bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health status and relative exposure of mule deer and white-tailed deer to soil contaminants at the rocky mountain arsenal
Authors: Creekmore Terry E , Whittaker Donald G , Roy Richard R , Franson J Christian , Baker Dan L 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We evaluated the health of 18 radio-collared deer [13 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and 5 white-tailed deer (O. virginianus)] from the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colorado, USA, a Superfund site contaminated with a variety of materials, including organochlorine pesticides, metals, and nerve gas production by-products. Radio-collared deer were tracked for 1 to 3 years (1989–1992) to identify relative exposure to contaminants based on telemetry locations plotted on grid maps depicting known soil contaminant concentrations. At the end of the study, all animals were in fair or good body condition at the time of necropsy. Mean ages of mule deer and white-tailed deer were 7.4 (range 4–12) and 10.6 years (range 5–17), respectively. At necropsy, tissues were collected from the deer for serology, histopathology, and analysis for eight chlorinated hydrocarbons and two metals. Detectable residues of mercury were found in the kidneys of 10 deer (range 0.055–0.096 μg/g), dieldrin was found in fat (n = 9) (range 0.02–0.72 μg/g), liver (n = 4) (range 0.017–0.12 μg/g), and brain (n = 1, 0.018 μg/g), and DDE was found in the muscle of one animal (0.02 μg/g). Relative exposure estimates derived from telemetry and soil contamination data were correlated with tissue levels of dieldrin (p &lt; 0.001) and mercury (p = 0.05). Two mule deer had severe testicular atrophy, and one of these animals also had antler deformities. The prevalence of antibodies against epizootic hemorrhagic disease serotype 2 was 85%.
Effects of sediment bioturbation by the estuarine amphipodCorophium volutatoron fluoranthene resuspension and transfer into the mussel(Mytilus edulis)
Authors: Ciarelli Silvana , van Straalen Nico M , Klap Vincent A , van Wezel Annemarie P 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo better understand the effects of bioturbation on partitioning and availability of sediment-bound contaminants to infaunal amphipods and mussels, experiments were carried out with fluoranthene-spiked sediment. Treatments included different densities of the estuarine amphipod, Corophium volutator. Total suspended solids (TSS), particulate organic carbon/particulate organic matter (POC/POM) in overlying water, fluoranthene concentrations in sediment, pore water, overlying water, amphipods, and mussels were measured. Bioturbation significantly increased TSS and POC/POM concentrations in overlying water, and this effect became greater at higher animal density and longer exposure time. Mean total aqueous fluoranthene concentrations increased from 2.40 to 4.1 and 5.45 μg/L in the control, low-density, and high-density treatments, respectively, after 10 d of exposure. The particle-bound fraction of fluoranthene in the overlying water from the high-density treatment was two times higher than that from the low-density treatment. Bioturbation did not affect the partitioning of fluoranthene over suspended solids and water, nor did it affect the concentrations in sediment and pore water. This was illustrated by the constancy of sediment–interstitial water partitioning coefficients (log Koc(iw)), sediment–overlying water partitioning coefficients (log Koc(ow)), and normalized POC–water partitioning coefficients (log Kpoc). Uptake of fluoranthene by filter-feeding mussels (Mytilus edulis) increased linearly with the density of bioturbating amphipods and with exposure time. The difference in concentrations of fluoranthene in mussels between the lowest and highest density of amphipods was more than a factor of two. Our results showed that bioturbation significantly increases TSS concentration in the overlying water and consequently the total aqueous concentration of sediment-bound contaminants, which are subsequently accumulated by filter-feeders. The increased accumulation in mussels, at a more or less constant concentration in the water, demonstrates the importance of bioturbation as a flux phenomenon and its role in the transport of resuspended sediment-bound contaminants to organisms in the aquatic food chain.
Lethality and bioaccumulation of 4-nonylphenol in bluegill sunfish in littoral enclosures
Authors: Liber Karsten , Gangl James A , Corry Timothy D , Heinis Larry J , Stay Frank S 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Toxicity and bioaccumulation in bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) of 4-nonylphenol (NP), a common precursor and degradation intermediate of certain nonionic surfactants, were evaluated in a set of 18 aquatic mesocosms (littoral enclosures) in northeastern Minnesota. Nonylphenol was applied to enclosures every 48 h over a 20-d period (11 applications) at rates of 3, 30, 100, and 300 μg/L. Additional enclosures served as untreated controls. Maximum NP levels in the integrated water column 2 h after each application averaged 5 ± 4, 23 ± 11, 76 ± 21, and 243 ± 41 μg/L over the 11 applications at the 3-, 30-, 100-, and 300-μg/L treatments, respectively. Sixty-one percent of the NP dissipated from the water column within ˜39 h of each application. Estimated survival of stocked juvenile bluegills was significantly reduced at the 300-μg/L NP treatment. No significant effects were noted at the other NP treatments; however, the 100-μg/L enclosure with the highest mean NP concentration (93 ± 39 μg/L) within that treatment had four to nine times more dead bluegills and four to six times fewer bluegills captured at the end of the season than the other two 100-μg/L enclosures (64 ± 23 and 71 ± 32 μg/L) and the controls, suggesting increased mortality in this enclosure. Nonylphenol tissue concentrations in juvenile bluegills collected from enclosures treated with 3 and 30 μg/L NP ranged from 0.01 to 2.94 μg/g wet weight and showed a significant positive relationship with the average measured NP concentration in the water. The mean wet weight nonequilibrium NP bioaccumulation factor was 87 ± 124. There was no relationship between fish lipid content and NP tissue concentration.
Identification of toxic substances in United Kingdom estuaries
Authors: Thomas Kevin V , Thain John E , Waldock Michael J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The organic load of bulk water samples, collected from five industrially impacted estuaries, was extracted using solidphase extraction. Where toxicity was demonstrated using a Tisbe battagliai bioassay, a toxicity directed fractionation scheme was applied to isolate causal compounds. To reduce the complexity of the extracts toxicity profiles were obtained following solid-phase fractionation and reverse-phase HPLC. Candidate toxic contaminants were identified by GC-MS. All procedures were evaluated with a series of reference compounds of widely differing polarity. The method was successful in identifying a number of compounds, which traditionally have not been selected for inclusion in monitoring programs, as the probable cause of detrimental environmental effect. The results suggest that chlorinated phenols are a major contributor to poor water quality in the lower reaches of the river Tyne and alkylphenol surfactant metabolites in the river Tees. Other compounds, as yet unidentified, also contribute to poor water quality. It is suggested that the identified compounds should now be surveyed more widely and considered for inclusion in future monitoring programs.
Biotransformation of 2,4,6–trinitrotoluene in Anabaena sp. cultures
Authors: Pavlostathis Spyros G , Jackson Gardner H 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) was investigated in cultures of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. by conducting a series of batch assays. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene was added to Anabaena sp. cultures in single and consecutive additions, at various initial concentrations, to determine its transformation kinetics, to identify products formed, to evaluate potential toxicity, and to determine the effect of light deprivation on the TNT transformation process. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene disappearance occurred only in the presence of Anabaena sp. cultures maintained under a normal 16-h photoperiod. Toxicity leading to culture chlorosis and death was observed in batch systems with an initial TNT concentration greater than 10 mg/L. A low rate and extent of TNT disappearance was observed in light-deprived cultures, which were inhibited even at low TNT concentrations (i.e., &lt;4 mg/L). At pH values between 7.5 and 8.5, azoxy-tetranitrotoluene isomers were detected in both the culture medium and solvent extracts of biomass and accounted for only 20 and 4.4% of the initially added TNT moles, respectively. At a culture pH range between 5.6 and 5.9, achieved by aeration with a 5% CO2/air mixture, hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene equimolar to the TNT addition was produced and then depleted from the culture medium with prolonged incubation. Although TNT reduction in Anabaena sp. cultures occurred, yielding low levels of azoxy-tetranitrotoluene isomers or hydroxylaminodinitrotoluene (depending on the culture pH conditions), uptake and other transformation reactions of TNT and/or its transformation products by Anabaena sp. may have taken place. Based on a less than 15% observed increase of biomass concentration over the relatively short incubation periods (usually &lt;6 h) and by considering the mean biomass concentration constant, the TNT disappearance rate followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The biomass carbon-normalized TNT disappearance rates in Anabaena sp. cultures were about three orders of magnitude higher than previously reported TNT disappearance rates obtained in batch cultures of aquatic plants.
Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska
Authors: Bacon Corinne E , Jarman Walter M , Estes James A , Simon Mary , Norstrom Ross J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) including non-ortho PCBs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) were measured in sea otter liver tissue from California, southeast Alaska, and the western Aleutian archipelago collected between 1988 and 1992. Average total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane concentrations for California otters (850 μg/kg wet weight) were over 20 times higher than in Aleutian otters (40 μg/kg) and over 800 times higher than otters from southeast Alaska (1 μg/kg). Levels for total PCBs in Aleutian otters (310 μg/kg) were 1.7 times higher than levels in California otters (190 μg/kg) and 38 times higher than otters from southeast Alaska (8 μg/kg). Levels for PCDD and PCDF were extremely low in all otter populations. Levels of PCBs in Aleutian and Californian otters are abnormally high when compared with southeast Alaskan otters. The source of PCBs to the Aleutian Islands remains unclear and vital to understanding the potential impacts to sea otters.
Cytochrome P4501A induction, benzo[a]pyrene metabolism, and nucleotide adduct formation in fish hepatoma cells: Effect of preexposure to 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl
Authors: Smeets Jean M W , Voormolen Adriaan , Tillitt Donald E , Everaarts Jan M , Seinen Willem , van den Berg Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In PLHC-1 hepatoma cells, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) caused a maximum induction of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity, measured as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD), after 4 to 8 h of exposure, depending on the B[a]P concentration. The decline of EROD activity at longer exposure times was probably caused by the rapid metabolism of B[a]P in this system (57% metabolism within 4 h incubation). In subsequent experiments, PLHC-1 cells were preinduced with PCB 126 for 24 h and then received a dose of 10, 100, or 1,000 nM 3H-B[a]P. A 1-nM concentration of PCB 126 caused an 80-fold induction of CYP1A activity, resulting in an increase in B[a]P metabolism of less than 10%, except at the highest concentration of B[a]P (1,000 nM), where a 50% increase was observed. In another experiment, an 80-fold induction of CYP1A activity caused a 20% increase in the metabolism of B[a]P (100 nM), and RNA adduct formation was increased approximately twofold. These results indicate that, at exposure concentrations up to 100 nM B[a]P, CYP1A activity is not rate limiting for B[a]P metabolism. Furthermore, CYP1A seems to also be specifically involved in B[a]P activation in PLHC-1 cells. However, CYP1A induction causes only a relatively small increase in activation, probably because of the action of other enzymes involved in B[a]P activation and deactivation.
Ecological risk assessment in a large river-reservoir: 4. Piscivorous wildlife
Authors: Sample Bradley E , Suter Glenn W 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Over 50 years of operations of facilities on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), Tennessee, has resulted in the release of contaminants into the water, sediment, and biota of the Clinch River and Poplar Creek, downstream of the ORR. An iterative, weight-of-evidence approach was employed to assess risks these contaminants present to four piscivorous wildlife species (osprey [Pandion haliaetus], great blue heron [Ardea herodias], mink [Mustela vison], and river otter [Lutra canadensis]) in the Clinch River/Poplar Creek (CR/PC) watershed. Available data consisted of literature-derived NOAELs and LOAELs, field surveys, and toxicity tests. Contaminants of potential ecological concern (COPECs) were identified by comparing point estimates of exposure to NOAELs and included mercury and PCBs. Exposure to COPECs was reestimated using Monte Carlo methods, first at individual locations, then over ecologically relevant spatial scales. These exposure distributions were compared to LOAELs. Estimated exposure for mink was not sufficient to present a risk from any COPEC. Mercury and PCBs presented a significant risk to river otter at one location each. Exposure of osprey and great blue herons to mercury represented a significant risk at one and two locations, respectively. Field surveys of heron rookeries and osprey nests indicated no adverse effects on reproduction. Mink fed fish from the Clinch River displayed reduced reproduction only in the most contaminated of five toxicity test diets; this reduction was not statistically significant, however. The maximum mercury and PCB exposures estimated for mink along the Clinch River were significantly lower than the toxicity test exposures associated with adverse effects The weight of evidence indicates that contaminants from the ORR do not present a risk to mink, great blue heron, or osprey along the Clinch River; river otter, however, may be at risk from mercury and PCBs.
Modeling of residue stabilization
Authors: Velasco-Arjona Alfredo , Izquierdo Andrés , de Castro María Dolores Luque 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study was made on the decrease in toxicity of various contaminated residues when treated with three different stabilizers. General criteria of the requirements for stabilization were also established, which depended on both the toxicity and nature of the toxic substances. The modeling of the stabilization process will allow nonspecialized personnel to carry out the operations and will also standardize the modus operandi of such enterprises.
Effects of soil organic matter content and temperature on toxicity of dimethoate to Folsomia fimetaria (Collembola: Isotomiidae)
Authors: Martikainen Esko Anssi Tapio , Krogh Paul Henning 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The purpose of these experiments was to study the effects of two major environmental factors, soil organic matter content (1.4–8.6%) and temperature (10–20°C), on chemical toxicity to a soil-dwelling collembolan Folsomia fimetaria. Dimethoate was used as a reference chemical. Effects on survival, reproduction, and juvenile size were investigated. Increasing soil organic matter content reduced toxicity significantly, but the differences disappeared when results were recalculated and expressed as soil pore-water concentrations. This supported the soil pore-water hypothesis. The effects of soil temperature were not so clear, because temperature affects not only the growth and reproduction of the collembolan but also the chemical degradation. In general, decreasing temperature seemed to increase toxic effects. The procedure for toxicity testing with F. fimetaria was further improved by using adults at stage 7 to 8, when males and females could reliably be distinguished by size. Furthermore, image processing was applied for the first time in the counting and size measurements of the collembolans.
Chromosomal aberrancy in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) collected on abandoned coal strip mines, Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Husby Michael P , Hausbeck John S , McBee Karen 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the genetic consequences to small mammals of long-term exposure to heavy metal pollution. A secondary goal was to continue the process of validation of chromosomal aberration analysis as an in situ biological monitoring tool. During the spring, summer, and fall of 1992, white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were collected from four metal-polluted, abandoned coal strip mines and three uncontaminated reference sites in eastern Oklahoma, USA. Chromosomal aberrations were scored from standard bone marrow metaphase chromosome spreads. Seasonal differences were detected for aberrant cells (cells containing one or more chromosomal lesions) per individual (p = 0.0004), but there were no differences among sites or between sexes. Males and females were tested separately for lesions per individual, and neither sex showed a significant difference among sites but both showed seasonal differences across sites. Finally, a chi-square analysis showed that the difference between total lesions and aberrant cells was not significantly different among sites (p = 0.635), indicating that lesions were distributed among cells in approximately the same way among all sites.
Estrogenic potency of effluent from two sewage treatment works in the United Kingdom
Authors: Harries Jule E , Janbakhsh Afsaneh , Jobling Susan , Matthiessen Peter , Sumpter John P , Tyler Charles R 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Rainbow trout were exposed for 3 weeks (in a flow-through system) to various dilutions of treated effluent (25, 50, 75, and 100%) from Harpenden and Chelmsford sewage treatment works (STW) during November 1994 and August 1996, respectively, and the induction of plasma vitellogenin was measured. Significant (p &lt; 0.05) increases in plasma vitellogenin concentrations occurred in fish held in effluent from Harpenden STW at concentrations of 50% and above. At Chelmsford STW, the effluent appeared to be more potent, causing induction of vitellogenin in fish at concentrations as low as 25% (compared with 50% for the Harpenden effluent). Exposure to lower concentrations of effluent emanating from Chelmsford in April of the following year indicated that estrogenic activity was diluted to no-effect levels at this STW at concentrations between 12 and 25%.
Developmental toxicity of copper chloride, methylene chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide to embryos of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio
Authors: Rayburn James R , Fisher William S 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Embryos of estuarine grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio have demonstrated sensitivity to various solvents and petroleum products, indicating utility for evaluating estuarine contamination. Testing was performed to establish concentration-response curves for methylene chloride, copper chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide, three known teratogenic chemicals. Two exposure periods were used, 4 d and 12 d, and both periods extended through hatching. The average 4-d LC50 values for methylene chloride, copper chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide were 0.071% v/v, 1.82 mg/L, and 0.21 mg/ml, respectively. The average 12-d LC50 values for methylene chloride, copper chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide were 0.031% v/v, 1.44 mg/L, and 0.057 mg/ml, respectively. Eye malformations were observed with embryos exposed to concentrations greater than 3 mg/L copper chloride or greater than 0.07% v/v methylene chloride. Very few abnormalities were observed in embryos exposed to 6-aminonicotinamide. Abnormal larval development was found with exposure to copper chloride at concentrations greater than 1 mg/L. The sensitivity and low variability found here further supports the development of these relatively simple methods using grass shrimp embryos. Establishment of sublethal developmental endpoints warrants further investigation because of their potential correspondence to mechanisms of toxic action.
Acute toxicity of the insecticides endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and malathion to the epibenthic estuarine amphipod Gammarus palustris (Bousfield)
Authors: Leight Andrew K , Van Dolah Robert F 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The acute effects of three commonly used pesticides were evaluated using the epibenthic, estuarine amphipod Gammarus palustris. This species is most abundant in intertidal salt marshes and has a cosmopolitan distribution. Laboratory bioassays were conducted under static and static-renewal conditions. Median lethal concentrations of endosulfan and chlorpyrifos were much lower at all exposure time points than malathion in the static exposures (e.g., 96-h LC50 = 0.43 μg/L for endosulfan, 0.30 μg/L for chlorpyrifos, and 4.65 μg/L for malathion). A similar pattern of toxicity was noted in the static-renewal exposures, with statistically significant differences in toxicity observed between the static versus static-renewal exposures for endosulfan at the 48-h time point, at none of the time points for chlorpyrifos, and at all three time points (48, 72, and 96 h) for malathion. The sensitivity of G. palustris was generally comparable to LC50 values found in the literature for other crustaceans, particularly for the 96-h exposures. Evaluation of field contaminant data, compared with the laboratory toxicity data, indicated that this species could serve as a useful bioindicator of contaminant stress in salt marsh habitats.
Do amphipods have the same concentration-response to contaminated sediment in situ as in vitro?
Authors: Dewitt Theodore H , Hickey Christopher W , Morrisey Donald J , Nipper Marion G , Roper David S , Williamson R Bruce , Dam Lawrence Van , Williams Erica K 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn underlying assumption of laboratory-based toxicity tests is that the sensitivity of organisms in the laboratory (in vitro) is comparable to that in the field (in situ). We tested this assumption by exposing estuarine amphipods (Chaetocorophium cf. lucasi) to a concentration series of cadmium-spiked sediments in vitro and in situ for 10 d. In situ exposures were conducted within plastic-mesh cages on an intertidal mudflat. To characterize exposure, we measured interstitial water cadmium concentrations (IWCd), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), and simultaneously extracted Cd (SEMCd) at the beginning and end of the exposures. Between day 0 and day 10, AVS decreased in both in vitro and in situ exposures, while IWCd levels declined less in vitro (median 27%) than in situ (median 76%). Despite more extreme conditions of temperature (10–36°C) and salinity (18–22%o) in situ, in vitro and in situ exposures showed comparable survival responses based on SEMCd/AVS (LC50 [95% CI]: 1.6 [1.46–1.78] and 1.8 [1.76–1.83], respectively), with the onset of marked mortality above a SEMCd/AVS value of about one and minimal survival (&lt;5%) above a value of two. Based on IWCd concentrations, however, sensitivity was significantly greater in vitro (LC50 = 0.41 μg Cd/L [0.171–0.959], in situ LC50 = 1.6 μg Cd/L [1.15–2.16]). We concluded that, in our tests, amphipod sensitivity in vitro was equal to or greater than its sensitivity in situ.