bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WITHDRAWAL OF ARTIFICIAL NUTRITION AND HYDRATION FOR PATIENTS IN A PERMANENT VEGETATIVE STATE: CHANGING TACK
Authors: CONSTABLE CATHERINE 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn the United States, the decision of whether to withdraw or continue to provide artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) for patients in a permanent vegetative state (PVS) is placed largely in the hands of surrogate decision‐makers, such as spouses and immediate family members. This practice would seem to be consistent with a strong national emphasis on autonomy and patient‐centered healthcare. When there is ambiguity as to the patient's advanced wishes, the presumption has been that decisions should weigh in favor of maintaining life, and therefore, that it is the withdrawal rather than the continuation of ANH that requires particular justification. I will argue that this default position should be reversed. Instead, I will argue that the burden of justification lies with those who would continue artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH), and in the absence of knowledge as to the patient's advanced wishes, it is better to discontinue ANH. In particular, I will argue that among patients in PVS, there is not a compelling interest in being kept alive; that in general, we commit a worse violation of autonomy by continuing ANH when the patient's wishes are unknown; and that more likely than not, the maintenance of ANH as a bridge to a theoretical future time of recovery goes against the best interests of the patient.
ON TAYLOR'S JUSTIFICATION OF MEDICAL INFORMED CONSENT
Authors: VARELIUS JUKKA 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn contemporary Western biomedical ethics, informed consent practices are commonly justified in terms of the intrinsic value of patient autonomy. James Stacey Taylor maintains that this conception of the moral grounding of medical informed consent is mistaken. On the basis of his reasoning to that effect, Taylor argues that medical informed consent is justified by the instrumental value of personal autonomy. In this article, I examine whether Taylor's justification of medical informed consent is plausible.
TOTAL BRAIN DEATH: A REPLY TO ALAN SHEWMON
Authors: LEE PATRICK , GRISEZ GERMAIN 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTD. Alan Shewmon has advanced a well‐documented challenge to the widely accepted total brain death criterion for death of the human being. We show that Shewmon's argument against this criterion is unsound, though he does refute the standard argument for that criterion. We advance a distinct argument for the total brain death criterion and answer likely objections. Since human beings are rational animals – sentient organisms of a specific type – the loss of the radical capacity for sentience (the capacity to sense or to develop the capacity to sense) involves a substantial change, the passing away of the human organism. In human beings total brain death involves the complete loss of the radical capacity for sentience, and so in human beings total brain death is death.
EXPLOITATIONS AND THEIR COMPLICATIONS: THE NECESSITY OF IDENTIFYING THE MULTIPLE FORMS OF EXPLOITATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL TRIALS
Authors: SNYDER JEREMY 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTHuman subject trials of pharmaceuticals in low and middle income countries (LMICs) have been associated with the moral wrong of exploitation on two grounds. First, these trials may include a placebo control arm even when proven treatments for a condition are in use in other (usually wealthier) parts of the world. Second, the trial researchers or sponsors may fail to make a successful treatment developed through the trial available to either the trial participants or the host community following the trial.Many commentators have argued that a single form of exploitation takes place during human subject research in LMICs. These commentators do not, however, agree as to what kind of moral wrong exploitation is or when exploitation is morally impermissible. In this paper, I have two primary goals. First, I will argue for a taxonomy of exploitation that identifies three distinct forms of exploitation. While each of these forms of exploitation has its critics, I will argue that they can each be developed into plausible accounts of exploitation tied to different vulnerabilities and different forms of wrongdoing. Second, I will argue that each of these forms of exploitation can coexist in single situations, including human subject trials of pharmaceuticals. This lesson is important, since different forms of exploitation in a single relationship can influence, among other things, whether the relationship is morally permissible.
ORPHANED AT CONCEPTION: THE UNCANNY OFFSPRING OF EMBRYOS
Authors: SPARROW ROBERT 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTA number of advances in assisted reproduction have been greeted by the accusation that they would produce children ‘without parents’. In this paper I will argue that while to date these accusations have been false, there is a limited but important sense in which they would be true of children born of a reproductive technology that is now on the horizon. If our genetic parents are those individuals from whom we have inherited 50% of our genes, then, unlike in any other reproductive scenario, children who were conceived from gametes derived from stem cell lines derived from discarded IVF embryos would have no genetic parents! This paper defends this claim and investigates its ethical implications. I argue that there are reasons to think that the creation of such embryos might be morally superior to the existing alternatives in an important set of circumstances.
AN UNDIGNIFIED BIOETHICS: THERE IS NO METHOD IN THIS MADNESS
Authors: DE MELO‐MARTÍN INMACULADA 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIn a recent article, Alasdair Cochrane argues for the need to have an undignified bioethics. His is not, of course, a call to transform bioethics into an inelegant, pathetic discipline, or one failing to meet appropriate disciplinary standards. His is a call to simply eliminate the concept of human dignity from bioethical discourse. Here I argue that he fails to make his case. I first show that several of the flaws that Cochrane identifies are not flaws of the conceptions of dignity he discusses but rather flaws of his, often problematic, understanding of such conceptions. Second, I argue that Cochrane's case against the concept of human dignity goes too far. I thus show that were one to agree that these are indeed flaws that require that we discard our ethical concepts, then following Cochrane's recommendations would commit us not only to an undignified bioethics, i.e. a bioethics without dignity, but to a bioethics without much ethics at all.
“I Did Not Wash My Feet with that Woman”: Using Dramatic Performance to Teach Biblical Studies
Authors: Torbett David 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe student dramatic performance is an effective way for undergraduates to learn biblical studies. In this article I will give an example of a dramatic performance assignment that I developed over a number of courses and used most recently and most successfully in an undergraduate course in the Hebrew Bible at a small liberal arts college in the Midwest/Appalachian region in 2008. Drawing on my own experience as a teacher, as well as on the ideas of philosophers, educators, playwrights, and biblical scholars, I will explain why such performances are effective teaching tools. I will also give guidance on how to use dramatic performances effectively. I intend to show that the success of this assignment depends on, and ultimately validates, two basic trusts: trust in the intellectual and creative capacity of students, as well as trust in the wealth of meaning in the biblical text.
Erotic Education: Elaborating a Feminist and Faith‐Based Pedagogy for Experiential Learning in Religious Studies
Authors: Carbine Rosemary P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay explores intersections among Jesuit, Quaker, and feminist theologies and pedagogies of social justice education in order to propose and elaborate an innovative theoretical and theological framework for experiential learning in religious studies that prioritizes relationality, called erotic education. This essay then applies the relational rationale of erotic education to interpret the author's design of a service or community‐based learning component in a course about contemporary U.S. Christian social justice movements, offered in both religiously‐affiliated and religiously‐inspired liberal arts colleges. The course case study not only chronicles the author's evolving pedagogical praxis as a feminist theologian teaching in Jesuit and Quaker institutions, but also is grounded in how the author's course embodies erotic education, that is, how specific objectives, learning practices, and assignments build and bolster relationships among students (in peer‐to‐peer small groups inside and outside the classroom) as well as among students and their community sites. In developing this framework and implementing it within this particular course, the author argues that erotic education emphasizes the naming and training of our existential desires for interpersonal relations in order to upbuild not only the individual but also the common good.
A Spectrum Pedagogy for Christian Ethics: Respecting Difference without Resorting to Relativism
Authors: Heim Joel J. , Scovill Nelia Beth 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of a newly developed spectrum pedagogy of Christian ethics that emerged from the authors' experience of teaching a contemporary Christian ethics course for seven years. A spectrum pedagogy is a comprehensive approach to teaching Christian ethics that combines the modeling of key dispositions using specific tools (issue‐specific spectrums and ethical theories) and learning experiences (engaging multiple positions and responding to concrete situations). The pedagogy gains its name from the issue‐specific spectrums used by instructors to orient students to contemporary debate on a given issue and by students in their ethical reflection. The goal of this pedagogy is to empower students to construct their own responses while respecting differing viewpoints without resorting to relativism. This article surveys the essential elements of a “spectrum pedagogy,” describes its implementation into a semester‐long course, and identifies multiple benefits of using this pedagogy.
Manchester's Bust Regime?
Authors: HARDING ALAN , HARLOE MICHAEL , REES JAMES 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis essay updates the once vibrant political economy literature on Manchester and argues that good governance, as well as good fortune, underpinned an uneven but strong urban‐regional renaissance from the late 1980s through the economic boom period leading up to the financial crisis. After establishing the case for making this claim, it goes on to consider the extent to which Manchester and its broader city‐region has proven resilient in the face of recession and is likely to be affected by the fall‐out that will result from UK government attempts to manage the second phase of the crisis through swingeing public expenditure cuts and fundamental policy realignment. It concludes by anticipating whether a radically changed economic and political environment is likely to lead to the continuation, collapse or recalibration of Manchester's unique and emergent city‐regional governance arrangements.Résumé Réactualisant les textes d’économie politique autrefois enflammés qui traitaient du cas de Manchester, cet article affirme qu’une bonne gouvernance, alliée à un peu de chance, a pu étayer une renaissance, inégale mais solide, de cette région métropolitaine à partir de la fin des années 1980 et tout au long de la période d’essor économique qui a précédé la crise financière. Après avoir présenté les arguments à l’appui de cette affirmation, il s’intéresse à la mesure dans laquelle Manchester et sa région métropolitaine ont su résister à la récession, mais risquent d’être affectées par les répercussions des tentatives du gouvernement britannique cherchant à gérer la deuxième phase de la crise au moyen de coupes sombres dans les dépenses publiques et d’un réalignement fondamental de l’action publique. La conclusion étudie si, dans un contexte économique et politique totalement différent, les dispositifs uniques de gouvernance de Manchester qui s’instauraient à l’échelon de la région métropolitaine sont susceptibles de perdurer, de se disloquer ou de se reconfigurer.
One‐stage reconstruction of deep facial defects with a single layer dermal regeneration template
Authors: Koenen W. , Felcht M. , Vockenroth K. , Sassmann G. , Goerdt S. , Faulhaber J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  The reconstruction of deep facial wounds in oncological surgery is challenging. Especially for elderly multimorbid patients, a rapid procedure with acceptable aesthetic and reliable functional outcome is required. Recently, a new single layer skin substitute was developed. Integra® dermal regeneration template single layer (IDRT‐SL) allows one‐stage surgery in combination with split thickness skin grafting. However, no study has yet analysed the efficiency of IDRT‐SL treatment.Objectives  To evaluate applicability and efficiency of the IDRT‐SL treatment in combination with split thickness skin grafting for a one‐step closure of deep facial surgical wounds in elderly multimorbid patients.Patients/Methods  This prospective study analysed the functional and aesthetic outcome after reconstruction with an IDRT‐SL template and an immediate split thickness skin graft in the face (80 ± 3 years; >3 concomitant diseases).Results  Nine tumours, four basal cell carcinoma, two lentigo maligna, one spinal cell carcinoma, one lentigo maligna melanoma and one Bowen carcinoma were resected. Five defects were located on the nose and four on the cheek. The mean defect size was 11 ± 3 cm2. All but one graft were taken completely without any complication. One patient suffered from a partial graft loss (30%). All defects showed significant shrinkage of 61 ± 4%.Conclusions  One‐stage reconstruction with a combination of IDRT‐SL and split thickness skin grafting is an elegant, easy and rapid method to treat deep skin defects. The take rates, functional and early cosmetic outcome are promising. This new method should be considered for selected cases of elderly multimorbid patients with deep facial wounds.
Evidence of the efficacy of alcohol lavage in the phenolization treatment of ingrown toenails
Authors: Cordoba Diaz D. , Losa Iglesias M.E. , Cordoba Diaz M. , Becerro de Bengoa Vallejo R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground  For treatment of ingrown toenails, a phenolization is often chosen. Many reports describe an intra‐operative irrigation or lavage of the wound with various types of alcohol to neutralize any residual phenol from this treatment. There are conflicting reports in the literature as to whether a true neutralization is required or merely effective removal of excess phenol.Objective  The aim of our study was to analyse the suitability and effectiveness of the alcohol lavage step during the treatment of ingrown toenails with a phenolization procedure.Methods  We performed an in vitro study using human skin and a diffusion cell apparatus to measure the amount of phenol remaining after various lavage washes. The effect of phenol evaporation was also examined.Results  There was no measurable amount of phenol collected after each experiment, suggesting that diffusion of phenol through the skin does not exist. The open compartment test had significantly less phenol recovered compared with the occluded compartment test, indicating phenol evaporation.Study limitations  None.Conclusions  An alcohol lavage step after the phenolization procedure can be a suitable and effective means of diluting and removing any excess or residual phenol from the exposed area.
Neighbourhood Europeanization through ENP: The Case of Ukraine
Authors: GAWRICH ANDREA , MELNYKOVSKA INNA , SCHWEICKERT RAINER 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article contributes to the integration of Neighbourhood Europeanization in the literature on Europeanization. Based on insights from Membership and Enlargement Europeanization, we reveal important inconsistencies of Neighbourhood Europeanization through ENP as well as a lack of robust empirical support for its effectiveness. We define core dimensions and determinants of Neighbourhood Europeanization and implement this analytical framework for the case of Ukraine. The analysis clearly demonstrates substantial asymmetries in ENP policy across the three dimensions we chose – democracy promotion, economic co‐operation and JHA, which clearly reflect the inconsistency of the ENP concept: top‐down formulation of EU interests combined with weak conditionality. ENP inconsistencies could however be overcome through widening linkages and improving financial support to mobilize and strengthen positive local support of EU demands and rewards.
Uneven Integration: Economic and Monetary Union in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: EPSTEIN RACHEL A. , JOHNSON JULIET 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough central and eastern European states widely adopted central bank independence in the 1990s, many later baulked at meeting the Maastricht criteria and adopting the euro. We employ two key variables – regime and institutional discontinuity at the domestic level and the credibility of international institutions' policies – to explain these different responses to the requirements of economic and monetary union.
Service Liberalization in the Enlarged EU: A Race to the Bottom or the Emergence of Transnational Political Conflict?
Authors: LINDSTROM NICOLE 
Published: October 2010

AbstractConcerns that eastward enlargement will spur a race to the bottom in wages and social protection figured prominently in two cases before the ECJ: Laval and Viking. Each case considered whether industrial action to uphold collective bargaining agreements violate single market laws. Government observations divided between old and new Member States, with the former supporting the unions' position and the latter the employers'. With the ECJ ultimately ruling with the employers and against the expressed preferences of most old Member States and unions, the rulings furthered the cause of liberalization in the enlarged EU, but also mobilized political opposition.
Mission Impossible? The Potential for Franco–German Leadership in the Enlarged EU
Authors: SCHILD JOACHIM 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article examines the potential for Franco–German leadership in the EU‐27. Leadership in the sense of shared leadership to achieve collective European goals can be exercised in different ways: by promoting the deepening and/or widening of European integration, by the active search for European compromises on disputed issues or by means of crisis management in European affairs. The Franco–German potential for performing such a leading role inside the European Union can be seen as being a function of French and German formal and informal power resources, of the shape of the institutional environments in different EU policy fields, of the prevailing preference configurations and issue coalitions in the Council and of the deliberate political strategies of French and German political leaders. The article analyses how far the enlargement of the European Union to 27 Member States has eroded the combined leadership capacities of France and Germany. Under specific conditions and circumstances – which should be less frequent in the EU‐27 than before – the two European core countries might still be able to provide the kind of leadership which an enlarged Union needs perhaps more than ever.
Leaf traits and decomposition in tropical rainforests: revisiting some commonly held views and towards a new hypothesis
Authors: Hättenschwiler Stephan , Coq Sylvain , Barantal Sandra , Handa Ira Tanya 
Published: October 2010

SummaryProper estimates of decomposition are essential for tropical forests, given their key role in the global carbon (C) cycle. However, the current paradigm for litter decomposition is insufficient to account for recent observations and may limit model predictions for highly diverse tropical ecosystems. In light of recent findings from a nutrient‐poor Amazonian rainforest, we revisit the commonly held views that: litter traits are a mere legacy of live leaf traits; nitrogen (N) and lignin are the key litter traits controlling decomposition; and favourable climatic conditions result in rapid decomposition in tropical forests. Substantial interspecific variation in litter phosphorus (P) was found to be unrelated to variation in green leaves. Litter nutrients explained no variation in decomposition, which instead was controlled primarily by nonlignin litter C compounds at low concentrations with important soil fauna effects. Despite near‐optimal climatic conditions, tropical litter decomposition proceeded more slowly than in a climatically less favourable temperate forest. We suggest that slow decomposition in the studied rainforest results from a syndrome of poor litter C quality beyond a simple lignin control, enforcing energy starvation of decomposers. We hypothesize that the litter trait syndrome in nutrient‐poor tropical rainforests may have evolved to increase plant access to limiting nutrients via mycorrhizal associations.
Doping and musculoskeletal system: short‐term and long‐lasting effects of doping agents
Authors: Nikolopoulos Dimitrios D. , Spiliopoulou Chara , Theocharis Stamatios E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDoping is a problem that has plagued the world of competition and sports for ages. Even before the dawn of Olympic history in ancient Greece, competitors have looked for artificial means to improve athletic performance. Since ancient times, athletes have attempted to gain an unfair competitive advantage through the use of doping substances. A Prohibited List of doping substances and methods banned in sports is published yearly by the World Anti‐Doping Agency. Among the substances included are steroidal and peptide hormones and their modulators, stimulants, glucocorticosteroids, β2‐agonists, diuretics and masking agents, narcotics, and cannabinoids. Blood doping, tampering, infusions, and gene doping are examples of prohibited methods indicated on the List. Apart from the unethical aspect of doping, as it abrogates fair‐play’s principle, it is extremely important to consider the hazards it presents to the health and well‐being of athletes. The referred negative effects for the athlete’s health have to do, on the one hand, by the high doses of the performance‐enhancing agents and on the other hand, by the relentless, superhuman strict training that the elite or amateur athletes put their muscles, bones, and joints. The purpose of this article is to highlight the early and the long‐lasting consequences of the doping abuse on bone and muscle metabolism.
Recipes for Theory Making
Authors: Heldke Lisa 
Published: October 2010

This is a paper about philosophical inquiry and cooking. In it, I suggest that thinking about cooking can illuminate our understanding of other forms of inquiry. Specifically, I think it provides us with one way to circumvent the dilemma of absolutism and relativism.The paper is divided into two sections. In the first, I sketch the background against which my project is situated. In the second, I develop an account of cooking as inquiry, by exploring five aspects of recipe creation and use.