bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthesis, Artificial: Progress in Swedish Consortium
Authors: Ott Sascha , Styring Stenbjörn , Hammarström Leif , Johansson Olof 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Mimicking energy conversion processes in nature using molecular systems is a promising approach for future solar fuel production. The Swedish Consortium for Artificial Photosynthesis is involved in the design, preparation and functional study of many of the key components needed for a homogeneous approach to artificial photosynthesis, building on principles from photosystem II (PSII) and [FeFe] hydrogenases. Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have played an important role as photosensitizers. Several strategies have been developed for their preparation, and a novel approach to improve the photophysical properties of bistridentate complexes involving six‐membered chelates for more octahedral coordination was recently introduced. The [Ru(dqp)
2
]
2+
complexes (dqp is 2,6‐di(quinolin‐8‐yl)pyridine) combine the desired structural properties for easy access to linear donor–acceptor assemblies, while maintaining microsecond luminescent lifetimes of their
3
MLCT (metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer) excited states. The synthesis of these chromophores is now well established, and the recent realization of donor–photosensitizer–acceptor assemblies shows that photoproduced charge‐separated states can be formed in high yields (ϕ ≥ 95%). Beyond such single‐photon/single‐electron events, charge accumulation at potential catalytic sites is crucial for multielectron redox reactions. Covalently linked Ru
II
Mn

x

(
x
= 1,2) complexes as PSII mimics have been investigated to understand chromophore–quencher (Mn quenchers) interactions, to promote desired electron transfer processes, and suppress undesired competing reactions. The Mn units often have large inner reorganization energies upon oxidation or reduction, which make them unusually slow electron donors and/or acceptors in photoinduced charge‐separation schemes. Charge accumulation and water splitting, however, require the management of
both
protons and electrons, which controls the electron transfer processes by proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET). Studies on Ru
II
Tyr complexes incorporating pendant bases led to an understanding of the effect of hydrogen‐bonding on electron transfer rates. In analogy to the electron donor side, bioinorganic models of the [FeFe] H
2
ase active site are targeted for the electron acceptor side, with the ultimate goal to realize molecular catalysts that produce H
2
at similar high rates and low overpotential as the enzymes. Certain ligand sets create basic sites around the Fe centers that are protonated in the presence of acid and are thus models of late intermediates in the enzymatic catalytic cycle. Furthermore, synthetic Fe
2
complexes catalyze the electrochemical reduction of protons. In combination with a photosensitizer, they can also be used in photochemical schemes and are currently used to produce H
2
photochemically, with turnover rates up to 200.
Water Splitting: Thermochemical
Authors: T‐Raissi Ali 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHydrogen can be produced by direct or single‐step splitting of water. The Gibbs free energy change for direct thermochemical water splitting is zero at about 4300 K at 1 bar. However, in practice, direct thermochemical splitting of water poses challenging high‐temperature materials and product separation issues, among others. One way to lower the extremely high temperatures required for direct splitting of water and mitigate gas separation issues is the use of multistep cycles. To date, more than 350 thermochemical cycles for splitting water has been conceived. Of these, fewer than two dozen cycles still remain subject to further research and development. Among them are several “sulfur family” cycles as well as a number of volatile and nonvolatile metal oxide cycles. All of these cycles consist of at least two process steps, and some are hybrid cycles requiring both heat and work (e.g., electricity) input. This article presents a brief review of the status of multistep thermochemical water‐splitting cycles (TCWSCs) for the production of hydrogen.
Photo–Initiated Electron–Transfer at the Interface between AnataseTiO2Nanocrystallites and Transition–Metal Polypyridyl Compounds: Recent Advances
Authors: Ardo Shane , Meyer Gerald J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMolecular control of solar light harvesting and interfacial charge transfer at mesoporous, nanocrystalline semiconductor thin films are described. Light absorption by transition‐metal coordination compounds anchored to wide band‐gap semiconductors can initiate electron‐transfer processes that ultimately reduce the semiconductor and oxidize the coordination compound. Such photo‐induced charge separation is a key step for solar energy conversion. Three different interfacial charge‐separation mechanisms are discussed in addition to regeneration processes wherein a mobile donor donates an electron to the oxidized coordination compound. Inorganic chemistry plays a central role in this approach to solar energy conversion, which may ultimately be optimized for practical applications.
Injection Molding
Authors: Bozzelli John W. , Sepe Mike 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Injection molding is an extensive global manufacturing process for making simple to intricate plastic, ceramic, and metal parts. Injection molding converts wax, thermoplastics and thermosets as well as powdered metals, and magnesium into thousands of products. Commercial processes and equipment have been developed for a wide variety of materials, though the bulk of what is injection molded are thermoplastics. Applications appear limitless, from compact disks to jet plane canopies, to medical implants. Nearly all consumer products have some injection‐molded components. In the year 2009, it is estimated that 530 billion pounds of resin were sold worldwide.
Solubility of Polymers
Authors: Eckelt Anja , Eckelt John , Wolf Bernhard 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDetailed knowledge concerning the phase state (homogeneous or coexistence of two or more condensed phases) of polymer containing mixtures is indispensible in virtually any area related to the production or application of macromolecules. In addition to this qualitative information it is for many purposes highly desirable to dispose of quantitative data regarding solvent quality or, more generally, with respect to the thermodynamic interaction between the components of the mixtures. This contribution starts with a brief presentation of the thermodynamic criteria deciding on the phase state and presents the experimental methods used in this area. The next section gives an overview on typical behaviors of polymer solutions and polymer blends; it is followed by a part recalling widely used theoretical approaches. Finally, a data section collects solvents and non‐solvents for a large number of polymers and presents some examples for the quantitative thermodynamic description of polymer solutions.
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Authors: Brehmer Martin , Zentel Rudolf 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFerroelectric liquid crystalline elastomers are representing an interesting class of material as they combine the ordering of liquid crystalline ferroelectric phases together with the rubber elasticity of polymer networks. A switching of the electric polarization leads to a deformation of the polymer network, equivalent to the stretching of a spring, and creates a stress in the network of polymer chains. The interaction of mesogens and network can be varied by using different topologies of netpoints: A cross‐linking is either carried out within the siloxane sublayers (leading to fast switching elastomers) or between the siloxane sublayers (resulting in an elastomer that favors the ferroelectric switching state in which the cross‐linking reaction took place). As the orientation of the smectic phase couples to the polymer network, electromechanical measurements show a piezoelectric effect. A mechanical deformation leads to a polarization or an external electric field to a deformation of the sample. Applying the electric field parallel to the smectic layer structure leads to an extremely high electrostrictive strain of 4% at an electric field of only 1.5 MV/m.
Conductive Polymer Composites
Authors: Zhang Rongwei , Agar Josh C. , Wong C. P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInsulating polymer materials can be made electronically conductive through the incorporation of electrically conductive fillers. These composite materials are called electrically conductive polymer composites. This article reviews a special class of conductive polymer composites—isotropically conductive adhesives (ICAs). We summarize recent advances in ICA technologies and its application as a lead‐free alternative to metal solders. We discuss how the properties of ICA can be engineered for electronic packaging in terms of material properties, conductive mechanisms, bulk conductivity, adhesion, reliability, and cost. We conclude with a discussion of commercial processes for ICA use in consumer electronics.
Cement Additives
Authors: Birchall J. D. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Organic polymeric materials are used to improve the mechanical properties and durability of products (especially concrete) based usually, but not exclusively, on portland cement. Compressive strength is enhanced and resistance to aggressive environments, such as freeze‐thaw cycles or seawater, is greatly improved. The polymeric materials form an integral part of the cement or concrete structure. Techniques, properties, and products are reviewed.
Queues and Networks
Authors: Böhm Walter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractQueueing theory of today is a highly developed discipline, although deeply rooted in probability theory, it has a strong interdisciplinary flavour and the wide range of applications make it a really interesting and challenging field. This article is meant to provide a gentle introduction into the subject and to give the reader an impression of these challenges and of the vast fields where queueing theory proved to be a successful method to understand and to analyze waiting lines and their dynamics. Our discussion starts with a first glimpse on interesting examples ranging from every‐day situations like waiting lines in supermarkets, road traffic, manufacturing and cellular mobile systems up to rather particular issues in the management of intensive care units in hospitals. Since many of the problems sketched in these examples may be studied within the framework of birth‐death processes we give a short introduction into the analysis of such processes and also show how this simple methodology can be extended to analyze more sophisticated questions arising in networks of queues. Our efforts to generalize ideas and methods will lead us to classical and celebrated results like the Pollaczek‐Khintchin mean value formula and we will also have occasion to look briefly at approximation and simulation techniques, indispensable tools of modern queueing theory.
Ranking and Selection Among Mutual Funds
Authors: Vinod H. D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with implications of statistical methods for practical problems in Finance for millions of common people. After some introductory discussion of Financial terms we compare professional stock pickers with random choices. While probability distributions of portfolio returns,f(r), are important, they may be influenced by fundamental variables including momentum in prices, profitability of underlying business and many such criteria. We discuss statistical underpinnings of combinatorial fusion analysis (CFA) used by computer scientists for combining ‘ranks and scores’ associated with various criteria in our context. We evaluate which f(r) enjoys ‘stochastic dominance’ in a set of investment opportunities and show how to use ‘decision weights’ on dominating f(r) to individualize our evaluations allowing asymmetric attitudes towards losses versus gains.
The Black–Scholes Formula and Its Applications in Finance
Authors: Kijima Masaaki , Muromachi Yukio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter overviews a continuous‐time model for securities market and its applications in finance. Self‐financing and replicating portfolios play key roles for the pricing of derivative securities. The Black–Scholes model is explained in detail, and valuation of exotic options, interest‐rate derivatives, corporate bonds and real options is also discussed as applications of the Black–Scholes model.
Intermolecular Hydrogen Abstraction Reaction between Nitrogen Radicals in Purine Rings and Alkyl Ethers: A Highly Selective Method for the Synthesis of N‐9 Alkylated Purine Nucleoside Derivatives
Authors: Guo Hai‐Ming , Xia Chao , Niu Hong‐Ying , Zhang Xiao‐Ting , Kong Si‐Nan , Wang Dong‐Chao , Qu Gui‐Rong 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA highly selective method for the synthesis of N‐9 alkylated purine nucleoside derivatives via an intermolecular hydrogen abstraction reaction between nitrogen radicals in purine rings and alkyl ethers was developed. Novel purine nucleoside derivatives were obtained with good to high yields in the presence of (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (DIB) and iodine in one‐step reaction.
Hydroperoxidation of Tertiary Alkylaromatics Catalyzed By N‐Hydroxyphthalimide and Aldehydes under Mild Conditions
Authors: Melone Lucio , Gambarotti Cristian , Prosperini Simona , Pastori Nadia , Recupero Francesco , Punta Carlo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA metal‐free catalytic system consisting of an aldehyde and N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) for the selective oxidation of tertiary alkylaromatics with molecular oxygen has been developed. Cumene was oxidized efficiently to the corresponding hydroperoxide under mild conditions. The molecule‐induced homolysis between peracids generated in situ and NHPI ensured the formation of the phthalimide N‐oxyl (PINO) radical even at room temperature. Investigations on aldehyde, solvent and temperature effects allowed us to achieve good conversions with high selectivity in hydroperoxide. The optimized procedure was successfully extended to phenylcyclohexane, a valuable alternative for the production of phenol. The mechanism is discussed in detail.
Detecting social learning using networks: a users guide
Authors: Hoppitt William , Laland Kevin N. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractControversy over claims of cultures in nonhuman primates and other animals has led to a call for quantitative methods that are able to infer social learning from freely interacting groups of animals. Network‐based diffusion analysis (NBDA) is such a method that infers social transmission of a behavioral trait when the pattern of acquisition follows the social network. As, relative to other animals, primates may be unusual in their heavy reliance on social learning, with learning frequently directed along pathways of association; in this study, we draw attention to the significance of this method for primatologists. We provide a “users guide” to NBDA methodology, discussing the choice of NBDA model and social network, and suggest model selection procedures. We also present the results of simulations that suggest that NBDA works well even when the assumptions of the underlying model are violated. Am. J. Primatol. 73:834–844, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety and efficacy of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor in systemic‐onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Vojinovic Jelena , Damjanov Nemanja , D'Urzo Carmine , Furlan Antonio , Susic Gordana , Pasic Srdjan , Iagaru Nicola , Stefan Mariana , Dinarello Charles A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe current treatment options for systemic‐onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) are methotrexate, steroids, and biologic agents. This study was undertaken to evaluate the safety of the orally active histone deacetylase inhibitor givinostat (ITF2357) and its ability to affect the disease.MethodsGivinostat was administered orally, for up to 12 weeks at a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg/day, to 17 patients with systemic‐onset JIA who had had active disease for ≥1 month. Disease activity was clinically assessed using the American College of Rheumatology Pediatric 30 (ACR Pedi 30), ACR Pedi 50, or ACR Pedi 70 criteria for improvement and a systemic feature score. The primary goal was safety and the primary efficacy end point was the number of patients completing 12 weeks of treatment who were responders.ResultsGivinostat was safe and well tolerated, with adverse events (AEs) being mild or moderate, of short duration, and self‐limited. The 17 patients from the intent‐to‐treat population reported a total of 44 AEs, and the 9 patients in the per‐protocol population reported a total of 25. Six AEs in 3 patients (nausea, vomiting, and fatigue) were related to the study drug, but each resolved spontaneously and no patient was withdrawn from the study due to drug‐related AEs. In the per‐protocol population at week 4, the improvement as measured by the ACR Pedi 30, ACR Pedi 50, and ACR Pedi 70, respectively, was 77.8%, 55.6%, and 22.2%, and this increased further to 77.8%, 77.8%, and 66.7% at week 12. The most consistent finding was the reduction in the number of joints with active disease or with limited range of motion.ConclusionAfter 12 weeks, givinostat exhibited significant therapeutic benefit in patients with systemic‐onset JIA, particularly with regard to the arthritic component of the disease, and showed an excellent safety profile.
Result diversification based on query‐specific cluster ranking
Authors: He Jiyin , Meij Edgar , de Rijke Maarten 
Published: January 2011

AbstractResult diversification is a retrieval strategy for dealing with ambiguous or multi‐faceted queries by providing documents that cover as many facets of the query as possible. We propose a result diversification framework based on query‐specific clustering and cluster ranking, in which diversification is restricted to documents belonging to clusters that potentially contain a high percentage of relevant documents. Empirical results show that the proposed framework improves the performance of several existing diversification methods. The framework also gives rise to a simple yet effective cluster‐based approach to result diversification that selects documents from different clusters to be included in a ranked list in a round robin fashion. We describe a set of experiments aimed at thoroughly analyzing the behavior of the two main components of the proposed diversification framework, ranking and selecting clusters for diversification. Both components have a crucial impact on the overall performance of our framework, but ranking clusters plays a more important role than selecting clusters. We also examine properties that clusters should have in order for our diversification framework to be effective. Most relevant documents should be contained in a small number of high‐quality clusters, while there should be no dominantly large clusters. Also, documents from these high‐quality clusters should have a diverse content. These properties are strongly correlated with the overall performance of the proposed diversification framework.
Design of periodic output feedback and fast output sampling based controllers for systems with slow and fast modes
Authors: Tiwari A. P. , Datatreya Reddy G. , Bandyopadhyay B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIt is well known that the straight forward application of controller design methods to two‐time‐scale systems is susceptible to numerical ill‐conditioning and stiffness problems. However, it has been demonstrated in this paper that the presence of time‐scales can be exploited for achieving better computational efficiency in case of the design of controllers based on periodic output feedback and fast output sampling principles. In particular, an approach for design of periodic output feedback and fast output sampling controllers for a two‐time‐scale system by decomposition into a slow and a fast subsystem problems, has been presented. These smaller order problems are then separately solved and the results thus obtained for the slow and fast subsystems are combined to obtain the solution of the original design problems. The procedure has been illustrated with the help of a very simplified nuclear reactor model.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Integration of a microbial fuel cell with activated sludge process for energy‐saving wastewater treatment: Taking a sequencing batch reactor as an example
Authors: Liu Xian‐Wei , Wang Yong‐Peng , Huang Yu‐Xi , Sun Xue‐Fei , Sheng Guo‐Ping , Zeng Raymond J. , Li Feng , Dong Fang , Wang Shu‐Guang , Tong Zhong‐Hua , Yu Han‐Qing 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn the research and application of microbial fuel cell (MFC), how to incorporate MFCs into current wastewater infrastructure is an importance issue. Here, we report a novel strategy of integrating an MFC into a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to test the energy production and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal. The membrane‐less biocathode MFC is integrated with the SBR to recover energy from the aeration in the form of electricity and thus reduce the SBR operation costs. In a lab‐scale integrated SBR‐MFC system, the maximum power production of the MFC was 2.34 W/m3 for one typical cycle and the current density reached up to 14 A/m3. As a result, the MFC contributed to the 18.7% COD consumption of the integrated system and also recovered energy from the aeration tank with a volume fraction of only 12% of the SBR. Our strategy provides a feasible and effective energy‐saving and ‐recovering solution to upgrade the existing activated sludge processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1260–1267. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of a mechanical stimulation bioreactor on tissue engineered, scaffold‐free cartilage
Authors: Tran Scott C. , Cooley Avery J. , Elder Steven H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAchieving sufficient functional properties prior to implantation remains a significant challenge for the development of tissue engineered cartilage. Many studies have shown chondrocytes respond well to various mechanical stimuli, resulting in the development of bioreactors capable of transmitting forces to articular cartilage in vitro. In this study, we describe the production of sizeable, tissue engineered cartilage using a novel scaffold‐free approach, and determine the effect of perfusion and mechanical stimulation from a C9‐x Cartigen bioreactor on the properties of the tissue engineered cartilage. We created sizable tissue engineered cartilage from porcine chondrocytes using a scaffold‐free approach by centrifuging a high‐density chondrocyte cell‐suspension onto an agarose layer in a 50 mL tube. The gross and histological appearances, biochemical content, and mechanical properties of constructs cultured in the bioreactor for 4 weeks were compared to constructs cultured statically. Mechanical properties were determined from unconfined uniaxial compression tests. Constructs cultured in the bioreactor exhibited an increase in total GAG content, equilibrium compressive modulus, and dynamic modulus versus static constructs. Our study demonstrates the C9‐x CartiGen bioreactor is able to enhance the biomechanical and biochemical properties of scaffold‐free tissue engineered cartilage; however, no additional enhancement was seen between loaded and perfused groups. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1421–1429. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.