bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australasian ophthalmology: trans‐Tasman ties
Authors: Hadden O Bruce , Kaufman David V 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLinks between Australian and New Zealand ophthalmology began with peripatetic surgeons who worked in both countries. Links continued with the Intercolonial Medical Congresses which began in 1887. Ophthalmologists from both countries were involved in the founding of the Royal Australian College of Surgeons in 1927. There were combined meetings of the Ophthalmological Societies of Australia and New Zealand from 1962. Common training and qualification programs evolved. The culmination of ties occurred in 1997 when the Ophthalmological Society of New Zealand merged with the Royal Australian College of Ophthalmologists to form the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.
Novel grading system for pupillary ruff changes and associated features
Authors: Wong Tracey , Ang Ghee Soon , Nicholas Simon , Wells Anthony P 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate the reproducibility of a new system for grading pupil ruff changes and associated findings.Design:  Observational comparative study.Participants:  Forty‐seven photograph sets including iris, pupil edge and ruff, and inferior anterior chamber drainage angle.Methods:  A novel system for recording pupillary ruff changes was developed, along with reference iris, pupil and gonioscopy images. A prospective masked agreement study was undertaken using two observers who graded the photograph sets using this new system. Parameters included pupillary ruff absence and abnormality, pupil edge pigment, trabecular meshwork pigment, Sampaolesi line pigment, iris root pigment, and pigment ‘lumps’ and ‘piles’.Main Outcome Measures:  Intraobserver and interobserver agreement for the parameters of the grading system, assessed with the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman plots.Results:  Photographs of 47 eyes of 47 glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients were evaluated. Agreement percentages of ≥95% (average 96%) and ≥60% (average 70%) were obtained for intraobserver and interobserver agreement, respectively. The average interobserver single‐measure intraclass correlation coefficient and repeat‐measures intraclass correlation coefficient were 0.75 (range 0.54–0.88) and 0.85 (range 0.70–0.94), respectively. There was a non‐significant trend towards interobserver systematic bias on one of the nine parameters (iris stroma pigment at the pupil edge).Conclusion:  This grading system provides a reliable and reproducible system for encoding of clinical signs of pupil ruff atrophy for clinical research.
Phosphite utilization by the marine picocyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MIT9301
Authors: Martínez Asunción , Osburne Marcia S. , Sharma Adrian K. , DeLong Edward F. , Chisholm Sallie W. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryPrimary productivity in the ocean's oligotrophic regions is often limited by phosphorus (P) availability. In low phosphate environments, the prevalence of many genes involved in P acquisition is elevated, suggesting that the ability to effectively access diverse P sources is advantageous for organisms inhabiting these regions. Prochlorococcus, the numerically dominant primary producer in the oligotrophic ocean, encodes high‐affinity P transporters, P regulatory proteins and enzymes for organic phosphate utilization, but its ability to use reduced P compounds has not been previously demonstrated. Because Prochlorococcus strain MIT9301 encodes genes similar to phnY and phnZ, which constitute a novel marine bacterial 2‐aminoethylphosphonate (2‐AEPn) utilization pathway, it has been suggested that this organism might use 2‐AEPn as an alternative P source. We show here that although MIT9301 was unable to use 2‐AEPn as a sole P source under standard culture conditions, it was able to use phosphite. Phosphite utilization by MIT9301 appears to be mediated by an NAD‐dependent phosphite dehydrogenase encoded by ptxD. We show that phosphite utilization genes are present in diverse marine microbes and that their abundance is higher in low‐P waters. These results strongly suggest that phosphite represents a previously unrecognized component of the marine P cycle.
Feline calicivirus: a neglected cause of feline ocular surface infections?
Authors: Gerriets Wiebke , Joy Nisha , Huebner‐Guthardt Janine , Eule Johanna Corinna 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective To investigate the prevalence of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection in relation to ocular surface lesions in cats with upper respiratory tract diseases (URTD).Animals studied Ninety‐nine cats with ocular surface infection and symptoms or recent history of URTD were examined at various rescue shelters and hospitals.Procedure A complete general and ophthalmic examination was performed including Schirmer tear test, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein and lissamine green staining. Clinical and ocular symptoms were scored and recorded. Conjunctival samples were collected using a cytobrush, and nucleic acid extraction using RT‐PCR was carried out to analyze for the presence of various infectious agents.Results RT‐PCR detected either FCV, feline herpes virus type 1 (FHV‐1),Chlamydophila felisorMycoplasma spp. in 63/99 samples. 30/63 samples were positive for FCV, 23/63 forC. felis, 21/63 forMycoplasma spp., and 16/63 for FHV‐1. Out of the 30 FCV‐positive samples, 11 were positive only for FCV and in 19 samples FCV was seen in combination with other agents. FCV infection was highest in animals examined at the rescue centers and in the age group of 0–2 months. Erosive conjunctivitis was an important ocular finding. Oral ulcers were detected in all FCV‐infected cats.Conclusion Results indicate that FCV is highly prevalent in cats with URTD either as a sole infectious agent or in combination with other pathogens and therefore is a potential cause for ocular surface lesions during the URTD.
Trade Liberalization and Technology Diffusion
Authors: Hafner Kurt A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe paper considers the role of technology diffusion and trade liberalization for the catching‐up of structurally backward countries. A New Economic Geography model is presented that accounts for firm entry/exit and international mobility of skilled labor employed in public R&D sectors. This raises the traditional agglomeration effects in a core–periphery setting as firms and mobile factors usually cluster within spatial agglomerations. With international technology diffusion, however, there is a counteracting effect on the traditional agglomeration effects as firms in the periphery also benefit from increasing R&D expenditures in the core lowering entry costs for firms. It is found that the catching‐up of structurally backward countries is spurred not only as a result of trade integration but also because of technology diffusion.
Emerging Technologies and the Future of Philosophy
Authors: Verdoux Philippe 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis article examines how a class of emerging technologies—specifically, radical cognitive enhancements and artificial intelligence—has the potential to influence the future of philosophy. The article argues that progress in philosophy has been impeded, in part, by two specific constraints imposed on us by the natural architecture of our cognitive systems. Both of these constraints, though, could in principle be overcome by certain cognitive technologies currently being researched and/or developed. It surveys a number of these technologies, and then looks at a particular metaphilosophical stance (called “inflationism”) that advocates amplifying the abilities of philosophers rather than reducing the ambitions of philosophy, given the apparent “teleological gap” between philosophy's ultimate goal (i.e., “the truth”) and the limited capacities of our evolved mental machinery.
Do Retail Investors Follow Insider Trades?
Authors: Stotz Olaf 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
On the basis of transaction records of retail investors provided by a large financial institution, this article analyzes whether, in the aggregate, retail investors do copy insider trades. The results suggest that insider trades are indeed an important piece of information for the transactions of retail investors, whose buy-sell imbalances (BSIs) increase in stocks which insiders buy, and whose BSIs decrease following insider sales. These results are robust when considering stock characteristics and general attention effects. With regard to trading insider stocks, retail investors’ preferences for growth and attention are less pronounced when compared with trades of noninsider stocks.
Changes in pulmonary function during pregnancy: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Grindheim G , Toska K , Estensen M‐E , Rosseland LA 
Published: October 2011

Please cite this paper as: Grindheim G, Toska K, Estensen M, Rosseland L. Changes in pulmonary function during pregnancy: a longitudinal cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:94–101.Objective  To record any physiological changes in lung function during healthy pregnancies, and evaluate the influence of parity, pregestational overweight, and excessive weight gain.Design  Longitudinal cohort study.Setting  Antenatal clinic at Oslo University Hospital.Population  One hundred healthy white women with singleton pregnancies.Methods  The women were studied with repeated measures of lung function using spirometry at a gestational age of 14–16, 22–24, 30–32, and 36 weeks, and at 6 months postpartum.Main outcome measures  Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF), also expressed as a percentage of predicted values according to age and height: i.e. FVC%, FEV1%, and PEF%.Results  Both FVC and FVC% increased significantly after 14–16 weeks of gestation (P = 0.001), as was the case for both PEF and PEF% (P < 0.001). FVC, FVC%, PEF, and PEF% in early and mid‐pregnancy were significantly lower compared with the postpartum value (all P < 0.05). Nulliparous women had an overall 4.4% lower value of FVC% than parous women (P = 0.039). There were no differences in FVC, FEV1, or PEF dependent upon pregestational overweight or excessive weight gain.Conclusions  Forced vital capacity (FVC) increases significantly after 14–16 weeks of gestation. The FVC% is significantly higher in parous compared with primigravida women, suggesting that the changes in FVC occurring during pregnancy persist postpartum. PEF increases significantly during healthy pregnancies, and should be interpreted cautiously in pregnant women with impaired lung function.
Neuropeptide Y inhibits interleukin‐1 beta‐induced microglia motility
Authors: Ferreira Raquel , Santos Tiago , Cortes Luísa , Cochaud Stéphanie , Agasse Fabienne , Silva Ana Paula , Xapelli Sara , Malva João O. 
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 93–105.AbstractIncreasing evidences suggest that neuropeptide Y (NPY) may act as a key modulator of the cross‐talk between the brain and the immune system in health and disease. In the present study, we dissected the possible inhibitory role of NPY upon inflammation‐associated microglial cell motility. NPY, through activation of Y1 receptors, was found to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced microglia (N9 cell line) motility. Moreover, stimulation of microglia with LPS was inhibited by IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra), suggesting the involvement of endogenous interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) in this process. Direct stimulation with IL‐1β promoted downstream p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase mobilization and increased microglia motility. Moreover, consistently, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibition decreased the extent of actin filament reorganization occurring during plasma membrane ruffling and p38 phosphorylation was inhibited by NPY, involving Y1 receptors. Significantly, the key inhibitory role of NPY on LPS‐induced motility of CD11b‐positive cells was further confirmed in mouse brain cortex explants. In summary, we revealed a novel functional role for NPY in the regulation of microglial function that may have important implications in the modulation of CNS injuries/diseases where microglia migration/motility might play a role.
Does a Video‐Interpreting Network Improve Delivery of Care in the Emergency Department?
Authors: Jacobs Elizabeth A. , Fu Paul C. , Rathouz Paul J. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo measure the impact of a policy change from use of telephonic and face‐to‐face interpreting to use of a video‐interpreting network on Emergency Department (ED) care.Data Sources/Study SettingObservational study of ED care at two California hospitals.Study DesignWe compared tests ordered, time in the ED, and admission rates for English‐ and Spanish‐speaking patients presenting with chest pain and abdominal pain before and after the policy change.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsData were extracted from electronic medical and billing records.Principal FindingsMean time in the ED, mean number of laboratory tests, radiology services, electrocardiograms, and echocardiograms, and rates of hospital admission for both language groups at both hospitals went down in the post‐video‐interpreting network period compared with the pre‐video‐interpreting network period. The percentage of patients leaving the ED against medical advice (AMA) increased in one hospital for both language groups; this increase was statistically significantly smaller in the Spanish‐language group compared with the English group (p = .04).ConclusionsThe studied video‐interpreting network had minimal impact on health care outcomes in the ED.
Physician Social Networks and Variation in Prostate Cancer Treatment in Three Cities
Authors: Pollack Craig Evan , Weissman Gary , Bekelman Justin , Liao Kaijun , Armstrong Katrina 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo examine whether physician social networks are associated with variation in treatment for men with localized prostate cancer.Data Source2004–2005 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results‐Medicare data from three cities.Study DesignWe identified the physicians who care for patients with prostate cancer and created physician networks for each city based on shared patients. Subgroups of urologists were defined as physicians with dense connections with one another via shared patients.Principal FindingsSubgroups varied widely in their unadjusted rates of prostatectomy and the racial/ethnic and socioeconomic composition of their patients. There was an association between urologist subgroup and receipt of prostatectomy. In city A, four subgroups had significantly lower odds of prostatectomy compared with the subgroup with the highest rates of prostatectomy after adjusting for patient clinical and sociodemographic characteristics. Similarly, in cities B and C, subgroups had significantly lower odds of prostatectomy compared with the baseline.ConclusionsUsing claims data to identify physician networks may provide an insight into the observed variation in treatment patterns for men with prostate cancer.
Pharmaceutical Price Controls and Minimum Efficacy Regulation: Evidence from the United States and Italy
Authors: Atella Vincenzo , Bhattacharya Jay , Carbonari Lorenzo 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveThis article examines the relationship between drug price and drug quality and how it varies across two of the most common regulatory regimes in the pharmaceutical market: minimum efficacy standards (MES) and a mix of MES and price control mechanisms (MES + PC).Data SourcesOur primary data source is the Tufts‐New England Medical Center‐Cost Effectiveness Analysis Registry which have been merged with price data taken from MEPS (for the United States) and AIFA (for Italy).Study DesignThrough a simple model of adverse selection we model the interaction between firms, heterogeneous buyers, and the regulator.Principal FindingsThe theoretical analysis provides two results. First, an MES regime provides greater incentives to produce high‐quality drugs. Second, an MES + PC mix reduces the difference in price between the highest and lowest quality drugs on the market.ConclusionThe empirical analysis based on United States and Italian data corroborates these results.
Religion and Scientific Literacy in the United States
Authors: Sherkat Darren E. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveThis study examines how commitment to sectarian Protestant religious groups and fundamentalist beliefs in the inerrancy of the Bible influence basic scientific literacy.MethodsI analyze data from the 2006 General Social Survey (N = 1,780), which included a 13‐point examination of scientific facts and reasoning. Ordinary least squares regression models are estimated to determine the impact of religious affiliations and beliefs net of other control variables such as race, gender, education, income, region, and rural residence.ResultsAnalyses show that sectarian Protestants, Catholics, and people with fundamentalist beliefs in the inerrancy of the Bible have significantly lower levels of scientific literacy when compared with secular Americans. Religious differences are identifiable in multivariate analyses controlling for other demographic factors.ConclusionsReligion plays a sizeable role in the low levels of scientific literacy found in the United States, and the negative impact of religious factors is more substantial than gender, race, or income.
Sense of Control and Voting: A Genetically‐Driven Relationship
Authors: Littvay Levente , Weith Paul T. , Dawes Christopher T. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesThe impact of political efficacy on political participation has been established in numerous classical studies of political behavior. However, the effects of more general measures of efficacy on political efficacy and voter turnout have received almost no attention. Additionally, seemingly independent contemporary developments in the field of political science proposed that political participation is heritable. In this study, we propose to link the two literatures, highlighting one possible mechanism through which genetic inheritance of political behavior is possible in the absence of the evolutionary time horizons of voting behavior. We theorize that heritability of psychological dispositions, such as one's sense of control, is more plausible and indirectly, through political efficacy, could have an influence on one's decision to vote.MethodsWe test our hypotheses using a classical twin study design (ACE models) and Cholesky decomposition models on data from the MIDUS (first wave) and MNTPS twin surveys.ResultsEmpirically we find a relationship between general efficacy and turnout. We show that numerous operationalizations of efficacy are highly heritable and their covariance with turnout is predominantly driven by underlying additive genetic sources. On the other hand, environmental covariation between general and political efficacy and turnout is not significantly different from zero.ConclusionsOur analysis contributes to a better understanding of how one's sense of control influences voting behavior. Our results provide sufficient evidence to claim that the covariation between these two traits can primarily be attributed to genetic factors. However, this is certainly not the only pathway that explains the heritability of voter turnout.
Race and Criminology in the Age of Genomic Science
Authors: Walsh Anthony , Yun Ilhong 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveTo survey the contemporary literature in the social and biological sciences relevant to race that examines both the reality and the usefulness of the concept. Race is considered a major correlate of criminal behavior, and thus a fresh look at the concept is of obvious importance to criminologists and sociologists.MethodSocial, genetic, medical, and criminology databases were keyword searched for articles on race that either addressed its existence/nonexistence or usefulness as a concept.ResultsWe find that biologist and social constructionists talk past one another and never venture beyond the comfort of their own positions. Genetic studies using very few chromosomal loci find that genetic polymorphisms divide human populations into clusters with almost 100 percent accuracy and that they correspond to the traditional anthropological categories.ConclusionThere is much to gain by recognizing that these categories differ genetically, and that we can dispense with the term race in favor of some other term such as population or ethnic group and nothing would be lost except a word.
Gender and Physiological Effects in Connecting Disgust to Political Preferences
Authors: Balzer Amanda , Jacobs Carly M. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesSensitivity to disgust predicts social attitudes, but this relationship can shift depending on gender and whether response to disgust is measured through surveys or physiological tests. We are interested in exploring the relationship between gender, political preferences, and different measures of disgust.MethodsWe systematically evaluate these interrelationships by comparing self‐reported disgust sensitivity and changes in skin conductance while viewing disgusting images, accounting for gender and attitudes toward gay marriage.ResultsWe find that although there is no physiological difference between genders, opponents of gay marriage conform to gender‐role expectations in self‐reports, with women reporting higher levels of disgust than males. For males, physiological response better predicts attitudes on gay marriage because there are physiological, but not self‐reported, differences between supporters and opponents. Self‐report and physiology both predict gay marriage attitudes for females.ConclusionOur findings suggest that combining traditional survey and physiological measures provides leverage in exploring questions related to social behaviors and their origins.
The Freshman 15: A Critical Time for Obesity Intervention or Media Myth?
Authors: Zagorsky Jay L. , Smith Patricia K. 
Published: October 2011

ObjectivesWe test whether the phrase “Freshman 15” accurately describes weight change among first‐year college students. We also analyze freshmen's weight change during and after college.MethodsThis is the first investigation of the “Freshman 15” to use a nationally representative random sample, the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97). The data are analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression analysis, simulations, and longitudinal analysis.ResultsFreshmen gain between 2.5 to 3.5 pounds, on average, over the course of their first year of college. Compared to same‐age noncollege attendees, the typical freshman gains only an additional half‐pound. Instead of a spike in weight during the freshman year, college‐educated individuals exhibit moderate but steady weight gain during and after college.ConclusionAnti‐obesity efforts directed specifically at college freshmen will likely have little impact on obesity prevalence among young adults.