bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'application du nouveau droit humanitaire
Authors: Miyazaki Shigeki 
Published: April 2010

La Conférence diplomatique sur la réaffirmation et le développement du droit international humanitaire applicable dans les conflits armés s'est tenue à Genève de 1974 à 1977. Au cours de sa quatrième session, en 1977, la Conférence a finalement adopté deux Protocoles additionnels aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatifs à la protection des victimes des conflits armés: le protocole I relatif aux conflits internationaux et le Protocole II relatif aux conflits non internationaux.Peu de temps après la conclusion des Conventions de Genève, en 1949, le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) avait déjà entrepris de développer ces instruments. De même, le Conseil des Gouverneurs de la Ligue des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, dans sa XXIIe session de mai 1954, à Oslo, avait adopté à l'unanimité une résolution soulignant la nécessité d'une protection juridique effective des populations civiles et demandant que l'élaboration en soit entreprise.
Education de la solidarité
Authors: Laroque Pierre 
Published: April 2010

L'auteur de l'important article qu'on va lire préside la Section sociale du Conseil d'Etat français. Recevant à Helsinki, en 1968, le Prix René Sand, lors de la 14e Conférence internationale du Conseil international de l'Action sociale, il prononça une conférence qui avait pour thème « Droits de l'homme, travail social et politique sociale ».La Croix-Rouge était présente à cette cérémonie non seulement parce que de nombreux délégués appartenaient à notre mouvement, mais aussi parce qu'on évoqua le souvenir de cette haute personnalité de la Croix-Rouge de Belgique que fut René Sand. De ce dernier, la Revue internationale publia plusieurs études, dont l'une se termine par ces mots révélateurs de l'idéalisme actif qui était le sien: « L'instinct du monde, qui parfois s'égare, mais surtout que l'on égare, ce n'est pas la guerre, c'est la bonne volonté, c'est la paix.»
Les principes de la Croix-Rouge (V)
Authors: Pictet Jean S. 
Published: April 2010

« Indépendance politique, confessionnelle et économique », telle est la formule, explicite et somme toute heureuse, que l'on trouve dans l'ancien sommaire des principes fondamentaux.Les raisons qui exigent l'indépendance sont si manifestes que point n'est besoin de s'y arrêter longuement. Sous peine de ne plus être elle-même, la Croix-Rouge doit être maîtresse de ses décisions, de ses gestes et de ses paroles. Pour pouvoir mieux montrer le chemin de la charité et de sa justice, elle doit rompre certaines attaches avec les pouvoirs constitués. Il faut qu'elle soit libre d'obéir à ses mobiles purement humanitaires, d'appliquer toujours les principes qui lui sont propres, de se montrer égalitaire envers les hommes et de rester universelle. On ne saurait admettre qu'une puissance, de quelque ordre qu'elle soit, risque de la faire dévier de la ligne immuable que seul son idéal lui trace. Cette indépendance sera aussi le gage de sa neutralité. Elle permettra à chaque Société de travailler en communion d'esprit avec ses Sociétés sœurs. En outre, il importe que la Croix-Rouge inspire confiance à tous les hommes qu'elle êeut etre appelée à assister, même et surtout à ceux qui n'appartiennent pas aux cercles dirigeants. Enfin l'institution étant ouverte à toutes les bonnes volontés, sa soumission é une autorité temporelle ou spirituelle en interdirait l'accès à ceux qui ne partageraient pas l'opinion officielle. L'indépendance est done, pour l'action de la Croix-Rouge, une condition seconde mais non moins nécessaire.
L'idée humanitaire à travers les âges
Authors: Owens G. 
Published: April 2010

Le premier objectif de la Croix-Rouge, et celui qui reste, maintenant encore, le principal, c'est d'alléger les souffrances entraînées par la guerre.Depuis les temps les plus reculés, les hommes se sont évertués à empêcher la guerre dans la mesure du possible et à en atténuer les conséquences lorsqu'elle éclatait. La Trêve de Dieu, mentionnée pour la première fois en 1027, interdisait du jeudi matin au dimanche soir, sous peine de sanctions ecclésiastiques, les combats considérés alors comme une occupation réservée aux gentilshommes. C'était là une tentative en vue de mettre la guerre hors la loi. Plus ancienne encore, la Paix de Dieu, promulguée par le concile de Charroux en 980, déclarait inviolables en temps de guerre, dans leur personne, les paysans, marchands, pèlerins et spécialement les prêtres, moines et nonnes sur qui reposait entièrement, a l'époque, la charge de donner soins et assistance aux blessés et malades. On retrouve ici, dans l'institution d'une classe spécialement protégée, alors même que la guerre est déchaînée, le principe essentiel des Conventions de la Croix-Rouge.
Connaissance des Conventions de Genève
Authors: de Preux Jean 
Published: April 2010

Il est fou de vouloir être sage tout seul.Dans un monde que l'on dit livré de plus en plus à la violence, à l'ambition, à la compétition, à la contestation et à leurs séquelles, qu'est-ce que la Croix-Rouge ?Faut-il se représenter les Conventions de Genève comme un îlot de verdure, préservé comme on préserve des richesses naturelles, un bien culturel ? On pense à ces vitrines abritant des bibelots précieux: « ne pas toucher »
Croix-Rouge et philatélie
Authors: Thomas Max-Marc 
Published: April 2010

Quelque cent trente collections, appartenant à des administrations officielles ou à des Sociétés nationales de la Croix-Rouge les unes, mais pour leur plus grand nombre à des collectionneurs privés, ont figuré à l'exposition philatélique organisée dans le cadre de l'Exposition internationale de la Croix-Rouge.C'était la première fois que l'on pouvait trouver un ensemble de timbres-poste de Croix-Rouge d'une telle importance. A côté de nombreux collectionneurs de presque tous les pays européens — de l'Est ou de l'Ouest — d'autres collections étaient venues d'Amérique, d'Israël, de Nouvelle-Zélande et d'Australie.
Travaux récents relatifs à la protection de l'environnement en période de conflit armé
Authors: Bouvier Antoine 
Published: April 2010

La problématique de la protection de l'environnement en période de conflit armé a donné lieu à de nombreux débats et suscité d'importants travaux au cours des deux dernières années.L'intérêt marqué pour cette question nous paraît s'expliquer par au moins deux raisons distinctes. Il fait tout d'abord — et très logiquement — écho aux travaux toujours plus ambitieux visant à améliorer, aux plans national et international, la protection de l'environnement en temps de paix.3 Il répond, par ailleurs, aux craintes nées durant et après le conflit qui a embrasé le Moyen-Orient en 1990–91.
Energy dissipation in insulators induced by swift heavy ions: A parameter study
Authors: Osmani O. , Lebius H. , Rethfeld B. , Schleberger M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe irradiation of solids with high energy laser or particle beams has led to a deeper understanding of the relaxation processes inside the target material. However, a lot of open questions remain. In the present paper, we will examine the irradiation of the model system Xe23+ @ 93 MeV → SrTiO3 within the framework of the two-temperature-model and study the electron-phonon-coupling g and the electron diffusivity De as well as the lattice diffusivity Dp. These are crucial parameters for which no experimental data is available. Experimentally, g is very difficult to measure and therefore theoretical predictions are of great importance. With the approach presented here it is possible to determine the coupling-constant by one order of magnitude.
The Katanga Trial Chamber Decision: Selected Issues
Authors: BITTI GILBERT , EL ZEIDY MOHAMED M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe admissibility challenge of the defence in Katanga has raised complex issues of litigation in the light of the practice of self-referrals and existing ICC jurisprudence. This article examines the Katanga Trial Chamber decision and its consequences from this perspective. It focuses on three themes that are of particular relevance, since they have a direct impact on the functioning of the Court and its different organs: (i) the timing for a challenge of the admissibility of the case; (2) access to information related to admissibility; and (iii) the role of the defence.
Nonlinear analysis and synthesis of distributed voltage controlled oscillators
Authors: Collado Ana , Acampora Alessandro , Georgiadis Apostolos 
Published: April 2010

A detailed nonlinear analysis and design of a distributed voltage controlled oscillator (DVCO) is presented in this work. The analysis and design of the DVCO is performed using harmonic balance-based simulation techniques and envelope transient simulation. These techniques are used to make a complete nonlinear study of the behavior of the DVCO. Using the proposed nonlinear tools, a DVCO operating in the frequency tuning range between 1 and 2 GHz has been implemented in order to support the simulation results. The average output power and consumption along the frequency band for the designed DVCO are 5.2 dBm and 60.4 mW, respectively.
The policy context of torture: A social-psychoioqical analysis
Authors: Kelman Herbert C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractActs of torture are conceptualized as crimes of obedience, which are inevitably linked to crimes at higher levels of the hierarchy, where orders are issued, policy is formulated, and the atmosphere conducive to acts of torture is created. The present analysis suggests several conditions under which torture becomes an instrument of State policy and the authority structure of the State is fully utilized to implement that policy: the perception by State authorities that the security of the State is under severe threat — which, at the macro-level, can justify torture and, at the micro-level, contribute to its authorization; the existence of an elaborate and powerful apparatus charged with protecting the security of the State — which, at the macro-level, may lead to the recruitment and training of professional torturers as part of that apparatus and, at the micro-level, contribute to the routinization of torture; and the existence of disaffected ethnic, religious, political, or other groups within (or under the control) of the State that do not enjoy full citizenship rights — which, at the macro-level, may lead to their designation as enemies of the State and appropriate targets for torture and, at the micro-level, their dehumanization.
Study on customary international humanitarian law: A contribution to the understanding and respect for the rule of law in armed conflict
Authors: Henckaerts Jean-Marie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article explains the rationale behind a study on customary international humanitarian law recently undertaken by the ICRC at the request of the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. It describes the methodology used and how the study was organized and summarizes some major findings. It does not, however, purport to provide a complete overview or analysis of these findings.
Precision attack and international humanitarian law
Authors: Schmitt Michael N. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article explores the relationship between precision attack and international humanitarian law. It begins by addressing the nature of precision attack, including precision technologies, the combat environment in which it occurs, attacker tactics, and the targeting process. Modern precision attack's greatest impact on international humanitarian law lies in four areas: indiscriminate attack; proportionality; precautions in attack; perfidy and protected status. The author concludes that precision warfare has both positive and negative implications for the interpretation and application of international humanitarian law on the twenty-first-century battlefield.
Public communication strategies of international humanitarian organizations
Authors: Dijkzeul Dennis , Moke Markus 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe article studies the public communication strategies of large humanitarian NGOs as well as UN organizations with regard to the humanitarian principles. It shows that different strategies concerning impartiality vs. solidarity and independence vs. subcontracting cause a wide diversity of humanitarian positions, which lead to different types of public communication strategies. It also discusses several recent trends and three scenarios concerning humanitarian public communication, focusing on interaction with donors and the military, as well as the security situation on the ground. The article concludes that it is essential for humanitarian organizations to understand the different interpretations of the humanitarian principles and that this will help in establishing a strategic approach toward public communication at headquarters, as well as in the field.
ICRC communication: Generating support
Authors: Daccord Yves 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe environment in which the ICRC works and communicates is constantly changing. The ICRC is also constantly seeking support that will allow it to gain access to victims, carry out its work, generate the diplomatic and financial backing needed for that work and ensure the safety of its delegates. The primary aim of communication is not merely to pass on messages from the organization effectively. It is just as necessary to understand the issues concerning the various audiences and how they perceive those issues as it is to inform them. The ICRC draws on a wide array of communication strategies and resources, depending on their complementarity and their potential impact, ranging from meetings with local armed groups to the use of mass communication tools. Communication is thus an integral part of the ICRC's decision-making process, both at headquarters and in each context in the field.
Postprandial oxidative stress is modified by dietary fat: evidence from a human intervention study
Authors: Perez-Martinez Pablo , Garcia-Quintana Jose Maria , Yubero-Serrano Elena M. , Tasset-Cuevas Inmaculada , Tunez Isaac , Garcia-Rios Antonio , Delgado-Lista Javier , Marin Carmen , Perez-Jimenez Francisco , Roche Helen M. , Lopez-Miranda Jose 
Published: April 2010

Previous evidence supports the concept that increased oxidative stress may play an important role in MetS (metabolic syndrome)-related manifestations. Dietary fat quality has been proposed to be critical in oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of the MetS. In the present study, we investigated whether oxidative stress parameters are affected by diets with different fat quantity and quality during the postprandial state in subjects with the MetS. Patients were randomly assigned to one of four isoenergetic diets distinct in fat quantity and quality for 12 weeks: a high-saturated-fatty-acid (HSFA) diet, a high-mono-unsaturated-fatty-acid (HMUFA) diet and two low-fat/high-complex carbohydrate diets [supplemented with 1.24 g/day of long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LFHCC n−3) or with 1 g/day of sunflower oil high in oleic acid (LFHCC) as placebo]. The HMUFA diet enhanced postprandial GSH (reduced glutathione) levels and the GSH/GSSH (oxidized glutathione) ratio, compared with the other three diets. In addition, after the HMUFA-rich diet postprandial lipid peroxide levels, protein carbonyl concentrations, SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity and plasma H2O2 levels were lower compared with subjects adhering to the HSFA-rich diet. Both LFHCC diets had an intermediate effect relative to the HMUFA and HSFA diets. In conclusion, our data support the notion that the HMUFA diet improves postprandial oxidative stress in patients with the MetS. These findings suggest that the postprandial state is important for understanding the possible cardioprotective effects associated with mono-unsaturated dietary fat, particularly in subjects with the MetS.
Structure of the 70S ribosome bound to release factor 2 and a substrate analog provides insights into catalysis of peptide release
Authors: Jin Hong , Kelley Ann C. , Loakes David , Ramakrishnan V. 
Published: April 2010

We report the crystal structure of release factor 2 bound to ribosome with an aminoacyl tRNA substrate analog at the ribosomal P site, at 3.1 Å resolution. The structure shows that upon stop-codon recognition, the universally conserved GGQ motif packs tightly into the peptidyl transferase center. Nucleotide A2602 of 23S rRNA, implicated in peptide release, packs with the GGQ motif in release factor 2. The ribose of A76 of the peptidyl-tRNA adopts the C2′-endo conformation, and the 2′ hydroxyl of A76 is within hydrogen-bond distance of the 2′ hydroxyl of A2451. The structure suggests how a catalytic water can be coordinated in the peptidyl transferase center and, together with previous biochemical and computational data, suggests a model for how the ester bond between the peptidyl tRNA and the nascent peptide is hydrolyzed.
A CoD-based reduction algorithm for designing stationary control policies on Boolean networks
Authors: Ghaffari Noushin , Ivanov Ivan , Qian Xiaoning , Dougherty Edward R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMotivation: Gene regulatory networks serve as models from which to derive therapeutic intervention strategies, in particular, stationary control policies over time that shift the probability mass of the steady state distribution (SSD) away from states associated with undesirable phenotypes. Derivation of control policies is hindered by the high-dimensional state spaces associated with gene regulatory networks. Hence, network reduction is a fundamental issue for intervention.Results: The network model that has been most used for the study of intervention in gene regulatory networks is the probabilistic Boolean network (PBN), which is a collection of constituent Boolean networks (BNs) with perturbation. In this article, we propose an algorithm that reduces a BN with perturbation, designs a control policy on the reduced network and then induces that policy to the original network. The coefficient of determination (CoD) is used to choose a gene for deletion, and a reduction mapping is used to rewire the remaining genes. This CoD-reduction procedure is used to construct a reduced network, then either the previously proposed mean first-passage time (MFPT) or SSD stationary control policy is designed on the reduced network, and these policies are induced to the original network. The efficacy of the overall algorithm is demonstrated on networks of 10 genes or less, where it is possible to compare the steady state shifts of the induced and original policies (because the latter can be derived), and by applying it to a 17-gene gastrointestinal network where it is shown that there is substantial beneficial steady state shift.Availability: The code for the algorithms is available at: http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/ghaffari10a/ Please Contact Noushin Ghaffari at nghaffari@tamu.edu for further questions.Contact: edward@ece.tamu.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MLJ Reviews
Authors: Liskin‐Gasparro Judith E. 
Published: April 2010

Books reviewed in this article:Achiba, Machiko. Learning to Request in a Second Language: A Study of Child Interlanguage Pragmatics.Blyth, Carl. (Ed.). The Sociolinguistics of Foreign‐Language Classrooms.Bongartz, Christiane. Noun Combination in Interlanguage: Typology Effects in Complex Determiner Phrases.Brown, James Dean, & Thom Hudson. Criterion‐Referenced Language Testing.Cohen, Andrew D., R. Michael Paige, Barbara Kappler, Margaret Dem‐Messie, Susan J. Weaver, Julie C. Chia, & James P. Lassegard.Dickins, James, Sándor Hervey, & Ian Higgins. Thinking Arabic Translation: A Course in Translation Method (Arabic to English). Dickins, James, Sándor Hervey, & Ian Higgins. Thinking Arabic Translation: Tutor's Handbook.Doherty, Monika. Language Processing in Discourse: A Key to Felicitous Translation.Hunston, Susan. Corpora in Applied Linguistics. Jie Mei Yu, Catherine, & X. Jie Yang. Tingli: Chinese Listening Comprehension, Beginner.Jie Mei Yu, Catherine, & X. Jie Yang. Tingli: Chinese Listening Comprehension, Intermediate.Paige, R. Michael, Andrew D. Cohen, Barbara Kappler, Julie C. Chia, & James P. Lassegard. Maximizing Study Abroad: A Students' Guide to Strategies for Language and Culture Learning and Use.Paige, R. Michael, Andrew D. Cohen, Barbara Kappler, Julie C. Chia, & James P. Lassegard. A Program Professionals' Guide. Sandrock, Paul. Planning Curriculum for Learning World Languages. Smyth, Sarah, & Elena Crosbie. RUS': A Comprehensive Course in Russian.Smyth, Sarah, & Elena Crosbie. RUS': A Comprehensive Course in Russian.Stevenson, Anna, & Georges Pilard. Harrap's Business Dictionary English‐French/ French‐EnglishTannen, Deborah, & James E. Alatis. (Eds.). Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 2001. Linguistics, Language, and the Real World: Discourse and Beyond.Trappes‐Lomax, Hugh, & Gibson Ferguson. (Eds.). Language in Language Teacher Education.Vanpatten, Bill. From Input to Output: A Teacher's Guide to Second Language Acquisition.Wray, Alison. Formulaic Language and the Lexicon. Yip, Moira. Tone.Zagona, Karen. The Syntax of Spanish.Zamel, Vivian, & Ruth Spack. Enriching ESOL Pedagogy: Readings and Activities for Engagement, Reflection, and Inquiry.
Partial Slip Contact Analysis on Three-Dimensional Elastic Layered Half Space
Authors: Wang Zhan-Jiang , Wang Wen-Zhong , Wang Hui , Zhu Dong , Hu Yuan-Zhong 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An elastic contact model for three-dimensional layered or coated materials under coupled normal and tangential loads, with consideration of partial slip effects, has been developed in this paper. The response functions for calculating the displacements and stresses were determined in the frequency domain by using the Papkovich–Neuber potentials. The partial slip contact problem was solved by a numerical procedure based on the conjugate Gradient method and fast Fourier transform technique. The contact pressure, surface shear tractions, stick ratios, rigid body displacements, and subsurface stresses are analyzed under different conditions with variations in the material properties and coating thickness. Results show that stiffer coatings tend to decrease the stick ratios and the rigid ball tangential displacements in comparison to those with compliant coatings under the same contact conditions. For stiffer coatings, the values of the von Mises stress and compressive surface stress increase and the positions of maximum von Mises stress move up to the surface; meanwhile, the distributions of the compressive stress become asymmetric due to the action of the tangential load.
Striking Species Difference in the Contribution of Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 2 to Nucleoside Uptake between Mouse and Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: Furihata Tomomi , Fukuchi Yukina , Iikura Minami , Hashizume Misato , Miyajima Atsushi , Nagai Miki , Chiba Kan 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTConcentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) (encoded by theSLC28A2gene) transports various antiviral or antitumor purine nucleoside analogs to be involved in their pharmacokinetics and pharmacological actions. The results of our study showed that mouse hepatocytes hardly expressed CNT2 mRNA and no CNT2-dependent nucleoside uptake was observed, while rat hepatocytes exhibited high CNT2-dependent nucleoside uptake activity levels with abundant CNT2 mRNA expression. We concluded that CNT2 contributes considerably to nucleoside uptake in rat hepatocytes but not in mouse hepatocytes.