bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of a computer-generated three-dimensional laryngeal model in anatomy teaching for advanced learners
Authors: Tan S , Hu A , Wilson T , Ladak H , Haase P , Fung K 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectives:(1) To investigate the efficacy of a computer-generated three-dimensional laryngeal model for laryngeal anatomy teaching; (2) to explore the relationship between students' spatial ability and acquisition of anatomical knowledge; and (3) to assess participants' opinion of the computerised model.Subjects and methods:Forty junior doctors were randomised to undertake laryngeal anatomy study supplemented by either a three-dimensional computer model or two-dimensional images. Outcome measurements comprised a laryngeal anatomy test, the modified Vandenberg and Kuse mental rotation test, and an opinion survey.Results:Mean scores ± standard deviations for the anatomy test were 15.7 ± 2.0 for the ‘three dimensions’ group and 15.5 ± 2.3 for the ‘standard’ group (p = 0.7222). Pearson's correlation between the rotation test scores and the scores for the spatial ability questions in the anatomy test was 0.4791 (p = 0.086, n = 29). Opinion survey answers revealed significant differences in respondents' perceptions of the clarity and ‘user friendliness’ of, and their preferences for, the three-dimensional model as regards anatomical study.Conclusion:The three-dimensional computer model was equivalent to standard two-dimensional images, for the purpose of laryngeal anatomy teaching. There was no association between students' spatial ability and functional anatomy learning. However, students preferred to use the three-dimensional model.
Innovations in ‘African solutions to African problems’: the evolving practice of regional peacekeeping in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Coleman Katharina P. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThree critical trends in the evolving practice of regional peacekeeping in sub-Saharan Africa have undermined the usefulness of the common conceptual dichotomy between regional peacekeeping and UN/global peacekeeping. First, sub-Saharan African states have distanced themselves from long-term autonomous regional peacekeeping, and currently favour explicitly interim missions that are a prelude rather than an alternative to UN peacekeeping. Second, the analytically clear line between regional peacekeeping and the separate sub-Saharan African tradition of solidarity deployments (i.e. military support of embattled governments) has in practice become blurred, and the regional vs global peacekeeping dichotomy not only fails to acknowledge this trend but helps to obscure it. Finally, sub-Saharan African states are increasingly addressing regional conflicts by participating in UN operations deployed in the region. UN peacekeeping has thus emerged as a preferred form of regional peacekeeping in sub-Saharan Africa.
Adaptive timing of detachment in a tick parasitizing hole-nesting birds
Authors: WHITE J. , HEYLEN D. J. A. , MATTHYSEN E. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn non-permanent parasites with low intrinsic mobility such as ticks, dispersal is highly dependent on host movements as well as the timing of separation from the hosts. Optimal detachment behaviour is all the more crucial in nidicolous ticks as the risk of detaching in non-suitable habitat is high. In this study, we experimentally investigated the detachment behaviour ofIxodes arboricola, a nidicolous tick that primarily infests birds roosting in tree-holes. We infested great tits withI. arboricolalarvae or nymphs, and submitted the birds to 2 experimental treatments, a control treatment in which birds had normal access to nest boxes and an experimental treatment, in which the birds were prevented access to their nest boxes for varying lengths of time. In the control group, most ticks detached within 5 days, whereas in the experimental group, ticks remained on the bird for as long as the bird was prevented access (up to 14 days). This prolonged attachment caused a decrease in survival and engorgement weight in nymphs, but not in larvae. The capacity ofI. arboricolalarvae to extend the duration of attachment in non-suitable environments with no apparent costs, may be an adaptation to unpredictable use of cavities by roosting hosts during winter, and at the same time may facilitate dispersal of the larval instars.
Genetic diversity ofBabesia bovisin virulent and attenuated strains
Authors: MAZUZ M. L. , MOLAD T. , FISH L. , LEIBOVITZ B. , WOLKOMIRSKY R. , FLEIDEROVITZ L. , SHKAP V. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to compare the genetic diversity of the single copyBv80gene sequences ofBabesia bovisin populations of attenuated and virulent parasites. PCR/ RT-PCR followed by cloning and sequence analyses of 4 attenuated and 4 virulent strains were performed. Multiple fragments in the range of 420 to 744 bp were amplified by PCR or RT-PCR. Cloning of the PCR fragments and sequence analyses revealed the presence of mixed subpopulations in either virulent or attenuated parasites with a total of 19 variants with 12 different sequences that differed in number and type of tandem repeats. High levels of intra- and inter-strain diversity of theBv80gene, with the presence of mixed populations of parasites were found in both the virulent field isolates and the attenuated vaccine strains. In addition, during the attenuation process, sequence analyses showed changes in the pattern of the parasite subpopulations. Despite high polymorphism found by sequence analyses, the patterns observed and the number of repeats, order, or motifs found could not discriminate between virulent field isolates and attenuated vaccine strains of the parasite.
Low prevalence of Haemoproteus infections in Chiffchaffs
Authors: BENSCH STAFFAN , JÖNSSON JANE , COPETE JOSÉ LUIS 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYParasite prevalence is an important variable in many evolutionary and ecological studies. In birds, haemosporidian blood parasites have been in focus of many comparative analyses. Because low prevalence is difficult to estimate precisely and that studies finding low prevalence are more likely to remain unpublished, our knowledge of parasite prevalence is biased towards highly infected taxa. Species with naturally low levels of infection are nonetheless interesting as they may provide models for studying the evolution of pathogen resistance. In the present study we show that the prevalence of Haemoproteus parasites is markedly lower in several taxa within the widely distributed chiffchaff species-complex compared to other species within the genus Phylloscopus. Since chiffchaffs, P. collybita, commonly coexists in the same habitat as congeners frequently infected with Haemoproteus parasites, immediate ecological variables like abundance of vectors can hardly explain this difference. Some of the parasites infecting coexisting congeners are broad host generalists leaving it enigmatic why chiffchaffs are almost free of Haemoproteus infections. We propose that detailed infection experiments are needed to illuminate whether chiffchaffs possess a genetic immunity against Haemoproteus parasites or if other more subtle ecological processes, like anti-vector behaviour, play a role in its generally low level of infestation.
‘REPRESENTING’ AFRICA: AMBASSADORS AND PRINCES FROM CHRISTIAN AFRICA TO RENAISSANCE ITALY AND PORTUGAL, 1402–1608
Authors: Lowe Kate 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDuring the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, a number of sub-Saharan envoys and ambassadors from Christian countries, predominantly Ethiopia and the Congo, were sent to Portugal and Italy. This essay shows how cultural assumptions on both sides complicated their task of ‘representing’ Africa. These African ambassadors and princes represented the interests of their rulers or their countries in a variety of ways, from forging personal relationships with the king or pope, to providing knowledge of the African continent and African societies, to acquiring knowledge of European languages and behaviours, to negotiating about war, to petitioning for religious or technological help, to carrying out fact-finding missions. But Renaissance preconceptions of Africa and Africans, reinforced by the slave trade, and Renaissance and papal assumptions about diplomatic interaction, ensured that the encounters remained unsatisfactory, as this cultural history of diplomacy makes clear. The focus of the essay is on religious and cultural exchange and the ceremonial culture of embassies.
L’accès des aînés francophones aux foyers de soins en milieu minoritaire, un enjeu linguistique en santé et mieux-être
Authors: Forgues Éric , Doucet Michel , Guignard Noël Josée 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAccess to long-term nursing homes by French-speaking seniors in minority situations is a very real problem. However, few studies have been conducted on this subject. We wanted to better understand this issue in New Brunswick while taking into account the language aspect. In this article, we will present the problem based on different issues encountered by Francophones in minority situations and by giving an overview of the studies conducted on French-speaking seniors in minority situations. We will then address the issue related to the rights of French-speaking senior to receive services in French in nursing homes by analyzing briefly the province’s legal requirements. Furthermore, we will present the regulatory framework of nursing homes in New Brunswick. Finally, we will provide a geographic analysis of existing New Brunswick nursing homes while taking into account the language aspect, the levels of service and the distribution of French-speaking seniors within the territory.
Using focus groups in radiation therapy research: Ethical and practical considerations
Authors: Wright Caroline. A. , Schneider-Kolsky Michal. E. , Jolly Brian , Baird Marilyn. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFocus groups are a means of gathering qualitative data from a group of participants who discuss a given topic. This method has been used in health care research for the past 30 years, but has seen limited use in radiation therapy research. Focus group discussions are a useful tool for investigating a variety of educational, training and clinical issues from the perspective of practitioners, students and patients. This paper reviews the issues associated with using focus groups as a means of data collection. In particular, it addresses some of the decisions which have to be made about group composition and conduct of the discussions. The literature review is contextualised using a recent example of how the authors used focus groups to investigate fitness to practise in radiation therapy. Other challenges such as familiarity between participants and researchers, power relationships and anonymity are addressed. The paper concludes with a consideration of data analysis.
Late Neogene exhumation and relief development of the Aar and Aiguilles Rouges massifs (Swiss Alps) from low‐temperature thermochronology modeling and 4He/3He thermochronometry
Authors: Valla Pierre G. , van der Beek Peter A. , Shuster David L. , Braun Jean , Herman Frédéric , Tassan‐Got Laurent , Gautheron Cécile 
Published: November 2011

The late Neogene–Quaternary exhumation history of the European Alps is the subject of controversial findings and interpretations, with several thermochronological studies arguing for long‐term steady state exhumation rates, while others have pointed to late Miocene–Pliocene exhumation pulses associated with tectonic and/or climatic changes. Here, we perform inverse thermal‐kinematic modeling on dense thermochronological data sets combining apatite fission track (AFT) data from the literature and recently published apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He (AHe) data along the upper Rhône valley (Aar and Aiguilles Rouges massifs, Swiss Alps) in order to derive precise estimates on the denudation and relief history of this region. We then apply forward numerical modeling to interpret cooling paths quantified from apatite 4He/3He thermochronometry, in terms of denudation and relief‐development scenarios. Our modeling results highlight the respective benefits of using AFT/AHe thermochronology data and 4He/3He thermochronometry for extracting quantitative denudation and relief information. Modeling results suggest a late Miocene exhumation pulse lasting until ∼8–10 Ma, consistent with recently proposed exhumation histories for other parts of the European Alps, followed by moderate (∼0.3–0.5 km Myr−1) denudation rates during the late Miocene/Pliocene. Both inverse modeling and 4He/3He data reveal that the late stage exhumation of the studied massifs can be explained by a significant increase (∼85–100%) in local topographic relief through efficient glacial valley carving. Modeling results quantitatively constrain Rhône valley carving to 1–1.5 km since ∼1 Ma. We postulate that recent relief development within this part of the Swiss Alps is climatically driven by the onset of major Alpine glaciations at the mid‐Pleistocene climate transition.
The Promoter Variant -803 G>A in the RBP4 gene is not Associated with BMI, Metabolic Parameters or Blood Pressure in Caucasian Children
Authors: Friebe D. , Kovacs P. , Neef M. , Blüher S. , Schleinitz D. , Kiess W. , Körner A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractStudies in adults identified the -803 G>A promoter polymorphism (rs3758539) in the RBP4 gene (RBP4) as a functional variant conferring an increased risk for obesity and type 2 diabetes.We genotyped this polymorphism in a cohort of 304 lean and 283 obese children to assess a potential association with early onset obesity and blood pressure and evaluated the effect of this SNP on metabolic parameters in a smaller subset.The allele frequency of -803 G>A was similar in obese compared to lean subjects (0.159 vs. 0.191, P=0.318). We did not detect an association of the variant with adiposity parameters nor with parameters of glucose and lipid metabolism or blood pressure in quantitative analyses.Our study revealed that the promoter polymorphism -803 G>A in RBP4 is not associated with BMI, metabolic parameters or blood pressure in Caucasian children.
Randomised clinical trial: comparative study of 10‐day sequential therapy with 7‐day standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in naïve patients
Authors: Park H. G. , Jung M. K. , Jung J. T. , Kwon J. G. , Kim E. Y. , Seo H. E. , Lee J. H. , Yang C. H. , Kim E. S. , Cho K. B. , Park K. S. , Lee S. H. , Kim K. O. , Jeon S. W. 
Published: November 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 56–65SummaryBackground  The eradication rates following standard triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection are declining worldwide. Recent studies have shown that sequential therapy for H. pylori infection yields high cure rates.Aim  To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a sequential regimen as first‐line treatment of H. pylori infection with a standard triple regimen.Methods  A total of 348 naïve H. pylori‐infected patients from six hospitals in Korea were assigned randomly to standard triple or sequential therapy groups. Standard triple therapy consisted of 20 mg of rabeprazole, 1 g of amoxicillin and 500 mg of clarithromycin, twice daily for 7 days. Sequential therapy consisted of a 5‐day dual therapy (20 mg of rabeprazole and 1 g of amoxicillin, twice daily) followed by a 5‐day triple therapy (20 mg of rabeprazole, 500 mg of clarithromycin, and 500 mg of metronidazole, twice daily).Results  The intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) eradication rates were 62.2% (95% CI 54.8–69.6%) and 76.0% (95% CI 68.5–83.5%) in the standard triple group, and 77.8% (95% CI 71.4–84.2%) and 87.9% (95% CI 82.3–93.5%) in the sequential group, respectively. The eradication rate was significantly higher in the sequential group compared with the standard triple group in both the ITT and PP populations (P = 0.002 and P = 0.013 respectively), whereas the incidence of adverse events was similar.Conclusions  Ten‐day sequential therapy is more effective and equally tolerated for eradication of H. pylori infection compared with standard triple therapy. Sequential therapy may have a role as first‐line treatment for H. pylori infection.
Flow behaviour of carrot puree: modelling the influence of time, temperature and potato flakes addition
Authors: Van Hecke Elisabeth , Nguyen Phong‐Uyen , Clausse Danièle , Lanoisellé Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2011

SummaryRheological properties of carrot puree were investigated in the 1–1000 s−1 shear rate range with the objective of modelling the influence of time, temperature and addition of potato flakes on the flow behaviour. Carrot puree exhibited a shear‐thinning behaviour that was well described by the Ostwald‐de Waele (Power Law) model with a flow behaviour index of 0.34 (±0.02) at 20 °C. The time‐dependent behaviour was characterised by a second‐order Structural Kinetic Model. The decay of the structural parameter with time was found to be independent of shear rate. The Arrhenius model was used to explain the effect of temperature in the range from 4 to 60 °C. The dry matter was increased by adding potato flakes (0–5%). A power law model (for the concentration) and the Arrhenius relationship (for the temperature) were combined to simultaneously describe the effects of temperature and concentration. This study provides essential data for equipment and process design.
‘I can’t relate it to teeth’: a qualitative approach to evaluate oral health education materials for preschool children in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: ARORA AMIT , McNAB MICHELLE A. , LEWIS MATTHEW W. , HILTON GLEN , BLINKHORN ANTHONY S. , SCHWARZ ELI 
Published: November 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 302–309Background.  Early Childhood Caries is a significant public health issue worldwide. Although much is known about the aetiology of dental caries, there is limited evidence on the understanding of caregivers on readily available early childhood oral health education materials.Aim.  The purpose of this study was to record how parents cope with dental health education materials for preschool children commonly available in New South Wales, Australia.Design.  This qualitative study was nested within a large cohort study in South Western Sydney. English‐speaking mothers (n = 24) with young children were approached for a face‐to‐face, semi‐structured interview at their homes. Two dental leaflets designed by NSW Health to give advice on monitoring young children’s oral health were sent to mothers prior to the interview. Interviews were recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed by interview debriefing and a thematic coding.Results. Mothers generally reported that the leaflets were easy to read but noted that the information pertaining to bottle feeding was confusing. Furthermore, they were unable to understand terms such as ‘fluoride’ and ‘fissure sealants’. Early childhood nutrition and infant teething were inadequately addressed, and mothers preferred pictorial presentations to improve their understanding of oral health.Conclusions.  Producers of health education leaflets should keep the messages simple and straightforward, avoid the use of medical jargon, and use pictorial aids to improve communication with parents.
Coherent electron emission from point sources
Authors: Serena P. A. , Escapa L. , Sáenz J. J. , García N. , Rohrer H. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYWe study the electron emission and propagation in ultrasharp tips field‐emission experiments. The intensity‐voltage characteristics as well as the angular spreading of the electron beam is analysed. We show that non‐coherent emission cannot explain the very narrow experimental electron beams. The properties of coherent electron sources and the beam spatial coherence width are discussed. The quantum mechanical current distribution of field‐emitted electrons from tubes seems to explain the experimental beam widths.
The importance of current density ‘focusing’ in STM image resolution
Authors: Aers G. C. , Leavens C. R. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn a previous paper we incorporated Tersoff and Hamann's model of an STM tip into Lang's transfer Hamiltonian result for the tunnelling current density and applied the resulting simple expression to Tersoff's six‐plane‐wave model of a monolayer of graphite. In this paper the results for a more realistic model of a graphite surface and a more complete selection of tip positions are presented. They support the previous conclusions that the normal component of the current density takes on both positive and negative values in a complex flow pattern and that its lateral falloff away from the (projected) tip position is much slower than expected from the extraordinary lateral resolution (∼1 Å) evident in the best STM images of graphite. This shows that sharp ‘focusing’ of the current density directly under the tip is not a necessary condition for high lateral resolution.
A combined scanning tunnelling and field ion microscope
Authors: Michely Th. , Besocke K. H. , Teske M. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe construction of a combined scanning tunnelling and field ion microscope allowing the in situ preparation and analysis of the tunnelling tip is described. The apparatus is based on the Besocke type STM and includes a fast, automated sample approach, a sample transfer manipulator and a tip‐cooling mechanism for the FIM operation mode. The design is simple and needs a mechanical feedthrough only for sample transfer. A method has been developed to produce sharp tungsten tips with small clusters on the apex plane. Test‐run results of FIM and STM operation modes are discussed.
ON SOME NEW FORAMINIFERA PEOM THE LOWER GAULT OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: Khan M. H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.New Foraminifera from the Lower Gault of Southern England are described. The new species are Hormosina folkestonienais, Ammosphwoidina minuta, Nodosaria fontannesi var. flexocarinata, tristix gaultina, Vaginulina mariei, V. pseudodiscors, Ramulina fusiformis, Virgulina viscidus, Bolivina subcretacea, Valvulineria oveyi, V. parva, Ceratobulimina woodi. Certain new varieties are also described.
THE ACROSOME AND POST‐NUCLEAR CAP OF BULL SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Hancock J. L. , Trevan D. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA description is given of the development of the acrosome and post‐nuclear cap of normal bull spermatozoa and of the abnormal “knobbed” spermatozoa of certain sterile bulls.The acrosome of the normal spermatid has two components—the “cap” and the “bead.” Evidence is presented that the acrosome of the mature spermatozoon has also two components—a PAS‐positive, silver‐negative component which is formed from the cap of the spermatid and a silver‐positive component which is formed from the bead. It is suggested that the equatorial segment is a gap between the silver‐positive component of the acrosome and the silver‐positive post‐nuclear cap.In “knobbed” spermatozoa the bead persists, the silver‐positive component of the acrosome is not formed and no equatorial segment is detectable.The development of the post‐nuclear cap of “knobbed” spermatozoa is normal.
A NOTE ON THE USE OF PLASTIC POSITIVE REPLICAS FOR LIGHT MICROSCOPY
Authors: Emerton H. W. , Page D. H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe value of a two‐stage replica method for the light microscopy of surfaces is stressed and the method of replication is briefly described. The replica is made in an optically homogeneous transparent plastic and is metal shadowed to give a more informative image of good contrast. An attractive feature of the method is that it also permits selected areas of a specimen to be studied in the electron microscope.