bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical debridement and adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen in cervical necrotizing fasciitis
Authors: Flanagan Carrie E. , Daramola Opeyemi O. , Maisel Robert H. , Adkinson Cher , Odland Rick M. 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveTo review our management of cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) with the use of adjunctive hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO).Study DesignCase series with chart review.Subjects and MethodsEvaluation of ten patients with CNF between 2001 to 2006.ResultsThere were five male and six female patients. Mean age was 43 ± 11 years. Eight cases resulted from an odontogenic source. Comorbidities included diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and substance abuse. All patients had computed tomography scans performed, received intravenous antibiotics, and underwent surgical debridement. Eight patients underwent surgery within 24 hours. The average number of debridements was 2.2 ± 0.8. Hospitalization was twice as long for diabetic patients (15.5 ± 8.16 days) compared with nondiabetic patients (7.5 ± 1.6 days, P = 0.029). Nine patients had HBO therapy. Combined data revealed a possible decrease in length of hospitalization with HBO therapy (P < 0.001). No mortality was documented.ConclusionIn addition to early and aggressive medical management and surgical debridement, this study suggests that HBO therapy is a beneficial adjunct by potentially decreasing length of hospitalization. Randomized trials are still needed to demonstrate its efficacy.
Die Bewertung der Kosteneffektivität von Impfungen unter Berücksichtigung von Public Health Aspekten
Authors: Siebert Uwe 
Published: April 2009

Einleitung
Zunehmend werden Impfungen mittels Health Technology Assessment (HTA) systematisch und kritisch im Hinblick auf Nutzen, Risiko, Kosten und ethische/soziale Aspekte untersucht. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht zur aktuellen Evidenzlage sowie zu methodischen Aspekten und zukünftigen Entwicklungen.
Late Quaternary vegetation dynamics in a biodiversity hotspot, the Uluguru Mountains of Tanzania
Authors: Finch Jemma , Leng Melanie J. , Marchant Rob 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLate Quaternary vegetation history and environmental changes in a biodiverse tropical ecosystem are inferred from pollen, charcoal and carbon isotope evidence derived from a ∼ 48,000-yr sedimentary record from the Uluguru Mountains, a component of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Kenya and Tanzania. Results indicate that Eastern Arc forest composition has remained relatively stable during the past ∼ 48,000 yr. Long-term environmental stability of the Eastern Arc forests has been proposed as a mechanism for the accumulation and persistence of species during glacial periods, thus resulting in the diverse forests observed today. The pollen and isotope data presented here indicate some marked changes in abundance but no significant loss in moist forest taxa through the last glacial maximum, thereby providing support for the long-term environmental stability of the Eastern Arc. Anthropogenic activities, including burning and forest clearance, were found to play a moderate role in shaping the mosaic of forest patches and high-altitude grasslands that characterise the site today; however, this influence was tempered by the inaccessibility of the mountain.
Cultural Pluralism and the Israeli Nation-Building Ideology
Authors: Cohen-Almagor Raphael 
Published: April 2009

Know from where you come and where you are going. (Akavya Ben-Mahalalel, Avot, 3)It has been argued that the difference between liberal democracies and theocratic, communist, or fascist states is not that liberal states promote different ideals of the good, but that they promote none. Whereas illiberal states regard it as a primary function of the state to prescribe the moral character of society, liberal states shun such attempts and allow freedom to citizens to develop their own conceptions. Liberals hold that governments cannot use as their justification for any action the fact that one person's plan of life is more or less worthy than that of another. Since many people believe in more than one objective “correct” set of values, every person should enjoy the freedom to arrive at her own conception of the good. By “conception of the good” is meant a more or less determinate scheme of ends that the doer aspires to carry out for their own sake as well as of attachments to other individuals and loyalties to various groups and associations. It involves a mixture of moral, philosophical, ideological, and religious notions, together with personal values that contain some picture of a worthy life.
Elias Khoury'sThe Journey of Little Gandhi: Fiction and Ideology
Authors: Aghacy Samira 
Published: April 2009

Commenting on his novelRiḥlat Gandhī al-Ṣaghīr(The Journey of Little Gandhi), Elias Khoury has made two conflicting assertions. At a gathering held to discuss the book shortly after it was published, Khoury reaffirmed his political and ideological stance in relation to the war in Lebanon. While acknowledging that Gandhi, the protagonist, is a victim of violence and poverty, Khoury said that he regards war as a necessity, a passage to a higher and nobler aim:I am not one of those who preach against violence, nor do I claim that I am against the war.I have participated in the war, and I remain true to my original choice, and loyal to my comrades who died the death of martyrs. I refuse to go along with the popular “anti-war” fad. At the same time, I remain faithful to the truth and the goal for which we started the war: the creation of another more just and democratic society⃜ [U]nfortunately, we have not succeeded, but at least, it is our duty to tell the truth and… what actually happened.
Style as Politics in the Poems and Novels of Rashīd al-Ḍaʿīf
Authors: Amyuni Mona Takieddine 
Published: April 2009

The Lebanese war revealed man to me. It revealed to me that there was no end to evil. Man's capacity to suffer and cause suffering is endless too. War is the cloth which weaves relationships amongst men and nations. When I write, “From your absence comes the evening,” I express the anguish of losing my beloved. This anguish is similar to that caused by war. Fear and anguish provoked by war have also at their root jealousy, desire, ambition, money, success. What is specific about war is that it strips down man and shows him in his absolute nakedness.When Rashīd al-Daʿīf (henceforth, plain text) expressed himself in this fashion in an interview in 1989, several of his novels and poems had already appeared in Beirut. His original voice had started to spread in the intellectual circles of Lebanon and abroad. Al-Daʿif's originality lies precisely in this stripping of human beings, feelings, and things down to absolute nakedness in the midst of a war that tore apart the artist'snation. He expresses himself in a language stripped to its bare essentials, as well, breaking away from the traditional Arabic mode, in which rhetoric and lyricism dominated.
Friendship, politics, and Augustine's consolidation of the self
Authors: VALK FRANK VANDER 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFriendship plays a central role in Augustine's thought. It also played a crucial role in structuring the political and social world of the ancient Greeks. Augustine's treatment of friendship, especially in hisConfessions, retains some of the terminology that was central to the Greek account, but it simultaneously transforms friendship, and with it the relationship between individual and community. Augustine's formulation of the inner life is reflected in his transformation of friendship, which loses its inherently social character and political dimension even as it sets the stage for the introduction of political thinking based on the primacy of the individual.
Response to Knepper
Authors: HICK JOHN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHaving cited Dionysius as one of the many Christian thinkers who affirm the ineffability, or transcategoriality, of God in God's ultimate inner being, I respond to Timothy D. Knepper's claim that this is a mistake. Whilst accepting much that he says about Dionysius, I still prefer the standard interpretation of the Dionysian texts as teaching the total transcategoriality of the Transcendent as ‘surpassing all discourse and all knowledge’.
How we know our own minds: The relationship between mindreading and metacognition
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFour different accounts of the relationship between third-person mindreading and first-person metacognition are compared and evaluated. While three of them endorse the existence of introspection for propositional attitudes, the fourth (defended here) claims that our knowledge of our own attitudes results from turning our mindreading capacities upon ourselves. Section 1 of this target article introduces the four accounts. Section 2 develops the “mindreading is prior” model in more detail, showing how it predicts introspection for perceptual and quasi-perceptual (e.g., imagistic) mental events while claiming that metacognitive access to our own attitudes always results from swift unconscious self-interpretation. This section also considers the model's relationship to the expression of attitudes in speech. Section 3 argues that the commonsense belief in the existence of introspection should be given no weight. Section 4 argues briefly that data from childhood development are of no help in resolving this debate. Section 5 considers the evolutionary claims to which the different accounts are committed, and argues that the three introspective views make predictions that are not borne out by the data. Section 6 examines the extensive evidence that people often confabulate when self-attributing attitudes. Section 7 considers “two systems” accounts of human thinking and reasoning, arguing that although there are introspectableeventswithin System 2, there are no introspectableattitudes. Section 8 examines alleged evidence of “unsymbolized thinking”. Section 9 considers the claim that schizophrenia exhibits a dissociation between mindreading and metacognition. Finally, section 10 evaluates the claim that autism presents a dissociation in the opposite direction, of metacognition without mindreading.
Is feeling pain just mindreading? Our mind-brain constructs realistic knowledge of ourselves
Authors: Baars Bernard J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCarruthers claims that “our knowledge of our own attitudes results from turning our mindreading capacities upon ourselves” (target article, Abstract). This may be true in many cases. But like other constructivist claims, it fails to explain occasions when constructed knowledge is accurate, like a well-supported scientific theory. People can know their surrounding world and to some extent themselves. Accurate self-knowledge is firmly established for both somatosensory and social pain.
Introspection, confabulation, and dual-process theory
Authors: Evans Jonathan St. B. T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis excellent target article helps to resolve a problem for dual-process theories of higher cognition. Theorists posit two systems, one of which appears to be conscious and volitional. It seems to control some behaviours but to confabulate explanations for others. I argue that this system is only conscious in an illusory sense and that all self-explanations are confabulatory, as Carruthers suggests.
What can we say about the inner experience of the young child?
Authors: Fernyhough Charles 
Published: April 2009

AbstractInner experience is proposed as a basis for self-interpretation in both children and adults, but young children's inner experience may not be comparable to our own. I consider evidence on children's attribution of inner experience, experience sampling, and the development of inner speech, concluding that Carruthers' theory should predict a developmental lag between mindreading and metacognition.
What monkeys can tell us about metacognition and mindreading
Authors: Kornell Nate , Schwartz Bennett L. , Son Lisa K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThinkers in related fields such as philosophy, psychology, and education define metacognition in a variety of different ways. Based on an emerging standard definition in psychology, we present evidence for metacognition in animals, and argue that mindreading and metacognition are largely orthogonal.
Metacognition without introspection
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhile Carruthers denies that humans have introspective access to cognitive attitudes such as belief, he allows introspective access to perceptual and quasi-perceptual mental states. Yet, despite his own reservations, the basic architecture he describes for third-person mindreading can accommodate first-person mindreading without need to posit a distinct “introspective” mode of access to any of one's own mental states.
Feigning introspective blindness for thought
Authors: Lurz Robert W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractI argue that the very reasons Carruthers gives for why the “mindreading is prior” account should allow introspective access to perceptual/quasi-perceptual states, can be given for thought, as well. I also argue that we have good subjectively accessible grounds for the intuition in introspective thoughts, notwithstanding Carruthers' argument to the contrary and his attempt to explain the intuition away.
Overlooking metacognitive experience
Authors: Proust Joëlle 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPeter Carruthers correctly claims that metacognition in humans may involve self-directed interpretations (i.e., may use the conceptual interpretative resources of mindreading). He fails to show, however, that metacognition cannot rely exclusively on subjective experience. Focusing on self-directed mindreading can only bypass evolutionary considerations and obscure important functional differences.
Social-affective origins of mindreading and metacognition
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe engineer's look at how the mind works omits a central piece of the puzzle. It ignores the dynamic of motivations and the social context in which mindreading and metacognition evolved and developed in the first place. Mindreading and metacognition derive from a primacy of affective mindreading and meta-affectivity (e.g., secondary emotions such as shame or pride), both co-emerging in early development.
Metacognition, mindreading, and insight in schizophrenia
Authors: Wiffen Ben , David Anthony 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMindreading in schizophrenia has been shown to be impaired in a multitude of studies. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence to suggest that metacognition is damaged as well. Lack of insight, or the inability to recognise one's own disorder, is an example of such a failure. We suggest that mindreading and metacognition are linked, but separable.
The propositional nature of human associative learning
Authors: Mitchell Chris J. , De Houwer Jan , Lovibond Peter F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe past 50 years have seen an accumulation of evidence suggesting that associative learning depends on high-level cognitive processes that give rise to propositional knowledge. Yet, many learning theorists maintain a belief in a learning mechanism in which links between mental representations are formed automatically. We characterize and highlight the differences between the propositional and link approaches, and review the relevant empirical evidence. We conclude that learning is the consequence of propositional reasoning processes that cooperate with the unconscious processes involved in memory retrieval and perception. We argue that this new conceptual framework allows many of the important recent advances in associative learning research to be retained, but recast in a model that provides a firmer foundation for both immediate application and future research.
Associative learning requires associations, not propositions
Authors: Baeyens Frank , Vansteenwegen Debora , Hermans Dirk 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe discuss findings on evaluative conditioning (EC) that are problematic for the “conscious reasoning/propositional knowledge” account of learning, namely, dissociations between conscious beliefs and acquired (dis)liking. We next argue that, both for EC and for Pavlovian learning in general, conditioned responding cannot rationally be inferred from propositional knowledge type “CS refers to/signals US,” and that, therefore, performance cannot be explained.
Rats and infants as propositional reasoners: A plausible possibility?
Authors: Castro Leyre , Wasserman Edward A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMitchell et al. contemplate the possibility of rats being capable of propositional reasoning. We suggest that this is an unlikely and unsubstantiated possibility. Nonhuman animals and human infants do learn about the contingencies in the world; however, such learning seems not to be based on propositional reasoning, but on more elementary associative processes.
Is propositional learning necessary for human autonomic classical conditioning?
Authors: Dawson Michael E. , Schell Anne M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAdditional support is presented for the necessity of awareness of the CS-US relation in human autonomic conditioning. However, possible limitations and exceptions regarding this general rule are discussed. Limitations include the lack of relationship between conditioned response (CR) strength and degree of awareness, and an important exception may be the finding of conditioning with backwardly masked CSs of a biologically prepared nature.
Straw-men and selective citation are needed to argue that associative-link formation makes no contribution to human learning
Authors: Dwyer Dominic M. , Le Pelley Michael E. , George David N. , Haselgrove Mark , Honey Robert C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMitchell et al. contend that there is no need to posit a contribution based on the formation of associative links to human learning. In order to sustain this argument, they have ignored evidence which is difficult to explain with propositional accounts; and they have mischaracterised the evidence they do cite by neglecting features of these experiments that contradict a propositional account.
Cognition, consciousness, and the cognitive revolution
Authors: Greenwood John D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt is argued that the cognitive revolution provided general support for the view that associative learning requires cognitive processing, but only limited support for the view that it requires conscious processing. The point is illustrated by two studies of associative learning that played an important role in the development of the cognitive revolution, but which are surprisingly neglected by Mitchell et al. in the target article.
Both rules and associations are required to predict human behaviour
Authors: McLaren I. P. L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractI argue that the dual-process account of human learning rejected by Mitchell et al. in the target article is informative and predictive with respect to human behaviour in a way that the authors' purely propositional account is not. Experiments that reveal different patterns of results under conditions that favour either associative or rule-based performance are the way forward.
Associative learning without reason or belief
Authors: Miles James D. , Proctor Robert W. , Capaldi E. J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe discuss the necessity of conscious thinking in the single-system propositional model of learning. Research from honeybees to humans suggests that associative learning can take place without the need for controlled reasoning or the development of beliefs of relationships between objects or events. We conclude that a single learning system is possible, but not if it depends on complex thinking.
Of mice and men: Revisiting the relation of nonhuman and human learning
Authors: Schultheis Holger , Lachnit Harald 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTo support their main claim, Mitchell et al. broach the issue of the relationship between the learning performance of human and nonhuman animals. We show that their argumentation is problematic both theoretically and empirically. In fact, results from learning studies with humans and honey-bees strongly suggest that human learning is not entirely propositional.
How do we get from propositions to behavior?
Authors: Sternberg Daniel A. , McClelland James L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMitchell et al. describe many fascinating studies, and in the process, propose what they consider to be a unified framework for human learning in which effortful, controlled learning results in propositional knowledge. However, it is unclear how any of their findings privilege a propositional account, and we remain concerned that embedding all knowledge in propositional representations obscures the tight interdependence between learning from experiences and the use of the results of learning as a basis for action.
Link-based learning theory creates more problems than it solves
Authors: Mitchell Chris J. , De Houwer Jan , Lovibond Peter F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this response, we provide further clarification of the propositional approach to human associative learning. We explain why the empirical evidence favors the propositional approach over a dual-system approach and how the propositional approach is compatible with evolution and neuroscience. Finally, we point out aspects of the propositional approach that need further development and challenge proponents of dual-system models to specify the systems more clearly so that these models can be tested.
Magnetic fields in AGB stars and (proto-) Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Herpin Fabrice , Baudy A. , Josselin E. , Thum C. , Wiesemeyer H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDuring its quick transition to the Planetary Nebula stage, the Asymptotic Giant Branch star will completely change its geometry. This AGB stellar evolution stage is characterized by a high mass loss driven by the radiation pressure. Strong magnetic field may rule the mass loss geometry and the global shaping of these objects. Following our previous work on the polarization of the SiO maser emission in a representative sample of O-rich evolved stars, we present here a study towards C-rich objects and PPN/PN objects to obtain unbiased conclusions. Using Xpol at the IRAM-30 m telescope, we have conducted CN N=1-0 observations to investigate the Zeeman effect in this molecule and draw conclusion on the evolution of the magnetic field and its influence during the transition of an AGB star to the PN stage. Following the analysis described by Crutcher et al. (1996) we derive an estimate of the magnetic field.
The role of the random magnetic fields in the ISM: HVC numerical simulations
Authors: Santillán Alfredo , Kim J. , Sánchez-Salcedo F. J. , Franco J. , Hernández-Cervantes L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe know that the galactic magnetic field possesses a random component in addition to the mean uniform component, with comparable strength of the two components. This random component is considered to play important roles in the evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM). In this work we present numerical simulations associated with the interaction of the supersonic flows located at high latitude in our Galaxy (High Velocity Clouds, HVC) with the magnetized galactic ISM in order to study the effect that produces a random magnetic field in the evolution of this objects.
Relative distributions of cosmic ray electrons and magnetic fields in the ISM
Authors: Stepanov Rodion , Fletcher A. , Shukurov A. , Beck R. , La Porta L. , Tabatabaei F. S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe calculate the relative magnitudes of the fluctuations in total synchrotron intensity in the interstellar medium, both from observations and from theory under various assumptions about the correlation or anticorrelation between cosmic rays and interstellar magnetic fields. The results are inconsistent with local energy equipartition between cosmic rays and magnetic fields. The distribution of cosmic rays must be rather uniform at scales of order 1 kpc, whereas interstellar magnetic fields vary at much smaller scales.