bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A history of process safety and loss prevention in the American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Authors: Hendershot Dennis C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProcess safety has always been an important consideration in chemical engineering, and the activities of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) have expanded over the years to more formally focus on this critical aspect of chemical engineering practice. Early initiatives included the annual symposia on Safety in Ammonia and Related Plants, dating back to the early 1950s, and the Loss Prevention Symposium, first held in 1967. These activities led to the formation of the AIChE's Safety and Health Division in 1979, and the division assumed responsibility for these existing programming activities. Following the Bhopal tragedy in India, AIChE formed the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) in 1985 as an industry alliance to share and enhance process safety expertise in the industry. One of the early CCPS activities was the creation of the Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SACHE) program to enhance teaching of process safety in the university chemical engineering curriculum. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Risk analysis for operation of aluminum heat exchangers contaminated by mercury
Authors: Wilhelm S. Mark 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBrazed aluminum plate‐fin heat exchangers are extensively used in gas separation processes including LNG, LPG, NGL, nitrogen rejection and olefins manufacture. In situations where mercury is a trace component of feed gas or liquid feeds to crackers, condensation of liquid or precipitation of solid mercury can occur in heat exchanger passes, even with functional mercury removal systems in place. Mercury in liquid phase causes, under certain well‐defined conditions, liquid metal embrittlement of susceptible metallurgy or amalgam corrosion of core fins, both of which can lead to sudden loss of pressure containment. Mercury‐contaminated aluminum heat exchangers require close scrutiny and quantitative risk assessment to allow safe operation, remediation or to justify replacement. The risk analysis procedure involves computational prediction of mercury deposition, inspection of critical areas, detailed assessment of metallurgy and fabrication, strain analysis of temperature changes during trips and shutdowns and oxide fatigue analysis. Assigning probability of equipment failure requires a complete understanding of the mechanisms of liquid metal embrittlement and amalgam corrosion that operate on aluminum plate‐fin heat exchangers. Statistical correlations to known failures are essential to assignment of probability‐based risk factors. Probabilities of leak and rupture failure modes can be estimated using amounts and locations of mercury deposits determined from focused inspection or calculated thermodynamically. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Integration of safety management effectiveness into QRA calculations
Authors: Acikalin Aydan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractQuantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) has become an often used method in the process industry for improving safety and for land‐use planning. In computing the risk by this methodology the frequency of an accident is often assessed by using generic failure frequencies which are based on historical data of incidents from databases. Little or no adjustment is made for the effectiveness of the safety management of the industrial site. Since most incidents are caused by management problems, QRA has to take into account the local safety management system. Otherwise, the results of QRA will not provide reliable information of the hazards and the corresponding risk from installations. Therefore, today's understanding of safe industrial operations requires an integrated risk assessment under the consideration of technical, organizational, and managerial aspects.This article describes a method which allows assessing the effectiveness of the local safety management system and its integration into the QRA using a single management factor. This method was developed with the aim of providing a tool which would allocate a quantitative measure for the effectiveness of the local Safety Management System for the purpose of using it directly in the QRA. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Reactive chemicals emergency response and post‐event calorimetric testing
Authors: Frurip David , Bakkum Koos , Johnstone Harold , Tesolin‐Gee Amy , Vallieu Brian , Van Gelder Klaas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA serious upset in process conditions may result in a Reactive Chemicals incident. In such an emergency, procedures must be implemented to prevent injuries, mitigate the event and minimize property loss and/or environmental release as dictated by the required facility Emergency Plan. This article describes the process the Dow Chemical Company uses for engaging Reactive Chemicals experts in an emergency situation. In order to be effective, the Reactive Chemicals expert must have or be provided with in‐depth knowledge of the process streams and raw materials involved. The information is crucial for understanding what is happening, what might happen in the immediate future, and what can be done to successfully mitigate the Reactive Chemicals incident. Following the incident, calorimetric experiments are typically performed to confirm or refute the hypotheses of what caused the event; additionally, the experiments provide information as to reactive chemicals hazards that may potentially still exist in the process streams. The aforementioned process will be illustrated by describing an actual event.Useful methods are described and recommended for (a) characterizing and storing reactive chemicals, and (b) responding and mitigating safety incidents with reactive chemicals. The role of a reactive chemicals “expert” during and after a plant emergency is important and potentially critical to the safe handling of an ongoing event and also in determining the root cause of the incident. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Improving process safety by addressing the human element
Authors: Haesle John , Devlin Chris , Mccavit Jack L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCelanese had several process safety incidents and near misses in 1996. Although there were several root causes, this article will address only one of them; human error. The system which was developed by Celanese to improve this human element is the conduct of operations system. The conduct of operations system has improved process safety performance of the human element by focusing on three operational areas: training, procedures, and general operations.Conduct of operations is a proactive approach to improve the current practices, improve the support systems and the behavior of the operator. The benefits include the following:
Consistent application of training and procedures
Reduction in human error, and
Less process safety incidents
This article will describe the need for and the content of conduct of operations system as implemented by Celanese. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids on the performance of plant‐parasitic and free‐living nematodes
Authors: Thoden Tim C , Boppré Michael , Hallmann Johannes 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Chemical nematicides such as methyl bromide have for decades played a significant role in the management of plant‐parasitic nematodes. Their application is problematic because of negative environmental impacts, and therefore methyl bromide was phased out in Europe in 2005. A possible alternative to synthetically derived nematicides is seen in the use of plants and/or their secondary metabolites. These plants could either be used as nematicidal green manure or as a source for nematicidal extracts. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of 1,2‐dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), a group of secondary plant metabolites found in hundreds of plant species throughout the world, on the performance of plant‐parasitic and free‐living nematodes.RESULTS: PAs induced nematicidal, ovicidal and repellent effects on different plant‐parasitic and free‐living nematodes. There was no conclusive ranking in toxicity for the different structural types of PAs tested. However, the effects were often more pronounced for the tertiary than for the oxidised form of PAs. Further, large differences were observed in the susceptibility of different nematode species to PAs.CONCLUSIONS: PAs do affect several performance parameters and developmental stages of nematodes. Therefore, PA‐producing plants such as species of Crotalaria, Ageratum or Senecio might be promising candidates for nematode management strategies. [Correction made here after initial online publication] Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Folding transitions in calpain activator peptides studied by solution NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Toke Orsolya , Bánóczi Zoltán , Tárkányi Gábor , Friedrich Péter , Hudecz Ferenc 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCalpastatin, the endogenous inhibitor of calpain, a cysteine protease in eukaryotic cells, is an intrinsically unstructured protein, which upon binding to the enzyme goes through a conformational change. Peptides calpA (SGKSGMDAALDDLIDTLGG) and calpC (SKPIGPDDAIDALSSDFTS), corresponding to the two conserved subdomains of calpastatin, are known to activate calpain and increase the Ca2+ sensitivity of the enzyme. Using solution NMR spectroscopy, here we show that calpA and calpC are disordered in water but assume an α‐helical conformation in 50% CD3OH. The position and length of the helices are in agreement with those described in the literature for the bound state of the corresponding segments of calpastatin suggesting that the latter might be structurally primed for the interaction with its target. According to our data, the presence of Ca2+ induces a backbone rearrangement in the peptides, an effect that may contribute to setting the fine conformational balance required for the interaction of the peptides with calpain. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry studies of Mg‐doped ZnO thin films prepared by the sol–gel method
Authors: Yang Shenghong , Liu Ying , Zhang Yueli , Mo Dang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractZn1–x Mgx O (ZMO) thin films with x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 were prepared on Si(100) substrates by the sol–gel method. The influence of Mg content on the structural and the optical properties was studied by X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in the UV–visible region. The measured SE spectra were analyzed with an appropriate procedure to accurately determine the thickness and the optical constants of the thin films. It was found that the optical constants of the ZMO films are functions of the film composition. The refractive indices of the ZMO films decrease with increasing Mg content, and the optical bandgap energy exhibits nonlinear behavior or a bowing effect with the change of Mg mole fraction. A maximum band gap of ∼3.91 eV was achieved at x = 0.3. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strong modes discrimination and low threshold in cw regime of 1300 nm AlInGaAs/InP VCSEL induced by photonic crystal
Authors: Czyszanowski Tomasz , Sarzała Robert P. , Dems Maciej , Thienpont Hugo , Nakwaski Włodzimierz , Panajotov Krassimir 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA self‐consistent electrical‐thermal‐optical‐gain modeling of threshold characteristics of an InP‐based 1300 nm AlInGaAs photonic‐crystal vertical‐cavity surface‐emitting diode laser is presented. It is shown that low threshold characteristics and strong transverse‐mode discrimination can be simultaneously achieved for optimized photonic crystal structure and current aperture. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High performance and high reliability AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Kikkawa Toshihide , Makiyama Kozo , Ohki Toshihiro , Kanamura Masahito , Imanishi Kenji , Hara Naoki , Joshin Kazukiyo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a current status and future technologies of high‐power GaN HEMTs was described. First, commercialization roadmap was shown with output power and efficiency status. Power electronics benchmark was also introduced. Reliability improvement technologies were addressed with recent issues such as drift phenomena. Then, future requirements for expanding GaN electronics market were shown with some recent device developments. Novel E‐mode recessed GaN‐HEMT has been developed using the triple cap layer structure. High‐k insulated gate HEMTs using Ta2O5 were also developed. Finally, we described the next generation GaN HEMTs for millimeter‐wave applications. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
CIGS solar cell with CdS buffer layer deposited by ammonia‐free process
Authors: Komaki H. , Yamada A. , Sakurai K. , Ishizuka S. , Kamikawa‐Shimizu Y. , Matsubara K. , Shibata H. , Niki S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe have successfully fabricated high‐efficiency CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) solar cells with CdS film deposited by ammonia‐free process. The CdS films were formed on CIGS films by chemical bath deposition from an aqueous solution containing cadmium acetate and thioacetamide. The properties of CdS films deposited on soda lime glass were investigated by atomic force microscopy and optical transmission measurement. By optimizing the concentration of the solution used for the formation of CdS films and the thickness of i‐ZnO films used for solar cell production, high‐efficiency ammonia‐free cells were fabricated. The properties of the ammonia‐free cell fabricated by the optimized process were VOC = 0.695 V, JSC = 32.812 mA/cm2, FF = 0.755 and η = 17.22%. These values are comparable to those of the cells produced by the conventional process using ammonia. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Whispering gallery modes in silicon nanocrystal coated microcavities
Authors: Bianucci P. , Rodríguez J. R. , Clements C. , Hessel C. M. , Veinot J. G. C. , Meldrum A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe present photoluminescence studies of silicon‐nanocrystal (Si‐NC) coated microcavities. The particular geometries studied are hollow fibers where there is a Si‐NC coating in the inner surface and regular optical fibers and glass microspheres where the coating is on the outside surface. The coatings were prepared using an inexpensive and straightforward solution‐based process that yields a high‐quality film. The measured photoluminescence spectra from the resonators show high Q ‐factor (between 1200 and 2800) resonant modes that correspond with the whispering gallery modes expected from the confinement geometries. The presence of these modes is also an indication that the emission of the Si‐NCs is coupled to the cavity. The combination of Si‐NCs and optical microcavities with strong confinement has promising potential for applications like sensing, optical communications and may be a possible route toward a Si‐NC laser. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The fabrication and optical characterisation of SnO2 cluster films
Authors: Boyd Euan , Henseler Martin J. H. , Mackenzie David M. A. , Brown Simon A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSnO2 nano‐clusters have been produced using a low temperature oxidation process. Tin clusters with a diameter of 7 nm were oxidised by heating in air at 250 °C for 24 hours. The oxidised clusters were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showing that the clusters do not coalescence or change their size significantly. The optical transmission of 50 nm thick SnO2 cluster films is greater than 90% from 800 nm to 380 nm and shows strong absorption for λ < 380 nm. The photoconductivity was characterised by a large peak at 3.9 eV with a smaller peak at 3.5 eV. Persistent photoconductivity is observed with long characteristic times and a strong dependence on the ambient atmosphere during the measurement. This was attributed to carrier production due to photo‐induced desorption of oxygen from the surface. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time‐resolved THz spectroscopy in a parallel plate waveguide
Authors: Cooke David G. , Jepsen Peter Uhd 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate time‐resolved terahertz spectroscopy inside a novel parallel plate waveguide where one of the metallic plates is replaced by a transparent conducting oxide. Considerable improvements to the waveguide loss coefficient are shown, with a power absorption coefficient of 4 cm–1 at 0.5 THz. The time resolution of the technique is shown to be limited by the spatial excitation profile, which for sharply focused beams can approach ∼1 ps time scales. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of the amorphous oxide semiconductor a‐InGaZnO4–x: Tauc–Lorentz optical model and origins of subgap states
Authors: Kamiya Toshio , Nomura Kenji , Hosono Hideo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper discusses an optical model and subgap electronic states for a representative amorphous oxide semiconductor, InGaZnO4 (a‐IGZO). Parameterized optical models were developed based on the Tauc–Lorentz model combined with a Lorentz‐type oscillator. The measured optical absorption spectra exhibit nearly linear dependences on photon energy (E) between 3 eV < E < 5 eV, which requires the transition energies in the Tauc–Lorentz model (E0,TL) being around 4 eV. The optimized parameters for the fixed E0,TL of 3.7 eV are provided for four different a‐IGZO films with root‐mean‐square errors less than 1%. Formation energies of crystalline IGZO, stoichiometric a‐IGZO, oxygen deficient a‐IGZO and their constituent oxides were calculated by the density functional theory using the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation with PBE96 functionals (PBE). PBE gives larger unit cell volumes at the ground states and better agreement in the formation energies than LDA does. The formation energies of an oxygen deficiency in a‐IGZO were calculated to be 3.2–3.5 eV. The calculated electronic structures of stoichiometric a‐IGZO models exhibit somewhat large dispersions for conduction bands (CB), which are not largely affected by the disordered structure in a‐IGZO, while the dispersions of the valence bands (VBs) are very small, unlike the crystalline IGZO, showing that a‐IGZO have strongly localized states at the VB maximums (VBMs). Oxygen‐deficient a‐IGZO models showed that oxygen deficiencies form both a deep localized state at 0.4–1 eV above VBM and a shallow donor state depending on local atomic configurations. An oxygen deficiency that forms a deep state breaks the dispersion of the CB, which could be an origin of the subgap states observed near CB. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light emission from dark excitons in light emitting devices
Authors: Singh Jai , Kugler S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractApplying the first order perturbation theory and a new time‐dependent spin–orbit–photon interaction operator the rate of spontaneous emission from triplet (dark) excitons calculated in organic molecular solids, conjugated polymers and quantum dots is reviewed. The rates are found to be in good agreement with the experimental results in materials where the concept of Wannier–Mott type excitons is applicable, for example, in inorganic amorphous solids, conjugated polymers and quantum dots. In organic molecular solids or molecules, where Frenkel type excitons are formed, the calculated rates do not compare well with experiments. Application of the current theory is critically examined and discussed in light of the traditional approach of the second‐order perturbation theory used for the triplet radiative recombination. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Visible anisotropic deformation of chalcogenide glass by optical force
Authors: Tanaka Keiji , Terakado Nobuaki , Saitoh Akira 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSemi‐free As2S3 glass flakes undergo sub‐mm scale anisotropic deformation upon illumination of linearly‐polarized cw bandgap light. The mechanism has been ascribed to photo‐induced birefringence, optical torque, and photo‐induced fluidity. Quantitative measurements demonstrate that generated optical torque is ∼10–20 Nm under a light intensity of 1 mW. This value combined with measured deformation rates for As2S3 cantilevers suggests a related photo‐induced fluidity of 10–1 P–1, which is much more fluidal (∼ten orders) than that reported in the conventional photo‐induced fluidity. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Coherent phases and magnetoexcitons in graphene
Authors: Lozovik Yu. E. , Sokolik A. A. , Willander M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUnique band structure peculiarities of graphene imply that near Fermi level electrons are described by two‐dimensional Dirac equation for massless particles. We investigate how these peculiarities manifest in electron–hole pairing and properties of indirect magnetoexcitons in two spatially separated, independently gated graphene layers. For electron–hole pairing, we derive asymptotical expressions for the gap in energy spectrum and discuss system behavior at various controlling parameters. We derive dispersion relations for magnetoexcitons and their effective‐mass decompositions, and also discuss a possibility of magnetoexcitonic superfluidity. The systems under consideration can reveal coherent properties, dissipationless currents and Josephson phenomena at room temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electroreflectance spectroscopy on III‐N quantum wells
Authors: Drabinska Aneta , Baranowski Jacek M. , Pakula Krzysztof , Caban Piotr , Strupinski Wlodzimierz 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper we present electro‐reflectance measurements on 10 nm GaN and 3 nm In0.1Ga0.9N quantum wells. In electro‐reflectance spectrum line from QW, and its evolution with bias is observed. It was possible to reduce to zero internal electric field in quantum well and Stark shift of about 25 meV for 220 kV/cm electric field was measured. The inversion of phase and vanishing to zero of the amplitude of electro‐reflectance signal was observed during the change of direction of electric field in the quantum well. The analysis of Franz–Keldysh oscillations from barriers allowed to discuss the influence of the electric field to the properties of the quantum well. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carrier transport in nanodevices: revisiting the Boltzmann and Wigner distribution functions
Authors: Brosens Fons , Magnus Wim 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn principle, transport of charged carriers in nanometer sized solid‐state devices can be fully characterized once the non‐equilibrium distribution function describing the carrier ensemble is known. In this light, we have revisited the Boltzmann and the Wigner distribution functions and the framework in which they emerge from the classical respectively quantum mechanical Liouville equation. We have assessed the method of the characteristic curves as a potential workhorse to solve the time dependent Boltzmann equation for carriers propagating through spatially non‐uniform systems, such as nanodevices. In order to validate the proposed solution strategy, we numerically solve the Boltzmann equation for a one‐dimensional conductor mimicking the basic features of a biased low‐dimensional transistor operating in the on‐state. Finally, we propose a computational scheme capable of extending the benefits of the above mentioned solution strategy when it comes to solve the Wigner–Liouville equation. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)