bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localized Corrosion Attack on Carbon Steel—Case Histories of Service Failures
Authors: Suss H. 
Published: September 2009

Four case histories of service failures attributable to some form of localized corrosion attack are reviewed. The initial case history covers a problem that developed because of the failure to follow operational procedures and because the wrong chemical was used for the inhibitor. The second case history covers an instance where the conjoint actions of the environment and cyclic loading (fatigue) promoted accelerated localized pitting attack rather than the usual loss in fatigue strength generally associated with corrosion fatigue. The third case history presents the potential concerns in using an improperly controlled corrosion protection system. The final case history reveals the perils of allowing systems to remain partially filled with stagnant solutions.
A major concern is the possibility that the same type of failures will recur. An approach for possible actions in programs for the prevention of premature corrosion failures is recommended.
Interpretation of Pitting Corrosion Data from Statistical Prediction Interval Calculations
Authors: Crews D. L. 
Published: September 2009

The National Bureau of Standards data for pitting corrosion of ductile iron and steel pipe in four soils and gray cast iron and 3-in. Bessemer steel pipe in one soil have been treated by statistical methods to obtain the prediction intervals of estimated pit depths as a function of time. In the nonaggressive soils which are representative of most pipe installations, these ductile iron and gray iron pipe exhibited less corrosion than the companion steel pipe.
Prediction interval calculations are useful for quantitative analysis of corrosion data which has considerable inherent scatter and where service life is determined by the failure at relatively few points.
The Influence of Temperature on the Elastic Constants of Some Commercial Steels
Authors: Garofalo F. , Malenock P. R. , Smith G. V. 
Published: September 2009

Elastic moduli in tension and in shear have been determined at various temperatures between 75 and 1500 F for 21 different commercial steels, both carbon and alloyed.
With increasing temperature both the tensile and shear moduli decrease approximately linearly until a certain temperature is reached beyond which a more rapid decrease is observed; this temperature is 700, 900, and 1300 F for carbon, alloyed ferritic, and austenitic stainless steels, respectively. Poisson's ratio does not change significantly with temperature.
Very good agreement is found between the data obtained in this investigation and results, determined both statically and dynamically, that have been reported by various other investigators.
Irradiation Tests of Several Steels for Reactor Pressure Vessels
Authors: Hasegawa M. 
Published: September 2009

The first trial irradiation tests of pressure vessel steels scheduled by the Steel Irradiation Joint Committee of Japan (SIJC) were begun in 1963 and completed in 1967.
ASTM Specification A302 Grade B, modified A302B with nickel, HY-80, and several other domestic-made low-alloy high strength steels were selected. Specimens were prepared from heavy thick plates up to 250 mm thickness, and experimental plates up to 50 mm thickness, both of which contained weld zones. Specimens from ASTM Committee E-10 were adopted as a reference material.
Througout the test sequence, other objectives were to clarify the preliminary effects on irradiation of (a) steel melting processes, for example, vacuum degassing, basic oxygen (L-D) converter smelting, or aluminumnitride treating; (b) thickness of plates and microstructures as affected by heat treatment; (c) welding and stress relieving; and (d) specimen size.
All specimens were encapsulated in newly designed helium-tight aluminum sheaths. A fusible metal gap was used to control high-temperature irradiation, and to ensure uniformity of neutron flux a rotating retractable rig device was adopted. The irradiation tests were carried out in the BR-2 reactor of the Centre d'#x00E9;tude de l'#x00E9;nergie Nucléaire (CEN) in Belgium, and the postirradiation tests were carried out in the center's radiation laboratory. In almost all cases fast neutron fluxes ranged from 3 to 4 x 1019 n/cm2 (over 1 MeV), and irradiation temperatures were 75 and 260 C.
Postirradiation tests included tension, impact, hardness, and microstructure examinations, but evaluation of the results were based mainly on the transition curves derived from standard Charpy impact tests. Significant results were as follows: (1) The effects of smelting practice are noticeable; the L-D process and the aluminum-nitride treatment, in particular, show good effects on the reduction of irradiation sensitivity. (2) The irradiation sensitivity of thick plates is largely influenced by thickness, that is, mass effect—and heat treatment. (3) In general, weld zones are somewhat more sensitive than the parent metal. (4) The shift of transition temperature (ATr) of the ASTM reference steel falls into the range of the trend band established by studies in the United States, but most specimens show much less sensitivity than the reference steel as measured by ATr except for long-time heated experimental specimens.
Neutron Dosimetry for Fast-Reactor Irradiation and Surveillance Testing
Authors: Yoshikawa H. H. , McElroy W. N. 
Published: September 2009

Dosimetry for fast-reactor irradiation experiments introduces problems not encountered in thermal reactors. The difference in neutron spectrum causes quite different responses among candidate dosimetry materials. Moreover, the damage modes in fast-reactor irradiations and in thermal reactor irradiations may be quite different. This work is aimed at developing adequate methods for spectral determinations, neutron dosimetry, and damage correlation for fast-reactor tests.
Spectral determinations have been performed using a multiple foil activation technique (SAND-II). The SAND-II analysis provides integral neutron flux data with an absolute accuracy of 10 to 30 percent. Intercomparison of analytical results, neutron spectrometer results, and SAND-II determinations indicate reasonable agreement among all three techniques.
While the SAND-II technique provides fluence data, threshold and resonance monitors are simpler to use. A slight modification of monitoring procedures used in thermal reactors suffices for fast-reactor dosimetry. Results from activation monitors in EBR-II and ECEL indicate the feasibility of the monitoring methods.
Damage correlation techniques depend on the mechanisms causing damage. Two of the mechanisms causing property changes during fast-reactor irradiations are displacement production and helium generation by neutron reactions. The fluence dependence for these mechanisms illustrate the need for correlation analyses.
Determining the Functional Life of Turbine Oils
Authors: Hall D A 
Published: September 2009

The life of a turbine oil in a given application depends on such environmental factors as temperature, degree of agitation, presence of water, and active chemicals. The chemical composition of the oil is also very important.
The functional life of a new oil can be determined by comparing it with other oils of known performance in various long-term and short-term oxidation tests, and by inhibitor content. The functional life of a used oil from a turbine system can be determined by comparing its performance in these same tests with the performance of the same oil when new. The same tests are also useful in setting lot acceptance limits for evaluating incoming shipments of oil. However, in this case, the testing will have to be confined to the short-term variety.
Four tests for determining functional life of turbine oil are described and their usefulness discussed.
Principles of Polymer Implant Applications
Authors: Stone W. , Yasuda H. , Seiderman M. , Ore S. 
Published: September 2009

Metals and plastics as functioning replacements are becoming an important and interesting development in modern surgery. Attempts to substitute chemically inert materials for defective organs or parts of organs were made in early medical history, but only in the past 20 years have these efforts met with any consistent success. It is interesting that eye surgeons were among the first in this field, although the size and delicacy of the usable structures in the eye would seem inconsistent with such work.
An important basic problem in the development of implants is the retention in tissues of the “incompletely covered foreign body.” This was first described and studied (for the past 15 years) in eye tissues. The concept of the incompletely covered foreign body has application in nearly every field of surgery.
Previously, it was believed that, for a would to heal, like epithelial cells must meet and join like cells. With the plastic artificial cornea it has now been shown that a wound can heal and create a barrier to bacteria and fluids with epithelial cells ending at a connective tissue barrier. The principles making possible the retention in tissues of the incompletely covered foreign body are discussed.
The utilization in tissues of the post-enucleation movable implant and plastic artificial cornea is described, and the uses of methyl methacrylate, silicones, Teflon, and hydrophilic polymers as related to the implantation of plastic artificial corneas, retinal detachment surgery, glaucoma drainage tubes, the repair of bony defects, replacing the vitreous of the eye, and substitution for the eye's crystalline lens are reported. Also mentioned are the problems which are encountered in implant material and fabrication.
The possibilities of the incompletely covered foreign body, especially in other branches of surgery, are pointed out.
Designing and Fabricating with Rigid Polymers
Authors: Pierson O. L. 
Published: September 2009

A vocabulary of important properties of rigid polymers is presented and compared with some older materials such as metals, wood and glass. Those properties which affect the design of parts intended for long-term loading are discussed in detail. Application of data with the use of classic formulas from mechanics is illustrated.
Methods for fabricating prostheses from rigid polymers are summarized. Sheet plastics may be formed by heating to about 300 to 400 F. Commercial molding is usually not adaptable to making a few parts, but blocks of polymers are available for the machining of a variety of items. The materials may be worked by conventional wood or metal shop tools. Parts should be annealed and equilibrated prior to service to minimize dimensional changes due to environmental changes. Strong adhesives join plastics to themselves, but attachment to other materials requires careful attention. Autoclave sterilization distorts many polymers, but ethylene oxide appears safe with most, as are several solutions.
Examples are based on acrylic plastics, with which the author is most familiar, but the principles apply to most rigid polymers. Sources of additional detailed technical information are suggested.
The Effect of Texture and Strain Aging on Creep of Zircaloy-2
Authors: Fidleris V. 
Published: September 2009

Creep tests were carried out on specimens machined from heavily cold-worked Zircaloy-2 sheet material in both the rolling (longitudinal) and thickness (short-transverse) directions. The texture of the sheet was such that the majority of grains had basal-plane normals oriented 30 deg from the sheet-normal direction, and was independent of the metallurgical condition. The creep tests were carried out in the range 100 to 350 C on both as-received (cold-worked) and annealed material.
The results varied with temperature and stress. At high stresses (all temperatures) such that rupture occurred in under 1000 h, the longitudinal specimens showed higher creep rates than the short-transverse specimens. However, at lower stresses the texture had very little effect on creep either in cold-worked material throughout the temperature range investigated, or in annealed materials between 250 and 310 C. In annealed materials tested at temperatures below 250 and above 310 C the longitudinal specimens had higher creep rates than the short-transverse ones.
The material exhibited strong dynamic strain aging which reached maximum intensity around 300 C. In some tests the creep came to a complete stop after about 1000 h. Activation energy for creep determinations showed little variations with texture, but a very marked peaking in the strain-aging temperature range.
Optical and electron microscope investigations of crept specimens revealed the formation of kink bands and a cell structure, especially in heavily deformed specimens, but little or no twinning.
Moisture and Strength Variation in a Thick, Uniform Clay Layer
Authors: Weber William G. , Kleiman William F. 
Published: September 2009

The variation of moisture content, both horizontally and vertically, in individual specimens and in separate layers of a clay mass 105-ft thick is presented. Two hundred and thirty-eight soil specimens 2 in. in diameter by 4 in. high were tested in the laboratory. Four moisture determinations, two in the top half and two in the bottom half, were made on each soil specimen for a total of 952 moisture determinations. The moisture was of primary concern in this investigation, but as the samples were available, numerous other tests, such as grading analysis, Atterberg limits, triaxial and unconfined compression, were made. It is shown how much the moisture content does vary within a 4-in. high sample. There is no significant migration of moisture from bottom to top of sample during the time elapsed between sampling in the field and testing in the laboratory. The moisture content is higher in the bottom half just as often as it is higher in the top half of the 4-in. high test specimen. The shearing strength of the clay soil was determined by unconfined compression and quick undrained triaxial compression tests.
It is shown that the range of moisture content in a test specimen is much greater in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. There is no significant difference in the average strength-versus-moisture pattern, whether the moisture is the average of the strength test specimen or the highest of four moisture determinations made on the specimen.
Effect of Temperature on Moisture Contents as Determined by Centrifuge and Tension Techniques
Authors: Prill R. C. , Johnson A. I. 
Published: September 2009

As a part of a program of cooperative research between the U. S. Geological Survey and the California Department of Water Resources, the amount and rate of soil-water drainage were studied in detail by the centrifuge moisture-equivalent and soil-moisture tension methods. One phase of this study was to determine the effect of temperature on the moisture content as determined by these two methods.
The effect of increasing temperature on the centrifuge moisture content and moisture content at a tension of ⅓ atmos was a small but significant decrease in moisture retained. Results obtained in the centrifuge studies indicated that reproducible centrifuge moisture content may be obtained with the control of temperature and humidity. The nonreproducibility of centrifuge moisture contents, a cause of criticism for this test for a number of years, may be attributed to the testing of duplicate samples at different temperatures.
On the Lap Joint Shear Test for Metal-to-Metal Bonds
Authors: Shane R. S. 
Published: September 2009

This paper suggests modifications of ASTM Method D 1002 – 53 T which is currently being revised. During studies on the preparation of aluminum, stainless steel, and magnesium surfaces for adhesive bonding, certain modifications were made in this lap joint shear test. These modifications resulted in a much smaller than usual standard deviation in the test results, about 5 per cent of the mean value. The modifications in the test included: (a) uniform rate of application of stress, (b) improved grips, (c) making specimens in a jig to assure parallelism of lap components, and (d) cutting steel specimens with an abrasive wheel.
Data are presented on: (1) choice of a test adhesive, (2) effect of parallelism of press platens, (3) uniformity of heating of press platens, and (4) effect of location of test specimen within a panel. The method used to prepare the metal surfaces is described elsewhere.
Shear and Torsion Testing of Solid Materials—A Critical Discussion
Authors: Clapper R. B. 
Published: September 2009

This discussion includes a critical review of papers presented at the Symposium on Shear and Torsion Testing. Work presented elsewhere on this subject is summarized and critically compared, and testing variables and problems for investigation are discussed. It was found that the plastics, rubber, and forest products industries have well-planned and time-tested standard practices. Although the metals and the ceramic industries have numerous methods of evaluating shear strength, very little has been accomplished toward standardization of test methods for these materials.
This review is designed to assist Subcommittee 25 on Shear and Torsion Tests of Committee E-1 on Methods of Testing in preparing new standard methods of testing in shear and torsion, and for recommending revisions to current standards.
Effect of Restraint on Fire Resistance of Prestressed Concrete
Authors: Selvaggio S L , Carlson C C 
Published: September 2009

When fire occurs in a building, the structural parts tend to expand under the effects of the resulting heating. Thermal expansion of structural building components may be variously restricted according to the resistance offered at the supports or by the stiffness of abutting constructions. Restriction of thermal expansion has been shown by many fire tests and by evidence from building fires to have an important influence on the structural behavior of building elements during exposure to fire.
Described in this paper are results and impressions gained in an exploratory study of the effect of varying intensities of restraint of the thermal expansion of precast, prestressed concrete double-tee floor elements during the course of standard fire exposures. The principal variable in the study was the amount of linear expansion along the axis of the span allowed before further expansion was stopped. Relationships between given expansions, the resulting expansion forces, and midspan deflection are presented. The changes in the location of the center of thrust at the ends of the members during the course of the fire exposure are discussed. Further investigations on the subject of restraint are suggested.
Activation and Sintering Behavior of Calcium Oxide—the Effect of Copper X-Irradiation on the Surface Area of the Oxide Produced by Thermal Decomposition
Authors: Mikhail RSh 
Published: September 2009

The thermal decomposition of a parent material presents a common tool in the preparation of active solids, mainly oxides. In lime-burning practice several factors are now known to affect the activity of the produced oxide. Among these factors are the structure of the initial material, temperature and duration of calcination, and the presence or absence of air during decomposition.
The present investigation deals with a new factor which may appreciably affect the activity of the produced oxide, namely, the effect of copper x-irradiation.
Copper x-irradiation of the parent material did not cause any variation of the surface area of the starting material or its decomposition products. But the irradiation of the partially or the completely dehydrated products resulted in measurable changes of the surface area. These changes were traced for products heated under vacuum at different temperatures for fixed durations, and for products heated at constant temperatures for various durations.
For products heated for a fixed duration of heating at different temperatures, all specimens showed a tendency for loss of area upon irradiation. Both the irradiated and unirradiated specimens give an area-temperature of decomposition curve characterized by a maximum, but this maximum was more sharp and was shifted to lower temperatures in the case of the irradiated specimens. Irradiation seems to assist well in reducing high area solids and activating the process of sintering.
The effect of variation of duration of heating at a fixed temperature on the surface area showed measurably higher areas for the irradiated than unirradiated specimens for incompletely decomposed samples. As decomposition approached completion the effect was reversed and the irradiated products showed smaller areas than the corresponding unirradiated samples.
The results are discussed mainly to show the effect of irradiation on the different stages followed by a solid during thermal decomposition; these stages are dissociation, recrystallization, packing, and finally sintering, and a possible interpretation is presented.
Requirements for an Effective Program in Fluid Contamination Control
Authors: Fitch E. C. 
Published: September 2009

Contamination control in a hydraulic system means that the filtration equipment of a system has established a fluid contamination level which is within the contaminant tolerance specifications of the hydraulic components. Such a control condition is not beyond the realm of practicality and must be achieved if hydraulic systems are to function in an optimal manner. Sufficient technology has been developed to permit the specification of the requirements for achieving, maintaining, and appraising contamination control conditions.
This paper reviews the present status of the various factors which are involved in achieving contamination control conditions. A general discussion is presented of such details as sample bottle cleaning, fluid sampling methods, fluid contamination analysis, component tolerance profiles, and filtration performance specifications.
Use of Masseteric and Deep Temporal Nerve Blocks for Reduction of Mandibular Dislocation
Authors: Young Andrew L. , Khan Junad , Thomas Davis C. , Quek Samuel Y. P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A patient presented with a unilateral dislocated condyle that was resistant to reduction by simple manual manipulation because of elevator muscle spasm and severe muscle and temporomandibular joint pain. A technique involving a masseteric nerve block and a temporal nerve block was used, allowing a quick, safe, and minimally painful reduction. The method used for delivering these nerve blocks is described here.