bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Founder team interaction, customer and competitor orientation in software ventures
Authors: Mueller Thilo A. , Georg Gemünden Hans 
Published: May 2009

PurposeDevelopments in the software industry have shown the need for sustainable and effective management strategies, especially for new ventures. Entrepreneurship literature suggests marketing to be one of the pivotal predictors of business performance. Previous empirical studies have shown the importance of social interaction and team work quality for new venture performance. The purpose of this paper is to apply founder team interaction quality (IQ), and the customer and competitor orientation concept of marketing research to new software venture performance.Design/methodology/approachAn empirical study using a fully standardized questionnaire was conducted in 101 young software ventures. Two founders in each company filled out the questionnaire separately allowing superior tests for reliability and validity of the research framework.FindingsThe results show team IQ to be a powerful predictor of both customer orientation and competitor orientation. Furthermore, a positive, linear relationship between competitor orientation and technological performance has been found. There is a curvilinear U‐shaped relationship between customer orientation and all examined success dimensions, i.e. economic, market and technological success.Originality/valueBased on a theoretical research framework and a comprehensive empirical study, the paper contributes to a limited body of research and provides insight for managers of young ventures in the nature of teamwork and IQ and its effects on market orientation and company performance.
Entrepreneurial teams vs management teams
Authors: Tihula Sanna , Huovinen Jari , Fink Matthias 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to answer whether or not entrepreneurial teams and management teams are a common phenomenon in small firms and to identify differences in the reasons for the formation of these different kinds of joint management. Additionally the impact of joint management on the performance of small businesses is tested.Design/methodology/approachTo answer the research question a questionnaire survey (n = 119, response rate = 48 per cent) of small firms (20‐49 employees) in Eastern Finland was supplemented by a secondary data collection on financial issues.FindingsThe results show that in nearly four‐fifths of the firms a team was involved in the management. The logistic regression model revealed statistically significant differences between firms with entrepreneurial teams and such with management teams regarding the formation motives turnover, liability distribution and efficiency. Even though secondary data suggested that the firms managed by management teams were bigger, more profitable and faster growing, the differences were not statistically significant.Research limitations/implicationsThis study suggests that teams are common in the management of small firms, and that the future research in this field should focus more on the small firm context.Practical implicationsThe importance of teams in the management of small firms has to be realized by entrepreneurs, their employees, the consultants as well as by those who create the legal and institutional condition for the creation and development of businesses.Originality/valueAlthough the impact of management teams and entrepreneurial teams has been widely studied in large‐firm settings, the studies in the field of small business are rare. With its multi‐perspective approach and its focus on small firms this study breaks new ground in this research field.
Entrepreneurial team characteristics that influence the successful launch of a new venture
Authors: Leary Myleen M. , DeVaughn Michael L. 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the characteristics of an entrepreneurial team that influence the likelihood a new venture will successfully launch.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a sample of prospective start‐up banks that applied for a charter application in Florida between 1996 and 2005. Logistic regression was used to test the hypotheses.FindingsAnalysis suggests that entrepreneurial teams where: the CEO is strongly embedded into the team; no team member holds 10 per cent or more of the firm's total equity; team members have less rather than more industry experience; and more team members have prior founding experience, all point to a successful new venture launch.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focuses on start‐up success in a single industry and thus may not be generalizable to other research contexts.Practical implicationsResults suggest that bank regulators in charge approving new bank charters would be well advised to revisit their guidelines and recommendations for prospective new bank founders.Originality/valueGiven the unique regulatory requirements of the US banking industry, the successful as well as failed efforts to launch a new bank can be identified and the “success bias” present in many entrepreneurship studies can be averted.
Attitudes towards immigrants, other integration barriers, and their veracity
Authors: Constant Amelie F. , Kahanec Martin , Zimmermann Klaus F. 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study opinions and attitudes towards immigrants and minorities and their interactions with other barriers to minorities' economic integration. Specifically, the minority experts' own perceptions about these issues, the veracities and repercussions of unfavorable attitudes of natives are to be considered.Design/methodology/approachEmploying newly available data from the IZA Expert Opinion Survey 2007 main trends in the integration situation of ethnic minorities in Europe are depicted in a comparative manner.FindingsRobust findings show that: ethnic minorities face integration problems; natives' general negative attitudes are a key factor of their challenging situation; discrimination is acknowledged as the single most important integration barrier; low education and self‐confidence as well as cultural differences also hinder integration; minorities want change and that it comes about by policies based on the principle of equal treatment.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should not only investigate how negative attitudes are formed but also study their dynamics with respect to integration policies.Practical implicationsWell‐designed integration policies, that take the specific situation of the respective ethnic minority into account, are persistent and enforcement of anti‐discrimination laws is desirable.Originality/valueUsing a unique dataset, the innovative study is the first to gauge the perspectives of expert stakeholders and ethnic minorities on their integration situation and the main barriers that hinder it.
Ethnic segregation in The Netherlands
Authors: Hartog Joop , Zorlu Aslan 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe the degree of ethnic residential segregation and diversification in Dutch neighbourhoods.Design/methodology/approachUsing data on neighbourhood level, the authors calculate segregation and diversification indices, and illustrate the distribution of main origin groups by cumulative distribution functions. A preliminary analysis is conducted to quantify the relationship between neighbourhood ethnic composition and economic outcomes (income and welfare dependency).FindingsNo evidence is found on the existence of mono‐ethnic neighbourhoods in The Netherlands. The higher concentration of non‐Western immigrants in the large cities occurs in neighbourhoods with a high degree of diversity from several origins. An apparent strong correlation between the concentration of non‐Western immigrants and the prevalence of social benefits is likely due to the composition effect. The findings counter the public opinion that ghetto‐like neighbourhoods are dominant. They suggest that neighbourhood housing composition plays possibly an important role to attract immigrants with a weak socio‐economic position, who are often from a variety of non‐Western countries, rather than from a single origin.Practical implicationsSocial policies aimed at improving neighbourhood quality affect non‐Western immigrants from different source countries simultaneously, as they tend to live together in immigrant neighbourhoods. But integration policies targeted at neighbourhoods are insufficient, as many immigrants live in areas with low immigrant density: policies targeted at individuals (and families) remain indispensable.Originality/valueThis is the first paper to document segregation and diversity in The Netherlands, using unique neighbourhood level data. Applying cumulative distribution functions to these issues is also novel.
Ethnicity and the immigration of highly skilled workers to the United States
Authors: Jasso Guillermina 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to examine ethnicity among highly skilled immigrants to the USA.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines five classic components of ethnicity – country of birth, race, skin color, language, and religion – among persons admitted to legal permanent residence in the USA in 2003, as principals in the three main employment categories (EB‐1, EB‐2, and EB‐3), using data collected in the US New Immigrant Survey.FindingsThe visa categories have distinctive ethnic configurations. India dominates EB‐2, European countries and Canada EB‐1. The ethnicity portfolio contains more languages than religions. Language is shed before religion, and religion may not be shed at all, except among the ultra highly skilled of EB‐1. Highly skilled immigrants are mostly male; they are not immune from lapsing into illegality; they have a shorter visa process than their cohortmates; smaller proportions than in the cohort overall intend to remain in the USA. Larger proportions in EB‐2 and EB‐3 sent remittances than in the cohort overall. A little measure of assimilation – using dollars to describe earnings in the country of last residence, even when requested to use the country's currency – suggests that highly skilled immigrants are more likely to “think in dollars” than their cohortmates.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is like an aerial reconnaissance. It is necessary to now go under the ledges and into the caves.Originality/valueThe data used are the first ever collected on a probability sample of new legal immigrants to the USA. It is expected that many researchers will use these data to generate valuable new knowledge.
Implicit prejudice and ethnic minorities
Authors: Agerström Jens , Rooth Dan‐Olof 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to examine whether Swedish employers implicitly/automatically hold negative attitudes toward Arab‐Muslims, an ethnic minority group subjected to substantial labor market discrimination in Sweden and, more specifically, associate members of this minority group with lower work productivity, as compared with native Swedes.Design/methodology/approachAdapted versions of the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) designed to measure implicit attitudes and productivity stereotypes toward Arab‐Muslims were used. Corresponding explicit measures were administered.FindingsThe results clearly show that employers have stronger negative implicit attitudes toward Arab‐Muslims relative to native Swedes as well as implicitly perceiving Arab‐Muslims to be less productive than native Swedes. Notably, the explicit measures reveal much weaker negative associations.Practical implicationsSince Arab‐Muslims are automatically perceived as being less productive, the present findings suggest that negative implicit productivity stereotypes could have significant effects on labor market outcomes, such as when employers make hiring decisions. Given that many hiring decisions are presumably based on “gut‐feelings”, implicit attitudes and stereotypes, more so than their explicit counterparts, may exert a substantial impact on how employers contemplate and make decisions regarding human resources.Originality/valueWhereas traditional research has focused on self‐conscious, explicit work‐related attitudes toward various ethnic minority groups, the study offers a novel approach to understanding work‐related prejudice.
Measuring ethnic linkages among migrants
Authors: Bauer Thomas , Epstein Gil S. , Gang Ira N. 
Published: May 2009

PurposeUsing three different measures, the aim of this paper is to investigate the channels through which ethnic linkages/networks affect the location choice of migrants.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate conditional logit models of the US location choice by Mexican migrants, using individual level data on Mexican‐US migration collected by the Mexican Migration ProjectFindingsThe main finding is that the choice of Mexican immigrants to move to a region has a hump‐shaped relation with the amount of fellow‐Mexicans living there and with the amount of people coming from the same village. These effects are stronger for illegal immigrants and for first‐time immigrants than for legal immigrants and repeat immigrants respectively. Mixed evidence is found for the effect of the total time the Mexicans from the same village have lived in the USA.Originality/valueThe paper formulates the location choice of Mexican migrants in the USA as influenced by: the number of Mexicans living in the US region; the number of Mexicans from the same village as the migrants living in the US region; and the total time the Mexicans from the same village have lived in the US region.
Naturalization proclivities, ethnicity and integration
Authors: Zimmermann Klaus F. , Constant Amelie F. , Gataullina Liliya 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the determinants of naturalization of non‐EU immigrant household heads with a fresh look at the role of integration and ethnicity.Design/methodology/approachEmploying data on immigrant household heads from the German Socioeconomic Panel differentiation is made among those who already have been naturalized, those who plan to take citizenship, and those who do not have citizenship and do not want it, using multinomial probit models. The subject scope includes literature on naturalization, ethnicity, and integration.FindingsA robust finding is that German citizenship is very valuable to female immigrant household heads and the generally better educated, but not to those educated in Germany. The degree of integration into German society has a differential effect on citizenship acquisition. While a longer residence in Germany has a negative influence on actual or future naturalization, arriving at a younger age and having close German friends are strong indicators of a positive proclivity to citizenship acquisition. Likewise, ethnic origins and religion also influence these decisions. Muslim immigrants in Germany are more willing to become German citizens than non‐Muslim immigrants, but there are also fewer German citizens among Muslims than among non‐Muslims.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research should also investigate the second‐generation naturalization proclivities and those of illegals.Practical implicationsAllowing for dual citizenship helps generate more naturalizations among Muslims.Originality/valueThe paper provides a test of the relative importance of the integration approach in comparison with the ethnicity model; demonstrating that integration in German society has a stronger effect on naturalization than ethnic origin and religion.
Naturalization and employment of immigrants in France (1968‐1999)
Authors: Fougère Denis , Safi Mirna 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the empirical link between the naturalization of immigrants and their subsequent employment status in France from 1968 to 1999.Design/methodology/approachFor that purpose, longitudinal data coming from a panel dataset which follows almost 1 percent of the French population from 1968 to 1999 through information contained in the 1968, 1975, 1982, 1990 and 1999 French censuses were used. Control for the potential endogeneity of the naturalization process was through a bivariate probit model.FindingsIt was found that naturalization has a significant positive relationship with immigrants' subsequent employability. This is particularly true for groups of immigrants who have a low probability of employment in the host country.Research limitations/implicationsThe dataset can only measure statistical association between naturalization and employment, given the lack of timing information. Interpretation in terms of causality is thus not permitted.Originality/valueThe dataset used is especially valuable for studying social integration of immigrants, since it allows significant samples of immigrants, according to their country of origin, these groups being generally too small in other surveys.
Labor market outcomes of immigrants and non‐citizens in the EU
Authors: Kahanec Martin , Zaiceva Anzelika 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to comparatively analyse the roles of foreign origin and citizenship in the labor markets of Eastern and Eestern Member States of the EU.Design/methodology/approachThe EU Survey of Income and Living Conditions is used to evaluate the roles of foreign origin and citizenship on employment and earnings using the standard Probit and OLS econometric models. The native/non‐native labor market divide is measured using Fairlie and Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition techniques.FindingsThe results indicate that, while predominantly foreign origin is of key importance in the Western EU Member States, both foreign origin and citizenship matter in the Eastern EU Member States, their roles depending on gender. Moreover, the evidence suggests that the effects of citizenship in the EU8 may be driven by the (predominantly ethnic Russian) non‐citizens in Estonia and Latvia.Research limitations/implicationsFurther analysis is necessary to evaluate the observed associations as causal relationships.Originality/valueThe study is the first to shed light on the role of foreign origin and citizenship in the EU8 and the EU15 in the comparative East‐West perspective. The findings have noteworthy implications for the targeting of national as well as EU‐wide integration policies.
I'll marry you if you get me a job
Authors: Furtado Delia , Theodoropoulos Nikolaos 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test whether marriage to a native affects the probability that an immigrant will be employed.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing 2000 US Census data, first the effect of cross‐nativity marriages on employment is examined using an ordinary least squares model. To deal with endogeneity concerns, a two‐stage least squares model instrument for marriage to a native using local marriage market conditions is then estimated.FindingsResults from an ordinary least squares model controlling for the usual measures of human capital and immigrant assimilation suggest that marriage to a native increases an immigrant's employment probability by approximately four percentage points. When taking into account the endogeneity of the intermarriage decision, marriage to a native increases the probability of employment by about 11 percentage points.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough various mechanisms are discussed through which marriage to a native can increase employment probabilities of immigrants, the authors do not disentangle these mechanisms. This is an area ripe for future research.Originality/valueIt is shown that, from a theoretical perspective, marriage to a native has an ambiguous effect on immigrant employment rates. The empirical answer to this question provides insights into the assimilation process, which may prove useful in designing optimal immigration policies.
Intermarriage, language, and economic assimilation process
Authors: Meng Xin , Meurs Dominique 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to study the role of intermarriage in the process of immigrant economic assimilation in France.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimate an earnings equation for immigrants in France to examine the extent to which intermarried immigrants are better assimilated in the labor market – as measured by earnings – than their non‐intermarried counterparts. To handle the possible endogeneity problem of intermarriage, two novel instruments are used: the “sex ratio” for each region‐ethnicity cell, and “probability of marrying within one's own ethnic group”.FindingsIt wass found that immigrants who are intermarried earn around 17 per cent more than immigrants who are endogamously married. After taking into account individual characteristics and endogeneity of intermarriage, the premium is around 25 to 35 per cent. In addition, the intermarriage premium is substantially higher for individuals who have a better grasp of the French language before migration than for those whose language skill is poor. This result seems to suggest that, perhaps, immigrants who have a strong base in the native language can gain greater benefit from intermarriage.Originality/valueThe paper is the first to investigate this important aspect of immigrants' assimilation process in the French labor market.
Immigrant self‐employment adjustment
Authors: Clark Ken , Drinkwater Stephen 
Published: May 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine two aspects of the self‐employment adjustment of immigrant groups in the UK. First, how the probability of self‐employment for males changes with time since migration relative to the native population and second, how the probability of self‐employment for males differs between immigrants and the UK‐born within ethnic groups.Design/methodology/approachLimited dependent variable regression models are estimated using data from the UK Labour Force Survey collected between 2001 and 2005. The results are presented graphically to make clear the differences between ethnic groups.FindingsThe predicted self‐employment probability of “Asian” immigrants increases faster than that of natives over the lifecycle while that of “Black” groups declines. Furthermore, the observed lower propensity of UK‐born members of certain ethnic groups to be in self‐employment is largely explained by differences in human capital.Practical implicationsHigh rates of self‐employment amongst some ethnic groups in the UK are unlikely to be a transitory phenomenon.Originality/valueWhile previous work on the UK has examined patterns of self‐employment between groups and over time, the paper looks for the first time at how adjustment within groups takes place over the life cycle and across nativity status.