bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cure mechanisms in materials for use in esthetic dentistry
Authors: Kwon Tae‐Yub , Bagheri Rafat , Kim Young K. , Kim Kyo‐Han , Burrow Michael F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe current paper reviews the curing mechanisms found in resin‐based materials used in dentistry. Historical aspects of dental products and the associated curing mechanisms are reviewed. In comparison with common industrial procedures, curing methods employed for dental materials are relatively limited because of the need to polymerize quickly in the oral cavity at an ambient temperature. Heat‐cure and self‐cure dental resins utilize benzoyl peroxide initiator alone with a tertiary amine co‐initiator. At present, most dental restorative composites use a camphorquinone–amine complex initiation, visible light‐cure, one‐component systems, although alternative photoinitiators have been researched and developed. A multiple curing mode in a dual‐cure material is a complex combination of various initiation systems. The use of aryl sulfinic acid sodium salt to overcome adverse chemical interactions between simplified adhesives and self‐ or dual‐cure composites is based on another self‐cure polymerization mechanism, sulfinic acid‐initiated polymerization, proposed by Hagger in 1948. The sodium salt of aryl sulfinic acid reacts with an acidic monomer in simplified adhesives, and is believed to produce radicals. Clinically, it is important to try to optimize the degree of conversion of resin‐based materials using proper manipulation and adequate light‐curing techniques to ensure the best outcome for materials used to restore teeth.
Evoked otoacoustic emissions: An alternative test of auditory function in horses
Authors: Mc BREARTY A. , AUCKBURALLY A. , POLLOCK P. J. , PENDERIS J. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryReasons for performing study: Deafness has been reported in horses due to a variety of causes and objective auditory assessment has been performed with brainstem auditory evoked potential testing. Evoked otoacoustic emission (OAE) tests are widely used in human patients for hearing screening, detecting partial hearing loss (including frequency‐specific hearing loss) and monitoring cochlear outer hair cell function over time. OAE tests are noninvasive, quick and affordable. Two types of OAE are commonly used clinically: transient evoked OAEs (TEOAEs) and distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs). Detection of OAEs has not been reported and OAE testing has not been evaluated for auditory assessment in horses.Objectives: To investigate whether TEOAEs and DPOAEs can be recorded in horses, and to evaluate the use of human OAE screening protocols in horses with apparently normal hearing.Methods: Sixteen systemically healthy horses with normal behavioural responses to sound were included. OAE testing was performed during general anaesthesia using commercially available equipment and the final outcome for each ear for the TEOAE test (after a maximum of 3 runs) and the DPOAE test (after one run) were compared.Results: TEOAEs and DPOAEs can be recorded in horses. Using the chosen TEOAE protocol, 96% of ears achieved a pass. Seventy percent of ears passed DPOAE testing, despite all of these ears passing TEOAE testing.Conclusions: Using the chosen stimulus and analysis protocols, TEOAEs were recorded from most ears; however, a smaller proportion of ears passed the DPOAE protocol, suggesting that this may be overly stringent and require further optimisation in horses.Potential relevance: OAE testing is rapid and easily performed in anaesthetised horses. It provides frequency‐specific information about outer hair cell function, and is a promising tool for audiological assessment in the horse; however, it has not been assessed in conscious or sedated animals.
Antituberculosis IgG Antibodies as a Marker of Active Mycobacterium tuberculosis Disease
Authors: Welch Ryan J. , Lawless Kathleen M. , Litwin Christine M. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTAnti-Mycobacterium tuberculosisIgG antibodies may aid in the diagnosis of activeM. tuberculosisdisease. We studied whether anti-M. tuberculosisIgG antibodies are elevated in activeM. tuberculosisdisease and assessed factors contributing to false-positive and -negative results. A retrospective study of 2,150 individuals tested by the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) assay was conducted at the University of Utah, ARUP Laboratories, November 2008 to December 2010. All samples were tested with the InBios Active TbDetectantituberculosis (anti-TB) IgG antibody assay. Of 1,044 patients with a positive QFT-GIT, 59 (5.7%) were positive forM. tuberculosisantibodies. Fourteen of 1,106 (1.3%) with a negative or indeterminate QFT-GIT were positive forM. tuberculosisantibodies.M. tuberculosisantibody tests were positive in 61.5% with confirmed activeM. tuberculosisdisease and other mycobacterial infections. Over half of the false-negativeM. tuberculosisantibody tests occurred in patients ≥90 years of age. False positives were seen in 12.9% of autoimmune patients. The odds ratio of being positive by the QFT-GIT and the InBios TB IgG assay increased with confirmedM. tuberculosisdisease or highly suspectedM. tuberculosisdisease and was 86.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 34.4 to 218.5) in these two groups compared to patients negative by both tests. Although anti-M. tuberculosisantibodies can be detected in patients with activeM. tuberculosisdisease, caution should be used with patients where immunoglobulin levels may be decreased or patients with autoantibodies.
First Evaluation of an Improved Assay for Molecular Genetic Detection of Tuberculosis as Well as Rifampin and Isoniazid Resistances
Authors: Crudu Valeriu , Stratan Ecaterina , Romancenco Elena , Allerheiligen Vera , Hillemann Andreas , Moraru Nicolae 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

The commercially available line probe assay MTBDRplus 2.0 (Hain Lifescience, Nehren, Germany) was evaluated for its ability to detect
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex (MTBC) and mutations conferring resistance to rifampin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) directly in smear-negative and smear-positive pulmonary clinical specimens under routine laboratory conditions. A total of 348 samples originating from Moldova, a high-incidence country for tuberculosis (TB), were investigated. Two hundred fifty-seven (73.9%) were smear negative, 12 samples were excluded, and 81 (23.3%) were smear positive. Two DNA extraction methods were applied. Compared to culture and clinical data as the reference standard (adapted from Vadwai V et al., J. Clin. Microbiol.
49:
2540–2545, 2011), overall sensitivity and specificity were 87.6 and 99.2%, respectively. One hundred four of the 257 smear-negative samples turned out to be culture positive, and 20 were MTBC culture negative but were positive based on clinical symptoms. The combined sensitivity and specificity in the subgroup of smear-negative samples were calculated to be 79.8 and 99.2%, respectively. MTBDRplus 2.0 detected RMP and INH resistance with sensitivity and specificity of 94.3 and 96.0%, respectively. In conclusion, the MTBDRplus 2.0 assay is a rapid and highly sensitive test for the detection of
M. tuberculosis
strains from smear-positive and -negative clinical specimens and provides additional information on RMP and INH resistance status, which can easily be included in routine laboratory work flow.
Detection of Galactomannan in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Samples of Patients at Risk for Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Analytical and Clinical Validity
Authors: D'Haese Jorien , Theunissen Koen , Vermeulen Edith , Schoemans Hélène , De Vlieger Greet , Lammertijn Liesbet , Meersseman Philippe , Meersseman Wouter , Lagrou Katrien , Maertens Johan 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is frequent and often fatal in immunosuppressed patients. Timely diagnosis of IPA improves survival but is difficult to make. We examined the analytical and clinical validity of galactomannan (GM) testing of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in diagnosing IPA in a mixed population by retrospectively reviewing records of 251 consecutive at-risk patients for whom BAL fluid GM testing was ordered. The performance of the enzyme immunoassay was evaluated by using a range of index cutoffs to define positivity. Three samples were associated with proven IPA, 56 were associated with probable IPA, 63 were associated with possible invasive fungal disease (IFD), and 129 were associated with no IFD. Using a BAL fluid GM index of ≥0.8 (optimal optical density [OD] index cutoff identified by a receiver operating characteristic curve), the sensitivity in diagnosing proven and probable IPA was 86.4%, and the specificity was 90.7%. At this cutoff, positive and negative predictive values were 81% and 93.6%, respectively. However, an OD index value of ≥3.0 corresponded to a 100% specificity, thus ruling the disease in, irrespective of the pretest probability. Conversely, an OD index cutoff of <0.5 corresponded to a high sensitivity, virtually always ruling the disease out. For all values in between, the posttest probability of IPA depends largely on the prevalence of disease in the at-risk population and the likelihood ratio of the OD index value. Detection of GM in BAL fluid samples of patients at risk of IPA has an excellent diagnostic accuracy provided results are interpreted in parallel with clinico-radiological findings and pretest probabilities.
Quantitative Real-Time PCR for Detection of Acinetobacter baumannii Colonization in the Hospital Environment
Authors: McConnell Michael J. , Pérez-Ordóñez Ana , Pérez-Romero Pilar , Valencia Raquel , Lepe José Antonio , Vázquez-Barba Isabel , Pachón Jerónimo 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

A real-time PCR assay was developed for detecting the presence of
Acinetobacter baumannii
on hospital equipment and compared to conventional bacterial culture using 100 hospital environmental samples. The real-time PCR detected contaminated surfaces in 4 h with high sensitivity (100%) compared to conventional culture. Thirty-eight percent of samples were positive by real-time PCR and negative by bacterial culture (false positives), possibly indicating the widespread presence of bacterial DNA that is not associated with viable bacteria.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA Triage of Women with Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance with cobas 4800 HPV and Hybrid Capture 2 Tests for Detection of High-Grade Lesions of the Uterine Cervix
Authors: Lapierre Simon Grandjean , Sauthier Philippe , Mayrand Marie-Hélène , Dufresne Simon , Petignat Patrick , Provencher Diane , Drouin Pierre , Gauthier Philippe , Dupuis Marie-Josée , Michon Bertrand , Ouellet Stéphan , Hadjeres Rachid , Ferenczy Alex , Franco Eduardo L. , Coutlée François 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

The triage of women with high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive smears for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) to colposcopy is now an integrated option in clinical guidelines. The performance of cobas 4800 HPV and that of Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) for HR HPV DNA detection in cervical samples in PreservCyt were compared in 396 women referred to colposcopy for ASC-US. Of these, 316 did not have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 47 had CIN1, 29 had CIN2 or CIN3 (CIN2+), and 4 had CIN of unknown grade. HR HPV was detected in 129 (32.6%) and 149 (37.6%) samples with HC2 and cobas 4800 HPV, respectively (
P
= 0.15). The clinical sensitivities and specificities for detecting CIN2+ were 89.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 72.8 to 97.2%) and 66.7% (95% CI, 61.7 to 71.3%) with cobas 4800 HPV and 93.1% (95% CI, 77.0 to 99.2%) and 72.2% (95% CI 67.4 to 76.5%) with HC2. The performance of cobas 4800 HPV was similar to that of HC2 for identifying women with ASC-US who would benefit the most from colposcopy.
Evaluation of New Biomarker Genes for Differentiating Haemophilus influenzae from Haemophilus haemolyticus
Authors: Theodore M. Jordan , Anderson Raydel D. , Wang Xin , Katz Lee S. , Vuong Jeni T. , Bell Melissa E. , Juni Billie A. , Lowther Sara A. , Lynfield Ruth , MacNeil Jessica R. , Mayer Leonard W. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

PCR detecting the protein D (
hpd
) and fuculose kinase (
fucK
) genes showed high sensitivity and specificity for identifying
Haemophilus influenzae
and differentiating it from
H. haemolyticus
. Phylogenetic analysis using the 16S rRNA gene demonstrated two distinct groups for
H. influenzae
and
H. haemolyticus
.
A Replication-Incompetent PB2-Knockout Influenza A Virus Vaccine Vector
Authors: Victor Sylvia T. , Watanabe Shinji , Katsura Hiroaki , Ozawa Makoto , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTVaccination is the primary form of protection from influenza virus infection. We recently developed a replication-incompetent PB2-knockout (PB2-KO) influenza virus that possesses a reporter gene (the green fluorescent protein gene) in the coding region of the PB2 segment. This virus replicated to high titers in PB2-expressing, but not unmodified, cells, suggesting its potential safety and feasibility as a vaccine. Here, we tested its efficacy in a murine model. The levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against influenza virus in sera, nasal washes, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of mice immunized with the PB2-KO virus were higher than those induced by a conventional inactivated vaccine. All PB2-KO virus-immunized mice survived challenges with lethal doses of influenza virus. Moreover, importantly, mice immunized with the PB2-KO virus produced antibodies against the reporter protein, suggesting that the PB2-KO virus has potential as a multivalent vaccine to combat infection with not only influenza virus but also other pathogens.
Annexin A2 Is Involved in the Formation of Hepatitis C Virus Replication Complex on the Lipid Raft
Authors: Saxena Vikas , Lai Chao-Kuen , Chao Ti-Chun , Jeng King-Song , Lai Michael M. C. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replicates in hepatic cells by forming a replication complex on the lipid raft (detergent-resistant membrane [DRM]). Replication complex formation requires various viral nonstructural (NS) proteins as well as host cellular proteins. In our previous study (C. K. Lai, K. S. Jeng, K. Machida, and M. M. Lai, J. Virol. 82:8838–8848, 2008), we found that a cellular protein, annexin A2 (Anxa2), interacts with NS3/NS4A. Since NS3/NS4A is a membranous protein and Anxa2 is known as a lipid raft-associated scaffold protein, we postulate that Anxa2 helps in the formation of the HCV replication complex on the lipid raft. Further studies showed that Anxa2 was localized at the HCV-induced membranous web and interacted with NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B and colocalized with them in the perinuclear region. The silencing of Anxa2 decreased the formation of membranous web-like structures and viral RNA replication. Subcellular fractionation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that Anxa2 was partially associated with HCV at the lipid raft enriched with phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and caveolin-2. Further, the overexpression of Anxa2 in HCV-nonsusceptible HEK293 cells caused the enrichment of HCV NS proteins in the DRM fraction and increased the colony-forming ability of the HCV replicon. Since Anxa2 is known to induce the formation of the lipid raft microdomain, we propose that Anxa2 recruits HCV NS proteins and enriches them on the lipid raft to form the HCV replication complex.
Amino Acid Substitutions at Positions 122 and 145 of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen (HBsAg) Determine the Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of HBsAg and InfluenceIn VivoHBsAg Clearance
Authors: Wu Chunchen , Deng Wanyu , Deng Liu , Cao Liang , Qin Bo , Li Songxia , Wang Yun , Pei Rongjuan , Yang Dongliang , Lu Mengji , Chen Xinwen 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTA variety of amino acid substitutions, such as K122I and G145R, have been identified around or within the a determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), impair HBsAg secretion and antibody binding, and may be responsible for immune escape in patients. In this study, we examined how different substitutions at amino acid positions 122 and 145 of HBsAg influence HBsAg expression, secretion, and recognition by anti-HBs antibodies. The results showed that the hydrophobicity, the presence of the phenyl group, and the charges in the side chain of the amino acid residues at position 145 reduced HBsAg secretion and impaired reactivity with anti-HBs antibodies. Only the substitution K122I at position 122 affected HBsAg secretion and recognition by anti-HBs antibodies. Genetic immunization in mice demonstrated that the priming of anti-HBs antibody response was strongly impaired by the substitutions K122I, G145R, and others, like G145I, G145W, and G145E. Mice preimmunized with wild-type HBsAg (wtHBsAg) or variant HBsAg (vtHBsAg) were challenged by hydrodynamic injection (HI) with a replication-competent hepatitis B virus (HBV) clone. HBsAg persisted in peripheral blood for at least 3 days after HI in mice preimmunized with vtHBsAg but was undetectable in mice preimmunized with wtHBsAg, indicating that vtHBsAgs fail to induce proper immune responses for efficient HBsAg clearance. In conclusion, the biochemical properties of amino acid residues at positions 122 and 145 of HBsAg have a major effect on antigenicity and immunogenicity. In addition, the presence of proper anti-HBs antibodies is indispensable for the neutralization and clearance of HBsAg during HBV infection.
The Cellular Antiviral Protein APOBEC3G Interacts with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Inhibits Its Function during Viral Replication
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Ao Zhujun , Chen Liyu , Kobinger Gary , Peng Jinyu , Yao Xiaojian 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

The cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) exerts a multifaceted antiviral effect against HIV-1 infection. First, A3G was shown to be able to terminate HIV infection by deaminating the cytosine residues to uracil in the minus strand of the viral DNA during reverse transcription. Also, a number of studies have indicated that A3G inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcription by a non-editing-mediated mechanism. However, the mechanism by which A3G directly disrupts HIV-1 reverse transcription is not fully understood. In the present study, by using a cell-based coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay, we detected the direct interaction between A3G and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) in produced viruses and in the cotransfected cells. The data also suggested that their interaction did not require viral genomic RNA bridging or other viral proteins. Additionally, a deletion analysis showed that the RT-binding region in A3G was located between amino acids 65 and 132. Overexpression of the RT-binding polypeptide A3G
65-132
was able to disrupt the interaction between wild-type A3G and RT, which consequently attenuated the anti-HIV effect of A3G on reverse transcription. Overall, this paper provides evidence for the physical and functional interaction between A3G and HIV-1 RT and demonstrates that this interaction plays an important role in the action of A3G against HIV-1 reverse transcription.
HIV-1 Capsid-Targeting Domain of Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor 6
Authors: Lee KyeongEun , Mulky Alok , Yuen Wendy , Martin Thomas D. , Meyerson Nicholas R. , Choi Laura , Yu Hyun , Sawyer Sara L. , KewalRamani Vineet N. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
The antiviral factor CPSF6-358 restricts human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection through an interaction with capsid (CA), preventing virus nuclear entry and integration. HIV-1 acquires resistance to CPSF6-358 through an N74D mutation of CA that impairs binding of the antiviral factor. Here we examined the determinants within CPSF6-358 that are necessary for CA-specific interaction. Residues 314 to 322 include amino acids that are essential for CPSF6-358 restriction of HIV-1. Fusion of CPSF6 residues 301 to 358 to rhesus TRIM5α is also sufficient to restrict wild-type but not N74D HIV-1. Restriction is lost if CPSF6 residues in the amino acid 314 to 322 interaction motif are mutated. Examination of the CA targeting motif in CPSF6-358 did not reveal evidence of positive selection. Given the sensitivity of different primate lentiviruses to CPSF6-358 and apparent conservation of this interaction, our data suggest that CPSF6-358-mediated targeting of HIV-1 could provide a broadly effective antiviral strategy.
Bovine Type III Interferon Significantly Delays and Reduces the Severity of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cattle
Authors: Perez-Martin Eva , Weiss Marcelo , Diaz-San Segundo Fayna , Pacheco Juan M. , Arzt Jonathan , Grubman Marvin J. , de los Santos Teresa 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
Interferons (IFNs) are the first line of defense against viral infections. Although type I and II IFNs have proven effective to inhibit foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) replication in swine, a similar approach had only limited efficacy in cattle. Recently, a new family of IFNs, type III IFN or IFN-λ, has been identified in human, mouse, chicken, and swine. We have identified bovine IFN-λ3 (boIFN-λ3), also known as interleukin 28B (IL-28B), and demonstrated that expression of this molecule using a recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vector, Ad5-boIFN-λ3, exhibited antiviral activity against FMDV in bovine cell culture. Furthermore, inoculation of cattle with Ad5-boIFN-λ3 induced systemic antiviral activity and upregulation of IFN-stimulated gene expression in the upper respiratory airways and skin. In the present study, we demonstrated that disease could be delayed for at least 6 days when cattle were inoculated with Ad5-boIFN-λ3 and challenged 24 h later by intradermolingual inoculation with FMDV. Furthermore, the delay in the appearance of disease was significantly prolonged when treated cattle were challenged by aerosolization of FMDV, using a method that resembles the natural route of infection. No clinical signs of FMD, viremia, or viral shedding in nasal swabs was found in the Ad5-boIFN-λ3-treated animals for at least 9 days postchallenge. Our results indicate that boIFN-λ3 plays a critical role in the innate immune response of cattle against FMDV. To this end, this work represents the most successful biotherapeutic strategy so far tested to control FMDV in cattle.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Tegument Protein US11 Downmodulates the RLR Signaling Pathway via Direct Interaction with RIG-I and MDA-5
Authors: Xing Junji , Wang Shuai , Lin Rongtuan , Mossman Karen L. , Zheng Chunfu 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
The interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral response is a major defense of the host immune system. In order to complete their life cycle, viruses must modulate host IFN-mediated immune responses. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a large DNA virus containing more than 80 genes, many of which encode proteins that are involved in virus-host interactions and show immune modulatory capabilities. In this study, we demonstrate that the US11 protein, an RNA binding tegument protein of HSV-1, is a novel antagonist of the beta IFN (IFN-β) pathway. US11 significantly inhibited Sendai virus (SeV)-induced IFN-β production, and its double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding domain was indispensable for this inhibition activity. Additionally, wild-type HSV-1 coinfection showed stronger inhibition than US11 mutant HSV-1 in SeV-induced IFN-β production. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that the US11 protein in HSV-1-infected cells interacts with endogenous RIG-I and MDA-5 through its C-terminal RNA-binding domain, which was RNA independent. Expression of US11 in both transfected and HSV-1-infected cells interferes with the interaction between MAVS and RIG-I or MDA-5. Finally, US11 dampens SeV-mediated IRF3 activation. Taken together, the combined data indicate that HSV-1 US11 binds to RIG-I and MDA-5 and inhibits their downstream signaling pathway, preventing the production of IFN-β, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection.