bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenological development in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) at alternate exposure to 12 and 14 h photoperiods
Authors: Linnemann A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe developmental phase in which photoperiod sensitivity for podding occurs was determined for two bambara groundnut genotypes grown in 1987 and 1990 in glasshouse experiments in the Netherlands, namely genotypes ‘Tiga Nicuru’ from Mali (day-neutral for flowering and photoperiod-sensitive for podding) and ‘Ankpa 4’ from Nigeria (photoperiod-sensitive for both flowering and podding). Eighteen photoperiod treatments were given to each genotype. Two treatments consisted of a constant 12 or 14 h photoperiod and started 21 days after sowing for ‘Tiga Nicuru’ and 18 days after sowing for ‘Ankpa 4’. Eight treatments were introduced by transferring plants with at least 20 flower buds (33-day-old plants of ‘Tiga Nicuru’ and 35-day-old plants of ‘Ankpa 4’) from a 12 to a 14 h photoperiod or vice versa. In ‘Tiga Nicuru’ transference was for 4, 8, 12 days or until harvest, and in ‘Ankpa 4’ it was for 8, 12, 16 days or until harvest. Another eight similar treatments were given to plants transferred after having had at least 20 open flowers (48-day-old plants of ‘Tiga Nicuru’ and 62-day-old plants of ‘Ankpa 4’). Transferring plants of ‘Tiga Nicuru’ to the 12 h photoperiod for at least 8 days induced podding. Plants were susceptible to podding induction for nearly 4 weeks: podding was induced in plants which had been in the natural photoperiod (≥ 15·5 h) for 21 days, followed by 12 days in the 12 h photoperiod and subsequently in the 14 h photoperiod until harvest, and it could still be induced in 48-day-old plants that had had > 20 open flowers. However, transference to the 12 h photoperiod for 16 days did not induce podding in ‘Ankpa 4’. Transferring plants from the 12 to the 14 h photoperiod or vice versa caused differences in the number of flowers and pods/plant, petiole length and leaf area. The influence of photoperiod was most obvious on the number of pods/plant. Leaf area and number of pods/plant seem suitable parameters for modelling crop growth under different photoperiods. Leaf area development correlated with the number of developing pods/plant, but was also more directly influenced by the prevailing photoperiod.
Effect of the absence of condensed tannins in faba beans (Vicia faba) on resistance to foot rot, Ascochyta blight and chocolate spot
Authors: Helsper J. P. F. G. , Norel A. Van , Burger-Meyer K. , Hoogendijk J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of breeding for the absence of condensed tannins in the testa ofVicia fabaL. on resistance to foot rot, Ascochyta blight and chocolate spot diseases was investigated in 1988–92 at Wageningen, The Netherlands. For this purpose the disease development in tannin-free and tannin-containing partners of six near-isogenic pairs was compared after exposure to causative pathogens. Except for one near-isogenic pair, in which both partner lines showed a relatively high resistance, the tannin-free lines were more susceptible to foot rot than the tannin-containing partners of the same pair. This observation indicates that the presence of condensed tannins in the testa prevents infection of the plant by the causative pathogens.Fusarium oxysporumandF. solani, isolated from faba bean tissues showing foot rot symptoms, were shown to be primary foot rot pathogens, whileF. avenaceumcaused wilting of young plantlets. No pathogenic isolates were obtained fromF. tabacinum. Resistance toBotrytis fabae(chocolate spot disease), scored on leaves and stems under glasshouse and field conditions in 1992, was not influenced by selection for the absence of condensed tannins which occur in the testa of mature seeds. Under the same environmental conditions, leaves, stems, pods and seeds of tannin-free lines showed similar levels of damage due toAscochyta fabae(Ascochyta blight) as the tannin-containing partner lines of the same near-isogenic pair. These results indicate that condensed tannins do not play a role in resistance to bothB. fabaeandA. fabae, probably because, except for the seeds, these polyphenols do not accumulate in the tissues affected by these pathogens.
Varietal differences in the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw
Authors: Vadiveloo J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFour varieties of rice straw, MRl, MR71, MR84 and MR27, were separated into the following botanical fractions; inflorescence, stem, leaf blade and leaf sheath. The relative proportion of each fraction in whole straw was estimated and analysed for its chemical composition and in vitro digestibility (IVD). The composition and IVD of whole straw was then calculated. Cluster analysis showed that MRl was distinct from the other varieties. This could be attributed to a high proportion of stem (32·3%), high IVD (36·9%), low insoluble ash (4·0%) and a low silica content (2·7%) in the whole straw. The genetic distance between any two varieties ranged from 5·4 × 10-3 to 47·8 × 10-3 and was largest between MRl and the other varieties. Cluster analysis also showed that within a variety, the chemical composition and IVD of the stem, leaf blade and leaf sheath were similar, suggesting that sampling errors may be reduced if the inflorescence, which comprises 7–13% of the whole straw, is excluded when the material is analysed. Stepwise and canonical discriminant analyses indicated that the important variables to be measured when comparing straw varieties were IVD, crude protein and insoluble ash.
The effect of age, sex and season on sebum output of Ayrshire calves
Authors: Smith Miranda E. , Jenkinson D. McEwan 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSebum was collected from pre-cleaned areas on the skin of Ayrshire calves at a fixed time using a cup and solvent technique, extracted and weighed. The rate of sebum output decreased with time and after 18 h there was very little increase in the weight of sebum on the skin surface. Sebum output over a period of 3 h was not statistically different between animals of different ages but tended to be higher in castrated males than in females and was lower in winter than throughout the remainder of the year.
A new gene, developed through mutagenesis, for resistance of rice to bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae)
Authors: Nakai H. , Nakamura K. , Kuwahara S. , Saito M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn induced mutant of rice, designated M41, resistant to several races of bacterial leaf blight, obtained after irradiation with thermal neutrons, was crossed with the original variety, Harebare. Test crosses revealed that the resistance of M41 to the Japanese races I, II, III and IV is controlled by a single recessive gene, considered to be different from four previously identified dominant resistance genes of japonica-type varieties and from three recessive genes in indica-type varieties for resistance to Philippine races. The gene in M41 was tentatively designated xa-nm(t).
Effects of incorporating straw, using different cultivation systems, and of burning it, on diseases of winter barley
Authors: Jenkyn J. F. , Gutteridge R. J. , Todd A. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn experiment at Rothamsted in 1985–89 and another at Whaddon in 1986 studied the effects of incorporating straw on diseases of winter barley. Net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) and leaf blotch (Rhynchosporium secalis) were initially less severe where straw was burnt or incorporated by ploughing than where cultivations only partially buried it. However, by summer both diseases were usually more severe where straw had been burnt than where it had been incorporated. At Whaddon, eyespot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) tended to be less severe in tine-cultivated plots where straw was incorporated than where it was burnt, but at Rothamsted, where the straw treatments were confounded with cultivations, there was no consistent effect. The disease was usually more severe where straw was incorporated by ploughing than where it was incorporated using other methods. In contrast, the severity of take-all was generally decreased by ploughing. Seedlings usually grew better where straw had been burnt rather than incorporated and grain yields were often larger. However, yields at Rothamsted in 1987 were unusually, and inexplicably, smaller after burning the straw so that the 5-year mean yields showed no significant differences between treatments.
Seed yield in caraway (Carum carvi). 2. Role of assimilate availability
Authors: Bouwmeester H. J. , Smid H. G. , Loman E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAssimilate availability may determine seed yield of caraway during three periods: (i) beforeflowering it may determine dry matter allocation to flowers and thereby the number of ovaries; (ii) during flowering it may determine seed set; and (iii) after flowering it may determine seed filling. From 1990 to 1992 in the vicinity of Wageningen, field experiments were performed in which growth, assimilate storage and partitioning, and the effects of shading during various growth stages on seed set and filling, were studied to determine the importance of these three phases. Dry matter production before flowering was correlated with dry mass of flowers, but there was no relationship between the dry mass of flowers and seed yield. Assimilate availability after flowering only slightly affected seed yield, but during flowering it had a strong effect. Shading 50% (during c. 3 weeks of flowering only) reduced yield by 30% whereas 50% shading (after flowering for > 1 month) reduced yield by only 6%. In addition, the main flowering period of biennial caraway over a number of years was estimated and the daily amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for that period calculated. There was a close linear relationship between light intensity during flowering and yield. The possibilities for yield improvement using these results are discussed.
Digestion, rumen fermentation and chewing behaviour of red deer fed fresh chicory and perennial ryegrass
Authors: Hoskin S. O. , Stafford K. J. , Barry T. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYPure chicory (Cichorium intybus) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) forages were cut and fed fresh at Palmerston North, New Zealand, during March 1993 to castrated male red deer kept indoors in metabolism crates. Chicory contained lower levels of dry matter, higher levels of ash, and had a higher ratio of readily fermentable: structural carbohydrate than perennial ryegrass. Apparent digestibility of organic matter was highest for chicory (0·81 v. 0·72), but cellulose apparent digestibility was highest for perennial ryegrass (0·71 v. 0·59). Relative to perennial ryegrass, the rumen fluid of deer fed chicory contained higher concentrations of protozoa, ammonia and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) but had a lower pH at 15.00 h. Chicory-fed deer had higher rumen VFA molar proportions of n-butyrate and a higher acetate: propionate ratio. Total eating time and chews during feeding/g dry matter intake were similar for deer fed the two forages, but deer fed chicory spent much less time ruminating (33 v. 270 min/day) and had fewer rumination boluses (38 v. 305/day). It was concluded that the low rumination time may indicate rapid disintegration of chicory in the rumen to < 1 mm critical particle size, and that particle breakdown and rumen fractional outflow rate should be measured in future experiments with deer fed on chicory.
Performance of conventional and alternative cropping systems in cryoboreal subhumid central Alberta
Authors: Izaurralde R. C. , Juma N. G. , McGill W. B. , Chanasyk D. S. , Pawluk S. , Dudas M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA 3-year field study (1986–88) was conducted in central Alberta to discover how diverse soil-plant systems function under cryoboreal subhumid conditions. Barley, fescue, faba (field) bean and a barley/field pea intercrop were grown continuously on different soils at Ellerslie and Breton using two distinct tillage methods. The agronomic performance, weed-crop interactions and below-ground productivity of these cropping systems were examined. The main findings were as follows: different soil properties did not affect yields of barley, barley/field pea and fescue fertilized with N and P; silage yield of faba bean at Breton was greater than at Ellerslie; barley/field pea and faba bean could be grown without tillage at Ellerslie; barley/field pea plots had the lowest weed counts; fescue root biomass was greatest at all depths followed by faba bean and barley; and soil properties appeared not to induce differences in root production of a cereal, an annual forage legume and a perennial grass. Increasing the use of annual legumes into rotations, either as sole crops or as intercrops with cereals, may be a viable alternative to continuous cereal cropping because annual legumes contribute N through biological N fixation, reduce weed competition and increase the input of root mass in soil.
Intake, by sheep, and digestibility of chickweed, dandelion, dock, ribwort and spurrey, compared with perennial ryegrass
Authors: Derrick R. W. , Moseley G. , Wilman D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix plant species were compared as food for sheep: chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.), ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.), spurrey (Spergula arvensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). In two experiments at Aberystwyth in 1985 and 1986, the species were fed to lambs as the total diet, after artificial drying. In another experiment in 1987, they were fed fresh, in 1·5 minute meals, to yearling sheep.The dicotyledonous species had a lower proportion of cell wall (neutral detergent fibre) in dry matter than perennial ryegrass. The true dry matter digestibility of chickweed, dandelion, dock and leafy ribwort was as high as that of ryegrass, but the in vivo digestibility of all five dicotyledonous species was lower than that of ryegrass. The voluntary intake of the dicotyledonous species was higher than might have been predicted from their digestibility. The voluntary intake of spurrey was > 20% higher than that of ryegrass.When the species were fed fresh, spurrey had the highest rate of intake as a consequence of a high chewing rate and a low requirement for number of chews/g of dry matter consumed. Chewing rate was higher on all the dicotyledonous diets than on ryegrass. The rate of intake of dandelion was above average, but that of dock was low and variable, particularly when the plants had been chopped.
Nitrogen transformations in calcareous soils amended with pig slurry under aerobic incubation
Authors: Bernal M. P. , Roig A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe mineralization and nitrification processes in pig slurry were investigated in Spain in 1990 in three calcareous soils, differing mainly in content and type of clay, two classified as Typic Calciorthids and one as a Xerollic Calciorthid. Two different amounts of slurry were mixed with the soils, one equivalent to 273 mg N/kg soil and the other equivalent to 546 mg N/kg soil. The mixtures of soil and slurry were aerobically incubated for 16 weeks at 28 °C. A mean initial immobilization of 22·19% of the total-N added was detected in soils treated with the lower rate of slurry. The amount of mineralized N after 112 days of incubation was between 36 and 47% of the total-N added with the lower slurry application to the three soils. The net amount of N mineralized throughout the experiment was therefore within the range 14–23% of the total-N added. The nitrification of the NH4-N added to the soil began after 7 days of incubation, and followed a first-order kinetic model. The mean values of potential nitrate formation were 61 and 51% of the total-N added in soils amended with 273 and 546 mg N as pig slurry per kg soil respectively. The rate constants were higher in the treatments with the lower slurry application (0·043–0·083 per day). Therefore, in these treatments, the nitrification process was faster and total nitrate levels were higher than in soils receiving double that amount of slurry. The NO3-N evolution was parallel to the total-N evolution from the 14th day of incubation onwards. The N-mineralization process was limited by the transformation of the organic-N into ammonium (ammonification).
Effects of prolonged administration of a β-agonist drug, ritodrine, on cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine responses to adrenaline in growing ram lambs
Authors: Bassett J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive Suffolk crossbred ram lambs were administered ritodrine, a β2-agonist drug, by continuous intravenous infusion at 0·5 μg/kg per min for 9 days to determine effects of prolonged β-agonist infusion on metabolism and on the responsiveness of the animals to short-term infusions of adrenaline. Consistent with other investigations, this study showed that initially the drug caused rapid increases in heart rate and plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA), lactate and insulin, but decreased plasma growth hormone. There was no effect on plasma glucose or pancreatic glucagon concentrations. After 24 h of ritodrine infusion, these effects were attenuated as tachyphylaxis to the drug developed. On days 2–9 of the infusion, heart rate remained significantly higher than preinfusion values, but plasma glucose concentration was significantly lower than before infusion. Despite the rapid disappearance of these ‘side-effects’ of the drug and the apparent normality of most metabolic parameters, short-term infusion of adrenaline (50 ng/kg per min for 60 min then 500 ng/kg per min for a further 60 min) after 9 days of ritodrine infusion showed that the responses of lactate, FFA and heart rate to adrenaline were significantly attenuated in comparison with the responses determined before β-agonist infusion. This result, together with similar earlier observations on fetal lambs, implies that selective attenuation of β-receptor mediated cardiovascular, metabolic and endocrine responses to the endogenous catecholamines could play an important role in determining how β-agonist drugs act to modify carcass development.
Efficiency of nitrogen use by dryland wheat in a subhumid region in relation to optimizing the amount of available water
Authors: Benbi D. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of soil water supply on efficiency of N use in wheat and NO3-N accumulation in the soil profile was studied in a field experiment on loamy sand soil at Boothgarh in Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India in 1980/81. As the water supply increased from 509 to 548 mm, the response to N application increased by 11·5 kg grain/kg N and apparent N recovery by 11% at optimum N application rates. The increase in N recovery with additional water supply was related to the NO3-N use from the profile. The accumulation of NO3-N in the profile was related linearly to rate of N application but inversely to water supply up to an optimum value of 580 mm. Further increase in water supply did not increase fertilizer N use. If both the amount of moisture stored in the profile at sowing and the probable rainfall during the crop season are known, the efficiency of fertilizer N use can be predicted.
Response of Pure Stands and Mixtures of Cereals and Legumes to Nitrogen Fertilization and residual effect on subsequent barley
Authors: Papastylianou I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo rotation field experiments of a single forage–cereal cycle each were conducted on a clay loam soil (Vertic Cambisols) in Cyprus in 1982–85. The forages in the first cycle (1982–84) were pure stands of vetch (Vicia saliva L.), peas (Pisum sativum L.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) and mixtures of each of the two legumes with oats at sowing ratios of 90:10, 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75 grown with 15, 30, 60, and 90 kg fertilizer N/ha. For the second cycle (1983–85) the same crops were used but with only two mixture ratios (legume:oats 90:10 and 75:25), and with 0, 15, 45 and 90 kg N/ha. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was the test crop after the forages in both cycles. Legumes did not respond to N fertilization, whereas the yields of the pure stand of oats and the mixtures increased. The legumes yielded more N but less dry matter than the cereals. The grain and N yields of barley were higher after legumes than after oats, with intermediate yields after the mixtures. Barley responded to residual N fertilizer, irrespective of whether it was applied on legumes, oats or mixtures in the previous year. When choosing the forage to be grown, farmers should consider (a) the need for roughage and protein, (b) the costs of N fertilizer for crops and of protein for animal feed stuff and (c) the rotational role of the crop.
Comparison of crop yields and soil conditions during 30 years under annual tillage or grazed pasture
Authors: Tyson K. C. , Roberts D. H. , Clement C. R. , Garwood E. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCrop yields and soil properties of grazed grass–clover pasture and arable plots at the Grasslands Research Institute, Hurley, UK. were measured over 30 years (1955–84). Yields of herbage declined from 9·6 t DM/ha in the first harvest year to 4–6 t in years 5 to 8 but subseque8tly increased (after liming) to give a mean yield of 8·2 t for 1963–84. Yields of barley in plots receiving a seed-bed application of 45 kg N/ha averaged (1962–80) 3·1 t/ha and, in plots top dressed with an additional 100 kg N/ha, 4·1 t/ha but after 1969, response to additional N and yield under both N treatments showed a marked decline.Soil carbon increased during the first 10 years under pasture from 1·2 to 1·8% and soil N from 0·13 to 0·17%. These increases, equivalent to 1 t C and 75 kg N/ha per year, occurred at the same time as the initial decline in herbage yield noted above. During the subsequent 20 years, C and N remained relatively constant and herbage yields increased. Soil C and N decreased under 30 years' arable management to 0·8% C and 0·1% N, equivalent to a loss of 290 kg C and 25 kg N/ha per year.Major factors that appear to have influenced herbage yields were (i) soil moisture, (ii) accumulation of N in the soil organic matter during the first 8 years and the subsequent increase in the rate of mineralization, and (iii) the action of the earthworm population in creating a stone-free, fertile layer of top soil. As for barley, it was concluded that yields could not be maintained indefinitely on this soil series, as a result of the loss of soil structure and the development of a compact layer of soil at plough depth.
Effect of separation and acidification of cattle slurry on ammonia volatilization and on the efficiency of slurry nitrogen for herbage production
Authors: Frost J. P. , Stevens R. J. , Laughlin R. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDuring the growing season of 1988 at the Agricultural Research Institute, Hillsborough, cattle slurry was kept whole or was separated through screens with mesh sizes of 5 mm, 3 mm, 0·25 mm and 0·015 mm. The resulting slurry liquids were either left unacidified or were acidified to pH 5.5 with 5M-H2SO4 prior to application at 75 kg NH+4-N/ha to perennial ryegrass in the field. Volatilization of ammonia was measured using ventilated enclosures. Plots treated with a range of rates of inorganic fertilizer N were used to construct response curves to assess the efficiency of N in slurry for herbage production compared with equinitrogenous inorganic fertilizer.On average over the season, acidification of cattle slurry decreased ammonia volatilization to < 15% of that from unacidified whole slurry. Compared with inorganic fertilizer N, the overall efficiency of NH+4-N was 96% in acidified slurries and 36% in unacidified whole slurry. Ammonia volatilization from separated slurries decreased with decreasing mesh size to 39% of that from whole slurry for a 0·015 mm mesh. The overall efficiency of NH4+-N in slurry separated through a 0·015 mm mesh was 76%. A highly significant linear relationship was found between NH3-N volatilized from all slurry treatments and N offtake in herbage at all three harvests.