bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining French Influence in Indochina
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses that no corner of the French empire offers a better example of how Catholic missionaries could see republican colonizers as Johnnies-come-lately than Indochina. It explains that historians of French Indochina portrayed missionaries as crucial facilitators of colonial expansion. It notes that debates over Catholic influence heralded significant changes in both long-held missionary and republican attitudes and practices. It discusses past and present religious violence and French colonialism. It also tells of the bishops, officials, and the uncertain history of missionary commitment. It examines the attitudes of the missionaries in one remote Catholic outpost. It also mentions some of the controversies wherein the Catholic missionaries were involved, but were then later cleared from those accusations.
Qui dit Français dit catholique
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the establishment of the French missionary organization in Madagascar. It notes that the pacification of Madagascar was an official project that combined military force and the general goals of the republican civilizing mission. It also talks about the rise of Christianity in Madagascar. The chapter suggests that the invasion of Madagascar is a supreme example of a debacle. It adds that for more than five years after the invasion, Madagascar remained in the grips of social and political unrest. It tells of the violence that some of the missionaries experienced, and the response of the French troops. It also narrates the discouraging act imposed on the French protestant alternative. It examines the conflict formed between Protestant and Catholic missionaries. It discusses the renewed efforts of French Protestants to defend their right to religious freedom in Madagascar.
Martyrs, Patriots, Frenchmen
Authors: DAUGHTON J. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at popular missionary journals, political pamphlets, and works of mission history from the 1890s to 1914. It traces how conflicts between Catholics and anticlerical critics drove leaders of the missionary movement to redefine their vocation to dovetail with republican goals of colonizing and civilizing. The result was an imperial ideology defined exclusively by neither republicans nor missionaries, but rather by a combination of two competing traditions faced with the tasks of justifying expansion and keeping control in France's overseas empire.
A Working Father: One Man's Talk about Parenting at Work
Authors: Tannen Deborah , Kendall Shari , Gordon Cynthia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines how fathers talk about family at work. Specifically, it considers how one man interactionally creates and draws upon his identity as a father at work in conversations with his coworkers, and how being a parent interpenetrates the work sphere. The extent to which the father talks about his family in personal terms and the kinds of interactional rituals he engages in with his coworkers (for example, troubles talk) contrast with prior observations about how men and fathers talk at work. The father's identity as a parent serves as a resource for sociability with his coworkers and for providing support for colleagues who are also parents. His parental responsibilities at times interfere with his work-related responsibilities and, through his talk about family at work, he positions himself as one half of a parenting team and also as a parenting expert. These findings provide insight into what it means to be a working father, while also providing a rare glimpse into the workplace discourse of a working father who does a significant amount of caregiving.
Role of Protein Kinase C and Related Pathways in Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and Hypertension
Authors: Qiao Xiaoying , Khalil Raouf A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Intracellular signaling activities in vascular smooth muscles (VSMs) are central in the control of blood vessel diameter and the regulation of peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. Several studies have examined the molecular mechanisms underlying VSM contraction under physiological conditions and the pathological alterations that occur in vascular diseases such as hypertension. Vasoconstrictor stimuli activate specific cell surface receptors and cause an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), which forms a complex with calmodulin, activates myosin light chain (MLC) kinase, and leads to MLC phosphorylation, actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. In unison, activation of protein kinase C (PKC) increases the myofilament force sensitivity to [Ca2+]i and MLC phosphorylation, and maintains VSM contraction. Identifying the subcellular location of PKC may be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of VSM hyperactivity states associated with hypertension. Targeting of vascular PKC using isoform-specific PKC inhibitors may work in concert with cytokine antagonists, antioxidants, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and thereby provide new approaches in the treatment of VSM hyperactivity states and certain forms of hypertension that do not respond to Ca2+-channel blockers.
Retinal Cellular Metabolism and its Regulation and Control
Authors: Yu Dao-Yi , Cringle Stephen J , Yu Paula K , Su Er-Ning , Sun Xinghuai , Guo Wenyi , Morgan William H , Yu Xiao-Bo , Balaratnasingam Chandrakumar 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The retina is an extension of the brain with a high functional activity and high metabolic rate but with only a limited blood supply. Consequently there is a delicate balance between high metabolic demands and limited nutrient supply. Oxygen is known to be the most supply-limited metabolite in the human retina, and intraretinal hypoxia is thought to be a major pathogenic factor in retinal diseases with a vascular component. These diseases include diabetic retinopathy, vascular occlusion, and glaucoma. The metabolic and functional properties of the retina are highly compartmentalized, and the highly layered structure of the retina provides an opportunity for investigating the properties of different subcellular components not achievable in the brain due to the complex cell architecture. This chapter demonstrates the marked heterogeneity of oxygen metabolism across the retina, even in different components of the same cell, and contrasts the requirements of the inner retina in vascularized and avascular retinas. Oxygen metabolism in animal models of retinal diseases is also examined, along with the control and regulation of ocular vasculature.
Cross Talk between the Autonomic and Central Nervous Systems: Mechanistic and Therapeutic Considerations for Neuronal, Immune, Vascular, and Somatic-Based Diseases
Authors: Lechin Fuad , Dijs Bertha van der 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes anatomical, physiological, pathophysiological, pharmacological, immunological, and some therapeutic information dealing with most types of diseases. Evidence is presented to support the notion that clinical symptoms (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, dermatological, nephrological, rheumatological, hematological, endocrinological, and others) depend on central nervous system (CNS) disorders that project to the peripheral organs throughout the peripheral autonomic nervous system (ANS) and neuroendocrine pathways. In addition, psychological disorders such as depression and psychosis also provoke ANS, hormonal, and immunological disorders that are responsible for different somatic symptoms. The chapter also demonstrates that the adrenal glands are hypoactive during both childhood and senescence. This peripheral ANS profile explains why they are affected by specific pathophysiological disorders that are rarely observed in young adult subjects. This chapter also presents data emanating from the routine assessment of circulating neurotransmitters that showed that diseases are underlain by peripheral nervous system or adrenal sympathetic overactivity.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Transdifferentiated Neurons in Cross Talk with the Tissue Microenvironment: Implications for Translational Science
Authors: Trzaska Katarzyna A. , Greco Steven J. , Moore Lisamarie , Rameshwar Pranela 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Stem cells hold vast therapeutic potential in facilitating the treatment of many diseases with high mortality. Central to the advancement in stem cell therapy is a fundamental understanding of the basic biology. Currently, the rapidly growing field of stem cell research sees a dividing line between proponents of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and those of adult stem cells (ASCs). While ESCs offer a tremendous potential to generate any tissue within the body, there are questions regarding their stability, with the fear of tumorigenesis and ethical concerns. ASCs are found within most organs. The harvesting of a few cells within an organ does not affect the functions of the organ, thereby circumventing the ethical qualms associated with ESCs. However, ASCs raise questions regarding their potential to form varied tissues and their isolation from living organs. Recent reports have shown the ability of ASCs to generate tissues of germ layers other than their own. This cellular plasticity has wrought excitement, as well as skepticism, within the field.
Glutamatergic Signaling In Neurogenesis
Authors: Nakamichi Noritaka , Yoneda Yukio 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes recent studies on the functional expression of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) by neural progenitor cells isolated from embryonic rat and mouse brains. Cells are cultured in the presence of growth factors toward the formation of round spheres termed as neurospheres for different periods under floating conditions, whereas a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis reveals expression of messenger RNA for particular iGluR and mGluR subtypes in undifferentiated cells and neurospheres formed with clustered cells during the culture with growth factors. Sustained exposure to an agonist for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor not only inhibits the formation of neurospheres but also promotes spontaneous and induced differentiation of neurospheres into cells immunoreactive to a neuronal marker protein on immunocytochemistry and Western blot analyses. This chapter shows that glutamate could play a pivotal role in mechanisms underlying proliferation for self-renewal.
Neuroimmune Interactions That Operate In The Development And Progression Of Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases: Lessons From Pathogenesis Of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Fainardi Enrico , Castellazzi Massimiliano 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by demyelination and axonal damage. The view of MS as a “two-stage disease”, with a predominant inflammatory demyelination in the early phase (relapsing-remitting MS form) and a subsequent secondary neurodegeneration in the early phase (secondary or primary progressive MS) of the disease, is now challenged by the demonstration that axonal destruction may occur independently of inflammation and may also produce it. Therefore, as CNS inflammation and degeneration can coexist throughout the course of the disease, MS may be a “simultaneous two-component disease”, in which the combination of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration promotes irreversible disability. This chapter discusses factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of MS, immune surveillance in the CNS, regulation of immune responses in the inflamed CNS, initiation of T helper 1 (Th1)-mediated immune reactions in the inflamed CNS, amplification of Th1-mediated immune responses in inflamed CNS and tissue damage, and development of autoimmunity in MS.
Immunomodulation in the Nervous and Vascular Systems During Inflammation and Autoimmunity: the Role of T Regulatory Cells
Authors: Chatzantoni Kokona , Mouzaki Athanasia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The immune system is characterized by a complex network of cells and organs specialized to extinguish foreign invaders or malfunctioning cells of the organism. Although innate immunity, B-cell function via antibody responses, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes are very important for protection of the body, T cells play a central role in the immune system and are more important for its regulation. This chapter discusses T-cell regulation within the immune system, along with central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms of positive and negative selection, anergy, and deletion. Immunomodulation in the nervous system as well as vascular system during inflammation and autoimmunity is described using the paradigms of two complex pathological conditions: multiple sclerosis and atherosclerosis. The role of T cells and T regulatory cells in breaking or maintaining tolerance is examined, together with the proposed ways of their therapeutic manipulations to ameliorate disease progression.
Proteases In Β-Amyloid Metabolism: Potential Therapeutic Targets Against Alzheimer‘;S Disease
Authors: Brakch Noureddine , Rholam Mohamed 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Proteases are extremely important signaling molecules that are involved in numerous vital processes. Protease signaling pathways are strictly regulated, and therefore the dysregulation of their activity can lead to pathologies such as cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders. An illustration of the functional role of proteases in physiological processes is demonstrated in the metabolism of β-amyloid. Under normal physiological conditions, the steady-state level of β-amyloid peptide in the brain is determined by the rate of production from amyloid precursor protein via β- and γ-secretases and rate of degradation by the activity of several known metallopeptidases. In conditions that affect the activity of these proteases (for example, genetic mutations, environmental factors, or age), overactive secretases or underactive β-amyloid-degrading enzymes could shift the balance of amyloid metabolism toward abnormal β-amyloid deposition in the brain, an early and invariant feature of all forms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These proteases thus represent potential therapeutic targets against AD, and consequently, regulation of their activity by drugs is now considered as an important strategy in the neuroprotection.
A Volscian Mafia? Cicero and his Italian Clients in the Forensic Speeches
Authors: Lomas Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the aftermath of the bitter Social War between ancient Rome and the Italians, ending in the extension of Roman citizenship to all Italians, the competing claims of existing local loyalties and the new demands made by integration into the Roman State, created an intense debate amongst the Italian nobility about the nature of regional identity and how to reconcile this with the profound changes in the relationship of Italian states to Rome. This chapter examines two interconnected themes: first, the Italians who were defended by Cicero or otherwise appear prominently in his forensic speeches, their background and the municipalities from which they originated, and Cicero's connections with them; second, how the Italian clients are characterised in the speeches, the role they play, and what this implies about Roman and Italian identity in the generation after the Social War.
Repetition and Unity in a Civil Law Speech: The Pro Caecina
Authors: Winterbottom Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the Pro Caecina in an attempt to analyse the relationship between Cicero's forensic speech and the complicated civil lawsuit to which it was tailored. A key to the analysis is found in the structure of the speech, investigated through the repetitions of words and themes which unify the many arguments employed. An approach centred on the structure of the speech forces a close engagement with the text. Earlier structural analyses provide a starting point, and insights from rhetorical theory and discourse analysis may be applied. Cicero's selection and ordering of material provide clues to his strategy, which must be deciphered before the text can be safely used as evidence for either the background of the case itself or the socio-legal context. Cicero's speech, despite its bewildering number of arguments, is a unity, and an excellent example of the advocate at civil law.
De Domo Sua: Legal Problem and Structure
Authors: Stroh Wilfried 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
On September 29, 57 BC, Cicero won his reinstatement into his house and grounds which had in part been dedicated to the gods by P. Clodius Pulcher. Cicero himself regarded the forensic speech delivered on that day, De domo sua, as an outstanding example of his own passionately inspired ‘power of eloquence’. This chapter argues that Cicero was right to place a high value on his speech, because he was conscious of the embarrassing difficulty with which he had had to struggle with regards to the legal dispute he faced involving his house. Though his deadly enemy P. Clodius Pulcher had performed the dedication in question with definitely spiteful intent, still it was performed in a legally correct, binding, and, according to Roman conceptions, irreversible manner. Thus, Cicero certainly had good reason to divert attention from the salient point through irrelevant polemics, and to mobilise the full power of his emotions on his own behalf to turn the trial in his favor.
The Dilemma of Cicero’s Speech for Ligarius
Authors: Jeffrey P. Johnson 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter assesses the strategy used by Cicero in his forensic speech for Quintus Ligarius. Because of the difficulties of this speech, that strategy is not readily apparent. Through a close reading of the text, however, it is evident that Cicero's goal was to refuse admitting his client's guilt but also to dress his speech in the language of a plea for mercy, thus catching Julius Caesar on both horns of a good dilemma. Pro Ligario is a fascinating speech, admired since Quintilian, who quotes from it copiously, and in modern times the subject of a great deal of speculation. In Pro Ligario, Cicero gives a double defence that is at once a way for his client to save face, a dilemma aimed at forcing Caesar into an acquittal, and a brilliant and independent piece of rhetoric.
Gibbon and the 'Watchmen of the Holy City'
Authors: Womersley David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The publication of the first volume of The Decline and Fall in 1776 immediately embroiled Gibbon in a dispute concerning his supposed irreligion. This book follows the implications and ramifications of Gibbon's sudden notoriety to recover the historian's experience of himself as author. It traces Gibbon's attempts to control, to manipulate, and at times to avail himself of, his public reputation from his first, silent, engagement with his critics when he revised the text of the first volume of The Decline and Fall, to that unfinished masterpiece of self-presentation, the Memoirs of My Life. It also shows how the debate about Gibbon's alleged hostility to Christianity shaped the posthumous publication of his Miscellaneous Works by his friend and literary executor, Lord Sheffield.
Revision and Religion
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gibbon revised the text of the two final chapters of the first volume of The Decline and Fall, which had chiefly aroused the indignation of the clerical establishment on two occasions: for the second edition of 1776, and for the third edition of 1777. A meticulous collation of these revisions reveals an interesting drama of response on Gibbon's part. He was initially concerned by rumours that he was to be attacked for supposed irreligion, and, before any attacks had appeared, made concessive revisions for the second edition. However, once the first attacks had been published, Gibbon saw that they were mild and ineffective. His revisions for the third edition therefore reversed the concessions of the second edition, and indeed if anything intensified the deistical flavour of the book.
‘As common as any the most vulgar thing to sense’: Three Versions of the Death of a Father
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter compares the three versions Gibbon composed of the death of his father. Although the movement from version to version is a good example of Gibbon's polishing of style, when these versions are placed within the context of the swift development in Gibbon's political sentiments which was occurring at just the moment of their composition, it is clear that Gibbon's stylistic preferences were co-ordinated with the broader considerations that arose from his contemplation of the scene of European politics.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: WOMERSLEY DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the general subject of the book and illustrates Gibbon's evolving relationship with his reader by analysing changes in the footnotes to The Decline and Fall as it moves through its three instalments (published in 1776, 1781, and 1788). These changes in the style of the footnotes are related to the historian's increasingly deft management of his reputation. The final paragraphs describe and defend the deliberately promiscuous methodology of the book.
Landmarks
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The second Labour Government entered office at the worst of times. When the Labour Party took office, unemployment stood at 1,164,000. By July 1931, it had risen to 2,750,000. The easy belief that a Labour Government would be different had gone. The realization was evident in the deteriorating record of the party in by-elections. In August 1931, this weakened administration faced a sudden crisis, culminating in the resignation of the Labour Government with the exception of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Snowden, and the Government's most senior trade unionist, Jimmy Thomas. All three took office in a new National Government, alongside Conservatives and Liberals. The National Government under MacDonald's leadership introduced a programme of cuts but, faced with further financial crisis, took Britain off the Gold Standard. This book examines the internal politics of the Labour Party, with emphasis on the impact of trade unions on party organization and procedures. The analysis also looks at the complexities of political identities within the party and the broader labour movement.
Organization and Culture
Authors: Howell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The analysis of formal institutions and procedures provides an insufficient basis for an understanding of Labour Party organization. Over time, party institutions developed cultural identities that characterized patterns of behaviour as effective and ineffective, permissible and unacceptable. Such identities could be valuable sources of legitimacy for the party leadership, but they were sufficiently contestable to permit utilization by strategists keen to produce amendments in party practices and policies. The structures and procedures of the newly formed party owed much to the pre-existing practices and cultures of the principal affiliated bodies — the major trade unions and the Independent Labour Party. Control from above was tempered typically by critical initiatives from below, the tension that led the syndicalist turned elite theorist, Robert Michels, to propose an iron law of oligarchy. Yet Michels, dedicated to the ambition of a universalizing social science, neglected the significance of context. As this shifted, so patterns of organizational politics changed. One crucial component that Michels for good historical reasons failed to examine was the impact of office on labour organizations.