bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of transforming growth factor β induced cell cycle arrest in palate development
Authors: Iordanskaia Tatiana , Nawshad Ali 
Published: October 2010

AbstractImmaculate and complete palatal seam disintegration, which takes place at the last phase of palate development, is essential for normal palate development. And in absence of palatal midline epithelial seam (MES) disintegration, cleft palate may arise. It has been established that transforming growth factor (TGF) β induces both epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and/or apoptosis during MES disintegration. It is likely that MES might cease cell cycle to facilitate cellular changes prior to undergoing transformation or apoptosis, which has never been studied before. This study was designed to explore whether TGFβ, which is crucial for palatal MES disintegration, is capable of inducing cell cycle arrest. We studied the effects of TGFβ1 and TGFβ3, potent negative regulators of the cell cycle, on p15ink4b activity in MES cells. We surprisingly found that TGFβ1, but not TGFβ3, plays a major role in activation of the p15ink4b gene. In contrast, following successful cell cycle arrest by TGFβ1, it is TGFβ3 but not TGFβ1 that causes later cellular morphogenesis, such as EMT and apoptosis. Since TGFβ signaling activates Smads, we analyzed the roles of three Smad binding elements (SBEs) on the p15ink4b mouse promoter by site specific mutagenesis and found that these binding sites are functional. The ChIP assay demonstrated that TGFβ1, not TGFβ3, promotes Smad4 binding to two 5' terminal SBEs but not the 3' terminal site. Thus, TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 play separate yet complimentary roles in achieving cell cycle arrest and EMT/apoptosis and cell cycle arrest is a prerequisite for later cellular changes. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1415–1424, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testosterone attenuates morpho‐functional alterations by 2‐methoxyestradiol exposure and induces differentiation in C6 cells
Authors: Manca Paolo , Chisu Valentina 
Published: October 2010

Abstract2‐Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is a cytotoxic drug that interacts with tubulin and alters microtubule dynamics. It has been reported that testosterone (T) has a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress and induces differentiation in mouse C1300 neuroblastoma cells. Here, we investigated the ability of T to attenuate the cytotoxic effects of 2ME and to induce cell differentiation in an immortalized rat glial cell line, known as C6. C6 cells were exposed for 5 days to 5 µM 2ME, 50 nM T, or both. We evaluated the morphological changes, growth rate, vitality, catalase activity, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in control and treated C6 cells. Western blot analyses were used to quantify expression of tyrosinated tubulin (Tyr‐Tub), acetylated tubulin (Acet‐Tub), total α‐tubulin (TOT‐Tub), and GFAP. After 2ME exposure, the cells displayed a globular, shrunken shape, and retraction or absence of cytoplasmic processes; moreover, 2ME treatment significantly decreased cell growth, cell viability, catalase activity, and expression of both Tyr‐Tub and Acet‐Tub. However, when T was added, the cells exhibited a glial‐like shape, elongated cell processes, and enhanced cell growth, cell vitality, catalase activity, and GFAP immunoreactivity. Densitometric values of Tyr‐Tub, Acet‐Tub, and GFAP increased significantly when T was present, while Tot‐Tub values were unaltered. These results indicate that, in C6 cells, T: (i) attenuated the morpho‐functional changes caused by 2ME exposure; (ii) induced glial differentiation; and (iii) exerted a direct action on the microtubule system. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1510–1518, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The roles of pathogen small RNAs
Authors: Zhou Yexin , Xie Jianping 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRegulatory small RNAs (sRNAs), also known as non‐coding RNA, are not translated into proteins and widespread in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. sRNAs involve in multiple fundamental cellular events. They are emerging regulatory elements that are gaining momentum. Knowledge of sRNA largely originates from eukaryotes. Prokaryotic sRNAs, particularly those of pathogen are only recently explored. The main types, function, and methodology to predict pathogen sRNAs are summarized in this review. Special focus is sRNAs regulating pathogen gene expression, particularly that of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is hitherto the most successful pathogen afflicting mankind. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 968–973, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell growing density affects the structural and functional properties of Caco‐2 differentiated monolayer
Authors: Natoli Manuela , Leoni Bruno D. , D'Agnano Igea , D'Onofrio Mara , Brandi Rossella , Arisi Ivan , Zucco Flavia , Felsani Armando 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe human intestinal Caco‐2 cell line has been extensively used as a model of the intestinal barrier. However, it is widely reported in literature that culture‐related conditions, as well as the different Caco‐2 cell lines utilized in different laboratories, often lead to problems of reproducibility making difficult to compare results. We developed a new cell‐maintenance protocol in which Caco‐2 cells were subcultured at 50% of confluence instead of 80% of confluence, as usually suggested. Using this new protocol, Caco‐2 cells retained a higher proliferation potential resulting in a cell population, which, on reaching confluence, was able to differentiate almost synchronously, forming a more homogeneous and polarized cell monolayer, as compared to that obtained using a high cell growing density. This comparison has been done by analyzing the gene expression and the structural characteristics of the 21‐days differentiated monolayers by microarrays hybridization and by confocal microscopy. We then investigated if these differences could also modify the effects of toxicants on 21‐days‐differentiated cells. We analyzed the 2 h‐acute toxicity of CuCl2 in terms of actin depolymerization and metallothionein 2A (MT2A) and heat shock protein 70 (HSPA1A) genes induction. Copper treatment resulted in different levels of actin depolymerization and gene expression induction in relationship with culture protocol, the low‐density growing cells showing a more homogeneous and stronger response. Our results suggest that cell growing density could influence a number of morphological and physiological properties of differentiated Caco‐2 cells and these effects must be taken in account when these cells are used as intestinal model. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1531–1543, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptidoglycan induces interleukin‐6 expression through the TLR2 receptor, JNK, c‐Jun, and AP‐1 pathways in microglia
Authors: Lin Hsiao‐Yun , Tang Chih‐Hsin , Chen Jia‐Hong , Chuang Jing‐Yuan , Huang Ssu‐Ming , Tan Tzu‐Wei , Lai Chih‐Ho , Lu Dah‐Yuu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe recently reported that peptidoglycan (PGN), a cell wall component of the Gram‐positive bacterium, induces NF‐κB activation and microglia activation. However, PGN‐regulated AP‐1 activation and cytokine expression in microglia remains unclear. This study investigated how PGN influences the signaling pathway involved in IL‐6 production in microglia. IL‐6 mRNA and protein level up‐regulation were increased by PGN in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. In addition, PGN increased toll‐like receptor‐2 (TLR2) expression, but not TLR4 receptor up‐regulation. Administration of TLR2 siRNA or TLR2 neutralized antibody effectively inhibited PGN‐induced IL‐6 expression. In contrast, PGN‐induced IL‐6 mRNA and protein up‐regulation were attenuated by the SAPK/JNK (c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases) inhibitor SP600125. Treatment of microglia with PGN increased levels of JNK phosphorylation and c‐Jun phosphorylation, and up‐regulated of JNK kinase activity. Treatment of microglia with AP‐1 inhibitors (Tanshinone IIA and curcumin) effectively reduced PGN‐induced IL‐6 expression. PGN also significantly increased c‐Fos and phospho‐c‐Jun translocation to nucleus. In line with this, PGN also increased AP‐1‐DNA complexes formation, as determined by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Furthermore, PGN also increased IL‐6 transcription activity determined by transfection with IL‐6 promoter construct plasmid. Co‐transfection with dominant negative mutant of JNK (DN‐JNK), or treatment with SP600125, curcumin, or Tanshinone IIA effectively antagonized PGN‐increased IL‐6 transcription activity. Our data demonstrate that PGN‐induced IL‐6 expression is mediated by AP‐1 activation through the TLR2 and JNK/c‐Jun pathways in microglia. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1573–1582, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maintaining glycemic control when transitioning from infusion insulin: A protocol‐driven, multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Ramos Pedro , Childers Diana , Maynard Greg , Box Kevin , Namba Jennifer , Stadalman Kelli , Renvall Marian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground:An observational pilot study of 41 medical and surgical intensive care patients on infusion insulin at our own institution found that glycemic control rapidly deteriorated within 48 hours of stopping infusion insulin. This prompted the design and testing of a transition protocol.Methods:The transition protocol identified appropriate patients for subcutaneous (SC) insulin along with the insulin dose and schedule. A pharmacist‐hospitalist improvement team offered protocol guidance but adherence was left to the discretion of the provider. The primary endpoints were mean blood glucose the first and second day after stopping the insulin infusion and the number of patients with hypoglycemia (41‐70 mg/dL) and severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL) during the 48‐hour transition. Secondary endpoints include severe hyperglycemia (>300 mg/dL), length of stay (LOS), re‐initiation of the infusion insulin, day‐weighted glucose mean 12 days following transition for patients with diabetes, and identification of a new diagnosis of diabetes.Results:Patients with diabetes transitioned by protocol (n = 33) had better glycemic control than those (n = 39) transitioned without the protocol (Day 1 population glucose mean of 168 mg/dL vs. 211 mg/dL [P<0.001], Day 2 means of 176 mg/dL vs 218 mg/dL [P<0.001]). Severe hypoglycemia occurred once in each group. There were 14 patients newly diagnosed with diabetes based on an A1c ≥6%. Patients with stress hyperglycemia maintained good glycemic control with correctional insulin only.Conclusion:Protocol adherence improved glycemic control, reduced unnecessary use of insulin, and identified patients with previously undiagnosed diabetes, without any increase in hypoglycemia. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Nitric oxide reduces the stress effects of aluminum on the process of germination and early root growth of rice
Authors: Peres da Rocha Oliveiros Marciano Danielle , Toledo Ramos Flávia , Neiva Alvim Marina , Ronaldo Magalhaes Jose , Giovanni Costa França Marcel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe present study examined the action of nitric oxide (NO) on the germination process of rice seeds and early root growth under aluminum (Al) stress. Seeds and seedlings of two rice genotypes, with different levels of sensitivity to aluminum stress, were examined after treatment with Al and NO or only with Al. Further, the histochemical localization of Al and NO was performed on the root tissues. In both genotypes, NO was able to neutralize the inhibitory Al effects on germination. In the roots of seedlings, a reduction of Al toxicity as mediated by NO was indicated by an increased root elongation and a reduction of Al accumulation on the root surface in the Al hematoxylin complexation, irrespective of the genotype. The histolocalization of NO in roots using diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF‐2DA) and confocal microscopy revealed endogenous Al‐induced levels of NO. It is concluded that NO can alleviate Al stress in the seedlings of the studied rice genotypes by improving germination and early root growth and is likely to play a role in a specific stress‐signaling pathway.
Hydrophobic Polyphenylalanine‐Grafted Hyperbranched Polyethylenimine and its in vitro Gene Transfection
Authors: Xia Jialiang , Chen Lei , Chen Jie , Tian Huayu , Li Feifan , Zhu Xiaojuan , Li Gao , Chen Xuesi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA series of amphiphilic multi‐armed PPn copolymers were prepared by ROP of Phe‐NCA with PEI‐25k as a macroinitiator. The particle size of the PPn/DNA complexes was about 100 nm and the zeta potentials were below 20 mV. An MTT assay demonstrated that all the PPn copolymers had lower cytotoxicity compared to PEI‐25k. In vitro gene transfection studies were also conducted in HeLa, 293 and CT 26 cells. The optimal quantity of hydrophobic phenylalanine segments in PP80 led to higher transfection efficiency in various cell lines based on this study. The results indicate that PP80 was the best candidate for gene delivery among these PPn copolymers.
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Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites Produced via Impregnation of Long Carbon Nanotube Forests
Authors: Silva Glaura G. , Rodrigues Marco‐Tulio F. , Fantini Cristiano , Borges Raquel S. , Pimenta Marcos A. , Carey Brent J. , Ci Lijie , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTPU was infiltrated into vertically aligned, 3.5 mm‐long MWNT forests to produce continuously reinforced anisotropic nanocomposites, and thermomechanical and electrical testing has revealed multifunctionality which shows promise for numerous applications. A 1000% increase in the storage modulus at 70 °C was observed as compared to the neat TPU, and these continuously aligned composites showed electrical conductivity two orders‐of‐magnitude greater (≈1.5 S · cm−1) than randomly aligned composites prepared using CNTs from these forests. The heightened improvement for the continuously reinforced composite appears to be owed to the extremely high aspect ratio of these CNTs and the interconnected network which remains after infiltration.
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Regulation of FGF‐2 by an endogenous antisense RNA: Effects on cell adhesion and cell‐cycle progression
Authors: MacFarlane Leigh‐Ann , Murphy Paul R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) and its endogenous antisense RNA FGF antisense (FGF‐AS) have been implicated in cancer progression and correlated with clinical outcomes of cancer patients. We previously reported that elevated FGF‐AS expression is associated with reduced tumor recurrence and improved survival rates in patients with FGF‐2‐dependent esophageal adenocarcinoma. In the present study we examined the effect of siRNA knockdown of each transcript on the expression of its complementary partner RNA, and consequent changes in cellular phenotype and behavior. FGF‐AS and FGF‐2 were inversely expressed in a cell‐cycle‐dependent manner and siRNA‐mediated knockdown of either FGF‐AS or FGF‐2 resulted in upregulation of the complementary transcript and protein. siRNA‐mediated knockdown of FGF‐AS was associated with a dramatic increase in cell–substratum adhesion and marked changes in the expression of a number of genes encoding adhesion molecules. Microarray analysis and RT‐PCR analysis also revealed antithetical effects of FGF‐2 and FGF‐AS siRNA knockdown on the expression of a number of cell‐cycle‐related genes, including SKP2, SESTRIN‐3, EIF4BP2, CDC27, and P190RhoGAP (P190). Cell‐cycle analysis following siRNA‐mediated knockdown of FGF‐AS or FGF‐2 indicate that both factors are involved in control of transition through the G1and G2boundaries, affecting cell‐cycle progression, proliferation, and apoptosis. Finally, siRNA knockdown of FGF‐AS resulted in a significant increase in invasion activity. These data indicate that regulatory interactions between FGF‐AS and FGF‐2 are involved in control of cell adhesion, cell‐cycle progression, and invasion, providing a possible explanation for the protective effects of FGF‐AS expression observed in FGF‐2‐dependent cancers. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of all‐Trans‐retinoic acid‐induced proteasome activation potentiates the differentiating effect of retinoid in acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Fang Yanfen , Zhou Xinglu , Lin Meihua , Ying Meidan , Luo Peihua , Zhu Difeng , Lou Jianshu , Yang Bo , He Qiaojun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAll‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is nowadays considered to be the sole efficient agent for differentiation‐based therapy in leukemia; however, the mechanisms of ATRA's biological effects remain largely unknown. Here we first reported that ATRA‐induced myeloid leukemia differentiation was accompanied with the increased level of ubiquitin–protein conjugates and the upregulation of proteasome activity. To explore the functional role of the activated proteasome in retinoic acid (RA) signaling, the effects of proteasome inhibitors on RA‐induced cell differentiation were determined. Our results demonstrated that inhibition of ATRA‐elevated proteasome activity obviously promoted the myeloid maturation program triggered by ATRA, suggesting that the overactivated proteasome is not beneficial for ATRA's effects. Further studies demonstrated that the synergistic differentiating effects of ATRA and proteasome inhibitors might be associated with the protection of retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) from degradation by the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP). Moreover, the accumulated RARα was able to enhance the transcription of its target gene, which might also contribute to the enhanced differentiation of leukemia cells. Together, by linking the UPP to ATRA‐dependent signaling, our data provide a novel insight into studying the mechanisms of ATRA‐elicited cellular effects and imply the possibility of combination of ATRA and proteasome inhibitors in leukemia therapy. Mol. Carcinog. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonmotor symptoms are independently associated with impaired health‐related quality of life in Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Li Huijuan , Zhang Meifen , Chen Ling , Zhang June , Pei Zhong , Hu Ailing , Wang Qing 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe performed a cross‐sectional study of 82 Chinese patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) enrolled during an 18‐month period using a clinical interview to assess the prevalence of nonmotor symptoms (NMS), the association with disease severity and motor status, and the impact on patients' health‐related quality of life (Hr‐QoL). The patients' NMS, Hr‐QoL, disease severity, and motor status were assessed by the Nonmotor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), the 39‐item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ‐39), the modified Hoehn and Yahr staging scale (H&Y) and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS III), respectively. We found that 100% of patients with PD presented with NMS. The NMSS significantly correlated with disease duration (Spearman's rS = 0.276, P = 0.012), H&Y (rS = 0.230, P = 0.038), and UPDRS III (rS = 0.350, P = 0.001). Similarly, the PDQ‐39 SI significantly associated with the disease duration (rS = 0.258, P = 0.019), H&Y (rS = 0.340, P = 0.002), and UPDRS III (rS = 0.453, P < 0.001). NMS domains that influenced the PDQ‐39 SI were sleep/fatigue, mood, gastrointestinal, urinary, and miscellaneous symptoms. This strongly suggested that the five domains played a key role in the manifestation of Hr‐QoL. NMSS explains more of the variability in Hr‐QoL than UPDRS III, when both are the model (stepwise multiple linear regression analysis R2 change, 47.8% vs. 5.87%, respectively). Therefore, these findings demonstrate that NMS are independently and negatively associated with Hr‐QoL in PD and that improving NMS should be viewed as an important part in the management of PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Synthesis and structure elucidation of five new pyrimido[5,4‐c]quinoline‐4(3H)‐one derivatives using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Ai Yong , Yang Guangzhong , Liu Jianchao , Chen Yu , Liu Lu , Lei Xinxiang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFive new 2‐(amino/aroxy)‐5‐methylpyrimido[5,4‐c]quinolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives have been designed and synthesized via an aza‐Wittig reaction, and the structure elucidation was accomplished using extensive 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies (COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of chronic hypoxia on pulmonary artery blood velocity in rats as assessed by electrocardiography‐triggered three‐dimensional time‐resolved MR angiography
Authors: de La Roque Eric Dumas , Thiaudière Eric , Ducret Thomas , Marthan Roger , Franconi Jean‐Michel , Guibert Christelle , Parzy Elodie 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe disease that leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. Noninvasive methods are needed to detect changes in the pulmonary artery circulation during PAH establishment and/or treatment. Pulmonary blood flow velocity can be evaluated by dynamic MR angiography, although the relevance of such data in the context of PAH remains to be demonstrated. A novel dynamic MR angiography technique was used in this work to measure blood flow velocity in the pulmonary arteries of the same living animals, before and after the establishment of chronic hypoxia‐induced PAH. Chronic hypoxia decreased significantly the blood flow velocity (43.8 ± 4.9 vs 24.3 ± 8.7 cm/s) on electrocardiography‐triggered time‐resolved angiograms. In parallel, chronic hypoxia‐induced PAH was confirmed from invasive measurements of the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (32.1 ± 4.8 vs 12.5 ± 2.2 mmHg) and the ratio of the right ventricle weight to the left ventricle plus septum weight (Fulton index: 0.54 ± 0.06 vs 0.27 ± 0.04). This study demonstrates the potential interest of dynamic MR angiography for the investigation of experimental models and for the evaluation of treatment efficacy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of ZnSnO buffer layers for CuIn0.5Ga0.5Se2 solar cells
Authors: Hultqvist A. , Edoff M. , Törndahl T. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThin ZnSnO films are evaluated as new buffer layer material for Cu(In,Ga)Se2‐based solar cell devices. A maximum conversion efficiency of 13.8% (Voc = 691 mV, Jsc(QE) = 27.9 mA/cm2, and FF = 71.6%) is reached for a solar cell using the ZnSnO buffer layer which is comparable to the efficiency of 13.5% (Voc = 706 mV, Jsc(QE) = 26.3 mA/cm2, and FF = 72.9%) for a cell using the standard reference CdS buffer layer. The open circuit voltage (Voc) and the fill factor (FF) are found to increase with increasing tin content until an optimum in both parameters is reached for Sn/(Zn + Sn) values around 0.3–0.4. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient avenue to poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) polymers via switching from RAFT to hydroxyl functionality: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Schmid Christina , Falkenhagen Jana , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe recently introduced procedure of quantitatively switching thiocarbonyl thio capped (RAFT) polymers into hydroxyl terminated species was employed to generate narrow polydispersity (PDI ≈ 1.2) sulfur‐free poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) polymers (26,000 ≤ Mn/g·mol−1 < 45,000). The ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) was conducted under organocatalysis employing 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD). The obtained block copolymers were thoroughly analyzed via size exclusion chromatography (SEC), NMR, as well as liquid adsorption chromatography under critical conditions coupled to SEC (LACCC‐SEC) to evidence the block copolymer structure and the efficiency of the synthetic process. The current contribution demonstrates that the RAFT process can serve as a methodology for the generation of sulfur‐free block copolymers via an efficient end group switch. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010