bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arab Women: Duality of Deprivation in Decision-making under Patriarchal Authority
Authors: Said-Foqahaa Nader , Maziad Marwa 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper addresses the challenges impeding Arab women from fully participating in decision-making processes. A gender-based Dual deprivation is defined, analyzed and diagnosed as vicious and multi-layered circles surrounding women’s abilities to make decisions concerning their own lives on the one hand, and restricting their capacity to delve into established institutional mechanism of decision making, on the other hand. This “dual deprivation” not only isolates women from decision-making processes, even on issues directly impacting their lives, but also denies them the ability to act as agents of change and create an empowering environment, due to women’s absence from decision-making positions. Other challenges addressed include high fertility rates, circumcision, early marriage, domestic violence, and inequitable laws. Employing testimonial interviews with women from various countries in the Arab World, the data offer in-depth analysis of the status of men and women, in relation to decision making in the private and public spheres in Arab societies. Findings show some progress despite its insufficiency, confirming that authority is still patriarchal in Arab countries. The study also shows that as opposed to men, women tend to be more participatory and democratic in their decision-making processes, veering towards ending conflict and favoring dialogue. Other issues addressed include high fertility rates, circumcision, early marriage, domestic violence, and inequitable laws. An action plan regarding social, economic, legislative, cultural, administrative, political, and communicative issues is recommended for women’s empowerment.
Pragmatism and Naturalism in Religious Studies
Authors: Blum Jason 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGiven the close relationship between pragmatism and naturalism, incorporation of the former into religious studies methodology might seem to privilege the latter. I question this intuition by examining dimensions of pragmatism which suggest that it is more amenable to theism, and less closely tied to naturalism, than many suppose. Pragmatism encourages theoretical openness and reflectivity, which militate against exclusively privileging any particular philosophical perspective. Pragmatism’s most valuable contribution to methodology is the endorsement of a methodological pluralism that relativizes naturalism as one among numerous viable approaches to religious studies.
Water Cures in Japan: The Case of a Health Manual in the Early Nineteenth Century1
Authors: Daidoji Keiko 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article examines a variety of practices that involve water cures in Japanese medical history. Focusing on a health manual, Byōka suchi (What a household with sick persons should know, published between 1832‐1835), by Hirano Jūsei , this article describes how water cures were applied for many symptoms and include listening, washing, bathing in hot water, spitting, imbibing, soaking and immersion. Hirano’s text about the application of water cures referenced both Japanese and Chinese classical literature, but also incorporated Western ideas of hydrotherapy.
Amending the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999
Authors: Ofo Nat 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe amendment of the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 1999 has not been free of controversies. The latest controversy dogging the amendment relates to whether or not it is necessary for the President to assent to the Bill of the National Assembly amending the Constitution, even after the amendment has been ratified by at least two-thirds of the Houses of Assembly of the States of the Federation. There are two schools of thought on this issue; each with sound arguments in support of their respective position. A dispassionate and realistic consideration of the issue has been undertaken in this article. The conclusion is reached that the provision of the constitution dealing with its amendment is not free from ambiguity. Its lack of clarity on its amendment procedure has made it obviously in dire need of amendment. Consequently, necessary suggestions on how to resolve the issues, including the amendment of the amendment-provision of the constitution have been proffered.
Bans on the Wearing of Religious Symbols in British Schools: A Violation of the Right to Non-Discrimination?
Authors: Howard Erica 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBans on the wearing of religious symbols in education have been said to violate the right to freedom of religion and/or anti-discrimination legislation. This article builds on an earlier article published in this journal which examined whether bans constitute a violation of the fundamental human right to freedom of religion. It analyses such bans as a breach of anti-discrimination measures by looking at cases of the European Court of Human Rights and the British courts. This analysis leads to the conclusion that a claim based on anti-discrimination law is not likely to be more successful in court than a claim based on freedom of religion because similar issues are taken into account in both decisions.
Convective Generation of Equatorial Superrotation in Planetary Atmospheres
Authors: Liu Junjun , Schneider Tapio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn rapidly rotating planetary atmospheres that are heated from below, equatorial superrotation can occur through convective generation of equatorial Rossby waves. If the heating from below is sufficiently strong that convection penetrates into the upper troposphere, then the convection generates equatorial Rossby waves, which can induce the equatorward angular momentum transport necessary for superrotation. This paper investigates the conditions under which the convective generation of equatorial Rossby waves and their angular momentum transport lead to superrotation. It also addresses how the strength and width of superrotating equatorial jets are controlled.In simulations with an idealized general circulation model (GCM), the relative roles of baroclinicity, heating from below, and bottom drag are explored systematically. Equatorial superrotation generally occurs when the heating from below is sufficiently strong. However, the threshold heating at which the transition to superrotation occurs increases as the baroclinicity or the bottom drag increases. The greater the baroclinicity is, the stronger the angular momentum transport out of low latitudes by baroclinic eddies of extratropical origin. This competes with the angular momentum transport toward the equator by convectively generated Rossby waves and thus can inhibit a transition to superrotation. Equatorial bottom drag damps both the mean zonal flow and convectively generated Rossby waves, weakening the equatorward angular momentum transport as the drag increases; this can also inhibit a transition to superrotation. The strength of superrotating equatorial jets scales approximately with the square of their width. When they are sufficiently strong, their width, in turn, scales with the equatorial Rossby radius and thus depends on the thermal stratification of the equatorial atmosphere.The results have broad implications for planetary atmospheres, particularly for how superrotation can be generated in giant planet atmospheres and in terrestrial atmospheres in warm climates.
An unbreakable path? A comparative study of decentralization and local government development trajectories in Ghana and Uganda
Authors: Awortwi Nicholas 
Published: June 2011

The evolutionary theory of path dependency suggests that the longer an institution has been in place, the more resilient it is to change. Given enough time and self-reinforcing mechanisms, an organizational and institutional path develops and becomes highly resistant to change and likely to endure for a long time. Since the path benefits those who created it, the same actors cannot unlock it. Only an ‘exogenous shock’ (an event outside the path) can radically change the incentives or constraints facing the actors and enable a country to break free of the path. This article applies these propositions to explain the past, present and future trajectories of decentralization and local government (LG) institutional development in Ghana and Uganda. The article shows that Uganda pursued a sequence of political, administrative and fiscal decentralization whereas in Ghana the order was administrative, political and fiscal. As a result, Uganda has made a little progress, more than Ghana, in strengthening LG institutions. However, given that neither Uganda nor Ghana followed an ideal sequence of decentralization reforms that would have strengthened LGs against unbridled central government (CG) interference, currently CGs in both countries are retaking much of what was initially decentralized. The article concludes that recentralization and further weakening of LGs are likely to continue in both countries because the initial path that was created benefited CG politicians and bureaucrats and they are committed to staying on that course. Points for practitioners Many countries have developed a decentralization policy that aims at streamlining the relationship between central and local governments. However, professionals working in the field of public management and administration need to bear in mind that recentralization is possible even in the midst of a decentralization policy. This is because while central government leadership finds it expedient to appear to support a decentralization policy they do not wish to see the growth of powerful local institutions that might challenge their monopoly over power and resources that are needed for local development. Sustained donor pressure as a condition for budgetary support is a plausible exogenous factor that can force central government leadership in developing countries to commit to the tenets of decentralization.
Access to palliative care services in hospital: a matter of being in the right hospital. Hospital charts study in a Canadian city
Authors: Cohen Joachim , Wilson Donna M , Thurston Amy , MacLeod Rod , Deliens Luc 
Published: June 2011

Access to palliative care (PC) is a major need worldwide. Using hospital charts of all patients who died over one year (April 2008–March 2009) in two mid-sized hospitals of a large Canadian city, similar in size and function and operated by the same administrative group, this study examined which patients who could benefit from PC services actually received these services and which ones did not, and compared their care characteristics. A significantly lower proportion (29%) of patients dying in hospital 2 (without a PC unit and reliant on a visiting PC team) was referred to PC services as compared to in hospital 1 (with a PC unit; 68%). This lower referral likelihood was found for all patient groups, even among cancer patients, and remained after controlling for patient mix. Referral was strongly associated with having cancer and younger age. Referral to PC thus seems to depend, at least in part, on the coincidence of being admitted to the right hospital. This finding suggests that establishing PC units or a team of committed PC providers in every hospital could increase referral rates and equity of access to PC services. The relatively lower access for older and non-cancer patients and technology use in hospital PC services require further attention.
Lubricant ash particles in diesel engine exhaust. Literature review and modelling study
Authors: Tornehed P , Olofsson U 
Published: June 2011

Reducing particulate emissions from diesel engines has been a concern in recent decades. The increasing use of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) has highlighted the importance of predicting ash emissions from lubricant, since ash accumulates in DPFs. Ash accumulation will increase the pressure drop across the filter, and thereby also the fuel consumption, eventually necessitating filter cleaning or replacement. This paper examines the ash transfer rate, calculated as accumulated ash divided by calculated ash consumption (oil consumption times oil ash content). Three times 500 hours of ash accumulation testing was performed on a Scania heavy-duty diesel engine; in addition, the relevant literature was reviewed. The main results of the study are: (a) the main contributor to ash particulate emissions is lubricant ash; (b) the oil ash transfer rate was found to be oil specific; testing indicated transfer rates of 38–59 per cent; (c) the slight increase in ash transfer rate when reducing the engine load indicated that the load might be dependent on the oil ash transfer rate, although the effect was clearly lower than that of the changing oil.
Release of angiogenesis regulatory proteins from platelet alpha granules: modulation of physiologic and pathologic angiogenesis
Authors: Battinelli Elisabeth M. , Markens Beth A. , Italiano Joseph E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
An association between platelets, angiogenesis, and cancer has long been recognized, but the mechanisms linking them remains unclear. Platelets regulate new blood vessel growth through numerous stimulators and inhibitors of angiogenesis by several pathways, including differential exocytosis of angiogenesis regulators. Herein, we investigated the differential release of angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors from platelets. Activation of human platelets with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulated the release of VEGF, but not endostatin whereas, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) released endostatin but not VEGF. Platelet releasates generated by activation with ADP promoted migration and formation of capillary structures by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUV-EC-Cs) in in vitro angiogenesis models. Conversely, TXA2-stimulated platelet releasate inhibited migration and formation of capillary structures. Because tumor growth beyond 1-2 mm3 is angiogenesis-dependent, we hypothesized that cancer cells preferentially stimulate platelets to secrete their pro-angiogenic payload. In support of this, the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 stimulated secretion of VEGF and a pro-angiogenic releasate from platelets. Furthermore, the antiplatelet agent aspirin inhibited platelet–mediated angiogenesis after exposure to ADP or MCF-7 cells providing a potential mechanism for how aspirin may impact malignancy. Manipulation of differentially mediated release of angiogenic factors from platelets may provide a new modality for cancer treatment.
RNA interference in marine and freshwater sponges: actin knockdown in Tethya wilhelma and Ephydatia muelleriby ingested dsRNA expressing bacteria
Authors: Rivera Ajna S , Hammel Jörg U , Haen Karri M , Danka Elizabeth S , Cieniewicz Brandon , Winters Ian P , Posfai Dora , Wörheide Gert , Lavrov Dennis V , Knight Scott W , Hill Malcolm S , Hill April L , Nickel Michael 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
The marine sponge Tethya wilhelma and the freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri are emerging model organisms to study evolution, gene regulation, development, and physiology in non-bilaterian animal systems. Thus far, functional methods (i.e., loss or gain of function) for these organisms have not been available.

Results
We show that soaking developing freshwater sponges in double-stranded RNA and/or feeding marine and freshwater sponges bacteria expressing double-stranded RNA can lead to RNA interference and reduction of targeted transcript levels. These methods, first utilized in C. elegans, have been adapted for the development and feeding style of easily cultured marine and freshwater poriferans. We demonstrate phenotypic changes result from 'knocking down' expression of the actin gene.

Conclusion
This technique provides an easy, efficient loss-of-function manipulation for developmental and gene regulatory studies in these important non-bilaterian animals.
A novel recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing parvovirus VP2 gene: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in swine
Authors: Chen Yang , Guo Wanzhu , Xu Zhiwen , Yan Qigui , Luo Yan , Shi Qian , Chen Dishi , Zhu Ling , Wang Xiaoyu 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundPorcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 gene has been successfully expressed in many expression systems resulting in self-assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) with similar morphology to the native capsid. Here, a pseudorabies virus (PRV) system was adopted to express the PPV VP2 gene.MethodsA recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 was obtained by homologous recombination between the vector PRV viral DNA and a transfer plasmid. Then recombinant virus was purified with plaque purification, and its identity confirmed by PCR amplification, Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) analyses. Electronic microscopy of PRV SA215/VP2 confirmed self-assembly of both pseudorabies virus and VLPs from VP2 protein.ResultsImmunization of piglets with recombinant virus elicited PRV-specific and PPV-specific humoral immune responses and provided complete protection against a lethal dose of PRV challenges. Gilts immunized with recombinant viruses induced PPV-specific antibodies, and significantly reduced the mortality rate of (1 of 28) following virulent PPV challenge compared with the control (7 of 31). Furthermore, PPV virus DNA was not detected in the fetuses of recombinant virus immunized gilts.ConclusionsIn this study, a recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 virus expressing PPV VP2 protein was constructed using PRV SA215 vector. The safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of the recombinant virus were demonstrated in piglets and primiparous gilts. This recombinant PRV SA215/VP2 represents a suitable candidate for the development of a bivalent vaccine against both PRV and PPV infection.
Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Crystal Structure of Acetetracenylene-1,2-dione
Authors: Okamoto Toshihiro , Suzuki Tsuyoshi , Kojima Shungo , Matsuo Yutaka 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Acetetracenylene-1,2-dione was synthesized by double Friedel–Crafts acylation of tetracene with oxalyl chloride in 46–54% yield. Photophysical, electrochemical, and thermal analysis of the compound revealed its band gap (Eg = 1.77 eV for the solid state), electron-accepting nature (Epcred = −1.35 V vs. Fc/Fc+), and thermal stability (Tdecomp &gt; 300 °C). Single crystals were successfully grown by physical vapor transport, and parallel π-stacking of the molecules was observed by X-ray crystallography.
Classical-Type Invasive Lobular Carcinoma With HER2 Overexpression
Authors: Yu Jing , Dabbs David J. , Shuai Yongli , Niemeier Leo A. , Bhargava Rohit 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The majority of invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) express estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) but lack ERBB2 (HER2) amplification. HER2 overexpression is traditionally considered to occur in the pleomorphic variant of ILCs. We describe 12 cases of classical-type ILCs with HER2 overexpression in a 3-year period. All tumors displayed the characteristic morphologic features of classical ILC with uniform cells and discohesive growth patterns. The lobular phenotype was confirmed by the absence of E-cadherin staining. Multiple variables regarding clinical, histologic, and hormone receptor characteristics of tumors were evaluated and compared with a set of HER2– classical ILCs. The study identified 2 main pathologic features associated with HER2 overexpression in classical type ILC: histiocytoid morphologic features and absence of PR expression. ER is still expressed in HER2+ classical ILCs, although the level of expression is significantly reduced compared with the HER2– cases. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Pathology Consultation on Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Pierce Arand , Nester Theresa 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is considered to be rare but is likely underrecognized. The consulting pathologist plays a critical role in integrating serologic findings with the clinical history, as drug-induced antibodies should be distinguished as either drug-dependent or drug-independent for appropriate clinical management. Drug-dependent antibodies (DDABs) are most commonly associated with cefotetan, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin, whereas fludarabine, methyldopa, β-lactamase inhibitors, and platinum-based chemotherapeutics are frequent causes of drug-independent antibodies (DIABs). DDABs usually demonstrate a positive direct antiglobulin test and a negative elution, while DIABs are serologically indistinguishable from warm autoantibodies and are similarly steroid-responsive. Drug cessation is always recommended.
Letter to the Editor on Fougerite
Authors: Christiansen B. C. , Dideriksen K. , Skovbjerg L. L. , Nedel S. , Stipp S. L. S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFougerite (IMA 2003-057) was accepted by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) in 2004 as a new mineral to represent the green rust (GR) family. The data on which it was approved, however, are inconsistent. X-ray diffraction patterns from the Fougères soils contain no peaks that could meaningfully be attributed to a GR phase. The sequential dissolution procedure used to identify GR in the soils was not rigorously tested for selectivity. If indeed it is selective, the results indicate the presence of 40–78% Fe in minerals other than GR. Other Fe-bearing phases were not included in the interpretation of the spectroscopy data that were presented. The data are consistent with the presence of Fe-bearing clays and other silicate minerals. In light of the ambiguous and conflicting data, we recommend that the case for fougerite as a mineral be re-evaluated by the IMA.
Simultaneous Intercalation of Two Quaternary Phosphonium Salts Into Montmorillonite
Authors: Ganguly Saheli , Dana Kausik , Mukhopadhyay Tapas Kumar , Ghatak Sankar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIntercalation of montmorillonites with a mixture of intercalates has not been studied extensively. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effects of phosphonium-based intercalate mixtures on the properties (organic loading and basal spacing) of montmorillonite. These phosphonium-intercalated montmorillonites are promising candidates as high-temperature stable nanofillers for application in clay polymer nanocomposites.Two salts with different cationic heads and chain lengths were mixed in varying molar ratios and the mixtures were intercalated into the interlayer space of montmorillonite. Two sets were chosen based on the chain length and the cationic head-group structure of the two intercalated salts (referred to hereafter as set 1 and set 2). The resultant intercalated montmorillonite was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The organic loading of the intercalated montmorillonite increased with the proportion of longer carbon-chain intercalate in the mixture. The intensity of the characteristic XRD peak of each intercalate varied with the mole fraction percent of that intercalate in the solution mixture. No marked synergistic effect of the intercalate mixture on the basal spacing and organic loading properties of the intercalated montmorillonite was observed — the proportional influence of individual components was found to be more prominent.