bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Troubles with Indispensability: Applying Pure Mathematics in Physical Theory
Authors: PERESSINI ANTHONY 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Much of the current thought concerning mathematical ontology in volves in some way the Quine/Putnam indispensability argument. The indispensability approach needs to be more thoroughly specified, however, before substantive progress can be made in assessing it. To this end I examine in some detail the ways in which pure mathematics is applied to physical theory; such considerations give rise to three specific issues with which the indispensability approach must come to grips.
Reals by Abstraction
Authors: HALE BOB 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
On the neo-Fregean approach to the foundations of mathematics, elementary arithmetic is analytic in the sense that the addition of a principle wliich may be held to IMJ explanatory of the concept of cardinal number to a suitable second-order logical basis suffices for the derivation of its basic laws. This principle, now commonly called Hume's principle, is an example of a Fregean abstraction principle. In this paper, I assume the correctness of the neo-Fregean position on elementary aritlunetic and seek to explain one way in which it may be extended to encompass the theory of real numbers, introducing the reals, by means of suitable further abstraction principles, as ratios of quantities.
On Finite Hume
Authors: MACBRIDE FRASER 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Neo-Ftegeanism contends that knowledge of arithmetic may be acquired by second-order logical reflection upon Hume's principle. Heck argues that Hume's principle doesn't inform ordinary arithmetical reasoning and so knowledge derived from it cannot be genuinely arithmetical. To suppose otherwise, Heck claims, is to fail to comprehend the magnitude of Cantor's conceptual contribution to mathematics. Heck recommends that finite Hume's principle be employed instead to generate arithmetical knowledge. But a better understanding of Cantor's contribution is achieved if it is supposed that Hume's principle really does inform arithmetical practice. More generally, Heck's arguments misconceive the epistemological character of neo-Fregeanism.
Inhibitory receptor expression on neonatal immune cells
Authors: Walk J , Westerlaken G H A , van Uden N O , Belderbos M E , Meyaard L , Bont L J 
Published: April 2012

SummaryNeonates are born with quantitative and qualitative defects in both adaptive and innate immune responses. The immune system is regulated by several mechanisms, including the signalling of inhibitory receptors. Increased expression of inhibitory receptors may result in a higher threshold for activation and suppressed function of neonatal cells. The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of seven inhibitory receptors is increased on neonatal immune cells compared to adult immune cells. In a healthy birth cohort, we examined the expression of seven inhibitory immune receptors on neonatal neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The expression of leucocyte-associated immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1), signal inhibitory receptor on leucocytes-1 (SIRL-1), CD31, signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα), Siglec-9, CD200R, immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (IREM-1) and the membrane-bound ligand CD200 was studied by flow cytometry on leucocytes in cord blood (n = 14), neonatal venous blood (n = 24) and adult venous blood (n = 22). Expression of LAIR-1, CD31 and CD200 was increased consistently across all neonatal T cell subsets. Neonatal monocytes exhibited decreased expression of LAIR-1 and IREM-1 compared to adults. Furthermore, cord blood and neonatal venous blood samples contained a distinct LAIR-1-positive neutrophil population, which was not detected in adult blood. We demonstrated distinct expression of inhibitory receptors on neonatal peripheral blood immune cells in a healthy birth cohort. This is the first evidence that inhibitory receptors play a role in regulation of the neonatal immune system. Consistently increased inhibitory receptor expression on T cells may be an important mechanism in preventing the development of allergy and autoimmunity.
Icerya purchasi (Homoptera: Margarodidae) on Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae), a new host plant record for Greece
Authors: Papadopoulou S. , Chryssohoides C. 
Published: April 2012

Since July 2008, Rosmarinus officinalis plants in Greece have been observed to be infested by the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell. This is the first time that I. purchasi has been found on R. officinalis in Greece. Observations made have shown that this scale insect prefers to initially attack the stems of R. officinalis plants.
Urocerus albicornis(Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a new exotic horntail for the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: López S. , González M. , Goldarazena A. 
Published: April 2012

First records ofUrocerus albicornis(Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) for the Iberian Peninsula are reported. Samples of males and females were obtained unintentionally during surveys ofIps sexdentatus(Boerner, 1767) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) using multiple funnel traps baited with anI. sexdentatus‐specific attractant in different sawmills and timber processing industries of Basque Country (Northern Spain) during 2003 and 2011.
Nitrogen deposition drives lichen community changes through differential species responses
Authors: Johansson Otilia , Palmqvist Kristin , Olofsson Johan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNitrogen (N) deposition has increased globally over the last 150 years and further increases are predicted. Epiphytic lichens decline in abundance and diversity in areas with high N loads, and the abundance of lichens decreases along gradients of increased deposition. Thus, although N is an essential nutrient for lichens, excessive loads may be detrimental for them. However, these gradients include many correlated pollutants and the mechanisms behind the decline are thus poorly known. The aim of this study was to assess effects of N deposition, alone, on the epiphytic lichen community composition in a naturally N‐poor boreal forest. For this purpose, whole spruce trees were fertilized daily with N at five levels, equivalent to 0.6, 6, 12.5, 25, and 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1, during four consecutive growing seasons (2006–2009), and changes in the abundance of lichens were monitored each autumn from the preceding year (2005). The studied lichen communities were highly dynamic and responded strongly to the environmental perturbation. N deposition detectably altered the direction of succession and reduced the species richness of the epiphytic lichen communities, even at the lowest fertilization application (6 kg N ha−1 yr−1). The simulated N deposition caused significant changes in the abundance of Alectoria sarmentosa, Bryoria spp., and Hypogymnia physodes, which all increased at low N loads and decreased at high loads, but with species‐specific optima. The rapid decline of A. sarmentosa may have been caused by the added nitrogen reducing the stability of the lichen thalli, possibly due to increases in the photobiont: mycobiont ratio or parasitic fungal attacks. We conclude that increases in nitrogen availability, per se, could be responsible for the reductions in lichen abundance and diversity observed along deposition gradients, and those community responses may be due to physiological responses of the individual species rather than changes in competitive interactions.
Divergent natural selection with gene flow along major environmental gradients in Amazonia: insights from genome scans, population genetics and phylogeography of the characin fishTriportheus albus
Authors: COOKE GEORGINA M. , CHAO NING L. , BEHEREGARAY LUCIANO B. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe unparalleled diversity of tropical ecosystems like the Amazon Basin has been traditionally explained using spatial models within the context of climatic and geological history. Yet, it is adaptive genetic diversity that defines how species evolve and interact within an ecosystem. Here, we combine genome scans, population genetics and sequence‐based phylogeographic analyses to examine spatial and ecological arrangements of selected and neutrally evolving regions of the genome of an Amazonian fish,Triportheus albus. Using a sampling design encompassing five major Amazonian rivers, three hydrochemical settings, 352 nuclear markers and two mitochondrial DNA genes, we assess the influence of environmental gradients as biodiversity drivers in Amazonia. We identify strong divergent natural selection with gene flow and isolation by environment across craton (black and clear colour)‐ and Andean (white colour)‐derived water types. Furthermore, we find that heightened selection and population genetic structure present at the interface of these water types appears more powerful in generating diversity than the spatial arrangement of river systems and vicariant biogeographic history. The results from our study challenge assumptions about the origin and distribution of adaptive and neutral genetic diversity in tropical ecosystems. In addition, they have important implications for measures of biodiversity and evolutionary potential in one of the world’s most diverse and iconic ecosystems.
Innate immunity and the evolution of resistance to an emerging infectious disease in a wild bird
Authors: BONNEAUD CAMILLE , BALENGER SUSAN L. , ZHANG JIANGWEN , EDWARDS SCOTT V. , HILL GEOFFREY E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractInnate immunity is expected to play a primary role in conferring resistance to novel infectious diseases, but few studies have attempted to examine its role in the evolution of resistance to emerging pathogens in wild vertebrate populations. Here, we used experimental infections and cDNA microarrays to examine whether changes in the innate and/or acquired immune responses likely accompanied the emergence of resistance in house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) in the eastern United States subject to a recent outbreak of conjunctivitis‐causing bacterium (Mycoplasma gallisepticum—MG). Three days following experimental infection with MG, we observed differences in the splenic transcriptional responses between house finches from eastern U.S. populations, with a 12‐year history of MG exposure, versus western U.S. populations, with no history of exposure to MG. In particular, western birds down‐regulated gene expression, while eastern finches showed no expression change relative to controls. Studies involving poultry have shown that MG can manipulate host immunity, and our observations suggest that pathogen manipulation occurred only in finches from the western populations, outside the range of MG. Fourteen days after infection, eastern finches, but not western finches, up‐regulated genes associated with acquired immunity (cell‐mediated immunity) relative to controls. These observations suggest population differences in the temporal course of the response to infection with MG and imply that innate immune processes were targets of selection in response to MG in the eastern U.S. population.
YeeU enhances the bundling of cytoskeletal polymers of MreB and FtsZ, antagonizing the CbtA (YeeV) toxicity in Escherichia coli
Authors: Masuda Hisako , Tan Qian , Awano Naoki , Wu Kuen‐Phon , Inouye Masayori 
Published: April 2012

SummaryAll free‐living bacteria carry the toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems controlling cell growth and death under stress conditions. YeeU–YeeV (CbtA) is one of the Escherichia coli TA systems, and the toxin, CbtA, has been reported to inhibit the polymerization of bacterial cytoskeletal proteins, MreB and FtsZ. Here, we demonstrate that the antitoxin, YeeU, is a novel type of antitoxin (type IV TA system), which does not form a complex with CbtA but functions as an antagonist for CbtA toxicity. Specifically, YeeU was found to directly interact with MreB and FtsZ, and enhance the bundling of their filamentous polymers in vitro. Surprisingly, YeeU neutralized not only the toxicity of CbtA but also the toxicity caused by other inhibitors of MreB and FtsZ, such as A22, SulA and MinC, indicating that YeeU‐induced bundling of MreB and FtsZ has an intrinsic global stabilizing effect on their homeostasis. Here we propose to rename YeeU as CbeA for cytoskeleton bundling‐enhancing factor A.
Weed seed survival following ensiling and mesophilic anaerobic digestion in batch reactors
Authors: WESTERMAN P R , HILDEBRANDT F , GEROWITT B 
Published: April 2012

Westerman PR, Hildebrandt F & Gerowitt B (2012). Weed seed survival following ensiling and mesophilic anaerobic digestion in batch reactors. Weed Research52, 286–295.SummaryDigestate, the semi‐solid leftover after anaerobic digestion in biogas reactors, is frequently used as a crop fertiliser. The ability of seeds from various weed species to survive anaerobic digestion was tested, because surviving seeds could be spread via the digestate. Experiments were conducted in experimental mesophilic batch reactors, either with or without ensiling as a pre‐treatment to simulate biomass storage in silage prior to use in reactors. The emphasis was on weed species whose seeds have a water‐impermeable layer, because these may be more thermoresistant. Species with hard seeds were more likely to survive ensiling (up to 98%) and mesophilic anaerobic digestion (up to 58%) compared with species whose seeds lack a water‐impermeable layer (≤1%). There was considerable variation in survival probability between and within species, and between silages and reactors. For hard‐seeded species, survival depended on the proportion of hard seeds and on the ability to remain hard‐seeded during treatment. Freshly harvested seeds lost their water impermeability and survived poorly. The survival of tomato seeds, an indicator species used in the sanitation of composts, was comparable with that of the best surviving species without physical dormancy, but was not comparable with that of hard‐seeded species. Tomato could therefore only represent species that are not hard‐seeded.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter‐308G/A polymorphism in Mexican patients with patchy alopecia areata
Authors: Cristina Cantú‐Salinas , Mauricio Salinas‐Santander , Armando Lagos‐Rodríguez , Celia Sánchez‐Domínguez , Clara Rios‐Ibarra , Rocío Ortiz‐López , Oliverio Welsh , Jorge Ocampo‐Candiani 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by hair loss, most frequently from the scalp. Its etiopathogenesis is currently unknown, but inflammatory traits and associations with autoimmune diseases suggest that AA shares a similar origin. The tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) gene, located on chromosome 6 within the major histocompatibility complex class III gene, may carry previously described polymorphisms – particularly in the promoter region, such as TNFα‐308G/A – known to be risk factors in a wide variety of inflammatory pathologies. In Mexican populations, this polymorphism has been associated with augmented TNFα production and, thus, renders carriers more susceptible to developing autoimmune diseases; however, as yet it has not been associated with AA.Objectives  To assess a possible association between the presence of TNFα‐308G/A and patchy AA.Materials and methods  Blood samples were taken from 59 patients affected by patchy AA and 103 control subjects without AA, all from the northeastern Mexican population. Genomic DNA was isolated using the phenol‐chloroform method and samples subjected to polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism in order to detect the TNFα‐308G/A polymorphism.Results  TNFα‐308G/A (TNF2) allele [odds ratio (OR) = 3.22, P = 0.026, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.99–11.61], when segregated in the heterozygous (TNF1/TNF2) genotype (OR = 3.53, P = 0.023, 95% CI = 1.01–12.89) confers a significant risk for developing AA, compared with the genotype TNF1/TNF1 observed in controls (OR = 0.28, P = 0.023, 95% CI = 0.08–0.99).Conclusions  Our data suggest that there is a plausible association between the presence of the TNFα‐308G/A polymorphism and a higher susceptibility for developing patchy AA. This risk might be due to overproduction of TNFα, which would facilitate an autoimmune response against the hair follicle.
If patient‐reported outcome measures are considered key health‐care quality indicators, who is excluded from participation?
Authors: Kroll Thilo , Wyke Sally , Jahagirdar Deepa , Ritchie Karen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPatient‐reported outcome measures have received increasing attention with regard to ensuring quality improvement across the health service. However, there is a risk that people with disabilities and low literacy are systematically excluded from the development of these measures as well as their application in clinical practice. This editorial highlights some of these risks and the potential consequences of exclusion for these groups.
Informed choice in bowel cancer screening: a qualitative study to explore how adults with lower education use decision aids
Authors: Smith Sian K , Kearney Paul , Trevena Lyndal , Barratt Alexandra , Nutbeam Don , McCaffery Kirsten J 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  Offering informed choice in screening is increasingly advocated, but little is known about how evidence‐based information about the benefits and harms of screening influences understanding and participation in screening.Objective  We aimed to explore how a bowel cancer screening decision aid influenced decision making and screening behaviour among adults with lower education and literacy.Methods  Twenty‐one men and women aged 55–64 years with lower education levels were interviewed about using a decision aid to make their screening decision. Participants were purposively selected to include those who had and had not made an informed choice.Results  Understanding the purpose of the decision aid was an important factor in whether participants made an informed choice about screening. Participants varied in how they understood and integrated quantitative risk information about the benefits and harms of screening into their decision making; some read it carefully and used it to justify their screening decision, whereas others dismissed it because they were sceptical of it or lacked confidence in their own numeracy ability. Participants’ prior knowledge and beliefs about screening influenced how they made sense of the information.Discussion and conclusions  Participants valued information that offered them a choice in a non‐directive way, but were concerned that it would deter people from screening. Healthcare providers need to be aware that people respond to screening information in diverse ways involving a range of literacy skills and cognitive processes.
Role of lymphadenectomy in the management of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the upper urinary tract
Authors: Kondo Tsunenori , Tanabe Kazunari 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe role of lymphadenectomy has been controversial in urological malignancies. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and upper urinary tract has a high potential to spread through the lymphatic network compared with other malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma or prostate cancer. In urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, lymphadenectomy of pelvic nodes had been considered as the standard procedure when radical cystectomy was carried out. Recently, many investigators have examined the influence of its extent, and the majority of the studies have supported the beneficial role of extended lymphadenectomy in accurate staging or in improving patient survival. Although randomized controlled trials are required to establish a greater level of evidence, more urological surgeons have already noticed the necessity for extended lymphadenectomy in bladder cancer. In contrast to bladder cancer, there have been far fewer studies on urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. This might be because of the smaller number of the patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and the lack of understanding of regional nodes. However, studies of lymph node mapping and the retrospective analyses with respect to the benefit of lymphadenectomy have been carried out in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract by some investigators, although the results are still controversial. However, the results from multi‐institutional studies by high volume centers have supported the beneficial role of lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract, as it has been proposed in bladder cancer. Thus, lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the upper urinary tract might have a potential role in staging and improving the oncological outcomes.
Revisiting ecological integrity 30 years later: non‐native species and the misdiagnosis of freshwater ecosystem health
Authors: Hermoso Virgilio , Clavero Miguel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAssessing the ecological integrity of freshwater ecosystems has become a priority to protect the threatened biodiversity they hold and secure future accessibility to the services they provide. Some of the most widespread applications of biological indicators are fish‐based indices. These have mostly mirrored the approach proposed by Karr 30 years ago (Index of Biotic Integrity; IBI), based on the comparison of observed and expected composition and structure of local fish assemblages in the absence of major perturbations, using the so‐called reference condition approach. Despite the notable success of the implementation of fish‐based indices, most of them overlook non‐native species as a source of ecosystem degradation, and evaluations are focused on the physico‐chemical condition of freshwater ecosystems and their effects on freshwater biodiversity. Almost 90% of 83 reviewed IBIs did not consider non‐native species when defining reference conditions. Most IBIs used non‐native species in conjunction with native ones to construct the metrics that conform to the index. The response of the IBI to the effect of non‐native species has hardly ever been tested. When developing and evaluating IBIs, attention was mostly directed to ensuring the correct response of the index to physico‐chemical parameters, which could otherwise be characterized more effectively using alternative methods. Current application of IBIs entails a misuse of biological indicators by overlooking some types of degradation that cannot be otherwise evaluated by traditional methods. This constrains the capacity to adequately respond to one of the most challenging and common threats to the conservation of freshwater fish diversity.
Pension reform and income inequality among older people in 15 European countries
Authors: van Vliet Olaf , Been Jim , Caminada Koen , Goudswaard Kees 
Published: April 2012

van Vliet O, Been J, Caminada K, Goudswaard K. Pension reform and income inequality among older people in 15 European countriesThe ageing of populations and hampering of economic growth have increased pressure on public finances in many advanced capitalist societies. Consequently, governments have adopted pension reforms in order to relieve pressure on public finances. These reforms have contributed to a relative shift from public to private pension schemes. As private social security plans are generally less redistributive than public social security, it can be hypothesised that the privatisation of pension plans has led to higher levels of income inequality among older people. This study contributes to the income inequality and pension literature by empirically analysing the distributional effects of shifts from public to private pension provision in 15 European countries for the period 1995–2007. We do not find evidence that shifts from public to private pension provision lead to higher levels of income inequality or poverty among older people. The results appear to be robust for a wide range of econometric specifications.