bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Marls and Clays of the Maltese Islands
Authors: Cooke John H. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In the year 1843 the late Admiral Spratt published a brief notice on the above subject, and a few years afterwards the late Prof. Gulia and Capt. Hutton alluded to the Marls and Clays in their sketches of Maltese geology. The late Prof. Leith Adams published in 1870 a short account of them in his ‘Notes of a Naturalist,’ but the amount of information that he gives as to the nature of the beds and of their fossil contents is neither very extensive nor very exact. In 1874 the Islands were visited by Thos. Fuchs, of the Imperial Geological Museum of Vienna, and by him the first attempt was made to correlate the Maltese formations with those of Central Europe. In the first of the two pamphlets on the subject that he published he tells us that he was inclined to consider the Maltese Marls as being analogous to the ‘Badner Tegel’ of the Vienna Basin; but two years later, after having examined the marls of Bologna and compared their fossil contents with those of the Maltese beds, he changed his opinion and referred them to the Austrian Schlier. In 1889–90 Dr. John Murray, of Edinburgh, visited the Islands; and in the paper which was published on his return to Scotland he gave the first detailed account that had so far appeared of the nature and constitution of the Maltese rocks. His descriptions were, however, exclusively lithological; and, excepting the list of 122 species of foraminifera which is
Variolite of the Lleyn, and associated Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Raisin Catherine A. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Although much has now been written about the igneous rocks of the Lleyn, especially in Mr. Alfred Harker's valuable essay, yet, as he expressly excludes most of the district of which I am treating, and as it receives only slight mention in other writings, some of the most interesting examples from the part coloured on the Geological Survey map as ‘metamorphosed Cambrian’ have remained unnoticed. I have therefore put together a few notes on the rocks which I have collected in the course of many visits during the last six years. The specimens not hitherto described include a variolite —a spherulitic, somewhat basic rock. A short summary of its occurrence will at least serve to show that we have on the mainland of our island (apart from any example in Anglesey) a mass of variolitic diabase with characters very similar to those of German and Alpine localities, corresponding closely in many particulars with that graphically described by Mr. J. W. Gregory from the Fichtelgebirge, and also, although perhaps less markedly, with that of the Durance, as shown by Prof. Cole and Mr. Gregory. I am limiting myself mainly to the rocks which can be clearly recognized as igneous, and have given only a short notice of others in the last section of the present paper. The extensive masses of a rather indefinite and schistose character in many parts are ashy or agglomeratie, but include crushed examples of igneous origin. The exact nature of some rocks, however, even when
Notes on some Coast-sections at the Lizard
Authors: Fox Howard , Teall J. J. H. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The well-known serpentine of the Lizard may be seen in contact with hornblende-schist, and also with the rocks for which Prof. Bonney proposed the term ‘Granulitic Series.’ The object of the present communication is to describe two small portions of the western coast, where phenomena which throw important light on the nature of the relations of the serpentine to the adjacent rocks may be observed. The first is in the neighbourhood of Ogo Dour, and the second east of the Lion Rock, Kynance.

II.
Relation Of Serpentine To Hornblende-schist At Pol Cornick

In his classic ‘Report on the Geology of Devon, Cornwall, and West Somerset,’ De la Beche says (p. 30) :—" It [the hornblendesate] supports the great mass of the Lizard serpentine, with an apparent passage of the one into the other in many places . . . . . In contradiction to this apparent passage, we find a mass of serpentine amid the hornblende-slate between Dranna Point and Porthalla, on the north of the principal mass of serpentine, which has every appearance of having been thrust up among the hornblende-slate, twisting and contorting the laminæ adjoining it in directions which we should consider consistent with the passage of the serpentine in a state of igneous fusion through them." In these sentences De la Beche shows that he had observed facts which apparently contradicted each other, and with characteristic candour he states the two more or less opposed views, leaving the question undetermined.
In 1877 and 1883
Note on a Radiolarian Rock from Fanny Bay, Port Darwin, Australia
Authors: Hinde George Jennings 
Published: October 2009

About two years ago, Capt. Moore, of H.M.S. ‘Penguin,’ brought home to this country and forwarded to the Admiralty block of a white rock obtained from the cliffs at Fanny Bay, Port Darwin, in the Northern Territory of the Colony of South Australia. The specimen was forwarded by Capt. W. J. Wharton, F.R.S., the Hydrographer to the Admiralty, to Sir Archibald Geikie, For. Sec. R. S., Director-General of the Geological Survey, who, with Capt. Wharton's consent, kindly allowed me to make a microscopical examination of it, and the results seem of sufficient interest to communicate to the Society.
The rock in question is of a dull-white or yellowish-white tint, in places stained reddish with ferruginous material; it has an earthy aspect, like that of our Lower White Chalk, but it is somewhat harder than chalk, though it can be scratched with the thumb-nail. There are no signs of stratification, and it appears as a fine-grained, homogeneous material. Unlike chalk, however, it gives no reaction either in cold or heated hydrochloric acid. When thoroughly dry it readily breaks up into flakes with uneven surfaces. Though somewhat soft, thin microscopical sections of it can be prepared without much difficulty, and these show a fairly transparent groundmass containing numerous very minute granules and subangular mineral-fragments ranging up to .075 mm in breadth. The groundmass itself is quite negative in polarized light, and appears to be made up of amorphous silica, but the minute grains and angular particles with which it is filled readily
The Pambula Gold-Deposits
Authors: Power Frederick Danvers 
Published: October 2009

The Pambula Goldfield is situated in the parish of Yowaka, county of Auckland, in the south-eastern corner of New South Wales, and is about 11 miles north of Twofold Bay.
Most so-called ‘practical’ miners, especially those accustomed to well-defined quartz-reefs, acknowledge that these deposits are quite different from anything they have ever met with, and admit that they do not understand them. This is not surprising, for, if the observer takes a cursory view, without giving due weight to minor details, these lodes do indeed appear different from the general run of auriferous deposits, chiefly owing to the fact that the material filling the ore-chanuels does not differ much in appearance from the enclosing rock (‘ country ’), and is but slightly impregnated with metallic sulphides.
The ore-deposits of Australasia are for the most part confined to certain belts of country, running more or less parallel with the sea-coast and with the main ranges of hills. The rocks which contain the Pambula gold-deposits are no exception to the general rule, their average strike being 12 deg. W. of N. The enclosing rock or ‘country’ is pyrophyllite-schist, interbedded with felsparporphyry, sometimes merging into quartz-porphyry, the whole of which is tilted at a high angle ; near the surface the rocks dip considerably to the east, while deeper down they are almost perpendicular. The planes of cleavage and the planes of bedding of the ‘country’ appear to be coincident.
Examined microscopically, the structure of the schist is lenticular, and this is repeated
On some Palæozoic Ostracoda from the District of Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: October 2009

§ 1. Introduction.
This paper aims at the completion of the palæontological account of the Girvan district, so far as the Ostracoda are concerned; and follows up the researches indicated in the 'Monograph of the Silurian Fossils of the Girvan District in Ayrshire,' by Nicholson and Etheridge, Jun., vol. i. 1880.

In about a dozen pieces of the fossiliferous shales, submitted for examination some few years ago, the writer finds nearly thirty specimens (chiefly casts) of
Primitia
,
Beyrichia
,
Ulrichia
,
Sulcuna
, and
Cypridina
, which show interesting gradations of form, not always easy to be defined as specific or even varietal, but valuable as illustrating modifications during the life-history of individuals, thus often leading to permanent characteristics of species and genera. Like those formerly described in Nicholson and Etheridge's' 'Monograph,' the specimens have all been collected by Mrs. Elizabeth Gray of Edinburgh.

Excepting a small cast of a
Beyrichia Kleedeni
, M'Coy, B.
Kloedeni
, var.
scotica
, Jones & Holl, and
Ulrichia Grayce
, Jones, which are of Llandovery age, from the Burn leading to Bargany Pond, all the specimens here described are from the dark-grey Lower-Silurian (Middle-Bala) shales of Whitehouse Bay. See Dr. C. Lapworth's Memoir on 'The Girvan Succession,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.vol. xxxviii. 1882, pl. xxv. fig. 3 (map); fig. 16 at p. 595; and pp. 597, 603, 606, 612, 621, and 661.

The numbers attached to Mrs. Gray's little hand-specimens are here inserted, together with the character of the shale in which the Ostracoda occur, for each species.

§ 2.
Description
On the Occurrence of Boulders and Pebbles from the Glacial Drift in Gravels south of the Thames
Authors: Monckton Horace W. 
Published: October 2009

I.
Introduction

In Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and Buckinghamshire the Glacial Drift consists of Boulder Clay and also of extensive sheets of gravel. The reasons for classing this gravel as Glacial Drift are given by Mr. Whitaker in his ‘Geology of London,‘ 1889, vol. i. pp. 299–300. In this gravel we frequently find numerous pebbles or boulders of red quartzites and sandstones, black cherty pebbles, blocks of white quartz; and occasionally we meet with boulders of igneous rock. Now all these materials are characteristic of the Glacial Gravel or Northern Drift, but are practically absent from the Southern Drift, as has been pointed out by Prof. Prestwich. Not only are materials of this sort wanting or very rare in the Southern Drift, but also in the valley-gravels of what I may call the ‘Southern Drift country,‘ in which I include large parts of Kent, Surrey, North Hampshire, and Berkshire. It is true that very rarely boulders of white quartz occur in these gravels, and pebbles of various old rocks may occasionally be found; these last are, however, quite unlike the red quartzite and sandstone-pebbles so common in the Glacial Drift, and probably are derived from Tertiary pebble-beds.
The southern limit of distribution of the Northern Drift materials in hill- and valley-gravels very nearly coincides with the River Thames, at least in the country east of Pangbourne, but not absolutely so, and the object of the present paper is to show where and to what extent the Glacial Gravels or their débris are
On the Plateau-gravel South of Reading
Authors: Shrubsole O. A. 
Published: October 2009

The gravel of the Easthampstead-Yateley plateau, to which this paper refers, has already been fully described in the Quarterly Journal of this Society and elsewhere. It is therefore proposed now to submit only a few supplementary observations.
The gravel may be briefly described as consisting principally of rolled and subangular flints. With these is a small proportion of flint-pebbles, with fragments of chert, sandstone, etc., and a few very small quartz-pebbles. The flint-material, excluding the pebbles of flint, has usually a worn and altered appearance (noted already by Dr. Irving), and consists chiefly of nodular flints of small size, the nodules frequently being entire. Internally the flint is usually of a bright brown or amber colour. It is generally understood that these ordinary materials of the gravel have had a local and southern origin. There is a small element, however, which cannot be so readily referred to the same source. The finding of boulders of quartz and a specimen of quartzite at various points on the plateau has been already referred to by Mr. H. W. Monckton.²
I have at different times found several fragments of white veinquartz varying in longest diameter from 2 to 6 inches, the larger specimens being less rolled than the smaller. They were found chiefly in the gravel-pits near Cæsar's Camp (Easthampstead) and at Finchampstead Ridges, lying on the heaps of gravel, in the former case at about 400 feet, and in the latter case at about 330 feet above sea-level. I also found, under
On an Intrusion of Muscovite-biotite Gneiss in the South-eastern Highlands of Scotland, and its accompanying Metamorphism
Authors: Barrow George 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The area to which attention is directed in the following pages lies in the north-eastern corner of Forfarshire, and forms part of the singularly flat table-land of the South-eastern Highlands. It is essentially a moorland district, much covered with peat and heather, and is drained by two rivers, the North Esk and the South Esk. The rocks of which the area is composed consist principally of gneisses and schists; these are clearly seen in the craggy sides of the valleys through which the two Esks and their tributaries flow. Boulders of these rocks may be noticed in the rough walls by the roadside as one drives up the glens, and their intensely crystalline aspect is a most striking feature. A brief visit to the crags and the flat-topped moorland speedily convinces the observer that this crystalline aspect is one of the chief characteristics of the district. It is proposed to show in the present communication that this area contains several masses of intrusive rock which are probably connected underground, and that the highly crystalline character of the surrounding schists is mainly the result of thermometamorphism.

II.
Distribution And Mode Of Occurrence Of The Igneous Rocks
.

The normal condition of the intrusive rock is that of a slightly foliated granite, with two micas; but there are considerable variations from this type, both as regards structure and composition, as will be seen from the detailed descriptions that follow. It is met with in masses which vary greatly in size, and
Supplementary Notes on the Metamorphic Rocks around the Shap Granite
Authors: Harker Alfred , Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In a paper presented to this Society two years ago we described at some length the phenomena of metamorphism exhibited by the various volcanic and sedimentary rocks around the Shap Granite. Since that time re-examination of some of the rocks, in the light of what we have seen in other parts of the Lake District, has enabled us to make certain corrections and additions to our work ; and we now offer these with the intention of rendering the description of the metamorphism in some measure more complete.
The chief correction we have to make relates to the volcanic rocks on the northern side of the granite, which we formerly classed with the intermediate rocks (andesitic lavas and ashes) seen to the west of the granite. We now find that they constitute a distinct group of more basic composition. To such a conclusion, indeed, we should have been led by the low silica-percentages of some metamorphosed specimens from Low Fell,² a fact which we contented ourselves with recording as inexplicable on the supposition that the rocks had been originally similar to the Stockdale andesites. We have since learnt that basic lavas are very widely distributed over the Lake District, and that the recks on the northern side of the Shap Granite must be placed in this division. They may with propriety be named basalts, although, on account of the absence of olivine, some petrographers would prefer to call them basic andesites. Since our description of the metamorphosed intermediate
The Origin of the Crystalline Schists of the Malvern Hills
Authors: Callaway Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The crystalline rocks of Malvern are of exceptional importance to the student of the problems of metamorphism, inasmuch as the causes in operation have acted with comparative feebleness, and thus have not obliterated the earlier stages of their work. Hence we are able in numerous sections to observe tho details of the process by which a massive igneous rock has been converted into a well-foliated schist.
In my first paper on the subject, I gave an outline of the mode in which some of the schists had been formed. In the second, I described the most important mineral changes that occur at the zones of shearing. It now remains to work out certain structural details, to meet difficulties arising or suggested in the course of the enquiry, and to classify the chief varieties of schist in the light of their mode of origin. I would add that five years' study of these rocks has enlarged my belief in the efficacy of dynamo-metamorphism, to a degree which I should hardly have conceived possible when I presented my first paper to the Society in 1887.
In the present communication, it will be unnecessary to refer to minerals which do not play an essential part in the metamorphic process. Apatite, for example, does not, so far as the writer has observed, undergo any change. Sphene, garnet, and rutile are probably secondary products; but the first and second have been noticed in No. II., while the last occurs in very inconspicuous
On some Recent Borings through the Lower Cretaceous Strata in East Lincolnshire
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. 
Published: October 2009

The information on which this communication is based has been in my possession since 1889, but pressure of other work had prevented me from preparing it for publication until the present time.
The results of the borings which are here described are important, because they give information concerning the geological structure of the platform which underlies the Glacial Drift on the eastern side of the southern part of the Lincolnshire Wolds. We learn from them that the outcrop of the Lower Cretaceous sands and clays extends much farther northward beneath the Drift on this side of the Wolds than there was any reason to suspect at the time when I mapped the area for the Geological Survey.

§1.
The Boring at Willoughby
(1887).

Willoughby is a village between the towns of Burgh and Alford, and the site of the boring ,is at the station on the East Lincolnshire Railway, which is the junction for the new branch-line to Sutton. The boring was made for the Railway Company in 1887, and a good supply of water was procured at a depth of 245 feet.
For information regarding the beds passed through I am indebted, in the first place, to Mr. H. Cheetham, the engineer of the railway ; but the description of the strata furnished by him being only a well-sinker's account, and not sufficiently accurate to enable me to identify the strata, I wrote to my friend, Mr. Meaburn Staniland, F.G.S., asking if he could take an opportunity of looking the
Notes on the Occurrence of Mammoth-remains in the Yukon District of Canada and in Alaska
Authors: Dawson George M. 
Published: October 2009

These notes, relating primarily to the occurrence of remains of the Mammoth in the geographical valley of the Yukon River, are the result of a correspondence between Mr. H. Moody of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co., the Assistant Secretary of the Geological Society, and the writer, respecting statements which had reached Mr. Moody from a friend resident in the extreme north-western part of the Dominion of Canada. It has been suggested that a brief notice of the facts in this connexion, so far as these are known, may be of some interest to the Geological Society.
The original discovery of bones of the Mammoth in the Yukon region is due to Mr. Robert Campbell, an officer in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, who between 1840 and 1852 travelled through and established trading-posts in the upper valley of the Yukon, and was the first white man to penetrate this remote part of North America.
In a brief account of his explorations, printed at Winnipeg in 1885, Campbell writes:—“I saw the bones, heads, and horns of Buffaloes [Musk-Oxen ?]; but this animal had become extinct before our visit, as had also some species of Elephant, whose remains were found in various swamps. I forwarded an Elephant's thigh-bone to the British Museum., where it m.ay still be seen”.
As Campbell's posts on the Upper Yukon were finally abandoned in 1852, the bone thus referred to by him must have been sent out before this date. It was a tibia, not a
The Basic Eruptive Rocks of Gran. (A Preliminary Notice.)
Authors: Brögger W. C. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
Ever since the beginning of the present century, when the first pioneers in the geological exploration of Norway (Keilhau, Hausmann, Leopold von Buch, and Naumann) investigated the Christiania region, the igneous rocks of that district have been famous as being of more than common interest, as well from the many unique and remarkable rock-varieties as from the exceptionally instructive development of contact-metamorphism produced by the eruptions, and first brought to notice in this region through the observations of Keilhau, Naumann, and Kjerulf.
In several preliminary communications on the igneous rocks of the Christiania region I have attempted to prove that all the numerous different masses of eruptive rocks within the sunken district between Lake Mö and the Langesundsfjord are geneticaly connected, and have followed eached other in a regular succession; the oldest rocks are the most basic, the youngest (except the unimportant basic dykes of diabase) are the most acid, and between the two extremes I have found a continuous series.
Of late years I have proceeded in a more detailed manner with my investigations of the igneous rocks of the sunken tract of country in the Christiania region. I have not as yet in these studies discovered any facts in contradiction to my previously published observations and the deductions founded thereon. On the contrary, more detailed and minute investigation has only confirmed the correctness of former publications.
I completed in the summer of 1893 a collection of observations for final publication on the oldest basic series of
On a Picrite and other associated Rocks at Barnton, near Edinburgh
Authors: Monckton Horace W. 
Published: October 2009

The Barnton Branch of the Caledonian Railway leaves that Company's Edinburgh and Leith line immediately north of Craigleith Station, opposite to Sir James Maitland's great Craigleith Quarry. The Barnton line lies almost entirely on Sir James's property, and I have to thank him for assistance in collecting the facts I now record. On our last visit to the locality we first inspected a trial pit, east of the old railway and close to it, a little north of Craigleith Quarry. The section was as follows:—

1.
Surface-bed, with a few large boulders.

2.
Thinly-bedded sandstone, about 12 feet.

3.
Shaly beds, with an easterly dip of 1 in 4.

The first cutting on the new line is about ¼ mile from the junction at Craigleith. It is 19 feet deep and entirely in Boulder Clay. At from 3 to 4 feet below the top of the cutting there is a remarkably even line of very large boulders, and in one place I noted below them a patch of yellow sand 2 feet thick. The rest of the sides of the cutting is formed of black clay, full of small stones.