bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond light and mild: cigarette brand descriptors and perceptions of risk in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey
Authors: Mutti Seema , Hammond David , Borland Ron , Cummings Michael K. , O'Connor Richard J. , Fong Geoffrey T. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To examine perceptions of risk related to type of cigarette brand.Design and setting  Cross‐sectional findings from wave 5 of the ITC Four Country Survey, conducted with nationally representative samples of smokers in 2006.Participants  A total of 8243 current and former adult (≥18 years) smokers from Canada (n = 2022), the United States (n = 2034), the United Kingdom (n = 2019) and Australia (n = 2168).Measurements  Outcomes included beliefs about the relative risks of cigarettes, including perceptions of ‘own’ brand. Correlates included socio‐demographic, smoking‐related covariates and brand characteristics.Findings  One‐fifth of smokers believed incorrectly that ‘some cigarette brands could be less harmful’ than others. False beliefs were higher in both the United States and United Kingdom compared to Canada and Australia. Smokers of ‘light/mild’, ‘slim’ and 100 mm/120 mm cigarettes were more likely to believe that some cigarettes could be less harmful [odds ratio (OR) = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12–1.48 and that their own brand might be a little less harmful (OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 2.01–3.41). Smokers of ‘gold’, ‘silver’, ‘blue’ or ‘purple’ brands were more likely to believe that their ‘own brand might be a little less harmful’ compared to smokers of ‘red’ or ‘black’ brands (OR = 12.48, 95% CI = 1.45–107.31).Conclusions  Despite current prohibitions on the words ‘light’ and ‘mild’, smokers in western countries continue to falsely believe that some cigarette brands may be less harmful than others. These beliefs are associated with descriptive words and elements of package design that have yet to be prohibited, including the names of colours and long, slim cigarettes.
Equal and opposite expert opinion. Airway obstruction caused by a retrosternal thyroid mass: management and prospective international expert opinion*
Authors: Cook T. M. , Morgan P. J. , Hersch P. E. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryAnticipated problems with airway management during anaesthesia require careful planning, particularly when they involve a risk of airway obstruction. Advice may be sought from published literature (usually written by experts) or through direct communication with experts. More frequently, expert involvement is through retrospective review following patient harm. We present the case of a patient suffering from a retrosternal thyroid mass that was compressing her trachea in the midline and dividing it into two 2 × 3 mm lumens. After local discussion the patient underwent thyroidectomy. We invited international experts in anaesthetic airway management to review her case and submit their opinions regarding the best airway management for this difficult case. Opinions differed markedly, mirroring the published literature. Some experts specifically criticised techniques that, unbeknown to them, were proposed by others. The case raises issues about the nature of expert opinion that extends beyond this particular case. The nature and implications of expert opinion, when evidence is absent or conflicting, are discussed.
Cell therapy for ischaemic stroke
Authors: Hess D. C. , Hill W. D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWhile acute neuroprotection in acute stroke has proven difficult and ended in many failures, there is increasing interest in restorative therapies that target brain remodelling. Cell therapy (transplantation of cells) shows promise, with a growing body of pre‐clinical evidence demonstrating improved functional outcomes in animal models; however, questions still remain concerning mechanisms of action. Clinical trials are already underway and will increase in the next few years; their appropriate design and execution along with continued pre‐clinical work are necessary for the field to advance and satisfy a large unmet clinical need.
Cell therapy of burns
Authors: Leclerc T. , Thepenier C. , Jault P. , Bey E. , Peltzer J. , Trouillas M. , Duhamel P. , Bargues L. , Prat M. , Bonderriter M. , Lataillade J.‐J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSevere burns remain a life‐threatening local and general inflammatory condition often with serious sequelae, despite remarkable progress in their treatment over the past three decades. Cultured epidermal autografts, the first and still most up‐to‐date cell therapy for burns, plays a key role in that progress, but drawbacks to this need to be reduced by using cultured dermal–epidermal substitutes. This review focuses on what could be, in our view, the next major breakthrough in cell therapy of burns – use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). After summarizing current knowledge, including our own clinical experience with MSCs in the pioneering field of cell therapy of radiation‐induced burns, we discuss the strong rationale supporting potential interest in MSCs in treatment of thermal burns, including limited but promising pre‐clinical and clinical data in wound healing and acute inflammatory conditions other than burns. Practical options for future therapeutic applications of MSCs for burns treatment, are finally considered.
Independent evaluation of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program in family support service settings
Authors: McConnell David , Breitkreuz Rhonda , Savage Amber 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe Triple P Positive Parenting Program is a multilevel system of behaviour‐based parenting training and support. The aim of this study was to determine whether implementation of levels 2 and 3 of the Triple P system, designed for primary care settings, enhances parent, child and family outcomes compared with services‐as‐usual in Alberta, Canada. The study employed a quasi‐experimental, single‐blind and post‐test‐only design. A survey incorporating outcome measures was administered to a sample of 1296 parent‐clients. A total of 923 parents responded, including 172 parents who had received a Triple P (level 2 and/or 3) intervention during the previous 12 weeks. A significant interaction was found between participation in a group‐based parent education programme and receipt of Triple P. Parents who participated in a group‐based parent education programme, and who received a Triple P intervention reported somewhat higher levels of need satisfaction than parents who participated in a group‐based parent education programme but who did not receive a Triple P intervention. No significant difference was found between Triple P and service‐as‐usual groups on any secondary outcome measures including parenting stress, positive interaction, family functioning and child problem behaviours.
Epinephrine auto‐injector use in adolescents at risk of anaphylaxis: a qualitative study in Scotland, UK
Authors: Gallagher M. , Worth A. , Cunningham‐Burley S. , Sheikh A. 
Published: April 2011

Cite this as: M. Gallagher, A. Worth, S. Cunningham‐Burley and A. Sheikh, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 869–877.SummaryBackground
Adolescents with severe allergies are at particular risk of severe and fatal anaphylactic reactions. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is known to be under‐utilized by teenagers.Objective
We sought to gain knowledge of adolescents' attitudes towards and experience of epinephrine auto‐injectors in order to inform improvements in patient education.Methods
A qualitative study of adolescents in Scotland, UK with a history of anaphylaxis and their parents. In‐depth interviews explored adolescents' accounts of anaphylactic reactions, including issues related to using epinephrine auto‐injectors. Focus groups with adolescents and parents were used to discuss interventions to improve adolescent self‐management of anaphylaxis.Results
Twenty‐six adolescents and 28 parents were interviewed. Eight adolescents and 10 parents participated in separate focus groups. Most adolescents had not used the auto‐injector in an anaphylactic emergency. We identified multi‐faceted barriers to use, including: failure to recognize anaphylaxis; uncertainty about auto‐injector technique and when to administer it; fear of using the auto‐injector. Most adolescents reported carrying auto‐injectors some of the time, though several found this inconvenient due to the size; only one reported non‐use of an auto‐injector because it had not been carried.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Adolescents and parents reported under‐use of epinephrine auto‐injectors. Carriage is insufficient to ensure that auto‐injectors are used. Barriers to use are multiple and complex, and unlikely to be overcome using simple educational interventions. Auto‐injector training currently offered is often inadequate preparation for an emergency. A more comprehensive approach is needed, addressing the psychosocial dimensions of anaphylactic emergencies as well as treatment. Training should ideally be provided by specialist allergists or nurses, but can also be provided and reinforced in primary care.
Annual methane uptake by temperate semiarid steppes as regulated by stocking rates, aboveground plant biomass and topsoil air permeability
Authors: CHEN WEIWEI , WOLF BENJAMIN , ZHENG XUNHUA , YAO ZHISHENG , BUTTERBACH‐BAHL KLAUS , BRÜGGEMANN NICOLAS , LIU CHUNYAN , HAN SHENGHUI , HAN XINGGUO 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOvergrazing‐induced degradation of temperate semiarid steppes may affect the soil sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). However, previous studies have primarily focused on the growing season and on single grazing patterns. Thus, the response of annual CH4 uptake by steppes compared with various grazing practices is uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing on the annual CH4 uptake by two typical Eurasian semiarid steppes (the Stipa grandis steppe and the Leymus chinensis steppe) located in Inner Mongolia, China. The CH4 fluxes were measured year‐round using static chambers and gas chromatography at 12 field sites that differed primarily in grazing intensities. Our results indicated that steppe soils were CH4 sinks throughout the year. The annual CH4 uptake correlated with stocking rates, whereas the seasonality of CH4 uptake was primarily dominated by temperature. The annual CH4 uptake at all sites averaged 3.7±0.7 kg C ha−1 yr−1 (range: 2.3–4.5), where approximately 35% (range: 23–40%) occurred during the nongrowing season. Light‐to‐moderate grazing (stocking rate≤1 sheep ha−1 yr−1) did not significantly change the annual CH4 uptake compared with ungrazed steppes, but heavy grazing reduced annual CH4 uptake significantly (by 24–31%, P<0.05). These findings imply that easing the pressure of heavily grazed steppes (e.g. moving to light or moderate stocking rates) would help restore steppe soil sinks for atmospheric CH4. The empirical equations based on the significant relationships between annual CH4 uptake and stocking rates, aboveground plant biomass and topsoil air permeability (P<0.01) could provide simple approaches for the estimation of regional CH4 uptake by temperate semiarid steppes.
The mating system of the brown bearUrsus arctos
Authors: STEYAERT Sam M. J. G. , ENDRESTØL Anders , HACKLÄNDER Klaus , SWENSON Jon E , ZEDROSSER Andreas 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTResearch on mating systems and reproductive strategies is valuable for providing ethological knowledge, important for the management and conservation of a species, and in a broader sense, important for biodiversity conservation.We reviewed the literature to document the mating system of the brown bearUrsus arctos. We determined that many aspects of the reproduction of the brown bear remain unclear, including (i) biological aspects, such as hormone and oestrous cycling, sperm competition, mate choice, sexually selected infanticide, etc. and (ii) human impacts on the mating system, occurring when humans alter population size and structure, through, for example, hunting or habitat degradation.We considered three mating system classification frameworks from the literature (Emlen & Oring 1977,Clutton‐Brock 1989,Shuster & Wade 2003) and applied various brown bear populations to them. We did this (i) to document the plasticity of the mating system of the brown bear, and (ii) to find commonalities among the reported mating system classifications in order to provide a general and common classification of the brown bear's mating system.The mating system of the brown bear can, in general, be classed as ‘polygamous’. Subclassifications can nevertheless be valuable on smaller spatial scales.Within the polygamous mating system of the brown bear, biological aspects and human impacts can influence reproductive strategies at the individual and population level. Mating system classification frameworks often lack a common terminology, which contributes to the variety of published classifications of the mating system of the brown bear.
Tachyduodenia in mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy
Authors: Scheffer R. C. H. , Smout A. J. P. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn a 38‐year‐old male patient diagnosed with mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy an abnormally high duodenal contraction frequency of 20 per minute was found to be present. It is speculated that this tachyduodenia is caused by a metabolic effect on Cajal cells.
Water‐use efficiency and nitrogen‐use efficiency of C3‐C4 intermediate species of Flaveria Juss. (Asteraceae)
Authors: VOGAN PATRICK J. , SAGE ROWAN F. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPlants using the C4 pathway of carbon metabolism are marked by greater photosynthetic water and nitrogen‐use efficiencies (PWUE and PNUE, respectively) than C3 species, but it is unclear to what extent this is the case in C3‐C4 intermediate species. In this study, we examined the PWUE and PNUE of 14 species of Flaveria Juss. (Asteraceae), including two C3, three C4 and nine C3‐C4 species, the latter containing a gradient of C4‐cycle activities (as determined by initial fixation of 14C into C‐4 acids). We found that PWUE, PNUE, leaf ribulose 1·5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) content and intercellular CO2 concentration in air (Ci) do not change gradually with C4‐cycle activity. These traits were not significantly different between C3 species and C3‐C4 species with less than 50% C4‐cycle activity. C4‐like intermediates with greater than 65% C4‐cycle activity were not significantly different from plants with fully expressed C4 photosynthesis. These results indicate that a gradual increase in C4‐cycle activity has not resulted in a gradual change in PWUE, PNUE, intercellular CO2 concentration and leaf Rubisco content towards C4 levels in the intermediate species. Rather, these traits arose in a stepwise manner during the evolutionary transition to the C4‐like intermediates, which are contained in two different clades within Flaveria.
Plant adaptation to frequent alterations between high and low temperatures: remodelling of membrane lipids and maintenance of unsaturation levels
Authors: ZHENG GUOWEI , TIAN BO , ZHANG FUJUAN , TAO FAQING , LI WEIQI 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTOne major strategy by which plants adapt to temperature change is to decrease the degree of unsaturation of membrane lipids under high temperature and increase it under low temperature. We hypothesize that this strategy cannot be adopted by plants in ecosystems and environments with frequent alterations between high and low temperatures, because changes in lipid unsaturation are complex and require large energy inputs. To test this hypothesis, we used a lipidomics approach to profile changes in molecular species of membrane glycerolipids in two plant species sampled from alpine screes and in another two plant species grown in a growth chamber, with the temperature cycling daily between heat and freezing. We found that six classes of phospholipid and two classes of galactolipid showed significant changes, but the degree of unsaturation of total lipids and of three lysophospholipid classes remained unchanged. This pattern of changes in membrane lipids was distinct from that occurring during slow alterations in temperature. We propose two types of model for the adaptation of plants to temperature change: (1) remodelling of membrane lipids but maintenance of the degree of unsaturation are used to adapt to frequent temperature alterations; and (2) both remodelling and changes in the degree of unsaturation to adapt to infrequent temperature alterations.
Effectiveness of citronella preparations in preventing mosquito bites: systematic review of controlled laboratory experimental studies
Authors: Kongkaew C. , Sakunrag I. , Chaiyakunapruk N. , Tawatsin A. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryObjective  This review aims to examine the effectiveness of citronella preparation used as a mosquito repellent.Methods  Multiple computerized databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and AMED, were searched for controlled laboratory experiments that compared the effectiveness of citronella products to control in repelling Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes using the cage or room methods. Outcomes measures were protection time and percentage repellency. The weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval were calculated comparing the outcomes in the citronella and control groups. Meta‐analysis was performed using the DerSimonian and Laird method under a random‐effects model.Results  Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Based on a meta‐analysis of studies using the cage method, protection time of the citronella oil for preventing Aedes mosquitoes was less than that in the DEET (N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide) group, with a difference in protection time of 253 min (95% confidence interval: 169–336). The combination of citronella oil and vanillin is likely to have a longer protection time compared with citronella oil alone. In studies using the room method, citronella oil and/or the combination of citronella oil and vanillin provided complete repellency at least 3 h. In Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes, a combination of citronella oil and vanillin product demonstrated a comparable protection time against DEET; however, it remained inconclusive due to a limited number of studies.Conclusions  Citronella products are less effective than DEET products in terms of duration of protection. Adding vanillin to citronella oil products could prolong the protection time.
Generation of Sweet Orange Transgenic Lines and Evaluation of Citrus psorosis virus‐derived Resistance against Psorosis A and Psorosis B
Authors: Reyes Carina Andrea , Zanek Maria Cecilia , Velázquez Karelia , Costa Norma , Plata Maria Inés , Garcia Maria Laura 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCitrus psorosis is a widespread serious disease of citrus caused by Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV). In Argentina and Uruguay, this disease is spread by an unknown vector and there is no natural resistance or tolerance to the disease. There are two types of psorosis, described according to the symptoms observed in citrus trees, psorosis A (PsA) and psorosis B (PsB). PsA protects against the severe effects of the more aggressive type PsB. We have applied pathogen‐derived resistance to create a defence mechanism against this virus disease. Sweet orange transgenic lines were obtained containing three different genes of CPsV (54k, 48k and 24k genes) taken from a PsA isolate (CPV‐4). Fourteen lines were selected containing 1, 2 or 3 copies of the transgenes and evaluated for their acquired resistance against PsA (CPV 4 from USA) and PsB (CPsV 189‐34 from Argentina) isolates. These lines were susceptible to both isolates when graft‐infected, although one of the lines carrying the cp gene (CP‐96 line) containing two copies of the transgene and expressing a low level of the coat protein showed a delay in symptom expression when inoculated with the PsB isolate.
Evaluation of fertilization and flower abscission following over‐expression of an apple NAK‐type protein kinase in tomato
Authors: Kim In‐Jung , Yoon Joon‐Seon , Lee Young‐Koung 
Published: April 2011

With 6 figures AbstractThe Ser/Thr protein kinase subfamily of the novel Arabidopsis protein kinase (NAK) family is unique to plants and is not found in animals or prokaryotes, suggesting that NAKs play specific signalling roles in the control of plant growth and development. However, little is known about the function of NAK‐type protein kinases. Here, we used a transgenic tomato plant system to examine the biological functions of AFSK, a NAK‐type protein kinase isolated from apple fruits. Gain‐of‐function transgenic tomato plants containing the AFSK gene were developed by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation and plant regeneration. The plants had normal flower phenotype with respect to their overall shapes and sizes. However, the plants displayed decreased self‐fertilization and early flower drop at the floral abscission zone following petal loss. These results suggest that AFSK affects pollen development and promotes floral abscission.
Meconium‐related ileus in extremely low‐birthweight neonates: Etiological considerations from histology and radiology
Authors: Kubota Akio , Shiraishi Jun , Kawahara Hisayoshi , Okuyama Hiroomi , Yoneda Akihiro , Nakai Hiroshi , Nara Keigo , Kitajima Hiroyuki , Fujimura Masanori , Kuwae Yuko , Nakayama Masahiro 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:  A nationwide survey on neonatal surgery conducted by the Japanese Society of Pediatric Surgeons has demonstrated that the mortality of neonatal intestinal perforation has risen over the past 15 years. The incidence of intestinal perforation in extremely low‐birthweight (ELBW) neonates has been increasing as more ELBW neonates survive and as the live‐birth rate of ELBW has increased. In contrast to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and focal intestinal perforation (FIP), the pathogenesis of meconium‐related ileus, defined as functional bowel obstruction characterized by delayed meconium excretion and microcolon, remains unclarified.Methods:  The histology of 13 ELBW neonates with intestinal perforation secondary to meconium‐related ileus was reviewed, and the radiology of 33 cases of meconium‐related ileus diagnosed on contrast enema was reviewed. Specimens obtained from 16 ELBW neonates without gastrointestinal disease served as age‐matched controls for histological assessment.Results:  The size of the ganglion cell nucleus in meconium‐related ileus and in control subjects was 47.3 ± 22.0 µm2 and 37.8 ± 11.6 µm2, respectively, which was not significantly different. In all cases of meconium‐related ileus, contrast enema demonstrated a microcolon or small‐sized colon, with a gradual caliber change in the ileum and filling defects due to meconium in the ileum or colon, showing not‐identical locations of caliber changes and filling defects.Conclusion:  Morphological immaturity of ganglia was not suggested to be the pathogenesis of meconium‐related ileus. Impaction of inspissated meconium is not the cause of obstruction, but the result of excessive water absorption in the hypoperistaltic bowel before birth, although the underlying mechanism responsible for the fetal hypoperistalsis remains unclear.