bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation of Regulatory Powers When Contracts Are Incomplete
Authors: BARTOLINI DAVID 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe investment of a regulated firm affects the service/good provided on many dimensions. Should an integrated regulator take care of them all? Or is it better to have separate regulators responsible for them? We analyze the effect of the separation of regulatory powers on the regulated firm's ex ante incentive to invest in a “cooperative” innovation. The effects of the innovation are not verifiable and the cost of investing is sunk, hence, there is a problem of hold‐up. We find that when the innovation produces opposite effects the ex ante firm's incentive to invest is larger in the case of separation than in the case of integrated regulation. We also stress the risk of over‐investment that the separation of regulatory powers may induce. We maintain that along with classical incentive regulation—which mainly provides incentives for the firm to be efficient—the separation of regulatory powers may play a role in providing an incentive for cooperative innovations.
Strategic Consumption Complementarities: Can Price Flexibility Eliminate Inefficiencies and Instability?
Authors: RANDON EMANUELA , SIMMONS PETER 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGenerally, two facts occur with strategic complementarities and fixed prices: (i) the equilibria are multiple and (ii) if the complementarities are strong, the law of demand is violated and the equilibrium is unstable. In this paper, we analyse the effect of price flexibility on these features as well as on market welfare properties. Assuming an exchange economy with H agents consuming two goods with one strategic complement, we show that flexibility of prices may remove both the multiplicity of the equilibria and the instability of behavior when the externalities are strong. Moreover, we find conditions to correct instability when it is caused by perverse wealth effects. When preferences are quasilinear and identical, if the externality is beneficial, any equilibrium is Pareto optimal despite the externality. But if the externality is detrimental, corrections are required.
The Social Value of Cost Information in a Monopolistically Competitive Economy
Authors: SZCZUTKOWSKI ANDREAS 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn economy with monopolistic competition is endowed with an information system that produces a public information signal correlated to uncertain costs of production. Investment in the monopolistic competition sector is determined by consumers' savings under uncertainty. Savings are always lower than their efficient levels in the presented economy. If consumers' preferences exhibit prudence, then an improvement of the underlying information system (in the sense ofBlackwell 1953) leads to a decrease of expected savings. The social value of information may be negative in that case from an ex ante point of view. Better information may strengthen the market failure caused by imperfect competition. Without precautionary saving (negative prudence), the social value of information is always positive.
Effects of the cell type‐specific ablation of the cAMP‐responsive transcription factor in noradrenergic neurons on locus coeruleus firing and withdrawal behavior after chronic exposure to morphine
Authors: Parlato Rosanna , Cruz Hans , Otto Christiane , Murtra Patricia , Parkitna Jan Rodriguez , Martin Miquel , Bura Simona A. , Begus‐Nahrmann Yvonne , Von Bohlen und Halbach Oliver , Maldonado Rafael , Schütz Günther , Lüscher Christian 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 563–573.AbstractRepeated exposure to opiates leads to cellular and molecular changes and behavioral alterations reflecting a state of dependence. In noradrenergic neurons, cyclic AMP (cAMP)‐dependent pathways are activated during opiate withdrawal, but their contribution to the activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons and behavioral manifestations remains controversial. Here, we test whether the cAMP‐dependent transcription factors cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) and cAMP‐responsive element modulator (CREM) in noradrenergic neurons control the cellular markers and the physical signs of morphine withdrawal in mice. Using the Cre/loxP system we ablated theCreb1gene in noradrenergic neurons. To avoid adaptive effects because of compensatory up‐regulation of CREM, we crossed the conditionalCreb1mutant mice with aCrem−/− line. We found that the enhanced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase normally observed during withdrawal was attenuated in CREB/CREM mutants. Moreover, the withdrawal‐associated cellular hyperactivity andc‐fosexpression was blunted. In contrast, naloxone‐precipitated withdrawal signs, such as jumping, paw tremor, tremor and mastication were preserved. We conclude by a specific genetic approach that the withdrawal‐associated hyperexcitability of noradrenergic neurons depends on CREB/CREM activity in these neurons, but does not mediate several behavioral signs of morphine withdrawal.
Regulation of adult neural progenitor cells by Galectin‐1/β1 Integrin interaction
Authors: Sakaguchi Masanori , Imaizumi Yoichi , Shingo Tetsuro , Tada Hirobumi , Hayama Ko , Yamada Osamu , Morishita Tsuyoshi , Kadoya Toshihiko , Uchiyama Noboru , Shimazaki Takuya , Kuno Atsushi , Poirier Françoise , Hirabayashi Jun , Sawamoto Kazunobu , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1516–1524.AbstractNeural stem cells (NSCs) proliferate and generate new neurons in the adult brain. A carbohydrate‐binding protein (lectin), Galectin‐1, is expressed in the NSCs in the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the adult mouse brain. The infusion and knockout of Galectin‐1 in the SEZ results in an increase and decrease, respectively, of NSCs and subsequently born progenitor cells. The molecular mechanism of this effect, however, has been unknown. Previous studies outside the brain suggest that Galectin‐1 binds to a carbohydrate structure of β1 Integrin and modulates cell adhesion. Here, we studied the functional interaction between Galectin‐1 and β1 Integrin in the adult mouse SEZ. β1 Integrin was purified from adult SEZ tissue by binding to a Galectin‐1 affinity column, and this binding depended on Galectin‐1’s carbohydrate‐binding activity. In adult brain sections, Galectin‐1‐binding activity was detected on β1 Integrin‐expressing cells in the SEZ. Furthermore, in the adult SEZ, the simultaneous infusion of a β1 Integrin‐neutralizing antibody with Galectin‐1 protein reversed the increasing effect of Galectin‐1 on the number of adult neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Finally, intact β1 Integrin was required for Galectin‐1’s function in NPC adhesion in vitro. These results suggest that the interaction between β1 Integrin and Galectin‐1 plays an important role in regulating the number of adult NPCs through mechanisms including cell adhesion.
Neurochemical properties of enkephalinergic neurons in lumbar spinal dorsal horn revealed by preproenkephalin–green fluorescent protein transgenic mice
Authors: Huang Jing , Chen Jing , Wang Wei , Wang Wen , Koshimizu Yoshinori , Wei Yan‐Yan , Kaneko Takeshi , Li Yun‐Qing , Wu Sheng‐Xi 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1555–1564.AbstractEnkephalin (ENK) has been implicated in nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord while its functional role is not clear because of difficulties in ideally visualizing ENKergic neurons. We thus developed preproenkephalin–green fluorescent protein transgenic mice to better identify ENKergic neurons. Real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) together with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were first employed to confirm the successful transgenic manipulation and its application in showing spinal ENKergic neurons. The proportions of ENKergic neurons in the spinal cord laminae I, II, III and IV–VI among dorsal horn neurons were 15.8 ± 3.1%, 39.5 ± 3.3%, 11.8 ± 1.9% and 10.7 ± 2.1%, respectively. Double labeling with other molecules was then performed to further clarify the neurochemical properties of spinal ENKergic neurons. GABA was found to exist in 42.9 ± 2.8% of ENKergic neurons that were mainly located in lamina I–III. The proportions of parvalbumin‐, calretinin‐, calbindin‐ and neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐positive cells among the ENKergic neurons were 5.2 ± 0.7%, 42.6 ± 2.3%, 25.8 ± 2.2% and 11.1 ± 1.6%, respectively. Compared with previously findings obtained with ENK antibody labeling, this line of newly generated mice can be a reliable tool for the study of specific spinal ENKergic neuronal population.
A central role for RhoA during oligodendroglial maturation in the switch from Netrin‐1‐mediated chemorepulsion to process elaboration
Authors: Rajasekharan Sathyanath , Bin Jenea M. , Antel Jack P. , Kennedy Timothy E. 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 1589–1597.AbstractThe guidance cue netrin‐1 and its receptor Deleted in Colorectal Cancer play distinct roles during different stages of oligodendrocyte development. A gradient of netrin‐1 repels migrating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the embryonic spinal cord by promoting process collapse, but later in development netrin‐1 increases oligodendrocyte process extension and branching. Here we investigate the intracellular mechanism that governs this switch in response to netrin‐1, and focus on the role of the GTPase RhoA and its effector Rho Kinase (ROCK) downstream of netrin‐1 in OPCs and maturing oligodendrocytes. In OPCs, we show that netrin‐1 induces a sustained increase in RhoA activity that requires Deleted in Colorectal Cancer function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that activation of RhoA and ROCK is required for the reduction in OPC process length triggered by netrin‐1, and for the chemorepellent response made by OPCs to netrin‐1. Unlike OPCs, application of netrin‐1 to oligodendrocytes decreases RhoA activity. We demonstrate that inactivation of RhoA is essential for netrin‐1 to increase oligodendrocyte process branching. We conclude that netrin‐1 induces distinct morphological responses in OPCs and oligodendrocytes through differential regulation of RhoA activity.
Survivor Derivatives: A Consistent Pricing Framework
Authors: Dawson Paul , Dowd Kevin , Cairns Andrew J. G. , Blake David 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSurvivorship risk is a significant factor in the provision of retirement income. Survivor derivatives are in their early stages and offer potentially significant welfare benefits to society. This article applies the approach developed by Dowd et al. (2006), Olivier and Jeffery (2004), Smith (2005), and Cairns (2007) to derive a consistent framework for pricing a wide range of linear survivor derivatives, such as forwards, basis swaps, forward swaps, and futures. It then shows how a recent option pricing model set out by Dawson et al. (2009) can be used to price nonlinear survivor derivatives, such as survivor swaptions, caps, floors, and combined option products. It concludes by considering applications of these products to a pension fund that wishes to hedge its survivorship risks.
The U.S. Property and Liability Insurance Industry: Firm Growth, Size, and Age
Authors: Choi Byeongyong Paul 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe relationship between firm size, age, and growth is tested for the U.S. property and liability (P‐L) insurance industry, and the determinants of firm characteristics on firm growth are analyzed. Using Heckman's two‐stage methodology, this article examines the relationship between corporate growth and firm size. The relationship between firm growth and firm age is also investigated. Furthermore, to determine time‐varying effects, the analysis is conducted for the different subperiods. The results of this article strongly support Gibrat's Law in the U.S. P‐L insurance market for the testing periods. The results are consistent for longer time periods and for shorter subperiods. It also finds that young firms grow faster than old firms during the sample periods. Related to the determinants of firm characteristics on firm growth, insurers using less input cost tend to grow fast. Economies of scope are positively related to firm growth as well.
A Game‐Theoretical Interpretation of Guaranteed Renewability in Health Insurance
Authors: Abdus Salam 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA game‐theoretical model is developed here that can explain why the premiums of the health insurance contracts in the individual health insurance market do not vary that much over time, even in absence of any legal restriction on premiums. In this model the insurer and the individuals interact for an infinite number of periods, and the threats of punishments in case of deviations force both the insurer and the individuals to stay on a constant premium path. This model, unlike the other models of guaranteed renewability, does not presume commitment of the insurer.
Feature Article: A Resource‐Based Perspective on Business Strategies of Newly Founded Subsidiaries: The Case of German Pensionsfonds
Authors: Berry‐Stölzle Thomas R. , Altuntas Muhammed 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDiversification by firms into unfamiliar areas of business is achieved either by acquisition of an existing business in the destination industry or a greenfield start‐up. This article focuses on the business strategy of greenfield start‐ups. We theorize and find that firms entering a market by establishing a new subsidiary rely solely on their own preexisting internal resources, making it favorable to align the business strategy of the start‐up with the firm's value‐generating competencies. Our empirical results, which are based on a sample of German Pensionsfonds and their parent companies, are consistent with the view that the business strategy choice of a newly founded subsidiary is substantially directed by the internal resources and competencies of the parent firm.
Educational Insights: A Hybrid Course in Risk Management and Insurance
Authors: Carson James , Cole Cassandra R. , Gatzlaff Kevin , Maroney Patrick F. , McCullough Kathleen A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUniversities and colleges continue to face constraints related to classroom space and faculty time, thus increasing the need to consider options such as hybrid courses that can leverage available resources. This article discusses the benefits of a hybrid course, as well as its design and implementation at a large, public university. In addition, for universities that use the introduction to risk and insurance course as a significant course for attracting majors, we identify the benefits for students from the use of hybrid courses, such as the variety of materials and activities utilized, as well as the flexibility in scheduling. This information may be useful in marketing the course so that it will be immediately attractive to students.
The prognostic value of intraepithelial and stromal CD3‐, CD117‐ and CD138‐positive cells in non‐small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: AL‐SHIBLI KHALID , AL‐SAAD SAMER , ANDERSEN SIGVE , DONNEM TOM , BREMNES ROY M. , BUSUND LILL‐TOVE 
Published: March 2010

Al‐Shibli K, Al‐Saad S, Andersen S, Donnem T, Bremnes RM, Busund L‐T. The prognostic value of intraepithelial and stromal CD3‐, CD117‐ and CD138‐positive cells in non‐small cell lung carcinoma. APMIS 2010; 118: 371–82.The major value of prognostic markers in potentially curable non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) should be to guide therapy after surgical treatment. Although tumor‐infiltrating T lymphocytes and plasma cells have been documented in NSCLC, a clear association with clinical outcome, especially for the stromal component, has not been well established. The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic significance of these cells/markers in the epithelial and stromal compartments of NSCLC. Tissue microarrays from 335 resected, stage I‐IIIA, NSCLC were constructed by duplicate cores from viable neoplastic epithelial and stromal areas. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the infiltration of CD3+, CD117+ as well as CD138+ cells in epithelial and stromal areas. In univariate analyses, increasing numbers of stromal CD3+ (p = 0.001) and epithelial CD3+ cells (p = 0.004) correlated significantly with an improved disease‐specific survival. No such relation was noted with CD3+ or CD117+ cells. In the multivariate analysis, stromal CD3+ cells was an independent prognostic factor for disease‐specific survival (HR 1.925, CI 1.21–3.04, p = 0.005). Increased presence of the pan T‐cell marker, CD3, which is an independent factor, correlates with improved clinical outcome in NSCLC. This prognostic impact of T cells is clearer in the tumor stroma. Neither plasma cells nor mast cells were prognostic indicators in our cohort.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Tolerance to the Foetal Allograft?
Authors: Chaouat Gérard , Petitbarat Marie , Dubanchet Sylvie , Rahmati Mona , Ledée Nathalie 
Published: March 2010

Citation Chaouat G, Petitbarat M, Dubanchet S, Rahmati M, Ledée N. Tolerance to the Foetal Allograft? Am J Reprod Immunol 2010In this review, we will detail the concept of tolerance and its history in reproductive immunology. We will then consider whether it applies to the foetal–maternal relationship and discuss the mechanisms involved in non‐rejection of the foeto‐placental unit.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Immunological Modes of Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Park Joon Cheol , Ahn Hyun Kyong , Kim Joon Woo , Gilman‐Sachs Alice 
Published: March 2010

Citation Kwak‐Kim J, Park JC, Ahn HK, Kim JW, Gilman‐Sachs A. Immunological modes of pregnancy loss. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010During the implantation period, a significant portion of embryos are lost and eventually less than half of clinically established pregnancies end as full‐term pregnancies without obstetrical complications. A significant portion of these pregnancy losses is associated with immune etiologies, including autoimmune and cellular immune abnormalities. Although an autoimmune etiology such as anti‐phospholipid antibodies (APAs) has been reported to induce placental infarct and thrombosis at maternal–fetal interface, APAs induce inflammatory immune responses as well. Inflammatory immune responses, such as increased proportions of NK cells and Th1/Th2 cell ratios in peripheral blood are related to recurrent pregnancy losses and multiple implantation failures. Systemic and local inflammatory immune responses seem to be induced by activation of Toll‐like receptors with infectious agents, fetal cell debris, or gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist, etc. Cellular activation of T and NK cells leads to pro‐inflammatory cytokine storm and consequently, placental infarction and thrombosis. Potential application of anti‐inflammatory therapeutic agents for the prevention of pregnancy losses should be explored further.
Large conformational changes in the Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase β2 subunit upon pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate binding
Authors: Nishio Kazuya , Ogasahara Kyoko , Morimoto Yukio , Tsukihara Tomitake , Lee Soo Jae , Yutani Katsuhide 
Published: March 2010

To understand the basis for the lower activity of the tryptophan synthase β2 subunit in comparison to the α2β2 complex, we determined the crystal structures of apo‐β2 and holo‐β2 from Escherichia coli at 3.0 and 2.9 Å resolutions, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of both β2 subunit structures with and without pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate. The apo‐type molecule retained a dimeric form in solution, as in the case of the holo‐β2 subunit. The subunit structures of both the apo‐β2 and the holo‐β2 forms consisted of two domains, namely the N domain and the C domain. Although there were significant structural differences between the apo‐ and holo‐structures, they could be easily superimposed with a 22° rigid body rotation of the C domain. The pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate‐bound holo‐form had multiple interactions between the two domains and a long loop (residues 260–310), which were missing in the apo‐form. Comparison of the structures of holo‐Ecβ2 and Stβ2 in the α2β2 complex from Salmonella typhimurium (Stα2β2) identified the cause of the lower enzymatic activity of holo‐Ecβ2 in comparison with Stα2β2. The substrate (indole) gate residues, Tyr279 and Phe280, block entry of the substrate into the β2 subunit, although the indole can directly access the active site as a result of a wider cleft between the N and C domains in the holo‐Ecβ2 subunit. In addition, the structure around βAsp305 of the holo‐Ecβ2 subunit was similar to the open state of Stα2β2 with low activity, resulting in lower activity of holo‐Ecβ2.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7712009: Ecβ2 (uniprotkb:P0A879) and Ecβ2 (uniprotkb:P0A879) bind (MI:0407) by x‐ray crystallography (MI:0114)
MINT‐7712032: Ecβ2 (uniprotkb:P0A879) and Ecβ2 (uniprotkb:P0A879) bind (MI:0407) by biophysical (MI:0013)
Ground-based detection of thermal emission from the exoplanet WASP-19b
Authors: Gibson N. P. , Aigrain S. , Pollacco D. L. , Barros S. C. C. , Hebb L. , Hrudková M. , Simpson E. K. , Skillen I. , West R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We present an occultation of the newly discovered hot Jupiter system WASP-19, observed with the High Acuity Wide-field K-band Imager instrument on the VLT, in order to measure thermal emission from the planet's dayside at ∼2μm. The light curve was analysed using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to find the eclipse depth and the central transit time. The transit depth was found to be 0.366 ± 0.072 per cent, corresponding to a brightness temperature of 2540 ± 180 K. This is significantly higher than the calculated (zero-albedo) equilibrium temperature and indicates that the planet shows poor redistribution of heat to the night side, consistent with models of highly irradiated planets. Further observations are needed to confirm the existence of a temperature inversion and possibly molecular emission lines. The central eclipse time was found to be consistent with a circular orbit.
Large pulsar kicks from topological currents
Authors: Charbonneau James , Hoffman Kelsey , Heyl Jeremy 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We show that kicks generated by topological currents may be responsible for the large velocities seen in a number of pulsars. The majority of the kicks builds up within the first second of the star's birth and generates a force about two orders of magnitude larger than a neutrino kick in the same temperature and magnetic field regime. Because of the nature of the topological currents, the star's cooling is not affected until it reaches 109 K; thereafter the current replaces neutrino emission as the dominant cooling process. A requirement for the kick to occur is a suitably thin crust on the star; this leads us to speculate that pulsars with large kicks are quark stars and those with small kicks are neutron stars. If true, this would be an elegant way to distinguish quark stars from neutron stars.