bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis Parameters of Floating and Attached Ulva prolifera
Authors: Lin Apeng , Shen Songdong , Wang Guangce , Yi Qianqian , Qiao Hongjin , Niu Jianfeng , Pan Guanghua 
Published: October 2010

Abstract In mid‐May 2008 a serious green tide caused mainly by floating Ulva prolifera (Müller) J. Agardh (Chlorophyta, Ulvales) thalli struck the coastal area of Qingdao, China. To understand the present physiological conditions of the floating alga, in this work both laboratory and field investigations were conducted on the floating U. prolifera thalli in comparison with the attached U. prolifera thalli collected from the area. The floating thalli of three distinctively different colors and attached thalli at three different stages of sporangium formation process were characterized under a microscope, while their photosynthetic parameters were determined with chlorophyll fluorescence technology. On the other hand, the sporangium formation status of the floating U. prolifera thalli was surveyed both in the laboratory and in the field. Comparisons showed that both of the paired morphological characteristics and the paired physiological parameters of the floating and attached U. prolifera thalli were consistent. Furthermore, some spores were confirmed in the field and some motile particles were found within the floating thalli. These results suggest that the floating U. prolifera thalli with different colors could be at different stages of sporangium formation. However, our results also showed that the floating alga thalli have only a limited reproductive potential. This might limit the duration and the further geographic expansion of the green algal bloom.
How to weigh a star using a moon
Authors: Kipping David M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
We show that for a transiting exoplanet accompanied by a moon which also transits, the absolute masses and radii of the star, planet and moon are determinable. For a planet–star system, it is well known that the density of the star is calculable from the light curve by manipulation of Kepler's Third Law. In an analogous way, the planetary density is calculable for a planet–moon system which transits a star, and thus the ratio-of-densities is known. By combining this ratio with the observed ratio-of-radii and the radial velocity measurements of the system, we show that the absolute dimensions of the star and planet are determinable. This means such systems could be used as calibrators of stellar evolution. The detection of dynamical effects, such as transit timing variations, allows the absolute mass of the moon to be determined as well, which may be combined with the radius to infer the satellite's composition.
Histomorphometry of the circular peripapillary arterial ring of Zinn–Haller in normal eyes and eyes with secondary angle‐closure glaucoma
Authors: Jonas Jost B. , Jonas Shefali B. 
Published: October 2010

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: e317–e322Abstract.Purpose:  To examine the location and size of the peripapillary arterial circle of Zinn–Haller (PACZH) and its associations with other eye measures in normal eyes and eyes with secondary angle‐closure glaucoma.Methods:  The study included 29 human globes enucleated because of malignant choroidal melanoma (n = 19) (control group) or because of secondary angle‐closure glaucoma (n = 10). Anterior–posterior histological sections were morphometrically evaluated.Results:  The PACZH was present in all eyes. The glaucoma group and the control group did not vary significantly in the distance from the PACZH to Bruch’s membrane (297 ± 67 versus 270 ± 67 μm; p = 0.29), optic disc border (281 ± 103 versus 391 ± 170 μm; p = 0.07), optic disc centre (1059 ± 191 versus 978 ± 205 μm; p = 0.30) and retrobulbar cerebrospinal fluid space (173 ± 58 versus 172 ± 81 μm; p = 0.97) nor in the minimal PACZH diameter (39 ± 18 versus 36 ± 18 μm; p = 0.74) and maximal PACZH diameter (78 ± 37 versus 65 ± 25 μm; p = 0.36). The PACZH location, measured as distance from Bruch’s membrane, disc border, disc centre and cerebrospinal fluid space, was not significantly associated with axial length (p > 0.39), horizontal globe diameter (p > 0.17) and vertical globe diameter (p > 0.22). Both diameters were statistically independent of axial length (p = 0.72 and p = 0.58, respectively), horizontal globe diameter (p = 0.60 and p = 0.41, respectively) and vertical globe diameter (p = 0.64 and p = 0.52, respectively). All parameters were statistically independent of age (p > 0.10) and gender (p > 0.10).Conclusions:  The PACZH was present in all human eyes examined and did not vary significantly in location and diameter between eyes with secondary angle‐closure glaucoma and nonglaucomatous eyes, nor between myopic versus hyperopic eyes.
MicroRNA‐Based Therapeutic Approaches in the Cardiovascular System
Authors: Fiedler J. , Gupta S. K. , Thum T. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small ribonucleotides that participate in the orchestration of the genome by regulating target messenger RNA translation. MiRNAs control physiological processes and misexpression of miRNAs is pathogenically involved in many diseases including cardiovascular diseases. Normalization of miRNA expression and thus downstream target networks may have enormous therapeutic chances but also risks. We here highlight and discuss recent advances in the development and use of miRNA therapeutics to target miRNAs in vivo that may translate into novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases in the future.
TREK‐1 K+Channels in the Cardiovascular System: Their Significance and Potential as a Therapeutic Target
Authors: Goonetilleke Lakshman , Quayle John 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYPotassium (K+) channels are important in cardiovascular disease both as drug targets and as a cause of underlying pathology. Voltage‐dependent K+(KV) channels are inhibited by the class III antiarrhythmic agents. Certain vasodilators work by opening K+channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and K+channel activation may also be a route to improving endothelial function. The two‐pore domain K+(K2P) channels form a group of 15 known channels with an expanding list of functions in the cardiovascular system. One of these K2Pchannels, TREK‐1, is the focus of this review. TREK‐1 channel activity is tightly regulated by intracellular and extracellular pH, membrane stretch, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), temperature, and receptor‐coupled second messenger systems. TREK‐1 channels are also activated by volatile anesthetics and some neuroprotectant agents, and they are inhibited by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as well as amide local anesthetics. Some of the clinical cardiovascular effects and side effects of these drugs may be through their actions on TREK‐1 channels. It has recently been suggested that TREK‐1 channels have a role in mechano‐electrical coupling in the heart. They also seem important in the vascular responses to PUFAs, and this may underlie some of the beneficial cardiovascular effects of the essential dietary fatty acids. Development of selective TREK‐1 openers and inhibitors may provide promising routes for intervention in cardiovascular diseases.
Unfractionated Heparin during Elective PCI: Fixed Dose or Weight Adjusted?
Authors: Kidambi Ananth , Mayurathan Gnanamoorthy , Viswanathan Girish , Schechter Clyde , Zaman Azfar G. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYIntroduction: To assess two different dosing strategies of unfractionated heparin (UFH) during elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Aims: The optimal dose of heparin during elective PCI in patients with stable angina is unknown. Existing guidelines are based on limited data. We interrogated data from the PCI database. Patients with stable angina undergoing planned transradial PCI for uncomplicated single lesions were included. The main endpoint was troponin I release. We compared a fixed heparin dose (3000 U) UFH to a weight‐adjusted dose. Results: Of 698 patients 244 (35.0%) received fixed dose (3000 U) and 454 (65.0%) 70 U/kg weight‐adjusted UFH. There was no significant difference in median troponin between the fixed dose and the weight‐adjusted groups; 0.17 ng/mL versus 0.14; P= 0.21. The proportion of troponin positive patients was similar in both groups (61.9% in the fixed dose group vs. 58.1%; P= 0.37). There were no deaths or major ischemic events during hospitalization. There was no bleeding requiring transfusion or delaying hospital discharge. Conclusion: In conclusion, this retrospective observational study of elective transradial PCI demonstrated that a reduced, fixed dose of periprocedural heparin was associated with similar postprocedural troponin levels when compared to a standard weight‐adjusted regime. Our study further questions the optimal dose of heparin required during elective PCI and suggests a need for further trials.
Questions of Indigeneity and the (Re)‐Emergent Ch'orti' Maya of Honduras
Authors: Metz Brent 
Published: October 2010

RESUMENEntre el espacio de unos años, los Ch'orti'de Honduras salieron de una identidad débil y vergonzosa a tener un movimiento étnico con miles de miembros y tan fuerte que apresuró el gobierno nacional. La volatilidad de tal identidades en la época de derechos y reparaciones indígenas exige un análisis que reconozca la construcción social de identidades de grupos, pero atención única a procesos de construcción de corto plazo es impracticable y engañadora. La gente utiliza cultura existente para reconocer y fortalecer fronteras étnicas. Tal cultura y las identidades que moldea es evidencia clave en decidir si los demandantes indígenas son legítimas, o si están aprovechándose de recursos mejor destinados a otros.
The Owner of the Hill: Masculinity and Drug‐trafficking in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Penglase Ben 
Published: October 2010

RESUMENEste artículo investiga el modo en que los traficantes de drogas de Rio Janeiro, Brasil, usan un discurso ideológico de autoridad masculina para estructurar sus relaciones con los residentes de las favelas en esa ciudad. El artículo muestra cómo el discurso en torno al “respeto” permite a los traficantes la legitimación de su propia influencia sobre los habitantes de las favelas, la normalización de la desigualdad y el silenciamiento de la oposición. También muestra por qué los residentes de las favelas aceptan este tipo de discursos de autoridad y examina como estos residentes, a su vez, usan el discurso de género en su intento de negociar la relación con los traficantes de drogas. Sin embargo, los traficantes también alteran la relación entre la masculinidad y la asignación de los diferentes grados de vulnerabilidad. Además el artículo muestra como este tipo de relación genera una experiencia desestabilizadora de ansiedad para los hombres de las favelas que no participan en el tráfico de droga. En general, sostengo que hasta que el análisis de la violencia urbana no se sitúe dentro de un contexto que tenga en cuenta el género, la misma no podrá ser completamente entendida.
De los derechos de los adoptantes al derecho a la identidad: los procedimientos de adopción y la apropiación criminal de niños en la Argentina
Authors: Villalta Carla 
Published: October 2010

RESUMENEn este artículo se revisan dos reformas, introducidas en la Argentina a principios de la década del ‘70 y a fines de los años ‘90, con el fin de regular la adopción de niños. En estos contextos históricos, se examinan los sentidos que primaron tanto sobre el vínculo adoptivo, como respecto del papel del Estado en la gestión del parentesco legal. Desde esta perspectiva, se analiza el impacto que tuvieron la apropiación criminal de niños, desarrollada durante el terrorismo de estado (1976–1983) como un “evento crítico” (Das 1995), y las estrategias desplegadas por Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo para lograr la restitución de sus nietos, en los debates y la forma en la que se definió la figura legal de la adopción y las facultades otorgadas a los organismos judiciales y administrativos para concederla.
Getting an Attitude: Brazilian Hip Hoppers Design Gender
Authors: Pardue Derek 
Published: October 2010

RESUMENEn este ensayo demuestro que loship hoppersbrasileños están interesados en las cuestiones de género. Ellos están deseosos de representar y explícitamente conectar “técnicas” y “actitud”, sus objectivos estéticos en el hip hop, a aquéllos de carácter social, como la demarcación de las nociones contemporáneas de masculinidad y femininidad. Para abordar el significado de actuaciones tan populares, contextualizo el hip hop dentro de los parámetros históricos e ideológicos del patriarcado y del machismo en el Brasil urbano. Argumento que, a diferencia de otras categorías sociales como raza, clase y lugar, el género se mantiene como un elemento discursivo relativamente conservador para los hip hoppers brasileños. A pesar de ello, ha emergido una dinámica productiva en relación a la representación de género al interior de los varios sub‐estilos del hip hop brasileño, y con ella un cambio potencial en la formación hegemónica del machismo en la cultura popular y urbana.
The Strange and the Native: Ritual and Activism in the Aymara Quest for Decolonization
Authors: Burman Anders 
Published: October 2010

RESUMENEl fenómeno de pérdida de espíritu está ampliamente difundido en los Andes bolivianos. Por razones de susto, una persona pierde su espíritu y un espíritu “extraño” puede llegar a reemplazarlo causando enfermedad. En un mismo padecimiento, entonces, se encuentran nociones de “pérdida” e “imposición”. Asimismo, en el contexto de “indigeneidades emergentes” se conceptualiza a menudo el colonialismo como un proceso de “pérdida” e “imposición”; pérdida de identidades “nativas”, imposición de identidades “extrañas”. El presente artículo plantea que estudiar las prácticas rituales aymaras de curación puede ser una manera de llegar a entender el activismo indígena y viceversa. Se identifican y examinan ciertas premisas que subyacen por igual en las prácticas rituales y el activismo y se explora el entrelazamiento entre ambas prácticas, planteando que el activismo indígena sería mejor entendido si se tienen en cuenta nociones cosmológicamente incrustadas de “lo propio” y “lo extraño” y prácticas rituales de relacionamiento con “lo extraño”.
Pneumococcal Nasopharyngeal Carriage following Reduced Doses of a 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine and a 23-Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Booster
Authors: Russell F. M. , Carapetis J. R. , Satzke C. , Tikoduadua L. , Waqatakirewa L. , Chandra R. , Seduadua A. , Oftadeh S. , Cheung Y. B. , Gilbert G. L. , Mulholland E. K. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a reduced-dose 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) primary series followed by a 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vPPS) booster on nasopharyngeal (NP) pneumococcal carriage. For this purpose, Fijian infants aged 6 weeks were randomized to receive 0, 1, 2, or 3 PCV doses. Within each group, half received 23vPPS at 12 months. NP swabs were taken at 6, 9, 12, and 17 months and were cultured for
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Isolates were serotyped by multiplex PCR and a reverse line blot assay. There were no significant differences in PCV vaccine type (VT) carriage between the 3- and 2-dose groups at 12 months. NP VT carriage was significantly higher (
P
, <0.01) in the unvaccinated group than in the 3-dose group at the age of 9 months. There appeared to be a PCV dose effect in the cumulative proportion of infants carrying the VT, with less VT carriage occurring with more doses of PCV. Non-PCV serotype (NVT) carriage rates were similar for all PCV groups. When groups were pooled by receipt or nonreceipt of 23vPPS at 12 months, there were no differences in pneumococcal, VT, or NVT carriage rates between the 2 groups at the age of 17 months. In conclusion, there appeared to be a PCV dose effect on VT carriage, with less VT carriage occurring with more doses of PCV. By the age of 17 months, NVT carriage rates were similar for all groups. 23vPPS had no impact on carriage, despite the substantial boosts in antibody levels.
Does Hepatitis B Virus Prenatal Transmission Result in Postnatal Immunoprophylaxis Failure?
Authors: Zhu Yi-Yang , Mao Ying-Zi , Wu Wei-Ling , Cai Qun-Xi , Lin Xian-Hua 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to evaluate whether postnatal hepatitis B immunization failure in children is caused by prenatal infections. A prospective study was conducted from October 2006 to September 2008. Fetal samples from HBsAg-positive mothers were retrieved by either amniocentesis or cordocentesis (percutaneous umbilical blood sampling [PUBS]). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) serologic markers (HBVM) and quantitative HBV DNA assays were performed to assess prenatal infection. All neonates were given combined HBV immunoprophylaxis after delivery. The newborns were followed up with HBV serologic testing at 1 year old. For the 252 pregnant women recruited, 16 fetuses were found to be HBV DNA positive, with all HBV DNA levels under 10
4
copies/ml. HBsAg and HBV DNA detected in the uterus were uncommon and were expressed at low levels. In contract to the case with prenatal statuses, neonatal serologies were more similar to their mothers'. The response rate of vaccination was 95%. Six children for whom immunoprophylaxis failed were born to HBeAg-positive mothers with high HBV DNA levels (>10
8
copies/ml), but only one of them was found to be positive for intrauterine HBV DNA (8.5 × 10
2
copies/ml). The presence of intrauterine hepatitis B antigen and DNA does not indicate postnatal HBV infection and vaccination failure.
Anaplasma marginaleInfection with Persistent High-Load Bacteremia Induces a Dysfunctional Memory CD4+T Lymphocyte Response but Sustained High IgG Titers
Authors: Han Sushan , Norimine Junzo , Brayton Kelly A. , Palmer Guy H. , Scoles Glen A. , Brown Wendy C. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTControl of blood-borne infections is dependent on antigen-specific effector and memory T cells and high-affinity IgG responses. In chronic infections characterized by a high antigen load, it has been shown that antigen-specific T and B cells are vulnerable to downregulation and apoptosis.Anaplasma marginaleis a persistent infection of cattle characterized by acute and chronic high-load bacteremia. We previously showed that CD4+T cells primed by immunization with anA. marginaleouter membrane protein were rapidly deleted following infection. Furthermore, peripheral blood T cell responses to bacteria were not observed after acute infection was controlled, suggesting dysfunctional T cell priming to otherA. marginaleantigens. The current study more closely investigated the kinetics ofA. marginale-specific CD4+T cell responses primed during infection. Frequent sampling of peripheral blood and spleens revealed that antigen-specific CD4+T cell responses were first detected at 5 to 7 weeks, but the responses were sporadic and transient thereafter. A similar pattern was observed in animals sampled weekly for nearly 1 year. Paradoxically, by 2 weeks of infection, cattle had developed high titers ofA. marginale-specific IgG, which remained high throughout persistent infection. This dysfunctional CD4+T cell response to infection is consistent with continual downregulation or deletion of newly primed effector T cells, similar to what was observed for immunization-induced T cells followingA. marginaleinfection. The failure to establish a strong memory T cell response duringA. marginaleinfection likely contributes to bacterial persistence.
Immune Responses and Protection against ExperimentalBrucella suisBiovar 1 Challenge in Nonvaccinated orB. abortusStrain RB51-Vaccinated Cattle
Authors: Olsen S. C. , Hennager S. G. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTTwenty Hereford heifers approximately 9 months of age were vaccinated with saline (control) or 2 × 1010CFU of theBrucella abortusstrain RB51 (RB51) vaccine. Immunologic responses after inoculation demonstrated significantly greater (P< 0.05) antibody and proliferative responses to RB51 antigens in cattle vaccinated with RB51 than in the controls. Pregnant cattle received a conjunctival challenge at approximately 6 months of gestation with 107CFU ofB. suisbv. 1 strains isolated from naturally infected cattle. The fluorescence polarization assay and the buffered acid plate agglutination test had the highest sensitivities in detectingB. suis-infected cattle between 2 and 12 weeks after experimental infection. Serologic responses and lymphocyte proliferative responses toB. suisantigens did not differ between control and RB51 vaccinees after experimental infection. No abortions occurred in cattle in either treatment group after challenge, although there appeared to be an increased incidence of retained placenta after parturition in both the control and the RB51 vaccination treatment groups. Our data suggest that the mammary gland is a preferred site forB. suislocalization in cattle. Vaccination with RB51 did not reduceB. suisinfection rates in maternal or fetal tissues. In conclusion, althoughB. suisis unlikely to cause abortions and fetal losses in cattle, our data suggest that RB51 vaccination will not protect cattle againstB. suisinfection after exposure.
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel
Staphylococcus aureus
Vaccine: Results from the First Study of the Vaccine Dose Range in Humans
Authors: Harro Clayton , Betts Robert , Orenstein Walter , Kwak Eun-Jeong , Greenberg Howard E. , Onorato Matthew T. , Hartzel Jon , Lipka Joy , DiNubile Mark J. , Kartsonis Nicholas 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Merck V710 is a novel vaccine containing the conserved
Staphylococcus aureus
iron surface determinant B shown to be protective in animal models. A phase I, multicenter, double-blind study of the dose range was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and safety of an adjuvanted liquid formulation of V710. A total of 124 adults (18 to 55 years of age) were randomized 1:1:1:1 to receive one 0.5-ml intramuscular injection of V710 (5 μg, 30 μg, or 90 μg) or saline placebo. A positive immune response was defined as at least a 2-fold increase in IsdB-specific IgG levels from baseline levels. Local and systemic adverse events were assessed for 5 and 14 days, respectively, following vaccination. Positive immune responses were detected in 12 (67%) of the 18 subjects in the groups receiving 30 and 90 μg V710 tested at day 10. At day 14, a significantly greater proportion of subjects manifested a positive immune response with higher geometric mean concentrations in the V710 30-μg (86%; geometric mean concentration of 116 μg/ml) and 90-μg (87%; geometric mean concentration of 131 μg/ml) dose groups than in the V710 5-μg (29%; geometric mean concentration of 51 μg/ml) or placebo (4%; geometric mean concentration of 23 μg/ml) groups. Immune responses were durable through day 84. Subjects <40 and ≥40 years of age had comparable immune responses. The most common adverse events were injection-site pain, nausea, fatigue, and headache, usually of mild intensity. No immediate reactions or serious adverse events were reported. In this first study of V710 in humans, a single 30-μg or 90-μg dose was more immunogenic than the 5-μg dose or placebo. Immune responses were evident by 10 to 14 days after vaccination in most responders.