bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New crater in Costa Rica
Authors: Borgia Andrea , Poore Clark 
Published: October 2011

On April 9, 1983, we discovered a new explosion crater buried in the thick rain forest that covers the flanks of Arenal volcano in Costa Rica.The previously undetected crater, which we named Crater I, is located between the twin volcanic system Arenal‐Chato at 84°41′53″W and 10°27′42″N (Figure 1). It resulted from a phreatic explosion occurring probably during the 1968 explosive phase, in which three other well‐known main craters (A, B, and C) were opened along a fracture on the western side of the Arenal Volcano. Crater I has formed at the physical discontinuity that existed at the boundary of Arenal's lava‐armor that was created during the A.D. 1500 eruption cycle. The explosion, a small directed blast oriented 115° from the north, originated at a depth of approximately 20 m leaving a circular crater 25 m wide and 3 m deep with an axis sloping 15° from the vertical. The crater is made up of nonjuvenile lava blocks and lapilli and is now covered by thick ferns.
New pulsar discovered
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The discovery of a fast‐spinning pulsar that is part of a binary system may provide a key to resolving the controversy over the nature of pulsars. Valentin Boriakoff of Cornell University, working with two Italian astronomers, Rosalino Buccheri and Franco Fauci, discovered the pulsar and its companion by using the 305 m radio telescope of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center near Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The astronomers concluded that the newly discovered pulsar is part of a binary system because its pulsing period is not constant, a sure sign that something else is in the vicinity.Spinning at 163 times per second, the pulsar is rotating slower than the pulsar discovered at Arecibo last November (642 times per second), but the binary nature of the new discovery may help answer the question whether a pulsar's rate of spin is accelerated by the transfer of mass from a companion or whether a pulsar comes into existence already spinning. Most astronomers consider pulsars to be remnants of supernovas or exploding stars that collapsed into extremely small, dense objects and emit intense short bursts of radiation at regular intervals.
USGS to accept private funds
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the federal government's largest earth science research agency, is now authorized to accept contributions from private sources and to collaborate with such sources in projects that support the agency's scientific research and its development of technology and data systems.Before the USGS can accept outside contributions, however, the proposed project must be deemed to be in the public interest and must be deemed compatible with the basic USGS mission. Among the responsibilities of the USGS, are assessing the nation's land, water, energy, and mineral resources and developing methods to define and mitigate hazards associated with earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Details on criteria and procedures for making contributions and entering into collaborative projects are outlined in the June 2 Federal Register.
Tin in oceans
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

High concentrations of tin in the North Atlantic, discovered by two Florida State University oceanographers, have been linked with waste incineration and the burning of fossil fuels in North America and northern Europe. The oceanographers say that the tin in the North Atlantic was transported there primarily through the atmosphere.In what the National Science Foundation (NSF) is calling the first systematic study of tin in the oceans, Meinrat O. Andreae, associate professor of oceanography, and James T. Byrd, an oceanography graduate student, found that concentrations of tin are up to 20 times greater in the North Atlantic Ocean than they are in the uncontaminated equatorial and tropical Pacific Ocean. NSF funded the research.
Chapman Conference
Authors: Schock R. N. 
Published: October 2011

It is becoming clear that point defects in minerals play a role in processes important to the formation and evolution of the earth. Processes such as diffusion, electrical conduction, thermal conduction, creep, and sound propagation all exhibit behavior that can either be directly attributed to the influence of defects or can be shown to be related to their presence. In some cases (diffusion, electrical conduction, creep), point defects seem to play a central role in the behavior.The goal of the Chapman Conference, held at Fallen Leaf Lake, Calif., September 5–9, 1982, was to bring together a variety of experts from within the geosciences and those materials‐science disciplines that have traditionally studied the role of point defects in solids to examine the role of defects in minerals. In this sense, the conference was the first of its kind; and while there have been many dealing with point defects, none had dealt with their role in minerals and before an audience comprising a significant number of earth scientists. Of the 71 participants, 17 were decidedly nonearth science in their outlook, and 12 represented five countries other than the United States. An anticipated outcome of the conference was to expose earth scientists to the state of the art in point‐defect science and to expose nonearth scientists to current problems of geochemistry and geophysics.
Volcanic sulfur
Authors: Hobbs Peter V. 
Published: October 2011

Although I may be overly demanding in expecting a member of the Eos staff to be familiar with recent articles in AGU journals, I am moved to make a mild protest concerning attribution in the “Volcanic Sulfur Dynamics” news item by Mario E. Godinez (Eos, June 14, 1983, p. 411).Since the news story stated that an important result of the RAVE experiment was to estimate the SO2 flux from Mount St. Helens on just one day, I must point out that both my research group and USGS scientists have monitored the emissions from Mount St. Helens and estimated SO2 (and other) fluxes over extended periods of time. Our results, which were based on in situ airborne measurements carried out over a period of a year, include estimates of the flux rates of SO2, H2S, H2O, sulfates, halides, and various other particles, prior to, during, and after the explosive eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980 [Hobbs et al., 1983]. The USGS measurements, which are made remotely through use of an airborne correlation spectrometer, also commenced in 1980 a n d have provided data several times a week since that time [Casadevall et al., 1981]. We have also estimated the fluxes of various materials (including SO2) from eight other volcanos [Radke et al.., 1976; Stith et al.., 1978; Radke, 1982].
Salton sea research well
Authors: Elders Wilfred A. 
Published: October 2011

Two University of California, Riverside, scientists propose to extend a planned 3.7‐km‐deep steam‐production well in the Salton Sea geothermal field to 5.5 km for scientific study prior to the well's commercial use. The Salton Sea, a hydrothermal‐magma system in the delta of the Colorado River, is one of the hottest, most saline geothermal fields known, and the proposed extension would make the hole the deepest geothermal well in the world. The investigators expect that, unless temperature reversals occur, bottom‐hole temperatures in the extended well should exceed 400°C.Investigators interested in participating in the study are being invited to submit fundingproposals.
Methane and seismicity: A reply
Authors: Gold Thomas , Soter Steven 
Published: October 2011

In a recent Forum article in Eos (“Methane in Association With Seismic Activity,” June 14, 1983, p. 410), R. S. Oremland presents observations which he claims contradict the deep methane gas hypothesis. His principal case rests on observations of one M 5.7 earthquake near the volcanic area of Mammouth Lakes, California, which did not result in any increase in methane content of gases in four local seeps.In our published discussions of the deep gas hypothesis [Gold and Soter, 1980, 1982], we proposed (1) that outgassing from mantle depths is an ongoing process both in volcanic and nonvolcanic regions; (2) that the gases CO2 and CH4 are the principal carriers of the surface excess carbon; (3) that chemical equilibrium between CO2 and CH4 in the presence of hot or liquid rock is strongly shifted towards CO2, especially in the low pressure domain, and that therefore active volcanic or high heat flow regions would be less likely to exhibit CH4; and (4) that faultlines, particularly those which are seismically active, are locations where outgassing in cool regions can be sampled. The evidence there is that flames from the ground are often seen in association with major earthquakes. (Just as in many mud volcano eruptions, ignition of combustible gases can be attributed to electrostatic effects.) Methane is also observed in many of the major crustal rifts, together with helium having the high 3He to 4He ratio indicative of deep origin [Lupton, 1983].
The Earth's Climate: Past and Future
Authors: Berger A. 
Published: October 2011

This is not simply another specialized book on climate variations. It is a welcome comprehensive review of the scientific contributions of M. I. Budyko and his colleagues from the Soviet Union.M. I. Budyko, from the Main Geophysical Observatory in Leningrad, is an outstanding climatologist well known in the field of climate modeling. His results have been published mainly in Russian, but several important papers and books were fortunately published or translated into English. Among them let us remember his Atlas of the Heat Balance, Climate and Life, and Climatic Changes.
Independent NOAA considered
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A proposal to pull the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) out of the Department of Commerce and make it an independent agency was the subject of a recent congressional hearing. Supporters within the science community and in Congress said that an independent NOAA will benefit by being more visible and by not being tied to a cabinet‐level department whose main concerns lie elsewhere. The proposal's critics, however, cautioned that making NOAA independent could make it even more vulnerable to the budget axe and would sever the agency's direct access to the President.The separation of NOAA from Commerce was contained in a June 1 proposal by President Ronald Reagan that also called for all federal trade functions under the Department of Commerce to be reorganized into a new Department of International Trade and Industry (DITI).
Major Structural Zones and Faults of the Northern Appalachians
Authors: Belt Edward S. 
Published: October 2011

This work, the first really important one to include a wide spectrum of views since the “Billings volume” of 1968, assesses the status of the geology of the Northern Appalachians. The terrains considered in a dozen articles occur in New England, Québec, and eastern Canada. This has been a region of intense research due to the rapid evolution of plate tectonic models as the geology has become better known.The book is of considerable importance because nearly all the eminent researchers from the past decade have contributions in it and, unlike the Billings volume, the authors were asked to focus on major stratigraphic‐tectonic terrains, their boundaries, and their regional context. As a consequence of this commonality of purpose, most authors attempted regional evolutionary syntheses from their own perspective. The reader can thus construct a checklist of consensus and disagreement and, from that list, quickly ferret out areas for future research. The book's table of contents is shown at the end of this review in order to emphasize that the list of authors and the range of topics are impressive.
The etymology of “El Chichón”
Authors: Quiroz R. S. 
Published: October 2011

The eruption of El Chichón in the state of Chiapas, Mexico, in spring 1982 is clearly an important event for the study of volcanic effects on climate. Many reports have already appeared describing properties of the dust cloud [Robock, 1983], and comparisons of observed and calculated atmospheric effects have been undertaken [e.g., Quiroz, 1983]. We have meanwhile noted confusion regarding the meaning of the name of the volcano, and it is the intent of this note to clarify this problem.One meaning given in various dictionaries—easy, presenting no problem, teasing, joke‐playing (Central and South America)—seems irrelevant and will not be treated further here.
Southern Ocean bathymetry
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The southern oceans of the world have not been well surveyed generally, in contrast with oceans of the northern hemisphere. Data from the relatively new Seasat, which is a radar altimeter flown on a satellite platform, has recently provided bathymetric estimates for the southern oceans (Nature, 304, 407, 1983). The Seasat data provides a planning data base for future ship surveys to obtain precisely and accurately charted sea‐floor topography.The analysis of a 70‐day data set originally collected over the 100‐day period from July 5 to October 10, 1978, has revealed a number of distinct bathymetric features that had not been observed before. For example, the new data showed a major rise, or geoid high, that exists east of the Louisville Ridge between latitudes 38° and 41°S, and longitudes 160° and 150°W. The Louisville Ridge itself was found to be a nearly continuous feature composed of short ridge segments. A volcanic rather than a fracture zone origin is suggested by this topography.
Understanding superfluids
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Three researchers recently demonstrated that helium evaporates via a quantum mechanical process involving phonon (quantized sound wave) energy transfer; in doing so they may have taken the first step toward understanding the microscopic processes in classical liquids and solids (Nature, 304, 325–326, 1983).The result, obtained by M.J. Baird, F.R. Hope, and A.F.G. Wyatt, will have broad application even though helium itself is a quantum substance and in its superfluid state has properties of no other known material. In the fields of planetology and condensedstate mineral physics, investigators continue to try to understand the behavior of superfluid helium. The reasons for their effort extend from attempts to explain the fundamental dynamics of superdense stars to the practical matters of trying to predict the melting and boiling laws of planetary interiors.
Federal R&D 1974–1984
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The federal government distinguishes three types of activity under the title Research and Development (R&D), which was budgeted at $ 45.8 billion for 1984: basic research, applied research, and development. According to the National Science Foundation, the 1984 federal R&D obligation is 3 times the 1974 level. While the apparent 10‐year growth of the R&D budget was about 10.2% per year in current dollars, real annual growth averaged only 2.5%. Moreover, averages themselves are misleading because most of the growth has taken place since 1981, mostly in defense programs.The basic research portion of the 1984 R&D budget is $ 6.6 billion, one‐third of which is allocated to biomedical research areas administered through the National Institutes of Health. However, the Department of Health and Human Services budget showed a real‐dollar decline in 1984 of 3%. By contrast, the National Science Foundation budget, a portion of which also is granted for biological research, showed a less rapid rate of growth between 1974 and 1983, but had a real‐dollar increase in the 1984 budget of 12%.
Christmas Island birds returning
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Six months after their mass exodus, birds are beginning to return to Christmas Island. Roughly 17 million birds, almost the entire adult bird population, either perished or fled their mid‐Pacific atoll home last autumn, leaving behind thousands of nestlings to starve (Eos, April 5, 1983, p. 131). It is believed that the strong El Niño altered the ecology of the surrounding waters and forced the birds to flee. Christmas Island is the world's largest coral atoll.“Ocean and atmosphere scientists are unsure of future directions for the El Niño conditions and cannot now predict what will happen to the birds in the coming months,” said Ralph W. Schreiber, curator of ornithology at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in California. Heisthe ornithologist who discovered the disappearance. “The recovery of the bird populations depends on the food supply in the waters surrounding the island.” The island's birds feed exclusively on small fish and squid.
Society merger rejected
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Members of the American Society of Photogrammetry (ASP) and members of the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping (ACSM) have rejected a plan to consolidate the two societies.An affirmative vote of at least two‐thirds of each society's members present or represented by proxy was required for the merger. Voting in favor of the consolidation plan were 61.2% of ASP voters and 63.7% of ACSM voters. Almost 50% of eligible members of each society participated in the September 21 vote.
Advisory Council for URI Programs
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A 19‐member advisory council headed by former Rhode Island Governor Philip W. Noel has been appointed to help chart future research, education, and public service directions for the University of Rhode Island's marine programs.John A. Knauss, URI vice president for marine programs, said the council's primary purpose is to forge closer ties between private organizations and the university's marine activities, because, he said, much of the research and many of the job opportunities in these activities in the future will likely be tied to industry needs.
Minority Fellowships
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Approximately 35 fellowships for postdoctoral study will be awarded in 1984 to minority researchers who show promise of future achievement in academic research and scholarship, under a program sponsored by the Ford Foundation and administered by the National Research Council (NRC). The competition is open to all U.S. citizens or nationals with Ph.D. degrees who are either American Indians, Alaskan Natives (Eskimo or Aleut), Black Americans, Mexican Americans/Chicanos, or Puerto Ricans.Citing the under‐representation of these minority groups in formal programs of postdoctoral study, the fellowship administrators invite Ph.D.'s from the physical sciences as well as from engineering, mathematics, and the humanities to compete. The fellowships are awarded for one year, with a stipend of $20,000 for regular postdoctoral fellows and $26,000 for those who have held a doctorate for more than 7 years.
Carbon dioxide and climate
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The earth's climate is getting warmer because of a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that will continue well into the next century, according to a report released October 20 by the National Research Council (NRC), the research arm of the National Academy of Sciences. As the result of a 2‐year study commissioned by Congress, the NRC's Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee predicts a global temperature rise of as much as 4.5°C by the year 2100, enough to shift weather patterns, raise sea levels, and eliminate agriculture in some parts of the world. What's more, the trend seems inevitable— even drastic changes in our energy use would not prevent the warmup, according to the committee's findings.CO2, the major contributor to a thermal “greenhouse effect” that traps re‐radiated heat in the atmosphere, has risen from a concentration of 315 parts per million (ppm) to 340 ppm in one generation, largely as a result of the use of fossil fuels. Sometime in the third quarter of the next century, the report predicts, the concentration will probably be double the current level. The result will be a global warming of surface air of between 1.5° and 4.5°C, with temperature rises relatively greater at the poles.
History at 1983 IUGG Meeting
Authors: Garrett Henry B. 
Published: October 2011

Perhaps because the 1983 IUGG meeting at Hamburg commemorated the 100th anniversary of the First International Polar Year, the 50th anniversary of the Second International Polar Year, and the 25th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, it was a particularly appropriate forum for the study of the history of space science. By any measure, however, the 18th IUGG Assembly marks a watershed in the study of history and its application to space physics and geophysics.Besides two highly successful sessions on historical events and on the use of historical records in research sponsored by the IAGA Interdivisional Commission on History, several of the IUGG Union lectures and interunion sessions specifically addressed historical concerns. In particular, M. Nicolet's address (“Reflexions sur l'Année Géophysiaue Internationale”) and the opening remarks, which reminded the participants of the 1912 meeting in Hamburg of the Association Géodesique Internationale, revolved about historical events.
Fighting wind shear
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A “coherent and sustained program” of improved radar detection of weather, pilot training, and better communication between pilots and air controllers can greatly reduce the risk of wind shear to airplanes landing or taking off, according to a National Research Council (NRC) committee.Wind shear, characterized by winds rapidly changing direction and speed, has caused several serious accidents in recent years; among the most notable is the July 8, 1982, crash of a Pan American World Airlines jetliner at the New Orleans International Airport, which killed 153 persons. Following the accident, Congress directed the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to contract with the NRC to study wind shear.
Large‐scale snow studies
Authors: Rango Albert 
Published: October 2011

A workshop on Large‐Scale Snow Studies, sponsored by the IAHS International Committee on Snow and Ice (ICSI) was held in Hamburg on August 26, 1983 to discuss a 1981 ICSI working group report on the subject, present several invited review papers, and obtain recommendations that would be considered for submission to ICSI. Albert Rango, U.S. correspondent for ICSI, was the workshop convenor.The consensus of opinion at the workshop was that continued research in remote sensing of snowpack properties should be supported; microwave research should point toward definition of the optimum set of sensors for spaceborne studies; and a comparison of the mapping of large‐scale snow extent with operational NOAA visible products and spaceborne microwave radiometers should be conducted.
University lobbying
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

In the past year, an increasing number of individual academic institutions have lobbied in Congress for new science facilities funds thus circumventing the traditional peer review process of evaluating the merits of such facilities. As an attempt to stem this rising tide, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) governing council and the Association of American Universities (AAU) recently and independently issued strong statements condemning lobbying by individual universities and enthusiastically supporting the peer review system.“Informed peer judgments on the scientific merits of specific proposals, in open competition, should be a central element in the awarding of all federal funds for science,” the NAS resolution stated. AAU, meanwhile, implored “scientists, leaders of America's universities, and members of Congress” to “refrain from actions that would make scientific decisions a test of political influence rather than a judgment on the quality of the work to be done.” Roughly 50 research institutions constitute AAU; the two AAU Canadian members did not vote on the consortium's statement.