bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Adjustment of Eco‐labeling Schemes and Consumer Choice – the Revision of the EU Energy Label as a Missed Opportunity?
Authors: Heinzle Stefanie Lena , Wüstenhagen Rolf 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTProducts with a superior environmental performance, such as a high level of energy efficiency, are typically subject to information asymmetries. Therefore these product attributes are often undervalued in purchase decisions. Signaling, e.g. energy labeling, can overcome these asymmetries, with positive implications for effective consumer decisions, competitive advantage for suppliers of energy‐efficient goods, and for societal goals such as mitigating climate change. However, there is a scarcity of research investigating how energy labels actually influence consumer choice. The recent revision of the European Union energy label provided a unique opportunity to investigate the effectiveness of energy labeling in a quasi field‐experimental setting. We show that the proposed extension of the seven‐point A–G rating scale by adding new classes A+, A++, etc. will result in a lower perceived importance of energy efficiency in consumer decision‐making. Based on a stated preference survey investigating 2244 choices by German consumers, we conclude that the revision actually undermines the label's ability to overcome information asymmetries, hence potentially contributing to market failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Modeling the Impacts of Corporate Commitment on Climate Change
Authors: Boiral Olivier , Henri Jean‐François , Talbot David 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to propose an integrative framework for understanding the determinants of business strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the impact of these determinants on performance. The proposed structural equation model is based on a survey of 319 Canadian manufacturing firms. The study calls into question the traditionally positive relationship between a firm's environmental commitment and its economic motivations. However, the results also show a win–win relationship between the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and financial performance. This study contributes to the understanding of the motivations underlying the efforts manufacturers make to tackle climate change and their economic benefits. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Anatomist on the dissecting table? Dutch anatomical professionals' views on body donation
Authors: Bolt Sophie , Venbrux Eric , Eisinga Rob , Gerrits Peter O. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAnatomical professionals know better than anyone else that donated bodies are a valuable asset to anatomical science and medical education. They highly value voluntary donations, since a dearth of bodies negatively affects their profession. With this in mind, we conducted a survey (n = 54) at the 171st scientific meeting of the Dutch Anatomical Society in 2009 to see to what extent anatomical professionals are willing to donate their own body. The results reveal that none of the survey participants are registered as a whole body donor and that only a quarter of them would consider the possibility of body donation. We argue that the two main constraints preventing Dutch anatomical professionals from donating their own body are their professional and their social environments. In contrast to the absence of registered body donors, half of the anatomical professionals are registered as an organ donor. This figure far exceeds the proportion of registered organ donors among the general Dutch population. Clin. Anat. 25:168–175, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased Promiscuity of Human Galactokinase Following Alteration of a Single Amino Acid Residue Distant from the Active Site
Authors: Kristiansson Helena , Timson David J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractGalactokinase catalyses the site‐ and stereospecific phosphorylation of galactose at the expense of ATP. The specificity of bacterial galactokinase enzymes can be broadened by alteration of a tyrosine residue to a histidine. The effects of altering the equivalent residue in human galactokinase (Tyr379) were investigated by testing all 19 possible variants. All of these alterations, except Y379P, resulted in soluble protein on expression in Escherichia coli and all the soluble variants could catalyse the phosphorylation of galactose, except Y379A and Y379E. The variants Y379C, Y379K, Y379R, Y379S and Y379W were all able to catalyse the phosphorylation of a variety of monosaccharides, including ones that are not acted on by the wild‐type enzyme. Novel substrates for these variant galactokinases included D‐mannose and D‐fructose. The latter monosaccharide is presumed to react in the pyranose configuration. Molecular modelling suggested that the alterations do not cause changes to the overall structure of the enzyme. However, alteration of Tyr379 increases the flexibility of the peptide backbone in regions surrounding the active site. Therefore, it is proposed that alteration of Tyr379 affects the substrate specificity by the propagation of changes in flexibility to the active site, permitting a broader range of compounds to be accommodated.
Factors related to criminal justice expenditure trajectories for adults with serious mental illness
Authors: Robst John , Constantine Robert , Andel Ross , Boaz Timothy , Howe Andrew 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundCriminal careers have been extensively studied in general population sample, but less is known about such patterns among people with major mental illness, and where so, criminal justice expenditure has not been taken into account.AimsOur aim was to examine criminal justice system expenditure over time in one Florida county. Our main research question was whether treatment for mental disorders was related to a change in criminal offending and expenditure trajectory.MethodsWe used the Pinellas County (Florida) Criminal Justice Information System to identify individuals under age 65 arrested between July 2003 and June 2004. Archival medical service, social and homeless services data were used to identify individuals with a serious mental illness. A two‐step analysis was used to examine the data: first, we identified groups of people with similar patterns of criminal justice expenditures over 4 years (July 2002 to June 2006); second, we evaluated their demographic characteristics, diagnosis and treatment as potential predictors of group membership.ResultsThree thousand seven hundred sixty‐nine people with serious mental illness were identified in the Pinellas County jail population. Their average length of stay in jail was 151 days and in prison was 48 days. The trajectory analysis identified three groups of individuals with distinct trajectories of criminal justice expenditures: those with low stable, those with initially high but decreasing and those with initially high and sustained or increasing. Mental health treatment, whether acute or sustained, voluntary or mandatory, was associated with membership of the low stable group.ConclusionReview of criminal justice expenditure over time on individuals with major mental disorder may provide important indicators of unmet need for mental health services. Furthermore, it seems probable that improved provision of such services for them could reduce recidivism as well as improving health. Interventions may also be better focused if criminal justice expenditure trajectories are examined; programmes targeting re‐offending as well as specific mental health problems may be most effective. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CO2 and Formate Complexes of Phosphine/Borane Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Peuser Ilona , Neu Rebecca C. , Zhao Xiaoxi , Ulrich Matthias , Schirmer Birgitta , Tannert Jens A. , Kehr Gerald , Fröhlich Roland , Grimme Stefan , Erker Gerhard , Stephan Douglas W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe reaction of a solution of B(C6F4H)3 and either iPr3P or tBu3P with CO2 afforded the species R3P(CO2)B(C6F4H)3 (R=iPr (1), tBu (2)). In a similar fashion the boranes, RB(C6F5)2 (R=hexyl, cyclohexyl (Cy), norbornyl), ClB(C6F5)2, or PhB(C6F5)2 were combined with tBu3P and CO2 to give the species tBu3P(CO2)BR(C6F5)2 (R=hexyl (3), Cy (4), norbornyl (5), Cl (6), Ph (7)). Similarly, the compounds [tBu3PH][RBH(C6F5)2] (R=hexyl (8), Cy (9), norbornyl (10)) were prepared by reaction of the precursor frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) with H2. Subsequent reactions of 9 and 10 with CO2 afforded the species [((C6F5)2BR)2(μ‐HCO2)][tBu3PH] (R=Cy (11), norbornyl (12)). In related chemistry, combinations of the boranes RB(C6F5)2 (R=hexyl, Cy, norbornyl) with tBu3P treated with an equivalent of formic acid gave [(C6F5)2BR(HCO2)][tBu3PH] (R=hexyl (13), Cy (14), norbornyl (15)). Subsequent addition of an additional equivalent of borane provides a second synthetic route to 11 and 12. Crystallographic studies of compounds 2–6 and 8–14 are reported and discussed. Further understanding of the FLP complexation and activation of CO2 is provided by computational studies.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1‐[(Biarylmethyl)methylamino]‐2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐3‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)propan‐2‐ols as Potent Antifungal Agents: New Insights into Structure–Activity Relationships
Authors: Guillon Rémi , Pagniez Fabrice , Rambaud Charlotte , Picot Carine , Duflos Muriel , Logé Cédric , Le Pape Patrice 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe recently reported the design and synthesis of azole antifungal agents with a focus on modifications to the side chain appended to the propanol group. Herein we have identified a series of new 1‐[(biarylmethyl)methylamino] derivatives with broad‐spectrum antifungal activities against the most prevalent human pathogenic fungi (Candida spp. and Aspergillus fumigatus). Compounds containing a flexible benzylamine moiety were clearly shown to yield the best antifungal activities, without the need for a hydrogen‐bond acceptor substituent directly attached to the para position. We were also able to determine that selected compounds are able to overcome gene overexpression and point mutations that lead to reduced susceptibility or resistance against current treatments, such as fluconazole. As the minor differences observed with small structural modifications cannot be explain with only a three‐dimensional model of CYP51, adequate physicochemical parameters must be evaluated in terms of antifungal potency, bioavailability, and toxicity. Therefore, structure–activity relationship studies such as these reveal new insights for the development of future antifungal therapies.
Solid‐State Photochromic Behavior and Thermal Bleaching Kinetics of Two Novel Pyrazolone Phenylsemicarbazones
Authors: Abdurehman Samat , Liu Lang , Jia Dianzeng , Hu Jianping , Guo Jixi , Xie Xiaolin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo novel photochromic compounds, 1,3‐diphenyl‐4‐benzal‐5‐hydroxypyrazole 4‐phenylsemicarbazone (1 a) and 1,3‐diphenyl‐4‐(4‐nitrobenzal)‐5‐hydroxypyrazole 4‐phenylsemicarbazone (2 a), are synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, FTIR spectroscopy, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Their properties, including photochromic behavior, fluorescence properties, and thermal bleaching kinetics, are investigated. The results show that the two compounds exhibit improved photochromic performance in coloration and thermal bleaching rates, excellent photostability, high fatigue resistance, and reversible fluorescence switching properties in the solid state in comparison to reported pyrazolone thiosemicarbazones. The thermal bleaching process obeys first‐order kinetics. Bleaching of powders at 130 °C is completed within 90 s for 1 b (the colored isomer of 1 a) and 150 s for 2 b (the colored isomer of 2 a). The activation energy for the thermal bleaching process is determined to be 69 and 95 kJ mol−1, with frequency factors of 9.5×107 and 9.4×1010 s−1 for 1 b and 2 b, respectively.
Management strategies for gastrointestinal, erectile, bladder, and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with diabetes
Authors: Kempler P. , Amarenco G. , Freeman R. , Frontoni S. , Horowitz M. , Stevens M. , Low P. , Pop‐Busui R. , Tahrani A. A. , Tesfaye S. , Várkonyi T. , Ziegler D. , Valensi P. ,   on behalf of The Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy
Published: July 2011

AbstractThere are substantial advances in understanding disordered gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction in diabetes. It occurs frequently. The underlying pathogenesis is complex involving defects in multiple interacting cell types of the myenteric plexus as well. These defects may be irreversible or reversible. Gastrointestinal symptoms represent a major and generally underestimated source of morbidity for escalating health care costs in diabetes. Acute changes in glycaemia are both determinants and consequences of altered gastrointestinal motility. 35–90% of diabetic men have moderate‐to‐severe erectile dysfunction (ED). ED shares common risk factors with CVD. Diagnosis is based on medical/sexual history, including validated questionnaires. Physical examination and laboratory testing must be tailored to patient's complaints and risk factors. Treatment is based on PDE5‐inhibitors (PDE5‐I). Other explorations may be useful in patients who do not respond to PDE5‐I. Patients at high cardiovascular risk should be stabilized by their cardiologists before sexual activity is considered or ED treatment is recommended.Estimates on bladder dysfunction prevalence are 43–87% of type 1 and 25% of type 2 diabetic patients, respectively. Common symptoms include dysuria, frequency, urgency, nocturia and incomplete bladder emptying. Diagnosis should use validated questionnaire for lower urinary tract symptoms. The type of bladder dysfunction is readily characterized with complete urodynamic testing.Sudomotor dysfunction is a cause of dry skin and is associated with foot ulcerations. Sudomotor function can be assessed by thermoregulatory sweat testing, quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test, sympathetic skin response, quantitative direct/indirect axon reflex testing and the indicator plaster. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a rapid LC‐MS/MS method for direct urinalysis of designer drugs
Authors: Bell Charlotte , George Claire , Kicman Andrew T. , Traynor Allan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe current immunoassay screening methodologies used to detect sympathomimetic amines within the context of workplace drug testing may fail to detect a number of the emerging designer drugs, for example β‐keto amphetamines and piperazine derivatives, commonly referred to as ‘legal highs’. Therefore, a rapid multi‐analyte qualitative screening method, using ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), was investigated for analysis of new designer drugs that have emerged from the former legal highs market.Eight analytes were targeted as model compounds: 4‐methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), 3,4‐methylenedioxymethcathinone (bk‐MDMA, ‘methylone’), 2‐methylamino‐1‐(3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl)butan‐1‐one (bk‐MBDB, ‘butylone’), 4‐methoxymethcathinone (bk‐PMMA, ‘methedrone’), 1‐benzylpiperazine (BZP), 1‐(3‐trifluoromethyl phenyl)‐piperazine (TFMPP), 1‐(3‐chloro phenyl)‐piperazine (mCPP), and 3, 4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).The LC‐MS/MS method developed encompassed direct analysis following a 1:4 dilution of urine with mobile phase to reduce matrix effects. Although not all compounds were completely resolved chromatographically, two product ions conferred sufficient specificity to allow target analyte identification. Although all target analytes were readily detected at 500 ng/ml, a cut‐off of 1000 ng/ml was chosen to mirror the amphetamine screening cut‐off commonly used for routine analysis of workplace drug testing samples.In conclusion, direct analysis using LC‐MS/MS offers an attractive way forward for the development of a rapid routine screen for new psychoactive substances, particularly given the growing number of novel compounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reference materials for new psychoactive substances
Authors: Archer Roland P. , Treble Ric , Williams Keith 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHistorically, the appearance of new psychoactive materials (and hence the requirement for new reference standards) has been relatively slow. This position has now changed, with 101 new psychoactive substances reported to EMCDDA‐Europol since 2006. The newly reported materials, and associated metabolites, require properly certified reference materials to permit reliable identification and quantification.The traditional approach and timescales of reference material production and certification are being increasingly challenged by the appearance of these new substances. Reference material suppliers have to adopt new strategies to meet the needs of laboratories. This situation is particularly challenging for toxicology standards as the metabolism of many of these substances is initially unknown.Reference material production often involves synthesis from first principles. While it is possible to synthesis these materials, there can be significant difficulties, from synthetic complexities through to the need to use controlled materials. These issues are examined through a discussion of the synthesis of cathinones. Use of alternative sources, including pharmaceutical impurity materials or internet sourced products, as starting materials for conversion into appropriately certified reference materials are also discussed.The sudden appearance and sometimes brief lifetime in the market place of many of these novel legal highs or research chemicals present commercial difficulties for reference material producers. The need for collaboration at all levels is highlighted as essential to rapid identification of requirements for new reference materials. National or international commissioning or support may also be required to permit reference material producers to recover their development costs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structure, and Behavior in Solution of the Dawson Thio Derivative [(P2W17O61)2(H4Mo4S4O6)]16–
Authors: Pilette Marie‐Anne , Floquet Sébastien , Marrot Jérôme , Cadot Emmanuel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe [(P4W34O61)2{Mo4S4O4(OH2)2}]16– anion was obtained by the stereospecific addition of the [Mo2S2O2]2+ oxothio cation to the monovacant α2‐[P2W17O61]10– anion. The mixed salt K9Na7[(P2W17O61)2{Mo4S4O4(OH2)2}]·50H2O was isolated as single crystals and characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The analysis reveals that the anion adopts a “sandwich‐like” dimeric structure in which the two α2‐[P2W17O61]10– subunits are assembled in a transoid disposition with respect to the central cluster {H4Mo4S4O6}. In aqueous solution, an isomerization process is evidenced by 31P NMR spectroscopy and interpreted as the formation of the related cisoid isomer. A ratio of 30:70 of the transoid and cisoid isomers was found at equilibrium. The kinetic constants and activation parameters of the isomerization process were determined by variable‐temperature 31P NMR experiments. At 303 K, the process was slow (t1/2 = 160 min). The activation parameters are discussed with regard to a possible isomerization mechanism.
Sulfoximines as a Versatile Scaffold for Electrophilic Fluoroalkylating Reagents
Authors: Urban Céline , Cadoret Frédéric , Blazejewski Jean‐Claude , Magnier Emmanuel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNew electrophilic fluoroalkylating agents based on the sulfoximine skeleton as a common platform are described. We demonstrate the importance of the activating group, attached to the nitrogen, and its specificity for the fluorinated group to be delivered. As an application, a variety of unknown dichlorofluoro, bromodifluoro, and trifluoromethyl alkynes have been prepared using these reagents.
Oil dispersant preparation and mechanisms for waste oil‐based drilling fluids
Authors: Guancheng Jiang , Shuixiang Xie , Mian Chen , Zhiyong Li , Hao Deng , Hui Mao , Weihang Zhang , Jihui Ding 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWaste oil‐based drilling fluids (WOBDF) contain oil, heavy metals, organic matter, and other pollutants and are classified as hazardous wastes in China and other countries. WOBDF produce harmful effects on the ecological environment and are often difficult to treat. At present, WOBDF are generally subject to landfills or re‐injection in formulations, which not only waste valuable land resources but also produce severe environmental pollution. On the basis of numerous laboratory and field studies, oil dispersant ELO‐1 was developed to recover oil from WOBDF. The components of oil dispersant ELO‐1 are the following: 30% composite demulsifier FPR‐1, 1.5% coagulant CC, and 2% flocculant PAM (0.1%). The corresponding temperature range is 40–60°C. This article combines the use of oil dispersant ELO‐1 with centrifugal separation to recover oil from Daqing Oilfield WOBDF. The average recovery rate was 89.7% with water and sand content <0.1%. The residual mud slag was treated to control its hazardous components and was then used as a material for cofferdam building and road paving. Therefore, the harmless treatment and utilization of WOBDF objectives were achieved. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
On the performance of lumped parameter models with gyro‐mass elements for the impedance function of a pile‐group supporting a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system
Authors: Saitoh Masato 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYLumped parameter models with a so called “gyro‐mass” element (GLPMs) have been proposed recently in response to a strong demand for efficiently and accurately representing frequency‐dependent impedance functions of soil–foundation systems. Although GLPMs are considered to be powerful tools for practical applications in earthquake engineering, some problems remain. For instance, although GLPMs show fairly close agreement with the target impedance functions, the accuracy of the transfer functions and the time‐histories of dynamic responses in structural systems comprising GLPMs have never been verified. Furthermore, no assessment has been performed on how much difference appears in the accuracy of dynamic responses obtained from GLPMs and those from conventional Kelvin–Voigt models comprising a spring and a dashpot arranged in parallel with various frequency‐independent constants. Therefore, in this paper, these problems are examined using an example of 2×4 pile groups embedded in a layered soil medium, supporting a single‐degree‐of‐freedom system subjected to ground motions. The results suggest that GLPMs are a new option for highly accurate computations in evaluating the dynamic response of structural systems comprising typical pile groups, rather than conventional Kelvin–Voigt models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.