bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Assessment and Fungicide Use on Peanut Seed in the Southwestern United States1
Authors: Smith D. T. , Black M. C. , Grichar W. J. , Jaks A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seed protectant fungicides are an important part of a total pest management program of peanut and may reduce the use of other pesticides later in the growing season. A survey of peanut shellers was conducted to determine the amount of fungicide use and the important factors used in selecting particular fungicides for treating seed in the Southwestern United States. All peanut seed planted in Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico was treated with one or more fungicides and totaled 19,000 kg of five active ingredients applied on 12 million kg of seed. Captan was the leading active ingredient and made up 49% of all fungicide use. Shellers were the sole decision makers in selecting seed treatment fungicides and cited fungicide effectiveness and assurance of a good crop stand as the major factors in selecting a commercial product. Fungicide treatments made up 4% of the total cost of planting seed, for an average cost of $6.75/ha. A case study on the impact of seed treatments was conducted using 12 yr of field performance data in an economic assessment. Peanut yields were 36% higher when captan-treated compared with using untreated seed. In an economic assessment, net returns above variable costs were $331/ha higher when fungicide-treated seed was planted, compared to untreated seed. The case study showed that seed treatments provided positive economic returns in 10 out of the 12 yr and losses would result in 7 out of 12 yr if untreated seed were planted. Many of the present seed treatment fungicides will be reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and require re-registration under the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.
Genotypic Variation in Roasted Peanut Flavor Quality Across 60 Years of Breeding1
Authors: Isleib T. G. , Pattee H. E. , Gorbet D. W. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In developing new peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding lines and cultivars, the breeder's primary focus is upon those heritable characteristics with direct, measurable effects. Flavor quality characteristics are heritable but do not have a directly measurable economic value, so they are often overlooked. Failure to monitor and evaluate flavor quality may lead to serious defects in new breeding lines and cultivars. Flavor quality data on lines developed since 1930 were examined to identify trends in flavor quality of the cultivars and breeding populations in the virginia, runner, and fastigiate market types. Virginia-type cultivars have trended toward poorer roasted peanut flavor (reduced intensity of the roasted peanut and sweet attributes and increased intensity of the bitter attribute). Use of the commercially successful cultivars Florigiant and NC 7 in the ancestry of new breeding lines appears to have reduced the flavor quality. Runner-type cultivars increased slightly in average sweetness over time, but there has been an increase in the variance of roasted peanut intensity in the breeding population since 1980. Introgression of disease-resistant germplasm into the breeding populations appears to have had a detrimental effect on the flavor of lines in the runner and virginia market types. Use of Florunner, a multiline cultivar with a superior flavor profile, as a parent of breeding lines has contributed to generally superior flavor in the runner market type. The gains possibly could have been greater had one of Florunner's better-tasting components been used consistently in crossing programs. The limited sample of fastigiate lines and cultivars in this study showed consistent improvement in the intensities of roasted peanut and bitter attributes. Spanish-type cultivars showed improvement in the sweet attribute.
Survival and Reproductive Success of Tobacco Thrips on Three Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Infected and Noninfected Peanut Cultivars
Authors: Garcia L. E. , Kennedy G. G. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A comparison of the survival and reproductive success of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyviridae: Tospovirus) (TSWV) infected and uninfected peanut plants was conducted under greenhouse conditions in North Carolina. Three cultivars—NC 9, NC-V11, and NC 12C—adapted to North Carolina production practices were evaluated. A total of 180 individually caged plants, in three replicates, were infested with 20 female F. fusca each. Adult and larval thrips were collected after 30 d on the plants. Final counts were square root transformed and a mixed model analysis of variance conducted. Effects of cultivar and the virus-by-cultivar interaction were not statistically significant. TSWV-infected plants had significantly fewer adult and larval F. fusca than did uninfected plants for adults (P = 0.04) and for larvae (P = 0.01). This study reports on an alternative method of assessing TSWV resistance among peanut cultivars and the trend appears to support the conclusions of a previous field study, which found NC 9 more susceptible to TSWV than either NC-V11 or NC 12C.
Use of Azoxystrobin for Disease Control in Texas Peanut
Authors: Grichar W. J. , Besler B. A. , Jaks A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field studies were conducted at 11 locations across south Texas from 1994 to 1997 to determine the activity of azoxystrobin against southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.), Rhizoctonia pod rot (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn), early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori) and late leaf spot [Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton]. Azoxystrobin at 0.22 to 0.45 kg/ha applied twice provided control of stem rot, Rhizoctonia pod rot, and leaf spot comparable to tebuconazole at 0.2 kg/ha applied four times. Peanut yield increases were evident with all fungicide treatments over the untreated check.
Seeding Rate, Irrigation, and Cultivar Effects on Tomato Spotted Wilt, Rust, and Southern Blight Diseases of Peanut1
Authors: Black M. C. , Tewolde H. , Fernandez C. J. , Schubert A. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus has been the cause of an important peanut disease in southwestern Texas since the mid-1980s. Following observations of elevated disease incidence associated with poor stands, high seeding rates were recommended to reduce risks of spotted wilt. The primary objective of this study was to determine the relationship of spotted wilt incidence to seeding rate and irrigation. Whether the management of rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.) and southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) would be affected by seeding rate and irrigation was a secondary objective. Two runner peanut cultivars, GK-7 and Southern Runner, were planted in 1992 and 1993 in single rows with a precision planter at 8, 12, and 22 seeds m−2 and irrigated with amounts ranging from a season total of 0 to 760 mm. Spotted wilt (30.5-cm-loci with symptoms) at digging differed significantly for GK-7 and Southern Runner in 1992 (29 vs. 20%) and 1993 (23 vs. 16%). The seeding rate of either cultivar did not significantly affect spotted wilt in either year. Spotted wilt increased as irrigation increased to a peak of 535 mm total water in 1992 and 587 mm in 1993, and decreased slightly at higher irrigation levels. Rust was significantly affected by seeding rate only in 1992, with lowest rust ratings at 8 seeds m−2. GK-7 had significantly higher rust ratings than Southern Runner in 1992 and 1993. Southern blight in 1993 was lowest with below-optimum irrigation. Reduced seeding rate in irrigated peanut production did not increase risk of spotted wilt under conditions of this study and may have potential to enhance management efforts for rust and southern blight.
Grading High Moisture Farmer Stock Peanut Lots1
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Lamb M. C. , Butts C. L. , Whitaker T. B. , Williams E. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Farmers in the U.S. are required to market peanuts as identity preserved lots with less than or equal to 10.49% moisture content (MC) wet basis. A comparison of peanut grades, weights, and values at moisture contents above (Hmc) and below (Lmc) 10.49% was conducted at 16 buying points during crop year 1998 and at 22 points in 1999. Buying points were located in all three U.S. peanut-producing areas both years. Randomly selected Hmc lots of runner-, spanish-, and virgina-type peanuts were weighed and unofficially graded by Federal State Inspection Serv. personnel with standard procedures. Lots were cured to MC ≤ 10.49% and graded officially for farmer marketing. Data from both years were combined for analysis. Both Hmc and Lmc grades were conducted on 543, 62, and 81 runner-, spanish-, and virginia-type lots, respectively. Moisture contents for runner type averaged 16.3% at Hmc grading and 8.7% at Lmc grading; for spanish type, 15.8 and 8.7%; and for virginia type, 17.0 and 9.1%. Only 3.8% of all lots evaluated had Hmc moisture contents greater than 25%. Equations were derived that predicted Lmc grade factors, lot weights (LW) and lot values (LV) from measured Hmc factors by peanut type. Equations to estimate Lmc LW and LV for runner-type peanuts had correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.997, respectively. Correlation coefficients for spanish type Lmc LW and LV were 0.998 and 0.995 and for virginia type 0.996 and 0.993, respectively. Derived equations for Lmc grade factors, LW, and LV may offer an alternative modification in U.S. peanut grading and farmer marketing allowing an increase in the maximum MC at grading.
Response of Peanut Cultivars to Full and Reduced Spray Programs of Tebuconazole for Control of Southern Stem Rot1
Authors: Besler B. A. , Grichar W. J. , Smith O. D. , Jaks A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Eleven commercially grown peanut cultivars were evaluated for disease and yield response to two and four applications of tebuconazole under moderate disease pressure (&lt; 12 hits/12.2 m) by southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii). The incidence of southern stem rot was reduced in all cultivars when treated with two and four sprays of tebuconazole. Tamrun 96 and Southwest Runner had the lowest disease incidence. Cultivars responded with higher yields when sprayed with two and four applications of tebuconazole compared to the unsprayed plots. Peanut grade (SMK + SS) was not affected by tebuconazole. Georgia Runner and Tamrun 96 produced the highest grade while Southwest Runner was the lowest.
Effects of Overweight Samples and Rounding of Grade Percentages on Peanut Grades and Prices
Authors: Pebe Diaz E. F. , Brorsen B. W. , Anderson K. B. , Kenkel P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two possible sources of error in measuring grade factors and prices with the current peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grading procedure are rounding of grade factors and taking overweight samples. Rounding did not affect average grade factors or prices. Instead, rounding introduced noise, increased the probability of regrading, and provided an incentive for taking overweight samples. Taking overweight samples resulted in higher producer prices. A 1% increase in the sample weight resulted in a 1% increase in the producer price. A policy implication is that USDA should round to tenths rather than whole percentages.
Consumer Acceptance of American Peanut Products by Bulgarian Consumers
Authors: Paraskova P. , Jordanov J. , Resurreccion A. V. A. , Moon W. , Florkowski W. J. , Chinnan M. S. , Beuchat L. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A 1997 nationwide survey in Bulgaria revealed a high demand for roasted peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and peanut products. The study reported here was conducted to determine the level of acceptance by Bulgarian consumers of three American cultivars of roasted peanuts and to identify the type of commercial peanut butter preferred using sensory affective tests. Consumers (N = 601) participated in central location tests at an international fair in Plovdiv, Bulgaria in May 1999 to evaluate roasted peanuts (spanish type, cv. Georgia Green, and cv. Flavorunner) and three types of commercial American peanut butter [very low sodium (creamy), regular creamy, and extra crunchy]. Each consumer was interviewed and asked to evaluate these products by pointing at a printed 9-point hedonic scale (1 = dislike extremely, 9 = like extremely). Most (98.7%) of the participants were Bulgarian. Ages ranged from 18 to 50 yr (79.9%) or older (20.1%); 53.7% were females. The mean overall acceptance rating for roasted Flavorunner peanuts (6.9, like slightly) was significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that for Georgia Green (6.1, like slightly), which was significantly higher than for Spanish type (5.6, neither like nor dislike). Mean overall acceptance of extra crunchy peanut butter was higher (6.7, like slightly; P ≤ 0.05) than acceptance of regular creamy (6.4, like slightly) and very low sodium (5.4, neither like nor dislike) types. Consumers rated the overall acceptance of regular creamy peanut butter higher (P ≤ 0.05) than that of very low sodium creamy peanut butter. Results of the survey indicate good potential for sale of Georgia Green and Flavorunner roasted peanuts and extra crunchy and regular creamy peanut butter in Bulgaria.
Use of Plant Introductions in Peanut Cultivar Development
Authors: Isleib T. G.. , Holbrook C. C. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The genetic base of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the U.S.A. has at times been extremely narrow, particularly in specific production areas where a single cultivar may be grown in near-monoculture. Because peanut is not a native North American species, all U.S. cultivars necessarily trace their ancestry to plant introductions (PIs), but most of the genetic base of current cultivars rests on selections from farmer-stock peanuts of obscure origin. The objectives of this study were to (a) summarize and document the use of introduced genetic resources in cultivar development and (b) estimate the resulting economic impact. Different PIs were used as parents in early breeding programs. B.B. Higgins used Gambian line Basse as a parent of the GA 207 cross that gave rise to selections used in Georgia, Florida, and North Carolina as the basis for further improvement. PI 121067 was one of seven parents used by W.C. Gregory to initiate the program in North Carolina. A different set of PIs including PI 121070, PI 161317, PI 168661, and A. monticola Krapov. & Rigoni were used in the Texas and Oklahoma programs. Recycling of lines as parents and exchange of germplasm among breeding programs proliferated these PIs in the pedigrees of cultivars released since 1960. Over the past 20 yr, there have been concerted efforts to incorporate additional germplasm into U.S. breeding populations, usually with the purpose of improving resistance to diseases or pests, but also with the objective of broadening the genetic base. These efforts have had a significant economic impact on U.S. peanut farmers, the largest from the development of cultivars with resistance to Sclerotinia blight (Sclerotinia minor Jagger), root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), and tomato spotted wilt virus. Use of these resistant cultivars has an economic impact of more than $200 million annually for U.S. peanut producers. In the runner and virginia market types, the average PI ancestry of all cultivars was 17.9%. There are several examples of successful cultivars with up to 25% ancestry from a single PI, including Georgia Green and NC-V11. In the spanish market type, most successful cultivars have derived 50% or more of their ancestry from PIs. Several recent or impending releases incorporate PI germplasm but have not yet been proven in the U.S. seed market.
Use of Wild Arachis Species/Introgression of Genes into A. hypogaea L.
Authors: Simpson C. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The use of wild Arachis L. in cultivar improvement programs has been considered an option for more than 50 yr. Both A. Krapovickas and W.C. Gregory, independently, made interspecific hybridizations in the 1940s. However, only three cultivars have been released as a result of interspecific hybridizations, and only one of those has a clearly identifiable genetic component from the wild species. Several breeding lines have been reported and several germplasm releases are documented from Texas, North Carolina, and ICRISAT. At least four potential options exist for transferring genes from wild Arachis to the cultigen: a) The hexaploid pathway consists of crossing a diploid wild species directly with A. hypogaea, doubling the chromosome number to the hexaploid level, then backcrossing for several generations to restore the tetraploid condition. Several options are possible in this pathway involving various crossing schemes prior to crossing a diploid hybrid with A. hypogaea. North Carolina and ICRISAT have had success with this pathway. b) The diploid/tetraploid pathway has been the most successful in Texas to date. This pathway involves crossing diploid species (two to several), doubling the chromosome number of the hybrid, then crossing to A. hypogaea and backcrossing with selection for the desired character. This pathway is most successful when both A-and B-genome species are involved. Germplasm lines and a cultivar have been released in Texas using this pathway. c) Another diploid/tetraploid pathway could be to double chromosome numbers of diploid species and cross the amphiploids directly with A. hypogaea. Several attempts have been made with this technique, but no germplasm releases have been reported, in large part because sterility is too great when both A and B genomes are not included in the hybrid. Many of the sections/species of wild Arachis are so greatly isolated from A. hypogaea that plant transformation will be the likely method to introduce genes into the cultigen. d) Molecular methods of “inserting” genes into peanut that have been modestly successful and include use of Agrobacterium spp., electroporation, and direct DNA delivery techniques such as the gene gun, whiskers, and sonication. No releases have resulted.
Molecular Markers of Arachis and Marker-Assisted Selection
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Mozingo L. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Many agronomic traits are difficult to select in Arachis hypogaea L. by conventional selection techniques, and marker-assisted selection offers an additional tool for obtaining improved germplasm lines. Molecular markers allow more efficient selection and offer a mechanism to eliminate undesirable traits associated with hybridizing diverse genotypes. The cultivated peanut has been analyzed by several marker systems, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and SSRs. Variation has been observed among diverse genotypes in approximately 5% of the markers analyzed, but the number is much lower between pairs of A. hypogaea lines. Conversely, a large amount of variation has been observed among Arachis species. Molecular maps have been constructed independently in two laboratories by utilizing Arachis species; however, a map of the cultivated peanut will be very difficult and costly to produce. Studies of advanced-generation inter-specific hybrids have shown that A. cardenasii genes can be incorporatead into most linkage groups of A. hypogaea, indicating that A. hypogaea is not an allotetraploid in the classical sense where chromosomes from donor species are nonhomologous. Other molecular studies have identified A. duranensis and A. ipaensis as likely progenitor species of A. hypogaea. Associations of molecular markers with genes conditioning disease and insect resistances have been detected, and these investigations are beginning to be productive for selecting improved breeding lines and cultivars of peanut.
Variation in Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factor for Peanut
Authors: Misra J. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
For peanut, a factor of 5.46 is used for converting nitrogen concentration into protein concentration because the peanut proteins arachin and conarachin contain 18.31% nitrogen. Using published reports on the amino acid composition of peanut genotypes, the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors (NPCF) for arachin and conarachin, as well as for whole peanut kernel were calculated. The value of NPCF for arachin varied between 5.271 and 5.563 and that for conarachin from 5.076 to 5.496. The location of crop growth may significantly affect the value of NPCF for whole kernels. For the samples of various genotypes grown at various locations, the values of NPCF varied between 5.3 and 5.7. Thus, the protein content obtained by using the conventional factor of 5.46 would have a precision of ± 0.7% for samples having 3.5% N (approx. 18% protein). As the nitrogen content increases, the precision decreases to reach ± 1.1% for samples having 5.5% N (approx. 30% protein). This implies that the protein contents of peanut calculated on the basis of a fixed conversion factor would be significantly different only when they differ by 1.4 to 2.2% in the calculated values. Therefore, use of a fixed NPCF for comparison of concentration of protein in samples emanating from breeding or agronomic trials may be erroneous, especially when samples differ only marginally in their protein concentrations. Research will be required to determine the relationship between the nitrogen concentration of peanut kernel samples and their protein concentration.
Parent Selection in Breeding for Roasted Peanut Flavor Quality1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Isleib T. G. , Gorbet D. W. , Giesbrecht F. G. , Cui Z. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The sensory attributes that make up roasted peanut flavor quality are important traits to evaluate in the development of new cultivars. Recent publications have characterized the variation in sensory attributes in U.S. peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), however, no estimates of the effects of lines as parents in a breeding program have been calculated. Best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) is a method for predicting the breeding value of a parent based on the performance of its relatives. Commonly used in animal and tree breeding, the method is rarely applied in annual crop species. The method was applied to a set of data collected on the three sensory attributes roasted peanut, sweet, and bitter for 250 peanut genotypes evaluated in 53 environments. BLUP solutions computed using different estimates of narrow-sense heri-tability (h2) were highly correlated (r &gt; 0.9), suggesting that precise estimates of h2 are not necessary. Correlations of values predicted by BLUP with observed values were moderate (0.63 &lt; r &lt; 0.71) for individual lines, but strong (0.85 &lt; r &lt; 0.92) for means of crosses. BLUPs of breeding value can be used to predict means of crosses, but segregation within crosses affords additional opportunity for progress from selection. BLUPs of breeding value were superior to midparent values in predicting cross means. The previously reported flavor relationships between the runner and virginia market types were predicted by the breeding values of some commonly used parents. Specific lines with superior breeding values for flavor quality included runner-types Florunner, its components and sibling lines, and high-oleic derivatives of Sunrunner; virginia-types Altika, White's Runner, NC Ac 18457, and X90053; and spanish-type Pearl. Jenkins Jumbo, Florigiant, NC7, and CBR-resistant lines had inferior breeding values for flavor quality.