bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-average-power 216 MHz Kerr lens mode-locked Yb:KGW ring laser oscillator for application to laser spectroscopy
Authors: Eilanlou A. Amani , Yoshino Yuki , Iwasaki Atsushi , Yamanouchi Kaoru 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWe report the development of a ring Yb:KGW laser oscillator with an average power of 4.22 W, a pulse duration of 312 fs at a repetition rate of 216 MHz. The ring laser oscillator is purely Kerr lens mode-locked (KLM) taking advantage of the high nonlinear refractive index of the laser crystal in spite of being pumped by a multimode laser diode. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest average power obtained from a KLM ring Yb:KGW laser oscillator. Monitoring the repetition rate fluctuations after initial warm-up of the laser cavity, a peak to valley of only 354.28 Hz during 30 min of free-running operation has been achieved. This could make a free-running ring cavity a suitable light source for application to laser spectroscopy. Using the ring laser oscillator, we have measured the absorption of the second overtone of the $$\nu _1$$

ν
1

mode of NH$$_3$$

3

. We have also measured absorption spectra of the Yb:KGW crystal to evaluate the quality of the crystal affected by the doped impurities.
MRI-based radiomic features of the urinary bladder wall identify patients with moderate-to-severe international prostate symptom score
Authors: Shahait Mohammed , Usamentiaga Ruben , Tong Yubing , Sandberg Alex , Lee David I. , Udupa Jayaram K. , Torigian Drew A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is a patient-reported measurement to assess the lower urinary tract symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction. Bladder outlet obstruction induces molecular and morphological alterations in the urothelium, suburothelium, detrusor smooth muscle cells, detrusor extracellular matrix, and nerves. We sought to analyze MRI-based radiomics features of the urinary bladder wall and their association with IPSS.

Method
In this retrospective study, 87 patients who had pelvic MRI scans were identified. A biomarker discovery approach based on the optimal biomarker (OBM) method was used to extract features of the bladder wall from MR images, including morphological, intensity-based, and texture-based features, along with clinical variables. Mathematical models were created using subsets of features and evaluated based on their ability to discriminate between low and moderate-to-severe IPSS (less than 8 vs. equal to or greater than 8).

Results
Of the 7,666 features per patient, four highest-ranking optimal features were derived (all texture-based features), which provided a classification accuracy of 0.80 with a sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.81, 0.81, and 0.87, respectively.

Conclusion
A highly independent set of urinary bladder wall features derived from MRI scans were able to discriminate between patients with low vs. moderate-to-severe IPSS with accuracy of 80%. Such differences in MRI-based properties of the bladder wall in patients with varying IPSS’s might reflect differences in underlying molecular and morphological alterations that occur in the setting of chronic bladder outlet obstruction.
Kortikosteroide und adrenocorticotropes Hormon bei Epilepsien der frühen Kindheit jenseits des Säuglingsalters
Authors: Korinthenberg Rudolf , Bast Thomas , Haberlandt Edda , Stephani Ulrich , Strzelczyk Adam , Rücker Gerta 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Bericht fassen wir die Ergebnisse eines systematischen Reviews (SR) zusammen, in dem Daten zur Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit von ACTH (adrenocorticotropes Hormon) und Kortikosteroiden (KST) bei Kindern mit anderen Epilepsien als dem infantilen epileptischen Spasmussyndrom (IESS) ausgewertet wurden, die auf Anfallssuppressiva (ASM) nicht angesprochen hatten. Der SR umfasste retrospektive und prospektive Studien, die über mehr als 5 Patienten berichteten und klare Falldefinitionen sowie Beschreibungen der Behandlung und der Ergebnisse enthielten. Achtunddreißig (2 kontrollierte und 5 unkontrollierte prospektive, 31 retrospektive) Studien mit 1152 Patienten wurden eingeschlossen. Die Metaanalyse der aggregierten Daten zur Anfallsreduktion > 50 % und zur Verringerung der EEG(Elektroenzephalogramm)-Spikes am Ende der Initialbehandlung ergab gepoolte Raten (PR) von 0,60 (95 %-KI [Konfidenzintervall] 0,52–0,67) und 0,56 (95 %-KI 0,43–0,68). Die Rückfallquote war hoch (PR 0,33, 95 %-KI 0,27–0,40). Subgruppenanalysen und eine Metaregression zeigten keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den eingesetzten Substanzen, eine etwas bessere Wirkung bei entwicklungsbedingter und/oder epileptischer Enzephalopathie mit Spike-and-Wave-Aktivierung im Schlaf (DEE-SWAS) und eine schwächere Wirkung bei Patienten mit kognitiver Beeinträchtigung und „symptomatischer“ Ätiologie. Die Höhe der kumulativen Dosis der initialen Behandlungsphase hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Behandlungsergebnisse. Adipositas und Cushing-Syndrom waren die häufigsten unerwünschten Wirkungen, die oft in Studien mit kontinuierlicher ACTH- (PR 0,73, 95 %-KI 0,48–0,89) oder KST-Gabe (PR 0,72, 95 %-KI 0,54–0,85), aber selten bei intermittierender intravenöser oder oraler KST-Gabe (PR 0,05, 95 %-KI 0,02–0,10) auftraten. Die Aussagekraft dieser Ergebnisse wird durch ein hohes Verzerrungsrisiko der meisten eingeschlossenen Studien und eine große Heterogenität zwischen den Studiendaten eingeschränkt. Der volle SR wurde unter https://doi.org/10.1111/epi.17918 publiziert.
Mapping Educational uncertainty stimuli to support health professions educators’ in developing learner uncertainty tolerance
Authors: Lazarus Michelle D. , Gouda-Vossos Amany , Ziebell Angela , Parasnis Jaai , Mujumdar Swati , Brand Gabrielle 
Published: June 2024

AbstractUncertainty is a feature of healthcare practice. In recognition of this, multiple health profession governing bodies identify uncertainty tolerance as a healthcare graduate attribute and evaluate uncertainty tolerance within new graduate cohorts. While it is clear that uncertainty tolerance development for healthcare learners is valued, gaps remain for practically addressing this within healthcare curricula. Guiding frameworks for practical approaches supporting uncertainty tolerance development in healthcare learners remains sparse, particularly outside of medicine and in certain geographical locations. As uncertainty tolerance is increasingly recognised as being, at least in part, state-based (e.g. contextually changeable)– a broader understanding of teaching practices supporting uncertainty tolerance development in diverse health professions is warranted. This study explored educators’ teaching practices for purposefully stimulating learners’ uncertainty tolerance. Semi-structured interviews investigated how academics at a single institution, from diverse fields and health professions, stimulate uncertainty across multiple learning contexts. Framework analysis identified three themes for stimulating uncertainty: Purposeful questioning, Forecasting uncertainty, and Placing learners in unfamiliar environments, with characterisation of these themes (and related subthemes) also described. Many of the identified themes align with aspects of existing learning theories suggesting that curricular frameworks supporting learner uncertainty tolerance development may be informed by theories beyond the boundaries of health professions education research.
Growing deviations between elite and non-elite media coverage of climate change in the United States
Authors: Bolstad Parker , Victor David G. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEmpirical research aimed at understanding public awareness and opinion on climate change has focused heavily on media coverage. Nearly all prior media studies focus on the United States and on a small number of elite news sources, notably the national newspapers of record. To widen the aperture, we take advantage of a database (MediaCloud) that covers a much larger array of print and word media: 168 million articles about all subjects, derived from 9000 unique U.S. news sources. Coverage of climate change from the “heartland” sources—dominated by state and local news outlets far from the headquarters of national newspapers of record—has risen 144% from 2011 until 2022. Elite news coverage, however, has risen at twice that pace (299%). Over time, the propensity to cover climate change has diverged. In 2011 there were 104 days when the heartland news sources had more coverage of climate change than elite news outlets such as The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. By 2022 there were only 11 such days. That year, elite news outlets produced roughly three times the coverage of climate change as heartland news outlets. We also find some differences in the topics covered by these two categories of news sources. Such disparities in the intensity of attention to climate change, along with apparently more subtle variations in topical coverage, are variations that deserve future explanation. They are also a reminder that analysis of climate coverage should choose data sources with care since the narrative around what the public is learning about climate appears to vary substantially between heartland and elite new sources.
The introduction of a software application intended for quality work in four Swedish preschools
Authors: Elm Amelie , Bergström Peter , Pettersson Daniel 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study explores practitioners’ beliefs and experiences of education, socialisation and care and their impact on the introduction of a software application for quality work in early childhood education. Based on field notes, audio recordings and follow-up semi-structured interviews in four Swedish preschools, it explores how teachers’ beliefs and experiences frame and are framed by the introduction of a software application by an EdTech company. The findings show that preschool teachers perceived the software as disruptive to their established beliefs and practices, despite efforts to align it with the preschool curriculum’s goals. It also highlights the challenges that practitioners faced in understanding and implementing the software, the importance of peer discussions and time for reflection. The study’s conclusions emphasise the importance of a thorough introduction, peer support and opportunities for reflection when introducing software in preschool settings. It also stresses the need to align software implementation with practitioners’ beliefs and experiences to facilitate a successful adoption. In addition, the study highlights the role of ongoing professional development in managing technological change in early childhood education.
A systematic review of emotional design research in multimedia learning
Authors: Mutlu-Bayraktar Duygu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study provides a current systematic review of emotional design research in the multimedia learning domain and explores how emotional design is studied in multimedia learning. All studies on emotional design in multimedia learning published until 2023 were examined thoroughly. In this study, 51 journal articles were identified based on PRISMA guidelines and reviewed regarding emotional state parameters, emotional design techniques, emotional and other measurements, learning materials, research methodologies, and learning outcomes. The analysis provided several salient findings. Firstly, there has been growing interest in emotional design. Secondly, the impact of emotional design on learning outcomes, emotional states, motivation, and cognitive load was explored. Thirdly, most studies preferred subjective measurements or indirect objective measurements. Fourthly, there was a tendency to examine the effects of shape and color elements in the emotional design techniques. Lastly, the studies reported contradictory results on learning outcomes but agreed that emotional design had a positive impact on motivation and emotional state. This review highlights research gaps and provides recommendations for future studies in the field of emotional design in multimedia learning.
Max Weber’s Verstehende Soziologie and Florian Znaniecki’s Cultural Sociology: A Discussion of Two Distinct but Related Notions
Authors: Segre Sandro 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis article compares Weber’s notion of Verstehende Soziologie with Znaniecki’s concepts of humanistic coefficient and cultural sociology. While both authors follow an interpretive perspective and agree that the specific object of sociological inquiry is social action, they diverge in their conceptions of social action and in their definition of sociology and its methods and aims. For, in contrast to Znaniecki, Weber holds that sociology aims not only to understand social action, but also to explain it. Social action, moreover, is differently defined according to whether it is oriented to the conduct of others, as with Weber, or aims to exert influence on others, as with Znaniecki. As for their respective methods of inquiry, Znaniecki proposes to reconstruct the actor’s experiences and viewpoints, while Weber advocates the formulation of generic ideal types for the purposes of describing and explaining social and historical courses of events. Finally, the study of the social order belongs to the cultural sciences, according to Znaniecki. For Weber, the social order is sociological, and follows from the prevalence of consensual action in particular communities such as the market or language communities. Otherwise, its prevalence should not be taken for granted.
The Role of Gender in Hate Speech Targeting Politicians: Evidence from Finnish Twitter
Authors: Meriläinen Jari-Mikko 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study uses a manually classified tweet sample for examining hate speech targeting the ministers of the government of Finland. We use logistic regressions to investigate the distribution of hate speech by gender, age, party leadership, visibility, and political party, with a special focus on gender. Additionally, we divide minister portfolios into masculine, neutral, and feminine positions and examine whether a minister’s gender affects the likelihood of being targeted. Our results suggest that male and female ministers are equally likely, on average, to be targeted by hate speech. However, this relation is nuanced. First, for male ministers, visibility increases the frequency of hate speech. For female ministers, the result is the opposite. Moreover, the results suggest that women in masculine positions are more likely to face hate speech. In addition, men are targeted by hate speech less when they are holding a masculine minister portfolio. This suggests that gender roles affect hate speech.
On the Notion of anabhihite in the Cāndra Grammar
Authors: Yazaki Chōjun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractComparing the kāraka theory as presented in Pāṇiniʼs (ca. fifth-fourth century BC) and Candragominʼs (ca. fifth century AD) systems of grammar, Joshi and Roodbergen observed that in the Cāndrasūtra, the heading rule Pāṇ 2.3.1 (anabhihite), which plays an important role for all the kāraka rules, is missing. Deshpande, however, criticized their understanding. According to him, Patañjali (ca. second century BC), in his Mahābhāṣya, already dealt with the question of whether the general principle uktārthānām aprayogaḥ can justify the omission of this heading rule; under the influence of Patañjali, Candragomin took the position that it is not necessary to explicitly provide Pāṇ 2.3.1. The present paper revisits this issue on the basis of some newly edited Cāndra materials, the Cāndrapañjikā and the Śabdārthacintā, which were both written by the eminent Sinhalese grammarian Ratnamati or Ratnaśrījñāna (ca. tenth century AD). Ratna’s detailed explanation not only confirms that Deshpande’s assumption is correct, but it also clarifies that the problem pointed out by Pāṇinians in the case of the omission of Pāṇ 2.3.1 can be solved by resorting to the theory of the fivefold meaning of a nominal stem.
Detection and identification drones using long short-term memory and Bayesian optimization
Authors: El-Latif Eman I. Abd 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis paper proposed a model based on bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) and Bayesian optimization to detect different drones in different Scenarios. Six different drones in three distinct scenarios—cloudy, sunny, and evening—are included in the dataset. The three primary stages of the suggested model are pre-processing, hyper-parameter optimization, and classification phase. Images are resized, noise is reduced, and contrast is enhanced in the first step. The hyperparameter values are then chosen in the second step using Bayesian optimization. In the end, the proposed model is constructed with nine layers based on the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) and Bi-LSTM for classification. For the cloudy scenario, the model achieves 97.43% accuracy, 99.52% sensitivity, 92.79% specificity, 96.64% precision, and 98.06 F1-score. In addition, the sunny scenario achieves 93.87%in accuracy, 97.14% in sensitivity, 87.06% in specificity, 94% in precision, and 90.25 in F1_score. The final experiment in the evening scenario is 97.50% accuracy, 99.39% sensitivity, 93.90% specificity, and 96.89% precision. Comparative results are presented at the end of the paper, and it shows that the proposed model overcomes previous works that used the same dataset.
Bread prices and sea levels: why probabilistic causal models need to be monotonic
Authors: Hoffmann-Kolss Vera 
Published: June 2024

AbstractA key challenge for probabilistic causal models is to distinguish non-causal probabilistic dependencies from true causal relations. To accomplish this task, causal models are usually required to satisfy several constraints. Two prominent constraints are the causal Markov condition and the faithfulness condition. However, other constraints are also needed. One of these additional constraints is the causal sufficiency condition, which states that models must not omit any direct common causes of the variables they contain. In this paper, I argue that the causal sufficiency condition is problematic: (1) it is incompatible with the requirement that the variables in a model must not stand in non-causal necessary dependence relations, such as mathematical or conceptual relations, or relations described in terms of supervenience or grounding, (2) it presupposes more causal knowledge as primitive than is actually needed to create adequate causal models, and (3) if models are only required to be causally sufficient, they cannot deal with cases where variables are probabilistically related by accident, such as Sober’s example of the relationship between bread prices in England and the sea level in Venice. I show that these problems can be avoided if causal models are required to be monotonic in the following sense: the causal relations occurring in a model M would not disappear if further variables were added to M. I give a definition of this monotonicity condition and conclude that causal models should be required to be monotonic rather than causally sufficient.
Social kind realism as relative frame manipulability
Authors: Karagiannopoulos Yorgos , Stamatiadis-Bréhier Alexios 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn this paper we introduce the view that realism about a social kind K entails that the grounding conditions of K are difficult (or impossible) to manipulate. In other words, we define social kind realism in terms of relative frame manipulability (RFM). In articulating our view, we utilize theoretical resources from Epstein’s (Epstein, The ant trap: Rebuilding the foundations of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2015) grounding/anchoring model and causal interventionism. After comparing our view with causal and principle-based (Tahko, Synthese 200(2):1–23, 2022) proposals, we motivate RFM by showing that it accommodates important desiderata about the social landscape (such as recognizing the context-relativity of social properties and the emancipatory dimension of social practice). Finally, we consider three objections. First, we tackle frame-necessitarianism (FN), the view that social kind frames are metaphysically necessary (and thus unmanipulable). Secondly, we engage with what Epstein (Epstein, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 99(3):768–781 2019a) calls UNIVERSALITY (the view that social kinds can hold in the absence of anchors) and we argue that it should also be resisted. Finally, we tackle a recent objection from Mason’s (Mason, Philosophical Studies, 178(12):3975–3994) essentialism about social kinds.
Students as victims of bullying by teachers: Longitudinal antecedents and consequences
Authors: Strohmeier Dagmar , Trach Jessica , Chávez Daniela , D’Urso Giulio 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe longitudinal associations of bullying by teachers with (a) social and academic student characteristics, (b) supportive relationships with peers and adults, and (c) the school context were investigated. Three waves of data were collected over two years among 630 adolescents in Austria (50% girls; 78.8% non-immigrants; mean age = 12.52 years, SD = 0.67). Controlling for the nested data structure at class level, a series of cross lagged panel models controlling for gender, immigrant status, and age were conducted. Social student characteristics (e.g., high levels of peer victimization and high levels of peer bullying) were concurrent, but not longitudinal risk factors for being bullied by teachers. Academic student characteristics (e.g., low levels of school motivation and low levels of learning interest) were longitudinal risk factors for being bullied by teachers, but high levels of supportive peer relationships and high levels of school bonding were longitudinal protective factors. Low levels of perceived support from adults were both an antecedent and a consequence of teacher bullying. Bullying by teachers should be integrated into bullying prevention programs.
High Sodium Solubility in Magnesiowüstite in Iron‐Rich Deep Lower Mantle
Authors: Dorfman Susannah M. , Hsu Han , Nabiei Farhang , Cantoni Marco , Badro James , Prakapenka Vitali B. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract(Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase‐magnesiowüstite has been proposed to host the majority of Earth's sodium, but the mechanism and capacity for incorporating the alkali cation remain unclear. In this work, experiments in the laser‐heated diamond anvil cell and first‐principles calculations determine the solubility of sodium and favorability of sodium incorporation in iron‐rich magnesiowüstite relative to (Mg,Fe)SiO3 bridgmanite. Reaction of Mg/(Mg + Fe) (Mg#) 55 and 28 olivine with NaCl at 33–128 GPa and 1600–3000 K produces iron‐rich magnesiowüstite containing several percent sodium, while iron‐rich bridgmanite contains little to no detectable sodium. In sodium‐saturated magnesiowüstite, sodium number [Na/(Na + Mg + Fe)] is 2–5 atomic percent at pressures below 60 GPa and drastically increases to 10–20 atomic percent at deep lower mantle pressures. For these two compositions, there is no significant dependence of the results on Mg#. Our calculations not only show consistent results with experiments but further indicate that such an increase in solubility and partitioning of Na into magnesiowüstite is driven by the spin transition in iron. These results provide fundamental constraints on the crystal chemistry of sodium at lower‐mantle conditions. If the sodium capacity of (Mg,Fe)O is not strongly dependent on Mg#, (Mg,Fe)O in the lower mantle may have the capacity to store the entire sodium budget of the Earth.