bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BAPS as a NRI Network and it's Presence in India
Authors: Jae-sook Lee 
Published: January 2012

The linkages or network for the village development through donations for village, school etc. of the Patidar migrants with their home region in Gujarat were strong when they used to live in East Africa as sujourners, but weakened in strength considerably after their subsequent migration to Britain as settlers. Along with this, their religion has changed from village level into transnational network of a Neo-Hinduism and through this network many are maintaining the links with India itself rather than their own village. So, once ‘exported’ and now ‘imported’ BAPS, a modern form of transnational Hinduism, works in India through monetary aid and volunteers from NRIs. In urban areas they are collecting people in the cultural centers and institutions inside of new, huge and stylish temple complex. So NRI style in Hinduism (big gatherings, preaching tour), consumer behaviour, mode of investment are public as well as government's interest. A Neo-Hinduism, which has ‘universal character’ without caste and region is on the move extensionally in India. BAPS can be the touchstone of a regional hinduism, an ethnic unit, equipped with enterprising spirit in the course of globalization through migration. What is sure so far is that BAPS, a NRI network ‘from below’ is giving impact to India and this kind of process may lead transformation of the structure of indian society.
Comparison Study on Shareholder Wealth and Ownership Structure in China and Korea
Authors: Baek Jae-Seung , Liu Tianshu 
Published: January 2012

Ownership structure which is the base of corporate governance is mainly related to two aspects, concentration of ownership and composition of ownership. Ownership structure determines concentration of ownership and roles of different share owners thereby influences economic behaviors of share owners and behavior effects. Ownership structure directly influences inter surveillance mechanisms. In this paper, we examine the effect of governance variables and firm characteristics such as ownership structure, leverage, size on the firm value (stock return) and the determinants of the change of firm value during post-crisis down period in Korea and China. And as a result, we find that ownership structure can be the main force to the changes in firm value in emerging markets. Our results will support the relationship between corporate governance and firm value in East Asia such as China and Korea. JEL classification: G14, G15, G21, G32, G33
A Study on the Economic Benefits of Globalization: Focusing on the Poverty and Inequality between the Rich and the Poor
Authors: Shin Sang-Hyup 
Published: January 2012

Globalization is now well recognized by many as an inescapable feature of the world today. In particular, in the middle of global economic crisis globalization is one of the hot issues drawing much attention from countries around the world. There are contradictory perspectives on globalization. There are many sweeping statements that assert that economic globalization is increasing global poverty and inequality between the rich and the poor in the world. There are also many others who insist that the poverty and inequality issues have been resolved in some sense through globalization. In order to find the answer to the question, firstly the meaning of globalization was fully explained. Based on the understanding of globalization, the questions such as how globalization has contributed to reduce the economic gap between the developed and the developing countries, and to reduce the poverty by analyzing the economic growth, the number of people living below the absolute poverty line and so on were analyzed. The reasons why globalization is a good opportunity for some countries while some other countries get not something from the globalization was also discussed in this research. We found that globalization has contributed to reduce global poverty and to increase the welfare of both the developed and developing countries. However globalization has impacted different groups differently. Some have benefited enormously, while others have borne more of the costs. The developed countries could get more economic benefits from the less developed countries through globalization. This means, inequality between the rich and the poor countries still remained as a serious threat in the global economy. And even among the developing countries globalization has impacted differently. The trends toward faster growth and poverty reduction are strongest in developing economies that have integrated with the global economy most rapidly, which supports the view that integration has been a positive force for improving the lives of people in developing countries There are two main reasons for the inequality existing between the developed and developing countries. The fist one is the difference of economic size and power between the developed countries and the developing countries started to exist from the late 18th century. The second one is the differences in the management skill in taking advantage of the globalization.
Security Concerns in Northeast Asia and ROK's Roles
Authors: Lee Sang-Hwan 
Published: January 2012

Even though South Korea increases its military power, it clearly cannot reach the level of military forces of Japan and China. If South Korea is concerned about the military power of neighboring countries or unspecified threats in the future, it is essential to maintain the alliance with the United States. Thus, military alliance with the United States should be maintained in whatever forms. Given the size of the ROK and its economic capacity, it is obvious that it cannot compete with the powers surrounding the country. Because the United States will be engaged in Northeast Asia, so far as it has significant security interests in the region, and holds the status of world leader, keeping military alliance with it will be beneficial to South Korea. In Northeast Asia, it is imperative to maintain a stability and peace among major powers. When an equilibrium breaks down in the region, Korea may be a victim of non-equlibrium. To deter this worst situation, maintaining a close alliance with the United States and creating a regional security regime including four major powers are essential.
Islamic Studies in Korea
Authors: Chang Byung-Ock 
Published: January 2012

Islamic Studies in Korea began with the demand for specialized knowledge about Middle Eastern countries during the oil boom after the Arab-Israeli War in the 1970s. It was then that the Korean government paid special attention to the Middle East. A pioneer of the Middle East and Islamic Studies in Korea is Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS). The university has departments of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Malay-Indonesian and Central Asian Languages, and offers some Islamic-related curricula. The emphasis on the Middle East as pursued by Korea led to the inauguration of The Institute of the Middle East Studies (MES) at HUFS in 1976, The Korean Association of the Middle East Studies (KAMES) in 1979, and finally The Korean Association of Islamic Studies (KAIS) in 1989. At the same time, Islamic Studies in Korea have faced many problems and challenges. One of them has been that some scholars, as well as the public, are prepossessed with simplified bad images of Islam. Rapid expansion of Islam has been incorrectly described with the phrase, “A sword in one hand, a Quran in the other hand” by the West. The misrepresenting expression on Islam as “war-like”, “terror”, and “a forced propagation” religion in Korea blocked any true understanding of Islam. That is the result that one sided reports of powerful Western mass media on the affairs of the Islamic world have penetrated into Korean society without any filtration for half a century. Islam has been widely spread as a strange religion in Korea. These facts have functioned as a barrier which prevented our society from having the right image of Islam.
U.S. Advance Pricing Agreement: An Option to Resolve International Tax Dispute in Transfer Pricing Cases
Authors: Park Min 
Published: January 2012

Obtaining a preliminary approval from its tax authority as to its mehodologies of transfer pricing would provide taxpayers with a safe harbor. This preliminary measure provides positive assurance against unexpected income allocation adjustments made by the tax authority. Such a procedure is commonly referred to as an “Advance Pricing Agreement(APA).” In order to be an effective income allocation method, an APA must be an either binational or multinational. Only binational or multinational APA could supplement the judicial, administrative, and treaty mechanisms for resolving transfer pricing issues related to income allocation when the traditional methods fails or are difficult to apply. The binational APA negates the need to obtain APAs from two tax authorities and reduces the possibility of lengthy competent authority audits and negotiation. Thus, the binational APA can decreases burdens on both the taxpayers and tax authorities, and also helps avoid the risk of double taxation.
Recombinant antibodies encoded by IGHV1-69 react with pUL32, a phosphoprotein of cytomegalovirus and B-cell superantigen
Authors: Steininger Christoph , Widhopf George F. , Ghia Emanuela M. , Morello Christopher S. , Vanura Katrina , Sanders Rebecca , Spector Deborah , Guiney Don , Jäger Ulrich , Kipps Thomas J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLeukemia cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) express a highly restricted immunoglobulin heavy variable chain (IGHV) repertoire, suggesting that a limited set of antigens reacts with leukemic cells. Here, we evaluated the reactivity of a panel of different CLL recombinant antibodies (rAbs) encoded by the most commonly expressed IGHV genes with a panel of selected viral and bacterial pathogens. Six different CLL rAbs encoded by IGHV1-69 or IGHV3-21, but not a CLL rAb encoded by IGHV4-39 genes, reacted with a single protein of human cytomegalovirus (CMV). The CMV protein was identified as the large structural phosphoprotein pUL32. In contrast, none of the CLL rAbs bound to any other structure of CMV, adenovirus serotype 2, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, or of cells used for propagation of these microorganisms. Monoclonal antibodies or humanized rAbs of irrelevant specificity to pUL32 did not react with any of the proteins present in the different lysates. Still, rAbs encoded by a germ line IGHV1-69 51p1 allele from CMV-seropositive and -negative adults also reacted with pUL32. The observed reactivity of multiple different CLL rAbs and natural antibodies from CMV-seronegative adults with pUL32 is consistent with the properties of a superantigen.
Platelet Ca2+ responses coupled to glycoprotein VI and Toll-like receptors persist in the presence of endothelial-derived inhibitors: roles for secondary activation of P2X1 receptors and release from intracellular Ca2+ stores
Authors: Fung C. Y. Eleanor , Jones Sarah , Ntrakwah Adwoa , Naseem Khalid M. , Farndale Richard W. , Mahaut-Smith Martyn P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractInhibition of Ca2+ mobilization by cyclic nucleotides is central to the mechanism whereby endothelial-derived prostacyclin and nitric oxide limit platelet activation in the intact circulation. However, we show that ∼ 50% of the Ca2+ response after stimulation of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) by collagen, or of Toll-like 2/1 receptors by Pam3Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4), is resistant to prostacyclin. At low agonist concentrations, the prostacyclin-resistant Ca2+ response was predominantly because of P2X1 receptors activated by ATP release via a phospholipase-C–coupled secretory pathway requiring both protein kinase C and cytosolic Ca2+ elevation. At higher agonist concentrations, an additional pathway was observed because of intracellular Ca2+ release that also depended on activation of phospholipase C and, for TLR 2/1, PI3-kinase. Secondary activation of P2X1-dependent Ca2+ influx also persisted in the presence of nitric oxide, delivered from spermine NONOate, or increased ectonucleotidase levels (apyrase). Surprisingly, apyrase was more effective than prostacyclin and NO at limiting secondary P2X1 activation. Dilution of platelets reduced the average extracellular ATP level without affecting the percentage contribution of P2X1 receptors to collagen-evoked Ca2+ responses, indicating a highly efficient activation mechanism by local ATP. In conclusion, platelets possess inhibitor-resistant Ca2+ mobilization pathways, including P2X1 receptors, that may be particularly important during early thrombotic or immune-dependent platelet activation.
Trisomies in multiple myeloma: impact on survival in patients with high-risk cytogenetics
Authors: Kumar Shaji , Fonseca Rafael , Ketterling Rhett P. , Dispenzieri Angela , Lacy Martha Q. , Gertz Morie A. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Buadi Francis K. , Dingli David , Knudson Ryan A. , Greenberg Alexandra , Russell Stephen J. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Lust John A. , Kyle Robert A. , Bergsagel Leif , Rajkumar S. Vincent 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Routine incorporation of FISH into multiple myeloma (MM) diagnostic testing has led to a better appreciation of the heterogeneity of genetic abnormalities associated with this disease. We studied a group of 484 patients with newly diagnosed symptomatic MM to better understand the prevalence of the various abnormalities and the prognostic significance of the overlapping abnormalities. A translocation involving the IgH locus and 1 of the 5 recurrent partner chromosomes was seen in 161 (33%) patients, and 275 (57%) had trisomy of at least 1 odd-numbered chromosome. High-risk FISH, defined as the presence of t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), or loss of P53, was seen in 115 (24%) patients; the median overall survival for this group was 3.9 years, compared with “not reached” for standard-risk patients (P < .001). Among the patients with high-risk FISH, 49 patients who also had at least 1 trisomy had a median overall survival that was not reached, compared with 3 years for high-risk patients without a concurrent trisomy (P = .01). Based on the current findings, we conclude that the presence of trisomies in patients with t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), or p53 deletion abnormalities in MM ameliorates the usual adverse impact associated with these prognostic markers.
Hepcidin is the major predictor of erythrocyte iron incorporation in anemic African children
Authors: Prentice Andrew M. , Doherty Conor P. , Abrams Steven A. , Cox Sharon E. , Atkinson Sarah H. , Verhoef Hans , Armitage Andrew E. , Drakesmith Hal 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIron supplementation strategies in the developing world remain controversial because of fears of exacerbating prevalent infectious diseases. Understanding the conditions in which iron will be absorbed and incorporated into erythrocytes is therefore important. We studied Gambian children with either postmalarial or nonmalarial anemia, who were given oral iron supplements daily for 30 days. Supplements administered on days 1 and 15 contained the stable iron isotopes 57Fe and 58Fe, respectively, and erythrocyte incorporation was measured in blood samples drawn 14 days later. We investigated how the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin and other inflammatory/iron-related indices, all measured on the day of isotope administration, correlated with erythrocyte iron incorporation. In univariate analyses, hepcidin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) strongly predicted incorporation of 57Fe given on day 1, while hepcidin, ferritin, and sTfR/log ferritin correlated with 58Fe incorporation. In a final multivariate model, the most consistent predictor of erythrocyte isotope incorporation was hepcidin. We conclude that under conditions of competing signals (anemia, iron deficiency, and infection), hepcidin powerfully controls use of dietary iron. We suggest that low-cost point-of-care hepcidin assays would aid iron supplementation programs in the developing world.
Desmosomal cadherins in zebrafish epiboly and gastrulation
Authors: Goonesinghe Alexander , Luan Xing-Ming , Hurlstone Adam , Garrod David 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
The desmosomal cadherins (DCs), desmocollin (Dsc) and desmoglein (Dsg), are the adhesion molecules of desmosomes, intercellular adhesive junctions of epithelia and cardiac muscle. Both the DCs and desmosomes have demonstrably essential roles in mammalian development. In order to initiate their study in a more tractable developmental system we have characterised zebrafish DCs and examined their roles in early zebrafish development.

Results
We find that zebrafish possess one Dsc, the orthologue of mammalian Dsc1, which we designate zfDsc. Unlike mammalian Dscs, zfDsc exists only as the "a" form since it lacks the alternatively-spliced mini-exon that shortens the cytoplasmic domain to produce the "b" form. Zebrafish possess two Dsgs, designated zfDsgα and zfDsgβ, orthologues of mammalian Dsg2. They show 43.8% amino acid identity and the α form has a 43 amino acid glycine-rich sequence of unknown function in its extracellular domain. Both zfDsc and zfDsgα were present as maternal and zygotic transcripts whereas zfDsgβ was first expressed from 8 hours post-fertilisation (hpf). All three transcripts were present throughout subsequent stages of development. Morpholino knockdown of both zfDsc and zfDsgα expression produced similar defects in epiboly, axis elongation and somite formation, associated with abnormal desmosomes or reduced desmosome numbers.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate an important role for DCs and desmosomes in the early morphogenesis of the zebrafish embryo, provide a basis for more detailed analysis of their role and raise interesting questions relating to the evolution and functional significance of DC isoforms.
Community-based educational intervention to limit the dissemination of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusin Northern Saskatchewan, Canada
Authors: Golding George R , Quinn Brian , Bergstrom Kirsten , Stockdale Donna , Woods Shirley , Nsungu Mandiangu , Brooke Barb , Levett Paul N , Horsman Greg , McDonald Ryan , Szklarczuk Brian , Silcox Steve , Paton Shirley , Carson Mary , Mulvey Michael R , Irvine James ,   the Northern Antibiotic Resistance Partnership
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackgroundSurveillance examining the incidence of community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) was conducted over 8 years beginning in 2001 in three health regions covering the northern half of Saskatchewan. The annual rate of individuals reported with CA-MRSA infection in these regions dramatically increased from 8.2 per 10,000 population in 2001 (range to 4.4-10.1 per 10,000) to 168.1 per 10,000 in 2006 (range 43.4-230.9 per 10,000). To address this issue, a team of community members, healthcare professionals, educators and research scientists formed a team called "the Northern Antibiotic Resistance Partnership" (NARP) to develop physician, patient, community, and school based educational materials in an attempt to limit the spread of CA-MRSA.MethodsPosters, radio broadcasts, community slide presentations, physician treatment algorithms, patient pamphlets, and school educational programs Do Bugs Need Drugshttp://www.dobugsneeddrugs.organd Germs Awayhttp://www.germsaway.cawere provided to targeted northern communities experiencing high rates of infections.ResultsFollowing implementation of this program, the rates of MRSA infections in the targeted communities have decreased nearly two-fold (242.8 to 129.3 infections/10,000 population) from 2006 to 2008. Through pre-and post-educational intervention surveys, this decrease in MRSA infections coincided with an increase in knowledge related to appropriate antimicrobial usage and hand washing in these communities.ConclusionThese educational materials are all freely availablehttp://www.narp.caand will hopefully aid in increasing awareness of the importance of proper antimicrobial usage and hygiene in diminishing the spread ofS. aureusand other infectious diseases in other communities.
Mutant pfcrt "SVMNT" haplotype and wild type pfmdr1 "N86" are endemic in Plasmodium vivax dominated areas of India under high chloroquine exposure
Authors: Mallick Prashant K , Joshi Hema , Valecha Neena , Sharma Surya K , Eapen Alex , Bhatt Rajendra M , Srivastava Harish C , Sutton Patrick L , Dash Aditya P , Bhasin Virendra K 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
Chloroquine resistance (CQR) phenotype in Plasmodium falciparum is associated with mutations in pfcrt and pfmdr-1 genes. Mutations at amino acid position 72-76 of pfcrt gene, here defined as pfcrt haplotype are associated with the geographic origin of chloroquine resistant parasite. Here, mutations at 72-76 and codon 220 of pfcrt gene and N86Y pfmdr-1 mutation were studied in blood samples collected across 11 field sites, inclusive of high and low P. falciparum prevalent areas in India. Any probable correlation between these mutations and clinical outcome of CQ treatment was also investigated.

Methods
Finger pricked blood spotted on Whatman No.3 papers were collected from falciparum malaria patients of high and low P. falciparum prevalent areas. For pfcrt haplotype investigation, the parasite DNA was extracted from blood samples and used for PCR amplification, followed by partial sequencing of the pfcrt gene. For pfmdr-1 N86Y mutation, the PCR product was subjected to restriction digestion with AflIII endonuclease enzyme.

Results
In 240 P. falciparum isolates with reported in vivo CQ therapeutic efficacy, the analysis of mutations in pfcrt gene shows that mutant SVMNT-S (67.50%) and CVIET-S (23.75%) occurred irrespective of clinical outcome and wild type CVMNK-A (7.91%) occurred only in adequate clinical and parasitological response samples. Of 287 P. falciparum isolates, SVMNTS 192 (66.89%) prevailed in all study sites and showed almost monomorphic existence (98.42% isolates) in low P. falciparum prevalent areas. However, CVIETS-S (19.51%) and CVMNK-A (11.84%) occurrence was limited to high P. falciparum prevalent areas. Investigation of pfmdr-1 N86Y mutation shows no correlation with clinical outcomes. The wild type N86 was prevalent in all the low P. falciparum prevalent areas (94.48%). However, mutant N86Y was comparably higher in numbers at the high P. falciparum prevalent areas (42.76%).

Conclusions
The wild type pfcrt gene is linked to chloroquine sensitivity; however, presence of mutation cannot explain the therapeutic efficacy of CQ in the current scenario of chloroquine resistance. The monomorphic existence of mutant SVMNT haplotype, infer inbreeding and faster spread of CQR parasite in areas with higher P. vivax prevalance and chloroquine exposure, whereas, diversity is maintained in pfcrt gene at high P. falciparum prevalent areas.