bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Studies on High-Temperature Corrosion of Silicon-Iron Coatings and Iron Aluminide Intermetallic Alloys by Molten Salts
Authors: Amaya M. , Porcayo-Calderon J. , Martinez L. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The performance of Fe-Si coatings and an iron aluminide (FeAl) intermetallic alloy (FeAl40at%+0.1at%B+10vol%Al2O3) in molten salts containing vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is reported. Corrosion and fouling by ash deposits containing V2O5 and Na2SO4 are typical corrosion problems in fuel oil-fired electric power units. High-temperature corrosion tests were performed using both electrochemical polarization and immersion techniques. The temperature interval of this study was 600°C to 900°C, and the molten salts were 80wt%V2O5-20wt%Na2SO4. Curves of corrosion current density vs temperature obtained by the potentiodynamic studies are reported, as well as the weight loss vs temperature curves from molten salt immersion tests. Both Fe-Si coatings and FeAl40at%+0.1at%B+10vol%Al2O3 showed good behavior against molten salt corrosion. The final results show the potential of these coatings and alloys to solve the high-temperature corrosion in fuel oil-fired electric power units.
Initiation and Growth of Stress Corrosion Cracks in Type 316L Stainless Steel During Slow Strain Rate Testing
Authors: Haruna T. , Shibata T. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The initiation and growth of cracks in type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel (SS) in a chloride solution containing thiosulfate ions (S2O32−) during slow strain rate testing (SSRT) were analyzed on the basis of fracture mechanics. Crack behavior on the specimen surface was observed in situ using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera with a videotape recording system. Three types of specimens were used: a single-notched plate, a smooth cylinder, and a smooth plate. The single-notched specimen failed to produce a sharp crack similar to that formed on the smooth specimens. For the smooth specimens, the stress intensity factor (KISCC) was found to vary from 3.9 MN/m3/2 to 5.0 MN/m3/2, and the crack growth rate ranged from 5.2 × 10−9 m/s to 1.0 × 10−8 m/s, which approximately agreed with data determined by other authors using a fracture mechanics approach. Thus, the SSRT combined with the in situ observation technique was useful in analyzing the crack initiation and growth process.
Quantitative Assessment of Localized Corrosion Occurring on Galvanized Steel Samples Using the Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique
Authors: Worsley D. A. , McMurray H. N. , Sullivan J. H. , Williams I. P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Zinc and zinc alloy galvanized steel is used increasingly for structural cladding, automotive, and domestic appliance applications. In assessing the different galvanizing coatings, it is important to understand the nature of corrosion reactions occurring on the metal surfaces. To this end, the scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) has been used to study the effect of variation in metallic coating on the localization and intensity of corrosion reactions occurring on the bare metal surfaces when immersed in aerated 0.1% sodium chloride (NaCl). The samples used comprised pure zinc and galvanized steel substrates, namely electro-zinc (EZ), hot dip galvanized steel (HDG), iron (9%) zinc intermetallic (IZ), 5% aluminum zinc alloy (Galfan), and 55% aluminum zinc alloy (Zalutite). The SVET has the resolution and sensitivity to enable the number and intensity of active anodes to be quantified. Zinc galvanized materials show anodes, which do not deactivate within the 24 h of the test whereas zinc aluminum alloy anodes display typical anode lifetimes of 6 h to 12 h. The SVET data has been calibrated and integrated to provide a total current per scan and subsequently converted to zinc loss using Faraday's law. The total average mass losses obtained from 10-mm by 10-mm exposed areas were measured using the SVET: 1.133, 0.601, 0.432, 0.615, 0.264, and 0.051 mg for zinc, EZ, HDG, IZ, Galfan, and Zalutite, respectively, and these values were confirmed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The SVET data for zinc loss obtained over 24 h has been compared to external weathering data obtained after 2, 6, and 12 months of external exposure. There is an excellent correlation between metal runoff in initial external exposure and 24-h SVET experiments. In longer-term exposure, however, the IZ coating becomes covered in a metal hydr(oxide) layer, reducing runoff, and penetrative defects to the iron substrate in EZ lead to elevated runoff rates within 12 months.
Influence of Cathodic and Anodic Currents on Cavitation Erosion
Authors: Auret J. G. , Damm O. F. R. A. , Wright G. J. , Robinson F. P. A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A vibratory-type cavitation test rig was constructed to study the effect of polarizing currents applied to a cavitating body. The generation of gas by electrolysis reduced mechanical damage suffered by a cavitating body because of bubble collapse cushioning. However, the net effect on overall damage depended on several factors, including the intensity of mechanical attack, corrosion rate, and surface geometrical effects. A cathodic current was shown to always decrease of the total volume loss rate, but the volume loss rate sometimes was increased and sometimes was reduced in the anodic current range.
Corrosion of Nickel-Based Alloys in Acidified Lithium Chloride Solutions
Authors: Pawel S. J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Immersion tests were performed on nickel (Ni)-based alloys in acidified 2 M lithium chloride (LiCl) solutions as a function of temperature and pH. Results indicated alloy C-22 (UNS N06022) and alloy C-276 (UNS N10276) were very resistant to corrosion in this environment to pH 1 at 95°C. Other alloys revealed extreme corrosion at low pH (alloy G-30 [UNS N06030] and alloy 20Mo6 [UNS N08026]) or accelerated corrosion due to solution aeration (alloy B-2 [UNS N10665]) and were not recommended for the process described. Failures of C-276 in similar service environments were attributed to poor control of process pH, with values ≤ 0.5 leading to extreme general corrosion.
Effect of Calcium Gluconate Concentration and Hydrodynamic Effect on Mild Steel Corrosion Inhibition in Simulated Cooling Water
Authors: Saremi M. , Benehkohal N. Parsi , Dehghanian C. , Zebardast H. R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The effects of two important factors, namely concentration and hydrodynamics on the inhibition efficiency of calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14), were investigated using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests. Results showed that calcium gluconate was capable of inhibiting the corrosion of mild steel in simulated cooling water. The inhibition efficiency of calcium gluconate was increased by increasing its concentration and decreased by increasing water circulation velocity due to the adsorption process, which leads to the formation of a protective layer with a greater charge-transfer resistance on the metal surface. The hydrodynamic effect seems to promote the adsorption of calcium gluconate on the metal surface, which was confirmed by the fitting of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
Protective Coatings Offshore: Introducing a Risk-Based Maintenance Management System—Part 1: Risk Analysis Methodology
Authors: Axelsen S. B. , Knudsen O. Ø. , Johnsen R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper summarizes the risk analysis methodology and challenges related to the establishment of a risk-based maintenance management system for protective coatings. Maintenance of protective coatings offshore is demanding on resources and costly. Initial selection of a coating system and the quality of the application work, including surface preparation, are vital elements for securing an acceptable coating lifetime. Most offshore installations will require, however, maintenance of the protective coatings due to degradation and/or mechanical damages. Development and implementation of a maintenance program for coatings is therefore an essential part of the overall maintenance programfor these installations. A complete maintenance program development includes: 1) establishment of coating quality status through inspection, 2) preparation of a maintenance program/strategy, and 3) preparation of detailed maintenance plans and job packages/descriptions. Optimization of maintenance and inspection programs through risk analysis is used frequently by the industry today. This principle can also be used for coating maintenance. Since the risk picture can be described by scenario, frequencies, and consequences, risk could be expressed as a function of coating status and a consequence of a coating damage. Based on this assumption, a systematic approach for optimization of the maintenance program has been developed.
Metastable Austenite in 17–4 Precipitation‐Hardening Stainless Steel Produced by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Facchini Luca , Vicente Nério , Lonardelli Ivan , Magalini Emanuele , Robotti Pierfrancesco , Molinari Alberto 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA 17–4 precipitation‐hardening stainless steel produced by selective laser melting contains 72% metastable and heavily faulted austenite and 28% highly dislocated and twinned martensite. The mechanical behavior is characterized by exceptional work hardening and a two‐step plastic field, which are due to the strain‐induced transformation of austenite and to the structural characteristics of the deformed austenite and martensite. Both phases tend to accumulate stacking faults in the first step and twins in the second.
Quantum‐Dot‐Tagged Bioresponsive Hydrogel Suspension Array for Multiplex Label‐Free DNA Detection
Authors: Zhao Yuanjin , Zhao Xiangwei , Tang Baocheng , Xu Wenyu , Li Juan , Hu Jing , Gu Zhongze 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA novel hydrogel suspension array, which possesses the joint advantages of quantum‐dot‐encoded technology, bioresponsive hydrogels, and photonic crystal sensors with full multiplexing label‐free DNA detection capability is developed. The microcarriers of the suspension array are quantum‐dot‐tagged DNA‐responsive hydrogel photonic beads. In the case of label‐free DNA detection, specific hybridization of target DNA and the crosslinked single‐stranded DNA in the hydrogel grid will cause hydrogel shrinking, which can be detected as a corresponding blue shift in the Bragg diffraction peak position of the beads that can be used for quantitatively estimating the amount of target DNA. The results of the label‐free DNA detection show that the suspension array has high selectivity and sensitivity with a detection limit of 10−9 M. This method has the potential to provide low cost, miniaturization, and simple and real‐time monitoring of hybridization reaction platforms for detecting genetic variations and sequencing genes.
Fully Transparent Non‐volatile Memory Thin‐Film Transistors Using an Organic Ferroelectric and Oxide Semiconductor Below 200 °C
Authors: Yoon Sung‐Min , Yang Shinhyuk , Byun Chunwon , Park Sang‐Hee K. , Cho Doo‐Hee , Jung Soon‐Won , Kwon Oh‐Sang , Hwang Chi‐Sun 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA fully transparent non‐volatile memory thin‐film transistor (T‐MTFT) is demonstrated. The gate stack is composed of organic ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐TrFE)] and oxide semiconducting Al‐Zn‐Sn‐O (AZTO) layers, in which thin Al2O3 is introduced between two layers. All the fabrication processes are performed below 200 °C on the glass substrate. The transmittance of the fabricated device was more than 90% at the wavelength of 550 nm. The memory window obtained in the T‐MTFT was 7.5 V with a gate voltage sweep of −10 to 10 V, and it was still 1.8 V even with a lower voltage sweep of −6 to 6 V. The field‐effect mobility, subthreshold swing, on/off ratio, and gate leakage currents were obtained to be 32.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, 0.45 V decade−1, 108, and 10−13 A, respectively. All these characteristics correspond to the best performances among all types of non‐volatile memory transistors reported so far, although the programming speed and retention time should be more improved.
Hypoventilation in REM sleep in a case of 17p11.2 deletion (Smith–Magenis syndrome)
Authors: Leoni Chiara , Cesarini Laura , Dittoni Serena , Battaglia Domenica , Novelli Antonio , Bernardini Laura , Losurdo Anna , Vollono Catello , Testani Elisa , Marca Giacomo Della , Zampino Giuseppe 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe describe a 2‐year‐old baby affected by Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS), due to 17p11.2 deletion, who presented repeated episodes of hemoglobin desaturation during REM sleep. The boy, aged 14 months, presented a phenotype characterized by psychomotor delay, right posterior plagiocephaly, telecanthus, strabismus, upslanting palpebral fissures, broad hypoplastic nasal bridge, short philtrum, deep ring shaped skin creases around the limbs, proximal syndactyly, bilateral hypoacusia. Polysomnographic (PSG) recording showed episodes of REM‐related hypoventilation (hemoglobin desaturations without apneas or hypopneas). Sleep disorders are present in almost all the cases of SMS, but very few reports describe the sleep‐related respiratory patterns. The finding of REM hypoventilation in SMS does not allow an unequivocal interpretation. It could reflect a subclinical restrictive respiratory impairment or, alternatively, an impairment of central respiratory control during REM sleep. In SMS children, respiratory abnormalities during sleep, and in particular during REM sleep, may cause sleep disruption, reduction of time spent in REM sleep, and daytime sleepiness. We therefore suggest that some sleep abnormalities described in SMS could be consequent to Sleep Disordered Breathing, and in particular to REM hypoventilation. Sleep studies in SMS should include the recording of respiratory parameters. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of a patient with a partial trisomy 16q including the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO): Fine mapping and FTO gene expression study
Authors: van den Berg Linda , de Waal Henriette Delemarre‐van , Han Joan C. , Ylstra Bauke , Eijk Paul , Nesterova Maria , Heutink Peter , Stratakis Constantine A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA female patient with a partial trisomy 16q was described previously. Her clinical characteristics included obesity, severe anisomastia, moderate to severe mental retardation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dysmorphic facies, and contractions of the small joints. In this article, we describe a more detailed analysis of the genetic anomaly in this patient. We were particularly interested in the involvement of the fat mass and obesity associated gene (FTO) in her duplication. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in FTO have been associated with obesity. The breakpoints of the duplication were precisely mapped using high‐resolution oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). We found that the duplication spans 11.45 Mb on 16q11.2 to 16q13 and it includes FTO. The increased copy number of FTO was confirmed with a qPCR on genomic DNA of the patient. We investigated the influence of the increased FTO copy number on FTO gene expression in immortalized lymphocytes from the patient using qPCR. No evidence of increased FTO expression was detected in the patient's lymphocytes. We discuss these findings and we review clinical findings in patients with overlapping 16q duplications to determine the relationship between increased FTO copy number and obesity. Our review suggests that duplication of the FTO gene does not necessarily result in obesity. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal diagnosis of a recombinant chromosome 7 resulting in trisomy 7q11.22 → qter
Authors: Tchirikov M. , Merinsky A. , Strohner M. , Bonin M. , Beyer V. , Haaf T. , Bartsch O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrenatal diagnosis of trisomy 7 is complex due to only a few reported cases. We report here on a stillborn boy with very large duplication of 7q11.22 → qter, encompassing almost the entire long arm of chromosome 7. Ultrasound, fetal and parental chromosome banding, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analyses were performed. Sonographic findings included growth retardation, micrognathia, ventricular septal defect (VSD), aortic coarctation, bradyarrhythmia, pericardial effusion, bilateral hydronephrosis, infravesical obstruction, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Chromosome analysis after cordocentesis at 23 weeks of gestation revealed an abnormal male karyotype with 46 chromosomes and a derivative chromosome 7 with a very large duplication of the long arm, 46,XY,der(7)(qter → q11.2::p22 → qter). The mother was found to carry an apparently balanced pericentric inversion, 46,XX,inv(7)(p22q11.2). Thus, the recombinant chromosome 7 [rec(7)dup(7q)inv(7)(p22.3q11.22)mat] of the fetus must have arisen through meiotic crossing‐over between the inverted chromosome and the normal chromosome 7 in the maternal germline. FISH and array CGH results confirmed the recombinant chromosome 7 in the fetus and indicated a loss of 1.9 Mb at chromosome 7pter → p22.3 (pter to 1,948,072 bp), and a gain of 87.04 Mb at chromosome 7q11.22 → qter (71,760,154 bp to qter). The rare syndrome of almost complete trisomy 7q may be suspected in cases of growth retardation, cerebellar hypoplasia, micrognathia, aortic coarctation and VSD and hydronephrosis. Invasive prenatal diagnosis must be offered to the parents. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
22q13.3 deletion syndrome: Clinical and molecular analysis using array CGH
Authors: Dhar S.U. , del Gaudio D. , German J.R. , Peters S.U. , Ou Z. , Bader P.I. , Berg J.S. , Blazo M. , Brown C.W. , Graham B.H. , Grebe T.A. , Lalani S. , Irons M. , Sparagana S. , Williams M. , Phillips J.A. , Beaudet A.L. , Stankiewicz P. , Patel A. , Cheung S.W. , Sahoo T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe 22q13.3 deletion syndrome results from loss of terminal segments of varying sizes at 22qter. Few genotype–phenotype correlations have been found but all patients have mental retardation and severe delay, or absence of, expressive speech. We carried out clinical and molecular characterization of 13 patients. Developmental delay and speech abnormalities were common to all and comparable in frequency and severity to previously reported cases. Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization showed the deletions to vary from 95 kb to 8.5 Mb. We also carried out high‐resolution 244K array comparative genomic hybridization in 10 of 13 patients, that defined the proximal and distal breakpoints of each deletion and helped determine the size, extent, and gene content within the deletion. Two patients had a smaller 95 kb terminal deletion with breakpoints within the SHANK3 gene while three other patients had a similar 5.5 Mb deletion implying the recurrent nature of these deletions. The two largest deletions were found in patients with ring chromosome 22. No correlation could be made with deletion size and phenotype although complete/partial SHANK3 was deleted in all patients. There are very few reports on array comparative genomic hybridization analysis on patients with the 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, and we aim to accurately characterize these patients both clinically and at the molecular level, to pave the way for further genotype–phenotype correlations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primate cranial diversity
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Gilbert Christopher C. , Baden Andrea L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractMany studies in primate and human evolution focus on aspects of cranial morphology to address issues of systematics, phylogeny, and functional anatomy. However, broad analyses of cranial diversity within Primates as an Order are notably absent. In this study, we present a 3D geometric morphometric analysis of primate cranial morphology, providing a multivariate comparison of the major patterns of cranial shape change during primate evolution and quantitative assessments of cranial diversity among different clades. We digitized a set of 18 landmarks designed to capture overall cranial shape on male and female crania representing 66 genera of living primates. The landmark data were aligned using a Generalized Procrustes Analysis and then subjected to a principal components analysis to identify the major axes of cranial variation. Cranial diversity among clades was compared using multivariate measurements of variance. The first principal component axis reflects differences in cranial flexion, orbit size and orientation, and relative neurocranial volume. In general, it separates strepsirrhines from anthropoids. The second axis reflects differences in relative cranial height and snout length and primarily describes differences among anthropoids. Eulemur, Mandrillus, Pongo, and Homo are among the extremes in cranial shape. Anthropoids, catarrhines, and haplorhines show a higher variance than prosimians or strepsirrhines. Hominoids show the highest variance in cranial shape among extant primate clades, and much of this diversity is driven by the unique cranium of Homo sapiens. Am J Phys Anthropol 142:565–578, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of ethylene‐propylene diene terpolymer composites filled with natural and synthesized micas
Authors: Wang Lei‐Lei , Tong Yun‐Peng , Zhang Li‐Qun , Tian Ming 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this paper, EPDM/mica composites were prepared by filling synthesized mica and natural mica separately into ethylene‐propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) using melt blending technique. Microstructures, electrical properties, gas resistance, and mechanical properties of two EPDM/mica composites were investigated systematically. FTIR show that hydroxyl groups exist on the surface of the micas. These structural hydroxyls could be active sites conducive to the surface modification of mica. XRD analyses reveal that the natural mica is crystalline and the synthesized mica is amorphous. After being modified with silane coupling agent Si69, mica was only exfoliated into smaller micron agglomerates dispersing in EPDM, but the dispersion of amorphous synthesized mica was better. So the EPDM/synthesized mica composite possessed better mechanical property, electrical insulation property, and gas permeability resistance. It is expected that better improvement would be achieved, if mica is exfoliated further into nanosheets dispersing in the rubber matrix. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Potentialin situpreparation of aliphatic polyamide‐based nanocomposites: The organoclay‐polyamide salt interaction
Authors: Boussia A. C. , Damianou Ch. C. , Vouyiouka S. N. , Papaspyrides C. D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn situintercalative polycondensation is applied for the preparation of polyamide (PA)n,6–clay nanocomposites, namely poly(ethylene adipamide) (PA 2,6), poly(hexamethylene adipamide) (PA 6,6), and poly(dodecamethylene adipamide) (PA 12,6). For this purpose, two different polymerization routes are considered; a low‐temperature melt polymerization technique and the conventional solution‐melt one. Under the specific experimental conditions, lack of clay exfoliation is detected through XRD measurements, which is proved irreversible even when twin‐screw extrusion is attempted as an additional step. The resulting PAn,6–clay structures are found dependent on the diamine moiety length; more specifically, an intrinsic interaction between the polyamide monomer and the organoclay surfactant is indicated. An ion exchange occurs between the two competitive species, that is, diamine and surfactant cations, leading to flocculated clay structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010