bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
F
reud,
S
igmund (1856–1939)
Authors: Haynie N. A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Sigmund Freud moved from Moravia to Vienna at age four and lived there for nearly 80 years. He demonstrated an unusual intellectual ability early in life and was encouraged by his family. Freud graduated with distinction from Gymnasium at age 17 and entered the University of Vienna to study medicine and scientific research. Because of his diversified interests in biology, physiology, and teaching, as well as medicine, Freud spent eight years at the university. Finally persuaded to take his medical examinations, he entered private practice as a clinical neurologist in 1881.
GABA
Receptors
Authors: Costa Erminio 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It is now universally recognized that γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), synthesized by the two molecular forms of glutamix acid decarboxylase (GAD65 or 67) and expressed in neurons, functions as a key neurotransmitter in creatures ranging from crustaceans to mammals. In the brains of vertebrates, GABA mediates synaptic inhibitory events by binding to specific recognition sites located in various members of a pentameric protein family, including a transmembrane anion channel, which is termed GABA.
Gender Roles
Authors: Lenton Alison P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gender roles are the set of expectations a society has about girls and boys, and women and men. These expectations are multifaceted and generally include specifications about appearances, personality traits, emotions, interests, abilities, and occupations. For example, in Western societies men are expected to be more agentic and less emotional than women, and women are expected to be more communal and less aggressive than men. More commonly, men may be assumed to have paid occupations and to be financially responsible for their families, whereas women are assumed to be homemakers with primary responsibility for the children. Such beliefs serve to define the sets of characteristics and behaviors that are considered appropriate or inappropriate for each sex. In other words, gender roles do more than merely describe the way things are: They describe how things should be.
General Adaptation Syndrome
Authors: Quigley Karen S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is a cluster of bodily responses to severe, prolonged stressors that was first described by Hans Selye. Selye observed that rats exposed to a wide variety of noxious agents exhibited a nonspecific syndrome consisting of enlargement of the adrenal gland, shrinkage of the thymus, spleen, and lymph glands, and the emergence of ulcers in the stomach and small intestine. This was seen in animals exposed to extreme cold and heat, intense sound or light, forced exercise, injections of various organ extracts or formalin, and other potent biological challenges to homeostasis.
Genetic Counseling
Authors: Sullivan Jennifer A. , McConkie‐Rosell Allyn 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGenetic counseling as a separate and distinct component of medical care was introduced as part of the eugenics movement in the United States during the 1940s. Over time, societal rejection of “eugenic” practices as well as advances in medical technology highlighted the need to consider the psychological effects on the family of a genetic diagnosis (R. G. Resta, 2006). Throughout the 1950s and 1960s genetic counseling evolved from this primarily social and public health perspective, and many different types of health‐care professionals—including physicians, nurses, and social workers, as well as research geneticists—provided explanations and social support to individuals and families diagnosed with genetic disorders. Genetic counseling as we know it today benefited from these early practitioners.
Geriatric Psychology
Authors: Lichtenberg Peter A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGeriatric psychology, the science and practice of psychology with older adults, is a field experiencing significant growth due to the “age tsunami” that the United States and the world are experiencing. While there are 37 million older Americans today, by 2050 there will be 70 million. Like all geriatric professions, geriatric psychology is focused at its core on function, that is, how to maintain and/or enhance function in adults over the age of 65. Function reflects the convergence of medical, neurocognitive, and behavioral/mental health in older adults. This article first reviews the demographic changes that are fueling our nation's extraordinary population growth of older adults and then reviews how three areas of geriatric function affect geriatric psychology.
Geropsychology
Authors: Qualls Sara Honn 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGeropsychology is the “specialized field of psychology concerned with the psychological and behavioral aspects of aging” (Tuleya, 2007). Early uses of the term include a chapter in theAnnual Review of Psychologyin 1970 (Botwinick, 1970) and a book title for the summary of a conference at Duke University in 1974 (Gentry, 1977). Although the conceptual and scientific roots of geropsychology extend back for centuries, the explosion of empirical research that defines the field escalated rapidly during the second half of the twentieth century. The termgeropsychologywas not widely adopted until the latter decades of the twentieth century, however. ThePsychological Literaturedatabase first adopted it as a keyword in 2006 and applied it retrospectively to previous entries (Tuleya, 2007).
Gestalt Therapy
Authors: Glass Thomas A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGestalt therapy is an existential and phenomenological treatment approach that emphasizes the principles of present‐centered awareness and immediate experience. To discover how one blocks one's flow of awareness and aliveness, the individual in therapy is directed to fully experience current thoughts, feelings, and body sensations. Gestalt therapy was developed by Frederick S. (Fritz) Perls and his two collaborators, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman. Originally trained in classical Freudian psychoanalysis, Perls incorporated various new cultural and intellectual movements of the 1940s and 1950s, and synthesized them into a new theory and method of therapy. Perl's broad interests in existentialism, Eastern religions, and Gestalt psychology led him away from the Freudian viewpoint to a new humanistic and experiential approach. Perls saw the human being as a unified organism, an integration of mental, physical, emotional, and sensory processes expressed in the present moment.
Greece, Psychology in
Authors: Kalpakoglou Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The notion of psychology in ancient Greece can be traced back to the fifth century
B.C.
; in the works of Alcmaeon of Croton, Plato, Aristotle, and Hippocrates there are issues mentioned relating to the understanding of human psychological and emotional states (Wolff et al., 1990). In modern Greece, however, psychology is still considered a relatively new academic discipline and profession. Preliminary studies in psychology made their first appearance at the university level in the late 1920s and, for many decades, were closely attached to philosophy studies. Not until 1989 did psychology become recognized as an independent field of study. As a profession, it started to develop to a satisfactory level in the late 1960s.
Group Cohesiveness
Authors: Berent Stanley 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Group cohesiveness has been defined in many ways, with no general consensus regarding how to define the term, despite a relatively long history of attempting to reach such a consensus (Yalom, 1985). Leon Festinger (1957) defined the concept in terms of forces that lead an individual to remain in or leave a given group. Credited with developing the concept of cognitive dissonance, a theory that recognizes and, more importantly, explains how individuals become invested in ideas and strongly motivated to maintain those intellectual investments, Festinger and his many students and colleagues contributed much to our understanding of why and how individuals create and maintain groups as well as what causes those groups to fragment. He and others interested in the psychology of groups have taught us that an understanding of group psychology is as important as the study of individual psychology if we wish to fully understand human behavior.
Growth Curve Analysis
Authors: Babyak Michael A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Growth curve analysis (GCA) is a statistical technique that assesses change and correlates of change. Although often hailed as a new technique, growth curve analysis actually has long historical roots in slopes‐as‐outcomes models, repeated measures analysis of variance, mixed and variance components models, time series analysis, random effects models, and empirical Bayes models. It has been only relatively recently, however, that advances in estimation methods and computer technology have made it possible to execute GCA with reasonable facility and considerably more flexibility than its predecessors.
Guilt
Authors: O'Connor Lynn E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Guilt, a notoriously difficult concept to define, is an emotion and a condition that almost everyone experiences. Across all definitions, guilt is related to the violation of a group's or a person's morals. The objective state of guilt refers to a situation in which a person has violated a rule of a religion, a state, a social group, or a community. In this definition a person may be categorized and labeled “guilty.” The result usually may involve punishment or censure. This kind of guilt may or may not include subjective or psychological guilt, which is the internal affective state in which a person feels highly anxious, repentant, and regretful. Subjective guilt may result from violating internalized moral standards. Both types of guilt are tied to morality in social contexts or relationships. In most situations, a person categorized as objectively “guilty” is likely to suffer from the internal discomfort of being a transgressor, as well as from the expectation of punishment. When people are accused of being “guilty,” they may suffer from subjective guilt, even when the label has been determined unfairly.
Halfway Houses
Authors: Drake Peter A. , Ferrari Joseph R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Halfway houses, often referred to as group homes or therapeutic communities, are locales where all activities and interactions may be viewed as having potentially healing, rehabilitative, and supportive properties and where all members may consciously or unconsciously contribute to therapy. Residents of these houses are halfway from institutionalization to independence. Halfway houses typically work to prepare individuals to move from institutionalized settings, where they are isolated from the community at large, to becoming able to function independently. It is also the goal of the halfway house to integrate or reintegrate former residents into independent living situations in their communities.
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Authors: Kobak Kenneth A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) is a clinician‐administered rating scale to assess symptom severity in depressive disorders. First developed by Max Hamilton (1960), it is one of the most widely used outcome measures in antidepressant drug trials, and it is often the criterion measure against which other depression scales are validated. The original scale had 21 items. However, Hamilton later recommended dropping 4 items on account of lack of construct validity, resulting in the standard 17‐item scale version. Some continue to use 21 items, and others have expanded the scale to 24 or 28 items. The scale was not designed as a diagnostic instrument; rather, it is intended to be used in patients otherwise diagnosed with depression. Each item is rated on either a 0–4 or 0–2 scale, the latter to be used for items where quantification of severity is difficult, and thus the item is rated as either probably or definitely present.
Harlow,HarryF. (1905–1981)
Authors: Blum Deborah 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHarry Frederick Harlow, whose innovative studies of love and family propelled him into both fame and controversy, was born Harry F. Israel in the Iowa farm town of Fairfield. He changed his name to Harlow at the urging of his major professor at Stanford University, Lewis Terman, who told him that the Jewish sound of his name would make it difficult for him to get a job.
Heterosexuality
Authors: Meston Cindy M. , Harte Christopher B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Heterosexualiy is characterized by sexual and/or romantic attraction to the opposite sex and is the most prevalent sexual orientation among humans. The term
heterosexual
can be used to describe an individual's sexual orientation, sexual history, or self‐identification. The term
heterosexuality
has been commonly used only since the middle of the nineteenth centuary, and is usually contrasted with the terms
homosexualilty
and
bisexuality
. Contemporary scientific research indicates that the majority of individuals adhere to a more fluid scale of sexual orientation, exhibiting a range of both same‐sex and opposite‐sex sexual behaviors or fantasies (Kinsey, Pomeroy, & Martin, 1948; Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, & Gebhard, 1953). However, social and cultural pressures have influenced people to self‐identify in terms of categories rather than along a spectrum of sexuality.
Hippocampus
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Ever since Scoville and Milner's 1957 report of the patient H.M., who suffered a profound amnesia following bilateral surgical resection of the medial temporal lobe, it has been clear that the hippocampal region of the brain plays a critical role in memory. There is now considerable knowledge about the anatomical pathways of the hippocampus, about the functional role of the hippocampal region, and about the information encoded by firing patterns of hippocampal neurons.
Human Locomotion
Authors: Dietz Volker 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, the investigation of movement was based on the premise that upright stance and gait, as well as differentiation of hand movements, represented a basic requirement for human cultural development. These movements necessitate that the nervous system must function to automatically balance the body's center of mass over the feet during all motor activities. In other words, every movement must begin and end with a postural adjustment.
Humanistic Psychotherapies
Authors: Cain David J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHumanistic psychotherapies have made a substantial impact on how psychotherapy is conceived and practiced for over 65 years. Beginning with Carl Rogers's seminal contributions in the early 1940s, as part of the third force in psychology, some of the most distinguished psychotherapists of the twentieth century were founders and developers of humanistic psychotherapies. They include Carl Rogers, Art Combs (Person‐Centered), Fritz and Laura Perls, Erv and Miriam Polster (Gestalt), Rollo May, R. D. Laing, Ernesto Spinelli, Irv Yalom, Viktor Frankl (Existential), Jim Bugental, Kirk Schneider (Existential‐Humanistic), Virginia Satir (Relational), Al Mahrer (Experential), Clark Moustaka (Phenomneological), Eugene Gendlin (Focusing Oriented), and Les Greenberg and Robert Elliot (Emotionally Focused/Process‐Experiential). These pioneers and second‐generation leaders challenged many of the current views and practices of psychotherapy and offered a different view of the person, psychopathology, and how growth might be promoted in a therapeutic context.
Hypnosis
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Barnes Sean , Boycheva Elza 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
From the time of Mesmer, hypnosis has captured the attention of luminaries in psychology including Sigmund Freud, Alfred Binet, William James, Wilhelm Wundt, Clark Hull, and Ernest R. Hilgard. Today, hypnosis is well positioned within the mainstream of psychology. Researchers have debunked common misconceptions about hypnosis and identified important social and cognitive determinants of suggestibility, and clinicians have recognized the promise of hypnosis in treating an array of psychological and medical conditions.
Impression Management
Authors: Rogers Richard , Fiduccia Chelsea E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Impression management is a common response style in clinical and work‐related settings. It is defined by Rogers (2008, p. 6) as “deliberate efforts to control others' perceptions of an individual; its purposes may range from maximizing social outcomes to the portrayal of a desired identity.” In most instances, impression management is perceived in terms of highly positive social outcomes. However, this is not necessarily the case. As a common example, persons involved in business may deliberately cultivate an image of being ruthlessly competitive. More extreme examples include undercover police officers and the tough personas of individuals involved in organized crime.
Imprinting
Authors: Bolhuis Johan J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Imprinting is the learning process through which the social preferences of animals of certain species become restricted to a particular object or class of objects. Filial imprinting is involved in the formation, in young animals, of an attachment to, and a preference for, the parent or parent surrogate. Sexual imprinting is involved in the formation of mating preferences that are expressed later in life. Lorenz 1937 gave the phenomenon its name in an influential paper in which he provided a detailed description of imprinting in a number of bird species. Filial imprinting has been studied mostly in precocial birds such as ducklings and domestic chicks. These birds can move about shortly after hatching, and they approach and follow an object to which they are exposed. In a natural situation this object is usually the animal's mother, but inanimate mother surrogates are also effective in eliciting filial behavior (Horn, 1985; Bolhuis, 1991). A chick learns the features of an object during the time the bird is exposed to it, remains close to it, and may run away from novel objects. When given a choice between the familiar stimulus and a novel one, the bird shows a preference for the familiar stimulus.
Information Processing
Authors: Mayer Richard E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHow does the human mind work? What happens when someone learns or when someone solves a problem? According to the information processing view, the human mind works by forming mental representations and applying cognitive processes to them. This definition has two elements: (1) the content of cognition is mental representations, and (2) the activity of cognition involves cognitive processes. For example, as you read the words in this paragraph, you form a series of mental representations by applying appropriate cognitive processes such as mentally selecting important ideas, mentally organizing them into a coherent cognitive structure, and mentally relating them with prior knowledge. In short, the premise underlying information processing theory is that human mental life consists of building and manipulating mental representations. The information processing view has become a centerpiece of cognitive science—the interdisciplinary study of cognition.
Inhalant‐Related Disorders
Authors: Wu Li‐Tzy , Ringwalt Christopher L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Inhalant use is the deliberate ingestion of volatile substances, via a number of methods: (1) “sniffing” or “snorting” fumes from containers; (2) spraying aerosols directly into the nose or mouth; (3) “bagging”—sniffing or inhaling fumes from substances sprayed or deposited inside a plastic or paper bag; (4) “huffing” from an inhalant‐soaked rag stuffed in the mouth; or (5) inhaling from balloons filled with nitrous oxide in order to induce a psychoactive or mind‐altering effect (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2005). It constitutes an important public health concern worldwide, particularly among adolescents and socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Inhalants that are commonly used by adolescents include glue, shoe polish, toluene, gasoline, lighter fluid, spray paints, correction fluid, degreaser, nitrous oxide, and whippets (Wu, Pilowsky, & Schlenger, 2004). In contrast, adult inhalant users are likely to use nitrous oxide, whippets, amyl nitrite, poppers, and rush (Wu & Ringwalt, 2006). Adolescents also tend to use more types of inhalants and have a more frequent pattern of use than do adults (Wu et al., 2004; Wu & Ringwalt, 2006).
Insight‐Oriented Psychotherapy
Authors: Scaturo Douglas J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Insight‐oriented psychotherapy is not a single method of psychotherapy; rather, it represents a category of psychotherapeutic approaches that share a common assumption about psychopathology and its treatment. These forms of therapy assume that an individual's behavior is disturbed in some way due to a lack of awareness of his or her motivations underlying it. Psychotherapy, then, involves the elucidation of a person's internal motivations and the development of a better sense of awareness and self‐understanding, in order to facilitate more adaptive behavior and courses of action in his or her life.
Intellectual Development
Authors: Yun Dai David 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIntellectual development concerns how individuals develop their higher mental functions, such as understanding abstract ideas, mastering complex skills, formulating logically organized thoughts, and solving novel problems, which allow them to deal effectively with life challenges and lead successful lives. The termsintellectual developmentandcognitive developmentare often used interchangeably. However, it can be argued that the scope of intellectual development should be broader than cognitive development, as it goes beyond the development of specific cognitive structures and functions to encompass issues of the effectiveness, efficiency, and productivity of a living system trying to achieve its goals in a complex and sometimes treacherous environment. Intellectual development is clearly associated with knowledge acquisition through experience and formal instruction, yet intellectual development connotes the growth of a mind that has more pervasive, transferable power than narrowly defined knowledge and skills or expertise.
Interamerican Society of Psychology
Authors: Consoli Andres J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The Interamerican Society of Psychology (
www.sipysch.org
), known by its acronym in Spanish, SIP, for
Sociedad Interamericana de Psicologia
, is a nonprofit, scientific, and professional organization, serving psychologists in the Americas and beyond. SIP's purposes are twofold: to foster scientific and professional collaboration among persons concerned with psychology and related fields while promoting an understanding and appreciation of cultural similarities and differences in the Americas; and to aid in the development of psychology as a science and as a profession in all of the countries of the Americas. SIP was founded on December 17, 1951, by a group of behavioral scientists who met in Mexico City while attending the meeting of the World Federation of Mental Health.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Authors: McCloskey Michael , Noblett Kurt L. , Hines Edward J. , Coccaro Emil R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIntermittent explosive disorder (IED) is a psychiatric diagnosis used to identify individuals who are repeatedly unable to resist angry and aggressive impulses and, as a result, engage in recurrent acts of aggression. As such, IED is the only adult psychiatric disorder for which impulsive aggression is pathognomonic.