bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Physiological and Morphological Characteristics and Yield of Nondormant Alfalfa Clones1
Authors: Foutz A. L. , Wilhelm W. W. , Dobrenz A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) breeders are constantly striving to improve the productivity of alfalfa. Yields have been increased primarily through the selection of plant materials resistant to insects and diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate physiological characteristics which might be used as selection criteria in alfalfa improvement. Alfalfa clones were grown under field conditions on a Mojave clay loam soil. Carbon dioxide flux was evaluated in a closed system using an infrared gas analyzer. The physiological variables measured in these studies did not account for the variation in yield among the clones. Apparent photosynthetic rates, dark respiration rates, and postillumination CO2 burst rates expressed as mg CO2 dm−2 hour−1 were not correlated with dry matter production. However, when these physiological factors were multiplied by leaf area and expressed as total CO2 exchange per plant per hour, there was a significant relationship between yield and these calculated variables, in both studies. Regression analyses of more than 30 factors indicated that leaf area, leaf to stem‐petiole ratio, and leaf weight per plant accounted for more than 95% of the variation in yield among alfalfa clones. The data from these studies suggest that morphological factors were more reliable indicators of alfalfa productivity than physiological factors.
Oat Response to Manganese and Zinc1
Authors: Murray G. A. , Benson J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaf symptoms that resembled Mn deficiency were observed on certain oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars grown on a De Voignes series, fine‐silty, mixed, nonacid, frigid, Histic Humaquepts soil where Mn deficiency had not been previously reported. Results of preliminary field studies confirmed that Mn was deficient for optimum oat growth and suggested that Zn was marginally deficient. In addition, a Mn‐efficient oat cultivar (‘Park’) and a Mn‐efficient oat cultivar (‘Cayuse’) were identified. The objective of this field study was to measure the yield, protein, and test weight responses of Park and Cayuse to applications of Mn and Zn made over a 3‐year period.Foliar applications of 1.8 and 3.6 kg/ha Mn to Park and Cayuse, respectively, increased grain yield an average of 588 and 1,097 kg/ha, respectively. One application of Mn at tillering increased yield as much as Mn applications made at both tillering and boot stages of oat development. Grain protein of Park and Cayuse was increased 2.65 and 0.6% by applications of 9.0 and 3.6 kg/ha Mn respectively in 1971. Neither cultivar showed increased protein from Mn application in subsequent experiments. Test weight was not influenced by Mn application. Zinc did not significantly alter yield, protein, or test weight. However, Zn tended to increase test weight in dry years and tended to increase yield in wet years.Combinations of foliar applied MCPA (sodium salt of 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) and Mn, or foliar applied Diuron (3‐(3,4 dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea) and Mn gave yield increases comparable to Mn alone. Combinations of Mn and Zn were not better than Mn alone.
Growing Season and Location Effects on Water Uptake and Drying Rates of Peanut Seeds from Genotypes Resistant and Susceptible to Invasion by Aspergillus flavus Lk. ex. Fr.1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L. , Benedict C. R. , Yeager M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a means to detect differences in testae properties between peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds from genotypes resistant to invasion by A. flavus Lk. ex Fr. and seeds from genotypes susceptible to the fungus, the water uptake and drying characteristics of the seeds were compared. Testae properties that could aid in control of A. flavus invasion of peanut seeds and the effect of growing conditions on these properties were sought.Seeds of both genotypes were grown in Puerto Rico in 1972 and Puerto Rico and Texas in 1973. Growing season and location significantly affected rate and total water uptake of cured seeds. With or without testae, the rate and total water uptake were greater for seeds grown in Puerto Rico than those grown in Texas. When growing conditions produced seeds with comparatively high water uptake capabilities (Puerto Rico), intact seeds of ‘Florunner’ and the genotypes resistant to invasion by A. flavus had slower water uptake rates than genotypes more susceptible to mold invasion. The data suggest that there are functional differences, indicative of structural differences, between testae of resistant and susceptible genotypes. When growing conditions produced seeds with comparatively low water uptake capabilities (Texas), there was less distinction between resistant and susceptible genotypes (based on water uptake patterns). However, one susceptible genotype retained a higher rate and total water uptake than all other genotypes. These data indicate that growing conditions affected testae structure that regulates the rate of water uptake by the seeds.Seed drying tests showed that Florunner and genotypes resistant to A. flavus invasion dried to moisture levels (10% or less) unfavorable for A. flavus growth at rates significantly faster than the susceptible genotypes. Drying patterns were unaffected by growing location.Lipid and protein contents of the seeds were not correlated with water uptake characteristics, although they varied with growing season and location.Slow rates of water uptake and the rapid drying rates of seeds of the resistant genotypes are attributes favorable to control of A. flavus invasion. If these attributes, along with resistance to A. flavus invasion, could be genetically transferred to other peanut genotypes, it is likely that contamination of peanuts by A. flavus could be reduced.
Modified Milling Procedure for Separating Endosperm and Nonendosperm Portions of the Wheat Kernel for Protein and Lysine Analysis1
Authors: Vogel K. P. , Mattern P. J. , Lenser G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConventional milling does not uniformly separate endosperm and nonendosperm components of wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). Uniform separation of bran and endosperm is required for protein and lysine analyses because of a protein gradient in wheat endosperm. A modified milling procedure for separating endosperm and nonendosperm components of the wheat kernel was evaluated for its utility in processing small breeder lots of seed for protein and lysine analyses. After conventional milling and sifting, the endosperm adhering to the bran was removed by washing with a 80:20 (vol/vol) ethanol:acetone solution, filtered from the washing solution, dried, and added to the mill flour to reconstitute the endosperm. Reconstituted endosperm weight was used to calculate percent endosperm. Reasonably complete and uniform separations of the endosperm and nonendosperm components were obtained without any appreciable loss of components. Endosperm percentages of the wheats tested ranged from 72.8 to 85.5%. Endosperm protein percentages ranged from 10.8 to 21.0%. Bran protein percentages ranged from 13.1 to 25.1%. Endosperm lysine (percent of protein) percentages ranged from 2.1 to 3.1%. Bran lysine (percent protein) percentages ranged from 3.2 5.0%.
Growth Regulation of Kentucky Bluegrass With Several Growth Retardants1
Authors: Watschke T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth retarding chemicals may be useful in maintaining attractive turf with less mowing. Six growth regulators were applied to an 8‐year‐old stand of ‘Pennstar’ and ‘Fylking’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to evaluate turf growth suppression, phytotoxicity, total, nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), and recovery from retardation stress. The materials were three experimentals with undisclosed formulas (EL‐509, Proxazolon, and MBR‐12325), chlorflurenol, Sustar (3‐trifluoromethyl‐sulfonamido‐p‐acetotoluidide), and maleic hydrazide. Proxazolon and MBR‐12325 retarded growth more than the other materials, but Proxazolon was slower acting than MBR‐12325. EL‐509 was the only material that did not significantly retard growth. Approximately 4 weeks after initial application, turf that had been significantly reduced in growth, grew faster than untreated. All materials caused an unacceptable discoloration lasting for 2 to 3 weeks. Lower rates tended to cause less discoloration, but growth suppression did not last as long as higher rates. Turf treated with MBR‐12325 had a significant accumulation of TNC, but this occurred only after discoloration subsided. Of the materials used in this experiment, only MBR‐12325 appeared to have potential for retardation of fine turf; however, discoloration was unacceptable at the rates used. The other materials could be of use on hazardous‐to‐mow, non‐use, or other areas where discoloration would not be objectionable.
Effect of Activated Charcoal on Herbicide Injury During Establishment of Centipedegrass1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractControlling weeds with herbicides during the establishment of centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] often results in severe turfgrass injury. Experiments were conducted on Cecil sandy clay (Typic Hapludult) and Cecil sandy loam soils to determine if turfgrass sprigs dipped in activated charcoal before planting would protect the grass from herbicide injury when applied after planting for weed control.Dipping centipedegrass sprigs in activated charcoal improved early growth and appearance of the turfgrass when treated immediately after sprigging with herbicides for weed control. The rate of turfgrass growth (ground cover) during the first growing season was also improved in most instances by activated charcoal dip when treated with all herbicides except DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate). Activated charcoal treatment did not generally affect weed control during the establishment period. Therefore, when herbicides are used for weed control during establishment of centipedegrass, the rate of establishment was improved by activated charcoal treatments.
Evaluation of Slow‐release Nitrogen Fertilizers on Pennpar Creeping Bentgrass1
Authors: Waddington D. V. , Duich J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs new fertilizer materials become available for turfgrass fertilization, their relative merits should be evaluated under various field conditions so that sound recommendations can be made concerning their use. In this study on ‘Pennpar’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), single applications of four slow‐release N fertilizers and multiple applications of urea applied to fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf soil were compared for four consecutive growing seasons. Split applications of slow‐release materials were also included in the fourth season. Clipping yields and turf color were used to evaluate response to fertilization. Growth patterns varied from year to year, but certain relationships between treatments generally remained the same: 1) greatest initial response occurred with IBDU (isobutylidene diurea); 2) yields from slow‐release treatments equalled or exceeded those from the urea treatment for 13 to 14 weeks, thereafter urea gave higher yields; 3) response from sulfur‐coated urea (21% 7‐day dissolution rate) and resin‐coated fertilizer (Agriform CRF 19‐3‐11) was intermediate between IBDU and ureaform (Uramite). Split applications of slow‐release sources reduced the flush of spring growth and increased turf color in the fall to an acceptable level. Color was unacceptable in the fall when single spring applications were used. The delay in response noted after IBDU applications on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) in other experiments was not as apparent under the conditions of this study, possibly due to the incorporation of fertilizer by aerating and topdressing at the time of application and more liberal watering on the bentgrass area.
Fixation and Volatilization by Soils of Selenium from Trimethylselenonium1
Authors: Olson O. E. , Cary E. E. , Allaway W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelenium, an essential element for animals, is now being added to some livestock diets. The trimethylselenonium ion (TMSe+) is an important urinary metabolite of dietary Se. Selenium spillage onto soils is related to its natural cycling and seems important in creating Se excesses or correcting Se deficiencies in soils. Volatilization and fixation of Se from TMSe+ was studied using four soils: a Typic Quartzipsamment, an Aeric Fragiaquept, a Typic Hapludult, and a Glossoboric Hapludalf. For volatilization studies, soils treated with TMSe+ or TM75Se+ were placed in a closed system maintained at room temperature and equipped for aeration and collection of volatile Se or 75Se, which was determined at intervals over a period of several weeks. Volatilization occurred with all soils, but the rates varied widely. Treating the acid Aeric Fragiaquept with CaCO3 increased Se volatilization. Treatment with toluene or autoclaving of the Aeric Fragiaquept or the Glossoboric Hapludalf almost completely prevented the volatilization. A nitrogen atmosphere retarded the volatilization in all but the Aeric Fragiaquept soil. In one experiment, the volatilization and fixation of Se added to soils as Na275SeO4, Na275SeO3, or TM75Se+ were studied. Volatilization was measured by 75Se loss and was observed only when the TM75Se+ was added, being appreciable only with the Typic Hapludult and Glossoboric Hapludalf soils. Fixation was determined by measuring the 75Se not extracted with 0.1 M CaCl2 or with water, and was greatest for the 75Se from the Na2SeO3. Fixation of from TM75Se+ occurred in all soils during a 21‐day period to an extent of about 30 to 50% of that added. The data suggest that Se from urinary TMSe+ spilled onto soils would generally be soon lost to the atmosphere or fixed and thus become unavailable to plants.
Development of Cotton Fruit I. Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter1
Authors: Leffler H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) boll growth have usually been limited to studies of fiber formation. To relate cottonseed development to previous research on fiber, a general study of cotton boll development was made. Cotton was planted in a field of Bosket fine sandy loam, a fine‐loamy, mixed, thermic Mollic Hapludalf. Dry matter accumulation by cotton fruit was measured to identify ontogenetic relationships among the bur (carpel walls), the seed, and the fiber.Measurements of boll growth were made between 10 days after flowering and maturity (boll cracking stage). Dry weight of the bur increased rapidly and reached final weight by the end of the 3rd week of development. At this time, dry weights of seed and fiber were only about 40% of their final values. Both the seed and the fiber accumulated dry matter for about 6 weeks, but the fiber accumulated dry matter at a slightly faster rate than did the seed. At maturity, the bur accounted for about 21%, the seed for about 38%, and the fiber for about 41% of the boll dry matter.Although bolls had reached final dry weight by the end of the 6th week of development, they did not open until about 2 weeks later. Both the number of fruit competing for photosynthate and the environmental conditions prevailing during development were found to affect the accumulation of dry matter by the boll components.
Sulfur and Nitrogen Requirements of Sugarcane1
Authors: Fox R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe internal S requirement of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is not well defined and there are no published data on the external SO4‐S requirements. The objectives of this study was to provide this kind of information, and to provide data on sulfur distribution and N:S ratios in sugarcane.Sugarcane was grown in solution cultures and in potted soil material which provided several concentrations and ratios of NO3 and SO4 in solution. External S and N requirements were estimated from plots of yield vs. SO4 or NO3 concentrations in solution cultures and in artificial soil solutions. The external S requirement at age 35 days was about 9 ppm. After 70 days the requirement was about 5 ppm when N was adequately supplied. The external NO3 requirement was about 50 ppm N. The internal S requirement for early growth was 0.36% S in the whole plant and 0.24% for leaf blades 3 through 6. When plants were 70 days old, 0.10% S in leaf blades or 0.08% S in leaf sheaths was sufficient. Sulfur‐deficient, field‐grown sugarcane 18 months old contained 0.075% S in leaves 3 through 6 and 0.072% S in the corresponding leaf sheaths. Sulfur fertilized sugar cane contained 0.138% and 0.232% for the same tissues. Ratios N:S differed for various tissues of the same plant. Distribution of S in the plant may be a valuable tool for assessing the S status of sugarcane. When S is deficient, old leaf blades contain more S than corresponding leaf sheaths, and blades and sheaths of leaves 3 to 6 contain about equal concentrations of S. Good S nutrition was associated with an elevated concentration of S in leaf sheaths as compared with leaf blades.
Grass Hay Production as Influenced by N‐P Topdressing and by Residual P1
Authors: Ludwick A. E. , Rumburg C. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation is limited on the response of grass to top dressing N‐P combinations on soils deficient in both nutrients, especially concerning time of application. The purpose of this study was to compare fall and spring topdressing of N‐P combinations for grass hay production and to evaluate residual P during succeeding seasons.A 4‐year experiment was conducted on a Fola cobbly sandy clay loam soil (Borollic Camorthid) near Gunnison, Colorado. Vegetation consisted of a mixed stand of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), timothy (Phleum pratensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), bluegrass (Poa pratense L.), and occasional plants of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Treatments were 4 rates of both N and P applied either in the fall or spring, prior to the first growing season. Residual P was evaluated the following three seasons.Hay yields the 1st year (1972) were significantly increased from 2.51 metric tons/ha with no fertilizer to 10.77 for the highest fertilizer combination of 358 and 59 kg/ha of N and P fall applied. Yields increased with increasing rates of both nutrients. Yields from fall applied N‐P combinations averaged 1.0 to 2.5 metric tons/ha greater than yields from similar treatments spring applied. Apparently the additional time and opportunity for dissolution of the P granules and movement through the thatch and into the surface soil resulted in the fall treatments being superior to similar treatments spring applied. Uptake of both N and P followed trends similar to yields. Yields in 1973 and 1974 were increased over the control (O‐P) by the initial P treatments, although yields and P uptake declined each year. Time of initial fertilizer application (fall vs. spring) did not significantly affect yields nor P uptake beyond the first season.Although residual P continued to increase yields and P uptake in 1975 (significant over the control at the highest P rate), reapplying P significantly increased both over all residual P levels.Bicarbonate extractable soil P levels were markedly increased in the upper 2.5 cm of soil by P topdressing. There was no evidence of P movement below 5.0 cm.
Chemical Retardation of Bermudagrass Turf1
Authors: Chu‐huang Wu , Myers H. R. , Santelmann P. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle information is available on the influence of chemical growth regulators on warm season perennial turf grasses. Therefore, greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to evaluate several such compounds for their potential in retarding the growth of common and ‘Sunturf’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers]. Maleic hydrazide [ 1,2‐dihydro‐3,6 pyridazinedione (MH)] and chlorflurenol [Methyl‐2‐chloro‐9‐hydroxyfluorene‐9‐carboxylate (CF)] injured both types when applied at 4.5 or 3.4 kg/ha in the greenhouse. Ethephon (2‐chloro‐ethylphosphonic acid) stimulated stem elongation of both bermudagrasses when applied at rates below 6.7 kg/ha in the greenhouse, while higher concentration retarded their growth in the field. Greenhouse plants grown under a wet regime (watered daily) showed no significant difference in chemical retardant effects on plant top growth and internode length from those grown under a dry (watered every three days) regime. Although more plant growth did occur in wet regimes, the growth retardation effect by the chemicals was not nullified by such conditions. Common bermudagrass was less susceptible to injury than Sunturf in the greenhouse, and no significant retardation of Sunturf top growth was obtained in the field. Fluoridamid (N[3‐[(1,1,1‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amino]4‐methylphenyl]acetamide), MBR 12325 (N‐[2,4dimethyl‐5‐[ trifluoro‐methyl)‐sulfonyl] ‐amino]‐phenyl acetamide), MH, CF, and ethephon were effective in reducing bermudagrass vegetative growth and seedhead development in the field. Single high rates of these compounds frequently caused bermudagrass injury, while split applications or chemical combinations at low rates provided excellent growth retardation with no undesirable turf appearance.
Some Interactions in Plants Among Cadmium, Other Heavy Metals, and Chelating Agents1
Authors: Wallace A. , Romney E. M. , Alexander G. V. , Soufi S. M. , Patel P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions with either soil or solution culture to evaluate interactions of Cd among other mineral elements in plants when yields are decreased by Cd as can happen under conditions of contamination. Chelating agents were included in the study because of their uses in plant nutrition and because they are known to increase uptake and translocation differentially of trace metals. Bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var. ‘Improved Tendergreen’) were grown with 10−6, 10−5 and 10−4M Cd in solution culture. Vegetative yields were depressed in the presence of Cd; 10−4M produced the greatest reduction (61%). The Cd concentration in plants was roots > stems < leaves. All levels of applied Cd significantly depressed the Mn concentration in leaves, stems, and roots. This, was the most prominent interaction. In a test with Yolo loam soil (Typic Xerorthents, fine‐loamy, mixed, slightly acid, thermic) with bush beans, Cd was applied at 0, 50, and 100 μg Cd/g soil as CdSo4. Each level was interacted with either NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) (100 μ/g soil) as Na salts. Yields were depressed substantially by 50 μ Cd/g soil only when chelating agents were also applied (36% for NTA and 48% for EDTA). The 100 μ Cd/g soil decreased yields only slightly without chelating agents (28%). Cadmium significantly decreased Mn and Cu concentrations in leaves and overcame much of the tendency of the chelating agents to increase concentrations of Mn, Cu, and Fe in plants. Zinc was decreased only on the per plant basis with the highest applied level of Cd with chelating agents. The Cd decreased the Ca and Mn concentrations in leaves of bush beans. Cadmium levels in the plants were increased by EDTA from 6 to 423 μ/g dry weight at the high Cd level. In another experiment with the same soil, diethylenetriamine pentaacetate acid (DTPA) (100 μ/g soil) increased uptake of Cd to 35 μ/g dry weight in bush beans. The interactions were similar to those with the other chelating agents. A leaf concentration of 15 μ Cd/g (dry weight basis) decreased yields of bush beans. With corn (Zea mays L. var. ‘Golden Bantam’) grown also in the same soil, the addition of 5% CaCO3 decreased yield reduction due to Cd by decreasing its uptake (by 64% for 200 μ Cd/g soll and 76% for 400 μ). A concentration of 219 μ Cd/g in corn shoots decreased yields. Caution in the use of metal chelates is indicated when soils contain significant levels of available Cd.