bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in relative biological effectiveness with depth of neutron beams
Authors: Hall E. J. 
Published: July 2009

The paper by Dr Hornsey and colleagues that appeared in the November issue of the British Journal of Radiology (Hornsey et al, 1988) had a pleasantly familiar message. In fact, the principal conclusions drawn were made previously some years ago in papers appearing in the British Journal of Radiology describing data obtained on the NASA cyclotron at Cleveland, where neutrons are generated by 43MeV (p→Be) (Hall et al, 1982, 1983). The pertinent observations are:
(1) There is (or may be) a change of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) with depth for high-energy neutron beams.
Bone marrow scintigraphy in the diagnosis of post-traumatic avascular necrosis of bone
Authors: Tawn D. J. , Watt I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A series of 19 patients, who were clinically suspected of developing avascular necrosis of bone following fracture, were entered into a pilot study comparing the use of bone marrow scintigraphy with conventional skeletal scintigraphy. Two-phase bone scintigraphy, using 600 MBq of 99Tcm-HMDP, and perfusion and late-phase nanocolloid scintigraphy, using 370 MBq of 99Tcm-nanocolloid, were performed on each patient. In both methods, photon deficiency at the site of interest was taken to indicate avascularity. The perfusion phase of both methods was found to be unhelpful. Agreement between methods was obtained in 18 patients (95%). Six patients had abnormal nanocolloid scans, one of which was normal on the conventional bone scintigram. The remaining 13 patients had no evidence to suggest avascularity in either method. Three of the patients with abnormal scans have had hip replacement surgery following which avascularity of the femoral head was confirmed. 99Tcm-nanocolloid scintigraphy is thus shown to be a very sensitive method of demonstrating avascularity of bone following trauma.
Ultrasound in suspected obstruction complicating renal transplantation
Authors: Straiton J. A. , McMillan M. A. , Morley P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The findings of regular ultrasound examination of 439 renal transplants in 419 patients performed during a 16-year period were reviewed to determine the significance of collecting system dilatation. Dilatation was observed in 80 cases, 34 of these proving to be obstructed. Pelvic dilatation was an insignificant finding except when appearing within a month of transplantation. One third of cases developing pelvic dilatation within a month showed progressive dilatation with obstruction subsequently confirmed. The majority of cases developing unheralded dilatation of pelvis and calyces were obstructed and all such patients require further investigation. Recurrence of dilatation following relief of obstruction was associated with recurrent obstruction in eight of nine cases. Consideration of ultrasound appearances allows more critical selection of patients for further investigation when dilatation is seen.
Relative safety of intravenous digital subtraction angiography over other methods of carotid angiography and impact on clinical management of cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Stevens J. M. , Barter Susan , Kerslake R. , Schneidau Andrea , Barber C. , Thomas D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Data from a multicentre survey based on three London teaching hospitals on the relative safety and clinical utility of intravenous carotid digital subtraction angiography (DSA) over intra-arterial DSA and conventional carotid angiography are presented. The incidence of stroke during intra-arterial DSA was 0.7% (n = 538) and during conventional angiography was 0.8% (n = 780). The incidence of stroke during intravenous DSA was zero (n = 3710). When it constituted the initial investigation, intravenous DSA achieved a 93.8% replacement value over intra-arterial studies as a whole (n = 474) and 89% replacement value for patients having carotid endarterectomy (n = 99). It was also noted that the installation of DSA equipment at one unit coincided with a sixfold increase in the number of carotid angiographic examinations and an almost threefold increase in carotid endarterectomies.
New scans from old: digital reformatting of ultrasound images
Authors: Halliwell M. , Key H. , Jenkins D. , Jackson P. C. , Wells P. N. T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two-dimensional images obtained using ultrasound have been digitized from videotape recordings and stored within a maximum of 240 digital memory planes to form a three-dimensional data set using a commercially available image processing unit. This data set has been manipulated to produce images in planes perpendicular to the original scan set. The reformatted images represent not only the scans that could have been obtained by rotating the scan head but also demonstrate planes that are not accessible by conventional scanning. The system has been evaluated with a tissue-equivalent phantom to determine the geometric accuracy of the reformatting process. Clinical material has also been used to evaluate the practical value of such a technique and to highlight difficulties that may be encountered in its routine use.
Organ doses from cardiac and carotid digital subtraction angiography
Authors: Mustafa A. A. , Janeczek J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Estimates of mean organ doses from cardiac and carotid digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are obtained from measurements done using a Rando-Alderson tissue-equivalent phantom. Thermoluminescent dosemeter chips and discs were calibrated and used for all measurements in the primary and scattered radiation fields. Skin doses as well as mean doses received by the thyroid, lung, lens of the eye, breast, uterus and the ovaries were measured. A 30° right anterior oblique (RAO) cardiac DSA study produces a beam entrance dose of about 121 mGy at a rate of 0.48 mGy/frame. The highest mean organ dose from cardiac DSA was to the lung with a value of 14.4 mGy. The rest of the organs received doses below 1 mGy. In carotid DSA, the mean entrance doses resulted from the RAO, left anterior oblique, and the Towne's view projections give an average of 168 mGy at a rate of 8.4 mGy/frame. The highest mean organ dose from the three projections, 21 mGy, was received by the thyroid. The uterus and ovaries received the lowest doses from both procedures with values below 0.04 mGy. Patient and phantom surface exposures were compared using an exposure area product system. Hence, exposure conditions used for measuring organ doses on the phantom were adjusted to resemble those used for patients.
Sustained complete remission of Stage IVb carcinoma of the cervix with cis-platinum, methotrexate and bleomycin chemotherapy
Authors: Burnet N. G. , Blake P. R. 
Published: July 2009

The prospects for women with invasive carcinoma of the cervix have changed relatively little over the last 30 years and this has encouraged studies of the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy for the treatment of advanced disease. Combination drug treatment can now produce responses in a substantial number of patients with advanced disease, although this is at the cost of toxicity, and the number of durable responses achieved is only small. This should, however, serve to encourage further work, especially since occasional patients may show dramatic benefit. We report such a case.
A 42-year-old accountant presented with a history of a smelly, green vaginal discharge and backache. On direct questioning a history of menorrhagia was also elicited. She was para 2 + 0 and had never had a cervical smear. There was no other relevant history.
Clinical examination revealed a large tumour involving the cervix and she was admitted for full assessment including examination under anaesthetic (EUA). In theatre, she was seen to be bleeding from a tumour involving the whole cervix and the left parametrium was thickened and fixed to the pelvic side wall.
Atypical amyloidosis of bone
Authors: Daly B. D. , Moore D. P. 
Published: July 2009

Amyloid deposits involving bone have usually been considered to be indistinguishable from lytic metastases or myeloma deposits (Resnick, 1981). Bone or joint involvement by amyloidosis is recognized to occur in up to one in seven cases of multiple myeloma (Stoker, 1986). We present a rare case where amyloidosis of bone mimicked the appearances of a cartilaginous tumour in a patient who presented simultaneously with myeloma.
A 60-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of malaise and weight loss. He had no relevant past history and was on no medication. On examination he was cachectic and a painless, hard swelling was noted at the medial end of his left clavicle. On questioning, the patient admitted that this lesion had been gradually increasing in size over a 2-year period.
Laboratory investigations revealed a haemoglobin of 10mg/ dl with an erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of over lOOmm/h, plasma urea and creatinine elevated to four times normal levels and a heavy proteinuria (&gt;35g/l) with positive Bence-Jones protein. A bone marrow aspirate containing 20% primitive plasma cells confirmed a diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Asymptomatic haematuria and abnormal urine cytology
Authors: Rao Aroor , Kagan A. Robert , Steckel Richard J. 
Published: July 2009

An abnormal urine cytology is always regarded as a serious finding. Therefore, it is important to locate promptly the source of abnormal cells. However, the initial radiological examination can be normal, in which case the source of abnormal cells should be investigated further by direct endoscopic techniques.
A 72-year-old Caucasian woman was seen in October 1985 with a history of asymptomatic microscopic haematuria for over 20 years. She had been investigated several times, including intravenous urograms and cystoscopies that had been negative. In 1979, however, she was reported as having an “abnormal urine cytology”, which was confirmed again in 1983. Intravenous urograms and cystoscopies performed at these times were again negative. The patient was lost to followup until 1985 when a repeat urine cystological examination was positive. A subsequent intravenous urogram showed a nonfunctioning right kidney (Fig. 1). A retrograde pyelogram revealed localized narrowing of the right ureter near the pelvic brim, with marked hydronephrosis; there also appeared to be irregularity of the right ureter near its junction with the renal pelvis, suggesting the possibility of a papillary tumour (Fig. 2).
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance imaging as a predictor of the outcome of photodynamic therapy of tumours
Authors: Moore James V. , Dodd Nicholas J. F. , Wood Brian 
Published: July 2009

The ability to monitor non-invasively and at early times, the cytotoxic efficacy of a cancer treatment in an individual subject, plainly of great potential clinical value. In a recent publication, Naruse et al (1986) showed proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images of a rat glioma that had been treated 48 h previously by radiofrequency (RF) hyperthermia. Regions of high signal intensity were readily distinguishable and were equated qualitatively with histological necrosis caused by the heat treatment. These increases in signal intensity almost certainly reflected an increase in water content associated with oedematous changes in the tumour. This might expected after in vivo hyperthermia, where an important contribution to the toxic effect is vascular collapse with subsequent secondary ischaemic necrosis of sheets of tumour cells (reviewed by Reinhold & Endrich, 1986).
A similar form of damage occurs after photodynamic therapy (PDT), the combination of non-toxic photosensitizing drugs and non-thermal power densities of visible light (Star al, 1986), and it appeared to us that NMR imaging might be useful in assessing damage in this new form of cancer treatment. We have shown elsewhere that NMR images taken soon after a PDT treatment correspond quantitatively with histologically defined cell killing at the same interval (Dodd etal, 1989) and we present preliminary experimental results in which we relate quantitatively proton NMR images and the overall therapeutic outcome measured by tumour regrowth delay.
Transient circular narrowing of the cervical oesophagus
Authors: Dantas Roberto O. 
Published: July 2009

In patients with dysphagia, Ekberg et al (1988) described a transient circular narrowing within the cervical oesophagus.
We published a case report of a 26-year-old woman with similar radiological findings (Dantas et al, 1985). The patient had had earlier surgery to correct the emergence of the right subclavian artery from the left side of the aortic arch, after complaining of dysphagia of 4 months duration.
Asymmetric field arc rotations
Authors: Palta Jatinder R. , Ayyangar Komanduri M. , Suntharalingam Nagalingam , Tupchong Leslie 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Optimal treatment planning of target volume that surrounds a vital critical structure is often very difficult. Treatment techniques using moving beam therapy with fields asymmetric with respect to rotational axis of the collimator head allow treatment of such target volumes with minimal dose to critical structures. The availability of independent motion of the collimator jaws on new medical accelerators allows easy setting up of asymmetric treatment portals. Therefore, treatment techniques utilizing asymmetric field arc rotations with acceptable dose distributions have been possible.
Variation of tumour radiosensitivity with time after anaesthetic
Authors: Nias A. H. W. , Perry P. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Transplanted C3H mouse mammary tumours were given single doses of X irradiation in air or oxygen at 1 atmosphere (atm) with or without anaesthesia of the recipient mice by ketamine and diazepam. The radiation response to single doses of 25 Gy was determined in terms of the time taken to reach 3.5 times the treatment volume. Under all conditions there was more growth delay in tumours irradiated in pure oxygen than in air. In both air and oxygen, the radiation response for anaesthetized animals tended to fall below the level for non-anaesthetized ones when only lOmin had elapsed after the administration of anaesthesia. After 25 min, the response in air was back to the level for the non-anaesthetized animals but the oxygen group now showed significant sensitization compared with the oxygen without anaesthetic group. After 40 min, the air group now showed slight sensitization and the oxygen group still showed significant sensitization by the anaesthetic. These results demonstrate the importance of the time interval between anaesthesia and irradiation of mouse tumours.
Primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of a metacarpal bone: a new localization
Authors: Dock Wolfgang , Hajek Paul , Wittich Gerhard , Kumpan Wolfgang , Grabenwöger Florian 
Published: July 2009

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is a common tumour of the soft tissues (Ros et al, 1984); it is rare in bone but the predilection sites in bone are the distal metaphysis of the femur and the proximal metaphysis of the tibia. We present a patient with MFH of a metacarpal bone.
A 72-year-old man presented with pain in his right second metacarpal region. Duration of symptoms was 5 months with increasing swelling in the past 4 weeks. There was no history of previous trauma or malignancy. Clinical examination revealed a tender second metacarpal of the right hand.
Uterine leiomyomata: sonographic mimicry
Authors: Borgstein R. L. , Shaw J. J. , Pearson R. H. 
Published: July 2009

Leiomyomata (fibroids) are the commonest uterine tumours and they may vary widely in their sonographic appearance. We describe a case in which the appearance was that of a missed abortion and discuss the limitations of ultrasound in the differential diagnosis of fibroids. This case also highlights some of the benefits of peroperative sonography.
A 43-year-old Caucasian woman presented with heavy vaginal bleeding 4 days after the end of a normal period.
Ductal adenoma of the breast: mammographic appearances and pathological correlation
Authors: Moskovic E. , Ramachandra S. 
Published: July 2009

Ductal adenoma of the breast is a little known and only recently described lesion. However, it is an important diagnosis to make since it is benign, despite simulating malignancy on both clinical examination and mammography.
A 72-year-old woman was referred to the Breast Unit at the Royal Marsden Hospital, complaining of a feeling of “thickening” within the lateral aspect of the left breast. Clinical examination revealed no discrete mass but there was a slight area of nodularity lateral to the left nipple, which was asymmetrical when compared with the corresponding area on the right.
An interesting radiation protection finding around a linear accelerator
Authors: Conere Tom , Weatherburn Henry , Wassem Bernard 
Published: July 2009

While commissioning an Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) Dynaray-LA20 linear accelerator, some unexpected results were obtained during radiation leakage measurements around the treatment head, as reported below.
Basically, radiation dose measurements were being made to confirm that the accelerator complied with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) requirements, as specified by BS 5724, Section 2.1 (British Standards Institution (BSI), 1984). These were undertaken using a Nuclear Enterprises Ionex dosemeter Type 2500/3 in conjunction with a Farmer Type 2571 0.6 cm3 thimble ion chamber, following the protocol detailed in paragraph 31.3 of BS 5724, Section 2.1 (British Standards Institution (BSI), 1984). These were undertaken using a Nuclear Enterprises Ionex dosemeter Type 2500/3 in conjunction with a Farmer Type 2571 0.6 cm3 thimble ion chamber, following the protocol detailed in paragraph 31.3 of BS 5724, Section 2.1.
99Tcm-HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography in partial epilepsy: a preliminary report
Authors: Smith D. F. , Smith F. W. , Knight R. S. G. , Roberts R. C. , Gemmell H. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the pre-operative assessment of patients being considered for temporal lobe surgery, accurate lateralization and localization of the epileptic focus is mandatory. Surface electroencephalography (EEG) can be misleading and confirmatory evidence, preferably non-invasive, of the site of the epileptic focus is valuable. Sixteen patients with partial epilepsy, six of whom were considered to be good surgical candidates, had technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (99Tcm-HMPAO) scanning. In those patients with poor epileptic control and a well localized EEG focus, there was a correlation between EEG and HMPAO scan abnormalities, whilst in all patients where no correlation existed, the HMPAO scan was normal. We conclude that 99Tcm-HMPAO single photon emission computed tomography may be a useful non-invasive, adjunctive investigation in the preoperative assessment of patients with partial epilepsy.
The influence of Buscopan on adverse reactions to intravascular contrast media
Authors: Sharma Sanjiv , Rajani Mira , Khosla Anil , Misra Nalinikant , Goulatia R. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have analysed the ability of prior intravenous Buscopan (hyoscine butylbromide) injection to influence the incidence and severity of adverse reactions to intravascularly administered, iodinated, ionic contrast medium in 258 consecutive digital subtraction angiographic (DSA) examinations. Adverse reactions were seen in 7.9% of the intravenous and 2.4% of the intraarterial DSA examinations. The incidence of adverse reactions with and without prior Buscopan injection during intravenous DSA examinations was 8.2% and 7.1%, respectively and during intra-arterial DSA examinations was 5.6% and 1.5%, respectively. This difference is not statistically significant (χ2-test). We conclude that prior intravenous injection of Buscopan has no influence on the incidence or severity of adverse reactions to intravascular contrast media.
The correlation of histopathological, microradiographic and ultrasonographic features in disease of the prostate gland
Authors: Jones D. R. , Griffiths G. J. , Parkinson M. C. , Evans K. T. , Roberts E. E. , Davies R. Li. , Harrison T. J. , Peeling W. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The histopathological, microradiographic and ultrasonographic features of corresponding areas of 100 cadaveric prostates were examined and correlated statistically to investigate their relationship. Benign glands are seen to be related to reticular structure and mid-range echoes. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to microadenomatous structure and mid-range echoes, whilst cancer is related to amorphous structure and low echoes. A small number of cancers have irregular calcification present and these tumours are related to high echoes. The structure of the prostate gland is therefore related to its pathology and explains its ultrasound echogenicity.
Induced fluid movement within a giant ovarian cyst demonstrated by echo-planar imaging
Authors: Worthington B. S. , Chapman B. , Ordidge R. , Coxon R. , Stehling M. K. , Symonds E. M. , Mansfield P. 
Published: July 2009

Over 50% of ovarian tumours are of epithelial origin occurring as solid carcinomas and mucinous or serous cysts, the majority of which can be readily categorized as benign or malignant. However, approximately onefifth of the cysts, whilst showing some histological feature of malignancy, lack evidence of stromal invasion and are therefore reported as borderline malignancy. Serous cystadenomas may be unilocular or multilocular and vary in size from a few centimetres to enormous dimensions where they come to occupy most of the pelvis and abdominal cavity. In approximately 50% of cases the tumours are bilateral. Some have intracystic papillary ingrowths or solid areas in one or more loculi, and invasion of the cyst wall with tumour extension onto the serosal surface indicates the transition from a cystadenoma to a cystadenocarcinoma.
A giant serous cyst of the ovary has been imaged by echo-planar imaging (EPI) (Mansfield, 1977) and the features observed compared with the operative and pathological findings. The EPI technique permits the acquisition of single images in a time of 64 ms. On physical examination, a fluid thrill was readily elicited and deformation of the cyst during imaging induced flow patterns within the cyst contents which were clearly visualized and studied in real time.
Sonographic demonstration of renal tumour extension into the contralateral renal vein
Authors: Carvalho Preston 
Published: July 2009

Extension of renal tumour into the ipsilateral renal vein with or without inferior vena cava (IVC) extension is well recognized and it is mandatory to examine carefully the ipsilateral renal vein and IVC when there is evidence of a renal tumour (Goncharenko et al, 1979; Amis & Hartman, 1984). Extension of tumour into the contralateral renal vein, detected or imaged antemortem, has, however, not been described previously.
A 60-year-old Caucasian woman presented with a 2-week history of pyrexia, right loin pain, night sweats and malaise. On examination she had a tender right renal mass. Routine biochemistry was normal; the serum creatine was 69 mM/litre. Haemoglobin was 10.5 g/dl, the white cell count was 10400 ml and the platelet count was 497000/ml.