bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF SENSORY DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS TO COMPLETE THE CURRENT OFFICIAL CARD OF THE GALICIAN ORUJO SPIRITS
Authors: CORTÉS SANDRA , FERNÁNDEZ ANA , OTERO CARMEN , SALGADO ISABEL 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT Ten samples of young Galician Orujo spirits from different grape varieties were evaluated using sensory descriptive analysis by a panel of 12 professional Orujo tasters. The aim of this study was to generate attributes to sensorially describe this kind of drinks in order to complete the current official card and permit their differentiation and varietal characterization. In the first session of analysis, the Orujo tasters identified a high number of descriptors, that they were then reduced after the elimination of hedonic terms and inappropriate attributes by using statistical methods. High significant correlations were found between the new descriptive parameters selected and the original terms employed to qualify the Orujo samples. Herbaceous, floral, ensilage and heads for aroma, spicy–caustic and sweet for taste and fruity for aftertaste were the attributes that showed significant differences between the Orujo samples. These terms may qualitatively be considered as typical descriptors of Orujos from Galicia. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn the original card employed to qualify Galician Orujo spirits, only hedonic terms are used, all of them with an important subjective influence. The new card, in which descriptive terms generated by the official panel are included, too, permits, besides qualifying of the samples, defining of their profile in the same tasting session. With the new terms, the tasters can justify the total points given to each sample. The final sensory profile obtained for a single Orujo variety will result of a large group of Orujo samples tasted during several sessions. This tool will be very useful for the Regulating Commission to obtain more information about the sensory characteristics of this kind of alcoholic beverage and for the corresponding distillery, in case a sample was rejected, to know which attributes were found as negatives.
COMPARISON OF THE VIRGIN OLIVE OILS PRODUCED IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF TURKEY
Authors: ÖĞÜTÇÜ MUSTAFA , YILMAZ EMIN 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT Virgin olive oils from different regions of Turkey were collected and analyzed. The total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of the samples ranged from 30.26 to 208.61 mg gallic acid/kg and 0.60 to 5.61 Trolox equivalents/kg, respectively. Free acidity (0.44–7.31% oleic acid), peroxide value (6.83–39.60 meq O2/kg), total volatiles (0.11–0.37%), viscosity (65.50–85.40 cP), K232 value (1.30–2.54), K270 value (0.08–0.30), refractive index (1.470) and descriptive sensory properties of the samples were also measured. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis indicated that positive and negative attributes classification of the olive oil sensory defining terms were mostly the case, and total phenolics content by itself may be a useful classification index. Also, MDS maps showed that the samples from Southeastern and Aegean regions are closer, while others are separate from each other. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSData for the physicochemical and sensory descriptive properties of virgin olive oils from Turkey are provided for the scientific community, olive oil consumers and traders. Also, utilization of sensory data by multidimensional scaling technique for geographical origin groupings provides a unique insight for researchers for similar objectives. In addition, some findings (i.e., the eligibility of phenolics content by itself for olive oil classification) of this article produce new results for fast and practical application purposes yet confirmed by other researchers.
Insights into the population structure of blue whales in the Eastern North Pacific from recent sightings and photographic identification
Authors: Calambokidis John , Barlow Jay , Ford John K. B. , Chandler Todd E. , Douglas Annie B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBlue whales were widely distributed in the North Pacific prior to the primary period of modern commercial whaling in the early 1900s. Despite concentrations of blue whale catches off British Columbia and in the Gulf of Alaska, there had been few documented sightings in these areas since whaling for blue whales ended in 1965. In contrast, large concentrations of blue whales have been documented off California and Baja California and in the eastern tropical Pacific since the 1970s, but it was not known if these animals were part of the same population that previously ranged into Alaskan waters. We document 15 blue whale sightings off British Columbia and in the Gulf of Alaska made since 1997, and use identification photographs to show that whales in these areas are currently part of the California feeding population. We speculate that this may represent a return to a migration pattern that has existed for earlier periods for eastern North Pacific blue whale population. One possible explanation for a shift in blue whale use is changes in prey driven by changes in oceanographic conditions, including the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), which coincides with some of the observed shifts in blue whale occurrence.
Both the Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor δ Agonist, GW0742, and Ezetimibe Promote Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Mice by Reducing Intestinal Reabsorption of HDL‐Derived Cholesterol
Authors: Briand François , Naik Snehal U. , Fuki Ilia , Millar John S. , Macphee Colin , Walker Max , Billheimer Jeffrey , Rothblat George , Rader Daniel J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPeroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPARδ) agonism increases HDL cholesterol and has therefore the potential to stimulate macrophage‐to‐feces reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). To test whether PPAR™ activation promotes RCT in mice, in vivo macrophage RCT was assessed using cholesterol‐loaded/3H‐cholesterol‐labeled macrophages injected intraperitoneally. PPAR™ agonist GW0742 (10 mg/kg per day) did not change 3H‐tracer plasma appearance, but increased fecal 3H‐free sterols excretion by 103% (p < 0.005) over 48 hours. Total free cholesterol efflux from macrophages to serum (collected from both control and GW0742 groups) was not different, although ABCA1‐mediated efflux was significantly higher with GW0742. The metabolic fate of HDL labeled with 3H‐cholesteryl ether or 3H‐cholesteryl oleate was also measured. While 3H‐cholesteryl ether tissue uptake was unchanged, the 3H‐tracer recovered in fecal free sterol fraction after 3H‐cholesteryl oleate injection increased by 88% with GW0742 (p < 0.0005). This was associated with a lower Niemann‐Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) mRNA expression in the small intestine (p < 0.05). The same experiments in mice treated with ezetimibe, which blocks NPC1L1, showed a similar 2‐fold increase in fecal free sterol excretion after labeled macrophages or HDL injection. In conclusion, PPAR™ activation enhances excretion of macrophage or HDL‐derived cholesterol in feces through reduced NPC1L1 expression in mice, comparable to the effect of ezetimibe.
Dental professionals’ knowledge about treatment of patients with spinal cord injury
Authors: Sullivan Amy L. , Morgan Christy , Bailey Jessica 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the knowledge and training of dental professionals to competently serve persons with spinal cord injuries (SCI). Fifty dental clinics were approached to complete a survey containing questions regarding their special needs training. From the 35 completed surveys, descriptive quantitative data were analyzed. The majority of professionals reported minimal exposure to special needs dentistry during their academic training. Further analysis revealed a lack of expertise in wheelchair transfers or knowledge of possible medical complications. This study suggests that additional training is needed if dental professionals are to comfortably and safely care for patients with SCI.
Effectiveness of oral self‐care among adult Gullah‐speaking African Americans with diabetes
Authors: Yuen Hon K. , Tress Mary E. , Salinas Carlos F. , Slate Elizabeth H. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWe investigated the efficacy of plaque removal after an oral self‐care demonstration among adult Gullah‐speaking African Americans with diabetes. Fifty‐four adults with diabetes completed an observed, uninstructed oral self‐care demonstration with their normal mode of oral self‐care. Before and after the oral self‐care demonstration, the plaque levels of six test teeth were assessed using the Plaque Index. The mean percentage of plaque removal after the oral self‐care demonstration was 27.4%. The mandibular teeth and the lingual surface had less plaque removal compared with the maxillary teeth and buccal surfaces. Only approximately 10% of participants achieved 50% or more plaque removal after the oral self‐care demonstration. Thus, the majority of the participants did not achieve an acceptable level of plaque removal. Dental health professionals should emphasize better oral home care for people with diabetes and teach them how to access the lingual surfaces, especially of the mandibular teeth.
What Do We Do Wednesday? On Beginning the Class as University‐Specific Work: A Preliminary Study*
Authors: EGLIN PETER 
Published: April 2009

Je pose la question: «Qu'en est‐il au juste des activités des universités qui en font précisément des universités?» Et je l'aborde ethnométhodologiquement d'une manière préliminaire, en examinant la réalisation interactionnelle de ce qu'est, pour les parties présentes, d'une manière observable et rapportable, le début d'un cours à l'université. Rechercher une réponse à la question, étant donné les renseignements sur cassette audio disponibles, provoque l'utilisation réfléchie par les membres des ressources contextuelles catégorielles, séquentielles et autres rendues disponibles par l'encadrement. Les questions de la signification analytique de la méthode documentaire d'interprétation et de l'abstraction des catégories d'adhésion sont brièvement reprises.I pose the question—just what is university‐specific about the activities of universities?—and address it ethnomethodologically in a preliminary way by examining the interactional accomplishment of what is, for the parties present, observably and reportably the beginning of a class at a university. Pursuing an answer to the question, given the audiotaped data to hand, turns on members' reflexive use of the categorical, sequential, and otherwise contextual resources made available by the setting. The questions of the analytic significance of the documentary method of interpretation and of the abstractness of membership categories are briefly taken up.
Gender and Promotion at Canadian Universities*
Authors: STEWART PENNI , ORNSTEIN MICHAEL , DRAKICH JANICE 
Published: April 2009

De 1984 à 1999, pour tous les professeurs à plein temps des universités canadiennes, les modèles de temps de défaillance accéléré démontrent que le temps médian de promotion de professeur adjoint à professeur agrégé est de 0,4 année plus long pour les femmes. Il n'y a pas de pic correspondant au refus de titularisation après cinq à sept ans de service, et les augmentations salariales des promotions sont stables avec le temps. Le temps médian de promotion de professeur agrégéà professeur titulaire est d'un an plus long pour les femmes que le temps médian pour les hommes, soit 8,3 années. Les différences entre les disciplines et entre les institutions n'ont qu'un petit impact sur les évaluations des différences entre les genres dans les promotions.From 1984 to 1999, for all full‐time faculty members at Canadian universities, accelerated failure time models show that the median time to promotion from assistant to associate professor is 0.4 years longer for women. There is no peak corresponding to denial of tenure after five to seven years of service and rates of promotion are stable over time. Women's median time for promotion from associate to full professor is one year longer than the median for men, 8.3 years. Variation between disciplines and between institutions has little impact on estimates of gender differences in promotion.
Analysis and Design of a Spherical Micromechanism With Flexure Hinges
Authors: Callegari Massimo , Cammarata Alessandro , Gabrielli Andrea , Ruggiu Maurizio , Sinatra Rosario 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The article describes the design of a robotic wrist able to perform spherical motions: Its mechanical architecture is based on parallel kinematics and is suitable to be realized at the mini- or microscale by means of flexible joints. In view of the preliminary design, a rigid-body model has been studied first and the direct and inverse kinematic analyses have been performed, allowing for the determination of theoretical workspace and passive joints’ displacements. The rigid-body dynamic behavior and the operative ranges of the machine have been assessed through the development of an inverse dynamics model. Then, the microparts have been designed with the help of finite element method (FEM) and multibody software and the study has been focused on the flexures: Since the analyses showed that the center of the spherical motion moves around several millimeters in the workspace, the original kinematic concept has been modified with the introduction of a ball joint constraining the mobile platform to frame so as to prevent unwanted translations.
Efficacy of Daptomycin in Implant-Associated Infection Due to Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
: Importance of Combination with Rifampin
Authors: John Anne-Kathrin , Baldoni Daniela , Haschke Manuel , Rentsch Katharina , Schaerli Patrick , Zimmerli Werner , Trampuz Andrej 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Limited treatment options are available for implant-associated infections caused by methicillin (meticillin)-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). We compared the activity of daptomycin (alone and with rifampin [rifampicin]) with the activities of other antimicrobial regimens against MRSA ATCC 43300 in the guinea pig foreign-body infection model. The daptomycin MIC and the minimum bactericidal concentration in logarithmic phase and stationary growth phase of MRSA were 0.625, 0.625, and 20 μg/ml, respectively. In time-kill studies, daptomycin showed rapid and concentration-dependent killing of MRSA in stationary growth phase. At concentrations above 20 μg/ml, daptomycin reduced the counts by >3 log
10
CFU/ml in 2 to 4 h. In sterile cage fluid, daptomycin peak concentrations of 23.1, 46.3, and 53.7 μg/ml were reached 4 to 6 h after the administration of single intraperitoneal doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. In treatment studies, daptomycin alone reduced the planktonic MRSA counts by 0.3 log
10
CFU/ml, whereas in combination with rifampin, a reduction in the counts of >6 log
10
CFU/ml was observed. Vancomycin and daptomycin (at both doses) were unable to cure any cage-associated infection when they were given as monotherapy, whereas rifampin alone cured the infections in 33% of the cages. In combination with rifampin, daptomycin showed cure rates of 25% (at 20 mg/kg) and 67% (at 30 mg/kg), vancomycin showed a cure rate of 8%, linezolid showed a cure rate of 0%, and levofloxacin showed a cure rate of 58%. In addition, daptomycin at a high dose (30 mg/kg) completely prevented the emergence of rifampin resistance in planktonic and adherent MRSA cells. Daptomycin at a high dose, corresponding to 6 mg/kg in humans, in combination with rifampin showed the highest activity against planktonic and adherent MRSA. Daptomycin plus rifampin is a promising treatment option for implant-associated MRSA infections.
Polymorphism in PfMRP1 (
Plasmodium falciparum
Multidrug Resistance Protein 1) Amino Acid 1466 Associated with Resistance to Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine Treatment
Authors: Dahlström Sabina , Veiga M. Isabel , Mårtensson Andreas , Björkman Anders , Gil J. Pedro 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) remains widely recommended for intermittent preventive treatment against
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria for pregnant women and infants in Africa. Resistance to SP is increasing and associated primarily with mutations in the
P. falciparum dhfr
(
Pfdhfr
) and
Pfdhps
genes. This study aimed to explore the hypothetical association of genetic alterations in the
P. falciparum
multidrug resistance protein gene (
Pfmrp1
) with the in vivo response to SP by detecting the selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) following standard single-dose treatment administered to children with acute uncomplicated
P. falciparum
malaria in Tanzania. We detected significant selection of parasites carrying the
Pfmrp1
1466K allele in samples from children with recrudescent infections, with 12 (100%) of 12 such samples being positive for this allele, compared to 52 (67.5%) of 77 baseline samples (
P
= 0.017), in parallel with the selection of the
Pfdhfr Pfdhps
quintuple mutant haplotype in cases of recrudescence (
P
= 0.001). There was no association between the 1466K SNP and the
Pfdhfr Pfdhps
quintuple mutation, indicating independent selections. Our data point for the first time to a role for a
P. falciparum
multidrug resistance protein homologue in the antimalarial activity of SP. Moreover, they add to the growing evidence of the potential importance of
Pfmrp1
in antimalarial drug resistance.
A Module Located at a Chromosomal Integration Hot Spot Is Responsible for the Multidrug Resistance of a Reference Strain from
Escherichia coli
Clonal Group A
Authors: Lescat Mathilde , Calteau Alexandra , Hoede Claire , Barbe Valérie , Touchon Marie , Rocha Eduardo , Tenaillon Olivier , Médigue Claudine , Johnson James R. , Denamur Erick 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
clonal group A (CGA) commonly exhibits a distinctive multidrug antimicrobial resistance phenotype—i.e., resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and trimethoprim (ACSSuTTp)—and has accounted for up to 50% of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant
E. coli
urinary tract infections in some locales. Annotation of the whole-genome sequencing of UMN026, a reference CGA strain, clarified the genetic basis for this strain's ACSSuTTp antimicrobial resistance phenotype. Most of the responsible genes were clustered in a unique 23-kbp chromosomal region, designated the genomic resistance module (GRM), which occurred within a 105-kbp genomic island situated at the
leuX
tRNA. The GRM is characterized by numerous remnants of mobilization and rearrangement events suggesting multiple horizontal transfers. Additionally, comparative genomic analysis of the
leuX
tRNA genomic island in 14 sequenced
E. coli
genomes showed that this region is a hot spot of integration, with the presence/absence of specific subregions being uncorrelated with either the phylogenetic group or the pathotype. Our data illustrate the importance of whole-genome sequencing in the detection of genetic elements involved in antimicrobial resistance. Additionally, this is the first documentation of the
bla
TEM
and
dhfrVII
genes in a chromosomal location in
E. coli
strains.
Identification of a Novel Variant of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome
mec
, Type II.5, and Its Truncated Form by Insertion of Putative Conjugative Transposon Tn
6012
Authors: Han Xiao , Ito Teruyo , Takeuchi Fumihiko , Ma Xiao Xue , Takasu Michihiko , Uehara Yoshio , Oliveira Duarte C. , de Lencastre Hermínia , Hiramatsu Keiichi 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

We identified two novel staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) elements in sequence type 8 methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
strains isolated in Japan: type II.5 SCC
mec
, whose J1 region was highly homologous to that of type I.2 SCC
mec
of strain PL72 (previously isolated in Poland), and its J1 region variant caused by the deletion/insertion of putative conjugative transposon Tn
6012
, identified in four
S. aureus
genomes.
Comparative Efficacies of Telavancin and Vancomycin in Preventing Device-Associated Colonization and Infection by
Staphylococcus aureus
in Rabbits
Authors: Darouiche Rabih O. , Mansouri Mohammad D. , Schneidkraut Marlowe J. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Telavancin is an investigational lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that is active against gram-positive pathogens. In an in vivo rabbit model, subtherapeutic (15-mg/kg) and therapeutic (30- or 45-mg/kg) doses of telavancin were demonstrated to be noninferior and superior to vancomycin (20 mg/kg), respectively, for preventing subcutaneous implant colonization and infection by
Staphylococcus aureus
.
AbaR5, a Large Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance Region Found in
Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Post Virginia , Hall Ruth M. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

A multiply antibiotic-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
strain, 3208, contains the
aacC1
-orfP-orfP-orfQ
-aadA1
gene cassette array;
sul1
,
tetA
(A), and
aphA1b
genes; and a
mer
operon in a large region containing a novel transposon, Tn
6020
, and segments of Tn
1696
, Tn
21
, Tn
1721
, and Tn
5393
. This region is part of a genomic resistance island, AbaR5, related to and found in the same chromosomal position as AbaR1. This strain is the first European clone I isolate detected in Australia.
Anidulafungin Is Fungicidal and Exerts a Variety of Postantifungal Effects against
Candida albicans
,
C. glabrata
,
C. parapsilosis
, and
C. krusei
isolates
Authors: Nguyen Katherine T. , Ta Philip , Hoang Bich Thu , Cheng Shaoji , Hao Binghua , Nguyen M. Hong , Clancy Cornelius J. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT

Anidulafungin targets the cell walls of
Candida
species by inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase, thereby killing isolates and exerting prolonged postantifungal effects (PAFEs). We performed time-kill and PAFE experiments on
Candida albicans
(
n
= 4),
C. glabrata
(
n
= 3),
C. parapsilosis
(
n
= 3), and
C. krusei
(
n
= 2) isolates and characterized the PAFEs in greater detail. MICs were 0.008 to 0.125 μg/ml against
C. albicans
,
C. glabrata
, and
C. krusei
and 1.0 to 2.0 μg/ml against
C. parapsilosis
. During time-kill experiments, anidulafungin caused significant kills at 16× MIC (range, log 2.68 to 3.89) and 4× MIC (log 1.87 to 3.19), achieving fungicidal levels (≥log 3) against nine isolates. A 1-hour drug exposure during PAFE experiments resulted in kills ranging from log 1.55 to 3.47 and log 1.18 to 2.89 (16× and 4× MIC, respectively), achieving fungicidal levels against four isolates. Regrowth of all 12 isolates was inhibited for ≥12 h after drug washout. Isolates of each species collected 8 h after a 1-hour exposure to anidulafungin (16× and 4× MIC) were hypersusceptible to sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.01 to 0.04%) and calcofluor white (40 μg/ml). Moreover, PAFEs were associated with major cell wall disturbances, as evident in electron micrographs of viable cells, and significant reductions in adherence to buccal epithelial cells (
P
≤ 0.01). Finally, three of four PAFE isolates tested were hypersusceptible to killing by J774 macrophages (
P
≤ 0.007). Our data suggest that the efficacy of anidulafungin in the treatment of candidiasis might stem from both direct fungicidal activity and indirect PAFEs that lessen the ability of
Candida
cells to establish invasive disease and to persist within infected hosts.