bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aphid‐hunting wasps: a field study of Passaloecus
Authors: CORBET SARAH A. , BACKHOUSE M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Three species of pemphredonine wasps, Passaloecus insignis, P.gracilis and P.corniger, were observed nesting in disused beetle holes in pine boards. The species differed from one another in the size, height above ground and aspect of the holes selected as nest sites.
P.insignis and P.gracilis stocked their nests with aphids of several species, but P.corniger females stole paralysed aphids from nests stocked by P.insignis, P.gracilis or by conspecifics, sometimes breaking open the outer door of a nest to do so.
The outer doors of the nests were of pine resin; P.corniger and P.insignis added pellets of other material to the surface. P.corniger females revisited their nests after sealing the outer door and behaved as if scent‐marking them, perhaps conferring protection against robbery by conspecifics.
Adult male wasps probably fed on honeydew. They appeared early and seemed to have a flying season of only a few days, whereas females probably lived and flew for about eight weeks after emergence.
The behaviour of nest‐stocking female wasps is considered in relation to the temperature of their microhabitats.
The possible use of pemphredonine wasps for the biological control of aphids or thrips in glasshouses is discussed.
A comparison, by sweep sampling, of the arthropod fauna of secondary vegetation in Michigan, England and Costa Rica
Authors: JANZEN DANIEL H. , POND CAROLINE M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Six 800‐sweep samples of English and Michigan (“old field”) secondary vegetation arthropods are compared with Costa Rican samples taken in the same way.
Parasitic Hymenoptera and spiders accounted for a larger proportion of the arthropod fauna in the mid‐latitude than the tropical samples.
In one English field, the seasonal change in insect numbers was 88% of that recorded over all the seasonal and elevational changes examined in Costa Rica. Furthermore, the difference in the total dry weights of the arthropod fauna between December and July was similar to the difference found between the wet and dry seasons in tropical secondary vegetation (also similar to the difference between day and night values during the dry season).
Aphids and Psyllidae were far more abundant in the English site than in the Costa Rican mainland sites.
In mid‐summer, the English field had far more arthropods in it than did any of the tropical sites sampled.
The fate of an internal parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens, in a variety of insects
Authors: SALT GEORGE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The fate of Nemeritis canescens has been studied in 36 species or, counting different stages, in 51 kinds of insects, in order to discover the causes of its success or failure in each.
The parasitoid was able to develop to the adult stage in 14 of the species studied.
A defence reaction of the host, cellular encapsulation, was by far the most frequent cause of the death of canescens in species in which it could not develop.
Deposition of melanin over its mouth probably caused the death of canescens in two species; in other species the role of melanisation was subordinate to encapsulation.
Very few species, if any, were unsuitable as food; larvae of the parasitoid ingested and assimilated the blood of a wide variety of insects.
Some individuals of a few species were unsuitable as a habitat for the parasitoid larva.
The survival of canescens in suitable hosts is discussed with reference to the means by which this parasitoid resists defence reactions.
Attention is drawn to incidental results of the research: (i) a state of diapause in some hosts was transmitted to first‐instar larvae of canescens and delayed their development; (ii) evidence was found that the teratocytes formed by braconid parasitoids function as a means of preventing cellular defence reactions, that they act by attrition of the host, and that they protect a larva of canescens present in the same host; (iii) observations concerning the behaviour of adult canescens in attacking some species, and the survival of supernumerary larvae after competing for the host, are mentioned.
The influence of climate on melanism in the Two‐Spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, in central Italy
Authors: SCALI V. , CREED E. R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The frequency of black forms of the Two‐Spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, progressively decreases with increasing altitude, inland from Viareggio and Pisa; it increases again, though not to the same extent, to the north east of the Apennines.
Probably temperature is an important selective agent, though air pollution may also have some effect.
A preliminary study of insect abundance on West Island, Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean
Authors: FRITH DAWN W. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Heath and Rothamsted light traps and a Johnson‐Taylor suction trap were used to sample flying insects on Aldabra Atoll.
The present study extended over two wet seasons. The pattern of relative monthly insect activity resembled the rainfall pattern. Catches were greatest during the months when there was a sudden marked increase in precipitation.
Lepidoptera dominated light trap catches and Diptera suction trap catches, the total monthly insect numbers therefore reflecting the abundance of these two orders. Hemiptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were also common.
Predominant families were represented by only a few or even only one dominant species. These species were present throughout the study period although their monthly totals varied considerably, different species dominating the catches during different months.
The composition and size of catches in the three light traps was affected by the type of light source and surrounding vegetation.
A comprehensive list of families and selected common species is given with their relative monthly abundance in the light traps.
Suction trap catches were segregated on an hourly basis to give a broad indication of insect flight periodicity.
Bite force measurement in children with primary dentition
Authors: Mountain Gary , Wood David , Toumba Jack 
Published: August 2010

ObjectivesTo determine the magnitude of the biting forces in young children aged 3–6 years in the primary dentition and analyse the potential effects of caries and malocclusion on maximum bite force.MethodsChildren aged 3–6 years of age attending primary schools within a major city in the UK were recruited to participate in this study. The magnitude of the bite force in Newtons (N) was measured bilaterally corresponding with the 1st and 2nd primary molars and central incisors using a new specifically designed single tooth bite force gauge.ResultsTwo‐hundred and five children were included in the study. The prevalence of dental caries and malocclusion was found to be 30.4% and 17.1% respectively. The levels of bite force recorded showed comparatively wide intra‐ and inter‐individual variation with the maximum of the three bite force measurements ranging from 12.61 (N) to 353.64 (N) (M = 196.60, SD = 69.77).ConclusionBite forces of young children show comparatively wide intra‐ and inter‐individual variation with some similarities with those found in the limited number of previous primary dentition studies undertaken elsewhere. The results will serve to provide key reference values for use both in paediatric dental clinical practice and wider research community.
Unexpected understorey community development after 30 years in ancient and post‐agricultural forests
Authors: Baeten Lander , Hermy Martin , Van Daele Sander , Verheyen Kris 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Land‐use change is considered one of the most radical and extensive disturbances that have influenced plant distributions and diversity patterns in forest understorey communities in much of Europe and eastern North America. In forests growing on former agricultural land, local species diversity and community differentiation among sites are generally reduced compared with ancient forests (i.e. forests with no historical record of agriculture). Yet, no study has determined how the compositional differences created by former land‐use change over time as the forest sites recover from former agricultural use. 2. Here, we resurveyed 78 vegetation plots (half of the plots in ancient and half in post‐agricultural forest) to demonstrate how three decades of forest development have changed the compositional differences between post‐agricultural and ancient forest sites. The impact of land‐use history and survey date was tested on two measures of species diversity and two measure of community divergence. 3. The data indicate that the imprint of former agricultural land use persisted over time, yet not through compositional stability. Parallel and strong vegetation shifts occurred in both ancient and post‐agricultural forest: the species diversity decreased and local species cover strongly diverged, which indicates community drift. The observed understorey changes did thus not support the commonly accepted model of community development in post‐agricultural forests, i.e. the diversity did not increase and the vegetation did not become more similar to the ancient forest vegetation over time. The changes in species composition were associated with an increase of common, competitive species at the expense of ancient forest indicator species. The source populations of ancient forest species have been gradually depleted, so the recovery of post‐agricultural forests becomes even more precarious. 4. Synthesis. While land‐use history is likely to persist as the primary predictor of local species diversity and community divergence, other environmental drivers may additionally structure forest understorey communities and lead to biotic impoverishment and pervasive species reordering on the time scale of only decades.
Linking Transformational Leadership and Team Performance: A Conflict Management Approach
Authors: Zhang Xin‐an , Cao Qing , Tjosvold Dean 
Published: August 2010

abstractThis study develops a model in which transformational leadership affects team coordination and performance through the conflict management approaches adopted by team members. Data were collected from three different sources in a lagged design from 108 teams in a large enterprise in China. Results support the reasoning that transformational leadership promotes team coordination and thereby team performance by encouraging teams to adopt a cooperative, as opposed to competitive, approach to conflict management. These results suggest that transformational leadership may help team members manage conflicts for their mutual benefit. This is an important mechanism through which transformational leadership enhances team coordination and, in turn, achieves higher team performance.
VIRTUE AS MASTERY IN EARLY CONFUCIANISM
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis essay explores the interrelation of skills and virtues. I first trace one line of analysis from Aristotle to Alasdair MacIntyre, which argues that there is a categorical difference between skills and virtues, in their ends and intrinsic character. This familiar distinction is fine in certain respects but still importantly misleading. Virtue in general, and also some particular virtues such as ritual propriety and practical wisdom, are not just exercised in practical contexts, but are in fact partially constituted by the mastery of certain skills. This has implications for moral psychology, specifically how we might understand the acquisition of virtue, as well as its very nature. To try to make this claim plausible I analyze two case studies from early Confucianism:treatment of ritual propriety as a cardinal virtue, and Mencius's less carefully integrated treatment of excellence at moral discernment. I conclude by revisiting the question of the relations between skill and virtue, and exploring a few of the difficulties implied by my account of early Confucian ethics.
A RESPONSE TO DAVID HOLLENBACH AND SOHAIL H. HASHMI
Authors: Oh Irene 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIrene Oh affirms that religious freedom, faith, and reason, as David Hollenbach suggests, are subject matters that offer promising platforms for interreligious dialogue between Christians and Muslims. The need for cross‐cultural understanding is imperative especially given the current political climate, in which world leaders can easily exacerbate existing tensions through the misapplication of such terms. Sohail H. Hashmi addresses the need to discuss women's rights as part of a larger discussion on human rights in Islam. Oh concurs and notes that Sayyid Qutb's remarks on women in the United States serve as a starting point for clarifying women's agency in Islam.
15. The Life‐History and Habits of two Parasites of Blowflies
Authors: Altson A. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The breeding operations and accumulation of supplies of Alysia manducator Panz. and Nasonia brevicornis Ashm. commenced in July and ceased in December 1919.
Alysia manducator oviposits in the larvae of several carrion‐feeding Diptera. Only one parasite emerges from each host puparia. Over‐parasitism kills the larva. The mean average of the life‐cycle is 52 days, and as short as 25. Both sexes are capable of sustained flight, and lived over a month in captivity. Average percentage of parasitism over three years was 43 per cent., observed by Graham‐Smith (4). Average contents of ovaries 366 eggs for 12 females.
Nasonia brevicornis oviposits in the puparia of several species of stercoral and carrion‐feeding Dipterous larvre. From one to 62 individuals have been found in single puparia parasitized in captivity. The length of the life‐cycle ranges from 11 to 22i days in different countries. Only the female can fly, and then only very short distances, and can live, whilst ovipositing, from 4 to 6 weeks, but for a considerably less period without host puparia. The male remains nea.r the vicinity of emergence, where its life is spent in fighting and mating. Average progeny in the case of five females–observed by Girault & Saunders and McCarthy– was 113 per female, and affecting on the average only 16‐4 hosts,
Nasonia can act as an accidental secondary parasite upon A. manducator if and when puparia containing the latter are within its limited reach.
Both parasites in their hibernating stage–i. e., full‐grown larvse—can successfully withstand over 6 weeks at 2o C.
Alysia manducator appears to be a more important parasite as a natural control for the Blow‐fly than Nasonia brevioomis, which appears to be more effective as a natural control of Diptera which constantly breed in permanent refuse‐ and garbage‐heaps, and where hosts would be within crawling distance, such as primarily the Common House‐fly, Musca domestica.
29. On Differences in the Microscopic Characters of the Crown‐feathers of Tits of the Genus Parus, with particular reference to the Marsh‐and Willow‐Tits
Authors: Tucker B. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The main part of the paper is devoted to a description of differences in the microscopic appearance and structure of the crown‐feathers of the Marsh‐Tit (Parus palustris) and the Willow‐Tit (Parus atricapillus), amending and amplifying an earlier description by Dr. P. R. Lowe (1932), which appeared to indicate a remarkable degree of difference in the minute structure of the feathers of these otherwise remarkably similar species. It is shown:

That although anterior crown‐feathers of adult birds can usually be separated under the microscope without difficulty, the differences are much less than the earlier account suggested.
That the apparent greater breadth of the Marsh‐Tit barbule, which is one of the main features enabling the feathers to be distinguished from those of the Willow‐Tit, is not due to any marked difference in the real width of the barbules, but to those of the former species being more strongly twisted at their bases, so that their broad faces are more nearly in the plane of the surface of the feather. This, in conjunction with a slightly closer placing of the barbulea on the barb, no doubt helps to increase the amount of light reflected from the surface of the feather, but the most important factor in this connection is the amount of pigment present.
The segmented or nodal structure of the barbules is quite well developed in the Willow‐Tit as well as in the Marsh‐Tit, though obscured in an undisturbed feather by reason of the fact that the barbules in the former species are viewed edge‐on.
The characteristic specializations of the Marsh‐Tit feather decrease from front to back of the black cap, the hinder feathers closely resembling those of the Willow‐Tit. This difference between anterior and posterior crown‐feathers is less marked in forms with maximum gloss, like Parus major.
The juveniles of the glossy‐crowned forms have crown‐feathers resembling those of the non‐glossy forms in microscopic appearance.

The demonstration that there is no real structural or other important difference between the feathers of P. atricapillus and P. palustris removes any support (which the previous description might seem to have afforded) for the view that they represent two distinct stocks which are converging rather than forms diverging from a relatively recent common ancestor.The second section is devoted to an account of the microscopic characters of the crown‐feathers of other black‐capped Tits, with reference to various species presenting miscellaneous points of interest. In general it appears that the Marsh‐and Willow‐Tits may be regarded as representing two stages in the evolution of a strongly glossy blue‐black cap from an undifferentiated brown one, the later phases entailing an accentuation of the characters which distinguish the Marsh‐Tit feather from the Willow‐Tit. The view that the Willow‐Tit is a more primitive form than the Marsh‐Tit is consistent with its geographical distribution.
56. Reproduction of the Lesser Shrew (Sorex minutus Linnæus).
Authors: BRAMBELL F. W. Rogers , Hall Kathleen 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The material consisted of 277 Lesser Shrews, of which 156 were males, 120 females, and one intersex (described elsewhere, 1936). The sex‐ratio of the whole sample was 56–52±2.01 males per cent. The percentage of males obtained in April and May was higher than during the rest of the year. The proportion of Lesser to Common Shrews obtained was 16±6 per cent., but in one small wood Lesser Shrews were found to be the commonest species.Young Lesser Shrews when they first appear in the traps in summer weigh 2–75 to 4 gm. They do not breed in their first season, and remain at approximately the same weight until the end of the following March, when they grow to the adult size of 4 to 6 gm., the heaviest obtained being a female weighing 7.3 gm. Adult animals die at the end of the breeding‐season.The breeding‐season in North Wales begins in mid‐April, reaches its height in June, and ends in October.Since no non‐pregnant females with recent corpora lutea in the ovaries were obtained, ovulation appears to result in pregnancy in 100 per cent, of cases. The mean number of follicles ovulated at œstrus is 6.8, and the mean number of implanted embryos in utero is 6.2. The litter size is therefore 0.5 smaller than in the Common Shrew.The œstrous cycle closely resembles that of the Common Shrew. The first œstrus is preceded by prolonged vaginal cornification and gradual hypertrophy of the reproductive organs. The largest follicles observed were 328 μ. in diameter. There is a post‐partum œstrus at which the majority of females become pregnant, gestating and lactating simultaneously. Animals that do not become pregnant at the post‐partum œstrus exhibit an anœstrous period during lactation.Forty‐seven pregnant females were obtained, 4 with tubal ova, 12 with free uterine blastocysts, and 31 with implanted embryos. Migration of blastocysts from one uterine cornu to the other takes place freely, as in the Common Shrew. The histological changes in the uterus and vagina during pregnancy closely resemble those in the Common Shrew.The data regarding the relation of the weight of the testes to body‐weight are given, and the relative sizes of the various male reproductive organs are compared with those of the Common Shrew.The authors' thanks are due to Dr. A. S. Parkes, F.R.S., and Mrs. Parkes, for their advice and for collecting part of the material in Kent, and to Messrs. L. H. Jackson and I. W. Rowlands for assistance in the routine trapping in North Wales. The authors are indebted to the Rt. Hon. Lord Penrhyn for permission to trap on his estates, where many of the animals were obtained.The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by grants from the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society to one of us (F. W. R. B.), for which we wish to express our thanks.
BLOOD STUDIES ON THE ECHIDNA TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS
Authors: BOLLIGER A. , BACKHOUSE T. C. 
Published: August 2010

The blood picture of the echidna Tacchyglossus aculeatus, one of the two monotremes still extant, was studied on forty‐two apparently healthy and diseased specimens.In spite of the reptilian and avian attributes, the red and white cell characteristies and counts, response to infection, etc. of this prototherian correspond typically to thoso of higher mammals.Compared with Eutheria the average “normal” haemoglobin content was high (17.4 gram per cent). Nucleated red cells were only observed in marked anaemia and reticulocytes were almost never seen. The prevailing polymorph was a mature neutrophil. Eosinophils were uncommon and basophils rare and then only in disease.A varying degree of piroplasmosis was present in most of the animals examined. This did not have a definite influence on the blood picture if light or moderate. The haemoglobin content diminished considerably if the echidna was kept in captivity for more than two months.
POLYCHAETA FROM SEVERAL LOCALITIES IN THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN
Authors: DAY J. H. 
Published: August 2010

Two collections were examined. The first made by Dr MacGregor comes from various localities in Natal, Madagascar, Mauritius, tropical East Africa and Aden. The second made by Dr M. Kalk and Dr W. Macnae comes from Mocambique and Madagascar.Ninety‐seven species are represented. Three new genera and five new species are described, several new combinations are proposed and many new records are given. The types and Dr MacGregor's collection have been deposited in the British Museum.