bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis Tools for Spectral Surveys
Authors: Schilke Peter , Rolffs Rainer , Comito Claudia 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSpectral surveys in the past were a hobby of a few, usually restricted to strong, line-rich and close-by sources which were considered templates for source classes, e.g. Orion KL for hot cores, IRC+10216 for AGB stars, and CRL618 for protoplanetary nebulae. Not any more, since with the large bandwidths and high sensitivities of modern instruments, notably ALMA, all but a few sources will show many lines from many molecules at every observations. So (involuntary) line surveys will be the norm rather than the exception. A common strategy is to ignore all lines but the few one is interested in. Since all data will be available through the archive, this does not mean that the data are lost, since eventually the information will be extracted. Another strategy is to take the bull by the horns, and try to analyze all or at least a large portion of the spectrum. This includes the steps of line identification, source modeling and linking to physical and chemical models. With the data volumes at hand doing it the traditional, pedestrian, way is somewhere between impractical and impossible, semi-automatic methods need to be employed.
Radiative Transfer and Molecular Data for Astrochemistry
Authors: van der Tak Floris 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe estimation of molecular abundances in interstellar clouds from spectroscopic observations requires radiative transfer calculations, which depend on basic molecular input data. This paper reviews recent developments in the fields of molecular data and radiative transfer. The first part is an overview of radiative transfer techniques, along with a “road map” showing which technique should be used in which situation. The second part is a review of measurements and calculations of molecular spectroscopic and collisional data, with a summary of recent collisional calculations and suggested modeling strategies if collision data are unavailable. The paper concludes with an overview of future developments and needs in the areas of radiative transfer and molecular data.
The Rise of Transnational Environmental Law and the Expertise of Environmental Lawyers
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe concept of transnational environmental law is used descriptively and prescriptively to refer to a multitude of legal processes which are distinct from transnational law in other legal areas. Hence, the rise of transnational environmental law requires environmental lawyers to reflect on their skills and knowledge and to foster both their contributory and interactional expertise in this area. That process of fostering expertise needs to be seen in light of a number of intellectual challenges, including the necessity to engage with comparative environmental law methodology, the need to not privilege one legal system over others, the need to engage with extended legal pluralism, the importance of thinking about the role of language in legal processes, and the significance of understanding the process of co-production.
Variants of the FTO Gene in Obese Children and their Impact on Body Composition and Metabolism before and after Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Schum J. , Blumenstock G. , Weber K. , Schweizer R. , Pfaff C. , Schurr N. , Ranke M. , Binder G. , Ehehalt S. ,   for the DISKUS-Study Group
Published: December 2011

AbstractTo investigate the impact of variants of the FTO gene (rs1421085, rs17817449, rs9939609) in obese children before and after lifestyle intervention.Design: Longitudinal, clinical intervention study with an increase in physical activity, and nutritional recommendations based on the Optimized Mixed Diet for German Children and Adolescents’ (Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany). Study population: 75 overweight children (40 male, mean BMI 30.4±5.5 kg/m2, mean age 12.6±2.6 years). Measurements: Genotyping by means of a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. Lean and fat mass were determined by means of DXA.For the whole study population, the 6-month lifestyle intervention resulted in a significant improvement (before intervention minus time point 6 months; mean±SD) in BMI-SDS (0.10±0.17, p<0.001), HOMA (1.41±3.19, p<0.001) and relative fat-mass-SDS (0.09±0.23, p=0.005). Before and after lifestyle intervention, there was no significant difference between heterozygote (n=52) and homozygote (n=21) carriers of the FTO gene in terms of BMI, body composition, and the metabolic profile (Insulin, HOMA, lipids, liver function tests).Variants in the FTO gene are common in obese children but have no impact on body composition and metabolism before and after lifestyle intervention.
Linking past and present
Authors: Wilton Antje , Wochele Holger 
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we focus on comments on language issues from a historical perspective. The concept of the layperson (non-linguist) is discussed to identify laypeople and lay comments in history when the modern concept of a linguist did not yet exist. Two studies show how the historical perspective complements modern research on folk linguistics.
Firstly, historical comments about Latin will be put in relation to comments about English, focusing on their roles as linguae francae and exploring the potential and application of the ‘Latin Analogy’.
Secondly, an analysis of language appraisal texts of French and Romanian from 1500 to the present shows that the topoi used are still reflected in today’s perception of the languages by their native speakers, affecting the attractiveness of the languages for second language learners.
Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from dogs and cats in Japan: current status of antimicrobial resistance and prevailing resistance mechanisms
Authors: Harada Kazuki , Arima Sayuri , Niina Ayaka , Kataoka Yasushi , Takahashi Toshio 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTSeventy‐three Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were collected from dogs and cats in Japan to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance mechanisms to anti‐pseudomonal agents. Resistance rates against orbifloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, aztreonam and gentamicin were 34.2, 31.5, 20.5, 17.8, 12.3 and 4.1%, respectively. The degree of resistance to cefotaxime, orbifloxacin, and enrofloxacin was greatly affected by efflux pump inhibitors, indicating overexpression of efflux pump contributes to these resistances. Notably, orbifloxacin and enrofloxacin resistance was observed even in isolates without mutations in the target sites. This is the first report on cephalosporin‐ and fluoroquinolone‐resistant isolates of P. aeruginosa from Japanese companion animals.
Pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin in bovine plasma, lung tissue, and bronchial fluid (from live, nonanesthetized cattle)
Authors: MENGE M. , ROSE M. , BOHLAND C. , ZSCHIESCHE E. , KILP S. , METZ W. , ALLAN M. , RÖPKE R. , NÜRNBERGER M. 
Published: December 2011

Menge, M., Rose, M., Bohland, C., Zschiesche, E., Kilp, S., Metz, W., Allan, M., Röpke, R., Nürnberger, M. Pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin in bovine plasma, lung tissue, and bronchial fluid (from live, nonanesthetized cattle). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 550–559.The pharmacokinetics of tildipirosin (Zuprevo® 180 mg/mL solution for injection for cattle), a novel 16‐membered macrolide for treatment, control, and prevention of bovine respiratory disease, were investigated in studies collecting blood plasma, lung tissue, and in vivo samples of bronchial fluid (BF) from cattle. After single subcutaneous (s.c.) injection at 4 mg/kg body weight, maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was 0.7 μg/mL. Tmax was 23 min. Mean residence time from the time of dosing to the time of last measurable concentration (MRTlast) and terminal half‐life (T1/2) was 6 and 9 days, respectively. A strong dose–response relationship with no significant sex effect was shown for both Cmax and area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to the last sampling time with a quantifiable drug concentration (AUClast) over the range of doses up to 6 mg/kg. Absolute bioavailability was 78.9%. The volume of distribution based on the terminal phase (Vz) was 49.4 L/kg, and the plasma clearance was 144 mL/h/kg. The time–concentration profile of tildipirosin in BF and lung far exceeded those in blood plasma. In lung, tildipirosin concentrations reached 9.2 μg/g at 4 h, peaked at 14.8 μg/g at day 1, and slowly declined to 2.0 μg/g at day 28. In BF, the concentration of tildipirosin reached 1.5 and 3.0 μg/g at 4 and 10 h, maintained a plateau of about 3.5 μg/g between day 1 and 3, and slowly declined to 1.0 at day 21. T1/2 in lung and BF was approximately 10 and 11 days. Tildipirosin is rapidly and extensively distributed to the respiratory tract followed by slow elimination.
Travel‐related disseminated Penicillium marneffei infection in a renal transplant patient
Authors: Hart J. , Dyer J.R. , Clark B.M. , McLellan D.G. , Perera S. , Ferrari P. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Penicillium marneffei is a thermally dimorphic fungus that causes severe human immunodeficiency virus‐related opportunistic infection in endemic areas of Southeast Asia and has rarely been reported in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We report here the case of an Australian renal transplant patient who presented with disseminated P. marneffei infection shortly after a 10‐day holiday to Vietnam, and review all previously published cases of penicilliosis associated with renal transplantation. This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of P. marneffei infection in an SOT recipient acquired during travel to an endemic country, and highlights the importance of an accurate travel history when opportunistic infection is suspected, as well as giving appropriate health advice to transplant patients who travel.
Data‐driven models for regional coral‐reef dynamics
Authors: Żychaluk Kamila , Bruno John F. , Clancy Damian , McClanahan Tim R. , Spencer Matthew 
Published: December 2011

Ecology Letters (2011)AbstractCoral reefs have been affected by natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Coral cover has declined on many reefs, and macroalgae have increased on some. The existence of alternative stable states with high or low coral cover has been widely debated, but not clearly established. We evaluate the evidence for alternative stable states in benthic coral‐reef dynamics in the Caribbean, Kenya and Great Barrier Reef (GBR), using stochastic semi‐parametric models based on large numbers of time series of cover of hard corals, macroalgae and other components. Only the GBR showed a consistent short‐term regional decline in coral cover. There was no evidence for regional increases in macroalgae. The equilibrium distributions of our models were close to recently observed distributions, and differed among regions. In all three regions, the equilibrium distributions were unimodal rather than bimodal, and thus did not suggest the existence of alternative stable states on a regional scale, under current conditions.
Musculature Tissue Engineering to Repair Abdominal Wall Hernia
Authors: Zhang Lu , Li Qiong , Qin Jian , Gu Yan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHernia repair is one of the most frequently performed operations in surgical clinics. Tissue engineering provides insights for the treatment of abdominal wall hernias and other disorders involving deficiencies in the musculature. The present review summarizes the mechanisms of muscle development and regeneration and provides an overview of tissue engineering strategies for the construction of muscles.
Deferoxamine Attenuates Lipid Peroxidation, Blocks Interleukin‐6 Production, Ameliorates Sepsis Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Confers Renoprotection After Acute Hepatic Ischemia in Pigs
Authors: Vlahakos Demetrios , Arkadopoulos Nikolaos , Kostopanagiotou Georgia , Siasiakou Sofia , Kaklamanis Loukas , Degiannis Dimitrios , Demonakou Maria , Smyrniotis Vassilios 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe have previously shown that deferoxamine (DFO) infusion protected myocardium against reperfusion injury in patients undergoing open heart surgery, and reduced brain edema, intracranial pressure, and lung injury in pigs with acute hepatic ischemia (AHI). The purpose of this research was to study if DFO could attenuate sepsis inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and confer renoprotection in the same model of AHI in anesthetized pigs. Fourteen animals were randomly allocated to two groups. In the Group DFO (n = 7), 150 mg/kg of DFO dissolved in normal saline was continuously infused in animals undergoing hepatic devascularization and portacaval anastomosis. The control group (Group C, n = 7) underwent the same surgical procedure and received the same volume of normal saline infusion. Animals were euthanized after 24 h. Hematological, biochemical parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cytokines (interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) were determined from sera obtained at baseline, at 12 h, and after euthanasia. Hematoxylin–eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling were used to evaluate necrosis and apoptosis, respectively, in kidney sections obtained after euthanasia. A rapid and substantial elevation (more than 100‐fold) of serum IL‐6 levels was observed in Group C reaching peak at the end of the experiment, associated with increased production of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation (MDA 3.2 ± 0.1 nmol/mL at baseline and 5.5 ± 0.9 nmol/mL at the end of the experiment, P < 0.05) and various manifestations of SIRS and multiple organ dysfunction (MOD), including elevation of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, severe hypotension, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hypoproteinemia, and increased serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (fourfold), alkaline phosphatase (fourfold), alanine aminotransferase (14‐fold), and ammonia (sevenfold). In sharp contrast, IL‐6 production and lipid peroxidation were completely blocked in DFO‐treated animals offering remarkable resistance to the development of SIRS and MOD. Profound proteinuria, strips of extensive necrosis of tubular epithelial cells, and occasional apoptotic tubular epithelial cells were already present in Group C, but not in Group DFO animals at the time of euthanasia. DFO infusion attenuated lipid peroxidation, blocked IL‐6 production, and substantially diminished SIRS and MOD, including tubulointerstitial damage in pigs after acute ischemic hepatic failure. This finding shows that iron, IL‐6, and lipid peroxidation are important participants in the pathophysiology of renal injury in the course of generalized inflammation and provides novel pathways of therapeutic interventions for renal protection.
Stability, chaos and entrapment of stars in very wide pairs
Authors: Makarov Valeri V. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
The relative motion of stars and other celestial objects in very wide pairs, separated by distances of the order of 1 pc, is strongly influenced by the tidal gravitational potential of the Galaxy. The Coriolis component of the horizontal tidal force in the rotating reference frame tends to disrupt such marginally bound pairs. However, even extremely wide pairs of bodies can be bound over intervals of time comparable to the Hubble time, under appropriate initial conditions. Here we show that for arbitrary chosen initial coordinates of a pair of stars, there exists a volume of the space of initial velocity components where the orbits remain bound in the planar tidal field for longer than 10 Gyr, even though the initial separation is well outside the Jacobi radius. The boundary of this phase space of stable orbits is fractal, and the motion at the boundary conditions is clearly chaotic. We found that the pairs may remain confined for several Gyr, and then suddenly disintegrate due to a particularly close rendezvous. By reversing such long-term stable orbits, we find that entrapment of unrelated stars into wide pairs is possible, but should be quite rare. Careful analysis of precision astrometry surveys revealed that extremely wide pairs of stars are present in significant numbers in the Galaxy. These results are expected to help in discriminating the cases of genuine binarity and chance entrapment, and to make inroads in testing the limits of Newtonian gravitation.
Comparison of in-vivo and in-silico methods used for prediction of tissue: plasma partition coefficients in rat
Authors: Graham Helen , Walker Mike , Jones Owen , Yates James , Galetin Aleksandra , Aarons Leon 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To use methods from the literature to predict rat tissue:plasma partition coefficients (Kps) and volume of distribution values. Determine which model provides the most accurate predictions to increase confidence in the use of predicted pharmacokinetic parameters in physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling.

Methods
Six models were used to predict Kps and four to predict Vss for a dataset of 81 compounds in 11 rat tissues, and the predictions were compared with experimentally derived values.

Key findings
Kp predictions made by the Rodgers et al. model were the most accurate, with 77% within threefold of experimental values. The Poulin & Theil model was the most accurate for the prediction of Vss, with 87% of predictions within threefold.

Conclusions
This study has shown that in-silico models available in the literature can be used to accurately predict Kp and Vss in rat. The Rodgers et al. model has been shown to provide the most accurate Kp predictions, with consistent accuracy across all drug classes and tissues. It was also the most accurate Vss predictor when no in-vivo data were used as input. However, transporter systems and other mechanisms that are not yet fully understood need to be incorporated into these types of models in the future to further increase their applicability.
Does Nature Have to Be Natural? The Question of Wetland Interpretation
Authors: Jones Barbara K. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThrough a study of modified natural landscapes, particularly cranberry bogs, this article investigates the broad understandings of nature and wilderness. In relying on a nature as wilderness paradigm to identify what is ecologically valuable, the potential exists to disregard altered nature as ecologically damaged. This approach to understanding nature discounts the value of agricultural sites that demonstrate another way of seeing nature, one that appreciates its resilience. This article strives to understand how current metaphors that define nature as pristine fail to consider how altered nature can and does have significant ecological value.
Zapatista Autonomy in Cartel Mexico: Preserving Smallholder Viability
Authors: Earle Duncan , Simonelli Jeanne 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA full century after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and 18 years after the 1994 Zapatista uprising, Mexico, our southern neighbor, is in the throes of another crisis, gripped by an epoch of unprecedented drug‐related violence and war which is bleeding in and out of its borders, both south and north. This report provides an update on continuing Zapatista autonomy, placing the narrative into the context of the impact of the narco wars on Mexican agricultural communities.
Teams under pressure in the emergency department: an interview study
Authors: Flowerdew Lynsey , Brown Ruth , Russ Stephanie , Vincent Charles , Woloshynowych Maria 
Published: December 2011

ObjectiveTo identify key stressors for emergency department (ED) staff, investigate positive and negative behaviours associated with working under pressure and consider interventions that may improve how the ED team functions.MethodsThis was a qualitative study involving semistructured interviews. Data were collected from staff working in the ED of a London teaching hospital. A purposive sampling method was employed to recruit staff from a variety of grades and included both doctors and nurses.Results22 staff members took part in the study. The most frequently mentioned stressors included the ‘4-hour’ target, excess workload, staff shortages and lack of teamwork, both within the ED and with inpatient staff. Leadership and teamwork were found to be mediating factors between objective stress (eg, workload and staffing) and the subjective experience. Participants described the impact of high pressure on communication practices, departmental overview and the management of staff and patients. The study also revealed high levels of misunderstanding between senior and junior staff. Suggested interventions related to leadership and teamwork training, advertising staff breaks, efforts to help staff remain calm under pressure and addressing team motivation.ConclusionsThis study highlights the variety of stressors that ED staff are subject to and considers a number of cost-efficient interventions. Medical education needs to expand to include training in leadership and other ‘non-technical’ skills in addition to traditional clinical skills.
Assessment of biomass functions for calculating bark proportions and ash contents of refined biomass fuels derived from major boreal tree species
Authors: Lestander Torbjörn A. , Lundström Anders , Finell Michael 
Published: December 2011

Knowledge of the components of above-ground biomass of low-quality stems harvested to produce biofuel pellets is important, since bark has higher ash contents (a key quality parameter for the pellets) than wood. Therefore, single-tree biomass functions by Marklund (1988. Rep. 45. Department of Forest Survey, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden.) were evaluated using a sample population of 1612 Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce ( Pices abies (L.) Karst.), and birch ( Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) trees and three methods to model bark proportions. Bark percentages calculated subtractively using functions for stem biomass over and under bark showed anomalous patterns, especially for pine and birch. However, additive use of biomass functions for bark biomass and stem biomass under bark resulted in similar patterns to bark percentages traditionally calculated from bark biomass and stem biomass over bark. Published ash contents of bark and stemwood indicate that pine, birch, and spruce stems with breast height (1.3 m) diameters of 4–40, 4–30, and >19 cm, respectively, have <0.7% ash contents (the current limit for the highest quality fuel pellets). However, if the highest recorded ash contents are used, only pine stems meet this criterion. Thus, material of different species and stem dimensions may need to be carefully mixed when whole-stem biomass is used as feedstock for pelletizing.