bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved breast cancer survival following introduction of an organized mammography screening program among both screened and unscreened women: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Kalager Mette , Haldorsen Tor , Bretthauer Michael , Hoff Geir , Thoresen Steinar O , Adami Hans-Olov 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Mammography screening reduces breast cancer mortality through earlier diagnosis but may convey further benefit if screening is associated with optimized treatment through multidisciplinary medical care. In Norway, a national mammography screening program was introduced among women aged 50 to 69 years during 1995/6 to 2004. Also during this time, multidisciplinary breast cancer care units were implemented.

Methods
We constructed three cohorts of breast cancer patients: 1) the pre-program group comprising women diagnosed and treated before mammography screening began in their county of residence, 2) the post-program group comprising women diagnosed and treated through multidisciplinary breast cancer care units in their county but before they had been invited to mammography screening; and 3) the screening group comprising women diagnosed and treated after invitation to screening. We calculated Kaplan-Meier plots and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models.

Results
We studied 41,833 women with breast cancer. The nine-year breast cancer-specific survival rate was 0.66 (95%CI: 0.65 to 0.67) in the pre-program group; 0.72 (95%CI: 0.70 to 0.74) in the post-program group; and 0.84 (95%CI: 0.80 to 0.88) in the screening group. In multivariable analyses, the risk of death from breast cancer was 14% lower in the post-program group than in the pre-program group (hazard ratio 0.86; (95%CI: 0.78 to 0.95, P = 0.003)).

Conclusions
After nine years follow-up, at least 33% of the improved survival is attributable to improved breast cancer management through multidisciplinary medical care.
“The Tyrant Is Dead!” The Revolt of the Periquitos in Bahia, 1824
Authors: Reis João José , Kraay Hendrik 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This article analyzes politics in the Brazilian province of Bahia from mid-1823 when Portuguese troops were expelled from the capital of Salvador to early 1825. During this time many opposed the province’s adhesion to the increasingly authoritarian monarchy of Pedro I established in Rio de Janeiro in 1822. It focuses on the October–November 1824 rebellion of the Periquitos battalion and the other manifestations of social and political unrest of these years. These radical liberal movements expressed many Bahians’ mistrust of the monarch, particularly after he closed the constituent assembly in November 1823 and imposed a constitution in March 1824. They also evinced strong sympathy with the Confederação do Equador rebellion centered in Pernambuco, although the Bahian movements failed to establish a formal connection with that province’s resistance to the emperor. Bahia’s radical liberals drew strong support from the nonwhite lower classes in the city of Salvador and from the army rank and file. These popular movements reveal the widespread appeal of the radical liberal program. The repression that followed these movements indicates that the Bahian planter class accepted the centralized monarchy as a guarantor of social order and abandoned its desire for greater control over local affairs.
The Race to Progress: Census Taking and Nation Making in Brazil (1870–1920)
Authors: Loveman Mara 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
From the mid-nineteenth century, central statistics agencies contributed to nation-state building through their dual mission of producing statistical description and policy prescription in the name of national progress. This article examines how one such agency, Brazil’s Directoria Geral de Estatística, worked to simultaneously measure and promote national progress from 1870 to 1920. The article documents a fundamental shift in this period in the DGE’s vision of the qualities of the population essential for Brazil’s progress as a nation. In the 1870s, the DGE saw educational statistics as the key measures of national progress and lobbied for government investment in primary schools to ensure the advancement of the nation. By the 1920s, the DGE looked instead to immigration and racial statistics to measure progress and advocated cultural and biological “whitening” of the population to improve the Brazilian nation. Analysis of a broad range of archival and published primary sources reveals the gradual racialization of the DGE’s institutional definition of “progress.” The study contributes to a growing body of research that examines how racial thought influenced the development and official practices of state agencies in Latin America.
Preparation and Characterization of a Cerium(IV)-incorporated Manganese Oxide OMS-2. Effect of Cerium(IV) Template on Octahedral Molecular Sieves of Manganese Oxide and Characterization of Manganese Oxide Molecular Sieves with Cerium(IV) as Dopant
Authors: Hapeshi Evroula , Theocharis Charis R. 
Published: July 2009

The manganese oxide material K-OMS-2 was synthesized both via a redox reaction between potassium permanganate and manganese nitrate in an acidic medium (nitric acid) under reflux conditions and by the sol–gel reaction between KMnO4 and maleic acid employed in a 3:1 molar ratio. Cerium(IV) was then added by an ion-exchange method. The structures, morphologies, chemical compositions and thermal stabilities of the resulting materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and TGA techniques. Both the morphologies and the surface properties of the materials synthesized by these two methods were different. Thus, the material prepared via the sol–gel process possessed a higher surface area and exhibited both a different type of adsorption isotherm and smaller crystallite sizes than the material synthesized by redox reaction under reflux conditions. The physical and chemical properties of the Ce–K-OMS-2 materials were similar to those of pure cryptomelane. TGA and XRD studies showed that the K-OMS-2 and Ce–K-OMS-2 materials exhibited a greater thermal stability in O2 rather than N2 atmospheres. In fact, the Ce(IV) derivatives were more stable thermally than the pure material. For Ce–K-OMS-2R, the data obtained showed that part of the manganese in the framework was substituted by Ce(IV) ions. In contrast, the data for Ce–K-OMS-2S indicated that not only did Ce(IV) ions substitute part of the manganese in the framework but that Ce(IV) ions also replaced the K+ ions in the tunnel structure of the material.
Enhanced Adsorption of Mercury(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution by Carbon-Based Adsorbents Containing Cl-, S- and N-functional Groups
Authors: Zhu Jianzhong , Deng Baolin , Yang John 
Published: July 2009

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic metal which occurs in surface and ground waters as the Hg2+ ion. The aim of the present study was to develop carbon-based adsorbents that contain chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S) or nitrogen (N) functional groups in an attempt to enhance the removal of Hg2+ ions from aqueous environments. Thus, activated carbon (AC) was oxidized by treatment with nitric acid and then with thionyl chloride, followed by reaction with ethylenediamine, dithio-oxamide and 1,2-ethanedithiol, respectively. Such chemically-modified activated carbons were characterized by scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and potentiometry. Batch experiments to study the kinetics and equilibrium of Hg2+ ion adsorption were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the functionalized carbon adsorbents. Sample characterizations indicated that chlorine, sulphur or nitrogen functional groups were effectively immobilized onto the activated carbon surface, thereby generating more negative surface charges favouring cation adsorption. Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium experiments showed that Hg2+ ion adsorption by activated carbons modified with ethylenediamine (ACNN), dithio-oxamide (ACNS) and 1,2-ethanedithiol (ACSS) was fast (e.g. ACNN < 30 min) and had a high capacity (e.g. ACNN =/> 200%) over AC. The adsorptive capacity decreased in the order ACNN (120 mg/g) > ACSS (105 mg/g) > ACNS (90 mg/g) > AC (60 mg/g), suggesting a high Hg2+ ion affinity for the modified carbons.
Illness perceptions in anorexia nervosa: A qualitative investigation
Authors: Higbed Laurie , Fox John R. E. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by the egosyntonic nature of symptoms, denial of illness, and ambivalence about treatment engagement. Within the physical health literature, people's beliefs about their illness have been found to impact upon coping and treatment outcomes and this has largely been explored using the self‐regulation model. This model has also been applied to mental health and more recently to AN, with beliefs about the disorder being associated with readiness to change. However, qualitative investigations have indicated that physical health models have limited applicability for assessing people's beliefs about mental illness. This may be particularly pertinent to AN, given the complexity of the disorder. Therefore, this study explored illness perceptions in AN using a qualitative design which was not restricted by a physical illness model but focused on personal models of AN from the perspective of those experiencing the disorder.Design. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with thirteen participants who were currently in treatment for AN.Method. Interview transcripts were analysed using grounded theory methodology.Results. An interpretative theory of illness perceptions in AN was developed and comprised four related categories: ‘making sense of AN’, ‘the relationship between AN and the self’, ‘the recovery struggle’, and ‘coping with treatment’.Conclusion. Patient's accounts transcended the dimensions offered by physical illness models, with the implication that methods for assessing illness beliefs in AN require adaptation for a full understanding to be gained and the complexity of perceptions to be captured.
Autobiographical memory specificity, depression, and trauma in bipolar disorder
Authors: Mowlds William , Shannon Ciaran , McCusker Christopher G. , Meenagh Ciaran , Robinson Derek , Wilson Angela , Mulholland Ciaran 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. In a bipolar disorder (BD) sample, the present study investigated: (i) the prevalence of trauma; (ii) the specificity of autobiographical memory (AM); (iii) the influence of childhood trauma on AM specificity, current inter‐episode depressive mood, and BD severity; (iv) if AM specificity moderates the influence of childhood trauma on current inter‐episode depressive mood and BD severity.Methods. Fifty‐two participants were recruited from a geographically well‐defined mental health service in Northern Ireland. The AM test, self‐report measures of lifetime experience of trauma, childhood trauma, and depression were administered. Severity of BD was estimated utilizing a systematic tool for reviewing all available clinical data of participants.Results. A high prevalence of trauma was found. A total of 94.2% (49/52) of participants reported experiencing a traumatic event in either childhood or adulthood. AM specificity was significantly lower than previous reports of such in major depression. However, whilst childhood trauma predicted current inter‐episode depressive mood, childhood trauma was not predictive of BD severity or AM specificity. Moreover, the association between childhood trauma and depressed mood was not moderated by AM specificity.Conclusions. The findings of this study suggest a relationship between early psychosocial adversity and current inter‐episode depressive mood in BD. In addition, levels of overgeneral AM are similar to that reported for depression, but are unrelated to childhood trauma, current inter‐episode depressive mood, or BD severity. Clinical implications include the importance of routine assessment of trauma in BD and the need for adjunctive evidenced‐based psychological therapies.
The effects of telephone prompting on attendance for starting treatment and retention in treatment at a specialist alcohol clinic
Authors: Jackson Katie R. , Booth Peter G. , Salmon Peter , McGuire James 
Published: July 2009

Objective. To examine the effects of telephone prompting on attendance for the start of treatment and retention in treatment in a specialist alcohol clinic.Method. The study setting was a specialist alcohol treatment clinic. Participants were 172 clients attending as out‐patients. An ABABAB design was used with planned alternating conditions, respectively, with or without a telephone prompt the day before the client was due to attend, over a succession of six consecutive 4‐week periods.Results. Clients who were prompted were more likely to start treatment and attend further treatment sessions than clients who were not prompted.Conclusions. Telephone prompting is a simple and effective way to improve attendance for the start of treatment and retention in alcohol treatment.
Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: Cohort study
Authors: Mahon Pamela , Harvey Nicholas , Crozier Sarah , Inskip Hazel , Robinson Sian , Arden Nigel , Swaminathan Rama , Cooper Cyrus , Godfrey Keith 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Recent findings suggest that maternal vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy has consequences for the offspring's bone health in later life. To investigate whether maternal vitamin D insufficiency affects fetal femur growth in ways similar to those seen in childhood rickets and study the timing during gestation of any effect of maternal vitamin D status, we studied 424 pregnant women within a prospective longitudinal study of maternal nutrition and lifestyle before and during pregnancy (Southampton Women's Survey). Using high-resolution 3D ultrasound, we measured fetal femur length and distal metaphyseal cross-sectional area, together with the ratio of femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area to femur length (femoral splaying index). Lower maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D concentration was not related to fetal femur length but was associated with greater femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area and a higher femoral splaying index at 19 weeks' gestation [r = −0.16, 95% confidence interbal (CI) −0.25 to −0.06 and r = −0.17, 95% CI −0.26 to −0.07, respectively] and at 34 weeks' gestation (r = –0.10, 95% CI −0.20 to 0.00 and r = −0.11, 95% CI −0.21 to −0.01, respectively). Three groups of women were identified with 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D concentrations that were sufficient/borderline (&gt;50 nmol/L, 63.4%), insufficient (25 to 50 nmol/L, 30.7%), and deficient (≤25 nmol/L, 5.9%). Across these groups, the geometric mean femoral splaying indices at 19 weeks' gestation increased from 0.074 (sufficient/borderline) to 0.078 (insufficient) and 0.084 (deficient). Our observations suggest that maternal vitamin D insufficiency can influence fetal femoral development as early as 19 weeks' gestation. This suggests that measures to improve maternal vitamin D status should be instituted in early pregnancy. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Mapping of human autoantibody binding sites on the calcium-sensing receptor
Authors: Kemp E Helen , Gavalas Nikos G , Akhtar Samia , Krohn Kai JE , Pallais J Carl , Brown Edward M , Watson Philip F , Weetman Anthony P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated the presence of anti-calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) antibodies in patients with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (APS1), a disease that is characterized in part by hypoparathyroidism involving hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and low serum levels of parathyroid hormone. The aim of this study was to define the binding domains on the CaSR of anti-CaSR antibodies found in APS1 patients and in one patient suspected of having autoimmune hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (AHH). A phage-display library of CaSR peptides was constructed and used in biopanning experiments with patient sera. Selectively enriched IgG-binding peptides were identified by DNA sequencing, and subsequently, immunoreactivity to these peptides was confirmed in ELISA. Anti-CaSR antibody binding sites were mapped to amino acid residues 41–69, 114–126, and 171–195 at the N-terminal of the extracellular domain of the receptor. The major autoepitope was localized in the 41–69 amino acid sequence of the CaSR with antibody reactivity demonstrated in 12 of 12 (100%) APS1 patients with anti-CaSR antibodies and in 1 AHH patient with anti-CaSR antibodies. Minor epitopes were located in the 114–126 and 171–195 amino acid domains, with antibody reactivity shown in 5 of 12 (42%) and 4 of 12 (33%) APS1 patients, respectively. The results indicate that epitopes for anti-CaSR antibodies in the AHH patient and in the APS1 patients who were studied are localized in the N-terminal of the extracellular domain of the receptor. The present work has demonstrated the successful use of phage-display technology in the discovery of CaSR-specific epitopes targeted by human anti-CaSR antibodies. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Potential mediators of the mortality reduction with zoledronic acid after hip fracture
Authors: Colón-Emeric Cathleen S , Mesenbrink Peter , Lyles Kenneth W , Pieper Carl F , Boonen Steven , Delmas Pierre , Eriksen Erik F , Magaziner Jay 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Zoledronic acid reduces the risk of death by 28% after hip fracture, but the mechanisms are not known. This exploratory analysis sought to identify potential pathways for the reduction in mortality with zoledronic acid after hip fracture. This was a retrospective analysis of a randomized, controlled trial. Patients with recent hip fracture (n = 2111) were treated with zoledronic acid or placebo infusion yearly, as well as calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Causes of death were adjudicated by a blinded central review committee. Baseline comorbidities, events occurring during the study period, including subsequent fracture, change in bone density, infections, cardiovascular events, arrhythmias, and falls, were included in multivariable analyses. In a model adjusted for baseline risk factors, zoledronic acid reduced the risk of death by 25% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58–0.97). The effect was consistent across most subgroups. Subsequent fractures were significantly associated with death (hazard ratio 1.72, 95% CI 1.17–2.51) but explained only 8% of the zoledronic acid effect. Adjusting for acute events occurring during follow-up eliminated the death benefit, and zoledronic acid–treated subjects were less likely to die from pneumonia (interaction p = .04) and arrhythmias (interaction p = .02) than placebo-treated subjects. Only 8% of zoledronic acid's death benefit is due to a reduction in secondary fractures. Zoledronic acid may have an effect on cardiovascular events and pneumonia. Further studies of zoledronic acid in other acute illnesses may be warranted. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Differentiation-dependent association of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase with the chromatin of osteoblast-related genes
Authors: Li Yan , Ge Chunxi , Franceschi Renny T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The ERK/MAP kinase pathway is an important regulator of gene expression and differentiation in postmitotic cells. To understand how this pathway controls gene expression in bone, we examined the subnuclear localization of P-ERK in differentiating osteoblasts. Induction of differentiation was accompanied by increased ERK phosphorylation and expression of osteoblast-related genes, including osteocalcin (Bglap2) and bone sialoprotein (Ibsp). Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that P-ERK colocalized with the RUNX2 transcription factor in the nuclei of differentiating cells. Interestingly, a portion of this nuclear P-ERK was directly bound to the proximal promoter regions of Bglap2 and Ibsp. Furthermore, the level of P-ERK binding to chromatin increased with differentiation, whereas RUNX2 binding remained relatively constant. The P-ERK-chromatin interaction was seen only in RUNX2-positive cells, required intact RUNX2-selective enhancer sequences, and was blocked with MAPK inhibition. These studies show for the first time that RUNX2 specifically targets P-ERK to the chromatin of osteoblast-related genes, where it may phosphorylate multiple substrates, including RUNX2, resulting in altered chromatin structure and gene expression. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Prevalence and trends in low femur bone density among older US adults: NHANES 2005–2006 compared with NHANES III
Authors: Looker Anne C , Melton L Joseph , Harris Tamara B , Borrud Lori G , Shepherd John A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Hip fracture incidence appears to be declining in the United States, but changes in bone mineral density (BMD) of the population have not been evaluated. We used femur BMD data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 to estimate the prevalence of low femoral BMD in adults age 50 years and older and compared it with estimates from NHANES III (1988–1994). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry systems (pencil-beam geometry in NHANES III, fan-beam geometry in NHANES 2005–2006) were used to measure femur BMD, and World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of low BMD were used to categorize skeletal status. In 2005–2006, 49% of older US women had osteopenia and 10% had osteoporosis at the femur neck. In men, 30% had femur neck osteopenia and 2% had femur neck osteoporosis. An estimated 5.3 million older men and women had osteoporosis at the femur neck, and 34.5 million more had osteopenia in 2005–2006. When compared with NHANES III, the age-adjusted prevalence of femur neck osteoporosis in NHANES 2005–2006 was lower in men (by 3 percentage units) and women (by 7 percentage units) overall and among non-Hispanic whites. Changes in body mass index or osteoporosis medication use between surveys did not fully explain the decline in osteoporosis. Owing to the increase in the number of older adults in the US population, however, more older adults had low femur neck BMD (osteoporosis + osteopenia) in 2005–2006 than in 1988–1994. Thus, despite the decline in prevalence, the estimated number of affected older adults in 2005–2006 remained high. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research