bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumptive Use of Water by Alfalfa in Western Nebraska1
Authors: Daigger L. A. , Axthelm L. S. , Ashburn C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConsumptive use of water by alfalfa grown under two phosphorus fertility levels was measured in a 3‐year study at the University of Nebraska Scotts Bluff Station, located in western Nebraska. Soil moisture to a depth of 230 cm was measured with a neutron moisture meter at the start of the growing season, after each cutting, and after the last harvest. Irrigation water was delivered to the benches through an underground pipe and measured before flood irrigation.Alfalfa used 11.4 cm water per metric ton (4.95 in/T) of 88% dry matter hay. Alfalfa used water more efficiently in early May and June than July and August. Average water use per day was 4.1 mm (0.16 in) for the first harvest, 5.6 mm (0.22 in) for the second harvest, and 5.9 mm (0.23 in) for the third harvest. Average evapotranspiration ratios for the 3‐year period were 540 for the first cuttings, 630 for the second cuttings, and 860 for the third cuttings. The average evapotranspiration ratio for the three harvests over the 3‐year period was 680. Two levels of phosphorus applied to the soil did not alter water use nor total yields of hay.
Fate of Carbon‐14‐Labeled Cell Walls in Silage Fermentation1
Authors: Goering H. K. , Smith L. W. , Laksmanan S. , Gordon C. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUniformly carbon‐14 labeled wheat plant cell walls (CW‐UL14C) were combined with ground orchardgrass hay substrate and ensiled in order to determine the contribution of cell walls to silage fermentation end‐products. Eight samples in half‐pint jars were fermented for either 49, 76, 141, 188, 237, 285, 429, or 504 hours. Carbon‐14 activity was measured in water solubles, organic acids, and carbon dioxide. Substantial activity was found in lactic and acetic acid, both of which increased at essentially the same rate initially. Eight percent of the labeled cell wall was hydrolyzed, apparently through bacterial mechanisms. Eighty percent was found in the acids and 4.5% in carbon dioxide. The usefulness of this technique for studying various ramifications of silage fermentation is demonstrated.
Residual Value of Phosphorus Fertilizer on a Calcareous Soil1
Authors: Matocha J. E. , Conrad B. E. , Reyes L. , Thomas G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield response to applied phosphorus by grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was studied for 3 years on a Clareville clay loam, a dark, montmorillonite, calcareous soil typical of the Coastal Bend area in Texas.Field plots to which small amounts of phosphorus had been added over a period of years were compared to those with recent, large applications. Phosphorus applied in small quantities over a period of years was as available for plant growth as recently‐applied phosphorus. Regression analyses showed that in years of drouth stress the amount of applied phosphorus required for maximum yields was larger. This suggested that lack of water severely reduced phosphorus availability in the soil.The total amount of phosphorus applied was a better measure of availability than were extractions of phosphorus by either NH4OAc or NaHCO3. Both extractions gave a poor indication of available phosphorus present.
Effect of Seed Orientation on Emergence and Growth of Corn1
Authors: Pattern G. P. , VanDoren D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn seed was planted in growth chambers and the field oriented proximal end down (D) and proximal end up (U). The D orientation averaged 10% greater and 3 days earlier emergence and 20% greater penetration of wax‐oil mix surface layers. Seedlings with five leaves or less averaged 15% greater root length, 300% greater vertical root penetration, and 20% greater leaf area with the D orientation. Increasing the planting depth from 2.5 to 5 cm decreased the difference in penetration of wax‐oil mix layers by 8%. Irrigation decreased the orientation induced differences in root length while good seed‐soil contact increased the differences. Seed orientation had no effect on growth with dry soil and poor seed‐soil contact. Orientation differences were greatest at an intermediate night‐day temperature regime of 15 C to 21 C. Seed orientation was not associated with any differences in mature growth when based on a common stand. Conclusions were: 1) Corn planted with D orientation will give earlier, more complete emergence with greater more rapid seedling growth and 2) Corn planted with D orientation is better able to overcome environmental deterrents to emergence and growth than the U orientation.
Water Deficit Effects on Corn. II. Grain Components1
Authors: Claassen M. M. , Shaw R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnder controlled irrigation, corn plants grown in large containers were subjected to water deficits in one of nine periods during each of two growing seasons. The first experiment (1965) differed from the second (1966) by somewhat different timing of treatments and by limiting soil fertility conditions.A significant grain yield reduction (12 to 15%) was observed after stress during the vegetative period at early ear shoot and ovule development in 1966. A 53% grain yield reduction was associated with stress at 75% silking in 1965. In the 3‐week period after silking, water deficits consistently reduced yields approximately 30% in both years. Significant reductions in kernel numbers were associated with yield reductions from stress before or during silking and pollination. Kernel weights were significantly reduced by stress during or after silking. Trends in the percentage of developed kernels in each of three ear sections indicated that the ability of kernels to compete for products of photosynthesis correlated with the comparative age of the ovule or kernel at the time of water deficit.
Limitation to Water Flux from Soils to Plants1
Authors: Lang A. R. G. , Gardner W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom theoretical considerations it can be shown that there is an upper limit to the rate at which water can be taken up from the soil by plant roots. This occurs when the unsaturated permeability of the soil adjacent to the roots decreases more rapidly than the increase in the water potential gradient. Flux and water potential measurements obtained experimentally on cotton plants are consistent with this conclusion.
Promptness of Radicle Emergence as a Measure of Peanut Seed Vitality1
Authors: Mixon Aubrey C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeanut seed, Arachis hypogaea L., ‘Early Runner,’ from seed lots with different germination capabilities (standard germination) were evaluated for germination rate (promptness of radicle emergence), seedling emergence, and seedling vigor (dry weight). Daily radicle emergence for each of 3 days in a 25 C germinator revealed that the portion of seed that produced emerged radicles during the 1st or 2nd day resulted in quicker and greater seedling emergence and in more vigorous seedlings than did seed with radicles that emerged during the 3rd day. Plants in soil maintained at 21 ± 2 C were more vigorous when grown from seed with radicles that emerged in 1 day; but at the warmer soil temperature (27 ± 2 C), there was no difference in vigor of plants grown from seed with radicles that emerged after 1 or 2 days in the germinator. Plants from seed with radicles that emerged in 1 day emerged quicker and had greater dry weights when seed were planted 3.8 cm deep than when planted 7.6 cm deep. Differences in plant dry weight associated with planting depth were not apparent when plants were grown from seed that required 2 or 3 days for radicle emergence.
Infrared Detection of Aspergillus parasiticus Growth of Moist Sorghum Grain1
Authors: Banks J. C. , Lynd J. Q. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is presented for detecting Aspergillus parasiticus, Speare, growth on sterile moist sorghum grain using a dual lens infrared source and an IR scope with Type 413 IR Polaroid film recordings. Yellow to pale green “halo” patterns on inoculated whole grain were apparent with the IR scope 12 to 24 hr before visible mycelial development and aflatoxin formation. Highest B1 and G1 aflatoxin levels occurred with 120 to 144 hr incubations at 30 C in saturated humidity.
Rapid Field Measurement of Leaf Water Potential in Soybean1
Authors: Boyer J. S. , Ghorashy S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaf water potentials of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) were compared by two methods, the pressure chamber and the thermocouple psychrometer. A correlation coefficient of 0.957 was found for the two methods at leaf water potentials ranging from ‐3 to ‐25 bars. The pressure chamber method was used to measure the leaf water potential of several hundred soybean plants in different cultural studies in 1969 at Urbana, Illinois and found to be a rapid, efficient method.
Influence of Aluminum on Plant Growth and Tuber Yield of Potatoes1
Authors: Lee C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) var. ‘Netted Gem’, and ‘Sebago’ were grown in greenhouse sand cultures. Plants were watered daily with nutrient solutions containing 0, 5, 10, or 20 ppm of AI. Aluminum depressed plant growth and number and yield of tubers for both varieties. Yield of knobby tubers was lower with added AI. The addition of 20 ppm of AI to the growth medium decreased the yield of small tubers, increased the yield of larger tubers and increased the specific gravity of the tubers for both varieties.
Response of Corn to Small Amounts of Fertilizer Placed with the Seed: III. Relation to P and K Placement and Tillage1
Authors: Bates T. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFertilizer was banded with the seed of corn (Zea mays L.) in a number of field trials at rates supplying 3.1, 5.4, and 2.5 g N, P, and K per meter of row, respectively. Fertilizer with the seed was applied in combination with separate and larger applications of N, P, and K at various placements and with different amounts of preseeding tillage.Nitrogen placement did not appear to be critical in these trials.When no fertilizer was applied with the seed, grain field was slightly greater where P was side banded than where it was disked or plowed down. When accompanied by fertilizer with the seed, P was as effective where it was plowed down as it was where it was side banded; but P disked in was not. Lower yields were obtained with disked K than with plowed down or side banded K. Fertilizer with the seed reduced the difference between K placements at early growth stages in one trial, but this interaction was not apparent in other trials or in grain yield.Fertilizer with the seed reduced the yield response to preplanting tillage in one trial out of five.
Effect of Light Intensity, Temperature, Nitrogen, and Stage of Growth on Nitrate Accumulation and Dry Matter Production of a Sorghum‐Sudangrass Hybrid1
Authors: George J. R. , Rhykerd C. L. , Noller C. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo growth chamber experiments were conducted to study short‐ and long‐term effects of environment and nitrogen on nitrate accumulation in the sorghum‐sudangrass ‘Sudax SX‐11.’ Plants receiving high rates of nitrogen and grown under 43 klux light intensity at 22.5 C increased nearly twofold in nitrate content overnight when moved to 4.3 klux light intensity. Nitrate accumulation was progressively greater at high temperatures, and continued to increase during the next 7 days at high levels of nitrogen fertilization. In a second experiment, there was a decreasing trend in nitrate accumulation for plants grown under environmental regimes of 4.3 klux at 22.5 C, 4.3 klux at 30 C and 43 klux at 22.5 C. An extended period of cool temperature and low light intensity decreased dry matter production and increased nitrate accumulation. Although higher levels of nitrate were found to accumulate with increasing rates of nitrogen fertilization, the level of plant nitrate was observed to be lower at later stages of growth.
Emergence of Kenaf Seedlings as Affected by Seed Fungicides1
Authors: White G. A. , Adamson W. C. , Whiteley E. L. , Massey J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of four chemical seed treatments on seedling emergence of three seed lots of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) were studied at several locations in 1969‐70. No beneficial effects of chemical seed treatments were found from a late planting at Experiment, Ga. At Savannah, Ga., in 1969, significantly more seedlings emerged from an early April planting of seed treated with tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (Daconil 2787)3 ‐ sodium p‐(dimethylamino)benzenediazosulfonate (Dexon)3 + 1,4‐dichloro‐ 2,5‐dimethoxybenzene (chloroneb) and bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulfide (thiram) than from the check. For combined 1969‐70 data for ‘Everglades 71’, only N‐(ethylmercury)‐p‐toluenesulfonanilide (Ceresan M)3 + chloroneb was superior to the check. At Glenn Dale, Md., chemical seed treatment was beneficial in both 1969 plantings and in an early 1970 planting. In these tests Ceresan M + chloroneb was inferior to the other chemical treatments. Equally good results were obtained from thiram, thiram + chloroneb, and Daconil 2787‐Dexon + chloroneb. Thiram gave the best results in a 1969 test at College Station, Texas. Seedling emergence from ‘Everglades 41b’ seeds, that had an initial laboratory germination of 83%, was enhanced by chemical treatment. In field tests at Savannah and Glenn Dale, only 65% emergence was obtained for the untreated check compared to an average of 78% for the four chemical treatments. In general, differences among chemical treatments were small and all of them except Ceresan M could be used pending registration.
Levels and Sources of Potassium for Alfalfa as Influenced by Temperature1
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted with KCl and K2SO4 as K sources (0, 336, and 672 kg/ha of added K) for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown to first flower in growth chambers at 21/15 C day/night temperatures. Growth and mineral composition of alfalfa at first flower in three temperature regimes (27/21, 21/15, and 15/10 C) also were studied in low‐K soil with 0, 168, 336, and 672 kg/ha of K added as K2SO4.KCl applied at high rates (672 kg/ha of K) to soil containing 205 kg/ha of exchangeable K caused damage to alfalfa plants grown in pots, presumably from the Cl ion. No injury was noted with K2O4.K2SO4 applied (168, 336, and 672 kg/ha of K) to soil containing 120 kg/ha of exchangeable K increased herbage, root, and total plant yields, plant heights, and shoot numbers at the first flower growth stage. Largest increases occurred with the first increment of K and when grown at cool temperatures. Percentage of K in the herbage was highest at all rates of applied K in the warmest temperature regime (27/21 C day/night temperatures) and lowest in the coldest regime (15/10 C). Percentages of K in the herbage grown at 15/10 C were all below K‐sufficiency (2.20%) at all rates of K. Higher levels of exchangeable K are needed in the soil under cool than under warm temperatures in order for the plant to obtain sufficient K for maximum growth and production.
Modification of a 360‐Degree Antenna Rotor for Continuous Stepped Rotation1
Authors: Perrier E. R. , Rogers J. S. , Stahl G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn antenna rotor was modified to operate continuously stepwise automatically. The rotor was used to support a vertical profile of micrometeorological apparatus and swept a large surface area above crop rows and bare soil surfaces. The necessary modifications are easy to perform by modifying the control unit of the AC shaded‐pole induction motor.
Soil Tests as a Means of Predicting Response of Rape to Added N, P, and K1
Authors: Soper R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil tests were evaluated as a means of predicting response of rape to added N, P, and K in 23 field experiments on non‐fallowed soils from 1961 to 1969. Nitrate‐N content to a depth of 61 cm, NaHCO3‐extractable P, and NH4OAc‐extractable K of soils were found to be useful in predicting yield response of rape to added N, P, and K. Rape responded to added N when NO3‐N in the soil to a depth of 61 cm was >100 kg/ha, responded to added P when soils had NaHCO3‐extractable P <10 ppm, and responded well to added K when soils had 35 or less ppm of NH4OAc‐extractable K.
Variation of Reserve‐Starch‐Granule Areas and Diameters in Andropogon gerardi Rhizomes1
Authors: McKendrick Jay D. , Anderson Loran C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWarm‐season perennial grasses store reserve carbohydrates as starch granules, which are suspected deterrents to cold hardiness. In contrast, cool‐season perennial grasses store reserves as fructosans. Thus, the sizes and amounts of reserve starch granules in over‐ wintering rhizomes may impair cold hardening, thereby restricting the northern limits of species and varieties of warm‐season perennial grasses. That theory's validity was investigated in big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman), a native warm‐season perennial occurring over a wide range of eastern Great Plains' habitats. Areas and diameters of reserve starch granules in mature rhizomes were measured on projected color transparencies of mounted and stained tissues collected at seven habitats representing a gradation in winter severity. Average starch granule areas ranged from 2 to 23% and were significantly greater in tissues from habitats with severe winters and shorter growing seasons. Starch granule diameters were similar among locations and among sampling dates within locations.
Influence of Cultural Practice and Field Environment on Consistency of Corn Yields in Northern Areas1
Authors: Andrew R. H. , Peek J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour adapted corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) were grown in 76 cm and conventional rows at populations per hectare of 40, 50, 60, and 70,000 in 12 environments as provided by planting date and irrigation over a four−year period at two locations in Wisconsin. Analyses of variance were computed for yield within environments and at each hybrid‐cultural combination across environments. Attention was given to determining and interpreting optimum hybrid−cultural combinations within environments and consistency of performance across environments.Average overall grain yield was 6,394 kg/ha; and maximum yield was 11,441 kg/ha. Yield in conventional rows averaged 93.6% of yield in 76−cm rows, with greater differences for the dry year, late plantings, high populations, and late hybrid. In the favorable environments, first planted and irrigated, yields increased with population up to 60,000 while in the unfavorable environments, late planted and non−irrigated, yields were highest at the low population. Differences due to population were more pronounced in the unfavorable environments. Variance across environments averaged lowest for the 40,000 population and highest for the 70,000 population and for the late hybrid. Hybrid differences were greater for the first planting and in non−irrigated plots. Hybrid and population effects were small under irrigation. Coefficients of variability averaged highest for the unfavorable and lowest for the favorable environments.
Digestibility of Mechanical Mixtures of Early and Late Cut Tall Fescue
Authors: Rai S. D. , Hinds F. C. , Isaacson H. R. , McKibben G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn vitro and in vivo dry matter digestibilities for four qualities of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) hay were determined. The variations in quality we obtained by harvesting low and high quality material from the same field and the intermediate qualities were obtained by making mechanical blends (33% high quality and 66% high quality) of the high and low quality materials. The in vitro procedure used was a modification of the Tilley and Terry procedure.Dry matter digestibility and ad libitum intake of the above feeds were determined with lambs using a 4 ✕ 4 Latin square. Increasing the proportion of high quality forage in the mixture gave a linear increase in in vivo digestibility, but there was no significant difference between the 66% high quality and 100% high quality samples. The pattern of increasing digestibility was similar in vitro and in vivo.The use of mechanical blends of extremely different qualities of samples of the same forage species appears to be a potentially valuable approach to elucidating factors influencing forage quality.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Responses of Sorghum and Corn in Uganda1
Authors: Jowett David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven fertilizer trials testing rates and combinations of N and P were conducted on corn (Zea mays L.), a grain sorghum variety [Sorghum bicolor (L) Muench.] and a sorghum hybrid in Uganda in 1964. In general, corn outyielded sorghum, and showed a better response to applied fertilizer, but the interpretation of the results was complicated by a puzzling significant negative NP interaction for sorghum. The results support the hypothesis that sorghum is better adapted to low soil fertility than is corn in Uganda, but such a conclusion cannot be established on the basis of such slender evidence as is here made available.
Response of Grain Sorghum to Iron Sources Applied Alone or with Fertilizers1
Authors: Mortvedt J. J. , Giordano P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil applications of inorganic Fe sources are generally not effective for crops unless rather high rates are applied. Since previous results had indicated that these sources may be effective if applied at lower rates with fluid polyphosphate fertilizers, several greenhouse pot tests were conducted.Dry matter production and Fe uptake by grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were higher with FeEDDHA than with FeSO4 or Fe2(SO4)3 applied to Epping sil (pH 7.5), a calcareous soil low in available Fe. There was very little crop response to either inorganic Fe source applied alone to the soil at rates up to 24 ppm Fe. However, both sources were somewhat effective when applied with fluid polyphosphate fertilizers at the same rates. Seed and foliar spray applications were not as effective as soil application, probably because the rate of Fe was limited by the application method. Without applied Zn, crop response to FeEDDHA was limited. However, Zn uptake by sorghum decreased while forage yields increased with FeEDDHA application rate, even though ZnSO4 was also applied to the soil. Evidence for a marked Fe‐Zn interaction in sorghum was shown on this soil. Application of ZnSO4 to the no‐Fe check treatment reduced growth and Fe uptake, while high Fe applications reduced Zn uptake in the presence or absence of applied Zn.
Yields and Protein Contents of Crops in Various Rotations1
Authors: Hobbs J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1956 a study was initiated at Manhattan, Kansas, to measure effects on crop yield and protein content of five crop rotations: continuous wheat; continuous grain sorghum, sorghum, wheat, wheat; alfalfa, (2 years), sorghum, wheat, wheat; and bromegrass (2 years), sorghum, wheat, wheat. The study had a split plot, randomized block design with four replications. Three levels of nitrogen fertilizer were superimposed over the rotation variables.Cereal crop yields were not improved by including other cereals or perennial crops in a rotation on a Geary silty clay loam, upland soil. From 1959 through 1967 average wheat yields were highest in the continuous wheat system; sorghum yields were best in the sorghum, wheat, wheat rotation, and in the continuous sorghum system. More often than not sorghum yields were reduced following the perennial crops, due no doubt to moisture deficiency.Nitrogen fertilizer, which increased wheat yields in some years and decreased them in others, had little effect on the 9‐year average wheat yields. Nitrogen fertilizer generally increased sorghum yields.Protein content of cereal grain was highest in the alfalfa rotation and was increased by applying nitrogen fertilizer.