bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multi‐center study on the surgical management of metastatic disease to adrenal glands
Authors: Valeri Andrea , Bergamini Carlo , Tozzi Fabiano , Martellucci Jacopo , Di Costanzo Francesco , Antonuzzo Lorenzo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn the management of adrenal lesions in oncological patients, many issues are still controversial: morphological signs of suspected malignancy, accuracy of imaging examinations, use of fine needle aspiration (FNA), and the role of laparoscopy. The present study attempts to address these questions through the evaluation of the management of adrenal metastases (AM) in a wide cohort of patients included in the Italian Register of Endoscopic Adrenal Surgery.MethodsIn January 2009, all patients recorded on the Register were evaluated, on the basis of CT scan, MRI, and FNA. The diagnostic, surgical, and follow‐up data of 95 patients with pre‐operative AM diagnosis have been reviewed. On the basis of the fulfilled criteria three patterns were identified: “diagnostic”, “suspect,” and “non‐diagnostic.”ResultsCT scan sensitivity was 41.5%/77.9% and specificity was 54.5%/90.9% for “diagnostic”/“diagnostic” + “suspect” examinations, respectively. MRI sensitivity was 15.7%/78.9% and specificity was non‐determinate/83.3% for “diagnostic”/“diagnostic” + “suspect” exams, respectively. Sensitivity of FNA was 33.3%. About surgery, conversions rate was 16.6%; no mortality or re‐operations were reported; complications rate was 10.7%; and no relation was noted between tumor size and surgical outcome. Mean survival was 32 months; 5‐year survival was 23%, independent of AM size; survival for lung AM was similar to that of breast and kidney AM.ConclusionsLaparoscopy for AM, in expert hand, seems to be a feasible and oncologically safe approach. Due to the unsatisfactory diagnostic accuracy for AM, every oncological patient with suspect adrenal lesions should be encouraged to undergo this surgical procedure. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 103:400–405. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemo‐Physical and Biological Evaluation of Poly(L‐lysine)‐Grafted Chitosan Copolymers Used for Highly Efficient Gene Delivery
Authors: Yu Haijun , Deng Chao , Tian Huayu , Lu Tiancheng , Chen Xuesi , Jing Xiabin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFor the success of non‐viral gene delivery, it is of great importance to develop gene vectors with high efficiency but low toxicity. We demonstrate that PLL‐grafted chitosan copolymers combine the advantages of PLL with its good pDNA‐binding ability and of chitosan with its good biocompatibility. The chemo‐physical properties of the prepared Chi‐g‐PLL copolymers are thoroughly characterized. The in vitro transfection study shows that the copolymers have a much higher gene transfer ability than the starting materials chitosan and PLL. A positive correlation between PLL chain lengths and transfection efficiency of the copolymers is found. Our results suggest that these novel Chi‐g‐PLL copolymers are good candidates for gene delivery in vivo.
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Direct Nanopatterning of Silsesquioxane/Poly(ethylene glycol) Blends with High Stability and Nonfouling Properties
Authors: Lee Bong Kuk , Kawai Tomoji , Chung Bong Hyun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA free‐radical‐polymerizable SSQ/PEG blend with direct patternability has been proposed as an ideal nonfouling material for nanostructure‐based biomedical applications. Cured SSQ/PEG networks show an UV transparency of >90% at 365 nm, high resistance to organic/aqueous solutions, hydrophilicity and Young's moduli of 1.898–2.815 GPa. SSQ/PEG patterns with 25‐nm linewidths, 25‐nm spacing, and an aspect ratio of 4:1 were directly fabricated on transparent substrates by UV embossing, and cured SSQ/PEG networks with long‐term stability under chemical, thermal, and biological stress showed strong resistance to the nonspecific adsorption of biomolecules. These characteristics may offer a new strategy for the development of a number of medical nanodevice applications such as labs‐on‐a‐chip.
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Advances in Mucoadhesion and Mucoadhesive Polymers
Authors: Khutoryanskiy Vitaliy V. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMucoadhesion is the ability of materials to adhere to mucosal membranes in the human body and provide a temporary retention. This property has been widely used to develop polymeric dosage forms for buccal, oral, nasal, ocular and vaginal drug delivery. Excellent mucoadhesive properties are typical for hydrophilic polymers possessing charged groups and/or non‐ionic functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds with mucosal surfaces. This feature article considers recent advances in the study of mucoadhesion and mucoadhesive polymers. It provides an overview on the structure of mucosal membranes, properties of mucus gels and the nature of mucoadhesion. It describes the most common methods to evaluate mucoadhesive properties of various dosage forms and discusses the main classes of mucoadhesives.
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Self‐Assembly Strategy for the Preparation of Polymer‐Based Nanoparticles for Drug and Gene Delivery
Authors: Chen Si , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhuo Ren‐Xi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNanoparticulate drug‐delivery systems have attained much importance because of their injectable property, the possibility to achieve passive targeting and active targeting, and unique advantages to realize stimuli tailored delivery. Molecular self‐assembly is a powerful method for fabricating polymer‐based nanoparticles, which involves various driving forces, such as hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, stereocomplexation, host/guest interactions and hydrogen bonding. By fine tuning one or many types of these interactions, self‐assemblies with a wide range of structures and functions could be fabricated. In this article, recent developments in different self‐assembly strategies for the preparation of polymer‐based nanoparticulate delivery systems are discussed.
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A new approach to improve high temperature corrosion resistance of thermally sprayed coatings by using electrochemical corrosion tests
Authors: Neddemeyer T. , Mocker M. , Faulstich M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn order to increase reliability and lifetime of heat exchangers in waste‐to‐energy plants corrosion resistant thermally sprayed coatings are applied in a higher extent. From the selection of a plant specific spray material and process via laboratory and field experiments up to a successful coating a high amount of time and money is necessary. In particular, experiments in corrosive surroundings at high temperature which are needed to optimize the coating quality are time‐consuming. In order to decrease development times and to reduce costs, corrosion resistance of a thermally sprayed coating under high temperature conditions is compared with its behavior in an aqueous solution. If the high temperature corrosion resistance can be forecast by electrochemical tests, a fast, efficient and cheap possibility to improve the coating quality would be available and the efforts for tests in high temperature environments could be decreased. To accomplish this objective, Diamalloy 1005 was sprayed with the APS‐process on a ferritic steel. Since the performance of thermally sprayed coatings is not only influenced by the coating material but also by the spraying parameters, three different spray parameter sets were used.After analyzing the results of the corrosion tests under high temperature conditions and in aqueous solution an identical assessment of the spray parameter‐specific corrosion protection could be obtained. Ongoing field tests in a waste‐to‐energy plant are expected to prove the laboratory results. So, a first step in the development of a fast, efficient and cheap method to predict the high temperature corrosion resistance of a thermally sprayed coating might have been done.
Microstructural investigation of PGM‐based alloy coatings for oxidation protection
Authors: Song Y. , Zhou C. , Murakami H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIt is well known that Pt addition significantly improves the resistance of aluminide coatings to high‐temperature oxidation and hot corrosion, which has led to the widespread application of Pt modified aluminide coatings on the superalloy components of advanced gas turbine engines.Other platinum group metals (PGMs) such as Ir and Ru attract researchers for high temperature applications. In this study, oxidation properties of Pt‐Ir and Pt‐Ru based alloy coatings were investigated. Pt, Ru, and Ir were electroplated on a directionally solidified Ni‐base superalloy DZ125. The cyclic oxidation test revealed that both Pt‐Ir and Pt‐Ru alloys exhibited good oxidation performance. The effect of substrate alloy and coating compositions on microstructural changes during cyclic oxidation tests were discussed.
Behaviour of ferritic stainless steels subjected to dry biogas atmospheres at high temperatures
Authors: Promdirek P. , Lothongkhum G. , Chandra‐ambhorn S. , Wouters Y. , Galerie A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study is to understand the high temperature corrosion behaviour of the ferritic stainless steel type AISI 441 (18CrTiNb), a candidate for SOFC interconnectors, under dry synthetic fermentation biogas (CH4 + CO2 mixtures), possibly used at the anode side of the cell. Thermodynamic analysis showed that, in such mixtures, the partial pressure of oxygen lies in the range of 10−23 to 10−20 bar for temperature between 700 and 900 °C and that the formation of solid carbon may take place in several conditions. XRD results confirmed the formation of Cr2O3 and Mn‐Cr spinel, with a mixture of internal carbides. In this temperature range, kinetic experiments showed linear mass change. Comparing with the linear rate constants of 441 oxidised in pure CO2, corrosion in biogas was larger and increased with increasing the methane content in the biogas. The surface morphology of the corroded specimens showed a dense oxide scale at temperatures less than 800 °C, serving as an efficient barrier to carbon penetration. However, when the temperature reaches 900 °C, cracks and pores appear in the oxide scale, carbon can precipitate and diffuse easier than at 800 °C and may lead to internal carbide formation. In such biogas atmospheres, 800 °C seems the maximum operating temperature of devices containing this ferritic stainless steel.
A thermodynamic study of the gaseous potassium chemistry in the convection sections of biomass fired boilers
Authors: Blomberg T. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThermodynamic calculations of the gaseous potassium species in boiler flue gases are presented. Results show that if the K(g)/Cl(g) molar ratio is still higher than 1 after the K2SO4(s) aerosol formation at high gas temperatures, the excess potassium is in the form of KOH(g). K(g)/Cl(g) molar ratios at the inlet of the convection section for biomass fired boilers were estimated from the chemical analysis of the fuels, with the assumption that all the fuel sulfur had reacted to K2SO4(s) aerosols before the inlet of the convection section. 0–100% conversion of fuel alkali to vaporized alkali was calculated. Generally, if the conversion was more than 60%, the calculated ratios for biomass fuels were higher than 1. Furthermore, due to the thermodynamic instability of K2CO3(g), it is likely that the formation of K2CO3(s) on the heat transfer surfaces follows a heterogeneous route where KOH(l,s) is transformed to K2CO3(s) at the surface, not in the gas phase. This leads to a possible formation of a basic salt melt on the heat transfer surfaces and thus alloying with Cr may be ineffective in improving the hot corrosion resistance of steels in these environments. Based on the literature data of oxide solubilities in basic alkali melts, it is suggested that alloying with Ni or Co will provide better protection in these applications.
Polymer Loops vs. Brushes on Surfaces: Adsorption, Kinetics, and Viscoelastic Behavior of α,ω‐Thiol Telechelics on Gold
Authors: Patton Derek , Knoll Wolfgang , Advincula Rigoberto C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTelechelic thiopolymers were explored towards formation of doubly‐bound (polymer loops) vs. singly‐bound (polymer brushes) chains on gold substrates. The conformation, adsorption kinetics, and viscoelastic properties of the α,ω‐dithiol and monothiol PS telechelics were investigated by means of XPS and QCM‐D techniques. The oxidation behavior of the free thiol proved to be important for distinguishing doubly‐bound vs. singly‐bound chains. The results show a critical dependence of $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ on the ability to obtain polymer loops. Comparison with unperturbed dimensions obtained by scaling theory show that the loop is less stretched and occupies more lateral space than the brush. The results are important in demonstrating the different and perhaps superior properties of polymer loops vs. singly‐bound polymer brushes.
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Ni‐Catalyzed Polymerization of Poly(3‐alkoxythiophene)s
Authors: Van den Bergh Karlien , De Winter Julien , Gerbaux Pascal , Verbiest Thierry , Koeckelberghs Guy 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe Ni‐catalyzed polymerization of P3AOTs was studied and compared with the controlled chain‐growth polymerization of P3ATs. By varying the ratio of the initial monomer concentration to the initiator concentration, no linear dependence of the molar mass was observed, revealing that the polymerization does not proceed via a controlled mechanism. This was also confirmed by analyzing the end‐groups of the polymer with MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. To acquire more information on the polymerization mechanism, the formation of the actual monomer and the polymerization reaction were studied into more detail. These experiments proved that the polymerization proceeds via a chain‐growth mechanism, although not in a controlled way.
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Polyester Obtained by Anionic Polymerization of Ethylketene
Authors: Hayki Najib , Desilles Nicolas , Burel Fabrice 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAldoketenes are well known to undergo fast dimerization and trimerization even at low temperatures but have never been polymerized so far. For the first time, ethylketene, synthesized following the Staudinger procedure modified by McCarney, was polymerized anionically in THF with various initiators, at different temperatures (–40 and –78 °C), and with several monomer/initiator ratios. The resulting polymer was composed exclusively of polyester units, and the initiator did not affect the stereoregularity. Molecular weights up to 24 000 g · mol−1 were obtained with lithium‐based initiators. Transfer reactions and the failure to make block copolymers highlighted a non‐living polymerization. Tg values around –18 °C and thermal stability up to 160 °C were measured.
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Nanostructured Heteroarm Star Block Terpolymers via an Extension of the “In–Out” Polymerization Route
Authors: Linardatos George , Tsoukleri Georgia , Parthenios John , Galiotis Costas , Monticelli Orietta , Russo Saverio , Tsitsilianis Constantinos 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this communication an extended “in–out” polymerization method is presented, which leads to the synthesis of novel heteroarm star block terpolymers of the type An(B‐b‐C)n. A four step/one‐pot synthetic procedure is pursued using anionic polymerization under an inert atmosphere. The resulted star‐shaped terpolymer consists of a divinyl benzene nodule bearing pure polystyrene and poly(hexyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer arms. It is shown that this kind of star terpolymers can self‐assemble in the bulk forming lamellae mesophase by arm and block segregation. The mechanical properties of the terpolymer have been examined in detail. Finally, the proposed synthetic procedure can be easily employed in other controlled polymerization methods.
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Synthesis of Hydrogels from Polyallylamine with Carbon Dioxide as Gellant: Development of Reversible CO2 Absorbent
Authors: Nagai Daisuke , Suzuki Akinori , Kuribayashi Takaya 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHydrogels were successfully synthesized utilizing CO2 as a gellant. A cross‐linking reaction of polyallylamine (PAA) with CO2 in the presence of 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5,4,0]‐undec‐7‐ene (DBU) provided hydrogels bearing urea cross‐linking points and residual amino groups in the side chains. The obtained hydrogels absorbed CO2 at 25 °C and gave a maximum absorption four times larger than that of PAA aqueous solution and 2.8 times larger than that of the most commonly used absorbent, monoethanolamine. The PAA hydrogels desorbed the absorbed CO2 completely under a N2 atmosphere at 120 °C, and could be repeatedly recycled without loss of efficiency, indicating their potential application as recyclable CO2 absorption materials.
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Solubility and Aggregation Behavior of Dendronized Poly(p‐Benzamide)s
Authors: Storz Christof , Schulze Maren , Kilbinger Andreas F. M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA series of Fréchet dendronized poly(p‐benzamide)s have been synthesized. To attach the dendron‐functionalities to the poly(p‐benzamide) backbone, a propargyl side chain was introduced to p‐aminobenzoic acid. Then, copper catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition was used to click a first generation (G1), respectively, a second generation (G2) Fréchet‐dendron azide onto the amino acid monomer. The resulting amino acids were polymerized using triphenylphosphite to obtain a poorly organo‐soluble G1‐dendronized polymer and a non‐aggregating G2‐dendronized polymer showing good organo‐solubility. Furthermore, a strictly alternating non‐aggregating G1‐TEG‐dendronized polymer with good organo‐solubility was synthesized. The aggregation behavior of these polymers was investigated by dynamic light scattering.
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Positive‐/Negative‐, Erasable‐/Immobilized‐, Mono‐/Multi‐Color Fluorescence Image Patterning of Molecular‐Scale Porous Polymer Film via a Microcontact Printing Method Using Various Chemical Inks
Authors: Park Hyosang , Jeong Heejun , Lee Wang‐Eun , Yoon Keun‐byoung , Oh Chang‐Jin , Kwak Giseop 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFluorescent image patterns of a substituted acetylene polymer film with a large FFV were successfully obtained by a µCP method using several kinds of chemical ink compounds. PO and SCA generated positive‐type fluorescent image patterns. On the other hand, an ethanolic solution of DNT generated a negative‐type fluorescent image pattern due to a significant quenching effect. An NMP solution of NR gave a two‐color image pattern due to an intermolecular energy transfer from PTMSDPA to NR.
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Polyaniline Microtubes with a Hexagonal Cross‐Section and pH‐Sensitive Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Liu Zhaoyuan , Zhu Ying , Wang Liang , Ding Chunmei , Wang Nü , Wan Meixiang , Jiang Lei 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) microtubes with a hexagonal cross‐section are successfully synthesized by a self‐assembly process in the presence of 8‐hydroxyquinoline‐5‐sulfonic acid (HQS) as a dopant and FeCl3 as an oxidant. The wall thickness of the PANI/HQS microtubes can be adjusted by the content of the oxidant. It is proposed that the aniline/HQS salts serve as a hard template for the formation of the hexagonal‐cross‐section microtubes. Moreover, PANI/HQS microtubes combined with ZnSO4 show pH‐dependent fluorescence. PANI hexagonal‐cross‐section microtubes combined with a pH‐sensitive fluorescence may promise potential applications in fields such as chemical sensors and confined reaction vessels.
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Precision Polymers—Modern Tools to Understand and Program Macromolecular Interactions
Authors: Börner Hans G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAB‐block copolymers composed of a common synthetic polymer part and a monodisperse, monomer sequence‐defined segment are considered belonging to the class of “Precision Polymers.” This overview summarizes the possibilities that arise from those precisely adjustable, functional polymers for materials science applications. The freely programmable monomer sequence of the discrete peptide segment allows adjusting properties such as interaction capabilities. This can be exploited to (i) specifically solubilize and transport low molecular weight drugs, (ii) to pack DNA, (iii) to direct crystallization, or (iv) to modulate adhesion behavior of cells on material surfaces. As evident from proteins, the room to improve the precision of synthetic macromolecules will offer plenty of opportunities.
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Fully Aromatic Block Copolymers for Fuel Cell Membranes with Densely Sulfonated Nanophase Domains
Authors: Takamuku Shogo , Jannasch Patric 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTwo multiblock copoly(arylene ether sulfone)s with similar block lengths and ion exchange capacities (IECs) were prepared by a coupling reaction between a non‐sulfonated precursor block and a highly sulfonated precursor block containing either fully disulfonated diarylsulfone or fully tetrasulfonated tetraaryldisulfone segments. The latter two precursor blocks were sulfonated via lithiation‐sulfination reactions whereby the sulfonic acid groups were exclusively placed in ortho positions to the many sulfone bridges, giving these blocks IECs of 4.1 and 4.6 meq·g−1, respectively. Copolymer membranes with IECs of 1.4 meq·g−1 displayed well‐connected hydrophilic nanophase domains and had decomposition temperatures at, or above, 300 °C under air. The copolymer with the tetrasulfonated tetraaryldisulfone segments showed a proton conductivity of 0.13 S·cm−1 at 80 °C under fully humidified conditions, and surpassed that of a perfluorosulfonic acid membrane (NRE212) by a factor of 5 at –20 °C over time. magnified image
Modeling the Dynamics of the Xylene Soluble Fraction (XS) in a Bulk Propylene Polymerization Process
Authors: Machado Fabricio , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA model is built to describe the dynamic trajectories of the xylene soluble fraction (XS) in an industrial bulk propylene polymerization process. Emphasis is given to the coupling between the XS dynamics and the reactor liquid bleed policy. It is shown that cocatalyst recirculation can affect the dynamics of the cocatalyst/donor ratio and consequently the dynamics of XS during polymerization. Simulation results indicate that the effect of the reactor liquid bleed operation and of the cocatalyst/donor ratio upon the XS trajectories can be minimized if PI controllers are designed to control the propane concentration and to increase the speed of the cocatalyst/donor transitions. Finally, it is shown that the model is able to reproduce the dynamic XS profile obtained during a large XS transition at plant site.
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Die große Ausnahme: flavinhaltige Blaulichtsensoren
Authors: Pfeifer Anna , Kottke Tilman 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIm Gegensatz zu allen anderen biologischen Lichtsensoren beruhen die flavinhaltigen nicht auf einer Photoisomerisierung sondern auf Redoxprozessen. Flavinhaltige Blaulichtsensoren steuern unter anderem die innere Uhr und den inneren Kalender vieler Organismen. Auch als Magnetfeldsensor können sie fungieren und sind daher ein Kandidat für die Orientierung von Zugvögeln im Erdmagnetfeld.
Nur gute Zusammenarbeit führt zum Ziel
Authors: Leweke Eva C. , Schmidt Karen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUm die Anmeldung gleicher Stoffe unter Reach zu harmonisieren und die Zahl der Tierversuche zu minimieren, gibt es für jeden Stoff ein Forum zum Informationsaustausch. Grundlage einer erfolgreichen Arbeit darin sind Beharrlichkeit, Transparenz und gute IT‐Werkzeuge.
Protein‐Protein‐Interaktionen webbasiert analysieren
Authors: Krüger Dennis M. , Gohlke Holger 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDer Drugscore‐PPI‐Webserver ahmt in silico einen Alaninscan nach und sagt so bindungsrelevante Seitenketten in Protein‐Protein‐Komplexen vorher. Damit lässt sich die Signalübertragung in Zellen untersuchen.