bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dementia Prevalence, Incidence, and Mortality Trends Among U.S. Adults Ages 72 and Older, 2011–2021
Authors: Freedman Vicki A , Cornman Jennifer C 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
U.S.-focused studies have reported decreasing dementia prevalence in recent decades, but have not yet focused on the implications of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for trends.

Methods
We use the 2011–2021 National Health and Aging Trends Study (N = 48 065) to examine dementia prevalence, incidence, and mortality trends among adults ages 72 and older, and the contribution to prevalence trends of changes in the distribution of characteristics of the older population (“compositional shifts”) during the full and prepandemic periods. To minimize classification error, individuals must meet dementia criteria for 2 consecutive rounds.

Results
The prevalence of probable dementia declined from 11.9% in 2011 to 9.2% in 2019 and 8.2% in 2021 (3.1% average annual decline). Pre-pandemic declines continued for women and non-Hispanic White individuals and emerged over the 2011–2021 period for men and those ages 80–89. Declines in dementia incidence were stronger for the 2011–2021 period than for the prepandemic period, while mortality among those with dementia rose sharply with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Shifts in the composition of the older population accounted for a smaller fraction of the decline over the full period (27%) than over the prepandemic period (45%).

Conclusions
Declines in dementia prevalence continued into years marked by onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, along with declines in incidence and sharp increases in mortality among those with dementia. However, declines are no longer largely attributable to compositional changes in the older population. Continued tracking of dementia prevalence, incidence, and mortality among those with and without dementia is needed to understand long-run consequences of the pandemic.
Kinship and Care: Racial Disparities in Potential Dementia Caregiving in the United States From 2000 to 2060
Authors: Feng Kai , Song Xi , Caswell Hal 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Although the family plays a pivotal role in older adults’ care, there is limited research on how evolving demographic trends affect older adults’ support networks and how the trends vary by race. To fill this gap, we examine the influence of shifting family demographics on future care needs for older adults with dementia, emphasizing the unequal health and potential caregiving burdens by race in the United States.

Methods
Using demographic models of kinship, we estimate the availability of potential caregivers, and dementia prevalence among one’s kin by race, kin type, and the age of a focal person from 2000 to 2060. We introduce an index called the Dementia Dependency Ratio to assess dementia caregiving demands at the population level, taking into account the age and kinship structure of the population.

Results
Our findings suggest that Black individuals tend to have more children, grandchildren, and nieces/nephews as they age. However, Black individuals also tend to have more kin with dementia compared to their White counterparts. This elevated prevalence of dementia among Black kinship networks counterbalances the advantage of having more kin as potential caregivers. A further projection analysis suggests that the racial gap in caregiving demand within the kinship network will widen in the next 4 decades if the racial gap in dementia prevalence remains unchanged.

Conclusions
These findings emphasize the urgency of reducing racial inequality in dementia prevalence rates and increasing public support for families with extended members affected by dementia. With the shrinkage of nuclear families and population aging in the next few decades, extended family members may undertake more caregiving responsibilities for dementia. We call for a kinship perspective in understanding dementia care in future research.
Detectability of gravity changes on the sea surface due to magma accumulation beneath submarine volcanoes
Authors: Nishiyama Ryuichi 
Published: April 2024

SUMMARY
This study estimated the gravity change expected on the sea surface due to magma accumulation beneath submarine volcanoes. For calculation, a semi-analytical model describing the deformation of an infinite elastic cone was considered, in which a point spherical source was embedded on the axis. The expected gravity change exceeds 0.2 mGal in certain scenarios when $\delta V = 10^8\, \mathrm{m^3}$ of source volume change occurs 2 km below the summit, and the summit is shallower than 300 m below the sea surface. The steeper the slope of a submarine volcano, the greater the expected gravity change. 0.2 mGal of gravity variation can be detected with recent marine gravimeters such as cold atom interferometers. The computation method for the gravity change based on the integral transform (Mellin type) is elaborated in this paper.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in IVF-conceived early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a matched retrospective cohort study
Authors: Xu Jian , Mao Di , Liu Chunlin , Sun Ling 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Is SARS-CoV-2 infection in IVF-conceived early pregnancy associated with a higher risk of miscarriage?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 during early pregnancy in women conceiving by IVF may not be associated with an increased rate of miscarriage.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
In naturally conceived pregnancies, most findings have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection does not increase the risk of miscarriage, while some studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a higher risk of miscarriage.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
A matched retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary hospital-based reproductive medicine center. The infection group included women who contracted coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) before 20 weeks gestation from 6 December 2022 to 10 January 2023. Each infected woman was matched with three historical control subjects from 1 January 2018 to 31 May 2022.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
The infection group was matched with historical control subjects based on female age (±1 year), number of gestational sacs, number of previous miscarriages, BMI (±2 kg/cm2), main causes of infertility, gestational week, and fresh versus frozen embryo transfer.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
A total of 150 pregnant women infected with COVID-19 before 20 weeks of gestation were included in the infection group, which was matched at a 3:1 ratio with 450 historically pregnant controls. There were no significant differences in age, BMI, and endometrial thickness between the two groups. The overall incidence of miscarriage was not significantly different between the infection group and the control group (4.7% versus 5.8%, P = 0.68). When the infection group was stratified into three subgroups based on the gestational age at the onset of infection (0–7 + 6, 8–11 + 6, and 12-19 + 6 weeks), no significant differences were observed in the incidence of miscarriage between the infection group and the matched control group in any of the subgroups (9.8% versus 13.8%, P = 0.60; 5.4% versus 4.5%, P = 1.00; and 1.4% versus 1.9%, P = 1.00, respectively).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
The major limitation of this study is the relatively small sample size; therefore, caution is suggested when drawing any definitive conclusions. Nonetheless, our study is the largest sample study of the influence of COVID-19 infection on the miscarriage rate in early pregnancy after IVF.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our findings may provide important insights for reproductive physicians and obstetricians during preconception and early pregnancy counseling.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No. 2023A1515010250). The authors report no conflicts of interest.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.
Factor modification in the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver cancer risk in a nationwide cohort
Authors: Nam Su Youn , Jo Junwoo , Lee Won Kee , Cho Chang Min 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background/aims
The effect modification by smoking and menopausal status in the association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and liver cancer risk has not been reported.

Methods
This population-based cohort study included 4.486 million cancer-free individuals among those who underwent national cancer screening in 2010 and were followed up until December 2017. We conducted analyses in populations that excluded people with chronic hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis C and liver cirrhosis (Model I) and that included those diseases (Model III). HDL-C level was classified into eight groups at 10-mg/dL intervals. Liver cancer risk by HDL-C was measured using adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
During follow-up, 18 795 liver cancers in Model I and 20 610 liver cancers in Model III developed. In Model I, low HDL-C levels (aHR 1.83; 95% CI 1.65–2.04) and extremely high HDL-C levels (aHR 1.24; 95% CI 1.10–1.40) were associated with an increased liver cancer risk compared with a moderate HDL-C level of 50–59mg/dL. This association was similar in both men and women with larger effect size in men (aHR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.70–2.15). The hazardous association between low HDL-C and liver cancer risk was remarkable in current smokers (aHR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.84–2.60) and in pre-menopausal women (aHR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.29–6.58) compared with post-menopausal women (aHR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.10–1.93). This association was similarly observed in Model III.

Conclusions
Low and extremely high HDL-C levels were associated with an increased liver cancer risk. The unfavourable association between low HDL-C and liver cancer was remarkable in smokers and pre-menopausal women.
Clonal Hematopoiesis in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Cancer
Authors: Gillis Nancy , Dickey Brittney L , Colin-Leitzinger Christelle , Tang Yi-Han , Putney Ryan M , Mesa Tania E , Yoder Sean J , Suneja Gita , Spivak Adam M , Patel Ami B , Extermann Martine , Giuliano Anna R , Teng Mingxiang , Kresovich Jacob , Berglund Anders , Coghill Anna E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Cancer-related deaths for people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) are increasing due to longer life expectancies and disparately poor cancer-related outcomes. We hypothesize that advanced biological aging contributes to cancer-related morbidity and mortality for PWH and cancer. We sought to determine the impact of clonal hematopoiesis (CH) on cancer disparities in PWH.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study to compare the prevalence and clinical outcomes of CH in PWH and people without HIV (PWoH) and cancer. Included in the study were PWH and similar PWoH based on tumor site, age, tumor sequence, and cancer treatment status. Biological aging was also measured using epigenetic methylation clocks.

Results
In 136 patients with cancer, PWH had twice the prevalence of CH compared to similar PWoH (23% vs 11%, P = .07). After adjusting for patient characteristics, PWH were 4 times more likely than PWoH to have CH (odds ratio, 4.1 [95% confidence interval, 1.3–13.9]; P = .02). The effect of CH on survival was most pronounced in PWH, who had a 5-year survival rate of 38% if they had CH (vs 59% if no CH), compared to PWoH who had a 5-year survival rate of 75% if they had CH (vs 83% if no CH).

Conclusions
This study provides the first evidence that PWH may have a higher prevalence of CH than PWoH with the same cancers. CH may be an independent biological aging risk factor contributing to inferior survival for PWH and cancer.
Using forensic intelligence as a model for determining future toxicology methods: TBI forensic toxicology and forensic drug chemistry nitazene identification
Authors: Gray Adam , Douglas Sarah , Tiller Michael , Bleakley Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Tennessee Bureau of Investigation (TBI) serves all 95 counties of Tennessee, but the data included in this article are primarily focused in Upper East and East Tennessee (the parts of the state included in the eastern time zone). The forensic chemistry (seized drug) unit of the TBI began reporting nitazene analogues in late 2019. The primary analogues found in forensic chemistry cases were isotonitazene and metonitazene. After discussion and review of reporting statistics, the forensic toxicology unit began to monitor for these compounds in toxicology samples by using ion characteristics with the nitazene analogues. Between March 2021 and December 2023, TBI toxicology received 49,639 cases statewide. Of those, 20,105 (40.5%) received toxicology testing. Approximately 95% of TBI toxicology cases are related to Driving Under the Influence (DUI)/motor vehicle–related incidents. Fatal overdoses and cases from the medical examiner office comprise &lt;5% of TBI toxicology caseload. The toxicology section utilizes the SCIEX 3200 Qtrap with a SCIEX Exion LC AC autosampler system to monitor multiple reaction monitoring transition of nitazene analogues. The ion monitoring for two nitazene analogues, isotonitazene and metonitazene, started in March 2021. Ion monitoring should not be construed as a confirmed result but rather as an indication that a drug may be present. A comparison of this data from the forensic toxicology and forensic chemistry units revealed the rise of new drugs that required a more in-depth review to understand the magnitude and scope. This article is also intended to encourage collaboration between forensic toxicology and forensic chemistry (seized drug) units.
Complete remission after a single bisphosphonate infusion in isolated bone Langerhans cell histiocytosis lesion: a case report and a narrative review of the literature
Authors: Kachaner Alexandra , Seror Raphaèle , Aubart Fleur Cohen , Henry Julien , Lazure Thierry , Emile Jean François , Mariette Xavier , Bitoun Samuel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease with limited treatment options. We present a case involving a 57-year-old woman afflicted with an isolated LCH bone osteolytic lesion. A single bisphosphonate infusion significantly alleviated pain, and follow-up scans via CT, PET-CT, and MRI revealed a substantial recalcification of the lesion. Conducting an extensive literature review, we identified 46 cases documenting the efficacy of bisphosphonates in the context of LCH. These findings have raised interest in bisphosphonate infusion as a simple therapeutic alternative in similar situations, with benefits in terms of bone recalcification and pain control for individuals with LCH.
Safety and effectiveness of clofarabine in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a post-marketing surveillance study
Authors: Kazama Hirotaka , Nishina Satoshi , Seto Takeshi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective
Clofarabine is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but evidence of its safety and effectiveness in Japanese patients is limited. We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of clofarabine in patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in real-world clinical practice in Japan.

Methods
An observational, multicenter, post-marketing, all-case surveillance was conducted for safety. Effectiveness analyses were conducted in patients aged ≤21 years and those treated with clofarabine monotherapy and combination therapy (clofarabine plus etoposide and cyclophosphamide).

Results
In the all-case survey, 260 of 264 registered patients were eligible for safety analysis. Among the 225 patients eligible for effectiveness analysis, 139 were aged ≤21 years. For monotherapy and combination therapy, 20/31 and 34/88 patients were eligible, respectively. In the all-case survey, the median age was 16.0 years, and 47.7% of patients were &lt;15 years old. Adverse drug reaction incidence was 83.5% and the most common were hematologic toxicities. The best overall response rates in the population aged ≤21 years were complete remission, 29.7%; complete remission without platelet recovery, 7.3% and partial remission, 10.9%. The rest (52.2%) were classified as ineffective. The sum of complete remission, complete remission without platelet recovery and partial remission rates (effectiveness rate) was 47.8% (66/138 patients). The effectiveness rates in the monotherapy and combination therapy surveys were 10.0% (2/20 patients) and 58.8% (20/34 patients), respectively.

Conclusions
These post-marketing surveys provide real-world evidence of the safety and effectiveness of clofarabine regimens, including monotherapy and combination therapy in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The safety and effectiveness profiles were comparable with those of previous prospective studies.
Warming and increased precipitation alter soil carbon cycling in a temperate desert steppe of Inner Mongolia
Authors: Lan Mu , Qiu Xiao , La Wei , Wang Huimin , Liu Yahong , Zhao Liqing , Sun Hailian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Warming and precipitation are key global change factors driving soil carbon (C) dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of warming and altered precipitation on soil microbial diversity and functional genes involved in soil C cycling remain largely unknown. We investigated the effects of warming and increased precipitation on soil C cycling in a temperate desert steppe of Inner Mongolia using metagenomic sequencing. We found that warming reduced plant richness, Shannon–Wiener and Simpson index. In contrast, increased precipitation significantly influenced Shannon–Wiener and Simpson index. Warming reduced soil microbial species by 5.4% while increased precipitation and warming combined with increased precipitation led to increases in soil microbial species by 23.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, which involve C cycling genes, was significantly increased by warming and increased precipitation. Warming significantly reduced the abundance of GAPDH (Calvin cycle) and celF (cellulose degradation) while it enhanced the abundance of glxR (lignin degradation). Increased precipitation significantly enhanced the abundance of pgk (Calvin cycle), coxL (carbon monoxide oxidation), malZ (starch degradation), and mttB (methane production). Moreover, a wide range of correlations among soil properties and C cycling functional genes was detected, suggesting the synergistic and/or antagonistic relationships under scenario of global change. These results may suggest that warming is beneficial to soil C storage while increased precipitation negatively affects soil C sequestration. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the response of microbial communities to warming and increased precipitation in the temperate desert steppe.
Primary thyroid fibrosarcoma in a 32-year-old female: case report and literature review
Authors: Jaber Fouad , Rahal Mark , Alkassabin Amira Shikh , Hamza Hanin , Haddad Salim , Shbat Mohamad , Chaban Hussain , Basha Zein , Haddad Sultaneh 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Thyroid fibrosarcomas represent a rare subset of tumors with exceedingly limited documented cases in the medical literature. This study delineates an unusual occurrence involving a 32-year-old female presenting with symptoms including neck pain, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Notably, the patient experienced symptom recurrence 3 months postthyroidectomy, accompanied by aggressive tumor growth. Despite the considerable size of the tumor and its infiltration into critical anatomical structures, a complex surgical intervention was executed with successful outcomes. The study underscores the imperative for further exploration into the efficacy of proposed therapeutic modalities tailored for managing this neoplasm. Moreover, it emphasizes the necessity for considering the histological classification of fibrosarcoma within the differential diagnoses spectrum for thyroid tumors.
DanceCam: atmospheric turbulence mitigation in wide-field astronomical images with short-exposure video streams
Authors: Bialek Spencer , Bertin Emmanuel , Fabbro Sébastien , Bouy Hervé , Rivet Jean-Pierre , Lai Olivier , Cuillandre Jean-Charles 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
We introduce a novel technique to mitigate the adverse effects of atmospheric turbulence on astronomical imaging. Utilizing a video-to-image neural network trained on simulated data, our method processes a sliding sequence of short-exposure (∼0.2 s) stellar field images to reconstruct an image devoid of both turbulence and noise. We demonstrate the method with simulated and observed stellar fields, and show that the brief exposure sequence allows the network to accurately associate speckles to their originating stars and effectively disentangle light from adjacent sources across a range of seeing conditions, all while preserving flux to a lower signal-to-noise ratio than an average stack. This approach results in a marked improvement in angular resolution without compromising the astrometric stability of the final image.
Stellar populations and merger rates of brightest cluster galaxies a billion years ago: SDSS MaNGA IFU spectroscopy
Authors: Edwards Louise O V , Hamel Kevin A S J , Shy Joseph C , Hernandez Jonathan , Holguin Luna Priscilla , Higgins Denvir J , Chawla Theo , Gavidia Adriana , Cole Samuel 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
We investigate the spectroscopic properties of 85 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and their companions observed with the SDSS MaNGA integral field unit. Galaxy redshifts are between 0.08 &lt; z &lt; 0.15, allowing for a field-of-view up to 80 × 80 kpc. For the main galaxies: the average age of the BCG cores is 7.66$\, \pm \,$1.36 Gyr with no significant gradient out to $2\, R_ {e}$; the average metallicity of the BCG cores is $[Z/H]=0.23\, \pm \, 0.03$ with a negative gradient of Δ[Z/H]/Δ(R/Re) = –0.14$\, \pm \, 0.09$ which flattens beyond $1.2\, R_ {e}$. Velocity dispersion gradients are mostly flat, but a few positive slopes are seen in the most massive galaxies. Emission lines are present in 12 of the BCGs, most often confined to the central $\sim 2\,$ kpc with emission line ratios well-described by a LINER or AGN excitation source. There are 78 companion galaxies identified and 9 have nebular emission lines that indicate recent star formation. The companions with flux ratios of 4:1 and 20:1 within 30 kpc of their BCG’s core are studied. The companion galaxies have a median age of 7.65$\, \pm \,$1.55 Gyr and are high-metallicity systems, with a median [Z/H] = 0.17 ± 0.07. Close spectroscopic companions with higher merging probabilities have an average merging time of 0.5 ± 0.2 Gyr. The average merger rate is 0.08$\, \pm \, 0.12 \,$ Gyr−1 for 4:1 companions and 0.26$\, \pm \, 0.22 \,$ Gyr−1 for 20:1 companions, allowing for an increase in mass of 2.3$\, \pm \,$3.4 per cent Gyr−1 and 3.5$\, \pm \,$3.2 per cent Gyr−1, respectively.