bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value of Polyclonal Human Immunoglobulin Tagged With 99mTc for Detecting Acute Appendicitis in Patients With Intermediate Probability of Appendicitis
Authors: Asadi Mehdi , Mehrabi Bahar Mostafa , Sadeghi Ramin , Jangjo Ali , Dabbagh Kakhki Vahidreza , Zakavi Seyed Rasoul 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the value of a technetium (99mTc)‐polyclonal antibody to detect acute appendicitis in patients with intermediate probability of appendicitis.MethodsA total of 40 patients with mean age of 24.6 ± 6.9 years with intermediate probability of appendicitis according to the Alvarado scoring system (score 5 or 6) were studied. After intravenous injection of 740 MBq of 99mTc–immunoglobulin G (IgG), a flow and blood pool image was obtained followed by two planar images and single photon emission tomography (SPECT) scan from the lower abdominal and pelvic regions. The images were subjected to visual and quantitative analysis. Patients were followed clinically, and the surgeon decided to operate on or observe the patient depending on the clinical findings. The pathology results were considered the gold standard if patients underwent an operation. If patients improved without surgery, it was considered negative for appendicitis.ResultsAltogether, 31 patients were operated on, and 21 patients had acute appendicitis. Nine patients were discharged from hospital and had no symptoms during follow‐up. The sensitivity of the planar images for diagnosing appendicitis was 19–24% and specificity was 100%. The sensitivity of SPECT for diagnosis of appendicitis was 62%, the specificity was 68%, and the negative predictive value (NPV) was 62%. Quantitative analysis showed that using a cutoff of >1.2 for the mean right‐to‐left count per voxel ratio, the sensitivity of the test for detection of appendicitis was 54%, and the specificity was 86%.Conclusions99mTc–polyclonal IgG scanning has low sensitivity and moderate NPV for detecting appendicitis. Therefore, it is not a suitable tracer for excluding appendicitis.
School Context Protective Factors Against Peer Ethnic Discrimination Across the High School Years
Authors: Bellmore Amy , Nishina Adrienne , You Ji-in , Ma Ting-Lan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEthnically diverse high school contexts present unique social opportunities for youth to form interethnic relationships, but they may also subject students to certain social challenges such as peer ethnic discrimination. With a sample of 1,072 high school students (55% girls; 54% Latino, 20% African American, 14% Asian, 12% White) attending 84 high schools, school context factors that protect students’ exposure to peer ethnic discrimination across the high school years were investigated with a three‐level hierarchical linear model. Each spring for four consecutive years (grades 9–12), self‐reported peer ethnic discrimination, interracial climate at school, and perceived school ethnic composition were assessed. At the school level, objective high school ethnic composition data were collected. Peer ethnic discrimination was found to decline slightly across the high school years. Above and beyond this decline, more positive perceptions of the school interracial climate and both objective and perceived numerical ethnic majority status predicted lower levels of peer ethnic discrimination. Taken together, the results highlight the significance of both objective (e.g., ethnic composition) and subjective (e.g., interracial climate) aspects of the school ethnic context to students’ high school social experiences.
Overview of transient liquid phase and partial transient liquid phase bonding
Authors: Cook Grant O. , Sorensen Carl D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTransient liquid phase (TLP) bonding is a relatively new bonding process that joins materials using an interlayer. On heating, the interlayer melts and the interlayer element (or a constituent of an alloy interlayer) diffuses into the substrate materials, causing isothermal solidification. The result of this process is a bond that has a higher melting point than the bonding temperature. This bonding process has found many applications, most notably the joining and repair of Ni-based superalloy components. This article reviews important aspects of TLP bonding, such as kinetics of the process, experimental details (bonding time, interlayer thickness and format, and optimal bonding temperature), and advantages and disadvantages of the process. A wide range of materials that TLP bonding has been applied to is also presented. Partial transient liquid phase (PTLP) bonding is a variant of TLP bonding that is typically used to join ceramics. PTLP bonding requires an interlayer composed of multiple layers; the most common bond setup consists of a thick refractory core sandwiched by thin, lower-melting layers on each side. This article explains how the experimental details and bonding kinetics of PTLP bonding differ from TLP bonding. Also, a range of materials that have been joined by PTLP bonding is presented.
Influence of root structure on root survivorship: an analysis of 18 tree species using a minirhizotron method
Authors: Gu Jiacun , Yu Shuiqiang , Sun Yue , Wang Zhengquan , Guo Dali 
Published: May 2011

AbstractFine root survivorship is an important aspect of root ecology and is known to be influenced by a suite of covariates. However, the relative importance of each covariate on root survivorship is not clear. Here, we used minirhizotron‐based data from 18 woody species to evaluate the relative strength of influence on root survivorship by root diameter, branch order, soil depth, and season of root birth, and to examine how the relationship between each covariate and root survivorship differed across species. We extracted hazard ratio estimates for 16 species from published studies that performed Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, and from our own unpublished data for two Chinese temperate tree species. The mean change in hazard ratio (CHR) and corresponding coefficient of variation for each factor were calculated across species. On average, root diameter and season of root birth had stronger effects on root survivorship than branch order and soil depth. However, the effects of season varied with species and were stronger in temperate forests, whereas the influence of diameter and order were relatively consistent across species. These results suggest that root structures such as diameter and branch order should be carefully considered in root classification and sampling, and adding season of birth (particularly in temperate forests) as a covariate in root survivorship analysis should further enhance our ability in achieving a better understanding of root demography and more accurate estimates of root turnover in forests of different climate zones.
Degradation of Two Persistent Surfactants by UV‐Enhanced Ozonation
Authors: Tehrani‐Bagha A. R. , Nikkar H. , Menger F. M. , Holmberg K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this study the treatment efficiency of different ultraviolet (UV)‐enhanced ozonation processes for degradation of two surfactants, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate [200 mg/L or 0.3 critical micelle concentration (CMC)] and a nonylphenol ethoxylate with 40 oxyethylene units (200 mg/L ∼0.5 CMC), were investigated in laboratory‐scale experiments at ambient temperature. The absorbance band of the aromatic ring of the surfactants was monitored during the oxidation process. The reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) of the surfactant solution was evaluated. The results showed that a combination of UV irradiation and ozonation was considerably more efficient than the individual processes (at least two times more efficient in terms of COD and TOC reductions). The synergistic effect of ozonation and UV irradiation was particularly pronounced when medium‐pressure UV irradiation was used. By adding alkali to the solution, the efficiency of the UV‐enhanced ozonation increased with respect to COD reduction but decreased with respect to TOC reduction. This indicates partial oxidation with lower degree of mineralization of the surfactants.
Dietary Fish Oil Supplements Increase Tissue n‐3 Fatty Acid Composition and Expression of Delta‐6 Desaturase and Elongase‐2 in Jade Tiger Hybrid Abalone
Authors: Mateos Hintsa T. , Lewandowski Paul A. , Su Xiao Q. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish oil (FO) supplements on fatty acid composition and the expression of ∆6 desaturase and elongase 2 genes in Jade Tiger abalone. Five test diets were formulated to contain 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5% of FO respectively, and the control diet was the normal commercial abalone diet with no additional FO supplement. The muscle, gonad and digestive glands (DG) of abalone fed with all of the five test diets showed significantly high levels of total n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid n‐3 (DPAn‐3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) than the control group. In all three types of tissue, abalone fed diet supplemented with 1.5% FO showed the highest level of these fatty acids (P < 0.05). For DPAn‐3 the higher level was also found in muscle and gonad of abalone fed diet supplemented with 2% FO (P < 0.05). Elongase 2 expression was markedly higher in the muscle of abalone fed diet supplemented with 1.5% FO (P < 0.05), followed by the diet containing 2% FO supplement. For ∆6 desaturase, significantly higher expression was observed in muscle of abalone fed with diet containing 0.5% FO supplement (P < 0.05). Supplementation with FO in the normal commercial diet can significantly improve long chain n‐3 PUFA level in cultured abalone, with 1.5% being the most effective supplementation level.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography–Size Exclusion Chromatography for Rapid Analysis of Total Polar Compounds in Used Frying Oils
Authors: Caldwell J. D. , Cooke B. S. , Greer M. K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAnalysis of used frying oil samples by high performance liquid chromatography–size exclusion chromatography (HPLC–SEC or HPSEC) was compared to AOCS Official Method Cd 20‐91 (silica gel column chromatography) for the purpose of developing a rapid analysis of total polar compounds (TPC). In a direct comparison of the two analytical methods using four different sets of used frying oils (21 total oil samples) ranging from fresh to discard quality (4.3 to 35.4% TPC by column chromatography), the weight percent total polar compounds (%TPC) determined by HPLC–SEC averaged 0.71% higher than the values by silica gel column chromatography. Reproducibility of the HPLC–SEC method of sr = 0.30 and RSDr% = 1.22 compares to the variability of sr = 0.29 and RSDr = 1.3 for samples of approximately the same %TPC, reported in AOCS Method Cd 20‐91. Because the rapid method does not separate pure (non‐polar) triacylglycerol (TAG) and polar, oxidized TAG (OX‐TAG), a high concentration of OX‐TAG will quantitatively affect the results. This places practical limits on the types of studies to which the method may be applied if a separate analysis for the OX‐TAG is not performed. Advantages of the HPLC–SEC method include the following. It uses about 75% less solvent than standard column chromatography methods for determination of %TPC. This HPLC–SEC method is very similar to AOCS Official Method Cd 22‐91, and thus, also separates and quantifies polymerized triacylglycerols. The HPLC–SEC method determines both TAG polymer concentration and %TPC of used frying oils in about 1 h.
Slow magnetic relaxation and electron delocalization in an S = 9/2 iron(II/III) complex with two crystallographically inequivalent iron sites
Authors: Hazra Susanta , Sasmal Sujit , Fleck Michel , Grandjean Fernande , Sougrati Moulay T. , Ghosh Meenakshi , Harris T. David , Bonville Pierre , Long Gary J. , Mohanta Sasankasekhar 
Published: May 2011

The magnetic, electronic, and Mössbauer spectral properties of [Fe2L(μ-OAc)2]ClO4, 1, where L is the dianion of the tetraimino-diphenolate macrocyclic ligand, H2L, indicate that 1 is a class III mixed valence iron(II/III) complex with an electron that is fully delocalized between two crystallographically inequivalent iron sites to yield a [Fe2]V cationic configuration with a St = 9/2 ground state. Fits of the dc magnetic susceptibility between 2 and 300 K and of the isofield variable-temperature magnetization of 1 yield an isotropic magnetic exchange parameter, J, of −32(2) cm−1 for an electron transfer parameter, B, of 950 cm−1, a zero-field uniaxial D9/2 parameter of −0.9(1) cm−1, and g = 1.95(5). In agreement with the presence of uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, ac susceptibility measurements reveal that 1 is a single-molecule magnet at low temperature with a single molecule magnetic effective relaxation barrier, Ueff, of 9.8 cm−1. At 5.25 K the Mössbauer spectra of 1 exhibit two spectral components, assigned to the two crystallographically inequivalent iron sites with a static effective hyperfine field; as the temperature increases from 7 to 310 K, the spectra exhibit increasingly rapid relaxation of the hyperfine field on the iron-57 Larmor precession time of 5 × 10−8 s. A fit of the temperature dependence of the average effective hyperfine field yields |D9/2| = 0.9 cm−1. An Arrhenius plot of the logarithm of the relaxation frequency between 5 and 85 K yields a relaxation barrier of 17 cm−1.
Second eigenvalue of a Jacobi operator of hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature
Authors: Li Haizhong , Wang Xianfeng 
Published: May 2011

Let

x
:
M
→

S

n
+
1

(
1
)

x:M\to \mathbb {S}^{n+1}(1)

be an

n
n

-dimensional compact hypersurface with constant scalar curvature

n
(
n
−
1
)
r
,

r
≥
1

n(n-1)r,~r\geq 1

, in a unit sphere

S

n
+
1

(
1
)
,

\mathbb {S}^{n+1}(1),

n
≥
5

n\geq 5

, and let

J
s

J_s

be the Jacobi operator of

M
M

. In 2004, L. J. Alías, A. Brasil and L. A. M. Sousa studied the first eigenvalue of

J
s

J_s

of the hypersurface with constant scalar curvature

n
(
n
−
1
)

n(n-1)

in

S

n
+
1

(
1
)
,

n
≥
3

\mathbb {S}^{n+1}(1),~n\geq 3

. In 2008, Q.-M. Cheng studied the first eigenvalue of the Jacobi operator

J
s

J_s

of the hypersurface with constant scalar curvature

n
(
n
−
1
)
r
,
r
>
1

n(n-1)r, r>1

, in

S

n
+
1

(
1
)

\mathbb {S}^{n+1}(1)

. In this paper, we study the second eigenvalue of the Jacobi operator

J
s

J_s

of

M
M

and give an optimal upper bound for the second eigenvalue of

J
s

J_s

.
Boulder ALignment Editor (ALE): a web-based RNA alignment tool
Authors: Stombaugh Jesse , Widmann Jeremy , McDonald Daniel , Knight Rob 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Summary: The explosion of interest in non-coding RNAs, together with improvements in RNA X-ray crystallography, has led to a rapid increase in RNA structures at atomic resolution from 847 in 2005 to 1900 in 2010. The success of whole-genome sequencing has led to an explosive growth of unaligned homologous sequences. Consequently, there is a compelling and urgent need for user-friendly tools for producing structure-informed RNA alignments. Most alignment software considers the primary sequence alone; some specialized alignment software can also include Watson–Crick base pairs, but none adequately addresses the needs introduced by the rapid influx of both sequence and structural data. Therefore, we have developed the Boulder ALignment Editor (ALE), which is a web-based RNA alignment editor, designed for editing and assessing alignments using structural information. Some features of BoulderALE include the annotation and evaluation of an alignment based on isostericity of Watson–Crick and non-Watson–Crick base pairs, along with the collapsing (horizontally and vertically) of the alignment, while maintaining the ability to edit the alignment.
Availability: http://www.microbio.me/boulderale.
Contact: jesse.stombaugh@colorado.edu
Molecular signatures database (MSigDB) 3.0
Authors: Liberzon Arthur , Subramanian Aravind , Pinchback Reid , Thorvaldsdóttir Helga , Tamayo Pablo , Mesirov Jill P. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Well-annotated gene sets representing the universe of the biological processes are critical for meaningful and insightful interpretation of large-scale genomic data. The Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB) is one of the most widely used repositories of such sets.
Results: We report the availability of a new version of the database, MSigDB 3.0, with over 6700 gene sets, a complete revision of the collection of canonical pathways and experimental signatures from publications, enhanced annotations and upgrades to the web site.
Availability and Implementation: MSigDB is freely available for non-commercial use at http://www.broadinstitute.org/msigdb.
Contact: gsea@broadinstitute.org
famCNV: copy number variant association for quantitative traits in families
Authors: Eleftherohorinou Hariklia , Andersson-Assarsson Johanna C. , Walters Robin G. , El-Sayed Moustafa Julia S. , Coin Lachlan , Jacobson Peter , Carlsson Lena M. S. , Blakemore Alexandra I. F. , Froguel Philippe , Walley Andrew J. , Falchi Mario 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Summary: A program package to enable genome-wide association of copy number variants (CNVs) with quantitative phenotypes in families of arbitrary size and complexity. Intensity signals that act as proxies for the number of copies are modeled in a variance component framework and association with traits is assessed through formal likelihood testing.
Availability and implementation: The Java package is made available at www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/people/m.falchi/.
Contact: m.falchi@imperial.ac.uk
APOLLO: a quality assessment service for single and multiple protein models
Authors: Wang Zheng , Eickholt Jesse , Cheng Jianlin 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Summary: We built a web server named APOLLO, which can evaluate the absolute global and local qualities of a single protein model using machine learning methods or the global and local qualities of a pool of models using a pair-wise comparison approach. Based on our evaluations on 107 CASP9 (Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction) targets, the predicted quality scores generated from our machine learning and pair-wise methods have an average per-target correlation of 0.671 and 0.917, respectively, with the true model quality scores. Based on our test on 92 CASP9 targets, our predicted absolute local qualities have an average difference of 2.60 Å with the actual distances to native structure.
Availability: http://sysbio.rnet.missouri.edu/apollo/. Single and pair-wise global quality assessment software is also available at the site.
Contact: chengji@missouri.edu
Climate impacts on eastern Bering Sea foodwebs: a synthesis of new data and an assessment of the Oscillating Control Hypothesis
Authors: Hunt George L. , Coyle Kenneth O. , Eisner Lisa B. , Farley Edward V. , Heintz Ron A. , Mueter Franz , Napp Jeffrey M. , Overland James E. , Ressler Patrick H. , Salo Sigrid , Stabeno Phyllis J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Hunt, G. L., Coyle, K. O., Eisner, L. B., Farley, E. V., Heintz, R. A., Mueter, F., Napp, J. M., Overland, J. E., Ressler, P. H., Salo, S., and Stabeno, P. J. 2011. Climate impacts on eastern Bering Sea foodwebs: a synthesis of new data and an assessment of the Oscillating Control Hypothesis. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1230–1243. Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is an important component of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem and subject to major fisheries. The Oscillating Control Hypothesis (OCH) predicted that recruitment of pollock year classes should be greatest in years with early ice retreat and late blooms in warm water, because more energy would flow into the pelagic (vs. benthic) community. The OCH further predicted that, with pollock population growth, there should be a shift from bottom-up to top-down regulation. New data support the predictions that in those years with early ice retreat, more primary production accrues to the pelagic compartment and that large numbers of age-0 pollock survive to summer. However, in these years, production of large crustacean zooplankton is reduced, depriving age-0 pollock of lipid-rich prey in summer and autumn. Consequently, age-0 pollock energy reserves (depot lipids) are low and predation on them is increased as fish switch to age-0 pollock from zooplankton. The result is weak recruitment of age-1 recruits the following year. A revised OCH indicates bottom-up constraints on pollock recruitment in very warm periods. Prolonged warm periods with decreased ice cover will likely cause diminished pollock recruitment and catches relative to recent values.
Rice ABI5-Like1 Regulates Abscisic Acid and Auxin Responses by Affecting the Expression of ABRE-Containing Genes
Authors: Yang Xi , Yang Ya-Nan , Xue Liang-Jiao , Zou Mei-Juan , Liu Jian-Ying , Chen Fan , Xue Hong-Wei 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAbscisic acid (ABA) regulates plant development and is crucial for plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Studies have identified the key components of ABA signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), some of which regulate ABA responses by the transcriptional regulation of downstream genes. Here, we report the functional identification of rice (Oryza sativa) ABI5-Like1 (ABL1), which is a basic region/leucine zipper motif transcription factor. ABL1 is expressed in various tissues and is induced by the hormones ABA and indole-3-acetic acid and stress conditions including salinity, drought, and osmotic pressure. The ABL1 deficiency mutant, abl1, shows suppressed ABA responses, and ABL1 expression in the Arabidopsis abi5 mutant rescued the ABA sensitivity. The ABL1 protein is localized to the nucleus and can directly bind ABA-responsive elements (ABREs; G-box) in vitro. A gene expression analysis by DNA chip hybridization confirms that a large proportion of down-regulated genes of abl1 are involved in stress responses, consistent with the transcriptional activating effects of ABL1. Further studies indicate that ABL1 regulates the plant stress responses by regulating a series of ABRE-containing WRKY family genes. In addition, the abl1 mutant is hypersensitive to exogenous indole-3-acetic acid, and some ABRE-containing genes related to auxin metabolism or signaling are altered under ABL1 deficiency, suggesting that ABL1 modulates ABA and auxin responses by directly regulating the ABRE-containing genes.