bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colour Measurement and Colour Tolerance in the Plastics Industry
Authors: BEST R. P. 
Published: July 2010

The limited use, within the plastics industry, of colour‐difference units is discussed. The requirements and calibration of measuring instruments, with particular reference to plastics, are stated, together with details of reference and calibration standards. Identification and estimation of colorants is carried out with the Comic analogue computer handling a modified Kubelka—Munk function of the spectrophotometric reflectance curve. Although the scatter component of this function varies with the opacity of the moulding, the variation can be predicted and its effect nullified.The correction of a first prediction for a new colour is done through the computer by means of the differences in tristimulus values, as measured by means of a colorimeter, between the predicted recipe and the required colour. An extension of this method for colour control in production is explained.The colour tolerances achieved by instrumental control in the production of thermosetting plastics are stated in terms of the deviation (in MacAdam units) from standard. The colour gamut over which measurement may usefully be applied is prescribed. Finally, some problems associated with measurement are described, together with their solutions.
Symposium On ‘Principles and Practice of Automation’
Authors: Swindells P. C. 
Published: July 2010

Held by the West Riding Region at the University of Bradford, on 28 March 1968, Miss E. Smith in the chairAutomation in Yarn‐package DyehousesThe reasons for the introduction of full automation into a small yarn‐package dyehouse are discussed. The effectiveness of full automation compared with semi‐automation is also considered.
Photodegradation of Cotton Cellulose I—Reactions Sensitised by Anthraquinone Sulphonates
Authors: Baugh P. J. , Phillips G. O. , Worthlngton N. W. 
Published: July 2010

The mechanism of photodegradation of cotton cellulose sensitised by sodium anthraquinone‐1‐ and ‐2‐su!phonates (A) has been examined. Measurements of diffuse reflectance indicate that the sensitisers are present in monodisperse form on the cotton cellulose and interact, on irradiation (λ, 365 nm), to give the corresponding anthrahydroquinones (AH2). A hydrogen‐abstraction reaction, involving the nπ*‐excited state (A*), leads to the formation of the semiquinone (AH·), which produces the anthrahydroquinone, probably by a further abstraction process:A* + Cell → AH· + Cell radicalThe accompanying decrease in degree of polymerisation of the cotton cellulose is equivalent to the production of AH2. The photoinduced changes in the sensitiser and substrate are first‐order in sensitiser concentration. Oxygen and water vapour are necessary for the cyclic regeneration of the sensitiser, which proceeds at the same rate for both 1‐ and 2‐sulphonates. However, sodium anthraquinone‐2‐sulphonate is 16 times more efficient as a sensitiser than the 1‐sulphonate, a result which is in agreement with the quantum yields for the production of AH2 from these sensitisers in solution.
Aftertreatment of Anionic Dyes on Nylon Fibres
Authors: SHORE J. 
Published: July 2010

Meeting of the Bradford Junior Section, held in Bradford Technical College, on 13 October 1969, Mr R. S. Stringer in the chairThe improvement in wet fastness of anionic dyes, e.g. C.I. Acid Blue 25, on nylon fibres by aftertreatment with natural tannins is attributable mainly to modification of the substrate by the tannin, which lowers the rates of diffusion of the dye (a) out of the dyed fibre and (b) into undyed adjacent nylon. Ultraviolet spectroscopy of solutions of tannic acid (a polygalloylated glucose) has given indications of the alkaline oxidative degradation of the tannin believed to be responsible for the discoloration of backtanned dyeings. Tartar emetic increases the effectiveness of backtanning by formation of a less soluble complex with tannic acid which is more resistant to alkaline oxidation. Formic acid increases the rate of diffusion and the equilibrium uptake of tannic acid on nylon. The adsorption and diffusion behaviour of several related anthraquinone acid and disperse dyes on nylon is discussed and possible explanations are advanced of the low effectiveness of backtanning in preventing loss of dye by dyed nylon 6 and staining of undyed wool. No conclusive evidence has been obtained of interaction between C.I. Acid Blue 25 and tannic acid or tartar emetic in aqueous solution.
A Novel and Comprehensive Final Finishing Process for Worsted and Related Fabrics
Authors: Bissett Ian S. , Medley John A. , Pullin John S. , Wrennall Leslie M. 
Published: July 2010

In conventional processing, handle, thickness, lustre, dimensional stability, etc., are largely determined by the three final finishing processes known as pressing (hydraulic or rotary), blowing and high‐temperature decatising (the last being essentially a ‘setting’ process). The significant changes in fabric properties which are brought about in these three industrial procedures are briefly mentioned, and emphasis is given to the results that can be achieved in respect of fabric compression and subsequent recovery. There are serious limitations to the extent to which a high degree of compression can be permanently ‘set’ into fabric when it is in roll form, and also to the permanence of finish that can be achieved by continuous blowing or pressing.The principles underlying the proposed new process are then described. Data are given for the compression and recovery characteristics obtained with this process, and these are compared with the results of conventional methods.The paper consists of an account of the development of a machine for industrial production, indicating some of the problems that have had to be solved, and ends with an assessment of its anticipated commercial advantages.
Development of Techniques for Studying Dye Penetration in Rapid Carpet Coloration Processes
Authors: Barker Paul G. H. , Crawshaw Geoffrey H. , Ince John 
Published: July 2010

A programme of work designed to assess the suitability of modern methods of colouring carpets (continuous dyeing, carpet printing, yarn printing) for wool revealed few problems for the fibre, but ring‐dyed fibres could result from any of the processes. The performance defect associated with ring dyeing was abrasion frosting in use. It seemed that ring dyeing could be due to excessive oil residues, incorrect selection of dyes or chemicals, or too short a steaming time. A systematic investigation was indicated, but existing techniques for measuring ring dyeing were too tedious to provide adequate data.An existing test for assessing abrasion frosting in furnishing fabrics has been modified for use with carpets. In addition, a rapid electronics method for measuring dye penetration into fibre cross‐sections has been developed. Some preliminary results are presented.
Sixteen Years with Reactive Dyes A Dyer's Experiences
Authors: Ferguson Derek A. 
Published: July 2010

Held at the University of Bradford, on 1 November 1972, the Immediate Past President of the Society, Mr R. K. Foumess in the chairA dyeing technologist's view of the development of reactive dyes over the 16 year's of their use, particularly in the package dyeing of sewing threads.
Fibre–reactive Basic Dyes I–Polymethine Dyes Containing the N–Chloroacetyl Group
Authors: GALE DOUGLAS J. , WILSHIRE JOHN F. K. 
Published: July 2010

Several fibre–reactive basic (polymethine) dyes containing the N–chloroacetyl group have been prepared. They had better washing fastness on wool than their non–reactive analogues.Exhaustion figures were obtained in the usual way (colorimetrically) for all the dyes in Table 1 at the following pH: 2. 5, 3. 6, 4. 7, 5. 8, 6. 9 and 8. 4. However, these results were not in accord with visual assessments of the depths and it appears likely that some decomposition of the dyes takes place, in the presence of wool, particularly at higher pH values.
Multiple Coloration of Carpets in Piece Form
Authors: DAWSON TIMOTHY L. 
Published: July 2010

The three main methods of producing multicolour patterns on carpet piece, other than by conventional printing, are reviewed under the general classification of:

Winch dy eing of carp ets composed of producer– or dyer–modified yarns.
The application of multicolour dye streams, continuously or intermittently, under continuous–processing conditions.
Transfer of patterns from suitably impregnated papers.

Process requirements and limitations are discussed in general terms.
Dye‐transfer Printing Systems Relying on the Use of Substrate Pre‐treatment
Authors: HEYWOOD D. W. , LAMBERT D. S. 
Published: July 2010

The use of transfer printing techniques on synthetic polymer fibres is now well‐established. Until recently, however, similar techniques on cellulose and mixtures containing appreciable percentages of cellulosic fibres were not commercially practical or acceptable because the colours were skittery and wash fastness was generally poor.The process described enables full, bright colours to be produced on fabrics composed of synthetic‐cellulosic fibre blends (mainly polyester‐cotton) and even on all‐cotton; it requires a pre‐treatment of the fabric with a resin formulation, which can usually be applied on conventional resin finishing equipment.Investigations have shown that some amino resins did accept dyes of the disperse type, and did produce acceptable prints, but it was generally found that the fastness properties of most were poor and the results comparable with that of acrylic, resin‐treated fabrics.Further investigations led to the identification of the resin structure giving the best fastness properties, but, at the same time when using conventional papers, even with the right resin, these fastness properties varied from dye to dye.
The Degradation of Water‐soluble Azo Compounds by Dilute Sodium Hypochlorite Solution
Authors: GREGORY P. , STEAD C.V. 
Published: July 2010

The decolorization of azo dyes by sodium hypochlorite solution has been followed spectrophotometrically and a technique developed for determining the half‐life of the process as a convenient measure of the reaction rate. A study of a series of 2‐arylazo‐1‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulphonic acids suggests that electronic, steric and possibly other effects influence the reaction rate, and that degradation involves initial attack at a nitrogen atom of the hydrazone form, by the electrophilic chloronium ion. Sulphonic and carboxylic acid groups located ortho to the azo linkage are particularly effective in retarding the rate of degradation.The dyes 4‐(4‐sulphophenylazo)‐1‐naphthol (I) and 4‐(4‐sulphophenylazo)‐1‐(2‐chloro‐4‐amino‐s‐triazinylamino)‐naphthalene‐6‐sulphonic acid (II) were investigated in more detail to determine

the effect of pH on the reaction rate,
the number of molecules of sodium hypochlorite involved in the decolorization reaction
the nature of the decomposition fragments.

This information, together with the fact that the O‐ and N‐ methyl homologues of I were extremely resistant to degradation, enabled a mechanism to be postulated for the reaction.
Approximations Describing the Rate of Diffusion of Dye into an Infinite Cylinder and Plane Sheet from a Constant Surface Concentration
Authors: SHIBUSAWA TAKAO 
Published: July 2010

Approximations to the Hill and McBain equations with 3–figure accuracy were obtained by dividing the whole interval of the equations into three subintervals, and making approximations to the subintervals by means of the method of Hastings.The approximations allow the calculation of the diffusion coefficient of a dye from an experimentally determined rate–of–dyeing curve.
Some New Experiments on the Colorimetric Evaluation of Whiteness
Authors: VAECK S. V. 
Published: July 2010

In order to confirm and extend earlier work on the colorimetric evaluation of whiteness, different series of white textiles, each of constant reflectance, varying from Y = 96 to Y = 70, are studied. A study of the Gba–Geigy white scale is also included.Earlier predictions about the shape of the equi–whiteness surfaces in the x, y, Y colour space are confirmed and refined. As a result it is established that our original method used as such (using a diagram in the x, y chromaticity chart) or as adapted for numerical computation by Ganz, is applicable to nearly all white textiles, with or without FWAs. Only if shading dyes are used can the colour point transgress the optimum whiteness point corresponding to the reflectance of the material. In such cases it is necessary to use equi–whiteness ellipses around the optimum point, whose position in the chromaticity diagram varies nearly linearly with reflectance.It is also found that catastrophe theory applies to whiteness perception in the vicinity of the optimum whiteness axis in colour space. This means that the whiteness of a given colour in this domain can have a high and a low value, according to circumstances.
Physical Forms of Dyes
Authors: Skelly J. Kenneth 
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Scottish Region at a one–day conference entitled ‘A Profile of the 80s’, held at the Eurocrest Hotel, Glasgow, on 23 May 1980.The development of new physical forms of dyes has become increasingly important over the last decade. The need for ease of handling and dispensing, together with health and safety requirements and advances in application methods, has led to significant improvements in the physical form of many dyes that are available on the market. This has resulted in the introduction of granular forms of dyes in place of powders and stable liquids to replace pastes. Improved wet–milling techniques for insoluble dyes have enabled stable liquid versions of vat and disperse dyes of controlled ultimate particle size to be made available. The additives necessary for the different physical forms are discussed and the ideal properties required for the next decade are outlined. The physical forms of dyes now available can help to establish new standards of accuracy in dispensing and industrial hygiene wherever they are used.
The Role of Anthraquinonoid Dyes in the Catalytic Fading'of Dye Mixtures– Substituent–dependent Triplet Yield of Diaminoanthraquinones
Authors: Rembold Manfred W. , Kramer Horst E. A. 
Published: July 2010

Taking various diaminoanthraquinones as model compounds for commercial anthraquinonoid dyes it was found that the ability of initiating catalytic fading via singlet oxygen mechanism is closely related to the quantum yield of triplet formation in these dyes.The quantum yields of triplet formation show a marked difference between the various diaminoanthraquinones. Whereas 1, 4– and 1, 2–diaminoanthraquinones have very small quantum yields, the 1, 5– and 1, 8–derivatives pass into the triplet state with a fairly high efficiency. From this it was concluded that catalytic fading occuring via singlet oxygen mechanism must be expected in dye mixtures consisting of 1, 5– or 1, 8–diamino substituted anthraquinonoid dyes and easily oxidizable azo–compounds.
The Choice of Optimum Dye Exhaustion Profiles in the Direct Control of Dyeing
Authors: Medley John A. , Holdstock Christine R. 
Published: July 2010

New developments could substantially increase the practical feasibility of direct control by optical means of the exhaustion of commercial dyeings.This paper examines the preferred form of the exhaustion profile that should be used by such equipment, and the relationship between the rate of bath exhaustion, and the corresponding error in dye deposition in different parts of a textile load has been calculated. It is shown that the maximum permissible rate must fall progressively throughout the exhaustion period. This is contrasted with isoreactive dyeing and related concepts. The relationship between dye deposition error and colour difference is also discussed. Examples are given of practical profiles, the colour differences associated with them, and the operation of a control parameter based on the theory.
Dihydroxy–diphenylsulphone and Salicylic Acid Derivatives in the Aftertreatment of Dyed Nylon
Authors: Tomita M. , Tokitaka M. 
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of DOS syntan and the sulphosalicylic acid derivative by nylon 6 is studied.The colour fastness properties of dyeings produced in a one–bath and a two–bath system using these two chemicals are compared. Experimental results show that the sulphosalicylic acid derivative could be acting as a levelling agent, offering very little competition to uptake of DOS syntan by nylon 6 in the one–bath system.
The Diffusional Boundary Layer: Some Implications for the Dyeing Technologist
Authors: Etters J. Nolan 
Published: July 2010

This paper was presented at the Second AA TCC Inter–national Dyeing Symposium held at the Marriott Twin Bridges Hotel, Washington, D. C., USA, on 5–6 May 1980.“mathematics are either pure or mixed. and as for the mixed mathematics, I may only make this prediction, that there cannot fail to be more kinds of them, as nature grows further disclosed.”Modern computational devices of the 1980s, e. g., the new card programmable “pocket” calculators, provide the dyeing technologist with a useful and inexpensive means of reducing the formidability of computation associated with the use of complex diffusion equations. Armed with these modern tools, the dyeing technologist of the 1980s can use the previously imposing “boundary layer”diffusion equations of Newman or Crank in a purely chemical engineering way – coupled with statistical techniques – to estimate the optimum apparent value of L simultaneously with the optimum apparent diffusion coefficient. Analysis of real dyeing systems in terms of these fundamental physico–chemical parameters, although impossible to carry out to rigorous completion, nevertheless can help to improve the modern technologist's awareness of the influence of flow rate on level–ness in commercial dyeing processes.
The Release of Disperse Dyes from Thickener Films during Thermal Processes
Authors: Hawkyard C. J. 
Published: July 2010

The dye release properties of hydrophilic polymer layers containing disperse dye particles have been studied.Polymers which form homogeneous films, such as sodium alginate, act as barriers to the passage of dye vapour, unless the weight of the dye particles initially present in the layer exceeds the weight of polymer. Sodium carboxymethyl starch does not behave in this way, as the polymer film is heterogeneous.Evidence is presented for much improved dye release from coatings containing homogeneous film–forming polymers by the emulsification of hydrocarbons into print pastes. The driedcoatings take on a cellular structure which allows disperse dye vapour to be readily released.
Properties of Monoazo Disperse Dyes, Derivatives of 3– and 4–Aminophthalimide
Authors: Szadowski J. 
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of several disperse dyes, from 3–amino–12–phthalimide and its N–methyl derivative as diazo component and N, N–dialky lanilines as coupling component is described.The dyeing behaviour and some physical properties of these dyes are investigated and compared with those of isomeric dyes containing azo groups in the 4–position, previously studied [5]. These properties were found to be considerably affected by the presence of an alkyl sub–stituent on the nitrogen atom of imide group. Further, dyes containing unsubstituted –NH groups showed somewhat better thermal properties (higher melting points and dyeings of better fastness to sublimation), but at the same time their dyeability was worse for all the known processes of dyeing polyester fibres.Based on the i. r. and visible spectra of the dyes under investigation, it was concluded that the dyes containing unsubstituted –NH groups are highly associated; dyes containing azo groups in the 4–position associate to give one product, whereas association of the dyes with azo groups in the 3–position leads to two different products.
Principles of Radio‐frequency Heating
Authors: Jones P L 
Published: July 2010

The conservation of energy or the introduction of new techniques which will allow less energy to be used is an important area of activity for the Scarce Resources Committee. Accordingly, very successful half‐day symposia were held in 1980 to discuss the application of radio‐frequency techniques in textile processing. These techniques are assuming greater importance in such areas as drying and dye fixation with consequent savings in the energy required.The papers given at the symposia made a significant contribution to the technology of the subject in covering topics such as the principles involved and the commercial application of the techniques, and finally two papers discussed the practical application and experience of users.
Continuous pH Control in the Dyeing of Wool, Wool/Nylon and Wool/Acrylic Blends
Authors: Mosimann W. 
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Society's West Riding Region on 14 October 1982 and reproduced from the German version first appearing in Textilveredlung, 17 (1982) 289.The acid and alkali binding power of wool is examined in the light of findings reported in the literature. Reference is made to the importance of pH as a key factor in the exhaust dyeing of wool. The optimised exhaust methods for dyeing wool and nylon proposed in the literature, especially those controlled by pH such as the Dosacid system (CGY), are enumerated. Dyeing trials with a new control and dispensing unit on stubbing and yarn at all stages of processing are described by means of a timet temperature I pH diagram. The economy of the Dosacid W system, which uses dilute sulphuric acid and caustic soda for all pH adjustments, is demonstrated by the chemical costs calculated for several batches.
Substituent Effects on the Colour, Dyeing and Fastness Properties of Trisubstituted 4–N–β–Hydroxyethyl–N–β–Cyanoethylaminoazobenzenes
Authors: Peters Arnold T 
Published: July 2010

School of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Bradford Bradford West Yorkshire BD7 1DPThe synthesis of a series of 2′, 4′, 6′‐trisubstituted derivatives of 4–N–β–hydroxyethyl–4– N–β–cyanoeth ylaminoazobenzene is reported, and the effect of the nature of the substituents on the colour, dyeing and fastness properties of these dyes is described. The dyes coloured synthetic–polymer fibres well, with the exception of those containing a methylsulphonyl group, which gave weaker dyeings on polyester. Dyes substituted by 2′‐nitro groups tended to have poor light fastness, and reasons for the variations in the light fastness of monoazo dyes of this type are discussed.