bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF THE SOIL FAUNA IN A MATURE STAND OF RED SPRUCE (PICEA RUBENS) IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FOREST
Authors: Smith T. D. , Brown N. R. , Carter N. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis investigation was concerned with fauna above and within the litter, fermentation, and humus layers of the soil in a mature stand of red spruce (Picea rubensSarg.). The following six microsites were designated for sampling: "open" and "closed" hollows, flats, and hummocks. "Open" and "closed" referred to the space among the tree crowns directly above the microsites. Three sampling techniques, namely core samplers, pitfalls and Tullgren funnels, were employed. Samples were collected weekly from spring to winter in 1966 and 1967 by all methods except that in 1966 Tullgren funnel samples were collectell biweekly. Collected fauna comprised five Phyla, 11 classes, 28 orders, and approximately 124 families. The transformed core sample and Tullgren funnel data were analyzed using an ANOVA (2-way classification) procedure. Transformed pitfall data required an ANOVA (2-way classification, with sampling) procedure. The core sample and Tullgren funnel methods indicated a significant difference (α = 0.10) among microsites based on total weekly (or biweekly) faunal catches in all but one case (which approached significance). In 1966 there were no significant differences (α = 0.10) among the pitfall microsites but in 1967 there were. In all cases there were significant differences (α = 0.10) in the total weekly or biweekly catches of fauna from the various microsites.
ALTERNATE GENERATIONS OF GALL CYNIPIDS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) ON GARRY OAK
Authors: Evans David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe alternate generations of five species of gall-making cynipids on Garry oak, Quercus garryana Douglas, have been newly ascertained. Bisexual and agamic generations of each species have been reared through complete life cycles. All have been identified to species; three generations are described for the first time; two new synonyms and one new combination are given.Morphology of the adults is relatively consistent between alternate generations, but specific characteristics, habitat, and gall-form may differ widely. Distinguishing features of the generations are presented, including life histories, descriptions and photographs of galls, and comments on associate insects. Taxonomic bibliographies are given, and references are listed.
TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN LIFE HISTORY AND FLIGHT BEHAVIOUR OF PYCNOPSYCHE GENTILIS, P. LUCULENTA, AND P. SCABRIPENNIS (TRICHOPTERA: LIMNEPHILIDAE)
Authors: Mackay Rosemary J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree species of Pycnopsyche occur in West Creek, the larvae inhabiting allochthonous organic materials. The rapid growth, and early aestivation and emergence of the rarest species, P. scabripennis (Rambur), diminishes interspecific interactions between larvae. P. gentilis (McLachlan) and P. luculenta (Betten) are contemporaneous and the larvae are similar in size but differ in case materials and habitat preferences. Adult males of each species differ in the peak time of arrival at light when active on the same night. The life history and behaviour patterns are discussed in relation to the coexistence of congeneric species.
VOLTINISM IN MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (MEGACHILIDAE: HYMENOPTERA) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Krunic M. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlmost 40% of the cells of Megachile rotundata (F.) from the earliest completed tunnels in the hives produced as second-generation bees. This percentage rapidly decreased in the later completed tunnels. The difference between wing venation of bees that emerged in spring and of second-generation bees that emerged in summer appears to be related to voltinism.
IDENTITY OF LEUCOPIS ARGENTICOLLIS AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Tanasijtshuk V. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe identity of Leucopis (Leucopis) argenticollis Zetterstedt, an adelgid predator described from Sweden, is established and a lectotype is designated for it; L. orbitalis Malloch, described from Illinois is placed as a synonym of it. Another species (predator of the mealy plum aphid) that was formerly confused with argenticollis, is described as Leucopis (Leucopis) conciliata McAlpine and Tanasijtshuk, new species. Both species are shown to be holarctic and are treated from the standpoints of adult and larval morphology, biology, and distribution. The paper contains 33 figures.
HOST FINDING BY HEAT PERCEPTION IN COELOIDES BRUNNERI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Richerson J. V. , Borden John H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCoeloides brunneri Viereck females were interrupted in the act of oviposition into Douglas-fir logs and the oviposition site marked. Thermistor probe temperature readings revealed that C. brunneri invariably oviposited over "hotspots" on the bark surface associated with subcortical Douglas-fir beetle larvae. Artificial hotspots were created by placing heated resistance wire probes underneath the bark of an uninfested log. In the absence of all other stimuli, these artificial hotspots induced the parasites to exhibit normal search behavior and to make ovipositional probes, the final phase of host finding. These data augment observations of antennal posture of a searching parasite and the discovery of a possible infrared radiation receptor on the antennae, and support the argument that C. brunneri locates its host through perception of infrared radiation.
INDUCTION AND TERMINATION OF DIAPAUSE IN WYEOMYIA SMITHII (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE), AND LARVAL SURVIVAL STUDIES AT LOW AND SUBZERO TEMPERATURES
Authors: Evans K. W. , Brust R. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDiapause in Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) was shown to be a function of photoperiod, and independent of temperature. The critical daylength for a population from Pinawa, Man., was 15 hr light per diem. The photoperiodic cues are monitored by the early instars, with diapause being expressed in the third instar. Development is also limited by temperatures below 15 °C even when the critical daylength is exceeded.Survival at low and subzero temperatures is aided by the diapause state. However, larvae are unable to withstand extended periods of subzero temperatures, even in the diapause condition. At −5 °C, 60% mortality occurred after 8 weeks under laboratory conditions. In the field, where ground temperatures averaged −3.7 °C during the five coldest months, larval mortality averaged 45% after four winter months.Once diapause is established, larvae consume very little food. Diapause larvae appear to be as active as non-diapause larvae, and also appear to be feeding constantly. However, the amount of food ingested is negligible compared to non-diapause larvae.
SPIDER–ANT SYMBIOSIS: COTINUSA SPP. (ARANEIDA: SALTICIDAE) AND TAPINOMA MELANOCEPHALUM (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Shepard Merle , Gibson Flash 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSalticid spiders of the genus Continusa were present in 61% of the nests of dolichoderine ants (Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius)) which build their nests on the undersides of leaves in the lower forest canopy on the Osa peninsula of Costa Rica. Cutting and displacement of the supporting leaves caused abandonment of 80% of the nests within 4 days and experiments carried out by marking and displacing the spider indicated their tenacity to the ant nest. T. melanocephalum nests which contained spiders were more successful in terms of the brood to adult ratio.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR PRODUCING LARGE NUMBERS OF SECOND-INSTAR SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Grisdale Dail 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA method for weekly production in excess of 100,000 second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura jumiferana (Clem.), is described. It depends on adherence to specific regimes of physical conditions and manipulation for the different immature stages. Standard, easily obtained utensils and materials are used in the rearing technique.
PHEROMONE EFFECTS OF CIS-9 LONG CHAIN ALKENES ON THE COMMON HOUSE FLY — AN IMPROVED SEX ATTRACT ANT COMBINATION
Authors: Mansingh Ajai , Steele Robert W. , Smallman B. N. , Meresz Otto , Mozogai Cecilia 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects on the house fly, Musca domestica (L.), of a series of cis-9 alkenes containing 19–25 carbon atoms were investigated. An unexpectedly wide spectrum of these homologous hydrocarbons showed biological activity. Synergism and interesting changes in behavioural responses (excitement, mating, and orientation) varying with structure and concentration were observed.
SCOLYTID FLIGHT IN WHITE SPRUCE STANDS IN ALASKA
Authors: Beckwith Roy C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWithin white spruce stands near Fairbanks, Alaska, and on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Dendroctonus rufipennis, Ips spp., and Trypodendron lineatum disperse in late May and early June; other scolytids fly during June and July. Flight in interior Alaska precedes by about 2 weeks that on the Kenai Peninsula. Mean daily temperatures during spring and early summer are generally warmer in the interior than in coastal areas. There was a large increase in the total number of beetles in a thinned area, mostly of Dryocoetes affaber.
DEVELOPMENTAL VARIABILITY AMONG LABORATORY REARED BALSAM WOOLLY APHID (HEMIPTERA: CHERMIDAE)
Authors: Atkins Michael D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNeosistentes reared from eggs of the final generation of the year only developed under a regime of fluctuating temperature. Progeny of the first generation the following spring developed under both constant and fluctuating temperature. In addition, the latter group displayed developmental variability that might provide a basis from which distinct ecological races could develop. Those individuals that developed rapidly showed little variability in the time required to complete development. On the other hand, those that developed slowly displayed more variability. There was no evidence of two distinct developmental groups among individuals reared under a regime of temperature cycling between 55°F and 75°F as the entire group developed rapidly; this treatment also produced the lowest mortality.
OVIPOSITION RESTRAINT OF SPALANGIA CAMERONI (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON PARASITIZED HOUSEFLY PUPAE
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of Spalangia cameroni Perk, use the ovipositor to differentiate between unparasitized and parasitized housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupae; and prefer to lay on unparasitized hosts instead of those attacked by S. cameroni, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.), or Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The intensities of oviposition restraint on the three kinds of attacked hosts are similar. Changes in parasitized pupae to which the female parasites react probably involve "venoms" injected by each species during oviposition.
TRANSPLANTING FORMICA OBSCURIPES AND DOLICHODERUS TASCHENBERGI (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) COLONIES IN JACK PINE STANDS OF SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Bradley G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractColonies of Formica obscuripes Forel and Dolichoderus taschenbergi (Mayr), two of the most common and widespread species of predacious ants in jack pine stands of the Sandilands Provincial Forest of southeastern Manitoba, were transplanted to new locations in three young jack pine plantations. When nests of the two species were alternated and spaced at intervals of 20 m, little migration occurred; a spacing of 5 m resulted in excessive movement subsequent to the transplant.
STATUS OF PREDATORS OF THE ADULT APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Monteith L. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdult apple maggots, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were relatively free from attacks by predators in southern Ontario. The main reason for this was the flies’ alert avoidance of approaching objects. In addition to this protection from predators, the flies appeared to be avoided by hunting spiders. Adults of the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cinqulata (Loew), were equally alert and apparently free from predation while they were in apple trees.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): III. MALE AGGREGATION IN RESPONSE TO AN ARRESTANT
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Bush Guy L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMale apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were present on ceresin wax domes (the site of oviposition and the site of assembly for mating) in much greater relative frequency when caged with 1 or more females or with several other males than when caged alone. Field and laboratory experiments subsequently revealed that a principal stimulus eliciting this greater degree of male assembly was an unidentified chemical(s) deposited on the surface of apples and ceresin domes by both sexes (but in greater amount by mature females) causing arriving males to spend up to twice as much time there as on untreated fruit. The presence of the chemical did not elicit any greater attraction of males to the fruit. The consequence of the longer male residency on domes with the chemical was male aggregation and an ensuant higher frequency of mutual encounter and attempted copulation than on untreated domes. While the chemical acts to arrest males, we theorize that mere detection of its presence may be sufficient to cause males to remain in the vicinity and watch for females.
THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND INHIBITION IN HIPPODAMIA TREDECIMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Storch R. H. , Vaundell W. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDiapause in Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus) can be inhibited by exposing adult females to photoperiod regimens of LD 16:8 or 14:10 hours. Exposing adult females to a photoperiod of LD 12:12 hours initiates diapause. The photoperiod to which the egg, larval, and pupal stages are exposed has no effect on the developmental rate and has little effect on adult diapause status.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE HAEMOCYTES (BLOOD CELLS) OF COCKROACHES (INSECTA: DICTYOPTERA: BLATTARIA), WITH A VIEW OF THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN TAXONOMY
Authors: Arnold J. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHaemocytes are described and illustrated for 16 species of cockroaches, and data are given on haemocyte size and numbers. Each family in the suborder Blattaria is represented. In all of the species, the haemocyte complex comprises plasmatocytes and granular haemocytes in addition to mainly germinal elements, the prohaemocytes. Spherule cells, a distinctive form of granular haemocyte, occur in most "modern" species (superfamily Blaberoidea), but are absent from most species in the more primitive group (superfamily Blattoidea). Taxonomic relationships at other levels are reflected particularly in morphological features of granular haemocytes. Although the haemocyte complex alone offers insufficient evidence for systematic arrangement, it provides additional characters for classifying species.
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE ADULT APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Biggs James D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBoth males and females of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) showed three distinct modes of aggressive behavior: (1) a wing-waving display, (2) charging headlong into another fly, and (3) "pawing" with the prothoracic legs. The flies were aggressive toward their own and the opposite sex. The aggressive patterns were similar to those of R. suavis (Loew) and R. completa Cresson.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RECOGNITION OF THE NEST ENTRANCE BY RETURNING BUMBLE BEE FORAGERS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Eshelman C. W. , Plowright R. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe relative importance of position and color in nest-entrance recognition was tested in two bumble bee species, Bombus griseocollis (Degeer) and B. occidentalis Greene, using two identical sheds, each bearing a horizontal row of four nest-entrances marked with colored discs to which workers returned after foraging in the field. The bees were trained successively to either a yellow or a green disc on each of the four positions (alternating between the sheds), the other three positions being marked with black discs during each training period. The positions to which bees returned after moving the colored disc to each of the other three positions following each training period were recorded.The results indicate: (1) that the importance of position relative to color was greater at the end positions than in the inner positions; (2) that whereas B. griseocollis relied more on color relative to position than did B. occidentalis when the bees had been trained to the outer positions, the converse held true for inner positions; (3) that position was more important relative to color when the bees were homing than when they were choosing a position at which to alight or enter. Ecological and behavioral implications of the results are discussed.
FECUNDITY AND COLONY SIZE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFecundity and colony size of Hyphantria cunea Drury were measured in six census areas for 13 years, and wing length was measured in one area. Colony size in the fifth instar was closely correlated with fecundity, and the percentage mortality from the egg stage to the fifth instar was an inverse function of fecundity. Wing length was not a sensitive index of fecundity where there was insufficient competition for food to cause severe reduction in moth size.Seasonal differences in fecundity and colony size within years, as well as differences between areas and between years, followed patterns expected from laboratory studies. Decreases during each season, proximately attributable to the age of foliage available to the larvae and ultimately attributable to genetic differences in the heat requirements for diapause termination, made it difficult to estimate mean fecundity for any area or year. Fecundity seemed slightly higher in coastal than in inland areas. Both population quality and weather appeared to influence annual differences, but because of the complex interaction between them and the high variability in fecundity and colony size, the relationships could not be modeled effectively with the available data.Differences in fecundity and colony size associated with both time and place were negligible in comparison to the changes in the population density of colonies, as measured in the same areas over the same period of years. It is concluded that priority should be given to survival rather than fecundity in the development of population models for H. cunea, at least in areas where competition for food is not severe.
PREY CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR OF AMBLYSEIUS LARGOENSIS IN RELATION TO HUNGER
Authors: Sandness J. N. , McMurtry J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA series of constant observations on Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) on excised avocado leaves in the laboratory revealed that the hunger level of this predator directly affected the time spent feeding on individual prey, the relative aggressiveness, the frequency of successful captures, the length of digestive pause, and the speed of movement. Feeding and nonfeeding periods occurred in constantly recurring cycles. Hungry predators captured 2–4 prey in succession; after each capture a digestive pause followed, the length of which increased (up to 7–8 h) as the predator became increasingly satiated. This cycle was repeated 2–3 times in 24 h. Several thresholds appeared to be responsible for this behavior pattern.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD EXORISTINI (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE): I. PHOROCERA SUBGENUS PSEUDOTACHINOMYIA
Authors: Wood D. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genus Phorocera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, is shown to be holarctic, divisible into a palaearctic element, the subgenus Phorocera, with three species, and its nearctic sister-group, the subgenus Pseudotachinomyia Smith. 1917, with eight, of which four, angustiforceps, auriceps, convexa and exigua, are described as new. P. webberi Smith, the type species of Pseudotachinomyia, is removed from the synonymy of slossonae (Townsend) and longiforceps Brooks is synonymized with slossonae. Keys, descriptions and figures are provided for the adults and eggs of the eight nearctic species, and oviposition in P. webberi is described. Relationships of Pseudotachinomyia with the s.g. Phorocera and with other exoristine genera are discussed.
STUDIES ON VITAMIN E IN THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE): I. NUTRITIONAL ALBINISM
Authors: McFarlane J. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAddition of DL-α-tocopherol (vitamin E) at a level of 17.2 μg/g to an artificial diet containing casein, glucose, cellulose powder, salts, cholesterol, and a mixture of B-vitamins results in a loss of pigmentation in 30–50% of males on adult emergence. These albino males are of a light amber colour, apparently lacking melanin, although their cuticle appears to be sclerotized, and their sexual behaviour is normal.
ANNOTATED LIST OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) COLLECTED IN THAILAND, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA list is given of 32 species of aphids, with their host plants, from Thailand. Males and oviparae of Aphis craccivora Koch, a male of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), and an ovipara of Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) were collected. Tritrichosiphum thailandicum new genus, new species is described.
THE EFFECT OF PREY DEFENSE ON THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF PODISUS MODESTUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) TO DENSITIES OF THE SAWFLIES NEODIPRION SWAINEI AND N. PRATTI BANKSIANAE (HYMENOPTERA: NEODIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Tostowaryk Walter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine the functional response of Podisus modestus (Dallas) to densities of two colonial species of jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei (Middleton) and N. pratti banksianae (Rohwer). Two types of functional response curve were exhibited by the pentatomids, a domed response curve and a negatively accelerated curve.The domed response was caused by the more effective defense reactions of the sawfly larvae at higher densities.An equation is proposed for the domed response curve. The implications of the domed functional response are discussed in relation to the social behavior of these sawflies.
LOW-VOLUME AND CONVENTIONAL NON-THERMAL AEROSOLS AGAINST INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT HOUSE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Bailey Donald L. , LaBrecque G. C. , Whitfield T. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSeven of 17 insecticides tested as conventional aerosols were effective against a susceptible strain of house flies, Musca domeslica L., producing 90% or more mortality at a distance of 150 ft from the generator. Of the seven, three were equally effective as low-volume aerosols. Diazinon was the most effective of the conventional aerosols, and Dursban® (0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) was the most effective low-volume aerosol. However, none of the compounds was effective as a conventional or low-volume aerosol against an insecticide resistant strain of flies.