bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preterm Resuscitation With Low Oxygen Causes Less Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Vento Maximo , Moro Manuel , Escrig Raquel , Arruza Luis , Villar Gema , Izquierdo Isabel , Roberts L. Jackson , Arduini Alessandro , Escobar Justo Javier , Sastre Juan , Asensi Miguel A. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to reduce adverse pulmonary adverse outcomes, oxidative stress, and inflammation in neonates of 24 to 28 weeks of gestation initially resuscitated with fractions of inspired oxygen of 30% or 90%.METHODS: Randomized assignment to receive 30% (N = 37) or 90% (N = 41) oxygen was performed. Targeted oxygen saturation values were 75% at 5 minutes and 85% at 10 minutes. Blood oxidized glutathione (GSSG)/reduced glutathione ratio and urinary o-tyrosine, 8-oxo-dihydroxyguanosine, and isoprostane levels, isofuran elimination, and plasma interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor α levels were determined.RESULTS: The low-oxygen group needed fewer days of oxygen supplementation (6 vs 22 days; P &lt; .01) and fewer days of mechanical ventilation (13 vs 27 days; P &lt; .01) and had a lower incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia at discharge (15.4% vs 31.7%; P &lt; .05). GSSG/reduced glutathione × 100 ratios at day 1 and 3 were significantly higher in the high-oxygen group (day 1: high-oxygen group: 13.36 ± 5.25; low-oxygen group: 8.46 ± 3.87; P &lt; .01; day 3: high-oxygen group: 8.87 ± 4.40; low-oxygen group: 6.97 ± 3.11; P &lt; .05). Urinary markers of oxidative stress were increased significantly in the high-oxygen group, compared with the low-oxygen group, in the first week after birth. GSSG levels on day 3 and urinary isofuran, o-tyrosine, and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine levels on day 7 were correlated significantly with development of chronic lung disease.CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation of preterm neonates with 30% oxygen causes less oxidative stress, inflammation, need for oxygen, and risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Effects of triclosan on seed germination and seedling development of three wetland plants: Sesbania herbacea, Eclipta prostrata, and Bidens frondosa
Authors: Stevens Kevin J. , Kim Seon-Young , Adhikari Sajag , Vadapalli Vatsala , Venables Barney J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Three wetland macrophytes, Sesbania herbacea, Bidens frondosa, and Eclipta prostrata, were exposed (0.4–1,000-ppb nominal concentrations) to the antimicrobial triclosan for 28 d in a flow-through system. Sesbania herbacea had decreased seed germination at the 100-ppb exposure level at days 7, 14, and 21, and B. frondosa germination was reduced at the 1,000-ppb exposure level at day 7. Eclipta prostrata germination was unaffected. Seedling effects monitored were total fresh weight, shoot and root fresh weights, root length, and root surface area. Root metrics were most affected by exposure. Total root length was diminished at all exposure levels in S. herbacea and B. frondosa and at the 10-ppb and higher concentrations for E. prostrata. Root surface area decreased at all exposure levels in B. frondosa and at the 10-ppb level and above in S. herbacea and E. prostrata. Root and shoot bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were estimated for S. herbacea and B. frondosa. While BCFs were low in shoots of both species and roots of S. herbacea (&lt;10), they were elevated in B. frondosa roots (53–101). Methyl-triclosan was formed in the system and accumulated in shoot and root tissues of S. herbacea to concentrations that exceeded those of the parent compound. However, methyl-triclosan was nontoxic in an Arabidopsis thaliana enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (the putative enzymatic target of triclosan) assay and did not appear to contribute to the effects of exposure. Two of the three plant species assessed exhibited reduced root systems at environmentally relevant concentrations, raising the concern that wetland plant performance could be compromised in constructed wetlands receiving wastewater treatment plant discharges.
Larger cardinals in Cichoń's diagram
Authors: Brendle Jörg 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe prove that in many situations it is consistent with ZFC that part of the invariants involved in Cichoń's diagram are equal to κ while the others are equal to λ, where κ < λ are both arbitrary regular uncountable cardinals. We extend some of these results to the case when λ is singular. We also show that cf is consistent with ZFC.
A generalization of forking
Authors: Ng Siu-Ah 
Published: August 2009

Given a subset A of a fixed saturated model , we let denote the algebra of definable subsets of the domain of M of with parameters from A. Then a complete type p over A can be regarded as a measure on , assigning the value 1 to members of p and 0 to nonmembers. In [5] and [6], Keisler developed a theory of forking concerning probability measures. Therefore it generalizes the ordinary theory. On a different track, we can view the complement of the type p, or the collection of null sets of any measure on , as ideals on . Moreover, ideals and the pseudometric of a measure form examples of the so-called FN topology. Roughly speaking, an FN topology is one that topologizes the ring structure of a Boolean algebra. Associated with this topology is a special basis, called an FN basis. For , it is natural to identify such a basis with a collection of partial types approximating a certain type.In this paper, we extend the theory of forking and deal with FN bases (hence ideals in particular). By proving a few results here, we hope to indicate that this extension could become as fruitful as Keisler's theory and hence provide an alternative. Our approach here is more algebraic and less analytic. Unlike [5], methods from nonstandard analysis are not used.There are two fundamental reasons why the classical theory should be generalized. One is to extend our investigation to unstable theories. (There are no stability assumptions on the theory in the present work.) The other is to study different and more flexible ways of collecting formulas, such as FN basis.After fixing our notation in §1, we first deal with ideals in §2. We study certain nice extensions. Specifically, we prove the existence of flat nonforking ideals. We then provide a normalization theorem for ideals.
Definable FN bases
Authors: Ng Siu-Ah 
Published: August 2009

This paper is a sequel to [4]. Our main concern here is to study the FN bases, which correspond to classical notions like heirs and definable extensions. We also attempt to characterize these notions in our context. This leads to the use of tools like ultrapower constructions.We continue to work under the assumptions and using the notation of [4, §1]. For example, we require a sufficiently saturated model of a fixed complete theory T in a language , and ℒ and A and B are used to denote (not necessarily small) subsets of M. The concept of FN basis is defined in [4, Definition 3.2]. Nonforking is defined in [4, Definitions 2.2 and 3.7].This paper is organized as follows: §1 deals with heirs and definability. The classical result stating that definability is equivalent to the uniqueness of an heir is generalized (Theorem 1.7). §2 uses an ultrapower to prove the existence of an heir (Corollary 2.6). We also determine exactly when embeddability into an ultrapower is possible. §3 relates ultrapowers to flatness and nonforking. In sharp contrast to the classical case, ultrapowers of FN bases need not be nonforking; but some criteria are established (Propositions 3.2 and 3.3, and Theorem 3.4). Finally, definability is characterized as the flatness of all ultrapowers (Theorem 3.6).
A structure theorem for strongly abelian varieties with few models
Authors: Hart Bradd , Valeriote Matthew 
Published: August 2009

By a variety, we mean a class of structures in some language containing only function symbols which is equationally defined or equivalently is closed under homomorphisms, submodels and products.If K is a class of -structures then I(K, λ) denotes the number of nonisomorphic models in K of cardinality λ. When we say that K has few models, we mean that I(K,λ) < 2λ for some λ > ∣∣. If I(K,λ) = 2λ for all λ > ∣∣, then we say K has many models. In [9] and [10], Shelah has shown that for an elementary class K, having few models is a strong structural condition.
Selective T-Type Calcium Channel Blockade Alleviates Hyperalgesia in ob/ob Mice
Authors: Latham Janelle R. , Pathirathna Sriyani , Jagodic Miljen M. , Joo Choe Won , Levin Michaela E. , Nelson Michael T. , Yong Lee Woo , Krishnan Kathiresan , Covey Douglas F. , Todorovic Slobodan M. , Jevtovic-Todorovic Vesna 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
Morbid obesity may be accompanied by diabetes and painful diabetic neuropathy, a poorly understood condition that is manifested by mechanical or thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of T-type calcium channels (T-channels) in peripheral nociception; therefore, our goal was to examine the function of these channels in the pathophysiology and development of painful diabetic neuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In vivo testing of mechanical and thermal sensation, morphometric peripheral nerve studies, and electrophysiological and biochemical measurements were used to characterize the role of T-channels and the development of painful diabetic neuropathy in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice.

RESULTS
We found that ob/ob mice developed significant mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity early in life that coincided with hyperglycemia and was readily reversed with insulin therapy. These disturbances were accompanied by significant biophysical and biochemical modulation of T-channels in dorsal root ganglion neurons as measured by a large increase in the amplitude of T-currents and the expression of mRNA. The most prevalent subtype, α1H (Cav3.2), was most strongly affected. Moreover, (3β,5α,17β)-17-hydroxyestrane-3-carbonitrile (ECN), a novel neuroactive steroid and selective T-channel antagonist, provided dose-dependent alleviation of neuropathic thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that pharmacological antagonism of T-channels is potentially an important novel therapeutic approach for the management of painful diabetic neuropathy.
Dissociation Between Fatty Liver and Insulin Resistance in Humans Carrying a Variant of the Patatin-Like Phospholipase 3 Gene
Authors: Kantartzis Konstantinos , Peter Andreas , Machicao Fausto , Machann Jürgen , Wagner Silvia , Königsrainer Ingmar , Königsrainer Alfred , Schick Fritz , Fritsche Andreas , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Stefan Norbert 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
In a genome-wide association scan, the rs738409 C&gt;G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the patatin-like phospholipase 3 gene (PNPLA3) was strongly associated with increased liver fat but not with insulin resistance estimated from fasting values. We investigated whether the SNP determines liver fat independently of visceral adiposity and whether it may even play a role in protecting from insulin resistance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Liver fat was measured by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and total and visceral fat by magnetic resonance tomography in 330 subjects. Insulin sensitivity was estimated during an oral glucose tolerance test and the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (n = 222). PNPLA3 and tumor necrosis factor-α mRNA and triglyceride content were measured in liver biopsies from 16 subjects.

RESULTS
Liver fat correlated strongly with insulin sensitivity (P &lt; 0.0001) independently of age, sex, total fat, and visceral fat. G allele carriers of the SNP rs738409 had higher liver fat (P &lt; 0.0001) and an odds ratio of 2.38 (95% CI 1.37–4.20) for having fatty liver compared to C allele homozygotes. Interestingly, insulin sensitivity (oral glucose tolerance test: P = 0.99; clamp: P = 0.32), serum C-reactive protein levels, lipids, or liver enzymes (all P &gt; 0.14) were not different among the genotypes. Additional adjustment for liver fat actually revealed increased insulin sensitivity in more obese carriers of the G allele (P = 0.01). In liver biopsies triglyceride content correlated positively with expression of the proinflammatory gene tumor necrosis factor-α in C allele homozygotes (n = 6, P = 0.027) but not in G allele carriers (n = 10, P = 0.149).

CONCLUSIONS
PNPLA3 may be an important key to understand the mechanisms discriminating fatty liver with and without metabolic consequences.
A1C Variability Predicts Incident Cardiovascular Events, Microalbuminuria, and Overt Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Wadén Johan , Forsblom Carol , Thorn Lena M. , Gordin Daniel , Saraheimo Markku , Groop Per-Henrik ,   on behalf of the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
Recent data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) indicated that A1C variability is associated with the risk of diabetes microvascular complications. However, these results might have been influenced by the interventional study design. Therefore, we investigated the longitudinal associations between A1C variability and diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes in the observational Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy (FinnDiane) Study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 2,107 patients in the FinnDiane Study had complete data on renal status and serial measurements of A1C from baseline to follow-up (median 5.7 years), and 1,845 patients had similar data on cardiovascular disease (CVD) events. Intrapersonal SD of serially measured A1C was considered a measure of variability.

RESULTS
During follow-up, 10.2% progressed to a higher albuminuria level or to end-stage renal disease, whereas 8.6% had a CVD event. The SD of serial A1C was 1.01 versus 0.75 (P &lt; 0.001) for renal status and 0.87 versus 0.79 (P = 0.023) for CVD in progressors versus nonprogressors, respectively. In a Cox regression model, SD of serial A1C was independently associated with progression of renal disease (hazard ratio 1.92 [95% CI 1.49–2.47]) and of a CVD event (1.98 [1.39–2.82]) even when adjusting for mean A1C and traditional risk factors. Interestingly for CVD, mean serial A1C itself was not predictive even though SD of A1C was.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with type 1 diabetes, A1C variability was not only predictive of incident microalbuminuria and progression of renal disease but also of incident CVD events.
Risk Factors for Childhood Overweight in Offspring of Type 1 Diabetic Women With Adequate Glycemic Control During Pregnancy
Authors: Rijpert Maarten , Evers Inge M. , de Vroede Monique A.M.J. , de Valk Harold W. , Heijnen Cobi J. , Visser Gerard H.A. 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
Pregnancy in type 1 diabetic women remains a high-risk situation for both mother and child. In this study, we investigated long-term effects on body composition, prevalence of overweight, and insulin resistance in children of type 1 diabetic women who had had adequate glycemic control during pregnancy (mean A1C 6.2%), and we related their outcome to perinatal factors, including macrosomia (birth weight &gt;90th percentile).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Anthropometric measurements were performed at 6–8 years of age in 213 offspring of type 1 diabetic mothers who participated in a previous nationwide study. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined from a fasting blood sample in 155 of these children. In addition, we studied BMI standard deviation score (SDS) growth trajectories. Results were compared with national reference data.

RESULTS
The prevalence of overweight in the study population was not different from that in the reference population. However, children who were born macrosomic showed twice as much overweight as nonmacrosomic children. Macrosomia and maternal overweight were independent predictors of childhood overweight. Overweight children showed an increase in BMI SDS starting already after 6 months of age and had a significantly increased HOMA-IR.

CONCLUSIONS
In type 1 diabetic women with adequate glycemic control during pregnancy, long-term effects on body composition and overweight in their offspring at school age are limited and related mainly to macrosomia at birth. Possible targets for prevention of childhood overweight are fetal macrosomia, maternal overweight, and an increase in BMI SDS during the first years of life.
Combined Effects of Routine Blood Pressure Lowering and Intensive Glucose Control on Macrovascular and Microvascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zoungas Sophia , de Galan Bastiaan E. , Ninomiya Toshiharu , Grobbee Diederick , Hamet Pavel , Heller Simon , MacMahon Stephen , Marre Michel , Neal Bruce , Patel Anushka , Woodward Mark , Chalmers John ,   on behalf of the ADVANCE Collaborative Group
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
To assess the magnitude and independence of the effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on clinical outcomes in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a multicenter, factorial randomized trial of perindopril-indapamide versus placebo (double-blind comparison) and intensive glucose control with a gliclazide MR–based regimen (target A1C ≤6.5%) versus standard glucose control (open comparison) in 11,140 participants with type 2 diabetes who participated in the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation (ADVANCE) trial. Annual event rates and risks of major macrovascular and microvascular events considered jointly and separately, renal events, and death during an average 4.3 years of follow-up were assessed, using Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
There was no interaction between the effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control for any of the prespecified clinical outcomes (all P &gt; 0.1): the separate effects of the two interventions for the renal outcomes and death appeared to be additive on the log scale. Compared with neither intervention, combination treatment reduced the risk of new or worsening nephropathy by 33% (95% CI 12–50%, P = 0.005), new onset of macroalbuminuria by 54% (35–68%, P &lt; 0.0001), and new onset of microalbuminuria by 26% (17–34%). Combination treatment was associated with an 18% reduction in the risk of all-cause death (1–32%, P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
The effects of routine blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control were independent of one another. When combined, they produced additional reductions in clinically relevant outcomes.
A Framework for Contextualized Visualization supporting Informal Learning
Authors: Godehardt Eicke 
Published: August 2009

The problem of the information society today is that knowledge workers are overwhelmed by the amount of information they get. This creates the need of a filter: the possibility to find relevant information in an easy and systematic way. In fact, working at a knowledge intensive workplace and retrieving information is a kind of learning â?? informal learning â?? which takes place at daily work. This type of learning includes reading documents and digital snippets, asking questions and searching for the help of other colleagues.
This paper investigates how people at knowledge intensive workplaces can be supported through a graphical integration of existing information in a contextualized way to fulfill their given work task. We present research on software that visualizes the information of knowledge workers, tasks, digital resources, people and the relations between them. In addition state context information is taken to enrich the output to provide an intuitive and appropriate tool for knowledge workers. We will show all the necessary steps to offer these contextualized information in a supporting visualization.
To verify the usefulness of our approach, we did a quantitative and qualitative user study to see if contextualized information visualization is helpful to knowledge workers for a specific scenario. Therefore we analyzed how beginners or new employees may benefit from such a tool. The results clearly show the advantages of our solution. Contextualized visualization substantially boosts efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge workers, because of time savings and avoidance of failures.
An XML user steps into, and escapes from, XPath quicksand
Authors: Birnbaum David J. 
Published: August 2009

Until recently, the admirable and impressive eXist XML database sometimes failed to optimize queries with numerical predicates. For example, a search for $i/following::word[1] would retrieve all
<word> elements on the following axis and only then apply the predicate as a filter to return only the first of them. This was enormously inefficient when $i pointed to a node near the beginning of a very large document, with many thousands of following <word> elements. As an end-user without the Java programming skills to write optimization code for eXist, the author describes two types of optimization in the more familiar XML, XPath, and XQuery, which reduced the number of nodes that needed to be accessed and thus improved response time substantially.
A subsequent optimization introduced by the eXist developers into the eXist code base is described in an addendum to this paper. Although this revision partially obviates the need for the work-arounds developed earlier, the analysis of the efficiency of various XPath approaches to a single problem continues to provide valuable general lessons about XPath.
Engineering Document Applications — From UML Models to XML Schemas
Authors: Pagano Dennis , Brüggemann-Klein Anne 
Published: August 2009

Modeling is a pivotal activity in the engineering of software systems; it is the key method to deal with complexity and change. Models support communication and drive software development processes. In the Engineering Publishing Technology Group, we aim to leverage modeling and other proven methods of software engineering for document engineering and electronic publishing. Particularly, in this paper, we align UML class diagrams, which model persistent data, with XML Schemas, which model the XML representation of persistent data as documents. Our method, which we call uml2xsd, transforms an XMI representation of a UML class diagram into an XML Schema that constrains XML instances of the UML model. It is patterned after transformations into XML Schema that XMI defines for models in its MOF language, which are closely related to UML class diagrams. With appropriate configuration, our method automates a transformation process that has been conceptually defined in our paper presented at Extreme Markup Languages 2007; it incorporates our handling of relations that has been presented at Balisage 2008.