bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A clinical case–control study on the association between mannose‐binding lectin and susceptibility to HIV‐1 infection among northern Han Chinese population
Authors: Sheng A. , Lan J. , Wu H. , Lu J. , Wang Y. , Chu Q. , Jia Z. , Song M. , Liu L. , Wang W. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMannose‐binding lectin (MBL) is a key molecule of the innate immune system and a competent to bind carbohydrates of a variety of microorganisms, resulting in complement activation and opsonophagocytosis against various pathogens. However, there is no systemic investigation on the MBL’s role in innate immune responses against HIV‐1 infection among northern Han Chinese. This study investigated the association between MBL and HIV‐1 infection susceptibility among northern Han Chinese. A total of 91 HIV‐1 infected patients and 91 HIV‐1 seronegative healthy individuals were recruited. Six polymorphisms of MBL2 gene were genotyped by pyrosequencing. The quantitative measurement of serum MBL concentration and MBL complex activity were performed by ELISA. The CD4+ T‐cell counts were determined by flow cytometry. The plasma viral loads of 91 HIV‐1 infected patients were determined by bDNA method. The results show that there is an association between MBL and HIV‐1 infection susceptibility among northern Han Chinese. The individuals with B variant, low serum MBL concentration and low MBL complex activity are more susceptible to HIV‐1 infection.
Association of IL‐4 −590 T>C polymorphism and risk of renal cell carcinoma in a Chinese population
Authors: Zhu J. , Ju X. , Yan F. , Qin C. , Wang M. , Ding Q. , Zhang Z. , Yin C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryInterleukin 4 (IL‐4) is a typical pleiotropic T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine. This cytokine is a critical mediator of the Th1/Th2 balance and apoptosis potential and involved in the process of inflammation‐mediated carcinogenesis in human organs, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The effects of functional promoter polymorphism of the IL‐4 gene on risk of RCC in Chinese are still unknown. In this study, we genotyped functional polymorphism in IL‐4−590 T>C in a hospital‐based case–control study of 340 patients with diagnosed RCC and 342 cancer‐free controls in a Chinese population. Compared with IL‐4−590 TT genotype, the CC genotype had a significantly decreased RCC risk [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.22–0.89]. Furthermore, a significant decreased risk of RCC was found in the combined variant genotypes CT + CC compared with the TT genotype (adjusted OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.50–0.93). The IL‐4 C allele frequency was 0.178 among the cases and 0.237 among the controls, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.007). These results suggest that the IL‐4−590 T>C polymorphism is involved in susceptibility to developing RCC in Chinese populations. Larger studies are warranted to validate our findings.
Microfilament Dynamics is Required for Root Growth under Alkaline Stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhou Yue , Yang Zijun , Guo Guangqin , Guo Yan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract The microfilament (MF) cytoskeleton has crucial functions in plant development. Recent studies have revealed the function of MFs in diverse stress response. Alkaline stress is harmful to plant growth; however, it remains unclear whether the MFs play a role in alkaline stress. In the present study, we find that blocking MF assembly with latrunculin B (Lat B) leads to inhibition of plant root growth, and stabilization of MFs with phalloidin does not significantly affect plant root growth under normal conditions. In high external pH conditions, MF de‐polymerization is induced and that associates with the reduction of root growth; phalloidin treatment partially rescues this reduction. Moreover, Lat B treatment further decreases the survival rate of seedlings growing in high external pH conditions. However, a high external pH (8.0) does not affect MF stability in vitro. Taken together, our results suggest that alkaline stress may trigger a signal that leads the dynamics of MFs and in turn regulates root growth.
High-redshift Lyα emitters: clues on the Milky Way infancy
Authors: Salvadori Stefania , Dayal Pratika , Ferrara Andrea 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
With the aim of determining if Milky Way (MW) progenitors could be identified as high-redshift Lyman Alpha Emitters (LAEs), we have derived the intrinsic properties of z ≈ 5.7 MW progenitors, which are then used to compute their observed Lyα luminosity, Lα, and equivalent width (EW). MW progenitors visible as LAEs are selected according to the canonical observational criterion, Lα &gt; 1042 erg s−1 and EW &gt; 20 Å. Progenitors of MW-like galaxies have Lα = 1039−43.25 erg s−1, making some of them visible as LAEs. In any single MW merger tree realization, typically only one (out of ≈50) progenitor meets the LAE selection criterion, but the probability of having at least one LAE is very high, P = 68 per cent. The identified LAE stars have ages t* ≈ 150–400 Myr at z ≈ 5.7, with the exception of five small progenitors with t* &lt; 5 Myr and large EW = 60–130 Å. LAE MW progenitors provide &gt;10 per cent of the halo very metal-poor stars [Fe/H] &lt; −2, thus establishing a potentially fruitful link between high-z galaxies and the local Universe.
A relativistically broadened Oviii Lyα line in the ultracompact X-ray binary 4U 0614+091
Authors: Madej O. K. , Jonker P. G. , Fabian A. C. , Pinto C. , Verbunt F. , de Plaa J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Ultracompact X-ray binaries consist of a neutron star or black hole that accretes material from a white dwarf donor star. The ultracompact nature is expressed in very short orbital periods of less than 1 h. In the case of 4U 0614+091 oxygen-rich material from a CO or ONe white dwarf is flowing to the neutron star. This oxygen-rich disc can reflect X-rays emitted by the neutron star giving a characteristic emission spectrum. We have analysed high-resolution Reflection Grating Spectrometer and broad-band European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) spectra of 4U 0614+091 obtained by the XMM–Newton satellite. We detect a broad emission feature at ∼0.7 keV in both instruments, which cannot be explained by unusual abundances of oxygen and neon in the line of sight, as proposed before in the literature. We interpret this feature as O viii Lyα emission caused by reflection of X-rays off highly ionized oxygen, in the strong gravitational field close to the neutron star.
Beam profile sensitivity of the WMAP CMB power spectrum
Authors: Sawangwit U. , Shanks T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Using the published Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) 5-yr data, we first show how sensitive the WMAP power spectra are to the form of the WMAP beam. It is well known that the beam profile derived from observations of Jupiter is non-Gaussian and indeed extends, in the W band for example, well beyond its 12.6-arcmin FWHM core out to more than 1° in radius. This means that even though the core width corresponds to wavenumber l ≈ 1800, the form of the beam still significantly affects the WMAP results even at l ≈ 200, which is the scale of the first acoustic peak. The difference between the beam convolved Cl and the final Cl is ≈ 70 per cent at the scale of the first peak, rising to ≈ 400 per cent at the scale of the second.
New estimates of the Q-, V- and W-band beam profiles are then presented, based on a stacking analysis of the WMAP5 radio source catalogue and temperature maps. The radio sources show a significantly (3–4σ) broader beam profile on scales of 10–30 arcmin than that found by the WMAP team, whose beam analysis is based on measurements of Jupiter. Beyond these scales, the beam profiles from the radio sources are too noisy to give useful information. Furthermore, we find tentative evidence for a non-linear relation between WMAP and ATCA/IRAM 95-GHz source fluxes. We discuss whether the wide beam profiles could be caused either by radio source extension or clustering and find that neither explanation is likely. We also argue against the possibility that Eddington bias is affecting our results. The reasons for the difference between the radio source and the Jupiter beam profiles are therefore still unclear. If the radio source profiles were then used to define the WMAP beam, there could be a significant change in the amplitude and position of even the first acoustic peak. It is therefore important to identify the reasons for the differences between these two beam profile estimates.
The orbital period of V458 Vulpeculae, a post-double common-envelope nova
Authors: Rodríguez-Gil P. , Santander-García M. , Knigge C. , Corradi R. L. M. , Gänsicke B. T. , Barlow M. J. , Drake J. J. , Drew J. , Miszalski B. , Napiwotzki R. , Steeghs D. , Wesson R. , Zijlstra A. A. , Jones D. , Liimets T. , Muñoz-Darias T. , Pyrzas S. , Rubio-Díez M. M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We present time-resolved optical spectroscopy of V458 Vulpeculae (Nova Vul 2007 No. 1) spread over a period of 15 months starting 301 d after its discovery. Our data reveal radial-velocity variations in the He iiλ5412 and He iiλ4686 emission lines. A period analysis of the radial-velocity curves resulted in a period of 98.096 47 ± 0.000 25 min (0.068 122 55 ± 0.000 000 17 d) which we identify with the orbital period of the binary system. V458 Vul is therefore the planetary nebula central binary star with the shortest period known. We explore the possibility of the system being composed of a relatively massive white dwarf (M1 ≳ 1.0 M⊙) accreting matter from a post-asymptotic giant branch star which produced the planetary nebula observed. In this scenario, the central binary system therefore underwent two common-envelope episodes. A combination of previous photoionization modelling of the nebular spectra, post-asymptotic giant branch evolutionary tracks and the orbital period favour a mass of M2 ∼ 0.6 M⊙ for the donor star. Therefore, the total mass of the system may exceed the Chandrasekhar mass, which makes V458 Vul a Type Ia supernova progenitor candidate.
Distinct core and halo stellar populations and the formation history of the bright Coma cluster early-type galaxy NGC 4889
Authors: Coccato Lodovico , Gerhard Ortwin , Arnaboldi Magda 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We study the stellar population far into the halo of one of the two brightest galaxies in the Coma cluster, NGC 4889, based on deep medium-resolution spectroscopy with FOCAS at the Subaru 8.2-m telescope. We fit single stellar population models to the measured line-strength (Lick) indices (Hβ, Mgb, [MgFe]′ and 〈Fe〉). Combining with literature data, we construct radial profiles of metallicity, [α/Fe] element abundance ratio and age for NGC 4889, from the centre out to ∼60 kpc (∼ 4 Re). We find evidence for different chemical and star formation histories for stars inside and outside 1.2 Re = 18 kpc radius. The inner regions are characterized by a steep [Z/H] gradient and high [α/Fe] at ∼2.5 solar value. In the halo, between 18 and 60 kpc, the [Z/H] is near-solar with a shallow gradient, while [α/Fe] shows a strong negative gradient, reaching solar values at 60 kpc. We interpret these data in terms of different formation histories for both components. The data for the inner galaxy are consistent with a rapid, quasi-monolithic, dissipative merger origin at early redshifts, followed by one or at most a few dry mergers. Those for the halo argue for later accretion of stars from old systems with more extended star formation histories. The half-light radius of the inner component alone is estimated as ∼6 kpc, suggesting a significantly smaller size of this galaxy in the past. This may be the local stellar population signature of the size evolution found for early-type galaxies from high-redshift observations.
Perchlorate in raw and drinking water sources in England and Wales
Authors: McLaughlin Clare L. , Blake Simon , Hall Tom , Harman Mark , Kanda Rakesh , Hunt Joanna , Rumsby Paul C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA well‐known use of perchlorate is as a rocket fuel propellant; however, more widespread uses include in munitions and fireworks, and it also occurs naturally. Perchlorate suppresses the thyroid, which can lead to a variety of adverse effects. It is a widespread contaminant in the United States, but limited occurrence data in the United Kingdom exist, and even less for drinking water. Monitoring of 20 raw and treated drinking water sites in England and Wales, covering four seasonal periods, showed that perchlorate is a low‐level background contaminant of raw and treated drinking water. Low concentrations (treated drinking water: <0.020–2.073 μg/L, mean 0.747 μg/L) were detected at every higher‐risk site. The concentrations were comparable in each of the four sampling exercises and no significant trends were apparent relating to the time of year, the type of risk or the method of chlorination. Limited data showed that removal by ion exchange and granular‐activated carbon may occur.
The carotid baroreflex is reset following prolonged exercise in humans
Authors: Hart E. C. , Rasmussen P. , Secher N. H. , George K. P. , Cable N. T. , Volianitis S. , Shave R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim:  Alterations in the carotid baroreflex (CBR) control of arterial pressure may explain the reduction in arterial pressure and left ventricular (LV) function after prolonged exercise. We examined the CBR control of heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP), in addition to changes in LV function, pre‐ to post‐exercise.Methods:  Seven males (age, mean ± SEM; 29 ± 4 years) completed 4 h of ergometer rowing at a workload of 10–15% below the lactate threshold. The CBR control of HR and MAP was assessed via the rapid neck‐suction/pressure protocol. LV systolic function was measured by echocardiography, where ejection fraction (EF), the ratio of systolic blood pressure to end systolic volume (SBP/ESV) and stroke volume (SV) were estimated.Results:  Following exercise MAP was reduced (12 ± 3%) and HR was elevated (35 ± 5%; P < 0.05). Furthermore, CBR control of MAP was relocated to the left on the stimulus–response curve (P < 0.05) demonstrating that the CBR operated around a lower arterial pressure. Concomitantly, LV systolic function was reduced, indicated by a decrease in EF (22 ± 2%), SBP/ESV (32 ± 14%) and SV (25 ± 5%, P < 0.05). The reduced EF and SBP/ESV were associated with the decreased MAP operating point (r2 = 0.71 and r2 = 0.47, respectively, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  The CBR is reset after prolonged exercise to a lower prevailing arterial pressure. This resetting of the CBR may contribute to the reduction arterial pressure and LV function after exercise.
Ethnicity and Sociolinguistic Variation in San Francisco
Authors: Hall‐Lew Lauren 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalifornia’s San Francisco Bay Area has long been one of the most ethnically diverse areas of the United States, and ethnicity is an integral aspect of any research on language use in the region. This article gives a brief social history of San Francisco with respect to settlement patterns since the 1850s’ gold rush, paying particular attention to Chinese Americans, who are argued to play an especially distinctive role in the city’s history and current social landscape. This article also reviews the sociolinguistic research on language and ethnicity in and around San Francisco, with a focus on studies on variation and change in English, noting the relative lack of attention to Asian American ethnicities and calling for increased scholarship on the linguistic construction of Asian identities in the San Francisco area.
Construction Morphology
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn construction morphology, complex words are seen as constructions on the word level. The notion ‘construction’, a pairing of form and meaning, as developed in the theory of Construction Grammar, is essential for an insightful account of the properties of complex words. Morphological patterns can be represented as constructional schemas that express generalizations about sets of existing complex words and word forms, and provide the recipes for coining new (forms of) words. Such schemas form part of a hierarchical lexicon with generalizations on different levels of abstraction, they account for holistic properties of complex words that are not derivable from their constituents, and they can be unified into complex schemas that express the co‐occurrence of certain types of word formation. The format of constructional schemas is also appropriate for phrasal lexical units with word‐like functions such as phrasal names, particle verbs, and periphrastic expressions.
Linguistic Effects of Immigration: Language Choice, Codeswitching, and Change in Western European Turkish
Authors: Backus Ad , Jørgensen J. Normann , Pfaff Carol 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince the 1960s, Western Europe has been host to a large Turkish immigrant community. While many such communities shift to the majority language in the space of a few generations, language maintenance is remarkably successful in this community. This is partially because of continuing immigration, but it is also typical of a transnational identity that characterizes many bilingual communities in modern Europe. The linguistic effects of this on‐going contact situation include extensive codeswitching and slowly emerging changes in the lexicon and syntax. These are contained in a range of speech styles that show that in such modern migrant communities, the way in which different subgroups utilize their multilingual repertoire varies considerably, depending on background factors such as gender, locality, age, and socio‐political identity.
‘Environmental Refugees’: Key Debates and the Contributions of Geographers
Authors: Gill Nick 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the key current debates around the concept of environmental refugees, focusing on geography’s actual and potential contributions. First, although the most widely quoted estimate is between 200 and 250 million environmental refugees by 2050 (with some estimates greatly exceeding this), there is continuing disagreement about the scale of the challenge with numerous authors questioning available evidence. Geographical discussions about the reification of scale and the increasingly questioned division between nature and society might usefully inform these debates. Second, although the term ‘environmental refugees’ has achieved widespread usage, the degree to which ‘the environment’ can be singled out as a decisive cause of refugee movement has been questioned. Geographers have also provided some quantitative evidence that casts the relationship between environmental processes and refugees into doubt. Third, an important debate is taking place regarding the suitability of existing political refugee law for extension into the environmental domain. Many social scientists have expressed concern about the feasibility and desirability of extending the remit of existing international refugee protection. The article concludes by offering a series of future research directions that will allow geographers to continue to engage innovatively with this field.
Agent‐based Modeling of Animal Movement: A Review
Authors: Tang Wenwu , Bennett David A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnimal movement is a complex spatiotemporal phenomenon that has intrigued researchers from many disciplines. Interactions among animals, and between animals and the environments that they traverse, play an important role in the development of the complex ecological and social systems in which they are embedded. Agent‐based models have been increasingly applied as a computational approach to the study of animal movement across landscapes. In this article, we present a review of agent‐based models in which the simulation of animal movement processes and patterns is the central theme. Our discussion of these processes is focused on four key components: internal states, external factors, motion capacities, and navigation capacities. These four components have been identified in the emerging movement ecology research paradigm and are important for modeling animal movement behavior. Because agent‐based models allow for an individual‐based approach that encapsulates these four components, the underlying processes that drive animal behavior can be deeply explored using this technique. A set of challenges and issues remain, however, for agent‐based models of animal movement. In this article, we review the existing literature and identify potential research directions that could help address these challenges.
Neoliberal Subjectivities and the Development of the Night‐Time Economy in British Cities
Authors: Shaw Robert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article provides a review of the academic literature on the night‐time economy (NTE) of British cities. The first half of the article concentrates on the development of the contemporary NTE by academics in the 1990s, showing how such ideas were translated to policy makers through their concomitance with other policies such as urban entrepreneurialism and market liberalization which fitted into neoliberal policy trends. The second half of the article discusses the subsequent academic critique of NTE. Although this has focused on the regulatory practices of neoliberalism, showing how these have lead to large concentrations of bars which promote unhealthy drinking practices, there has been a move in recent work to also consider the subjectivities which have developed in the neoliberal NTE. I suggest that an understanding of subjectivities informed by theoretical work of Deleuze and Guattari and non‐representational theories, which see subjectivities as trans‐personal assemblages which emerge through dispersed interactions between bodies and affects, can develop these insights. This moves research into neoliberal subjectivities in the NTE towards a research agenda in which the processes of the emergence of subjectivities are investigated and which thus responds to some of the recent critiques made of regulatory‐focused approaches.
Barriers to Collaborative Governance in New Zealand Fisheries: Pt II
Authors: Ali Memon P. , Kirk Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecurrent ecological crises in fisheries throughout the world make it imperative that a fundamental re‐alignment of institutional arrangements occurs in order to promote sustainability. Collaborative institutional arrangements that provide incentives for collective action are seen as a more effective way to solve this problem than the more traditional hierarchical regulatory or market led approaches used in the past. While the merits of devolved collaborative governance have been stressed in recent fisheries literature, this paper is the second in a series of two which attempt to critically examine the barriers which impede collaboration in fisheries, using a New Zealand case study. This paper presents a typology of collaboration in New Zealand fisheries, and outlines three barriers to collaboration: the bio‐physical attributes of the resource, community factors and institutional barriers. We conclude the arguing that the success of devolved collaboration has so far been contested and highly uneven in the New Zealand setting.