bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicians' conceptualizations of comorbid cases: a test of additive versus nonadditive models
Authors: Keeley Jared , Blashfield Roger K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractComorbidity in psychopathology is a common phenomenon. However, little is known about the way in which clinicians think about comorbid cases. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) implies an additive model of concept combination, but studies of human cognition find that individuals often combine concepts in nonadditive ways. In this study, 70 clinicians listed symptoms for three disorders and their combinations. Participants produced nonadditive descriptions, termed overextensions, at significant rates. These results challenge the utility of the implicit additive model of the current DSM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 66:1–10, 2010.
Poverty and disability: A vicious circle? Evidence from Afghanistan and Zambia
Authors: Trani Jean‐Francois , Loeb Mitchell 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDisability and poverty have a complex and interdependent relationship. It is commonly understood that persons with disabilities are more likely to be poor and that poverty may contribute to sustaining disability. This interdependency is revealed not only through an examination of poverty in terms of income but also on a broader scale through other poverty related dimensions. Just how robust is this link? This paper compares data collected from household surveys in Afghanistan and Zambia, and explores the potential link between multidimensional poverty and disability. We find evidence of lower access to health care, education and labour market for people with disabilities, whatever is the disability status, but poverty measured by an asset index is not statistically different between people with and without disabilities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing [13N]N2 radiochemistry for nitrogen‐fixation in root nodules of legumes
Authors: Kasel Mirjam C. K. , Schueller Michael J. , Ferrieri Richard A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHere we explored the conditions for synthesizing [13N]N2 in a state that is suitable for the administration to plant root nodules enabling studies of nitrogen fixation. [13N]N2 was prepared batchwise, starting with [13N]NO from the 16O(p,α)13N nuclear reaction on a liquid water target. [13N]NO was first reduced to [13N]NH3 using Devarda's alloy, and then the [13N]NH3 was oxidized to [13N]N2 by hypobromite using carrier‐added NH4Cl. The amounts of carrier NH4Cl and hypobromite were varied to determine the effects these parameters had on the radiochemical yield, and on the radiotracer specific activity. As expected, increasing the amount of carrier NH4Cl improved the radiochemical yield. Unexpectedly, increasing the amount of excess hypobromite from 1.6‐fold to 6‐fold molar equivalents (relative to NH4Cl) improved the radiochemical yield and radiotracer specific activity under all conditions of carrier NH4Cl. As a comparison, we measured [13N]N2 specific activity derived from in‐target production based on a 50 µA min irradiation driving the 14N(p,pn)13N reaction on a gaseous N2 target. The ‘wet’ radiochemistry approach afforded two advantages over the in‐target approach with a ∼600‐fold improvement in specific activity, and the ability to collect the tracer in a small volume of gas (∼20 mL at STP). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of perennial fodder crops on soil structure in agricultural headlands
Authors: Kautz Timo , Stumm Christoph , Kösters Raimund , Köpke Ulrich 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn agricultural headlands, rooting and yield of crops may be limited because of soil‐structure changes as a consequence of multiple passes of turning machinery. We hypothesized that perennial forage crops can substantially alter soil structure in agricultural headlands. On one experimental field and two commercial farms on Haplic Luvisols from respectively loess and sandy loess in the Lower Rhine Bay (Germany), we investigated how 4 y of continuously grown grass/clover or alfalfa affected soil structure and the performance of subsequent spring wheat. Compared with a crop rotation with annual plowing to 30 cm soil depth, perennial forage crops led to increased soil C content (+1.3% to +22.8%) and N content (+4.2% to +15.1%), higher densities of medium and coarse biopores at a depth of 35 cm, more large water‐stable soil macroaggregates, higher biomass and abundance of anecic earthworms, and higher grain yield and grain protein content of spring wheat grown as the following crop. Root‐length density of spring wheat in the subsoil was not affected by the preceding perennial fodder crops in two of the three field trials. We concluded that besides increasing N input to the soil, perennial cropping of grass/clover or alfalfa has effects on soil structure that may substantially reduce yield losses in agricultural headlands.
Effects of rainfall pattern on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil amended with biogas slurry and composted cattle manure
Authors: Sänger Anja , Geisseler Daniel , Ludwig Bernard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSoil moisture affects the degradation of organic fertilizers in soils considerably, but less is known about the importance of rainfall pattern on the turnover of C and N. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different rainfall patterns on C and N dynamics in soil amended with either biogas slurry (BS) or composted cattle manure (CM). Undisturbed soil cores without (control) or with BS or CM, which were incorporated at a rate of 100 kg N ha–1, were incubated for 140 d at 13.5°C. Irrigation treatments were (1) continuous irrigation (cont_irr; 3 mm d–1); (2) partial drying and stronger irrigation (part_dry; no irrigation for 3 weeks, 1 week with 13.5 mm d–1), and (3) periodic heavy rainfall (hvy_rain; 24 mm d–1 every 3 weeks for 1 d and 2 mm d–1 for the other days). The average irrigation was 3 mm d–1 in each treatment. Cumulative emissions of CO2 and N2O from soils amended with BS were 92.8 g CO2‐C m–2 and 162.4 mg N2O‐N m–2, respectively, whereas emissions from soils amended with CM were 87.8 g CO2‐C m–2 and only 38.9 mg N2O‐N m–2. While both organic fertilizers significantly increased CO2 production compared to the control, N2O emissions were only significantly increased in the BS‐amended soil. Under the conditions of the experiment, the rainfall pattern affected the temporal production of CO2 and N2O, but not the cumulative emissions. Cumulative NO$ _3^- $ leaching was highest in the BS‐amended soils (9.2 g NO$ _3^- $‐N m–2) followed by the CM‐amended soil (6.1 g NO$ _3^- $‐N m–2) and lowest in the control (4.7 g NO$ _3^- $‐N m–2). Nitrate leaching was also independent of the rainfall pattern. Our study shows that rainfall pattern may not affect CO2 and N2O emissions and NO$ _3^- $ leaching markedly provided that the soil does not completely dry out.
Significance of fruit transpiration on calcium nutrition in developing apricot fruit
Authors: Montanaro Giuseppe , Dichio Bartolomeo , Xiloyannis Cristos 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe first objective of this study was to search for a possible correlation between accumulation of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) and fruit transpiration in developing apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit. Secondly, the work aimed to determine the significance of transpirational flux on Ca nutrition. We hypothesized that if the fruit transpiration is the determining factor of Ca accumulation (phloem‐immobile element) then the import of Ca would be suppressed by restriction of fruit water loss, while the import of phloem‐mobile nutrients (i.e., K and Mg) would not be. To test this hypothesis, the seasonal changes of transpiration and of Ca, K, and Mg concentration/accumulation were assessed in fruits left to naturally transpire or under restricted transpiration (bagged fruits). Fruit transpiration was measured on detached fruits using a portable gas‐exchange equipment (ADC‐LCA4, ADC BioScientific Ltd, Hoddesdon, England). Results demonstrated that 83% of total fruit Ca content was gained within the first 4 weeks after fruit‐set, and that Ca import ceased concomitantly to a reduction of transpiration. In spite of the limitation of fruit transpiration, Ca entered the nontranspiring fruits, and its concentration was about 45% of that in control fruits suggesting that other factor(s) operated for Ca accumulation. This study provides the evidence that fruit transpiration accounted for 55% of total Ca that entered a fruit. We conclude that optimal soil Ca availability and apportioning to the fruit during the early 4 weeks of growth are essential to sustain the fruit demand of this nutrient and that some cultural practices (e.g., summer pruning, irrigation) should be tested as possible tools to improve fruit Ca nutrition via increasing fruit transpiration.
Exposure to cigarette smoke condensate reduces calcium activated chloride channel transport in primary sinonasal epithelial cultures
Authors: Virgin Frank W. , Azbell Christopher , Schuster Daniel , Sunde Jumin , Zhang Shaoyan , Sorscher Eric J. , Woodworth Bradford A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) serves as a predominant Cl− transport conduit in airway epithelium and is inhibited by cigarette smoke in vitro and in vivo. Activation of secondary Cl− transport pathways through calcium‐activated Cl− channels (CaCC) has been postulated as a mechanism to bypass defects in CFTR‐mediated transport. Because it is not known whether CaCCs are also inhibited by tobacco exposure, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on CaCC transport.Study Design:In vitro study.Methods:Well‐characterized primary murine nasal septal epithelial (MNSE) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cultures were exposed to CSC in Ussing chambers. We monitored CaCC short‐circuit current through stimulation of P2Y purinergic receptors with uridine triphosphate or adenosine triphosphate and selective inhibition of the CFTR‐dependent secretory pathway. Characterization of CaCC current was also accomplished in primary airway cells derived from transgenic CFTR−/− (knockout) murine models.Results:Change in CaCC‐mediated current (ΔISC representing transepithelial Ca‐mediated Cl− secretion in μA/cm2) was significantly decreased in CSC‐exposed wild type MNSE when compared to controls (32.8 ± 4.6 vs. 47.5 ± 2.3; respectively; P < .02). A similar effect was demonstrated in CFTR−/− MNSE cultures (33.4 ± 2.8 vs. 38.6 ± 2.0; P < .05>. HSNE cultures also had a significant reduction in ISC (16.1 ± 0.6 vs. 22.7 ± 0; P = .008).Conclusions:CSC affects multiple pathways fundamental to airway ion transport, including both cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium activated Cl− transport. Inhibition of Cl− transport may contribute to common diseases of the airways, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Laryngoscope, 2010
Management and outcomes of facial paralysis from intratemporal blunt trauma: A systematic review
Authors: Nash John J. , Friedland David R. , Boorsma Keren J. , Rhee John S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To systematically review the existing literature on outcomes and management of facial paralysis resulting from intratemporal blunt trauma.Study Design:Systematic review of the literature.Methods:Thirty‐five articles met our inclusion criteria. Outcome variables analyzed included severity of paralysis, time of onset of paralysis, surgical or nonsurgical management, steroid use, and final facial nerve function.Results:All studies were classified as level 4 evidence as defined by the Oxford Centre for Evidence‐Based Medicine. There was marked variation in the quality of the studies with inconsistent outcome measures, diagnostic testing, and follow‐up, thus ruling out a formal meta‐analysis. In an exploratory pooling of data, 612 cases had sufficient follow‐up and facial movement grading for some evaluation of trends. In 189 patients who were followed observationally, 66% achieved an outcome equivalent to House‐Brackmann (HB) I, 25% achieving HB II‐V, and two patients an HB VI score. Among 83 patients treated with steroids, 67% achieved HB I, 30% HB II‐V, and no patients with HB VI. In 340 patients treated surgically, 23% achieved HB I postoperatively, 58% were graded as HB II‐V, and 9% with HB grade VI postoperatively. No patient presenting with partial paralysis had an HB VI outcome.Conclusions:The role of surgery versus nonsurgical interventions for this clinical entity remains inconclusive. Level 4 evidence studies predominate and are further hindered by poor description of outcome measures and incomplete data reporting. Exploratory pooling of data without formal meta‐analysis suggests the need to compare any intervention to the natural course of healing, which overall appears to be favorable. Laryngoscope, 2010
Simulated reflux decreases vocal fold epithelial barrier resistance
Authors: Erickson Elizabeth , Sivasankar Mahalakshmi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The vocal fold epithelium provides a barrier to the entry of inhaled and systemic challenges. However, the location of the epithelium makes it vulnerable to damage. Past research suggests, but does not directly demonstrate, that exposure to gastric reflux adversely affects the function of the epithelial barrier. Understanding the nature of reflux‐induced epithelial barrier dysfunction is necessary to better recognize the mechanisms for vocal fold susceptibility to this disease. Therefore, we examined the effects of physiologically relevant reflux challenges on vocal fold transepithelial resistance and gross epithelial and subepithelial appearance.Study Design:Ex vivo, mixed design with between‐group and repeated‐measures analyses.Methods:Healthy, native porcine vocal folds (N = 52) were exposed to physiologically relevant acidic pepsin, acid‐only, or pepsin‐only challenges and examined with electrophysiology and light microscopy. For all challenges, vocal folds exposed to a neutral pH served as control.Results:Acidic pepsin and acid‐only challenges, but not pepsin‐only or control challenges significantly reduced transepithelial resistance within 30 minutes. Reductions in transepithelial resistance were irreversible. Challenge exposure produced minimal gross changes in vocal fold epithelial or subepithelial appearance as evidenced by light microscopy.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that acidic environments characteristic of gastric reflux compromise epithelial barrier function without gross structural changes. In healthy, native vocal folds, reductions in transepithelial resistance could reflect reflux‐related epithelial disruption. These results might guide the development of pharmacologic and therapeutic recommendations for patients with reflux, such as continued acid‐suppression therapy and patient antireflux behavioral education. Laryngoscope, 2010
A systematic analysis of septal deviation associated with rhinosinusitis
Authors: Orlandi Richard R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Rhinosinusitis might have many etiologies that lead to a common presentation of inflammation and impaired mucociliary clearance. Anatomic factors were once thought to play a large role in the pathogenesis of rhinosinusitis, and septal deviation was examined in multiple studies with conflicting results. With the more recent appreciation that the development of rhinosinusitis is likely multifactorial, it is appropriate to re‐examine possible anatomic etiologies. A systematic analysis of septal deviation and rhinosinusitis was therefore performed to better define this association and describe possible etiologic mechanisms. Examination of a large sample, accomplished through systematically identifying and combining previous studies, may compensate for the several shortcomings of these separate analyses. A systematic analysis was therefore performed to answer the question, is septal deviation associated with rhinosinusitis?Study Design:Systematic analysis of previously published studies.Methods:Following a structured literature search, articles examining the association of septal deviation and rhinosinusitis were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Based on the quantitative results, a septal deviation angle (SDA) cutoff of 10° was chosen for distinguishing positive from negative for septal deviation in the qualitative analysis.Results:Of over 300 references initially identified, 13 articles comprised the basis of this review. Increasing angles of septal deviation were associated with increasing prevalence of rhinosinusitis in multiple studies. Combining the results of five previous studies on this subject demonstrated significant association of septal deviation and rhinosinusitis (P = .0004, χ2 analysis). The clinical effect was found, however, to be modest with an odds ratio of 1.47. Interestingly, in all studies that examined the laterality of rhinosinusitis associated with septal deviation, inflammation was found bilaterally. Based on the data from this analysis, it appears that many of the previous analyses were insufficiently powered to detect an association between rhinosinusitis and septal deviation. Others failed to find an association by examining subjects with small SDAs.Conclusions:Septal deviation is associated with an increased prevalence of rhinosinusitis, although the impact of this anatomic anomaly is limited. It appears to be one of many possible factors that might lead to the development of rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope, 2010
Value of intracochlear electrically evoked auditory brainstem response after cochlear implantation in patients with narrow internal auditory canal
Authors: Song Mee Hyun , Bae Mi Ran , Kim Hee Nam , Lee Won‐Sang , Yang Won Sun , Choi Jae Young 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Cochlear implantation in patients with narrow internal auditory canal (IAC) can result in variable outcomes; however, preoperative evaluations have limitations in accurately predicting outcomes. In this study, we analyzed the outcomes of cochlear implantation in patients with narrow IAC and correlated the intracochlear electrically evoked auditory brainstem response (EABR) findings to postoperative performance to determine the prognostic significance of intracochlear EABR.Study Design:Retrospective case series at a tertiary hospital.Methods:Thirteen profoundly deaf patients with narrow IAC who received cochlear implantation from 2002 to 2008 were included in this study. Postoperative performance was evaluated after at least 12 months of follow‐up, and postoperative intracochlear EABR was measured to determine its correlation with outcome. The clinical significance of electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) was also analyzed.Results:Patients with narrow IAC showed postoperative auditory performances ranging from CAP 0 to 4 after cochlear implantation. Intracochlear EABR measured postoperatively demonstrated prognostic value in the prediction of long‐term outcomes, whereas ECAP measurements failed to show a significant correlation with outcome.Conclusions:Consistent with the advantages of intracochlear EABR over extracochlear EABR, this study demonstrates that intracochlear EABR has prognostic significance in predicting long‐term outcomes in patients with narrow IAC. Intracochlear EABR measured either intraoperatively or in the early postoperative period may play an important role in deciding whether to continue with auditory rehabilitation using a cochlear implant or to switch to an auditory brainstem implant so as not to miss the optimal timing for language development. Laryngoscope, 2010
Tailored telescopic reconstruction of the bile duct in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Kim Seong Hoon , Lee Kwang-Woong , Kim Young-Kyu , Cho Seong Yeon , Han Sung-Sik , Park Sang-Jae 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Duct-to-duct reconstruction (DDR) of the bile duct has recently become the preferred choice in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), but biliary complications still remain the most common cause of morbidity. We introduce our new technique of tailored telescopic reconstruction (TTR) of the bile duct for reducing bile duct complications in LDLT: the hilar plate covering the right and left hepatic ducts is bisected lengthwise through the right or left hepatic duct opening to make a funnel-shaped top, into which the donor hepatic duct is telescoped to match the recipient bile duct in size, and DDR is performed in the inner tissue of good vascular integrity of the recipient bile duct without redundancy. Forty-five consecutive LDLT procedures from January to August 2008 were analyzed through a comparison of 23 conventional duct-to-duct reconstructions (cDDRs) and 22 TTRs in bile duct anastomoses. At a mean follow-up of 19.5 months, the rates of overall biliary complications, leakage, and strictures were 43.5%, 26.1%, and 34.8%, respectively, for cDDR and 9.1%, 0%, and 9.1%, respectively, for TTR (P < 0.05 for each). In conclusion, TTR of the bile duct results in excellent outcomes with respect to minimization of biliary complications; thus, TTR can be recommended as a preferred method for biliary reconstruction in LDLT. Liver Transpl 16:1069-1074, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
School outcomes in children registered in the studies for pediatric liver transplant (SPLIT) consortium
Authors: Gilmour Susan M. , Sorensen Lisa G. , Anand Ravinder , Yin Wanrong , Alonso Estella M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
School performance is an important aspect of functional outcomes for pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients. This longitudinal analysis conducted through the Studies of Pediatric Liver Transplantation (SPLIT) research consortium examines several indicators of school function in these patients. A total of 39 centers participated in data collection using a semistructured questionnaire designed specifically for this study. The survey queried school attendance, performance and educational outcomes including the need for special educational services. Participants included 823 of 1133 (73%) eligible patients, mean age 11.34 ± 3.84 years, 53% female, median age at LT 4.6 (range 0.05-17.8) years, and mean interval from transplant was 5.42 ± 2.79. Overall, 34% of patients were receiving special educational services and 20% had repeated a grade, with older participants more likely to have been held back (P = 0.0007). Missing more than 10 days of school per year was reported by one-third of the group, with this level of absence being more common in older participants (P = 0.0024) and children with shorter intervals from LT (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed the following factors were associated with the need for special educational services; type of immunosuppression at 6 months post-LT, cyclosporine A (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-3.1), or other (OR = 4.9, 95% CI = 1.4-17.6) versus tacrolimus, symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection within 6 months of liver transplantation (OR = 3.1, CI = 1.6-6.1), and pretransplant special educational services (OR = 22.5, CI = 8.6-58.4). Liver Transpl 16:1041-1048, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.