bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is intraspecific variation in diet and morphology related to environmental gradients? Exploring Liem's paradox in a cichlid fish
Authors: BINNING Sandra A. , CHAPMAN Lauren J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInterspecific studies have demonstrated that trophic morphology and ecology are not always tightly matched: a phenomenon rarely reported at the intraspecific level. In the present study, we explored relationships among diet, morphology and the environment in a widespread cichlid fish, Astatoreochromis alluaudi (Pellegrin 1904), from 6 sites in southern Uganda to test for evidence of eco‐morphological matching at the interdemic level. Previous studies of Astatoreochromis alluaudi have demonstrated developmental plasticity in trophic morphology in response to diet: a mollusk diet produces specimens with large pharyngeal jaws and muscles, whereas a soft‐food diet produces smaller pharyngeal jaws and corresponding changes in musculature. Sites were chosen to maximize variability in environmental variables that might directly or indirectly affect trophic morphology. We found significant differences in pharyngeal jaw and muscle morphology among populations. Similarly, we found differences in diets among sites: mollusks were found in the stomachs of fish from only 2 populations sampled, despite the presence of mollusks in 5 of the 6 sites. Although trophic morphology did match the observed diet in 2 sites, diet did not correlate with either morphology or environmental variables across sites, nor were environmental variables correlated with morphological variation among sites. These results suggest that mismatch can occur among different populations of a single species for reasons such as seasonality in resources, developmental plasticity and/or complex indirect interactions. Intraspecific mechanisms should be further studied in order to better understand the complex relationships between morphological specialization and ecological generalization.
Analysis of human infectious avian influenza virus: Hemagglutinin genetic characteristics in Asia and Africa from 2004 to 2009
Authors: ZHANG Jirong , LEI Fumin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the present study, we used nucleotide and protein sequences of avian influenza virus H5N1, which were obtained in Asia and Africa, analyzed HA proteins using ClustalX1.83 and MEGA4.0, and built a genetic evolutionary tree of HA nucleotides. The analysis revealed that the receptor specificity amino acid of A/HK/213/2003, A/Turkey/65596/2006 and etc mutated into QNG, which could bind with á–2, 3 galactose and á–2, 6 galactose. A mutation might thus take place and lead to an outbreak of human infections of avian influenza virus. The mutations of HA protein amino acids from 2004 to 2009 coincided with human infections provided by the World Health Organization, indicating a “low–high–highest–high–low” pattern. We also found out that virus strains in Asia are from different origins: strains from Southeast Asia and East Asia are of the same origin, whereas those from West Asia, South Asia and Africa descend from one ancestor. The composition of the phylogenetic tree and mutations of key site amino acids in HA proteins reflected the fact that the majority of strains are regional and long term, and virus diffusions exist between China, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia, Azerbaijan, Turkey and Iraq. We would advise that pertinent vaccines be developed and due attention be paid to the spread of viruses between neighboring countries and the dangers of virus mutation and evolution.
Scholarly Approaches to the Concept of “Evil” and the Figure of Māra in South Asia
Authors: Nichols Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this article, I survey prominent themes in the scholarly analysis of the concept of `evil’ in South Asian religious traditions. Some of the issues I highlight in this regard are the problems in defining `evil’ in the South Asian context and the past tendency to privilege philosophical materials over literary sources. Besides this general topic, I also focus particularly on past scholarly approaches to and interpretations of the Buddhist figure `Māra,’ which to a great extent have illustrated the general trends laid out in the first section. Finally, I conclude that future approaches to the South Asian concept of `evil’ in general, and Māra in particular, ought to find ways to blend philosophical and literary materials, as well as maintain sensitivity to how the notion of `evil’ has played a social role among South Asian religious traditions.
Decompression followed by enucleation as treatment modality for ameloblastic fibroma: A case report
Authors: Prasad K. , Ranganath K. , Lalitha R.M. , Sreevidya B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  To highlight the usefulness of decompression in the treatment of a benign tumor which was clinically cystic.Materials and methods:  A case of 7yr old boy reported with the chief complaint of a gradually progressive swelling in the left cheek region. It was diagnosed as cystic ameloblastic fibroma based on clinical, radiological and histopathological examination. Patient was treated by decompression and periodic review followed by enucleation.Results:  There was reduction in the size of the lesion, formation of bone from the periphery and formation of roots of left first permanent molar at the end of decompression period. Near normal facial contour was achieved and the growth and development of the mandible was not restricted. There was no evidence of recurrence at 8 month follow up. Patient is still on follow up.Conclusion:  Decompression can be considered as an initial treatment option in benign clinically cystic lesions. It allows periodic review and a natural regain of contour although the treatment period is prolonged.
What gets done and why: Implementing the recommendations of public inquiries
Authors: Stutz Jeffrey R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Public inquiries are often the instrument of choice when governments decide to re‐think their approach to large issues, yet there has been little empirical research on how effective they are. This article is an evidence‐based look at what affects the implementation of recommendations made by public inquiries. It considers eleven inquiries, examining how they operated, their political and administrative setting, and what action was taken on the recommendations. The central hypothesis is that governments do implement the recommendations of public inquiries under certain conditions. Such implementation extends not only to technical, incremental recommendations but also to recommendations involving systemic changes. The findings point to the role of judges who head and preside over inquiries as policy influencers. Often buffered by inquiry counsel or policy staff, judges may test potential recommendations with governments and other interested parties. The impact of inquiry hearings suggests that public inquiries do not necessarily serve a government's wishes to delay action. If inquiry hearings are the top item in the news, it is hard to see how that furthers a government agenda to bury the issues.Sommaire:
Les enquêtes publiques sont souvent l'instrument de choix auquel ont recours les gouvernements lorsqu'ils décident de repenser leur manière d'envisager les grandes questions, or peu de recherches empiriques ont été entreprises pour déterminer de leur efficacité. Le présent article est un examen fondé sur les données probantes de ce qui influe sur la mise en œuvre des recommandations résultant d'enquêtes publiques. Il passe en revue onze enquêtes publiques, examinant comment elles ont fonctionné, quel était leur cadre politique et administratif, et quelles mesures ont été prises à propos des recommandations. L'hypothèse principale est que les gouvernements mettent effectivement en œuvre les recommandations des enquêtes publiques dans certaines conditions. Une telle mise en œuvre couvre non seulement les recommandations techniques croissantes, mais aussi les recommandations concernant les changements systémiques. Les résultats attirent l'attention sur le rôle joué par les juges qui dirigent les enquêtes par l'influence qu'ils exercent sur les politiques. Les juges, souvent utilisés comme tampons par les avocats des enquête publiques ou le personnel chargé des politiques, peuvent tester les recommandations potentielles auprès des gouvernements et autres parties intéressées. L'impact des audiences des enquêtes publiques laisse entendre que les audiences publiques ne servent pas nécessairement à retarder les mesures à prendre comme pourrait le souhaiter le gouvernement. Si les audiences d'une enquête publique font la une des médias, il est difficile de voir comment un programme gouvernemental peut progresser en étouffant les questions.
Multiplex reactions for the molecular detection of predation on pest and nonpest invertebrates in agroecosystems
Authors: ANDREW KING R. , MORENO‐RIPOLL RAFAEL , AGUSTÍ NURIA , SHAYLER SIMON P. , BELL JAMES R. , BOHAN DAVID A. , SYMONDSON WILLIAM O. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSpecies‐ and group‐specific PCR primers were developed to study predation on pest and nonpest invertebrate species by generalist carabid predators in agroecosystems. To ensure the amplification of degraded DNA in predator gut samples, amplicons were designed to be less than 300 bp. Specificity of primers was assessed by cross‐amplification against a panel of target and nontarget invertebrate species. The new primers were combined with previously published primers for slugs and collembolla in multiplex reactions to simultaneously screen each predator for the presence of multiple prey. All prey species were detected in a screen of the gut contents of field‐caught predators.
Primary tooth emergence in Australian children: timing, sequence and patterns of asymmetry
Authors: Woodroffe S , Mihailidis S , Hughes T , Bockmann M , Seow WK , Gotjamanos T , Townsend G 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Information on the timing and sequence of human tooth emergence is valuable when analysing human growth and development, predicting the age of individuals, and for understanding the effects of genetic and environmental influences on growth processes. This paper provides updated data on the timing and sequence of primary tooth emergence in Australian children for both clinicians and researchers.Methods:  Twins were recruited from around Australia with data collected through parental recording of twins’ primary tooth emergence. One twin from each pair was then randomly selected to enable the calculation of descriptive statistics for timing, sequence and asymmetry in tooth emergence.Results:  The first and last primary teeth emerged, on average, at 8.6 months and 27.9 months, respectively, with teeth emerging in the order: central incisor, lateral incisor, first molar, canine, second molar. Left‐side antimeric teeth were more likely to emerge before their right‐side counterparts but this was not statistically significant. At least 35% of all antimeric pairs had emerged within two weeks of each other, serving as a useful guideline for assessing symmetrical versus asymmetrical development.Conclusions:  Primary tooth emergence in Australian twins is occurring later than reported previously for Australian singletons but is consistent with findings for singletons in other ethnic groups. The most common sequence of primary tooth emergence appears to be consistent in twins and singletons and has not changed over time.
Effect of casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate added to acidic beverages on enamel erosion in vitro
Authors: Manton DJ , Cai F , Yuan Y , Walker GD , Cochrane NJ , Reynolds C , Brearley‐Messer LJ , Reynolds EC 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  To investigate, in vitro, the effect on enamel erosion of the addition of 0.2% w/v casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) to four commercially‐available soft drinks, two of which were carbonated.Methods:  Enamel specimens (n = 27) were sectioned from sound extracted human third molar teeth and polished to a mirror finish. Exposed enamel windows of 1 mm2 were created by painting the surface with acid‐resistant nail varnish. Four citric flavoured soft drinks (pH range 2.2 to 2.4) and distilled deionized water (DDW) were tested. Each drink was tested with and without 0.2% CPP‐ACP w/v. The specimens were placed into 50 mL of solution at 37 °C for 30 minutes, rinsed and varnish removed. The samples were profiled with a white light profilometer and erosive depths recorded.Results:  All soft drinks tested caused enamel erosion but adding 0.2% w/v CPP‐ACP significantly reduced (p <0.05) erosive depth in all test solutions in comparison with the solutions without CPP‐ACP. The erosive depths for all solutions with 0.2% CPP‐ACP did not differ significantly from those of DDW.Conclusions:  Adding CPP‐ACP at 0.2% w/v significantly decreased the erosivity of all four soft drinks. The erosivity of the soft drinks with 0.2% CPP‐ACP added did not differ significantly from that of distilled water.
Relative oral health outcome trends between people inside and outside capital city areas of Australia
Authors: Crocombe LA , Stewart JF , Barnard PD , Slade GD , Roberts‐Thomson K , Spencer AJ 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to evaluate relative change over 17 years in clinical oral health outcomes inside and outside capital city areas of Australia.Methods:  Using data from the National Oral Health Survey of Australia 1987–88 and the National Survey of Adult Oral Health 2004–06, relative trends in clinical oral health outcomes inside and outside capital city areas were measured by age and gender standardized changes in the percentage of edentate people and dentate adults with less than 21 teeth, in mean numbers of decayed, missing and filled teeth, and mean DMFT index.Results:  There were similar reductions inside and outside capital city areas in the percentage of edentate people (capital city 63.7%, outside capital city 60.7%) and dentate people with less than 21 teeth (52.5%, 50.1%), in the mean number of missing teeth (34.3%, 34.5%), filled teeth (0.0%, increase of 5.5%), and mean DMFT index (21.2%, 19.2%). The reduction in mean number of decayed teeth was greater in capital city areas (78.0%) than outside capital city areas (50.0%).Conclusions:  Trends in four of the five clinical oral health outcomes demonstrated improvements in oral health that were of a similar magnitude inside and outside capital city areas of Australia.
In vitro study of the inactivation by dentine of some endodontic medicaments and their bases
Authors: Athanassiadis B , Abbott PV , George N , Walsh LJ 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial effect of endodontic medicaments and their bases in the presence of dentine powder.Methods:  The medicaments tested were Ledermix paste, Pulpdent paste, a 50:50 combination of the Pulpdent:Ledermix and their bases. The test organism was Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. The presence or absence of dentine was examined as well as the effect of autoclaving dentine. Serial dilutions of samples at 1 hour, 1 day and 3 days were used for colony counting. The effects of dentine powder on pH for saturated Ca(OH)2 solution and Pulpdent paste at 1 hour and 24 hours were also measured.Results:  Pulpdent and the 50:50 combination of Pulpdent:Ledermix completely inhibited the growth of E. faecalis from 1 hour onwards, and these results were not affected by the presence/absence of dentine powder, pre‐incubation period, timing of autoclaving, or exposure time. Saturated solutions of Ca(OH)2 are prone to inactivation by dentine powder unlike Pulpdent paste. Ledermix paste took 3 days to exert a significant effect on the growth of E. faecalis.Conclusions:  In this laboratory study, both Pulpdent and the 50:50 mixture of Pulpdent with Ledermix were effective medicaments against E. faecalis in the presence of dentine powder.
Maxillary, mandibular and chin advancement surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Jones R , Badlani J , Jones C 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effectiveness of maxillary, mandibular and chin advancement (MMCA) surgery as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea and to determine the cephalometric parameters of this surgery. Twenty consecutive adult patients with obstructive sleep apnoea for whom other treatments (constant positive airway pressure, mandibular advancement splint and soft tissue surgery) had failed underwent MMCA surgery. Pre‐ and post‐surgical polysomnography studies measuring the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), minimum blood oxygen saturation (MinSaO2) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were compared. Lateral cephalometric radiographs measuring the pre‐ and post‐surgical posterior airway space (PAS) were also analysed. Regression analysis indicated that the change in PAS at the level of B point largely accounted for the change in the RDI, although it was not significantly related with the postoperative oxygen saturation. MMCA surgery was found to be effective as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, and improved all postoperative measures in this study. There was a significant relationship between B point, the PAS and a reduction in RDI.
Management of third molar removal with a single dose of recombinant Factor IX (BeneFIX) and local measures in severe haemophilia B
Authors: Hewson ID , Makhmaloaf P 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Patients with inherited bleeding disorders have historically had factor cover for oral surgery. Factor support is expensive, time consuming and places the patient at a potential risk of blood‐borne diseases. This case describes the use of a significant reduction in factor support for a severe haemophilia B patient having third molars surgically removed.Methods:  Local measures were used after a single preoperative dose of Factor IX to obtain good postoperative haemostasis.Results:  Excellent haemostasis was achieved using local measures of 5% tranexamic acid solution, Surgicel® and Monocryl® sutures after a single preoperative dose of Factor IX.Conclusions:  Oral surgery may be performed on patients with inherited bleeding disorders using minimal factors and local haemostatic measures. A study of this patient population has commenced at The Alfred Hospital.
An unusual presentation of an ectopic third molar in the condylar region
Authors: Pace C , Holt D , Payne M 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe describe the case of a 53‐year‐old patient who presented with an intermittent discharging sinus on his face which, following a number of investigations, was found to be secondary to an ectopic third molar in the condylar region. The ectopic tooth was surgically removed with complete resolution of the facial swelling. This case highlights the possibility of dental pathology presenting with completely unrelated signs and symptoms, and the importance of the clinician maintaining an open mind when it comes to the differential diagnosis of such a presentation.
Commentary: IFRS and the Domestic Standard Setter – Is the Mourning Period Over?
Authors: Stevenson Kevin M. 
Published: September 2010

The introduction of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has changed but not lessened the roles of domestic standard setters. After a grieving period, they are now coming to realise that they have fundamental roles supporting international standard setters and ongoing roles in the public and not‐for‐profit sectors. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has focused on for‐profit reporting, and the International Public Sector Standards Board (IPSASB) is a developing standard setter in the public sector. Domestic standard setters can help fill the gaps, support the development of the international standard setters and assist at the coalface when standards are applied.
Executive function modifies the relationship between occupational lead exposure and complex figure test performance
Authors: Walsh Karin S , Celio Mark A , Vaughan Christopher G , Lindgren Karen N , Bleecker Margit L 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesTo determine if chronic lead exposure is associated with non-verbal memory performance and if this association is affected by organisation strategies, a component of executive functions.MethodsWe administered the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test, both copy (ROCF-C) and 30-min delayed recall (ROCF-DR), to 358 current lead smelter workers with a mean (SD) age of 41 (9.1) years, education of 11 (2.7) years, and working lifetime-weighted average blood lead (TWA) of 39 (12.0) μg/dl. Copy and delay organisation scores, surrogates for executive functions, were developed for ROCF-C and ROCF-DR. We used multiple regression analyses to examine the relationship between TWA and ROCF performance, organisational scores, and the interaction of organisational scores and TWA after adjusting for relevant covariates.ResultsOrganisational scores, while not associated with years of education, were significantly correlated with ROCF-C and ROCF-DR performance. We found a significant relationship between TWA and ROCF-DR but not with ROCF-C performance. The interactions of TWA by copy organisation and TWA by delay organisation were significant for ROCF-DR with a significant dose-effect relationship only in participants with lower organisational scores.ConclusionsChronic lead exposure was significantly associated with complex figure test delayed recall but not copy performance. Organisational strategies, a component of executive functions, served as effect modifiers of the relationship between lead exposure and non-verbal memory. With increasing TWA exposure workers with good organisational strategies maintained performance on the complex figure test while workers with poor organisational strategies demonstrated decreasing performance.
Strong Convergence Theorems for Strict Pseudocontractions in Uniformly Convex Banach Spaces
Authors: Hu Liang-Gen , Lin Wei-Wei , Wang Jin-Ping 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe viscosity approximation methods are employed to establish strong convergence theorems of the modified Mann iteration scheme to "Equation missing"-strict pseudocontractions in "Equation missing"-uniformly convex Banach spaces with a uniformly Gâteaux differentiable norm. The main result improves and extends many nice results existing in the current literature.