bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demographic Features and Common Presentations of Schizophrenia
Authors: Ahammad Julhash Uddin , Rahman Md Habibur , Islam Md Azizul , Rahman M Sajjadur , Rabbani MG 
Published: July 2009

Fifty cases of schizophrenia were assessed in Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, to ascertain the pattern of demographic features and symptom presentation in current national perspective. The study includes period from July 2004 to September 2005. Most of the patients belonged to the age ranging from 14 to 45 years throughout whole Bangladesh. It was found that 54% of the patients were male and 46% were female. The lowest age of onset was 14 year for both sexes and the highest age of onset was 45 year in female and 41 years in male. Among the schizophrenic patients 50% were unmarried and 50% were married and most of them belonged to lower economic class. In this study both the urban and rural percentage were equal (50%). Most of the patients were unemployed or recently disengaged from work place with a lower educational back ground. The most frequent patterns of symptom irrespective of demographic variables were persecutory ideas or delusion (76%). Analysis revealed that delusion of reference, grandiose delusions, delusion of control or possession of thought were significantly high among the male patients compared to female patients (p < 0.05), but no statistically significant difference was observed with other symptoms (p>0.05). Analysis found that no statistically significant difference was observed between urban and rural patients (p > 0.05) except visual and other hallucinations e.g. gustatory, olfactory which was significantly high among the urban patients (p < 0.05). The next frequent symptom was perceptual disturbances in the form of auditory hallucination (70%). Delusion of reference was about 70% along with delusion about control or possession of thoughts being approximately 42%. Key Words: Demographic features, Common presentations, Schizophrenia doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2848 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.29-33
Overview of Organo-phosphorus Compound Poisoning in Bangladesh and Medico-legal Aspects Related to Fatal Cases
Authors: Ahmad Mushtaq , Rahman Farial Naima , Ashrafuzzaman Mohd , Chowdhury Dipak Kumer Paul , Ali Mohammad 
Published: July 2009

The corresponding author Mushtaq Ahmed was added on 3/12/2009.Introduction: Bangladesh is a developing country of South Asia. Rural population of this country is mostly dependant on agricultural cultivations. With the advance of times, pesticides are, now a days routinely used for modern cultivation method. These are readily available as over the counter (OTC) drugs in village shops and act as a common agent for suicidal purpose after trivial family problems. Currently pesticide self poisoning has become a major clinical problem of the developing countries killing around 3,00,000 people each year. Industrialized countries are also affected by it, where a significant proportion of suicidal death are caused by Pesticide ingestion. Of course, such poisoning is seldom included as a priority for heath research in this country. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2851 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.41-45
Biomechanics of Mallet Finger - A Case Report
Authors: Habib Md Ahsan , Haque Molla Ershadul 
Published: July 2009

Aim of the present study is to report a case of mallet finger and exploration of anatomical background of such deformity to have better confidence in management of such cases. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2853 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.49-52
Hydro Magnetic Elastic Free Convection of a Conducting Elastico-Viscous Liquid Between Heated Vertical Plates
Authors: Reddy P. Sreehari , Nagarajan A. S. , Sivaiah M. 
Published: July 2009

The natural convection flow of a conducting visco-elastic liquid between two heated vertical plates under the influence of a transverse magnetic field has been studied in this paper. Dimensionless equations of the problem have been solved by the method of successive approximation. Numerical solutions for velocity and temperature have been obtained. The results obtained are discussed with the help of graphs. The effect of magnetic parameter M, Visco-elastic parameter RC and the product of Prandtl and Eckert numbers [PE] on velocity and temperature fields are investigatedKey words: Visco-elastic liquid, viscous dissipation, vertical plates, convection, successive approximation.DOI: 10.3329/jname.v5i2.2694Journal of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering 5(2)(2008) 47-56
Vaccine-Induced Antibody Isotypes Are Skewed by Impaired CD4 T Cell and Invariant NKT Cell Effector Responses in MyD88-Deficient Mice
Authors: Iweala Onyinye I. , Smith Donald W. , Matharu Kabir S. , Sada-Ovalle Isabel , Nguyen Deanna D. , DeKruyff Rosemarie H. , Umetsu Dale T. , Behar Samuel M. , Nagler Cathryn R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The requirement for TLR signaling in the initiation of an Ag-specific Ab response is controversial. In this report we show that a novel OVA-expressing recombinant Salmonella vaccine (Salmonella-OVA) elicits a Th1-biased cell-mediated and serum Ab response upon oral or i.p. immunization of C57BL/6 mice. In MyD88−/− mice, Th1-dependent Ab responses are greatly reduced while Th2-dependent Ab isotypes are elevated in response to oral and i.p., but not s.c. footpad, immunization. When the T effector response to oral vaccination is examined we find that activated, adoptively transferred Ag-specific CD4+ T cells accumulate in the draining lymph nodes, but fail to produce IFN-γ, in MyD88−/− mice. Moreover, CD1d tetramer staining shows that invariant NKT cells are activated in response to oral Salmonella-OVA vaccination in wild-type, but not MyD88−/−, mice. Treatment with neutralizing Ab to CD1d reduces the OVA-specific Ab response only in MyD88-sufficient wild-type mice, suggesting that both Ag-specific CD4 T cell and invariant NKT cell effector responses to Salmonella-OVA vaccination are MyD88 dependent. Taken together, our data indicate that the type of adaptive immune response generated to this live attenuated vaccine is regulated by both the presence of MyD88-mediated signals and vaccination route, which may have important implications for future vaccine design.
Neutrophil Bleaching of GFP-Expressing Staphylococci: Probing the Intraphagosomal Fate of Individual Bacteria
Authors: Schwartz Jamie , Leidal Kevin G. , Femling Jon K. , Weiss Jerrold P. , Nauseef William M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Successful host defense against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (SA) depends on a prompt response by circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Stimulated PMN create in their phagosomes an environment inhospitable to most ingested bacteria. Granules that fuse with the phagosome deliver an array of catalytic and noncatalytic antimicrobial peptides, while activation of the NADPH oxidase at the phagosomal membrane generates reactive oxygen species within the phagosome, including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), formed by the oxidation of chloride by the granule protein myeloperoxidase in the presence of H2O2. In this study, we used SA-expressing cytosolic GFP to provide a novel probe of the fate of SA in human PMN. PMN bleaching of GFP in SA required phagocytosis, active myeloperoxidase, H2O2 from the NADPH oxidase, and chloride. Not all ingested SA were bleached, and the number of cocci within PMN-retaining fluorescent GFP closely correlated with the number of viable bacteria remaining intracellularly. The percent of intracellular fluorescent and viable SA increased at higher multiplicity of infection and when SA presented to PMN had been harvested from the stationary phase of growth. These studies demonstrate that the loss of GFP fluorescence in ingested SA provides a sensitive experimental probe for monitoring biochemical events within individual phagosomes and for identifying subpopulations of SA that resist intracellular PMN cytotoxicity. Defining the molecular basis of SA survival within PMN should provide important insights into bacterial and host properties that limit PMN antistaphylococcal action and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infection.
Nonredundant Roles for B Cell-Derived IL-10 in Immune Counter-Regulation
Authors: Madan Rajat , Demircik Filiz , Surianarayanan Sangeetha , Allen Jessica L. , Divanovic Senad , Trompette Aurelien , Yogev Nir , Gu Yuanyuan , Khodoun Marat , Hildeman David , Boespflug Nicholas , Fogolin Mariela B. , Gröbe Lothar , Greweling Marina , Finkelman Fred D. , Cardin Rhonda , Mohrs Markus , Müller Werner , Waisman Ari , Roers Axel , Karp Christopher L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
IL-10 plays a central role in restraining the vigor of inflammatory responses, but the critical cellular sources of this counter-regulatory cytokine remain speculative in many disease models. Using a novel IL-10 transcriptional reporter mouse, we found an unexpected predominance of B cells (including plasma cells) among IL-10-expressing cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues at baseline and during diverse models of in vivo immunological challenge. Use of a novel B cell-specific IL-10 knockout mouse revealed that B cell-derived IL-10 nonredundantly decreases virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses and plasma cell expansion during murine cytomegalovirus infection and modestly restrains immune activation after challenge with foreign Abs to IgD. In contrast, no role for B cell-derived IL-10 was evident during endotoxemia; however, although B cells dominated lymphoid tissue IL-10 production in this model, myeloid cells were dominant in blood and liver. These data suggest that B cells are an underappreciated source of counter-regulatory IL-10 production in lymphoid tissues, provide a clear rationale for testing the biological role of B cell-derived IL-10 in infectious and inflammatory disease, and underscore the utility of cell type-specific knockouts for mechanistic limning of immune counter-regulation.
The Transcription Factor RFX Protects MHC Class II Genes against Epigenetic Silencing by DNA Methylation
Authors: Seguín-Estévez Queralt , De Palma Raffaele , Krawczyk Michal , Leimgruber Elisa , Villard Jean , Picard Capucine , Tagliamacco Augusto , Abbate Gianfranco , Gorski Jack , Nocera Arcangelo , Reith Walter 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Classical and nonclassical MHC class II (MHCII) genes are coregulated by the transcription factor RFX (regulatory factor X) and the transcriptional coactivator CIITA. RFX coordinates the assembly of a multiprotein “enhanceosome” complex on MHCII promoters. This enhanceosome serves as a docking site for the binding of CIITA. Whereas the role of the enhanceosome in recruiting CIITA is well established, little is known about its CIITA-independent functions. A novel role of the enhanceosome was revealed by the analysis of HLA-DOA expression in human MHCII-negative B cell lines lacking RFX or CIITA. HLA-DOA was found to be reactivated by complementation of CIITA-deficient but not RFX-deficient B cells. Silencing of HLA-DOA was associated with DNA methylation at its promoter, and was relieved by the demethylating agent 5-azacytidine. Surprisingly, DNA methylation was also established at the HLA-DRA and HLA-DQB loci in RFX-deficient cells. This was a direct consequence of the absence of RFX, as it could be reversed by restoring RFX function. DNA methylation at the HLA-DOA, HLA-DRA, and HLA-DQB promoters was observed in RFX-deficient B cells and fibroblasts, but not in CIITA-deficient B cells and fibroblasts, or in wild-type fibroblasts, which lack CIITA expression. These results indicate that RFX and/or enhanceosome assembly plays a key CIITA-independent role in protecting MHCII promoters against DNA methylation. This function is likely to be crucial for retaining MHCII genes in an open chromatin configuration permissive for activation in MHCII-negative cells, such as the precursors of APC and nonprofessional APC before induction with IFN-γ.
Quality and Vaccine Efficacy of CD4+ T Cell Responses Directed to Dominant and Subdominant Epitopes in ESAT-6 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Aagaard Claus Sindbjerg , Hoang Truc Thi Kim Thanh , Vingsbo-Lundberg Carina , Dietrich Jes , Andersen Peter 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The ESAT-6 (early secretory antigenic target) molecule is a very important target for T cell recognition during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although ESAT-6 contains numerous potential T cell epitopes, the immune response during infection is often focused toward a few immunodominant epitopes. By immunization with individual overlapping synthetic peptides in cationic liposomes (cationic adjuvant formulation, CAF01) we demonstrate that the ESAT-6 molecule contains several subdominant epitopes that are not recognized in H-2d/b mice either during tuberculosis infection or after immunization with ESAT-6/CAF01. Immunization with a truncated ESAT-6 molecule (Δ15ESAT-6) that lacks the immunodominant ESAT-61–15 epitope refocuses the response to include T cells directed to these subdominant epitopes. After aerosol infection of immunized mice, T cells directed to both dominant (ESAT-6-immunized) and subdominant epitopes (Δ15ESAT-6-immunized) proliferate and are recruited to the lung. The vaccine-promoted response consists mainly of double- (TNF-α and IL-2) or triple-positive (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2) polyfunctional T cells. This polyfunctional quality of the CD4+ T cell response is maintained unchanged even during the later stages of infection, whereas the naturally occurring infection stimulates a response to the ESAT-61–15 epitope that consist almost exclusively of CD4+ effector T cells. ESAT-6 and Δ15ESAT-6 both give significant protection against aerosol challenge with tuberculosis, but the most efficient protection against pulmonary infection is mediated by the subdominant T cell repertoire primed by Δ15ESAT-6.
Cutting Edge: The Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Retains Invariant NK T Cells in the Thymus
Authors: Drennan Michael B. , Franki Ann-Sophie , Dewint Pieter , Van Beneden Katrien , Seeuws Sylvie , van de Pavert Serge A. , Reilly Emma C. , Verbruggen Gust , Lane Thomas E. , Mebius Reina E. , Deforce Dieter , Elewaut Dirk 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The current model used to define T cell export from the thymus suggests that emigrating lymphocytes seed the peripheral organs as functionally mature cells. This model holds true for the majority of T cells exported from the thymus with the exception of invariant NK T (iNKT) cells. iNKT cells undergo lineage expansion after positive selection and acquire NK receptor expression once fully mature; yet, the majority of mature iNKT cells are retained in the thymus by an as of yet unidentified mechanism. In this study we demonstrate that mature iNKT cells are retained in the thymus by the chemokine receptor CXCR3. We propose that the expression of CXCR3 ligands in the thymic medullary epithelium promotes the chemotactic retention of mature iNKT thymocytes and prevents leakage of iNKT cells into the peripheral circulation.
Rare Development of Foxp3+ Thymocytes in the CD4+CD8+ Subset
Authors: Lee Hyang Mi , Hsieh Chyi-Song 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The CD4+CD8+ (double positive, DP) stage of thymic development is thought to be the earliest period that generates natural Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells important for the prevention of autoimmunity. However, we found that most Foxp3+ DP cells identified by routine flow cytometry represent doublets comprised of Foxp3− DP and Foxp3+ CD4+CD8− (CD4SP) cells. This was determined using analysis of flow cytometric height and width parameters, postsort contaminants, and thymocyte mixing studies. Temporal analysis of Treg cell development arising from bone marrow precursors in neonatal bone marrow chimeras suggested that Foxp3+ DP cells are not a major percentage of Foxp3+ thymocytes, and it supported the notion that most Treg cell development occurred at the immature HSAhigh CD4SP stage. Thus, these data demonstrate that the frequency of Foxp3+ cells generated at the DP stage is much smaller than previously recognized, suggesting that additional thymocyte maturation may be required to facilitate efficient induction of Foxp3.
Mechanical excavation of wetland habitat failed to eradicate invasive American red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in Malta
Authors: Caruana Alex , Camilleri Benjamin , Farrugia Luke , Jones Julia P. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Invasive crayfish are an important ecological concern in many freshwater ecosystems. Many efforts have been made to eradicate them, but there is very little documentation of the effectiveness of these efforts. Between 2019 and 2020, a restoration project funded by the European Regional Development Fund tried to eradicate invasive American red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii from the Fiddien valley system in Malta by mechanically excavating the valley's stream bed and exporting contaminated debris securely off‐site to a dry quarry.

Three years post‐intervention, we systematically surveyed the valley system to explore the distribution and relative abundance of the invasive crayfish population. We placed traps in a stratified random sample of stream segments (both those that were included in the original restoration project and those that were not) and recorded catch per unit effort (crayfish caught per trap night) and the size/frequency distribution of crayfish caught.

The invasive crayfish were still abundant in the upper reaches of the valley system, and, despite the excavation effort, crayfish were present at the highest relative abundance (4.3–14.8 CPUE, median = 12.3) within the restored area.

Despite substantial effort and spending of more than 700,000 €, mechanical excavation did not eradicate invasive crayfish populations. We urge caution for future projects planning to attempt crayfish eradication using this approach and call for much greater impact evaluation, and at the very least post‐project monitoring, to ensure lessons can be learnt from such failures in future.
Technical note: A comparison of in‐house 3D‐printed and commercially available patient‐specific skin collimators for use with electron beam therapy
Authors: Herchko Steven M. , Rutenberg Michael S. , Beltran Chris J. , Yaddanapudi Sridhar 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPurposeSkin collimation is a useful tool in electron beam therapy (EBT) to decrease the penumbra at the field edge and minimize dose to nearby superficial organs at risk (OARs), but manually fabricating these collimation devices in the clinic to conform to the patient's anatomy can be a difficult and time intensive process. This work compares two types of patient‐specific skin collimation (in‐house 3D printed and vendor‐provided machined brass) using clinically relevant metrics.MethodsAttenuation measurements were performed to determine the thickness of each material needed to adequately shield both 6 and 9 MeV electron beams. Relative and absolute dose planes at various depths were measured using radiochromic film to compare the surface dose, flatness, and penumbra of the different skin collimation materials.ResultsClinically acceptable thicknesses of each material were determined for both 6 and 9 MeV electron beams. Field width, flatness, and penumbra results between the two systems were very similar and significantly improved compared to measurements performed with no surface collimation.ConclusionBoth skin collimation methods investigated in this work generate sharp penumbras at the field edge and can minimize dose to superficial OARs compared to treatment fields with no surface collimation. The benefits of skin collimation are greatest for lower energy electron beams, and the benefits decrease as the measurement depth increases. Using bolus with skin collimation is recommended to avoid surface dose enhancement seen with collimators placed on the skin surface. Ultimately, the appropriate choice of material will depend on the desire to create these devices in‐house or outsource the fabrication to a vendor.
Somatotopy of the sensory thalamus: inputs from directional deep brain stimulation in pain patients
Authors: Leplus Aurelie , Isan Petru , Balossier Anne , Mouffok Sarah , Donnet Anne , Papadopoulo Theodore , Lanteri‐Minet Michel , Regis Jean , Fontaine Denys 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectiveThe sensory ventroposterior (VP) thalamic nuclei display a mediolateral somatotopic organization (respectively head, arm, and leg). We studied this somatotopy using directional VP deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients treated for chronic neuropathic pain.MethodsSix patients with central (four) or peripheral (two) neuropathic pain were treated by VP DBS using directional leads in a prospective study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03399942). Lead‐DBS toolbox was used for leads localization, visualization, and modeling of the volume of tissue activated (VTA). Stimulation was delivered in each direction, 1 month after surgery and correlated to the location of stimulation‐induced paresthesias. The somatotopy was modeled by correlating the respective locations of paresthesias and VTAs. We recorded 48 distinct paresthesia maps corresponding to 48 VTAs (including 36 related to directional stimulation).ResultsWe observed that, in each patient, respective body representations of the trunk, upper limb, lower limb, and head were closely located around the lead. These representations differed across patients, did not follow a common organization and were not concordant with the previously described somatotopic organization of the sensory thalamus.InterpretationThalamic reorganization has been reported in chronic pain patients compared to non‐pain patients operated for movement disorders in previous studies using intraoperative recordings and micro‐stimulation. Using a different methodology, namely 3D representation of the VTA by the directional postoperative stimulation through a stationary electrode, our study brings additional arguments in favor of a reorganization of the VP thalamic somatotopy in patients suffering from chronic neuropathic pain of central or peripheral origin.
Active underactuation fault‐tolerant backstepping attitude tracking control of a satellite with interval error constraints
Authors: Zarourati Mohammad , Mirshams Mehran , Tayefi Morteza 
Published: April 2024

AbstractUnderactuation poses a significant challenge to space mission control and performance. This article investigates the non‐linear attitude tracking control problem for a remote sensing satellite underactuated by a reaction wheel (RW) actuator fault. First, a timeline close to the in‐orbit reality of an underactuation fault is presented. Then, the fault detection and diagnosis strategy is performed in a finite‐time decision window. The failed actuator is excluded from the control loop by forming the proposed reconfiguration window to transition from a 3 RWs configuration to 2 RWs. The underactuation fault‐tolerant control is designed according to the active method, where the adaptive robust control law employed for fault‐free conditions is switched to the underactuated attitude tracking control (UATC). The structure of UATC is based on kinematic and adaptive backstepping dynamic controllers. The effect of unknown bounded external disturbances is considered with an adaptive estimation term. The asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop control system is proved via Lyapunov theory in the presence of parametric uncertainty. Due to the underactuation, a new approach proposed in the prescribed performance function is interval error constraints, which include the pointing accuracy and stability requirements in imaging time intervals. Finally, the results of the multidisciplinary simulation and experimental test confirm the applicability of the underactuation fault‐tolerant control.