bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APPARENT FAILURE OF TWO PARASITES, ANARHOPUS SYDNEYENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE) AND HUNGARIELLA PEREGRINA (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) TO ESTABLISH ON FIELD POPULATIONS OF PSEUDOCOCCUS LONGISPINUS (HEMIPTERA: COCCIDAE) IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Authors: FURNESS G. O. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo exotic parasites of the long‐tailed mealybug Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni‐Tozzetti), Anarhopus sydneyensis Timberlake and Hungariellaperegrina (Compere), were introduced into Loxton and successfully mass reared on cultures of the mealybug. About 3,000 A. sydneyensis and 40,000 H. peregrina adults were released into field populations of the mealybug in fruit trees along the River Murray in South Australia during 1972 to 1974. In addition several pumpkins infested with mealybugs parasitized by these species were placed in the field. Mealybugs collected from the release trees for a year after release did not yield either species of parasite and it appears that they did not become established.
RESISTANCE TO DELTAMETHRIN IN BLATTELLA GERMANICA (L.) (BLATTODEA: BLATTELLIDAE)
Authors: Horwood M. A. , Toffolon R. B. , Preece R. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA strain of Blattella germanica from N.S.W. was tested for resistance to topically applied deltamethrin. A 20X resistance factor was determined at the LD50. This is the first report of synthetic pyrethroid resistance in B. germanica in Australia.
Abundance and diversity of termites in a savanna woodland reserve in tropical Australia
Authors: Dawes‐Gromadzki Tracy Z 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study contributes to the paucity of knowledge on the structure of Australian tropical savanna termite assemblages, compared with that available for tropical savannas elsewhere in the world. Termite species diversity, frequency of occurrence and functional diversity in Charles Darwin National Park, a savanna woodland reserve in tropical northern Australia, were assessed. In four 50 × 50 m sites, a direct search and bait sampling protocol was used to sample mounds, standing and lying dead wood, litter, soil and arboreal nest microhabitats for termites between April and June 2003. Results were compared with a priori predictions of termite community structure based on the work by Braithwaite et al. (1988). Sixteen species from nine genera and three families (Mastotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae) were recorded, including the first record of Ephelotermes taylori (Hill) from open savanna woodland habitat and the first official record of Macrognathotermes errator Miller from north Australian savanna. The family Termitidae represented 69% of termite occurrences. From this family, the wood/soil interface feeder Nasutitermes eucalypti (Mjöberg) represented 30% of encounters. High levels of termite activity were recorded at baits within 6 weeks. Four nesting habits were represented: epigeal (mounds above ground), hypogeal (subterranean nests), nests within wood and arboreal nests. Termites were most frequently encountered in epigeal mounds and lying dead wood. Wood and wood/soil interface feeders were the most common. The findings partially supported the a priori predictions proposed. The termite assemblage structure was represented by species commonly found in other Northern Territory savanna woodland habitats. However, species diversity was lower; soil feeders and live wood feeders were less common and grass‐harvesting species were absent. Soil nitrogen and phosphorus and species richness and patchiness of ground vegetation may contribute to these differences. The lower species diversity recorded contrasts with the richer termite faunas of tropical savannas recorded elsewhere.
A new species of Cerotrioza Crawford (Hemiptera: Triozidae) damaging New South Wales Christmas Bush, Ceratopetalum gummiferum, in eastern Australia
Authors: Taylor Gary , Gollnow Bettina , Worrall Ross 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new species of Cerotrioza Crawford (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is described, which damages New South Wales Christmas Bush, Ceratopetalum gummiferum, in Australia. Cerotrioza nigromacula sp. n. is considered a serious commercial pest species, of which the nymphs induce malformation of leaves and produce copious amounts of viscous waste, both considered unacceptable in the cut flower industry. The generic placement of species formerly assigned to Cerotrioza is reviewed and the following revised combinations are proposed: Leuronota corniger (Crawford) and L. microceras (Crawford) are returned to the genus Cerotrioza, and Cerotrioza umalii (Miyatake) is returned to the genus Trioza Foerster. A key to all known species of Cerotrioza is provided.
New species of gall flies (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and an associated nematode (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) from flower bud galls on Corymbia (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Taylor Gary S , Davies Kerrie A 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new species of fly, Fergusonina giblindavisi Taylor sp. nov. (Diptera: Fergusoninidae), and its associated nematode, Fergusobia ptychocarpae Davies sp. nov. (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae), are described from flower bud galls on Corymbia ptychocarpa (Myrtaceae). Fergusonina giblindavisi Taylor sp. nov. forms flower bud galls up to about 20 mm in diameter, one of the largest galls recorded for the Fergusoninidae. Unlike other species of Fergusonina Malloch that produce large galls, only one species of Hymenoptera, Megastigmus sp. (Torymidae), a solitary obligate ectoparasitoid, has been reared from F. giblindavisi Taylor sp. nov. The large size and thick epidermis of the flower buds of C. ptychocarpa may preclude many other parasitoids from successful oviposition. A second new species of fly, Fergusonina thomasi Taylor sp. nov., is described from flower bud galls on Corymbia abbreviata. Its associated nematode is unknown.
Susceptibility of four field populations of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) to six insecticides in the Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Eziah Vincent Y , Rose Harley A , Clift Alan D , Mansfield Sarah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractConcerns about the failure of insecticides to control the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella in the Sydney region of New South Wales, Australia, necessitated the current investigation to establish the susceptibility of four field populations of the DBM to six insecticides. These include two each of organophosphates (OPs), and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides as well as two new products with different modes of action, spinosad and indoxacarb, currently recommended for DBM control in the region. Topical application of the insecticides to the third‐instar larvae showed high resistance to pyrethroids (permethrin and esfenvalerate) of 35.0‐ to 490.0‐fold. Resistance to the OPs (methamidophos and chlorpyrifos) and indoxacarb ranged from 12.1‐ to 36.2‐fold and from 11.4‐ to 34.6‐fold, respectively. However, the field populations were susceptible to spinosad (resistance factors only two‐ to threefold compared with the susceptible strain). A 2 h pre‐treatment of the esfenvalerate‐resistant strain with the synergists piperonyl butoxide and diethyl maleate increased the toxicity of esfenvalerate by 30.0‐ and 1.9‐fold, respectively, suggesting the involvement of esterases and/or monooxygenases as the key mechanism(s) of insecticide resistance with glutathione S‐transferases playing a minor role.
In vitro effectiveness of ivermectin and spinosad flystrike treatments against larvae of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Levot Garry , Sales Narelle 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCompared with the reference susceptible strain neonate larvae of composite field strains of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina displaying either moderate diazinon and diflubenzuron resistance or, moderate diazinon and extreme diflubenzuron resistance, were equally cross‐resistant to ivermectin and spinosad. Resistance factors were low (2–3×). As third instar larvae these strains exhibited cross‐resistance to ivermectin by better tolerating exposure to higher concentrations, or longer exposure to the registered concentration (32 mg/L). Despite this, larval mortality in each strain exceeded 85% following exposure to ivermectin at the registered flystrike dressing concentration for as little as 30 s. As third instar larvae these strains and the reference strain, were equally susceptible to spinosad, but mortality was only around 40% even after immersion for 60 s in an aqueous solution at the registered rate (25 mg/L). Maximum mortality (99%) was observed in larvae immersed in 250 mg/L spinosad. Two hours after 30 s immersion in ivermectin (32 mg/L) 80% of third instar larvae were no longer moving. This figure rose to 99% by 6 h. In similar bioassays spinosad (25 mg/L) failed to elicit obvious symptoms within 10 h of treatment.
Vardenaﬁl 20‐mg demonstrated superior efﬁcacy to 10‐mg in Japanese men with diabetes mellitus suffering from erectile dysfunction
Authors: ISHII NOBUHISA , NAGAO KOICHI , FUJIKAWA KEITA , TACHIBANA TAKASHI , IWAMOTO YASUHIKO , KAMIDONO SADAO 
Published: August 2010

Aim: Vardenaﬁl is a highly selective and potent phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). The efﬁcacy of vardenaﬁl has been demonstrated in a broad range of ED populations, but has not yet been assessed in Japanese patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), although DM is frequently associated with difﬁcult‐to‐treat ED. This is the ﬁrst study to investigate whether high‐dose vardenaﬁl (20 mg) can demonstrate superior efﬁcacy to the usual dose (10 mg) in this subpopulation in Japan.Methods: The study was a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multi‐centre, parallel group comparison 12‐week study. Following 4 weeks observation period, 778 patients aged 26–64 years old with ED and DM (HbA1c >12% at screening was excluded) both of more than 3 years duration were randomly allocated to one of the three groups, vardenaﬁl 10 mg, 20 mg, or placebo (randomization ratio 3:3:1). Erectile function (EF) domain score of the International Index of Erectile Function was estimated as the primary efﬁcacy parameter.Results: Vardenaﬁl 10 and 20 mg both signiﬁcantly improved the EF domain score from 13.6 and 13.9 at baseline to 21.8 and 22.9 at last observation carried forward (LOCF), respectively, compared to placebo (13.7 at baseline to 16.3 at LOCF; p<0.0001). In addition, vardenaﬁl 20 mg demonstrated superior efﬁcacy to 10 mg (p<0.05), and the difference was more evident in severe ED patients (baseline EF domain score <11). The safety proﬁle was comparable between these two doses (drug‐related adverse events: 6.6, 22.0 and 24.2% in placebo, vardenaﬁl 10 mg, and 20 mg arms, respectively). The most common adverse events were hot flush, headache and nasal congestion, which were mild in intensity and transient, and are known to be common to PDE5 inhibitors.Conclusion: In Japanese men with DM and ED, vardenaﬁl 10 mg and 20 mg were effective in improving erectile function with comparable safety proﬁles. Vardenaﬁl 20 mg demonstrated superior efﬁcacy compared with 10 mg, suggesting incremental clinical beneﬁt in using the higher dose in this difﬁcult‐to‐treat population.
Testosterone administration promotes regeneration of chemically impaired spermatogenesis in rats
Authors: UDAGAWA KOICHI , OGAWA TAKEHIKO , WATANABE TAKESHI , TAMURA YOICHI , KITA KAORU , KUBOTA YOSHINOBU 
Published: August 2010

Aim: It has been proposed that gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) analog administered after testicular damage stimulates the recovery of spermatogenesis. However, GnRH analogs suppress the function of sex accessory organs. In this study, we investigated whether testosterone also stimulates the regeneration of rat spermatogenesis after exposure to busulfan.Methods: Male Fisher rats were divided into three groups of five each and all rats were treated with busulfan, 25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally at week 0. Group A served as the control. The other two groups received testosterone enanthate, 8 mg/kg, subcutaneous injections at 3 week intervals two times before (group B) or three times after (group C) busulfan. States of spermatogenesis were evaluated by histology and by the number of spermatid nuclei per testis at week 25.Results: The mean percentage of ‘recovered’ seminiferous tubules plus or minus standard deviation was 10.3 ± 7.8% in group A and 2.1 ± 1.2% in group B. In both groups, more than 80% of the tubules remained degenerated. However, testes of group C rats showed an improvement of up to 37.1 ± 20.5% (P < 0.05). The significant recovery of spermatogenesis was also demonstrated in group C by counting the number of spermatid nuclei per testis ([78.8 ± 57.5] ×106). However, the count was only (7.6 ± 13.5) ×106 and (0.52 ± 1.0) ×106 in group A and B, respectively.Conclusions: Testosterone administration after severe testicular damage enhanced the regeneration of spermatogenesis in rats. We assumed that supplementary doses of testosterone would be more practical for clinical application than GnRH analogs, because exogenous testosterone maintains androgenicity.
Renal cell carcinoma in dialysis patients: A single center experience
Authors: KOJIMA YASUYUKI , TAKAHARA SHIRO , MIYAKE OSAMU , NONOMURA NORIO , MORIMOTO AKIRA , MORI HIROSHI 
Published: August 2010

Aim: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a life‐threatening complication of end‐stage renal disease with an unclear pathogenesis. We evaluated RCC developing in patients undergoing dialysis.Methods: In 2624 patients undergoing hemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis at our hospital between July 1993 and March 2004, we performed annual screening for RCC using abdominal computed tomography and ultrasonography. Patients diagnosed with RCC underwent radical nephrectomy as well as clinical and pathologic evaluation.Results: RCC was detected in 44 patients (1.68%; 31 males and 13 females). The age of RCC patients was 55.5 ± 11.1 years. Dialysis duration before RCC diagnosis was 11.2 ± 7.2 years. Most RCC were early stage and low stage by TNM classification, 43 patients had N0M0 RCC, whereas one had N1M0. Tumor size was 2.9 ± 1.9 cm. The predominant histological type of RCC was common or conventional cell‐type carcinoma (clear cell carcinoma and granular cell carcinoma). Of patients, 5(11.4%) had bilateral RCC, and satellite tumor lesions in RCC were detected in 13 (29.5%). In 36 patients (81.8%) RCC was accompanied by acquired cystic disease of the kidney. These patients had longer dialysis durations (P = 0.01) and smaller tumors (P = 0.048). RCC metastasized postoperatively in 4 patients (9.1%), while one (2.3%) died of cancer.Conclusions: Our dialysis patients showed a higher incidence of RCC than the general population. Prognosis was favorable because tumors were detected by screening when they were small. Therefore, periodical screening for RCC seems very important in dialysis patients.
Color Doppler ultrasonography as a routine clinical examination in male infertility
Authors: SAKAMOTO HIDEO , SAITO KATSUYUKI , SHICHIZYO TAKESHI , ISHIKAWA KIMIYASU , IGARASHI ATUSHI , YOSHIDA HIDEKI 
Published: August 2010

Aim:We assessed the value of scrotal color Doppler ultrasonography as a routine examination in infertile men.Methods:Color Doppler ultrasonography was performed in 545 infertile men with a mean age of 35.8 years to detect intrascrotal abnormalities. Findings were compared with those of physical examination.Results:Intrascrotal abnormalities were detected by ultrasonography in 65.3% of patients. Of 374 abnormalities, 58.3% were undetected by physical examination. Left varicocele was found in 313 patients (57.4%); testicular microlithiasis in 30 (5.5%); epididymal cyst in 21 (3.9%); right varicocele in 4 (0.8%); and testicular cysts in 3 (0.6%). One occurrence each (0.2%) was found for testicular tumor, intrascrotal hemangioma, and hydrocele of the spermatic cord. Compared to ultrasonography, sensitivity in detecting left varicocele by physical examination was 58.4%; specificity, 79.3%; accuracy, 67.3%; and positive predictive value, 79.3%. Venous diameters in the pampiniform plexus were 3 mm or more in 61.5% of 130 subclinical left varicoceles. Of 30 patients with testicular microlithiasis, 14 had varicocele, 2 had epididymal cyst,s 3 had a history of mumps orchitis, 1 had retractile testis, and 1 had a history of orchiectomy for contralateral testicular tumor.Conclusions:The routine Color Doppler ultrasonography is valuable for diagnosing scrotal abnormalities in infertile men, frequently detecting non‐palpable lesions.
Clinical value of vesical leukoplakia and evaluation of the neoplastic risk by mutation analyses of the tumor suppressor gene TP53
Authors: STAACK ANDREA , SCHLECHTE HORST , SACHS MARKUS , KRISTIANSEN GLEN , BURKHARDT MICK , SCHNORR DIETMAR 
Published: August 2010

Aim: Leukoplakia has been found to be precancerous in organs covered with squamous epithelium. The present study was conducted to determine whether leukoplakia described in the female bladder is also a premalignant lesion.Methods: Between 1973 and 1996, 77 female patients were diagnosed with vesical leukoplakia by cystoscopy and cytology and were followed‐up until 2004 (mean follow‐up time: 8.3 years). A survey was conducted to analyze exposure to cocarcinogens. Additionally, DNA was isolated from 36 urine sediments and analyzed for TP53 mutations. The results were compared to the mutation frequency of TP53 in urine sediments from patients diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder and healthy controls.Results: The whitish lesion was mostly located at the trigone and varied in size and location during the follow‐up years. TP53 mutations were detected in 6 out of 36 urine samples in exons 5, 6 and 7 (mutation frequency: 16.7%). Among control patients with no leukoplakia or TCC of the bladder (n = 70), the spontaneous mutation frequency was similar (14.3%). In contrast, the mutation frequency in patients with TCC of the bladder (n = 148) revealed 39.9% in exons 5, 6, 7 and 8. The present study did not show any statistically significant correlations between chronic inflammations, TP53 mutations, exposure to carcinogens and vesical leukoplakia.Conclusions: Our data suggest that vesical leukoplakia does not necessarily hold neoplastic potential and needs to be clearly distinguished from leukoplakia in other localizations. Therefore, we suggest that a biopsy can be omitted, if follow‐up controls by cystoscopy are performed regularly.
Comparison of radical nephrectomy techniques in one center: Minimal incision portless endoscopic surgery versus laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Soga Norihito , Kato Manabu , Masui Satoru , Nishikawa Kouhei , Hasegawa Yoshihiro , Yamada Yasushi , Kise Hideaki , Arima Kiminobu , Sugimura Yoshiki 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study was designed to assess the intraoperative and postoperative benefits of two techniques for treating renal cell carcinoma (portless endoscopic surgery with radical nephrectomy [PLES‐RN] and laparoscopic radical nephrectomy [LRN]) carried out at a single center. Radical nephrectomy with either PLES‐RN (14 cases) or LRN (15 cases) was carried out on 29 patients with cT1 renal cell carcinoma. There were no statistically significant between‐group differences in patient characteristics (except tumor side), operation time, and amount of blood loss (χ2 and Fisher's test). No blood transfusions were required in either group. The mean incision length of PLES‐RN was not significantly longer than that of LRN. No minor or major complications resulted. From postoperative data, the first intake of fluid (P = 0.07) and food (P = 0.02) tended to be sooner in the PLES group than the LRN group. Postsurgically, white blood cell count and C‐reactive protein were not significantly different between the two groups. The added cost of disposable instruments needed in LRN was 111 570 Japanese yen (1115.7 United States dollars). Both techniques are optimal options for surgically treating early renal cell carcinoma. The comparison related to invasiveness between the two methods should be evaluated using a large number of cases focusing on the various aspects for the future.
Tasmanian lentic wetland lawns are maintained by grazing rather than inundation
Authors: ROBERTS CYNTHIA , KIRKPATRICK J. B. , MCQUILLAN P. B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVertebrate grazers have been shown to be a critical element in maintaining lawns, although lawns can also form in places without such herbivores. In Tasmania lawns are widespread in lentic wetlands. We used environmental observations and exclosure experiments at two altitudinally contrasting lentic wetland lawns, and waterlogging experiments, to test the hypotheses that their structure is maintained (i) periodic inundation; and (ii) grazing. Waterlogging experiments and field observations demonstrated that the two main invading shrubs were indifferent to immersion for several months and that the distribution of the lawns was independent of inundation period, results inconsistent with the first hypothesis. The exclosure experiments showed that both woody and non‐woody plants became taller in the lawns when marsupial grazers and rabbits were excluded. It therefore seems that the lawn structure is maintained by grazing and that alternative structural states result from exclusion of grazing pressure in less than 2 years.
Ecology and bioprospecting
Authors: BEATTIE ANDREW J. , HAY MARK , MAGNUSSON BILL , de NYS ROCKY , SMEATHERS JAMES , VINCENT JULIAN F. V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBioprospecting is the exploration of biodiversity for new resources of social and commercial value. It is carried out by a wide range of established industries such as pharmaceuticals, manufacturing and agriculture as well as a wide range of comparatively new ones such as aquaculture, bioremediation, biomining, biomimetic engineering and nanotechnology. The benefits of bioprospecting have emerged from such a wide range of organisms and environments worldwide that it is not possible to predict what species or habitats will be critical to society, or industry, in the future. The benefits include an unexpected variety of products that include chemicals, genes, metabolic pathways, structures, materials and behaviours. These may provide physical blueprints or inspiration for new designs. Criticism aimed at bioprospecting has been addressed, in part, by international treaties and legal agreements aimed at stopping biopiracy and many activities are now funded by agencies that require capacity‐building and economic benefits in host countries. Thus, much contemporary bioprospecting has multiple goals, including the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable management of natural resources and economic development. Ecologists are involved in three vital ways: first, applying ecological principles to the discovery of new resources. In this context, natural history becomes a vast economic database. Second, carrying out field studies, most of them demographic, to help regulate the harvest of wild species. Third, emphasizing the profound importance of millions of mostly microscopic species to the global economy.
THE EYE AND VISUAL CAPACITY
Authors: Cole Barry L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe visual system is considered as the input side of a communication channel for the transfer of visually displayed information. The performance of the channel is limited to 5 to 10 bits/second but this limitation occurs at the processing and output levels: it is not due to limitations of the visual system which has a remarkable capacity to receive visually displayed information. However for the communication channel to work effectively the visual display of information must have dimensions which exceed the threshold characteristics of the visual system. Poor task design can limit performance and the production engineer must have a knowledge of human visual performance if he is to design visual displays that will permit maximum operator performance and minimise errors. The principal capabilities of the visual system are briefly reviewed under the headings of (1) detection (2) spatial resolution (3) colour discrimination (4) depth perception.