bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion‐weighted hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI in healthy volunteers and subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Kaushik S. Sivaram , Cleveland Zackary I. , Cofer Gary P. , Metz Gregory , Beaver Denise , Nouls John , Kraft Monica , Auffermann William , Wolber Jan , McAdams H. Page , Driehuys Bastiaan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGiven its greater availability and lower cost, 129Xe apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) MRI offers an alternative to 3He ADC MRI. To demonstrate the feasibility of hyperpolarized 129Xe ADC MRI, we present results from healthy volunteers (HV), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) subjects, and age‐matched healthy controls (AMC). The mean parenchymal ADC was 0.036 ± 0.003 cm2 sec−1 for HV, 0.043 ± 0.006 cm2 sec−1 for AMC, and 0.056 ± 0.008 cm2 sec−1 for COPD subjects with emphysema. In healthy individuals, but not the COPD group, ADC decreased significantly in the anterior–posterior direction by ∼22% (P = 0.006, AMC; 0.0059, HV), likely because of gravity‐induced tissue compression. The COPD group exhibited a significantly larger superior–inferior ADC reduction (∼28%) than the healthy groups (∼24%) (P = 0.00018, HV; P = 3.45 × 10−5, AMC), consistent with smoking‐related tissue destruction in the superior lung. Superior–inferior gradients in healthy subjects may result from regional differences in xenon concentration. ADC was significantly correlated with pulmonary function tests (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, r = −0.77, P = 0.0002; forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity, r = −0.77, P = 0.0002; diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide in the lung/alveolar volume (VA), r = −0.77, P = 0.0002). In healthy groups, ADC increased with age by 0.0002 cm2 sec−1 year−1 (r = 0.56, P = 0.02). This study shows that 129Xe ADC MRI is clinically feasible, sufficiently sensitive to distinguish HV from subjects with emphysema, and detects age‐ and posture‐dependent changes. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PCATMIP: Enhancing signal intensity in diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Pai V. M. , Rapacchi S. , Kellman P. , Croisille P. , Wen H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDiffusion‐weighted MRI studies generally lose signal intensity to physiological motion, which can adversely affect quantification/diagnosis. Averaging over multiple repetitions, often used to improve image quality, does not eliminate the signal loss. In this article, PCATMIP, a combined principal component analysis and temporal maximum intensity projection approach, is developed to address this problem. Data are first acquired for a fixed number of repetitions. Assuming that physiological fluctuations of image intensities locally are likely temporally correlated unlike random noise, a local moving boxcar in the spatial domain is used to reconstruct low‐noise images by considering the most relevant principal components in the temporal domain. Subsequently, a temporal maximum intensity projection yields a high signal‐intensity image. Numerical and experimental studies were performed for validation and to determine optimal parameters for increasing signal intensity and minimizing noise. Subsequently, a combined principal component analysis and temporal maximum intensity projection approach was used to analyze diffusion‐weighted porcine liver MRI scans. In these scans, the variability of apparent diffusion coefficient values among repeated measurements was reduced by 59% relative to averaging, and there was an increase in the signal intensity with higher intensity differences observed at higher b‐values. In summary, a combined principal component analysis and temporal maximum intensity projection approach is a postprocessing approach that corrects for bulk motion‐induced signal loss and improves apparent diffusion coefficient measurement reproducibility. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Network services—outsourcing
Authors: House Robert G. , DeLozier Lynn A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNetwork outsourcing is an alternative which through advanced technologies, standardization and a close partnership between the client corporation and provider, facilitates an effective and economical means of meeting present and future needs of various corporate user communities. Solutions typically consist of a wide array of services ranging from full operation of the network which includes assumption of assets and personnel to responsibility for various segments of the network such as Help Desk or Vendor Liaison functions.
The effects of antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Nicholson Heather , Kehle Thomas J. , Bray Melissa A. , Heest Jaci Van 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA multiple baseline design was used to examine the effects of participation in antecedent physical activity on the academic engagement of four elementary‐school children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The results indicated large effect sizes for academic engaged time for all four students. It was suggested that physical activity in the form of something as simple to implement as jogging may be efficacious in promoting academic achievement for students diagnosed with ASD. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mendelian randomization analysis of case‐control data using structural mean models
Authors: Bowden Jack , Vansteelandt Stijn 
Published: December 2010

Abstract‘Instrumental Variable’ (IV) methods provide a basis for estimating an exposure's causal effect on the risk of disease. In Mendelian randomization studies, where genetic information plays the role of the IV, IV analyses are routinely performed on case‐control data, rather than prospectively collected observational data. Although it is a well‐appreciated fact that ascertainment bias may invalidate such analyses, ad hoc assumptions and approximations are made to justify their use. In this paper we attempt to explain and clarify why they may fail and show how they can be adjusted for improved performance. In particular, we propose consistent estimators of the causal relative risk and odds ratio if a priori knowledge is available regarding either the population disease prevalence or the population distribution of the IV (e.g. population allele frequencies). We further show that if no such information is available, approximate estimators can be obtained under a rare disease assumption. We illustrate this with matched case‐control data from the recently completed EPIC study, from which we attempt to assess the evidence for a causal relationship between C‐reactive protein levels and the risk of Coronary Artery Disease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compensation Control Model of Superheat and Cooling Water Temperature for Secondary Cooling of Continuous Casting
Authors: Zhang Jian , Chen Dengfu , Wang Shuigen , Long Mujun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a compensation control model of secondary cooling process of billet continuous casting for quality steel has been presented. The effects on the spray control of the various parameters such as steel superheat, casting speed, cooling water temperature and chemical component of steel were considered. The parameters of control model were determined to associate with the two‐dimensional heat transfer equation and solved by finite‐difference method. Effects of steel superheat and cooling water temperature on surface temperature, solidification structure and solidifying end point were discussed. Results indicate that steel superheat significantly affects solidification structure and solidifying end point but has a little effect on slab surface temperature. Moreover, secondary cooling water temperature affects surface temperature and solidifying end point but has a little effect on solidification structure. The surface temperature and solidifying end point can be maintain stabilized through applying the compensation control model when steel superheat and cooling water temperature vary. The models have been validated by industrial measurements. The results show that the simulations are in very good agreement with the real casting situation.
Transformation‐induced plasticity in rapidly solidified Fe88.9Cr4.3V2.2C4.6
Authors: Hufenbach Julia , Kühn Uta , Krüger Lutz , Wendrock Horst , Eckert Jürgen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the present work, the mechanical behaviour at different strain rates of a high strength tool steel with the composition Fe88.9Cr4.3V2.2C4.6 (at.%), manufactured under relatively high cooling rates and highly pure conditions, was studied. The applied preparation conditions promote a microstructure composed of martensite, retained austenite and a fine network of special carbides already in the as‐cast state. This special phase combination yields a structural material with superior mechanical properties under quasi‐static loading, exhibiting an extremely high engineering compression strength of almost 4000 MPa combined with a large compression strain of about 20% due to deformation‐induced martensite formation. However, the knowledge of the performance of this material under dynamic loading conditions is also very important for its possible application as a novel kind of tool steel. For this reason, compression tests in the strain rate range of 10−3–103 s−1 were performed and the transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP effect) was investigated. The analysis of the transformation behaviour of the retained austenite reveals that the rate of martensite formation decreases with increasing strain rate. Furthermore, an increase of the offset yield stress and the compression strength with increasing strain rate together with a remarkable plasticity was detected.
In vivo and in vitro imaging of I2imidazoline receptors in the monkey brain
Authors: Kawamura Kazunori , Maeda Jun , Hatori Akiko , Okauchi Takashi , Nagai Yuji , Higuchi Makoto , Suhara Tetsuya , Fukumura Toshimitsu , Zhang Ming‐Rong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractI2imidazoline receptors (I2Rs) are associated with depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, in vivo imaging of I2Rs in the monkey brain has not been reported until now. We performed in vitro and in vivo imaging of (I2Rs) in the monkey brain using11C‐labeled 2‐(3‐fluoro‐4‐tolyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐imidazole ([11C]FTIMD) which has high and selective affinity of I2Rs. In an auto‐radiography (ARG) study, the distribution pattern of [11C]FTIMD in the monkey brain was similar to that of [3H]idazoxan binging to I2Rs in the human brain, which was previously described. The specific binding of [11C]FTIMD accounted for >97% of total binding in brain regions existing I2Rs. In positron emission tomography (PET) studies, the radioactivity was accumulated in brain regions existing I2Rs ligand BU224, the accumulated radioactivity was decreased to approximately 66%–75% of the baseline measurement at 15–45 min after injection of [11C]FTIMD. These results suggest that [11C]FTIMD shows the specific‐binging to I2Rs in the monkey brain as depicted by PET and ARG. We performed the first in vivo imaging of I2Rs using [11C]FTIMD in the monkey brain. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oscillatory waveform caused by piezoelectric vibration of pockels crystal and its effective suppression
Authors: Matsumoto Hirokazu , Matsuoka Shigeyasu , Kumada Akiko , Hidaka Kunihiko 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn measurements of impulse voltages by Pockels sensors, oscillatory components have been observed in the tail parts of the optical signals. In this paper, oscillatory components of Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO) Pockels crystals of various shapes are investigated. The tested BGO crystals are rectangular solids, a cylindrical solid, and a tapered quadratic solid. The oscillatory components are derived from the light outputs and the frequency analysis is performed. The oscillation frequency of the rectangular crystals is lower than the theoretical value and that of a cylinder is the same as that of circumscribed rectangular solid. In the case of the tapered BGO crystal, it is possible to reduce the oscillatory components by distributing piezoelectric vibration over a broad frequency bandwidth. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Applications of integrated assessment modeling to climate change
Authors: Sarofim Marcus C. , Reilly John M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractClimate change studies are often interdisciplinary by nature, incorporating many domains of science, economics, and political theory. Integrated assessment (IA) aims to bring diverse scientific, economics and social science expertise together to provide analysis and advice that comprehensively addresses all or at least many aspects of the climate change issue. IA methods have been applied to many areas of climate change providing insights into areas such as optimal timing of emission reductions, weighting of different greenhouse gases, or impacts of biofuel policies. Additionally, IAs have identified key uncertainties that should be priorities of future research, such as the need to understand oceanic heat uptake in order to better constrain climate sensitivity and predict future timing of temperature change. These assessments have also served to establish ongoing communication within the community of researchers, and between researchers and policy makers. In complex scientific issues it is often difficult for policy makers and the public to sort out conflicting scientific views, and an authoritative assessment process can provide consensus views on the issue, accepting that in some cases the “consensus” may be that some aspects of the issue remain unresolved. This review explores the history and applications of these IAs, and identifies avenues for future emphasis. We briefly review the whole field of IAs of climate change, but focus on the role of formal computational frameworks in IA models.WIREs Clim Change2011 2 27–44 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.93This article is categorized under:Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Applications of Integrated Assessment to Climate Change
CLOUD computing
Authors: Sahinoglu Mehmet , Cueva‐Parra Luis 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCLOUD computing (Grid or utility computing, computing on‐demand) which was the talk of the computing circles at the end of 1990s has become once again a relevant computational topic. CLOUD computing, also considered as a fifth utility after water, electric power, gas, and telephony, is on the basis of the hosting of services on clusters of computers housed in server farms. This article reviews CLOUD computing fundamentals in general, its operational modeling and quantitative (statistical) risk assessment of its much neglected service quality issues. As an example of a CLOUD, a set of distributed parallel computers is considered to be working independently or dependently, but additively to serve the cumulative needs of a large number of customers requiring service. Quantitative methods of statistical inference on the quality of service (QoS) or conversely, loss of service (LoS), as commonly used customer satisfaction metrics of system reliability and security performance are reviewed. The goal of those methods is to optimize what must be planned about how to improve the quality of a CLOUD operation and what countermeasures to take. Also, a discrete event simulation is reviewed to estimate the risk indices in a large CLOUD computing environment favorably compared to the intractable and lengthy theoretical Markov solutions. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 47–68 DOI: 10.1002/wics.139This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Reliability, Survivability, and Quality Control
Statistical Models > Simulation Models
Software for Computational Statistics > Software/Statistical Software
The structural landscape of native editosomes in African trypanosomes
Authors: Ulrich Göringer H. , Subbaraju Katari Venkata , Böhm Cordula 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe majority of mitochondrial pre‐messenger RNAs in African trypanosomes are substrates of a U‐nucleotide‐specific insertion/deletion‐type RNA editing reaction. The process converts nonfunctional pre‐mRNAs into translation‐competent molecules and can generate protein diversity by alternative editing. High molecular mass protein complexes termed editosomes catalyze the processing reaction. They stably interact with pre‐edited mRNAs and small noncoding RNAs, known as guide RNAs (gRNAs), which act as templates in the reaction. Editosomes provide a molecular surface for the individual steps of the catalytic reaction cycle and although the protein inventory of the complexes has been studied in detail, a structural analysis of the processing machinery has only recently been accomplished. Electron microscopy in combination with single particle reconstruction techniques has shown that steady state isolates of editosomes contain ensembles of two classes of stable complexes with calculated apparent hydrodynamic sizes of 20S and 35–40S. 20S editosomes are free of substrate RNAs, whereas 35–40S editosomes are associated with endogenous mRNA and gRNA molecules. Both complexes are characterized by a diverse structural landscape, which include complexes that lack or possess defined subdomains. Here, we summarize the consensus models and structural landmarks of both complexes. We correlate structural features with functional characteristics and provide an outlook into dynamic aspects of the editing reaction cycle. WIREs RNA 2011 2 395–407 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.67This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification
Roles of Puf proteins in mRNA degradation and translation
Authors: Miller Melanie A. , Olivas Wendy M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPuf proteins are regulators of diverse eukaryotic processes including stem cell maintenance, organelle biogenesis, oogenesis, neuron function, and memory formation. At the molecular level, Puf proteins promote translational repression and/or degradation of target mRNAs by first interacting with conservedcis‐elements in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Once bound to an mRNA, Puf proteins elicit RNA repression by complex interactions with protein cofactors and regulatory machinery involved in translation and degradation. Recent work has dramatically increased our understanding of the targets of Puf protein regulation, as well as the mechanisms by which Puf proteins recognize and regulate those mRNA targets. Crystal structure analysis of several Puf–RNA complexes has demonstrated that while Puf proteins are extremely conserved in their RNA‐binding domains, Pufs attain target specificity by utilizing different structural conformations to recognize 8–10 nt sequences. Puf proteins have also evolved modes of protein interactions that are organism and transcript‐specific, yet two common mechanisms of repression have emerged: inhibition of cap‐binding events to block translation initiation, and recruitment of the CCR4–POP2–NOT deadenylase complex for poly(A) tail removal. Finally, multiple schemes to regulate Puf protein activity have been identified, including post‐translational mechanisms that allow rapid changes in the repression of mRNA targets.WIREs RNA2011 2 471–492 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.69This article is categorized under:RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA RecognitionTranslation > Translation RegulationRNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Dual‐colour fluorescence microscopy using yEmCherry‐/GFP‐tagging of eisosome components Pil1 and Lsp1 in Candida albicans
Authors: Reijnst Patrick , Walther Andrea , Wendland Jürgen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPCR‐based gene targeting technologies have previously been developed for Candida albicans molecular genetic manipulation. Modular marker plasmids for the functional analysis of C. albicans genes have been generated to delete genes, exchange promoters and tag genes with GFP. Here, we have embedded two fluorescent proteins encoded by Venus and yEmCherry into the pFA‐plasmid series and demonstrate their usefulness in dual colour microscopy. To this end we analysed the localization of C. albicans homologues of Pil1 and Lsp1, which in S. cerevisiae are components of eisosomes. We find that Pil1/Lsp1‐containing eisosomes are cortical protein complexes in C. albicans. Pil1 and Lsp1, tagged with either GFP or yEmCherry, strictly co‐localized during all growth stages. Eisosomes, however, localized at distinct positions not overlapping with either cortical actin patches or the endocytosis marker protein Abp1 in yeast or the Spitzenkörper in hyphal cells. To demonstrate the use of Venus yellow fluorescent protein we performed time lapse microscopy of yeast and hyphal stages using a histone H4‐Venus tag. As demonstrated, these additions to the toolbox enable a wide range of in vivo applications in C. albicans. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface delamination of bi‐material structure under dynamic time harmonic loading
Authors: Ivanova J. , Nikolova G. , Gambin B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe interface behaviour between two layers of 2D elastic structure under dynamic time‐harmonic load is studied. The “shear lag model” is adopted and applied to the dynamic response of bi‐material structure, assuming the elastic‐brittle behaviour of the interface. The Laplace transforms together with half‐analytical calculations are used to obtain the shear stress and elastic debond lengths along the interface at sinusoidal load. Parametric analysis of the obtained results is illustrated by an example of the modern ceramic‐metal composite, so called cermet, and depicted in figures. The influence of loading characteristics, i.e. frequencies and amplitude fluctuations on the shear stress and the value of debond length for a small interval of time, is discussed.
Analysis of an elongated stretched strip, with application to a strain‐gage electrical sensor design
Authors: Suhir E. , Gschohsmann W. , Nicolics J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA theory‐of‐elasticity‐based analytical (“mathematical”) stress model has been developed for an elongated strip subjected to tensile displacements distributed over one of its long edges. The model is applied to an advanced ceramic strain‐gage electrical sensor design. We have assumed that the mechanical behavior of the gage configured like a thin plate‐like structural element attached to a thick‐ and‐stiff carrier (substrate) can be evaluated by considering the longitudinal cross‐section of the gage and treating it like an elongated long strip. We have assumed also that since the substrate is much thicker and stiffer than the strip, its displacements determine the interfacial displacements of the strip, but not the other way around. The results based on the developed model indicate that the longitudinal displacements in the strip are distributed linearly over the thickness (“height”) of a long‐and‐thin strip (gage), but fade away exponentially in the through‐thickness direction in the case of a short‐and‐thick strip. We conclude that, for accurate enough measurements, long‐and‐thin, rather than short‐and‐thick, strips (gages) should be employed in the application of interest. The obtained results enable one particularly to determine how thick (“high”) such a strip (gage) should be made for the given material and length. Our solution could be useful also in other areas of applied science and engineering, where strip‐like structural elements subjected to the loading of the type in question are employed.