bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does religious involvement protect against early drinking? A behavior genetic approach
Authors: Harden K. Paige 
Published: April 2010

Background:  Adolescent involvement in religious organizations has been hypothesized to protect against early age at first drink. However, the correlation between adolescent religiosity and later age at first drink may be confounded by environmental or genetic differences between families. This study tests whether, after controlling for shared environmental and genetic confounds using a behavior genetic design, the association between individual levels of religiosity and earlier age at first drink is still evident.Method:  Twin and sibling pairs were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally‐representative sample of US adolescents. Age at first drink was measured as how old adolescents were when they first had a drink of beer, wine, or liquor. Religiosity was measured using four items concerning frequency of religious activities and importance of religious beliefs. Using twins and siblings who were discordant for religiosity, analyses tested whether religious adolescents had a later age at first drink than their non‐religious co‐twins/co‐siblings.Results:  Religious adolescents did not differ from their non‐religious siblings in their mean age at first drink. Results from survival models indicate that environmental differences between families completely account for the correlation between religiosity and later age at first drink.Conclusions:  Results suggest that individual religious involvement is a proxy variable for family or cultural environments that are salient for when adolescents initiate alcohol use. Future research is needed to identify specific protective environments in religious families. These results have implications for both public policy and etiological theory.
The contribution of reactive oxygen species and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase to myofilament oxidation and progression of heart failure in rabbits
Authors: Heusch P , Canton M , Aker S , van de Sand A , Konietzka I , Rassaf T , Menazza S , Brodde OE , Di Lisa F , Heusch G , Schulz R 
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose:  The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in heart failure (HF). However, the causal and mechanistic relationship of ROS formation with contractile dysfunction is not clear in detail. Therefore, ROS formation, myofibrillar protein oxidation and p38 MAP kinase activation were related to contractile function in failing rabbit hearts.Experimental approach and key results:  Three weeks of rapid left ventricular (LV) pacing reduced LV shortening fraction (SF, echocardiography) from 32 ± 1% to 13 ± 1%. ROS formation, as assessed by dihydroethidine staining, increased by 36 ± 8% and was associated with increased tropomyosin oxidation, as reflected by dimer formation (dimer to monomer ratio increased 2.28 ± 0.66‐fold in HF vs. sham, P < 0.05). Apoptosis (TdT‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling staining) increased more than 12‐fold after 3 weeks of pacing when a significant increase in the phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and HSP27 was detected (Western blotting). Vitamins C and E abolished the increases in ROS formation and tropomyosin oxidation along with an improvement of LVSF (19 ± 1%, P < 0.05 vs. untreated HF) and prevention of apoptosis, but without modifying p38 MAP kinase activation. Inhibition of p38 MAP kinase by SB281832 counteracted ROS formation, tropomyosin oxidation and contractile failure, without affecting apoptosis.Conclusions and implications:  Thus, p38 MAP kinase activation appears to be upstream rather than downstream of ROS, which impacts on LV function through myofibrillar oxidation. p38 MAP kinase inhibition is a potential target to prevent or treat HF.
Recent Trends in the Historiography on Warfare in the Colonial Period (1607–1765)
Authors: Grenier John 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis essay surveys recent trends (since the mid 1980s) in the historiography on warfare in the Colonial Period (1607–1765). In addition to traditional military history and biography, it focuses on works from the new social military history, ethnohistory, identity studies, and the new frontier and imperial histories. It identifies the current state of the field, as well as areas in need of further research and writing. Teachers can use this essay to contextualize the colonial period’s military history, undergraduate students will find it useful as bibliography/research aid, and graduate students can use it preparing for comprehensive examinations.
Generalized Make and Use Framework for Allocation in Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Suh Sangwon , Weidema Bo , Schmidt Jannick Hoejrup , Heijungs Reinout 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAllocation in life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis is one of the long‐standing methodological issues in life cycle assessment (LCA). Discussion on allocation among LCA researchers has taken place almost in complete isolation from the series of closely related discussions from the 1960s in the field of input−output economics, regarding the supply and use framework. This article aims at developing a coherent mathematical framework for allocation in LCA by connecting the parallel developments of the LCA and the input−output communities. In doing so, the article shows that the partitioning method in LCA is equivalent to the industry‐technology model in input−output economics, and system expansion in LCA is equivalent to the by‐product‐technology model in input−output output economics. Furthermore, we argue that the commodity‐technology model and the by‐product‐technology model, which have been considered as two different models in input−output economics for more than 40 years, are essentially equivalent when it comes to practical applications. It is shown that the matrix‐based approach used for system expansion successfully solves the endless regression problem that has been raised in LCA literature. A numerical example is introduced to demonstrate the use of allocation models. The relationship of these approaches with consequential and attributional LCA models is also discussed.
Brain Volume and Survival from Age 78 to 85: The Contribution of Alzheimer‐Type Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings
Authors: Staff Roger T. , Murray Alison D. , Ahearn Trevor , Salarirad Sima , Mowat Donald , Starr John M. , Deary Ian J. , Lemmon Helen , Whalley Lawrence J. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVES: To test the prediction of survival using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–derived global and regional brain volumes in subjects aged 78 to 79 without dementia.DESIGN: Observational follow‐up study.SETTING: University teaching hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Participants born in 1921, recruited in 1997/98 to a longitudinal study, who underwent brain MRI in 1999/2000.MEASUREMENTS: Vital status on May 12, 2006, global and regional brain volumes.RESULTS: Thirty‐seven of 98 (34.9%) participants died during follow‐up. After adjustment for cognitive ability at time of MRI examination, childhood intelligence, sex, hypertension, smoking history, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and age at MRI, proportion of intracranial volume occupied by the brain (brain fraction) predicted death before age 85 (P=.04). Participants with brain fraction less than 0.726 had more than twice the relative risk (2.8, 95% confidence interval=1.1–7.3) of death than participants with brain fraction greater 0.726. Lower survival was significantly associated with lower gray matter volumes in bilateral parietal and left frontoparietal areas and with lower white matter volumes in left parietal and right posterior temporal regions. Cox regression analysis showed that parietal white matter volume (P=.003), a subsequent diagnosis of dementia (P<.001), and sex (P=.004) were independent predictors of survival.CONCLUSION: In participants aged 78 to 79, a lower global brain fraction predicted survival to approximately age 85. Smaller regional volumetric brain reductions, seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD), also predicted survival independent of dementia. The presence of prodromal AD probably explain the main findings.
Missed Opportunities for Osteoporosis Treatment in Patients Hospitalized for Hip Fracture
Authors: Jennings Lee A. , Auerbach Andrew D. , Maselli Judith , Pekow Penelope S. , Lindenauer Peter K. , Lee Sei J. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVES: Although osteoporosis treatment can dramatically reduce fracture risk, rates of treatment after hip fracture remain low. In‐hospital initiation of recommended medications has improved outcomes in heart disease; hospitalization for hip fracture may represent a similar opportunity for improvement. The objective of this study was to examine rates of in‐hospital treatment with a combination of calcium and vitamin D (Cal+D) and antiresorptive or bone‐forming medications in patients hospitalized for hip fracturesDESIGN: Observational cohort.SETTING: Three hundred eighteen hospitals in the United States.PARTICIPANTS: Fifty‐one thousand three hundred forty‐six patients aged 65 and older hospitalized for osteoporotic hip fracture.MEASUREMENTS: In‐hospital administration of Cal+D and antiresorptive or bone‐forming medications.RESULTS: Three thousand four hundred five patients (6.6%) received Cal+D anytime after a procedure to correct femoral fracture; 3,763 patients (7.3%) received antiresorptive or bone‐forming medications. Only 1,023 patients (2.0%) were prescribed ideal therapy, receiving Cal+D and an antiresorptive or bone‐forming medication. Treatment rates remained low across virtually all patient‐, provider‐, and hospital‐level characteristics. The strongest predictor of treatment with Cal+D was the receipt of an antiresorptive or bone‐forming medication (adjusted odds ratio=5.50, 95% confidence interval=4.84–6.25), but only 27.2% of patients who received these medications also received Cal+D.CONCLUSION: Rates of in‐hospital initiation of osteoporosis treatment for patients with hip fracture are low and may represent an opportunity to improve care.
Trail Making Test Predicts Physical Impairment and Mortality in Older Persons
Authors: Vazzana Rosamaria , Bandinelli Stefania , Lauretani Fabrizio , Volpato Stefano , Lauretani Fulvio , Di Iorio Angelo , Abate Michele , Corsi Anna Maria , Milaneschi Yuri , Guralnik Jack M. , Ferrucci Luigi 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether performance in the Trail Making Test (TMT) predicts mobility impairment and mortality in older persons.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: Community‐dwelling older persons enrolled in the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) Study.PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred eighty‐three participants aged 65 and older and free of major cognitive impairment (Mini‐Mental State Examination score >21) with baseline data on TMT performance. Of these, 427 performed the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) for the assessment of lower extremity function at baseline and after 6 years. Of the initial 583 participants, 106 died during a 9‐year follow‐up.MEASUREMENTS: The TMT Parts A and B (TMT‐A and TMT‐B) and SPPB were administered at baseline and 6‐year follow‐up. Impaired mobility was defined as an SPPB score less than 10. Vital status was ascertained over a 9‐year follow‐up.RESULTS: InCHIANTI participants in the fourth quartile of the time to complete TMT‐B minus time to complete TMT‐A (TMT (B‐A)) were significantly more likely to develop an SPPB score less than 10 during the 6‐year follow‐up than those in the first quartile (relative risk (RR)=2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.4–3.9, P=.001). After adjusting for potential confounders, these findings were substantially unchanged (RR=2.2, 95% CI=1.4–3.6, P=.001). Worse performance on the TMT was associated with significantly greater decline in SPPB score over the 6‐year follow‐up, after adjusting for age, sex, and baseline SPPB scores (β=−0.01, standard error=0.003, P=.004). During the 9‐year follow‐up, 18.2% of the participants died. After adjustment for age and sex, the proportion of participants who died was higher in participants in the worst than the best performance quartile of TMT (B‐A) scores (hazard ratio (HR)=1.7, 95% CI=1.0–2.9, P=.048). Results were similar in a parsimonious adjusted model (HR=1.8, 95% CI=1.0–3.2, P=.04).CONCLUSION: Performance on the TMT is a strong, independent predictor of mobility impairment, accelerated decline in lower extremity function, and death in older adults living in the community. The TMT could be a useful addition to geriatric assessment.
Trends in the Prevalence and Comorbidities of Diabetes Mellitus in Nursing Home Residents in the United States: 1995–2004
Authors: Zhang Xinzhi , Decker Frederic H. , Luo Huabin , Geiss Linda S. , Pearson William S. , Saaddine Jinan B. , Gregg Edward W. , Albright Ann 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVES: To estimate trends in the prevalence and comorbidities of diabetes mellitus (DM) in U.S. nursing homes from 1995 to 2004.DESIGN: SAS callable SUDAAN was used to adjust for the complex sample design and assess changes in prevalence of DM and comorbidities during the study period in the National Nursing Home Surveys. Trends were assessed using weighted least squares linear regression. Multiple logistic regressions were used to calculate predictive margins.SETTING: A continuing series of two‐stage, cross‐sectional probability national sampling surveys.PARTICIPANTS: Residents aged 55 and older: 1995 (n=7,722), 1997 (n=7,717), 1999 (n=7,809), and 2004 (n=12,786).MEASUREMENTS: DM and its comorbidities identified using a standard set of diagnosis codes.RESULTS: The estimated crude prevalence of DM increased from 16.9% in 1995 to 26.4% in 2004 in male nursing home residents and from 16.1% to 22.2% in female residents (all P<.05). Male and female residents aged 85 and older and those with high functional impairment showed a significant increasing trend in DM (all P<.05). In people with DM, multivariate‐adjusted prevalence of cardiovascular disease increased from 59.6% to 75.4% for men and from 68.1% to 78.7% for women (all P<.05). Prevalence of most other comorbidities did not increase significantly.CONCLUSION: The burden of DM in residents of U.S. nursing homes has increased since 1995. This could be due to increasing DM prevalence in the general population or to changes in the population that nursing homes serve. Nursing home care practices may need to change to meet residents' changing needs.
A Comparison of the Nursing Practice Environment in Mental Health and Medical‐Surgical Settings
Authors: Roche Michael A. , Duffield Christine M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract Purpose: To examine the differences between characteristics of the work environment of nurses working in mental health and general acute inpatient nursing settings. Design: Secondary analysis of data collected on 96 randomly selected medical and surgical (general) wards and six mental health wards in 24 public acute general hospitals across two Australian states between 2004 and 2006. Methods: All nurses on the participating wards were asked to complete a survey that included the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (NWI‐PES). Responses were received from 2,556 nurses (76.3% response rate). Using the five‐domain structure, comparisons were made between mental health and general nurses. Findings: Across the entire sample of nurses, those working in mental health settings scored more highly in regard to nurse‐doctor relationships and staffing adequacy. Nurses in general wards reported more participation in hospital affairs, stronger leadership, and the presence of more of the foundations of nursing quality care such as access to continued education. Differences between the groups on each of the domains was statistically significant at p=.05 or greater, but not for the composite practice environment scale. A wide range of responses was seen when data were aggregated to the ward level. Conclusions: The work environment of mental health nurses is different from that of their colleagues working in general settings. Specific areas of the mental health environment, such as participation in the hospital, leadership, and the foundations of quality, may be enhanced to improve nurses’ job satisfaction and, potentially, other nurse and patient outcomes. Clinical Relevance: Factors in the medical and surgical nursing practice environment have been established as significant influences on nurse and patient outcomes. It is important to understand the existence and potential impact of these factors in mental health inpatient settings.
New structure in cell puncture activities by aphid stylets: a dual‐mode EPG study
Authors: Tjallingii W. Fred , Garzo Elisa , Fereres Alberto 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntracellular punctures by aphid stylets appear as potential drop (pd) waveforms in DC electrical penetration graph (EPG) recordings. We used a dual‐EPG device that recorded in one channel the ‘full EPG’ with R‐plus emf‐components (i.e., the usual DC EPG) and concurrently in a second channel the ‘R‐EPG’ with R‐components only. The circuit of the latter channel was an optimised amplitude modulation (AM) version derived from early (before 1990) AC systems. We also made some ‘emf‐EPG’ recordings using a separate high input resistance ‘emf‐amplifier’ sensitive to emf‐components only. The intracellular pd waveforms have previously been divided into three subphases, and we aimed to distinguish and separate these subphases more accurately by the dual‐EPG recordings than with the normal full EPG only. In this study, we temporarily distinguished five subphases (α–ε), but unequivocal distinction of only a few of these appeared possible, in spite of the information coming from the two signals. The lack of clearly separable features in R‐EPG signals often provided serious difficulties in pd recognition without the concurrent full EPG, but once located, only subphase II‐2 features were clear and supported the II‐2 data from the full EPG. Consequently, we could not distinguish subphases of complete pd waveforms better with additional R‐EPG information during cell punctures by Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), however, distinguishing II‐2 subphases in the full EPG was sometimes a problem. Our detailed dual‐EPG observations showed some waveform continuity from halfway into the II‐1 subphase (start of the newly recognised subphase β) until the end of the pd, with a strong but variable emf origin. This waveform tended to overrule other subphase waveforms in B. brassicae more than in A. gossypii and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Subphase waveforms in full EPGs were especially difficult to recognise when pd periods had been interrupted in a virus inoculation experiment and additional R‐EPG information could then be useful. This inoculation experiment showed again that only the first subphase (II‐1) contributes to virus (Cucumber mosaic virus) inoculation by A. gossypii. In B. brassicae, the benefit of concurrent R‐EPG information in such virus experiments is presently under further investigation. Apart from this special application to virus experiments, we do not recommend the routine use of the dual‐EPG device. Furthermore, we do not advocate the distinction of more than the previously recognised three intracellular pd subphases as a feasible option in future studies. Analysis of EPGs with concurrent R‐EPGs requires substantially more analysis work without yielding consistently useful additional insights. This confirms earlier dual‐EPG results from thrips.
Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types
Authors: Stoffella Susana L. , Ross Michael S. , Sah Jay P. , Price Rene M. , Sullivan Pamela L. , Cline Eric A. , Scinto Leonard J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractQuestions: How are the early survival and growth of seedlings of Everglades tree species planted in an experimental setting on artificial tree islands affected by hydrology and substrate type? What are the implications of these responses for broader tree island restoration efforts?Location: Loxahatchee Impoundment Landscape Assessment (LILA), Boynton Beach, Florida, USA.Methods: An experiment was designed to test hydrological and substrate effects on seedling growth and survivorship. Two islands – a peat and a limestone‐core island representing two major types found in the Everglades – were constructed in four macrocosms. A mixture of eight tree species was planted on each island in March of 2006 and 2007. Survival and height growth of seedlings planted in 2006 were assessed periodically during the next two and a half years.Results: Survival and growth improved with increasing elevation on both tree island substrate types. Seedlings' survival and growth responses along a moisture gradient matched species distributions along natural hydrological gradients in the Everglades. The effect of substrate on seedling performance showed higher survival of most species on the limestone tree islands, and faster growth on their peat‐based counterparts.Conclusions: The present results could have profound implications for restoration of forests on existing landforms and artificial creation of tree islands. Knowledge of species tolerance to flooding and responses to different edaphic conditions present in wetlands is important in selecting suitable species to plant on restored tree islands
Continuing Medical Education: Urogenital Complaints and Female Sexual Dysfunction (Part 1) (CME)
Authors: Wehbe Salim A. , Whitmore Kristene , Kellogg-Spadt Susan 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Sexual dysfunction and dyspareunia are common complaints in women with urological disorders.

Aim
To provide a comprehensive review of sexual dysfunction related to common hypersensitive/hyperactive urogenital disorders including interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS), overactive bladder (OAB) with and without incontinence, and high-tone pelvic floor muscle dysfunction and the appropriate treatment strategies.

Methods
A medical literature search using several related terms including sexual dysfunction, dyspareunia, IC/PBS, OAB, urinary incontinence pelvic floor dysfunction, and levator ani muscle spasm.

Main Outcome Measures
Review of the medical literature to identify relation between sexual dysfunction and common urological disorders in women and to describe appropriate treatment strategies to improve the women’s quality of life.

Results
A thorough review of sexual dysfunction in urological disorders and their related treatments modalities including: behavioral, pharmacological, and nonpharmacological therapies.

Conclusions
Sexual dysfunction is a common, underestimated, and untreated complaint in women with urologic disorders. Identifying sexual complaints and treating the underlying etiologies can result in significant improvement in a woman’s quality of life. This process requires a focused, multidisciplinary approach tailored to meet the needs of women with urogenital complaints.
Toleration
Authors: Haefeli Evan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractToleration has become a much discussed and studied topic in recent years, revealing a new degree of ambivalence about its meaning and significance. This essay explores how toleration is being studied and suggests the difficulties and limitations involved in approaching this dynamic topic as a stable, consistent idea. It concludes by suggesting that there is no perfect or single ideal of toleration. Rather, toleration involves a variety of relationships across time and space in which different groups benefit (or do not) in different ways. The ambivalence reflects a developing awareness of this complicated character of toleration.