bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban and suburban deer management by state wildlife‐conservation agencies
Authors: Urbanek Rachael E. , Allen Kristin R. , Nielsen Clayton K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGiven an increase of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in many urban and suburban areas, deer management has become increasingly controversial. We surveyed deer biologists at state conservation agencies to compare opinions regarding urban and suburban deer management with those found in public surveys. We emailed a survey to deer biologists in 41 states to investigate what agencies are doing to control urban deer, which management techniques have been used in the past and are currently being used, and which techniques are believed to be most effective. Urban and suburban deer populations were increasing in most states (75.8%); accordingly, most biologists (97%) believed that urban and suburban deer were a problem in their state. Sixty‐five percent of biologists have not surveyed local communities for their opinions on deer and deer management. Managed archery hunts (85% of states), sharpshooting (68%), and managed firearm hunts (59%) were the most utilized methods during the past 5 years. Biologists ranked managed firearm hunts (54%) as the most preferred method for deer control, followed by managed archery hunt (39%) and sharpshooting (39%). Ninety‐one percent of biologists listed deer–vehicle accidents and damage to gardens as primary reasons for managing urban deer populations. Most biologists (88%) indicated that urban and suburban deer management in their state was overall effective. Biologists and public constituents agree on the primary reasons to manage deer, yet their preferences for management options vary greatly. We recommend state agencies survey constituents regarding their beliefs and concerns about deer management beyond questions that simply address the acceptability of management techniques. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Modeling habitat use of deer in an exurban landscape
Authors: Anderson Charles W. , Nielsen Clayton K. , Storm Daniel J. , Schauber Eric M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSeveral wildlife biologists have developed models of habitat suitability for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Although these analyses have provided insight into factors affecting deer density and distribution over large scales, no studies have modeled habitat use of deer in exurban landscapes. We modeled habitat similarity to areas used most intensively by deer in exurban Carbondale, Illinois, USA, during the fawning (15 May–31 Jul) and winter season (15 Dec–15 Mar). We used >15,000 locations from 20 Global Positioning System–collared female deer tracked during 2003–2005, habitat variables, and the Penrose distance statistic for modeling. A positive correlation with number of dwellings (r = 0.45) and coefficient of variation of forest area (r = 0.16) indicated deer avoidance of areas with increased number of dwellings and variation in forest area during the fawning season. Deer decreased winter use of areas as the diversity of land‐cover types (r = 0.64), variation in forest patch size (r = 0.40), and variation of grassland patch size (r = 0.18) increased. Winter habitat use of an area increased as size of forest patch area increased (r = −0.30). This model can be used by wildlife managers to better understand potential deer–human encounters and deer use of the landscape. Alternatively, wildlife managers may use the model to target areas for traditional harvest management or deer removal operations. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Long‐term effectiveness of US 1 crossing project in reducing florida key deer mortality
Authors: Parker Israel D. , Lopez Roel R. , Silvy Nova J. , Davis Donald S. , Owen Catherine B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDeer–vehicle collisions (DVCs) are the primary source of mortality for the endangered Florida Key deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium). Of these collisions, >50% occur on United States Highway 1 (US 1), the primary roadway connecting the islands in the Florida Keys, USA. The DVCs on the 5.6‐km section of US 1 on Big Pine Key are responsible for approximately 26% of annual Key deer mortality, but extensive urban development along this highway segment complicates efforts to reduce DVCs using traditional methods (e.g., fencing, underpasses). In 2002, a continuous 2.6‐km system of 2.4‐m fencing, 2 underpasses, and 4 experimental deer guards was completed. We evaluated the long‐term effectiveness of these highway improvements in reducing DVCs within an urban landscape. Deer used the underpasses all 7 postconstruction years (2003–2009) with dramatic increases in use over the course of the project. Roadway fencing largely eliminated deer intrusion onto the fenced area of US 1. Although well‐maintained fencing effectively restricted deer movement onto the fenced section of US 1 (73–100% decline), other sections of US 1 experienced increases in DVCs. Overall, highway improvements along the US 1 corridor were effective in reducing Key deer mortality over the long‐term. The success of deer guards in preventing deer access into the fenced section of US 1 supported the feasibility of implementing similar wildlife exclusion projects in other urban areas. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
White‐tailed deer incidents with U.S. civil aircraft
Authors: Biondi Kristin M. , Belant Jerrold L. , Martin James A. , DeVault Travis L. , Wang Guiming 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAircraft incidents with ungulates cause substantial economic losses and pose risks to human safety. We analyzed 879 white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) incidents with United States civil aircraft from 1990 to 2009 reported in the Federal Aviation Administration National Wildlife Strike Database. During that time, deer incidents followed a quadratic response curve, peaking in 1994 and declining thereafter. There appeared to be some seasonal patterning in incident frequency, with deer incidents increasing overall from January to November, and peaking in October and November (30.7%). Most incidents (64.8%) occurred at night, but incident rates were greatest (P ≤ 0.001) at dusk. Landing‐roll represented 60.7% of incidents and more incidents occurred during landing than take‐off (P ≤ 0.001). Almost 70% of deer incidents had an effect on flight. About 6% of pilots attempted to avoid deer, and were less likely to sustain damage. Aircraft were 25 times more likely to be destroyed when multiple deer were struck versus a single individual. Deer incidents represented 0.9% of all wildlife incidents, yet 5.4% of total estimated costs. Reported costs for deer incident damages during this period exceeded US$36 million, with US$75 million in total estimated damages. Deer incidents resulted in 1 of 24 human deaths and 26 of 217 injuries reported for all wildlife incidents with aircraft during the reporting period. Managers should implement exclusion techniques (e.g., fences, cattle guards, or electrified mats) to maximize reductions in deer use of airfields. Where exclusion is not practical, managers should consider lethal control, habitat modifications, increased monitoring and hazing, and improved technology to aircraft and runway lighting to reduce incidents at airports. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Road bias for deer density estimates at 2 national parks in Maryland
Authors: McShea William J. , Stewart Chad M. , Kearns Laura , Bates Scott 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEstimating the population density of deer is an essential task for public agencies that plan a herd reduction. Distance sampling has been increasingly utilized to estimate population density, and is used by the National Park Service to estimate white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities throughout the eastern United States. Many of these surveys are conducted along public roads due to limited resources and accessibility, which may violate a critical assumption of distance sampling and potentially introduce sampling bias. We used infrared cameras to confirm deer activity with respect to survey roads at 2 national parks in Maryland, USA (Catoctin National Park and Antietam National Historic Battlefield), during 2005 and 2006 and compared results with the predicted distributions. The number of deer observed during road surveys declined with distance intervals at Catoctin, but there was a similar amount of deer activity at each distance interval. At Antietam, survey observations maintained a constant level of activity beyond 200 m from the survey route, while deer activity was inconsistent between distance intervals. The mean number of deer photographs/day/sample point did vary significantly across distance intervals from the survey route at Antietam, but not at Catoctin. In Antietam, the uneven distribution of agricultural fields and public roads were significant predictors of deer activity detected during the camera surveys. At Catoctin, the fit of the detection function was improved by expanding the first distance interval. Although density estimation using DISTANCE can account for most sources of error introduced by use of public roads, our data indicate bias is likely to occur in landscapes with high road densities and long sight distances. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Fifteen years of urban deer management: The fontenelle forest experience
Authors: Hygnstrom Scott E. , Garabrandt Gary W. , Vercauteren Kurt C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFontenelle Forest (FF) is a 16.5‐km2 serene natural area surrounded by a developed landscape, including Omaha and Bellevue, Nebraska, USA. An overabundant population of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) degraded the local forest. In January 1995, we estimated the density of deer at 27 deer/km2 in FF and the adjacent Gifford Point Wildlife Management Area (GP) and Bellevue residential (BR) area. We engaged in a public process to establish a deer management program in this developed landscape and learned from 15 years of experience. Formation of the Bellevue Deer Task Force led to implementation of controlled deer‐hunting seasons from 1996 to present. Total annual harvest of white‐tailed deer by archery and muzzleloader hunters at FF ranged from 28 in 1996 to 140 in 2006. Mean success rates of archery (52%) and muzzleloader hunters (93%) at FF were high compared to other areas. Densities of white‐tailed deer in the study area declined from 27 deer/km2 in 1995 to 15 deer/km2 in 2006, though harvest and deer were not evenly distributed across the landscape. By 2006, densities of deer were near overwinter goals in the hunted FF lowlands, FF uplands, and GP lowlands (7 deer/km2, 5 deer/km2, and 13 deer/km2, respectively), but they remained relatively high in the adjacent unhunted BR area (30 deer/km2). Native plant communities were severely overbrowsed in the study area through 1995, influencing their structure and composition, but signs of recovery were apparent in areas where controlled hunting reduced densities of deer to <6 deer/km2. Controlled hunts at FF have reduced densities of deer in the immediate area to tolerable levels and have been accepted by area residents, with relatively little media coverage and public scrutiny. Total costs of controlled (US$120/deer) and depredation hunts (US$70/deer, 2010 prices) were low compared to other areas and methods. Common themes of the 15‐year management program included cooperation, communication, leadership, research‐based management, adaptive management, persistence, and resources. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
On latency of multiple zonal jets in the oceans
Authors: Berloff P. , Karabasov S. , Farrar J. T. , Kamenkovich I. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMost of the nearly zonal, multiple, alternating jets observed in the oceans are latent, that is, their amplitudes are weak relative to the ambient mesoscale eddies. Yet, relatively strong jets are often observed in dynamical simulations. To explore mechanisms controlling the degree of latency, we analyse solutions of an idealized, eddy-resolving and flat-bottom quasigeostrophic model, in which dynamically generated mesoscale eddies maintain and interact with a set of multiple zonal jets. We find that the degree of the latency is controlled primarily by the bottom friction: the larger the friction parameter, the more latent are the jets; and the degree of the latency is substantial for a realistic range of the oceanic bottom friction coefficient. This result not only provides a plausible explanation for the latency of the oceanic jets, but it may also be relevant to the prominent atmospheric multiple jets observed on giant gas planets, such as Jupiter. We hypothesize that these jets can be so strong because of the relative absence of the bottom friction. The mechanism controlling the latency in our solutions is understood in terms of the changes induced in the linear eigenmodes of the time–mean flow by varying the bottom friction coefficient; these changes, in turn, affect and modify the jets. Effects of large Reynolds numbers on the eddies, jets, and the latency are also discussed.
Modelling the influence of wall roughness on heat transfer in thermal convection
Authors: Shishkina Olga , Wagner Claus 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study is to approximate heat transport in thermal convection enhanced by the roughness of heated/cooled horizontal plates. The roughness is introduced by a set of rectangular heated/cooled obstacles located at the corresponding plates. An analytical model to estimate the Nusselt number deviations caused by the wall roughness is developed. It is based on the two-dimensional Prandtl–Blasius boundary layer equations and therefore is valid for moderate Rayleigh numbers and regular wall roughness, for which the height of the obstacles and the distances between them are significantly larger than the thickness of the thermal boundary layers. To validate this model, the transport of heat and momentum in rectangular convection cells is studied in two-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations, for different aspect ratios of the obstacles. It is found that the model predicts the heat transport with errors ${\leq }6\hspace{0.167em} \% $ for all investigated cases.
Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women
Authors: Gao J. , Li Y. , Cai Y. , Chen J. , Shen Y. , Ni S. , Wei Y. , Qiu Y. , Zhu X. , Liu Y. , Lu C. , Chen C. , Niu Q. , Tang C. , Yang Y. , Wang Q. , Cui W. , Xia J. , Liu T. , Zhang J. , Zhao B. , Guo Z. , Pan J. , Chen H. , Luo Y. , Sun L. , Xiao X. , Chen Q. , Zhao X. , He F. , Lv L. , Guo L. , Liu L. , Li H. , Shi S. , Flint J. , Kendler K. S. , Tao M. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundIn Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China?MethodReceived parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview.ResultsFactor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers: warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD.ConclusionsAlthough the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.
Classes of conduct disorder symptoms and their life course correlates in a US national sample
Authors: Breslau J. , Saito N. , Tancredi D. J. , Nock M. , Gilman S. E. 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundPopulation data on conduct disorder (CD) symptoms can help determine whether hypothesized subtypes of CD are sufficiently disparate in their familial, psychiatric and life course correlates to distinguish separate diagnostic entities.MethodLatent class analysis (LCA) of CD symptoms occurring before age 15 was conducted in a national sample of adults aged 18–44 years from the National Epidemiological Study of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Associations of latent class membership with parental behavior problems, onset of psychiatric disorders and anti-social behaviors after age 15, adolescent life events (e.g. high school drop-out), and past-year life events (e.g. divorce/separation, bankruptcy) were estimated.ResultsLCA identified a no-CD class with low prevalence of all symptoms, three intermediate classes – deceit/theft, rule violations, aggression – and a severe class. The prevalence of CD, according to DSM-IV criteria, was 0% in the no-CD class, between 13.33% and 33.69% in the intermediate classes and 62.20% in the severe class. Latent class membership is associated with all the familial, psychiatric and life course outcomes examined. Among the intermediate classes, risk for subsequent mood/anxiety disorders and anti-social behavior was higher in the deceit/theft and aggressive classes than in the rule violations class. However, risk for adolescent life events is highest in the rule violations class.ConclusionsCD symptoms tend to occur in a partially ordered set of classes in the general population. Prognostically meaningful distinctions can be drawn between classes, but only at low levels of symptoms.
A statewide outbreak of Cryptosporidium and its association with the distribution of public swimming pools
Authors: POLGREEN P. M. , SPARKS J. D. , POLGREEN L. A. , YANG M. , HARRIS M. L. , PENTELLA M. A. , CAVANAUGH J. E. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn order to characterize the association between county-level risk factors and the incidence of Cryptosporidium in the 2007 Iowa outbreak, we used generalized linear mixed models with the number of Cryptosporidium cases per county as the dependent variable. We employed a spatial power covariance structure, which assumed that the correlation between the numbers of cases in any two counties decreases as the distance between them increases. County population size was included in the model to adjust for population differences. Independent variables included the number of pools in specific pool categories (large, small, spa, wading, waterslide) and pool-owner classes (apartment, camp, country club or health club, hotel, municipal, school, other) as well as the proportion of residents aged <5 years. We found that increases in the number of bigger pools, pools with more heterogeneous mixing (municipal pools vs. country club or apartment pools), and pools catering to young children (wading pools) are associated with more cases at the county level.
A cholera outbreak among semi-nomadic pastoralists in northeastern Uganda: epidemiology and interventions
Authors: CUMMINGS M. J. , WAMALA J. F. , EYURA M. , MALIMBO M. , OMEKE M. E. , MAYER D. , LUKWAGO L. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn sub-Saharan Africa, many nomadic pastoralists have begun to settle in permanent communities as a result of long-term water, food, and civil insecurity. Little is known about the epidemiology of cholera in these emerging semi-nomadic populations. We report the results of a case-control study conducted during a cholera outbreak among semi-nomadic pastoralists in the Karamoja sub-region of northeastern Uganda in 2010. Data from 99 cases and 99 controls were analysed. In multivariate analyses, risk factors identified were: residing in the same household as another cholera case [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 6·67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·83–15·70], eating roadside food (aOR 2·91, 95% CI 1·24–6·81), not disposing of children's faeces in a latrine (aOR 15·76, 95% CI 1·54–161·25), not treating drinking water with chlorine (aOR 3·86, 95% CI 1·63–9·14), female gender (aOR 2·43, 95% CI 1·09–5·43), and childhood age (10–17 years) (aOR 7·14, 95% CI 1·97–25·83). This is the first epidemiological study of cholera reported from a setting of semi-nomadic pastoralism in sub-Saharan Africa. Public health interventions among semi-nomadic pastoralists should include a two-faceted approach to cholera prevention: intensive health education programmes to address behaviours inherited from insecure nomadic lifestyles, as well as improvements in water and sanitation infrastructure. The utilization of community-based village health teams provides an important method of implementing such activities.
Biological characteristics of recombinant enhancin ofTrichoplusia nigranulovirus expressed inEscherichia coli
Authors: Zhe-Ming Yuan , Xiao-Lin Meng , Shu-Sheng Liu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA recombinant enhancin fromTrichoplusia nigranulovirus, expressed inEscherichia coliand named P96, had been shown in a previous study to increase significantly the efficacy of bio-insecticides applied to insect pests. Here, several biological characteristics were clarified to provide further proof for the activities of P96. The inclusion bodies formed by P96 were quite stable when expressed inE. coli; however, they could be effectively dissolved in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) solution or in the midgut digestive secretion of the fifth-instar larvae of the cotton bollworm,Helicoverpa armigera,in vitro. According to sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the peritrophic membrane of the cotton bollworm was clearly decomposed by P96. With the increase of P96 concentration, the mortality of the cotton bollworm caused by nuclear polyhedrosis virus increased up to its saturation concentration, 6.76×105inclusion bodies/ml. The bioactivity of P96 was strongly inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which formed a complex compound with the metal ion (Zn2+) in the protein.
Stable transformation ofphaC2 gene in tobacco chloroplast genome
Authors: Yu-Hua Wang , Zhong-Yi Wu , Xiu-Hai Zhang , Yong-Qin Wang , Cong-Lin Huang , Qing Yang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMedium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) belong to the group of microbial polyesters. The key enzyme for mcl-PHA biosynthesis is type II PHA synthase. The genephaC2 encoding type II PHA synthase was placed under the control ofpsbA-pro andpsbA-ter of rice (Oryza sativa) to construct aphaC2 cassette, which was ligated with the screening marker geneaadAcassette (prrn–aadA–TpsbA-ter). These recombined fragments were cloned between the plastidrbcLandaccDgenes for targeting to the large single copy region of the chloroplast genome. A chloroplast transformation vector, pTC2, was constructed and introduced into the tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) chloroplast genome by particle bombardment. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed stable integration ofphaC2 into the chloroplast genomes of T0and T1transgenic plants, and T1transgenic plants exhibited homoplasmy. The expression ofphaC2 at transcription level was detected by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Recombinant transgenes in the tobacco chloroplast genome were maternally inherited and were not transmitted via pollen when out-crossed with untransformed female plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the stable transformation ofphaC2 encoding type II PHA synthase in tobacco via chloroplast genetic engineering.