bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Multifunctional Transition in Australia's Tropical Savannas: the Emergence of Consumption, Protection and Indigenous Values
Authors: HOLMES JOHN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAs elsewhere in affluent, western nations, the direction, complexity and pace of rural change in Australia can be conceptualised as a multifunctional transition in which a variable mix of consumption and protection values has emerged, contesting the former dominance of production values, and leading to greater complexity and heterogeneity in rural occupance at all scales. This transition has been explored in accessible, high‐amenity landscapes driven by enhanced consumption values. Less attention has been directed to remote, marginal lands where a flimsy mode of productivist occupance can, in part, be displaced by alternative modes with the transitions being facilitated by low transfer costs. Such is the case in Australia's northern tropical savannas where an extensive mode of pastoral occupance is selectively displaced by alternative consumption, protection and Indigenous values. This transition towards multifunctional occupance is most readily documented by mapping changes in land tenure and ownership over the last three decades. Tenure changes have been accompanied by new regimes of property rights and land ownership, including: native titles derived from common law; non‐transferable, common‐property Aboriginal freehold tenures; transfers of pastoral leases to Indigenous and conservation interests; expansion of conservation lands under public tenures; and revisions of the rights and duties of pastoral lessees. Future occupance scenarios remain unclear, given the sensitivity of this frontier zone to national and global driving forces.
Efficacy and Safety of Efalizumab in Patients with Moderate‐to‐Severe Plaque Psoriasis Resistant to Previous Anti‐Psoriatic Treatment: Results of a Multicentre, Open‐label, Phase IIIb/IV Trial
Authors: Lotti Torello , Chimenti Sergio , Katsambas Andreas , Ortonne Jean‐Paul , Dubertret Louis , Licu Daiana , Simon Jan 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTObjectives.  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of efalizumab in continuous or interrupted therapy of adults with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis who had failed to respond to or were intolerant of other systemic therapies, including methotrexate, ciclosporin and psoralen plus UVA phototherapy, or for whom such therapies were contraindicated.Methods.  Patients received a conditioning dose of efalizumab 0.7 mg/kg followed by once‐weekly open‐label efalizumab 1.0 mg/kg for 11 weeks. Responders (Physician Global Assessment [PGA] score of “good” or better at Week 12) could continue efalizumab for a further 8 weeks (continuous‐treatment period). Nonresponders transitioned to alternative anti‐psoriasis medication or stopped treatment. Responders who discontinued efalizumab could restart treatment if symptoms worsened. PGA response was evaluated at Weeks 12 (primary endpoint) and 20, as were the proportions of patients achieving an improvement from baseline of ≥50%, ≥75% and ≥90% in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) (PASI 50, PASI 75 and PASI 90, respectively).Results.  A total of 1,255 patients were included in the intention‐to‐treat population. At Week 12, 68.0% of patients had a PGA rating of “good” or better. Of 688 patients who entered the continuous‐treatment period, 79.5% had a PGA rating of “good” or better at Week 20. At Week 12, median improvement in PASI score was 68.4%. PASI 50/75/90 was achieved by 65.5%/35.9%/13.0% of patients at Week 12, and by 78.2%/52.9%/24.3% of responders at Week 20. Of the 127 responders at Week 12 who discontinued efalizumab, 11% experienced rebound and 56.7% relapsed within 8 weeks after stopping therapy. Efalizumab was well tolerated during the study.Conclusions.  Efalizumab provided effective control of psoriasis in the majority of patients during the initial treatment period. The high response rates were maintained in initial responders when treatment was continued beyond 12 weeks.
Epidemiology of exfoliation syndrome in the Reykjavik Eye Study
Authors: Arnarsson Ársæll Már 
Published: December 2009

Abstract.Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is a major risk factor for glaucoma. It is characterized by a pathological accumulation of polymorphic fibrillar material in the anterior segment of the eye. It is likely that the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) seen in XFS patients is at least in part because of flakes of material clogging up the trabecular meshwork, and thereby increasing the resistance to outflow and increasing IOP. XFS glaucoma progresses more rapidly, is more resistant to medical treatment and has worse prognosis than other glaucomas. The prevalence of XFS has been found to vary greatly between different studies, raising the possibility of racial and/or environmental modulators. XFS has also been linked to other changes in ophthalmological structures such as; changes in central corneal thickness (CCT), steeper corneal curvature (CC) and nuclear lens opacifications. Some studies have found XFS to be associated with systemic diseases, mostly cardiovascular and cerebrovascular. Exposure to ultra‐violet (UV) light has also been investigated as a possible culprit, along with several other plausible factors. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and 5‐year incidence of XFS, to establish possible risk factors and/or concomitant symptoms and finally to investigate the relationship between XFS and glaucomatous changes.The Reykjavík Eye Study (RES) is a prospective study based on a random sample from the Icelandic national population sample. The baseline examination was performed in the autumn of 1996, when 1045 persons older than 50 years participated. Of these, 846 (88.2% of survivors) participated in a follow‐up 5 years later. All participants went through a standard examination protocol, and answered a comprehensive questionnaire on health and life style.In the prevalence study, XFS was found in 10.7% of subjects, more frequently in women and older persons. Five years later, a further 5.2% of those that participated in the follow‐up study and had no signs of XFS at baseline were diagnosed having XFS. We found a strong correlation between IOP and XFS. No difference was found in the anterior segment parameters measured, but there was a significant loss of neural tissue in the XFS as demonstrated by measurements of cup/disk ratio.In conclusion, we find XFS to be frequent among Icelanders, increasing with age and more in women. Our diagnostic criteria are reliable over time. We have also identified possible risk factors that point to a role of antioxidants in the development of XFS. We find changes in corneal curvature and thickness more related to age than XFS.
Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant Reactivity between Ovariectomized and Control Urinary Bladder Tissue Using Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma and Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity Assays
Authors: RADU Florian , BEAN Holly , SCHULER Catherine , LEGGETT Robert E. , LEVIN Robert M. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives:In rabbits, ovariectomy has been shown to cause reduced blood flow to the bladder, increased free radical generation, and oxidative damage to the bladder. Thus, the antioxidant status of rabbits may play an important role in the damaging effects of ovariectomy. The present study analyzed total antioxidant content (TAC) in control, 14‐ and 28‐day ovariectomized (Ovx) female rabbit bladders using both ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CURPAC) assays.Methods:Twelve weight‐ and age‐matched virgin female New Zealand White rabbits (∼ 4.0 kg) were separated into three groups of four rabbits each. Group 1 received ovariectomy surgery for 14 days. Group 2 received ovariectomy surgery for 28 days. Group 3 received sham operations.Results:FRAP did not show any significant differences between either muscle and mucosa or control and Ovx samples. CUPRAC revealed higher TAC in the control mucosa compared to muscle and significantly decreased antioxidant levels in 14‐ and 28‐day Ovx mucosal layers compared to the mucosa of the control rabbits.Conclusion:The CUPRAC method proved to be superior to the FRAP method for accuracy.
Biochemical and genomic comparison of inorganic phosphate solubilization in Pseudomonas species
Authors: Miller Simon H. , Browne Patrick , Prigent‐Combaret Claire , Combes‐Meynet Emeline , Morrissey John P. , O'Gara Fergal 
Published: December 2009

SummaryMobilization of insoluble soil inorganic phosphate by plant beneficial rhizobacteria is a trait of key importance to the development of microbial biofertilizers. In this study, the ability of several Pseudomonas spp. to solubilize Ca3(PO4)2 was compared. While all Pseudomonas spp. were found to facilitate a decrease in pH and solubilize inorganic phosphate by the production of extracellular organic acids, strains varied by producing either gluconic or 2‐ketogluconic acid. Furthermore, comparison between the Pseudomonas spp. of the genes involved in oxidative glucose metabolism revealed variations in genomic organization. To further investigate the genetic mechanisms involved in inorganic phosphate solubilization by Pseudomonas spp., a transposon mutant library of P. fluorescens F113 was screened for mutants with reduced Ca3(PO4)2 solubilization ability. Mutations in the gcd and pqqE genes greatly reduced the solubilization ability, whereas mutations in the pqqB gene only moderately reduced this ability. The combination of biochemical analysis and genomic comparisons revealed that alterations in the pqq biosynthetic genes, and the presence/absence of the gluconate dehydrogenase (gad) gene, fundamentally affect phosphate solublization in strains of P. fluorescens.
Noncrossing partitions and representations of quivers
Authors: Ingalls Colin , Thomas Hugh 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe situate the noncrossing partitions associated with a finite Coxeter group within the context of the representation theory of quivers. We describe Reading’s bijection between noncrossing partitions and clusters in this context, and show that it extends to the extended Dynkin case. Our setup also yields a new proof that the noncrossing partitions associated with a finite Coxeter group form a lattice. We also prove some new results within the theory of quiver representations. We show that the finitely generated, exact abelian, and extension-closed subcategories of the representations of a quiverQwithout oriented cycles are in natural bijection with the cluster tilting objects in the associated cluster category. We also show that these subcategories are exactly the finitely generated categories that can be obtained as the semistable objects with respect to some stability condition.
Whittaker unitary dual of affine graded Hecke algebras of type E
Authors: Barbasch Dan , Ciubotaru Dan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper gives the classification of the Whittaker unitary dual for affine graded Hecke algebras of type E. By the Iwahori–Matsumoto involution, this is also equivalent to the classification of the spherical unitary dual for type E. Together with some results of Barbasch and Moy (D. Barbasch and A. Moy, Unitary spherical spectrum for p-adic classical groups, Acta Appl. Math. 44 (1996), 3–37; D. Barbasch, The spherical unitary spectrum of split classical real and p-adic groups, Preprint (2006), math/0609828) and Ciubotaru (D. Ciubotaru, The Iwahori spherical unitary dual of the split group of type F4, Represent. Theory 9 (2005), 94–137), this work completes the classification of the Whittaker Iwahori-spherical unitary dual or, equivalently, the spherical unitary dual of any split p-adic group.
Sums of smooth squares
Authors: Blomer V. , Brüdern J. , Dietmann R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLetR(n,θ) denote the number of representations of the natural numbernas the sum of four squares, each composed only with primes not exceedingnθ/2. Whenθ>e−1/3 a lower bound forR(n,θ) of the expected order of magnitude is established, and whenθ>365/592, it is shown thatR(n,θ)>0 holds for largen. A similar result is obtained for sums of three squares. An asymptotic formula is obtained for the related problem of representing an integer as the sum of two squares and two squares composed of small primes, as above, for any fixedθ>0. This last result is the key to boundR(n,θ) from below.
APPLICATION OF PERCOLATION THEORY AND RG METHOD TO SOIL MOISTURE DYNAMICS
Authors: DI DOMENICO ANTONELLA , LAGUARDIA GIOVANNI 
Published: December 2009

In this work, we present a review of the results obtained in the exploitation of percolation theory and the renormalization group method in the study of soil moisture spatial patterns. In order to capture critical point in soil moisture spatio-temporal dynamics, we developed an algorithm consisting of three steps: (i) dichotomization, i.e., transforming the soil moisture maps into binary maps; (ii) identification of the largest wet cluster; (iii) scaling transformation, i.e., applying an ad hoc implemented coarse-graining procedure to the binary maps. The methodology was explored by means of several applications on soil moisture data coming from field measurement, remote sensing, and hydrological modelling over a wide range of spatial scales. From the relations between the occupation probability in soil moisture spatial patterns and the normalized size of the largest cluster at different scales, as well as the scaling behaviour, it is possible to argue that also for this physical system the critical point theory applies. The critical probability seems to be a structural feature of the catchment, being insensitive to the scale of the analysis, as well as to the parameterization of the methodology.
Toward consistent definitions for preload and afterload—revisited
Authors: ROTHE CARL 
Published: December 2009

The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter: Norton JM. Toward consistent definitions for preload and afterload. Advan Physiol Educ 25: 53–61, 2001. Significant differences exist among textbook definitions for the terms preload and afterload, leading to confusion and frustration among students and faculty alike. Many faculty also chose to use in their teaching simple terms such as “end-diastolic volume” or “aortic pressure” as common-usage approximations of preload and afterload, respectively, but these are only partial representations of these important concepts. Straightforward definitions both of preload and afterload that are concise yet still comprehensive can be developed using the Law of LaPlace to describe the relationships among chamber pressure, chamber radius, and wall thickness. Within this context, the term “preload” can be defined as all of the factors that contribute to passive ventricular wall stress (or tension) at the end of diastole, and the term “afterload” can be defined as all of the factors that contribute to total myocardial wall stress (or tension) during systolic ejection. The inclusion of “wall stress” in both definitions helps the student appreciate both the complexities of cardiac pathophysiology and the rationale for therapeutic intervention.
Atorvastatin Inhibits gp91phoxCirculating Levels in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Pignatelli Pasquale , Carnevale Roberto , Cangemi Roberto , Loffredo Lorenzo , Sanguigni Valerio , Stefanutti Claudio , Basili Stefania , Violi Francesco 
Published: December 2009

Objective—The inhibition of oxidative stress is among the most relevant pleiotropic effects of statins. The mechanism by which statins exert their antioxidant effect in vivo is still undefined. NADPH oxidase is among the most important sources of reactive oxygen species involved in atherosclerotic disease.Methods/Results—We developed an ELISA to evaluate serum levels of soluble-gp91phox, the catalytic core of phagocyte NADPH oxidase. In a cross-sectional study performed in 30 hypercholesterolemic patients and in 20 controls, serum soluble-gp91phoxand urinary isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, were measured. The 2 variables were also measured in hypercholesterolemic patients, randomized to diet (n=15), or diet plus atorvastatin (10 mg daily, n=15) and followed for 30 days. Compared to controls, hypercholesterolemic patients had higher and significantly correlated (R=0.71;P<0.001) serum soluble-gp91phox(P<0.001) and urinary isoprostanes (P<0.001). After follow-up, the statin-allocated group showed a significant reduction of soluble-gp91phox(−33%,P<0.01), that paralleled that of isoprostanes (−37%,P<0.01) and cholesterol (−25%,P<0.01). The diet-allocated group showed only a weak reduction of cholesterol.Conclusion—Our study demonstrates that statins exert an antioxidant effect via inhibition of soluble gp91phoxexpression.
Induced Miscarriage in Early Mālikī and Hanafī Fiqh
Authors: Eich Thomas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article traces the manner in which Mālikī and Hanafī jurists in the first six centuries AH arrived at their respective legal assessments of induced miscarriage. Each madhhab developed its own interpretation of embryogenesis, based on Q. 5:95 and Q. 65:4, and, therefore, its own distinctive position on induced miscarriage: The Mālikīs hold for legal relevance from the moment of conception, while the Hanafīs hold for legal relevance at a later stage of embryological development. This difference was also caused by different opinions on ways to legally establish that a miscarriage was induced. Finally, the question of ensoulment, which became widespread in Islamic legal reasoning on induced miscarriage only after the 2nd/8th century, was linked to the Hanafī position that induced miscarriage is not punishable until the 120th day following conception.
Notes on the Term Mutawātir and its Reception in Hadīth Criticism
Authors: Hansu Hüseyin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the Islamic theory of knowledge, reports about past events are accepted as the most important source of religious knowledge. They are classified as mutawātir and āhād according to their epistemic value. Mutawātir reports are used by theologians and jurists to establish the truth of prophecy and the validity of all transmitted knowledge. This category of reports was not compiled in specific collections by the hadīth scholars, since they were widely known and commonly accepted as sound. Outside the mutawātir category, however, hadīth scholars did collect the āhād hadīths that serve as the basis of religious practice. Beginning in the 9th/15th century, some hadīth experts tried to apply the usūlī understanding of tawātur to hadīths that were considered to be āhād. These new attempts led to some vagueness and ambiguities in the scholarly understanding of the concept. In this essay, I argue that the classification of reports as either mutawātir or āhād began as an epistemological exercise in the fields of theology (kalām) and legal methodology (usūl al-fiqh); and I outline the process by which the concept of mutawātir was applied to the hadīth corpus and the problems to which this gave rise.
Groundwork of the Moral Law: A New Look at the Qur'ān and the Genesis of Sharī'a
Authors: Hallaq Wael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBy reevaluating modernist assumptions in Islamicist scholarship and in Western moral and legal philosophy, I arrive at the conclusion that the Qur'ān was a source of Islamic law since the early Meccan period, when the Prophet Muhammad began to receive the Revelation. This conclusion, supported by extensive evidence from the Qur'ān itself, compels a modification in the standard narrative about the genesis of Islamic law.
Beyond State and Peasant: The Egalitarian Import of Juristic Revisions of Agrarian and Administrative Contracts in the Early Mamlūk Period
Authors: Ibrahim Bilal 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this article I argue that Shāfi'ī and Hanbalī jurists forged an agricultural policy beginning in the early Mamlūk period that aimed at securing the rights of peasants. They did so by introducing radical and systematic changes in the doctrines of their schools, applying the highest categories of legal reasoning (ijtihād). An analysis of Shāfi'ī and Hanbalī legal texts reveals that jurists advanced new interpretations of contracts of sharecropping and iqtā' that systematically promoted the interests of landless peasants over the elite. The legal revisions were predicated on developments in the land assignment/taxation system of the early 8th/14th century. Ultimately, the jurists' strategy exploited state innovations in the interest of advancing social and economic objectives that were independent of any centralized political authority or state institution.
View of life in persons with dementia
Authors: Westius Anders , Andersson Lars , Kallenberg Kjell 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To study the view of life in dementia. The view of life of an individual is defined as a conception of reality, a central system of values and a basic emotional attitude. Method: Interviews with persons ( N = 21) with mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. The interview data were interpreted with a phenomenological hermeneutical method. Results: Despite their cognitive deterioration it was possible to understand the view of life of the participants in the frame of their life story. Their view of life seemed to guide them towards selecting mainly emotionally powerful and value-oriented memories. No exceptional characteristics that could be traced to their dementia disease were found in the participants’ views of life. Conclusions: The view of life of the participants with mild to moderate dementia was vital for their life story and was not erased by dementia. Implications: In order to respect people with dementia as persons, caregivers should strive for gaining some knowledge of their view of life.
Psychological Rehabilitation From Anterior Cruciate Ligament–Medial Collateral Ligament Reconstructive Surgery: A Case Study
Authors: McArdle Siobhain 
Published: December 2009

Background: Research has shown that some of the more common psychological responses to injury (ie, depression, anger, anxiety) are amplified in cases of traumatic injury. Hypothesis/Purpose: An 18-year-old male scholarship soccer player who, owing to a perceived deliberate injurious tackle by an opposition player, tore the medial collateral ligament and anterior cruciate ligament of his right knee. A psychological case perspective is presented. Study Design: Retrospective case report. Results: Various personal and situational factors can compound negative psychological response to injury. A number of extreme responses are explored, including posttraumatic stress, depression, and fear of reinjury. Conclusions: Practitioners should be willing and able to facilitate referral in the instance of more extreme psychological response to anterior cruciate ligament injury.