bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracting Pulmonary Nodules and Nodule Characteristics from Radiology Reports of Lung Cancer Screening Patients Using Transformer Models
Authors: Yang Shuang , Yang Xi , Lyu Tianchen , Huang James L. , Chen Aokun , He Xing , Braithwaite Dejana , Mehta Hiren J. , Wu Yonghui , Guo Yi , Bian Jiang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract Pulmonary nodules and nodule characteristics are important indicators of lung nodule malignancy. However, nodule information is often documented as free text in clinical narratives such as radiology reports in electronic health record systems. Natural language processing (NLP) is the key technology to extract and standardize patient information from radiology reports into structured data elements. This study aimed to develop an NLP system using state-of-the-art transformer models to extract pulmonary nodules and associated nodule characteristics from radiology reports. We identified a cohort of 3080 patients who underwent LDCT at the University of Florida health system and collected their radiology reports. We manually annotated 394 reports as the gold standard. We explored eight pretrained transformer models from three transformer architectures including bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), robustly optimized BERT approach (RoBERTa), and A Lite BERT (ALBERT), for clinical concept extraction, relation identification, and negation detection. We examined general transformer models pretrained using general English corpora, transformer models fine-tuned using a clinical corpus, and a large clinical transformer model, GatorTron, which was trained from scratch using 90 billion words of clinical text. We compared transformer models with two baseline models including a recurrent neural network implemented using bidirectional long short-term memory with a conditional random fields layer and support vector machines. RoBERTa-mimic achieved the best F1-score of 0.9279 for nodule concept and nodule characteristics extraction. ALBERT-base and GatorTron achieved the best F1-score of 0.9737 in linking nodule characteristics to pulmonary nodules. Seven out of eight transformers achieved the best F1-score of 1.0000 for negation detection. Our end-to-end system achieved an overall F1-score of 0.8869. This study demonstrated the advantage of state-of-the-art transformer models for pulmonary nodule information extraction from radiology reports.
Teaching in a pandemic: a comparative evaluation of online vs. face-to-face student outcome gains
Authors: Onyeaka Helen , Passaretti Paolo , Miller-Friedmann Jaimie 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic forced the education sector to transform significantly in order to support students across the world. Technology played a crucial role in enhancing and adapting traditional learning to digital resources and networks, which are now an essential component of education. However, there is concern about the quality of teaching and its effectiveness in remote teaching due to the lack of real-life feel of more traditional face-to-face education. Our study analysed two separate groups of students enrolled in the same course but provided with either face-to-face or remote teaching. The results show that there is no statistically significant difference in students’ performance or gain, even for laboratory work and resulting reports. However, there was a statistically significant difference in Turnitin scores between these groups, with the remote students having higher levels of plagiarism compared to the traditional face-to-face students. These results support the theory that remote teaching can be a valid alternative, if not a substitute, to face-to-face teaching in the future. The study’s findings are expected to help instructors who are thinking about providing programs through blended learning in the post-pandemic era.
Optimization of topology and energy management in fuel cell cruise ship hybrid power systems
Authors: Niu Lei , Xiao Li 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCurrent research on energy management strategies (EMSs) often neglects the impact of system topology and local control. This study tackles this issue by optimizing the topology of the hybrid power system on the ’FCS Alsterwasser’ cruise ship and enhancing EMS performance using various local controllers. First, the paper outlines the objectives of the research and provides an analysis of the current domestic and international research status. Second, the methods used in this study are introduced, including the topology optimization method and EMS. Subsequently, a model of the hybrid power system is constructed and verified through simulations. Finally, the effectiveness of different strategies is evaluated according to simulation results. Compared with an EMS based solely on a proportional-integral controller, the combination of a state machine and droop controller achieves better results, reducing battery power fluctuations by 86.5% and fuel cell power fluctuations by 16.2%.
The extinct marine megafauna of the Phanerozoic
Authors: Pimiento Catalina , Kocáková Kristína , Mathes Gregor H. , Argyriou Thodoris , Cadena Edwin-Alberto , Cooper Jack A. , Cortés Dirley , Field Daniel J. , Klug Christian , Scheyer Torsten M. , Valenzuela-Toro Ana M. , Buess Timon , Günter Meike , Gardiner Amanda M. , Hatt Pascale , Holdener Geraldine , Jacober Giulia , Kobelt Sabrina , Masseraz Sheldon , Mehli Ian , Reiff Sarah , Rigendinger Eva , Ruckstuhl Mimo , Schneider Santana , Seige Clarissa , Senn Nathalie , Staccoli Valeria , Baumann Jessica , Flüeler Livio , Guevara Lino J. , Ickin Esin , Kissling Kimberley C. , Rogenmoser Janis , Spitznagel Dominik , Villafaña Jaime A. , Zanatta Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The modern marine megafauna is known to play important ecological roles and includes many charismatic species that have drawn the attention of both the scientific community and the public. However, the extinct marine megafauna has never been assessed as a whole, nor has it been defined in deep time. Here, we review the literature to define and list the species that constitute the extinct marine megafauna, and to explore biological and ecological patterns throughout the Phanerozoic. We propose a size cut-off of 1 m of length to define the extinct marine megafauna. Based on this definition, we list 706 taxa belonging to eight main groups. We found that the extinct marine megafauna was conspicuous over the Phanerozoic and ubiquitous across all geological eras and periods, with the Mesozoic, especially the Cretaceous, having the greatest number of taxa. Marine reptiles include the largest size recorded (21 m; Shonisaurus sikanniensis) and contain the highest number of extinct marine megafaunal taxa. This contrasts with today’s assemblage, where marine animals achieve sizes of >30 m. The extinct marine megafaunal taxa were found to be well-represented in the Paleobiology Database, but not better sampled than their smaller counterparts. Among the extinct marine megafauna, there appears to be an overall increase in body size through time. Most extinct megafaunal taxa were inferred to be macropredators preferentially living in coastal environments. Across the Phanerozoic, megafaunal species had similar extinction risks as smaller species, in stark contrast to modern oceans where the large species are most affected by human perturbations. Our work represents a first step towards a better understanding of the marine megafauna that lived in the geological past. However, more work is required to expand our list of taxa and their traits so that we can obtain a more complete picture of their ecology and evolution.
Approaches to improving mental health care for autistic children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pemovska Tamara , Loizou Sofia , Appleton Rebecca , Spain Debbie , Stefanidou Theodora , Kular Ariana , Cooper Ruth , Greenburgh Anna , Griffiths Jessica , Barnett Phoebe , Foye Una , Baldwin Helen , Minchin Matilda , Brady Gráinne , Saunders Katherine R. K. , Ahmed Nafiso , Jackson Robin , Olive Rachel Rowan , Parker Jennie , Timmerman Amanda , Sapiets Suzi , Driskell Eva , Chipp Beverley , Parsons Bethany , Totsika Vaso , Mandy Will , Pender Richard , Clery Philippa , Lloyd-Evans Brynmor , Simpson Alan , Johnson Sonia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAutistic children and young people (CYP) experience mental health difficulties but face many barriers to accessing and benefiting from mental health care. There is a need to explore strategies in mental health care for autistic CYP to guide clinical practice and future research and support their mental health needs. Our aim was to identify strategies used to improve mental health care for autistic CYP and examine evidence on their acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness. A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out. All study designs reporting acceptability/feasibility outcomes and empirical quantitative studies reporting effectiveness outcomes for strategies tested within mental health care were eligible. We conducted a narrative synthesis and separate meta-analyses by informant (self, parent, and clinician). Fifty-seven papers were included, with most investigating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based interventions for anxiety and several exploring service-level strategies, such as autism screening tools, clinician training, and adaptations regarding organization of services. Most papers described caregiver involvement in therapy and reported adaptations to communication and intervention content; a few reported environmental adjustments. In the meta-analyses, parent- and clinician-reported outcomes, but not self-reported outcomes, showed with moderate certainty that CBT for anxiety was an effective treatment compared to any comparison condition in reducing anxiety symptoms in autistic individuals. The certainty of evidence for effectiveness, synthesized narratively, ranged from low to moderate. Evidence for feasibility and acceptability tended to be positive. Many identified strategies are simple, reasonable adjustments that can be implemented in services to enhance mental health care for autistic individuals. Notable research gaps persist, however.
“An Army of Little Mothers”: Progressive Era Eugenic Maternalism and the Medicalization of Motherhood
Authors: Marsella Jamie 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis article explores the role of the Little Mothers’ Leagues in New York City, clubs created by public health authorities to educate working-class girls as young as eight years old who took care of their younger siblings while their parents worked. The Little Mothers’ Leagues served as an essential link between social reform and eugenic public health programming during the first two decades of the twentieth century. Eugenic maternalism, as articulated by the Little Mothers’ Leagues, distilled a sense of Americanness into a set of hygienic practices and rituals that could be easily understood and imitated. Through the Little Mothers’ Leagues, eugenic maternalist reformers addressed essential questions regarding the role of social reform in the “Americanization” process, the role of young girls as citizens and as entry points to the immigrant home, and the extent to which environmental reform could regulate the immigrant family. Examining the Little Mothers’ Leagues as a project that was both eugenic and maternalist allows us to better understand the ways that eugenic thinking permeated popular discourse through child welfare reform and domestic science.
Legislating Morality in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era: Moral Panic and the “White Slave” Case That Changed America
Authors: Unger Nancy C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis article is based on the presidential address presented to the Society for Historians of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era at the meeting of the Organization of American Historians in Los Angeles in 2023. Its focus is Maury Diggs and Drew Caminetti, two white men from Sacramento, California, charged with violating the Mann Act (known as the White Slave Trafficking Act) in 1913. The Gilded Age and Progressive Era obsession with white slavery, a phenomenon that has particular resonance in today’s climate, reveals the power of moral panics. Examining the steps, and missteps, that various legal, social, and political entities, including all three branches of government, took in response to Diggs and Caminetti’s actions highlights some of the major social changes gripping the nation. Moral panics can be investigated as crucial historical sites of contestation, revealing efforts to neutralize or turn back the societal changes perceived to be the greatest threat to the prevailing social power structure—in this case foreigners, the new leisure culture, the liberalization of sexual attitudes, and the threat of female independence. Understanding the origins and repercussions of past moral panics can help identify, understand, and possibly defuse future panics.
Shell Reworking Impacts on Climate Variability Reconstructions Using Individual Foraminiferal Analyses
Authors: Bienzobas Montávez Natalia , Thirumalai Kaustubh , Marino Gianluca 
Published: May 2024

AbstractParticle mixing by benthic fauna beneath the sediment‐water interface (or bioturbation) fundamentally challenges the proxy based retrieval of past climatic conditions from deep‐sea sediment cores. Previous efforts targeted the impacts of bioturbation on the nature of paleoceanographic changes gleaned from the proxy record, whereas impacts on seasonal and/or interannual variability reconstructions have received less attention. We present TurbIFA (Tracking uncertainty of reworking & bioturbation on IFA), a software that adapts and combines existing algorithms to quantitatively estimate the impact of sediment reworking and other uncertainties and assess significance of ocean and climate variability reconstructions based on individual foraminiferal analyses (IFA). Building upon previous idealized investigations of bioturbation using hydroclimate‐sediment simulations, TurbIFA advances the IFA proxy system modeling such that users may directly assess the sensitivity of their data to various local parameters related to shell reworking across the global ocean. Using the output of state‐of‐the‐art coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models, TurbIFA simulates planktic foraminiferal δ18O or Mg/Ca‐temperature signal carriers and evaluates uncertainties in the sample size, analytical protocols along with as those arising from bioturbation. Application of TurbIFA to synthetic and existing data sets indicates that the significance of IFA‐based reconstructions can be assessed once the impacts of sediment accumulation rates, sediment mixed layer depths, length of time integrated by the chosen IFA sampling interval, and changes in the amplitude of climate variability (i.e., the targeted environmental signal) are comprehensively evaluated. We contend that TurbIFA can aid quantitative assessments of past seasonal and interannual variability gleaned from the paleoceanographic record.
Physical Mechanisms of Deep Convective Boundary Layer Leading to Dust Emission in the Taklimakan Desert
Authors: Zhang Lu , Zhang Hongsheng , Cai Xuhui , Song Yu , Mamtimin Ali , He Qing 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDeserts play an important role in the climate system, which is closely associated with the emission and transport of dust aerosols. Based on the intensive observation experiment in the Taklimakan Desert, the potential physical processes between the deep convective boundary layer (CBL) and dust emission are revealed in this study. Deep CBL enables the formation of clouds in the late afternoon, leading to significant cooling of surface. Large‐scale buoyant coherent structures thereby transform into the mechanical coherent structures confined near the surface. The responses promote the earlier occurrence of low‐level jet (LLJ) than in cloudless conditions, which allows the downward transport of LLJ momentum and substantially increases surface wind. Therefore, dust emission is initiated by strong wind at dusk and lasts for several hours. The results are useful to predict dust emissions and improve our understanding of distinctive boundary‐layer processes in desert regions.
Multiple myeloma patients with a long remission after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Pasvolsky Oren , Wang Zhongya , Milton Denái R. , Tanner Mark R. , Bashir Qaiser , Srour Samer , Saini Neeraj , Lin Paul , Ramdial Jeremy , Nieto Yago , Tang Guilin , Kebriaei Partow , Aljawai Yosra , Khan Hina N. , Lee Hans C. , Ye Christine , Patel Krina K. , Thomas Sheeba K. , Orlowski Robert Z. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Champlin Richard E. , Qazilbash Muzaffar H. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAutologous stem cell transplantation (autoHCT) is considered standard of care for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM). Although most patients eventually progress after autoHCT, a small proportion achieve a durable response. In this retrospective study we included 1576 patients, 244 (15%) of whom were long-term responders (LTR), defined as having a progression-free survival (PFS) of ≥8 years after transplant. Patients in the LTR group were younger than the non-LTR group (median age 58.4 vs. 59.5 years; p = 0.012), less likely to have high-risk cytogenetics (4% vs. 14%; p < 0.001), more often had <50% bone marrow plasma cells (67% vs. 58%; p = 0.018) and R-ISS stage I disease (43% vs. 34%). More patients in the LTR group received post-transplant maintenance (63% vs. 52%; p = 0.002). Patients in the LTR group had higher rates of complete response (CR) at day100 (41% vs. 27%; p < 0.001) and at best post-transplant response (70% vs. 37%; p < 0.001), compared to the non-LTR group. Patients in the LTR groups had a median PFS of 169.3 months and the median overall survival (OS) had not been reached. The leading cause of death in the LTR was disease progression. In conclusion, 15% of patients in the cohort were LTR after upfront autoHCT, with distinct characteristics and a median PFS of more than 14 years.
Spatial distribution, influencing factors and innovative development countermeasures of farmer cooperatives in Hunan Province, China
Authors: Bin Liu , Chengli Tang , Guohua Zhou , Qiuhong Li , Chun Yi 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChina’s rural reform is reliant on farmers' cooperatives as a key organization vehicle. It plays an important role in promoting rural revitalization. Such as, realizing the organic connection between small farmers and agricultural modernization. This study used the nearest neighbor index and kernel density estimation to analyze the spatial distribution and structural characteristics of farmer cooperatives in Hunan Province. It revealed the spatial differentiation law of cooperatives. Also using geographical detectors to figure out the main factors that affect the spatial distribution. The results show that: ① Hunan Farmers Cooperatives show significant spatial agglomeration. The overall spatial distribution shows the spatial characteristics of "one core, one circle, and multiple points". And the spatial distribution pattern of "large agglomeration, finger-shaped radiation distribution". Among them, the distribution of provincial demonstration cooperatives is relatively balanced. ② Cooperatives in six types of industries, such as planting, forestry, and feeding, showed agglomeration distribution. Different industrial cooperatives spread out in different ways, such as in an anti-"L" shape, a dual-core shape, or a one-center area. ③ The 24 influence factors selected from the five dimensions of the natural environment, social economic basis, production basis, output capacity, and facility basis have high, general, and weak influence on cooperatives' spatial distribution. The development and distribution of cooperatives mainly depend on resource endowment, social and economic development level, and market dependence. The spatial distribution heterogeneity of different professional cooperatives is mainly affected by slope, per capita disposable income of rural residents, road density, and other factors. ④ The progression of farmer cooperatives in Hunan Province should prioritize high-quality development, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches and transformative strategies within rural industrial organizations. It is imperative to optimize the spatial distribution of cooperatives, strategically contributing to the establishment of a novel framework for modern agricultural development in Hunan Province. Additionally, there is a critical emphasis on spearheading collaborative initiatives among cooperatives of varied industrial types, aimed at fostering the integrated development of rural primary, secondary, and tertiary industries.
Isobutyric acid enhances the anti-tumour effect of anti-PD-1 antibody
Authors: Murayama Masakazu , Hosonuma Masahiro , Kuramasu Atsuo , Kobayashi Sei , Sasaki Akiko , Baba Yuta , Narikawa Yoichiro , Toyoda Hitoshi , Isobe Junya , Funayama Eiji , Tajima Kohei , Sasaki Aya , Maruyama Yuki , Yamazaki Yoshitaka , Shida Midori , Hamada Kazuyuki , Hirasawa Yuya , Tsurui Toshiaki , Ariizumi Hirotsugu , Ishiguro Tomoyuki , Suzuki Risako , Ohkuma Ryotaro , Kubota Yutaro , Horiike Atsushi , Sambe Takehiko , Tsuji Mayumi , Wada Satoshi , Kobayashi Shinichi , Shimane Toshikazu , Tsunoda Takuya , Kobayashi Hitome , Kiuchi Yuji , Yoshimura Kiyoshi 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe low response rate of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is a challenge. The efficacy of ICIs is influenced by the tumour microenvironment, which is controlled by the gut microbiota. In particular, intestinal bacteria and their metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are important regulators of cancer immunity; however, our knowledge on the effects of individual SCFAs remains limited. Here, we show that isobutyric acid has the strongest effect among SCFAs on both immune activity and tumour growth. In vitro, cancer cell numbers were suppressed by approximately 75% in humans and mice compared with those in controls. Oral administration of isobutyric acid to carcinoma-bearing mice enhanced the effect of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, reducing tumour volume by approximately 80% and 60% compared with those in the control group and anti-PD-1 antibody alone group, respectively. Taken together, these findings may support the development of novel cancer therapies that can improve the response rate to ICIs.
Development of a nomogram for identifying periodontitis cases in Denmark
Authors: Cassiano Luisa Schertel , Jensen Anne B. , Pajaniaye Julie B. , Leite Fábio R. M. , Li Huihua , Andersen Anette , Bitencourt Fernando V. , Nascimento Gustavo G. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlthough self-reported health outcomes are of importance, attempts to validate a clinical applicable instrument (e.g., nomogram) combining sociodemographic and self-reported information on periodontitis have yet to be performed to identify periodontitis cases. Clinical and self-reported periodontitis, along with sociodemographic data, were collected from 197 adults. Akaike information criterion models were developed to identify periodontitis, and nomograms developed based on its regression coefficients. The discriminatory capability was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic curves. Decision curve analysis was performed. Smoking [OR 3.69 (95%CI 1.89, 7.21)], poor/fair self-rated oral health [OR 6.62 (95%CI 3.23, 13.56)], previous periodontal treatment [OR 9.47 (95%CI 4.02, 22.25)], and tooth loss [OR 4.96 (95%CI 2.47, 9.97)], determined higher probability of having "Moderate/Severe Periodontitis". Age [OR 1.08 (95%CI 1.05, 1.12)], low educational level [OR 1.65 (95%CI 1.34, 2.23)], poor/fair self-rated oral health [OR 3.57 (95%CI 1.82, 6.99)], and previous periodontal treatment [OR 6.66 (95%CI 2.83, 15.68)] determined higher probability for "Any Periodontitis". Both nomograms showed excellent discriminatory capability (AUC of 0.83 (95%CI 0.75, 0.91) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.74, 0.88), good calibration, and slight overestimation of high risk and underestimation of low risk. Hence, our nomograms could help identify periodontitis among adults in Denmark.