bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Female Recognition and Sexual Dimorphism of Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Ibeas Fernando , Gemeno César , Díez Julio J , Pajares Juan A 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is the European vector of the pine wilt nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, which causes the pine wilt disease. A series of experiments were carried out to determine the existence of a contact pheromone on the female's cuticle. All males tested tried to copulate with freshly killed females, but none tried to copulate with the same females after they had been washed with hexane. When the hexane extract was reapplied to the extracted females, 50% of the males tried to copulate with them. This shows that females have a contact pheromone on their cuticle that stimulates male copulatory behavior. Cuticular compounds (mainly hydrocarbons) were sampled with solid phase microextraction and solvent extraction. No marked differences between sampling methods were observed. Individual peak analysis revealed that 23 compounds were significantly more abundant in females and eight were more abundant in males. Correspondence analysis found significant differences between the global hydrocarbon profile of male and female M. galloprovincialis. Individually, these compounds represented a small percentage of the total blend. This suggest that males of M. galloprovincialis may distinguish females by a blend of several, not very abundant, compounds that are present in both sexes but in different proportions.
Influence of Weight of Male and Female Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Mating Behaviors
Authors: Kang Jungkoo , Krupke Christian H 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We evaluated the effect of weight, collection site, and age upon mating behaviors of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with multivariate analysis. Our laboratory study of D. virgifera revealed that female weight was positively associated with the likelihood of mating, although female weight was not associated with females' receptivity to aedeagus insertion. Furthermore, the relationship between male and female weight on mating was investigated at two field locations in Indiana, and evidence of nonrandom mating was found. The implications of these results for pest management are discussed, with particular focus upon using this information for the construction of robust viable resistance management systems in Bacillus thuringiensis corn, Zea mays L.
Buccal Manipulation of Sand Particles During Tunnel Excavation of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Li Hou-Feng , Su Nan-Yao 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Serial tunneling behavior of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae), the Formosan subterranean termite, includes excavation, loading, transportation, and deposition of sand particles. Functions of mouthparts, including mandibles, maxillae, labrum, and labium, for the tunneling behaviors were described. The four mouthparts form a buccal cavity for loading three to four sand particles (ranging 0.300–0.355 mm in diameter) during sand displacement. The maxillae, not the mandibles, are the major appendages for sand excavation and deposition. Previous studies speculated a “soil-compaction hypothesis” that subterranean termites might press the sand particles with their head to build the tunnel. Examination of video recordings of tunnel excavation through a microscope indicated sand was not compacted. When two photographs of tunnel tips taken before and after excavation were superimposed, sand particles surrounding tunnel tips remained in place, which demonstrated that termites did not press sand to either side. Observations and experiments indicate that particle displacement is the major mechanism for subterranean termites to build tunnels rather than particle compaction.
A Drug-Related Phototoxic Reaction and Its Possible Relationship to a Radiation-Induced Skin Reaction
Authors: Dawson George A. , Brown Sam I. , Tellefsen Lillian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Reported is a case of an acute atypical radiation-induced dermatologic reaction in a patient with a recent history of two courses of levofloxacin within 90 days prior to starting radiotherapy.
Toxicity and adaptation of Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides to extreme chromium contamination
Authors: Sánchez-Fortün Sebastián , López-Rodas Victoria , Navarro Macarena , Marvá Fernando , D'ors Ana , Rouco Mónica , Haigh-Florez David , Costas Eduardo 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Metals are often spilled by industries into inland water environments, with adverse consequences. Numerous papers have reported that heavy metals produce massive destruction of algae. Nevertheless, algal populations seem to become tolerant when they have had previous exposures to heavy metals. Because the mechanisms allowing heavy metal tolerance of algae are not yet known, the present study analyzed the effect of hexavalent chromium on growth and photosynthetic performance of Dictyosphaerium chlorelloides, stressing on the adaptation mechanisms to chromium contamination. Growth and photosynthetic performance of algal cells were inhibited by Cr(VI) at 10 mg/L, and the 72-h median inhibition concentration was established as 1.64 and 1.54 mg/L, respectively. However, after further incubation for a three month period in an environment with 25 mg/L of chromium, some rare, chromium-resistant cells occasionally were found. A Luria-Delbrück fluctuation analysis was performed to distinguish between resistant algae arising from rare, spontaneous mutations and resistant algae arising from physiological adaptation and other adaptive mechanisms. Resistant cells arose only by spontaneous mutations before the addition of chromium, with a rate of 1.77 × 10−6 mutants per cell division. From a practical point of view, the use of both chromium-sensitive and chromium-resistant genotypes could make possible a specific algal biosensor for chromium.
The Impact of Smoking Bans on the Hospitality Industry: New Evidence from Stock Market Returns
Authors: Tomlin Jonathan T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The majority of over 150 studies conclude that smoking bans do not have adverse effects on the revenues, profits, or employment of hospitality industry firms. However, several important criticisms have recently been raised which call into question many of the prior results. I examine the market value impact of a proposed smoking ban using a sample and methodology not subject to the perceived shortcomings in prior studies  an event study on the Indian hospitality industry. Contrary to the results in most prior studies, I find negative abnormal stock returns to portfolios of the hospitality industry firms examined upon the announcement of a proposed smoking ban. These results support the conclusion that a smoking ban lowered the aggregate market value of these firms.
Characteristics and evolution of supraglacial ponds on debris-covered Tasman Glacier, New Zealand
Authors: Röhl Katrin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSupraglacial ponds on Tasman Glacier, New Zealand, initiated the development of the large Tasman Lake during the 1980s and still play an important role for ice loss and further terminus disintegration. Limnological and glaciological measurements between 2001 and 2003 reveal distinct differences between ponds. The hydraulic connection of a pond to the englacial water level exerts a key control on whether the pond contributes to longer-term terminus disintegration. In the earlier stages of pond development, ice loss occurs predominantly in the horizontal dimension by subaerial melt. Subaqueous calving at later stages plays a major role for ice loss. During the capture of a pond by the lake, substantial limnological changes lead to changes in relative significance and rates of ice loss processes, the most important being the change from melting to predominantly calving. As a result, ice loss accelerated from around 11 m a−1 of melt under partial debris cover to a retreat by calving and melting of 34 m a−1. Ice loss at the ponds accounted for only 10% of the surface loss in the lower terminus area, but is likely to increase in the future with enlargement and coalescence of ponds.
The cavity under the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Authors: Galton-Fenzi B.K. , Maraldi C. , Coleman R. , Hunter J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOcean circulation under ice shelves and associated rates of melting and freezing are strongly influenced by the shape of the sub-ice-shelf cavity. We have refined an existing method and used additional in situ measurements to estimate the cavity shape under the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. A finite-element hydrodynamic ocean-tide model was used to simulate the major tidal constituents for a range of different sub-Amery Ice Shelf cavity water-column thicknesses. The data are adjusted in the largely unsurveyed southern region of the ice-shelf cavity by comparing the complex error between simulated tides and in situ tides, derived from GPS observations. We show a significant improvement in the simulated tides, with a combined complex error of 1.8 cm, in comparison with past studies which show a complex error of ∼5.3 cm. Our bathymetry incorporates ice-draft data at the grounding line and seismic surveys, which have provided a considerable amount of new data. This technique has particular application when the water column beneath ice shelves is inaccessible and in situ GPS data are available.
Digital optical televiewing of ice boreholes
Authors: Hubbard Bryn , Roberson Sam , Samyn Denis , Merton-Lyn Derek 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDigital optical televiewing, recently developed to log and map terrestrial boreholes, provides a complete orientated image of borehole walls at a resolution of 1 mm along hole and typically <1 mm around hole. Here we provide an overview of optical televiewer (OPTV) technology and operation, and outline the potential contributions of the technique to ice-mass research with reference to an OPTV log of a borehole ∼21 m deep drilled in the lower accumulation area of Glacier de Tsanfleuron, Switzerland. The OPTV image of this borehole successfully reveals a variety of visibly contrasting ice types. These ice types have been characterized and their orientation mapped and, on the basis of this information, interpreted as: (1) primary foliation; (2) summer/autumn erosion surfaces; and (3) incipient foliation. Importantly, unrolled OPTV images can be inverted to recreate a virtual image of the borehole core, potentially, for the first time, allowing ice cores to be orientated.
Validation of high-resolution GRACE mascon estimates of glacier mass changes in the St Elias Mountains, Alaska, USA, using aircraft laser altimetry
Authors: Arendt Anthony A. , Luthcke Scott B. , Larsen Christopher F. , Abdalati Waleed , Krabill William B. , Beedle Matthew J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe acquired center-line surface elevations from glaciers in the St Elias Mountains of Alaska/northwestern Canada using aircraft laser altimetry during 2000–05, and compared these with repeat measurements acquired in 2007. The resulting elevation changes were used to estimate the mass balance of 32 900 km2 of glaciers in the St Elias Mountains during September 2003 to August 2007, yielding a value of −21.2 ± 3.8 Gt a−1, equivalent to an area-averaged mass balance of −0.64 ± 0.12 m a−1 water equivalent (w.e.). High-resolution (2 arc-degrees spatial and 10 day temporal) Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass-balance estimates during this time period were scaled to glaciers of the St Elias Mountains, yielding a value of −20.6 ± 3.0 Gt a−1, or an area-averaged mass balance of −0.63 ± 0.09 m a−1 w.e. The difference in balance estimates (altimetry minus GRACE) was −0.6 ± 4.8 Gt a−1, well within the estimated errors. Differences likely resulted from uncertainties in subgrid sampling of the GRACE mass concentration (mascon) solutions, and from errors in assigning an appropriate near-surface density in the altimetry estimates. The good correspondence between GRACE and aircraft altimetry data suggests that high-resolution GRACE mascon solutions can be used to accurately assess mass-balance trends of mountain glacier regions that are undergoing large changes.
Addiction
Authors: Treistman Steven N 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Addiction includes compulsive seeking of drugs of abuse. These drugs produce positive emotional states following intake, but may lead to negative feelings in their absence. Multiple approaches will be necessary to understand addiction. However, we can assume that part of our understanding will come from exploration of molecules and brain circuitry that predispose to addictive behaviour, and change after drug experimentation. We examine these ideas, focusing on the ‘reward pathway’ in the brain. Addiction studies, in addition to combating a major scourge of society, offer an opportunity to understand mechanisms of neural plasticity important to the brain's ability to learn.

Key Concepts

Addiction refers to compulsive use of a class of drugs known as ‘drugs of abuse’.

The ‘reward pathway’ in the brain is a major target of drugs of abuse.

The initial positive feelings generated by these drugs can diminish with use, and may reduce the reward derived from previously rewarding nondrug experiences.

Addiction can be understood in terms of molecules and brain circuits that may differ in individuals and predispose to addictive behaviour, and may change as a result of drug experimentation, leading to compulsive drug use.

Many of the important issues of neuroscience can be examined within the context of addiction. These include the brain mechanisms of reward, genetic predisposition to behaviours, and neuronal plasticity.
G
Protein‐coupled Receptors
Authors: Bockaert Joël 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Among membrane‐bound receptors that recognize regulatory messages (hormones, neurotransmitters, photon, odours, etc.) the seven transmembrane receptors (7 TM) coupled to G proteins (G protein‐coupled receptor, GPCRs) are the most numerous. They represent 3% of the total number of genes in human genome. They have similar three‐dimensional (3D) structure but can be grouped into 8 classes that share few sequence similarities. GPCRs are targets for more than 50% of the drugs used in therapy.

Key concepts:

Cell–cell communication involved messages (hormone, neurotransmitter growth factors, odorant, etc.) and receptors, the majority of them being GPCRs.

GPCRs are 7 transmembrane receptors. They form homo‐ or heterodimers.

There are three main classes of GPCRs differing in they primary sequences.

The class 3 is the more original one having it binding site within an extra‐cellular structure called ‘Venus fly trap’.

During evolution mutations have tinkered the GPCR structure in order to allow recognition of ligands as diverse as photon, odorant, sugar, proteins, etc.

Virus like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus use GPCRs such as those recognizing chemokines (CCR5, CXCR3) to enter specialized cells such as macrophages or lymphocytes.

GPCRs are allosteric molecules and drugs can be developed enhancing or silencing the effect of the natural ligand without having any effect by themselves.

Mutations of GPCR are responsible of pathologies. These mutations can render the receptor constitutively active or inactive.
Plant Virus Transmission by Insects
Authors: Raccah B , Fereres A 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Most plant viruses depend on vectors for their survival and spread. Most vectors are piercing‐sucking insects that transmit plant viruses in either the circulative virus (CV) or noncirculative virus (NCV). NCV are carried on the lining cuticle of vectors stylets. CVs cross the vectors’ gut, move internally to the salivary glands (SG), cross the SG membranes to be ejected upon feeding.
Transmissibility of NCVs depends on motifs of coat protein and for Potyviruses and Caulimoviruses also on helper proteins (encoded by the virus). NCV proteins were found to associate with vectors’ cuticle proteins. Transmissibility of CVs depends on proteins comprising the virus capsid (the coat protein and the read‐through protein) and on symbionin (produced by vectors’ symbionts). Passage of CV through the gut has been also associated with vectors’ proteins.
To suppress plant virus epidemics, several control measures that interfere with vector landing or feeding are proposed.

Key concepts

Plants are rooted; therefore, plant viruses depend for their spread on insect vectors

Epidemics occur when a new virus or a new vector invade a new ecological niche.

Specificity between viruses and vector species may reflect the preference of the vector to the plant species.

Viruses that lost the ability to be transmitted by vectors serve to identify protein motifs that are associated with transmission.

Noncirculative viruses are transmitted by aphids during intracellular stylet penetrations whereas circulative viruses are transmitted during committed phloem ingestion.

Proteins encoded by the potyviruses and caulimoviruses are essential for assisting transmission by aphids.

Heteroencapsidation is responsible for expanding the vector range of luteoviruses.

Vector proteins were found to associate with viral proteins (for potyviruses, caulimoviruses and luteoviruses).

Insecticide are inefficient in preventing noncirculative plant viruses spread by vectors (the time needed to kill the vector is longer than the time needed to inoculate the host).

Control measures that affect vector landing or feeding are efficient in suppressing virus spread.
Small Regulatory
RNAs
in Bacteria
Authors: Delihas Nicholas 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Intergenic regions of bacteria contain small regulatory
ribonucleic acid
(srRNA) genes whose transcripts control expression of distal genes. These transcripts, referred to here as srRNAs, primarily act at the level of translation where they bind messenger RNAs (mRNAs). srRNAs can inhibit or activate a target mRNA. Base pairing with mRNAs is imperfect and includes looped out and/or bulged nucleotide positions and noncanonical base pairs as well. The RNA chaparone protein Hfq is involved in many RNA/RNA interactions and ribonucleases, RNase E and RNase III, have been implicated in the destabilization of several target mRNAs. Gene transcription can also be controlled by an srRNA via binding to the RNA polymerase–sigma factor complex and blocking a functional site on the enzyme complex. Many srRNA genes are transcriptionally activated by environmental stress factors and have complex promoter and upstream regulatory sites involved in this activation. The control of outer membrane protein synthesis in response to stress is one major function of bacterial srRNAs.

Key Concepts
Properties of small regulatory RNA genes; control of gene expression at the level of translation and transcription by RNA; RNA/RNA interactions; imperfect RNA base pairing and noncanonical base pairs; bacterial cell response to environmental stress conditions; mechanisms of mRNA translational inactivation and degradation; macromolecular responses and phenotypic changes in a cell.
Photosynthesis: The Calvin Cycle
Authors: Heineke Dieter , Scheibe Renate 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Calvin cycle is a reductive process in the stroma of chloroplasts responsible for the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide. The reactions are organized in a cyclic metabolic pathway that was named after its discoverer Melvin Calvin who received the Nobel Price for Chemistry in 1961. Reducing power in the form of NADPH (nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form) and energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) required for this process are generated in the light reactions located in the thylakoid membrane. Light activation of this process is achieved by covalent redox‐modification of some key enzymes that are inactive in the dark.
Nuclear Envelope and Lamins: Organization and Dynamics
Authors: Liu Jun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe nuclear envelope (NE) separates the nucleus and the cytoplasm and plays an important role in the maintenance of nuclear structure. The NE undergoes a complex cycle of assembly and disassembly during cell divisions to allow proper segregation of the chromosomes. Recent advances in basic and clinical research, especially in light of a number of human diseases that are collectively called laminopathies (diseases caused by mutations in A‐typelaminsorlamin‐binding proteins), suggest that the NE not only acts as a structural barrier separating the nuclear genome and transcriptional machinery from the cytoplasm, but also serves as a node that integrates the different structural and signalling networks between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.Key conceptsThere are three structural components of the nuclear envelope: the outer and inner nuclear membranes, the nuclear pore complexes and the nuclear lamina.The nuclear lamina is mainly composed of type V intermediate filament proteins called lamins, which contain aC‐terminal CAAX motif and undergo extensive post‐translational processing.Lamins are grouped into A‐ and B‐types based on their sequence homologies, biochemical properties and behaviors during mitosis.Mutations in LMNA, which encodes the A‐type lamins, cause multiple distinct diseases that are collectively called laminopathies in humans, including diseases of striated muscle, peripheral neuropathy, lipodystrophy syndromes and premature aging or progeroid syndromes.Lamins exert multiple functions via interacting with various lamin‐binding proteins, including an increasing number of proteins located at the inner nuclear membrane that are retained there because of their interactions with lamin.The lamin‐binding inner nuclear membrane proteins also function to modulate the output of cell–cell signalling via interacting with transcription factors of different signalling pathways and integrate nuclear and cytoplasmic architecture via the LINC complex (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton).The nuclear pore complexes are large protein assemblies that are organized into structures with eightfold rotational symmetry and serve as gated channels that mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport across the nuclear envelope.The nuclear envelope undergoes ordered disassembly and assembly during mitosis.Disassembly of the nuclear envelope during mitosis is caused by the mitotic phosphorylation of nuclear envelope components.Even during interphase, the nuclear envelope is not static.
Ageing
Authors: Turker Mitchell 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

We will all grow old and die. The question is why. This question is explored from several perspectives, with the caveat that the answer is not known. Evolutionary pressure does not select for ageing of the individual, but we age nonetheless because evolution only selects for reproductive fitness. Our maximum lifespan potential is fixed at approximately 120 years. This does not mean, however, that how we age is immutable because the rate of human ageing has slowed significantly in the last 150 years, at least in some societies. Thus, the goal of ageing research is to allow us to live longer and healthier lives, with the awareness that we will not live forever.

Key Concepts

Ageing is the natural effect of time and the environment on living organisms, with death as the end result.

Ageing and death are not equivalent, but they are often closely related.

Ageing occurs because evolution only selects for reproductive fitness.

Ageing represents a combination of genetic factors, epigenetic factors, environmental exposures and chance.

The rate of ageing has slowed dramatically in the last 150 years.

Better development, including that occurring
in utero
, may lead to better ageing.

Human genetic diseases exist in which one or more aspects of ageing are accelerated.

Somatic mutations increase with age, but whether these mutations play a role in ageing is unclear.

The maximum lifespan potential for humans is approximately 120 years.