bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Snow and Ice Control and the Transport Environment
Authors: Jones Philip H. 
Published: August 2009

There is much to be learned if we are to optimize the procedures for maintaining ice-free roads in the wintertime. Sociological studies indicate that investigations should not only be of technological measures to maintain bare pavements for ‘summer driving’ in the winter, but also we might well reduce the driver's expectations, educate him or her in the matter of how to drive under hazardous conditions, and generally accept a lower level of mobility in exchange for reduced costs and environmental damage.Increased availability and efficiency of public means of transit may be forced upon an unwilling public in the years to come by a much-reduced portable energy-source (gasoline), and this change in transportation habit may have further impact on winter maintenance procedures. For many reasons, we can no longer use the methods of the past with a gay disregard for our environment and often limited resources faced by an increased world population.The paper deals mainly with the use particularly of common salt (NaC1), but also of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and the defroster Verglimit, to reduce hazards on roads in times of freezing temperatures, and concludes that, whereas the former single chemicals pose environmental problems as possible ground-water and surface-water hazards to humans and their corrodible possessions, as well as to vegetation especially near treated highways, the multi-chemical patented Verglimit offers an encouraging new approach—apart from its high cost which, however, can be mitigated to some extent by judiciously limited application.
Birds and Aviation
Authors: Solman Victor E.F. 
Published: August 2009

Collisions between birds and aircraft have caused damage to, or destruction of, aircraft and loss of human life for more than 68 years. Birds are attracted to airfields by the large open spaces which they provide and, often, by the availability of food, water, and shelter, on or near the airfield. Birds attracted by open space can be driven away by trained persons furnished with suitable bird-dispersal equipment, while removal of food, water, and shelter, can reduce the attraction.Mass movements (migrations) by birds, especially large birds, create hazards for aircraft aloft. Air traffic control radar can show the abundance, speed, and direction of movement, of birds, while correlation of those movements with weather parameters permits development of bird movement hazard forecasts. Although the periods of high hazard are of short duration, use of these forecasts to make changes in flying training programmes has reduced losses of Canadian military aircraft through bird studies.Automatic digital presentation of bird movement data gathered by radar has been tested at two airfields by air traffic controllers for possible use in vectoring scheduled civil aircraft away from hazardous concentrations of bird migrants. A decision on operational use of the technique has not yet been made.Reduction of bird hazards to aircraft depends upon human motivation. The necessary habitat control, bird dispersal, and migration hazard forecasting, involve timeconsuming, rather dull work that is repeated at prescribed intervals. Unless the work is always well done, bird-strikes on aircraft will continue and human lives and aircraft will be lost.
Endangered Species and Habitats of Viet Nam
Authors: Westing Arthur H. , Westing Carol E. 
Published: August 2009

This brief paper presents the information which we obtained in August 1980 on the habitats and endangered species of Viet Nam by interviewing scientists in both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). We did this with officials of the Department of Zoology of the University of Hanoi, of the Institute of Biology of the National Centre for Scientific Research, of the Technical Department of the Ministry of Forestry, and with others.We were informed that Hylobates concolor (Whitecheeked or Black Gibbon) appears to be found in sufficient numbers to hold its own, but that H. pileatus (Pileated Gibbon) has been extirpated from Viet Nam. Pygathrix nemaeus (Douc Langur) also appears to be in no immediate danger of extinction. Bos sauveli (Kouprey), however, is said to be down to less than a dozen individuals in Viet Nam, and so little hope remains for this species. Lophura imperialis (Imperial Pheasant) has become even more rare than formerly and is in grave danger of extinction. The conifer Pinus krempfii also seems headed for extinction.The coastal mangrove forest is the single most seriously disrupted habitat of Viet Nam. Some 40% of this highly productive ecosystem has been obliterated by military activities, and these war-obliterated areas are now largely covered by a low-growing, inferior vegetation or else have been converted to agriculture.It is recognized that a comprehensive survey of the endangered species of Viet Nam is an urgent requirement, and that there is a pressing need for additional nature reserves. Economic conditions, however, seem to make early action improbable in both cases.
Floodplain Management: A Flood and Land Planning System
Authors: Arnold Maurice D. 
Published: August 2009

The trauma and loss which we experience from flooding is a measure of the effectiveness of a society's leaders, for the results of land and flood management configurations can be predicted. Floodplain Management (FM) is the only approach that can control excessive runoff and tides in the long term. It is a system for turning flood-plains to needed uses— ‘open’ uses such as farms and parks—and for either floodproofing buildings in flood zones or keeping them out of the floodplain.FM tends in most situations, and indeed in general, to be more economic and less socially costly than other flood-management formats. It allows lands to play more appropriate roles, generally does not fight natural water-cycles, decreases at-risk populations, deals effectively with flood hazards, tends not to destabilize soil and biological systems, and does not require great commitments to maintain.Unfortunately the structural approach is often preferred, and an important, perhaps pivoting, reason is that it is part of a system of largess used by governmental leaders to aid financial constituencies. Political reform is accordingly required.FM tools include citizen intervention; regulation; property rights purchase; flood-control structures; relocation of settlements; weather forecasting, warning, and modification; governmental loan and guarantee activities; government flood insurance; private and governmental disaster aid; banking regulations; farm preservation, erosion control, and water-quality management; parks, refuges, scenic streams, and open spaces; coordination of ‘delivery’ of services; trust, cooperative, and other private arrangements; legal redress; and special planning and executive devices, each of which is considered briefly.
The Shellfish Resource in a Polluted Tidal Inlet
Authors: Hruby Thomas 
Published: August 2009

In the City of Gloucester, Massachusetts, 30% of the Soft-shell Clam (Mya arenaria) beds in a tidal inlet known as the Annisquam River are not harvestable owing to the discharges of untreated sewage from the surrounding area. A large proportion of the total area of the clam-flats has been closed to clamming because of exceedingly high levels of coliform Bacteria in the clams and in the water. These polluted areas represent a ‘loss’ of resources for the community, and they were surveyed in 1980 to determine the number and value of Clams which could have been harvested if only the sewage discharges had been controlled.In the productive areas of the closed-to-fishing flats, which totaled 25.9 ha, the densities of Clams larger than 2.5 mm were found to be statistically the same on the 9 flats sampled and averaged 122.3 per m2. The average number of legally harvestable Clams (those with shells more than 51 mm in length) was 23.3 per m2, and the total yield that could have been harvested in 1980 was estimated at 6 × 106 Clams. Assuming that only 50–60% of the Clams would actually have been harvested in a year (i.e. 3.2 × 106 animals), the local community lost $332,400 in retail sales alone for lack of adequate sewage treatment facilities. Locally, 70% of the harvest goes into the restaurant trade where a bushel (35.2 1), which contains some 1,600 animals, retails for $210, and 30% is sold fresh at $64 per bushel.
A Survey of Fluoride Pollution Effects on the Forest Ecosystem Around an Aluminium Factory in Mirzapur, U.P., India
Authors: Pandey G. P. 
Published: August 2009

A survey of vegetation around an aluminium factory in Renukoot, Mirzapur, U.P., India, was made in the course of a study of the polluting effects on plants of gaseous hydrogen fluoride. These ‘pollugenic’ effects were analyzed by examining the chlorotic and necrotic symptoms of injury on the leaf surfaces, the plants then being classified into three categories on the basis of their sensitivity.The study revealed the absence, from the vicinity of the factory, of certain plant species which are normally present in the surrounding unpolluted areas. The tree species were the first to be affected, followed by shrubs, grasses, and finally forbs. These differences in response could be attributed in part to differences between the ambient air and ground-level concentrations of the pollutant. The concentrations in the ambient air, being higher than those at ground-level, were responsible for the greater impact on trees, with less on shrubs and grasses, and least on forbs, this being in part a function of the exposure-height of the plant species.The gradual improvement noted in the performance of the plants and the number of their species at increasing distances from the aluminium factory, was consequent on the gradual decrease in the concentration of the polluting hydrogen fluoride. Such a trend is clearly evident in the north-east direction, where the pollutant fallout was directed by the prevailingly southwesterly winds.
Development and Conservation: A Global Dilemma
Authors: Harvey Brian , Knamiller Gary W. 
Published: August 2009

The pursuit of ‘progress’ in the developed and less-developed countries ran about parallel in the 1950s and 1960s, but doubts clouded both their horizons in the 1970s in the form of disappointing material advance in the less-developed countries and the surge of environmental consciousness in the industrialized world. The focus of this paper is on the tensions which the combined development—conservation problem is creating in two basic institutions, the commercial corporation in the industrialized countries and the school in the less-developed countries, together with their roles in the search for solutions.In the case of the industrial countries, the developmental and environmental impact of the corporation is described, together with its role in the allocation and use of resources. The market mechanism and its failure in guiding corporate actions is outlined, as are the supplemental roles of legislation, protest, and the concept of corporate social responsibility.In the context of the less-developed countries, the conventional role ascribed to education in development is described in its record of failure. The article proceeds to report attempts at reform via changes in curriculum and institutions, and the continuing search for functional school systems now that the desire for development is tempered by a growing awareness that environmental—conservational problems are not unique to the ‘over-developed’ North, but that the South also needs developmentand conservation.The paper concludes by asserting the importance of both the corporation and the school in the search for ‘development and conservation’, and the scope and need for both research and concomitant action.
On the Quality and Some Ecological Effects of Wastewater Effluents from Two Chemical Industrial Plants in Pakistan
Authors: Sheikh Khalid Hamid , Ahmad Saeed 
Published: August 2009

Four samples of water were taken for analysis from Kala Shah Kaku Industrial Estate, near Lahore, Pakistan. These were:I) ‘Pure’ water of the channel Dek Nullah,II) Wastewater of Ravi Rayon Limited,III) Wastewater of Ittehad Chemicals, andIV) Dek Nullah ‘polluted’ water after the discharge into it of wastewater from two industries, namely Ravi Rayon Limited and Ittehad Chemicals.The analysis of these waters showed that sample I was the best in quality (medium-salinity and low-sodium water: C2-S1), sample II was of the quality class C3-S1 (high-salinity and low-sodium water), sample III was found to be of the poorest quality (very-high-salinity and very-high-sodium water: C4-S4), while sample IV was of relatively bad quality (high-salinity and mediumsodium water: C3-S2). Only the wastewater of Ittehad Chemicals had some sediment in it, the qualitative analysis of which showed the presence of oxalates, sodium, iron, and magnesium.The study of planktonic biota in Dek Nullah ‘pure’ and ‘polluted’ waters showed that they were more diverse in the former than in the latter; indeed, unless Bacteria are classed as fauna, there was no representative of these last in the ‘polluted’ water.The industrial wastewater effluents are being discharged into Dek Nullah, and this ‘polluted’ water is being used for irrigation by the farmers operating along its downstream course. The effects of this water on Rice germination were studied, and it was found that such germination was significantly greater in Dek Nullah ‘pure’ water than in its ‘polluted’ water.Dek Nullah ‘polluted’ water may deteriorate further with time, as more and more wastes are added to it, and it may have deleterious effects on soils when used for irrigation purposes—causing salinity and sodicity problems unless proper management techniques are adopted.
Pollutant Distribution: A Review of Hydrocarbons in Marine Sediments
Authors: Shaw David G. 
Published: August 2009

Over the last century, human activity has resulted in an increasing rate of release of hydrocarbons that, in one way or another, have become parts of marine sediments. This trend is especially evident in sediments that have been deposited in the vicinity of industrialized urban centres.In this paper, hydrocarbon distribution-patterns of coastal marine sediments near to two urban centres (Providence, Rhode Island, and Los Angeles, California) are examined in detail. At each location the spatial distribution of sedimentary hydrocarbons shows the greatest concentrations in areas of natural sediment-deposition near to the urban center. Examination of sediment cores from these areas shows that fossil hydrocarbons have increased from a minor fraction of total sedimentary hydrocarbons a century ago to being the major contributors today. Results from other industrialized areas of North America and Europe indicate that these patterns are typical.Sediments that are remote from population centres have markedly lower concentrations of hydrocarbons than those deposited near to such centres, as might indeed be expected. Yet indications of anthropogenic contributions of hydrocarbons are detectable even in remote polar locations. In addition to hydrocarbons coming directly from fossil fuels, aromatic hydrocarbons that had been formed during incomplete combustion of other carbonaceous material, also accumulate in marine sediments. Fortunately, hydrocarbons from these two sources (fossil-fuel and other combustion) can be distinguished chemically.
Foreseeable Medical Consequences of Use of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Hiatt Howard H. 
Published: August 2009

The first of a series of meetings, sponsored by Physicians for Social Responsibility, took place in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in February 1980, to consider the Medical Consequences of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War. It was followed by others elsewhere and led to the horrifying convictions that (1) it is highly unlikely that any nuclear war would be ‘limited’, and (2) no effective medical response can be conceived to deal with the human damage which would result from a nuclear attack. Consequently an organization entitled International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War has been established to hold further meetings and promote general enlightenment towards avoiding widespread—even global—human carnage and environmental destruction which would accompany a nuclear war involving even a small fraction of the weapons that now exist.The atomic bomb which was exploded over Hiroshima in August 1945 is estimated to have killed 75,000 of that city's population of 245,000 and to have destroyed two-thirds of the 90,000 buildings within the city limits. It had an explosive power equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT, whereas many of the thermonuclear devices now deployed at the ready are some 50 times more powerful than it although still far less destructive than the most devastating contemporary weapons. Consequently the world's leaders must be brought to their senses and these horrific weapons dismantled to avoid what could be ‘the last epidemic’.The magnitude of the problem can be gauged from the fact that at present more than 50,000 nuclear warheads are reported to be deployed and ready to launch—most of them being sufficient in destructive power to dwarf the bomb that was used against Hiroshima. Sufficient nuclear devices exist outside the United States to destroy totally every major American city. Six nations are now acknowledged possessors of nuclear weapons, and there are almost certainly others to increase the degree of instability. This situation is not so much ‘unthinkable’ as insufficiently realized or even thought about—hence the failure to reject nuclear war as a ‘viable option’ in the conduct of world affairs. Medically, any treatment programmes would be virtually useless and the costs quite staggering, so prevention becomes imperative.
Run-off and Infiltration Losses Related to Shifting Agriculture (Jhum) in Northeastern India
Authors: Toky O. P. , Ramakrishnan P. S. 
Published: August 2009

Subsequent to slash-and-burn of the forested fallow, and during shifting agriculture (Jhum) in the northeastern hill areas of India, the system loses much of its capacity to hold soil nutrients. Various losses occur through wind-blow of ash and also through runoff and percolating water. The chemistry of the ash, and the amounts of run-off and percolating water, are related to the length of the Jhum cycle owing to the type of vegetation that is slashed and burnt.The runoff and percolation losses of water and sediment during cropping, increased with shortening of the Jhum cycle. As percolation losses are fairly high due to the generally porous soil, terracing of the land in the manner suggested by some as an alternative to Jhum is not considered ecologically sound. Drastic reduction of fertility through losses of sediment and nutrients occurred in both 5- and 10-years' fallows. The shortening of the Jhum cycle to 4 – 5 years does not permit the recovery of soil fertility and has adversely affected the vegetational cover and the biogeochemical and hydrological cycles.
Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland, and Parks Canada Policies
Authors: Crabb Peter 
Published: August 2009

Gros Morne, one of Canada's newer national parks, covers over 1,900 km2 of exceptionally scenic country on the west coast of Newfoundland. However, the Park was initiated by the provincial government mainly for economic reasons rather than for the value of its natural heritage—particularly to stimulate development in an area of high unemployment. To some degree, this has been achieved—but not without considerable cost, as the area is one of long-established settlement and utilization. Most of the settlements were excluded from the Park, but some were not, and in spite of resident opposition, all but one of these has now been removed.There has been equally strong opposition to restrictions on traditional semi-subsistence activities. Such measures were in line with existing Parks Canada policies in the early 1970s, but by the time the formal Park agreement was signed in 1973, a number of important changes had occurred. Following opposition such as was met in Gros Morne, and the creation of new parks in areas inhabited by native peoples, more recent Parks Canada policy statements indicate some relaxation of previously rigid positions. Thus certain semi-subsistence activities are continuing in the Park. The situation is not so clear as regards settlements within parks, though people are now being encouraged to move rather than being forced to leave. The possible eventual removal of Sally's Cove, the only settlement remaining strictly within the Park, is difficult to reconcile with policies that place increasing emphasis on Man-land relationships and the cultural heritage.Gros Morne provides an opportunity for Parks Canada to foster a viable community within the Park, based on a traditional Newfoundland culture and consistent with the pertinent parts of its 1979 policy statement. This would be much more in keeping with the natural and cultural heritage than the urban-type recreational facilities that are being built or considered for the Park.
Chlorofluorocarbons, Stratospheric Ozone, and the Antarctic ‘Ozone Hole’
Authors: Rowland F. Sherwood 
Published: August 2009

The momentous subject of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and their effect on The Biosphere's stratospheric ozone shield is treated rather generally but in sufficient depth where necessary in three main sections dealing with (i) scientific background and current status of ongoing investigation, (ii) the major technological uses of CFCs and available or foreseeable alternatives to them, and (iii) the policy status and regulatory activity involving present or proposed future restrictions in CFC emissions.It being unlikely that life, at least as we know it, would have developed on Earth without an ozone layer in the stratosphere to ‘filter off’ harmful ultraviolet rays from solar radiation, the prospect of continuing manufacture in developing countries of its destroyers is highly alarming, especially as these destructive CFCs may take more than a decade from emission to reach the levels around 40 km altitude at which they do the most harm.
Differences between Environmental Impacts of Logging and Recreation in Mature Forest Ecosystems
Authors: Makhdoum M.F. , Khorasani N. 
Published: August 2009

In order to be able to recommend the most compatible land-uses for adoption in a multiple land-use system, in terms of the resultant impacts on soils and vegetation in mature ecosystems, the impact of logging operations and recreation in the Caspian region of Iran was studied. Four forest communities were selected and, with an analytical approach, the bulk density, percentage of plant cover, number of individual plants, plant height, and the number of plant species encountered, in 36 sample plots (20 × 1 m) located on various slopes and aspects, and used for logging or recreation at different intensities (unused, transitional, used), were recorded.The effectiveness of data, in terms of demonstrating the statistically significant differences, was tested by the method described in Conquest (1983). T-statistics for two means were used to discern statistical differences.The results of the study indicate that the effect of logging is greater than that of recreation on soil bulk density, whereas the effect of recreation is greater on plants than that of logging. Aspect has no effect on the resultant impact, but steep slopes are more susceptible than gentle ones. With increases in altitude, the degree of impact decreases. Ecosystems having loamy clay soils and a greater proportion of monocotyledonous than dicotyledonous species, located on gentle slopes at the higher altitudes investigated, tend to resist the impacts of both logging and recreation best.