bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics on Landfill Gas Reforming
Authors: Miao C. , Pasel C. , Luckas M. , Herbell J.‐D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLandfill gas is a type of methane‐rich biogas which supplies renewable resources for clean fuels production. In this paper, the characteristics and optimum conditions of simulated landfill gas and biogas reforming reactions for H2 production are investigated. The temperature, varied from 373.15 K to 1273.15 K, and pressure, varied from 1.013 bar to 40.013 bar, applied for the reforming system are evaluated. In addition, the effect of steam concentration, traces of hydrocarbons, and the ratio of C/H/O are analyzed using thermodynamic theories. Both the calculation and analyzed results demonstrate that the reforming system is primarily comprised of endothermic reactions. It favors lower pressure and higher temperature. Traces of hydrocarbons would result in a slight increase to CO for this system. A high ratio of CO2 would result in more production of CO in the reforming process. Preliminary experiments on fuel cells indicate this gas‐reforming simulation is an elementary theory for fuel supply.
Discrete Element Method Simulation of the Effect of Tumbling Time and Particle Size in a 300‐mm Diameter Mill
Authors: Khanal M. , Morrison R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates ore abrasion resistance using a small tumbling mill. Three kilograms of different size fractions of ore are tumbled in a 300‐mm diameter by 300‐mm length mill for varying times. The effect of particle size, milling time and stiffness of particles on abrasion characteristics were studied. As might be expected, the grinding time affects the degree of abrasion of particles. Longer grinding times produce more fragments. The size and stiffness of particles also affect the degree of abrasion. For the same quantity of mass, smaller particles (more in number) show more collisions and, hence, a higher probability of abrasion.
GCViR: grid content‐based video retrieval with work allocation brokering
Authors: Toharia Pablo , Sánchez Alberto , Bosque José Luis , Robles Oscar D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNowadays TV channels generate a large amount of video data each day. A very huge number of videos of news, shows, series, movies, and so on have to be stored with the aim of being accessed later on. Moreover, channels have a clear need of sharing videos so as to settle a real collaboration among them that minimizes the cost of information acquisition. These features demand a huge storage capacity and a sharing information environment. Both requirements can be solved by using grid computing. It provides both computing and storage capacities to store that great volume of data required, as well as the resource sharing capabilities for the cooperation of different TV channels. This paper presents a video retrieval system that covers these needs and suggests a work allocation (WA) broker to improve the performance of video accesses. An evaluation shows the feasibility and the scalability of this approach showing the benefits of the WA made to store and retrieve large video data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of clubbed [1,2,4]‐oxadiazoles with fluorobenzimidazoles
Authors: Jadhav Ganesh R. , Shaikh Mohammad U. , Kale Rajesh P. , Ghawalkar Anand R. , Gill Charansingh H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstractmagnified imageIn this study, a novel series of substituted 4,6‐difluoro‐2‐{2‐[3‐(substituted‐phenyl)‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazol‐5‐yl]‐ethyl}‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole derivatives were synthesized by condensation of 2,4‐difluoro 6‐nitrophenyl amine with 3‐(substitutedphenyl‐[1,2,4]‐oxadiazol‐5yl) propionic acid by using 2,4,6‐trichlorobenzoyl chloride in the presence of triethyl amine base. The compounds were evaluated for their preliminaryin vitroantibacterial activity againstPseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus, andSalmonella typhosa. The antibacterial data of the tested compounds indicated that most of the synthesized compounds showed moderate activity with reference standard Gentamycin. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Atmospheric aspects of the 2008 Midwest floods: a repeat of 1993?
Authors: Coleman Jill S. M. , Budikova Dagmar 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper identifies and documents the major large‐scale atmospheric circulation characteristics that preceded and facilitated the devastating floods across the Midwestern United States along the upper Mississippi, Missouri, and Wabash River basins in the late spring/early summer of 2008. These circulation features were also placed in the context of the 1993 floods that occurred within a similar temporal and spatial domain. This process included investigating the relationship between various atmospheric conditions and the timing of flood‐producing rainfall events at monthly and sub‐monthly timescales. Unlike in 1993, the 2008 flood event took place 1 month earlier in the year (May), lasted over a much shorter time period, and extended eastwards into Indiana. The comparison confirmed much previous work regarding the factors associated with Midwest flooding during the early warm‐season and revealed the possible influence of the state of the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) on warm‐season flooding across the Midwest. Both the 2008 and 1993 events were preceded by an NAO positive phase; the pattern switched phase about 2 months before the onset of the flooding and remained negative for the duration of the floods. While the major atmospheric conditions known to be associated with major flooding across the Midwest were present in 2008 (e.g. a strong Great Plains low‐level jet), the level of their development, persistence, and geographic orientation/position was very distinct from those observed in 1993. These conditions were also embedded in different state of the remote hemispheric circulation over the Pacific North American region. Together, these variations contributed to the 2008 Midwest floods that occurred earlier in the warm season, were shorter‐lived, and had an impact on a slightly different geographic area. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Is salt stress of faba bean (Vicia faba) caused by Na+ or Cl– toxicity?
Authors: Slabu Cristina , Zörb Christian , Steffens Diedrich , Schubert Sven 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe effect of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), and potassium chloride (KCl) on growth and ion concentrations of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Troy) was studied. After 14 or 15 d of isoosmotic treatment with 100 mM NaCl or 75 mM Na2SO4, respectively, plants developed toxicity symptoms. These symptoms were characterized by local and nonchlorotic wilting spots, which later turned to black, necrotic spots. In contrast to NaCl or Na2SO4 treatment, plants treated with 100 mM KCl did not show these symptoms. The symptoms occurred on those leaves that accumulated highest concentrations of Na+ and showed highest Na+ : K+ ratios. Our results indicate that Na+ toxicity inducing K+ deficiency is responsible for the spot necrosis of faba bean. Additionally, chlorotic symptoms occurred. The concentrations of Na+ and Cl– were determined in chlorotic leaves and in isolated chloroplasts. The reduction of chlorophyll in leaves after NaCl exposure may be explained in terms of high Cl– concentrations in the chloroplasts and appears to depend on high Na+ concentrations. Chlorotic toxicity symptoms can be avoided by additional Mg2+ application.
Glaciation of Scotland during the Younger Dryas stadial: a review
Authors: Golledge Nicholas R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractConsiderable research effort in recent years has refined our knowledge of the landforms and sedimentary sequences generated by glaciers of the last cold episode in Scotland, the Younger Dryas, and the chronology of their formation. These recent advances have benefited from new technologies such as high‐resolution digital terrain models, numerical ice sheet simulations and cosmic ray surface exposure dating. This review presents a summary of recent Younger Dryas research in Scotland, particularly focusing on studies from the last two decades. The findings of these investigations are compared with those of earlier workers and, critically, are appraised in terms of their relevance to five key aspects of Younger Dryas glaciation: growth of the ice cap, its geometry, dynamics, mode of decay and likely stadial climate. Minor differences aside, the consensus view appears to favour a relatively thick but areally restricted central ice cap surrounded by satellite ice fields. At its centre, the ice cap was probably thickest during the first 500 years of the stadial, after which it most likely thinned as the climate became increasingly arid. Outlet glaciers were dynamic only in marginal areas, where they produced abundant moraine sequences during deglaciation, but throughout much of the stadial central areas of the ice cap effected only minimal landscape modification. Deglaciation took place by active retreat under a rapidly warming climate. Overall, the stadial was dominated by much colder and drier conditions than present, and probably experienced greater intra‐annual temperature ranges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR metabolic analysis of samples using fuzzy K‐means clustering
Authors: Čuperlović‐Culf Miroslava , Belacel Nabil , Culf Adrian S. , Chute Ian C. , Ouellette Rodney J. , Burton Ian W. , Karakach Tobias K. , Walter John A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe global analysis of metabolites can be used to define the phenotypes of cells, tissues or organisms. Classifying groups of samples based on their metabolic profile is one of the main topics of metabolomics research. Crisp clustering methods assign each feature to one cluster, thereby omitting information about the multiplicity of sample subtypes. Here, we present the application of fuzzy K‐means clustering method for the classification of samples based on metabolomics 1D 1H NMR fingerprints. The sample classification was performed on NMR spectra of cancer cell line extracts and of urine samples of type 2 diabetes patients and animal models. The cell line dataset included NMR spectra of lipophilic cell extracts for two normal and three cancer cell lines with cancer cell lines including two invasive and one non‐invasive cancers. The second dataset included previously published NMR spectra of urine samples of human type 2 diabetics and healthy controls, mouse wild type and diabetes model and rat obese and lean phenotypes. The fuzzy K‐means clustering method allowed more accurate sample classification in both datasets relative to the other tested methods including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering (HCL) and K‐means clustering. In the cell line samples, fuzzy clustering provided a clear separation of individual cell lines, groups of cancer and normal cell lines as well as non‐invasive and invasive tumour cell lines. In the diabetes dataset, clear separation of healthy controls and diabetics in all three models was possible only by using the fuzzy clustering method. Copyright © 2009 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Porotic hyperostosis in a Late Upper Palaeolithic skeleton (Villabruna 1, Italy)
Authors: Vercellotti G. , Caramella D. , Formicola V. , Fornaciari G. , Larsen C. S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPorotic hyperostosis (PH) is a well‐recognised skeletal indicator of physiological stress occurring during the early years of childhood growth. Although frequently found starting from the Neolithic, PH is poorly documented among earlier Palaeolithic hunter–gatherers. This study reports a case of PH in a Late Upper Palaeolithic skeleton (Villabruna 1) from northern Italy. Macroscopic and radiographic examinations of the skeleton show symmetric porotic lesions of the cranial vault, hair‐on‐end appearance, thinning of the cortical bone, diploic expansion and very slight cribra orbitalia (CO). All lesions are highly remodelled and suggest a condition suffered long before death. A differential diagnosis, carried out in order to discriminate between infectious and acquired conditions, points to anaemia as likely aetiology for the changes observed. Absence of postcranial involvement, lesion healing and survival to adulthood suggest a diagnosis of acquired anaemia. Among acquired anaemias, both dietary and infectious models are discussed in light of the individual's skeletal characteristics, as well as geographic location, paleoenvironmental data, subsistence modality and dietary information. The combined analysis of these data suggests that parasitic infestation resulted in megaloblastic anaemia in this individual. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of salinity on light conditions and phytoplankton growth in a turbid river
Authors: Oliver Roderick L. , Mitrovic Simon M. , Rees Christine 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA turbid lowland river in Australia was studied to describe factors influencing the light conditions for phytoplankton growth. Vertical attenuation coefficients correlated with nepholometric turbidity enabling estimation of euphotic depths (z
eu) from long term turbidity monitoring. Light conditions were assessed from the ratio of zeu to the maximum water depth (zm). Predominantly zeu/zm ratios were below 0.2, a value indicating the minimum light conditions required to support phytoplankton growth. A transitional state with zeu/zm between 0.2 and 0.35 occurred 15% of the time, while light sufficiency occurred for 30% of the time. Peaks in eukaryotic phytoplankton biomass developed when zeu/zm was at or above transitional values. Large increases in cyanobacterial numbers (Anabaena sp.) only occurred when zeu/zm exceeded 0.35. Turbidity increased quickly with elevated flows but did not decline substantially as flows reduced and light limiting conditions extended into low flow periods otherwise conducive to phytoplankton growth. However, during extended periods of reduced flows conductivity increased causing a substantial reduction in turbidity with concomitant improvements in light penetration. A turbidity of ca. 100 NTU marked the transition to light sufficiency at the study site and occurred at a conductivity of ca. 300 µS cm−1 demonstrating that small changes in salinity can have major effects on light penetration. These results show that flow, salinity and turbidity all play a part in determining the growth conditions for phytoplankton in turbid rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cervical length and gestational age at admission as predictors of intra‐amniotic inflammation in preterm labor with intact membranes
Authors: Palacio M. , Cobo T. , Bosch J. , Filella X. , Navarro‐Sastre A. , Ribes A. , Gratacós E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate cervical length and gestational age as predictors of intra‐amniotic inflammation in patients admitted because of preterm labor and intact membranes.MethodsNinety‐three pregnant women with preterm labor and intact membranes were included in our study. Cervical length was measured on admission by transvaginal sonography and transabdominal amniocentesis was performed within the first 48 h following admission. Positive amniotic fluid cultures defined intra‐amniotic infection. Levels of intra‐amniotic interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were measured, and a receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the best cut‐off point of IL‐6 for predicting intra‐amniotic infection. This value was then used as a basis for determining a cut‐off of IL‐6 for defining intra‐amniotic inflammation. Considering inflammatory status, perinatal outcomes were evaluated and compared. Logistic regression was used to investigate associations of different explanatory variables with inflammatory status. A non‐invasive approach for detection of intra‐amniotic inflammation in women admitted because of preterm labor with intact membranes was evaluated.ResultsIntra‐amniotic infection and inflammation rates were 14% and 28%, respectively. ROC curve analysis showed that the best cut‐off value for IL‐6 was 13.4 ng/mL for predicting intra‐amniotic infection, which was comparable to the cut‐off of 11.3 ng/mL reported previously by other authors (which we used to define inflammation). Regardless of the intra‐amniotic microbial status, perinatal outcomes in women who developed intra‐amniotic inflammation were worse than in those who did not. Cervical length < 15 mm and gestational age at admission < 28 weeks were independently associated with intra‐amniotic inflammation. A strategy considering these two non‐invasive parameters (either women admitted < 28 weeks or women admitted between ≥ 28 and < 32 weeks with a cervical length < 15 mm) could detect 84.0% of women with intra‐amniotic inflammation with a positive predictive value of 48.8%, providing improved diagnostic indices compared to either variable considered alone.ConclusionsCervical length and gestational age at admission can be used as a non‐invasive method to assess the risk of intra‐amniotic inflammation in preterm labor and intact membranes. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A thermodynamically consistent phenomenological model of the anisotropic Mullins effect
Authors: Itskov M. , Ehret A. , Kazakevic̆iutė‐Makovska R. , Weinhold G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this paper a thermodynamically consistent phenomenological model for the anisotropic Mullins effect in filled elastomers is presented. The model takes into account anisotropic softening as well as permanent set. The formulation is based on an anisotropic three‐dimensional softening criterion and a scalar damage function both formulated in terms of the principal stretches. The damage function describes the difference in stresses between the primary loading curve and unloading curve in uniaxial tension tests and is evaluated from experimental data. The predictive capabilities of the proposed model are examined in comparison to experimental data available in literature as well as to own experimental results on CR rubber presented in the paper. Good agreement with these experiments is observed. In particular, the characteristic S‐shape of the stress softening curves is accurately captured.
‘No whale, no music’: Iñupiaq drumming and global warming
Authors: Sakakibara Chie 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThis article explores how climate change has recently influenced the Iñupiaq cultural identity as the people of the whales. Their traditional whaling cycle reveals strong indivisibility of music, emotions, and place based human identity. To illustrate such integrity of the Iñupiat and their culturally critical bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus), a search was made for specific ways in which climate change influences Iñupiaq spiritual and physical ties with the whale in relation to traditional music making. Traditionally, the Iñupiat say that it is the whale who brings them music, thus no whale harvest means no music production. However, when the environment is less predictable, the homeland eroded, place based songs gone, and human-whale integrity threatened, how specifically are these changes manifested in the Iñupiat-whale relationship? Providing detailed descriptions of 2005–2006 nalukataq (midsummer whale feasts), this article examines how contemporary Iñupiat respond to environmental changes in the emotional and cultural dimensions through their music making.
One man's trash: the recovery of Frederick A. Cook's original telegram drafts announcing his attainmentof the North Pole
Authors: Bryce Robert M. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTOn 1 September 1909, Dr Frederick A. Cook landed at Lerwick in the Shetland Islands and cabled the unexpected news that he had reached the North Pole on 21 April of the previous year. This article recounts the equally unexpected recovery of the original telegram drafts Cook wrote for the cables sent from Lerwick. It discusses new details they add to the historical record and confirms others that previously had no confirmation. It also verifies the authenticity of the drafts, and, based on the physical condition of the recovered documents and documentary clues, it traces what can be known of the history of these documents between the time Cook wrote them and their publication a century later, proposing how they might have been originally saved from destruction in 1909.
Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme, Scott Polar Research Institute
Authors: Berkman Paul Arthur 
Published: September 2009

The Arctic Ocean is crossing an environmental threshold from a permanently ice covered to seasonally ice free ocean during summer, with emerging geopolitical interactions of relevance to international peace and stability. In response, the Arctic Ocean Geopolitics Programme was initiated at the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, in September 2008 with the following objectives:
1)to enhance cooperation in an international, interdisciplinary and inclusive manner among existing research teams that are focusing on Arctic Ocean geopolitics;2)to provide parliamentary, governmental, civil-society and industry audiences with objective analyses of environmental security issues and alternative responses in the Arctic Ocean; and3)to identify lessons from the Arctic Ocean regarding the governance dynamics of nation states and international spaces beyond national jurisdiction.
Development of Future Habitat Suitability Models for the Swift fox (Vulpes velox) in the American Southwest
Authors: Redman Jennifer , Calkins Michael , Andersen Mark , Boykin Kenneth 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Swift fox (Vupes velox) is a habitat specialist species of short or mixed grass prairie. We used bioclimatic envelope models and habitat suitability models under three future climate scenarios (based on CO2 emission rates) from "www.climatewizard.org":http://www.climatewizard.org to fit species distribution models, using the maximum entropy method. Current suitable habitat for the swift fox covers an area of 161,984 km2. Under the future climate scenarios the habitat decreases by 27% in the low emission scenario, 63% for medium emissions, and 53% in the high emissions scenario. This decrease in suitable habitat corresponded to an overall decrease in total grassland landcover. The current total area of grassland is 423,440 km2. Under the future climate scenarios the grassland decreased by 12% in the low emissions scenario, 24% for medium emissions, and 16% in the high emissions scenario.