bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assigning glucose or galactose as the primary glycosidic sugar in 3‐O‐mono‐, di‐ and triglycosides of kaempferol using negative ion electrospray and serial mass spectrometry
Authors: Kite Geoffrey C. , Veitch Nigel C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractKaempferol 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐galactopyranoside and higher glycosides of these two flavonoids with α‐rhamnose at C‐2 and/or C‐6 of the primary sugar were studied by negative ion electrospray ionisation and serial mass spectrometry in a three‐dimensional (3D) ion trap mass spectrometer. Kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)‐β‐glucopyranoside could be distinguished from their respective galactose analogues by differences in the ratio of the radical aglycone ion [Y0 – H]•− to the rearrangement aglycone ion Y following MS/MS of the deprotonated molecules. Kaempferol 3‐O‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)‐β‐glucopyranoside and kaempferol 3‐O‐α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)[α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]‐β‐glucopyranoside could be distinguished from their respective galactose analogues by differences in the product ion spectra of the [(M – H) – rhamnose]− ion following serial mass spectrometry. In the triglycoside, it was deduced that this ion resulted from the loss of the rhamnose substituted at 2‐OH of the primary sugar by observing that MS/MS of deprotonated kaempferol 3‐O‐β‐glucopyranosyl(1→2)[α‐rhamnopyranosyl(1→6)]‐β‐glucopyranoside showed the loss of glucose and not rhamnose. Thus the class of sugar (hexose, deoxyhexose, pentose) at C‐2 and C‐6 of the primary sugar can be determined. These observations aid the assignment of kaempferol 3‐O‐glycosides, having glucose or galactose as the primary glycosidic sugar, in LC/MS analyses of plant extracts, and this can be done with reference to only a few standards. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Laser desorption ionization of red phosphorus clusters and their use for mass calibration in time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Sládková Kateřina , Houška Jan , Havel Josef 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPhosphorus clusters Pn (n = 1–89) are easily formed from red phosphorus by laser desorption ionization (LDI) and they cover a range of up to approx. m/z 3000 in both positive and negative ion mode. The clusters are singly charged and the spectra are simple because phosphorus is monoisotopic. The mass spectra can be measured with an acceptable resolution and intensity. The use of positively charged Pn clusters for calibration in mass spectrometry was examined and it was demonstrated that in external calibration a standard deviation of ±0.04 m/z units can be achieved even when using a common commercial matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) instrument. When used as internal standards the Pn clusters react with some analytes – C60 and C70 fullerenes and cucurbituril[8], for example. It was also found that red phosphorus is a suitable MALDI matrix for peptides and proteins, illustrated by the examples of a Calmix mixture of bradykinin, angiotensin, renin, adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH fragment 18‐359 and insulin, and of insulin alone. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing for stakeholders, stakeholder utility functions, and competitive advantage
Authors: Harrison Jeffrey S. , Bosse Douglas A. , Phillips Robert A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA firm that manages for stakeholders allocates more resources to satisfy the needs and demands of its legitimate stakeholders than would be necessary to simply retain their willful participation in the firm's productive activities. We explain why this sort of behavior unlocks additional potential for value creation, as well as the conditions that either facilitate or disrupt the value‐creation process. Firms that manage for stakeholders develop trusting relationships with them based on principles of distributional, procedural, and interactional justice. Under these conditions, stakeholders are more likely to share nuanced information regarding their utility functions, thereby increasing the ability of the firm to allocate its resources to areas that will best satisfy them (thus increasing demand for business transactions with the firm). In addition, this information can spur innovation, as well as allow the firm to deal better with changes in the environment. Competitive advantages stemming from a managing‐for‐stakeholders approach are argued to be sustainable because they are associated with path dependence and causal ambiguity. These explanations provide a strong rationale for including stakeholder theory in the discussion of firm competitiveness and performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells in a Microfluidic Chip-Generated Cytokine Gradient
Authors: Park Joong Yull , Kim Suel-Kee , Woo Dong-Hun , Lee Eun-Joong , Kim Jong-Hoon , Lee Sang-Hoon 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In early embryonic development, spatial gradients of diffusible signaling molecules play important roles in controlling differentiation of cell types or arrays in diverse tissues. Thus, the concentration of exogenous cytokines or growth factors at any given time is crucial to the formation of an enriched population of a desired cell type from primitive stem cells in vitro. Microfluidic technology has proven very useful in the creation of cell-friendly microenvironments. Such techniques are, however, currently limited to a few cell types. Improved versatility is required if these systems are to become practically applicable to stem cells showing various plasticity ranges. Here, we built a microfluidic platform in which cells can be exposed to stable concentration gradients of various signaling molecules for more than a week with only minimal handling and no external power source. To maintain stability of the gradient concentration, the osmotic pumping performance was optimized by balancing the capillary action and hydraulic pressure in the inlet reagent reservoirs. We cultured an enriched population of neural progenitors derived from human embryonic stem cells in our microfluidic chamber for 8 days under continuous cytokine gradients (sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor 8, and bone morphogenetic protein 4). Neural progenitors successfully differentiated into neurons, generating a complex neural network. The average numbers of both neuronal cell body clusters and neurite bundles were directly proportional to sonic hedgehog concentrations in the gradient chip. The system was shown to be useful for both basic and translational research, with straightforward mechanisms and operational schemes.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Transcriptional Activation by the Mixl1 Homeodomain Protein in Differentiating Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Zhang Hailan , Fraser Stuart T. , Papazoglu Cristian , Hoatlin Maureen E. , Baron Margaret H. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Members of the Mix/Bix family of paired class homeobox genes play important roles in the development of vertebrate mesoderm and endoderm. The single Mix/Bix family member identified in the mouse, Mix-like 1 (Mixl1), is required for mesendoderm patterning during gastrulation and promotes mesoderm formation and hematopoiesis in embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived embryoid bodies. Despite its crucial functions the transcriptional activity and targets of Mixl1 have not been well described. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of Mixl1-mediated transcriptional regulation, we have characterized the DNA-binding specificity and transcriptional properties of this homeodomain protein in differentiating ESCs. Mixl1 binds preferentially as a dimer to an 11-base pair (bp) Mixl1 binding sequence (MBS) that contains two inverted repeats separated by a 3-bp spacer. The MBS mediates transcriptional activation by Mixl1 in both NIH 3T3 cells and in a new application of an inducible ESC differentiation system. Consistent with our previous observation that early induction of Mixl1 expression in ESCs results in premature activation of Goosecoid (Gsc), we have found that Mixl1 occupies two variant MBSs within and activates transcription from the Gsc promoter in vitro and in vivo. These results strongly suggest that Gsc is a direct target gene of Mixl1 during embryogenesis.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Clone- and Gene-Specific Aberrations of Parental Imprinting in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Pick Marjorie , Stelzer Yonatan , Bar-Nur Ori , Mayshar Yoav , Eden Amir , Benvenisty Nissim 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon whereby genes are expressed in a monoallelic manner, which is inherited either maternally or paternally. Expression of imprinted genes has been examined in human embryonic stem (ES) cells, and the cells show a substantial degree of genomic imprinting stability. Recently, human somatic cells were reprogrammed to a pluripotent state using various defined factors. These induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are thought to have a great potential for studying genetic diseases and to be a source of patient-specific stem cells. Thus, studying the expression of imprinted genes in these cells is important. We examined the allelic expression of various imprinted genes in several iPS cell lines and found polymorphisms in four genes. After analyzing parent-specific expression of these genes, we observed overall normal monoallelic expression in the iPS cell lines. However, we found biallelic expression of the H19 gene in one iPS cell line and biallelic expression of the KCNQ10T1 gene in another iPS cell line. We further analyzed the DNA methylation levels of the promoter region of the H19 gene and found that the cell line that showed biallelic expression had undergone extensive DNA demethylation. Additionally we studied the imprinting gene expression pattern of multiple human iPS cell lines via DNA microarray analyses and divided the pattern of expression into three groups: (a) genes that showed significantly stable levels of expression in iPS cells, (b) genes that showed a substantial degree of variability in expression in both human ES and iPS cells, and (c) genes that showed aberrant expression levels in some human iPS cell lines, as compared with human ES cells. In general, iPS cells have a rather stable expression of their imprinted genes. However, we found a significant number of cell lines with abnormal expression of imprinted genes, and thus we believe that imprinted genes should be examined for each cell line if it is to be used for studying genetic diseases or for the purpose of regenerative medicine.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Teaching for understanding of science in context: Evidence from the pilot trials of the Twenty First Century Science courses
Authors: Ratcliffe Mary , Millar Robin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe framework developed for the PISA 2006 science survey starts from everyday contexts in which citizens encounter scientific issues and knowledge claims. Recent curriculum changes in England, making possible the introduction of courses for 15‐ to 16‐year olds with an explicit “scientific literacy” emphasis, are based on a very similar analysis, identifying knowledge about science itself as a key element of knowledge, alongside scientific knowledge of the natural world. The pilot trials and implementation of such courses provide an unrivalled opportunity to study the nature and extent of the challenge facing policymakers, curriculum developers, and teachers in re‐focusing secondary science on the learning needs of the citizen. This article examines the extent to which teachers recognized and were able in their practice to implement teaching of “ideas about science” (IaS), by looking at teachers' views and practices during the pilot trials of the Twenty First Century Science courses in England. Using classroom observations and teacher interviews, the practice in 8 schools was followed in depth over two years, supplemented by questionnaire survey to all 78 schools piloting Twenty First Century Science. Contemporary contexts were emphasized in the curriculum resources and welcomed by pupils and teachers. Teachers' perceptions and actions indicated that science content knowledge continued to dominate over knowledge about science, despite the curriculum emphasis on teaching the latter strand in the context of current socio‐scientific issues. Dealing with contemporary contexts and IaS posed pedagogic problems for many teachers, even when professional support was available. Only after at least one full cycle of teaching the course had some of the teachers begun to modify their practice to address knowledge about science and contexts of application more effectively. The study suggests that teachers' practices can be changed, but that this takes time and requires considerable support from teaching materials and other forms of professional development that encourage reflection on practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 945–959, 2009
Structure, Microstructure, Composition and Properties of Lanthanum Lithium Titanates and some Substituted Analogues
Authors: García‐Martín Susana , Amador Ulises , Morata‐Orrantia Ainhoa , Rodríguez‐Carvajal Juan , Alario‐Franco Miguel Ángel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe very high value of ionic conductivity at room temperature reported for La0.51Li0.34TiO2.94 some years ago did originate a great deal of interest in the study of materials of general formula La2/3–xLi3xTiO3 (LaLiTiO) and related systems. These oxides have shown to be potential solid electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries, but other aspects, apart from the conducting properties, such as their dielectric behaviour and crystal structure, have been the main focus of important studies in the area of inorganic solid‐state chemistry. LaLiTiO‐related compounds have the perovskite‐type structure (ABO3) with A‐cation ordering. However, essential details of their crystal structure, as for instance the location of the lithium atoms, are still under discussion and are the subject of current work. We show in this short review of mainly our own work that the complex microstructure of these materials, which has been studied in detail by transmission electron microscopy, is the cause of the difficulties on the precise determination of their crystal structure. We have developed a new approach for crystal structure refinement, which takes into account the microstructural effects, obtaining significantly better results than conventional methods of refinement. The microstructure of these oxides also affects their conducting and dielectric properties. Therefore, different parameters such as composition and microstructure must be considered to understand and, eventually, optimise, as we have done, the conducting properties of LaLiTiO‐related systems.
Ferrocenophanes with Interannular Nitrogen–Gallium Bridges. 1,3,2‐Diazagalla‐[3]Ferrocenophanes and an 1‐Aza‐3‐Azonia‐2‐Gallata‐[3]Ferrocenophane. Synthesis and Structure
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Klimkina Elena V. , Milius Wolfgang 
Published: August 2009

Abstract1,1′‐Bis(trimethylsilylamino)ferrocene reacts with trimethyl‐ and triethylgallium to give the μ‐[ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl‐bis(trimethylsilylamido)]tetraalkyldigallanes. These were converted into the 1,3‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐2‐alkyl‐2‐pyridine‐1,3,2‐diazagalla‐[3]ferrocenophanes, of which the ethyl derivative was characterized by X‐ray structural analysis. Treatment of gallium trichloride with N,N′‐dilithio‐1,1′‐bis(trimethylsilylamino)ferrocene affords μ‐[ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl‐bis(trimethylsilylamido)]tetrachlorodigallane along with bis(trimethylsilyl)‐2,2‐dichloro‐1‐aza‐3‐azonia‐2‐gallata‐[3]ferrocenophane as a side product, and both were structurally characterized by X‐ray analysis. The solution‐state structures of the new gallium compounds and aspects of their molecular dynamics in solution were studied by NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, 29Si NMR).
Synthesis, Structure, and Physical Properties of Calcium and Strontium Complexes with the Ligand Sulfosalicylic Acid
Authors: Wu Gang , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Lin Guo Xue , Yu Li 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTwo isostructural complexes [Ca(hssal)(H2O)2]n (1) and [Sr(hssal)(H2O)2]n (2) (hssal2– = 5‐sulfosalicylate anion) are obtained byusing the ligand 5‐sulfosalicylic acid and alkaline earth metal salts under hydrothermal conditions. Their structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and further characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. Complexes 1 and 2 have a two‐dimensional network structure, in which the CaII and SrII ions have an octacoordinate distorted square antiprismatic arrangement. Each sulfosalicylate anion acts as a μ4‐bridging ligand, whereas the carboxylate group adopts a chelating coordination. Luminescence properties and thermal stabilities of complexes 1 and 2 were investigated.
Reduction of Disilane (tBu3Si)Br2Si‐SiBr2(SitBu3) in Presence of C2H4: A Mechanistic Approach
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Kumar Vasisht Sham , Mayer Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe reduction of R*–SiBr2–SiBr2–R* (2) with NaR* (R* = supersilyl = SitBu3) in presence of C2H4 provides a white crystalline solid (η2‐C2H4)R*Si–SiR*(Br)(CH2–CH2–R*) (3) characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compound 3 is accompanied with an impurity of R*(Br)2Si–Si(Br)(R*)(CH2–CH2–R*) (4). The formation of 3 and 4 runs complicated because of several reactive partners. However, reduction of 2 with sodium naphthalenide in presence of ethene runs straightforward with formation of a mixture of tetrahedrane R*4Si4 (1) and bis(silirane) R*(η2‐C2H4)Si–Si(η2‐C2H4)R* (5). The latter is formed by [1+2]‐cycloaddition reaction of intermediate disilyne R*Si≡SiR* with ethene. Compound 5 has been characterized by X‐ray structure determination. The 1H NMR spectrum of the silacyclopropane ring protons shows AA′BB′ complex spectrum comprising of 2 sets each of 12 transitions.
Profiles of British Muslim identity: Adolescent girls in Birmingham
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi , Street Rebecca Coran 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTBy asking students to fill in 10 statements beginning with ‘I am…’ and a further 10 statements beginning with ‘I am not…’ we constructed profiles of British Muslim ethnic and national identity. Participants were 108 British Muslim girls of mean age 12.6 years studying in a single sex girls' school in Birmingham, UK. Using content analysis we found that some adolescent girls are rooted only in their personal identity. Others are rooted in their social identity. We found a number of major categories: rooted in ethnic identity only, rooted in ethnic identity but differentiating self from other groups, rooted in bicultural identity, rooted in national identity and confused ethnic and national identity. Significantly a number of participants were concerned to transcend group identities and described themselves as ‘not racist’ or ‘not prejudiced’. A model of ethnic and national identity is presented incorporating rootedness, differentiation, confusion and transcendence.
A comparison of anatomical pain sites from a tertiary care sample: Evidence of disconnect between functional and perceived disability specific to lower back pain
Authors: Carleton R.N. , Abrams M.P. , Kachur S.S. , Asmundson G.J.G. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTHeterogeneity has been identified within chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) patient samples; however, investigations have typically focused on psychological constructs or coping (e.g., pain‐related anxiety, catastrophizing) in this regard. Furthermore, studies to date have included either samples presenting with a specific anatomical site (e.g., only lower back pain) or a mix of anatomical sites (e.g., lower back, shoulder, or leg pain) as the primary pain complaint, without making comparisons based on the anatomical site of reported pain. For example, patients with chronic lower back pain (CLBP) may differ from those with chronic upper or lower extremity pain (ULEP) in presentation, recovery trajectory, and psychological variables. The current investigation explored whether systematic differences existed between patients participating in a multidisciplinary reconditioning third‐party‐payer program who have CLBP relative to patients with ULEP. Patients included those with CLBP (n=23; 35% women) or ULEP (e.g., arm, shoulder, leg, knee;n=28; 29% women). The ULEP group began and finished the program with more pain‐related anxiety, more catastrophic thoughts, and more fearful cognitions than the CLBP group. There were no significant correlations between functional deficit and perceived levels of disability or associations between group and return to work status; however, there was an unexpected significant interaction between group and perceived disability. Specifically, CLBP patients reported increasing perceived disability despite improvements in functional deficit, whereas ULEP patients did not. These findings suggest a disconnect between perceived disability and function that may be specific to lower back pain. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Return to Europe e A double — edged sword for notaries? The case of Poland and Hungary
Authors: Shaw Gisela 
Published: August 2009

Using Poland as a case study, the Polish sociologist Piotr Sztompka has demonstrated most persuasively the significance of trust (and distrust) as a key to the analysis and understanding of socio-political and socio-cultural developments in Central Europe in the transition to democracy. Sztompka’s study ends upbeat with a brief glance at the situation in the late 1990s. Had the book been written a decade later, it would have revealed that the path ahead has remained rocky. Public trust in governments, politicians and public institutions generally has remained a scarce commodity.
It is against this background that the restoration of an independent civil law notariat, as an integral part of the ‘return to Europe’ project, has occurred in Poland, and, mutatis mutandis, in other Central European countries. However, following a first decade of successful transformation from state employment to liberal profession, notaries in Central Europe now find that it is precisely because they have embraced the status of Western-style liberal professionals that they are coming under attack by both the European Commission and their own national governments. As a result, they have had to embark on a process of reconsideration of their position in order to ensure the profession’s survival. This paper traces and compares developments in Poland and Hungary. As can be expected there is a strong common denominator between them. But equally and more interestingly, there are distinctive national features which now, as ‘bloc history’ recedes, are coming increasingly to the fore.
A developmental model of number representation
Authors: Kucian Karin , Kaufmann Liane 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe delineate a developmental model of number representations. Notably, developmental dyscalculia (DD) is rarely associated with an all-or-none deficit in numerosity processing as would be expected if assuming abstract number representations. Finally, we suggest that the “generalist genes” view might be a plausible – though thus far speculative – explanatory framework for our model of how number representations develop.
Inactivation and adaptation of number neurons
Authors: Mayo J. Patrick 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSingle-neuron recordings may help resolve the issue of abstract number representation in the parietal lobes. Two manipulations in particular – reversible inactivation and adaptation of apparent numerosity – could provide important insights into the causal influence of “numeron” activity. Taken together, these tests can significantly advance our understanding of number processing in the brain.