bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance and stability of pyrethroid resistance in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Central Africa
Authors: Achaleke Joseph , Brévault Thierry 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) has developed esterase‐mediated resistance to pyrethroids in Central Africa. To gain a better understanding of how quickly this resistance can evolve, its genetic basis and stability were examined in a field‐derived strain of H. armigera (474‐fold resistant to cypermethrin).RESULTS: Genetic crosses between susceptible, resistant and F1 hybrids indicated that resistance was inherited as a dominant trait (DLD = 0.86) and conferred by a single autosomal gene. The dominance of resistance decreased as the cypermethrin dose increased, so that resistance was incompletely dominant (DML = 0.73) at the highest dose tested. Resistance (DL50) of the F1 hybrid progeny significantly decreased over five generations in the absence of pyrethroid exposure.CONCLUSION: Rapid selection of resistance alleles due to dominance supports the ability of H. armigera to develop resistance to pyrethroids in Central Africa. However, associated fitness costs provide useful information for managing the evolution of resistance. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of reversible permeability in advanced USC steel during thermal aging
Authors: Kim Chung Seok 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe effects of microstructure on reversible permeability (µrev) are discussed for thermally aged ultra‐supercritical (USC) steel, which is required for the next generation of power plants. Thermal aging was observed to coarsen the tempered carbide (Cr23C6), generate the Laves (Fe2W) phase and decrease the dislocation density. The peak position of the µrev decreased drastically during the initial 1000 h aging period, and was thereafter observed to decrease only slightly. The variation in peak position of µrev is closely related to the decrease in the number of pinning sites, such as dislocations, fine precipitates, and the martensite lath.
Burnout, coping and job satisfaction in service staff treating opioid addicts—from Athens to Zurich
Authors: Volker Reissner , Bernhard Baune , Anna Kokkevi , Fabrizio Schifano , Robin Room , Jessica Palm , Rudolf Stohler , Lucia DiFuria , Jürgon Rehm , Franz Hölscher , Christine Schwarzer , Norbert Scherbaum 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Treatment‐systems Research on European Addiction Treatment study (TREAT‐project) is a longitudinal multicenter study on predominantly opioid‐dependent patients and their health‐care system in six European cities. As part of the examination of the drug services, this study evaluates level of burnout, coping strategies, perceived self‐efficacy and job satisfaction among health‐care workers treating opioid addicts. Employees were recruited from organizations in Athens, London, Padua, Stockholm, Zurich and Essen. The Maslach burnout inventory, Brief COPE, general self‐efficacy questionnaire and a job satisfaction scale were filled in by about 383 drug service workers. One‐third of the staff suffer from severe burnout. London and Stockholm colleagues are significantly more burdened than Zurich personnel where job satisfaction is highest. No cross‐national differences could be detected concerning coping styles or level of perceived self‐efficacy. Burnout is positively correlated to passive coping strategies and negatively linked to self‐efficacy and job satisfaction. Males experience more depersonalization. Organizational features such as the entry‐threshold level of the institution or out‐ vs. inpatient setting are relevant for coping strategies and job satisfaction. These and other findings are discussed in relation to preliminary data from the TREAT‐project on characteristics of opioid addicted patients and other specific features of the drug treatment system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cross Sectional Study Exploring Factors Impacting Recruitment of African American College Students into the Genetic Counseling Profession
Authors: Wolfe Schneider Kami , Collins Roger , Huether Carl , Steinberg Warren Nancy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAfrican Americans account for about 12.7% of the United States population, but only 1% of the National Society of Genetic Counselors’ membership identifies as African American. Since individuals often seek health care from providers sharing similar backgrounds, training genetic counselors from diverse backgrounds is critical. Psychology and biology students (N = 552) at four universities completed a self‐administered online survey assessing the influence of genetic counseling awareness, demographics, and career decisions on students’ interest in pursuing genetic counseling as a career. More African Americans (83%) than Caucasians (62%) reported having chosen a career (p ≤ .001). Of the 65% of students who indicated interest in the career description of genetic counseling, fewer African Americans (50%) than Caucasians (74%) had heard of genetic counseling (p ≤ .001). Specific strategies to overcome recruiting barriers such as early career selection and lack of awareness of the genetic counseling career among African Americans are suggested.
The Linear Thermal Expansion of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ingot Iron from Liquid Nitrogen to 300 K
Authors: Wang SG , Mei Y , Long K , Zhang ZD 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The linear thermal expansions (LTE) of bulk nanocrystalline ingot iron (BNII) at six directions on rolling plane and conventional polycrystalline ingot iron (CPII) at one direction were measured from liquid nitrogen temperature to 300 K. Although the volume fraction of grain boundary and residual strain of BNII are larger than those of CPII, LTE of BNII at the six measurement directions were less than those of CPII. This phenomenon could be explained with Morse potential function and the crystalline structure of metals. Our LTE results ruled out that the grain boundary and residual strain of BNII did much contribution to its thermal expansion. The higher interaction potential energy of atoms, the less partial derivative of interaction potential energy with respect to temperature T and the porosity free at the grain boundary of BNII resulted in less LTE in comparison with CPII from liquid nitrogen temperature to 300 K. The higher LTE of many bulk nanocrystalline materials resulted from the porosity at their grain boundaries. However, many authors attributed the higher LTE of many nanocrystalline metal materials to their higher volume fraction of grain boundaries.
Different Ratios of Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Do Not Alter Growth, Nucleic Acid and Fatty Acids of Juvenile Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)
Authors: Xu Youqing , Ding Zhaokun , Zhang Haizhu , Liu Liang , Wang Shuqi , Gorge John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn experiment was performed to study the effect of different ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the growth, nucleic acid and fatty acids of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) juveniles. The juveniles were fed for 8 weeks using seven treatment diets (D‐1–D‐7) with the same amount of DHA and EPA (1.50 ± 0.1% of dried diet), but varying ratios of DHA to EPA (0.90, 1.10, 1.30, 1.50, 1.70, 1.90, 2.10, respectively) and a control diet (D‐0, DHA + EPA = 0.8% of dried diet, DHA/EPA = 1.30). At the end of the experiment, the mean body weight (BW) of juveniles fed D‐0–D‐7 increased significantly (from 6.86 ± 1.64 in the week 0 to 58.52 ± 16.45 g at the end of week 8, P < 0.05). The mean RNA amount and RNA/DNA ratio in the muscle (from 39.62 ± 1.30 µg mg−1 and 2.29 ± 0.11 in the week 0 to 272.55 ± 10.70 µg mg−1 and 14.54 ± 1.75 at the end of week 8, respectively) and the mean weight in the liver (from 117.70 ± 11.15 µg mg−1 and 3.14 ± 0.25 in the week 0 to 793.07 ± 13.38 µg mg−1 and 13.16 ± 0.76 at the end of week 8, respectively) of cobia juveniles fed D‐0–D‐7 were significantly higher at the end of 8‐week experiment than initially (P < 0.05). The RNA/DNA ratio in the muscle and liver of cobia juveniles increased with their growth and appeared an obvious positive relationship, especially in the muscle, based on regression analysis. The mean lipid content increased significantly in the liver (from 29.82 ± 0.99 to 37.47 ± 3.25% totally) and muscle (from 6.74 ± 0.25 to 10.63 ± 0.23% totally) of cobia juveniles (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found on the lipid contents of juveniles fed different diets for 8 weeks (P > 0.05). In the muscle and liver of juveniles, EPA decreased with its reduction in the diet; DHA, DHA/EPA ratio and poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) generally increased with their increment in the diet. The conclusion was drawn that the growth, nucleic acid and fatty acids of cobia juveniles were not significantly affected by different DHA/EPA ratios in our experiments.
Diagnose und Therapie der Muskeldystrophie Duchenne und Becker
Authors: Kirschner J. 
Published: September 2009

ZusammenfassungDie Muskeldystrophie Duchenne ist die häufigste neuromuskuläre Erkrankung im Kindesalter. Sie wird x-chromosomal vererbt und manifestiert sich klinisch durch eine im Kleinkindesalter beginnende progressive proximale Muskelschwäche, die zum Verlust der Gehfähigkeit im frühen Jugendalter führt. Die Creatinkinase im Serum ist deutlich erhöht, und die Bestätigung der Diagnose erfolgt durch eine genetische Analyse desDystrophin-Gens oder eine Muskelbiopsie. Die v. a. symptomatische Therapie erfordert ein multidisziplinäres Behandlungsteam. Durch Medikation, Physiotherapie, orthopädische Betreuung und nichtinvasive Beatmung lassen sich die Lebenserwartung und -qualität der Patienten deutlich verbessern. Kausale Therapieansätze befinden sich in der klinischen Entwicklung, über eine Effektivität ist noch keine abschließende Aussage möglich. Die Becker-Muskeldystrophie ist eine viel seltenere allelische Variante mit partieller Dystrophin-Defizienz und milderem klinischem Verlauf.
Cretaceous slab segmentation in southwestern Gondwana
Authors: SUÁREZ MANUEL , DE LA CRUZ RITA , BELL MICHAEL , DEMANT ALAIN 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Mesozoic Austral Basin of Patagonia, in southwestern Gondwana, experienced a major tectonic segmentation during Aptian times. Sometime between 121 and 118 Ma (Aptian), the northern part of the Austral Basin, known as the Aisén Basin or Río Mayo Embayment, was inverted, with the sediments overlain by calc-alkaline subaerial volcanic rocks of Aptian to Maastrichtian age. In the southern segment of the Austral Basin, known as the Magallanes Basin, predominantly marine sediments accumulated until Cenozoic times in a back-arc position, relative to a magmatic arc located to the west. The subduction-related N–S-trending volcanic chains of both segments were geographically displaced during Aptian to Late Cretaceous times. In the Aisén segment north of ~49–50° S, the volcanic chain was located further east than the coeval arc in the Magallanes segment. A transform fault connected the trenches of both segments, with the Aisén segment dipping at a shallower angle than the Magallanes segment.
Conscience – An Essay in Moral Psychology
Authors: Lyons William 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe ultimate aim of this essay is to suggest that conscience is a very important part of human psychology and of our moral point of view, not something that can be dismissed as merely ‘a part of Christian theology’. The essay begins with discussions of what might be regarded as the two most influential functional models of conscience, the classical Christian account of conscience and the Freudian account of conscience. Then, using some insights from these models, and from some comparatively recent work in psychology and especially psychiatry, the author argues for a quite different model of conscience that might be called the personal integrity account of conscience.
Immortality and Meaning: Reflections on the Makropulos Debate
Authors: Burley Mikel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reflects upon the debate, initiated by Bernard Williams in 1973, concerning the desirability of immortality, where the latter expression is taken to mean endless bodily life as a human or humanoid being. Williams contends that it cannot be desirable; others have disputed this contention. I discuss a recent response from Timothy Chappell and attempt to pinpoint the central disagreement between Chappell and Williams. I propose that neither side in the debate has firm grounds for its claims, and then proceed to consider four reasons for suspecting that the whole debate has yet to be placed on a conceptually coherent footing.
Contours and Barriers: What Is It to Draw the Limits of Moral Language?
Authors: Agam-Segal Reshef 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDoes language limit the moral thoughts we can have? To answer that, I distinguish between two kinds of limits: (1) Boundaries or barriers fence things out. Identification and erection of linguistic barriers, defines, diagnoses, or places restrictions on what language can in principle grasp or be, and often involves abstraction from actual linguistic behavior. This is typically preformed by remarks I call ‘theses’; (2) Contours or outlines give real-life portrayals. Drawing the contours of a linguistic activity involves a certain attention to reality: to detail and particularity (‘Was this greeting contrived or genuine?’), and we typically draw contours by using remarks I call ‘helpers’. I examine the possibility that confusion can be diagnosed in Sabina Lovibond's attempt to apply the idea that moral language has necessary boundaries, and explain the alternative of drawing linguistic contours. I then examine Richard Rorty's position according to which the fact that we can shape our language indicates that the boundaries of language do not encompass all possible sense, and compare Rorty's discussion with Sarah Bachelard's discussion of euthanasia. My claim here is that trying to improve on the language we have might be part of drawing its contours, rather than redefining its boundaries. The discussion reveals a difference between two kinds of contour drawing, and thus between two kinds of helpers: ones that help to draw the contours of the actuality of linguistic activities, and ones that help to draw the contours of their potentiality. Finally, I argue that the value of drawing contours instead of barriers is that the former better reveal the fact that we care about our ways of making sense.
Learning from one another's mistakes: investment trusts in the UK and the US, 1868–1940
Authors: Rutterford Janette 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article explores the development of the closed-end investment trust in both the UK and the US, in the context of the investment management strategies adopted and whether they provided value-added services for investors. Although US investment trusts of the 1920s boom years were heavily influenced by their earlier UK counterparts, they differed from British investment trusts in a number of key ways, in particular, size, capital structure, tax and accounting practices, management, and costs. These differences led to their relatively much worse performance in the stock market crash of the late 1920s and early 1930s. This poor US trust performance led directly to the creation of the US open-ended ‘fixed trust’, marketed as an antidote to the generally poor management of conventional closed-end investment trusts. As confidence in mutual funds slowly returned in the United States, open-ended funds were gradually given more flexibility, but US investment trust companies, with share prices at a steep discount to liquidation value, and partly blamed for the crash, were encouraged to convert to mutual fund status by the 1936 Revenue Act. By 1944, open-end funds had overtaken investment trusts in terms of asset size, a phenomenon that did not occur in Britain for another 30 years.
Listener impressions of speakers with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: JAYWANT ABHISHEK , PELL MARC D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) has several negative effects on speech production and communication. However, few studies have looked at how speech patterns in PD contribute to linguistic and social impressions formed about PD patients from the perspective of listeners. In this study, discourse recordings elicited from nondemented PD speakers (n= 18) and healthy controls (n= 17) were presented to 30 listeners unaware of the speakers’ disease status. In separate conditions, listeners rated the discourse samples based on their impressions of the speaker or of the linguistic content. Acoustic measures of the speech samples were analyzed for comparison with listeners’ perceptual ratings. Results showed that although listeners rated the content of Parkinsonian discourse as linguistically appropriate (e.g., coherent, well-organized, easy to follow), the PD speakers were perceived as significantly less interested, less involved, less happy, and less friendly than healthy speakers. Negative social impressions demonstrated a relationship to changes in vocal intensity (loudness) and temporal characteristics (dysfluencies) of Parkinsonian speech. Our findings emphasize important psychosocial ramifications of PD that are likely to limit opportunities for communication and social interaction for those affected, because of the negative impressions drawn by listeners based on their speaking voice. (JINS, 2010,16, 49–57.)
Differential Uptake and Selective Permeability of Fusarochromanone (FC101), a Novel Membrane Permeable Anticancer Naturally Fluorescent Compound in Tumor and Normal Cells
Authors: Furmanski Brian D. , Dréau Didier , Wuthier Roy E. , Fuseler John W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe differential accumulation of fluorescent molecules in tumorigenic versus normal cells is a well-reported phenomenon and is the basis for photodiagnostic therapy. Through the use of confocal microscopy, the kinetic uptake and accumulation of fusarochromanone (FC101) was determined in two lines of living tumorigenic cells of mesenchymal-epithelial origin and normal fibroblast cells. Like other fluorescent cationic molecules, FC101 showed increased accumulation in tumorigenic cells; however, unlike other molecules, it appeared to be accumulated in a time-dependent manner. Also, unlike traditional fluorescent cationic molecules, FC101, a potent inhibitor of cell growth, showed preferential inhibition of tumorigenic B-16 melanoma cells and MCF7 cells derived from breast cancer adenocarcinoma when compared to normal cardiac fibroblasts. Further analysis of FC101's physicochemical properties using both experimentally obtained and simulated values revealed the likelihood of membrane permeation and oral bioavailability of the compound. These physicochemical properties of FC101 were also used to predict its intracellular localization lending credence to data observed by confocal microscopy.
Spectrum Simulation in DTSA-II
Authors: Ritchie Nicholas W.M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSpectrum simulation is a useful practical and pedagogical tool. Particularly with complex samples or trace constituents, a simulation can help to understand the limits of the technique and the instrument parameters for the optimal measurement. DTSA-II, software for electron probe microanalysis, provides both easy to use and flexible tools for simulating common and less common sample geometries and materials. Analytical models based on ϕ(ρz) curves provide quick simulations of simple samples. Monte Carlo models based on electron and X-ray transport provide more sophisticated models of arbitrarily complex samples. DTSA-II provides a broad range of simulation tools in a framework with many different interchangeable physical models. In addition, DTSA-II provides tools for visualizing, comparing, manipulating, and quantifying simulated and measured spectra.
Recorded Criteria as a “Gold Standard” for Sensitivity and Specificity Estimates of Surveillance of Nosocomial Infection: A Novel Method to Measure Job Performance
Authors: Ehrenkranz N. Joel , Shultz James M. , Richter Emily I. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectives:To compare the accuracy of infection control practitioners' (ICPs') classifications of operative site infection in Florida Consortium for Infection Control (FCIC) hospitals, in two time periods, 1990 to 1991 and 1991 to 1992, and to estimate the effect of duration of surveillance experience on that accuracy.Methods:Medical record reviewers examined records of all patients classified by an ICP as infected, to distinguish false-positives from true infections based on evidence of standard infection criteria and the ICP's contemporaneous clinical observations. Reviewers also examined a random sample of 100 records from patients classified as noninfected for evidence of undetected infections (false-negatives). These observations permitted estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of each ICP's classification of infection status.Setting:Fourteen FCIC communit:y hospitals at which performance of 16 ICPs was monitored.Results:There was a strong linear trend relating increasing sensitivity to numbers of years of ICP surveillance experience (P<.001). For ICPs with <4 years of experience, satisfactory sensitivity (≥80%) was reached in only one of 10 ICP-years of observation. For ICPs with ≥4 years' experience, satisfactory sensitivity was achieved for 14 of 18 person-years (P=.001). Estimated specificity was 97% to 100% for all ICP-years observed.Conclusions:ICPs with <4 years of surveillance experience in FCIC community hospitals rarely achieved a satisfactory sensitivity estimate, whereas ICPs with ≥4 years' experience generally did. Monitoring ICP surveillance accuracy through retrospective medical record audits offers an objective approach to evaluating ICP performance and to interpreting infection rates at different hospitals.
SHEA-CDC TB Survey, Part I: Status of TB Infection Control Programs at Member Hospitals, 1989-1992
Authors: Fridkin Scott K. , Manangan Lilia , Bolyard Elizabeth ,   The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, Jarvis William R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To determine trends in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers, tuberculosis (TB) control measures, and compliance with the 1990 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guideline for preventing transmission of TB in healthcare facilities.Design:Voluntary questionnaire sent to all members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America, representing 359 hospitals.Results:Respondents’ hospitals (210 [58%]) had a median of 2,400 healthcare workers (range, 396 to 13,745), 437 beds (range, 48 to 1,250), 5.6 patients with TB per year (range, 0 to 492), and 0 multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB patients per year (range, 0 to 33). Of 166 respondents’ hospitals for which data were provided for 1989 through 1992, the number caring for MDR-TB patients increased from 10 (6%) in 1989 to 49 (30%) in 1992. Reported policies for routine healthcare worker tuberculin skin testing varied. The median skin-test positivity rate for healthcare workers at the time of hire increased from 0.54% in 1989 to 0.81% in 1992, but the median conversion rate during routine testing remained similar: 0.35% in 1989 and 0.33% in 1992. Among 196 hospitals with reported data on respiratory protection use for 1989 through 1992, the use of either surgical submicron, dust-mist, or dust-fume-mist respirators for healthcare workers increased from 9 (5%) in 1989 to 85 (43%) in 1992. Of 181 hospitals with reported data, 113 (62%) had acid-fast bacilli isolation facilities consistent with the 1990 CDC guideline (ie, a single patient room, negative air pressure relative to the hallway, air exhausted directly outside, and ≥ 6 air exchanges per hour).Conclusions:While the number of surveyed hospitals caring for TB and MDR-TB patients increased during 1989 through 1992, TB infection control measures at many hospitals still did not meet the 1990 CDC guideline recommendations.