bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between food consumption and living arrangements among university students in four European countries - A cross-sectional study
Authors: El Ansari Walid , Stock Christiane , Mikolajczyk Rafael T 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
The transition of young people from school to university has many health implications. Food choice at the university can differ because of childhood food consumption patterns, sex and the living arrangements. Food consumption may change especially if students are living away from home. We aimed to assess food consumption patterns among university students from four European countries and how they differ by their living arrangements.

Methods
We analysed data from a cross-country survey assessing health and health behaviours of students. The sample comprised a total of 2402 first year undergraduate students from one university in each of the countries of Germany, Denmark, Poland and Bulgaria. Food consumption was assessed by means of a food frequency questionnaire with 9 food groups (indicators).

Results
Students’ food consumption patterns differed across the countries. Frequent consumption of unhealthy items was common. Bulgarian students reported most often frequent consumption of sweets and cakes and snacks (e.g. chips and fast food). Polish students reported the least frequent consumption of vegetables and a low consumption of fruits. Across all countries except Bulgaria, men reported substantially more often frequent consumption of snacks than women. Students living at parental home consumed more fruit, vegetables, and meat than those who resided outside of their family home in all studied countries. There was more variation with regard to cakes and salads with more frequent consumption of cakes among Bulgarian female students and Danish male students and more frequent consumption of salads among Danish female students not living at parental home, compared to students from other countries.

Conclusions
Nutrition habits of university students differed across countries and by sex. Students living at parental home displayed more healthy nutrition habits, with some exceptions.
Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research
Authors: Cane James , O’Connor Denise , Michie Susan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Background
An integrative theoretical framework, developed for cross-disciplinary implementation and other behaviour change research, has been applied across a wide range of clinical situations. This study tests the validity of this framework.

Methods
Validity was investigated by behavioural experts sorting 112 unique theoretical constructs using closed and open sort tasks. The extent of replication was tested by Discriminant Content Validation and Fuzzy Cluster Analysis.

Results
There was good support for a refinement of the framework comprising 14 domains of theoretical constructs (average silhouette value 0.29): ‘Knowledge’, ‘Skills’, ‘Social/Professional Role and Identity’, ‘Beliefs about Capabilities’, ‘Optimism’, ‘Beliefs about Consequences’, ‘Reinforcement’, ‘Intentions’, ‘Goals’, ‘Memory, Attention and Decision Processes’, ‘Environmental Context and Resources’, ‘Social Influences’, ‘Emotions’, and ‘Behavioural Regulation’.

Conclusions
The refined Theoretical Domains Framework has a strengthened empirical base and provides a method for theoretically assessing implementation problems, as well as professional and other health-related behaviours as a basis for intervention development.
Serum BAFF and APRIL levels in patients with IgG4-related disease and their clinical significance
Authors: Kiyama Kazuhiro , Kawabata Daisuke , Hosono Yuji , Kitagori Koji , Yukawa Naoichiro , Yoshifuji Hajime , Omura Koichiro , Fujii Takao , Mimori Tsuneyo 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Introduction
B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) play a crucial role in B cell development, survival, and antibody production. Here we analyzed the serum levels of BAFF and APRIL and their respective clinical associations in patients with an immunoglobulin (Ig) G4-related disease (IgG4-RD).

Methods
We measured serum levels of BAFF and APRIL in patients with IgG4-RD, primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS), and healthy individuals. Serum BAFF and APRIL levels in IgG4-RD were assessed for correlations with serological parameters, including Ig, particularly IgG4, and the number of affected organs. Serum BAFF and APRIL levels in IgG4-RD were monitored during glucocorticoid (GC) therapy.

Results
Serum BAFF and APRIL levels in patients with IgG4-RD were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in healthy individuals. The BAFF levels of patients with IgG4-RD were comparable to those of patients with pSS. Although clinical parameters, such as serum IgG4 and the number of affected organs, were not correlated with the levels of BAFF, serum APRIL levels were inversely correlated with serum IgG4 levels (r = -0.626, P < 0.05). While serum BAFF levels decreased following GC therapy, serum APRIL levels increased during follow-up.

Conclusion
These results indicate that BAFF and APRIL might be useful markers for predicting disease activity in IgG4-RD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of BAFF and APRIL in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of replication origins by deep sequencing
Authors: Xu Jia , Yanagisawa Yoshimi , Tsankov Alexander M , Hart Christopher , Aoki Keita , Kommajosyula Naveen , Steinmann Kathleen E , Bochicchio James , Russ Carsten , Regev Aviv , Rando Oliver J , Nusbaum Chad , Niki Hironori , Milos Patrice , Weng Zhiping , Rhind Nicholas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Background
DNA replication initiates at distinct origins in eukaryotic genomes, but the genomic features that define these sites are not well understood.

Results
We have taken a combined experimental and bioinformatic approach to identify and characterize origins of replication in three distantly related fission yeasts: Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Schizosaccharomyces octosporus and Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. Using single-molecule deep sequencing to construct amplification-free high-resolution replication profiles, we located origins and identified sequence motifs that predict origin function. We then mapped nucleosome occupancy by deep sequencing of mononucleosomal DNA from the corresponding species, finding that origins tend to occupy nucleosome-depleted regions.

Conclusions
The sequences that specify origins are evolutionarily plastic, with low complexity nucleosome-excluding sequences functioning in S. pombe and S. octosporus, and binding sites for trans-acting nucleosome-excluding proteins functioning in S. japonicus. Furthermore, chromosome-scale variation in replication timing is conserved independently of origin location and via a mechanism distinct from known heterochromatic effects on origin function. These results are consistent with a model in which origins are simply the nucleosome-depleted regions of the genome with the highest affinity for the origin recognition complex. This approach provides a general strategy for understanding the mechanisms that define DNA replication origins in eukaryotes.
Mediation of Drosophilaautosomal dosage effects and compensation by network interactions
Authors: Malone John H , Cho Dong-Yeon , Mattiuzzo Nicolas R , Artieri Carlo G , Jiang Lichun , Dale Ryan K , Smith Harold E , McDaniel Jennifer , Munro Sarah , Salit Marc , Andrews Justen , Przytycka Teresa M , Oliver Brian 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Background
Gene dosage change is a mild perturbation that is a valuable tool for pathway reconstruction in Drosophila. While it is often assumed that reducing gene dose by half leads to two-fold less expression, there is partial autosomal dosage compensation in Drosophila, which may be mediated by feedback or buffering in expression networks.

Results
We profiled expression in engineered flies where gene dose was reduced from two to one. While expression of most one-dose genes was reduced, the gene-specific dose responses were heterogeneous. Expression of two-dose genes that are first-degree neighbors of one-dose genes in novel network models also changed, and the directionality of change depended on the response of one-dose genes.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that expression perturbation propagates in network space. Autosomal compensation, or the lack thereof, is a gene-specific response, largely mediated by interactions with the rest of the transcriptome.
Evaluation of a Clinical Dehydration Scale in Children Requiring Intravenous Rehydration
Authors: Kinlin Laura M. , Freedman Stephen B. 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVES:To evaluate the reliability and validity of a previously derived clinical dehydration scale (CDS) in a cohort of children with gastroenteritis and evidence of dehydration.METHODS:Participants were 226 children older than 3 months who presented to a tertiary care emergency department and required intravenous rehydration. Reliability was assessed at treatment initiation, by comparing the scores assigned independently by a trained research nurse and a physician. Validity was assessed by using parameters reflective of disease severity: weight gain, baseline laboratory results, willingness of the physician to discharge the patient, hospitalization, and length of stay.RESULTS:Interobserver reliability was moderate, with a weighted κ of 0.52 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41, 0.63). There was no correlation between CDS score and percent weight gain, a proxy measure of fluid deficit (Spearman correlation coefficient = −0.03; 95% CI −0.18, 0.12). There were, however, modest and statistically significant correlations between CDS score and several other parameters, including serum bicarbonate (Pearson correlation coefficient = −0.35; 95% CI −0.46, −0.22) and length of stay (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.24; 95% CI 0.11, 0.36). The scale’s discriminative ability was assessed for the outcome of hospitalization, yielding an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.65 (95% CI 0.57, 0.73).CONCLUSIONS:In children administered intravenous rehydration, the CDS was characterized by moderate interobserver reliability and weak associations with objective measures of disease severity. These data do not support its use as a tool to dictate the need for intravenous rehydration or to predict clinical course.
2011 Joseph W. St Geme Jr Lecture: Five Things I'd Like to See Changed in American Pediatrics, Five Lessons I've Learned
Authors: Lister George 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:
In response to limitations in access to subspecialty care, I present personal observations and suggestions related to education of future pediatricians regarding development of critical thinking skills, care of complex and chronically ill patients, development of empathy, and restoration of responsibility that may help ameliorate this serious problem. Toward this end, I also offer 1 approach, a 24/7 telephone consultation network, for enriching interaction of primary care providers (PCPs) and subspecialists who can potentially provide rapid access to needed advice, reduce demand for subspecialty appointments, bolster decision-making and expertise, and realign resources with need.

METHODS:
Data were obtained from 579 requests by PCPs for telephone consultation by subspecialists in 8 areas (including child psychiatry).

RESULTS:
Of calls, 27% took &lt;5 minutes and 79% took 5 to 15 minutes. Of calls, 28% resulted in a clinic visit; 8% prompted hospital transfer, hospital admission, or referral to an emergency department; and the remaining 64% resulted in continued management by PCP with reinforcement of the plan. Assuming most inquiries would have resulted in referral to a subspecialist were there no telephone consultation, we estimated that 70% (8+64%) of consultations realigned resources with need, resulting in large saving of unnecessary clinic visits, travel, expense to families, lost days at work, or missed school.

CONCLUSIONS:
Development of rapid telephone consultation networks could provide increased access to care for those children in greatest need, use limited resources more efficiently, foster collegial and productive relationships between medical providers, and increase expertise of PCPs and subspecialists.
Optical-televiewer-based identification and characterization of material facies associated with an Antarctic ice-shelf rift
Authors: Hubbard Bryn , Tison Jean-Louis , Pattyn Frank , Dierckx Marie , Boereboom Thierry , Samyn Denis 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe have drilled 13 boreholes within and around a through-cutting rift on the (unofficially named) Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf, East Antarctica. Logging by optical televiewer (OPTV) combined with core inspection has resulted in the identification and characterization of several material facies. Outside the rift, OPTV-imaged annual layering indicates ~150 years of accumulation over the 66 m length of one of the boreholes. Luminosity analysis of this image also reveals the presence of numerous dark melt layers as well as a systematic decrease in background luminosity, interpreted in terms of a progressive increase in light transmission during firnification. We identify four material facies within the rift: snow, granular ice, marine ice and unconsolidated platelets. We interpret the granular ice facies as snow that has been saturated by percolating sea water, and the underlying marine ice as compacted buoyant platelets that have adhered to the rift base. Core sections reveal the presence of tubular channels within the marine ice, indicating that it is macroporous and permeable to sea water. The lower boundary of this facies merges into a mushy layer of unconsolidated platelets that were successfully imaged by OPTV, revealing irregular sub-horizontal layering similar to that reported previously on the basis of (directional) borehole video.
123I-FP-CIT SPECT imaging of the dopaminergic state
Authors: Eggers C. , Holstein A. , Schneider C. , Pedrosa D. J. , Dietlein M. , Kobe C. , Timmermann L. , Schmidt M. , Kahraman D. 
Published: April 2012

Summary123I-N-ω-fluoropropyl-2β-carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropan (123I-FP-CIT) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) can be evaluated by both visual assessment and quantitative analysis to assess the striatal dopamine state in vivo. The aim of our study was to investigate if visual assessment according to a predefined image grading scale reflects the results of quantitative assessment techniques. Patients, methods: 195 patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (n = 134), atypical parkinsonian syndrome (n = 47) or essential tremor (n = 14) were examined with 123I-FP-CIT SPECT and included in this retrospective study. Results were analysed according to predefined visual patterns of dopaminergic degeneration and graded as normal (grade 5) or abnormal (grade 1–4) independently by three raters. Quantitative two-dimensional (2D) operator-dependent, manual and three-dimensional (3D) operator- independent, automated approaches were used for quantitative analysis of the specific 123I-FP-CIT tracer binding ratio (SBR) for caudate and putamen. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy of visual assessment of 123I-FP-CIT SPECT for the diagnosis of a neuro degenerative Parkinson's syndrome were 99%, 86%, 99%, 86% and 98%, respectively. Visual assessment and quantitative analysis agreed well in evaluating the degree of dopaminergic degeneration. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found between degeneration patterns. Only between the so-called eagle wing degeneration and the normal pattern no significant differences in SBR caudate and putamen were found, neither by the quantitative manual (p = 1.00; p = 0.196) nor by the quantitative automated method (p = 1.0; p = 0.785). Inter-rater agreement for visual assessment was substantial for all possible pairs of the three raters (κ = 0.70 to 0.74). Strong correlations were observed between the quantitative manual and quantitative automated methods for quantification of SBR caudatum (r = 0.920, r2 = 0.846, p < 0.001) and SBR putamen (r = 0.908, r2 = 0.824, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Visual assessment was highly consistent with the results obtained by quantitative analysis and showed a substantial inter-rater agreement between experienced and inexperienced raters. Our findings indicate that visual assessment might be a reliable analysis approach for clinical routine.
Stem Cell Factor Programs the Mast Cell Activation Phenotype
Authors: Ito Tomonobu , Smrž Daniel , Jung Mi-Yeon , Bandara Geethani , Desai Avanti , Smržová Šárka , Kuehn Hye Sun , Beaven Michael A. , Metcalfe Dean D. , Gilfillan Alasdair M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Mast cells, activated by Ag via FcεRI, release an array of proinflammatory mediators that contribute to allergic disorders, such as asthma and anaphylaxis. The KIT ligand, stem cell factor (SCF), is critical for mast cell expansion, differentiation, and survival, and under acute conditions, it enhances mast cell activation. However, extended SCF exposure in vivo conversely protects against fatal Ag-mediated anaphylaxis. In investigating this dichotomy, we identified a novel mode of regulation of the mast cell activation phenotype through SCF-mediated programming. We found that mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells chronically exposed to SCF displayed a marked attenuation of FcεRI-mediated degranulation and cytokine production. The hyporesponsive phenotype was not a consequence of altered signals regulating calcium flux or protein kinase C, but of ineffective cytoskeletal reorganization with evidence implicating a downregulation of expression of the Src kinase Hck. Collectively, these findings demonstrate a major role for SCF in the homeostatic control of mast cell activation with potential relevance to mast cell-driven disease and the development of novel approaches for the treatment of allergic disorders.
Tumor-Expressed Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Controls Induction of Functional Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells through Modulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Release
Authors: Jayaraman Padmini , Parikh Falguni , Lopez-Rivera Esther , Hailemichael Yared , Clark Amelia , Ma Ge , Cannan David , Ramacher Marcel , Kato Masashi , Overwijk Willem W. , Chen Shu-Hsia , Umansky Viktor Y. , Sikora Andrew G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is a hallmark of chronic inflammation that is also overexpressed in melanoma and other cancers. Whereas iNOS is a known effector of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-mediated immunosuppression, its pivotal position at the interface of inflammation and cancer also makes it an attractive candidate regulator of MDSC recruitment. We hypothesized that tumor-expressed iNOS controls MDSC accumulation and acquisition of suppressive activity in melanoma. CD11b+GR1+ MDSC derived from mouse bone marrow cells cultured in the presence of MT-RET-1 mouse melanoma cells or conditioned supernatants expressed STAT3 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and efficiently suppressed T cell proliferation. Inhibition of tumor-expressed iNOS with the small molecule inhibitor L-NIL blocked accumulation of STAT3/ROS-expressing MDSC, and abolished their suppressive function. Experiments with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-depleting Ab and recombinant VEGF identified a key role for VEGF in the iNOS-dependent induction of MDSC. These findings were further validated in mice bearing transplantable MT-RET-1 melanoma, in which L-NIL normalized elevated serum VEGF levels; downregulated activated STAT3 and ROS production in MDSC; and reversed tumor-mediated immunosuppression. These beneficial effects were not observed in iNOS knockout mice, suggesting L-NIL acts primarily on tumor- rather than host-expressed iNOS to regulate MDSC function. A significant decrease in tumor growth and a trend toward increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells were also observed in MT-RET transgenic mice bearing spontaneous tumors. These data suggest a critical role for tumor-expressed iNOS in the recruitment and induction of functional MDSC by modulation of tumor VEGF secretion and upregulation of STAT3 and ROS in MDSC.
Mast Cell TLR2 Signaling Is Crucial for Effective Killing of Francisella tularensis
Authors: Rodriguez Annette R. , Yu Jieh-Juen , Guentzel M. Neal , Navara Christopher S. , Klose Karl E. , Forsthuber Thomas G. , Chambers James P. , Berton Michael T. , Arulanandam Bernard P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
TLR signaling is critical for early host defense against pathogens, but the contributions of mast cell TLR-mediated mechanisms and subsequent effector functions during pulmonary infection are largely unknown. We have previously demonstrated that mast cells, through the production of IL-4, effectively control Francisella tularensis replication. In this study, the highly human virulent strain of F. tularensis SCHU S4 and the live vaccine strain were used to investigate the contribution of mast cell/TLR regulation of Francisella. Mast cells required TLR2 for effective bacterial killing, regulation of the hydrolytic enzyme cathepsin L, and for coordination and trafficking of MHC class II and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2. Infected TLR2−/− mast cells, in contrast to wild-type and TLR4−/− cells, lacked detectable IL-4 and displayed increased cell death with a 2–3 log increase of F. tularensis replication, but could be rescued with rIL-4 treatment. Importantly, MHC class II and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 localization with labeled F. tularensis in the lungs was greater in wild-type than in TLR2−/− mice. These results provide evidence for the important effector contribution of mast cells and TLR2-mediated signaling on early innate processes in the lung following pulmonary F. tularensis infection and provide additional insight into possible mechanisms by which intracellular pathogens modulate respiratory immune defenses.
A2A Adenosine Receptor Signaling in Lymphocytes and the Central Nervous System Regulates Inflammation during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Mills Jeffrey H. , Kim Do-Geun , Krenz Antje , Chen Jiang-Fan , Bynoe Margaret S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Extracellular adenosine has an important role in regulating the severity of inflammation during an immune response. Although there are four adenosine receptor (AR) subtypes, the A2AAR is both highly expressed on lymphocytes and known as a prime mediator of adenosine’s anti-inflammatory effects. To define the importance of A2AAR signaling during neuroinflammatory disease progression, we used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model for multiple sclerosis. In EAE induction experiments, A2AAR antagonist treatment protected mice from disease development and its associated CNS lymphocyte infiltration. However, A2AAR−/− mice developed a more severe acute EAE phenotype characterized by more proinflammatory lymphocytes and activated microglia/macrophages. Interestingly, very high levels of A2AAR were expressed on the choroid plexus, a well-established CNS lymphocyte entry point. To determine the contribution of A2AAR signaling in lymphocytes and the CNS during EAE, we used bone marrow chimeric mice. Remarkably, A2AAR−/− donor hematopoietic cells potentiated severe EAE, whereas lack of A2AAR expression on nonhematopoietic cells protected against disease development. Although no defect in the suppressive ability of A2AAR−/− regulatory T cells was observed, A2AAR−/− lymphocytes were shown to proliferate more and produced more IFN-γ following stimulation. Despite this more proinflammatory phenotype, A2AAR antagonist treatment still protected against EAE when A2AAR−/− lymphocytes were adoptively transferred to T cell-deficient A2AAR+/+ mice. These results indicate that A2AAR expression on nonimmune cells (likely in the CNS) is required for efficient EAE development, while A2AAR lymphocyte expression is essential for limiting the severity of the inflammatory response.