bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New species and records ofLepraria(Stereocaulaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from South America
Authors: FLAKUS Adam , ELIX John A. , RODRIGUEZ Pamela , KUKWA Martin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo new corticolous lichen species are described,Lepraria nothofagiElix & Kukwa (atranorin, strepsilin, porphyrilic acid) from Argentina andL. stephanianaElix, Flakus & Kukwa (4-O-methylleprolomin, zeorin, salazinic acid, unknown terpenoid) from pre-Andean Amazon forest of Bolivia. In addition, the paper presents new records of 16 species ofLeprariafrom South America.Lepraria adhaerens, andL. diffusaare new to the Southern Hemisphere;L. borealisis new to South America;L. alpinais new to Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela;L. caesioalba(chemotype I) is new to Venezuela,L. lobificansnew to Argentina,L. pallidanew to Peru, andL. sipmaniananew to Bolivia and Chile. The Chilean records ofL. membranaceaappeared to belong toL. sipmaniana. Therefore, the number ofLeprariaspp. known at present from South America is enlarged to 27 species. 4-O-methylleprolomin is reported for the second time from lichens.
Lecanora microloba, a new saxicolous species from Poland
Authors: ŚLIWA Lucyna , FLAKUS Adam 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new lichenized fungus,Lecanora microlobaŚliwa & Flakus, is described from the subnival belt of the Polish Tatra Mountains. It is characterized by small, saxicolous thalli with minutely lobulate marginal areoles and mostly broadly sessile and constantly pale coloured apothecia that are grouped predominantly in the centre of the thallus. Anatomically the species is distinguished by coarse granules in the epithecium which are distinctly bright in polarized light. The species contains gyrophoric and usnic acids, zeorin and an unknown terpene as secondary metabolites.
Silobia, a new genus for theAcarospora smaragdulacomplex (Ascomycota,Acarosporales) and a revision of the group in Sweden
Authors: WESTBERG Martin , CREWE Anna T. , PURVIS O. William , WEDIN Mats 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe new genusSilobiaM. Westb. & Wedin is proposed for theAcarospora smaragdulagroup, which is taxonomically and nomenclaturally revised in Sweden. The proposed taxonomy results from our former molecular phylogeny, together with morphological and anatomical investigations and analysis of secondary metabolites. Seven species are recognized in Sweden in this paper:Silobia dilatatasp. nov.,S.myochroasp. nov.,S.rhagadizacomb. nov.,S. rufescenscomb. nov.,S.scabridacomb. nov.,S. smaragdulacomb. nov. andS.tangerinasp. nov.Acarospora alberti,A.amphibola,A.isortoquensis,A.murinaandA. undataare recognized as synonyms ofS. smaragdula,Acarospora verruciformisas a synonym ofS. scabridaandA. scyphuliferaas a synonym ofS. rhagadiza. The following names are lectotypified:Acarospora amphibola,A. amphibolaf.testacea,A.lesdainii,A.lesdainiivar.subochracea,A. murina,A. scyphuliferaf.subdiscreta, Endocarpon smaragdulum,Lecanora rhagadizaandSagedia rufescens. Acarospora scyphuliferais neotypified.Acarospora fuscais excluded from the Swedish checklist as the specimen was found to belong toS. rufescens. A key to the species is presented.
Vahliellaceae, a new family of cyanobacterial lichens (Peltigerales, Ascomycetes)
Authors: WEDIN Mats , JØRGENSEN Per Magnus , EKMAN Stefan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe recently described genusVahliella(Peltigerales, Ascomycetes) has repeatedly appeared outside thePannariaceaein molecular phylogenies. Here we include data from additional species of the genus and utilize mtSSU rDNA and RPB1 sequences to confirm its placement as the sister to a group consisting ofLobariaceae,Massalongiaceae,NephromataceaeandPeltigeraceae, in thePeltigerales. The new familyVahliellaceaeWedin, P. M. Jørg. & S. Ekman is described for the genus, and its morphological characteristics are briefly discussed.
Why Was Indian Steel Not Exported in the Colonial Period?—The influence of the British Standard Specification in limiting the potential export of Indian steel in the 1930s
Authors: NOMURA CHIKAYOSHI 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhile various scholars of Indian economic history have focused on the progress of import substitution in India after the 1920s, few have studied why this led to hardly any export of industrial products during the colonial period. One of the most probable reasons for the lesser popularity of this issue could be attributed to a commonly shared view that there was less hope for the export of industrial products in colonial India since import substitution had progressed only so far. Although it is accepted that the industrial development of colonial India was generally stagnant, this does not necessarily apply to specific products in specific industries. For instance, the iron and steel industry achieved almost a full self-sufficiency rate for some of its steel products during the 1920s, although the industry hardly exported the products afterward. This paper aims to clarify why hardly any steel of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), the only steel producing company with modern technology until the mid-1930s, was exported. A detailed study of the company's archives will show that the steel export of the company was fundamentally hindered by a fact which had its origin in British imperial policy: the strict quality specifications in the production of steel.
Trajectories of marijuana use and psychological adjustment among urban African American and Puerto Rican women
Authors: Pahl K. , Brook J. S. , Koppel J. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundThe current longitudinal study examined the developmental patterns of marijuana use and their relationship with subsequent psychological adjustment in a community-based sample of urban African American and Puerto Rican women.MethodParticipants were interviewed five times over a period ranging from adolescence (mean age 14.0 years) to adulthood (mean age 32.5 years). Outcome measures included depressive symptoms, anger/hostility and the presence of a substance use disorder (abuse/dependence).ResultsThree distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: non-users, increasers and quitters. Increasers reported higher levels of depressive symptoms and anger/hostility than did non-users and were more likely to meet criteria for a substance use disorder at age 32.5 years.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that early-starting long-term use of marijuana is associated with psychological maladjustment among women. Prevention efforts should emphasize the long-term cost associated with marijuana use, and that the best psychological health is reported by those who abstain from the drug.
Changes in neuronal correlates of body image processing by means of cognitive-behavioural body image therapy for eating disorders: a randomized controlled fMRI study
Authors: Vocks S. , Schulte D. , Busch M. , Grönemeyer D. , Herpertz S. , Suchan B. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundPrevious neuroimaging studies have demonstrated abnormalities in visual body image processing in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, possibly underlying body image disturbance in these disorders. Although cognitive behavioural interventions have been shown to be successful in improving body image disturbance in eating disorders, no randomized controlled study has yet analysed treatment-induced changes in neuronal correlates of visual body image processing.MethodAltogether, 32 females with eating disorders were randomly assigned either to a manualized cognitive behavioural body image therapy consisting of 10 group sessions, or to a waiting list control condition. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, brain responses to viewing photographs of one's own and another female's body taken from 16 standardized perspectives while participants were wearing a uniform bikini were acquired before and after the intervention and the waiting time, respectively.ResultsData indicate a general blood oxygen level dependent signal enhancement in response to looking at photographs of one's own body from pre- to post-treatment, whereas exclusively in the control group activation decreases from pre- to post-waiting time were observed. Focused activation increases from pre- to post-treatment were found in the left middle temporal gyrus covering the coordinates of the extrastriate body area and in bilateral frontal structures including the middle frontal gyrus.ConclusionsResults point to a more intense neuronal processing of one's own body after the cognitive behavioural body image therapy in cortical regions that are responsible for the visual processing of the human body and for self-awareness.
Depression trajectories and obesity among the elderly in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo S.-Y. , Lin K.-M. , Chen C.-Y. , Chuang Y.-L. , Chen W. J. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundThe present study aimed to (a) characterize 10-year trajectory patterns of depressive symptoms and (b) investigate the association between depressive trajectory and subsequent obesity, metabolic function and cortisol level.MethodIn a prospective study of Taiwanese adults aged ⩾60 years (n=3922) between 1989 and 1999, depression was assessed using a 10-item short-form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and information on body mass index (BMI) was collected by self-report. A subsample (n=445) of the original cohort in 1989 was drawn to assess metabolic variables and cortisol levels in a 2000 follow-up. After trajectory analyses were performed, multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the association estimates.ResultsWe identified four distinctive trajectories of depressive symptoms: class 1 (persistent low, 41.8%); class 2 (persistent mild, 46.8%); class 3 (late peak, 4.2%); and class 4 (high-chronic, 7.2%). The results from both complete cases and multiple imputation analyses indicated that the odds of obesity were lower in the class 2, 3 or 4 elderly, as compared with those in class 1, while the odds of underweight were higher. The classes of older adults with more and persistent depressive symptoms showed a trend toward having both a lower BMI (p=0.01) and a higher cortisol level (p=0.04) compared with those with low depressive symptoms.ConclusionsIncremental increases in depressive symptoms over time were associated with reduced risk of obesity and higher cortisol levels.
Human kinship, from conceptual structure to grammar
Authors: Jones Doug 
Published: January 2011

AbstractResearch in anthropology has shown that kin terminologies have a complex combinatorial structure and vary systematically across cultures. This article argues that universals and variation in kin terminology result from the interaction of (1) an innate conceptual structure of kinship, homologous with conceptual structure in other domains, and (2) principles of optimal, “grammatical” communication active in language in general. Kin terms from two languages, English and Seneca, show how terminologies that look very different on the surface may result from variation in the rankings of a universal set of constraints. Constraints on kin terms form a system: some are concerned with absolute features of kin (sex), others with the position (distance and direction) of kin in “kinship space,” others with groups and group boundaries (matrilines, patrilines, generations, etc.). Also, kin terms sometimes extend indefinitely via recursion, and recursion in kin terminology has parallels with recursion in other areas of language. Thus the study of kinship sheds light on two areas of cognition, and their phylogeny. The conceptual structure of kinship seems to borrow its organization from the conceptual structure of space, while being specialized for representing genealogy. And the grammar of kinship looks like the product of an evolved grammar faculty, opportunistically active across traditional domains of semantics, syntax, and phonology. Grammar is best understood as an offshoot of a uniquely human capacity for playing coordination games.
Relationships between parents and their adult children: a West European typology of late-life families
Authors: DYKSTRA PEARL A. , FOKKEMA TINEKE 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTFollowing Reher's (1998) seminal paper on family ties in western Europe, the perspective that family solidarity patterns are divided between an individualistic north and a famialistic south has dominated the literature. We challenge this view and address the variability in intergenerational family solidarity within and across countries. Using multiple dimensions of intergenerational solidarity drawn from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, we develop a typology of late-life families which is robust across northern, central and southern regions. The four types are: (a) descending familialism: living nearby, frequent contact, endorsement of family obligation norms, and primarily help in kind from parents to children, (b) ascending familialism: living nearby, frequent contact, endorsement of family obligation norms, and primarily help in kind from children to parents, (c) supportive-at-distance: not living nearby, frequent contact, refutation of family obligation norms, and primarily financial transfers from parents to adult children, (d) autonomous: not living nearby, little contact, refutation of family obligation norms, and few support exchanges. The four types are common in each European country, though the distributions differ. The findings suggest that scholars should abandon the idea that a particular country can be characterised by a single dominant type of late-life family. Socio-demographic differentials in family type follow predictable patterns, underscoring the validity of the developed typology.
One-year predictors of turnover among personal-care workers for older adults living at home in Italy
Authors: BILOTTA CLAUDIO , NICOLINI PAOLA , VERGANI CARLO 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper reports a study that aimed to identify the predictors of the turnover of privately-employed personal-care staff that provide community-dwelling older adults in Italy with assistance in the activities of daily living. The prospective cohort study enrolled 121 older adults (mean age 85.6 years) living at home, along with their personal-care workers and 107 informal carers. The older participants underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment. At a one-year follow-up between May 2006 and June 2008, 12 of the older participants had been placed in a nursing home and 26 had died. Of the 83 still living at home, 22 had changed their personal-care staff (26.5% turnover). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified one characteristic of the personal-care staff, living far away from their families (odds ratio (OR) 16.30, p=0.01), and two characteristics of the elders, namely being widowed (OR 0.09, p=0.01) and having cognitive impairment (OR 0.10, p=0.01), as one-year predictors of turnover and of the retention of personal-care workers, respectively. Further studies are needed both to evaluate whether immigration politics that enable family reconjunction would reduce the turnover of personal-care workers, and to investigate the lower turnover among personal-care staff caring for widowed elders and older adults with cognitive impairment.
Financial support and practical help between older parents and their middle-aged children in Europe
Authors: DEINDL CHRISTIAN , BRANDT MARTINA 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTFinancial support and practical help between older parents and their middle-aged children vary greatly among the regions of Europe. Northern and Western Europe is characterised by a high likelihood of practical help to and financial transfers from parents, while in Southern and Eastern Europe these kinds of support are much less likely. Financial transfers to parents show an almost opposite distribution, with more children supporting a parent in Southern and Eastern welfare regimes. Using the second wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe encompassing 14 European countries conducted in 2006–07, these country differences can be linked to different social policies. Controlling for different aspects of country composition in terms of individual characteristics and family structures impacting on intergenerational support, it was found that the more services and transfers provided publicly, the more people aged 50 or more years helped their older parents sporadically, and the less monetary support they provided. On the other hand, generous public transfers enabled parents aged 64 or more years to support their offspring financially. Thus, neither ‘crowding in’ nor ‘crowding out’, but a modification of private transfers depending on public transfers and vice versa is found, suggesting a specialisation of private and public support.
The impotence of power: Morgenthau's critique of American intervention in Vietnam
Authors: ZAMBERNARDI LORENZO 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhile a superb scholarship on Morgenthau as a political theorist has literally exploded over the past ten years, his analysis of foreign policy has been generally neglected, overlooking the intimate relationship between theory and policy in his practical philosophy. This article presents Morgenthau's public opposition to the Vietnam War by placing it in the broader framework of his theoretical work. In doing so, I illustrate and clarify the meaning of three theses that are at the very centre of his political reflection: the critique to any type of universalistic understanding of world politics; his claim about the intangible roots and social bases of political order; and, finally, the dangers of the ‘military displacement of politics’. Writing about Morgenthau's critique of American intervention in Vietnam today is neither a purely academic exercise, nor a mere historical reconstruction of a great scholar's position on one of the most important military conflicts of the twentieth century. In fact, this article aims to shed light on some intellectual categories which seem to be useful in order to understand current political phenomena, and to criticise philosophies and faulty modes of thought that still enjoy a predominant but unjustified political status.
Bat population genetics andLyssaviruspresence in Great Britain
Authors: SMITH G. C. , AEGERTER J. N. , ALLNUTT T. R. , MacNICOLL A. D. , LEARMOUNT J. , HUTSON A. M. , ATTERBY H. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYMost lyssaviruses appear to have bat species as reservoir hosts. In Europe, of around 800 reported cases in bats, most were of European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1) inEptesicus serotinus(where the bat species was identified). About 20 cases of EBLV-2 were recorded, and these were inMyotis daubentoniiandM. dasycneme. Through a passive surveillance scheme, Britain reports about one case a year of EBLV-2, but no cases of the more prevalent EBLV-1. An analysis ofE. serotinusandM. daubentoniibat genetics in Britain reveals more structure in the former population than in the latter. Here we briefly review these differences, ask if this correlates with dispersal and movement patterns and use the results to suggest an hypothesis that EBLV-2 is more common than EBLV-1 in the UK, as genetic data suggest greater movement and regular immigration from Europe ofM. daubentonii. We further suggest that this genetic approach is useful to anticipate the spread of exotic diseases in bats in any region of the world.
Larger foraging range but similar habitat selection in non-breeding versus breeding sub-Antarctic penguins
Authors: Thiebot Jean-Baptiste , Lescroël Amélie , Pinaud David , Trathan Philip N. , Bost Charles-André 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFor land-breeding marine organisms such as seabirds, knowledge about their habitat use has mainly been gained through studies of breeding individuals that are constrained to return frequently to their breeding grounds. In this study we set out to measure whether: a) habitat selection in the non-breeding period predicts habitat selection in the breeding period, and b) whether breeding individuals concentrated their activity on the closest suitable habitats. MacaroniEudyptes chrysolophusand gentooPygoscelis papuapenguins, two marine predators with contrasting foraging strategies, were tracked from the Iles Kerguelen and their habitat selection investigated through Mahalanobis distances factorial analysis. This study presents the first data about gentoo penguins’ juvenile dispersal. For both species, results showed 6.9 times larger maximum ranges and up to 12.2 times greater distances travelled during the non-breeding period. Habitat suitability maps suggested both species made similar environmental selections whatever the period. Macaroni penguins targeted pelagic areas beyond the shelf break while gentoo penguins always remained over the shelf. We consider the ecological significance of larger scale movements made outside the breeding period and suggest that this non-breeding period is of particular interest when attempting to understand an animal's habitat selection.
Developing and evaluating an oral skills training website supported by automatic speech recognition technology
Authors: Chen Howard Hao-Jan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOral communication ability has become increasingly important to many EFL students. Several commercial software programs based on automatic speech recognition (ASR) technologies are available but their prices are not affordable for many students. This paper will demonstrate how the Microsoft Speech Application Software Development Kit (SASDK), a free but powerful tool, can be used to develop an oral skills training website for EFL students. This ASR-based website offers six different types of online exercises which allow students to practise their oral skills and obtain immediate feedback on their performance. A group of 25 college students and a group of 35 pre-service English teachers were invited to use the website. Two surveys were conducted to investigate the students’ and the pre-service teachers’ perceptions of this site. The results indicated that most teachers and students enjoyed using this website, which they felt could help improve their English oral skills. They also pointed out that the main strength of the ASR-based learning system is that it offers several different types of exercises which can encourage learners to produce more output in a low-anxiety environment. The major limitations of the website are the insufficient feedback and the challenging standards one must meet in order to achieve a pass mark. These findings can be useful for teachers who are interested in using ASR in teaching and for CALL researchers who aim to develop better ASR-based systems for language learning.
The ageing cardiovascular system
Authors: Bolton Emily , Rajkumar Chakravarthi 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe increase in the ageing population has generated much interest and research into what constitutes normal ageing. By identifying normal ageing processes it is hoped it will be possible to distinguish risk factors for the development of abnormal or premature ageing.This review discusses biological, structural and mechanical changes in the cardiovascular system with ageing that are thought to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease with ageing. Contributory factors are thought to be genetic and lifestyle related. Measurements of biological as opposed to chronological ageing such as vascular stiffness are explored as a possible useful predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, indicating its possible utilization as a non-invasive screening tool in older people.The identification of those at risk of cardiovascular disease and modification of risk factors may minimize interactions of the ageing process and therefore reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease within the UK population.