bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the hydrological character of rainfall on the Canadian prairies
Authors: Shook Kevin , Pomeroy John 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMany studies have examined trends in the amount and phase of precipitation on the Canadian prairies over the period of record but without considering the unusual hydrology and hydrography of the region. On the Canadian prairies, runoff is primarily due to spring snowmelt over frozen soils but can also be caused by intense rainfall from summer thunderstorms. The fraction of spring snowmelt forming runoff is strongly influenced by the rate of melt and the presence of ice layers near the surface in frozen soils or at the base of the snowpack, all of which can be influenced by rainfall in the spring and late fall. Precipitation intensities sufficient to cause runoff are generally due to small, intense convective storms, which are prevalent during the summer months.Historical records of the fraction of monthly precipitation falling as rain, obtained from the Historical Adjusted Climate Database for Canada (HACDC), were found to display statistically significant increasing trends over the periods 1901–2000 and 1951–2000 at many locations on the Canadian prairies. The fraction of stations showing significant trends, and the importance of the trends, were strongly dependent on the month of the year.Single‐day summer rainfalls are believed to be primarily convective in the Canadian prairies. Historical records obtained from HACDC indicate that the hydrological importance of single‐day summer rainfalls has not increased and has shown significant decreases at many locations over the periods 1901–2000 and 1951–2000. Conversely, the hydrological importance of summer multiple‐day rain events has not decreased and has significantly increased at many locations over the periods analysed.Multiscaling analyses of summer rainfall events demonstrated that the temporal uniformity of rainfall on the Canadian prairies has increased over the periods 1901–2000 and 1951–2000. Analyses of the ratios of rainfall over multiple days demonstrate significant trends over the same periods, confirming the general tendency to temporal uniformity over scales between 1 and 32 days. Longer rain events strongly suggest greater spatial extents for storms and therefore the potential for increasing tendencies to promote basin‐scale rainfall–runoff events such as seen in 2011 in the region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Climate change sensitivity assessment of streamflow and agricultural pollutant transport in California's Central Valley using Latin hypercube sampling
Authors: Ficklin Darren L. , Luo Yuzhou , Zhang Minghua 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBracketing the uncertainty of streamflow and agricultural runoff under climate change is critical for proper future water resource management in agricultural watersheds. This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) in conjunction with a Latin hypercube climate change sampling algorithm to construct a 95% confidence interval (95CI) around streamflow, sediment load, and nitrate load predictions under changes in climate for the Sacramento and San Joaquin River watersheds in California's Central Valley. The Latin hypercube algorithm sampled 2000 combinations of precipitation and temperature changes based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections from multiple General Circulation Models. Average monthly percent changes of the upper and lower 95CI limits compared to the present‐day simulation and a statistic termed the “r‐factor” (average width of the 95CI band divided by the standard deviation of the 95CI bandwidth) were used to assess watershed sensitivities. 95CI results indicate that streamflow and sediment runoff in the Sacramento River watershed are more likely to decrease under climate change compared to present‐day conditions, whereas the increase and decrease for nitrate runoff were found to be equal. For the San Joaquin River watershed, streamflow slightly decreased under climate change, whereas sediment and nitrate runoff increased compared to present‐day climate. Comparisons of watershed sensitivities indicate that the San Joaquin River watershed is more sensitive to climate changes than the Sacramento River watershed, which is largely caused by the high density of agricultural land. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring SETAC's roles in the global dialogue on sustainability—an opening debate
Authors: McCormick Ron , Kapustka Larry , Stahl Cynthia , Fava Jim , Lavoie Emma , Robertson Cory , Sanderson Hans , Scott Heidi , Seager Tom , Vigon Bruce 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A combination platform–debate session was held at the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) North America annual meeting in Boston (November 2011). The session was organized by members of the Advisory Group on Sustainability, newly formed and approved as a global entity by the SETAC World Council just prior to the meeting. The platform portion of the session provided a historical backdrop for the debate that was designed to explore SETAC's role in the sustainability dialogue. The debate portion presented arguments for and against the proposition that “Science is the primary contribution of SETAC to the global dialogue on sustainability.” Although the debate was not designed to achieve a definitive sustainability policy for SETAC, the audience clearly rejected the proposition, indicating a desire from the SETAC membership for an expanded role in global sustainability forums. This commentary details the key elements of the session, identifies the contribution the Advisory Group will have at the World Congress in Berlin (May 2012), and invites interested persons to become active in the Advisory Group. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 7–11. © 2012 SETAC
Assessing population-level effects of zinc exposure to brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the Arkansas River at Leadville, Colorado
Authors: Toll John , Garber Kristina , DeForest David , Brattin William 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
We assessed population-level risk to upper Arkansas River brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) due to juvenile exposure to Zn. During spring, individuals in the sensitive young-of-the-year life stage are exposed to elevated Zn concentrations from acid mine drainage. We built and used a simple life-history population model for the risk assessment, with survival and fecundity parameter values drawn from published data on brown trout populations located in the United States and Europe. From experimental data, we derived a toxicity model to predict mortality in brown trout fry after chronic exposure to Zn. We tested sensitivity of risk estimates to uncertainties in the life-history parameters. We reached 5 conclusions. First, population projections are highly uncertain. A wide range of estimates for brown trout population growth is consistent with the scientific literature. The low end of this range corresponds to an unsustainable population, a physically unrealistic condition due to combining minimum parameter values from several studies. The upper end of the range corresponds to an annual population growth rate of 281%. Second, excess mortality from Zn exposure is relatively more predictable. Using our exposure-response model for excess mortality to brown trout fry due to Zn exposure in the upper Arkansas River at the mouth of California Gulch in the years 2000 to 2005, we derived a mean estimate of 6.1% excess mortality (90% confidence interval = 1.6%–14.1%). Third, population projections are sensitive to all the parameters that contribute to the onset of reproduction. The weight of evidence suggests that young-of-the-year survival is most important; it is inconclusive about the ranking of other parameters. Fourth, population-level risk from Zn exposure is sensitive to young-of-the-year survival. If young-of-the-year survival exceeds 20% to 25%, then the marginal effect of excess juvenile mortality on population growth is low. The potential effect increases if young-of-the-year survival is less than 20%. Fifth, the effect of Zn on population growth is predictable despite high uncertainty in population projections. The estimate was insensitive to model uncertainties. This work could be useful to ecological risk assessors and managers interested in using population-level endpoints in other risk assessments. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 50–62. © 2012 SETAC
Applying biotic ligand models and Bayesian techniques: Ecological risk assessment of copper and nickel in Tokyo rivers
Authors: Hayashi Takehiko I 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Biotic ligand models (BLMs) have been broadly accepted and used in ecological risk assessment of heavy metals for toxicity normalization with respect to water chemistry. However, the importance of assessing bioavailability by using BLMs has not been widely recognized among Japanese stakeholders. Failing to consider bioavailability may result in less effective risk management than would be possible if currently available state-of-the-art methods were used to relate bioavailable concentrations to toxic effects. In this study, an ecological risk assessment was conducted using BLMs for 6 rivers in Tokyo to stimulate discussion about bioavailability of heavy metals and the use of BLMs in ecological risk management in Japan. In the risk analysis, a Bayesian approach was used to take advantage of information from previous analyses and to calculate uncertainties in the estimation of risk. Risks were judged to be a concern if the predicted environmental concentration exceeded the 5th percentile concentration (HC5) of the species sensitivity distribution. Based on this criterion, risks to stream biota from exposure to Cu were judged not to be very severe, but it would be desirable to conduct further monitoring and field surveys to determine whether temporary exposure to concentrations exceeding the HC5 causes any irreversible effects on the river ecosystem. The risk of exposure to Ni was a concern at only 1 of the 6 sites. BLM corrections affected these conclusions in the case of Cu but were moot in the case of Ni. The use of BLMs in risk assessment calculations for Japanese rivers requires water quality information that is, unfortunately, not always available. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 63–69. © 2012 SETAC
Atomic force microscopy‐based force spectroscopy — biological and biomedical applications
Authors: Carvalho Filomena A. , Santos Nuno C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) applied to biological systems to generate high resolution images is gaining a wider acceptance. However, the most remarkable advances are being achieved on the use of the AFM to measure inter‐ and intramolecular interaction forces with piconewton resolution, not only to demonstrate this ability but also actually to solve biological and biomedical relevant questions. Single‐molecule force spectroscopy recognition studies enable the detection of specific interaction forces, based on the AFM sensitivity and the possibility of manipulating individual molecules. In this review, we describe the basic principles of this methodology and some of the practical aspects involved. The ability to measure interactions at the single‐molecule level is illustrated by some relevant examples. A special focus is given to the study of the fibrinogen–erythrocyte binding and its relevance as a cardiovascular risk factor. An approach to the latter problem by single‐molecule force spectroscopy allowed the molecular recognition, characterization, and partial identification of a previously unknown receptor for fibrinogen on human erythrocytes. © 2012 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2012
Just Slammin! Adolescents’ Construction of Identity Through Performance Poetry
Authors: Rudd Lynn L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUsing a case study design, this study investigated the literacy identity, both collectively and individually, of the members of Slammin!, a slam poetry team from an urban high school. Participant observation of practices and performances was used to find how the involvement in this group uniquely impacted students’ academic and personal lives. Data was also collected from individual and small group interviews. Results show that the Slammin! poets were engaged in identity formation activities by means of their group experiences. Their efforts to be successful poets seem to be intimately connected to their efforts and goals to develop successful selves as artists, students, and members of a familial type of group. The poets consistently speak of their dedication to poetry and their team as part of their commitment to be different and the circumstances that define them as outcasts from the culture that surrounds them.
Students' and Teachers' Perceptions: An Inquiry Into Academic Writing
Authors: Wolsey Thomas DeVere , Lapp Diane , Fisher Douglas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAcademic writing is a mainstay of expression in secondary schools. However, many students think of academic writing in terms of local operations that include spelling, punctuation, use of third person, and so on. Teachers may expect mastery of local operations, but often they want students to navigate the terrain of the content area or discipline by integrating sources, taking up academic vocabulary, synthesizing concepts, or creating new understanding. This article describes the expectations that students in one 10th‐grade class hold about their academic writing tasks as compared with that of their teachers. Length of writing tasks, features of academic register in written work, and purpose in writing assignments are explored, and recommendations are provided based on the data.
What We Know About Adolescents' Out‐of‐School Literacies, What We Need to Learn, and Why Studying Them Is Important: An Interview With Michael W. Smith
Authors: Smith Michael W. , Moore David W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMichael W. Smith, a professor in Temple University's College of Education, focuses his research on how experienced readers read and talk about texts as well as what motivates adolescents' reading and writing in and out of school. He sees the recent research on adolescents' out‐of‐school literacies as a challenge to literacy educators to look at what kids do, what kids can do, and what educators ought to do in new ways. He would like to see more research that speaks to those outside the adolescent literacy specialization. One implication of the research on students' out‐of‐school literacies for classroom teachers is that students might be more engaged in school if it presented the conditions that foster engagement outside of school. As a teacher and teacher educator, Smith is coming to regard new literacies as important ends in themselves and not just as bridges to more conventionally academic literacies.
Occupying Youth Development: The Pitfalls and Potential of Literacy Policies and Youth Development
Authors: Zeller‐Berkman Sarah 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis column explores the intersection between adolescent literacy policies and the field of youth development. The crisis framing of young people used in literacy policy documents has come to “occupy” the field of youth development in an all hands on deck approach to remediate young people who are considered “behind.” At the same time, there are spaces where literacy and youth development are melding beautifully. The author explores both the potentials and pitfalls when literacy policy and youth development intersect by examining a literacy initiative supported by the Youth Development Institute in a community‐based organization for young people involved in the juvenile justice system.
Matrix metalloproteinase–13 is required for osteocytic perilacunar remodeling and maintains bone fracture resistance
Authors: Tang Simon Y , Herber Ralf-Peter , Ho Sunita P , Alliston Tamara 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Like bone mass, bone quality is specified in development, actively maintained postnatally, and disrupted by disease. The roles of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes in the regulation of bone mass are increasingly well defined. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which bone quality is regulated remain unclear. Proteins that remodel bone extracellular matrix, such as the collagen-degrading matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, are likely candidates to regulate bone quality. Using MMP-13–deficient mice, we examined the role of MMP-13 in the remodeling and maintenance of bone matrix and subsequent fracture resistance. Throughout the diaphysis of MMP-13–deficient tibiae, we observed elevated nonenzymatic cross-linking and concentric regions of hypermineralization, collagen disorganization, and canalicular malformation. These defects localize to the same mid-cortical bone regions where osteocyte lacunae and canaliculi exhibit MMP-13 and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression, as well as the osteocyte marker sclerostin. Despite otherwise normal measures of osteoclast and osteoblast function, dynamic histomorphometry revealed that remodeling of osteocyte lacunae is impaired in MMP-13−/− bone. Analysis of MMP-13−/− mice and their wild-type littermates in normal and lactating conditions showed that MMP-13 is not only required for lactation-induced osteocyte perilacunar remodeling, but also for the maintenance of bone quality. The loss of MMP-13, and the resulting defects in perilacunar remodeling and matrix organization, compromise MMP-13−/− bone fracture toughness and postyield behavior. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that osteocyte perilacunar remodeling of mid-cortical bone matrix requires MMP-13 and is essential for the maintenance of bone quality. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Benefits for bone from resistance exercise and nutrition in long-duration spaceflight: Evidence from biochemistry and densitometry
Authors: Smith Scott M , Heer Martina A , Shackelford Linda C , Sibonga Jean D , Ploutz-Snyder Lori , Zwart Sara R 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Exercise has shown little success in mitigating bone loss from long-duration spaceflight. The first crews of the International Space Station (ISS) used the “interim resistive exercise device” (iRED), which allowed loads of up to 297 lbf (or 1337 N) but provided little protection of bone or no greater protection than aerobic exercise. In 2008, the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED), which allowed absolute loads of up to 600 lbf (1675 N), was launched to the ISS. We report dietary intake, bone densitometry, and biochemical markers in 13 crewmembers on ISS missions from 2006 to 2009. Of these 13, 8 had access to the iRED and 5 had access to the ARED. In both groups, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase tended to increase during flight toward the end of the mission (p = 0.06) and increased 30 days after landing (p &lt; 0.001). Most markers of bone resorption were also increased in both groups during flight and 30 days after landing (p &lt; 0.05). Bone densitometry revealed significant interactions (time and exercise device) for pelvis bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (p &lt; 0.01), hip femoral neck BMD (p &lt; 0.05), trochanter BMD (p &lt; 0.05), and total hip BMD (p &lt; 0.05). These variables were unchanged from preflight only for ARED crewmembers, who also returned from flight with higher percent lean mass and lower percent fat mass. Body mass was unchanged after flight in both groups. All crewmembers had nominal vitamin D status (75 ± 17 nmol/L) before and during flight. These data document that resistance exercise, coupled with adequate energy intake (shown by maintenance of body mass determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [DXA]) and vitamin D, can maintain bone in most regions during 4- to 6-month missions in microgravity. This is the first evidence that improving nutrition and resistance exercise during spaceflight can attenuate the expected BMD deficits previously observed after prolonged missions. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Differing risk profiles for individual fracture sites: Evidence from the global longitudinal study of osteoporosis in women (GLOW)
Authors: FitzGerald Gordon , Boonen Steven , Compston Juliet E , Pfeilschifter Johannes , LaCroix Andrea Z , Hosmer David W , Hooven Frederick H , Gehlbach Stephen H ,   for the GLOW Investigators
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The purposes of this study were to examine fracture risk profiles at specific bone sites, and to understand why model discrimination using clinical risk factors is generally better in hip fracture models than in models that combine hip with other bones. Using 3-year data from the GLOW study (54,229 women with more than 4400 total fractures), we present Cox regression model results for 10 individual fracture sites, for both any and first-time fracture, among women aged ≥55 years. Advanced age is the strongest risk factor in hip (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.3 per 10-year increase), pelvis (HR = 1.8), upper leg (HR = 1.8), and clavicle (HR = 1.7) models. Age has a weaker association with wrist (HR = 1.1), rib (HR = 1.2), lower leg (not statistically significant), and ankle (HR = 0.81) fractures. Greater weight is associated with reduced risk for hip, pelvis, spine, and wrist, but higher risk for first lower leg and ankle fractures. Prior fracture of the same bone, although significant in nine of 10 models, is most strongly associated with spine (HR = 6.6) and rib (HR = 4.8) fractures. Past falls are important in all but spine models. Model c indices are ≥0.71 for hip, pelvis, upper leg, spine, clavicle, and rib, but ≤0.66 for upper arm/shoulder, lower leg, wrist, and ankle fractures. The c index for combining hip, spine, upper arm, and wrist (major fracture) is 0.67. First-time fracture models have c indices ranging from 0.59 for wrist to 0.78 for hip and pelvis. The c index for first-time major fracture is 0.63. In conclusion, substantial differences in risk profiles exist among the 10 bones considered. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Cell rounding in cultured human astrocytes and vascular endothelial cells upon inhibition of CK2 is mediated by actomyosin cytoskeleton alterations
Authors: Kramerov A.A. , Ahmed K. , Ljubimov A.V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractProtein kinase CK2 participates in a wide range of cellular events, including the regulation of cellular morphology and migration, and may be an important mediator of angiogenesis. We previously showed that in the retina, CK2 immunolocalizes mostly to vascular endothelium and astrocytes in association with the cytoskeleton. Additionally, CK2 inhibitors significantly reduced retinal neovascularization and stem cell recruitment in the mouse model of oxygen‐induced proliferative retinopathy. We have also shown that CK2 and F‐actin co‐localized in actin stress fibers in microvascular endothelial cells, and that highly specific CK2 inhibitors caused cell rounding in astrocytes and microvascular endothelial cells, which was alleviated by serum that promotes spreading by Rho/Rho‐kinase (RhoK) activation of myosin II. Therefore, we examined a possible role of CK2 in the regulation of actin–myosin II‐based contractility. Treatment with CK2 inhibitors correlated with disassembly of actomyosin stress fibers and cell shape changes, including cytoplasmic retraction and process formation that were similar to those occurring during astrocyte stellation. Low doses of specific inhibitors of kinases (RhoK and MLCK) that phosphorylate myosin light chain (MLC) enhanced the effect of suboptimal CK2 inhibition on cell shape. Such striking stellation‐like alteration was accompanied by decreased level of phospho‐MLC, thus implying a CK2 role in regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton. Our results suggest an important role of CK2 in the control of cell contractility and motility, which may account for suppressing effect of CK2 inhibition on retinal neovascularization. Together, our data implicate protein kinase CK2 for the first time in stellation‐like morphological transformation. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2948–2956, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.