bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violations of international humanitarian law and measures of repression: the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Authors: Quintana Juan José 
Published: January 2010

The International Conference for the Protection of War Victims, held in Geneva from 31 August to 1 September 1993, urged all States to make every effort to“ensure that war crimes are duly prosecuted and do not go unpunished, and accordingly implement the provisions on the punishment of grave breaches of international humanitarian law and encourage the timely establishment of appropriate international legal machinery …”.
Recognition of the Bahrain Red Crescent Society (Circular No. 487 to the Central Committees)
Authors: Naville Marcel A. 
Published: January 2010

Ladies and Gentlemen,We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross, on 14 September 1972, officially recognized the Bahrain Red Crescent Society.The new Society formally applied for recognition by the International Committee on 16 October 1971. Its request was supported by various documents including its Statutes, the Bahrain Government Decree recognizing the Bahrain Red Crescent as a National Society auxiliary to the public authorities, a report on the Society's activities, and a copy of a letter containing a Bahrain Government statement of adherence to the Geneva Conventions.
Recognition of the Lesotho Red Cross Society (Circular No. 484 to the Central Committees
Authors: Naville Marcel A. 
Published: January 2010

We have the honour to inform you that the International Committee of the Red Cross has officially recognized the Lesotho Red Cross Society with effect from 7 September 1971.The new Society formally applied for recognition by the International Committee on 11 March 1971. Its request was supported by various documents including a copy of its Statutes and of the Act of 9 November 1967, a report on its activities and a letter containing a statement of adherence to the Statutes of the International Red Cross, received on 7 September 1971.
The principles of international humanitarian law (III)
Authors: Pictet Jean 
Published: January 2010

The word “neuter” comes from the Latin ne-uter, which means, neither the one, nor the other. Neutrality is an essentially neutral notion. It qualifies above all the abstention of someone who remains outside a conflict who does not openly express an opinion of either side.In international law, neutrality is the opposite of belligerency. It is the position adopted, in relation to two Powers at war, by a State not taking part in the struggle. The status of neutrality regulated by juridical rules and in particular by the Hague Conventions involves rights and duties. In short, it implies refraining from taking part officially, either directly or indirectly, in hostilities. In the first place, therefore, it is a concept of an essentially military character. However, as a result of a recent evolution in events and thought, some people tend to think that neutrality should also have effect in the economic sphere, in view of its importance today in the war potential of countries.
Selection for contrasting seed tocopherol content in sunflower seeds
Authors: VELASCO L. , DEL MORAL L. , PÉREZ-VICH B. , FERNÁNDEZ-MARTÍNEZ J. M. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYSunflower oil, with more than 0·9 of tocopherols in the alpha-tocopherol form, supplies more vitamin E than any other vegetable oil. Thus far, no breeding to increase vitamin E levels in sunflower seeds has been conducted. The objective of the present research was to develop sunflower lines with high and low total seed tocopherol content through evaluation and subsequent selection of a large germplasm collection (952 sunflower entries). A range of variation from 119 to 491 mg/kg was found. Selection conducted from S1 to S4 plant generations allowed the isolation of line IAST-413, with an increased tocopherol content of 467 mg/kg compared to 251 mg/kg in the control line HA89, and line IAST-522, with a reduced tocopherol content of 73 mg/kg. Another accession with potentially high tocopherol content, but completely self-incompatible, was crossed to the line HA89 followed by plant-to-row selection up to the F5 plant generation; it averaged 463 mg/kg compared to 240 mg/kg in HA89. Two field experiments carried out at Córdoba in southern Spain in 2006 and 2007 with different sowing dates confirmed that the increased tocopherol content in the selected lines was consistently expressed across environments.
Worldwide experience with sequential phase-shift sound cancellation treatment of predominant tone tinnitus
Authors: Choy D S , Lipman R A , Tassi G P 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjective:To report clinical data from six centres in the US, Western Europe and Asia which have used phase-shift sound wave cancellation for treatment of predominant tone tinnitus, from the first treatment in 2000 to 2009.Method:Clinical data were obtained from New York City, London, Erie (Pennsylvania, USA), Antwerp, Grottamare (Italy) and Kuala Lumpur, and summarised.Results:A total of 493 patients were treated. A reduction in tinnitus volume (defined as ≥6 dB) was seen in 49–72 per cent of patients.
Vitamin D, innate immunity and upper respiratory tract infection
Authors: Bartley J 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIntroduction:At the turn of the twentieth century, ultraviolet light was successfully used to treat tuberculosis of the skin. Upper respiratory tract infections had been inversely associated with sun exposure. During the last decade, basic scientific research demonstrated that vitamin D has an important anti-infective role.Method:Review of the relevant literature on the influence of vitamin D on innate immunity and respiratory tract infection.Results:Vitamin D is involved in the production of defensins and cathelicidin – antimicrobial peptides that provide a natural defence against potential microbiological pathogens. Vitamin D supplementation increases cathelicidin production. Low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections.Conclusions:Vitamin D appears to play an important role in the regulation of innate immunity in the upper respiratory tract. Optimal vitamin D levels and appropriate dosing schedules have yet to be determined.
Retropharyngeal superficial angiomyxoma
Authors: Toth A , Nemeth T , Szucs A , Szollosi Z , Sziklai I 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjective:To describe the first published case of superficial angiomyxoma with an epithelial component occurring in the retropharynx.Method:Case report of a patient with swallowing difficulties caused by a rare case of superficial angiomyxoma in the retropharynx.Results:Superficial angiomyxoma is a distinct entity among the dermal myxomatous lesions. Superficial angiomyxoma is poorly circumscribed, and local recurrence is common unless the tumour is excised with clear margins. Distinctive histological features include a myxoid mass composed of spindle and stellate-shaped cells and occasional multinucleated cells. There is prominent vasculature and a mixed inflammatory infiltrate in the stroma, particularly by neutrophil polymorphs. Epithelial structures are seen in about one-third of cases. A case of retropharyngeal tumour with morphological features of superficial angiomyxoma is reported. The tumour cells, including multinucleated ones, were negative for soft tissue differentiation markers. The inflammatory cells included lymphocytes, histiocytes and neutrophil polymorphs.Conclusion:This case demonstrates that a cutaneous type of angiomyxoma with epithelial-lined structures can occur in deep soft tissue, such as the retropharynx.
Risk Factors for Severe Child Poverty in the UK
Authors: MAGADI MONICA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDespite recent declines in child poverty in the UK, there is evidence that children from the poorest families remain a legitimate concern. Little is known about the circumstances of children in severe poverty for whom policy responses may need to be different. This study examines the extent and risk factors of severe child poverty in the UK, based on the 2004/5 Family Resources Survey. Given the multi-dimensional nature of poverty, its measurement encompasses both material deprivation (child and parent deprivation) and low household income. The results show significant regional variations in severe child poverty experience, ranging from 3 per cent of children in South and East England to 10 per cent in London. The multinomial logistic regression results conform to what might be expected, showing relatively high risks of severe poverty among children: with workless parents; whose parents have low levels of education; in large families of four or more children; from ethnic minority groups, especially of Asian origin; and in families with disabled adult(s). However, the results with respect to lone parenthood and benefit receipt do not conform to expected patterns. For instance, the overall risk of severe poverty is lower for children of lone parents, compared to those of similar background characteristics with both parents. Also, the results suggest that non-receipt of benefits in the family is associated with higher likelihood of experience of severe child poverty, an issue that requires policy attention and is worth investigating in future research.
Explaining more by drawing on less
Authors: Hahn Ulrike 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOne of the most striking features of “Bayesian rationality” is the detail with which behavior on logical reasoning tasks can now be predicted and explained. This detail is surprising, given the state of the field 10 to 15 years ago, and it has been brought about by a theoretical program that largely ignores consideration of cognitive processes, that is, any kind of internal behavior that generates overt responding. It seems that an increase in explanatory power can be achieved by restricting a psychological theory.
Human capital convergence in Latin America: 1950–2000
Authors: Villarroya Isabel Sanz 
Published: January 2010

ResumenUsando la información contenida en las Penn World Table las estadísticas de la CEPAL y la base de datos OLAD para el periodo 1950–2000, y considerando una muestra de 18 países Latinoamericanos, este artículo pretende estudiar el proceso de convergencia que se da entre ellos. Los resultados obtenidos utilizando técnicas de datos de panel nos permiten hablar de convergencia sólo en un sentido condicional. Realmente, encontramos que el principal factor que explica el proceso de crecimiento y convergencia en esta región es el nivel de capital humano. Esta variable ha sido construida usando la metodología de Componentes Principales y tomando en consideración variables tales como la tasa de matrícula en educación primaria y secundaria, el número de habitantes por médico, la esperanza de vida, la mortalidad infantil y la tasa de dependencia.
Growth and structural change in Spain, 1850–2000: a european perspective
Authors: de la Escosura Leandro Prados 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEn este ensayo se examina el progreso económico a largo plazo de la España contemporánea y se sitúa en perspectiva europea. En siglo y medio, la renta per capita aumentó quince veces. Tres grandes fases pueden distinguirse: 1850–1950, 1951–1974 y 1975–2000. El peor comportamiento relativo de España en el largo plazo se debió fundamentalmente al lento crecimiento durante etapas concretas del siglo anterior a 1950. En la segunda mitad del siglo XX, y en particular, durante 1959–1974, España acortó distancias. El cambio estructural contribuyó significativamente a la aceleración del crecimiento, en tanto la falta de exposición a la competencia internacional constituyó un elemento recurrente de atraso.
Spanish savings banks and the competitive cooperation model (1928–2002)
Authors: Comín Francisco 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEste artículo examina la relación existente entre la naturaleza de las Cajas de Ahorros y su éxito en términos de cuotas de mercado durante el siglo XX. Analiza los factores clave que han posibilitado este éxito competitivo de las Cajas de Ahorros, tales como: su capacidad para promover el ahorro, cooperar con la política económica del gobierno, adaptarse a circunstancias cambiantes, operar en áreas geográficas concretas y cooperar entre ellas. Finalmente, el artículo se centra en el factor mencionado en último lugar. Se recurre al modelo de cooperación competitiva para explicar el destacado papel desempeñado por la Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros para hacer posible la alianza estratégica entre las Cajas de Ahorros españolas.
Desigualdad y especialización en el crecimiento de las economías templadas de nuevo asentamiento, 1870–1940
Authors: Willebald Henry 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEste trabajo propone analizar el comportamiento de la distribución del ingreso y la riqueza en las economías templadas de reciente colonización europea para evaluar de qué forma sus condiciones de conformación dieron lugar a determinada configuración productivo-comercialy, a la postre, a la dinámica de largo plazo.Se consideran dos canales para interpretar las relaciones entre patrón distributivo y estructura productivo-comercial —la demanda agregada y los factores institucionales y geográficos— y el análisis se concentra en cuatro de las causas próximas de la especialización: la capacidad de aprendizaje, la innovación y el progreso técnico, la acumulación de capital físico y la formación de capital humano. Se adopta una perspectiva comparada para encontrar diferencias relevantes en el desarrollo de las economías templadas de reciente colonización europea durante el período 1870–1940. Primeramente se realiza una panorámica histórica y, luego, ejercicios econométricos que, de modo indicativo, procuran complementar la visión anterior. La evidencia señala que economías con alta inequidad tienden a conformar una estructura económica con reducida incorporación de conocimiento en la producción y bajo valor agregado. En consecuencia, evidencian peores desempeños en el largo plazo que otras economías que presentan un patrón distributivo más equitativo.
Incentives or obstacles? institutional aspects of the cork business in the Iberian Peninsula (1930–1975)
Authors: Branco Amélia , Parejo Francisco M. 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENEl análisis cuantitativo y comparativo de las exportaciones corcheras españolas y portuguesas durante el siglo XX muestra que España perdió el liderazgo en el comercio mundial de manufacturas del corcho en beneficio de Portugal, que pasó a ocupar la primera posición en este comercio. Este artículo trata de avanzar en la identificación de los aspectos institucionales que estuvieron detrás de las diferentes trayectorias seguidas por el negocio corchero en los dos países entre 1930 y 1975. Partiendo del análisis comparativo del marco legal y de las políticas económicas que afectaron a las distintas vertientes del negocio corchero durante las dictaduras ibéricas, se argumenta que fue diferente la atención prestada por Salazar y Franco al sector del corcho. Finalmente, se concluye que los aspectos institucionales pueden explicar una parte de la pérdida de competitividad de las exportaciones españolas respecto a las portuguesas, en la medida en que influyeron en el grado de inserción de las respectivas economías en los flujos de comercio internacional, y que afectaron a los costes de producción de esta industria.
Instituciones y políticas en eldecliveeconómico de Uruguay durante el siglo xx
Authors: París Gabriel Oddone 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENDurante el siglo XX, especialmente en la segunda mitad, Uruguay asiste a un prolongado declive económico. A partir de la segunda posguerra las instituciones económicas y las políticas adoptadas no fueron capaces de crear un clima favorable para que el crecimiento y el desarrollo tuvieran lugar. Este artículo presenta evidencia que permite afirmar que factores institucionales habrían contribuido a explicar un pobre crecimiento del PIB, así como una elevada volatilidad cíclica entre 1920 y 2001. Entre estos factores sobresalen el debilitamiento del poder político de los gobiernos, la mayor fraccionalización del sistema político, una política monetaria excesivamente discrecional y la presencia de ciclos políticos de tipo oportunista en las políticas macroeconómicas.
Primary education and fiscal policy in Mid-19th century Chile: in search of a Balance
Authors: Couyoumdjian Juan Pablo 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENEn este trabajo examinamos una propuesta sobre la organización de un sistema de instrucción primaria en Chile presentada por el entonces diputado Manuel Montt. Este proyecto representó una iniciativa muy anhelada en favor de la difusión de la educación en Chile, a la vez que involucró un diseño organizacional bastante radical. En la medida que el proyecto incluía consideraciones relativas al financiamiento del sistema, éste parece también relevante en cuanto al tema de la organización de la estructura fiscal de Chile. Aunque la propuesta de Montt fue finalmente desechada, las discusiones que ella suscitó constituyen un marco muy ilustrativo para debates fundamentales respecto de las bases de un sistema fiscal en el Chile del siglo XIX.
The spanish trade in american cotton: atlantic synergies in the Age of Enlightenment
Authors: Thomson J. K. J. 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENEste artículo documenta e interpreta el comercio español en algodón americano que se desarrolló entre los años 1740 y 1790. Siguiendo un análisis historiográfico concerniente a este comercio, aporta datos sobre la cantidad importada, el Estado, con o sin pepita, en que se introducía, sus orígenes en el imperio americano, las medidas para su transporte marítimo, sus costes de flete y los precios pagados en España. Muestra que el crecimiento de este comercio está relacionado con un incremento en la demanda para el algodón en rama durante los primeras etapas de la industrialización catalana cuya satisfacción fue facilitada por las reformas introducidas en el sistema colonial hispánico.
La fiabilidad de la asignación geográfica en las estadísticas de comercio exterior: América Latina y el Caribe (1908–1930)
Authors: Carreras-Marín Anna , Badia-Miró Marc 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe statistical accuracy of Historical Foreign Trade Sources has been stated by Federico and Tena (1991) and Tena (1985, 19991 y 1992). This article follows his works in the most suspect field: geographical distribution. We have use Latin American Coal Trade Data among 1908–1930. Most international trade, considering weight, was coal trade; meanwhile it is an ideal product to isolate geographical effects. Statistical disagreements persistence makes us to think this is not a random phenomenon. We have specified an econometric model based on distance. Results show that including geography we can understand statistical disagreements. As a consequence Latin American Sources appear reasonably accurate, considering its geographical pattern.
Women's Paid Work in an Urban Developing Economy. Barcelona in 1930
Authors: Domènech Jordi , Elu-Terán Alexander 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper we explore the determinants of women's work using data from Barcelona in 1930. Although participation rates were much lower in Barcelona than in cities in the UK or the US at roughly the same time, our estimates of the labour supply suggest women in Barcelona did respond to wage incentives. The most distinguishable feature of the household division of labour in Barcelona is the lack of substitution effects among family members, especially among women. The sensitivity of the participation of each individual woman to the participation of other members of the household might indicate that labour markets were highly segmented and anticipates the existence of large differences in household earnings and welfare. We argue that the persistence of labour-intensive methods of production requiring on-the-job training might explain the type of household division of labour that we find in Barcelona.
Ciclos de vida en empresas de servicios públicos. Las compañías norteamericanas y británicas de electricidad en Argentina, 1887–1950
Authors: Lanciotti Norma Silvana 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuring the first half of the 20th century, most electric utilities were owned by foreign companies in Latin America as well as in Argentina, where the electric system was managed by firms of different nationalities and types. After comparing the trajectories of the firms, the article explores the causes of the unsuccessful performance of the electric utilities managed by British and American companies in Argentina. The results show that the life-cycles of electric utility companies greatly diverged according to their style of management and financing, the entry into the market, and the level of capitalization and technology applied to electrical networks.
Globalization, de-industrialization and underdevelopment in the third world before the modern era
Authors: Williamson Jeffrey G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBetween 1810 and 1940, a large GDP per capita gap appeared between the industrial core and the poor periphery, the latter producing, increasingly, primary products. Over the same period, the terms of trade facing the periphery underwent a secular boom then bust, peaking in the 1870s or 1890s. These terms of trade trends appear to have been exogenous to the periphery. Additionally, the terms of trade facing the periphery exhibited relatively high volatility. Are these correlations spurious, or are they causal? This Figuerola Lecture, to be given at Carlos III University (Madrid), argues that they are causal, that secular growth and volatility in the terms of trade had asymmetric effects on core and periphery. On the upswing, the secular rise in its terms of trade had powerful de-industrialization effects in the periphery. Over the full cycle 1810–1940, terms of trade volatility suppressed accumulation and growth in the periphery as well.
La imagen económica de la España de Carlos III: Joseph Townsend, Alexander Jardine y los economistas españoles
Authors: Ramos Gorostiza José Luis 
Published: January 2010

ResumenDe entre todos los viajeros británicos que visitaron España en el siglo XVIII, Alexander Jardine y Joseph Townsend fueron los que realizaron los itinerarios más completos y los que más atención prestaron al análisis de la realidad socioe-conómica. En su identificación de los problemas económicos específicos coinci-den esencialmente con los ilustrados españoles, y particularmente con Campomanes, cuya obra toman como referente básico. Sin embargo, a la hora de enjuiciar la situación económica general, el sistema político y ciertas actitudes gubernamentales basadas aún en planteamientos mercantilistas, surgen discrepancias entre los viajeros y los ilustrados. El gradualismo reformista de estos últimos choca entonces con los planteamientos de transformación profunda del orden político y social que hacían los viajeros. Asimismo, el optimismo de los ilustrados respecto a las posibilidades de crecimiento de la economía española contrastaba con la negativa visión global de los viajeros.