bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motivation and Job Design in the New World of Work
Authors: Fried Yitzhak , Levi Ariel S. , Laurence Gregory 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The area of job design has generated substantial theoretical and empirical interest in the twentieth century as a key contributor to individual motivation and performance at work. A key conclusion from the job design literature is the need to take into account the changing contingencies in the work environment, in order to more fully understand the effect of job design in this changing environment. Although job design has been shown to have an important effect on employee motivation, attitudes, and behavior, the rapid and dramatic changes in the work environment during the latter decades of the twentieth century raise a timely question about the role of job design in the twenty-first century, which this article discusses.
A Measurement‐Theoretic Account of Propositional Attitudes
Authors: Matthews Robert J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The chief virtue of a measurement-theoretic account of the attitudes, besides getting right the semantic nature of attitude predicates, is precisely that, as Davidson suggests, it enables one to embrace the very plausible relational conception of attitude attributions without thereby having to embrace the much more dubious relational conception of the attitudes themselves. To be a non-relationalist about the attitudes one does not, as Quine, Fodor, and others have assumed, have to be a non-relationalist about attitude predicates. It is entirely possible that propositional attitudes are monadic properties of their possessors, even though they are predicated of individuals by means of relational predicates.
Technology and Innovation
Authors: Graham Margaret B. W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe business history of technology and innovation has come a long way from the days when economists had to be persuaded that firms had a role to play, and when the main debate focused on whether small firms or large firms were the true innovators. Organizational networks leading to successful innovation have usually contained both large and small enterprises exchanging mutually valuable information and expertise. It has become all too clear that innovation thrives on variety and open circulation of information, and that access to appropriate knowledge networks has been far more important than physical conditions or even access to boardrooms and executive offices. International comparisons are no longer pursued to explain leads and lags, but to point to different possible models for success, and our limited literature on innovation failures suggests that there is a lot more digging to be done.
The Management of Labor and Human Resource
Authors: Gospel Howard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article defines the management of labor to cover three broad interconnected areas: work relations, employment relations, and industrial relations. Throughout the article, the emphasis is on major patterns in these three areas as they have developed, especially in large private-sector firms, over a long period of time from the early nineteenth century onwards. The article provides a broad overview of the contexts within which labor has been managed, including the market, technological, political, and business contexts. It also presents broad “stages” in the history of labor management, taking examples from leading sectors of the economy. However, throughout the article, the aim is to stress continuities over time between stages, the coexistence of systems at any one point in time, and how older sectors also adapt over time.
How Previous Ideas Affect Later Ideas
Authors: Crawford Neta C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article analyses how ideas of the past can affect or influence later ideas. It explains that previous ideas may affect later ideas in at least four ways: as the content of formal arguments, as the background discourse, as the organizing principle of institutions and social structures, and through their association with feelings. In its most direct form, previous ideas become the premises of human reasoning either by syllogism or analogy. This article also discusses the relevant issues of trusteeship, and the consideration of transitional administration as trusteeship or colonialism.
Introduction
Authors: Harvey Susan Ashbrook , Hunter David G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The section divisions in this Handbook offer broad ways of organizing early Christian studies. After Part I, Part II considers types of evidence crucial for establishing early Christian history. Part III looks at specific religious identities that have long been the foils against which the meaning of the term ‘Christian’ took shape. Part IV examines the huge geographical expanse of early Christianity. Part V draws out fundamental social structures and ecclesiastical authorities by which ancient Christians organized their lives, whether institutionally, politically, or domestically. Part VI looks at the array of literary forms by which Christians articulated their concerns, identities, interests, debates, memories, practices, and teachings. Part VII considers those expressions through their implementation as activities both collective and individual. Part VIII takes up perennially vibrant areas of theological discussion that have been much affected by the scholarly shifts charted in the Handbook as a whole.
Economic versus Sociological Approaches to Organization Theory
Authors: Swedberg Richard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOrganization theory has displayed a remarkable creativity during its roughly 100 years of existence. But even if organization theory is interdisciplinary, it remains a stubborn fact that most research on organizations is carried out within distinct disciplines and according to disciplinary traditions. This article presents the concept of organizational economics. The main focus of this article is on transaction cost analysis, agency analysis, and also the evolutionary, game theoretical and property rights perspectives. This is followed by a presentation of the way that firms have been studied in economic sociology, and here the article discusses the Weberian heritage in organizational sociology, the focus on firms in this type of sociology and the role that culture and meaning plays in it. Finally, this article concludes with a brief discussion of the antagonism between organizational economics and the sociology of organizations, and how this antagonism perhaps can be overcome.
New Times, Fresh Challenges: Reflections on the Past and the Future of Organization Theory
Authors: Tsoukas Haridimos 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
As one would expect of all social scientific fields, organization theory (OT) bears the marks of its birth. In the imagery of mainstream OT, organizations are places of ‘imperative control’, that is cohesive and enduring totalities that resist change, have a dominant culture and a hierarchical power structure that ensures conformity and control so that certain behavioural regularities are more probable to occur than others. Following such imagery, the key phenomena of interest have been the following: how power and cognitive structures, having the attributes of being independent and logically prior to individual actors and of relative inflexibility, result in ‘de-randomizing’ the voluntary actions of agents so that individual human behaviour becomes organizational behaviour; and how the hierarchy of power and knowledge, empirically manifested in organizational structure, is related to certain key variables for organizational performance.
Inter‐organizational Relationships, Chains, and Networks: A Supply Perspective
Authors: Johnsen Thomas E. , Lamming Richard C. , Harland Christine M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses inter-organizational relationships (IORs) in the wider context of chains and networks of organizations. It distinguishes between IORs, chains, and networks and subsets of those, perceived through different disciplinary lenses. Different lenses lead researchers to operate at different units of analysis within relationships, chains, and networks. For example, a sociological focus gives rise to researchers observing social connections. An economic focus leads to observations of economic exchanges between organizations conceptualized as economic entities. A strategic management focus leads the researcher to observe strategic configurations and positions. These different units of analysis represent different types of relationship, chain, and network and require different methodologies, methods, and techniques to research them. In particular, this article uses an operations and supply lens to observe supply relationships, chains, and networks.
Political Science Methodology
Authors: Box-Steffensmeier Janet M. , Brady Henry E. , Collier David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Political methodology offers techniques for clarifying the theoretical meaning of concepts such as revolution and for developing definitions of revolutions. It also provides descriptive indicators for comparing the scope of revolutionary change, and sample surveys for gauging the support for revolutions. It then presents an array of methods for making causal inferences that provide insights into the causes and consequences of revolutions. An overview of the book is given. Topics addressed include social theory and approaches to social science methodology; concepts and development measurement; causality and explanation in social research; experiments, quasi-experiments, and natural experiments; general methods of quantitative tools for causal and descriptive inference; quantitative tools for causal and descriptive inference; qualitative tools for causal inference; and organizations, institutions, and movements in the field of methodology. In general, the Handbook provides overviews of specific methodologies, but it also emphasizes three things: utility for understanding politics, pluralism of approaches, and cutting across boundaries. This volume discusses interpretive and constructivist methods, along with broader issues of situating alternative analytic tools in relation to an understanding of culture.
Meta‐Methodology: Clearing the Underbrush
Authors: Bevir Mark 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article offers some explanations for the rise of causal thinking as the ‘behavioural revolution's’ reaction to the nineteenth century's teleological narratives about developmental historicism and early twentieth-century emphasis on modernist empiricism. It describes the philosophical issues that are indispensable to any discussion of the role of a given methodology. Each section after that on the traditions of political science concerns a particular subfield of philosophy — epistemology, ontology, and explanation. The emergence of modernist empiricism, behaviouralism, institutionalism, and rational choice in political science is reported. A comparative approach implies that political scientists are wrong if they think methods can ever justify causal claims or even the data they generate. This article attempted to clarify the underbrush of confusion that arises from reflecting on methods in terms of traditions of political science rather than philosophical subfields and doctrines.
Agent‐Based Modeling
Authors: de Marchi Scott , Page Scott E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides a discussion on agent-based modeling. Two examples that show the ability of computational methods to extend game-theoretic results are presented. It then discusses modeling agents, modeling agent interactions, and system behaviour. In addition, it describes how agent-based models differ from and complement mathematical models and concludes with some suggestions for how one might best leverage the strengths of agent-based models to advance political science. Most mathematical analyses of game-theoretic models do not look into the stability and attainability of their equilibria and would be made richer by complementing them with agent-based models that explored those properties. The ability of computational models to test the robustness of formal results would be reason alone to add them to tool kits. As a methodology, agent-based modeling should be considered as in its infancy, its enormous potential limited only by the scientific and creative talents of its practitioners.
Affect and Information Processing
Authors: Daniels Kevin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Psychometrically, affective experience can be represented in two dimensional space. More specific affects cluster at points in this space. These two major dimensions are negative and positive affect. High negative affect relates to the more specific unpleasant affects of anxiety and anger. Its opposite is relaxation. High positive affect relates to more specific pleasant and high activation affects such as enthusiasm. Its opposite relates to the more specific affects of depression and boredom. Because of the pervasive nature of affect, organizational research has investigated many theoretical and applied issues. The topics of this article include: how cognitive processes influence affect; how cognitive processes regulate affective experience; how state affect influences cognitive processes; and the role of trait affect. There are organizational applications in each domain. The article concludes by highlighting directions for research.
Norbert Elias's Impact on Organization Studies
Authors: van Iterson Ad 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The impact of Norbert Elias's sociological writings on organization studies is still small. To date, his approach has been largely neglected by the field. In contrast, his influence on other sociological sub-disciplines is much larger, e.g. the sociology of sports, teaching, health and illness, knowledge, and of the welfare state. Arguably, his impact is strongest on general theoretical sociology. This may not come as a surprise. Although his magnum opus The Civilizing Process ([1939] 2000) provides a rich historical account of state formation and changing manners, morality, and habitus among secular upper classes in late medieval and the Ancien Régime (Old Order) France, it can best be read as primarily a critique of what Elias saw as the major flaws of contemporary sociological theorizing. This article attempts to show how Elias's ideas might open some new avenues of research for organization studies. It relies almost exclusively On The Civilizing Process, to the neglect of other important, but later works such as The Established And The Outsiders ([1965] 1994).
Organizations and the Chicago School
Authors: Abbott Andrew 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Sociology's interest in organizations is customarily traced to three sources: the Harvard-based human relations school, the Weberian tradition descending from Parsons through Merton at Columbia, and the more formal and economic approach associated with March and Simon at Carnegie Tech. Omitted from these lineages is the dominant body of sociological thinking in the inter-war period, the Chicago School. To be sure, organizations play a small role in the canonical image of Chicago sociology. This absence did not involve any lack of interest in social organization more broadly, about which the Chicagoans wrote a great deal. But by ‘social organization’ they meant ‘the organizing of social life’: a gerund rather than a noun, a process rather than a thing. The study of fixed pieces of social structure such as bureaucracies and other formally enacted groups was not for the Chicagoans a separately delineated body of inquiry. This article first sketches the Chicago School and the organizational world it confronted. It then turns to social and formal organization as they actually appear in the Chicagoans' writings. It closes with a discussion of the lessons organization theory today might take from the Chicago sociological tradition.
The Columbia School and the Study of Bureaucracies
Authors: Haveman Heather A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article focuses on the work of three scholars, Robert K. Merton and his students Alvin W. Gouldner and Peter M. Blau, who were part of Columbia University's sociology department, Merton as professor, Gouldner and Blau as students. Together with Philip Selznick, Seymour Martin Lipset, James Coleman, and Martin Trow, these scholars were the core of the Columbia School of organizational sociology. Along with sociologists and political scientists scattered across America and Europe who studied public administration, and sociology and business professors at Harvard who studied industrial organization, these Columbia sociologists pioneered the sociological study of organizations.
Pastoral Tradition in Religious Poetry
Authors: Scott David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The common threads that run through this article are poetry, the ministry of the church, and pastoral consciousness. The ministry of the church could seem to be quite a narrowing of the field, but here denotes that specificity in poetry which comes from those who have a relationship with God, are committed to the Christian church, and who write poetry in English from that standpoint. This article also considers the church's ministry among people and not specifically with the poetry of hymnody, liturgy, or sermons. A pastoral consciousness refines that concept of ministry even more, and is related to the way in which the church engages with people at the level of pastoral care. This is poetry that emerges from the challenge of caring for people in their need; need which is physical and spiritual, and goes some way to being met by visiting, listening, comforting, counselling, and healing.
Entrepreneurship, Technology and Schumpeterian Innovation: Entrants and Incumbents
Authors: Berchicci Luca , Tucci Christopher L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reviews the literature on the (lack of) innovativeness of incumbents both in creating new products and entering new markets. It then presents some non-anecdotal evidence as counter-argument to the alleged curse of incumbency. First, it uses as illustration a cross-sectional study by Chandy and Tellis of a large number of radical product innovations. Secondly, it explores to what extent the story of incumbents' inability to enter new markets matches the history of the computer rigid hard drive industry. This industry is particularly suited to this analysis since its technological generational changes have been described by scholars as ‘radical’ and ‘disruptive,’ and because its history served to inspire Christensen's recent theories.
Habitual Entrepreneurs
Authors: Ucbasaran Deniz , Westhead Paul , Wright Mike 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Entrepreneurial behaviour is increasingly recognized as being heterogeneous. One notable source of heterogeneity is variations in the level and nature of entrepreneurs' experience. This has led to the distinction between experienced (‘habitual’) entrepreneurs and first-time (‘novice’) entrepreneurs. A number of high profile entrepreneurs have successfully owned several businesses. These individuals are known as habitual entrepreneurs, to reflect their ownership in more than one business, either sequentially (i.e. serial entrepreneurs) or concurrently (i.e. portfolio entrepreneurs). Although habitual entrepreneurs are widespread and have received media attention, there has been limited conceptual and theoretical understanding of this group. This article seeks to address this void by utilizing human capital theory to provide a framework for studying habitual entrepreneurs.
Justice After Rawls
Authors: Arneson Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the changes in the conception of justice after John Rawls. It explains that Rawls single-handedly revived Anglo-American political philosophy and his theory consists in an egalitarian vision of justice. It discusses criticisms on Rawls' theory of justice and identifies some alternative paths. It suggests that while Rawls' book The Law of Peoples adopted a conservative and somewhat anti-cosmopolitan stance, the doctrine of egalitarianism within national borders and minimal duties across borders may ultimately prove to be unstable under examination.
Emergency Powers
Authors: Ferejohn John , Pasquino Pasquale 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the main conceptual questions entailed in the doctrine of emergency powers, taking into account the theory and experience of their enforcement. It explains the constitutional aspects of emergency powers and evaluates the possibility of thinking about the position and force emergency powers play within a polyarchical constitution. It also discusses the epistemic dimension of emergency powers, constitutional dualism, and judicial control over emergency power.
Equality and Difference
Authors: Squires Judith 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the contemporary debate concerning the issues of equality and difference. It suggests that equality now appears, in both policy and theory debates, to require a respect for difference rather than a search for similarities. It argues that equality is increasingly theorized as an issue of maldistribution, oppression, and domination. It explains that while liberal egalitarianism focuses primarily on maldistribution, and a politics of recognition addresses cultural oppression, theories of democratic inclusion engage with the need to eradicate domination.
Identity, Difference, Toleration
Authors: Elisabetta Galeotti Anna 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article thinks about the relation among identity, difference, and toleration in the context of political theory. It analyses the connections between ways of considering differences and corresponding views of toleration. It identifies the four different conceptions of toleration will: the view of tolerance as a moral virtue, tolerance as recognition, and two liberal views of toleration according to perfectionist and neutralist perspectives. The article suggests that the toleration as recognition view acknowledges differences as features of collective identity.
Politicizing the Body: Property, Contract, and Rights
Authors: Gatens Moira 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the politicization of the human body focusing on the way this issue was conceived in the West. The human body has long been used as a source of metaphor for political theorists and the very notion of body politic leans on the image of a unified and discrete entity that has commanding parts and obeying parts that may be robust or ailing, strong or weak. This article suggests that aside from political theory with a rich source of metaphor, the human body also serves as the nexus where political conceptions of the universal and the particular meet.
New Ways of Thinking about Privacy
Authors: Roessler Beate 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the new conceptualizing and thinking about privacy. It discusses older theories of privacy and explains why they became obsolete. It suggests that the reconceptualization of privacy was influenced by the developments in information technologies, radical changes in the relation between the sexes, and the intrusion of intimacy into the public realm. It describes the normative problems associated with privacy and differentiates the three dimensions of privacy: decisional privacy, informational privacy, and local privacy.
Development of Civil Society
Authors: Harris Jose 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies the development of civil society, starting from the end of the Roman Republic until modern times. It identifies four traditions of writing about civil society. This article determines that civil society remains to be a curiously obtuse, malleable, and much contested idea that is difficult to define categorically, by reference to either what it is or what it is not. It also shows that due to the gradual build-up of diverse meanings over the centuries, it is impossible to treat civil society as a Weberian ‘ideal type’.