bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of application techniques on field‐scale efficacy: can the use of entomopathogenic nematodes reduce damage by western corn rootworm larvae?
Authors: Toepfer Stefan , Hatala‐Zseller Ibolya , Ehlers Ralf‐Udo , Peters Arne , Kuhlmann Ulrich 
Published: June 2010

Field studies on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological pest control agents in field crops and over multiple seasons are rare.
In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) at reducing maize root damage caused by the larvae of the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The study consisted of 21 field‐scale experiments in Hungary conducted between 2004 and 2007. Key factors behind successful control, such as application techniques, nematode dosage, soil environment and rainfall, were analyzed.
Five of the six tested techniques for applying the nematodes using readily available farming machinery resulted in a reduction of root damage, as well as subsequent plant lodging.
According to damage rating with the Iowa 1–6 scale, damage was reduced by 3–18%. According to the 0.00–3.00 node injury scale, damage was reduced by 14–54%. Approximately 7–62 % of plant lodging, and thus direct yield losses as a result of in‐harvestability, was prevented.
An increase in nematode dosage and/or an increased rainfall during the period of applications increased the efficacy of H. bacteriophora at reducing root damage. Except for the obvious effect of moisture, the soil environment had little measurable influence on nematode efficacy.
The present study demonstrates the potential for field‐scale nematode application to significantly reduce damage caused by D. v. virgifera larvae. It is recommended that the method of agent application should be selected on a case‐by‐case basis considering the efficacy data presented here, the available application machinery and its associated costs.
Enhanced disease resistance and hypersensitivity to BTH by introduction of an NH1/OsNPR1 paralog
Authors: Bai Wei , Chern Mawsheng , Ruan Deling , Canlas Patrick E. , Sze‐to Wing Hoi , Ronald Pamela C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryNon‐expresser of pathogenesis‐related genes 1 (NPR1) is the master regulator of salicylic acid‐mediated systemic acquired resistance. Over‐expression of Arabidopsis NPR1 and rice NH1 (NPR1 homolog1)/OsNPR1 in rice results in enhanced resistance. While there are four rice NPR1 paralogs in the rice genome, none have been demonstrated to function in disease resistance. To study rice NPR1 paralog 3, we introduced constructs into rice and tested for effects on resistance to infection by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causal agent of bacterial blight. While over‐expression of NH3 using the maize ubiquitin‐1 promoter failed to enhance resistance, introduction of an extra copy of NH3 driven by its own promoter (nNT‐NH3) resulted in clear, enhanced resistance. Progeny analysis confirms that the enhanced resistance phenotype, measured by Xoo‐induced lesion length, is associated with the NH3 transgene. Bacterial growth curve analysis indicates that bacterial population levels are reduced 10‐fold in nNT‐NH3 lines compared to control rice lines. The transgenic plants exhibit higher sensitivity to benzothiadiazole (BTH) and 2,6‐dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) treatment as measured by increased cell death. Expression analysis of pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes showed that nNT‐NH3 plants display greatly enhanced induction of PR genes only after treatment with BTH. Our study demonstrates an alternative method to employ a regulatory protein to enhance plant defence. This approach avoids using undesirable constitutive, high‐level expression and may prove to be more practical for engineering resistance.
Observant, nonaggressive temperament predicts theory‐of‐mind development
Authors: Wellman Henry M. , Lane Jonathan D. , LaBounty Jennifer , Olson Sheryl L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTemperament dimensions influence children’s approach to and participation in social interactive experiences which reflect and impact children’s social understandings. Therefore, temperament differences might substantially impact theory‐of‐mind development in early childhood. Using longitudinal data, we report that certain early temperament characteristics (at age 3) – lack of aggressiveness, a shy‐withdrawn stance to social interaction, and social‐perceptual sensitivity – predict children’s more advanced theory‐of‐mind understanding 2 years later. The findings contribute to our understanding of how theory of mind develops in the formative preschool period; they may also inform debates as to the evolutionary origins of theory of mind.
Using mu rhythm desynchronization to measure mirror neuron activity in infants
Authors: Nyström Pär , Ljunghammar Therese , Rosander Kerstin , von Hofsten Claes 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe Mirror Neuron System hypothesis stating that observed actions are projected onto the observer’s own action system assigns an important role to development, because only actions mastered by the observer can be mirrored. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether there is evidence of a functioning mirror neuron system (MNS) in 8‐month‐old infants. High‐density EEG was used to assess the mu rhythm desynchronization in an action observation task where the infants observed a live model. To reduce noise, ICA decompositions were used. The results show a higher desynchronization of the mu rhythm when infants observed a goal‐directed action than when they observed a spatially similar non‐goal‐directed movement. The localizations of the sources are in agreement with those proposed by the MNS hypothesis. This indicates that the MNS is functioning at this age.
False‐belief understanding in 2.5‐year‐olds: evidence from violation‐of‐expectation change‐of‐location and unexpected‐contents tasks
Authors: He Zijing , Bolz Matthias , Baillargeon Renée 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUntil recently, it was generally assumed that the ability to attribute false beliefs did not emerge until about 4 years of age. However, recent reports using spontaneous‐ as opposed to elicited‐response tasks have suggested that this ability may be present much earlier. To date, researchers have employed two kinds of spontaneous‐response false‐belief tasks: violation‐of‐expectation tasks have been used with infants in the second year of life, and anticipatory‐looking tasks have been used with toddlers in the third year of life. In the present research, 2.5‐year‐old toddlers were tested in violation‐of‐expectation tasks involving a change‐of‐location situation (Experiment 1) and an unexpected‐contents situation (Experiment 2). Results were positive in both situations, providing the first demonstrations of false‐belief understanding in toddlers using violation‐of‐expectation tasks and, as such, pointing to a consistent and continuous picture of early false‐belief understanding.
UNIONS, MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND THE OPTIMAL MONETARY REGIME
Authors: James Jonathan G. , Lawler Phillip 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper considers the optimal monetary regime in a monopolistically competitive economy where wages are set by non‐atomistic (i.e. large) unions. In such a context, the conduct of monetary policy is known to influence not only the equilibrium inflation rate, but also equilibrium employment. Previous contributions which have examined this scenario have commonly concluded that a low degree of accommodation of wages and prices is optimal. This study shows, however, that the framework's principal features imply a highly accommodating policy stance can potentially achieve a superior outcome and, indeed, despite its character, is able to both eliminate unemployment and deliver zero inflation.
Review Article: A new wrinkle on old skin: the role of elastic fibres in skin ageing
Authors: Langton A. K. , Sherratt M. J. , Griffiths C. E. M. , Watson R. E. B. 
Published: June 2010

SynopsisCutaneous ageing is the result of two distinct, biological processes which may occur concurrently: (i) the passage of time, termed intrinsic ageing and (ii) environmental influences, termed extrinsic ageing. Intrinsic ageing of the skin is a slow process which causes changes in tissue structure and impairs function in the absence of additional biological, chemical and physical factors. The clinical features of intrinsically aged skin are not usually evident until old age when, although smooth and unblemished, the skin surface appears pale and is characterized by fine wrinkles with occasional exaggerated expression lines. Functionally, intrinsically aged skin is dry and less elastic than more youthful skin. In contrast, extrinsically aged skin is exemplified by deep, coarse wrinkles, mottled hyperpigmentation and a marked loss of elasticity and recoil. The two major environmental influences which induce extrinsic ageing are: (i) chronic exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (termed photoageing) and (ii) smoking. This review discusses the changes associated with the ageing process in the skin, with particular emphasis on the role played by the elastic fibre network in maintaining dermal function. The review concludes with a discussion of a short‐term assay for independent assessment of the efficacy of anti‐ageing cosmetic products using the elastic fibre component fibrillin‐1 as a biomarker of extracellular matrix repair.
International consensus recommendations on the aesthetic usage of botulinum toxin type A (Speywood Unit) – part II: wrinkles on the middle and lower face, neck and chest
Authors: Ascher B , Talarico S , Cassuto D , Escobar S , Hexsel D , Jaén P , Monheit GD , Rzany B , Viel M 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Azzalure® (Galderma SA), a newly approved European botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A), is derived from Dysport™ (Ipsen Ltd.), which has a 20‐year history of product consistency and has been widely used for various aesthetic and therapeutic applications. Azzalure® and Dysport™ are collectively referred to as BoNT‐A (Speywood Unit) after the unit of their activity, and are distinct from other commercial BoNT‐A preparations. Consensus has been developed for the treatment of upper facial wrinkles with BoNT‐A (Speywood Unit).Objective  To provide consensus recommendations on the treatment with BoNT‐A (Speywood Unit) for wrinkles on the middle and lower face, neck and chest region.Methods  The members of the International Board on Botulinum toxin Azzalure (IBBA) convened to develop consensus based on their extensive experience.Results  The recommended final concentration of BoNT‐A (Speywood Unit) is 200 Speywood Units/ml after reconstitution. The consensus recommendations were provided for nine indications, including lower eyelid wrinkles, bunny lines, drooping nasal tip, perioral wrinkles, masseter hypertrophy, drooping mouth corners, dimpled chin, platysmal bands and décolleté wrinkles. For each indication, anatomy of the region to be treated was discussed, as were potential side‐effects. The consensus recommendations included the number and location of the injection points, dose range of each point and the total injection, as well as specific injection technique.Conclusion  These recommendations provide a guideline for physicians who wish to perform safe and efficacious treatment with BoNT‐A (Speywood Unit) on the less commonly treated middle and lower face, neck and chest region.
CFTR Rearrangements in Spanish Cystic Fibrosis Patients: First New Duplication (35kb) Characterised in the Mediterranean Countries
Authors: Ramos María D. , Masvidal Laia , Giménez Javier , Bieth Eric , Seia Manuela , Georges Marie des , Armengol Lluís , Casals Teresa 
Published: June 2010

SummaryDevelopments in quantitative PCR technologies have greatly improved our ability to detect large genome rearrangements. In particular oligonucleotide‐based array comparative genomic hybridisation has become a useful tool for appropriate and rapid detection of breakpoints. In this work, we have analysed 80 samples (42 unknown CF alleles) applying three quantitative technologies (MLPA, qPCR and array‐CGH) to detect recurrent as well as novel large rearrangements in the Spanish CF population. Three deletions and one duplication have been identified in five alleles (12%). Interestingly, we provide the comprehensive characterisation of the first duplication in our CF cohort. The new CFTRdupProm‐3 mutation spans 35.7 kb involving the 5′‐end of the CFTR gene. Additionally, the RNA analysis has revealed a cryptic sequence with a premature termination codon leading to a disrupted protein. This duplication has been identified in five unrelated families from Spain, France and Italy with all patients showing the same associated haplotype, which is further evidence for its likely common Mediterranean origin. Overall, considering this and other previous studies, CFTR rearrangements account for 1.3% of the Spanish CF alleles.
Platinum‐based adjuvant chemotherapy for early‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer: single or combination chemotherapy?
Authors: Adams G , Zekri J , Wong H , Walking J , Green JA 
Published: June 2010

Please cite this paper as: Adams G, Zekri J, Wong H, Walking J, Green J. Platinum‐based adjuvant chemotherapy for early‐stage epithelial ovarian cancer: single or combination chemotherapy? BJOG 2010;117:1459–1467.Objective  To evaluate the clinical benefit and toxicity of two regimens; single agent carboplatin (C) and a carboplatin/paclitaxel (CP) combination in early epithelial ovarian cancer.Design  A retrospective review.Setting  Single cancer centre serving a population of 2.1 million in the northwest of England.Population  All women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology stage Ia–IIc ovarian cancer between 2002 and 2005.Methods  Case and operation notes were reviewed. Details of the surgery performed, performance status (PS), tumour histology, stage, grade, intended chemotherapy, chemotherapy received, acute and late toxicity, relapse and death were all recorded.Main outcome measures  Overall survival (OS), relapse‐free survival (RFS), acute and late toxicity.Results  Sixty women received CP and 35 received C. Younger women (P < 0.0001) and those with a better performance status (P = 0.045) were more likely to receive CP. Median follow up was 38 months (range 0–70). Five‐year OS was 62% (95% CI 44–81%) for C and 73% (95% CI 61–85%) for CP P = 0.316. For the subgroup with stage I disease and good PS (0/1) 5‐year OS was 80% (59–100%) for C and 79% (63–95%) for CP; P = 1.0. For those with stage 2 disease, 5‐year OS was 29% (95% CI 0–62%) for C and 63% (95% CI 44–82%) for CP; P = 0.025. Subgroup analyses by grade or histology showed no difference in OS. P was discontinued prematurely in nine (15%) women on account of toxicity, whereas C was not stopped early. P‐related neuropathy (G1/2) was reported in ten (17%) women at 6 months and in two (3%) at 1 year.Conclusions  Combination therapy is administered more often than carboplatin; especially in those with younger age, better PS and nonmucinous histology. Recurrence and death rates were similar with both treatments. Well‐designed trials are needed to identify the optimum chemotherapy regimen in this group.
HRAS1 and LASS1 with APOE are associated with human longevity and healthy aging
Authors: Jazwinski S. Michal , Kim Sangkyu , Dai Jianliang , Li Li , Bi Xiuhua , Jiang James C. , Arnold Jonathan , Batzer Mark A. , Walker Jerilyn A. , Welsh David A. , Lefante Christina M. , Volaufova Julia , Myers Leann , Su L. Joseph , Hausman Dorothy B. , Miceli Michael V. , Ravussin Eric , Poon Leonard W. , Cherry Katie E. , Welsch Michael A. ,   for the Georgia Centenarian Study and the Louisiana Healthy Aging Study
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe search for longevity‐determining genes in human has largely neglected the operation of genetic interactions. We have identified a novel combination of common variants of three genes that has a marked association with human lifespan and healthy aging. Subjects were recruited and stratified according to their genetically inferred ethnic affiliation to account for population structure. Haplotype analysis was performed in three candidate genes, and the haplotype combinations were tested for association with exceptional longevity. An HRAS1 haplotype enhanced the effect of an APOE haplotype on exceptional survival, and a LASS1 haplotype further augmented its magnitude. These results were replicated in a second population. A profile of healthy aging was developed using a deficit accumulation index, which showed that this combination of gene variants is associated with healthy aging. The variation in LASS1 is functional, causing enhanced expression of the gene, and it contributes to healthy aging and greater survival in the tenth decade of life. Thus, rare gene variants need not be invoked to explain complex traits such as aging; instead rare congruence of common gene variants readily fulfills this role. The interaction between the three genes described here suggests new models for cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying exceptional survival and healthy aging that involve lipotoxicity.
Essential services, personnel, and facilities in specialized epilepsy centers—Revised 2010 guidelines
Authors: Labiner David M. , Bagic Anto I. , Herman Susan T. , Fountain Nathan B. , Walczak Thaddeus S. , Gumnit Robert J. ,   for the National Association of Epilepsy Centers
Published: June 2010

SummaryThis document was developed by the members of the Committee to Revise the Guidelines for Services, Personnel, and Facilities at Specialized Epilepsy Centers. After discussions with the general membership they were adopted by the Board of the National Association of Epilepsy Centers. The Guidelines will be reviewed and updated when considered necessary by the Board.
Long‐term outcome of brief augmented psychodynamic interpersonal therapy for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: Seizure control and health care utilization
Authors: Mayor Rebecca , Howlett Stephanie , Grünewald Richard , Reuber Markus 
Published: June 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Most neurologists endorse psychotherapy as the treatment of choice for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), but its effectiveness remains unproven, and there are no previous reports of long‐term outcome after psychotherapy. This study aimed to establish the outcome of brief augmented psychodynamic interpersonal therapy (PIT) for 47 patients with PNES in terms of seizures and health care utilization 31–65 months (median 50 months) after diagnosis.Methods:  Participants completed questionnaires before starting therapy (Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation Outcome Measure [CORE‐OM]; Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ15]; Short‐Form Health Survey [SF‐36]). Forty‐seven of 66 consecutive patients (71%) also completed a follow‐up questionnaire about current seizure frequency, employment status, and health care utilization 42 months after the end of therapy (range 12–61 months). Factors associated with seizure outcome and predictors of seizure cessation were evaluated.Results:  At follow‐up, 25.5% of patients had become seizure‐free; a further 40.4% achieved a seizure reduction of >50%. Logistic regression showed “economic activity” status to be the only significant baseline predictor of seizure cessation (p < 0.021). Health care utilization declined significantly from baseline to follow‐up (p < 0.039), suggesting minimum expected annual health care expenditure savings of £245 ($408).Discussion:  These results indicate that this intervention is associated with a significant improvement in seizure frequency and health care utilization, suggesting that a randomized controlled study of the intervention is justified.
Lifespan of Commodities, Part II
Authors: Oguchi Masahiro , Murakami Shinsuke , Tasaki Tomohiro , Daigo Ichiro , Hashimoto Seiji 
Published: June 2010

SummaryLifespan of commodities is essential information for material flow analysis and material stock accounting. Lifespan data is available in the literature; however, it varies in definition and in methodology employed. This article reviews and categorizes different types of lifespan distribution and distribution estimation methodologies, and investigates the relationship and differences between lifespan definitions and estimation methodologies. Lifespan distribution of commodities can be classified into five types from two perspectives: base year for which the distribution is drawn, and vertical axis of the distribution. The methodologies for estimating lifespan distribution were classified into four types and the details of each methodology and the relationship to the definition of lifespan were also clarified. This article also examines differences in actual lifespan data—between the types of distribution, the definitions, and the employed methodologies—by comparing reported data in literature. Any of the four methodologies are theoretically applicable and provide the same value of a lifespan; however unless accurate data such as census statistics are available, lifespan data can vary, and therefore we must be very cautious about the representativeness of sample data.
Red blood cell (RBC) volume can be independently determined in vivo in the sheep using ovine RBCs labeled at different densities of biotin
Authors: Mock Donald M. , Matthews Nell I. , Zhu Shan , Burmeister Leon F. , Zimmerman M. Bridget , Strauss Ronald G. , Schmidt Robert L. , Nalbant Demet , Freise Kevin J. , Veng‐Pedersen Peter , Widness John A. 
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: To investigate the pathophysiology of anemia and responses to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and erythropoietin, repeated measurement of the circulating red blood cell volume (RCV) would be useful. Ovine erythropoiesis is similar to human erythropoiesis. Accordingly, a method for measuring RCV using either human or sheep RBCs labeled at different biotin densities has been previously validated in vitro. Here preclinical studies validating this method for in vivo measurement of circulating RCV in sheep are reported.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: For each sheep, autologous RBCs were biotinylated were at four discrete densities (12, 24, 48, and 96 µg biotinylation reagent/mL RBCs). The densities were mixed and infused intravenously. Blood was sampled five times over 1 hour beginning at 4 minutes. RCV values were determined based on dilution of each population of biotinylated RBCs and by the [14C]cyanate method.RESULTS: There was no difference among RCVs measured at all densities through 16 minutes; however, by 60 minutes, RBCs biotinylated at the highest density overestimated RCV by 7.6%. RCV values increased 41% over the hour, consistent with equilibration with a pool of RBCs sequestered in the spleen. RCV by the [14C]cyanate method paralleled results by the biotin method but averaged 8% greater.CONCLUSIONS: These studies provide evidence that all four densities of biotinylated RBCs can be used in sheep to simultaneously and independently determine RCV. We speculate that the multidensity biotinylation method will be useful both for multiple simultaneous measurements and for repeated measurement of circulating RCV and blood volume in humans.