bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les enseignements de l'expérience soviétique d'agriculture collectiviste
Authors: Kerblay B. 
Published: November 2010

Lessons Learned from the Soviet Experiment in Collectivist Agriculture.
The analysis of soviet agriculture encounters difficulties which spring from incomplete information and from the diversity of peasant cultures to be found in the Union territory. This territory inflicts severe climatic hardships which have been overcome in other countries with greater efficiency. History has left deep scars: a lag in the educational levels, forced collectivization before industry and minds were prepared for such a transformation. This opened a breach between power and the peasantry.
The organization of agriculture based on large farms does not lend itself easily to the control of work and the establishment of a system of remuneration to encourage productivity. This explains the tolerance of an individual sector, destined to assure the subsistance of the agricultural labor force, but introducing a factor of disturbance in the collectivist system which the authorities attempt to control by preventing an increase in the number of privately owned live stock and the free markets.
Agricultural cooperatives have less freedom than industrial firms to negotiate the production plans forced upon them and they are not in direct contact with their suppliers. To remedy low productivity — as compared with the yield per acre or time input in Western countries — the men in command since Stalin's death, have alternatively implemented an extensive policy in the western regions and then reversed to an intensive policy based on increasing the production of fertilizers, specialization and integration in agricultural and food producing combines. But this does not suffice to bring the availability of internal produce and consumption to the desired levels; the USSR has become the largest grain importer on the world market. In addition, investments in the food and agriculture sector have been considerably magnified. The problems of this agriculture are not only technical and economic, the most preoccupying ones are sociological: the rural exodus of the youth, the peasant mentality, rebellious to the virtues demanded by socialism.
Quelques facteurs affectant la mobilité sociale des femmes dans le monde rural soviétique
Authors: Dunn Ethel 
Published: November 2010

Factors affecting Social Mobility for Women in the Soviet Countryside.
This study is based on a wide range of sociological, ethnographic, and public- health literature. The author re-examines her original position that "the peasant is a man in transition", and concludes that the proposition should undergo a gender change. Soviet rural women are not being given access to technical training, in spite of official desire. Several reasons are given for this, and the author concludes that in order to achieve their maximum potential, rural women are having to leave for the cities. The situation is not likely to change unless the biological role of women is altered.
La Constitution démocratique de la Pologne. (Un projet peu connu)
Authors: Bitner Waclaw 
Published: November 2010

L'Etat polonais est ressuscité en 1918 après 123 ans d'inexistence légale. Sa première Constitution a été adoptée par la Diète le 21 mars 1921. Cette Constitution démocratique, inspirée des textes français et belge, s'est avérée peu adaptée aux conditions d'un Etat confronté à des difficultés considérables, internes aussi bien qu'externes. A partir du coup d'Etat de mai 1926, entrepris avec succès par le maréchal Pilsudski, la Constitution de 1921 a été progressivement modifiée dans le sens d'un certain renforcement du pouvoir du président de la République. Pilsudski, d'ailleurs, souhaitait que le renforcement de l'exécutif soit poussé encore plus loin.
Certains membres du Parlement, dont l'auteur de l'article, ont entrevu la nécessité d'amender la Constitution de 1921 et d'en protéger les grands principes démocratiques et républicains. Un projet a donc été élaboré en 1929 et a été présenté à la Diète le 18 février 1930 avec l'accord du centre-gauche. Après avoir, d'abord, été accepté par Pilsudski, il a finalement été rejeté à la suite d'une série de circonstances relatées par l'auteur. C'est le texte de ce projet qui est publié ici.
Le nouveau rôle des transferts de technologie dans la vie économique hongroise
Authors: Biró Gerd 
Published: November 2010

La situation actuelle de l'économie mondiale a donné une impulsion nouvelle aux transferts de technologie. A cet égard, il faudrait entre autres prendre en considération que la hausse des prix des matières premières et des énergies primaires hâte considérablement les changements structurels dans la production et la technologie. De même, certains pays en voie de développement sont désormais capables de financer leurs besoins et représentent, en s'efforçant de rattraper leur retard, un facteur dynamique de la demande en ce domaine.
Dans ce cadre global, l'auteur analyse plus spécifiquement la politique de la Hongrie en matière de transfert de technologie sous ses diverses formes (achat de licences étrangères, création de sociétés mixtes, etc. et ventes par la Hongrie de sa propre technologie, notamment aux pays en voie de développement).
Transferts de technologie, endettement et perspectives du commerce Est-Ouest
Authors: Zaleski Eugène 
Published: November 2010

L'expansion considérable du commerce Est-Ouest intervenue au cours de la première moitié des années 1970 a été rendue possible par l'offre d'abondants crédits occidentaux. Mais elle traduit aussi les besoins considérables des pays de l'Est en technologie occidentale et en capitaux destinés à leur développement.
Cette expansion a cependant fait naître un énorme endettement qui a tendance à croître ces dernières années, malgré les efforts des pays de l'Est pour réduire le déficit de leurs balances commerciales. La dette dont le niveau a depuis longtemps dépassé les limites d'un endettement jugé « sain » est considérée cependant comme « acceptable > par les hommes d'affaires occidentaux qui comptent, en partie au moins, sur l'Union Soviétique pour renflouer les ressources de ses partenaires du CAEM en difficulté.
Devant l'ampleur du déficit à prévoir pour les années 1980, certains auteurs s'interrogent sur l'attitude possible des Occidentaux face à un éventuel défaut de paiement de certains pays de l'Est. Ils prévoient une attitude fortement influencée par des considérations de politique extérieure (ne pas renforcer la dépendance des pays du CAEM envers PU.R.S.S.) et de politique intérieure (soutenir leurs banques et entreprises en difficulté, même celles ne bénéficiant pas de garanties officielles de crédit). Un contingentement des crédits accordés à l'Est pourrait être appliqué, de même qu'un plan prévoyant des achats massifs et exceptionnels pour éponger, partiellement au moins, la dette difficilement recouvrable.
C'est l'attitude des pays de l'Est qui sera cependant déterminante dans les années à venir. La réduction actuelle du déficit de leurs balances commerciales et la pression pour la conclusion d'accords de compensation et de contre-achats ne constituent que des remèdes partiels. Ils seront acculés au choix : se replier vers l'isolement économique au sein de la zone du CAEM ou s'ouvrir davantage à une division internationale du travail. Les défauts de la planification administrative et les besoins aigus en technologie et en capital pourraient les obliger à choisir la seconde solution, à moins que les Occidentaux n'offrent à nouveau des crédits abondants et bon marché, ce qui ne ferait que reporter l'échéance.
Quelques observations sur la fonction internationale des monnaies des pays de l'Europe de l'Est
Authors: Dunajewski Henryk 
Published: November 2010

L'auteur analyse les conditions de convertibilité des monnaies nationales des pays du CAEM, d'une part et du rouble transférable, d'autre part. Il essaie de prouver que les monnaies de ces pays ne sont convertibles qu'à sens unique (Particulier-»- Banque d'Etat, mais non obligatoirement : Banque d'Etat-»- Particulier). Faute de convertibilité à deux sens et de fixation du cours des changes en conformité avec la loi du marché, les pays du CAEM perdent plus qu'ils ne gagnent. Ils auront, par conséquent, tout intérêt à supprimer les contraintes empêchant leur monnaie de jouer le rôle de devise.
Leur unité commune de compte, le rouble transférable, a certes la qualité de devise zonale, institutionnelle et abstraite. Mais, pour l'instant, elle n'est convertible ni en devises occidentales ni même en monnaies nationales des pays dont elle constitue l'unité commune. Ce défaut présente un obstacle sérieux à équilibrer multilatéralement les relations commerciales intra et extra CAEM.
Transfixation cast technique for arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint of horses
Authors: Schumacher J. , Watkins J. P. , Easter J. L. 
Published: November 2010

SummarySurgical arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint by transfixation casting was used to salvage a three-year-old filly and a yearling filly that were chronically lame because of infection of the DIP joint for breeding. Unlike previously described techniques for arthrodesis of the DIP joint, the technique used did not require insertion of implants across the joint, which may have contributed to the successful outcome.
Theoretical discrepancy between cage size and efficient tibial tuberosity advancement in dogs treated for cranial cruciate ligament rupture
Authors: Mills J. , Busoni V. , Brunel L. , Balligand M. , Etchepareborde S. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Objectives: To calculate the difference between the desired tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) along the tibial plateau axis and the advancement truly achieved in that direction when cage size has been determined using the method of Montavon and colleagues. To measure the effect of this difference on the final patellar tendon-tibial plateau angle (PTA) in relation to the ideal 90°.
Methods: Trigonometry was used to calculate the theoretical actual advancement of the tibial tuberosity in a direction parallel to the tibial plateau that would be achieved by the placement of a cage at the level of the tibial tuberosity in the osteotomy plane of the tibial crest. The same principle was used to calculate the size of the cage that would have been required to achieve the desired advancement. The effect of the difference between the desired advancement and the actual advancement achieved on the final PTA was calculated.
Results: For a given desired advancement, the greater the tibial plateau angle (TPA), the greater the difference between the desired advancement and the actual advancement achieved. The maximum discrepancy calculated was 5.8 mm for a 12 mm advancement in a case of extreme TPA (59°). When the TPA was less than 31°, the PTA was in the range of 90° to 95°.
Clinical significance: A discrepancy does exist between the desired tibial tuberosity advancement and the actual advancement in a direction parallel to the TPA, when the tibial tuberosity is not translated proximally. Although this has an influence on the final PTA, further studies are warranted to evaluate whether this is clinically significant.
The use of computed tomography in the diagnosis of pelvic fractures involving the acetabulum in two fillies
Authors: Kircher P. R. , Fürst A. , Trump M. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryTwo fillies with hindlimb lameness and a tentative diagnosis of a pelvic fracture involving the acetabulum were examined using computed tomography (CT). The use of CT for these two cases revealed the exact course of the fractures and fissures, as well as the size and position of fragments, thus allowing for definitive diagnosis.
Improving surgical reduction in radial fractures using a ‘dowel’ pinning technique in miniature and toy breed dogs
Authors: DeCamp C. E. , Rooks R. , Yu J. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Objectives: A retrospective approach was used to detail and evaluate a ‘dowel’ pinning technique in distal radial fractures in miniature and toy breed dogs.
Methods: Medical records and radiographs from 2003–2009 of miniature and toy breed dog radial fractures were examined. Sixty cases were divided into two groups: 51 radial fractures repaired with a ‘dowel’ pinning and external skeletal fixation (ESF) and nine radial fractures repaired with closed reduction and ESF. Each dog was evaluated and radiographic images were obtained at presentation, postoperatively, and at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postoperatively. Signalment, reduction, alignment, time to clinical bone healing and ESF removal, and implant morbidity were determined for each group.
Results: Radial fractures repaired with a ‘dowel’ pin and ESF had improved reduction compared to closed reduction and ESF alone (p <0.0001 as evaluated with lateral radiographs and p <0.0004 with cranial/caudal radiographs). Both surgical groups resulted in good clinical outcome with low morbidity, however it was observed that the time to clinical union and ESF removal was an average of 2.5 weeks less with closed reduction technique compared to the open reduction and ‘dowel’ pinning technique (p <0.031).
Clinical Significance: Incorporating a ‘dowel’ pin to the surgical repair enhances the reduction of distal radial fractures in miniature and toy breed dogs and results in excellent clinical outcomes but causes a small delay in bone healing.
Grammaire et degré de spécialisation
Authors: Pic Elsa , Furmaniak Grégory 
Published: November 2010

Cette étude s’interroge sur la réalité de langues transversales transcendant les langues de spécialité et fondées sur la notion de degré de spécialisation. Existe-t-il une grammaire propre aux textes de vulgarisation et une grammaire propre aux textes spécialisés, quelle que soit la discipline envisagée ? Quels marqueurs grammaticaux sont susceptibles de coder les différences linguistiques entre les divers degrés de spécialisation ? L’hypothèse examinée est que les marqueurs référentiels (comme les temps) sont plutôt révélateurs des différences entre les disciplines, alors que les marqueurs intersubjectifs (comme les modaux) sont plutôt sensibles au degré de spécialisation d’un discours donné. L’analyse d’un corpus composé de textes spécialisés et de textes de vulgarisation en histoire et en philosophie ne confirme que partiellement cette hypothèse de départ : les marqueurs, qu’ils soient référentiels ou intersubjectifs, semblent dans tous les cas plus liés à la discipline qu’au degré de spécialisation. De nouvelles pistes sont alors proposées pour parvenir à cerner les traces linguistiques des divers degrés de spécialisation.
DECREASED CD10 EXPRESSION IN THE BONE MARROW NEUTROPHILS OF HIV POSITIVE PATIENTS
Authors: Van de Vyver Annemarie , Visser Adele 
Published: November 2010

Background: HIV-1 infection is associated with various quantitative and qualitative changes in haemopoietic cells. Clear distinction between primary myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and secondary dysplasia may not always be possible. Adjunctive analyses used in the diagnosis of MDS include cytogenetics and flow cytometry (FCM). Much focus has been placed on establishing FCM guidelines aiding in the diagnosis of MDS, and to distinguish this condition from secondary dysplastic changes. One of the parameters often cited is the CD10 expression on the granulocyte population, as this marker denotes granulocytic maturation. Aims: To determine the expression level of CD10 on granulocytes in HIV positive patients. Methods: In total, 117 HIV-1 positive and 29 HIV-1 negative patients were included in this study. Bone marrow aspirate samples were evaluated in terms of morphological abnormality as well as CD10 expression on the granulocytic population. Results: The average CD10 expression among the HIV-1 positive patients were markedly reduced, at 18.4%, and 113 patients (96.6%) of these patients had expression levels below 50%. Discussion: Disease conditions causing secondary dysplasia, especially HIV-1 infection, is associated with a marked reduction in CD10 expression on the granulocyte population independent from the presence of myelodysplastic features. This marker is therefore of doubtful significance as a diagnostic tool in distinguishing between primary and secondary dysplasia.
An internet portal for the development of clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Karge T. , Siegmund B. , Preiss J. , Hoffmann J.C. , Zeitz M. , Fölsch U.R. , Höhne W.J. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Background: The complexity and quality requirements for the development of clinical practice guidelines steadily increase. Internet technologies support this process by optimizing the development process.
Objective: The aim of this internet based solution was to facilitate the development of clinical practice guidelines.
Methods: An internet portal was developed allowing for a shared workplace to support clinical practice guideline authoring. It is based on a Content Management System and combines different tools for document handling and editing, communication as well as process and team steering.
Results: Until now, the internet portal has been successfully implicated in the development of six evidence- and consensus-based clinical practice guidelines. Additional German and European clinical practice guidelines are currently generated with support of the internet portal. The available tools allow for a flexible design of the scheduled workflow, depending on the requirements of the respective group. An additional strength of the platform is the advantage to transfer all data from a previous version of a guideline into the next ‘life-cycle‘.
Conclusion: The application of the portal results in a considerable reduction of costs and development time of the resulting clinical practice guidelines.
Recent Developments in One‐Dimensional Inorganic Nanostructures for Photodetectors
Authors: Zhai Tianyou , Li Liang , Wang Xi , Fang Xiaosheng , Bando Yoshio , Golberg Dmitri 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWith large surface‐to‐volume ratios and Debye length comparable to their small sizes, one‐dimensional inorganic nanostructures have extensively been investigated and widely used to fabricate high‐performance nano­scale electronic and optoelectronic devices. This feature article reviews the state‐of‐the‐art research activities that focus on the one‐dimensional inorganic nanostructures and their photodetector applications. It begins with a survey of one‐dimensional inorganic nanostructures and the fundamentals of photodetectors. Some remarkable photoresponse characteristics are then presented, which are organized into sections covering several kinds of important nanostructures, such as ZnO, V2O5, ZnS, In2Se3, InSe, CdS, CdSe, ZnSe, Sb2Se3, ZrS2, Ag2S, and ZnxCd1‐xSe. Each section describes the corresponding photodetective properties in detail. Finally, the article concludes with some perspectives and outlook on the future developments in the field.
A Critical Look at Multilayered Polymer Capsules in Biomedicine: Drug Carriers, Artificial Organelles, and Cell Mimics
Authors: Städler Brigitte , Price Andrew D. , Zelikin Alexander N. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis Feature Article discusses utility of multilayered polymer capsules in biomedicine, specifically in drug delivery and in design of artificial organelles and cells. We provide a critical view on recent successes and identified shortcomings of these capsules in delivery of therapeutic cargo and outline plausible further developments of capsules as candidate drug carriers. A special emphasis is placed on poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogel capsules as successful carriers used in delivery of anticancer drugs and protein and peptide vaccines. We further present a novel biomedical approach whereby the same vessel acts first as a microreactor and then as a carrier for de novo synthesized therapeutic cargo. Finally, utility of polymer capsules in design of cell mimics is discussed with an emphasis on assembly and performance of capsosomes, polymer capsules with liposomal subcompartments. This presentation of capsules in biomedicine aims to provide an overview of past achievements and existing challenges associated with these candidate vessels and to stimulate further research interest from a broad scientific audience.
Ordered Materials for Organic Electronics and Photonics
Authors: O’Neill Mary , Kelly Stephen M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe present a critical review of semiconducting/light emitting, liquid crystalline materials and their use in electronic and photonic devices such as transistors, photovoltaics, OLEDs and lasers. We report that annealing from the mesophase improves the order and packing of organic semiconductors to produce state‐of‐the‐art transistors. We discuss theoretical models which predict how charge transport and light emission is affected by the liquid crystalline phase. Organic photovoltaics and OLEDs require optimization of both charge transport and optical properties and we identify the various trade‐offs involved for ordered materials. We report the crosslinking of reactive mesogens to give pixellated full‐colour OLEDs and distributed bi‐layer photovoltaics. We show how the molecular organization inherent to the mesophase can control the polarization of light‐emitting devices and the gain in organic, thin‐film lasers and can also provide distributed feedback in chiral nematic mirrorless lasers. We update progress on the surface alignment of liquid crystalline semiconductors to obtain monodomain devices without defects or devices with spatially varying properties. Finally the significance of all of these developments is assessed.
ZnS Nanostructure Arrays: A Developing Material Star
Authors: Fang Xiaosheng , Wu Limin , Hu Linfeng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSemiconductor nanostructure arrays are of great scientific and technical interest because of the strong non‐linear and electro‐optic effects that occur due to carrier confinement in three dimensions. The use of such nanostructure arrays with tailored geometry, array density, and length‐diameter‐ratio as building blocks are expected to play a crucial role in future nanoscale devices. With the unique properties of a direct wide‐bandgap semiconductor, such as the presence of polar surfaces, excellent transport properties, good thermal stability, and high electronic mobility, ZnS nanostructure arrays has been a developing material star. The research on ZnS nanostructure arrays has seen remarkable progress over the last five years due to the unique properties and important potential applications of nanostructure arrays, which are summarized here. Firstly, a survey of various methods to the synthesis of ZnS nanostructure arrays will be introduced. Next recent efforts on exploiting the unique properties and applications of ZnS nanostructure arrays are discussed. Potential future directions of this research field are also highlighted.
Rett syndrome diagnostic criteria: Lessons from the Natural History Study
Authors: Percy Alan K. , Neul Jeffrey L. , Glaze Daniel G. , Motil Kathleen J. , Skinner Steven A. , Khwaja Omar , Lee Hye‐Seung , Lane Jane B. , Barrish Judy O , Annese Fran , McNair Lauren , Graham Joy , Barnes Katherine 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAnalysis of 819 participants enrolled in the Rett syndrome (RTT) Natural History Study validates recently revised diagnostic criteria. 765 females fulfilled 2002 consensus criteria for classic (653/85.4%) or variant (112/14.6%) RTT. All participants classified as classic RTT fulfilled each revised main criterion; supportive criteria were not uniformly present. All variant RTT participants met at least 3 of 6 main criteria in the 2002, 2 of 4 main criteria in the current format, and 5 of 11 supportive criteria in both. This analysis underscores the critical role of main criteria for classic RTT; variant RTT requires both main and supportive criteria. Ann Neurol 2010