bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex and racial disparities in incidence and survival outcomes in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with lung cancer in the United States.
Authors: Eneh Chukwuka , Ogbonda Stephanie , Uche Ifeanyi , Oluwadeyi Esther Yemisi , Ilerhunmwuwa Nosakhare Paul 
Published: June 2024

8033 Background: Limited data exists on the impact of race on the incidence and survival of lung cancer among adolescents and young adults (15 – 39 years). We examined the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Plus Data (SEER) to determine the association of race, sex and other demographic/clinicopathologic factors with incidence trends and survival in AYA. Methods: Lung cancer cases in AYA diagnosed between 2000 and 2020 were extracted from the SEER database. Age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 persons were obtained, and the annual percentage change (APC) was used to compare incidence trends stratified by various demographics. Relative survival was calculated with the SEER Stat software. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine association with mortality. Results: We identified 5129 cases of lung cancer among AYA of which 50.9% (n=2610) were female, 56.6% (n=2904) were Non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), 17% (n=872) were Hispanics, 13.3% (n=684) were Non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs), 12.5% (n=643) were Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander (NHAPI) and 0.5% (n=26) were Non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native (NHAIA). Overall age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) of lung cancer among AYA decreased (APC, -2.01 [- 2.72 to -1.34)], slightly more in females (APC -2.05 [-2.93 to -1.26)] compared to males (APC, -2.01 [-2.74 to -1.34)]. The greatest decrease was seen in NHWs -2.4 [-3.1 to -1.8)]. There was no significant change in the AAIR among NHBs and Hispanics. NHBs showed the lowest 5-year survival rate (RSR-5: 58.8 [57.3-60.1]) with NHWs showing the highest survival (RSR-5: 77.8 [77.4-78.3]). On multivariable analysis, race was an independent predictor of mortality: Hispanics (HR: 0.78: 95% CI = 0.69 - 0.88) and NHAPI (HR: 0.79: 95% CI = 0.68 - 0.87) compared to NHW, had reduced odds of mortality. There was no association between sex and mortality. Conclusions: There is an overall decline in age-adjusted incidence rates of lung cancer, with more pronounced decline in females and specific racial groups. NHBs exhibited the lowest 5-year survival rate. Additionally, various socioeconomic and histologic factors demonstrated varying impacts on mortality. [Table: see text]
Flat dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for primary infection prophylaxis after CAR-T for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL).
Authors: Lessans Spencer , Zenner Morgan , Dholaria Bhagirathbhai R. , Kassim Adetola , Jayani Reena , Biltibo Eden , Bhaskar Shakthi , Morgan David S. , Savani Bipin N. , Oluwole Olalekan O. , Baljevic Muhamed , Patel Vivek 
Published: June 2024

e19004 Background: Prolonged hypogammaglobulinemia is a common side effect of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for B-NHL. Average infection rates 1 year (yr) post CAR-T are 44-53% (Kampouri, Tran Infect Dis 2023). Prophylactic IVIG is typically dosed by weight; however, optimal dosing strategy remains unknown. We explored the efficacy of reduced flat IVIG dose on infection rates and non-relapse mortality (NRM) post CAR-T. Methods: B-NHL pts who received commercial CD19 CAR-T therapy from Nov 2017 to Mar 2023 at Vanderbilt Medical Center were included. All pts were on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and valacyclovir for prophylaxis. IVIG at a flat dose of 10 grams was given for IgG < 400 mg/dL. Relevant clinical variables were collected from day 30 to 1 yr. Infections were defined as mild (treated outpatient), moderate (required admission), or severe (required intensive care unit) and by CTCAE v5 criteria. Severe neutropenia was defined as ANC<500 and severe lymphopenia was ALC<500. NRM was defined by death without progression or relapse. Estimated cost of therapy was $140/gram of IVIG based on previously published data. Results: A total of 43 pts (35 large cell lymphoma, 7 mantle cell lymphoma, and 1 follicular lymphoma) with median follow up of 445 days (range 134-2141) were included. Axicabtagene ciloleucel was given to 34 pts (79%), tisagenlecleucel to 2 pts (5%), and brexucabtagene autoleucel to 7 pts (16%). Median age was 58 (range 22-81). Median number of pre CAR-T therapies was 3 (range 1-7). There were 52 total infections with median time to first infection of 165 days (range 31-365). Of all infections, 21 (40%) were viral, 29 (56%) bacterial, and 2 (4%) fungal. There were 31 (60%) mild infections, 19 (36%) moderate, and 2 (4%) severe. Multiple G≥3 infections occurred in 14 pts (33%). At first infection, 4 pts (10%) had severeneutropenia and 13 pts (31%) had severelymphopenia. IVIG was given to 27 pts (63%). Median IgG at D30 was 438 mg/dL (range 143–1099) and 414 mg/dL (range 133–842) at D60. Prolonged IgG≤400 at 6 months occurred in 15 pts (35%). Median IVIG cost using flat dosing was $2800 (range $0-12,600) compared to a median cost of $8,075 (range $0-76,642) if weight-based dosing was utilized. NRM was 9% (4 pts). Of those pts, only 1 had a G≥3 infection during the first-year post CAR-T. Conclusions: We demonstrate comparable infection rates 1 yr post CD19 CAR-T and low NRM with the use of 10g flat IVIG dosing for consecutively treated pts. In addition, only 1 of 4 pts with NRM had severe infection within 1 yr. Notably, 35% of pts had persistent hypogammaglobulinemia at 6 mo and use of a flat dosing schedule provided substantial cost reduction. These findings should be validated in a prospective randomized trial.
Clinical use of 0.1% polyhexanide and propylbetaine on acute and hard-to-heal wounds: a literature review
Authors: Lazzari Giuseppe , Cesa Simonetta , Lo Palo Emilia 
Published: June 2024

Objective: To summarise the findings on the effect of the clinical use of 0.1% polyhexanide–propylbetaine (PHMB/betaine) solution/gel on acute and hard-to-heal (chronic) wound healing. Method: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus and the CENTRAL Trials Registry of the Cochrane Collaboration. Paired reviewers conducted title and abstract screening and full-text screening to identify experimental, quasi-experimental and observational studies. Study quality and risk of bias were not formally evaluated. Results: A total of 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. The findings from 12 studies indicated that the use of 0.1% PHMB/betaine solution/gel had: a low risk of contact sensitivity; could help debridement during wound cleansing; aided effective wound bed preparation; reduced wound size, odour and exudate; improved pain control; reduced microbial load; and enhanced wound healing. The results of three studies indicated that both 0.1% PHMB and saline solution were effective in reducing bacterial load, while another showed that adding 0.1% PHMB to tie-over dressings had no effect on reducing bacterial loads in wounds. Another study concluded that disinfection and granulation of pressure ulcers with hydrobalance dressing with 0.3% PHMB was faster and more effective than using 0.1% PHMB/betaine. Conclusion: The findings of this literature review showed that 0.1% PHMB/betaine solution/gel appeared to be useful and safe for wound cleansing, was effective in removing soft debris and slough from the wound bed, and created a wound environment optimal for healing. Although these actions cannot be attributed solely to this treatment modality, these results do highlight the unique action of this combined product. However, more robust studies are needed to confirm these results.
Correlation between initial serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and granulation growth in diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Yunir Em , Adesta Fajar Englando Alan , Rizka Aulia , Tarigan Tri Juli Edi 
Published: June 2024

Objective: To determine the correlation between initial serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels with granulation growth in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) after 21 days of treatment. Method: This cohort study involved patients with type 2 diabetes who had a DFU treated at hospital. Blood samples were taken from patients on admission. The chemiluminescent immunoassay technique was used to measure 25(OH)D levels. Granulation tissue growth was analysed by comparing the photographs from the initial treatment to day 21 of treatment. Results: The median value of 25(OH)D levels at initial treatment was 8 ng/ml. The result showed no correlation between 25(OH)D levels and the granulation growth in DFUs (p=0.86). Conclusion: The initial serum 25(OH)D level was not correlated with the growth of granulation tissue in DFUs.
Threshold of stochastic self-focusing from the Poisson property of extreme-event statistics
Authors: Zheltikov Aleksei M. 
Published: June 2024

Statistics of self-focusing induced by a stochastic laser driver is
shown to converge, in the large-sample-size limit, to a generalized
Poisson distribution whose mean is given by the exponent of the
respective extreme-value statistics. For a given ratio of the laser
peak power to the self-focusing threshold Pcr, the mean number of self-focusing counts in a
large sample of laser pulses is shown to depend on the number of
pulses in the sample, N, and the
signal-to-noise ratio of laser pulses, a. We derive a closed-form solution for the threshold of
stochastic self-focusing, which, unlike its deterministic counterpart,
Pcr, is a function of the
sample size N and the signal-to-noise
ratio a. The parameter
N

a

= exp (
a
2/2) is shown to set a borderline between
the deterministic and stochastic regimes of self-focusing. When the
number of laser pulses in a sample becomes comparable to
N

a

, self-focusing can no longer be viewed as
deterministic even for high signal-to-noise laser beams.
Sources of diagnostic delay for people with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: Qualitative research study
Authors:   AWARE-IBD Diagnostic Delay Working Group
Published: June 2024

Objective
An improved understanding of the causes and experience of diagnostic delay in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD).

Methods
Framework analysis of semi-structured interviews with 20 adults with IBD.

Results
Participants’ prior knowledge of normal bowel function/IBD was limited. Symptoms were sometimes misattributed to mild/transient conditions or normalised until intolerable. Family pressures, work, education, mistrust of doctors, fear and embarrassment could exacerbate delays. Poor availability of face-to-face appointments deterred people from seeing a GP. Patients feared that by the time they got to see their GP, their symptoms would have resolved. Patients instead self-managed symptoms, but often regretted not seeking help earlier. Limited time in consultations, language barriers, embarrassment, and delays in test results subsequently delayed specialist referrals. GPs misattributed symptoms to other conditions due to atypical or non-specific presentations, leading to reduced trust in health systems. Patients complained of poor communication, delays in accessing test results, appointments, and onward referrals–all associated with clinical deterioration. GPs were sometimes unable to ‘fast-track’ patients into specialist care. Consultations and endoscopies were often difficult experiences for patients, especially for non-English speakers who are also less likely to receive information on mental health support and the practicalities of living with IBD.

Conclusions
The framework analysis demonstrates delay in the diagnosis of IBD at each stage of the patient journey.

Recommendations
Greater awareness of IBD amongst the general population would facilitate presentation to healthcare services through symptom recognition by individuals and community advice. Greater awareness in primary care would help ensure IBD is included in differential diagnosis. In secondary care, greater attention to the wider needs of patients is needed–beyond diagnosis and treatment. All clinicians should consider atypical presentations and the fluctuating nature of IBD. Diagnostic overshadowing is a significant risk–where other diagnoses are already in play the risk of delay is considerable.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Zeolit Alam Sebagai Katalis Pada Sintesa Solketal Dari Gliserol Dan Aseton Melalui Proses Ketalisasi
Authors: Oko Syarifuddin , Kurniawan Andri , Saputra Tori 
Published: June 2024

Seiring dengan semakin tumbuhnya industri biodiesel, maka produksi gliserol sebagai hasil samping industri biodiesel juga semakin meningkat. Produksi solketal merupakan salah satu langkah yang tepat untuk mengatasi limbah gliserol dalam jumlah besar, selain itu solketal juga digunakan sebagai bahan tambahan pada bahan bakar minyak karena dapat menurunkan emisi partikulat, memperbaiki sifat aliran dingin, dan meningkatkan bilangan setana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi katalis zeolit terhadap rendamen dan densitas pada sintesis solketal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat solketal dan menggunakan katalis zeolit. Variasi yang dilakukan adalah konsentrasi zeolit (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, dan 10%) dengan cara merefluks selama 12 jam sampai didapat solketal yang dihasilkan. Untuk mengetahui solketal yang dihasilkan dari pengaruh variasi konsentrasi zeolit yang ditambahkan maka dilakukan beberapa pengujian yaitu analisa rendamen dan densitas. Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh hasil solketal terbaik pada variasi konsentrasi katalis zeolit 4% dan dimana konsentrasi ini memiliki nilai densitas terbaik yaitu 1,0768 g/mL karena nilai ini mendekati nilai teoritis yaitu sebesar 1,06 g/mL dan memiliki rendamen sebesar 77,89%. Hasil yang teruji dengan FT-IR menunjukkan adanya gugus fungsi yang mengandung solketal. Along with the growing biodiesel industry, the production of glycerol as a by-product of the biodiesel industry is also increasing. Solketal production is one of the right steps to deal with large amounts of glycerol waste, besides that solketal is also used as an additive to fuel oil because it can reduce particulate emissions, improve cold flow properties, and increase cetane number. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of zeolite catalyst concentration on the rendement and density of solketal synthesis. This research was conducted to make solketal and use a zeolite catalyst. The variation was the concentrations of zeolite (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) by refluxing for 12 hours until the resulting solketal was obtained. To determine the solketal produced from the effect of variations in the concentration of zeolite added, several tests were carried out, namely analysis of rendement and density. From the results of the study, the best solketal results were obtained at a variation of 4% zeolite catalyst concentration and where this concentration had the best density value of 1.0768 g/mL because this value was close to the theoretical value of 1.06 g/mL and had a yield of 77.89%. The results tested by FT-IR showed the presence of functional groups containing solketals.
Pembuatan Yoghurt Bubuk Susu Kedelai (Glycine max L.Meriil) Menggunakan Metode Foam Mat Drying dengan Penambahan Maltodekstrin Sebagai Bahan Penyalut
Authors: Hayati Rihma Nur , Rohmah Isyqi Aulia , Sa'adah Khoirus , Hikmawati Septiani Nurul , Muflihati Iffah 
Published: June 2024

Susu kedelai merupakan produk dari protein nabati yaitu sari kacang kedelai yang dapat diolah lebih lanjut menjadi produk fermentasi berupa yoghurt namun masa simpan relatif rendah apabila disimpan disuhu ruang. Metode pengeringan merupakan metode yang sesuai untuk memperpanjang umur simpan yoghurt susu kedelai. Salah satu metode pengeringan yang dapat menghasilkan produk tersebut adalah foam mat drying. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk menentukan pengaruh konsentrasi maltodekstrin dan tween 80 terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia, mikrobiologi dan sensoris yoghurt bubuk susu kedelai. Tahapan awal pembuatan yoghurt bubuk susu kedelai dilakukan dengan proses fermentasi susu kedelai, kemudian dilanjutkan metode pengeringan dengan penambahan tween 80 dan maltodekstrin. Langkah selanjutnya yaitu proses pengeringan menggunakan metode foam mat drying. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan tween 80 dan maltodekstrin dapat menurunkan kadar air, TAT, nilai a* dan nilai b*, namun dapat meningkatkan kadar protein, kadar lemak, nilai L*, dan total mikroba. Penambahan tween 80 dan maltodekstrin tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap warna kuning, warna putih, rasa manis, rasa asam, aroma yoghurt, dan aroma kedelai berdasarkan uji sensoris. Soy milk is a product of vegetable protein, namely soy bean juice, which can be further processed into a fermented product in the form of yoghurt, but its shelf life is relatively low when stored at room temperature. The drying method is a suitable method to extend the shelf life of soy milk yoghurt. One drying method that can produce this product is foam mat drying. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of maltodextrin and tween 80 concentrations on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of soy milk powdered yoghurt. The initial stage of making soy milk powdered yoghurt is carried out using the soy milk fermentation process, then followed by the drying method with the addition of Tween 80 and maltodextrin. The next step is the drying process using the foam mat drying method. The results showed that increasing tween 80 and maltodextrin could reduce water content, TAT, a* value and b* value, but could increase protein content, fat content, L* value and total microbes. The addition of tween 80 and maltodextrin had no effect on yellow color, white color, sweet taste, sour taste, yoghurt aroma and soybean aroma based on sensory tests.
Pengaruh Suhu Terhadap Difusivitas dan Konstanta Kecepatan Reaksi Transesterifikasi In-Situ Produksi Biodiesel
Authors: Amelia Nikma Azrul , Mustikaningrum Mega 
Published: June 2024

Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar yang dapat diperbarui dengan manfaatnya sebagai pengganti diesel/solar dengan keunggulan emisi gas buang yang jauh lebih baik. Pada penelitian kali ini dilakukan reaksi transesterifikasi in-situ produksi biodiesel berbasis biji mahoni. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh perbedaan suhu pada hasil yield biodiesel serta menentukan nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi ekstraktif dan difusivitas ekstraksi reaktif biodiesel. Metode transesterifikasi in situ dijalankan dengan rasio bahan baku dan metanol ( 1:101,39), bahan baku dan tetrahidrofuran (1:67,85), dan rasio NaOH sebesar 4% dari berat bahan baku. Dari hasil penelitian, yield biodiesel terbaik didapatkan pada suhu 30°C dengan 87,3%. Sementara itu, nilai konstanta kecepatan reaksi dan difusivitas bervariasi pada suhu 10°C, 20°C, dan 30°C. Pada suhu 30°C, konstanta kecepatan reaksi adalah 0,063 dm3/mol.menit dan nilai difusivitas untuk berbagai komponen seperti metanol, minyak nabati, metil ester, dan gliserol adalah 2 x 10-10 ; 2 x 10-10 ; 7,18 x 10-9 ; dan 1 x 10-10 dm3/menit. Biodiesel is a renewable fuel with the benefit of being a substitute for diesel with the advantage of much better exhaust emissions. In this research, an in-situ transesterification reaction was carried out for the production of biodiesel based on mahogany seeds. This research aims to assess the effect of temperature differences on the biodiesel yield and determine the reaction rate of extractive and the diffusivity of reactive biodiesel extraction. The In-Situ Transesterification method was carried out with the ratio of raw material to methanol (1:101.39), raw material to tetrahydrofuran (1:67.85), and a NaOH ratio of 4% of the raw material weight. From the research results, the best biodiesel yield was obtained at a temperature of 30°C with 87.3%. Meanwhile, the reaction rate constant and diffusivity values vary at temperatures of 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C. At a temperature of 30°C, the reaction rate constant is 0.063 dm3/mol.minute, and the diffusivity values for various components such as methanol, vegetable oil, methyl ester, and glycerol are 2 x 10-10 ; 2 x 10-10 ; 7.18 x 10-9 ; and 1 x 10-10 dm3/minute, respectively.
Potensi Dekarbonisasi Pembangkit Listrik Batubara Melalui Cofiring Biomassa Dan Carbon Capture Utilization
Authors: Triani Meiri , Anggoro Didi Dwi , Yunianto Vitus Dwi 
Published: June 2024

Dekarbonisasi sektor pembangkit listrik adalah langkah penting untuk mencapai pengurangan emisi karbon secara signifikan. Proses transisi energi di Indonesia dihadapkan pada tantangan bahwa bahan bakar fosil masih mendominasi kebutuhan pembangkit listrik. Studi ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis potensi dan tantangan upaya dekarbonisasi sistem pembangkitan listrik di Indonesia, terutama dalam pengembangan cofiring biomassa dan carbon capture utilization storage (CCUS) di masa mendatang dengan melakukan literature review terhadap berbagai publikasi yang relevan dari database science direct, serta laporan dan publikasi dari situs resmi organisasi (The International Energy Agency, Perusahaan Listrik Negara, Dewan Energi Nasional) yang terkait dengan fokus utama artikel ini. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa cofiring memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai inisiatif strategis untuk mempercepat pencapaian target proporsi energi terbarukan sebesar 23% pada tahun 2025, namun perlu peningkatan perhatian kepada pengembangan konsep penyediaan pasokan biomassa yang berkelanjutan. Di sisi lain implementasi teknologi CCUS perlu pertimbangan matang, dengan alasan faktor biaya yang tinggi dan tingkat pengembangan teknologi yang belum meluas. One of the critical steps in significantly reducing carbon emissions is through decarbonization of the electricity sector. The high dependence of the electricity sector on fossil fuels is a critical challenge in the energy transition process in Indonesia. This study was conducted to analyze the potential and challenges of the decarbonization strategies for the electricity sector in Indonesia, especially for the future development of cofiring biomass and carbon capture utilization storage (CCUS), by conducting a literature review of various relevant publications from the science direct database, reports, and publications from the official website organizations (The International Energy Agency, Indonesian state-owned electricity company, National Energy Council) related to the main focus discussed in this article. The results show that cofiring has the potential to be developed as a strategic initiative in accelerating the achievement of a renewable energy mix of 23% by 2025. However, increased attention is needed to develop strategies for providing sustainable biomass supply. While implementing the CCUS project needs to be further consideration to be applied, primarily due to the high-cost factor and the level of technological development that has yet to be widespread.
EU Contract Case Law, January – March 2024
Authors: Esposito Fabrizio , de Almeida Lucila , Valletta Elisa 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the most relevant cases decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning contract law. The present issue covers the period between the beginning of January 2024 and the end of March 2024. Out of a total of 123 judgments decided in this period, 37 had a contract law dimension.