bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An insect, Sialis lutaria, as a host for larval Proteocephalus sp.
Authors: Kennedy C. R. , Nie P. , Rostron J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTLarvae of a species of Proteocephalus were observed in the intestines of larvae of Sialis lutaria (Insecta: Megaloptera) in a single locality at prevalence levels of up to 40% and over a period of three years. The cestodes were plerocerciform in character and up to 3 mm in length, having undergone some growth and development in the insect. Comparison of scolex morphology with that of adult Proteocephalus spp. obtained from fish in the same river suggests the most likely identity of the parasite is P. filicollis. Support for this suggestion came from the recovery of two parasites from experimentally infected sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. This is the first record of a proteocephalid larvae from an insect, and so also from S. lutaria, and of a proteocephalid using a second, additional invertebrate host. The use of S. lutaria is so far known only from this one locality and may reflect the peculiar, but continuing, ecological conditions there, but it is suggested that the ability to use S. lutaria as an additional host may be associated particularly, though not exclusively, with parasites of sticklebacks.
Stage-specific expression of a developmentally regulated gene inDirofilaria immitis
Authors: Sun S. , Matsuura T. , Sugane K. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA previously reported cDNA clone encoding 34 kDa antigenic polypeptide ofDirofilaria immitis(λ cD34) was studied to elucidate the mechanism of stage-specific gene expression. The 34 kDa polypeptide was a larva-specific antigen and the mRNA was detectable in microfilariae but not in adult worms and eggs. The λ cD34 gene was not sex linked and was contained in the genome ofD. immitisat each stage. The stage-specific expression of the developmentally regulated gene inD. immitismay be controlled primarily at the mRNA level.
Echinostoma caproni and E. trivolvis alter the binding of glycoconjugates in the intestinal mucosa of C3H mice as determined by lectin histochemistry
Authors: Fujino T. , Fried B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMouse (C3H) mucosal glycoconjugates were examined in normal small intestines and intestines infected with Echinostoma caproni, or E. trivolvis using six different fluorescein-conjugated lectins: Triticum, vulgaris agglutinin (WGA), Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA-I). Glycine max soybean agglutinin (SBA), Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and Arachis hypogaeu peanut agglutinin (PNA). The expression of lectin-binding sites and the intensity of the binding of lectins in the mouse small intestines were changed by infection with the echinostomes. Specific differences in the reaction to glycoproteins were clearly observed between the mouse intestines infected with E. caproni and those infected with E. trivolvis. In E. caproni infection, binding of most of the lectins to the villi was remarkably reduced in accord with the villous atrophy and loss of goblet cells. In contrast, in E. trivolvis infection, the binding of WGA, RCA-I and DBA was reduced in the microvillar surfaces, but binding of UEA-I and SBA were unchanged compared to the control intestines. The lectin binding to goblet cells in E. trivolvis-infected mice mostly increased. These observations may reflect the marked increase in goblet cells and the less severe damage in the villi of E. trivolvis infection compared to E. caproni infection. Most of the glycoconjugates were slightly reduced in the hyperplastic crypts except for N-acetyl glucosamine. It is possible that glucose metabolism in the host intestines infected with E. trivolvis was activated. resulting in an increase in the rate of mucin synthesis as well as qualitative changes in mucus, thereby mediating the expulsion of the worms.
Comparative spectral, electrophoretic and isoelectric properties of trematode haemoglobins
Authors: Rashid K. A. , Haque M. , Siddiqi A. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA comparative studs of the spectral, electrophoretic and isoelectric properties of the haemoglobins of three trematodes. Paramphistomum epiclitum. Gigantocotyle explanatum and Gastrothylax erumenifer was carried out. A high absorption in the beta band region indicates that trematode haemoglobins have high oxygen affinities. Electrophoretic mobilities of all trematode and their host haemoglobins were different. The isoelectric points of trematode haemoglobins were found to focus in the acidic range except that of G. crumenifer haemoglobin I. which focused at an alkaline pH.
Prevalence of larval helminths in freshwater snails of the Kinmen Islands
Authors: Chao David , Wang Lian-Chen , Huang Tai-Chu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA survey of larval helminths in freshwater snails of Kinmen was conducted from 1986 to 1987. Parasitological examinations of a total of 726 live snails collected from 25 loci revealed that 20 of 80 Bithynia fuchsiana were infected with metacercariae of Echinostoma gotoi and 36 with metacercariae of other echinostomes. Among 57 Radix auricularia swinhoei snails, 27 were infected with echinostomes and with metacercariae of other flukes. Of 20 Cipangopaludina chinensis, 18 were found with larvae of echinostomes. Larval trematodes were also found in three of 37 Austropeplea ollula and two of 87 Gyraulus spirillus. Third-stage larvae of Parastrongylus cantonensis were found in Ampullarius canaliculatus (5/103), Sinotaia quadrata (20/141), Hippeutis umbilicalis cantori (1/70) and Gyraulus spirillus (2/87). Segmentina hemisphaerula were not infected. Cercariae of Centrocestus formosanus, Haplorchis pumilio and xiphidiocercaria were found in three, two and two specimens, respectively, of 37 Thiara tuberculata.
The development of new foci of echinococcosis in northern Israel: prevalence in domestic animals
Authors: Furth M. , Hoida G. , Nahmias J. , Greenberg Z. , Barzilay A. , Goldsmith R.S. , El-On J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn a survey carried out in 1991–1992 in the town of Yirka in Northern Israel, 49 dogs were examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection and abattoir data, based on organs condemned for the presence of parasites, was collected. The presence of E. granulosus by arecoline test was demonstrated in 7 (14.2%) of the dogs examined, but no parasites were found in the intestines of five stray dogs shot in the area. A survey of sheep slaughtered in the local abattoir during a one-month period revealed Echinococcus cysts in 10% of the 255 animals examined. No Echinococcus parasites were detected in 21 dogs examined 3 months after the initiation of praziquantel treatment. Echinococcosis seems to be a very serious public health problem in Israel and a control programme needs to be given a high priority.
Genomic variability within laboratory and wild subspecies ofHeligmosomoides polygyrus
Authors: Abu-Madi M.A. , Reid A.P. , Lewis J.W. , Hominick W.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGenomic DNA extracted from laboratory and wild subspecies of the trichostrongyle nematodeHeligmosomoides polygyruswere compared using RFLP and DNA/DNA hybridization techniques. Eight restriction endonuclease digests of the genomic DNA of the two subspecies were hybridized with heterologous ribosomal DNA probes and the total radio-isotope labelled DNA of the laboratory subspecies. DNA hybridization of the two subspecies ofH. polygyrusyielded different banding patterns when probed with the rDNA clones inPvuII digests and when total genomic DNA was used as the probe inHind III andPvuII digests. The remaining hybridization profiles of both subspecies were identical.
Ultrastructure of the digestive system of adult Sanguinicola inermis
Authors: McMichael-Phillips D.F. , Lewis J.W. , Thorndyke M.C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe alimentary tract of adult Sanguinicola inermis Plehn, 1905 (Digenea: Sanguinicolidae) was studied by transmission electron microscopy. A highly developed muscular region, likely to be a modified sucker, is present anteriorly to the oesophagus. The tegumental oesophagus, on the basis of the characteristics of the surface cytoplasm, is differentiated into anterior, median and posterior regions with the apical cytoplasm of the median oesophagus drawn into extracellular vesicles from which arise surface knobs. The oesophagus leads to a cellular intestine composed of a single layer of epithelial cells. The apical surface of the intestine is drawn into short luminal projections and the intestinal cells contain numerous organelles and secretory granules. No host cells or cell debris were evident within the alimentary tract, although the intestinal lumen was filled with electron-dense material.
Results of a large scale onchocercosis survey in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Nwaorgu O.C. , Ohaegbula A. , Onweluzo I.E. , Alo E.T. , Nweke L.N. , Agu M.L. , Emeh E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe prevalence of onchocercosis was determined in three Local Government Areas (Ezeagu, Oji-River and Uzo-Uwani) in Enugu State, Eastern Nigeria between March 1989 and June 1990. Enugu State was shown to be mesoendemic for onchocercosis. A total of 7472 (26.9%) persons out of 27,831 examined were positive for skin microfilariae. There was no significant difference in infection rates between males (27.6%) and females (26.2%). Of the 118 villages surveyed only five had no inhabitant with skin microfilariae. There was a progressive increase of prevalence to the second decade of life, although 96.6% of cases with skin microfilariae had only a light infection. Onchocercomata prevalence was recorded as 27.3% which tallies with the prevalence of skin microfilariae at 26.9% hence onchocercomata prevalence may be used as a yardstick for predicting skin microfilariae prevalence.
Biology of Crassicutis cichlasomae, a parasite of cichlid fishes in Mexico and Central America
Authors: Scholz T. , Pech-Ek M.C.F. , Rodriguez-Canul R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractField study on the biology of Crassicutis cichlasomae Manter, 1936 (Digenea: Homalometridae) was carried out in a small swamp in a limestone factory near Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. Aquatic snails, Littorina (Littoridinopsis) angulifera, harbouring C. cichlasomae rediae, cercariae and metacercariae, served both as the first and second intermediate hosts. Feeding experiments confirmed the conspecificity of metacercariae from naturally infected snails with adults from naturally infected fish. Gravid C. cichlasomae worms were obtained from experimentally infected fish 19 days post exposure at 22–24°C. Examination of fish from the swamp in Mitza and other localities in the Yucatan Peninsula showed that the cichlids Cichlasoma urophthalmus and C. meeki were definitive hosts of C. cichlasomae. There was no pronounced preference of C. cichlasomae adults for the site of their location in the intestine of the definitive host; a slightly higher proportion (41%) of worms was only found in the anterior third of the gut. The time of miracidium development varied from 18.5 to 27.5 days; different temperature (20.1–35.7°C) or light/darkness regimes influenced only slightly the rate of embryonic development, with shorter development times at higher temperature (34.8–35.7°C) and constant darkness and/or light. With the exception of the sporocyst, all developmental stages are described and figured.
Separation of outer cysts from metacercariae ofFasciola giganticain an aqueous two-phase system
Authors: Yoshihara S. , Hazeyama M. , Kato H. , Goto N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe outer cysts (Oc) ofFasciola giganticametacercariae (Mc) were separated in an aqueous two-phase system composed of polyethylene glycol and dextran in distilled water. A large number of separated Mc without Oc were recovered in the bottom layer rich in dextran in the system. Ten separated Mc in the layer were used to inoculate the mouse with a syringe and juveniles were recovered from the animals on the 14th day. When the number of juveniles recovered was compared with that from the mice infected orally with the same number of Mc, there was a significant difference between them (P <0.05). The former method is easier than the latter for inoculation.
Effect of ivermectin on infection with gastro-intestinal nematodes in Sierra Leone
Authors: Behnke J.M. , Pritchard D.I. , Wakelin D. , Park J.R. , McNicholas A.M. , Gilbert F.S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLevels of intestinal nematode infections were assessed six months after a two year trial of ivermectin for efficacy against onchocerciasis had ended. In the trial the inhabitants of six villages in Sierra Leone were offered treatment with ivermectin or placebo at six monthly intervals for four rounds in total. Quantitative faecal egg counts were carried out on stool samples provided by 202 subjects, all of whom had received all four rounds of treatment, in two of the villages (Dodo and Mogibisi). These data were analysed by a novel procedure in which a 3-way ANOVA with negative binomial errors enabled village and host gender influences on the outcome of treatment to be identified. Necator americanus was the most common species showing an overall prevalence of 90% but a higher intensity in Mogibisi relative to Dodo, particularly among male subjects. Neither prevalence nor intensity of infection were altered in ivermectin-treated compared with placebo-treated subjects. Trichuris trichiura was the least common species with a prevalence of 15%. It was concluded that there was no significant protection from infection with this species among the ivermectin relative to the placebo-treated subjects. Ascaris lumbricoides, with an overall prevalence of 39%, was more common among female (50%) compared with male (27%) villagers. Prevalence was not significantly affected by ivermectin but the intensity of infection declined by 91.3% in Dodo whilst in Mogibisi intensity was only reduced by 14.6%. The results indicate that the long-term benefits of treatment of necatoriasis and trichuriasis with ivermectin are likely to be minimal whilst those of ascariasis will depend on the individual characteristics of local communities and may differ quite markedly within a limited geographical area. Possible explanations for the discrepancy in efficacy between villages are considered.
In vitro hatching of oncospheres of Taenia taeniaeformis using eggs isolated from fresh, frozen, formalin-fixed and ethanol-fixed segments
Authors: Negita T. , Ito A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn order to establish a simple means of handling eggs of taeniid cestodes under non-biohazardous conditions, gravid segments of Taenia taeniaeformis were fixed in ethanol or formalin or were frozen. In vitro hatching of oncospheres was carried out by the 0.5% sodium hypochlorite method using eggs isolated from the nonviable and viable segments. No oncospheres hatched from formalized eggs, whereas almost all oncospheres hatched from all other eggs but the number of oncospheres recovered was highly variable. Oncospheres hatched from eggs isolated from frozen segments were highly fragile. The highest figures for in vitro hatching of oncospheres were recorded when eggs isolated either from segments fixed in 70% ethanol or from viable segments were used.
Zinc deficiency and host response to helminth infection: Echinostoma caproni infections in CBA mice
Authors: Bæk J. , Simonsen P. E. , Friis H. , Christensen N. Ø. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe effect of zinc deficiency on the response of CBA mice to infection with the intestinal trematode Echinostoma caproni was examined. Young CBA mice were allocated to one of three dietary groups: a group fed a zinc deficient diet ad libitum, a control group pair fed a zinc sufficient diet and a control group fed a zinc sufficient diet ad libitum. The mice on the zinc deficient diet gained significantly less weight than the pair fed controls. In primary infections with six E. caproni metacercariae followed over a period of 128 days, zinc deficiency delayed worm expulsion. In addition, zinc deficiency resulted in a prolonged IgM response, a delayed IgG response and an increased IgA response towards the end of the experiment. Resistance to challenge infection day 21 following a primary infection with 25 E. caproni metacercariae was slightly, but not significantly, affected by zinc deficiency.
Analysis of the prevalence of infection and associations between human gastrointestinal nematodes among different age classes living in the urban and suburban communities of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Udonsi J.K. , Behnke J.M. , Gilbert F.S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFresh stool samples from 300 subjects presenting at out-patient clinics in two major hospitals in Port Harcourt were analysed for the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections and 85.3% were found to carry at least one of the four species of GI nematodes recognized during the study. The most common species was Ascaris lumbricoides (54%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (43.7%) and Necator americanus (42.7%) and lastly Strongyloides stercoralis (33%). Peak prevalence for A. lumbricoides was among the ≤9 years age cohorts, whilst those for the remaining species all coincided among the 15–19 years age cohort. The frequencies of single, double and triple-species infection categories, across the species and within most of the specific combinations were lower than the expected frequencies calculated from overall prevalence data for each species. Observed cases of non-infected individuals and those carrying all four species were higher than expected, suggesting that a greater than expected subset of the population was free from infection, particularly among subjects ≥30 years old and another subset more prone to infection by all four species, predominantly among the age cohorts ≤29 years. N. americanus and T. trichiura were more commonly encountered among multiple species infection combinations than expected, but the intensity of the former declined as the number of other concurrently infecting species increased. In contrast, the intensity of infection with S. stercoralis increased as the number of other species increased. Positive associations between A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura, N. americanus and S. stercoralis, and T. trichiura and N. americanus were identified in respect of greater than expected co-occurrence of these combinations and significant positive correlations between their respective intensities of infection. These were related to specific age cohorts which were identified as particularly prone to multiple infections.
Evidence for specificity of Steganoderma formosum for its second intermediate host in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Marcogliese D.J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMetacercariae of Steganoderma formosum Stafford, 1904 infected 17 of 358 Acadian hermit crabs (Pagurus acadianus) on the Scotian Shelf east of Nova Scotia, Canada, in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean in 1989, 1990 and 1995. Overall prevalence and abundance in P. acadianus on the Scotian Shelf were 5% and 0.4 metacercariae per crab, with a maximum intensity of 56. The highest prevalence (34%) and abundance (2.9) were recorded in the winter of 1989. All infected hermit crabs were greater than 9 mm in cephalothorax length. The parasite was not found in Acadian hermit crabs (n = 74) from Georges Bank, nor in any hairy hermit crabs (P. arcuatus and P. pubescens) on the Scotian Shelf (n = 808), on Georges Bank (n = 14), or in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (n = 87). A single sand shrimp (Crangon septemspinosa) of 1254 collected from the Scotian Shelf in 1989 and 1990 was infected with a metacercaria of S. formosum. None of 421 pink shrimps (Pandalus spp.) collected from the Scotian Shelf in 1989 and 1995 was infected. Male and female reproductive systems were well developed and spermatozoa were observed in the seminal receptacles of most parasites, suggesting that these metacercariae are progenetic. The distribution of the parasite among potential intermediate hosts suggests that S. formosum demonstrates greater specificity for its second intermediate host in the Northwest Atlantic than it does in the Pacific or in the Northeast Atlantic oceans.
Larval somatic antigens effective in inducing an IgG response and protection againstStrongyloides papillosusinfection
Authors: Ooba C. , Nakamura Y. , Taira N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA serum IgG response toStrongyloides papillosusinfection was analysed in rabbits. IgG production was induced against 30–200 kDa larval somatic antigens and 21–160 kDa adult excretory/secretory (ES) antigens at 4 weeks postinfection. No immunoreactivity was detected between sera of infected animals and any proteins of larval ES and adult somatic antigens. Protection against larval challenge infection was investigated in rabbits immunized by primary infection and by intradermal inoculations of larval somatic and adult ES antigens. Primarily infected animals had 90% fewer or less worms from day 2 onwards after challenge, and lower faecal egg outputs after challenge, when compared with those in susceptible animals. Immunization with larval somatic antigens induced effective protection, showing 52.6–81.5% reductions in worm recovery from day 5 onwards after challenge, and lower faecal egg outputs after challenge. Systemic immunization with adult ES antigens failed to protect the animals against challenge. The possibility that resistance toS. papillosusreinfection is performed on the killing of migrating larvae in the early stages of infection is discussed. Systemic immune responses to larval somatic antigens might play an important role in the resistance.
Variability of Fasciola infections in Lymnaea truncatula as a function of snail generation and snail activity
Authors: Rondelaud D. , Dreyfuss G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractField investigations were carried out over a 4-year period in three farms of the Haute-Vienne department (France) in order to determine the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in the annual generations of Lymnaea truncatula. Infection rates found in March were significantly lower than those recorded in July or in September (0.8% to 2.2% compared to 5.7% to 13.5% and 4.4% to 9.3%, respectively). They were always lower in overwintering snails than in other snail generations (summer generation in 1989,1990 and 1991; spring and summer generations in 1992). Experimental infections of L. truncatula by F. hepatica were performed to evaluate the characteristics of Fasciola infection with reference to snail generation and snail activity. Survival of summer generation snails at day 30 postexposure was significantly lower in snails collected in September than in those collected in May and June. In the winter generation of L. truncatula, snail survival was significantly higher in snails collected from December to March than in those from November. The prevalence of infection was significantly lower in snails collected in September (summer generation) than in those collected from December to March (winter generation). The duration of the prepatent period was significantly delayed in snails collected from January to March (a mean of 54.2 to 58.2 days instead of 43.1 to 49 days in the other groups), whereas that of the patent period was significantly shorter (5 to 9.3 days instead of 18.3 to 40.3 days, respectively). In snails collected from January to March, the number of metacercariae was significantly lower than that found from other snail groups (a mean of 21.5 to 42 metacercariae instead of 72.8 to 151.4 cysts, respectively). Fasciola infections of L. truncatula originating from spring and summer generations were more efficient than those from the winter generation of snails.