bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of incubation temperature and site of sampling on assessment of the numbers of bacteria on red meat carcasses at commercial abattoirs
Authors: Roberts T. A. , MacFie H. J. H. , Hudson W. R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSeveral sites on commercial beef, pork and lamb carcasses were sampled at the end of the slaughterline. Total viable counts (TVC) of bacteria were assessed by incubation at 37, 20 and 1 °C in addition to presumptive coliforms (PC), Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) and faecal streptococci (FS). Statistical analyses showed consistently dirty sites within an abattoir but these sites varied from one abattoir to another. Inter-site differences were unaffected by the incubation temperature of the TVC. Numbers of PC, ENT and FS did not mimic TVC. Empirical sampling plans are proposed to detect the highest count on a carcass by bulking samples from known dirty sites. At the end of the slaughterline TVC 37 °C is the most useful bacteriological index.
Bacteriostasis ofEscherichia coliby milk. VI. The in-vitro bacteriostatic property of Gambian mothers' breast milk in relation to the in-vivo protection of their infants against diarrhoeal disease
Authors: Rowland M. G. M. , Cole T. J. , Tully Maura , Dolby Jean M. , Honour Pauline 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA one-year field-study has been carried out in a diarrhoea-endemic area in West Africa to determine the relationship between the bacteriostatic activity of fresh human milk forEscherichia coli in vitroand freedom from diarrhoea of the infant recipients of the milk. The specific contribution ofE. coligastroenteritis to gastrointestinal diseases of infants in general is not known, nor is its particular role in the Gambian infants studied. During the study period, however, both enteropathogenic and toxigenic strains ofE. coliwere isolated.The incidence of diarrhoea in Gambian infants of seven age-groups from 2 days to 12 months was not significantly correlated with the bacteriostatic activity of milk. This was due rather to absence of diarrhoea in babies fed on low-activity milk than illness in those receiving highly bacteriostatic milk. Indeed, very active milk appeared to protect recipients almost completely, including seven babies of over 3 months of age, five of them during the rainy season, when the risk was high. Babies receiving lower-activity milk experienced more diarrhoea. In a situation where diarrhoeal disease is multifactorial, field evaluation of the protective action by one antibacterial property of milk is difficult. A better understanding ofin vivoprotection is important, and the factors which have to be taken into account are discussed.
‘1001’ Campylobacters: cultural characteristics of intestinal campylobacters from man and animals
Authors: Skirrow M. B. , Benjamin J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe cultural characteristics of 1220Campylobacterstrains from a variety of sources are described. Forty-two were identified asCampylobacter fetusssp.fetus(Véron & Chatelain, 1973), 1120 as members of theC. jejuni/C. coligroup, and 58 did not conform to any known description. Sixteen of the latter strains had the basic characteristics ofC. fetusbut were atypical in certain other respects. The other 42 strains had the thermophilic characteristics of the jejuni/coli group, but were resistant to nalidixie acid and had other features in common; it is possible that they represent a new species. They were isolated from 19% of locally caught wild seagulls but only occasionally from other animals and man.Growth at 25 °C clearly distinguished strains ofC. fetusfrom those of the jejuni/coli and the nalidixie acid-resistant thermophilic (NARTC) groups. Maximum growth temperature was less reliable for this purpose, and 43 °C was found to be better than the traditional 42 °C. By arranging the results of three tests (tolerance to 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, growth at 30·5 and 45·5 °C) serially in the form of a schema comprising nine categories, the jejuni/coli strains fell into two main groups resembling the Institute PasteurC. jejuniandC. colitype strains, but these groups could not be clearly defined owing to the existence of strains with intermediate characteristics.Most of the strains from cattle resembledC. jejuni, whereas those from pigs resembledC. coli; poultry strains occupied a more intermediate position. Strains from man and other animals were of mixed types, but most human strains resembledC. jejunirather thanC. coli. The type distribution pattern that most nearly matched that of human indigenous strains was given by a half-and-half mixture of strains from cattle and poultry.
Laboratory trials of seven rodenticides for use against the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus)
Authors: Gill J. E. , Redfern R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe efficacy of seven rodenticides for use against Sigmodon hispidus was investigated in the laboratory. The poisons (warfarin, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, brodifacoum, bromadiolone, calciferol and zinc phosphide) were all toxic at the concentrations normally used against Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus and all were palatable.Trials are now needed to confirm the efficacy of these poisons in the field, but it seems likely that, if used in suitable bait formulations, they would all be useful for the practical control of S. hispidus.
Changes in the seasonal incidence of measles in Iceland, 1896–1974
Authors: Cliff A. D. , Haggett P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe changing seasonal patterns of reported measles cases in Iceland during this century are analysed. These changes are related to increased population mobility following the development of external and internal transport links, particularly since 1945. The forging of such links has resulted in a shift in the seasonal distribution of cases from one peculiar to the local social and economic conditions in Iceland to one broadly similar to that in other countries of northern temperate latitudes.
Characterization of plasmids conferring resistance to gentamicin and apramycin in strains ofSalmonella typhimuriumphage type 204c isolated in Britain
Authors: Threlfall E. J. , Rowe B. , Ferguson J. L. , Ward L. R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYInSalmonella typhimuriumphage type 204c isolated in Britain, gentamicin resistance is specified by plasmids of the I1compatibility group which also confer resistance to apramycin. These plasmids have been subdivided into three types within the I1group on the basis of their antibiotic resistance specificity, their ability to produce colicin Ib and their restriction enzyme digest fragmentation patterns. All three have been identified in strains from cattle, but as yet only two types have been found in strains from humans.It is suggested that the use of apramyein in animal husbandry is responsible for the appearance of gentamicin resistance in multiresistant strains of phage type 204 c, a phage type already epidemic in bovine animals and with an increasing incidence in humans.
Evaluation of ELISA in the diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis in human beings
Authors: Araj G. F. , Lulu A. R. , Mustafa M. Y. , Khateeb M. I. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the levels of brucella-specific IgG, IgM and IgA in 173 patients with acute brucellosis, 22 patients with chronic brucellosis and in 281 controls consisting of 98 patients with other infectious etiologies, 20 patients with non-infectious diseases and 163 normal healthy adults. The ELISA results were compared with culture findings, the results of slide agglutination tests withBrucella melitensis(M),B. abortus(A) and Ross Bengal (RB) antigens, and of tube and microagglutination tests. Brucella cultures were positive in 53 and 5% of patients with acute and chronic brucellosis respectively. The slide agglutination tests with A, M, A plus M and RB antigens were positive in 42, 44, 51 and 98% of patients with acute brucellosis and in 23, 27, 27 and 64% of patients with chronic brucellosis. There was no significant difference in the results between the tube and microagglutination tests regardless of the type of antigen used. At a titre of ≫ 80 or ≫ 160 these tests were positive in 98% and 92% of patients with acute brucellosis and 60 and 40% of patients with chronic brucellosis. The brucella culture and agglutination tests were negative for all the controls.Brucella ELISA immunoglobulins (Ig) were detected in some individuals in the control groups but the majority of these had titres of ≫ 100 for IgG, IgM, and IgA. However, patients with brucellosis had significantly higher ELISA titres in all classes of Ig than controls but the sensitivity and specificity within each Ig class varied with the titre considered. At a titre of ≫ 1600 the brucella IgG had a sensitivity and specificity of 98% for patients with acute or chronic brucellosis; this decreased with lower reciprocal titres. The brucella IgM titre of ≫ 400 had a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 98% for patients with acute brucellosis. However, in patients with chronic brucellosis the brucella IgM was very low. The brucella IgA titre of ≫ 200 showed a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 99% for patients with either acute or chronic brucellosis. This study indicates that brucella ELISA is a rapid, sensitive and specific assay, provides a profile of Ig classes in the diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis, is useful for mass screening and could be considered the method of choice for the serological diagnosis of brucellosis.
Enzyme immunoassay using BCG in serodiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Garcia-Carreñno F. L. , Carvajal R. E. , Hernandez R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAmounts ofMycobacterium tuberculosisantibodies were determined in sera from patients with either active or inactive tuberculosis and in healthy subjects by an immunoenzymatic assay in which whole BCG cells attached covalently to polystyrene disks were used as antigen. Statistically significant differences (P< 0·005) were found both between the active and inactive tuberculosis groups and between the active group and healthy controls. No significant differences were found between the inactive group and controls. Since this procedure is efficient (91%) and can be used in areas which lack laboratory equipment, it appears promising for individual serodiagnosis and for epidemiological surveys.
The survival ofEscherichia coliin an aerosol at air temperatures of 15 and 30 °C and a range of humidities
Authors: Wathes C. M. , Howard K. , Webster A. J. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe survival ofEscherichia coliin an aerosol was studied at several temperatures and over a range of relative humidities using a Henderson apparatus.Death occurred in two phases, the first lasting approximately 1 min; in the second the number of viable microorganisms declined exponentially.E. coliwas robust and remained viable for many hours. Death was most rapid at low humidities (< 50% r.h.) at 15 and 30 °C, with half-lives of 14 and 3 min respectively. In humid conditions the half-lives were much longer, approximately 83 and 14 min respectively.Based on this work, preliminary recommendations for the climate of livestock buildings can now be given to control the airborne spread ofE. coli.
Prevalence of human (H1N1) influenza virus-antibody in japanese swine
Authors: Miwa Y. , Goto H. , Noro S. , Sakurada N. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA total of 571 swine sera collected at an abattoir in the city of Obihiro, Hokkaido during the period February–November 1984 were tested for antibody against human (H1N1) influenza virus strains. A high prevalence of antibody was observed for only 3 months from April to June in that year, in 81/180 sera (45·0%) to A/USSR/92/77 strain and in 50/180 sera (27·8%) to a current epidemic strain (A/Hokkaido/1/84). Some cross-reactions were observed between the A/USSR/92/77 and A/Hokkaido/1/84 antibodies (r= 0·75). Only minor relationships were noted between the A/New Jersey/8/76 (swine type H1N1) and A/USSR/92/77 (r= 0·35) or A/Hokkaido/1/84 (r= 0·51) antibodies. Absorption of sera positive for antibody to the A/Hokkaido/1/84 strain with the homologous virus strain removed all detectable antibodies, while the absorption of the sera with the A/New Jersey/8/76 strain produced incomplete absorption in one half of the sera tested. These resultsstrongly suggest that the swine became infected with a human H1N1 virus as piglets during an epidemic of influenza which occurred in the human population during January and February 1984.
Comparison of standard tube and microagglutination techniques for determiningBrucellaantibodies
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Maskill W. J. , Pearce J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA microagglutination method for determining the agglutinating and ‘blocking’ antibodies toBrucella abortusis described. A collection of sera from healthy blood donors in two rural areas of New Zealand were tested by the microagglutination methods and the standard methods in tube. The results are compared and show that where discrepancies occur, these are due to the microagglutination methods being more sensitive. It is concluded that these are suitable methods for screening populations.
Meningococcal disease in South Australia: incidence and serogroup distribution 1971–1980
Authors: Hansman D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDuring the ten-year period 1971–80 isolates of meningococci from 85 cases of meningococcal disease (MD) in South Australia, from 66 children, 6 adolescents and 13 adults, were examined. These comprised 69 cases of meningitis and 16 cases of bacteraemia without meningitis. Thirty-three (39%) of all cases of MD occurred in children less than 1 year of age, the median age was 19 months. Serogroup B accounted for 61 (72%) cases of MD, group A seven (8%), group C seven (8%), group W135 five (6%), group Y three (4%) and group X one (1%); in addition there was a single case of Neisseria lactamica infection.The annual prevalence of MD in South Australia for the period was 11 cases per 100000 for children under the age of 2 years and 0·7 cases per 100000 overall. The prevalence was highest in winter (45% cases) and spring (26%) and lowest in summer (13%). The overall mortality rate was 8%. Four of the 21 infants under the age of 6 months died (mortality rate 19 %) whereas none of the 32 children aged from 6 months to 14 years died (P = 0·02). Amongst the survivors, three children had deafness, which was bilateral and severe in two.
Seroepidemiological study on toxocaral infection in man by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Matsumura K. , Endo R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA seroepidemiological survey for toxocaral infection was performed using samples from children and adult women in the Yamaguchi area of Western Japan, An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using excretory–secretory antigen was applied to these sera. Of samples tested, 3·1% from children and 3·7% from women were positive. It was found that regression analysis of positive rates by age between 20 and 70 or more years was significant in the positive direction. The positive rates from urban, rural and fishing areas were 5·7, 3·9 and 1·7% respectively. Also, the rates from northern, western and eastern parts in the research area were 5·7, 4·7 and 0·5% respectively. These findings suggested that environmental factors are important for toxocaral infection. Further, the rate for 108 samples who answered that they have owned dogs was 6·2% compared to 2·9% of 422 respondents who denied an experience of owning dogs. This fact suggested thatattention should be paid to dog breeding for prevention and control of toxocaral infection in man.
Aerosol infection of animals with strains ofLegionella pneumophilaof different virulence: comparison with intraperitoneal and intranasal routes of infection
Authors: Fitzgeorge R. B. , Baskerville A. , Broster M. , Hambleton P. , Dennis P. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYInfection of guinea-pigs by intranasal (i.n.) instillation of 109viable organisms of two newly isolated strains ofLegionella pneumophila(74/81, serogroup 1; 166/81, serogroup 3) did not induce disease, but 104organisms administered as a small particle aerosol (< 5 μm diameter) produced a fatal widespread bronchopneumonia within 3 days. Milder illness and less extensive bronchopneumonia were also produced in rhesus monkeys and marmosets by one of these two strains (74/81). Mice were resistant to induction of disease by aerosols of both these two strains, though organisms did persist in the lungs for at least 4 days. Both of theseL. pneumophilastrains were pathogenic for guinea-pigs by aerosol infection over a wide range of doses but the serogroup 1 type strain (NCTC 11192) was not. There was no mortality after infection of guinea-pigs by intranasal instillation of any of these strains but all proved to be fatal after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of large doses. Guinea-pigs, rhesus monkeys and marmosets exposed to aerosol infection withL. pneumophilaprovide relevant models for studying the pathogenesis of Legionnaires' disease.
Phage types of Salmonella typhi isolated in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1970–1979
Authors: Jegathesan M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe pattern of phage types of 2553 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated over the 10-year period 1970–9 was studied. During the period 29 different phage types were encountered, not including the categories of ‘untypable strains’, ‘degraded Vi-strains’ and Vi negative strains. For the period as a whole, the commonest phage types encountered were A (20·9%), E1 (14·8%), D1 (10·3%), degraded Vi positive strains (10·3%), untypable Vi strains (7·3%), C4 (7·1%), D2 (4·4%), E2 (3·9%) and type 25 (2·6%). There were phage types which appeared in the early years of the period and then disappeared (types B2, D9 and D1-N). Others only made their appearance in recent years (K1 and 53). Notable differences were also seen in the predilection of some phage types for certain geographical areas.
Studies on enterotoxigenicEscherichia coliisolated from persons without diarrhoea in Western Australia
Authors: Berry R. J. , Bettelheim K. A. , Gracey M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe epidemiology of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) was studied in children without diarrhoea in two remote Aboriginal communities in tropical north-western Australia. Serial surveys of the same individuals during different seasons showed that isolations were much more frequent in the wet monsoonal summer than in the dry winter. AllE. coliwere isolated from symptomless children aged 5 years or less; in addition, clearance of ETEC carriage without treatment was observed in all individuals within 3 months of isolation. Of the 58 ETEC strains isolated, 40 had either an H32 or an O126 antigen. Five O antigens which have never been associated with ETEC (O2, O41, O71, O77 and O157) were found. A recently proposed system to detect ETEC, using groups of polyvalent antisera, would have detected only 3 out of these 58 ETEC strains.
Production of monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B surface and core antigens, and use in the detection of viral antigens in liver biopsies
Authors: Tedder R. S. , Guarascio P. , Yao J. L. , Lord R. B. , Eddleston A. L. W. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYHybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to HBsAg and HBcAg were prepared from immunized mice. An antibody capture radioimmunoassay was used to detect and select appropriate hybrids for propagation and cloning. The advantages of this assay were discussed. The resulting monoclonal antibodies were compared with conventional polyclonal antisera for the detection of virus antigens in liver tissue and found to give excellent results.
Population studies of diphtheria immunity using antitoxin radioimmunoassay
Authors: Menser Margaret A. , Hudson Judy R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA quantitative method for testing serum diphtheria antitoxin levels was set up using a diphtheria antitoxin radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results of this RIA correlated well with the Schick test in 554 subjects and with intradermal neutralization tests in guinea-pigs in a small group of subjects. The RIA was suitable for use on blood collected by fingerprick on to a disc of standard chromatography paper. These discs could be stored at room temperature for at least 1 month. If storage for more than 6 months was required –20 °C was found to be better. Experience with this RIA in a total of 2349 subjects indicated that it is more accurate, rapid and less costly than Schick testing. The RIA should prove to be the preferred method for testing diphtheria immunity in population surveys.
Psittacosis/ornithosis in Cambridgeshire 1975–1983
Authors: Nagington J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn a population of approximately 300000 there were 150 illnesses attributable to chlamydial infection from January 1975 to June 1983 and nearly all were presumed due toChlamydia psittaci. Diagnosis was based on the complementfixation (CF) test, the disadvantages of which are discussed, especially anamnestic responses.There were 73 cases of pneumonia, 37 febrile respiratory infections, 35 miscellaneous conditions and five asymptomatic seropositive contacts.The annual number of cases was lowest in 1976 (3) and increased to a maximum in 1980 (28) followed by a sustained high level. No seasonal variation was observed.A presumptive bird source was present in only 17% and detailed consideration of cases in one rural practice suggests that the infection may possibly be more endemic than zoonotic.
Development of the normal gastrointestinal microflora of specific pathogen-free chickens
Authors: Coloe P. J. , Bagust T. J. , Ireland L. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe development of the normal intestinal microflora of the small intestine, caecum and large intestine of specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, was studied in the period from hatching to 84 days of age.No bacteria were detected in any of the sites at hatchery (day 1), but by day 3 significant levels of faecal streptococci and coliforms were isolated from all sites. The flora of the small intestine was limited to faecal streptococci and coliforms for the first 40 days and then lactobacilli became established and dominated the flora.A large variety of facultative and strictly anaerobic organisms colonized the caecum. Many of these species were transient and were only present for a limited period; after 40 days the flora stabilized to consist predominantly of faecal streptococci,Escherichia coli, Bacteroidesspp. andLactobacillussp.The flora of the large intestine was composed of organisms also present in the small intestine or the caecum.These findings differ from previously published studies on conventionally reared chickens in that the number of species isolated and the population levels of organisms are much lower. This probably reflects the absence of continuous environmental challenge to the chickens because of the housing and feeding facilities in which the chickens were maintained.