bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of growing spatial correlations at the glass transition from nonlinear susceptibility measurements
Authors: Brun C. , Crauste‐Thibierge C. , L'Hôte D. , Ladieu F. , Biroli G. , Bouchaud J.‐P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have measured the ac nonlinear dielectric response χ3 (ω, T) of an archetypical glassformer (glycerol) just above its glass transition temperature Tg ∼190 K. Our measurements were performed at temperatures between Tg + 4 K and Tg + 35 K, which corresponds to 5 decades of variation of the relaxation time τ (T) of the liquid. We find that χ3(ω, T) is peaked for ωτ ∼ 0.2 and that the height of the peak grows as one approaches Tg. A powerlaw in frequency beyond the peak of χ3 is observed and χ3 (ω, T) displays scaling as a function of ωτ.These features correspond to the main predictions of some recent theoretical works relating the nonlinear susceptibility of supercooled liquids to the average number Ncorr of dynamically correlated molecules. We thus interpret the experimental increase of the peak of nonlinear susceptibility when T decreases, as an increase of Ncorr when T → Tg. This strongly reinforces the collective picture of the dynamics of supercooled liquids close to the glass transition. Finally, we discuss some heating effects and show that they do not affect significantly our conclusions. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acute toxicity of commonly used forestry herbicide mixtures to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas
Authors: Tatum Vickie L. , Borton Dennis L. , Streblow William R. , Louch Jeffrey , Shepard James P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBecause many herbicides selectively control specific species or types of vegetation, they are often applied as mixtures to achieve better control over undesirable vegetation. When herbicides are applied in forest ecosystems, streams, ponds, and other bodies of water are typically protected by buffer zones in which no herbicide is applied. However, in some landscapes, small wetlands and streams are difficult to see and avoid, thus the potential acute toxicity of herbicide mixtures to aquatic organisms is of interest, yet it has not been well‐studied. We examined the acute toxicity of 23 different herbicide mixtures to Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) at environmentally relevant concentrations, and, where possible, characterized mixture interactions using Marking's Additive Index. Maximum exposure concentrations were equivalent to applying the maximum allowable rate for each component directly to the surface of a 6‐in. deep pond with no dissipation following application. Under the conditions of this study, herbicide formulations containing Accord Concentrate (glyphosate), Arsenal AC (imazapyr), Chopper (imazapyr), Escort (metsulfuron methyl), Oust XP (sulfometuron methyl), and Velpar L (hexazinone) were not associated with appreciable acute toxicity to fathead minnows or C. dubia when used alone or in mixtures with each other and various surfactants and adjuvants. Herbicide mixtures for which Additive Indexes could be calculated exhibited primarily antagonistic or simple additive toxicity. In the few cases where synergistic toxicity was observed, the degree of synergism was slight, never exceeding approximately twice the effect estimated based on additive toxicity. Based on the results of this study, neither acute toxicity nor enhanced acute aquatic toxicity due to synergistic mixture effects appears to be a significant concern for applications of the herbicide mixtures most commonly used in forestry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2012.
Influence of Proportion of Skin Present During Malaxing on Pigment Composition of Cold Pressed Avocado Oil
Authors: Wong Marie , Ashton Ofelia B. O. , McGhie Tony K. , Requejo‐Jackman Cecilia , Wang Yan , Woolf Allan B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe effect of the proportion of ‘Hass’ avocado skin tissue present during aqueous cold pressed avocado oil extraction on the pigment concentration and oil quality was determined. Increasing amounts of skin (i.e., from 0 to 100% of available skin) were included with the flesh before grinding and malaxing in a laboratory‐scale cold pressed extraction process. The recovered oils were analyzed for oil quality and color. The pigment concentrations in the oil were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). With increasing amounts of skin addition, there was an increase in the green color, as indicated by hue angle, of the avocado oils. There were also increased concentrations of carotenoids and chlorophylls in the oil as the proportion of skin during malaxing was increased. The lutein concentration in the oils increased from 1.13 to 3.21 μg g−1 as the amount of skin added to the malaxer increased from 0 to 100% skin, and the total chlorophyll concentration in the same oils increased from 7.3 to 27.5 μg g−1. The green color of cold pressed avocado oil and the pigment concentrations can be increased by adding more skin to the malaxer during oil extraction.
Taylor spatial frame in the treatment of neglected fractures
Authors: Al-Sayyad Mohammed J. 
Published: March 2011

Background The Taylor spatial frame (TSF, Smith and Nephew, Memphis, TN, USA) is a modern multiplanar external fixator that combines ease of application and computer accuracy. Many patients in our geographic area seek treatment for their fractures by traditional bonesetters and present in the middle of treatment with neglected malaligned fractures. These fractures were an average of 10 weeks old (range 6–14 weeks) fractures with callus that were allowed to heal in a poor position. The spatial frame is applied easily on the fracture bone fragments. The accuracy of fracture reduction and deformity correction is dependant on analyzing anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the fracture. Our experience with this external fixator in the treatment of neglected fractures is summarized. Method Over a period of 6 years, the TSF was used in 24 neglected fracture cases which were collected from our prospective external fixator data base. All cases were followed for a minimum of 3 years. The data base and radiographs were reviewed in order to obtain demographic data, malalignment parameters, final correction, time in the TSF, and complications. Result The patients’ ages ranged from 6 to 18 years. All were neglected fractures. The average delay in treatment was 10 weeks (range 6–14 weeks). All patients had closed osteoclasis. The time spent in the TSF varied according to the patient age and bone involved. Ten femoral and 14 tibial fractures were included. Ten patients had superficial pin site infections that resolved with oral antibiotics. Postoperatively, no patient was noted to be more than 5° malrotated on clinical examination and no functional leg length discrepancy was observed. All of the fractures united. Conclusion Anatomic alignment was achieved in all tibial fracture patients. At the final follow-up, fracture angulation and shortening were fully corrected, and some translational malalignment persisted in 67% of femur fractures. The TSF is an effective definitive method for the treatment of neglected fractures. Level of evidence IV.
Malakoplakia of the prostate diagnosed by elevated PSA level and transrectal prostate biopsy
Authors: Görgel Sacit Nuri , Balcı Uğur , Sarı Ayşegül Akder , Ermete Murat , Girgin Cengiz , Dinçel Çetin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMalakoplakia is an inflammation which is thought to develop secondary to chronic Escherichia coli infections. Although often seen in the genitourinary tract, it can also be seen in colon, stomach, lung, liver, bone, uterus, and skin. In this case report, we present prostatic malakoplakia diagnosed by elevated prostate‐specific antigen level and transrectal prostate biopsy.
Multi-faceted approaches to understanding changes in wildlife and livelihoods in a protected area: a conservation case study from the Central African Republic
Authors: JOST ROBINSON CAROLYN A. , DASPIT LESLEY L. , REMIS MELISSA J. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYCommercialized hunting and trade of wildlife are the largest threats to mammal populations and human livelihoods in the Congo Basin. It is widely recognized that the lives of humans and wildlife in this region are inextricably intertwined. However, few studies have attempted to integrate both human and wildlife dimensions using ethnographic data to better contextualize the trade and its ecological impacts. This paper outlines a methodological approach that combines ethnographic research, ecological line transects and market surveys in the Dzanga Sangha Reserve (Central African Republic). Results from each research component are reported separately in order to provide examples of how each would answer specific questions about the status of wildlife populations and the scale of hunting within a protected area. The integrated analysis of ethnographic, market and ecological datasets clarifies synergistic impacts operating in the region and provides a more nuanced understanding of changes in both the forest and the market based on information gleaned from hunting practices and hunter interviews. This research demonstrates the potential pitfalls of using a singular approach to make recommendations on complex human-environment issues. Such cross-disciplinary mixed-methods approaches will further understandings of dynamic wildlife populations and forge more informed environmental policy recommendations.
Residual venous thrombosis as predictive factor for recurrent venous thromboembolim in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis: a sytematic review
Authors: Tan Melanie , Mos Inge C. M. , Klok Frederikus A. , Huisman Menno V. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe potential role of the detection of residual thrombosis after deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in the differentiation of patients at risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) has not yet been fully established and includes different definitions. We performed a systematic review in order to determine the role of residual thrombosis in predicting recurrent VTE after acute proximal DVT. Databases were searched until June 2010. Randomized, controlled trials or prospective cohort studies were eligible for inclusion if they included patients with objectively diagnosed proximal DVT, measured thrombus diameter after at least 3 months and reported recurrent VTE during follow‐up. Two authors independently reviewed articles and extracted data. Data from 11 studies were used for the current analysis; in total 3203 patients were included. Residual thrombosis was positively correlated with recurrent VTE. Large heterogeneity was present, due to differences in study population, timing and the differences in method of measuring residual thrombosis. The effect was more pronounced in patients with malignancy or was dependent on the criteria used. This systematic review shows a positive relationship between residual thrombosis and recurrent VTE during follow‐up. Assessing residual thrombosis could be useful in individual recurrence risk estimation.
Initial features and outcome of cutaneous and non‐cutaneous primary extranodal follicular lymphoma
Authors: Fernández de Larrea Carlos , Martínez‐Pozo Antonio , Mercadal Santiago , García Adriana , Gutierrez‐García Gonzalo , Valera Alexandra , Ghita Gabriela , Colomo Luis , Gainza Eukene , Villamor Neus , Nomdedeu Benet , Estrach Teresa , Montserrat Emili , Campo Elias , López‐Guillermo Armando 
Published: March 2011

SummaryFollicular lymphoma (FL), a typically nodal disease, can arise in extranodal sites in about 10% of cases. The present study aimed to analyse the main differential features of patients with primary extranodal FL. Thirty‐nine patients with primary extranodal FL were identified from a series of 354 patients with FL diagnosed at a single institution and their main clinicobiological features were analysed. Twenty patients (5·6%) had a primary extranodal non‐cutaneous FL, and 19 (5·4%) a cutaneous FL. BCL2+ and CD10+ expression and BCL2/IGHJ@ rearrangement were less frequently observed in cutaneous FL. Absence of ‘B’‐symptoms, early stage, absence of bone marrow involvement and low‐risk Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (FLIPI) were more frequent in extranodal FL. Five‐year overall survival (OS) was 100%, 83% and 78% for cutaneous, non‐cutaneous and nodal FL, respectively. When stage I patients were analysed separately, no differences were seen in terms of OS. In multivariate analysis, FLIPI was the most important variable to predict outcome. In conclusion, extranodal FLs, particularly cutaneous, have particular clinico‐biological features, which differentiate them from nodal cases. Nevertheless, primary site of the disease is not the main issue to predict outcome.
Optimal gestational age of delivery to decrease neonatal morbidity in preterm pregnancies in Korea
Authors: We Ji Sun , Park In Yang , Jang Dong Gyu , Choi Sae Kyung , Lee Gui Sera , Shin Jong Chul 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAims:  Preterm birth is the most common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Neonatal morbidity and mortality are known to decrease significantly after 34 weeks in preterm births following preterm labor, and after 32 weeks in preterm births following preterm rupture of the membranes. However, these outcomes may not apply to Korean preterm neonates. This study analyzed the morbidity of preterm neonates based on gestational age to determine the optimal gestational age of delivery following preterm labor.Materials and Methods:  We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of preterm neonates and their mothers who delivered at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital between January 1995 and December 2007.Results:  Among 1234 preterm neonates, 1008 were singletons and 226 were multiple births. In both singleton and multifetal pregnancies, the maternal characteristics did not differ based on gestational age. The 1‐ and 5‐min Apgar scores were significantly lower than at 35 weeks in singleton births, and at 33 weeks in multiple births. Major complications, such as intraventricular hemorrhage and the use of a respirator, decreased significantly after 35 weeks in singleton births, and after 33 weeks in multiple births.Conclusions:  The optimal gestational age for decreasing the morbidity of major complications in preterm neonates was 1 week later than the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendations. For Korean mothers with preterm labor, delivery needs to be delayed until 35 weeks in singletons, 33 weeks in twins, and 32 weeks in singletons with preterm rupture of the membranes.
Effect of sublingual misoprostol versus intravenous oxytocin on reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Owonikoko Kola M. , Arowojolu Ayodele O. , Okunlola Michael A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAims:  The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of sublingual misoprostol with i.v. oxytocin infusion administered after delivery in reducing blood loss at cesarean section in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:  One hundred women with term singleton pregnancy undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section under spinal anesthesia in Nigeria were randomly allocated to receive either misoprostol 400 µg sublingually or i.v. infusion of 20 units oxytocin soon after delivery of the baby. Estimated blood loss at surgery and within the first 4 h post‐operation were measured in both groups.Results:  No significant difference was found in mean blood loss between the oxytocin and misoprostol groups. Similarly, no significant difference occurred between preoperative and postoperative hematocrit levels in both groups. The need for additional oxytocin was similar in both groups. There was significantly less blood loss in the first 4 h after surgery in the misoprostol group than in the oxytocin group (58.2 ± 20.7 vs 80.5 ± 26.8; P‐value = 0.02). The incidence of adverse effects like shivering/pyrexia was significantly higher in the misoprostol group than in the oxytocin group (27/50 vs 1/50, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Sublingual misoprostol was as effective as i.v. oxytocin infusion in reducing blood loss at cesarean section. It offers several advantages over oxytocin, including long shelf life, stability at room temperature, and oral administration, which make it a suitable uterotonic agent in low‐resource areas.
The comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam sedation on electroencephalography in pediatric patients with febrile convulsion
Authors: Aksu Recep , Kumandas Sefer , Akin Aynur , Bicer Cihangir , Gümüş Hakan , Güler Gülen , Per Hüseyin , Bayram Adnan , Boyaci Adem 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBackground:  When electroencephalogram (EEG) activity is recorded for diagnostic purposes, the effects of sedative drugs on EEG activity should be minimal. This study compares the sedative efficacy and EEG effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam.Subjects and methods:  EEG recordings of 60 pediatric subjects with a history of simple febrile convulsions were performed during physiologic sleep. All of these patients required sedation to obtain follow‐up (control) EEGs. Subjects in Group D received 0.5 μg·kg−1 of dexmedetomidine, and those in Group M received 0.1 mg·kg−1 of midazolam. For rescue sedation, the same doses were repeated to maintain a Ramsey sedation score level of between 4 and 6.Results:  The mean doses that were required for sedation were 0.76 μg·kg−1 of dexmedetomidine and 0.38 mg·kg−1 of midazolam. Diastolic blood pressure and HR were lower in Group D than in Group M (P < 0.05). Hypoxia was observed in 11 (36.7%) subjects in Group M and none in Group D; this was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Frontal and parieto‐occipital (PO) EEG frequencies were similar during physiologic sleep and dexmedetomidine sedation. However, EEG frequencies in these areas (P < 0.001) and PO EEG amplitude (P = 0.030) were greater during midazolam sedation than during physiologic sleep.Conclusions:  Dexmedetomidine is a suitable agent to provide sedation for EEG recording in children. There is less change in EEG peak frequency and amplitude after dexmedetomidine than after midazolam sedation.
An evaluation of intrathecal bupivacaine combined with intrathecal or intravenous clonidine in children undergoing orthopedic surgery: a randomized double‐blinded study
Authors: Cao Jian‐Ping , Miao Xiao‐Yong , Liu Jian , Shi Xue‐Yin 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBackground:  Propofol is a popular agent for providing intraoperative sedation in pediatric population during lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia. Adjuvant‐like clonidine is used increasingly in pediatric anesthesia to provide postoperative analgesia with a local anesthetic agent. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of intrathecal and intravenous clonidine on postoperative analgesia/sedation and intraoperative requirements of propofol after intrathecal bupivacaine for orthopedic surgery in children.Methods:  Fifty‐nine ASA I and II children aged 6–8 year undergoing orthopedic surgery were randomized to receive intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2–0.4 mg·kg−1 and intravenous 2 ml saline (Group B), intrathecal 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2–0.4 mg·kg−1 plus 1 μg·kg−1 clonidine and intravenous 2 ml saline (Group BCit), and 0.5% bupivacaine 0.2–0.4 mg·kg−1 and intravenous 1 μg·kg−1 clonidine in 2 ml of saline (Group BCiv). Intraoperative sedation was maintained with 20–50 μg·kg−1·min−1 of propofol infusion. The requirements of propofol, time to first rescue analgesia, and postoperative pain or sedation scores were assessed. The duration of motor and sensory blocks and perioperative adverse events were determined.Results:  Clonidine significantly prolonged the time to first rescue analgesia and reduced the requirements of propofol sedation whether administered intravenously or intrathecally. The mean Children and Infants Postoperative Pain Scale scores of children were significantly lower in groups BCit and BCiv than in group B. Postoperative sedation scores were higher in groups BCit and BCiv than in group B. Intrathecal clonidine significantly prolonged the time to regression of the sensory block and recovery of motor block. There were no significant differences among the three groups regarding the incidence of perioperative adverse events.Conclusion:  Intrathecal or intravenous clonidine similarly provided better postoperative analgesia and sedation and reduced the requirements of propofol. Only intrathecal clonidine prolonged the duration of sensory and motor blocks.
THE INVENTION OF FANATICISM
Authors: CAVANAUGH WILLIAM T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article examines the Western construction of “religion” as passionate and non‐rational. First, it summarizes the history of the category “religion” and the creation of the myth of religious violence. It then examines the construction of one of the stock characters of modernity, the religious fanatic, and shows how fanaticism migrated from an accusation against heretics to an accusation of intolerance, and from an indictment of false prophecy and belief to an indictment of an irrational and violent passion. The article then shows how the construction of “religious fanaticism” can promote secularist rationales for violence.
THE NEUROSCIENCE OF EMOTION AND REASONING IN SOCIAL CONTEXTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MORAL THEOLOGY
Authors: SPEZIO MICHAEL L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe neuroscience of emotion and its relation to moral action is a critical area of engagement for deepening understanding of faith, rationality, and the passions. Moral philosophies and theologies often examine the function of passion in relation to reason and justification in moral action. Whether they find emotion to be an obstacle to or a constitutive part of justifiably rational or ethical decision making, the neuroscience of emotion and moral action should prove to be of interest. Here, after briefly motivating this interest (while avoiding psychologism), this article reviews the abundant evidence from lesion studies linking emotion to human reasoning, especially in contexts relevant for evaluation of one's own ends and those of others. After a brief consideration of dual process models, newly reintroduced into affective and social neuroscience, the article concludes by pointing to two active areas in these sciences that support an integrative view of emotion for reason.