bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic extensions of isotropic Finch–Skea metric in the charged modified gravity
Authors: Naseer Tayyab , Sharif M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this study, we explore the Finch–Skea perfect fluid solution and extend its domain to three distinct anisotropic interior models within the framework of the

f
(
R
,
T
)

theory, incorporating the influence of an electromagnetic field. We assume a static spherical spacetime initially coupled with an isotropic matter distribution. We then introduce a Lagrangian corresponding to an additional gravitating source, taking into account its role in inducing pressure anisotropy within the original fluid source. By deriving the field equations for the combined matter setup, we applied a radial component transformation, which yielded two distinct systems of equations. In addition, we consider a charged exterior spacetime to determine the three constants associated with the Finch–Skea solution at the boundary. Our findings suggest that under certain parametric choices, all three resulting models exhibited physical relevance within this modified theory.
Preparation and magnetic hardening of low Ti content (Sm,Zr)(Fe,Co,Ti)12 magnets by rapid solidification non-equilibrium method
Authors: Zhang 张 Xing-Feng 兴凤 , Liu 刘 Li-Bin 立斌 , Li 李 Yu-Qing 玉卿 , Zhang 张 Dong-Tao 东涛 , Liu 刘 Wei-Qiang 卫强 , Yue 岳 Ming 明 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Sm–Zr–Fe–Co–Ti quinary-alloys with ThMn12 structure has attracted wide attention for ultra-high intrinsic magnetic properties, showing potentiality to be developed into rare-earth permanent magnets. The Ti element in alloys is crucial for phase stability and magnetic properties, and lower Ti content can increase intrinsic magnetic properties but reduce phase stability. In this study, the 1:12 single-phase melt-spun ribbons with low Ti content was successfully prepared using a rapid solidification non-equilibrium method for the Sm1.1Zr0.2Fe9.2Co2.3Ti0.5 quinary-alloy. However, this non-equilibrium ribbon did not achieve good magnetic hardening due to the uneven microstructure and microstrain. Then, annealing was carried out to eliminate micro-strain and homogenize microstructure, therefore, remanence and coercivity were significantly improved even the precipitation of a small amount of α-Fe phase which were not conducive to coercivity. The remanence of 86.1 emu/g and coercivity of 151 kA/m was achieved when annealing at 850 °C for 45 min. After hot pressing, under the action of high temperature and pressure, a small portion of ThMn12 phases in the magnet decompose into Sm-rich phases and α-Fe, while remanence of 4.02 kGs (1 Gs = 10−4 T), and coercivity of 1.12 kOe (1 Oe = 79.5775 A⋅m−1) were still acquired. Our findings can provide reference for exploring practical permanent magnets made of 1:12 type quinary-alloys.
Temperature Profile of a Biomass Gasification Power System
Authors: Espina R U , Barroca R B , Simpao F T , Zamora R M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Biomass has been used as a renewable energy resource for years. The coconut tree, considered woody biomass, grows in the tropics and is abundant in the Philippines. To determine the performance of the biomass gasification power system (BGPS) using torrefied coconut shells (TCS), a 1.8-kVA BGPS was designed, fabricated, and tested. The TCS with a calorific value of 34.37 MJ/kg was used as feedstock to profile the temperature of BGPS. The temperature increased from the feeder at 79 °C to a maximum of 904 °C at the combustion zone and goes down to 779 °C at the reduction zone, which causes the breaking of the chemical structure of the torrefied coconut shells to release carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) and other contaminants that form part the producer gas. The temperature at the inlet of the internal combustion engine (ICE) generating set had reduced to 37 °C. To improve the performance of the BGPS, it is recommended to review and enhance the cooler’s design to lessen the temperature of the producer gas to at least 25 °C.
Exploring the Potential of High-Fatty Acid Content Oils for Biodiesel Production: A Catalyst-Free Approach
Authors: Solikhah MD , Wirawan SS , Sugiarto AT , Wulandani D , Nabetani H , Hagiwara S , Araki T , Purwanto YA 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The adoption of biofuels has been recognized as one of the key approaches to strive towards achieving net zero emissions, particularly through the utilization of biodiesel derived from oils or fatty acids. To further optimize the utilization of biodiesel, it becomes crucial to explore alternative non-food resources, such as oils with a high content of fatty acids, to serve as biodiesel feedstock. This paper examines the potential use of oil with high fatty acid content, specifically palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), as a biodiesel feedstock. Typically, the biodiesel production process from PFAD involves a two-step catalytic process that requires a strong acid catalyst, known for its corrosiveness, that needs costly equipment materials. This research explores a catalyst-free production process ensuring a non-corrosive process with reduced capital expenses and fewer chemicals, thereby lowering operational costs. The results demonstrate that biodiesel from PFAD can be obtained in concentration of 83.9% using a one-step non-catalytic process with superheated methanol vapor at a temperature of 210°C under atmospheric pressure. This highlights the significant potential of catalyst-free technology in the production of biodiesel from PFAD.
Extraction yield and properties of biogenic silica from palm oil fuel ash: effect of re-ashing pretreatment and solvent concentration
Authors: Hoerudin  , Hidayat T , Yuliani S , Wahyuningsih K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Pretreatments and extraction conditions can affect the yield and characteristics of biogenic silica (biosilica) from palm oil fuel ash (POFA). This study aimed to examine how reashing pretreatment and varying NaOH concentrations influence the yield and properties of biosilica extracted from POFA by a simple sol-gel method. Re-ashing pretreatment was conducted using a furnace at a temperature of 600°C for 2h. All samples were leached using a citric acid solution. Extraction process was carried out using NaOH solutions with concentrations of 6%, 8%, and 10%). The results showed that re-ashing pretreatment and concentrations of NaOH significantly influenced (p<0.05) the extraction yield, color, crystallinity, and specific surface area of POFA-derived biosilica. Re-ashing pretreatment in combination with a 10% NaOH solution produced the highest extraction yield of biosilica (17.25% w/w) with a bright white color (L=91.83; WI=91.32), SiO2 concentration of 94.68%, crystallinity of 50.10%, and specific BET surface area of 390.80m2/g. XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of POFA-derived biosilica. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of silica functional groups in all samples. This study demonstrated the important roles of re-ashing pretreatment and NaOH concentration in producing POFA-derived biosilica with better yield and properties that could broaden its potential applications.
Evaluation of Various Commercial Enzymes for Paper Sludge Saccharification
Authors: Rabemanolontsoa Harifara , Thing Phang Siew , Kawamoto Haruo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Converting paper sludge (PS) into valuable products has multiple benefits including waste reduction, resource efficiency, economic opportunities, environmental advantages, product diversification, and regulatory compliance. This study evaluated the purity and efficiency of different commercial enzymes for saccharifying PS. The hemicellulase enzymes Sigma H2125, Sucrase X, Amano 90, and Amano G were assessed for their purity and performance on model compounds. It was found that all the studied commercial enzymes had contaminating residual saccharides varying from 3.3 to 60.0wt%. The most effective enzymes for model compound hydrolysis were Sigma H2125 and Sucrase X. They were, then, used with Sigma cellulase for PS saccharification. Sucrase X showed the highest efficiency in converting xylan in PS to xylose. Using Sigma cellulase and Sucrase X at 37 °C, a 71.6% conversion efficiency was achieved in PS saccharification. The study concluded that combining Sigma cellulase and Sucrase X was the preferred enzymatic approach to obtain monosaccharides from PS, enabling the manufacture of useful products such as biofuels and biochemicals from the paper-derived monosaccharides.
Biodegradable Foam from Cassava Starch Blended with Water Hyacinth Fiber: Effects of Polyvinyl Alcohol Content
Authors: Nugroho Agung , Bagus Permadi Satria , Cahyo Legowo Agung , Dwi Wibowo Alan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Our previous investigation revealed that the addition of water hyacinth fiber (WHF) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) enhanced the mechanical properties of cassava starch-based foam. However, the effect of PVA concentration on the mechanical properties of starch foam is still unclear. Therefore, this study examined the effects of various concentrations of PVA on the foam’s quality and production process. Four levels of PVA (0, 1, 2, and 3% w/w) were tested on the mixed dough of cassava starch and 15% of WHF. The foam was made by baking the dough on a thermopressing machine at a temperature of 190 °C for 3 min. The quality level of foams was determined by their physical and mechanical (compressibility, water adsorption, density, color appearance, and biodegradability) properties as well as the practicality of the dough preparation and baking processes. As a result, the addition of PVA significantly affects the mechanical properties and ease of making dough. A higher concentration of PVA contributed to a better mixture of the dough, resulting in a smoother mixing process that led to foams with stronger mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the application of 2% and 3% PVA did not make a significant difference in the mechanical and physical properties. Foam with 2% PVA showed 32 N/mm2 of compressibility, 10% water absorptivity, 12% water content, and good biodegradability, with 87% of the material lost during 30 days of burial in the soil.
Process Optimization of Meat Analogue Composed by Soy Protein Isolate and Palm Oil Based Fat Replacer
Authors: Setyaningsih Dwi , Fahrur Ro’uf Maulidin Yusuf , Muna Neli 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Meat analog is processed food made from vegetable protein, has similar structure to animal meat but differ in composition. The most widely used vegetable protein in the meat analogues production is soy protein isolate due to its gelation, functional and nutritional properties. This study aims to determine the effect of palm oil concentration on fat replacer emulsion system and the effect of resting time of meat analog on its physico-chemical properties. The study was carried out in three stages, namely (1) preparation of fat replacer emulsions, (2) preparation of meat analogs, (3) optimization of the meat analog process using Response Surface Method (RSM) and characterization of their physico-chemical properties. The concentration of palm oil (olein and stearin fraction) in the fat replacer emulsion was varied in the range of 16-18%. While the resting time of meat analogue for 30 to 60 minutes. Based on the optimization results using Design Expert v.13 software, the optimum treatment for meat analogue processing was resting time of 35,759 minutes and the concentration of fat replacer of 16.124%, which has a desirability value of 0.567. Meat analog from this treatment had 52.920% moisture content, 21.831% fat content, 13.712% protein content, 3.080% ash content, 2.439% carbohydrate content, 5.937 N hardness, 0.975 mm elasticity, and 3.968 N chewiness.
Oleochemical Synthesis of Sucrose Esters from Methyl Esters of Palm Stearic and Oleic Fatty Acids
Authors: Syarifah Ali Gita , Fitria Rista , Rivai Mira , Hambali Erliza , Purnawati Rini , Imam Sutanto Ari 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPalm oil contains fatty acids such as stearic ranges from 3.40 – 5.47% and oleic ranges from 34.85 – 40.78% which can be used as materials for the synthesis of sucrose ester. This study aimed to increase and optimize the potential of palm oil raw materials through the oleochemical synthesis of sucrose ester. The process of sucrose ester synthesis consisted of two stages, i.e., the esterification process of fatty acids into methyl esters and the transesterification process of fatty acid methyl esters with sucrose to become sucrose esters. Esterification of stearic and oleic fatty acids was performed using H2SO4 catalyst and methanol as a solvent. Transesterification of sucrose with stearic and oleic methyl esters was performed using two types of catalysts K2CO3 6% and Na2CO3 6%, without solvents. The results showed that sucrose ester made from stearic acid methyl ester with K2CO3 catalyst tended to achieve better performance and physicochemical properties as follows: pH ranged from 10.29 – 10.45, foam stability ranged from 55.497 – 88.082%, emulsion stability ranged from 40.211 – 78.435%, surface tension ranged from 25.4 – 27.60 dyne/cm, and interfacial tension ranged from 9.69 – 10.91dynes/cm.
Formulation of Body Lotion with Sucrose Ester Emulsifier
Authors: Suha Aditha Mutiah , Hambali Erliza , Purnawati Rini , Fitria Rista , Rivai Mira 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Sucrose ester is synthesized from palm fatty acid methyl ester and sucrose using a base catalyst. Emulsifiers that replace palm oil with sucrose esters are biodegradable and potentially non-toxic to the skin. The efficiency of sucrose ester production was obtained by using water as a solvent for sucrose, with a mass ratio of 3:5 for water and sucrose. Dilution of sucrose with water reduces caramelization during reaction. Based on laboratory research, sucrose ester has good emulsion stability from sucrose myristate ester, sucrose palmitate ester, and sucrose laurate ester. The design used a random block design with three levels of variation in sucrose ester concentration, namely 2%, 6%, and 10%. Based on ANOVA, there is a very significant effect between variations in concentration on specific gravity, pH, viscosity and surface tension. Verification tests were carried out on consumer references in the form of organoleptic tests on 35 respondents. Then, microbial tests are carried out based on Indonesian National Standards, namely the maximum number of total plates (10−2 colonies), negative tests for fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Coliform (maximum 3). Determining the best combination uses the Composite Performance Index (CPI) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on organoleptic tests, the best sample is 10% myristate. The analysis of organoleptic results is consistent with the analysis of laboratory results which states that the lotion sample made from 10% sucrose myristate ester is the best sample. The best lotion samples have good emulsion stability and are not contaminated by microbes.
Catalytic Graphitization by Nickel Nitrate and Characterization on Palm Oil Solid Waste Graphite
Authors: Visca Rinette , Veronika Cynthia , Utami Tania , Handaya Saputra Asep 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Catalytic graphitization of biomass has been extensively studied. The conventional graphitization method uses high temperatures and non-renewable carbon sources. Temperatures below 1000°C was used in biomass graphitization. The aim of this study is to how these variables affect the structural and morphological properties of the graphite materials produced. In graphite production process, catalyst impregnation is followed by heat treatment. The graphitization process starting with amorphous carbon nanospheres, is investigated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies. XRD was used to examine the graphitization behavior of palm oil solid waste. Based on the result, the position of the 2 theta peak intensity on the XRD graph of the Ni graphitized sample is extremely near to that on the XRD graph of the raw material and carbon sample. The morphological changes that occur in the SEM images for materials graphitized with nickel nitrate are characterized by structures comparable to those that occur in carbon samples. The circular structures in the graphitized sample are anisotropic and structured without orientation bias.
Enhancement of PLA-based Biopolymer Composite Physical Properties with Addition of Sucrose
Authors: Massijaya S Y , Laksana R P B , Nissa R C , Nurhamiyah Y , Hidayat  , Irmayanti M , Ningrum R S , Kusumah S S , Karlinasari L 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that has poor barrier properties. Blending PLA with thermoplastic starch (TPS) is an alternative to improve the barrier properties of PLA. The purpose of this study is to improve the barrier properties and mechanical of PLA-based biopolymer composite by blending it with TPS and 5%wt of sucrose. Tensile strength, water vapour transmission rate, morphology, and degradability of biopolymer composite were examined. The morphology of PLA-TPSS bioplastic showing no pores and more homogenous which lead to best WVTR and mechanical result; however, the tensile strength by PLA-TPSS is reduced than pure PLA.
Hydrothermal Pyrolysis of Sargassum Marine Macroalgae: "Synthesis and Characterization of Products"
Authors: Bazrafshan Hamed , Menze Karoline , Kokaliaris Irene , Satrio Justinus 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In recent years, there has been an explosive growth and overabundance of pelagic Sargassum macroalgae in the North Atlantic Ocean, which wash up on the beaches in the United States, Mexico and the Caribbeans, causing both environmental and health issues in those coastal regions. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process was investigated as a potential solution by converting this wet algae biomass into solid and liquid products, namely hydrochar and organic process water, respectively. In this study, the effects of HTC reaction temperatures on the yields and physicochemical properties of hydrochar and organic process water derived from Sargassum algae sample obtained from a coastal region in South Florida were evaluated by using various analytical techniques, including SEM, TGA, BET, FTIR and GC-MS. As a result of the increase in temperature, hydrochar yield decreased, while the yield of bio-oil increased. During the heating process, the volatile matter in hydrochar decreases, whereas the fixed carbon increases. Ash content in hydrochar increases as temperature increases. There were some interconnected pores on the surfaces of all three temperatures. It has been shown that a change in temperature has a significant effect on the chemical composition of bio-oils. In some cases, certain compounds increased as the temperature increased, but in others, it was temperature dependent. This study demonstrated that HTC technology could be a potential solution for mitigating Sargassum pollution issue by converting it into value-added bio-based products.
Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis of Selecting Biomass Feedstocks for Sustainable Energy Production
Authors: Espina R U 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Five well-known biomass resources are used as feedstocks for biomass thermal power plants in the Philippines: rice husks (RH), sugarcane bagasse (SB), Napier grass (NG), coconut shells (CS), and Paraserianthes falcataria (PF). Given the complexity of socio-economic and biophysical systems and the multi-dimensionality of the sustainability goal, the best biomass feedstock was determined using TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution), a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) that has gained popularity in the decision-making for sustainable energy. Sugarcane bagasse (SB), with a TOPSIS score of 0.5416, was found to be the best biomass feedstock for maximizing the benefits to people and the environment. It has a relatively high calorific value of 19.30 MJ/kg, an annual volume of 7.32 million tons, and can solely be used for energy production. The second-best option is Paraserianthes falcataria (PF), but it is not widely grown because it is only used in the construction and furniture industries, and its demand is very limited. However, because it grows so quickly, it has the greatest potential for energy generation. Coconut shells are the third best option. It is the biomass feedstock with the highest energy content at 20.88 MJ/kg, with a TOPSIS score of 0.4090. Coconut shells are waste materials from coconut fruits used to make activated carbon and are primarily used for cooking, heating, and industrial use. Because coconut shells are widely available, particularly in remote communities, it may be able to meet its electricity needs using a micro-scale biomass power technology that requires only a small amount of coconut shells.
The infiltration variability under oil palm plantation related to moss and understory vegetation covers in terrestrial and riparian sites in Jambi, Indonesia
Authors: Agusta H , Bintoro HMH , Febrianto RE , Zaman S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The capacity and contribution of each understory vegetation group to infiltrate transmitted precipitation and moisten the soil are to be revealed. Recently, common findings on infiltration rate under oil palm are well reported, however, it does not include the role of each vegetation group to support water availability to the oil palm plantation. The specific objective of this study is to identify the role of each understory vegetation group consisting of moss and weeds on cumulative infiltration rate and infiltration capacity in the terrestrial area and riparian zone of oil palm plantations consisting of smallholder and corporate farmers in dry and rainy seasons. The total covering rate of both vegetation types amounted to 61.7%. In the active path of terrestrial area weed growth dominated the surface cover of oil palm plantations in both seasons, where the cover of weeds reached 67.8% and moss covers at the level of averagely 11.3%. The total covering rate by the vegetation was 79.1%, and 20.9% of the surface area was without any vegetative protection. In the riparian area, there was no evidence of the difference of infiltration rate measured in Ks both in the circle area and active path area, which reached very low at the value of 1.74-4.02 cm h−1 in the dry season and 3.29-3.88 cm h−1 in the rainy season. However, in the terrestrial area at the active path area, the Ks value reached an average of 12.13 cm h−1 in the dry season and 5.86 cm h−1 in the rainy season. The Ks-value in the oil palm circle in the terrestrial area showed no difference value, which was a very low category value ranging from 3.37-3.80 cm h−1. The cumulative value of infiltrated water during the first four hours in the riparian zone in the active path ranged from 10.35 to 18.52 cm. This value is lower than cumulative infiltrated water in the terrestrial area, ranging from 25.83-110.55 cm in the first 4 hours of infiltration time.