bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of glycolysis and glutaminolysis in Onchocerca volvulus and Brugia pahangi by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: MacKenzie N. E. , Waa E. A. Van De , Gooley P. R. , Williams J. F. , Bennett J. L. , Bjorge S. M. , Baille T. A. , Geary T. G. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryComparison of glycolysis in Brugia pahangi and Onchocerca volvulus by C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy showed that the former organism is predominantly a lactate fermenter and the latter resembles more closely the metabolism of a mixed acid fermenter producing lactate, succinate, acetate, ethanol, formate and carbon dioxide. Both organisms synthesize glycogen as a storage carbohydrate. Glutaminolysis in both organisms proceeds by the δ-aminobutyrate shunt to produce succinate which is then further metabolized to acetate and carbon dioxide as end-products.
Histological examination of the cellular reactions around schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoniin the lungs of sublethally irradiated and unirradiated, immune and control rats
Authors: Vignali Dario A. A. , Klaus S. N. , Bickle Q. D. , Taylor M. G. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryHistopathological data on the cellular reactions (foci) aroundSchistosoma mansonischistosomula in the lungs of both irradiated (750 rad) and unirradiated, passively immunized and normal rats were consistent with the idea that a significant proportion of immune-mediated attrition in passively immunized rats occurs in the lungs. In unirradiated rats, immune serum elicited an enhanced (i.e. larger) and accelerated (i.e. more rapidly developing) inflammatory cellular infiltration around lung-stage parasites when administered 5 days post-infection, when the parasites were already in the lungs. This demonstrated the antigenicity of lung-stage schistosomula and their potential as targets for immune attack. In irradiated rats, innate immunity was decreased as judged by an increase in the number of worms recovered by portal perfusion, and was accompanied by an overall decreased percentage of trapped parasites compared with unirradiated controls, suggesting that trapping in the lungs is involved in innate, as well as acquired immunity. In contrast to the results in unirradiated rats, passive transfer of immune serum into irradiated recipients did not result in larger lung foci than in the NRS-recipients. However, there was evidence of an accelerated response resulting in an essentially similar ratio of trapped parasites (VRS- compared with NRS-recipients) in irradiated rats, as compared with unirradiated rats, reflecting the similar levels of resistance manifested in both groups of rats. This also lent credence to the notion that it was thespeedof immune recognition of the migrating schistosomula and the establishment of trapping foci that were of greater importance rather than thesizeof the enveloping granulomata. Investigations into the cellular composition of the foci surrounding trapped parasites in unirradiated rats revealed a predominance of mononuclear cells, with equal proportions of lymphocytes and macrophages. Eosinophils represented less than 3% of the cellular composition of the foci and were typically distant from the parasites themselves, arguing against their role in specific immunity in this model. Irradiation of recipient rats resulted in a corresponding increase in the percentage of macrophages in lung foci.
Survival, strobilation and sexual maturation of Echinococcus multilocularis in the small intestine of golden hamsters
Authors: Kamiya M. , Sato H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryEchinococcus multilocularis survived, strobilated and matured sexually in the small intestine of 6-week-old male golden hamsters that were either non-treated or treated with prednisolone tertiary-butylacetate (PTBA), following oral administration of 20000 protoscoleces. Non-treated hamsters harboured the adult worms for up to 25 days post-infection (p.i.). Hamsters treated with PTBA from the day of infection (day 0 p.i.) harboured more adults than the non-treated, and their survival periods were extended. Moreover, a remarkable improvement in worm recovery, development and survival periods was observed in hamsters additionally treated with PTBA on days — 14 and — 12 p.i., and the worm development including proglottisation, sexual maturation and egg formation was comparable with that in dogs. With the present results it is suggested that Echinococcus/rodent systems represented by the E. multilocularis/golden hamsters may rejuvenate the current stagnant research on host-parasite interactions of the definitive host-stage and egg-stage of Echinococcus.
Effect of acute phase proteins, especially α2-macroglobulin, on granuloma formation aroundSchistosoma mansonieggs in the rat
Authors: Van Gool J. , Van Tiel D. , Doenhoff M. J. , Van Vugt H. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA new model for the study of granuloma formation in the liver is described. Rats received an injection of 20 000Schistosoma mansonieggs in the portal vein and granuloma formation was evaluated at 3, 5 and 7 weeks post-injection. Liver collagen was estimated at the same time and serum procollagen III peptide, a marker of collagenesis, weekly. With this model, wherein the number ofS. mansonieggs and the time of injury are standardized, the effect of high levels of acute phase proteins especially α2-macroglobulin on granuloma formation was studied. It appeared that in rats with high levels of α2-macroglobulin the mean size of granulomas was significantly greater at 3 and 5 weeks compared with controls. In both groups an increase in liver collagen was observed during this period, reaching a peak at 5 weeks in the acute phase group. This model facilitates the study of the effects ofS. mansonieggs on granuloma formation.
The epidemiology of Nematodirus battus – is it changing?
Authors: Thomas D. Rh. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYNatural populations of 3rd-stage Nematodirus battus larvae were present on pastures in North Wales throughout the year; highest numbers were present in late spring, with smaller peaks occurring in autumn. Inter-site variation was observed in the timing and magnitude of these peaks. Hatching on experimental plots occurred 2 months to 2 years following deposition of eggs. Intraspecific and inter-site variation occurred in the timing, and inter-site variation occurred in the magnitude, of the mass hatch on upland and lowland experimental plots. Arrested 4th-stage N. battus were recovered from Welsh Mountain lambs. Percentage arrest and number of arrested worms was greatest during winter and early spring. The prevalence and intensity of N. battus infection in 1-, 2- and 3-year-old Welsh Mountain ewes was low. The plasticity exhibited in the parasite's life-history is discussed in relation to potential changes in the epidemiology of nematodiriasis.
Expression of LPG and GP63 by different developmental stages ofLeishmania majorin the sandflyPhlebotomus papatasi
Authors: Davies C. R. , Cooper A. M. , Peacock C. , Lane R. P. , Blackwell J. M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYDevelopment and forward migration ofLeishmaniaparasites in the sandfly gut is accompanied by morphological transformation to highly motile, non-dividing ‘metacyclic’ forms. Previous studiesin vitrohave demonstrated that this metacyclogenesis is associated with developmentally regulated changes in expression of two major surface glycoconjugates ofLeishmania, the lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and the glycoprotein protease GP63. Studies presented here are the first to examinein situthe changes in expression of these two important surface molecules which occur during amastigote-initiated development ofL. majorin its natural vectorPhlebotomus papatasi. Immunocytochemical analysis using a GP63-specific monoclonal (3.8). and others recognizing metacyclic-specific (3F12) and common (WIC79.3) epitopes of LPG on logarithmic and metacyclic promastigotes, demonstrates: (1) clear expression of LPG and GP63 from 2 and 7 days post-bloodfeeding, respectively; (2) developmental modification of the LPG molecule as parasites undergo forward migration and morphological changes associated with metacyclogenesis; and (3) striking deposition of large amounts of parasite-free excreted LPG on/in the epithelial cells of the gut wall.
Identification of midgut trypanolysin and trypanoagglutinin in Glossina palpalis sspp. (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Stiles J. K. , Ingram G. A. , Wallbanks K. R. , Molyneux D. H. , Maudlin I. , Welburn S. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA midgut trypanolysin and an agglutinin from Glossina palpalis subspecies were isolated and partially characterized using anion-exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. FPLC fractions of midgut extracts of Glossina palpalis palpalis caused agglutination and lysis of two trypanosome species (Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei). although Glossina palpalis gambiensis caused only agglutination. The trypanolysin and agglutinin were active only in the posterior midguts, were heat labile above 50%C, had a periodic cycle of ‘activity’ in response to bloodmeal intake and were not affected by protease inhibitors or trypsin but were inactivated by pronase. The lytic substance contained two proteins with approximate molecular weights (Mr) of 12000 and 10000 Da respectively. The agglutinin had an approximate Mr of 67000 Da. Gamma-irradiation of the two subspecies caused a temporary inhibition of trypanolytic and agglutinin activities in midgut extracts.
A monoclonal-based IgM capture ELISA for detection of antibodies to 22 and 41 kDa membrane antigens ofToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Wee J. L. K. , Ho L. C. , Yap E. H. , Singh M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA murine monoclonal antibody which reacts to 22 and 41 kDaToxoplasma gondiisurface antigens was employed in an IgM capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 125 patients' sera were tested in the monoclonal-based assay. When compared with a commercial ELISA test (Abbott Toxo-M EIA) which uses polyclonal anti-T. gondiiantibodies, good correlation (Pearsons coefficientr= 0.91) was observed. The specificity of the assay was studied by testing a panel of control sera obtained from healthy individuals and blood transfusion donors; all sera gave negative results. Serum samples positive forT. gondiiantibodies were treated with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to demonstrate the specificity of the test for IgM antibodies. Reactivity of these sera was lost after the treatment. The test is not subject to interference by rheumatoid factor as sera positive for rheumatoid factor were negative in the assay. Reproducibility was good with the coefficients of variation for within-day tests below 10% and not exceeding 18% for day-to-day tests. The monoclonal-based assay is simple to perform and appears to be a viable test for diagnosis ofT. gondiiinfection.
Immunoepidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides: relationships between antibody specificities, exposure and infection in a human community
Authors: Haswell-Elkins M. R. , Leonard H. , Kennedy M. W. , Elkins D. B. , Maizels R. M. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe serum antibody responses of 124 people naturally exposed to Ascaris lumbricoides infection were analysed by immunoprecipitation of radio-isotope labelled 3rd- and 4th-stage larval Ascaris suum excretory and secretory antigens (L3/4 ES). Profiles of antigens recognized were visualized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE), and the band intensities of the 12 major precipitated antigens were individually scored. Most subjects were seropositive, but considerable variation was observed in the amount of total and individual ES antigens precipitated. The sex- and age-related profiles of antibody levels followed similar patterns to those of egg output. In addition, total antibody scores of individuals were closely correlated (r = 0.47–0.52) with their eggs per gram of faeces (e.p.g.) collected 4 months after blood samples were taken. These findings suggest that antibody levels against larval ES antigens reflect recent exposure and are consistent with the hypothesis that establishment of adult worms is proportional to the number of larvae that recently migrated through the lung.
Sequential development of the immune response in rainbow trout [Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)] to experimental plerocercoid infections of Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824)
Authors: Sharp G. J. E. , Pike A. W. , Secombes C. J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYDevelopment of the inflammatory response of rainbow trout to experimental infections with Diphyllobothrium dendriticum plerocercoids is described using light and electron microscopy. The cellular response to plerocercoids occurred within 2 weeks post-infection (p.i.). This was followed by an increase in leucocyte numbers during weeks 3–6 p.i., with full encapsulation of plerocercoids by week 6 p.i. Neutrophils were the first leucocytes to engage the developing plerocercoid, followed by large influxes of macrophages which transformed into epithelioid cells. With longer times p.i. the accumulation of different leucocyte types increased, and a blood vascular network developed. Full development of the composite cyst was characterized by fibroplasia, particularly at the periphery of the cyst, and the subsequent deposition of a collagenous tissue matrix. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) examination of serum samples taken over the 20 week period showed that specific anti-D. dendriticum antibody titres were first detected at 5 weeks p.i. and increased to a maximum by 11 weeks p.i.
Detection ofTrypanosoma congolenseandTrypanosoma bruceisubspecies by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Moser D. R. , Cook G. A. , Ochs Diane E. , Bailey Cheryl P. , McKane Melissa R. , Donelson J. E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe nuclear DNA ofTrypanosoma congolensecontains a family of highly conserved 369 base pair (bp) repeats. The sequences of three cloned copies of these repeats were determined. An unrelated family of 177 bp repeats has previously been shown to occur in the nuclear DNA ofTrypanosoma brucei brucei(Sloofet al.1983a). Oligonucleotides were synthesized which prime the specific amplification of each of these repetitive DNAs by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplification of 10% of the DNA in a single parasite ofT. congolenseorT. bruceispp. produced sufficient amplified product to be visible as a band in an agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide. This level of detection, which does not depend on the use of radioactivity, is about 100 times more sensitive than previous detection methods based on radioactive DNA probes. The oligonucleotides did not prime the amplification of DNA sequences in other trypanosome species nor inLeishmania, mouse or human DNAs. Amplification of DNA from the blood of animals infected withT. congolenseand/orT. bruceispp. permitted the identification of parasite levels far below that detectable by microscopic inspection. Since PCR amplification can be conducted on a large number of samples simultaneously, it is ideally suited for large-scale studies on the prevalence of African trypanosomes in both mammalian blood and insect vectors.
Infective juvenile formation in the insect parasitic nematodeSteinernema feltiae
Authors: Popiel Irene , Grove Donna L. , Friedman M. J. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYSteinernematid nematodes form a developmentally arrested infective juvenile (IJ) stage at the second moult, when conditions inside the insect host are no longer suitable for further reproduction. In a liquid culture micro-assay two environmental cues were shown to influence the formation ofSteinernema feltiaeIJs. High nematode population density induced IJ formation, suggesting the presence of a nematode pheromone. Bacterial food and soluble nutrients acted competitively to reduce the frequency of IJ formation. Frequency of IJ formation was greatest when lst-stage juveniles were subjected to IJ-inducing conditions. The optimum temperature range for the IJ induction response was 25–30°C. These findings suggest that maximal IJ production in large-scale liquid culture will depend on the correct balance of nematode population density and nutrient availability at the peak of egg hatching.
Epidemiology and immunology of Necator americanus infection in a community in Papua New Guinea: humoral responses to excretory-secretory and cuticular collagen antigens
Authors: Pritchard D. I. , Quinnell R. J. , Slater A. F. G. , McKean P. G. , Dale D. D. S. , Raiko A. , Keymer A. E. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYBaseline data from an immuno-epidemiological study of hookworm infection in a rural village in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea are reported. Necator americanus was found to be the commonest helminth infection, with a prevalence of near 100% and intensity of 40 worms per host in adults. Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura were also present, at prevalences of 53, 10 and 3% respectively; Ancylostoma duodenale was absent. The frequency distribution of N. americanus was highly over-dispersed, and was well described by a negative binomial distribution with aggregation parameter, k, of 0·370. Intensity of infection was significantly related to host age, but did not differ between the sexes. Haemoglobin levels and haematocrit values were indicative of anaemia in the community, but were unrelated to hookworm infection. Levels of antibodies (IgG, IgA and 1gM combined) against adult Necator cuticular collagen and excretory-secretory (ES) products were determined.
Effects of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone on mast cell populations inHymenolepis microstoma-infected mice
Authors: Novak M. , Buchannan L. G. , Howlader H. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYAntineoplastic cyclophosphamide (CY) significantly reduced the survival and the weight ofHymenolepis microstomain mice. Corticosteroid dexamethasone (DEX), on the other hand, did not influence the worm survival and the worms in DEX-treated mice became significantly heavier. Both immunosuppressants abolishedH. microstoma-induced bile duct hypertrophy and submucous enteritis and lowered the number of mast cells (MC) in these regions. CY appeared to be more effective in depleting the bile duct MC whereas DEX seemed to affect more the duodenal MC population.
In vitrocytoadherence ofPlasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to melanoma cells: factors affecting adhesion
Authors: Sherman I. W. , Valdez Esther 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA reproducible and standardized assay for measuring the cytoadherence of knobbyPlasmodium falciparum-infected red cells to amelanotic melanoma cells was developed. Adhesion was dependent on temperature, haematocrit, and parasitaemia. Addition of EDTA to the binding medium reduced adhesion. Removal of protease-sensitive molecules on the surface of the infected cell abolished cytoadherence, whereas removal of carbohydrate residues by treatment of cells with neuraminidase or galactosidase promoted adhesion. Calcium, magnesium, fibrinogen or fibronectin in the medium had no effect on adhesion nor was there any enhancement of adhesion by pre-loading infected cells with calcium. Serum was essential for good adhesion. Adhesion was species specific for target cells; human endothelial or amelanotic melanoma cells were suitable target cells whereas bovine cells were not. The amelanotic melanoma cell could be formalin-fixed and still retain its adhesion properties. The binding properties of formalin-fixed amelanotic melanoma cells were not identical to those of endothelial or unfixed target cells.
Chloroquine containing liposomes in the chemotherapy of murine malaria
Authors: Peeters P. A. M. , Huiskamp Caroline W. E. M. , Eling W. M. C. , Crommelin D. J. A. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYIn this study, the advantage of the use of chloroquine (CQ) containing liposomes (lipCQ) over free CQ in the chemotherapy of murine malaria (Plasmodium berghei) was demonstrated. The maximum permissible dose per intraperitoneal injection was 0·8 and 10 mg for CQ and lipCQ, respectively. An increase in therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of lipCQ in comparison with free CQ at a 0·8 mg CQ dose level was found. It was possible to obtain 100% efficacy (injection at day 5 after infection; parasitaemia 4–8%) with one single intraperitoneal injection of 6 mg lipCQ. Moreover, the ability to increase the doses of CQ per injection after liposome encapsulation allowed successful treatment of infections with CQ-resistantPlasmodium bergheiwhich could not be cured by a 7-day course with the maximum tolerable dose of free CQ of 0·8 mg/mouse/day.
Changes in nematode antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies during early infections of soya beans with the cyst nematode Heterodera glycines
Authors: Atkinson H. J. , Harris P. D. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe invasion and establishment of Heterodera glycines has been studied for 0–120 h after addition to host roots using a synchronized infection system. A high degree of synchrony in development was noted, with juvenile nematodes reaching their feeding sites adjacent to the root endodermis and discharging their subventral pharyngeal glands by 24 h post-invasion (p.i.). The moult to the 3rd-stage juvenile occurred approximately 89 h after entry to the root. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) whose tissue specificities had already been defined by immuno-cytochemistry, it was found that MAbs recognizing intestinal lipid droplets and granules showed a major increase in reactivity 18–24 h p.i. before declining by 39 h p.i. In contrast, the reactivity of two MAbs recognizing adult cuticle increased significantly only after 89 h p.i., following the second moult. MAbs to the two subventral pharyngeal gland cells showed a variety of patterns of changing reactivity during the experiment. One increased within 24 h of invasion before declining whereas a second fell without any initial rise. Two further MAbs specific for the subventral glands initially declined but showed a secondary increase in reactivity after 72 h and could be detected in adult females. This pattern was also seen in a MAb specific for the dorsal pharyngeal gland cell. These changes are discussed in the context of events taking place following invasion, with particular reference to the initiation and maintenance of a feeding syncytium by the developing nematode.
Detection of a carrier state in Theileria parva-infected cattle by the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Bishop R. , Sohanpal B. , Kariuki D. P. , Young A. S. , Nene V. , Baylis H. , Allsopp B. A. , Spooner P. R. , Dolan T. T. , Morzaria S. P. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYTwo sets of oligonucleotide primers, one derived from a repetitive sequence and the other from the gene encoding a 67 kDa sporozoite antigen of Theileria parva, were used to amplify parasite DNA from the blood of T. parva-infected carrier cattle using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplification products were obtained from 15 carrier cattle infected with one of 4 different T. parva stocks. Successful amplifications were performed using DNA from 2 cattle infected with T. p. parva Pemba Mnarani, 10 cattle infected with T. p. parva Marikebuni, 2 cattle infected with T. p. bovis Boleni and 1 animal infected with T. p. lawrencei 7014. No amplification products were obtained from any of 7 cattle which had been infected with the T. p. parva Muguga stock. A synthetic oligonucleotide, which hybridized specifically to T. p. parva Marikebuni DNA among 6 T. parva stocks tested, was designed using sequence data from within the region of the T. parva genome amplified by the repetitive sequence primers. The oligonucleotide was used to probe PCR products and to increase the sensitivity and specificity of carrier animal detection. Southern blot analysis using a T. parva repetitive sequence probe demonstrated the existence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms between parasites isolated from T. p. parva Marikebuni-infected carrier cattle. The use of the PCR and other methods of carrier animal detection are discussed.