bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LIPID DISTRIBUTION IN THE TISSUES OF HIBERNATING AND NON-HIBERNATING TOAD (BUFO MELANOSTICTUS)—A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY I. SUDANOPHILIA, UNSATURATED LIPID AND PLASMALOGEN
Authors: MUKHERJI MRITYUNJOY , DEB CHANDICHARAN 
Published: April 2011

Neutral lipids (Sudan positive substances), unsaturated lipids and plasmalogen were demonstrated in liver, fat body, kidney, adrenals, testis, intestine and cardiac muscle of toad ( Bufo melanostictus) during hibernation (February), post-hibernation (April), breeding season (August) and prehibernation (November). In liver and fat body maximum sudanophilia has been observed during November, with decrease during February and complete disappearance during April. In August it began to accumulate again. Unsaturated lipid and plasmalogen were absent in February and rose to a maximum during August. These changes indicate that fat is being utilized during hibernation. In testis a maximum of unsaturated lipid and plasmalogen have been observed during August and a minimum during February. In February accumulation of neutral fat has been observed in the intertubular and intratubular space of this organ. In adrenals maximum sudanophilia, unsaturated lipid and plasmalogen have been observed during February, with minimums during August. These changes in testes and adrenals indicate hypofunction of the glands during hibernation. In kidney and intestine a maximum of unsaturated lipid and plasmalogen has been seen during August, with a minimum during February; cardiac muscle showed very little alteration in the lipid fractions. These changes have been ascribed to seasonal alteration in the activity of the organs; the heart, being a vital one, showed minimum alteration.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF METACHROMATIC THIAZINE DYES
Authors: TAYLOR KENNETH B. 
Published: April 2011

1. The chromatographic behaviour of 22 closely related N-alkyl thionins in a number of solvent systems is described. 2. Details are given of the separation of commercial mixtures of the azures into their components and the application of this to the analysis of Romanowsky stains. 3. A table giving the Rf equivalents and absorption maxima of the dyes is appended and the additive effect of alkyl substitution is discussed.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY BY A NONENZYMATIC REDOX REACTION. REDUCTION OF TETRAZOLIUM SALTS BY INDOLYL-3-ACETALDEHYDE
Authors: GLENNER GEORGE G. , WEISSBACH HERBERT , REDFIELD BETTY G. 
Published: April 2011

The availability of synthetic indolyl-3-acetaldehyde has made possible the determination of the mechanism of reduction of tetrazolium salts in the tryptamine-tetrazolium technique for the demonstration of monoamine oxidase activity. This aldehyde, formed as the result of the enzymatically catalyzed oxidative deamination of tryptamine, directly reduces sensitive tetrazolium salts to localize monoamine oxidase activity in tissue sections. No implication of a diaphorase-like system in the reduction of the tetrazoles was found. The possibility of a pigment precursor being formed as the result of the oxidation of the indolyl aldehyde during tetrazole reduction is discussed and the utilization of a similar scheme of nonenzymatic reduction of an indicator dye for demonstrating both oxidative and hydroytic enzyme systems is presented.
EFFECTS OF COENZYME Q10 AND MENADIONE ON SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY AS MEASURED BY TETRAZOLIUM SALT REDUCTION
Authors: WATTENBERG LEE W. , LEONG J. LIONEL 
Published: April 2011

Coenzyme Q10 and menadione have been shown to enhance the succinic dehydrogenase activity of rat liver homogenates and frozen sections as measured quantitatively by the reduction of INT. Increased formazan deposition as estimated by visual examination was also found in sections of liver and other tissues in comparable experiments with the two quinones in which the tetrazolium salt Nitro-BT was employed. Extraction of sections with acetone decreased the succinic dehydrogenase activity of liver sections by approximately two-thirds of that present in nonextracted sections as measured by INT reduction. The addition of coenzyme Q10 or menadione restored the activity to essentially that present in nonextracted sections incubated in the presence of the same constituents. These data suggest that a quinone, presumably coenzyme Q10, acts as an intermediate electron transport agent between succinic dehydrogenase and INT or Nitro-BT. The effects of coenzyme Q10 and menadione on the activities of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPNH) diaphorase, triphosphopyridine nucleotide (TPNH) diaphorase, α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase, all of which are demonstrable by tetrazolium salt reduction procedures, have been studied. Two of these enzymes, TPNH diaphorase and monoamine oxidase, show no significant enhancement of activity in the presence of coenzyme Q10, and a relatively slight enhancement in the presence of menadione. α-Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase shows a pattern of enhancement comparable to that of succinic dehydrogenase. DPNH diaphorase activity, while enhanced by both of the quinones, shows a lesser degree than is found with the succinic dehydrogenase and α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase systems. The diverse effects of coenzyme Q10 and menadione on the five enzyme systems investigated in the present work indicate that the two quinones do not simply act as nonspecific intermediate electron carriers between dehydrogenase system and tetrazolium salt, but that they enhance enzyme activity by a more specific interaction with some component of the enzyme system.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: POPE ALFRED 
Published: April 2011

The intralaminar distributions of representative brain enzymes have been determined in rat somatosensory and human frontal isocortex by means of quantitative microchemical techniques. Results of experiments upon cytochrome oxidase, l-alanylglycine dipeptidase, acetylcholinesterase, and two adenosinetriphosphatases in rat cortex are described and their anatomical significance discussed. The essentially similar intracortical patterns of the same five enzymes in human frontal isocortex suggest uniformity in the architectonic organization of metabolic events in mammalian cerebral cortex. The value and limitations of microchemical analyses upon microgram-sized tissue samples are briefly discussed, especially with respect to their usefulness in neurochemistry.
ACTIVITY OF RIBONUCLEASE IN PREPARATIONS OF TESTICULAR AND STREPTOCOCCAL HYALURONIDASE
Authors: LOVE ROBERT , LILES ROSCOE H. , ELLEM KAY A. O. 
Published: April 2011

1. Ribonuclease activity has been demonstrated biochemically or histochemically in a number of preparations of bovine testicular and streptococcal hyaluronidase. 2. A number of properties of the hyaluronidase-ribonuclease have been demonstrated and compared with those of pancreatic ribonuclease and hyaluronidase. 3. The activity of the hyaluronidase-ribonuclease in aqueous solutions of testicular hyaluronidase was selectively inhibited by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide or by the addition of small amounts of metallic cations. 4. The activity of hyaluronidase was destroyed by heat without affecting that of hyaluronidase-ribonuclease. 5. The intensity of staining of hyaluronic acid in 1% casein and of the acid mucopolysaccharides of cock's comb by toluidine blue was increased by treatment with ammonium molybdate.
METAL CHELATE REACTION OF ENTEROCHROMAFFIN
Authors: LILLIE R. D. 
Published: April 2011

Enterochromaffin slowly binds ferrous ions at pH levels between 3.5 and 5.0 and gives them up again at low pH levels (1-2.5). Ferrous ions so bound may be demonstrated in situ by action of potassium ferricyanide, probably by acid dissociation of the chelate complex and precipitation of Turnbull's blue. This reaction is prevented by acetylation and tosylation, in agreement with the azo reaction. It is prevented by drastic oxidations but not by milder, sufficient to prevent azo coupling. This reaction was at first thought to indicate the presence of a substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxyl of enterochromaffin, but in view of the occurrence of the reaction in model experiments with some para substituted phenols and phenylamines, after formaldehyde treatment, this conclusion must remain indefinite. Formaldehyde fixed serotonin model sections reacted relatively weakly, though giving strong reduction, azo and hematoxylin reactions.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF CHITIN
Authors: RUNHAM N. W. 
Published: April 2011

1. Investigations into the histochemistry of chitin are described. 2. Chitin can be identified by its positive periodic acid Schiff, Hale, and alcian blue reactions. The periodic acid Schiff reaction is decreased by deamination, and the alcain blue and Hale reactions are blocked by methylation and acetylation procedures. Methylation increases considerably the very weak bromphenol blue reaction. 3. The Hale and alcian blue reactions of chitin are probably due to the formation of chelate complexes. 4. Methylation of chitin apparently causes deacetylation. 5. Deamination of chitin appears to result in a molecular rearrangement of the glucosamine molecule. 6. The importance of these reactions in the histochemical analysis of polysaccharides is discussed.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON HUMAN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: GOLARZ M. NELLY , BOURNE GEOFFREY H. , RICHARDSON H. DALE 
Published: April 2011

The proliferating connective tissue of muscular dystrophy can be shown by histochemical methods to contain enzymes which hydrolyse many high energy phosphates and phosphorylated co-enzymes, but which do not affect phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates. These results are discussed and the suggestion is made that the possibility of muscular dystrophy being primarily a connective tissue disease should be seriously considered. This work was carried out under a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations of America Inc. and under a U. S. Public Health Service grant no. B2038. Some of the equipment with which the work was carried out was purchased with funds made available by the Aid to Muscular Dystrophy Research Chapter, Boston, Mass. of the National Foundation for Neuromuscular Diseases.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE METACHROMATIC STAINING OF MAST CELL GRANULES
Authors: RADDEN B. G. 
Published: April 2011

1. In the mast cell, the staining of metachromatic granules is influenced by the pH of the solution—at a level of pH 3 metachromatic granules stain rapidly, and orthochromatic staining is retarded. 2. The presence of metallic cations delays granule staining, the duration of the delay being proportional to the cationic concentration, related to the cationic valency, and to the position of the cation in its valency group. 3. Granule staining is unaffected by the addition of metallic cations to the "pretreatment" solution, and accelerated by temperature increase.
STUDIES OF INDOPHENOL BLUE SYNTHESIS: II. THE "G" AND "M" NADI REACTIONS IN THE RAT MAJOR SALIVARY GLANDS
Authors: PERSON PHILIP , SCHNEIDER ROSE MARY , SCAPA SYLVIA 
Published: April 2011

1. Indophenol blue synthesis has been studied in fresh frozen sections and formalin-treated fresh frozen sections of the major rat salivary glands. 2. In fresh frozen sections ("G" Nadi reaction), indophenol-blue synthesis was consistently more rapid and more intense in ducts and tubules than in acini. 3. 10% formalin treatment of fresh frozen sections completely abolished indophenol blue synthesis by duct and tubule structures in all glands. However, after approximately one hour of incubation of these treated sections, indophenol blue appeared ("M" Nadi reaction) in the acini of submaxillary and parotid glands, but not in the acini of the sublingual gland.
A HISTOCHEMICAL AND RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE PARTICIPAPATION OF FIBROBLASTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: MANCINI R. E. , VILAR O. , STEIN E. , FIORINI H. 
Published: April 2011

A histochemical and radioautographic study of the connective tissue of rat skin was carried out from birth to maturity. The following observations were made: 1) Early fibroblasts changed into typical adult connective tissue cells, fibrocytes, with gradual diminution of cytoplasmic nucleoproteins, periodic acid Schiff positive material, succinodehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase and leucyl-aminopeptidase. 2) Lack of striking morphological or cytochemical changes of the mast cells in the different ages as compared with fibroblasts, but more intense enzymatic reactions with respect to succinodehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase, leucyl-aminopeptidase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, lipase esterase and cytochrome oxydase were found. 3) Using adenine-C14 and methionine-S35, the localization of these substances was seen more in the fibroblasts and mast cells than in the intercellular ground substance; in the fibroblasts the uptake was higher in the embryonic and early postnatal connective tissues than in the adult. 4) The embryonic and early postnatal connective tissues to synthesize sulphated polysaccharides trapped more S35 than the adult. S35 was seen first in the fibroblasts and then in the intercellular ground substance. The same results were observed in tissue cultures of fibroblasts. Mast cells incorporated and stored more S35 than fibroblasts, but there was no appreciable difference in their capacity for this at various ages, as there was in fibroblasts.
NEW DIAZONIUM COMPONENTS AS COUPLING AGENTS IN THE DEMONSTRATION OF PHOSPHATASES
Authors: BURSTONE MARVIN S. , WEISBURGER ELIZABETH K. 
Published: April 2011

A histochemical technique for the diazotization of highly insoluble amines is described. The diazotization procedure is carried out in the presence of inert solvents, dimethylformamide or demethylsulfoxide. Most of the amines contain coordinating groups which facilitate chelation of the final dyestuff with metals, including copper and cobalt. The aforementioned coordinating groups include nitrogen, keto, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, and the azo grouping. Several dye chelates were found to be highly resistant to xylene and ethanol. In addition to the successful application of chelation techniques to azo-dye enzyme histochemistry, the first use of a metal containing diazonium salt is reported. The compound is diazotized p-(acetoxymercuri)-aniline. Diazotized 3-aminofluoranthene is highly stable in solution and is suitable for use in simultaneous coupling techniques. Use of complex diazotized amines possessing coordinating groups for subsequent chelation enhances chromogenicity and fineness of localization and may find application in electron microscopy.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCOSE-GLYCOGEN TRANSFERASE IN ANIMAL TISSUES
Authors: TAKEUCHI TADAO , GLENNER GEORGE G. 
Published: April 2011

Polysaccharide was histochemically synthesized in muscle fibers and other tissue cells by using uridine diphosphate glucose as substrate. By revising the method previously described in light of new biochemical and histochemical findings more satisfactory optimal conditions were defined for the demonstration of the uridine diphosphate glucose-glycogen transferase enzyme. The histochemical properties of the reaction were very similar to those reported biochemically and this tended to verify the specificity of the reaction. Glucose-6-phosphate stimulated intensely the uridine diphosphate glucose-glycogen transferase reaction in an alkaline range.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN THE FINE STRUCTURE OF NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS OF MOUSE AND HUMAN INTERCOSTAL MUSCLE
Authors: ZACKS S. I. , BLUMBERG J. M. 
Published: April 2011

The localization of acetylcholinesterase activity in the fine structure of mouse and human neuromuscular junctions was studied by the method of Barrnett and Palade. A formolsucrose solution was used for primary fixation followed by osmification. It was found that deposits of lead sulphide, the product of the histochemical reaction, were found in axonal and sarcoplasmic mitochondria and most prominently in the primary and secondary synaptic clefts of the subneural apparatus. Rarely were reactive sites found near the M-band. Control experiments utilizing inhibitors and high concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 were performed. The possible significance of acetylcholinesterase activity in the areas described is discussed.
HISTOCHEMICAL REACTION OF AN AROMATIC DIAMINE WITH ACID GROUPS AND PERIODATE ENGENDERED ALDEHYDES IN MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: SPICER S. S. , JARRELS M. H. 
Published: April 2011

Both aqueous and alcoholic variants of a periodic acid N,N-dimethyl- p-phenylenediamine method selectively impart color and fluorescence to neutral mucopolysaccharides. The aqueous method reveals differences in reactivity of various neutral polysaccharides. Prolonged staining of histologic sections with the aqueous variant superimposes a different coloration of acid mucins. This procedure offers advantages in differentiating periodate reactive from periodate negative acid mucopolysaccharides and in demonstrating mixtures of acid and neutral mucins in certain organs and cells. Removal of basophilia by active methylation or sialidase digestion changes the periodate diamine staining of acid mucins to that characteristic of neutral mucins; sulfation of tissue sections induces the converse effect.
ENZYMORPHOLOGY: A STUDY OF FREE CELLS
Authors: FISHMAN WILLIAM H. , LADUE K. T. , BORGES P. R. F. 
Published: April 2011

A technique has been developed for the enzymorphologic study of five enzymes in free cells. The material investigated was an ascitic form of a mouse monocytoid leukemia (C-1498), Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and human blood leukocytes. Preservation of the integrity of cell morphology and of enzyme activity was accomplished by the use of a formaldehyde-chloralhydrate fixative followed by embedding in Knox gelatin. On refrigeration, solid gelatin blocks embedding suspended cells result. These may be mounted on a freezing microtome and 5 µ sections readily cut and handled. The location of β-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide-diaphorase and α-naphthyl esterase in these various cells has been described in detail. For β-glucuronidase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide-diaphorase and acid phosphatase, consistent findings of cell enzymorphology are reported for the first time. The technique lends itself to application for all types of cell populations. It also has the great advantage that the same population of cells in gelatin can be subjected to repeated scrutiny over a period of at least three weeks. The conditions of fixation economize on cell material in that a different fixative for each enzyme has become unnecessary, as has also the restriction of working with fresh frozen material prior to performing the reaction for diphosphopyridinenucleotide-diaphorase.
AN IMPROVED SAKAGUCHI REACTION FOR MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRIC USE
Authors: DEITCH ARLINE D. 
Published: April 2011

1. The Sakaguchi reaction for arginine has been modified to provide a technique suitable for the quantitative microspectrophotometric estimation of protein arginine. The reagent consists of 2,4-dichloro-α-naphthol, sodium hypochlorite and barium hydroxide. Previous Sakaguchi reagents containing high concentrations of sodium or potassium hydroxide caused extensive damage to the tissue; substitution of barium hydroxide has eliminated this problem. In addition, it appears that barium ions stabilize the resulting Sakaguchi color. 2. Conditions were found for making intensely stained, stable and reproducible preparations which can be dehydrated and mounted to match their index of refraction without loss of colour, and which do not fade significantly for at least two weeks. 3. Intensive acetylation and formalinization, which are thought to block the guanidyl group of arginine, considerably decrease the intensity of the Sakaguchi reaction. 4. The ratio between the amount of Sakaguchi color in bull sperm and in trout sperm, as determined from the results of microspectrophotometric examination, is in rather close agreement with the ratio derived from the amounts of arginine in these cells estimated biochemcially. This supports the concept that the Sakaguchi reaction described here represents a stoichiometric reaction with arginine.
STUDIES ON ACID PHOSPHATASES. II. CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF ACID PHOSPHATASES OF RAT LIVER
Authors: BARKA TIBOR 
Published: April 2011

The separation of soluble acid phosphatases of rat liver by anion exchange chromatography and some characteristics of the fractions obtained were described. 1) Chromatogram on N1,N-diethyl-aminoethyl- (DEAE) cellulose gave 3 acid phosphatase peaks if the liver homogenate was prepared with distilled water. 2) Using a sample prepared with Triton X-100 four peaks were separated. 3) The effect of Triton X-100 is to solubilize an acid phosphatase fraction. The detergent did not alter the chromatogram if it was added to the distilled water sample. 4) All the four enzymes have a pH optimum around pH 4.5. Fraction #4 retains about 75% of its maximal activity at pH 3.0. 5) The four enzyme fractions hydrolyzed adenylic acid and α-naphthyl phosphate at about the same rate and approximately 1.5 times faster than β-glycerophosphate. All the 4 fractions hydrolyzed p-nitrophenylphosphate at a considerably higher rate than β-glycerophosphate. Fraction #1 was especially active towards p-nitrophenylphosphate. The dissociation constants with the four substrates were determined. 6) Fraction #1, which represented about 65% of the total activity, was further purified on carboxymethyl cellulose. 7) The four acid phosphatase fractions differed electrophoretically (using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and according to the effect of inhibitors. The observations are reconcilable with the assumption that the four chromatographic fractions represent molecular varieties of the acid phosphatase.
AN EVALUATION OF THE BARRNETT AND SELIGMAN PROCEDURE WHEN USED TO DETERMINE CHANGES IN THE RATIO OF NUCLEAR PROTEIN-BOUND DISULFIDE TO SULFHYDRYL GROUPS DURING MITOSIS
Authors: HYDE B. B. 
Published: April 2011

Using a modification of the Barrnett and Seligman histochemical procedure, the proportion of protein-bound S—S/SH Was measured in the chromatin of onion root tip cells at three different stages of mitosis as well as in the nucleolus. Inconsistencies between experiments led to studies of the nature of the histochemical reaction before and after sections were reduced in thioglycolate. Different fixatives and ribonuclease were tested for their effects on the outcome of the reaction. Some deviation from the change in S—S/SH ratio during mitosis found after ethanol-acetic fixation occurs in material fixed in lO% trichloroacetic acid, 5% acetic acid and saturated HgCl2. Ribonuclease treatment was found to increase significantly SH stain in the nucleolus, but not significantly in the resting nucleus, metaphase, or telophase chromatin. The possibility that nucleic acids may modify the SH reaction after 5% acetic acid fixation is raised. Further, the data are interpreted to indicate that saturated HgCl2 as well as the histochemical reaction itself makes disulfide bonds stainable in the absence of reduction. After fixation in standard ethanol-acetic acid mixtures the S—S/SH ratio is highest at interphase, lowest at telophase, and intermediate at metaphase.