bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 Individuals, Behavior, and What Lies Between the Two
Authors: Carlston Donal E. , Graziano William G. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of the first section of the book, titled “Behavior and Intra-Individual Processes.” Chapters in this section provide a diverse set of views on the relationship between various individual differences and behaviors. Some of those individual differences—for example, attitudes, emotions and personality—have been central to social psychology for a long time. Some of the described approaches can be traced back a fair number of years as well. Yet, almost without exception, the clarion cry of these chapters is for more sophisticated theoretical treatment or empirical measurement of those individual differences, of behavior, or of the relationship between the two. With such sophistication, it is hoped, the “nature” of individuals’ behavior will become more evident and the need for miracles will diminish.
5 Habit: From Overt Action to Mental Events
Authors: Verplanken Bas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the author makes the case both for the ubiquity of habitual behaviors and for their non-conscious nature. The author discusses a meta-analysis suggesting that past behavior is the dominant predictor of frequently performed behaviors, though intention is the dominant predictor of infrequent behaviors. This discussion helps to delineate some of the boundary conditions for different mediators of behavior covered in this section of this book. The author observes that habitual behaviors tend to be externally cued, formally recognizing that habit cannot be equated solely with past behavioral frequency, as the processes underlying that frequency also matter. Finally, the author discusses relationships among motivation, goals and habits, suggesting that higher-level aspects of behaviors (e.g., goals) can become habitual even when lower-level aspects (execution of the behavior) are not.
21 Nonverbal Behavior in Social Psychology Research: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Hall Judith A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAs the author states at the outset of this chapter, the study of nonverbal communication is noncontroversially the study of social behavior, as nonverbal communication usually involves the expression and interpretation of nonverbal behaviors and subsequent responses to those behaviors. The study of nonverbal communication generally follows one of two main research traditions. The first tradition involves the description of nonverbal behavior, with the research goal of attempting to understand the antecedents, consequences, and sometimes the correlates of that behavior. The second research tradition involves the study of nonverbal communication skills in expression (encoding) and judgment (decoding), with the research goals of being able to differentiate skill levels, and to understand other person and situation correlates of skill level. The author also explores the good, the bad, and the ugly of nonverbal communication research, in an attempt to demonstrate the possibilities and utilities of a focus on actual social behavior.
6 Generics as a Window onto Young Children's Concepts
Authors: Gelman Susan A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is observed that children acquire generic concepts with ease, despite being given ambiguous and insufficient evidence. Although this seems of a piece with general issues that arise in word learning—itself an instance of the classic problem of induction—there are many further peculiarities in the case of generics. Children start using generics between two and three years of age, and this capacity to understand them so early suggests that the input of particular types of generics might be the way that children's concepts and knowledge are shaped. The picture, then, is that children seem to possess kind concepts beforehand that permit the early acquisition of generic noun phrases. A number of ways in which one could investigate this hypothesis are sketched.
5 Government Neutrality and Perfectionism
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Some have argued that liberalism is committed to the principle that the government should remain as neutral as possible toward conceptions of the good life. Some paternalistic prostitution laws, however, are consistent with what is right in this principle. This position is defended by reference to T. M. Scanlon's contractualist theory of morality, and also by reference to Ronald Dworkin's early work on rights. Although some might characterize as “perfectionist” the paternalistic argument for prostitution laws stated in chapter 1, the kind of perfectionism that this argument involves is morally unobjectionable and is consistent with what is right in the idea of government neutrality.
How Should One Read the Early Chapters of Genesis?
Authors: Moberly Walter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In the light of the enormous weight attached to the early chapters of Genesis in the history of biblical interpretation and in debates between science and religion over matters of origins, it is important to ask some basic questions as to the kind of material with which we are dealing. Through consideration of a number of significant examples, this chapter looks for pointers to the genre of the early chapters of Genesis. There is discussion of some of the numerous internal indicators of genre, whose general significance was noticed long before Darwin. Finally, some suggestions are made as to the difference these indicators should, and should not, make to reading Genesis today.
Genesis before Darwin
Authors: Watson Francis 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
It is commonly assumed that "Darwin" represents the triumph of scientific rationality over scripture and superstition—an assumption combining ignorance of history with a philosophically naïve account of "truth." Before the seventeenth century, it was widely accepted that biblical interpretation and natural philosophy should each articulate the truth about the world in its own way, without the unnatural conflation or harmonizing of their respective stories into a single framework. The harmonistic model arose in the context of geological investigation, which initially appealed to the Genesis creation and flood narratives to interpret the fossil record and later sought to adapt the scriptural narratives to the modern geological discovery that the world is much older than previously thought. In all of this, scriptural narrative is removed from its natural habitat and forced to serve interests quite alien to it. The significance of Darwin is that, in developing his distinctive biological theories, he did not seek to coordinate them with scripture—thereby liberating scripture from science, and science from its own misuse of scripture.
What Difference Did Darwin Make?
Authors: Rogerson John 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Darwin's On the Origin of Species made much less of an impact on the interpretation of Genesis than might have been expected. This was largely because geological discoveries and their implications for the age of the world, the antiquity of the human race, and the biblical story of a universal flood preoccupied biblical scholars for much of the nineteenth century, from the 1820s to the end of the century. This chapter illustrates the diversity of the interpretations of Genesis during this period, one in which even the defenders of the accuracy of Genesis against science were by no means agreed on how to handle the biblical material.
Science and Religion in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Landscape Art
Authors: Brown David 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter identifies the impact of Darwin's discoveries on landscape art. Constable, Friedrich, and the Hudson River school are used to illustrate pre-1858 attitudes; Ruskin, Dyce, and van Gogh post-1860. A pessimistic distancing only slowly gives place to new forms of immanence. A concluding section explores art's continuing interaction with science through theosophical ideas in Mondrian, nuclear physics in Dalí, and Kiefer's protests against all forms of dogmatism.
The Plausibility of Creationism
Authors: Guest Mathew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the significance of creationist belief in the contemporary Western world. The history of creationism is traced from the roots of fundamentalist Protestantism, and twentieth- and twenty-first-century sympathy for creationist beliefs is measured via attitudinal survey data from the United Kingdom and the United States. What follows is an analysis of creationism as a sociological phenomenon. Drawing from empirical examples and the work of scholars such as Peter Berger and Nancy Ammerman, the chapter discusses how creationist ideas function within the social contexts in which they are affirmed, debated, and challenged, paying particular attention to how they acquire plausibility among those who hold them. It concludes by arguing that contemporary creationism may be understood as an expression of what Christian Smith calls "engaged orthodoxy," i.e., the evangelical tendency to engage combatively with the challenges of the modern world and to draw strength and cohesion from the resulting sense of conflict.
2 Spinoza's Explicit Prescriptions &#x2028;and the Imagination
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, it is argued that the explicit prescriptions to understand your passions and to remain cognizant of the active affects that oppose passions, which begin Part 5 of the Ethics, are adaptations of Cartesian rules for avoiding cognitive error in sense perception. The chapter offers interpretations of Spinoza's accounts of imagination, representation, inadequacy, confusion, and error. The connection between sense perception and imagination may be found in Spinoza's theory of imagination: both sensory ideas and human passions, on Spinoza's account, are ideas of imagination. So the techniques that apply to the control of sensory ideas will be similar to those that apply to the control of passion.
Epilogue
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. It argues that nature continues to serve as a foundation for American political values, with natural science acting as guide. Key to its modern appeal is an understanding of science as an objective form of knowledge located within the authoritative natural world. The challenge for scientists and citizens alike is to recognize how much of our search for answers in the physical environment is not based on the ability of science to reveal what nature intended but is, rather, a necessary product of human relations in a social environment.
5 The Scope of Ethics: Dialogue with Slote and Murdoch
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDespite the differences between Michael Slote and Iris Murdoch—and between them and the book's Neo-Confucian sources—Slote and Murdoch make excellent conversation partners on the subject of harmony, offering important insights and clarifications, while at the same time they are rewarded with ideas from the Confucian tradition that complement or improve their own views. The key points of dialogue include the following: (1) Drawing on Slote, Confucians can distinguish between particularist and aggregative caring, which solves a long-standing problem about caring for strangers. (2) Drawing on the Confucians, Slote can better-ground his idea of “balanced caring” by recognizing the reverence we should have for what the Neo-Confucians call universal coherence. (3) After a few qualifications, Murdoch can help us (and Slote) to see how reverence for universal coherence can indeed play needed justificatory and motivational roles, but (4) Murdoch's appeal to a transcendent notion of Good needs either serious modification or rejection. Finally, (5) both Slote and Murdoch can learn from the Neo-Confucians about the proper ways in which we should value ourselves.
8 Learning to Look for Harmony
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOne recent trend in contemporary philosophy is thinking about the significance of the ancient practices that Pierre Hadot has labeled “spiritual exercises.” Just as philosophy was a “way of life” for ancient Western thinkers, so was Neo-Confucianism about much more than theories. This chapter explores Neo-Confucian teachings about the practice of ethical development from two perspectives. First, it considers the stages that an individual can go through on the way toward sagehood, including both “lesser learning,” with its central role for ritual, and “greater learning.” Brief attention is paid to relations between Neo-Confucian understanding of stages and those of contemporary psychologists studying moral development like Martin Hoffman and Lawrence Kohlberg. Second, it discusses the particular practices that were recommended by Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, and others. Among the practices the chapter examines, it puts particular focus on those related to “attention,” and especially on the central practice of “reverence.”
Conclusion: The Future of Contemporary Confucianisms
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe conclusion aims to situate the book's arguments in a larger context of contemporary concern with “Confucianism” in various senses. “Confucianism” has been—and may continue to be, or become again—more than a philosophical tradition. It bears complicated relations to Chinese (and broader East Asian) cultural identity and political, religious, and spiritual practices. These are highly contested matters at the present moment, with no likelihood of a simple solution. It is important for philosophers to recognize these complexities, and not to claim to be able to solve every question related to the status of “contemporary Confucianism” simply by looking at texts or making arguments. Still, progress can be made even in these broader debates if we come to see the value of a contemporary Confucian philosophy based in Neo-Confucianism. The chapter also seeks to reply to readers who may be very skeptical about the relevance of Neo-Confucianism's talk of harmony in our present day. Building on an argument made by Liang Shuming a century ago, the book concludes by sketching reasons that even a “possessive individualist” should see, in Neo-Confucianism, both a significant challenge and suggestions of a way forward.
The Deaths of Seneca
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This book traces the cultural history of Seneca's forced suicide at the command of Nero, situating it in the Roman imagination and tracing its interpretations from the first century to the present day. The earliest historical narratives of the death scene by Tacitus and others were shaped by conventions of Greco-Roman exitus description and Julio-Claudian dynastic history. Seneca's own prolific writings about death—whether anticipating death in his letters, dramatizing it in the tragedies, or offering therapy for loss in the form of consolations—offered the primary lens through which Seneca's contemporaries would view the author's death. Dozens of later interpreters, working in both literary and visual media, from St. Jerome to Heiner Müller and from medieval illuminations to Peter Paul Rubens and Jacques-Louis David, retold the death scene (and the revival of Seneca's wife Paulina) in ways that forged new and sometimes controversial views on Seneca's legacy and, more broadly, on the experience of mortality and suicide. The book presents a new, historically inclusive, approach to reading this major Roman author.
4 Consolations on the Departure of the Consoler
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how Seneca's conduct in the death scene served in part as the culmination of a career of writing consolations. It traces the background of this career in Ciceronian consolation, but shows how the “mediating narratives” that Seneca wrote for his addressees, and for himself, not only tended their grief but also served to reintegrate them into a morally ambiguous Julio-Claudian society. The career took different turns, from the Consolatio ad Marciam to the exile works Consolatio ad Helviam and Consolatio ad Polybium (possibly also some of the epigrams), to the later exercises in the Natural Questions and Epistulae morales. Negative perceptions of the consolatory Seneca can be reconstructed from his De vita beata and from the Octavia, and complex and ambiguous echoes can be identified in Tacitus' account of the death, where Seneca appears as a dying consoler to his friends and to Paulina.
6 End of a Series: Death in Epistolary Time
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Epistulae morales, with their serialized habit of meditatio mortis (“death rehearsal”), create an interpretive framework for Seneca's death. Amid Seneca's innovative uses of the epistolary collection as a literary form, the programmatic first letter identifies the paradoxical concept of cotidie mori (“dying each day”) as a central focus. In the course of the correspondence cotidie mori is mapped out across two dimensions: the sequence of letters, with its momentum and multiplicity; and the internal structure of the single letter, with its singularity and closure. These literary manifestations of daily mortality offer a useful framework for thinking about Seneca's own actual death, and about Paulina's willingness to die with him.
10 Places Suburban and Serious: The Ruins of Seneca and Scipio
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the role played by location in conditioning the meaning of Seneca's death. It looks first at the imagined location of his death in his suburban villa (as described by Tacitus), comparing this with the role played by the villa especially in Seneca's Epistulae morales 12. It also speculates on the associations of Seneca's supposed recent return from Campania: the epistolary Seneca had represented himself traveling around the Campanian moral landscape, and in letter 86 had recounted his visit to the ruined villa at Liternum where Scipio Africanus lived out the years of his exemplary exile. The chapter shows the role played by these locations in later receptions of the death, and looks at the appropriation of letter 86 by Petrarch, who repeatedly revisited Seneca's veneration of the dead Scipio.
Epilogue
Authors: Ker James 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The epilogue briefly reiterates the rationale behind looking at Seneca's death simultaneously through the different ancient historical narratives, through Seneca's own writings, and through the numerous subsequent receptions. It also speculates on where future discoveries about Seneca's death are most likely to come. It closes by noting the heuristic limitations on the capacity of Seneca's death to inform our own individual experience of death.
Heroic Wives Rituals, Stories and the Virtues of Jain Wifehood
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Being a good Jain woman involves negotiating between the mutually exclusive ideologies found in the South Asian discourse of devoted wifehood and in the Jain discourse of renunciation. This book draws from a diverse collection of oral tellings, popular tracts, songs, verse narratives, fasting rituals, religious dramas, and large‐scale worship to provide new perspectives on the inherent tension between these ideologies and the space that tension creates for laywomen's agency. Heroic Wives suggests that women creatively and selectively negotiate their identities as wives at different moments on the trajectory of wifehood. In part I, women in established marriages use piety and ritual practices to protect their husband's health, to transform bad marriages into good ones, and to create and maintain ideal marriages. Part II examines how Jains reconfigure the relationship between wifehood and renunciation: on one hand, reconciling the two through stories of renunciation as a form of devoted wifehood, and, on the other, deploying the discourse of both in order to construct their identities as women who don't renounce, but instead choose to become wives. On a broader level, Heroic Wives discusses Jain narrative/ritual complexes as the site of laywomen's negotiations between multiple discourses that shape their thinking about wifehood, and in this context, Jain women position themselves as the agents of their futures. This book provides new perspectives on the experience of wifehood, South Asian women's lives, and Jain religious practices and narratives. It further advances ongoing dialogues about interactions of ritual, narrative, selfhood, and identity.
2 Fasting, Saubhāgya, and Jain Satī Narratives
Authors: Kelting M. Whitney 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ways that Jain women, like Hindu women, locate their well‐being in their status as auspicious wives with living husbands (saubhagya) and the rituals they perform to protect the health and well‐being of their families, especially their husbands. Jain women understand the workings of saubhagya fasts in distinctly Jain ways that circumvent the problematic strategy (for Jains) of merit transfer. By serving as a role model and teacher of Jainism in the home, invoking the blessings of guardian deities, and deploying the benefits of religio‐magical practices, Jain women are able to extend the benefits of their religious practices to their husbands and families. In addition, the most powerful Jain saubhagya fast posits that protecting the wife herself also protects her husband because of clear links between a husband's health and a wife's well‐being.
The Language of Defamation Cases
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This book shows how linguistic analysis can be useful to lawyers on either sides of defamation lawsuits. It gives a brief overview of the parts of defamation law that linguistics can address, and then illustrates how phonetics, grammar, semantics, speech acts, pragmatics, conveyed meaning, and lexical choices were used in eleven defamation cases. The book also assesses what progress has been made from the early days in which language disputes were settled by bloody duels to the modern days of their replacement by libel and slander lawsuits.
3 A Sixth-Grade Teacher Goes after the Local Press
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A controversy emerged from allegedly defamatory articles in the local newspaper about a teacher whose students were said to “have learned nothing” during the school year, requiring them to take summer classes to make up for their deficiencies. Linguistic analysis of these articles demonstrated that the writers were not giving their opinions, as the newspaper claimed, but instead were offering their articles as factual. The teacher was declared a pubic person by the Court, meaning that she had to prove actual malice in the articles. Negative prominence of the repeated use of “learned nothing” provided such evidence. It was also clear from the articles and press releases that no apology or retraction was given by the defendants.
5 A Religious Leader, the TV Media, and the FCC
Authors: Shuy Roger W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although this case was a complaint by the religious group to the FCC for equal airtime to respond and was not tried as a defamation case, it had most of the same features. The group claimed that a national news program had serious accused it of many illegal things and therefore was defamatory. Linguistic analysis of the program demonstrated that the program made accusations, failed to provide specifics about these accusations, conveyed that the group had something to hide, implied that the group's resources were tainted, used ambiguous expressions that could frame the group very negatively, took quotations out of context, provided only partial visual evidence of documents that led the audience to have only a negative opinion of what was on them, and used certain words and expressions that were considered malicious.