bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The power of the past: using sediments to track the effects of multiple stressors on lake ecosystems
Authors: SMOL JOHN P. 
Published: January 2010

Summary1. One of the greatest challenges faced by limnologists, as well as most ecologists and environmental scientists, is finding data with time scales appropriate to their questions. Because of the general lack of reliable long‐term monitoring data, it is often difficult to determine the nature and timing of ecosystem changes. In lieu of direct monitoring data, palaeolimnologists have developed a variety of physical, chemical and biological approaches to track past changes in aquatic ecosystems using proxy data archived in lake and river sediments. This article summarises a few of our recent palaeolimnological programs that have studied the effects of multiple stressors on lake ecosystems and demonstrates how palaeolimnological approaches can circumvent this common problem of data availability.2. Lakewater calcium concentrations are declining in many softwater lake regions because logging and acid precipitation have lowered calcium levels in soils. In many cases, however, the onset of lakewater calcium decline predates direct observation, and so documenting the effects on freshwater ecosystems may be complex. By combining laboratory, field and palaeolimnological approaches, it is now evident that keystone taxa (e.g. Daphnia spp.) have been severely affected by these calcium declines.3. Some of the most common complaints received by lake managers concern the smell and taste of water. Although the root causes of taste and odour problems vary, compounds released by certain species of algae are often responsible. In nutrient‐poor or mesotrophic lakes, colonial chrysophytes are often the culprits, including scaled taxa of the genus Synura. Palaeolimnological approaches can be used to assess the various multiple stressors that influence the abundance of these phytoplankton.4. Thematic implications: recent climatic warming is affecting a wide range of lake ecosystems in diverse and often complex ways across vast geographical regions, and this has added to the complexities of limnological responses to other stressors. As more palaeolimnological studies are completed, meta‐analyses of sedimentary profiles can now be used to help disentangle the effects of climate warming from other environmental variables to determine how various components of lake ecosystems are responding to these multiple stressors.
Multiple stressors in north temperate streams: lessons from linked forest–stream ecosystems in northern Japan
Authors: FAUSCH KURT D. , BAXTER COLDEN V. , MURAKAMI MASASHI 
Published: January 2010

Summary1. Streams are highly connected to their landscapes and so are easily altered by multiple stressors that affect both uplands and riparian zones, and the streams themselves. These include dams and diversions, channelisation, deforestation, water pollution, biological invasions and climate change.2. We review research conducted in Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, which measured the effects of many of these stressors on both stream food webs and fluxes of invertebrates to and from the riparian zone that feed aquatic and terrestrial consumers. About half the energy that sustains fish falls directly into streams as terrestrial invertebrates, and a quarter of the energy needs for riparian birds is supplied by adult aquatic insects emerging from the stream.3. Single stressors in these Hokkaido streams, including deforestation, channelisation, erosion‐control dams, biological invasions and climate change, have drastic effects on stream food webs, the fishes they support and riparian predators (spiders, birds, and bats). Most stressors caused 30–90% declines in foraging, growth, or abundance of aquatic or terrestrial predators. Indirect effects of stressors also cascaded throughout stream food webs and across the aquatic–terrestrial boundary.4. Effects of individual stressors were largely concordant across spatial scale, through time during years of different productivity and among different food web components.5. Two studies of multiple stressors revealed that each stressor alone reduced food web components like abundance of stream benthos or riparian spiders to low levels (35–83% reduction; mean 59%), beyond which an additional stressor had little effect. Synergism and antagonism are less relevant when individual stressors have such large effects.6.Thematic implications: small streams in Hokkaido are highly sensitive to many individual stressors and have little resistance or resilience to their effects. Moreover, each stressor alone can reduce biota strongly, indicating that restoration will need to consider all simultaneously to protect biotic diversity.
Alien species in fresh waters: ecological effects, interactions with other stressors, and prospects for the future
Authors: STRAYER DAVID L. 
Published: January 2010

Summary1. Biological invasions are numerous in fresh waters around the world. At least hundreds of freshwater species have been moved outside of their native ranges by vectors such as ballast water, canals, deliberate introductions, and releases from aquaria, gardens, and bait buckets. As a result, many bodies of fresh water now contain dozens of alien species.2. Invasions are highly nonrandom with respect to the taxonomic identity and biological traits of the invaders, the ecological characteristics of the ecosystems that are invaded, and the geographical location of the ecosystems that supply and receive the invaders.3. Some invaders have had deep and pervasive effects on the ecosystems that they invade. Classes of ecologically important invaders in fresh waters include molluscs that are primary consumers and disrupt the food web from its base, fishes that disrupt the food web from its apex or centre, decapods that act as powerful omnivores, aquatic plants that have strong engineering effects and affect the quality and quantity of primary production, and diseases, which probably have been underestimated as an ecological force.4. The number of alien species in freshwater ecosystems will increase in the future as new aliens are moved outside of their native ranges by humans, and as established aliens fill their potential ranges. Alien species create “no‐analogue” ecosystems that will be difficult to manage in the future. We may be able to reduce future impacts of invaders by making more serious efforts to prevent new invasions and manage existing invaders.5.Thematic implications: interactions between alien species and other contemporary stressors of freshwater ecosystems are strong and varied. Because disturbance is generally thought to favour invasions, stressed ecosystems may be especially susceptible to invasions, as are highly artificial ecosystems. In turn, alien species can strongly alter the hydrology, biogeochemical cycling, and biotic composition of invaded ecosystems, and thus modulate the effects of other stressors. In general, interactions between alien species and other stressors are poorly studied.
Two novel proteins expressed by the venom glands of Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennis share an ancient C1q‐like domain
Authors: De Graaf D. C. , Brunain M. , Scharlaken B. , Peiren N. , Devreese B. , Ebo D. G. , Stevens W. J. , Desjardins C. A. , Werren J. H. , Jacobs F. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn in‐depth proteomic study of previously unidentified two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis spots of honey bee (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera) venom revealed a new protein with a C1q conserved domain (C1q‐VP). BlastP searching revealed a strong identity with only two proteins from other insect species: the jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera), and the green pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hemiptera). In higher organisms, C1q is the first subcomponent of the classical complement pathway and constitutes a major link between innate and acquired immunity. Expression of C1q‐VP in a variety of tissues of honey bee workers and drones was demonstrated. In addition, a wide spatial and temporal pattern of expression was observed in N. vitripennis. We suggest that C1q‐VP represents a new member of the emerging group of venom trace elements. Using degenerate primers the corresponding gene was found to be highly conserved in eight hymenopteran species, including species of the Aculeata and the Parasitica groups (suborder Apocrita) and even the suborder Symphyta. A preliminary test using recombinant proteins failed to demonstrate Am_C1q‐VP‐specific immunoglobulin E recognition by serum from patients with a documented severe bee venom allergy.
Identification and characterization of Nasonia Pax genes
Authors: Keller R. G. , Desplan C. , Rosenberg M. I. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPax genes are a group of critical developmental transcriptional regulators in both invertebrates and vertebrates, characterized by the presence of a paired DNA‐binding domain. Pax proteins also often contain an octapeptide motif and a C‐terminal homeodomain. The genome of Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera) has recently become available, and analysis of this genome alongside Apis mellifera allowed us to contribute to the phylogeny of this gene family in insects. Nasonia, a parasitic wasp, has independently evolved a similar mode of development to that of the well‐studied Drosophila, making it an excellent model system for comparative studies of developmental gene networks. We report the characterization of the seven Nasonia Pax genes. We describe their genomic organization, and the embryonic expression of three of them, and uncover wider conservation of the octapeptide motif than previously described.
Transfers of mitochondrial DNA to the nuclear genome in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis
Authors: Viljakainen L. , Oliveira D. C. S. G. , Werren J. H. , Behura S. K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMany organisms carry nuclear sequences of mitochondrial origin (NUMTs). We have identified 76 NUMTs in 25 genomic locations in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis. The total amount of NUMTs in Nasonia is 42 972 bp exceeding over four‐fold that found in Tribolium castaneum and almost fifty‐fold that found in Drosophila melanogaster, whereas Apis mellifera has an even larger number of NUMTs in its genome (over 230 kb). The Nasonia NUMTs were inserted by multiple independent events and frequently involved large fragments spanning multiple mitochondrial genes. Most of the NUMTs are recent transfers that occurred less than one million years ago after the speciation of N. vitripennis. Duplications and rearrangements in the nucleus have also occurred. Data suggest that NUMTs may be more common in hymenoptera than in other insect genomes.
Data mining cDNAs reveals three new single stranded RNA viruses in Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Oliveira D. C. S. G. , Hunter W. B. , Ng J. , Desjardins C. A. , Dang P. M. , Werren J. H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report three novel small RNA viruses uncovered from cDNA libraries from parasitoid wasps in the genus Nasonia. The genome of this kind of virus is a positive‐sense single‐stranded RNA with a 3′ poly(A), which facilitates cloning from cDNAs. Two of the viruses, NvitV‐1 and NvitV‐2, possess a RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase that associates them with the family Iflaviridae of the order Picornavirales. A third virus, NvitV‐3, is most similar to the Nora virus from Drosophila. A reverse transcription‐PCR method developed for NvitV‐1 indicates that it is a persistent commensal infection of Nasonia.
Metabolic enzymes associated with xenobiotic and chemosensory responses inNasonia vitripennis
Authors: Oakeshott J. G. , Johnson R. M. , Berenbaum M. R. , Ranson H. , Cristino A. S. , Claudianos C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe numbers of glutathione S‐transferase, cytochrome P450 and esterase genes in the genome of the hymenopteran parasitoidNasonia vitripennisare about twice those found in the genome of another hymenopteran, the honeybeeApis mellifera. Some of the difference is associated with clades of these families implicated in xenobiotic resistance in other insects and some is in clades implicated in hormone and pheromone metabolism. The data support the hypothesis that the eusocial behaviour of the honeybee and the concomitant homeostasis of the nest environment may obviate the need for as many gene/enzyme systems associated with xenobiotic metabolism as are found in other species, includingN. vitripennis, that are thought to encounter a wider range of potentially toxic xenobiotics in their diet and habitat.
The draft genome sequence of Arsenophonus nasoniae, son‐killer bacterium of Nasonia vitripennis, reveals genes associated with virulence and symbiosis
Authors: Wilkes T. E. , Darby A. C. , Choi J.‐H. , Colbourne J. K. , Werren J. H. , Hurst G. D. D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFour percent of female Nasonia vitripennis carry the son‐killer bacterium Arsenophonus nasoniae, a microbe with notably different biology from other inherited parasites and symbionts. In this paper, we examine a draft genome sequence of the bacterium for open reading frames (ORFs), structures and pathways involved in interactions with its insect host. The genome data suggest that A. nasoniae carries multiple type III secretion systems, and an array of toxin and virulence genes found in Photorhabdus, Yersinia and other gammaproteobacteria. Of particular note are ORFs similar to those known to affect host innate immune functioning in other bacteria, and four ORFs related to pro‐apoptotic exotoxins. The genome sequences for both A. nasoniae and its Nasonia host are useful tools for examining functional genomic interactions of microbial survival in hostile immune environments, and mechanisms of passage through gut epithelia, in a whole organism context.
Reliability of energy expenditure prediction equations in the weight management clinic
Authors: O’Riordan C. F. , Metcalf B. S. , Perkins J. M. , Wilkin T. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground: Few weight management clinics have access to indirect calorimetry with which to measure energy expenditure. Instead, they use energy expenditure prediction equations, which were not designed for use in obesity. We aimed to establish the extent to which such equations overestimate and underestimate resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight and obese individuals.Methods: We compared the Schofield, Harris & Benedict, James & Lean and World Health Organisation (WHO) REE prediction equations with the clinical gold standard of indirect calorimetry in 28 males and 168 females, with a mean (SD) age of 28.9 (6.4) years and body mass index (BMI) of 19–67 kg m−2.Results: The mean REE estimated by indirect calorimetry, and the Schofield, Harris & Benedict, James & Lean and WHO equations were 8.09, 8.30, 8.09, 8.37 and 8.23 MJ day−1 (1934, 1983, 1933, 2001 and 1966 kcal day−1), respectively. Although rising BMI exerted only a small effect on the mean differences between indirect calorimetry and the predicted REE [Schofield: +272 kJ (+65 kcal)/10 units BMI, P = 0.02; Harris & Benedict: +42 kJ (+10 kcal)/10 units BMI, P = 0.69; James & Lean: +217 kJ (+52 kcal) 10 units BMI, P = 0.06 and WHO: +42 kJ (+10 kcal) BMI, P = 0.11], the variance among overweight and obese patients of BMI >25 was substantially higher compared to that among normal weight subjects of BMI <25, on whom the equations were based. The estimated REE by Schofield for an individual of BMI 35 kg m−2, for example, could lie anywhere from 2.78 MJ (661 kcal) above the indirect calorimetry value to 2.59 MJ (618) kcal below it.Conclusions: Prediction equations offer a quick assessment of energy needs for hypocaloric diets although, in reality, they run the random risk of excessive restriction or further weight gain.
Breastfeeding and the prevalence of allergic diseases in schoolchildren: Does reverse causation matter?
Authors: Kusunoki Takashi , Morimoto Takeshi , Nishikomori Ryuta , Yasumi Takahiro , Heike Toshio , Mukaida Kumiko , Fujii Tatsuya , Nakahata Tatsutoshi 
Published: January 2010

Kusunoki T, Morimoto T, Nishikomori R, Yasumi T, Heike T, Mukaida K, Fujii T, Nakahata T. Breastfeeding and the prevalence of allergic diseases in schoolchildren: Does reverse causation matter? Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 60–66. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SInfants at higher risk of allergic diseases might be breastfed for longer periods compared with infants at lower risk in the hope that breastfeeding might reduce the risk of atopic disorders. Therefore, this intention could manifest as an apparent allergy‐promoting effect of breastfeeding or reverse causation. To analyze the effect of breast feeding on the prevalence of allergic diseases at school age, a large questionnaire survey was administered to the parents of schoolchildren aged 7–15 yrs. 13,215 parents responded (response rate, 90.1%). Prevalence rates of allergic diseases were compared according to the type of feeding in infancy (either complete breastfeeding, mixed feeding or complete artificial feeding). In both univariate and multivariate analysis, compared with those with complete artificial feeding, those with mixed and complete breastfeeding showed a significantly lower prevalence of bronchial asthma (BA) (p = 0.01 and 0.003, respectively). On the other hand, in univariate analysis, the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA) were significantly higher in those with complete breastfeeding (p = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). There was a significantly higher proportion of complete breastfeeding among those with greater risk of allergic diseases (presence of family history, either eczema or wheeze within 6 months after birth, or FA in infancy). Therefore, our multivariate analysis included these risks as confounding factors, and we found that the promoting effects of breastfeeding on AD and FA disappeared. In conclusion, our data clearly showed the inhibitory effect of breastfeeding on the prevalence of BA at school age. The apparent promoting effect of breastfeeding on the prevalence of AD and FA is most likely because of reverse causation.
Critical Discourse Analysis in Organizational Studies: Towards an Integrationist Methodology
Authors: Chouliaraki Lilie , Fairclough Norman 
Published: January 2010

abstractWe engage with Leitch and Palmer's (2010) analysis of Critical Discourse Analytical (CDA) scholarship in organizational and management studies, in order to argue that, whereas they rightly point to the need for further reflexivity in the field, their recommendation for a strict methodological protocol in CDA studies may be reproducing some of the problems they identify in their analysis. We put forward an alternative, relational‐dialectic conception of discourse that defends an integrationist orientation to research methodology, privileging trans‐disciplinarity over rigour.
Can Two Wrongs Make a Right? State Ownership and Debt in a Transition Economy
Authors: Le Trien Vinh , O'Brien Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2010

abstractExisting literature suggests that both state ownership and debt have detrimental performance consequences in transition economies. Paradoxically, however, we contend that the confluence of these two conditions may not be harmful. By considering the interactions between the governance properties of state ownership and debt, interpreted in light of the institutional context of China (i.e. the interplay between local governments, managers, and central banks), we argue that state ownership and debt can potentially offset each other's detrimental effects. We test our hypotheses with a sample of over 1300 Chinese firms that were listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock exchanges between 2003 and 2005. Results of the tests confirm that while debt and state ownership each have a negative impact on firm performance when used in isolation, their interaction has a positive impact on firm performance.
Reorienting Urban Development? Structural Obstruction to New Urban Forms
Authors: FILION PIERRE 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere is a growing sense that the North American low‐density and automobile‐dependent urban form is unsustainable from the perspectives of quality of life, economics and the environment. Yet for all the calls for a transformation of development patterns, trends inherited from the post‐second world war period die hard. This article employs structuration theory to generate a conceptual framework that identifies factors of structural stability and transformation. It then uses this framework to account for difficulties in achieving a transition to higher density and less automobile‐dependent forms of development. The evidence originates from Toronto and points to an uncertain transition in urban development. The article closes with a consideration of society‐wide implications of the difficulties in redirecting structural tendencies when an environmental crisis looms on the horizon.Résumé Selon une opinion grandissante, la formule de la ville nord‐américaine à faible densité et dépendante de l'automobile ne peut durer, que l'on considère la qualité de la vie, l'économie ou l'environnement. Malgré tous les appels à un changement de schémas d'aménagement, les tendances héritées de l'après‐deuxième guerre mondiale ont la vie dure. S'appuyant sur la théorie de la structuration, l'article définit un cadre conceptuel qui identifie les facteurs de stabilité et de transformation structurelle. Il applique ensuite ce cadre pour rendre compte des problèmes que pose une transition vers des formes d'aménagement moins denses et moins dépendantes de l'automobile. Les éléments factuels, tirés du cas de Toronto, indiquent une phase de transition incertaine dans l'aménagement urbain. La conclusion s'intéresse aux implications, à l'échelle de la société, des difficultés à réorienter les tendances structurelles alors qu'une crise environnementale menace.
Acute hypoxia modifies cAMP levels induced by inhibitors of phosphodiesterase‐4 in rat carotid bodies, carotid arteries and superior cervical ganglia
Authors: Nunes Ana R. , Batuca Joana R. , Monteiro Emília C. 
Published: January 2010

Background and purpose: Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors are useful to treat hypoxia‐related diseases and are used in experiments studying the effects of oxygen on 3′‐5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production. We studied the effects of acute hypoxia on cAMP accumulation induced by PDE inhibitors in oxygen‐specific chemosensors, the carotid bodies (CBs) and in non‐chemosensitive CB‐related structures: carotid arteries (CAs) and superior cervical ganglia (SCG).Experimental approach: Concentration–response curves for the effects of a non‐specific PDE inhibitor [isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) ], PDE4 selective inhibitors (rolipram, Ro 20‐1724) and a PDE2 selective inhibitor (erythro‐9‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐nonyl)adenine) on cAMP levels were obtained in normoxic (20% O2/5% CO2) or hypoxic (5% O2/5% CO2) conditions.Key results: Responses to the PDE inhibitors were compatible with the presence of PDE4 in rat CBs, CAs and SCG but in the absence of PDE2 in CAs and CBs. Acute hypoxia enhanced the effects of IBMX and PDE4 inhibitors on cAMP accumulation in CAs and CBs. In SCG, acute hypoxia reduced cAMP accumulation induced by all the four PDE inhibitors tested. Differences between the effects of Ro 20‐1724 and rolipram on cAMP were found in CAs and CBs during hypoxia.Conclusions and implications: The effects of PDE4 inhibitors could be potentiated or inhibited by acute hypoxia depending on the PDE isoforms of the tissue. The similarities between the characterization of PDE4 inhibitors at the CBs and CAs, under normoxia and hypoxia, did not support a specific role for cAMP in the oxygen‐sensing machinery at the CB and suggested that no direct CB‐mediated, hyperventilatory, adverse effects would be expected with administration of PDE4 inhibitors.