On the Superficial Geology of British Columbia.
Authors: Dawson George Mercer 
Published: October 2009

Summary

1.
The character of the rock-striation and fluting on the south-eastern peninsula of Vancouver Island shows that at one time a great glacier swept over it from north to south. The glacier must have filled the Strait of Georgia, with a breadth, in some places, of over 50 miles, and a thickness of ice near Victoria of considerably over 600 feet. Traces of the glacier are also found on San-Juan Island and the coast of the mainland.

2.

The deposits immediately overlying the glaciated rocks, besides hard material locally developed, and probably representing
moraine profonde
, consist of sandy clays and sands, which have been arranged in water, and in some places contain marine shells. These, or at least their lower beds, were probably formed at the foot of the glacier when retreating, the sea standing considerably higher than at present.

3.
Observations in the northern part of the Strait of Georgia, and the fjords opening into it—where the sources of the great glacier must have been—show ice-action to a height of over 3000 feet on the mountain-sides. The fjords north of the Strait of Georgia show similar traces. Terraces along the coast of the mainland are very seldom seen, and have never been observed at great elevations.

4.
In the interior plateau of British Columbia there is a system of glaciation from north to south, of which traces have been observed at several localities above 3000 feet. Subsequent glaciation, radiant from the mountain-ranges, is also found.

5.
The superficial deposits of the interior may be classified as unmodified and modified. The former, representing the Boulder-clay, hold many water-rounded stones, with some glacier-marked, and occurs at all heights up to over 5000 feet. The latter characterize nearly all localities below 3000 feet, and are most extensively developed in the northern low country, where they appear as a fine white silt or loess.

6.
The interior is marked with shore-lines and terraces from the present sea-level up to 5270 feet, at which height a well-marked beach of rolled stones occurs on Il-ga-chuz Mountain.

7.
Moraines occur in great numbers. Some of the moraine-like accumulations may have been formed in connexion with the north-to-south glaciation. Most of those now seen, however, mark stages in the retreat of glaciers towards the various mountain-ranges. The material of the moraines resembles that of the Boulder-clay, but with water-rounded stones even more abundant.

8.
The sequence of events in the interior region has been:— glaciation from north to south, with deposit of Boulder-clay; formation of terraces by lowering of water-surface, accompanied or followed by a warm period; short advance of glaciers from the mountains contemporaneously with formation of lower terraces; retreat of glaciers to their present limits. Glaciation of Vancouver Island may have occurred during both the first and second cold periods, or during the second only.

9.

If the north-to-south glaciation has been produced by glacier-ice, it must have been either (
a
) by the action of a great northern ice-cap (against which grave difficulties appear), or (
b
) by the accumulation of ice on the country itself, especially on the mountains to the north. In either case it is probable that the glacier filled the central plateau, and, besides passing south-ward, passed seaward through the gaps and fjords of the Coast range. The Boulder-clay must have been formed along the front of the glacier during its withdrawal, in water, either that of the sea, or of a great lake produced by the blocking by local glaciers of the whole of the valleys leading from the plateau, to a depth of over 5000 feet.

10.
If general submergence to over 5000 feet be admitted, the Japan current would flow strongly through Behring's Strait, and over part of Alaska, while arctic ice-laden water, passing south across the region of the Great Plains, would also enter the central plateau of British Columbia, accounting for the north-to-south glaciation and simultaneous formation of the Boulder-clay.