bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of Emergency and Surgical Capacity in the Conflict‐Affected Regions of Sri Lanka
Authors: Taira Breena R. , Cherian Meena N. , Yakandawala Harischandra , Kesavan R. , Samarage S. M. , DeSilva Mohan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundThree decades of internal conflict in the North and East of Sri Lanka have taken a toll on the health care system in that area.MethodsWe proposed to quantify the current status of capacity to deliver emergency, anesthesia, and surgical interventions in the conflict affected areas of Sri Lanka. The World Health Organization (WHO) Tool for Situational Analysis to Assess Emergency and Essential Surgical Care (EESC) was used to evaluate 47 health facilities.ResultsAlthough most have trained health care providers capable of basic procedures, infrastructure and supplies were severely lacking.ConclusionThese data can be used as a basis for the recovery and rebuilding of EESC capacity in conflict‐affected areas of Sri Lanka.
Endothelin‐1 as a neuropeptide: neurotransmitter or neurovascular effects?
Authors: Dashwood Michael R. , Loesch Andrzej 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEndothelin‐1 (ET‐1) is an endothelium‐derived peptide that also possesses potent mitogenic activity. There is also a suggestion the ET‐1 is a neuropeptide, based mainly on its histological identification in both the central and peripheral nervous system in a number of species, including man. A neuropeptide role for ET‐1 is supported by studies showing a variety of effects caused following its administration into different regions of the brain and by application to peripheral nerves. In addition there are studies proposing that ET‐1 is implicated in a number of neural circuits where its transmitter affects range from a role in pain and temperature control to its action on the hypothalamo‐neurosecretory system. While the effect of ET‐1 on nerve tissue is beyond doubt, its action on nerve blood flow is often ignored. Here, we review data generated in a number of species and using a variety of experimental models. Studies range from those showing the distribution of ET‐1 and its receptors in nerve tissue to those describing numerous neurally‐mediated effects of ET‐1.
Contract Law in International Commercial Arbitration: The Case of Suspension of Performance
Authors: Karton Joshua 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDespite much attention to the controversial lex mercatoria, international commercial arbitration remains underanalysed as a venue for contract law unification. This article considers a specific case of substantive contract law in arbitration, the remedy of suspension of performance: When will one party's non-performance enable the other party to withhold performance without terminating the contract? In domestic laws, suspension of performance is governed by clearly-defined doctrines; however, it remains unclear whether it constitutes a general principle of international law. This article places suspension in a comparative context, then analyses the published arbitral awards for indications of arbitrators' preferences.
Analysis of Stand-alone Differential GPS for Precision Approach
Authors: Braff Ronald , Loh Robert 
Published: October 2009

Recently, there has been wide-spread interest in the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for precision approaches in a civil aviation environment. However, most of the work to date in Europe and North America has treated a GPS/inertial reference system (IRS) combination as the source of guidance for this phase of flight. Since the US has a very large general aviation population, the FAA is very interested in determining the role of a stand-alone implementation of differential GPS (DGPS) as a navigation sensor for precision approaches. This paper has two parts: a summary of the analysis of this application of DGPS; and a discussion of the navigation satellite test bed that is under development at the FAA's Technical Center.The first part contains proposed accuracy, integrity and availability operational requirements, and their air traffic implications. A stand-alone DGPS concept is developed, and analysed. The major results of the analysis indicate that stand-alone DGPS may not fully meet Category I (CAT I) accuracy requirements. The results of the analysis are then used to provide the rationale for the major recommendation: that FAA pursue an implementation of a wide-area DGPS (WADGPS) to achieve a Near CAT I precision approach capability. The second part of the paper discusses the three-phase navigation satellite experimental programme that is being developed to acquire the data to validate the enhancements to GPS, including a GPS Integrity Channel (GIC) and WADGPS. The objectives of each of the experimental phases are presented and discussed. Then the experiments of Phase I that address GIC/WADGPS are discussed.
Wide Area Differential GPS Field Study
Authors: Catchpole Ivan , Upton Peter , Sinclair Andrew , Nagle Jim 
Published: October 2009

Inmarsat commissioned the field study to be carried out by Signal Computing Ltd. in association with the Royal Greenwich Observatory. The study aimed to identify the commercial suitability of Wide Area Differential GPS (WADGPS) corrections. The corrections provided to users will be relayed via Inmarsat-3 geostationary satellites and are required to be valid over the footprint of an entire Inmarsat ocean region (approximately one third of the Earth's surface).The study has been conducted within the Inmarsat Atlantic Ocean Region East. Trials took place over a five-month period to achieve a representative set of data. Six widely-distributed collection sites were used to ensure that the maximum duration of satellite data were received and that a representative model for atmospheric effects was obtained. Analysis is restricted to the use of GPS carrier and phase data obtained using the C/A code transmitted by Block II satellites only.This paper presents the analysis of data collected during a four-day trial period. The ability to determine the GPS satellite ephemeris (independent of GPS broadcast ephemeris), Klobuchar model parameters tailored to the oceanic region, and satellite clock corrections using GPS data obtained from this limited deployment of collection sites is addressed. The primary degradation effects on stand-alone GPS positioning of Selective Availability (SA) are corrected using WADGPS, resulting in a significant improvement in position accuracy.
Recent Technological Advances in the Control and Guidance of Ships
Authors: Witt N. A. J. , Sutton R. , Miller K. M. 
Published: October 2009

Over the past seventy years many advances have been made in the field of ship control. Early developments by Sperry and Minorsky on proportional controllers have led to today's modern control systems which have interfacing capabilities with position fixing equipment.This paper presents a brief historical summary of the methods employed in ship control from early proportional devices through the range of adaptive systems and concludes with details of a possible future control method known as intelligent control.Intelligent control consists of three methodologies: expert, fuzzy and neural. An investigation and comparison of the methodologies will present possible future control strategies.
Use of GPS-Determined Attitude in Combination with Conventional Attitude Sensors
Authors: Matheisen Therese , Ørpen Ole 
Published: October 2009

Use of multi antenna GPS equipment for determination of a vessel's attitude holds some promise for the development of accurate and inexpensive attitude systems. An application for such systems might be to provide very accurate roll information for multibeam echo sounders.The present state-of-the-art GPS attitude systems cannot meet the required accuracy and update rate for such applications. GEOTEAM A/S has therefore developed a PC-based system which combines GPS-based attitude with roll and pitch information from a Vertical Reference Unit (VRU) and heading from a gyro compass.In such a combined system, the long-term high accuracy of a GPS-based attitude system is combined with the short-term accuracy and fast update rate of conventional VRUS and gyro compasses in order to achieve a resulting performance that is better than any of the systems. In effect, the GPS attitude is used to calibrate the VRU and the gyro compass in real time.During the past year extensive tests have been performed with a system using a Trimble VECTOR II GPS attitude system with a 1 metre baseline between the antennas, both on a van (with an inertial navigation system as reference) and on a vessel. During November and December 1993 further tests were made with an Ashtech 3DF attitude system with longer baselines (7·5 m). These tests were made on a vessel where the combined GPS/VRU attitude was fed into a multibeam echo sounder. These tests were performed in cooperation with Simrad Subsea A/S, the multibeam echo sounder EM 1000 manufacturer.
The GNSS Transponder – A Cost-Effective Worldwide GNSS-Based Civil Aviation CNS/ATM, ATC, ATN Data Link and Collision Avoidance System Concept
Authors: Nilsson Johnny , Lans Håkan 
Published: October 2009

Sweden and some other countries are currently evaluating and verifying the potential impact of a newly developed, satellite-based GNSS transponder system on future CNS/ATM and ATN systems.The concept provides the possibility to introduce a distributed, mobile, real-time data processing system, for all properly equipped users in the global civil aviation community being interacting members (air/air, air/ground and ground/ground).
The Uncertainty and Uncoordination of Mariners' Behaviour in Collision Avoidance at Sea
Authors: Zhao J. , Price W. G. , Wilson P. A. , Tan M. 
Published: October 2009

It is well known that many collisions occur because one ship turns right whilst the other turns left when in close proximity to one another. Little is known as to why this occurs and, although some simulation models have been established using entropy theory, the problem remains unsolved.In this paper, an assessment model for uncertainty is reviewed briefly. The concepts of uncertainty and uncoordination of mariners' behaviour in collision avoidance are discussed. A simulation model in conjunction with a DCPA (distance to the closest point of approach) decision-making model using fuzzy programming is introduced to discuss coordination.
Principles of JTIDS Relative Navigation
Authors: Ranger J. F. O. 
Published: October 2009

This paper describes one of the key features of the JTIDS/Link 16 tactical data-link, namely its relative navigation facility. A brief overview of the general features of the JTIDS system is given to provide the necessary background to the navigation aspects, and some mention is made of the message-exchange facilities. The main part of the paper describes how the JTIDS system provides the capability to perform accurate navigation, and discusses the basic principles of its operation. Some applications of the navigation function which enhance operational effectiveness are then described. The following topics are covered:(ii) JTIDS Architecture(i) Definition of JTIDS/Link 16(iii) Principles of Relative Navigation(iv) Source Selection(v) The Kalman Filter(vi) Time Synchronization(vii) The Use of Relative Navigation(viii) The Relative Grid
Requirements for Coordination and the Application of an Automatic Collision Avoidance System
Authors: Perkins Chris , Redfern Tony 
Published: October 2009

This paper is concerned with the legislative change which would have to take place if an automatic collision avoidance system were to be implemented.The principle of complementary action, and the role of coordination in achieving that action is considered. Current collision avoidance practice is discussed, noting the coordination attributes of the International Regulations for the Prevention of Collision at Sea, and the responsibility placed on the mariner by the regulations. The processing element of an automatic collision avoidance system is considered in the light of current judicial practice.The paper concludes that the implementation of an automatic collision avoidance system is incompatible with the current collision regulations and the supporting judiciary. It is suggested that successful implementation will require the recognition of a discrete rule base.
How Will Route Guidance Information Affect Cognitive Maps?
Authors: Jackson P. G. 
Published: October 2009

This paper considers the effect of receiving a secondary source of information upon ability to acquire and use spatial knowledge (i.e. the formation of a cognitive map). Participants watch videos of three journeys through an unfamiliar area. They then perform tasks measuring ability to integrate the routes into a cognitive map of the area. Subjects viewing the routes whilst hearing route guidance information performed consistently worse than those receiving no guidance. The presence of non-salient information, however, did not impair performance.Existing studies highlighting differences between gender and age groups regarding spatial ability receive only partial support: the results suggest that ability to drive negates these effects. Female drivers perform as well as, if not better than, their male counterparts, and outperform male non-drivers. This same ‘driving’ effect was also evident in the over-55s group, with both male and female drivers performing significantly better than non-drivers in this age group. The results also show that driving ability enhances ability to cope with and use guidance information, suggesting that systems’ designers should make varying levels of spatial information available for less experienced drivers.
Satellite Navigation: GPS Inadequacies: Comparative Study into Solutions for Civil Aviation
Authors: Durand J. -M. 
Published: October 2009

The Global Positioning System (GPS) will be an extremely high-performance satellite-based navigation system which is expected to provide a sole means air navigation service for most aeronautical flight phases. It will be particularly suitable for ‘en route’, ‘terminal’ and ‘non-precision approach’ phases, thus providing substantial savings on aircraft operating costs.However, GPS has three major disadvantages for civil aviation: (1) Insufficient system integrity, since satellites can transmit erroneous information for two hours before being repaired or neutralized. In such an event, the many simultaneous users of the satellite that has lost its integrity can derive false positions and remain unaware of the problem. (2) Availability constrained by the limited number of satellites. Users are then unable to obtain a position fix or else obtain a result with significantly degraded performance. (3) Deliberate spatio-temporal degradation (selective availability) of system performance, the characteristics of which are not fully known or defined.Many solutions to these problems have been put forward. One concept uses the redundancy of the GPS system itself (receiver autonomous integrity monitoring). Another set of solutions is based on complementary information from autonomous navigation equipment (altimeter, clock, inertial system) or external navigation systems already available or being developed (Omega, Loran-C, GLONASS). A third type of solution is to implement a system by which to monitor the status of the GPS satellites and broadcast the information to users.This paper reports on the different techniques put forward and uses different qualitative criteria (technical feasibility, cost, political independence, etc.) to assess their suitability for civil aviation applications. The comparison leads to the recommendation of a system to monitor the status of the GPS satellites and broadcast the information to users. The characteristics of such messages would be as similar as possible to those of GPS messages.
Quantification of Navigational Risk in European Waters
Authors: Glansdorp C. C. , Kemp J. F. , Goodwin E. M. , Tresfon R. 
Published: October 2009

This paper attempts to explain the development of a method to quantify navigational risk within European waters as a part of the COST 301 project. The objective of this project, partly funded by the EEC and partly by the member countries and a few other European countries, is to increase marine safety and to prevent pollution in European (coastal) waters by shore based aids to navigations. The methodology of this study is explained. The analysis of the collected data regarding traffic and casualties is given. The probability of a collision and a stranding is determined.The authors are all members of working group 2 of COST 301. Ir. Glansdorp and Captain Tresfon are from the Netherlands Maritime Research Institute, Dr Goodwin is Head of the Mathematics Department at the Polytechnic of North London and Professor Kemp is former Head of the School of Navigation at the City of London Polytechnic.
Evaluating experiential education through an intertidal ecology field trip.
Authors: Lowry Kate , Wilber Cynthia , Dirzo Rodolfo 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Stanford SEEDS and the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve have worked together with Redwood High School to implement an experiential ecology education program. The Redwood Environmental Academy of Leadership(REAL) is designed to bring underserved high school students out of the classroom and into the outdoors to create a unique and effective learning experience. Though the program focuses on riparian ecosystem restoration, the course curriculum is interdisciplinary and designed to inspire continuation high school students to attend college or pursue environmental careers. Through a SEEDS special grant, REAL students were taken to Fitzgerald Marine Reserve in Half Moon Bay, California, to learn about marine ecology and intertidal ecosystems at a minus tide. Redwood High School students were joined by their teachers and Stanford faculty and students to study the adaptations of intertidal organisms to their harsh environment.

Results/Conclusions
SEEDS and REAL were able to evaluate the success of the field trip by comparing the students’ knowledge of intertidal habitat, the nature of the ocean ecosystems, plants, animals, and reproduction both before and after the trip. This opportunity provides insight into the effectiveness of experiential education for the REAL program and recommendations for future ecology outreach programs.
THE CONTEXT AND TRAJECTORY OF LIFESTYLE MIGRATION
Authors: Benson Michaela Caroline 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This article focuses on British migration to the Lot, a rural, inland department in the southwest of France. It first emphasizes the diversity among these lifestyle migrants by proposing a typology based on the position migrants occupy in the life course at the time of migration, identifying three different types of Britons living permanently in rural France: the family migrants, retirement migrants, and mid-life migrants. Each group of migrants hold in common their reasons for leaving Britain, the circumstances of their migration, and their position in the life course. The article then examines how the context of their lives before migration influences life in the Lot. In particular, it analyses the role of practical considerations in residential choice and degrees to which the migrants integrate into the local French population. By understanding the context of the migrants' lives before migration, certain aspects of their lives in the Lot are illuminated, helping to fragment stereotypes of expatriate populations and challenge the dominance of retirement migration within related literature.
INTERSECTIONS AND BOUNDARIES OF WORK AND NON-WORK
Authors: Lyon Dawn 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
It is widely recognised that a work activity can be undertaken in a variety of socio-economic relations. However, the ways in which work and non-work are differentiated, or intersect, are under-specified in existing research. This article takes the social care of older people as a field through which to explore the articulation of work and non-work. It analyses the nature of the boundaries between what counts as work, and what counts as non-work; the intersections of work and non-work, and what forms this embeddedness takes; and the variation of this articulation across different European countries (Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden, and England). Three dimensions of articulation of work and non-work emerged from the analysis: (1) love or money; (2) morality versus instrumentality; and (3) from professional demarcations to embeddedness in everyday life. The article sets out how these vary by country. Overall, the research makes a general contribution to the sociology of work, and to our understanding of cross-national variation in the labour and provision of eldercare.
Floristic inventory and diversity assessment of a lowland African Montane Rainforest at Korup, Cameroon and implications for conservation
Authors: Mbue Innocent Ndoh , Ge Jiwen , Kanyamanda Kasereka , Nowel Njamnsi Yinkfu , Samake Mamadou 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTwenty modified‐Whittaker plots were stratified at different sampling locations from February to May of 2008 in the central zone of Korup National Park, Cameroon. Our interest was to assess floristic diversity and investigate their relationship with environmental variables. Diversity profiles and rank abundance–curves were used for diversity analysis while canonical correspondence analysis and species–response curves were used to investigate the relationships between the response and explanatory variables. Of the 66 families identified, the Rubiaceae (999 species) were the most abundant. The Sterculiaceae (basal area = 10.482 m2 ha−1) were the dominant family, while the co‐dominant families included the Ebenaceae (basal area = 9.092 m2 ha−1) and the Euphorbiaceae (basal area = 8.168 m2 ha−1). Soil variables explained 54.3% of total variation in family distribution. Canonical axes were related to different environmental gradients: axis1 was related to increasing canopy cover (r = 0.6951); axis 2, increasing Magnesium (r = 0.8465) and effective cation exchange capacity (r = 0.5899); axis 3, increasing effective cation exchange capacity (r = 0.5536); while axis 4, increasing Phosphorus concentration (r = 0.5232). Our results demonstrate the advantage which diversity profiles have over single or combination of indices, and the importance of using a combination of methodologies in diversity analysis.