bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The distribution of carboxymethylcellulase between fractions taken from the rumens of sheep containing no protozoa or one of five different protozoal populations
Authors: Coleman G. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe distribution of carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) between various rumen fractions has been determined at three times after feeding in sheep containing no ciliate protozoa or five different protozoal populations. The total rumen CMCase was lowest in defaunated animals and tended to be higher in animals containing the amylolyticEntodinium caudatumor a natural mixed protozoal population and highest in sheep containing single cellulolytic species. In animals containing the cellulolytic species,Epidinium ecaudatum caudatumorEudiplodinium maggii, 70% of the CMCase was associated with the protozoal fraction whereas less than 15% was present in a fraction prepared in the same way from sheep containing no protozoa or onlyEntodinium caudatum. The activity associated with the free bacteria was higher in sheep containing onlyEntodinium caudatumthan in defaunated animals or those containing the cellulolytic species. Similar results were obtained 1·5, 6·5 or 24 h after feeding. Almost no activity was present in the cell-free rumen liquor under any condition. A variable amount of CMCase (up to 25% of the total) was associated with the plant debris in the rumen and the specific activity of the enzyme released by sonication was often higherthan that released from the free bacteria under the same conditions.
Inflorescence development and seed production inLoliumspp. ×Festuca pratensistetraploid hybrids
Authors: Cremades P. , Bean E. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe reproductive development and seed production characters of aLolium multiflorum×Festuca pratensistetraploid hybrid and aLolium perenne×Festuca pratensistetraploid hybrid were compared with those of their tetraploid parental cultivars. Experiments were carried out under glasshouse and natural conditions; single plants were studied as only small quantities of seed were available from the breeder. The lowtemperature/short-day requirements for inflorescence induction of the two hybrids were in between those of the corresponding parental species. The variance of the date at which vegetative primordia changed to the reproductive condition was greater in the hybrids than in the parental cultivars, but the variance of the dates of inflorescence emergence were similar for the hybrids and parental cultivars. Inflorescences ranged from theLoliumtype with only sessile spikelets to theFestucatype with primary branches. Inner glumes, which are absent in theLoliumparents but present inFestuca pratensis, were found in the hybrids, though not in all spikelets. In theLolium perenne×Festuca pratensishybrid pollen release, potential pollen viability and floret fertility were low, but theLolium multiflorum×Festuca pratensishybrid produced large amounts of pollen with a higher potential viability and had floret fertilities similar to those of its two parental cultivars. There was sufficient variation in reproductive characters for further selection, particularly in theLolium perenne×Festuca pratensishybrid.
Pasture productivity in Nigeria: II. Voluntary intake and herbage digestibility
Authors: Oyenuga V. A. , Olubajo F. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe organic-matter intake and the digestibility of grazed tropical pasture mixtures were assessed by the chromic oxide-faecal organic matter-nitrogen technique in five digestion trials. The pasture treatments were designated as: H, Cynodon nlemfuensis var. robustus in a mixture with the legumes Centrosema pubescens and Stylosanthes gracilis; J, Pennisetum purpureum in a mixture with the two legumes in H; K, treatment J plus Panicum maximum; L, a mixture of all the grass and legume species in treatments H, J and K.The mean organic-matter digestibility of the herbages was determined in indoor digestion trials during the experimental period and varied from approximately 60·0 ± 1·73% to 62·7 ± 4·18% in treatments K and H respectively, with treatments J and L falling between these two values. The mean digestibility of the herbage as grazed, however, was approximately 66·8 ± 1·72, 69·7 ±7·68, 67·1 ± 4·40 and 67·4 ± 4·15 % for treatments, H, J, K and L respectively.The estimated mean intake of organic matter was somewhat lower, while that of the digestible organic matter was appreciably lower than those reported for animals of corresponding live weights in temperate countries. Grazed pastures were better digested by 4·1 digestibility units in treatment H, by 7·1 in both J and K, and by 5·3 units in L, compared with the indoor digestion trials.More intensive studies are still needed to warrant any justifiable conclusion as to whether the low intake of herbage by tropical cattle is due primarily to the high crude fibre and the low nutritional values of the pastures, or to the inherent capacity of the animals conditioned to grazing poor·quality pastures.
Merino birthcoat fibre types and their follicular origin
Authors: Burns Marca 
Published: March 2009

The great majority of the fibre-type arrays from the backs of eighty Merino lambs were Plain (including Coarse Plain); Plateau and other arrays also occurred. In most samples no medulla could be seen in the pre-natal parts of halo-hairs examined in benzene, but the presence of medullary substance was demonstrated. All HH were shed and apparently replaced by fine fibres. The shape of the tip curls of early CT fibres in some samples altered with age, apparently by 'setting' in a line of yolk. HH grades ranged from I to VII and there were probable strain differences in grade and medullation.A total of 599 primary and 2595 secondary follicles and their fibres were identified by dissection. Primary follicles contained HH, SS, Sk, or early CT fibres, secondary follicles only CT or Hi. Sickle fibres commonly occupied most of the PL follicles except where the array was Plateau.
The effect of protein level in creep feed on the growth rate and body composition of sucking pigs
Authors: Whitelaw Anthea W. W. , Elsley F. W. H. , Jones A. S. , Boyne A. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Three creep feeds containing 14, 18 and 22% crude protein of similar protein quality (as measured by total lysine and total methionine plus cystino content) but with similar levels of other nutrients were given ad libitum to 210 pigs, the progeny of thirty large White sows from 21 to 56 days old.2. At 21 days old, each litter was reduced to seven piglets by killing one, two or three pigs at random. The whole pig was analysed for protein, ether extract, ash and dry matter.3. At 56 days, 3 further pigs were killed in each litter and analysed in a similar manner.
Interaction between chick peas (Cicar arietinum Linn.) genotypes and strains of Rhizobium sp.
Authors: Rai R. , Singh S. N. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFive strains of Rhizobium sp. were studied in vivo for their nodulation capacity, leghaemoglobin content of nodules, crude protein and four amino acids content in five genotypes of chick pea in calcareous soil. Inoculation with Rhizobium led to a significant increase in grain yield compared with the uninoculated control. Genotype C 235 gave significantly higher grain yield than the others. The interactions between strains and genotypes were significant. Genotype C 235 gave maximum grain yield (2·2 t/ha) when treated with strain KG 41. Genotype C 235 exhibited maximum leghaemoglobin content and amino acids.
The early weaning of lambs
Authors: Brown T.H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The literature on the early weaning of lambs has been reviewed.2. Four experiments were carried out at the Grassland Research Institute, Hurley, during 1959, 1960 and 1961 on the early weaning of Suffolk x Half-Bred lambs. The technique used involved weaning one of a pair of twin lambs at ages varying from 15 to 28 days.3. In 1959 oneof each of apair of six twin lambs was weaned on to grass alone at 15–20 days. No losses occurred, but the weaned lambs grew very slowly. The unweaned twin lambs remaining with the ewes (i.e. reared as singles) grew at rates comparable to those of single lambs.
Male sterility in field beans (Vicia faba L.). I. A male-sterile bean inherited as a Mendelian recessive
Authors: Bond D. A. , Drayner Jean M. , Fyfe J. L. , Toynbee-Clarke Gillian 
Published: March 2009

1. A male-sterile winter bean, inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive, is described.2. The sterility gene was shown to be expressed in the cytoplasm of eleven inbred lines of English winter beans, two varieties of English spring beans, six varieties of foreign spring beans and three varieties of broad beans (Vicia faba major). It is concluded that these varieties are unlikely to provide a fertility-inducing cytoplasm which would allow the development of a non-restoring pollinator.3. Evidence of linkage between three chlorophyll-deficient mutants and the male sterility locus is given and circumstances are outlined by which a suitable marker gene could be employed to assist in large-scale production of hybrid seed.
Ruminal ammonia formation in relation to the utilization of groundnut meal and herring meal as protein sources for milk production
Authors: Chalmers Margaret I. , Marshall S. B. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. Groundnut meal and herring meal have been compared as protein sources for ruminants.2. Herring meal caused less extensive formation of ammonia in the rumen than did groundnut meal.3. Nitrogen-balance experiments showed that herring meal fed to lactating goats was used more efficiently than groundnut meal fed under the same dietary conditions.4. Herring meal was superior to groundnut meal for milk production in dairy cows.
Interactive effects of agronomic variables on marketable yield of leeks
Authors: Salter P. J. , Akehurst Jayne M. , Morris G. E. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo experiments were carried out to study the effects of five agronomic variables on the marketable yield of transplanted leeks. In the first experiment two cultivars were used, cvs Splendid and Winterreuzen, and the treatments compared three plantraising systems, two ages of transplant when planted, and two plant population densities, two row spacings and two levels of nitrogen nutrition in the field. In this experiment some treatment interactions were confounded with each other.In the later experiment only cv. Splendid was grown. There were two plant-raising systems, two plant-raising temperatures, two plant-raising nutrition levels, two times of transplanting (63 or 84 days from sowing) and four different sowings (7 and 28 February, 20 March and 10 April 1984). The duration of the growth period in the field was standardized by harvesting each treatment combination on two occasions, 168 and 189 days after transplanting.The results from the first experiment showed that plants raised in modules at high temperature, planted early at a high plant density with higher than normal levels of nitrogen gave high marketable (> 12·5 mm in diameter) yields of 7·31 kg/m2, greater than that from any other treatment combination. The second experiment confirmed these general trends but also showed that the date of transplanting was of critical importance with the earliest plantings in the year giving the highest yields and with later plantings resulting in progressively lower yields irrespective of the way in which the transplants were raised. Comparisons with meteorological data showed that decreasing yields were associated with decreasing values of accumulated solar radiation and accumulated day-degrees during field growth.These results are discussed in relation to other published data. They do not support some of the current recommendations for growing the crop but suggest that much more work needs to be done on production systems for this crop because of the potential for increasing marketable yields.
Evaluation of the nutritive value of single-cell protein (Pruteen) for lactating dairy cows
Authors: Teller E. , Godeau J.-M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with four lactating cows in a latin-square design. The rations were composed mainly of maize silage plus concentrates, supplemented with urea, Pruteen, or soya-bean meal supplying 25% of total dietary N. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured, and milk production recorded.Dry-matter digestibility, intake of metabolizable energy (ME) and ME concentration in dietary dry matter were not significantly altered when Pruteen was substituted for soya-bean meal. However, mean nitrogen digestibility for all the treatments was significantly lower than expected from published relationships.The substitution of Pruteen for soya-bean meal did not significantly affect the nitrogen balance of the animals or milk production, but the latter tended to be higher than that recorded with urea.The responses to the different N supplements are discussed in relation to the feeding systems of the Agricultural Research Council and the French Protéines Digestibles dans l'lntestin Grêle, and are compared with predictions made from statistical relationships developed in our laboratory.
The effect of food intake and dietary fatty acids on the activity of stearoyl-CoA Δ9desaturase in pig adipose tissue
Authors: Buller K. J. , Enser M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryStearoyl-CoA desaturase activity was determined in the subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue of pigs either fedad libitum, or starved for up to 48 h. The effect of saturated fatty acids, as suet, or linoleic acid, as corn oil, on the enzyme activity was determined in pigs refed after starvation or fed 50% of thead libitumintake.Desaturase activity was similar in the outer and inner backfat and was twice as high as in perirenal adipose tissue. Starvation for 48 h decreased the activity by 70, 91 and 94 % in the outer and inner backfat and perirenal adipose tissue respectively. Lowering food intake to 50 % of normal decreased desaturase activity by 46% in the outer back-fat. There was no significant difference in the response of desaturase to 10% corn oil or suet added to the diet during refeeding after starvation or to the diet of underfed pigs. Although the enzyme thus appeared insensitive to dietary saturated fatty acids or linoleic acid, it was inhibited by linoleoyl-CoAin vitro.
The response to inoculation of the three chromosome races of Trifolium ambiguum sown with and without a companion grass. I. The effect of inoculation on yield of clover and grass
Authors: Evans Alice M. , Jones D. Gareth 
Published: March 2009

Evidence is provided that T. ambiguum, in common with other legumes, responds to inoculation with an effective strain of Rhizobium both in the field and in the glasshouse. There were consistent differences between the responses of 2x, 4x; and 6x: chromosome races to inoculation. Grass plants grown alongside effectively nodulated T. ambiguum plants gave significantly higher yields than those grown with ineffectively nodulated plants. The higher percentage germination associated with inoculation may be due to an effect of the skim milk used as inoculum carrier.We wish to thank Professor P. T. Thomas and Mr W. Ellis Davies of the Welsh Plant Breeding Station, for their interest and advice, and Professor A. H. Bunting, of Reading University, for reading and correcting the manuscript.
The effects on growth, development and yield of sugar beet of extension of the growth period by transplantation
Authors: Scott R. K. , Bremner P. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. A series of three field experiments, concerning the effects on growth, development and yield of sugar beet of extension of the growing season by transplantation, were carried out in 1962, 1963 and 1964. The first two experiments were subject to sequential sampling programmes for growthanalysis purposes, but in the third only yield data were recorded.2. Root yield increased with advance in planting date and increase in plant population in all 3 years. Nitrogen had no effect on root yield in any year. There was no consistent interaction between time of planting and plant population in their effects on root yield. The advantage for transplanting over field sowing ranged from 4 tons washed beet per acre in the case of an early field sowing (20 March) to 10 tons in a late one (23 April). There were no treatment effects on the concentration of sugar in the roots. The roots of transplants were more globular in shape and fanged than were those of field-sown beet.
Estimation of the carcass composition of different cattle breeds and crosses from fatness measurements and visual assessments
Authors: Kempster A. J. , Chadwick J. P. , Charles D. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCarcass data for 1053 steers from the Meat and Livestock Commission's beef breed evaluation programme were used to examine the relative precision of alternative fatness assessments for predicting carcass lean percentage. The data were from four trials and comprised both dairy-bred and suckler-bred cattle by a wide range of sire breeds.A visual assessment of carcass subcutaneous fat content to the nearest percentage unit (SFe) was the single most precise predictor both overall (residual S.d. = 2·28) and within breed (residual S.d. = 2·05). Precision was improved by the addition in multiple regression of the percentage perinephric and retroperitoneal fat (KKCF) in carcass, a visual score of the degree of marbling in the m. longissimus and selected fat thickness measurements taken by calipers on cut surfaces (residual S.d. = 2·11 (overall) and 1·90 (within breed)).When the best overall equation was applied to the breed means, there was substantial bias (predicted – actual carcass lean percentage). Biases ranged from +2·5 (purebred Canadian Holstein and Luing) to – 1·3 (Limousin crosses).Breeds differed significantly in carcass lean content when compared at equal levels of fatness measurements. The differences depended both on the precision with which the measurements predicted carcass lean content and the observed differences in carcass composition that existed before adjustments to equal fatness were made.The robustness of prediction equations was examined by applying them to independent sets of data (a total of 334 carcasses) from four other trials involving steers, heifers, cows and young bulls. Equations were stable for cattle of the same breed, sex and similar levels of fatness but important bias was found between more extreme types of cattle.
Phosphorus requirements of ewes in pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe adequacy of the Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for phosphorus for pregnancy and lactation has been investigated in ewes given a plentiful supply of dietary calcium.The efficiency of absorption of P remained high and fairly constant throughout the whole experimental period and the rate of P absorption varied in direct relation to the P intake.The endogenous faecal loss of P also varied with P intake and at all stages of pregnancy and lactation was higher than the value assumed by the Agricultural Research Council (1980) in their calculations of P requirements.Bone mineral stores of Ca and P were lost in the normal way during late pregnancy and early lactation but were not replaced, as normal, in mid- to late lactation. At the end of the lactation, ewes were still in deficit of 125 g P and 100 g Ca.It is argued that the Agricultural Research Council (1980) recommendations for P, particularly in mid- to late lactation, are too low and it is recommended that future calculations of requirements for pregnancy and lactation allow for the inevitable loss and subsequent replacement of skeletal mineral stores and also for the increased endogenous faecal losses of P that appear inevitable at the high P intakes needed to meet the increased demands.
Variation in tannin content in Vicia faba L.
Authors: Cabrera A. , Martin A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe tannin content of milled seed of 55 lines of Vicia faba was evaluated and related to flower and testa colour, seed weight and percentage of testa. Tannin content in the lines analysed was related more to flower colour than to testa colour. No relationship existed between tannin content and seed weight. Lines with low tannin content had a low proportion of testa.
Chemotaxis of salt-tolerant and sensitiveRhizobiumstrains to root exudates of lentil (LensculinarisL.) genotypes and symbiotic N-fixation, proline content and grain yield in saline calcareous soil
Authors: Rai R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwoRhizobiumstrains and five lentil genotypes were most salt-tolerant under various salt stress conditions and strain LC 6 was the most sensitive. Salt-tolerant strains were more antibiotic-resistant and showed higher relative rates of oxidation of carbohydrates and tricarboxilic acid intermediates. The content and concentrations of root exudates of lentil genotypes were different and found to be attractants for theRhizobiumstrains. Under salt stress, significant interactions between salt-tolerant strains and genotypes resulted in different responses of nodulation and host plant growth measurements.
The effect of chlorite delignification on digestibility of some grass forages and on intake and rumen microbial activity in sheep fed barley straw
Authors: Ford C. W. , Elliott R. , Maynard P. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySodium chlorite increased the degradability of fibre from a range of mature grass forages inoluding barley straw by 40–50 digestibility units when comparisons were made using ground (1 mm sieve) material incubated eitherin vitrowith cellulase or in nylon bags in the rumen. However, when fed to sheep, chlorite-treated barley straw was digested to a similar degree to untreated straw (49 and 57% respectively), but intake was significantly reduced (385 and 790 g/day respectively). The poorin vivoutilization of chlorite-treated straw coincided with high proportions of propionic to acetic acid in the rumen (0·85, cf. 0·28 with untreated feed) and absence of rumen fungi. Rumen pH and ammonia concentrations were not significantly different between diets. When incubated in nylon bags in the rumen of animals fed the corresponding diet, both untreated and treated straw (< 1 mm) were well colonized with micro-organisms, as measured by cystine accumulation which showed peaks on the fibres after 24 and 72 h. While large numbers of fungal sporangia were observed after 24 h incubation on digesta from untreated forage, no fungi could be detected on the chlorite-treated material. Cystine accumulation on the untreated straw after 72 h was not associated with a secondary growth of fungi.Although barley straw chaff, ground (< 1 mm) after treatment with chlorite, was highly degraded in nylon bags in the rumen and with cellulasein vitro, larger particles (1 cm) suspended in nylon bags in an animal fed chlorite-treated straw actually gained weight, probably due in part to the degree of microbial colonization.