bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Norepinephrine Response in Brown Adipose Tissue from Newborn Rats
Authors: Vallin Ingert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMorphological changes in brown adipose tissue of newborn rats induced by norepinephrine injection include a swelling of the mitochondria and a decreased fat content. The mitochondrial swelling is gradually more pronounced with time and reaches its maximum 30 minutes after injection of the hormone. A regression towards an unswollen state is then observed, but morphological changes are still found 60 minutes after the injection. Lipolysis continues over the period of time measured. Hormonally evoked respiratory stimulation and the mitochondrial swelling in the tissue seem to reach their maximum simultaneously.
Ultrastructural Analysis of the Neuroendocrine Apparatus of Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera)
Authors: Unnithan G. C. , Bern Howard A. , Nayar K. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

In Oncopeltus fasciatus, the A‐cells of the pars intercerebralis and their tracts are stainable in situ with the performic acid‐victoria blue (PAVB) method. The axons from these cells, after traversing the corpus cardiacum, terminate in the anterior part of the aorta which thus serves as the neurohemal organ.
Ultrastructurally, four types of secretory neurons are distinguishable in the pars intercerebralis region: pic‐I with granules measuring 1000–3000 Å in diameter; pic‐II with granules of irregular size and shape, the elongate ones showing mean dimensions of 2400 × 1400 Å; pic‐III with less electron‐dense granules measuring 1000–2700 Å in diameter; pic‐IV, present not only in the pars intercerebralis but also in adjacent regions of the brain, with variable proportions of granules measuring 700–1800 A and dense‐cored vesicles measuring 1000–2400 Å.
The nervi corporis cardiaci contain at least three types of neurosecretory axons, based on granule content, presumably representing pic‐I, pic‐II and pic‐III neurons.
The wall of the aorta contains endings of at least three distinct types, again representing pic‐I, pic‐II and pic‐III neurons, and thus provides the neurohemal site for these three types of protocerebral neurosecretory cells. Axons of pic‐IV neurons appear to enter the cerebral neuropil.
The corpus cardiacum is composed of two types of parenchymal secretory cells, with electron‐dense granules measuring 1300–3000 Å and 1000–2300 Å in diameter, respectively. The corpus cardiacum also contains interstitial cells and some axons of extrinsic origin, with and without granules.
The corpus allatum may be paired or median, and receives a small number of at least two types of axons. The corpora allata of some reproducing females show a large number of PAVB‐stainable inclusions which appear to be modified cytoplasmic organelles, but are definitely not neurosecretory material.
The hypocerebral ganglion is composed of two types of secretory‐appearing neurons and glial cells. The two neuronal types contain secretory granules, 1000–3000 Å and 900–2100 Å in diameter, respectively. Axons of the recurrent nerve also may contain occasional granules.
In this heteropteran insect, the two principal functions of the corpus cardiacum appear to be spatially separated: the neurohemal function is subserved by the aortic wall, which permits release of material into both the aortic lumen and the hemocoel, and the intrinsic endocrine function is possessed by the parenchymal cells.
The Structure of the Mouthparts of Some Galypterate Dipteran Larvae in Relation to Their Feeding Habits
Authors: Roberts Michael J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe anatomy of the head and the structure of the mouthparts is described for calypterate larvae of differing feeding habits.The way in which the skeletal parts of the cephalopharynx and the musculature are adapted to the type of food is discussed and particular reference is made to the action of the mouthparts in the carnivorous larva ofLimnophora ripariaFallen.
Fine Structure and Histochemistry of the Choroid Plexus of the Teleost Leuciscus rutilus
Authors: Obermüller‐Wilén Helena 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAnalyses of the fine structure of the posterior choroid plexus in the teleost Leuciscus rutilus and the determination of the presence and function of the enzymes acid and alkaline phosphatases, ATPase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase confirm similarities between these epithelial cells and the saccus dorsalis and also with the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus found in mammals. The teleost plexus cells contain coated vesicles which are derived from the plasmalemma as well as from the Golgi complex. Moreover, they contain multivesicular bodies and Iysosomes. These organelles function in the absorption of substances from the cerebrospinal fluid and in the breakdown of these substances within the cells. The investigated enzymes play an important role in the secretion of electrolytes into the cerebrospinal fluid by active membrane transport.
Occurrence of Urotensin II (Bladder‐Contracting Activity) in the Caudal Spinal Cord of Anamniote Vertebrates
Authors: Bern Howard A. , Gunther Robert , Johnson Donald W. , Nishioka Richard S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Urotensin II (bladder‐contracting activity) is present in the caudal spinal cords of teleosts, elasmobranchs, holosteans, and chondrosteans, in order of decreasing activity. It is questionably present in holocephalans and probably absent from lungfishes.
Cyclostomes and tailed amphibians show no evidence for any specific caudal urotensin II.
The pharmacological evidence parallels the cytological evidence for the occurrence of a caudal neurosecretory system.
On the Structure of the Avian Maculae
Authors: Jørgensen J. Mørup , Andersen T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe maculae of the labyrinths of several avian species were examined. The striola of the macula utriculi and lagenae is tri‐zonal, consisting of two zones of hair cells type I (HC I) located on each side of a middle zone of hair cells type II (HC II). An exception is the mute swan, in which the macula utriculi has a striola consisting of one broad zone of HC I. The macula sacculi is, in its central part, mainly consisting of HC I, and the striola does not have a tri‐zonal structure.The hair cells in the macula utriculi are polarized with their kinociliar end oriented towards the striola, while in the macula sacculi and lagenae they are oriented away from this dividing line.A varying number, from 1 to 12, of HC I are enclosed within the same nerve chalice. The macula sacculi seems to contain chalices with slightly more HC I than the two other maculae do.
Succinic Dehydrogenase Distribution in the Pectoralis Muscle of Several East African Birds
Authors: Stickland N. C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe distribution of succinic dehydrogenase activity was investigated in the pectoralis muscle of thirteen East African birds, representing five Orders. It was found that the pectoralis muscle of the most primitive birds studied (Galliformes) contained all “white” muscle fibres whereas the more advanced birds (Passeriformes) had all “red” muscle fibres. Intermediate Orders had mostly a mixture of red and white muscle fibres. There also appeared to be a direct relationship between body size and average muscle fibre size. However, it was concluded that the most important factor in relation to the muscle structure is the bird's mode of flight. The relationship with the degree of evolution and body size only held true in so far as the birds which had developed the facility for sustained flight, by increasing their red muscle fibre content, were also smaller in size and constituted the more “evolved” Orders of birds. In support of this it was noted that migratory birds (i.e. engaging in sustained flight) from more primitive Orders also had a high red muscle fibre content in their pectoralis muscles.
The Corpus Cardiacum Neurosecretory Cells of Schistocerca gregaria. Electron Microscopy of Resting and Secreting Cells
Authors: Krogh Inger Marie , Nermann Tom Christian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe corpora cardiaca of Schistocerca consist of a neurohaemal part containing mainly extrinsic neurosecretory axons coming from the brain, and of a glandular part consisting mainly of intrinsic neurosecretory cells. Some extrinsic axons penetrate into the glandular region, and innervate intrinsic corpus cardiacum neurosecretory cells. The fine structure of the latter has been examined and related to other neurosecretory cell types. Secretion occurs by exocytosis. Omega‐profiles are more frequently observed in corpora cardiaca stimulated electrically or by acetylcholine than in the controls.
Observations on Eye Movements in Amphibian Larvae
Authors: de Saint‐Aubain M. L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObservations have shown that amphibian larvae, contrary to what has been stated in the literature, have different kinds of eye movements. All of the anurans observed (Xenopus, Rana, Bufo, Hyperoleus and Bombina) have some kind of reflex eye movements effected through stimuli from the labyrinth organs as a response to movements of the body, while only Rana and Bufo have spontaneous scanning movements. Of the urodelians (Ambystoma and Triturus), larvae of Ambystoma have no observable eye movements, while Triturus larvae have reflex eye movements associated with movements of the neck, as well as spontaneous scanning movements; both kinds of movements differ from those seen in Anura.
Aminergic and Indoleamine Accumulating Neurons in the Retina of the River Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis)
Authors: Ehinger Berndt , Holmberg Kaj , Öhman Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTissues were processed for fluorescence microscopy of biogenic amines according to the method of Falck and Hillarp. Normal animals, and animals injected with α‐methylnoradrenaline or 5,6‐dihydroxytryptamine were used. Catecholamine containing neurons (junctional cells) occur in the innermost rows of cell bodies of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and close to the vitreous surface. Catecholamine containing fibers occur in three layers: (1) an outer layer around the innermost perikarya of the INL, which is a condition not found in retinas of gnathostome chordates; (2) a middle layer within the outer third of the inner synaptic layer (ISL), separated from the outer layer by ganglion cell axons; (3) a sparse inner layer within the innermost third of the ISL. A few catecholamine containing fibers were seen to extend from the innermost region of the INL to the outer synaptic layer. The position of the junctional cells in the lamprey corresponds to that in gnathostome chordates, but whereas all catecholamine containing fiber layers in gnathostomes are located sclerally to the optic fiber layer and within the ISL, the middle and the inner fiber layers in the lamprey occur vitreally to the optic fiber layer. Indoleamine accumulating neurons occur in the innermost row of perikarya of the INL and close to the vitreous surface. Those of the INL send fine, varicose branches to the ISL forming a network which is somewhat denser at the inner and outer borders of the ISL than in its middle. The indoleamine accumulating terminals do not ramify within the INL in contrast to the catecholamine containing terminals.
Hematology of the Norwegian Lemming (Lemmus lemmus(L.))
Authors: Wiger Richard 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBasic hematological parameters of laboratory‐reared Lemmus lemmus have been investigated. The results have been summarized together with those from ten other species of microtine rodents. Climatic conditions, especially the microclimate of the subnivean air space, have been considered to offer possible explanations for the higher values in L. trimucronatus compared to L. Lemmus.
Ultrastructure of Oenocytoids from Two Spiders, Pisaura mirabilis and Trochosa terricola (Araneae)
Authors: Midttun Bjørn , Jensen Helge 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHaemocytes of two spiders, Pisaura mirabilis Clerk and Trochosa terricola Thor, have been investigated. The oenocytoids are a conspicuous feature of the intracardiac haemocyte population in these spiders. Mature cells contain large amounts of crystalloid material. The crystalloid inclusions consist of piles or bundles made up of numerous undulating lamellae which have a crystal‐like, hexagonal lattice. When viewed side‐on, the lamellae appear as strings or fibrils with alternating light and dark bands. Mature oenocytoids rupture and release the crystalloid material into the heart lumen. The cells contain a cartwheel nucleus and abundant ribosomes. Mitochondria are few and small. Immature oenocytoids contain little crystalloid material, and resemble insect plasmatocytoids.
Morphology and Histology of the Heart of the Australian Lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft)
Authors: Klitgaard Torben 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe wall of the sinus venosus consists of densely packed collagen fibres and scattered striated muscle fibres. Striated muscle makes up the spongiosa of the auricle but is completely absent from the auricular wall, which only contains connective tissue. The lateral lobes of the auricle are small and do not reach the ventral side of the heart. The hard nucleus in the auriculo‐ventricular plug consists mainly of dense elastic tissue, not of cartilage as in the other lungfishes. The general morphology of the heart, including the entrance of the pulmonary vein, the auriculo‐ventricular plug and the spiral valve of the bulbus cordis, is similar to that of the other lungfishes, so arterial and venous blood can probably be separated in the same way in Neoceratodus up to the level of the bulbus cordis. However, Neoceratodus lacks the horizontal septum in the distal part of the bulbus and all branchial arteries are emitted from an undivided space in the short truncus arteriosus. Thus the mechanism of separation in the distal bulbus of Neoceratodus must be very different from that of the other lungfishes.
The “Intracranial Joint”Versus the “Ventral Otic Fissure”
Authors: Bjerring Hans C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe issue of the origin and phylogenetic significance of the “intracranial joint” and the “ventral otic fissure” has in recent years been much debated. Two antipodal opinions exist. One calls for their origin independently of one another and maintains that they represent relatively primitive features. The other holds them to be specializations derived from an erstwhile basicranial fissure which either became extended up to the roof of the cranium or, from a position close behind the hypophyseal fossa, migrated backwards, as the posterior myodome developed. In this paper, the former view is upheld, whereas the latter is demolished.
Developmental Changes and Lytic Activity in Aminergic Neurons of Microstomum lineare (Turbellaria)
Authors: Reuter Maria 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe ultrastructure of and the presence of lytic activity in aminergic neurons from zooids representing different developmental stages were compared. The observations indicate clear differences between neurons of developing and mature zooids, and show that lytic activity occurs in the neurons of this turbellarian species. The differences in ultrastructure, size and nucleoplasms (NP) index motivate a division of the aminergic neurons of the zooids into three categories: (1) small aminergic neurons (SN) which occur in developing zooids; (2) flocculent aminergic neurons (FN) characterized by a network of flocculent splittings in the cytoplasm; (3) vacuolated aminergic neurons (VN) with large membrane limited vacuoles occupying a large part of the perikaryon. Slight acid phosphatase (AcPase) activity occurs in GERL of SN. An increased amount of AcPase reaction products in the Golgi apparatus, primary lysosomes and autophagosomes are observed in FN. Typical for VN are prominent lead deposits in the large vacuoles. The development and functional significance of the large vacuole are discussed.
Smelling Behaviour of Urodele Amphibians in an Aquatic Environment: Study in Pleurodeles waltl.
Authors: Joly Pierre , Cuillère Louis 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn urodele amphibians, the olfactory input is important in the triggering and controlling of sexual and feeding behaviours. In an aquatic environment, a water sample is drawn through the nostrils to the olfactory organs. This sampling consists of the following acts: the buccal floor is pressed down by the action of the tongue muscles and skeleton, the consequence of which is the transmission of a depression to the olfactory chambers via the choanas; water is then aspirated and flows over the sensory areas of the olfactory mucosa before entering the buccal cavity via the choanas; water is finally expelled in front of the animal, the opening of the jaws being synchronous to a fast upward movement of the buccal floor. A thermistor telemetry technique enabled us to show a relationship between smelling behaviour and feeding behaviour, particularly variations in intensity and frequency of smelling behaviour related to the chemical qualities of the surroundings.
On the Polarization and Innervation of the Pars Inferior Sensory Epithelia of the Herring Labyrinth
Authors: Jensen Jan Chr. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe macula sacculi and the macula lagenae of the herring, Clupea harengus L., were examined by light microscopy, the macula lagenae is large compared to what is normal among non‐ostariophysan fishes, the morphological polarization of the hair cells in the inferior maculae shows a pattern which is similar to that usually seen in teleost fishes. The fibres in the nerves supplying the macula sacculi and the macula lagenae were counted and their diameters measured. The ramulus saccularis is divided in two separate ramuli innervating populations of hair cells with different morphological polarization. The saccular rostral nerve trunk contains 1800–2300 fibres, with 1300–1800 fibres in the caudal nerve trunk. The lagenar nerve is composed of 2100–4000 fibres. The fibre diameters are 1–14 μm in all ramuli. Silver staining of the nerve axoplasm reveals a unique differentiation of the maculae, which can be divided into a central area surrounded by a peripheral part. The hair cells in the central area are innervated by thick nerve fibres (5–14 μm diameter) as well as a few thin nerve fibres (about 1 μm diameter), while the receptor cells in the peripheral area are exclusively innervated by thin fibres having diameters of 2 μm or less.
Anatomical and Behavioral Differences Among Threespine Sticklebacks: the Marine Form, the Landlocked Form and Their Hybrids
Authors: Honma Yoshiharu , Tamura Eimitsu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn order to elucidate the mechanisms and degree of isolation in the landlocked form of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), inhabiting the Shinano and Agano Rivers that flow into the Japan Sea, comparative studies on the morphology, behavior and histology were made of the marine form, the landlocked form and their hybrids reared in the laboratory. The body shape, coloration and behavior of reciprocal hybrids were almost intermediate between the two parent forms. From January to February, the testis of the hybrid between the female marine form and the male landlocked form is occupied exclusively by spermatocytes and some spermatids. However, a small number of large cells, identified as macrophages, are found invading the seminiferous tubules, indicating the occurrence of phagocytosis. On the other hand, ripe functional eggs appear in the ovary in May, i.e. the breeding season. The eggs deposited into the nest do not develop even when the hybrids display the same mating behavior as their parents. Functional sperms are found in the testis of the hybrid between female landlocked and male marine forms at the period of breeding. However, only a single female lived until March. In the ovary of this female, all eggs reaching vitellogenesis (= primary yolk globule stage) are collapsed, while the younger oocytes appear in healthy condition. The hybrid female of this pairing seemed also to be sterile.
Histochemical Observations on Carbohydrates in Connective Tissue Structures and Basement Membranes of Hemi‐ and Cephalochordates
Authors: Welsch U. , Schumacher U. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractConnective tissue components and light microscopical basement membranes of Saccoglossus horsti (Enteropneusta, Hemichordata) and Branchiostoma lanceolatum have been studied with Aldehyde Fuchsin, the PAS‐reaction, Alcian Blue (pH 0.2) and fluorescein conjugated (FITC) lectins: concanavalin A (Con A), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soy bean agglutinin (SBA), leucoagglutinin (LA), Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia agglutinin (GSA I), Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia isolectin B4 (GS I B4). In Saccoglossus and Branchiostoma, both the PAS‐reaction and Alcian blue give a good general survey over the distribution of the principal basement membranes and connective tissue structures. Lectin binding proved less intensive in Saccoglossus than in Branchiostoma, in which FITC‐Con A, FITC‐GSA and FITC‐WGA react strongly with the dermal (especially in the metapleural folds) and axial connective tissue, as well as the myosepta, the gill arch skeleton and numerous basement membranes. Con A outlines distinctly the major blood vessels in the pharyngeal area. Con A, WGA, GSA and GSI B4 are markers for basement membranes.
Ultrastructural Observations on the Spermatozoon, Oocyte and Fertilization Process in Gonapodasmius, a Gonochoristic Trematode (Trematoda: Digenea: Didymozoidae)
Authors: Justine Jean‐Lou , Mattei Xavier 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObservations were performed in the uterus of a female Gonapodasmius sp., a gonochoristic didymozoid Trematode. The oocyte is a round cell 6 μm in diameter, which shows a ‘nucleolus‐like cytoplasmic body’ and cortical granules. The spermatozoon is filiform, mobile and about 50 μm long. There is no acrosome. The anterior tip of the spermatozoon contains two centrioles made up of singlets and cortical microtubules with associated glycocalyx. The centrioles are continued as two axonemes of the classical 9 + ‘1’ pattern of flatworms, accompanied by a mitochondrion and a short row of cortical longitudinal microtubules. It is the posterior part of the sperm cell which contains the nucleus. At the outset of fertilization, the anterior part of the spermatozoon coils around the oocyte and penetrates it by lateral fusion. The posterior region of the spermatozoon, with the nucleus, is the last part to enter the oocyte, after passing through a perforation in the forming eggshell. The whole spermatozoon thus penetrates the female cell.
Effects of Castration and Androgen‐treatment on Pituitary and Testes of the Three‐spined Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L., in the Breeding Season
Authors: Bor Bertil , Reschke Maria , Peute Jan , van den Hurk Robert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMethyltestosterone (MT) (35 μg/l aquarium water) suppresses steroid production in the testes of sham‐operated fish, as studied enzyme histochemically. This treatment also diminishes the volume of the proximal pars distalis, as well as the area of the gonadotropic (GTH) cell nuclei. Such effects were not found in MT‐treated castrated fish. Castration alone led to a partial degranulation of the GTH‐cells as compared with sham‐operated controls. Extensively dilated granulated endoplasmic reticulum was found in the GTH‐cells of some of the castrated animals and also in GTH‐cells of some castrated fish that had been treated with MT. The possibility of a non‐steroidal feedback mechanism from testes to pituitary is discussed. No effects of the treatments were observed on prolactin cells and on the second basophilic cell type (GTH II?, TSH?).