bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of oxytetracycline on the intestinalEscherichia coliflora of newly weaned pigs
Authors: Hinton M. , Hampson D. J. , Hampson Elisabeth , Linton A. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFour recently weaned pigs were dosed orally with oxytetracycline. This caused a rapid increase in the incidence of tetracycline resistance (TcR) amongEscherichia coliisolates from the faecal flora. The isolates were differentiated further on the basis of O-serogroup, biotype and resistance pattern. There was no evidence that the administration of the antibiotic selected for a few TcR clones, but rather a relatively large number of TcR strains were identified during the dosing period. Using selective isolation media a proportion of these strains were demonstrated in the minority faecalEsch. coliflora before dosing, while the remainder were recognized for the first time after dosing commenced.The incidence of TcR amongEsch. coliisolates also increased after weaning in other pigs which were not dosed with oxytetracycline or any other antibacterial agent. In a proportion of these animals this increase was associated with the dominance of a TcR enteropathogenic serotype (0149:K 91, K 88a, c) in the faecalEsch. coliflora which was probably ingested in small numbers before weaning. The source of other TcR strains was probably the environment in which each pig was placed after weaning.
Utilization ofd-tartaric acid bySalmonella paratyphi BandSalmonella java: comparison of anaerobic plate test, lead acetate test and turbidity test
Authors: Barker Ruth M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYd-Tartrate dehydrase ofSalmonella javais an oxygen-sensitive enzyme active in cultures incubated under the poorly aerated conditions of static culture but not in fully aerated shaken cultures nor on plates incubated aerobically. On plates ofd-tartrate minimal agar incubated anaerobically the enzyme or the degradation products ofd-tartrate are exported fromd-tartrate-positive cells and are available tod-tartrate-negative bacteria. This may give misleading growth results whend-tartrate-positive andd-tartrate-negative strains are tested for growth on the same plate ofd-tartrate minimal agar.The lead-acetate test terminated at 24 h, the 24 h turbidity test and the ability to grow ond-tartrate minimal agar within 48 h differentiated 53S. paratyphi Bstrains that were negative in each of the three tests from 76S. javathat were positive in each of the tests. An intermediate group of eight strains utilizedd-tartrate in Difco bacto-peptone water to give a positive lead acetate reaction at 2 days, were stimulated to a varying degree byd-tartrate in Oxoid peptone water within the same period of incubation and grew poorly ond-tartrate minimal agar. These latter strains may be deficient in a permease controlling uptake ofd-tartrate or export ofd-tartrato dehydrase.Inability to utilized-tartrate is unlikely to be the single character accountable for the reputed enhanced pathogenicity ofS. paraptyphi Bwhen compared withS. java.Indications for the existence of an enzyme, complementary to and mutually exclusive withd-tartrate dehydrase, that has a positive correlation with pathogenicity are discussed.
The effect of surgical gowns made with barrier cloth on bacterial dispersal
Authors: Matthews Julie , Slater K. , Newsom S. W. B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA dispersal chamber (body box) technique has been used to compare bacterial dispersal from the skin of subjects carrying out a stepping test under controlled conditions while wearing four differing garment systems namely:(a) basic underwear, cotton ‘blues’ (standard pyjama style jacket and trousers for men or dress for women), ankle socks, boots for men and shoes for women, mask and theatre hat; (b) the basic set covered with a cotton gown; (c) the basic set covered by a gown with a front made from GORE-TEX fabric in which an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane is sandwiched between layers of woven or knitted polyester; (d) the basic set covered with a fully enclosed suit of the same fabric.A slit sampler was used to measure the number of bacteria liberated in a downward current of air. Six subjects (three female and three male) were studied. Males liberated more bacteria. Covering the ‘blues’ with a cotton gown increased the bacterial count; a gown of the new material reduced the increase by 50%, and the suit cut the dispersal to virtually zero.Preliminary work suggests that GORE-TEX garments survive laundering better than cotton, and may be cost-effective, but are not yet as comfortable. Research is presently in progress to improve this aspect.
Salmonella isolation with Rappaport–Vassiliadis enrichment medium seeded with different sized inocula of pre-enrichment cultures of meat products and sewage polluted water
Authors: Vassiliadis P. , Mavrommati Ch. , Kalapothaki V. , Chronas G. , Efstratiou M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 574 samples, of seven different types, were examined for the presence of salmonellas. All the specimens were pre-enriched in buffered peptone water and enriched in Rappaport–Vassiliadis medium (RV medium). In one trial 0·1 ml of pre-enrichment culture of 497 samples (79 chicken carcasses, 228 specimens of minced meat, 100 pork sausages, 19 samples of dried powdered chicken meat, 11 specimens of faeces of healthy pigs and 60 samples of sewage polluted natural sea water) was seeded to 10 ml as well as to 100 ml of RV medium. With the first inoculum (ratio 0·1:10), 111 samples were found to contain salmonellas, while with the second inoculum (ratio 0·1:100), only 102 positive samples were detected. This difference is marginally significant (P < 0·05). In another trial, 0·1 ml, 0·2 ml and 0·5 ml of pre-enrichment culture of 162 specimens (71 chicken carcasses, 40 samples of sewage polluted sea water and 51 samples of sewage polluted river water) were in turn introduced to 10 ml of RV medium. With the 0·1 ml inoculum 93 positive samples were detected, while with the 0·2 and 0·5 ml inocula 93 and 88 positive samples were found. The differences are not statistically significant. In these trials the growth of competing organisms was minimal with ratios of inocula 0·1:10 or 0·1:100.
A study of the host range and distribution of antibody to Akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae) in Kenya
Authors: Davies F. Glyn , Jessett D. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSerum neutralizing antibody to Akabane virus (genus bunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae) was found in a high proportion (50–95%) of cattle sampled in Kenya, while sheep and goats had fewer positive (13–33%). Camel and horse sera also contained antibody to the virus (70% and 50% respectively). The antibody was found in animals from the high altitude temperate type of grasslands, drier bushed and wooded grasslands and the semi-desert. No arthrogryposisnor hydranencephaly has been encountered in Kenya which might be related to this widespread virus infection.A wide range of Kenyan wild ruminants had antibody to Akabane virus in their sera, as also did zebra.
Clostridium difficilein general practice and community health
Authors: Riley T. V. , Wymer Valerie , Bamford V. W. , Bowman R. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe isolation rate forClostridium difficilein diarrhoeal stools was investigated in patients from general practice and community health centres over a 14-month period.C. difficileor its cytotoxin was detected in specimens from 89 (4·7 %) of 1882 patients studied and accounted for 30·3 % of all enteropathogenic micro-organisms isolated. OverallC. difficilewas second only toGiandia lambliain frequency. Recovery rates in the different groups of patients surveyed varied from 3·6 to 27·5 %. The relationship between stool culture results and stool cytotoxin assay also varied considerably between groups of patients studied. Coincident infections with a variety of enteropathogenic bacteria and intestinal parasites were diagnosed in 14 of the 89 patients. It was concluded that laboratories servicing this type of practice should be aware thatC. difficilemay be a cause of diarrhoea. An adequate clinical history should facilitate proper processing of the specimen.
Microbiological quality of desiccated coconut
Authors: Kinderlerer Judith L. , Clark Rachel A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA microbial survey of Sri Lankan desiccated coconut has been made on material purchased in supermarkets in Sheffield or on material obtained directly from the processing company. The total viable count (TVC) was reduced by spoilage and pasteurization from 104/g to 103/g. Most samples contained low levels of coagulase-positiveStephylococcus aureussuggesting that this commodity had been handled during production. One focus of contamination withAspergillus flavuswas found for each 8·34 g of desiccated coconut (mean contamination). The number of bacteria and moulds in spoiled coconut was significantly lower than that in coconut obtained from the processor or purchased from retail outlets. It is suggested that the accumulation of free fatty acids, aliphatic methyl ketones and secondary alcohols produced during fungal spoilage has had a bactericidal and fungicidal effect. The use of microbial specifications for foods is questioned in situations where there is evidence of microbial spoilage having taken place.
The relationship between the serogroup antigen and lipopolysaccharide ofLegionella pneumophila
Authors: Conlan J. W. , Ashworth L. A. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSerogroup-specific antigen was extracted from a number ofLegionella pneumophilastrains and compared with phenol-water extracted lipopolysaccharide on the basis of gel filtration, chemical analysis, SDS-PAGE and reaction with serogroup-specific antibody in immunoblots. Serogroup specificity is apparently borne by the O side-chains of the lipopolysaccharide, which, although smooth in type, partitions in the phenol phase. For four serogroup 1 strains tested, there was no qualitative correlation between O side-chain length and pulmonary virulence for guinea-pigs.
International outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning caused by contaminated lasagne
Authors: Woolaway M. C. , Bartlett C. L. R. , Wieneke Antonnette A. , Gilbert R. J. , Murrell Helen C. , Aureli P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn outbreak of staphylococcal food poisoning in Europe caused by contaminated lasagne was detected and monitored by both national and international surveillance systems. The common source was a pasta-producing factory in Italy and high levels of Staphylococcus aureus were detected in packets of dried lasagne distributed in Luxembourg, the UK, France and Italy. Forty-seven cases were reported in the UK. Outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning attributed to mishandling during the food processing stage are uncommon and pasta as the food vehicle is rare. Prompt recognition of the outbreak and rapid identification of the food vehicle enabled most of the consignment to be withdrawn from the market.
Cryptosporidium plus campylobacter: an outbreak in a semi-rural population
Authors: Casemore D. P. , Jessop E. G. , Douce D. , Jackson F. B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a circumscribed semi-rural population is described; some cases were infected concurrently with campylobacter. The results of a detailed case-control study and environmental surveillance are discussed.
Further investigations of a hydatid focus in North-West Scotland
Authors: Moir Isobel L. , Chrystall Caroline J. , Joss A. W. L. , Williams H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA serological survey carried out on 1379 school-children from Skye and Mallaig in the N.W. of Scotland failed to show evidence of subclinical cases of hydatidosis. There appeared to be a relatively low level of exposure to the parasite, as judged by ELISA and IHA tests. Thirty-one children reacted positively in the ELISA; only one child had a transient positive result in the IHA test. Surveillance of these children will be continued for the present but the duration required is uncertain. The local population appeared to be well aware of the mode of spread of the parasite and the methods for its control.
The epidemiology of hydatid disease in England and Wales
Authors: Stallbaumer M. F. , Clarkson M. J. , Bailey J. W. , Pritchard J. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of hydatid disease in man in England and Wales, based on the data collected between 1981 and 1983 at the Hydatid Reference Laboratory of the Public Health Laboratory Service, is presented. The incidence of hydatid disease was 42 cases per annum, with 2 cases per million population occurring in Wales and 0·2 per million in England. The highest prevalence was in London amongst the immigrant population. The incidence in the indigenous population was 15·5 cases per annum, with 5·6 cases per million occurring in South Powys, parts of South Wales and Herefordshire. The population most at risk is the rural, farming community in that area, but the West Midlands is also an apparent focus of the disease.
Investigations on the role of flagella in the colonization of infant mice withCampylobacter jejuniand attachment ofCampylobacter jejunito human epithelial cell lines
Authors: Newell Diane G. , McBride Harold , Dolby Jean M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe biochemical and biological properties of the flagella ofCampylobacter jejunihave been investigated using two variants selected from a flagellate, motile clinical isolate (strain 81116): a flagellate, non-motile variant (SF-1) and an aflagellate variant (SF-2). Phenotypic and biochemical analysis of the strains and amino acid analysis of the isolated flagella suggest that the variants differed from the wild-type strain only in the absence of flagella and/or motility. The aflagellato variant poorly colonized the gastrointestinal tract of infant mice but the flagellate, non-motile variant colonized the mice as successfully as the wild-type strain.35S-labelled organisms were used to investigate the attachment of the variants to human epithelial cell monolayersin vitro. The flagellate, non-motile strain attached more efficiently to the cells than the wild-type strain or the aflagellate strain. Differences in attachment suggest that an adhesin is intimately associated with flagella ofC jejuniand that active flagella mediate only a tenuous association with host cells. This adhesin attached most efficiently to cells of intestinal epithelial origin and was not specifically inhibited by various sugars.
The mycoplasmacidal properties of sodium hypochlorite
Authors: Lee D. H. , Miles R. J. , Perry B. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of hypochlorite concentration onMycoplasma mycoidesssp.mycoidesviability was tested under a variety of conditions. The experimental variables employed included chlorine-cell contact time, chlorine concentration, carrier system and organic loading. Initial populations of 106c.f.u./ml were killed (no survivors in 1 ml) by hypoehlorite solution containing 25 p.p.m. available chlorine in 15 s in the absence of organic load and 50 p.p.m. available chlorine in 5 min in the presence of 1% protein. Higher concentrations of hypochlorite were required to disinfect a porous carrier system in the absence or presence of protein. The results are in contrast to previous reports thatM. bovisis killed only by high hypochlorito concentrations.
A four-year survey of African swine fever in Malawi
Authors: Haresnape J. M. , Lungu S. A. M. , Mamu F. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA serological survey of free-ranging domestic pigs in the Central and Southern Regions of Malawi, together with laboratory data on confirmed cases of African swine fever (ASF) and data from interviews with pig owners, undertaken over a four-year period from 1981–4, has enabled the ASF enzootic area of Malawi to be identified. The area covers much of the western part of the Central Region and includes Mchinji district and parts of Kasungu, Ntchisi, Dowa and Lilongwe districts. Mortality is substantially less than 100% in outbreaks within the enzootic area but approaches 100% in outbreaks outside this area, as shown by both the serological investigation and the interview data.
An evaluation of commercially available dehydrated Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium for the isolation of salmonellae from poultry
Authors: Fricker C. R. , Quail Elaine , McGibbon Loraine , Girdwood R. W. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 745 samples of chicken giblets was cultured to determine the relative efficiency of a commercially available Rappaport-Vassiliadis medium (RV-Oxoid). Experiments to determine the optimum inoculation ratio showed that 1:100 was superior to the other ratios tested. Comparison of RV-Oxoid with standard RV and RV-medium prepared using soya peptone (RV-soya) showed that after 24 h RV-soya was significantly better than RV-Oxoid (P< 0·05), although there was no significant difference between standard RV and RV-Oxoid. Furthermore, when the duration of incubation was extended to 48 h there was no significant difference between the three media (P> 0·25).We conclude that RV-Oxoid is a satisfactory product for the isolation of salmoncllae from poultry, providing that it is inoculated at a ratio of 1:100 and is incubated for 48h. Its use can therefore be recommended to laboratories who wish to use a dehydrated medium.
The serological diagnosis ofMycoplasma pneumoniaeinfection: a comparison of complement fixation, haemagglutination and immunofluorescence
Authors: Rousseau S. A. , Tettmar R. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 193 sera were examined for antibody toMycoplasma pneumoniaeby three techniques – complement fixation (CF), haemagglutination (HA) and immunofluorescence (IF), the last method being used to assess IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies. The most reliable single test for diagnosis was HA, and the most useful combination of tests was HA with IF (IgM and IgG). The IgA IF was not found to be diagnostically helpful.
Toxin production and haemagglutination in strains ofEscherichia colifrom diarrhoea in Brescia, Italy
Authors: Bisicchia R. , Ciammarughi R. , Caprioli A. , Falbo V. , Ruggeri F. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTwo hundred and ninety-nine different strains ofEscherichia coli, isolated from 172 patients with diarrhoea and 113 healthy subjects, were examined for enterotoxin, cytotoxin and haemolysin (Hly) production and for mannose-resistant haemagglutination (MRHA) and invasive properties. Three strains proved enterotoxigenic, none enteroinvasive; cytotoxin and Hly production was shown in 25 strains from patients and in 3 from controls. Ten strains produced the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF), 6 released other factors which kill cell cultures. Hly production was shown in 21 strains, 9 of which were also positive for CNF. MRHA was detected in 26% of strains from diarrhoca compared with 14% of strains from healthy people. A strong association between toxin production and MRHA was demonstrated. Serotyping results showed that the strains exhibiting virulence traits mostly belonged to serogroups commonly involved in extra-intestinal infections. The possible role of strains ofE. colishowing one or more virulence factors as opportunistic pathogens in diarrhoeal diseases is discussed.
Acquisition of genes from an O18:K1:H7 ColV+strain ofEscherichia colirenders intracranially-inoculatedE. coliK12 highly virulent for chickens, ducks and guinea-pigs but not mice
Authors: Smith H. Williams , Huggins M. B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe virulence of intracranially-inoculated mutant forum of an O18ac:K1:H7 ColV+stain ofEscherichia coli(designated MW) that lacked different combinations of its O and K antigens and CoIV, and of anE. coliK12 strain to which these characters had been transmitted was studied in mice, chickens, ducks and guinea-pigs.The O18+K1+Co1V+form of MW was highly virulent for chickens and mice hut the corresponding form of K12 was only highly virulent for chickens; the O18-K1-ColV-froms of both strains were of low virulence for chickens and mice. K1 was more important than O18 or ColV in determining virulence for both animal species, Ducks and guinca-pigs resembled chickens, not mice, in their response to infection with the O18+K1+ColV+from of K12.Pathogenesis studies revealed than the virulence of the forms of MW and K12 was associated with their ability to proliferate in the central nervous system; only low numbers of organisms were found in the blood and spleen of inoculated animals.The O18+K1+ColV+form of K12 multiplied in mouse brian and in mouse blood in eitro; its multiplication in chicken blood was partinlly inhibited. Agglutinins to this and other forms of K12 were found in chicken serum but not in mouse serum. Large doses of mouse serum given to chickens and large doeses of checken serum given to mice did not alter the manner in which these animals responded to K12 O18+K1+ColV+infection. Vaceination protected chickens and mice against lethal intraeranial infection with the O18+K1+ColV+forms of K12 or MW; it produicted a much stronger immunity in mice against intrapertoneal challenge than against intraeranial challeage
The ovine mammary gland as an experimental model to determine the virulence of animal ureaplasmas
Authors: Ball H. J. , Mackie D. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAs an estimate of their virulence, the ability of ovine, bovine, canine, feline and simian ureaplasma strains to cause mastitis in the ovine mammary gland was investigated. Five ovine ureaplasmas produced a clinical mastitis. Broth cultures of seven bovine ureaplasmas were unable to infect the ovine gland, but two of these strains plus one other were able to do so following passage through the bovine udder. One of two canine strains and a feline strain both caused mastitis, but the simian strain persisted at low titre for only 5 days post-inoculation in one of the two ewes tested.
Transferable resistance to trimethoprim in enteric pathogens isolated in Kuwait
Authors: Chugh T. D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTrimethoprim resistance was seen in 14·8% of 500 strains of salmonella, 43·1% of 153 strains ofshigella and 59% of 27 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from stools of patients with diarrhoea. Strains with a high level of trimethoprim resistance (MIC of ≥ 512 μg) were subjected to conjugal transfer. Trimethoprim resistance was plasmid-mediated in all of 42 strains of shigella and 12 strains of E. coli examined. However, 2 of the 47 strains of salmonella could not transfer their trimethoprim resistance either directly or by mobilization with the transfer factors X and Δ both at 37 and 25 °C overnight incubation.
Bacterial counts on fabrics: a comparative study of three methods
Authors: Hoborn Jan , Nyström Bertil 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYOne contact plate and two homogenization methods have been compared for efficiency in assessing the bacterial contamination of fabrics with high or low, natural or artificial contamination. The contact plate method resulted in considerably lower counts than any of the homogenization methods, which closely resembled one another. One of these, utilizing a Stomacher 400®, was found to be more practical, and is therefore recommended for counting bacteria on fabrics.
The coypu as a rodent reservoir of leptospira infection in Great Britain
Authors: Waitkins Sheena A. , Wanyangu S. , Palmer M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe coypu (Myocastor coypusMolina) is an aquatic rodent that has become a widespread pest in the south-east of England. Since the natural habitat of this animal is aquatic, the possibility of infection with leptospires was investigated. Twenty-nine coypu were trapped and examined by serological, histological and cultural methods. Of these, there was serological evidence of infection in seven coypus andLeptospira interrogansvar.Wolffiiwas isolated from a further animal. This appears to be the first report of the isolation of leptospira from a coypu in Great Britain.