bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some parasites of Segestes decoratus Redtenbacher (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) and their possible use in the biological control of tettigoniid pests of coconuts in papua new guinea
Authors: Young G. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA number of tettigoniids belonging to the genera Sexava, Segestes and Segestidea are responsible for severe defoliation of coconut palm, oil palm and Pandanus spp. in Papua New Guinea. Most chemical and cultural methods of control are either impractical or uneconomic. The possibility of biological control was examined with reference to some of the natural enemies of Segestes decoratus Redtenbacher, in particular a parasite of nymphs and adults, Stichotrema dallatorreanum Hofeneder, as well as the egg parasites Triteleia atrella (Dodd), a species of Tetrastichus near T. dubius (Waterston) and a second species of Tetrastichus. It was concluded that S. dallatorreanum contributed to the control of Segestes decoratus in areas with an evenly distributed rainfall and that the parasite had potential as a biological control agent in areas where it is not endemic against pest species of Sexava, Segestes and Segestidea. A survey of the egg parasites showed that they were not effective in controlling the pests as they were only able to parasitize eggs in exposed oviposition sites. Egg predators of unknown identity were responsible for higher egg mortality than were the egg parasites.
Nocturnal behaviour of adults of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sudan Gezira and pest control implications
Authors: Topper Clive P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField and cage observations were made on Heliothis armigera (Hübner) in the Sudan Gezira to quantify nocturnal patterns of moth emergence, copulation and oviposition and the ages at which copulation and egg-laying occur. The flight activity pattern of males, virgins and inseminated females was assessed for crops with scarce or abundant sources of honeydew or nectar. A pronounced redistribution of moths between crops during the peak flight activity period (18.15-19.30 h) was demonstrated and measured, with the net exchange being approximately balanced. The direction of this movement was dependent upon the attractiveness of crops for feeding or oviposition. Male and female moths developing from larvae reared on groundnuts had significantly shorter lifespans when fed only water and less fat-body at emergence than moths developing from larvae reared on sorghum. When offered sugar solution, lifespans were significantly greater and differences in the lifespan of moths from groundnuts or sorghum were no longer evident. Adult feeding appears to compensate for any deficiencies associated with a larval diet of groundnut. Feeding was important for adult survival; there was a strong attraction of moths to crops with plentiful honeydew or nectar. A descriptive behavioural model is presented for the first half of adult life, until peak oviposition, and the uses of this model for pest management are discussed.
Migration of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) between grassland, early-sown cereals and late-sown cereals in southern England
Authors: Vorley V. T. , Wratten S. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe dynamics of migration of the parasitoidsAphidiusspp. between grassland and cereal fields of varying sowing dates was investigated in southern England in 1980 and 1981. Using baffled water traps, direct evidence of migration ofA. rhopalosiphiDe Stefani Perez females from grassland to winter wheat was obtained in June 1980, suggesting that the early-maturing grassland aphidMetopolophium festucae(Theobald) can act as a reservoir of cereal aphid parasitoids. In 1981, estimates of parasitoid production in cereal fields containing the aphidsSitobion avenae(F.),M. dirhodum(Walker) andRhopalosiphum padi(L.) were compared with actual numbers to calculate net immigration and emigration. Barley and early-sown wheat (drilled before 14 October) proved to be significant sources ofAphidiusspp., with one wheat field generating sufficient parasitoids in May to account for immigration into about 25 late-sown fields. Parasitoid migration as larvae inside aphid alatae was apparently of considerably less significance than that by adults, which were predominantly female. The advantages of early drilling of cereals to form ‘semi perennial’ reservoirs of beneficial insects is discussed and weighed against the corresponding disadvantages, especially an increased risk of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV).
The larval instars of the african blowfly, Calliphora croceipalpis Jaennicke, with a key to the genera of the third instars of african carrion-breeding Calliphoridae (Diptera)
Authors: ErzinÇlioǧlu Y. Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe larval instars of Calliphora croceipalpis Jaennicke are described, and keys to the separation of this species from other African Calliphora species given. A key to the third instars of all genera of Calliphoridae known to breed in carrion in Africa is also provided.
Diapause development in the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Forrester N. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDiapause development in Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) was found to be favoured by temperatures in the range 23–30°C. Higher temperatures (30–35°C) were suboptimal, while diapause development proceeded much more slowly at lower temperatures (5–20°C). The rate of diapause development was linear, and no minimum threshold development temperature could be established from the range of temperatures studied (lowest 5°C). The period from diapause initiation to emergence (diapause development requirement plus a 2·5-week post-diapause development requirement) was predicted to be 6 months at 27°C and 7·5 months at 23°C. It is suggested that C. sorghicola probably evolved a diapause stage in response to the absence of its host-plant during the long dry season of the African savanna region. The possibility of strains with differential diapause reactions is raised. Sex ratios favoured females slightly.
Estimation of survival rates and population size from mark-recapture experiments of bait-caught haematophagous insects
Authors: Saul A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method of calculating survival rates and population size from mark-recapture experiments for bait-caught haematophagous insects is presented. The method fits the data to a series of simultaneous equations. This procedure is not affected by the cyclical nature of the recapture rate experienced in this type of experiment. Methods are presented which allow estimates of the confidence limits on the estimated parameters. Unlike earlier methods based upon a regression analysis of the log (number recaptured), this method allows estimates of the population size in addition to the survival and length of the feeding cycle of the mosquitoes. The methods have been applied to data collected in Papua New Guinea and give estimates of the total number of Anopheles feeding per night in different villages ranging from 3000 to 46 000.
Relationship between mated status of females and their stage of ovarian development in field populations of the australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina(wiedemann) (diptera: calliphoridae)
Authors: Browne L. Barton , Gerwen A. C. M. Van , Smith P. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn field populations of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) in Australia, there was a very low percentage of mating in females that, on the evidence of their stage of ovarian development, had not yet consumed protein-rich material. Virtually all females whose oocytes had reached early vitellogenesis had mated. Thus, most females of this anautogenous species had mated soon after their ovarian development had proceeded beyond the resting stage at which development ceases in females that have not consumed protein. The relationship between mated status and ovarian development of hand-caught females did not differ from that for females which had been allowed to remain for more than 1 h with sexually active males in the collection chamber of traps. Thus mating occurred rarely, if at all, in the trap chambers, which suggests that females in the field mate soon after first becoming sexually receptive. This, together with knowledge that females of this species do not remate readily, indicates that the operational sex ratio in L. cuprina is heavily male-biased.
Development rate, fecundity and lifespan of apterae of the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), under controlled conditions
Authors: Aalbersberg Y. K. , Toit F. Du , Westhuizen M. C. Van Der , Hewitt P. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe rate of development, fecundity and lifespan of apterae of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) were determined at five sets of temperature and daylength conditions. The time required to complete pre-imaginal growth at mean daily temperatures of 10, 13, 14, 17·25 and 20°C was 19·70, 12·09, 11·25, 9·88 and 8·17 days, respectively. The threshold for development was estimated to be 0·54°C and the number of day-degrees C required to complete development was 158·73.
Species recognition in Cicadulina leafhoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), vectors of pathogens of Gramineae
Authors: Webb M. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLeafhoppers of the genus Cicadulina transmit pathogens to Gramineae (including cereals and sugarcane) in Africa, India and South America. Previous taxonomic and applied studies on Cicadulina are reviewed, and an identification key to the 22 recognizable species is given; each species is discussed and illustrated. Two species, C. dabrowskii sp. n. and C. immaculata sp. n., are described; C. anomala Van Rensburg, C. kalaharica Van Rensburg, C. inopia Van Rensburg, C. ungula Van Rensburg, C. bispinosa Van Rensburg, C. opaca Van Rensburg, C. waltersi Van Rensburg, C. scabra Van Rensburg and C. letabae Van Rensburg are established as junior synonyms of C. anestae Van Rensburg, C. bipunctella (Matsumura) as a junior synonym of C. bipunctata (Melichar) and C. triangula Ruppel as a junior synonym of C. storeyi China.
The Influence of Temperature on the Activity of Sheep-Blowflies
Authors: Nicholson A. J. 
Published: July 2009

Summary1. Quantitative methods of recording the activity of blowflies are described.2. With constant temperatures the greatest activity occurs near the centre of the temperature range, whereas with rising temperature it immediately precedes the upper thermal death-point.3. Rising temperature causes activity to occur at a lower range of temperatures than does constant temperature.4. Rising temperature causes the appearance of “distress activity” at high temperatures, but constant temperature does not.5. For the development of the necessary energy for full crawling and flight activity at the most favourable temperatures, rather long exposure to these temperatures is necessary.6. Flight and, to a lesser extent, crawling occur in bursts of activity whether the temperature is rising or constant.7. Differences in the reactions to temperature of the closely related speciesLucilia cuprinaandL. sericataare very distinct.8. The curves for general activity and temperature preference correspond to the known distribution of the four species examined.9. Frequency of regurgitation is definitely associated with high temperature.10. There are strong indications that the conditions of the experiment were suitable for the flight ofL. cuprinabut unsuitable for that of the other species examined. This may have been due to the lack of bright sunlight, or to the confined space of the observation-jars.11. It is shown that activity is a complex phenomenon, and that the character of the results obtained is influenced by the kind of activity examined, by the methods of measurement used, and by the nature of the temperature conditions to which the insects are exposed.
Observations on the Hibernation of Phlebotomus Papatasii (Dipt.)
Authors: Theodor Oskar 
Published: July 2009

SummaryHibernation of P. papatasii in Palestine is primarily caused by low temperature, but cyclical (? hereditary) factors exist which modify the phenomena of hibernation to a certain extent, as indicated by the following facts.1. Occurrence of a gradually increasing number of resting larvae during autumn, with a maximum of hibernating larvae in the first winter generations.2. A gradually increasing prolongation of development during the late summer generation, with a maximum duration of development in the first winter generations in larvae kept at 30°C.3. The pupation of hibernating larvae kept at 30°C. in spring at the same time as of larvae kept in out-of-door conditions during the winter.There is always a certain number of resting larvae (2 to 12 per cent.) throughout the summer in otherwise active broods. This inhibition of development shows that a latent inclination to diapause exists in all generations, and that diapause may also be brought about by unfavourable conditions.No relation could be found between the interval between hatching and oviposition and asthenobiosis.
Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and Baculovirus heliothis foliar applications for suppression of helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Noctuidae) and other lepidopterous larvae on tomato in south-western Nigeria
Authors: Lutwama I. J. , Matanmi B. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTomato plants in Nigeria were subjected to foliar sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (formulated as Dipel and Thuricide) and Baculovirus heliothis (Elcar), to which carbaryl, plus the adjuvants Tenac and Gustol were on occasion added, to test their effectiveness against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and other lepidopterous larvae. H. armigera larvae were found susceptible to both pathogens. The 0·5 kg/ha and the 1·0 kg/ha applications of Bacillus thuringiensis gave good field control of the larvae, similar to that of carbaryl at 1·5 kg/ha. Bacillus and virus were compatible but not significantly more effective when combined than when applied separately. Combinations of bacillus and virus with carbaryl were also not significantly more effective than the pathogens applied separately. B. thuringiensis at 0·5 kg/ha applied with carbaryl at 0·5 kg/ha was as good as carbaryl at 1·5 kg/ha. Gustol and Tenac did not significantly increase the effectiveness of the pathogens.
Field measurement of population recruitment of Apanteles glomeratus (L.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and factors influencing adult parasitoid foraging success in kale
Authors: Van Driesche R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe attack rate by the parasitoid Apanteles glomeratus (L.) on laboratory-reared larvae of Pieris rapae (L.) exposed for 3–4 day periods in a kale field in Massachusetts was greater when five larvae rather than two were placed on plants. The attack rate was greatest if host larvae were in the first instar when placed in the field, and little or no attack occurred when second- or third-instar larvae were exposed. The co-occurrence of unoccupied P. rapae larval feeding sites on plants where larvae were exposed reduced attack rates. Parasitism rates in trap-host larvae and in field-collected larvae (counting only cases in which the parasitoid was still in the egg stage) did not differ as estimators of recruitment to the population of parasitized hosts either in terms of total recruitment achieved per host generation or in the temporal pattern of the recruitment. In both simple and multiple linear regressions, the density of young P. rapae larvae (either parasitized or not) was the strongest correlate of parasitoid recruitment for the whole season, whereas average air temperature was the strongest correlate in the last month of observations (September).
Electrophoretic study of enzymes from cereal aphid populations. V. Spatial and temporal genetic similarity of holocyclic populations of the bird-cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in Britain
Authors: Loxdale H. D. , Brookes C. P 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarge colonies of holocyclic Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) were sampled in May-June in 1985 and 1986 from the principal host, Prunus padus, in various parts of Britain, mainly in the south-east. They were tested electrophoretically using nine enzymes representing 14 putative genetic loci. Only two loci (14%) were polymorphic (GOT, glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, and SORDH, sorbitol dehydrogenase), the remainder being monomorphic. Allele and genotype frequencies at each locus were generally similar both spatially and temporally, and genotype frequencies were close to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The low level of genetic variability may reflect population bottlenecks which have purged most of the variation and which have been imposed by the distribution of P. padus, especially in the south of Britain where the tree is generally scarce. In addition, it is probable that adverse climatic conditions directly affect winter survival of anholocyclic populations of the aphid and thus also reduce variability. In the long term, such bottlenecks would tend to preclude the maintenance of effectively neutral enzyme variants that arise within populations. The similarity of allele and genotype frequencies may reflect the highly migratory behaviour of R. padi. Thus, in southern Britain, where P. padus is generally much rarer in comparison with the north of the country, R. padi inter-population gene flow is still sufficient to alleviate the influences of genetic drift and possible directional selection on the allelic variation that remains.
Upwind flight by gravid australian sheep blowflies,Lucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), in response to stimuli from sheep
Authors: Eisemann C. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGroups of gravid females ofLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) in a 1-m3cage flew upwind in response to sheep placed upwind of the cage. No downwind flight or other response was observed to sheep placed downwind of the fly cage. Flystruck sheep stimulated the greatest accumulation of flies on the upwind cage wall (46% of the caged flies), followed by sound wet sheep (29%) and sound dry sheep (19%). All sheep tested caused significantly more flies to accumulate on the upwind wall than did controls consisting of either no bait or a man placed upwind (14%). Struck sheep elicited significant upwind movement of flies at distances of up to 20 m; sound, dry sheep did so only up to 10 m. It was concluded thatL. cuprinais able to orient from a distance in response to volatile sheep kairomones; kairomones from dry sheep are augmented by wetting or the presence of cutaneous myiasis, as indicated by an enhanced fly response. The experiments performed did not exclude a role for visual or thermal cues in blowfly orientation to sheep.
Identification of components of cattle urine attractive to tsetse flies, Glossina spp. (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Bursell E. , Gough A. J. E. , Beevor P. S. , Cork A. , Hall D. R. , Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe attractiveness of cattle urine to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen was shown to be entirely attributable to the phenolic components which it contains. Four of the eight naturally occurring phenol derivatives (3- and 4-methylphenol, 3-ethylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol) were electroantennographically active, induced upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays and increased trap catches in field tests in Zimbabwe. One of the minor components, 2-methoxyphenol, had little antennographic activity but induced upwind flight in the wind-tunnel and appeared to be repellent in field tests.
Foraging activity of the attine ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on resistant and susceptible yam varieties
Authors: Rahbé Y. , Febvay G. , Kermarrec A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA quantitative analysis of the foraging behaviour of Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) from three nests on 27 yam varieties of nine species was undertaken in Guadeloupe using a video-microcomputer device. In ants with no previous experience of the variety, foraging inhibition appeared only after at least a whole day of contact with resistant yam leaves. There was a negative correlation between leaf saponin content of the yam species and foraging intensity; however, the main yam sapogenin, the steroid diosgenin, had no effect on foraging behaviour, and tomatin, a steroid-alkaloidal saponin, induced only long-term deterioration of the fungus garden when incorporated in the nest. The saponins tested are thus not detected by the ants and are therefore unable to initiate the strong and rapid foraging inhibition observed with resistant yams.
Variety-related feeding patterns in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), on its host, the rice plant
Authors: Padgham D. E. , Woodhead S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMajor potential sources of variation in the feeding of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) which are not host-dependant are those related to time, i.e. the age of the insect, the length of time the insect is in association with the plant and the time of day. These parameters were investigated with a susceptible, a moderately resistant and a resistant rice variety using honeydew clocks for the collection of honeydew excretion data. It is concluded that there are non-circadian patterns of honeydew excretion which are related to the degree of resistance of the variety and that such feeding and excretion patterns can be used to characterize the relationship between insect populations and rice varieties.
Karyotype variation in the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), species complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in relation to host-plant and morphology
Authors: Brown P. A. , Blackman R. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) collected on barley in the northern hemisphere usually has a ten-chromosome karyotype, whereas samples from maize, sorghum and Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) from all parts of the world commonly have 2n = 8. Samples with other karyotypes (2n = 9, 2n = 11 and 2n = 8 heterozygous for an interchange between the X chromosomes) occur less frequently on these and other species of Gramineae. Multivariate morphometric analysis, principally by the method of canonical variates, indicated that the ten-chromosome form may be regarded as a single clone of R. maidis recognizable by its karyotype and host-plant relationships, although not completely separable by morphology alone from all other clones of this permanently parthenogenetic species complex.
The influence of moonlight and weather on catches of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in light and pheromone traps
Authors: Dent D. R. , Pawar C. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecords of hourly trap catches of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in a light trap and two pheromone traps in Andhra Pradesh, India, were used to assess the influence of moonlight and weather on trap performance. The environmental factors that were considered were mean hourly temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and maximum hourly percentage moon illuminance. The mean number of adults caught per hour reached a peak at 03.00 h in the light trap and at 02.00 h in one of the pheromone traps. The environmental factors were not sufficiently severe to produce any marked activity thresholds, although zero catches were recorded in the light and pheromone traps on occasions when the mean hourly temperature was 11°C. Despite there being obvious relationships between hourly light and pheromone trap catches with temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, it was not possible to determine whether these were causally related or merely coincidental relationships. Some of the observed relationships could not be explained in terms of known physiological or behavioural characteristics of the insect. It was evident that the light trap performance was influenced by the level of moon illuminance because this affected both the timing and size of the peak catch.