bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Administration of Water or Isotonic Nacl Solution on the Urinary Excretion of 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid in the Rat
Authors: Bertaccini G , Erspamer V 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Administration of tap water by stomach tube or of isotonic NaCl solution orally or subcutaneously produces a conspicuous increase in the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hiaa) in the rat. The same increase can be observed after administration of water plus posterior-pituitary antidiuretic hormone (adh). Tap water is less effective than physiological saline; the latter, in its turn, is more effective by the subcutaneous route than by mouth. Increase of 5-hiaa may be, for short periods, as high as 3 times normal. The minimum oral dose of tap water causing a significant increase in urinary 5-hiaa is 2 ml./100 g., that of physiological saline 1 ml./100 g. Repeated doses of both tap water and physiological saline produce a more intense and long-lasting increase of 5-hiaa output than single doses. Generally, excess 5-hiaa coincides with excess urine elimination, but there is no obligatory correlation of the intensity of the two phenomena. Recovery, as urinary 5-hiaa, of exogenous 5-hiaa, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-htp) is the same in control, non-hydrated rats and in rats given single or repeated doses of tap water, tap water plus adh, or isotonic saline solution. The mechanism by which water or saline administration produces increased urinary excretion of 5-hiaa is discussed.
Curare-Like Drugs and Vagal Synapses: Comparative Study in vitro on the Isolated Vagus-Stomach Preparation of the Rat
Authors: Bella D Della , Rognoni F , Teotino U M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The anti-acetylcholine properties of curare-like drugs have been investigated on the motor responses of the electrically stimulated isolated vagus-stomach preparation of the rat. The synaptic site of the inhibitory action shown to varying degrees by the compounds tested has been located by comparing the modifications of the gastric responses to stimulation of preganglionic vagal fibres with the unmodified responses of the rat stomach strip preparation to acetylcholine.
The Retention of Aqueous Suspensions on Leaf Surfaces
Authors: Challen S B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method has been devised, using lycopodium, for studying the contribution of leaf surface characteristics to the wetting of leaves and the retention of particles applied as suspensions. Plants have been classified according to wettability, in relation to particle distribution and surface roughness. The recession of liquid on leaves of Rumex obtusifolius was studied in detail and the contributing factors analysed.
Biochemical Properties of Bretylium
Authors: McCoubrey A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of bretylium (10−3 m) on the respiration of brain slices and certain enzyme systems has been investigated. This concentration of drug is similar to that present in cat sympathetic ganglia after doses of bretylium sufficient to impair adrenergic nerve function. It was a weak inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, but had no effect on the other enzymes investigated. Prolonged treatment with bretylium (10 mg./kg.) did not affect the catecholamine levels of cat adrenals and sympathetic ganglia; larger doses depleted the amine from the ganglia. The noradrenaline content of rabbit spleen tended to rise after chronic dosage with the drug and this treatment appeared to render the amine refractory to the depleting action of reserpine.
A Note on the use of Cellulose Phosphate Cation-Exchange Paper for the Separation of Catecholamines, and Some Other Biogenic Amines
Authors: Roberts Michael 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cellulose phosphate cation-exchange paper has been investigated for its ability to separate biogenic amines. Descending chromatography with an ammonium acetate: isopropanol solvent mixture gave good separation of a number of these amines, including the principal catecholamines. The technique has the advantage of eliminating neutral and acidic compounds which may interfere in conventional partition methods. It has been applied to tissue extracts containing catecholamines.
The Nature of Resistance of A Penicillin to Hydrolysis by Penicillinase
Authors: Citri N , Garber N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
5-Methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl penicillin is a competitive inhibitor of penicillinase. Interaction with this compound causes marked conformational changes in the enzyme. The changes are reflected in increased susceptibility to iodination, urea and heat. Present observations are related to previously recorded evidence, and the conclusion is reached that the side-chain of a penicillin may confer resistance by distorting the catalytic orientation of penicillinase.
The Effect of Lowered Temperature on the Neuromuscular Blocking Action of Suxamethonium on the Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Whittaker R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The neuromuscular blocking action of suxamethonium on the rat isolated phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation was observed at 20 and at 37°. The effect of lowered temperature is to intensify the neuromuscular block produced by suxamethonium and to render the depolarisation characteristics of the blockade more distinct. Competitive inhibition is not apparent at 20° in contrast to the competitive features of the block which have been reported to be present at 37°.
Dioxatrine, a potent and specific rumenal ulcer-preventing agent in rats
Authors: Niemegeers C J E , Janssen P A J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
When rats are starved with free access to a 20% glucose solution, extensive rumenal ulcers are found in almost all animals at the end of the third week. The formation of these ulcers may be inhibited by dissolving adequate amounts of two anti-acetylcholine agents in the glucose solution. A minimum of about 8 mg/kg of atropine sulphate daily is required for significant activity. Submaximal mydriatic effects are observed after oral administration of this dose. Dioxatrine, a tertiary amine of novel structure, inhibited ulcer formation at dose levels devoid of significant mydriatic activity. Dioxatrine prevents experimental ulcers in rats in one twentieth the dose of atropine.
Chronic toxicity of brilliant blue FCF, blue VRS, and green S in rats
Authors: Mannell W A , Grice H C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Groups of twenty rats were given weekly subcutaneous injections of one of the food colours Brilliant Blue FCF, Blue VRS, and Green S. The dose, 20 mg in isotonic saline, was given for 45 weeks after which the rats were observed for an additional 26 weeks. There was ulceration and abscess formation at the site of injection in rats given Blue VRS. The other two colours produced no noticeable local or systemic effects. No subcutaneous fibrosarcomas were seen in any of the rats. Two rats given Blue VRS developed rhabdomyosarcomas in the area of the injection site. This finding is being investigated.
Physical and biological changes in an artificial fat emulsion during storage
Authors: Boberg J , Håkansson I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A soybean oil emulsion for parenteral nutrition has been stored for about 2 years at 4, 20 and 40°. During storage, the pH fell and the FFA concentration increased. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and the maximum velocity of the lipoprotein-lipase reaction (Vmax) also increased. Gross particles were formed in the fat emulsion, and its toxicity increased with time. All these changes were most pronounced during storage at 40°.
Some aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine
Authors: Hugo W B , Longworth A R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chlorhexidine is rapidly adsorbed by bacterial cells and this adsorption is accompanied by other cytological changes which include changes in the permeability of the cells and in their optical properties. The amount of drug adsorption causing maximum leakage of cell constituents and changes in extinction was found to be equivalent for Escherichia coli and for Staphylococcus aureus. Higher doses of chlorhexidine causing a higher level of drug adsorption caused correspondingly less leakage and change in extinction although such higher doses were more rapidly bactericidal.
Oxidation of benzaldehyde in some multiphase betaine-benzaldehyde-water systems
Authors: Swarbrick J , Carless J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The results of oxidation studies in ternary multiphase betaine-benzaldehyde-water systems show that the maximum rate of oxidation depends primarily on the benzaldehyde content and composition of the phase with the shortest induction period in the system under examination. The effects of chain length and concentration of the S-amphiphile (betaine) are important only in so far as they influence the phase equilibria of the ternary systems.
Effect of an anti-acetylcholine drug, methscopolamine bromide, on ulcer formation and gastric mucus
Authors: Robert André , Nezamis James E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A 30-hr period of restraint in rats was followed by the appearance of ulcers in the gastric corpus coincidental with a marked reduction of gastric juice volume, acid and also of hexosamine which was used as an estimation of mucus content. Methscopolamine (Pamine), an anti-acetylcholine drug, prevented ulcer formation, reduced further volume and acid output but produced a 3–4 fold increase in hexosamine concentration. Tissue (corpus and antrum) hexosamine was moderately reduced by restraint. In the corpus, this was counteracted by methscopolamine but antrum hexosamine was not influenced by this drug. The anti-ulcer property of methscopolamine may be due not only to its effect on acid secretion but also to the rise in gastric mucus concentration that it produced.
Spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid in excess p-aminosalicylate
Authors: Dutt M C , Chua T H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The presence of a large excess of p-aminosalicylic acid prevents the direct application of Vierordt’s spectrophotometric method to the determination of isoniazid in tablets. The method can, however, be applied after the bulk of the p-aminosalicylic acid has been removed with ether. The extinction of the aqueous phase containing all the isoniazid and some of the p-aminosalicylic acid is then determined at two wavelengths and the concentration of isoniazid calculated therefrom.
The relation between heat activation and colony formation for the spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Cook A M , Brown M R W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Spores suspended in water were heated at 73·5, 100, 115 and 121° and colony counts made. These showed an initial increase followed by an exponential decline. Spores in phosphate buffer showed a reduced activation. Comparison of total (microscopic) and colony counts showed that only about 5% of unheated spores developed into colonies. This increased to about 50% after optimum heat activation.
Effect of chlorhexidine diacetate on “protoplasts” and spheroplasts of Escherichia coli, protoplasts of Bacillus megaterium and the Gram staining reaction of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hugo W B , Longworth A R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chlorhexidine prevents the transformation of Bacillus megaterium cells to protoplasts by lysozyme, of E. coli cells to spheroplasts by penicillin and causes lysis of “protoplasts” and spheroplasts of E. coli stabilised in hypertonic sucrose solution. Transformation of Staphylococcus aureus cells to the Gram-negative condition occurred in contact with 10 to 800 μg/ml of chlorhexidine and 10, 50 and 100 μg/ml of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide but higher concentrations of the latter prevented this change. Results indicate that chlorhexidine damages the permeability barrier of bacterial cells.
Antifungal activity of some imidazole derivatives
Authors: Ellis G P , Epstein C , Fitzmaurice C , Golberg L , Lord G H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A series of 4(5)-arylimidazoles and their N-alkyl and other derivatives has been synthesised. Some of these compounds possessed good in vitro antifungal action, especially against strains of Trichophyton and less activity against Microsporum, Aspergillus and Candida strains; their activity against all mycological pathogens was reduced in the presence of serum. The three most active compounds are 1-alkyl-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imidazoles in which the alkyl group is an n-propyl, n-butyl or isobutyl group. 4(5)-(2,3,4-Trichlorophenyl)imidazole is also almost as potent as an antifungal compound. Structure-antifungal activity relations for these compounds are discussed.
Catechu (Gambier): its microscopical characters
Authors: Leong Mun Sum , Jackson Betty P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
24 different commercial samples of catechu have been examined microscopically for the presence of vegetable fragments, starch and crystalline material. The components of the vegetable débris have been identified as being derived from the leaves and young shoots of Uncaria gambier Roxb. used in the preparation of the extract. The main microscopical characters of value in the identification of catechu are enumerated.
Influence of adrenaline on the diabetogenic effect of alloxan in the rat
Authors: Abd-El-Wahed H , Ghaleb H A , Hegazy M R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of alloxan and adrenaline on blood glucose was investigated in 84 rats. The diabetogenic action of alloxan, 200 mg/kg, was prevented by mixing it for 10 min with adrenaline, 50 μg/kg, before injection. No histological changes in the islets were observed after the injection of this mixture. Similar doses of adrenaline and alloxan, injected intramuscularly at the same time but separately produced a diabetogenic action greater than that produced by alloxan alone.
A note on the stability of actinomycin D
Authors: Crevar George E , Slotnick Irving J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Visible absorption spectra and an agar-diffusion microbiological assay with Staphylococcus aureus were used to examine the effects of temperature, time, and pH on the stability of actinomycin D in distilled water, Clark and Lubs buffer solutions, and plasma. The most stable storage pH range for actinomycin D in buffer solution is 5 to 7. Actinomycin D in distilled water and stored 5° C (refrigeration) preserved its stability for at least 150 days. Except in buffer at pH 5, the antibiotic is appreciably degraded by autoclaving.
Pharmacological properties of some imidazole derivatives occurring in nature
Authors: Bertaccini G , Vitali T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some naturally occurring histamine derivatives such as monomethylhistamine [4-(2-methylaminoethyl)imidazole], dimethylhistamine [4-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-imidazole], spinaceamine (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroimidazo[5,4-c]pyridine) and 6-methyl-spinaceamine, and the quaternary ammonium base of histamine [4-(2-trimethyl-aminoethyl)imidazole] hitherto unknown in nature, were submitted to a pharmacological examination. The actions of monomethylhistamine resembled closely those of histamine. Dimethylhistamine was 2 to 20 times less active than histamine and showed some weak “nicotinic” effects. Trimethylhistamine had about 1% of the activity of histamine but showed a potent “nicotinic” activity on the preparations examined. Spinaceamine and 6-methylspinaceamine were virtually inactive. The importance of the N‘-methylhistamines which behave similarly to the methyl derivatives of 5-hydroxytryptamine is discussed.
Estimation of C-glycosides and O-glycosides in cascara (Rhamnus purshiana DC., bark) and cascara extract
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Simic S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An assay process is described which enables the cascarosides, the aloins and the O-glycosides of cascara to be estimated separately. The cascarosides are separated from the aloins by partition between water and ethyl acetate; each fraction is then oxidised and hydrolysed by ferric chloride treatment to the free anthraquinones which are determined colorimetrically as aloe-emodin. The O-glycosides are determined colorimetrically as emodin after acid hydrolysis. Results show that commercial extracts contain only about half the theoretical amount of C-glycosides and about quarter of the O-glycosides and there is a significant breakdown of primary glycosides. These results indicate that decomposition occurs during preparation of the official extract. One commercially available extract, which passed current official standards, was shown by the method to be very deficient in activity. In view of the small proportion of O-glycosides in commercial extracts a shortened assay process, for cascarosides and aloins only, is described.
Effect of imipramine and some analogues on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by human blood platelets in vitro
Authors: Yates Celia M , Todrick A , Tait A C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The inhibitory action of imipramine and some analogues on the uptake of 5-hydroxytryptamine by human blood platelets in vitro was investigated. In concentrations comparable with those reached in plasma during therapy, imipramine and the isosteric compound, amitriptyline, were more effective than their metabolites. Chlorpromazine was less effective than the latter and orphenadrine ineffective at the concentrations tested.
Pharmacological actions and toxicity of dimethyl sulphoxide and other compounds which protect smooth muscle during freezing and thawing
Authors: Farrant J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Dimethyl sulphoxide and other non-electrolytes have been shown to protect partially, the smooth muscle of the guinea-pig uterus from damage during freezing to and thawing from –79°. The mechanism of this protection is probably physico-chemical in nature, for none of the compounds had any specific pharmacological action on smooth muscle. In the high concentrations needed for protection the compounds themselves caused some non-specific osmotic damage to the smooth muscle. All of the compounds examined had a low toxicity in mice.
Colorimetric method for the estimation of norethynodrel in tablets containing mestranol
Authors: Chissell J F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The colour method proposed for the estimation of norethynodrel in tablets with mestranol utilises a reaction similar to the well known Zimmerman reaction, the reagents employed being m-dinitrobenzene and benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide solution and a solvent mixture consisting of ethyl acetate and ethanol. Maximum extinction was at a wavelength of 510 mμ and Beer’s law is obeyed for a concentration range 5 to 20μg norethynodrel per ml final solution.
Measurement of body temperature in conscious small laboratory animals by means of an oesophageal thermocouple
Authors: Brittain R T , Spencer P S J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A device is described for making rapid repeated measurements of body temperature in conscious small laboratory animals. A thermocouple, sealed inside an 18 gauge hypodermic needle is inserted into the oesophagus and the temperature read directly on a calibrated meter.
Estimation of barbiturates by quantitative thin-layer chromatography
Authors: Morrison J C , Chatten L G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method for separating and analysing quantitatively, mixtures of barbiturates by thin-layer chromatography is described. The barbiturates are eluted from the silica gel and coupled with mercury which is then estimated by dithizone. The method can be used to assay commercial pharmaceutical preparations.
Synthesis of pyridine-2-sulphonhydrazide 1-oxide and α-(2-pyridylthio)acethydrazide and its 1-oxide
Authors: Comrie A M , Mir I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The title compounds and some of their alkylidene and acyl derivatives have been prepared. A preliminary examination of representative compounds revealed negligible antibacterial activity against selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.
A direct and an indirect action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the distal part of the isolated colon of the rat
Authors: Ulrich Karen 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The motor response of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) on the distal part of the isolated rat colon was investigated by constructing dose: response curves to 5-ht, acetylcholine and nicotine; these were repeated in the presence of different antagonists and an anticholinesterase. Hyoscine abolished the responses to acetylcholine, almost completely blocked the effect of nicotine, but reduced the contractions to 5-ht only to about half of the original level. The anticholinesterase NN’-diisopropylphosphorodiamidic fluoride (mipafox) potentiated the responses to acetylcholine, 5-ht or nicotine. Procaine and cocaine inhibited to the same extent the large doses of 5-ht, but had no effect on the small doses. Both drugs reduced the contractions with nicotine. Three ganglion-blocking agents were used. Hexamethonium had no effect on acetylcholine or 5-ht, but antagonised nicotine. Mecamylamine had no effect on acetylcholine; it blocked the responses to nicotine and reduced the large doses of 5-ht. The action of dimethylphenylpiperazinium on the three agonists was similar to that of mecamylamine. 2-Bromolysergic acid diethylamide had no effect on the responses to acetylcholine, but reduced equally the contractions due to 5-ht and nicotine. It was concluded that 5-ht acted indirectly by stimulating the intramural parasympathetic ganglia and directly by an action on the muscle fibres. The direct action was pronounced with small doses, the indirect action with higher doses of 5-ht.
Preparation and antibacterial activity of isatogens and related compounds
Authors: Hooper M , Patterson D A , Wibberley D G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A number of 2-substituted isatogens are shown to possess moderate in vitro antibacterial properties. The syntheses of closely related compounds in the pyrrolo-[2,3-c]pyridine and pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine series are described. Antibacterial activities of these compounds, of the structurally similar indolones, N-hydroxy-indoles, indoxyls and indoles are recorded, together with those of certain styryl compounds required as intermediates.
Some tryptamine derivatives: 1-aryloxy-3-[(2-indol-3‘-ylethyl)amino]propan-2-ols
Authors: Jackman G B , Petrow V , Stephenson O 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of some 1-aryloxy-3-[(2-indol-3′-ylethyl)amino]propan-2-ols is described. Their biological activity was insignificant.
A method for determining the solution rate of fine particles
Authors: Edmundson I C , Lees K A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method is presented for determining the solution rate of fine particles, crystalline hydrocortisone acetate being used as the model substance. The method’s innovation is that it takes account of the changing particle size distribution during the solution process, using a Coulter counter to observe this. The solution rate may be expressed as diameter loss per unit time (dt = do – k2t). The solution rate of hydrocortisone acetate under the conditions of the experiment was found to be linear and to correspond to a diameter loss of 1.68 μ/hr, equivalent to 108 μg/cm2 of surface/hr. Corrections for the Noyes-Whitney effect were made.
Different types of sympathomimetic α-receptors
Authors: Van Rossum J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Sympathomimetic effects have been studied on the isolated vas deferens of the rat, in the isolated jejunum of the rabbit and on the cardiovascular system of the cat. (–)-Noradrenaline (1-R configuration), (+)-noradrenaline (1-S configuration) and dopamine as well as a number of homologues were used as agonists. The adrenergic blocking drugs piperoxan, phentolamine, yohimbine, aceperone and the tranquillising drugs chlorpromazine, (–)-mepromazine, haloperidol, droperidol and spiramide as well as bulbocapnine were used as antagonists. The results obtained with both agonists and antagonists provide evidence that the structural requirements for drugs to react with and to activate α-receptors in the vas deferens and the rabbit intestine are different; epinine and dopamine have an identical mechanism of action.