bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRONGLY GORENSTEIN FLAT MODULES
Authors: DING NANQING , LI YUANLIN , MAO LIXIN 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this paper, strongly Gorenstein flat modules are introduced and investigated. An R-module M is called strongly Gorenstein flat if there is an exact sequence ⋯→P1→P0→P0→P1→⋯ of projective R-modules with M=ker (P0→P1) such that Hom(−,F) leaves the sequence exact whenever F is a flat R-module. Several well-known classes of rings are characterized in terms of strongly Gorenstein flat modules. Some examples are given to show that strongly Gorenstein flat modules over coherent rings lie strictly between projective modules and Gorenstein flat modules. The strongly Gorenstein flat dimension and the existence of strongly Gorenstein flat precovers and pre-envelopes are also studied.
Letting the Cat Out of the Bag: *OBO and the Semantic Web
Authors: Rose John 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe tools developed to work with an expanding number of biomedical ontologies are all directed “inward,” back toward the scientists. The Semantic Web is an effort to assign meaning to data available on the internet resulting in a universal platform of knowledge exchange. For the Open Biomedical Ontologies to become a part of the Semantic Web, a more “outward-looking” tool is required. A prototype, AmiGA, based on 21 ontologies with over 600,000 terms,has been constructed.
Pseudo-Outbreak of “Mycobacterium paraffinicum” Infection and/or Colonization in a Tertiary Care Medical Center
Authors: Wang Shu-Hua , Pancholi Preeti , Stevenson Kurt , Yakrus Mitchell A. , Butler W. Ray , Schlesinger Larry S. , Mangino Julie E. 
Published: August 2009

Objective.To investigate a pseudo-outbreak of “Mycobacterium paraffinicum” (unofficial taxon) infection and/or colonization, using isolates recovered from clinical and environmental specimens.Design.Outbreak investigation.Setting.University-affiliated, tertiary-care hospital.Methods.M. paraffinicum, a slow-growing, nontuberculous species of mycobacteria, was recovered from 21 patients and an ice machine on a single patient care unit over a 2.5-year period. The clinical, epidemiological, and environmental investigation of this pseudo-outbreak is described.Results.Twenty-one patients with pulmonary symptoms and possible risk factors for tuberculosis were admitted to inpatient rooms that provided airborne isolation conditions in 2 adjacent hospital buildings. In addition, 1 outpatient had induced sputum cultured for mycobacteria in the pulmonary function laboratory. Of the samples obtained from these 21 patients, 26 isolates from respiratory samples and 1 isolate from a stool sample were identified asM. paraffinicum. Environmental isolates obtained from an ice machine in the patient care unit where the majority of the patients were admitted were also identified asM. paraffinicum.Conclusions.An epidemiological investigation that used molecular tools confirmed the suspicion of a pseudo-outbreak ofM. paraffinicuminfection and/or colonization. The hospital water system was identified as the source of contamination.
Comparative cladistics
Authors: Sereno Paul C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCurrent strategies to compare or synthesize morphology‐based cladistic hypotheses do not empower individual cladists to (i) understand the origin, authorship, or structure of character data, (ii) efficiently locate and collate previously published character data, or (iii) effectively compare character data from competing cladistic hypotheses. This paper outlines the requisite terminology, methods and indices to effectively compile and compare morphological character data between competing cladistic hypotheses and to isolate and measure the most important factors behind differing cladistic results—character selection and character‐state scoring. When the procedures outlined here are facilitated by appropriate software, morphology‐based cladistics may overcome long‐recognized limitations in data comparison and synthesis.
Alcohol and Russian mortality: a continuing crisis
Authors: Leon David A. , Shkolnikov Vladimir M. , McKee Martin 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  Russia remains in the grip of a mortality crisis in which alcohol plays a central role. In 2007, male life expectancy at birth was 61 years, while for females it was 74 years. Alcohol is implicated particularly in deaths among working‐age men.Aims  To review the current state of knowledge about the contribution of alcohol to the continuing very high mortality seen among Russian adultsResults  Conservative estimates attribute 31–43% of deaths among working‐age men to alcohol. This latter estimate would imply a minimum of 170 000 excess deaths due to hazardous alcohol consumption in Russia per year. Men drink appreciably more than women in Russia. Hazardous drinking is most prevalent among people with low levels of education and those who are economically disadvantaged, partly because some of the available sources of ethanol are very cheap and easy to obtain. The best estimates available suggest that per capita consumption among adults is 15–18 litres of pure ethanol per year. However, reliable estimation of the total volume of alcohol consumed per capita in Russia is very difficult because of the diversity of sources of ethanol that are available, for many of which data do not exist. These include both illegal spirits, as well as legal non‐beverage alcohols (such as medicinal tinctures). In 2006 regulations were introduced aimed at reducing the production and sale of non‐beverage alcohols that are commonly drunk. These appear to have been only partially successful.Conclusion  There is convincing evidence that alcohol plays an important role in explaining high mortality in Russia, in particular among working age men. However, there remain important uncertainties about the precise scale of the problem and about the health effects of the distinctive pattern of alcohol consumption that is prevalent in Russia today. While there is a need for further research, enough is known to justify the development of a comprehensive inter‐sectoral alcohol control strategy. The recent fall in life expectancy in Russia should give a renewed urgency to attempts to move the policy agenda forward.
Preventing growth in amphetamine use: long‐term effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) from early adolescence to early adulthood
Authors: Riggs Nathaniel R. , Chou Chih‐Ping , Pentz Mary Ann 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAim  The aim of the current study was to examine the long‐term effect of an early adolescent substance abuse prevention program on trajectories and initiation of amphetamine use into early adulthood.Design  Eight middle schools were assigned randomly to a program or control condition. The randomized controlled trial followed participants through 15 waves of data, from ages 11–28 years. This longitudinal study design includes four separate periods of development from early adolescence to early adulthood.Setting  The intervention took place in middle schools.Participants  A total of 1002 adolescents from one large mid‐western US city were the participants in the study.Intervention  The intervention was a multi‐component community‐based program delivered in early adolescence with a primary emphasis on tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use.Measures  At each wave of data collection participants completed a self‐report survey that included questions about life‐time amphetamine use.Findings  Compared to a control group, participants in the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) intervention condition had reduced growth (slope) in amphetamine use in emerging adulthood, a lower amphetamine use intercept at the commencement of the early adulthood and delayed amphetamine use initiation.Conclusions  The pattern of results suggests that the program worked first to prevent amphetamine use, and then to maintain the preventive effect into adulthood. Study findings suggest that early adolescent substance use prevention programs that focus initially on the ‘gateway’ drugs have utility for long‐term prevention of amphetamine use.
Cigarettes and social differentiation in France: is tobacco use increasingly concentrated among the poor?
Authors: Peretti‐Watel Patrick , Constance Jean , Seror Valérie , Beck François 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  This paper aimed to assess whether the increase of social differentiation of smoking is observed in France.Design and setting  Five cross‐sectional telephone surveys conducted in France between 2000 and 2007.Participants  The surveys were conducted among national representative samples of French subjects aged 18–75 years (n = 12 256, n = 2906, n = 27 499, n = 2887, n = 6007 in 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively). We focused on three groups: executives, manual workers and the unemployed.Measurements  Time trends of smoking prevalence were assessed, and socio‐economic factors (especially occupation and job status) associated with smoking were identified and compared in 2000 and 2005. We also computed respondents' equivalized household consumption (EHI) and their cigarette budget to assess the financial burden of smoking.Findings  Between 2000 and 2007, smoking prevalence decreased by 22% among executive managers and professionals and by 11% among manual workers, and did not decrease among the unemployed. Indicators of an underprivileged social situation were associated more markedly with smoking in 2005 than in 2000. In addition, the falling‐off of smoking initiation occurred later and was less marked among manual workers than it was among executive managers and professionals. Finally, in 2005 15% of French smokers devoted at least 20% of their EHI to the purchase of cigarettes, versus only 5% in 2000, and smoking weighted increasingly heavily on the poorest smokers' budgets.Conclusions  While these results point out an increased social differentiation in tobacco use, they underline the need to design and implement other forms of action to encourage people to quit, in particular targeting individuals belonging to underprivileged groups.
Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and smoking and drinking onset among adolescents: the longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS)
Authors: Huizink Anja C. , Greaves‐Lord Kirstin , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Ormel Johan , Verhulst Frank C. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  We examined within a prospective longitudinal study whether cortisol levels were associated with smoking or drinking behaviours, taking parental substance use into account.Design  The influence of parental substance use on cortisol levels of their adolescent offspring at age 10–12 years was examined. Next, cortisol levels of adolescents who initiated smoking or drinking at the first data collection (age 10–12) were compared to non‐users. Finally, we examined whether cortisol levels could predict new onset and frequency of smoking and drinking 2 years later.Setting and participants  First and second assessment data of the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS) were used, including 1768 Dutch adolescents aged 10–12 years, who were followed‐up across a period of 2 years.Measurements  Cortisol was measured in saliva samples at awakening, 30 minutes later, and at 8 p.m. at age 10–12. Self‐reported substance use at age 10–12 and 13–14, and parental self‐reported substance use were used.Findings  Only maternal substance use was related to slightly lower adolescent cortisol levels at 8 p.m. Both maternal and paternal substance use were associated with adolescent smoking and drinking at age 13–14, although fathers' use only predicted the amount used and not the chance of ever use. Finally, higher cortisol levels were related moderately to current smoking and future frequency of smoking, but not to alcohol use.Conclusions  In a general population, parental heavy substance use does not seem to affect cortisol levels consistently in their offspring. We found some evidence for higher, instead of lower, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity as a predictor of smoking in early adolescence.
The common exon 3 polymorphism of the growth hormone receptor gene and the effect of growth hormone therapy on growth in Korean patients with Turner syndrome
Authors: Ko Jung Min , Kim Jae‐Min , Cheon Chong‐Kun , Kim Duk‐Hee , Lee Dae‐Yeol , Cheong Woo Yeong , Kim Eun Young , Park Mi Jung , Yoo Han‐Wook 
Published: August 2009

SummaryObjective  Recombinant human growth hormone (GH) can achieve final adult height gain in girls with Turner syndrome (TS), but its efficacy varies widely across individuals. The exon 3‐deleted polymorphism of growth hormone receptor (d3‐GHR) has been reported to be associated with responsiveness to GH therapy. The short‐term growth response of Turner patients to GH therapy was analysed according to their GHR‐exon 3 polymorphism genotype.Design and patients  This was a retrospective study of 175 TS patients. Auxological and endocrine parameters were measured, and the GHR‐exon 3 genotype was analysed. Allelic frequencies of GHR‐exon 3 genotype were compared between patients with TS and control individuals. GH had been administered to 147 patients, 115 of which remained pre‐pubertal after the first follow‐up year. Changes in height standard deviation score (SDS), height velocity (HV), body mass index (BMI), IGF‐1 and IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) concentrations were compared between these patients, grouped according to genotype, after the first follow‐up year.Results  There was no difference in GHR‐exon 3 genotype frequency between the TS and control groups of Koreans. According to the GHR‐exon 3 genotype (fl/fl group vs. d3/fl and d3/d3 group), HV gain and height SDS gain did not differ significantly at the first year of GH therapy. Moreover, changes in IGF‐1, IGFBP‐3 concentration and BMI showed no significant difference between the groups with and without d3‐GHR after 1 year of GH therapy.Conclusion  The distribution of the GHR‐exon 3 genotype was similar in the TS and control groups in a Korean population. The growth promotion efficacy of GH therapy did not differ significantly between TS patients with and without the d3‐GHR allele. These findings indicate that the GHR‐exon 3 genotype may not be a major factor to affect the GH response in Korean Turner patients.
Influence of simulated climate change and eutrophication on three‐spined stickleback populations: a large scale mesocosm experiment
Authors: MORAN REBECCA , HARVEY IAN , MOSS BRIAN , FEUCHTMAYR HEIDRUN , HATTON KEITH , HEYES TOM , ATKINSON DAVID 
Published: August 2009

Summary1. Shallow lakes and their ectothermic inhabitants are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climatic warming. These impacts are likely to depend on nutrient loading, especially if the combination of warming and eutrophication leads to severe hypoxia.2. To investigate effects of realistic warming and nutrient loading on a fish species with high tolerance of warming and hypoxia, we observed population changes and timing of reproduction of three‐spined sticklebacks in 24 outdoor shallow freshwater ecosystems with combinations of temperature (ambient and ambient +4 °C) and three nutrient treatments over 16 months.3. Warming reduced stickleback population biomass by 60% (population size by 76%) and nutrient‐addition reduced biomass by about 80% (population size 95%). Nutrients and warming together resulted in extinction of the stickleback populations. These losses were mainly attributed to the increased likelihood of severe hypoxia in heated and nutrient‐addition mesocosms.4. Warming of nutrient‐rich waters can thus have dire consequences for freshwater ectotherm populations. The loss even of a hardy fish suggests a precarious future for many less tolerant species in such eutrophic systems under current climate change predictions.
TEMPtEd: development and psychometric properties of a tool to evaluate material used in patient education
Authors: Clayton Laura H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTitle.  TEMPtEd: development and psychometric properties of a tool to evaluate material used in patient education. Aim.  This paper describes the development and psychometric properties of a Tool to Evaluate Materials Used in Patient Education (TEMPtEd), which was designed to assist healthcare professionals to evaluate and select printed patient educational materials for their clients.Background.  Previously‐developed instruments include attribute checklists, readability formulae and rating scales, but they have not been shown to be valid or reliable. The TEMPtEd is an attempt to overcome the limitations of previously developed instruments.Method. The instrument was developed using Strickland’s framework, with pilot testing conducted from 2004 to 2007.Results.  The overall ratings of a heart failure educational brochure between the TEMPtEd and the Suitability Assessment of Materials, a previously developed instrument, were not statistically significantly different. Statistically significant correlations were noted between the two instruments in the overall scale and four of the five subscales. The internal consistency of the TEMPtEd was 0·68; however, a reduction in the number of rating scale options resulted in an internal consistency of 0·83–0·84. Exploratory factor analysis identified a six‐factor solution and accounted for 74% of the variance. Study participants preferred the TEMPtEd.Conclusion.  As a result of psychometric testing, the TEMPtEd appears to be a promising instrument for the evaluation of patient educational material.
Core measures for developmentally supportive care in neonatal intensive care units: theory, precedence and practice
Authors: Coughlin Mary , Gibbins Sharyn , Hoath Steven 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTitle.  Core measures for developmentally supportive care in neonatal intensive care units: theory, precedence and practice. Aim.  This paper is a discussion of evidence‐based core measures for developmental care in neonatal intensive care units.Background.  Inconsistent definition, application and evaluation of developmental care have resulted in criticism of its scientific merit. The key concept guiding data organization in this paper is the United States of America’s Joint Commission’s concept of ‘core measures’ for evaluating and accrediting healthcare organizations. This concept is applied to five disease‐ and procedure‐independent measures based on the Universe of Developmental Care model.Data sources.  Electronically accessible, peer reviewed studies on developmental care published in English were culled for data supporting the selected objective core measures between 1978 and 2008. The quality of evidence was based on a structured predetermined format that included three independent reviewers. Systematic reviews and randomized control trials were considered the strongest level of evidence. When unavailable, cohort, case control, consensus statements and qualitative methods were considered the strongest level of evidence for a particular clinical issue.Discussion.  Five core measure sets for evidence‐based developmental care were evaluated: (1) protected sleep, (2) pain and stress assessment and management, (3) developmental activities of daily living, (4) family‐centred care, and (5) the healing environment. These five categories reflect recurring themes that emerged from the literature review regarding developmentally supportive care and quality caring practices in neonatal populations. This practice model provides clear metrics for nursing actions having an impact on the hospital experience of infant‐family dyads.Conclusion.  Standardized disease‐independent core measures for developmental care establish minimum evidence‐based practice expectations and offer an objective basis for cross‐institutional comparison of developmental care programmes.
Serum immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses in patients with glomerulonephritis
Authors: ALMROTH G. , SJÖSTRÖM P. , SVALANDER C. , DANIELSSON D. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract. The serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM and of the four subclasses of IgG were determined by radial immunodiffusion in 103 patients, mean age 42 (range 16–72), with various types of glomerulonephritis. Forty‐nine healthy blood donors, mean age 41 years (range 19–65), served as controls. Kidney biopsies were obtained from all the patients for examination by histopathology and by immunofluorescence. The glomerulopathies were classified according to WHO criteria.The serum immunoglobulin patterns were different for the various clinical groups of patients. Patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and SLE had a significant increase in total IgG and of IgG4 (P < 0.05–0.001). Patients with minimal change disease had low concentrations of IgG (P < 0.001) with a significant decrease in IgG1 and IgG2 (P < 0.001 and 0.01. respectively). Highly significant increases in IgA were noted for patients with IgA nephritis (P < 0.001) but high levels were also seen in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. The findings might have diagnostic implications.
Computer‐detected ventricular tachycardia in the coronary care unit: prognosis in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction
Authors: FELEKE E. , HULTING J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract. Survival (for up to 6 years) in coronary care unit (CCU) patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) was studied with the aid of an automated arrhythmia monitoring system. Ventricular tachycardia was denned as four or more consecutive ventricular beats with a rate above 120 per min. During an 18‐month period, VT was observed in 102 individuals (13%) out of 800 patients without acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The 102 patients were compared with age‐ and sex‐matched patients with AMI and VT and a group with AMI but without VT.Hospital mortality was 27% in patients with AMI and VT, 23% in patients with AMI without VT, and 16% in non‐AMI patients with VT (NS). First year mortality after discharge was 20% in the non‐AMI group compared to 12% in the AMI groups (NS). The 1–6 years survival curves also did not differ significantly between the groups with a yearly mortality of between 5 and 6%.Acute myocardial infarction patients with rapid VT (> 150 min−1) or long VT (more than 10 beats) had a higher hospital mortality, otherwise the number or type of VT episodes did not relate to short‐ or long‐term prognosis in the studied groups. Ventricular tachycardia in the CCU did not seem to be an indicator of poor long‐term prognosis. It is concluded that long‐term prognosis in patients with VT in the CCU was little influenced by a current diagnosis of AMI.
Doppler echocardiographic assessment of the valve area in patients with atrioventricular valve stenosis by application of the continuity equation
Authors: KARP K. , TEIEN D. , ERIKSSON P. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract. The orifice area was non‐invasively assessed in 19 patients with mitral or mitral and tricuspid stenosis by combined cross‐sectional and Doppler echocardiography. Stroke volume was calculated as the product of aortic or pulmonic cross‐sectional area and the time velocity integral of the flow across that valve, and the stenotic valve area was obtained as the stroke volume divided by the time velocity integral of the stenotic valve. In addition, the mitral valve area was estimated by the pressure half‐time method of Hatle et al. The non‐invasive determinations were compared with those calculated by the Gorlin formula at cardiac catheterization.The valve area obtained by combined cross‐sectional and Doppler echocardiography showed a close correlation with the Gorlin area, r = 0.90, SEE = 0.13 cm2, n = 20. In contrast, the valve area estimated by the pressure half‐time method showed only a moderate correlation with the Gorlin area, r = 0.68, SEE = 0.38 cm2, n = 18. and estimates by this method tended to significantly overestimate the Gorlin area.In conclusion, non‐invasive valve area determinations based on combined cross‐sectional and Doppler echocardiography can be used to accurately quantify the severity of the lesion in patients with atrioventricular valve stenosis, while determinations by the pressure half‐time method may show errors of a magnitude that limits its clinical applicability.