bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rutin inhibits human leukemia tumor growth in a murine xenograft model in vivo
Authors: Lin Jing‐Pin , Yang Jai‐Sing , Lin Jen‐Jyh , Lai Kuang‐Chi , Lu Hsu‐Feng , Ma Chia‐Yu , Sai‐Chuen Wu Rick , Wu King‐Chuan , Chueh Fu‐Shin , Gibson Wood W. , Chung Jing‐Gung 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNumerous studies have shown that rutin has anticancer effects. We have previously reported that rutin induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in murine leukemia WEHI‐3 cells in vitro and in vivo. However, there are no data showing that rutin inhibits human leukemia HL‐60 cells in vivo in a murine xenograft animal model. Human leukemia HL‐60 cells were implanted into mice and treated with vehicle (1% DMSO), rutin (120 mg/kg of body weight) or vinblastine (120 μg/kg of body weight). Compounds and agents were injected once every four days intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 36 days. Treatment with 120 mg/kg of rutin or with 120 μg/kg of vinblastine resulted in a reduction of tumor weight and volume when compared with the control groups. Tumor size in xenograft mice treated with 120 mg/kg of rutin was significantly smaller than that in the untreated‐control group. These novel findings indicate that rutin inhibits tumor growth in a xenograft animal model. Rutin may be useful in treating leukemia but certainly much more research is needed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Toxicity of food contaminant furan on liver and kidney of growing male rats
Authors: Selmanoğlu Güldeniz , Karacaoğlu Elif , Kılıç Aysun , Koçkaya E. Arzu , Akay M. Turan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFuran is a chemical used in some industrial products and occurs naturally in heat‐treated foods. We aimed to investigate the effects of orally administered furan on liver and kidney in growing Wistar male rats for 90 days. In this respect, biochemical, morphological, histopathological, and histomorphometrical examinations were performed. Three‐ to 4‐week aged rats were divided into five groups of eight animals each; control, oil control; 2, 4, 8 mg/kg/day furan treatment groups. At the end of the experiment, antioxidant enzyme activities and serum AST, ALT, HDL, Urea, etc. levels were analyzed. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were also measured in liver homogenates. Also, liver and kidney were examined morphologically and histopathologically under light microscopy. According to the results of biochemical analysis, ALT, ALP, and LDL levels in treatment groups were significantly different compared with control groups. While LDL levels in treatment groups increased significantly, ALT and ALP levels decreased significantly. No significant changes were observed in liver MDA levels, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in treatment groups. While IL‐6 levels did not change in treatment groups, furan caused dose‐dependent increases in liver TNF‐α level of rats. In treatment groups, absolute and relative liver weights changed significantly, however, no significant changes were observed in kidney and relative kidney weights. Hyperemic blood vessels in the liver and congestion, edema, fibrosis, and tubular damage in the kidney of rats treated with furan were observed histopathologically. According to histomorphometric examinations, glomeruli diameters and glomerular volume decreased in the kidneys of rats in treatment groups. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2012.
Capacity limits of spectrum‐sharing systems over hyper‐fading channels
Authors: Ekin Sabit , Yilmaz Ferkan , Celebi Hasari , Qaraqe Khalid A. , Alouini Mohamed‐Slim , Serpedin Erchin 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTCognitive radio (CR) with spectrum‐sharing feature is a promising technique to address the spectrum under‐utilization problem in dynamically changing environments. In this paper, the achievable capacity gain of spectrum‐sharing systems over dynamic fading environments is studied. To perform a general analysis, a theoretical fading model called hyper‐fading model that is suitable to the dynamic nature of CR channel is proposed. Closed‐form expressions of probability density function (PDF) and cumulative density function (CDF) of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for secondary users (SUs) in spectrum‐sharing systems are derived. In addition, the capacity gains achievable with spectrum‐sharing systems in high and low power regions are obtained. The effects of different fading figures, average fading powers, interference temperatures, peak powers of secondary transmitters, and numbers of SUs on the achievable capacity are investigated. The analytical and simulation results show that the fading figure of the channel between SUs and primary base‐station (PBS), which describes the diversity of the channel, does not contribute significantly to the system performance gain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trans‐splicing
Authors: Lasda Erika L. , Blumenthal Thomas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTrans‐splicing is the joining together of portions of two separate pre‐mRNA molecules. The two distinct categories of spliceosomal trans‐splicing are genic trans‐splicing, which joins exons of different pre‐mRNA transcripts, and spliced leader (SL) trans‐splicing, which involves an exon donated from a specialized SL RNA. Both depend primarily on the same signals and components as cis‐splicing. Genic trans‐splicing events producing protein‐coding mRNAs have been described in a variety of organisms, including Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila. In mammalian cells, genic trans‐splicing can be associated with cancers and translocations. SL trans‐splicing has mainly been studied in nematodes and trypanosomes, but there are now numerous and diverse phyla (including primitive chordates) where this type of trans‐splicing has been detected. Such diversity raises questions as to the evolutionary origin of the process. Another intriguing question concerns the function of trans‐splicing, as operon resolution can only account for a small proportion of the total amount of SL trans‐splicing. WIREs RNA 2011 2 417–434 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.71This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms
RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
Guarding the ‘translation apparatus’: defective ribosome biogenesis and the p53 signaling pathway
Authors: Chakraborty Anirban , Uechi Tamayo , Kenmochi Naoya 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRibosomes, the molecular factories that carry out protein synthesis, are essential for every living cell. Ribosome biogenesis, the process of ribosome synthesis, is highly complex and energy consuming. Over the last decade, many exciting and novel findings have linked various aspects of ribosome biogenesis to cell growth and cell cycle control. Defects in ribosome biogenesis have also been linked to human diseases. It is now clear that disruption of ribosome biogenesis causes nucleolar stress that triggers a p53 signaling pathway, thus providing cells with a surveillance mechanism for monitoring ribosomal integrity. Although the exact mechanisms of p53 induction in response to nucleolar stress are still unknown, several ribosomal proteins have been identified as key players in this ribosome–p53 signaling pathway. Recent studies of human ribosomal pathologies in a variety of animal models have also highlighted the role of this pathway in the pathophysiology of these diseases. However, it remains to be understood why the effect of ribosomal malfunction is not a universal response in all cell types but is restricted to particular tissues, causing the specific phenotypes seen in ribosomal diseases. A challenge for future studies will be to identify additional players in this signaling pathway and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms that link defective ribosome synthesis to p53. WIREs RNA 2011 2 507–522 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.73This article is categorized under:

Translation > Ribosome Biogenesis
Translation > Translation Regulation
Preventing Children's Aggression in Immigrant Latino Families: A Mixed Methods Evaluation of the Families and Schools Together Program
Authors: Knox Lyndee , Guerra Nancy G. , Williams Kirk R. , Toro Rosa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe effectiveness of the evidence based program, Families and Schools Together (FAST), was examined in two inter‐related studies with immigrant Latino (Mexican) families in the U.S. In Study 1, we reported findings from pre‐test, 3‐month post‐test, and 12‐month follow‐up surveys of parents and children participating in the FAST program. Families were selected from communities that were randomly assigned to either intervention or control groups. A total of 282 parents (263 mothers and 19 fathers) participated in either the intervention (140 parents) or control (142 parents) condition over the course of 3 years. Each of the parents had a participating focal child; thus, 282 children (144 females and 138 males; average age = 9.5 years) participated in the study. A primary focus of the research was to determine whether participation in FAST led to reductions in children's aggression. Using linear growth models, no differences were noted on aggression between intervention and control groups, although intervention children did show significant improvements in social problem‐solving skills and perceptions of collective efficacy. In Study 2, we conducted two focus groups with ten FAST participants to explore whether other unmeasured outcomes were noted and to understand better the mechanisms and impact of FAST. All of the parents in the focus groups reported that FAST had helped them better relate to and communicate with their children, and that the greatest effect was on the behavior of their older children. Results are discussed in terms of cultural fit of the FAST program for immigrant Latino families and future directions.
Growth, final height and endocrine sequelae in a UK population of patients with Hurler syndrome (MPS1H)
Authors: Gardner Chris J. , Robinson Nicola , Meadows Tim , Wynn Robert , Will Andrew , Mercer Jean , Church Heather J. , Tylee Karen , Wraith J. Edmond , Clayton Peter E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveHurler Syndrome, (MPSIH) is an inborn error of glycosaminoglycan metabolism. Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has transformed the prognosis for these children. Prior to transplant patients receive chemotherapy or chemo‐radiotherapy. Regular screening for the development of endocrine sequelae is therefore essential. We present for the first time data on final adult height and endocrine complications in children with MPSIH post HSCT.DesignRetrospective case note study and a prospective programme of growth and endocrine assessment.Patients22 patients were included, mean age at last assessment 12.2 (Range 6.3–21.6) years. Mean age at HSCT was 1.3 (SD 0.6) years. Conditioning included mostly busulphan and cyclophosphamide, with 5 patients receiving total body irradiation prior to second transplant.ResultsHeight SDS decreased over time. Final height (FH) was attained in seven patients with male FH SDS −4.3 (Range −3.8, −5.1) and female FH SDS −3.4 (Range −2.9, −5.6). Eight of 13 patients tested had evidence of high growth hormone (GH) levels, while one had GH deficiency. Adrenal and thyroid function was normal in all. 11 patients were pubertal or post pubertal. Two females had pubertal failure requiring intervention. All male patients had spontaneous, complete puberty; however three patients have reduced testicular volumes. Five out of 13 patients tested had an abnormal oral glucose tolerance test.ConclusionGrowth is impaired, primarily related to skeletal dysplasia, but also associated with GH resistance. Pubertal development may be compromised and abnormalities of glucose metabolism are common. We recommend a structured endocrine surveillance programme for these patients.
PTC124 improves readthrough and increases enzymatic activity of the CPT1A R160X nonsense mutation
Authors: Tan Lu , Narayan Srinivas B. , Chen Jie , Meyers Gail Ditewig , Bennett Michael J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDeficiency of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) results in impaired hepatic long‐chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis. We have previously described a patient with a severe CPT1A phenotype who is homozygous for the nonsense mutation 478 C > T (R160X). It has been known for some time that gentamicin can promote readthrough of nonsense codons. Recently, a new compound (PTC124) with less clinical toxicity than gentamicin has been indicated as a therapy for patients with nonsense mutations for multiple genetic diseases. The study is designed to investigate whether PTC124 can promote readthrough of the R160X CPT1A mutation and increase normal sized CPT1 protein expression and activity in the patient's skin fibroblasts. Our study demonstrated that after both PTC 124 and gentamicin treatment, there was an increase in CPT1 activity in patient fibroblasts to levels that are similar to that of the mild Inuit P479L variant. Our results provide additional evidence for proof of principle that PTC124 is a potential therapeutic agent for treating patients with any genetic condition that results from a nonsense mutation.
The effect of within-crop habitat manipulations on the conservation biological control of aphids in field-grown lettuce
Authors: Skirvin D.J. , Kravar-Garde L. , Reynolds K. , Wright C. , Mead A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWithin-crop habitat manipulations have the potential to increase the biological control of pests in horticultural field crops. Wildflower strips have been shown to increase the abundance of natural enemies, but there is little evidence to date of an impact on pest populations. The aim of this study was to determine whether within-crop wildflower strips can increase the natural regulation of pests in horticultural field crops. Aphid numbers in plots of lettuce grown adjacent to wildflower strips were compared with those in plots grown in the absence of wildflowers. The presence of wildflower strips led to a decrease in aphid numbers on adjacent lettuce plants during June and July, but had less impact in August and September. The decrease in aphid numbers was greatest close to the wildflower strips and, the decrease in aphid numbers declined with increasing distance from the wildflower strips, with little effect at a distance of ten metres. The main natural enemies found in the crop were those that dispersed aerially, which is consistent with data from previous studies on cereal crops. Analysis and interpretation of natural enemy numbers was difficult due to low recovery of natural enemies, and the numbers appeared to follow changes in aphid abundance rather than being directly linked to the presence of wildflower strips. Cutting the wildflower strips, to remove floral resources, had no impact on the reduction in aphid numbers achieved during June and July, but decreased the effect of the wildflower strips during August and September. The results suggest that wildflower strips can lead to increased natural regulation of pest aphids in outdoor lettuce crops, but more research is required to determine how this is mediated by natural enemies and how the impact of wildflower strips on natural pest regulation changes during the growing season.
Social scientific inquiry and meta-theoretical fantasy: the case of International Relations
Authors: GUNNELL JOHN G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe turn to the philosophy of scientific realism as a meta-theory for the study of International Relations manifests a reluctance to confront the basic problem of the relationship between philosophy and social scientific inquiry. Despite the realists' rejection of traditional empiricism, and particularly the instrumentalist account of scientific theory, the enthusiasm for realism neglects many of the same problems that, more than a generation earlier, were involved in the social scientific embrace of positivism. One of these problems was a lack of understanding regarding the character and history of the philosophy of natural science and its relationship and applicability to the study of social phenomena. Proponents of realism have also neither adequately articulated and defended realism as a philosophical position, and distinguished it from other perspectives, nor confronted the fundamental challenge to realism and other foundationalist philosophies which has been mounted by the contemporary critique of traditional representational philosophy.
Theorising free capital mobility: the perspective of developing countries
Authors: SHENG LI 
Published: January 2011

AbstractUsing a simple economic model, this article illustrates the greatly diverging interests and preferences of developed and developing countries with regards to capital mobility. Theoretically, developed countries' gain from free capital mobility likely comes at the expense of risk and loss for developing countries due to the latter's financial vulnerability. It is also found that it does not pay for a developed country to push its developing counterparts into prematurely liberalising their capital markets because this type of impatience reduces the developed country's own first-mover advantage in strategic bargaining for capital mobility benefits.
Prime minister and foreign secretary: the dual role of James Ramsay MacDonald in 1924
Authors: KITCHING CAROLYN J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe career and reputation of James Ramsay MacDonald are generally influenced by his actions in 1931, and yet, as Donald Cameron Watt has stated, it is ‘not really possible to blackguard him for 1931 without having to cast aspersions on his extraordinary achievements earlier on’. This article examines some of these ‘extraordinary’ achievements by considering the role of MacDonald himself in the formation and leading of the 1924 minority Labour Government. It considers the difficulty he experienced in creating a Cabinet from colleagues whom he generally considered to be unsuitable and incapable, and which led him to become both Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary. He faced criticism from many in his party for his failure to implement a measure of socialist reforms, yet given the nature of the domestic problems with which his government was faced, and the tenuous nature of this government, held in place, as it was, by a fractured Liberal Party, this ‘failure’ is scarcely surprising. However, this article maintains that in foreign policy, and in his powerful joint role, MacDonald's reputation in 1924 really can be described as outstanding.
The Sea and the World of theMutasaddi:A profile of port officials from Mughal Gujarat (c. 1600–1650)
Authors: FLORES JORGE 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article seeks to trace the profile of the governors (mutasaddis) of the main port-cities (especially Surat and, to a lesser extent, Cambay) of the Mughal province of Gujarat in the first half of the seventeenth century. My research on the careers of individualmutasaddis – based mainly (but not exclusively) on existent Portuguese materials – allows us to better understand the social world of those occupying key positions in the ‘waterfront’ of the Mughal Empire and its dealings extensively with the European powers (Portuguese, Dutch and English). Hence, the analysis of the professional and personal trajectories of the Indian Muslim doctor Muqarrab Khan and the Persian Mir Musa Mu'izzul Mulk presented here demonstrate how far business, politics and cultural patronage were often entangled in the career of a Mughalmutasaddiof Gujarat.
Analysis of Mars analogue soil samples using solid-phase microextraction, organic solvent extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Orzechowska G. E. , Kidd R. D. , Foing B. H. , Kanik I. , Stoker C. , Ehrenfreund P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are robust and abundant molecules in extraterrestrial environments. They are found ubiquitously in the interstellar medium and have been identified in extracts of meteorites collected on Earth. PAHs are important target molecules for planetary exploration missions that investigate the organic inventory of planets, moons and small bodies. This study is part of an interdisciplinary preparation phase to search for organic molecules and life on Mars. We have investigated PAH compounds in desert soils to determine their composition, distribution and stability. Soil samples (Mars analogue soils) were collected at desert areas of Utah in the vicinity of the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS), in the Arequipa region in Peru and from the Jutland region of Denmark. The aim of this study was to optimize the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method for fast screening and determination of PAHs in soil samples. This method minimizes sample handling and preserves the chemical integrity of the sample. Complementary liquid extraction was used to obtain information on five- and six-ring PAH compounds. The measured concentrations of PAHs are, in general, very low, ranging from 1 to 60 ng g−1. The texture of soils is mostly sandy loam with few samples being 100 % silt. Collected soils are moderately basic with pH values of 8–9 except for the Salten Skov soil, which is slightly acidic. Although the diverse and variable microbial populations of the samples at the sample sites might have affected the levels and variety of PAHs detected, SPME appears to be a rapid, viable field sampling technique with implications for use on planetary missions.
Between a rock and a hard place: integration or independence of humanitarian action?
Authors: Donini Antonio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article looks at the tension between principles and politics in the response to the Afghan crisis, and more specifically at the extent to which humanitarian agencies have been able to protect themselves and their activities from overt instrumentalization by those pursuing partisan political agendas. After a short historical introduction, it focuses on the tensions around the issue of ‘coherence’ – the code word for the integration of humanitarian action into the wider political designs of the United Nations itself and of the UN-mandated military coalition that has been operating in Afghanistan since late 2001. The article ends with some more general conclusions on the humanitarian–political relationship and what Afghanistan ‘means’ for the future of humanitarian action.
DddY, a periplasmic dimethylsulfoniopropionate lyase found in taxonomically diverse species of Proteobacteria
Authors: Curson Andrew R J , Sullivan Matthew J , Todd Jonathan D , Johnston Andrew W B 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The abundant compatible solute dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is made by many marine algae. Different marine bacteria catabolise DMSP by various mechanisms, some of which liberate the environmentally important gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS). We describe an enzyme, DddY, which cleaves DMSP into DMS plus acrylate and is located in the bacterial periplasm, unlike other DMSP lyases that catalyse this reaction. There are dddY-like genes in strains of Alcaligenes, Arcobacter and Shewanella, in the β-, ɛ- and γ-proteobacteria, respectively. In Alcaligenes, dddY is in a cluster of ddd and acu genes that resemble, but also have significant differences to, those in other bacteria that catabolise both DMSP and acrylate. Although production of DMS and transcription of Alcaligenes dddY are both apparently inducible by pre-growth of cells with DMSP, this substrate must be catabolised to form acrylate, the bona fide coinducer.