bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deepwater Drilling for Arctic Oil and Gas Resources Development: A Conceptual Study in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Pilisi N. , Maes M. , Lewis D.B. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Surveys from the U.S.G.S, notably, have recently re-assessed the Arctic Circle and its deepest parts. Geology-based probabilistic analyses have found that significant oil and natural gas reserves, about 25% of the world's undiscovered resources, may be held in the deep Arctic Alaska (Bird, 2008; Houseknecht et al, 2010). Such studies are of the utmost interest for developed and emerging countries to help them meeting their growing demand in fossil fuels.
As of today, the bulk of investigations, projects and technical papers concerning drilling for arctic oil and natural gas resources, have concerned the onshore hydrocarbon accumulations or the near shore deposits (OTA, 1985; Bercha, 1984; Matskevitch 2006; MMS, 2008). However, when trying to access the arctic deeper waters, only a few structures are available today to drill in these polar environments. Offshore operations in the Arctic Ocean are essentially impacted by extremely cold weather temperatures yielding the presence of sea ice, icebergs, floes and long period of darkness. Nevertheless, deepwater drilling and production in the Arctic Ocean provides an attractive but extremely ambitious challenge for our industry. Because the U.S. Beaufort Sea has an average water depth of 3,240 ft, deepwater drilling provides an interesting and innovative option to develop enormous reserves of oil and natural gas.
This paper presents a conceptual study for exploratory and development wells in the harsh deepwater arctic environment of the U.S. Beaufort Sea by using a modified and winterized drill-ship with ice strengthened material or an icebreaker converted into a drilling vessel. In addition, ice management is discussed, considering a fleet of at least two icebreaker vessels to guaranty station keeping in first year sea ice and multi-year sea ice environments in order to conduct year-round operations with the floater. Also, the drilling and production phases will be discussed even in presence of icebergs or large ice floes. Finally, the paper briefly covers environmental regulations and economics. The main goal of this study is to help the oil and gas industry breaking the last barrier in exploration drilling and production by proposing structures and facilities that will enable to operate year-round in both open water and permanently ice-covered waters of the Arctic Circle.
Robust Robots for Arctic Exploration
Authors: Albiez J. , Hildebrand M. , Vogele T. , Joyeux S. , Kirchner F. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Under-ice exploration in the Arctic Ocean requires robust and reliable robotic tools. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) used in this environment have to be able to navigate reliably and with precision without the help of a dedicated infrastructure. They also have to be able to adapt and to react to changes in their environment. In this paper, new methods for AUV infrastructure-independent navigation and self-localization, as well as for an adaptive AUV control architecture are presented. These methods were developed at the DFKI within the framework of several nationally funded research projects. They were implemented on experimental AUVs and showed promising results in preliminary lab and field tests.

Introduction
Robots are needed to operate in areas that are too difficult or to too dangerous to access for humans. In remote areas like the deep sea and the Arctic Ocean, robots are invaluable helpers for scientific exploration, environmental monitoring, economic exploitation and other endeavours. As of today, robots have been used successfully by oceanographic research institutes, oil companies, and other stakeholders to access and explore the depths of the Arctic Ocean. However, the application of these robots - like the application of most professional service robots in harsh environments - is still hampered by a lack of autonomy, robustness and dependability. So far, robots can only be used in well-supervised short-term missions that require intensive support by an associated research vessel. A robust long-term deployment of autonomous robots in harsh environments, with a minimum of human supervision and support, is well beyond the current-state-of-the-art.
In this paper, we will present new methods that lead towards solutions for two key obstacles in the way of robust operation of robots in arctic exploration, namely the problem of reliable under water and under-ice self-localization and navigation, and the problem of adaptive mission control for AUVs. Both methods are the results of ongoing projects at the Robotics Innovation Center of the German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI-RIC) in Bremen, Germany.
AUV Navigation and Self-Localization

Introduction
The ability to follow a given course without deviation and to determine it's own position without error is a challenge for any underwater vehicle, and in particular for AUVs that operate under ice. Nevertheless, depending on the mission profile as well as on the precision and type of self-localization required, there are numerous methods to determine the current position of an AUV.
Application of New Radar Sensor Technology for Enhanced Safety and Oil Spill Detection Through all Phases of Operations in the Arctic Environment
Authors: Isaksen Per-Arne , Havro Arnstein 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Marine operations in the Arctic areas call for improved safety measures due to the rough weather conditions and the increased risk for operational interruptions and collision with icebergs/ice floes. In addition there is an imminent need to secure earliest possible warning of eventual oil spills and other substances which may cause harm to the vulnerable Arctic environment. By application of new and revolutionary radar sensor technology the industry can take a quantum leap in direction of safeguarding all these marine, drilling and production activities in the Arctic region and thereby avoid costly operational delays, accidents and limit oil spill recovery operations. The authority having jurisdiction of the exploration area will certainly demand and require documentation from the operator on behalf of the licensees to document that best possible technologies are taken into use to reduce risks as far as practically possible.
The standard navigation radars type approved according the IMO regulations MSC.192(79) and IEC 62388 / 60945 do not possess necessary skills to differentiate return signals from water and ice and hence the display will only present a partial truth of the ice conditions surrounding the vessel/rig/platform as the case may be. More advanced radar displays may to a certain extent compensate by further processing of the poor quality input data from the standard radar sensor. However, this cannot disregard the fact that improved radar sensor input data is the only measure that can provide the navigator with full and complete information of vessel surroundings in real time so that he can make best possible assessments and decisions as early as practically possible. The same applies to other important radar services like long distance real-time oil spill detection/warning/ monitoring, wave - and current measurement, warning of local weather phenomenon's and high waves, small and/or high speed targets (terror threats, other undesired presence interrupting operations), general marine traffic etc.
Radar picture processing has little real value unless supported by high quality input data. The Sea-Hawk technology represents the high end of radar sensor performance.
Radar is the only dynamical instrument which can provide a true real-time description of its 360° surroundings. All other instruments can only describe a partial truth or possibly a real-time description of a small sector in real-time.
The authors of this paper therefore recommends to the industry and all relevant authorities that a common specification is agreed upon for all activity in the Arctic environment in order for all parties affected to focus efforts in the same, and hopefully correct, direction in order both to safeguard human life, the vulnerable environment and reduce operational costs and consequential costs of any sort of accidents (damage or loss of vessels/rigs, authority induced operation/production stops, close downs etc.).
Experience of Air Bubbling System in Ice Navigation and Future Possibilities
Authors: Wilkman Goran 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The air bubbling system for use in reducing ice resistance of icebreaking ships was introduced in late 1960ies. After extensive development and testing the system has been used in several vessels till early 1990ies. The idea of the system is to blow compressed air down in the bilge area of the vessel hull and the expanding air bubbles will rise to the free water surface reducing the friction between ice and the hull surface.
The system has been in use mainly in icebreakers, but also on tankers, dry cargo vessels as well as ferries. The size of the vessels with air bubbling system varies between a small coastal ferry to cargo ships of over 20000 tonnes.
The benefits of the system are not only to reduce ice resistance, but also for instance to reduce the risk of the vessels to be beset in the most cold arctic conditions and it can also be used as a steering device.
During the years the system has been installed both into newbuild and old ship. Some systems have been even for seasonal use with capability to be removed for summer season.
New techologies in ship operation, for instance, azimuthing thrusters and operation in double acting mode have reduces the use of the system for normal icebreaking vessels.
However, with the rising interest of offshore industry to the Arctic there will be built a number of stationary drilling units, floating storage/production facilities, which need special attention what comes to keeping the friction between the hull surface and ice on low level, and prevent ice from freezing on the hull as well as helping out doing so called "self ice management".
The paper is a summary of experience gained so far, benefits of the system and how the future oil & gas industry could benefit and some ideas for new ways of using the system.

Background
The air bubbling system was originally developed in the late 1960ies. The main idea is to produce an air flow between the vessel hull and ice to decrease the friction. The system would replace the need to have bow propellers.
Methane Hydrate Dissociation by Depressurization in a Mount Elbert Sandstone Sample: Experimental Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Kneafsey Timothy J. , Moridis George J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A preserved sample of hydrate-bearing sandstone from the Mount Elbert Test Well was dissociated by depressurization while monitoring the internal temperature of the sample in two locations and the density changes at high spatial resolution using x-ray CT scanning. The sample contained two distinct regions having different porosity and grain size distributions. The hydrate dissociation occurred initially throughout the sample as a result of depressing the pressure below the stability pressure. This initial stage reduced the temperature to the equilibrium point, which was maintained above the ice point. After that, dissociation occurred from the outside in as a result of heat transfer from the controlled temperature bath surrounding the pressure vessel. Numerical modeling of the test using TOUGH+HYDRATE yielded a gas production curve that closely matches the experimentally measured curve.

Introduction
R ecent studies have concluded that methane hydrate (hereafter hydrate), a naturally occurring clathrate compound consisting of molecular water cages surrounding gas molecules (primarily methane), contains large quantities of methane in shallow sediments throughout the world's coastal margins and polar regions [Boswell et al., 2010; Milkov, 2004; Sloan et al., 1998]. Each cubic meter of hydrate can hold approximately 160 m3 of natural gas at standard temperature and pressure [National Resource Council, 2004]. Even though natural gas from hydrate shows great promise as an energy resource, scientific and engineering questions remain regarding producing gas from hydrates. Three methods are typically considered to produce gas from hydrate: depressurization, where the system pressure is lowered below the hydrate stability pressure; thermal stimulation, where the hydrate-bearing sediments are heated to temperatures in excess of the hydrate stability temperature, and the use of inhibitors such as sodium chloride or alcohols that modify the hydrate stability conditions to destabilize the hydrate [Sloan and Koh, 2008]. Of these techniques, heating the hydrate-bearing sediments and injecting expensive alcohols or corrosive brines may have limited applications, but will often be impractical, particularly considering the size of reservoirs and the lack of control that can be exerted to directly apply the heat or inhibitor to the location needed. Depressurization is expected to be effective in many situations, however the hydrate-bearing sediments must be well enough confined by low permeability strata for the depressurization to be effective.
Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia of the bladder: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Jazaerly Tarek , Jaratli Hayan , Sakr Wael , Almardini Nour , Urabi Muaz , Dhar Nivedita , Giorgadze Tamar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIntravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH), also known as Masson′s tumor, is a benign unusual vascular lesion thought to arise from an organizing thrombus. Histologically, IPEH is characterized by papillary fronds lined by proliferating endothelium that may mimic angiosarcoma, and therefore the correct diagnosis may prevent unnecessary radical procedures. Involvement of the bladder is extremely rare, with only three cases reported in the literature. We report a case of IPEH arising in the bladder of a patient with history of prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy.
Polymer Cross‐Linkling
Authors: Ray Paramita 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCross‐linking is a unique tool for polymer modification. Multidirectional chain extension of polymers resulting in the formation of network structure is defined as polymer cross‐linking. It hinders the free movement of polymer chains and restricts them from sliding past each other. Interconnection of the polymer chains generates elasticity in amorphous polymers and makes a polymer more resistant to heat, light, and other physical agencies. It enhances the dimensional stability, mechanical strength, and solvent resistance of a polymer. Cross‐linking may be accomplished either through polymerization of monomers with functionality greater than two (polycondensation) or by covalent bonding between preformed polymer molecules by irradiation, sulfur vulcanization, or miscellaneous chemical reactions. The degree of cross‐linking and regularity of the network are the two vital factors, which control the effects of cross‐linking on the properties of the polymers. Cross‐linking is carried out in elastomers, plastomers, and even on polymer blends to improve properties and to broaden the spectrum of applications. The present review describes different modes and kinetics of polymer cross‐linking as well as its effects on the properties of polymers.
Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Günes Serap , Mbi Egbe Daniel Ayuk , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Polymer solar cells are developing rapidly. The cost effective manufacturing, flexibility and the integration possibilities make them attractive alternatives to conventional Si‐based solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies more than 8% were reported recently by industrial companies. However, even this value has to be improved to be competitive with the other solar cell devices. There is a great amount of interdisiplinary science to be explored within the organic solar cell research, ranging from solid state device physics, photophysics, polymer synthesis, polymer processing and supramolecular chemistry. In this encyclopedia entry, we give an overview of the basic operational principles, limitations and the possible improvements for polymer solar cells.
Mass Spectrometry
Authors: English Robert D. , Haag Anthony M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS) has experienced tremendous growth throughout numerous scientific disciplines in the last few decades. This chapter will provide a concise summary of informative topics related to the study of therapeutic agents by MS. Our objective is to highlight as many pertinent MS techniques as possible. However, it should be noted that this will not be an all‐inclusive list of approaches due to the large volume of literature. This chapter will be primarily divided into the areas of instrumentation, sample preparation, and applications in proteomics, metabolomics, and emerging fields in drug analysis.
Development of Antimicrobial Peptides as Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Hodges Robert S. , Jiang Ziqing , Whitehurst James , Mant Colin T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractClassical antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) replication, or by modifying metabolism. Bacteria can resist antibiotics as a result of chromosomal changes (mutation or inductive expression of a latent chromosomal gene) or the exchange of genetic material via plasmids and transposons. As this chapter will discuss, antibiotics are rendered inactive by three major mechanisms: (1) antibiotic inactivation by destruction or modification, (2) prevention of access of the antibiotic to the target, and (3) alteration of the target site of the antibiotic. Bacteria have a remarkable ability to overcome each new reagent synthesized as a potential classical antibiotic. Consequently, the current priority is the development of alternative drugs and/or the isolation of native molecules that would allow the consistent and proper control of pathogen‐caused diseases.
Gold Standard Animal Models
Authors: Castaneda Carol , LaPointe Michael S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis chapter highlights how to make smart use of several good animal models. However, these animal experiments must be augmented with human‐based in vitro experiments, good toxicity databases, and computer modeling technology. Differences in animal and human cells do result in differences in the efficacy and toxicology of certain drugs. The old industrial adage does hold true for the development of drugs and other therapeutics–“cheaper, faster, better.” As will be shown here, it is accomplished by the use of computer models, in vitro testing using human cells or cell lines, and gold standard animal models, before human trials begin.
Resistance to Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Gurbel Paul A. , Tantry Udaya S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCurrently, 25 million people in the United States use aspirin as an antiplatelet agent to prevent cardiovascular events, whereas between 1998 and 2004, use of clopidogrel had increased over 7 times and the use of clopidogrel with aspirin had increased 16 times in the United States. The “nonresponsiveness or resistance” to antiplatelet therapy is becoming a major concern. Therefore, numerous scientific meetings and hundreds of clinical publications have focused on this phenomenon. However, as this chapter will discuss, the mechanism of antiplatelet resistance and the treatment strategies to address these concerns are still unclear.
Non‐Covalent Functionalization of Graphene Using Self‐Assembly of Alkane‐Amines
Authors: Long Brenda , Manning Mary , Burke Micheal , Szafranek Bartholomaeus N. , Visimberga Giuseppe , Thompson Damien , Greer James C. , Povey Ian M. , MacHale John , Lejosne Guaylord , Neumaier Daniel , Quinn Aidan J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA simple, versatile method for non‐covalent functionalization of graphene based on solution‐phase assembly of alkane‐amine layers is presented. Second‐order Møller–Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory on a cluster model (methylamine on pyrene) yields a binding energy of ≈220 meV for the amine–graphene interaction, which is strong enough to enable formation of a stable aminodecane layer at room temperature. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations on an assembly of 1‐aminodecane molecules indicate that a self‐assembled monolayer can form, with the alkane chains oriented perpendicular to the graphene basal plane. The calculated monolayer height (≈1.7 nm) is in good agreement with atomic force microscopy data acquired for graphene functionalized with 1‐aminodecane, which yield a continuous layer with mean thickness ≈1.7 nm, albeit with some island defects. Raman data also confirm that self‐assembly of alkane‐amines is a non‐covalent process, i.e., it does not perturb the sp2 hybridization of the graphene. Passivation and adsorbate n‐doping of graphene field‐effect devices using 1‐aminodecane, as well as high‐density binding of plasmonic metal nanoparticles and seeded atomic layer deposition of inorganic dielectrics using 1,10‐diaminodecane are also reported.
Preparation and properties of eggshell/β‐polypropylene bio‐composites
Authors: Lin Zhidan , Zhang Zishou , Mai Kancheng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article, a novel eggshell/β‐PP bio‐composite was prepared and evaluated. First the waste chicken eggshell (ES) was modified by a stingy amount of pimelic acid (PA) through solution method, and then compounded with PP through melt blending method. The crystalline form, mechanical properties, and morphology of the ES/β‐PP composites were studied. The results showed that ES modified by PA was a β nucleating agent with high efficiency and selectivity, resulting in the maximum Kβ value of 0.99 in PP composites. PA modification promoted the dispersion and interfacial bonding of ES in PP. Although the addition of PA‐modified ES slightly decreased tensile properties and flexural properties of PP, it increased the impact strength of PP by 228% than that of pure PP. Taking all factors into consideration, the optimal mass ratio of PP/ES/PA composites for reaching optimum mechanical properties should be 100/5/0.000471. Thus, the application of modified ES to prepare ES/β‐PP bio‐composites represents a promising way to mitigate environmental pollution and to reduce the cost of polyolefin products. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Influence of vibrations on interface delamination in metal–polymer composites
Authors: Zumelzu E. , Pereira R. , Arenas J. P. , Rull F. , Silva R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe main objective of this work was the study of vibration effects on the viscoelastic coating protecting the steel layer in a metal–polymer composite, with simulated conditions of the transportation of food containers. Mechanical resonance tests in metal–polymer [electrolytic chromium‐coated steel–poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)] sheets were performed to generate vibration conditions to induce structural modifications in the viscoelastic layer covering the surface of the plates. Consequently, schematic representations of the areas affected by these modifications were made. The modified structures were later analyzed by electron microscopy to detect and evaluate alterations in the morphology of the material. In addition, vibrational Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed to assess the chemical and structural changes on the protective PET at the metal–polymer interface level. The results of this study are expected to provide basic information on the mechanisms and nature of the delamination processes taking place in metal–polymer laminates employed in food‐container applications. These damages have previously been detected in some food containers made of PET materials. The study of these damages can lead to the improvement of current composites or the development of higher quality materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012