bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LCAC Transport on SEABEE and LASH Ships
Authors: Mackes Joseph , Schelle Curt 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLanding Craft Air Cushions (LCACs) are transported overseas in the well decks of amphibious ships. With Fleet downsizing and increasing deployments and operational tempos, there may not be enough well deck slots to carry the required LCACs to the mission area. Additional transport capability may be needed to meet a number of expanding missions for the LCAC. To address this potential need, Carderock Division Naval Surface Warfare Center was tasked by the Naval Sea Systems Command to determine if existing government shipping assets can transport the LCAC and, if feasible, to design and test interface systems for these ships. Two heavy lift barge ships in the Ready Reserve Force, the Sea Barge (SEABEE) and the Lighter Aboard Ship (LASH), showed potential in carrying LCACs. The LCAC/SEABEE interface system was designed and successfully tested. The tests determined the system provides the SEABEE ship with transport capability for up to five LCACs. The LCAC/LASH interface system, once demonstrated through ship tests, should allow up to six LCACs to be carried on the LASH ship. The SEABEE and LASH interface systems provide joint mission planners with a new capability to transport LCACs overseas.
The Commercialization of Weapons Control Software
Authors: Walden Billie Sue 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper addresses the benefits and limitations of commercial software insertion into a weapons control system, specifically as seen in development of the Advanced Tomahawk Weapons Control System (ATWCS) Track Control Group Replacement (TCGR). Commercial‐off‐the‐Shelf (COTS)/Government‐off‐the‐Shelf (GOTS) reuse of software in a weapons control system requires a much higher degree of reliability and a much smaller error rate than commercial applications, in order to reliably place ordnance on target. Lessons learned in the production of this, the first COTS/GOTS weapon control system, are useful to the smooth, efficient development of future weapons system software.Lessons learned during development of TCGR:Strong emphasis on early requirements definition combined with early operational prototyping enables an efficient and cost effective process and avoids rework.Shifting to a parallel testing concept with a common test plan and multi‐disciplined test team shortens the overall development process and maximizes use of resources.Accurate operational testing environment is crucial to successfully completing approval process.Implementation of common, well‐defined metrics and reporting reduces time spent on anomaly correction and ensures accurate progress tracking.Logistics efforts must improve to accommodate COTS/GOTS use.Customer involvement throughout the lifecycle is required to field technologically current systems that meet their needs.
The Road to Impeccable: An Uncommon Approach to Ship Acquisition
Authors: Shen Terry , Proctor Barry , Saha Deepak 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe road to the acquisition of the USNS Impeccable (T‐AGOS 23) has seen a few uncommon and challenging twists and turns, resulting in delays and disruption to the program. The saga began in 1993, when the original ship‐builder, facing financial difficulties, filed for Chapter XI bankruptcy protection. For two more years the program was stalled before the Navy was able to warrant the work that had been done up to that point. In 1995 the contract was reassigned to another shipbuilder to complete the vessel and obtain the necessary certificates to comply with all the applicable requirements of the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS). This unprecedented approach put the Navy in the unique situation of being responsible for two of the most controversial issues in a ship construction process, i.e., detail design and equipment warranties.This paper gives the status of the program, discusses how various technical issues and production demands are being addressed, and describes the future hurdles that need to be overcome before delivery of the vessel.
Blackwater and Graywater on U.S. Navy Ships: Technical Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Benson John , Caplan Ivan , Jacobs Rachel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn anticipation of more stringent environmental regulations, the increasing costs of waste disposal, and the need for naval combatants to operate unimpeded in littoral waters, the U.S. Navy has identified the need to develop technologies which are appropriate for the control and treatment of blackwater and graywater. This paper will describe the status of development efforts by the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC) and its supporting contractors, under sponsorship of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Office of Naval Research. The challenge was to develop treatment systems that meet Navy shipboard requirements for affordability, compactness, low manning/maintenance, high reliability and safety, and EM, noise, vibration and shock. Membrane ultrafiltration based systems, incorporating aerobic biological pre‐treatment and ultraviolet light post‐treatment disinfection, have been developed to meet these requirements. Both external and in‐tank membrane systems will be described in terms of performance, system operation, and space and weight advantages.
Determining the Level of Ship Protection
Authors: Hockberger William A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe types and levels of protection provided in naval ships have always been determined by the judgement of experienced naval officers in a way that is basically external to the main analysis/design loop. A major consequence has been an inability to demonstrate a clear need for a particular level of protection, with the result that important protection features have been eliminated to reduce cost.This paper outlines a methodology for bringing ship protection inside the main loop and determining its characteristics as an integrated element of a ship design. The level of protection is established as a natural consequence of the ship's mission requirements, and no separately stated requirements for protection are needed.Two concepts are introduced for achieving this. The first is a life cycle, measure of ship effectiveness that takes account of the ship's entire service life, including periods when operating in a degraded condition in combat or unavailable for service while being repaired or modernized. The second is the concept of “battle cost.” Battle costs are defined as the hypothetical future costs of weapons expended and ship damage and personnel casualties sustained, plus other related costs, as a ship engages in battle in the course of its service life. These devices, within the system analysis framework, make it possible to estimate both effectiveness and cost implications of providing various levels of protection in the ship—and thus to derive better cost‐effectiveness measures for comparing ship alternatives and selecting the best.
CVN Flight Operations: Crossing the Aircraft/Ship Interface
Authors: Yankaskas Kurt , Fast Steven 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFlight Operations are the lifeblood of U.S. Navy aircraft carriers, a fact that will continue on the CVX project. Such operations expose both Flight Deck and below deck personnel—the personnel at the aircraft/ship interface—to various degrees of intermittent noise. Some of these noise levels have been documented, in at‐sea measurements, on two operational carriers. These measurements provided the first detailed, systematic quantification of sound pressure levels, noise frequency content, time duration, and shipboard occurrence of events. This paper provides the current status of engineering efforts aimed at mitigating below‐deck noise levels and examines some of the currently‐available medical information relating to hearing loss, hearing conversation, and physiological response to high intermittent noise levels. The information presented herein will be used in the design of future aircraft carriers—ships that will be in service through the close of the twenty‐first century.
Navy's CFC & Halon Elimination Program
Authors: Toms G. S. , Breslin D.A. , Brunner G.P. , Thill J.C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The domestic production of the most powerful Ozone‐Depleting Substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of inexpensive refrigerants, fire‐fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past The Navy's original strategy of conserving ODSs, converting systems and processes where feasible, relying on strategic reserves where necessary, and developing “ozone‐friendly” equipment for new‐design surface ships and submarines is succeeding.The purpose of this paper is to document the Navy's efforts to date relative to combating the threat to uninterrupted Fleet operations posed by the cessation of ODS production. Specifically, this paper addresses the Navy's shipboard conversion programs for air‐conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) systems, the development of next‐generation AC&R systems, the selection of halon substitutes for new‐construction fire‐fighting systems, and the Navy's alternative to CFC‐113 in the cleaning of critical oxygen systems.
Total Ship Training for Future Aircraft Carriers
Authors: Whitten T. , Rikansrud E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The use of technology to assist in the missions of the Navy has changed. The twenty‐first century will see a Navy with fewer but more technical ships, smaller yet more innovative shipboard crews, and the need for rapid responses to changing world battle and peacetime scenarios. A recent study (Defense Science Board 1997) has noted the Navy is compelled to build ships that will operate with smaller crews at the same time operational environments require increased capabilities. The Defense Science Board study (1997) further states that, “Training is a force multiplier that allows manning reductions through better use of personnel onboard.”The purpose of this paper is to describe a total ship training philosophy for the CVNX class of future aircraft carriers. The Navy has developed an affordable plan to evolve the baseline design of CVNX over multiple hulls for the new construction of aircraft carriers (NAVSEA 1999). Each of these platforms will employ successively more advanced training methods and systems, culminating in a final design that incorporates the most capable shipboard total ship training program ever fielded aboard an aircraft carrier.
Seeing Through the Fog—Attaining ‘Full Spectrum Dominance’ with the System‐of‐Systems Through Operational Engineering
Authors: Bryant R. E. , Flynn J. E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMany discussions and articles address the business and military changes supporting implementation of Joint Vision 2010 and its system‐of‐systems approach. The dynamics of international military operations and commitments, coupled with accelerating information technologies, can lead to confusion and uncertainty. Customary rules recommend caution, even stopping, when confusion and uncertainty are present, yet the needed changes counsel toward accelerated efforts. Currently, systems engineering does not completely address delivering “operational war fighting capabilities,” or foster commanders' confidence to fully exploit those capabilities upon delivery.Acquisition reform supports accelerating delivery of systems. Likewise, accelerated delivery of “war fighting capabilities” within any opponents' fielding and deployment cycle is imperative. Technical advances in modeling and simulation, utilization concepts, and innovative evaluation methods create an opportunity to facilitate redevelopment of doctrine, operations, and training prior to producing hardware systems. On‐line simulation and evaluation tools can overcome the need for physical systems.Specifically, this paper lays out the opportunity to evolve systems engineering to another level, operational engineering, which leverages from the modeling and simulation environment, prior to hardware production. That modeling and simulation paired with coevolution of procedures and on‐line analysis will produce a trained customer base, fully prepared for deliveries of “operational war fighting capabilities”.
Infrared Imaging of Phased Array Radar Antenna Emissions
Authors: Long Bruce , Sisson Pat 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe subject paper discussed the merits of applying infrared imaging technologies, in association with advanced digital processing techniques, as a system health diagnostic tool to (1) enhance readiness and (2) reduce the cost of ownership associated with phased array radar systems that are used throughout the military services. The planned project shall establish a field‐level diagnostic tool that can rapidly assess deployed phased array radar antenna performance, using infrared (IR) imaging techniques and that can isolate deficient radio frequency (RF) solid state emission devices (radiator elements). Infrared imaging of RF emissions from an aircraft‐installed phased array radar system (APG‐63 used in F‐15 aircraft) has been conceptually demonstrated; however, full scale‐up was never achieved nor other potential technology applications evaluated because of funding constraints. Today, solid state phased array technology is used pervasively in air and in ground/surface‐based radar systems. Table 1 identifies representative ground/surface‐based radar systems that incorporate phased array antennas in their system architecture.The ability to conduct operational “end‐to‐end” testing of phased array antennas will enable deployed verification of detected performance degradations, facilitate field‐level replacement of faulty RF emission devices, and help reduce the overall logistics burden associated with dismantling and transporting bulky radar systems for return to depot In addition, the proposed capability could be used as a preliminary diagnostic tool, augmenting existing depot capabilities, to help facilitate the accelerated identification/confirmation of required depot‐maintenance actions. IR imaging has the potential to catalyze a fundamental shift, comparable to the introduction of automated testing in support of avionics, in the basic approach to phased array antenna maintenance.
Navy Omni‐Directional Vehicle (ODV) Development: Where the Rubber Meets the Deck
Authors: McGowen H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Office of Naval Research sponsored the omnidirectional vehicle (ODV) development program of the Coastal Systems Station (CSS). CSS has investigated the application of ODV technology to Navy shipboard materials and ordnance handling. Under the Navy program, ODV technology was developed and a series of vehicles were built and tested. ODT technology was demonstrated to be applicable to the shipboard environment and shown to be able to overcome conditions of confined spaces, reduced traction, ship motion, decks heeled at high angles, and on‐deck obstacles. This paper focuses on the Navy's demonstration of the capability of the ODV to operate under demanding environmental conditions, ODV mechanical simplicity, and adaptability of the technology for a wide range of applications. Potential commercial applications were identified in manufacturing and warehousing, and remotely controlled or autonomous platforms employed in nuclear facilities, hazardous waste cleanup, and other operations that require the movement and precise positioning of large, heavy objects. The Navy has implemented two cooperative research and development agreements (CRADA) and others are pending for further development and transfer of ODV technology to the private sector.
Marine Forensics for Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
Authors: Garzke W. H. , Dulin R. O. , Brown D. K. , Prince K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Marine Forensics Panel grew out of analyses of the shipwrecks of the German battleship Bismarck and the passenger ships Titanic and Lusitania. It is now co‐sponsored by five other professional societies on both sides of the Atlantic. A number of ship losses have been investigated. Lessons have been learned relevant both to marine technology and history.
Next‐Generation Architecture to Support Simulation‐Based Acquisition
Authors: Chadha B. , Wedgwood J. , Welsh J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe ability to make good design decisions early is a significant driver for simulation‐based acquisition to effectively lower life‐cycle cost and cycle time. Building virtual prototypes, enabling one to analyze the impact of decisions, achieves effective simulation‐based acquisition processes. Virtual prototypes need to support a comprehensive set of analyses that will be performed on the product; hence, all aspects of product data and behavior need to be represented. Building virtual prototypes of complex systems being designed by a multi‐organizational team requires new architectural concepts and redesigned processes. Implementation of these new architectures is complex and leveraging commercial technologies is necessary to achieve feasible solutions. One must also carefully consider the state of the current commercial technologies and frameworks as well as the organizational and cultural aspects of organizations that use these systems. This paper describes key architectural principles that one must address for a cost‐effective implementation. The paper then discusses key architectural concepts and trade‐offs that are necessary to support virtual prototypes of complex systems.
Sizing the Navy's Strategic Reserve of Ozone‐Depleting Substances
Authors: Breslin David A. , Smith Dennis E. , Toms Gregory S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe domestic production of the most powerful Ozone‐Depleting Substances (ODSs) has permanently ceased and the abundant supplies of a number of refrigerants, fire‐fighting agents, and solvents, once taken for granted, are now a thing of the past. The Navy has adopted a successful strategy for addressing the threat posed by the unavailability of ODSs. That strategy includes relying on a strategic reserve of ODSs. Considering that the strategic reserve will play a critical role in sustained fleet operations well into the next century, it is important to record the history of the reserve and to document lessons learned in order to educate future generations that may be foxed with similar challenges.This is the second of three papers that will cover all aspects of the Navy'S strategic reserve of ODSs. The first paper documented the history of the Navy'S effort to size, establish, and monitor a reserve designed to support fleet operations until the middle of the next century (1). This paper addresses in detail the process used to estimate the required size of the reserve, including the survey method, statistical analyses, and sizing algorithms. The third paper will discuss the development of the plan for monitoring the reserve including the control mechanisms, regression methods, and statistical‐process‐control techniques (2).
Submarine Hull Form Optimization Case Study
Authors: Warren Chris L. , Thomas Mark W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe potential benefits of full stern submarines are investigated. First, a parametric‐based arrangement study is conducted. The results of this study yield two variants which are identical in terms of installed horsepower and mission hardware, but with deferent stern taper. Then, the powering characteristics of the two variants are optimized using a suitable lifting ‐line code and a genetic algorithm.The arrangement study uses parametric estimates of volume, area and weight, including machinery‐dependent stack‐length requirements. The resulting layouts are used to approximate required stern fullness and the length‐to‐diameter ratio for enclosing the arrangement. The full stern and the tapered stern variants identified as having the highest parametric‐based maximum speed are used as input to the hydrodynamic analysis/optimization technique.The hydrodynamic analysis employs a ducted lifting‐line propeller code, which is used as the evaluator module for a multi‐objective (Pareto) genetic algorithm. Two of the resulting “optimal” variants, one full and the other tapered, are then selected based on their resemblance to those of the arrangement study. Power coefficients calculated by the propeller code are then used to estimate these submarines' maximum speeds. The results indicate that potential benefits exist for submarine hulls with non‐traditional, fuller sterns.
Racial/ethnic variations in associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss
Authors: Jimenez Monik , Dietrich Thomas , Shih Mei‐Chiung , Li Yi , Joshipura Kaumudi J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract – Objectives: To compare the associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss among White, Black, and Mexican‐American people.Methods: Analyses were conducted on 16 821 adults, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey‐III. Age‐ and multivariate‐adjusted negative binomial regressions were used to explore the relation of socioeconomic factors, region of residence, gender, and foreign birth with the number of missing teeth. Effect modification by race/ethnicity was assessed by the inclusion of interaction terms.Results: In multivariate‐adjusted analyses, non‐Hispanic White people with 9–12 years of education exhibited 71% higher mean number of missing teeth than those with >12 years of education [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.52–1.92]. Education was unrelated to the number of teeth among non‐Hispanic Black people (IRR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.00–1.35) or Mexican‐Americans (IRR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.93–1.31). The poorest White people exhibited 39% more missing teeth, on average, than the most affluent White people, but no association between poverty and number of teeth was observed among Black or Mexican‐American people.Conclusions: The associations between socioeconomic factors and tooth loss vary across race/ethnicity. This suggests that the health benefits associated with high socioeconomic status are not equally shared across racial/ethnic groups.
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and pulmonary hypertension in a neonate. A common mechanism?
Authors: Brouwers AGA , Waals‐van de Wal CMJA 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is an important mediator of biological functions. Absence or shortage of NO plays a role in the pathogenesis of both hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and persistent pulmonary hypertension. We present a neonate diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension after birth caused by meconiumaspiration syndrome eventually treated with extracorporal membrane oxygenation followed by hypertrophic pyloric stenosis for which a pyloromyotomy was performed. In conclusion, the association of pulmonary hypertension and pyloric stenosis has not been described before and may be explained by a lowered plasma concentration of arginine leading to deficient NO synthesis in the affected organ systems.
Whole grain snack intake in an after‐school snack program: a pilot study
Authors: Sadeghi Leila , Marquart Len 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUS children consume about one‐third of the recommended level of whole grain. This study compared the difference in consumption between snacks made with either refined flour (Goldfish 0 g/serving), low (Graham crackers 5 g/serving, Goldfish 8 g/serving) or 100% whole grain flour level (Graham crackers 26 g/serving) among 117 children (kindergarten–sixth grade) participating in after‐school snack programs. The study included plate waste collection and group interviews conducted in four elementary schools in the Midwest. A multiple comparison test determined differences in consumption. The mean consumption for Graham crackers 26 g (52.0 ± 11.40) was significantly lower than the mean consumption for Goldfish 0 g, (78 ± 4.31), Graham crackers 5 g, (80.2 ± 5.19) and Goldfish 8 g (75.4 ± 5.24) (P < 0.05). Children were more sensitive to the taste and texture of Graham crackers 26 g/serving as compared with snacks with less whole grain. Snack products with considerable whole grain content may require additional research in order to increase their appeal to children.