bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Object Recognition
Authors: Mumby Dave G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses object recognition in rats. It describes the two paradigms most often used to assess object recognition in rats: delayed nonmatching-to-sample (DNMS) and novel-object-preference (NOP). It shows that despite superficial similarities, DNMS and NOP tests engage different behavioral and motivational systems and therefore entail different procedural pitfalls and interpretational challenges. Still, findings from lesion experiments using either task have so far been fairly consistent, suggesting that the hippocampus is not critical for object-recognition memory, whereas the perirhinal cortex plays a more significant role. These conclusions are consistent with findings of changes in single-unit responses and c-fos expression within the perirhinal cortex produced by repeatedly presented visual stimuli.
Fear
Authors: Tinsley Matthew R. , Fanselow Michael S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents defensive behavior as a functional behavior system, describes the neural substrates of many of the various defensive behaviors described, and presents a model that integrates the behavioral and neural organizations of defensive behavior. The functional mapping of behavioral organization onto a network of brain structures has provided an invaluable and productive framework for generating testable hypotheses of the effects of experimental manipulations and may be beginning to inform studies of the substrates of clinical disorders related to dysfunction of defensive behavior in people.
Cognitive Processes
Authors: Sutherland Robert J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to provide a kind of thinking about behavioral processes in rats that is characteristic of a cognitive approach and to provide some examples of experimental paradigms that have been used with some success to probe the nature of the rat's representations of its environment and its own actions. The examples are drawn mainly from recent work on attentional and memory processes, two of the traditional subject matters in cognitive science.
Psychiatric Models
Authors: Szechtman Henry , Eilam David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the conflicts associated with a rise of a biological psychiatry perspective on mental illness, suggesting that the current preeminence of this viewpoint has aligned clinical psychiatry with behavioral neuroscience for the source of much of its basic science knowledge. It then elaborates on the methods of behavioral neuroscience and shows how this methodology is in fact just what is needed to investigate mechanisms of mental disorders of interest to psychiatry. The chapter attempts to clear up some confusion revolving around the distinction between tests, models, and theories. Finally, it illustrates some of the discussed principles by examining a rat model of a psychiatric illness—obsessive-compulsive disorder.
The Patient as Victim and Vector
Authors: Battin Margaret P. , Francis Leslie P. , Jacobson Jay A. , Smith Charles B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBioethics emerged at a time when infectious disease was not a major concern, and thus never developed a normative framework sensitive to disease transmission. This book develops the “patient as victim and vector” view to explore issues in clinical medicine, research, public health, and health policy. The central idea of this book is that a patient with a communicable infectious disease should be understood both as a victim of that disease and also as a potential vector—both a person who is ill and may die but who also may transmit an illness that could sicken or kill others. Bioethics has in general failed to see one part of this duality, and public health the other: that the patient is both victim and vector at one and the same time. Part I of the book shows why patient-centered concepts like autonomy and informed consent need to change in the context of communicable infectious diseases; Part II develops a normative theory for doing so. Part III examines traditional and new issues: the ethics of quarantine and isolation, research, disease screening, rapid testing, antibiotic use, and immunization, in contexts like multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, syphilis, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, and HPV. Part IV begins with a controversial thought experiment to consider constraints in the control of infectious disease, including pandemics, and Part V “thinks big” about global efforts to prevent, treat, or eradicate infectious disease.
The Next Frontier
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAsia is the next frontier in the campaign to end state execution because more than 95 percent of the executions in the world take place there. This book combines detailed case studies of the death penalty in major Asian nations with cross-national comparisons. It demonstrates decline in the number of Asian countries using execution as a criminal sanction and a decline in the rate of executions in most nations that retain the death penalty. Few Asian nations conduct executions with any regularity, and even major nations with death penalties in their criminal codes use the sanction rarely. What separates the low-execution nations from the very few states with high execution rates is, more than anything, politics. All of Asia's high execution states are hard-line authoritarian regimes of the left or right. When former right-wing authoritarian states experience democratic reforms, the rate of executions drops sharply and the only noncommunist government that maintains high executions is Singapore. The key question is not whether Asia will end state executions, but when it can be expected to do so. If the end of executions depends on the democratization of relatively stable hard-line communist regimes, many decades may be required, but if the stigma of state executions continues to increase, the end of capital punishment in Asia could happen before more comprehensive political change occurs.
2 Varieties of Capital Punishment in Contemporary Asia
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter extends the analysis by profiling the great variety of death penalty policies in Asia, and it also outlines the research strategy employed in the chapters that follow. Its first and second sections provide an overview of the varieties of death penalty policy found in contemporary Asia by examining the region, first cross-sectionally and then temporally. The chapter's third section presents the book's case study methodology and explains the selection of five nations in East and Southeast Asia as the book's central subjects.
7 The Political Origins of China's Death Penalty Exceptionalism
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by providing a context for Chinese capital punishment through descriptions of the scale of criminal justice in the PRC and of the political organization of its criminal justice system. The second section estimates execution incidence in the post-Mao reform period, 1976 to the present. The third section contrasts two explanations for the high rates of execution in recent years: Chinese history as an influence on contemporary penal culture, and the political legacy of the past half century. The chapter argues that the proximate causes of China's death penalty exceptionalism are more rooted in the nation's recent history—and in the PRC's founding fathers, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, and Deng Xiaoping. The fourth section of this case study analyzes the 2007 reinstitution of death sentence review by the Supreme People's Court. The fifth section describes the likely impact of the 2007 reform, the administrative character and costs of the PRC's death penalty system, and the types of reform proposals that may emerge from China's renewed experience with Supreme People's Court review. The sixth and final section of this chapter focuses on the long-term future of capital punishment in China.
8 Lessons
Authors: Johnson David T. , Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter makes the case for a regional focus by reviewing the materials in the preceding chapters for insights from Asia about capital punishment in the world in the 21st century. The lessons are organized into three sections. The first section describes features of death penalty policy in Asia that are consistent with the experiences recorded in Europe and with the theories developed to explain Western changes. The second section identifies some of the most significant diversities within the Asian region—in rates of execution, trends over time, and patterns of change—that contrast with the recent history of capital punishment in non-Asian locations and hence challenge conventional interpretations of death penalty policy and change. The third section discusses three ways the politics of capital punishment in Asia is distinctive: the limited role of international standards and transnational influences in most Asian jurisdictions; the presence of single-party domination in many Asian political systems; and the persistence of communist versions of capital punishment in the Asian region. Overall, the study of death penalty policy in Asia confirms many of the major themes that have emerged from studies of the postwar European and Commonwealth experiences.
CHAPTER 13 A New Starting Place for the Semantics of Belief Sentences
Authors: Eaker Erin L. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the semantics of believes that sentences, that is, sentences like, “Stella believes that Joe Tobacco won the hand.” It argues that semantic theories for believes that sentences have been unnecessarily complicated by an unsupported assumption about the primary function of believes that sentences, namely, that they relate their subjects to contents of belief in a way that reflects the role that those beliefs play in the subject's thinking, reasoning, and behavior. This assumption, referred to as the Explanatory Function Assumption (EFA), leads to a distorted understanding of believes that sentences and to the mistaken conclusion that any adequate account of the semantics of these sentences must provide solutions to certain well‐known but illusory puzzles. It is argued that when we reject the EFA, the puzzles are no longer puzzles, the semantic account of believes that sentences is suddenly much simpler, and the burden for explaining the so‐called belief puzzles is put where it should be, that is, on the pragmatic account of how belief descriptions are used.
CHAPTER 14 What Is De Re Belief?
Authors: Stalnaker Robert 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter brings out some of the interconnections between the specific issues about the logical form of de re belief attributions and the broader issues about intentionality. It begins by going over some familiar ground: reviewing the Quine/Kaplan analysis, spelling out the problem that originally motivated it, and considering some different assumptions about the objects or contents of belief. It then looks at Kaplan's modifications of Quine's analysis, and at a way that it might be further generalized, in light of its internalist motivation. The chapter concludes by looking at de re belief, and belief generally, from a contrasting externalist perspective.
CHAPTER 15 Five Theses on De Re States and Attitudes
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter proposes five theses on de re states and attitudes. The first thesis formulates the perspectival nature of representation. The second outlines attributional resources necessary to perceptually based representation. The third thesis holds that some of these attributional resources must apply veridically if perceptually based singular reference is to occur. The fourth sketches how these resources provide a basis for a priori knowledge, although they are much less rich than those postulated by the neo-Kantian views. The fifth outlines a nonempiricist conception of de re states and attitudes that builds on the empirical cases.
The Moral Skeptic
Authors: Superson Anita M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book challenges the traditional picture of the skeptic who asks, “Why be moral?” and demands a demonstration that acting in morally required ways is rationally required. It argues that we defeat the action skeptic, as well as the disposition skeptic, who denies that being morally disposed is rationally required, and the motive skeptic, who believes that merely going through the motions in acting morally is rationally permissible. It argues, against internalism, that we address the amoralist, who is not moved by moral reasons he recognizes. It argues for expanding the skeptic's position from self-interest to privilege, to include morally unjustified behavior typically directed against disenfranchised social groups. It argues for revising the traditional expected utility model of rationality to exclude desires deformed by patriarchy as ones it is not irrational to have. It defends the Interdependency Thesis, which assesses the rationality of moral dispositions and of actions interdependently, and allows us to fine tune the demands of the skeptic by not focusing on acts and dispositions in themselves, but on their interconnection. It defends the view that our rational assessments of agents should reflect the complex connection between the agent's reasons for adopting a moral disposition, and for having and acting from it, whether these cohere with her reasons for acting and for wanting to be a morally good person, and the justification for the moral theory or principles she endorses. Acts come in degrees of rationality, as measured by how they contribute to the agent's consistent life plan.
4 Deformed Desires
Authors: Superson Anita M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that since the formal version of expected utility theory does not exclude desires deformed by patriarchy as irrational, the traditional picture of the skeptic who adopts this theory runs the risk of recapitulating women's oppression in the emergent moral code, and threatens a satisfactory defeat of skepticism. The chapter examines some traditional informed desire tests, and argues that they ultimately fail to exclude deformed desires as irrational. It proposes an additional condition of rationality, according to which the agent recognizes herself as having intrinsic worth. Narrowing the skeptic's position by excluding deformed desires from any theory of rational choice the skeptic is assumed to adopt helps to achieve a satisfactory defeat of action skepticism.
Bilateral Investment Treaties and Foreign Direct Investment: A Political Analysis
Authors: Büthe Tim , Milner Helen V. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the effect of bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on inward foreign direct investment flows (FDI) into least developed countries (LDCs). It suggests that BITs should not only boost FDI between the signatory states but more broadly increase inward FDI into the developing country signatory. The chapter begins with a discussion of the often narrow, legalistic conceptualization of BITs in previous studies, as well as previous dyadic and monadic empirical findings. It presents a statistical analysis of inward FDI flows into 122 developing countries with a population of more than 1 million from 1970 to 2000, and a qualitative analysis of the hypothesized causal mechanisms. It shows that the positive correlation between BITs and subsequent FDI is driven by the hypothesized causal mechanisms.
New Institutional Economics and FDI Location in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Grosse Robert , Trevino Len J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that institutions matter in the context of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the transitional economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It employs the new institutional economics (NIE) as a theoretical foundation and applies related concepts in an examination of FDI activity that may respond to institutional development in CEE. It shows that the flow of FDI into the transitional economies of CEE tends to follow patterns similar to those in other emerging markets, with the added dimension that institutional factors appear to play a larger role than elsewhere. In particular, bilateral investment treaties, the degree of enterprise reform, and repatriation rules tend to stimulate FDI, while political risk and the level of corruption in government tend to constrain FDI into these countries. This outcome provides strong support for this reasoning based on the new institutional economics.
Do Investment Agreements Attract Investment? Evidence from Latin America
Authors: Gallagher Kevin P. , Birch Melissa B.L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to identify the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) into Latin American Countries (LAC) and the Caribbean (LAC) during the period from 1980 to 2003. Although a number of countries are aggressively pursuing investment agreements with the United States in order to increase investment, there is no evidence that signing such an agreement with the United States will bring increased investment. This is largely consistent with previous work on the relationship between BITs and investment. The analysis is also consistent with broader literature on FDI determinants in Latin America and the Caribbean, which shows that the size of the domestic economy and the ability to serve as an export platform are key drivers of FDI inflows.
The Impact on Foreign Direct Investment of BITs
Authors: Unctad  
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines whether the conclusion of BITs does indeed contribute to an increase in FDI. Time-series data analysis based on bilateral FDI flows between the BIT signatory countries shows that the influence of BITs on FDI is weak, especially in redirecting the share of FDI flowing from or to BIT signatory countries. In other words, following the signing of a BIT, it is more likely than not that the host country will marginally increase its share in the outward FDI of the home country; the same applies to the share of the home country in the FDI inflows of the host country. The effect, however, is usually small. In the cross-country comparison of FDI determinants, the overall conclusion is that BITs appear to play a minor and secondary role in influencing FDI flows.
Bilateral Investment Treaties and Foreign Direct Investment: Correlation Versus Causation
Authors: Aisbett Emma 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines whether participation in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) leads to increased foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows from the treaty partner countries. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins in Section A with a short overview of the basic theory and case evidence on the potential of BITs to function as a commitment device for the host. Section B presents a theoretical model of BIT function and the decision of a host country to participate in one. Section C introduces and motivates an empirical approach to the endogeneity of BIT participation, and shows that selection bias is not a concern in the specifications. Section D presents the results of the regression analysis, followed by the graphical event study of BIT participation. The final subsection of results shows that BITs do not attract investment from nonpartner countries through signaling.
Host-country Governance, Tax Treaties, and U.S. Direct Investment Abroad
Authors: Louie Henry J. , Rousslang Donald J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter takes a different approach from earlier studies to determine how host-country governance affects U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI). Instead of looking at the effect on the amount of investment, it looks at the effect on the rates of return that companies require on their FDI. It shows that poor host-country governance, as indicated by indexes measuring corruption or political instability, causes U.S. companies to require a significantly higher rate of return on their FDI. There is no evidence that a bilateral income tax treaty with the United States reduces the required rates of return to U.S. FDI. This finding is consistent with theoretical predictions, particularly those of Sinn (1991, 1993), and with the conclusions reached by Blonigen and Davies (2001). Failing to include a variable for the quality of host-country governance can cause a simple cross-section regression to yield the misleading implication that a tax treaty encourages U.S. FDI.
CHAPTER 1 Expected Utility Theory
Authors: Grant Simon , Van Zandt Timothy 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews classic normative expected utility theory. The goal is to frame the subsequent chapters (which consider more modern extensions to and deviations from this classic theory) in a way that is accessible to the nonspecialist but also useful to the specialist. The chapter starts from scratch with a revealed preference approach to the existence of a utility function. It then presents the mathematical structure of additive and linear utility representations and their axiomatizations, in the context of abstract choice theory and using intertemporal choice as a source of examples. The chapter is thus able to focus on this mathematical structure without interference the specific interpretation and notation for decision under uncertainty. Furthermore, this approach allows the chapter to focus on the interpretation of the axioms when it turns to decision under uncertainty.
CHAPTER 3 Applications of Non‐Expected Utility
Authors: Bleichrodt Han , Schmidt Ulrich 
Published: May 2009

AbstractExpected utility is the dominant framework for analyzing decisions under risk and uncertainty. Many empirical studies show that people deviate systematically from expected utility. To accommodate these deviations new, non‐expected utility models have been proposed. Among these models prospect theory is the most influential. This chapter studies applications of non‐expected utility and in particular prospect theory in insurance economics, auctions, and health economics. This chapter shows how the insights from non‐expected utility have improved understanding of people's choices and have led to improved decisions and more accurate measurements of utility.
Antibody against infectious salmon anaemia virus among feral Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Cipriano Rocco C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCipriano, R. C. 2009. Antibody against infectious salmon anaemia virus among feral Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 865–870. Archived sera from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) that returned to the Penobscot River (Maine), Merrimack River (Massachusetts), and Connecticut River (in Massachusetts) from 1995 to 2002 were analysed for antibodies against infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Up to 60 samples were archived per river system per year. In a given year, the number of fish sampled by ELISA for ISAV antibodies in the Penobscot River ranged from 2.9 to 11.2%, and the range of salmon sampled in the Merrimack River and the Connecticut River was 31.3–100% and 20.0–67.5%, respectively. Archived sera were not available for the 1995 and 2002 year classes from the Connecticut River. In all, 1141 samples were processed; 14 serum samples tested positive for antibodies to ISAV. In the Penobscot River, serum from one fish tested positive in each of the 1995 and 1999 year-class returns, and sera from two fish tested positive in the 1998 returns. In the Merrimack River, sera from four fish tested positive in each of the 1996 and 1997 returns, and sera from two fish were positive in the 2002 return. None of the archived sera from Atlantic salmon that returned to the Connecticut River tested positive.