bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial variations and temporal changes in potential evaporation in the Tarim Basin, northwest China (1960–2006): influenced by irrigation?
Authors: Han Songjun , Hu Heping 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe spatial pattern and temporal changes in potential evaporation (1960–2006) were evaluated using data from 48 meteorological stations in the Tarim Basin. These stations are located in four typical landscapes with varying irrigation influences. Mean annual potential evaporation is low in stations in the mountainous regions, next in the large oasis regions with extensive irrigation and small oasis regions with restricted irrigation, whereas they are high in the desert regions. The spatial pattern of annual mean potential evaporation is owing to the aerodynamic term, while the radiation term is relatively constant in different regions. The significant levels of the trends in potential evaporation and the radiation and aerodynamic terms in different regions were detected using the non‐parametric Mann–Kendall test. More significant decreasing trends in annual potential evaporation with relatively constant radiation term were found in the oasis regions (especially the large oasis regions) than that in the mountainous and desert regions. In the large oasis regions, the pronounced decrease in potential evaporation is mainly attributed to the decrease in wind speed and the increase in relative humidity. The long‐term mean and annual potential evaporation with an almost constant radiation term were found to be complementary with actual evaporation influenced by irrigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of climatic variability and change in the hydroclimatology of Lake Winnipeg watershed
Authors: Ehsanzadeh Eghbal , van der Kamp Garth , Spence Christopher 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe hydroclimatology of prairie‐dominated portions of the Lake Winnipeg watershed was investigated to determine the possible presence of trends and shifts in variables that may influence the streamflow regimes and water quality of Lake Winnipeg. The total annual streamflow, precipitation, runoff ratio and daily maximum streamflow in the two major tributaries of the Assiniboine River and Red River were analysed for a range of nonstationary behaviours. Each of these rivers has been gauged for more than 90 years. The methods used included a nonparametric Mann–Kendall test modified to account for diverse memory properties (i.e. short term versus long term) and a Bayesian change point detection model to identify possible segments of time series with inconsistent nonstationary behaviour. Although there is no evidence of statistically significant trends in precipitation and streamflow in the Assiniboine River watershed, a shift‐type nonstationarity in annual runoff and runoff ratio was observed in this area, which is manifested in the form of a sequence of wet and dry spells during the last century. Precipitation and runoff metrics in the American portion of the study area (i.e. Red River watershed) were characterised with both gradual and abrupt changes with an extremely increasing rate of streamflow beyond that of intensified precipitation. The nonproportional watershed runoff response is attributed to the dynamic nature of contributing areas that, together with the semiarid climate, leads to sudden changes of streamflow due to major or even some times minor changes in climate inputs. It is evident that streamflow in the depression‐dominated landscapes of the semiarid glaciated plains of North America is particularly sensitive and vulnerable to minor climate variability and change. This study provides valuable insights into the highly complex precipitation–runoff relationship in depression‐dominated landscapes and could have important implications for water management in this part of North America and comparable regions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic response of a Hawaiian watershed to future climate change scenarios
Authors: Safeeq Mohammad , Fares Ali 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe impact of potential future climate change scenarios on streamflow and evapotranspiration (ET) in a mountainous Hawaii watershed was studied using the distributed hydrology soil vegetation model (DHSVM). The hydrologic response of the watershed was simulated for 43 years for different levels of atmospheric CO2 (330, 550, 710 and 970 ppm), temperature (+1.1 and + 6.4 °C) and precipitation (±5%, ±10% and ±20%) on the basis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 projections under current, B1, A1B1 and A1F1 emission scenarios. Vegetation leaf conductance and leaf area index were modified to reflect the increase in CO2 concentration. The relative departure of streamflow and ET from their levels during the reference scenarios was calculated on a monthly and annual basis. Results of this study indicate that the streamflow and ET are less sensitive to changes in temperature compared with changes in precipitation. However, temperature increase coupled with precipitation showed significant effect on ET and streamflow. Changes in leaf conductance and leaf area index with increasing CO2 concentration under A1F1 scenario had a significant effect on ET and subsequently on streamflow. Evapotranspiration is less sensitive than streamflow for a similar level of change in precipitation. On the basis of a range of climate change scenarios, DHSVM predicted a change in ET by ±10% and streamflow between −51% and 90%. From the six ensemble mean scenarios for AR4 A1B, simulations suggest reduction in streamflow by 6.7% to 17.2%. These reductions would produce severe impact on water availability in the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Snow measurement by GPS interferometric reflectometry: an evaluation at Niwot Ridge, Colorado
Authors: Gutmann Ethan D. , Larson Kristine M. , Williams Mark W. , Nievinski Felipe G. , Zavorotny Valery 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSnow is a critical storage component in the hydrologic cycle, but current measurement networks are sparse. In addition, the heterogeneity of snow requires surveying larger areas to measure the areal average. We presented snow measurements using GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS‐IR). GPS‐IR measures a large area (~100 m2), and existing GPS installations around the world have the potential to expand existing snow measurement networks. GPS‐IR uses a standard, geodetic GPS installation to measure the snow surface via the reflected component of the signal. We reported GPS‐IR snow depth measurements made at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, from October 2009 through June 2010. This site is in a topographic saddle at 3500 m elevation with a peak snow depth of 1.7 m near the GPS antenna. GPS‐IR measurements are compared with biweekly snow surveys, a continuously operating scanning laser system and an airborne light detection and ranging (LIDAR) measurement. The GPS‐IR measurement of peak snowpack (1.36–1.76 m) matches manual measurements (0.95–1.7 m) and the scanning laser (1.16 m). GPS‐IR has RMS error of 13 cm (bias = 10 cm) compared with the laser, although differences between the measurement locations make comparison imprecise. Over the melt season, when the snowpack is more homogenous, the difference between the GPS‐IR and the laser is reduced (RMS = 9 cm, bias = 6 cm). In other locations, the GPS and the LIDAR agree on which areas have more or less snow, but the GPS estimates more snow on the ground on tracks to the west (1.58 m) than the LIDAR (1.14 m). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transpiration and plant water relations of evergreen woody vegetation on a recently constructed artificial ecosystem under seasonally dry conditions in Western Australia
Authors: Gwenzi Willis , Veneklaas Erik J. , Bleby Timothy M. , Yunusa Isa A.M. , Hinz Christoph 
Published: September 2011

AbstractUnderstanding transpiration and plant physiological responses to environmental conditions is crucial for the design and management of vegetated engineered covers. Engineered covers rely on sustained transpiration to reduce the risk of deep drainage into potentially hazardous wastes, thereby minimizing contamination of water resources. This study quantified temporal trends of plant water potential (ψp), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration in a 4‐year‐old evergreen woody vegetation growing on an artificial sandy substrate at a mine waste disposal facility. Transpiration averaged 0.7 mm day−1 in winter, when rainfall was frequent, but declined to 0.2 mm day−1 in the dry summer, when the plants were quite stressed. In winter, the mean ψp was −0.6 MPa at predawn and −1.5 MPa at midday, which were much higher than the corresponding summer values of −2.0 MPa and −4.8 MPa, respectively. The gs was also higher in winter (72.1–95.0 mmol m−2 s−1) than in summer (<30 mmol m−2 s−1), and negatively correlated with ψp (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.71–0.75), indicating strong stomatal control of transpiration in response to moisture stress. Total annual transpiration (147.2 mm) accounted for only 22% of the annual rainfall (673 mm), compared with 77% to 99% for woody vegetation in Western Australia. The low annual transpiration was attributed to the collective effects of a sparse and young vegetation, low moisture retention of the sandy substrate, and a superficial root system constrained by high subsoil pH. Amending the substrate with fine‐textured materials should improve water storage of the substrate and enhance canopy growth and deep rooting, while further reducing the risk of deep drainage during the early stages of vegetation establishment and in the long term. Overall, this study highlights the need to understand substrate properties, vegetation characteristics, and rainfall patterns when designing artificial ecosystems to achieve specific hydrological functions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of KRAS and BRAF mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab‐based first‐line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer: An analysis of the AIO KRK‐0104‐trial
Authors: Modest D.P. , Jung A. , Moosmann N. , Laubender R.P. , Giessen C. , Schulz C. , Haas M. , Neumann J. , Boeck S. , Kirchner T. , Heinemann V. , Stintzing S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOur study investigated the impact of specific KRAS mutations and BRAF mutation on progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treated within the AIO KRK‐0104‐trial as first‐line therapy. In total, 146 (of 185) patients were included in this analysis. Seventy‐nine patients presented with KRAS/BRAF wild‐type (wt), 41 patients with a KRAS codon 12 and nine patients with a KRAS codon 13 mutation. Seventeen patients presented a BRAF‐mutated tumor. The patients of our study were treated with CAPIRI/CAPOX plus cetuximab. Major differences regarding PFS and OS were observed depending on the mutation of the tumor. PFS was 8 months in patients with wt‐tumors, 5.8 months with codon 12‐mutated, 9.9 months with codon 13‐mutated and 4.2 months with BRAF‐mutated tumors. OS was 23.5 months in patients with wt‐tumors, 18.9 months with codon 12‐mutated, 26.2 months with codon 13‐mutated and 13.0 months with BRAF‐mutated tumors. Although the conventional separation of patients with KRAS wild‐type versus KRAS mutant tumors did not have a significant impact on outcome parameters in the AIO KRK 0104‐trial, this analysis demonstrates that markedly differing results are obtained when subtypes of KRAS and BRAF mutation are taken into account.
A computational investigation and the conformational analysis of dimers, anions, cations, and zwitterions ofL‐phenylalanine
Authors: Purushotham Uppula , Vijay Dolly , Narahari Sastry G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe structure and stability of various conformations ofL‐phenylalanine (PheN) and its zwitterions (PheZ), along with their ionized counterparts, cation (PheC) and anion (PheA), generated by adding and removing a proton respectively, have been investigated using first principle calculations in vacuum and in solution. This is followed by an extensive study on various possible dimer (PheD) conformations, which are noncovalently bound units without a peptide bond. This study results in 52, 31, 12, 9, and 11 minimum energy structures on the potential energy surfaces of PheD, PheN, PheC, PheA, and PheZ, respectively. Several important nonbonded interactions such as hydrogen bonds, NH‐π, CH‐π, OH‐π, and π‐π interactions, which impart stability to the monomeric and dimeric units, have been analyzed. The capability and strength of the nonbonded interactions drastically changing the conformational orientations of monomeric units has been illustrated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Ab initio molecular dynamics approach to tunneling splitting in polyatomic molecules
Authors: Ootani Yusuke , Taketsugu Tetsuya 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn ab initio molecular dynamics approach is combined with the semiclassical tunneling method of Makri and Miller, which is applied to estimations of tunneling splitting in the umbrella inversion of ammonia and the intramolecular hydrogen transfer in malonaldehyde. In the application to malonaldehyde, effects of multidimensionality are examined by assigning quantum zero‐point energies only to significant vibrational modes and changing the amount of energy given to other degrees of freedom. The calculated tunneling splitting values are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values for both molecules. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
A novel human hepatoma cell line, FLC‐4, exhibits highly enhanced liver differentiation functions through the three‐dimensional cell shape
Authors: Laurent Thomas , Murase Daiki , Tsukioka Sayaka , Matsuura Tomokazu , Nagamori Seishi , Oda Hiroaki 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe characterized three‐dimensional human hepatoma cell lines, functional liver cell (FLC) cell lines, to establish a highly differentiated hepatoma cell line. We investigated the effect of extracellular matrix and cell morphology on liver‐specific gene expression in FLC cells. The hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α (HNF‐4α) and other liver‐specific gene expressions were enhanced in spherical FLC‐4 cells on EHS‐gel, but other human hepatoma cells such as HepG2 did not show the enhancement. Importantly, the liver‐specific gene expression levels in spherical FLC‐4 cells cultured on EHS‐gel were comparable to those of human liver and were much higher than those of other human hepatoma cell lines. The major matrix components and growth factors in EHS‐gel did not affect cell shape and liver functions. To exclude any effect of the extracellular matrix, we made spherical FLC‐4 cells by actin filament disruption. The actin‐disrupted spherical cells also showed an enhanced liver‐specific gene expression. We concluded that three‐dimensional cell shape per se is one of the most important determinants of liver differentiation functions in FLC‐4 cells. Cell morphology‐dependent induction of liver‐specific gene expression was mediated through microtubule organization. In conclusion, differentiation of FLC‐4 human hepatoma cell line can be enhanced to a human liver‐like level through the three‐dimensional cell shape in a microtubule‐dependent manner. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2898–2906, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Confocal microscopy with double immunofluorescence staining reveals the functional transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 expressed in myoepithelial cells of human submandibular glands
Authors: Ding Qianwen , Zhang Yan , Cong Xin , Cai Zhigang , Han Jingyan , Su Yunchao , Wu Li‐Ling , Yu Guan‐Gyan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMyoepithelial cells (MECs) mainly surround acini and intercalated ducts in the human salivary glands. The contraction of MECs provides the expulsive force to promote salivation. We previously found functional transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) was expressed in rabbit and human submandibular glands and increased saliva secretion. However, it was unknown whether TRPV1 was expressed in MECs of submandibular glands. In this study, we observed the immunoflourescence of TRPV1 was not only located in serous acini and ducts but also surround the basal layer of the acinus and intercalated ducts of human submandibular glands. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed colocalization of TRPV1 with calponin, vimentin, and α‐smooth muscle actin, which indicated the myoepithelial expression of TRPV1. Treating submandibular gland tissues with capsaicin, an agonist of TRPV1, substantially increased the phosphorylation of the 20‐kDa regulatory light‐chain subunit of myosin (MLC20), a crucial molecule for contraction of smooth muscle cells, in MECs. Pretreatment with capsazepine, a specific TRPV1 inhibitor, blocked capsaicin‐induced MLC20 phosphorylation. These results suggest that TRPV1 is expressed in MECs of the human submandibular gland and mediates myoepithelial contraction via a mechanism involving MLC20 phosphorylation. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term functional adeno‐associated virus‐microdystrophin expression in the dystrophic CXMDj dog
Authors: Koo Taeyoung , Okada Takashi , Athanasopoulos Takis , Foster Helen , Takeda Shin'ichi , Dickson George 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, inherited, muscle‐wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Preclinical studies of adeno‐associated virus gene therapy for DMD have been described in mouse and dog models of this disease. However, low and transient expression of microdystrophin in dystrophic dogs and a lack of long‐term microdystrophin expression associated with a CD8+ T‐cell response in DMD patients suggests that the development of improved microdystrophin genes and delivery strategies is essential for successful clinical trials in DMD patients.MethodsWe have previously shown the efficiency of mRNA sequence optimization of mouse microdystrophin in ameliorating the pathology of dystrophic mdx mice. In the present study, we generated adeno‐associated virus (AAV)2/8 vectors expressing an mRNA sequence‐optimized canine microdystrophin under the control of a muscle‐specific promoter and injected intramuscularly into a single canine X‐linked muscular dystrophy (CXMDj) dog.ResultsExpression of stable and high levels of microdystrophin was observed along with an association of the dystrophin‐associated protein complex in intramuscularly injected muscles of a CXMDj dog for at least 8 weeks without immune responses. Treated muscles were highly protected from dystrophic damage, with reduced levels of myofiber permeability and central nucleation.ConclusionsThe data obtained in the present study suggest that the use of canine‐specific and mRNA sequence‐optimized microdystrophin genes in conjunction with a muscle‐specific promoter results in high and stable levels of microdystrophin expression in a canine model of DMD. This approach will potentially allow the reduction of dosage and contribute towards the development of a safe and effective AAV gene therapy clinical trial protocol for DMD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of illness severity in patients with major depression using structural MR brain scans
Authors: Mwangi Benson , Matthews Keith , Steele J. Douglas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPurpose:To develop a model for the prediction of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) illness severity ratings from individual structural MRI brain scans.Materials and Methods:Structural T1‐weighted MRI scans were obtained from 30 patients with MDD recruited from two different scanning centers. Self‐rated (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI), and clinician‐rated (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, HRSD), syndrome‐specific illness severity ratings were obtained just before scanning. Relevance vector regression (RVR) was used to predict the scores (BDI, HRSD) from T1‐weighted MRI scans.Results:It was possible to predict the BDI score (correlation between actual score and RVR predicted scores r = 0.694; P < 0.0001), but not the HRSD scores (r = 0.34; P = 0.068) from individual subjects. BDI scores from the most ill patients were predicted more accurately than those from patients who were least ill (standard deviation of difference between predicted and actual scores 2.5 versus 7.4, respectively).Conclusion:These data suggest that T1‐weighted MRI scans contain sufficient information about neurobiological change in patients with MDD to permit accurate predictions about illness severity, on an individual subject basis, particularly for the most ill patients. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:64‐71. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections of the climate potential for tourism at local scales: application to Platja de Palma, Spain
Authors: Amengual A. , Homar V. , Romero R. , Alonso S. , Ramis C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPrimary socioeconomic activities in the System of Platja de Palma (SPdP), located in the southwestern coast of Mallorca, Spain, are beach‐based holidays and, therefore, are very closely linked to climate. The social, economic and environmental adaptation that this region must make in the mid‐ and long‐term period has to take into account the changes in the tourist potential when the climate changes. A second‐generation climate index for tourism (CIT) has been adopted to measure tourism potential under the present and possible future climatic conditions. CIT is a theoretically based and empirically derived index that allows assessing the sun, sea and sand (3S) weather resource. Daily observed series of 2 m maximum temperature, precipitation, 2 m relative humidity, cloud cover and 10 m wind speed have been used to derive the present climate potential for tourism. For future projections, daily averaged meteorological variables have been obtained from a set of regional climate models (RCMs) within the European ENSEMBLES project. The adoption of a multimodel ensemble strategy allows quantifying the uncertainties arising from model errors and boundary conditions. To use CIT values based on RCM data properly at local scales, a quantile–quantile adjustment has been applied. Results show a significant increase in the annual frequency of days with acceptable conditions together with a slightly increment for the ideal climate perceptions at the expense of decreasing unacceptable categories. For the summery peak season, ideal conditions are projected to decrease from mid‐century favouring acceptable categories. However, an almost general increase for both classes is anticipated in spring and autumn throughout the century. That is, higher frequencies of optimal climate perceptions for carrying out 3S outdoors activities are expected to shift from the peak to shoulder seasons. Therefore, climate change would result in a major impact for the current seasonally adjusted service sector in SPdP. With this information at hand, policy makers and the team of experts planning its socioeconomic future can respond more effectively to the demanding challenge of local adaptation to climate change by implementing adaptation and mitigation strategies to the tourist sector. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society