bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced hydrogen and 1,3‐propanediol production from glycerol by fermentation using mixed cultures
Authors: Selembo Priscilla A. , Perez Joe M. , Lloyd Wallis A. , Logan Bruce E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe conversion of glycerol into high value products, such as hydrogen gas and 1,3‐propanediol (PD), was examined using anaerobic fermentation with heat‐treated mixed cultures. Glycerol fermentation produced 0.28 mol‐H2/mol‐glycerol (72 mL‐H2/g‐COD) and 0.69 mol‐PD/mol‐glycerol. Glucose fermentation using the same mixed cultures produced more hydrogen gas (1.06 mol‐H2/mol‐glucose) but no PD. Changing the source of inoculum affected gas production likely due to prior acclimation of bacteria to this type of substrate. Fermentation of the glycerol produced from biodiesel fuel production (70% glycerol content) produced 0.31 mol‐H2/mol‐glycerol (43 mL H2/g‐COD) and 0.59 mol‐PD/mol‐glycerol. These are the highest yields yet reported for both hydrogen and 1,3‐propanediol production from pure glycerol and the glycerol byproduct from biodiesel fuel production by fermentation using mixed cultures. These results demonstrate that production of biodiesel can be combined with production of hydrogen and 1,3‐propanediol for maximum utilization of resources and minimization of waste. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 1098–1106. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Catechin and Catechin Fractions as Biochemical Markers to Study the Diversity of Indian Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Germplasm
Authors: Gulati Ashu , Rajkumar Subramani , Karthigeyan Subramanian , Sud Rakesh K. , Vijayan Deepu , Thomas Jibu , Rajkumar Rajagopal , Das Suresh C. , Tamuly Pradip , Hazarika Mridul , Ahuja Paramvir S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe heterogeneous Indian tea germplasm includes ‘China’, ‘Assam’, ‘Cambod’, and their hybrids which were evaluated using biochemical markers viz., total catechin and their fractions, for varietal identification and characterization. Principal component analysis (PCA) of biochemical characters showed that the total catechin and trihydroxylated catechin has higher eigenvalues. The first two principal components (PCs) could differentiate more than 90% of the clones studied. This grouping based on first two principal component matrices differentiated ‘China’, and their hybrids with ‘Assam’ and ‘Cambod’ variety. Morphologically indistinct large‐leaved ‘Cambod’ variety and ‘Assam’ varieties could not be differentiated using biochemical markers, since both varietal types taxonomically belong to a single species. Clones of ‘China’ type showed low total catechin content and catechin ratio which are distinctly grouped. The ‘China–Assam’ and ‘China–Cambod’ hybrids formed intermediate groups between ‘China’ PC group and ‘Cambod’/‘Assam’ PC groups, providing evidence for genetic control of catechin ratio variation. Tea clones which are differentially positioned in the PC group could be explained based on the genetic contribution by other varietal type as parents. This biochemical characterization will be a useful tool in the development of quality‐tea clones with different proportion of total catechin and their fractions.
Regulation of Survivin and Bcl‐2 in HepG2 Cell Apoptosis Induced by Quercetin
Authors: Tan Jun , Wang Bochu , Zhu Liancai 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQuercetin, a widely distributed bioflavonoid, has been shown to induce growth inhibition in a variety of human cancer cells. However, the regulation of survivin and Bcl‐2 on the quercetin‐induced cell‐growth inhibition and apoptosis in cancer cells remains unclear. In the present study, we report that quercetin can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells in dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Hoechst 33258 and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining showed that HepG2 cells underwent the typical morphologic changes of apoptosis characterized by nuclear shrinkage, chromatin condensation, or fragmentation after exposure to quercetin. Cell‐cycle analysis reveals a significant increase of the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase. We also demonstrate that the levels of survivin and Bcl‐2 protein expression in HepG2 cells decreased concurrently, and the levels of p53 protein increased significantly after treatment with quercetin by immunocytochemistry analysis. Relative activity of caspase‐3 and caspase‐9 increased significantly. These data clearly indicate that quercetin‐induced apoptosis is associated with caspase activation, and the levels of survivin and Bcl‐2. Our results indicate that the expression of survivin may be associated with Bcl‐2 expression, and the inhibition expression of survivin, in conjunction with Bcl‐2, might cause more pronounced apoptotic effects. Together, concurrent down‐regulated survivin and Bcl‐2 play an important role in HepG2 cell apoptosis induced by quercetin.
HPLC Profiles and Biomarker Contents of Australian‐Grown Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba Roots
Authors: Li Chun Guang , Sheng Shu Jun , Pang Edwin C. K. , May Brian , Xue Charlie Chang Li 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSalvia miltiorrhiza f. alba (Baihua Danshen) is a Chinese medicinal herb commonly used for treating cardiovascular disease. It has been grown in Australia, although the quality of its main medicinal part (dried root) has not been assessed. In this study, we investigated HPLC profiles and biomarker contents of Australian‐grown S. miltiorrhiza f. alba roots. Patterns of HPLC profiles were established in MeOH, and aqueous extracts in terms of number of common characteristic peaks and their relative retention times. The contents of three tanshinone biomarkers (cryptotanshinone (3), tanshinone I (1), and tanshinone IIA (2)) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the roots of one‐year‐old plants than those of two‐year‐old plants. In contrast, salvianolic acid B (4) content was significantly higher in the roots of two‐year‐old plants than in those of one‐year‐old plants. The findings suggest that the biomarker contents in Australian‐grown S. miltiorrhiza f. alba roots vary with the growth periods of the plants, which may be important in determining the optimal harvest time for the plant roots with targeted levels of tanshinones and salvianolic acid B (4).
Improvement of an Acid Phosphatase/DHAP‐Dependent Aldolase Cascade Reaction by Using Directed Evolution
Authors: van Herk Teunie , Hartog Aloysius F. , Babich Lara , Schoemaker Hans E. , Wever Ron 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo enhance the phosphorylating activity of the bacterial nonspecific acid phosphatase from Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium LT2 towards dihydroxyacetone (DHA), a mutant library was generated from the native enzyme. Three different variants that showed enhanced activity were identified after one round of epPCR. The single mutant V78L was the most active and showed an increase in the maximal DHAP concentration to 25 % higher than that of the wild‐type enzyme at pH 6.0. This variant is 17 times more active than the wild‐type acid phosphatase from Salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium LT2 in the acid phosphatase/aldolase cascade reaction at pH 6.0 and is also six times more active than the phosphatase from Shigella flexneri that we previously used.
Tuning Reactivity and Selectivity for Olefin Oxidation through Local O Bonding on Au
Authors: Min Byoung Koun , Deng Xingyi , Liu Xiaoying , Friend Cynthia M. , Alemozafar Ali Reza 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe reactivity and selectivity for the oxidation of propene and acrolein on oxidized Au nanoparticles on Au(111) depend on the local bonding, the particle size, and the degree of order. The local bonding of O and the particle size distribution and order are controlled by the rate and temperature for oxygen deposition using ozone, which forms O‐containing gold particles on the surface. On small, disordered particles, oxygen is bound in sites with local threefold coordination, based on measured vibrational energies. The O on these small disordered nanoclusters, formed by O3 decomposition on Au(111) at 200 K, is highly reactive and yields partial oxidation products of propene, for example, acrolein and acrylic acid. In contrast, atomic oxygen present in ordered 2D islands formed at 400 K is relatively unreactive and only produces CO2 and H2O. All pathways involve initial CH activation. These results indicate that local bonding of O is an important factor to consider in understanding the effect of particle size in gold‐based catalysis involving hydrocarbons.
On the Dichotomic Reactivity of Lithiated Styrene Oxide: A Computational and Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Investigation
Authors: Capriati Vito , Florio Saverio , Perna Filippo Maria , Salomone Antonio , Abbotto Alessandro , Amedjkouh Mohamed , Nilsson Lill Sten O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA multinuclear magnetic resonance investigation, supported by density functional theory calculations, has been synergically used to investigate the configurational stability, reactivity and aggregation states of α‐lithiated styrene oxide in THF at 173 K. NMR studies on α‐lithiated [α,β‐13C2]styrene oxide (also in an enantiomerically enriched form) proved that in THF this oxiranyllithium is mainly present as a solvated monomeric species in equilibrium with a complex mixture of stereoisomeric dimeric aggregates, as well as with bridged and tetrameric aggregates. The fact that some CαLi bonds are partially broken in some stereoisomers reduces their symmetry and complicates the NMR spectra: two diastereoisomers each having a pair of diastereotopic carbon atoms slowly inverting at the lithium atom in absence of tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) have been detected. A (13C,7Li)‐HMQC experiment to correlate 7Li and 13C resonances of the various aggregates has been performed for the first time. From natural bond analysis, the monomeric aggregate was proven to have a lower carbenoid character with respect to bridged O‐coordinated dimeric aggregates. The employment of suitable experimental conditions in terms of concentration, temperature and the presence or not of TMEDA are crucial to mitigate at the best the “carbene‐like” reactivity of lithiated styrene oxide toward intermolecular CLi insertions, eliminative dimerisation reactions and ring‐opening reactions. A two‐step mechanism for the deprotonation of styrene oxide by sBuLi in THF has been proposed and discussed as well as competitive side reactions.
Effect of annealing on the structural, electrical and optical properties of nanostructured TiO2 thin films
Authors: Sankar S. , Gopchandran K. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNanostructured titanium dioxide thin films were prepared using reactive pulsed laser ablation technique. Effects of annealing on the structural, morphological, electrical and optical properties are discussed. The structural, electrical and optical properties of TiO2 films are found to be sensitive to annealing temperature and are described with GIXRD, SEM, AFM, UV‐Visible spectroscopy and electrical studies. X‐ray diffraction studies showed that the as‐deposited films were amorphous and at first changed to anatase and then to rutile phase with increase of annealing temperature. Optical constants of these films were derived from the transmission spectra and the refractive index dispersion of the films, subjected to annealing at different temperatures, is discussed in terms of the single oscillator‐Wemple and Didomenico model. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low temperature powder diffraction and DFT solid state computational study of hydrogen bonding in NH4VO3
Authors: Smrčok Ľ. , Bitschnau B. , Filinchuk Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe crystal structure of NH4VO3 was refined by the geometry optimization done by total energy minimization in solid state using DFT/plane waves approach. The lattice parameters were derived by the Le Bail technique from the low temperature X‐ray (40‐293 K) and synchrotron (100‐293 K) powder diffraction data. The structure is formed by the infinite chains of irregular VO4 tetrahedra running approximately parallel to the c‐axis, which are interlinked by the ammonium ions placed between them. The ammonium ions link to the [VO4]∞ chains through one linear, one bifurcated and two trifurcated N‐H…O hydrogen bonds. Considering their stability there are six distinct N‐H…O hydrogen bonds: two strong with the N‐H…O bond angles close to the straight, two medium with the bond angles of 123° and 148° and two very bent (105° and 107°) and hence weak hydrogen bonds. There is a reasonable agreement between the energies of the stretching ν(NH) modes estimated using the optimised N…O contact distances and those obtained experimentally. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of AlN doping on the growth morphology of SiC
Authors: Singh N. B. , Jones E. , Berghmans A. , Wagner B. P. , Jelen E. , McLaughlin S. , Knuteson D. J. , Fitelson M. , King M. , Kahler D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlN doped SiC films were deposited on on‐axis Si‐face 4H‐SiC (0001) substrates by the physical vapor transport (PVT) method. Thick film in the range of 20 μm range was grown and morphology was characterized. Films were grown by physical vapor deposition (PVD) in a vertical geometry in the nitrogen atmosphere. We observed that nucleation occurred in the form of discs and growth occurred in hexagonal geometry. The X‐ray studies showed (001) orientation and full width of half maxima (FWHM) was less than 0.1° indicating good crystallinity. We also observed that film deposited on the carbon crucible had long needles with anisotropic growth very similar to that of pure AlN. Some of the needles grew up to sizes of 200 μm in length and 40 to 50 μm in width. It is clear that annealing of SiC‐AlN powder or high temperature physical vapor deposition produces similar crystal structure for producing AlN‐SiC solid solution. SEM studies indicated that facetted hexagons grew on the top of each other and coarsened and merged to form cm size grains on the substrate. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Xwnt8 directly initiates expression of labial Hox genes
Authors: In der Rieden Paul M. J. , Vilaspasa Ferran Lloret , Durston Antony J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHox transcription factors play an essential role in patterning the anteroposterior axis during embryogenesis and exhibit a complex array of spatial and temporal patterns of expression. Their earliest onset of expression in vertebrates is during gastrulation in a temporally collinear sequence in the presomitic/ventrolateral mesoderm, and it is not clear which upstream signal transduction events initiate this expression. Using Xenopus, we present evidence that Xwnt8 is necessary for initiation of this collinear sequence by activating Hox‐1 expression in three Hox clusters: hoxd, hoxa, and hoxb. All three labial genes appear to be direct targets of canonical Wnt signaling through Tcf/Lef. In addition, Xwnt8 loss‐ and gain‐of‐function leads to indirect regulation of other Hox genes: Hoxb4, Hoxd4, Hoxa7, Hoxc6, and Hoxc8. These findings shed new light on the early role of Wnt8 as well as of a proposed WNT gradient in patterning the Xenopus central nervous system (Kiecker and Niehrs [2001] Development 128:4189–4201). Developmental Dynamics 239:126–139, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periphilin is strongly expressed in the murine nervous system and is indispensable for murine development
Authors: Soehn Anne S. , Pham Thu‐Trang , Schaeferhoff Karin , Floss Thomas , Weisenhorn Daniela M. Vogt , Wurst Wolfgang , Bonin Michael , Riess Olaf 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPeriphilin is involved in multiple processes in vivo. To explore its physiological role from an organismic perspective, we generated mice with a gene trap insertion in the periphilin‐1 gene. Based on β‐gal reporter activity, a widespread periphilin expression was evident, especially in the developing somites and limbs, the embryonic nervous system, and the adult brain. In accordance with this broad expression, homozygous deficiency of periphilin was lethal in early embryogenesis. Mice with a heterozygous deficiency did not show any abnormalities of brain morphology and function, neither histologically nor regarding the transcriptome. Interestingly, the reduction of the periphilin‐1 gene dosage was compensated by an increased expression of the remaining wild‐type allele in the brain. These results point to an indispensable function of periphilin during murine development and an important role in the nervous system, reflected by a strong and tightly regulated expression in the murine brain. genesis 47:697–707, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The validity and clinical utility of night eating syndrome
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Franko Debra L. , Garcia Jennifer 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective:To review the empirical literature for evidence in support of inclusion of Night Eating Syndrome (NES) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.Method:Based on a literature search using PubMed, 47 empirical studies of NES were identified.Results:The literature reflects use of varying definitions; progress has been made toward reliable measurement of night eating symptoms; evidence regarding a differentiation of NES from “normalcy” or from other eating disorders is based largely on samples of convenience; only one controlled treatment study has been published.Discussion:There are limited data supporting the clinical utility and validity of NES; several options regarding the inclusion of NES in DSM‐V are discussed. © 2009 American Psychiatric Association.
Design of an e‐learning system for technical Chinese courses using cognitive theory of multimedia learning
Authors: She Jin‐Hua , Wu Chun , Wang Hui , Chen Shumei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper describes an e‐learning system for technical Chinese that integrates sounds, pictures, videos, and Flash animation into a Web‐based multimedia course to optimize learning efficiency. The design employs the ADDIE (analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate) model of instructional design and the cognitive theory of multimedia learning. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(8): 1–10, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10204
Optimum insulating design of asymmetrical structure GCB
Authors: Tanigaki Shuichi , Yoshioka Yoshio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn asymmetrical structure GCB that employed the closing resistor method has an interrupter and a closing resistor contact in one shield, and so the shield diameter becomes large. In this study, we investigated the optimum tank diameter and major radius of shield electrode of asymmetrical structure GCB by three‐dimensional electric field calculation. We also investigated these optimum structures of symmetrical structure GCB and compared the result with that of the asymmetrical structure GCB. We found that the tank diameter of asymmetrical structure GCB becomes larger than the tank diameter of symmetrical structure GCB by 24%. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 169(2): 14–20, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20741
Influence of magnetization characteristics of materials on the iron loss of wound‐core‐type three‐phase transformers
Authors: Shinya Kunihiro , Saito Koichi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the influence of the magnetization characteristics of the materials on the iron loss of a wound‐core three‐phase transformer. In the analysis, the magnetization characteristics are approximated by a Fourier series, and it is assumed that the eddy current factor is proportional to the time‐varying magnetic flux. Furthermore, the harmonic balance method, in which the zero‐phase‐sequence and third harmonic components of flux density are taken into consideration, is used. From the results of numerical analysis, it is shown that iron loss decreases as the ratio of the eddy current loss to the iron loss of the material declines. The importance of nonlinearity of the magnetization characteristics of the materials in reducing the iron loss of a wound‐core‐type three‐phase transformer is also shown. The analytical results agree roughly with the experimental results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 169(2): 48–55, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20767
Trajectory planning and control of one‐legged hopping robot at thrusting phase
Authors: Sakaino Sho , Ohnishi Kouhei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOne of the most important events for hopping robots is lift‐off (the end of thrusting phase) since hopping motions often become unstable during the lift‐off. Therefore, we focus on the thrusting phase. In this research, we propose a new controller, which combines two controllers. We also propose a trajectory planning so that a hopping robot follows command value of the vertical velocity. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is confirmed by simulation and experiments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 169(2): 29–36, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20831
A New Robust and Versatile Tetradentate Linker for Amides To be Cleaved under Mild Conditions by Unusual Complexation of the Amide Nitrogen to Cu++
Authors: Kramer Rolf A. , Bröhmer Manuel C. , Forkel Nina V. , Bannwarth W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe concept of weakening amide bonds by the rather unusual forced complexation of nitrogen to Cu++ is not limited to tridentate ligands and was extended in this work to tetradentate ligands as well. The use of cyclic tetradentate ligands was to no avail, but an open‐chain and more‐flexible tetradentate ligand allowed mild cleavage by methanolysis after complexation. The principle was applied to the development of a new linker for solid‐phase chemistry, which was proven to be extremely robust, yet allowed mild cleavage after activation by Cu++ complexation. Its stability and versatility was demonstrated by the successful application to a whole plethora of different types of reactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (+)‐1‐Deoxynojirimycin
Authors: Danoun Gregory , Ceccon Julien , Greene Andrew E. , Poisson Jean‐François 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA highly efficient non‐chiral‐pool synthesis of (+)‐1‐deoxynojirimycin has been realized (24 % overall yield, 11 steps, complete stereocontrol). A novel one‐pot enol ether metathesis/hydroboration/oxidation sequence is used for the selective formation of the all‐trans cyclic triol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Market timing of CTAs: An examination of systematic CTAs vs. discretionary CTAs
Authors: Kazemi Hossein , Li Ying 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study uses a set of return‐based factors to explore market (return and volatility) timing ability of commodity trading advisors (CTAs). Unlike previous research, we use return‐based factors that are related to the futures markets in which most CTAs trade. This leads to higher explanatory power for our multifactor model. Our approach allows us to test for the presence of market timing in multiple markets. Accordingly, we are able to identify the markets in which CTAs may have market timing ability. We find that systematic CTAs are generally more skilled at market timing than discretionary CTAs, with the latter having slightly better overall risk‐adjusted performance during our study period: January 1994 to December 2004. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:1067–1099, 2009