bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The antibody response to an HLA mismatch: a model for nonself–self discrimination in relation to HLA epitope immunogenicity
Authors: Duquesnoy R. J. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryAntibodies to HLA mismatches are specific for epitopes rather than antigens. HLAMatchmaker considers each HLA antigen as a string of eplets that represent key elements of epitopes. Certain antibodies are specific for single eplets, but recent studies have demonstrated that epitopes defined by eplet pairs always involve one nonself‐eplet and a self‐eplet shared between the immunizing antigen and the antibody producer. This suggests an autoreactive component of the alloantibody response to an HLA mismatch and this report expands this concept. During B‐cell development, VH and VL gene rearrangements produce a diversity of Ig receptors that can recognize epitopes on autologous proteins. It is hypothesized that B cells carry low‐affinity receptors for self‐HLA antigens. Their interactions with self‐HLA proteins will not lead to B‐cell activation or antibody production. In contrast, exposure to HLA mismatches induces often strong alloantibody responses. The activation of self‐HLA‐specific B cell by a nonself‐eplet may require that the remainder of the structural epitope of the immunizing antigen has considerable structural similarity with one of the antibody producer’s alleles. This hypothesis has been tested in molecular modelling studies with six epitopes defined by human monoclonal antibodies. In each case, one allele of the antibody producer had no or few differences with the immunizing allele in antibody‐accessible positions defined by a 15 Ångstrom radius of the mismatched eplet. The other alleles of the antibody producer showed significantly greater numbers of residue differences with the immunizer (5.8 ± 2.0 versus 1.0 ± 0.6, P < 0.0001). These data support the concept that HLA antibodies originate from B cells with self‐HLA immunoglobulin receptors that recognize mismatched eplets as nonself entities on immunizing antigens. The nonself–self paradigm provides a new insight of HLA epitope immunogenicity and may explain why sensitized patients have antibodies to a restricted number of mismatched epitopes.
The Philosophical Significance of Attention
Authors: Watzl Sebastian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhat is the philosophical significance of attention? The present article provides an overview of recent debates surrounding the connections between attention and other topics of philosophical interest. In particular, it discusses the interplay between attention and consciousness, attention and agency, and attention and reference. The article outlines the questions and contemporary positions concerning how attention shapes the phenomenal character of experience, whether it is necessary or sufficient for consciousness, and whether it plays a special role in the best philosophical theories of action or conceptual reference. Various interdependencies between the answers to these questions are indicated, as well as how these answers might depend on the metaphysics of attention. Together with its companion piece (‘The Nature of Attention') this article serves as an introduction to the philosophy of attention.
Cardiac response to exercise in normal‐weight and obese, Hispanic men and women: implications for exercise prescription
Authors: Vella C. A. , Paul D. R. , Bader J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim:  The effects of obesity on cardiac function during incremental exercise to peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) have not been previously described. The purpose of this study was to compare submaximal and maximal cardiac function during exercise in normal‐weight and obese adults.Methods:  Normal‐weight (n = 20; means ± SE: age = 21.9 ± 0.5 years; BMI = 21.8 ± 0.4 kg m−2) and obese (n = 15; means ± SE: age = 25.1 ± 5.2 years; BMI = 34.1 ± 01.0 kg m−2) participants were assessed for body composition, VO2peak and cardiac variables (thoracic bioimpedance analysis) at rest and at heart rates (HR) of 110, 130, 150 and 170 beats min−1 and maximal HR during incremental cycling exercise to exhaustion. Differences between groups were assessed with mixed‐model ancova with repeated measures. Cardiac variables were statistically indexed for body surface area and resting HR. VO2 and arteriovenous oxygen difference (a‐vO2) were statistically indexed for fat‐free mass and resting HR.Results:  Significant main effects for group indicated obese participants had higher cardiac output (Q) index and stroke volume (SV) index but lower ejection fraction (EF) and a‐vO2 index during incremental exercise to exhaustion compared with their normal‐weight peers, despite similar submaximal and maximal VO2 and absolute power outputs (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that although Q index and SV index were higher in obese, young adults, EF and a‐vO2 index were significantly lower when compared to matched, normal‐weight adults.
The Typology of Templates
Authors: Good Jeff 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe notion of a template has been used in a number of linguistic domains to refer to grammatical patterns where the form of some linguistic constituent appears to be well conceptualized as consisting of a fixed linear structure, whether in terms of the arrangement of its subconstituents or its overall length. Most work on templates has restricted the topic of investigation to a single grammatical domain, e.g., morphophonology, rather than looking at templatic phenomena across grammatical domains. Such comparison reveals that a commonality among templatic constructions is that they involve ‘unexpected’ linear stipulation. This leaves open many questions regarding how they might be typologically compared, but the existing literature, nevertheless, indicates some dimensions of variation worthy of further investigation that could form the basis of a comprehensive study of template typology.
Evaluation of a Regionalization Approach for Daily Flow Duration Curves in Central and Southern California Watersheds1
Authors: Hope Allen , Bart Ryan 
Published: October 2011

Hope, Allen and Ryan Bart, 2011. Evaluation of a Regionalization Approach for Daily Flow Duration Curves in Central and Southern California Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 123‐133. DOI:10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00597.xAbstract:  Discontinuities in flow regimes of ephemeral rivers in California make the modeling of daily flow duration curves (FDCs) in ungauged watersheds challenging. A regionalization approach previously developed for perennial and ephemeral watersheds in Portugal was tested in central and southern California. This approach, which is based on the theory of total probability, requires the prediction of three key flow variables in ungauged watersheds: the percentage of time the river is dry, the nonzero flow equalled or exceeded 80% of the time, and the mean daily flow for nonzero flows. Data from 41 watersheds in California were used to develop and validate regression equations for these three metrics. The methodology included an “all possible models” regression approach, an extensive set of watershed descriptors as potential independent variables, and two different methods for constructing observed FDCs. Suitable regression models could not be identified for predicting any of the required flow metrics. The contrasting results from the studies in Portugal and California were primarily attributed to differences in the aridity of watersheds in the two samples.
Sensitivity Analysis of Best Management Practices Under Climate Change Scenarios1
Authors: Woznicki Sean A. , Nejadhashemi A. Pouyan 
Published: October 2011

Woznicki, Sean A. and A. Pouyan Nejadhashemi, 2011. Sensitivity Analysis of Best Management Practices Under Climate Change Scenarios. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 90‐112. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00598.xAbstract:  Understanding the sensitivity of best management practices (BMPs) implementation as climate changes will be important for water resources management. The objective of this study was to determine how the sensitivity of BMPs performance vary due to changes in precipitation, temperature, and CO2 using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Sediment, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus loads on an annual and monthly basis were estimated before and after implementation of eight agricultural BMPs for different climate scenarios. Downscaled climate change data were obtained from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model for the Tuttle Creek Lake watershed in Kansas and Nebraska. Using a relative sensitivity index, native grass, grazing management, and filter strips were determined to be the most sensitive for all climate change scenarios, whereas porous gully plugs, no‐tillage, and conservation tillage were the least sensitive on an annual basis. The monthly sensitivity analysis revealed that BMP sensitivity varies largely on a seasonal basis for all climate change scenarios. The results of this research suggest that the majority of agricultural BMPs tested in this study are significantly sensitive to climate change. Therefore, caution should be exercised in the decision‐making processes.
Patients' attitudes toward screening for medical conditions in a dental setting
Authors: Greenberg Barbara L. , Kantor Mel L. , Jiang Shuying S. , Glick Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectives: Previous studies demonstrated the efficacy of chairside medical screening by dentists to identify patients who are at increased risk for developing cardiovascular‐associated events and the favorable attitude of dentists toward chairside medical screening. This study assessed patient attitudes toward chairside medical screening in a dental setting.Methods: A self‐administered questionnaire of eight five‐point response scale questions was given to a convenience sample of adult patients attending an inner‐city dental school clinic and two private practice settings. Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests and t‐tests were used to compare responses between study groups. Friedman nonparametric analysis of variance was used to compare response items within each question.Results: Regardless of setting, the majority of respondents was willing to have a dentist conduct screening for heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and hepatitis infection (55‐90 percent); discuss results immediately (79 percent and 89 percent); provide oral fluids, finger‐stick blood, blood pressure measurements, and height and weight (60‐94 percent); and pay up to $20 (50‐67 percent). Respondents reported that their opinion of the dentist would improve regarding the dentist's professionalism, knowledge, competence, and compassion (48‐77 percent). The fact that the test was not done by a physician was ranked as the least important potential barrier. While all respondents expressed a favorable attitude toward chairside screening, the mean score was significantly lower among clinic patients across most questions/items. The priority rankings within an item were similar for both groups.Conclusions: Acceptance by patients of chairside medical screening in a dental setting is a critical element for successful implementation of this strategy.
School screening and parental reminders in increasing dental care for children in need: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Nelson Suchitra , Mandelaris Jason , Ferretti Gerald , Heima Masahiro , Spiekerman Charles , Milgrom Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study is to assess follow‐up dental care received by children given baseline screening and referrals as part of an ongoing clinical trial.Methods: A retrospective study with two cohorts of kindergarten children who had baseline and follow‐up (9 months later) dental exams was used. The parents/caregivers of children with routine restorative or urgent needs at baseline received a referral letter and telephone reminders to seek care for their child. Children with referrals were evaluated at follow‐up exam for the receipt of care. A baseline caregiver questionnaire provided information on the individual and family characteristics of the children.Results: A total of 303 children had dental exams at both time periods. At baseline, 42 percent (126/303) received referrals and among the referred group19 percent (24/126) received follow‐up care. A greater proportion with urgent referrals (10/30, 33 percent) received care than those with routine referrals (14/96, 15 percent). Baseline dmft decayed, missing, filled primary teeth and DMFT decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth was similar between children who did/did not receive follow‐up care (P = 0.178 and 0.491, respectively). Children receiving referrals had caregivers with less education, higher Medicaid participation, fewer routine care visits, poorer self‐rating of teeth, and a higher proportion of children reporting tooth pain. Children without receipt of follow‐up care had caregivers who were more likely to report not visiting a dentist within the last 5 years and a greater number of missed days from work because of tooth problems.Conclusion: The rate of dental utilization was low even with school screening, referral and parental reminders among poor, largely minority inner‐city kindergarten children.
Dental anxiety and oral health outcomes among rural older adults
Authors: Bell Ronny A. , Arcury Thomas A. , Anderson Andrea M. , Chen Haiying , Savoca Margaret R. , Gilbert Gregg H. , Quandt Sara A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study is to determine the degree to which rural older adults are able to complete a measure of dental anxiety and to assess the prevalence, as well as the demographic and oral health characteristics, of individuals reporting high dental anxiety.Methods: A population‐based sample of 635 African American, American Indian and White older adults (age ≥60 years) completed an in‐home survey, and 362 dentate participants completed an oral examination. Dental anxiety was measured using the four‐item Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS). Gender, ethnicity, age, education, and oral health outcomes were compared between those who completed all four DAS questions (completers) and those who did not (noncompleters) as well as, among completers, those with high versus low DAS scores.Results: There were 94 (14.8%) noncompleters. Noncompletion was associated with older age, lower education, being edentulous, and having gingival recession. 12.4% of DAS completers had high DAS scores, which was more common among those aged 60‐70 years, women, and those with oral pain and sore or bleeding gums. In logistic regression analysis, only sore and bleeding gums had a significant association with a high DAS score (odds ratio = 2.40, 95% confidence interval 1.09‐5.26).Conclusions: About one in eight rural older adults have high dental anxiety, which is associated with poor oral health outcomes. Identifying new approaches to measure dental anxiety among a population with limited interaction with dental care providers is needed.
New social directions in UK flood risk management: moving towards flood risk citizenship?
Authors: Nye M. , Tapsell S. , Twigger‐Ross C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the evolution of a more sociotechnical variety of flood and coastal risk management (FCRM) in the UK that emphasises community engagement and personal or community level responsibility for flood risk planning, awareness and resilience alongside more traditional, centrally managed structural and technical measures. Specifically, it explores three interlocking drivers of the social turn in UK FCRM: (i) the need to adapt to climate change and address the lessons from associated high profile flood events; (ii) pressures to integrate FCRM with the sustainable development agenda; and (iii) a broader trend towards a ‘civic model’ in UK environmental policy‐making and delivery. The paper also explores the practical impact and manifestation of these drivers in current FCRM planning and delivery frameworks, and suggests several critical pathways for a deeper embedding of the approach.
Neutralizing effect of green tea epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate on nicotine‐induced toxicity and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 secretion in human oral epithelial cells and fibroblasts
Authors: Desjardins Jacynthe , Grenier Daniel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim:  Tobacco use has been identified as the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate on the nicotine‐induced toxic and inflammatory responses in oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts.Methods:  The effect of nicotine, alone and in combination with the lipopolysaccharide of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, on the viability of oral epithelial cells and fibroblasts was evaluated using a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. The ability of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate to neutralize the nicotine‐induced cytotoxicity was then investigated. The nicotine‐induced cytokine secretion in epithelial cells and the inhibitory effect of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:  Our results indicated that nicotine caused a dose‐dependent loss of viability in both epithelial cells and fibroblasts. A mixture of nicotine and A. actinomycetemcomitans lipopolysaccharide demonstrated additive instead of synergistic effects on loss of cell viability. Pretreatment of cells with epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate efficiently neutralized the nicotine‐induced toxic effects in epithelial cells and fibroblasts. It also dose dependently inhibited the nicotine‐induced secretion of chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 5 by epithelial cells.Conclusions:  The present study suggests that epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate, the major polyphenol in green tea, may represent a novel preventive/therapeutic agent for smoking‐related periodontitis.
Models for species‐detection data collected along transects in the presence of abundance‐induced heterogeneity and clustering in the detection process
Authors: Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta , Ridout Martin S. , Morgan Byron J. T. , Linkie Matthew 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Models have been devised previously that allow the estimation of abundance from detection data of unmarked individuals while accounting for imperfect detection, but these are restricted to models for discrete sampling protocols, i.e. replicated detection/non‐detection or count data. Furthermore, these models assume that the detections from each individual are independent; however, there are cases in which this assumption is likely to be violated. For example, in surveys along transects, clustering in the signs left by each individual could be expected.2. Here, we propose models to estimate abundance from species‐detection data collected continuously along transects considering two cases: (i) independent detections and (ii) clustering within the detections of each individual. We account for clustering by describing the detection process as a Markov‐modulated Poisson process. We study the properties of the estimators via simulation, assessing the impact of unmodelled detection clustering.3. We show that bias may be induced in the estimator of abundance if clustering in individual detections is not accounted for and how an estimator with better coverage properties is obtained if clustering is modelled. We demonstrate that both abundance and the clustering pattern can be well estimated simultaneously, given enough data.4. To illustrate our approach, we fit the models to tiger pugmark detection data from transect surveys in Kerinci Seblat National Park in Sumatra. The analysis suggested strong abundance‐induced heterogeneity in detections when clustering was disregarded, but the evidence reduced drastically when clustering was accounted for. This example illustrates how unmodelled clustering can affect the estimation of abundance.5. Estimates of abundance need to be reliable to ensure that conservation and management interventions are not misguided. Provided certain model assumptions are met, abundance can be estimated from detection data of unmarked individuals. This requires an adequate description of the detection process, or otherwise, bias may be induced in the abundance estimator. The models and discussion provided here deal with the issue of clustering within the detections of individuals and are of relevance for ecologists interested in methodological developments for the estimation of animal abundance.
Analysing the role of COX-2 in acute oesophagitis and in melatonin-exerted protection against experimental reflux oesophagitis in rats
Authors: Singh Pratibha , Singh Neetu , Palit Gautam 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Cyclooxygenase(COX)-2 is implicated in variety of pathophysiological processes, although its role in acute reflux oesophagitis is debatable. This study was designed to evaluate the role of COX-2 during oesophagitis and in melatonin-elicited protection in rats.

Methods
Reflux oesophagitis was induced in rats by ligating the pyloric end and the limiting ridge of the stomach for 5 h. Celecoxib (COX-2 blocker; 10 mg/kg), 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandinE2 (dmPGE2; a synthetic analogue of PGE2; 10 µg/kg), melatonin (20 and 40 mg/kg) and omeprazole (10 mg/kg) were given intra-peritoneally 45 min before induction of oesophagitis in rats. Alterations in COX-1 and 2 gene expression and protein levels level were analysed via RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Mucosal PGE2 level and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit and spectrophotometrically, respectively.

Key findings
COX-2 over-expression during reflux oesophagitis promotes inflammation of the oesophagus as celecoxib pretreatment significantly reduced tissue damage and MPO activity in rats with reflux oesophagitis (RE-rats). By contrast, dmPGE2 pretreatment significantly exacerbated tissue injury and simultaneously increased COX-2 expression, PGE2 levels and MPO activity in RE-rats. Further, melatonin pretreatment significantly reduced the tissue injury, COX-2 over-expression, PGE2 level and MPO activity in RE-rats. Melatonin offered more potent suppression of COX-2, PGE2 and MPO activity than the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole; however, both reduced the lesion injury to a similar extent. Melatonin at a dose of 20 mg/kg failed to inhibit significantly the dmPGE2-induced tissue damage, COX-2 expression, PGE2 level and MPO activity in RE-rats while at a higher dose of 40 mg/kg it significantly attenuated these changes.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that COX-2 plays an important pro-inflammatory role during acute reflux oesophagitis in rats and its inhibition contributes significantly to melatonin-exerted protection against reflux oesophagitis.