bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
9 Lessons and Future Challenges
Authors: Hobolt Sara Binzer 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarizes the key arguments and findings of the book. It discusses the normative and policy implications of this study, focusing particularly on the issue of voter competence and the arguments for and against direct democracy. It also offers some general thoughts and recommendations on the use of direct democratic institutions in the European Union. Specifically, it evaluates the proposal to hold Europe‐wide referendums in light of the evidence presented in this book. It concludes that while such referendums should not be viewed as a panacea for the democratic deficit in the Union, they could facilitate Europe‐wide debate and political participation. Moreover, evidence from past referendums has shown that voters tend to make competent decisions when they are provided with sufficient information.
2 The Layers of National Innovation Systems: The Historical Evolution of a National Innovation System in Norway
Authors: Wicken Olav 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe national innovation system (NIS) of Norway is characterized by diversity. This chapter examines the multiple and heterogeneous historical processes, each defined as a path, that have given rise to such diversity. Each of the paths has involved specific types of social groups, organizations, knowledge bases, and institutional set-ups, and for each path a specific type of innovation structure has been developed. The chapter defines three main historical paths emerging from three major industrial transformation processes in Western history defined as Industrial Revolutions. Each of these transformations created new industrial paths constituting a new layer in the economy. The Norwegian NIS is therefore described as the historical outcome of three diverse paths and consisting of three distinct layers. The creation of a new path does not indicate that the old paths of the economy remain static. Rather, each path historically has undergone radical transformation processes in order to remain competitive in changing environments. The main dynamics of the innovation system are therefore linked to path transformation and path creation processes.
6 Innovation and Production in the Norwegian Aluminum Industry
Authors: Moen Svein Erik 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe factors that influence and drive the path of innovation and production in sub-national industries may exist at many levels, e.g., within the firm itself, at the sector, the national, or at the international level. With the case of the Norwegian aluminium industry, this chapter emphasises the relative importance of the international dimensions of the sectoral system of innovation and production. The competitiveness of Norway's aluminium plants today, which is crucial to long-term industry survival, depends on a few fundamental factors, which are heavily influenced by actors, institutions, and technologies and knowledge at the local, national, and international levels. The chapter shows that the relative dominance of these different levels may vary during their historical evolution.
8 The Innovation System of Norwegian Aquacultured Salmonids
Authors: Aslesen Heidi Wiig 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses especially on the innovation system of aquaculture of salmon and trout in Norway. It describes the sector in a national and global context, and highlights innovation strategies by aquaculture firms according to knowledge base and characteristics of the organizations. The empirical material presented in this chapter shows that aquaculture firms have very different approaches to innovation; from anti-innovation strategies to strategies of being in the forefront of innovation in the sector, showing how firms with very different innovation systems exists side-by-side in one sector. The overall functioning of the sectoral innovation system of aquaculture is influenced by all the different layers of firm types, suggesting a diverse policy approach in order to strengthen the sectoral innovation system — a sector with the potential to become even more knowledge intensive and innovative than today.
11 University—Industry Relations in Norway
Authors: Gulbrandsen Magnus , Nerdrum Lars 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyses the relationship between universities and industry in Norway. Funding figures, publication and patent data, surveys, and interviews all indicate that there has been a slow and steady increase in university-industry relations during the last twenty years. In the 1980s an increase in the share of industry funding of university R&D can be seen, and the 1990s saw a strong growth in PhD students finding work in firms. Many of these trends are found all over the OECD area, although there are large variations across disciplines, institutions, and industries. Some evidence exists to suggest that Norwegian firms may be particularly collaborative when it comes to R&D and innovation. There are, however, also barriers to how close the cross-sector relations may become. For example, data on graduates' transition to work indicate how the shorter-term expectations and needs of firms may be difficult to meet by the universities and colleges.
Transport and Relaxation in Quasi-Equilibrium Regimes: Gas Mixtures
Authors: Brun Raymond 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter extends the Chapman-Enskog method to binary gas mixtures in equilibrium at the zero order of the distribution function. It examines monatomic gas mixtures then diatomic gases possessing one or two internal energy modes (rotation, vibration). Navier-Stokes equations are established with the corresponding transport terms related to viscosity, conductivity, and diffusion. Simplified expressions for these terms depending on various relaxation times are given, as well as general expressions for collisional integrals. Finally, alternative procedures to the Chapman-Enskog method are briefly presented such as the Gross-Jackson procedure and the method of moments.
Elements of Gas Dynamics
Authors: Brun Raymond 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the general features of traditional gas dynamics, deduced from the ideal gas model assuming no reaction and constant specific heats. Examples are given including one-dimensional isentropic flows, shock waves, and boundary layers. In the framework of these examples, various flow configurations are considered such as expanding flows in nozzles, kinematics of shock waves, and boundary layers with and without pressure gradient, and turbulent flows. Calculation methods of flow quantities are presented, such as the method of characteristics for isentropic flows, Rankine-Hugoniot relations for shock waves, and Lees-Levy-Dorodnitsin (LLD) transformation for boundary layers.
2 Probing phrases, pronouns, and binding
Authors: Heinat Fredrik 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter makes use of Pesetsky and Torrego's feature chains to account for the distribution of reflexive and personal pronouns. Under the assumption that all unvalued features probe when merged, it is possible to form chains between reflexives and their antecedents. In line with Reuland (2001), the assumption is that these chains force the reflexives to be interpreted as bound variables at LF.
3 Wh‐agreement and bounded unbounded movement
Authors: Schneider‐Zioga Patricia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines wh-agreement in Kinande and establishes that is does not indicate movement has taken place. Therefore, wh-agreement cannot be taken as evidence for feature motivated intermediate checking of links in an A'-movement chain. It is established that the displaced wh-expression is related to the site where it is interpreted via multiple resumptive elements. This suggests that minimalism must consider the possibility of base-generating multiple resumptive copies, thereby posing the non-trivial question of how relevant links emerge.
8 Grammatical features in the comprehension of Italian relative clauses by children
Authors: Arosio Fabrizio , Adani Flavia , Guasti Maria Teresa 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of how children exploit different grammatical devices in comprehending relative clauses. It shows that comprehension of relative clauses follows different developmental patterns defined by the kind of device that cue a subject or an object relative clause interpretation.
11 When Endowments and Opportunities Don't Match
Authors: Osmani S.R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter offers a new perspective in both understanding the causes of chronic poverty and looking for its solution. Instead of focusing on the level or the magnitude of endowments possessed by the poor, this new perspective focuses on the structure or composition of endowments. The crucial insight offered by this perspective is that chronic poverty can arise not just from a low level of endowments but also from a mismatch between the structure of endowments possessed by the poor and the structure of opportunities open to them. The chapter elaborates on this insight and draws out some of its implications.
2 Chronic Poverty and All That
Authors: Calvo César , Dercon Stefan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses a number of issues related to measuring poverty over time. It highlights some of the key normative decisions that have to be taken, in particular, the role of compensation over time (whether poverty spells can be compensated for by non-poverty spells); the issue of the discount rate (whether each spell should be given an equal weight); and the issue of the role of persistence (whether repeated spells should be given a higher weight). It offers a number of plausible poverty measures, each with different assumptions regarding these key issues, and shows how these insights can be used to construct a forward-looking measure of vulnerability. The chapter applies a number of these measures to data from rural Ethiopia, and shows that while correlations are high, there would still be considerable differences in ranking households by poverty according to different measures, especially those that have different views on the role of compensation.
4 Measuring Chronic Non‐Income Poverty
Authors: Günther Isabel , Klasen Stephan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to conceptualize chronic poverty and hence also poverty dynamics from a non-income perspective and then illustrate ways to explore this topic empirically. Section 4.2 discusses the potentials as well as limitations of conceptualizing chronic poverty in a non-income perspective. Section 4.3 presents a first approach to measure empirically chronic non-income poverty, focusing on critical functionings related to health and education, using a panel survey of Vietnam from 1992/3 and 1997/8. Section 4.4 shows the results of this application. Section 4.5 concludes with highlighting open issues and suggestions for further research.
6 Looking Forward
Authors: Carter Michael R. , Ikegami Munenobu 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUsing guidance from the microeconomic theory of poverty traps, this chapter uses the past to identify structural patterns of change — asset dynamics — rather than past levels of poverty. The statistical identification of these patterns then permits the creation of forward-looking poverty measures that tell us where we expect the poor to be in the future, not where they have been in the past. The chapter proceeds as follows. Section 6.2 develops a theoretically grounded approach to chronic poverty that emphasizes the role of individual heterogeneity and clarifies the role that vulnerability to economic shocks plays in producing chronic poverty. Section 6.3 shows how knowledge of the Micawber Frontier can be used to generate two classes of chronic poverty measures. Section 6.4 then takes some first steps toward implementing the ideas put forward in this chapter, using estimated asset dynamics in South Africa over the 1993 to 1998 period to calculate chronic poverty measures based on distance from the asset threshold.
Primary Rules?
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter argues that in the absence of international environmental obligations binding upon multinational corporations, the emergence of legal standards will allow adapting and translating inter-State obligations embodied in international environmental law into specific international criteria to determine the legitimacy of the conduct of the private sector against internationally recognized values and rules. The notion of legal standards is theoretically discussed, in order to provide the most appropriate framework to analyse the normative phenomena related to corporate environmental accountability at the international level.
Emerging Standards on Corporate Accountability in IEL
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter further investigates the convergence among the international environmental standards for corporate accountability identified or proposed by the international organizations previously discussed. It proceeds to clarify further the level of detail and international acceptance of these emerging international standards, also drawing upon recent developments in multilateral environmental agreements, in particular the Convention on Biological Diversity. The following emerging standards are considered as having reached a significant level of detail and acceptance at the international level: the self-assessment of environmental impacts, environmental management system; prevention, precaution, disclosure of environmental information; public consultations, and the sustainable use of natural resources. In all, these standards remain subject to specific application on a case-by-case basis. Nevertheless, a fundamental, minimum normative benchmark, firmly rooted in international environmental law, is emerging. According to these standards, it is now possible to appraise critically corporate conduct, even in the absence of, or in the presence of ineffective, national laws to this effect.
Sharpening the Monitoring Role of Other International Organizations
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter assesses the oversight role of human rights monitoring bodies: the United Nations and in particular the Security Council, and the OECD national contact points. It also addresses the question of their increased cooperation. Recommendations are then formulated to enhance the impact of international organizations' monitoring activities, whether direct or indirect, upon private companies. The importance of systematically documenting corporate harmful conducts and the actual limits of home and host States in controlling, preventing or responding to them is underscored. So is the need to ensure closer collaboration between the different international organizations currently monitoring the environmental conduct of private companies through exchange of information, joint investigations and follow-up actions.
Integrating International Standards in UN–Business Partnerships
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses whether the growing practice of establishing partnerships between the United Nations and the private sector could be based on the emerging standards for corporate environmental accountability. It further explores the question of strengthened UN-business partnerships by using contractual agreements, with a view to better adapting these international standards to specific industry sectors or local circumstances in a collaborative way. The chapter concludes with general recommendations to ensure timely and measurable results for partnerships and with more specific recommendations with regards to the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Between Medieval Men
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book argues for the importance of synoptically examining the whole range of same‐sex relations in the Anglo‐Saxon period, revisiting well‐known texts and issues (as well as material often considered marginal) from a radically different perspective. The introductory chapters first lay out the premises underlying the book and its critical context, then emphasise the need to avoid modern cultural assumptions about both male‐female and male‐male relationships, and underline the paramount place of homosocial bonds in Old English literature. Part II then investigates the construction of and attitudes to same‐sex acts and identities in ethnographic, penitential, and theological texts, ranging widely throughout the Old English corpus and drawing on Classical, Medieval Latin, and Old Norse material. Part III expands the focus to homosocial bonds in Old English literature in order to explore the range of associations for same‐sex intimacy and their representation in literary texts such as Genesis A, Beowulf, The Battle of Maldon, The Dream of the Rood, The Phoenix, and Ælfric's Lives of Saints. During the course of the book's argument, it uncovers several under‐researched issues and suggests fruitful approaches for their investigation. It concludes that, in omitting to ask certain questions of Anglo‐Saxon material, in being too willing to accept the status quo indicated by the extant corpus, in uncritically importing invisible (because normative) heterosexist assumptions in our reading, we risk misrepresenting the diversity and complexity that a more nuanced approach to issues of gender and sexuality suggests may be more genuinely characteristic of the period.
5 The Changing Face of Sodom, Part II: The Vernacular Tradition
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter constitutes a comprehensive investigation of the extant references to Sodom in Old English texts, except for Genesis A which is considered in Chapter 6. It divides these allusions into four categories: those using Sodom's destruction as the prime example of the punishment of sin; those where the Sodomites' behaviour exemplifies sin of an unusual gravity; those where Sodom is especially associated with sexual sin; and those in which Sodom is associated with unnatural sin. It shows that, contrary to the assumptions of many medieval scholars, not only do none of the references explicitly link Sodom to same‐sex acts, but many make quite other associations with the city.
6 Destructive Desire: Sexual Themes and Same‐Sex Relations inGenesis A
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe sixth chapter investigates how homosocial bonds are constructed in the Old English poetic version of the biblical book of Genesis, starting with the treatment of the Sodomites in Genesis A and the contrast between their relations and the ‘correct’ and praiseworthy homosocial bonds between Abraham and his kinsmen and friends. It argues that, unlike other prose treatments, in Genesis A same‐sex acts are not considered to be the primary sin of Sodom, but that they form part of a network of various forms of unsanctioned sexual desire, presented by the poet as destructive in order to promote by contrast the procreative coupling of Abraham and Sarah, the progenitors of the chosen people.
10 Unorthodox Desire: The AnonymousLife of Euphrosyneand theColloquiesof Ælfric Bata
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe final chapter then analyses at length the anonymous Life of Euphrosyne, which, although exhibiting some of the anxieties we find in Ælfric's work, is more open about the possibility of same‐sex desire within the monastery and, as such, presents rich possibilities for transgressive readings of the text and the reappropriation of the sexual desire it seeks to exclude. The chapter continues with an examination of the Colloquies of Ælfric Bata, which may exhibit a pragmatic and relaxed attitude to same‐sex relations more characteristic of many religious establishments not overseen by strict moralists such as Bata's tutor and namesake, Ælfric of Eynsham. It concludes by summarizing the findings of the individual chapters to characterize Anglo‐Saxon England's unique literary dynamic in terms of the uneasy yet productive interaction of issues of gender and sexuality, secular and religious, individual and community.
The Republic of Reasons: Public Reasoning, Depoliticization, and Non-Domination
Authors: Bellamy Richard 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The ‘neo-Roman’ school of republican thought views non-domination as the central political value of republicanism. This chapter does not defend this value but rather explores some of its implications for how political decisions are made. It shows that in different ways, republican theorists all contrast a refined political process orientated towards public reasoning with a pluralist reading of the competitive party electoral system found in most advanced democracies. They argue that the latter can subvert the former in certain circumstances, so that electoral democratic processes must be constrained and depoliticized to some extent if public reason is to prevail. They suggest that such depoliticization produces a shift away from an aggregative view of democracy as reflecting the will of the people, to a more deliberative view of democracy that seeks to formulate policies that reflect shareable public reasons concerning the common good. The chapter challenges this argument — it rests on an overly pessimistic view of actually existing democracy, on the one hand, and an excessively idealized view of public reason and the deliberative processes likely to achieve it, on the other. The chapter calls for a different account of public reasoning and its relation to both non-domination and the common good to the one these republican theorists work with. Such a revised and more realistic view of public reason reveals pluralist, competitive party democracy to be far more congenial to republican goals. This connection is undermined by many of the constraints certain republicans have advocated placing on the democratic process.
Democratic Regime‐Building in Bosnia
Authors: Tansey Oisín 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The exercise of international administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina dates from 1995, when a High Representative of the international community was established to oversee the implementation of the Dayton Peace Agreement. This chapter explores the international and domestic interactions in Bosnia, and highlights in detail how the international presence has combined with local forces to shape the country's political transition. The first section of this chapter provides an overview of the Dayton Agreement itself, and outlines the structure of the international mission in Bosnia. Subsequent sections examine international involvement in three key arenas of political transition, and explore the ways in which international authorities in Bosnia have shaped democratic development and contributed heavily to the development and evolution of Bosnia's complex political regime. The result has been a mode of transition in Bosnia that has at times entailed international and domestic cooperation and consensus, but that has also frequently been marked by international imposition in the face of domestic opposition. Democratic regime-building in Bosnia has been a contested process.
Conclusion
Authors: Tansey Oisín 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This concluding chapter restates and further examines the findings of the book in detail. The first section explores the impact of democratic regime-building operations across the three cases, paying particular attention to the mechanisms of influence and the influence on the mode of transition. The second section identifies a range of challenges to democratic regime-building, including the inherent limitations of international democracy promotion in these settings and the role of domestic state weakness and political divisions. Subsequent sections then examine a set of further issues, including the implications of the findings for theory and for policy, and the scope of the book's findings.