bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chimaeric monoclonal antibodies encoded by the human VH26 gene from naïve transgenic mice display a wide range of antigen‐binding specificities
Authors: HARMER I. J. , MAGEED R. A. , KAMINSKI A. , CHARLES P. , BRÜGGEMANN M. , MACKWORTH‐YOUNG C. G. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryTo elucidate the molecular basis for the ability of antibodies encoded by the human VH26 heavy‐chain variable region gene to react with diverse antigens, we have generated 34 hybridomas secreting chimaeric monoclonal antibodies (human μ heavy chain/mouse light chains) from transgenic mice. The transgenic mice carry an immunoglobulin minilocus containing the human VH26 gene, human DH and JH gene segments, and genes encoding the human Cμ region. The minilocus in these animals undergoes functional rearrangement resulting in the production of chimaeric antibodies in which human μ heavy chains utilizing the VH26 gene are paired with mouse k or Λ light chains. The hybridomas described in this study were generated from naïve animals and were selected solely on the basis of human μ‐chain expression. The antibodies described have covalently attached mouse light chains and are multimeric in structure. The binding properties of the antibodies were examined using a panel of both self‐ and foreign antigens using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, agglutination or radio‐immunoprecipitation assays and immunofluorescence. Chimaeric immunoglobulins from 21 of the 34 hybridoma clones (61·7%) reacted with one or more antigens, of which 13 (38·2%) reacted with more than two antigens. These studies demonstrate that the VH26 gene, in combination with human DH and JH gene segments, and mouse light‐chain genes, is able to encode antibodies with a wide range of ligand‐binding specificities. These findings have important implications in the context of the possible origins of autoantibodies encoded by VH26 which may play a role in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune conditions.
Recognition of CD52 allelic gene products by CAMPATH‐1H antibodies
Authors: HALE C. , BARTHOLOMEW M. , TAYLOR V. , STABLES J. , TOPLEY P. , TITE J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryCloning of the CD52 from a B‐lymphocyte tumour cDNA library revealed two closely related sequences differing only at two amino acids C‐terminal to the proposed point of glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐linkage. When transfected into CHO cells only one of these sequences gave high‐level expression of the antigen recognized by the prototypic anti‐CD52 antibody CAMPATH‐1 whereas in JURKAT cells good expression levels were obtained with both sequences. Fusion of the sequence from the second sequence to DNA encoding the extracellular domain of CD4 indicated that this sequence was capable of directing GPI linkage. The possible implications for the function of CD52 and serotherapy with anti‐CD52 antibodies are discussed.
Immunogenicity of peptides coupled with multiple T‐cell epitopes of a surface protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: SENPUKU H. , IIZIMA T. , YAMAGUCHI Y. , NAGATA S. , UENO Y. , SAITO M. , HANADA N. , NISIZAWA T. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryA surface protein antigen (PAc) of Streptococcus mutans, in particular the A‐region of the molecule, has been noted as a possible target of effective dental caries vaccine. We have previously shown that two peptides of 19 amino acids (residues 361–379, NAKATYEAALKQYEADLAA, and residues 301–319, ANAANEADYQAKLTAYQTE), which correspond to parts of the A‐region, contain both T‐ and B‐cell epitopes for the induction of cross‐reacting antibodies to the PAc. In this study, for development of an appropriate antigen as a peptide vaccine for use in prophylactic dentistry, we analysed in detail the localization of the T‐ and B‐cell epitopes of PAc(361–379) peptide and the T‐cell epitope of PAc(301–319) peptide in B10 congenic mice. In four murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes (H‐2f, d, a and k), PAc(361–377) peptide showed T‐ and B‐cell epitopes forming a cluster. It was found that the antibody which was induced by the immunization with the peptide was strongly cross‐reactive with recombinant (r)PAc. Meanwhile, PAc(305–318) peptide, recognised by five strains of mice of different MHC haplotypes (H‐2f, d, a, k and s), also bore multiple T‐cell epitopes. PAc(361–377) peptide coupled to PAc(305–318) significantly elevated cross‐reacting antibody levels compared to immunization with PAc(361–377) only in four H‐2 haplotypes. Moreover, a peptide with PAc(305–318) coupled to the N‐terminal region of PAc(361–377) produced significant cross‐reacting antibody against rPAc, even in B10.S mice which had not responded to immunization with PAc(361–379) peptide. Therefore, it was suggested that coupling among the peptides forming a cluster might be effective in increasing immunogenicity. These results may provide us with a useful strategy for the design of peptide‐based vaccines for S. mutans in the future.
Properties of mouse CD40: differential expression of CD40 epitopes on dendritic cells and epithelial cells
Authors: VAN DEN BERG T. K. , HASBOLD J. , DE LAVALETTE C. RENARDEL , DÖPP E. A. , DIJKSTRA C. D. , KLAUS G. G. B. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryIn this study we describe the tissue distribution of mouse CD40 using two monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against different epitopes of the molecule. In lymphoid tissues CD40 was expressed by B lymphocytes. Most B cells in typical B‐cell compartments were CD40‐positive, including germinal centre B cells. Interestingly, the two CD40 epitopes were differentially distributed on subpopulations of dendritic cells and epithelial cells. The 3/23 mAb, but not 3/3, recognized interdigitating dendritic cells (IDC) in lymph nodes, spleen and thymus. Langerhans cells were CD40 negative. In contrast, epithelial cells in the thymus and some other tissues (e.g. skin) were stained with the 3/3 mAb, but not with the 3/23 mAb. The expression of CD40 on dendritic cells and epithelial cells is in agreement with earlier findings in humans. Our data also demonstrate that different epitopes of CD40 are differentially expressed on dendritic cells and epithelial cells. This suggests the existence of different forms of CD40, that are expressed in a cell‐type‐specific fashion.
Transfer of type II collagen‐induced arthritis from DBA/1 to severe combined immunodeficiency mice can be prevented by blockade of Mac‐1
Authors: TAYLOR P. C. , CHU C. Q. , PLATER‐ZYBERK C. , MAINI R. N. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryCollagen‐induced arthritis in susceptible mice is widely accepted as an experimental model for human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have investigated the role of the Mac‐1 integrin β2 in the development and maintenance of arthritis by means of in vivo administration of 5C6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to block this receptor. Injection of a single dose of 5C6 mAb (0·5 mg, intraperitoneally) prior to the expected onset of collagen‐induced arthritis in DBA/1 mice diminished the severity of subsequent disease in these animals, as assessed both clinically and histologically (P < 0·01, X2). In the DBA/1 to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) transfer model of arthritis, the incidence of clinical arthritis was significantly reduced in SCID mice receiving maintained 5C6 treatment commencing the day prior to administration of donor splenocytes. Histological evaluation of joints from animals without clinically evident arthritis confirmed the absence of an inflammatory infiltrate in 22/27 joints examined. In a minority of these joints, however, synovial hyperplasia was apparent. In contrast, delaying antibody administration until 10 days after donor spleen cell transfer failed to protect three of five SCID recipients. These results confirm a functional role for Mac‐1 in the generation of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice. Since mAb 5C6 is non‐cytotoxic, its action must be by blockade of the interactions between Mac‐1 and its natural ligand(s). Our findings support the hypothesis that cells expressing Mac‐1 play an important role in the induction and maintenance of joint damage in collagen‐induced arthritis.
Drying kinetics and effective moisture diffusivity of bamboo shoot slices undergoing microwave drying
Authors: Bal Lalit M. , Kar Abhijit , Satya Santosh , Naik Satya N. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryEffect of microwave power on moisture content, moisture ratio, drying rate, drying time and effective moisture diffusivity (Deff) of bamboo shoot was investigated using microwave drying. To study the effect of microwave power on drying, bamboo shoot samples (250 g) were dried at different power levels ranging from 140 to 350 W. To determine the kinetic parameters, drying data were fitted to various models based on the ratios of differences between initial and final moisture contents and equilibrium moisture content. Among the models proposed, Wang and Singh model gave a better fit for all drying conditions used. By increasing microwave output power, the Deff values increased from 4.153 × 10−10 to 22.835 × 10−10 m2 s−1. A third‐order polynomial relationship was found to correlate the Deff with moisture content. Further scope of this research work would include the effect of certain factors (shrinkage, case hardening, distortion of product and shape of bamboo shoot samples as an infinite slab) of practical significance to improve the model.
A comparative study of inactivation of peach polyphenol oxidase and carrot polyphenol oxidase induced by high‐pressure carbon dioxide
Authors: Zhang Yan , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhou Linyan , Liao Xiaojun 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in peach juice and PPO in carrot juice was investigated by high‐pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD), and their inactivation kinetics was analysed and compared. The temperature was 35–55 °C, the pressure was 5–15 MPa under HPCD condition. Results showed that HPCD enhanced the inactivation effect of the temperature on the two PPOs. The inactivation kinetics of peach PPO was well fitted to a first‐order kinetic model, of carrot PPO to a fraction‐conversion model as a function of temperatures or pressures. Susceptibility of the rate constant k of peach PPO was not altered and of carrot PPO was lessened to the temperature, but the susceptibility of the rate constant k of peach PPO and carrot PPO to the pressure was not changed when the pressure was >8 or 12 MPa, indicating the presence of a threshold pressure.
Effect of papain‐hydrolysed casein peptides on the fermentation kinetics, microbiological survival and physicochemical properties of yoghurt
Authors: Zhang Qingli , Zhao Mouming , Qu Dujuan , Zhao Haifeng , Zhao Qiangzhong 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine the effect of different molecular mass papain‐hydrolysed casein peptides (PCP) on the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in 1:1 ratio) and on the fermentation kinetics, microbiological survival and physicochemical properties in yoghurt. The fraction of PCP4 (<3 kDa) exhibited the highest growth‐promoting activity on the strains. The value of TpH4.5 (time necessary to reach pH 4.5) of yoghurt fortified with PCP4 reduced from 5.21 to 4.29 h, and the total counts of LAB present in the final products increased from 8.29 to 8.42 log CFU mL−1 with the addition of PCP4 at nitrogen replaced ratio of 3% (w/w). Moreover, the yoghurt exhibited lower postacidification power, higher viscosity and sensory evaluation scores than did the control product during storage period.
The land fauna of Ascension Island: new data from caves and lava flows, and a reconstruction of the prehistoric ecosystem
Authors: Ashmole N. Philip , Ashmole Myrtle J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Terrestrial arthropods were investigated in 1990 and 1995 on Ascension, a young and extremely isolated volcanic island in the equatorial Atlantic. Three new genera (of Araneae, Oribatida and Psocoptera) were discovered and the number of apparently endemic species was increased from fourteen to about twenty‐nine. Some 311 species of land animals (a few now extinct) are known to have established themselves on the island; in a few groups there may be significant numbers of unrecorded species. About ninety‐five endemic and non‐endemic species are considered to be native (including two marine turtles, twelve seabirds and two extinct landbirds); seventy‐eight are of doubtful status; and at least 138 were probably introduced by humans. Natural colonists arrived mainly by air (drifting with the wind during migratory movements) but some evidently travelled on floating objects or attached to birds or other animals. Natural colonization was almost entirely from Africa.Before the arrival of humans, Ascension had an early successional ecosystem. The fauna in the lava and cinder deserts of the lowlands—both on the surface and in subterranean cracks and caves—was dominated by taxonomically varied scavengers and mainly arachnid predators. The scattered angiosperms here and in the foothills supported some host‐specific herbivores with associated predators; they were also exploited (especially after exceptional rains) by a number of Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera derived from migratory African populations and perhaps reinforced at intervals by additional groups of colonists. The more extensive and largely cryptogamic vegetation on the central peak had a poor fauna probably composed mainly of micro‐arthropods. Along coasts, on islets and in the extensive seabird colonies there were additional arthropod species and also a flightless rail and a night heron (both now extinct).Invertebrate stocks that colonized Ascension underwent a variety of evolutionary changes including phyletic evolution leading to endemic status, adaptation to subterranean life (Araneae, Pseudoscorpiones, Collembola and Psocoptera), character release (phorid Diptera), and probably splitting of lineages (speciation) within the island (Isopoda, Collembola and gryllid Orthoptera). The relatively high diversity of Pseudoscorpiones (five species in five genera) and their 100% apparent endemicity is notable.The indigenous fauna of Ascension provides a view of an early stage in the processes of colonization, adaptive evolution and radiation which—over much longer periods—give rise to the richer and more distinctive faunas of older oceanic islands such as Ascension's nearest neighbour, St Helena, where a few invertebrate clades have undergone repetitive speciation and some adaptive radiation.
Ecological and biogeographical studies on the tropical rain forest of south Yunnan, SW China with a special reference to its relation with rain forests of tropical Asia
Authors: Zhu H. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Ecological and biogeographic analyses of the tropical rain forest in south Yunnan were made using data from seventeen sample plots and floristic inventories of about 1000 species of seed plants. The rain forest is shown to be a type of true tropical rain forest because it has almost the same profile, physiognomic characteristics, species richness per unit area, numbers of individuals in each tree species and diameter classes of trees as classic lowland tropical rain forests. As the area is at the northern margin of monsoonal tropics, the rain forest differs from equatorial lowland rain forests in having some deciduous trees in the canopy layer, fewer megaphanaerophytes and epiphytes but more species of lianas as well as more species of microphylls. In its floristic composition, about 80% of total families. 94% of total genera and more than 90% of total species are tropical, of which about 38% of genera and 74% of species are tropical Asian. Furthermore, the rain forest has not only almost the same families and genera, but also the same families rank in the top ten both in species richness and in dominance of stems, as lowland forests in southeast Asia. It is indisputable that the flora of the rain forest is part of the tropical Asian flora. However, most of the tropical families and genera have their northern limits in south Yunnan and most have their centre of species diversity in Malesia. More strictly tropical families and genera have relatively lower species richness and importance compared with lowland rain forests in tropical southeast Asia. Thus, the flora also shows characteristics of being at the margin of the tropics.Based mainly on physiognomy and floristic composition the tropical rain forest of Yunnan is classified into two types, i.e. seasonal rain forest and wet seasonal rain forest, the latter is further divided into two subtypes, i.e. mixed rain forest and dipterocarp rain forest.From analysis of geographic elements it is also shown that the tropical rain forest of Yunnan occurs at a geographical nexus with its flora coming mainly from four sources, i.e. Malesia, south Himalayas, Indochina and China.
The effects of various interventions to newborns on pain and duration of crying
Authors: Yilmaz Fatma , Arikan Duygu 
Published: November 2010

Aim and objective.  This study aimed to compare the effects of mother’s milk, sucrose and pacifier use to overcome pain during painful interventions to the newborns on the crying time and pain.Background.  Various non‐pharmacological methods are used to overcome the pain associated with painful interventions with newborns.Design.  A prospective, randomised, controlled study involved 120 newborns in Turkey.Methods.  The population consisted of healthy newborns hospitalised in the gynaecology clinics of Trabzon Delivery and Children’s Diseases hospital between February 2007–January 2008. The newborns who had blood sampling by heel stick were divided into four groups: mother’s milk, sucrose, pacifier and control groups with 30 newborns in each. Data collection was performed using an information form on the newborn characteristics, which was developed by the researchers in the light of literature, clinical IR ear thermometer ET1 for temperature measurement, OXIMAX N‐65 Pulse oxymeter for oxygen saturation and heart rate and neonatal infant pain scale for the measurement of the behavioural responses of newborns.Results.  No differences were determined between the groups for heart rate and oxygen saturation in the newborns during painful interventions (p > 0·05). Sucrose followed by pacifier was the most effective method of reducing the crying time in the newborns.Conclusion.  The results indicate that all three practices reduce the behavioural responses to pain at a higher rate than in the control group.Relevance to clinical practice.  Health care personnel should perform painful interventions to the newborns while the babies are held by their mothers and during the procedure use of sucrose should be the primary choice.
MyD88‐dependent pathway is essential for the innate immunity to Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Authors: ZHANG Q. , FENG X. , NIE W. , GOLENBOCK D. T. , MAYANJA‐KIZZA H. , TZIPORI S. , FENG H. 
Published: November 2010

Summary Enterocytozoon bieneusi is clinically the most significant microsporidian parasite associated with persistent diarrhoea, wasting and cholangitis in 30–50% of individuals with HIV/AIDS, as well as in malnutritional children and in the recipients of immunosuppressive therapy. However, the host immune responses to E. bieneusi have not been investigated until recently because of lack of sources of spores, cell culture system and animal models. In this study, we purified spores from heavily infected human or monkey faeces by serial salt‐Percoll‐sucrose‐iodixanol centrifugation, and the purity of spores was confirmed by FACS and scanning electron microscopy. Exposure of dendritic cells to E. bieneusi spores induced the upregulation of the surface markers and production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The cytokine production was independent of toll‐like receptor 4, but MyD88 dependent, because dendritic cells from MyD88 knockout mice failed to secrete these pro‐inflammatory cytokines, whereas dendritic cells from C3H/HeJ (a toll‐like receptor 4 mutant) were activated by E. bieneusi and secreted these cytokines. Furthermore, MyD88‐deficient mice were susceptible to E. bieneusi infection, in contrast to wild‐type mice that resisted the infection. Collectively, the data demonstrate innate recognition of E. bieneusi by dendritic cells and the importance of MyD88‐dependent signalling in resisting infection in a murine challenge model.
Acclimation to high CO2 in maize is related to water status and dependent on leaf rank
Authors: PRINS ANNEKE , MUKUBI JOSEPHINE MUCHWESI , PELLNY TILL K. , VERRIER PAUL J. , BEYENE GETU , LOPES MARTA SILVA , EMAMI KAVEH , TREUMANN ACHIM , LELARGE‐TROUVERIE CAROLINE , NOCTOR GRAHAM , KUNERT KARL J. , KERCHEV PAVEL , FOYER CHRISTINE H. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe responses of C3 plants to rising atmospheric CO2 levels are considered to be largely dependent on effects exerted through altered photosynthesis. In contrast, the nature of the responses of C4 plants to high CO2 remains controversial because of the absence of CO2‐dependent effects on photosynthesis. In this study, the effects of atmospheric CO2 availability on the transcriptome, proteome and metabolome profiles of two ranks of source leaves in maize (Zea mays L.) were studied in plants grown under ambient CO2 conditions (350 +/− 20 µL L−1 CO2) or with CO2 enrichment (700 +/− 20 µL L−1 CO2). Growth at high CO2 had no effect on photosynthesis, photorespiration, leaf C/N ratios or anthocyanin contents. However, leaf transpiration rates, carbohydrate metabolism and protein carbonyl accumulation were altered at high CO2 in a leaf‐rank specific manner. Although no significant CO2‐dependent changes in the leaf transcriptome were observed, qPCR analysis revealed that the abundance of transcripts encoding a Bowman–Birk protease inhibitor and a serpin were changed by the growth CO2 level in a leaf rank specific manner. Moreover, CO2‐dependent changes in the leaf proteome were most evident in the oldest source leaves. Small changes in water status may be responsible for the observed responses to high CO2, particularly in the older leaf ranks.
The Arabidopsis tt19‐4 mutant differentially accumulates proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin through a 3′ amino acid substitution in glutathione S‐transferase
Authors: LI XIANG , GAO PENG , CUI DEJUN , WU LIMIN , PARKIN ISOBEL , SABERIANFAR REZA , MENASSA RIMA , PAN HONGYU , WESTCOTT NEIL , GRUBER MARGARET Y. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe Arabidopsis transparent testa (tt) mutant tt19‐4 shows reduced seed coat colour, but stains darkly with DMACA and accumulates anthocyanins in aerial tissues. Positional cloning showed that tt19‐4 was allelic to tt19‐1 and has a G‐to‐T mutation in a conserved 3′‐domain in the TT19‐4 gene. Soluble and unextractable seed proanthocyanidins and hydrolysis of unextractable proanthocyanidin differ between wild‐type Col‐4 and both mutants. However, seed quercetins, unextractable proanthocyanidin hydrolysis, and seedling anthocyanin content, and flavonoid gene expression differ between tt19‐1 and tt19‐4. Transformation of tt19‐1 with a TT19‐4 cDNA results in vegetative anthocyanins, whereas TT19‐4 cDNA cannot complement the proanthocyanidin and pale seed coat phenotype of tt19‐1. Both recombinant TT19 and TT19‐4 enzymes are functional GSTs and are localized in the cytosol, but TT19 did not function with wide range of flavonoids and natural products to produce conjugation products. We suggest that the dark seed coat of Arabidopsis is related to soluble proanthocyanidin content and that quercetin holds the key to the function of TT19. In addition, TT19 appears to have a 5′ GSH‐binding domain influencing both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation and a 3′ domain affecting proanthocyanidin accumulation by a single amino acid substitution.