bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Hepatic Glucose Uptake
Authors: Taylor Roy , Shulman Gerald I. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Homeostatic MechanismsOverviewInsulinGlucagonNoninsulin/Glucagon Regulation of Hepatic Glucose ProductionMetabolism in the Postprandial StateOverviewHepatic Glycogen Storage after EatingSource of Glucose Carbon for Glycogen SynthesisModulation of Hepatic Glucose Uptake by a Portal SignalTurnover of Liver Glycogen StoresNormal Diurnal Fluctuation in Hepatic Glycogen ContentEffect of Eating on Hepatic Glucose ProductionMetabolism in the Postabsorptive StateOverviewGluconeogenesisGlycogenolysisEarly Adaptation to StarvationNature's ExperimentsGlycogen Storage DiseaseDiabetesCirrhosisPregnancy
The Metabolic Actions of Growth Hormone
Authors: Goodman H. Maurice 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Growth Hormone as a Metabolic HormoneHistorical BackgroundGrowth Hormone and Insulin‐like Growth Factor 1Biochemical Interrelationships: The Glucose‐Fatty Acid CycleMetabolic Effects of Growth Hormone as Revealed in Whole Body StudiesChronic Long‐Term EffectsShort‐Term Effects of Growth Hormone as Studied in VivoEffects of Growth Hormone on Individual Target TissuesLiverMuscleAdipose TissuePancreatic Beta CellsUnresolved IssuesDoes Insulin‐like Growth Factor 1 Mediate the Metabolic Effects of Growth Hormone?Growth Hormone and Insulin SensitivityDo All of the Responses to Growth Hormone Arise from a Single Interaction of Growth Hormone with Its Receptor?Biological Activities of Growth Hormone FragmentsSummary, Conclusions, and Future Directions
Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Islet Cell Hormone Metabolic Actions
Authors: Clarke Bart L. , Degroot Leslie J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Molecular Actions of Thyroid HormoneThyroid Hormone Regulation of Growth and DevelopmentExtrahypothalamic Thyrotropin‐Releasing HormoneMetabolic Actions of Islet Cell HormonesInsulinGlucagonAmylinCalcitonin Gene‐Related PeptideSomatostatinPancreatic PolypeptideThyroid Hormone Regulation of Insulin Metabolic ActionsEuthyroidismHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismThyroid Hormone Regulation of Glucagon Metabolic ActionsHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismThyroid Hormone Regulation of Somatostatin Metabolic ActionsHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismThyroid Hormone Regulation of Pancreatic Polypeptide Metabolic ActionsSummary and Conclusions
The Prevention and Correction of Hypoglycemia
Authors: Cryer Philip E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Systemic Glucose BalancePostabsorptive StatePostprandial StateExerciseOther ConditionsPhysiological Responses to HypoglycemiaHormonal, Neural and Substrate ResponsesSymptoms, Cognitive Dysfunction and SignsGlycemic ThresholdsImpact of Substrates other than GlucosePhysiological Actions of Glucoregulatory FactorsRegulatory Factor: InsulinCounterregulatory FactorsIntegrated Physiology of Glucose CounterregulationCorrection of HypoglycemiaPrevention of HypoglycemiaInsight from PathophysiologyHierarchy of the Redundant Glucose‐Counterregulatory FactorsSummary
Comparison between supervised and unsupervised classifications of neuronal cell types: A case study
Authors: Guerra Luis , McGarry Laura M. , Robles Víctor , Bielza Concha , Larrañaga Pedro , Yuste Rafael 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn the study of neural circuits, it becomes essential to discern the different neuronal cell types that build the circuit. Traditionally, neuronal cell types have been classified using qualitative descriptors. More recently, several attempts have been made to classify neurons quantitatively, using unsupervised clustering methods. While useful, these algorithms do not take advantage of previous information known to the investigator, which could improve the classification task. For neocortical GABAergic interneurons, the problem to discern among different cell types is particularly difficult and better methods are needed to perform objective classifications. Here we explore the use of supervised classification algorithms to classify neurons based on their morphological features, using a database of 128 pyramidal cells and 199 interneurons from mouse neocortex. To evaluate the performance of different algorithms we used, as a “benchmark,” the test to automatically distinguish between pyramidal cells and interneurons, defining “ground truth” by the presence or absence of an apical dendrite. We compared hierarchical clustering with a battery of different supervised classification algorithms, finding that supervised classifications outperformed hierarchical clustering. In addition, the selection of subsets of distinguishing features enhanced the classification accuracy for both sets of algorithms. The analysis of selected variables indicates that dendritic features were most useful to distinguish pyramidal cells from interneurons when compared with somatic and axonal morphological variables. We conclude that supervised classification algorithms are better matched to the general problem of distinguishing neuronal cell types when some information on these cell groups, in our case being pyramidal or interneuron, is knowna priori. As a spin‐off of this methodological study, we provide several methods to automatically distinguish neocortical pyramidal cells from interneurons, based on their morphologies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 71–82, 2011
Activity‐dependent changes in the firing properties of neocortical fast‐spiking interneurons in the absence of large changes in gene expression
Authors: Miller Mark N. , Okaty Benjamin W. , Kato Saori , Nelson Sacha B. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe diverse cell types that comprise neocortical circuits each have characteristic integrative and firing properties that are specialized to perform specific functions within the network. Parvalbumin‐positive fast‐spiking (FS) interneurons are a particularly specialized cortical cell‐type that controls the dynamics of ongoing activity and prevents runaway excitation by virtue of remarkably high firing rates, a feature that is permitted by narrow action potentials and the absence of spike‐frequency adaptation. Although several neuronal intrinsic membrane properties undergo activity‐dependent plasticity, the role of network activity in shaping and maintaining specialized, cell‐type‐specific firing properties is unknown. We tested whether the specialized firing properties of mature FS interneurons are sensitive to activity perturbations by inactivating a portion of motor cortex in vivo for 48 h and measuring resulting plasticity of FS intrinsic and firing properties with whole‐cell recording in acute slices. Many of the characteristic properties of FS interneurons, including nonadapting high‐frequency spiking and narrow action potentials, were profoundly affected by activity deprivation both at an age just after maturation of FS firing properties and also a week after their maturation. Using microarray screening, we determined that although normal maturation of FS electrophysiological specializations is accompanied by large‐scale transcriptional changes, the effects of deprivation on the same specializations involve more modest transcriptional changes, and may instead be primarily mediated by post‐transcriptional mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 62–70, 2011
Interneurons in the developing human neocortex
Authors: Zecevic Nada , Hu Frances , Jakovcevski Igor 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCortical interneurons play a crucial role in the functioning of cortical microcircuitry as they provide inhibitory input to projection (pyramidal) neurons. Despite their involvement in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, our knowledge about their development in human cerebral cortex is still incomplete. Here we demonstrate that at the beginning of corticogenesis, at embryonic 5 gestation weeks (gw, Carnegie stage 16) in human, early neurons could be labeled with calretinin, calbindin, and GABA antibodies. These immunolabeled cells show a gradient from the ganglionic eminences (GE) toward the neocortex, suggesting that GE is a well conserved source of early born cortical interneurons from rodents to human. At mid‐term (20 gw), however, a subset of calretinin+ cells proliferates in the cortical subventricular zone (SVZ), suggesting a second set of interneuron progenitors that have neocortical origin. Neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, or parvalbumin cells are sparse in mid‐term cerebral cortex. In addition to the early source of cortical interneurons in the GE and later in the neocortical SVZ, other regions, such as the subpial granular layer, may also contribute to the population of human cortical interneurons. In conclusion, our findings from cryosections and previous in vitro results suggest that cortical interneuron progenitor population is more complex in humans relative to rodents. The increased complexity of progenitors is probably evolutionary adaptation necessary for development of the higher brain functions characteristic to humans. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 18–33, 2011
Cholecystokinin: A multi‐functional molecular switch of neuronal circuits
Authors: Lee Soo Yeun , Soltesz Ivan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide originally discovered in the gastrointestinal tract, is one of the most abundant and widely distributed neuropeptides in the brain. In spite of its abundance, recent data indicate that CCK modulates intrinsic neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission in a surprisingly cell‐type specific manner, acting as a key molecular switch to regulate the functional output of neuronal circuits. The central importance of CCK in neuronal networks is also reflected in its involvement in a variety of neuropsychiatric andneurological disorders including panic attacks and epilepsy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 83–91, 2011
Origins of neocortical interneurons in mice
Authors: Welagen Jelle , Anderson Stewart 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGABAergic interneurons influence the development and function of the cerebral cortex through the actions of a variety of subtypes. Despite the relevance to cortical function and dysfunction, including seizure disorders and neuropsychiatric illnesses, the molecular determinants of interneuron fate remain largely unidentified. Challenges to this endeavor include the difficulty of studying fate determination of cells that even in rodents do not fully mature until weeks after their embryonic birth. However, in recent years a strong literature has grown on the temporal and spatial origins of distinct interneuron groups and types. Here we seek to highlight these findings, particularly in mice. Our goal is to lay the groundwork for future studies that use mouse genetics to study cortical interneuron fate determination and function. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 10–17, 2011
Migration and ramification of microglia in quail embryo retina organotypic cultures
Authors: Carrasco Maria‐Carmen , Navascués Julio , Cuadros Miguel A. , Calvente Ruth , Martín‐Oliva David , Santos Ana M. , Sierra Ana , Ferrer‐Martín Rosa M. , Marín‐Teva José L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOrganotypic cultures of retina explants preserve the complex cellular microenvironment of the retina and have been used as a tool to assess the biological functions of some cell types. However, studies to date have shown that microglial cells activate quickly in response to the retina explantation. In this study, microglial cells migrated and ramified in quail embryo retina organotypic cultures (QEROCs) according to chronological patterns bearing a resemblance to those in the retina in situ, despite some differences in cell density and ramification degree. Retinal explants from quail embryos at 9 days of incubation (E9) proved to be the best in vitro system for reproducing a physiological‐like behavior of microglial cells when cultured in Eagle's basal medium supplemented with horse serum. During the first week in vitro, microglial cells migrated tangentially in the vitreal part of QEROCs, and some began to migrate radially from 3 days in vitro (div) onward, ramifying in the inner and outer plexiform layers, thus mimicking microglia development in the retina in situ, although reaching a lower degree of ramification after 7 div. From 8 div onward, microglial cells rounded throughout the explant thickness simultaneously with the nonphysiological appearance of dead photoreceptors and round microglia in the outernuclear layer. Therefore, E9 QEROCs can be used during the first week in vitro as a model system for experimental studies of molecules putatively involved in microglial migration and ramification. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 296–315, 2011
High‐frequency and adaptive‐like dynamics of human CD1 self‐reactive T cells
Authors: de Lalla Claudia , Lepore Marco , Piccolo Francesco M. , Rinaldi Anna , Scelfo Andrea , Garavaglia Claudio , Mori Lucia , De Libero Gennaro , Dellabona Paolo , Casorati Giulia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCD1 molecules present lipid antigens to T cells. An intriguing subset of human T cells recognize CD1‐expressing cells without deliberately added lipids. Frequency, subset distribution, clonal composition, naïve‐to‐memory dynamic transition of these CD1 self‐reactive T cells remain largely unknown. By screening libraries of T‐cell clones, generated from CD4+ or CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) T cells sorted from the same donors, and by limiting dilution analysis, we find that the frequency of CD1 self‐reactive T cells is unexpectedly high in both T‐cell subsets, in the range of 1/10–1/300 circulating T cells. These T cells predominantly recognize CD1a and CD1c and express diverse TCRs. Frequency comparisons of T‐cell clones from sorted naïve and memory compartments of umbilical cord and adult blood show that CD1 self‐reactive T cells are naïve at birth and undergo an age‐dependent increase in the memory compartment, suggesting a naïve/memory adaptive‐like population dynamics. CD1 self‐reactive clones exhibit mostly Th1 and Th0 functional activities, depending on the subset and on the CD1 isotype restriction. These findings unveil the unanticipated relevance of self‐lipid T‐cell response in humans and clarify the basic parameters of the lipid‐specific T‐cell physiology.
4‐Aminothioureaprolinal Dithioacetal as a Catalyst for Highly Enantioselective Michael Additions of Ketones and Aldehydes to Nitroolefins
Authors: Chuan Yong‐Ming , Yin Li‐Yang , Zhang Yan‐Mei , Peng Yun‐Gui 
Published: November 2010

Abstract4‐Aminothioureaprolinal dithioacetal 4a is a highly efficient catalyst for the asymmetric Michael addition of ketones and aldehydes to nitroolefins requiring only 3 mol‐% catalyst loading. The reactions proceeded smoothly and gave syn selective adducts with excellent yields (up to 98 % yield), diastereoselectivity (up to >99:1 dr), and enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee) under solvent free conditions at room temperature. This extremely simple and practical procedure increases the attractiveness of this reaction.
Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for microseparation techniques – recent developments
Authors: Kubáň Pavel , Hauser Peter C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn overview of the developments of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in CE and related techniques over approximately the last 2 years is given. The method has seen strong growth, and diverse new applications are being reported. Besides more advanced techniques on conventional capillaries, these include further developments of detection on lab‐on‐chip devices as well as in miniaturized chromatographic systems and some methods not involving separations. An increasing number of reports are based on the now readily available commercial detectors, but, while few publications on fundamental studies have appeared recently, interesting new approaches on creating low cost devices have also appeared.
Navier–Stokes and Lattice–Boltzmann on octree‐like grids in the Peano framework
Authors: Mehl M. , Neckel T. , Neumann Ph. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe Navier–Stokes equations (NS) and the Lattice–Boltzmann method (LBM) are the main two types of models used in computational fluid dynamics yielding similar results for certain classes of flow problems both having certain advantages and disadvantages.We present the realization of both approaches—laminar incompressible NS and LB—on the same code basis, our PDE framework Peano. Peano offers a highly memory efficient implementation of all grid and data handling issues for structured adaptive grids. Using a common code basis allows to compare NS and LB without distorting the results by differences in the maturity and degree of hardware‐optimality of the technical implementation.In addition to a comparison for some test examples, we briefly present the coupling of NS and LB in one single simulation. Such a coupling might be useful to simulate boundary effects happening on a smaller scale more accurately with LB but still using NS in the main part of the domain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incompact3d: A powerful tool to tackle turbulence problems with up to O(105) computational cores
Authors: Laizet Sylvain , Li Ning 
Published: November 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the nature of complex turbulent flows remains one of the most challenging problems in classical physics. Significant progress has been made recently using high performance computing, and computational fluid dynamics is now a credible alternative to experiments and theories in order to understand the rich physics of turbulence. In this paper, we present an efficient numerical tool called Incompact3d that can be coupled with massive parallel platforms in order to simulate turbulence problems with as much complexity as possible, using up to O(105) computational cores by means of direct numerical simulation (DNS). DNS is the simplest approach conceptually to investigate turbulence, featuring the highest temporal and spatial accuracy and it requires extraordinary powerful resources. This paper is an extension of Laizet et al.(Comput. Fluids 2010; 39(3):471–484) where the authors proposed a strategy to run DNS with up to 1024 computational cores. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neighbour lists in smoothed particle hydrodynamics
Authors: Domínguez J. M. , Crespo A. J. C. , Gómez‐Gesteira M. , Marongiu J. C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSince smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is based on interactions with the closer neighbouring particles, implementing the neighbour list is a key point in terms of the high performance of the code. The efficiency of the method depends directly on how to build and use the neighbour list. In the present work, the available searching algorithms for SPH codes are analyzed. Different gridding algorithms are evaluated, the gains in efficiency obtained from reordering of particles is investigated and the cell‐linked list and Verlet list methods are studied to create the neighbour list. Furthermore, an innovative searching procedure based on a dynamic updating of the Verlet list is proposed. The efficiency of the algorithms is analyzed in terms of computational time and memory requirements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatility spillover effects and cross hedging in corn and crude oil futures
Authors: Wu Feng , Guan Zhengfei , Myers Robert J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractUsing a volatility spillover model, we find evidence of significant spillovers from crude oil prices to corn cash and futures prices, and that these spillover effects are time‐varying. Results reveal that corn markets have become much more connected to crude oil markets after the introduction of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Furthermore, when the ethanol–gasoline consumption ratio exceeds a critical level, crude oil prices transmit positive volatility spillovers into corn prices and movements in corn prices are more energy‐driven. Based on this strong volatility link between crude oil and corn prices, a new cross‐hedging strategy for managing corn price risk using oil futures is examined and its performance is studied. Results show that this cross‐hedging strategy provides only slightly better hedging performance compared with traditional hedging in corn futures markets alone. The implication is that hedging corn price risk in corn futures markets alone can still provide relatively satisfactory performance in the biofuel era. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
Protectiveness of water quality criteria for copper in western United States waters relative to predicted olfactory responses in juvenile Pacific salmon
Authors: DeForest David K. , Gensemer Robert W. , Van Genderen Eric J. , Gorsuch Joseph W. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Copper (Cu) can impair olfaction in juvenile Pacific salmon (as well as other fishes), thus potentially inhibiting the ability of juveniles to avoid predators or to find food. Because Cu is commonly elevated in stormwater runoff in urban environments, storm events may result in elevated Cu concentrations in salmon-bearing streams. Accordingly, there is concern that existing Cu criteria, which were not derived using data for olfactory-related endpoints, may not be adequately protective of juvenile salmon. However, a modification of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) biotic ligand model (BLM) for deriving site-specific Cu criteria was recently proposed, which accounted for the sensitivity of olfactory endpoints. The modification was based on olfactory inhibition in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exposed to Cu in various combinations of pH, hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. We used that olfactory-based BLM to derive 20% inhibition concentrations (IC20) values for Cu for 133 stream locations in the western United States. The olfactory BLM-based IC20 values were compared to the existing hardness-based Cu criteria and the USEPA's BLM-based Cu criteria for these representative natural waters of the western United States. Of the 133 sampling locations, mean hardness-dependent acute and chronic Cu criteria were below the mean olfactory-based BLM IC20 value in 122 (92%) and 129 (97%) of the waters, respectively (i.e., &lt;20% olfactory impairment would have been predicted at the mean hardness-based Cu criteria concentrations). Waters characterized by a combination of high hardness and very low DOC were most likely to have hardness-based Cu criteria that were higher than the olfactory-based BLM IC20 values, because DOC strongly influences Cu bioavailability in the BLM. In all waters, the USEPA's current BLM-based criteria were below the mean olfactory-based BLM IC20 values, indicating that the USEPA's BLM-based criteria are protective of olfactory impairment in juvenile salmon. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:336–347. © 2011 SETAC