bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No evidence for the ‘expensive‐tissue hypothesis’ from an intraspecific study in a highly variable species
Authors: WARREN D. L. , IGLESIAS T. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe ‘expensive‐tissue hypothesis’ states that investment in one metabolically costly tissue necessitates decreased investment in other tissues and has been one of the keystone concepts used in studying the evolution of metabolically expensive tissues. The trade‐offs expected under this hypothesis have been investigated in comparative studies in a number of clades, yet support for the hypothesis is mixed. Nevertheless, the expensive‐tissue hypothesis has been used to explain everything from the evolution of the human brain to patterns of reproductive investment in bats. The ambiguous support for the hypothesis may be due to interspecific differences in selection, which could lead to spurious results both positive and negative. To control for this, we conduct a study of trade‐offs within a single species, Thalassoma bifasciatum, a coral reef fish that exhibits more intraspecific variation in a single tissue (testes) than is seen across many of the clades previously analysed in studies of tissue investment. This constitutes a robust test of the constraints posited under the expensive‐tissue hypothesis that is not affected by many of the factors that may confound interspecific studies. However, we find no evidence of trade‐offs between investment in testes and investment in liver or brain, which are typically considered to be metabolically expensive. Our results demonstrate that the frequent rejection of the expensive‐tissue hypothesis may not be an artefact of interspecific differences in selection and suggests that organisms may be capable of compensating for substantial changes in tissue investment without sacrificing mass in other expensive tissues.
Paramyotonia congenita: From clinical diagnosis to in silico protein modeling analysis
Authors: Nurputra Dian K. , Nakagawa Taku , Takeshima Yasuhiro , Harahap Indra S.K. , Morikawa Satoru , Sakaeda Toshiyuki , Lai Poh San , Matsuo Masafumi , Takaoka Yutaka , Nishio Hisahide 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground:  Paramyotonia congenita (PMC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by cold‐ or exercise‐induced myotonia. PMC is caused by a mutation in SCN4A which encodes the α‐subunit of the skeletal muscle sodium channel.Methods:  The patient was an 11‐year‐old Japanese girl who was diagnosed as having PMC. To confirm the diagnosis, an orbital ice‐pack test and blinking tests were performed. Next, to identify the mutation, genetic analysis of SCN4A was performed. Finally, to evaluate the mutation effect on the protein structure, in silico protein modeling analysis was performed.Results:  Cold‐ and exercise‐induced myotonia was reproduced in the patient with non‐invasive bedside tests: ice‐pack and blinking tests. In the genetic analysis, a missense mutation, c.4343G>A in SCN4A, was identified, which may result in an arginine to histidine substitution at 1448 in the protein sequence (p.Arg1448His). According to the protein modeling analysis, the mutation neutralized the positive electrostatic charge at 1448 in the DIV/S4 segment and disrupted the beginning of the helical structure in the DIV/S3‐S4 linker of the SCN4A protein.Conclusions:  Diagnostic physical interventions in the patient confirmed the phenotype presentation consistent with PMC, and the in silico protein modeling analysis of p.Arg1448His predicted structural changes which can affect function of the protein. All the data confirmed the diagnosis of PMC in the patient and added to existing literature emphasizing the important role of arginine residue at 1448.
Duration of exposure to cranial vault surgery: associations with neurodevelopment among children with single‐suture craniosynostosis
Authors: Naumann Heather L. , Haberkern Charles M. , Pietila Kristen E. , Birgfeld Craig B. , Starr Jacqueline R. , Kapp‐Simon Kathleen A , Hopper Richard A. , Speltz Matthew L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjective:  To evaluate associations between neurodevelopment and exposure to surgery and anesthetic agents in children with single‐suture craniosynostosis (SSC).Background:  Young children with SSC have unexplained neurodevelopmental delays. The possible contributions of factors related to cranial vault surgery – including anesthesia – have not been previously examined.Methods/materials:  Two anesthesiologists reviewed the surgical records of 89 infants (70 had complete data). Primary exposures were duration of surgery and anesthesia and total duration of inhaled anesthesia (at age 6 months on average). Outcomes were the cognitive and motor scores from the Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐II and language scores from the Preschool Language Scale, 3rd edition, given at age 36 months. Linear regression using robust standard error estimates was performed, adjusting for age at surgery and suture site.Results:  Anesthesia duration ranged from 155 to 547 min. For every 30‐min increase in anesthesia duration, the estimated average decrease in developmental test scores ranged from 1.1 to 2.9 (P ranged from <0.001 to 0.30). Similar, but weaker findings were observed with surgery duration and total duration of inhaled anesthesia. Inverse relations between exposure amounts and neurodevelopment were stronger in children with nonsagittal synostosis.Conclusions:  Average neurodevelopmental scores were lower among children experiencing longer surgeries and higher exposures to inhaled anesthesia. These associations may be due to anesthesia exposure, nonspecific effects of surgery, or unmeasured variables that correlate with surgery duration. Further study of potential causal mechanisms is warranted.
An analysis of the relative risk for hypothyroidism in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Díez J. J. , Iglesias P. 
Published: April 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1510–1514 (2012)AbstractAims  We aimed to assess the relative risk for hypothyroidism in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  In this study, 1112 patients with Type 2 diabetes (58% women, mean age 66.7 years, median duration of diabetes 10 years, 179 with previous history of thyroid disease) and 911 subjects without diabetes were evaluated.Results  The gender‐, age‐ and weight‐adjusted relative risk (odds ratio) of newly identified hypothyroidism in patients with Type 2 diabetes in comparison with control subjects was 2.81 (1.77–4.48). This odds ratio was significant in patients over 65 years [4.02 (1.95–8.31)], as well as in both men [4.84 (1.58–14.80)] and women [2.60 (1.54–4.38)], in obese patients [2.56 (1.36–4.82)] and non‐obese patients [3.11 (1.56–6.20)] and in individuals with [4.26 (1.73–10.46)] and without [2.93 (1.50–5.75)] thyroid autoantibodies. Logistic regression analysis showed that newly diagnosed hypothyroidism was significantly and directly related not only with thyroid autoimmunity [19.15 (8.73–42.01)], but also with the presence of macroangiopathy [2.85 (1.51–5.35)] and metformin treatment [2.51 (1.28–4.92)].Conclusions  Our results favour screening for hypothyroidism in patients with Type 2 diabetes older than 65 years, especially in the presence of diabetic macroangiopathy or treatment with metformin.
Glucocorticoid receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with reduced first‐phase glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion and disposition index in women, but not in men
Authors: van Raalte D. H. , van Leeuwen N. , Simonis‐Bik A. M. , Nijpels G. , van Haeften T. W. , Schafer S. A. , Boomsma D. I. , Kramer M. H.H. , J Heine R. , Maassen J. A. , Staiger H. , Machicao F. , Häring H.‐U. , Slagboom P. E. , Willemsen G. , de Geus E. J. , Dekker J. M. , Fritsche A. , Eekhoff E. M. , Diamant M. , ‘t Hart L. M. 
Published: April 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e211–e216 (2012)AbstractAim  Glucocorticoids are efficacious anti‐inflammatory agents, but, in susceptible individuals, these drugs may induce glucose intolerance and diabetes by affecting β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity. We assessed whether polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 associate with measures of β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity derived from hyperglycaemic clamps in subjects with normal or impaired glucose tolerance.Methods  A cross‐sectional cohort study was conducted in four academic medical centres in the Netherlands and Germany. Four hundred and forty‐nine volunteers (188 men; 261 women) were recruited with normal glucose tolerance (n = 261) and impaired glucose tolerance (n = 188). From 2‐h hyperglycaemic clamps, first‐ and second‐phase glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion, as well as insulin sensitivity index and disposition index, were calculated. All participants were genotyped for the functional NR3C1 polymorphisms N363S (rs6195), BclI (rs41423247), ER22/23EK (rs6189/6190), 9β A/G (rs6198) and ThtIIII (rs10052957). Associations between these polymorphisms and β‐cell function parameters were assessed.Results  In women, but not in men, the N363S polymorphism was associated with reduced disposition index (P = 1.06 10−4). Also only in women, the ER22/23EK polymorphism was associated with reduced first‐phase glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (P = 0.011) and disposition index (P = 0.003). The other single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were not associated with β‐cell function. Finally, none of the polymorphisms was related to insulin sensitivity.Conclusion  The N363S and ER22/23EK polymorphisms of the NR3C1 gene are negatively associated with parameters of β‐cell function in women, but not in men.
Decentralization, Subjective Well‐Being, and the Perception of Institutions
Authors: Diaz‐Serrano Luis , Rodríguez‐Pose Andrés 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThis paper analyses whether the different powers and resources at the disposal of local and regional governments acrossEurope deliver greater satisfaction with political institutions and lead to greater life satisfaction. The analysis uses microdata from the four available waves of theEuropean social survey (2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008), including more than 160,000 observations of individuals living in 29European countries. Our results reveal that fiscal and some forms of political decentralization have a positive and significant effect on the overall subjective well‐being of individuals. However, fiscal decentralization has a different effect on the perception of institutions depending on whether we consider subnational expenditure or revenues. Similarly, the effect of political decentralization on the level of satisfaction with institutions also varies depending on whether the capacity of local governments to influence national politics or to exert authority over their own citizens is considered. The results also show that citizens seem to be more satisfied with the actual capacity of their local governments to deliver than with the general principle that they can have a say on their daily politics and policies.
A STUDY OF RABAUL MARKET
Authors: Epstein T.S. 
Published: April 2012

The purpose of the Rabaul Market Survey was threefold: Firstly, to study the price‐forming mechanism, to find out how sellers arrive at a price which by previous observation was found to be almost uniform for the same commodity all over the market on anyone day. Secondly, to study the part the market plays in the over‐all Tolai economy; and thirdly, to find out how the market fits into the whole Gazelle Peninsula economy.Since I am not aware of any generally accepted technique to study markets, in particular native markets in under‐developed areas, I shall start by outlining the techniques employed in the Rabaul market survey. I shall then go on to discuss the price‐forming mechanism as I found it operating at Rabaul market, which will be followed by an evaluation of the part the market plays in the overall Tolai economy. Finally, I shall try to draw conclusions which emerge from this study.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MORELLI EMERY A. 
Published: April 2012

A Survey of Agricultural Economics Literature. Volume I. Traditional Fields of Agricultural Economics, 1940s to 1970s. Edited by LEE R. MARTIN.Agriculture and the State‐British Policy in a World Context. Edited by B. DAVEY, T. E. JOSLING and A. MCFARQUHAR.Agriculture in Development Theory. Edited by LLQYD G. REYNOLDS.Socialist Agriculture in Hungary. By E. CSIZMADIA.Crop Management Economics. By ALLAN N. RAE.
PRIVATISING THE PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE: PROMISE AND PITFALLS FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
Authors: Lindner Robert K. 
Published: April 2012

In the absence of some form of government intervention, knowledge is a classic public good which will be under‐produced because of lack of price excludability. Government intervention may take the form of establishing intellectual property rights, or other means of shielding knowledge‐based innovations from imitation or copying. Such intervention offers the prospect of 'privatising' the production of knowledge in the sense that a certain level of private knowledge production may become profitable if producers can appropriate at least part of the benefits of R&D.However, publicly funded R&D or extension still can 'crowd out' private knowledge production by charging lower prices. The principal finding of this study is that such 'crowding out' behaviour may be efficient in the sense of being potentially Pareto superior even if it is at the expense of public funding for so called 'orphan' areas of knowledge production which are privately unprofitable. The reason why conventional conclusions about privatisation and 'crowding out' of private goods need not apply to rural research and extension is that private goods are both rival in consumption and price excludable, while knowledge is intrinsically non rival in consumption even if it can be made price excludable.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: MORELLI EMERY A. 
Published: April 2012

Book reviewed in this article:Environmental Economics: First Canadian Edition. By BARRY C. FIELD and NANCY D.Confessions of a Failed Finance Minister. By PETER WALSHStructural Change and Small‐Farm Agriculture in Northwest Portugal. By ERIC MONKEScience Under Scarcity: Principles and Practice for Agricultural Research Evaluation and Priority Setting. J.M. ALSTON, G.W. NORTON and P.G. PARDEY
From FOB to cool: Transnational migrant students in Toronto  and the styling of global linguistic capital
Authors: Shin Hyunjung 
Published: April 2012

Globalization and the rise of ‘Korean cool’ provide middle‐class Korean yuhaksaeng (visa students) in Toronto with resources they can mobilize as strategies of distinction. In their construction of themselves as new transnational subjects with hybrid identities that are simultaneously global and Korean, yuhaksaeng deploy re‐valued varieties of Korean language and culture as stylistic resources in the globalized new economy. In this process, yuhaksaeng contest their marginal positions as ‘FOBs’ (Fresh‐Off‐the‐Boats) and ‘Nerds’ in dominant Western racial discourse, and construct themselves as wealthy, modern, and cosmopolitan ‘Cools’vis‐à‐vis long‐term immigrants in local Korean diasporic communities as well as Canadians. The stories of yuhaksaeng illustrate how notions of ‘global’ and ‘local’ linguistic resources are transformed under the material conditions of globalization and its structures of inequality.세계화와 ‘한국적 쿨’의 등장은 토론토에 거주하는 중산층 한국 유학생들이 차별화를 위해 사용할수 있는 자원을 제공한다. 유학생들은 세계화로 인한 새로운 경제체제에서 새롭게 가치평가된 한국 언어와 문화를, 자신들을 글로벌하면서도 동시에 한국적인 혼성적 정체성을 가진 새로운 초국가적 주체로 스타일링하기 위한 자원으로 활용한다. 이 과정에서 유학생들은 서양의 지배적 인종 담론내에서의 ‘FOBs’ (Fresh‐Off‐the‐Boats) 와 ‘Nerds’ 와 같은 주변인 정체성에 저항하며, 자신들을 토론토에 거주하는 캐나다인들뿐 아니라 오래된 한국이민자들과 대비하여, 부유하고 모던하며 코스모폴리탄적인 ‘쿨’의 정체성을 형성한다. 이 글에 나타난 유학생들의 이야기는 세계화의 물질적 조건과 그 불평등의 구조 속에서 언어자원의 세계성과 지역성이 어떻게 변형되는지의 사례를 보여준다. [Korean]
Transnational South Korea as a site for a sociolinguistics of globalization: Markets, timescales, neoliberalism1
Authors: Sung‐Yul Park Joseph , Lo Adrienne 
Published: April 2012

This special issue seeks a new direction for the sociolinguistics of globalization in the process of transnationalism, using as a case study new modes of Korean migration that are changing the face of Korean transnationalism, including short‐term early study abroad and return migration. Through a discussion of the historical and sociolinguistic context of South Korea, this paper demonstrates how transnational Korea is a relevant site for refining, reframing, and reconsidering the current sociolinguistics of globalization. We identify two important interventions into the theoretical considerations of language and globalization brought forward by the Korean case: (1) a heightened attention to multiple timescales and markets; and (2) a more serious engagement with and critique of neoliberalism.본 특별호는 초국가성이 세계화의 사회언어학의 새로운 연구 방향이 되어야 한다고 주장하며, 조기유학과 재이주 등 한국의 초국가성의 양상을 변화시키는 새로운 이주 현상들을 그 사례로 제시한다. 한국의 역사적, 사회언어학적 배경에 대한 논의를 통해, 본 논문은 왜 한국의 초국가성이 세계화에 대한 사회언어학적 연구를 새롭게 정립하는데 유용한 연구대상이 될 수 있는지 설명한다. 한국의 사례는 언어와 세계화의 관계에 관한 이론의 발전을 위하여 다음과 같은 두 방향을 제시한다: (1) 시간단위와 시장들의 다양성에 촛점을 맞출 것; 그리고 (2) 신자유주의에 대한 더 진지한 비판에 임할 것. [Korean]
Reliance on prey‐derived nitrogen by the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia decreases with increasing nitrogen deposition
Authors: Millett J. , Svensson B. M. , Newton J. , Rydin H. 
Published: April 2012

Summary
Carnivory in plants is presumed to be an adaptation to a low‐nutrient environment. Nitrogen (N) from carnivory is expected to become a less important component of the N budget as root N availability increases.
Here, we investigated the uptake of N via roots versus prey of the carnivorous plant Drosera rotundifolia growing in ombrotrophic bogs along a latitudinal N deposition gradient through Sweden, using a natural abundance stable isotope mass balance technique.
Drosera rotundifolia plants receiving the lowest level of N deposition obtained a greater proportion of N from prey (57%) than did plants on bogs with higher N deposition (22% at intermediate and 33% at the highest deposition). When adjusted for differences in plant mass, this pattern was also present when considering total prey N uptake (66, 26 and 26 μg prey N per plant at the low, intermediate and high N deposition sites, respectively). The pattern of mass‐adjusted root N uptake was opposite to this (47, 75 and 86 μg N per plant).
Drosera rotundifolia plants in this study switched from reliance on prey N to reliance on root‐derived N as a result of increasing N availability from atmospheric N deposition.
Panoramic ECG display versus conventional ECG: ischaemia detection by critical care nurses
Authors: Wilson Nick , Hassani Aimen , Gibson Vanessa , Lightfoot Timothy , Zizzo Claudio 
Published: April 2012

Aim: To compare accuracy and certainty of diagnosis of cardiac ischaemia using the Panoramic ECG display tool plus conventional 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) versus 12‐lead ECG alone by UK critical care nurses who were members of the British Association of Critical Care Nurses (BACCN).Background: Critically ill patients are prone to myocardial ischaemia. Symptoms may be masked by sedation or analgesia, and ECG changes may be the only sign. Critical care nurses have an essential role in detecting ECG changes promptly. Despite this, critical care nurses may lack expertise in interpreting ECGs and myocardial ischaemia often goes undetected by critical care staff.Method: British Association of Critical Care Nurses (BACCN) members were invited to complete an online survey to evaluate the analysis of two sets of eight ECGs displayed alone and with the new display device.Results: Data from 82 participants showed diagnostic accuracy improved from 67·1% reading ECG traces alone, to 96·0% reading ECG plus Panoramic ECG display tool (P < 0·01, significance level α = 0·05). Participants' diagnostic certainty score rose from 41·7% reading ECG alone to 66·8% reading ECG plus Panoramic ECG display tool (P < 0·01, α = 0·05).Conclusion: The Panoramic ECG display tool improves both accuracy and certainty of detecting ST segment changes among critical care nurses, when compared to conventional 12‐lead ECG alone. This benefit was greatest with early ischaemic changes. Critical care nurses who are least confident in reading conventional ECGs benefit the most from the new display.Relevance to clinical practice: Critical care nurses have an essential role in the monitoring of critically ill patients. However, nurses do not always have the expertise to detect subtle ischaemic ECG changes promptly. Introduction of the Panoramic ECG display tool into clinical practice could lead to patients receiving treatment for myocardial ischaemia sooner with the potential for reduction in morbidity and mortality.
Decreasing frequency of plasma exchange complications in patients treated for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura‐hemolytic uremic syndrome, 1996 to 2011 (CME)
Authors: Som Sumit , Deford Cassandra C. , Kaiser Mandi L. , Terrell Deirdra R. , Kremer Hovinga Johanna A. , Lämmle Bernhard , George James N. , Vesely Sara K. 
Published: April 2012

BACKGROUND: Plasma exchange (PEX) treatment for patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura‐hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP‐HUS) has risk for major complications.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Data for PEX‐related complications have been prospectively collected on all patients enrolled in the Oklahoma TTP‐HUS Registry, 1996 to 2011. PEX‐related complications have been defined as major or minor and as central venous catheter related or plasma related.RESULTS: During 15 years, 1996 to 2011, 72 (24%) of 302 consecutive patients had major PEX‐related complications. Analysis of five consecutive 3‐year cohorts demonstrated that there has been a significant trend for decreasing frequency of all PEX‐related major complications (p = 0.014) and central venous catheter–related major complications (p = 0.021) but not for the less common plasma‐related major complications (p = 0.380). ADAMTS13 activity was measured in 288 (95%) of the 302 patients. Analysis of the 66 patients with ADAMTS13 activity of less than 10% demonstrated a significant trend for decreasing frequency of PEX‐related major complications (p = 0.036); the trend for the 222 patients with ADAMTS13 activity of at least 10% was not significant (p = 0.118). The decreased frequency of PEX‐related major complications among patients with ADAMTS13 activity of less than 10% may be related to a significant trend for decreasing duration of PEX treatment (p = 0.040) and decreasing frequency of requirement for more than one central venous catheter (p = 0.044). The decreased duration of PEX treatment may be related to increased use of adjunctive treatments: corticosteroids (p < 0.001) and rituximab (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of PEX‐related major complications has decreased from 1996 to 2011, possibly related to increased use of corticosteroids and rituximab and the decreased duration of PEX required to achieve remission.