bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Navigation, world mapping and astrometry with Galileo's moons
Authors: Aksnes Kaare 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGalileo realized that the four moons he discovered, besides supporting the heliocentric system, could also serve as a clock in the sky for longitude determination. Navigation at sea by this method did not prove practical but G. Cassini used it to improve land mapping. O. Rømer discovered that the interval between eclipses of the moons by Jupiter increased or decreased according to whether the Earth moved away from or toward Jupiter. He attributed this to the finite speed of light which he in 1676 determined with an error of about 25%. Timings of the eclipses by Jupiter have served to compute accurate orbits of the moons, notably by means of R. A. Sampson's theory of 1921. Beginning in 1973, light curves of mutual eclipses and occultations between pairs of moons have been made regularly at six years intervals. From these observations very accurate radii and positions of the moons have been obtained.
Theory of the rotation of the Galilean satellites
Authors: Noyelles Benoît 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAs most of the natural satellites of the Solar System, the Galilean moons are since a long time assumed to be tidally locked in a spin-orbit synchronous resonance. Thanks to the mission Galileo, we now dispose of enough gravity data to perform 3-dimensional theories of the rotation of these satellites, in particular to model the departure from the exact synchronous rotation. We here present such theories depending on the interior model we consider, in highlighting some observable output data. Inverting them will give us information on the internal structure of these bodies.
Association study of interleukin‐12A gene polymorphisms with Graves’ disease in two Chinese populations
Authors: Guo Ting , Yang Shuyu , Liu Nan , Wang Shu , Cui Bin , Ning Guang 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjective  Graves’ disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disorder and genetic and environmental factors contributing to its aetiology. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) is believed to be critically involved in the pathogenesis of GD. This study aims to elucidate the effect of IL‐12A gene polymorphisms on GD.Design and methods  A case–control association study of five tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs2243115, rs2243123, rs583911, rs568408 and rs2243143) within the IL‐12A gene was performed in two independent Chinese cohorts. A pilot cohort conducted in Shanghai consisted of 701 patients and 686 controls and a replicate cohort in Xiamen Island included 378 patients and 312 controls. The five SNPs were genotyped by the SNPstream Genotyping Systems and Taqman PCR method.Results  Polymorphism of rs568408, located at the 3′‐UTR region, was found to have a significant association with GD in both the cohorts (Pallele = 2·96 × 10−7 and Pallele = 0·013 for Shanghai and Xiamen Island cohorts, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed that the haplotype of the five SNPs (TTAAG) was associated with a significant risk of GD in both the cohorts (OR = 2·04 and OR = 1·70 for Shanghai and Xiamen Island cohorts, respectively).Conclusion  Our results have established an association between IL‐12A polymorphism and GD susceptibility in the Chinese population.
Photoelastic analysis of cylindrical elements with internal cracks under Hertz contact loading
Authors: COLOMBO C. , GUAGLIANO M. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe evaluation of the criticality of internal cracks or defects in contacting elements is a topical point in the design of many mechanical systems. This is due to the complexity of the problem and the difficulty in finding analytical solutions for the problem. In particular this is true if three‐dimensional curved cracks and Hertz contact conditions are considered, both for the reasons just underlined and for the fact that this kind of problem involves mixed mode crack propagation, making the use of numerical methods generally not so accurate and reliable as for two‐dimensional models. In this paper, an experimental approach based on photoelasticity is presented: the determination of the stress intensity factors of cylindrical bodies under non‐conformal contact condition is dealt with, being the aim to provide a tool for comparing numerical and approximate solutions. The method considers models with internal cracks naturally obtained without the need of any mechanical tool and enables the determination of the stress intensity factors for modes I–III in the critical points of a curvilinear (circular or elliptical) crack. The analysed case considers two cylinders with perpendicular axes. Results are critically discussed and compared with the ones of a well‐established numerical approach: the comparison is satisfactory.
Glutamatergic and morphological alterations associated with early life seizure‐induced preconditioning in young rats
Authors: Saghyan A. , LaTorre G. N. , Keesey R. , Sharma A. , Mehta V. , Rudenko V. , Hallas B. H. , Rafiuddin A. , Goldstein B. , Friedman L. K. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPostnatal day (P)20 rats are sensitive to CA1 injury following a single injection of kainic acid (KA) but are resistant to this injury when animals have a history of two neonatal seizures. We hypothesized that the two earlier seizures led to neuroprotection by a preconditioning mechanism. Therefore, morphology, [Ca2+]iand NMDA subunit proteins of the hippocampus were examined after KA was administered once (1 × KA, on P6, P9, P13 or P20), twice (2 × KA, on P6 and P9) or three times (3 × KA, on P6, P9, P13 or P20). After 1 × KA on P20, the Golgi method revealed marked decreases in spine densities and aborization of CA1 and CA3 apical dendrites. After 3 × KA, morphological alterations were attenuated in CA1 neurons and were similar to pruning observed after 1 × KA on P6 or 2 × KA. After 1 × KA at P13, baseline [Ca2+]iwas elevated within pyramidal and dentate granule cells.N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) responses were simultaneously enhanced. After 3 × KA, Ca2+elevations were attenuated. Immunohistochemistry revealed selective depletion of the NR2A/B subunit modulator in the same areas. NR1 subunit expression was downregulated in the subiculum and increased in the CA3, causing a significant shift in the NR1:NR2A/B ratio throughout the hippocampus. After 1 × KA or 3 × KA at P20, reduced expression was only observed in areas of cell injury. Results indicate that different changes in morphology and excitatory responses occur depending upon when seizures begin. Partial pruning and persistent shift in the NR1:NR2A/B ratio among excitatory synapses of the hippocampus early in life may produce epileptic tolerance and protect against subsequent insults.
Repudiating or Rewarding Neoliberalism? How Broken Campaign Promises Condition Economic Voting in Latin America
Authors: Johnson Gregg B. , Ryu Sooh-Rhee 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWhy do voters reward or punish the incumbent government? A number of studies show that economic performance often drives support, though the strength of this relationship is often conditional. This article suggests that economic voting may also be conditioned by the breaking and keeping of campaign promises. A number of presidents throughout Latin America have campaigned explicitly against neoliberal economic policies, only to pursue them aggressively once in office. This study argues that presidents who abandon their promises assert the executive's responsibility for the economy and raise the salience of economic issues in the next election. Consequently, voters respond rationally to these policy switches, rewarding them when they succeed and punishing them when they fail. Using data from 78 presidential elections across 18 countries, this study finds substantial evidence that broken promises exacerbate the consequences of poor economic performance and magnify the benefits of good economic performance.
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of endogenous recombinant common marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus) follicle‐stimulating hormone
Authors: Müller T. , Hupfeld T. , Roessler J. , Simoni M. , Gromoll J. , Behr R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground  Common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) are readily used in biomedical research. However, superovulation for embryonic stem cell production and developmental research still remain difficult. Inexplicably, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) as key player in superovulation has to be administered in extremely high dosages in this non‐human primate compared to human.Methods  To evaluate whether marmoset FSH (cjFSH) is functionally more competent than its human homologue on the marmoset FSH receptor (cjFSHR), we established in vitro a homologous system characterizing homologous and recombinantly produced cjFSH.Results  Upon stimulation of two cell lines stably expressing either the marmoset or the human FSH receptor (cj/hFSHR), respectively, the second messenger signaling of the activated receptor displayed no significant difference in ED50 values. Thermostability of cjFSH was significantly prolonged by roughly 20% on both FSHRs.Conclusion  High FSH dosage in marmoset superovulation cannot be explained by enhanced biopotency of the natural animal’s gonadotropin.
On Controlling the Film Thickness in Self-Acting Foil
Bearings
Authors: Eshel A. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Some factors useful in overcoming excessive air gaps in foil bearings are investigated. Since the gaps of interest are small, the foil bearing equations are modified to include the effects of the molecular mean free path. It is shown that by small corners in the solid wall, one can reduce the air film thickness considerably. A change in curvature with continuous slope has also a marked effect on the film thickness. Theoretical prediction curves allowing the calculation of the air gap as a function of corner angle, change in radius of curvature, and the molecular mean free path are presented.
Phase II Study of Everolimus (RAD001) in Previously Treated Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Tarhini Ahmad , Kotsakis Athanasios , Gooding William , Shuai Yongli , Petro Daniel , Friedland David , Belani Chandra P. , Dacic Sanja , Argiris Athanassios 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a promising target in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We designed a phase II study of everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, in previously treated, relapsed SCLC.
Experimental Design: Patients were treated with everolimus 10 mg orally daily until disease progression. The primary endpoint was disease control rate (DCR) at 6 weeks. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway biomarkers were evaluated on baseline tumor tissue.
Results: A total of 40 patients were treated: 23 had 1 prior regimen/sensitive relapse, 4 had 1 prior regimen/refractory, and 13 had 2 prior regimens. Twenty-eight patients received 2 or more cycles of everolimus, 7 received 1 cycle, and 5 did not complete the first cycle. Best response in 35 evaluable patients: 1 (3%) partial response (in sensitive relapse), 8 (23%) stable disease, and 26 (74%) progression; DCR at 6 weeks was 26% (95% CI = 11–40). Median survival was 6.7 months and median time to progression was 1.3 months. Grade 3 toxicities included thrombocytopenia (n = 2), neutropenia (n = 2), infection (n = 2), pneumonitis (n = 1), fatigue (n = 1), elevated transaminases (n = 1), diarrhea (n = 2), and acute renal failure (n = 1). High phosphorylated AKT expression was modestly associated with overall survival (HR = 2.07; 95% CI = 0.97–4.43). Baseline S6 kinase protein expression was significantly higher in patients with disease control versus patients with progression (P = 0.0093).
Conclusions: Everolimus was well tolerated but had limited single-agent antitumor activity in unselected previously treated patients with relapsed SCLC. Further evaluation in combination regimens for patients with sensitive relapse may be considered. Clin Cancer Res; 16(23); 5900–7. ©2010 AACR.
Conservation of shh cis-regulatory architecture of the coelacanth is consistent with its ancestral phylogenetic position
Authors: Lang Michael , Hadzhiev Yavor , Siegel Nicol , Amemiya Chris T , Parada Carolina , Strähle Uwe , Becker May-Britt , Müller Ferenc , Meyer Axel 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
The modern coelacanth (Latimeria) is the extant taxon of a basal sarcopterygian lineage and sister group to tetrapods. Apart from certain apomorphic traits, its morphology is characterized by a high degree of retention of ancestral vertebrate structures and little morphological change. An insight into the molecular evolution that may explain the unchanged character of Latimeria morphology requires the analysis of the expression patterns of developmental regulator genes and their cis-regulatory modules (CRMs).

Results
We describe the comparative and functional analysis of the sonic hedgehog (shh) genomic region of Latimeria menadoensis. Several putative enhancers in the Latimeria shh locus have been identified by comparisons to sarcopterygian and actinopterygian extant species. Specific sequence conservation with all known actinopterygian enhancer elements has been detected. However, these elements are selectively missing in more recently diverged actinopterygian and sarcopterygian species. The functionality of the putative Latimeria enhancers was confirmed by reporter gene expression analysis in transient transgenic zebrafish and chick embryos.

Conclusions

Latimeria shh CRMs represent the ancestral set of enhancers that have emerged before the split of lobe-finned and ray-finned fishes. In contrast to lineage-specific losses and differentiations in more derived lineages, Latimeria shh enhancers reveal low levels of sequence diversification. High overall sequence conservation of shh conserved noncoding elements (CNE) is consistent with the general trend of high levels of conservation of noncoding DNA in the slowly evolving Latimeria genome.
Multilectin Assay for Detecting Fibrosis-Specific Glyco-Alteration by Means of Lectin Microarray
Authors: Kuno Atsushi , Ikehara Yuzuru , Tanaka Yasuhito , Angata Takashi , Unno Sachiko , Sogabe Maki , Ozaki Hidenori , Ito Kiyoaki , Hirabayashi Jun , Mizokami Masashi , Narimatsu Hisashi 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND
Despite the progress made in understanding glyco-alterations of specific glycoproteins such as α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) associated with liver fibrosis, there has been no useful diagnostic assay with a lectin recognizing the fibrosis-specific alteration and an antibody against the core protein. We therefore developed a compatible multiple lectin-antibody sandwich immunoassay on the basis of the results obtained by the lectin microarray analysis for monitoring fibrosis.

METHODS
AGP-enriched fractions derived from 0.5-μL sera of 125 patients with staging-determined fibrosis (26.4% F0–F1, 25.6% F2, 24% F3, and 23.2% F4) were subjected to systematic analysis by antibody-overlay lectin microarray. Data were analyzed to statistically relate to the degree of fibrosis progression. Additionally, we applied an optimal lectin signal set on the microarray to distinguish 45 patients with cirrhosis from 43 patients with chronic hepatitis.

RESULTS
Signal patterns of the 12 selected lectins reflected fibrosis-associated glyco-alteration of AGP. Among the 12 lectins, we found a specific lectin at each stage of fibrosis (i.e., significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis) (P &lt; 0.0001). The test for the detection of cirrhosis showed that combinational use of 3 lectins (AOL, MAL, and DSA) on the array enhanced the diagnostic value for liver cirrhosis to 95% diagnostic sensitivity and 91% diagnostic specificity.

CONCLUSIONS
The multiple lectin-antibody sandwich immunoassay targeting AGP enables monitoring of disease progression in chronic hepatitis patients at risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.
Le carnet comme critique du roman chez André Major
Authors: Dumont François 
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ Après avoir publié plusieurs romans et recueils de nouvelles, André Major a choisi de se consacrer à l'écriture de carnets. Il s'agit ici de dégager la singularité de ce type d'écriture en distinguant d'abord carnet, cahier et journal, et de mesurer ensuite les enjeux liés à cette forme dans les deux carnets publiés par André Major : Le sourire d'Anton ou l'adieu au roman (2001) et L'esprit vagabond (2007). En délaissant la fiction narrative au profit de l'écriture du carnet, Major se trouve à poursuivre l'œuvre antérieure, marquée par le thème de la désertion. Mais l'auteur remet aussi en question l'art romanesque. Il tente de rompre avec un genre dont certains aspects lui paraissent trompeurs : les procédés de composition et le recours à la fiction. Il y oppose un certain type de présence que seule l'écriture du carnet lui semble susceptible de ne pas dénaturer. Cependant, l'expérience de l'écriture du carnet conduit l'auteur à observer une proximité inattendue entre carnet et roman. Du premier carnet au second se dessine en effet une transformation, qui fait apercevoir que par leurs dimensions littéraires, roman et carnet se rejoignent peut-être davantage qu'ils ne s'opposent.
Le « domaine capital et international du roman » : le tournant des années 1920
Authors: Daunais Isabelle 
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ La réfléxion des romanciers sur le roman, dans les années 1920, marque un moment important dans la définition de l'art romanesque. C'est vers cette époque en effet que le roman cesse de se présenter à l'esprit de ses praticiens comme un « genre » , pour apparaître plutôt comme un « domaine » de l'art, sinon de la pensée. Alors que la poésie intègre avec éclat le nouveau système des genres, redéfini autour des avant-gardes, le roman, qui au XIXe siècle se présentait comme « la création moderne la plus immense » (Balzac), c'est-à-dire comme le genre intégrateur par excellence, tend de plus en plus, au début du XXe siècle, à définir sa valeur et sa fonction à partir de ses propres références et de ses propres relais. Les romanciers ne pensent plus le roman comme un projet, mais comme un héritage, alors que se dessine la figure du romancier-lecteur, notamment avec Proust (Contre Sainte-Beuve) et Gide (Dostoïevski) qui font du temps long de la lecture une façon de circuler dans leur art. Le roman défini comme domaine ne trouve plus son ouverture dans une contiguïté possible avec d'autres genres (ou d'autres arts) mais dans cette circulation même, qui est aussi une circulation dans sa propre histoire.
Le conflit des fictions chez Suzanne Jacob
Authors: Biron Michel 
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ Dans son court essai La bulle d'encre (2001), Suzanne Jacob défend un art d'écrire qui rejoint certaines réflexions de romanciers québécois (Robert Lalonde, Yvon Rivard, André Major, Monique LaRue) sur la fonction du roman à l'époque contemporaine. Rejetant à la fois l'idéalisme romantique et le cynisme moderne, elle postule comme eux que le roman a quelque chose d'unique à nous apprendre sur le monde actuel. Le pouvoir du romancier d'inventer un personnage et de le pousser à être ceci plutôt que cela peut s'étendre au monde du lecteur lui-même, au monde de l'être en général, et c'est justement ce que s'emploie à faire Suzanne Jacob qui, à l'instar des autres essayistes évoqués, utilise le langage de la fiction romanesque pour agir sur le lecteur, pour le convaincre qu'« être est une activité de fiction ». L'art du roman consiste, selon cette perspective, à opposer des fictions variées et mineures à celles qui sont « entendues » et qui ont un statut dominant.
Dynamic pressure‐driven covalent assembly of inner skin hollow fiber multilayer membrane
Authors: Zhang Guojun , Dai Limin , Ji Shulan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA covalent assembly was accomplished onto hollow fibers via a dynamic pressure‐driven layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique. The covalent crosslinking multilayers were successfully formed onto the inner surfaces of hollow fiber porous substrates during the alternatively filtration of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and glutaraldehyde (GA) solutions. The formation of covalent bond between PEI and GA was confirmed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The thickness increment on a quartz slide clearly suggested the stepwise growth of multilayer at nanometer scale. The regular alternation of zeta potentials demonstrated that the successful formation of GA‐crosslinked PEI multilayers on the hollow fibers. The multilayer membranes showed excellent pervaporation performances for the dehydration of different solvent–water mixtures. The selectivity and permeability can be controlled by varying the PEI layer number. More importantly, the covalent assembled multilayer membrane rendered much higher stabilities compared with those from electrostatically LbL assembly, which offers much opportunity for practical applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Lack of association between G‐protein coupled receptor kinase 5 gene and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tarantino Patrizia , De Marco Elvira Valeria , Annesi Grazia , Rocca Francesca Emanuela , Annesi Ferdinanda , Civitelli Donatella , Provenzano Giovanni , Scornaienchi Vittorio , Greco Valentina , Colica Carmela , Nicoletti Giuseppe , Quattrone Aldo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe major component of Lewy Bodies (LB), the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is α‐synuclein, most prominently phosphorylated at serine 129. G‐protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) has been reported to phosphorylate α‐synuclein in vitro, enhancing the α‐synuclein toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila model. Moreover, GRK5 was found in LBs from brain of PD patients. A genetic association study performed in the Japanese population revealed haplotypic association of the GRK5 gene with susceptibility to sporadic PD. We aimed at investigating whether four polymorphisms within the GRK5 gene (rs871196, rs2420616, rs7069375, rs4752293) could represent a risk factor for sporadic PD in Southern Italy. We genotyped 446 patients with PD and 450 controls for these markers and did not find any significant association with the disease at allelic, genotypic and haplotypic level. Our results indicate that the GRK5 gene does not confer risk to sporadic PD in our sample from Southern Italy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Anatomizing” reversed: Use of examination questions that foster use of higher order learning skills by students
Authors: Burns E. Robert 
Published: November 2010

Abstract“Anatomizing” is a new verb some use to describe the breaking apart of a complex entity such as the human body, into isolated tidbits of information for study, which can never equal the complex, integrated whole. Although popular with first‐year medical students, this practice of “tidbitting” anatomical information into easy to memorize facts or tables of facts does not prepare medical students for the inevitable task of dealing with the integrated structure–function of the human body, both normal and diseased, as patient managers. Examination questions drive the cognitive methods students will use to learn content. Asking students on examinations for recall of previously memorized tidbits fosters the cognitive learning behavior of only memorization. Examination questions, however, can be constructed that assess student understanding and integration of the content, that is, student use of cognitive and metacognitive methods of higher order learning that will foster high‐quality learning producing better practitioners and lifelong learners. This kind of efficient student learning needs to begin in the first year of medical school.Learning more efficiently and at deeper levels of understanding is especially pertinent as the contact hours in anatomy courses continue to decrease. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.