bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discriminating between climate observations in terms of their ability to improve an ensemble of climate predictions
Authors: Huang Yi , Leroy Stephen , Goody Richard M. 
Published: June 2011

In view of the cost and complexity of climate-observing systems, it is a matter of concern to know which measurements, by satellite or in situ, can best improve the accuracy and precision of long-term ensembles of climate projections. We follow a statistical procedure to evaluate the relative capabilities of a wide variety of observable data types for improving the accuracy and precision of an ensemble of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models. Thirty-two data types are evaluated for their potential for improving a 50-y surface air temperature trend prediction with data from earlier periods, with an emphasis on 20 y. Data types can be ordered in terms of their ability to increase the precision of a forecast. Results show that important conclusions can follow from this ordering. The small size of the IPCC model ensemble (20 members) creates uncertainties in these conclusions, which need to be substantiated with the larger ensembles expected in the future. But the larger issue of whether the methodology can provide useful answers is demonstrated.
Pressure-induced reversible amorphization and an amorphous–amorphous transition in Ge
2
Sb
2
Te
5
phase-change memory material
Authors: Sun Zhimei , Zhou Jian , Pan Yuanchun , Song Zhitang , Mao Ho-Kwang , Ahuja Rajeev 
Published: June 2011

Ge
2
Sb
2
Te
5
(GST) is a technologically very important phase-change material that is used in digital versatile disks-random access memory and is currently studied for the use in phase-change random access memory devices. This type of data storage is achieved by the fast reversible phase transition between amorphous and crystalline GST upon heat pulse. Here we report pressure-induced reversible crystalline-amorphous and polymorphic amorphous transitions in NaCl structured GST by ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. We have showed that the onset amorphization of GST starts at approximately 18 GPa and the system become completely random at approximately 22 GPa. This amorphous state has a cubic framework (
c
-amorphous) of sixfold coordinations. With further increasing pressure, the
c
-amorphous transforms to a high-density amorphous structure with trigonal framework (
t
-amorphous) and an average coordination number of eight. The pressure-induced amorphization is investigated to be due to large displacements of Te atoms for which weak Te–Te bonds exist or vacancies are nearby. Upon decompressing to ambient conditions, the original cubic crystalline structure is restored for
c
-amorphous, whereas
t
-amorphous transforms to another amorphous phase that is similar to the melt-quenched amorphous GST.
Using acoustics to estimate the fish-length selectivity of trawl mesh
Authors: Somerton David A. , Williams Kresimir , von Szalay Paul G. , Rose Craig S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Somerton, D. A., Williams, K., von Szalay, P. G., and Rose, C. S. 2011. Using acoustics to estimate the fish-length selectivity of trawl mesh. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1558–1565. Estimation of the retention probability of a trawlnet traditionally involves conducting experiments during which the fish escaping through the meshes are recaptured using either small-mesh pocketnets attached to the outside of the net or by enclosing the entire trawlnet in a small-mesh net. A new method of estimating the length selectivity of trawl mesh is demonstrated; it does not require the recapture of escaping fish but instead uses standard acoustic methods to estimate the abundance of fish entering the net before mesh selection. The method was applied to the 83–112 eastern otter trawl used by the Alaska Fisheries Science Center (AFSC) to conduct bottom-trawl surveys in the eastern Bering Sea (EBS), and the Aleutian wing trawl used by the AFSC to collect midwater biological samples of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) during fishery acoustic surveys of the EBS and Gulf of Alaska. The length selectivities of both trawls were also estimated using standard recapture experiments. For both, the estimated lengths at 50% selection (L50) from the acoustic method were similar to the estimates from the recapture experiments, but the estimated selection ranges were narrower. The advantages of the acoustic method are that it is simpler to use than traditional fish-recapture methods and it does not alter normal trawl performance.
Evaluating the effect of real-time closures on cod targeting
Authors: Needle Coby L. , Catarino Rui 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Needle, C. L., and Catarino, R. 2011. Evaluating the effect of real-time closures on cod targeting. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1647–1655. Under its Conservation Credits scheme to reduce cod mortality, the Scottish Government has implemented a system of real-time closures (RTCs) since 2008. These are relatively small, temporarily closed areas (50–225 square nautical miles per RTC, closed for 21 d) that are triggered by high cod catches. An important step in evaluating their effectiveness is to determine the response of vessels to RTCs, because the conservation benefit would be reduced if vessels moved to areas of greater cod abundance following closures. Abundance indices from research-vessel surveys and commercial-vessel observer trips are combined to create a time- and space-dependent relative cod-importance index (RCII). Vessel monitoring system data from Scottish vessels fishing during 2008/2009 are used to construct RCII profiles for each vessel, which are then used to determine whether the areas to which vessels move have a higher or a lower RCII, and how far away they move when an RTC is activated. We show that the RCII of the areas moved to tends to be lower than that of the RTC and that vessels travel farther when moving away from a closure than when moving back after reopening. Although not conclusive, this result indicates that RTCs may impact beneficially on cod mortality.
Quota allocation in mixed fisheries: a bioeconomic modelling approach applied to the Channel flatfish fisheries
Authors: Marchal Paul , Little L. Richard , Thébaud Olivier 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Marchal, P., Little, L. R., and Thébaud, O. 2011. Quota allocation in mixed fisheries: a bioeconomic modelling approach applied to the Channel flatfish fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1580–1591. A simulation modelling approach is used to assess the respective performances of different regimes of quota allocation (fixed or transferable), quota ownership (owned or not by fishers), and taxation for catching fish above quota. The simulations account for a variety of fleet behaviours (ranging from fixed by tradition to dynamic economics-driven). The modelling framework is applied to the Channel flatfish mixed fisheries. Transferable quota allocation regimes would particularly benefit small netters and beam trawlers, which would achieve a profit of €50–150 million without compromising the conservation of eastern Channel sole, but it could impair the sustainability of other stocks. If quota is owned by fishers, the least fishing-efficient fleet stops fishing, but makes substantial profit from leasing quotas to beam trawlers and to small and large netters, which remain actively fishing. The highest economic return for quota owners (€200–300 million) is achieved when effort allocation is fixed by tradition. The profit achieved by small netters is greatest when fleets are almost entirely economics-driven. Increasing overquota landing taxes generally leads to conservation benefits for all stocks, but at the expense of lower profitability for the fishery overall.
Overexpression of Arabidopsis ACBP3 Enhances NPR1-Dependent Plant Resistance to Pseudomonas syringe pv tomato DC3000
Authors: Xiao Shi , Chye Mee-Len 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
ACBP3 is one of six Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, designated ACBP1 to ACBP6, that encode acyl-coenzyme A (CoA)-binding proteins (ACBPs). These ACBPs bind long-chain acyl-CoA esters and phospholipids and are involved in diverse cellular functions, including acyl-CoA homeostasis, development, and stress tolerance. Recombinant ACBP3 binds polyunsaturated acyl-CoA esters and phospholipids in vitro. Here, we show that ACBP3 plays a role in the plant defense response to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000. ACBP3 mRNA was up-regulated upon pathogen infection and treatments using pathogen elicitors and defense-related phytohormones. Transgenic Arabidopsis ACBP3 overexpressors (ACBP3-OEs) showed constitutive expression of pathogenesis-related genes (PR1, PR2, and PR5), cell death, and hydrogen peroxide accumulation in leaves. Consequently, ACBP3-OEs displayed enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen P. syringae DC3000. In contrast, the acbp3 T-DNA insertional mutant was more susceptible and exhibited lower PR gene transcript levels upon infection. Using the ACBP3 OE-1 line in combination with nonexpressor of PR genes1 (npr1-5) or coronatine-insensitive1 (coi1-2), we concluded that the enhanced PR gene expression and P. syringae DC3000 resistance in the ACBP3-OEs are dependent on the NPR1-mediated, but not the COI1-mediated, signaling pathway. Given that ACBP3-OEs showed greater susceptibility to infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea while the acbp3 mutant was less susceptible, we suggest that ACBP3 plays a role in the plant defense response against biotrophic pathogens that is distinct from necrotrophic pathogens. ACBP3 function in plant defense was supported further by bioinformatics data showing up-regulation of many biotic and abiotic stress-related genes in ACBP3 OE-1 in comparison with the wild type.
The large‐scale dynamics of grain‐size variation in alluvial basins, 1: Theory
Authors: Paola Chris , Heller Paul L. , Angevine Charles L. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWe study the interplay of various factors causing vertical grain‐size changes in alluvial basins using a simple coupled model for sediment transport and downstream partitioning of grain sizes. The sediment‐transport model is based on the linear diffusion equation; by deriving this from first principles we show that the main controls on the diffusivity are water discharge and stream type (braided or single‐thread). The grain‐size partitioning model is based on the assumption that the deposit is dominated by gravel until all gravel in transport has been exhausted, at which point deposition of the finer fractions begins.We then examine the response of an alluvial basin to sinusoidal variation in each of four basic governing variables: input sediment flux, subsidence rate, supplied gravel fraction, and diffusivity (controlled mainly by water flux). We find that, except in the case of variable gravel fraction, the form of the basin response depends strongly on the time‐scale over which the variation occurs. There is a natural time‐scale for any basin, which we call the ‘equilibrium time’, defined as the square of basin length divided by the diffusivity. We define ‘slow’ variations in imposed independent variables as those whose period is long compared with the equilibrium time. We find that slow variation in subsidence produces smoothly cyclic gravel‐front migration, with progradation during times of low sedimentation rate, while slow variation in sediment flux produces gravel progradation during times of high sedimentation rate. Slow variation in diffusivity produces no effect. Conversely, we define ‘rapid’ variations as those whose period is short compared with the equilibrium time. Our model results suggest that basins respond strongly to rapid variation in either sediment flux or diffusivity; in both cases, deep proximal unconformities are associated with abrupt gravel progradation. This progradation occurs during times of either low sediment flux or high diffusivity. On the other hand, basin response to variation in subsidence rate gradually diminishes as the time scale becomes short relative to the equilibrium time. Each of the four variables we have considered ‐ input sediment flux, subsidence, gravel fraction, and diffusivity ‐ is associated with a characteristic response pattern. In addition, the time scale of imposed variations relative to the equilibrium time acts in its own right as a fundamental control on the form of the basin response.
Adult age and ex vivo protein binding of lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam in healthy subjects
Authors: Chin Paul K. L. , Jensen Berit P. , Larsen Helle S. , Begg Evan J. 
Published: June 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The hypothesis that protein binding decreases with ageing has been used to explain studies that have not found a decline in total clearance in relation to age of highly protein bound drugs, cleared by capacity limited metabolism.• Lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam are highly protein bound to albumin and are cleared by capacity limited metabolism.• There is conflicting or little data concerning the relationship between the protein binding of these drugs and age.WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS• In an ex vivo study of 60 healthy subjects (19–87 years), no clinically significant change was seen in the protein binding of these benzodiazepines with age, arguing against the hypothesis, at least in healthy subjects. The study was adequately powered to show a change of at least 7–10%.AIM To see if adult age correlates with ex vivo protein binding of lorazepam, oxazepam and temazepam in healthy subjects.METHODS Sixty healthy drug free subjects were recruited in the age groups 18–39, 40–64 and ≥65 years. Plasma albumin concentrations were determined. Ex vivo unbound fractions (fu) were assessed by spiking samples and measuring the free and total concentrations.RESULTS No correlation of age with fu was seen. The study was powered to demonstrate a change in fu of ≥7–10%. A decline in plasma albumin concentration of ∼0.03 g l−1 year−1 was seen with increasing age (P= 0.032) and was associated with increased fu of lorazepam (P= 0.009) and oxazepam (P= 0.014).CONCLUSIONS There was no association of adult age with ex vivo fu of lorazepam, oxazepam or temazepam in healthy subjects.
What’s new in skin cancer? An analysis of guidelines and systematic reviews published in 2008–2009
Authors: Macbeth A. E. , Grindlay D. J. C. , Williams H. C. 
Published: June 2011

Summary
This review summarizes clinically important findings from 17 systematic reviews and 2 guidelines on skin cancer indexed between April 2008 and April 2009. Melanoma primary-prevention measures, such as education, are more likely to be successful in younger children than adolescents, and general population screening for melanoma by whole-body examination is not currently supported by the evidence. A large systematic review of melanoma and pregnancy concluded that pregnancy does not affect prognosis. Two systematic reviews imply that sunburn later in life also increases the risk of melanoma, and that it is just as important as sunburn early in life. Three systematic reviews discussed the role of positron emission tomography and sentinel lymph-node biopsy for melanoma staging, but produced conflicting results. Superior diagnostic accuracy of dermatoscopy over naked-eye examination for melanoma was found in one review, while a second implied nonsignificantly higher sensitivity of computer-based diagnostic methods over dermatoscopy for melanoma but with reduced specificity. There were no identified randomized controlled trials of treatments for unresectable recurrent melanoma, and a review of immunotherapy with vaccines for melanoma failed to prove improved overall and disease-free survival. Guidelines for the management of basal cell carcinoma call for risk stratification, based on numerous factors including tumour size, site and histological subtype. Squamous cell carcinoma of the ear has been shown to spread to regional lymph nodes more commonly than to other sites, and may be predicted by depth of invasion, tumour size, cellular differentiation and completeness of excision.
Short chain xylooligosaccharides: a potential prebiotic used to improve batter fermentation and its effect on the quality attributes of idli, a cereal–legume‐based Indian traditional food
Authors: Aachary Ayyappan Appukuttan , Gobinath Duraiswamy , Prapulla Siddalingaiya Gurudutt 
Published: June 2011

SummaryXylooligosaccharides (XOS), a potential prebiotic exhibits important technological characteristics and interesting nutritional properties. The major fraction in XOS produced enzymatically from corncob was characterised as β‐d‐xylopyranosyl‐(1,4)‐d‐xylanopyranose (xylobiose) using 13C and 2D‐HSQC NMR. The use of this XOS as a prebiotic in idli, a cereal/legume‐based fermented cake, and its effect on texture, fermentation and sensory characteristics was investigated. Idli batter was fermented with different concentrations of XOS (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% w/v) for 4–18 h conventionally. The addition of XOS markedly increased lactic acid bacteria number (9.88 ± 0.08 log cfu g−1) which resulted in rapid reduction in pH (4.61 ± 0.03) and specific gravity after 6 h of fermentation when compared to conventional batter fermentation for 18 h without XOS (9.46 ± 0.06 log cfu g−1). Instrumental (colour and texture) and sensory evaluation indicated that the optimum conditions were 0.4% XOS and 6 h fermentation. Idlis with XOS had higher moisture content and a softer texture. Addition of XOS benefits both fermentation and idli quality.
The anxiety of Taiwanese women with or without continuity treatment after previous in vitro fertilisation failure
Authors: Su Tsann‐Juu , Tzeng Ya‐Ling , Kuo Pi‐Chao 
Published: June 2011

Aims and objectives.  To compare the anxiety levels of Taiwanese women who continued with in vitro fertilisation treatment and those who discontinued treatment post‐in vitro fertilisation failure.Background.  In vitro fertilisation is perceived as the last resort of infertility treatment. The impact of unsuccessful in vitro fertilisation treatment on psychological function has been documented; however, research comparing the levels of anxiety of women who cease and those who continue in vitro fertilisation post‐failure is scant.Design.  A cross‐sectional comparative study design was used.Method.  Fifty‐eight women in whom in vitro fertilisation had failed within the previous year were recruited to this study from a medical centre in northern Taiwan; 34 women continued treatment and 24 discontinued treatment. The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess their levels of anxiety.Results.  Women in the group who continued treatment exhibited higher state and trait anxiety (TA) than women in the group who discontinued treatment (p < 0·005). The number and frequency of in vitro fertilisation cycles were significantly higher in the group who continued treatment than in those who did not. A strong positive correlation between state and TA (r = 0·8, p < 0·01) existed in both groups.Conclusions.  Both groups exhibited considerable levels of anxiety; however, the women who continued in vitro fertilisation treatment had higher levels of anxiety than those who discontinued treatment.Relevance to clinical practice.  The level of anxiety of women who decide to continue in vitro fertilisation treatment should be assessed as early as possible and counselling services provided to women who experience in vitro fertilisation failure should concentrate more on relieving psychological distress. One year after discontinuing treatment, some women still experience considerable anxiety; therefore, the care and assistance provided to these women need to be continually evaluated.
Family quality of life: adult school children with intellectual disabilities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Svraka E. , Loga S. , Brown I. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAims  This study endeavours to provide initial data on quality of life for families with adult children who have intellectual disabilities (ID) in the Canton of Sarajevo.Methods  The principal measure used was the Family Quality of life Survey 2006 – main caregivers of people with intellectual or developmental disabilities. The sample consisted of the main caregivers of 35 families with adult school children with ID who attended classes in a specially adapted programme in the Center of Vladimir Nazor and in the Vocational Secondary School in Sarajevo. Of the 35 participants, 21 were male and 14 female. Students with disabilities ranged from 19 to 32 years old (mean 21.45).Results  Consistent with previous research, the nine domains measured by the scale were all rated high for Importance. Opportunities were considered to be particularly low for Financial Well‐Being and Support from Others. These domains were also rated lowest for Attainment and Satisfaction. Initiative was relatively high across all domains, and Stability (the degree to which things were seen as likely to improve or decline) varied slightly across domains but the means indicated that things are expected to stay almost the same or improve slightly.Conclusions  This research provides initial data for family quality of life in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It also provides suggestions for improving quality of life for families that have one or more members with ID. The results should also contribute to rejecting stereotypes and promoting inclusion of children with ID as well as the rights of their families.