bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virgin Collection and Haplodiploid Crossing Methods in Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp): Figure 1.
Authors: Werren John H. , Loehlin David W. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol covers most procedures used by the Nasonia (wasp) geneticist, including virgin collection. Nasonia are easily sexed as pupae, so collecting virgins can easily be performed within a window of several days. The female-specific ovipositor is visible at even the earliest pupal stages as a longitudinal ridge on the ventral posterior abdomen. To prolong generations, yellow pupae can be stored at 4°C-8°C for up to 2 mo and adults for 2-3 wk. In the example presented here, haplodiploid crossing methods are used to make a new Nasonia vitripennis mutant homozygous, using an aunt/nephew mating approach. The protocol can be extended to inbreeding strains. Inbreeding depression generally is not a problem in Nasonia unless the mutation itself is female-sterile. Mother/son mating and sib mating are also reasonable approaches to inbreeding.
Curing Wolbachia Infections in Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp)
Authors: Werren John H. , Loehlin David W. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONNasonia is a complex of four closely related species of wasps with several features that make it an excellent system for a variety of genetic studies. These include a short generation time, ease of rearing, interfertile species, visible and molecular markers, and a sequenced genome. However, the Nasonia species normally are completely or partially reproductively isolated owing to Wolbachia, widespread intracellular bacteria found in arthropods and nematodes. Wolbachia cause cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in Nasonia. Although the current genome-sequenced strains of Nasonia (AsymCX, IV7[u], RV2X[u]) are all Wolbachia-free, crosses between infected and uninfected wasps, or between infected wasps of different species, will fail because of Wolbachia. The sperm modification that induces CI appears to be established before the adult stage, so it is generally not possible to cure an infection and break the CI barrier in the same generation. However, a Wolbachia infection can be removed from a strain over a number of generations by feeding antibiotics and selecting on females showing partial CI. This protocol describes the methods to cure a Nasonia strain of its Wolbachia symbionts.
Field Collection of Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp) Using Baits
Authors: Werren John H. , Loehlin David W. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a standard method for collecting Nasonia wasps using “flyliver”: liver remains fed upon by fly maggots (e.g., Sarcophaga) and collected after the mature larvae have dispersed. The flyliver, which contains a volatile substance that is very attractive to the wasps, is placed in a large (~15-cm2) mesh bag hung in appropriate collection spots (e.g., near birds’ nests or under culverts). Within the large mesh bag is a smaller mesh bag placed abutting the flyliver and containing four to six Sarcophaga pupae. These retain the wasps, which will enter the bag and begin stinging the hosts. The mesh bags can be made with standard nylon window screening, or any other material with mesh width large enough to permit entry of the wasps.
High-Resolution Dual-Trap Optical Tweezers with Differential Detection: An Introduction: Figure 1.
Authors: Bustamante Carlos , Chemla Yann R. , Moffitt Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2009

INTRODUCTIONOptical traps or “optical tweezers” have become an indispensable tool in understanding fundamental biological processes. The ability to manipulate and probe individual molecules or molecular complexes has led to a new, more refined understanding of the mechanical properties of the fundamental building blocks of the cell, and of the mechanism by which molecular machines function. The field has seen a steady stream of technological advances that have greatly refined the technique. One major effort has been in developing methods to resolve motions at the angstrom level--the fundamental length scale for many biological processes. This drive has only recently come to fruition with the advent of high-resolution optical trapping techniques that can now detect movements on the scale of a single base pair of DNA, 3.4 Å. Here we briefly review the basic concepts and components of optical traps and the single-molecule experiments in which they are used.
Mechanical Stimuli Modulate Lateral Root Organogenesis
Authors: Richter Gregory L. , Monshausen Gabriele B. , Krol Alexandra , Gilroy Simon 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Unlike mammals, whose development is limited to a short temporal window, plants produce organs de novo throughout their lifetime in order to adapt their architecture to the prevailing environmental conditions. The production of lateral roots represents one example of such postembryonic organogenesis. An endogenous developmental program likely imposes an ordered arrangement on the position of new lateral roots. However, environmental stimuli such as nutrient levels also affect the patterning of lateral root production. In addition, we have found that mechanical forces can act as one of the triggers that entrain lateral root production to the environment of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plant. We observed that physical bending of the root recruited new lateral root formation to the convex side of the resultant bend. Transient bending of 20 s was sufficient to elicit this developmental program. Such bending triggered a Ca2+ transient within the pericycle, and blocking this change in Ca2+ also blocked recruitment of new lateral root production to the curved region of the root. The initial establishment of the mechanically induced lateral root primordium was independent of an auxin supply from the shoot and was not disrupted by mutants in a suite of auxin transporters and receptor/response elements. These results suggest that Ca2+ may be acting to translate the mechanical forces inherent in growth to a developmental response in roots.
Agrobacterium tumefaciensPromotes Tumor Induction by Modulating Pathogen Defense inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lee Chil-Woo , Efetova Marina , Engelmann Julia C , Kramell Robert , Wasternack Claus , Ludwig-Müller Jutta , Hedrich Rainer , Deeken Rosalia 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAgrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease by transferring and integrating bacterial DNA (T-DNA) into the plant genome. To examine the physiological changes and adaptations during Agrobacterium-induced tumor development, we compared the profiles of salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA), and auxin (indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) with changes in the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome. Our data indicate that host responses were much stronger toward the oncogenic strain C58 than to the disarmed strain GV3101 and that auxin acts as a key modulator of the Arabidopsis–Agrobacterium interaction. At initiation of infection, elevated levels of IAA and ET were associated with the induction of host genes involved in IAA, but not ET signaling. After T-DNA integration, SA as well as IAA and ET accumulated, but JA did not. This did not correlate with SA-controlled pathogenesis-related gene expression in the host, although high SA levels in mutant plants prevented tumor development, while low levels promoted it. Our data are consistent with a scenario in which ET and later on SA control virulence of agrobacteria, whereas ET and auxin stimulate neovascularization during tumor formation. We suggest that crosstalk among IAA, ET, and SA balances pathogen defense launched by the host and tumor growth initiated by agrobacteria.
The ABC Transporter PXA1 and Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Are Vital for Metabolism in Mature Leaves ofArabidopsisduring Extended Darkness
Authors: Kunz Hans-Henning , Scharnewski Michael , Feussner Kirstin , Feussner Ivo , Flügge Ulf-Ingo , Fulda Martin , Gierth Markus 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFatty acid β-oxidation is essential for seedling establishment of oilseed plants, but little is known about its role in leaf metabolism of adult plants. Arabidopsis thaliana plants with loss-of-function mutations in the peroxisomal ABC-transporter1 (PXA1) or the core β-oxidation enzyme keto-acyl-thiolase 2 (KAT2) have impaired peroxisomal β-oxidation. pxa1 and kat2 plants developed severe leaf necrosis, bleached rapidly when returned to light, and died after extended dark treatment, whereas the wild type was unaffected. Dark-treated pxa1 plants showed a decrease in photosystem II efficiency early on and accumulation of free fatty acids, mostly α-linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)] and pheophorbide a, a phototoxic chlorophyll catabolite causing the rapid bleaching. Isolated wild-type and pxa1 chloroplasts challenged with comparable α-linolenic acid concentrations both showed an 80% reduction in photosynthetic electron transport, whereas intact pxa1 plants were more susceptible to the toxic effects of α-linolenic acid than the wild type. Furthermore, starch-free mutants with impaired PXA1 function showed the phenotype more quickly, indicating a link between energy metabolism and β-oxidation. We conclude that the accumulation of free polyunsaturated fatty acids causes membrane damage in pxa1 and kat2 plants and propose a model in which fatty acid respiration via peroxisomal β-oxidation plays a major role in dark-treated plants after depletion of starch reserves.
In Planta Expression Screens ofPhytophthora infestansRXLR Effectors Reveal Diverse Phenotypes, Including Activation of theSolanum bulbocastanumDisease Resistance Protein Rpi-blb2
Authors: Oh Sang-Keun , Young Carolyn , Lee Minkyoung , Oliva Ricardo , Bozkurt Tolga O. , Cano Liliana M. , Win Joe , Bos Jorunn I.B. , Liu Hsin-Yin , van Damme Mireille , Morgan William , Choi Doil , Van der Vossen Edwin A.G. , Vleeshouwers Vivianne G.A.A. , Kamoun Sophien 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Irish potato famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans is predicted to secrete hundreds of effector proteins. To address the challenge of assigning biological functions to computationally predicted effector genes, we combined allele mining with high-throughput in planta expression. We developed a library of 62 infection-ready P. infestans RXLR effector clones, obtained using primer pairs corresponding to 32 genes and assigned activities to several of these genes. This approach revealed that 16 of the 62 examined effectors cause phenotypes when expressed inside plant cells. Besides the well-studied AVR3a effector, two additional effectors, PexRD8 and PexRD3645-1, suppressed the hypersensitive cell death triggered by the elicitin INF1, another secreted protein of P. infestans. One effector, PexRD2, promoted cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and other solanaceous plants. Finally, two families of effectors induced hypersensitive cell death specifically in the presence of the Solanum bulbocastanum late blight resistance genes Rpi-blb1 and Rpi-blb2, thereby exhibiting the activities expected for Avrblb1 and Avrblb2. The AVRblb2 family was then studied in more detail and found to be highly variable and under diversifying selection in P. infestans. Structure-function experiments indicated that a 34–amino acid region in the C-terminal half of AVRblb2 is sufficient for triggering Rpi-blb2 hypersensitivity and that a single positively selected AVRblb2 residue is critical for recognition by Rpi-blb2.
Actin-Depolymerizing Factor2-Mediated Actin Dynamics Are Essential for Root-Knot Nematode Infection ofArabidopsis
Authors: Clément Mathilde , Ketelaar Tijs , Rodiuc Natalia , Banora Mohamed Youssef , Smertenko Andrei , Engler Gilbert , Abad Pierre , Hussey Patrick J. , de Almeida Engler Janice 
Published: October 2009

AbstractReorganization of the actin and microtubule networks is known to occur in targeted vascular parenchymal root cells upon infection with the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Here, we show that actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) is upregulated in the giant feeding cells of Arabidopsis thaliana that develop upon nematode infection and that knockdown of a specific ADF isotype inhibits nematode proliferation. Analysis of the levels of transcript and the localization of seven ADF genes shows that five are upregulated in galls that result from the infection and that ADF2 expression is particularly increased between 14 and 21 d after nematode inoculation. Further analysis of ADF2 function in inducible RNA interference lines designed to knock down ADF2 expression reveals that this protein is required for normal cell growth and plant development. The net effect of decreased levels of ADF2 is F-actin stabilization in cells, resulting from decreased F-actin turnover. In nematode-infected plants with reduced levels of ADF2, the galls containing the giant feeding cells and growing nematodes do not develop due to the arrest in growth of the giant multinucleate feeding cells, which in turn is due to an aberrant actin network.
Cryptochromes, Phytochromes, and COP1 Regulate Light-Controlled Stomatal Development inArabidopsis
Authors: Kang Chun-Ying , Lian Hong-Li , Wang Fang-Fang , Huang Ji-Rong , Yang Hong-Quan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn Arabidopsis thaliana, the cryptochrome (CRY) blue light photoreceptors and the phytochrome (phy) red/far-red light photoreceptors mediate a variety of light responses. COP1, a RING motif–containing E3 ubiquitin ligase, acts as a key repressor of photomorphogenesis. Production of stomata, which mediate gas and water vapor exchange between plants and their environment, is regulated by light and involves phyB and COP1. Here, we show that, in the loss-of-function mutants of CRY and phyB, stomatal development is inhibited under blue and red light, respectively. In the loss-of-function mutant of phyA, stomata are barely developed under far-red light. Strikingly, in the loss-of-function mutant of either COP1 or YDA, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, mature stomata are developed constitutively and produced in clusters in both light and darkness. CRY, phyA, and phyB act additively to promote stomatal development. COP1 acts genetically downstream of CRY, phyA, and phyB and in parallel with the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein TOO MANY MOUTHS but upstream of YDA and the three basic helix-loop-helix proteins SPEECHLESS, MUTE, and FAMA, respectively. These findings suggest that light-controlled stomatal development is likely mediated through a crosstalk between the cryptochrome-phytochrome-COP1 signaling system and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
Improving the outcome of cord blood transplantation: use of mobilized HSC and other cells from third party donors
Authors: Fernández Manuel N. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe developed the strategy of umbilical cord blood transplants (UCBT) with co‐infusion of a limited number of highly purified mobilized haematopoietic stem cells (MHSC) from a human leucocyte antigen (HLA) unrestricted third party donor (TPD). Short post‐transplant periods of neutropenia were usually observed in adults with haematological neoplasms receiving UCBT with a relatively low cell content and 0–3 HLA mismatches after myeloablative conditioning. This resulted from an early and initially predominant engraftment of the TPD–MHSC. After a variable period of double complete TPD + UCB chimerism, final full UCB chimerism was achieved (cumulative incidence >90%) within 100 d. Early recovery of the circulating neutrophils resulting from the ‘bridge transplant’ of the TPD–MHSC reduced the incidence of serious neutropenia‐related infections, also facilitating the use of drugs with myelosuppressive side effects to combat other infections. The observed incidence of graft‐versus‐host disease and relapses was low, with overall and disease‐free survival curves comparable to those of HLA identical sibling transplants. Post‐transplant recovery of natural killer cells occurred soon after the transplant and B cells recovered around 6 months, but T‐cell recovery took more than 1 year. Available data show that T cell recovery derives from UCB–HSC through thymic differentiation and that cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐specific lymphocytes develop following CMV reactivations.
Ten years of cord blood transplantation: from bench to bedside
Authors: Gluckman Eliane 
Published: October 2009

SummaryCord blood is an unlimited source of haematopoietic stem cells for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant. Since the first human cord blood transplant, cord blood banks have been established worldwide for collection and cryopreservation of cord blood for allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant. More than 400 000 cord blood units are now available for international exchange. Results of unrelated allogeneic cord blood transplants in malignant and non‐malignant diseases, in adults and children, show that, compared to human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched unrelated bone marrow transplant, cord blood has several advantages, including prompt availability of the transplant, decrease of graft‐versus‐host disease and better long‐term immune recovery resulting in a similar long term survival. Several studies have shown that the number of cells is the most important factor for engraftment while some degree of HLA mismatches is acceptable. Progress is expected to facilitate engraftment and reduce transplant‐related mortality and includes reduced intensity conditioning regimen, intra bone injection of cord blood cells and double cord blood transplants. In addition to haematopoietic stem cells, cord blood and placenta contain a high number of non‐haematopoietic stem cells that explains the increasing interest of using cord blood for developing regenerative medicine.
Immune regulatory cells in umbilical cord blood: T regulatory cells and mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Tolar Jakub , Hippen Keli L. , Blazar Bruce R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA major goal in haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is to retain the lymphohaematopoietic potential of the cell transfer without its side effects. In addition to the physical injury caused by the conditioning regimen, donor T cells can react to alloantigens of the recipient and cause graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), which accounts for the largest share of morbidity and mortality after HCT. Immune modulator cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have shown promise in their ability to control GVHD and yet, in preclinical models, preserve the graft‐versus‐malignancy effect. Initially, MSCs and Tregs have been isolated from adult sources, such as bone marrow or peripheral blood, respectively. More recent studies have indicated that umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of both cell types. We will review the current data on UCB‐derived Tregs and MSCs and their therapeutic implications.
Cord blood banking: ‘providing cord blood banking for a nation’
Authors: Querol Sergio , Rubinstein Pablo , Marsh Steven G. E. , Goldman John , Madrigal Jose Alejandro 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTransplantation of cord blood (CB) is increasingly used as therapy for patients whose own marrow is affected by genetic mutations that prevent the development of normal cells of the blood or immune tissues, or for patients whose marrow has been destroyed in the course of treatment for leukaemia and other malignancies. CB is a rich source of haematopoietic stem cells, can be easily harvested and stored in frozen aliquots in a CB bank. The first public CB bank was established in 1993 allowing unrelated CB transplantation to become an option for patients lacking a suitable adult donor. Today, the results of CB transplantation are comparable to those of bone marrow transplants with several important advantages: the graft is available ‘off the shelf’, thereby reducing the waiting time, and the requirements of human lecucoyte antigen (HLA) matching are less restrictive than those of adult sources. The reduced requirement for HLA matching allows transplants between incompletely matched donors and recipients, thus reducing the size of the inventory required at the national level. This also mitigates the disadvantage encountered by persons of rare HLA genotypes or those who do not belong to populations of North Western European descent. Finally, national CB programmes can easily make available for research individual surplus units not meeting minimal criteria for clinical use.
Cord blood banking: a historical perspective
Authors: Navarrete Cristina , Contreras Marcela 
Published: October 2009

SummaryUmbilical cord blood (UCB) contains stem and progenitor cells capable of restoring haematopoietic and immunological function in vivo. UCB is currently used as an alternative source of haematopoietic stem cells for transplantation in patients suffering from haematological malignancies, bone marrow failures and inherited metabolic disorders. In order to facilitate transplantation, large repositories of frozen cord blood units (CBUs) from altruistic donations have been established in many parts of the world and to date there are more than 300 000 units stored worldwide. These products have been banked under stringent quality conditions, in order to ensure their safety and efficacy.The development and evolution of the policies and procedures currently in use in cord blood banking have been largely influenced by the clinical results of cord blood transplantation. This review aims to provide a historical overview of the various developments in the field of cord blood banking from its inception, highlighting the relevant aspects in their collection, banking and release that are known to influence the clinical outcome of these transplants.
Influence of sodium chloride on colour, residual volatiles and acrylamide formation in model systems and breakfast cereals
Authors: Moreau Lydie , Lagrange Joelle , Bindzus Wolfgang , Hill Sandra 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTo elucidate the salt action in breakfast cereals to decrease its amount without a quality loss, a model system was developed. This model, composed of native maize starch, glucose and a mixture of five amino acids (glucose/amino acids molar ratio = 1/1) generated similar colour and volatiles (m/z = 45, 59, 69, 73, 87 and 103 g mol−1) after heating compared to commercial breakfast cereals. A designed experiment used this model to study the influence of salt concentration (0–5.44%), heating time (0–25 min) and temperature (180–230 °C) on colour, residual volatiles and acrylamide formation. The higher the salt concentration, heating time and temperature, the darker were the products (P < 0.05). The L* values of the model systems containing 5 % salt and heated for 25 min at 230 °C were twelve points lower than the same systems without salt heated in the same conditions. Presence of salt significantly decreased acrylamide formation in the model systems (up to 50 % decrease when 2.5 % salt is added). However, salt did not have a significant impact on volatile levels. These findings were confirmed by observations made on four types of commercial breakfast cereals.
Use of enzyme to improve the technological quality of a panettone like baked product
Authors: Benejam Walter , Steffolani María Eugenia , León Alberto Edel 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe aim of this work was to study the influence of amylase, xylanase and lypase on quality parameters of panettone. Two concentrations of each enzyme were utilised. Besides, enzymes were added to dough or to sponge in order to analyse the effect of the time at which the enzymes were added on bread quality. Results showed that enzymes improved the quality of the product. Depending on the enzyme, the effect was more remarkable on bread height, cell distribution or crumb texture. Particularly, lipase and amylase increased bread height and decreased bread hardness. Although xylanase did not modify bread height, it produced better grain crumb structure and changed the amount of water needed for dough development. Results were different when the additive was incorporated in sponge or in dough. Variability of effects and changes in the results depend both on the doses and on the time of incorporation, all of which provide opportunities to optimise the quality of panettone using a combination of enzymes.