bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building capabilities of Egyptian journalists in preparation for a media in transition
Authors: Hamdy Naila 
Published: May 2009

Egypt is going through a dramatic transition in its media sector. The proliferation of satellite and Internet technology combined with pressure to free the media and the government's relative acceptance of media openness have created an environment that has attracted many agencies, associations and foundations to invest in training programmes intended to develop the journalism profession.This study was conducted to gauge these programs and to address questions relevant to these efforts. By analysing data from a survey on Egyptian journalists and in-depth interviews with media training experts, results show that Egypt's media reforms have made it possible for the paradigm of professional journalism training to emerge as a dominant theme. Egyptian journalists are enthusiastic toward training, despite some dissatisfaction. Furthermore, they have a relative highly perceived self-efficacy and conviction in their active role as agents of social change and as contributors to the development of a stronger democracy.
Interface and Mind — A “Paper Lecture” about a Domain-Specific Design Methodology based on Contemporary Mind ScienceBenutzerschnittstelle und Verstand — Über eine Design-Methodik basierend auf aktuellen Erkenntnissen der Psychologie
Authors: Paley W. Bradford 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
An emerging interaction design methodology is presented; it addresses the benefits of incorporating domain-specific knowledge into the interface. The methodology is informally described using three real-world examples, exposing how findings from Visual Perception, Psycholinguistics, and Cognitive Science can be applied to the design process. Tying the design process back to science can help us to understand why current standard-widget toolkits are suboptimal for many domains. It can also inform the development of tools and intellectual approaches valuable at various stages of design.
“Smart Approaches” to Lighting DesignIntelligente Komposition von Lichtquellen in Computergraphiken
Authors: Olivier Patrick , NAM Ha Hai 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The declarative design of graphics lies at the core of the Smart Graphics research agenda. For 3D graphics the number of lights included, and the properties of these lights, has an enormous impact on what a viewer can judge about the content (the objects), properties (the geometric characteristics and spatial relations of the objects) and other aesthetic qualities of a scene. The traditional approach to lighting design for image synthesis is based on manual design methods, whereby users interactively specify values of lighting parameters, render the scene, and modify the lighting parameters until the desired visual properties of the scene are achieved. Non-expert users encounter a number of difficulties in selecting the appropriate lighting parameters, as the process requires both a subtle technical and aesthetic understanding of lighting in computer graphics. We review range of “smart” lighting design and steady slow convergence on ideal lighting approaches which optimise the lighting configuration for a scene with respect to a set of absolute perceptual metrics. More recently perceptual approaches have been combined with aspects of exemplar driven approaches to yield “lighting-by-example” techniques that can replicate the lighting of existing static 2D images and 3D scenes.
The Fractionated Orthology of Bs2 and Rx/Gpa2 Supports Shared Synteny of Disease Resistance in the Solanaceae
Authors: Mazourek Michael , Cirulli Elizabeth T , Collier Sarah M , Landry Laurie G , Kang Byoung-Cheorl , Quirin Edmund A , Bradeen James M , Moffett Peter , Jahn Molly M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Comparative genomics provides a powerful tool for the identification of genes that encode traits shared between crop plants and model organisms. Pathogen resistance conferred by plant R genes of the nucleotide-binding–leucine-rich-repeat (NB–LRR) class is one such trait with great agricultural importance that occupies a critical position in understanding fundamental processes of pathogen detection and coevolution. The proposed rapid rearrangement of R genes in genome evolution would make comparative approaches tenuous. Here, we test the hypothesis that orthology is predictive of R-gene genomic location in the Solanaceae using the pepper R gene Bs2. Homologs of Bs2 were compared in terms of sequence and gene and protein architecture. Comparative mapping demonstrated that Bs2 shared macrosynteny with R genes that best fit criteria determined to be its orthologs. Analysis of the genomic sequence encompassing solanaceous R genes revealed the magnitude of transposon insertions and local duplications that resulted in the expansion of the Bs2 intron to 27 kb and the frequently detected duplications of the 5′-end of R genes. However, these duplications did not impact protein expression or function in transient assays. Taken together, our results support a conservation of synteny for NB–LRR genes and further show that their distribution in the genome has been consistent with global rearrangements.
Does Gene Translocation Accelerate the Evolution of Laterally Transferred Genes?
Authors: Hao Weilong , Golding G Brian 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Lateral gene transfer (LGT) and gene rearrangement are essential for shaping bacterial genomes during evolution. Separate attention has been focused on understanding the process of lateral gene transfer and the process of gene translocation. However, little is known about how gene translocation affects laterally transferred genes. Here we have examined gene translocations and lateral gene transfers in closely related genome pairs. The results reveal that translocated genes undergo elevated rates of evolution and gene translocation tends to take place preferentially in recently acquired genes. Translocated genes have a high probability to be truncated, suggesting that translocation followed by truncation/deletion might play an important role in the fast turnover of laterally transferred genes. Furthermore, more recently acquired genes have a higher proportion of genes on the leading strand, suggesting a strong strand bias of lateral gene transfer.
Molecular Isolation of the M Gene Suggests That a Conserved-Residue Conversion Induces the Formation of Bisexual Flowers in Cucumber Plants
Authors: Li Zheng , Huang Sanwen , Liu Shiqiang , Pan Junsong , Zhang Zhonghua , Tao Qianyi , Shi Qiuxiang , Jia Zhiqi , Zhang Weiwei , Chen Huiming , Si Longting , Zhu Lihuang , Cai Run 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Sex determination in plants involves a variety of mechanisms. Here, we report the map-based cloning and characterization of the unisexual-flower-controlling gene M. M was identified as a previously characterized putative 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene, while the m allele that mutated at a conserved site (Gly33Cys) lost activity in the original enzymatically active allele.
Temporal Shifts in Demography and Life History of an Anadromous Alewife Population in Connecticut
Authors: Davis Justin P. , Schultz Eric T. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Populations of anadromous alewives Alosa pseudoharengus are declining throughout much of the species' range, particularly in southern New England, where fishery moratoriums have recently been instituted in three states. The alewife run at Bride Brook, a coastal stream in East Lyme, Connecticut, was studied from 2003 to 2006 to assess shifts in demography and life history. Annual censuses of abundance and sampling for size, age, and spawning history structure were conducted. These data were compared with similar data from 1966 to 1967 at this site. Recent alewife runs at Bride Brook featured lower abundance and younger, smaller fish that were less likely to be repeat spawners. The 1966 spawning run was dominated by repeat spawners of ages 5–7, while runs in 2003–2006 were dominated by age-3 and age-4 first-spawn fish. Mean length declined by 10% between 1966 and 2006. Alewives are also recruiting to the spawning run at younger ages and smaller sizes, indicating a shift in life history. The first-spawn portion of the 1966 spawning run was dominated by age-5 fish, while recent first-time spawners were primarily age 3. The shifts in demography and life history observed at Bride Brook are consistent with exploitation or predation concentrated on older, larger individuals in the population. The results of this study suggest recent increases in predatory pressure or bycatch mortality as promising hypotheses that merit further investigation.
Evidence of Interactive Segregation between Introduced Trout and Native Fishes in Northern Patagonian Rivers, Chile
Authors: Penaluna Brooke E. , Arismendi Ivan , Soto Doris 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIntroduced rainbow troutOncorhynchus mykissand brown troutSalmo trutta farioare the most abundant fishes in the northern Chilean Patagonia, and their effect on native fishes is not well known. We tested for interactive segregation between trout and native fishes by using a before‐after, control‐impact design in which we deliberately reduced the density of trout and observed the response of the native fishes in their mesohabitat use (pool, run, riffle). Three native fish species,Brachygalaxias bullocki, Galaxias maculatus(inanga), andTrichomycterus areolatus, apparently had niche overlap with introduced trout and changed their mesohabitat use after trout reduction. The expansion of the three species into a wider range of mesohabitats after trout reduction suggests that these fishes occupy a broader spatial area when trout are reduced or possibly absent. However, some native fish species, such asGeotria australis, did not respond to the trout reductions. To protect Chilean native fishes, policymakers need to consider providing legal protection for native fishes because native fishes currently have no protection in their catchments.
Application of a Multistate Model to Estimate Culvert Effects on Movement of Small Fishes
Authors: Norman James R. , Hagler Megan M. , Freeman Mary C. , Freeman Byron J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhile it is widely acknowledged that culverted road‐stream crossings may impede fish passage, effects of culverts on movement of nongame and small‐bodied fishes have not been extensively studied and studies generally have not accounted for spatial variation in capture probabilities. We estimated probabilities for upstream and downstream movement of small (30‐120 mm standard length) benthic and water column fishes across stream reaches with and without culverts at four road‐stream crossings over a 4‐6‐week period. Movement and reach‐specific capture probabilities were estimated using multistate capture‐recapture models. Although none of the culverts were complete barriers to passage, only a bottomless‐box culvert appeared to permit unrestricted upstream and downstream movements by benthic fishes based on model estimates of movement probabilities. At two box culverts that were perched above the water surface at base flow, observed movements were limited to water column fishes and to intervals when runoff from storm events raised water levels above the perched level. Only a single fish was observed to move through a partially embedded pipe culvert. Estimates for probabilities of movement over distances equal to at least the length of one culvert were low (e.g., generally ≤0.03, estimated for 1‐2‐week intervals) and had wide 95% confidence intervals as a consequence of few observed movements to nonadjacent reaches. Estimates of capture probabilities varied among reaches by a factor of 2 to over 10, illustrating the importance of accounting for spatially variable capture rates when estimating movement probabilities with capture‐recapture data. Longer‐term studies are needed to evaluate temporal variability in stream fish passage at culverts (e.g., in relation to streamflow variability) and to thereby better quantify the degree of population fragmentation caused by road‐stream crossings with culverts.
Vascular Disrupting Agents: A Novel Mechanism of Action in the Battle Against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Gridelli Cesare , Rossi Antonio , Maione Paolo , Rossi Emanuela , Castaldo Vincenzo , Sacco Paola Claudia , Colantuoni Giuseppe 
Published: May 2009

Learning ObjectivesExplain the molecular mechanism of action of vascular disrupting agents. Evaluate the preclinical results of vascular disrupting agents. Assess the preliminary clinical results of vascular disrupting agents in the treatment of patients with NSCLC.This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Polo-Like Kinase (PLK) Inhibitors in Preclinical and Early Clinical Development in Oncology
Authors: Schöffski Patrick 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) are a group of highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases that play a key role in processes such as cell division and checkpoint regulation of mitosis. About 80% of human tumors, of various origins, express high levels of PLK transcripts. However, PLK mRNA is mostly absent in surrounding healthy tissues. Overexpression of PLK is associated with a poor prognosis in several tumor types and a lower overall survival rate. The overexpression of PLKs in human tumors, but not in healthy nondividing cells, makes them an attractive, selective target for cancer drug development. PLK inhibitors interfere with different stages of mitosis, such as centrosome maturation, spindle formation, chromosome separation, and cytokinesis. They induce mitotic chaos and severely perturb cell cycle progression, eventually leading to cancer cell death. Several PLK inhibitors are in development and are undergoing evaluations as potential cancer treatments. This review includes an overview of PLK inhibitors in early clinical development (i.e., BI 2536, BI 6727, GSK461364, ON 019190.Na, and HMN-214) and in advanced preclinical development (i.e., ZK-thiazolidinone, NMS-1, CYC-800, DAP-81, and LC-445). If proof of principle is confirmed in large studies, PLK inhibitors will offer a new targeted antitumor therapy for cancer patients.
Pseudo-cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea
Authors: Cusimano Michael D. , Sekhar Laligam N. 
Published: May 2009

✓ Because of its potentially serious sequelae, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage following surgery for lesions of the cranial base is given immediate attention by neurosurgeons. Despite a multitude of approaches used to prevent its occurrence, CSF leakage complicates up to 30% of difficult skull-base tumor operations.
The authors describe the cases of 11 patients who developed a syndrome, not previously described in the literature, termed “pseudo-CSF rhinorrhea.” This syndrome occurs after surgery of the cranial base, usually involving dissection or removal of the petrous or cavernous carotid artery, the greater superficial petrosal nerve, and the pericarotid sympathetic plexus. It is characterized by nasal stuffiness and nasal hypersecretion and is sometimes accompanied by facial flushing. The symptoms are characteristically exacerbated by exertion or by elevated ambient room temperatures. Lacrimation is typically absent ipsilateral to the pseudo-CSF rhinorrhea. It is believed that pseudo-CSF rhinorrhea developed in these patients because of a relative imbalance of the regulatory autonomic supply of the nasal mucosa.
DNA index and S-phase in primary brain tumors
Authors: Vavruch Ludek , Eneström Sverker , Carstensen John , Nordenskjöld Bo , Wingren Sten 
Published: May 2009

✓ Forty-nine primary intracranial tumors (33 astrocytomas, eight acoustic schwannomas, five oligodendrogliomas, and three miscellaneous tumors) were studied by flow cytometry. Each tumor specimen was divided into two portions: one was studied as an unfixed suspension stained with propidium iodide and the other after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. The 50-µm sections from the paraffin blocks were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and enzymatically disintegrated, and the cells in suspension were stained with propidium iodide. Flow cytometry of the two portions showed a significant correlation between fresh and fixed specimens regarding the S-phase (r = 0.87) and a very close correlation of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) index (r = 0.95). When the 33 astrocytomas were analyzed separately, similar results were obtained (r = 0.86 for S-phase and r = 0.93 for DNA index, respectively).
This study demonstrated a high correlation between fresh and fixed specimens for DNA ploidy and S-phase both in primary intracranial tumors in general and also in the selected subgroup of astrocytomas.
Coccidioidomycotic brain abscess
Authors: Mendel Ehud , Milefchik Eric N. , Ahmadi Jamshid , Gruen Peter 
Published: May 2009

✓ Coccidioidomycosis is an infection originating in the San Joaquim Valley of southern California, but now seen with increasing frequency throughout southern California and the southwestern United States. Central nervous system involvement is usually manifested as meningitis.
The authors present the case of a young man with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis who developed a brain lesion that proved to be a coccidioidomycotic abscess. With the increasing incidence of the disease, this manifestation may be encountered more often and should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis of any patient from an endemic area who presents with a brain mass.
Giant cell tumor of the calvaria in a child
Authors: Reed Lee , Willison Crystl D. , Schochet Sydney S. , Voelker Joseph L. 
Published: May 2009

✓ A giant cell tumor involving the vertex of the skull is described in a 3-year-old child with no history of head trauma. The mass was present approximately 4 months prior to resection. Microscopically, the lesion consisted of highly cellular tissue composed of oval to spindle-shaped stromal cells admixed with numerous multinucleated giant cells.
Giant cell tumor of the skull is a rare lesion, usually involving the sphenoid or temporal bone in adults. The differential diagnosis is discussed with reference to the literature regarding giant cell lesions, especially of the cranium. The authors are unaware of previous reports of a similar lesion in this location in such a young child.
Anaerobic glycolysis preceding white-matter destruction in experimental neonatal hydrocephalus
Authors: Chumas Paul D. , Drake James M. , Del Bigio Marc R. , Da Silva Marcia , Tuor Ursula I. 
Published: May 2009

✓ The metabolic changes in neonatal hydrocephalus that lead to permanent brain injury are not clearly defined, nor is the extent to which these changes can be prevented by a cerebrospinal fluid shunt. To clarify these processes, cerebral glucose utilization was examined using [14C]2-deoxyglucose autoradiography in 1-month-old kittens, kaolin-induced hydrocephalic littermates, and hydrocephalic kittens in which a ventriculoperitoneal shunt had been inserted 10 days after kaolin injection. The hydrocephalic kittens showed thinning of the cerebral mantle and an anterior-to-posterior gradient of enlargement of the ventricular system, with a ventricle:brain ratio of 24% for the frontal and 35% for the occipital horns compared with control (< 0.5%) and shunted (< 5%) animals. White matter in hydrocephalic animals was edematous. Myelination was delayed in the periventricular region and in the cores of the cerebral gyri.Glucose utilization in hydrocephalic and shunted animals was unchanged from control animals in all gray-matter regions examined. However, in hydrocephalic animals, the frontal white matter exhibited a significant increase in glucose utilization (25 µmol • 100 gm−1• min−1) in the cores of gyri compared with normal surrounding white-matter values (14.8 µmol • 100 gm−1• min−1). Very low values (mean 4 µmol • 100 gm−1• min−1) were found in areas corresponding to severe white-matter edema, and these areas were surrounded by a halo of increased activity (24 µmol • 100 gm−1• min−1). In contrast, cytochrome oxidase activity in white matter was homogeneous. Shunting resulted in restoration of the cerebral mantle thickness, a return to normal levels of glucose utilization in the white matter, and an improvement in myelination.It is suggested that the areas of increased glucose utilization seen in the white matter represent anaerobic glycolysis which, if untreated, progresses to infarction. The pattern of this increased glucose utilization matches that of expected myelination and, during this period of high energy demand, white matter may be susceptible to the hypoperfusion associated with hydrocephalus.
Reflections upon the nature and management of intracranial and intraspinal vascular malformations and fistulae
Authors: Mullan Sean 
Published: May 2009

✓ Evidence is presented that dural fistulae are preceded by sinus thrombosis and that their danger lies in arterialized venous pressure within the cranium or the orbit. Arterial side occlusion leads to recurrence, while venous side occlusion leads to permanent cure. Vein of Galen aneurysms embrace some features of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVM's), namely a reticulum, and some features of dural fistulae, namely evidence of previous sinus anomaly and direct drainage into a sinus. These aneurysms are also permanently cured by venous side thrombosis, although the dangers inherent in their reticulum demand that this be done in stages or preceded by arterial side embolization. A very limited experience with venous end occlusion of cerebral (and spinal) AVM's suggests that they, too, can be permanently cured by venous side occlusion without excision. Their reticulum demands maximum, multistage, preliminary arterial side embolization together with intraoperative hypotension during the venous occlusion stage in order to minimize intracerebral hemorrhage or swelling.
Schematic models of both fistulae and malformations are presented, together with reasons why particulate embolization is safer than glue embolization. The theory is advanced that dural fistulae, vein of Galen aneurysms, and AVM's are venous- rather than arterial-based lesions, which is consistent with the experience that permanent cure has been effected by venous side occlusion without excision in all three anomalies. It is speculated that there may be a developmental link between AVM and the venous malformation, the AVM being essentially a fistulized venous malformation.