bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and spatial representation of synthetic indexes of outpatient mental health care in Andalusia (Spain)
Authors: Garrido-Cumbrera Marco , Almenara-Barrios José , López-Lara Enrique , Peralta-Sáez Juan Luis , García-Gutierrez Juan Carlos , Salvador-Carulla Luis 
Published: January 2012

SummaryIntroduction– There is a need to develop composite indicators to monitor mental health care in countries such as Spain, where there is wide variability of care systems in 17 different regions. The aim of this study is to generate and to test the usability of synthetic indexes in Andalusia (Southern Spain).Method– Seven mental health indicators were selected by expert opinion from a previous list of simple indicators used to compare mental health care systems across Spain (Psicost-74). A Geographical Information Systems (GIS) was used to delineate 71 sectors based on the catchment areas of the mental health centers in Andalusia. Synthetic indexes were obtained through linear combinations of simple indicators via Principal Components Analysis (PCA), using activity data from the Mental Health Information System of Andalusia (SISMA). Maps of these indexes were drawn for 71 catchment areas.Results– Two synthetic indexes were obtained and showed high consistency in the PCA. The Care Load Index (component 1) related to population size and total outpatient care provided within the area. The Case Load Index (component 2) related to assisted morbidity in relation to the population size. The care load index was higher in populated urban areas, whereas the case load was higher in rural areas.Discussion– Care and case load indexes show a different pattern in urban and rural areas. This may be related to a different underlying model of care related to the degree of urbanisation. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) improved recognition and assessment of the spatial phenomena related to the mental health care system, and support policy decision making process in mental health.Declaration of Interest:None.
Measurement validity in cross-cultural comparative research
Authors: Prince Martin 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackground– The purpose of this article is to review the procedures to establish measurement validity in crosscultural comparative research, including recent developments in the quantitative assessment of cross-cultural construct validity.Methods– A narrative review, illustrated by selected examples, of methods in four areas – formative conceptual research, translation and adaptation, criterion validity and construct validity.Results– Valid assessment across cultures requires qualitative research to investigate the cultural relevance of the construct, a careful translation and adaptation of a common measure, followed by pre-testing and cognitive interviews on the populations to be tested. Full criterion validation across diverse cultures may be a chimera given the difficulty in establishing a universally applicable ‘gold standard'. Quantitative analyses can, however, have a part to play in establishing construct validity across cultures. Scale internal consistency, inter-item and item-total correlations and test-retest reliability provide basic support for the viability of a measure in a new cultural setting. Exploratory factor analysis can be used to compare factors and factor loadings. The hypothesis of ‘measurement invariance’ across countries and cultures can be tested explicitly using confirmatory factor analysis (common underlying factors and factor loadings) and Rasch models (common hierarchality of items). Despite measurement invariance, threshold effects arising from cultural differences in norms, or expectations, or expressions of mental distress may still be a problem.Conclusions– There are few examples in the cross-cultural mental health literature of demonstrably valid culture-fair comparison. Much more, could, in principle, be done either to demonstrate measurement invariance, or to identify and explore sources of heterogeneity.Declaration of Interest: None.
The descriptive epidemiology of suicide in Tuscany, 1988-2002
Authors: Martiello Michele Arcangelo , Cipriani Francesco , Voller Fabio , Buiatti Eva , Giacchi Mariano 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYAims – To describe the epidemiology of Suicide in Tuscany according to the triad of time, place and person. Methods – The 4, 764 cases of suicide, defined according to categories E950-E959 of ICD-9 in Tuscany over the period 1988–2002, were obtained from the Tuscan Mortality Register. Mortality indicators were calculated and analyzed. The spatial analysis was carried out by deriving Empirical Bayes Estimates for the 287 municipalities. Results – The crude mortality rate in the 2000–2002 is 7.8 per 100000 population (male: 12.4; female: 3.5). The age-standardized rate in the 2000–2002 is 5.8 per 100, 000 population (male: 9.6; female: 2.6). The highest risk for suicide, especially in the case of males, are concentrated in the southern hinterland Tuscany, in a cluster of rural municipalities that represent the old mining district of Tuscany. The SMRs according to residential municipality (population per square kilometre), confirm a greater risk of suicide for males residing in rural communities. Conclusions – The cluster of excessive mortality from suicide in Southern Tuscany could be the consequence of social determinants, related to the urban and social crisis following agriculture decline and mine closure.Declaration of Interest: none.
Choice policies in Northern European health systems
Authors: Vrangbaek Karsten , Robertson Ruth , Winblad Ulrika , Van de Bovenkamp Hester , Dixon Anna 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper compares the introduction of policies to promote or strengthen patient choice in four Northern European countries – Denmark, England, the Netherlands and Sweden. The paper examines whether there has been convergence in choice policies across Northern Europe. Following Christopher Pollitt's suggestion, the paper distinguishes between rhetorical (discursive) convergence, decision (design) convergence and implementation (operational) convergence (Pollitt, 2002). This leads to the following research question for the article: Is the introduction of policies to strengthen choice in the four countries characterised by discursive, decision and operational convergence? The paper concludes that there seems to be convergence among these four countries in the overall policy rhetoric about the objectives associated with patient choice, embracing both concepts of empowerment (the intrinsic value) and market competition (the instrumental value). It appears that the institutional context and policy concerns such as waiting times have been important in affecting the timing of the introduction of choice policies and implementation, but less so in the design of choice policies. An analysis of the impact of choice policies is beyond the scope of this paper, but it is concluded that further research should investigate how the institutional context and timing of implementation affect differences in how the choice policy works out in practice.
Modeling the Miocene climatic optimum: Ocean circulation
Authors: Herold N. , Huber M. , Müller R. D. , Seton M. 
Published: January 2012

Ocean circulation is investigated using the Community Climate System Model 3 (CCSM3) forced with early to middle Miocene (∼20–14 Ma) topography, bathymetry, vegetation and modern CO2. Significant bottom water formation is modeled in the Weddell Sea along with intermediate North Component Water formation in the North Atlantic. This is attributed primarily to stronger‐ and weaker‐than‐modern convective preconditioning in the Weddell and Labrador Seas, respectively. Global meridional overturning and gyre circulation is weaker in the Miocene due to weaker midlatitude westerlies in the southern hemisphere, caused by lowering of the meridional surface temperature gradient, in addition to regional influences on convection. Subsurface temperatures in the Miocene are significantly higher in the far North Atlantic, Greenland‐Norwegian Seas and Arctic basin compared to the present. Ocean heat transport is symmetrical about the equator and resembles that simulated for late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic climates, suggesting the northern hemisphere dominated ocean heat transport active today developed after the middle Miocene. Simulated deep water warming in the Miocene is more than an order of magnitude lower than indicated by proxies. This discrepancy is not reconciled by higher CO2 due to the persistence of sea‐ice at sites of deep water formation. This suggests that either the CCSM3 is insufficiently sensitive to Miocene boundary conditions, greater greenhouse forcing existed than is currently reconstructed, or that proxy records of warming are exaggerated. Given the diversity of global Miocene proxy records and their near‐unanimous estimate of a significantly warmer Earth, the first two options are more likely.
The effect of ∼27 day solar rotation on ionospheric F2 region peak densities (NmF2)
Authors: Ma Ruiping , Xu Jiyao , Wang Wenbin , Lei Jiuhou 
Published: January 2012

Ionospheric F2 region peak electron densities (NmF2) observed from 11 ionosonde stations in the East Asian‐Australian sector from 1969 to 1986 have been used to investigate the effect of ∼27 day solar rotation on the ionosphere. These stations were located from the magnetically equatorial regions to the middle latitudes in both hemispheres. We found that, averaged over all stations and for 18 years, the normalized standard deviation of the midday ∼27 day variations of NmF2 was 8% and that of the midnight variations was 10%. We applied different data analysis methods, including Fourier transform, band‐pass filter, and multiple linear regression analysis, to determine quantitatively the sources of the observed ∼27 day variations of NmF2 and their relative contributions to these variations. Our results show that the ∼27 day variations in solar radiation and geomagnetic activity, caused by solar rotation, are the main drivers of the ionospheric ∼27 day variations. They accounted for more than 85% of the variations seen in the NmF2 ∼27 day variation, and their contributions became about 95% at higher latitudes. At geomagnetically low latitudes, the contribution of the ∼27 day variation in solar EUV radiation was greater than that of the ∼27 day variation in geomagnetic activity. However, the contribution from geomagnetic activity became more significant and was even larger than the contribution of solar radiation at higher latitudes, especially at midnight. At all latitudes the correlation between the ∼27 day variations of NmF2 and solar radiation was evidently positive, whereas that between NmF2 and geomagnetic activity was positive at geomagnetically low latitudes and became negative at higher middle latitudes. We did not found large seasonal or solar cycle changes in the ∼27 day variations of NmF2. These variations, however, did show significant differences between the two hemispheres.
Discharge height of lightning narrow bipolar events
Authors: Wu Ting , Dong Wansheng , Zhang Yijun , Funaki Tsuyoshi , Yoshida Satoru , Morimoto Takeshi , Ushio Tomoo , Kawasaki ZenIchiro 
Published: January 2012

Discharge heights of thousands of narrow bipolar events (NBEs) observed in Guangzhou and Chongqing of China are calculated using time delays between the direct wave signals of NBEs and their ionospheric reflection pairs. The result shows that most positive NBEs occur between 8 and 16 km while most negative NBEs occur between 16 and 19 km. Very few negative NBEs are above 19 km or below 14 km. It is inferred that positive NBEs are produced between main negative charge layer and upper positive charge layer while negative NBEs are produced between upper positive charge layer and negative screening charge layer at the cloud top. Variations of NBE discharge heights in two thunderstorms are analyzed. It seems that NBEs can be produced at any position between corresponding charge layers. Positive NBEs are generally higher in the periods when negative NBEs are also occurring. For a given short time period in a single thunderstorm, negative NBEs are always observed to occur at a higher altitude than positive NBEs, indicating a dividing charge layer between positive NBEs and negative NBEs. The possibility of some NBEs as upward discharges from cloud tops mentioned by previous studies is discussed. Supported by multiple evidences, we believe such possibility is very low; instead, NBEs are produced in vigorous convective surges that develop to the height comparable to the discharge height of NBEs. Differences in height distributions in Guangzhou and Chongqing are analyzed and a hypothesis is put forward that both positive NBEs and negative NBEs can only be produced above certain height. The relationship between this hypothesis and the mechanism for NBE production is discussed.
Controls on the composition and lability of dissolved organic matter in Siberia's Kolyma River basin
Authors: Mann P. J. , Davydova A. , Zimov N. , Spencer R. G. M. , Davydov S. , Bulygina E. , Zimov S. , Holmes R. M. 
Published: January 2012

High‐latitude northern rivers export globally significant quantities of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the Arctic Ocean. Climate change, and its associated impacts on hydrology and potential mobilization of ancient organic matter from permafrost, is likely to modify the flux, composition, and thus biogeochemical cycling and fate of exported DOC in the Arctic. This study examined DOC concentration and the composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) across the hydrograph in Siberia's Kolyma River, with a particular focus on the spring freshet period when the majority of the annual DOC load is exported. The composition of DOM within the Kolyma basin was characterized using absorbance‐derived measurements (absorbance coefficienta330, specific UV absorbance (SUVA254), and spectral slope ratio SR) and fluorescence spectroscopy (fluorescence index and excitation‐emission matrices (EEMs)), including parallel factor analyses of EEMs. Increased surface runoff during the spring freshet led to DOM optical properties indicative of terrestrial soil inputs with high humic‐like fluorescence, SUVA254, and low SRand fluorescence index (FI). Under‐ice waters, in contrast, displayed opposing trends in optical properties representing less aromatic, lower molecular weight DOM. We demonstrate that substantial losses of DOC can occur via biological (∼30% over 28 days) and photochemical pathways (>29% over 14 days), particularly in samples collected during the spring freshet. The emerging view is therefore that of a more dynamic and labile carbon pool than previously thought, where DOM composition plays a fundamental role in controlling the fate and removal of DOC at a pan‐Arctic scale.
Retention and transmission of active transcription memory from progenitor to progeny cells via ligand‐modulated transcription factors: elucidation of a concept by BIOPIT model
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Saradhi Mallampati , Chaturvedi Nagendra K. , Tyagi Rakesh K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObservations made in live cells have clearly demonstrated that agonist‐activated steroid/nuclear receptors reorganize in the nucleoplasm into hundreds of discrete speckled structures commonly referred to as nuclear foci. Subsequent studies have shown that nuclear foci are formed only with agonist‐ and not with pure antagonist‐bound receptors. Also, the other accessory components of transcriptional machinery co‐localize in nuclear foci with the activated receptors, suggesting these to be active gene transcription sites. Recently, it has been observed that during mitosis nuclear foci present in interphase of progenitor cells co‐migrate with condensing chromatin and are inherited into the progeny cells. Ensuing events imply that as memory, the cells inherit only a biomolecular blueprint of transcription status over to next generations to express and sustain their characteristic proteome. Thus, cells achieve self‐renewal via mitosis but not without ensuring that the characteristic proteome and traits are distinctively preserved during this transcription phase. This mechanism, although somewhat analogous to epigenetic marking, differs in Nature since transcription factors themselves execute this transmission. To uphold the mechanistic distinctions the phenomenon has been termed BIOPIT (biomolecular imprints offered to progeny for inheritance of traits). The BIOPIT model proposed herein attempts to explain how the disruption of BIOPIT markings by therapeutic anti‐hormones or endocrine disruptors over prolonged periods may lead to eradication of cellular transcription memory with deleterious cellular consequences. It is anticipated that our model has the potential to explain the concerted actions and consequences of ligand—receptor interactions with the chromatin in the perspective of normal and aberrant physiological situations.
A Kinematic Description of the Temporal Characteristics of Jaw Motion for Early Chewing: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Wilson Erin M. , Green Jordan R. , Weismer Gary 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The purpose of this investigation was to describe age- and consistency-related changes in the temporal characteristics of chewing in typically developing children between the ages of 4 and 35 months and adults using high-resolution optically based motion capture technology.

Method
Data were collected from 60 participants (48 children, 12 adults) across 5 age ranges (beginners, 7 months, 12 months, 35 months, and adults); each age group included 12 participants. Three different food consistencies were trialed as appropriate. The data were analyzed to assess changes in chewing rate, chewing sequence duration, and estimated number of chewing cycles.

Results
The results revealed both age- and consistency-related changes in chewing rate, sequence duration, and estimated number of chewing cycles, with consistency differences affecting masticatory timing in children as young as 7 months of age. Chewing rate varied as a function of age and consistency, and chewing sequence duration was shorter for adults than for children regardless of consistency type. In addition, the results from the estimated number of chewing cycles measure suggest that chewing effectiveness increased with age; this measure was also dependent on consistency type.

Conclusions
The findings suggest that the different temporal chewing variables follow distinct developmental trajectories and are consistency dependent in children as young as 7 months of age. Clinical implications are detailed.
Nonword Repetition: The Relative Contributions of Phonological Short-Term Memory and Phonological Representations in Children With Language and Reading Impairment
Authors: Rispens Judith , Baker Anne 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
This study investigates the relative contributions of phonological short-term memory and phonological representations to nonword repetition (NWR). This was evaluated in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and/or reading impairment (RI); it was also studied from a developmental perspective by comparing 2 groups of typically developing (TD) children who differed in age.

Method

NWR, digit span, vocabulary, and word and nonword discrimination were tested in 2 groups of TD children: one group matched on chronological age (CA TD group:
n
= 41, mean age = 7;8 [months;years]), and one language age–matched control group (LA TD group:
n
= 16, mean age = 5;8). Also, 10 children with SLI, 14 children with RI, and 23 children with SLI and RI (hereafter, SLI + RI) participated and were matched to the age of the CA TD group.

Results
For the TD children, NWR was predicted by discrimination, digit span, and age. The interaction between discrimination ability and age was also significant. Children with SLI + RI were significantly impaired on NWR compared with all other groups. A regression analysis, including the CA TD group and the children with SLI and/or RI, showed that digit span, discrimination ability, and group (SLI + RI) contributed significantly to NWR.

Conclusions
Phonological short-term memory and phonological representations both significantly contribute to NWR. The predictive strength of the quality of phonological representations changes during development.
Structural and mechanistic insight into N-glycan processing by endo-α-mannosidase
Authors: Thompson Andrew J. , Williams Rohan J. , Hakki Zalihe , Alonzi Dominic S. , Wennekes Tom , Gloster Tracey M. , Songsrirote Kriangsak , Thomas-Oates Jane E. , Wrodnigg Tanja M. , Spreitz Josef , Stütz Arnold E. , Butters Terry D. , Williams Spencer J. , Davies Gideon J. 
Published: January 2012

N-linked glycans play key roles in protein folding, stability, and function. Biosynthetic modification of N-linked glycans, within the endoplasmic reticulum, features sequential trimming and readornment steps. One unusual enzyme, endo-α-mannosidase, cleaves mannoside linkages internally within an N-linked glycan chain, short circuiting the classical N-glycan biosynthetic pathway. Here, using two bacterial orthologs, we present the first structural and mechanistic dissection of endo-α-mannosidase. Structures solved at resolutions 1.7–2.1 Å reveal a (
β
/
α
)
8
barrel fold in which the catalytic center is present in a long substrate-binding groove, consistent with cleavage within the N-glycan chain. Enzymatic cleavage of authentic Glc
1/3
Man
9
GlcNAc
2
yields Glc
1/3
-Man. Using the bespoke substrate α-Glc-1,3-α-Man fluoride, the enzyme was shown to act with retention of anomeric configuration. Complexes with the established endo-α-mannosidase inhibitor α-Glc-1,3-deoxymannonojirimycin and a newly developed inhibitor, α-Glc-1,3-isofagomine, and with the reducing-end product α-1,2-mannobiose structurally define the -2 to +2 subsites of the enzyme. These structural and mechanistic data provide a foundation upon which to develop new enzyme inhibitors targeting the hijacking of N-glycan synthesis in viral disease and cancer.
Dispersal, Growth, and Diet of Stocked and Wild Northern Pike Fry in a Shallow Natural Lake, with Implications for the Management of Stocking Programs
Authors: Skov Christian , Koed Anders , Baastrup-Spohr Lars , Arlinghaus Robert 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that stocking northern pike Esox lucius has had limited success, especially when age-0 fish are stocked into water bodies where the recruitment of northern pike already occurs. To better understand the ecology of wild and stocked fry, we investigated the dispersal, growth, and food composition of advanced pike fry (∼30 mm) stocked at a high density at a common release site in a shallow natural lake that contained wild young-of-the-year (age-0) pike. The stocked pike fry colonized the entire lake shoreline within just a few days. Dispersal was inversely related to size at stocking, suggesting that smaller fish were displaced by competitively superior larger individuals. While the stocked pike were initially larger than the wild age-0 pike, suboptimal growth was evident among the stocked pike and they were smaller than the wild ones at the end of the growing season. Stomach analyses revealed that the stocked pike ingested less diverse prey items and had higher fractions of empty stomachs throughout the study period. Overall, the fraction of stocked pike in samples rapidly declined over the season, which may have been caused by differential survival or immigration into or emigration out of the study system. Our study adds to the existing literature suggesting that the stocking of age-0 northern pike into waters with naturally reproducing pike populations will result in limited success. We propose two potentially complementary explanations for the apparent low fitness of stocked individuals in competition with wild conspecifics: (1) genetic-based local maladaptation among the stocked fish and (2) carryover effects from the hatchery. The latter may be less likely because the fry stocked were the offspring of wild fish and only spent a few weeks in the hatchery.
Received January 5, 2011; accepted September 12, 2011