bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantities of foods consumed by 12‐ to 24‐month‐old New Zealand children
Authors: SZYMLEK‐GAY Ewa A. , FERGUSON Elaine L. , HEATH Anne‐Louise M. , FLEMING Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim: The present study aimed to estimate small, median and large daily quantities of frequently consumed foods and identify which food groups are important sources of key micronutrients for 12‐ to 24‐month‐old New Zealand children.Methods: A community‐based cross‐sectional survey was conducted in three cities in the South Island of New Zealand. Healthy toddlers (n = 188) were randomly selected using multistage sampling. Three non‐consecutive 1‐day weighed food records were collected from each child and the frequencies and daily quantities of foods and beverages, and important sources of iron and zinc, were determined.Results: Fifty percent or more of the children consumed the following foods at least once over 3 days (median gram intake among toddlers who consumed the food): milk (366 g), white bread (29 g), banana (70 g), potato (34 g), cheese (12 g), apple (39 g), ‘Weetbix’ whole‐wheat breakfast cereal (16 g), yeast extract spread (‘Marmite’, ‘Vegemite’) (2 g), carrot (17 g) and margarine (4 g). Dairy, cereals and the meat/fish/poultry/eggs/nuts food group were the most important sources of iron and zinc in the toddlers' diets, providing 69.1% of iron and 86.3% of zinc.Conclusion: This research provides dietitians, other health professionals, researchers and policy‐makers with detailed information on daily quantities of foods and beverages frequently consumed by toddlers that can be used for dietetic counselling, dietary assessment, and to develop food‐based dietary guidelines specifically for toddlers.
Regulating the types of foods and beverages marketed to Australian children: How useful are food industry commitments?
Authors: HEBDEN Lana , KING Lesley , KELLY Bridget , CHAPMAN Kathy , INNES‐HUGHES Christine , GUNATILLAKA Nilakshi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  Any regulation of food marketing to children requires clear definitions of the types of foods considered inappropriate and subject to restrictions. The aim of this research was to examine the commitments made by signatory companies of the Australian Food and Grocery Council's Responsible Marketing to Children Initiative regarding the types of foods considered appropriate for marketing to children.Methods:  Nutrient criteria developed by signatory food companies were examined by comparing (i) thresholds set for negative nutrients (saturated fats, added sugars and sodium) and total energy to two existing nutrient criteria: Healthy Kids Association and the National Heart Foundation Tick, and (ii) the types of foods considered appropriate for marketing to children, if applying companies' commitments or the product's nutrient profile using the Food Standards Australia and New Zealand nutrient profiling tool.Results:  All five company‐developed nutrient criteria examined specified higher thresholds for negative nutrients compared with existing criteria, and were more likely to report negative nutrients per serve rather than per 100 g. When applying company commitments, 57% more energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods and beverages were considered appropriate for marketing to children, compared with nutrient profiling.Conclusion:  Food industry commitments regarding the types of foods considered appropriate for marketing to children do not adequately restrict the marketing for energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods. It is recommended food manufacturers who commit to restricting their marketing of unhealthy foods to children use a standardised, independent nutrient profiling tool based on per 100 g/100 mL to determine the appropriateness of foods and beverages for marketing to children.
An evaluation of clinical dietetic student placement case‐mix exposure, service delivery and supervisory burden
Authors: HUGHES Roger , DESBROW Ben 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the attributes of clinical dietetics student placement exposure to patient case‐mix and supervision, types of services delivered and to estimate and compare costs and benefits of student activity and supervision while on placement.Methods:  Descriptive study of three annual cohorts of student dietitians (n = 59) collecting data prospectively over a continuous 10‐week clinical placement period. Data focused on student case‐mix exposures and student and supervisor verified time utilisation. Descriptive analysis of data relating to student case‐mix exposure, student service delivery and direct supervisory practices was performed to explore the attributes of student placement experiences. Student and supervisor time utilisation data were used to model estimates of dollar costs and benefits based on occasion of service as a measure of clinical productivity.Results:  Data collected indicate that student service delivery activity increases and direct supervision decreases significantly as time on placement increases. The minimum occasion of service exposure required to achieve supervisor assessment of entry‐level competency was 47 occasion of service (mean 165.8 occasion of service) and the maximum 306 occasion of service. Over one‐third of all occasion of service provided by students was not directly supervised. Cost–benefit estimates indicate that a student needs to be over 80% as time efficient throughout the placement as a new graduate to offset the costs of direct student supervision.Conclusion:  These data highlight the variability of student clinical placement experiences and exposure to learning opportunities and support evidence‐based dialogue about resource exchange to support student placements.
Review of research methodologies for tigers: Telemetry
Authors: MILLER Clayton S. , HEBBLEWHITE Mark , GOODRICH John M. , MIQUELLE Dale G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOver the past half century, wildlife research has relied on technological advances to gain additional insight into the secretive lives of animals. This revolution started in the 1960s with the development of radio telemetry and continues today with the use of Global Positioning System (GPS)‐based research techniques. In the present paper we review the history of radio telemetry from its origins with grizzly bears in Yellowstone to its early applications in tiger research and conservation in Asia. We address the different types of data that are available using radio telemetry as opposed to using other research techniques, such as behavioral observations, camera trapping, DNA analysis and scat analysis. In the late 1990s, the rapid development of GPS collar technology revolutionized wildlife research. This new technology has enabled researchers to dramatically improve their ability to gather data on animal movements and ecology. Despite the ecological and conservation benefits of radio telemetry, there have been few telemetry studies of tigers in the wild, and most have been on the Bengal or Amur subspecies. We close with an assessment of the current tiger conservation efforts using GPS technology and discuss how this new information can help to preserve tigers for future generations.
Human–tiger conflict: A review and call for comprehensive plans
Authors: GOODRICH John M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHuman‐tiger (Panthera tigrisLinnaeus, 1758) conflicts (HTC), manifested primarily as attacks on people and domestic animals, exacerbate at least 2 major threats to tigers: (i) conflicts often result in mortality or removal of tigers from the wild; and (ii) they result in negative attitudes towards tigers by local people, thereby reducing support for tiger conservation. Although HTC has decreased over the past century, it will likely increase if current and proposed conservation initiatives to double tiger populations are successful. Increased HTC could undermine successful conservation initiatives if proactive steps are not taken to reduce HTC. The present paper provides a review of the impacts of HTC and the measures taken to reduce it in ways that reduce negative impacts on both humans and tigers, and stresses the need for development and implementation of comprehensive plans to reduce HTC.
Optimizing Irradiation Treatment of Shell Eggs Using Simulation
Authors: Kim Jongsoon , Moreira Rosana G. , Castell‐Perez Elena 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Accurate dose calculation is needed to ensure proper irradiation process control to maintain the freshness of the product. Our objective was to establish the best irradiation treatment for shell eggs taking into account their different components (shell, albumen, yolk). Computer tomography (CT) data were used to generate a 3‐D geometry to simulate dose distributions within 1 egg using a radiation transport code (MCNP5). Radiation energies used for simulation were 10 MeV (high‐energy) and 1.35 MeV (low‐energy) for electron beam, 5 MeV for X‐rays, and 1.25 MeV for a gamma‐rays source such as Co‐60. Low‐energy (surface) e‐beam simulation indicated that electrons only penetrate up to the thin albumen (0.6 cm). Because of their irregular shape, shell eggs should be irradiated from the side (rather than from top or bottom) for better dose distribution. For high‐energy e‐beam simulation, the entire egg was irradiated and the best results were obtained when the egg was irradiated from both sides, showing a dose uniformity ratio (Dmax/Dmin) of 1.42. X‐ or gamma‐ray source simulation from one side only, the dose uniformity ratio was 3.38 and 3.12, respectively. For surface‐only irradiation, a low‐energy e‐beam provides a uniform dose distribution. To irradiate the entire egg, 2‐sided high‐energy e‐beam sources are required for an efficient treatment. Unless the product rotates in front of the source, the dose uniformity ratio for X‐ray or gamma ray is not adequate for shell egg treatment for pathogen decontamination purposes.Practical Application:  Proper control of irradiation treatment of foods such as shell eggs is critical to ensure pathogen inactivation while maintaining product freshness. Simulation allows for accurate calculation of dose distribution within the egg to further establish the best irradiation scheme.
A novel approach for assessments of erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Authors: PRIBUSH A. , HATSKELZON L. , MEYERSTEIN N. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryIntroduction:  Previous studies have shown that the dispersed phase of sedimenting blood undergoes dramatic structural changes: Discrete red blood cell (RBC) aggregates formed shortly after a settling tube is filled with blood are combined into a continuous network followed by its collapse via the formation of plasma channels, and finally, the collapsed network is dispersed into individual fragments. Based on this scheme of structural transformation, a novel approach for assessments of erythrocyte sedimentation is suggested.Methods:  Information about erythrocyte sedimentation is extracted from time records of the blood conductivity measured after a dispersion of RBC network into individual fragments.Results:  It was found that the sedimentation velocity of RBC network fragments correlates positively with the intensity of attractive intercellular interactions, whereas no effect of hematocrit (Hct) was observed.Conclusion:  Thus, unlike Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate, sedimentation data obtained by the proposed method do not require correction for Hct.
The diagnostic utility of bone marrow biopsies performed for the investigation of fever and/or cytopenias in HIV‐infected adults at Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: VAN SCHALKWYK W. A. , OPIE J. , NOVITZKY N. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryIntroduction:  A bone marrow biopsy is frequently requested in the work‐up of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who present with fever and/or cytopenias in the search for opportunistic infections and malignancies.Methods:  This is a retrospective review of the results of consecutive bone marrow biopsies performed at our institution over a three‐year period on HIV‐positive patients for the investigation of fever and/or cytopenias. Clinical data, haematological parameters, morphological features, Ziehl‐Neelsen staining and microbiological culture results were analysed. The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic yield of this investigation.Results:  Sixty‐three males and 84 female patients were included for analysis. The bone marrow biopsy gave a high diagnostic yield of 47% (70 patients) and a unique diagnosis in 33% (49 patients). Immune thrombocytopenic purpura and disseminated mycobacterial infections were the most common unique diagnoses made (14%, respectively), followed by malignancies (4%). In this cohort, four cases of primary bone marrow involvement by Hodgkin lymphoma and one case of involvement by non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were diagnosed.Conclusion:  In our study group, a bone marrow biopsy was a useful investigation with a high diagnostic yield.
Scale exponents of blood pressure and heart rate during autonomic blockade as assessed by detrended fluctuation analysis
Authors: Castiglioni Paolo , Parati Gianfranco , Di Rienzo Marco , Carabalona Roberta , Cividjian Andrei , Quintin Luc 
Published: November 2010

Non‐technical summaryIt is still unknown how the autonomic nervous system influences the fractal dynamics of cardiovascular signals. We show that in supine volunteers vagal and sympathetic outflows contribute differently to the fractal structures of heart rate and blood pressure. The vagal outflow contributes with a ‘white‐noise’ component to the heart rate dynamics, indirectly influencing also the fractal dynamics of blood pressure. The sympathetic outflow contributes with a Brownian motion component to the heart rate dynamics, increasing long‐term fractal coefficients, without affecting long‐term coefficients of blood pressure. Results are explained by the different distribution and dynamics of acetylcholine receptors and of α‐ and β‐adrenergic receptors. Our findings may allow better delineating alterations of cardiovascular fractal dynamics in physiological and pathophysiological settings.
Nav1.7 mutations associated with paroxysmal extreme pain disorder, but not erythromelalgia, enhance Navβ4 peptide‐mediated resurgent sodium currents
Authors: Theile Jonathan W. , Jarecki Brian W. , Piekarz Andrew D. , Cummins Theodore R. 
Published: November 2010

Non‐technical summaryAbnormal pain sensitivity associated with inherited and acquired pain disorders occurs through increased excitability of peripheral sensory neurons in part due to changes in the properties of voltage‐gated sodium channels (Navs). Resurgent sodium currents (INaR) are atypical currents believed to be associated with increased excitability of neurons and may have implications in pain. Mutations in Nav1.7 (peripheral Nav isoform) associated with two genetic pain disorders, inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) and paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD), enhance Nav1.7 function via distinct mechanisms. We show that changes in Nav1.7 function due to mutations associated with PEPD, but not IEM, are important in INaR generation, suggesting that INaR may play a role in pain associated with PEPD. This knowledge provides us with a better understanding of the mechanism of INaR generation and may lead to the development of specialized treatment for pain disorders associated with INaR.
An Explicit Difference Method for Solving Fractional Diffusion and Diffusion-Wave Equations in the Caputo Form
Authors: Murillo Joaquín Quintana , Yuste Santos Bravo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn explicit difference method is considered for solving fractional diffusion and fractional diffusion-wave equations where the time derivative is a fractional derivative in the Caputo form. For the fractional diffusion equation, the L1 discretization formula of the fractional derivative is employed, whereas the L2 discretization formula is used for the fractional diffusion-wave equation. In both equations, the spatial derivative is approximated by means of the three-point centered formula. The accuracy of the present method is similar to other well-known explicit difference schemes, but its region of stability is larger. The stability analysis is carried out by means of a kind of fractional von Neumann (or Fourier) method. The stability bound so obtained, which is given in terms of the Riemann zeta function, is checked numerically.
Monte Carlo calculation of imaging doses from diagnostic multidetector CT and kilovoltage cone‐beam CT as part of prostate cancer treatment plans
Authors: Ding Aiping , Gu Jianwei , Trofimov Alexei V. , Xu X. George 
Published: December 2010

Purpose:To calculate imaging doses to the rectum, bladder, and femoral heads as part of a prostate cancer treatment plans, assuming an image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) procedure involving either the multidetector CT (MDCT) or kilovoltage cone‐beam CT (kV CBCT).Methods:This study considered an IGRT treatment plan for a prostate carcinoma patient involving 50.4 Gy from 28 initial fractions and a boost of 28.8 Gy from 16 fractions. A total of 45 CT imaging procedures, each involving a MDCT or a kV CBCT scan procedure, were carefully modeled using theMCNPX code version 2.5.0. The MDCT scanner model is based on the GE LightSpeed 16‐MDCT scanner and the kV CBCT scanner model is based on the Varian On‐Board Imager using parameters reported by the CT manufacturers and literatures. A patient‐specific treatment planning CT data set was used to construct the phantom for the dose calculation. The target, organs‐at‐risk (OARs), and background voxels in the CT data set were categorized into six tissue types according to CT numbers for Monte Carlo calculations.Results:For a total of 45 imaging procedures, it was found that the rectum received 78.4 and 76.7 cGy from MDCT and kV CBCT, respectively. The bladder received slightly greater doses of 82.4 and 77.9 cGy, while the femoral heads received much higher doses of 182.3 and 141.3 cGy from MDCT and kV CBCT, respectively. To investigate the impact of these imaging doses on treatment planning, OAR doses from MDCT or kV CBCT imaging procedures were added to the corresponding dose matrix reported by the original treatment plans to construct dose volume histograms. It was found that after the imaging dose is added, the rectum volumes irradiated to 75 and 70 Gy increased from 13.9% and 21.2%, respectively, in the original plan to 14.8% and 21.8%. The bladder volumes receiving 80 Gy increased to 4.6% from 4.1% in the original plan and the volume receiving 75 Gy increased to 7.9% from 7.5%. All values remained within the tolerance levels:, for rectum and , for bladder. The irradiation of femoral heads was also acceptable with no volume receiving .Conclusions:IGRT procedures can irradiate the OARs to an imaging dose level that is great enough to require careful evaluation and perhaps even adjustment of original treatment planning in order to still satisfy the dose constraints. This study only considered one patient CT because the CT x rays cover a relatively larger volume of the body and the dose distribution is considerably more uniform than those associated with the therapeutic beams. As a result, the dose to an organ from CT imaging doses does not vary much from one patient to the other for the same CT settings. One factor that would potentially affect such CT dose level is the size of the patient body. More studies are needed to develop accurate and convenient methods of accounting for the imaging doses as part of treatment planning.
Telerobotic system concept for real‐time soft‐tissue imaging during radiotherapy beam delivery
Authors: Schlosser Jeffrey , Salisbury Kenneth , Hristov Dimitre 
Published: December 2010

Purpose:The curative potential of external beam radiation therapy is critically dependent on having the ability to accurately aim radiation beams at intended targets while avoiding surrounding healthy tissues. However, existing technologies are incapable of real‐time, volumetric, soft‐tissue imaging during radiation beam delivery, when accurate target tracking is most critical. The authors address this challenge in the development and evaluation of a novel, minimally interfering, telerobotic ultrasound (U.S.) imaging system that can be integrated with existing medical linear accelerators (LINACs) for therapy guidance.Methods:A customized human‐safe robotic manipulator was designed and built to control the pressure and pitch of an abdominal U.S. transducer while avoiding LINAC gantry collisions. A haptic device was integrated to remotely control the robotic manipulator motion and U.S. image acquisition outside the LINAC room. The ability of the system to continuously maintain high quality prostate images was evaluated in volunteers over extended time periods. Treatment feasibility was assessed by comparing a clinically deployed prostate treatment plan to an alternative plan in which beam directions were restricted to sectors that did not interfere with the transabdominal U.S. transducer. To demonstrate imaging capability concurrent with delivery, robot performance and U.S. target tracking in a phantom were tested with a 15 MV radiation beam active.Results:Remote image acquisition and maintenance of image quality with the haptic interface was successfully demonstrated over 10 min periods in representative treatment setups of volunteers. Furthermore, the robot's ability to maintain a constant probe force and desired pitch angle was unaffected by the LINAC beam. For a representative prostate patient, the dose‐volume histogram (DVH) for a plan with restricted sectors remained virtually identical to the DVH of a clinically deployed plan. With reduced margins, as would be enabled by real‐time imaging, gross tumor volume coverage was identical while notable reductions of bladder and rectal volumes exposed to large doses were possible. The quality of U.S. images obtained during beam operation was not appreciably degraded by radiofrequency interference and 2D tracking of a phantom object in U.S. images obtained with the beam on/off yielded no significant differences.Conclusions:Remotely controlled robotic U.S. imaging is feasible in the radiotherapy environment and for the first time may offer real‐time volumetric soft‐tissue guidance concurrent with radiotherapy delivery.