bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multicenter retrospective comparison of conversion from temporary to permanent cerebrospinal fluid diversion in very low birth weight infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus
Authors: Wellons John C. , Shannon Chevis N. , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Simon Tamara D. , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Whitehead William E. , Oakes W. Jerry , Drake James M. , Luerssen Thomas G. , Walker Marion L. , Kestle John R. W. , _ _ 
Published: September 2009

Object
The purpose of this study was to define the incidence of permanent shunt placement and infection in patients who have undergone the 2 most commonly performed temporizing procedures for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) of prematurity: ventriculosubgaleal (VSG) shunt placement and ventricular reservoir placement for intermittent tapping.

Methods
The 4 centers of the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network participated in a retrospective chart review of infants with PHH who underwent treatment at each institution between 2001 and 2006. Patients were included if they had received a diagnosis of Grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage, weighed < 1500 g at birth, and had received surgical intervention. The authors determined the incidence of conversion from a temporizing device to a permanent shunt, the incidence of CSF infection during temporization, and the 6-month CSF infection rate after permanent shunt placement.

Results
Thirty-one (86%) of 36 patients who received VSG shunts and 61 (69%) of 88 patients who received ventricular reservoirs received permanent CSF diversion with a shunt (p = 0.05). Five patients (14%) in the VSG shunt group had CSF infections during temporization, compared with 11 patients (13%) in the ventricular reservoir group (p = 0.83). The 6-month incidence of permanent shunt infection in the VSG shunt group was 16% (5 of 31), compared with 12% (7 of 61) in the reservoir placement group (p = 0.65). For the first 6 months after permanent shunt placement, infants with no preceding temporizing procedure had an infection rate of 5% (1 of 20 infants) and those who had undergone a temporizing procedure had an infection rate of 13% (12 of 92; p = 0.45).

Conclusions
The use of intermittent tapping of ventricular reservoirs in this population appears to lead to a lower incidence of permanent shunt placement than the use of VSG shunts. The incidence of infection during temporization and for the initial 6 months after conversion appears comparable for both groups. The apparent difference identified in this pilot study requires confirmation in a more rigorous study.
A new fiber-mediated carbon dioxide laser facilitates pediatric spinal cord detethering
Authors: Browd Samuel R. , Zauberman Jacob , Karandikar Mahesh , Ojemann Jeffery G. , Avellino Anthony M. , Ellenbogen Richard G. 
Published: September 2009

Object
The authors report their experience with a novel flexible fiber capable of transmitting CO2 laser energy during spinal cord tumor resection and detethering.

Methods
A fiber optic system capable of transmitting CO2 laser energy was used in the detethering of the spinal cord in 3 cases. The first case involved a 9-year-old girl with a terminal lipoma. The second case was an 11-month-old boy with a thoracic intramedullary dermoid and dermal sinus tract. The third case involved a 13-year-old girl suffering from a tethered spinal cord subsequent to a previously repaired myelomeningocele.

Results
In all 3 cases, the new fiber CO2 laser technology allowed the surgeon to perform microsurgical dissection while sparing adjacent neurovascular structures without time-consuming setup. The system was easy to implement, more ergonomic than previous technologies, and safe. The CO2 laser provided the ability to cut and coagulate while sparing adjacent tissue because of minimal energy dispersion and ease of use, without the articulating arms involved in the prior generation of lasers.

Conclusions
Using a flexible fiber to conduct CO2 laser energy allows accurate microneurosurgical dissection and renders this instrument a high-precision and ergonomic surgical tool in the setting of spinal cord detethering.
Survival and functional outcome of childhood spinal cord low-grade gliomas
Authors: Scheinemann Katrin , Bartels Ute , Huang Annie , Hawkins Cynthia , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Bouffet Eric , Tabori Uri 
Published: September 2009

Object
Intramedullary spinal cord low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are rare CNS neoplasms in pediatric patients, and there is little information on therapy for and outcome of these tumors in this population. Furthermore, most patient series combine adult and pediatric patients or high- and low-grade tumors, resulting in controversial data regarding optimal treatment of these children. To clarify these issues, the authors performed a regional population-based study of spinal cord LGGs in pediatric patients.

Methods
All pediatric patients with LGGs treated during the MR imaging era (1985–2007) were identified in the comprehensive database of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto. Data on demographics, pathology, treatment details, and outcomes were collected.

Results
Spinal cord LGGs in pediatric patients constituted 29 (4.6%) of 635 LGGs. Epidemiological and clinical data in this cohort were different than in patients with other spinal tumors and strikingly similar to data from pediatric patients with intracranial LGGs. The authors observed an age peak at 2 years and a male predominance in patients with these tumors. Histological testing revealed a Grade I astrocytoma in 86% of tumors. Although 5-year progression-free survival for the entire group was 48 ± 9%, all patients were alive at a median follow-up of 8.2 years. Five-year progression-free survival was 88 ± 13% for patients undergoing gross-total resection and 34 ± 11% for those undergoing all other therapies, respectively (p = 0.02). Chemotherapy and radiation therapy showed similar efficacy, achieving sustained tumor control in most patients. However, this excellent survival rate was associated with an 83% rate of significant neurological and orthopedic sequelae.

Conclusions
This study provides basic data on the incidence, clinical course, and outcome of spinal cord LGGs in pediatric patients. The similarities between spinal and intracranial LGGs in pediatric patients showing excellent survival but high morbidity suggest that a less aggressive approach may be the preferable treatment option for these patients.
Osteoid osteomas: intraoperative bone scan–assisted resection
Authors: Blaskiewicz Donald J. , Sure Durga R. , Hedequist Daniel J. , Emans John B. , Grant Frederick , Proctor Mark R. 
Published: September 2009

Object
Osteoid osteomas (OOs) are benign lesions of the spine, but can cause significant pain and spinal deformity in the pediatric population. They are often surgically elusive, and may require multiple surgical procedures to ensure complete resection. Nuclear medicine intraoperative bone scans (IOBSs) are highly sensitive for lesion localization and verification of complete surgical extirpation.

Methods
A retrospective review of 20 consecutive patients who had undergone resection of a spinal OO at the authors' institution was undertaken. In all cases, IOBSs were used for lesion localization and verification of resection. Postoperative imaging and clinical follow-up were obtained.

Results
The average length of follow-up was 56 months, with a range of 8–156 months. Five patients had undergone a total of 12 unsuccessful prior procedures for resection at other institutions where IOBSs were not used. In these patients, complete resection was accomplished with the use of IOBSs at the authors' institution. Of the 15 patients who presented to this institution with a newly diagnosed OO and who underwent IOBS-assisted resection, 14 had complete resection without recurrence. One patient, however, was found to have a discrete recurrence adjacent to the initial resection bed at the time of follow-up.

Conclusions
Osteoid osteomas are benign lesions of the spine, and complete resection is curative. If resection is incomplete, then recurrence is likely. The IOBS modality is highly sensitive for detecting OO and for guiding complete resection. The IOBS modality should be considered as a first-line surgical adjunct in cases of suspected OO.
Family-centered, Culturally, and Linguistically Competent Care: Essential Components of the Medical Home
Authors: Goode Tawara D. , Haywood Sonja Harris , Wells Nora , Rhee Kyu 
Published: September 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Identify compelling reasons to provide care that is family-centered and culturally and linguistically competent.

2.
Explain conceptual frameworks and definitions for family-centered care as well as cultural and linguistic competence.

3.
Demonstrate practical approaches useful at the individual practice level that advance and sustain this type of care.
Monomer concentration effect on electrochemically modified carbon fiber with poly[1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrrole] as microcapacitor electrode
Authors: Sezai Sarac A. , Sezgin Sibel , Ates Murat , Turhan Metehan C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this study, films of poly[1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1H‐pyrrole] [poly(MPPy)] were electrochemically grown on carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFMEs) in 0.05 M of tetraethyl ammonium perchlorate–dichloromethane. The effect of different monomer concentrations (range = 1–10 mM) on electrochemical properties of resulting polymers was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared reflectance‐attenuated total reflection spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. All modified CFMEs were found to have capacitance on the basis of Nyquist, Bode‐magnitude, Bode‐phase, and Admittance plots. An equivalent circuit model of (R(C(R(QR)))(CR)) gave the best fit for all monomer concentrations used. Furthermore, SEM and AFM results showed that poly(MPPy) was formed as a continuous and well‐adhered film onto CFME. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 28:120–130, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20152
Characterization of combustion‐derived individual fine particulates by computer‐controlled scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Zhang Lian , Yu Dunxi , Yao Hong , Xu Minghou , Wang Qunying , Ninomiya Yoshihiko 
Published: September 2009

AbstractParticulate matter (PM) emission from the combustion of solid fuels potentially poses a severe threat to the environment. In this article, a novel approach was developed to examine the properties of individual particles in PM. With this method, PM emitted from combustion was first size‐segregated. Subsequently, each size was characterized by computer‐controlled scanning electron microscopy (CCSEM) for both bulk property and single particle analysis. Combustion of bituminous coal, dried sewage sludge (DSS) and their mixture were conducted at 1200°C in a laboratory‐scale drop tube furnace. Three individual sizes smaller than 2.5 μm were investigated. The results indicate that a prior size‐segregation can greatly minimize the particle size contrast and phase contrast on the backscattered images during CCSEM analysis. Consequently, high accuracy can be achieved for quantifying the sub‐micron particles and their inherent volatile metals. Regarding the PM properties as attained, concentrations of volatile metals including Na, K, and Zn have a negative relationship with particle size; they are enriched in the smallest particles around 0.11 μm as studied here. Strong interactions can occur during the cofiring of coal and DSS, leading to the distinct properties of PM emitted from cofiring. The method developed here and results attained from it are helpful for management of the risks relating to PM emission during coal‐fired boilers. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
The fourth level of social structure in a multi‐level society: ecological and social functions of clans in hamadryas baboons
Authors: Schreier Amy L. , Swedell Larissa 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHamadryas baboons are known for their complex, multi‐level social structure consisting of troops, bands, and one‐male units (OMUs) [Kummer, 1968. Social organization of hamadryas baboons. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 189p]. Abegglen [1984. On socialization in hamadryas baboons: a field study. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. 207p.] observed a fourth level of social structure comprising several OMUs that rested near one another on sleeping cliffs, traveled most closely together during daily foraging, and sometimes traveled as subgroups independently from the rest of the band. Abegglen called these associations “clans” and suggested that they consisted of related males. Here we confirm the existence of clans in a second wild hamadryas population, a band of about 200 baboons at the Filoha site in lowland Ethiopia. During all‐day follows from December 1997 through September 1998 and March 2005 through February 2006, data were collected on activity patterns, social interactions, nearest neighbors, band fissions, and takeovers. Association indices were computed for each dyad of leader males, and results of cluster analyses indicated that in each of the two observation periods this band comprised two large clans ranging in size from 7 to 13 OMUs. All band fissions occurred along clan lines, and most takeovers involved the transfer of females within the same clan. Our results support the notion that clans provide an additional level of flexibility to deal with the sparse distribution of resources in hamadryas habitats. The large clan sizes at Filoha may simply be the largest size that the band can split into and still obtain enough food during periods of food scarcity. Our results also suggest that both male and female relationships play a role in the social cohesion of clans and that males exchange females within clans but not between them. Am. J. Primatol. 71:948–955, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terpenoid Diversity in the Leaf Essential Oils of Himalayan Lauraceae Species
Authors: Joshi Subhash C. , Padalia Rajendra C. , Bisht Dinesh S. , Mathela Chandra S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe leaf terpenoid compositions of nine Lauraceae species, viz., Neolitsea pallens, Lindera pulcherrima, Dodecadenia grandiflora, Persea duthiei, Persea odoratissima, Persea gamblei, Phoebe lanceolata, Cinnamomum tamala, and Cinnamomum camphora, collected from the Himalayan region (India) were examined by GC, GC/MS, and NMR analyses in order to determine the similarities and differences among their volatile constituents. Furano‐sesquiterpenoids were the principal constituents of N. pallens, L. pulcherrima, and D. grandiflora. (E)‐Nerolidol, limonene, β‐pinene, and α‐pinene were the major constituents of P. duthiei; α‐pinene, sabinene, and β‐caryophyllene were predominant in P. odoratissima, while the oils of P. gamblei and P. lanceolata possessed β‐caryophyllene as common major constituent. C. camphora and C. tamala were marked by the presence of camphor and cinnamaldehyde, respectively. Cluster analysis of the oil composition was carried out in order to discern the differences and similarities within nine species of six genera of Lauraceae.
A New Antimicrobial Fatty Acid from the Calcareous Sponge Paragrantia cf. waguensis
Authors: Tianero Ma. Diarey B. , Hanif Novriyandi , de Voogd Nicole J. , van Soest Rob W. M. , Tanaka Junichi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA new acetylenic fatty acid, 1, has been isolated from the title sponge. The structure of the molecule was elucidated to contain an enyne and a thiophene by spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 showed a weak cytotoxic effect against NBT‐T2 rat bladder epithelial cells (IC50>20 μg/ml), and antimicrobial activity with minimal‐inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 64 and 128 μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively.
Removal of Anionic Surfactants from Wastewater Using a Constructed Wetland
Authors: Šíma Jan , Havelka Michal , Holcová Veronika 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRemoval of anionic surfactants from municipal wastewater using a constructed wetland with a horizontal subsurface flow was studied in 2007 and 2008. Extraction spectrophotometry with methylene blue served to determine the analyte concentrations in individual samples. The anionic surfactant‐removal efficiency depended on actual conditions, mostly the treated water flow intensity, its temperature, and a redox‐potential gradient in the longitudinal profile of the wetland bed. It increased with decreasing inflow and increasing temperature. The average efficiency was 83.7% in 2007 and 81.7% in 2008; however, values higher than 85% were often determined during the summer period. On the other hand, the efficiencies were usually lower than 80% in winter, especially in periods with intensive precipitation and inflows. The average concentration of anionic surfactants in water taken at the outflow was lower than 0.65 mg/l (expressed as sodium dodecyl sulfate). The most significant fraction of anionic surfactants (almost 50%) was degraded at the beginning (1 m from the inflow zone) of the wetland bed. The rhizosphere aeration via the vegetation roots strongly supported the anionic‐surfactant removal.
Orthogonally Self‐Assembled Multifunctional Block Copolymers
Authors: Ambade Ashootosh V. , Burd Caroline , Higley Mary Nell , Nair Kamlesh P. , Weck Marcus 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report the synthesis of telechelic poly(norbornene) and poly(cyclooctene) homopolymers by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and their subsequent functionalization and block copolymer formation based on noncovalent interactions. Whereas all the poly(norbornene)s contain either a metal complex or a hydrogen‐bonding moiety along the polymer side‐chains, together with a single hydrogen‐bonding‐based molecular recognition moiety at one terminal end of the polymer chain. These homopolymers allow for the formation of side‐chain‐functionalized AB and ABA block copolymers through self‐assembly. The orthogonal natures of all side‐ and main‐chain self‐assembly events were demonstrated by 1H NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. The resulting fully functionalized block copolymers are the first copolymers combining both side‐ and main‐chain self‐assembly, thereby providing a high degree of control over copolymer functionalization and architecture and bringing synthetic materials one step closer to the dynamic self‐assembly structures found in nature.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,1‐Diarylalkyl Units by a Copper Hydride Catalyzed Reduction: Differentiation Between Two Similar Aryl Substituents
Authors: Yoo Kihyun , Kim Hyohyun , Yun Jaesook 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn efficient method for the preparation of enantiomerically enriched 1,1‐diarylalkyl units has been developed. The use of copper hydride complexed by the (R)‐1‐[(S)‐2‐diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphine (Josiphos) ligand effects a highly enantioselective conjugate reduction of β,β‐diaryl‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated nitriles with aryl groups of similar steric demand and no secondary coordination site. A range of substrates with meta and para substituents on the aryl group were reduced with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97 % enantiomeric excess (ee)) and this methodology was applied to the formal synthesis of indatraline.
Versatile Photophysical Properties of meso‐Aryl‐Substituted Subporphyrins: Dipolar and Octupolar Charge‐Transfer Interactions
Authors: Easwaramoorthi Shanmugam , Shin Jae‐Yoon , Cho Sung , Kim Pyosang , Inokuma Yasuhide , Tsurumaki Eiji , Osuka Atsuhiro , Kim Dongho 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDonor–acceptor systems based on subporphyrins with nitro and amino substituents at meta and para positions of the meso‐phenyl groups were synthesized and their photophysical properties have been systematically investigated. These molecules show two types of charge‐transfer interactions, that is, from center to periphery and periphery to center depending on the peripheral substitution, in which the subporphyrin moiety plays a dual role as both donor and acceptor. Based on the solvent‐polarity‐dependent photophysical properties, we have shown that the fluorescence emission of para isomers originates from the solvatochromic, dipolar, symmetry‐broken, and relaxed excited states, whereas the non‐solvatochromic fluorescence of meta isomers is of the octupolar type with false symmetry breaking. The restricted meso‐(4‐aminophenyl) rotation at low temperature prevents the intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT)‐forming process. The two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐section values were determined by photoexcitation at 800 nm in nonpolar toluene and polar acetonitrile solvents to see the effect of ICT on the TPA processes. The large enhancement in the TPA cross‐section value of approximately 3200 GM (1 GM=10−50 cm4 s photon−1) with donor–acceptor substitution has been attributed to the octupolar effect and ICT interactions. A correlation was found between the electron‐donating/‐withdrawing abilities of the peripheral groups and the TPA cross‐section values, that is, p‐aminophenyl>m‐aminophenyl>nitrophenyl. The increased stability of octupolar ICT interactions in highly polar solvents enhances the TPA cross‐section value by a factor of approximately 2 and 4, respectively, for p‐amino‐ and m‐nitrophenyl‐substituted subporphyrins. On the other hand, the stabilization of the symmetry‐broken, dipolar ICT state gives rise to a negligible impact on the TPA processes.
Cooperative Self‐Assembly‐Assisted Formation of Monodisperse Optically Active Spherical and Anisotropic Nanoparticles
Authors: Sun Zaicheng , Bai Feng , Wu Huimeng , Schmitt Samantha K. , Boye Daniel M. , Jiang Zhang , Wang Jin , Fan Hongyou 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report a new method in which spontaneous self‐assembly is employed to synthesize monodisperse polymer nanoparticles with controlled size (<50 nm), shape, tunable functionality, and enhanced solvent and thermal stability. Cooperative noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and aromatic π–π stacking, assist self‐assembly of amphiphilic macromolecules (polystyrene‐block‐polyvinylpyridine, PSPVP) and structure directing agents (SDAs) to form both spherical and anisotropic solid polymer nanoparticles with SDAs residing in the particle core surrounded by the polymers. Through detailed investigations by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have rationalized nanoparticle morphology evolution and dependence on factors such as SDA concentration and PVP size. By keeping the PS chain size constant, the particle morphology progresses from continuous films to spherical particles, and on to cylindrical nanowires or rods with increasing the PVP chain size. The final nanoparticles are very stable and can be redispersed in common solvents to form homogenous solutions and thin films of ordered nanoparticle arrays through solvent evaporation processes. These nanoparticles exhibit tunable fluorescent colors (or emissions) depending on the choices of the central SDAs. Our method is simple and general without requiring complicated synthetic chemistry, stabilizing surfactants, or annealing procedures (e.g., temperature or solvent annealing), making scalable synthesis feasible.