bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lebensraum-Hotspots für saproxylische Arten mittels LFI-Daten erkennen
Authors: Brändli Urs-Beat , Abegg Meinrad , Bütler Rita 
Published: October 2011

Identifying habitat hotspots for saproxylic species using NFI data
Old wood and deadwood are the most important habitat features for thousands of typical wood-dwelling animal, fungi and plant species. In this paper, we explore the question of whether Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI) data can be used to identify so-called habitat hotspots in order to promote species nationally and regionally. We therefore used NFI data to analyse old wood, deadwood and habitat trees, which are the three most important habitat indicators for old and deadwood specialists, and developed a structural index based on all three. The results show that national distribution maps of selected saproxylic species differ in how well they correspond with NFI habitat indicators, most probably because field observations are not representative. The indicators were therefore compared with modelled distribution areas of potential hotspots for saproxylic species. It seems that today deadwood in particular is seldom very frequent in those areas where it would most help to maintain biodiversity. Deadwood is especially plentiful in the western edges of the Alps. There are large supplies of old wood in Valais and the Engadine, and hotspots of habitat trees in Ticino, the central Jura and lower Valais. The NFI data on site characteristics, management forms and main forest functions were analysed to find out how much influence these factors have. For example, spruce-silver fir forests contain twice as much deadwood as beech forests (32 vs. 16 m3/ha), and old stands in spruce-silver fir forests untended for over 30 years as much as 50 m3/ha. Deadwood supplies tend to be greater at higher altitudes, on steep slopes and in forests difficult to access, regardless of the forest function. Protection forests tend to contain the most old stands (27% older than 120 years) and deadwood (26 m3/ha), while forests mainly used for recreation and timber production contain 12–13 m3/ha of deadwood and 17–20% of old stands. During the past two decades, the amount of old wood and deadwood has greatly increased in forests regardless of their function. The NFI inventories are very suitable for monitoring changes in forest habitats across space and time, and for assessing the influence of site characteristics, forms of management and natural events. Detailed analyses of NFI data can help in deciding on the best nature conservation strategies, for example, the geographical focus for conservation or promotion, the potential of forests that have not been used for a long time or the synergy with protection forests. NFI data should be used more for such purposes in future.
Die Baumbedeckung in der Schweiz
Authors: Ginzler Christian , Mathys Lukas , Thürig Esther 
Published: October 2011

Tree cover in Switzerland
The requirements for national forest inventories have changed in recent decades, as have the issues involved. Initially, the focus was mainly information on timber resources, but today social and environmental functions are also of interest. An a priori separation of the surveyed areas into forest and non-forest during data collection limits the interpretation of the tree resources. Not all trees are located in the forest and not all forests are fully stocked. In the aerial photo interpretation of the 3rd National Forest Inventory, land cover on a regular sampling grid was determined regardless of the land use. This allowed, for the first time, nationwide information on tree resources to be obtained, independent of forest definitions. The tree cover of Switzerland is 27.0% regardless of whether the trees are in the forest or outside. The area covered with forest (proportionally 29.4%) is larger than that covered with trees. The location of the trees outside the forest tends to be mostly either very close to forest or in urban areas. The most densely stocked areas, after forests, are urban areas. The data from aerial photo interpretations of the 3rd National Forest Inventory allow a more nuanced picture of the stocking over the whole country, but the sampling error is still too large to draw conclusions for small areas. The existing and ongoing surveys, however, provide a calibration and reference dataset so that, with remote sensing data and methods, it should be possible to generate more comprehensive spatial datasets to help to fill this gap.
Exonucleases
Authors: McReynolds Larry A. , Nichols Nicole M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReaction conditions for numerous exonucleases are detailed in this unit along with discussions of potential applications and preferred substrates. Single‐stranded and double‐stranded 5′ →︀ 3′ and 3′ →︀ 5′ exonucleases are included. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 96:3.11.1‐3.11.7. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Situ Formation of Particle Reinforced Al Matrix Composite by Selective Laser Melting of Al/Fe2O3 Powder Mixture
Authors: Dadbakhsh Sasan , Hao Liang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis work presents a novel in situ reaction approach to produce Al matrix composites from a powder mixture of Al/5 wt% Fe2O3 by using selective laser melting (SLM). It is found that the SLM process not only is able to produce three‐dimensional parts, but also is capable of activating an in situ reaction in the powder mixture, producing particles mainly from alumina (Al2O3) and iron combinations (such as Fe2+Al2O4) in Al matrix. These particles (as reinforcements) can be distributed uniformly with a good particle/matrix interface under controlled conditions.
The Effect of Methyl Functionalization on Microporous Metal‐Organic Frameworks' Capacity and Binding Energy for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption
Authors: Liu Hui , Zhao Yonggang , Zhang Zhijuan , Nijem Nour , Chabal Yves J. , Zeng Heping , Li Jing 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe design, synthesis, and structural characterization of two new microporous metal‐organic framework (MMOF) structures is reported; Zn(BDC)(DMBPY)0.5·(DMF)0.5(H2O)0.5 (1; H2 BDC = 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid; DMBPY=2,2′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridine) and Zn(NDC)(DMBPY)0.5·(DMF)2 (2; H2NDC = 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, DMF=N,N,‐dimethylformamide), which are obtained by functionalizing a pillar ligand with methyl groups. Both compounds are 3D porous structures of the Zn2(L)2(P) type and are made of a paddle‐wheel Zn2(COO)4 secondary building unit (SBU), with the dicarboxylate and DMBPY as linker (L) and pillar (P) ligands, respectively. Comparisons are made to the parent structures Zn(BDC)(BPY)0.5·(DMF)0.5(H2O)0.5 (3; BPY = 4,4′‐bipyridine) and Zn(NDC)(BPY)0.5·(DMF)1.575 (4) to analyze and understand the effect of methyl functionalization. CO2‐adsorption studies indicate substantially enhanced isosteric heats of CO2 adsorption (Qst) for both compounds, as a result of adding methyl groups to the BPY ligand. The CO2 uptake capacity, however, is affected by two opposing and competing factors: the enhancement due to increased MMOF–CO2 interactions (higher Qst values) and detraction due to the surface area and pore‐volume reduction. For 1′ (the guest‐free form of 1), the positive effect dominates, which leads to a significantly higher uptake of CO2 than that of its parent structure 3′ (the guest‐free form of 3). In 2′ (the guest‐free form of 2), however, the negative effect rules, which results in a slightly lower CO2 uptake with respect to 4′ (the guest‐free form of 4). All four compounds exhibit a relatively high separation capability for carbon dioxide over other small gases, including CH4, N2, and O2. The separation ratios of CO2 to O2 and N2 (at 298 K and 1 atm) are 39.8 and 23.5 for compound 1′, 57.7 and 40.2 for 2′, 25.7 and 29.5 for 3′, 89.7, and 20.3 for 4′, respectively. IR and Raman spectroscopic characterization of CO2 interactions with 1′ and 2′ provides indirect support of the importance of the methyl groups in the interaction of CO2 within these systems.
One‐Pot Ring‐Closing Metathesis (RCM)/Oxidation by an Assisted Tandem Ruthenium Catalysis for the Synthesis of 2‐Quinolones
Authors: Kato Hiroshige , Ishigame Tatsuya , Oshima Nobuhiro , Hoshiya Naoyuki , Shimawaki Ken , Arisawa Mitsuhiro , Shuto Satoshi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe have developed a one‐pot ring‐closing metathesis (RCM)/oxidation methodology to yield various 2‐quinolines from 2‐vinyl‐N‐allylaniline derivatives. This is a first example of an oxidation involving methylene (CH2) groups with modified Grubbs‐type ruthenium complexes. Hence, this adds an example of a non‐methathesis reaction using a ruthenium carbene catalyst.
Iron‐Facilitated Iodine‐Mediated Electrophilic Annulation of N,N‐Dimethyl‐2‐alkynylanilines with Disulfides or Diselenides
Authors: Du Hui‐Ai , Tang Ri‐Yuan , Deng Chen‐Liang , Liu Yan , Li Jin‐Heng , Zhang Xing‐Guo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of N‐methyl‐3‐chalcogeno‐indoles has been developed via iodine‐mediated electrophilic annulation reactions of 2‐alkynylaniline derivatives with disulfides or diselenides. In the presence of iodine and iron, a variety of 2‐alkynylanilines selectively underwent the electrophilic annulation with numerous disulfides or diselenides leading to the corresponding 3‐sulfenylindoles and 3‐selenenylindoles in moderate to excellent yields. It is noteworthy that iron can promote the reaction.
Ethene‐Induced Temporary Inhibition of Grubbs Metathesis Catalysts
Authors: Scholz Judith , Loekman Soebiakto , Szesni Normen , Hieringer Wolfgang , Görling Andreas , Haumann Marco , Wasserscheid Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGrubbs‐type catalysts were immobilized in form of supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) materials and applied in the gas‐phase cross‐metathesis of various substrates in order to study the effect of ethene on catalyst activity and stability in detail. From our theoretical and experimental findings we suggest that ethene causes temporary inhibition effects due to a reversible shift of ruthenium complexes from the productive catalytic cycle towards unproductive, dormant ruthenium species. By avoiding the presence of ethene, constant catalytic activity and selectivity for more than 20 days of continuous operation could be realized.
Pontocerebellar hypoplasia in association with de novo 19p13.11p13.12 microdeletion
Authors: Gallant Natalie M. , Baldwin Erin , Salamon Noriko , Dipple Katrina M. , Quintero‐Rivera Fabiola 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe pontocerebellar hypoplasias (PCHs) are a group of clinically variable disorders characterized by abnormally small cerebellum and brainstem, generally inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. While PCHs have been grouped into six subtypes, clinical diagnosis is equivocal until a genetic diagnosis is established. We report a patient with PCH, intrauterine growth restriction, ventricular septal defect, rib anomalies, midgut malrotation, and facial dysmorphic features. Using SNP analysis, we identified three de novo deletions of: 1.055 Mb at 6q24.3q25.1 (148174730–149229583); 169 kb at 16p13.2 (6565411–6733934); and 2.530 Mb at 19p13.11p13.12 (13857587–16387798), which were confirmed by FISH. 19p13 deletions are rare aberrations. Of patients previously described with overlapping 19p13.12 deletions and multiple anomalies, only one presented with PCH. Deleted in both that patient and the patient reported here, is DDX39, a DEAD‐box RNA helicase. DDX39 is part of the homeostatic machinery that regulates the switch of cellular proliferation and differentiation. It is highly expressed in the developing central nervous system and optic cup of Xenopus laevis. The brain abnormalities in the patient reported here were more severe than the previously reported patient, which may be due to additional deletions or undetected point mutations in the nondeleted allele. Notably, the patient reported here also has a partial deletion of RBFOX1 (A2BP1), which lies within the autism susceptibility locus on 16p13.2. Our findings suggest chromosomal microarray analysis may be useful in determining etiology of syndromic PCH. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism with obesity in Roma/Gypsy population
Authors: Mačeková Soňa , Bernasovský Ivan , Gabriková Dana , Bôžiková Alexandra , Bernasovská Jarmila , Boroňová Iveta , Behulová Regina , Švíčková Petra , Petrejčíková Eva , Soták Miroslav , Sovičová Adriana , Čarnogurská Jana 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe rs9939609 SNP located in the first intron of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) has been found to be associated with common obesity mainly in populations of European descent. The Roma/Gypsy population as an ethnic minority of Asian Indian origin is well known for its adverse health status with a high prevalence of obesity. The main aim of this study was to examine the contribution of the rs9939609 FTO polymorphism to the high prevalence of obesity in the Roma/Gypsy population. Following a number of anthropometric measurements, the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped in 312 Roma/Gypsy individuals. We observed significant differences in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist‐to‐hip ratio between different genotypes (P = 0.003, P = 0.012, and P = 0.03, respectively). The waist circumference in the subjects with AA genotype was about 7.1 cm larger than in those with TT genotypes (P = 0.005). However, the strongest association of minor allele A of the rs9939609 FTO polymorphism was found with BMI (odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.129–2.128; P = 0.007), even after adjusting for age, sex, and smoking status. This study provides the first report of allele and genotype frequencies for the rs9939609 polymorphism and also the first evidence of the association of the FTO variant with obesity in the Roma/Gypsy population. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From parasite encounter to infection: Multiple‐scale drivers of parasite richness in a wild social primate population
Authors: Benavides Julio A. , Huchard Elise , Pettorelli Nathalie , King Andrew J. , Brown Molly E. , Archer Colleen E. , Appleton Chris C. , Raymond Michel , Cowlishaw Guy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHost parasite diversity plays a fundamental role in ecological and evolutionary processes, yet the factors that drive it are still poorly understood. A variety of processes, operating across a range of spatial scales, are likely to influence both the probability of parasite encounter and subsequent infection. Here, we explored eight possible determinants of parasite richness, comprising rainfall and temperature at the population level, ranging behavior and home range productivity at the group level, and age, sex, body condition, and social rank at the individual level. We used a unique dataset describing gastrointestinal parasites in a terrestrial subtropical vertebrate (chacma baboons,Papio ursinus), comprising 662 fecal samples from 86 individuals representing all age–sex classes across two groups over two dry seasons in a desert population. Three mixed models were used to identify the most important factor at each of the three spatial scales (population, group, individual); these were then standardized and combined in a single, global, mixed model. Individual age had thestrongest influence on parasite richness, in a convex relationship. Parasite richness was also higher in females and animals in poor condition, albeit at a lower order of magnitude than age. Finally, with a further halving of effect size, parasite richness was positively correlated to day range and temperature. These findings indicate that a range of factors influence host parasite richness through both encounter and infection probabilities but that individual‐level processes may be more important than those at the group or population level. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Software tools overview: process integration, modelling and optimisation for energy saving and pollution reduction
Authors: Lam Hon Loong , Klemeš Jiří Jaromír , Kravanja Zdravko , Varbanov Petar Sabev 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of software tools based on long experience and applications in the area of process integration, modelling and optimisation. The first part reviews the current design practice and the development of supporting software tools. Those are categorised as: (1) process integration and retrofit analysis tools, (2) general mathematical modelling suites with optimisation libraries, (3) flowsheeting simulation and (4) graph‐based process optimisation tools. The second part covers an assessment of tools which enable the generation of new sustainable alternatives to adapt to the future needs. They deal with waste, environment, energy consumption, resources depletion and production cost constrains. The emphasis of the sustainable process design tools is largely on the evaluation of process viability under sustainable economic conditions, synthesis of sustainable process and supply chain process maintenance and life cycle analysis. Major software tools development and the potential of the research‐based tools for sustainable process design task are overviewed in the concluding part. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact strength improvement of wood flour–recycled polypropylene composites
Authors: Ghahri Saman , Najafi Saeed Kazemi , Mohebby Behbood , Tajvidi Mehdi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this research, the improvement of the impact strength of wood flour–recycled polypropylene (PP) composites through impact modification was studied. For this purpose, a virgin polypropylene (VPP) was thermomechanically degraded by five extrusions under controlled conditions in a twin‐screw extruder at a rotor speed of 100 rpm and a temperature of 190°C. PP (VPP and recycled PP at the second and fifth stages) and wood flour were compounded at 50 wt % wood flour loading in a counterrotating twin‐screw extruder in the presence different contents of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) to produce the wood flour–PP composites. From the results, the composites containing recycled PP exhibited significantly lower impact strengths. The addition of EVA up to 9 wt % increased the impact strengths of the composites made with PP recycled two and five times by about 63 and 41%, respectively. The composites containing VPP exhibited higher impact strengths than those containing recycled PP and EVA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and thermal properties of phase‐change microcapsules incorporated with nano alumina particles in the shell
Authors: Chen Ling , Zhang Li‐Qun , Tang Rui‐Fen , Lu Yong‐Lai 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNovel phase‐change microcapsules with paraffin as core and melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) resin as shell were synthesized through in situ polymerization, in which nano alumina (nano‐Al2O3) particles were dispersed in the shell by mixing nano‐Al2O3 with MF prepolymer solution using the direct addition method (i.e., adding nano‐Al2O3 into the MF prepolymer solution directly) and the predispersed addition method (i.e., predispersing the nano‐Al2O3 homogenously in water under the assistance of dispersant and wetting agents before mixing with the MF prepolymer). Scanning electron microscope experiments demonstrated that the predispersed addition method yielded the microcapsules having the better dispersion and less self‐agglomeration of alumina, compared to the direct addition method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction imaging confirmed that the nano‐Al2O3 particles were successfully incorporated in the shell by the predispersed addition method. The phase change behavior of microcapsules incorporated with different contents (up to 12.7% relative to the microcapsule) of nano‐Al2O3 particles in the shell was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter. The results revealed that the encapsulation efficiency for this kind of novel microcapsules was >77% and the incorporation of nano‐Al2O3 in the shell affected the phase change temperature. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that the addition of nano‐Al2O3 improved the thermal stability of microcapsules remarkably. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Improvement in properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposites through homogeneous dispersion with the aid of surfactants
Authors: Cheng Henry Kuo Feng , Pan Yongzheng , Sahoo Nanda Gopal , Chong Kahwei , Li Lin , Hwa Chan Siew , Zhao Jianhong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe effects of different surfactants on the properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polypropylene (MWCNT/PP) nanocomposites prepared by a melt mixing method have been investigated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (NaDDBS) were used as a means of noncovalent functionalization of MWCNTs to help them to be dispersed uniformly into the PP matrix. The effects of these surfactant‐treated MWCNTs on morphological, rheological, thermal, crystalline, mechanical, and electrical properties of MWCNT/PP composites were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, rheometry, tensile, and electrical conductivity tests. It was found that the surfactant‐treatment and micromixing resulted in a great improvement in the state of dispersion of MWCNTs in the polymer matrix, leading to a significant enhancement of Young's modulus and tensile strength of the composites. For example, with the addition of only 2 wt % of SDS‐treated and NaDDBS‐treated MWCNTs, the Young's modulus of PP increased by 61.1 and 86.1%, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Novel peroxide‐vulcanized NBR‐PAni.DBSA blends, part 2: Effects of conductive filler particles alignment
Authors: Yong K. C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDicumyl peroxide (DCP) vulcanized poly(butadiene‐co‐acrylonitrile)‐polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate [NBR‐PAni.DBSA] blends were successfully prepared by using the practical thermomechanical mixing method. The effect of alignment of PAni.DBSA particles on the mechanical and electrical properties of vulcanized blends was studied (by passing the blends through a two roll‐mills). All vulcanized blends strained parallel to the flow direction when passed through the two roll‐mills had their electrical conductivities enhanced with increasing strain in tension. Good historical memory in term of the electrical conductivities during three cycles of straining (with 300 times of strain loading and unloading motion for each cycle) was observed for all vulcanized blends (99% retention of original value before straining). These vulcanized blends also showed better mechanical properties (i.e., higher tensile strength and tear strength) than the ones strained perpendicularly to the flow direction. With the ideal mechanical properties and reversible electrical behavior, this type of blend can potentially emerge as a new class of flexible smart material. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012