bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IJCM_117A: A study to assess the effectiveness of a health educational program on knowledge regarding prevention of Cervical Cancer among young adult female students of Bhopal.
Authors: Patne Shailendra Kumar , Pilkhwal Rashmi , Rathore Anshita 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Cervical Cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women & causes significant morbidity and mortality. Every year in India, 122844 women are diagnosed with Cervical Cancer & 67447 die from the disease. Vaccinations to prevent HPV infection have been developed. Awareness regarding Cervical Cancer being a Vaccine Preventable Disease among young adult females is low.

Objectives:
To determine the awareness of young adult female students regarding Cervical Cancer, its risk factors, screening method & prevention. To assess the construct connection between old and new knowledge by pre & post-test scores. To recommend a health awareness program regarding Cervical Cancer.

Methodology:
Cross-sectional study of young adult female college students from Commerce, Science and Medical discipline in the city of Bhopal, Sample Size - 387 using Cochran’s formula. A pre-validated, pre-tested, close-ended multiple-choice questionnaire on Socio-Demographic information, Domain I i.e. awareness regarding Cervical Cancer including risk factors and symptoms, Domain II i.e. screening & diagnostic and Domain III i.e. vaccination for Cervical Cancer was filled in digital mode before and after the lecture demonstration.

Results:
The effectiveness of the educational program on most of the components of domain I was found positive but statistically non-significant. In domain II after demonstration, the chi-square test of knowledge on screening technique and diagnostic Pap smear method were found statistically significant and in domain III the chi-square test of knowledge on vaccine for Cervical Cancer was found statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Prevention and screening measures in young adult female college students were found low and nearly half of the study participants are willing to adopt vaccination and screening program. Teachers can be the best resource persons in dissemination of knowledge in schools and colleges.
IJCM_119A: A comparative cross-sectional study of dietary and physical activity pattern in a rural area of Karnataka
Authors: Shenoy Preetham M , Kumar Nanjesh S 
Published: April 2024

Background:
In a country of 1.3 billion people with cultural and lifestyle diversities, several previous attempts have been made to compile the burden of cardiovascular diseases. 3.2 million people die each year due to physical inactivity. Traditionally, studies of diet and CVD risk have focused on individual foods and macronutrients. Yet, food is typically consumed in combination and not in isolation.

Objective:
To compare the dietary pattern and physical activity among 2 different age groups of people in a village of coastal Karnataka.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study conducted in a rural area of coastal Karnataka with sample size of 320 (160 each from 20–30 years & 50–60 years group). The dietary pattern involving daily intake of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and total calories was assessed using the 7-day dietary cycle. Physical activity pattern was assessed using IPAQ study tool. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS; parametric and non-parametric tests were done. p<0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

Results:
20 - 30 years age group had a consumption pattern of daily carbohydrates, proteins and fat intake of 24.11 g%, 10.89 g% & 20.41 g% as compared to 32.96 g%, 13 g% and 29.44 g% respectively in the 50 - 60 years age group. Total calorie intake, daily carbohydrate, protein and fat intake was significantly more in the 20-30 years age group as compared to 50-60 years age group. Gram-percentage consumption of carbohydrates, proteins and fats as part of total calories was significantly lesser as compared to 50-60 years age group. 50.6% of the 20-30 years & 13.8% of the 50-60 years age group were physically inactive.

Conclusion:
The study population followed an unbalanced diet with addition of trans fat and added sugars. Majority were physically inactive and the daily work load has decreased considerably with people spending most of their leisure time by sitting.
IJCM_121A: Assessment of risk of foot ulcer in patients with diabetes according to the risk classification consensus of International Working Group on Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) in Ernakulam District, Kerala; a community based cross sectional study
Authors: George Kelita , George Sobha 
Published: April 2024

Background:
The International Diabetes Federation states that India accounts for 1 in 7 of all adults living with diabetes worldwide. Diabetic foot disease is among the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus as it is a source of major suffering and financial burden for the patient, healthcare professionals and the society in general. The leading cause of lower-limb amputations is diabetes and 40%–85% of these are preventable

Objective:
Assessment of diabetic foot ulcer risk factors according to International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) consensus.

Methodology:
A community based cross-sectional study was done in Ernakulam district involving 600 individuals with diabetes mellitus. The study gathered information on sociodemographic factors, anthropometric details and a detailed foot examination was performed with a IWGDF checklist. The collected data were entered into MS Excel, and the analysis was carried out using SPSS 21.0.

Results:
Mean age of patients in the study was 61.48 yrs±10.24 years.371 patients (61.83%) were females and 229(38.17%) were males.108 patients (18%) had disturbed sense of vibration (128 Hz). 90 patients (15%) had decreased sensitivity to 10-gram monofilaments. Peripheral arterial disease was present in 47 patients (7.83). 20 patients (3.33%) had history of previous ulcer. 11(1.83%) patients had lower extremity amputation. Patients were classified into four risk groups according to IWGDF criteria. Four hundred and fifty-five patients (75.83%) were in group 0, fifty-five patients (9.1%) in group 1, sixty-six patients (11%) in group 2 and twenty-four patients (4%) in group 3 of IWGDF criteria

Conclusion:
Routine foot examination in patients with diabetes as per IWGDF guidelines for each risk category will help in prevention of diabetic foot ulcers.
IJCM_122A: Factors affecting physical inactivity among youth
Authors: Mishra Nikhil Kumar , Jayabalan Meenakshi , Poddar Palak Manoj , Gautham MS , Pradeep BS , Arvind BA 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Non-communicable diseases pose significant public health problem, and prevention efforts are mainly aimed at addressing their risk factors. Unhealthy lifestyle including physical inactivity gets initiated early in life. Hence identifying the factors associated with physical inactivity among youth is essential for developing targeted interventions.

Objectives:
To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with physical inactivity among youth in Kolar district, Karnataka.

Methodology:
The present study is a secondary data analysis of a cross- sectional study undertaken in the Kolar district of Karnataka. Information on various risk factors was collected as part of the Kolar Youth Health Survey. Physical inactivity is defined as any those achieving less than 600 MET minutes of physical activity in the previous week and was assessed using WHO tool GPAQ. Univariate and multivariate logistics regression analysis was undertaken to identify the factors associated with physical inactivity.

Results:
In Kolar, 82.7% of youth had less than recommended level of physical activity (<600 MET minutes per week). Residing in urban area, being female increased the risk of physical inactivity. Individuals involved in occupations like cultivators, agricultural labourer’s and skilled workers had lower risk of physical inactivity. Students too had lower risk. Youth engaged in community volunteering activities had lower risk of physical inactivity. Some of the risk factors or risk conditions like smokeless tobacco use, gambling, anxiety, history of road traffic injury and unintentional injury lowered the risk of physical inactivity.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of physical inactivity is high among youth in the Kolar district. Some of the sociodemographic factors pertaining to youth increases the risk of physical inactivity and these information needs to be utilized for implementing targeted interventions. However, the association between smokeless tobacco use, gambling, anxiety and injury with physical inactivity needs further exploration.
IJCM_124A: A cross sectional study to assess the prevalence, pattern and predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use among non – communicable disease patients in the urban field practise area of a Government Medical College, Bengaluru
Authors: Krishnan Sini R , Thangaraj Selvi , Ranganath T S 
Published: April 2024

Background:
In the current century, a significant challenge is addressing the escalating global burden of Non-Communicable Diseases. Integrating Alternative and Complementary Medicine into the existing healthcare system is a major initiative to combat this issue. Despite increased access to free healthcare facilities, heightened disease awareness, and widespread exposure through electronic and print media, the popularity of unprescribed alternative medicine persists in India.

Objectives:
To assess the Prevalence, Patterns, and Predictors of Complementary and Alternative Medicine use among non-communicable disease patients in the urban field practice area of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study conducted among non-communicable disease patients residing in the urban field practice area of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru. A sample size of 250 was determined based on a pilot study and systematic random sampling used for participant recruitment. Data collection utilized a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data analysed using SPSS 21.0

Results:
Among the 250 participants, 55 (22%) used both Allopathic and Alternative medicines, only 11 (20%) exclusively relying on Alternative systems. Ayurveda was the most utilized alternative medicine 15(27.2%), followed by Sidda 8(14.5%). Statistically significant associations were observed between the usage of Alternative medicine and patients’ religion and education.

Conclusion:
A relatively small percentage of adults exclusively used Alternative systems of medicine in this study. Ayurveda emerged as the predominant alternative medicine, followed by Sidda. The prevalence of alternative medicine was higher among Hindus and participants with education below the primary level. These findings shed light on the complex dynamics of healthcare.
IJCM_126A: Sources of health information among residents of Mangaluru, Karnataka
Authors: Mohanan Ashish , Mithra Prasanna , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Kumar Nithin , Rao Mithun , Sanketh S , Prasad Vikhyath D , Jayalaxmi K R 
Published: April 2024

Background:
By knowing the various sources of health information accessed by the people, it helps different organizations in better targeted delivery for health information.

Methodology:
A cross sectional study was conducted among college going students from non-medical streams and adult in-patients seeking health care in the study hospitals using a semi- structured self-validated questionnaire.

Results:
The demographic details of the student study population consisted of 64.1% females and 35.9% males and that of adult population consisted of 20% females and 80% males. 36% of the adult population had finished high school education while on the other hand students were either graduates (72.8%) or postgraduates (27.2%). Among 41.2% students sought health information to know about the new health issues whereas 66.7% adult population sought health information for their general well-being. Internet is the major source of health information amongst the student population (55.6%) while 58.8% adult population sought health information from television. 9.8% adult population used journals to seek health information. 22.6% of students sought health information when they were ill on the other hand it was 5.9% among the adult population. In the Internet, 55% students accessed health information through social network and various search engines and 83.3% adult population accessed search engines. Family physician was the most trusted source of health information among both students(54%) and adult population(76.5%).

Conclusion:
Among the participants, most of the active seekers were students whose main source of health information was from the internet. Majority of the participants said family Physicians are the most trusted source of health- related information.
IJCM_127A: A comparative study of knowledge and perception among school going adolescents regarding various food habits and prevalence of overweight and obesity in government and private schools in Mangalore
Authors: Jain Rishabh , Rajesh Major SM , Renganathan Gayathri 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Adolescence, 10-19 years is a vulnerable age where eating behaviours are inculcated. Adult health and size are determined by the adolescents dietary habits. The poor health & diet choices by adolescents is a result of lack of knowledge about Glycemic Index, Trans Fats, etc. Thus, educating them at this mouldable age is important.

Objectives:
1) To study the knowledge and its retention among adolescents of 8th-12th standard after interactive education about food habits and lifestyle changes. 2) To identify the prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school students in various private and government schools.

Methodology:
An intervention study was conducted in 441 adolescents of 8th- 12th standard in government and private schools. In first interaction BMI and questionnaire on awareness, perception and practise on diet was filled by participants and educational material on same was shared and their knowledge retention was assessed after 2 months and the results were compared between government and private schools.

Results:
In terms of age, the majority of subjects fall into the 14-year-old category (37.3%), and 15-year-old (33.2%). In terms of class, the largest proportion is in 9th and 10th class (36.4%). Gender distribution shows majority of females (57.5%). Father’s educational status reveals a significant percentage of graduates (48.4%), while mothers have a high school education (59.3%). Majority follow a non-vegetarian diet (64.3%) and reside in urban areas (54.8%). Lastly, the distribution of BMI categories indicates that a significant portion falls within the normal range (48.2%), with rest as overweight (30.2%), obese (20.7%), and underweight (0.9%). Mean scores of pre and post intervention were compared and statistically significant difference (p=<0.001) was noted.

Conclusion:
Adolescents are at higher risk of overweight and obesity. Nutritional education reinforcement in this period has significant impact on reduction of Non-Communicable Diseases. Knowledge intervention in this study had similar result.
IJCM_128A: Understanding the Breast Cancer Knowledge, Screening practises and Needs among the women in rural South India: A Community-based mixed method study.
Authors: Vinothkumar G , Saravanan V , Dorthy V 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cancer in India among women accounting for 13.5% of all cancer cases. One of the leading causes of high breast cancer deaths is poor awareness about risk factors, symptoms and screening leading to the late presentation at an advanced stage.

Objectives:
1. To understand the knowledge of breast cancer symptoms and risk factors, perceptions and practises of breast cancer screening. 2. To do a need assessment of the people in the community regarding screening of breast cancer.

Methodology:
A community-based mixed method study was conducted at Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu and primary data was collected from 401 women aged 18-60 years. Structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data to assess the knowledge of breast cancer. The need assessment on screening was done by Focus group discussions (FGD). Mean, median, proportions and chi-square test were used to analyse quantitative data and thematic content analysis for qualitative data.

Results:
The study found that 71.3% of the women were aware of breast cancer. The women who were aware of breast cancer considered lump in breast (78.3%), pain in one breast (66%) as the common symptoms. Women who were aware of breast cancer reported early menarche (16.8%), late menopause (15.4%), nulliparity (20%) and family history of cancer (49%) as the risk factors of breast cancer. 65% of the women were aware of at least one of the methods of breast cancer screening. More awareness programs, organising screening camps in the village, reducing the cost of screening tests were some of the needs addressed during the FGD.

Conclusion:
Knowledge of symptoms, risk factors and screening practises of breast cancer were low which necessitates the enhancement of knowledge on breast cancer to reduce the burden in the community.
IJCM_13A: Effect of video based educational intervention in Gestational diabetic mothers on breast feeding self efficacy: a Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Mallya Shreya Y , Rao Suchetha S 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Women with Gestational diabetes mellitus face a lot of challenges when it comes to breast feeding. Breast feeding self efficacy is an important factor for improving breast feeding outcomes.

Objectives:
To know the effect of educational intervention on breast feeding efficacy in immediate postpartum period among women with gestational diabetic mellitus using breast feeding self-efficacy scale short form (BSES-SF).

Methodology:
A randomized control trial was conducted between May 2022 to August 2023 in a tertiary care hospital in Mangalore. Ethics committee approval was obtained. Clinical trial registry was done (CTRI/2023/03/051176). 108 women with Gestational diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this study. Study participants were divided into control and intervention group. Intervention group were shown an informative video on breast feeding practices and techniques while both the groups were educated using flipcharts on essential newborn care. Breast feeding efficacy was scored in both the groups at admission, after intervention within 48 hours puerperium using breast feeding self-efficacy scale short form (BSES-SF) and results were analyzed.

Results:
The mean age group of the study was 30.15 ± 5.12. The demographic details in both the groups were comparable. The mean BSES-SF scores were 45.13 pre-intervention vs 55.15 post-intervention in the intervention group (p = <0.001) while mean BSES-SF scores were 44.60 pre-intervention vs 47.53 post-intervention in control group (p = <0.001).

Conclusion:
Video based educational intervention had a positive impact on breast feeding efficacy in women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
IJCM_130A: Self-care practices and its determinants among type 2 diabetics- A cross sectional study
Authors: Sathiabalan M , Saranya R 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Self-care practices that include self-monitoring of blood sugar level, diet management, physical exercise, adherence to medications, and foot care are the cornerstones of diabetes management.

Objective:
To assess the self-care practices and factors associated with it among type 2 diabetics

Methodology:
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among the 150 known diabetics in a urban PHC between July 2023 and September 2023. Self-care practices among the registered diabetes patients were described in seven domains as recommended by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE). Risk factors were identified using univariate, followed by multivariate logistic regression. The risk for poor self-care score was expressed in odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI)

Results:
The mean age of the participants was 57 years (SD: 9.5 years). The self-care was prominent in diet modification, physical activity, and physical activity components. The median self-care score of the participants was 14 (IQR = 12.5 to 15.5). Out of 150 diabetic patients studied, about 48 (32%) participants have good self-care scores, 96 (64%) participants have moderate self-care scores and only 6 (4%) participants have poor self- care scores.

Conclusion:
Our study emphasized on the need for knowledge and awareness to be provided in urban areas regarding diabetes care management and self- care practices. Structured programs need to be planned to improve the attitude and practices of diabetic patients to promote better compliance towards diet, exercise, adherence to drugs, and appropriate foot care.
IJCM_131A: Assessment of health related quality of life among type 2 Diabetics patients - A cross sectional study
Authors: Amrita NS 
Published: April 2024

Background:
The impact of diabetes on a patient can be measured by traditional methods, like biochemical, morbidity and mortality although attention has recently been given to measuring health-related quality of life (HRQOL). HRQOL is important to assess the impact of the disease from the patient’s perspective. Hence, HRQOL can be defined as the subjective assessment of the impact of disease and its treatment across the physical, psychological and social domains of functioning and well-being.

Objectives:
1. To assess the Health - related quality of life of patients with type- II diabetics.2. To study the associated factors affecting the quality of life of diabetic patients.

Methodology:
A cross sectional study was conducted in the rural field practice area of Sapthagiri Institute of medical sciences and research centre. Data was collected using a predesigned, pre-validated questionnaire. Data was collected by conducting house to house survey. Informed consent was taken. Data collected was entered in MS excel and analysis was done using SPSS. Frequency and percentages was used for categorized variables. Mean and standard deviation was used for continuous data.

Results:
A total of 100 diabetics were surveyed. Among them 56 were females and remaining were males. Overall patients with Type II diabetes have a negative impact on their quality of life with or without complications. It also shows that diabetes affects various domains such as physical functioning, emotional well-being, social functioning, economical status, and general health in a patient’s life, thereby affecting the QoL.

Conclusion:
It is recommended for patients to have an adequate and strict glycemic control enabling them to maintain their quality of life, preventing disease progression and diabetic complications.