bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Harmony: The Role of Serial Statistics
Authors: Jonaitis Erin McMullen , Saffran Jenny R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHow do listeners learn about the statistical regularities underlying musical harmony? In traditional Western music, certain chords predict the occurrence of other chords: Given a particular chord, not all chords are equally likely to follow. In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether adults make use of statistical information when learning new musical structures. Listeners were exposed to a novel musical system containing phrases generated using an artificial grammar. This new system contained statistical structure quite different from Western tonal music. Our results suggest that learners take advantage of the statistical patterning of chords to acquire new musical structures, similar to learning processes previously observed for language learning.
Perception With Compensatory Devices: From Sensory Substitution to Sensorimotor Extension
Authors: Auvray Malika , Myin Erik 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSensory substitution devices provide through an unusual sensory modality (thesubstitutingmodality, e.g., audition) access to features of the world that are normally accessed through another sensory modality (thesubstitutedmodality, e.g., vision). In this article, we address the question of which sensory modality the acquired perception belongs to. We have recourse to the four traditional criteria that have been used to define sensory modalities: sensory organ, stimuli, properties, and qualitative experience (Grice, 1962), to which we have added the criteria of behavioral equivalence (Morgan, 1977), dedication (Keeley, 2002), and sensorimotor equivalence (O’Regan & Noë, 2001). We discuss which of them are fulfilled by perception through sensory substitution devices and whether this favors the view that perception belongs to the substituting or to the substituted modality. Though the application of a number of criteria might be taken to point to the conclusion that perception with a sensory substitution device belongs to the substituted modality, we argue that the evidence leads to an alternative view on sensory substitution. According to this view, the experience after sensory substitution is a transformation, extension, or augmentation of our perceptual capacities, rather than being something equivalent or reducible to an already existing sensory modality. We develop this view by comparing sensory substitution devices to other “mind‐enhancing tools” such as pen and paper, sketchpads, or calculators. An analysis of sensory substitution in terms of mind‐enhancing tools unveils it as a thoroughly transforming perceptual experience and as giving rise to a novel form of perceptual interaction with the environment.
Explanatory Pluralism in Cognitive Science
Authors: Dale Rick , Dietrich Eric , Chemero Anthony 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis brief commentary has three goals. The first is to argue that “framework debate” in cognitive science is unresolvable. The idea that one theory or framework can singly account for the vast complexity and variety of cognitive processes seems unlikely if not impossible. The second goal is a consequence of this: We should consider how the various theories on offer work together in diverse contexts of investigation. A final goal is to supply a brief review for readers who are compelled by these points to explore existing literature on the topic. Despite this literature, pluralism has garnered very little attention from broader cognitive science. We end by briefly considering what it might mean for theoretical cognitive science.
Insights Into Knowledge Representation: The Influence of Amodal and Perceptual Variables on Event Knowledge Retrieval From Memory
Authors: Raisig Susanne , Welke Tinka , Hagendorf Herbert , Van Der Meer Elke 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEvent sequences or scripts are the conceptual representations of activities in memory. Traditional views hold that events are represented in amodal networks and are retrieved by associative strategies. The embodied cognition approach holds that knowledge is grounded in perception and retrieved by mental simulation. We used a script generation task where event sequences of activities had to be produced. Activities varied in their degree of familiarity. In a regressional design we investigated whether amodal or perceptual variables best predicted knowledge retrieval to gain insight into the underlying representation. Retrieval depended on the familiarity of the activity. While novel activities mainly relied on perception‐based simulation and to a lesser extent on associative strategies, moderately familiar activities showed the opposite pattern, and events of familiar activities were retrieved by association alone. We conclude that amodal structures exist in all representations that become stronger with increasing frequency and finally prevail over perceptual structures.
The Wisdom of Individuals: Exploring People's Knowledge About Everyday Events Using Iterated Learning
Authors: Lewandowsky Stephan , Griffiths Thomas L. , Kalish Michael L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDetermining the knowledge that guides human judgments is fundamental to understanding how people reason, make decisions, and form predictions. We use an experimental procedure called ‘‘iterated learning,’’ in which the responses that people give on one trial are used to generate the data they see on the next, to pinpoint the knowledge that informs people's predictions about everyday events (e.g., predicting the total box office gross of a movie from its current take). In particular, we use this method to discriminate between two models of human judgments: a simple Bayesian model (Griffiths & Tenenbaum, 2006) and a recently proposed alternative model that assumes people store only a few instances of each type of event in memory (MinK; Mozer, Pashler, & Homaei, 2008). Although testing these models using standard experimental procedures is difficult due to differences in the number of free parameters and the need to make assumptions about the knowledge of individual learners, we show that the two models make very different predictions about the outcome of iterated learning. The results of an experiment using this methodology provide a rich picture of how much people know about the distributions of everyday quantities, and they are inconsistent with the predictions of the MinK model. The results suggest that accurate predictions about everyday events reflect relatively sophisticated knowledge on the part of individuals.
Holistic Processing Is Tuned for In‐Group Faces
Authors: Hugenberg Kurt , Corneille Olivier 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPast research has found that mere in‐group/out‐group categorizations are sufficient to elicit biases in face memory. The current research yields novel evidence that mere social categorization is also sufficient to modulate processes underlying face perception, even for faces for which we have strong perceptual expertise: same‐race (SR) faces. Using the composite face paradigm, we find that SR faces categorized as in‐group members (i.e., fellow university students) are processed more holistically than are SR faces categorized as out‐group members (i.e., students at another university). Hence, holding perceptual expertise with faces constant, categorizing an SR target as an out‐group member debilitates the strong holistic processing typically observed for SR faces.
Solving Geometric Analogy Problems Through Two‐Stage Analogical Mapping
Authors: Lovett Andrew , Tomai Emmett , Forbus Kenneth , Usher Jeffrey 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEvans’ 1968 ANALOGY system was the first computer model of analogy. This paper demonstrates that the structure mapping model of analogy, when combined with high‐level visual processing and qualitative representations, can solve the same kinds of geometric analogy problems as were solved by ANALOGY. Importantly, the bulk of the computations are not particular to the model of this task but are general purpose: We use our existing sketch understanding system, CogSketch, to compute visual structure that is used by our existing analogical matcher, Structure Mapping Engine (SME). We show how SME can be used to facilitate high‐level visual matching, proposing a role for structural alignment in mental rotation. We show how second‐order analogies over differences computed via analogies between pictures provide a more elegant model of the geometric analogy task. We compare our model against human data on a set of problems, showing that the model aligns well with both the answers chosen by people and the reaction times required to choose the answers.
Fear Conditioning and Social Groups: Statistics, Not Genetics
Authors: Maia Tiago V. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHumans display more conditioned fear when the conditioned stimulus in a fear conditioning paradigm is a picture of an individual from another race than when it is a picture of an individual from their own race (Olsson, Ebert, Banaji, & Phelps, 2005). These results have been interpreted in terms of a genetic “preparedness” to learn to fear individuals from different social groups (Ohman, 2005; Olsson et al., 2005). However, the associability of conditioned stimuli is strongly influenced by prior exposure to those or similar stimuli. Using the Kalman filter, a normative statistical model, this article shows that superior fear conditioning to individuals from other groups is precisely what one would expect if participants perform optimal, Bayesian inference that takes their prior exposures to the different groups into account. There is therefore no need to postulate a genetic preparedness to learn to fear individuals from other races or social groups.
A Semantics‐Based Approach to the “No Negative Evidence” Problem
Authors: Ambridge Ben , Pine Julian M. , Rowland Caroline F. , Jones Rebecca L. , Clark Victoria 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that children retreat from argument‐structure overgeneralization errors (e.g., *Don’t giggle me) by inferring that frequently encountered verbs are unlikely to be grammatical in unattested constructions, and by making use of syntax‐semantics correspondences (e.g., verbs denoting internally caused actions such as giggling cannot normally be used causatively). The present study tested a new account based on a unitary learning mechanism that combines both of these processes. Seventy‐two participants (ages 5–6, 9–10, and adults) rated overgeneralization errors with higher (*The funny man’s joke giggled Bart) and lower (*The funny man giggled Bart) degrees of direct external causation. The errors with more‐direct causation were rated as less unacceptable than those with less‐direct causation. This finding is consistent with the new account, under which children acquire—in an incremental and probabilistic fashion—the meaning of particular constructions (e.g., transitive causative = direct external causation) and particular verbs, rejecting generalizations where the incompatibility between the two is too great.
Conversation, Gaze Coordination, and Beliefs About Visual Context
Authors: Richardson Daniel C. , Dale Rick , Tomlinson John M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractConversation is supported by the beliefs that people have in common and the perceptual experience that they share. The visual context of a conversation has two aspects: the information that is available to each conversant, and their beliefs about what is present for each other. In our experiment, we separated these factors for the first time and examined their impact on a spontaneous conversation. We manipulated the fact that a visual scene was shared or not and the belief that a visual scene was shared or not. Participants watched videos of actors talking about a controversial topic, then discussed their own views while looking at either a blank screen or the actors. Each believed (correctly or not) that their partner was either looking at a blank screen or the same images. We recorded conversants’ eye movements, quantified how they were coordinated, and analyzed their speech patterns. Gaze coordination has been shown to be causally related to the knowledge people share before a conversation, and the information they later recall. Here, we found that both the presence of the visual scene, and beliefs about its presence for another, influenced language use and gaze coordination.
The Effect of Psychological Distance on Perceptual Level of Construal
Authors: Liberman Nira , Förster Jens 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThree studies examined the effect of primed psychological distance on level of perceptual construal, using Navon’s paradigm of composite letters (global letters that are made of local letters). Relative to a control group, thinking of the more distant future (Study 1), about more distant spatial locations (Study 2), and about more distant social relations (Study 3) facilitated perception of global letters relative to local letters. Proximal times, spatial locations, and social relations had the opposite effect. The results are discussed within the framework of Construal Level Theory of psychological distance (Liberman & Trope, 2008; Trope & Liberman, 2003).
Learning Representations of Wordforms With Recurrent Networks: Comment on Sibley, Kello, Plaut, & Elman (2008)
Authors: Bowers Jeffrey S. , Davis Colin J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract Sibley et al. (2008) report a recurrent neural network model designed to learn wordform representations suitable for written and spoken word identification. The authors claim that their sequence encoder network overcomes a key limitation associated with models that code letters by position (e.g., CAT might be coded as C‐in‐position‐1, A‐in‐position‐2, T‐in‐position‐3). The problem with coding letters by position (slot‐coding) is that it is difficult to generalize knowledge across positions; for example, the overlap between CAT and TOMCAT is lost. Although we agree this is a critical problem with many slot‐coding schemes, we question whether the sequence encoder model addresses this limitation, and we highlight another deficiency of the model. We conclude that alternative theories are more promising.
Sequence Encoders Enable Large‐Scale Lexical Modeling: Reply to Bowers and Davis (2009)
Authors: Sibley Daragh E. , Kello Christopher T. , Plaut David C. , Elman Jeffrey L. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract Sibley, Kello, Plaut, and Elman (2008) proposed the sequence encoder as a model that learns fixed‐width distributed representations of variable‐length sequences. In doing so, the sequence encoder overcomes problems that have restricted models of word reading and recognition to processing only monosyllabic words. Bowers and Davis (2009) recently claimed that the sequence encoder does not actually overcome the relevant problems, and hence it is not a useful component of large‐scale word‐reading models. In this reply, it is noted that the sequence encoder has facilitated the creation of large‐scale word‐reading models. The reasons for this success are explained and stand as counterarguments to claims made by Bowers and Davis.
Do Grammars Minimize Dependency Length?
Authors: Gildea Daniel , Temperley David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA well‐established principle of language is that there is a preference for closely related words to be close together in the sentence. This can be expressed as a preference for dependency length minimization (DLM). In this study, we explore quantitatively the degree to which natural languages reflect DLM. We extract the dependencies from natural language text and reorder the words in such a way as to minimize dependency length. Comparing the original text with these optimal linearizations (and also with random linearizations) reveals the degree to which natural language minimizes dependency length. Tests on English data show that English shows a strong effect of DLM, with dependency length much closer to optimal than to random; the optimal English grammar also has many specific features in common with English. In German, too, dependency length is significantly less than random, but the effect is much weaker than in English. We conclude by speculating about some possible reasons for this difference between English and German.
Two Causal Theories of Counterfactual Conditionals
Authors: Rips Lance J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBayes nets are formal representations of causal systems that many psychologists have claimed as plausible mental representations. One purported advantage of Bayes nets is that they may provide a theory of counterfactual conditionals, such as If Calvin had been at the party, Miriam would have left early. This article compares two proposed Bayes net theories as models of people’s understanding of counterfactuals. Experiments 1–3 show that neither theory makes correct predictions about backtracking counterfactuals (in which the event of the if‐clause occurs after the event of the then‐clause), and Experiment 4 shows the same is true of forward counterfactuals. An amended version of one of the approaches, however, can provide a more accurate account of these data.
Moral Principles or Consumer Preferences? Alternative Framings of the Trolley Problem
Authors: Rai Tage S. , Holyoak Keith J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe created paired moral dilemmas with minimal contrasts in wording, a research strategy that has been advocated as a way to empirically establish principles operative in a domain‐specific moral psychology. However, the candidate “principles” we tested were not derived from work in moral philosophy, but rather from work in the areas of consumer choice and risk perception. Participants were paradoxically less likely to choose an action that sacrifices one life to save others when they were asked to provide more reasons for doing so (Experiment 1), and their willingness to sacrifice lives depended not only on how many lives would be saved, but on the number of lives at risk (Experiment 2). The latter effect was also found in a within‐subjects design (Experiment 3). These findings suggest caution in the use of artificial dilemmas as a key testbed for revealing principled bases for moral judgment.
The impacts of metals and metalloids on insect behavior
Authors: Mogren Christina L. , Trumble John T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn toxicology studies, the use of death as an endpoint often fails to capture the effects a pollutant has on disruptions of ecosystem services by changing an animal’s behavior. Many toxicants can cause population extinctions of insect species at concentrations well below the EC25, EC50, or EC90concentrations traditionally reported from short‐term bioassays. A surprising number of species cannot detect metal and metalloid contamination, and do not always avoid food with significant metal concentrations. This frequently leads to modified ingestion, locomotor, and reproductive behaviors. For example, some species show a tendency to increase locomotor behaviors to escape from locations with elevated metal pollution, whereas other insects greatly decrease all movements unrelated to feeding. Still others exhibit behaviors resulting in increased susceptibility to predation, including a positive phototaxis causing immatures to move to exposed positions. For purposes of reproduction, the inability to avoid even moderately polluted sites when ovipositing can lead to egg loss and reduced fitness of offspring. Ultimately, impaired behaviors result in a general reduction in population sizes and species diversity at contaminated sites, the exceptions being those species tolerating contamination that become dominant. Regardless, ecosystem services, such as herbivory, detritus reduction, or food production for higher trophic levels, are disrupted. This review evaluates the effects of metal and metalloid pollution on insect behaviors in both terrestrial and aquatic systems reported in a diverse literature scattered across many scientific disciplines. Behaviors are grouped by ingestion, taxis, and oviposition. We conclude that understanding how insect behavior is modified is necessary to assess the full scope and importance of metal and metalloid contamination.
Homing of transplanted bone marrow cells in livers of Schistosoma mansoni‐infected mice
Authors: ELKHAFIF NAGWA , VOSS BRUNO , HAMMAM OLFAT , YEHIA HODA , MANSY SOHEIR , AKL MAHA , BOEHM SABINE , MAHMOUD SOHEIR , EL BENDARY OMNIA , EL FANDY GIHAN 
Published: February 2010

Elkhafif N, Voss B, Hammam O, Yehia H, Mansy S, Akl M, Boehm S, Mahmoud S, El Bendary O, El Fandy G. Homing of transplanted bone marrow cells in livers of Schistosoma mansoni‐infected mice. APMIS 2010; 118: 277–87.The efficiency of differentiation of bone marrow cells (BMCs) into hepatocytes in vivo and its importance in physiopathological processes is still debated. Murine schistosomiasis was used as a liver injury model and unfractionated male mice BMCs were transplanted through intrahepatic injection into non‐irradiated Schistosoma mansoni‐infected female mice on their 16th week post‐infection. Two weeks after bone marrow transplantation, mice were sacrificed on a weekly basis until 10 weeks. Tracing of male donor‐derived cells in female recipient mice livers was carried out by the detection of Y chromosome expression by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and also of chromodomain Y‐linked (CDYL) protein by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). Their transformation into hepatocytes was studied by double labelling indirect IF using antibodies directed against CDYL and mouse albumin. Histopathological and electron microscopic examinations revealed the presence of small hepatocyte‐like cells in the periportal tracts and in between the hepatocytes facing the sinusoids. Donor‐derived cells showing Y chromosome by FISH and expressing CDYL protein by IF were recovered in the infected transplanted livers. The initial number of these cells increased with increased post‐transplantation time. Cells were mainly localized in the periphery of schistosoma granuloma. Few donor‐derived cells appeared within the hepatic parenchymal tissue and showed positivity for albumin secretion by double labelling with IF. We suggest that transplanted bone marrow stem cells can repopulate the Schistosoma‐infected liver of immunocompetent mice. Their differentiation is a complex event controlled by many factors and needs to be further characterized extensively. The extent and type of liver injury and the number of transplanted cells are important variables in the process of stem cell engraftment and differentiation into functioning hepatic cells that still need to be defined.
A Case Report of Acute Renal Failure Associated With Bee Pollen Contained in Nutritional Supplements
Authors: Akiyasu Tsuchida , Paudyal Bishnuhari , Paudyal Pramila , Kumiko Matsumoto , Kazue Ueki , Takuji Naruse , Takashi Kuroiwa , Yoshihisa Nojima , Minoru Komai 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe report a case of renal failure associated with the ingestion of bee pollen containing nutritional supplement. A 49‐year‐old male patient who had been ingesting a nutritional supplement for more than five months had breathing difficulties, anuria, exceptional weight gain (20 kg) due to systemic edema, and loss of appetite. A renal biopsy confirmed interstitial nephritis with the presence of eosinophils, which is suggestive of drug‐induced acute renal failure. The nutritional supplement was ceased and hemodialysis begun. The patient's condition improved after several hemodialysis sessions, which were then stopped. Current information regarding the adverse effects of bee pollen is not very robust, therefore potential damage should be kept in mind before ingesting nutritional supplements in which it is contained. This report serves as an important reminder to the public as well as healthcare providers of the potential of renal failure related to nutritional supplements.