bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Ionization of N‐Alkylphenothiazine Molecules Adsorbed in Channel‐Type Zeolites: Effects of Alkyl Chain Length and Confinement on Electron Transfer
Authors: Carré Sonia , Luchez Florence , Moissette Alain , Poizat Olivier , Batonneau‐Gener Isabelle 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe mere mixing of N‐alkylphenothiazines with three channel‐type acid zeolites with various structures (ferrierite, H‐MFI, and mordenite) induces the spontaneous ionization of the heterocyclic molecule in high yield upon adsorption. The diffuse reflectance UV–visible absorption and Raman scattering spectra show that the accessibility of the highly polarizing acid sites is not indispensable to induce the spontaneous ionization process. Due to their particularly low ionization potential values (6.7 eV), the adsorption of the molecules on the external surface or in the inner volume is the key parameter to generate the radical cation. However, the ionization yield and charge stabilization are intimately correlated to the possibility of the zeolites accommodating molecules inside their channels. Moreover, the higher electrostatic field gradient induced by high confinement is required to favor the second ionization and dication formation. The alkyl chain length plays a decisive role by either slowing down the diffusion process or blocking the molecule at the pore entry. Therefore, the efficiency of the ionization process that depends on the number of adsorbed molecules decreases significantly from phenothiazine to the N‐alkylphenothiazines. The spectral data demonstrate that deformation of the alkyl group is necessary to allow the diffusion of the molecules into the channels.
Copper Nanoparticle‐Catalyzed CarbonCarbon and CarbonHeteroatom Bond Formation with a Greener Perspective
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Dey Raju , Chatterjee Tanmay , Ahammed Sabir 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe carboncarbon and carbonheteroatom bond formations constitute the backbone of organic synthesis and have been widely used in the synthesis of natural products and useful compounds. Because of growing environmental concern, more attention has been focussed on the development of greener methods. Copper is environment‐friendly and comparatively inexpensive. Although the use of copper salts in catalysis has been known since the last century, this area of research has been less explored compared to other metals, such as palladium, magnesium, and zinc. This review highlights the general features of nanoparticles as catalysts with particular reference to copper and the recent developments in the copper(0) nanoparticle‐catalyzed C(aryl)C(aryl/alkynyl), C(aryl)N, C(aryl)O, C(aryl)S, and C(aryl)Se bond formations and related reactions. The mechanisms of the reactions have been outlined and discussed with respect to the active catalytic species and possible intermediates. The scope, limitations, and green aspects of the reactions have also been highlighted. The convenient methods of preparation of copper nanoparticles and their characterization are described.
Tris(allylammonium) Hexabromobismuthate(III) – Crystal Structure, Phase Transitions and Thermal, Dielectric, Vibrational and 1H NMR Properties Over a Range of Temperatures
Authors: Płowaś Iwona , Białońska Agata , Bator Grażyna , Jakubas Ryszard , Medycki Wojciech , Baran Jan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA novel inorganic‐organic hybrid compound, allylammonium hexabromobismuthate(III), (C3H5NH3)3BiBr6 (ABB), was synthesised and its structure determined by means of single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies at four temperatures (280, 230, 170 and 100 K). At 100 K, the compound crystallises in the monoclinic space group, C2/c. Its crystal structure consists of discrete BiBr63– anions and three inequivalent allylammonium (C3H5NH3)+ cations. Four solid‐solid structural phase transitions for ABB were detectable by means of DSC and dilatometric techniques: continuous (I↔II) at 272/272 K (upon heating/cooling), discontinuous (II↔III) at 218/215, discontinuous (III↔IV) at 205/204 K and discontinuous (IV↔V) at 146/144 K. The ferroelastic domain structure was observed over one intermediate phase (III) below 215 K. The electric properties of ABB have been measured over a wide temperature range (105–310 K). Low frequency relaxation processes with dielectric increments Δϵ1 ≈ 0.9 and Δϵ2 ≈ 0.05 were observed within phases II and V, respectively. Temperature‐dependent vibrational properties of ABB in the frequency region 3500–500 cm–1 and the molecular motions of its allylammonium cations were studied by means of proton magnetic resonance. The mechanisms of the phase transitions in the title compound are discussed.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Ester‐Functionalized 5‐Membered RhI‐κ2‐C,O‐Chelates and Their Relevance in Rh(cod)‐Mediated Carbene Polymerization
Authors: Finger Markus , Lutz Martin , Reek Joost N. H. , de Bruin Bas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe previous mechanistic studies of the Rh‐mediated polymerization of carbenes suggests the involvement of organometallic compounds that have been derived from Rh(diene) species that contain a five‐membered chelate ring of the type Rh{κ2‐C,O‐[–CH(COOR)–CH(Pol)–C(OR)=O–]} (Pol = polymer chain), which are characterized by the coordination of the β‐ester group of the growing polymer chain to the metal. Herein we present our efforts to characterize the possibly related RhI(cod){κ2‐C,O‐[–CH(COOR)–CHR′–C(OR)=O–]} (cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene) species. These structures can be generated by means of olefin exchange with an allyl complex and with the concomitant release of the corresponding 1,3‐diene, which is derived from the allyl ligand. The product is unstable and further reacts by means of a bimolecular C–H activation process to form a related dinuclear complex [(cod)Rh(μ‐{–CH(COOR)–CH–C(OR)=O–})2Rh(cod)], in which the carbon dianion of the dimethyl or diethyl succinate bridges two Rh(cod) moieties. The complex was synthesized in an independent way and was structurally characterized. We investigated the importance of these complexes in carbene polymerization.
Ligand Effect on Cobalt(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Cyclopropanation with Diazosulfones – Approaching High Stereoselectivity through Modular Design of D2‐Symmetric Chiral Porphyrins
Authors: Zhu Shifa , Cui Xin , Zhang X. Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA significant ligand effect study has been summarized for asymmetric cyclopropanation with diazosulfones catalyzed by CoII complexes of a series of D2‐symmetric chiral porphyrins. The structure of the ligands was shown to play an important role in both the reactivity and the stereoselectivity of the reactions. Fine‐tuning of the porphyrin ligand environments led to the development of an efficient CoII‐based catalytic system for cyclopropanation of styrene with diazosulfones in high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.
Real Space Structure Factor for Different Quasicrystals
Authors: Wolny Janusz , Kozakowski Bartlomiej , Kuczera Pawel , Strzalka Radoslaw , Wnek Anna 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe statistical approach to the description of aperiodic structures using the concept of the so called Average Unit Cell (AUC) is presented. The use of this method is shown for 1D, 2D, and 3D structures. We start with the presentation of the basic ideas for 1D simple sinusoidal modulation (1q) and the Fibonacci chain (a 1D model of a quasicrystalline structure). Up to now the AUC concept has been most thoroughly studied for 2D decagonal quasicrystals. The idea of structure factor derivation for the decorated Penrose tiling, a quasilattice for the description of decagonal quasicrystals, is presented. Two examples of structure refinement of decagonal phases from the Al‐Ni‐Co system are discussed. The potential of the cluster description of decagonal structures is also presented. The AUC construction and structure factor derivation is shown for the 3D Amman–Kramer–Neri tiling, which is a model quasilattice for the description of icosahedral phases. The AUC concept can also be extended to structures with singular‐continuous Fourier spectrum. An example for the 1D Thue–Morse sequence is studied.
The Role of Bayesian Concepts in Test Development and Test Interpretation
Authors: THORNDIKE ROBERT L. 
Published: December 2011

Column Editor's Note. Among Robert L. Thorndike's many contributions is his use of Bayesian thinking in test construction and his dissemination of information about Bayesian concepts. Thorndike's ability to render complex technical material comprehensible to nonspecialists prompted your editor to invite him to develop a series of three articles.In the first, readers are introduced to central tenets of Bayesian reasoning and are led to appreciate that it is not an esoteric approach reserved for specialists; rather, it is closely related to common sense. In the second article, to appear in next month's issue, Thorndike sketches some Bayesian approaches to test development. In the final installment, which will appear in November, Thondike illustrates how Bayesian thinking can and should be used to interpret test scores. When we interpret a score, we usually have prior test or nontest information about the examinee. “We should neither ignore nor overvalue this prior information but should skillfully use it to govern our interpretation of the new data.It is hoped that this trilogy will not only provide some interpretive skill but will also enhance commonsense thinking in a wide variety of professional and personal applications.—Gerald S. Hanna
Human Relations Skills Training in Teacher Education: The Link to Effective Practice
Authors: RYAN CHARLES W. , JACKSON BARRY L. , LEVINSON EDWARD M. 
Published: December 2011

Brandt, R. (1985). On teaching and supervising: A conversation with Madeline Hunter. Educational Leadership, 42, 61–66.Hunter, M. (1985). What's wrong with Madeline Hunter? Educational Teacher Leadership, 42, 57–60.Ligon, S.A. (1984). A strategy for helping students with their problems. Teacher Educator, 19, 28–32.Manning, B.H., & Payne, B.D. (1984). Student teacher personality as a variable in teacher education. Teacher Educator, 20, 2–12.Sadker, M., & Sadker, D. (1985). Is the O.K. classroom O.K.? Phi Delta Kappan, 66, 358–361.Smith, B.O. (1985). Research bases for teacher education. Phi Delta Kappan, 66, 685–690.
Needed: Competent, Confident, and Committed Career Counselors
Authors: DORN FRED J. 
Published: December 2011

Gelso, C., Prince, J., Cornfeld, J., Payne, A., Royalty, G., & Wiley, M. (1985). Quality of counselors intake evaluations for clients with problems that are primarily vocational versus personal. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 339–347.Pinkney, J., & Jacobs, D. (1985). New counselor's and personal interest in the tasks of career counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 454–457.
Employee Assistance Programs: A Systemic Investigation of Their Use
Authors: GERSTEIN LAWRENCE H. , BAYER GREGORY A. 
Published: December 2011

Braun, A.L., & Novak, D.E. (1986, November/December). A study of EAP non‐utilization. EAP Digest, pp. 52–55.O'Connell, V. (1987, March/April). A strategy for overcoming supervisors' resistance. EAP Digest, pp. 63–66.Penzer, W.N. (1987, March/April). Toward sustaining quality mental health services. EAP Digest, pp. 35–40.
Contribution of Cultural Worldview to Generic Counseling and Development
Authors: IBRAHIM FARAH A. 
Published: December 2011

A brief review of the major advances in multicultural counseling and psychotherapy literature and research is presented. A major emphasis is on the construct of “worldview” and on how knowledge and understanding of client worldview leads to more effective, ethical, sensitive, and client‐specific counseling and development activities and interventions. This article reviews research and theory to support use of the worldview construct as a mediating variable in counseling and development interventions. This information can help the process of engaging clients, training effective and sensitive counselors, understanding organizational culture, and understanding the impact of gender on worldviews of men and women. Current research on the construct of worldview and its applications in counselor training, in counseling interventions, and in industrial‐organizational settings is presented.Se presenta un repaso de los mayores avances en consejería multicultural y de la literatura e investigación en psicoterapia. Se pone un gran émfasis en la construcción de una visión universal y en como el conocimiento y entendimiento de la visión universal del cliente redunda en intervenciones mas efectivas, éticas, y sensibles. El trabajo revisa investigaciones y teorías para apoyar el uso del constructo de la visión universal coma un variable intermedia entre la consejería y las intervenciones de desarollo. Esta información puede ayudar al proceso de vinculación del cliente, entrenamiento de consejeros efectivos y sensitivos, comprensión de la cultura organizacional, y las diferentes maneras de concebir la visión universal por hombres y mujeres. Se presentan las investigaciones corrientes sobre la construcción de la visión universal y sus aplicaciones en el entrenamiento de consejeros, en intervenciones de consejería, y en ambientes industriales/organizacionales.
Exploring the Different Levels of Multicultural Counseling Training in Counselor Education
Authors: D'ANDREA MICHAEL , DANIELS JUDY 
Published: December 2011

The authors discuss the various approaches to multicultural counseling training currently being used in counselor education programs. In doing so, they outline a developmental framework that describes the types of training thought to be available to counseling students at this time.Los autores discuten los diferentes tipos de entrenamiento multicultrual que se usan hoy en día en los programas educativos de consejería. Al hacerlo, proporcionan un esquema del estado actual de desarrollo que describe los tipos de entrenamiento que se cree que están disponibles actualmente para los estudiantes de consejería.
Sensitizing Counselors and Educators to Multicultural Issues: An Interactive Approach
Authors: ANDERSON DONNA J. , CRANSTON‐GINGRAS ANN 
Published: December 2011

This discussion describes a program that was developed to provide an opportunity for children of farm workers to accrue academic credit toward graduation. It was also designed to include intense interaction between the students and educators. This program illustrates how multicultural awareness can be developed within a relatively short period of time through immersion in experiences and by providing appropriate incentives.Se describe un programa que se desarrolló para dar una oportunidad a los hijos de agricultores para ganar créditos académicos para graduarse. También lo diseñaron para incluir interación intensa entre estudiantes y educadores. Este programa muestra como se puede desarrollar un conocimiento multicultural en relativamente muy poco tiempo a través de la inmersión en experiencias y dando incentivos apropriados.
Culture‐Specific Counseling: An Alternative Training Model
Authors: NWACHUKU UCHENNA T. , IVEY ALLEN E. 
Published: December 2011

Culture‐specific counseling has been proposed as a supplement to cross‐cultural and multicultural approaches. In the culture‐specific approach, we start with the culture and its peoples and search out natural helping styles. In contrast with the conventional approach of adapting existing counseling theory to “fit” a new culture, the culture‐specific method seeks to generate new theory and technologies of helping. This preliminay study uses a case model drawn from African‐Igbo culture and applies anthropological constructs that seek to discover a more culturally sensitive approach to counseling theory, to training in counseling skills and knowledge, and in using evaluative research techniques. The methods used in this report may be useful in generating a new set of theories more relevant to many different cultural groups.Se ha propuesto que la consejería culturalmente específica sirve como un complemento al acercamiento intercultural y multicultural. En el acercamiento culturalmente específico, empezamos con la cultura y sus gentes y buscamos estilos naturales de ayudar. En contraste con el acercamiento convencional en el que se adapta la teoría existente de consejería para que se ajuste a una cultura nueva, el método culturalmente específico procura engendrar nuevas teorías y técnicas de ayuda. Este estudio preliminar usa un caso modelo sacado de la cultura africana Igbo, aplicando constructos antropológicos que intentan descubrir un acercamiento más sensitivo a la teoría de consejeriá, preparación en habilidades y conocimientos de consejería, y en el uso de técnicas de investigación evaluativas. Los modelos usados en este artículo pueden ser útiles para engendrar un nuevo grupo de teorías mas pertinente para muchos grupos culturales diferentes.
Reflections on a Multicultural Internship Experience
Authors: KISELICA MARK S. 
Published: December 2011

During the 1986–1987 academic year, the author worked as a predoctoral intern in a multicultural counseling training program. In this article the author shares his reflections on the internship and provides potential trainees with a vicarious experience of the following important challenges encountered in multicultural counseling: (a) addressing the fears involved in crossing cultural boundaries, (b) learning about and working with ethnic‐minority groups, (c) developing culturally appropriate counseling skills, and (d) confronting ethnocentrism. As a case study in multicultural training, this article supports the training models of Pedersen (1988) and Sue, Akutsu, and Higashi (1985). Implications of the author's experiences for counselor training are discussed.Durante el año académico 1986–1987 el autor trabajó como interno predoctoral en un programa de entrenamiento de consejería multicultural. En este artículo el autor comparte sus reflexiones del internado y describe a los potenciales practicantes los importantes desafíos que se pueden encontrar en la consejería multicultural: (a) los miedos que hay en cruzar fronteras culturales; (b) trabajar con grupos de minorias étnicas y aprender de ellos; (c) el desarrollo de habilidades de consejería culturalmente apropiados; y (d) el enfrentarse al etnocentrismo. Este articulo, como un caso de estudio en entrenamiento multicultural, sostiene los modelos de entrenamiento de Pedersen (1988) y Sue, Akutsu, y Higashi (1985). Se discuten las implicaciones de las experiencias del autor para el entrenamiento de consejeros.
Toward Training for Competence in Multicultural Counselor Education
Authors: McRAE MARY B. , JOHNSON SAMUEL D. 
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the literature on multicultural counselor education. Counselor training models from social‐organizational and counseling psychology are reviewed in terms of their focus on sensitizing counselors to cultural difference. It is recommended that counselor training programs place more emphasis on assessment of counselors' cultural values and attitudes, the therapeutic relationship between counselors, and clients' and counselors' application of cultural knowledge in counseling sessions.Este artículo revisa la literatura sobre la educación de consejeros multi‐culturales. Se revisan los modelos de entrenamiento de consejeros sacados de la psicología social/organizational y consejerial en términos de su enfoque en la sensibilización de consejeros a las diferencias culturales. Se recomienda que los programas de entrenamiento de consejeros pongan más énfasis en la estimación de los valores y actitudes culturales de los consejeros, la relacion terapéutica entre consejeros y clientes, y la aplicación del conocimiento cultural por el consejero en las sesiones de consejería.
Gender, Ethnicity, and College Students' Responses to the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory
Authors: TOMLINSON SAUNDRA M. , EVANS‐HUGHES GWENDOLYN 
Published: December 2011

In this study we investigated the career interest patterns of White American, African American, and Hispanic students attending a summer orientation program at a predominantly White university. A total of 77 students completed the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII). Responses were analyzed by gender and ethnicity. The results indicated a gender effect for the Realistic theme. There were no ethnic differences in responses; there was, however, an interaction effect for gender and ethnicity on the Artistic theme and on the two special scales of the SCII: Academic Comfort (AC) and Introversion‐Extroversion (I‐E). Implications of the findings are discussed.Este estudio investiga la distribución del interés por una carrera de estudiantes Anglo‐Americanos, Afro‐Americanos, e Hispanos que as‐isten a un programa de orientación durante el verano en una universidad que es en su mayor parte anglo‐sajona. Setenta y siete estudientes respondieron a el inventorio Strong‐Campbell Interest. Se analizaron las respuestas según género y etnia. Los resultados indicaron un efecto de genero para el Tema Realista. No había diferencias étnicas en las respuestas, a pesar de eso, había un efecto de interacción entre género y etnia en el Tema Artístico, y en las dos Escalas Especiales de SCII: Academic Confort e Introversión‐Extroversión. Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados.
Cultural Values: A Review of Empirical Research and Implications for Counseling
Authors: CARTER ROBERT T. 
Published: December 2011

In this review, empirical investigations that followed the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck model of value‐orientations are presented. The review finds between‐group as well as within‐group variations in cultural values. The author also discusses how an understanding of cultural values can enrich cross‐cultural effectiveness.En este repaso se presenta las investigaciones que utilizaron el modelo Kluckhohn y Strodtbeck de evaluación orientativa. Se encuentran variaciones de valores culturales inter e intra grupo. Elautor también discute la manera en que el conocimiento de valores culturales puede mejorar la efectividad intercultural.
Racism and Prejudice as Negative Impacts on African American Clients in Therapy
Authors: PRIEST RONNIE 
Published: December 2011

The effects of racism on African Americans may have deleterious consequences that necessitate their seeking counseling. This article addresses cultural considerations, economic factors, historical factors, and client expectations that may be salient when engaging African American clients in counseling. The article also discusses the possible need for counselors to be proactive when working with African American clients.Puede ser que los efectos del racismo en afro‐americanos tenga consecuencias deletereas que hacen necesario que busquen consejería. Este artículo habla de las consideraciones culturales, factores económicos, factores históricos y las expectativas del cliente que pueden ser destacados cuando afro‐americanos están en consejería. Se discute también la posible necisidad de que los consejeros sean proactivos cuando trabajan con clientes afro‐americanos.