bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predication
Authors: Bealer George 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFirst-order quantifier logic is complete; higher-order quantifier logic is not. A few formally minded philosophers of logic — such as Quine and some of his followers — appear to believe that this is sufficient grounds for concluding that the only legitimate quantifier logic is first-order, not higher-order. However, most leading formally minded philosophers of logic over the past hundred years — Frege, Russell, Church, Carnap, Henkin, Montague, Kaplan — believe that the higher-order approach is a natural generalization of the first-order approach and therefore that quantifier logic is properly identified with higher-order quantifier logic. This chapter departs from this majority opinion. It discusses the underlying philosophical differences between the two approaches to quantifier logic, and attempts to illustrate the greater naturalness and generality of the first-order approach.
Space—Relational or Absolute?
Authors: Hinckfuss Ian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter first elaborates the terminology of space. It also considers relational and absolute theories of space. Some relational theories of space treat the logic of ‘space’ much as one treats the logic of ‘friendship’, at least in the following respect. To say that ‘friendship’ exists is just to say that someone is a friend of someone else. To say that space exists is just to say that something is apart, or at a distance from, something else. The chapter then covers the distinctions between four different kinds of reduction. ‘Reduction’, in the sense used by philosophers, is a technical word, yet one whose usage is not cut and dried. It is used to describe the replacement of one manner of speech by another, such that the new manner of speech does not use some word, term, or expression that the original one did.
The New Logic and the Old Metaphysics
Authors: Harris H. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn a letter to Schelling in November 1800, Hegel expressed that he thought that Schelling knew enough about the progress of his reflections and the nature of the ‘Ideal’ that he was formulating in them. His letter showed his desire to be invited to collaborate with Schelling in the academic world of Jena. For Schelling, philosophical insight was an end in itself, while for Hegel, at this stage, it was primarily an instrument for social regeneration. This chapter discusses the Ideal in reflective form, absolute reflection and speculation, logic, metaphysics, concept, judgement, and syllogism.
Legitimation and History
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter deals with strategies of legitimation that can be used to promote and defend practices. These strategies have a huge role in all scientific disciplines in securing compliance with new methods and continued adherence to old ones. The discussion highlights the diversity of different types of legitimation operative in the sciences: appeal to interests; norms of logic and epistemology; authority; literary and aesthetic sensibilities; and exemplary successes. The chapter goes on to point out the relevance of writing about the history of disciplines as a main context for the various types of legitimation.
Absolute Reality and Dissociation
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter gives an account of the absolute reality of questions regarding the amenability in principle to evidential considerations. It shows that the historical diversity of styles of inquiry in the sciences poses a clear challenge to the absolute reality of the questions in the sciences. It explores different strategies for resisting this challenge. In this regard, the chapter argues that the challenge can be met if calibration against precedents and standards can be shown to be a predominant factor in bringing about methodological changes in the sciences.
The Temporal Strategy: Time and Aspect
Authors: Steward Helen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins by trying to build on the suggestion, adumbrated at the end of Chapter 2, that what is common and peculiar to events, and what distinguishes them from states, is a certain kind of ‘temporal shape’ — to exploit a so-called ‘temporal strategy’. The temporal strategy appears promising as far as the events needed by the philosophy of mind are concerned, for the following reason. There is room for dispute about whether or not, and in what sense, mental phenomena are physical, whether they are spatially located, and whether they have subjects, and if so, what those subjects might be. The chapter tries to shed some light on the differences between events, processes, and states by drawing on the phenomenon of verb aspect. Though some insight is gained into the category of state by this discussion, the main focus of the chapter is the event-process distinction. It shows how the invocation of aspect can permit us to regard the distinction between events and processes as akin, in some respects, to the familiar distinction between substantial objects and the matter of which they are made.
The Coptic Versions
Authors: METZGER BRUCE M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the introduction of Christianity into Egypt and the translation of the New Testament into Egyptian (Coptic) language. Coptic represents the last phase in the development of the ancient Egyptian language. It then discusses the early manuscripts of the Coptic versions of the Bible such as the Sahidic version, Achmimic version, Sub-Achmimic version, middle Egyptian version, Fayyumic version, and the Bohairic version. Finally, it analyses several Coptic versions, which reveal textual profiles characteristic of the several sections of the New Testament.
The Armenian Version
Authors: METZGER BRUCE M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the introduction of Christianity into Armenia and the translation of the New Testament in Armenia. Armenia claims the honour of being the first kingdom to accept Christianity as its official religion. The most ancient Armenian manuscripts of the Gospels, all dates from the 9th and 10th centuries. Among the noteworthy features of the Armenian version of the Bible was the inclusion of the History of Joseph and Asenath and the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs in the Old Testament, and the Epistle of the Corinthians to Paul and a Third Epistle of Paul to the Corinthians in the New Testament. Another characteristic feature of the Armenian version involves ‘Targum Translations’. These are readings that provide the reader with a generally faithful and idiomatic rendering praised for its clarity and dignity of expressions.
The Latin Versions
Authors: METZGER BRUCE M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of the Latin versions of the New Testament. The exact date of the first Latin version of the Bible or any part of the Bible is uncertain. Although it might have been supposed that the Latin Bible had its origin at Rome, the matter is actually very complicated and far from certain. To many scholars, it appears probable that no later than the beginning of the 3rd century, Christians in Rome are likely to have produced a Latin version of the New Testament. This chapter also provides a list of the manuscripts of the Old Latin versions and examines their linguistic and textual characteristics.
Variety and Unity in New Testament Thought
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The blend of variety and unity apparent in the thought of the New Testament has been a subject for theological debate through the ages. Certain themes, teachings, and characterizations are clearly consistent, but others are perplexing in their diversity. This distinction was acknowledged by the New Testament writers themselves. For example, the author of 2 Peter looking back at the letters of ‘our beloved brother Paul’ confesses that they contain ‘some things hard to understand’. This book explores in detail the different aspects of variety and unity in the entire New Testament. The book gives special attention to the sixteen books which fall outside the central Gospels and Pauline epistles and which offer the greatest challenge to the defence of unity. These include such important writings as Revelation, 1 Peter, Hebrews, and James. The discussion shows that, despite contemporary emphasis on the pluralism of the writings, there remains a central unifying focus: faith in Jesus as the Christ. Emphases on social setting, rhetoric, and narrative are shown to enrich traditional historical criticism and to open up the New Testament for readers today.
The New Testament Canon and the Techniques of Modern Scholarship
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Just as the idea of an ‘historical introduction’ exists as a field of study for the rise of early Christian literature or Christian beginnings, thus there is also historical study of the development of the New Testament canon. Establishment of the New Testament canon had its own long, slow evolution. It was at points interrelated with questions of what books to take over from ancient Israel. Happily, today, virtually all Christian groups agree on the same twenty-seven items for their New Testament list. The story of the canonization process which stretched over three or four centuries after the final book was written which eventually was accepted into the Christian collection known as the New Testament. For some in canonical criticism, to address merely unity and diversity in the New Testament is too little; one must think of the Bible as Scripture, not two testaments.
Ways Proposed toward New Testament Unity
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the aims and priorities of this volume with regard to the challenge that diversity presents to New Testament unity. This chapter gives a striking account of some surface similarities among the twenty-seven documents. Given such likenesses and differences, many of New Testament books may be thought of so as to sense a unity. Every writing in the New Testament collection is a ‘Jesus book’. However, distinctions must be made between them. Each book of the New Testament has a view of Jesus of one sort or another. Of all the topics taught by Jesus, the one that has the widest use throughout the New Testament writings is his chief theme, ‘the kingdom of heaven’. While the synoptics present the concept far more than does John, almost every book in the canon uses it in one way or another.
The Witness of the Four Gospels
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the years between the death of Jesus and the gospel-writing period, sayings from Jesus, stories about him, collections of parables or miracle stories, glimpses of the Passion, and resurrection experiences had been told, heard, and eagerly told. For centuries, Christianity assumed the priority of Matthew as the first gospel book to be written and the historical eyewitness value of John. After all, both were held to be by ‘apostles’. Throughout this account Matthew lays strong emphasis on continuity. The message preached by John the Baptist, Jesus, and the disciples is the same, about the kingdom at hand. The achievement of Matthew's Gospel was to take up the Jesus story, as presented by Mark and supplemented from sayings out of teaching material, and anchor it more firmly in Scripture, God's broad plan, and the church's mission, with a call for ethical rigour before God.
The Pauline School: Colossians, Ephesians, and 2 Thessalonians, Paulinists during and after Paul's Lifetime
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Critics have been questioning, for more than a century and a half, the six letters, which carry the name of Paul as author (Ephesians and the pastorals) or co-author (Colossians, 2 Thessalonians). However, none of the six is by Paul himself, but the evidence is more compelling in some instances than in others. In each case, Paul is presented as writing a medium-sized letter from prison to cities in the province of Asia. The Letter to the Colossians seeks to rescue the Pauline understanding of Christ and salvation from a syncretistic onslaught. This restatement of Paul's gospel is carried through in a way that comes to terms with the Gentile-pagan world in which those addressed were living. The Letter to the Ephesians has also called forth vigorous debate in recent years over its context in the history of religions. Furthermore, the 2 Thessalonians has given new directions in apocalyptic eschatology.
1 Peter: Apostolic Exhortation to Living Hope, Confidence, and Holiness, wwdfcr Pressure
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter gives a striking account on ‘the First Epistle General of Peter’, a letter of five chapters that addresses people who reside in Turkey. Over the centuries, the document has received all sorts of interpretations, ranging from the view that it is first-hand encouragement about ‘the true grace of God’ by the prince of the apostles himself. The document begins and ends like most New Testament letters. One characteristic of i Peter is that, instead of the pattern in Paul's letters—where indicative statements come first, spread over several chapters about what God has done to us, then imperatives or exhortations—here short kerygmatic statements are followed by exhortations, then another indicative declaration together with an exhortation. There is also a discussion of the body of the letter, which consists of assertions and admonitions about the Christian life. Finally, this chapter explores the themes in i Peter.
Another Look at Luke's ‘Acts of the Apostles’: History? Theology? Narrative? Canonical Connective?
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at The Book of Acts again, briefly, in its own right. Sometimes Luke-Acts has been treated as one. Sometimes each book is taken up separately, the way the canonical arrangement presents them. In The Oxford Bible Series, Acts has been referred to in fixing Luke's Gospel as to place and time. There are also connections between Acts and Paul, Acts and Peter, and Acts and Timothy. By its contents and location in the canon, the Book of Acts links the gospels with the epistles, Jesus with the Church, a time when Jesus went about doing good and healing with a time when Christians are also to do good and heal all in light of God's benefactions. However, for Luke, the experiences, even though he moulded them into a certain unity, were too powerful to be put into a neat uniformity of doctrine.
Will a Centre Hold?
Authors: Reumann John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The previous chapters have shown how modern scholarship has moved again to stress the pluralism of these writings. This exacerbates the unity question. The matter is difficult enough for the gospels, Jesus, and Paul's letters. The examination of individual New Testament books for signs of unity has assumed attention to the wider issues, both historical and theological, with which the Bible is concerned. For most centuries of the Christian era, biblical studies were under the management of systematic theology or of philosophy. Since the Renaissance and Reformation, however, there has been a swing away from the dominance of dogma and philosophy over biblical exegesis, and, since the Enlightenment, more and more a move toward history as the chief frame of reference. The importance of faith in its several aspects has long been appreciated ecumenically.
Paul and Midrash Pesher
Authors: Lim Timothy H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Pauline exegesis may be compared to the pesherite interpretation of the Qumran scrolls. While formal distinctions between the two should not be ignored, and the pesher as a genre is sui generis, they nevertheless manifest commonalities that cannot be denied. The existence of ‘Midrash pesher’, however, is based upon a dubious reading of 4Q174 and this alleged hybrid genre should, this chapter argues, be left out of a discussion of pesherite or Pauline exegeses.
Paul as Exegete
Authors: Lim Timothy H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter draws out the significance of Paul’s multicultural and multilingual background. Despite the frequent mention in scholarship of his upbringing, it is sometimes assumed that Paul operated in only one linguistic mode, namely Hellenistic Greek. Central to Paul’s hermeneutics is his own experience of Jesus and understanding of the significance of the cross. On this basis, all his exegetical techniques and scriptural interpretation depended. The variety of biblical texts would not have disturbed him, for his belief in Jesus, as the Christ did not result from a study of the Torah, but in an experiential encounter with the divine. The authoritative writings of Israel constituted the framework in which he worked, but his hermeneutics and exegetical endeavours have their source beyond these boundaries.
Faith, Hope, and Love
Authors: HARRISON CAROL 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Faith, hope, and love are the terms most often used by Augustine to describe man's response to divine revelation, including the revelation of divine beauty. They have in common the fact that their object is at once hidden and veiled. According to Augustine, faith, hope, and love are the pre-eminent lessons which the account of God's revelation in the Old and New Testaments offers. It is the faith, hope and love inspired by the revelation of God's beauty on earth which purifies, heals, and reforms man in order to see God's supreme beauty. This chapter considers how they contribute to Augustine's thought on the beauty of God's revelation, bringing man to an ultimate vision of supreme beauty in the life to come.
Origen and the Stars
Authors: SCOTT ALAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Origen's views on philosophy and astronomy. In Origen's view, the only proper use for philosophy was strictly to understand scripture, for it was scripture and not philosophy which was the means to true knowledge. For him, discussion of the nature and destiny of the soul and discussion of the physical heavens are intertwined. Following the Stoics, he speaks about rational souls in terms of fire. He is distinctly Christian in his division of the soul in its highest sense into mind, which is fallen and capable of sin, and the unfallen portion of mind, namely spirit. His theories on the nature of the life after death were also subtle and controversial, where his views are explicable in terms of the life already possessed by the stars.
The Caused Beginning of the Universe
Authors: Craig William Lane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues against Quentin Smith's proposition about the uncaused beginning of the universe. It suggests that Smith failed to carry the second prong of his argument that the universe began to exist without being caused to do so. It also shows that Smith misconstrued the causal principle in question, appealed to false analogies of ex nihilo, contradicted himself in holding the singularity to be the source of the universe, and trivialized his own argument through reduction of causation to predictability in principle.
The Wave Function of a Godless Universe
Authors: Smith Quentin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the wave function of a Godless universe. It analyses the concept of nothingness, the interpretation of quantum cosmology, and Stephen Hawking's quasi-instrumentalist interpretation of quantum mechanics. It comments on the concept of imaginary time in Hawking's quantum cosmology and his physical interpretations of the exponential part of the wave function, and suggests that Hawking's quantum cosmology is rationally preferable to theism. It could be argued that his cosmology has greater predictive power since it predicts that it is highly probable there is a universe with properties we observe and that the universe is near the critical density.
The Early Federal Theologians
Authors: Weir David A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The origins and development of the early federal theology, with its key identifying feature of a prelapsarian covenant, can be traced to a certain group of theologians of the late 16th century. Zacharias Ursinus was the first Reformed theologian to propose this idea, and it is logical to examine the view of some of his followers and colleagues to see whether they follow suit. After examining the theological works of Ursinus's colleagues, this chapter affirms that the federal theology has its origins in the Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire between 1560 and 1590. The chapter gives a brief overview of the political and religious history of the Palatinate, identifies the first generation of federal theologians emanating from Heidelberg, and gives a brief survey of the history of the schools to which these theologians belonged: the Faculty of Theology of the University of Heidelberg, the Casimirianum in Neustadt an der Hardt, and the Herborn Academy.
Conclusion
Authors: LYMAN J. REBECCA 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Logos Christology was not a passive product of cosmological categories, but a creative, passionate model of an emerging world-view. In their apologetic and polemical presentations of Christology, Origen, Eusebius, and Athanasius each borrowed and modified common formulas of Late Antiquity to express particular theological concerns. These concerns were not only individual beliefs, however; they also represented the spiritual and social realities of the communities which shaped the focus and language of each man: small urban study groups, public civic apologetics, and the emerging ascetical church. Defining the subordination of the Son as an essentially soteriological error unfortunately forced early reflection into later Trinitarian or Christological models. In conclusion, some ‘correlations’ which appear to exist between the cosmological models and historical communities of the three authors are outlined.
Introduction
Authors: Johansen Julian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Sufism is the term which designates the inner, experiential aspects of Islam. It is often translated as ‘Islamic mysticism’, a term which presents certain methodological difficulties to the researcher. As the inner dimension of Muslim worship, Sufism can be said to be the essence of Islam. Religious debate is no stranger in Egypt, which has been a centre for Islamic scholarship almost since the entry of the Muslims in the mid-seventh century AD. Given Egypt's long tradition of Islamic scholarship and Sūfī activity, it is not surprising that Sufism should be a significant element in Egypt's public religious discourse. The use of what might be called the ‘floating arbiter’, a religious authority whose opinion is cited in support of two conflicting sides in a given dispute, is emphasized. The chapter also presents the ways in which the writers respond to criticisms of Sūfī ideas and practices.
Introduction
Authors: Goldfajn Tal 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the coverage and objective of this book, which is the temporal interpretation of word order and expression of time in the biblical Hebrew (BH) verb. This book postulates that the use of BH verb forms in classical BH is not arbitrary. It proposes two parameters that may be used to organize more consistently the observations concerning the time indications of the BH verb. The first parameter deals with the existence of two initial temporal set-ups and the second is about the role of verb order sequences in setting the temporal relations between the events within each temporal set-up.