bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative importance of abnormalities of CCK and 5‐HT (serotonin) in Giardia‐induced post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia
Authors: DIZDAR V. , SPILLER R. , SINGH G. , HANEVIK K. , GILJA O. H. , EL‐SALHY M. , HAUSKEN T. 
Published: February 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 883–891SummaryBackground  Post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI‐IBS) and functional dyspepsia (FD) have been described after both Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis and Giardia infection. After C. jejuni, there is increased rectal serotonin (5‐HT)‐containing EC cells and postprandial plasma 5‐HT, while a pilot study suggested increased plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) after Giardia infection.Aim  To determine changes in plasma and duodenal mucosal 5‐HT and CCK in Giardia‐induced PI‐IBS.Methods  A total of 32 patients previously infected with Giardia and 19 who had recovered fully (controls) completed symptom questionnaires. Endoscopic duodenal biopsies were obtained from all subjects and immunohistochemically stained for CCK, 5‐HT and CgA containing entero‐endocrine cells and mast cells. 5‐HT content was also assessed. Twenty‐one of 32 patients and 19 controls consumed a high‐carbohydrate meal, while fasting and postprandial plasma CCK and 5‐HIAA were measured.Results  Post‐infectious irritable bowel syndrome patients had increased numbers of CCK cells (P = 0.02), but lower numbers of EC cells (P = 0.009). Plasma CCK did not differ significantly between the groups, but correlated significantly with postprandial dyspepsia scores (r = 0.5, P = 0.05). PI‐IBS patients had significantly lower plasma 5‐HIAA, before and after meal (P = 0.05) as well as more dyspepsia (P < 0.0001) compared with recovered subjects.Conclusions  Post‐infectious bowel dysfunction following Giardia infection is associated with increased duodenal mucosal CCK. Postprandial dyspeptic symptoms correlate better with CCK than measures of 5‐HT metabolism.
Lactose intolerance in patients with chronic functional diarrhoea: the role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
Authors: ZHAO J. , FOX M. , CONG Y. , CHU H. , SHANG Y. , FRIED M. , DAI N. 
Published: February 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 892–900SummaryBackground  Many studies report a high prevalence of lactose intolerance in patients with functional, gastrointestinal disease.Aim  To evaluate the role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in condition of lactose intolerance and the mechanism by which SIBO may impact lactose tolerance in affected patients.Methods  Consecutive out‐patients with chronic functional diarrhoea (CFD) and healthy controls underwent a validated 20 g lactose hydrogen breath test (HBT). Patients completed also a 10 g lactulose HBT with concurrent assessment of small bowel transit by scintigraphy.Results  Lactose malabsorption was present in 27/31 (87%) patients with CFD and 29/32 (91%) healthy controls (P = 0.708). From the patient group 14/27 (52%) had lactose intolerance and 13/27 (48%) experienced no symptoms (lactose malabsorption controls). Only 5 (17%) healthy controls reported symptoms (P < 0.01). The oro‐caecal transit time was similar between patient groups with or without symptoms (P = 0.969). SIBO was present in 11 (41%) subjects and was more prevalent in lactose intolerance than in lactose malabsorption [9/14 (64%) vs. 2/13 (15%), P = 0.018]. Symptom severity was similar in lactose intolerance patients with and without SIBO (P = 0.344).Conclusions  Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth increases the likelihood of lactose intolerance in patients with CFD as a direct result of lactose fermentation in the small intestine, independent of oro‐caecal transit time and visceral sensitivity.
Clinical trial: maintenance intermittent therapy with rabeprazole 20 mg in patients with symptomatic gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease – a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized study
Authors: FASS R. , DELEMOS B. , NAZARENO L. , KAO R. , XIANG J. , LU Y. 
Published: February 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 950–960SummaryBackground  Optimal long‐term management of symptomatic gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (sGERD) patients has not been established.Aim  To determine the clinical value of maintenance intermittent treatment with rabeprazole 20 mg vs. placebo in patients with sGERD.Methods  This multicentre, US study enrolled patients with sGERD (≥3‐month history of GERD symptoms and ≥4 days/week of heartburn during a 2‐week placebo run‐in) without oesophageal erosions. Patients with complete heartburn control after 4 weeks of open‐label rabeprazole 20 mg daily treatment were randomized to 6‐month, double‐blind, maintenance intermittent treatment (7‐ to 14‐day courses when heartburn recurred) with rabeprazole 20 mg or placebo.Results  The primary efficacy end point, mean percentage of heartburn‐free days, was significantly greater with rabeprazole vs. placebo: 82.58% and 62.17% (ITT; P < 0.0001) [per protocol 86.74% rabeprazole vs. 74.93% placebo (P < 0.0254)]. Compared with placebo group, the rabeprazole group also experienced a significantly higher percentage of heartburn‐free daytime (84.06% vs. 63.39%; P < 0.0001) and nighttime (95.41% vs. 90.25%; P = 0.0021) periods, had significantly fewer discontinuations because of insufficient heartburn control (6.3% vs. 36.3%; P < 0.0001) and took fewer antacid tablets daily (0.58 vs. 1.16; P = 0.0021).Conclusion  Intermittent use of rabeprazole may be an effective maintenance treatment strategy for patients with sGERD and warrants further investigation. This trial was registered with http://clinicaltrials.gov under the number NCT00165841.
Effects of a single dose of rabeprazole 20 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg on 24‐h intragastric acidity and oesophageal acid exposure: a randomized study in gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients with a history of nocturnal heartburn
Authors: MINER P. , DELEMOS B. , XIANG J. , LOCOCO J. , IENI J. 
Published: February 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 991–1000SummaryBackground  Nocturnal heartburn is common in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).Aim  To compare the effects of single doses of rabeprazole 20 mg and pantoprazole 40 mg on 24‐h intragastric acidity and oesophageal acid exposure (OAE).Methods  A total of 52 subjects with GERD and a ≥6‐month history of heartburn were randomized into a blinded, 2 × 2 crossover trial. Subjects’ intragastric pH was monitored in two 48‐h study periods with 6‐ to 13‐day washout between periods. Patients received placebo on day 1, a single dose of rabeprazole 20 mg or pantoprazole 40 mg on day 2, and standardized meals throughout.Results  The mean percentage time with intragastric pH >4 was significantly greater with rabeprazole vs. pantoprazole for the 24‐h postdose interval (44.0% vs. 32.8%; P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed in the daytime (51.0% vs. 42.2%; P < 0.001) and nighttime (32.0% vs. 16.9%; P < 0.001). Rabeprazole was also significantly superior in other intragastric pH parameters. There was no statistical difference for OAE between treatments.Conclusions  In GERD patients with nocturnal heartburn, rabeprazole 20 mg was significantly more effective than pantoprazole 40 mg in percentage time with intragastric pH >4 during the nighttime, daytime, and 24‐h periods. Differences between treatments in OAE were not demonstrated. This trial is registered with http://clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00237367.
Tectonic controls on Cenozoic foreland basin development in the north‐eastern Andes, Colombia
Authors: Parra Mauricio , Mora Andrés , Jaramillo Carlos , Torres Vladimir , Zeilinger Gerold , Strecker Manfred R. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the relationship between thrust loading and sedimentary facies evolution, we analyse the progradation of fluvial coarse‐grained deposits in the retroarc foreland basin system of the northern Andes of Colombia. We compare the observed sedimentary facies distribution with the calculated one‐dimensional (1D) Eocene to Quaternary sediment‐accumulation rates in the Medina wedge‐top basin and with a three‐dimensional (3D) sedimentary budget based on the interpretation of ∼1800 km of industry‐style seismic reflection profiles and borehole data. Age constraints are derived from a new chronostratigraphic framework based on extensive fossil palynological assemblages. The sedimentological data from the Medina Basin reveal rapid accumulation of fluvial and lacustrine sediments at rates of up to ∼500 m my−1during the Miocene. Provenance data based on gravel petrography and paleocurrents reveal that these Miocene fluvial systems were sourced from Upper Cretaceous and Paleocene sedimentary units exposed to the west in the Eastern Cordillera. Peak sediment‐accumulation rates in the upper Carbonera Formation and the Guayabo Group occur during episodes of coarse‐grained facies progradation in the early and late Miocene proximal foredeep. We interpret this positive correlation between sediment accumulation and gravel deposition as the direct consequence of thrust activity along the Servitá–Lengupá faults. This contrasts with one class of models relating gravel progradation in more distal portions of foreland basin systems to episodes of tectonic quiescence.
Interleukin-2 inhibits polarization to T helper type 1 cells and prevents mouse acute graft-versus-host disease through up-regulating suppressors of cytokine signalling-3 expression of naive CD4+ T cells
Authors: Zhao J , Zhang T , He H , Xie Y 
Published: February 2010

SummaryT helper type 1 (Th1)-type polarization plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). The differentiation of T cells into this subtype is dictated by the nature of the donor naive CD4+ T cell–host antigen presenting cell (APC) interaction. Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) are a family of molecules that act as negative regulators for cytokine signalling, which regulate the negative cytokine signalling pathway through inhibiting the cytokine-induced Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway. Studies have shown that SOCS proteins are key physiological regulators of both innate and adaptive immunity. These molecules are essential for T cell development and differentiation. SOCS-3 can inhibit polarization to Th1 and contribute to polarization to Th2. In this study, we found that interleukin (IL)-2 pre-incubation of C57BL/6 naive CD4+ T cells could up-regulate the expression of SOCS-3. Naive CD4+ T cells constitutively expressed low levels of SOCS-3 mRNA. SOCS-3 mRNA began to rise after 4 h, and reached peak level at 6 h. At 8 h it began to decrease. High expression of SOCS-3 mRNA induced by IL-2 could inhibit the proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells following stimulation with allogeneic antigen. IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression in naive CD4+ T cells could inhibit polarization to Th1 with stimulation of allogeneic antigens. We have demonstrated that IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression in naive CD4+ T cells could reduce the incidence of aGVHD between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) completely mismatched donor and host when high SOCS3 expression of CD4+T cells encounter allogeneic antigen in time. These results show that IL-2-induced high SOCS-3 expression can inhibit aGVHD through inhibiting proliferation and polarization to Th1 with the stimulation of allogeneic antigen.
Infant CD4 C868T polymorphism is associated with increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) acquisition
Authors: Choi R Y , Farquhar C , Juno J , Mbori-Ngacha D , Lohman-Payne B , Vouriot F , Wayne S , Tuff J , Bosire R , John-Stewart G , Fowke K 
Published: February 2010

SummaryThe C868T single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the CD4 receptor encodes an amino acid change that could alter its structure and influence human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection risk. HIV-1-infected pregnant women in Nairobi were followed with their infants for 1 year postpartum. Among 131 infants, those with the 868T allele were more likely than wild-type infants to acquire HIV-1 overall [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05, 3.50, P = 0.03; adjusted HR = 2.03, 95% CI 1.03, 3.98, P = 0.04], after adjusting for maternal viral load. This SNP (an allele frequency of ∼15% in our cohort) was associated with increased susceptibility to mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission, consistent with a previous study on this polymorphism among Nairobi sex workers.
Dynamics and regulation of the southern brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) population in an Appalachian stream
Authors: GROSSMAN GARY D. , RATAJCZAK ROBERT E. , WAGNER C. MICHAEL , PETTY J. TODD 
Published: February 2010

Summary1. We used information theoretic statistics [Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC)] and regression analysis in a multiple hypothesis testing approach to assess the processes capable of explaining long‐term demographic variation in a lightly exploited brook trout population in Ball Creek, NC. We sampled a 100‐m‐long second‐order site during both spring and autumn 1991–2004, using three‐pass electrofishing.2. Principle component analysis indicated that the site had lower average velocity, greater amounts of depositional substrata and lower amount of erosional substrata during the 1999–2002 drought than in non‐drought years. In addition, drought years had lower flows, and lower variation in flows, than non‐drought years.3. Both young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) and adult densities varied by an order of magnitude during the study. AIC analysis conducted on regressions ofper capitarate of increase versus various population and habitat parameters for the population, adults and YOY, for both spring and autumn data sets, indicated that simple density dependence almost always was the only interpretable model with Akaike weights (wi) ranging from 0.262 to 0.836.4. Growth analyses yielded more variable results, with simple density dependence being the only interpretable model for both adult spring data (wi = 0.999) and YOY autumn data (wi = 0.905), and positive density dependence (wi = 0.636) and simple density independence (wi = 0.241) representing interpretable models for spring YOY data.5. We detected a significant stock–recruitment relationship between both spring and autumn densities of adults in year t and autumn YOY density in yeart + 1. Finally, spring YOY density was positively correlated with both autumn YOY density and spring mean YOY standard length (SL), suggesting that processes affecting recruitment show residual effects at least in the first year of life. This population appears to be regulated primarily by density‐dependent processes, although high flows also negatively affected mean SLs of YOY.
Interleukin‐17 and its target genes: mechanisms of interleukin‐17 function in disease
Authors: Onishi Reiko M. , Gaffen Sarah L. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryInterleukin‐17 (IL‐17) has emerged as a central player in the mammalian immune system. Although this cytokine exerts a host‐defensive role in many infectious diseases, it promotes inflammatory pathology in autoimmunity and other settings. A myriad of studies have focused on how IL‐17‐producing cells are generated. However, the means by which IL‐17 achieves its effects, either for the benefit or the detriment of the host, are due in large part to the induction of new gene expression. Whereas many IL‐17 target genes are common to different disease states, in some cases the effects of IL‐17 differ depending on the target cell, infectious site or pathogen. Gene products induced by IL‐17 include cytokines (IL‐6, granulocyte‐colony‐stimulating factor, tumour necrosis factor‐α), chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL20, among many others), inflammatory effectors (acute‐phase protesins, complement) and antimicrobial proteins (defensins, mucins). Different cell types appear to respond differently to IL‐17 in terms of target gene expression, with notable differences seen in mesenchymal and epithelial cells compared with cells of haematopoietic origin. Here, we summarize the major IL‐17 target genes that mediate this cytokine’s activities in both autoimmune and chronic diseases as well as during various types of infections.
Immunological synapse: a multi‐protein signalling cellular apparatus for controlling gene expression
Authors: Padhan Kartika , Varma Rajat 
Published: February 2010

SummaryThe interaction of T cells with antigen‐presenting cells is the hallmark of adaptive immunity. In vitro studies have described the formation of an immunological synapse between these cells, and intra‐vital imaging has described in great detail the dynamics of these interactions. The immunological synapse has become a paradigm to study signals exchanged between the two cells. A wealth of information has been amassed regarding the localization of signalling molecules, their kinetics and the transcription factors they activate. We continue to discover mechanisms that cause receptors and signalling molecules to compartmentalize in the cell; however, the emerging challenge lies in understanding how the immunological synapse contributes to differentiation. Here, we review some of the transcription factors activated downstream of T‐cell receptor signalling and discuss mechanisms by which antigen dose and affinity may influence differentiation. Antigen affinity might change the kind of transcription factors that are activated whereas antigen dose is likely to influence the temporal dynamics of the transcription factors. The immunological synapse is therefore likely to influence differentiation by modulating the trafficking of transcription factors and by promoting asymmetric cell division, an emerging concept.
Phosphorylation of phosducin‐like protein BDM‐1 by protein kinase 2 (CK2) is required for virulence and Gβ subunit stability in the fungal plant pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica
Authors: Salamon Joanna A. , Acuña Rachel , Dawe Angus L. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPhosducin‐like proteins are conserved regulatory components of G‐protein signalling pathways, which mediate many physiological processes. Identified throughout eukaryotic genomes, they are thought to serve as regulators of Gβγ assembly. Cryphonectria parasitica, a plant pathogen and causative agent of chestnut blight, contains three Gα, one Gβ, one Gγ subunits and phosducin‐like protein BDM‐1 that have important roles in pigmentation, sporulation and virulence. Deletion of either Gβ subunit or BDM‐1 produces identical phenotypes. Additionally, we report that the Gβ subunit is not detectable in absence of BDM‐1. Given that the regulatory role of phosducin‐like proteins may be influenced by protein kinase 2 (CK2), we confirmed that BDM‐1 is a phosphoprotein that can be targeted by CK2 in vitro. Mutagenesis of the five putative CK2 sites revealed that native phosphorylation likely occurs at two locations. Strains bearing a single or double serine to alanine substitutions at those sites were significantly less virulent with only minor phenotypic changes from vegetative colonies. Therefore, CK2 activity appears to mediate key signals that are required for virulence, but not for vegetative growth. Expression of selected CK2 mutants resulted in reduced accumulation of the Gβ subunit, suggesting that phosphorylation of BDM‐1 influences Gβ stability.
Human sewage identified as likely source of white pox disease of the threatened Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn Patterson , Porter James W. , Turner Jeffrey W. , Thomas Brian J. , Looney Erin E. , Luna Trevor P. , Meyers Meredith K. , Futch J. Carrie , Lipp Erin K. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryCaribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, has been decimated in recent years, resulting in the listing of this species as threatened under the United States Endangered Species Act. A major contributing factor in the decline of this iconic species is white pox disease. In 2002, we identified the faecal enterobacterium, Serratia marcescens, as an etiological agent for white pox. During outbreaks in 2003 a unique strain of S. marcescens was identified in both human sewage and white pox lesions. This strain (PDR60) was also identified from corallivorious snails (Coralliophila abbreviata), reef water, and two non‐acroporid coral species, Siderastrea siderea and Solenastrea bournoni. Identification of PDR60 in sewage, diseased Acropora palmata and other reef invertebrates within a discrete time frame suggests a causal link between white pox and sewage contamination on reefs and supports the conclusion that humans are a likely source of this disease.
Transcriptional studies of the hrpM/opgH gene in Pseudomonas syringae during biofilm formation and in response to different environmental challenges
Authors: Penaloza‐Vazquez Alejandro , Sreedharan Aswathy , Bender Carol L. 
Published: February 2010

Summary Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain FF5 is a phytopathogen that causes a rapid dieback on ornamental pear trees. In the present study, the transcriptional expression of hrpM/opgH, algD, hrpR and rpoD was evaluated in P. syringae FF5 and FF5.M2 (hrpM/opgH mutant). The temporal expression of these genes was evaluated during biofilm formation, the hypersensitive reaction (HR) on tobacco plants, and when the bacteria were subjected to different environmental stresses. The results indicate that mutations in hrpM negatively impair several traits including biofilm formation, the ability to cause disease in host plants and the HR in non‐host plants, and the expression of hrpR, a regulatory gene modulating the latter two traits. Furthermore, FF5.M2 was decreased in swarming motility and unable to respond to different environmental challenges. Interestingly, FF5.M2 showed an exponential increase in the expression of algD, which is the first gene to be transcribed during the biosynthesis of the alginate, a virulence factor in P. syringae. The expression of both hrpM and algD were required for biofilm formation, and hrpM was expressed earlier than algD during biofilm development. These findings indicate that hrpM expression is required for several traits in P. syringae and plays an important role in how this bacterium responds to environmental challenges.