bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of oral lesions in relation to clinical and immunological status among HIV‐infected adult Tanzanians
Authors: Matee MI , Scheutz F. , Moshy J. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine the association, if any, between the presence of oral lesions and clinical and immunological status of untreated HIV‐infected adults in Tanzania.DESIGN: A cross‐sectional study.SETTING: AIDS Clinical Trial Clinic (ATCC) at Muhimbili Medical Centre in Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania. SUBJECTS: 192 HIV‐infected individuals not receiving treatment; 156 individuals confirmed to be HIV‐sero‐negative acted as a control group.METHODS: Examination of oral structures, determination of HIV serostatus, clinical status, and peripheral CD4+ T cell and total lymphocyte counts.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Presence of oral lesionS. RESULTS: Intra‐oral lesions were seen among 7.7% of the HIV‐seronegative, 10.4% of the HIV‐seropositive and 36.8% of the AIDS groups, respectively. Enlarged parotid glands were seen in 20% of the AIDS patients, 11.9% of the HIV‐seropositives, and 5.1% of the HIV seronegativeS. Enlargement of submandibular salivary glands was seen in 29.6% of the AIDS patients, 31.3% of the HIV‐seropositives compared with 14.7% among the HIV‐seronegativeS. Multiple regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) for presence of oral lesionS. OR for an intra‐oral lesion was 1.6 (95% CI = 0.5; 5.0) among the HIV‐seropositives and 8.2 (95% CI = 3.5; 19.7) among the AIDS patients using the HIV‐seronegatives as reference. OR for an intra‐oral lesion was 0.9 (95% CI = 0.3; 2.9) in HIV‐infected patients with peripheral CD4+ T cell count of between 200–500 cells mm‐3 and 2.7 (95% CI = 0.9; 7.7) in patients with less than 200 cells mm‐3.OR for an intra‐oral lesion was 0.4 (95% CI = 0.2; 0.9) for patients with peripheral total lymphocyte counts of between 1000–2000 cells mm‐3 and 0.9 (95 CI = 0.4; 2.0) for patients with less than 1000 cells mm‐3.CONCLUSION: The association of oral lesions with the clinical stage of HIV infection and to a lesser extent peripheral CD4+ T cell count does suggest that these lesions could be used as additional markers of immunosuppression and AIDS.
Human immunodeficiency virus‐positive individuals with oral hairy leukoplakia are able to mount cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to Epstein‐Barr virus
Authors: de Jong A , Palefsky JM , Stites DP , Nakagawa M 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is a white lesion of the tongue that is caused by Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and occurs mainly in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of OHL reflects the absence of EBV‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: EBV‐specific CTL responses were measured in HIV‐positive homosexual men with OHL, HIV‐positive homosexual men without OHL, and HIV‐negative homosexual men. Also, the phenotypes of cells responsible for EBV‐specific responses were studied.RESULTS: Eighty percent (8/10) of HIV‐positive subjects with OHL, 52% (12/23) of HIV‐positive subjects without OHL, and 83% (15/18) HIV‐negative subjects had a positive anti‐EBV CTL response (P= 0.004, Kruskal‐Wallis test). Two HIV‐positive subjects showed a greater anti‐EBV CTL response after developing OHL than before the appearance of OHL. Additional experiments showed that CD8‐positive T cells and CD4‐positive T cells were responsible for the EBV‐specific CTL responses.CONCLUSION: Our data show more EBV‐specific CTL activities in HIV‐positive individuals with OHL than in HIV‐positive individuals without OHL. Whether the presence of EBV‐specific CTL contributes to resolution of OHL remains to be clarified.
Combined strategies for enhancing the transdermal absorption of midazolam through human skin
Authors: Balaguer-Fernández Cristina , Femenía-Font Andrés , Muedra Vicente , Merino Virginia , López-Castellano Alicia 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Midazolam administration by intravenous or intramuscular injection produces pain and stress. For this reason, alternative methods of administration have been proposed. The transdermal administration of midazolam could improve patient comfort, which is especially important for children in the pre-operative period. We aimed to assess the effect of iontophoresis and chemical percutaneous enhancers applied individually and together, to determine if a synergistic effect is achieved when both enhancement techniques are simultaneously employed.

Methods
This work reports the characterization of the passive diffusion of midazolam hydrochloride through human skin in vitro and evaluates the effect of iontophoresis application and chemical percutaneous enhancers on said diffusion when employed both individually and in combination.

Key findings
Percutaneous absorption assays demonstrated that the physical technique of iontophoresis, when applied alone, moderately increased midazolam hydrochloride permeation flux through human skin, producing a similar effect to that obtained with R-(+)-limonene chemical enhancer. Among the strategies assayed, it was observed that Azone produced the most pronounced enhancement effect when applied separately. The combination of pre-treatment with Azone and iontophoresis exhibited a higher capacity for enhancing the transdermal flux of midazolam through human skin than Azone alone.

Conclusions
In conclusion, when applied individually, Azone exhibited the greatest enhancement effect on the transdermal diffusion of midazolam of the various strategies assayed. The combination of Azone and iontophoresis produce the highest transdermal steady-state flux of midazolam but no synergic effect was achieved when the two enhancement strategies were applied in combination, showing that although selecting the best conditions for iontophoresis application, it is less effective for augmenting the transdermal delivery of midazolam than the chemical enhancer Azone.
Difference in blood tacrolimus concentration between ACMIA and MEIA in samples with low haematocrit values
Authors: Doki Kosuke , Homma Masato , Hori Tetsuo , Tomita Takashi , Hasegawa Yuichi , Ito Satoshi , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Kaneko Michio , Chiba Shigeru , Sumida Takayuki , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro , Kohda Yukinao 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to compare blood tacrolimus concentrations in anaemic patients between affinity column-mediated immunoassay (ACMIA) and microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA).

Methods
Blood concentrations of tacrolimus in 235 whole-blood samples from 64 patients treated with tacrolimus were determined by the two assay methods. Fifty-three samples had low haematocrit (Ht) values (&lt;25%), whereas the other samples had normal Ht values.

Key findings
Measured tacrolimus concentrations in samples with normal Ht values did not differ between ACMIA and MEIA (median, range; 6.6, 0–29.1 vs 7.3, 0–27.4 ng/ml). On the other hand, MEIA determined significantly higher tacrolimus concentrations in samples with lower Ht values compared with ACMIA (14.0, 2.4–25.7 vs 11.5, 0–21.3 ng/ml; P &lt; 0.05). This difference was caused by overestimated blood concentrations in MEIA derived from lower Ht values, which could be corrected using the Ht value for each sample (calculated MEIA (MEIAcalc)). The corrected concentrations (MEIAcalc; 10.8, 0–21.3 ng/ml) were comparable with those of ACMIA. It was confirmed that the difference in concentrations between ACMIA and MEIA was remarkable in routine monitoring of blood tacrolimus for a liver transplant recipient with anaemia.

Conclusions
ACMIA can be applied to routine therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus therapy in anaemic patients.
Development and oral bioavailability assessment of a supersaturated self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of albendazole
Authors: Mukherjee Tusharmouli , Plakogiannis Fotios M 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Albendazole's (ABZ) poor aqueous solubility is a major determinant of its variable therapeutic response (20–50%). The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize the composition of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of ABZ and assess its oral pharmacokinetics in rabbits.

Methods
A D-optimal mixture design of experiments was used to select the levels of constraints of the formulation variables. The predicted composition was optimized using four responses: dispersion performance, droplet sizes, dissolution efficiency (DE) and time for 85% drug release (t85%).

Key findings
The optimal composition of the ABZ-SMEDDS formulation, with approximately 5 mg/g drug loading of ABZ, was predicted to be Cremophor EL (30% w/w), Tween 80 (15% w/w), Capmul PG-8 (10% w/w) and acidified PEG 400 (45% w/w). An increase of 63% in the relative bioavailability compared with the commercial suspension was obtained with ABZ-SMEDDS as measured by albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) plasma levels. The area under the curve (AUC0→24h) and the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of ABZ-SMEDDS was higher than those obtained with the commercial suspension by 56% and 52%, respectively.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates a strategy for the development of a supersaturated SMEDDS formulation of a drug with low aqueous solubility.
Abstract only
Authors: Meng Lingchuan , Johnson Jeremy , Franchetti Franz , Voronenko Yevgen , Maza Marc Moreno , Xie Yuzhen 
Published: August 2010

In this poster we present the use of the SPIRAL system (www.spiral.net) to generate code for modular Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). SPIRAL is a library generation system that automatically generates platform-tuned implementations of digital signal processing algorithms with an emphasis on fast transforms. Currently, SPRIAL can generate highly optimized fixed point and floating-point FFTs for a variety of platforms including vectorization, multi-threaded and distributed memory parallelization. The code produced is competitive with the best available code for these platforms and SPIRAL is used by Intel for its IPP (Intel Performance Primitives) and MKL (Math kernel Library) libraries.
The SPIRAL system uses a mathematical framework for representing and deriving algorithms. Algorithms are derived using rewrite rules and additional rules are used to symbolically manipulate algorithms into forms that take advantage of the underlying hardware. A search engine with a feedback loop is used to tune implementations to particular platforms. New transforms are added by introducing new symbols and their definition and new algorithms can be generated by adding new rules.
We extended SPIRAL to generate algorithms for FFT computation over finite fields. This addition required adding a new data type, several new rules and a new transform (ModDFT) definition. In addition, the unparser (where code is generated) was extended so that it can generate scalar and vectorized code for modular arithmetic. With these enhancements, the SPRIAL machinery can be applied to modular transforms that are of interest to the computer algebra community. This provides a framework for systematically optimizing these transforms, utilizing vector and parallel computation, and for automatically tuning them to different platforms. In this poster we present preliminary results from this exploration. We show that the code generated by SPIRAL, with improved cache locality and vectorization, is approximately ten times faster than the modular FFT code in the modpn library.
CTP-based programming languages?
Authors: Haftmann Florian , Kaliszyk Cezary , Neuper Walther 
Published: August 2010

This paper discusses plans for joint work in order to gain early feedback from the community. Three lines of work pursued independently so far shall be joined: (1) narrowing the gap between declarative program specification and program generation already working in Isabelle, (2) reusing work, which embedded an input-response-loop resembling Computer Algebra Systems (CAS) into HOL Light, and (3) reconstructing an experimental language for applied mathematics by exploiting established as well as emerging features of Isabelle/Isar.
These plans have to be seen as part of a variety of highly active research areas -- on "integration of the deduction and the computational power" of Computer Theorem Proving (CTP) and CAS respectively (Calculemus), on "innovative theoretical and technological solutions for content-based systems" (MKM), on "Programming Languages for Mechanized Mathematics Systems" (PLMMS), just to cite from some related interest groups. Facing the abundant variety of approaches, of intermediate results and of ongoing developments, and taking under consideration the many difficulties in integrating such approaches, we pursue pragmatic goals: Design a component indispensable for working engineers, a programming language for engineering applications. Use Isabelle for an experimental embedding of the language, which is useful at least in engineering education as soon as possible.
LEMA
Authors: Lefèvre Vincent , Théveny Philippe , de Dinechin Florent , Jeannerod Claude-Pierre , Mouilleron Christophe , Pfannholzer David , Revol Nathalie 
Published: August 2010

Generating certified and efficient numerical codes requires information ranging from the mathematical level to the representation of numbers. Even though the mathematical semantics can be expressed using the content part of MathML, this language does not encompass the implementation on computers. Indeed various arithmetics may be involved, like floating-point or fixed-point, in fixed precision or arbitrary precision, and current tools do not handle all of these.
Therefore we propose in this paper LEMA (Langage pour les Expressions Math'ematiques Annot'ees), a descriptive language based on MathML with additional expressiveness. LEMA will be used during the automatic generation of certified numerical codes. Such a generation process typically involves several steps, and LEMA would thus act as a glue to represent and store the information at every stage.
First, we specify in the language the characteristics of the arithmetic as described in the IEEE 754 floatingpoint standard: formats, exceptions, rounding modes. This can be generalized to other arithmetics. Then, we use annotations to attach a specific arithmetic context to an expression tree. Finally, considering the evaluation of the expression in this context allows us to deduce several properties on the result, like being exact or being an exception. Other useful properties include numerical ranges and error bounds.
Advances in the Estimation of Ice Particle Fall Speeds Using Laboratory and Field Measurements
Authors: Heymsfield A. J. , Westbrook C. D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Accurate estimates for the fall speed of natural hydrometeors are vital if their evolution in clouds is to be understood quantitatively. In this study, laboratory measurements of the terminal velocity υt for a variety of ice particle models settling in viscous fluids, along with wind-tunnel and field measurements of ice particles settling in air, have been analyzed and compared to common methods of computing υt from the literature. It is observed that while these methods work well for a number of particle types, they fail for particles with open geometries, specifically those particles for which the area ratio Ar is small (Ar is defined as the area of the particle projected normal to the flow divided by the area of a circumscribing disc). In particular, the fall speeds of stellar and dendritic crystals, needles, open bullet rosettes, and low-density aggregates are all overestimated. These particle types are important in many cloud types: aggregates in particular often dominate snow precipitation at the ground and vertically pointing Doppler radar measurements.
Based on the laboratory data, a simple modification to previous computational methods is proposed, based on the area ratio. This new method collapses the available drag data onto an approximately universal curve, and the resulting errors in the computed fall speeds relative to the tank data are less than 25% in all cases. Comparison with the (much more scattered) measurements of ice particles falling in air show strong support for this new method, with the area ratio bias apparently eliminated.
Nonlinear Waves ahead of Fronts in the Great Australian Bight
Authors: Schmidt Christoph W. , Goler Robert A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This study investigates nonlinear waves ahead of cold fronts in the Great Australian Bight, south of the Australian continent. These waves often form a series of roll clouds on their crests analogous to the “morning glory,” which is observed around the Gulf of Carpentaria in northeastern Australia. High-resolution visible satellite imagery from NASA’s polar-orbiting Aqua and Terra satellites between 23 October 2004 and 29 February 2008 is used to determine how frequently these cloud lines occur ahead of cold fronts. A total of 14 cases are identified with the most cases occurring in summer and none occurring in winter. The authors hypothesize that the summer maximum is due to a combination of lower cloud amounts associated with summertime cold fronts, and a stronger maritime stable layer, which is produced as hot continental air, is advected offshore.
Three cloud line events are modeled using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5, version 3.6). In each case the low-level divergence field reveals convergence lines, which coincide with the cloud lines as identified on the satellite images. In two cases vertical cross sections of virtual potential temperature and horizontal and vertical velocity through the disturbances show a cold front advancing into a stratified environment leading to wave production at the leading edge of the cold air mass. Modeled maximal upward velocities range between 0.8 and 2.5 m s−1. Surface pressure jumps of about 1 hPa associated with the propagating waves occur in each case, which coincides with that predicted by simple bore theory. In two cases the front moves at supercritical speed (i.e., the frontal speed is larger than the speed of the fastest mode of small-amplitude long waves). In the third case the front does not propagate and the nonlinear waves produced become stationary as well.
Social Media as a Source of Meteorological Observations
Authors: Hyvärinen Otto , Saltikoff Elena 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
An increasing number of people leave their mark on the Internet by publishing personal notes (e.g., text, photos, videos) on Web-based services such as Facebook and Flickr. This creates a vast source of information that could be utilized in meteorology, for example, as a complement to traditional weather observations. Photo-sharing services offer an increasing amount of useful data, as modern mobile devices can automatically include coordinates and time stamps on photos, and users can easily tag them for content. In this study, different weather-related photos and their metadata were accessed from the photo-sharing service Flickr, and their reliability was assessed. Case studies of hail detection were then performed. The position of hail detected in the atmosphere by radar was compared with positions of Flickr photos depicting hail on the ground. As a result of this preliminary study, the authors think that further exploration of the use of Flickr photographs is warranted, and the consideration of other social media as data sources can be recommended.
Pre-clinical laboratory evaluation of the new ‘AF’ arterial line filter range
Authors: Yarham Gemma , Mulholland John 
Published: August 2010

Introduction: The presence of emboli was recognised relatively early in the history of open heart surgery. The emboli produced during cardiopulmonary bypass have the predisposition to distribute into, and ultimately obstruct, microvessels of all tissues. The Sorin Group has recently developed a new range of arterial line filters. Before the Sorin AF range of filters was released for pre-launch clinical trials, our group performed in vitro laboratory testing of the AF range against a selection of commercially available filters on the global market. Results: The Sorin AF620 and AF640 demonstrate both the smallest prime volume and smallest surface contact area (92ml and 290cm2, respectively).The results of the GME Handling Efficiency experiments ranged by 39.6%, from 95.9% to 56.3%. In terms of an air bolus handling, the results of the Limit Bolus experiment ranged by 97ml, from 147.5ml down to 50ml. The pressure drop across all the filters was measured under steady state experimental conditions. All of the above investigations were considered against surface area and prime volume. Conclusion: It is clear from the results that some commercially available arterial line filters perform better than others, not only in overall performance, but also with regard to individual characteristics. Evaluating arterial line filters for hospital-specific use has to balance pressure drop, surface area, micro air handling, prime volume and gross air handling; all points need to be considered. In the AF620 and AF640, Sorin boast that they are the two smallest prime and smallest surface area filters commercially available on the global market. The Sorin AF filter range performs well in all of the areas we investigated and will be a competitive option for centres, irrespective of which characteristics they use to evaluate and select their arterial line filter.
In anemia of multiple myeloma, hepcidin is induced by increased bone morphogenetic protein 2
Authors: Maes Ken , Nemeth Elizabeta , Roodman G. David , Huston Alissa , Esteve Flavia , Freytes Cesar , Callander Natalie , Katodritou Eirini , Tussing-Humphreys Lisa , Rivera Seth , Vanderkerken Karin , Lichtenstein Alan , Ganz Tomas 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Hepcidin is the principal iron-regulatory hormone and a pathogenic factor in anemia of inflammation. Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) frequently present with anemia. We showed that MM patients had increased serum hepcidin, which inversely correlated with hemoglobin, suggesting that hepcidin contributes to MM-related anemia. Searching for hepcidin-inducing cytokines in MM, we quantified the stimulation of hepcidin promoter-luciferase activity in HuH7 cells by MM sera. MM sera activated the hepcidin promoter significantly more than did normal sera. We then examined the role of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), the major transcriptional regulators of hepcidin. Mutations in both BMP-responsive elements abrogated the activation dramatically, while mutations in the IL-6–responsive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-binding site (STAT3-BS) had only a minor effect. Cotreatment with anti–BMP-2/4 or noggin-Fc blocked the promoter induction with all MM sera, anti–IL-6 blocked it with a minority of sera, whereas anti–BMP-4, -6, or -9 antibodies had no effect. BMP-2–immunodepleted MM sera had decreased promoter stimulatory capacity, and BMP-2 concentrations in MM sera were significantly higher than in normal sera. Our results demonstrate that BMP-2 is a major mediator of the hepcidin stimulatory activity of MM sera.