some of these adversities. This chapter will present current alumni achievement and functioning with respect to homelessness and living situation, employment, public assistance, and finances. Findings are compared not only to those of other foster care follow-up studies but also to general population information gathered from the U.S. Census Bureau. Currently, there are few studies with which to compare follow-up data (especially for older alumni), but the literature is slowly building, with longitudinal follow-up studies such as the Midwest study (Courtney et al., 2007) and studies that use state employment or other databases.
Summary and Recommendations
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the Northwest Alumni Study's main study research questions, hypotheses, and findings. Recommendations tied directly to the study data are discussed, along with other strategies that have been identified through discussions with alumni from foster care, staff, and others. The summary of major study findings is divided into findings from the (1) primary research questions and corresponding hypotheses and (2) supplemental research questions. Many of the questions and hypotheses concern the overall status of outcomes such as mental health functioning, while other questions concern relations among variables, such as the effect of child maltreatment on future financial health. In addition to answering the questions and testing hypotheses, data presented in previous chapters have provided answers to many unasked questions. These findings are presented where appropriate.
3 New Wine Words
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWine descriptors that became common after the 1980s tended to be synthetic, as opposed to the earlier analytic words. Structure, a popular current word, deals with the balance and interaction of the elements (acidity, tannin, alcohol, sugar). New words for body are based on metaphors of the human form (big-boned, broad-shouldered, muscular vs. svelte). Age and drinkability can be described by age metaphors (backward, precocious), and tightness vs. openness. Many new evaluative descriptors are based on personality: charming, diplomatic, friendly, intellectual, and hedonistic. A common word is terroir, borrowed from the French, for the complete growing environment. Verbs of motion are frequently used to describe the progression of the tasting experience. A wine bursts from the glass or an aroma sneaks up on one.
The public health response to the World Trade Center disaster
Authors: Holtz Timothy H. , Jessica Leighton , Balter Sharon , Weiss Don , Blank Susan , Weisfuse Isaac 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes the public health response to the World Trade Center disaster on 9/11. It describes the initial public health response, environmental health assessment and risk communication, surveillance, support systems, mental health issues, and other key issues in the public health response to the World Trade Center disaster.
Improving epidemiology, surveillance, and laboratory capabilities
Authors: Conrad J. Lyle , Pearson James L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes ways to improve epidemiology, surveillance, and laboratory capabilities. It discusses the current status of epidemiology, surveillance, and laboratory capabilities in the United States; the challenges posed by terrorism; and deficiencies identified in epidemiology, surveillance, and laboratory capabilities. It describes ways of improving epidemiology, surveillance, and public health laboratories.
Improving vaccines, antimicrobials, and antitoxins through research
Authors: Margolskee Dorothy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes ways to improve vaccines, antimicrobials, and antitoxins through research. It describes and discusses a number of issues, including the need for rapid diagnostic tests for several pathogens, the potential role of antitoxins, the potential post-exposure utility of vaccines, and the need for fundamental research on the viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever.
Amico
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis book is a full-length biography in English of Giovanni Battista Viotti (1755–1824), one of the great violinist-composers in the history of music, and arguably the most influential violinist who ever lived. He rose from humble origins as a blacksmith's son in a village near Turin, Italy, and early studies with Gaetano Pugnani, to a triumphant international career, particularly in Paris and London. His multifarious career as concert performer, composer, teacher, opera theater director, and impresario was played out against the backdrop of a dramatically changing world: from the ancien régime patronage of an Italian prince and the Queen of France, Marie Antoinette, to the commercial and box-office–centered institutions of the early 19th century. Viotti's life was intensely dramatic. He knew tragedy as well as success: he was forced to flee the French Revolution, he was exiled from England for an extended period, his attempt to establish himself in business met with failure, and he died heavily in debt. His correspondence with an English family, the Chinnerys, with whom he was intimately associated for the last half of his life, provides an unusually revealing glimpse into his personal life. Viotti's biography is not without its mysteries, among which is his renunciation, twice in his life, of public performance. This study is based on extensive documentary research, much of it here revealed for the first time. Viotti's works are considered in the context of his life. Eleven appendices include translations of various Viotti-related archival documents, and additional information on Viotti's siblings, his places of residence, his violins, his unfinished violin method, and financial matters.
CHAPTER NINE Paris and the Opéra, 1819–21
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes Viotti in his role as director of the Paris Opéra and the Théâtre Italien in the period 1819–21. Several letters are cited showing how he dealt with disciplinary, financial, and artistic matters involving composers, such as Gaspare Spontini, colleagues, such as Ferdinando Paer and Kreutzer, lead singers, chorus and orchestra members, dancers, and his superiors in the Opéra administration. His attempts to improve artistic standards among the singers and the orchestra are documented. Viotti's role in the increasing popularity of Rossini's operas at the Théâtre Italien is considered. His friendships with the Duke of Cambridge, the poet Thomas Moore, Lady Bessborough, his pupil Robberechts, and others, is described. Viotti's unsuccessful attempts to recoup his losses from the failure of his wine business in 1818 are given due attention.
Epidemiology and world health
Authors: Mathers Colin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines major developments in summarizing population health over the last thirty years, focusing on developments in global descriptive epidemiology, on the global burden of disease approach to summarizing population health, and on the issues and controversies surrounding these developments. Reliable and comparable information about levels and trends in population health, about the main causes of loss of health in populations, and how these are changing, is a critical input for debates about international and national health policies and priorities.
Epidemiology as a common European endeavour
Authors: Olsen Jørn , Saracci Rodolfo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the important role played by the World Health Organisation (WHO), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the EU in fostering education, training, and cooperation in epidemiology in Europe. The possibilities for improving the health of the population in Europe have not and are not being exploited in an optimal way. Unfortunately, the concentration on wealth creation and the illusory glamour of developing new technologies, for example molecular biology, permeates international bodies as much as it does national governments.
The development of epidemiology: Spain
Authors: Bolúmar Francisco 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of epidemiology in Spain, with special emphasis on the period from the mid-1970s to the present. After a brief historical introduction, it presents the major factors which influenced the author's to start in epidemiology and the options available at that time for training. This is followed by a description of the major obstacles encountered in the practice of epidemiology, including the restricted availability and use of data sources. The chapter highlights the relationship with and the influence of epidemiology on some public health policies. Finally, it discusses the future perspectives for epidemiology in Spain.
Factor graphs and graph ensembles
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProbabilistic systems involving a large number of simple variables with mutual dependencies appear recurrently in several fields of science. It is often the case that such dependencies can be factorized in a non-trivial way, and distinct variables interact only ‘locally’. This important structural property plays a crucial role. It is described here in a graphical language — the one of factor graphs. Ensembles of probability distributions naturally map to ensemble of random graphs, or hypergraphs. Several basic properties of these ensembles are discussed, from the appearance of a giant component to the motifs appearing in their local structure. The graph description is a necessary background for the understanding of message passing algorithms.
The assignment problem
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the use of message passing techniques in a combinatorial optimization problem assignment. Given N ‘agents’ and N ‘jobs’, and the cost matrix E(i,j) for having job i executed by agent j, the problem is to find the lowest cost assignment of jobs to agents. On the algorithmic side, the Min-Sum variant of Belief Propagation is shown to converge to an optimal solution in polynomial time. On the probabilistic side, the large N limit of random instances, when the costs E(i,j) are independent uniformly random variables, is studied analytically. The cost of the optimal assignment is first computed heuristically within the replica symmetric cavity method, giving the celebrated zeta(2) result. This study is confirmed by a rigorous combinatorial argument which provides a proof of the Parisi and Coppersmith–Sorkin conjectures.
An ongoing story
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe emerging field that has been described in this book is remarkably coherent, but it also opens up a number of challenges. This chapter provides a synthetic description of such challenges, as well as a survey of recent progress. The ambition is to set an agenda for this new research field. Three research directions are emphasized. Firstly, achieving a better qualitative understanding of 1RSB glass phase. What is a pure state decomposition? What is the relation between emergence of long range correlations and clustering of the probability measure? Secondly, developing methods for the full-RSB phase. Where does such a phase emerge in sparse graphical models? Does the cavity method have a compact formulation? Thirdly, understanding algorithmic implications. There is large evidence that phase transitions affect the performances of algorithms. However, a crisp and general formulation is still missing.
A life course approach to cancer epidemiology
Authors: Kuh Diana , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have evaluated a limited number of cancer sites for risk factors over the life course. This chapter examines in utero and perinatal factors, and attempts to link these factors and motivating biology to subsequent time periods to incorporate a life course perspective. Breast, testicular, and prostate cancers are considered in detail due to the large volume of literature on these cancers.
Should we intervene to improve childhood circumstances?
Authors: Kuh Diana , Ben-Shlomo Yoav 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews epidemiological and developmental findings relevant to intervention that may improve childhood circumstances. It discusses the circumstances of contemporary childhood in an international context, the lifelong social disparities in health and wellbeing, and the likely biological and behavioural pathways that account for these disparities. It argues that despite major advances, there are reasons for continuing concern over the physical and social settings in which children are born and raised. The chapter provides evidence supporting a societal imperative to protect and nuture children of the world community.
HAART in HIV-infected children: one decade later
Authors: Dieudonne Arry , McIntyre James A. , Fregonese Federica , Giaquinto Carlo , Oleske James M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of paediatric HIV management in the population entering adulthood after a decade of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Topics discussed include prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the evolution of antiretroviral management.
US Cohorts review: The HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) and the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)
Authors: Palella Frank J. , Moorman Anne C. , Brooks (HOPS) John T. , Phair John , Jacobson Lisa , Detels Roger , Margolick Joseph , Rinaldo (MACS) Charles 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) and Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). HOPS is a prospective observational cohort study that was initiated in 1993 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and is currently expected to continue collecting and analyzing longitudinal data on HIV-infected outpatients until mid-2011. It is the longest-running and only remaining US government-sponsored multi-site prospective cohort of a diverse spectrum of people living with HIV infection and receiving routine clinical care in the United States. MACS was funded in 1983 by the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), and recruitment of participants began in early 1984. The initial rationale for funding this epidemiological investigation was to collect specimens that could potentially be of use in identifying an infectious agent as the cause of AIDS and to delineate the natural history of pre-AIDS in men who have sex with men (MSM), the first epidemiologically identified group at high risk of developing the syndrome.
The French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH) ANRS CO 4
Authors: Costagliola Dominique 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a description of the French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH). The FHDH was created in 1992 in order to collect clinical information on HIV-infected patients managed in HIV/AIDS centres (CISIH). It is managed by the UMR S 720 (Clinical and Therapeutic Epidemiology of HIV Infection) team at the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM). Data from the FHDH is used to describe HIV patients, the use of ART and its impact on clinical progression (CD4 counts and plasma HIV RNA), and morbidity in the last ten years.
Country review: Haiti
Authors: Koenig Serena , Carney Julia , Bendix Peter , Pape Jean William 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a description of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Haiti. It then discusses HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. It argues that despite ongoing political difficulties and limited resources, Haiti has launched one of the world's most effective responses to the HIV epidemic. International funding has played a contributing role in these programmatic successes, but more recent advances would not have been possible without the strong network of institutions that were firmly established and already providing prevention and treatment services for HIV/AIDS at the time that funding became available.
Single Spherical and Cylindrical Boundaries
Authors: Bordag M. , Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mohideen U. , Mostepanenko V. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents important results obtained for the Casimir effect in the presence of spherical and cylindrical shells with various boundary conditions. It also includes the Casimir effect for a dielectric ball. The configuration of a spherical shell finds applications in the bag model of quantum chromodynamics. Mode summation for both interior and exterior regions is considered. Analytic continuation for obtaining the regularized vacuum energy, and the divergent contribution are analyzed. This allows for the renormalized vacuum energy for scalar, Electromagnetic, and spinor fields to be found. The case of nonzero temperature is considered on the basis of the general formalism presented in Chapter 5. The material in this chapter is focused on the technical methods necessary to calculate the Casimir effect in spherical and cylindrical geometry and on the analysis of the ultraviolet divergences.
The Casimir Interaction Between a Metal and a Dielectric
Authors: Bordag M. , Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mohideen U. , Mostepanenko V. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the Casimir interaction between two parallel plates, one metallic and the other dielectric. It is shown that if the static permittivity of a dielectric plate is finite, the Lifshitz theory is thermodynamically consistent. In contrast, if the dc conductivity of the dielectric material is included in the model of the dielectric response, the Nernst theorem is violated. Experimentally, this opens up opportunities for the investigation of the role of the conductivity properties in the Casimir effect by keeping the metal plate fixed but considering dielectrics (semiconductors) with different conductivities. Such experiments have already been successfully performed and have yielded important new insights. Approximate analytical formulas for the Casimir energy density and pressure at zero temperature in the configuration of one metal and one dielectric plate are also presented.
Conclusions and Outlook
Authors: Bordag M. , Klimchitskaya G. L. , Mohideen U. , Mostepanenko V. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter contains conclusions and some words about the outlook. The main conclusion is that at present there is already very good agreement between the theory, adapted for the case of real boundaries, and the measurements of the Casimir force. The generalization of this theory to the case of materials with spatial dispersion and a more fundamental approach to the Casimir effect at nonzero temperature are expected in the near future. The applications of the Casimir effect in both fundamental physics and nanotechnology appear very promising and may have an unexpected impact on basic scientific concepts and technological approaches.
Libertarian Theories of Intergenerational Justice
Authors: Steiner Hillel , Vallentyne Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses and assesses various libertarian positions on intergenerational justice. The implications of the following issues are examined: various provisos on appropriation (and thus versions of left- and right-libertarianism), whether rights protects choices or interests, generations being different sizes (and the issue of total vs. per capita shares of natural resources), overlapping vs. discrete generations, the duties of procreators to provide fair shares for their offspring, and gifts. A brief defense of a version of left-libertarianism is provided and it is suggested it provides no basis for a duty to conserve resources for future generations when (roughly) their per capita value of natural resources will be greater than the current per capita value (e.g., because of enhanced value from inherited technology).
Exploitation and Intergenerational Justice
Authors: Steiner Hillel , Vallentyne Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInjustice can take many forms of which exploitation is only one. This chapter explains and defends the basic idea of exploitation and its importance, and considers Marxian and non-Marxian variants. The notion of exploitation as a failure of fair reciprocity is explored and is then applied to intergenerational justice by looking at the possibility of a co-operative scheme that lasts over several generations.