bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abandoned babies in the UK – a review utilizing media reports
Authors: Sherr L. , Mueller J. , Fox Z. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground  In the absence of national policy or comprehensive data, the phenomenon of abandoned babies is poorly understood in the UK. This study aims to use media reports as a resource to collate existing information on abandoned babies and to draw conclusions to inform future response.Methods  An exhaustive media search using electronic searches and media monitoring was undertaken to glean systematic information on all abandoned babies in the UK from 1998–2005. These were matched onto two databases – the UK Crime Statistics and the UK Abandoned Children Register in an attempt to align information on infant abandonment. Media reports were coded to list gender, survival, age, parental finding and circumstantial data.Results  Our figures suggest an average of 16 babies abandoned yearly, while official sources give conflicting indications because of incomplete data gathering and child over‐inclusion. Through systematic coding of media reports, 124 babies were identified over a 7‐year period. Of these, 96 (77.4%) were newborns (<1 week old) and 28 (22.6%) were older babies (>1 week old). Adjusted logistic regression analysis found the strongest predictors of survival were age at abandonment and ‘findability’. Newborn babies were less likely to survive than older babies (33.7% newborns died vs. 0% older babies, P < 0.0001). Babies left in a non‐findable location (34%) had a 5.19 (2.06, 13.11) higher odds of death compared with those to be found. Most babies (74%) were abandoned outdoors and only 9.7% were left with a memento. Few mothers, almost exclusively those of older babies, were found (37.1%). Of those found, 92% were located within 3 days of abandoning their baby. Media interest is transient – 44.8% cases have a single report – and are typified by negative headlines (81.5%).Conclusions  This database currently represents the most accurate and comprehensive picture of the newborn abandonment phenomenon in the UK, a phenomenon that is rare but with high media and social interest. If the future well‐being of mother and baby are to be catered for, clearer evidence‐based policy and provision is vital.
Comparing probable case identification of developmental coordination disorder using the short form of the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency and the Movement ABC
Authors: Cairney J. , Hay J. , Veldhuizen S. , Missiuna C. , Faught B. E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim  Despite its widespread current use in research and its potential for future application, the validity of the short form of the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP‐SF) when administered by trained lay assessors is not known. This paper reports the results of case identification using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (M‐ABC) in a group of children scoring below the sixth percentile on the BOTMP‐SF.Methods  The BOTMP‐SF was administered by trained research assistants to 2058 children. In total, 24 of 128 children aged 10 (n = 10), 11 (n = 10) or 12 (n = 4) scoring below the sixth percentile were randomly selected for further assessment by a paediatric occupational therapist using the M‐ABC and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test.Results  Twenty‐one of 24 children positive for motor co‐ordination problems on the BOTMP‐SF scored below the 15th percentile of the M‐ABC, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.88 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.69 to 0.96]. Fifteen of these children were below the fifth percentile (PPV = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.79).Conclusions  The BOTMP‐SF seems to be a reasonable alternative to case identification when clinical assessment with the M‐ABC is not feasible. Further research is needed to examine the sensitivity and specificity of the short form when used for this purpose.
Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a farmed Swedish Histosol
Authors: Kasimir Klemedtsson Å. , Weslien P. , Klemedtsson L. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryFluxes of the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) from histosolic soils (which account for approximately 10% of Swedish agricultural soils) supporting grassley and barley production in Sweden were measured over 3 years using static chambers. Emissions varied both over area and time. Methane was both produced and oxidized in the soil: fluxes were small, with an average emission of 0.12 g CH4 m−2 year−1 at the grassley site and net uptake of −0.01 g CH4 m−2 year−1 at the barley field. Methane emission was related to soil water, with more emission when wet. Nitrous oxide emissions varied, with peaks of emission after soil cultivation, ploughing and harrowing. On average, the grassley and barley field had emissions of 0.20 and 1.51 g N2O m−2 year−1, respectively. We found no correlation between N2O and soil factors, but the greatest N2O emission was associated with the driest areas, with < 60% average water‐filled pore space. We suggest that the best management option to mitigate emissions is to keep the soil moderately wet with permanent grass production, which restricts N2O emissions whilst minimizing those of CH4.
Degradative enzymatic activities in fresh‐cut blood‐orange slices during chilled‐storage
Authors: Catalano Anna Eghle , Ingallinera Barbara , Todaro Aldo , Rapisarda Paolo , Spagna Giovanni 
Published: April 2009

SummaryBlood‐orange fruits are suitable to fresh‐cut fruit production because of their chemical compositions. Nevertheless, the main limitation of using freshly cut oranges is their susceptibility to juiciness loss and ascorbic acid degradation because of enzymatic alterations. The aim of this work is: to identify some of the enzymes causing the qualitative decay in blood‐orange slices during 15 days of chilled storage (at 4 ± 0.5 °C and 85% RH); to investigate the susceptibility to the previous alterations of five blood‐orange clones (Moro nucellare, Sanguinello nucellare, Tarocco arcimusa, Tarocco gallo and Tarocco meli) to select the most suitable one for fresh‐cut production. The enzymes studied were: pectinmethylesterase (PME) as index of juiciness loss, ascorbate oxidase (AAO) as index of ascorbic acid’s degradation and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) as browning index. As far as we know, the changes of AAO activity during chilled storage of blood‐orange fresh‐cut slices has not previously reported and studied. Different clones showed different enzymatic activities and quality changes during chilled‐storage. In particular a low juiciness loss in orange slices was correlated with a lower PME activity, as described in T. meli clone, while a high degradation of ascorbic acid was correlated with an higher AAO activity, as described in T. gallo clone; PPO activity seemed to have no significant action in quality degradation. Tarocco meli was the most suitable clone to the fresh‐cut blood‐orange production because it has the lowest enzymatic activity (PME, PPO and AAO) and the highest sensorial quality.
Death, empathy and self preservation: the emotional labour of caring for families of the critically ill in adult intensive care
Authors: Stayt Louise Caroline 
Published: April 2009

Aim and objective.  The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore the emotional labour nurses’ face when caring for relatives of the critically ill in intensive care unit.Background.  The admission of a critically ill patient into adult intensive care is a crisis for both patients and their families. Family members of the critically ill may experience extreme levels of stress and emotional turmoil throughout the course of the relative’s illness. A central tenet of providing holistic nursing care in the intensive care unit is to care for both patients and their families, however, the emotional involvement required places considerable demands on those delivering care. The support health care providers require is frequently overlooked in these challenging environments.Design.  Heideggerian phenomenological approach was adopted.Methods.  A purposive sample of 12 registered nurses working in an adult intensive care unit were interviewed. Interview transcripts were analysed using Colaizzi’s framework. Data were collected in autumn 2005.Results.  Analysis of the participants’ interview transcripts revealed the following themes: significance of death, establishing trust, information giving, empathy, intimacy and self preservation.Conclusions.  Emotional work forms an important part of the critical care nurses job. The significance of death, breaking bad news and interpersonal relationships are sources of emotional stress for the critical care nurse caring for the family of the critically ill. The impact of this stress on the nurse and the care they deliver requires further investigation.Relevance to clinical practice.  Registered nurses caring for families who have relatives in adult intensive care units expend considerable emotional labour. Potentially, unless appropriately supported and managed, emotional labour may lead to occupational stress and ultimately burnout.
What is the relationship between nurses’ attitude to evidence based practice and the selection of wound care procedures?
Authors: Dugdall Hayley , Watson Roger 
Published: April 2009

Aim.  To investigate qualified nurses’ attitudes to evidence‐based practice and whether this influenced their selection of wound care products.Background.  The literature shows that previous studies on attitudes to evidence‐based practice tended to be part of a wider study. The general consensus was that there was a positive attitude to evidence‐based practice. However, there appeared to be no published studies specifically addressing nurses’ attitudes to evidence‐based wound care.Design.  Survey design using a questionnaire completed by 156 qualified nurses working in three UK National Health Trusts.Results.  A statistically significant difference was seen between those nurses with a tissue viability link nurse role (p = 0·002) and those without a link nurse role; those educated to first degree (p < 0·001) and those without a first degree; and those who had received formal tissue viability training (p < 0·001) and those with informal tissue viability training. There was also a highly statistically significant relationship between the clinical grade of staff and the overall attitude to evidence‐based practice (p < 0·001).Conclusions.  Nurses who had attained a higher level academic qualification, had a tissue viability link nurse role and those who had received formal tissue viability training scored generally higher in the wound care knowledge tests and in attitude to evidence‐based practice.Relevance to clinical practice.  The care received by patients in relation to wound care could be dependent upon factors that are related to the individual characteristics of the nurse providing the care and these factors, in turn, are related to education and training with respect to wound care. Better general education and better specific training in wound care could lead to better wound care.
Stress intensity factors for cracked triangular cross‐section thin‐walled tubes
Authors: XIE Y. J. , WANG X. H. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTFor one kind of finite‐boundary crack problems, the cracked equilateral triangular cross‐section tube, an analytical and very simple method to determine the stress intensity factors has been proposed based on a new concept of crack surface widening energy release rate and the principle of virtual work. Different from the classical crack extension energy release rate, the crack surface widening energy release rate can be defined by the G*‐integral theory and expressed by stress intensity factors. This energy release rate can also be defined easily by the elementary strength theory for slender structures and expressed by axial strains and loads. These two forms of crack surface widening energy release rate constitute the basis of a new analysis method for cracked tubes. From present discussions, a series of stress intensity factors are derived for cracked equilateral triangular cross‐section tubes. Actually, the present method can also be applied to cracked polygonal tubes.
Morphological regionalization using fetal magnetic resonance images of normal developing brains
Authors: Hu Hui‐Hsin , Guo Wan‐Yuo , Chen Hui‐Yun , Wang Po‐Shan , Hung Chih‐I , Hsieh Jen‐Chuen , Wu Yu‐Te 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRegional differences in human brain development during infancy have been studied for many years, but little is known about how regionalization of the brain proceeds during intrauterine life. We investigated the regionalization of cerebral volume and cortical convolutions based on the volumetric magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 43 fetuses, ranging from 21 to 37 weeks of gestation. Two plausible parcellations of MRI are proposed, and curvature index together with gyrification index are used to quantify the regional cortical convolutions. Our results elucidate that the cortical foldings among different brain regions develop at comparable rates, suggesting a similar uniformity of changes in size of the cortical sheet in these regions over time. On the contrary, the growth of the cerebral volume presents regional difference, with the frontal and parieto‐temporal regions growing significantly faster than other regions due to the contribution from expansion of basal ganglia. This quantitative regional information suggests that cerebral volume is not a relevant parameter to measure in relation to gyrification, and that the size of the cortical sheet is more likely to be directly related to cortical folding. The availability of quantitative regional information on normal fetal brains in utero will allow clinical application of this information when probing neurodevelopmental disorders in the future.
Inter‐hemispheric inhibition is impaired in mirror dystonia
Authors: Beck S. , Shamim E. A. , Pirio Richardson S. , Schubert M. , Hallett M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSurround inhibition, a neural mechanism relevant for skilled motor behavior, has been shown to be deficient in the affected primary motor cortex (M1) in patients with focal hand dystonia (FHD). Even in unilateral FHD, however, electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have provided evidence for bilateral M1 abnormalities. Clinically, the presence of mirror dystonia, dystonic posturing when the opposite hand is moved, also suggests abnormal interhemispheric interaction. To assess whether a loss of inter‐hemispheric inhibition (IHI) may contribute to the reduced surround inhibition, IHI towards the affected or dominant M1 was examined in 13 patients with FHD (seven patients with and six patients without mirror dystonia, all affected on the right hand) and 12 right‐handed, age‐matched healthy controls (CON group). IHI was tested at rest and during three different phases of a right index finger movement in a synergistic, as well as in a neighboring, relaxed muscle. There was a trend for a selective loss of IHI between the homologous surrounding muscles in the phase 50 ms before electromyogram onset in patients with FHD. Post hoc analysis revealed that this effect was due to a loss of IHI in the patients with FHD with mirror dystonia, while patients without mirror dystonia did not show any difference in IHI modulation compared with healthy controls. We conclude that mirror dystonia may be due to impaired IHI towards neighboring muscles before movement onset. However, IHI does not seem to play a major role in the general pathophysiology of FHD.
Dispersal abilities of adult click beetles in arable land revealed by analysis of carbon stable isotopes
Authors: Schallhart Nikolaus , Wallinger Corinna , Juen Anita , Traugott Michael 
Published: April 2009

Abstract1 The dispersal abilities of agrioted beetles, serious pests on a variety of crops, are poorly known under natural conditions. This hampers their control. We used, for the first time, a stable isotope approach to assess dispersal of adult Agriotes obscurus in arable land.2 After a diet switch from a C3‐ to a C4‐plant, carbon isotope ratios of A. obscurus larvae significantly changed towards the isotopic signature of the new diet. Moreover, the larval δ13C signatures were transferred to the wing covers of the adult beetles with little distortion.3 To assess the dispersal abilities under natural conditions, pheromone traps, lured for Agriotes sp., were installed at two study sites in Western Austria. Each site comprised a maize field (= C4‐plant) and adjacent C3‐grasslands with traps established along a transect of increasing distance to the maize.4 δ13C signatures of wing covers revealed that adult male A. obscurus were able to migrate at least 80 m, which was the maximum distance that dispersal could be traced in the present study. The dispersal behaviour might have been influenced by site‐specific factors.5 The results obtained demonstrate a higher potential of adult male Agriotes to disperse than previously assumed. Moreover, the combination of pheromone trapping and stable isotope analysis proved to be an effective approach to study insect movement and dispersal in arable systems harbouring C3‐ and C4‐crops.
DESMOGRAPTUS MICRONEMATODES, A SILURIAN DENDROID GRAPTOLITE, AND ITS ULTRASTRUCTURE
Authors: SAUNDERS KATE M. , BATES DENIS E. B. , KLUESSENDORF JOANNE , LOYDELL DAVID K. , MIKULIC DONALD G. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  Desmograptus micronematodes from Thornton quarry, Cook County, Illinois, USA, remarkably preserved in relief and encased in pyrite, is described. The internal details of the thecae, and of the stolon system, examined using the SEM, allow the reconstruction of the growth of a stipe. The stolons and stolonal nodes are formed of a dense crassal fabric, and are surrounded by a loose fabric of three‐dimensional fibrils. The nodes have a complex structure of three boxes with proximal and distal nozzles. The base of a bitheca, and the base of each autothecal cup, has a central nozzle surrounded by a unique honeycomb fabric. The ultrastructure of the cortical fibrils, with their clockwise striations, is similar to that in Dendrograptus, and may be universal in the graptolites. The nodes of the stolon system appear identical to those of Acanthograptus and other dendroids, but differ from those of the extant hemichordate Rhabdopleura, which have only a diaphragm, and lack box structures.
The histamine H4receptor is functionally expressed on neurons in the mammalian CNS
Authors: Connelly WM , Shenton FC , Lethbridge N , Leurs R , Waldvogel HJ , Faull RLM , Lees G , Chazot PL 
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose: The histamine H4receptor is the most recently identified of the G protein‐coupled histamine receptor family and binds several neuroactive drugs, including amitriptyline and clozapine. So far, H4receptors have been found only on haematopoietic cells, highlighting its importance in inflammatory conditions. Here we investigated the possibility that H4receptors may be expressed in both the human and mouse CNS.Methods: Immunological and pharmacological studies were performed using a novel anti‐H4receptor antibody in both human and mouse brains, and electrophysiological techniques in the mouse brain respectively. Pharmacological tools, selective for the H4receptor and patch clamp electrophysiology, were utilized to confirm functional properties of the H4receptor in layer IV of the mouse somatosensory cortex.Results: Histamine H4receptors were prominently expressed in distinct deep laminae, particularly layer VI, in the human cortex, and mouse thalamus, hippocampal CA4 stratum lucidum and layer IV of the cerebral cortex. In layer IV of the mouse somatosensory cortex, the H4receptor agonist 4‐methyl histamine (20 µmol·L−1) directly hyperpolarized neurons, an effect that was blocked by the selective H4receptor antagonist JNJ 10191584, and promoted outwardly rectifying currents in these cells. Monosynaptic thalamocortical CNQX‐sensitive excitatory postsynaptic potentials were not altered by 4‐methyl histamine (20 µmol·L−1) suggesting that H4receptors did not act as hetero‐receptors on thalamocortical glutamatergic terminals.Conclusions and implications: This is the first demonstration that histamine H4receptors are functionally expressed on neurons, which has major implications for the therapeutic potential of these receptors in neurology and psychiatry.
An infantile‐onset, severe, yet sporadic seizure pattern is common in Sturge‐Weber syndrome
Authors: Kossoff Eric H. , Ferenc Lisa , Comi Anne M. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe young age of onset and frequently intractable nature of seizures associated with Sturge‐Weber syndrome (SWS) have been well‐reported in large studies. However, many clinicians also anecdotally describe prolonged but sporadic seizure clusters. Over a 5‐year period, 77 children and adults with SWS and at least one reported seizure were referred to and evaluated at the Hunter Nelson Sturge‐Weber Center at the Kennedy Krieger Institute. The median age of seizure onset was 6 months with 43 (56%) presenting <1 year of age. Age at seizure onset ≤6 months was associated with increased hemiparesis, but not seizures. A characteristic pattern of clustering, intense seizures followed by prolonged seizure‐free periods was reported in 30 (39%), but was not associated with worse prognosis. This seizure pattern appears to be common with SWS and leads to difficult treatment decisions, especially in regard to the timing of potential surgical resection.
EEG spectral changes underlying BOLD responses contralateral to spikes in patients with focal epilepsy
Authors: Yu Juming M. , Tyvaert Louise , LeVan Pierre , Zelmann Rina , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean , Kobayashi Eliane 
Published: April 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Simultaneous electroencephalogram and functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG–fMRI) in patients with focal epilepsy and unilateral spikes often shows positive blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) responses (activations), not only ipsilateral but also contralateral to the spikes. We aimed to investigate whether minimal EEG changes could underlie these contralateral BOLD responses by using EEG spectral analysis.Methods:  We studied 19 patients with focal epilepsy and unilateral spikes. According to the pattern of BOLD activation, patients were divided into Group 1 (ipsi‐ and contralateral to the spikes) or Group 2 (only ipsilateral). EEG from outside the scanner was used to mark spikes similar to those recorded in the scanner. Epochs of 640 ms before and after the peak of the spikes were chosen as baseline and spike epochs. Spectral analysis was performed in referential montage (FCz reference), and differences between baselines and spikes were analyzed by paired t‐test.Results:  Significant EEG changes in electrodes contralateral to the spikes were seen in 9 of 10 patients in Group 1 and in only 2 of 10 patients in Group 2 (one patient had two types of spikes that were analyzed separately). Spectral changes were seen in delta and/or theta bands in all patients except one (in Group 1) who had changes in all bands.Discussion:  Significant contralateral EEG changes occurred in 90% of contralateral BOLD activations and in only 20% of patients without contralateral BOLD responses. The reason why these changes predominate in lower frequencies rather than in higher frequencies is unclear. These spectral changes in areas corresponding to contralateral activations might reflect poorly synchronized but possibly intense neuronal activity.