bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are children of depressed mothers exposed to higher contextual, family and mother-based risks?
Authors: Barker E.D. , Copeland W. , Maughan B. , Uher R. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveIn general, depressed mothers experience greater environmental and family risks, and lead riskier lifestyles. Whether the exposure of these risks add to child maladjustment, beyond exposure to maternal depression, is an important unanswered question, and is examined in the present study.MethodIn a total of 9,000 mother-offspring pairs in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, we examined (i) if children of depressed mothers had higher risk exposures than children of non-depressed mothers (32 weeks gestation, child age 1.5 years); (ii) whether maternal depression increased risk for diagnoses of externalizing and internalizing disorders (child age 7.5 years); (iii) the decrease in these odds when we controlled for the risk exposures; and (iv) whether risk exposure increased the odds of a diagnosis, above the influence of maternal depression.ResultsChildren of depressed mothers were exposed to higher levels of risks and maternal depression increased the risk for diagnoses of both externalizing and internalizing disorders. The decrease in these odds was between 25–50% when controlling for child risk exposures. At the same time, risk exposures to the child significantly increased the odds of both externalizing and internalizing diagnoses, above the influence of maternal depression.ConclusionsMaladjustment in offspring of depressed mothers is influenced by risk exposures closely associated with maternal mental health, suggesting that these children are “doubly” hit by risk. It is suggested that the present results may aide in interpreting why treating depressed mothers shows certain levels of beneficial effects for children, but not complete remission.
Emotional intelligence in psychiatry: A review
Authors: Castro L. 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundEmotional intelligence is a term coined by Salovey & Mayer and is defined by these authors as a form of social intelligence that involves the ability to perceive and identify emotions, to discriminate among them and to use the information to improve cognitive processes, and manage one's and others’emotions. There are also mixed models of emotional intelligence that imply a broader concept of intelligence, including mental abilities and personality characteristics.AimTo discuss the relevance of emotional intelligence in Psychiatry. To review recent studies of emotional intelligence in psychiatric disorders.MethodsReview of the literature. MEDLINE and PubMed databases searches for peer-reviewed studies, published between 2000 and 2010, using combinations of the Medline Subject Heading terms emotional intelligence, trait emotional intelligence, ability emotional intelligence and psychiatry, mental disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, social phobia, eating disorders.ResultsThere are few studies in the literature addressing this topic. Emotional intelligence is a complex concept, with different theories defending distinct conceptualizations. The studies reviewed showed lower levels of emotional intelligence across different psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsThe field of affective neuroscience is of major importance in Psychiatry and has added important clues to the understanding of psychopathology. Although emotional intelligence is a recent and understudied topic in Psychiatry it can help to understand mental disorders and bring new insights to the comprehension of psychopathology.
The german version of the conners adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS)
Authors: Christiansen H. , Kis B. , Hirsch O. , Philipsen A. , Hebebrand J. , Schimmelmann B.G. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionInstruments for diagnosing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in childhood are well validated and reliable, but psychometric assessment of ADHD in adults remains problematic. To date the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) are frequently used in the assessment of ADHD.ObjectivesThe CAARS were translated into German and a series of studies planned to establish psychometric properties of the CAARS-self and -observer rating scales.AimsTo evaluate the German version of the CAARS.MethodsWe recruited 847 healthy German subjects and 466 adult ADHD patients to fill out the CAARS-self report and questions on socio-demographic variables. Additionally, 896 CAARS-observer reports were filled out by significant others and clinical experts. Factor analyses were conducted to obtain factor structure and to replicate the structure of the original American-model. Comparisons between patients and controls, and analyses on influences of gender, age, and education level were calculated. Additional analyses established psychometric properties.ResultsConfirmative factor analysis based on the original American-model showed a high model-fit for both the German healthy control and the adult ADHD patient sample. Analyses of normative data showed significant influences of age, gender, and education level on the emerging subscales for the control sample only. Differences on all subscales were highly significant between patients and controls. Test-, test-retest-reliability was very high, and criterion validity could be established with DSM-IV based clinical interviews. Sensitivity and specificity ratings are overall very satisfying.ConclusionThe German version of the CAARS is a cross-culturally valid instrument for the assessment of adult ADHD.
Multiple sclerosis: psychological and psychopathological study
Authors: Curral R. , Silveira C. , Norton A. , Domingues I. , Silva S. , Maia D. 
Published: May 2011

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and one that presents more neuropsychiatric manifestations.The authors of this paper proposes to characterize psychological and psychopathologically a group of patients sent from Neurology to Psychiatry at St. João Hospital - Porto.The initial group consisted of 48 patients (35 women and 13 men). Data collection was done through a semi-formant interview to obtain socio-demographic and clinical data. The psychological and psychopathological evaluation was made with the following tools: MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination), Raven, MOS SF-36 (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey), SCL-90 (Hopkins Symptoms Distress Checklist 90), HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), scale and EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale).On this sample the median duration of disease was 11 years and the value of EDSS has an average of 2.49. The sample does not show significant levels of psychopathology. However the results suggest that the worse is the overall severity of MS (EDSS) and the greater the duration of illness, the worst seems to be general physical and emotional functioning. In this study, no associations were found between variables of MS and psychopathological findings. However cognitive dysfunction appears to worsen with the greatest severity of MS, as in other works.
Effects of childhood traumatic events in later life hostility
Authors: Dragkioti E. , Damigos D. , Mavreas V. , Kotrotsiou E. , Gouva M. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionInterpersonal childhood traumas have been linked empirically with adults’ reports of a wide range of symptoms.ObjectiveThis study tested the association between childhood trauma and adult hostility.AimThe aim was to investigate the impact of childhood trauma on hostility and aggression among individuals who had been exposed to childhood traumatic life events.Method595 community individuals participated to the present study (164 men - 431 women, mean age 34, SD = 12, ranged 18–75). Subjects were classified into two groups — trauma and no-trauma — based on their personal statements of experienced negative life events (300 and 295 individuals respectively). In all individuals, the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ) and the Aggression subscale of The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) were administered.ResultsHigher levels of hostile and aggressive attitude were observed among participants who had reported exposition to a traumatic event during childhood. In specific, the trauma group reported marginally higher levels of aggressive behavior (p = .041) as measured by aggression SCL-90-R. Significantly differences between groups were observed on paranoid hostility (p = .006), self criticism (p = .011), Guilt (p = .011), intropunitiveness (p = .007) and on total score of hostility (p = .040). Finally, logistic regression revealed that, participants who had experienced childhood trauma had a higher risk of overall hostility (OR = 0.92, 95% CI = .89–.99).ConclusionHigh levels of hostility may reflect difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Our findings illuminate the effect of early traumatic experiences in developing these hostile and aggressive attitudes in adulthood.
Parkinson's disease and predictors of impulse control disorders in MMPI-2
Authors: Farnikova K. , Obereigneru R. , Prasko J. , Kanovsky P. 
Published: May 2011

This was a case control study involving 46 patients suffering from Parkinson disease (PD); 13 with impulse control disorder (ICD) and 33 without ICD; and 56 controls. The personality traits in these groups were analyzed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). 46 patients with PD and 56 control group subjects were included into study. ICD were identified in 13 patients from PD group. There were higher scores than pathological threshold (65) in four domains of MMPI-2 Clinical scales: D (Depression), Pt (Psychastenia), Sc (Schizophrenia) and SI (Social introversion) in PD patients with ICD; but there were not statistical difference in any of these scales in comparison with the group of PD patients without ICD. In the case of MMPI-2 Subscales and Content scales there were higher scores than pathological threshold in eight domains of MMPI-2: SOD (Social Discomfort), PD4 (Psychopatic deviate - social alienation), PA1 (Paranoia - persecutory ideas), SC1 (Schizophrenia), PA_O (Paranoia - subtle), MA_O (Hypomania - obvious), SI1 (Syness/Self-Consciousness), SI3 (Alienation self and others) and Ho (Hostility), but there were statistical differences only in one of these domains in comparison with the PD patients without ICD: SI3 (alienation self and others). There was earlier onset of the disease and higher dose of levodopa in PD patients with ICD than in PD patients without ICD.Supported by project IGA MZ ČR NS 10301-3/2009
Emotional inventory for people with TEA
Authors: García J.A. , Raya A.S. , Santos F.R. , Antón L.J.M. , Cabarcos J.L. , Ovejas I.S. , Saénz de Pipaón A.F. , del Arco E.S. ,   PETEA
Published: May 2011

The general objetive of this paper is to better understand emotional expression in people with autism. In the first place, we will focus on the identification of patterns in emotional communication in order to demonstrate that people with autism show emotional communicative intentions but not following the normalized patterns (Alonso, Fernández and Suberviola, 2007). In the second place, we want to correlate patters identified by professionals and families in order to determine if there is a common ground among them. Plutchik (2001) identifies four pairs of Basic emotions -sadness/happiness, acceptance/disgust, fear/anger and anticipation/surprise - plus secondary emotions, resulting from the combinations of the above in different degrees of intensity.In order to clarify and make known these atypical emotional reactions, we have devised a measurement instrument which will allow us to gather information and work out an answer inventory from people with TEA.The instrument consists of three different parts:a) Personal identification. Data gathering on socio economic and cultural status of the family, schooling, and diagnosis of the person with TEA,b) physiological needs that can provoke emotions (for instance, hunger or thirst) andc) emotional states (following Plutchik taxonomy), distinguishing verbal and non verbal behaviour and the accompanying facial expressions that are used.The reliability of the instrument has been assessed by two extensive interjudge tests conducted by a wide number of national and international experts from different professional fields related to TEA: direct attention, advice and support, assessment and diagnosis, and study and research.
Meditation and psychosis
Authors: Gonzalez Vives S. , Garcia-Albea Martin J. , Trebbau H. , López-Ibor Aliño J.J. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionFor the last years, there has been a wordlwide increase in the interest of oriental culture, specifically in the practice of meditation. This technic is known to produce cognitive and sensorial perception alterations, with changes in the hormonal and autonomic system. This practice has been associated with different mental disorders such as neurotic manifestations, dissociative and regressive, and even psychotic symptoms.ObjectivesTo analyze the influence of an intensive practice of different styles of meditation in the psychopathology found in our patients (Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid). To study the changes produced in the Central Nervous System measured by Electroencephalogram, PET, and functional MRI.AimsTo define the clinical characteristics, prognois, risk factors and biological changes of an “atypical” psycopathologic case which seems to be more frequent everyday.MethodsExtensive bibliographic review focused in psychopathology related to different types of meditation, either auto or hetero-induced (exorcism). We analyzed the patients attended in our hospital with psychotic semiology after having practiced intensive types of meditacion (transcendental meditation, buddhist meditation, tai-chi, qi-gong, tiao-shen, etc).ResultsWe found serious psychotic and affective symptomatology produced after using these technics. It is important to point out the risk factors and traumatic experiences characteristic of these processes.ConclusionsThere is clinical and epidemiological evidence that a group of psychosis, with different symptomatology and prognosis than schizophrenia and affective disorders, exists. We describe a syndrome of sudden manifestation, with flourished symptoms and serious behavior alterations, etc.
Symptom- diagnostic dilema
Authors: Grahovac T. , Ružić K. , Pavešić Radonja A. , Knez R. , Dadić-Hero E. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionSymptom (from Greek symptoma “anything that has befallen one”) is an each new manifestation by which some disorder is expressed. For the physician, it is a guide to diagnosis itself, and for the patient it is a signal which warns of new conditions of the body and soul or of a disorder.ObjectivesMental disorders are most commonly presented by a group of symptoms, among which the patients often can’t point out the leading one. Anxiety as a symptom can occur in a number of psychiatric entities and it can stimulate differential diagnostic dilemma in daily practice. We will show a 26-year female in which the internal anxiety is the main symptom.AimTo underlined the importance of taking in to account a leading symptom of the disease in the way of establishing the correct diagnosis.MethodsThe psychiatric and psychotherapeutic interviews were performed together with a clinical assessment of mental status and structured clinical interviews (SCID I and SCID II), EEG and psychological testing.Results/conclusionInternal discomfort is a subjective feeling, respectively a symptom which the patient in this case continuously underlined, and which guided us (along with a comprehensive analysis) to a clear diagnosis. Following the choosing of an effective psycho-pharmacological combination, and with the goal of reducing a leading symptom, according to enlarged diagnostic process, we decided to diagnose the Schizoaffective disorders (F 25.2).
The evolution in the nosological conception of the ganser syndrom
Authors: Jiménez Gómez B. , Chapela Herrero E. , Navas Tejedor M. , Fernández Rojo S. , Mora Minguez F. , Barbudo del Cura E. , Gutierrez del Álamo J.Q. 
Published: May 2011

The Ganser syndrome has been evolving more in terms of the nosological conception than in relation to its clinic characteristics, with the hypothesis of a hysterical etipopathogenesis in conflict with the psychotic etiopathogenesis, the malingering, and the factitious disorders, adding the possibility of predisposing organic damage underneath.In DSM-III, it was considered as a factitious disorder with psychotic symptoms, and since the DSM-III-R it is included as a Dissociative Disorder NOS.We show in a table similarities and differences between Ganser Syndrome and factitious and malingering disorders, the disorders most commonly mistaken with Ganser Syndrome.
To assess the extent of psychological impact on IDP's residing in the camps of Shahmansoor, Swabi, Khyber Pukhtun Kha, Pakistan
Authors: Khan A.M. , Taj R. 
Published: May 2011

RationaleThe northern area of Pakistan is hosting the terrorist actively involved in terrorism across the country and in neighboring country of Afghanistan. Government with support of international community initiated a war against terrorism which resulted in migration of huge number of population in the effected areas which was accommodated in refugee camps mainly established in Khyber Pukhtun Kha province.ObjectiveTo assess the extent of psychological impact on IDP's residing in the camps of ShahmansoorMethodThe sample of the study was taken from the Shahmansoor camp, Swabi and was comprised of 200 individuals, including equal number of males and females. Random sampling was used in data collection. The age ranges from 18–80 years and literacy rate was estimated from illiterate people to master's level, Study tools included standardized psychological tests i.e. Pak anxiety and depression scale, and Bradford somatic inventory along with that clinical observation and interviews were also conducted. Findings of the study comprise of both qualitative and quantitative methods.ResultsMajority of the IDP's were diagnosed as having the symptoms of Somatization, along with that depression, PTSD, ASD, anxiety and insomnia also predominates.ConclusionLeaving homes and migration to camps is actually a traumatic experience. Many people felt helpless in the current situation and they were hopeless about their future, lost their confidence in proper planning for their future and the flashback of the traumatic experience tortured them. Consequently, refugee residing in camps faced multiple problems which resulted in multiple psychological problems.
Fear of pain and hostility
Authors: Dragkioti E. , Kotrotsiou E. , Damigos D. , Mavreas V. , Gouva M. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionFear of pain motivates defence and protection from events that are perceived as threatening. When defence and protection are not efficient, fear may lead to aggressive acts against the perceived source of threat.ObjectiveThis study tested the link between fear of pain and hostility in adults.AimThe aim was to investigate the relationship between fear of pain and hostility.Method595 community individuals participated to the present study (164 men - 431 women, mean age 34, SD = 12, ranged 18–75). The measures used were: a) the Fear of Pain Questionnaire - III (FPQ-III), b) the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale-20 (PASS-20) c) the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ) and d) the Aggression subscale of The Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R).ResultsWomen predicted significantly more aggression (t = −1.9, p = .05), while for hostility no differences with sex were observed (t = −.2, p = .80). Hostility was significantly correlated with the amount of fear of pain (r = .27, p = .001) and pain anxiety symptoms (r = .23, p = .001). Significantly correlations were also found with aggression and fear of pain (r = .27, p = .001) and pain anxiety symptoms (r = .31, p = .001). Hierarchical linear regression models revealed that, pain anxiety had a significant independent link with hostile attitude (β = .176, p = .001) and fear of pain make independent contributions to predicting aggressive behaviour (β = .090, p = .006).ConclusionThe need for health professionals to assess hostility and aggression in fear of pain behaviors and apply relevant information to the therapeutic regimen was apparent.
Alexithymia and affect regulation: A clinimetric study
Authors: Meganck R. , Inslegers R. , Desmet M. 
Published: May 2011

IntroductionThe concept of alexithymia refers to difficulties in identifying and verbalizing emotions, an externally oriented thinking style and a paucity of fantasy. Theoretically and clinically we expect typical ways of regulating affect in alexithymic individuals. The few existing studies on this topic mainly rely on self-report methods, which are inherently problematic since affect representation and affect regulation are not conscious processes.Objectives/aimsThis study investigates whether alexithymia is associated with dysfunctional methods of affect regulation using clinical ratings of interviews. We hypothesize that alexithymic individuals will use affect regulation methods that do not reflect psychic mediation (H1) and will be unable to solicit cognitive resources (H2) or social support (H3) when confronted with emotional distress.Methods51 psychiatric in-patients were interviewed with1)the Clinical Diagnostic Interview which was coded with the Affect Regulation and Experiences Q-sort (ARE-q) and2)the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA).ResultsIn general, alexithymia was positively related to avoidant defenses and negatively to reality focused responses. On item level, we found relationships with for example self-destructive behavior and dissociation (H1), items referring to the inability to use self-talk to cope with distress and the inability to anticipate problems and develop realistic plans for them (H2), and finally a negative relation with ‘responds to potentially distressing situations by talking directly to the people involved.’ (H3).ConclusionsAlexithymia is associated with typical dysfunctional methods of affect regulation. This should be taken into account in the diagnostic process as well as treatment for alexithymia.
Different types of abuse of children with ADHD by parents
Authors: Moini R. 
Published: May 2011

ObjectivesIt is well studied that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are physically abused by their parent. However, there are few studies on different forms of abuse.MethodThe parents of a clinical sample of 108 children and adolescents with ADHD and 102 mothers of a control group were included in this study. The ADHD diagnosis was made according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, using K-SAD. The Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales (CTSPC) was used to assess the frequency of the three different forms of child abuse by their parents including “Nonviolence discipline”, “parental psychological aggression” and “parental physical aggression”.ResultsThe mean scores of “nonviolent discipline”, “parental psychological aggression” and “parental physical aggression” for the parents of children with ADHD were more than those of the control group. “Parental psychological aggression” and “Parental physical aggression” were significantly correlated with each other.ConclussionThe physical abuse of children with ADHD by their parents is very common. However, Child abuse in children with ADHD occurs in a cluster of different types of abuse irrespective of parental age or education. So, other types of abuse should be considered in the management of children with ADHD.