bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytological observations onBact. coli, Proteus vulgarisand various aerobic spore-forming bacteria with special reference to the nuclear structures
Authors: Robinow C. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. The basic observations of Piekarski (1937–40) and F. Neumann (1941) on Feulgen-positive, chromatinic structures, going through a regular cycle of division, in the cells ofBact. coliandProteus vulgarisare confirmed and the view that these structures are nuclear in nature is accepted.2. The chromatinic structures in bacteria from old cultures, although usually distinguishable from the cytoplasm, are too small to be resolved accurately. After transfer to a fresh nutrient medium the chromatinic structures increase in size and give rise to short, often dumbbell shaped, rods (chromosomes) which multiply by splitting lengthwise in a plane more or less parallel with the short axes of the bacterium.3. The chromatinic structures ofBacl. coliand ofProteus vulgarisare essentially the same as those previously described in myxobacteria and actinomycetes (Badian, 1930, 1933, 1936) and in various well-known aerobic spore-forming bacteria (Badian, 1933, 1935; Robinow, 1942).4. A single cell ofBact. coliorProteus vulgariscontains one chromatinic body or one or two pairs of these, representing primary and secondary division products.5. Few bacteria from young cultures are single cells. When fixed through the agar with Bouin's mixture and stained briefly with Giemsa's solution, bacteria from young growing cultures ofBact. coli, Proteus vulgaris, B. mesentericusandB. megatheriumassume a banded appearance indicating that each bacterium consists of two, three or four separate cells.6. A plasmolysing treatment has been applied toB. megatheriumwhich provides direct proof of the composite structure of this bacillus by inducing its component protoplasts to shrink away independently from the outer supporting cell wall.I wish sincerely to thank Dr H. B. Fell for the hospitality offered to me at the Strangeways Laboratory, for her sustained interest in this investigation and for her help in preparing the manuscript for the press. I have also pleasure in admitting my indebtedness to Prof. E. G. Pringsheim for much helpful criticism and advice in matters relating to the bacterial cell wall.
Note on the war-time health of women in industry and at home: A comparative survey
Authors: Wilson Dagmar C. 
Published: May 2009

1. Clinical examination of 374 industrial women workers and 289 housewives of comparable type was made in Oxfordshire in August 1942 and repeated four times subsequently on the same groups up to March 1944.2. It was concluded that the diet of these women was adequate to prevent obvious signs of vitamin deficiency but that there was a general tendency for the general nutritional state, assessed clinically, to deteriorate during the 19 months of this study. This deterioration was associated with complaint of fatigue.3. The women workers residing in areas where the water was low in iodine content tended to show enlargement of the thyroid gland. The enlargement increased in those already affected, and the incidence also increased.The author is much indebted to Dr J. O. Irwin for his assistance in statistical presentation of the data and to Dr Harriette Chick for helpful criticism.
Quantitative aspects of antigen-antibody reactions. II. Some comparisons between the theory and the experimental results
Authors: Teorell Torsten 
Published: May 2009

The quantitative theory for the interaction between antigen and antibody presented in the previous paper has been compared with some experimental precipitin reactions published in the literature. These reactions include Type VIII pneumococcus polysaccharide-homologous (horse) antibody, egg albumin-(rabbit) anti-egg albumin and diphtheria toxin-(horse) antitoxin.1. The general course of the experimental precipitation curves (total amount of precipitate, amounts of precipitated antigen and antibody) corresponded well to the theoretical type curves. Hence it may be concluded that the precipitates may be composed of mixtures of compounds of the typesAG, A2G, A3G, …,ANGin accordance with the law of mass action. In the cases with ‘inhibition zones’, however,AG, orANG, or both (and perhaps several more compounds) retain the same solubility as the free antigen(G)and free antibody(A).2. With regard to the location of the ‘equivalence zones’, experiment and theory also showed a satisfactory agreement.3. A hypothesis on the velocity of flocculation in the precipitin reaction is presented and compared with some recent results. The relation between the immunological concepts ‘equivalence (neutral) point’, ‘optimum point’ and ‘maximum precipitation point’ is also discussed.
A photometric method for the comparative evaluation of disinfectants
Authors: Needham N. V. 
Published: May 2009

1. Attention is called to the widespread dissatisfaction with the standard of reproducibility attained with the existing disinfectant tests.2. It is suggested that this lack of reproducibility is inherent in any 100% mortality test.3. The trend in all recent disinfectant developments appears to be towards greater specificity than was the case with the older products.4. Where a comparison is being made to ascertain the true relative efficiency of two or more disinfectants, this possible specificity necessitates their examination under a wider range of conditions than has been catered for in the past.5. A technique is suggested for use in those cases where a more limited examination will provide all the information that is required. It employs a simple culture medium, uses a measured quantity for the transfer from the medication tube, and makes use of a compensated photo-electric circuit to determine the amount of growth produced by the organisms which have survived the contact with the disinfectant.I wish to acknowledge my grateful thanks to the directors of Messrs Cooper, McDougall and Robertson Ltd. for permission to publish this paper, and to my colleagues of the Cooper Technical Bureau for assistance in various directions.
Efficacy of protein hydrolysate in the restoration of serum protein in hyperimmunized horses after blood depletion
Authors: Basu P. N. , Nath Sen Sudhindra 
Published: May 2009

1. Treatment with enzymic hydrolysate of protein after blood depletion has a significant action in restoring serum protein content.2. Blood depletion of hyperimmunized horses alters the serum globulin fraction much more markedly than the serum albumin fraction.Our thanks are due to Dr R. N. Roy and Mr Diptish Chakraborty for useful help.
The digestibility of English and Canadian wheats with special reference to the digestibility of wheat protein by man
Authors: McCance R. A. , Widdowson E. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Two men and four women carried out digestibility experiments on English and Canadian wheats at 90 and 80% extractions. The flour was the only source of protein and contributed 77−93% of the total dietary calories.2. At 90% extraction the digestibility of the diets in terms of calories was unaffected by the source of the flour and amounted to 93·3%. At 80% extraction the digestibility of the diet containing English wheat amounted to 95·6% and of those containing Manitoba wheat to 96·7%. The difference is attributed to mild intestinal upsets on the English flour.3. The apparent digestibility of the protein depended upon the amount of N in the wheat and fell as the extraction rose. A quantitative analysis of the results indicates that the protein in wheat flour of 90 and 80% extraction is completely digested and absorbed, and that the N found in the faeces is entirely derived from the secretions of the gut.The Medical Research Council paid for the expenses of this investigation. We are very much indebted to Drs T. Moran, C. R. Jones and other members of the Cereals Research Station, St Albans, without whose help this study would hardly have been possible. We have also very much appreciated the help we have received from the subjects, Miss M. Costain, Miss C. M. Walsham, Miss E. Wilkinson and Mr R. Tayler, and also from Flt.-Sergeant Childs, who kindly made the bomb calorimeter determinations.
Sylvatic plague studies. The vector efficiency of nine species of fleas compared with Xenopsylla cheopis
Authors: Burroughs Albert Lawrence 
Published: May 2009

All fleas used in this study were collected in the field and except for Pulex irritans were cultured in the laboratory. The ten species studied were Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus fasciatus, Orchopeas sexdentatus sexdentatus, Opisodasys-nesiotus, Megabothris abantis, Malaraeus telchinum, Diamanus montanus, Echidnophaga gallinacea, Pulex irritans and Oropsylla idahoensis.All fleas transmitted in individual feeding studies with the exception of the latter two species, which transmitted en masse. Echidnophaga gallinacea could not be fed periodically as were the other fleas because of its tick-like feeding habits. Consequently, the vector efficiency obtained for this species is not strictly comparable to that found for the other species.The transmission data obtained from individual flea feeding studies was analysed statistically to estimate the expected number of transmissions per flea of each species. These values are obtained as intervals which have a 90% probability of containing the true value. The true vector efficiency of Xenopsylla cheopis was found to be 0·660 ± 0·234 (expected transmissions per flea), that of Nosopsyllus fasciatus to be 0·213 ± 0·157, and that of Orchopeas sexdentatus sexdentatus to be 0·170 ± 0·138. Opisodasys nesiotus, Megabothris abantis, Malaraeus telchinum and Diamanus montanus transmitted very inefficiently.Experimental evidence was obtained that different strains of a species of flea may differ markedly in their biological vector capacity. In contrast to results obtained in this study, Wheeler & Douglas found Diamanus montanus to be an exceptionally good vector; in their studies it proved to be an even more efficient vector than Xenopsylla cheopis. The strain of Diamanus montanus employed by them came from an area widely separated from that in which the strain used in the present studies was originally collected.Since many blocked fleas did not transmit it is probable that the experimentally determined vector efficiencies are lower than they would be in nature, where the blocked flea has constant access to a host and hence greater opportunity to feed.Attempts to determine the number of organisms regurgitated by a blocked flea during its attempt to feed did not prove entirely satisfactory, but gave an indication that the number may be at times from 11,000 to 24,000 organisms. The technique consisted of feeding a blocked flea on the shaved abdomen of a mouse (later on the ear), then immediately doing a biopsy on the area around and including the bite wound. This biopsy material was then finely ground and plated on a sensitive bacteriological medium. Some mice upon which biopsies were performed nevertheless contracted plague and died. This must lead to the conclusion that an infective flea may deposit organisms directly into the capillaries and that the primary stage of infection resulting from a flea bite is frequently bacteraemia.
The feeding and breeding of laboratory animals. VI. The breeding of mice
Authors: Bruce H. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The total reproductive performance of two groups each of twenty-four mice over a period of one year under two different systems of mating has been recorded.2. In the first system (monogamous pairs) the male was kept continuously with the female; in 78% of cases the females became pregnant again at post-partum oestrus and were thus subjected for the most part to unbroken intensive breeding.3. In the second system (polygynous groups) several females were kept with one male and were removed to individual cages for the birth and rearing of the litters and were returned to the male again only after the litter had been weaned.4. Under the first system 1149 young were successfully reared to weaning in one year by the twenty-four females; under the second system 559 young were weaned during the same period.5. Mortality of breeding females, litter size, weight of young at weaning, the effect of parity, loss of litters and of young between birth and weaning and the sex-ratio of the young weaned were alike for both methods of mating.6. The interaction of concurrent gestation and lactation upon the length of the gestation period is discussed, and regression lines showing the relation between the number of young suckled, the number of young in the uterus and the length of the gestation period are given.My best thanks are due to Dr A. S. Parkes, F.R.S., for advice during the course of the work and for help in the preparation of the manuscript. I should also like to thank Dr C. W. Emmens for the statistical analyses and the calculation of the regression lines.
A new antigenic relationship among faecal bacilli due to a common β antigen
Authors: Mushin Rose 
Published: May 2009

1. The presence of a new thermolabile an named β antigen has been demonstrated in motile and non-motile coliform, paracolon andProteusstrains, and inShigellabacilli (Sh. flexneri Sh. flexneriV1 and D19). This antigen can be frequently found in the above types.2. The characteristics of the β antigen have been described, and its dissimilarity to H, O, Vi, 2, A, B and α antigens has been established.3. A high incidence of β antibodies was demonstrated in normal human and rabbit sera.4. β strains of paracolon and coliform b injected intraperitoneally into mice were shown to be more virulent to mice than β minus forms of the same strains.5. It is suggested that unrecognized presence of β antigen in cultures and β antibody in human and rabbit sera may cause errors in bacteriological and serological diagnoses of enteric infections.
Examination of floor dust for haemolytic streptococci
Authors: Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

Floor dust has been collected for bacteriological examination by three methods: (1) with a miniature vacuum cleaner in which the ‘bag’ consists of a paper Soxhlet extraction thimable, (2)by sweeping, and (3)by blowing the dust on to the surface of a culture plate. The dust on to the surface of a culture plate. the dust from on to the first two methods was shaken with broth and an aliquot sample plated out on crystal-violet blood ager plates.Surface inoculation of the plates was found to give somewhat higher counts than the use of pour plates, but otherwise minor variations in the routine were without great effect on the count.Analysis of the results obtained in examining a number of specimerns from schoolrooms and day nurseries showed that, though the counts of streptococci in successive samples from one dust suspension agreed well, there was wide variation between the counts from duplicate samples of dust, however collected; the frequency distribution of the counts in rooms was of the log-normal type. It is clear that in routine work, all the dust collected from the whole floor of a room should be examined, in order to give the most reliable result.Of 185 specimens in which four colonies of haemolyt streptococci were grouped, 67% had all four strains of group A. Ofniety-four samples in which four group A strains were typed, 55 % had all four strains of the same type; more than one type was found in 20 %.
Sodium fluoracetate (1080) as a rat poison
Authors: Barneet S. A. , Spencer Mary M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Sodium fluoracetate (1080) has been tested in the field as a poison for Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus.2. Direct poisoning (without Prebaiting) was used in thirteen tests on R. norvegicus. In eight of these tests censuses showed kills of at least 89% in three tests the poison failed, and in two the results were equivocal.3. Of three similar tests against R. rattus two were successful and one was a failure.4. Six tests of 1080 after prebaiting gave five successes (including one against R. rattus), and one in which the estimated kill was about 82%.5. In five out of six tests populations of R. norvegicus which had survived baiting with 1080 showed shyness (refusal) of the poison when it was given in a new bait base.6. The LD 50 of 1080 for a strain of white rats was found to be 3·8 mg./kg. (approx. range 2·8–5·2).7. A number of wild brids and some domestic animals were accidentally killed during the tests despite stringent precautions taken in laying the bait and in warning occupiers.8. It is concluded that: (a) although 1080 is probably more effective in direct poisoning than other poisons used in the past, it does not give as consistent results as the standard poisons do after prebaiting; (b) 1080 is too dangerous for general use.
The relationship between influenza and pneumonia
Authors: Stuart-Harris C. H. , Laird Joan , Tyrrell D. A. , Kelsall Margaret H. , Franks Zena C. , Pownall Margaret 
Published: May 2009

1.The results are reported of a study cases of pneumonia, of upper respiratory indection and of family contacts of cases of pneumoia for evidence of influenza-virus infection between October 1947 and April 1949.2. During an inter-epidemic period in relation to influenza, two sporadic cases of influenza-virus A infection were detected, one in a case of pneumo-coccal pneumonia and the other in a family contact of a case of pneumonia. These were the only instances of virus infection detected amoung 158 individuals including seventy-eight cases of pneumonia.3. The epidemic of influenza from February to April 1949 was associated with an increase in number of notified cases of pneumonia, particularly in those over 45 years of age compared with the notifications in 1948. Deaths from pneumonia also increased, particularly in those of 65years or over.4. During the period of influenza prevalence, direct tests of specimens in eggs and serological tests gave positive evidence of influenza prevalence, direct tests of specimens in eggs and serological tests gave positve evidence of influenza virus A infection in many instances. Twenty-six of forty-one cases of upper respiratory infection between February and April 1949 were positive for influenza A and one was a case of influenza B.5. Eifgteen of fifty-five cases of pneumococcal and staphyococcal pneumoniaccal and staphylococcal pneumonia, eight of fifteen cases of bronchitis, one of two cases of bronchiectasis and four of six cases of congestive heart failure gave serological or cultural evidence of influenza virus A infection during the period of February to April 1949.6. The mechanism of influenza-virus infection in relation to bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract is discussed.
A preliminary study of the bacteriophages ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Don Phyllis A. , van den Ende M. 
Published: May 2009

Thirty strains ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, isolated from routine clinical material, were investigated, with particular reference to the metallic lytic effect and the bacteriophages they carry. From the filtrates of these strains, twenty-five bacteriophages or phage variants were isolated, and the effect of these on the various bacterial strains and some of their variants were investigated.It has not been possible to elucidate the nature of the agent responsible for the metallic lytic effect. The true phages isolated, however, present many features of interest which warrant their more detailed study.Part of this work was carried out in the Nkana Kitwe and C.S.I.R. virus research unit at the U.C.T. Pathology Department.
A study of the reaction of the white blood corpuscles in bovines at parturition with a consideration of the evidence of the action of the adrenal cortical hormone (cortisone)
Authors: Kerr W. R. , Robertson M. , McGirr J. L. 
Published: May 2009

A study was made of the reaction of the white blood corpuscles in bovines at parturition.Graphs made from the differential total counts of the white blood corpuscles from shortly before calving and at intervals through the period of parturition and for 24–48 hr. after calving show a definite absolute lymphopoenia with a rise in the neturophils.The type of graph produced resembles that found in bovines when cortisone is injected.The peak of the white blood cell reaction usually takes place about 5–9 hr. after the delivery of the calf. This is also the period of the peak reaction in the cellular relations after injection of cortisone.The observations recorded seem to afford positive evidence that C 11 hydroxy steroids (cortisone) are poured out in the last stage of parturition in the normal bovine. The desensitization of the skin in animals which were sensitized to Trichomonas foetus an which was found at this time is considered to be connected with the action of the hormone.
The pathogenic and immunogenic activities ofSalmonella typhiin relation to its antigenic constituents
Authors: Felix A. , Pitt R. Margaret 
Published: May 2009

1. The most virulent strains ofSalmonella typhiare those that develop both the Vi and O antigens in maximum quantities.2. The Vi antigen is not a particularly toxic substance; it is less toxic for the mouse than the O antigen.3. The main biological function of the Vi antigen is to protect the O antigen against the action of the natural or immune O antibody, thereby protecting the bacterial cell against phagocytosis and the bactericidal action of the serum.4. The relative virulence for mice of freshly isolated strains ofSalmonella typhireflects their virulence for man.
On the Nature of the Cellular Elements Present in Milk. Part III. The Milk of Animals other than the Cow
Authors: Hewlett R. Tanner , Villar Sidney , Revis Cecil 
Published: May 2009

The general consideration of these results only tends to confirm the conclusions already arrived at. A uniform type of life evidently tends to a fairly uniform excretion of tissue cells from the udder. The case of Goat II also emphasises the effect of outside causes in increasing temporarily this excretion, while some of the samples of human milk show plainly that very high cell counts are not by any means necessarily connected with any diseased or disordered condition of the mammary gland.We again emphasise the view we have already stated, viz. that in the cow the udder must be looked upon as an organ which has by breeding and selection been brought to an artificial condition of milk secretion and that this has been accompanied by a stimulation of the tissues to cell proliferation and that this proliferation may quite easily be caused to become abnormally great, leading to the appearance of an increased number of cells in the secretion. In support of this view we lay great stress on the fact constantly noticed by us, viz. that when the cell count is high for any reason, the cells themselves are always well-defined, showing little signs of degeneration, and also stain in a much more characteristic and definite manner, a fact which is diffcult to explain if they are to be considered to be blood elements.