bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keeping Quality of Desalted Cod Fillets in Consumer Packs
Authors: Magnússon Hannes , Sveinsdóttir Kolbrun , Lauzon Hélégne L. , Thorkelsdóttir ÁSa , Martinsdóttir Emilia 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTo meet modern consumer demands, it is important to be able to offer “ready‐to‐use” desalted cod in consumer packs with sufficient keeping quality at chill temperatures. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of potassium sorbate, citric acid, and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) in varying combinations on the keeping quality of desalted cod fillets in consumer packs. After desalting, cod fillets were packed in trays and stored at 1.0 ± 0.2 °C for up to 33 d. The fillets were packed in open bags, in modified atmosphere (MA) (CO2/N2/O2:75/ 20/5) only, or in MS following a potassium sorbate and/or a citric acid treatment. The rate of microbial growth was by far fastest in fillets in open bags. MAP alone decreased the growth rate considerably and still further decrease was obtained in MAP fillets treated with citric acid and/or sorbate solutions. The concurrent effect of these treatments was distinct. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) was used to assess cooked samples. During the 1st d of storage, the samples were described by sweet and butter odor, salt taste, clammy and rubberlike texture, which became less evident with increasing storage time, but differed by groups and the least in samples treated with sorbate and citric acid/sorbate solutions. Sensory spoilage attributes and total volatile bases (TVB‐N)/trimethylamine (TMA) measurements correlated well with microbial counts. Use of MAP increased the shelf life from 6 to 10 d to 18 to 24 d, MAP and citric acid to 24 to 28 d, while the addition of sorbate to MAP fillets extended the shelf life to at least 33 d.
Hydroxypropyl‐Distarch Phosphate from Potato Starch Increases Fecal Output, but Does Not Reduce Zinc, Iron, Calcium, and Magnesium Absorption in Rats
Authors: Ebihara Kiyoshi , Nakai Yuka , Kishida Taro 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe physiological effects of hydroxypropyl‐distarch phosphate (HDP) were examined in rats. Male rats were fed a fiber‐free purified diet containing gelatinized potato starch (PS, 50 g/kg diet) that was not modified chemically or gelatinized, chemically modified potato starch (CMS, 50 g/kg diet) for 21 d. PS was used as the control. Six kinds of gelatinized HDP from potato with 2 different degrees of hydroxypropylation and 3 different degrees of cross‐linking were used as CMS. The wet weight and moisture of the fecal output of the rats fed highly hydroxypropylated HDP was 70% and 30% greater, respectively, than that in the control rats. The weights of the cecal wall and content of the rats fed highly hydroxypropylated HDP were 15% and 30% higher, respectively, than those of the control rats. The apparent absorption of Mg was 15% higher in the rats fed highly hydroxypropylated HDP than in the control rats. On the other hand, the apparent absorptions of Ca, Zn, and Fe were not affected by the diet. Cross‐linking did not influence the above‐mentioned physiological effects of HDP. Fecal excretion of bile acids and the plasma cholesterol concentration were not affected by the diet. These results show that the physiological effects of HDP depend on the hydroxypropylation but not the cross‐linking.
Solution Enhancement and Post‐enhancement Storage Effects on the Quality, Sensory, and Retail Display Characteristics of Beef Triceps Brachii Muscles
Authors: Baublits R. Ty , Pohlman Fred W. , Brown A. Hayden , Yancey Ed J. , Johnson Zelpha B. , Dias‐Morse Palika 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBeef triceps brachii muscles (6 d postmortem; n= 15; muscle sections n= 45) were sectioned into 3rds and allocated to 1 of 3 treatments. The treatments were untreated (CNT), or injected at a 12% pump rate with either tap water‐only (H2O) or a solution comprising tetrasodium pyrophosphate and sodium chloride (TSPP/ NaCl) at 0.4% and 1.0% target final product weight concentrations, respectively. Each muscle (comprising all 3 treatments) was then allocated to 2, 14, or 28 d of vacuum‐packaged 1°C storage. Purge losses during storage were greatest (P < 0.05) for H2O muscles and least (P < 0.05) for TSPP/NaCl muscles. Purge losses also increased (P < 0.05) from 2 d to 14 d of storage. Steaks enhanced with TSPP/NaCl had less (P < 0.05) free water and lower (P < 0.05) cooking losses than either CNT or H2O steaks. Storage duration did not affect (P > 0.05) Warner‐Bratzler shear force (WBS) or sensory tenderness, but juiciness decreased (P < 0.05) with increased storage duration. While storage duration did not impact (P > 0.05) instrumental color characteristics, aerobic plate counts generally increased during storage. The TSPP/NaCl steaks had lower (P < 0.05) WBS values and improved (P < 0.05) sensory tenderness and juiciness characteristics compared with CNT or H2O steaks. While CNT steaks had greater (P < 0.05) L* values (lightness) than TSPP/NaCl steaks, TSPP/NaCl steaks had similar (P > 0.05) oxymyoglobin proportions (630/580 nm) and a* values (redness) as CNT steaks. These results suggest enhancement with TSPP/NaCl can improve triceps brachii yield and palatability characteristics. Increased post‐enhancement storage did not impact or worsened palatability while increasing purge losses, suggesting general deleterious effects of increased postmortem storage for this muscle.
Increased Colocalization of Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor and Arginine Vasopressin in Paraventricular Neurones of the Hypothalamus in Lactating Rats: Evidence from Immunotargeted Lesions and Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Walker C.‐D. , Tilders F. J. H. , Burlet A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn lactating female rats, tonically elevated glucocorticoid secretion is accompanied by blunted stress responsiveness, reduced expression of hypothalamic corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) mRNA and modest increases in arginine vasopressin (AVP) expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). To determine the relative contribution of CRF and AVP to parvocellular function, we performed selective CRF (CRF‐Tx) or AVP (AVP‐Tx) lesions in the PVN neurones of ovariectomized virgin or lactating females (day 2 of lactation) by using ricin A associated with monoclonal antibodies directed towards CRF or AVP. We also performed double immunohistochemical labelling of CRF and AVP in the PVN of control rats injected with immunoglobulin (Ig)Gs associated with the ricin A (IgG‐Tx). Brains were collected 12 days after the lesion and processed forin situhybridization of CRF and AVP mRNA or for double fluorescence CRF and AVP immunohistochemistry. We found that lactating females exhibit a high degree of CRF and AVP colocalization in parvocellular PVN neurones, hypothalamic processes and median eminence terminals compared to virgins. While CRF mRNA is significantly reduced in lactating rats, AVP mRNA and protein levels are greatly enhanced in parvocellular PVN neurones during lactation. Hypothalamic CRF or AVP ricin‐A lesions significantly reduced both CRF and AVP expression (15–35% decrease) as well as peptide immunoreactivity in PVN neurones in both groups of females. The specificity of the lesions varied between virgins and lactators since in virgin females, AVP‐Tx did not affect CRF mRNA expression whereas in lactating females, this same lesion significantly reduced CRF mRNA expression, suggesting that parvocellular PVN neurones are more sensitive to the effects of the lesions during lactation. In both virgins and lactators, lesion with CRF‐Tx tended to increase AVP mRNA expression; however, in virgins, parvocellular PVN neurones were possibly compensating for the loss of CRF synthesis by increasing AVP expression and immunoreactivity. We conclude that lactation is associated with a high degree of CRF and AVP colocalization in parvoPVN neurones and that the increased AVP production in these neurones increases their sensitivity to immunotargeted lesions. The opposite regulation of CRF and AVP gene expression during lactation might provide a useful model to study differential sensitivity to glucocorticoid feedback or hypothalamic activation of transcription factors.
Efferent Neural Projections of Angiotensin Receptor (AT1) Expressing Neurones in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of the Rat
Authors: Oldfield B. J. , Davern P. J. , Giles M. E. , Allen A. M. , Badoer E. , McKinley M. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAngiotensin II acts within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to help mediate a number of autonomic and endocrine responses. Evidence is sparse in regard to the particular neuronal cell groups that exhibit angiotensin II type 1 receptors within the PVN, and does not exist in relation to specified efferent neuronal populations in the nucleus. In the present experiments, retrogradely transported neuronal tracers were utilized in conjunction with immunohistochemistry using a well characterized polyclonal antibody raised against a decapeptide sequence at the carboxy terminus of the AT1 receptor, to determine whether it is preferentially distributed amongst different efferent populations within the PVN. The AT1 receptor is not associated with neurones in the PVN that project axons to the spinal cord, dorsomedial or ventrolateral medulla but coexists strongly with neurones in the anterior parvocellular division of the nucleus which direct axons to the median eminence. Such neurones often contain corticotropin releasing factor. These findings highlight the role that angiotensin II and AT1 receptors in the PVN may play in the mediation of responses to stress.
Deviant Forms of Aggression in Glucocorticoid Hyporeactive Rats: A Model for ‘Pathological’ Aggression?
Authors: Haller J. , Van De Schraaf J. , Kruk M. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDeviant forms of aggressiveness have been associated with low plasma glucocorticoid concentrations in humans. Here, we report data on the development of aggressive behaviour in rats in which glucocorticoid secretion was inhibited by adrenalectomy. Such rats were compared with both sham operated rats and adrenalectomized rats in which the fight‐induced elevation of plasma glucocorticoids was mimicked by acute injections. Low and stable corticosterone plasma concentrations were maintained by subcutaneous glucocorticoid pellets in adrenalectomized rats. The development of aggressive behaviour was followed over three trials performed at 2‐day intervals. Adrenalectomy lead to high aggressiveness already at the first encounter, a decreased threatening (attack signalling) behaviour and a change in attack targeting. While control rats targeted biting attacks towards less vulnerable dorsal parts of the opponent's body, adrenalectomized rats attacked the head frequently. Corticosterone injections that mimicked the fight induced adrenocortical reaction abolished this behavioural pattern. Thus, a reduced responsiveness of the adrenocortical system may be causally linked to deviant forms of aggression in rats.
Restriction of Fetal Growth has a Differential Impact on Fetal Prolactin and Prolactin Receptor mRNA Expression
Authors: Phillips I. D. , Anthony R. V. , Simonetta G. , Owens J. A. , Robinson J. S. , McMillen I. C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractProlactin is present in the fetal circulation and prolactin receptors are expressed in a wide range of fetal tissues. The factors which regulate the synthesis and secretion of prolactin, and the expression of its receptors before birth, are poorly understood. We have investigated whether experimental restriction of placental growth in the sheep has an impact on the prolactin axis in the growth restricted fetus. The majority of uterine endometrial caruncles were removed before pregnancy in 10 ewes (placental restriction; PR group). Placental, fetal liver and kidney weights were reduced in the PR compared to the control group (n = 10). The ratio of fetal prolactin mRNA : 18S rRNA was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the PR group (1.83 ± 0.45, n = 6) than in the control group (4.11 ± 0.54, n = 6). The ratio of prolactin mRNA : 18S rRNA in the fetal pituitary was positively correlated with fetal and with placental weight. Using stepwise linear regression, it was determined that the level of fetal prolactin mRNA : 18S rRNA expression was best described (as judged by the maximum adjusted R2) by prolactin mRNA: 18 S rRNA = − 3.0378 + 0.17 PO2 + 2.772 glucose (adjusted R2 = 0.765, F = 17.53, P < 0.001). Fetal plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the PR group compared to control animals between 109 and 141 days gestation. Fetal prolactin receptor (PRLR) mRNA transcripts encoding long (PRLR1) and short forms (PRLR2) of PRLR were present in the liver and kidney of animals in the PR and control groups at 140–141 days gestation. PR did not alter the levels of PRLR1 or PRLR2 mRNA in the fetal liver or kidney. The suppression of the synthesis and secretion of prolactin in the growth restricted fetus may limit the action of prolactin on the growth and metabolism of key fetal organs during suboptimal intrauterine conditions
Development of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone Neurones
Authors: Wray S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis review concentrates on some of the recent discoveries and future questions relevant to the development of the neuroendocrine luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) cells. Neuroendocrine LHRH cells originate outside the central nervous system, in the nasal placode, and thereafter migrate into the forebrain during prenatal development. It is this population of LHRH cells that is responsible for reproductive function, becoming integral members of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal axis postnatally. Disruption of the development of this system results in reproductive dysfunction. Increasing our understanding of LHRH neuroendocrine cells establishes conditions where we can look with greater precision at the mechanisms controlling reproductive development, both activation and failure. In addition, the ability to manipulate the molecular and cellular biology of the LHRH system opens the route to understanding critical neurobiological issues such as phenotypic commitment, axonal path finding and mechanisms involved in neuronal migration. Each of the topics is discussed in turn and potential mechanisms controlling the development of the neuroendocrine LHRH system are indicated.
Effects of Testosterone on the Electrical Properties and Nicotinic Transmission of the Major Pelvic and Coeliac Ganglion Neurones
Authors: Félix B. , Catalin D. , Miolan J.‐P. , Niel J.‐P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe effects of testosterone on the electrical properties and nicotinic activation of prevertebral ganglion neurones were investigated in vitro on the male rat major pelvic ganglion and rabbit coeliac ganglion. The electrical activity of the neurones was recorded using intracellular recording techniques. Nicotinic activation was triggered for neurones of the major pelvic ganglion by stimulating the hypogastric, pelvic and cavernous nerves and for coeliac neurones by stimulating the splanchnic nerves. Testosterone modified the resting membrane potential of neurones in the major pelvic ganglion by triggering a slow depolarization, and was without significant effect on the resting membrane potential of coeliac ganglion neurones. In neurones of the major pelvic and coeliac ganglia, testosterone had no significant effect on the firing pattern, on the characteristics of the action potential (firing threshold, duration, overshoot) and on the after‐hyperpolarization (amplitude and duration). Testosterone affected, in opposite ways, the nicotinic activation of neurones of the two prevertebral ganglia. In the major pelvic ganglion, testosterone triggered an increase in the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials induced by stimulation of the hypogastric, pelvic and cavernous nerves with a single pulse, revealing a facilitation of nicotinic activation. On coeliac ganglion neurones, testosterone elicited a decrease in the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials induced by stimulation of the splanchnic nerves, indicating an inhibition of nicotinic activation. Our study shows that testosterone acts differently on neurones of prevertebral ganglia involved in the nervous control of different functions, its facilitatory action being exerted on neurones of the major pelvic ganglion which is particularly involved in the control of the urogenital tract. Our study reinforces the concept, derived from neuroanatomical and pharmacological studies, of the major pelvic ganglion as a major peripheral target for testosterone.
Quantitative Evaluation of Synaptophysin‐Like Immunoreactive Nerve Terminals or Varicosities in Anterior Pituitary of Normal and Adrenalectomized Rats
Authors: Liu Y.‐Y. , Ju G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOur previous studies have demonstrated the presence of substantial amounts of peptidergic nerve fibres in the anterior pituitary of monkeys, dogs and rats. The nerve fibres increase in number following adrenalectomy and ovariectomy. Furthermore, typical synapses between nerve fibres and anterior pituitary glandular cells have been demonstrated in the dog and rat, strongly suggesting the existence of some direct neural regulation. However, it is difficult to evaluate the functional importance of synapses or nerve terminals in general, unless quantitative data can be provided. The present study therefore aimed to quantify the number of terminals or varicosities in the anterior pituitary of the rat and its changes following adrenalectomy. Nerve terminals or varicosities were identified by their synaptophysin (SYN)‐like immunoreactivity. Under the light microscope, SYN‐like immunoreactivity appeared mainly as dots, mostly among glandular cells, and some were found distributed along blood vessels. SYN‐like immunoreactive dots were found under the electron microscope to be localized in the nerve terminals or varicosities. Synapse‐like contracts between the nerve terminals or varicosities and the glandular cells could be identified. The number of SYN‐like immunoreactive nerve terminals or varicosities was then counted under the light microscope. There were as many as 12424.2 ± 2941.5 and 20700.4 ± 6128 (mean ± SD) nerve terminals or varicosities per anterior pituitary of normal and adrenalectomized rats, respectively. The increase in number following adrenalectomy was statistically significant. It is concluded that nerve fibres may play an important role in the regulation of the anterior pituitary.
STUDIES ON THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF BISON PANCREATIC RIBONUCLEASE
Authors: Muskiet Frits A. J. , Welling Gjalt W. , Beintema Jaap J. 
Published: August 2010

Bison pancreatic ribonuclease was isolated by affinity chromatography. Thermolysin and tryptic digestion of denaturated protein, and subtilisin digestion of native protein yielded peptides, which were purified and submitted to amino acid analysis.These peptides, together with partial sequence data obtained by Stewart & Stevenson (16) overlap the entire amino acid sequence of bison ribonuclease. No differences with bovine ribonuclease were found, although there may be differences in state of amidation of some residues.
ARGININE MODIFICATION IN KUNITZ BOVINE TRYPSIN INHIBITOR THROUGH 1, 2‐CYCLOHEXANEDIONE*
Authors: Menegatti Enea , Ferroni Roberto , Benassi Carlo A. , Rocchi Raniero 
Published: August 2010

Arginine residues (5.5 out of 6) of the trypsin‐kallikrein inhibitor from bovine organs (Kunitz inhibitor) were selectively modified by reaction with 1, 2‐cyclo‐hexanedione in sodium borate buffer, pH 9.0. The modified inhibitor is still highly active in inhibiting trypsin and chymotrypsin at 1:1 inhibitor: enzyme molar ratio and full inhibition was achieved at slightly higher molar ratio. The extent of correct refolding, upon reoxidation, of the reduced, arginine‐modified inhibitor is diminished and regeneration of two arginines occurred under the reduction conditions.The stability constants and the standard‐free energies of binding of the complexes between trypsin, or chymotrypsin, and the native, the arginine‐modified and the reduced and reoxidized arginine‐modified inhibitor have been determined from inhibitory assays.
Studies on the structure of a novel peptide antibiotic, K‐582
Authors: KAWAUCHI HIROSHI , TOHNO MASAO , TSUCHIYA YOSHINORI , HAYASHIDA MITUO , ADACHI YASUSHI , MUKAI TERUO , HAYASHI ICHIRO , KIMURA SHUICHI , KONDO SHIGEJI 
Published: August 2010

A novel peptide antibiotic, K‐582, which exhibited significant growth inhibition of Candida, viruses and ascites tumor in mice, was found in the culture medium of a strain of Metarhizium anisopliae by Kondo et al. (J. Antibiotics33, 535–542 (1980)]. K‐582 consisted of two components, designated K‐582 A and K‐582 B. Threonine, tyrosine, ornithine, and an unusual amino acid were common in both peptides, but lysine was an extra component of K‐582 A. The unusual amino acid was identified to be threo‐γ‐hydroxy‐L‐arginine (OHArg) by means of mass, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrometries of the derivatives and the related compounds. The threonine and the arginine were assigned to be L‐configuration, and the ornithine and the tyrosine to be D‐configuration in both K‐582 A and K‐582 B, and the lysine to be L‐configuration by comparison of their optical rotatory dispersion spectra with those of standard amino acids. The elucidation of primary structure revealed that they were closely related heptapeptides with the following sequence:K‐582 A:H‐Arg‐OHArg‐Orn‐Thr‐Orn‐Lys‐Tyr‐OH;K‐582 B:H‐Arg‐OHArg‐Orn‐Thr‐Orn‐OHArg‐Tyr‐OH,and had the identical sequence in terms of the configuration of their constituents, namely L‐L‐D‐L‐D‐L‐D.
Synthesis and solution structure of an S‐glycosylated cyclic hexapeptide
Authors: GERZ M. , MATTER H. , KESSLER H. 
Published: August 2010

Synthesis and conformational analysis of the S‐glycosylated cyclic hexapeptide cyclo(‐d‐Pro1‐Phe2‐Cys3(tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl)‐Trp4‐Lys(Z)5‐Phe6‐) I was carried out to examine the influence of a saccharide residue in position i of a standard β‐turn on the formation of reverse turns and on the biological activity. Synthesis was carried out in the liquid phase employing a galactosylated cysteine building block. The cyclization reagents DPPA/NaHCO3 avoided high dilution conditions. Spectroscopic data were extracted from homo‐ and heteronuclear 2D‐NMR techniques (TOCSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMQC‐TOCSY, HMBCS‐270). For structural refinement restrained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in vacuo and with explicit DMSO as solvent were performed. Finally, simulations in DMSO without experimental restraints provided insight in stability and dynamics of the structural model.A comparison of the S‐glycosylated Cys3 peptide with the analogous Thr3 peptide exhibits a similar overall conformation of the hexapeptide [βII’d‐Pro‐Phe and another β‐turn about Trp4‐Lys5(Z)]. However, the latter shows a distinct dynamic flip βI, βII in the glycopeptide, whereas the Thr‐analogue only populates βI. This influence is attributed to a βI stabilizing effect of a hydrogen bridge of Thr‐O, in position i to the NH of the amino acid in position i+ 2, which is lacking in the glycosylated compound.