bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and Function of Platyrrhine Caudal Vertebrae
Authors: Organ Jason M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe prehensile tail may have evolved twice (in parallel) in New World monkeys (platyrrhines), suggesting it is an effective adaptation to negotiating arboreal habitats. Yet, despite the obvious importance of the prehensile tail for balance, feeding behavior, and locomotion, the structural differences between prehensile and nonprehensile tails are poorly understood. Previous studies showed that some linear measurements of caudal vertebrae are capable of distinguishing prehensile from nonprehensile tails but only in the distal parts of the vertebral sequence. This study examines structural properties of the tail with external measurements that are selected to better approximate resistance to bending/torsion while also examining vertebral cross‐sectional geometry with computed tomography—a direct measure of resistance to bending/torsion. Specifically, this study tests the hypotheses that the caudal vertebrae (and the tail as a whole) of prehensile‐tailed platyrrhines are structured to resist higher torsional and bending stresses than their functional analogues in nonprehensile‐tailed platyrrhines, and that the predicted differences become more drastic further distally within the sequence. Results of this study indicate that prehensile and nonprehensile tails are structured differently. Prehensile tails are characterized by longer proximal tail regions than nonprehensile tails. Furthermore, the hemal processes (the distal attachment for the primary tail flexors) of prehensile tail vertebrae are better developed and can distinguish prehensile from nonprehensile tails better than traditionally used external measurements. Finally, results confirm predictions that prehensile tail caudal vertebrae are capable of withstanding higher torsional and bending stresses than their nonprehensile tail counterparts, and that these disparities become more pronounced further distally within the sequence. Anat Rec, 293:730–745, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From Head to Tail: New Models and Approaches in Primate Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics
Authors: Organ Jason M. , Deleon Valerie B. , Wang Qian , Smith Timothy D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis special issue of The Anatomical Record (AR) is based on interest generated by a symposium at the 2008 annual meeting of the American Association of Anatomists (AAA) at Experimental Biology, entitled “An Evolutionary Perspective on Human Anatomy.” The development of this volume in turn provided impetus for a Biological Anthropology Mini‐Meeting, organized by members of the AAA for the 2010 Experimental Biology meeting in Anaheim, California. The research presented in these pages reflects the themes of these symposia and provides a snapshot of the current state of primate functional anatomy and biomechanics research. The 17 articles in this special issue utilize new models and/or approaches to study long‐standing questions about the evolution of our closest relatives, including soft‐tissue dissection and microanatomical techniques, experimental approaches to morphology, kinematic and kinetic biomechanics, high‐resolution computed tomography, and Finite Element Analysis (FEA). This volume continues a close historical association between the disciplines of anatomy and biological anthropology: anatomists benefit from an understanding of the evolutionary history of our modern form, and biological anthropologists rely on anatomical principles to make informed evolutionary inferences about our closest relatives. Anat Rec, 293:544–548, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
(R)‐(+)‐Binol‐Functionalized Mesoporous Organosilica as a Highly Efficient Pre‐Chiral Catalyst for Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wang Peiyuan , Yang Yan , Wang Peng , Yang Qihua 
Published: March 2010

Abstract(R)‐(+)‐Binol‐functionalized chiral periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) with different framework compositions were successfully synthesized by cocondensation of (R)‐2,2′‐di(methoxymethyl)oxy‐6,6′‐di(1‐propyltrimethoxysilyl)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (BSBinol) with 1,2‐bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (BTME) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) using triblock copolymer P123 as a template in acidic solution. The mixture of BTME and BSBinol can result in a highly ordered mesostructure in an acidic medium but the mesoporous materials synthesized using a mixture of TMOS and BSBinol can only be obtained in a weak acidic buffer solution. All the materials are efficient catalysts (coordinated with Ti) for asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to aldehydes. The chiral PMO with ethane and (R)‐(+)‐Binol in the framework exhibits an enantioselectivity as high as 90 % with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 104 h−1, which is even higher than the homogeneous (R)‐(+)‐Binol catalyst (83 % ee with TOF of 96 h−1) using toluene as solvent under similar conditions. This work demonstrates the positive effect of the rigid pore wall in increasing the enantioselectivity of the chiral PMOs.
Sequence environment of mutation affects stability and folding in collagen model peptides of osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Bryan Michael A. , Cheng Haiming , Brodsky Barbara 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a disorder characterized by fragile bones, is often a consequence of missense mutations in type I collagen, which change one Gly in the repeating (Gly‐Xaa‐Yaa)n sequence to a larger amino acid. The impact of local environment and the identity of the residue replacing Gly were investigated using two sets of triple‐helical peptides. Gly mutations in the highly stable (Pro‐Hyp‐Gly)10 system are compared with mutations in T1‐865 peptides where the mutation is located within a less stable natural collagen sequence. Replacement of a Gly residue by Ala, Ser, or Arg leads to significant triple‐helical destabilization in both peptide systems. The loss of stability (ΔTm) due to a Gly to Ala or Gly to Ser change was greater in the more rigid (Pro‐Hyp‐Gly)10 peptides than in the T1‐865 set, as expected. But the final Tm values, which may be the more biologically meaningful parameters, were higher for the (Pro‐Hyp‐Gly)10 mutation peptides than for the corresponding T1‐865 mutation peptides. In both peptide environments, a Gly to Arg replacement prevented the formation of a fully folded triple‐helix. Monitoring of folding by differential scanning calorimetry showed a lower stability species as well as the fully folded triple‐helical molecules for T1‐865 peptides with Gly to Ala or Ser replacements, and this lower stability species disappears as a function of time. The difficulty in propagation through a mutation site in T1‐865 peptides may relate to the delayed folding seen in OI collagens and indicates a dependence of folding mechanism on the local sequence environment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 4–13, 2011.
Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with early gastric cancer and signet ring cell histology
Authors: Lee J H , Choi I J , Kook M C , Nam B-H , Kim Y-W , Ryu K W 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Early gastric cancer with signet ring cell histology has been reported as a favourable histological type. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with lymph node metastasis in patients with this type of early gastric cancer.

Methods
A cross-sectional study of patients with early gastric cancer with differentiated and signet ring cell histology undergoing surgery was conducted. Risk factors were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis with odds ratios and 95 per cent confidence intervals.

Results
In 1362 patients undergoing gastrectomy for early gastric cancer, the rate of lymph node metastasis was similar for tumours with signet ring cell and differentiated histological findings (10·7 versus 9·0 per cent respectively; P = 0·307). Logistic regression analysis showed that depth of tumour invasion was predictive of lymph node metastasis in patients with signet ring cell histology (P &lt; 0·001). Tumour size was not associated with lymph node metastasis in either univariable or multivariable analysis. Lesions smaller than 2 cm were not uncommon in patients with signet ring cell gastric tumours and lymph node metastases (six of 48; 13 per cent).

Conclusion
Patients with early gastric cancer with signet ring cell-type histology are probably best treated by gastrectomy with lymph node dissection.
Influence of general health and degree of surgical insult on long-term survival
Authors: Kennedy R R , Lee A , Frizelle F A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
This study investigated the relationship of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA-PS) grade and degree of surgical insult to long-term postoperative survival.

Methods
National death records to June 2007 were matched against records of patients undergoing elective surgery between January 1997 and December 2001. Stratified survival analysis was performed to allow baseline hazard functions to vary among four patient groups (15–64 years with no malignancy, at least 65 years with no malignancy, 15–64 years with malignancy and at least 65 years with malignancy).

Results
Of 8134 patients, 6185 (76·0 per cent) were alive after a median follow-up of 7·1 (range 0–10·5) years. The overall mortality rate was 3·62 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 3·46 to 3·78) per 100 person-years. The 10-year probability of survival was significantly higher in ASA-PS I or II for minor or intermediate surgery (90·7 (89·1 to 92·1) per cent) than in ASA-PS I or II for major or complex major surgery (79·6 (77·5 to 81·6) per cent), ASA-PS III or IV for minor or intermediate surgery (41·2 (36·2 to 46·7) per cent) and ASA-PS III or IV for major or complex major surgery (44·6 (41·4 to 47·7) per cent) (P &lt; 0·001). Priority of admission modified survival probabilities. Adjusted survival probabilities were lowest in the elderly with malignancy.

Conclusion
ASA-PS grade has a more significant and persistent effect on long-term survival than degree of surgical insult.
Craniofacial measures of chronic otitis media patients by 2D reformatted CT
Authors: Avci Suat , Ergun Tarkan , Aydin Erdinc , Kansu Leyla 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFew authors have studied differences in craniofacial morphology of adults with chronic otitis media (COM). We sought to compare the craniofacial measurements of patients with COM with otherwise healthy adults. The study group included 120 adult patients. The control group had 30 men and 30 women without evidence of otitis media; a COM group consisted of 30 men and 30 women with COM. Craniofacial measurements were assessed retrospectively using a two‐dimensional reformatted CT method. Multiple linear (bony and cartilaginous auditory tube length, size of the mastoid, height of the jugular bulbus, intercochlear distance, bitemporal distance, distance between pharyngeal orifices, and some cephalometric cranial base distances), angular (auditory tube angle, cranial base angle), and area (axial and sagittal nasopharynx size) measurements were performed. In addition, petrosquamosal (Körner's) septum prevalence and size were evaluated. No statistically significant differences were found regarding craniofacial variables except mastoid size (mastoid depth and length). None of the craniofacial parameters showed significant differences between adults with COM and adults without evidence of otitis media, when age, sex, and race were considered. No statistically significant differences were found when mastoid size was compared with unilateral and bilateral COM. No statistically significant difference was found between mastoid size of the intact side and involved side of the unilateral patients with COM. Patients with unilateral and bilateral COM may be in the same group, genetically or environmentally, as far as mastoid size is concerned. Small mastoid size correlates with COM, but development of clinical disease should be under the control of different factors. Clin. Anat. 2010. 23:374–385, © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of interlobar and accessory pulmonary fissures on 64‐row MDCT
Authors: Ozmen Cihan Akgul , Nazaroglu Hasan , Bayrak Aylin Hasanefendioglu , Senturk Senem , Akay Hatice Ozturkmen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe aimed to describe the prevalence, morphology, and completeness of the oblique, horizontal, and accessory fissures on 64‐row multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans. Three hundred and eighty‐seven patients were included in this study. The lungs were scanned from apex to diaphragm using 1‐mm collimation. Images were evaluated on a Philips workstation using the PACS system. Prevalence of the interlobar and accessory fissures and also incompleteness of the interlobar fissures was evaluated on axial, coronal, and sagittal planes. The frequencies of right oblique fissures, right horizontal fissures, and left oblique fissures were 99.7%, 94.8%, and 100%, and the percentage of incompleteness was 69.7%, 86.9%, and 48.3%, respectively. Accessory fissures were detected in 164 of the 387 patients (42.4%). Pulmonary fissures are well visualized on MDCT because of its capacity in evaluating the whole thorax with thin sections and at various planes. Fast‐image acquisition in MDCT also accounts for less motion artifacts and high‐image quality. Clin. Anat. 23:552–558, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid ultrathin slice plastination of embalmed specimens with minimal tissue loss
Authors: Soal S. , Pollard M. , Burland G. , Lissaman R. , Wafer M. , Stringer M.D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA modified technique of producing 1 mm (ultrathin) E12 plastinated slices of tissue specimens from embalmed cadavers for anatomical teaching and research is described. Specimens up to 150 mm in length and width were embedded in polyurethane foam and serially sectioned using an OMAS C300 food slicer. Individual slices were then processed by cold dehydration, degreasing, resin impregnation, mounting and curing. Bone‐containing specimens were first decalcified. Tissue slices could be cut with remarkable accuracy (0.98 ± 0.01 mm per slice) and minimal tissue loss (less than 2% per slice). The entire production process could be achieved in 25 days and was associated with tissue volume shrinkage of no more than 6%. These results demonstrate a relatively rapid method of producing ultrathin E12 slices with minimal tissue loss. The technique may be particularly applicable to submacroscopic morphologic studies and three‐dimensional reconstruction in clinical anatomy. Clin. Anat. 23:539–544, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical Dealloying Mechanism of Bimetallic Pt–Co Nanoparticles and Enhancement of Catalytic Activity toward Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Lai Feng‐Ju , Su Wei‐Nien , Sarma Loka Subramanyam , Liu Din‐Goa , Hsieh Cheng‐An , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Hwang Bing‐Joe 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe chemical dealloying mechanism of bimetallic Pt–Co nanoparticles (NPs) and enhancement of their electrocatalytic activity towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been investigated on a fundamental level by the combination of X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Structural parameters, such as coordination numbers, alloy extent, and the unfilled d states of Pt atoms, are derived from the XAS spectra, together with the compositional variation analyzed by line‐scanning energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) on an atomic scale, to gain new insights into the dealloying process of bimetallic Pt–Co NPs. The XAS results on acid‐treated Pt–Co/C NPs reveal that the Co–Co bonding in the bimetallic NPs dissolves first and the remaining morphology gradually transforms to a Pt‐skin structure. From cyclic voltammetry and mass activity measurements, Pt–Co alloy NPs with a Pt‐skin structure significantly enhance the catalytic performance towards the ORR. Further, it is observed that such an imperfect Pt‐skin surface feature will collapse due to the penetration of electrolyte into layers underneath and cause further dissolution of Co and the loss of Pt. The electrocatalytic activity decreases accordingly, if the dealloying process lasts for 4 h. The findings not only demonstrate the importance of appropriate treatment of bimetallic catalysts, but also can be referred to other Pt bimetallic alloys with transition metals.
Quantifying the Effect of Surface Ligands on Dendron–DNA Interactions: Insights into Multivalency through a Combined Experimental and Theoretical Approach
Authors: Jones Simon P. , Pavan Giovanni M. , Danani Andrea , Pricl Sabrina , Smith David K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe report the synthesis, DNA binding ability and preliminary gene delivery profiles of dendrons with different amine surface groups, 1,3‐diaminopropane (DAP), N,N‐di‐(3‐aminopropyl)‐N‐(methyl)amine (DAPMA) and spermine (SPM). By using a combination of ethidium bromide displacement, gel electrophoresis and transfection assays, it is shown that the dendrons with SPM groups are the most effective DNA binders, while the DAPMA‐functionalised dendrons were the most effective systems for gene delivery (although the gene delivery profiles were still modest). In order to provide deeper insight into the experimental data, we performed a molecular dynamics simulation of the interactions between the dendrons and DNA. The results of these simulations demonstrated that, in general terms, the enthalpic contribution to binding was roughly proportional to the dendron surface charge, but that dendrons with DAP (and DAPMA) surface amines had significant entropic costs of binding to DNA. In the case of DAP, this is a consequence of the fact that the entire dendron structure has to be organised in order for each individual monoamine charge to make effective contact with DNA. For SPM, however, each surface ligand is already a multivalent triamine, therefore, each individual charge has a much lower entropic cost of binding. For DAPMA, we observed that strong binding of the hindered tertiary amine to the DNA double helix led to ligand back‐folding and significant geometric distortion of DNA. Although this weakens the overall binding, we suggest that this distortion might be an explanation for the experimentally observed enhanced gene delivery, in which DNA compaction is an important step. Overall, this paper demonstrates how structure–activity relationships can be developed for multivalent dendritic ligands and provides insights into the thermodynamics of multivalent interactions.
(Thio)Amidoindoles and (Thio)Amidobenzimidazoles: An Investigation of Their Hydrogen‐Bonding and Organocatalytic Properties in the Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide
Authors: Koeller Sylvain , Kadota Joji , Peruch Frédéric , Deffieux Alain , Pinaud Noël , Pianet Isabelle , Massip Stéphane , Léger Jean‐Michel , Desvergne Jean‐Pierre , Bibal Brigitte 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe mechanism of the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide catalyzed by two partner hydrogen‐bonding organocatalysts was explored. New amidoindoles 4 a,c, thioamidoindoles 4 b,d, amidobenzimidazoles 5 a,c, and thioamidobenzimidazoles 5 b,c were synthesized and used as activators of the monomer. In the solid state and in solution, compounds 4 and 5 showed a propensity for self‐association, which was evaluated. (Thio)Amides 4 and 5 do catalyze the ROP of lactide in the presence of a cocatalyst, tertiary amine 3 a or 3 b, which activates the growing polymer chain through hydrogen‐bonding. Reactions were conducted in 2–24 h at 20 °C; conversion yields ranged between 22 and 100 %. A detailed study of the intermolecular interactions undertaken between the participating species showed that, as expected, simultaneous weak hydrogen bonds do exist to activate the reagents. Moreover, interactions have been revealed between the partner catalysts 4/5+3. ROP catalyzed by these partner activators is thus governed by multiple dynamic equilibria. The latter should be judiciously adjusted to fine‐tune the catalytic properties of (thio)amides and organocatalysts, more generally.
Imino‐Bridged Bisphosphaalkenes (2,4‐Diphospha‐3‐azapentadienes)
Authors: Bîrzoi Roxana M. , Bugnariu Delia , Gimeno Rafael Guerrero , Lungu Daniela , Zota Vera , Daniliuc Constantin , Jones Peter G. , Benkõ Zoltán , Könczöl László , Nyulászi László , Bartsch Rainer , du Mont Wolf‐W. , Niecke Edgar 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDeprotonation of aminophosphaalkenes (RMe2Si)2CPN(H)(R′) (R=Me, iPr; R′=tBu, 1‐adamantyl (1‐Ada), 2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2 (Mes*)) followed by reactions of the corresponding Li salts Li[(RMe2Si)2CP(M)(R′)] with one equivalent of the corresponding P‐chlorophosphaalkenes (RMe2Si)2CPCl provides bisphosphaalkenes (2,4‐diphospha‐3‐azapentadienes) [(RMe2Si)2CP]2NR′. The thermally unstable tert‐butyliminobisphosphaalkene [(Me3Si)2CP]2NtBu (4 a) undergoes isomerisation reactions by Me3Si‐group migration that lead to mixtures of four‐membered heterocyles, but in the presence of an excess amount of (Me3Si)2CPCl, 4 a furnishes an azatriphosphabicyclohexene C3(SiMe3)5P3NtBu (5) that gave red single crystals. Compound 5 contains a diphosphirane ring condensed with an azatriphospholene system that exhibits an endocylic PC double bond and an exocyclic ylidic P(+)C(−)(SiMe3)2 unit. Using the bulkier iPrMe2Si substituents at three‐coordinated carbon leads to slightly enhanced thermal stability of 2,4‐diphospha‐3‐azapentadienes [(iPrMe2Si)2CP]2NR′ (R′=tBu: 4 b; R′=1‐Ada: 8). According to a low‐temperature crystal‐structure determination, 8 adopts a non‐planar structure with two distinctly differently oriented PC sites, but 31P NMR spectra in solution exhibit singlet signals. 31P NMR spectra also reveal that bulky Mes* groups (Mes*=2,4,6‐tBu3C6H2) at the central imino function lead to mixtures of symmetric and unsymmetric rotamers, thus implying hindered rotation around the PN bonds in persistent compounds [(RMe2Si)2CP]2NMes* (11 a, 11 b). DFT calculations for the parent molecule [(H3Si)2CP]2NCH3 suggest that the non‐planar distortion of compound 8 will have steric grounds.
Conformational equilibria of TADDOL‐s in solution investigated by vibrational circular dichroism
Authors: Uncuta Cornelia , Bartha Emeric , Gherase Dragos , Teodorescu Florina , Draghici Constantin , Cavagnat Dominique , Daugey Nicolas , Liotard Daniel , Buffeteau Thierry 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSix enantiomeric pairs of TADDOL‐s gathered in two series with either methyl (series A) or phenyl (series B) substituent in 2‐position of the dioxolane ring were studied by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD). Experimental IR and VCD spectra associated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that the two series exhibit quite different conformations in solution. In series A, the conformer with anti CO bonds and stabilized by intramolecular OH⋅⋅⋅OH hydrogen bonding prevails, whereas in series B the conformer with gauche CO bonds and intramolecular OH⋅⋅⋅π hydrogen bonding is favored. The shape and sign of the VCD bands in the OH stretching region revealing the nature of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding were clearly identified. Polarimetric measurements showed that, within the same absolute configuration, compounds in series A and in series B have opposite signs of optical rotation. Chirality 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.