bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of Diarylcarbenium Ion Pools via Electrochemical C–H Bond Dissociation
Authors: Okajima Masayuki , Soga Kazuya , Watanabe Takashi , Terao Kimitada , Nokami Toshiki , Suga Seiji , Yoshida Jun-ichi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The “cation pools” of diarylcarbenium ions have been generated by the low-temperature electrochemical oxidation of diphenylmethane derivatives. In addition to diphenylmethanes having various substituents, 9,10-dihydroanthracene, dibenzosuberane, and xanthenes, which are annulated derivatives of diphenylmethane were also found to serve as a precursor of cation pools. The generation of the diarylcarbenium ion was confirmed by low-temperature NMR analysis and cold-spray mass analysis. Reactivity was also investigated by reactions with various carbon nucleophiles such as allyltrimethylsilane, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, and anisole.
Rapid Crystallization of Mesoporous Silica with Highly Stable 2D-Hexagonal Structure
Authors: Inagaki Satoshi , Aratani Yasuhiro , Nakata Satoshi , Yashiro Yuichi , Sekine Yasushi , Kikuchi Eiichi , Matsukata Masahiko 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We investigated the synthetic parameters of MCM-41, prepared through the evaporation-to-dryness treatment of alkali-free surfactant–silicate mixture, and their thermal stability and water resistance. The product obtained by this method gave a well-ordered 2D-hexagonal structure after the removal of surfactant molecules by either solvent-extraction or calcination. It is noteworthy that the d100 value of MCM-41 remained almost the same after calcination, indicating that the pore walls of the as-made product were dense and rigid. This MCM-41 shows a high degree of thermal stability and water resistance due to the highly dense silicate framework in the mesopore walls.
Bimetallic Effect of Silica-Supported Pt–Ru Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Arakawa Tsuyoshi , Seki Haruka , Ohshima Masa-aki , Kurokawa Hideki , Miura Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A drastic synergistic effect has been found for the liquid-phase hydrogenation of aromatic hydrocarbons by the combination of Pt and Ru. The surface composition of Pt–Ru/SiO2 was estimated using O2–CO titration, and it was found that Pt was enriched on the surface of the bimetallic particles. The surface composition of the most active catalyst was nearly 50% Pt, suggesting that the Pt–Ru ensemble of a 1-to-1 ratio was active for the hydrogenation reaction.
Risk Perception for Developing Diabetes Among Pharmacists
Authors: Pinelli Nicole R , Berlie Helen D , Slaughter Richard L , Jaber And Linda A 
Published: May 2009

Background Emerging evidence implies that differences in risk perception between healthcare professionals and the lay public exist. Objective To compare the actual risk status versus the personal risk perceptions for developing diabetes among pharmacists. Methods Perceived risk was measured in this cross-sectional study with the validated Risk Perception Survey for Developing Diabetes (RPS-DD). The RPS-DD has 4 main subscales aimed at capturing multiple dimensions of perceived risk and is scored on the following scale: 1 (almost no risk), 2 (slight risk), 3 (moderate risk), and 4 (high risk). Actual risk was assigned according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) Diabetes Risk Test. Differences between higher and lower ADA risk participants were analyzed. Regression analyses were conducted to examine risk factors associated with pharmacists' self-reported perception for developing diabetes. Results Pharmacists (N = 218, 46.2 ± 12.2 years [mean ± SD], 47.7% male, 85.9% white) completed the survey. The Comparative Disease and Environmental Risk mean subscale scores were 1.98 ± 0.43 and 1.86 ± 0.41, indicating slight risk perceptions for the subscales, respectively. The single-item self-reported perceived risk for developing diabetes was 2.25 ± 0.90, indicating a slight to moderate perceived risk for this disease. The Optimistic Bias score was 2.60 ± 0.64, suggesting a trend toward more optimistic bias and a lower perceived risk for the development of diabetes. The Personal Control score was 3.38 ± 0.47, illustrating that pharmacists endorsed personal control over the development of diabetes. Higher ADA risk participants reported less optimistic bias compared with lower risk respondents (p = 0.005). Comparative disease risk perception (correlation [r] = 0.38; p < 0.0001) and degree of optimistic bias (r = −0.49; p < 0.0001) emerged as the only predictors for diabetes related risk perception Conclusions Pharmacists exhibited a slight to moderate risk perception for developing diabetes, reported a trend toward more optimistic bias, and demonstrated personal control over developing diabetes. Significant comparisons between higher and lower risk respondents were observed only with the optimistic bias subscale.
Amniotic fluid angiopoietin-2 in term and preterm parturition, and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation
Authors: Pacora Percy , Romero Roberto , Chaiworapongsa Tinnakorn , Kusanovic Juan Pedro , Erez Offer , Vaisbuch Edi , Mazaki-Tovi Shali , Gotsch Francesca , Jai Kim Chong , Than Nandor Gabor , Yeo Lami , Mittal Pooja , Hassan Sonia S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Objective: Recent observations have revealed an interaction between inflammation and angiogenesis, which may be mediated by angiopoietins and chemokines. Given the importance of inflammation in parturition, we sought to determine whether angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) is present in amniotic fluid (AF) and if its concentration changes with gestational age, labor, and in intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI) in patients with spontaneous preterm labor and intact membranes.

Study design: This cross-sectional study included 486 patients in the following groups: 1) women in the mid-trimester of pregnancy (14–18 weeks) who underwent amniocentesis for genetic indications and delivered a normal neonate at term (n=52); 2) normal pregnant women at term with (n=48) and without (n=45) spontaneous labor; 3) patients with an episode of spontaneous preterm labor (PTL) and intact membranes who were classified into: a) PTL without IAI who delivered at term (n=152); b) PTL without IAI who delivered preterm (<37 weeks gestation; n=107); and c) PTL with IAI (n=82). Ang-2 concentration in AF was determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis.

Results: 1) Ang-2 was detected in all AF samples; 2) the median AF Ang-2 concentration at term was significantly lower than that in the mid-trimester (1877.4 pg/mL vs. 3525.2 pg/mL; P<0.001); 3) among patients with PTL, the median AF Ang-2 concentration was significantly higher in patients with IAI than in those without IAI (4031.3 pg/mL vs. 2599.4 pg/mL; P<0.001) and those with PTL without IAI who delivered at term (4031.3 pg/mL vs. 2707.3 pg/mL; P<0.001); and 4) no significant differences were observed in the median AF Ang-2 concentration between patients with spontaneous labor at term and those at term not in labor (1722.9 pg/mL vs. 1877.4 pg/mL; P=0.6).

Conclusions: 1) Ang-2, a protein involved in the process of vascular remodeling, is a physiologic constituent of the amniotic fluid and its concentration decreased with advancing gestation; 2) the median Ang-2 concentration in amniotic fluid is higher in patients with IAI than in those without; and 3) spontaneous parturition at term is not associated with changes in the AF concentration of Ang-2. These findings support the view of a link between angiopoietins and inflammation.
Hymes on speech socialization
Authors: Ervin-Tripp Susan M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article reviews Dell Hymes's formative impact on the study of speech socialization. From the early 1960s on, Hymes addressed issues of language socialization, partly in response to the limitations in Chomsky's powerful theoretical interventions on child language, and partly as an extension of a maturing ethnographic paradigm. Focusing on speech in culture-related behavioral settings, Hymes developed a paradigm that revolved around function and context. While this topic was initially part of the general ethnographic program in Hymes's work, it gave rise to a period of productive research on culture-specific patterns of child language use, the structure of speech repertoires, and functions of speech in socialization, which empirically realized the perspective in Hymes's theoretical discussions.
Ethnography and democracy: Hymes's political theory of language
Authors: Blommaert Jan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDell Hymes's oeuvre was explicitly political, and this paper addresses this often overlooked dimension of his work. The project of ethnography was intended by Hymes to be a counterhegemonic and democratic science, which offered voice to the subjects it studied and so created a critical social-scientific paradigm that destabilized and negated established truths by dialogically engaging with reality. This critical and counterhegemonic paradigmatic dimension of ethnography is first sketched and discussed at some length. Next, we discuss Hymes's ethnopoetic work. In his ethnopoetic work, Hymes's critical concern with voice, democracy, and inequality is articulated most clearly and persuasively. It is by looking at ethnopoetics that we see the blending of a methodological and a political project.
From performance to print, and back: Ethnopoetics as social practice in Alice Florendo's corrections to “Raccoon and his Grandmother”
Authors: Moore Robert E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn considering Dell Hymes's pioneering work on Native American texts—itself grounded in fieldwork with speakers of Kiksht (Wasco-Wishram dialect of Upper Chinookan) in the 1950s—the article documents an encounter with a Kiksht language teacher, activist, and entrepreneur, an occasion of oral literary history and criticism whose ostensible purpose is to introduce a correction into the printed record. The discourse that results—ranging across specific observations of the text at hand to more general observations about Kiksht storytelling practices and about collaborative work in “salvage” linguistics—incorporates bits and pieces of the story along the way, providing a rich opportunity to revisit a fundamental tension in the ethnopoetic work of Hymes and others: between a view grounded in folkloristic study that sees language forms-in-text as important genre characteristics, and a view (seen also in “the ethnography of communication”) that concentrates on the event-bound functionalities of discursive (and transcribable) linguistic features.
Logic and Theology in Clement of Alexandria. The Purpose of the 8th Book of the Stromata
Authors: Bergjan Silke-Petra 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
In Stromata VIII finden sich drei Kapitel, in denen Clemens Beweis und dialektischen Syllogismus gegenüberstellt. Seine Ausführungen haben Parallelen in der aristotelischen Dialektik. Beweiskräftige Schlüsse übertragen die Zuverlässigkeit und Wahrheit der Prämisse auf die Schlussfolgerung, sie führen zu zuverlässiger Erkenntnis. Das Bemühen um zuverlässige Erkenntnis ist nach Clemens Aufgabe des Theologen. Entsprechend häufig begegnet die dialektische Terminologie, insbesondere in Stromata II und VII.

Stromata VIII wird eingeführt als Kommentar zu dem kontrovers interpretierten Vers Mt 7,7. Im Unterschied zur nicht-christlichen Philosophie führt nach Clemens die christliche Philosophie zum „Finden“, was sie aber nicht des „Suchens“ enthebt. Christen, die nach zuverlässiger Erkenntnis streben, sind nach Clemens also gerade nicht wie in Tertullians Häretikerbeschreibung diejenigen, die endlos suchen und deren Suche zu nichts führt. Vielmehr hält Clemens umgekehrt seinen Gegnern vor, dass sie unter den skeptischen Vorbehalt fallen, wenn sie sich in ihrem einfachen Glauben eines Urteils bewusst enthalten.
Clemens verteidigt eine Ausbildung in Dialektik, gleichzeitig finden sich bei Clemens logik-kritische Aussagen, in denen Clemens jedoch nicht seine eigene Haltung gegenüber der Dialektik zurücknimmt. Er hat hier mit einer zweiten Gruppe von Gegnern zu tun, denen Clemens das Argumentieren mit dialektischen Schlüssen zuschreibt, d.h. mit zwar gültigen, aber im Gegensatz zu seinen eigenen Beweisen nicht notwendig wahren Schlüssen. Diese Schlüsse zieht er in den Bereich eristischer Scheinsyllogismen, womit deutlich ist, dass er in der Dialektik entwickelte Unterscheidungen benutzt, um seine Position in den Auseinandersetzungen zu bestimmen.
Eusebius' Contra Marcellum. Anti-Modalist Doctrine and Orthodox Christology
Authors: Beeley Christopher A. 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
In seinen späten Werken gegen Markell von Ankyra hat Euseb von Cäsarea wichtige Grundprinzipen der Theologie entwickelt, die in der späteren Tradition als orthodox rezipiert wurden. Im Gegensatz zu der Ansicht, seine Theologie sei entschieden subordinatianisch und der nizänischen Richtung entgegengesetzt, zeigt eine Analyse seiner Christologie ein deutlich differenzierteres Bild. Dieses Bild unterscheidet sich signifikant von einem großen Teil der Sekundärliteratur, die Euseb hauptsächlich als Gegner des Athanasius begreift. Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den Grundzügen und der exegetischen Grundlage der Christologie in Eusebs späten Werken Contra Marcellum, De ecclesiastica theologia und De Theophania und verfolgt sie bei Autoren wie Gregor von Nazianz und Kyrill von Alexandria, die später als Kronzeugen des nizänisch-orthodoxen Glaubens herangezogen wurden.
Staatsreligion, Volkskirche oder Gemeinschaft der Heiligen? Das Christentum in der Spätantike: eine Standortbestimmung
Authors: Gemeinhardt Peter 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with ecclesiastical reality and ecclesiological reflection in Late Antiquity. The former self-definition of the Church as a community of martyrs was challenged by the fact that after the end of the persecutions, many people entered the Church, while it turned out to be difficult to evaluate their conversion in depth. In the eyes of many eager Christians, the Church became increasingly a part of the world instead of its counterpart. While on the one hand, asceticism gained prominence as alternative to the „worldly“ behavior of bishops and Christians, on the other hand the inner strength of the Church lay in the ability to cope with those „living saints“ as well as with the ordinary believers. The Church of Late Antiquity thus proved to be a Volkskirche, that is, a community with flexible frontiers but with a clear centre: the community of saints, that is, the community of saintly living men and women and of those who were no saints themselves in a proper sense but participated in the former's cult.
The Cappadocian Paschal Christology: Gregory Nazianzen and Gregory of Nyssa on the Divine Paschal Image of Christ
Authors: Giulea Dragoş-Andrei 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Der Artikel verortet die Christologie der Kappadozier im Kontext altkirchlicher Terminologie und konzentriert sich dabei besonders auf die Osterpredigten von Gregor von Nazianz und Gregor von Nyssa. Diese Texte beschreiben Christus als göttliche Herrlichkeit, unveränderliches Abbild Gottes, Heil bringende Manifestation der Gottheit, Verbindung bzw. Mischung von Logos und Sarx oder Geist und Fleisch, himmlischem Archetypen und schöpferischem Logos. Die eschatologische Neuerschaffung des Menschen in Entsprechung zum himmlischen Archetypen soll bereits im diesseitigen Leben beginnen. Insgesamt kann die Christologie der Kappadozier als eine auf dem Bildgedanken beruhende Soteriologie und eine auf den Schöpfungsbegriff rekurrierende Christologie aufgefasst werden, wobei beide Gedankenkomplexe mit der Ostertheologie verbunden werden. Während sich erstere von Irenäus und Pseudo-Hippolyt bis zu Athanasius und Basilius verfolgt lässt, lassen sich zu letzterer Parallelen bei Melito, Athanasius und wiederum Basilius finden.
Geburt im Chaos und Belebung im Wirbelwind. Zwei neue Deutungsvorschläge zu NHC II,5
Authors: Kaiser Ursula Ulrike 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
The mention of π∈ριCCON in On the Origin of the World (NHC II,5) 99,18 was in the past interpreted either as “afterbirth” (Painchaud, Layton) or “miscarriage” (Bethge). It is argued here (I.) that the context in which π∈ριCCON occurs and also its description as a watery substance don't match these interpretations. It is rather to be understood as the amniotic fluid which flows out of the womb of a pregnant woman shortly before birth. Evidence of the use of περíσσωμα in a comparable way in the gynaecological literature of late antiquity (Soranus) confirms this interpretation. In its last part (III.) the article therefore proposes a possible female authorship for On the Origin of the World since deeper insight in the actual birth process in antiquity was basically limited to the women themselves and their midwifes (only sometimes doctors as well). In its second part the article compares the passage when Yaldabaoth creates his own offspring in On the Origin of the World with a passage in The Hypostasis of the Archons where the archons try to give life (i.e. breath) to the first man they have made of dust and argues for a connection between the Coptic words ϣOγϣOγ and ϪOγϪOγ on the basis of τῦφoς/τυφώς.
Spekulationen über ein altes Philippusevangelium
Authors: Hartenstein Judith 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
Was there another gospel named after Philip besides the gospel known from Nag-Hammadi-Codex II,3? Epiphanius and Pistis Sophia both know about a Gospel of Philip. It is rather difficult to see their testimony as a reference to Nag-Hammadi-Codex II,3, but it fits well with writings connecting Philip with the transmission of Gnostic tradition like Sophia of Jesus Christ and Letter of Peter to Philip. In addition, Acts and the Gospel of John witness to a Philip-tradition of the first century. Taken together, these references indicate an ancient and continuously developed Philip-tradition which probably started with the teaching of Philip the Hellenist, gained importance in Gnostic circles and led to the composition of at least two gospels in his name.
The Gospel of Judas in Light of the New Testament and Early Christianity
Authors: Robinson Gesine Schenke 
Published: May 2009

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Im Gegensatz zu dem, was der rasch einsetzende und sensationheischende Strom der Veröffentlichungen nach der Entdeckung des Judasevangeliums suggeriert, betont der vorliegende Beitrag, dass das Judasevangelium keinerlei Interesse an einer Verteidigung des Judas erkennen lässt, ganz unabhängig davon, wie sehr wir es uns wünschen, die Dämonisierung des Judas, mit der nur zu oft das Vergießen jüdischen Blutes entschuldigt wurde, rückgängig zu machen. Während Judas im Neuen Testament eine entscheidende Rolle für den göttlichen Heilsplan spielt, ist das Schicksal des Judas im Judasevangelium durch seinen fehlgeleiteten Stern so vorherbestimmt, dass es zum Verrat Jesu kommt. Judas bleibt eine durchgehend ambivalente Figur: Obwohl er der Hauptgesprächspartner Jesu ist, empfängt er eine Offenbarung seines eigenen Untergangs. Das Judasevangelium wendet sich gegen die Rituale des Mehrheitschristentums seiner Zeit. So hält es etwa Opfer an den feindlich gesonnenen Schöpfergott für verfehlt und polemisiert heftig gegen die Überzeugung, Jesu Tod sei zur Sühne und Erlösung der Menschen notwendig gewesen. Indem das Judasevangelium die Unwissenheit der 12 Jünger verspottet, die ihre Anhänger gänzlich in die Irre führten, verweist es auf den Irrtum der nicht gnostischen, orthodoxen Kirche und ihrer Anführer. Judas ist einer dieser ahnungslosen Anhänger, über den Jesus ein verheerendes endgültiges Urteil fällt. Die Botschaft des Judasevangeliums verneint jegliche Hoffnung auf eine Erlösung der Menschheit, weil jeder Sterbliche unter der Kontrolle irreleitender Sterne steht und so zu ewiger Verdammnis bestimmt ist. Einzig in einem Erwachen der Irregeleiten und ihrer Annahme der rettenden Gnosis liegt eine Möglichkeit der Erlösung. Dies legt eine Verwendung des Judasevangeliums für katechetische Zwecke innerhalb der Gemeinschaft, die das Judasevangelium benutzt hat, nahe.
Variable Introgression from Supplemental Stocking in Southern Ontario Populations of Lake Trout
Authors: Halbisen Michael A. , Wilson Chris C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn unintended consequence of fish stocking is genetic homogenization from interbreeding between indigenous populations and genetically distinct hatchery strains. Lake trout populations in southern Ontario have been extensively supplemented with hatchery strains originating from Great Lakes sources, but evaluation of introgressive admixture has been challenging without data or samples that precede historical stocking events. We used complementary genetic markers (mitochondrial PCR‐RFLP and 12 microsatellite DNA loci) to resolve native and introgressed (hatchery descendent) genetic profiles for lake trout from four unstocked lakes and eight stocked lakes using samples from an introduced population (i.e., established by introduction of stocked fish) and source hatchery strains for comparison. We predicted that some inland populations would retain a composite native genetic profile similar to profiles of populations in unstocked lakes and that introduced and introgressed populations would resemble hatchery sources. Allele frequency‐based methods and Bayesian individual assignment techniques gave largely congruent results for inferred population ancestries. Four of the eight supplemented populations included in this analysis exhibited genetic profiles consistent with native ancestry, indicating limited introgressive admixture. The remaining supplemented populations, however, showed evidence of introgression and homogenization with genetically distinct stocked fish. Recorded stocking history alone was not indicative of admixture in these populations, which suggests that other genetic, ecological, or anthropogenic factors facilitated reproduction between native and stocked fish.
Location, Location, Location: The Importance of Cull Ring Placement in Blue Crab Traps
Authors: Havens Kirk J. , Bilkovic Donna Marie , Stanhope Dave , Angstadt Kory 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWire‐mesh crab traps capture both legal‐ and sublegal‐sized blue crabs Callinectes sapidus. The likelihood of injury and subsequent mortality of small crabs when confined with larger conspecifics increases as the time of confinement lengthens. While the installation of cull (escape) rings has reduced the entrapment of sublegal crabs, the capture of undersized blue crabs continues. In most states, there are no regulations requiring placement of cull rings in a specific location on a trap wall. Since blue crabs tend to crawl along the floor of the upper chamber of crab traps, we tested escape efficiency for sublegal blue crabs in traps with cull rings that were flush with the upper chamber floor. Placement of cull rings flush with the upper chamber floor or partition increases the odds of escape within 4 h of capture by 39 times over traps with cull rings placed higher on the trap wall. A reduction in the entrapment and potential injury or mortality of undersized blue crabs can be realized by proper placement of cull rings within crab traps.