bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency of blood type A, B, and AB in 515 domestic shorthair cats from the Lisbon area
Authors: Marques Cátia , Ferreira Marisa , Gomes Joana F. , Leitão Nuno , Costa Marta , Serra Pedro , Duarte Correia José H. , Pomba Constança F. 
Published: March 2011

Background:The A, B, and AB feline blood types are recognized worldwide and their frequencies vary geographically and among breeds. Frequencies of feline blood types have been reported previously from northern Portugal; however, they are unknown in other parts of the country.Objectives:This 13‐year retrospective study was undertaken to determine the frequency of feline blood types in domestic shorthair (DSH) cats from the Lisbon area of central Portugal.Methods:Blood samples were obtained at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Technical University of Lisbon and its Veterinary Blood Bank and at several veterinary clinics in the Lisbon area. Blood‐typing was performed by the classical agglutination assay or using a cartridge assay.Results:The study population comprised 515 DSH cats of both sexes and various ages. Frequencies of blood types A, B, and AB were 97.5%, 2.1%, and 0.4%, respectively.Conclusion:As in other parts of the world, this study showed a clear predominance of type‐A cats in the Lisbon area of Portugal.
Stability of hematologic analytes in monkey, rabbit, rat, and mouse blood stored at 4°C in EDTA using the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer
Authors: Ameri Mehrdad , Schnaars Henry A. , Sibley John R. , Honor David J. 
Published: March 2011

Background:The time from sampling to analysis can be delayed when blood samples are shipped to distant reference laboratories or when analysis cannot be readily performed.Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of hematologic analytes in blood samples from monkeys, rabbits, rats, and mice when samples were stored for up to 72 hours at 4°C.Methods:Blood samples from 30 monkeys, 15 rabbits, 20 rats, and 30 mice were collected into EDTA‐containing tubes and were initially analyzed within 1 hour of collection using the ADVIA 120 analyzer. The samples were then stored at 4°C and reanalyzed at 24, 48, and 72 hours after collection.Results:Significant (P<.0003) changes in hematologic analytes and calculations included increased HCT and MCV and decreased MCHC and cell hemoglobin concentration mean (CHCM) at 72 hours and increased MPV at 24 hours in monkeys; increased MCV at 72 hours and MPV at 48 hours and decreased monocyte count at 24 hours in rabbits; increased MCV and decreased MCHC, CHCM, and monocyte count at 24 hours in rats; increased MCV, red cell distribution width, and MPV and decreased MCHC, CHCM, and monocyte count at 24 hours in mice.Conclusions:Although most of the changes in the hematologic analytes in blood from monkeys, rabbits, rats, and mice when samples were stored at 4°C were analytically acceptable and clinically negligible, the best practice in measuring hematologic analytes in these animals is timely processing of blood samples, preferably within 1 hour after collection.
Utility of measuring plasma N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide in detecting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and differentiating grades of severity in cats
Authors: Wess Gerhard , Daisenberger Patricia , Mahling Monia , Hirschberger Johannes , Hartmann Katrin 
Published: March 2011

Background: Cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) often have no clinical signs or subtle signs. Measurement of N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) has been demonstrated in people to be highly specific for heart disease and also correlates with severity of HCM. NT‐proBNP may also be valuable in detecting and grading HCM in cats, but results to date have been equivocal.Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate NT‐proBNP as a screening test for diagnosis of HCM in cats and determine an appropriate cut‐off value and to determine if NT‐proBNP concentrations correlated with severity of HCM in cats.Methods: Plasma NT‐proBNP concentrations were measured in 201 cats using an ELISA designed for use in cats. Cats were classified using echocardiography as clinically healthy controls (n=99) or cats with equivocal (n=9), mild (n=15), moderate (n=17), or severe (n=61) HCM.Results: NT‐proBNP concentrations (median; 25th–75th interquartile percentiles) in mildly (216.1; 87.6–392.5 pmol/L), moderately (282.7; 131.9–466.6 pmol/L), and severely (839.5; 655.3–1046.4 pmol/L) affected cats were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (18.9; 3.4–62.4 pmol/L). Concentrations in severely affected cats were significantly higher than in cats from other HCM groups. There was no significant difference between mild and moderate HCM. Cut‐off values >49 pmol/L had a sensitivity of 97.8% and specificity of 66.7%; >100 pmol/L had a sensitivity of 92.4% and specificity of 93.9%; and >150 pmol/L had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 100%.Conclusions: NT‐proBNP with a cut‐off value of >100 pmol/L was useful in detecting even mild HCM. Cats with increased NT‐proBNP concentrations should be examined by echocardiography.
A synthetic cannabinoid, CP55940, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine mRNA expression in a cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism in rat cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Chiba Toshiki , Ueno Sanae , Obara Yutaro , Nakahata Norimichi 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The inflammatory response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases in the central nervous system. Cannabinoids exhibit diverse pharmacological actions including anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we tried to elucidate possible effects of cannabinoids on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in rat cerebellar granule cells.

Methods
Inhibitory effects of cannabinoids on cytokine induction in cerebellar granule cells were determined by RT-PCR method.

Key findings
In these cells, both mRNA and protein of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), but not CB2, were expressed. LPS (1 µg/ml) produced a marked increase in the induction of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α. CP55940, a synthetic cannabinoid analogue, concentration-dependently inhibited inflammatory cytokine expression induced by LPS. On the other hand, the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoylglycerol and anandamide were not able to inhibit this inflammatory response. Notably, a CB1/CB2 antagonist NESS0327 (3 µm) did not reverse the inhibition of cytokine mRNA expression induced by CP55940. GPR55, a putative novel cannabinoid receptor, mRNA was also expressed in cerebellar granule cells. Although it has been suggested that Gq associates with GPR55, cannabinoids including CP55940 did not promote phosphoinositide hydrolysis and consequent elevation of intracellular Ca[2+] concentration. Furthermore, a putative GPR55 antagonist, cannabidiol, also showed a similar inhibitory effect to that of CP55940.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the synthetic cannabinoid CP55940 negatively modulates cytokine mRNA expression in cerebellar granule cells by a CB and GPR55 receptor-independent mechanism.
Vanishing of the μ-invariant of p-adic Hecke L-functions
Authors: Hida Haruzo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe prove vanishing of the μ-invariant of the p-adic Katz L-function in N. M. Katz [p-adic L-functions for CM fields, Invent. Math. 49 (1978), 199–297].
Spectral method for the correction of the Cerenkov light effect in plastic scintillation detectors: A comparison study of calibration procedures and validation in Cerenkov light‐dominated situations
Authors: Guillot Mathieu , Gingras Luc , Archambault Louis , Beddar Sam , Beaulieu Luc 
Published: March 2011

Purpose:The purposes of this work were: (1) To determine if a spectral method can accurately correct the Cerenkov light effect in plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs) for situations where the Cerenkov light is dominant over the scintillation light and (2) to develop a procedural guideline for accurately determining the calibration factors of PSDs.Methods:The authors demonstrate, by using the equations of the spectral method, that the condition for accurately correcting the effect of Cerenkov light is that the ratio of the two calibration factors must be equal to the ratio of the Cerenkov light measured within the two different spectral regions used for analysis. Based on this proof, the authors propose two new procedures to determine the calibration factors of PSDs, which were designed to respect this condition. A PSD that consists of a cylindrical polystyrene scintillating fiber coupled to a plastic optical fiber was calibrated by using these new procedures and the two reference procedures described in the literature. To validate the extracted calibration factors, relative dose profiles and output factors for a 6 MV photon beam from a medical linac were measured with the PSD and an ionization chamber. Emphasis was placed on situations where the Cerenkov light is dominant over the scintillation light and on situations dissimilar to the calibration conditions.Results:The authors found that the accuracy of the spectral method depends on the procedure used to determine the calibration factors of the PSD and on the attenuation properties of the optical fiber used. The results from the relative dose profile measurements showed that the spectral method can correct the Cerenkov light effect with an accuracy level of 1%. The results obtained also indicate that PSDs measure output factors that are lower than those measured with ionization chambers for square field sizes larger than , in general agreement with previously published Monte Carlo results.Conclusions:The authors conclude that the spectral method can be used to accurately correct the Cerenkov light effect in PSDs. The authors confirmed the importance of maximizing the difference of Cerenkov light production between calibration measurements. The authors also found that the attenuation of the optical fiber, which is assumed to be constant in the original formulation of the spectral method, may cause a variation of the calibration factors in some experimental setups.
HGP44 Induces Protection against Porphyromonas gingivalis-Induced Alveolar Bone Loss in Mice
Authors: Muramatsu Kyotaro , Kokubu Eitoyo , Shibahara Takahiko , Okuda Katsuji , Ishihara Kazuyuki 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe protective effect of DNA vaccines expressing the Arg-gingipain A domain against bone loss induced byPorphyromonas gingivalisinfection was investigated in a murine model. phgp44, which expresses the 44-kDa adhesion/hemagglutinin domain of Arg-gingipain A, preventedP. gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss. The results indicate that phgp44 could be a candidate antigen for a vaccine againstP. gingivalisinfection.
Serum (1→3)-β-
d
-Glucan Levels in Primary Infection and Pulmonary Colonization with Pneumocystis jirovecii
Authors: Damiani Céline , Le Gal Solène , Lejeune Delphine , Brahimi Naima , Virmaux Michèle , Nevez Gilles , Totet Anne 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

This article describes positive (1→3)-β-
d
-glucan levels in serum from infants with primary
Pneumocystis
infection and from immunosuppressed patients with
Pneumocystis
pneumonia (PCP) and negative levels in serum from patients colonized by
Pneumocystis jirovecii
. Glucan detection is a complementary tool for the diagnosis of the diverse clinical presentations of
P. jirovecii
infection.
Highly Specific and Quick Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Feces and Gut Tissue of Cattle and Humans by Multiple Real-Time PCR Assays
Authors: Imirzalioglu Can , Dahmen Heinrich , Hain Torsten , Billion Andre , Kuenne Carsten , Chakraborty Trinad , Domann Eugen 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD) in cattle and may be associated with Crohn's disease (CD) in humans. It is the slowest growing of the cultivable mycobacteria, and culture from clinical, veterinary, food, or environmental specimens can take 4 months or even longer. Currently, the insertion element IS
900
is used to detect
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
DNA. However, closely related IS
900
elements are also present in other mycobacteria, thus limiting its specificity as a target. Here we describe the use of novel primer sets derived from the sequences of two highly specific single copy genes, MAP2765c and MAP0865, for the quantitative detection of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
within 6 h by using real-time PCR. Specificity of the target was established using 40
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
isolates, 67 different bacterial species, and two intestinal parasites. Using the probes and methods described, we detected 27 (2.09%)
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
-positive stool specimens from 1,293 individual stool samples by the use of either IS
900
or probes deriving from the MAP2765c and MAP0865 genes described here. In general, bacterial load due to
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
was uniformly low in these samples and we estimated 500 to 5,000
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
bacteria per gram of stool in assay-positive samples. Thus, the methods described here are useful for rapid and specific detection of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
in clinical samples.
Genome-Wide Histone Acetylation Profiling of Herpesvirus saimiri in Human T Cells upon Induction with a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor
Authors: Alberter Barbara , Vogel Benjamin , Lengenfelder Doris , Full Florian , Ensser Armin 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Herpesviruses establish latency in suitable host cells after primary infection and persist in their host organisms for life. Most of the viral genes are silenced during latency, also enabling the virus to escape from an immune response. This study addresses the control of viral gene silencing by epigenetic mechanisms, using
Herpesvirus saimiri
(HVS) as a model system. Strain C488 of this gamma-2-herpesvirus can transform human T cells to stable growth
in vitro
, and it persists in the nuclei of those latently infected T cells as a nonintegrating, circular, and histone-associated episome. The whole viral genome was probed for histone acetylation at high resolution by chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip (ChIP-on-chip) with a custom tiling microarray. Corresponding to their inactive status in human T cells, the lytic promoters consistently revealed a heterochromatic phenotype. In contrast, the left terminal region of the genome, which encodes the stably expressed oncogenes
stpC
and
tip
as well as the herpesvirus U RNAs, was associated with euchromatic histone acetylation marks representing “open” chromatin. Although HVS latency in human T lymphocytes is considered a stable and irreversible state, incubation with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A resulted in changes reminiscent of the induction of early lytic replication. However, infectious viral particles were not produced, as the majority of cells went into apoptosis. These data show that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in both rhadinoviral latency and transition into lytic replication.
An Optimal
cis
-Replication Stem-Loop IV in the 5′ Untranslated Region of the Mouse Coronavirus Genome Extends 16 Nucleotides into Open Reading Frame 1
Authors: Guan Bo-Jhih , Wu Hung-Yi , Brian David A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

The 288-nucleotide (nt) 3′ untranslated region (UTR) in the genome of the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and 339-nt 3′ UTR in the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SCoV) can each replace the 301-nt 3′ UTR in the mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) for virus replication, thus demonstrating common 3′
cis
-replication signals. Here, we show that replacing the 209-nt MHV 5′ UTR with the ∼63%-sequence-identical 210-nt BCoV 5′ UTR by reverse genetics does not yield viable virus, suggesting 5′ end signals are more stringent or possibly are not strictly 5′ UTR confined. To identify potential smaller, 5′-common signals, each of three stem-loop (SL) signaling domains and one inter-stem-loop domain from the BCoV 5′ UTR was tested by replacing its counterpart in the MHV genome. The SLI/II domain (nucleotides 1 to 84) and SLIII domain (nucleotides 85 to 141) each immediately enabled near-wild-type (wt) MHV-like progeny, thus behaving similarly to comparable 5′-proximal regions of the SCoV 5′ UTR as shown by others. The inter-stem-loop domain (nt 142 to 173 between SLs III and IV) enabled small plaques only after genetic adaptation. The SLIV domain (nt 174 to 210) required a 16-nt extension into BCoV open reading frame 1 (ORF1) for apparent stabilization of a longer BCoV SLIV (nt 174 to 226) and optimal virus replication. Surprisingly, pleiomorphic SLIV structures, including a terminal loop deletion, were found among debilitated progeny from intra-SLIV chimeras. The results show the inter-stem-loop domain to be a potential novel species-specific
cis
-replication element and that
cis
-acting SLIV in the viral genome extends into ORF1 in a manner that stabilizes its lower stem and is thus not 5′ UTR confined.
Replication Efficiency of Soil-Bound Prions Varies with Soil Type
Authors: Saunders Samuel E. , Shikiya Ronald A. , Langenfeld Katie , Bartelt-Hunt Shannon L. , Bartz Jason C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Prion sorption to soil is thought to play an important role in the transmission of scrapie and chronic wasting disease (CWD) via the environment. Sorption of PrP to soil and soil minerals is influenced by the strain and species of PrP
Sc
and by soil characteristics. However, the ability of soil-bound prions to convert PrP
c
to PrP
Sc
under these wide-ranging conditions remains poorly understood. We developed a semiquantitative protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) protocol to evaluate replication efficiency of soil-bound prions. Binding of the hyper (HY) strain of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) (hamster) prions to a silty clay loam soil yielded a greater-than-1-log decrease in PMCA replication efficiency with a corresponding 1.3-log reduction in titer. The increased binding of PrP
Sc
to soil over time corresponded with a decrease in PMCA replication efficiency. The PMCA efficiency of bound prions varied with soil type, where prions bound to clay and organic surfaces exhibited significantly lower replication efficiencies while prions bound to sand exhibited no apparent difference in replication efficiency compared to unbound controls. PMCA results from hamster and CWD agent-infected elk prions yielded similar findings. Given that PrP
Sc
adsorption affinity varies with soil type, the overall balance between prion adsorption affinity and replication efficiency for the dominant soil types of an area may be a significant determinant in the environmental transmission of prion diseases.
Intersection of the Multivesicular Body Pathway and Lipid Homeostasis in RNA Replication by a Positive-Strand RNA Virus
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Diaz Arturo , Hao Linhui , Gancarz Brandi , den Boon Johan A. , Ahlquist Paul 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Like many positive-strand RNA viruses, brome mosaic virus (BMV) RNA replication occurs in membrane-invaginated vesicular compartments. BMV RNA replication compartments show parallels with membrane-enveloped, budding retrovirus virions, whose release depends on the cellular multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway. BMV RNA replication compartments are not released from their parent membranes, but might depend on MVB functions for membrane invagination. Prior results show that BMV RNA replication is severely inhibited by deletion of the crucial MVB gene
DOA4
or
BRO1
. We report here that involvement of
DOA4
and
BRO1
in BMV RNA replication is not dependent on the MVB pathway's membrane-shaping functions but rather is due to their roles in recycling ubiquitin from MVB cargos. We show that deleting
DOA4
or
BRO1
inhibits the ubiquitination- and proteasome-dependent activation of homologous transcription factors Mga2p and Spt23p, which regulate many lipid metabolism genes, including the fatty acid desaturase gene
OLE1
, which is essential for BMV RNA replication. However, Mga2p processing and BMV RNA replication are restored by supplementing free ubiquitin, which is depleted in
doa4
Δ and
bro1
Δ cells. The results identify Mga2p and Spt23p processing and lipid regulation as sensitive targets of ubiquitin depletion and correctly predict multiple effects of modulating additional host genes
RFU1
,
UBP6
, and
UFD3
. Our results also show that BMV RNA replication depends on additional Mga2p-regulated genes likely involved in lipid metabolism beyond
OLE1
. Among other points, these findings show the potential for blocking viral RNA replication by modulating lipid synthesis at multiple levels.
Antiviral Stilbene 1,2-Diamines Prevent Initiation of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication at the Outset of Infection
Authors: Gastaminza Pablo , Pitram Suresh M. , Dreux Marlene , Krasnova Larissa B. , Whitten-Bauer Christina , Dong Jiajia , Chung Josan , Fokin Valery V. , Sharpless K. Barry , Chisari Francis V. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

The recent development of a cell culture model of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection based on the JFH-1 molecular clone has enabled discovery of new antiviral agents. Using a cell-based colorimetric screening assay to interrogate a 1,200-compound chemical library for anti-HCV activity, we identified a family of 1,2-diamines derived from
trans
-stilbene oxide that prevent HCV infection at nontoxic, low micromolar concentrations in cell culture. Structure-activity relationship analysis of ∼300 derivatives synthesized using click chemistry yielded compounds with greatly enhanced low nanomolar potency and a >1,000:1 therapeutic ratio. Using surrogate models of HCV infection, we showed that the compounds selectively block the initiation of replication of incoming HCV RNA but have no impact on viral entry, primary translation, or ongoing HCV RNA replication, nor do they suppress persistent HCV infection. Selection of an escape variant revealed that NS5A is directly or indirectly targeted by this compound. In summary, we have identified a family of HCV inhibitors that target a critical step in the establishment of HCV infection in which NS5A translated
de novo
from an incoming genomic HCV RNA template is required to initiate the replication of this important human pathogen.
Sequential Immunization with a Subtype B HIV-1 Envelope Quasispecies Partially Mimics the In Vivo Development of Neutralizing Antibodies
Authors: Malherbe Delphine C. , Doria-Rose Nicole A. , Misher Lynda , Beckett Travis , Puryear Wendy Blay , Schuman Jason T. , Kraft Zane , O'Malley Jean , Mori Motomi , Srivastava Indresh , Barnett Susan , Stamatatos Leonidas , Haigwood Nancy L. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

A major goal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine efforts is the design of Envelope (Env)-based immunogens effective at eliciting heterologous or broad neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). We hypothesized that programming the B-cell response could be achieved by sequentially exposing the host to a collection of
env
variants representing the viral quasispecies members isolated from an individual that developed broad NAbs over time. This ordered vaccine approach (sequential) was compared to exposure to a cocktail of
env
clones (mixture) and to a single
env
variant (clonal). The three strategies induced comparable levels of the autologous and heterologous neutralization of tier 1 pseudoviruses. Sequential and mixture exposure to quasispecies led to epitope targeting similar to that observed in the simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected animal from which the
env
variants were cloned, while clonal and sequential exposure led to greater antibody maturation than the mixture. Therefore, the sequential vaccine approach best replicated the features of the NAb response observed in that animal. This study is the first to explore the use of a collection of HIV-1
env
quasispecies variants as immunogens and to present evidence that it is possible to educate the B-cell response by sequential exposure to native HIV-1 quasispecies
env
variants derived from an individual with a broadened NAb response.