bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chardin et son Philosophe
Authors: Pinto Éveline 
Published: February 2010

« Le vieil original si intelligent, si fou » que Marcel Proust évoque à travers les autoportraits de Chardin, s'est-il dépeint lui-même sous le masque projectif du sage, dans l'un de ses tableaux les plus célèbres, le Philosophe du Louvre? Le maître de la nature morte, voulant s'élever dans la hiérarchie des rangs de I' Académie, a semble-t-il cherché, dans cette oeuvre de jeunesse, à suppléer à « son défaut d'instruction» dans «les humanités», par la représentation d'un personnage au goût du jour, d'un moderne philosophe.
Philosophe, Chimiste dans son laboratoire, Souffleur ou Philosophe occupé de sa lecture, le tableau du Louvre (1734) est-il un emblème? L'hypothèse retenue, que cette peinture donne figure à un philosophe chimiste et non à un charlatan ou à un alchimiste, se construit sur le rapprochement du tableau et du libelle anonyme intitulé Philosophe, mis en circulation d'après Voltaire dans les années 1730.
Opportunities and Improvisations: A Pediatric Surgeon’s Suggestions for Successful Short‐Term Surgical Volunteer Work in Resource‐Poor Areas
Authors: Meier Donald 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere is a paucity of trained pediatric surgeons in resource‐poor areas, and many children never receive care for debilitating problems that could readily be managed by surgeons with proper training, supplies, and instrumentation. This article, written from the perspective of a surgeon who has been both the recipient of and the provider of volunteer surgical services, is intended to encourage surgeons in technologically advanced locations to volunteer in underserved areas and to assist them in the implementation of such endeavors. Concepts are presented with an emphasis on pediatric surgery, but most are relevant for volunteers in all surgical specialties. Volunteer paradigms include, but are not limited to, the “surgical brigade” model, where a large group of health care professionals take all needed equipment and supplies for the duration of their stint, and the “minimalist” model, where a single volunteer works with local personnel using locally available equipment. For a successful volunteer endeavor the host needs to have a perceived need for the volunteer’s services, and the volunteer must be flexible in adapting to meet overwhelming needs with limited resources. It is suggested that appropriate technology, such as the inexpensive anal stimulator presented herein, should be employed whenever possible. With proper planning, realistic expectations, and a cooperative and helpful attitude, volunteer trips can be rewarding experiences for both volunteers and host physicians and lead to lasting relationships that improve children’s lives globally.
Predictors of Mortality in Skin and Soft‐tissue Infections Caused byVibrio vulnificus
Authors: Kuo Chou Tsai‐Nung , Chao Wai‐Nang , Yang Cheng , Wong Ruey‐Hong , Ueng Kwo‐Chang , Chen Shiuan‐Chih 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundVibrio vulnificusinfection can progress rapidly in skin or soft tissue, and it is potentially life‐threatening. The purpose of the present study was to explore the predictors of mortality in patients withV. vulnificusinfections of skin or soft tissue.MethodsThe medical records of 119 consecutive patients aged ≥18 years, hospitalized forV. vulnificusinfections of skin or soft tissue between January 2000 and December 2007 were reviewed. Co‐morbidities, clinical manifestations, laboratory studies, treatments, and outcomes were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression with the exact method was performed.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 63.7 ± 12.0 years. Twenty‐four patients died, yielding an overall case fatality rate of 20%. Of the 24 deaths, 20 (83%) occurred within 72 h after hospital admission. Of 119 patients, 45 patients had primary septicemia, and 74 patients had wound infection. Multivariate analysis revealed that the following factors were associated with mortality: hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions/necrotizing fasciitis (p= 0.003), primary septicemia (p= 0.042), a greater organ dysfunction and/or infection score (p= 0.005), absence of leukocytosis (p= 0.0001), and hypoalbuminemia (p= 0.003). Treatment with surgical intervention plus antibiotics (p= 0.038) and surgical intervention within 24 h after admission (p= 0.017) were protective factors.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the presence of hemorrhagic bullous skin lesions/necrotizing fasciitis, primary septicemia, a greater severity‐of‐illness, absence of leukocytosis, and hypoalbuminemia were the significant risk factors for mortality in these patients. Moreover, patients treated with surgery plus antibiotics, especially those receiving a prompt surgical evaluation within 24 h after hospital admission, may have a better prognosis.
Risk Factors for Early Postoperative Small Bowel Obstruction After Colectomy for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Nakajima Jun , Sasaki Akira , Otsuka Koki , Obuchi Toru , Nishizuka Satoshi , Wakabayashi Go 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundSmall bowel obstruction (SBO) after colectomy leads to markedly lower patient quality of life, longer hospital stays, and increased hospitalization costs. From a systemic treatment point of view, early postoperative SBO is one of the major concerns of the surgery because it often delays chemotherapy in advanced cases. The goal of this single‐center study was to evaluate the risk factors for early postoperative SBO.MethodsUnivariate and multivariate analyses were performed for 1,004 patients who underwent open colectomy (OC, 421 patients) or laparoscopic‐assisted colectomy (LAC, 583 patients) for colorectal cancer between January 1997 and December 2008.ResultsThe overall early postoperative SBO were 45 cases (4.5%). Univariate analysis of the risk factors for early postoperative SBO showed no statistical significance between respective risk factors and occurrence of SBO for age >70 years, body mass index >25 kg/m2, ASA score ≥3, pT stage T4, pN stage ≥N1, pM stage M1, or increased blood loss. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that OC (odds ratio (OR), 2.62; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.34–5.13; P = 0.005), and rectal cancer (OR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.1–4.1; P = 0.025) were independent risk factors for postoperative SBO after colectomy for colorectal cancer. Regarding the causes of SBO, paralytic obstruction was more frequent in the LAC group, and adhesive obstruction was more frequent in the OC group.ConclusionsEarly postoperative SBO cases are more likely to occur with OC and rectal cancer. LAC is an effective surgical procedure from the perspective of reducing the incidence of early postoperative SBO after colectomy for colorectal cancer.
Long‐term correction of murine phenylketonuria by viral gene transfer: liver versus muscle
Authors: Thöny Beat 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCurrent therapy for phenylketonuria (PKU) consists of life‐long dietary restriction of phenylalanine (Phe), which presents problems of adherence for patients. Alternative therapies under investigation include, among others, the use of gene therapy to provide copies of wild‐type, non‐mutant, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) enzyme. Expression of PAH in both liver (the usual metabolic source of this enzyme) and skeletal muscle is under investigation. Liver gene therapy, using a viral vector based on the adeno‐associated viruses (AAVs), provided effective clearance of serum Phe that was sustained for 1 year in some mice. In order for PAH expression to be effective in skeletal muscle, the essential metabolic cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), must also be provided, either by supplementation or gene therapy. Both these approaches were effective. When transgenic PKU mice that constitutively expressed PAH in muscle were given intraperitoneal supplementation with BH4, this produced (transient) effective clearance of Phe to normal levels. In addition, use of an AAV vector containing the genes for PAH, and for two key synthetic enzymes for BH4, provided substantial and long‐lasting correction (more than 1 year) of blood Phe levels when injected into skeletal muscle of PKU mice. These two strategies provide promising treatment alternatives for the management of PKU in patients.
Biochemical abnormalities in a patient with thymidine phosphorylase deficiency with fatal outcome
Authors: Bakker Jaap A. , Schlesser Patrick , Smeets Hubert J. M. , Francois Baudouin , Bierau Jörgen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDeficiency of the cytosolic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TP) causes a multisystem disorder called mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) syndrome. Clinical symptoms are gastrointestinal dysfunction, muscle involvement and neurological deterioration. TP deficiency is biochemically characterised by accumulation of thymidine and deoxyuridine in body fluids and compromised mitochondrial deoxyribose nucleic acid (mtDNA) integrity (depletion and multiple deletions). In this report we describe a patient with the clinical and biochemical features related to the end stage of the disease. Home parenteral nutrition had started to improve the clinical condition and preparations were initiated for stem cell transplantation (SCT) as a last resort treatment. Unfortunately, the patient died during the induction phase of SCT. This report shows that TP deficiency is a severe clinical condition with a broad spectrum of affected tissues. TP deficiency can be easily determined by the measurement of pyrimidine metabolites in body fluids and TP activity in peripheral blood leucocytes. Early detection and treatment may prevent the progress of the clinical symptoms and, therefore, should be considered for inclusion in newborn screening programmes.
Interest and Beliefs About BRCA Genetic Counseling Among At‐Risk Latinas in New York City
Authors: Sussner Katarina M. , Jandorf Lina , Thompson Hayley S. , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground: Latinas are less likely to use genetic services (counseling and testing) for hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer risk compared to other ethnic groups. Meanwhile, little is known about barriers to genetic counseling among Latinas at increased risk of inherited breast cancer.Methods: A two‐phase pilot study was conducted to examine interest, barriers and beliefs about BRCA genetic counseling among at‐risk Latinas in New York City and explore the potential for developing a culturally‐tailored narrative educational tool for use in future studies. Phase 1 included quantitative telephone interviews (N = 15) with bilingual participants with a personal diagnosis at a young age and/or family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer. Quantitative results informed development of a narrative prototype educational presentation viewed by a subset of participants (N = 10) in Phase 2 focus groups.Results: Despite barriers, including lack of awareness/knowledge, concerns related to learning cancer risks of family members, and concerns about cost/health insurance, participants reported positive attitudes, beliefs and interest in learning about BRCA genetic counseling. Further, significant increases in knowledge were demonstrated from pre‐post presentation (p = 0.04).Conclusion: There is an unmet need to educate at‐risk Latinas about BRCA genetic counseling. Culturally‐tailored educational materials including narratives may increase knowledge about BRCA genetic counseling among this underserved group. The effectiveness of these approaches should be tested in future research with larger samples.
High-mode stationary waves in stratified flow over large obstacles
Authors: KLYMAK JODY M. , LEGG SONYA M. , PINKEL ROBERT 
Published: February 2010

Simulations of steady two-dimensional stratified flow over an isolated obstacle are presented where the obstacle is tall enough so that the topographic Froude number, Nhm/Uo ≫ 1. N is the buoyancy frequency, hm the height of the topography from the channel floor and Uo the flow speed infinitely far from the obstacle. As for moderate Nhm/Uo (~1), a columnar response propagates far up- and downstream, and an arrested lee wave forms at the topography. Upstream, most of the water beneath the crest is blocked, while the moving layer above the crest has a mean velocity Um = UoH/(H−hm). The vertical wavelength implied by this velocity scale, λo = 2πUm/N, predicts dominant vertical scales in the flow. Upstream of the crest there is an accelerated region of fluid approximately λo thick, above which there is a weakly oscillatory flow. Downstream the accelerated region is thicker and has less intense velocities. Similarly, the upstream lift of isopycnals is greatest in the first wavelength near the crest, and weaker above and below. Form drag on the obstacle is dominated by the blocked response, and not on the details of the lee wave, unlike flows with moderate Nhm/Uo.Directly downstream, the lee wave that forms has a vertical wavelength given by λo, except for the deepest lobe which tends to be thicker. This wavelength is small relative to the fluid depth and topographic height, and has a horizontal phase speed cpx = −Um, corresponding to an arrested lee wave. When considering the spin-up to steady state, the speed of vertical propagation scales with the vertical component of group velocity cgz = αUm, where α is the aspect ratio of the topography. This implies a time scale = tNα/2π for the growth of the lee waves, and that steady state is attained more rapidly with steep topography than shallow, in contrast with linear theory, which does not depend on the aspect ratio.
Impact of severity and type of depression on quality of life in cases identified in the community
Authors: Nuevo R. , Leighton C. , Dunn G. , Dowrick C. , Lehtinen V. , Dalgard O. S. , Casey P. , Vázquez-Barquero J. L. , Ayuso-Mateos J. L. 
Published: February 2010

BackgroundThe impact of different levels of depression severity on quality of life (QoL) is not well studied, particularly regarding ICD-10 criteria. The ICD classification of depressive episodes in three levels of severity is also controversial and the less severe category, mild, has been considered as unnecessary and not clearly distinguishable from non-clinical states. The present work aimed to test the relationship between depression severity according to ICD-10 criteria and several dimensions of functioning as assessed by Medical Outcome Study (MOS) 36-item Short Form general health survey (SF-36) at the population level.MethodA sample of 551 participants from the second phase of the Outcome of Depression International Network (ODIN) study (228 controls without depression and 313 persons fulfilling ICD criteria for depressive episode) was selected for a further assessment of several variables, including QoL related to physical and mental health as measured with the SF-36.ResultsStatistically significant differences between controls and the depression group were found in both physical and mental markers of health, regardless of the level of depression severity; however, there were very few differences in QoL between levels of depression as defined by ICD-10. Regardless of the presence of depression, disability, widowed status, being a woman and older age were associated with worse QoL in a structural equation analysis with covariates. Likewise, there were no differences according to the type of depression (single-episode versus recurrent).ConclusionsThese results cast doubt on the adequacy of the current ICD classification of depression in three levels of severity.
The defensibility of Zoroastrian dualism
Authors: KRONEN JOHN D. , MENSSEN SANDRA 
Published: February 2010

AbstractContemporary philosophical discussion of religion neglects dualistic religions: although Manichaeism from time to time is accorded mention, Zoroastrianism, a more plausible form of religious dualism, is almost entirely ignored. We seek to change this state of affairs. To this end we (1) present the basic tenets of Zoroastrian dualism, (2) argue that objections to the Zoroastrian conception of God are less strong than typically imagined, (3) argue that objections to the Zoroastrian conception of the devil (and evil) are less strong than typically imagined, and (4) offer some brief concluding thoughts.
The evil-god challenge
Authors: LAW STEPHEN 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper develops a challenge to theism. The challenge is to explain why the hypothesis that there exists an omnipotent, omniscient and all-good god should be considered significantly more reasonable than the hypothesis that there exists an omnipotent, omniscient and all-evil god. Theists typically dismiss the evil-god hypothesis out of hand because of theproblem of good– there is surely too much good in the world for it to be the creation of such a being. But then why doesn't the problem of evil provide equally good grounds for dismissing belief in a good god? I develop thisevil-god challengein detail, anticipate several replies, and correct errors made in earlier discussions of the problem of good.
A proper de jure objection to the epistemic rationality of religious belief
Authors: LONG TODD R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractI answer Alvin Plantinga's challenge to provide a ‘proper’ de jure objection to religious belief. What I call the ‘sophisticates’ evidential objection' (SEO) concludes that sophisticated Christians lack epistemic justification for believing central Christian propositions. The SEO utilizes a theory of epistemic justification in the spirit of the evidentialism of Richard Feldman and Earl Conee. I defend philosophical interest in the SEO (and its underlying evidentialism) against objections from Reformed epistemology, by addressing Plantinga's criteria for a proper de jure objection, his anti-evidentialist arguments, and the relevance of ‘impulsional evidence’. I argue that no result from Plantinga-style Reformed epistemology precludes the reasons I offer in favour of giving the SEO its due philosophical attention.
Staphylococcus aureus carriage in care homes: identification of risk factors, including the role of dementia
Authors: LASSETER G. , CHARLETT A. , LEWIS D. , DONALD I. , HOWELL-JONES R. , McNULTY C. A. M. 
Published: February 2010

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylocccus aureus (MSSA and MRSA) carriage in care homes, with particular focus on dementia. A point-prevalence survey of 748 residents in 51 care homes in Gloucestershire and Greater Bristol was undertaken. Dementia was assessed by the clock test or abbreviated mini-mental test. Nasal swabs were cultured for S. aureus on selective agar media. Multivariable analysis indicated that dementia was not a significant risk factor for MSSA (16·2%) or MRSA (7·8%); and that residents able to move around the home unassisted were at a lower risk of MRSA (P=0·04). MSSA carriage increased with increasing age (P=0·03) but MRSA carriage decreased with increasing age (P=0·05). Hospitalization in the last 6 months increased the risk of MSSA (P=0·04) and MRSA (P=0·10). We concluded that cross-infection through staff caring for more dependent residents may spread MRSA within care homes and from the recently hospitalized. Control of MSSA and MRSA in care homes requires focused infection control interventions.
Humanitarians and their moral stance in war: the underlying values
Authors: Wortel Eva 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this article, the moral values underlying humanitarian principles are analysed. What were these original moral values? Have they changed? To what extent are they in danger today? Has humanity itself become an instrumental value? To answer these questions, the author examines the humanitarian discourse: firstly, how these values have been described by humanitarians themselves, and secondly, how they are used by humanitarians in specific contexts.
Between Amazons and Sabines: a historical approach to women and war
Authors: Herrmann Irène , Palmieri Daniel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractToday, war is still perceived as being the prerogative of men only. Women are generally excluded from the debate on belligerence, except as passive victims of the brutality inflicted on them by their masculine contemporaries. Yet history shows that through the ages, women have also played a role in armed hostilities, and have sometimes even been the main protagonists. In the present article, the long history and the multiple facets of women's involvement in war are recounted from two angles: women at war (participating in war) and women in war (affected by war). The merit of a gender-based division of roles in war is then examined with reference to the ancestral practice of armed violence.
Women's participation in the Rwandan genocide: mothers or monsters?
Authors: Hogg Nicole 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe participation of women in the 1994 Rwandan genocide should be considered in the context of gender relations in pre-genocide Rwandan society. Many ‘ordinary’ women were involved in the genocide but, overall, committed significantly fewer acts of overt violence than men. Owing to the indirect nature of women's crimes, combined with male ‘chivalry’, women may be under-represented among those pursued for genocide-related crimes, despite the broad conception of complicity in Rwanda's Gacaca Law. Women in leadership positions played a particularly important role in the genocide, and gendered imagery, including of the ‘evil woman’ or ‘monster’, is often at play in their encounters with the law.
Normdaten zur Ergänzung deutscher Wortanfänge
Authors: Bergmann Heiko C. , Müller Barbara C. N. , Danek Adrian 
Published: February 2010

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Normdaten für eine Wortanfangsergänzungsaufgabe vorgestellt, die zu einem Großteil online erhoben wurden. Die Teilnehmer erhielten insgesamt 75 aus drei Buchstaben bestehende Wortanfänge. In der ersten von zwei Studien (501 Probanden, 16 bis 94 Jahre) mussten diese Wortanfänge zu einem deutschen Nomen, das aus insgesamt fünf, sechs oder sieben Buchstaben bestehen sollte, ergänzt werden. In der zweiten Studie (624 Probanden, 15 bis 70 Jahre) wurde die Limitierung der Buchstabenzahl aufgehoben: Die zu ergänzenden Nomina durften vier oder mehr Buchstaben haben. Für beide Studien werden die Ergebnisse der Gesamtstichprobe sowie diverser Subgruppen (stratifiziert nach Alter und Bildung) in Tabellenform präsentiert.
Adhesamine, a new synthetic molecule, accelerates differentiation and prolongs survival of primary cultured mouse hippocampal neurons
Authors: Hoshino Mitsunobu , Tsujimoto Tetsuhiro , Yamazoe Sayumi , Uesugi Motonari , Terada Sumio 
Published: February 2010

Attachment to the substrate is essential for both survival and differentiation of various kinds of cells, such as neurons and epithelial cells. We recently found a small synthetic molecule, adhesamine, which boosts adhesion and growth of mammalian cells. In the present study, we applied adhesamine to primary cultured hippocampal neuronal cells and compared its effects with those of PLL (poly-L-lysine), which is widely used as a substrate for cell cultures. Neurons grown on adhesamine-coated coverslips survived for up to 1 month without a feeder layer of glial cells, and had greater viability than cells grown on PLL-coated coverslips. Morphological analysis revealed that neurons cultured with adhesamine exhibited earlier differentiation, i.e. earlier axonal outgrowth and dendritic maturation with enhanced neurite branching, than neurons cultured with PLL. Synaptic formation and postsynaptic responses were evident as early as 4 days in cells cultured with adhesamine. Acceleration of differentiation is mediated by earlier activation of the signalling pathways from heparan sulfate in the extracellular matrix to both FAK (focal adhesion kinase) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). Improved survival rates and accelerated maturation of neurons exposed to adhesamine suggest that this completely synthetic molecule may be a useful reagent for culturing neuronal cells.