bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on biomass and root morphology of selected strawberry cultivars under salt stress
Authors: Fan Li , Dalpé Yolande , Fang Chengquan , Dubé Claudine , Khanizadeh Shahrokh 
Published: July 2011

To investigate the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on biomass and root morphology, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using three elite strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars (‘Kent’, ‘Jewel’, and ‘Saint-Pierre’). They were subjected to three NaCl levels (0, 30, and 60 mmol/L) and were inoculated and noninoculated (control) with AMF Glomus irregulare . The presence of AMF significantly changed root morphology and increased root-length percentages of medium (0.5 mm < root diameter φ ≤ 1.5 mm) and coarse (φ > 1.5 mm) roots, shoot and root tissue biomass, root to shoot ratio (R/S ratio), and specific root length (SRL), regardless of cultivar and salinity. In contrast, salt alone changed root morphology and decreased shoot and root tissue biomass, R/S ratio, and SRL. The AMF colonization rates were reduced linearly and significantly with increasing salinity levels. Cultivars responded differently to AMF than to salt stress. ‘Saint-Pierre’ seemed to be the most tolerant cultivar to salinity, while ‘Kent’ was the most sensitive. Consequently, AMF symbiosis highly enhanced salt tolerance of strawberry plants, which confirmed the potential use of mycorrhizal biotechnology in sustainable horticulture in arid areas.
Changes in cytosine methylation and DNA sequence induced by ethylmethane sulfonate in rice
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Ou Xiufang , Wang Kaixi , Dong Mingyue , Man Guiliang , Cai Yi , Shi Yu , Yu Xiaoming , Liu Bao 
Published: July 2011

Although genetic mutagenicity of the chemical ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) is well established, it remains unclear whether and to what extent this compound is epigenetically mutagenic. This issue was studied in Oryza sativa L. (rice) by conducting a parallel investigation using two molecular markers, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP), on two sets of EMS-treated M0 plants: phenotypically normal and altered. Although more methylation than genetic changes were induced by the EMS-treatments in both sets of plants, the greatest differences were observed in the set of plants with altered phenotypes, suggesting a role of induced epigenetic variation in causing the phenotypic novelties. Moreover, the frequencies of the two types of instabilities induced by the EMS treatment, genetic and epigenetic, are correlated, implicating a common or overlapping mutagenic basis.
Seismic reflection constraints on upper crustal structures in the volcanic-covered central Nechako basin, British Columbia1This article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of New insights in Cordilleran Intermontane geoscience: reducing exploration risk in the mountain pine beetle-affected area, British Columbia.
Authors: Calvert A.J. , Hayward N.E. , Spratt J.E. , Craven J.A. 
Published: July 2011

In 2008, a Vibroseis seismic reflection survey was acquired by Geoscience BC across the eastern part of the volcanic-covered Nechako basin in central British Columbia, where Cretaceous sedimentary rocks have been exhumed along a NNW trend. Good signal penetration through the volcanic cover is indicated by lower crustal reflections at 8–12 s, which were recorded by the entire seismic survey. Comparison of the 2008 seismic survey with data from a previous survey indicates that the lack of reflectivity in the earlier surveys is generally representative of the subsurface geology. The seismic data show that ∼1700 and ∼2900 m thick sub-basins are present at the northern and southern ends of this trend, but the intervening Cretaceous rocks are discontinuous and relatively thin. The creation of a passive-roof duplex by Campanian or later low-angle thrusting is inferred within the thickest Cretaceous strata, but elsewhere faulting is likely related to Eocene extension or transtension. Seismic reflections are also recorded from folded volcanic stratigraphy, the base of the surface volcanic rocks, an underlying volcaniclastic stratigraphy, and intrusions projecting into a Quaternary volcanic cone. Seismic interpretation is complemented by coincident audiofrequency magnetotelluric surveys, from which faulting is inferred at offsets in a regional conductor. No regionally extensive stratigraphy can be identified within the seismic data, and the central Nechako basin appears to be a complex network of small, deformed sub-basins, rather than a single large basin.
Primary alteration and geochemical dispersion haloes of Archaean orogenic gold deposits in the Yilgarn Craton: the pre-weathering scenario
Authors: Eilu P. , Groves D. I. 
Published: July 2011

Widespread orogenic gold deposits are hosted by practically all rock types over the range of metamorphic grades in the Archaean Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. They are normally located in second- or third-order structures, most commonly near crustal- to regional-scale deformation zones, in brittle, brittle–ductile and ductile deformational environments. Despite this extreme variability, the alteration and geochemical features of these deposits are strikingly consistent.
Each gold deposit is enveloped by an alteration-zoning sequence. In greenschist facies, the alteration zones are, from distal to proximal and according to the diagnostic minerals: calcite–chlorite, calcite–ankerite and sericite. In amphibolite facies, two zones are normally detected, a distal biotite and a proximal calc-silicate zone with no intermediate zone.

The ores are enriched in Ag, As, Au, Ba, CO
2
, K, Rb, S, Sb, Si, Te and W, and depleted in Na and Y relative to host-rocks. Base metals, Fe, Mg and Mn are rarely mobile in these settings. From the available, albeit limited, database there is little correlation between rock type or metamorphic grade and the elements enriched in the gold deposit. All enriched components may form primary dispersion haloes around the deposits. Parameters that most consistently define dispersion haloes for those deposits studied in the Yilgarn Craton are As, Au, Sb, Te, W, and the carbonation and sericitization indices. In nearly all cases, at least one of the parameters defines an anomaly significantly more extensive than that defined by Au alone. In some cases, Se or Y anomalies also extend beyond the Au anomaly. Importantly, there is also at least one pathfinder element whose primary dispersion extends beyond the alteration halo based on mineral assemblages, whereas the alteration–index anomalies normally do not extend beyond these limits. The primary geochemical dispersion halo may extend laterally for >200 m, and along strike for a few kilometres, from the gold orebody.

A single geochemical parameter rarely defines an extensive and consistent vector towards gold ore. However, useful directional information can be achieved when trends defined by several geochemical parameters are combined.
Evolution, classification and use of ferruginous regolith materials in gold exploration, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Authors: Anand R. R. 
Published: July 2011

Ferruginous regolith materials are abundant and widespread in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia and have been successfully used as sample media in Au exploration. However, their formation has been complex. They are developed in residual and transported materials of various ages. Four general types are recognized: ferruginous duricrust and gravel, ferruginous mottles, ferruginous saprolite and iron segregations. Ferruginous duricrusts include lateritic residuum and ferricrete. Lateritic residuum has evolved by partial collapse of mottled or ferruginous regolith, involving local vertical and lateral (generally 10–50 m) movements after chemical wasting. Ferricretes are ferruginized sediments. Some are detrital clasts cemented by Fe oxides and others are authigenic pisoliths and nodules in sandy or clayey sediments. Ferruginous mottles are formed by accumulation of hematite and goethite in saprolite, residual clays or sediments. Ferruginous saprolite is formed by the uniform ferruginization of saprolite. Iron segregations form by the replacement and/or modification of sulphide-rich lithologies or as exotic accumulation of Fe oxides along preferred pathways, such as fractures, faults and lithological contacts within saprolite.
Gold dispersion in the ferruginous zone of the profile is commonly considered to have a ‘mushroom’ shape formed by downward weathering, where the surficial Au halo is derived from the mineralization by a combination of chemical, residual and mechanical processes. In this study, appreciation of regolith–landform history provides an understanding of the nature of Au dispersion (or lack of it) in ferruginous materials. It has been possible to relate the mechanisms of dispersion of Au to the material being ferruginized, the environment of ferruginization and its position within a weathering profile. The distribution of Au at the micro-morphological scale provides evidence of a mobility related to the formation of particular facies of ferruginous duricrust. Accordingly, it is essential that careful attention is paid to characterization of potential ferruginous sample media and their location in the landscape in order to deduce their relationship to bedrock.
Hydrothermal alteration and geochemical dispersion in the regolith at Panglo, Eastern Goldfields, Western Australia
Authors: Scott K. M. , Howard R. W. 
Published: July 2011

Cuttings from 22 holes drilled through steeply dipping, weathered shales and volcanics at Panglo, 30 km N of Kalgoorlie, help define mineralogical and geochemical variations around flat-lying supergene Au mineralization within a stripped lateritic profile. The regolith profile contains very saline groundwaters only a few metres below the suface. Ore occurs in saprolite and saprock, below a mottled zone which is generally unconformably overlain by
c.
0.5 m of fluvial/colluvial sediments. Apart from some surface enrichment associated with pedogenic carbonate, Au is strongly depleted in the saprolite above the supergene ore horizon, and only subeconomic mineralization occurs in the underlying fresh rocks.

The Au mineralization at depth is accompanied by pyrite and elevated Ag, As, Co, Cu, Sn, W and Zn contents and is associated with the destruction of albite and formation of muscovite. In the regolith, supergene Au ore at Panglo occurs in the basal portion of the saprolite and Au maintains its association with these elements because they are incorporated into secondary oxide minerals. These elements are thus useful pathfinders for Au, especially as some (e.g. As and Cu) form substantial dispersion haloes about ore. Although the ore is oxidized, it is still within its original primary hydrothermal alteration zone, characterized by muscovite and peripheral paragonite development, especially in shale sequences. Because these micas are resistant to weathering, their distributions can be readily mapped in the regolith. Alternatively, elevated K and depleted Na, Ba and Sr can be used as lithogeochemical indicators of mineralization in weathered shales. Use of Na in alteration indices is complicated by its presence in halite at Panglo, but K/Ba ratios do identify the relict zones of hydrothermal alteration within the regolith.
Regolith mapping for geochemical exploration in the Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia
Authors: Craig M. A. 
Published: July 2011

A sound knowledge of the character and distribution of regolith materials within landscapes, as well as the underlying geology and mineralization, is vital in any comprehensive exploration program.
The fundamental techniques used in regolith mapping in Australia can be traced to mapping in the Yilgarn Craton between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Regolith mapping techniques have subsequently developed beyond the basic, well-established inventory concepts as a result of improved methodologies over the last twenty years. Regolith mapping now routinely involves multi-dataset integration and analysis of field data within a GIS framework. Landsat Thematic Mapper, HyMap™, radar, gamma ray spectrometry, magnetic surveys, airborne electromagnetic surveys (AEM), geochemistry, geological data and digital elevation models (DEM) are becoming standard datasets consulted during the production of regolith maps. Regolith mapping has been influenced directly by its association with geochemical exploration in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. Regolith maps and databases now routinely include information about the nature and distribution of geochemical sample media, such as for example, surface lag. For printed maps, geochemical sampling-media information is provided directly through inclusion in a standard legend with overprint patterns, a custom legend, or a custom thematic map derived from the initial map data where a variety of styles can be available to show any potential sampling media.
Comparison of Exposure to Selected Cigarette Smoke Constituents in Adult Smokers and Nonsmokers in a European, Multicenter, Observational Study
Authors: Lindner Dirk , Smith Stephen , Leroy Claire Martin , Tricker Anthony R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground: This multicenter, observational study was conducted in three European countries (Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom) to determine the exposure of adult cigarette smokers and nonsmokers to selected cigarette smoke constituents: 1,3-butadiene, 2-naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), acrolein, benzene, carbon monoxide, nicotine, pyrene, and o-toluidine.Methods: Smokers were grouped by tar category (TC) according to the tar yield of their regular cigarette brand: TC1: ≤4 mg tar, TC2: 5–7 mg tar, and TC3: ≥8 mg tar [to the legal tar yield ceiling in the respective countries (10 or 12 mg tar)]. Levels of biomarkers of exposure to the aforementioned cigarette smoke constituents were compared between smokers and nonsmokers, and within smokers across tar categories.Results: The full population consisted of 1,631 subjects (1,223 smokers and 408 nonsmokers). Biomarkers of exposure were analyzed for 1,558 subjects (valid case population) as follows: 1,159 smokers (TC1: n = 402, TC2: n = 379, TC3: n = 378), and 399 nonsmokers. Exposure levels were higher in smokers than nonsmokers and increased with increasing tar yield and cigarette consumption. An association of tar category and exposure level was observed for all smoke constituents, except pyrene, 4-aminobiphenyl, and o-toluidine, whereas only NNK exposure was different in all three tar categories.Conclusions: Smoking status and, among smokers, daily cigarette consumption and tar yield were observed to affect biomarker of exposure levels.Impact: This research provides a comprehensive evaluation of smoke constituent exposure of adult cigarette smokers and nonsmokers in three European countries. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1524–36. ©2011 AACR.
Plasma Biomarker Profiles Differ Depending on Breast Cancer Subtype but RANTES Is Consistently Increased
Authors: Gonzalez Rachel M. , Daly Don S. , Tan Ruimin , Marks Jeffrey R. , Zangar Richard C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground: Current biomarkers for breast cancer have little potential for detection. We determined whether breast cancer subtypes influence circulating protein biomarkers.Methods: A sandwich ELISA microarray platform was used to evaluate 23 candidate biomarkers in plasma samples that were obtained from subjects with either benign breast disease or invasive breast cancer. All plasma samples were collected at the time of biopsy, after a referral due to a suspicious screen (e.g., mammography). Cancer samples were evaluated on the basis of breast cancer subtypes, as defined by the HER2 and estrogen receptor statuses.Results: Ten proteins were statistically altered in at least one breast cancer subtype, including four epidermal growth factor receptor ligands, two matrix metalloproteases, two cytokines, and two angiogenic factors. Only one cytokine, RANTES, was significantly increased (P &lt; 0.01 for each analysis) in all four subtypes, with areas under the curve (AUC) for receiver operating characteristic values that ranged from 0.76 to 0.82, depending on cancer subtype. The best AUC values were observed for analyses that combined data from multiple biomarkers, with values ranging from 0.70 to 0.99, depending on the cancer subtype. Although the results for RANTES are consistent with previous publications, the multi-assay results need to be validated in independent sample sets.Conclusions: Different breast cancer subtypes produce distinct biomarker profiles, and circulating protein biomarkers have potential to differentiate between true- and false-positive screens for breast cancer.Impact: Subtype-specific biomarker panels may be useful for detecting breast cancer or as an adjunct assay to improve the accuracy of current screening methods. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1543–51. ©2011 AACR.
Comparison of Serum Cotinine Concentration within and across Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarette Brands among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White U.S. Adult Smokers, 2001–2006
Authors: Caraballo Ralph S. , Holiday David B. , Stellman Steven D. , Mowery Paul D. , Giovino Gary A. , Muscat Joshua E. , Eriksen Michael P. , Bernert John T. , Richter Patricia A. , Kozlowski Lynn T. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Background: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is examining options for regulating menthol content in cigarettes. There are many pharmacologic properties of menthol that may facilitate exposure to tobacco smoke, and it has been suggested that the preference for menthol cigarettes in black smokers accounts for their higher cotinine levels.
Objective: To assess cigarettes smoked per day–adjusted cotinine levels in relation to smoking a menthol or nonmenthol cigarette brand among non-Hispanic black and white U.S. adult smokers under natural smoking conditions.
Method: Serum cotinine concentrations were measured in 1,943 smokers participating in the 2001 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). The effect of smoking a menthol brand on cigarettes smoked per day–adjusted serum cotinine levels in these two populations was modeled by adjusting for sex, age, number of smokers living in the home, body weight, time since last smoked, and FTC (Federal Trade Commission)-measured nicotine levels. The 8- or 12-digit Universal Product Code (UPC) on the cigarette label was used to determine the cigarette brand and whether it was menthol.
Results: Smoking a menthol cigarette brand versus smoking a nonmenthol cigarette brand was not associated (P ≥ 0.05) with mean serum cotinine concentration in either black or white smokers.
Conclusions: The higher levels of cotinine observed in black smokers compared with white smokers are not explained by their higher preference for menthol cigarette brands.
Impact: Further studies like ours are needed to improve our ability to understand health consequences of future changes in tobacco product design. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1329–40. ©2011 AACR.
The Impact of Body Mass Index and Physical Activity on Mortality among Patients with Colorectal Cancer in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Baade Peter D. , Meng Xingqiong , Youl Philippa H. , Aitken Joanne F. , Dunn Jeff , Chambers Suzanne K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground: Few studies have investigated the impact of body mass index (BMI) and physical activity (PA) on mortality among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and the results are inconsistent. We aimed to examine the impact of these lifestyle factors on all-cause and disease-specific mortality.Methods: Population-based longitudinal study followed 1,825 patients diagnosed with stages I to III primary CRC during 2003 to 2004 in Queensland, Australia for 5 years. Sociodemographics and clinical characteristics were obtained via questionnaires and medical records.Results: Participants with some level of PA following diagnosis had 25% to 28% lower risk of all-cause mortality within 5 years of diagnosis than sedentary participants [insufficiently active: HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.57–0.91; sufficiently active: HR = 0.75 (0.60–0.94)]; however, the differential for CRC-specific mortality was not significant. Increases in PA from five to 12 months postdiagnosis was associated with reduced CRC-specific mortality by 32% to 36% (increase ≤ 2 hour per week: HR = 0.68 (0.48–0.97); increase &gt; 2 hour per week: HR = 0.64 (0.44–0.93) and 31% for all-cause mortality (increase &gt;2 hour per week: HR = 0.69 (0.50–0.94). Compared with participants with healthy BMI, significant higher mortality risk was observed in underweight patients (all-cause: HR = 2.29 (1.47–3.59); CRC: HR = 1.74 (1.00–3.04), although lower risk in overweight (all-cause: HR = 0.75 (0.61–0.94); CRC: HR = 0.75 (0.59–0.97) and no difference in obese. Excessive weight loss was associated with increased mortality risk by three-fold but no difference in those who gained weight.Conclusions: Protective effects of being physically active and increasing that activity underlines the importance of interventions to increase activity levels among people being diagnosed with CRC.Impact: Increased mortality risks associated with being underweight or having weight loss over time is an important indicator for which clinicians, patients, and support personnel can monitor. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1410–20. ©2011 AACR.
Targeting Src in Mucinous Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Matsuo Koji , Nishimura Masato , Bottsford-Miller Justin N. , Huang Jie , Komurov Kakajan , Armaiz-Pena Guillermo N. , Shahzad Mian M.K. , Stone Rebecca L. , Roh Ju Won , Sanguino Angela M. , Lu Chunhua , Im Dwight D. , Rosenshien Neil B. , Sakakibara Atsuko , Nagano Tadayoshi , Yamasaki Masato , Enomoto Takayuki , Kimura Tadashi , Ram Prahlad T. , Schmeler Kathleen M. , Gallick Gary E. , Wong Kwong K. , Frumovitz Michael , Sood Anil K. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Mucinous ovarian carcinomas have a distinct clinical pattern compared with other subtypes of ovarian carcinoma. Here, we evaluated (i) stage-specific clinical significance of mucinous ovarian carcinomas in a large cohort and (ii) the functional role of Src kinase in preclinical models of mucinous ovarian carcinoma.
Experimental Design: A total of 1,302 ovarian cancer patients including 122 (9.4%) cases of mucinous carcinoma were evaluated for survival analyses. Biological effects of Src kinase inhibition were tested using dasatinib-based therapy in a novel orthotopic mucinous ovarian cancer model (RMUG-S-ip2).
Results: Patients with advanced-stage mucinous ovarian cancer had significantly worse survival than those with serous histology: median overall survival, 1.67 versus 3.41 years, P = 0.002; median survival time after recurrence of 0.53 versus 1.66 years, P &lt; 0.0001. Among multiple ovarian cancer cell lines, RMUG-S-ip2 mucinous ovarian cancer cells showed the highest Src kinase activity. Moreover, oxaliplatin treatment induced phosphorylation of Src kinase. This induced activity by oxaliplatin therapy was inhibited by concurrent administration of dasatinib. Targeting Src with dasatinib in vivo showed significant antitumor effects in the RMUG-S-ip2 model but not in the serous ovarian carcinoma (SKOV3-TR) model. Combination therapy of oxaliplatin with dasatinib further showed significant effects on reducing cell viability, increasing apoptosis, and in vivo antitumor effects in the RMUG-S-ip2 model.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that poor survival of women with mucinous ovarian carcinoma is associated with resistance to cytotoxic therapy. Targeting Src kinase with a combination of dasatinib and oxaliplatin may be an attractive approach for this disease. Clin Cancer Res; 17(16); 5367–78. ©2011 AACR.