bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of site and quantity on the extent of absorption of Mg infused into the gastro-intestinal tract of sheep
Authors: Field A. C. , Munro C. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBalance trials were carried out in which different amounts of Mg (0·44–2·9 g/day) were infused alternatively into the rumen and into the omasum, abomasum or duodenum of sheep consuming a low Mg diet (0·2 g Mg/kg D.M.). Absorption from the region between the infusion sites was measured from the change in urinary excretion and apparent absorption caused by changing the site of infusion.Absorption was greater from a ruminal than from a comparable duodenal infusion. There was evidence, however, that the absorption mechanism within the stomach area was becoming saturated at the higher infusion rates in that the relationship between the amount absorbed and infused was curvilinear. The proportion of infused Mg which was absorbed from the stomach area fell from 0·61 to 0·14 as the infusion rate increased from 0·44 to 2·80 g/day.The main site of absorption within the stomach area was the rumen; a small amount was absorbed from the omasum, but none from the abomasum. Positive differences between omasal and duodenal infusions were seen in plasma concentration at the two lowest and in urinary excretion at all infusion rates.Increasing the amount of Mg infused into the duodenum caused an increase in plasma concentration and a linear increase in absorption.When the ruminal and duodenal infusions were repeated with the sheep consuming hay, the results were similar but the proportion of infused Mg absorbed was reduced.
Experiments evaluating aqueous ammonia, aqueous urea and a solution of ammonium nitrate and urea as nitrogenous fertilizers for winter wheat
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySix experiments on winter wheat, three in 1974 and three in 1975, evaluated aqueous ammonia, aqueous urea and a solution of ammonium nitrate and urea, using ammonium nitrate granules as the standard. Aqueous ammonia and aqueous urea were injected 8–10 cm deep in bands either 25 or 50 cm apart during April. The ammonium nitrate/urea solution was sprayed and the ammonium nitrate granules were broadcast (a) partly in April and partly in May or (6) wholly in May. All were applied at 50, 75, 100 or 125 kg N/ha. Yields and % N in grain were measured and N removed by grain calculated. In two experiments lodging diminished yield and complicated the comparisons.Elsewhere, aqueous urea and aqueous ammonia were of similar value, and each gave a larger yield when injected in bands 25 rather than 50 cm apart. Both fertilizers gave yields similar to those from broadcasting the ammonium nitrate granules, but larger yields than from spraying the ammonium nitrate/urea solution. Yields were slightly larger when divided rather than single topdressings were given, but % N in grain and the amounts of N removed were smaller. Yields and % N in the grain were smallest when the ammonium nitrate/urea solution was sprayed. The other three fertilizers were each of greater value judged by N uptake, the ammonium nitrate granules having a slight advantage.
Effects of annual and biennial applications of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and farmyard manure on yields of potato tubers, on nutrient uptake and on soil properties
Authors: Sharma R. C. , Grewal J. S. , Singh M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA long-term manurial experiment on potatoes was initiated in 1970 on the acidic brown hill soil of Simla to study the effects of fertilizers supplying per hectare: 44 kg P (P44); 44 kg P and 125 K (P44K125) and 88 kg P with 125 kg (P88K125) and of farmyard manure (FYM) supplying 44 kg P/ha applied annually and biennially. The potatoes gave large responses to all the manures. The annual or biennial effects of FYM measured in years of application were as great as that of P and K fertilizer in increasing tuber yield and K uptake by tubers but FYM increased P uptake more than fertilizers did. FYM applied each year gave largest uptake of P. P88 treatment was not better than P44 treatment. The residual effects of the manures on yield were measured in years when the treatments were not applied; the residual effects of FYM were higher than those of fertilizers. Mean residual effects of the treatments on P uptake were 46% and 51% of their annual or biennial effects respectively. About 90% of P added to the soil was not taken up by the crops and was present in the forms of aluminium-bound P, iron-bound P and calcium-bound P in this descending order. The residual effects of the treatments on K uptake were about 84% of their annual or biennial effects. About 60% of K applied to the soil was not taken up by the crops and most was present in exchangeable form. Annual applications of all the manures were better than their biennial applications indicating that residual effects built up from three applications over 6 years were too small to sustain yields.Soil analyses made 6 years after the start of the experiment showed that FYM was a better source of P than single superphosphate in increasing soil available P. FYM also increased soil exchangeable K more than the K fertilizer did. The highest increase in available P and K in soil was from annual applications of manures. Biennial applications of P as superphosphate or FYM resulted in P accumulating in the soil, while biennial K fertilizer dressings did not increase exchangeable K; however, biennial FYM did increase exchangeable K. Using P alone reduced soil available K. FYM increased pH, organic carbon and total N in soils while P and K fertilizer increased only the pH.
Factors affecting the intake and digestion of roughage by sheep fed maize straw supplemented with maize grain
Authors: Henning Penelope A. , Van Der Linden Yvonne , Mattheyse Mary E. , Nauhaus Wilfried K. , Schwartz Helen M. , Gilchrist Frances M. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAfter a preliminary period in which they were all fed maize straw plus a proteinmineral supplement, 18 Merino wethers were divided into six groups and fed straw, proteins and minerals as before, plug pellets containing maize grain so that these constituted 0, 78, 156, 235, 313 and 393 g/kg of the total daily intake.The diets provided sufficient protein so that NH3and branched-chain volatile fatty acids were not limiting for growth of the fibre-digesting bacteria in the rumen.The intake of straw, the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the mass of cellulose and hemicellulose digested per day declined linearly as the proportion of pellets in the diet increased above 78 g/kg. This decline was not related to the pH of the ruminal contents which was unaffected by the feeding of up to and including 235g pellets/kg diet, and which, with one exception, was only 2–6 pH-hours below pH 6 when more grain was fed.As the proportion of pellets in the diet increased the number of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen declined to an extent which correlated well with the decrease in mass of cellulose digested per day. There was no change in the relative proportions of the predominant genera.There was no decrease in the number of xylanolytic bacteria in the rumen as more pellets were fed, but there was an indication of a change in the predominant genera producing diffusible xylanases.It is concluded that some factor, in addition to nutrient limitation and pH, may play a role in the decrease in intake and digestion of roughage when starch is fed. It is suggested that starch or sugars derived from it mayper seinhibit the synthesis and/or activity of the rumen cellulases and hemicellulases.
A histological basis for differences in breast meat yield Between two strains of white turkeys
Authors: Swatland H. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryTwo genetic strains of white turkeys were reared together in a large flock under conditions allowing optimal growth from hatching to 20 weeks. Birds of both strains followed similar growth curves with males of both strains growing heavier than females. In one strain, however, the yield of breast meat as a proportion of live weight was greater in both males (287 v. 225 g/kg) and females (276 v. 201 g/kg). When expressed in ratio to breast width, maximum meat depth was greater in the strain which yielded the higher proportion of breast meat. However, with this index of breast plumpness, females scored higher than males in both strains (high yield, 0·45:1·00 v. 0·37:1·00; low yield, 0·33:1·00 v. 0·31:1·00). In the superficial anterior region of the pectoralis muscle in both strains and sexes, there were strong adenosine triphosphatase and weak succinate dehydrogenase reactions in nearly all muscle fibres. Differences in the radial growth of muscle fibres were found between the two strains and, by 20 weeks, birds of the lower yield strain had reached only 0·85 (males) or 0·82 (females) of the mean diameters attained in birds of the higher yielding strain.
Early spring and late autumn response to applied nitrogen in four grasses
Authors: Wilman D. , Mohamed A. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 23 perennial ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass, S. 59 red fescue and S. 170 tall fescue was studied in field swards, comparing four levels of applied nitrogen, for 8 weeks following a clearing cut. The clearing cuts were in mid-October, mid-February and mid-March in each of 3 years, different plots being used on each occasion.The application of N increased the number of leaf primordia, the number of un-emerged leaves, the rate of leaf emergence and death, leaf blade length, width and weight, sheath length, number of leaves per unit area of ground and proportion of green tissue in total yield. The application of N had little effect on the number of leaves per tiller and tended to reduce weight per unit area of leaf blade. The increase in size, weight and number of leaf blades appeared to be major reasons for the positive effect of applied N on yield, previously reported; and the increase in sheath length contributed to the increase in proportion of yield above 4 cm. Rate of leaf extension was not closely related to yield and was more sensitive to temperature than was yield. Changes during regrowth in blade and sheath length helped to explain changes in weight per tiller, previously reported. The effects of improving weather conditions in late winter/early spring were similar to the effects of applied N: larger, heavier leaf blades, longer sheaths, a taller canopy, a lower proportion of dead material, younger leaves. The length of shoot apex per leaf primordium was relatively constant. Leaves continued to emerge, at a slow rate, in the period December–February. S. 170 had the biggest leaves, particularly in May, and the slowest rate of leaf turnover. Rate of leaf extension was increased by applied N more, on average, in the ryegrasses than in the fescues.
Effect of ammonium on anion uptake and trans-root potential in sunflower roots
Authors: Ragab S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryStudies were made on detopped sunflower plants to see whether the depolarizing effect of NH4on the trans-root potential is the result of increasing H2PO4uptake and to determine the effect of NH4on the flux of NO3and SO4in xylem exudate. Increasing the NH4in the medium increased the H2PO4flux in the exudate, but decreased NO3and SO4fluxes. Ammonium and NO3influenced the uptake of each other but NH4had the greater effect. These NH4effects were attributed wholly or in part to blockage of the root metabolism which may have affected the permeability of root cell membranes. Therefore, the stimulation of H2PO4flux by NH4was probably not attributable to any specific effect of NH4on H2PO4uptake. Enhanced H2PO4and decreased uptake of NO3and SO4reflects toxic effects of NH4on the root metabolism.
A perfused ruminant muscle preparation
Authors: Coward B. Jane , Buttery P. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA technique was developed for the continuous retrograde perfusion of the muscle of the right crus. The hemidiaphragm was perfused for 3 h with a semi-synthetic medium, containing fresh sheep erythrocytes. The metabolic integrity of the perfused muscle was examined. Visual appearance was satisfactory. Perfusion pressure remained constant throughout the perfusion period. An adequate perfusate flow rate (approximately 8 ml/min) was maintained over the perfusion period. Perfusion pressure and flow rate were proportional. Perfusion was complete as indicated by staining with dye and by latex casts of perfused vessels, but there were indications of heterogeneity of perfusion (the dorsal and ventral ends of the organ). Histological changes following perfusion were minor, and the perfused muscle appeared normal under an electron microscope, with the exception of a loss of cytoplasmic granules. Increases in muscle water content (2·3%) and extracellular space were small. Muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) concentrations declined significantly following perfusion but ATP/ADP ratio increased significantly. Muscle glycogen content was maintained only when exogenous insulin was added to the medium; significant losses occurred following perfusion in the absence of insulin. Only 2–3% of tissue glutamate-pyruvate transaminase and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase were released into the medium over the perfusion period, but approximately 20% of muscle potassium was lost. Lactate was produced by the perfused sheep hemidiaphragm at a rate higher than those that have been reported for the perfused rat hind-limb, but lower than those reported for perfused rat diaphragm. Ratio of lactate/pyruvate produced by the perfused muscle was also higher than values reported for the rat hind-limb. The perfused muscle actively incorporated labelled amino acids into protein, but estimated protein synthetic rate in the absence of exogenous insulin was only approximately 50% of rates reported for diaphragm musclein vivo. While the isolated, perfused sheep hemidiaphragm shows several deficiencies, it does provide a useful method for the study of ruminant muscle metabolism under carefully controlled conditionsin vitro, and overcomes many of the disadvantages of other techniques that are currently available.
A note on a urine collection system for male pigs
Authors: Colebrook W. F. , Black J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA urine collection system suitable for male pigs is described. The system was tested by the recovery from urine of an intravenous infusion of51 chromium as the EDTA complex. Recovery from four pigs was 99·2 ± 1·6%.
Some factors affecting voluntary food intake in buffaloes. 1. Effect of feeding long-chopped and ground roughages
Authors: Taparia A. L. , Sharma V. V. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree experiments each utilizing four buffalo heifers in 4 × 4 latin square designs were conducted over a period of 84 days to estimate the voluntary consumption of eight long-chopped and four ground roughages. Voluntary intake and rate of passage were determined during the last 10 days and digestibility of feed nutrients during the last 6 days of a 21-day experimental period.The mean daily dry-matter intake (DMI, g/kg W0·75), D.M. digestibility (%) and mean retention time (h) of long and chopped foods were 81·6, 65·7, 75·2; 81·4, 54·2, 60·3; 78·0, 58·6, 66·0; 75·8, 58·5, 66·3; 67·5, 68·1, 87·9; 62·1, 40·9, 73·3; 56·3, 50·6, 70·9 and 55·5, 58·8, 82·4, respectively for maize silage, sorghum stover, dry grass, maize stover, berseem hay, wheat straw, pearl-millet stover and cowpea hay. Appreciable differences were observed between feeds in the digestibility of D.M., organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP). No consistent pattern in level of intake and either CP or crude fibre (CF) contents of feeds or their D.M. digestibilities was discernible. The relationship between DMI and D.M. digestibility was low (r = 0·29). Higher DMI of feeds tended to be associated with faster rate of passage excepting maize silage and berseem hay. The relationship between D.M. digestibility and mean retention time was low (r = 0·46) and between total digestible nutrient intake and body weight was high (r = 0·79).The mean daily DMI (g/kg W0·75), D.M. digestibility (%) and mean retention time (h) of ground roughages were 68·7, 51·3, 58·0; 62·9, 38·4, 60·0; 62·4, 40·1, 63·0; 53·1, 66·6, 72·0, respectively for ground maize stover, wheat straw, dry grass and berseem hay. Ground roughages appeared to be utilized less efficiently by buffaloes than longchopped roughages.
Effects of aldicarb and oxamyl in peaty loam soil on potato cyst-nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, and on resistant and susceptible potatoes
Authors: Whitehead A. G. , Tite D. J. , Fraser Janet E. , French Eileen M. , Short L. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPotato cyst-nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, was controlled in peaty loam by growing the resistant potato cultivars Cara and Maris Piper, or by incorporating aldicarb or oxamyl granules in the seed bed before planting susceptible cultivars. In heavily infested soils, aldicarb or oxamyl increased tuber yields of susceptible cultivars and Maris Piper but did not increase tuber yields of Cara, which suggests that it is tolerant as well as resistant. Yield responses to oxamyl varied greatly among susceptible cultivars. In the top 20 cm of untreated soil, the nematodes increased twice as much on Bang Edward as on five other susceptible cultivars.
The effect of clipping the coat on various reactions of calves to heat
Authors: Bianca W. 
Published: March 2009

Ten calves were exposed for 3 hr. to an atmosphere in which the dry-bulb temperature was 40° C. and the wet-bulb temperature 33° C, (a) with their normal coats, and (b) after their coats had been clipped.When clipped the calves tolerated the same hot environment better than they did before they were clipped, as evidenced by significant reductions in skin temperature, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate, as well as by a lessening of various manifestations of distress.This effect of clipping was thought to be due mainly to an improvement in skin, evaporative cooling.
Attempts at storage of sheep ova at low temperatures
Authors: Averill R. L. W. , Rowson L. E. A. 
Published: March 2009

Eighty-three fertilized sheep ova were stored at 0–8° C. for 6–72 hr. in sterile sheep serum or Ringer's solution and subsequently transferred to suitable recipient ewes in order to determine their viability following storage.In Exp. 1, nine out of twelve ova stored in sheep serum, but none out of five ova stored in Ringer's solution, continued development after subjection to storage at 5–8° C. for 6–9 hr. Seven out of fifteen, none of nineteen, and none of nine ova were found developing in recipients after subjection to 5–8° C. in serum for 24, 48 and 72 hr., respectively.In Exp. 2, lambs were born to recipients of four out of six ova stored for 24 hr. at 4·5–7° C, and of two out of five ova stored for 72 hr. at these temperatures. None of the recipients of twelve ova stored for 24, 48 and 72 hr. (four ova of each duration) at 0·4° C. produced live lambs.In Exp. 3, none of thirty-four ova developed after subjection to freezing to −79° C. in 12·5% glycerol in serum.
Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer. II. Experimental methods in short-term experiments
Authors: Bailey G. L. , Broster W. H. , Burt A. W. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Data from twenty-four short-term trials on the nutrition of dairy heifers have been used in a study of the effects of management, method of estimation of live-weight gain, length of experimental period, covariance analysis and the use of monozygous twins upon experimental error.2. The value of rigid adherence to a routine and allowing ample time for the animals to settle down before the trial have been demonstrated.3. Error standard deviations were associated with length of experimental period, those for 42-day periods being about half those per 21-day periods, but were not appreciably correlated with initial live weight.4. No advantage could be demonstrated for the use of monozygous twins, or covariance analysis with initial weight or rate of gain, indicating that genetic effects contributed little to the error in experiments lasting 3–6 weeks.5. There was no significant difference between errors in live-weight gains calculated from the regression of live weight on time, from single initial and final weights, or from two initial and final live weights, indicating that deviations from linear regression are not solely in the nature of random day to day fluctuations in live weight.
The production of living sheep eggs
Authors: Averill R. L. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. In the 1954–5 and 1955–6 breeding seasons, 117 ewes of the Border Leicester, Welsh Mountain and Suffolk breeds were used in order to investigate the effects of PMS treatments on (a) the length of the dioestrous cycle, (b) the number of ovulations per ewe, (c) the proportion of eggs which were cleaved, uncleaved or abnormal when recovered, and (d) the ability of fertilized superovulated eggs to develop normally.2. In the 1954 and 1955 anoestrous periods, ninety-four 2-tooth and mature ewes of mixed breeds were used in order to investigate (a) the proportion of ewes which could be induced to ovulate and exhibit oestrus as a result of treatment with progesterone and PMS, (b) the proportion of the mated ewes which had cleaved, uncleaved or abnormal eggs, and (c) the ability of fertilized eggs shed during anoestrum to develop normally up to the 21st day of pregnancy.3. Dioestrous cycles in untreated ewes were significantly shorter for Welsh Mountain than for Border Leicester ewes, and their length was not affected by the year in which they were measured. The first and second cycles of the breeding season tended to be shorter than the third cycle.4. The length of the dioestrous cycle was shortened by treatment of both Border Leicester and Welsh Mountain ewes with PMS. The average extent of this reduction was 0·6 days, and the effect was significant.
The effect of protein level on the digestibility of the carbohydrates
Authors: Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effect of different levels of protein on the digestibility of the carbohydrate fraction of two compounded diets which differed widely in their contents of indigestible organic matter has been determined.2. Digestibility of the available carbohydrate (the sugars, dextrins and starches expressed as starch) apparently increased with increase in the protein content of the diet.3. Alteration in the cereal portion of the diet involves an adjustment in the amount of protein supplement if the nutritive ratio is to remain unaltered.
The influence of irrigation frequency on growth and yield of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaeaL.) under arid conditions
Authors: Ishag H. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA study was carried out for 2 years in the arid zone of the northern region of the Sudan to investigate the effects of watering intervals on flowering, growth, yield and yield components of three groundnut cultivars. The variation in air temperature prevailing above the canopy through frequent and extended watering intervals affected the periodicity of flowering. MH 383 gave the highest pod yield and it was drought tolerant compared with Ashford and Turkish cultivars. Pod losses were smaller with longer watering intervals. Number of pods per plant was the yield component most affected by watering. Leaf area index increased with frequent watering and reached a value of 5·8. Net assimilation rate decreased at first, but later increased with the pegging of gynophores.