bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patriotism and Justice
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA limitation argument is designed to prove that the pretensions of cosmopolitans are illusory, incoherent, overridden by some morally more important considerations or otherwise wrong-headed. Constitutive theorists maintain that while there are perhaps good grounds for recognising the claims of human beings, cosmopolitans fail to take proper account of the value of what we might call certain intra-species collectivities, most importantly, sovereign states. Since sovereignty is a value, and since cosmopolitan arguments appear to ride roughshod over the sovereignty of states, it follows that the sort of moral universalism embodied in the basic human rights approach overlooks a value of great significance and is consequently mistaken in its conclusions. If a view requires the denial or the full force of human rights claims, then patriotism conflicts with cosmopolitanism.
Relativism, Universalism, and Walzer
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe challenges to cosmopolitan justice that this chapter considers come from relativist ethical views, and the ideas of Michael Walzer, who has recognised both the validity of universal norms and the importance of a more thickly articulated ethical culture. This chapter identifies certain salient features of ethical relativism and subjects them to criticism, and examines Walzer's approach to international justice, bringing out its relativist as well as its universalist features and showing exactly how Walzer goes wrong in partially denying the implications of the sort of transcultural human rights principles that this chapter defends. Walzer is critiqued to have underemphasised the value of the thin universalist morality that applies globally.
Information Technology and Research and Development Impacts on Productivity and Skills: Looking for Correlations on French Firm-Level Data
Authors: GREENAN NATHALIE , MAIRESSE JACQUES , TOPIOL-BENSAID AGNÈS 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince the use of information technology (IT) has become increasingly widespread throughout several industrial countries, this is expected to bring about many developments not only in the performance and the characteristics of the firm, but also in the firm's production function and in the quality and composition of the involved factors of production. In terms of its direct effects, machineries and other such equipment are becoming more dependent on computer software and on various electronic components, while a huge portion of the capital stock of companies involves the use of more computer equipment. To manage and maintain this equipment, the firms also have to employ specialized staff and workers need to have specific skills and knowledge for using IT. As such, several organizations have modified their production, sales, and administrative structures. This chapter attempts to provide a description about the correlations between productivity and skills and the use of IT and whether these are statistically significant.
The Contribution of Information Technology to the Rapid Economic Growth of Singapore
Authors: WONG POH KAM 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Singapore has undergone a great deal of economic growth since it gained political independence in 1959, and this is made evident through their 8.4% per annum real GDP growth, and how the country's income level successfully went beyond the average level articulated by the OECD. With this growth, the country also improved and expanded their manufacturing endeavours, specifically those that involved the production of ICT goods. This chapter analyzes how the diffusion and adoption of ICT and the expansion in ICT production has brought about significant effects on Singapore's growing economy. This is done through clarifying the contribution of ICT in economic development, going over the trends in ICT production, and examining the contributions to productivity growth and GDP.
Information Technology and Economic Development: Results and Policy Implications of Cross-Country Studies
Authors: KRAEMER KENNETH L. , DEDRICK JASON 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEspecially in industrialized countries, information technology has manifested itself in several aspects of life. However, doubts such as the ‘productivity paradox’ remain since there have been disputes about the real worth and contributions of IT investments and other such dimensions of technological progress. For the US and other developed countries, studies have shown that there is a declining productivity growth in this sector. If indeed IT is the key to economic growth and innovation, developing countries will be at a loss if they do not adopt these developments immediately. This chapter emphasizes the need for both qualitative and quantitative data analyses for proceeding with a cross-country analysis of economic growth and development. Also, it looks into the various implications of this data in formulating international and national policies.
Negation Theories of Subsistence (1) The Thirteenth Century
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the theories of Peter John Olivi, Godfrey of Fontaines, and Hervaeus Natalis. The earliest explicit attempt to defend the negation theory of subsistence — the theory that what distinguishes a person from an individual nature is just a negative feature — can be found in Peter John Olivi. The chapter first gives Olivi's presentation of the opposing view — in this case, the esse theory of subsistence — along with Olivi's reasons for rejecting it; and secondly Olivi's account of the negation theory of subsistence. It then considers the theories of Godfrey and Hevaeus.
Consequences of the Union
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter briefly examines an issue which is of Christological importance, and which has some relation to the issue considered thus far: namely, the question of the consequences that the union has for the assumed nature. Specifically, the question is whether the union automatically entails that, for example, the human nature considered as including a human mind has any special religious experiences or gifts, whether these be of a kind not possibly had by other natures, or of a kind possibly had by other natures — albeit as a result of a different cause.
Counting Persons and Natures
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The medievals found the discussion of counterfactual and counterpossible states of affairs to be particularly useful tools for clarifying tricky theological questions. As noted in Excursus I, Christology is no exception to this. This chapter looks at the first two of the issues listed at the beginning of Excursus I (viz. Are multiple incarnations possible? and Could many divine persons assume just one and the same nature?) relating them closely to medieval intuitions about the individuality of the assumed nature.
The March of the Women
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book is the first comprehensive study of the campaign for women's suffrage to appear for over thirty years. It challenges the widely-held assumption that the Victorian suffragists underwent a decline during the 1890s, and sets out to prove that, on the contrary, they had effectively won the argument about votes for women by 1900. To support this view the author demonstrates how ineffective Anti-Suffragism was during this period; cites the impetus given to the campaign by the enfranchisement of women in New Zealand and Australia in 1893 and 1902; and crucially examines the shift towards suffragist support by the Conservative Party in the 1890s. The March of the Women also evaluates anew the militant campaign of the Edwardian era, contrasting the sharp divisions over tactics among the London leadership with the more pragmatic approach at grass roots level. It shows how the Pankhursts and the WSPU managed to combine attacking the British Establishment and its values with tapping into it for support and funds; while at the other end of the spectrum the non-militants gathered support for the cause from the working-class and the emergent Labour Party.
The Tactical Dilemmas
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
When Constance Rover's Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain was published in 1967, attempts to assess the entire campaign to secure the parliamentary vote for women has become available. Since 1967 a number of studies of specific aspects of the movement have helped to change the perspective on the cause. However, in view of the importance of the subject and the popular interest it still engenders, it cannot be said that a great deal has been published. Several aspects of the topic remain neglected, and the treatment of it seems unbalanced in many ways. Some authors continue to approach it by attacking the straw men of the past — that is the accounts written by George Dangerfield in The Strange Death of Liberal England and by Roger Fulford in Votes for Women, neither of which were based on primary source material. It is easy to criticize such works, but this is to avoid the real issues involved in an analysis of the campaign.
Decline or Revival? Women's Suffrage in the 1890s
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyses the debate over women's enfranchisement — a key theme but surprisingly neglected, perhaps because scholars traditionally accepted the Pankhursts' claim that no progress had been made before the 1900s. This chapter also demonstrates how the debate fluctuated over time as suffragists varied their case in order to take advantage of changing conditions; it also identifies those areas of debate in which anti-suffragist views became discredited or redundant. After 1900, members of parliament had been converted to the cause. The principle of women's enfranchisement had largely been won by the turn of the century; it remained to resolve the complicated question of the precise terms on which women were to receive the vote.
Women's Suffrage and Public Opinion
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter analyses and evaluates militancy which is designed to show it as a far more varied and in some ways subtle movement than is usually thought. Militancy is revealed as involving a wide spectrum of participation including purely nominal and temporary involvement by many women. The extent to which suffragettes and suffragists crossed the supposedly clear line between militancy and non-militancy, which suggests that the divisions over tactics assumed far less significance at local level than they did in London and among the leadership ranks, is emphasized. It also examines the character of the WSPU by juxtaposing the radicalism of its methods and its reputation with the reality of its members' position within the economic and social establishment, and by highlighting the inconsistency involved in attacking private property while simultaneously exploiting private wealth to sustain the campaign. The chapter concludes by explaining the decisive failure and decline of WSPU by 1914.
Globalization and the Logic of International Collective Action: Re-examining the Bretton Woods Institutions
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe fixed exchange rate system had been abandoned back in 1971, raising questions at that time about the role of the International Monetary Fund. However, the abandonment of the fixed exchange rate system did not mark an end to crises; rather, they seemed to become both more frequent and of greater depth. When the Bretton Woods institutions were founded, there was a less well-developed theory of collective action that outlined the circumstances under which public, as opposed to private, action was desirable. There was, in particular, a less well-developed theory of market failure, of the circumstances under which markets by themselves did not yield efficient outcomes. This chapter explores the role of the Bretton Woods institutions from the perspective of global public goods and externalities. The discussion begins by focusing on the IMF, simply because there was, in its establishment, a clear vision of a global market failure that it was supposed to address.
Ordinal arithmetic
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter defines operations of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation for ordinals. It takes as a model the recursive definitions of the corresponding operations for natural numbers (§ 5.4): the form the extended definitions should take at success or ordinals is clear; the form of the additional clause defining the behaviour of the operations at limit ordinals is also clear if it is required that the operations must all be normal in their second variable.
Of the academical or sceptical Philosophy
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe interconnected essays that make up this work have displayed a clear tendency: sceptical doubts have been raised, and sceptical solutions proposed. This is true not only of the two sections that explicitly bear this tag, but also of those succeeding sections that appeal to custom, probability, and proof as the foundation of judgment. Free will, in the sense of some contracausal power possessed only by human beings and other higher creatures, has been denied, and human freedom has been relocated within the natural order. Human rationality itself has been humbled, as the ancient skeptics and Michel de Montaigne had humbled it, by being treated as, in large part, a quality possessed also by animals. Finally, religion, the defining mark of the human soul, has been attacked.
Unemployment
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book aims to provide a basis for better unemployment policy: showing how the lessons learned from experience and theory can be applied to greatly reduce the waste and misery of high unemployment. The book surveys the main aspects of the unemployment problem. It integrates macroeconomics with a detailed micro-analysis of the labour market. It uses a model to explain the puzzling post-war history of OECD unemployment and shows how unemployment and inflation are affected by systems of wage bargaining and unemployment insurance. For each issue the chapters develop a relevant theory, followed by extensive empirical analysis.
Edmund Burke, Volume II
Authors: Lock F. P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This is the concluding volume of a biography of Edmund Burke, a key figure in eighteenth-century British and Irish politics and intellectual life. Covering the years 1784–97, its leading themes are India and the French Revolution. Burke was largely responsible for the impeachment of Warren Hastings, former Governor-General of Bengal, whose long trial is recognized as a landmark in the history of Britain's relationship with India. The author provides the first day-by-day account of the entire trial, highlighting some of the many disputes about evidence, as well as the great speeches by Burke and others. In 1790, Burke published Reflections on the Revolution in France, the earliest sustained attack on the principles of the Revolution. This remains, to this day, the most widely read book on the subject. Additionally, the biography examines Burke's parliamentary career, his family, friendships, philanthropy, and personality. The book's numerous illustrations and contemporary caricatures convey how Burke was perceived by an uncomprehending public. Controversial in his time, he is now regarded as one of the greatest orators in the English language, as well as one of the most influential political philosophers in the Western tradition.
A Boundless Object, 1787–1788
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1787 to 1788. In the summer of 1787, Burke spent his time writing letters in his estate in Beaconsfield and his attention was mostly on the Dutch crisis. During this period, Burke also participated in the impeachment proceedings against Judge Elijah Impey. Analyses of Burke's letters and writings during this period reveal that he had heated arguments with William Pitt on the Impey impeachment issue.
A Uniform Whig, 1791–1792
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines British politician Edmund Burke's relations with his Whig Party in 1791–92. His Reflections on the Revolution in France was well received across a wide spectrum of political opinion, including many members of his party. However, when Prime Minister Charles James Fox declared he was against the book, no-one from the opposition benches came to Burke's defence. Burke retaliated and started attacking Fox with the help of William Fitzwilliam in the hope of unifying the Whig Party.
Criminology, Accountability, and International Justice
Authors: Schabas William A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractInternational criminal justice has barely engaged with the discipline of criminology, and vice versa. Probably this is because the phenomenon of international crimes is viewed within the field as more a matter of politics than sociology. On the legal side, there is an attempt by some of the lawyers to exclude the social sciences, by reducing prosecution to absolute principles and dismissing the relevance of factors such as peace building, reconciliation, and social reinsertion of offenders. Sometimes this is done in the name of legal rigour and sometimes its proponents invoke the rights of victims as justification. This chapter argues that international criminal law could benefit from greater openness to the social sciences. Criminologists might break some paths here by developing more sophisticated approaches to the specifics of crime when perpetrated in time of conflict, or by brutal regimes.
2 The Impact Question: The ICTY and the Restoration and Maintenance of Peace
Authors: Clark Janine Natalya 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter seeks to address an important ‘impact gap’ within the transitional justice literature, by using empirical data to explore and evaluate the ICTY's influence on the restoration and maintenance of peace in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In order to assess the Tribunal's social impact, it uses three key criteria — namely perceptions of the Tribunal, acknowledgement/denial, and inter-ethnic relations on the ground. Measured against each of these factors, the chapter finds little evidence that the ICTY has contributed to the restoration and maintenance of peace — and more specifically to reconciliation — in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Rather than necessarily interpreting this as a failure of the ICTY, however, it questions whether it is in fact realistic to expect a geographically remote judicial body to aid such a personal process as reconciliation.
8 Complicity in Genocide and the Duality of Responsibility
Authors: Jørgensen Nina HB 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In 2007, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) upheld the notion that the Genocide Convention provides for state as well as individual responsibility for genocide, referring to the ‘duality of responsibility’ under international law. According to the ICJ, the obligation on states extends to complicity in genocide. In the meantime, the ICTY considered the relationship between ‘complicity in genocide’ and ‘aiding and abetting genocide’ within the terms of its Statute, and essentially settled the law on aiding and abetting genocide. The analysis of both the ICJ and the ICTY illustrates how problematic the legal definition of complicity in genocide has proved to be both for individual and state responsibility. This chapter examines the ‘duality of responsibility’ with specific reference to complicity in genocide, exploring the extent to which the issues faced by the ICJ are analogues of issues the ICTY and the ICTR grappled with but left partially unresolved.
15 The ICTY and its Relationship with National Jurisdictions: Powers, Limits, and Misconceptions
Authors: Prost Kimberly 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between the ICTY and national jurisdictions. It examines the cooperation obligations imposed under Article 29 of the Statute in relation to the gathering of evidence and the surrender of persons, with emphasis on how those have been interpreted in the jurisprudence. It analyses critically the approaches adopted by the Tribunal, in particular in the creation of a subpoena power and the compulsion of documents from states and international organizations. It also looks at the criteria imposed for the taking of evidence via a satellite link and the practical problems which have arisen in that context. Finally, there is a brief consideration of the potential conflicts between the Tribunal and states in the context of the transfer of individuals to national jurisdictions for trial in instances where that person was originally surrendered to the Tribunal by a third state.
Entropy
Authors: Frigg Roman , Werndl Charlotte 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explains the most important notions of entropy and clarifies their interrelations. It furthermore explores what notions of probabilities are at work when entropy is defined in terms of probability. Entropies from thermodynamics, information theory, statistical mechanics, dynamical systems theory, and fractal geometry are surveyed. Notions of entropy from statistical mechanics such as varieties of the Boltzmann and Gibbs entropies can be traced back to information-theoretic entropy. As the chapter points out, an analytic connection between fine-grained Boltzmann entropy and thermodynamic entropy can be established for ideal gases. No easy results about probabilities follow, since several interpretations are compatible with each definition of entropy.
Practical Reason's Foundations
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLaw's sources, by reference to which the correctness (validity) of propositions of law is assessed in this chapter, include not only ‘social facts’ such as enactment but also many ‘principles of interpretation’ which look to content-based considerations — requirements of humanly appropriate behaviour. So understanding law, and specific laws, requires reference (direct or indirect) to human goods and harms, and to the various derivability of laws from first principles of practical reason (ableness). Hume's challenge to the primacy of such first principles — his claim that reason is and ought to be the slave of the passions — is here confronted, with the aid of Christine Korsgaard's critique. That critique's inadequacy is then shown, as a claim once advanced (but since substantially withdrawn) by Terence Irwin, that Aquinas contradicts himself about whether prudentia (phronêsis, practical reasonableness) concerns ultimate ends or only means. The chapter argues finally that first practical principles are transparent for the persons who can flourish in the kinds of ways to which those principles direct us; and shows the non-Humean sense in Shakespeare's dictum: ‘Love hath Reason, Reason none...’.
Bernard Williams on Truth's Values
Authors: Finnis John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter is the first part of a 2008 essay whose other parts are collected as Chapter 7 in Volume II of this text and Chapter 8 in Volume V. Here Williams's project in the last book he published, Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy, is described and assessed. Its critique of scepticism is valuable, but the four objections he brings against Plato's conception of the cause of the world's intelligibility are shown to be misconceived. In relation to practical reason, with its foundational understanding of such goods as knowledge and friendship, Williams's famous distinction between internal and external reasons is to be regarded as merely updating Hume's unwarrantable dogma that reasons as such cannot motivate. Williams's attack on ‘the morality system’ (that is, on morality) simply assumes that there are no substantive first principles of practical reason, and thus shuts its eyes to intelligibilities available to us all.