bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The unique structure and functions of the ovipositor of the non‐paralyzing ectoparasitoidColpoclypeusflorus Walk. (Hym., Eulophidae) with special reference to antennal sensilla and immature stages
Authors: van Veen J. C. , van Wijk M. L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA previously undescribed and unique ovipositor was discovered of an eulophid parasitoid. It differs from other ovipositors of hymenopteran parasitoids in that it possesses 32 long hairs and a long horn‐like structure on the dorsal stylet. Four mechanisms of interdigitation of the stylets are described. Four functions of the ovipositor are suggested: egg deposing, puncturing, poison injection and mechanoreception. Six types of antennal sense organs of female and male were identified by stereoscan microscopy and compared with other parasitoids. Their possible functions are indicated. Immature stages ofC. floruswere described and compared with other ecto‐ and endoparasitoids. It is suggested that ectoparasitic eulophids with functional tracheal systems during their whole development represent features of an evolutionary original state.ZusammenfassungÜber die spezielle Struktur und Funktion des Legebobrers bei dem nicht paralysierenden Ektoparasitoiden Colpoclypeus florus Walk. (Hym., Eulophidae) sowie dessen antennale Sinnesorgane und LarvenentwicklungEin bisher unbeschriebener, spezieller Legebohrer wurde bei einer parasitoiden Eulophide entdeckt. Er unterscheidet sich von Legebohrern anderer parasitoider Hymenopteren durch das Vorhandensein von 32 Haaren und einer langen, hornähnlichen Struktur auf dem dorsalen Stilett. Vier Mechanismen des Ineinandergreifens der Stilette werden beschrieben. Vier Funktionen des Legebohrers werden vermutet: Eiablage, Perforation, Giftinjektion und Rezeption von Bewegung. Sechs Arten von antennalen Sinnesorganen bei Weibchen und Männchen wurden durch Rasterelektronenmikroskopie identifiziert und werden mit solchen anderer Parasitoide verglichen. Ihre möglichen Funktionen werden diskutiert. Die Larenstadien vonC. floruswerden beschrieben und mit jenen anderer Ekto‐ und Endoparasitoide verglichen. Es wird die Vermutung geäußert, daß das Vorhandensein eines funktionstüchtigen Atmungssystems während der gesamten Entwicklung bei ektoparasitischen Eulophiden ein evolutionär ursprüngliches Merkmal ist.
Distribution, survival and hatching of overwintering eggs in the large pine aphid, Cinara pinea (Mordv.) (Hom., Lachnidae)
Authors: KIDD N. A. C. , TOZER D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pine aphid, Cinara pinea, overwinters as eggs situated on the current year's needles of Pinus species, especially P. sylvestris. The eggs are sparsely distributed, with shoots seldom having more than one needle bearing one or two eggs. Nevertheless, the eggs were found to be aggregated with respect to both shoots and needles. Egg mortality was estimated by three different methods to be about 50% between oviposition and hatching, with no evidence of density‐dependence. Hatching success in the laboratory increased with longer photoperiods and lower temperatures, while the rate of egg development after diapause increased with temperature. It is suggested that diapause is broken by increasing daylength after 22nd December, whereupon egg development and hatching are directly controlled by temperature. Support for this hypothesis is provided by a simulation model which predicts a pattern of egg hatch close to that observed in the field.ZusammenfassungVerbreitung, Lebensdauer und Schlüpfen der Eier der Großen Kiefernblattlaus Cinara pinea (Mordv.) (Hom., Lachnidae)Cinara pinea überwintert im Ei‐Stadium an den letztjährigen Nadeln von Pinus‐Arten, besonders P. sylvestris. Die Eier sind spärlich verbreitet, selten befinden sich an einem vorjährigen Zweig mehr als eine Nadel mit einem oder zwei Eiern. Dennoch wurden zuweilen Eier auch gehäuft gefunden. Die Eimortalität wurde mit Hilfe von drei Methoden zu ungefähr 50 % bestimmt ohne Bezug zur Dichte. Der Schlüpferfolg im Labor nahm bei längerer Photoperiode und geringerer Temperatur zu, während die Eientwicklungsrate nach erfolgter Diapause mit der Temperatur anstieg. Es wird angenommen, daß die Diapause durch die Tageslänge nach dem 22. Dezember gebrochen wird, während Eientwicklung und Schlüpfen direkt von der Temperatur abhängen. Gestützt wird diese Hypothese durch eine Simulationsmodell, das eine Ei‐Schlupf‐Verteilung voraussagt, wie sie in der Natur beobachtet wurde.
Effect of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal carriage in Turkish children
Authors: Ercan Tugba E. , Severge Burcu , Topkaya Aynur , Ercan R. Gökmen , Altınkaya Nüvit 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of the seven‐valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine which has recently been included in the national immunization schedule on the nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a group of healthy Turkish children. This is the first study determining the efficacy of this vaccine in Turkey.Methods:  One hundred and thirty‐eight children who had completed their pneumococcal vaccination series and 109 unvaccinated control subjects aged 12–59 months were included in the study between October 2007 and April 2008. A single nasopharyngeal swab sample was obtained from each subject.Results:  S. pneumoniae was isolated in 32 (12.9%) of 247 subjects. No significant differences were detected in pneumococcal carriage rate between the vaccinees and controls (10.1% vs 16.5%). Prevalence of vaccine type (VT) carriage was statistically lower in the vaccinated group than the controls while non‐vaccine type carriage (NVT) was similar. Most frequently isolated vaccine serotype was 23F in the vaccinated group and 19F in the non‐vaccinated group. Of the isolated S. pneumoniae, 13.3% were penicillin susceptible and 86.7% were non‐susceptible. Vaccinees and controls did not differ statistically with respect to carriage rate of penicillin‐resistant S. pneumoniae. All the pneumococcal isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, vancomycin, rifampicin and quinolones.Conclusion:  Seven‐valent conjugate vaccine induces long‐term protection against carriage of VT S. pneumoniae in Turkish children. The ability of the conjugate vaccine to reduce transmission of antibiotic resistant S. pneumoniae may be possible if its introduction is coupled with a reduction in inappropriate use of antibiotics.
Challenges and dilemmas: fieldwork with upland minorities in socialist Vietnam, Laos and southwest China
Authors: Turner Sarah 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Chinese, Vietnamese and Lao spaces within the upland Southeast Asian massif, sheltering over 80 million people belonging to geographically dispersed and politically fragmented minority populations, have only recently reopened to overseas academic endeavours. Undertaking social sciences research there among ethnic minority groups is underscored by a specific set of challenges, dilemmas, and negotiations. This special issue brings together Western academics and post‐fieldwork doctoral students from the realms of social anthropology and human geography, who have conducted in‐depth fieldwork among ethnic minorities in upland southwest China, northern Vietnam, and southern Laos. The articles provide insights into the struggles and constraints they faced in the field, set against an understanding of the historical context of field research in these locales. In this unique context that nowadays interweaves economic liberalisation with centralised and authoritarian political structures, the authors explore how they have negotiated and manoeuvred access to ethnic minority voices in complex cultural configurations. The ethical challenges raised and methodological reflections offered will be insightful for others conducting fieldwork in the socialist margins of the Southeast Asian massif and beyond. This specific context is introduced here, followed by a critique of the literature on the core themes that contributors raise.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi and interspecific competition: species interactions, community structure, coexistence mechanisms, and future research directions
Authors: Kennedy Peter 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe field of ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) ecology has largely developed outside the ecological mainstream, owing in large part to the challenges in studying the structure and dynamics of EMF communities. With advances in molecular identification and other research techniques, however, there has been growing interest among mycologists and ecologists in understanding how different ecological factors affect EMF community structure and diversity. While factors such as soil chemistry and host specificity have long been considered important, an increasing number of laboratory and field studies have documented that interspecific competition also has a major impact on EMF species interactions and may significantly influence EMF community structure. In this review, I examine the progress that has been made in understanding the nature of EMF competition. Currently, there are four conclusions that can be drawn: negative competitive effects are rarely reciprocal; competitive outcomes are environmentally context‐dependent; field distributions often reflect competitive interactions; and timing of colonization influences competitive success. In addition, I highlight recent studies documenting links between competitive coexistence and EMF community structure, including checkerboard distributions, lottery models, storage effects, and colonization–competition tradeoffs. Finally, I discuss several aspects of EMF competition needing further investigation and some newer methods with which to address them.

Contents

Summary
895

I.
Introduction
896

II.
Definitions and terminology
897

III.
Patterns of EMF competition
897

IV.
How do EMF competitors coexist?
902

V.
Unanswered questions and future directions
904

VI.
New methods and approaches
905

VII.
Conclusions
907

Acknowledgements
907

References
907
THE ISOLATION AND LIPID COMPOSITION OF MYELIN‐FREE AXONS FROM RAT CNS1
Authors: Vries G. H. De , Hadfield M. G. , Cornbrooks C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—Myelin‐free axons were isolated from rat CNS using a modification of the method of De Vrieset al. (1972). On a dry weight basis, the axons contained 15·2% lipid composed of 19·4% cholesterol, 56·9% phospholipid and 23·7% galactolipid with a weight ratio of cerebroside to sulfatide of 3·6‐1. The phospholipid was composed of 11·0% ethanolamine phosphatides (44·4% in the plasmalogen form), 21·0% choline phosphatides (9·3% in the plasmalogen form), 4·5% sphingomyelin, 4·5% phosphatidyl serine, 4·3% phosphatidyl inositol, 3·0% diphosphatidyl glycerol and 8·5% unidentified phospholipid. The rat axons contained 0·18 μg ganglioside NeuNAc/mg dry wt. In addition to the 4 major brain gangliosides, the rat axons contained gangliosides GD2 and GD3. The axonal galactolipid could not be accounted for by myelin contamination as revealed by electron microscopy, absence of the characteristic ratio of myelin specific proteins in the axonal protein profile as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the axonal level of the myelin marker enzyme 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide‐3′‐phosphohydrolase. The relationship between lipids of axons isolated from rat and bovine CNS, and rat whole brain and CNS myelin is discussed.
MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE FROM DIFFERENT SPECIES INVESTIGATED BY ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING AND ION EXCHANGE ADSORPTION
Authors: Malthe‐Sørenssen D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—The isoelectric point, surface charge and Km for choline of choline acetyltransferase from different species were determined. Choline acetyltransferase from mouse and monkey brain was resolved into three molecular forms with isoelectric points at 7·1, 7·5, 8·4 and 7·0, 7·35, 8·35 respectively, whereas choline acetyltransferase from the electric organ of Torpedo and from rabbit brain showed a molecular form with isoelectric point 6·6 and 6·9, respectively. With the exception of rabbit brain enzyme, there was a good correlation between the isoelectric points and surface charges of the different choline acetyltransferases. The Km's for choline were 0·66, 0·88, 0·92 and 3·5 mM for monkey, mouse, rabbit and Torpedo choline acetyltransferase respectively. The separated molecular forms of mouse and monkey enzymes did not show any significant difference in their affinity for choline.
Anterograde Components of Axonal Transport in Motor and Sensory Nerves in Experimental 2,5‐Hexanedione Neuropathy
Authors: Brændgaard Hans , Sidenius Per 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnterograde slow and fast axonal transport was examined in rats intoxicated with 2,5‐hexanedione (1 g/kg/week) for 8 weeks. Distribution of radioactivity was measured in 3‐mm segments of the sciatic nerve after labelling of proteins with [35H]methionine or [3H]Ieucine and glycoproteins with [3H]fucose. The axonal transport of the anterograde slow components was examined after 25 (SCa) and 10 days (SCb), in motor and sensory nerves. SCa showed an increased transport velocity in motor (1.25 ± 0.08 mm/day versus 1.01 ± 0.05 mm/day) and in sensory nerves (1.21 ± 0.13 mm/day versus 1.06 ± 0.07 mm/day). The relative amount of labelled protein in the SCa wave in both fiber systems was also increased. SCb showed unchanged transport velocity in motor as well as in sensory nerves, whereas the amount of label was decreased in the motor system. Anterograde fast transport in motor nerves was examined after intervals of 3 and 5 h, whereas intervals of 2 and 4 h were used for sensory nerves. Velocities and amounts of labelled proteins of the anterograde fast component remained normal. We suggest that the increase in protein transport in SCa reflects axonal regeneration.
In Vivo Release of Endogenous Amino Acids from the Rat Striatum: Further Evidence for a Role of Glutamate and Aspartate in Corticostriatal Neurotransmission
Authors: Girault Jean Antoine , Barbeito Luis , Spampinato Umberto , Gozlan Henri , Glowinski Jacques , Besson Marie‐Jo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy means of the push‐pull cannula method, the outflow of endogenous amino acids was studied in the striatum of halothane‐anesthetized rats. Addition of K + ions (30 mM for 4 min) to the superfusion fluid increased the release of aspartate (+116%), glutamate (+ 217%), taurine (+109%), and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) (−429%) whereas a prolonged decrease in the outflow of glutamine (−28%) and a delayed reduction in the efflux of tyrosine (−25%) were observed. In the absence of Ca2‐, the K+‐induced release of aspartate, glutamate, and GABA was blocked whereas the K + ‐induced release of taurine was still present. Under these conditions, the decrease in glutamine efflux was reduced and that of tyrosine was abolished. Local application of tetrodotoxin (5 μM) decreased only the outflow of glutamate (‐25%). One week following lesion of the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex the spontaneous outflow of glutamine and of tyrosine was enhanced. Despite the lack of change in their spontaneous outflow, the K +‐evoked release of aspartate and glutamate was less pronounced in lesioned than in control animals, whereas the K + ‐evoked changes in GABA and glutamine efflux were not modified. Our data indicate that the push‐pull cannula method is a reliable approach for the study of the in vivo release of endogenous amino acids. In addition, they provide further evidence for a role for glutamate and aspartate as neuro‐transmitters of corticostriatal neurons.
Regional Amino Acid Concentration in the Brains of Rats Exposed to High Pressures
Authors: Chapman Astrid G. , Halsey Michael J. , Hart Geneen P. , Luff Nigel P. , Meldrum Brian S. , Wardley‐Smith Bridget 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRegional amino acid concentrations were measured in rat brain fixed by microwave irradiation at three levels of elevated atmospheric pressure corresponding to different phases of the high‐pressure neurological syndrome [20 atmospheres absolute (ATA), no clinical signs; 60 ATA, tremor; 85 ATA, severe tremor and myoclonic jerks]. No changes in amino acid content occurred at 20 or 60 ATA. At 85 ATA glutamine content increased in hippocampus, striatum, cerebellum, and substantia nigra, and γ‐aminobutyric acid content increased in hippocampus. It is suggested that enhanced glutamate release in various subcortical structures contributes to the myoclonic activity observed at 85 ATA.
Jimpy Mice: Quantitation of Myelin‐Associated Glycoprotein and Other Proteins
Authors: Yanagisawa Katsuhiko , Quarles Richard H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMyelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG), 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNPase) activity, myelin basic protein (BP), and proteolipid protein (PLP) were quantitated in the brains of 20‐day‐old Jimpy and control mice. The levels of MAG, CNPase, and BP in Jimpy brains were 5.3%, 9.7%, and 1.9% of those in control brains, respectively. Immunoblotting analysis did not reveal an increased apparent Mr for MAG in the Jimpy mouse, as has been observed in some other hypomyelinating murine mutants. PLP was reduced more than the other proteins, as it was not detected by an immunoblotting technique that was capable of detecting 0.5% of the control level.
Neural Control of Muscle Androgen Receptors
Authors: Bernard Phyllis A. , Max Stephen R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The number of cytosolic androgen receptors in rat skeletal muscle increases following denervation and disuse. This increase was postulated to represent altered intracellular distribution and consequent diminished sensitivity of skeletal muscle to androgens. To test this hypothesis, we measured total (homogenate) androgen receptor levels after denervation. Total (homogenate) androgen receptor binding did not change in response to denervation of leg muscles from adult male rats. An increase in cytosolic receptor number with no increase in total (homogenate) receptor levels supports the hypothesis of altered intracellular distribution of androgen receptors in denervated muscle. Cytosolic androgen receptor binding in muscle from male rats increased by 40% after denervation, whereas in females the increase was 17% These increases could not be altered by endocrine manipulations of males or females.
Amyloid suppresses induction of genes critical for memory consolidation in APP + PS1 transgenic mice
Authors: Dickey Chad A. , Gordon Marcia N. , Mason Jerimiah E. , Wilson Nedda J. , Diamond David M. , Guzowski John F. , Morgan Dave 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMice transgenic for mutated forms of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) plus presenilin‐1 (PS1) genes (APP + PS1 mice) gradually develop memory deficits which correlate with the extent of amyloid deposition. The expression of several immediate‐early genes (IEGs: Arc, Nur77 and Zif268) and several other plasticity‐related genes (GluR1, CaMKIIα and Na‐K‐ ATPase αIII) critical for learning and memory was normal in young APP + PS1 mice preceding amyloid deposition, but declined as mice grew older and amyloid deposits accumulated. Gene repression was less in APP + PS1 mouse brain regions that contain less Aβ and in APP mice compared with APP + PS1 mice, further linking the extent of amyloid deposition and the extent of gene repression. Critically, we demonstrated that amyloid deposition led specifically to impaired induction of the IEGs with no effects on basal expression using exposure to a novel environment 30 min prior to being killed to induce IEGs. These data imply that Aβ deposition can selectively reduce expression of multiple genes linked to synaptic plasticity, and provide a molecular basis for memory deficiencies found in transgenic APP mice and, most likely, in early stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presumably, pharmacological agents blocking the Aβ‐related inhibition of gene expression will have benefit in AD.
The Production of Fast Shades on Knitted Cotton Fabrics, Nets and Lace*
Authors: WILTSHIRE E. R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMethods of dyeing vat and Soledon dyes on knitted cotton fabrics, nets and lace on the winch machine are described. Means of overcoming frothing and oxidation difficulties with vat dyes are suggested, and a general method for dyeing a selection of the faster‐to‐light Soledon dyes without removal from the winch, based on washing between dyeing and developing, is described.
Proceedings of the Society The Basic Mechanisms of Dye Absorption during Pad‐dyeing
Authors: Mann H. B. 
Published: July 2010

One‐day Symposium on Continuous Dyeing held by the Manchester Section at the Manchester College of Technology on 19th March 1954, Mr. J. Boulton in the chairA study of the basic mechanisms of dye absorption during pad‐dyeing has shown that direct dyes are taken up by viscose rayon filament and staple fabrics in two waysndash(a) adsorbed at the surface of the individual filaments, and (b) in dye solution mechanically held within the fabric structure.A differential absorption of dye and water has been clearly demonstrated. This must always be present in principle, although it may become overshadowed by substantive dyeing of the fibre at high padding temperatures or after prolonged immersion in the dyebath.
Dyeing Hydrophobic Fibres in Solutions of Solvents
Authors: Gokhale M. K. , Petees L. , Stevens C. B. 
Published: July 2010

Data are presented concerning the rate of dyeing of cellulose triacetate loose staple fibre with 3% Duranol Red X3B 300 (C.I. Disperse Red 11, C.I. 62015) from aqueous solutions of η‐butanol or benzyl alcohol.In water saturated with η‐butahol, more than 85% exhaustion is reached after 1 hr. at 80d̀c., 30 min. at 60d̀c., or 1 hr. at 40d̀c. After 30 min. in water saturated with benzyl alcohol, 68% of the dye present is fixed on the fibre at 40d̀c., 78% at 60d̀c., and 80% at 80d̀c. In general, with either solvent, the highest amount of dye fixation is obtained at about 60d̀c. At higher temperatures less solvent is needed and the time of dyeing can be reduced.A method for dyeing Tricel (BrC) or Terylene (ICI) in fabric form is suggested.
An Evaluation of the AATCC Light–fastness Reference Fabric
Authors: Vaeck S. V. 
Published: July 2010

The purple reference fabric (LRF‐1) proposed by the AA TCC for the calibration of fading lamps together with the ISO Blue Wool Light–fastness Standards 1–5 and the AA TCC Blue Wool Light–fastness Standards L2–L5 were exposed in the Xenotest 150 under different effective humidity conditions, as well as in daylight.It is concluded that, for use in calibrating fading lamps, the LRF–1 fabric shows no advantages over the Blue Wool Standards. On the contrary, its very high heat–sensitivity is a serious defect.As a light–fastness standard it is use/ess, in view of its low fastness to light.
Urinary catheter stent placement for treatment of cervical stenosis
Authors: TAN Yasmin , BENNETT Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  Cervical stenosis is an uncommon condition that may result in significant distress in premenopausal women. Those affected may present with amenorrhoea and associated cyclical, monthly pain, infertility and haematotrachelos/haematometra.Aim:  To describe a safe, easy and effective treatment method for cervical stenosis.Methods:  The cervical canal is identified and dilated under ultrasound guidance. A urinary catheter stent is then placed in the cervical canal for two weeks.Results:  Of the five patients who underwent treatment for cervical stenosis, all had normal menstrual cycles restored. Four of these patients successfully became pregnant after treatment. Three of the four patients progressed to uncomplicated births at term (gestation). The fourth patient underwent a termination of pregnancy in the second trimester for a fetal abnormality.Conclusions:  Cervical dilatation under ultrasound guidance with temporary urinary catheter stent placement appears to be both effective and safe in the treatment of cervical stenosis. Pregnancy outcomes after treatment were optimal in our case series.