bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological variation in the ear region of pleistocene elephantimorpha (Mammalia, Proboscidea) from central Texas
Authors: Ekdale Eric G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA large sample of isolated elephantimorph petrosal bones was recovered from Pleistocene deposits in Friesenhahn Cave, Bexar County, Texas. Morphology of the middle and inner ear of the elephantimorphs is described and variation within the sample is identified. Observed variations occur in the stapedial ratio, morphology of the aquaeductus Fallopii, and connection of the crista interfenestralis to the tympanohyal on the posterior portion of the petrosal to form a foramen for passage of the stapedius muscle. The morphology of the aquaeductus Fallopii supports an ontogenetic explanation for some variation, and a sequence of ossification surrounding the aquaeductus Fallopii, from the anterior end of the canal to the posterior, is hypothesized. The stapedial ratio varies to a high degree across the sample, and such variation should be considered when the ratio is used in phylogenetic analyses. Within the inner ear, the absence of the secondary lamina suggests evolution of low‐frequency hearing in extinct proboscideans, which is known for extant elephants. The morphology of the petrosals from Friesenhahn Cave is compared to published descriptions of the ear regions of other extinct proboscideans, and the distribution and evolution of morphologic characters are discussed. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LacZ transgene expression in the subcutaneous Dunn/LM8 osteosarcoma mouse model allows for the identification of micrometastasis
Authors: Arlt Matthias J.E. , Banke Ingo J. , Walters Denise K. , Puskas Gabor J. , Steinmann Patrick , Muff Roman , Born Walter , Fuchs Bruno 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMore effective treatment of patients with metastasizing osteosarcoma (OS) with a mean 5‐year survival rate of <20% requires more detailed knowledge on the complex mechanisms of metastasis for the design of new drugs, which selectively target metastasizing cells. Moreover, novel diagnostic imaging technology for early detection of metastases is needed. Mouse models, which reproduce human metastasizing OS and allow visualization of single metastatic cells are instrumental for preclinical testing of new pharmaceuticals and diagnostic instruments. Here, the low metastatic Dunn cell line and its highly metastatic LM8 subline, both equipped with a constitutively expressed lacZ gene, were used to improve the well‐established OS models in syngeneic C3H mice to achieve ex vivo visualization of single metastatic cells in affected organs by X‐gal staining. These models, combined with a technique for in situ high quality lung tissue‐maintaining perfusion revealed, as a novel finding, single metastasizing Dunn cells in lung and liver. Importantly, constitutive lacZ gene expression did not affect in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic and metastatic properties of Dunn and LM8 cells. Thus, these improved Dunn and LM8 OS mouse models will in the future serve as a benchmark for the development of new metastasis‐targeting drugs and metastasis‐imaging technology. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:938–946
Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic angiomyolipoma
Authors: Ding Guang‐Hui , Liu Yang , Wu Meng‐chao , Yang Guang‐shun , Yang Jia‐mei , Cong Wen‐ming 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveHepatic angiomyolipoma is more frequently encountered in clinical practice, its diagnosis is difficult, its treatment remains controversial. We review a single‐center experience in the treatment of hepatic angiomyolipoma.MethodThe clinical data of 79 patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma treated at the authors' institute between January 1992 and December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsDuring a period of 15 years, a total of 79 patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma underwent liver resection at our hospital. There are 58 women and 21 men. The tumor size varied from 1 to 25 cm in diameter (6.1 ± 4.08). Fifty‐four patients (68%) were asymptomatic. Accurate preoperative diagnosis was made in 41 patients (52%). Tumors less than 6 cm in size were more frequently misdiagnosed. Spontaneous rupture occurred in one patient. One patient had tumor recurrence 6 years after the surgery, and died of the disease 1 year later. Symptom relief was achieved in 92% of the symptomatic patients. Median survival was 90 months (90.12 ± 30.84).ConclusionsHepatic angiomyolipoma poses a diagnostic challenge clinically and radiologically. Surgical resection is a safe and effective treatment option. It is important to realize the potential of malignant transformation and risk of rupture as life‐threatening complications. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:807–812. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Re‐evaluating the impact of tumor size on survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: de Jong Mechteld C. , Li Fuyu , Cameron John L. , Wolfgang Christopher L. , Edil Barish H. , Herman Joseph M. , Choti Michael A. , Eckhauser Frederick , Hirose Kenzo , Schulick Richard D. , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesFollowing resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, tumor size has been considered a key prognostic feature; however, this remains controversial. We sought to examine the association of size with outcomes following resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.MethodsBetween 1970 and 2010, 1,697 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma at the Johns Hopkins Hospital underwent curative intent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Prognostic factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsOf 1,697 patients, tumor size was ≤2 cm in 418 (24.6%) patients, 2–5 cm in 1,070 (63.1%) patients, and ≥5 cm in 209 (12.3%) patients. On univariate analyses, 5‐year survival was inversely proportional to tumor size (≤2 cm: 28.8% vs. 2–5 cm: 19.4% vs. ≥5 cm: 14.2%; P < 0.001). Size correlated with the risk of other adverse factors, with larger tumors being more likely to be associated with nodal disease and poor differentiation (both P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, the 2 cm cut‐off was not associated with survival, while nodal disease (HR = 1.59; P = 0.006) and poor differentiation (HR = 1.59; P = 0.04) remained predictive of outcome, regardless of size.ConclusionThe cut‐off value of 2 cm is not independently associated with outcome, however, tumor size was strongly associated with the risk of other adverse prognostic factors. The effect of size on prognosis was largely attributable to these other biologic factors rather than tumor size itself. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:656–662. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyses of polychlorinated biphenyls in waters and wastewaters using vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Ozcan Senar 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA method was developed for viable and rapid determination of seven polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water samples with vortex‐assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLME) using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). At first, the most suitable extraction solvent and extraction solvent volume were determined. Later, the parameters affecting the extraction efficiency such as vortex extraction time, rotational speed of the vortex, and ionic strength of the sample were optimized by using a 23 factorial experimental design. The optimized extraction conditions for 5 mL water sample were as follows: extractant solvent 200 μL of chloroform; vortex extraction time of 2 min at 3000 rpm; centrifugation 5 min at 4000 rpm, and no ionic strength. Under the optimum condition, limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.36 to 0.73 ng/L. Mean recoveries of PCBs from fortified water samples are 96% for three different fortification levels and RSDs of the recoveries are below 5%. The developed procedure was successfully applied to the determination of PCBs in real water and wastewater samples such as tap, well, surface, bottled waters, and municipal, treated municipal, and industrial wastewaters. The performance of the proposed method was compared with traditional liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) of real water samples and the results show that efficiency of proposed method is comparable to the LLE. However, the proposed method offers several advantages, i.e. reducing sample requirement for measurement of target compounds, less solvent consumption, and reducing the costs associated with solvent purchase and waste disposal. It is also viable, rapid, and easy to use for the analyses of PCBs in water samples by using GC‐MS.
Preparative separation of chromones in plant extract of Saposhnikovia divaricata by high‐performance counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Gui Yuge , Tsao Rong , Li Li , Liu Chun M. , Wang Jing , Zong Xiaofei 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFour chromones, prim‐O‐glucosylcimifugin, 4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucosyl‐5‐O‐methylvisamminol, cimifugin and sec‐O‐glucosylhamaudol, were isolated and purified from Saposhnikovia divaricata for the first time by high‐performance counter‐current chromatography (HPCCC) using a system consisting of ethyl acetate/n‐butanol/ethanol/water (1:1:0.1:2, v/v/v/v). The separation parameters were first performed on the analytical HPCCC and the optimized conditions were then scaled up to preparative HPCCC. A total of 72.1 mg of prim‐O‐glucosylcimifugin, 27 mg of 4′‐O‐β‐D‐glucosyl‐5‐O‐methylvisamminol, 14.1 mg of cimifugin and 1.1 mg of sec‐O‐glucosylhamaudol were purified from 960 mg of the n‐butanol extract of S. divaricata, each at over 90% purity as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of four compounds were identified by their retention time, the liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS) in the positive ion mode, and confirmed by NMR. The characteristic LC‐ESI‐MS fragmentation patterns of the four compounds were discussed, and found to be a very specific and useful tool for the structural identification of chromones from S. divaricata.
Milli‐free flow electrophoresis: I. Fast prototyping of mFFE devices
Authors: Agostino Fletcher J. , Evenhuis Christopher J. , Krylov Sergey N. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe coin a term of milli‐free flow electrophoresis (mFFE) to describe mid‐scale FFE with flow rates intermediate to macro‐FFE and micro‐FFE (μFFE). Introduced decades ago, mFFE did not find practical applications. We revive mFFE, as we view it as a viable purification complement to continuous synthesis in capillary reactors with product flow rates of ∼5 to 2000 μL/min, too small for macro‐FFE but too large for μFFE. The development of the tandem of continuous synthesis/purification will require the production and evaluation of a large number of prototypes of mFFE devices. As the first step, we developed a fast (<24 h) and economical (∼$10) method for prototyping mFFE devices using a robotic milling machine. mFFE prototypes are constructed from two machined matching poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates, which are bonded in 10 min using dichloromethane to provide a strong and irreversible seal. Using the developed prototyping technology, we designed and evaluated 25 prototypes of mFFE devices. By optimizing the feed rates and rotational speeds of the drills, the depth of the electrode channels, the dimensions of the entrance and exit reservoirs, the sample flow rate, and the diameter and position of the sample input, we were able to achieve indefinitely long operation of the device with cycles of alternating 15‐min electrophoresis and 0.5‐min regeneration (bubble removal). The test analytes, rhodamine B and fluorescein, were baseline resolved by mFFE for flow rates ranging from 10 to 600 μL/min. These results prove that our prototyping approach is suitable for the challenging task of multi‐parameter optimization of mFFE devices.
Evaluation of chlorine containing cellulose‐based chiral stationary phases for the LC enantioseparation of basic pharmaceuticals using polar non‐aqueous mobile phases
Authors: Dossou Katina S. S. , Chiap Patrice , Servais Anne C. , Fillet Marianne , Crommen Jacques 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe discrimination ability of three cellulose‐based chiral stationary phases (CSPs) was evaluated towards the enantiomers of basic drugs, using ACN as the main solvent in polar organic mobile phases. The study was focused on CSPs containing cellulose tris(3‐chloro‐4‐methylphenylcarbamate) (3‐Cl‐4‐MePC), cellulose tris(4‐chloro‐3‐methylphenylcarbamate) (4‐Cl‐3‐MePC) or cellulose tris(3,5‐dichlorophenylcarbamate) (3,5‐diClPC) as the chiral selector. The behaviour of these CSPs was studied systematically in order to investigate the influence of the presence and position of the chlorine substituents on the phenylcarbamate moieties on the retention and resolution of the enantiomers. The evaluation was made with three different generic mobile phases, namely ACN/0.1%DEA/0.1% TFA (DEA, diethylamine), ACN/0.1%DEA/0.2% FA and ACN/0.1%DEA/0.2%AcA, deduced from the previous study. The nature of the acidic additive and of the chiral selector was found to be particularly important for the retention and enantioresolution of these basic compounds. High‐resolution values could be obtained for most studied enantiomers with these CSPs, clearly demonstrating the interest of using them in combination with polar organic mobile phases. However, significant differences in enantioresolution between the CSPs have been observed for many compounds, indicating that these phases seem to be quite complementary.
UHPLC‐TOFMS coupled with chemometric method as a powerful technique for rapid exploring of differentiating components between two Ziziphus species
Authors: Guo Sheng , Duan Jin‐ao , Tang Yuping , Qian Dawei , Zhu Zhenhua , Qian Yefei , Shang Erxin , Su Shulan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTo rapidly explore the differentiating components and the potential chemical markers for discrimination between those Chinese medicinal herbs with similar chemical characteristics, an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)‐TOFMS coupled with multivariate statistical analysis method was proposed and validated by using two Ziziphus species (Z. jujuba and Z. jujuba var. spinosa) as the model herbs. After the samples were analyzed using UHPLC‐TOFMS, the data sets of retention time (RT)‐m/z pairs, ion intensities and sample codes were further processed with orthogonal partial least squared discriminant analysis (OPLS‐DA) to holistically compare the difference between the fruits of these two Ziziphus species, and to generate an S‐plot. Those compounds correlating to the points at the two ends of “S” were regarded as the most differentiating components between these two kinds of samples. By comparing the mass/UV spectra and retention times with those of reference compounds, these components were finally characterized as zizyberenalic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, pomonic acid and rutin, and these compounds would be the potential chemical markers for discrimination of these jujube products. The results suggested that this newly established approach could be used to rapidly determine the subtle differences and explore the potential chemical markers for differentiation within the herbs with similar chemical ingredients.
Determination of polyphenols in wines by liquid chromatography with UV spectrophotometric detection
Authors: Aznar Òscar , Checa Antonio , Oliver Ramon , Hernández‐Cassou Santiago , Saurina Javier 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a new chromatographic method for the determination of polyphenolic compounds in wines. The method is based on the separation of analytes by reversed‐phase mode in a C18 column (2.6 μm particle size) and UV absorption spectroscopy. The elution gradient is generated from 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as an organic modifier. Experimental conditions including pH, percentage of organic modifier and elution gradient profile have been thoroughly optimized using experimental design. A multi‐objective function has been defined as a criterion for obtaining a satisfactory compromise among number of compounds separated, resolution and analysis time. Multi‐detection at 280, 310 and 370 nm has been utilized in order to work under the most appropriate wavelengths for each compound. Figures of merit including linearity ranges, precisions, detection limits and recoveries have been established under selected experimental conditions using synthetic standards and commercial red wines. The method has been applied to analyze red wines from various Spanish regions.
Application of the caesium‐137 technique to soil degradation studies in the Southwestern Highlands of Ethiopia
Authors: Mekuria A. , Vlek P.L.G. , Denich M. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTSoil degradation is a serious problem in the central and northern Highlands of Ethiopia. It has been so for several decades as a result of over exploitation and mismanagement. Relocation of a portion of the population from these regions to the relatively less populated Southwestern Highlands has taken place for decades to try to address the problem. However, such mass resettlements have caused severe soil degradation problems in many destination areas in the Southwestern Highlands. The aim of this study was to assess the problem of soil degradation using the caesium‐137 isotope and to test its value for erosion study in the region. The adapted USLE was applied to compare results from the caesium‐137 isotope studies. Along a deforestation continuum, fields cultivated for various years were studied for erosion. From a reference grazing land plot, total caesium‐137 fallout of 2026 ± 176 Bq m−2 with a CV of 24·6 per cent was recorded showing the presence of sufficient fallout to apply the technique. Erosion in cultivated fields was estimated against this reference using conversion models. Results from the Proportional Model |−13·9 ± 2·7|and the adapted USLE |12·3 ± 2·6| were not significantly different (p < 0·05), meaning the technique provides reliable results. A positive relationship was observed between severity of erosion and time of cultivation after forest clearing (R2 = 0·78). The mean annual loss of soil from cultivated land, 14·9 ± 2·9 t ha−1 y−1, is already beyond the tolerable threshold and might exacerbate further clearing of forests for cultivation if the land is not properly managed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Ethylene/Acrylonitrile Composite Elastomers with Nanosized Polyacrylonitrile Domains Using α‐Dimine‐[N,N] Nickel Dichloride/EASC
Authors: Shin Sang‐Young , Simon Leonardo C. , Soares Joao B. P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA series of ethylene and acrylonitrile composite elastomers were prepared using (1,4‐bis(2,6diisopropylphenyl)‐acenaphtenediimine‐nickel(II))‐dichloride/ethylaluminum sesquichloride (EASC). The xylene‐soluble polymer fraction showed nitrile bands in infrared spectroscopy at 2 245 and 2 214 cm−1 and polyacrylonitrile‐enriched structures were detected in the xylene‐insoluble fraction by1H and 13C NMR. In addition, TEM detected nanosized polyacrylonitrile domains dispersed in the polyethylene matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry scans conducted from −70 to 350 °C measured exothermic bands corresponding to the cyclization and aromatization of the nitrile groups dispersed in the polyethylene matrix. magnified image
High irradiance laser ionization orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry: A versatile tool for solid analysis
Authors: Huang Rongfu , Yu Quan , Li Lingfeng , Lin Yiming , Hang Wei , He Jian , Huang Benli 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article reviews the development of and applications for high irradiance laser ionization orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LI‐O‐TOFMS). LI‐O‐TOFMS has solved the bottleneck problems in traditional high irradiance laser ionization mass spectrometry, which allows the instrument to acquire explicit spectra with high resolution. A buffer‐gas‐assisted ion source effectively reduces the kinetic energy of the ions and suppresses the multiply charged ion interference. The pulse train data acquisition technique was applied to reduce the spectrum interference from multiply charged ions and polyatomic ions according to the temporal profiles of different ion packets in the repelling region. Relatively high laser irradiance (≥1010 W/cm2) is preferable for achieving uniform relative sensitivities for different elements in the samples of different matrices. LI‐O‐TOFMS has been used in the standardless, semiquantitative analysis of solids, which is proved to be a fast and convenient technique for solid sample analysis. By increasing the laser irradiance and reducing the buffer gas pressure, the determination of nonmetallic elements in solids can also be achieved without losing spectral explicity. Recent applications, such as elemental analysis of a single egg cell and acquiring elemental, fragmental, and molecular information of chemicals, were given to demonstrate the potential of the new technique. All of these results reveal that LI‐O‐TOFMS is an advanced tool in the elemental analysis of solids in terms of modern mass spectrometry. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 30:1256–1268, 2011
Levodopa is not a useful treatment for Lesch‐Nyhan disease
Authors: Visser Jasper E. , Schretlen David J. , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Jinnah Hyder A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLesch‐Nyhan disease (LND) is characterized by dystonia, cognitive abnormalities, and self‐injurious behavior. No effective therapies are available. LND is associated with a presynaptic dopaminergic deficit, but the reported effects of dopamine replacement therapy are conflicting. The current prospective open‐label study assesses the effects of levodopa on both neurological and behavioral features of LND. All 6 study participants discontinued levodopa early, due to lack of effect and sometimes worsening of motor function. The results provide important clues for pathophysiological mechanisms and suggestions for future treatment options. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Essential tremor and Parkinson's disease: Lack of a link
Authors: Adler Charles. H. , Shill Holly A. , Beach Thomas G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground:Essential tremor (ET) is a very common disorder and proving that there is a relationship to another common movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD), has been debated for years.Methods:Review of the literature for links between ET and PD primarily focused on neuropathology as well as neurochemistry, epidemiology, genetics, olfactory function, and neuroimaging.Results:While there may be some evidence to suggest an increase in occurrence of PD in people who were previously diagnosed with ET, neuropathologic studies of ET with similarly assessed control subjects do not find an increase in Lewy bodies in the ET group. Studies of incidental Lewy body disease do not find an increase in ET or action tremor compared to controls. ET subjects as a group do not have neurochemical changes that are found in PD, do not respond to medications used to treat PD, are not hyposmic as is found in PD, and neuroimaging studies do not find changes of PD when groups are compared.Conclusion:The overwhelming amount of evidence suggests that any link between ET and PD is coincidental and not biological. Prospective, longitudinal cohort studies with standardized clinical and biomarker assessments followed by neuropathologic confirmation are needed. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society