bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Outlandish Can Imaginary Cases Be?
Authors: ELSTER JAKOB 
Published: May 2011

abstractIt is common in moral philosophy to test the validity of moral principles by proposing counter‐examples in the form of cases where the application of the principle does not give the conclusion we intuitively find valid. These cases are often imaginary and sometimes rather ‘outlandish’, involving ray guns, non‐existent creatures, etc. I discuss whether we can test moral principles with the help of outlandish cases, or if only realistic cases are admissible. I consider two types of argument against outlandish cases: 1) Since moral principles are meant for guiding action in this world, cases drawn from other worlds are irrelevant. 2) We lack the capacity to apply our intuitive moral competence to outlandish cases. I argue that while the first approach is importantly flawed, the second approach is plausible, not because our moral competence per se is limited to cases from this world, but because we lack the capacity to imagine outlandish cases, and we cannot apply our moral competence to a case we fail to imagine properly.
Intention to Smoke Tobacco Using a Waterpipe Among Students in a Southeastern U.S. College
Authors: Noonan Devon , Kulbok Pamela , Yan Guofen 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT Objective: Guided by the Theory of Reasoned Action, this study examined the association of behavioral beliefs, attitudes, normative beliefs, and subjective norms with waterpipe tobacco smoking intention in college students.
Design and Sample: A cross‐sectional design was used. A Web‐based survey was sent to a random sample of 1,000 undergraduate students from a public institution in the southeast to recruit participants.
Measures: The Theory of Reasoned Action Waterpipe Questionnaire, a modified version of the Fishbein‐Ajzen‐Hanson Questionnaire, was used to capture modal constructs of the Theory of Reasoned Action related to waterpipe use. Cronbach's α coefficients for the scales of the Theory of Reasoned Action Waterpipe Questionnaire ranged from .76 to .95.
Results: Of the sample (n=223), 13.5% currently smoked a waterpipe and 61% had ever done so. Using multiple regression, attitudes, behavioral beliefs, and subjective norms were associated with intention to smoke a waterpipe in the next 3 months and collectively explained 35% of the variance in intention. The full model, which included all the constructs of the Theory of Reasoned Action, demographic variables, and tobacco use variables, explained 83% of the variance in intention to smoke a waterpipe in the next 3 months.
Conclusions: This study provides valuable information that may be used to target students at risk for waterpipe smoking and serves as a starting point in developing theoretically driven interventions to prevent waterpipe smoking.
Municipal Debt and Marginal Tax Rates: Is There a Tax Premium in Asset Prices?
Authors: LONGSTAFF FRANCIS A. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTWe study the marginal tax rate incorporated into short‐term municipal rates using municipal swap market data. Using an affine model, we identify the marginal tax rate and the credit/liquidity spread in 1‐week tax‐exempt rates, as well as their associated risk premia. The marginal tax rate averages 38.0% and is related to stock, bond, and commodity returns. The tax risk premium is negative, consistent with the strong countercyclical nature of after‐tax fixed‐income cash flows. These results demonstrate that tax risk is a systematic asset pricing factor and help resolve the muni‐bond puzzle.
Watch What I Do, Not What I Say: The Unintended Consequences of the Homeland Investment Act
Authors: DHARMAPALA DHAMMIKA , FOLEY C. FRITZ , FORBES KRISTIN J. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe Homeland Investment Act provided a tax holiday for the repatriation of foreign earnings. Advocates argued the Act would alleviate financial constraints by reducing the cost to U.S. multinationals of accessing internal capital. This paper shows that repatriations did not increase domestic investment, employment, or R&D—even for firms that appeared to be financially constrained or lobbied for the holiday. Instead, a $1 increase in repatriations was associated with a $0.60 to $0.92 increase in shareholder payouts. Regulations intended to restrict such payouts were undermined by the fungibility of money. Results indicate that U.S. multinationals were not financially constrained and were well‐governed.
The Illiquidity of Corporate Bonds
Authors: BAO JACK , PAN JUN , WANG JIANG 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the illiquidity of corporate bonds and its asset‐pricing implications. Using transactions data from 2003 to 2009, we show that the illiquidity in corporate bonds is substantial, significantly greater than what can be explained by bid–ask spreads. We establish a strong link between bond illiquidity and bond prices. In aggregate, changes in market‐level illiquidity explain a substantial part of the time variation in yield spreads of high‐rated (AAA through A) bonds, overshadowing the credit risk component. In the cross‐section, the bond‐level illiquidity measure explains individual bond yield spreads with large economic significance.
Do Individual Investors Have Asymmetric Information Based on Work Experience?
Authors: DØSKELAND TROND M. , HVIDE HANS K. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTUsing a novel data set covering all individual investors' stock market transactions in Norway over 10 years, we analyze whether individual investors have a preference for professionally close stocks, and whether they make excess returns on such investments. After excluding own‐company stock holdings, investors hold 11% of their portfolio in stocks within their two‐digit industry of employment. Given the poor hedging properties of such investments, one would expect abnormally high returns. In contrast, all estimates of abnormal returns are negative, in many cases statistically significant. Overconfidence seems the most likely explanation for the excessive trading in professionally close stocks.
Assessment of pain in women randomly allocated to speculum or digital insertion of the Foley catheter for induction of labor
Authors: JONSSON MARIA , HELLGREN CHARLOTTE , WIBERG‐ITZEL EVA , ÅKERUD HELENA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective. The primary aim was to assess pain subjectively and objectively in women during insertion of a Foley catheter for induction of labor. A secondary aim was to assess pain during cervical ripening and to evaluate maternal satisfaction. Design. Randomized controlled trial. Setting. University hospital, Sweden. Population. Forty‐two women undergoing induction of labor and cervical ripening with a Foley catheter. Methods. Women were randomly allocated to digital (n=21) or to speculum (n=21) placement of a Foley catheter. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used for subjective assessment of pain and, for objective measurements, a skin conductance algesimeter was used and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated (μSs). Maternal satisfaction was evaluated in a questionnaire. Main outcome measures. Pain sensation during placement of the Foley catheter. Results. There was a significant difference between groups in pain measurements during insertion of the Foley catheter. The speculum group had higher median pain scores than the digital group, VAS=5 vs. = 3 (p=0.03) and greater median AUC measurements: 1840 vs. 823μSs (p=0.04). There was no difference in pain assessments during cervical ripening. Overall satisfaction scores were high and comparable between groups. Conclusion. Digital placement of the Foley catheter is subjectively and objectively less painful compared to the use of a speculum. Digital placement should therefore be considered as an alternative in the management of these patients. Ripening of the cervix with the Foley catheter is well tolerated and the overall satisfaction rate among patients induced with this method is high.
Insights into the Rrf2 repressor family – the structure of CymR, the global cysteine regulator of Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Shepard William , Soutourina Olga , Courtois Emmanuelle , England Patrick , Haouz Ahmed , Martin‐Verstraete Isabelle 
Published: May 2011

The global regulator CymR represses the transcription of a large set of genes involved in cystine uptake and cysteine biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. This repressor belongs to the widespread and poorly characterized Rrf2 family of regulators. The crystal structure of CymR from B. subtilis reveals a biologically active dimer, where each monomer folds into two tightly packed domains: a DNA‐binding domain, which houses a winged helix–turn–helix (wHTH) motif; and a long dimerization domain, which places the wHTH motifs at the extremes. This architecture explains how these small regulators can span 23–27‐bp DNA targets. The wHTH motif of CymR resembles those of the GntR superfamily of regulators, such as FadR and HutC. Superimposing the FadR wHTH motifs bound to their DNA fragments onto the wHTH motifs of the CymR dimer structure suggests that the DNA target and/or the protein must undergo some conformational changes upon binding. The CymR structure also hints at a possible location of the Fe–S centre associated with several Rrf2‐type regulators.Structured digital abstract

CymR
binds to CymR by x‐ray crystallography (View Interaction 1, 2)
The Population Policy Debate from a Natural Resource Perspective: Reflections from the Wentworth Group
Authors: THOM BRUCE , MCKENZIE FIONA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGenerations of Australians, especially those who live in rural or remote areas, have struggled to better understand, manage, and adapt to Australia's unique environmental conditions. Increased awareness of pressures and impacts of population growth has renewed the long‐standing debate on the nation's capacity to sustainably manage natural resources. Since 2002, the Wentworth Group of Concerned Scientists has been active in debates linking science and public policy with a declared intent to inform decision‐makers on ways to adapt to changing Australian environmental conditions, assuming a growing population. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the population policy debate from the perspective of an entity that has as its prime objective to improve the nation's capacity to adapt to these changing conditions by influencing public policy on natural resource management.
Effects of Roasting Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties and Volatile Distribution in Perilla Oils (Perilla frutescens var. japonica)
Authors: Park Min Hee , Seol Nam Gyu , Chang Pahn‐Shick , Yoon Suk Hoo , Lee Jae Hwan 
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Perilla seeds have more than 60% of α‐linolenic acid, one of omega‐3 essential fatty acids. Headspace volatiles and physicochemical properties including color, fluorescence intensity, and the oxidation products in perilla oil (PO) from perilla seeds roasted at different conditions were analyzed. Roasting temperature was 150, 170, 190, and 210 °C, and roasting time was 15 and 30 min at each roasting temperature. PO from higher roasting temperature and longer roasting time had lower L* values, higher a*, b*, and chroma values, more brown pigments and fluorescence intensity, and more conjugated dienoic acids. Pyrazines were major volatiles in PO, and furans, sulfur‐containing compounds, and hydrocarbons were also detected by a solid phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In PO, 2,5‐Dimethylpyrazine and 2‐furancarboxaldehyde were 2 major volatiles. The principal component analysis of volatiles showed the 1st principal component (PC1) and the 2nd principal component (PC2) express 56.64% and 22.72% of the volatile variability in PO, respectively, which can differentiate PO prepared from roasting conditions clearly. Some physicochemical properties especially brown pigment and volatiles were positively correlated with each other in PO.Practical Application:  Perilla oil (PO) from perilla seeds possesses more than 60% of α‐linolenic acid, one of omega‐3 fatty acids. Roasting process has been used to extract oil from perilla seeds. Understanding physicochemical properties of PO from diverse roasting conditions are important steps to produce PO in food industry. Roasting process induces darkening of color, increase of fluorescence intensity, and brown pigments in PO. Pyrazines and furans are major headspace volatiles in PO roasted above 170 °C. The results of this study can help to produce PO in industrial scales with desired headspace volatiles, colors, and oxidative state.
Correlating Changes That Occur in Chemical Properties with the Generation of Antioxidant Capacity in Different Sugar‐Amino Acid Maillard Reaction Models
Authors: Chen Xiu‐Min , Kitts David D. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  We investigated the development of antioxidant activity relative to the change of pH, fluorescent intensity, ultraviolet (UV) absorbance (A294), browning (A420), and alpha‐dicarbonyl compounds in sugar‐amino acid Maillard reaction (MR) model systems comprising fructose, glucose, or ribose each with glycine (Fru‐Gly, Glu‐Gly, and Rib‐Gly) or lysine (Fru‐Lys, Glu‐Lys, and Rib‐Lys), respectively, which were heated at 121 °C for 5 to 90 min. For hexose models, the change in pH was shown to fit a second‐order polynomial regression with A294 and A420. Antioxidant activity was significantly and positively correlated with UV absorbance (r = 0.905, P < 0.001) and browning products (r = 0.893, P < 0.001) rather than with fluorescent products or the alpha‐dicarbonyl compounds. Type of sugar was most important in evoking a change in UV absorbance, browning, alpha‐dicarbonyl compounds, and antioxidant activity of MR products (MRPs). In conclusion, the antioxidant activity of MRPs in six model systems was more closely associated with products derived at the intermediate‐to‐late stages of the reaction and influenced mostly by the type of sugar.Practical Application:  We report on the different factors and their interactions that are important for understanding the functional attributes of food components that comprise the generation of Maillard browning products and the associated antioxidant activities generated during high‐temperature food processing.
Preconditioned Endothelial Progenitor Cells Reduce Formation of Melanoma Metastases through SPARC-Driven Cell–Cell Interactions and Endocytosis
Authors: Defresne Florence , Bouzin Caroline , Grandjean Marie , Dieu Marc , Raes Martine , Hatzopoulos Antonis K. , Kupatt Christian , Feron Olivier 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Tumor progression is associated with the release of signaling substances from the primary tumor into the bloodstream. Tumor-derived cytokines are known to promote the mobilization and the recruitment of cells from the bone marrow, including endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). Here, we examined whether such paracrine influence could also influence the capacity of EPC to interfere with circulating metastatic cells. We therefore consecutively injected EPC prestimulated by tumor-conditioned medium (EPC-CM) and luciferase-expressing B16 melanoma cells to mice. A net decrease in metastases spreading (vs. nonstimulated EPC) led us to carry out a 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) proteomic study to identify possible mediators of EPC-driven protection. Among 33 proteins exhibiting significant changes in expression, secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) presented the highest induction after EPC exposure to CM. We then showed that contrary to control EPC, SPARC-silenced EPC were not able to reduce the extent of metastases when injected with B16 melanoma cells. Using adhesion tests and the hanging drop assay, we further documented that cell–cell interactions between EPC-CM and melanoma cells were promoted in a SPARC-dependent manner. This interaction led to the engulfment of melanoma cells by EPC-CM, a process prevented by SPARC silencing and mimicked by recombinant SPARC. Finally, we showed that contrary to melanoma cells, the prometastatic human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB231-D3H2 reduced SPARC expression in human EPC and stimulated metastases spreading. Our findings unravel the influence of tumor cells on EPC phenotypes through a SPARC-driven accentuation of macrophagic capacity associated with limitations to metastatic spread. Cancer Res; 71(14); 4748–57. ©2011 AACR.
The Mef/Elf4 Transcription Factor Fine Tunes the DNA Damage Response
Authors: Sashida Goro , Bae Narae , Di Giandomenico Silvana , Asai Takashi , Gurvich Nadia , Bazzoli Elena , Liu Yan , Huang Gang , Zhao Xinyang , Menendez Silvia , Nimer Stephen D. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The ATM kinase plays a critical role in initiating the DNA damage response that is triggered by genotoxic stresses capable of inducing DNA double-strand breaks. Here, we show that ELF4/MEF, a member of the ETS family of transcription factors, contributes to the persistence of γH2AX DNA damage foci and promotes the DNA damage response leading to the induction of apoptosis. Conversely, the absence of ELF4 promotes the faster repair of damaged DNA and more rapid disappearance of γH2AX foci in response to γ-irradiation, leading to a radio-resistant phenotype despite normal ATM phosphorylation. Following γ-irradiation, ATM phosphorylates ELF4, leading to its degradation; a mutant form of ELF4 that cannot be phosphorylated by ATM persists following γ-irradiation, delaying the resolution of γH2AX foci and triggering an excessive DNA damage response. Thus, although ELF4 promotes the phosphorylation of H2AX by ATM, its activity must be dampened by ATM-dependent phosphorylation and degradation to avoid an excessive DNA damage response. Cancer Res; 71(14); 4857–65. ©2011 AACR.
HDAC1 Inhibition by Maspin Abrogates Epigenetic Silencing of GlutathioneS-Transferase Pi in Prostate Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Li Xiaohua , Kaplun Alexander , Lonardo Fulvio , Heath Elisabeth , Sarkar Fazlul H. , Irish Jonathan , Sakr Wael , Sheng Shijie 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBoth maspin and glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTp) are implicated as tumor suppressors and downregulated in human prostate cancer. It is well established that GSTp downregulation is through DNA methylation–based silencing. We report here that maspin expression in prostate cancer cell line DU145 reversed GSTp DNA methylation, as measured by methylation- specific PCR, MethyLight assay, and bisulfite sequencing. The effect of maspin on GSTp expression was similar to that of the combination of a synthetic histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor and DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine. Maspin expression also led to an increased level of acetylated histone 3, decreased level of methyl transferase, and methyl-CpG–binding domain proteins at the site of demethylated GSTp promoter DNA. Earlier, we have shown that maspin inhibits HDAC1. In PC3 cells, where both maspin and GSTp are expressed at a reduced level, maspin knockdown led to a significant reduction in GSTp expression, whereas dual knockdown of maspin and HDAC1 barely increased the level of GSTp expression. Thus, HDAC1 may play an essential role in cellular response to maspin-mediated GSTp desilencing. Maspin has been shown to increase tumor cell sensitivity to drug-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, GSTp reexpression in the absence of maspin expression perturbation blocked the phosphorylation of histone 2A.X, the induction of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α), and cell death of LNCaP cells under oxidative stress. Because DNA hypermethylation–based silencing may couple with and depend on histone deacetylation, our study suggests that endogenous HDAC inhibition by maspin may prevent pathologic gene silencing in prostate tumor progression. Mol Cancer Res; 9(6); 733–45. ©2011 AACR.
Inhibition of Pathological Differentiation of Valvular Interstitial Cells by C-Type Natriuretic Peptide
Authors: Yip Cindy Y.Y. , Blaser Mark C. , Mirzaei Zahra , Zhong Xiao , Simmons Craig A. 
Published: May 2011

Objective—
Calcific aortic valve disease is associated with the differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) to myofibroblast and osteoblast-like cells, particularly in the fibrosa layer of the valve. Previous studies suggested that C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) protects against calcific aortic valve disease to maintain homeostasis. We aimed to determine whether CNP inhibits VIC pathological differentiation as a mechanism to explain its protective effects.

Methods and Results—
CNP expression was prominent in normal porcine aortic valves, particularly on the ventricular side, but reduced in sclerotic valves concomitant with the appearance of pathological VIC phenotypes in the fibrosa. In vitro, CNP inhibited calcified aggregate formation and bone-related transcript and protein expression by VICs grown in osteogenic conditions. Under myofibrogenic culture conditions, CNP reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression and cell-mediated gel contraction, indicating inhibition of myofibroblast differentiation. Similar to CNP, simvastatin inhibited VIC osteoblast and myofibroblast differentiation in vitro. Strikingly, simvastatin upregulated CNP expression in VICs cultured under myofibrogenic conditions, and small interfering RNA knockdown of natriuretic peptide receptor-b (a CNP receptor) significantly reduced the antifibrotic effect of simvastatin, suggesting that it acts in part via CNP/NPR-B autocrine/paracrine signaling.

Conclusion—
CNP inhibits myofibroblast and osteoblast differentiation of VICs and is responsible in part for inhibition of VIC myofibroblast differentiation by statins, suggesting novel mechanisms to explain the protective effect of CNP and the pleiotropic effects of statins in the aortic valve.
Aging Causes Collateral Rarefaction and Increased Severity of Ischemic Injury in Multiple Tissues
Authors: Faber James E. , Zhang Hua , Lassance-Soares Roberta M. , Prabhakar Pranay , Najafi Amir H. , Burnett Mary Susan , Epstein Stephen E. 
Published: May 2011

Objective—
Aging is a major risk factor for increased ischemic tissue injury. Whether collateral rarefaction and impaired remodeling contribute to this is unknown. We quantified the number and diameter of native collaterals and their remodeling in 3-, 16-, 24-, and 31-month-old mice.

Methods and Results—
Aging caused an “age-dose-dependent” greater drop in perfusion immediately after femoral artery ligation, followed by a diminished recovery of flow and increase in tissue injury. These effects were associated with a decline in collateral number, diameter, and remodeling. Angiogenesis was also impaired. Mechanistically, these changes were not accompanied by reduced recruitment of T cells or macrophages to remodeling collaterals. However, endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling was dysfunctional, as indicated by increased protein nitrosylation and less phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in collateral wall cells. The cerebral circulation exhibited a similar age-dose-dependent loss of collateral number and diameter and increased tortuosity, resulting in an increase in collateral resistance and infarct volume (eg, 6- and 3-fold, respectively, in 24-month-old mice) after artery occlusion. This was not associated with rarefaction of similarly sized arterioles. Collateral remodeling was also reduced.

Conclusion—
Our findings demonstrate that aging causes rarefaction and insufficiency of the collateral circulation in multiple tissues, resulting in more severe ischemic tissue injury.