bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Apprehension of ‘What Is’
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins this historical survey by exploring a deep epistemological consensus underlying ancient Greek philosophy. After a considering three leading pre-Socratics (Xenophanes, Parmenides, and Empedocles: 1.1.1), it focuses particular attention on Plato (1.1.2). Rejecting the view that Meno and Theaetetus propose a justified true belief (JTB) analysis of knowledge, it argues that, for Plato and the polymorph philosophical tradition broadly describable as Platonism, knowledge is, most fundamentally, an apprehension of ‘what is’ distinct in kind from belief (1.1.3). Although Plato and Aristotle are commonly regarded as founders of two opposing philosophical schools, notably as regards their approach to sense-perception, they are perfectly aligned in thinking that knowledge latches on to ‘what is’ or to reality, whatever their further views on the nature of this reality or the manner in which we grasp it (1.2.1-2). After a brief consideration of the similar view of knowledge and belief underlying Epicureanism, it is suggested that Stoic epistemology is the clearest early example of conceiving ‘thinking with assent’ as a broader, general category of which other cognitive modes—grasping, knowing, and believing—are either cases or epistemic components (1.2.3).
Religious Belief II
Authors: Antognazza Maria Rosa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates William Alston’s view that putative perceptions of God can provide justification for certain beliefs about God (15.1). Notwithstanding agreement with some key features of Alston’s brilliantly original proposal—such as the rejection of epistemic double standards and of epistemic imperialism—it is objected that a Christian doxastic practice built on the direct perception of God faces difficulties arising from both its own internal overrider system (starting with the statement in John 1:18 that ‘no one has ever seen God’) and from independent philosophical reasons (notably the Kantian insistence on an ontological and therefore epistemological gap between human beings and any putative noumenal entity not bounded by space and time: 15.2). The chapter ends (15.3) with the proposal of an alternative framework for religious epistemology in which the model of cognition defended in this book is applied. A distinctive feature of religion is that of being primarily about matters in which the kind of direct cognitive contact required by knowledge is not available, at least as regards our natural cognitive abilities. When the object of cognition is some putative supernatural, noumenal entity, the appropriate cognitive model is belief rather than knowledge. Although some things may be known also in the domain of religion, the specific epistemic status of what, in religion, is held by faith is belief, not knowledge. Nevertheless, to be rationally held, religious belief (as any other belief) also needs reasons, including reasons of an epistemic kind.
Ethology and anxiety
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘Ethology and anxiety’ describes ethoexperimental and ethopharmacological analysis of anxiety and fear in semi-natural but experimentally controlled settings. A suite of characteristic responses to an actual present predator can be characterized as fear responses (and are reduced by panicolytic drugs but not by anxiolytics). Conversely, a distinct suite of responses to an uncertain predator can be characterized as anxiety responses (and are reduced by anxiolytics). The behaviours reflect two functional dimensions: defensive distance and defensive direction. The key adaptive functions of these suites, which define defensive direction, appear to be to permit withdrawal from danger, or to permit cautious approach to danger (to obtain a good), respectively. Terminological problems, confirmation in human studies, and reasons for excluding rumination and worry from the analysis are discussed.
Anxiety and personality
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
‘Anxiety and personality’ links the anxiolytic-derived state neuropsychology of the previous chapters to personality traits. Traits are seen as sensitivities of structures, goal control systems, and more global modulators of the systems. It lays the ground work for seeing psychiatric disorders as resulting from one or more extreme sensitivities. While the main focus is anxiety, it also discusses the implications of the neuropsychology for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) with additional comment on the Big 5. It reviews issues arising from word meanings, evolution, the need for biomarkers, hierarchical organization, continuity versus discontinuity of disorders and provides recommendation for the application of neuropsychology to personality work, throughout. It distinguishes neuroticism from trait anxiety, provides a new dopaminergic neurology for reinforcement sensitivity, strongly distinguishes reinforcement from reinforcers, discusses the first anxiety disorder biomarker, identifies problems with existing RST scales, and discusses future neural solutions.
Coda
Authors: McNaughton Neil , Gray Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This coda provides a global conceptual summary of the data explosion of the last 20 years, our conceptual expansion to meet this, the idea that personality can provide a source of conceptual unity, and the role of cognitive bias and its interaction with disorder-specific systems and sensitivities. The data explosion has necessitated the addition of 33 supporting published reviews to the original 10 Appendices. Our conceptual expansion has involved the inclusion of additive arousal/attention circuits to our previous subtractive decision ones; and separation of ‘reward’ into its gain and attraction components (similarly for ‘punishment’). The theoretical treatment of personality is not only expanded but intertwined with our treatment of psychiatric disorder; and the interlinking of cognitive and neural approaches is emphasized. Our final conclusion is that, as with previous editions, this is a work in progress.
Corporate Groups in Rescue
Authors: Janger Edward J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of corporate groups in insolvency. It explains the ways and reasons that corporate groups may structure the relationships among their various entities from different industries and types of companies. From the perspective of a debtor or creditor, the key feature of the group structure is that each group member is treated as a discrete juridic person, with its own assets and liabilities. Additionally, group structure implicates aspects of contract law, property law, and corporate law, while the interactions among non-bankruptcyinsolvency areas of law also affect the treatment of groups in bankruptcy. The chapter discusses the allocation of group value in rescue and the administration of global restructuring in line with cross-border issues.
Aspects of Labour Law
Authors: Piñeiro Laura Carballo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the aspects of labour law. It cites that workers’ rights are mainly addressed from a creditors’ rights perspective in insolvency law. Employment contracts and relationships are subject to the powers granted to the insolvency practitioner (IP) or the debtor in possession (DIP) to terminate or modify them with a view to achieving the insolvency objectives. The chapter elaborates on worker entitlements and priority of payment, which includes the key concepts of pension claims and worker claims. It then provides an overview of comparative law approaches to worker entitlements’ protection that depend on the combination of wage protection mechanisms.
Conclusion
Authors: Katsirea Irini 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Convergence has been traditionally committed to neoliberal ideals, aligned with the press’s archetypal conception as a free-market medium, hostile to state intervention and subordinate to market forces. In recent times, concern about the online circulation of content that could harm individuals and society at large, has triggered a regulatory turn. National governments have been increasingly striving to develop policies to render online platforms more accountable to the public interest. The shift from platform self-regulation to nation-state and supranational regulation has created a new paradigm also for the field of online news media, posing a risk that the totality of the electronic news media might be seen as vectors of the same harms that beset the internet at large. Convergence is not an inevitable process engendered by technological forces, but is conditioned by socioeconomic and political imperatives. The search for a regulatory model for the online press is influenced as much by analogies from the past as by the newly prevalent culture of control. The debate between press freedom and regulation is polarized and entrenched. The desideratum is the development of collision norms that are conducive to the creation of a democratic online environment.
Italy's Christian Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book is the first comprehensive study of Italian Christian Democracy in English. By unraveling the encounter between Catholicism and democracy from pre-unification Italy in the eighteenth century to the present, the book puts into historical perspective the triumphant emergence of the Christian Democratic political party that ruled Italy from 1948 to 1994. With a focus on critical moments of modern Italian history—the Enlightenment and French Revolution, the Risorgimento, World War I, the Fascist period, World War II, the post-war Republic—the book shows the often dramatic ways in which Catholic thinkers, from laymen to popes, sought to direct democratic thought and practice in line with Catholic ethics. The historical narrative presented demonstrates how a Catholic approach to democracy emerged as a significant alternative to both Fascism and Socialism, liberalism and conservativism. The book contributes to existing scholarship by taking seriously the religious and spiritual impulse behind Christian democratic thought. While zooming in on the Italian case, the argument presented therefore also invites a broader theoretical debate on the relationship between religion and politics. The analysis offered is of particular relevance to the contemporary political scene, marked by the increasing use of religion in political and public discourse, as recently appropriated by new populist parties and movements—in Italy and beyond.
Democratizing from Below
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter deals with the relationship between church, state, and society in the period from Unification to the early 1900s. The period was marked by a constant culture war between ecclesiastical and anti-ecclesiastical attitudes and positions, in Italy and Europe. At the same time, the period saw an opening from within the church allowing for new types of social and political engagements. In this context, the chapter zooms in on the consequences of Pope Leo XIII’s encyclical Rerum novarum (1891), which had an enormous impact on social, cultural, and political matters and which made the church a decisively more active player in the wider modernization processes that characterized the period. The chapter also evidences how Rerum novarum was not simply a top-down change of attitude coming from the Holy See, but in many ways reflected an orientation toward this-worldly matters that was already visible among Catholic milieus in Italy and beyond.
Consolidating Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the consolidation of Christian Democracy between the late 1940s and the late 1960s and on the series of socio-economic reforms that Christian Democrats implemented in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The chapter also examines how after the death of De Gasperi, Amintore Fanfani and Aldo Moro worked to create a party less dependent on the Vatican’s organizational support, moving toward a governmental alliance with the Socialists. Finally, the chapter also deals with the consequences of the Second Vatican Council (1962–5) on Italian politics in general and on Catholic political culture in specific.
Conclusion
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the perspectives gained and restates the conceptual position developed throughout the book. The conclusion also ends by indicating the broader relevance of the Italian case for global currents and tendencies. In particular, the chapter returns to the challenge of “populist” politics. Seen in a global perspective, Christian Democracy has become much less influential and much less coherent in the last decades. At the same time, more and more movements and political parties in all of Europe and beyond—typically right-wing or far-right parties—explicitly refer to Christianity and to the defense of Christian Europe to articulate their political platforms, often in an anti-liberal key. The mainstream literature on populism interprets the use of religion in a purely instrumentalist key. It is argued that such an instrumentalist stance does not really suffice to grasp the resilience of religion in politics and why religious narratives and symbolisms resonate through multiple constituencies in Italy’s (and Europe’s) social fabric, fostering the appeal and success of the League and other right-wing movements and party politics.
Fair and Equitable Benefit-sharing in International Law
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Fair and equitable benefit-sharing is a diffuse legal phenomenon in international law that remains perplexing with regard to its general nature, extent, content, and implications. The continued proliferation of benefit-sharing clauses in international law can in effect be explained by its intuitive appeal as an optimistic frame. In principle, it serves to recognize, encourage, and reward in innovative ways sustainable human relations with the environment, by focusing on equity issues arising from the most intractable challenges of our time (biodiversity loss, climate change, poverty, global epidemics). Empirical evidence, however, indicates that in practice benefit-sharing rarely achieves its stated fairness and equity objectives, and actually ends up entrenching or worsening inequitable relationships, with little or no benefit for the environment. Instead of focusing on fair and equitable benefit-sharing in specific areas of international law separately, this book assesses the phenomenon both from a general international law perspective and through a comparative analysis across international environmental law, international human rights law, international health law, and the law of the sea. This analysis reveals an opportunity to advance the interpretation and practice of fairness and equity in benefit-sharing through a mutually supportive interpretation of international biodiversity law and international human rights law.
Inter-State Benefit-Sharing from Access to Genetic Resources
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the complex, evolving, and incompletely theorized global regime on access to genetic resources and fair and equitable benefit-sharing (ABS). It analyses the current state of development and implementation challenges of benefit-sharing under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It compares bilateral and multilateral benefit-sharing approaches under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the World Health Organization’s Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework, and the Agreement on marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The chapter proposes an evolutive interpretation of benefit-sharing obligations in each regime based on the understanding that deeper inter-State cooperation is essential for maximizing global benefits. It reveals the shift required from predominantly transactional views to equity-based interpretations in international ABS regimes, which will support their effectiveness in preventing further biodiversity loss and its impacts on human rights.
Transnational Dimensions of Intra-State Benefit-Sharing
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses how international standards on fair and equitable benefit-sharing are part of due diligence standards for business responsibility to respect human rights. This is transnational benefit-sharing, as it often involves multinational companies that are protected by international investment law. These standards have been developed under the aegis of the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of the World Bank. They relate to private sector-driven extractives and conservation in or near lands traditionally used by Indigenous peoples and local communities. The chapter reflects on the ongoing evolution of international law concerning private sector involvement in upholding international standards on human rights and the environment. It discusses the extent to which references to fair and equitable benefit-sharing in this context reveal the delicate balance between obligations placed on public authorities and the expectations placed on private business entities.
Chasing Success
Authors: Jenni Peter , Virdee Tejinder S. , Pontecorvo Ludovico , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis chapter tells untold stories of how and why big experiments and large-scale collaborations get conceived, supported, and executed. The personal experiences and insights of leading scientists of the A Toroidal LHC Apparatus (ATLAS) and Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), two general-purpose detectors, are narrated to provide the inside stories of these detectors. Both technological and scientific experimental challenges are discussed to demonstrate the complexity and how these detectors developed managing the world-wide collaboration of several thousand researchers over more than 30 years. ATLAS and CMS offer complementary and independent verification of the discovery of the Higgs boson. The chapter illustrates the need for innovations in many areas of instrumentation and how electronics, superconducting magnets, data analysis software, and engineering technologies are designed and developed, solving complex issues to enable the making of precise measurements. Not only technological but also human factors are shown to be essential for the success of the experiments.
A Machine with Endless Frontiers
Authors: Evans Lyn , Bordry Frédérick , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 3 outlines the complexity of designing, commissioning, and deployment of one of the world’s most advanced engineering pieces of work. The LHC machine is one of a kind—a giant engineering structure seated below 50–175 metres (average 100 metres) underground with 27-km circumference. The LHC was designed with precision accuracy capable of operating in a high-energy environment necessary to test theoretical and experimental physics. The lead scientists who were responsible for the LHC describe their journey and how this complex machine was put together and the various technological and engineering challenges they met. The authors explain the importance of extensive R&D work, the relationship with industry and, last but not least, the extensive collaborative teamwork necessary for the successful commissioning of the machine. The incident which occurred in September 2008 is also discussed to show how to solve unexpected problems in engineering design and development. The authors also narrate the continuous and important iterations necessary for future accelerator designers and developers to be aware of pitfalls and opportunities.
The Evolution of Astrophysics towards Big Science
Authors: Reitze David , Duffy Alan R. , Gilbert James , Casali Mark , Barberio Elisabetta , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 8 takes us through a journey of discovery as astrophysicists and cosmologists explore our Universe from dark matter to exoplanets. It describes the dynamics of complex innovation from the creation of Big Science, development of high-tech infrastructures to big worldwide distributed international cooperation and collaborations in astrophysics, possibly through organisations such as ESO. The expansion of both ground- and space-based telescopes requires more precise and sophisticated revolutionary technologies in optics leading to the fusion of advanced optic system components and powerful computation for information retrieval and analysis. Alongside this, specific examples including infrared sensitive detectors, MOSFETs, lasers for adaptive optical guidestars, microelectronics, and technologies for image reconstructions, are all sectors of realised innovations that have great potential for society. An example is the Quasar Satellite Technologies spinout of CSIRO. Gravitational waves astrophysics (LIGO) and radio astrophysics contributions to scientific and technological breakthroughs are a fundamental part of recent astrophysical development.
Big Science as a Complex Human Enterprise
Authors: Bressan Beatrice , Kocsis Anita , Tello Pablo Garcia , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 10 looks into the entanglement between Big Science and Society as a complex human enterprise. The social value of Big Science is illustrated with several examples of the creation and transfer of knowledge and technologies beyond the research sector. Technological projects supported by Big Science in collaboration with the UN in the framework of the agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the economic and social development offered by Yunus microcredits, and the many initiatives among research laboratories to get closer to the public to create ‘a new resilience culture’ are some aspects treated. This chapter highlights the necessity of creating a new paradigm to overcome the focus essentially based on practicality, productivity, and efficiency of Big Science and leave space for serendipity and curiosity to blossom. Also discussed in this chapter is the convergence of art, science, and technology and the establishment of networks to create innovation across disciplines. Today with the so-called citizen science is a good start for a change.
Big Science and Social Responsibility of the Digital World
Authors: Wink Ruediger , Meglio Alberto Di , Streit-Bianchi Marilena , Liyanage Shantha 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChapter 11 reviews the contribution of the digital world from Big Science to society and the increasing importance of open access scientific information. It analyses the principles applied to organise and manage Big Science data at the CERN openlab and EMBL programmes with industry. The authors highlight the challenges represented by a field in continuous development with social implications. The flow of a large amount of information and the need for knowledge sharing are also opportunities for the rapid implementation of digital developments carried out in a purely scientific context. The impact of Open Science and the development of EOSC (European Open Science Cloud) to store, share, and process information across scientific domains promoted by Big Science, and the contribution from CERN and EMBL, during the recent Covid-19 pandemic to the rapid sharing of scientific information, are also explained. The issues and outcomes in the public health surveillance and outreach education systems are clear examples of the social responsibility of the digital world.