bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemokine-Containing Exosomes Are Released from Heat-Stressed Tumor Cells via Lipid Raft-Dependent Pathway and Act as Efficient Tumor Vaccine
Authors: Chen Taoyong , Guo Jun , Yang Mingjin , Zhu Xuhui , Cao Xuetao 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Exosomes derived from dendritic cells or tumor cells are a population of nanometer-sized membrane vesicles that can induce specific antitumor immunity. During investigation of the effects of hyperthermia on antitumor immune response, we found that exosomes derived from heat-stressed tumor cells (HS-TEX) could chemoattract and activate dendritic cells (DC) and T cells more potently than that by conventional tumor-derived exosomes. We show that HS-TEX contain chemokines, such as CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, and CCL20, and the chemokine-containing HS-TEX are functionally competent in chemoattracting CD11c+ DC and CD4+/CD8+ T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the production of chemokine-containing HS-TEX could be inhibited by ATP inhibitor, calcium chelator, and cholesterol scavenger, indicating that the mobilization of chemokines into exosomes was ATP- and calcium-dependent and via a lipid raft-dependent pathway. We consistently found that the intracellular chemokines could be enriched in lipid rafts after heat stress. Accordingly, intratumoral injection of HS-TEX could induce specific antitumor immune response more efficiently than that by tumor-derived exosomes, thus inhibiting tumor growth and prolonging survival of tumor-bearing mice more significantly. Therefore, our results demonstrate that exosomes derived from HS-TEX represent a kind of efficient tumor vaccine and can chemoattract and activate DC and T cells, inducing more potent antitumor immune response. Release of chemokines through exosomes via lipid raft-dependent pathway may be a new method of chemokine exocytosis.
Cutting Edge: Coding Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase 1 Can Affect Antigenic Peptide Generation In Vitro by Influencing Basic Enzymatic Properties of the Enzyme
Authors: Evnouchidou Irini , Kamal Ram P. , Seregin Sergey S. , Goto Yoshikuni , Tsujimoto Masafumi , Hattori Akira , Voulgari Paraskevi V. , Drosos Alexandros A. , Amalfitano Andrea , York Ian A. , Stratikos Efstratios 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
ER aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) customizes antigenic peptide precursors for MHC class I presentation and edits the antigenic peptide repertoire. Coding single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ERAP1 were recently linked with predisposition to autoimmune disease, suggesting a link between pathogenesis of autoimmunity and ERAP1-mediated Ag processing. To investigate this possibility, we analyzed the effect that disease-linked SNPs have on Ag processing by ERAP1 in vitro. Michaelis–Menten analysis revealed that the presence of SNPs affects the Michaelis constant and turnover number of the enzyme. Strikingly, specific ERAP1 allele-substrate combinations deviate from standard Michaelis–Menten behavior, demonstrating substrate-inhibition kinetics; to our knowledge, this phenomenon has not been described for this enzyme. Cell-based Ag-presentation analysis was consistent with changes in the substrate inhibition constant Ki, further supporting that ERAP1 allelic composition may affect Ag processing in vivo. We propose that these phenomena should be taken into account when evaluating the possible link between Ag processing and autoimmunity.
Hydrogen Economy
Authors: Wells Stephen A. , Sartbaeva Asel , Kuznetsov Vladimir L. , Edwards Peter P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHydrogen technologies and fuel cells evoke, for many people, vision of a future in which electrical energy and heat can be generated not only cleanly but also noiselessly and efficiently—with only water as by‐product at the point of use. These technologies—particularly for transport applications—are viewed as a bridge to a sustainable and secure energy future. But despite its clear promise, hydrogen is today still largely only a potential energy carrier of the future; this chemical element is usually a key component of long‐term energy policies. But, as recently noted by Eames and McDowall: “…it is expectations about, and visions of, the future of hydrogen that are currently driving investment and research.”This article explores some of these expectations; in particular, we examine important scientific and technological issues concerning the production, storage, and utilization of hydrogen, as well as outlining the interrelated—and equally challenging—socioeconomic issues for a future hydrogen energy economy. We hope that this approach allows the reader to assess the complexities, challenges—and, of course, the considerable potential—of hydrogen and fuel cells in long‐term transport strategies. We illustrate the very considerable central role of chemistry in building innovative solutions to key areas of a future hydrogen energy economy.
Methane–to–Methanol Conversion
Authors: Hashiguchi Brian G. , Hövelmann Claas H. , Bischof Steven M. , Lokare Kapil S. , Leung Chin Hin , Periana Roy A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNatural gas (NG) is an abundant, clean, underutilized fossil fuel that can augment or replace petroleum as the feedstock to fuels and chemicals. However, given the relatively high transportation costs for this highly volatile gas, utilization of NG will only be possible if inexpensive, efficient, large‐scale technologies can be developed tochemicallyconvert NG to liquids feedstocks (e.g., long chain alkanes or methanol). Current syngas‐based technologies can carry out this chemical conversion with very high carbon yield (∼70%) while utilizing the only economically viable co‐reactant on this enormous scale: dioxygen or ideally air. However, despite these attractive characteristics, these processes are too expensive to displace petroleum primarily due to the high capital costs associated with the high temperatures required to generate syngas. Substantial effort toward the development of less expensive, lower temperature (<250 °C) processes for the selective, high‐yield oxidative conversion of methane, the major component of NG, to functionalized products has yielded a number of potential systems. This article is focused on one very promising approach: the use of homogenous organometallic and/or inorganic complexes in liquid solutions to mediate the oxidative conversion of methane. Heterogeneous (gas/solid) systems are not covered. Considering the ultimate goal of replacing petroleum with NG, we have organized this article with respect to both fundamental chemistry as well as the important practical considerations of whether or not systems can utilize dixoygen as the ultimate co‐reactant. Two fundamentally different mechanistic strategies have emerged: (i) the use of coordination catalysts that coordinate and cleave the CH bond of methane (defined as CH activation) or that coordinate and activate the co‐reactant (defined as oxidant activation), and (ii) the use of chain reactions based on reactive species such as free radicals or other chain carrying species. Systems that fall into these two categories are further categorized with respect to whether or not oxygen is or can be utilized as the ultimate co‐reactant. The goal is to provide the reader with an efficient way of quickly finding or classifying the rapidly growing body of literature by reaction mechanism and co‐reactant utilized.
Statistical Methods in Risk Management by Futures Clearinghouses
Authors: Shanker Latha 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Futures clearinghouses guarantee the open futures positions of their clearing members. The risk that clearinghouses face as a consequence is managed by the following five tools‐margin requirements, daily settlement, capital requirements, daily price limits and position limits. Clearing members deposit margin with the clearinghouse to support their open futures positions. Under the system of daily settlement of profits and losses, the clearinghouse transfers funds from the margin accounts of clearing members who have incurred losses to the accounts of members who have incurred profits. The margin requirement is usually set to cover the loss expected in a normal trading day. Losses of clearing members in excess of their margin are supported by requiring each member to contribute to the capital requirements of the clearinghouse. The daily price limit specifies the daily trading range for the futures price. A properly chosen price limit can reduce the margin and capital requirement below the levels required in its absence. The position limit constrains the net speculative futures position of one individual to reduce the possibility of clearinghouse failure due to default by one speculator. The optimal values for the tools of risk management depend on the statistical distribution of futures price changes. Moreover, the tools have to be carefully chosen so as to protect the clearinghouse without driving traders away from the market. Evaluation of the different systems for setting the optimal values of these tools and their effects upon the volatility and trading activity in futures markets also depends on the application of statistical tests. This article therefore reviews the statistical methodology used by previous research on risk management by futures clearinghouses.
Redesign of the Phosphate Binding Site of L‐Rhamnulose‐ 1‐Phosphate Aldolase towards a Dihydroxyacetone Dependent Aldolase
Authors: Garrabou Xavier , Joglar Jesús , Parella Teodor , Crehuet Ramon , Bujons Jordi , Clapés Pere 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe aldol addition of unphosphorylated dihydroxyacetone (DHA) to aldehydes catalyzed by L‐rhamnulose‐1‐phosphate aldolase (RhuA), a dihydroxyacetone phosphate‐dependent aldolase, is reported. Moreover, a single point mutation in the phosphate binding site of the RhuA wild type, that is, substitution of aspartate for asparagine at position N29, increased by 3‐fold the ${V{{app\hfill \atop {\rm max}\hfill}}}$ of aldol addition reactions of DHA to other aldehyde acceptors rather than the natural L‐lactaldehyde. The RhuA N29D mutant modified the optimum enzyme design for the natural substrate and changed its catalytic properties making the aldolase more versatile to other aldol additions of DHA.
Identification of multiscale nature and multiple dynamics of the blast furnace system from operating data
Authors: Gao Chuanhou , Zeng Jiusun , Zhou Zhimin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractVery often, there are several kinds of different scale structures, such as atomic/molecular microscale, device/boundary mesoscale and working procedure/operation unit macroscale, etc., referred in the operation of a blast furnace system. However, not enough attention has been paid to the multiscale feature of the blast furnace system by traditional analytic methods which are the average ones over a fixed scale. For this reason, the current work performs a multiscale identification and further makes a dynamical analysis on the blast furnace system from the time series sets of two important components in the blast furnace hot metal, i.e., silicon content and sulfur content, collected from a pint‐sized blast furnace. The results render a strong indication of multiscale characteristic and multiple dynamics, i.e., randomicity, chaos, and limit cycle but with different rates of contribution to the whole system, contained in the blast furnace system. Furthermore, compared with the original blast furnace system, every subscale structure has lower complexity. All of these can serve as guidelines to carry out modeling, control and optimization on complex blast furnace system from the viewpoint of multiscale in the future, and may throw more light on understanding and characterizing its complex dynamics. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Experimental verification of anomalous chloride enrichment related to methane hydrate formation in deep‐sea sediments
Authors: Seol Jiwoong , Koh Dong‐Yeun , Cha Minjun , Shin Woongchul , Lee Young‐Joo , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Lee Jaehyoung , Lee Huen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAnomalous chloride concentration enrichment has been detected in marine sediments comprising methane hydrates (MHs). In this study, we designed an electric circuit system linked to the high‐pressure resistance cell in which the chloride ion concentration can be directly measured within reliable accuracy under in situ conditions of the deep‐sea floor pressure and temperature. Chloride concentration increased under a fast MH formation rate, but no noticeable concentration change was detected under a relatively low‐rate. Furthermore, we suggested that the MH formation rate must be maintained at least ∼102 mol m−2 yr−1 so as to efficiently enrich chlorides and retain the acquired chlorinity. The present experimental system dose not fully reflect the relatively minor effective variables such as vertical advections in real system, but the results seem to be sufficient for revealing chloride enrichment phenomena induced by fast MH formation rate with free methane gas. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Low frequency of primary lipid screening among Medicare patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Bartels Christie M. , Kind Amy J. H. , Everett Christine , Mell Matthew , McBride Patrick , Smith Maureen 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveAlthough studies have demonstrated suboptimal preventive care in RA patients, performance of primary lipid screening (i.e., testing before cardiovascular disease [CVD], CVD risk equivalents, or hyperlipidemia is evident) has not been systematically examined. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between primary lipid screening and visits to primary care providers (PCPs) and rheumatologists among a national sample of older RA patients.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study examined a 5% Medicare sample that included 3,298 RA patients without baseline CVD, diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia, who were considered eligible for primary lipid screening during the years 2004–2006. The outcome was probability of lipid screening by the relative frequency of primary care and rheumatology visits, or seeing a PCP at least once each year.ResultsPrimary lipid screening was performed in only 45% of RA patients. Overall, 65% of patients received both primary and rheumatology care, and 50% saw a rheumatologist as often as a PCP. Any primary care predicted more lipid screening than lone rheumatology care (26% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 21–32]). As long as a PCP was involved, performance of lipid screening was similar regardless of the balance between primary and rheumatology visits (44–48% [95% CI 41–51]). Not seeing a PCP at least annually decreased screening by 22% (adjusted risk ratio 0.78 [95% CI 0.71–0.84]).ConclusionPrimary lipid screening was performed in fewer than half of eligible RA patients, highlighting a key target for CVD risk reduction efforts. Annual visits to a PCP improved lipid screening, although performance remained poor (51%). Half of RA patients saw their rheumatologist as often or more often than they saw a PCP, illustrating the need to study optimal partnerships between PCPs and rheumatologists for screening patients for CVD risks.
High‐risk extracranial chondrosarcoma
Authors: Goda Jayant Sastri , Ferguson Peter C. , O'Sullivan Brian , Catton Charles N. , Griffin Anthony M. , Wunder Jay S. , Bell Robert S. , Kandel Rita A. , Chung Peter W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:A study was undertaken to evaluate results of surgery and radiotherapy (RT) for high‐risk extracranial chondrosarcomas.METHODS:Between 1986 and 2006, 60 patients underwent surgery and RT for extracranial high‐risk chondrosarcoma. Preoperative RT (median, 50 gray [Gy]) and postoperative RT (median, 60 Gy) were used in 40% and 60% patients, respectively. Sites included pelvis/lower extremity (48%), chest wall (22%), spine/paraspinal (17%), and head and neck (13%). Overall, median tumor size was 7 cm (range, 1‐22 cm), and tumor grade was I, II, and III in 22%, 64%, and 14% of cases, respectively.RESULTS:Pathologically clear surgical margins (R0) were present in 50%, microscopic positive margins (R1) in 28%, and gross positive margins (R2) in 13%, half of whom had clinically detectable residual disease; surgical margin was unknown in 8%. Median follow‐up was 75 months (range, 5‐230 months). The crude local control rate was 90%. Patients with R0, R1, and R2 resections had local control of 100%, 94%, and 42%, respectively. Of the 8 cases that had R2 resection, 3 experienced uncontrolled progression, but 5 patients had stable disease with long‐term follow‐up. The 10‐year overall survival, progression‐free survival, and cause‐specific survival were 86%, 80.5%, and 89.4%, respectively. Younger age and grade III tumors were associated with worse progression‐free survival (P = .03 and .0003, respectively).CONCLUSIONS:Although surgery with complete resection is paramount in management of chondrosarcoma, RT is a useful adjuvant treatment and appears to offer excellent and durable local control where wide surgical resection is difficult to accomplish. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Experience with rituximab immunotherapy as an early intervention in patients with Rai stage 0 to II chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Ferrajoli Alessandra , Keating Michael J. , O'Brien Susan , Cortes Jorge , Thomas Deborah A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Management of asymptomatic early stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) centered on expectant surveillance for active disease warranting chemotherapy. In CLL, elevated serum β‐2 microglobulin (β2M) levels were associated with more rapid disease progression and shorter survival (OS).METHODS:An early intervention trial was designed to assess response, time‐to‐progression (TTP), and OS after immunotherapy with standard‐dose rituximab (375 mg/m2 intravenously weekly for 8 consecutive weeks) in 34 asymptomatic untreated early stage CLL with β2M level ≥ 2 mg/dL.RESULTS:Long‐term follow‐up and results are reported. The overall response rate in 34 patients was 82% (9% complete [CR]), median TTP in the 28 responders was 23 months, the median time to subsequent treatment was 43 months, and the 8‐year OS rate was 74% (median follow‐up, 102 months).CONCLUSIONS:Early treatment with rituximab was well tolerated and safe. Further studies are needed to determine if this intervention can decrease CLL‐related morbidity and mortality. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Breast cancer screening beliefs, recommendations and practices
Authors: Meissner Helen I. , Klabunde Carrie N. , Han Paul K. , Benard Vicki B. , Breen Nancy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Primary care physicians (PCPs) play a key role in breast cancer screening, yet no current data exist regarding PCP practices.METHODS:The authors analyzed a nationally representative survey of PCPs that was fielded during September 2006 to May 2007 to investigate PCP breast cancer screening beliefs, recommendations, and practices.RESULTS:Most of the 1212 PCPs who participated in the survey (80%) reported that mammography for average‐risk women aged ≥ 50 years was very effective in reducing cancer mortality, and 54% reported that it was very effective for women ages 40 to 49 years. Fewer respondents reported that clinical breast examination (CBE) or breast self‐examination (BSE) was very effective, but the majority rated CBE and BSE as somewhat effective. The majority of PCPs routinely recommended mammography, CBE, and BSE to patients aged ≥ 40 years. In multivariate models, family/general practitioners (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57‐3.17 for mammography; OR, 4.42; 95% CI, 2.60‐7.52 for CBE) and internal medicine specialists (OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 2.21‐4.66 for mammography; OR, 5.34; 95% CI, 3.21‐8.88 for CBE) were more likely to recommend an upper age limit for screening than obstetrician/gynecologists. Physicians who reported that US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines were very influential were more likely to recommend an age at which they no longer recommend mammography and CBE.CONCLUSIONS:To the authors' knowledge, the current study is the first national study in over 2 decades to report the breast cancer screening practices of PCPs and provides baseline data for monitoring the impact of changes in clinical practice guidelines. The current findings suggested that virtually all PCPs routinely recommend mammography, CBE, and BSE to their patients aged ≥ 40 years, although recommendations vary by primary care specialty. Cancer 2011. Published 2011 by the American Cancer Society.
Patient willingness to undergo pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic tests in early phase oncology trials
Authors: Tibes Raoul , Piper Barbara F. , Smith Jessica A. , James Raysenia L. , Benjamin Martin A. , Yim Jay H. , Ramanathan Ramesh K. , Von Hoff Daniel D. , Bay R. Curtis , Borad Mitesh J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Increasingly, early phase clinical trials involve pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) assays as well as frequent imaging studies. The authors conducted a prospective study examining patients' willingness to undergo such tests and the number of tests the patients would tolerate.METHODS:A prospective, correlative study was conducted using a self‐reported questionnaire to measure patients' willingness on a scale from 1 (not willing) to 10 (very willing) to undergo various procedures (eg, tumor and skin biopsies, blood tests) and imaging studies (eg, magnetic resonance imaging, echocardiogram). In addition, correlations were assessed between the number and type of tests and demographics, previous test experience, inconvenience, and insurance coverage. Sixty‐one patients (22 women and 39 men) with advanced malignancies were enrolled. Descriptive, nonparametric, and parametric inferential statistics were used.RESULTS:Overall willingness to undergo study‐required tests was very high. Patients were most willing to undergo urine, blood, ultrasound, x‐rays, echocardiogram, and computed tomography studies and were least willing to undergo tumor and skin biopsies and magnetic resonance imaging (all P ≤ .01). Significant inverse relations were observed between the frequency of a particular test and patient's willingness to undergo such tests. Inconvenience and prior negative experiences for more invasive tests (eg, skin biopsies) modestly affected willingness to undergo these tests again. College education, insurance coverage, and the requirement of tests for enrollment were correlated positively with willingness to undergo tests.CONCLUSIONS:The current findings provide the first prospectively collected data on patients' willingness to undergo PK/PD tests and imaging studies associated with early stage oncology drug trials and can serve as basis for further exploration toward the design of patient‐friendly, biomarker‐driven clinical studies in oncology. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.