bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanofabricated plasmonic nano-bio hybrid structures in biomedical detection
Authors: Zheng Wenwei , Chiamori Heather C. , Liu Gang Logan , Lin Liwei , Chen Fanqing Frank 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOur study of biological systems increasingly depends on our ability to dynamically and quantitatively measure the molecular processes with high sensitivity, speed, flexibility, multiplexity, throughput, and reproducibility, usually within the context of a complex biological and chemical mixture of tiny amount. To address these major challenges, plasmon-resonant nanostructure biomolecule hybrids (nano-bio hybrids), so-called plasmonic nanobiosensors, are being developed and viewed as one key breakthrough area for real-time and parallelized biomedical analysis with high sensitivity and selectivity. Hereby, we present a solution of integrated plasmonic system by synergizing three core techniques: (i) nanoplasmonics that manipulates electromagnetic radiation (light) at dielectric-metal interfaces by tuning properties of nanomaterials, (ii) nanofabrication and controlled synthesis of nanomaterials containing noble metals (e.g., Au, Ag, Pt, and Cu), and (iii) bioconjugates techniques that modify surface of nanomaterials with various bioprobes (e.g., antibodies, enzymes, aptamers, and molecular imprint polymers). Applications of these plasmonic nano-bio hybrid structures are also discussed.
f-Element-metal bond chemistry
Authors: Patel Dipti , Liddle Stephen T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCompared to the overwhelming prevalence of f-element-carbon, -nitrogen, -oxygen or -halide ligand linkages, the use of metal-based fragments as ligands is underdeveloped. This contrasts directly to the extensively developed fields of d- and p-block metal-metal complexes, which are still burgeoning. This review outlines the development of compounds that possess polarised covalent f-element-metal bonds. For this review, the f-element is defined as (i) a group 3 metal; (ii) a lanthanide metal; (iii) the actinide metals thorium or uranium. The metal is defined as: (i) a d-block transition metal; (ii) a group 13 metal (aluminium or gallium); (iii) a group 14 metal (silicon, germanium or tin); (iv) a group 15 metal (antimony or bismuth) metal. Although silicon, germanium and antimony are traditionally classified as metalloids, they are included for completeness. We focus on complexes that have been structurally authenticated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and we highlight novel aspects of their syntheses, properties and reactivities.
New Surface Samplers for Use in Forensic Sampling after a Chemical Incident
Authors: Ehntholt Daniel J. , Beltis Kevin J. , Jakubowski Michael J. , Martin John F. , McComish Madeline F. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
After an event involving the deliberate release of toxic chemicals, there is a need to collect samples at the affected site for preservation, recovery, and analysis of the chemical species of interest. These would likely include the active or toxic species as well as chemicals that could serve as chemical attribution signatures that would be important in assigning responsibility for the release. In this preliminary study, a standard gauze pad surface sampling material and technique was compared with the use of silicone rubber samplers placed on glass and coated steel solid surfaces. A range of commercially available silicone rubbers was examined for possible use and one was selected for more extensive evaluation due to its relative ease of handling and minimal interferences with the analytical process. The experiments were conducted with organic chemical species that covered a range of volatilities; two contaminant challenge concentrations were used. The silicone rubber samplers, as applied, were found to consistently collect higher quantities of organic chemicals from the solid surfaces than did the gauze pads. Results of these initial experiments are discussed and ongoing efforts are briefly described.
Evaluation of Chlorella Minutissima Oil for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Kaul Savita , Jain Rahul , Konathala Sivakumar , Bangwal Dinesh , Atray Neeraj , Kumar Basant 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Present work is an attempt to focus on screening of microalgae chlorella minutissima, extraction of oil, and conversion of oil into biodiesel. The experimental results are supported by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analytical techniques. The SEM/EDX results indicate microalgae contain several elements that are required for lipid metabolism, e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium, and nitrogen. HPLC analysis of hexane extracted oil shows the presence of 74.27 % of free fatty acids, 10.65 % of fatty acid esters, and 13.74 % triglycerides, besides unidentified component 1.34 %. These results are in close agreement with the high acid value of the oil. The presence of fatty acid esters in the oil were also confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Under optimized conditions, of acid catalyzed transesterification &gt;97 % conversion of microalgae oil into FAME is observed. The studies indicate that lower reaction time is favorable for conversion to FAMEs. However, for the purpose of biodiesel feedstock, any increase in the lipid content of the algae will improve the efficiency of the process.
Optimum CNT Concentration and Bath Temperature for Maximum Heat Transfer Rate during Quenching in CNT Nanofluids
Authors: Babu K. , Prasanna Kumar T. S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This paper utilizes the experimental and numerical results obtained during quenching of stainless steel (SS) probes in carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofluids to arrive at an optimum CNT concentration and bath temperature for maximum quenching heat transfer rate. The individual effect of CNT concentration and bath temperature on the quenching heat transfer rate has recently been published by the authors. The objective of this work is to study the combined effect of CNT concentration and bath temperature on the heat transfer rate during quenching. For this purpose, CNT nanofluids were prepared by suspending chemically treated CNTs in de-ionized (DI) water without any surfactant at 0.50 and 0.75 wt. % of CNTs. Cylindrical quench probes made of SS 304L with a diameter of 20 mm and an aspect ratio of 2.5 were quenched in the CNT nanofluids by maintaining at 30, 40, and 50°C using an external water bath. The recorded time-temperature data during quenching were used as input and the heat flux and temperature at the quenched surface were estimated based on the inverse heat conduction (IHC) method. The computed boiling curves during quenching were used in conjunction with the boiling curves published in literature to arrive at an optimum CNT concentration and bath temperature for maximum heat transfer rates. The computational results showed that the peak heat flux during quenching of SS probes in CNT nanofluids increased when the CNT nanofluid was maintained at 40 than at 30°C and it started decreasing with further increase in the bath temperature irrespective of the CNT concentration. The enhanced heat transfer performance of CNT nanofluid at a slightly higher temperature during quenching is attributed to the enhanced Brownian motion of CNTs in nanofluid.
A longer interval without GH replacement and female gender are associated with lower bone mineral density in adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency: a KIMS database analysis
Authors: Tritos Nicholas A , Hamrahian Amir H , King Donna , Greenspan Susan L , Cook David M , Jönsson Peter J , Wajnrajch Michael P , Koltowska-Häggstrom Maria , Biller Beverly M K 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveChildhood-onset GH deficiency (COGHD) is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). Adults with persistent COGHD may be at risk for insufficient bone accrual or bone loss during adulthood. The purpose of this study was to identify BMD predictors and to characterize the effects of GH replacement on BMD in COGHD adults with persistent GHD.DesignRetrospective analysis of the KIMS database.MethodsVariables predicting standardized BMD (sBMD) were identified. The effect of GH replacement (3 years) on BMD was examined.ResultsThree hundred and fourteen COGHD adults (148 women, 166 men; 62 non-naïve, 178 semi-naïve, and 74 true naïve, depending on length and timing of previous GH replacement), who had BMD measured in lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) at study entry.In semi-naïve subjects, a longer gap in GH replacement between childhood and adulthood was predictive of lower sBMD in the FN (r=−0.18, P=0.038). TSH deficiency predicted lower sBMD in the LS (r=−0.16, P=0.052). In true naïve patients, a longer gap between onset of pituitary disease and study entry (r=−0.35, P=0.012), and female gender (r=−0.27, P=0.043) independently predicted lower sBMD in the FN. There were no differences in BMD increases between non-naïve, semi-naïve, and true naïve subjects on GH replacement.ConclusionsIn semi-naïve subjects a longer interval off GH replacement was associated with lower sBMD in the FN. Among true naïve patients, a longer gap between the onset of pituitary disease and GH replacement, and female gender predicted lower sBMD in the FN.
Trends of Outpatient Prescription Drug Utilization in US Children, 2002–2010
Authors: Chai Grace , Governale Laura , McMahon Ann W. , Trinidad James Phillip , Staffa Judy , Murphy Dianne 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To describe trends in outpatient prescription drug utilization in US children and the changes in major areas of pediatric therapeutic use for the years 2002 through 2010.

METHODS:
Large prescription databases (the IMS Vector One: National and Total Patient Tracker) were used to examine national drug utilization patterns for the US pediatric population (ages 0–17 years) from 2002 through 2010.

RESULTS:
In 2010, a total of 263.6 million prescriptions were dispensed to the US pediatric population, 7% lower than in 2002, while prescriptions dispensed to the adult population increased 22% during the same time. Analysis of pediatric drug utilization trends for the top 12 therapeutic areas in 2010 compared with 2002 showed decreases in systemic antibiotics (–14%), allergies (–61%), pain (–14%), depression (–5%), and cough/cold without expectorant (–42%) prescriptions, whereas asthma (14%), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (46%), and contraceptive (93%) prescriptions increased. In 2010, amoxicillin was the most frequently dispensed prescription in infants (aged 0–23 months) and children (aged 2–11 years). Methylphenidate was the top prescription dispensed to adolescents (aged 12–17 years). Off-label use was identified, particularly for lansoprazole; ∼358 000 prescriptions were dispensed in 2010 for infants &lt;1 year old.

CONCLUSIONS:
Changes in the patterns of pediatric drug utilization were observed from 2002 to 2010. Changes include a decrease in antibiotic use and an increase in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication use during the examined time. This article provides an overview of pediatric outpatient drug utilization, which could set the stage for further in-depth analyses.
Frequency of Alternative Immunization Schedule Use in a Metropolitan Area
Authors: Robison Steve G. , Groom Holly , Young Collette 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVES:
Recent studies have described an increase in parental hesitancy regarding vaccines as well as increases in parental adoption of vaccine schedules that delay or limit receipt of recommended vaccines. This study quantifies potential prevalence and trends in alternative schedule compliance by measuring consistent shot-limiting in a metropolitan area of Oregon.

METHODS:
Retrospective cohort analysis using the Oregon ALERT Immunization Information System to track children born between 2003 and 2009 in the Portland metropolitan area. Joinpoint regression was used to analyze prevalence trends in consistent shot-limiting during that time period. The 2007–2009 Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine shortage and increased availability of combination vaccines were also examined for their effects on shot-limiting rates.

RESULTS:
A total of 4502 of 97 711 (4.6%) children met the definition of consistent shot-limiters. The proportion of consistent shot-limiters in the population increased from 2.5% to 9.5% between 2006 and 2009. Compared with those with no or episodic limiting, consistent shot-limiters by 9 months of age had fewer injections (6.4 vs 10.4) but more visits when immunizations were administered (4.2 vs 3.3). However, only a small minority of shot-limiters closely adhered to published alternative schedules.

CONCLUSIONS:
The percentage of children consistently receiving 2 or fewer vaccine injections per visit between birth and age 9 months increased threefold within a 2-year period, suggesting an increase in acceptance of non–Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices vaccine schedules in this geographic area.
The Use of Instruments by Iranian Endodontics and General Practioners
Authors: Elham Farokh Gisour , Sedigheh Zarmehi 
Published: June 2012

Aim:
The current clinical practice of endodontics involves utilization of a variety of new technological advances and materials. Technologies available for use in endodontic offices today include battery or electric motors using NiTi rotary file systems, new generation of electronic apex locators (EALs), improved digital radiographic sensors, surgical microscopes, and ultrasonic units. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and use of newer technologies among Iranian dental practitioners.

Materials and methods:
The population under study included the dental practitioners participating in the 49th and 50th Congress of Dentistry, who were selected with a simple sampling method. Data was collected by questionnaires which were completed by the participants in an anonymous manner. The contingency table and chi-squared test were used for data analysis by SPSS 13.5 software.

Results:
A total of 700 dental practitioners participated in the study; NiTi rotary systems were used by 50.1%; electronic apex locators were often employed by 46.3%; 21.7% reported that ultrasonic units were often used. Only 1.1% frequently used surgical microscopes. Males and females differed with respect to the use of newer technologies (P<0.05).

Conclusion:
Based on the results of the present study, it seems necessary for dentists to take part in continuing dental education programs related to the newer technologies to improve their knowledge and practice.
Analysts' Motives for Rounding EPS Forecasts
Authors: Dechow Patricia M. , You Haifeng 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
We investigate analysts' motives for rounding annual EPS forecasts (placing a zero or five in the penny location of the forecast). We first show that an intuitive reason for analysts to engage in rounding is in circumstances where the penny digit of the forecast is of less economic significance. By rounding, analysts reveal that their forecasts are not intended to be precise to the penny. We also show that analyst incentives impact the likelihood of rounding. Specifically, we predict that analysts will exert less effort forecasting earnings for firms that generate less brokerage or investment banking business since such firms create less value for the analysts' employers. As a consequence of this reduced effort and attention, the analyst will be more uncertain about the penny digit of the forecast and so will round. Our results are consistent with this prediction. One implication of our findings is that a rounded forecast is a simple and easily observable proxy for a more noisy measure of the market's expectation of earnings. Consistent with this implication, we show that rounded forecasts bias down earnings response coefficients at earnings announcements.
Health Communication and Psychological Distress: Exploring the Language of Self-harm
Authors: Harvey Kevin , Brown Brian 
Published: June 2012

Abstract:This study explores adolescents’ accounts of self-harm with a view to elucidate the implications for health care practitioners seeking to administer care to teenagers in English. Drawing on a corpus of 1.6 million words from messages posted on a UK-hosted adolescent health Web site, analysis began by identifying a range of keywords relating to self-harm. The subsequent contextual examination of these keywords afforded a close description of the contributors’ experiences of self-harm and the factors that resulted in their self-injurious behaviours. A recurring theme was that of the habitual nature of self-harm, with the act being represented as a form of addiction over which they had little control. Self-harmers construct the phenomenon as particularly powerful, and the act is formulated as the only effective means of relief from emotional turmoil. If we are to increase parents and health professionals’ ability to respond to self-injury in the medium of English, close linguistic attention to individuals’ accounts of self-harm is valuable. Online health resources are also valuable means of eliciting concerns from distressed adolescents who are often reluctant to seek support from professionals face-to-face.
Development of microsatellites in Machilus thunbergii (Lauraceae), a warm‐temperate coastal tree species in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Yuko , Lian Chunlan , Watanabe Shuntaro , Shimatani Ken‐ichiro , Sakio Hitoshi , Noma Naohiko 
Published: June 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in a typically coastal, widespread, and dominant tree species of the evergreen broadleaf forests, Machilus thunbergii, for comparison of the genetic diversity and structure of inland populations surrounding the ancient Lake Biwa and coastal populations in Japan.• Methods and Results: Eighteen polymorphic microsatellites of this species were isolated using an improved technique for isolating codominant compound microsatellite markers. These isolated loci provided compound simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with polymorphisms of three to 19 alleles per locus, with an average of 10.9. The expected and observed within‐population heterozygosities ranged from 0.16 to 0.86 and from 0.13 to 0.72, respectively.• Conclusions: These markers may be useful tools for further investigation of the population genetic structure and biogeographic history of M. thunbergii in the warm‐temperate zone of East Asia.
Pollinator‐mediated competition between two congeners, Limnanthes douglasii subsp. rosea and L. alba (Limnanthaceae)
Authors: Runquist Ryan D. Briscoe 
Published: June 2012

• Premise of Study: Pollinator visits are essential for reproduction in many plants, yet interspecific movements of pollinators can also lead to competitive interactions between coflowering species. Pollination‐mediated reductions in fertility could potentially lead to exclusion of competing plant species, and may generate spatial variation in the associations among coflowering species across a landscape.• Methods: I documented the potential for heterospecific pollen transfer to cause competitive interactions between two annual grassland species native to California, Limnanthes douglasii subsp. rosea and L. alba, two reproductively incompatible species that have broadly overlapping geographic ranges in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. I observed pollinator movement in constructed arrays and controlled crosses in the greenhouse and field to investigate the consequences of heterospecific pollen transfer.• Key Results: Pollinators move readily between species when they are presented together in experimental arrays. In the greenhouse, deposition of heterospecific pollen decreased fertility in both species. The decrease in seeds produced per flower was much more pronounced in L. d. rosea (90.6% reduction) than in L. alba (40.8% reduction). In field experiments, L. d. rosea plants that received pollen from heterospecific neighbors first showed >50% reduction in per‐flower fertility.• Conclusions: Under natural pollination conditions, heterospecific pollen transfer has the ability to decrease the fertility of L. d. rosea when it occurs at low frequency in mixed stands. Accordingly, pollinator‐mediated competition may contribute to the locally disjunct distributions of these two species. It may also influence important restoration decisions in vernal pool habitats.
A Dietary Supplement Containing Chlorophytum Borivilianum and Velvet Bean Improves Sleep Quality in Men and Women
Authors: McCarthy Cameron G. , Alleman Rick J. , Bell Zach W. , Bloomer Richard J. 
Published: June 2012

Background Impaired sleep quality is commonplace within industrialized societies, as evidenced by the increasing number of prescription sleep aids available. Certain herbal preparations have been suggested to provide a natural benefit to sleep; however, limited controlled data are available documenting this benefit. In the present study we tested the effect of an experimental dietary supplement, containing the active ingredients Chlorophytum borivilianum and Velvet bean, on sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Methods Eighteen healthy and active men and women, with evidence of impaired sleep quality, consumed the supplement daily for 28 days. The PSQI was administered before and after the intervention period. As indicators of safety, resting heart rate and blood pressure were measured, and a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel, and lipid panel were determined. Results Sleep quality was influenced by the supplement, as evidenced by an improvement in every category of the PSQI questionnaire ( P < 0.05), with most category scores improving approximately 50% from pre to post intervention. No adverse outcomes were noted with use of the supplement, as indicated by no change in resting heart rate, blood pressure, or any bloodborne parameter. Conclusions An investigational dietary supplement containing the active ingredients Chlorophytum borivilianum and Velvet bean improves sleep quality in men and women. Additional placebo controlled trials are needed to corroborate these findings in individuals with self-reported sleeping difficulty.