bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomaterials
Authors: Eisenbarth Eva 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBiomaterials are materials used for medical applications. The interdisciplinary field of science, development and improvements of biomaterials, encompasses aspects of medicine, biology, nanotechnology, surface engineering, chemistry and materials science.The applications of biomaterials range from contact lenses to artificial knee joints and dental implants. The steadily rising demand for tailor‐made biomaterials arises from an ageing population with very active lifestyles. The use of biomaterials may be of medical nature, for example for heart pacemakers, to improve the quality of life through the use of contact lenses and hip prostheses, or for aesthetical reason as breast implants. Biomaterial science is a broad multidisciplinary field that contributes to reducing human suffering and improves the health related quality of life.
Radio Frequency Identification Technology
Authors: Mccombie William , Welt Bruce A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRadio‐frequency identification (RFID) is a method for automatic identification that relies on storing and retrieving data from transponder “tags.“ RFID systems require readers equipped with one or more antennas connected to back‐end computer systems. To date, RFID technology has been evaluated and implemented in a number of applications including supply chain tracking, animal identification, and toll collection and is expected to replace conventional barcode technologies. However, RFID has some drawbacks, including cost of implementation, reliability, performance, and potential for privacy misuse issues.
Ethylenesulfonic Acid Polymers
Authors: Breslow David S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEthylenesulfonic (or ethenesulfonic) acid, often incorrectly named vinylsulfonic acid, has been known for over 100 years. It is a readily available monomer that can be polymerized into a strongly acidic polyelectrolyte. Preparation and properties of the monomer, polymerization and properties of the polymers, and uses are discussed.
Biological and Biochemical Aspects of Tellurium Derivatives
Authors: Detty Michael R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBiological and biochemical studies of inorganic and organic complexes of tellurium are reviewed. Subject areas include the biosequestration and bioincorporation of tellurite and other inorganic tellurium compounds as well as tellurite‐resistant bacteria. The incorporation of tellurium into amino acids (tellurocysteine) and the formation of unnatural glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases incorporating tellurocysteine are also described. Low molecular weight organotellurium compounds that mimic glutathione peroxidase and the thioredoxin reductases are discussed as are inorganic and organic tellurium compounds that inhibit cysteine proteases and related enzymes. The interactions of P‐glycoprotein with organotellurium compounds to give stimulators and inhibitors of ATPase activity in the enzyme are described. The role of tellurium‐containing chromophores in the photodynamic therapy of cancer and the photodynamic inactivation of viral and bacterial pathogens is also reviewed. The binding modes of tellurium‐containing chromophores to DNA are also described.
An adaptive observer for joint estimation of states and parameters in both state and output equations
Authors: Li Xiuliang , Zhang Qinghua , Su Hongye 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn adaptive observer is a recursive algorithm for joint state–parameter estimation of parameterized state‐space systems. Previous works on globally convergent adaptive observers consider unknown parameters either in state equations or in output equations, but not in both of them. In this paper, a new adaptive observer is designed for linear time‐varying systems with unknown parameters in both state and output equations. Its global convergence for simultaneous estimation of states and parameters is formally established under appropriate assumptions. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the performance of this adaptive observer. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiphase Model for Predicting the Elimination of Inclusions inside a Liquid‐Steel Ladle
Authors: Gardin Pascal , Gauthier Ségolène , Simonnet Marie , Lehmann Jean 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn steelmaking, secondary metallurgy steps are crucial for the quality of the final product. Adjusting the steel‐grade composition and deoxidation of the liquid metal generate inclusions that can be harmful to downstream processes and to the product itself (occurrence of defects during rolling process). We present in this paper a numerical model to predict the kinetics of the elimination of inclusions by entrapment by the different phases present in the ladle (slag, bubbles injected in the liquid metal, top layer of gas). We show results for a 3D configuration, and a comparison with industrial data is performed.
A Novel Manufacturing Route for Fabrication of Topologically‐Ordered Porous Magnesium Scaffolds
Authors: Nguyen Thanh L. , Staiger Mark P. , Dias George J. , Woodfield Timothy B. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe use of porous metal foams as biomaterial scaffolds has been widely adopted; however, many of these porous structures are manufactured with pore architectures that are inherently random. This makes structural optimization for a specific purpose challenging. Scaffolds containing ordered pore architectures can be fabricated to meet design criteria, such as porosity, stiffness, and volume fraction. Mg and its alloys offer potential as a new class of degradable metallic orthopedic biomaterials. In comparison with current metallic orthopedic implant materials, Mg offers advantages such as, closer‐to‐bone stiffness and biodegradability, thereby eliminating the need for a second surgery to remove hardware. Currently there are few methods described in literature to manufacture ordered porous Mg. The aim of this study was to determine the resolution of a novel indirect solid free‐form fabrication (SFF) process for producing topologically ordered Mg (TOPM) structures. The multi‐step method involved the printing of an SFF mould, NaCl infiltration, and liquid Mg casting techniques. Using a range of characterization methods, we demonstrated that the selected structures were manufactured with a high level of accuracy. Differences in dimensions from CAD models to Mg scaffolds ranged from 2.5% to a maximum of 8.33%. Similarly, there was a maximum of 6.1% reduction in porosity in Mg scaffolds compared with initial design. Meanwhile, with surface roughness of 10.17 ± 1.75 µm, there was an average of 70% increase in surface area. This study demonstrates a simple, reliable, and safe route to manufacture TOPM scaffolds for potential application in medical device design.
Semimetal/Semiconductor Nanocomposites for Thermoelectrics
Authors: Lu Hong , Burke Peter G. , Gossard Arthur C. , Zeng Gehong , Ramu Ashok T. , Bahk Je‐Hyeong , Bowers John E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this work, we present research on semimetal‐semiconductor nanocomposites grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) for thermoelectric applications. We study several different III‐V semiconductors embedded with semimetallic rare earth‐group V (RE‐V) compounds, but focus is given here to ErSb:InxGa1‐xSb as a promising p‐type thermoelectric material. Nano­structures of RE‐V compounds are formed and embedded within the III‐V semiconductor matrix. By codoping the nanocomposites with the appropriate dopants, both n‐type and p‐type materials have been made for thermoelectric applications. The thermoelectric properties have been engineered for enhanced thermoelectric device performance. Segmented thermoelectric power generator modules using 50 μm thick Er‐containing nanocomposites have been fabricated and measured. Research on different rare earth elements for thermoelectrics is discussed.
Zeolitic Materials with Hierarchical Porous Structures
Authors: Lopez‐Orozco Sofia , Inayat Amer , Schwab Andreas , Selvam Thangaraj , Schwieger Wilhelm 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDuring the past several years, different kinds of hierarchical structured zeolitic materials have been synthesized due to their highly attractive properties, such as superior mass/heat transfer characteristics, lower restriction of the diffusion of reactants in the mesopores, and low pressure drop. Our contribution provides general information regarding types and preparation methods of hierarchical zeolitic materials and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Thereafter, recent advances in the preparation and characterization of hierarchical zeolitic structures within the crystallites by post‐synthetic treatment methods, such as dealumination or desilication; and structured devices by in situ and ex situ zeolite coatings on open‐cellular ceramic foams as (non‐reactive as well as reactive) supports are highlighted. Specific advantages of using hierarchical zeolitic catalysts/structures in selected catalytic reactions, such as benzene to phenol (BTOP) and methanol to olefins (MTO) are presented.
Flexible Nano‐felts of Carbide‐Derived Carbon with Ultra‐high Power Handling Capability
Authors: Presser Volker , Zhang Lifeng , Niu Jun Jie , McDonough John , Perez Carlos , Fong Hao , Gogotsi Yury 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNano‐fibrous felts (nano‐felts) of carbide‐derived carbon (CDC) have been developed from the precursor of electrospun titanium carbide (TiC) nano‐felts. Conformal transformation of TiC into CDC conserves main features of the precursor including the high interconnectivity and structural integrity; the developed TiC‐CDC nano‐felts are mechanically flexible/resilient, and can be used as electrode material for supercapacitor application without the addition of any binder. After synthesis through chlorination of the precursor at 600 °C, the TiC‐CDC nano‐fibers show an average pore size of ∼1nm, a high specific surface area of 1390 m2/g; and the nano‐fibers have graphitic carbon ribbons embedded in a highly disordered carbon matrix. Graphitic carbon is preserved from the precursor nano‐fibers where a few graphene layers surround TiC nanocrystallites. Electrochemical measurements show a high gravimetric capacitance of 110 F/g in aqueous electrolyte (1 M H2SO4) and 65 F/g in organic electrolyte (1.5 M TEA‐BF4 in acetonitrile). Because of the unique microstructure of TiC‐CDC nano‐felts, a fade of the capacitance of merely 50% at a high scan rate of 5 V/s is observed. A fade of just 15% is observed for nano‐felt film electrodes tested in 1 M H2 SO4 at 1 V/s, resulting in a high gravimetric capacitance of 94 F/g. Such a high rate performance is only known for graphene or carbon‐onion based supercapacitors, whereas binders have to be used for the fabrication of those supercapacitors.
Nitrile‐Substituted QA Derivatives: New Acceptor Materials for Solution‐Processable Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Tianlei , Jia Tao , Kang Bonan , Li Fenghong , Fahlman Mats , Wang Yue 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe development of non‐fullerene‐based electron acceptors (especially organic molecules with sufficient absorption property within the solar spectrum region) for bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) is an important issue for the achievement of high photoconversion efficiency. In this contribution, a new class of organic acceptors di‐cyan substituted quinacridone derivatives (DCN‐nCQA, n = 4, 6 and 8) for BHJ solar cells was designed and synthesized. DCN‐nCQA molecules possess facile synthesis, solution processability, visible and near‐IR light absorption and relatively stable characteristics. The DCN‐8CQA molecule exhibited a proper LUMO energy level (–4.1 eV), small bandgap (1.8 eV) and moderate electron mobility (10−4 cm2 V−1 S−1), suggesting that this molecule is an ideal acceptor material for the classical donor material regio‐regular poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). A photovoltaic device with a structure of [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:DCN‐8CQA/LiF/Al] displayed a power conversion efficiency of 1.57% and a fill factor of 57% under 100 mW cm−2 AM 1.5G simulated solar illumination. The DCN‐nCQA molecules showed remarkable absorption in the region from 650 to 700 nm, where P3HT has a weak absorption promoting overlap with the solar spectrum and potentially improving the performance of the solar cell.
A role for partially protected areas on coral reefs: maintaining fish diversity?
Authors: Tyler Elizabeth H. M. , manica Andrea , Jiddawi Narriman , Speight Martin R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Completely banning fishing from coral reefs is now accepted to have significant benefits for marine biodiversity and in many cases, fisheries. However, the benefits of regulating fishing on coral reefs, by restricting the methods used, or the total amount of fishing, are less well understood, even though such regulations are much more likely to be supported by fishermen.
This study assesses whether banning illegal, destructive fishing methods and reducing the numbers of fishermen visiting from outside an area benefits a coral reef fishery, despite unregulated fishing by local fishermen using non‐destructive methods.
The abundance, biomass, mean length, and species richness of nine commercially important fish families are compared across ten independent patch reefs inside and outside the 470 km2 Menai Bay Conservation Area in Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Even after taking into account the effect of differences in habitat and the distance between reefs, 61% (±19.7%) more fish species were found in regulated than unregulated reefs. Fish abundance, biomass, and length were not affected, suggesting that banning destructive fishing may improve biodiversity, but that further regulations may be required to improve fish stocks.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Various Substituted Oxadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Kaur Hemlata , Kumar Sunil , Verma R. S. , Garg Amit , Saxena K. K. , Lata Suman , Kumar Ashok 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSome new 2‐(2‐(4(4‐substitutedbenzoyl‐2‐methylphenoxy)acetyl)‐N‐(2‐substitutedphenyl) hydrazinecarbothioamides (4a–4j) and (4‐((5‐(2‐substitutedphenylamino)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl)methoxy)‐3‐substitutedphenyl)(phenyl)methanones (5a–5j) have been synthesized from 2‐(4‐(3‐substitutedbenzoyl)‐2‐methylphenoxy)acetohydrazides (3a, 3b). These newly synthesized compounds (4a–4j and 5a–5j) were characterized by elemental and spectral (IR, 1H‐NMR and MS) analysis. All the synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activity against both types of Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The most potent antibacterial compound of this series was compound 5i which has the low MIC 3.75–0.9375 µg/mL value. Both minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibition zones were determined in order to monitor the efficacy of the synthesized compounds. Certain compounds inhibit bacterial growth with low MIC (µg/mL) value.
Influence of MIL‐101 Doping by Ionic Clusters on Hydrogen Storage Performance up to 1900 Bar
Authors: Klyamkin Semen N. , Berdonosova Elena A. , Kogan Ekaterina V. , Kovalenko Konstantin A. , Dybtsev Danil N. , Fedin Vladimir P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUltra‐high‐pressure hydrogen‐storage performance (up to 1900 bar) was investigated for mesoporous chromium terephthalate MIL‐101 and its inclusion compounds containing ionic clusters [Re4S4F12]4− and [SiW11O39]7− within the porous framework. The maximum specific hydrogen uptake values (total) for MIL‐101 are 12.3 (at 81) and 7.2 wt. % (at 293 K). Such unique measurement conditions allowed us to identify the density of the absorbed hydrogen directly from the excess sorption isotherm curves. The corresponding density values were found to be almost comparable at low temperature, but significantly different at ambient temperature, which indicated an increase of more than double in the number of hydrogen binding sites in the case of the inclusion compounds with rhenium clusters.
Understanding consumers' brand‐induced food taste perception: A comparison of ‘brand familiarity’ – and ‘consumer value – brand symbolism (in)congruity’ – accounts
Authors: Paasovaara Rami , Luomala Harri T. , Pohjanheimo Terhi , Sandell Mari 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPast research has shown that familiar brands can boost consumers' food taste experiences. On the other hand, more recent evidence suggests that the (in)congruity between consumer values and brand symbolism can affect the food taste perception. This study is the first one to integrate these two accounts into one single conceptual framework and to empirically evaluate their relative roles in explaining consumers' brand‐induced taste perception. Two experiments involving taste trials (blind vs brand‐cued sensory evaluation) were conducted. The first experiment analysed the brand familiarity effect, whereas the second experiment addressed also the taste perception of yogurts with differing brand symbolism amongst food consumers with distinct value orientations to find support for the (in)congruity effects. This research implies that congruity is not responsible for enhancing consumers' taste perception beyond the level that is produced by the brand familiarity. In contrast, the incongruity effect appears capable of neutralising the brand familiarity effect. Therefore, these two explanations may operate independently. More generally, this study speaks for the importance of incorporating consumer value – brand symbolism incongruity mechanism into food consumption studies; even owners' of strong food brands cannot trust the ability of their brands to boost a consumer's taste experience if there is no correspondence between his or her central values and brand symbolism. Thus, an objectively better taste is not necessarily decisive; satisfactory sensory quality can suffice if it is coupled with imaginative and daring brand marketing that delivers unique emotional and functional benefits for well‐defined food consumer target segments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular Localisation of Antitumoral 6‐Alkyl Thymoquinones Revealed by an Alkyne–Azide Click Reaction and the Streptavidin–Biotin System
Authors: Effenberger‐Neidnicht Katharina , Breyer Sandra , Mahal Katharina , Diestel Randi , Sasse Florenz , Schobert Rainer 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe subcellular distribution and accumulation of thymoquinone 1, a natural anticancer agent, has hitherto been unknown. We prepared 6‐(dec‐9‐ynyl)thymoquinone 3, an alkyne‐labelled derivative with anticancer activity similar to that of its parent compound 1. Alkyne 3 was seen, after a Huisgen‐type click reaction with 3‐azido‐7‐hydroxycoumarin, to accumulate in distinct compartments of the nuclei of PtK2 potoroo kidney cells, and in adjoining regions that were stained with an antibody specific for the Golgi apparatus. In contrast, a biotinlabelled thymoquinone 4 seemed to accumulate across the entire cell nucleus upon visualisation with streptavidin; but this was less easily traceable because of co‐staining of other structures such as mitochondria. In conclusion, for small drug‐like molecules, visualisation by alkyne–azide cycloaddition seems to be superior to conventional visualisation by the biotin–streptavidin system.
“Crowned” Univalent Indium Complexes as Donors? Experimental and Computational Insights on the Valence Isomers of EE′X4 Species
Authors: Cooper Benjamin F. T. , Hamaed Hiyam , Friedl Warren W. , Stinchcombe Michael R. , Schurko Robert W. , Macdonald Charles L. B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe use of the univalent indium reagent [In([18]crown‐6)][OTf] as a donor is investigated by its reactions with acceptors including InX3 (X=Cl, Br, I). The donor–acceptor complexes of the form [X([18]crown‐6)InInX3] obtained in this manner represent the first new isomeric form of indium(II) halides identified for at least five decades. The formation of such complexes appears to be particularly favorable and they are isolated as products in many reactions involving low‐valent indium, a halide source, and [18]crown‐6. A convenient solution‐phase synthesis of In[ECl4] salts is reported. This facile and direct syntheses of In[ECl4] (E=Al, Ga, In) salts allows for the in situ preparation and isolation of crown‐ether complexes of the form [In([18]crown‐6)][ECl4], whose existence had been postulated but never confirmed. Solution‐phase and solid‐state NMR experiments reveal that these compounds can exist as either donor–acceptor complexes or ionic salts, depending on the phase of the system, the nature of the solvent employed, and the identity of the metalate anion involved. Similar investigations into the effect of a smaller crown ether allow for the isolations of salts containing the cation [In([15]crown‐5)]+. Computational investigations into the nature of the crowned univalent indium donor fragments, and on the donor–acceptor complexes produced, demonstrate the influence of anionic substituents on the reactivity of lone pair of electrons of the InI center. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis of donor–acceptor models shows that the composition of the EE bond MO should provide the ability to predict which models should form stable complexes.
Tubular or Subsurface Morphology of Octabutoxyphthalocyanine upon Self‐Assembly in Polymer Matrices: Effect of the Casting Solvent
Authors: Islam Molla R. , Sundararajan Pudupadi R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSpontaneous phase‐separated, controlled aggregate structures of photo‐ and electroactive molecules in polymer matrices are of interest for device fabrication. We show that the self‐assembly of octabutoxyphthalocyanine (Pc) in polymer matrices leads to tubular morphology of Pc when the film is prepared with tetrachloroethane (TCE) and subsurface droplet morphology with chloroform. The same morphology is seen with both bisphenol A polycarbonate (BPAPC) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the matrix. The subsurface morphology results from the rapid association of Pc in the polymer matrix, as the film forms. With the tubular morphology in the films prepared with TCE, percolation threshold is reached with a concentration of Pc as low as 3 % (wt) in the polymer. Such phase‐separated self‐assembly occurs, without any annealing of the films. Even in the absence of the polymer, Pc crystallized from TCE also shows tubular morphology, whereas it exhibits a columnar morphology with chloroform. X‐ray diffraction of Pc crystallized from either solvent shows the columnar stacking of the Pc molecules. However, the morphology is tubular when TCE is used. We attribute the difference in the morphology to the higher viscosity of TCE and the diffusion‐limited growth, which causes the tubular morphology, whereas the instantaneous self‐assembly in less‐viscous chloroform leads to droplets. The solvent effect observed here could be used to tailor the morphology of such photoconductive molecules in polymer matrices.