bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance: a landmark reform towards universal coverage in China
Authors: Lin Wanchuan , Liu Gordon G. , Chen Gang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the latest government effort to reform China's health care system, Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) was piloted in seventy‐nine cities during the summer of 2007, following State Council Policy Document 2007 No. 20's guidelines. This study presents the first economic analysis of URBMI, following a national household survey in nine representative Chinese cities. The survey aimed to answer three questions: Who is covered by the plan? Who gains from the plan? Who is most satisfied with the plan? We have found that there is a U‐shaped relationship between URBMI participation rate and income. That is, the extremely rich or poor are the most likely to participate. Those with any inpatient treatment last year or with any chronic disease are also more likely to enroll in URBMI, indicating adverse selection into participation. We have also found that in reducing financial barriers to care, URBMI most significantly benefits the poor and those with previous inpatient care. Finally, those participants in the bottom 20% of family incomes are happier with URBMI than are their more affluent counterparts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of life‐course smoking behavior in China
Authors: Kenkel Don , Lillard Dean R. , Liu Feng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith a total population of more than 1.3 billion people where more than 31% of adults smoke, China has become the world's largest producer and consumer of cigarettes. We adopt a life‐course perspective to study the economics of smoking behavior in China. We use data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) to follow individuals over their whole lives and to analyze their decisions to both start and stop smoking. We extend the small but growing body of economic research on smoking in China. Our life‐course approach emphasizes that current smoking participation reflects a decision to start and a series of past decisions to not quit. We explore how the determinants of smoking initiation differ from the determinants of smoking cessation. We find results, consistent with some previous empirical evidence, that Chinese smoking is not strongly related to the price of cigarettes. Based on our results, we offer some speculative hypotheses that, we hope, might guide future research on the economics of smoking in China. It seems especially useful to compare the broad patterns we document with the experiences of other countries. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health‐seeking behavior and hospital choice in China's New Cooperative Medical System
Authors: Brown Philip H. , Theoharides Caroline 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince the dissolution of the Rural Cooperative Medical System at the end of the commune period, illness has emerged as a leading cause of poverty in rural China. To address the poor state of health care, the Chinese government unveiled the New Cooperative Medical System in 2002. Because local governments have been given significant control over program design, fundamental characteristics of the program vary from one county to the next. These differences may influence the decision to seek health care as well as the choice of hospital conditional on that initial decision. In this paper, we use a nested logit model to analyze household survey data from 25 counties to analyze the determinants of such health‐seeking behavior. We find that age, the share of household expenditures allocated to food consumption (a measure of relative income), and the presence of other sick people in the household negatively affect the decision to seek health care while disability has a positive influence. Further, conditional on seeking treatment, the reimbursement scheme in place in each county and the average daily expenditure associated with hospitalization strongly influence hospital choice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health insurance and catastrophic illness: a report on the New Cooperative Medical System in rural China
Authors: Yi Hongmei , Zhang Linxiu , Singer Kim , Rozelle Scott , Atlas Scott 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe overall goal of the paper is to understand the progress of the design and implementation of China's New Cooperative Medical System (NCMS) program between 2004 (the second year of the program) and 2007. In the paper we seek to assess some of the strengths and weaknesses of the program using a panel of national‐representative, household survey data that were collected in 2005 and early 2008. According to our data, we confirm the recent reports by the Ministry of Health that there have been substantial improvements to the NCMS program in terms of coverage and participation. We also show that rural individuals also perceive an improvement in service by 2007. While the progress of the NCMS program is clear, there are still weaknesses. Most importantly, the program clearly does not meet one of its key goals of providing insurance against catastrophic illnesses. On average, individuals that required inpatient treatment in 2007 were reimbursed for 15% of their expenditures. Although this is higher than in 2004, on average, as the severity of the illness (in terms of expenditures on health care) rose, the real reimbursement rate (reimbursement amount/total expenditure on medical care) fell. The real reimbursement rate for illnesses that required expenditures between 4000 and 10 000 yuan (over 10 000 yuan) was only 11% (8%). Our analysis shows that one of the limiting factors is constrained funding. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clear cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: Segal Karl , Har‐El Gady , Avidor Irena , Shvero Jacob , Lubin Ernesto , Sidi Jack 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClear cell carcinoma is a rare variant of thyroid cancer, histologically related to the well‐differentiated thyroid malignancies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss data collected from the English literature and to present three additional cases. In two of the three cases presented, thyroglobulin levels were extremely high after thyroid ablation. Both cases presented metastasis to lung and bone with significant l131 uptake. It seems that, when compared to the well‐differentiated carcinomas of the thyroid gland, clear cell carcinoma has a more aggressive clinical course. Initial radical surgery is the treatment of choice for this kind of neoplasm and l131 should always be considered for the treatment of its metastasis.
Partners' Credibility Development and Assessment in Distributed Decision Making
Authors: Bagnara Sebastiano , Rizzo Antonio , Stablum Franca 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study illustrates how partners develop and assess credibility in distributed decision making. Credibility is the level of confidence attributed to the information brought in decision making by the individual partners. It depends on whether and how much the partners agree regarding a common background of values and preferences. This background is reached through a process of communication and negotiation on preferences and values which precedes profitability evaluation of the available alternatives in decision making. This study will report on an discuss the process by which credibility has been built up and assessed among the operators involved in managing a hot strip mill where a newly implemented automation forces them to modify the previously adopted priorities and the distributed decision‐making rules and goals.
Human Factors in CIM: A Human‐Centered Perspective from Europe
Authors: And Richard Badham , Schallock Burkhard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of European agencies, institutes, and firms have developed a decentralized “skill‐based” model of computer‐integrated manufacturing (CIM), arguably better adapted to European conditions than the more highly centralized “factory of the future” promoted by large U.S. computer‐based equipment vendors and the Department of Defense. This human‐centered or anthropocentric model, embodied in working systems and concrete design guidelines, provides a major challenge to more restricted views of the role of human factors in system design and innovation. This study reviews and describes the significance of this model.
Personal Perspective: Why Haven't the Robots Come?
Authors: Van Cott Harold P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe creation and adoption of technology by nations is strongly influenced by many factors. A strong force that is often overlooked is the role of culture in technology invention, choice, development, and marketing. This study—based on a plenary address given at the Second International Conference on Human Aspects of Advanced Manufacturing and Hybrid Automation in Honolulu, August 13, 1990—explores the intimate influence that the cultures of Japan and the U.S. each have had on the invention and differential rate of adoption and use of robots in the their nations.
Changes in hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission during cholinergically induced theta and slow oscillation states
Authors: Schall Kurt P. , Dickson Clayton T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeural processing in the hippocampus (HPC) during sleep is important for declarative memory storage. Previously, we have shown that alternations of sleep‐like REM and non‐REM brain states that involve changing patterns of synchronized oscillatory network activity in the HPC [i.e., theta and the slow oscillation (SO), respectively] robustly and differentially influence excitatory synaptic transmission in a variety of hippocampal pathways. Given that state in the HPC is dependent on variations in cholinergic tone in both sleep and under urethane anesthesia, in the present study we induced theta and SO states via systemic cholinergic manipulations in urethane‐anesthetized rats to confirm similar changes in synaptic responsiveness. This was conducted using linear multiprobe recordings and current source density analysis of electrically evoked potentials in commissural and temporal ammonic inputs to CA1 and medial and lateral perforant path inputs to dentate gyrus (DG). Cholinergic agonism and antagonism induced theta and the SO, respectively, and similarly to the case with spontaneous states, also diminished and promoted, respectively, excitatory synaptic currents in all pathways (except for the medial perforant path input to DG which showed the opposite modulation). These results suggest that both state and cholinergic tone bias the hippocampal network during natural sleep across REM and non‐REM episodes and that this modulation may play an important role in the consolidation of declarative memories. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampus is necessary for spatial discrimination using distal cue‐configuration
Authors: Kim Jangjin , Lee Inah 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe role of the hippocampus in processing contextual cues has been well recognized. Contextual manipulation often involves transferring animals between different rooms. Because of vague definition of context in such a paradigm, however, it has been difficult to study the role of the hippocampus parametrically in contextual information processing. We designed a novel task in which a different context can be parametrically defined by the spatial configuration of distal cues. In this task, rats were trained to associate two different configurations of distal cue‐sets (standard contexts) with different food‐well locations at the end of a radial arm. Experiment 1 tested the role of the dorsal hippocampus in retrieving well‐learned associations between standard contexts and rewarding food‐well locations by comparing rats with neurotoxic lesions in the dorsal hippocampus with controls. We found that the hippocampal‐lesioned rats were unable to retrieve the context‐place paired associations learned before surgery. To further test the role of the hippocampus in generalizing altered context, in Experiment 2, rats were trained in a task in which modified versions of the standard contexts (ambiguous contexts) were presented, intermixed with the standard contexts. Rats were able to process the ambiguous contexts immediately by using their similarities to the standard contexts, whereas muscimol inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus in the same animals reversibly deprived such capability. The results suggest that rats can effectively associate discrete spatial locations with spatial configuration of distal cues. More important, rats can generalize or orthogonalize modified contextual environments using learned contextual representation of the environment. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative gene‐expression analysis of the ligand‐receptor system for classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus
Authors: Nakamura Nozomu H. , Akiyama Kiyotaka , Naito Takayuki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have shown quantitative expression levels of genes coding for the “ligand‐receptor system” for classical neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in hippocampal subregions CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG). Using a combination of DNA microarray and quantitative PCR methods, we found that the three subregions have relatively similar expression patterns of ionotropic receptors for classical neurotransmitters. Expression of ionotropic receptors for glutamate and GABA represents more than 90% of all ionotropic receptors for classical neurotransmitters, and the expression ratio between ionotropic receptors for glutamate and GABA is constant (1.2:1–1.6:1) in each subregion. Meanwhile, the three subregions have different expression patterns of neuropeptide receptors. Furthermore, there are asymmetric expression patterns between neuropeptides and their receptors. Expression of Cck, Npy, Sst, and Penk1 represents 90% of neuropeptides derived locally in the hippocampus, whereas expression of these four neuropeptide receptors accounts for 50% of G protein‐coupled receptors for neuropeptides. We propose that CA1, CA3, and DG have different modalities based on the ligand‐receptor system, particularly the “neuropeptidergic system.” Our quantitative gene‐expression analysis provides fundamental data to support functional differences between the three hippocampal subregions regarding ligand‐receptor interactions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct stages of adult hippocampal neurogenesis are regulated by running and the running environment
Authors: Bednarczyk Matthew R. , Hacker Lindsay C. , Fortin‐Nunez Stéphanie , Aumont Anne , Bergeron Raynald , Fernandes Karl J.L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHippocampal neurogenesis continues into adulthood in mammalian vertebrates, and in experimental rodent models it is powerfully stimulated by exposure to a voluntary running wheel. In this study, we demonstrate that exposure to a running wheel environment, in the absence of running, is sufficient to regulate specific aspects of hippocampal neurogenesis. Adult mice were provided with standard housing, housing enriched with a running wheel or housing enriched with a locked wheel (i.e., an environment comparable to that of running animals, without the possibility of engaging in running). We found that mice in the running wheel and locked wheel groups exhibited equivalent increases in proliferation within the neurogenic niche of the dentate gyrus; this included comparable increases in the proliferation of radial glia‐like stem cells and the number of proliferating neuroblasts. However, only running animals displayed increased numbers of postmitotic neuroblasts and mature neurons. These results demonstrate that the running wheel environment itself is sufficient for promoting proliferation of early lineage hippocampal precursors, while running per se enables newly generated neuroblasts to survive and mature into functional hippocampal neurons. Thus, both running‐independent and running‐dependent stimuli are integral to running wheel‐induced hippocampal neurogenesis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence for the detection of the normal counterpart of hodgkin and sternberg‐reed cells
Authors: Stein Harald , Gerdes Johannes , Schwab Ulrich , Lemke Hilmar , Diehl Volker , Mason David Y. , Bartels Heinrich , Ziegler Andreas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo clarify the origin of Hodgkin (H) and Sternberg‐Reed (SR) cells, frozen sections of lymph nodes from 30 patients with Hodgkin's disease were immunostained with a large panel of monoclonal antibodies reactive with cells of lymphoid tissue and granulopoiesis. The results showed that: (a) H and SR cells are devoid of markers specific to, or characteristic of B cells, macrophages, dendritic reticulum cells, interdigitating cells, or cells of erythropoietic or thrombopoietic origin; (b) the vast majority of H and SR cells contain granulocyte‐related antigens detectable with the monoclonal antibodies TÜ9 and 3C4, but constantly lack other granulocytic cell markers (such as peroxidase and chloroacetate esterase). Monoclonal antibodies raised against a Hodgkin's disease‐derived cell line included one, Ki‐1, that was found to be selectively reactive with H and SR cells and a minute, but distinct cell population in normal lymphoid tissue and bone marrow. The latter, as yet unidentified cell population appears to be the normal equivalent of H and SR cells.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. IL. Therapeutic and prognostic value of chromosomal findings during acute phase in PHI‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sadamori Naoki , Gomez German A. , Sandberg Avery A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe therapeutic response and survival after the onset of the acute crisis in 64 patients with Ph'‐positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were correlated with the chromosomal findings during the course of the acute phase. The patients were divided into three groups on the basis of the chromosome findings in the bone marrow, blood, and spleen: i.e. those with only a Ph1 (PP), those having two types of clones, Le. one clone with only a Ph1 and another with additional karyotypic changes (AP), and those with only abnormal clones containing karyotypic abnormalities in addition to the Ph1 (AA). The number of patients in each group was: 22 in PP, 25 in AP and 17 in AA. The results were as follows: (1) The percentage of patients with a good therapeutic response was 77 per cent (17/22) in PP, 60 per cent (15/25) in AP and 29 per cent (5/17) in AA and 2). The median survival after the onset of the acute crisis was 148 days (4–9 months) in PP, 183 days (6T months) in AP and 53 days (1–8 months) in AA. Statistically, there was a significant difference between the AA and the other two groups (P < 0.001). Our observations suggest that the lack of a clone with only a Ph1 during the course of the acute phase (AA) indicates an unfavourable response and a poor prognosis after the onset of the acute crisis in CML.
Interactions between radioresistant T Cells from plasmacytoma‐bearing mice and radiosensitive T Cells from normal mice leading to suppression
Authors: Muul Linda Mesler , Roberson Bob S. , Broder Samuel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpleens from BALB/c mice bearing the plasmacytoma SPQC 11 contain a population of T cells capable of suppressing the production of antibodies when cultured with normal BALB/c splenocytes, but not with splenocytes from nude BALB/c mice. Inhibition was characteristically the most effective at low suppressor cell numbers using unirradiated T cells. Maximum suppression occurred when a radiosensitive population of T cells from normal mice interacted with a population of radioresistant T cells from plasmacytoma‐bearing animals. Accurate characterization of the suppressor T cell activity required testing over a wide range of suppressor/indicator cell ratios. Suppressor activity was eliminated by treatment with anti‐Thy 1.2 plus complement, was radioresistant and present over a full range of doses when irradiated cells were used.
Cytochemistry and ultrastructure in lymphoma and leukemia: Utility in the diagnosis of different leukemias and the recognition of subtypes of lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Polliack Aaron , Leizerowitz Rachel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis review is based on the findings of multiparameter studies performed on cells obtained from over 200 cases of leukemia and illustrates the wide range of laboratory tests currently available for cell phenotype identification. Immunological techniques are not discussed and the review deals mainly with light and electron microscopic cytochemistry, transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The importance of light microscopic cytochemistry is clearly demonstrated. In particular, para‐nuclear acid phosphatase, non‐specific esterase (NSE) and diaminopeptidase staining are recommended as reliable T‐cell markers. Ultrastructural identification of unclassified leukemic cells using techniques to detect myeloperoxidase, acid phosphatase, platelet peroxide (PPO) and NSE, is shown to be of great importance in cases of early myelo‐monoblastic differentiation with negative light microscopic cytochemistry.SEM is also shown to be a reliable means of distinguishing lymphoid and non‐lymphoid leukemia when some degree of differentiation is present. However SEM does not appear to contribute in the diagnosis of unclassified leukemia. The new scanning immunoelectron microscopy (SIEM) technique employing heteroantisera or monoclonal antibodies conjugated to latex microspheres (immunolatex) to detect surface receptors and specific antigens is also illustrated. This technique displays the topography of surface antigens on the cell surface of leukemic cells in 3‐dimension and facilitates simultaneous visualization of the surface architecture of the labelled cells.
Restrictions upon epstein‐barr virus infection of the leukemic cell are demonstrated in patients with hairy cell leukemia
Authors: Sairenji Takeshi , Reisert Patricia S. , Spiro Robert C. , Mulder Carel , Humphreys Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) might actually infect leukemic hairy cells in vivo by examining those cells for the EBV‐receptor, EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA) and membrane antigen (MA), for spontaneous transformation and rescue of infectious virus and for presence of EBV genome. EBV‐receptors were found on subpopulations of leukemic cells from each of 7 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) tested. MA was present on low numbers (1–5 per cent) of fresh leukemic cells of 7 patients and in some instances occurred with a greater frequency after 3 to 5 days in culture, with or without 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol–13–acetate. In 11 fresh leukemic cell preparations from 8 HCL patients, no EBNA was demonstrated. However, 2 samples after 4 days in culture expressed low frequencies of EBNA‐positive cells. Spontaneous, EBV‐positive cell lines were established with a high transformation efficiency from 3 HCL blood samples but not from 8 other specimens. Infectious EBV could be rescued from some hairy leukemic cell preparations by co‐cultivation with cord blood lymphocytes. These results demonstrated that leukemic cell populations harbored infectious EBV, that the leukemic cells expressed virus receptors and suggested that a small subpopulation of leukemic cells might become infected in vivo at least transiently and possibly transformed in vitro by EBV. To test for the extent of occult in vivo infection of leukemic cells with EBV, Southern type hybridization studies were performed with a probe for EBV genome (Bam HI W). At a sensitivity level of 0.1 genome per cell, EBV genome was not detected in the leukemic cell populations of 7 patients. We conclude that host defence mechanisms protecting these individuals from EBV also prevent infections of the leukemic cell and/or most hairy leukemic cells are not suitable targets for both infection and transformation.