bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Publicly Funded aged Psychiatry Services in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: O'connor Daniel , Melding Pamela 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To map the size and distribution of publicly funded aged psychiatry (psychogeriatric) services in Australia and New Zealand in 2003. Method: Services were tracked exhaustively through personal, professional and academic contacts, electronic searches and word-of-mouth. Directors or managers of services were asked to complete a brief questionnaire concerning their locality, services, staff profile and patient contacts. Results: Services varied widely with respect to their numbers, size and community outreach. Victoria was the only Australian state to provide specialist, multidisciplinary aged psychiatry teams with community, acute inpatient and residential arms in all its major cities. New South Wales, the state with the largest aged population, performed relatively poorly on most indicators. New Zealand performed relatively well despite its small size and widely dispersed population. Conclusions: Publicly funded aged mental health services are effective and reach frail, multiply disabled old people who cannot access private psychiatrists and are often overlooked by services for younger adults. At the time of our survey, such services were distributed in Australia in a highly inequitable fashion.
Smoking and Schizophrenia: Is Symptom Profile Related to Smoking and which Antipsychotic Medication is of Benefit in Reducing Cigarette use?
Authors: Barnes Mark , Lawford Bruce R. , Burton Simon C. , Heslop Karen R. , Noble Ernest P. , Hausdorf Karrin , Young Ross McD. 
Published: December 2009

Objective: Smoking rate is disproportionately high among patients with schizophrenia, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. However, cigarette smoking has been reported to have beneficial effects on negative symptoms, extrapyramidal symptoms, cognitive functioning and mood symptoms. Therefore, smoking cessation may worsen disability in schizophrenia. The association between smoking and these key clinical parameters was examined. Additionally, severity of smoking across four different antipsychotic treatment groups was explored. Method: One hundred and forty-six patients with schizophrenia were assessed for smoking using expired carbon monoxide and smoking history. They were administered the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, The Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, Reitans Trail-making Test (A and B) and General Health Questionnaire-28. Results: There was no difference in the chlorpromazine equivalent dose of any of the medications studied. Atypical agents were associated with significantly lower levels of smoking when compared with typical medications. There was no difference in smoking severity between the individual atypical medications examined. Similarly, there were no significant differences between smoking and non-smoking groups with regard to Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, Trail-making Test and General Health Questionnaire-28. However, there was a significant difference between these groups with the smoking group demonstrating less akathisia. Conclusions: Smoking is not associated with positive, negative cognitive and mood symptoms in schizophrenia. Smoking is associated with lower levels of antipsychotic induced akathisia. Clinicians should not be discouraged from helping patients stop smoking for fear of worsening symptoms. However, akathisia may emerge upon cessation of smoking. Switching patients from typical to atypical antipsychotics may assist patients with schizophrenia to give up smoking.
The Latent Structure of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Taxometric Analysis
Authors: Haslam Nick , Williams Ben , Prior Margot , Haslam Ric , Graetz Brian , Sawyer Michael 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To test whether the latent structure of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is best understood as categorical or dimensional in samples of 1774 children (aged 6–12 years) and 1222 adolescents (aged 13–17 years) drawn from an Australian epidemiological study. Method: Two taxometric procedures (MAXEIG and MAMBAC) examined ADHD symptom measures assessed by diagnostic interview and parental ratings. Results: Consistent with behavioural genetic research, findings fail to support the view that a latent category underpins ADHD. Conclusions: ADHD is best modelled as a continuum among both children and adolescents, and no discrete dysfunction can therefore be assumed to cause it. The placement of the diagnostic threshold should therefore be decided on pragmatic grounds (e.g. impairment or need for treatment).
Stress, the Hippocampus and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis: Implications for the Development of Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Phillips Lisa J. , Mcgorry Patrick D. , Garner Belinda , Thompson Katherine N. , Pantelis Christos , Wood Stephen J. , Berger Gregor 
Published: December 2009

Objective: The experience of stress is commonly implicated in models of the onset of psychotic disorders. However, prospective studies investigating associations between biological markers of stress and the emergence of psychotic disorders are limited and inconclusive. One biological system proposed as the link between the psychological experience of stress and the development of psychosis is the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. This paper summarizes and discusses evidence supporting a role for HPA-axis dysfunction in the early phase of schizophrenia and related disorders. Method: A selective review of psychiatric and psychological research on stress, coping, HPA-axis, the hippocampus and psychotic disorders was performed, with a particular focus on the relationship between HPA-axis dysfunction and the onset of psychotic disorders. Results: Individual strands of past research have suggested that the HPA-axis is dysfunctional in at least some individuals with established psychotic disorders; that the hippocampus is an area of the brain that appears to be implicated in the onset and maintenance of psychotic disorders; and that an increase in the experience of stress precedes the onset of a psychotic episode in some individuals. Models of the onset and maintenance of psychotic disorders that link these individual strands of research and strategies for examining these models are proposed in this paper. Conclusions: The current literature provides some evidence that the onset of psychotic disorders may be associated with a higher rate of stress and changes to the hippocampus. It is suggested that future research should investigate whether a relationship exists between psychological stress, HPA-axis functioning and the hippocampus in the onset of these disorders. Longitudinal assessment of these factors in young people at ‘ultra’ high risk of psychosis and first-episode psychosis cohorts may enhance understanding of the possible interaction between them in the early phases of illness.
Neuropsychiatry of Complex Visual Hallucinations
Authors: Mocellin Ramon , Walterfang Mark , Velakoulis Dennis 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To describe the phenomenology and pathophysiology of complex visual hallucinations (CVH) in various organic states, in particular Charles Bonnet syndrome and peduncular hallucinosis. Method: Three cases of CVH in the setting of pontine infarction, thalamic infarction and temporoparietal epileptiform activity are presented and the available psychiatric, neurological and biological literature on the structures of the central nervous system involved in producing hallucinatory states is reviewed. Results: Complex visual hallucinations can arise from a variety of processes involving the retinogeniculocalcarine tract, or ascending brainstem modulatory structures. The cortical activity responsible for hallucinations results from altered or reduced input into these regions, or a loss of ascending inhibition of their afferent pathways. Conclusions: A significant degree of overlaps exists between the concepts of Charles Bonnet syndrome and peduncular hallucinosis. The fluidity of these eponymous syndromes reduces their validity and meaning, and may result in an inappropriate attribution of the underlying pathology. An understanding of how differing pathologies may produce CVH allows for the appropriate tailoring of treatment, depending on the site and nature of the lesion and content of perceptual disturbance.
Naturalistic Study of the use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the Treatment of Depressive Relapse
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul B. , Benitez Jessica , De Castella Anthony R. , Brown Timothy L. , Jeff Daskalakis Z. , Kulkarni Jayashri 
Published: December 2009

Background: The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression has been assessed in a number of acute treatment trials during the last 10 years. Little is known about the long-term impact of the treatment on the disorder and its effectiveness when applied for repeated relapses of depression over time. Method: Nineteen patients who had previously responded to rTMS in clinical trials received treatment with rTMS for a total of 30 episodes of depressive relapse. Results: Approximately 10 months elapsed between treatment episodes. The majority of patients achieved a significant improvement in each treatment course with significant improvements achieved in patients treated with both low-frequency right-sided rTMS and high-frequency left-sided rTMS. Conclusions: The study suggests that rTMS may have value in the treatment of episodes of depressive relapse with little reduction in efficacy over time.
Help-Seeking by Rural Residents for Mental Health Problems: The Importance of Agrarian Values
Authors: Judd Fiona , Jackson Henry , Komiti Angela , Murray Greg , Fraser Caitlin , Grieve Aaron , Gomez Rapson 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To examine the role of stoicism, self-effficacy and perceived stigma in predicting help-seeking by rural residents, for mental health problems. Method: A cross-sectional community survey was conducted with a sample of 467 rural residents (58% female), who completed self-report questionnaires assessing current levels of symptomatology, disability, perceived stigma, self-effficacy, stoicism, attitudes towards and experience of seeking help for psychological problems. Results: Overall, 27.6% (n = 129) of respondents had sought help from a general practitioner and/or mental health professional for psychological problems or a mental health issue. More women than men reported having sought such help. Lifetime helpseeking for a psychological problem or mental health issue was positively associated with higher levels of distress and lower levels of stoicism and, to a lesser extent, lower levels of self-effficacy. Conclusions: Efforts to improve help-seeking by rural residents for mental health problems should focus on understanding and addressing attitudes, such as stoicism which act as barriers to help-seeking.
Mental Health Literacy in Rural Queensland: Results of a Community Survey
Authors: Bartlett Helen , Travers Catherine , Cartwright Colleen , Smith Norman , Bartlett Helen , Travers Catherine , Cartwright Colleen , Smith Norman 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness of, and attitudes to, mental health issues in rural dwelling Queensland residents. A secondary objective was to provide baseline data of mental health literacy prior to the implementation of Australian Integrated Mental Health Initiative - a health promotion strategy aimed at improving the health outcomes of people with chronic or recurring mental disorders. Method: In 2004 a random sample of 2% (2132) of the estimated adult population in each of eight towns in rural Queensland was sent a postal survey and invited to participate in the project. A series of questions were asked based on a vignette describing a person suffering major depression. In addition, questions assessed respondents' awareness and perceptions of community mental health agencies. Results: Approximately one-third (36%) of those surveyed completed and returned the questionnaire. While a higher proportion of respondents (81%) correctly identified and labelled the problem in the vignette as depression than previously reported in Australian community surveys, the majority of respondents (66%) underestimated the prevalence of mental health problems in the community. Furthermore, a substantial number of respondents (37%) were unaware of agencies in their community to assist people with mental health issues while a majority of respondents (57.6%) considered that the services offered by those agencies were poor. Conclusion: While mental health literacy in rural Queensland appears to be comparable to other Australian regions, several gaps in knowledge were identified. This is in spite of recent widespread coverage of depression in the media and thus, there is a continuing need for mental health education in rural Queensland.
Influence of Gender on Mental Health Literacy in Young Australians
Authors: Cotton Sue M. , Wright Annemarie , Harris Meredith G. , Jorm Anthony F. , Mcgorry Patrick D. 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To determine the effects of gender on mental health literacy in young people between 12 and 25 years of age. Design: Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing was employed to conduct a crosssectional structured interview focusing on young people's awareness of depression and psychosis. Participants: The sample comprised 1207 young Australians (539 males and 668 females) between the ages of 12-25 recruited from two metropolitan and two regional areas within Victoria. Six hundred and six respondents were presented a depression vignette and 601 were presented a psychosis vignette. Results: Female respondents (60.7%) were significantly more likely to correctly identify depression in the vignette as compared to male respondents (34.5%). No significant gender differences were noted for the psychosis vignette. Males were less significantly likely to endorse seeing a doctor or psychologist/counsellor for the treatment of psychosis. Males were also significantly more likely than females to endorse alcohol as a way of dealing with depression and antibiotics as useful for dealing with psychosis. Conclusion: Gender differences in mental health literacy are striking. Males showed significantly lower recognition of symptoms associated with mental illness and were more likely endorse the use alcohol to deal with mental health problems. Such factors may contribute to the delays in help seeking seen in young males. Further research is needed to delineate how these gender differences in young people may obstruct help seeking, early intervention and other aspects of mental health service delivery.
Mental-Physical Comorbidity in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Authors: Scott Kate M. , Oakley Browne Mark A. , Mcgee Magnus A. , Elisabeth Wells J. ,   for the New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research Team
Published: December 2009

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of chronic physical conditions, and the risk factors for those conditions, among those with 12 month mental disorder; to estimate the prevalence of 12 month mental disorder among those with chronic physical conditions. Method: A nationally representative face-to-face household survey was carried out in October 2003 to December 2004 with 12 992 participants aged 16 years and over, achieving a response rate of 73.3%. Mental disorders were measured with the World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Physical conditions were self-reported. All associations are reported adjusted for age and sex. Results: People with (any) mental disorder, relative to those without mental disorder, had higher prevalences of several chronic physical conditions (chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and respiratory conditions) and chronic condition risk factors (smoking, overweight/obesity, hazardous alcohol use). Around a quarter of people with chronic physical conditions had a comorbid mental disorder compared with 15% of the population without chronic conditions. Significant relationships occurred between some mental disorders and obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes for females, but not for males. Conclusions: This paper provides evidence of substantial comorbidity between mental disorders and chronic physical conditions in New Zealand. This should be borne in mind by clinicians working in both mental health and medical services.
Disability in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Authors: Scott Kate M. , McGee Magnus A. , Wells J. Elisabeth , Oakley Browne Mark A. 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To show the disability associated with 1 month mental disorders and chronic physical conditions for the New Zealand population, controlling for comorbidity, age and sex. Method: A nationally representative face-to-face household survey was carried out from October 2003 to December 2004 with 12 992 participants aged 16 years and over, achieving a response rate of 73.3%. Mental disorders were measured with the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Disability was measured with the WMH Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WMH WHO-DAS) in the long-form subsample (n = 7435). Outcomes include five WMH WHO-DAS domain scores for those with 1 month mental disorders and with chronic physical conditions. Results: Mood disorders were associated with more disability than anxiety or substance use disorders. Experiencing multiple mental disorders was associated with substantial role impairment. Mental disorders and chronic physical conditions were associated with similar degrees of disability on average. The combination of mental and physical disorders had additive effects on associated disability. Conclusions: Mood disorders are disabling. The investigation of disability in relation to 1 month rather than 12 month disorders is likely to provide a clearer indication of the disability associated with mood disorders. Although some researchers have queried whether negative mood can lead to ‘over-reporting’ of disability, recent conceptualizations of disability provide a perspective which may ease such concerns. Comorbidity, of mental disorders or of mental and physical disorders, is disabling.
Prevalence of Mental Disorders Among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Authors: Baxter Joanne , Kani Kingi Te , Tapsell Rees , Durie Mason , Mcgee Magnus A. ,   For The New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research Team
Published: December 2009

Objective: To describe the prevalence of mental disorders (period prevalence across aggregated disorders, 12 month and lifetime prevalence) among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken between 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over, including 2595 Māori. Ethnicity was measured using the 2001 New Zealand census ethnicity question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used to measure disorder. The overall response rate was 73.3%. This paper presents selected findings for the level and pattern of mental disorder prevalence among Māori. Results: Māori lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 50.7%, 12 month prevalence 29.5% and 1 month prevalence 18.3%. The most common 12 month disorders were anxiety (19.4%), mood (11.4%) and substance (8.6%) disorders and the most common lifetime disorders were anxiety (31.3%), substance (26.5%) and mood (24.3%) disorders. Levels of lifetime comorbidity were high with 12 month prevalence showing 16.4% of Māori with one disorder, 7.6% with two disorders and 5.5% with three or more disorders. Twelvemonth disorders were more common in Māori females than in males (33.6% vs 24.8%) and in younger age groups: 16–24 years, 33.2%; 25–44 years, 32.9%; 45–64 years, 23.7%; and 65 years and over, 7.9%. Disorder prevalence was greatest among Māori with the lowest equivalized household income and least education. However, differences by urbanicity and region were not significant. Of Māori with any 12 month disorder, 29.6% had serious, 42.6% had moderate and 27.8% had mild disorders. Conclusion: Mental disorders overall and specific disorder groups (anxiety, mood and substance) are common among Māori and measures of severity indicate that disorders have considerable health impact. Findings provide a platform for informing public health policy and health sector responses to meeting mental health needs of Māori.
Twelve-Month and Lifetime Prevalences of Mental Disorders and Treatment Contact Among Pacific People in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Authors: Foliaki Siale A. , Kokaua Jesse , Schaaf David , Tukuitonga Colin ,   for the New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research Team
Published: December 2009

Objective: To show the 12 month and lifetime prevalences of mental disorders and 12 month treatment contact of Pacific people in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Method: Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey, undertaken in 2003 and 2004, was a nationally representative face-to-face household survey of 12 992 New Zealand adults aged 16 years and over including M ori (n = 2457), Pacific people (n = 2236), people of mixed Pacific and M ori ethnicity (n = 138), and ‘Others’ (a composite group of predominantly European descent) (n = 8161). Ethnicity was measured by self-identified ethnicity using the New Zealand 2001 Census of Population and Dwellings question. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used to measure disorders. The overall response rate was 73.3%. Results: Pacific people have high rates of mental illness: the unadjusted 12 month prevalence for Pacific people was 25.0% compared with 20.7% for the total New Zealand population. There were also higher 12 month prevalences of suicidal ideation (4.5%) and suicide attempts (1.2%). Only 25.0% of Pacific people who had experienced a serious mental disorder had visited any health service for their mental health reason compared with 58.0% of the total New Zealand population. The prevalence of mental disorder was lower among Pacific people born in the Islands than among New Zealand-born Pacific people. Conclusion: Pacific people experience high prevalence of mental disorder and New Zealand-born Pacific people experience significantly higher prevalence than Island-born Pacific people.