bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Operations in the Offshore Theatre
Authors: Dick J. S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a review of the work undertaken over the last fifteen years at Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, in providing medical support for offshore personnel. This now includes very comprehensive onshore facilities for full medical examinations, including X-rays, audiograms, vision screening, tests of lung capacity, etc. The seven G.P.s who operate this organisation in conjunction with a 16,000 patient N.H.S. Health Centre are all diving doctors however, and are contracted to give specialised medical cover to divers not only in the North Sea, but in Norwegian, Dutch, Middle Eastern, West African and even Far Eastern waters. This necessitates a very sophisticated telephone, telex, offshore radio and car radio system in order to provide 24-hour cover. Regular inspection trips are also made offshore by helicopter. Specialist residential courses in advanced first aid and diving medicine are also run for divers and offshore sick bay attendants.
An Efficient Fully Implicit Simulator
Authors: Cheshire Ian M. , Appleyard John R. , Banks Derek , Crozier Robert J. , Holmes Jonathan A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This paper describes PORES, an efficient general purpose implicit three-phase three-dimensional black oil reservoir simulator. Efficiency is achieved by solving the coupled equations using a new sequential method which automatically ensures material balance. A new iterative method for the solution of the linear equations is described. This method also conserves material and uses a truncated conjugate gradient technique to accelerate convergence. Simultaneous and direct solution options are also provided. PORES contains an extensive well model which is numerically stable, meets production targets precisely, and apportions flows accurately to individual layers of the reservoir model. Other practical features include a numerical aquifer model, flexible pseudo function facilities, and a two-point upstream option for the control of numerical dispersion. Two examples are presented to illustrate the use of the fully-implicit sequential method.
The Use of Higher Order Finite Difference Methods in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Young Mark S. , Casinader Prins C. , Wilson David C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A nine point finite difference scheme is proposed which extends previous work and allows for the use of an irregular grid and non-isotropic permeabilities. Comparison of results with that achieved by conventional simulators illustrate the degree of improvement that can be achieved. It is shown, however, that while the higher order scheme considerably reduces grid orientation effects it cannot, on its own, eliminate the problem of numerical dispersion. Various devices are combined with the nine point scheme to control numerical dispersion and a simple technique is demonstrated to be highly effective. It is also demonstrated that use of numerical dispersion control implies the use of vectorised relative permeabilities. The techniques described thus allow the engineer to concentrate on reservoir description as the effects of grid orientation and numerical dispersion on the simulator have been significantly reduced.
The effect of ball milling and wet blending on the creep behaviour of a particle reinforced 2124 Al-alloy
Authors: Requena Guillermo , Bauer Bernd , Degischer Hans Peter , Lieblich Marcela 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The creep behaviour of an AW2124 Al-alloy unreinforced and reinforced with 25 vol.% of SiC particles of different sizes is investigated. The materials were produced via powder metallurgy using two powder blending techniques: ball milling and wet blending. The SiC particles are fractured during ball milling resulting in 2 – 3 vol.% of sub-μm SiC particles. The SiC particles in the wet blended composites are in the μm-range. The creep behaviour of the matrices and the ball milled composites is characterized by a low-stress and a high-stress region. In the low-stress region the creep deformation is governed by viscous drag of dislocations, while climb of dislocations dominates in the high-stress region. The high creep resistance exhibited by the ball milled composites is mainly due to the presence of oxide dispersoids introduced during blending of the powders.
Fabrication of dielectric thin films by sputtering deposition at different pressures with (Ba0.3Sr0.7)(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramic as target
Authors: Shi Feng 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Dielectric ceramic thin films have been fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on SiO2 (110) substrates with different sputtering pressures and the as-sputtered samples were subsequently annealed in an O2 atmosphere. The microstructure and morphology of the thin films were investigated, particularly as a function of pressures. The thin films deposited at 0.25 Pa are polycrystalline with high-quality crystals and are made up of dense rod-like structures. The main phases are Ba0.5Sr0.5Nb2O6 and Ba0.27Sr0.75Nb2O5.78, which are different from the target because of the volatilization of ZnO. The results indicate that appropriate sputtering pressure contributes to the improvement of the crystal quality and the grain growth of the dielectric ceramic thin films.
Evolution of transformation plasticity during bainitic transformation
Authors: Lambers Hans-Gerd , Tschumak Sergej , Maier Hans Jürgen , Canadinc Demircan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe influences of prior austenitization treatment and the state of applied stresses on the evolution of transformation plasticity strains during isothermal bainitic phase transformation and the resulting microstructures were examined. The key finding is that, upon pre-straining, the amount of transformation plasticity strain under superimposed elastic stresses is dictated by both the prior austenite grain size and the (0.01 % offset) yield strength of the supercooled austenite. Furthermore, the superimposition of internal stresses present due to pre-straining and externally applied stresses results in transformation plasticity strains similar to those obtained when a permanent stress equivalent to the 0.01 % offset yield strength of the supercooled austenite is applied. Another important result is that lower transformation plasticity strains were observed when decreasing the austenite grain size, which is accompanied by an increase in grain boundary area per volume, hindering the growth of preferred variants. Overall, the results clearly lay out the influence of austenite grain size and the particular 0.01 % offset yield strength of the supercooled austenite in limiting the transformation plasticity strains, which has to be incorporated into current models involving bainitic phase transformations.
Phase equilibria in the Fe–Mg–Si system
Authors: Löffler Falk , Sauthoff Gerhard , Palm Martin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Phase equilibria in the Fe–Mg–Si system have been determined experimentally at 800 and 1 000 °C using alloys of fixed composition and diffusion couples. Besides the phases that occur in the binary systems no additional phases were observed. However, Fe5Si3, the only phase that shows a marked solid solubility for the third component, is stabilised by the addition of Mg to lower temperatures than in the binary Fe–Si system, thus forming a ternary composition at 800 °C. A complete isothermal section has been set up for 800 °C, while only selected phase equilibria were determined at 1 000 °C.
Analysing SANS data to determine magnetisation reversal processes in composite perpendicular magnetic recording media using TEM images
Authors: Lister S. J. , Kohlbrecher J. , Venkataramana V. , Thomson T. , Takano K. , Lee S. L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Perpendicular magnetic recording media based on CoCrPt – SiOx thin-films have been studied with polarised small angle neutron scattering (SANSPOL) to probe the local (sub-10 nm) granular structure and its magnetisation distribution. SANSPOL is sensitive to the direction of the magnetisation vector in the grains over a size range of 1 – 100 nm. This allows the grain size dependent magnetic reversal process to be probed in the recording layer. SANSPOL data can be analysed both using numerical models and through comparison with the granular structure determined using transmission electron microscopy. In this paper we compare these two methods in detail and demonstrate that both approaches arrive at very similar conclusions.
Materials issues of the SINQ high-power spallation target
Authors: Wagner Werner , Vontobel Peter , Dai Yong 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The Swiss spallation neutron source SINQ operated at the Paul Scherrer Institut is driven by PSI's 590 MeV proton accelerator at a beam power of 0.8 MW, as such being the most powerful (CW) spallation source worldwide. The core element of such a facility is the neutron production target. Since the commissioning in 1997, PSI has always fostered combined efforts in the development of the spallation target, including dedicated materials research for high dose radiation environments. The overall goal was to achieve optimized neutron production, combined with sufficient robustness, thermo-mechanical stability and radiation resistance to withstand the severe loads of high-dose irradiation and frequent thermal cycling over an acceptable lifetime. The target itself has been improved in several steps by searching for the optimal materials and geometries. In parallel, numerous experiments have been conducted in the targets of SINQ for studying radiation damage effects induced by high energy protons and spallation neutrons.
TEM study of irradiation induced copper precipitation in boron alloyed EUROFER97 steel
Authors: Klimenkov M. , Vladimirov P. , Möslang A. , Materna-Morris E. , Schneider H.-C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Specimens of the European reference 9Cr-WTaV steel EUROFER 97 alloyed with ∼0.1 wt.% 10B and 0.5 wt.% Cu were neutron irradiated up to 16 dpa at 300 and 400 °C to study an interplay between helium generated by nuclear reaction on 10B and copper precipitates on microstructure and mechanical properties. Before irradiation 2 – 3 nm copper clusters often trapped on grain or lath boundaries were observed. It was shown that after irradiation copper segregates either in the bulk material by forming Cu-clusters which are in many cases attached to helium bubbles or it further precipitates at lath and grain boundaries. The size of both copper clusters and helium bubbles increases with radiation temperature.
Coarsening kinetics of Cu-rich precipitates in a concentrated multicomponent Fe–Cu based steel
Authors: Kolli R. Prakash , Seidman David N. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The coarsening kinetics of Cu-rich precipitates in a concentrated multicomponent Fe–Cu based steel, containing 1.12 at.% Cu, aged at 550 °C or at 550 °C plus 2 h at 200 °C is investigated. The temporal evolution of the precipitates, heterophase interfaces, and a-Fe matrix compositions and precipitate morphology are presented. Coarsening time exponents are determined for the mean radius, <R(t)>, and number density, Nv(t), and compared to the Lifshitz – Slyzov – Wagner model for coarsening, modified for concentrated multicomponent alloys by Umantsev – Olson. The experimental results indicate that <R(t)> and Nv(t) are in reasonable agreement with Umantsev – Olson model behavior. Additionally, we compare the results to earlier investigations of similar concentrated multicomponent steels containing 1.82 at.% Cu and 1.17 at.% Cu, aged at 500 °C.
Surface tension and viscosity of NiAl catalytic precursor alloys from microgravity experiments
Authors: Wunderlich Rainer K. , Fecht Hans-Jörg 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The surface tension and the viscosity of the catalytic precursor alloys Ni-68.5 at.% Al, Ni-75 at.% Al and Ni-75 at.% Al-1.5 at.%. Cr were measured over a temperature range of about 400 K using the oscillating drop technique in an electromagnetic levitation device under reduced gravity conditions. The experiments were performed on board parabolic flights and on a TEXUS sounding rocket flight. At the liquidus temperatures of 1 604 K and 1398 K the viscosities of Ni-68.5 at.% Al and Ni-75 at.% Al were obtained as ν(Tliq) = 4.31 mPa · s and ν(Tliq) = 4.53 mPa · s, respectively. In the investigated temperature range the viscosity exhibited a linear temperature dependence. The surface tension as a function of temperature can be represented as ω(T) = 1.01 N m−1 – 2.8 · 10−4 (T – 1 603 K) N m−1 and ω(T) = 0.92 N m−1 – 1.40 · 10−4 (T – 1 398 K) N m−1 for Ni-68.5 at.% Al and Ni-75 at.% Al, respectively. Comparison of the experimental viscosities with predictions from different semi-empirical models showed that the latter underestimate the experimental values by between 25 and 40%.
Effect of Mechanical Milling on the Thermal Behavior of Polyethylene Reinforced with Nano-sized Alumina
Authors: Tadayyon Gh. , Zebarjad S. M. , Sajjadi S. A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In the current study the dependency of morphology and thermal behavior of medium density polyethylene (MDPE) powder reinforced with 0, 5, 10 and 15 wt.% nano-sized Al2O3 particles on mechanical milling were studied. The effects of milling time on the morphology and the thermal behavior were investigated by Transition Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC) and Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA). The TEM micrographs obtained from the nanocomposites proved that mechanical milling could be an adequate method to disperse nano-sized hard particles throughout the polymer. The SEM micrographs of pure MDPE showed that regular shape powder converted to the flake shapes as milling time increased. Also the results illustrated that an increase in milling time caused to decrease the agglomeration of alumina. The DSC profiles of samples elucidated that ball milling had little effect on crystalline temperature and melting point of all materials including MDPE and its nanocomposites. The nanocomposite exhibited more thermal stability than pure polyethylene proved by TGA tests.
Concentration Effects of Organosilane (TESPD) on Mechanical Properties of Silica Filled Silicone Rubber/Natural Rubber Compounds
Authors: Dang T. T. N. , Kim J. K. , Kim K.-J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The concentration effects of the silane coupling agent bis (triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (TESPD) on mechanical properties of silica-filled silicone rubber (SR)/natural rubber (NR) compound are investigated upon torque maximum value, tensile strength, tensile modulus and hardness. The compounds are cured with a conventional vulcanization system. The concentration range of the TESPD used is 1 to 17 phr. The optimum concentration of the TESPD is found to be 13 phr in the SR/NR compound. The degree of dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix is also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Free Volume from Pressure and Temperature Dependent Viscosity and from PVT Measurements for Homo- and Copolymers
Authors: Halász L. , Huszár A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Pressure and temperature dependency of shear and elongation viscosity and the thermal expansivity and the compressibility determined from PVT data were investigated for propylene homo- and propylene-1-pentene, -1-hexene, 1-heptene and -nonene copolymers and ethylene homopolymer and ethylene-1-butene, 1-pentene and 1-hexene copolymers. The short branching degree dependence of thermal sensitivity and pressure coefficient and the thermal expansivity and the compressibility has been determined. The fractional free volumes were calculated from the viscosity and PVT curves and the thermal expansion coefficient and compressibility factor of fractional free volume were determined. The temperature, pressure and stress dependence of fractional free volume was investigated. The fractional free volume calculated from viscosity data were compared from values comes from PVT measurement. A conversion equation was suggested.
Investigation into the Differences in the Selective Laser Sintering between Amorphous and Semi-crystalline Polymers
Authors: Yan C. , Shi Y. , Hao L. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Significant different thermal properties between amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers have a great effect on the selection of proper sintering parameters and the resulting properties of the parts made by selective laser sintering (SLS) process. This paper studied the differences in the part bed temperature (Tb), and relative density, tensile strength and dimensional accuracy of the SLS fabricated parts between semi-crystalline and amorphous polymers, by measuring and comparing the laser sintering properties of polystyrene (PS), a typical amorphous polymer, and nylon-12 (PA12), a typical semi-crystalline polymer. The results show that: the part bed temperatures (Tb) of amorphous polymers and semi-crystalline polymers should be kept close to glass transition temperature (Tg) and initial melting temperature (Tim) respectively, which can be measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and this rule combined with trial and error experiments can determine Tb of a polymer in the SLS process; the amorphous polymer SLS parts have very low relative densities and much lower tensile strengths than the strengths of their fully dense forms, while the semi-crystalline polymer SLS parts have higher relative densities and their tensile strengths are close to the strengths of their fully dense forms; the dimensional accuracy of the SLS parts of amorphous polymers is higher than that of semi-crystalline polymer SLS parts at the same processing parameters. The obtained results will be helpful for the development of new SLS materials and the setting of processing parameters.
Rheological Modeling and Dynamic Characteristics of Disc Extruders
Authors: Borisov A. A. , Berdyshev B. V. , Hosseini H. , Shirkavand-Hadavand B. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Disc extruders have been employed for blending, mixing, dispersing, coloring, homogenizing, degassing, and granulating of polymers. One of the difficulties in the design of disc extruders is the evaluation of dynamic characteristics such as required power, momentum transfer rate, and applied torque, which indeed indicates the capability of the machine and its components. In this paper the required conditions and model for developing of elastic deformation of polymers in the disc extruders are studied. By rheological modeling of disc extruders and related elements, dynamic behavior of this processing system which highly depends on elastic properties of polymeric materials is obtained. These data are necessary for a proper design the system, and more accurate calculation its moving parts.
The Effect of Polymer Additives on Surface Quality of Microcellular Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Lee J. , Turng L.-S. , Peng J. , Dougherty E. , Gorton P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Microcellular injection molding is an emerging process for producing foamed plastic parts with complex geometries. It has many advantages including material, energy, and cost savings as well as greater design freedom and dimensional stability. In spite of these advantages, this technique has been limited to non-aesthetic applications by its propensity to create parts with swirling patterns on the surface, a common characteristic of all foamed parts produced. This paper describes a novel method for achieving microcellular injection molded parts free of surface defects. By controlling the amount of supercritical fluid (SCF) and adding the proper type of polymer additives into the polymer, the onset and rate of cell nucleation were properly controlled so that swirl-free microcellular injection molded parts could be successfully molded. This paper presents the theoretical background and experimental results that demonstrate the effect of polymer additives on the surface quality of microcellular injection molded parts.
Effect of Ionomer on Barrier and Mechanical Properties of PET/Organoclay Nanocomposites Prepared by Melt Compounding
Authors: Xu X. F. , Ghanbari A. , Leelapornpisit W. , Heuzey M. C. , Carreau P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/organo-modified-montmorillonite (o-MMT) nanocomposites were prepared via melt compounding. A polyester ionomer was used as a compatibilizer to increase the interaction between the nanoclay and PET. The nominal o-MMT content was 2 wt.% and the ionomer/organoclay (mass ratio) was 3:1. The samples were characterized by WAXD, SEM, TEM, TGA, rheometry, DSC, O2 permeation and tensile testing. It was found that the addition of the ionomer improved the dispersion of the nanoclay particles in the PET matrix, leading to an exfoliated structure for the samples prepared by twin screw extrusion and by an internal mixer (Brabender). This was confirmed by larger complex viscosity and storage modulus at low frequency for molten samples. However, a subsequent processing using single screw extrusion to produce films resulted in thermal degradation of the organo-modifier of the clay and collapse of the gallery spacing. DSC results revealed that the cold crystallization temperature of nanocomposites-based films decreased and the melt crystallization temperature increased with the introduction of the organoclay, due to the strong heterogeneous nucleation effect of the clay particles. The tensile modulus of extruded films increased, while the yield strength remained constant with the incorporation of the organoclay. The oxygen permeability of PET-ionomer nanocomposites decreased as compared with samples containing no ionomer.
Telbivudine Exerts no Antiviral Activity against HIV-1 In Vitro and in Humans
Authors: van Maarseveen Noortje M , Wensing Annemarie MJ , de Jong Dorien , Beilhartz Greg L , Obikhod Aleksandr , Tao Sijia , Pingen Marieke , Arends Joop E , Hoepelman Andy IM , Schinazi Raymond F , Götte Matthias , Nijhuis Monique 
Published: September 2011

Background HIV–HBV-coinfected individuals who need to be treated only for their HBV infection have limited therapeutic options, since most approved anti-HBV agents have a risk of selecting for drug-resistant HIV mutants. In vivo data are inconclusive as to whether telbivudine (LdT) may exert antiviral effects against HIV. Thus, we investigated in further detail the antiviral activity and the biochemical properties of LdT against HIV-1. Methods To investigate the activity of LdT against HIV-1 in humans we analysed viral dynamics and genotypic and phenotypic resistance development in two HIV–HBV-coinfected individuals with no prior antiviral exposure. To investigate the activity of LdT against HIV-1 in vitro, LdT susceptibility for HIV-1 wild-type strains as well as drug-resistant strains was determined. Furthermore, we studied whether the 5′-triphosphate form of LdT (LdT-TP) can act as a substrate for wild-type HIV-1 RT. Results In the two patients studied, LdT treatment did not result in a significant decline of HIV-1 RNA load nor in selection of genotypic or phenotypic resistance in HIV-1 RT. In vitro virological analyses demonstrated that LdT had no activity (50% effective concentration >100 μM) against wild type HIV and drug-resistant variants. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that LdT-TP is not incorporated by wild-type HIV-1 RT. Conclusions Based on the in vivo and in vitro evidence obtained in this study, we conclude that LdT has no anti-HIV-1 activity and is currently the only selective anti-HBV agent among the five FDA-approved nucleoside/nucleotide analogues for treatment of HBV infections in HIV-infected individuals.