bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward a Philosophy of Epidemiology
Authors: Weed Douglas L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the need for and nature of philosophy in epidemiology. It requires the collaboration of epidemiologists and philosophers who seek to uncover the foundations of this basic professional health discipline. The chapter begins with some history, documenting the extent to which a few epidemiologists and even fewer philosophers are already moving toward a philosophy of epidemiology. It identifies the three levels of interaction possible between philosophy and epidemiology: philosophy and epidemiology, philosophy in epidemiology, and philosophy of epidemiology.
Privacy and Confidentiality in Epidemiology: Special Challenges of Using Information Obtained without Informed Consent
Authors: Clayton Ellen Wright 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the following questions: What values underlie privacy and confidentiality and what consequences follow from their breach? What values justify intrusion upon privacy and confidentiality without consent? Under what circumstances and by whom? How are these decisions to be made? What personal information can be disclosed? When? To whom? The values of individual privacy, confidentiality, and public goods cannot always be reconciled, so trade-offs are often required. The laws and regulations that address these issues are considered, identifying some of the ways in which they conflict with or fail to address these ethical issues.
Ethics in Public Health Practice
Authors: McKeown Robert E. , Learner R. Max 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter outlines a perspective that can serve as a foundation for addressing ethical concerns in public health practice. It argues that ethics in public health practice is shaped by the mission of public health and that the ethical obligations of public health practitioners are grounded in their commitment to that mission and in their voluntary assumption of responsibility for the public's health. Society also has an interest in the public's health and that endorsement provides partial justification for infringing on certain individual rights for the sake of the common good. Though public health ethics is not as highly developed as clinical ethics, research ethics, or other subfields of bioethics, recent developments have made clear that it must make use of bioethical methods and concepts and incorporate ethical reasoning in decision-making processes. The resulting public health ethics will include expanded or modified concepts of justice and respect for persons, human rights, communitarianism, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics.
Ethical Issues in Genetic Epidemiology
Authors: Beskow Laura M. , Burke Wylie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines three selected issues that, although not unique to genetics, are becoming increasingly important in genetic epidemiology: federal policies for widespread data sharing, the use of “race” as a variable in research involving genetics, and concepts of community engagement. These issues are interrelated and represent areas of tension between participant protection and the quality and efficiency of research.
Ethical Issues in International Health Research and Epidemiology
Authors: Porter John D. H. , Stephens Carolyn , Kessel Anthony 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the ethical issues that arise in the course of undertaking epidemiological and international health research, focusing on ethical issues that the researcher inevitably has to grapple with during the conduct of research. These include how to plan and develop international research, the value systems of different cultures and countries, particular issues in low-income countries such as those around priority-setting, equity, and consent, external sponsorship and ethical review of research, and what happens when the research is over. It argues that although following guidelines and adhering to the law are both important, it is critical that the researcher approaches the research with an open mind and willing heart. There is no replacement whatsoever for thoughtfulness, sensitivity, and treating people with respect and dignity.
The Institutional Review Board
Authors: Levine Robert J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes the committees responsible for reviewing proposals to conduct research involving humans as subjects to determine whether they include adequate safeguards of the rights and welfare of the research subjects. These committees, generally called institutional review boards (IRBs), now exist in many locales in most countries. National regulations in an increasing number of countries and the leading international codes of research ethics establish the requirement that research involving humans as subjects, with few exceptions, may not be carried out without review and approval of these committees; hence their importance to epidemiologists. The history, composition, organizational settings, purposes of these committees, and major themes in contemporary controversies about them are discussed.
Ethics Curricula in Epidemiology
Authors: Goodman Kenneth W. , Prineas Ronald J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSince the mid-1990s epidemiology has joined other sciences and health professions in making ethics education a component of the larger curriculum. However, the change is far from total. Many programs and schools continue to include ethics only episodically, if at all. This chapter argues that developments in epidemiology and ethics have attained such importance that they continue to merit (1) development of new course materials, (2) training of appropriate faculty members, and (3) integration of new courses into epidemiology, public health, and other curricula. Ongoing efforts to include ethics-and-epidemiology sessions in professional conferences should also be expanded, and short courses, perhaps on special topics or problems, should be developed for students, practitioners, and university faculty.
History, Narrative, and Sexual Identity
Authors: Shepard Benjamin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews competing narratives of queer sexuality during the postwar years. It begins with the intermingling Cold War red and lavender scares over communism and sexual perversion, juxtaposed with calls for civil tolerance of homosexuals by the Mattachine Society and other early homophile groups in the 1950s. By the 1960s, narratives had shifted from treatment of homosexuals as second-class citizens—based on criminal and mental illness models—toward civil rights discourses centered on citizenship. By the 1970s, narratives had shifted toward a more assertive call for personal and sexual freedom. With the dawn of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic in the 1980s, narratives of gay life shifted once again, as homosexuality was again linked with images of illness. By the 1990s, panic narratives had become part of the ongoing debates about AIDS, sex, and pleasure as conservative and radical camps debated the contemporary meanings of queer sexuality.
Unity and Purpose at the Intersections of Racial∕Ethnic and Sexual Identities
Authors: Meyer Ilan H. , Ouellette Suzanne C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question: How do Black lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals (LGBs) who inhabit two socially significant identities, experience these identities? It considers two dominant perspectives in identity theory. One perspective views multiple salient identities as competing; the other perspective argues that multiple identities coexist to form a coherent self. It supplements these perspectives with two notions: (1) that individuals recognize the social origin of constraints placed on their identities; and (2) that identity is a dialectical process that occurs in distinctive interpersonal, sociocultural, and historical contexts. This conceptual framework shows how unity can exist alongside multiplicity and personal agency alongside social determination in Black LGB identities.
Bisexuality in a House of Mirrors
Authors: Rust Paula C. Rodríguez 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter uses the concept of identity as a narrative product to explore the microconstructive processes that bisexual individuals go through as they move among the various social and cultural environments of their daily lives and life courses. The data on which this chapter is based are taken from the International Bisexual Identities, Communities, Ideologies, and Politics study (IBICIP)—a self-administered survey of individuals who had ever identified themselves as bisexual and/or had ever been attracted to or had sexual contact with at least one person of the same sex over the course of their lives. The chapter focuses on individuals who reported more than one sexual identity and examines the ways in which these different identities allow them to function in the different cultural environments within which they live, work, and socialize.
Narrative Identity Construction of Black Youth for Social Change
Authors: Blackburn Mollie V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by discussing how narratives, and counternarratives in particular, function in both emotive and ethico-political ways. It considers the narrative resources upon which a teller draws, such as coherence, multiplicity, and variability. It then examines scholarship on analyzing repeated telling before moving to one particular individual's repeated tellings of her narrative, which is analyzed in terms of functions, factors, and resources. The chapter argues that when narratives that function both emotively and ethico-politically are repeated in different contexts, for different audiences, and with different intents, the tellers have opportunities to draw on multiplicity and variability as they move from incoherence to coherence, and thus they have great potential to work for social change.
Between Kansas and Oz
Authors: Kurtz Steven P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes how gay men attempt to locate themselves in an environment in which change, spectacle, and the search for altered states of being are the main constants. It draws on extensive qualitative data collected over a decade to trace patterns in the narratives that gay men use to describe their experiences as they absorb and sometimes separate from the sex-drug pleasure dome that Miami is often seen to represent. The chapter presents the story of how men from diverse backgrounds integrate the sense of themselves as developed throughout childhood and adolescence (“Kansas”) into this urban space that for most of them feels like “Oz”.
The Role of the Internet in the Sexual Identity Development of Gay and Bisexual Male Adolescents
Authors: Harper Gary W. , Bruce Douglas , Serrano Pedro , Jamil Omar B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of the Internet in the sexual identity development process of gay and bisexual male adolescents. These adolescents reported using a range of Internet applications (Web sites, discussion boards, IM, email, etc.) that provided them with varying degrees of anonymity and connection to others. A youth's comfort with and acceptance of his sexual identity often influenced both his use of the various Internet modalities and the degree to which he revealed personal information during these interactions. The participants' narratives revealed that their use of the Internet and its applications could be categorized into four increasing levels of connection with other people: (1) anonymous exploration, (2) casual posting, (3) online conversations, and (4) offline meetings.
Midlife Lesbian Lifeworlds
Authors: Read Mary M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter uses narrative identity theory to describe and facilitate an understanding of issues regarding the formation of a positive lesbian identity among a particular cohort of women: midlife North American lesbian women who were born between approximately 1940 and 1965. The life experiences and recollections of North American lesbians of the baby boom cohort reflect the integration of multiple aspects of the self, continually emerging and re-forming across diverse settings. The goal of the chapter is to display the narrative identity processes midlife lesbians—who experience at least three forms of diminished privilege in North American society (being women, older, and of stigmatized sexual orientation)—have used to create lives of meaning and fulfillment. These issues are explored through the lens of a conceptual model created by analyzing narrative data gathered from life story portions that were available in existing literature.
From Same-Sex Desire to Homosexual Identity
Authors: Rosenfeld Dana 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a study that examined the range of self-identified lesbian and gay elders' identity practices. The research is based on open-ended, in-depth interviews, each lasting for 2-3 hours, conducted in 1995 with thirty-five self-identified gay men and women aged 65 and over living in the greater Los Angeles area. The study showed patterns in these identity practices, grounded in the discourses of homosexuality that prevailed in the 20th century and in the specific discourse of homosexuality through which informants had crafted their sexual identities.
God in the Courtroom
Authors: Bornstein Brian , Miller Monica 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe phrase “God in the courtroom” conjures up several images, such as William Jennings Bryan defending religion against the tyranny of evolution, a robed deity passing divine judgment, a witness swearing to tell “the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God,” and so on. But there are numerous other, often subtle ways in which religion and law intersect. This book reviews legal developments and behavioral science research concerning the effects of religion on legal practice, decision making processes of various legal actors, and trial outcomes. For example, religious beliefs might influence the decisions of legal decision makers, such as judges and jurors. Attorneys might rely on religion, both in the way they approach their professional practice generally and in specific trial tactics (e.g., using a scriptural rationale in arguing for a particular trial outcome). This book covers these and related topics in exploring how religion affects the actions of all of the major participants at trial: jurors, judges, attorneys, and litigants.
Chapter 7 Music in Urban Space
Authors: Wegner Gert-Matthias 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNewar culture is arguably the most complex urban culture in the Himalayan region. Several occupational castes observe specific musical duties in accordance with the ritual calendar and during the big town rituals. This chapter examines how the processional music of the Buddhist Bajrācarya, Sākya, and Sāymi castes relates to urban space in the Newar town of Bhaktapur in the Kathmandu Valley and highlights the significance of ritual and the locality in such performances.
Genovefa’s Territory
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter recounts the life of Genovefa (Saint Geneviève) from her birth at Nanterre ca. 420 to her death ca. 509 in Paris, as told by her earliest 6th-century biographer. Although a woman, and thus limited in ecclesiastical authority, Genovefa acted much like a Christian bishop. She was most famous for building the shrine of Saint Denis, supposedly the first missionary to Paris. Her building projects and her written biography taught Christians lessons about saints, bishops, and religious landscapes.
Relics
Authors: Bitel Lisa M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter tracks the cults of Genovefa and Brigit up to the present day in order to account for the endurance of their cults and show what the histories of these two saints can tell us about historical connections between landscape, gender, and religious change. Conversion did not occur merely as a result of missionary preaching, but because many women and men chose to go to new kinds of religious places, use new kinds of symbolic goods, and reinterpret their daily habits in religious context. Denied episcopal office because of their sex, Genovefa and Brigit helped bring Christianity to northern Europe at the dawn of the Middle Ages by promoting such changes in lived religion and, in particular, by sponsoring religious architecture and new uses of familiar sacral places in their home territories.
12 The Gendered Cycle of Vulnerability in the Less Developed World
Authors: Marion Young Iris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to extend Okin's powerful account of how the interaction of gender relations in the family with gendered norms of workplaces reinforces women's vulnerability. While Okin's own argument focused on the situation of women in the United States, this chapter argues that the basic structural logic of the gendered cycle of vulnerability also describes relations that condition and constrain the lives of many women in at least some less developed countries.
1 Okin's Liberal Feminism as a Radical Political Theory
Authors: Rosenblum Nancy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the radical implications of Susan Okin's liberal political philosophy. Most of the world's societies subject women to unequal lives, whether through laws or conventions or a combination of the two. Rosenblum argues that this subjection of women is the touchstone of Okin's liberal humanism. Drawing out the similarities between Okin and John Stuart Mill, Rosenblum shows how his touchstone issues result in some radical theoretical and practical commitments.
3 Of Linchpins and Other Interpretive Tools
Authors: Wingrove Elizabeth 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that Okin's “method”—her focus on actual social problems—has been largely ignored in the literature. The author of this chapter contends that examining Okin's method can help us understand some of the strengths of her work—its relevance, its ability to hone in on matters of importance—as well as throw light on its shortcomings. Because Okin eschewed engagement with method, this chapter claims that she was insufficiently aware of her own biases and assumptions. The chapter illustrates this claim by looking at Okin's writings on multiculturalism and on the family.
4 Can Feminism Be Liberated from Governmentalism?
Authors: Tomasi John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter contrasts two concepts of feminism: a feminism that embraces institutions such as the government as agents of social change and a feminism that is skeptical about or even hostile toward such institutions. This chapter discusses a group of anti‐governmental feminists from the late 19th century, including Sarah Grimké, Angela Fiducia Tilton Heywood, and Lillian Harman, and defends their approach to women's subjection over that of “governmentalists” like Susan Okin.
5 Equality of Opportunity and the Family
Authors: Miller David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNoting that Okin placed the family at the center of concerns about justice, this chapter explores the relationship between the family and the achievement of equality of opportunity. The chapter contrasts several conceptions of equality of opportunity and explores each conception's ability to accommodate the family. It also discusses the possibility of reconciliation between the family and equality of opportunity in the light of the social science literature on intergenerational transmission of inequality.
6 “No More Relevance than One's Eye Color”
Authors: Lyndon Shanley Mary 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo what extent would sex, in a just society, be like eye color—an irrelevant personal feature with little significance? Okin made the parallel in her writings; this chapter explores and contests that parallel. This chapter explores Okin's goal of abolishing gender, given her analysis of the pernicious effects of the gender system on women. The chapter calls for an agnosticism about Okin's project, arguing that sex will continue to matter to people in the future and that we cannot know how future people will link sex to some concept of gender as an identity.
8 What We Owe Women
Authors: Shachar Ayelet 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores the policy implications of the feminist critique of multiculturalism. According to this chapter, there are three variants of that critique—liberal, postcolonial, and multicultural—with different implications for public policies. Actual cases—including Shari'a tribunals in Israel and Canada—are used to reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches.
10 The Dilemma of a Dutiful Daughter
Authors: Kukathas Chandran 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter uses the life of a Javanese woman at the end of the 19th century to explore the tensions between individual freedom and familial loyalty. In particular, it shows that although Kartini had the freedom to leave her family and shake off cultural expectations about women's role, she was ultimately unwilling to do so. The chapter argues that Kartini's dilemma tells against Okin's own proffered solution to the liberation of women from constricting cultures: state intervention to provide education. Kartini had an education, she had a desire to pursue her own goals, she had the resources to do so, and she had parental approval. What she did not have, The chapter concludes, was the social milieu that would allow her to pursue those ambitions and still enjoy both the approval of the community and a clear conscience.
11 Discordant Cooperation
Authors: Keohane Robert O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter builds on Susan Okin's deep commitment to gender equality, exploring whether globalization can be “reinvented” in a way that would help to promote gender equality in developing countries. This chapter argues that feminist social movements are wise not to reject globalization but to use the opportunities it provided to promote gender equality. This chapter differentiates among institutions that may be more or less open to change. In particular it argues that the World Bank has shown itself to be more open to change than some other global institutions, and feminists might do well to engage it while at the same time maintaining a healthy critical distance from it.
The Novelty of Newspapers
Authors: Rubery Matthew 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis book explains why the Victorian novel is best understood alongside the simultaneous development of the news as a commercial commodity read by up to a million readers per day. The commercial press arising in 19th-century Britain had a profound influence on the fiction of Mary Braddon, Charlotte Brontë, Wilkie Collins, Charles Dickens, Joseph Conrad, Henry James, Anthony Trollope, and many other novelists who all used narrative conventions derived from the press in their fiction. The chapters of this book distinguish five of the most important of these narrative conventions—shipping intelligence, personal advertisements, leading articles, interviews, and foreign correspondence—in order to show how concretely journalism influenced the novel at this time. This book thereby challenges the assumed divide between the period's literature and journalism, with all of its implications for the production of an idea of culture and hierarchies of reading, by demonstrating how the daily newspaper was integral to the Victorian novel's development—what this book calls “the novelty of newspapers”.