bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of surgical removal of endometrial cups on concentrations of chorionic gonadotrophin and subsequent fertility in the mare
Authors: HUBER M. J. , ROSER JANET F. , RIEBOLD T. W. , SCHMOTZER W. B. , GRUBB T. L. , CRISMAN R. O. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeven pregnant mares underwent general anaesthesia, laparotomy, hysterotomy and removal of a 50‐day conceptus. Eversion of the uterine horn through the hysterotomy site allowed direct visualisation and electrosurgical removal of endometrial cup tissue from 5 randomly selected mares (Nos 1–5), while cup tissue in 2 mares (Nos 6 and 7) was left intact. Two pregnant mares served as unoperated controls (Nos 8 and 9). Efforts to re‐establish pregnancy were initiated 20 days after surgery. Serum samples collected before surgery and during the post‐operative period were analysed for concentration of horse chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) by radioimmunoassay.Mean (± sd) weight and area of removed tissue was 9.91 ± 4.6 g and 22.4 ± 5.9 cm2, respectively. Concentrations of CG ranging from 3440 to 21,220 ng/ml were highest at the time of cup removal (50 days) and declined thereafter. Peak concentrations of CG at the time of surgery were not linearly correlated (r=−0.59) with mass of excised cup tissue. Individual CG half‐life values for Mares 1–5 ranged from 5.4 to 8.8 days (mean 7.1 ± 1.2 days). Peak CG concentrations occurred 68 days after conception with a rate of disappearance (half‐time) of 13.4 ± 0.4 days in Mares 6 and 7 and at 74 and 78 days after conception with a half‐time of 14.0 ± 5.7 days in Mares 8 and 9.Mares 1–5 exhibited behavioural oestrus and ovulation 30–44 days after surgery. Pregnancy occurred in 3 mares within 41 days after surgery and was associated with concentrations of CG below 200 ng/ml. Pregnancies developed normally until 120 days when the study was terminated. Sham‐operated control mares failed to exhibit normal oestrous behaviour and ovulation during the 100‐day postoperative period. Uterine tissues from 3 mares examined at necropsy lacked significant gross and microscopic pathology associated with the surgery.
Effects of sodium bicarbonate on cardiorespiratory measurements and exercise capacity in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: LLOYD D. R. , EVANS D. L. , HODGSON D. R. , SUANN C. J. , ROSE R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWe examined the effects of sodium bicarbonate in 6 Thoroughbred horses during submaximal and maximal treadmill exercise. Cardiorespiratory function was assessed together with the effect on exercise capacity by determining the run time to fatigue at maximal intensities. To discriminate between sodium bicarbonate's alkalinising effects and the fluid shifts that could result from the high osmotic load, we administered an equimolar solution of sodium chloride as a control. The horses were given sodium bicarbonate (1 g/kg bwt) or an equivalent number of moles of sodium chloride by nasogastric tube. Arterial blood samples were collected before exercise and 5 h after treatment, resulting in mean standard bicarbonate values of 39.6 mmol/l in horses treated with sodium bicarbonate compared with 24.2 mmol/l in horses that received saline. The horses were exercised on a treadmill at 40, 60 and 80% of their VO2max for 4, 2 and 2 mins respectively. The horses were walked for 3 mins and accelerated rapidly to a speed approximately equivalent to 110% VO2max and run until fatigued. The horses ran for 170 ± 20 secs (mean ± sem) after administration of sodium bicarbonate compared with 128 ± 13 secs after receiving sodium chloride (P<0.02). At rest and throughout submaximal and maximal exercise, the bicarbonate‐treated horses had significantly lower arterial oxygen tensions and higher arterial carbon dioxide tensions. There were no differences in cardiac output, heart rate, oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production between the saline and bicarbonate treatments. A second experiment was carried out in which the control group received no treatment. The horses that were given sodium bicarbonate ran for 142 ± 21 secs compared with 182 ± 24 secs for the controls (P=0.05). We conclude that metabolic alkalosis can affect ventilation during exercise and that sodium bicarbonate at an oral dose rate of 1 g/kg bwt significantly affects performance.
Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration in a horse stable under two different management systems
Authors: WOODS PAMELA S. A. , ROBINSON N. E. , SWANSON M. C. , REED C. E. , BROADSTONE R. V. , DERKSEN F. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAirborne dust concentration (ADC) was measured in 2 different horse management systems using an Andersen cascade impactor in the box‐stall, and a personal Marple cascade impactor attached to the halter to measure ADC in the breathing zone. The levels of aeroallergens implicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were measured by radioallergosorbent‐inhibition immunoassay. A conventional management system (System C) utilising hay feed and straw bedding, and a recommended environment (System R) utilising wood shaving bedding and a complete pelleted diet were studied. In the stall, total and respirable ADC (geometric mean) were significantly higher in System C (2.55 mg/m3; 0.44 mg/m3, respectively) than in System R (0.70 mg/m3; 0.20 mg/m3, respectively). In System C, the total and respirable ADC in the breathing zone (17.51 mg/m3; 9.28 mg/m3) were much higher than in the stall, but values in both regions were similar in System R (0.52 mg/m3; 0.30 mg/m3). Major aeroallergens were significantly higher in System C than in System R: Micropolyspora faeni (1423 ng/m3 and 705 ng/m3), Aspergillus fumigatus (1823 ng/m3 and 748 ng/m3), and mite allergens (1420 ng/m3 and 761 ng/m3). Measurement of ADC with personal samplers indicates that the very high inhalation challenge in the breathing zone is not reflected in measurements of stall air quality. When compared with System C, System R produced only 3% of the respirable dust burden in the breathing zone and a decreased aeroallergen challenge.
A survey of cardiac auscultatory findings in horses
Authors: PATTESON M. W. , CRIPPS P. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAuscultation was used to examine 545 horses for cardiac murmurs and some arrhythmias. The most significant finding was the high prevalence of right‐sided holosystolic or pansystolic plateau‐type murmurs compatible with a diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation in National Hunt racing Thoroughbreds of all ages (16.4%). This condition was found in 4.7% of flat‐racing Thoroughbreds, 3.7% of non‐racing Thoroughbreds and Thoroughbred crosses, and in none of the ponies examined. High prevalences of left‐sided early systolic murmurs (53%), left‐sided early diastolic murmurs (23%), right‐sided early diastolic murmurs (22%) and second degree atrioventricular block (23%) were found in racehorses of both types.
Forelimb lameness associated with radiographic abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae
Authors: RICARDI G. , DYSON SUE J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEight horses had forelimb lameness which was considered unrelated to primary forelimb pain, but was associated with radiographic abnormalities of one or more cervical vertebrae. There was no evidence of ataxia or weakness. The degree and character of the forelimb lameness varied between horses. In 4 horses, selective local analgesic techniques were used to rule out lameness associated with pain in the forelimb. In the other 4 horses, radiographic examination of the cervical region was performed on the basis of forelimb lameness seen in conjunction with neck stiffness and/or neck pain. Three horses had marked modelling of the synovial articular facet joints in the caudal cervical region; a 4th horse had modelling and a fracture involving the synovial articulation between the 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae. One horse had abnormalities of the intercentral articulation between the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae and a discrete mineralised opacity dorsal to it. Two horses had large lucent zones in a vertebral body. One horse had a fracture of the body of the 7th cervical vertebra. Five horses were humanely destroyed, 2 returned to their previous level of activity after a prolonged period of rest and 1 was still being rested at the time of writing.
Familial occurrence of narcolepsy in Miniature Horses
Authors: LUNN D. P. , CUDDON P. A. , SHAFTOE S. , ARCHER R. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn an investigation of 2 closely related Miniature Horses with a history of excessive sleepiness, depression and episodes of collapse, a diagnosis of narcolepsy was made on the basis of neurological examination and pharmacological testing. Further investigations included electroencephalographic examination (KEG), and analysis of protein content, cell count and monoamine metabolite concentrations of lumbosacral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There were no abnormalities noted in the EKGs, and no consistent changes in CSF neurotransmitter metabolites in the narcoleptic horses when compared with 3 normal, unrelated Miniature Horses and 2 related, clinically unaffected animals. The breeding background of the 2 affected horses was investigated and a limited survey of Miniature Horse breeders in North America was conducted. These investigations have shown that narcolepsy is a rare but distinct syndrome in the Miniature Horse, and that the cases described here appear to represent a familial occurrence of the disease.
A study of 118 cases of navicular disease: clinical features
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical features are reported from 118 horses (mean age 9.2 years) which were diagnosed as suffering from navicular disease using predetermined criteria. The animals were used for a variety of purposes and had been lame for periods between 1 and 72 months. The majority of cases (84.7%) had been treated using various techniques before evaluation. The severity of lameness was related to the duration of clinical signs: 78% of horses were bilaterally affected but there was no left:right limb predominance. Broken foot/pastern axes were recorded in 75% of horses while 45% also exhibited mediolateral foot imbalance. Muscle atrophy was recognised in 77% of animals which appeared to be related to limb affliction.The cranial phase of the stride was reduced in 38% and caudal phase shortened in 16% of horses. These abnormalities were related to the degree of lameness. Flexion of the distal joints increased the severity of lameness in 64% of the animals while extension was positive in 41% of instances. Turning in the direction of the lame limb exacerbated lameness in 95% of horses. Only 11% of animals responded to the use of hoof testers and 3% to foot percussion.A range of responses to local analgesia of the palmar digital nerves was recorded but 91% (of 49) of animals exhibited a positive response to local analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, and 92% (of 23) of horses responded to local analgesia of the navicular bursa.
A review of cytological specimens from horses with and without clinical signs of respiratory disease
Authors: FREEMAN KATHY P. , ROSZE J. F. , McCLURE J. M. , MANNSMAN R. , PATTON P. E. , NAlLE S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThirty‐six transtracheal washing (TTW) and 12 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens collected in clinical practice from horses with and without respiratory disease were reviewed. Cytological features were considered in accordance with the presenting complaint, clinical signs, clinical diagnoses, microbiological, radiographic and/or endoscopic findings, therapy, and response to therapy.The trichrome‐stained TTW and BAL specimens were useful in interpreting the results of concurrent microbiological cultures, and determining whether a condition was present based on occurrence of typical cytological features of patterns (e.g. probable allergy, chronic obstruction, uncomplicated exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage), determining pathological/anatomical diagnoses (e.g. bronchitis, bronchiolitis and/or alveolitis; presence of metaplasia or dysplasia) and possible aetiologies (eg. allergy, bacterial infection). Review of these cases confirmed the practicality of using cytological specimens to evaluate the equine respiratory tract; there were few unsatisfactory specimens and no reported complications.The importance of cytological evaluation of the equine respiratory system was emphasised by the identification of 13 cases in which clinical signs were not apparent at physical examination. Sequential collections of cytological specimens from foals, young horses before and during early training, and mature horses in training may provide more information about the response of the equine lung to stresses associated with training and/or common environmental exposures.
Metabolic response to standardised exercise test in Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia
Authors: PÖSÖ A. R. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B. , PERSSON S. G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma concentrations of lactate, amino acids, ammonia and products of purine catabolism were studied before, during and after a standardised incremental exercise test in 29 Standardbred trotters admitted to the clinic for exercise tolerance testing. According to their red cell volume the horses were divided into red cell normovolaemic and red cell hypervolaemic (polycythaemic) groups. The exercise‐response curve for taurine differed significantly in the two groups, whereas all the other amino acids behaved similarly. The [branched‐chain amino acid]/[alanine] ratio, a proposed indicator for the use of amino acids in gluconeogenesis, was at rest significantly higher in the polycythaemic horses. Post‐exercise concentrations of ammonia and allantoin, both end products of ATP breakdown, were lower in the polycythaemic horses. No differences were observed in the VLA4 and V200 markers for lactate and heart rate responses to incremental exercise, the oxidative capacity of the gluteus medius muscle, the enzyme activities or the post‐exercise concentration of lactate, uric acid and hypoxanthine. It is concluded that horses with red cell hypervolaemia behave in a submaximal standardised exercise test on a treadmill in the same way as do red cell normovolaemic horses. The results suggest that the rate of amino acid utilisation in gluconeogenesis and the ability of amino acids to produce energy aerobically may be elevated in polycythaemic horses.
Training‐induced modifications in cardiorespiratory and ventilatory measurements in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: ART TATIANA , LEKEUX P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of training and detraining on ventilation during a standardised exercise test were investigated.Ten healthy Thoroughbred horses underwent 5 standardised treadmill exercise tests (SET): SET1, at the start of the experimental period; SET2, after 3 weeks acclimatisation; SET3, after 3 week of aerobic training; SET4 after 3 weeks of anaerobic (i.e. interval) training; and SET5, after 3 weeks of detraining.The SETs were carried out in an air‐conditioned laboratory on a treadmill inclined at 6°. Respiratory airflow, tidal volume (VT), respiratory frequency (RF) and expired minute volume (VE) were obtained using a face mask and 2 ultrasonic pneumotachographs. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and carbon dioxide production (Vco2peak) values were calculated on a breath‐by‐breath basis, using a mass spectrometer. Heart rate (HR) was continuously measured with a polar horse tester. Oxygen pulse (Vo2/HR) and ventilatory equivalent for O2were calculated from the collected data. Venous blood was sampled before and after the SET for lactate, pH and haemoglobin determinations.The results indicated that trained horses showed significant modifications of all values, except VT, RF and VE. This study suggests that, in horses, the increase in VO2induced by training seems to be mainly due to cardiovascular and haematological changes rather than to ventilatory changes. Consequently, while all the other systems implicated in exercise physiology can be efficiently improved and trained, the ventilatory capacity has only limited ability to adapt to training.
The cross‐sectional areas of normal equine digital flexor tendons determined ultrasonographically
Authors: SMITH R. K. W. , JONES R. , WEBBON P. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFifty‐two animals, comprising 22 Irish Draught crosses (Group A), 15 Thoroughbreds (Group B) and 15 ponies (Group C) were examined ultrasonographically using a 7.5 mHz linear array probe and stand‐off pad. All animals were free of tendon disease as determined from clinical and ultrasonographical examination. The superficial (SDFT) and deep (DDFT) digital flexor tendons were scanned at 7 transverse (axial) levels between the carpus and metacarpophalangeal joint. Each transverse image was digitised using a commercially available frame grabber and the cross‐sectional areas of each tendon at each level measured using a dedicated software application.Excellent accuracy (averaging less than 5%) was demonstrated between the ultrasound generated areas and those measured from the tendonspost mortemin 12 limbs.The mean, s.d. and tolerance intervals of both SDFT and DDFT cross‐sectional areas at each level were determined for each group of horses. There was no statistically significant difference betweenGroups AandBand these 2 groups were, therefore, combined for further analysis. The cross‐sectional areas of both tendons were statistically smaller forGroup Cwhen compared toGroups AandB.The ratio of SDFT to DDFT cross‐sectional areas was calculated for each level and this demonstrated less variation between groups.The difference in measurements between limbs of the same horse was analysed. The mean differences for all groups were 9.13 mm2for the SDFT and 11.64 mm2for the DDFT. Upper limits (95% of the population) were 22.67 mm2(SDFT) and 29.22 mm2(DDFT).Weight (Groups AandC), height and mid‐metacarpal circumference (all groups) were measured and these physical parameters related to the tendon size at each level forGroups AandBcombined andGroup C.Tolerance limits and normograms were calculated. No significant regression was found for the horse group over the range of physical parameters measured while regression was shown for the ponies.The cross‐sectional areas measured in this study may be useful for determining increased tendon size in cases of bilateral tendonitis or where there is minimal disruption to the internal ultrasonographic architecture of the tendon.
Distribution of Equid herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1) in respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissue: implications for cellular immunity
Authors: KYDD JULIA H. , SMITH K. C. , HANNANT D. , LIVESAY GEORGIA J. , MUMFORD JENNIFER A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwelve adult ponies and 2 conventional foals were exposed intranasal to EHV‐1, strain Ab4 (TCID5010−6.6) and samples of respiratory tract associated lymphoid tissues were recovered between 12 h and 13 days after infection. Infectious virus was detected in tissue homogenates using susceptible cell monolayers and expression of viral antigens was monitored using indirect immunoperoxidase histochemistry on paraffin sections. The results showed both infectious EHV‐1 and viral antigens in respiratory tract associated lymph nodes 12 h after exposure. Infected leucocytes were identified morphologically as lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. The rapid intracellular localisation of EHV‐1 in lymph nodes implies that cell mediated immunity is an important aspect of the equine response to this virus.
Regulation of equine fibrinolysis in blood and peritoneal fluid based on a study of colic cases and induced endotoxaemia
Authors: COLLATOS CHRYSANN , BARTON MICHELLE H. , SCHLEEF R. , PRASSE K. W. , MOORE J. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMuch of the pathophysiology associated with equine gastrointestinal diseases is attributed to the effects of endotoxin on haemostasis. Because little is known about the responses of the equine fibrinolytic system to endotoxin, regulation of the system was investigated. Tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitortype‐1(PAI‐1) were identified as the primary plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor, respectively, in equine blood. Under experimental conditions, the equine fibrinolytic system responded to endotoxin in a manner similar to that reported in man, with an early, transient increase in t‐PA activity followed by an overwhelming and prolonged increase in activity of PAI‐1.To investigate the response of the equine fibrinolytic system to clinical endotoxaemia, endotoxin concentrations were measured in plasma and peritoneal fluid, and activities of t‐PA and PAI‐1 were compared between healthy horses (n=38) and horses with naturally occurring gastrointestinal diseases (n=150). It was observed thatplasmaPAI‐1 andperitonealt‐PA were increased concurrently in abnormal horses; and that these increases were associated with the presence of endotoxin.The results of this study suggest that 1) fibrinolysis is regulated in horses in a manner similar to that in man; 2) regulation of fibrinolysis is altered in endotoxaemic horses with gastrointestinal diseases; 3) events occurring in the vascular system may not reflect those in the peritoneal cavity; and 4) t‐PA activity is increased in the peritoneal fluid of endotoxaemic horses with gastrointestinal diseases.
Effect of central or marginal location and post‐operative exercise on the healing of osteochondral defects in the equine carpus
Authors: BARR A. R. S. , WOTTON S. F. , DOW S. M. , WATERMAN A. E. , GOODSHIP A. E. , DUANCE V. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of osteochondral defect location and postoperative walking exercise on structural repair and recovery of joint function were examined in the midcarpal joints of ponies. Functional recovery was monitored by measuring ground reaction forces using a force plate. Structural repair was evaluated histologically and by measuring the total collagen and uronic acid content and relative proportions of Type I and II collagen in the repair tissue. Central defects tended to cause a more marked functional disturbance but were repaired with fibrocartilage rather than fibrous tissue in 3 out of 6 ponies while marginal defects were repaired almost exclusively with fibrous tissue. There was no significant difference between defect locations with regard to the biochemical measures evaluated. Exercise produced no beneficial effect on structural repair of the defects. Secondary ‘kissing’ lesions in the third carpal bones opposite the defects appeared grossly more severe in the exercised ponies which also showed a trend to more marked functional disturbance.
Influence of intra‐articular sodium hyaluronate and polysulphated glycosaminoglycans on the biochemical composition of equine articular surface repair tissue
Authors: BARR A. R. S. , DUANCE V. C. , WOTTON S. F. , WATERMAN A. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe influence of repeated intra‐articular injections of sodium hyaluronate and polysulphated glycosaminoglycan on the repair of full‐thickness osteochondral defects was examined in the midcarpal joints of ponies. The study showed no significant difference between treated and control groups with regard to total collagen content, uronic acid content or the relative proportions of Type I and Type II collagen in the repair tissue, indicating that the drugs did not affect the biochemical composition of the repair tissue 11 weeks after defect induction.