bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Device for Improving Quantification of Reading Acuity and Reading Speed
Authors: Dexl Alois K. , Schlögel Horst , Wolfbauer Michael , Grabner Günther 
Published: December 2009

Purpose:
To present a new device, the Salzburg Reading Desk (SRD), for the standardized testing of reading acuity and reading speed at a subjectively convenient reading distance (best distance).

Methods:
First, in a systematic experimental setup, testing for validity and reliability was performed at 450 simulated reading distances (90 different test situations, each repeated 5 times) between 16 and 70 cm. The distance read-outs by the SRD software were correlated to the distances measured with a meter ruler. Second, reading distance and reading speed of 27 naturally emmetropic and presbyopic patients were evaluated using the log-scaled Radner Reading Charts implemented in the SRD.

Results:
In the experimental setup, an overall mean difference of the SRD distance read-out—compared to a standard distance measurement with a meter ruler—of 0.08±0.13 cm was observed. In the presbyopic patients, overall mean reading distance was 49.74±4.43 cm. Patients were able to read with their own subjectively convenient reading distance. A constant mean reading speed of sentences with bigger typeface (between 152.4±22.6 words/minute [wpm] and 157.3±15.8 wpm) was found, but reading speed gradually diminished over time when reading sentences with smaller typeface.

Conclusions:
The SRD seems to be a valid and reliable device for testing reading acuity at the best reading distance in an experimental setup as well as in clinical use in presbyopic patients. The SRD may be used whenever a detailed comparison of different methods for correcting presbyopia is required.
Frequency, characteristics and functions of future‐oriented thoughts in daily life
Authors: D'Argembeau Arnaud , Renaud Olivier , Van der Linden Martial 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDespite the growing interest in future‐oriented cognition in various areas of psychology, there is still little empirical data regarding the occurrence and nature of future‐oriented thoughts in daily life. In this study, participants recorded future‐oriented thoughts occurring in natural settings and rated their characteristics and functions. The results show that future‐oriented thoughts occur frequently in daily life and can take different representational formats (more or less abstract), embrace various thematic contents (e.g. work, relationships) and serve a range of functions (e.g. action planning, decision making). The functions and characteristics of thoughts differed according to their temporal distance, with thoughts referring to the near future being more specific and serving action planning to a greater extent than thoughts concerning the far future. The characteristics of future thoughts were also related to affective content, with positive thoughts being more frequent, more specific, and associated with more visual images than negative thoughts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are people always more risk averse after disasters? Surveys after a heavy snow‐hit and a major earthquake in China in 2008
Authors: Li Jin‐Zhen , Li Shu , Wang Wen‐Zhong , Rao Li‐Lin , Liu Huan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChina suffered both a heavy snow‐hit and a major earthquake in 2008. To investigate the effects of disasters on risky decision making, opportunity samples were obtained by recruiting residents in both devastated and non‐devastated areas. In a survey (Study 1) conducted shortly after the heavy snow‐hit, we found that people were not always more risk averse after a disaster as previous studies had claimed and that they were inclined to approach an option with ‘low probability associated gain’ and to avoid an option with ‘low probability associated loss’. These findings were replicated in a consecutive survey (Study 2) conducted after the Wenchuan earthquake. It was further found that the popularity of both insurance and lottery, which presumably contributed to overweighing of small probabilities, was detected to have been enhanced with substantial exposure to the earthquake disaster. The implications of these findings for risk education and government policy making were discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Room Temperature Highly Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Hydrovinylation
Authors: Lassauque Nicolas , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAt room temperature, nickel catalysts based on the new phosphoramidite (11bR)‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(naphthalen‐1‐yl)ethyl]‐N‐[(S)‐1‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)ethyl]dinaphtho[2,1‐d:1′,2′‐f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐4‐amine provide excellent selectivities for 3‐arylbut‐1‐enes (93–99%) with high enantioselectivities (90–95% ee) and TOFs (up to 8300 h−1) in the hydrovinylation of electron‐rich and electron‐poor vinylarenes. Within a few minutes, useful chiral building blocks and intermediates can be synthesized using this practical catalytic system.
Alkynyl Group as Activating Group: Base‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Domino Reactions of Electron‐Deficient Enynes
Authors: Li Wenbo , Xiao Yuanjing , Zhang Junliang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a base‐catalyzed domino reaction of electron‐deficient enynes with malonate‐derived α,β‐unsaturated esters and ketones, which provides a rapid, stereoselective access to multi‐functionalized cyclopentanes and inden‐5(6 H)‐ones in high yields. In this reaction, the alkynyl group of the enyne acts as an activating group rather than a reacting group.
Back to Natural Cinchona Alkaloids: Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Malononitrile to Enones
Authors: Russo Alessio , Perfetto Alessandra , Lattanzi Alessandra 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn efficient and convenient highly enantioselective Michael addition of malononitrile to enones has been developed by using quinine as the organocatalyst. The adducts were isolated in excellent yield and high asymmetric induction (up to 95% ee). An easy route to difficultly accessible ester derivatives has been also disclosed.
Operability‐based determination of feasible control constraints for several high‐dimensional nonsquare industrial processes
Authors: Lima Fernando V. , Georgakis Christos , Smith Julie F. , Schnelle Phillip D. , Vinson David R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHigh‐dimensional nonsquare systems, with more outputs than inputs, are common in industrial chemical processes. For such systems, it is impossible to control all the outputs at specific set‐points. Interval control is needed for, at least, some of the output variables. An operability‐based methodology, formulated in a Linear Programming framework, systematically determines the feasible set of the steady‐state output constraints of high‐dimensional nonsquare linear Model Predictive Controllers. These controllers are related to several industrial‐scale chemical processes provided by Air Products and Chemicals and DuPont. It is shown that, for the operable cases, the constrained region of operation can be reduced, without causing infeasibilities, by a factor of 103–107 for systems that have an output dimensionality of 6–15. For the inoperable examples, the amount of constraint relaxation necessary to make the control problem feasible at the steady‐state is also calculated. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Word smithing in medical genetics
Authors: Cohen M. Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCertain terms used in medical genetics and more often in other medical fields are in need of clarification. The terms cited are frequently misunderstood, mispronounced, and/or misspelled. The discussion includes two Latin‐derived terms (genua valga and calvaria), one Greek‐derived term (apoptosis), one gene‐derived term (RUNX), one syndromic eponym (Kartagener syndrome), and three vascular eponyms (Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome, Parkes Weber syndrome, and Kasabach–Merritt phenomenon). © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silencing Nogo‐A promotes functional recovery in demyelinating disease
Authors: Yang Yuhong , Liu Yue , Wei Ping , Peng Haiyan , Winger Ryan , Hussain Rehana Z. , Ben Li‐Hong , Cravens Petra D. , Gocke Anne R. , Puttaparthi Krishna , Racke Michael K. , McTigue Dana M. , Lovett‐Racke Amy E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if suppressing Nogo‐A, an axonal inhibitory protein, will promote functional recovery in a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsA small interfering RNA was developed to specifically suppress Nogo‐A (siRNA‐NogoA). The siRNA‐NogoA silencing effect was evaluated in vitro and in vivo via immunohistochemistry. The siRNA was administered intravenously in 2 models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Axonal repair was measured by upregulation of GAP43. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and 3H‐thymidine incorporation were used to determine immunological changes in myelin‐specific T cells in mice with EAE.ResultsThe siRNA‐NogoA suppressed Nogo‐A expression in vitro and in vivo. Systemic administration of siRNA‐NogoA ameliorated EAE and promoted axonal repair, as demonstrated by enhanced GAP43+ axons in the lesions. Myelin‐specific T‐cell proliferation and cytokine production were unchanged in the siRNA‐NogoA–treated mice.InterpretationSilencing Nogo‐A in EAE promotes functional recovery. The therapeutic benefit appears to be mediated by axonal growth and repair, and is not attributable to changes in the encephalitogenic capacity of the myelin‐specific T cells. Silencing Nogo‐A may be a therapeutic option for MS patients to prevent permanent functional deficits caused by immune‐mediated axonal damage. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:498–507
Anticoagulants in pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis: A safety and outcome study
Authors: Moharir Mahendranath D. , Shroff Manohar , Stephens Derek , Pontigon Ann‐Marie , Chan Anthony , MacGregor Daune , Mikulis David , Adams Margaret , deVeber Gabrielle 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveClinical trials are lacking in pediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT). Neonates and children increasingly receive anticoagulant therapy (ACT) based on adult studies. Safety data for ACT in pediatric CSVT are scant and urgently needed. The objective was to assess the safety and outcome of ACT in pediatric CSVT.MethodsIn a single‐center prospective study, neonates and children with CSVT received ACT (standard/low molecular weight heparin, warfarin) by standardized protocol. A study neuroradiologist (M.S.) assessed all initial and follow‐up neuroimaging for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), thrombus propagation, and recanalization. Clinical outcome was assessed with the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure.ResultsAmong 162 pediatric patients, 85 received ACT at diagnosis, including 29/83 (35%) neonates and 56/79 (71%) children. Major hemorrhage occurred in 6% (6/99) of treated patients, including 14% (3/21 neonates, 2/15 children) with and 2% (0/17 neonates, 1/46 children) without pretreatment ICH. ACT‐associated bleeds were all nonfatal, and clinical outcome was favorable in 50%, similar to the remaining patients (53%). Early follow‐up imaging demonstrated thrombus propagation in 11/57 neonates (10/35 [28%] without and 1/22 [4%] with ACT [p = 0.037]) and 10/63 children (7/19 [37%] without and 3/44 [7%] with ACT [p = 0.006]). Propagation was associated with new venous infarcts in 10% neonates and 40% children and worse clinical outcome in children (p = 0.053). Recanalization occurred earlier and more completely in neonates (p = 0.002). Clinical outcome was unfavorable in 47%.InterpretationIn pediatric CSVT, ACT appears safe. Nontreatment with ACT is associated with thrombus propagation, observed in ¼ of untreated neonates and over ⅓ of children. Anticoagulants merit strong consideration in pediatric CSVT. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:590–599
Recurrent spreading depolarizations after subarachnoid hemorrhage decreases oxygen availability in human cerebral cortex
Authors: Bosche Bert , Graf Rudolf , Ernestus Ralf‐Ingo , Dohmen Christian , Reithmeier Thomas , Brinker Gerrit , Strong Anthony J. , Dreier Jens P. , Woitzik Johannes 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveDelayed ischemic neurological deficit (DIND) contributes to poor outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients. Because there is continuing uncertainty as to whether proximal cerebral artery vasospasm is the only cause of DIND, other processes should be considered. A potential candidate is cortical spreading depolarization (CSD)‐induced hypoxia. We hypothesized that recurrent CSDs influence cortical oxygen availability.MethodsCenters in the Cooperative Study of Brain Injury Depolarizations (COSBID) recruited 9 patients with severe SAH, who underwent open neurosurgery. We used simultaneous, colocalized recordings of electrocorticography and tissue oxygen pressure (ptiO2) in human cerebral cortex. We screened for delayed cortical infarcts by using sequential brain imaging and investigated cerebral vasospasm by angiography or time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsIn a total recording time of 850 hours, 120 CSDs were found in 8 of 9 patients. Fifty‐five CSDs (∼46%) were found in only 2 of 9 patients, who later developed DIND. Eighty‐nine (∼75%) of all CSDs occurred between the 5th and 7th day after SAH, and 96 (80%) arose within temporal clusters of recurrent CSD. Clusters of CSD occurred simultaneously, with mainly biphasic CSD‐associated ptiO2 responses comprising a primary hypoxic and a secondary hyperoxic phase. The frequency of CSD correlated positively with the duration of the hypoxic phase and negatively with that of the hyperoxic phase. Hypoxic phases significantly increased stepwise within CSD clusters; particularly in DIND patients, biphasic ptiO2 responses changed to monophasic ptiO2 decreases within these clusters. Monophasic hypoxic ptiO2 responses to CSD were found predominantly in DIND patients.InterpretationWe attribute these clinical ptiO2 findings mainly to changes in local blood flow in the cortical microcirculation but also to augmented metabolism. Besides classical contributors like proximal cerebral vasospasm, CSD clusters may reduce O2 supply and increase O2 consumption, and thereby promote DIND. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:607–617
Role of CD8+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Correale Jorge , Villa Andrés 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the role of CD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsPeripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) CD8+ T‐cell clones (TCCs) recognizing autoreactive CD4+ T cells were isolated from 20 MS patients during exacerbations, 15 patients in remission, 15 healthy subjects, and 10 patients with other inflammatory neurological diseases. Characteristics of noncytotoxic CD8+ CD25+ regulatory T cells were studied. Cell phenotype was evaluated using flow cytometry. Cytokine production and phospho‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) concentration were determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. To assess 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) activity on dendritic cells (DCs), kynurenine concentration was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography.ResultsInhibition of CD4+ self‐reactive T‐cell proliferation, and of interferon‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐17 secretion, was observed after adding CD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells to cultures. Suppression was abrogated by silencing FoxP3 using small interfering RNA. Cells were CD122+, CTLA‐4+, GITR+, CCR7+, and CD62L+, producing IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β. CD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells downregulated costimulatory molecule expression on dendritic cells through a STAT3‐mediated pathway, resulting in less efficient antigen presentation, and induced IDO expression on DCs through STAT3 and cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen 4‐dependent mechanisms. CD8+ regulatory TCC cloning frequency studied in blood and CSF was suppressed to a greater degree during exacerbations than during remission or in controls. Likewise, in CSF of MS patients during acute exacerbations, lower levels of CD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T cells were detected using flow cytometry.InterpretationCD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+ cells are novel regulatory cells exerting significant influence over self‐reactive CD4+ T‐cell regulation during the course of MS. Induction of these cells may provide new therapeutic alternatives for MS by eliminating or inhibiting self‐reactive T cells. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:625–638
Rice straw management: the big waste
Authors: Domínguez‐Escribá Laura , Porcar Manuel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRice is one of the major foods, with consumption per capita of 65 kg per year, accounting for 20% of global ingested calories. Rice production is expected to increase significantly in the near future in order to feed the rising human population. Today, paddy rice culture produces 660 million tons of rice, along with 800 million dry tons of agricultural residues, mainly straw. This biomass is managed predominantly through rice straw burning (RSB) and soil incorporation strategies. RSB leads to significant air pollution and has been banned in some regions, whereas stubble and straw incorporation into wet soil during land preparation is associated with enhanced methane emissions. Therefore, both strategies have important deleterious environmental effects and fail to take advantage of the huge energy potential of rice straw. Using rice straw as lignocellulosic biomass to produce bioethanol would appear to be a promising and ambitious goal to both manage this agricultural waste and to produce environmentally friendly biofuel. Technical difficulties, however, associated with the conversion of lignocellulose into simple, fermentable sugars, have hampered the massive development of rice‐straw‐derived bioethanol. Recent technical advances in straw pre‐treatment, hydrolysis and fermentation may, however, overcome these limitations and facilitate a dramatic turnover in biofuels production in the near future. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Enhanced degradation of phenanthrene in a solid–liquid two‐phase partitioning bioreactor via sonication
Authors: Isaza Pedro A. , Daugulis Andrew J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe current article examined the feasibility of inducing improved delivery and degradation of phenanthrene in a solid–liquid partitioning bioreactor system at bench scale by means of ultrasonic energy input. Initial degradation rates of phenanthrene by a microbial consortium, delivered from Desmopan, were improved 2.7‐fold in the presence of sonication relative to unsonicated controls. Results demonstrated that an operating window involving on/off sonication cycling improved substrate delivery and rational selection of ultrasound cycling profiles could lead to even further enhancements. Additionally, all results were obtained in a conventional bioreactor with commercial ultrasonic equipment and a commercially available polymer. Subsequent DGGE analysis demonstrated that the sonication cycles selected maintained consortium compositions, relative to control cases, and suggest that exposure would not reduce degradative capabilities under the periods of irradiation examined. Finally, consortium members were identified as belonging to the Pandoraea, Sphingobium, and Pseudoxanthomonas genera. Comparison of genetic sequences in the Ribosomal Database Project revealed that some of the bacterial members, identified at the strain level, had been previously observed in PAH degradations, while others have been reported only in the degradation of other aromatics, such as pesticides. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 997–1001. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A sustainable pathway of cellulosic ethanol production integrating anaerobic digestion with biorefining
Authors: Yue Zhengbo , Teater Charles , Liu Yan , MacLellan James , Liao Wei 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnaerobic digestion (AD) of animal manure is traditionally classified as a treatment to reduce the environmental impacts of odor, pathogens, and excess nutrients associated with animal manure. This report shows that AD also changes the composition of manure fiber and makes it suitable as a cellulosic feedstock for ethanol production. Anaerobically digested manure fiber (AD fiber) contains less hemicellulose (11%) and more cellulose (32%) than raw manure, and has better enzymatic digestibility than switchgrass. Using the optimal dilute alkaline pretreatment (2% sodium hydroxide, 130°C, and 2 h), enzymatic hydrolysis of 10% (dry basis) pretreated AD fiber produces 51 g/L glucose at a conversion rate of 90%. The ethanol fermentation on the hydrolysate has a 72% ethanol yield. The results indicate that 120 million dry tons of cattle manure available annually in the U.S. can generate 63 million dry tons of AD fiber that can produce more than 1.67 billion gallons of ethanol. Integrating AD with biorefining will make significant contribution to the cellulosic ethanol production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 1031–1039. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolite stress and tolerance in the production of biofuels and chemicals: Gene‐expression‐based systems analysis of butanol, butyrate, and acetate stresses in the anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum
Authors: Alsaker Keith V. , Paredes Carlos , Papoutsakis Eleftherios T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMetabolite accumulation has pleiotropic, toxic, or beneficial effects on cell physiology, but such effects are not well understood at the molecular level. Cells respond and adapt to metabolite stress by mechanisms largely unexplored, especially in the context of multiple and simultaneous stresses. Solventogenic and related clostridia have an inherent advantage for production of biofuels and chemicals directly from cellulosic material and other complex carbohydrates, but issues of product/metabolite tolerance and related culture productivities remain. Using DNA microarray‐based gene expression analysis, the transcriptional‐stress responses of Clostridium acetobutylicum to fermentation acids acetate and butyrate and the solvent product butanol were analyzed and compared in the context of cell physiology. Ontological analysis demonstrated that stress by all three metabolites resulted in upregulation of genes related to post‐translational modifications and chaperone activity, and downregulation of the translation‐machinery genes. Motility genes were downregulated by acetate‐stress only. The general metabolite stress included upregulation of numerous stress genes (dnaK, groES, groEL, hsp90, hsp18, clpC, and htrA), the solventogenic operon aad‐ctfA‐ctfB, and other solventogenic genes. Acetate stress downregulated expression of the butyryl‐CoA‐ and butyrate‐formation genes, while butyrate stress downregulated expression of acetate‐formation genes. Pyrimidine‐biosynthesis genes were downregulated by most stresses, but purine‐biosynthesis genes were upregulated by acetate and butyrate, possibly for thiamine and histidine biosynthesis. Methionine‐biosynthesis genes were upregulated by acetate stress, indicating a possibly conserved stress response mechanism also observed in Escherichia coli. Nitrogen‐fixation gene expression was upregulated by acetate stress. Butyrate stress upregulated many iron‐metabolism genes, riboflavin‐biosynthesis genes, and several genes related to cellular repair from oxidative stress, such as perR and superoxide dismutases. Butanol stress upregulated the glycerol metabolism genes glpA and glpF. Surprisingly, metabolite stress had no apparent effect on the expression of the sporulation‐cascade genes. It is argued that the list of upregulated genes in response to the three metabolite stresses includes several genes whose overexpression would likely impart tolerance, thus making the information generated in this study, a valuable source for the development of tolerant recombinant strains. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 1131–1147. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.