bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural Findings in Natural Canine Hepatozoonosis
Authors: Hervás J. , Carrasco L. , Sierra M. A. , Méndez A. , Gómez‐Villamandos J. C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe ultrastructure of several stages of Hepatozoon canis found in dogs with clinically and histologically diagnosed infections was determined using transmission electron microscopy. Merozoites, macro‐ and microschizonts and gamonts were found in spleen, liver, kidneys and lungs. Macro‐ and micromeronts were characterized by their size and by the presence of intracytoplasmic amylopectin granules. Gamonts, which provide the basis for clinical diagnosis of the disease, were observed within mononuclear cells (monocytes/macrophages); they were butterfly‐shaped and exhibited varying electron densities. On the basis of the microscopic observations reported here, it is clear that the life cycle of H. canis is a complex one.
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cell Functions Required for Invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Almeida R. A. , Matthews K. R. , Oliver S. P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryEukaryotic and prokaryotic cellular functions required for invasion of Staphylococcus aureus into bovine mammary epithelial cells were investigated. Two strains of S. aureus isolated from milk of cows with clinical mastitis, a primary bovine mammary epithelial cell culture and a bovine mammary epithelial cell line were pretreated with inhibitors of nucleic acid and protein synthesis. In addition, mammary epithelial cells were pretreated with inhibitors of receptor‐mediated endocytosis and oxidative phosphorylation. Protein and nucleic acid synthesis in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and eukaryotic oxidative phosphorylation were required for invasion of S. aureus into mammary epithelial cells. Inhibition of receptor‐mediated endocytosis caused a significant reduction in the number of invading S. aureus. These results suggest that invasion of S. aureus into bovine mammary epithelial cells occurs through a receptor‐mediated endocytosis process. Furthermore, eukaryotic oxidative metabolism, protein synthesis and nucleic acid synthesis as well as bacterial protein synthesis are required for bacterial invasion.
Borna Disease Virus (BDV), a (Zoonotic?) Worldwide Pathogen. A review of the History of the Disease and the Virus Infection with Comprehensive Bibliography
Authors: Dürrwald Ralf , Ludwig Hanns 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA comprehensive history of Borna disease virus (BDV) and this infection, including the complete bibliography, is presented. Over the last 200 years, descriptions of this ‘head disease’ of horses (‘Kopfkrankheit der Pferde’) have been given. Considerable losses in the horse population (<0.8%) led to intensive clinical and (neuro‐)pathological investigations of this meningitis cerebrospinalis which occurs with faint behavioural changes, occasionally followed by severe neurological symptomatology and death. The broad experimental host range reflects infections in nature which include horses, sheep, cattle, cats, dogs, rodents, ostriches, and some zoo animals. BDV infections are associated with phylogentically old brain areas, and the retina. Occasionally, expression in the autonomic nervous system occurs, besides its neurotropism BDV can spread to peripheral organs, especially to epithelial tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infections of humans that can be monitored by antibodies, antigens or nucleic acids in blood samples are prominent features of future interest. BDV, the prototype of the family Bornaviridae is an enveloped spherical virus carrying an 8.9 kb single‐stranded, non‐segmented RNA with negative polarity which replicates in the nucleus. These features together with its considerable genetic stability make this non‐cytopathogenic virus an evolutionary ‘old pathogen’ in nature.
In vitro Activity of Climbazole, Clotrimazole and Silver‐sulphadiazine against Isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis
Authors: Schmidt A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMalassezia pachydermatis is a yeast‐like, mainly zoophilic fungus, also known as Malassezia canis. It can be isolated in 20–50% from normal ear cerumen specimen from dogs or cats and has an even higher prevalence in non‐suppurative otitis externa in animal species such as these. The genus Malassezia contains the two species M. furfur, a mainly anthropophilic fungus which physiologically occurs on human skin, and M. pachydermatis. We performed Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)‐testings of 40 clinical isolates of M. pachydermatis against climbazole (CLIM), clotrimazole (CLOT) and silver‐sulphadiazine (SILV). While CLOT and CLIM are broad‐spectrum antimycotics of the azole‐type, SILV is a sulphonamide compound with antibacterial and antimycotic properties used topically in veterinary medicine. For CLIM, the range of MICs was between < 0.06 and 1 μg/ml with an empirical median x̄ of 0.06 μg/ml; for CLOT the range was between < 0.06 and 32 μg/ml (x̄ = 4 μg/ml), respectively. The MICs for SILV ranged between 0.25 and > 64 μg/ml (x̄ = 16 μg/ml) against all tested strains. In conclusion, the two azole‐antimycotics CLIM and CLOT showed good in vitro activity against M. pachydermatis. The activity of CLIM was even higher than that of CLOT, which might be due to the better water solubility of CLIM. The activity of SILV was significantly lower.ZusammenfassungMalassezia pachydermatis ist ein hefeähnlicher, hauptsächlich zoophiler Pilz, der auch als Malassezia canis bekannt ist. Der Pilz kann in 20 bis 50% aus Ohrabstrichen von Hund und Katze isoliert werden und hat eine besonders hohe Prävalenz in Untersuchungsmaterialien bei nicht‐suppurativer Otitis externa bei Tierspezies wie Hund und Katze. Die Gattung Malassezia beinhaltet die zwei Spezies M. pachydermatis und M. furfur, wobei M. furfur ein vornehmlich anthropophiler Pilz ist, der physiologischerweise auf der menschlichen Haut vorkommt. Wir führten Minimale Hemmstoff Konzentration (MHK)‐Testungen an 40 klinischen Isolaten von M. pachydermatis für Climbazol (CLIM), Clotrimazol (CLOT) und Silber‐Sulphadiazin (SILB) durch. CLOT und CLIM sind Breitspektrum‐Antimykotika aus der Azol‐Gruppe, SILB ist ein Sulphonamid mit antibakteriellen und antimykotischen Eigenschaften, das in der Veterinärmedizin als topisches Präparat benutzt wird. Für CLIM lag die Spannweite der MHK‐Werte zwischen <0,06 und 1 μg/ml mit einem empirischen Median x̄ von 0,06 μg/ml und für CLOT zwischen < 0,06 und 32 μg/ml (x̄ = 4 μg/ml). Für SILB zeigten die MHK‐Werte eine Spannweite zwischen 0,25 und >64 μg/ml (x̄ = 16 μg/ml). Die beiden Azol‐Antimykotika CLIM und CLOT zeigten somit eine gute in vitro Aktivität gegenüber M. pachydermatis. Die Aktivität von CLIM war besser als die von CLOT, was durch die bessere Wasserlöslichkeit von CLIM bedingt sein kann. SILB zeigte eine deutlich schwächere in vitro Aktivität gegenüber den getesteten Stämmen von M. pachydermatis.
Computer Aided Assignment of Motile Aeromonas Strains to Genospecies Level by Standard Biochemical Tests
Authors: Brunner B. , Stolle A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA procedure is given for differentiation of motile Aeromonas spp. Based on nine to 12 biochemical properties it allows an assignment of isolated Aeromonas strains first to phenotypes and, in the second step, to hybridization groups (HGs) 1–13 as well as to the genotypically defined species Aer. allosaccharophila and Aer. encheleia. The computer aided classification is carried out according to the principles of numerical taxonomy. Using this differentiation scheme 23 Aeromonas strains, which were isolated from food, and two reference strains were speciated. A total of 16 strains were assigned to Aer. hydrophila, six strains to Aer. caviae and one strain to Aer. sobria. Of the 16 Aer. hydrophila strains, 11 were attached to HG 1, one to HG 2 and four could not be classified clearly as HG 3 or HG 1. All six Aer. caviae isolated were assigned to HG 5 and the Aer. sobria strain was ranked among HG 8. The reference strains were assigned to the same genotypes by this method than by DNA‐DNA hybridization assays.
Experimental Infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila and Babesia divergens in Cattle
Authors: Brun‐Hansen H. , Christensson D. A. , Hardeng F. , Grønstø H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryNine Norwegian Red Cattle, 9–12 months old, were inoculated simultaneously with Ehrlichia (Cytoecetes) phagocytophila and Babesia divergens. Ten cattle of the same breed and age were kept as controls. Clinical evaluation was done on a daily basis and rectal temperatures were recorded every morning for 4 weeks post inoculation. Blood and serum samples were collected regularly during the observation period. Sera were examined for the presence of antibodies to E. phagocytophila and B. divergens by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody test. All infected animals showed two periods of fever that corresponded to the proliferation of B. divergens and E. phagocytophila in the peripheral blood. The simultaneous infection did not induce more severe clinical symptoms than infection with either organism alone. Compared with the control group, there was a 25% decrease in the mean haematocrit. The leukogram showed a biphasic pattern and corresponded to the changes seen in infection with either organism alone. The simultaneous infection did not suppress antibody formation towards E. phagocytophila or B. divergens.
A fatal case of Listeria Endocarditis in a Man Following his Tending of Goats Suggests an Epidemiological Link which is not Supported by the Results
Authors: Danielsson‐Tham M.‐L. , Prag M. , Rocourt J. , Seeliger H. , Tham W. , Vikerfors T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA man died in endocarditis due to listeriosis in the late autumn. He had been looking after two goats during the summer. Listeria monocyto?enes was isolated from a rectal swab from one of the goats. The goat faeces isolate and the human blood isolate were of identical serovar. The two isolates, however, were shown to be different by multilocus electrophoretic enzyme analysis and ribotyping, as well as by biotyping, Thus, these results do not support the hypothesis that the man was infected by the goat.
Studies on the Rod‐Coccus Life Cycle of Rhodococcus equi
Authors: Fuhrmann C. , Soedarmanto I. , Lämmler Ch. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn the present study all 19 Rhodococcus equi cultures isolated from horses and 19 of 22 R. equi cultures isolated from human patients displayed a rod‐coccus life cycle after cultivation under defined growth conditions. A bacillary growth could be observed after cultivation of the bacteria in fluid media for 4 h at 37°C, a coccoid morphology after cultivation of the bacteria for 24 h either on sheep blood agar plates or in fluid media. The different morphological features did not significantly influence the typability of the bacteria or the expression of surface proteins including 15–17 kDa virulence proteins. Studies on further surface characteristics revealed a relation between haemagglutinating properties, the surface hydrophobicity and adherence properties of the bacteria to HeLa cells. These properties seemed to be influenced by the cultivation conditions but not by the different morphological forms of the bacteria. A haemagglutination reaction, a hydrophobic surface and an enhanced adherence to HeLa cells could be observed with coccoid bacteria after cultivation in fluid media for 24 h at 37°C but not with coccoid bacteria harvested from sheep blood agar plates or with bacillary bacteria after 4 h growth in fluid media. This difference might possibly be caused by the degree of encapsulation of the bacteria after various cultivation conditions and a subsequent masking effect of the hydrophilic polysaccharide capsule of R. equi.
Identification and Characterization of Staphylococci Isolated from Cutaneous Lesions of Goats
Authors: Mahanta P. N. , Thungchamo K. , Dutta G. N. , Devriese L. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryStaphylococci from skin lesions of goats in Assam, India, were found to belong predominantly to the potentially dermatopathogenic species Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus hyicus. These species have not been described as components of the normal flora of the hairy skin of goats.
In vivoandin vitroDetection of Canine Distemper Virus Nucleoprotein Gene with Digoxigenin‐Labelled RNA, Double‐Stranded DNA Probes and Oligonucleotides byin situHybridization
Authors: Gaedke K. , Zurbriggen A. , Baumgärtner W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA single‐stranded RNA, two double‐stranded (ds) DNA probes and 10 oligonucleotides labelled with digoxigenin were comparatively evaluated for their usefulness to detect canine distemper virus (CDV) nucleoprotein RNA inin vitroinfected Vero cells and in tissues of dogs with spontaneous CDV infection byin situhybridization (ISH). In addition, results were compared to CDV nucleoprotein antigen distribution as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry***. The RNA probe was derived from the virulent A75/17 strain, the DNA and oligonucleotide probes from the avirulent Onderstepoort strain of CDV. The two DNA probes were 287 and 126 base pairs long. For ISH, various factors including fixatives, proteolytic digestion, probe concentration, hybridization conditions and detection systems were compared. All probes were suitable for demonstration of CDV RNA inin vitroinfected cells, regardless of the CDV strain employed.In vivoCDV nucleic acid was detected by RNA and the dsDNA probes. However, the probes varied substantially with respect to sensitivity and specificity. The CDV RNA probe was far superior in sensitivity when compared to the DNA probes. Furthermore, the shorter DNA probe displayed a higher sensitivity, indicating that length of the probe is an important parameter when selecting probes. Oligonucleotides displayed only rarely a positive signal and caused frequently hybridization signals in the nucleus, which where considered not specific for CDV. Summarized, the present study reveals that RNA probes are currently the most sensitive tool for detection of CDV RNA in tissues.
Antimicrobial Sensitivity in Microorganisms Isolated from Canine Otitis Externa
Authors: Guedeja‐Marron J. , Blanco J. L. , Garcia M.‐E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIt is important to test the antimicrobial sensitivity of the aetiological agents of otitis externa before starting treatment in order to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance in the microorganisms. In this study the sensitivity patterns in bacteria and yeasts isolated as aetiological agents from otitis externa were analysed. Antifungal and antibacterial activity tests were done using the automated system ATB Fungus and the classic diffusion test respectively. The azole compounds had the greatest antifungal properties, while β‐lactams had the strongest antibiotic activity. This study reflects the increasing importance of sensitivity tests in chronic otitis externa due to the increasing antimicrobial resistances in bacteria and yeasts. If it is necessary to initiate an empiric treatment before the results of the antimicrobial test, the application of miconazole or econazole for yeasts and oxacillin or amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid against bacteria is recommended.
Coagulase‐Negative Staphylococcal Intramammary Infections in Cows and Heifers During the Nonlactating and Periparturient Periods
Authors: Oliver S. P. , Jayarao B. M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryCoagulase‐negative staphylococci (CNS) are isolated frequently from unbred and primigravid heifers and from lactating and nonlactating dairy cows. The importance of CNS intramammary infections that occur during the nonlactating period has not been adequately delineated. Mammary secretions from udders infected with CNS during early lactation and the nonlactating period have increased somatic cell counts, CNS have been isolated in mammary secretions from cows with clinical mastitis, and a few studies have indicated that CNS infected mammary glands produced significantly less milk during lactation than uninfected mammary glands. In addition, mammary glands of postpuberal heifers infected with CNS were not as well developed as uninfected mammary glands. Consequently, CNS intramammary infections in heifers and cows during the nonlactating period could impair mammary gland growth and development and ultimately influence mammary function during lactation resulting in decreased lactational performance. Some CNS IMI detected in heifers and multiparous cows at calving do not persist into early lactation. Postmilking teat disinfection with an effective germicide and antibiotic therapy during the nonlactating period markedly reduces the prevalence of CNS in dairy herds. Methods of controlling CNS infections in primigravid heifers based on prepartum intramammary antibiotic therapy have been developed, and results have shown that prepartum antibiotic therapy is very effective against CNS and other mastitis pathogens as well. Additional research is required to determine the influence of CNS infections that occur during the nonlactating period on milk yield in the subsequent lactation.
The Use of Baypamun N in Crowding‐Associated Infectious Respiratory Disease: Efficacy of Baypamun N (freeze dried product) in 2‐week‐old Veal Calves
Authors: Ziebell K.‐L. , Kretzdorn D. , Auer S. , Failing K. , Schmeer N. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe efficacy of an immunomodulator, Baypamun N, was tested in 10–20‐day‐old veal calves from different farms, which were exposed to stress by transport and commingling (crowding). Verum and placebo animals (n = 50, each group) received three intramuscular injections of the investigational products (days 0,2,4) starting the day of arrival on the farm. Data from 49 calves in each group could be used for statistical evaluation. The incidence of acute bovine respiratory disease was anticipated to be high during the first 2 weeks after arrival on farm based on experience from other years. The clinical scores in the Baypamun N group were significantly reduced by 52.7% (P < 0.001) compared to the placebo group. The number of antibiotic treatments was significantly reduced by 53.8 % (P < 0.001) in the Baypamun N group. Of the calves treated with Baypamun N, 51.02% remained untreated with antibiotics during the first 2 weeks after arrival on the farm compared with only 16.3% of the placebo treated control calves (P < 0.001).
Monoclonal Antibody for the Demonstration by ELISA of Antibodies to Protein p24 of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Virus in Individual and Pooled Blood Serum and Milk Samples
Authors: Rodak L. , Granátová M. , Veselý T. , Nevoránková Z. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA sensitive and specific ELISA for the demonstration of antibodies to the protein p24 of enzootic bovine leukosis virus (EBVI.) using a ‘capture’ monoclonal antibody to this protein (MAb p24) was developed. The method is sensitive enough to detect the international reference serum E4/10 in pooled blood serum samples collected from up to 50 cows, or, if a 10‐fold concentrate of milk whey is tested, in samples of bulk milk collected from up to 400 cows. The application of MAb p24 has considerably increased not only the sensitivity, but also the specificity of ELISA. Moreover it is possible to differentiate reliably between positive and ‘false positive’ reagents by testing a suspicious sample in a pair of wells of which one is coated with MAb p24 alone and the other with the complex MAb p24 + EBLV antigen and the subsequent calculation of ‘specific absorbance’. This method, showing the highest sensitivity of detection of antibodies to EBLV p24 described so far, can become an effective tool on the sanitation of infécted herds as well as in checks of the EBL‐free status. A diagnostic kit suitable for commercial manufacture has been devised.
Histamine and Eicosanoid Levels in Plasma and Peripheral Blood Leucocyte Cultures During Experimental Infection of Cattle with Bluetongue Virus Serotype 11
Authors: Odhon A. C. , Giri S. N. , de la Concha‐Bermejillo A. , Osburn B. I. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThree calves were sensitized with three doses of inactivated BTV‐11 UC8 strain and then experimentally infected with the homologous virus. In addition, four BTV‐seronegative heifers were also experimentally infected with BTV‐11. Granulocyte rich fractions of peripheral blood leucocyte (PBL‐GRF) cultures from BTV‐sensitized/infected calves and from control unexposed cattle were exposedin vitrowith BTV‐11. Histamine, leukotriene (LT) C4and prostaglandin (PG) D2were assayed in supernatant fluids. Plasma histamine levels increased in BTV‐infected heifers from 10.1 + 2 ng/ml at Day 0 to 23.1 ± 6.6 ng/ml at Day 12 following virus exposure. In addition, in this experimental group the concentration of PGF2x (mean 551.97 ± 243.54 pg/ml) increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) compared with control cattle (mean 467.3 ± 73.9 pg/ml). Bluetongue virus induced histamine and LTC4release afterin vitroinfection of PBL‐GRF. Release of LTC4was significandy (P ≤ 0.05) higher in PBL‐GRF cultures from sensitized and control animals than in unexposed PBL‐GRF cultures. In contrast to these results, PGD2was not released after BTV infection of PBL‐GRFin vitro. The histamine release caused by BTV was virus‐specific and mainly mediated by an immunological reaction, since the release was significantly reduced by removal of cell surface immunoglobulins.
The Use of Baypamun N in Crowding Associated Infectious Respiratory Disease: Efficacy of Baypamun N (Freeze Dried Product) in 4–10 Month Old Horses
Authors: Ziebell K.‐L. , Steinmann H. , Kretzdorn D. , Schlapp T. , Failing K. , Schmeer N. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe efficacy of an immunomodulator, Baypamun N, was tested in 4–10‐month‐old horses which were exposed to stress by weaning, transport and commingling with yearlings from different breeders (crowding). Verum (n = 26) and placebo animals (n = 27) received three intramuscular injections of the investigational preparations (days 0, 2, 9) starting at the day of commingling in one stable. The incidence of acute respiratory disease was high during the first 4 weeks after commingling. Approximately 50 % of all horses showed seroconversion due to field infection by EHV1 and EHV4 during the observation period. The clinical scores in the Baypamun N group were significantly reduced by 40.3 % (P < 0.05) compared to the placebo group. The proportion of horses with purulent nasal discharge during the observation period (4 weeks) was also significantly reduced by 58.7 % (P < 0.01) in the Baypamun N group. Fifty per cent of the horses injected with Baypamun N showed no purulent nasal discharge and therefore no signs of complicated disease of the upper respiratory airways in contrast to only 14.8% in the non‐protected placebo group. The challenge conditions studied in this investigation were rather severe because of the permanent exposure of Baypamun N treated individuals to the non‐separated and untreated horses (n = 51). This indicates that treatment with Baypamun N is a successful tool to avoid severe clinical consequences of stress in young horses.
Severe Long‐Lasting Contagious Ecthyma Infection in a Goat's Kid
Authors: Elzein E. M. E. Abu , Housawi F. M. T. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIn this report we describe an unusual orf infection in a goat's kid, which lasted for 6 months. The disease was reproduced in two susceptible goat kids, which both completely recovered within 37 days. Further clinical observations on these kids for 12 months did not reveal any signs of orf disease. The orf virus was isolated and identified from the animals which were involved in the original outbreak, from the kid that showed the long‐lasting disease and from the experimentally‐infected kids. The situation is discussed.