bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety by design: effects of operating room floor marking on the position of surgical devices to promote clean air flow compliance and minimise infection risks
Authors: de Korne Dirk F , van Wijngaarden Jeroen D H , van Rooij Jeroen , Wauben Linda S G L , Hiddema U Frans , Klazinga Niek S 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the use of floor marking on the positioning of surgical devices within the clean air flow in an operating room (OR) to minimise infection risk. Laminar flow clean air systems are important in preventing infection in ORs but, for optimal results, surgical devices must be correctly positioned.MethodsThe authors evaluated floor marking in four ORs at an eye hospital using time series analysis. Through observations during 829 surgeries over a 20-month period, the positions of surgical devices were determined. Eight semistructured interviews with surgical staff were conducted to assess user experiences and team dynamics.ResultsBefore marking, the instrument table was positioned completely within the laminar flow in only 6.1% of the cases. This increased to 36.1% and finally 53.8%. Mayo stands were increasingly positioned within the laminar flow: from 74.2% to 84.7%. The surgical lamp decreasingly obstructed flow: from 41.8% to 28.7%. At T3 (20 months), however, in 48.6% of the applicable cases the lamp was positioned in the flow again. Discussions and site visits between airside operators and surgical staff resulted in increasing awareness of specific risk areas in the OR.ConclusionsOR floor markings facilitated and stimulated safety awareness and resulted in significantly increased compliance with the positioning of surgical devices in the clean air flow. Safety and quality approaches in hospital care, therefore, should include a human factors approach that focuses on system design in addition to teaching clinical and non-technical skills.
Roadmap to a tobacco epidemic: transnational tobacco companies invade Indonesia
Authors: Hurt Richard D , Ebbert Jon O , Achadi Anhari , Croghan Ivana T 
Published: August 2011

BackgroundIndonesia is the world's fifth largest cigarette market in the world but for decades, transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have had limited success infiltrating this market, due to their inability to compete in the kretek market. Kreteks are clove/tobacco cigarettes that most Indonesians smoke.ObjectiveTo determine how Phillip Morris International (PMI) and British American Tobacco (BAT) have now successfully achieved a substantial market presence in Indonesia.MethodsWe analyzed previously secret, tobacco industry documents, corporate reports on Indonesia operations, the Tobacco Trade press, Indonesia media, and “TheRoadmap.”ResultsInternal, corporate documents from BAT and PMI demonstrate that they had known for decades that kreteks are highly carcinogenic. Despite that knowledge, BAT and PMI now own and heavily market these products, as well as new more westernised versions of kreteks. BAT and PMI used their successful basic strategy of keeping cigarettes affordable by maintaining the social responsibility of smoking and opposing smoke-free workplace laws but in the 21st century, they added the acquisition of and westernisation of domestic kretek manufacturers as an additional strategy. These acquisitions allowed them to assert influences on health policy in Indonesia and to grow their business under current government policy embodied in the 2007-2020Roadmapof Tobacco Products Industry and Excise Policy which calls for increased cigarette production by 12% over the next 15 years.ConclusionPMI and Bat have successfully entered and are expanding their share in the Indonesia cigarette market. Despite the obvious and pervasive influence of the tobacco industry on policy decisions, the Indonesian government should ratify the FCTC and implement effective legislation to reduce tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke and revise theRoadmapto protect future generations of Indonesians.
Effect of prolonged status epilepticus as a result of intoxication on epileptogenesis in a UK canine population
Authors: Jull P. , Risio L. D. , Horton C. , Volk H. A. 
Published: August 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate if prolonged status epilepticus (SE), secondary to a chemoconvulsant, can induce spontaneous recurrent seizures in dogs. Clinical records at two UK referral hospitals were searched for dogs that presented in SE secondary to intoxication. Dogs were only included in the study if there was clear historical evidence of intoxication and a prolonged SE. Clinical and follow‐up information was retrieved and verified by using a combination of clinical records from the two hospitals and the referring veterinarian and by contacting the owners using a telephone questionnaire. Twenty dogs met the inclusion criteria: 17 presented for metaldehyde toxicity, one for moxidectin toxicity, one for theobromine toxicity and one for mycotoxin toxicity. Of these 20 dogs, three dogs had an SE duration between 0.5 and one hour, four dogs between one and 12 hours, 10 dogs between 12 and 24 hours and three dogs greater then 24 hours. Median follow‐up time for the 20 dogs was 757 days (range 66 to 1663 days). No dog had any further seizures after its SE. The present study supports the view that dogs with a prolonged SE following intoxication with the aforementioned toxins might not need long‐term treatment with antiepileptic drugs after the SE has been controlled.
Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Magnolia kwangsiensis (Magnoliaceae): implication for DNA barcoding and population genetics
Authors: Kuang Dai-Yong , Wu Hong , Wang Ya-Ling , Gao Lian-Ming , Zhang Shou-Zhou , Lu Lu 
Published: August 2011

Here, we report a completely sequenced plastome using Illumina/Solexa sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) technology. The plastome of Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. is 159 667 bp in length with a typical quadripartite structure: 88 030 bp large single-copy (LSC) and 18 669 bp small single-copy (SSC) regions, separated by two 26 484 bp inverted repeat (IR) regions. The overall predicted gene number is 129, among which 17 genes are duplicated in IR regions. The plastome of M. kwangsiensis is identical in its gene order to previously published plastomes of magnoliids. Furthermore, the C-to-U type RNA editing frequency of 114 seed plants is positively correlated with plastome GC content and plastome length, whereas plastome length is not correlated with GC content. A total of 16 potential putative barcoding or low taxonomic level phylogenetic study markers in Magnoliaceae were detected by comparing the coding and noncoding regions of the plastome of M. kwangsiensis with that of Liriodendron tulipifera L. At least eight markers might be applied not only to Magnoliaceae but also to other taxa. The 86 mononucleotide cpSSRs that distributed in single-copy noncoding regions are highly valuable to study population genetics and conservation genetics of this endangered rare species.
Development of EST–SSR markers in castor bean (Ricinus communisL.) and their utilization for genetic purity testing of hybrids
Authors: Pranavi B. , Sitaram G. , Yamini K.N. , Dinesh Kumar V. 
Published: August 2011

Expressed sequence tag (EST) databases offer opportunity for the rapid development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in crops. Sequence assembly and clustering of 57 895 ESTs of castor bean resulted in the identification of 10 960 unigenes (6459 singletons and 4501 contigs) having 7429 SSRs. On an average, the unigenes contained 1 SSR for every 1.23 kb of unigene sequence. The identified SSRs mostly consisted of dinucleotide (62.4%) and trinucleotide (33.5%) repeats. The AG class was the most common among the dinucleotide motifs (68.9%), whereas the AAG class (25.9%) was predominant among the trinucleotide motifs. A total of 611 primer pairs were designed for the SSRs, having repeat length more than or equal to 20 nucleotides, of which a set of 130 markers were tested and 92 of these yielding robust amplicons were analyzed for their utility in genetic purity assessment of castor bean hybrids. Nine markers were able to detect polymorphism between the parental lines of nine commercial castor bean hybrids (DCH-32, DCH-177, DCH-519, GCH-2, GCH-4, GCH-5, GCH-6, GCH-7, and RHC-1), and their utility in genetic purity testing was demonstrated. These novel EST–SSR markers would be a valuable addition to the growing molecular marker resources that could be used in genetic improvement programmes of castor bean.
Geochemical responses in peat groundwater over Attawapiskat kimberlites, James Bay Lowlands, Canada and their application to diamond exploration
Authors: Sader Jamil A. , Hattori Keiko H. , Kong Julie M. , Hamilton Stewart M. , Brauneder Kerstin 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
Peat groundwater compositions at depths of 0.4 and 1.1 m below ground surface in the Attawapiskat region of the James Bay Lowlands are evaluated for diamond exploration applications. Samples were collected along transects that typically extended at least 200 m beyond the margins of Yankee, Zulu, and Golf kimberlites. Locations of upwelling groundwater usually occur at or near kimberlite margins based on hydrogeological measurements and variations in peat groundwater geochemical parameters (pH and EC are high, and the Eh is low relative to ombrotrophic peat groundwaters). Concentrations of the kimberlite pathfinder metals Ni, Cr, light rare earth elements (LREEs), Ba, Mg/Ca, and alkalis are commonly elevated at sample sites at or near kimberlite margins and where groundwaters are upwelling. The presence of elevated kimberlite pathfinders at these sites suggests that fractures along the boundaries between kimberlites and limestone formed during kimberlite emplacement provide dilation for upward movement of groundwater with elevated kimberlite pathfinder metals. Typically, Ni, Cr, LREE, and Ba behave similarly and thus high concentrations of these metals are found at similar locations along transects. On the other hand, locations of elevated alkalis and Mg/Ca vary. The spatial variations among pathfinder metals in peat groundwaters are possibly due to geochemical processes in the peat, such as metal binding to dissolved organic material, adsorption to insoluble organics or Fe-oxyhydroxides, and incorporation into secondary mineral precipitates, which can act to increase or decrease metal solubility. The findings of this study are readily applicable in diamond exploration in wetlands elsewhere.

Supplementary material:
Krigged water table data for Yankee and Zulu locations are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18488
.
EGF Receptor Inhibition Radiosensitizes NSCLC Cells by Inducing Senescence in Cells Sustaining DNA Double-Strand Breaks
Authors: Wang Meng , Morsbach Fabian , Sander David , Gheorghiu Liliana , Nanda Akash , Benes Cyril , Kriegs Malte , Krause Mechthild , Dikomey Ekkehard , Baumann Michael , Dahm-Daphi Jochen , Settleman Jeffrey , Willers Henning 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe mechanisms by which inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) sensitizes non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to ionizing radiation remain poorly understood. We set out to characterize the radiosensitizing effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib and the monoclonal antibody cetuximab in NSCLC cells that contain wild-type p53. Unexpectedly, EGFR inhibition led to pronounced cellular senescence but not apoptosis of irradiated cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Senescence was completely dependent on wild-type p53 and associated with a reduction in cell number as well as impaired clonogenic radiation survival. Study of ten additional NSCLC cell lines revealed that senescence is a prominent mechanism of radiosensitization in 45% of cell lines and occurs not only in cells with wild-type p53 but also in cells with mutant p53, where it is associated with an induction of p16. Interestingly, senescence and radiosensitization were linked to an increase in residual radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks irrespective of p53/p16 status. This effect of EGFR inhibition was at least partially mediated by disruption of the MEK–ERK pathway. Thus, our data indicate a common mechanism of radiosensitization by erlotinib or cetuximab across diverse genetic backgrounds. Our findings also suggest that assays that are able to capture the initial proliferative delay that is associated with senescence should be useful for screening large cell line panels to identify genomic biomarkers of EGFR inhibitor–mediated radiosensitization. Cancer Res; 71(19); 6261–9. ©2011 AACR.
Inhibition of In-Stent Stenosis by Oral Administration of Bindarit in Porcine Coronary Arteries
Authors: Ialenti Armando , Grassia Gianluca , Gordon Peter , Maddaluno Marcella , Di Lauro Maria Vittoria , Baker Andrew H. , Guglielmotti Angelo , Colombo Antonio , Biondi Giuseppe , Kennedy Simon , Maffia Pasquale 
Published: August 2011

Objective—
We have previously demonstrated that bindarit, a selective inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCPs), is effective in reducing neointimal formation in rodent models of vascular injury by reducing smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and neointimal macrophage content, effects associated with the inhibition of MCP-1/CCL2 production. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of bindarit on in-stent stenosis in the preclinical porcine coronary stent model.

Methods and Results—

One or 2 bare metal stents (Multi-Link Vision, 3.5 mm) were deployed (1:1.2 oversize ratio) in the coronary arteries of 42 pigs (20 bindarit versus 22 controls). Bindarit (50 mg/kg per day) was administered orally from 2 days before stenting until the time of euthanasia at 7 and 28 days. Bindarit caused a significant reduction in neointimal area (39.4%,
P
<0.001, n=9 group), neointimal thickness (51%,
P
<0.001), stenosis area (37%,
P
<0.001), and inflammatory score (40%,
P
<0.001) compared with control animals, whereas there was no significant difference in the injury score between the 2 groups. Moreover, treatment with bindarit significantly reduced the number of proliferating cells (by 45%,
P
<0.05; n=6 group) and monocyte/macrophage content (by 55%,
P
<0.01; n=5–6 group) in stented arteries at day 7 and 28, respectively. These effects were associated with a significant (
P
<0.05) reduction of MCP-1 plasma levels at day 28. In vitro data showed that bindarit (10–300 μmol/L) reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (50 ng/mL)–induced pig coronary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and inhibited MCP-1 production.

Conclusion—
Our results show the efficacy of bindarit in the prevention of porcine in-stent stenosis and support further investigation for clinical application of this compound.
Directed Differentiation of Skin-Derived Precursors Into Functional Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Steinbach Sarah K. , El-Mounayri Omar , DaCosta Ralph S. , Frontini Matthew J. , Nong Zengxuan , Maeda Azusa , Pickering J. Geoffrey , Miller Freda D. , Husain Mansoor 
Published: August 2011

Objective—

The goal of this study was to characterize the factors and conditions required for smooth muscle cell (SMC)–directed differentiation of Sox2
+
multipotent rat and human skin-derived precursors (SKPs) and to define whether they represent a source of fully functional vascular SMCs for applications in vivo.

Methods and Results—
We found that rat SKPs can differentiate almost exclusively into SMCs by reducing serum concentrations to 0.5% to 2% and plating them at low density. Human SKPs derived from foreskin required the addition of transforming growth factor-β1 or -β3 to differentiate into SMCs, but they did so even in the absence of serum. SMC formation was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, with increased expression of smoothelin-B and little to no expression of telokin or smooth muscle γ-actin, together indicating that SKPs differentiated into vascular rather than visceral SMCs. Rat and human SKP-derived SMCs were able to contract in vitro and also wrap around and support new capillary and larger blood vessel formation in angiogenesis assays in vivo.

Conclusion—

SKPs are Sox2
+
progenitors that represent an attainable autologous source of stem cells that can be easily differentiated into functional vascular SMCs in defined serum-free conditions without reprogramming. SKPs represent a clinically viable cell source for potential therapeutic applications in neovascularization.
Left Atrial Blood Stasis and Von Willebrand Factor–ADAMTS13 Homeostasis in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Ammash Naser , Konik Ewa A. , McBane Robert D. , Chen Dong , Tange Julie I. , Grill Diane E. , Herges Regina M. , McLeod Thomas G. , Friedman Paul A. , Wysokinski Waldemar E. 
Published: August 2011

Objective—
Left atrial blood stasis is associated with increased risk for left atrial appendage thrombus (LAAT) and stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is associated with thromboembolism in AF. VWF thrombogenic activity is proportional to multimer size, which is regulated by VWF-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13).

Methods and Results—

To assess the association between left atrial blood stasis and VWF-ADAMTS13 system, plasma VWF antigen (VWF:Ag), VWF activity (VWF:Act), and ADAMTS13 activity were measured in 414 consecutive patients with nonvalvular AF (age 63±13 years; 25% women) and in 100 patients (age 64±14 years; 39% women) with normal sinus rhythm. Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (SEC), left atrial appendage emptying velocity, and LAAT were assessed by transesophageal echocardiography. Presence and intensity of SEC varied directly with VWF:Ag and VWF:Act but not with ADAMTS13 activity. AF patients with LAAT had higher VWF:Ag (200±61 versus 155±52,
P
=0.0006) and VWF:Act (179±57 versus 141±51
P
=0.0026) compared with those without LAAT. VWF:Ag and VWF:Act were independent predictors of LAAT after adjustment for CHADS
2
score (
P
=0.0179 and
P
=0.0497, respectively).

Conclusion—
The association between VWF and SEC may explain the thrombotic propensity in AF. Elevated VWF:Ag may help identify AF patients at risk for LAAT.
CCL20 Is Increased in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects and Is Upregulated By LDL in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Calvayrac Olivier , Rodríguez-Calvo Ricardo , Alonso Judith , Orbe Josune , Martín-Ventura Jose Luis , Guadall Anna , Gentile Maurizio , Juan-Babot Oriol , Egido Jesus , Beloqui Oscar , Paramo José A. , Rodríguez Cristina , Martínez-González José 
Published: August 2011

Objective—
Our aim was to analyze the regulation of CC Chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) by LDL in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC).

Methods and Results—

In asymptomatic subjects, circulating CCL20 levels were higher in patients with hypercholesterolemia (18.5±3.2 versus 9.1±1.3 pg/mL;
P
<0.01). LDL induced the expression of CCL20 in VSMC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Increased levels of CCL20 secreted by LDL-treated VSMC significantly induced human lymphocyte migration, an effect reduced by CCL20 silencing. The upregulation of CCL20 by LDL was dependent on the activation of kinase signaling pathways and NF-κB. By site-directed mutagenesis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we identified a NF-κB site (−80/−71) in CCL20 promoter critical for LDL responsiveness. Lysophosphatidic acid mimicked the upregulation of CCL20 induced by LDL, and minimal oxidation of LDL increased the ability of LDL to induce CCL20 through a mechanism that involves lysophosphatidic acid receptors. CCL20 was overexpressed in atherosclerotic lesions from coronary artery patients, colocalizing with VSMC. CCL20 was detected in conditioned media from healthy human aorta and its levels were significantly higher in secretomes from carotid endarterectomy specimens.

Conclusion—
This study identifies CCL20 in atherosclerotic lesions and recognizes this chemokine as a mediator highly sensitive to the inflammatory response elicited by LDL.
Safety of Tirofiban in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Siebler Mario , Hennerici Michael G. , Schneider Dietmar , von Reutern Gerhard M. , Seitz Rüdiger J. , Röther Joachim , Witte Otto W. , Hamann Gerhard , Junghans Ulrich , Villringer Arno , Fiebach Jochen B. 
Published: August 2011

Background and Purpose—
Tirofiban is a highly selective, fast-acting nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet receptor antagonist with a short half-life time. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists are effective for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes proven in large clinical trials. Safety and efficacy in patients with ischemic stroke are uncertain. This was addressed in the Safety of Tirofiban in acute Ischemic Stroke (SaTIS) trial.

Methods—
Two hundred sixty patients with acute ischemic stroke were randomized in a placebo-controlled, prospective, open-label treatment, blinded outcome reading multicenter trial. Subjects with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale between 4 and 18 received intravenously either tirofiban or placebo within 3 to 22 hours after symptom onset for 48 hours. The primary end point was the rate of cerebral bleeding as measured in follow-up CT scans 2 to 7 days after inclusion. The secondary end point was clinical efficacy within 1 week (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale) and after 5 months (Barthel Index, modified Rankin Scale).

Results—
The rate of cerebral hemorrhagic transformation (I/II) and parenchymal hemorrhage (I/II) did not differ between both groups (tirofiban 36 of 120; placebo 33 of 124: OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.66 to 2.06). Mortality after 5 months was significantly lower in patients treated with tirofiban (3 of 130 [2.3%] versus 11 of 126 [8.7%]; OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 1.1 to 14.9). No difference in neurological/functional outcome was found after 1 week and after 5 months.

Conclusions—
We conclude that tirofiban might be safe in acute moderate ischemic stroke even when administered within a large time window after symptom onset and might save lives in the late outcome.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.strokecenter.org/trials/
. Trial name: SaTIS. Enrollment began before July 1, 2005.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Drinking Status in Relation to Risks of Stroke and Its Subtypes
Authors: Shimizu Yuji , Maeda Kenji , Imano Hironori , Ohira Tetsuya , Kitamura Akihiko , Kiyama Masahiko , Okada Takeo , Ishikawa Yoshinori , Shimamoto Takashi , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Tanigawa Takeshi , Iso Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2011

Background and Purpose—
Several epidemiological studies have established an association between chronic kidney disease (CKD), based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and risk of stroke. However, sex-specific evidence for the relationship between CKD and risk of stroke and its subtypes is still limited.

Methods—
We conducted a prospective cohort study of 12 222 Japanese men and women age 40 to 69 years living in 4 communities under systematic surveillance of stroke incidence to determine the relationship between CKD and risk of stroke and its subtypes.

Results—

During the 17-year follow-up, there were 566 strokes (327 ischemic and 186 hemorrhagic strokes). GFR was inversely associated with age- and community-adjusted risk of total stroke for both men and women. Compared with the reference group without CKD (GFR ≥60 mL/min per 1.73m
2
), the adjusted risks of total stroke for subjects with CKD (GFR <60 mL/min per 1.73m
2
) were 1.63 (1.22–2.17) for men and 1.51 (1.13–2.02) for women. Excess risk of stroke associated with CKD was identified primarily for hemorrhagic stroke among men and for ischemic stroke among women. After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, associations remained statistically significant. When stratified by drinking status, excess risk of hemorrhagic stroke with CKD was confined to drinkers; adjusted risks were 4.18 (2.31–7.57) for men and 7.00 (1.92–25.56) for women.

Conclusions—
CKD was associated with increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke for men, and of ischemic stroke for women. This sex difference may partly be explained by the difference in prevalence of drinkers between men and women.