bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Productivity Analysis
Authors: Logigian Martha K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper discusses productivity analysis, a method used in the Department of Rehabilitation Services at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston to measure the efficiency of occupational therapy services. Input and output information forms are displayed for a computerized program of productivity analysis. Input information includes time and non-time (modality) units and scheduled downtime. Output reports contain productivity analyses which allow the manager to monitor the ratio between actual hours worked by therapists and allocated hours per service. The data generated give weekly, monthly, and yearly feedback on performance by service and discipline. The objective information produced by these reports on service and department function contributes to management decisions on resource allocation and equipment requests.
Introducing the Concept of a Corporate Culture to the Hospital Setting
Authors: Miyake Shawn , Trostler Robert J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The hospital industry is undergoing radical changes. To keep pace with the ever increasing demands for improved productivity and performance, hospitals are attempting to operate like businesses. This article examines one hospital’s attempts at establishing a culture focused on excellence in its occupational therapy department. Guidelines are offered for creating positive cultures in other hospital settings.
The Benefits of Group Occupational Therapy for Patients With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Gauthier Louise , Dalziel Sandra , Gauthier Serge 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The medical treatment of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease has improved the quality of life and increased survival of patients with Parkinson’s disease. However, as the illness progresses, impairments in daily living activities occur. A clinical trial for a group rehabilitation program was initiated to maintain the functional status of these patients.
The research protocol consisted of a pretreatment evaluation, random assignment to experimental or control groups, and posttreatment evaluations after therapy, at 6 months and at 1 year.
The results showed that the subjects of the treated experimental group maintained their functional status after 1 year, demonstrated a significant decrease of bradykinesia, and perceived a significant improvement in their psychological well-being.
This study confirms the value of an occupational therapy group approach and its benefits to the functional independence, to the improvement of physical and motor symptoms, and to the quality of life of persons with Parkinson’s disease.
Altruism and Task Participation in the Elderly
Authors: Hatter Jan K. , Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate altruism as a factor in task participation among the elderly. The question was whether elderly persons are more likely to participate in an activity designed to help or benefit others than in an activity with no such altruistic purpose. Four groups of persons living in a home for the aged (N = 130) were invited to participate in a cookie-decorating activity. The invitations for two of the groups stated that the cookies would be a gift for a local preschool, and the invitations for the other two groups did not. Significantly more individuals (n = 25) chose to participate when the product of the activity was to be a gift for preschool children than when no altruism was involved (n = 14). Implications for occupational therapy practice and research are discussed.
The Effects of Tool Scarcity on Group Climate and Affective Meaning Within the Context of a Stenciling Activity
Authors: Steffan Jean A. , Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists conducting activity analyses often consider the effects of supplies and tools on group process. This study compared three levels of tool supply within the context of a stenciling activity: high scarcity (one essential tool per three subjects), moderate scarcity (two essential tools per three subjects), and no scarcity (three essential tools per three subjects). Thirty-six female subjects rated the activity using Osgood’s short-form semantic differential and MacKenzie’s Group Climate Questionnaire–Short Form. The data supported the hypothesis of higher group engagement scores in the moderate level of supply than in the high-scarcity or no-scarcity conditions. Though low in all conditions, conflict scores were especially low in the moderate scarcity condition. An unexpected result was found: Subjects experiencing high scarcity had the shortest completion time. No differences between the three supply levels in terms of affective meaning were found. The findings are discussed in terms of the literature of small groups and occupational therapy theory.
Adult Performance on Three Tests of Equilibrium
Authors: Fisher Anne G. , Wietlisbach Shirley E. , Wilbarger Julia L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (a) to determine preliminary norms for young adult males and young adult females on three clinical tests of equilibrium, Tilt Board Tip (TBT), Tilt Board Reach (TBR), and Flat Board Reach (FBR), and (b) to determine sex differences in equilibrium performance. The three equilibrium tests were administered to a sample of 25 men and 29 women between the ages of 20 and 30 years. The results revealed a significant sex difference on TBT, with men obtaining significantly higher scores than women. FBR approached significance, and no significant difference was found on the TBR. These results support earlier findings of sex differences in performance on a variety of equilibrium measures and suggest that different normative criteria should be used to evaluate the performance of males and females on some tests of equilibrium. Possible reasons for males obtaining higher scores on TBT and for lack of differences between male and female performance on FBR and TBR are discussed.
The Educational Preparation and Professional Activities of Occupational Therapists
Authors: Rogers Joan C. , Brayley Caroline R. , Cox Richard C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The professional activities of five groups of occupational therapists with different educational backgrounds were compared to examine the influence of education on career characteristics. Analysis of covariance, using length of professional experience as the covariate, revealed statistically significant differences in the areas of education, administration and supervision, leadership, oral presentations, publications, and research but not in clinical practice, public relations, products development, or professional recognition. The greatest differences emerged between the bachelor’s, postbaccalaureate certificate, and basic master’s groups and the advanced master’s and other master’s groups, thus supporting the association between increased education and increased professional involvement. No differences were detected between the bachelor’s, certificate, and basic master’s groups or between the advanced and other master’s groups. The least involvement in professional activities occurred in the certificate group although the participation level for all groups was low. Although the findings highlight the important role of education in increasing therapists’ involvement in professional activities, educational interventions more subtle than manipulating the entry level for practice or proliferating occupational therapy graduate programs may be needed to create a cadre of occupational therapists committed to advancing the stature of occupational therapy.
Development of the Satisfaction with Performance Scaled Questionnaire (SPSQ)
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J. , Burnett-Beaulieu Sandra , Stocking Sarah , Azen Stanley P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A new instrument, the Satisfaction with Performance Scaled Questionnaire (SPSQ), was developed to measure individuals’ satisfaction with their performance of independent living skills. The SPSQ was designed to be used for clinical assessment and research with community-based persons with disabilities. Split-half reliability coefficients were .97 and .93 for the two scales, Home Management and Social/Community Problem Solving, respectively. Preliminary findings provided support for construct validity. The SPSQ appears promising as a measure of the phenomenology of engagement in activities related to independent living in the community.
Men in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Rider Barbara A. , Brashear Robert M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of male occupational therapists so that better strategies for recruiting men into the profession can be developed and the problem of retaining men in the field can be addressed. Male occupational therapists were surveyed at 3-year intervals, in 1978, 1982, and 1985. Our survey results were compared with results of the 1969 American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) Member Data Survey reported by Jantzen (1973), the 1982 AOTA Member Data Survey, and an unpublished study by Watson (1983).
The number of professional occupational therapists almost tripled from 1970 to 1985, whereas the increase in the proportion of men was only from 3.9% to 5%. The study showed that as a group, male occupational therapists today are younger, more likely to have advanced degrees, and less likely to be married than their 1969 counterparts. Additional data included employment data, educational data, and demographic information such as family position, education and occupation of parents, extracurricular activities in high school and college, factors influencing career choice, and goals for the future.
Historical Research Methods in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Schwartz Kathleen Barker , Colman Wendy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article discusses the process and methods of historical research in relation to occupational therapy. The paper reviews the process of writing history, including data gathering, organization, and interpretation as well as the responsibilities of the historical researcher. The authors propose that the methods of historical research can be used by occupational therapists as a means to develop a body of knowledge about the profession’s history.
Ethical Considerations in Clinical Reasoning: The Impact of Technology and Cost Containment
Authors: Neuhaus Barbara E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article raises, but does not answer, the kinds of questions that need to be asked by responsible occupational therapists in the 1980s—ethical questions that deal with technological advances on the one hand and limited resources on the other. The article examines moral dilemmas that practitioners and students face when making clinical decisions in a climate where technology and cost containment may overshadow the needs of the individual patient. A review of the literature on clinical reasoning, technology, and cost containment provides the background for a discussion of specific issues of quality of life for the occupational therapist. Implications for education and practice are presented, with suggestions for further consideration.
Comparison of Tactile Preferences in Children With and Without Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Curry Jeanette , Exner Charlotte 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Fifteen normal preschool children and 15 preschool children with cerebral palsy were presented with 10 pairs of objects and asked to identify their preference for one of the objects in each of the pairs. Five objects of different textures were used. The children only handled the objects; they did not view them during testing. The children with cerebral palsy chose hard objects significantly more often than they chose soft objects; the normal children had no significant choice preferences. Eleven of the children with cerebral palsy had choice patterns significantly different from those of the normal children. The apparent preference of the children with cerebral palsy for hard objects and their avoidance of soft objects suggests that they may have decreased tactile awareness and need the greater proprioceptive input that hard objects provide. The findings of this study indicate that preschool children with cerebral palsy may be at high risk for somatosensory disorders, which could markedly affect their hand function.
Development of Oral Side Preference During Chewing and Its Relation to Hand Preference in Normal 2- to 8-Year-Old Children
Authors: Gisel Erika G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Normative data on skills of the tongue used in eating are presented. Normal children 5 to 8 years old were studied regarding their preference of placing food either on the right or left side of the mouth when starting to eat. A developmental curve spanning 2 to 8 years was generated by including data from an earlier study. Data of oral side preference were correlated with data of preferred hand use. In addition, the ability to move a small piece of food from one side of the mouth to the other was studied.
It was found that normal children undergo a transition from placing solid food predominantly on the right side at 2 years of age to placing it on the left side at 4 years of age. The left side preference persists until at least 8 years of age for both viscous and solid food textures. Oral side preference did not correlate with hand preference. The ability to move food from one side of the mouth to the other (lateralizing) was found to undergo a developmental progression: The inability to lateralize in a third of 2-year-olds gave way to rolling movements. Concomitantly, a consistent increase in slow and then smooth movements was found to occur from 2 to 8 years of age.
These data provide the clinician with a normative baseline against which eating-impaired children can be compared.
Perspectives on the Status of Sensory Integration Theory
Authors: Tickle-Degnen Linda 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Sensory integration theory has generated many studies over the past decade, and individuals who are evaluating the theory and its ramifications for treatment have started to draw conclusions based upon those studies. However, the theory underlying treatment has not been fully explored through research, nor have the bulk of the treatment effectiveness studies demonstrated the methodological and statistical power necessary to adequately accept or reject effectiveness. The purpose of this article is to examine how research on sensory integration therapy relates to the underlying theory of therapy, how it is guided by the theory, and how it can be used to evaluate and develop the theory. The perspective taken in this discussion is that of a professional who does not have the experience of practicing sensory integration treatment but who is informed through the published research in the area. It is hoped that the resultant simplicity and objectivity of the discussion will provide a useful analysis of the complex issues surrounding research in this area. Suggestions are given for improving the knowledge of “outsiders” about the theory and practice of sensory integration treatment through research.
Occupational Therapy Treatment in Home Health Care
Authors: Kunstaetter Daisy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study reviewed 96 home care records for patients seen at a home health agency during 1985. Recorded data were supplemented with information obtained from interviews with therapists who provided the care. Results of the study reveal a discrepancy between the therapists’ perception of treatment given and the treatment areas that are documented. Emphasis in documentation was found to be greater for sensorimotor components than for other treatment areas, and psychosocial skills were not included at all in the treatment plans reviewed. Therapists’ reports indicated that more emphasis is placed on the documentation of reimbursable skills than on other treatment areas. The implications of these results are presented.
Early Occupational Therapy Education in Wisconsin: Elizabeth Upham Davis and Milwaukee-Downer College
Authors: Jones Jacqueline L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Among the early influences on the profession of occupational therapy were the founding schools and those who helped create them. The Midwest was energized by Elizabeth Upham Davis, who was instrumental in establishing the occupational therapy education program at Milwaukee-Downer College in 1918. This paper relates Mrs. Davis’s efforts on behalf of occupational therapy both in the development of the program at Milwaukee-Downer and on a national level during the early years of the profession.
Pain Management by Occupational Therapists
Authors: McCormack Guy L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Chronic pain is common among individuals with physical disabilities. It can interfere with therapy since patients with chronic pain can become uncooperative and reluctant to move. In some cases, patients may even project their discomfort onto the therapist. This paper reviews the natural physiological mechanisms that can reduce pain perception. The occupational therapist can help facilitate the activation of these mechanisms through a combination of noninvasive modalities, functional activities, and the therapeutic use of self.
Changes in Occupational Role Performance After a Severe Burn: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Cheng Susan , Rogers Joan C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Ten men with severe burn injuries were interviewed to examine their perceptions of the residual impact of severe burn on performance in self-care, home management, work, and leisure occupations within the year after rehabilitation. Three patterns of occupational role performance after a burn were identified: (a) a resumption of participation in all four occupational categories; (b) a return to independence in self-care with substantive impairment in home management, work, and/or leisure roles; and (c) substantive disruption in all occupational roles. Role loss or disruption was commonly associated with reduced endurance, intolerance for standing and walking, and impaired grip strength and upper extremity skill. Suggestions for rehabilitation programming and research are made.
The Meaning of Daily Activity in Family Caregiving for the Elderly
Authors: Hasselkus Betty Risteen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Sixty ethnographic interviews with 15 family caregivers for frail older people living in the community were analyzed to understand the meaning of activity in caregiving. Schön’s (1983) reflection-in-action framework was used to organize the data. Three goals of caregiving activity were derived: (a) getting things done, (b) achieving a sense of health and well-being for the care receiver, and (c) achieving a sense of health and well-being for the caregiver. The family caregiver was conceptualized as a lay practitioner involved in the clinical reasoning and ethical dilemmas integral to the provision of health care for the care receiver. The caregivers’ judgments regarding the prioritization and attainment of goals determined the forms of caregiving activities. Implications for occupational therapy practice and the relationship between the caregiver and the professional are discussed.
Early Intervention and the Influence of the Occupational Therapist on the Parent–Child Relationship
Authors: Humphry Ruth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The child’s development and the parent–child relationship reflect two interdependent processes. Several factors influence the occupational behavior of the child and the adult. In this paper, the ways in which occupational therapists can influence both the child and the parent–child relationship are identified. The parents’ occupational behavior is influenced by their knowledge of their children and their attitudes regarding the parenting role. The occupational therapist is part of the social support system and can work with the parents to enlarge their feelings of social embeddedness and support. In addition, the occupational therapist can influence the parent–child relationship by fostering the child’s development and helping the parents learn techniques to deal with their child’s undesirable characteristics, such as excessive irritability. Knowledge of the different avenues of influence helps the occupational therapist in planning and evaluating treatment in early intervention.
Criteria Mapping: A Method of Quality Assurance
Authors: Law Mary , Ryan Brenda , Townsend Elizabeth , O’Shea Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Criteria mapping is a flexible and responsive method of chart audit that allows the simultaneous assessment of both the process and the outcome of care by means of health record abstraction. This method of audit is particularly suited to occupational therapy because it includes branching to reflect the sequential judgments of therapists and does not penalize the clinician for omitting unnecessary procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility and reliability of the criteria mapping process in evaluating the quality of care for a self-care disability in an acute care setting. Three occupational therapists and one independent abstractor evaluated 12 charts twice. Intraobserver reliability calculated with intraclass correlation coefficients was .77 for the therapists and .65 for all observers. Interobserver reliability was .73 for the therapists and .72 for all observers. The criteria map provided comprehensive and relevant information about each chart. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for the ongoing monitoring of the quality of care in occupational therapy.
Occupational Disruption and Adaptation: A Study of House Fire Victims
Authors: Rosenfeld Mark S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
House fires are the most common disasters in our society. Disaster theorists acknowledge that complex daily living problems impede the recovery of victims. However, these problems have not been described in detail. The author conducted a qualitative study of the disruption to daily living routines caused by house fires and of the adaptation processes victims undertook to reestablish effective patterns of purposeful activity. The data-gathering methods included observation on the scenes of 15 house or tenement fires and in-depth interviews with members of 10 families displaced by fires. Disruption was found to occur in the victims’ use of time and comfort in their personal environment. A data analysis revealed a new process of occupational adaptation. The roles of tasks and activities were determined to be important in recovery.
Incidence of Upper Extremity Discomfort Among Piano Students
Authors: Revak Joan M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of upper extremity discomfort among piano majors at seven Philadelphia-area music schools. A questionnaire was distributed to 232 students, and a 31% return rate was obtained. Thirty (42%) of the 71 respondents reported experiencing discomfort that lasted more than 1 week, and 41 (58%) of the respondents reported experiencing little or no discomfort. Twenty-six (87%) of the students with discomfort suspended practice for a period of time or made adjustments at the piano. Pain/aching was the predominant discomfort reported among students. Students experienced their discomforts most frequently in the hand (49% of respondents), the forearm (19% of respondents), and the wrist (16% of respondents). The majority of students reported an impaired ability to play the piano that lasted for 6 months or less. Further research is needed to verify the scope of the problem among student pianists and to substantiate the numerous causes of discomfort that were uncovered in this study. This occupational group could benefit from the knowledge and skills of occupational therapists in the area of occupational performance and physical function.