bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Low-Cost Polymers for Solar Energy Applications
Authors: Gupta A , Liang RH , Hong SD , Di Stefano S , Coulter DR , Chung SY , Oda KL , Clayton AK , Laue E 
Published: March 2009

Polymers for solar energy applications have to meet rigorous cost goals in terms of material and fabrication costs, as well as stringent criteria for performance over long periods (&gt;10 to 30 years) of outdoor deployment. Hence, the development of reliable models for life prediction of polymeric components is essential if projections of the life cycle cost of solar energy conversion devices are to be meaningful. These models are based on a mechanistic understanding of failure and degradation mechanisms in polymeric materials and on a correlation between failure rates and degradation rates. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., we have developed a solar polymer research and development program which has the following components: (a) study of degradation mechanisms, including those induced photochemically; (b) development of accelerated test procedures, including test chambers, test parameters, and test conditions; and (c) development of diagnostic techniques that can detect small changes in chemical properties in real-time abbreviated tests as well as predict incipient failures in accelerated tests.
In this report, we describe the rationale for development of low-cost ultraviolet-absorbing transparent polymer films for solar applications. Developmental efforts have emphasized modification of existing polymers, rather than synthesis of new structures. In order to ensure long life, development of new polymers has to be integrated with the study of photothermal degradation mechanisms. This comprehensive effort has been utilized in the development of a stable polycarbonate and modified methacrylate polymers.
Effect of Irradiation on Elastic-Plastic Toughness of Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Soulat P , Petrequin P , Houssin B 
Published: March 2009

Irradiation experiments were conducted in order to determine the effect of radiation damage on the elastic-plastic ductile fracture toughness of pressure vessel steels. Curves for the J-integral versus crack growth resistance (Δa) were established on specimens taken out of two nuclear reactor pressure vessel steels before and after neutron irradiation at 290°C to a fluence of 3.1019 n/cm2 (work function energy E &gt; 1 MeV). The J-Δa tests were performed at room temperature (25°C) and service temperature (290°C). The main results obtained are as follows:
• For J-Δa testing the tearing modulus appears to be the most sensitive parameter.
• The two steels have significant differences in toughness, depending on their sulfur content.
• The testing temperature strongly affects the J-Δa resistance curve.
• Irradiation affects J-Δa curves only slightly for one steel but more significantly for the other at 290°C.
• Changes in the J-Δa curves with irradiation and temperature seem difficult to predict from Charpy V results.
Irradiation Experiments in the Testing Nuclear Power Plant VAK
Authors: Föhl J , Leitz CH , Anders D 
Published: March 2009

Within the German research program “Integrity of Components” the first two capsules were irradiated in the Testing Nuclear Power Reactor VAK. The materials are of the 22 NiMoCr 37 and 20 MnMoNi 55 types and represent the lower bound of the base material regarding upper shelf energy and chemical composition (Cu, S, P) as well as a state of material which does not meet both chemical and toughness requirements (low upper shelf test melt). Tension, Charpy, drop-weight, and fracture mechanics specimens were irradiated up to a range of 1 · 5 to 2 · 1019 cm−2 (&gt;1 MeV). Despite the materials being at or beyond the specification limits, the results show irradiation sensitivity which can be predicted from the U.S. Reg. Guide Trend Curves (1.99) and KWU Trend Curves in a conservative manner. The procedure to determine the adjusted reference temperature RTNDT (adj.) on the basis of ΔT41J (following ASTM E 185) could also be confirmed as conservative by comparing the different criteria derived from Charpy and drop weight tests in the unirradiated and irradiated condition.
The results of fracture mechanics testing in the linear elastic range show a remarkable temperature margin to the KIc-curve of ASME XI [6].
Prestrained 40-mm compact tension (CT) specimens made of 22 NiMoCr 3 7 material with an upper-shelf energy of approximately 100 J were wedge loaded in a range up to 30 MPa √m and exposed to the water environment during irradiation. Macroscopic examination gave no indications of stress corrosion cracking.
From tests of these specimens in the linear elastic range, a fracture toughness KIc, which was not affected by the prestrain and environment history, was found dependent only on the overload applied during the prestraining procedure.
Selection of Specimen Types for Irradiation Surveillance Programs
Authors: Varga T , Njo D-H 
Published: March 2009

Recent trends in coping with embrittlement problems in reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) show two main directions of development: (1) improvement of the vessel materials and (2) limitations of fluence over the design life of the RPV. For several reasons, however, adequate irradiation surveillance programs are still considered to be necessary in the future, despite possible improvements resulting from such research activities.
Since the introduction of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, (EPFM), irradiation surveillance programs show a trend towards direct measurement of fracture toughness, in addition to relying on the conventional nil-ductility transition temperature (NDTT) shift as a relative measure of embrittlement. Some basic considerations concerning the selection of specimen types for irradiation surveillance programs and some technical aspects of currently used specimen types are discussed.
Environmental Carcinogenesis Studies in the Western New York Great Lakes Aquatic Environment
Authors: Black JJ , Dymerski PP , Zapisek WF 
Published: March 2009

A localized portion of the western New York Great Lakes aquatic environment is being examined for the presence of carcinogenic and mutagenic substances. Several approaches are being utilized, including a survey of tumors and contaminant analysis of tissue in fish collected from a heavily industrialized freshwater estuary.
Chemical characterization studies of contaminants present in bottom sediments were carried out using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) applied to fractions derived by routine organic extraction and separation methods. Correlations between the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) composition of the contaminated sediments and that found in the biota were sought. The HPLC analysis of fractions isolated from sediments, tubifex worms, aquatic snails, and fish tissues indicated the presence of a PAH “fingerprint” in all segments of the aquatic food chain. Of the limited biota analyzed, only the annelids accumulated relatively high levels of PAH compounds.
Selected ion monitoring (MS) of the HPLC eluate was used to confirm the results of the HPLC analysis of fractions derived from fish and sediments. These data indicate the presence of a series of compounds having mass units consistent with empirical HPLC identifications of PAH compounds.
Influence of Flame-Retardant Chemicals on the Gas-Phase Combustion of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
Authors: Day M , Suprunchuk T , Wiles DM 
Published: March 2009

Flame-retardant chemicals are added to polymeric materials to reduce their flammability. This may be achieved chemically by altering the condensed-phase fuel producing reactions, or alternatively by inhibiting the gas-phase combustion reactions. A simple experimental technique for measuring the flammability limits of the gaseous fuel produced from poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been developed. By performing the experiments with the polymer and flame-retardant chemicals physically separated during the thermal decomposition processes, it has been possible to eliminate the condensed-phase inhibiting reactions in order to determine the effectiveness of the flame-retardant chemicals as gas-phase inhibitors. The results obtained by using this procedure have provided information not only on the relative effectiveness of the chemicals studied, but also on their mechanistic mode of operation.
In this way the effectiveness of bromine-containing compounds in inhibiting the gas-phase free radical reactions associated with the flaming combustion of poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been shown. Phosphorus-containing compounds without bromine present are only moderately effective as gas-phase active agents.
Test Methods and Design Allowables for Fibrous Composites
Authors: Chamis CC 
Published: March 2009

Description
This unique volume is an important step toward an integrated source of test methods and procedures for setting design allowables for composites and composite structures. The contributions grouped into four major areas include:
New and Special Test MethodsSpecial Test Methods and AnalysisDesign AllowablesDesign Allowables for Special Applications.
Thyroid Storm After Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: A Case Report and Discussion
Authors: Diaz Roberto , Blakey Marc D. , Murphy Patrick B. , Cryar A. Keith , Cmelak Anthony J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A 43-year-old man with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue was treated with induction chemotherapy followed by intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Within 20 days post-treatment, the patient developed clinical symptoms highly suggestive of hyperthyroidism. Two and one half months after completion of therapy, the patient developed severe thyrotoxicosis, which, in retrospect, appears to have met the criteria for thyroid storm. This case history illustrates a previously unreported, life-threatening complication of external-beam radiation that should be considered in patients receiving IMRT therapy involving the thyroid. Diagnosis of the patient's hyperthyroidism and probable thyroid storm was difficult to recognize because of the significant overlap between the signs and symptoms of severe thyrotoxicosis and the expected toxicities of his cancer therapy.
A Comparison of Two Word-Recognition Tasks in Multitalker Babble: Speech Recognition in Noise Test (SPRINT) and Words-in-Noise Test (WIN)
Authors: Wilson Richard H. , Cates Wendy B. 
Published: March 2009

Background: The Speech Recognition in Noise Test (SPRINT) is a word-recognition instrument that presents the 200 Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6 (NU-6) words binaurally at 50 dB HL in a multitalker babble at a 9 dB signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)
(Cord et al, 1992). The SPRINT was developed by and used by the Army as a more valid predictor of communication abilities (than pure-tone thresholds or word-recognition in quiet) for issues involving fitness for duty from a hearing perspective of Army personnel. The Words-in-Noise test (WIN)
is a slightly different word-recognition task in a fixed level multitalker babble with 10 NU-6 words presented at each of 7 S/N from 24 to 0 dB S/N in 4 dB decrements (Wilson, 2003; Wilson and McArdle, 2007). For the two instruments, both the babble and the speakers
of the words are different. The SPRINT uses all 200 NU-6 words, whereas the WIN uses a maximum of 70 words. Purpose: The purpose was to compare recognition performances by 24 young listeners with normal hearing and 48 older listeners with sensorineural hearing on the SPRINT and
WIN protocols. Research Design: A quasi-experimental, mixed model design was used. Study Sample: The 24 young listeners with normal hearing (19 to 29 years, mean = 23.3 years) were from the local university and had normal hearing (≤20 dB HL; American National
Standards Institute, 2004) at the 250‐8000 Hz octave intervals. The 48 older listeners with sensorineural hearing loss (60 to 82 years, mean = 69.9 years) had the following inclusion criteria: (1) a threshold at 500 Hz between 15 and 30 dB HL, (2) a
threshold at 1000 Hz between 20 and 40 dB HL, (3) a three-frequency pure-tone average (500, 1000, and 2000 Hz) of ≤40 dB HL, (4) word-recognition scores in quiet ≥40%, and (5) no history of middle ear or retrocochlear pathology as determined by an audiologic
evaluation. Data Collection and Analysis: The speech materials were presented bilaterally in the following order: (1) the SPRINT at 50 dB HL, (2) two half lists of NU-6 words in quiet at 60 dB HL and 80 dB HL, and (3) the two 35-word lists of the WIN materials with
the multitalker babble fixed at 60 dB HL. Data collection occurred during a 40‐60 minute session. Recognition performances on each stimulus word were analyzed. Results: The listeners with normal hearing obtained 92.5% correct on the SPRINT with a 50% point on the
WIN of 2.7 dB S/N. The listeners with hearing loss obtained 65.3% correct on the SPRINT and a WIN 50% point at 12.0 dB S/N. The SPRINT and WIN were significantly correlated (r = −0.81, p < .01), indicating that the SPRINT had good concurrent
validity. The high-frequency, pure-tone average (1000, 2000, 4000 Hz) had higher correlations with the SPRINT, WIN, and NU-6 in quiet than did the traditional three-frequency pure-tone average (500, 1000, 2000 Hz). Conclusions: Graphically and numerically the SPRINT and
WIN were highly related, which is indicative of good concurrent validity of the SPRINT.
Monitoring of a Jacket Docking Over a Template
Authors: Hirata K. , da Silva S. , Baruseo P.J. , Galarza J.A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This work presents the results of monitoring of a jacket docking over atemplate, which is provided with a pile guide system in 101 meters water depth. The measurements comprised the crane-ship motions, the jacket motions and theguide loads during the docking. The most important measurements were relatedwith the guide loads that reached values around 40mt. for the systemmonitored.

Introduction
Due to need for early oil product.ion in Brazil the jackets are usuallyinstalled over pre-drilled wells. These wells end up on a template at thebottom of the sea and they are provided with a system of pile-guides to helpjacket docking.
From a series of seven jackets scheduled to be installed in NorthEast Poleof Campos Basin (Fig. 1) over templates, Pargo-1A was the first installed.
The final positioning was achieved by coupling three guide-sleeves attachedto the jacket on three pile-guides fixed around the template. A crane-ship wasused for the jacket docking.
The main dimensions of crane-ship and jacket are shown in table 1. A sketchof pile-guides position is shown in fig. 2. The water depth is 101m. The mainconcern of the measurements were the loads acting on the docking guides. Thedocking guide system have some particularities that should be highlighted. Theyshould be flexible enough to bend and absorb impact and oscillatory loads dueto jacket motion; but they should be rigid enough to work as a guide andguarantee the correct placement of the jacket over the wells.
Combined Effect of Waves and Current on the Motion Behaviour and Tether Forces of a Deepwater Tension Leg Platform
Authors: Huijsmans R.H.M. , Dekker J.N. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In this paper results will be discussed of model experiments andcomputations of the wavecurrent interaction effects on the motions of a tensionleg platform in deep water with waves and current coming in from ahead.
The model experiments were performed in the deep water testing facility, recently installed in the Yave and Current Basin of the Maritime ResearchInstitute Netherlands (MARIN).
It is shown that the neglect of wave-current interaction in bothcomputations as well as in model test experiments will lead to substantiallyhigher motion amplitudes.

Introduction
The first tension leg platform (TLP) was installed in 1984 at the Huttonfield in the North Sea in 150 metres water depth. At present the use of the TLPconcept is being considered for a number of locations in the US gulf area, North Sea and Mediterranean, all having water depths over 500 metres.
For the evaluation of design alternatives accurate prediction methods aswell as well conducted model experiments are indispensable. The character ofthe TLP concept requires that such tools include non-linearities.
One of the aspects that has not yet been fully understood is the combinedeffect of waves and current. A lot of attention has been devoted to theseparate action of waves and current.
The influence of current is described through Morison's equation, whereasthe first order motions are modelled e.g. using slenderness assumptions withrespect to the wave length, see Hooft [1]. As such the mean and slowly varyingwave drift forces are calculated using results of three dimensional diffractionprograms or using results of algebraic methods, see Yue [2].
Due to the natural periods of the heave and pitch motions of the TLP alsodouble frequency or sum frequency wave excitation is addressed, see Pinkster etal. [3] and Huijsmans [4].
The Compact Semisubmersible Multipurpose Support Vessels Smit Semi 1 and 2
Authors: Barker J.L. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This paper addresses the introduction of the two sophisticated and novelsemi submersible multi purpose support vessel's "Smit Semi 1" and"2" and the impact they had upon the company organisation. Discussedwill be the effects of introducing two such units and the experience ofoperating and managing them.

Introduction
Smit International commenced its activities in 1842 and has since developedinto an organisation called the SMIT INTERNATIONAL GROUP with its head officein Rotterdam, the Netherlands and offices throughout the world.
In the past, deep-sea, coastal, harbour towage and salvage have been themain activities of the group. However, throughout the years the scope of services has been steadily increased and now comprise of a complete package ofmarine services. The group is now operating in excess of 300 floating craft andemploys approx. 3000 people.
The group comprises of the following companies, SMIT LLOYD (supply boatservices), SMIT HARBOUR AND TOWAGE, SMIT TAK (Towage & Salvage) and SMITTRANSPORT SERVICES.
In order to meet the growing requirements of specialist services for theevolving offshore industry SMIT INTERNATIONAL MARINE SERVICES BV (SIMS) wasestablished in 1973.
SIMS is specialised in offshore engineering, consultancy and projectmanagement. In 1987 the scope of SIMS was broadened and Smit OffshoreContractors was formed.
This paper will address the introduction of the Semi Submersible Multipurpose Support Vessels, the management organisation and operation of these "STATE OF THE ART" UNITS.
Postnatal testicular regression mircopenis and microcephaly: Conformation of a new syndrome?
Authors: Oguz Kutlu Alev , Akbiyik Fatih , Kara Cengiz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTesticular regression may develop at various phases of the intrauterine period and the clinical findings vary depending on the timing of the intrauterine phase. On the other hand, postnatal regression of the testicles is rare and few cases have been reported in the literature. Our patient presented with undescended testicles, micropenis, flat scrotum and microcephaly. The patient's levels of basal luteinizing hormone (LH) were low/normal and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was high. No response was obtained in the human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) stimulation test. The levels of inhibin B and anti Mullerian hormone (AMH) were found to be low. Penile growth response to intramuscular testosterone injections was 2.5 cm. Testicles were visualized bilaterally in inguinal canal by ultrasound examination initially but by 2 years of age no testicular tissue was observed during inguinal exploration. In conclusion we recognized postnatal testicular regression in our patient that had started in the intrauterine period and persisted into infancy. The genital system anomalies, microcephaly and motor retardation in our patient confirm the hypothesis of Parisi et al. of a novel condition of postnatal regression and micropenis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two distinctive classic genetic syndromes, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Angelman syndrome, occurring within the same family
Authors: Kosaki Rika , Migita Ohsuke , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe document a sib pair born to a mother with a reciprocal translocation, t(15;22)(q13;q11.2): the daughter had the Angelman syndrome phenotype associated with a maternally derived 15q deletion, and the son had a phenotype associated with a 22q deletion. Adjacent two‐type segregation during gametogenesis in the mother can account for the unbalanced karyotypes of the siblings. From a tetravalent chromatid formed by normal chromosome 15, derivative chromosome 15, normal chromosome 22, and derivative chromosome 22, the daughter inherited chromosome 22 and derivative chromosome 22 and the son inherited chromosome 15 and derivative chromosome 15. The family is unique in that two distinctive genetic syndromes, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and Angelman syndrome, occurred within the same family. The family is also elucidative from an educational standpoint in that major concepts of non‐Mendelian inheritance (microdeletion, genomic imprinting, and reciprocal translocation) need to be considered to appreciate the inheritance pattern. Furthermore, the family illustrates the importance of cryptic rearrangements at the most proximal end of acrocentric chromosomes in the evaluation of siblings with multiple congenital anomaly–mental retardation phenotypes that are dissimilar among affected siblings. The situation is analogous to parental balanced translocation between the most “distal” segments of a chromosome, that is, the subtelomere region, a recently appreciated cause of familial recurrence of multiple congenital anomaly–mental retardation phenotype with a normal G‐banding karyotype. We suggest that cryptic rearrangements at the most proximal end, analogous to those at the most distal end, should be considered as an appreciable cause of recurrent multiple congenital anomaly–mental retardation phenotype. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyhydramnios, fetal overgrowth, and macrocephaly: Prenatal ultrasound findings of Costello syndrome
Authors: Smith Laura P. , Podraza John , Proud Virginia K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCostello syndrome is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome consisting of dysmorphic facies, cutis laxa, short stature, developmental delay, and mental retardation. Complications include failure to thrive, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with arrhythmias, and benign and malignant tumors. This report describes a new case of Costello syndrome in a preterm infant born at 27 weeks gestation and diagnosed with Costello syndrome at 7 weeks of life who died at 6 months of age due to cardiac and pulmonary complications. In addition, data were compiled from parent surveys including growth parameters on 16 infants who were subsequently diagnosed with Costello syndrome and had mutation confirmation. The most common prenatal findings in the literature and in this cohort were polyhydramnios and fetal overgrowth with relative macrocephaly. Based on this study, ultrasound identification of polyhydramnios in the context of prenatal overgrowth, especially with relative macrocephaly, needs to raise the possibility of a diagnosis of Costello syndrome in the fetus because of the life‐threatening cardiac complications that may occur early in the newborn period. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.