bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Averaging Time on Oximetry Values in the Premature Infant
Authors: Ahmed Sally Jasmine Maia , Rich Wade , Finer Neil Norman 
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: The effect of a pulse oximeter's averaging time on time spent by premature infants in established saturation ranges, as well as on desaturation events, has not previously been reported.
OBJECTIVE: Our goal for this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of 2 distinct averaging times on the amount of time spent outside target oxygen saturation (SPo2) as well as the types and durations of desaturation events.
METHODS: Neonates &lt;32 weeks' gestation requiring respiratory support were included. Each infant was studied with 2 simultaneous pulse oximeters: 1 with a short averaging time (2 seconds) and 1 with a longer averaging time (16 seconds). Time spent within different saturation ranges and the number, duration, and severity of desaturation events for each averaging time were compared by using Student's 2-tailed t test, and a P value of &lt;.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS: The number of desaturations was greater with the 2-second averaging time; however, it did not reach significance when only desaturations of clinically significant duration were included (22.3 vs 19.4 significant events were detected by 2- and 16-second averaging time; P = .1). There was a trend for the longer averaging time to underestimate brief desaturation lasting &lt;30 seconds (16 vs 41). Longer averaging time also tended to overestimate events of long duration that lasted &gt;300 seconds (40 vs 20 long events). Longer averaging time tended to underestimate desaturation events of greater severity when SPo2 was &lt;70% (P = .01). Averaging time did not affect the time spent within various target SPo2 ranges (P &gt; .05).
CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest that use of longer averaging time reduces the detection of brief periodic desaturation events and of greater severity. It may also interpret a cluster of shorter events as a single, prolonged episode and, thus, potentially overestimate the frequency of long events. The significance of these findings lies in the potential impact on neurodevelopmental outcomes and growth, which will need additional study.
Improved Care and Growth Outcomes by Using Hybrid Humidified Incubators in Very Preterm Infants
Authors: Kim Sung Mi , Lee Edward Y. , Chen Jie , Ringer Steven Alan 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: To identify changes in temperature, fluid and electrolyte management, growth, and short-term outcome in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants nursed in humidified hybrid incubators (HI group) compared with a cohort of patients cared for in nonhumidified conventional incubators (CI group).METHODS: Body temperature (BT), fluid and electrolyte balance, and growth velocity (GV) were collected retrospectively on 182 ELBW infants. The CI group included ELBW infants cared for with radiant warmers followed by an incubator without humidity. The HI group included ELBW infants cared for in the radiant warmer mode in a Giraffe OmniBed, followed by the incubator mode using high humidity.RESULTS: The CI group included more multiple births (50.6%) than the HI group (35.8%; P &lt; .05), but there was no difference in demographic characteristics. BT was similar during the first week. The HI group had less fluid intake, urine output, and insensible water loss, less maximum weight loss, and a lower incidence of hypernatremia during the first week than did the CI group (P &lt; .05). The HI group also had a lower frequency of electrolyte sampling and packed red cell transfusion (P &lt; .05), a higher incidence of hyponatremia on postnatal day 1 than the CI group (P &lt; .05), and a higher GV than the CI group (15.2 ± 5.0 vs 13.5 ± 4.8 g/kg per day), especially among those with a birth weight of ≤749 g (P &lt; .01). There was no difference in sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, and all bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), but there was a decreased incidence of severe BPD (5.1% [HI] vs 16.4% [CI]; P &lt; .05) and duration of assisted ventilation in the HI group compared with the CI group (15.5 ± 2.1 vs 19.6 ± 2.4 days, respectively; P = .068).CONCLUSIONS: Use of a humidified hybrid incubator improved care for ELBW infants by making it possible to decrease fluid intake, improve electrolyte balance, and enhance GV without a disturbance of BT compared with conventional care. By adjusting fluid intake when using these devices, benefits may be enhanced and the risk of BPD and severe BPD may be reduced.
Can the OSA-18 Quality-of-Life Questionnaire Detect Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children?
Authors: Constantin Evelyn , Tewfik Ted L. , Brouillette Robert T. 
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND: Polysomnography is the best tool available for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children. However, polysomnography is relatively inaccessible and costly, and studies are needed to evaluate other diagnostic approaches. It has been suggested that the OSA-18 quality-of-life questionnaire (OSA-18) is a useful measure that could replace polysomnography. The purpose of our study was to determine if the OSA-18, is an accurate measure for the detection of moderate-to-severe OSA.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children who were referred to our sleep laboratory for evaluation of suspected OSA and who had a nocturnal pulse oximetry study were included in our cross-sectional study. The results of the oximetry study were interpreted by using the McGill oximetry score (MOS). Abnormal scores were consistent with moderate-to-severe OSA. We analyzed demographic and medical data in addition to the OSA-18 results. We estimated sensitivity and negative predictive values for the OSA-18 to detect an abnormal MOS. We also conducted logistic regression analyses with MOS as the dependent variable and the OSA-18 score, age, gender, comorbidities, and race as independent variables.
RESULTS: We studied 334 children (mean age: 4.6 years; 58% male). The OSA-18 had a sensitivity of 40% and a negative predictive value of 73% for detecting an abnormal MOS. While controlling for other variables in the regression model, for each unit increase in the OSA-18 score, the odds of having an abnormal MOS were increased by 2%. For each 1-year increase in age, the odds of having an abnormal MOS were decreased by 17%.
CONCLUSIONS: Among children who are referred to a sleep laboratory, the OSA-18 does not accurately detect which children will have an abnormal MOS and cannot be used to exclude moderate-to-severe OSA. The OSA-18 should not be used in the place of objective testing to identify moderate-to-severe OSA in children.
Prenatal Low-Dose Aspirin and Neurobehavioral Outcomes of Children Born Very Preterm
Authors: Marret Stéphane , Marchand Laetitia , Kaminski Monique , Larroque Béatrice , Arnaud Catherine , Truffert Patrick , Thirez Gérard , Fresson Jeanne , Rozé Jean-Christophe , Ancel Pierre-Yves ,   for the EPIPAGE Study Group
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: Low-dose aspirin (LDA) given during pregnancy may alter brain development in very preterm infants. We report the short- and long-term outcomes of very preterm infants according to LDA treatment.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were from the Etude Epidemiologique des Petites Ages Gestationnels (EPIPAGE) cohort study, which included all infants born before 33 weeks of gestation in 9 French regions in 1997. This study was restricted to 656 children who were born to 584 women with an obstetric history of placental vascular disease or with chronic hypertension or renal or autoimmune diseases. The main outcome measures were mortality, cerebral lesions, and outcome at 5 years of age, which were measured by a diagnosis of cerebral palsy; behavioral difficulties, which were assessed with the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire; and cognitive impairment, which was measured by the mental processing composite scale of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (an IQ-equivalent measure of cognitive ability in 2 dimensions: sequential and simultaneous processing scores).
RESULTS: LDA treatment was administered to 125 of 584 (21%) mothers and was not significantly associated with mortality, cerebral lesions, cerebral palsy, or global cognitive impairment of the children at 5 years of age. The proportion of low simultaneous processing scores (&lt;70) was lower in the group with LDA (7% vs 19% without LDA; P = .04). This association was not significant after adjustment for propensity score, prognostic factors, and social class (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.59 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.17–2.06]). LDA treatment was associated with a reduction, at the limit of significance, in total behavioral difficulties (aOR: 0.44 [95% CI: 0.19–1.02]) and hyperactivity (aOR: 0.43 [95% CI: 0.17–1.05]).
CONCLUSIONS: LDA was not associated with adverse neonatal or long-term outcomes. Moreover, the results suggest that LDA may be associated with a reduction in neurobehavioral difficulties. More research is needed to assess the effects of aspirin alone or combined with other neuroprotective agents.
Annual Summary of Vital Statistics: 2007
Authors: Heron Melonie , Sutton Paul D. , Xu Jiaquan , Ventura Stephanie J. , Strobino Donna M. , Guyer Bernard 
Published: December 2009

The number of births in the United States increased between 2006 and 2007 (preliminary estimate of 4 317 119) and is the highest ever recorded. Birth rates increased among all age groups (15 to 44 years); the increase among teenagers is contrary to a long-term pattern of decline during 1991–2005. The total fertility rate increased 1% in 2007 to 2122.5 births per 1000 women. This rate was above replacement level for the second consecutive year.
The proportion of all births to unmarried women increased to 39.7% in 2007, up from 38.5% in 2006, with increases noted for all race and Hispanic-origin groups and within each age group of 15 years and older. In 2007, 31.8% of all births occurred by cesarean delivery, up 2% from 2006. Increases in cesarean delivery were noted for most age groups and for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic women.
Multiple-birth rates, which rose rapidly over the last several decades, did not increase during 2005–2006. The 2007 preterm birth rate was 12.7%, a decline of 1% from 2006. The low-birth-weight rate also declined in 2007 to 8.2%.
The infant mortality rate was 6.77 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2007, which is not significantly different from the 2006 rate. Non-Hispanic black infants continued to have much higher rates than non-Hispanic white and Hispanic infants. States in the southeastern United States had the highest infant and fetal mortality rates. The United States continues to rank poorly in international comparisons of infant mortality.
Life expectancy at birth reached a record high of 77.9 years in 2007. Crude death rates for children aged 1 to 19 years decreased by 2.5% between 2006 and 2007. Unintentional injuries and homicide were the first and second leading causes of death, respectively, accounting for 53.7% of all deaths to children and adolescents in 2007.
Quantitative Assessment of Bandage Soft Contact Lens Wear Immediately After LASIK
Authors: Orucov Faik , Frucht-Pery Joseph , Raiskup Frederick D. , Strasman Eyal , Landau David , Solomon Abraham 
Published: December 2009

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of overnight bandage soft contact lenses applied immediately after LASIK.

Methods:
Bandage soft contact lenses were applied immediately following bilateral simultaneous LASIK in 161 consecutive patients. Signs and symptoms associated with contact lens wear were prospectively recorded at 1 hour, 4 hours, and the following morning, using a standardized questionnaire. Contact lenses were removed at 1 hour if patients were symptomatic of intolerance. If no signs of contact lens intolerance appeared at 1 hour, the lenses were removed the following morning. No contact lenses were applied in 61 patients after LASIK.

Results:

One hour after the procedure, contact lenses were removed from 47 patients due to intolerance. In these patients, contact lens removal was associated with a significant decrease of the total score the next morning (0.31±0.55) compared to 1 hour (5.65±1.60,
P
<.0001). A similar decrease of the total score was noted in those patients who tolerated the contact lenses (0.20±0.52 vs 1.30±1.78) and those in whom the contact lenses were not applied (0.76±1.19 vs 3.24±1.93). Mucoid discharge at the lid margins was noted in 52.6% of patients and mild corneal edema was noted in 28.8% of patients with bandage soft contact lenses at 12 to 18 hours.

Conclusions:
Bandage soft contact lens application after LASIK is associated with significant reduction of symptoms during the immediate postoperative period. However, removal of these lenses may be necessary shortly after the procedure.
Early Recycling Compartment Trafficking of CD1a Is Essential for Its Intersection and Presentation of Lipid Antigens
Authors: Cernadas Manuela , Cavallari Marco , Watts Gerald , Mori Lucia , De Libero Gennaro , Brenner Michael B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A major step in understanding differences in the nature of Ag presentation was the realization that MHC class I samples peptides transported to the endoplasmic reticulum from the cytosol, whereas MHC class II samples peptides from lysosomes. In contrast to MHC class I and II molecules that present protein Ags, CD1 molecules present lipid Ags for recognition by specific T cells. Each of the five members of the CD1 family (CD1a–e) localizes to a distinct subcompartment of endosomes. Accordingly, it has been widely assumed that the distinct trafficking of CD1 isoforms must also have evolved to enable them to sample lipid Ags that traffic via different routes. Among the CD1 isoforms, CD1a is unusual because it does not have a tyrosine-based cytoplasmic sorting motif and uniquely localizes to the early endocytic recycling compartment. This led us to predict that CD1a might have evolved to focus on lipids that localize to early endocytic/recycling compartments. Strikingly, we found that the glycolipid Ag sulfatide also localized almost exclusively to early endocytic and recycling compartments. Consistent with colocalization of CD1a and sulfatide, wild-type CD1a molecules efficiently presented sulfatide to CD1a-restricted, sulfatide-specific T cells. In contrast, CD1a:CD1b tail chimeras, that retain the same Ag-binding capacity as CD1a but traffic based on the cytoplasmic tail of CD1b to lysosomes, failed to present sulfatide efficiently. Thus, the intracellular trafficking route of CD1a is essential for efficient presentation of lipid Ags that traffic through the early endocytic and recycling pathways.
Naturally Occurring Altered Peptide Ligands Control Salmonella-Specific CD4+ T Cell Proliferation, IFN-γ Production, and Protective Potency
Authors: Johanns Tanner M. , Ertelt James M. , Lai Joseph C. , Rowe Jared H. , Avant Ross A. , Way Sing Sing 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
T cell activation required for host defense against infection is an intricately regulated and precisely controlled process. Although in vitro studies indicate that three distinct stimulatory signals are required for T cell activation, the precise contribution of each signal in regulating T cell proliferation and differentiation after in vivo infection is unknown. In this study, altered peptide ligands (APLs) derived from the protective Salmonella-specific FliC Ag and CD4+ T cells specific for the immune-dominant FliC431–439 peptide within this Ag were used to determine how changes in TCR stimulation impact CD4+ T cell proliferation, differentiation, and protective potency. To explore the prevalence and potential use of altered TCR stimulation by bacterial pathogens, naturally occurring APLs containing single amino acid substitutions in putative TCR contact residues within the FliC431–439 peptide were identified and used for stimulation under both noninfection and infection conditions. On the basis of this analysis, naturally-occurring APLs that prime proliferation of FliC-specific CD4+ T cells either more potently or less potently compared with the wild-type FliC431–439 peptide were identified. Remarkably, despite these differences in proliferation, all of the APLs primed reduced IFN-γ production by FliC431–439-specific CD4+ T cells after stimulation in vivo. Moreover, after expression of the parental FliC431–439 peptide or each APL in recombinant Listeria monocytogenes, only CD4+ T cells stimulated with the wild-type FliC431–439 peptide conferred significant protection against challenge with virulent Salmonella. These results reveal important and unanticipated roles for TCR stimulation in controlling pathogen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation, differentiation, and protective potency.
Iron Chloride/4‐Acetamido‐TEMPO/Sodium Nitrite‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to the Aldehydes
Authors: Yin Weili , Chu Changhu , Lu Qiongqiong , Tao Jianwei , Liang Xinmiao , Liu Renhua 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA variety of 4‐substituted 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl‐1‐oxy (TEMPO) derivatives has been screened for their ability in the oxidation of primary alcohols to the aldehydes with dioxygen under mild conditions. An evaluation of the efficiency of these 4‐substituted TEMPO derivatives in the alcohol oxidation may allow an insight into the effect of the structural variations of TEMPO on the oxidation of alcohols, which should facilitate catalyst design and screening efforts. Based on the screening results of 4‐substituted TEMPO derivatives, the catalyst comprised of 4‐acetamido‐TEMPO, iron chloride and sodium nitrite, has been developed for the highly efficient oxidation of a wide range of primary alcohols including primary aliphatic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes under mild conditions.
Tuning Adsorption via Strain and Vertical Ligand Effects
Authors: Hoster Harry E. , Alves Otávio B. , Koper Marc T. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report on the structure and electrochemical adsorption properties of well‐defined pseudomorphic Pt mono‐ and multilayers on Ru(0001). These act as model surfaces for Pt(111) with slightly decreased affinity to adsorbed hydrogen (Had) and hydroxyl (OHad). In cyclic voltammograms, this is reflected in more negative/positive potential regions for the reversible adsorption of upd‐Had/OHad, respectively, compared to Pt(111). For upd‐Had, we show that the corresponding trends can be predicted with high accuracy by density functional theory (DFT). In particular, the upd‐Had onset regions can be precisely simulated using the Had adsorption energies from DFT, the layer thickness distribution from STM, and the base voltammogram of Pt(111) as reference.
Ausführung von zweischaligem Mauerwerk
Authors: Figge Dieter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAußenwände müssen neben statischen Anforderungen vor allem Witterungsbeanspruchungen aus Wind, Schlagregen und Temperatur·sowie auch Anforderungen aus Schall‐, Wärme‐ und Brandschutz·erfüllen. Zweischalige Wände sind wegen ihrer Funktionstrennung daher als Außenwände besonders leistungsfähig und lassen sich je nach Erfordernis bis zur gewünschten Qualität und Anforderung optimieren.Die tragende Konstruktion aus Hintermauerwerk übernimmt die Aufgaben der Statik, des Brandschutzes, des Schallschutzes und der Wärmespeicherung; die Wärmedämmung gewährleistet einen flexibel planbaren winterlichen und sommerlichen Wärmeschutz.Die Vormauerschale stellt den Witterungsschutz selbst bei hohen Anforderungen sicher und trägt vor allem der Ästhetik eines Gebäudes Rechnung.
Außen‐ und Innenputz auf Kalksandstein‐Wänden
Authors: Prepens Manfred 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPutz wird ein‐ oder mehrlagig in bestimmter Dicke aufgetragen und erreicht seine endgültigen Eigenschaften durch Verfestigung am Bauteil. Eine Putzlage wird in einem Arbeitsgang durch eine oder mehrere Schichten des gleichen Mörtels hergestellt. Die unteren Lagen sind der Unterputz, die oberste Lage ist der Oberputz.Die Lagen eines Putzes (Unter‐, Oberputz), die in ihrer Gesamtheit und in Wechselwirkung mit dem Putzgrund die Anforderungen an den Putz erfüllen, werden als Putzsystem bezeichnet.
Perimeterdämmung – Aufgaben, Anforderungen und Ausführung
Authors: Korff Hans‐Klaus 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDurch die immer weiter verschärften Vorschriften, siehe ENEV 2009, kommt auch der Dämmung erdberührter Bauteile mehr und mehr Bedeutung zu. Dem allgemeinen Trend folgend, werden auch immer mehr Kellerräume zum Arbeitsraum, Gästezimmer oder Hobbyraum umgewandelt. Bei Neubauten wird eine solche Nutzung gleich mit eingeplant mit der Folge, dass auch die Kellerwände und der Boden bei immer mehr Objekten entsprechend gedämmt werden müssen. Die Perimeterdämmung ist dafür eine gute und auch bewährte Bauweise.
A Very Rare Hydrogen‐Bridged Hexanuclear CuII Complex Containing a Triangular Cu3O Core Capped by an Unusual Triply Coordinated Perchlorate Anion
Authors: Maity Debdulal , Mukherjee Pampa , Ghosh Ashutosh , Drew Michael G. B. , Diaz Carmen , Mukhopadhyay Gurucharan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn unusual hexanuclear CuII complex, [{[Cu(NHDEPO)]3(μ3‐O)(O3ClO)}2(μ‐H)]·7ClO4·4H2O (1) was prepared starting from Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O and the oxime‐based Schiff base ligand NHDEPO (= 3‐[3‐(diethylamino)propylimino]butan‐2‐one oxime). Structural characterization of the complex reveals that it consists of two triangular Cu3O units, the copper ions being at the corners of an equilateral triangle, separated by an O···O distance of 2.447(5) Å, held together solely by a proton. In each triangle, the copper atoms are in square‐pyramid environments. The equatorial plane consists of the bridging oxygen of the central OH– (O2–) group together with three atoms (N, N, O) of the Schiff base. An unusual triply coordinated perchlorate ion (μ3‐κO:κO′:κO″) interacts in axial position with the three copper ions. Variable‐temperature (2–300 K) magnetic susceptibility measurements show that complex 1 is antiferromagnetically coupled (J = –148 cm–1). The EPR data at low temperature clearly indicates the presence of spin frustration phenomenon in the complex.
Ammonia Borane as a Hydrogen Carrier: Dehydrogenation and Regeneration
Authors: Smythe Nathan C. , Gordon John C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInterest in sustainable non‐hydrocarbon‐based fuels for transportation has grown as the realization that the supply of fossil fuels is limited and the deleterious environmental effects of burning them has come into public focus. The use of hydrogen (H2) has been proposed as an alternative, but its use in pure form is undesirable due to the high pressures or low temperatures required to store useful quantities. Approaches to ameliorate this issue, which stem from the low volumetric energy density of H2, include the pursuit of sorbents capable of containing H2 in greater density than liquid H2 at reasonable temperatures and pressures, metal hydrides such as NaBH4, and chemical hydrides such as ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3). AB contains 19.6 wt.‐% H2, which is well suited to practical applications, but issues with extracting the optimal quantities of H2 at reasonable temperatures and at useful rates as well as recycling of the spent fuel back into AB with good efficiency and reasonable cost remain to be solved. These problems are inextricably intertwined, as the needs of the regeneration process dictate which catalysts are used (i.e. what kind of spent fuel is generated). This Microreview focuses on recent developments in transition metal complexes for the catalytic dehydrogenation of AB. Neither solvolysis of AB nor thermolysis of AB in the absence of a catalyst are covered in this review.