bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new method for non‐parametric multivariate analysis of variance
Authors: Anderson Marti J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHypothesis‐testing methods for multivariate data are needed to make rigorous probability statements about the effects of factors and their interactions in experiments. Analysis of variance is particularly powerful for the analysis of univariate data. The traditional multivariate analogues, however, are too stringent in their assumptions for most ecological multivariate data sets. Non‐parametric methods, based on permutation tests, are preferable. This paper describes a new non‐parametric method for multivariate analysis of variance, after McArdle and Anderson (in press). It is given here, with several applications in ecology, to provide an alternative and perhaps more intuitive formulation forANOVA(based on sums of squared distances) to complement the description provided by McArdle and Anderson (in press) for the analysis of any linear model. It is an improvement on previous non‐parametric methods because it allows a direct additive partitioning of variation for complex models. It does this while maintaining the flexibility and lack of formal assumptions of other non‐parametric methods. The test‐statistic is a multivariate analogue to Fisher’sF‐ratio and is calculated directly from any symmetric distance or dissimilarity matrix.P‐values are then obtained using permutations. Some examples of the method are given for tests involving several factors, including factorial and hierarchical (nested) designs and tests of interactions.
Factors affecting the occupation of a colony site in Sydney, New South Wales by the Grey‐headed Flying‐foxPteropus poliocephalus(Pteropodidae)
Authors: Parry‐Jones K. A. , Augee M. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrevious authors have reported thatPteropus poliocephaluscolony sites are occupied in response to blossom availability. However, in the present study it is reported that at the Gordon site in suburban Sydney, colony numbers were negatively correlated with the occurrence of pollen in the droppings. In addition, in contrast to reported occupational patterns at other colony sites, where flying‐foxes are not present at the site during winter and early spring, the Gordon site was occupied by substantial numbers of flying‐foxes throughout the entire period of 62 months from 1985 to 1990. As a result of the introduction of plants native to other parts of Australia and exotics from other continents, there is a variety of foods available throughout the year in the Sydney region, in comparison with less urbanized areas. This food supply permits the occupation of the Gordon colony site during winter and spring and reduces the migratory behaviour of flying‐foxes throughout the year. It is concluded that in the absence of a restrictive food supply, the occupational pattern of the Gordon colony ofP. poliocephalusis the result of the reproductive requirements of the species modified by the vagaries of blossom production in the native forests outside the foraging range of the colony.
Revising the surgical registrar on‐call roster
Authors: Wysocki A. Peter , McGowan Brian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground:  The work hours of junior doctors have been in the spotlight since the mid‐1980s. Rostering and the structure of surgical units aim to balance quality and continuity of patient care with reasonable working hours.Methods:  Actual hours worked during two 12‐week surgical registrar rosters were compared. Compliance of each roster with fatigue recommendations was assessed with Fatigue Audit InterDyne (FAID, InterDynamics Pty Ltd, Adelaide, Australia) software. Workload was determined from an electronic prospective surgical audit. Impact of the roster change was discussed with consultants and registrars. The traditional roster started on 16 July 2007 and the fatigue‐friendly roster on 14 July 2008.Results:  The total number of hours worked reduced by 11% (from 5085.17 h in 2007 to 4530.85 h in 2008). Fatigue was eliminated (from 133.25 h in 2007 to 0 h in 2008). Over the 12‐month period, the operative workload for the Department of General Surgery increased by 18%. FAID compliance improved from 67.3 to 91.2%. Consultant and registrar satisfaction with the new roster was high.Conclusions:  Safe working hours have been achieved for surgical registrars by restructuring the surgical units and implementing a new on‐call rota without a perceived effect on patient care.
Microarray: an instrument for cancer surgeons of the future?
Authors: Broadhead Matthew L. , Clark Jonathan C. M. , Dass Crispin R. , Choong Peter F. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMicroarray enables the study of thousands of genes simultaneously. While still in its infancy as a technique and with a number of barriers to be overcome, microarray is allowing scientists to thoroughly examine the molecular pathways of cancer pathogenesis. However, the adoption of microarray as a clinically applicable technique has been slow coming. Current literature suggests roles in the diagnosis of tumours of unknown origin, in the evaluation of prognostic markers, and in guiding treatment for recurrent and resistant malignancy. This review outlines the science of microarray and draws on clinical examples, including osteosarcoma, breast, prostate and pancreatic carcinomas, to highlight the potential of microarray as a technique of surgical importance.
Undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards organ donation: a survey in an Italian university
Authors: Zampieron A. , Corso M. , Frigo A.C. 
Published: August 2010

ZAMPIERON A., CORSO M. & FRIGO A.C. (2010) Undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards organ donation: a survey in an Italian university. International Nursing Review57, 370–376Aims:  To examine undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards organ donation and to determine whether or not attitudes were related to the students' education and training.Background:  Nurses' knowledge and personal opinion can influence patient's willingness to donate organs or to hold an organ donor card. It is unclear how Italy's future nurses view organ donation.Methods:  The study's source population consisted of third‐year undergraduate nursing students enrolled in seven nursing schools from an Italian university during 2008. Respondents completed self‐administered quantitative questionnaire with 61 questions, including the Organ Donation Attitude Scale.Findings:  Of the 378 students contacted, 183 (48%) completed all survey questions; 140 were females (76.5%) and the mean age of students was 25. The median score of students' attitude scores towards organ donation was 151 (the attitude is positive when the score is higher than 161). No significant correlations were found to exist between organ‐donation attitude and sex, age, clinical practice in hospitals with a transplant unit, nursing care to patients waiting for a transplant or dialysis patients. Only 16% of the students had previously signed a donor card consenting to their own organ donation. The study revealed that doubts about transplantable organs still exist within the student body.Conclusions:  This study highlighted that students' awareness of organ donation was not adequate and that attitude levels were lower than in other countries. If these future workers would receive adequate training, they could promote organ donation to the general public and to other hospital personnel.
Smoking during pregnancy: analysis of influencing factors using the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Ben Natan M. , Golubev V. , Shamrai V. 
Published: August 2010

BEN NATAN M., VIKTORIA G. & SHAMRAI V. (2010) Smoking during pregnancy: analysis of influencing factors using the Theory of Planned Behaviour. International Nursing Review57, 388–394Aim:  To investigate factors affecting women's intention to smoke during pregnancy.Design:  A descriptive, correlational, cross‐sectional study, employing the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).Methods:  A questionnaire that was constructed based on a literature review of research on smoking during pregnancy and on the TPB was administered to 201 Israeli female smokers aged 19–46. Descriptive, correlational and linear regression statistics were calculated.Results:  Behavioural attitudes (women's total appraisal of smoking during pregnancy), subjective norms (women's perception of the opinion of significant others regarding the specific behaviour) and perceived behavioural control (women's total appraisal of their control of the behaviour and perceived ease or difficulty of quitting smoking during pregnancy) were found to predict women's intention to smoke during pregnancy.Conclusions:  Nursing interventions guided by the TPB constructs may help Israeli women quit smoking during pregnancy and reduce the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy.
A Canada‐Bangladesh partnership for nurse education: case study
Authors: Berland A. , Richards J. , Lund K.D. 
Published: August 2010

BERLAND A., RICHARDS J. & LUND K.D. (2010). A Canada‐Bangladesh partnership for nurse education: case study. International Nursing Review57, 352–358Aim:  To describe the lessons learned from a partnership in nurse education between a Bangladesh university and a group of Canadian volunteers.Background:  In the host country, nursing enjoys low status and pay, which adversely affect professional standards.Method:  The paper describes implementation details of training a core of nurses to international standards, using limited resources. The first cohort received their Bachelor of Nursing degrees in 2009.Outcomes:  The Bangladeshi partners benefit from access to up‐to‐date curriculum materials, current clinical expertise, and interaction with visiting faculty and students. The Canadian nursing instructors enjoy professional development opportunities; visiting Canadian students gain exposure to a practice setting in a low‐income country.Lessons learned:  These include the importance of (1) integrating nurse training with a general university able to provide core courses (e.g. English as second language, computer training), (2) countering the low status of nursing and inculcating a caring attitude among students, and (3) instilling critical thinking as opposed to rote learning. Next, the following were identified: mechanisms to support networking in the local health system, sharing of resources (e.g. electronic course material adapted to host country context), and assuring programme quality.Implications for practice:  The paper will be of interest to those concerned with nurse education and human resource development in less developed countries.
Mobbing against nurses in the workplace in Turkey
Authors: Efe S.Y. , Ayaz S. 
Published: August 2010

EFE S.Y. & AYAZ S. (2010) Mobbing against nurses in the workplace in Turkey. International Nursing Review57, 328–334Aim:  The aim of the study was to determine whether the nurses have been exposed to mobbing or not, and to reveal the causes of the mobbing between 3 November 2008 and 31 December 2008.Methods:  This research was a mixed method study involving survey and focus group interviews. The sample was calculated using sample calculation formula, and 206 nurses were included in the survey study. Four focus group interviews were later carried out with 16 nurses. The survey method and semi‐structured question form were used to collect data. The percentage and chi‐square were used to evaluate the quantitative data, and for the analysis of the qualitative data, descriptive analyses were made through direct quotations from the nurses' statements.Findings:  According to the mobbing scale, 9.7% of the nurses had been exposed to mobbing, but according to their own declarations, 33% had been exposed. Some of the nurses (25.2%) who expressed that they had been exposed to mobbing reported that the executor of mobbing was the head nurse and 9.2% said that the reason for mobbing was ‘communication problems’. Nurses under 25 years of age and those who work in intensive care units are apparently exposed to mobbing more frequently than others (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  It is suggested that head nurses' mobbing behaviours should be determined and they should be educated about leadership. Nurses should be educated about assertiveness to prevent mobbing. The necessary measures should be adopted to solve the ‘communication problems’, which are shown as a major reason for mobbing.
Space‐in‐Time and Time‐in‐Space Self‐Organizing Maps for Exploring Spatiotemporal Patterns
Authors: Andrienko G. , Andrienko N. , Bremm S. , Schreck T. , Von Landesberger T. , Bak P. , Keim D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSpatiotemporal data pose serious challenges to analysts in geographic and other domains. Owing to the complexity of the geospatial and temporal components, this kind of data cannot be analyzed by fully automatic methods but require the involvement of the human analyst's expertise. For a comprehensive analysis, the data need to be considered from two complementary perspectives: (1) as spatial distributions (situations) changing over time and (2) as profiles of local temporal variation distributed over space. In order to support the visual analysis of spatiotemporal data, we suggest a framework based on the “Self‐Organizing Map” (SOM) method combined with a set of interactive visual tools supporting both analytic perspectives. SOM can be considered as a combination of clustering and dimensionality reduction. In the first perspective, SOM is applied to the spatial situations at different time moments or intervals. In the other perspective, SOM is applied to the local temporal evolution profiles. The integrated visual analytics environment includes interactive coordinated displays enabling various transformations of spatiotemporal data and post‐processing of SOM results. The SOM matrix display offers an overview of the groupings of data objects and their two‐dimensional arrangement by similarity. This view is linked to a cartographic map display, a time series graph, and a periodic pattern view. The linkage of these views supports the analysis of SOM results in both the spatial and temporal contexts. The variable SOM grid coloring serves as an instrument for linking the SOM with the corresponding items in the other displays. The framework has been validated on a large dataset with real city traffic data, where expected spatiotemporal patterns have been successfully uncovered. We also describe the use of the framework for discovery of previously unknown patterns in 41‐years time series of 7 crime rate attributes in the states of the USA.
The Perception of Correlation in Scatterplots
Authors: Rensink Ronald A. , Baldridge Gideon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe present a rigorous way to evaluate the visual perception of correlation in scatterplots, based on classical psychophysical methods originally developed for simple properties such as brightness. Although scatterplots are graphically complex, the quantity they convey is relatively simple. As such, it may be possible to assess the perception of correlation in a similar way.Scatterplots were each of 5.0° extent, containing 100 points with a bivariate normal distribution. Means were 0.5 of the range of the points, and standard deviations 0.2 of this range. Precision was determined via an adaptive algorithm to find the just noticeable differences (jnds) in correlation, i.e., the difference between two side‐by‐side scatterplots that could be discriminated 75% of the time. Accuracy was measured by direct estimation, using reference scatterplots with fixed upper and lower values, with a test scatterplot adjusted so that its correlation appeared to be halfway between these. This process was recursively applied to yield several further estimates.Results of the discrimination tests show jnd(r) = k (1/b – r), where r is the Pearson correlation, and parameters 0 < k, b < 1. Integration yields a subjective estimate of correlation g(r) = ln(1 – br) / ln(1 – b). The values of b found via discrimination closely match those found via direct estimation. As such, it appears that the perception of correlation in a scatterplot is completely described by two related performance curves, specified by two easily‐measured parameters.
Non‐iterative Second‐order Approximation of Signed Distance Functions for Any Isosurface Representation
Authors: Molchanov Vladimir , Rosenthal Paul , Linsen Lars 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSigned distance functions (SDF) to explicit or implicit surface representations are intensively used in various computer graphics and visualization algorithms. Among others, they are applied to optimize collision detection, are used to reconstruct data fields or surfaces, and, in particular, are an obligatory ingredient for most level set methods. Level set methods are common in scientific visualization to extract surfaces from scalar or vector fields. Usual approaches for the construction of an SDF to a surface are either based on iterative solutions of a special partial differential equation or on marching algorithms involving a polygonization of the surface. We propose a novel method for a non‐iterative approximation of an SDF and its derivatives in a vicinity of a manifold. We use a second‐order algebraic fitting scheme to ensure high accuracy of the approximation. The manifold is defined (explicitly or implicitly) as an isosurface of a given volumetric scalar field. The field may be given at a set of irregular and unstructured samples. Stability and reliability of the SDF generation is achieved by a proper scaling of weights for the Moving Least Squares approximation, accurate choice of neighbors, and appropriate handling of degenerate cases. We obtain the solution in an explicit form, such that no iterative solving is necessary, which makes our approach fast.
Real‐Time Temporal‐Coherent Color Contrast Enhancement for Dichromats
Authors: Machado Gustavo M. , Oliveira Manuel M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe present an automatic image‐recoloring technique for enhancing color contrast for dichromats whose computational cost varies linearly with the number of input pixels. Our approach can be efficiently implemented on GPUs, and we show that for typical image sizes it is up to two orders of magnitude faster than the current state‐of‐the‐art technique. Unlike previous approaches, ours preserve temporal coherence and, therefore, is suitable for video recoloring. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique by integrating it into a visualization system and showing, for the first time, real‐time high‐quality recolored visualizations for dichromats.
An Evaluation of Glyph Perception for Real Symmetric Traceless Tensor Properties
Authors: Jankun‐Kelly T.J. , Lanka Y.S. , Swan J.E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA perceptual study of four tensor glyphs for symmetric, real, traceless tensors was performed. Each glyph encodes three properties of the system: Orientation, uniaxiality (alignment along the direction of orientation), and biaxiality (alignment along a vector orthogonal to the orientation). Thirty users over two studies were asked to identify these three properties for each glyph type under a variety of permutations in order to evaluate the effectiveness of visually communicating the properties; response time was also measured. We discuss the significant differences found between the methods as guidance to the use of these glyphs for traceless tensor visualization.
Anti‐Imperialism: Generating Universal Human Rights out of Local Norms
Authors: GREGG BENJAMIN 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo counter possibilities for human rights as cultural imperialism, (1) I develop a notion of human rights as culturally particular and valid only locally. But they are an increasingly generalizable particularism. (2) Because the incommensurability of different cultures does not entail an uncritical tolerance of just about anything, but rather allows for an objectivating stance toward other communities or cultures, locally valid human rights have a critical capacity. (3) Locally valid human rights promote a community's self‐representation and thus allow for diversity, rejecting the coercive (mis)representation of a community or culture as incapable of representing itself.
Europe in the Political Imagination
Authors: WHITE JONATHAN 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPerceptions of the EU tend to be studied by examining responses to targeted opinion polls. This paper looks instead at how citizens draw Europe into a wider discussion of politics and political problems. Based on a series of group discussions with taxi‐drivers in Britain, Germany and the Czech Republic, it examines the motifs speakers use to explain the origins of problems, the assumptions they make about their susceptibility to address, and how, when these patterned ways of speaking are applied to the EU, they serve to undermine its credibility as a positive source of political agency.
The interaction of food distribution and the caste composition of an ant colony (Myrmica rubra L.)
Authors: Evesham E. J. M. 
Published: August 2010

The distribution of food between members of a Myrmica rubra L. Society was investigated by varying the ratios of queens, workers and medium‐sized larvae. Observations revealed patterns in colony behaviour which could be of importance in a polygyne system.Queens had little effect upon the rate of food transmission, but the worker/larva ratio was of significance. Many workers effectively fed all larvae present in a colony, but a small number of workers fed only a few. If larvae and/or queens were in abundance, the workers were partly deprived of access to them. Competition between the queens and larvae for food and worker attention occurred when their numbers were high. In this situation, queens fed themselves while the workers cared for the larvae. The significance of overcrowding, not only upon the administration of food, but upon the queen effect acting on the workers to stimulate or inhibit worker egg‐laying and brood‐rearing, is discussed.
The population dynamics, reproductive strategy and life history tactics of Musculium lacusfre (Bivalvia: Pisidiidae) in Hong Kong
Authors: Morton Brian 
Published: August 2010

Hitherto uninvestigated in Hong Kong are the population dynamics, reproductive strategies and life history tactics of the Pisidiidae of which three species are known to occur locally. This study is of Musculium lacustre inhabiting a drainage ditch of the Lam Tsuen River in the New Territories of Hong Kong and extended over 15 months during 1983–84.In Hong Kong, M. lacustre is a protandric, simultaneous hermaphrodite that matures at a length of 2 mm; the majority of each generation is, however, not mature until a length of between 4–6 mm is attained. Fertilized eggs are brooded in the inner demibranchs until they reach a length of 1.5 mm when they are released as post‐foetal larvae. Musculium lacustre is univoltine. Reproduction occurs twice a year but, since M. lacustve is semelparous, the population contains, at any one time, two overstepping generations. Thus, a spring generation is recruited and grows rapidly to generate a second, smaller, autumn generation. This in turn grows rapidly and matures to produce the spring generation of the succeeding year. Adult mortality occurs in late summer and winter. A few of the late‐born spring generation may overwinter to contribute to the spring generation of the succeeding year. This is not so with the autumn generation.Such sexual and life history tactics can be related to the climate and hydrology of Hong Kong and its freshwater habitats. Reproduction takes place in spring and autumn when temperatures are moderate. Mortality is high in summer and winter when the habitat is either, respectively, hot and flushed out by summer rains or cold and dry. As M. larustre is able to overwinter but not aestivate at these latitudes (22° N), it is postulated that this holarctic species is approaching the southern limit of its asiatic range. Musculium larustre is compared with the other bivalves inhabiting fresh and brackish‐water habitats in southern China.