bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHATES ON THE PASTING PROPERTIES OF RICE FLOUR FROM WAXY AND NON‐WAXY VARIETIES
Authors: WU W.S. , CHANG Y.H. , SUN PAN B. , HUANG T.C. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphates on the pasting properties of rice flour. Taisen 2 and Taisen waxy 2 (TSW2) were selected as rice material. Different phosphates including sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium trimetaphosphate were added to the rice flour at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% (w/w, dry basis) levels and cooked in Rapid Visco Analyser at 95C for 12.5 min. Results showed that the addition of the phosphates significantly (P < 0.05) changed pasting properties that relate to the native rice flour. Addition of phosphates significantly (P < 0.05) decreased overall viscosities (except for breakdown) of the non‐waxy rice flour compared with those of the control. Hardness and adhesiveness of the non‐waxy rice flour gel was also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with addition of the phosphates. For waxy rice flour, TSW2 showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in overall viscosity parameters compared with the control due to addition of phosphates. The texture of waxy and non‐waxy rice flour gel was different with the addition of phosphates.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRice flour is widely used in the rice food industry. Phosphates are widely used in traditional rice products, i.e., rice noodle, rice vermicelli and bamboo‐leaves‐wrapped alkaline waxy rice dumpling (alkaline tsong‐tsu) to improve pasting properties and texture of these products. The use of phosphates in tsong‐tsu has replaced the illegal uses of borax for the improvement of pasting properties and texture of the product. Rice flour is usually used along with other ingredients such as salts, sugar, lipids, emulsifiers and phosphates. The presence of phosphates may cause interactions with other food ingredients and influence the rice flour pasting properties and rice product texture differently. Because very little information on this area is available, the effects of phosphates on the pasting behaviors and texture of rice flour need to be examined. Such investigations are of importance to rice food industries and especially to the rice consuming peoples.
TEXTURAL CHANGES IN FRESH EGG NOODLES FORMULATED WITH SEAWEED POWDER AND FULL OR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CUTTLEFISH PASTE
Authors: CHANG HUNG‐CHIA , CHEN HUA‐HAN , HU HUNG‐HSI 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe changes in quality of fresh noodles prepared with seaweed (SW) and cuttlefish paste (CP) were studied. SW was incorporated in proportions of 0, 3 and 6% in noodles, and liquid eggs were substituted by CP in 0, one‐third, two‐third and full replacement. Higher cooking yields were found in noodles made with 6% SW, because of water absorption during cooking by the fibers and polysaccharides in the SW. The additional SW produced samples with less tensile strength, but the higher CP replacement showed the firmer noodles. Noodles with the highest level of additional SW and replacing CP showed the lowest extensibility. Results from Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that textural parameters were influenced not only by CP replacement and additional SW, but also by cooking properties. Higher water absorption by the SW led to softer and spongier textural intensities in the noodles.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSTexture is the most important property for consumer acceptance in cooked noodles. It is seldom explored the alteration of textural characteristics of foods that use marine polysaccharides and/or proteins as ingredients in food systems. This study evaluated the potential application of marine resources in noodle manufacture. The results suggested that seaweed and cuttlefish paste significantly affected qualities of the Chinese fresh noodles. Correlation analysis revealed that the textural properties influenced with the cooking yields in noodles. The study presented here may encourage that explore more under developed marine resources applying in noodles or other food categories.
Wirtschaftliche Sicherheitsvorkehrungen im Kontext der alternden Bevölkerung in Indien
Authors: Bloom David E. , Mahal Ajay , Rosenberg Larry , Sevilla Jaypee 
Published: November 2010

AuszugDie rasche Alterung von Indiens Bevölkerung in Verbindung mit der Abwanderung aus ländlichen Gebieten und der anhaltenden Konzentration der Erwerbsbevölkerung im informellen Sektor hat die Notwendigkeit besserer Vorkehrungen zur wirtschaftlichen Absicherung älterer Menschen unterstrichen. Traditionelle Familienbindungen, die bisher wesentlich waren für die Gewährleistung eines Minimums an Sicherheit, beginnen sich aufzulösen, und die höhere Lebenserwartung verteuert die Betreuung der Alten. Daher sind ältere Menschen einem höheren Risiko der Armut oder Verarmung ausgesetzt. Parallel zu ihren Bemühungen in diesem Bereich haben die Regierung von Indien und einige indische Bundesstaaten eine Reihe von Programmen gestartet, die der großen Mehrheit der Inder, die sonst keinen ausreichenden Zugang hätten, einen gewissen Zutritt zur Gesundheitsversorgung oder Krankenversicherung gewährleisten sollen. Arbeitnehmer im formellen Sektor haben mehr soziale Sicherheit als Personen im informellen Sektor, aber sie machen nur einen kleinen Anteil der Gesamtarbeitnehmerschaft aus. Frauen sind wirtschaftlich ganz besonders starker Unsicherheit ausgesetzt. Indiens Erfahrung bietet Interessantes für andere Länder. Obwohl es im Bereich der sozialen Sicherheit Raum für Privatinitiativen gibt, ist klar, dass die meisten dieser Bemühungen über Steuern finanziert werden müssen. Die Rolle, die private Anbieter spielen können, ist erheblich, selbst wenn ein Großteil der Finanzierung aus staatlichen Quellen kommt; die damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen werden gar noch steigen, da mehr Personen Leistungen in Anspruch nehmen wollen. Indien hat auch gezeigt, dass die Umsetzung gut mit Mitteln von der Zentralregierung auf einzelstaatlicher Ebene erfolgen kann; mit einer Reihe von Vor‐ und Nachteilen, die eine solche Dezentralisierung mit sich bringt. Schließlich kann Indiens Erfahrung, was die Umsetzung angeht, Orientierung in Fragen wie Erfassung der Zielgruppen, Einsatz von Informationstechnologie in Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit und Verwaltung von Humanressourcen bieten.
Eine alternde Erwerbsbevölkerung und strategisches Personalmanagement: Personalprobleme für die Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit
Authors: McKinnon Roddy 
Published: November 2010

AuszugIn den Ländern mit hohem Einkommen wurde die Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Dienst während der 1970er‐Jahre und noch zu Beginn der 1980er‐Jahre rasch ausgeweitet. In dieser Phase war der Sozialschutzsektor einer der Bereiche mit dem größten Personalzuwachs. Viele der in diesen Jahren eingestellten Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Dienst sind bereits in den Ruhestand getreten oder werden dies bald tun. Infolgedessen werden die Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit im gesamten OECD‐Gebiet in einem relativ kurzen Zeitraum beträchtliche Anteile ihres gegenwärtigen Personals aller Besoldungsstufen verlieren. Trotz Appellen zu einer stärkeren Nutzung der strategischen Personalplanung und eines wachsenden Bewusstseins für die problematischen Folgen der Personalalterung im öffentlichen Dienst haben die Organisationen im öffentlichen Dienst, einschließlich der Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit, bislang nur langsam reagiert. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit den Personalmanagementproblemen der Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit infolge der Alterung der Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Sektor, skizziert im Raum stehende politische Antworten und benennt die Hindernisse, die ihrer erfolgreichen systematischen Umsetzung im Weg stehen.
Die Fähigkeit von Institutionen der sozialen Sicherheit und Gesundheitsinstitutionen zur Anpassung an eine alternde Welt
Authors: Harper Sarah 
Published: November 2010

AuszugIn vielen Ländern Europas, Nordamerikas und darüber hinaus ist die Bevölkerung seit einer Reihe von Jahrzehnten gealtert. Erst seit relativ kurzer Zeit jedoch werden die Schnelligkeit, das Ausmaß und die globale Reichweite dieser Alterung anerkannt und die weitreichenden Konsequenzen untersucht. Die Bevölkerungsalterung bedeutet eine große grundsatzpolitische Herausforderung für die Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit und die Gesundheitssysteme weltweit. Die verschiedenen Regierungen widmen sich diesem Problem vor dem Hintergrund sehr unterschiedlicher demografischer Profile, Wohlfahrtssysteme und institutioneller Strukturen sowie kultureller Systeme. Der zukünftige Erfolg von Gesellschaften bei ihren Bemühungen, solchen demografischen Veränderungen Rechnung zu tragen, wird zu einem großen Teil von der Fähigkeit der Institutionen der sozialen Sicherheit und der Gesundheitsinstitutionen abhängen, sich an eine zunehmend alternde Welt anzupassen.
Renten‐ und Gesundheitsinformationen: Datensammlung und Datennutzung für die politische Gestaltung
Authors: Lee Jinkook 
Published: November 2010

AuszugEine wachsende Zahl von Ländern entwickelt oder reformiert die Renten‐ und Gesundheitspolitik angesichts der Alterung der Bevölkerung, um die Wohlfahrt der Bürger zu fördern. Das unterschiedliche Vorgehen in den verschiedenen Ländern führte zu einer Reihe von natürlichen Experimenten. Dies ist eine ungewöhnliche Gelegenheit, die Auswirkungen dieser verschiedenen Maßnahmen auf Gesundheit und Renten, das Verhalten von Individuen und Familien und die Wohlfahrt zu untersuchen. Diese Gelegenheit wahrzunehmen, ist nur mit einer harmonisierten Datensammlung möglich. Eine wachsende Zahl von Ländern hat sich bereit erklärt, harmonisierte Daten im Rahmen einer Studie über Gesundheit und Renten in den Vereinigten Staaten zur Verfügung zu stellen. Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert dieses Datenmaterial, einschließlich der zentralen Parameter, die Rente und Gesundheitszustand, Forschungsansätze, Stichproben und Rücklaufquoten bestimmen. Er erörtert auch die Möglichkeiten, die diese Daten für länderübergreifende Studien bieten, sowie deren Bedeutung für Evaluierung und Entwicklung politischer Ansätze.
Insulin, Glucagon, and Leptin in Critically Ill Foals
Authors: Barsnick R.J.I.M. , Hurcombe S.D.A. , Smith P.A. , Slovis N.M. , Sprayberry K.A. , Saville W.J.A. , Toribio R.E. 
Published: November 2010

Background:Endocrine dysregulation of hormones of energy metabolism is well documented in critically ill humans, but limited information exists in septic foals. The purpose of this study was to provide information on the hormonal response to energy metabolism in critically ill foals, focusing on insulin, glucagon, and leptin.Hypothesis:Concentrations of insulin, glucagon, leptin, and triglycerides will be higher, whereas glucose concentration will be lower in septic foals than in healthy and sick nonseptic foals. The magnitude of these differences will be associated with severity of disease and nonsurvival.Animals:Forty‐four septic, 62 sick nonseptic, and 19 healthy foals <7 days of age.Methods:In this prospective multicenter cross‐sectional study, blood samples were collected at admission. Foals with positive blood culture or sepsis score ≥12 were considered septic.Results:Septic foals had lower glucose and insulin and higher triglyceride and glucagon concentrations than did healthy foals. Glucagon concentrations were not different between septic foals that died (n = 14) or survived (n = 30). Higher insulin and lower leptin concentrations were associated with mortality. Quantitative insulin‐sensitivity check index was higher in septic foals.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Energy metabolism and the endocrine response of related hormones in septic foals are characterized by hypoglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, low insulin concentration, and high glucagon concentration. Leptin and insulin may have prognostic value for nonsurvival in septic foals. The hormonal response related to energy metabolism in critical illness differs between foals and humans.
Transvenous Coil Embolization of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Small (≤3.0 kg) Dogs
Authors: Henrich E. , Hildebrandt N. , Schneider C. , Hassdenteufel E. , Schneider M. 
Published: November 2010

Background: Surgical and interventional therapy for occlusion of a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in small dogs is challenging. Interventional closure of a PDA is rarely described in small dogs.Hypothesis: Transvenous single‐coil occlusion of a PDA in small (≤3.0 kg) dogs is possible and safe.Animals: Twenty‐one client‐owned dogs with a left‐to‐right shunting PDA.Methods: Prospective clinical study. Inclusion criteria were a left‐to‐right shunting PDA and a body weight ≤3.0 kg. Dogs with additional congenital cardiac diseases were excluded. Without arterial access, a single detachable coil was implanted by a transvenous approach with a 4 Fr catheter.Results: Twenty‐one dogs were the study population with Chihuahua and Yorkshire Terrier being the commonest breeds (n = 6 and n = 5, respectively). There were 14 female and 7 male dogs. The age range was 1.9–83.5 months (median, 7.7 months), and the body weight was 1.0–2.9 kg (1.87 ± 0.45). By angiography, the minimal ductal diameter measured 1.2–2.4 mm (median, 1.8 mm) and the PDA ampulla diameter was 2.4–5.9 mm (median, 4.6 mm). Coil implantation was successful in all dogs. After detachment of the coil from the delivery cable, repositioning of the pulmonary loop of the coil became necessary in 1 dog. The prevalence of immediate closure was 76%. The prevalence of cumulative closure was 90%.Conclusion: For an experienced cardiologist, transvenous occlusion of a PDA in small dogs is possible with a 4 Fr catheter and a commercial single detachable coil. Arterial access is not essential. The procedure is safe and successful in experienced hands.
Effects of Zinc‐l‐Carnosine and Vitamin E on Aspirin‐Induced Gastroduodenal Injury in Dogs
Authors: Baan M. , Sherding R.G. , Johnson S.E. 
Published: November 2010

Background:Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs frequently cause gastrointestinal (GI) injury. Zinc‐l‐carnosine has antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, mucosal protective, and healing properties in rodent models and in some human studies of GI injury.Hypothesis:The combination of zinc‐l‐carnosine and vitamin E attenuates aspirin‐induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury.Animals:Eighteen healthy random‐source Foxhound dogs.Methods:In this randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study dogs were treated with placebo (n = 6; 0X group), 30 mg/30 IU (n = 6; 1X group), or 60 mg/60 IU (n = 6; 2X group) zinc‐l‐carnosine/vitamin E orally every 12 hours for 35 days. Between Day 7 and 35, GI mucosal lesions were induced with aspirin (25 mg/kg PO q8h). Mucosal injury lesions (hemorrhage, erosion, and ulcer) were assessed by gastroduodenoscopy on Days 14, 21, and 35 with a 12‐point scoring scale.Results:At baseline (Day −1) gastroscopy scores were not significantly different between groups (mean ± SD: 0X, 4.4 ± 0.8; group 1X, 4.4 ± 0.6; group 2X, 4.2 ± 0.3;P= .55). Gastroscopy scores increased significantly in all groups between Day −1 and Days 14, 21, and 35 (P< .0001). On Day 35, gastroscopy scores were 29.2 ± 5.2 (0X), 27.3 ± 3.7 (1X), and 28.6 ± 3.3 (2X). Mean gastroscopy scores were not significantly different among treatment groups on any of the days (P= .61).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Administration of the combination of zinc‐l‐carnosine and vitamin E at 1X or 2X dosing did not attenuate aspirin‐induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury.
Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma in 5 Dogs (2001–2008)
Authors: Stefanello D. , Valenti P. , Zini E. , Comazzi S. , Gelain M.E. , Roccabianca P. , Avallone G. , Caniatti M. , Marconato L. 
Published: November 2010

Background: Splenic marginal zone lymphomas (MZL) in dogs arise from the marginal zone of B‐cell follicles and can progress slowly.Objectives: To describe clinical features, treatment, and outcome of dogs with splenic MZL.Animals: Five dogs with naturally occurring MZL.Methods: Clinical, laboratory, and follow‐up data were retrospectively reviewed. Diagnosis was based on clinical, histopathological, and immunophenotypic features.Results: All dogs had stage IV disease; among them, 2 were symptomatic (substage “b”) because of splenic rupture. Four dogs underwent splenectomy and adjuvant doxorubicin, and 1 dog underwent surgery only. Three out of the 4 dogs treated with surgery and chemotherapy died of causes unrelated to lymphoma, after 760, 939, and 1,825 days, whereas the remaining dog was alive and in complete remission after 445 days. The dog not receiving any adjuvant treatment had recurrence of the tumor after 180 days.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Splenic MZL appears indolent and can benefit from splenectomy, with or without systemic chemotherapy.
Global Poverty Reduction to 2015 and Beyond: What has been the Impact of the MDGs and what are the Options for a Post‐2015 Global Framework?
Authors: Sumner Andy , Tiwari Meera 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to assess the policy impact of the MDGs and to begin to ask questions about any post‐2015 global framework. The paper asks a series of questions and, in doing so, reviews the impact of the MDGs on policy and outcomes. The paper argues that the MDGs have had substantial but uneven policy impacts and post‐2015 a more explicit and shared ownership of both South and North in any new deal is essential, as is attention to a changed world compared with that of the late 1990s. We outline three stylised options for a post‐2015 framework in order to trigger further debate and propose that debate be led by a global commission.
Global Poverty and the New Bottom Billion: What if Three‐quarters of the World's Poor Live in Middle‐income Countries?
Authors: Sumner Andy 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis paper argues that the global poverty problem has changed because most of the world's poor no longer live in low income countries (LICs). Previously, poverty was viewed as an LIC issue predominantly; nowadays such simplistic assumptions/classifications are misleading because some large countries that graduated into the MIC category still have large numbers of poor people. In 1990, we estimate 93 per cent of the world's poor lived in LICs; contrastingly in 2007–8 three quarters of the world's poor approximately 1.3bn lived in middle‐income countries (MICs) and about a quarter of the world's poor, approximately 370mn people live in the remaining 39 low‐income countries – largely in sub‐Saharan Africa.This startling change over two decades implies a new ‘bottom billion’ who do not live in fragile and conflict‐affected states, but in stable, middle‐income countries. Such global patterns are evident across monetary, nutritional and multi‐dimensional poverty measures. This paper argues the general pattern is robust enough to warrant further investigation and discussion.
Estimating the Impact of the Food, Fuel and Financial Crises on Zambian Households
Authors: McCulloch Neil , Grover Amit 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis paper combines nationally representative household survey data from Zambia in 2006, with detailed, spatially disaggregated, price data, to simulate the likely welfare impacts of the prices changes arising from the food, fuel and financial crises between 2006 and 2009. We find that urban households, particularly the poorest, were very hard hit by both the rises in food prices in 2008 and in non‐food prices in 2009. However, agricultural households in rural areas generally benefited from the food price rises. The key determinant of impact was whether a household is a net producer or a net consumer of food. Our results are robust to a wide range of assumptions about wage changes over the period. However, the poor quality of data on wages and non‐farm business income make it impossible to provide a definitive account of welfare changes.
Pulmonary tuberculosis infection among workers in the informal public transport sector in Lima, Peru: Table 1
Authors: Horna-Campos Olivia Janett , Consiglio Ezequiel , Sánchez-Pérez Hector J , Navarro Albert , Caylà Joan A , Martín-Mateo Miguel 
Published: November 2010

BackgroundBecause a strong association was observed between pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and the use of public transport, increasing with duration of journey, a study was carried out to assess infection byMycobacterium tuberculosisand working conditions among workers in this sector.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted between June and September 2008. A total of 104 workers from two public transport minibus (‘combi’) cooperatives covering marginal areas of the Ate-Vitarte district in Lima were interviewed. Demographic and occupational details were collected as well as prior family and personal history of TB and BCG vaccination. The tuberculin skin test (TST) was administered to each study subject and an induration of ≥10 mm was considered positive. Statistical analysis was based on logistic models, ORs and their 95% CIs.ResultsTST results were obtained for 70.2% (n=73), of whom 76.6% (n=56) were positive. Positivity was significantly associated with those who had worked for more than 2 years (crude OR 11.04; 95% CI 3.17 to 38.43) and more than 60 h/week (crude OR 9.8; 95% CI 2.85 to 33.72). These associations remained significant in a multivariate model as well.ConclusionThe association observed between years of working and weekly work burden among minibus workers suggests an occupational risk in service jobs in low-income countries with high TB prevalence. Consequently, other types of users are at increased risk for TB infection, with a causal relationship between effect and duration of exposure.
Reconstructing past occupational exposures: how reliable are women's reports of their partner's occupation?
Authors: Tagiyeva Nara , Semple Sean , Devereux Graham , Sherriff Andrea , Henderson John , Elias Peter , Ayres Jon G 
Published: November 2010

ObjectivesMost of the evidence on agreement between self- and proxy-reported occupational data comes from interview-based studies. The authors aimed to examine agreement between women's reports of their partner's occupation and their partner's own description using questionnaire-based data collected as a part of the prospective, population-based Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children.MethodsInformation on present occupation was self-reported by women's partners and proxy-reported by women through questionnaires administered at 8 and 21 months after the birth of a child. Job titles were coded to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC2000) using software developed by the University of Warwick (Computer-Assisted Structured Coding Tool). The accuracy of proxy-report was expressed as percentage agreement and kappa coefficients for four-, three- and two-digit SOC2000 codes obtained in automatic and semiautomatic (manually improved) coding modes. Data from 6016 couples at 8 months and 5232 couples at 21 months postnatally were included in the analyses.ResultsThe agreement between men's self-reported occupation and women's report of their partner's occupation in fully automatic coding mode at four-, three- and two-digit code level was 65%, 71% and 77% at 8 months and 68%, 73% and 76% at 21 months. The accuracy of agreement was slightly improved by semiautomatic coding of occupations: 73%/73%, 78%/77% and 83%/80% at 8/21 months respectively. While this suggests that women's description of their partners' occupation can be used as a valuable tool in epidemiological research where data from partners are not available, this study revealed no agreement between these young women and their partners at the two-digit level of SOC2000 coding in approximately one in five cases.ConclusionProxy reporting of occupation introduces a statistically significant degree of error in classification. The effects of occupational misclassification by proxy reporting in retrospective occupational epidemiological studies based on questionnaire data should be considered.