bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the exome of the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line
Authors: Spans Lien , Atak Zeynep Kalender , Van Nieuwerburgh Filip , Deforce Dieter , Lerut Evelyne , Aerts Stein , Claessens Frank 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe LNCaP cell line is widely used as a model for prostate cancer. However, information on protein‐changing mutations, genetic heterogeneity and genetic (in)stability is largely lacking for these cells.METHODSNext‐generation sequencing of the LNCaP exome revealed many single nucleotide variants (SNVs). To help identify the mutations that are most likely drivers of the oncogenic process, we developed an in silico protocol, which can be adapted for other exome analyses.RESULTSWe detected 1,802 non‐synonymous SNVs and 218 small insertions and deletions in the LNCaP exome. We confirm the known mutations in the androgen receptor and the PTEN gene, but most other mutations remained undescribed until now. The presence of 38 out of 42 SNVs was confirmed in monoclonal as well as in polyclonal LNCaP derivatives. Moreover, most variants were also detectable in LNCaP mRNA.CONCLUSIONSWe provide an extensive database of genetic variations in the protein‐coding part of the genome of LNCaP cells, which should be taken into consideration when using LNCaP cells or its derivatives as models for prostate cancer. From the analysis of several LNCaP‐derived cultures and clones, we can confirm that the cell line is heterozygous for a large number of variants and that both the variant and the wild‐type allele can be simultaneously expressed as mRNA. The fact that the SNVs in the E‐cadherin, CDK4, Notch1, and PlexinB1 genes are absent in some of the subclones strongly indicates a degree of genetic instability. Prostate 72:1317–1327, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cediranib inhibits both the intraosseous growth of PDGF D‐Positive prostate cancer cells and the associated bone reaction
Authors: Najy Abdo J. , Jung Young Suk , Won Joshua J. , Conley‐LaComb M. Katie , Saliganan Allen , Kim Chong Jai , Heath Elisabeth , Cher Michael L. , Bonfil R. Daniel , Kim Hyeong‐Reh Choi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe major cause of death in prostate cancer (PCa) cases is due to distant metastatic lesions, with the bone being the most prevalent site for secondary colonization. Utilization of small molecule inhibitors to treat bone metastatic PCa have had limited success either as monotherapies or in combination with other chemotherapeutics due to intolerable toxicities. In the current study, we developed a clinically relevant in vivo intraosseous tumor model overexpressing the platelet‐derived growth factor D (PDGF D) to test the efficacy of a newly characterized vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)/PDGFR inhibitor, cediranib (also called AZD2171).METHODSAn intratibial‐injection model was established utilizing DU145 cells with or without increased PDGF D expression. Tumor‐bearing mice were treated by daily gavage administration of cediranib and/or weekly i.p. injection of docetaxel for 7 weeks. Tibiae were monitored by in vivo/ex vivo X‐rays and histomorphometry analysis was performed to estimate tumor volume and tumor‐associated trabecular bone growth.RESULTSCediranib reduced intraosseous growth of prostate tumors as well as tumor‐associated bone responses. When compared to the standard chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel, cediranib exhibited a stronger inhibition of tumor‐associated bone response. The efficacy of cediranib was further enhanced when the drug was co‐administered with docetaxel. Importantly, the therapeutic benefits of cediranib and docetaxel are more prominent in intraosseous prostate tumors overexpressing PDGF D.CONCLUSIONThese novel findings support the utilization of cediranib, either alone or in combination with docetaxel, to treat bone metastatic PCa exhibiting PDGF D expression. Prostate 72:1328–1338, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interface properties of OFETs based on an air‐stable n‐channel perylene tetracarboxylic diimide semiconductor
Authors: Lüttich Franziska , Lehmann Daniel , Friedrich Marion , Chen Zhihua , Facchetti Antonio , Borczyskowski Christian von , Zahn Dietrich R. T. , Graaf Harald 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this study, several experimental techniques were employed to gain insights into the molecular interactions at the interfaces in organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). A self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) was applied to the gate insulator to influence the interactions at the interface. Macroscopic electrical measurements, microscopic potentiometry, absorption/luminescence spectroscopy, and ellipsometry are combined to study top‐contact OFETs based on an air‐stable n‐channel perylene derivative. They show clearly the advantage and capability of local electrical investigations compared to DC electrical characterization. The DC electrical measurements provide an improvement of the electron mobilities within the channel and unchanged contact resistances (within the error bars). Only the potentiometry allowed a deeper insight: It reveals a small decrease of the source contact resistance and a drain bias dependence of the mobility, which decreases due to prior hydrophobization of the SiO2 gate insulator. This is attributed to different charge carrier trap concentrations and injection barriers in the organic semiconductor near the dielectric interface caused by diffused water which is discussed in detail. The optical absorption/luminescence spectroscopy and ellipsometry indicate an unchanged ordered molecular arrangement with a molecular tilt angle of (33 ± 4)° with respect to the dielectric surface and rather weak intermolecular interaction for the devices with treated and untreated SiO2.
Carrier dynamics under two‐ and single‐photon excitation in bulk GaN
Authors: Ščajev Patrik , Jarašiūnas Kęstutis , Okur Serdal , Özgür Ümit , Morkoç Hadis 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCarrier diffusion and recombination features in freestanding 200 µm thick GaN were studied using light‐induced transient grating, time‐resolved free‐carrier absorption, and photoluminescence techniques. Under two‐photon excitation (527 nm, 8 ps), in‐plane carrier diffusion paved the way for determining the hole and ambipolar carrier diffusion coefficients (Dh = 0.8 and Da = 1.6 cm2/s) and their temperature dependence. The nearly inverse correlation between the diffusivity and carrier lifetime in the 80–800 K range was ascribed to nonradiative carrier recombination at the extended defects. Very low density of dislocations, in mid‐105 cm−2, provided extremely long lifetime values, up to 40 ns at 300 K and 120 ns at 800 K. Under single‐photon excitation (267 nm, 100 fs), the initial very fast transient of photoluminescence decay at 3.4 eV was described by carrier diffusion normal to the surface, reabsorption of emission, and surface recombination. The nonequilibrium processes in the entire 80–800 K range can be reliably analyzed by a free electron–hole model.
Semipolar GaInN quantum well structures on large area substrates
Authors: Scholz Ferdinand , Schwaiger Stephan , Däubler Jürgen , Tischer Ingo , Thonke Klaus , Neugebauer Silvio , Metzner Sebastian , Bertram Frank , Christen Jürgen , Lengner Holger , Thalmair Johannes , Zweck Josef 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn order to deposit semipolar GaN layers on foreign substrates while still starting the growth along the c‐direction, we have etched trenches into r‐plane and n‐plane sapphire wafers. The GaN MOVPE growth then starts from c‐plane‐like sidewalls of these trenches, eventually leading to semipolar $\{ 11{\bar {2}}2\} $ and $\{ 10{\bar {1}}1\} $ surfaces with very good properties. GaInN quantum wells grown on such surfaces show very uniform properties on $\{ 10{\bar {1}}1\} $ surfaces, but still reflect the stripe geometry on $\{ 11{\bar {2}}2\} $ surfaces by a slightly larger In uptake at the stripe coalescence regions. magnified image
Semipolar GaN stripes with top $\{ 10{\bar {1}}1\} $ surface grown on grooved n‐plane sapphire.
Ground state switching in InGaN/GaN quantum dot molecules
Authors: Schulz Stefan , O'Reilly Eoin P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe present a detailed analysis of the electronic properties of In0.25Ga0.75N/GaN quantum dot (QD) molecules using an sp3 tight‐binding model, including strain and built‐in fields. The influence of the interdot separation is studied in detail. Our analysis reveals that, even if we assume two identical QDs, the molecular description of bonding and anti‐bonding states breaks down for the single‐particle states. This behavior originates from two effects, the strain field and the built‐in potential. The strain field interactions between the two QDs suppress the ability to form bonding and anti‐bonding hole states. Additionally, the built‐in potential along the c‐axis leads with increasing separation to a ground state switching between the two QDs. This is related to the behavior of the built‐in potential in an isolated QD, where the potential drops back quickly toward zero, and may even change sign outside a strained c‐plane QD.
Density‐functional‐based prediction of a spin‐ordered open‐shell singlet in an unpassivated graphene nanofilm
Authors: Pederson Mark R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractI briefly review some of the methods, developed at the Naval Research Laboratory, that were used in a variety of collaborations with the Frauenheim group. To aid experimental understanding at that time, we attempted to predict equilibrium structures and also provide calculated vibrational spectra for direct comparison to experimental measurements. Most of our work was on carbon‐based systems with a heavy focus on fullerenes and diamond. More recently another pure carbon compound, graphene, has received much attention. In this paper, I present applications of density‐functional‐based spectroscopic techniques to a single graphene nanofilm and confirm that spin polarization can occur at the edge states. However, antiferromagnetic ordering is preferred over ferromagnetic ordering. By extracting a Heisenberg Hamiltonian from the calculations the energy of the various spin multiplets can be estimated through diagonalization of this Hamiltonian. The Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof–density‐functional theory (PBE‐DFT) results indicate that both antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic graphene structures are vibrationally stable but that the lowest‐energy eigenstate of the system is an open‐shell singlet with a gap of approximately 14 cm−1 to the open‐shell triplet state. Consistent with recent work that stabilizes graphene nanofilms via adsorption onto metal surfaces the density functional results presented here show that small graphene nanofilms, while vibrationally stable, will exothermically form previously identified fullerene structures. Vibrational excitation spectra for the 54‐atom graphene and fullerene structures are calculated to provide spectroscopic means for distinguishing between the two structures.
Transparent and Conducting Graphene–RNA‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Sharifi Faranak , Bauld Reg , Ahmed M. Shafiq , Fanchini Giovanni 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRibonucleic acid (RNA) is proposed as a nonionic surfactant for the efficient exfoliation of graphite in thin flakes of few‐layer graphene and the subsequent preparation of transparent and conducting thin films. Parameters such as the type of RNA used and the size of starting graphite flakes are demonstrated to be essential for obtaining RNA–graphene thin films of good quality. A model explaining the exfoliation of graphene by RNA in water is suggested. A number of post‐ and predeposition treatments (including thermal annealing, functionalization of the films, and the preoxidation of graphite) are critical to improve the performance of graphene–RNA nanocomposites as transparent conductors. The study establishes an ideal link between RNA and graphene, the fundamental building blocks for nanobiology and carbon‐based nanotechnology.
Efficient Gene Delivery to Mesenchymal Stem Cells by an Ethylenediamine‐Modified Polysaccharide from Mulberry Leaves
Authors: Deng Wen‐Wen , Cao Xia , Wang Miao , Yang Yan , Su Wei‐Yan , Wei Ya‐Wei , Ou‐Yang Zhen , Yu Jiang‐Nan , Xu Xi‐Ming 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study investigates the use of a natural polysaccharide isolated from mulberry leaves as a nonviral gene vector. Ethylenediamine is chemically grafted to the backbone of a polysaccharide from mulberry leaves (MPS) to acquire nucleic acid binding affinity. A particle‐size observation indicates that the cationic mulberry leaf polysaccharide (CMPS) can efficiently combine with plasmid transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) to form nanoscaled particles. In addition, the electrophoresis assay indicates a retarded plasmid migration when the CMPS/pTGF‐β1 weight ratio is increased to 30:1. The in vitro cell transfection experiment is performed based on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from rat femurs and tibias, and the findings reveal that the complex with a CMPS/pTGF‐β1 weight ratio of 50:1 exhibits the highest cell transfection effect, which is significantly higher than that of branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) (25 kDa; p = 0.001, Student's t‐test) and slightly higher than Lipofectamine 2000. Moreover, the cytotoxicity assay also demonstrates that all of these tested complexes and the plasmid TGF‐β1 are nontoxic to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The results of the living cell imaging confirm that more of the CMPS/plasmid TGF‐β1 nanoparticles can be taken up and at a faster rate by the MSCs than by the positive control Lipofectamine 2000; these data are consistent with the transfection efficiency data. Together, these results suggest that the CMPS/pTGF‐β1 nanoparticle can potentially be developed into a promising alternative for the transfer of therapeutic genes into cells.
Unconventional Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly: Surface Molecular Imprinting and Its Applications
Authors: Xu Huaping , Schönhoff Monika , Zhang Xi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLayer‐by‐layer assembly (LbL) is a rich, versatile, and powerful technique for fabricating multilayer thin films with controlled architecture and functions. Singly charged, uncharged, or water‐repellent molecules cannot be used directly in conventional LbL assembly. This problem can be solved with unconventional LbL methods, by employing the preassembly of building blocks in solution and the use of these assemblies for LbL formation at the interface. This Concept summarizes different methods of unconventional LbL assembly, including electrostatic complex formation, hydrogen‐bonded complexes, block‐copolymer micelles, and π–π interaction complexes. These preassembly treatments endow the building blocks with enhanced abilities for advanced functionality, in particular, surface molecular imprinting, a new concept emerging from unconventional LbL. Molecular imprinting approaches are thus conceptually described based on different types of interactions and their great potential in applications is demonstrated by examples such as selective surface patterning and selective filtration.
Die Visualisierung des Kraftflusses in Stahlbaukonstruktionen
Authors: Moldenhauer Herbert 
Published: December 2011

AbstractKraftflüsse sind in vielen Lehrbüchern des Stahl‐ und Maschinenbaus zur Veranschaulichung der Bauteilbeanspruchung dargestellt. Obwohl der Kraftflussbegriff umstritten und nicht näher definiert ist, assoziiert der Leser damit meist eine Analogie zu Stromlinienbildern aus der Hydromechanik. Vergleicht man die differentielle Kontinuitätsgleichung der Hydromechanik mit den differentiellen Gleichgewichtsbedingungen der Statik, so gibt es jedoch eine termweise Übereinstimmung. Der Geschwindigkeitsvektor entspricht einem Kraftflussvektor. Die integrierten Kraftflussvektoren liefern die Kraftflusslinien. Diese verlaufen zwischen dem Ort der Krafteinleitung und dem Ort des reaktiven Lagers. Lastfreie Ränder werden von den Kraftlinien nur tangiert.Der Aufwand für die Visualisierung der Kraftflusslinien ist gering. Zwischen den Kraftflussvektoren und den Spannungskomponenten aus FEM‐Programmen bestehen einfache Beziehungen. Die Integration der vektoriellen Richtungsfelder kann mit grafischer Standardsoftware zu Kraftflusslinien durchgeführt werden. Der Einsatz einer Spezialsoftware ist an keiner Stelle erforderlich. An zahlreichen Beispielen wird die quantitative Erfassung des Kraftflusses demonstriert und ihr Nutzen insbesondere für den Stahlbau aufgezeigt.Load path visualization for steel constructions. Load path sketches illustrate the load distribution in structural components and can be found in many engineering textbooks. Although there is no stringent definition for a load path, the reader associates an analogy to streamlines from hydromechanics. The law of conservation of mass and the static equations of equilibrium show a term‐wise agreement. Thus, the fluid flow velocity vector corresponds to a load path vector. By integrating these directional fields, one obtains the streamlines and load path lines. A load path starts at the point of an applied load and ends at a supporting point reacting the applied load. Free boundaries are touched but not crossed by the load path.There is little effort to visualize the load path. Due to simple relations between load path vectors and stress components from FEM‐programs, integration of the directional vector fields is possible with standard graphical software, thus resulting in load path lines. No special software is ever needed. Numerous examples will show the practical application of the load path concept and the special use for steel constructions.
Biege‐ und Biegedrillknicknachweise nach Eurocode 3 anhand von Berechnungen nach Theorie 2. Ordnung
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Sedlacek Gerhard , Wieschollek Matthias , Szalai József 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWalzprofile und ähnlich gestaltete geschweißte Profile haben eine Haupttragebene, die möglichst voll ausgenutzt werden soll, indem Stabilitätsversagen quer zur Haupttragebene verhindert wird.DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 [2] behandelt Stabilitätsnachweise quer zur Haupttragebene inform von Biegeknick‐ oder Biegedrillknicknachweisen nach zwei möglichen Verfahren: dem Verfahren mit Anwendung der Theorie 2. Ordnung durch Vorgabe von geometrischen Ersatzimperfektionen, das allgemeingültig sein sollte, und dem Verfahren mit Knick‐ und Biegedrillknickbeiwerten, die für bestimmte häufige Fälle objektorientiert angewendet werden können.Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt die Nachweise mit Theorie 2. Ordnung mit geometrischen Ersatzimperfektionen, die entsprechend DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 [2] allgemeingültig als Eigenformen bei Ausweichen aus der Haupttragebene definiert sind. Zur Bestimmung bietet sich eine Rechnerunterstützung an, die nicht nur die modalen Verschiebungen, sondern auch die modalen Biegemomente in den maßgebenden Gurten des Querschnitts liefert. Dadurch werden die Nachweise übersichtlich und einfach und münden in einen Nachweis des Ausnutzungsgrades in der Haupttragebene, der durch einen Faktor f infolge der Biegemomente aus der Haupttragebene vergrößert wird. Beispiele aus der Praxis erläutern die überraschend einfache Anwendung.Flexural and lateral torsional buckling checks of steel frames according to Eurocode 3 using 2nd order analysis. Sections of rolled profiles or similar welded profiles have due to their strong axis an in‐plane‐resistance that should be exploited by preventing out‐of‐plane stability failure about the weak axis. DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 [2] gives rules for out‐of‐plane stability checks (lateral flexural or lateral torsional buckling) that can be performed according to one of the following methods: the method using 2nd order analysis for which equivalent geometric imperfection are defined and that is considered as a generic method, and the method with member checks using flexural or lateral torsional buckling curves, that have been determined for frequent cases (object‐oriented method).This contribution treats out‐of‐plane stability checks using 2nd order analysis with equivalent geometric imperfections, that have been defined in DIN EN 1993‐1‐1 [2] as elastic buckling modes. To determine these functions computer‐assistance is required, that gives not only the modal displacements, but also the modal bending moments for the relevant flanges of the profiles.The use of out‐of‐plane modal bending moments makes the assessments clear and simple. They lead to the assessment of the in‐plane utilisation rates, which are enhanced by a factor f due to the out‐of‐plane bending moments. Worked examples from practical applications illustrate the surprising simplicity of use.
Zum Einsatz von Betondübeln im Verbundbau (Teil 2) – Nichtruhende Beanspruchung
Authors: Mangerig Ingbert , Wagner Robert , Burger Sascha , Wurzer Otto , Zapfe Cedrik 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBeim Einsatz von Betondübeln in Bauwerken unter nichtruhenden Beanspruchungen sind hinreichende Erkenntnisse zum Ermüdungsverhalten erforderlich. Auf der Grundlage experimenteller Untersuchungen wurde unter Verwendung von Rechenansätzen des örtlichen Konzepts ein Berechnungsprinzip erarbeitet, welches einen zuverlässigen Nachweis gegen Versagen durch Werkstoffermüdung gestattet. Der vorliegende Beitrag schließt an den ersten, im Dezember 2011 erschienen Beitrag [28] an.The application of concrete dowels in composite constructions (Part 2) – Dynamic loading. Substantial understanding of fatigue properties of concrete dowels promotes applications of such composite structures in a non stationary load environment. Hence a calculation procedure was developed based on push‐out tests, beam tests and numerical analysis of peak stress in order to provide a safe design against fatigue failure. This paper follows the first part, which was published at the end of 2011 [28].
Physicochemical properties of new starches isolated from Dioscorea opposita Thunb. bulbils
Authors: Zhou Hongying , Wang Jianhua , Fang Xinsheng , Sun Yinshi , Dou Xinghai 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMorphological, crystal, and physicochemical properties, such as AM content, swelling power, solubility, and pasting properties of starches isolated from three different Shanyaodou (the bulbils of Dioscorea opposita Thunb., named Huaishanyao, Xichangmaoshanyao, and Maoshanyao, respectively) were investigated. The yield of starches was in the range 12.5–20.8% (dry starch/fresh whole bulbils). The AM content of Shanyaodou starches ranged from 33.3 to 36.7%. The shape of the three bulbils starch granules varied from round to oval or elliptic. The mean particle diameter of starch granules varied from 20.17 to 26.34 µm. Shanyaodou starches exhibited a C‐type XRD pattern and the degree of crystallinity was in the range 31.0–34.9%. The pasting peak viscosity, trough viscosity, and final viscosity of Shanyaodou starches ranged from 291.1 to 414.7, 210.8 to 227.0, and 350.0 to 359.2 rapid visco units (RVU), respectively, and the pasting temperature was in the range 83.6–87.3°C. The results showed that some of the Shanyaodou starches could be used in foods production as a thickening agent. The simple method of extraction and the high yield of starch from Shanyaodou might be attractive for production of Shanyaodou starch.