bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer in Exhaust Gas Sensors at Engine Operating Conditions
Authors: Brück M. , Klett S. , Göll S. , Piesche M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEine optimale Entwicklung von Abgassensoren erfordert die Kenntnis aller für Funktion und Belastung relevanter Größen. Ein messtechnischer Zugang ist schwierig, teilweise unmöglich. Ziel war daher die Entwicklung eines validierten Simulationsmodells zur Vorhersage des Betriebsverhaltens. Die Berechnung konvektiver Transportvorgänge zur Oberfläche des Sensors erfolgt durch Kopplung einer 1D‐Ladungswechsel‐ mit einer 3D‐Strömungssimulation. Hieraus resultieren Randbedingungen für ein 1D‐Modell zur Beschreibung des Stofftransports im Inneren des Sensors. Es wurden zwei Sondensignale berechnet.
Enhancement in gas holdup in bubble columns through use of vibrating internals
Authors: Balamurugan V. , Subbarao D. , Roy Shantanu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIncluding internals in bubble columns is known to enhance the gas holdup. In this paper, a method to achieve this objective substantially has been proposed via the use of vibrating helical spring internals. Experimental observations on effect of vibrating internals such as vibrating helical springs on gas holdup in bubble columns are presented. Effects of superficial gas velocity, H/D ratio (height of the static liquid to column diameter ratio), volume fraction of helical springs, and thickness of the helical spring wires on hydrodynamics parameters are studied. Increase in gas holdup up to 135% is observed by using vibrating helical spring internals in bubble columns compared to bubble columns without internals. This method offers a simple, cost‐effective, and easy way to enhance gas holdup even at high gas fluxes. It has been reported that this enhancement stems from the fact that the vibrating springs breakup the gas into fine bubbles, which effectively reduces their rise velocity and enhances their average residence time in the liquid column.
Design and assessment of a novel static mixer
Authors: Al‐Atabi Mushtak 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the performance of a novel static mixer comprising a circular tube fitted with eight alternating equi‐spaced semicircular rigid insert (baffles) as the mixer elements. Experiments were carried out to obtain the coefficient of variance (CoV) for the mixing of two streams of water and brine for Reynolds number between 60 and 700. Decreasing the baffles clearance ratio significantly reduces the CoV but at a cost of an increase in the pressure drop across the static mixer. The presence of the mixing elements (baffles) promotes a non‐laminar, turbulent‐like flow which considerably enhances the mixing. The static mixer described here represents a cost effective, easy to manufacture, low maintenance, and flexible alternative to the more sophisticated static mixers currently in use.
Precipitation of pharmaceuticals using a supercritical anti‐solvent (SAS) dechnique: A preliminary study
Authors: Imsanguan Photchanathip , Yanothai Tanawan , Pongamphai Suwassa , Douglas Supaporn , Teppaitoon Wittaya , Douglas Peter L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe aims of this research were to investigate the applicability of the supercritical anti‐solvent (SAS) process on the precipitation of pharmaceuticals (andrographolide and acetaminophen). In particular, the goal of this research was to study the influence of pressure at 10 and 24 MPa on particle characteristics (morphology, crystalline structure, polymorphic form, size, size distribution, and precipitation yield), and to compare the precipitation efficiency of SAS process and evaporation process. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed a significant change in particle size, size distribution, morphology, and precipitation yield, respectively. From an analysis of the results it was found that the crystal size of andrographolide and acetaminophen decreased with increasing pressure. The morphology of andrographolide particles changed from slice‐like to column‐like when the pressure was increased. On the other hand, the acetaminophen particles obtained were found to be monoclinic form (I) under both operating pressures. The SAS process produced small uniform shaped crystals, with a narrow size distribution, high precipitation yield and selective precipitation were also observed.
Evidence of a Folding Intermediate in RNase H from Single‐Molecule FRET Experiments
Authors: Rieger Robert , Kobitski Andrei , Sielaff Hendrik , Nienhaus G. Ulrich 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSingle‐molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments were performed on the enzyme RNase H specifically labeled with a FRET dye pair and diffusing freely in solutions containing between 0 and 6 M of the chemical denaturant GdmCl. We measured FRET efficiency histograms with high statistical accuracy to identify the well‐known folding intermediate of RNase H, which escaped observation in our previous smFRET studies on immobilized preparations. Even with excellent data statistics, a folding intermediate is not obvious from the raw data. However, it can be uncovered by a global fitting procedure applied to the FRET histograms at all 22 GdmCl concentrations, in which a number of parameters were constrained. Most importantly, the fractional populations of the folded, unfolded and intermediate states were coupled by assuming the Boltzmann relation and a linear dependence of the free energies on the GdmCl concentration. The analysis not only resolves the apparent discrepancy with other data on RNase H, but yields free energy differences between the three populations in agreement with literature data. In addition, it removes the strong and unexplained broadening of the unfolded‐state distribution in the transition region that was seen earlier in the two‐state analysis.
Enhancement of proliferation and downregulation of TRAIL expression on CD8+ T cells by IL‐21
Authors: Melief Cornelis J. M. , Schoenberger Stephen P. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMounting evidence indicates that the cytokine IL‐21 can significantly enhance the survival of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Given that CD4+ T lymphocytes constitute the main cellular source for IL‐21 in vivo, it is tempting to speculate a direct role in mediating the “help” provided by these CD4+ T cells to the CD8 response. A new report in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology advances this notion by showing that CD8+ T cells lacking the IL‐21 receptor phenocopy those primed in the absence of CD4+ T cells (the so‐called “helpless” CD8+ T cells) in their induction of the pro‐apoptotic factor TRAIL. This finding helps to define the role of IL‐21 in the CD8 response, and raises new questions relevant for achieving a broader understanding of this multifunctional cytokine.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 11/10
Authors: Hamel Keith M. , Cao Yanxia , Wang Yumei , Rodeghero Rachel , Kobezda Tamas , Chen Lieping , Finnegan Alison 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe cover image of this issue consists of an hematoxylin and eosin staining of a sagittal section of hind paw harvested from a wild‐type BALB/c mouse 6 weeks after proteoglycan (PG)‐dimethyldioctadecyl‐ammonium bromide (DDA) immunization, and is taken from Hamel et al. (pp. 3117–3127). In this article, the authors examine the role of the programmed death (PD)‐1 ligand, B7‐H1, in the development of PG‐induced arthritis (PGIA). The authors show that B7‐H1−/− mice exhibit exacerbated PGIA and increased Th1 CD4+ T‐cell responses, while the PG‐specific antibody response in these mice is diminished.
Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis assay for sirtuin enzymes
Authors: Fan Yi , Scriba Gerhard K. E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) assay for the human sirtuin SIRT1 has been developed using 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)‐labeled peptides, i.e. Fmoc‐KK(Ac)‐NH2, Fmoc‐KK(Ac)L‐NH2 and Fmoc‐RHKK(Ac)‐NH2, as substrates. The partial filling mode was applied due to the incompatibility between the incubation buffer, pH 8.0, and the BGE that had a pH of 2.7 or 2.3 depending on the analytes. Incubation and subsequent analyte separation were carried out in a 37/30 cm, 50 μm id fused‐silica capillary at 37°C. An injection sequence of incubation buffer, enzyme, substrate, enzyme and incubation buffer was selected because the electrophoretic mobility of SIRT1 was not known. The assay was optimized with regard to the length of the injected plugs, the mixing voltage and mixing time as well as the activity (concentration) of SIRT1. The EMMA assay was subsequently applied to the determination of the Michaelis–Menten constants, Km, and the maximum velocity, Vmax, as well as the determination of the inhibitory constants, IC50, of inhibitors. Data obtained with the in‐capillary assay were in accordance with the literature data or an offline SIRT1 assay.
Cost‐effective interrogation of single nucleotide polymorphisms using the mismatch amplification mutation assay and capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Price Erin P. , Matthews Molly A. , Beaudry Jodi A. , Allred Jonathan L. , Schupp James M. , Birdsell Dawn N. , Pearson Talima , Keim Paul 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe ability to characterize SNPs is an important aspect of many clinical diagnostic, genetic and evolutionary studies. Here, we designed a multiplexed SNP genotyping method to survey a large number of phylogenetically informative SNPs within the genome of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. This novel method, CE universal tail mismatch amplification mutation assay (CUMA), allows for PCR multiplexing and automatic scoring of SNP genotypes, thus providing a rapid, economical and higher throughput alternative to more expensive SNP genotyping techniques. CUMA delivered accurate B. anthracis SNP genotyping results and, when multiplexed, saved reagent costs by more than 80% compared with TaqMan real‐time PCR. When real‐time PCR technology and instrumentation is unavailable or the reagents are cost‐prohibitive, CUMA is a powerful alternative for SNP genotyping.
Identification of an aggressive prostate cancer predisposing variant at 11q13
Authors: Nurminen Riikka , Wahlfors Tiina , Tammela Teuvo L. J. , Schleutker Johanna 
Published: November 2010

AbstractProstate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men; however, the genetic basis of susceptibility remains elusive. The EMSY gene is located in the prostate cancer linked chromosome region at 11q13.5. The aim of this study was to screen EMSY for sequence variants and to evaluate its association with the risk of prostate cancer. We performed a Finnish population‐based case–control study with 923 controls, 184 familial prostate cancer cases and 2,301 unselected prostate cancer cases. Variants were screened using sequencing and validated using the TaqMan assay and High Resolution Melting analysis. A total of 27 sequence variants were found, and 17 of them were novel. A rare intronic variant, IVS6‐43A>G (minor allele frequency of 0.004), increased the prostate cancer risk in familial cases (odds ratio [OR] = 7.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3–45.5; p = 0.02). Further analysis with clinicopathological data revealed that the variant is associated with aggressive unselected cases (prostate specific antigen ≥ 20 μg/L or Gleason grade ≥ 7), based on both case–control (OR = 6.0; 95% CI = 1.3–26.4; p = 0.03) and case–case analyses (OR = 6.5; 95% CI = 1.5–28.4; p = 0.002). In addition, all variant‐positive familial cases had aggressive cancer. Our results indicate that the intronic variant IVS6‐43A>G increases the familial and unselected prostate cancer risk in a Finnish population and contributes to the aggressive progression of the disease in a high‐penetrance manner. The potential role of the variant as a predictive genetic marker for aggressive prostate cancer should be further evaluated.
The prenylflavonoid phytoestrogens 8‐prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol diferentially suppress steroidogenesis in rat Leydig cells in ontogenesis
Authors: Izzo Gaia , Söder Olle , Svechnikov Konstantin 
Published: November 2010

Abstract8‐Prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol are prenylflavonoids found in the hop plant, Humulus lupulus (Cannabaceae), which is traditionally used to add bitterness and flavor to beer. Flavonoids have previously been reported to exert endocrine disrupting actions. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 8‐prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol on steroidogenesis activated by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in primary cultures of rat Leydig cells at different stages of their development. The present study is the first to demonstrate that the prenylflavonoids 8‐prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol exert complex maturation‐dependent effects on Leydig cell steroidogenesis. Those compounds inhibited hCG‐stimulated androgen production by Leydig cells at all stages of their development, a process that was associated with the reduced ability of the cells to produce cAMP. However, these same compounds up‐regulated hCG‐activated StAR expression in progenitor (PLC) and immature (ILC) but not adult types of Leydig cells (ALC). Further, 8‐prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol were not able to suppress androgen production activated by an exogenous analog of cAMP, (Bu)2cAMP, in ALC and ILC but synergistically stimulated steroidogenesis in PLC. Our data suggest that 8‐prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol affect cAMP‐dependent cellular processes up‐stream transport of cholesterol into mitochondria. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co‐electrospun fibrous scaffold–adsorbed DNA for substrate‐mediated gene delivery
Authors: Zhang Jun , Duan Yajun , Wei Di , Wang Lianyong , Wang Hongjun , Gu Zhongwei , Kong Deling 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIncorporation of gene into electrospun nanofibers for localized gene transfection of target cells represents a robust platform for tissue regeneration. In this study, a new two‐step approach was explored to immobilize DNA onto electrospun nanofibers for effective gene delivery, that is, nonviral gene vector of polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐modified polyethylenimine (PEI) was incorporated into scaffolds by electrospinning and then target DNA was adsorbed onto the electrospun nanofibers via electrostatic interaction between DNA and PEI–PEG. PEI–PEG/DNA particles formed from the released DNA, and PEI–PEG had a uniform particle size of approximately 200 nm. This nanofiber‐based gene delivery system exhibited high transfection efficiency, in which >65% of human embryonic kidney 293 cells and >40% of mesenchymal stem cells were transfected with green fluorescent protein gene. Compared with PEI, PEG modification of PEI had improved the biocompatibility and further increased the transfection efficiency. These results suggest that the combination of nonviral gene carrier with electrospun nanofibers could be used for localized gene delivery, which has multifold potential applications in tissue engineering or as anin vivosubstrate for tissue regeneration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Assessing general side effects in clinical trials: reference data from the general population
Authors: Rief Winfried , Barsky Arthur J. , Glombiewski Julia A. , Nestoriuc Yvonne , Glaesmer Heide , Braehler Elmar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPurposeSide effects in clinical trials are frequently assessed in an unstructured fashion, using ascertainment strategies with unclear quality criteria. To improve the assessment and interpretation of general side effects, a structured approach is presented and validated (General Assessment of Side Effects, GASE). Base rates and reference data of the general population as well as quality criteria of this new side effect ascertainment method are provided.MethodsWe developed a screener assessing the most common subjective side effects of clinical trials (according to FDA statistics and others). The screener was evaluated in a general population survey including 2512 participants, 1276 of them taking drugs.ResultsWe present reference data of the general population that help to interpret and compare future results of clinical trials assessing general side effects. Highest scores for side effects were reported from users of psychopharmacological drugs, medium scores of people taking antihypertensives, and lower scores of people taking lipid‐lowering drugs, pain killers, and antidiabetics. If people take multiple drugs, more side effects are reported compared to single‐class drugs. This confirms GASE's validity to assess side effects.ConclusionWe suggest that a structured, patient‐based approach to assess general side effects could improve the detection of drug‐induced side effects. The problem of clinical studies being underpowered to detect side effects could be reduced by using more reliable approaches. Our plea is for side effect ascertainment with sophisticated approaches for expected side effects, systematic screening for general side effects, and open question methods for spontaneous reports. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A DFT‐GIAO and DFT‐NBO study of polar substituent effects on NMR 17O chemical shifts in some rigid polycyclic alkanes
Authors: Adcock William 
Published: November 2010

Abstract17O NMR shieldings of 3‐substituted(X)bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan‐1‐ols (1, Y = OH), 4‐substituted(X)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan‐1‐ols (2, Y = OH), 4‐substituted(X)‐bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐1‐ols (3, Y = OH), 4‐substituted(X)‐cuban‐1‐ols (4, Y = OH) and exo‐ and endo‐ 6‐substituted(X)exo‐bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐2‐ols (5 and 6, Y = OH, respectively), as well as their conjugate bases (1–6, Y = O−), for a set of substituents (X = H, NO2, CN, NC, CF3, COOH, F, Cl, OH, NH2, CH3, SiMe3, Li, O−, and NH) covering a wide range of electronic substituent effects were calculated using the DFT‐GIAO theoretical model at the B3LYP/6‐311 + G(2d, p) level of theory. By means of natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis various molecular parameters were obtained from the optimized geometries. Linear regression analysis was employed to explore the relationship between the calculated 17O SCS and polar field and group electronegativity substituent constants (σF and σχ, respectively) and also the NBO derived molecular parameters (oxygen natural charge, Qn, occupation numbers of the oxygen lone pairs, no, and occupancy of the CO antibonding orbital, σ*CO(occup)). In the case of the alcohols (1–6, Y = OH) the 17O SCS appear to be governed predominantly by the σχ effect of the substituent. Furthermore, the key determining NBO parameters appear to be no and σ*CO(occup). Unlike the alcohols, the calculated 17O SCS of the conjugate bases (1–6, Y = O−), except for system 1, do not respond systematically to the electronic effects of the substituents. An analysis of the SCS of 1(Y = O−) raises a significant conundrum with respect to their origin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for rapid calculation of two‐exciton states
Authors: Ajiki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractI propose a rapid‐calculation method of two‐exciton states in one‐dimensional tight‐binding model. An equation for energy levels of two‐exciton states is derived, in which energy regions including one solution are specified. Therefore, energy levels of two‐exciton states can be absolutely calculated by using the bisection method. The present method dramatically improves a computation time because neither diagonalization nor summation is needed. Wave functions of the two‐exciton states are also calculated immediately.
Electrostatic field control of exciton–plasmon coupling and optical response of individual carbon nanotubes
Authors: Bondarev I. V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn electrostatic field applied perpendicular to the nanotube axis can control the coupling of excitonic states to interband surface plasmon modes in individual small‐diameter (∼1 nm) semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes (CNs). This allows one to manipulate by the exciton emission from individual nanotubes, both in the linear excitation regime and in the non‐linear excitation regime with the photoinduced biexcitonic states formation. These results should be useful for the development of new tunable optoelectronic device applications of optically excited semiconducting CNs.magnified image
Vortex shells in square arrays of pinning sites
Authors: Yetis Hakan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe investigate the vortex states interacting with a square array of pinning sites in a superconducting sample by using a molecular dynamics approach. An improved potential is used to model the interaction between the vortices and the pinning sites. We found several shell‐type structures depending on the numbers of the vortices and pinning sites. We show that the vorticity increases with increasing of magnetic field and (meta)stable vortex shells occur due to the changes in the vorticity. We deduce that the large pinning sizes are essential to obtain higher order vortex shells. Our results are compared with those obtained from the numerical and experimental studies.
The influence of the silicon/silicon oxide space charge region on excess charge carrier kinetics in silicon
Authors: Moreno E. Martinez , Kunst M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractExcess charge carrier kinetics in p‐doped crystalline silicon (Si) wafers covered by SiO2 films is investigated by transient photoconductance and surface photovoltage measurements. This makes it possible to distinguish between excess charge carriers collected in the Si/SiO2 heterojunction and those in the Si volume. The decay of the photoconductance signal in the millisecond time range could be unambiguously attributed to excess charge carriers stored in the space charge region. The decay of these charge carriers appears to be independent of the volume lifetime. The difference between the behaviours in Si/SiO2 and Si/SiNx is discussed.
The cognitive neuropsychiatry of delusional belief
Authors: Langdon Robyn 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAccording to the ‘two‐factor’ cognitive‐neuropsychiatric approach to delusional belief, two factors, in combination, explain the generation and maintenance of monothematic delusions. The first factor varies from delusion to delusion and explains why a patient generates a particular implausible thought in the first place. The second factor explains why a patient fails to reject the implausible thought as belief. This two‐factor approach began with a ‘two‐deficit’ account of bizarre monothematic delusions, according to which bizarre delusions are generated when a (first‐factor) deficit of basic sensory/affective processing fundamentally distorts perceived reality. Deficits of this type are discussed and contrasted with motivated attentional biases in more mundane delusions. To better specify the second factor, I contrast ‘explanationist’ and ‘endorsement’ approaches to the role of aberrant experience in delusion formation and propose a ‘received‐reflective’ spectrum. At one pole of this spectrum are purely received delusions, which arise fully formed and fully (mis)believed in consciousness as the (mis)perceived reality. At the other pole are purely reflective delusions, which arise after reflection upon a vague and disquieting experience, and for which the crystallization of delusional conviction is more gradual. Most delusions lie in between, a mix of received ‘delusional seed’ and reflective elaboration. Underpinning all monothematic delusions, wherever they might lie on this spectrum may be a form of ‘doxastic inhibitory failure’—a difficulty with inhibiting a belief to reason about it as if it might not be true. I conclude by considering how this account might apply to polythematic delusions. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 449–460 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.121This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Brain Function and Dysfunction