bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the kabachnik‐‐fields reaction of benzaldehyde, cyclohexylamine, and dialkyl phosphites
Authors: Keglevich György , Kiss Nóra Zsuzsa , Menyhárd Dóra K. , Fehérvári András , Csontos István 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Kabachnik–Fields reaction of benzaldehyde, cyclohexylamine, and dimethyl phosphite carried out at 80°C in acetonitrile takes place via an imine (PhCNcHex) intermediate, as the monitoring by in situ Fourier transform IR spectroscopy suggested. The corresponding α‐hydroxyphosphonate was also formed in a quantity of 13% that was not converted to α‐aminophosphonate under the conditions applied. The outcome was similar to the Kabachnik–Fields reaction with diethyl phosphite as the P‐component. Molecular modeling and subsequent DFT calculations carried out under solventless conditions supported the experimental results and indicated the formation of a high number of ideally positioned H bonds as the key determinant for the conformation of the starting, intermediate, and product states. The relative energies of the possible intermediates were in accord with the observation that the formation of the α‐hydroxyphosphonate is a “dead‐end” route. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:171–178, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20767
15‐deoxyspergualin hinders physical interaction between basic residues of transit peptide in PfENR and Hsp70‐1
Authors: Banerjee Tanushree , Singh Rajiv Ranjan , Gupta Sarika , Surolia Avadhesha , Surolia Namita 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe apicoplast of Plasmodium harbors several metabolic pathways. The enzymes required to perform these reactions are all nuclearly encoded and apicoplast targeted (NEAT) proteins. Plasmodium falciparum Enoyl‐ACP Reductase (PfENR) is one such NEAT protein. The NEAT proteins have a transit peptide which is required for crossing the membranes of apicoplast. We studied the importance of basic residues like Arginine and Lysine within the transit peptide. Previous studies have suggested that all basic residues are essential for apicoplast trafficking. In this study, we demonstrate that only some of these residues are essential (K44, R48, K51, and R52), whereas others are dispensable (R40, K42, and K49). On mutating these specific residues, PfENR is not imported into the apicoplast and is mislocalized to the cytoplasm. We also demonstrate that these residues are also crucial for interaction with Hsp70‐1, implying that interactions of Lysine 44, Arginine 48, Lysine 51, and Arginine 52 of the transit peptide with PfHsp70‐1 are required for apicoplast trafficking. 15‐Deoxyspergualin, which has earlier been proposed to interact with EEVD motif of PfHsp70‐1 hinders the physical interaction between these cationic residues of PfENR and Hsp70‐1. Hence, we propose that in the transport competent state of NEAT proteins some specific positively charged amino acids in the transit peptide interact with PfHsp70‐1, and this interaction is essential for apicoplast targeting.
Etcetera
Authors: Sinick Daniel 
Published: January 2012

Integrating the Desegregated School by Mark Chesler, Carl Jorgensen, and Phyllis Erenberg.Evaluation in the Inner City edited by Thomas J. Fitzgibbon.Group Processes: An Introduction to Group Dynamics by Joseph Luft.New Voices in EducationReport of the Commission on Tests: I. Righting the BalanceThe Guide to Simulation Games for Education and Training by David W. Zuckerman and Robert E. Horn.Basic Studies on Reading edited by Harry Levin and Joanna P. Williams.Compensatory Education: A National Debate edited by Jerome Hellmuth.
Engineering Aptitudes
Authors: Bingham Walter V. 
Published: January 2012

In these days when a student's cumulative record card ordinarily contains, in addition to his school marks, his scores in various tests, it is surely important to him that his counselor should know whether these scores mean anything, and if so, what.This article and the one which follows are taken from the manuscript of a forthcoming volume on Aptitudes and Aptitude Tests prepared for the National Occupational Conference. The first part of the book treats of the questions a person brings to his vocational counselor and the procedures used in helping him to ascertain his bent, and against this background portrays the nature of aptitude, the principles governing the selection and administration of tests, and the meaning of the measures they yield. Several chapters are then devoted to aptitudes for special fields of employment: manual occupations, clerical occupations, business, and the professions. Finally, selected tests are described in sufficient detail to facilitate their proper use. The author is conservative, maintaining that even the best tests help a counselor to raise questions more often than to answer them; but he does hold—to quote from the introductory chapter—that “the day has gone by when a counselor's responsibilities could be fully met without any reference whatever to the records of a person's behavior in the carefully standardized situations called tests.”
Duration and cessation of antimicrobial treatment
Authors: File Thomas M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractShortening the duration of antimicrobial therapy is an important strategy for optimizing patient care and reducing the spread of antimicrobial resistance. It is best used in the context of an overall approach to infection management that includes a focus on selecting the right initial drug and dosing regimen for empiric therapy, and de‐escalation to a more narrowly focused drug regimen (or termination) based on subsequent culture results and clinical data. In addition to reducing resistance, other potential benefits of shorter antimicrobial courses include lowered antimicrobial costs, reduced risk of superinfections (including Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea), reduced risk of antimicrobial‐related organ toxicity, and improved drug compliance. There have been relatively few randomized clinical trials that study the optimal treatment durations for such serious infections as pneumonia (community‐ and healthcare/hospital‐acquired), complicated intra‐abdominal infection, and catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI). Nonetheless, a growing number of studies have explored the possibilities of reducing the duration of antimicrobial therapy for at least certain patients with these infections, under certain circumstances. Professional organizations have compiled these data and used them to develop clinical practice guidelines to aid clinicians in choosing optimal treatment durations for individual patients. Many patients with hospital‐acquired pneumonia, ventilator‐associated pneumonia, or healthcare‐associated pneumonia can be treated for 7‐8 days, while 4‐7 days and 14‐day treatment durations may suffice for many patients with complicated intra‐abdominal infections and uncomplicated CRBSI, respectively. This article first provides a general background on the rationale and data supporting shortened courses of antimicrobial therapy, before using 3 case studies to explore the practical implications of current knowledge and treatment guidelines when making decisions about treatment duration for individual patients with healthcare‐associated pneumonia, complicated intra‐abdominal infection, and CRBSI. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;7:S22–S33. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Verifying a temporal disaggregation method for generating daily precipitation of potentially non‐stationary climate change for site‐specific impact assessment
Authors: Zhang X‐C 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEmpirical statistical downscaling has been widely used to produce finer‐resolution climate data. This approach, in general, is derived from an implicit stationarity assumption. This paper aims at proving a statistical method that is fully applicable of generating daily precipitation in non‐stationary conditions using historical station data. Daily records at five Oklahoma stations were split into calibration and validation periods. Linear relationships between transition probabilities of wet‐following‐wet (Pw/w) and wet‐following‐dry (Pw/d) days and mean monthly precipitation were established by connecting the two endpoints (one for the 30 driest months and another for the 30 wettest months of the calibration period) for each calendar month, and were then used to interpolate Pw/w and Pw/d for the validation period. The mean and standard deviation of daily precipitation were estimated using the mean and standard deviation of monthly precipitation of the validation periods as well as the interpolated Pw/w and Pw/d. The adjusted parameters were used to generate daily series using a weather generator. Statistics of the disaggregated daily precipitation amounts and frequency, as well as dry/wet spell sequence, agreed with those of the observed values of the validation periods reasonably well. The disaggregation method preserved statistics of monthly precipitation amounts extremely well, demonstrating the validity of the method for temporal disaggregation of non‐stationary climate. The accuracy of the presented method is within the weather generator's expected performance. Overall, a straight line connecting the two endpoints, implicitly incorporating non‐stationarity of climate states, is adequate for interpolating Pw/w and Pw/d to any climatic conditions within the entire range. However, a linear regression including data points in between would generally improve the Pw/w and Pw/d interpolations slightly if long records (e.g. > 60 years) are available for estimating the intermediate points. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Improving ENSO prediction in a hybrid coupled model with an embedded entrainment temperature parameterisation
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Zhou Guang‐Qing , Zhang Rong‐Hua , Sun Zhaobo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractImproving El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forecast remains a great challenge in the climate‐predicting community. Previously, an improved solution to sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly simulations in the tropical Pacific was obtained by explicitly embedding into an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) a separate SST anomaly submodel with an empirical parameterisation for the temperature of subsurface water entrained into the ocean mixed layer (Te). In the present work, the benefit of the approach is explored and demonstrated in terms of ENSO prediction. A hybrid coupled ocean‐atmosphere model (HCM) is utilized to perform two retrospective ENSO forecasts, differing in the way SST anomaly fields are taken for their coupling to the atmosphere, one directly from the OGCM (referred to as a standard coupling, HCMstd), and another from the embedded SST anomaly submodel with optimized Te parameterisation (referred to as an embedded coupling, HCMembed). The results indicate that ENSO forecasts can be effectively improved using the embedded approach; the predicted Niño‐3.4 SST anomaly correlation is higher by 0.1–0.2 at a 12‐month lead time in the HCMembed than in the HCMstd, and the corresponding root‐mean‐square (RMS) error is lower by 0.1–0.2 °C. Further improvements and applications are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Preparation, characterization and application of a new 25,27‐bis‐[2‐(5‐methylthiadiazole)thioethoxyl]‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐para‐tert‐butyl calix[4]arene stationary phase for HPLC
Authors: Hu Kai , Liu Junwei , Tang Chao , Wang Caijuan , Yu Ajuan , Wen Fuyong , Zhao Wenjie , Ye Baoxian , Wu Yangjie , Zhang Shusheng 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new para‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene column containing thiadiazole functional groups was prepared and used for the separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, aromatic amines, benzoic acid and its derivatives by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effect of organic modifier content in the mobile phase on retention and selectivity of these compounds were investigated. The results indicate that the stationary phase behaves like reversed‐phase packing. However, hydrogen bonding, π–π and inclusion interactions seem to be involved in the separation process. The column has been successfully employed for the analysis of clenbuterol in pork and pig casing; the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation for this method by HPLC‐UV detection was 0.03 and 0.097 μg/mL, respectively; the method is demonstrated to be suitable and a competitive alternative analytical method for the determination of clenbuterol.
Pesticide analysis in toasted barley and chickpea flours
Authors: González‐Curbelo Miguel Á. , Dionis‐Delgado Samara , Asensio‐Ramos María , Hernández‐Borges Javier 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAnalytical potentiality of a modified version of the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method has been studied and validated for the extraction of a group of 11 pesticides (ethoprophos, cadusafos, dimethoate, terbufos, disulfoton, chlorpyrifos‐methyl, fenitrothion, pirimiphos‐methyl, malathion, chlorpyrifos and fensulfothion) and some of their metabolites (malaoxon, disulfoton sulfoxide, terbufos sulfone and disulfoton sulfone) in toasted barley and chickpea flours. The method involves separation and quantification by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen phosphorus detection (NPD) using triphenylphosphate as the internal standard. Matrix‐matched calibration was carried out for both flours due to the existence of a matrix effect. Linearity, recovery, precision and accuracy studies of the proposed QuEChERS‐GC‐NPD method were evaluated in each sample matrix. Mean recovery values were in the range of 73–118% with relative standard deviation values below 10%. Limits of detection of the whole method were between 0.07 and 57.39 μg/kg. The method was finally applied for the analysis of 14 samples collected in different zones of the Tenerife island. The residues of pirimiphos‐methyl were found in 13 of them, confirming its unequivocal presence by mass spectrometry.
An in vivo histopathological comparison of single and double pulsed modes of a fractionated CO2 laser
Authors: Oni Georgette , Robbins Daniel , Bailey Steven , Brown Spencer A. , Kenkel Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntroductionStudies examining the histopathological changes that occur in human skin following fractional laser treatment have been performed mainly in animals or abdominal tissue prior to abdominoplasty. This study looks at the effect of double pulse fractional CO2 laser compared to single pulse treatments to assess differences in tissue injury in the face and abdomen.MethodsTwelve healthy subjects randomized into two groups, had two 1 cm2 areas (infraumbilical and forehead) treated with the fractional CO2 laser (Deep Fx, Lumenis). Settings used were 15 mJ double pulse, and 30 mJ single pulse, 300 Hz, 10% density and compared to the historic control of 15 patients treated at 15 mJ single pulse [Bailey et al. (2011), Lasers Surg Med 43: 99–107]. Treated sites were biopsied and analyzed with H&E and TUNEL staining to measure width and depth of the microthermal zones (MTZ) of ablation.ResultsWhen comparing 15 mJ double pulse to single pulse there were significant differences both in depth (abdominal skin, P = 0.002 and facial skin, P = 0.001) and width (facial skin, P = 0.0002) of MTZ. When comparing double pulsing at 15 mJ with single pulsing at 30 mJ there were significant differences between MTZ depths in the abdomen (P < 0.01) but not in either the MTZ depth (P = 0.69) or the width in the face (P = 0.502).DiscussionThis study demonstrates the differences between histopathological laser injury patterns in the face compared to the abdomen when single pulsing is used. It also demonstrates that double pulsing at 15 mJ is statistically similar to single pulsing at 30 mJ in the face. We think this could have ramifications for clinical practice where by double pulsing at lower energies may result in better clinical outcomes than increasing energies or using multiple passes at single pulse. Clinical studies needs to be performed to investigate this further. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:4–10, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined two‐photon luminescence microscopy and OCT for macrophage detection in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit aorta using plasmonic gold nanorose
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Mancuso J. Jacob , Kazmi S.M. Shams , Dwelle Jordan , Sapozhnikova Veronika , Willsey Brian , Ma Li L. , Qiu Jinze , Li Xiankai , Dunn Andrew K. , Johnston Keith P. , Feldman Marc D. , Milner Thomas E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe macrophage is an important early cellular marker related to risk of future rupture of atherosclerotic plaques. Two‐channel two‐photon luminescence (TPL) microscopy combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to detect, and further characterize the distribution of aorta‐based macrophages using plasmonic gold nanorose as an imaging contrast agent.Study Design/Materials and MethodsNanorose uptake by macrophages was identified by TPL microscopy in macrophage cell culture. Ex vivo aorta segments (8 × 8 × 2 mm3) rich in macrophages from a rabbit model of aorta inflammation were imaged by TPL microscopy in combination with OCT. Aorta histological sections (5 µm in thickness) were also imaged by TPL microscopy.ResultsMerged two‐channel TPL images showed the lateral and depth distribution of nanorose‐loaded macrophages (confirmed by RAM‐11 stain) and other aorta components (e.g., elastin fiber and lipid droplet), suggesting that nanorose‐loaded macrophages are diffusively distributed and mostly detected superficially within 20 µm from the luminal surface of the aorta. Moreover, OCT images depicted detailed surface structure of the diseased aorta.ConclusionsResults suggest that TPL microscopy combined with OCT can simultaneously reveal macrophage distribution with respect to aorta surface structure, which has the potential to detect vulnerable plaques and monitor plaque‐based macrophages overtime during cardiovascular interventions. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:49–59, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mortality associated with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Kalpoe Jayant S. , Sonnenberg Edith , Factor Stephanie H. , del Rio Martin Juan , Schiano Thomas , Patel Gopi , Huprikar Shirish 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Resistant bacterial infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality after liver transplantation (LT). This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating the outcomes associated with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections after LT. In a 2005-2006 cohort of 175 consecutive LT recipients, 91 infection episodes were observed in 61 patients (35%). The mortality rate 1 year after LT was 18% (32/175). Enterococcus (43%) and Klebsiella species (37%) were the most frequently isolated bacteria. CRKP infections occurred in 14 patients, and 10 of these patients (71%) died. Seven of these deaths occurred within 30 days of the CRKP infection. The median time to the onset of CRKP infections was 12 days (range = 1-126 days) after LT. The survival rate was significantly lower for patients with a CRKP infection versus patients without a CRKP infection (29% versus 86%, log-rank P < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, the only pre-LT and post-LT clinical variables significantly associated with death were a Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score ≥ 30 (hazard ratio = 3.4, P = 0.04) and a post-LT CRKP infection (hazard ratio = 4.9, P = 0.007). In conclusion, the outcomes associated with CRKP infections in LT recipients are poor. Because the optimal treatment strategies for CRKP infections remain undefined, improved preventive strategies are needed to curtail the devastating impact of CRKP in LT recipients. Liver Transpl 18:468–474, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Reverse mathematics and infinite traceable graphs
Authors: Cholak Peter , Galvin David , Solomon Reed 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe analyze three applications of Ramsey’s Theorem for 4‐tuples to infinite traceable graphs and finitely generated infinite lattices using the tools of reverse mathematics. The applications in graph theory are shown to be equivalent to Ramsey’s Theorem while the application in lattice theory is shown to be provable in the weaker system RCA0.
Indestructibility, measurability, and degrees of supercompactness
Authors: Apter Arthur W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSuppose that κ is indestructibly supercompact and there is a measurable cardinal λ > κ. It then follows that A1 = {δ < κ∣δ is measurable, δ is not a limit of measurable cardinals, and δ is not δ+ supercompact} is unbounded in κ. If in addition λ is 2λ supercompact, then A2 = {δ < κ∣δ is measurable, δ is not a limit of measurable cardinals, and δ is δ+ supercompact} is unbounded in κ as well. The large cardinal hypotheses on λ are necessary, as we further demonstrate by constructing via forcing two distinct models in which either \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$A_1 = \varnothing$\end{document} or \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$A_2 = \varnothing$\end{document}. In each of these models, there is an indestructibly supercompact cardinal κ, and a restricted large cardinal structure above κ. If we weaken the indestructibility requirement on κ to indestructibility under partial orderings which are both κ‐directed closed and (κ+, ∞)‐distributive, then it is possible to construct a model containing a supercompact cardinal κ witnessing this degree of indestructibility in which every measurable cardinal δ < κ is (at least) δ+ supercompact.
Basic parameters of articulatory movements and acoustics in individuals with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Walsh Bridget , Smith Anne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIt has long been recognized that lesions of the basal ganglia frequently result in dysarthria, in part because many individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) have impaired speech. Earlier studies of speech production in PD using perceptual, acoustic, and/or kinematic analyses have yielded mixed findings about the characteristics of articulatory movements underlying hypokinetic dysarthria associated with PD: in some cases reporting reduced articulatory output, and in other instances revealing orofacial movement parameters within the normal range. The central aim of this experiment was to address these inconsistencies by providing an integrative description of basic kinematic and acoustic parameters of speech production in individuals with PD. Recordings of lip and jaw movements and acoustic data were collected in 16 individuals with PD and 16 age‐ and sex‐matched neurologically healthy older adults. Our results revealed a downscaling of articulatory dynamics in the individuals with PD, evidenced by decreased amplitude and velocity of lower lip and jaw movements, decreased vocal intensity (dB sound pressure level [SPL]), and reduced second formant (F2) slopes. However, speech rate did not differ between groups. Our finding of an overall downscaling of speech movement and acoustic parameters in some participants with PD provides support for speech therapies directed at increasing speech effort in individuals with PD. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society