bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Assembly: I‐Motif Nanospheres: Unusual Self‐Assembly of Long Cytosine Strands (Small 8/2011)
Authors: Zikich Dragoslav , Liu Ke , Sagiv Lior , Porath Danny , Kotlyar Alexander 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of novel DNA structures based on tetraplex cytosine (C) arrangements, known as i‐motifs or i‐tetraplexes, is reported. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation shows that long C‐strands in mild acidic conditions form compact spherically shaped nanostructures. The DNA nanospheres are characterized by a typical uniform shape and narrow height distribution. Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) measurements performed on the i‐motif spheres clearly show their electrical polarizability. Further investigations by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at ultrahigh vacuum reveals that the structures exhibit an average voltage gap of 1.9 eV, which is narrower than the voltage gap previously measured for poly(dG)–poly(dC) molecules in similar conditions.
Corrosion Behavior of TiC Particle‐Reinforced 2Cr13 Stainless Steel
Authors: Wu Qianlin , Li Wenge , Yin Yansheng 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe corrosion behavior of TiC particle‐reinforced 2Cr13 stainless steels prepared by in situ reaction and electroslag remelting (ESR) was investigated using potentiodynamic polarisation measurements and immersion tests. The addition of TiC particles to 2Cr13 stainless steel impeded rapid pit propagation but maintained a high corrosion rate in the whole immersion time investigated. The TiC addition developed finer matrix structure, the formation of Cr‐rich carbides and high dislocation density around the TiC particles before corrosion, which results in an increasing corrosion rate and preferential pitting attack at the steel matrix/TiC interface. Although the corrosion resistance of 2Cr13 stainless steel is sharply decreased due to TiC addition, it is significantly improved after the ESR process. This is attributed to the more uniform distribution and smaller size of TiC particles, the increase of value of χ in TiCχ and the elimination of the porosity in TiC particle‐reinforced 2Cr13 stainless steel after the ESR process.
Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells of Swine into Rod Photoreceptors and Their Integration into the Retina
Authors: Zhou Liang , Wang Wei , Liu Yongqing , de Castro Juan Fernandez , Ezashi Toshihiko , Telugu Bhanu Prakash V.L. , Roberts R. Michael , Kaplan Henry J. , Dean Douglas C. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Absence of a regenerative pathway for damaged retina following injury or disease has led to experiments using stem cell transplantation for retinal repair, and encouraging results have been obtained in rodents. The swine eye is a closer anatomical and physiological match to the human eye, but embryonic stem cells have not been isolated from pig, and photoreceptor differentiation has not been demonstrated with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of swine. Here, we subjected iPSCs of swine to a rod photoreceptor differentiation protocol consisting of floating culture as embryoid bodies followed by differentiation in adherent culture. Real-time PCR and immunostaining of differentiated cells demonstrated loss of expression of the pluripotent genes POU5F1, NANOG, and SOX2 and induction of rod photoreceptor genes RCVRN, NRL, RHO, and ROM1. While these differentiated cells displayed neuronal morphology, culturing on a Matrigel substratum triggered a further morphological change resulting in concentration of rhodopsin (RHO) and rod outer segment-specific membrane protein 1 in outer segment-like projections resembling those on primary cultures of rod photoreceptors. The differentiated cells were transplanted into the subretinal space of pigs treated with iodoacetic acid to eliminate rod photoreceptors. Three weeks after transplantation, engrafted RHO+ cells were evident in the outer nuclear layer where photoreceptors normally reside. A portion of these transplanted cells had generated projections resembling outer segments. These results demonstrate that iPSCs of swine can differentiate into photoreceptors in culture, and these cells can integrate into the damaged swine neural retina, thus, laying a foundation for future studies using the pig as a model for retinal stem cell transplantation.
The domain of international business: Futures and future relevance of international business
Authors: Zettinig Peter , Vincze Zsuzsanna 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUsing data generated by a global Delphi study involving international business (IB) scholars and practitioners, this article reflects on the core and domain of a discipline that, on one side, has to deal with increasing competition from related disciplines, which internationalize their research focus, and, on the other side, is trying to develop conceptual knowledge to explain ever more complex international phenomena. Generating a multilevel framework of important issues for IB leads to propositions, which may widen the focus of the discipline to go beyond the firm, which, comparing IB to related disciplines, can provide pathways that maintain IB highly relevant for most diverse communities affected by international business. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Materials of large wind turbine blades: recent results in testing and modeling
Authors: Mishnaevsky L. , Brøndsted P. , Nijssen Rogier , Lekou D. J. , Philippidis T. P. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe reliability of rotor blades is the pre‐condition for the development and wide use of large wind turbines. In order to accurately predict and improve the wind turbine blade behavior, three main aspects of the reliability and strength of rotor blades were considered: (i) development of methods for the experimental determination of reliable material properties used in the design of wind turbine blades and experimental validation of design models, (ii) development of predictive models for the life prediction, prediction of residual strength and failure probability of the blades and (iii) analysis of the effect of the microstructure of wind turbine blade composites on their strength and ways of microstructural optimization of the materials. By testing reference coupons, the effect of testing parameters (temperature and frequency) on the lifetime of blade composites was investigated, and the input data for advanced design of wind turbine blades were collected. For assessing the residual strength and stiffness of wind turbine blades subjected to irregular cyclic loads, a shell‐based finite element numerical methodology was developed, taking into account the non‐linear response of plies, and experimentally validated. Two methods of structural reliability estimation of the blade, which take into account the stochastic nature of the anisotropic material properties and loads, were developed on the basis of the response surface method and the Edgeworth expansion technique, respectively. The effects of fiber clustering, misalignments, interface properties and other factors on the strength and lifetime of the wind turbine blade materials were investigated in the micromechanical finite element simulations. The results described in this paper stem from the Rotor Structure and Materials task of the UPWIND project. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Student homicidal violence in schools: An international problem
Authors: Bondü Rebecca , Cornell Dewey G. , Scheithauer Herbert 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSchool homicides have been become a worldwide phenomenon. In the decade following the Columbine shooting there have been at least forty similar events in other countries. This article addresses the international scope of this problem and some of the complex conceptual issues that make student homicidal violence difficult to define and study. Meaningful research on risk and protective factors that can inform evidence‐based preventive models is summarized.
Cultural and peer influences on homicidal violence: A Finnish perspective
Authors: Kiilakoski Tomi , Oksanen Atte 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo case examples of school shootings in Finland illustrate the interplay between the distal, international influence of the Columbine shooting and the more immediate impact of local peer interactions involving both peer bullying at school and peer encouragement of violence through the Internet. Both cases involved emotionally troubled young men who identified with the Columbine attackers and aspired to attain notoriety through similar acts of violence. There was a sequence of missed opportunities for prevention in these shootings that occurred when the student was chronically bullied, developed serious emotional problems, became fascinated with Columbine‐type events, and subsequently began to discuss interests and plans to commit a similar act.
Copper(I) Chelation by Tetradentate NSSN Donor Ligands: Reversible Oxidation but no Oxygenation
Authors: Schnödt Johannes , Sieger Monika , Sarkar Biprajit , Fiedler Jan , Manzur Jorge S. , Su Cheng‐Yong , Kaim Wolfgang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe copper(I) complexes [Cu(L4)](ClO4), L4 = 1,6‐bis(N‐methyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐dithiahexane (bmbdh) or 1,7‐bis(N‐methyl‐1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2,6‐dithiaheptane (bmdhp) were obtained and investigated through structure analysis (bmdhp compounds), cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis/NIR and EPR spectroelectrochemistry. Structure comparison of the complexes [Cu(bmdhp)](ClO4) (1) and [Cu(bmdhp)](SO3CF3) (2) with the previously reported [CuI(bdhp)(H2O)](PF6)0.66(BF4)0.34 (4), bdhp = 1,7‐bis(1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2,6‐dithiaheptane, with the related [CuI(mmb)2](BF4) (5), mmb = 1‐methyl‐2‐methylthiomethyl‐1H‐benzimidazole, with the oxidised [CuII(bmdhp)(H2O)](ClO4)2 (7), and with the zinc(II) species [Zn(bmbdh)(H2O)(SO3CF3)](SO3CF3) (8) and {[Zn(μ‐bmdhp)(H2O)(SO3CF3)]2}(SO3CF3) (9) reveal a variety of coordination numbers, L4 ligand coordination modes, M–N bond lengths and especially N–M–N angles, affecting the accessibility of the central metal ions. Electronic consequences as evident from oxidation potentials and from EPR and absorption spectra of the copper(II) forms are discussed. The lack of reactivity of the copper(I) compounds towards O2 is attributed to steric shielding and to electronic effects from two π accepting thioether donors.
Isomorphous Substitution of Iron and Nickel into Analcime Zeolite
Authors: Azizi Seyed Naser , Yousefpour Maryam 
Published: April 2011

AbstractStudies on the effects of iron and nickel incorporation into the hydrothermal synthesis of ANA zeolite were carried out. The presented work reveals that pure Fe‐Al analcime is synthesized by using starting composition with a higher iron(III) content than reported in previous publications. Furthermore, the iron(III) and nickel(II) contents play important roles in the framework of the synthesized zeolite. XRD, FT‐IR spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and SEM were used to characterize the synthesized zeolites. These investigations showed that loading of iron and nickel ions in ANA zeolite changes the pore size and morphology of analcime zeolite.
Epigenetics and the power of art
Authors: Karlic Heidrun , Baurek Pia 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This review presents an epigenetic view on complex factors leading to development and perception of “genius.” There is increasing evidence which indicates that artistic creativity is influenced by epigenetic processes that act both as targets and mediators of neurotransmitters as well as steroid hormones. Thus, perception and production of art appear to be closely associated with epigenetic contributions to physical and mental health.
Adolescent risk behaviors: Studying typical and atypical individuals via multidimensional scaling profile analysis
Authors: Dong Yang , Ding Cody 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWithin the framework of problem behavior theory, the purpose of this study was to examine risk behavior profiles of typical and atypical adolescents and the differential outcomes of well‐beings for these individuals in the United States. Based on the data from the survey of Health Behavior of School‐Aged Children by World Health Organization, multidimensional scaling profile analysis was used to identify prototypical risk behavior profiles and atypical adolescents. Analyses suggested prototypicality of risk behavior patterns rather than a risk behavior syndrome. The regression analysis was then conducted to investigate the effects of atypical individuals vs. prototypical risk groups on well‐being outcomes. The results indicated that those adolescents who were identified as more atypical than typical reported less positive psychological outcomes.
The Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease Requiring Nephrological Referral in Patients with Non-Visible Haematuria
Authors: Taylor Joby , Wilson J. Russell , Chan Koon H. , Urwin Graeme H. , Stower Michael J. 
Published: April 2011

Objective: To quantify the proportion of patients attending for urological investigation of non-visible haematuria who meet criteria for referral to specialist renal services under current UK guidelines. Patients and methods: Data were collected from 377 consecutive patients attending a dedicated non-visible haematuria clinic. Details were recorded for clinic outcomes and indicators of chronic kidney disease (eGFR, dipstick proteinuria, protein:creatinine ratio). The proportion of patients meeting referral criteria was calculated, including the increase in service need and costs. Results: 8.7% of patients had a positive urological diagnosis, with 2.7% having malignancies. 20.7% of patients had CKD stage 3 on the basis of their eGFR readings. 16.7% of patients had dipstick proteinuria, but only 4.4% had a raised protein:creatinine ratio. Overall, up to 22% of patients met current criteria for referral to nephrology, although this varied according to guideline. At this level, it equates to a potential increase of 20–30% in new patient referrals. Conclusion: Features of CKD are common in patients undergoing investigation for non-visible haematuria, with high numbers meeting current UK criteria for referral to nephrology. Appropriate investigation of these risk factors should form an integral part of the haematuria clinic.
Ten year course of low back pain in an adult population‐based cohort—The Doetinchem Cohort Study
Authors: van Oostroml Sandra H. , Verschurenl W.M. Monique , de Vetl Henrica C.W. , Picavetl H. Susan J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground: The long‐term course of long‐standing low back pain is largely unknown since long‐term data are scarce.Objective: We examined the course of self‐reported low back pain in the prospective population‐based Doetinchem cohort over a period of 10 years.Methods: Between 1993 and 2007, around 5700 randomly selected men and women in four age groups of originally 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59 years were measured three times. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association of sociodemographic (gender, age, education, work status) and lifestyle characteristics (BMI, smoking, physical activity) with persistent and new episodes of long‐standing low back pain.Results: The prevalence of long‐standing low back pain is quite stable over a 10 year period, approximately 20% on population level. On individual level, around 30% of the population was completely free of low back pain during the entire period, 6% can be characterized as persistent back pain sufferers. Individuals with persistent and a varying pattern have a more unhealthy lifestyle (BMI and smoking) than those without low back pain. Age, smoking, obesity and not having a paid job are associated with 10‐year persistent back pain in the general population, whereas age and not having a paid job are associated in those with long‐lasting back pain at baseline. New episodes of long‐standing back pain are relatively frequent among women and smokers.Conclusions: Low back pain in the population is characterized as very dynamic which challenges epidemiological studies highly. Long‐term information on the course of back pain is needed to define severe subgroups.
Parent-reported attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and subtypes of conduct disorder as risk factor of recidivism in detained male adolescents
Authors: Colins O. , Vermeiren R. , Vahl P. , Markus M. , Broekaert E. , Doreleijers T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveParents are considered to be crucial informants in child psychiatry, particularly for disorders in which age of onset is included in the diagnostic criteria. In detained adolescents, however, parents all too often are difficult to reach or reluctant to cooperate. The clinical relevance of gathering parental information in this context should therefore be demonstrated. This study examines if parent reports of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and age of onset subtypes of conduct disorder (CD) predict official criminal recidivism.MethodParticipants were 110 detained male adolescents from all three Youth Detention Centers in Flanders. Between January 2005 and February 2007, both youth and a parent were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV. Two to 4years later, information on criminal recidivism was retrieved.ResultsYouth self-reported ADHD and CD (subtypes) were not related with recidivism. Parent-reported ADHD, CD and childhood-onset CD predicted serious property recidivism, while parent-reported adolescent-onset CD predicted future violent arrests. In reverse, childhood-onset CD as reported by parents was negatively associated with violent recidivism.ConclusionObtaining parental diagnostic information in delinquent adolescents is crucial for predicting recidivism. This finding emphasizes the need of including parents when studying mental disorder in detained adolescents.
Review of the theoretical underpinnings of loyalty programs
Authors: Henderson Conor M. , Beck Joshua T. , Palmatier Robert W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA review of the extant literature reveals that the theoretical underpinnings of the majority of loyalty program research rest on psychological mechanisms from three specific domains—status, habit, and relational. We propose that to understand how loyalty programs actually work, a broader, more holistic research perspective is needed to account for the simultaneous effects across these three theoretical domains as well as both cross‐customer and temporal effects. The contribution of this approach is a fresh research agenda advanced in 15 research propositions.
Fracture patterns in the Zagros Simply Folded Belt (Fars, Iran): constraints on early collisional tectonic history and role of basement faults
Authors: LACOMBE OLIVIER , BELLAHSEN NICOLAS , MOUTHEREAU FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPre-/early folding fracture patterns were recognized in several anticlines from three structural domains in the Simply Folded Belt of the Fars arc. These fracture sets were characterized in terms of opening mode and relative chronology and used to reconstruct the main compressional trends related to the early Zagros collisional history. The palaeostress reconstructions based on these fracture sets were further refined by combination with newly collected or already available fault-slip and calcite twin data. As an alternative to previous models of rigid block rotations or regional stress rotation, we propose that the complex pattern of pre-folding fractures and the contrasting palaeostress orientations through time in the different domains investigated are related to the presence of basement faults with N–S and WNW trends, above which basement and cover were variably coupled during stress build-up and early deformation of the Arabian margin. Beyond regional implications, this study draws attention to the need to carefully consider pre-existing fractures, possibly unrelated to folding, to build more realistic conceptual fold–fracture models.
The Effect of Repeated Play on Reputation Building: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Tingley Dustin H. , Walter Barbara F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWhat effect does repeated play have on reputation building? The literature on international relations remains divided on whether, when, and how reputation matters in both interstate and intrastate conflict. We examine reputation building through a series of incentivized laboratory experiments. Using comparative statics from a repeated entry-deterrence game, we isolate how incentives for reputation building should change as the number of entrants changes. We find that subjects in our experiments generally build reputations and that those investments pay off, but we also find that some subjects did not react to incentives to build reputation in ways our model had predicted. In order to explain this, we focus on the heterogeneity of preferences and cognitive abilities that may exist in any population. Our research suggests that rational-choice scholars of international relations and those using more psychologically based explanations have more common ground than previously articulated.
The Making of the Territorial Order: New Borders and the Emergence of Interstate Conflict
Authors: Carter David B. , Goemans H. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe argue that new international borders are rarely new. We propose that when states choose new borders they use previous administrative frontiers to solve a difficult short-term bargaining problem and a long-term coordination problem. With a unique new set of data collected specifically for this project, we systematically examine the new international borders of the twentieth century resulting from secession, partition, and the use of force. New international borders, we find, are drawn not according to principles of “nationalism” or defensible borders, but rather according to previous administrative frontiers. How borders are drawn has important consequences for international stability: borders drawn along previously existing internal or external administrative frontiers experience fewer future territorial disputes and have a much lower risk of militarized confrontation if a dispute emerges.
On two-dimensional foam ageing
Authors: DUPLAT J. , BOSSA B. , VILLERMAUX E. 
Published: April 2011

The present study aims at documenting, making use of an original set-up allowing to acquire well-converged data, the coarsening of foams in two dimensions. Experiments show that a foam behaves quite differently depending on the way it has been prepared. We distinguish between an initially quasi-monodisperse foam and a polydisperse foam. The coarsening laws are initially different, although both foams reach a common, time-dependent asymptotic regime.The ageing process relies on exchanges between adjacent foam cells (von Neumann's law), and on topological rearrangement (1 and 2 processes) whose rates are measured in all regimes. We attempt to make their contribution to the evolution of the area S and facet number n distribution of probability P(S, n, t) quantitative. The corresponding mean field theory predictions represent well the phenomenon qualitatively, and are sometimes in quantitative agreement with the measurements. A simplified version of this theory, taking the form of a Langevin model, explains in a straightforward manner the different scaling laws in the different regimes, for the different foams.