bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paediatric sedation in Australasian emergency departments
Authors: Dean Andrew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSedation of children undergoing painful procedures in the emergency department provides a challenge to emergency department medical staff. Factors requiring consideratioii include the procedure to be performed, the pharmacology of the agents chosen and the support framework provided within individual hospitals for the after‐care of sedated children.This paper presents the findings of a questionnaire sent to emergency departments accredited for advanced paediatric emergency registrar training in Australia and New Zealand in July 1996, to assess current sedation practices.
The Quest for Anthropological Relevance: Borgesian Maps and Epistemological Pitfalls
Authors: BUNZL MATTI 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn this essay, I critique the currently dominant mode of American sociocultural anthropology. Through a historical reading of canonical texts from the 1970s to the 1990s, I trace some of contemporary anthropology's limitations and probe their implications for the possibility of a publicly engaged discipline. I focus my critique on the demand for ever‐increasing complexity, identifying it as an implicit form of positivism that renders the results of anthropological inquiries increasingly irrelevant to the big questions of the day. Epistemologically speaking, contemporary anthropology is thus not radical enough. In conclusion, I mobilize the Weberian–Boasian tradition as the most viable alternative to sociocultural anthropology's status quo.
A Response to Matti Bunzl: Public Anthropology, Pragmatism, and Pundits
Authors: BESTEMAN CATHERINE , GUSTERSON HUGH 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDiscussing only two out of 11 chapters, Matti Bunzl argues that Why America's Top Pundits Are Wrong (2005) embodies an excessively deconstructive approach that undermines public anthropology by opposing all generalization. In fact, the contributors to the Pundits volume come from a variety of intellectual positions, some unfriendly to deconstructionism. In a book that is deliberately jargon free, the contributors are unified not by postmodernism but by pragmatism. They oppose generalizations that are manifestly ideological and untrue, not all generalizations. The point of the book is not to nitpick generalizations but to unmask media apologetics for neoliberalism and neoconservatism that misuse core terms (e.g., culture, ethnicity, human nature, gender) from the anthropological lexicon. We advocate a revitalized public anthropology based on grounded research, translation of sophisticated anthropological knowledge into accessible English, and a passionate concern for the well‐being of those at the sharp end of neoliberal globalization.
The Colors of Double Exceptionalism – The Founders and African America
Authors: Lopez Robert Oscar 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis essay examines American exceptionalism and the African American response to it, from Phillis Wheatley to W. E. B. Du Bois. The author argues that African Americans formed a double exceptionalism that is most clearly evident in the way that they remember and revise the legacies of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson.
THE STATE, THE PRESIDENCY, AND THE RESTORATION OF PRIVATISM
Authors: Wrabley Raymond B. 
Published: August 2010

The economic, military, constitutional, organizational, and institutional “infrastructure” that provides the bases and limits of state activities and presidential power deservedly gets detailed and sophisticated research attention from presidency scholars. In this paper I argue that there is also an ideological and cultural infrastructure that undergirds the American state and presidency and that purportedly contributes to the smooth functioning of democratic capitalism. In the 1970s and 1980s there were many social analysts and politicians who argued that this ideological and cultural infrastructure was in disrepair and that its rundown condition was contributing to a crisis of governability that adversely affected the presidency. Among proposals to alleviate this “crisis” were those that advocated political efforts to restore the traditional values of “privatism” (i.e., hard work, moral discipline, self‐reliance, thriftiness, meritocracy, possessive individualism, and political passivity).In this paper I assess those restoration efforts and argue that they are not likely to provide an adequate basis for easing various problems of the state or the presidency.
ACTIVISM AND REPRESENTATION IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL GROUP: THE CASE OF THE ALBERTA WILDERNESS ASSOCIATION
Authors: Archer Keith , Alford Janet 
Published: August 2010

How representative are public interest groups? The growth in the size and stature of public interest groups over the past generation has given rise to questions about their representative character. One of the complaints often leveled against political parties is their failure to adequately represent the interests of their constituents. A paradox is that interest groups, including public interest groups, are becoming more popular despite the lack of participatory mechanisms in their internal structures.This article uses the Alberta Wilderness Association (A WA) as a case study to examine political representation in public interest groups. It draws upon and elaborates the arguments of Hanna Pitkin and Andrew McFarland in describing the multi‐dimensional character of interest representation, and applies the framework to a study of members and leaders in the A WA. The evidence confirms that attitudes toward representation exist in relatively discrete, independent dimensions, and for public interest groups these attitudes are relatively unrelated to mechanisms of formal representation.
Jury Decision Making: Using Group Theory to Improve Deliberation
Authors: Shelton Samuel T. 
Published: August 2010

Jury decision‐making process is usually protected from the prying eyes of the public and social scientists. Our knowledge of the experience comes mainly from mock juries, post‐verdict interviews, and occasional television documentaries. These methods have their limitations. Information about juries is currently driven by those few notorious trials, both criminal and civil, that attract high media attention. Unfortunately, that attention invites challenges to the ability of juries to make complex decisions and undermines the entire jury process. Group theory describes five special characteristics of successful group decision making: small size, purpose, identification, interaction, and accepted behavior. The author advocates that an understanding of group theory can help court officials improve the jury deliberation process by moving the deliberations to a higher level of reasoning and, consequently, improve the jury experience, the overall quality of jury decisions, and the public’s faith in those decisions. Specific suggestions for change are also included. No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled, or deprived of his standing in any other way, nor will we proceed with force against him, or send others to do so, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. —Magna Carta (1215)
Deracialization or Racialization: The Making of a Black Mayor in Jackson, Mississippi1
Authors: Orey Byron D’Andra 
Published: August 2010

In 1997, Harvey Johnson made history by becoming the first black to be elected as mayor of Jackson, Mississippi. Four years prior, Johnson failed to make the Democratic primary runoffs. The following research question is addressed: what explains Johnson’s victory in 1997, when compared to his defeat in 1993? In answering this question, I rely heavily on elite‐level interviewing and newspaper accounts. I also examine the black and white vote for Johnson, using aggregate‐level election and census data. Gary King’s Ecological Inference technique is used to examine these data. Based on the findings, I conclude that Johnson ran a deracialized campaign in 1993 and a racialized campaign in 1997. The deracialized campaign failed to attract white voters and attenuated his black support. In 1997, however, he was able to almost double his support from black voters. This increase can be attributed in part to his racialized campaign strategy. Lord have mercy! We’re going to have a black mayor in Jackson, Mississippi. —An anonymous black woman quoted in Chappell (1997, 76)
Physiological responses of Pseudomonas putida to formaldehyde during detoxification
Authors: Roca Amalia , Rodríguez‐Herva José‐Juan , Duque Estrella , Ramos Juan L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary Pseudomonas putida KT2440 exhibits two formaldehyde dehydrogenases and two formate dehydrogenase complexes that allow the strain to stoichiometrically convert formaldehyde into CO2. The strain tolerated up to 1.5 mM formaldehyde and died in the presence of 10 mM. In the presence of 0.5 mM formaldehyde, a sublethal concentration of this chemical, the growth rate decreased by about 40% with respect to growth in the absence of the toxicant. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that in response to low formaldehyde concentrations, a limited number of genes (52) were upregulated. Based on the function of these genes it seems that sublethal concentrations of HCOH trigger responses to overcome DNA and protein damage, extrude this toxic compound, and detoxify it by converting the chemical to CO2. In strains bearing mutations of the upregulated genes we analysed growth inhibition by 1.5 mM HCOH and killing rates by 10 mM HCOH. Mutants in the MexEF/OprN efflux pump and in the DNA repair genes recA and uvrB were hypersensitive to 10 mM HCOH, the killing rate being three to four orders of magnitude higher than those in the wild‐type strain. Mutants in other upregulated genes died at slightly higher or at similar rates to the parental strain. Regarding growth inhibition, we found that mutants in glutathione biosynthesis, stress response mediated by 2‐hydroxy acid dehydrogenases and two efflux pumps of the MSF family were unable to grow in the presence of 1.5 mM HCOH. In an independent screening test we searched for mutants which were hypersensitive to formaldehyde, but whose expression did not change in response to this chemical. Two mutants with insertions in recD and fhdA were found which were unable to grow in the presence of 1.5 mM HCOH. The recD mutant was hypersensitive to 10 mM HCOH and died at a higher rate than the parental strain.
Caring for the institutionalised elderly: how easy is it?
Authors: Peisah Carmelle 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In the light of long‐standing criticism of nursing homes an assessment of staff's ability to provide care was required. By creating a profile of nursing home staff it may be possible to explain and predict difficulties in providing care. One hundred and five staff from 15 nursing homes and 18 hostel staff were interviewed to examine demographic characteristics, attitudes to the job and to the elderly, as well as sources of stress in the workplace.Staff were predominantly female, with children, and had a strong sense of altruism and desire to nurture. They foster an atmosphere of care and protection and may unwittingly encourage dependence. This may preclude challenge and rehabilitation for nursing home residents. Constraints such as staff shortages, stress (35.3 per cent cases on the General Health Questionnaire), lack of training, conflict among staff and lack of support may hamper care. These problems could be addressed by additional training and incentives for staff, increased staff cooperation and communication. Medical practitioners and other health professionals have a significant role to play in assuming greater responsibility for supporting the caregivers in nursing homes.
Recreating the village: the development of groups to improve social relationships among mothers of newborn infants in Australia
Authors: Lawson James S. , Callaghan Ann 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: There is a clear link between social relationships and health in terms of both morbidity and mortality. The study was conducted during 1989 and 1990 among mothers of newborn infants from a middle‐ranking socioeconomic status suburb in Sydney (Ryde). Thirty‐four per cent of the study group had a moderate level of social isolation and 16 per cent had a high level of social isolation. These mothers strongly valued participation in the groups: virtually all original participants remained with the group both during a five‐week formal period with a nursing staff member as the leader and during months and up to five years of continued meetings. The outcomes appear to be favourable in terms of the development and continuation of strong interpersonal relationships among members of the group and by improved confidence and knowledge about infant rearing.The development of groups of mothers adds no cost to the provision of health services and provides a sound and practical way of reducing social isolation and increasing mothercraft skills in an Australian suburb.
Evaluating the impact of a promotional campaign for screening mammography: women's knowledge and sources of awareness
Authors: Turnbull Deborah , Adelson Pamela , Irwig Les 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The Breast X‐Ray Programme of the Central Sydney Health Service was advertised by generalised strategies aimed at the total community, including poster and pamphlet distribution, and strategies aimed at general practitioners, supplemented by written invitations and recommendation from the general practitioner, invitations for friends, and invitations from the service using the electoral listing. In order to evaluate the reach or impact of the promotional campaign in the Drummoyne local government area, telephone interviews were conducted with women aged 45 to 70 randomly selected from the community. Women's knowledge about breast cancer, screening and the Breast X‐Ray Programme, plus sociodemographic characteristics, were obtained before screening (n = 628), 10 months (n = 93) and 2 years after screening started (n = 206).While knowledge about risk did not change, significant increases were found in the proportion of women who had heard of mammography, screening mammography specifically and the screening van. In addition there were significant increases in the proportion of women exposed to information about screening mammograms. The campaign generally had an equal effect on different sociodemographic but managed to achieve greater effects in women of non‐English‐speaking backgrounds and lower occupational status. A random sample of program attenders aged 45 to 70 (n = 763) were asked how they found out about the van. ‘Seeing the van’ was the most consistently reported source of awareness. Others included ‘GPs’, ‘newspapers’, ‘other print media’ and ‘personal networks’. Women with additional qualifications since leaving school were more likely to state ‘newspaper’ and ‘other print media’ as a source.
Socioeconomic correlates of mortality and hospital morbidity differentials by Local Government Area in Sydney 1985–1988
Authors: Taylor Richard , Quine Susan , Lyle David , Bilton Alan 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Objective: To determine the magnitude of differentials in mortality and hospital morbidity by Local Government Area (LGA) in Sydney (1985–1988), and to correlate these with LGA indicators of socioeconomic status.Design: Cross‐sectional group‐based comparative study of mortality and hospital separations, and a group‐based correlations analysis in relation to socioeconomic indicators.Outcome measures: Mortality—life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, 0‐ to 4‐year mortality, age‐standardised 15‐ to 64‐year mortality (all‐cause and various causes), sex‐specific (except infant and 0‐ to 4‐year mortality). Hospital morbidity rates—0‐ to 4‐year hospital separations, age‐standardised 15‐ to 64‐year hospital separations (all‐cause and various causes), sex‐specific.Study factors: Census‐derived LGA proportions of immigrants, Aborigines, professionals, unskilled workers, unemployed persons, those with a university degree and those having no qualifications, and the composite Ross Indicator.Results: Considerable differences in mortality and hospital morbidity by LGA in Sydney were found. Males had higher mortality and lower rates of hospital separation than females. LGA differentials were most obvious for adults, with little variation noted for infants or children. Most socioeconomic indicators were highly correlated with adult mortality and hospital morbidity in the expected direction, particularly indicators of low socioeconomic status. The unemployment rate, proportion Aboriginal, proportion unskilled, proportion unqualified, and the Ross Indicator were the most highly correlated variables.Conclusions: There are persistent differentials by LGA in mortality and hospital morbidity in Sydney which are strongly associated with socioeconomic status. The Ross Indicator was found to be a useful composite indicator. The high correlations of mortality and hospital morbidity with the unemployment rate raise the question of to what extent this is due to illness and premature mortality in the unemployed. Monitoring of health status differentials needs to continue if progress towards Health For All targets is to be evaluated.
Public health and the Australian Constitution
Authors: Reynolds Christopher 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The powers vested in the Commonwealth Government by the Constitution contain the basis of much public health law in Australia. Yet this is not often recognised; public health law is generally, and historically, seen as the states' responsibility. This article surveys the broad range of constitutional powers that the Commonwealth Government can rely upon to make public health laws. It considers areas of power specified in the Constitution, such as those with respect to external affairs and corporations. Decisions of the High Court have interpreted the various heads of power very broadly and have significantly enhanced the potential of the Commonwealth to pass detailed and far‐reaching public health law. To this fact must be added the taxation arrangements in Australia and, with these, the very extensive control that the Commonwealth can exercise through its monopoly of major taxation sources. Its power to make financial arrangements can tie dependent states into specific policies (including public health policies) as a condition of the grants made to them. However, these broad powers may be limited in some important respects: the High Court is increasingly identifying rights and freedoms in the Constitution that may increasingly bring both state and Commonwealth public health law under challenge. Despite this possibility, the Commonwealth may prove to be our most significant source of public health law, and public health policy makers should recognise the full potential of its power to make such laws. (Aust J Public Health 1995; 19: 243–9)
Problems of focus group methods in cross‐cultural research: a case study of beliefs about sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Yelland Jane , Gifford Sandra M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Over the past decade there has been increasing interest in using focus group methods in public health research. Focus group discussions have become particularly popular, in part because they are commonly perceived to be a less time‐consuming and less expensive way of collecting qualitative data than the more traditional ethnographic methods. However, little attention has been given to methodological issues when the locus group method is applied in cross‐cultural settings. This paper discusses a number of these concerns, illustrated through the use of the focus groups to explore mothers' beliefs about sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in an ethnically diverse sample in Victoria. We found that some methodological difficulties were related to cultural factors. This has led us to use caution when considering the use of focused group discussions as a research method in cross‐cultural contexts. We urge public health researchers to take a critical look at the appropriateness of focus groups before applying this method in cross‐cultural public health research. (Aust J Public Health 1995; 19: 257–63)
The effect of an educational brochure on knowledge and early detection of melanoma
Authors: Hanrahan Pauline F. , Hersey Peter , Watson Alan B. , Callaghan Terry M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Men over the age of 45 present with thicker, more advanced melanomas than younger people. A randomised trial was conducted in this group to evaluate whether an educational brochure would increase knowledge about melanoma and the ability to recognise and discriminate between pigmented skin lesions. Men in an industrial complex were allocated to an intervention group (n = 110) and two control groups (n = 96 and n = 108). The intervention group was given two educational brochures about melanoma. Their effect on knowledge and ability to detect pigmented lesions was assessed by a questionnaire and a self‐examination body chart given before the brochure, and at four weeks and three months after return of the brochure. The control groups did not receive any educational material, but control group 2 received the questionnaire and chart. At the end of the study all participants were examined for pigmented lesions by doctors, whose counts were compared with those of the participants. There was a significant (19.8 per cent) increase in knowledge about melanoma in the intervention group (but not in the control groups), except for discrimination of photos of benign and malignant lesions. The educational material did not improve the ability of those in the intervention group to recognise and count their pigmented lesions nor to discriminate between benign and malignant pigmented lesions. The increased knowledge about melanoma was retained for at least three months. (Aust J Public Health 1995; 19: 270–4)
MANUFACTURING PROCESS TECHNOLOGY and SUPPORT STAFF COMPOSITION: AN EMPIRICAL VIEW OF INDUSTRY EVIDENCE
Authors: WARD PETER T. , BERGER PAUL D. , MILLER JEFFREY G. , ROSENTHAL STEPHEN R. 
Published: August 2010

Despite the attention given to restructuring and trimming down manufacturing firms during the 198Os, little attention has been paid to the mix of skills they needed under different circumstances. We examined the patterns of employment by occupation in manufacturing industries utilizing different production technologies and the effect of establishment size on nonproduction employment. We found that a relationship exists between production technology and nonproduction employment per 100 production workers. Establishment size is found to be a moderator between nonproduction employment and production technology. Our findings imply two clear messages for managers. First, when considering major changes in production technology, managers should be aware that the supporting skills they will need from their nonproduction work force are likely to change greatly. Further, these changes involve technical and managerial workers as well as clerical and production support people. Second, they should restructure the functional or occupational mix of an organization in the context of the process technologies in place. Different process technologies require different structures.