bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field performance of fly ash stabilised subgrades
Authors: Parsons R. L. , Kneebone E. 
Published: November 2009

Class C fly ash has been used to improve the properties of subgrade soils for several decades. This report contains a summary of the results of a study to quantify the level of improvement provided by Class C fly ash and the degree to which those improvements are effectively permanent. A series of dynamic cone penetrometer values were obtained for 12 streets with fly ash treated subgrades, and for five streets with untreated subgrades. Streets ranged in age from zero to nine years. For subgrades with fly ash the penetration resistance was recorded for the fly ash treated layer and the untreated soil beneath. Higher strengths were recorded for all fly ash treated subgrade layers than for the untreated soil beneath. No deterioration with age was observed for the subgrades evaluated. Laboratory and field testing of soils treated with fly ash also showed that fly ash contributed to soil strength and stiffness while plasticity and swell potential were reduced, although swelling was not eliminated. La cendre volante de classe C est utilisée depuis plusieurs décennies pour améliorer les propriétés des fonds de forme. Ce rapport résume les résultats d'une é tude visant à quantifier le niveau d'amélioration apporté par la cendre volante de classe C et le degré de permanence de ces améliorations. Une série de valeurs obtenues par pénétromé tre à cone dynamique a é té obtenue dans 12 rue possédant des fonds de formes traités à la cendre volante et dans cinq rues avec fonds de forme non traitées. Les rues avaient de zéro à neuf ans. Pour les fonds de forme traités à la cendre volante, la résistance à la pénétration a é té enregistrée pour la couche traitée à la cendre volante et pour le sol non traité en dessous. Pour toutes les couches de fonds de forme traitées à la cendre volante, des résistances plus é levées ont é té enregistrées que sur le sol non traité en dessous. Aucune détérioration due à l'âge n'a é té observée pour les fonds de forme é valués. Les essais de terrain et en laboratoire sur sols traités à la cendre volante ont montré que la cendre volante contribuait à la résistance et à la rigidité du sol tandis que la plasticité et le potentiel de gonflement se trouvait réduit, bien que le gonflement ne soit pas totalement éliminé.
Accommodating household growth in Britain
Authors: Cowans J. 
Published: November 2009

A recent study explored some of the inherent difficulties in combining and coordinating a number of strategies to facilitate economic and physical growth across disciplines. By examining these issues in north Northamptonshire an area which represents a timely and ‘real-life’ case it was hoped to glean national lessons for others facing large scale housing growth, as well as contributing to policies and practices at a local level. The study sought to understand the challenges and opportunities presented by planning for and accommodating significant housing growth in a relatively short space of time.With a particular emphasis on housing and communities, it considered options for the most efficient and effective strategies and partnerships and what possibilities exist to exploit growth opportunities to ensure maximum area-wide, long term sustainability. This study concludes with a series of recommendations on how best to ‘join up’ and coordinate economic development strategies and aspirations, regeneration requirements and housing growth. This study also highlights the challenges in creating housing markets which can add value—economic and social—and how that value can be captured to meet social policy objectives.
Molecular size cutoff criteria for screening bioaccumulation potential: Fact or fiction?
Authors: Arnot Jon A , Arnot Michelle I , Mackay Don , Couillard Yves , MacDonald Drew , Bonnell Mark , Doyle Pat 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
It has been asserted that, when screening chemicals for bioaccumulation potential, molecular size cutoff criteria (or indicators) can be applied above which no, or limited, bioaccumulation is expected. The suggested molecular size values have increased over time as more measurements have become available. Most of the proposed criteria have been derived from unevaluated fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) data, and less than 5% of existing organic substances have measured BCFs. We critically review the proposed criteria, first by considering other factors that may also contribute to reduced bioaccumulation for larger molecules, namely, reduced bioavailability in the water column, reduced rate of uptake corresponding to reduced diffusion rates, and the effects of biotransformation and growth dilution. An evaluated BCF and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) database for more than 700 substances and dietary uptake efficiency data are compared against proposed cutoff values. We examine errors associated with interpreting BCF data, particularly for developing molecular size criteria of bioaccumulation potential. Reduced bioaccumulation that is often associated with larger molecular size can be explained by factors other than molecular size, and there is evidence of absorption of molecules exceeding the proposed cutoff criteria. The available data do not support strict cutoff criteria, indicating that the proposed values are incorrect. Rather than assessing bioaccumulation using specific chemical properties in isolation, holistic methods that account for competing rates of uptake and elimination in an organism are recommended. An integrated testing strategy is suggested to improve knowledge of the absorption and bioaccumulation of large substances. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:210–224. © 2009 SETAC
Evaluation and Optimization of Low-Density Cement: Laboratory Studies and Field Application
Authors: Al-Yami A.S.. S. , Nasr-El-Din H.A.. A. , Al-Humaidi A.S.. S. , Al-Saleh S.H.. H. , Al-Arfaj M.K.. K. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Cementing a string in one stage is a challenging task, especially in the presence of weak formations. Cement-slurry losses during placement are highly possible if the equivalent-circulating density (ECD) exceeds 11.0 lbm/gal during placement. A conventional method to overcome this challenge is to use multistage cementing by setting the stage tool above the lost-circulation zone. However, field data indicate that the tool can fail, thus causing serious delay and economic losses. In addition, stage tools are considered weak points and are not good for a long-term seal. A second method for zonal isolation is to use low-density cement (LDC). In this study, we considered cementing the intermediate and production casings in the S-1 (sandstone) and S-2 (carbonate) shallow formations and the BJD (dolomite) deep formation in a single stage using lower-density cement based on hollow microspheres, at 9.4 lbm/gal. The shallow conditions simulated in the laboratory tests were 150°F curing temperature, 2,400-psi conditioning pressure, and 1,800-psi confining pressure for 3 months. The deep conditions were 260°F curing temperature, 5,000-psi conditioning pressure, and 3,000-psi confining pressure, also for 3 months.
Hollow-microspheres cement was used in oil and gas wells without encountering any operational problems. However, the high cost of microspheres cement was a limitation for potential field application. In this study, we present extensive laboratory work to optimize hollow-microspheres LDC by the elimination of microfine cement from the blend. Experimental studies (shrinkage, compressive strength, porosity, gas and brine permeability, and chemical analysis of cement) were conducted to determine the effect of this optimization on the properties of cement.
Data generated during the 3 months supported the use of the optimized system to cement casings at the shallow conditions tested. The removal of microfine cement did not reduce the compressive strength, with an average of 2,013 psi; no shrinkage was observed, and no increase in permeability was noted during the three months of testing. The use of the optimized system did help in bringing cement to the surface in one stage. The cost of the optimized blend was 40% less than conventional hollow-microspheres LDC.
This paper presents case histories that include job design, job execution, and evaluation of the LDC. Field treatments were successful and maintained isolation for more than 3 years.
Short-Term and Long-Term Aspects of a Water Injection Strategy
Authors: Stenger Bruno A. , Al-Katheeri Abdulla B. , Hafez Hafez H. , Al-Kendi Salem A. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
This paper reviewed the water injection strategy of a supergiant carbonate oil field onshore Abu Dhabi operated by ADCO since 1973. This field was subjected to peripheral waterflooding in order to maintain reservoir pressure and provide a mechanism to sweep the oil. In addition to traditional parameters in waterflooding that control the waterfront shape, such as reservoir heterogeneity, mobility ratio, and depletion rate, the presence of three oil-bearing reservoirs juxtaposed across strike/slip fault planes added a new variable to the complexity. Fault juxtaposition was interpreted to create limited pressure communication and fluid crossflow between reservoirs. The usual way of computing the voidage-replacement ratio (VRR) on the basis of well production and injection rates was, therefore, insufficient to gain a complete understanding of the water-injection strategy. Two different solutions of the VRR were calculated using a full-field reservoir-simulation model history matched for both pressure and saturation changes. After accounting for all surface facilities constraints and under a certain set of assumptions, results of this model indicated that the cumulative liquid crossflow was minimized when certain pressure differences were maintained between these three reservoirs. Alternatively, there were indications that specific instances of higher liquid crossflow could result in additional oil recovery. A simple method to manage production and water-injection targets on a quarterly basis while accounting for the communication between reservoirs was also presented.
Real-Time Downhole Monitoring and Logging Reduced Mud Loss Drastically for High-Pressure Gas Wells in Tarim Basin, China
Authors: ShunChang Wang , YiMing Jiang , ChunJiang Zheng , BaiLin Wu , XinQuan Zheng , JiPing Tang , JinHai Yu , HongHai Fan 
Published: November 2009

Summary
This paper describes a real-time case study to prevent mud loss and blowouts while drilling a high-pressure gas well in Tarim basin, China. The complex geological structure, high tectonic stresses, and overpressured- and fractured-reservoir formations in the field present a huge challenge to drilling. Of the seven wells drilled in the field in 2005, two did not reach target depths, four experienced huge mud loss, and the other experienced a blowout, resulting in lost control of the well. In early 2006, PetroChina teamed up with Schlumberger and Petroleum University of China to form a collaborative technical group to develop a better understanding of mud-loss and blowout mechanisms. The key component of the study was to establish a mechanical Earth model (MEM) based on offset well data before drilling, update the model using downhole monitoring and logging data during drilling, and predict a safe mud-weight window in real time.
Real-time prediction of a safe mud-weight window with annular-pressure monitoring helped ensure that downhole annular pressure was maintained within the safe mud-weight window during drilling and tripping. The study resulted in a x17 reduction in mud loss and x10 reduction in total nonproductive time (NPT), which is mainly because of mud-loss reduction and elimination of an extra casing. A better understanding of mud-loss/blowout mechanisms was achieved, and guidelines for preventing mud loss/blowouts specific for this gas field were developed.
Integrated FEA Modeling Offers System Approach to Drillstring Optimization
Authors: Aslaksen H. , Annand M. , Duncan R. , Fjaere A. , Paez L. , Tran U. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Downhole measurement systems have reached an impressive level of accuracy and reliability. However, the predictive behavior aspect of complete drilling systems, whether it be vibrational or directional, until recently has not received the same focus. The two key components affecting the overall dynamics of a drilling system are the effect of the cutting structures of drilling tools (drill bits, underreamers, etc.) and the behavior of the BHA and drill string. Typically, these aspects have been modeled in isolation, or rudimentary assumptions are made to approximate the effect one on the other. To more accurately predict the performance of the drilling system, it is essential to consider the sum of all forces affecting the system. This must include accurate modeling of the drill bit cutting structure, based on actual bit design, rock properties and drilling parameters. The effect of these forces must be coupled with the forces generated by the BHA and drilling string, and the interaction of these forces should be modeled and understood. These issues have significant cost implications for the operator but in both cases are complex to model. A system approach is required to achieve true optimization of these two historically separate areas of drillstring design.
Typically, drillstring analysis programs currently available to the industry are run on personal computers with limited random access memory capabilities and are, therefore, restricted to modelling only the BHA portion of the drillstring. For the same reason, bit effect factors that significantly influence drillstring behavior are at best assumed.
Utilizing a suite of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) based programs running on a Unix platform; four-dimensional, time-based simulations of the complete drilling process are now possible. The exact interaction between the bit and the formation drilled are modelled using lab-derived rock mechanics. The bit and every string component are modelled individually.
The system generates the behavior of the entire drillstring, from the cutting edge of the bit to surface. The modelling accurately predicts the vibrations and accelerations often seen to have detrimental effects on directional control, tool reliability, drill string integrity and drilling performance.
The ability to pinpoint the source and effects of torsional, axial and lateral oscillations enables users to qualify design changes to the drillstring configuration and optimize parameters, prior to drilling the well, that eliminate the traditional "trial and error" approach and reduce operator risk.
Labile A1C Is Inversely Correlated With the Hemoglobin Glycation Index in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Chalew Stuart A. , McCarter Robert J. , Ory-Ascani Jeanine , Hempe James M. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVEWe hypothesized that labile A1C (LA1C) is directly correlated with stable A1C (SA1C) and between-patient differences in SA1C, which are independent of mean blood glucose (MBG).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe measured SA1C, LA1C, MBG, and a single clinic capillary glucose (CCG) from 152 pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients were grouped as high, moderate, or low glycators by hemoglobin glycation index (HGI).RESULTSLA1C and SA1C were correlated with CCG and MBG. LA1C was not correlated with SA1C (r = 0.06, P = 0.453). LA1C level was significantly associated with glycator group status (P &lt; 0.0019) and CCG (P &lt; 0.0001). Adjusted LA1C levels were highest in the low-HGI patients and lowest in the high-HGI group.CONCLUSIONSA conventional model of SA1C being directly correlated with LA1C concentration was not confirmed. Between-patient differences in SA1C at the same MBG may be due to complex intracellular factors influencing formation of SA1C from LA1C.
Are Hemoglobin Levels Elevated in Type 1 Diabetes?
Authors: Conway Baqiyyah N. , Miller Rachel G. , Orchard Trevor J. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
While lower hemoglobin is generally associated with adverse events in diabetes, we have recently observed in type 1 diabetes that those with overt nephropathy had hemoglobin levels as high as 18.8 g/dl. We thus explored whether hemoglobin concentrations are generally higher in type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Baseline (1986–1988) hemoglobin levels from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study (EDC) of type 1 diabetes were compared with general population data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III in the same age range as the EDC population (aged 8–48 years).

RESULTS
Both male and female EDC study participants had significantly higher hemoglobin levels than their NHANES III counterparts (men: 16.0 vs. 15.1 g/dl, P &lt; 0.0001; women: 14.1 vs. 13.3 g/dl, P &lt; 0.0001). The difference between the two populations was greatest in adolescent female subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Hemoglobin levels may be higher in type 1 diabetes than in the general population, which may have important clinical implications.
Validation of a Type 2 Diabetes Screening Tool in Rural Honduras
Authors: Milton Evan C. , Herman William H. , Aiello Allison E. , Danielson Kris R. , Mendoza-Avelarez Milton O. , Piette John D. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
To validate a low-cost tool for identifying diabetic patients in rural areas of Latin America.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A regression equation incorporating postprandial time and a random plasma glucose was used to screen 800 adults in Honduras. Patients with a probability of diabetes of ≥20% were asked to return for a fasting plasma glucose (FPG). A random fifth of those with a screener-based probability of diabetes &lt;20% were also asked to return for follow-up. The gold standard was an FPG ≥126 mg/dl.

RESULTS
The screener had very good test characteristics (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.89). Using the screening criterion of ≥0.42, the equation had a sensitivity of 74.1% and specificity of 97.2%.

CONCLUSIONS
This screener is a valid measure of diabetes risk in Honduras and could be used to identify diabetic patients in poor clinics in Latin America.
Maternal but Not Paternal Association of Ambulatory Blood Pressure With Albumin Excretion in Young Offspring With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Marcovecchio M. Loredana , Tossavainen Paivi H. , Acerini Carlo L. , Barrett Timothy G. , Edge Julie , Neil Andrew , Shield Julian , Widmer Barry , Dalton R. Neil , Dunger David B. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
Familial predisposition to hypertension has been associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy in adults, but there are limited data in adolescents. Our aim was to assess whether parental ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) was associated with ABP and albumin excretion in young offspring with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Twenty-four-hour ABP monitoring was performed in 509 young offspring (mean ± SD age 15.8 ± 2.3 years) with type 1 diabetes, 311 fathers, and 444 mothers. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements during 24 h, daytime, and nighttime were calculated. Three early morning urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios (ACRs), A1C, and anthropometric parameters were available for the offspring.

RESULTS
All paternal ABP parameters, except for nighttime SBP, were independently related to the offspring's ABP (24-h SBP β = 0.18, 24-h DBP β = 0.22, daytime SBP β = 0.25, daytime DBP β = 0.23, and nighttime DBP β = 0.18; all P &lt; 0.01). Maternal 24-h DBP (β = 0.19, P = 0.004), daytime DBP (β = 0.09, P = 0.04), and nighttime SBP (β = 0.24 P = 0.001) were related to the corresponding ABP parameter in the offspring. Significant associations were found between the offspring's logACR and maternal ABP. The association with 24-h DBP (β = 0.16, P = 0.02), daytime DBP (β = 0.16 P = 0.02), and nighttime DBP (β = 0.15 P = 0.03) persisted even after adjustment for the offspring's ABP. Mothers of offspring with microalbuminuria had higher ABP than mothers of offspring without microalbuminuria (all P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
In this cohort, parental ABP significantly influenced offspring blood pressure, therefore confirming familial influences on this trait. In addition, maternal ABP, particularly DBP, was closely related to ACR in the offspring, suggesting a dominant effect of maternal genes or an effect of the intrauterine environment on microalbuminuria risk.
Birth Weight, Body Silhouette Over the Life Course, and Incident Diabetes in 91,453 Middle-Aged Women From the French Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) Cohort
Authors: de Lauzon-Guillain Blandine , Balkau Beverley , Charles Marie-Aline , Romieu Isabelle , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
Obesity and increases in body weight in adults are considered to be among the most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Low birth weight is also associated with a higher diabetes incidence. We aimed to examine to what extent the evolution of body shape, from childhood to adulthood, is related to incident diabetes in late adulthood.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (E3N) is a cohort study of French women born in 1925–1950 and followed by questionnaire every 2 years. At baseline, in 1990, women were asked to report their current weight, height, and body silhouette at various ages. Birth weight was recorded in 2002. Cases of diabetes were self-reported or obtained by drug reimbursement record linkage and further validated.

RESULTS
Of the 91,453 women who were nondiabetic at baseline, 2,534 developed diabetes over the 15 years of follow-up. Birth weight and body silhouette at 8 years, at menarche, and in young adulthood (20–25 years) were inversely associated with the risk of diabetes, independently of adult BMI during follow-up (all Ptrend &lt; 0.001). In mid-adulthood (35–40 years), the association was reversed, with an increase in risk related to a larger body silhouette. An increase in body silhouette from childhood to mid-adulthood amplified the risk of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Low birth weight and thinness until young adulthood may increase the risk of diabetes, independently of adult BMI during follow-up. Young women who were lean children should be especially warned against weight gain.
Metformin Associated With Lower Cancer Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Landman Gijs W.D. , Kleefstra Nanne , van Hateren Kornelis J.J. , Groenier Klaas H. , Gans Rijk O.B. , Bilo Henk J.G. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
Several studies have suggested an association between specific diabetes treatment and cancer mortality. We studied the association between metformin use and cancer mortality in a prospectively followed cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In 1998 and 1999, 1,353 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care (ZODIAC) study in the Netherlands. Vital status was assessed in January 2009. Cancer mortality rate was evaluated using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), and the association between metformin use and cancer mortality was evaluated with a Cox proportional hazards model, taking possible confounders into account.

RESULTS
Median follow-up time was 9.6 years, average age at baseline was 68 years, and average A1C was 7.5%. Of the patients, 570 died, of which 122 died of malignancies. The SMR for cancer mortality was 1.47 (95% CI 1.22–1.76). In patients taking metformin compared with patients not taking metformin at baseline, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for cancer mortality was 0.43 (95% CI 0.23–0.80), and the HR with every increase of 1 g of metformin was 0.58 (95% CI 0.36–0.93).

CONCLUSIONS
In general, patients with type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for cancer mortality. In our group, metformin use was associated with lower cancer mortality compared with nonuse of metformin. Although the design cannot provide a conclusion about causality, our results suggest a protective effect of metformin on cancer mortality.