bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of Mostly Male Groups of Bluegills by Grading Selection and Evaluation of their Growth Performance
Authors: Wang H P , Wallat G K , Hayward R S , Tiu L G , O'Bryant P , Rapp D 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Concerns over the economic feasibility of commercial aquaculture production of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus have heightened the need for strategies to enhance growth. Recent studies have shown that individually reared bluegill males can grow twice as fast as females; such studies have generated increased interest in development of mostly male or all-male populations. In this study, we developed a practical procedure to establish mostly male bluegill groups through grading selection and we tested their growth against that of a normal population. A single cohort of bluegill juveniles was cultured in a pond for 1 year; when the fish reached a mean weight of 30.1 g, the cohort was graded and divided into two mostly male groups (top 25% and top 50% of fish by total length) and a mixed-sex control group. The percentage of males in each group was as follows: 50.0% in the mixed control group, 75.4% in the top 25% group, and 69.7% in the top 50% group. Weight gain per fish in the top 25% group was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that in the mixed group throughout most of the experiment. There were no significant differences detected in survival among the three groups, although the top 25% group had survival of 96.0% compared with 90.6% and 90.5% for the top 50% group and the mixed control group, respectively. The top 25% group had the highest percentage (46.3%) of fish reaching 150 g at the end of the experiment, followed by the top 50% group (28.3%), and the mixed control group (12.7%). The coefficient of variation (CV) for weight decreased in all three groups over time; the mostly male groups maintained lower initial and final CV values than did the mixed control group. Results indicate that mostly male bluegill groups are able to grow faster than typical mixed-sex populations, and social interaction costs among communally reared males did not significantly decrease growth of mostly male populations in the aquaculture settings.
Survey of Ovaprim Use as a Spawning Aid in Ornamental Fishes in the United States as Administered through the University of Florida Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory
Authors: Hill Jeffrey E , Kilgore Kathy Heym , Pouder Deborah B , Powell James F F , Watson Craig A , Yanong Roy P E 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Ovaprim is a commercial product used as a spawning aid in fishes and contains a salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and a dopamine antagonist. Since 2005, the use of Ovaprim in commercial ornamental fish production has been through enrollment with the University of Florida Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory in an Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) study. A database is maintained to provide information to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on product effectiveness and target animal safety. There were 25 fish species in 17 genera and 10 families in the INAD database. Ostariophysan fishes constituted 84% of the species and 99.9% of the individuals. The goldfish Carassius auratus was numerically the dominant species (80% of individuals). Nearly 40,000 fish in total were injected with Ovaprim; ovulation was induced in 92% of females and spermiation was induced in 96% of males, primarily reflecting extensive use in cyprinid fishes. Conversely, average success rates across all species were moderate (50% ovulation and 54% spermiation), and some species had low success rates (range = 0–100%). Mortality after injection was 1.3% of overall individuals but varied by species (mean = 2.7%; range = 0–36%). Ovaprim was most used by producers of ornamental cyprinids.
Interannual Variability in Early Marine Growth, Size-Selective Mortality, and Marine Survival for Prince William Sound Pink Salmon
Authors: Cross Alison D. , Beauchamp David A. , Moss Jamal H. , Myers Katherine W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to use scale patterns to compare the early marine growth of the average pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha with that of fish from the same year-class that survived to adulthood to gain insight on critical periods for growth and survival. During 2001–2004, pink salmon that survived to adulthood were larger and grew faster than the average juvenile throughout the first growing season, indicating that larger, faster-growing juveniles experienced higher survival. Growth rate declined from mid–late June to early–mid-July for both juveniles at-large and fish that survived to adulthood. The adult survivors then grew at a faster rate than the average juvenile through September. Both the juvenile pink salmon population at-large and all cohorts that survived to adulthood grew at a faster rate during high-survival years than low-survival years from mid–late June to mid–late August. Greater variability in the growth trajectories of surviving adults was observed during high-survival years, potentially a result of diversified feeding or distribution strategies. This study supports findings that significant size-selective mortality of juvenile pink salmon occurs after the first growing season. Investigating the timing and magnitude of size-selective mortality on juvenile pink salmon during their first growing season is an initial step toward understanding the processes regulating growth and survival.
Site Fidelity and Movement Patterns of Groundfish Associated with Offshore Petroleum Platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel
Authors: Lowe Christopher G. , Anthony Kim M. , Jarvis Erica T. , Bellquist Lyall F. , Love Milton S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In order to better assess the ecological importance of offshore petroleum platforms for economically important groundfishes, we quantified the degree of site fidelity of 100 platform-associated individuals representing 15 species at three offshore platforms in the Santa Barbara Channel by means of acoustic telemetry monitoring. Thirty percent of the fish tagged were not detected after the first 6 d following release and were assumed to have died or to have immediately emigrated away from platforms. Degrees of site fidelity varied widely among individuals, among species, and between platforms. Of the most abundant species tagged (cabezon Scorpaenichthys marmoratus, vermilion rockfish Sebastes miniatus, widow rockfish Sebastes entomelas, copper rockfish Sebastes caurinus, and greenspotted rockfish Sebastes chlorostictus), widow rockfish showed a high probability of being detected at platforms over a 2-year period. Vermilion rockfish emigrated away from the shallower Platform Gilda (64 m) faster than vermilion rockfish tagged at the deeper Platform Grace (93 m). Ten tagged individuals (eight vermilion rockfish, one copper rockfish, and one lingcod Ophiodon elongatus) moved between platforms (range = 5–15 km) and/or natural habitat, although a majority moved from a shallower platform to a deeper one. These movements further support evidence that (1) many reef-associated rockfishes make ontogenetic shifts to deeper water and (2) shallower platforms export fishes faster than deeper platforms. There was no indication of seasonal emigration, but there was evidence for seasonal differences in activity for vermilion rockfish, widow rockfish, and greenspotted rockfish. Observed movements of fishes between platforms and natural reef habitat indicate that they can navigate between these habitats and that platform habitat, despite having higher densities of conspecifics, may be of higher quality to some individuals than natural reefs.
Population Dynamics of the Smalleye Shiner, an Imperiled Cyprinid Fish Endemic to the Brazos River, Texas
Authors: Durham Bart W. , Wilde Gene R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe studied the population dynamics of the smalleye shiner Notropis buccula, an imperiled cyprinid fish that is endemic to the Brazos River, Texas. Abundance, measured as the mean number captured per seine haul, varied by over an order of magnitude—from 0.4 to 4.3—during the study period. Population structure and reproductive biology were studied to obtain the parameter estimates required for construction of an age‐structured population dynamics model. We included stream discharge as a driving variable and modeled age‐0 survival as a function of that variable. We compared the observed abundance of smalleye shiners with the abundance predicted by the discharge model and with three null parameterizations of the model using the Akaike information criterion. The discharge‐related model received the greatest support from catch data and indicated that a discharge of 6.43 m3/s is necessary for maintenance of the smalleye shiner population in the upper Brazos River drainage. Elasticity analysis and sensitivity simulations of the projection matrix indicated that age‐0 survival and age‐1 fecundity were the most influential parameters in the population dynamics of smalleye shiners. In combination, these two stages accounted for the majority (70%) of the total elasticity of the population growth rate. We used our model to assess the potential effects of a proposed impoundment on the upper Brazos River and conclude that the reservoir could reduce the abundance of smalleye shiners by about 85% and in the long term is likely to cause the extirpation of this species from the impacted area.
Juvenile Chinook Salmon Summer Microhabitat Availability, Use, and Selection in a Central Idaho Wilderness Stream
Authors: Holecek Dean E. , Cromwell Kara J. , Kennedy Brian P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe measured summer microhabitat use, availability, and selection by age‐0 Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Big Creek drainage, Idaho. Age‐0 fish selected for low‐velocity (0‐25 cm/s), moderate‐depth (40‐80 cm) habitats that were located within 80 cm of cover. Pools (52%) and runs (38.5%) were the most commonly used habitat types, while pebbles (33.7%) and sand (23%) were the most often used substrates. Cover type use was predominated by woody debris (54.8%) and rock outcrops (23.7%). Run (38.5%) and riffle (32.9%) were the most available habitats in Big Creek, while pebble (38.4%) and cobble (28.2%) were the most available substrates. Mean water velocity (47 cm/s) availability and distance to cover (108 cm) availability were greater than those selected by age‐0 Chinook salmon, while mean total water depth (30 cm) availability was lower than that selected by the fish. Linear regression was used to show that an increase in juvenile Chinook salmon total length was significantly (P < 0.05) related to increased total water depth (r2 = 0.68), focal water depth (r2 = 0.73), and focal water velocity (r2 = 0.49) use. The relationship of habitat use and fish total lengths indicate that even within a short temporal period, juvenile Chinook salmon will select for different habitats as they grow. Upper and lower Big Creek microhabitat availability characteristics differed significantly (P < 0.05). Upper Big Creek had more fish per unit of preferred rearing habitat than lower Big Creek, which suggests that either summer microhabitat availability or redd density partially explain the density differences observed in Big Creek. Microhabitat use and availability data were useful for identifying habitat selection of age‐0 Chinook salmon in Big Creek. The data from this study can be used for future identification, quantification, and restoration of suitable Chinook salmon rearing habitat in other Pacific Northwest streams.
Mitochondrial DNA Differentiation Between Two Closely Related Species, Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) chabaudi and Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) riouxi (Diptera: Psychodidae), Based on Direct Sequencing and Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Boudabous Raja , Bounamous Azzedine , Jouet Damien , Depaquit Jérôme , Augot Denis , Ferté Hubert , Berchi Sélima , Couloux Arnaud , Veuille Michel , Babba Hamouda 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Phlebotomus chabaudi Croset, Abonnenc & Rioux, 1970 and Phlebotomus riouxiDepaquit, Killick-Kendrick & Léger, 1998 (Diptera: Psychodidae) are closely related species of phlebotomine sand flies, the females of which are suspected of transmitting Leishmania killicki Rioux, Lanotte, and Pratlong 1986 in Tunisia. Although males of these species are distinguishable by the number and size of setae on the basal lobe of the coxite, morphologically differential characters between the females are blurred. A molecular study, based on 40 Algerian and Tunisian specimens, was conducted to distinguish females of these two species. Alignment of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences and their analysis by using neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood showed the separation of P. chabaudi and P. riouxi, irrespective of intraspecific variability. Both COI and cytochrome b have been tested as molecular identification tools. Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis did not distinguish these two species, whereas restriction fragment length polymorphism can be applied to identify P. chabaudi and P. riouxi for surveillance purposes.
Molecular Phylogeny of Stigmaeopsis, With Special Reference to Speciation Through Host Plant Shift
Authors: Sakagami Takane , Saito Yutaka , Kongchuensin Manita , Sahara Ken 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Similar nest-weaving habits and sociality characterize all the species belonging to the recently reinstated spider mite genus Stigmaeopsis. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using 28S rDNA shows that Stigmaeopsis forms a distinct clade and that there is another unrecognized clade involving Schizotetranychus species with comparable nest-weaving habits distributing in tropical regions. Furthermore, the phylogenic hypothesis suggests that Stigmaeopsis miscanthi (Saito) inhabiting Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. shared a common ancestor with Stigmaeopsis longus (Saito) inhabiting Sasa senanensis (Franch. et Sav.), both mite species having very similar social systems. We confirmed reproductive isolation between them and tested the suitability of the two plant species as hosts for these two mite species. The result that S. miscanthi immatures could survive on Sasa bamboo for a long period, but S. longus immatures could not survive on Miscanthus grass suggested that the former has evolved from a common ancestor living on Sasa bamboo. This is also supported by a third piece of indirect evidence obtained from observing mite responses to the plant-originated chemical cues involving feces used for waste management in these species. Therefore, we conclude that the host plant shift of S. miscanthi from Sasa bamboo to M. sinensis played a key role in speciation.
The Field Cricket Gryllus assimilis and Two New Sister Species (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Weissman David B , Walker Thomas J , Gray David A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In preparation for revisionary studies of western U.S. Gryllus field crickets, some eastern U.S. names for species with supposed transcontinental distributions must be resolved. One such species, Gryllus assimilis (F.), as currently characterized, occurs in the West Indies, Brazil, Central America, and Mexico, and in five of the southernmost U.S. states. Our studies of calling songs and morphology indicate that at least three species exist among these populations. The type locality of G. assimilis is Jamaica, but the type specimen is lost and two similar species of Gryllus occur there. One of these species occurs widely outside of Jamaica, and we assign it to G. assimilis and designate a neotype. The other occurs only in Jamaica and is assigned to Gryllus jamaicensis T. J. Walker n. sp. Nearly all populations formerly known as G. assimilis from southern California, southern Arizona, southern Nevada, and Mexico west of the continental divide are assigned to Gryllus multipulsator Weissman n. sp. Populations located elsewhere (with one exception) are deemed conspecific with Jamaican G. assimilis, although G. assimilis from islands east and south of Hispaniola have calling songs with dominant frequencies higher than is characteristic of the species elsewhere. Studies of mitochondrial DNA of assimilis-type Gryllus from widespread localities are compatible with the above species classification. Hybridization trials between G. assimilis and G. multipulsator demonstrated high interfertility. Gryllus contingent F. Walker and Gryllus mundus F. Walker are removed from synonymy with G. assimilis.
Insights Into Flea Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) Host Specificity From Concordant Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Phylogenies
Authors: Jenkins Tracie M , Kris Braman S , Chen Zhenbang , Eaton Tyler D , Pettis Gretchen V , Boyd David W 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Flea beetles in the genus Altica are herbivorous, urban agricultural pests that are morphologically difficult to distinguish. Host plant associations, therefore, have been used as an important species character in field studies. Indigenous weeds in the Onagraceae, genus Oenothera, are known to serve as developmental hosts for the flea beetle Altica litigata Fall. Although host plant specificity in herbivorous beetles is labile and adult A. litigata have been reported to aggregately feed on plants in the nonindigenous Lythraceae, genus Lagerstroemia, there is no evidence that these ornamental trees serve as developmental hosts. Because adult A. litigata feed on host plants from species in two plant genera, this study was designed to test two hypotheses. The first hypothesis that was tested was whether adult flea beetles collected from primrose and crape myrtle plants across four ecoregions are phenotypically (morphology) and genotypically (genotype) A. litigata. The second hypothesis that was tested was whether two unlinked loci, cytochrome oxidase subunit I and internal transcribed spacer, are phylogenetically concordant for flea beetle species. If so, they could be used to determine the intraspecific geographic history of A. litigata collected from Oenothera and Lagerstroemia species. We discuss how these markers, in conjunction with morphology and host plant feeding behavior, can not only help to validate morphologically difficult taxa but also can illuminate herbivore-plant genetic structure through phylogeny analyses.
Assessments of Fitness Effects by the Facultative Symbiont Rickettsia in the Sweetpotato Whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Chiel Elad , Inbar Moshe , Mozes-Daube Netta , White Jennifer A , Hunter Martha S , Zchori-Fein Einat 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), harbors several bacterial symbionts, including the obligate primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum and the facultative secondary symbionts Arsenophonus, Cardinium, Fritschea, Hamiltonella, Rickettsia, and Wolbachia. The roles of these symbionts are yet unknown. In this study, we tested for possible effects of one symbiont, Rickettsia, on some fitness parameters of B. tabaci (biotype B) by comparing whiteflies that carry this symbiont to whiteflies that do not. Preadult development of Rickettsiacarrying whiteflies was faster, but all the other parameters that were measured: longevity, total number of progeny, sex ratio, and nymphal survivorship did not differ significantly. Estimates of the intrinsic growth rate (r) were almost identical for the two groups. Cross-mating between clefts-carrying and Rickettsia-free whiteflies provided no evidence for cytoplasmic incompatibility. Vertical transmission of Rickettsia was found to be nearly complete. Our results do not clearly identify a selective advantage that would explain the high prevalence of Rickettsia in B. tabaci populations, thus, other fitness parameters and horizontal transmission routes are suggested and discussed.
Co-Occurrence of the Invasive Banded and European Elm Bark Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America
Authors: Lee Jana C , Aguayo Ingrid , Aslin Ray , Durham Gail , Hamud Shakeer M , Moltzan Bruce D , Munson A Steve , Negrón José F , Peterson Travis , Ragenovich Iral R , Witcosky Jeffrey J , Seybold Steven J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The invasive European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham), was detected in Massachusetts a century ago, and it now occurs throughout the continental United States and southern Canada. The Asian banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov, was discovered in the United States in 2003, and now occurs in 28 states and the province of Alberta, Canada. Although the indigenous populations of these two species are allopatric, the invasive populations are now sympatric in North America where they co-colonize elm (Ulmus spp.) trees. A large-scale survey of these two Scolytus species was conducted with baited funnel traps, Plexiglas panel traps, and Ulmus pumila L. trap logs. Sites (four per locality) were monitored around Sacramento, CA; Reno, NV; Ogden, UT; Newcastle, WY; and Fort Collins, CO (2006–2007), and Manhattan, KS, and Columbia, MO (both only in 2007). Trap catches of S. schevrewyi relative to both Scolytus species captured from all three trapping methods at each survey site were 90 and 89% in Colorado, 90 and 83% in Wyoming, 60 and 68% in Utah, 43 and 68% in Nevada, and 11 and 13% in California (all in 2006 and 2007, respectively), and 3.3% in Kansas and 2.7% in Missouri (both only in 2007). Elevated abundances of S. schevyrewi at survey sites in Colorado and Wyoming could be the result of competitive displacement of S. multistriatus by S. schevyrewi, whose occurrence and mechanism require further study. General seasonal trends from all sites indicated peak flight in July and August for S. schevyrewi and two peaks (May-June and July-August) for S. multistriatus. Funnel traps baited with Multilure and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol were highly attractive to S. multistriatus, and mildly attractive to S. schevyrewi, whereas panel traps caught few beetles. The U. pumila trap logs were a more sensitive monitoring tool for detecting the presence of S. schevyrewi.
Reproduction, Longevity, and Survival of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Legaspi Jesusa Crisostomo , Baez Ignacio , Legaspi Benjamin C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Screened potted cactus, Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., plants containing pairs of adult male and female cactus moths, Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were placed in a cactus field in St. Marks, FL, to measure oviposition patterns under ambient conditions. Results showed a narrow window for oviposition during third and sixth day of adult female's life. Peak oviposition activity occurred on the third day, whether measured in total fecundity, numbers of eggs per egg stick or numbers of ovipositions. After the third day, not only did oviposition rate decrease but also the quality of eggs produced declined. Percentage of egg hatch decreased and egg incubation increased. Longevity of adult males (6.3 ± 0.79 d) did not differ from that of females (5.2 ± 0.4), although female adults (157.8 ± 4.5 mg) weighed more than males (74.9 ± 1.51). Therefore, from the perspective of mass rearing this moth, the optimal time for collecting eggs is limited to the third day in the life of the adult female.