bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hebrew Verb in Classical BH Narrative
Authors: Goldfajn Tal 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of the Hebrew verb in classical biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative. It analyses the text of chapters 18 and 19 of the second Book of Kings and the passage about David and Bathsheba in chapters 11 and 12 of the book of Samuel. It aims to determine whether the result of the analyses of these texts are consistent with the findings in Chapter 7 and to provide a better understanding of the role of the Hebrew verbs in the temporal structuring of the biblical text.
Data and Interpretation
Authors: Evans T. V. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter supplies a statistical analysis of the MT formal matches for all 18,953 instances of verbal forms in the Greek Pentateuch. Interpretation of the data follows, focusing on the key features of independent Greek usage and Hebrew influence. The results are in general consistent with the findings of other scholars for small portions of the same material or for other parts of the LXX. But an advantage of this analysis is that it provides precise coverage of the evidence from a very large sample of text and embraces the entire verbal system. Because of this broad scope, this study demonstrates the formal matches with the MT more comprehensively than any previous analysis of the verbal system in translation Greek. It can be seen that some noteworthy patterns of usage emerge from so large a body of evidence.
Uncertain Belief
Authors: Bartholomew David J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The certainties which underpinned Christian belief have crumbled in a world where science sets the standard of what is true. A rational case for belief must therefore be constructed out of uncertainties. Probability theory provides the tools for measuring and combining uncertainties and is thus the key to progress. This book examines four much debated topics where the logic of uncertain reference can be brought to bear. These are: miracles, the paranormal, God's existence, and the Bible. Given the great diversity of evidence, it is not surprising that opposite conclusions have been drawn by supposedly rational people. An assessment of the state of the argument from a probabilistic perspective is overdue. In this book the author examines and refutes some of the more extravagant claims, evaluates the weight of some of the quantitative evidence, and provides an answer to the fundamental question: can a rational person be a Christian?
Questions of Rights
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins by setting out the purpose of the book, which is to take a wide-ranging look at British views of the proper relationships between government and citizens, and between one citizen and another. The study is based primarily on the British Rights Survey which was carried out in 1992. Rights and obligations, categories of rights, and specific rights and specific survey questions are discussed.
The Governing Perspective
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHow do the views of politicians compare with those of the people? To answer this question a sample of 1,244 politicians were interviewed simultaneously with the survey of the public, asking them all the questions put to the public plus a few extra questions about their role and experience in politics. Researchers set out to interview the leader of each political group on each local government council throughout Britain-including the leaders of Independent groups as well as those who led Conservative, Labour, Liberal, Nationalist, and other party groups. Some findings significantly strengthened the conclusions of the earliest US studies of democratic elitism, because they reveal differences between politicians and the public even on questions of principle. On principles of respect for authority and traditional values, wealth creation, tolerance, limited government, free speech, and self-reliance, politicians were substantially more liberal than the public — though on egalitarian principles politicians hardly differed from the public. Other findings seriously undermine the theory of democratic elitism. In particular, it was found that politicians were significantly less liberal than the public on the principles of protest and rebellion — and that reverses the conclusions of those early US studies.
The Impacts of Institutional Change and Divergence on Policy Making: The Network Operators in Britain and France during the 1980s
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe 1980s offers an excellent opportunity to study the impact of national institutions on telecommunications policy making. This chapter shows that policy differences between the two countries continued in the network operation subsector, and indeed became more marked after 1984. It argues that the dissimilarities found were influenced by the institutional contrasts between the two countries, and shows how specific institutional features impacted policy making in each country, resulting in differing national policy patterns. Moreover, it demonstrates how institutional reforms in Britain in 1984 led to a significant break with the previous features of policy making.
National Institutions, Policy, and Change
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the findings of the book. It relates the empirical findings of the case study to the claims made for national institutions and to national institutionalist analyses of policy making examined in Chapter 1. It argues that several central tenets of ‘national institutionalism’ are supported by the evidence of the case of telecommunication in Britain and France between 1969 and 1997, notably by the existence of different institutional arrangements in the face of powerful and common technological and economic developments, and the importance of these arrangements for patterns of policy making. However, the ability of policy-makers to alter institutions, the occurrence of innovation in the content of policy, and the existence of similar economic outcomes despite dissimilar institutions suggest weaknesses in ‘national institutionalism’ and limits the role of national institutions.
Introduction
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book is a contribution to the study of problems related to the exploitation of scientific discovery by industry in peacetime conditions. It is based on information about what has happened in fifteen firms which have invested in electronics development and five others, four of which had research and development interests in other fields. It analyses the situation within each individual firm and the focus of its interest is on management itself. This book also examines the general structure and functioning of the organizations by observing how people deal with each other.
Gender and Status Inequalities in Yemen: Honour, Economics., and Politics
Authors: Carapico Sheila 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Aside from the theory of Islam and the segmentation theory, this chapter states that the ‘harem theory’ is one of the three ‘theoretical metonyms’ used to describe the situation of women in anthropological studies of Arab countries. Because tribes are perceived to be male dominated, the stereotypical roles of Arab women entail power and individualism only within the ‘harem’ because of sexual modesty and theories of patriarchy. On the other hand, women are included in the study of women-in-development (WID) that looks into how modernization affects the lives of women, particularly in Arab and Islamic cultures in the Middle East. This chapter includes a national case study that aims to examine feminine roles within Islamic and tribal settings across various historical social strata. It then identifyies the impacts of political and economic changes experienced within the past thirty years.
Industrialization and Women’s Subordination: A Reappraisal
Authors: Pearson Ruth 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn Third World countries, the involvement of females in the workforce plays no small part in the development of export manufacturing industries. Although there have already been earlier analyses regarding industrialization and how women have participated in work opportunities in industrialized settings, there is also a need to extend such an analysis beyond the notion of factory employment since women's work may be analyzed over a multitude of various experiences. This chapter attempts to examine the relations between productive and reproductive work that women are involved in and the gendering of the workforce, the patterns of global industrialization that are being modified over time, and other such issues regarding gender relations. Generally, the chapter attempts to examine how gender is associated with capital accumulation.
Cumulative Disadvantage? Women Industrial Workers in Malaysia and the Philippines
Authors: Standing Guy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Because of the existence of divisions that are brought about by religious, demographic, and ethnic differences, some groups are subject to labour-force stratification and are thus being assigned to jobs of both low status and low payment that provide little potential for development. Reducing incidences of stratification is therefore a goal of every society since such brings about adverse effects and veers away from principles of equity. In coming up with the appropriate policies to address such problems, however, it is important not just to consider socio-cultural roots and segregation since identifying the main points of discrimination is important as well. Discriminatory hindrances are faced by women workers at various phases of their lives. Through exploring the results from the Philippines Labour Flexibility Survey and the Malaysian Labour Flexibility Survey, this chapter attempts to provide a comparative analysis about the situations faced by women workers in industrial employment in the Philippines and in Malaysia.
How Should International Greenhouse Gas Agreements Be Designed?
Authors: Hoel Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe chapter states that one of the most serious environmental problems in the next century may be climatic changes caused by the greenhouse effect. The chapter defines the greenhouse problem as a typical global environmental problem: climatic changes throughout the world depend on world-wide aggregate emissions of climate gases, and not how these emissions are distributed between countries. It is also stated that global environment problems are difficult to solve and that these problems need coordinated action between countries. One must have an international agreement for such coordinated action to take place. The chapter also discusses the cooperative and the non-cooperative outcomes, the agreements on the equal percentage reductions of emissions, a carbon dioxide tax, tradable emission permits, the distribution of tax revenue or initial emission permits, a carbon dioxide tax or tradable quotas in a world with more complex objective functions, and other greenhouse gasses.
The International Protection of the Environment: Voluntary Agreements among Sovereign Countries
Authors: Carraro Carlo , Siniscalco Domenico 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the details of the international protection of the environment, citing the voluntary agreements among the different sovereign countries. The chapter states that a large quantity of pollutants is discharged into the environment as a result of human activity in each country. Also, the transportation of pollutants in the environmental media is a source of substantial interdependence among countries: each country benefits from using the environment as a receptacle for emissions and is also damaged by environmental degradation. The chapter presents a general framework with which to analyze the profitability and stability of international agreements to protect the environment in the presence of trans-frontier or global pollution. The chapter also discusses the profitability and stability of the countries and explains the main results and the policy implications.
Why are National Minorities a Subject of European International Relations?
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores why national minorities should be a subject of international relations when this field is primarily concerned with states and not groups or individuals within a state’s domestic jurisdiction. If statesmen and stateswomen demonstrated no concern for such groups in their foreign policies, then national minorities certainly would not be an appropriate subject for a book on international politics, though they would still be suitable for studies of domestic governance or constitutional law or political sociology, among others. However, such international indifference towards minorities does not exist: in practice, the foreign relations of many countries both today and in the past have been concerned with national minorities. This is because although the modern theory of state sovereignty postulates a neat fit between international boundaries and politically significant identities, in reality the two rarely coincide.
Minority Rights from Westphalia to Berlin (1648–1878)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Far from being a post-Cold War development, international relations that have to do with the position of minorities in Europe possess an identifiable history not only in the twentieth century but from the 1640s onwards. By examining treaties and other elements of international law and diplomacy, this chapter identifies and summarises the most historically significant trends in international minority protection prior to 1919. Minority rights in their earliest political formulation were freedoms of worship bestowed by the sovereign upon nonconformist religious communities in territories newly acquired from another prince. As nationalism slowly replaced religion in determining European loyalties and identities, this initial formulation began to change. Already, in the 1815 Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, minorities were being defined as national groups and the rights granted to them included civil and political liberties as well as religious freedoms. By 1878, this new, national formulation had completely replaced the older, religious formulation of minority rights, and the problem of minorities was linked to the rise of new nation-states.
The League of Nations System of Minority Guarantees (1919–1939)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The great powers’ response to the events of 1875–1878 established a standard of treatment that was later applied to those new nation-states which emerged out of the defeated Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Prussian Kingdom in Central and Eastern Europe after 1919. These successor states were unavoidably ethnographically diverse despite the fact that national self-determination was publicly avowed as the wellspring of their legitimacy. This chapter examines the League of Nations system of minority guarantees as a precursor of post-Cold War efforts to protect national minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, focusing on the origins of this inter-war system, the content of its national minority guarantees, the manner in which the League’s guarantee functioned, the attitude of treaty-bund states, great powers, and the minorities themselves to this system, and its overall efficacy in protecting them.
Optimal Taxation and Government Finance
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the two issues that arise in government budgetary decisions and looks at these issues from the standpoint of optimal tax theory, which is a thoroughly microeconomic way of analysing public policy. The first topic discussed is the central issue of budget balance, while the second is the question of assessing the cost of funds that are raised through taxes.
The Optimal Structure of Incent ives and Authority within an Organization
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses a number of models that can help explain the distribution of incomes within the firm, and to explain the existence of authoritative relationships. These models also help derive a hierarchical structure and investigate its effects on production. One of the assumptions of these models is that workers are able to predict their own activity and rewards within the organization.
Optimum Saving with Economies of Scale
Authors: Mirrlees James A. , Dixit Avinash , Stern Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses a model that was originally motivated by a number of examples related to fixed costs or where there are economies of scale. Some of the limitations of this model include timing and the size of new centres, which are also discussed in detail. Previous literature is also included in the chapter and a growth model with economies of scale in the production of output using capital but no labour is presented.
Macroeconomic Wage Coordination
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMacroeconomic coordination refers to the coordination of pay negotiations adopted by a country's bargaining units across the economy. As long as the bargaining units are willing and able to modify their policy to achieve a common goal then there is macroeconomic coordination regardless of how differentiated and decentralized bargaining systems are. A corporatist approach lies on the notion of centralized interest intermediation. Centralized bargaining implies that market discipline can be achieved only with a negotiated and voluntarily established government. This chapter points out how inconsistencies concerning centralization and its implications can be attributed to the contrast of low degrees or bargaining centralization with corporatist practices. This chapter also relates the implications of centralization with such concepts such as internationalization, coordination, and embedding arrangements.
The Organization of Interests
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe organization of interests gives rise to several issues. Because interest organizations are believed to reduce efficiency, a fully competitive market is seen as preferable. Since this is not possible, the second-best solution would be to encompass domains. This makes associations adopt a ‘responsible’ policy line that internalizes externalities while taking the interests of outsiders into account. Another issue of concern is how centralization is hypothesized as a precondition for wage moderation since associational control over pay-fixing must be ensured. The last issue involves how membership strength, whether at the primary or secondary base of associational power, affects performance. This chapter separately discusses the three distinct organizational issues: representational domains, associational centralization, and associational power.
Collective Action and Bargaining in Internationalized Markets
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBecause employers have pre-associational powers and restrictions on the strategies of their associations, employers are likely to prefer individual relations to engaging in collective exchange with labour. The desirability of collective exchange challenged thus their ability to associate and the need to do so must be differentiated. Employers played a key role in shaping the bargaining process as they have an individual and collective option. Also, market-led opportunism posed an unintentional threat from the shift to self-interested ‘short-terminism’ and a deliberate threat from employer disorganization. Unions and employer associations underwent reforms to economize resources and activities and to adapt to the interdependencies of issues and interests.
The Agriculture Disputes
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAs shown in the WTO Appellate Body's 1998 decision regarding Beef Hormones, industry protection, trade, and food safety may constitute fundamental issues on the global trade policy agenda. In this particular case, the WTO panel and the appeal body found that the EU enforced unjustifiable trade restrictions and that they veered away from the trading obligations established by the WTO. The fundamental problem lies in how the domestic administration of the measures imposed by the WTO SPS Committee can be influenced by domestic producers who attempt to obtain shelter against more competitive imports. As fresh food products are sensitive to deterioration, barriers to entry may come about, since foreign producers are unlikely to receive fair treatment. In this chapter, we explore the agricultural case in which the discriminatory application of sanitary and phytosanitary standards restricted trade in North America.
Mediators of Knowledge Supply
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Although mediated services are likely to be low on firm-specific knowledge, the level of knowledge supplied is enough to deal with many different aspects. Large firms therefore tend to find sourcing arrangements that can manage both people and solutions. The growth and diversity of the mediated services targets individuals who prefer an independent work style. This chapter gives a discussion regarding the market for mediated knowledge supply and how this affects the performance and process management of the firm and its stakeholders. This chapter also presents the industry, occupational, and demographic trends and developments in both staffing services and in outsourcing services.
Introduction
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOver thirty countries from Europe and Asia have revolutionised their global economy through the application of postsocialism. Implications do not only take effect for the involved practitioners, but can also create ripple effects in neighbouring nations and in the whole world. A crucial element of the market transformation is the intrusion and the involvement of previously socialist institutions in international trade and relations. Such changes do not swipe away the beneficial historical and social contributions of communism, but the abandonment of excessive interventions performed by government officials. Prioritised here are the dominant emergence of private organisations and the proliferation of the notion of ‘invisible hand’. Hence, this institutional transition requires the identification of totally new arrangements in replacement to the old system.
Transition from Socialism: Where to?
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGovernment-proposed mechanisms and strictly regulated activities prompted the shift from a centrally planned economy to a postsocialist system, which is viewed to be the major source of growth. Expansion in all aspects of the government and society leads to overall progress and improvement. While there are states that classify such circumstances as the main causes of social and political turmoil and instability, there are still nations that operate in the realization of the optimal potential of these methods. This statement only implicates that there is no such thing as the fall of communism, but open-mindedness toward the alternatives that pursue sound economic decisions, organizational harmony and coordination, price stability, effective and efficient governance, and excellent management of physical and human resources. These expected outcomes of market-driven reforms, though only to a limited amount, have yielded increased growth rates and global competence.