bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐infection compliance of UK dental staff and students
Authors: Porter SR , El‐Maaytah M , Afonso W , Scully C , Leung T 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the study were to determine the compliance of a group of dental health care workers and students in aspects of cross‐infection control.DESIGN: The dentists and dental students working in a dental clinic were observed by a ‘hidden’ ceiling‐mounted video camera. Procedures were recorded onto videotape and the actions of the observed clinicians and students assessed by two suitably qualified assessors.SETTING: An emergency Oral Medicine clinic in a dental hospital.SUBJECTS Seventy nine dentists and 35 dental undergraduates.METHODS: The action of staff and students were recorded on videotape and assessed retrospectively.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Degree of compliance with recognised infection control policies.RESULTS: Compliance with recommended guidelines for control of cross‐infection was poor. In only 56% of health care worker‐patient contacts were protective gloves changed between patients. Facemasks and protective eyewear were only worn in 38% and 29% of such contacts respectively.CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with cross‐infection control measures are poor in dentistry ‐ even when clinicians are provided with appropriate facilities.
Declining prevalence of dental caries in school children in Singapore
Authors: Lo GL , Bagramian RA 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Dental health surveys of school children in Singapore from past decades were reviewed to document reductions in prevalence of dental caries.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surveys were carried out in schools by the Dental Division, Ministry of Health in 1970, 1979, 1984, 1989 and 1994.A sample size of approximately 5000 school children representing 1.2% of the school population aged 6 to 18 years old was examined in each survey.RESULTS: Survey data showed an increase in the proportion of children free of caries in the permanent dentition from 30% in 1970 to 58.7% in 1994. The DMFT index for 6 to 18 year old children has dropped from 2.98 in 1970, 2.61 in 1979, 1.97 in 1984, 1.61 in 1989 to 1.05 in 1994.CONCLUSION: Fluoridation of public water supplies together with the adoption of preventive dental health programmes by the State and professional bodies is credited as the major factor in caries reduction.
Dental practitioner risk, knowledge and practice with regard to the hepatitis B vaccination in South Africa
Authors: Naidoo S. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine dental practitioner risk, knowledge and practice with regard to hepatitis B vaccination in South Africa.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional, descriptive study. SUBJECTS: Dental students qualifying from the University of the Western Cape dental school between 1985 and 1995 (n= 173).METHODS: A telephonic survey, using a structured questionnaire.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Knowledge and compliance with hepatitis B vaccination.RESULTS: The present study shows that (i) individuals are not maintaining HBV protection and (ii) individuals are at risk.CONCLUSIONS: Guidelines need to be developed to ensure that the entire dental team is not only vaccinated against HBV, but that post‐vaccination testing and follow‐up for booster vaccination is strictly adhered to.
Dental erosions and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in institutionalized intellectually disabled individuals
Authors: Böhmer CJM , Klinkenberg‐Knol EC , Boer MC Niezen‐de , Meuwissen PRM , Meuwissen SGM 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Both exogenous acids, from the diet, and endogenous acids, from stomach juice, can dissolve the enamel mineral, resulting in dental erosionS. Gastric acid may reach the mouth by gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD), recurrent vomiting, rumination and regurgitation. These conditions are frequently found in the intellectually disabled population. Therefore, we investigated the presence of dental erosions in combination with GERD among intellectually disabled inhabitants, with an IQ<50, taken from three Dutch institutes.MATERIALS AND METHODS: At random 63 individuals underwent an oesophageal pH test and dental screening and possible predisposing and attributable factors were determined. An abnormal pH level was defined as a pH <4, >4.5% of the measured time. Subjects with dental erosions were compared to those without dental erosions.RESULTS: In 29 out of 63 (46.0%) cases evidence of dental erosions was found. In 19 of these 29 subjects with erosions (65.5%) GERD was diagnosed, compared to nine (26.5%) out of 34 subjects without erosions (P= 0.04). In the subjects with erosions mean duration of pH <4 was 15.6% (range: 0.5–90.5) compared to 6.3% (range 0–40.4) in subjects without erosions (P= 0.02).An IQ <35 was found to be predisposing (P <0.001).CONCLUSION: In this population of 63 institutionalised intellectually disabled persons dental erosions were diagnosed in 46%.Sixty‐five per cent of them had GERD. Individuals with longer duration of pH <4 than 6.3% of the measured time and with an IQ < 35 were at higher risk to develop dental erosions. This study shows that dental erosions in the intellectually disabled population might be an oral manifestation of GERD.
Increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in normal epithelium adjacent to head and neck carcinomas independent of tobacco and alcohol abuse
Authors: van Oijen MGCT , Rijksen G , Broek FW , Slootweg PJ 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVEIn this study we examined if expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in normal epithelium adjacent to head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) is increased and if this increase is due to the use of tobacco and alcohol.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cut sections of formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded material of histologically normal epithelium adjacent to HNSCC from 25 patients who smoke excessively and abuse alcohol, and 17 HNSCC patients who do not abuse tobacco and alcohol were compared with cut sections of normal epithelium from 27 control individuals. The sections were immu‐nohistochemically stained for the EGFR.RESULTS: We show an elevation of the expression of the EGFR in patients who smoke and drink excessively, that could also be ascertained, to a lesser extent, in patients that do not have a history of smoking or drinking (P = 0.08). We also find that the closer the epithelium lies to the HNSCC the higher the expression of the EGFR is.CONCLUSIONS: Expression of the EGFR is increased in tumour‐adjacent epithelium and this is not only due to the use of tobacco and/or alcohol. We suggest that paracrine effects of the HNSCC and migration of tumour cells may also play a role in this increased expression.
Fine needle aspiration cytology as a diagnostic test for oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Seetharam SS , Ramachandran CR 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of using fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a primary diagnostic test in oral leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 11 cases of oral leukoplakia and 60 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. FNAC and biopsy was done on all cases. A cytological and histopathological correlation was undertaken to determine the proportion of cancers that can be accurately diagnosed by FNAC and its ability to identify differentiation gradings of squamous cell carcinomas. A blind examination was undertaken.RESULTS: In oral leukoplakias equal rates of true positive and false negative results were obtained. The overall positive correlation accounted for 33.33% with 33.33% inadequate FNACs. In oral squamous cell carcinomas 92.85% of true positive and 7.14% of false negative results were obtained. The differentiation gradings correlated in only 41.07%. The overall positive correlation was 86.66% with 6.66% inadequate FNACs.CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicates that FNAC can be used as a reliable diagnostic test for oral squamous cell carcinoma but its use in oral leukoplakia is of limited value.
Renal hemodialysis patients: oral, salivary, dental and periodontal findings in 105 adult cases
Authors: Gavaldá C. , Bagán JV , Scully C. , Silvestre FJ , Milián MA , Jiménez Y. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: A study of the dental, periodontal, oral mucosal and salivary condition of adult patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) receiving hemodialysis (HD).MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 105 patients on HD were studied, together with 53 healthy age and sex‐matched controlS. Indices employed included carious, absent and obturated teeth index (CAO index), plaque index, calculus index and loss of periodontal attachment. Whole and parotid salivary secretions were also measured. RESULTS: The CAO index was not significantly higher among HD patients than controls (14.9± 8.7 vs 13.3± 7.9, respectively; t= 1.1; P= 0.3).However, plaque and calculus indices were significantly higher in HD patients (2.1± 0.8 and 2.3± 0.6, respectively) than controls (1.3± 0.8 and 1.6± 0.9) (P < 0.001). Loss of periodontal attachment was similar in both groups (4.9± 2.5 vs 4.2± 2.5 in the HD patients and controls, respectively) (t= 1.8; P= 0.07). There was no more oral mucosal pathology in HD patients than in controls (chi‐square = 5.8; P= 0.3).Stimulated salivary secretion was significantly higher in controls than HD patients for both whole (t= ‐5.2; P < 0.001) and parotid (t= ‐2.6; P= 0.01) salivas.CONCLUSIONS: The results show significantly higher plaque and calculus indices and lower salivary secretion among the HD patients than in healthy controls.
Ultrastructural study of direct bone formation induced by BMPs‐collagen complex implanted into an ectopic site
Authors: Nakagawa T , Tagawa T 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Some authors have reported that direct bone formation is ectopically induced by bone morpho‐genetic proteins (BMPs) independently of cartilage formation when type I collagen is used as a carrier. This study ultrastructurally investigated the mechanism of direct bone formation by BMPs‐collagen complex. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Partially purified BMPs were combined with atelopeptide type I collagen (AC) and were implanted into the calf muscles of rats (n= 20). Tissue specimens were removed on days 7, 10, 14, and 21 after implantation. RESULTS: Ultrastructurally, several regions near the pellet rim showed evidence of early calcification on day 10. In the uncalcified regions, mitochondrial calcification was seen in mesenchymal cells near AC fibers. The initially calcified regions contained numerous calcified granules deposited in the AC fibers. Some of these granules adhered to the cell membrane of osteogenic cells. In the highly calcified regions, some osteogenic cells secreted uncalcified matrix and deposited needle‐like crystals and calcified collagen microfibrils on the AC fibers. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the mesenchymal cells invading BMPs‐AC complex closely contacted the AC fibers, differentiated into osteogenic cells, and deposited calcified matrix on the AC fibers, resulting in direct osteoinduction without cartilage formation.
Which plant for which skin disease? Part 1: Atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, condyloma and herpes simplex
Authors: Reuter Juliane , Wölfle Ute , Weckesser Steffi , Schempp Christoph 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPlant extracts and isolated compounds are increasingly used in cosmetics and food supplements to improve skin conditions. We first introduce the positive plant monographs with dermatological relevance of the former German Commission E. Subsequently clinical studies with botanicals for atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, acne, condylomata acuminata and herpes simplex are discussed. The best studies have been conducted with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients. Mahonia aquifolium, Hypericum perforatum, Glycyrrhiza glabra and certain traditional Chinese therapies have been shown to be effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Mahonia aquifolium, Indigo naturalis and Capsicum frutescens are effective treatments for psoriasis. Green tea extract and tea tree oil have been investigated in the treatment of acne. Podophyllin and green tea extract are effective treatments for condylomata acuminata. Balm mint and a combination of sage and rhubarb have been shown to be effective in the treatment of herpes simplex in proof of concept studies.
Growth Hormone Treatment in Short Children ‐Short‐Term and Long‐Term Effects on Growth
Authors: ALBERTSSON‐WIKLAND K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTShort children with normal GH responses to arginine‐insulin provocation testing and various amounts of spontaneously secreted GH over 24 hours participated in an ongoing study with GH, 0.1 IU/kg/day. A total of 40 prepubertal children have been treated for 1 year. Their mean height velocity increased from 4.6 to 7.5 cm/year. The children with the slowest pretreatment height velocity showed the best increment. An inverse relationship was found between the endogenous GH secretion and the increment in growth; 80% of the children had an endogenous GH secretion of less than 300 milliunits/litre/24 hours, estimated as area under the curve above the calculated baseline. They all showed an increment in height above 2 cm. The remaining 20% all had an endogenous GH secretion of more than 300 milliunits/litre/24 hours, estimated as area under the curve above the calculated baseline, Twenty‐four of the children were prepubertal for the following 4 years, and their GH therapy continued. Their Deight velocity changed from 4.2 cm/year before therapy to 8.1,6.7,6.0 and 4.9 cm/year for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th years on treatment. Many of them have passed their expected final height, but have still not stopped growing. Those children who were in early puberty when GH treatment started went into a rapid growth spurt and have now stopped growing. They have all reached but not improved their expected final height. In 15 of the children GH treatment was stopped after 1‐3 years. Their mean height velocity for the first post‐treatment year was 5.1 cm/year; thus, for the group as a whole no‘catch down’was observed. Of the 15 children, only 4 decreased in height velocity despite increasing age. Further studies on the long‐term results of GH treatment in larger groups of short children are needed to verify the findings in this study.
Prepulse inhibition of startle, intelligence and familial primary nocturnal enuresis
Authors: Ornitz EM , Russell AT , Gabikian P , Gehricke J‐G , Guthrie D 
Published: August 2010

Previous studies have shown a significant reduction of prepulse inhibition of startle in boys with primary nocturnal enuresis. Those enuretic boys who had higher IQs showed less prepulse inhibition. This study evaluates the association of prepulse inhibition and IQ in primary nocturnal enuresis in respect to family history of primary nocturnal enuresis. Prepulse inhibition of startle was studied in 83 boys with primary nocturnal enuresis and 57 non‐enuretic boys using an interval of 120 ms between the onset of a 75 dB 1000 Hz tone and a 104 dB noise burst. Of the boys with primary nocturnal enuresis, 56 had a family history of primary nocturnal enuresis and 27 had no family history (no first‐degree relative). Of the 57 non‐enuretic boys, 42 also had no family history (no first‐degree relative) of primary nocturnal enuresis, while 15 did have a positive family history. Associations between prepulse inhibition and IQ scores were compared among these four groups. Strong and significant associations between prepulse inhibition deficit and higher IQ scores in the enuretic group with familial primary nocturnal enuresis were unique in comparison to the other groups.Conclusions: The strong heritabilities of primary nocturnal enuresis, intelligence and prepulse inhibition suggest genetic mediation of the association of prepulse inhibition with intelligence in familial primary nocturnal enuresis.
Dexamethasone treatment and fluid balance in preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease
Authors: Bos AF , van Asselt WA , Okken A 
Published: August 2010

The influence of dexamethasone on diuresis in preterm infants has not been well studied. We examined 15 preterm infants at risk for chronic lung disease with gestational ages ranging from 26 to 29 wk (median 27.6 wk) and birthweights ranging from 700 to 1485 g (median 965 g). Urine output, blood glucose, serum urea, serum creatinine, serum sodium and serum potassium, as well as systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were measured on the day before, and on 4 consecutive days after starting treatment with dexamethasone (0.25 mg kg″1 iv., twice daily). We found an increase of diuresis of 30 ml kg″1 d″1, 48‐96 h after starting dexamethasone treatment. This coincided with a gradual but significant increase of serum urea levels and arterial pressure. During the study period, fluid and protein intake remained constant. Blood glucose and serum creatinine levels did not change. Our findings suggest that the increased urine output following dexamethasone treatment might be caused by two factors: (1) pressure diuresis induced by the increase of arterial pressure and (2) an increase of the osmolar load to the kidney due to an increase of serum urea.Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a significant increase of diuresis occurs in preterm infants, 48‐96 h after starting dexamethasone. A careful monitoring of fluid balance during the first days of dexamethasone treatment is recommended.
Associations between cerebral blood‐flow measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), electro‐encephalogram (EEG), behaviour symptoms, cognition and neurological soft signs in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Gustafsson P , Thernlund G , Ryding E , Rosén I , Cederblad M 
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐eight children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were examined with SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography). Seven of the children had abnormal distribution of the regional cerebral blood‐flow (rCBF) on visual evaluation and 10 had abnormal EEG findings. The only clinical finding that differentiated the group with normal from abnormal rCBF was behaviour symptom load. A factor analysis of the rCBF in different regions of interest yielded one factor with low rCBF in the temporal and cerebellar regions and high rCBF in the subcortical and thalamic regions, which was significantly associated with the degree of motor impairment and results on a cognitive test (WISC). Another factor consisting of high rCBF in frontal and parietal regions had a significant negative correlation with the degree of behaviour symptoms. There was a negative correlation between the rCBF in the right frontal regions and the degree of behaviour symptoms. The number of minor physical anomalies (MPA) was negatively correlated to the rCBF in the frontal lobes bilaterally.These results suggest that there may be at least two functional disturbances in ADHD, one specific neurodevelopmentally determined disturbance of the frontal lobes, especially of the right hemisphere, related to behaviour deviance, and another disturbance of the integration of the temporal lobes, the cerebellum and subcortical structures, related to motor planning and aspects of cognition.
Soluble transferrin receptor levels and soluble transferrin receptor/log ferritin index in the evaluation of erythropoietic status in childhood infections and malignancy
Authors: Dimitriou H , Stiakaki E , Markaki E‐A , Bolonaki I , Giannakopoulou Ch , Kalmanti M 
Published: August 2010

Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is a new diagnostic tool for determining iron status and erythropoietic activity. The increased concentrations of sTfR in patients with iron deficiency reflect the hyperplasia of erythroid precursors. The objective of this study was to evaluate sTfR and sTfR/ log ferritin index (sTfR‐F) values in healthy children (n = 64), full‐term neonates (n = 18), children with iron deficiency (n= 16), hemolytic anemia (n = 7), β‐thalassemia traits (n=18), respiratory infections (n= 41) and malignancies (n= 13), and to compare these parameters for the different subgroups with those of healthy children. The sTfR levels were increased in children with iron deficiency in the same way as in adults (p < 0.0001) and in cases of increased erythropoietic activity, such as during the neonatal period (p < 0.0001), and of hemolytic anemias (p = 0.006). The index was significantly increased in iron deficiency (p < 0.0001) and decreased in neonates (p = 0.011). Children carriers of β‐thalassemia were found to have increased sTfR values (p = 0.015), but not sTfR/log ferritin index (p = 0.491), a finding suggesting that use of both parameters is necessary for distinguishing between those with and those without iron deficiency. In children with upper respiratory infection, the sTfR levels were close to normal, while the index was found to be low. In order to evaluate the iron status in infections, we further subdivided the children into two groups according to the value of ferritin, with the cut‐off point at 35 μg/L. Children with ferritin level above 35 μg/L experienced normal sTfR levels but very low index, a finding which could enable the use of these two parameters for distinguishing patients with infection without concomitant iron deficiency. In the group of malignancies under chemotherapy both indices were low (p = 0.005, p < 0.0001) mainly due to myelosuppression. Conclusion: The interpretation of both sTfR and sTfR/log ferritin index is useful in the evaluation of iron status and erythropoietic activity, especially in children with heterozygous β‐thalassemia, infection and malignancies.
Congenital malformations in the southeast of Sweden—a registry study with validation
Authors: Blomberg M , Selbing A , Källén B 
Published: August 2010

A study was made of the occurrence of congenital malformations in the southeast region of Sweden, utilizing all available relevant health registries. Östergötland county had been pinpointed in a routine surveillance as having an increased malformation risk. Various validations of the register data were undertaken and different types of errors were detected. An increased risk was seen, in Östergötland county compared to the reference counties, for specific types of malformations: preauricular appendices, pylorostenosis, uterine/vaginal malformations, foot deformities, limb reduction defects and cardiovascular malformations. Variable classification or registration artefacts explained the excess among the first four conditions. Limb reduction defects were also mis‐coded, but the increased risk in Östergötland county may persist.Conclusion:There is an increased risk of major cardiovascular malformations in Östergötland county compared to the reference counties that also shows an uneven distribution within the county.
Chronic lung disease: oxygen dogma revisited
Authors: Saugstad O D 
Published: August 2010

Since the discovery of retrolental fibroplasia, and the role of oxygen in its development, oxygen has been considered a double‐edged sword in neonatal medicine, the utmost care being exercised in order not to give too much oxygen (1). However, the important observation that hypoxaemia might induce pulmonary vasoconstriction (2) and airway constriction (3) in infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia has resulted in only a minor upward adjustment of oxygen supplementation in many neonatal units.Since oxygen toxicity has long been linked not only to retinopathy of prematurity but also to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (4), it is relevant to ask whether an increased FiO2 might have any detrimental effects on babies.