bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tomato cultivar tolerant to Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus infection induces virus‐specific short interfering RNA accumulation and defence‐associated host gene expression
Authors: SAHU PRANAV PANKAJ , RAI NEERAJ K. , CHAKRABORTY SUPRIYA , SINGH MAJOR , CHANDRAPPA PRASANNA H. , RAMESH BANDARUPALLI , CHATTOPADHYAY DEBASIS , PRASAD MANOJ 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) infection causes significant yield loss in tomato. The availability of a conventional tolerance source against this virus is limited in tomato. To understand the molecular mechanism of virus tolerance in tomato, the abundance of viral genomic replicative intermediate molecules and virus‐directed short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) by the host plant in a naturally tolerant cultivar H‐88‐78‐1 and a susceptible cultivar Punjab Chhuhara at different time points after agroinfection was studied. We report that less abundance of viral replicative intermediate in the tolerant cultivar may have a correlation with a relatively higher accumulation of virus‐specific siRNAs. To study defence‐related host gene expression in response to ToLCNDV infection, the suppression subtractive hybridization technique was used. A library was prepared from tolerant cultivar H‐88‐78‐1 between ToLCNDV‐inoculated and Agrobacterium mock‐inoculated plants of this cultivar at 21 days post‐inoculation (dpi). A total of 106 nonredundant transcripts was identified and classified into 12 different categories according to their putative functions. By reverse Northern analysis and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), we identified the differential expression pattern of 106 transcripts, 34 of which were up‐regulated (>2.5‐fold induction). Of these, eight transcripts showed more than four fold induction. qRT‐PCR analysis was carried out to obtain comparative expression profiling of these eight transcripts between Punjab Chhuhara and H‐88‐78‐1 on ToLCNDV infection. The expression patterns of these transcripts showed a significant increase in differential expression in the tolerant cultivar, mostly at 14 and 21 dpi, in comparison with that in the susceptible cultivar, as analysed by qRT‐PCR. The probable direct and indirect relationship of siRNA accumulation and up‐regulated transcripts with the ToLCNDV tolerance mechanism is discussed.
Clinical effectiveness of leucoreduced, pooled donor platelet concentrates, stored in plasma or additive solution with and without pathogen reduction
Authors: Kerkhoffs Jean‐Louis H. , Van Putten Wim L. J. , Novotny Viera M. J. , Te Boekhorst Peter A.W. , Schipperus Martin R. , Zwaginga Jaap Jan , Van Pampus Lizzy C. M. , De Greef Georgine E. , Luten Marleen , Huijgens Peter C. , Brand Anneke , Van Rhenen Dick J. ,   on behalf of the Dutch – Belgian HOVON cooperative group
Published: May 2010

SummaryPathogen reduction (PR) of platelet products increases costs and available clinical studies are equivocal with respect to clinical and haemostatic effectiveness. We conducted a multicentre, open‐label, randomized, non‐inferiority trial comparing the clinical effectiveness of buffy‐coat derived leucoreduced platelet concentrates (PC) stored for up to 7 d in plasma with platelets stored in platelet additive solution III (PASIII) without and with treatment with amotosalen‐HCl/ultraviolet‐A (UVA) photochemical pathogen reduction (PR‐PASIII). Primary endpoint of the study was 1‐h corrected count increment (CCI). Secondary endpoints were 24‐h CCI, bleeding, transfusion requirement of red cells and PC, platelet transfusion interval and adverse transfusion reactions. Compared to plasma‐PC, in the intention to treat analysis of 278 evaluable patients the mean difference for the 1‐h CCI of PR‐PASIII‐PC and PASIII‐PC was −31% (P < 0·0001) and −9% (P = n.s.), respectively. Twenty‐seven patients (32%) had bleeding events in the PR‐PASIII arm, as compared to 19 (19%) in the plasma arm and 14 (15%) in the PASIII arm (P = 0·034). Despite the potential advantages of pathogen (and leucocyte) inactivation of amotosalen‐HCl/UVA‐treated platelet products, their clinical efficacy is inferior to platelets stored in plasma, warranting a critical reappraisal of employing this technique for clinical use.
Evidence for a combination of pre‐adapted traits and rapid adaptive change in the invasive plant Centaurea stoebe
Authors: Henery Martin L. , Bowman Gillianne , Mráz Patrik , Treier Urs A. , Gex‐Fabry Emilie , Schaffner Urs , Müller‐Schärer Heinz 
Published: May 2010

Summary 1. Introduced plants have the potential to rapidly evolve traits of ecological importance that may add to their innate potential to become invasive. During invasions, selection may favour genotypes that are already pre‐adapted to conditions in the new habitat and, over time, alter the characteristics of subsequent generations. 2. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) occurs in two predominantly spatially separated cytotypes in its native range (Europe–Western Asia), but currently only the tetraploid form has been confirmed in the introduced range (North America), where it is invasive. We used several common garden experiments to examine, across multiple populations, whether tetraploids and diploids from the native range differ in life cycle, leaf traits and reproductive capacity and if such differences would explain the predominance of tetraploids and their advance into new habitats in the introduced range. We also compared the same traits in tetraploids from the native and introduced range to determine whether any rapid adaptive changes had occurred since introduction that may have enhanced invasive potential of the species in North America. 3. We found tetraploids had lower specific leaf area, less lamina dissection and fewer, narrower leaves than diploids. Diploids exhibited a monocarpic life cycle and produced few if any accessory rosettes. Diploids produced significantly more seeds per capitulum and had more capitula per plant than tetraploids. In contrast, the vast majority of European tetraploids continued to flower in both seasons by regenerating from multiple secondary rosettes, demonstrating a predominantly polycarpic life cycle. 4. During early growth tetraploids from North America achieved greater biomass than both tetraploids and diploids from the native range but this did not manifest as larger above‐ground biomass at maturity. In North American tetraploids there was also evidence of a shift towards a more strictly polycarpic life cycle, less leaf dissection, greater carbon investment per leaf, and greater seed production per capitulum. 5. Synthesis. Our results suggest that the characteristics of tetraploid C. stoebe pre‐adapted them (compared to diploid conspecifics) for spread and persistence of the species into habitats in North America characterized by a more continental climate. After the species’ introduction, small but potentially important shifts in tetraploid biology have occurred that may have contributed significantly to successful invasion.
The impact of lianas on 10 years of tree growth and mortality on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
Authors: Ingwell Laura L. , Joseph Wright S. , Becklund Kristen K. , Hubbell Stephen P. , Schnitzer Stefan A. 
Published: May 2010

Summary 1. Lianas compete intensely with trees, but few studies have examined long‐term effects of liana infestation on tree growth and mortality. We quantified the effects of lianas in tree crowns (n = 2907) and rooted within 2 m of trees (n = 1086) on growth and mortality of 30 tree species from 1995 to 2005 on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama, documented liana infestation in tree crowns in 1996 and 2007 to determine the dynamics of liana infestation, and quantified liana infestation in the crowns of 3231 additional canopy trees (d.b.h. ≥20 cm) in 2007 to compare with the same metric determined by previous studies in 1967 and 1980. 2. Severe liana infestation increased tree mortality: 21% of liana‐free trees in 1996 had died by 2007, whereas 42% of trees with more than 75% of the crown infested by lianas in 1996 had died by 2007. 3. Liana infestation of tree crowns significantly reduced tree growth, particularly on sun‐exposed trees. The proximity of rooted lianas significantly reduced the growth of shaded trees. 4. Liana infestation was dynamic: 10.9% of trees with severe liana infestation in their crowns in 1996 had shed all of their lianas by 2007 and 5.3% of trees with no lianas in their crown in 1996 had severe liana infestation in 2007. 5. Liana infestation was common: lianas were present in 53% of trees of the 30 focal species. Including lianas rooted within 2 m of the tree increased this percentage to 78%. Using both above‐ and below‐ground measures may provide a better estimate of liana competition than either measure alone. 6. Liana infestation is increasing on BCI. Lianas were present in the crowns of 73.6% of canopy trees (d.b.h. ≥20 cm). Liana canopy infestation was 57% higher than in 1980 and 65% higher than in 1967, which is consistent with reported increases in liana abundance, biomass, and leaf and flower production. 7. Synthesis. We used one of the largest studies ever conducted on lianas to confirm the negative effects of lianas on tree growth and survival over 10 years. Liana infestation of trees was widespread, dynamic and increasing on BCI.
Developmental expression of dnaA is required for sporulation and timing of fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Rosario Christopher J. , Singer Mitchell 
Published: May 2010

SummaryInhibition of DNA replication within the first 6 h of development results in a block in the developmental programme in the social soil bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. We have interpreted these data to imply that M. xanthus requires a new round of DNA replication early in the developmental programme. To further understand the role of DNA replication during development in M. xanthus we focused on the regulation of dnaA which encodes the initiator protein of DNA replication. In this work, we demonstrate that immediately upon nutrient deprivation dnaA (MXAN1001) transcript levels decrease to 10–15% of vegetative levels and then transiently increase between 4 and 6 h post initiation. This expression is dependent on several early developmental regulators, including relA (MXAN3204), sigD (MXAN2957) and sdeK (MXAN1014). It is also dependent upon an 85 bp region located just upstream to the dnaA promoter. Our data suggest that while developmental dnaA expression is not essential for development, its expression allows for the proper timing and maximum efficiency of the sporulation process. In addition, we speculate that developmental control of dnaA expression may provide a mechanism for predetermination of cell fate during the differentiation process.
Functional domain analysis of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae co‐chaperone TopJ
Authors: Cloward Jason M. , Krause Duncan C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryColonization of conducting airways of humans by the prokaryote Mycoplasma pneumoniae is mediated by a differentiated terminal organelle important in cytadherence, gliding motility and cell division. TopJ is a predicted J‐domain co‐chaperone also having domains unique to mycoplasma terminal organelle proteins and is essential for terminal organelle function, as well as stabilization of protein P24, which is required for normal initiation of terminal organelle formation. J‐domains activate the ATPase of DnaK chaperones, facilitating peptide binding and proper protein folding. We performed mutational analysis of the predicted J‐domain, central acidic and proline‐rich (APR) domain, and C‐terminal domain of TopJ and assessed the phenotypic consequences when introduced into an M. pneumoniae topJ mutant. A TopJ derivative with amino acid substitutions in the canonical J‐domain histidine–proline–aspartic acid motif restored P24 levels but not normal motility, morphology or cytadherence, consistent with a J‐domain co‐chaperone function. In contrast, TopJ derivatives having APR or C‐terminal domain deletions were less stable and failed to restore P24, but resulted in normal morphology, intermediate gliding motility and cytadherence levels exceeding that of wild‐type cells. Results from immunofluorescence microscopy suggest that both the APR and C‐terminal domains, but not the histidine–proline–aspartic acid motif, are critical for TopJ localization to the terminal organelle.
Interaction specificity, toxicity and regulation of a paralogous set of ParE/RelE‐family toxin–antitoxin systems
Authors: Fiebig Aretha , Castro Rojas Cyd Marie , Siegal‐Gaskins Dan , Crosson Sean 
Published: May 2010

SummaryToxin–antitoxin (TA) gene cassettes are widely distributed across bacteria, archaea and bacteriophage. The chromosome of the α‐proteobacterium, Caulobacter crescentus, encodes eight ParE/RelE‐superfamily toxins that are organized into operons with their cognate antitoxins. A systematic genetic analysis of these parDE and relBE TA operons demonstrates that seven encode functional toxins. The one exception highlights an example of a non‐functional toxin pseudogene. Chromosomally encoded ParD and RelB proteins function as antitoxins, inhibiting their adjacently encoded ParE and RelE toxins. However, these antitoxins do not functionally complement each other, even when overexpressed. Transcription of these paralogous TA systems is differentially regulated under distinct environmental conditions. These data support a model in which multiple TA paralogs encoded by a single bacterial chromosome form independent functional units with insulated protein–protein interactions. Further characterization of the parDE1 system at the single‐cell level reveals that ParE1 toxin functions to inhibit cell division but not cell growth; residues at the C‐terminus of ParE1 are critical for its stability and toxicity. While continuous ParE1 overexpression results in a substantial loss in cell viability at the population level, a fraction of cells escape toxicity, providing evidence that ParE1 toxicity is not uniform within clonal cell populations.
The ties that bind: perceived social support, stress, and IBS in severely affected patients
Authors: Lackner J. M. , Brasel A. M. , Quigley B M. , Keefer L. , Krasner S. S. , Powell C. , Katz L. A. , Sitrin M. D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground  This study assessed the association between social support and the severity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms in a sample of severely affected IBS patients recruited to an NIH‐funded clinical trial. In addition, we examined if the effects of social support on IBS pain are mediated through the effects on stress.Methods  Subjects were 105 Rome II diagnosed IBS patients (F = 85%) who completed seven questionnaires which were collected as part of a pretreatment baseline assessment.Key Results  Partial correlations were conducted to clarify the relationships between social support and clinically relevant variables with baseline levels of psychopathology, holding constant number of comorbid medical diseases, age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, and education. Analyses indicated that social support was inversely related to IBS symptom severity. Social support was positively related with less severe pain. A similar pattern of data was found for perceived stress but not quality of life impairment. Regression analyses examined if the effects of social support on pain are mediated by stress. The effects of social support on bodily pain were mediated by stress such that the greater the social support the less stress and the less pain. This effect did not hold for symptom severity, quality of life, or psychological distress.Conclusions & Inferences  This study links the perceived adequacy of social support to the global severity of symptoms of IBS and its cardinal symptom (pain). It also suggests that the mechanism by which social support alleviates pain is through a reduction in stress levels.
Moonlight and the Migratory Orientation of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis)
Authors: Moore Frank R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMigratory birds might respond to moonlight in at least four ways: (1) a geographical reference for selecting a compass direction, (2) a celestial ‘landmark’ to facilitate maintenance of a preferred heading, (3) a stimulus that distracts migrants and introduces error in compass orientation, or (4) a source of illumination that facilitates nocturnal flight. This study examines the response of migratory savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) to moonlight during controlled tests in orientation cages. I found no evidence that savannah sparrows use a lunar compass to select a direction. If savannah sparrows do use the moon as a ‘landmark’ to maintain a direction selected with reference to a different cue, I expected birds to be better oriented on overcast nights when the moon is present than they are when the moon is absent. The results suggest otherwise. Usually, savannah sparrows respond phototactically to the moon by directing their cage activity toward or at a constant angle with respect to the moon's azimuth. Interestingly, the migrant's response to moonlight depended on whether the bird viewed the setting sun earlier that evening.
An Analysis of Some Predatory Behaviour Patterns in Four Species of Carnivorous Marsupials (Dasyuridae), with Comparative Notes on the Eutherian Cat Felis catus
Authors: Pellis Sergio M. , Officer Renata C. E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTwo aspects of predatory behaviour in five species of carnivorous mammals were studied: four species (Dasyurus viverrinus, Dasyurus hallucatus, Dasyuroides byrnei and Phascogale tapoatafa) of a group of Australian marsupials, Dasyuridae, and an eutherian, the domestic cat, Felis catus. All data were collected from captive animals in laboratory conditions. Using sequences of predatory behaviour recorded on movie film, two aspects of predation were compared: (a) attack strategy, that is, the behavioural patterns leading up to biting the prey, and (2) head shaking movements used during killing.All individual predators of all species but Dasyuroides byrnei exhibited avoidance of attacking prey from the front. Indeed, two of the four individual Dasyuroides used not only did not avoid frontal attack but selected to do so even when attacks from the rear or side were possible (e.g., the prey sat unmoving in the centre of the enclosure). Frontal attacks by Dasyuroides involved the use of the forepaws to grasp and pin prey, and the directing of killing bites to the head. These two behaviour patterns are also present in the other three species of dasyurids. Therefore, the frontal attack employed by this species does not involve the use of novel behaviour patterns.Analysis of head shakes revealed two basic forms. From a downward pointing position the head was rotated in one of two ways: the snout traversed an arc in space, as seen in Felis catus and Dasyurus hallucatus, or the sagittal crest traversed an arc in space, as seen in the other three species of dasyurids. When the prey is held down by the forepaws, either form of head shake enhances penetration of the canines into the prey, whereas, when not held down by the forepaws, both forms of head shake can disorient prey, enabling subsequent killing bites to be applied.
Lek Breeding and Territorial Aggression in White‐eared Kob
Authors: Fryxell John M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTerritorial aggression in a lek breeding population of white‐eared kob (Kobus kob leucotis) was investigated in the Boma National Park region, southern Sudan. The frequency of aggression on leks was positively related to the number of females present, but generally declined over the course of the breeding season. Males fought most strenuously for central territories that were preferred by females. Males with females in their territories were more frequently engaged in fights than unaccompanied males. Such fights often induced females to leave their original partners, especially when large groups of females were involved. Territorial aggression led to damaging injuries in several instances, and mortality of breeding age males was disproportionately high. These results suggest that the intensity of aggression exhibited by territorial males was scaled to potential reproductive benefits.
Consort Intrusion and Female Mate Choice in Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Huffman Michael A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractConsort intrusion behavior has been proposed to largely function as a means of preventing or suppressing the reproductive activity of subordinate males. In the Japanese macaques of Arashiyama B troop this behavior was found to be ineffective in influencing female mate choice and affecting differential reproduction. Mainly directed towards the female of the pair intrusion resembled sexual solicitation and appeared to be an extension of consort behavior. Although the intruder male was almost always dominant over the other male, intrusion failed to provide priority of access to the estrous female as she most frequently chose to remain with her current partner. Copulations which were intruded upon were as likely to end in ejaculation as those which were undisturbed. Only a small proportion of intruder male‐female pairs mated. Pairs that did mate were likely to have been in consort before or during the period in which intrusion occurred. No significant correlation was found between male rank order and number of possible females impregnated. Individual young, middle to lower ranking males were estimated to have been reproductively the most successful.
Response to a Dangerous Enemy: Should a Brood Parasite be Mobbed?
Authors: Mclean Ian G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractModels of a long‐tailed cuckoo and a song thrush (as a control) were presented 1.5 to 3 m from the nests of whiteheads, a species that the cuckoo is known to parasitize. Tests were conducted early in incubation (days 3 to 8) and during the nestling period. Most breeding females responded to the cuckoo by remaining inconspicuous or hiding. Other members of the cooperatively breeding group mobbed the cuckoo if they saw it. This difference in behaviour resulted in differences in overall response between incubation and nestling periods; the cuckoo was only occasionally mobbed during incubation because birds other than the female rarely approached the nest, whereas the cuckoo was almost always mobbed after eggs hatched. Cuckoos benefit from group breeding by whiteheads because chicks receive more food if reared by larger groups. I suggest that inconspicuous behaviour by the female in the presence of a cuckoo results in at least two effects: first, females can determine what the intentions of the cuckoo are, particularly if it intends to lay in the nest; second, no cues about size of breeding group are given to the cuckoo.Comparisons are drawn with the recent study of PAYNE et al. (1985) on splendid wrens and Chrysococcyx cuckoos. Despite similar social behaviour, splendid wrens and whiteheads behaved differently in the presence of a cuckoo. Mobbing may not always be the most appropriate tactic when faced with a brood parasite.