bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Phase Analysis of Molecular Pathways Underlying Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Induction
Authors: Lin Zhaoyu , Perez Philip , Lei Debin , Xu Jingyue , Gao Xiang , Bao Jianxin 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be reprogrammed from adult somatic cells by transduction with Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, but the molecular cascades initiated by these factors remain poorly understood. Impeding their elucidation is the stochastic nature of the iPS induction process, which results in heterogeneous cell populations. Here we have synchronized the reprogramming process by a two-phase induction: an initial stable intermediate phase following transduction with Oct4, Klf4, and c-Myc, and a final iPS phase following overexpression of Sox2. This approach has enabled us to examine temporal gene expression profiles, permitting the identification of Sox2 downstream genes critical for induction. Furthermore, we have validated the feasibility of our new approach by using it to confirm that downregulation of transforming growth factor β signaling by Sox2 proves essential to the reprogramming process. Thus, we present a novel means for dissecting the details underlying the induction of iPSCs, an approach with significant utility in this arena and the potential for wide-ranging implications in the study of other reprogramming mechanisms.
MEK-ERK Signaling Dictates DNA-Repair Gene MGMT Expression and Temozolomide Resistance of Stem-Like Glioblastoma Cells via the MDM2-p53 Axis
Authors: Sato Atsushi , Sunayama Jun , Matsuda Ken-ichiro , Seino Shizuka , Suzuki Kaori , Watanabe Eriko , Tachibana Ken , Tomiyama Arata , Kayama Takamasa , Kitanaka Chifumi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Overcoming the resistance of glioblastoma cells against temozolomide, the first-line chemotherapeutic agent of choice for newly diagnosed glioblastoma, is a major therapeutic challenge in the management of this deadly brain tumor. The gene encoding O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which removes the methyl group attached by temozolomide, is often silenced by promoter methylation in glioblastoma but is nevertheless expressed in a significant fraction of cases and is therefore regarded as one of the most clinically relevant mechanisms of resistance against temozolomide. However, to date, signaling pathways regulating MGMT in MGMT-expressing glioblastoma cells have been poorly delineated. Here in this study, we provide lines of evidence that the mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)--murine double minute 2 (MDM2)-p53 pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of MGMT expression, using stem-like glioblastoma cells directly derived from patient tumor samples and maintained in the absence of serum, which not only possess stem-like properties but are also known to phenocopy the characteristics of the original tumors from which they are derived. We show that, in stem-like glioblastoma cells, MEK inhibition reduced MDM2 expression and that inhibition of either MEK or MDM2 resulted in p53 activation accompanied by p53-dependent downregulation of MGMT expression. MEK inhibition rendered otherwise resistant stem-like glioblastoma cells sensitive to temozolomide, and combination of MEK inhibitor and temozolomide treatments effectively deprived stem-like glioblastoma cells of their tumorigenic potential. Our findings suggest that targeting of the MEK-ERK-MDM2-p53 pathway in combination with temozolomide could be a novel and promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of glioblastoma.
Improved multilevel bipartitioning for controlled power system islanding
Authors: Peiravi Ali , Ildarabadi Rahim 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNowadays interconnected power systems work close to their limits because of increased economic benefits. If a severe disturbance occurs in any part of the interconnected power system, it can be propagated through it. If no intelligent supervisory action is taken, a power system may be driven into an emergency state which could either cause system collapse by natural islanding or total system blackout. One possible measure to be put in effect in an emergency state is controlled power system islanding. In this paper, our previously proposed multilevel approach for controlled islanding is improved by using slow coherency grouping of generators in the aggregation phase. The approach has been applied to the IEEE 118 bus power system. The results indicate that the best partitioning of the power system is obtained with minimum generation/load imbalance in the islands, and with the coherent groups of generators maintained in each island making the restoration easy. A comparison of the computational complexities involved in the spectral, multilevel kernel k‐means and the improved multilevel approaches is made by applying these methods to the IEEE 9 bus, the IEEE 30 bus, the IEEE 39 bus, the IEEE 57 bus, the IEEE 118 bus, the IEEE 300 bus, the 2383 bus Polish and the 2746 bus Polish power systems to show the suitability of the proposed approach for controlled islanding of large‐scale power systems. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Teaching sampled‐data H∞ control theory using arm robot experiment system
Authors: She Jinhua , Xin Xin , Ohyama Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper explains how to use an arm robot experiment system to teach sampled‐data H∞ control theory. A design procedure is presented for a digital tracking control system for a continuous plant with structured uncertainties; the target is the positioning control of an arm robot. To guarantee the robust stability of the closed‐loop system and provide the desired closed‐loop performance, the design problem is first formulated as a sampled‐data H∞ control problem, and is then transformed into an equivalent discrete‐time H∞ control problem. Finally, linear matrix inequalities are used to obtain a reduced‐order output‐feedback controller and a static state‐feedback controller. In a course, the design procedure is explained and practice is provided through simulations and experiments. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of a Tetranuclear Copper(II) Coordination Compound Constructed of a Multi‐carboxylate Ligand and 2,2′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Jiang Xiang , Xia Hua , Zhu Yu‐Fang , Huang Chao‐Xin , Liao Yu‐Hai 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA novel inorganic‐organic hybrid compound [Cu2(TTHA)(bpy)2(H2O)]2·6H2O (TTHA = 1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐ triamine hexaacetic acid; bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) was synthesized and characterized. The compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$ with cell dimensions of a = 10.4837(14) Å, b = 13.0935(17) Å, c = 16.183(2) Å, α = 93.386(2)°, β = 96.181(2)°, γ = 92.570(2)°, V = 2201.7(5) Å3 and Z = 1. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis shows that the structure is made up by a strictly planar CuO2Cu ring with monoatomic bridging carboxylate oxygen atoms and a Cu–Cu distance of 3.458 Å. The 3D supermolecular network is constructed by three kinds of interactions including coordinate covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and π–π staking interactions. Thermogravimetric analysis, IR spectrum, and PXRD of the compound are given. The variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility analysis of this compound (2–300 K) shows a weak ferromagnetic magnetic exchange interaction with 2J = 2.23 cm–1.
Bis([5]trovacenyl)dichalcogenides: Synthesis, Structure, and Study of Intramolecular Communication
Authors: Elschenbroich Christoph , Lu Feng , Burghaus Olaf , Harms Klaus , Pebler Jürgen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe paramagnetic bis(5trovacenyl)dichalcogenides(η7‐C7H7)V(η5‐C5H4‐E–E–η5‐C5H4)V(η7‐C7H7) 2·· (E = S), 3·· (E = Se), and 4·· (E = Te) were prepared by a novel path in which the elemental chalcogen atoms serve as suppliers of the hetero‐atoms and as oxidants in the final step. Compounds 2·· and 4·· were analyzed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that redox splitting in 2··–4·· is not resolved, i.e. the potential difference of successive redox steps is less than 70 mV. Compound 2·· was studied in detail by EPR spectroscopy and magnetic susceptometry. EPR spectroscopy clearly demonstrated spin exchange coupling of two unpaired electrons, which reside in vanadium centered orbitals (51V, I = 7/2), |JEPR(2··)| = 0.65 cm–1. The considerably larger value Jχ(2··) = –1.36 cm–1 was obtained from magnetic susceptometry. This apparent discrepancy is discussed, based on a comparison of the spacers –S–S–,–CH2–CH2–, and –C(CH3) = C(CH3)–.
General Surgery in Patients With a Bleeding Diathesis: How We Do It
Authors: Aryal Kamal R. , Wiseman D. , Siriwardena Ajith K. , Bolton‐Maggs Paula H. B. , Hay Charles R. M. , Hill James 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundThis study was undertaken to assess perioperative management, postoperative complications, and the adequacy of perioperative plasma factor levels in a regional hemophilia center.MethodsA total of 113 consecutive patients (75 men, 38 women; median age 48 years, range 18–86 years) with bleeding disorders undergoing general surgical and endoscopic procedures (144 procedures: 15 urgent, 129 elective) were reviewed. The episodes were identified from a prospectively collected database at a regional hemophilia center from 1998 to the end of 2008. In all, 46% of the surgical patients had hemophilia A, 38% had von Willebrand disease, 6% had hemophilia B, 5% had factor XI deficiency, and 4% had other disorders.ResultsProcedures carried out were endoscopic in 40%, minor in 25%, and intermediate and major in 35%. There were two postoperative deaths, both in patients undergoing urgent major procedures. Postoperative complications occurred after 7.6% (4.0% hemorrhagic, 3.6% nonhemorrhagic) of the procedures. Four of six patients with postoperative hemorrhage required further operative intervention. The median dose of clotting factor for Hemophilia A patients was 2240 U for endoscopic procedures, 7500 U for minor procedures, and 23,500 U for intermediate/major procedures. In hemophiliacs, the mean preoperative plasma factor level attained was 129 IU/dl (SD 16) in patients who developed postoperative hemorrhagic complications and 125 IU/dl (SD 37) in those who did not have bleeding, indicating that in no case was hemorrhage attributable to inadequate factor replacement.ConclusionsGeneral surgical and endoscopic procedures can be performed with low morbidity and mortality rates when there is appropriate factor replacement and good support from the hemophilia team.
Critical reflection and abyssal trapping of near-inertial waves on a β-plane
Authors: Winters Kraig B. , Bouruet-Aubertot Pascale , Gerkema Theo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe consider near-inertial waves continuously excited by a localized source and their subsequent radiation and evolution on a two-dimensional $\ensuremath{\beta} $-plane. Numerical simulations are used to quantify the wave propagation and the energy flux in a realistically stratified ocean basin. We focus on the dynamics near and poleward of the inertial latitude where the local value of the Coriolis parameter $f$ matches the forcing frequency $\sigma $, contrasting the behaviour of waves under the traditional approximation (TA), where only the component of the Earth’s rotation aligned with gravity is retained in the dynamics, with that obtained under the non-traditional approach (non-TA) in which the horizontal component of rotation is retained. Under the TA, assuming inviscid linear wave propagation in the WKB limit, all energy radiated from the source eventually propagates toward the equator, with the initially poleward propagation being internally reflected at the inertial latitude. Under the non-TA however, these waves propagate sub-inertially beyond their inertial latitude, exhibiting multiple reflections between internal turning points that lie poleward of the inertial latitude and the bottom. The numerical experiments complement and extend existing theory by relaxing the linearity and WKB approximations, and by illustrating the time development of the steadily forced flow and the spatial patterns of energy flux and flux divergence. The flux divergence of the flow at both the forcing frequency and its first harmonic reveal the spatial patterns of nonlinear energy transfer and highlight the importance of nonlinearity in the vicinity of near-critical bottom reflection at the inertial latitude of the forced waves.
A conundrum in conversion
Authors: Llewellyn Smith Stefan G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMaintaining the stratification of the ocean requires deep mixing. Part of the energy that provides this mixing is transferred over topography from the surface tides into the internal tides. Numerous theoretical, numerical and experimental studies have aimed at quantifying the energy transfer of this conversion mechanism. Maas (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 684, 2011, pp. 5–24) constructs model topographies with localized response and no energy transfer into the propagating internal tide, a surprising result that raises questions about models of tidal conversion.
Bounded dam-break flows with tailwaters
Authors: Goater Alexander J. N. , Hogg Andrew J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe gravitationally driven collapse of a reservoir into an initially stationary layer of fluid, termed the tailwater, is studied using the nonlinear shallow water equations. The motion is tackled using the hodograph transformation of the governing equation which allows the solutions for velocity and depth of the shallow flowing layer to be constructed by analytical techniques. The front of the flow emerges as a bore across which the depth of the fluid jumps discontinuously to the tailwater depth. The speed of the front is initially constant, but progressively slows once the finite extent of the reservoir begins to influence the motion. There then emerges a variety of phenomena depending upon the depth of the tailwater relative to the initial depth of the reservoir. Provided that the tailwater is sufficiently deep, a region of quiescent fluid emerges adjacent to the rear wall of the reservoir, followed by a region within which the velocity is negative. Also it is shown that for non-vanishing tailwater depths, continuous solutions for the velocity and height of the flowing layer breakdown after a sufficient period and develop an interior bore, the location and time of inception of which are calculated directly from quasi-analytical solutions.
Determination of fluoride concentration in powdered milk in Iran 2010
Authors: Hossein Mahvi Amir , Ghanbarian Maryam , Ghanbarian Marjan , Khosravi Ahmad , Ghanbarian Masoud 
Published: September 2011

High concentrations of fluoride (F) in powdered milk (formula milk) can have adverse health effects on the body. The F concentration in powdered milk was analysed in Iran in 2010. A total of twelve commercial brands of highly consumed powdered milk were selected to analyse the F content through the standard F ion-selective electrode method. From each brand, three samples with different production dates were selected. The means and standard deviation for F concentration in all the samples was 1·73 (sd 0·3) μg F/g. The minimum and maximum F content in powdered milk brands Humana2 and Humana3 was 1·32 (sd 0·1) and 2·36 (sd 0·3) μg F/g, respectively. The study revealed that there was no significant difference in F concentration in the samples that belonged to various dates. Humana3 had a high F concentration (with an average of 2·36 (sd 0·3) μg F/g), which can be a risk factor for increased dental fluorosis, especially when being prepared using water with a high content of F.
Determinants of bioelectrical phase angle in disease
Authors: Stobäus Nicole , Pirlich Matthias , Valentini Luzia , Schulzke Jörg Dieter , Norman Kristina 
Published: September 2011

Phase angle (PhA), a parameter of bioelectrical impedance analysis, is a well-known predictor of morbidity and mortality in various diseases. The causes of decreased PhA are, however, not yet completely understood. We therefore investigated determinants of PhA in 777 hospitalised patients in a retrospective analysis. PhA was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis at 50 KHz. Subjective global assessment (SGA) was used to evaluate nutritional status. Age, sex, BMI as well as nutritional status (SGA), benign or malignant disease and C-reactive protein (CRP) were investigated as potential determinants of PhA and standardised PhA (SPhA) = (observed PhA − mean PhA of reference values)/standard deviation of reference values in a general linear model regression analysis. Next to age (estimated effect size, 46·6 %; P < 0·0001), malnutrition (39·1 %; P < 0·0001) emerged as a major PhA determinant in our study population. Moreover, sex (6·4 %; P < 0·0001), CRP (4·4 %; P < 0·0001) and BMI (3·5 %; P < 0·0001) exhibited a significant influence on PhA, whereas malignant disease showed no significant effect in this model. The only significant determinants of SPhA were malnutrition (85·4 %; P < 0·0001) and inflammation (9·6 %; P < 0·0001). In conclusion, next to the established predictors, malnutrition and inflammation have a strong impact on PhA in sick individuals, which partly explains its prognostic power. When investigating the SPhA, only malnutrition and inflammation were found to be significant predictors, as a result of which the SPhA is considered a more suitable indicator of nutritional and health status.
Application of NMR-based metabonomics suggests a relationship between betaine absorption and elevated creatine plasma concentrations in catheterised sows
Authors: Yde Christian Clement , Westerhuis Johan A. , Bertram Hanne Christine , Bach Knudsen Knud Erik 
Published: September 2011

The objective of the present explorative study was to determine the absorption dynamics when feeding diets varying in types and levels of dietary fibre in a catheterised animal model. A total of six sows were fed a diet low in fibre (LF), a diet high in soluble fibre and a diet high in insoluble fibre in a repeated 3 × 3 cross-over design. Plasma samples were collected from the mesenteric artery and the portal vein to determine different absorption phases by1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabonomics. Time profiles were determined for plasma levels of specific metabolites and for the absorption of these metabolites from the small intestine. The LF diet resulted in a higher betaine concentration in the blood than the two high-fibre diets (P = 0·008). This leads to higher plasma concentrations of methionine (P = 0·0028) and creatine (P = 0·020) of endogenous origin. In conclusion, the use of NMR spectroscopy for measuring nutrient uptake in the present study elucidated the relationship between betaine uptake and elevated creatine plasma concentrations.
Intellectualism, Relational Properties and the Divine Mind in Kant's Pre-Critical Philosophy
Authors: Insole Christopher 
Published: September 2011

AbstractI demonstrate that the pre-Critical Kant is essentialist and intellectualist about the relational properties of substances. That is to say, God can choose whether or not to create a substance, and whether or not to connect this substance with other substances, so as to create a world: but God cannot choose what the nature of the relational properties is, once the substance is created and connected. The divine will is constrained by the essences of substances. Nonetheless, Kant considers that essences depend upon God, in that they depend upon the divine intellect. I conclude by gesturing towards some possible implications of this interpretation, when considering the role that might be played by God – both historically and conceptually – in relation to the notion of ‘laws of nature’, and when understanding Kant's transcendental idealism and his Critical conception of freedom.
The Idea of the Systematic Unity of Nature as a Transcendental Illusion
Authors: Pickering Mark 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic of Kant's firstCritiqueis notorious for two reasons. First, it appears to contradict itself in saying that the idea of the systematic unity of nature is and is not transcendental. Second, in the passages in which Kant appears to espouse the former alternative, he appears to be making a significant amendment to his account of the conditions of the possibility of experience in the Transcendental Analytic. I propose a solution to both of these difficulties. With regard to the first, I argue that Kant does not contradict himself. With regard to the second, I argue that Kant is not making any change to his view of the conditions of the possibility of experience espoused in the Transcendental Analytic. The underlying cause of these apparent problems is also their solution: the transcendental illusion that nature is necessarily systematic.
AN EIGENSPACE OF LARGE DIMENSION FOR A HECKE ALGEBRA ON AN BUILDING
Authors: MANTERO A. M. , ZAPPA A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLet Δ be an affine building of type $\tilde A_2$ and let 𝔸 be its fundamental apartment. We consider the set 𝕌0 of vertices of type 0 of 𝔸 and prove that the Hecke algebra of all W0-invariant difference operators with constant coefficients acting on 𝕌0 has three generators. This property leads us to define three Laplace operators on vertices of type 0 of Δ. We prove that there exists a joint eigenspace of these operators having dimension greater than ∣W0 ∣. This implies that there exist joint eigenfunctions of the Laplacians that cannot be expressed, via the Poisson transform, in terms of a finitely additive measure on the maximal boundary Ω of Δ.
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for PAT protein detection in genetically modified rape
Authors: Wen-Tao Xu , Kun-Lun Huang , Ai-Ke Deng , Yun-Bo Luo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe have developed and applied an immunoassay method to detect genetically modified (GM) rape containing phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT). The purified PAT was identified by Western blotting and enzymic activity analysis. The polyclonal antibody against purified PAT protein was obtained and purified by both a saturated ammonium sulphate method and protein A-Sepharose 4B. The sensitivity and cross-reactivity of the polyclonal antibody has been demonstrated in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result of the ELISA for antiserum sensitivity was about 2×10−5mg/ml and the cross-reactivity determined experimentally showed a high degree of specificity for the antiserum used, because values were all less than 0.1%. Detection of transgenic plants was evaluated using two transgenic rape lines (MS1/RF1 and MS8/RF3) which could be easily distinguished by ELISA.