bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of gastric balloon manometry for estimation of intra‐abdominal pressure in horses
Authors: CANOLA P. A. , PEROTTA J. H. , LASKOSKI L. M. , ESCOBAR A. , MELO E SILVA C. A. , CANOLA J. C. , JOHNSON P. J. , VALADÃO C. A. A. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Standing laparoscopic procedures, facilitated by abdominal insufflation with carbon dioxide, are being employed to an increasingly greater extent in horses. However, a sustained increase in abdominal pressure may be life‐threatening. A practical method for intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) assessment is imperative. Although indirect methods for estimating IAP have been extensively studied in man, little work has been performed in veterinary medicine.Objectives:To investigate the utility of gastric manometry for purposes of evaluating IAP in horses.Methods:Gastric pressure (Pga) was estimated by balloon manometry in 8 healthy, mature horses, before and during a 30 min passive pneumoperitoneum induced by right paralumbar puncture. The balloon manometer was positioned within the gastric lumen and inflated using 2 separate volumes of air: 10 and 50 ml. PgaGastric pressure was determined at baseline (0) and 5, 15 and 30 min after induction of passive pneumoperitoneum. Intra‐abdominal pressure was measured directly by right paralumbar puncture using an 8 gauge needle at baseline and immediately following establishment of passive pneumoperitoneum.Results:Baseline IAP values were negative and increased (P≤0.05) during development of passive pneumoperitoneum. However, recorded Pgameasurements for both inflation volumes were positive before (baseline) and during the course of the passive pneumoperitoneum. Measured Pgavalues did not correlate with IAP at any time.Conclusions and potential relevance:Our results suggest that the indirect method used in human patients for estimating IAP by Pgais not applicable for horses.
Independence or conformity in the Asch experiment as a reflection of cultural and situational factors
Authors: Perrin Stephen , Spencer Christopher 
Published: June 2011

It is argued that the classic Asch studies of conformity may not be universal but rather reflect the historical and cultural state of the USA in the 1950s. In particular, contemporary British student subjects do not demonstrate the same compliance to the unanimous majority: in a procedural replication of the Asch study with student subjects, on only one out of 396 critical trials was compliance found.The Asch effect can, however, be demonstrated where subjects and settings are selected so that the personal costs of not yielding to the majority would be high. Thus, levels of compliance similar to those found by Asch were shown by youths on probation where the confederate group and the experimenter were probation officers, and by alienated black youths where the experimenter was white.
The rules of social relationships
Authors: Argyle M. , Henderson M. , Furnham A. 
Published: June 2011

Three groups of 60 subjects, divided by age and sex, completed scales for rating the applicability of rules to 22 different relationships; 33 rules were used for all relationships together with a number of relation‐specific rules. It was predicted that there would be universal rules applying to all relationships. Three of the 33 potentially universal rules were universal, or nearly so, while five more applied to half or more of the 22 relationships. These were less about the exchange of rewards than about regulating privacy, sex, public conduct and keeping confidences. The prediction that relationships would fall into intimate and non‐intimate clusters was confirmed. The reverse of the same rules, or quite different rules, applied to the two clusters.Intimate relationships had more rules, including more of the rules common to many relationships, and rules about social and emotional exchange. Non‐intimate relations had rules that keep people at a distance. Particular relationships had rules that enable people to avoid sources of conflict unique to those relationships, e.g. the proscription of sex between kin, rules about the conduct of business in work relationships.It was concluded that rules function to maintain interaction so that goals can be achieved—by coordinating behaviour, regulating the level of intimacy and avoiding relationship‐specific sources of conflict. There were a number of age and sex differences: females endorsed rules about intimacy and self‐disclosure more than males did, and formal rules were endorsed more by older subjects.
Habit versus planned behaviour: A field experiment
Authors: Verplanken Bas , Aarts Henk , van Knippenberg Ad , Moonen Anja 
Published: June 2011

A field experiment investigated the prediction and change in repeated behaviour in the domain of travel mode choices. Car use during seven days was predicted from habit strength (measured by self‐reported frequency of past behaviour, as well as by a more covert measure based on personal scripts incorporating the behaviour), and antecedents of behaviour as conceptualized in the theory of planned behaviour (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and behavioural intention). Both habit measures predicted behaviour in addition to intention and perceived control. Significant habit × intention interactions indicated that intentions were only significantly related to behaviour when habit was weak, whereas no intention‐behaviour relation existed when habit was strong. During the seven‐day registration of behaviour, half of the respondents were asked to think about the circumstances under which the behaviour was executed. Compared to control participants, the behaviour of experimental participants was more strongly related to their previously expressed intentions. However, the habit‐behaviour relation was unaffected. The results demonstrate that, although external incentives may increase the enactment of intentions, habits set boundary conditions for the applicability of the theory of planned behaviour.There is no more miserable human being than one in whom nothing is habitual but indecision. …William James (1890, p. 122)
Self‐efficacy and sexual offending against children: Construction of a measure and changes following relapse prevention treatment
Authors: Pollock Philip H. 
Published: June 2011

The enhancement of self‐efficacy beliefs is considered a pivotal aspect in the successful treatment of sex offenders and represents a central feature in the relapse prevention model of sexual crimes (Hall, 1989). The possible relationship between self‐efficacy and recidivism has not been investigated.The paper describes a relapse prevention treatment study of 50 male sex offenders against children employing a new measure of self‐efficacy which applies to sexual crimes. The test was constructed based on Kirsch's (1985) causal model of self‐efficacy. The three subscales of the test represent: 1. demands of high‐risk situations; 2. efficacy of coping skills and ability; 3. appreciation and expectation of rewards. Treatment outcome showed significant changes for the three self‐efficacy test subscales. A preliminary analysis demonstrated that subscale 3 and the speed at which a coping response was produced accurately classified recidivist and non‐recidivist participants at a three‐year follow‐up period. The findings suggest the importance of assessing self‐efficacy beliefs when treating child sex offenders and their relevance to treatment is discussed.
Reliability of criteria‐based content analysis of child witness statements
Authors: Horowitz Steven W. , Lamb Michael E. , Esplin Phillip W. , Boychuk Tascha D. , Krispin Orit , Reiter‐Lavery Lisa 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. To assess the inter‐judge and test‐retest reliability of criteria‐based content analysis, a system designed to evaluate statements by young victims and witnesses.Methods. Transcripts of interviews with 100 alleged victims of child sexual abuse were examined for the presence of 19 criteria by three judges on two occasions.Results. Total scores were highly reliable over time and across raters, but the inter‐judge reliability of individual criteria varied. Five criteria were sufficiently unreliable that they should either be redefined or eliminated from use, whereas the remaining 14 criteria were reliable across judges. All 19 criteria had adequate test–retest reliability.Conclusions. With some revision, the CBCA system has sufficient reliability to be used as a psychometric procedure, provided adequate validity can also be demonstrated.
The development and evaluation of an emotion control training programme for sex offenders
Authors: Roger Derek , Masters Richard 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of an emotion control training programme for sex offenders.Methods. A pilot study was conducted using a sample of 18 inmates from HMP Wakefield, all of whom completed the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ; Roger & Najarian, 1989) and the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ; Roger, Jarvis & Najarian, 1993) before and after training. The main study included 52 inmates from the same institution. To avoid singling out sex offenders, participants either volunteered themselves or were referred by prison staff, and the sample included 29 sex offenders and 23 murderers. Participants were assessed before training, immediately afterwards and again six weeks later, and behaviour ratings by prison staff were included in the main study in addition to the emotion control and coping scales.Results. Results from the pilot study showed significant increases in adaptive coping and a reduction in impulsiveness following training. Results from the main study showed significantly less emotional rumination and inhibition and more adaptive coping immediately after the training, and there were also significant changes amongst selected behaviour rating dimensions.Conclusions. The results confirmed that the training programme was effective in modifying both attitudes and behaviour amongst sex offenders, and that effects were replicated for a group of inmates with other offences who were included in the sample.
The effects of the experience of hypnosis, and hypnotic depth, on jurors' decisions regarding the defence of hypnotic automatism
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F. , Green Kathryn , Somers Emma 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The view that hypnosis can induce a state of automatism, and therefore people can be coerced through hypnosis to commit antisocial acts without their volition, is widely held by the general public. Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether such attitudes would extend to judgments of guilt and innocence in criminal trials in which automatism through hypnosis is invoked as a defence, and whether an experience of hypnotic induction would influence such judgments.Methods. In both experiments participants were given a standard hypnotic induction procedure, transcripts of a criminal trial involving hypnosis, and a questionnaire to measure attitudes towards hypnosis, and judgments of guilt and innocence.Results. The results showed that participants who possessed credulous attitudes towards hypnosis were more likely to accept a defence of automatism, however, participants who had experienced hypnosis were more likely to have sceptical attitudes and reject the defence of automatism. Moreover, the higher participants' reports of hypnotic depth, the more sceptical they were, and the less accepting they were of the defence of automatism.Conclusions. The results of both these studies tentatively support the views that beliefs about the coercive powers of hypnosis can influence judgments about guilt and innocence in trials in which hypnotic automatism is pleaded as a defence, and, for those who are hypnotically susceptible, an experience of hypnosis tends to make participants more sceptical about the coercive powers of hypnosis. If supported by further research these findings may have practical implications for legal cases involving hypnosis.
Ethical dilemmas in forensic clinical psychology
Authors: McGuire James 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The objective of this paper is to consider a series of ethical dilemmas that arise when psychologists attempt to combine working in a forensic capacity, gathering information which will facilitate a legal decision, with a clinical one, conducting assessment and providing psychological therapy.Arguments. Previous literature, including survey data which is available concerning ethical conflicts of psychologists, is briefly reviewed. The principles which underlie existing professional codes of ethics are briefly discussed. The nature of potential tensions and ethical dilemmas in the relationship between forensic and clinical work are considered in terms of a series of issues: (a) confidentiality and access to information; (b) the nature of the ‘therapeutic alliance’; (c) multiple roles and relationships; (d) offering predictions of behaviour; (e) ethical standpoints and conflicts with the law.Conclusions. It is proposed that a common approach can be adopted to ‘forensic’ and ‘clinical’ roles of psychologists which does not eliminate but can considerably reduce the degree of potential conflict between them. This derives from the manner in which interviews with individuals are conducted, and rests on the adoption of a systematic approach which centres on the need for clarity in (a) the nature of information given to individuals, and (b) the ethical ground rules stated concerning how information obtained from them will be used.
Police beliefs about women who offend
Authors: Horn Rebecca , Hollin Clive R. 
Published: June 2011

Objectives. This study looked at police and non‐police beliefs about offenders. It was hypothesized that police officers would have a more negative attitude than non‐police officers towards offenders, and that female offenders would be viewed in a more positive way than male offenders. Police officers were expected to perceive greater differences between male and female offenders than the public.Methods. An adapted version of Melvin, Gramling & Gardner's (1985) Attitude Towards Prisoners scale was used to measure attitudes towards male and female offenders. The sample consisted of 135 police officers and 201 non‐police officers.Results. Factor analysis of responses suggested three main factors: one concerning the ‘fundamental badness’ of offenders; one concerning the similarity of offenders and non‐offenders; and one concerning the extent to which offenders can be trusted. Analyses of variance indicated that police officers viewed offenders as less similar to non‐offenders, and less trustworthy, than the public did. Both police and non‐police respondents saw women offenders as less ‘fundamentally bad’ than male offenders, as more similar to non‐offenders, and as more trustworthy than male offenders. No significant interactions were found.Conclusions. Women offenders are believed to be significantly different from male offenders, but police and non‐police respondents' beliefs about male and female offenders do not differ significantly. Future research could usefully look at the relationship betweeen policewomen and female offenders, and a more qualitative approach would allow a more contextual analysis to be made of beliefs about women offenders.
Locus of control and its relationship to treatment change and abuse history in child sexual abusers
Authors: Fisher Dawn , Beech Anthony , Browne Kevin 
Published: June 2011

Purpose and method. A locus of control (LC) scale was given to a child molester sample before and after treatment for sexual offending. The scale measures the extent to which a person feels that events are contingent on their behaviour or the extent to which they feel events are externally controlled. It was hypothesized that LC would become more internal through treatment and those with a more internal LC prior to treatment would respond better in therapy. The relationship between LC, childhood sexual or physical abuse and offending patterns was also examined. It was hypothesized that victims of abuse would have a more external LC than individuals who had not been abused.Results. It was found that LC became more internal in men who had benefited from treatment and having an internal LC prior to treatment was an important predictor of ‘treatment success’. In contrast, men who did not benefit from treatment either did not change or became more external. Offenders who had been physically abused as children were more externally controlled than those who were not. No difference was found between those who had been sexually victimized and those who were not. External LC was found to be related to higher risk of reconviction for future sexual offending.Conclusions. The findings that there was a significant improvement on LC in men who had responded to treatment, and that having an internal LC prior to treatment was an important predictor of ‘treatment success’, indicate that owning responsibility for actions is an important component of treatment change. This suggests that one of the tasks of treatment with externally controlled men is to encourage them to take responsibility for their behaviour. The finding that it is physical abuse rather than sexual abuse which leads to a more external locus of control may be because sexual abuse victims often report feeling responsible for their abuse. It is likely that this is a function of the messages given by abusers who seek to silence victims by placing blame and responsibility onto them.
Police personnel as eyewitnesses to a violent crime
Authors: Christianson Sven‐Åke , Karlsson Ingemar , Persson Leif G. W. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The aim of this study was to explore whether police personnel are more correct in their observations of a violent crime in comparison to civilians. It was hypothesized that if policemen have a talent for and interest in observation, recruits and experienced police officers should be more accurate than civilians (the selection for admittance hypothesis). Alternatively, if policemen during their education and experience as police officers, improve their ability for observation, then police personnel should perform better than recruits and civilians (the hypothesis of professionalization).Methods. Sixty‐one university students, 31 teachers, 60 police recruits and 59 police officers with at least three years' professional experience were presented with a series of slides depicting a simulated crime (a woman going for a walk in a park and eventually being assaulted by a man with a knife). After the presentation of the slides, the four groups were tested on what they remembered of different aspects of the crime and their ability to recognize the perpetrator.Results. The overall results showed that police officers were more accurate at remembering details of the crime than police recruits, civilian students, and teachers. This difference was not related to age, general working experience, or a better memory capacity per se among the police officers.Conclusions. It is suggested that police officers, on the basis of their professional knowledge and experience of violent crime events, might have acquired an improved ability to sort out and analyse information from a crime‐relevant situation.
Visiting the scene of the crime: Effects on children's recall of alleged abuse
Authors: Hershkowitz Irit , Orbach Yael , Lamb Michael E. , Sternberg Kathleen J. , Horowitz Dvora , Hovav Meir 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The study was designed to determine whether the contextual cues provided by visits to the scene of alleged incidents would facilitate the recall of information by alleged victims of child sexual abuse.Methods. Fifty‐one 4‐ to 13‐year‐old children who had reported being victims of sexual abuse were interviewed in an investigator's office and then at the scene of the alleged abuse. Analyses focused on the effects of age, number of reported incidents, familiarity of the scene, familiarity of the alleged perpetrator and delay between incident and interview on the number of details provided in the office interview and at the scene.Results. On average, the children reported 304.1 details, with 23 per cent of these provided at the scene. Contrary to prediction, contextual cues were not more effective for younger children, when the scene or alleged perpetrator were unfamiliar, or when the delay between alleged incident and interview was longer.Conclusions. Physical context reinstatement did appear to elicit additional details from alleged victims and facilitated the investigators' efforts to visualize and understand the alleged events. Many specific predictions about the role of contextual cues were not supported by the data, however.
The weapon focus effect revisited: The role of novelty
Authors: Mitchell Karen J. , Livosky Marilyn , Mather Mara 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The relationship between novelty, self‐reported affect, and the weapon focus effect was investigated.Methods. In two experiments, college students watched a videotaped scene in which either: no item, a novel item (celery) or a gun was brandished. The context of the gun presentation (friendly vs. crime) was also manipulated. A forced‐choice questionnaire assessed memory for details of the scene, including the ‘perpetrator’. A self‐report of affect was also included.Results. In both experiments, reliably poorer memory for details of the perpetrator's appearance was demonstrated by participants who viewed the scene with the novel item (i.e. the ‘celery’ group). A traditional weapon focus effect was obtained in Expt 2 only.Conclusions. These data suggest that novelty/salience may be sufficient to produce reliable deleterious memorial consequences in an eyewitness situation, while arguing against the idea that any unique features of a weapon are necessary for the effect. Although self‐reports of affect varied between groups in both experiments, there was little relationship between self‐reports of affect and memory. It is suggested that the term weapon focus effect may be a misnomer for a more general attentional effect.
Memory for central and peripheral actions and props after varied post‐event presentation
Authors: Heath Wendy P. , Erickson James R. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. The effects of varying post‐event information (information was unchanged from the original event, misleading or added an incorrect detail) on memory for central and peripheral actions and props in a crime scene were examined.Methods. After pre‐testing 105 undergraduates to obtain centrality ratings for target items (actions and props), 300 additional undergraduates were presented with slides of a crime followed by a narrative in which one target item was unchanged from the original presentation, one was changed (misleading), and one had an incorrect detail added. Participants were tested using one of four memory tests: item recognition, source recognition, cued recall or sentence completion (an indirect memory test).Results. Misinformation effects were found for all four dependent measures. People were more resistant to misleading central than peripheral information, and readily accepted incorrect added details in recognition tests, but rarely generated them in recall or sentence completion.Conclusions. Two major conclusions can be drawn. Peripheral items are more strongly influenced by misleading information than are central items, and those who provide a free account of what they witness are unlikely to include details, but may accept incorrect details when questioned. Implications for eyewitness testimony and future research in eyewitness memory are discussed.
Adipose Triglyceride Lipase Contributes to Cancer-Associated Cachexia
Authors: Das Suman K. , Eder Sandra , Schauer Silvia , Diwoky Clemens , Temmel Hannes , Guertl Barbara , Gorkiewicz Gregor , Tamilarasan Kuppusamy P. , Kumari Pooja , Trauner Michael , Zimmermann Robert , Vesely Paul , Haemmerle Guenter , Zechner Rudolf , Hoefler Gerald 
Published: June 2011

Ablation of a gene controlling fat breakdown can protect mice from cancer-associated uncontrolled loss of fat and muscle.
10.1126/science.1198973