bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Major League Baseball Injuries
Authors: Posner Matthew , Cameron Kenneth L. , Wolf Jennifer Moriatis , Belmont Philip J. , Owens Brett D. 
Published: June 2011

Background Little is known about the injury rates in Major League Baseball (MLB) players, as a formal injury surveillance system does not exist. The goal of this study was to characterize the epidemiology of MLB injuries over a 7-year period. Hypothesis Injuries in MLB would be common. Study Design Descriptive epidemiologic study. Methods The authors analyzed the MLB disabled list data from 2002 through 2008. Injuries were analyzed for differences between seasons, as well as during seasons on a monthly basis. The injuries were categorized by major anatomic zones and then further stratified based on injury type. Position-specific subanalyses for pitcher and position players were performed. Results From the 2002 season through the 2008 season, an average of 438.9 players per year were placed on the disabled list, for a rate of 3.61 per 1000 athlete-exposures. There was a significant 37% increase in injuries between 2005 and 2008. The highest injury rate during the season was during the month of April (5.73/1000 exposures) and the lowest in September (0.54/1000 exposures). No differences were noted in the injury rates between the National League and the American League (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.98, 1.15). Pitchers experienced 34% higher incidence rates for injury compared with fielders during the study period (IRR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.25, 1.44). Among all player injuries, upper extremity injuries accounted for 51.4% while lower extremity injuries accounted for 30.6%. Injuries to the spine and core musculature accounted for 11.7% while other injuries and illnesses were 6.3% of the total disabled list entries. There was a significant association between position played and anatomic region injured ( P < .001), with pitchers experiencing a significantly greater proportion of injuries to the upper extremity (67.0%; 95% CI = 63.1%, 70.9%) compared with fielders (32.1%; 95% CI = 29.1%, 35.1%). Conversely, fielders experienced a significantly greater proportion of injuries to the lower extremity (47.5%; 95% CI = 43.8%, 51.1%) compared with pitchers (16.9%; 95% CI = 14.9%, 18.8%). The mean number of days on the disabled list was 56.6. Overall, a greater proportion of disability days were experienced by pitchers (62.4%; 95% CI = 62.0%, 62.8%; P < .001) compared with fielders (37.6%; 95% CI = 37.3%, 37.9%). Conclusion Injuries in MLB resulting in disabled list designation are common. Upper extremity injuries were predominant in pitchers, while lower extremity injuries are more common in position players. These data may be used in the development of a formal MLB injury database, as well as in the development and implementation of specific preseason training and in-season conditioning for injury prevention.
Defining a Safety Margin for Labral Suture Anchor Insertion Using the Acetabular Rim Angle
Authors: Lertwanich Pisit , Ejnisman Leandro , Torry Michael R. , Giphart J. Erik , Philippon Marc J. 
Published: June 2011

Background Suture anchors are commonly used to reattach a torn labrum to the acetabular rim. The acetabular rim anatomy is not uniform, and the safety margin for inserting suture anchors is unknown. The acetabular rim angle is an anatomic measurement that is indicative of the safety margin for inserting suture anchors. Purpose To investigate the acetabular rim angle as a function of clock position, to evaluate the effect of drill depth on the acetabular rim angle, and to evaluate the effect of rim trimming on the acetabular rim angle. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Three-dimensional acetabular models were reconstructed from computed tomography scans of 20 nonpaired cadaveric hip specimens, and the acetabular rim angle, which quantifies the angle between the subchondral margin and the outer cortex of the acetabulum, was measured from the 8- to 4-o'clock positions. At each position, the acetabular rim angle was measured for 5 drill depths (10, 12.5, 15, 20, and 25 mm) to simulate different lengths of suture anchors or drill bit depths on the acetabular rim angle. To simulate rim trimming, the acetabular rim angle was measured at the points that would become the suture anchor insertion points after 2.5- and 5-mm rim trimming. Results Clock position, drill depth, and rim trimming all had significant effects on the acetabular rim angle (P < .0001). The acetabular rim angle was largest at the 2-o'clock and smallest at the 3-o'clock position. Greater drill depths provided smaller acetabular rim angles, whereas rim trimming provided larger acetabular rim angles. Conclusion The acetabular rim angle varied significantly as a function of the location on the acetabular rim. A shorter drill depth and a greater amount of rim trimming provided a larger acetabular rim angle. Clinical Relevance Surgeons should be aware of the acetabular rim variations, especially in the anterosuperior quadrant, as well as the effects of drill depth and rim trimming, when selecting the optimal insertion angle for suture anchor placement to avoid articular cartilage penetration. The acetabular safety angle was smallest at the 3-o'clock position. Therefore, extra care must be taken when drilling or inserting anchors around the 3-o'clock position.
Efficacy of Hip Arthroscopy in the Management of Synovial Chondromatosis
Authors: Marchie Anthony , Panuncialman Ian , McCarthy Joseph C. 
Published: June 2011

Background Synovial chondromatosis can result in intra-articular loose bodies. Open arthrotomy has been the conventional treatment for this condition in the hip. Hip arthroscopy, however, is a minimally invasive approach and avoids potential problems with open arthrotomy. Purpose This series was described to evaluate the role of arthroscopy in treatment and outcome of synovial chondromatosis of the hip at early to intermediate follow-up. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty-nine patients had arthroscopic treatment for synovial chondromatosis of the hip. All loose bodies were intracapsular and smaller than 10 mm. Radiographs of the painful hip, computed tomography (CT), and gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were obtained preoperatively. Intraoperatively, loose bodies were removed, and partial synovectomy, partial labrectomy, chondroplasty, and microfracture were done as needed. Results There were 14 women and 15 men (mean age, 41 years; mean duration of symptoms, 52 months). All patients had hip pain and 63% reported mechanical hip symptoms. Twenty-three patients were followed for at least 12 months (mean, 64 months). Loose bodies could be seen in the imaging studies of 52% of patients: 8 on radiographs and 7 with CT or gadolinium-enhanced MRI. At surgery, 23 of the 29 (79%) patients had torn labra and femoral head changes. There were an average of 35 loose bodies per patient. Twenty-five of the 29 (86%) had acetabular chondral findings. Five of the 29 patients (17%) eventually underwent total hip reconstruction surgery at a mean of 52 months; 5 of these patients had grade III/IV lesions at the time of arthroscopy. Eleven of the 23 patients (48%) had good to excellent outcomes at an average of 60 months. Recurrent symptoms were seen in 7 patients, and revision arthroscopy was done for 1 patient at 1-year follow-up, 2 patients at 4 years, 1 at 5 years, and 1 at 7-year follow-up. Complications included transient perineal and pedal paresthesia in 2 patients. Conclusion Patients with synovial chondromatosis with hip central compartment loose bodies that were less than 10 mm benefited from hip arthroscopy. Imaging studies alone failed to establish the diagnosis in 14 of 29 patients (48%). Diagnosis was made by direct visualization via arthroscopy. For patients with grade I/II cartilage change, early diagnosis and treatment via arthroscopy helped. It is a valid and effective treatment at early to intermediate follow-up.
Vascular Safe Zones in Hip Arthroscopy
Authors: McCormick Frank , Kleweno Conor P. , Jo Kim Young , Martin Scott D. 
Published: June 2011

Background Hip arthroscopy is an evolving surgical technique being performed in greater numbers because of advances in skill, improved technology, and increased demand. Identifying vascular safe zones using anatomic and intracapsular landmarks provides a valuable intraoperative guide to reduce the risk of damage to the femoral head blood supply during femoral neck osteoplasty and psoas tendon release. Purpose This series is presented to identify vascular safe zones for use in hip arthroscopy. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods The authors analyzed 76 consecutive contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance scans obtained from patients with diagnosed femoral acetabular impingement. High-resolution 3-dimensional images were reconstructed to visualize the vasculature. The medial femoral circumflex artery (MFCA) course was traced from the anterior thigh to the femoral head. Specific attention was paid to its proximity to the psoas tendon at the site of release and the retinacular vessel course in relation to the femoral neck using a clock-face orientation. Results The MFCA was found inserting on the posterior superior femoral neck from the 10:30 to 12-o'clock position on the femoral neck shaft, just posterior to the lateral synovial fold, and progressed on the femoral neck via an average of 4 retinacular vessels (range, 2-6). Ninety-seven percent of vessels were posterior to the 12-o'clock position. The MFCA passes posteriorly a mean distance of 50% ± 8% between the lesser trochanter and inferior femoral head/acetabular junction, located a mean 15 ± 0.37 mm medial to the medial cortex of the femoral neck. The MFCA was within the middle third zone in 100% of the measurements. Conclusion The authors defined the following 2 safe zones: the femoral neck osteoplasty safe zone is on the anterior half of the femoral neck; the psoas tendon release safe zone is astride the middle third of the medial hip capsule (bordered by the lesser trochanter and inferior femoral head/acetabular junction).
Surgical Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement Improves Hip Kinematics
Authors: Bedi Asheesh , Dolan Mark , Hetsroni Iftach , Magennis Erin , Lipman Joseph , Buly Robert , Kelly Bryan T. 
Published: June 2011

Background Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is now recognized as the most common cause of early osteoarthritis in the nondysplastic hip. While the surgical treatment of FAI has demonstrated favorable clinical outcomes, the ability of an osteoplasty to reliably improve hip kinematics and range of motion remains unknown. Purpose This study used computer-assisted 3-dimensional (3D) analysis to assess differences in hip range of motion before and after the arthroscopic surgical treatment of symptomatic FAI. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Ten patients with symptomatic, focal cam and/or pincer impingement lesions underwent high-resolution computed tomography scans and computer-assisted 3D modeling of the involved hip before and after corrective arthroscopic surgery by the senior author. Cam location, alpha angle, neck-shaft angle, femoral version, and acetabular version at 12-o'clock through 3-o'clock positions were measured. The model was subsequently dynamized to define the preoperative and postoperative range of motion and location of impingement with hip flexion, internal rotation, and internal rotation at 90° of hip flexion. Statistical analysis of preoperative and postoperative hip flexion and internal rotation at 90° of hip flexion was performed using paired t tests with P < .05 defined as significant. Results The cam lesion was located between 12 o'clock and 5 o'clock in all cases. Mean preoperative alpha angle was 59.8° (range, 36°-76°). Mean femoral version was 12.5° (range, −15° to 32°). Mean preoperative hip flexion was 107.40° ± 11.6°, and mean internal rotation at 90° of hip flexion was 19.10° ± 13.0°. The location of impingement was unique in each case and not predictable based on simple radiographic measures (ie, alpha angle) alone. Corrective femoral and rim osteoplasty resulted in significant improvements in both hip flexion (3.8°; P = .002) and internal rotation (9.3°; P = .0002). Mean postoperative alpha angle was 36.4° (range, 22°-46°). Conclusion Focal cam and/or rim osteoplasty can reliably improve hip kinematics and range of motion in patients with symptomatic FAI, particularly the limitation of internal rotation in a flexed position. Computed tomography–based computer modeling can localize regions of anticipated mechanical impingement in symptomatic patients. A complete osteoplasty in these defined regions, through an arthroscopic or open approach, predictably improves range of motion and may help to eliminate the recurrent mechanical collision and secondary chondral injury associated with FAI.
Liner Materials Exposed To Municipal Solid Waste Leachate
Authors: Haxo Henry E. , White Richard M. , Haxo Paul D. , Fong Michael A. 
Published: June 2011

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the potential of various lining materials for controlling the movement of leachate from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills. In the course of the study, 65 materials were subjected to at least one of seven different tests in which they were exposed to MSW leachate. These exposure tests involved placing liner samples in (1) landfill simulators containing 2.4 m (8 ft) of compacted, shredded refuse, (2) immersion tanks containing MSW leachate or water and (3) polybutylene bags containing deionized water. Materials tested included four admix materials, two asphaltic membranes, 50 commercial polymeric membranes, and nine miscellaneous materials. Exposing a wide range of polymeric membranes to a typical MSW leachate in the landfill simulators for up to 56 months produced only limited changes in liner properties. Asphaltic materials did exhibit deficiencies that might affect their serviceability as linings for MSW waste disposal facilities. The properties of soil cement tended to improve during exposure.
Long-Term Planning for Solid Waste Management
Authors: Wilson David C. 
Published: June 2011

The continuing provision of an efficient, reliable and cost-effective service for solid waste management requires the preparation of a sound long-range plan. It is suggested here that such a plan is one which has been chosen by local politicians from a short list of alternative plans, each of which has been evaluated in depth. An examination of the few plans currently available in the U.K. suggests that this ideal is far from being achieved. This article critically examines each of the steps involved in producing a sound plan. Some of the political issues which underpin the planning process are addressed, while existing computer models to assist the evaluation of plans are examined and found wanting. A new approach is introduced, in which the waste manager himself (or herself) uses the computer "interactively", interjecting his skill and judgement as required, with the aim of shortlisting for further study several interestingly different plans, each having a similar cost.
Design and Operation of Future Landfills in Hong Kong
Authors: Pugh M.P. , Rushbrook P.E. , Parker A. 
Published: June 2011

Nine sites were evaluated as potential sanitary landfills for the co-disposal of household and industrial waste from Hong Kong. Many of the problems associated with landfill sites in Hong Kong are related to its climate and topography. Methods of limiting infiltration of rainfall and groundwater are discussed, together with alternative means of leachate collection, treatment and disposal, including on-site treatment and bulk tankering to sea disposal. The study was carried out to obtain cost data for use by the Hong Kong Government in the preparation of their waste disposal plan. The results of the study showed wide variations in estimated annualized costs, reflecting the range of site-specific development work required.
Electricity From Solid Waste At Lakeland, Florida
Authors: Hiers Claude W. 
Published: June 2011

The City of Lakeland, Florida, Department of Electric and Water Utilities owns and operates a municipal electric utility system to generate and distribute electric power. The Utility serves over 60,000 customers in a 260 square mile service area. It is one of the first pioneers of burning municipal solid waste (MSW) as a supplemental fuel to generate electric power in the U.S.A. A 364 MW steam turbine generating unit was designed to fire eastern bituminous coal and a combination of pulverized coal and 10% processed MSW. This paper describes the solid waste processing facility, the problems encountered during the first year of operation and the economics of burning MSW in a large electric utility boiler.
Technological Characterization of Sewage Sludge
Authors: Spinosa L. 
Published: June 2011

Laboratory tests for the technological characterization of sewage sludge are catalogued and reviewed. Procedures presently being tested and evaluated by IRSA (Water Research Institute, C.N.R., Italy) are also discussed. Major attention is addressed to the evaluation of sludge dewaterability, since this operation is both expensive and widely utilized in sludge management. In particular, a new procedure for estimating the full-scale filterpress cake concentration and the floc-strength method for evaluating sludge centrifugability are described. Further studies are, however, required for a better correlation with industrial-scale operations. Other methodologies concern thickening, stabilization, final treatment and disposal: acceptable and simple tests are generally not available and in many cases it is difficult to interpret the data that are generated. The discussion gives evidence of the laboratory tests now used for sludge characterization being specific to the method of treatment; tests yielding basic information about sludge are thus needed.
A Study on the Effects of Discotheque Noise on the Hearing of Young Patrons
Authors: Tin Lee Lay , Lim Ooi Peng 
Published: June 2011

This study aims to find out whether discotheque music affects hearing by exposing 48 young volunteers to discotheque music in discotheque sessions at two discotheques and evaluating their degree of auditory fatigue after exposure. Questionnaire interviews revealed that the majority of them visit discotheques regularly. A higher proportion of those attending the louder discotheque found the music too loud. The prevalence of tinnitus is also higher in those attending the noisier discotheque. The degree of threshold shifts, however, does not appear to be related to the volume of music or auditory fatigue. The noise level exposure was estimated to be 91dBA to 98dBA for weekly exposure and 85dBA to 92dBA for monthly exposure. To avoid hearing loss, patrons should avoid loud discotheques, or cut down their frequency of visits if they choose to continue patronising them. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(1):38-40
Evaluation of a Philippine Community Based Rehabilitation Programme
Authors: Lopez Juan M. , Lewis Janice A. , Boldy Duncan P. 
Published: June 2011

In 1991, the Philippine Department of Health implemented a Philippine Model of the World Health Organisation's Community Based Rehabilitation Programme initiative in pilot areas. The objective of this study was to explore whether, after seven years of operation, the Programme had actually been implemented as planned. The study was conducted in one pilot area in Rosario, La Union, a rural district of Luzon. The research used audit methodology to compare planned services with actual services. The main audit techniques used were record review, in-depth personal interview and focus group discussions. The study showed that such a programme, if properly organised and managed, can meet the needs of the people with disabilities who need rehabilitation. The Community Based Rehabilitation Programme represents a simple cost-effective approach for the delivery of disability prevention and rehabilitation services, particularly in rural areas that have little access to such services. Asia Pac J Public Health 2000;12(2): 85-89
Sero-epidemiology and Risk Factors of Positive Hepatitis B Surface Antigen amongst Chinese Adolescents
Authors: Lee Albert , Cheng Frances F.K. , Chan Cynthia S.Y. , Lau Louisa C.H. , Lo Amelia S.C. 
Published: June 2011

This paper reports the prevalence rate of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) amongst the Hong Kong Chinese adolescents (age 11 to 19), and the risk factors associated with HBsAg positive. The study is cross sectional and 1,580 students were randomly selected from 12 secondary schools in four regions of Hong Kong. For those subjects who agreed to participate and were randomly selected, their blood was tested for HBsAg and anti-HBs. The overall prevalence of HBsAg positive was reported to be 5.8% (7.9% in male and 4.1% in female), lower than 8.1% in 1978. Males, those born in Mainland China and family history of carriers had higher prevalence of HBsAg positive (7.9% vs 4.1%, 12.2% vs 4.7%, 52.9% vs 3.8% respectively) with statistical significance. Males and those born in mainland China were found to have significantly higher odds ratio 1.8 (95% CI. 0.98-3.52) and 4.4 (95% CI. 2.2-8.8) respectively of HBsAg positive by multivariate analysis. Findings suggest that family history of carriers and those born in endemic area are at a higher risk. Therefore it is worthwhile to consider vaccination programme for adolescents to reduce the carrier rate, and to also reduce the infection amongst the adults by horizontal transmission. Asia Pac J Public Health 2001;13(1): 30-35
The Effect of Work Status on Exclusive Breastfeeding in Nairobi
Authors: Lakati Alice , Binns Colin , Stevenson Mark 
Published: June 2011

For many women today work is essential for the economic survival of their families while they also fulfil their role of providing optimum nutrition to their babies through breastfeeding. The objective of the study is to document the effect of returning to work on exclusive breastfeeding by mothers in Kenya. A cross-sectional study of 444 working mothers was undertaken in Nairobi, Kenya. About one half of the mothers were in formal paid employment and the rest were self-employed. The mean number of hours the mothers were away from home due to work was 46.2 hours per week. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 13.3% at three months. Early introduction of complementary foods was high, with 46.4% of the mothers introducing other foods before one month. Breast milk insufficiency and return to work were the main reasons cited for the cessation of exclusive breastfeeding. In a logistic regression analysis the mode of work (fixed working hours versus shift working hours) was associated with exclusive breastfeeding at one month (OR=0.45) and two months ( OR=0.39). Working mothers were able to continue breastfeeding, although the exclusive breastfeeding rates were low. The early introduction of other foods is of public health importance as it exposes infants to increased risk of infection and poor nutrition, particularly diarrhoeal diseases and may lead to flattening of the growth curve. Shift work makes it impossible for some mothers to exclusively breastfeed their infants. Asia Pac J Public Health 2002; 14(2): 85-90.