bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Language Specificity of the Brain Response to Syntactic Anomalies: Is the Syntactic Positive Shift a Member of the P300 Family?
Authors: Osterhout Lee , McKinnon Richard , Bersick Michael , Corey Vicka 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 13 scalp electrodes while subjects read sentences, some of which contained either a verb that disagreed in number with the subject noun (syntactic anomaly) or a word in uppercase letters (physical anomaly). Uppercase words elicited the P300 complex of positivities, whereas agreement violations elicited a late positive shift with an onset around 500 msec and a duration of several hundred msec. These effects differed in their morphology, temporal course, amplitude, and scalp distribution. Furthermore, manipulations of the probability-of-occurrence and task relevance of the anomalies had robust effects on the response to uppercase words, but not on the response to agreement violations. Finally, these anomalies had additive effects when agreement-violating uppercase (doubly anomalous) words were presented. These results are taken to be an initial indication that the positive shift elicited by agreement violations is distinct from the P300 response to unexpected, task-relevant anomalies that do not involve the violation of a grammatical rule.
Electrophysiological Studies of Face Perception in Humans
Authors: Bentin Shlomo , Allison Truett , Puce Aina , Perez Erik , McCarthy Gregory 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEvent-related potentials (ERPs) associated with face perception were recorded with scalp electrodes from normal volunteers. Subjects performed a visual target detection task in which they mentally counted the number of occurrences of pictorial stimuli from a designated category such as butterflies. In separate experiments, target stimuli were embedded within a series of other stimuli including unfamiliar human faces and isolated face components, inverted faces, distorted faces, animal faces, and other nonface stimuli. Human faces evoked a negative potential at 172 msec (N170), which was absent from the ERPs elicited by other animate and inanimate nonface stimuli. N170 was largest over the posterior temporal scalp and was larger over the right than the left hemisphere. N170 was delayed when faces were presented upside-down, but its amplitude did not change. When presented in isolation, eyes elicited an N170 that was significantly larger than that elicited by whole faces, while noses and lips elicited small negative ERPs about 50 msec later than N170. Distorted human faces, in which the locations of inner face components were altered, elicited an N170 similar in amplitude to that elicited by normal faces. However, faces of animals, human hands, cars, and items of furniture did not evoke N170. N170 may reflect the operation of a neural mechanism tuned to detect (as opposed to identify) human faces, similar to the “structural encoder” suggested by Bruce and Young (1986). A similar function has been proposed for the face-selective N200 ERP recorded from the middle fusiform and posterior inferior temporal gyri using subdural electrodes in humans (Allison, McCarthy, Nobre, Puce, & Belger, 1994c). However, the differential sensitivity of N170 to eyes in isolation suggests that N170 may reflect the activation of an eye-sensitive region of cortex. The voltage distribution of N170 over the scalp is consistent with a neural generator located in the occipitotemporal sulcus lateral to the fusiform/inferior temporal region that generates N200.
Inside and Outside the Pleasure Scene In Poetry about Locations by al-Sarī al-Raffā' al-Mawsilī
Authors: Sharlet Jocelyn 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAl-Sarī al-Raffā' al-Mawsilī was an Arabic poet known for his descriptive poetry who lived and worked in the tenth century in Iraq and Syria. Al-Sarī al-Raffā' played an important role in the expansion and development of short descriptive poetry in Arabic in the late ninth and tenth centuries. This genre of poetry uses elaborate rhetoric to provide a nuanced commentary on the role of material things, bodies (both human and non-human), and locations in social life. Short descriptive poetry is part of an expansion of the cultural sphere, which includes yet extends beyond the political sphere at this time. An important feature of short descriptive poetry is an interest in the bodily pleasures enjoyed in the context of informal sociability. Descriptions of locations in which pleasure gatherings take place situate the interiority of the pleasure scene in counterpoint to the world beyond the pleasure scene, which includes politics, the military, morality, social hierarchy, and religion. In addition, nature serves as a transition space between the interiority of the pleasure scene and the cultural sphere of the outside world. Al-Sarī's descriptions of mills, bath houses, and rooms in which birds have nested illustrate this counterpoint between the drinking party and the outside world, and between the time out for pleasure and the flow of time and events in the outside world.
On a Hopeless Last Stand for the Hypothesis of a Romance Origin of Andalusi Stanzaic Poetry: Homosexuality and Prostitution in the Kharjas
Authors: Corriente Federico 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThere remaining a few pockets of resistence to overwhelming evidence in favour of the Eastern Arabic ultimate background of the meters and metrics of Andalusi Stanzaic poetry, it behooves impartial scholarship to deal with alternative arguments eventually raised by those still defending the Hispanic hypothesis, and such is the purpose of this paper, in which the author takes issue with an allegedly early Stanzaic Irish poem with a "zajalesque" structure, as well as with an attempt at proving that a non-Khalilian, presumably Hispanic type of metrics was practiced in Al-Andalus. The final portion of this article is devoted to some thematic allusions to prostitution, restricted to non-Muslim women, and homosexual love in Andalusi Stanzaic poetry, not entirely a novelty but however exhibiting some interesting nuances.
Literary Representations of Trauma, Memory, and Identity in the Novels of Elias Khoury and Rabī' Jābir
Authors: Mostafa Dalia Said 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNineteen years after the end of the long Lebanese civil war (1975-1990), we find that traumas and memories of the war years still haunt the novels of many Lebanese writers. For example, images of the civil war as well as everyday life in the post-war era permeate recent narratives of such novelists as Elias Khoury, Rabī' Jābir, 'Ulwiyya Subuh, Nadā Awar Jarrār, and Rābih 'Alameddīne. The war experience has defined and shaped the writing techniques and narrative stylistics of a number of Lebanese novelists who belong to different generations. How do novelists fictionalise the traumas associated with an experience such as the civil war? In this study, I aim to investigate three related themes, namely trauma, memory, and identity by exploring Elias Khoury's two early novels Gates of the City [Abwāb al-Madīnah] and The White Faces [al-Wujūh al-Baydā'], which were both published in 1981, whilst drawing comparisons between them and Rabī Jābir's novel Rālf Rizqallah in the Mirror [Rālf Rizqallah fī al-Mir'āt], which was published in 1997. Despite the time span which separates Jābir's novel from those of Khoury, Jābir's text shares some significant characteristics with The White Faces in relation to novelistic form and structure, whilst overlapping with some themes of Gates of the City, particularly in the representation of such traumatic disorders as disorientation, nightmares, depression and severe anxiety when reflecting on the experience of the civil war. Thus, this study will address and discuss two interrelated questions: how do Khoury and Jābir fictionalise the experiences of trauma, memory, and identity in the three novels? And, in what ways are such representations significant in relation to living through the Lebanese civil war?
Prayer, Mosque, and Pilgrimage: Mapping Shī'ī Sectarian Identity in 2nd/8th Century Kūfa
Authors: Haider Najam 
Published: August 2009

AbstractI propose a narrative for the emergence of sectarian consciousness rooted in distinctive ritual practice and geographical space. This differs from recent studies of early Imāmī Shī'ism which tend to focus on historical struggles for political power or theological disputes about religious authority (i.e., the imāmate). I conclude that an observable proto-Imāmī identity began to crystallize in early 2nd/8th century Kūfa. In an urban environment characterized by a growing correlation between communal identity and ritual practice, the Imāmīs carved out distinctive sacred spaces in Kūfa, frequenting a set of revered mosques and avoiding others associated with hostile elements. Over time, Imāmīs increasingly emphasized smaller pilgrimages (ziyārāt) to shrines and other locations of historical and religious significance (e.g., 'Alī's shrine and al-Husayn's grave in Karbalā'). By the early 5th/11th century, participation in large processions to holy sites constituted a clear public declaration of communal loyalty.
Israeli Gnosticism: Amos Oz's Gospel According to Jephthah
Authors: Feldman Yael 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAmos Oz's early story, Ish Pere' [Wild Man, 1966] is analyzed here as a modern Midrash that superimposes Jephthah's sacrificial story [Judges 11] on the analogous story of the Aqedah [Genesis 22], thereby following in the footsteps of the Christian tradition, which had early on elevated Jephthah to the status of a “hero of faith” [Hebrews 11] and later prized the daughter as a model of female martyrdom. I argue moreover that Oz was not content to allude to normative Christianity alone but rather made use of the Church's subversive margins, of the Gnostic sects that rejected the Judeo-Christian tradition. Hence the Jephthah of this story represents three “bad” guys turned “good.” He is not only also Ishmael—he in fact aspires to be Cain too! Not however the biblical Cain—the rejected son, but rather the Gnostic Cain—the beloved son. The political meanings of this story for 1966 [!] are explored in the study from which this paper is culled, Glory and Agony: Rewriting Isaac/Sacrifice in Tel Aviv (Stanford: Stanford University Press; forthcoming).
Evaporation of Nonequilibrium Raindrops as a Fog Formation Mechanism
Authors: Tardif Robert , Rasmussen Roy M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
To gain insights into the poorly understood phenomenon of precipitation fog, this study assesses the evaporation of freely falling drops departing from equilibrium as a possible contributing factor to fog formation in rainy conditions. The study is based on simulations performed with a microphysical column model describing the evolution of the temperature and mass of evaporating raindrops within a Lagrangian reference frame. Equilibrium defines a state where the latent heat loss of an evaporating drop is balanced by the sensible heat flux from the ambient air, hence defining a steady-state drop temperature. Model results show that the assumption of equilibrium leads to small but significant errors in calculated precipitation evaporation rates for drops falling in continuously varying ambient near-saturated or saturated conditions. Departure from equilibrium depends on the magnitude of the vertical gradients of the ambient temperature and moisture as well as the drop-size-dependent terminal velocity. Contrasting patterns of behavior occur depending on the stratification of the atmosphere. Raindrops falling in inversion layers remain warmer than the equilibrium temperature and lead to enhanced moistening, with supersaturation achieved when evaporation proceeds in saturated inversions. Dehydration occurs in layers with temperature and water vapor increasing with height due to the vapor flux from the environment to the colder drops. These contrasts are not represented when equilibrium is assumed. The role of nonequilibrium raindrop evaporation in fog occurrences is further emphasized with simulations of a case study characterized by fog forming under light rain falling in a developing frontal inversion. Good agreement is obtained between fog water content observations and simulations representing only the effects of rainfall evaporation. This study demonstrates the need to take into account the nonequilibrium state of falling raindrops for a proper representation of an important mechanism contributing to precipitation fog occurrences.
Analysis and Forecasting of Sea Ice Conditions with Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation and a Coupled Ice–Ocean Model
Authors: Caya Alain , Buehner Mark , Carrieres Tom 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system has been developed to provide analyses of the ice–ocean state and to initialize a coupled ice–ocean numerical model for forecasting sea ice conditions. This study focuses on the estimation of the background-error statistics, including the spatial and multivariate covariances, and their impact on the quality of the resulting sea ice analyses and forecasts. The covariances are assumed to be horizontally homogeneous and fixed in time. The horizontal correlations are assumed to have a Gaussian shape and are modeled by integrating a diffusion equation. A relatively simple implementation of the ensemble Kalman filter is used to produce ensembles of the ice–ocean model state that are representative of background error and from which the 3DVAR covariance parameters are estimated.
Data assimilation experiments, using various configurations of 3DVAR and simpler assimilation approaches, are conducted over a 7-month period during the winter of 2006/07 for the Canadian east coast region. The only data assimilated are the gridded daily ice charts and RADARSAT image analyses produced by the Canadian Ice Service. All of the data assimilation experiments produce significantly improved short-term forecasts as compared with persistence. When assimilating the same data, the forecast quality from the experiments employing either the 3DVAR, direct insertion, or nudging is quite similar. However, assimilation of both the daily ice charts and RADARSAT image analyses in 3DVAR results in significant improvements to the sea ice concentration forecasts. This result supports the use of a data assimilation approach, such as 3DVAR, for combining multiple sources of observational data together with a sophisticated forecast model to provide analyses and forecasts of sea ice conditions.
A Bayesian Framework for Storm Tracking Using a Hidden-State Representation
Authors: Scharenbroich Lucas , Magnusdottir Gudrun , Smyth Padhraic , Stern Hal , Wang Chia-chi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA probabilistic tracking model is introduced that identifies storm tracks from feature vectors that are extracted from meteorological analysis data. The model assumes that the genesis and lysis times of each track are unknown and estimates their values along with the track’s position and storm intensity over time. A hidden-state dynamics model (Kalman filter) characterizes the temporal evolution of the storms.The model uses a Bayesian methodology for estimating the unknown lifetimes (genesis–lysis pairs) and tracks of the storms. Prior distributions are placed over the unknown parameters and their posterior distributions are estimated using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling algorithm. The posterior distributions are used to identify and report the most likely storm tracks in the data. This approach provides a unified probabilistic framework that accounts for uncertainty in storm timing (genesis and lysis), storm location and intensity, and the feature detection process. Thus, issues such as missing observations can be accommodated in a statistical manner without human intervention.The model is applied to the field of relative vorticity at the 975-hPa level of analysis from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System during May–October 2000–02, in the tropical east Pacific. Storm tracks in the National Hurricane Center best-track data (HURDAT) for the same period are used to assess the performance of the storm identification and tracking model.
Reduced immunoglobulin class switch recombination in the absence of Artemis
Authors: Rivera-Munoz Paola , Soulas-Sprauel Pauline , Le Guyader Gwenaël , Abramowski Vincent , Bruneau Sylvia , Fischer Alain , Pâques Frédéric , de Villartay Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair factors, including Artemis, are all required for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, which occur during the assembly of the variable antigen recognition domain of B-cell receptors and T-cell receptors through the V(D)J recombination. Mature B cells further shape their immunoglobulin repertoire on antigen recognition notably through the class switch recombination (CSR) process. To analyze the role of Artemis during CSR, we developed a mature B-cell–specific Artemis conditional knockout mouse to bypass the absence of B cells caused by its early deficit. Although CSR is not overwhelmingly affected in these mice, class switching to certain isotypes is clearly reduced both in vitro on B-cell activation and in vivo after keyhole limpet hemocyanin immunization. The reduced CSR in Artemis-deficient B cells is accompanied by the increase in DNA microhomology usage at CSR junctions, the imprint of an alternative DNA end-joining pathway. Likewise, significant increase in DNA microhomology usage is the signature of CSR junctions obtained from human RS-SCID patients harboring hypomorphic Artemis mutations. Altogether, this indicates that Artemis participates in the repair of a subset of DNA breaks generated during CSR.
Taking aim at protein translation in AML
Authors: Carroll Martin 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
In this issue of Blood, Tamburini and colleagues have studied the regulation of protein translation control in primary AML cells and describe a mTORC1-independent mechanism of regulation of the translation initiation complex that can be targeted with 4EGI-1, a small molecule inhibitor of translation, leading to death of the cells.1 This and other recent studies add to a growing body of evidence that AML cells have a critical dependence on active protein translation, which may provide an Achilles' heel for the tumor cells that can be targeted therapeutically.
How I treat hypereosinophilic syndromes
Authors: Klion Amy D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHypereosinophilic syndromes (HESs) are a heterogeneous group of uncommon disorders characterized by marked peripheral eosinophilia and end organ manifestations attributable to the eosinophilia or unexplained in the clinical setting. Whereas corticosteroids remain the mainstay of treatment for most patients, recent diagnostic advances and the development of novel targeted therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and humanized monoclonal antibodies, have increased the complexity of therapeutic decisions in HESs. This review presents a treatment-based approach to the diagnosis and classification of patients with peripheral blood eosinophilia of 1.5 × 109/L (1500/mm3) or higher and discusses the role of currently available therapeutic agents in the treatment of these patients.
Whole genome duplications and expansion of the vertebrate GATA transcription factor gene family
Authors: Gillis William Q , St John John , Bowerman Bruce , Schneider Stephan Q 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
GATA transcription factors influence many developmental processes, including the specification of embryonic germ layers. The GATA gene family has significantly expanded in many animal lineages: whereas diverse cnidarians have only one GATA transcription factor, six GATA genes have been identified in many vertebrates, five in many insects, and eleven to thirteen in Caenorhabditis nematodes. All bilaterian animal genomes have at least one member each of two classes, GATA123 and GATA456.

Results
We have identified one GATA123 gene and one GATA456 gene from the genomic sequence of two invertebrate deuterostomes, a cephalochordate (Branchiostoma floridae) and a hemichordate (Saccoglossus kowalevskii). We also have confirmed the presence of six GATA genes in all vertebrate genomes, as well as additional GATA genes in teleost fish. Analyses of conserved sequence motifs and of changes to the exon-intron structure, and molecular phylogenetic analyses of these deuterostome GATA genes support their origin from two ancestral deuterostome genes, one GATA 123 and one GATA456. Comparison of the conserved genomic organization across vertebrates identified eighteen paralogous gene families linked to multiple vertebrate GATA genes (GATA paralogons), providing the strongest evidence yet for expansion of vertebrate GATA gene families via genome duplication events.

Conclusion
From our analysis, we infer the evolutionary birth order and relationships among vertebrate GATA transcription factors, and define their expansion via multiple rounds of whole genome duplication events. As the genomes of four independent invertebrate deuterostome lineages contain single copy GATA123 and GATA456 genes, we infer that the 0R (pre-genome duplication) invertebrate deuterostome ancestor also had two GATA genes, one of each class. Synteny analyses identify duplications of paralogous chromosomal regions (paralogons), from single ancestral vertebrate GATA123 and GATA456 chromosomes to four paralogons after the first round of vertebrate genome duplication, to seven paralogons after the second round of vertebrate genome duplication, and to fourteen paralogons after the fish-specific 3R genome duplication. The evolutionary analysis of GATA gene origins and relationships may inform understanding vertebrate GATA factor redundancies and specializations.
Immunoproteomic analysis of outer membrane proteins and extracellular proteins of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae JL03 serotype 3
Authors: Liao Yonghong , Deng Junhua , Zhang Anding , Zhou Mingguang , Hu Yong , Chen Huanchun , Jin Meilin 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine contagious pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory infection in pigs, and all the 15 serotypes are able to cause disease. Current vaccines including subunit vaccines could not provide satisfactory protection against A. pleuropneumoniae. In this study, the immunoproteomic approach was applied to the analysis of extracellular and outer membrane proteins of A. pleuropneumoniae JL03 serotype 3 for the identification of novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae.

Results
A total of 30 immunogenic proteins were identified from outer membrane and extracellular proteins of JL03 serotype 3, of which 6 were known antigens and 24 were novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae.

Conclusion
These data provide information about novel immunogenic proteins for A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 3, and are expected to aid in development of novel vaccines against A. pleuropneumoniae.