bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Morphological Appraisal of Wild Species in Section Arachis of Peanuts1
Authors: Stalker H. T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The cultivated peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., is a member of section Arachis nom. nud. along with its tetraploid progenitor, A. monticola Krap. et Rig., four validly described diploid species, eight diploid species whose names have never been validly published, and a large collection of taxa discovered since 1975. Systematic relationships and possible species circumscriptors are assessed in section Arachis by means of numerical taxonomy. Seventy-three accessions were grown in the field and three randomly selected specimens of each accession were evaluated. Numerical techniques in the form of cluster and principal components analyses were used on 56 characters, including 20 reproductive, 30 vegetative, and six created variables. Most variation was observed for leaflet size and shape, followed by branching habits and flower size. Although grouping of accessions did not always conform to expectations based on published species descriptions, general relationships among taxa are evident from the analyses. A total of 20 to 25 species will likely exist in section Arachis based on the observed variability.
Effects of Two Cropping and Two Tillage Systems and Pesticides on Peanut Pest Management1
Authors: Minton N. A. , Csinos A. S. , Lynch R. E. , Brenneman T. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In one or more years of a 3-year study, white mold (Sclerotium rolfsii) and Rhizoctonia limb rot (Rhizoctonia solani) damaged peanuts less in a wheat-peanut than in the fallow-peanut cropping system, but velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) damage was less in the fallow-peanut. Thrips (Frankliniella fusca) and Rhizoctonia limb rot damage was less in minimum tillage than in conventional tillage but root-knot nematode (Melodogyne arenaria) damage was less in conventional tillage. Aldicarb reduced root-knot and lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus), thrips, and potato leafhopper (Empoascafabae) damage, but increased numbers of three cornered alfalfa hoppers (Spissistilus festinus) and velvetbean caterpillar damage. Flutolanil reduced white mold and Rhizocotonia limb rot damage. There was a high negative correlation (P=0.0001) of number of white mold loci with yield (r=-0.70). Rhizoctonia limb rot, gall and lesion indices and number of lesion nematodes in the soil were also negatively correlated with yield, but at low levels. Cropping systems did not affect peanut yields; however, tillage systems and nematicide/insecticide and fungicide treatments had major effects. Mean yield in conventional-tillage plots were greater than in minimum-tillage plots for the control and each chemical treatment. Mean yields were 11.1%, 55.9%, and 77.3% greater than control of aldicarb, flutolanil, and aldicarb plus flutolanil treatments, respectively, across cropping systems, tillage systems, and years.
Effect of Four Phenolic Compounds on Yield, Yield Characteristics and Oil Production of Two Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars1
Authors: Singh Parmil , Parmar Usha , Malik C. P. , Grewal Manjit K. , Bhatia D. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In the recent years phenolics have gained importance as PGR(s) [plant growth regulators]. To study their effect on pod development in peanut, four phenolic compounds (H-acid, 1,2,4-acid, resorcinol, and RD-Brown) were used in a field experiment with two foliar spray applications of 100 and 200 ug/mL at 35 and 50 days after planting. A randomized block design was used separately for two cultivars (C-501 and M-37 with three replications for each treatment. All treatments resulted in increased oil content and yield (kg/ha) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). H -acid at 100 ug/mL was the most effective treatment for enhancing number of pods per plant, shelling percentage, yield (kg/ha) and oil percentage in C-501. While H-acid at 100 ug/mL gave the highest increase in number of pods/plant and oil percentage, resorcinol induced the highest yield per hectare and total oil content in M-37. The effect of phenolic compounds on these peanut parameters was independent of their structural configuration.
Control of Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) and Southern Crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) with Postemergence Herbicides1
Authors: Grichar W. James 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Clethodim, cycloxydim, haloxyfop, fluazifop-P, fenoxaprop, and quizalofop were applied early or late postemergence to Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.) and southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel.) in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Clethodim at 0.11 and 0.14 kg/ha, cycloxydim at 0.11 and 0.17, and fluazifop-P at 0.17 and 0.21 kg/ha provided excellent Texas panicum control. Fluazifop-P provided erratic southern crabgrass control, while clethodim, cycloxydim, haloxyfop, fenoxaprop at 0.22 kg/ha, and quizalofop at 0.14 kg/ha provided excellent southern crabgrass control. Yields of peanuts were usually higher following early postemergence application, thus indicating the timing of application is important in improving yields.
Unbalanced Airflow Effects On Multi-Trailer Peanut Dryers1
Authors: Baker K. D. , Cundiff J. S. , Wright F. S. , Vaughan D. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Airflow rates through each plenum port of 71 peanut dryers were measured in situ and ranged from 5 to 15 m3/min/m3. Dryers with one fan, or two fans in tandem, and with four or more plenum ports had lower airflow rates through the two ports closest to the fan(s) than through the other ports unless there was a V-shaped baffle in the plenum. Airflow rates were nearly equal in dryers with baffles. Simulation results for curing peanuts from 25 to 10% moisture content predicted a reduction in curing time from 61 to 46 h as airflow rate increased from 5 to 10 m3/min/m3. Little reduction in curing time resulted from increasing airflow rates above 10 m3/min/m3. Electrical energy consumption increased from 17 to 246 kWh/trailer and LP-gas consumption increased from 135 to 274 L./trailer as airflow rate increased from 5 to 15 m3/min/m3. Installing a baffle in a dryer to balance the airflow rates to individual drying trailers resulted in seasonal curing time and energy savings ranging from 0.5% to 3.5% for dryers with average airflow deviations. Economic return from installing a baffle in a dryer should pay for the cost of installation in one to three years.
Growth, Development, Yield, and Seed Quality of Florunner Peanut Affected by Late Leaf Spot1
Authors: Bourgeois G. , Boote K. J. , Berger R. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Late leaf spot, induced by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, causes serious yield losses of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern United States. A two-year study was conducted to observe progress of late leaf spot and to evaluate subsequent effects of late leaf spot on accumulation of dry matter, leaf area index (LAI), and pod production of Florunner peanut in fungicide-treated and non-treated plots. Disease severity, which is an expression of both disease-induced defoliation and necrotic leaf area, was used as an indicator of disease progression in the field. The leaf dry weight, LAI, and the dry weight of the total biomass were significantly different at 93 days after planting (DAP) in 1986, and at 78 DAP in 1987 between fungicide-treated and non-treated plots. Late leaf spot reduced the potential yield (harvested and dropped pods) of Florunner peanut by 37% in 1986 and 46% in 1987. In non-treated plots, the abscission of pods was initiated later but progressed faster in 1986 than in 1987. The predictions of pod yield with the measures of healthy leaf area duration (HAD) and healthy area absorption (HAA) were adequate for fungicide-treated plots where pod losses were minimal. However, HAD and HAA were inadequate for predicting pod yield of a peanut crop severely infected by late leaf spot, primarily because this predictive approach does not account for losses of dropped pods.
Effects of Tillage Systems on Southern Blight and Pod Yields of Five Runner Peanut Genotypes
Authors: Grichar W. James , Smith Olin D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Four runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, moderately resistant to Pythium myriotylum pod rot and/or southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii), and Florunner were compared under full-tillage, minimum-tillage, and no-tillage cultural systems from 1985 to 1987. Disease, yield, and grade evaluation were made to ascertain if the soilborne disease resistance would be beneficial to peanut production under minimum-tillage systems. Averaged over genotypes, yield was 500 kg/ha more with full-than no-tillage. In one of three years, Florunner yielded less than the highest yielding cultivar. Neither pod rot nor southern blight was a major deterrent to minimum-tillage production. Genotype differences in number of southern blight infection sites, over tillage systems, occurred in two years but the relative disease incidence was inconsistent among cultivars over years. More pod discoloration occurred in Florunner than in all other cultivars in two of three years. Percent sound mature kernels (SMK) + percent sound-split kernels (SS) averaged 3.6% less for the no-tillage than for the full-tillage system, and in all years the grade for Florunner was as good or better than for all other cultivars. A significant genotype x tillage system interaction was apparent for SMK + SS. TX835820 and TX835841 grades were significantly lower with no-tillage systems while other cultivars produced no significant changes in grade.
Lack of Monocarpic Senescence in Florunner Peanut
Authors: Kvien C. K. , Ozias-Akins P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Essential to understanding any plant is basic knowledge of its life cycle. This investigation was designed to determine if the Florunner cultivar of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual or perennial from a strictly botanical standpoint. In order to investigate this aspect of the life cycle, it was necessary to determine if signs of monocarpic senescence were evident at the end of the customary growing season, and to determine how long Florunner specimens would live when disease, temperature and water were not permitted to become fatally stressful. To monitor for signs of senescence, shoot growth and N content were measured until the best harvest date (146 days after planting, DAP). Carbon assimilation and distribution, flower and fruit development also were determined at the best harvest date. No signs of monocarpic senescence were noted. Shoot N concentration was found to initially decline and then level off to a steady state of 28 mg N g-1 of tissue. At harvest, proportions of recently assimilated carbon were measured in root, shoot and fruit tissue. In the longevity portion of the experiment, individual Florunner plants were field-grown for 1158 days under protection from disease and cold injury. At 1158 DAP, the plants still showed no sign of senescence. Fruit of all maturity classes were present on every plant from 90 DAP until the experiment ended (1158 DAP). Throughout the experiment, most of the plant's assimilate appeared to go into fruit production. Tissue samples examined throughout the experiment showed considerable secondary phloem and xylem in older shoot and root tissue. Cork, derived from the phellogen, formed around older portions of the stem and root. Growth of xylem, phloem and phellogen were similar to other perennial herbaceous dicots.
Effect of Placement and Rate of PCNB and PCNB + Ethoprop On The Control Of Southern Stem Rot Of Peanut1
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R. , Bowen K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 10G and PCNB + ethoprop 10–3G applied on 10-cm (narrow) and 25-cm (wide) band widths, respectively, were evaluated for the control of southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and impact on yield of peanut. On-farm evaluations with PCNB were done in 1988 to 1990, while PCNB + ethoprop and diniconazole 25W were tested in 1989 and 1990. Narrow band width (10-cm) applications of the 5.6 kg a.i./ha rate of PCNB significantly reduced disease and increased yield all three years compared to the control; the 11.2 kg a.i./ha rate applied on the wide band width (25-cm) reduced stem rot incidence two of three years. The narrow and wide band width applications of PCNB + ethoprop at 5.6 + 1.7 kg a.i./ha and 11.2 + 3.3 kg a.i./ha resulted in reduced southern stem rot incidence and higher yields than the control. Disease control and yield response with PCNB + ethoprop were similar to those in plots treated with PCNB on the narrow and wide band widths. Diniconazole 25W, which was broadcast twice at 0.28 kg a.i./ha in 1989 and 1990, gave better disease control and higher yields than PCNB and PCNB + ethoprop only one of two years.
The Thermal Time Concept as a Selection Criterion for Earliness in Peanut1
Authors: Rao M. J. Vasudeva , Nigam S. N. , Huda A. K. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Breeding early-maturing cultivars is an important objective of many peanut breeding programs in the world. Most programs use subjective maturity determination methods in selection for earliness. This paper describes a procedure developed at ICRISAT to select early-maturing, high-yielding peanut cultivars based on thermal time accumulation by the crop. In this procedure, cultivars were harvested when the crop was exposed to a predetermined cumulative thermal time (CTT), and selections were made for high yield with acceptable levels of maturity-related traits in a no-stress environment. The predetermined CTT values used in selection for early-maturity represented a 20-day shorter crop duration than for the medium-maturing lines. Based on a 13-year meteorological record, the two predetermined CTTs, (1240 and 1470 °Cd (degree-days) equate to 75- and 90-day durations, respectively, at ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India in the rainy season (mid June to mid October). It is expected that this procedure could prove useful in peanut breeding to select for earliness.
Variability Associated with Chemically Testing Screened Farmers Stock Peanuts For Aflatoxin1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dorner J. W. , Dowell F. E. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Forty farmers stock lots of runner peanuts suspected of containing aflatoxin were identified by the Federal State Inspection Service using the visual Aspergillus flavus method. A 227-kg portion was removed from each of the 40 lots. Each 227-kg portion was screened over a belt screening device with 0.953-cm (24/64 inch) spacing to remove loose shelled kernels, foreign material, and small pods. Each screened portion was divided into ten 9.5-kg samples. Each sample was shelled, all kernels in the sample were comminuted in the Federal State subsampling mill, and the aflatoxin in duplicate 356-g subsamples per sample was extracted and quantified using HPLC methods. The total variability among the 10 aflatoxin test results was determined for each lot. The total variability was partitioned into sampling, subsampling, and analytical variability components for each lot. All variance components were shown to be functions of the aflatoxin concentration. Using regression techniques the functional relationship for each variance components and aflatoxin concentration was developed. The total variance associated with a 9.5-kg sample, 356-g subsample, and HPLC quantification when testing a screened farmers stock lot at 20 ppb is 295.2 and the CV is 89.5%.
Interaction of Tillage and Cultivars in Peanut Production Systems1
Authors: Grichar W. James , Smith Olin D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two Spanish peanut cultivars (SN 55–437 and Tamnut 74), two Spanish germplasm lines (TxAG-4 and TxAG-5) with partial resistance to Pythium myriotylum and Sclerotinia minor, and one early maturing runner-type cultivar (Langley) were compared for three years under nonirrigated conventional-tilled, reduced-tilled, and no-tilled culture. Yield, percentage sound mature kernels + sound splits (SMK+SS), and southern blight disease comparisons were made to ascertain if certain cultivars or genotypes would be beneficial to peanut production under reduced-tilled systems. Tillage x genotype interactions were not statistically different. When the yields and percentage SMK+SS for no-tilled entries were averaged, it was found that they were lower than the other tillage systems one out of the three years. Neither southern blight nor pod disease, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, were yield-limiting factors in any of the production systems. However, genotypic differences were apparent for yield and percentage SMK+SS; TxAG-4 was consistently among the best yield performers, while the yield of SN 55–437 was consistently low. Tamnut 74 and TxAG-4 produced lower percentage SMK+SS than the other entries in two of the three years of the test.
Water Quality Impacts Associated With Peanut Culture in the Southern Plains1
Authors: Smith S. J. , Sharpley A. N. , Coleman G. A. , Webb B. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Water quality information associated with peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) culture is limited, but needed from both environmental and agronomic standpoints. In this study, we consider surface and ground water quality characteristics involved with conventional till (viz, moldboard plow) culture of irrigated peanuts. During a 3- and a 6-year study, sediment and associated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) discharge in surface water runoff were measured from two similarly managed peanut watersheds in southwestern Oklahoma. Mean annual discharge from the Cobb fine sandy loam soil (Udic Haplustalf with 2% slope) was approximately 20 Mg ha-1 sediment, 18 kg ha-1 total N, and 5 kg ha-1 total P. Annual soluble N and P losses in surface water runoff tended to be small (&lt; 1 kg ha-1). Even so, concentrations of soluble P in runoff frequently exceeded recommended eutrophication guidelines. Successful prediction of soluble P, particulate P, and particulate N losses was achieved using appropriate kinetic desorption and enrichment ratio techniques. Concentrations of N and P in the watersheds' ground waters posed no particular water quality problems. Sampling for pesticides associated with peanut culture was made during the middle and at the end of the study, but none were detected in surface or ground waters. Overall, additional attention should be directed to reducing soil erosion. This may be done by judicious use of cover crops, and/or reduced tillage practices.
Microsomal Polypeptide Comparisons Between High and Normal Oleic Acid Isogenic Peanut Lines Using Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis1
Authors: Wheeler R. A. , Smith Rex L. , Knauft D. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. vulgaris) developing seed microsomal polypeptides of the high oleic acid variant (F435) and its presumed isogenic, normal line (78-1339) were compared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A pair of 20 kDa polypeptides focusing at pH 6.8 and 7.3 was present in all of the polypeptide profiles from both isolines regardless of maturity or genotype except for (F435) at stage 1 maturity. The stage 1 (F435) profile contained, instead, an 18 kDa polypeptide pair focusing at about pH 9.3. Based on correlation evidence, we postulate that the 20 kDa polypeptides could be components of the $DT12-desaturase complex. The 18 kDa polypeptides appeared to be associated with lower desaturase activity, reduced linoleic acid and increased oleic acid seed content. Since the 18 kDa polypeptides focusing at pH 9.3 are not found at later stages, they are probably under developmental control. Changes in the developing seed polypeptides of the microsomal fraction over the four maturities are also reported.
Book Reviews
Authors: McKinney Mark , MacLeod Catriona 
Published: April 2010

Michel Porret, ed., Objectif bulles: Bande dessinée et histoire [‘Destination Balloons: Comics and History’]Philippe Delisle, Bande dessinée franco-belge et imaginaire colonial: Des Années 1930 aux années 1980 [‘Franco-Belgian bande dessinée and the Colonial Imaginary: From 1930 to the 1980s’]
Determination of Electronic Structure of Oxide–Oxide Interfaces by Photoemission Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Hui‐Qiong , Altman Eric , Broadbridge Christine , Zhu Yimei , Henrich Victor 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA method has been developed to use the finite escape depth of the photoelectrons emitted in ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) to determine the electronic density‐of‐states at the interface between two dissimilar metal oxides. Ultrathin films of one oxide are grown heteroepitaxially, one monolayer at a time, on a single‐crystal substrate of the other oxide, and UPS spectra are taken after each complete monolayer. By comparing experimental UPS spectra with calculated spectra based on specific models of the interfacial structure, the interfacial density‐of‐states can be extracted. The two oxide systems studied here are NiO–Fe3O4 and CoO–Fe3O4. The former system is found to have an atomically abrupt interface, with no significant density of interface states. For CoO, however, an interfacial electronic spectrum, different from that of either the substrate or the overlayer, is found. The spatial extent and possible origin of those interfacial states is discussed.
Enhanced process comprehension and quality analysis based on subspace separation for multiphase batch processes
Authors: Zhao Chunhui , Gao Furong , Niu Dapeng , Wang Fuli 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhase‐based subpartial least squares (subPLS) modeling algorithm has been used for online quality prediction in multiphase batches. It strictly assumes that the X–Y correlations are identical within the same phase so that they can be defined by a uniform regression model. However, the accuracy of this precondition has not been theoretically checked when put into practical application. Actually it does not always agree well with the real case and may have to be rejected for some practical processes. In the present work, it corrects the “absolute similarity” of subPLS modeling by a more general recognition that only one part of the underlying correlations are time‐wise common within the same phase while the other part are time‐specific, which is referred to as “partial similarity” here. Correspondingly, a two‐step phase division strategy is developed, which separates the original phase measurement space into two different parts, the common subspace and uncommon subspace. It is only in the common subspace where the underlying X–Y correlations are similar, a phase‐unified regression model can be extracted for online quality prediction. Moreover, based on the subspace separation, offline quality analyses are conducted in both subspaces to explore their respective cumulative manner and contribution in quality prediction. The strength and efficiency of the proposed algorithm are verified on a typical multiphase batch process, injection molding. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Global superstructure optimization for the design of integrated process water networks
Authors: Ahmetović Elvis , Grossmann Ignacio E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe propose a general superstructure and a model for the global optimization for integrated process water networks. The superstructure consists of multiple sources of water, water‐using processes, wastewater treatment, and pre‐treatment operations. Unique features are that all feasible interconnections are considered between them and multiple sources of water can be used. The proposed model is formulated as a nonlinear programing (NLP) and as a mixed integer nonlinear programing (MINLP) problem for the case when 0–1 variables are included for the cost of piping and to establish optimal trade‐offs between cost and network complexity. To effectively solve the NLP and MINLP models to global optimality we propose tight bounds on the variables, which are expressed as general equations. We also incorporate the cut proposed by Karuppiah and Grossmann to significantly improve the strength of the lower bound for the global optimum. The proposed model is tested on several examples. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011