bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gelatinization of Starches From Corn (Zea mays L.) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench): Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors1
Authors: Freeman J. E. , Kramer N. W. , Watson S. A. 
Published: July 2010

The gelatinization temperatures of starches from 85 samples of sorghum grain of diverse origin and type were determined by a standard microscopic procedure. In general, waxy starches had higher gelatinization temperatures than regular starches. The sweet, juicy stalk characteristic of forage sorghums seemed to depress gelatinization temperature of both waxy and regular starch types.Two commercial grain sorghums and two commercial waxy grain sorghums were grown in each of three locations in the warm, humid Coastal Bend region of South Texas and at a single location in the cooler and less humid High Plains of North Texas. Starch synthesized by plants grown in North Texas consistently gelatinized at a lower temperature (average, 4 C) than starch from the same variety grown in South Texas. Gelatinization end‐point temperatures of the waxy starches were 2 to 3 C higher than those of the regular starches.A 6‐year breeding program to transfer the property of low starch gelatinization temperature from the forage varieties ‘Atlas’ and ‘Hoti’ to acceptable grain types was unsuccessful. Waxy derivatives from this program had a higher starch gelatinization temperature than derivatives with regular starch.Two commercial maize hybrids and their waxy counterparts were grown in central Illinois. In each case the waxy starch had a gelatinization temperature higher than that of the regular starch counterpart. Waxy starch from another corn hybrid had a 3 C higher gelatinization temperature when the grain was produced in Texas than when it was grown in central Illinois.
Effect of Tropical Photoperiods on the Growth of Sorghum When Grown in 12 Monthly Plantings1
Authors: Miller F. R. , Barnes D. K. , Cruzado H. J. 
Published: July 2010

Effects of day length on number of days to anthesis and plant height were observed on 15 tropical sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and compared with 7 U.S. sorghums and a set of 8 maturity genotype testers. Plantings were made for 12 consecutive months in 1964 and 1965. Plantings made as much as 230 days apart flowered within a 17‐day period in November while plantings separated by only 30 days reached anthesis as much as 200 days apart. Tropical sorghums appeared to have a lower critical photoperiod than the U.S. sorghums. It was possible, however, to bring all types into flower at about the same time in Puerto Rico by planting in mid‐September through mid‐November when day lengths were below the critical level for the varieties.Data indicated that photoperiodic thresholds varied because the sorghums could be separated into five general response classes. Variation in floral induction time was strongly suggested. Among the eight maturity genotype testers, photoperiodic response was observed only in 100‐ day Milo and 90‐day Milo, varieties containing both dominant genes, Ma1 and Ma2. None of the other genotypes were significantly affected by the Puerto Rico environment. This indicated that their critical photoperiod must be above 13 hours.Significant correlation was observed between days from planting to anthesis and plant height in most of the tropical sorghums, but not for the U.S. sorghums which were unaffected by changes in the photoperiod.
An Inheritance Study of Tolerance to Atrazine in a Cross of Flax (Linum Usitatissimum L.)1
Authors: Cornstock V. E. , Andersen Robert N. 
Published: July 2010

A selection of flax, C. I. 2484, having relatively high tolerance to atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) was crossed with ‘Koto,’ a susceptible variety. The F3 and backcross populations were tested for tolerance to atrazine. The atrazine tolerance exhibited by C. I. 2484 behaved as a quantitive character.Heritability (broad sense) of atrazine tolerance in F3 and BC1F2 populations was estimated to be 29 and 34%, respectively. This relatively low heritability indicates that selection for atrazine tolerance in flax populations will be difficult, at least with the procedures and the criterion used in this study.
Genetic Variability in Forage Yield, Crude Protein Percentage, and Palatability in Reed Canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L.1
Authors: Asay K. H. , Carlson I. T. , Wilsie C. P. 
Published: July 2010

Twenty clonal lines of reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L., and their topcross progenies were evaluated under two clipping management systems designed primarily to compare forage harvested in the fall after two‐month and three‐month regrowth periods. Objectives were to investigate the genetic variability in forage yield, crude protein percentage, and palatability to rabbits and sheep.The differences among the clonal and progeny lines in forage yield and crude protein percentage were similar under the two management systems; however, the entry ✕ year and entry ✕ cutting interactions generally were statistically significant. Broad‐sense heritabilities (mean basis) ranged from .77 to .88 for forage yield and from .44 to .70 for percentage crude protein. Narrow‐sense heritabilities ranged from .33 to .44 for forage yield and from .19 to .41 for crude protein. The additive genetic variance (2CovPC) constituted from 40 to 59% of the total genetic variance.Significant differences among clones and among topcross progenies in palatability of dried fall‐cut forage were obtained in most cafeteria trials. When differences among the lines were significant, the parent‐progeny correlations and the correlations between rabbit and sheep trials were usually significant.
Yield and Stability of Yield of Barley Populations1
Authors: Rasmusson D. C. 
Published: July 2010

Yield and stability of yield were studied in two sets of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) populations. Each set consisted of three distinct levels of genetic diversity: homogeneous varieties, simple mechanical mixtures, and complex mixtures (bulk hybrids). Both sets were grown in rod‐row trials at two locations for 5 years. As a group, the simple mixtures were slightly higher yielding than varieties or complex mixtures. Varieties yielded more than complex mixtures in set 1, but not in set 2. The highest yielding entry in set 1 was Traill, and in set 2 the high entries were Liberty and a mixture involving Liberty. In general, the mean of component lines and the mean of parental varieties provided a good estimate of the yields of the simple and complex mixtures, respectively.Varieties and simple mixtures were judged to be similar in stability and both were somewhat less stable than complex mixtures. However, differences among entries within each of the diversity groups were relatively large and preclude definite conclusions regarding the relationship between level of genetic diversity and stability.
Photosynthesis of Alfalfa Leaves as Influenced by Age and Environment1
Authors: Pearce R. B. , Brown R. H. , Blaser R. E. 
Published: July 2010

Net photosynthesis (Pn) was measured on alfalfa, Medicago saliva L., leaves of different ages from a growth chamber and from normal and thinned field plots. Pn declined with leaf age after full expansion. The mean Pn for young leaves was 52 mg CO2 dm$#x2212;2 hr−1 when grown in the field and 35 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 when grown in the growth chamber. However, when photosynthesis was expressed on a dry weight basis this difference no longer existed. Leaves remained alive more than 60 days in the growth chamber but lived only half as long in the field. Thinning field plots delayed senescence.Specific leaf weight (SLW = leaf dry weight/leaf area) was influenced by the light intensity and its change within the environment. SLW for young leaves was 5 mg cm2 when grown in the field and 3 mg cm−2 when grown in the growth chamber. SLW increased with leaf age in the growth chamber but decreased with leaf age in unthinned field plots.
Genetic Variability in In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility of Fall‐Saved Reed Canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L.1
Authors: Carlson I. T. , Asay K. H. , Wedin W. F. , Vetter R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Variation in percentage of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) in fall‐saved forage from 20 reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) clones and their topcross progenies was studied under two clipping managements. Significant differences were found among parent clones in all tests and among their progenies (at .01 and .10 probability levels) in two of three tests. Broad‐sense heritabilities ranged from 51 to 80% among clonal means and from 6 to 66% among progeny means. Significant parent‐progeny correlations also indicated the presence of heritable variation in IVDDM. The correlation between parent and progeny means over years and clipping managements was .69. Average percentage IVDDM decreased from 65 to 55% with an increase from two to three months in length of regrowth period in 1964. The interaction of clones or progenies with length of regrowth period was not significant. A highly significant clone ✕ year interaction indicated that selection should be based oil more than one year's results.Correlations between IVDDM and yield of dry matter, percentage dry matter, percentage crude protein, and palatability score were low and not significant. All correlations with yield were negative and those with percentage crude protein were positive.
Lysine Content of Opaque‐2 Maize Kernels having Different Phenotypes1
Authors: Paez A. V. , Helm J. L. , Zuber M. S. 
Published: July 2010

Classification of homozygous opaque‐2 kernels of maize (Zea mays L.) in segregating progenies has been done on the assumption that the phenotype of these kernels is completely opaque. Certain lines in the S2 generation derived from opaque appearing S1 parents produced two phenotypic classes: (1) entirely opaque, and (2) modified opaque‐1/2 opaque : 1/2 translucent.Lysine content of 1/2 : 1/2 kernels was not different from opaque kernels on the same ear. Likewise the lysine content of translucent and opaque fractions of the endosperm from the 1/2 : 1/2 class was not different.High lysine corn with a high test weight and other desirable kernel characteristics may be produced by taking advantage of this opaque‐2 phenotypic expression.
Some Photo‐Dependent Responses in Pisum. I. Physiological Behavior1
Authors: Marx G. A. 
Published: July 2010

Two new (G‐ and G2) and two previously known (K and I) photo‐dependent response types of Pisum were compared in a phytotron after having been distinguished earlier under greenhouse conditions. In the first of two experiments the four response types were exposed to three photoperiods, 9, 12, and 15 hours, at a constant growth temperature of 17 C. Plants of the K‐type exhibited a quantitative increase in nodes and days to flower in response to decreasing length of photoperiod, whereas I‐type plants were day‐neutral or insensitive to length of photoperiod. Flowering in G‐type plants was either completely inhibited or sharply delayed at all three photoperiods. G2‐type plants, like the I‐type, were insensitive to daylength with respect to nodes to flower but, unlike the I‐type, they exhibited a protracted period of apical growth, again at all photoperiods. The behavior of the G‐ and G2‐types at the 15 hour photoperiod was atypical since under long day conditions in the field or greenhouse these types ordinarily do not show a response.The response types were not discriminated under the conditions of a second experiment which included two levels of light intensity and two levels of growth temperature and a long (18‐hour) photoperiod. Growth temperature had no influence on the number of nodes to flower but it had a marked influence on the number of days to flower.
Variation and Covariation of Agronomic Traits in Durum Wheat1
Authors: Lebsock K. L. , Amaya Arnoldo 
Published: July 2010

Experience has shown that large kernels and high test weight have been associated in inheritance with tallness and lateness in the breeding of durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf. To determine if these unfavorable associations were genetic, F2, F3, and F4 generations of four crosses were studied in the field. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients did show that selection for short, early‐maturing plants might result in lines with lower kernel weight and test weight in some segregating populations. However, the selection of short, early, large seeded lines appeared to be possible. Significant positive correlations occurred for kernel weight with grain yield and test weight and grain yield with test weight.Average heritabilities for kernel weight, test weight, and number of kernels per spike were 72, 67, and 69% respectively. Expected and actual gains due to selection agreed well for maturity, height, kernel weight, test weight, and number of kernels per spike.The data showed that kernel weight might be used effectively for rapid indirect selection of high test weight and, possibly, higher yield in large F2 and F3 populations.
Temperature Effects on the Development of Hair Groups and Stalk Coloration in Saccharum L.1
Authors: Bull T. A. 
Published: July 2010

High temperatures (34 C) completely repress the development of two of three hair groups investigated and markedly reduce the degree of stalk coloration in Saccharum. Hair group 67, previously considered to occur only in S. robustum Brandes and Jeswiet ex Grassl, was induced in several clones of S. spontaneum L. and S. officinarum L. grown at low temperatures (16 C). Low temperature induction of hair groups was simulated in a commercial sugarcane variety grown at high temperatures by treatment with benzyladenine.Although unreliable for taxonomic purposes hair group induction may prove useful for evolutionary studies within Saccharum.
Use of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility, Compared to Hand Emasculation, and Translocations for Chromosome Analysis in Sorghum vulgare Pers1
Authors: Papathanasiou G. A. , Lessman K. J. 
Published: July 2010

Results obtained after use of a cytoplasmic male‐sterile restorer gene system in testcrosses with translocations for chromosome analysis were compared with those from testcrosses after hand emasculation. The use of male‐sterile cytoplasm was relatively easy and less time consuming, thus allowing production of large numbers of progeny and an accurate estimate of linkage intensity.This variation in methodology may have application with other self‐pollinated crops where cytoplasmic male‐sterile restorer gene systems and transloeation stocks exist.Using this scheme the linkage groups T231(13.06±l.1)‐ Dd and T396(5.0±0.6)‐Yy were found, and the possible location of these markers was discussed. The establishment of the chromosome complement and male sterility of MSCK60 as a standard for chromosome analyses in sorghum was proposed.
Analysis of a Negative Response to Selection for High Yield in Winter Barley, Hordeum vulgare L.1
Authors: Nickell C. D. , Grafius J. E. 
Published: July 2010

A winter barley population composed of 387 lines in the F5 generation was grown in 1966 from which 136 strains were selected with a mean yield of 123.3% of the cheek variety. In the following generation the same 136 selected strains were grown in 1967 producing a mean yield of 90.7% of the same check variety.The “apparent” negative response to selection was analyzed with respect to yield components: heads per unit area (X), kernels per head (Y), and kernel weight (Z). Twice as many heads were produced in 1967 as 1966, but fewer kernels per head and smaller kernels were produced in 1967 than in 1966. The inverse relationship between the components is explained by “component compensation.”The inter‐annual correlations for the yield components were slightly negative. The overriding effect of the environment on the genetic processes and extreme compensation between yield components were postulated to cause the low inter‐annual correlations.Evidence was presented that optima exist in any given gene pool for yield components and their inter‐relationship in order that maximumy ields can be reached for a given environment. Selection in one environment for these optima does not mean necessarily that under another environment the same production performance will be obtained. This in turn suggests that the plant breeder should consider the joint manipulation of genotype and environment to get the maximumg ain from a given gene pool. He must either do this or accept compromises which fail to achieve maximum results.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Variation and Covariation of Some Quantitative Turf Characters of Poa pratensis L.1
Authors: Berry C. D. , Glover D. V. , Daniel W. H. 
Published: July 2010

Fifteen seed sources (accessions) of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) constituting a rather broad based, random sample of bluegrass turf types, were grown to study several turf characteristics. Individual plants were transplanted into pots on two dates and ultimately space planted to the field.Measurements on six characteristics were made: (1) leaf width, (2) growth habit, (3) leaf angle, (4) rust resistance, (5) total spread and (6) sod spread. All characters were found to be highly significant for the accessions genetic mean square.Broad sense heritability and genetic coefficients of variation were calculated as estimates of the genetic variability among these accessions. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were also computed, and indicated that simultaneous selection may be possible for important characters in the development of superior turf types.
Effects of Okra Leaf Shape on Boll Rot, Yield, and Other Important Characters of Upland Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Andries J. A. , Jones J. E. , Sloane L. W. , Marshall J. G. 
Published: July 2010

The effects of okra leaf shape on boll rot, yield, and other important characters of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), were investigated at three locations in Louisiana and on three varietal backgrounds. Varieties responded in a similar manner to the leaf shape treatments for all characters studied, but the location ✕ leaf shape interaction was significant in some cases.The okra leaf shape character, as an average of varieties and locations, caused a significant reduction in the incidence of boll rot in comparison with normal leaf cotton. It was associated with a significant increase in yield, earliness, lint percentage and micronaire value, and a substantial increase in fruiting rate. Okra leaf shape had no effect on boll weight, fiber length, fiber length uniformity, or fiber strength, but caused a reduction in fiber elongation and total leaf area.A mixed population of okra leaf and normal leaf plants in a 1:1 ratio was investigated. The mixed population was found to have no advantage over the pure populations of the contrasting leaf shapes.
Carbohydrate Reserve Trends in Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) Grown under Different Cutting Frequencies and Nitrogen Fertilization Levels1
Authors: Reynolds John H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryCarbohydrate reserve trends in ‘Boone’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were compared for 2 years (1965 and 1966) at Knoxville, Tenn., under four cutting frequencies (9 cuts, 7 cuts, 5 cuts, and 4 cuts per year) and two nitrogen fertilization levels (112 kg/ha and 224 kg/ha). Carbohydrate reserves, as evaluated by percentage of fructose in the stubble, usually reached their highest lewfls of each year during the fall. A definite pattern of depletion and replenishment of carbohydrates was most evident in the 4‐cut and 5‐cut treatments during 1965. Carbohydrate levels were generally lower during 1965 in the more frequently cut treatments. Carbohydrate percentages were generally lower during both years at the higher nitrogen rate. The lowest carbohydrate concentrations in 1965 occurred in April during a period of rapid vegetative growth and the lowest concentrations in 1966 occurred during late August. Carbohydrate levels did not seem to be greatly different among the various treatments at the end of the second growing season.
Evidence of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Alfalfa1
Authors: Pedersen M. W. , Stucker R. E. 
Published: July 2010

A new source of male sterility found in ‘DuPuits’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was classified as cytoplasmicgenic on the basis of male‐sterile F1's when the male‐sterile plants were crossed with either of two pollen‐fertile plants, a positive correlation (P<.O1) between sterility in the F1 and BC1 progenies, and a reciprocal difference in a cross where the reciprocal was identified with a recessive marker.The mechanics of hybrid seed production appear workable, but major developmental problems include identification of lines with superior combining ability and insect and disease resistance; and pollination of the seed Crop.
Diallel Analyses of Yield and Other Agronomic Characters in Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Al‐Rawi K. M. , Kohel R. J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryHayman's diallel cross analysis was employed to investigate the nature of the actions and interactions of genes involved in the inheritance of yield, its components, and other agronomic characters in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Nine selected varieties, all possible F1 hybrid combinations among these varieties, and their corresponding F2's were grown in a split‐plot design with four replications.Heterosis was measured as the departure of the F1 from the average midparent value, and inbreeding depression was measured as the reduction of F2 below F1 performance. Both heterosis and inbreeding depression effects were small but significantly different from zero for all 11 characters studied.Weight of lint per seed and number of nodes met all the assumptions required for the diallel analysis. However, overall epistasis was found in plant height, earliness, boll size, and number of bolls per plant. multiple allelism and possibly correlated gene distribution appeared to be present in days to first flower, seed index, lint percent, number of seeds per boll, and yield.The diallel analysis revealed that all the characters were polygenetically inherited and exhibited partial dominance. The results also showed that heterosis was due to dominance or epistatic gene action, or both.
Reaction of Sweet Sorghum Varieties to Downy Mildew (Sclerospora sorghi Weston and Uppal) in Texas1
Authors: Zummo Natale , Coleman O. H. , Jones Billy L. , Frederiksen R. A. , Bockholt A. J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryResistance to downy mildew was found in sweet sorghum. Eleven of 51 entries grown at Beeville, College Station, and Weslaco, Texas, in 1968 did not show symptoms of the disease. Ten of these 11 varieties had one or more of the following varieties as one parent: Mn 1054, MN 1060, and MN 1500. Some plants of Mer. 64‐7 and Mer. 67‐12 infected with downy mildew were elongated (taller than healthy plants) whereas other diseased plants in the same plots were stunted.
Response of Smooth Bromegrass Genotypes to Cutting1
Authors: Nielsen E. L. , Drolsom P. N. , Voigt P. W. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe response of Bromus inermis Leyss. genotypes to different intensities of clipping was studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, 29 selected plants were propagated in individual rows, one half clonally and one half from open‐pollinated seed. Alfalfa was interseeded between rows. The areas comprising the two propagation methods were each subdivided into 3‐cut early, 3‐cut late, and 2‐cut harvest schedules. Two cutting heights were employed on each. Growth recovery observations resulted in highly significant differences ascribed to genotypes, cutting schedules, and heights of cut. Propagation method was not significant. It was concluded that genotype response to defoliation could be evaluated in seeded rows.Experiment 2 involved seed‐propagated rows of 81 top‐cross bromegrass progenies overseeded with alfalfa. Significant genotypic differences in response to clipping occurred following 3 years of the same harvest schedules used in Experiment 1. Persistence under either of the 3‐cut schedules was poor, a portion of which was ascribed to ecological factors. The vigor of genotypes, measured by residual yields of 2‐cut plots, was significantly better at the higher stubble height.