bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Hyaluronan Staining Are Modified by Fixation Techniques
Authors: Lin Weiqi , Shuster Svetlana , Maibach Howard I. , Stern Robert 
Published: April 2011

The apparent intensity of hyaluronan (HA) staining in tissue sections can vary as a function of fixation techniques. We examined the histochemical distribution of HA in normal human skin using an HA-specific binding peptide derived from bovine nasal cartilage. The HA, particularly in the dermis, was best preserved in sections fixed in 10% acid-formalin with 70% ethanol. In contrast, sections fixed in the routine 10% neutral-buffered formalin had a much weaker intensity of HA staining. Furthermore, acid-formalin/ethanol-fixed sections retained much of their apparent HA after incubation with saline, in contrast to the neutral formalin-fixed sections, in which most of the stainable HA was lost. Such marked differences in staining intensity were not observed in slides stained with Alcian blue, a procedure pressumed to stain HA as well as other glycosaminoglycans. Staining using the HA binding peptide was entirely absent when sections were first preincubated in hyaluronidase, whereas similar Alcian blue-stained sections retained most of their staining intensity. Caution should be exercised in evaluating the distribution of HA in tissues using the HA binding peptide, particularly when different fixation techniques among several laboratories are being compared. In addition, the ability to evaluate the HA content of tissues using Alcian blue staining should be reconsidered. The sulfated glycosaminolglycans of the “ground substance” appear to be the predominant substrates for Alcian blue. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:1157–1163, 1997)
Retrovirus-mediated Gene Transfer into Rat Salivary Gland Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Barka Tibor , Noen Hendrika M. van der 
Published: April 2011

A retroviral vector DAP that encodes the human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and the neomycin-resistant gene was used to transduce the salivary gland-derived cell line A5 in vitro and acinar cells in rat submandibular gland in vivo. Expression of the transduced PLAP gene was established by histochemical staining for heat-resistant AP and by determination of enzyme activity. From the in vitro experiments, we concluded that the salivary gland-derived cell line A5 can be infected by the retroviral vector DAP. In the transduced cells the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter was effective, and the cells expressed heat-stable PLAP which was localized mostly in the plasma membrane and could be released by treatment with bromelain or phosphatidyinositol-specific phospholipase C. A5-DAP cells secreted PLAP into the medium. Clones of A5-DAP cells expressed various levels of the enzyme. The level of enzyme activity in different clones was unrelated to growth rate. Retrograde ductal injection of the viral vector into the duct of the submandibular gland of rats resulted in integration and long-term expression of PLAP gene in acinar cells. Expression of PLAP was seen up to 25 days, the limit of the observation period. To facilitate integration of the viral DNA, cell division of acinar cells was induced by administration of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol before administration of the virus. PLAP was secreted into submandibular saliva. The data support the notion that salivary glands are suitable targets for gene transfer in vivo by a retroviral vector. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:1533–1545, 1997)
Application of Photoshop-based Image Analysis to Quantification of Hormone Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer
Authors: Lehr Hans-Anton , Mankoff David A. , Corwin David , Santeusanio Guiseppe , Gown Allen M. 
Published: April 2011

The benefit of quantifying estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression in breast cancer is well established. However, in routine breast cancer diagnosis, receptor expression is often quantified in arbitrary scores with high inter- and intraobserver variability. In this study we tested the validity of an image analysis system employing inexpensive, commercially available computer software on a personal computer. In a series of 28 invasive ductal breast cancers, immunohistochemical determinations of ER and PR were performed, along with biochemical analyses on fresh tumor homogenates, by the dextran-coated charcoal technique (DCC) and by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). From each immunohistochemical slide, three representative tumor fields (x20 objective) were captured and digitized with a Macintosh personal computer. Using the tools of Photoshop software, optical density plots of tumor cell nuclei were generated and, after background subtraction, were used as an index of immunostaining intensity. This immunostaining index showed a strong semilogarithmic correlation with biochemical receptor assessments of ER (DCC, r = 0.70, p >0.001; EIA, r = 0.76, p >0.001) and even better of PR (DCC, r = 0.86; p >0.01; EIA, r = 0.80, p >0.001). A strong linear correlation of ER and PR quantification was also seen between DCC and EIA techniques (ER, r = 0.62, p >0.001; PR, r = 0.92, p >0.001). This study demonstrates that a simple, inexpensive, commercially available software program can be accurately applied to the quantification of immunohistochemical hormone receptor studies. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:1559–1565, 1997)
Prevalence and Correlates of Dietary Supplement Use in Individuals With Diabetes Mellitus at an Academic Diabetes Care Clinic
Authors: Odegard Peggy S. , Janci Mary M. , Foeppel Melanie P. , Beach Jennifer R. , Trence Dace L. 
Published: April 2011

Objectives This study sought to describe the prevalence of supplement use by those with diabetes mellitus receiving care at an academic outpatient diabetes care center and to identify any association of supplement use with glycemic control. Methods This study is based on a retrospective audit of provider-verified and patient–self-reported medication and supplement use by adults with diabetes at the University of Washington Diabetes Care Center during four 2-week periods from fall 2006 through summer 2007 (1 period per season). Results Verified medication and supplement histories for 459 adults demonstrated a per-person average use of 7 ± 4.1 prescription medicines and 0.4 ± 0.9 over-the-counter medicines daily, with 55% using some form of vitamin, mineral, or nonvitamin–nonmineral supplement on a daily basis. The rate of nonvitamin–nonmineral use was nearly twice that for type 2 diabetes mellitus as for type 1 diabetes mellitus (39.3% vs 20.3%), and A1c was lower in those using any supplement compared to those not using supplements. Vitamin use was associated with reduced A1c; however, this relationship did not hold at A1c < 7.0%. Conclusions The findings highlight the prevalence of supplement use in diabetes mellitus and association of supplement use with improved glycemic control. Findings are limited by the retrospective design.
Mandibular Osteoradionecrosis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Authors: Monnier Yan , Broome Martin , Betz Michael , Bouferrache Kahina , Ozsahin Mahmut , Jaques Bertrand 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveMandibular osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a serious complication of radiotherapy (RT) in head and neck cancer patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of and risk factors for mandibular ORN in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity and oropharynx.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingUniversity tertiary care center for head and neck oncology.Subjects and MethodsSeventy‐three patients treated for stage I to IV SCC of the oral cavity and oropharynx between 2000 and 2007, with a minimum follow‐up of 2 years, were included in the study. Treatment modalities included both RT with curative intent and adjuvant RT following tumor surgery. The log‐rank test and Cox model were used for univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThe incidence of mandibular ORN was 40% at 5 years. Using univariate analysis, the following risk factors were identified: oral cavity tumors (P <. 01), bone invasion (P <. 02), any surgery prior to RT (P <. 04), and bone surgery (P <. 0001). By multivariate analysis, mandibular surgery proved to be the most important risk factor and the only one reaching statistical significance (P <. 0002).ConclusionMandibular ORN is a frequent long‐term complication of RT for oral cavity and oropharynx cancers. Mandibular surgery before irradiation is the only independent risk factor. These aspects must be considered when planning treatment for these tumors.
Dexamethasone and Tonsillectomy Bleeding
Authors: Geva Alon , Brigger Matthew T. 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveTo use meta‐analytic techniques to examine the effect of dexamethasone on the risk of postoperative bleeding following tonsillectomy.Data SourcesPubMed and Embase databases accessed on April 23, 2009, and April 28, 2009.Review MethodsUsing principles of meta‐analysis, inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed to identify all randomized controlled trials of patients undergoing tonsillectomy in which perioperative intravenous dexamethasone was administered in at least 1 treatment arm and bleeding complications were reported. Electronic databases were searched to identify candidate articles. Two authors independently abstracted data from each article. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus. A fixed‐effects model was used to pool relative risks among studies using the Mantel‐Haenszel method. Studies were assessed for publication bias using a funnel plot of studies’ effect size vs standard error of the effect size as well as Begg test and Egger test. A P value <.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe primary search identified 85 potential studies. Fourteen met inclusion criteria and were selected for meta‐analysis. No significant heterogeneity was found among studies (I2< 0.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0%‐55%; P =. 68). The pooled relative risk (RR) of postoperative bleeding did not differ significantly between patients receiving dexamethasone and controls (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.65‐1.61; P =. 92). When studies were stratified by age, primary vs secondary hemorrhage, and follow‐up duration, no further significant differences in bleeding rate were identified. No evidence of publication bias was found using Begg (P =. 70) or Egger (P =. 73) tests.ConclusionThe results of this meta‐analysis indicate that perioperative dexamethasone does not confer an increased risk of postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing tonsillectomy.
Single-Row Versus Double-Row Capsulolabral Repair
Authors: Kim Doo-Sup , Yoon Yeo-Seung , Chung Hoi-Jeong 
Published: April 2011

Background: Despite the attention that has been paid to restoration of the capsulolabral complex anatomic insertion onto the glenoid, studies comparing the pressurized contact area and mean interface pressure at the anatomic insertion site between a single-row repair and a double-row labral repair have been uncommon. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to compare the mean interface pressure and pressurized contact area at the anatomic insertion site of the capsulolabral complex between a single-row repair and a double-row repair technique. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirty fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 61 ± 8 years; range, 48-71 years) were used for this study. Two types of repair were performed on each specimen: (1) a single-row repair and (2) a double-row repair. Using pressure-sensitive films, we examined the interface contact area and contact pressure. Results: The mean interface pressure was greater for the double-row repair technique (0.29 ± 0.04 MPa) when compared with the single-row repair technique (0.21 ± 0.03 MPa) ( P = .003). The mean pressurized contact area was also significantly greater for the double-row repair technique (211.8 ± 18.6 mm2, 78.4% footprint) compared with the single-row repair technique (106.4 ± 16.8 mm2, 39.4% footprint) ( P = .001). Conclusion: The double-row repair has significantly greater mean interface pressure and pressurized contact area at the insertion site of the capsulolabral complex than the single-row repair. Clinical Relevance: The double-row repair may be advantageous compared with the single-row repair in restoring the native footprint area of the capsulolabral complex.
DETERMINATION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE IN MICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF TISSUE AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE COW ADRENAL
Authors: WATTENBERG LEE W. , GLICK DAVID 
Published: April 2011

The procedure of Talalay, Fishman and Huggins was adapted to the determination of β-glucuronidase activity in microgram quantities of tissue. The quantitative histological distribution of β-glucuronidase activity in the cow adrenal was studied, and it was found that the activity is high in the glomerulosa and outer fasciculata but comparatively low in other regions.
BIOCHEMICAL HETEROGENEITY OF THE CYTOPLASMIC PARTICLES ISOLATED FROM RAT LIVER HOMOGENATE
Authors: NOVIKOFF ALEX B. , PODBER ESTELLE , RYAN JEAN , NOE ELSIE 
Published: April 2011

By separating the cytoplasmic granules of 0.88 M sucrose homogenates of rat liver into eight fractions it has been possible to demonstrate marked chemical and enzymatic heterogeneity among the isolated microsomes and less pronounced heterogeneity among the isolated mitochondria. The more readily sedimented microsomes are rich in ribose nucleic acid and show high esterase, adenosine-5’-phosphatase, acid phosphatase and uricase activities, while the less readily sedimented microsomes, although rich in ribose nucleic acid esterase and adenosine-5’-phosphatase have low levels of acid phosphatase and uricase activities. The very small mitochondria differ from the larger ones in the levels of activities of all enzymes studied, with the exception of adenosine-5’-phosphatase; the most striking differences were found in the cases of acid phosphatase and uricase. A centrifugation schedule is given to isolate a "nuclear fraction," a mitochondrial fraction, a mixed fraction of smallest mitochondria and microsomes (of two types differing in optical density), a fraction of optically less dense microsomes, and a "supernatant fluid."
INACTIVATION EXPERIMENTS ON THE DOPA FACTOR
Authors: VAN DUIJN P. 
Published: April 2011

1. It is demonstrated that the interpretation of the histochemical dopa reaction, discovered by Bloch, correlated with mammalian melanogenesis in vivo has been greatly influenced by the analogy of the tryosinase-tyrosin reaction in vitro with the same process. 2. Repeating Bloch's histochemical pretreatment experiments on fixed tissue proved that the extreme lability found by Bloch must be attributed to detachment of the factor from the section or insufficient control of pH of the pretreatment solution. 3. Sufficient lability remains to be in line with an enzymatic nature, though classifying the factor in the realm of copper containing enzymes must be considered premature for lack of comparable data in the extract enzymological field.
DIAZO-SAFRANIN FOR STAINING ENTEROCHROMAFFIN
Authors: LILLIE R. D. , BURTNER H. J. , HENSON J. P. GRECO 
Published: April 2011

Freshly diazotized safranin O colors enterochromaffin cell granules black. Background staining can be kept down to a fairly light red. Fairly stable acid aqueous safranin solution and normal sodium nitrite solution can be kept on hand and mixed ex tempore to prepare the diazo solution. A diazotization time of 15 minutes at 3°C is adequate, and the coupling (staining) time of 5 minutes should not he exceeded. Both the specific and the background stains are acid fast. A 1:40 dilution in M/10 Na2HPO4 produces the desired grade of alkalinity and a proper dilution for best. contrast. In vitro alkaline coupling reactions with diazo-safranin produced colored precipitates with phenol, cresols, naphthols, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol and tyrosine. Definite colors were produced on gelatin paper impregnated with resorcinol and the naphthols, less definite with phenol and the cresols. Gelatin paper models gave positive reactions with diazotized α-naphthylamine for catechol, pyrogallol and phloroglucinol as well as for resorcinol and the naphthols. The positive coupling with diazo-safranin speaks against a catechol or hydroquinone structure and supports the thesis of a resorcinol structure.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: PALADE GEORGE E. 
Published: April 2011

A characteristic pattern of organization was found with the help of the electron microscope in sectioned animal mitochondria irrespective of the species providing the specimen and of the cell type examined. Each mitochondrion was found to possess: 1) A limiting membrane. 2) A mitochondrial matrix that appears structureless at present levels of resolution. 3) A system of internal ridges (cristae mitochondriales) that protrude from the inside surface of the membrane towards the interior of the organelles. In many mitochondria the cristae are perpendicular to the long axis of the organelles and occur in series within which they lie parallel to one another at more or less regular intervals. In favorable electron micrographs the mitochondrial membrane appears to be double and the cristae appear to be folds of a second, internal mitochondrial membrane.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE AND NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE OOCYTES OF THE BLUEGILL, LEPOMIS MACHOCHIRUS (RAFINESQUE)
Authors: KUGLER OTTO E. 
Published: April 2011

1. Histochemical methods were employed for the localization of alkaline phosphatase, desoxyribonucleic acid, and ribonucleic acid in the oocytes of the bluegill, Lepomis machochirus (Rafinesque). 2. With the Gomori technique, as employed in this study, alkaline phosphatase was found only in the follicular epithelium, and was not detected in the oocyte proper. 3. While the Feulgen reaction for desoxyribonucleic acid was positive in the nuclei of the follicular epithelium, it was negative in the chromosomes of the germinal vesicles of the oocytes examined. 4. With the use of the Unna-Pappenheim stain and ribonuclease digestion, ribonucleic acid was localized in the cytoplasm of the follicular epithelium and in the cytoplasm of the oocytes. In the oocytes, the concentration of cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid was highest in the youngest oocytes; and it lessened as the egg cells increased in size. In all growth stages of the oocytes, the nucleoli were conspicuously ribonucleic acid positive. 5. Since the presence of alkaline phosphatase was not detected within the germinal vesicle, it could not be established that activity of the enzyme coincided with sites of nucleic acid abundance within the egg nuclei.
PHOSPHAMIDASE CONTENT OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGIC TISSUES OF THE ORAL CAVITY
Authors: MEYER JULIA , WEINMANN J. P. 
Published: April 2011

The phosphamidase content in normal and pathologic tissues of 37 biopsies from the oral cavity was examined using the histochemical method of Gomori. High concentrations of phosphamidase were found in the epithelia of epidermoid carcinoma, leukoplakia, papilloma, pleomorphic salivary gland tumor, in the proliferating connective tissue of a giant cell tumor and in the epithelium adjacent to a fibroma and in the epithelium of blastomycosis. Low concentrations of phosphamidase were found in a few cases of inflammation of the mucous membrane associated with hyperkeratosis. The phosphamidase reaction was negative for normal epithelium and connective tissue of the oral mucous membrane, the lining of the maxillary sinus and mucous glands. The present limitations of the technique are discussed and some precautions against erroneous conclusions presented.
THE USE OF BASIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY: IV. PRECIPITATION AND AGGLUTINATION OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY ASPERGILLUS POLYSACCHARIDE AND DEACETYLATED CHITIN
Authors: EVANS E. EDWARD , KENT SIDNEY P. 
Published: April 2011

Solutions of the basic compounds, Aspergillus polysaccharide and deacetylated chitin were tested for their ability to precipitate various materials synthesized by biological cells. All acidic (anionic) polysaccharides tested were precipitated, but non-polar polysaccharides like glycogen and dextran failed to react. Both basic polysaccharides were also able to precipitate ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid as well as several proteins. Both polysaccharides agglutinated a variety of bacteria and yeasts as well as erythrocytes and liver, kidney, spleen, sperm and tumor cells of mammalian origin. The significance of these observations was discussed.
THE USE OF BASIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY: I. THE DEMONSTRATION OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES IN TISSUE SECTIONS WITH FLUORESCEIN-LABELLED ASPERGILLUS POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: EVANS E. EDWARD , KENT SIDNEY P. 
Published: April 2011

A procedure was described for demonstrating acidic polysaccharides in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections using fluorescein-labelled Aspergillus polysaccharide. This material is a basic polysaccharide composed of units of galactosamine and N-acetyl galactosamine and is synthesized by the mold Aspergillus parasiticus. The distribution of acidic polysaccharides shown by the fluorescein-labelled Aspergillus polysaccharide method was similar to results with the alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff sequence and to those with fluorescein labelled deacetylated chitin. Both epithelial and connective tissue mucins were demonstrated by the fluorescein-labelled basic polysaccharide. Aspergillus polysaccharide may be considered a colorless polyvalent cation that acts as a carrier for the fluorochrome in this procedure. Since it can react with many types of biological cells as well as with various substances isolated from cells, it may have other important applications in histochemistry and cytochemistry.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SECTIONED BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: HALLÉN OLLE 
Published: April 2011

Some sources of significant error in quantitative cytochemical work are discussed and methods for their control and elimination described. These recommendations are based on a study of distortion and thickness variation in histological sections of embedded biological tissues. To achieve the objectives of the investigation, it proved necessary to manufacture special microtome knives having standardized properties and to develop an optico-mechanical procedure for topographic mapping of section thickness. Altogether 10,500 thickness determinations were made on 140 sections, there being 10 similar sections in each of 14 series which differed with respect to tissue type, embedding substance, microtome drive and feed setting. The results disclosed that, even under ideal sectioning conditions and irrespective of tissue type or embedding substance, considerable variations in thickness must be anticipated, particularly between sections in a series. The mean coefficient of variation for the deviations between and within sections nominally 5 µ thick was 28% and 5% respectively. A method has been devised whereby the thickness of a duplicate of a biological section can be used as an estimate of the mean thickness of that section, thus enabling the magnitude of the intersectional thickness variation in a series to be assessed and corrected for. In this method the microtome knife cuts simultaneously with the section of biological material a plastic duplicate thereof. Such plastic duplicates are optically homogeneous and their thickness can readily be determined in an interference microscope. The method has been adapted for embedded as well as for frozen tissue. Its value has been checked by making a total of 714 thickness determinations on 51 tissue sections and their duplicates. Analysis of regression showed that when the nominal section thickness indicated by the microtome feed setting was used as an estimate of mean section thickness the coefficient of variation was 13% for paraffin sections and 45% for frozen sections with a nominal thickness of 5 µ. The corresponding figures when thickness duplicates were used as estimates of mean section thickness amounted to merely 7% and 14% respectively.