bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metachromatic leukodystrophy: natural course of cerebral MRI changes in relation to clinical course
Authors: Groeschel Samuel , Kehrer Christiane , Engel Corinna , í Dali Christine , Bley Annette , Steinfeld Robert , Grodd Wolfgang , Krägeloh‐Mann Ingeborg 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveMetachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) is a rare disorder leading to demyelination and neurological impairment. A natural history study within the German leukodystrophy network analyzed MRI changes with respect to the clinical course.Methods113 MR images of 68 patients (33 late‐infantile, 35 juvenile) were studied cross‐sectionally and longitudinally. MRI and motor deterioration were assessed using standardized scoring systems.ResultsThe temporal and spatial patterns of MR severity scores differed between the late‐infantile and juvenile form. Although early (involving central white matter, corpus callosum) and late signs (involving pons, cerebellum, cerebral atrophy) were similar, high MRI scores (mean 18, SD 1.2, p < 0.001) were evident in the juvenile form already at the onset of first symptoms and even in presymptomatic patients. The progression rate of the MRI score was clearly higher and more uniform in the late‐infantile (on average 8 per year, p < 0.0001) than in the juvenile patients (on average 0.4 per year, p < 0.08). In late‐infantile patients, MRI changes correlated highly with motor deterioration (rho = 0.73, p < 0.001), this was less remarkable in the juvenile form (rho = 0.50, p < 0.01). Severe motor dysfunction was associated with U‐fiber involvement and cerebellar changes (p < 0.05).ConclusionsMRI showed a typical spatial pattern, which evolved gradually and uniformly during disease progression in late‐infantile MLD. In juvenile MLD MRI changes were already observed at disease onset and temporal patterns were more variable. As therapeutic options for MLD are evolving, these findings are not only important for patient counseling but also for the evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
Validation of the Integrated Biosphere Simulator in simulating the potential natural vegetation map of China
Authors: Yuan Quan Zhi , Zhao Dong Sheng , Wu Shao Hong , Dai Er Fu 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS)—a Dynamic Global Vegetation Model—was validated by simulating the potential natural vegetation map of China using data on monthly mean climate from 1961 to 1990, soil texture, and topography. Although the vegetation map simulated by IBIS was able to describe the sketch of vegetation patterns in China, the distributions of several plant functional types (PFTs) and vegetation types were still simulated incorrectly, especially in eastern temperate areas, southern subtropics, the southern Sichuan basin, and the Hengduan mountains area. By adjusting some of the climatic constraints and physiological parameters of PFTs defined in IBIS, the simulated distributions of PFTs became reasonable, and the simulated vegetation map fitted the natural vegetation map better. The kappa statistic between the simulated and the natural vegetation maps was 0.76, an increase of 16.9% from the previous parameter adjustment of 0.65. Correspondingly, the degree of agreement between these two maps rose from “good” to “very good”. After the parameter adjustments, IBIS became more suitable for the large‐scale simulation of Chinese natural vegetation distributions and could provide a powerful support to reveal the dynamic responses of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change in China.
H2AX phosphorylation at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks in cultivated mammalian cells and tissues
Authors: Firsanov Denis V. , Solovjeva Liudmila V. , Svetlova Maria P. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A sequence variant of histone H2A called H2AX is one of the key components of chromatin involved in DNA damage response induced by different genotoxic stresses. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is rapidly concentrated in chromatin domains around DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) after the action of ionizing radiation or chemical agents and at stalled replication forks during replication stress. γH2AX foci could be easily detected in cell nuclei using immunofluorescence microscopy that allows to use γH2AX as a quantitative marker of DSBs in various applications. H2AX is phosphorylated in situ by ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK kinases that have distinct roles in different pathways of DSB repair. The γH2AX serves as a docking site for the accumulation of DNA repair proteins, and after rejoining of DSBs, it is released from chromatin. The molecular mechanism of γH2AX dephosphorylation is not clear. It is complicated and requires the activity of different proteins including phosphatases and chromatin-remodeling complexes. In this review, we summarize recently published data concerning the mechanisms and kinetics of γH2AX loss in normal cells and tissues as well as in those deficient in ATM, DNA-PK, and DSB repair proteins activity. The results of the latest scientific research of the low-dose irradiation phenomenon are presented including the bystander effect and the adaptive response estimated by γH2AX detection in cells and tissues.
Self‐criticism interacts with the affective component of pain to predict depressive symptoms in female patients
Authors: Lerman S.F. , Shahar G. , Rudich Z. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis longitudinal study examined the role of the trait of self‐criticism as a moderator of the relationship between the affective and sensory components of pain, and depression. One hundred and sixty‐three chronic pain patients treated at a specialty pain clinic completed self‐report questionnaires at two time points assessing affective and sensory components of pain, depression, and self‐criticism. Hierarchical linear regression analysis revealed a significant 3‐way interaction between self‐criticism, affective pain and gender, whereby women with high affective pain and high self‐criticism demonstrated elevated levels of depression. Our findings are the first to show within a broad, comprehensive model, that selfcriticism is activated by the affective, but not sensory component of pain in leading to depressive symptoms, and highlight the need to assess patients' personality as part of an effective treatment plan.
Capitalizing on brand personalities in advertising: The influence of implicit self‐theories on ad appeal effectiveness
Authors: Park Ji Kyung , John Deborah Roedder 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHow can firms use brand personalities to develop the most persuasive advertising appeals? In this article, we examine advertising appeals that capitalize on the signaling opportunities that using these brands can provide (signaling ad appeal) versus the self‐improvement opportunities that using these brands can offer (self‐improvement ad appeal). In two studies, we find that the effectiveness of these appeals depends on consumers' implicit self‐theories. Specifically, signaling ad appeals are more effective for consumers who believe their personal qualities are fixed and cannot be developed through their own efforts (entity theorists), whereas self‐improvement ad appeals are more effective for consumers who believe their personal qualities are malleable and can be developed (incremental theorists). Implications for brand personality research and advertising are discussed.
CDP‐Choline as a Biological Supplement During Neurorecovery: A Focused Review
Authors: Arenth Patricia M. , Russell Kathryn C. , Ricker Joseph H. , Zafonte Ross D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCytidine 5′‐diphosphocholine (CDP‐choline or citicoline) is a highly bioavailable compound with potential benefits for aiding neural repair and increasing acetylcholine levels in the central and peripheral nervous system. As a result, many researchers have investigated the use of CDP‐choline for various types of neurological insult or conditions, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer disease. Despite the fact that the safety of the compound has been verified across multiple international studies, evidence for efficacy remains less clear. This may be attributable, at least in part, to several issues, including a lack of randomized clinical trials, a lack of availability of the compound in the United States, and statistical power issues in reported trials. In addition, the fact that CDP‐choline has multiple potential points of therapeutic impact makes it an exciting treatment option in theory but also complicates the analysis of efficacy in the sense that multiple mechanisms and time points must be evaluated. Although some clinical conditions do not appear to benefit from CDP‐choline treatment, the majority of findings to date have suggested at least minor benefits of treatment. In this review we will examine the evidence in the published literature pertaining to use of CDP‐choline in rehabilitation populations and briefly consider the work yet to be done.
Cognitive Impairment in Acquired Brain Injury: A Predictor of Rehabilitation Outcomes and an Opportunity for Novel Interventions
Authors: Whyte Ellen , Skidmore Elizabeth , Aizenstein Howard , Ricker Joseph , Butters Meryl 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCognitive impairment is a common sequela in acquired brain injury and one that predicts rehabilitation outcomes. There is emerging evidence that impairments in cognitive functions can be manipulated by both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions to improve rehabilitation outcomes. By using stroke as a model for acquired brain injury, we review the evidence that links cognitive impairment to poor rehabilitation outcomes and discuss possible mechanisms to explain this association. Furthermore, we examine nascent promising research that suggests that interventions that target cognitive impairments can lead to better rehabilitation outcomes.
The New World Seen as the Old: The 1524 Map of Tenochtitlán
Authors: Godbey Emily 
Published: June 2011

As the first European printed image of the Aztec capital, the first European map of the Gulf of Mexico, and the first map to use the names Florida and Yucatan, the 1524 map of Tenochtitlan from Cortes’ second and third letter earned a place in the history of cartography (Figure I). This map, published in Nuremberg to accompany the Latin edition, is commonly mentioned in histories of cartography, but scholarship about this map is relatively general, with the exception of a few historians’ efforts. The prevailing scholarship revolves around its possible authorship, while issues of the map's function and cultural meaning within visual culture are largely missing. In fact, J. Brian Harley notes that the latter type of analysis is rather scarce in most cartographic histories:What is missing in the history of cartographic literature are studies of the theoretical frameworks which might be appropriate for the reconstruction of such meaning in maps.
Landlords and tenants in London, 1550–1700
Authors: BAER WILLIAM C. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT:Historians have largely ignored the tens of thousands of landlords, and hundreds of thousands of tenants in early modern London. Society was not organized to readily reveal their relation and magnitudes, so the issue must be approached from a variety of directions. Modern stereotypes of both were well formulated by that period, despite the intricacy in and frequent dual role of landlord and tenant played by the same persons. Property holdings were dispersed among a variety landlords, so tenants faced no stranglehold over dwellings, while landlords in the main used rental holdings to supplement their basic incomes.
Supplying the masses: retailing and town governance in Macclesfield, Stockport and Birkenhead, 1780–1860
Authors: MITCHELL IAN 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT:Rapidly growing industrial towns in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries often had to find new ways of ensuring that their populations were supplied with the necessities of life. This was likely to involve a significant role for public markets. These might be controlled by the town's governing body or might be in private hands. Macclesfield, Stockport and Birkenhead all grew rapidly in this period, but each had very different forms of governance. The article explores the impact of town governance on the town markets, and on the evolution of retailing more generally in each place.
Wirkung von Cannabinoiden auf das Gehirn: Ein Überblick über MRI Befunde
Authors: Hermann Derik 
Published: June 2011

Ziel: Übersicht über aktuelle Magnetresonanztomographie (MRI) Studien zur Wirkung von Cannabis auf das Gehirn. Methodik: Systematische Literaturrecherche mit Pubmed. Ergebnisse: Es wurden 37 Originalarbeiten gefunden, von denen 97 % zwischen 2004 und 2010 publiziert wurden. Je sechs Studien zur Volumetrie und Konnektivität beschreiben minimale Veränderungen der Hirnstrukturen, vor allem in Hippocampus und Amygdala, sowie die Integrität der weißen Substanz betreffend. Zwei neurometabolische Studien mit 1H-MR-Spektroskopie zeigen Veränderungen im dorsolateralen präfrontalen Cortex (DLPFC) und den Basalganglien. In vier placebo-kontrollierten funktionellen MRI Studien (fMRI) verminderte THC die Aktivierung in Hirnregionen, die zur Inhibition und zum Lernen benötigt werden, und CBD hemmte die Angst-assoziierte Aktivierung der Amygdala. Weitere 19 fMRI-Studien an chronischen Cannabiskonsumenten ergaben widersprüchliche Ergebnisse bzgl. Arbeitsgedächtnis, hippocampalem Gedächtnis, Gewinn/Verlust-Erwartung, Cannabis Cues, Emotionen, Inhibition, Motorik und Aufmerksamkeit. Schlussfolgerungen: Ein belastbarer Informationszuwachs wurde vor allem durch die getrennte, plazebo-kontrollierte Verabreichung von THC oder CBD in fMRI-Studien erreicht. Die widersprüchlichen Ergebnisse in fMRI Hirnaktivierungs-Mustern von Cannabiskonsumenten zeigen eine veränderte neuronale Plastizität, ohne dass eine Aussage getroffen werden kann, ob dies günstige oder ungünstige Auswirkungen hat. Für zukünftige Studien ist eine Bestimmung von CBD und THC z. B. durch Haaranalyse dringend anzuraten.
EDUCATION, SOCIAL ORIGINS AND CAREER (IM)MOBILITY IN CONTEMPORARY ITALY
Authors: Bison Ivano 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
Italy has always been characterized by low rates of career mobility. However, whilst the essential features of intragenerational (im)mobility in Italy are relatively well known, much less is known about the pattern of the specific paths linking the class of the first job with later class positions. To date, no studies of career mobility have been conducted in holistic terms; that is, based on examination of the entire sequence of the class positions occupied by an individual during his/her work history. This paper develops a typology of sequences of transition from one social class to another which preserves the qualitative differences among individual sequences. We introduce a new method to measure resemblance among sequences in order to identify the main career paths observable in Italy. We then examine how these profiles have changed over time because of transformations in the economic system and of the changing size of different social classes. Furthermore, we will try to determine whether and how social origins and education affect the probabilities of following those paths. The results show that social origins: 1) still influence the career patterns of younger cohorts); and 2) play a very important role in modifying the chances of highly-educated people to enter the upward career patterns leading to the service class or to white-collar positions.
OCCUPATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND CAREER PROGRESSION IN SWEDEN
Authors: Härkönen Juho , Bihagen Erik 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
We analyze occupational attainment and career progression over the life course for Swedish men and women, born in 1925–1974. Careers progress (measured as improvements in occupational prestige) fast during the first 5–10 years in the labour market, and flatten out afterwards (approximately between 30–40 years of age). This is in line with the occupational status maturation hypothesis. Both class origin and educational attainment affect occupational attainment. The effects of educational attainment vary more over the career, but depend on the educational attainment level in question. Successive cohorts of women gain higher occupational prestige, and continue to gain in occupational prestige longer across their careers. We also find that cohorts that entered the labour market in times of economic downturns and restructuring (the oil crisis years and the early 1990s) had more difficulties in establishing their careers. Returns to education generally increase across cohorts, while class background differences decrease, as has been reported in earlier research.
Derivation and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Surgical Lung Injury Prediction Model
Authors: Kor Daryl J. , Warner David O. , Alsara Anas , Fernández-Pérez Evans R. , Malinchoc Michael , Kashyap Rahul , Li Guangxi , Gajic Ognjen 
Published: June 2011

Background
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious postoperative complication with limited treatment options. A preoperative risk-prediction model would assist clinicians and scientists interested in ALI. The objective of this investigation was to develop a surgical lung injury prediction (SLIP) model to predict risk of postoperative ALI based on readily available preoperative risk factors.

Methods
Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort investigation including adult patients undergoing high-risk surgery. Preoperative risk factors for postoperative ALI were identified and evaluated for inclusion in the SLIP model. Multivariate logistic regression was used to develop the model. Model performance was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test.

Results
Out of 4,366 patients, 113 (2.6%) developed early postoperative ALI. Predictors of postoperative ALI in multivariate analysis that were maintained in the final SLIP model included high-risk cardiac, vascular, or thoracic surgery, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and alcohol abuse. The SLIP score distinguished patients who developed early postoperative ALI from those who did not with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI) of 0.82 (0.78-0.86). The model was well calibrated (Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = 0.55). Internal validation using 10-fold cross-validation noted minimal loss of diagnostic accuracy with a mean ± SD area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.79 ± 0.08.

Conclusions
Using readily available preoperative risk factors, we developed the SLIP scoring system to predict risk of early postoperative ALI.
Performance of Anesthetic Depth Indexes in Rabbits under Propofol Anesthesia
Authors: Silva Aura , Campos Sónia , Monteiro Joaquim , Venâncio Carlos , Costa Bertinho , Guedes de Pinho Paula , Antunes Luis 
Published: June 2011

Background
The permutation entropy, the approximate entropy, and the index of consciousness are some of the most recently studied electroencephalogram-derived indexes. In this work, a thorough comparison of these indexes was performed using propofol anesthesia in a rabbit model.

Methods
Six rabbits were anesthetized with three propofol infusion rates: 70, 100, and 130 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, each maintained for 30 min, in a random order for each animal. Data recording was performed in the awake animals 20, 25, and 30 min after each infusion rate was begun in the recovered animals and consisted of electroencephalogram recordings, evaluation of depth of anesthesia according to a clinical scale, and arterial blood samples for plasma propofol determination. Median and spectral edge frequencies were analyzed for single-scale permutation entropy and composite multiscale permutation entropy, approximate entropy, index of consciousness, and the spectral parameters. The spectral parameters and single-scale and multiscale permutation entropies were corrected for the presence of burst suppression. Performance of the indexes was compared by prediction probability and pharmacodynamic analysis.

Results
The single-scale and composite multiscale permutation entropies with a burst suppression correction showed better prediction probabilities than did the other electroencephalogram-derived parameters but not better than the electromyographic activity.

Conclusion
Single-scale and multiscale permutation entropies may be promising measures of propofol anesthetic depth when corrected for burst suppression. Additional studies should investigate the information measured by electromyography algorithms from commercial monitors of anesthetic depth. The rabbit may be a promising animal model for electroencephalographic studies because it provides a good-quality signal.
Genetic effect of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the PPARGC1B gene on airway hyperreactivity in asthmatic patients
Authors: Lee S.‐H. , Jang A.‐S. , Woo Park S. , Park J. ‐S. , Kim Y. K. , Uh S.‐T. , Kim Y. H. , Chung I. Y. , Park B.–L. , Shin H. D. , Park C.‐S. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
Background Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 beta (PPARGC1B) is a co‐activator for intracellular receptors such as the estrogen receptor, PPAR, and glucocorticoid receptor, which are involved in asthma development.
Objectives Genetic association of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PPARGC1B gene with the risk of asthma and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) was investigated, as well as the functional effects of these SNPs on PPARGC1B gene and protein expression.
Methods Direct sequencing of DNA from 24 Korean was performed to identify PPARGC1B SNPs. Genotyping was done in 264 controls and 949 asthmatics using single‐base extension methods. PPARGC1B mRNA levels were measured using real‐time PCR methodology. Luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) were performed to functionally analyse PPARGC1B SNPs on promoter.
Results Eighteen SNPs and one insertion/deletion polymorphism were identified, and seven SNPs were genotyped. No significant difference existed in the distribution of SNPs and haplotypes between the asthmatics and controls. However, the allele frequency of −427C>T and +102525G>A;R265Q showed a significant association with log‐transformed PC20 methacholine values in the asthmatics (P=0.005–0.0004). Real‐time PCR demonstrated higher PPARGC1B mRNA levels in asthmatics having −427CC allele than in those having −427TT or CT alleles (P=0.048). The ratio of the mRNA expression for each PPARGC1B exon4‐mRNA compared with the wild type was similar in peripheral blood mononuclear cells carrying the +102525G>A allele. Luciferase reporter assays revealed that −427C allele caused higher promoter activity than −427T allele. EMSA demonstrated that −427C allele exhibited stronger binding activity to a nuclear protein in 293T cells than did the −427T allele.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Polymorphisms of −427C>T on the promoter and those of +102525G>A on exon 5 of the PPARGC1B gene may affect the development of AHR through the modulation of PPARGC1B gene products. The PPARGC1B genotypes may serve as genetic markers for AHR.
Cite this as: S.‐H. Lee, A.‐S. Jang, S. Woo Park, J. ‐S. Park, Y. K. Kim, S.‐T. Uh, Y. H. Kim, I. Y. Chung, B.‐L. Park, H. D. Shin and C.‐S. Park, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1533–1544.