bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jurassic Chronology: I—Lias: Supplement I, West England Strata
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

My last communication
1
left many matters unproved, with indications where further research was required. Three points especially were—

(1)
The presumed faunal repetition of Uptonia;

(2)
The Gloucestershire sequence between Phricodoceras and bronni (Wessexian 1 to 7), of which it was unknown whether the failure of records was due to lack of strata or as I was rather disposed to think, to lack of exposure;

(3)
The sequence in early Raasayan—pre-subplanicosta.

Information concerning these three points may be gleaned from two interesting papers published by Mr. L. Richardson
2
while my communication was in the press. With his information it is now proposed to deal by a method of faunal plotting, which will afford good opportunity of testing faunal dissimilarity by faunal analysis, and seeing how the results accord with those of my former paper. They appear to be specially instructive and to show such considerable possibilities for the application of faunal plotting to wider fields that they seem to deserve record. Hence this communication is offered to the Society.

The first of Mr. Richardson's papers records the faunas found in a number of cuttings exposing strata which range from Hwiccian 5,
3
of my paper, to Deiran 4
4
; while the second, describing an excavation for a gasometer, has in my opinion dealt with a, fauna in part from a still lower horizon, about Mercian 7
1
; though Mr. Richardson locates it all as
oxynotum
,
2
say early Deiran.

The specimens were not collected
in situ
, except in
On Two Preglacial Floras from Castle Eden (County Durham)
Authors: Reid Eleanor Mary 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In September 1915,
1
and again in December 1918,
2
Dr. C. T. Trechmann described before this Society Drifts underlying the Boulder-Clay of the Durham coast, at Castle Eden. Some of the Drift is found as the infilling of a number of fissures in the Magnesian Limestone which here forms the bed-rock of the district, the whole being overlain by the Boulder-Clay. The fissures vary in width from 5 to 120 feet, the two with which I am here concerned being described as No. 4 & No. 5: of which the former is 27 feet, and the latter, the widest of all, 120 feet wide. Both are exposed on the foreshore between tide-marks after the scouring of the shore by gales, and are seen to run out seawards in a north-east by east direction, approximately at right angles to the trend of the coast, being lost under the sea.

The infilling of the fissures is of a mixed character, and consists of various materials that were transported in front of the earliest ice-sheet that advanced upon this part of the coast; the direction of transport being from the north-east. Besides angular fragments of red sandstone, marl, and Magnesian Limestone…there occur clays of different colours, also masses of peaty wood and trunks of trees, which have been torn up from the present area of the North Sea by the advancing ice-sheet, and thrust as glacial erratics into the fissures.'
Some of the clays contain seeds, and early in 1918 a few
A Seasonal Variation in the Frequency of Earthquakes (Second Communication.)
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon 
Published: October 2009

In an earlier communication to this Society it was shown that there is a slight excess of frequency of earthquakes, above the general average, during the day in summer and during the night in winter. It was also pointed out that this might possibly be a result of the unequal range of variation of the gravitational stresses set up by the sun, and, if so, might be expressed in the form that there was an excess of frequency of earthquakes during that half of the day which contained the upper meridian passage when the declination of the stress-producing body and the latitude of the place were of the same name, and during the half which contained the lower meridian passage when they were different. If this were the true statement of the variation, a similar effect ought to be noticeable, and of greater amplitude, when the record was tabulated by lunar time and declination. Such was actually found to be the case in the only record already tabulated in a form permitting the application of the test, but the number of shocks contained in this record was not large enough to give more than very small weight to the numerical values obtained from it.
Since then I have been able, with the assistance of the Government grant of the Royal Society, to prepare a fresh tabulation of the records of Italian earthquakes by lunar, as well as by solar, hour-angle and declination. The period chosen was the 19-year lunar cycle
The Surface of the Marls of the Middle Chalk in the Somme Valley and the Neighbouring Districts of Northern France, and the Effect on the Hydrology
Authors: King William Bernard Robinson 
Published: October 2009

The folds of the Mesozoic and Tertiary rocks of Northern France have been studied by various geologists in the past, notably E. Hébert, M. Bertrand, J. Gosselet, L. Cayeux, G. F. Dollfus, and H. Parent.
Theoretical considerations regarding the relationship of the later folds to the older pre-existing folding have led some of these geologists to study this problem, while others have endeavoured to trace some connexion between the tectonic structure and the development of the river-systems. In these pages, however, I propose to set forth certain information derived from the records of the boreholes which were made by the British armies during the War, and to draw some conclusions regarding the relationship between the tectonic features and the hydrology.
During the War the geological work in connexion with water-supply fell into two main groups—(1) the endeavour to furnish details of the strata in the area occupied by the British armies, together with notes on their water-bearing capacity; and (2) the preparation of notes on areas over which an advance might take place.
In connexion with the first of these requirements, much useful information was obtained from the late Prof. J. Gosselet's works, particularly his maps of the contours of various horizons, which proved of great use in estimating the depth at which various strata occur.
The area under consideration (see map, Pl. III) consists fundamentally of Cretaceous deposits, but frequently has a superficial covering of Quaternary loams, Clay-with-Flints, and small outliers of the basal Tertiary clays and sands. From
The Valentian Series
Authors: Jones Owen Thomas 
Published: October 2009

I. History of the Nomenclature of the Valentian Series.
The term is now commonly adopted for the rocks which lie between the top of the Bala and the base of the Wenlock or Salopian. These rocks have a wide distribution in Wales and the Borders, the Lake District, and the South of Scotland, as well as in Ireland and on the continent of Europe. They exhibit great diversity of lithological and faunal characters and of thickness when traced from one district to another, and on this account their classification and correlation has always presented difficulty. Various classifications are in current use, but their relation one to the other is still ambiguous. It is with the hope of clearing up some of these difficulties that the following account of the historical growth of the nomenclature and the correlation of the rocks has been written.
The earliest notice of these rocks in geological literature occurs in two early papers by Sir Roderick Murchison, which were read to the Geological Society of London in 1833 and 1834.

In the earlier paper the rocks below the Old Red Sandstone in the western parts of Shropshire, Herefordshire, Radnorshire, Brecknockshire, and Carmarthenshire are arranged as follows, in descending order:—

1.
Upper Ludlow Rock.

2.
Wenlock Limestone.

3.
Lower Ludlow Rock or Die Earth.

4.
Shelly Sandstones.

5.
Black Trilobitic Flagstone.

6.
Red conglomerate, sandstone, and slaty schists.

The Shelly Sandstones (No.
Geological Sections through the Andes of Peru and Bolivia: III—From the Port of Callao to the River Perene
Authors: Douglas James Archibald 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
This paper deals with the geological structure of the Andes of Central Peru, as represented by a horizontal section drawn from the island of San Lorenzo off the Pacific coast at Callao to the River Perene, a tributary of the Apurimac, one of the headwaters of the Ucayali. It is a third contribution to a series of papers written as the result of a two years' expedition to South America (1910–12) undertaken on behalf of the late Mr. W. E. Balston, F.G.S.
The district traversed is one of the best-known and most populous in Peru, for through it passes the northern Transandine route from Lima, the capital of the country, to the port of Iquitos on the Amazon, whence steamers sail direct to Europe.
The first half of the section follows the line of the central railway of Peru. This is the well-known Oroya line, famous not only as the highest railway in the world, but also as a wonderful feat of engineering, rising as it does to an altitude of over 15,000 feet in a course of 100 miles. The line ascends the steep-sided valley of the Rimac by means of a series of sinuous curves and zigzag ‘switchbacks,’ cut for the greater part in the face of the solid rock. After passing through no fewer than 65 tunnels it reaches the summit of the watershed between the Atlantic and the Pacific river-systems at Ticlio, 15,665 feet above sea-level, and thence descending to 12,000 feet terminates at
The Carboniferous Limestone (Avonian) of Broadfield Down (Somerset)
Authors: Wallis Frederick Stretton 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The greatly denuded periclinal uplift of Broadfield Down is mapped and described in terms of Vaughan's system of zonal classification of the Avonian. All zones, with "the exception of K, are present, and subzones Z
1
and D
1
, hitherto unrecorded from this area, are proved to occur.

A well-marked faunal assemblage (‘Fossiliferous Level’), of no great vertical extent, is described from the top of S
1
, and is shown to constitute in this area a datum-line, useful in the field, for the determination of the junction between the S
1
and S
2
subzones.

Pustula elegans
(M'Coy) is here for the first time recorded from the S
1
subzone in the eastern part of the South-Western Province.

Both lithologically and palæontologically the area holds an intermediate position, and forms a link between the developments of the Bristol and the Mendip areas. Thus C
2
of Broadfield Down is composed of fossiliferous, massive, grey limestones similar to that of C
2
of the Mendip area, while the lower part of C
1
is directly comparable with the
Laminosa
Dolomites of the Bristol area.

The non-occurrence of igneous rocks at the head of Goblin Coombe, where normally they would be expected to occur, is explained by a system of thrust-faulting from the South.
Jurassic Plants from Ceylon
Authors: Seward Albert Charles , Holttum Richard Eric 
Published: October 2009

The plants described in this paper were collected by Mr. E. J. Wayland, Government Geologist of Uganda, in the course of a mineral survey of Ceylon: they are the first fossil plants recorded from the island. Several small though well-defined impressions of plants were discovered at Tabbowa in the North-West Province (lat. 8° S., long. 80° E.) in a pale-yellow shale resting ‘directly on Archæan rocks and folded in with them.’ In writing to Dr. A. Morley Davies, from whom we received the collection, Mr. Wayland speaks of the discovery of the plant-beds as the result of ‘the most arduous work’ that he has ever done:— ‘dense jungle and lateritic earth masked exposures, and mosquitoes were dreadful. The monsoon was late, and one by one men fell sick, and the day came when all the men (and headman) were down. Then, after doctoring them to the best of my ability, I proceeded to carry on the work alone, cutting my own path through the jungle and doing everything myself.’
The results obtained by Mr. Wayland are of considerable importance from a phytogeographical and a stratigraphical point of view.
PTERIDOPHYTA: Filicales. Fam.? Osmundaceæ.

Cladophlebis reversa (Feistmantel) [=?Todites Williamsoni (Brongniart)]. (Pl. XII, figs. 13, 15
a
, 15
b
, & 16).

The three imperfect pinnae referred to this species are characterized by the relatively broad axis and the
Cladophlebis
type of venation. The venation is most clearly seen in fig. 15
b
, which represents a crushed fragment with short and broadly rounded pinnules attached by
Description of a New Plesiosaur from the Weald Clay of Berwick (Sussex)
Authors: Andrews Charles William 
Published: October 2009

The Plesiosaurian remains which form the subject of the present paper were contained in a large septarian nodule from the Upper Weald Clay of Berwick (Sussex). This nodule was found in the excavations made by the Cuckmere Brick Company; it was broken into many fragments which were, so far as possible, collected by Mr. S. Tooth, M.Inst.C.E., and by him presented to the British Museum (Natural History). The pieces, many of which clearly contained portions of bones, were reunited, and the gaps resulting from the loss of fragments filled in with plaster of Paris, so that the original form of the nodule was restored. The extremely hard matrix was then slowly and with great skill chiselled away by Mr. L. Parsons, who found that it enclosed a mass of bones for the greater part thrown together in the utmost confusion, with the result that their removal was a matter of extreme difficulty. Despite these drawbacks, however, he succeeded in getting out the hinder part of the skull and a nearly complete shoulder-girdle, all the elements of which seem to be quite undistorted by pressure, a most unusual circumstance. The humeri were also found, but the rest of the paddles, which probably projected beyond the limits of the concretion, was lost. Numerous cervical and dorsal vertebræ, ribs, and ventral ribs were found; but of the pelvis and hinder limb nothing remained, and only one or two imperfect caudal vertebræ were preserved.
The skull (PL XIV, figs. 1 & 2).—This is unfortunately
The Norite of Sierra Leone
Authors: Dixey Frank 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The norite of Freetown (Sierra Leone) was briefly described by G. Gürich in 1887, and in 1918 Prof. S. J. Shand translated Gürich's work, adding a few notes. I had the opportunity of making a detailed examination of this norite, as part of an investigation into the mineral resources of Sierra Leone; and in the course of this work it was found that the norite exposed around Freetown was only one end of a huge noritic complex which made up the whole mountain-mass of the Colony. Moreover, during the examination several features of considerable interest were observed, including the assimilation of one phase of the norite by another, the well-developed banding in the norite, the segregation of the iron-ores, and the sequence of the minor intrusions. These features, together with an important series of intergrowths of the common minerals, will be described in the course of this paper. The investigation into the mineral resources of the Colony, with especial reference to the iron-ores, formed part of the work of the Geological Survey of Sierra Leone during the latter part of 1918 and during 1919.

(2) Physiography of the Area.
2

The Colony is a mountainous peninsula adjacent to the undulating low ground which forms the southern part of the Protectorate. Its mountains rise steeply from a narrow coastal plain to a height of nearly 3000 feet; this plain is continuous with that of the mainland, and is due to a Pleistocene uplift of a little over 300 feet. It
The Nature and Origin of the Pliocene Deposits of the County of Cornwall, and their Bearing on the Pliocene Geography of the South-West of England
Authors: Milner Henry Brewer 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The present paper deals more particularly with the petrography of the younger Tertiary deposits of Western Cornwall which, by reason of their mode of occurrence and lithological similarity to the well-known fossiliferous beds of St. Erth, have been generally assigned to the Pliocene age. These deposits occur as isolated patches of detrital material resting in eroded hollows in Palæozoic or older rocks in the south-western part of the county, and are located at St. Agnes, 4 miles due south-west of Perranporth; at St. Erth and Canons Town in the Hayle-River valley; at Crousa Common, a mile and a half south-west of St. Keverne (Lizard district); and at Polcrebo, near Crowan, 4 miles south of Camborne, where an outcrop of gravels of alleged Pliocene age is found. With the exception of the St. Erth Beds, no fossils have hitherto been discovered in these deposits, and their stratigraphical position has been inferred entirely from general geological and topographical considerations.
The object of this paper is not only to establish the relative ages of these deposits by petrographic methods, but to demonstrate the importance of this mode of attack in problems of stratigraphical correlation where palæontological evidence is in some cases lacking. In addition, the mineralogical factors concerned are used as a guide to the determination of the origin of these sediments and, in conjunction with topographic data, to restore the geography of this part of Britain in early Pliocene times, in so far as the evidence at our disposal allows.
Petrology of the Shales-with-‘Beef’
Authors: Richardson William Alfred 
Published: October 2009

(A) Laminated Shales
Shales, which are minutely laminated at the outcrop, but appear massive when traced inwards, have been described in Part I (p. 53). The change is accompanied by progressive bleaching towards the weathered surface, and by the deposition of minute, platy crystals of selenite between the laminæ. This bleaching suggests that the development of lamination has been accompanied by a loss of certain constituents of the shales, such as carbon (or hydrocarbons), and also (as indicated by the appearance of gypsum of iron-sulphide. Thus the weathering of the shales has produced a diminution of volume, and the resulting contraction, by separating the individual laminæ, has revealed the minute internal structure of the shales.
It may be noted that similar development of lamination may be seen, for example, in the Rhætic Black Shales at Beacon Hill, Newark.

In bed 71
e
, consisting of well-stratified blue shale, Dr. Lang has found thin biconvex discs of a mineral determined by Mr. W. Campbell Smith as barytes. These discs are irregularly distributed along bedding-surfaces, from which they are readily detached, leaving behind a perfect impression of their shape and markings. The general appearance of these barytes discs can be gathered from fig. 3. The largest specimen examined had a mean diameter of 15 mm., a maximum thickness of 2 mm., and the specific gravity = 4·58. Both the upper and lower surfaces of the discs are marked by radial furrows, very distinct at the thin edge, but faint and often absent in
The Petrology of the Metamorphosed Rocks of the Start Area (South Devon)
Authors: Tilley Cecil Edgar 
Published: October 2009

The narrow strip of country forming the southernmost peninsula of South Devon, and extending from Start Point westwards to Bolt Tail, has been the subject of repeated enquiry by various geologists since the first report on the geology of Devon by Sedgwick & Murchison.
On the north this area is bounded by rocks the Devonian age of which is attested by definite organic remains. Whether the rocks of the Start peninsula themselves are also of this age, or whether an older group, has been much discussed, and no small part of the literature is devoted to this subject, apart from any exhaustive study of the rocks themselves. Prof. T. G-. Bonney1 appears to have been the first to apply microscopic petrographic methods to the elucidation of the rocks themselves, and, following him, Miss C. A. Raisin 2 has also contributed researches on the same lines. But no adequate account of the mineralogical nature of the peculiar Green Schists of the area was forthcoming until Sir Jethro Teall and Dr. A. Harker l examined sections of the rocks collected by other observers.
In any interpretation of the structure of this tract of country, the early observers were at a disadvantage, in the fact that no adequate geological survey of the district had been made. The task of mapping the area was undertaken by the Geological Survey, the results appearing in the 1-inch map by W. A. E. Ussher, published in 1898. Since that date the area has been mapped on the
The Earthquake of 7th August, 1895, in Northern Italy
Authors: Oldham Richard Dixon 
Published: October 2009

On the 7th of August, 1895, an earthquake was felt over the greater part of Lombardy and Tuscany, and in the Alpine districts of Northern Italy. Although only a feeble shock, nowhere exceeding an intensity of IV° Mercalli, it is worthy of attention as being of unusual type, and affording an illustration of some general principles which have been deduced from the comparative study of a large number of earthquakes. The details of observations recorded are published in vol. i. of the ‘Bollettino della Societa Sismologica Italiana’ ; on pp. 162–67 reports from 81 distinct localities are given, mostly with little more information than a mere record of an earthquake, but a certain number contain fuller details. These localities are plotted on the map accompanying this paper (p. 232), which also gives an epitome of the pertinent facts recorded.
The time, as shown by continuous-record seismographs, was about 20h. 50m., mid-European time; the area, over which there is a practically continuous series of records, is approximately triangular, the sides being about 160 miles in length, making the seismic area about 15,000 square miles, and possibly about 20,000, if the shock is included, which was felt, at about the same time, at several places in the Island of Elba. The report, from Portoferraio, is attributed without question to the same earthquake, but it may have been an independent shock, approximately coincident in time with the larger one. In favour of this supposition may be placed the fact that the nearest locality
On a Collection of Fossil Plants from the Falkland Islands
Authors: Seward Albert Charles , Walton John 
Published: October 2009

In May, 1922, I received from Dr. H. A. Baker, F.G.S., a collection of Permo-Carboniferous plants from the Falkland Islands which, with the consent of the Colonial Office, was entrusted to me for examination and description. At a later date additional specimens were received, some of which, although unfortunately too imperfectly preserved to be determined, were from rocks classed as Devono-Carboniferous. The Permo-Carboniferous material was collected on George Island and Speedwell Island off the southern extremity of East Falkland, also at North Arm, Bay of Harbours, near the southern extremity of East Falkland; while others were found at Cygnet Harbour and Egg Harbour on the western coast of Lafonia (the southern peninsula of East Falkland), and at Dos Lomas on the north-western coast.
In the examination of the fossils I have been assisted by Mr. John Walton, of St. John's College, Cambridge, who is responsible for the description and determination of the fossil wood.—[A.C. S.]
Subsequent to Charles Darwin's visits to the Falkland Islands little attention was paid to their geology, until the Archipelago was visited in 1901–1902 by Prof. J. G. Andersson and other members of the Swedish South Polar Expedition. The results then obtained were considerably extended by a second Swedish Expedition in 1907–1908, under the direction of Dr. C. Skottes-berg. Dr. T. G. Halle, of Stockholm, who was a member of that expedition, contributed to the Bulletin of the Geological Institute of the University of Uppsala, in 1911, a very valuable account of the geological structure and