bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A gas sensing neural circuit for an olfactory neuron
Authors: Hu Xi-Kui , Zhu Song , Yang Juan , Yao Zhao , Zhou Ping , Ma Jun 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A gas sensor can convert external gas concentration or species into electric voltage or current signals by physical adsorption or chemical changes. As a result, a gas sensor in a nonlinear circuit can be used as a sensitive sensor for detecting external gas signals from the olfactory system. In this paper, a gas sensor and a field-effect transistor are incorporated into a simple FithzHugh–Nagumo neural circuit for capturing and encoding external gas signals. An improved functional neural circuit is obtained, and the effect of gas concentration, gas species and neuronal activity can be discerned as the gate voltage, threshold voltage and activation coefficient of the field-effect transistor, respectively. The gas concentration can affect the neural activities from quiescent to normal working and, finally, to saturation state in bursting, spiking, periodic and chaotic firings with different frequencies. The effects of gas species and neuronal activity on the firing state can also be achieved in this functional neural circuit. In addition, variations in the gate voltage, threshold voltage and activation coefficient can cause switching between different firing modes. These results can be helpful in designing artificial olfactory devices for bionic gas recognition and other coupled systems arising in applied sciences.
Computer simulations of liquid crystals
Authors: Dierking Ingo , Martins Figueiredo Neto Antônio 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Computer simulations of liquid crystals have drastically improved over the last decade, due to increased computing power and novel simulation techniques. Yet, due to the complexity of the system, simulations of lyotropic systems are only at its infancy when compared to those of thermotropic liquid crystals. The general length and time regimes are discussed in terms of atomistic coarse-grained, and continuous simulations, and examples are given for thermotropic LCs. Simulations of lyotropic systems are discussed in terms of hard-rod systems, Gay-Berne simulations and the latest atomistic course-grained approaches. Chromonics, bilayer membranes and biaxial nematic phases are outlined via their computer simulations.
Biological and living lyotropics
Authors: Dierking Ingo , Martins Figueiredo Neto Antônio 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The interface between lyotropic liquid crystals and biology is broad. Phospholipids, one of the structural components of the cellular membrane, are amphiphilic molecules. The formation of micelles in mixtures of amphiphilic molecules and water above the critical micellar concentration is an example of these super-molecular structures. This type of super-molecular structure is observed in the human lipoproteins, Low Density (LDL) and High Density (HDL) Lipoproteins. In this chapter we discuss the existence of lyotropic mesophases in systems where the basic units are viruses (tobacco mosaic virus and filamentous phage virus fd), DNA and RNA, actin filaments, and cellulose nanocrystals and derivatives. The term ‘living liquid crystals’ was proposed to designate a class of active matter composed by bacteria in a lyotropic water-based, non-toxic, liquid crystal. Interestingly, the individual and collective motions of the bacteria strongly couple with the short-range positional and long range orientational ordering of the lyotropic liquid crystal.
Cognitive behavioral program for the prevention of depression in at-risk adolescents: isolating the effects of dose
Authors: Dickerson John F , Clarke Greg , Weersing V Robin , Lynch Frances L , Hollon Steven D , Brent David , Beardslee William , Gladstone Tracy R G , Porta Giovanna , DeBar Lynn , Brooks Neon , Garber Judy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The current study estimated effects of intervention dose (attendance) of a cognitive behavioral prevention (CBP) program on depression-free days (DFDs) in adolescent offspring of parents with a history of depression. As part of secondary analyses of a multisite randomized controlled trial, we analyzed the complete intention-to-treat sample of 316 at-risk adolescents ages 13 to 17 years. Youth were randomly assigned to the CBP program plus usual care (n = 159) or to usual care alone (n = 157). The CBP program involved 8 weekly acute sessions and 6 monthly continuation sessions. Results showed that higher CBP program dose predicted more DFDs, with a key threshold of approximately 75% of a full dose in analyses employing instrumental variable methodology to control multiple channels of bias. Specifically, attending at more than 75% of acute phase sessions led to 45.3 more DFDs over the 9-month period after randomization, which accounted for over 12% of the total follow-up days. Instrument sets were informed by study variables and external data, including weather and travel burden. In contrast, conventional analysis methods failed to find a significant dose-outcome relation. Application of the instrumental variable approach, which better controls the influence of confounding, demonstrated that higher CBP program dose resulted in more DFDs.
This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.
Knowledge transfer from macro-world to micro-world: enhancing 3D Cryo-ET classification through fine-tuning video-based deep models
Authors: Jain Sabhay , Li Xingjian , Xu Min 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Deep learning models have achieved remarkable success in a wide range of natural-world tasks, such as vision, language, and speech recognition. These accomplishments are largely attributed to the availability of open-source large-scale datasets. More importantly, pre-trained foundational model learnings exhibit a surprising degree of transferability to downstream tasks, enabling efficient learning even with limited training examples. However, the application of such natural-domain models to the domain of tiny Cryo-Electron Tomography (Cryo-ET) images has been a relatively unexplored frontier. This research is motivated by the intuition that 3D Cryo-ET voxel data can be conceptually viewed as a sequence of progressively evolving video frames.

Results
Leveraging the above insight, we propose a novel approach that involves the utilization of 3D models pre-trained on large-scale video datasets to enhance Cryo-ET subtomogram classification. Our experiments, conducted on both simulated and real Cryo-ET datasets, reveal compelling results. The use of video initialization not only demonstrates improvements in classification accuracy but also substantially reduces training costs. Further analyses provide additional evidence of the value of video initialization in enhancing subtomogram feature extraction. Additionally, we observe that video initialization yields similar positive effects when applied to medical 3D classification tasks, underscoring the potential of cross-domain knowledge transfer from video-based models to advance the state-of-the-art in a wide range of biological and medical data types.

Availability and implementation
https://github.com/xulabs/aitom.
Interpretable deep learning in single-cell omics
Authors: Wagle Manoj M , Long Siqu , Chen Carissa , Liu Chunlei , Yang Pengyi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Single-cell omics technologies have enabled the quantification of molecular profiles in individual cells at an unparalleled resolution. Deep learning, a rapidly evolving sub-field of machine learning, has instilled a significant interest in single-cell omics research due to its remarkable success in analysing heterogeneous high-dimensional single-cell omics data. Nevertheless, the inherent multi-layer nonlinear architecture of deep learning models often makes them ‘black boxes’ as the reasoning behind predictions is often unknown and not transparent to the user. This has stimulated an increasing body of research for addressing the lack of interpretability in deep learning models, especially in single-cell omics data analyses, where the identification and understanding of molecular regulators are crucial for interpreting model predictions and directing downstream experimental validations.

Results
In this work, we introduce the basics of single-cell omics technologies and the concept of interpretable deep learning. This is followed by a review of the recent interpretable deep learning models applied to various single-cell omics research. Lastly, we highlight the current limitations and discuss potential future directions.
Childhood adiposity underlies numerous adult brain traits commonly attributed to midlife obesity
Authors: Chiesa Scott T , Rader Lydia , Garfield Victoria , Foote Isabelle , Suri Sana , Davey Smith George , Hughes Alun D , Richardson Tom G 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Obese adults are often reported to have smaller brain volumes than their non-obese peers. Whether this represents evidence of accelerations in obesity-driven atrophy or is instead a legacy of developmental differences established earlier in the lifespan remains unclear.
This study investigated whether early-life differences in adiposity explain differences in numerous adult brain traits commonly attributed to mid-life obesity.
We used a two-sample life course Mendelian randomization study in 37 501 adults recruited to UK Biobank (UKB) imaging centres from 2014, with secondary analyses in 6996 children assessed in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) recruited from 2018. Exposures were genetic variants for childhood (266 variants) and adult (470 variants) adiposity derived from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 407 741 UKB participants. Primary outcomes were: adult total brain volume; grey matter volume, thickness and surface area; white matter volume and hyperintensities; and hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus volumes at mean age 55 in the UKB. Secondary outcomes were equivalent childhood measures collected at mean age 10 in ABCD.
In the UKB, individuals who were genetically predicted to have had higher levels of adiposity in childhood were found to have multiple smaller adult brain volumes relative to intracranial volume [e.g. z-score difference in normalized brain volume per category increase in adiposity—95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.20 (−0.28, −0.12); P = 4 × 10−6]. These effect sizes remained essentially unchanged after accounting for birthweight or current adult obesity in multivariable models, whereas most observed adult effects attenuated towards null [e.g. adult z-score (95% CI) for total volume = 0.06 (−0.05, 0.17); P = 0.3]. Observational analyses in ABCD showed a similar pattern of changes already present in those with a high body mass index by age 10 [z-score (95% CI) = −0.10 (−0.13, −0.07); P = 8 × 10−13], with follow-up genetic risk score analyses providing some evidence for a causal effect already at this early age. Sensitivity analyses revealed that many of these effects were likely due to the persistence of larger head sizes established in those who gained excess weight in childhood [childhood z-score (95% CI) for intracranial volume = 0.14 (0.05, 0.23); P = 0.002], rather than smaller brain sizes per se.
Our data suggest that the persistence of early-life developmental differences across the life course may underlie numerous neuroimaging traits commonly attributed to obesity-related atrophy in later life.
Pain in Parkinson's disease: a neuroanatomy-based approach
Authors: Nardelli Domiziana , Gambioli Francesco , De Bartolo Maria Ilenia , Mancinelli Romina , Biagioni Francesca , Carotti Simone , Falato Emma , Leodori Giorgio , Puglisi-Allegra Stefano , Vivacqua Giorgio , Fornai Francesco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of misfolded alpha-synuclein in different regions of the central and peripheral nervous system. Motor impairment represents the signature clinical expression of Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, non-motor symptoms are invariably present at different stages of the disease and constitute an important therapeutic challenge with a high impact for the patients’ quality of life. Among non-motor symptoms, pain is frequently experienced by patients, being present in a range of 24–85% of Parkinson's disease population. Moreover, in more than 5% of patients, pain represents the first clinical manifestation, preceding by decades the exordium of motor symptoms. Pain implies a complex biopsychosocial experience with a downstream complex anatomical network involved in pain perception, modulation, and processing. Interestingly, all the anatomical areas involved in pain network can be affected by a-synuclein pathology, suggesting that pathophysiology of pain in Parkinson's disease encompasses a ‘pain spectrum’, involving different anatomical and neurochemical substrates. Here the various anatomical sites recruited in pain perception, modulation and processing are discussed, highlighting the consequences of their possible degeneration in course of Parkinson's disease. Starting from peripheral small fibres neuropathy and pathological alterations at the level of the posterior laminae of the spinal cord, we then describe the multifaceted role of noradrenaline and dopamine loss in driving dysregulated pain perception. Finally, we focus on the possible role of the intertwined circuits between amygdala, nucleus accumbens and habenula in determining the psycho-emotional, autonomic and cognitive experience of pain in Parkinson's disease. This narrative review provides the first anatomically driven comprehension of pain in Parkinson's disease, aiming at fostering new insights for personalized clinical diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.
Effects of intensive, targeted education by pharmacists on anticoagulant patients with atrial fibrillation: a multicentre randomized controlled trial from China
Authors: Xu Wenlin , Wu Tingting , Chen Jiana , Lv Meina , Wang Na , Qiu Sha , Dai Hengfen , Hu Wei , Chen Pei , Li Meijuan , Li Li , Zhang Feilong , Chang Sijie , Zhang Jinhua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Aims
Many people diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (AF) may lack awareness of AF and anticoagulants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of intensive, targeted education by pharmacists on anticoagulant patients with AF.

Methods and results
Three hundred seventy-six AF patients were randomly assigned to receive standard care or pharmacist education. Follow-up is scheduled after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Pharmacists provided intensive education on knowledge deficits revealed by the Jessa Atrial fibrillation Knowledge Questionnaire (JAKQ) during each visit. Patients also completed two questionnaires to assess their medication adherence and satisfaction. Clinical outcomes were recorded during follow-up. Three hundred sixty-one patients completed follow-up. Baseline scores on the JAKQ were similar in the education group (median: 31.3%) and the standard care group (median: 31.3%) (P = 0.911). Over time, the knowledge score of the education group increased significantly (1 month: 68.8%, 3 months: 81.3%; P &lt; 0.001), while there was no significant improvement in the standard care group (1 month: 37.5%, 3 months: 37.5%; P = 0.314). Adherence scores improved significantly over time in the education group (P &lt; 0.001) but not in the standard care group (P = 0.101). Compared with standard care, pharmacist education was associated with a significantly lower risk of bleeding (P = 0.034).

Conclusion
Given the knowledge deficiency of AF patients in China, standardized patient education should be a part of their daily care. Pharmacist-led education intervention can significantly improve the disease-related knowledge, medication adherence, and drug treatment satisfaction of AF patients while significantly reducing the risk of bleeding.

Registration
ChiCTR1900024455.
Updated outcomes of surgical treatment for recurrent thymic tumour: a report from the Japanese nationwide database
Authors: Mizuno Tetsuya , Chen-Yoshikawa Toyofumi Fengshi , Yoshino Ichiro , Okumura Meinoshin , Ikeda Norihiko , Kuroda Koji , Maniwa Yoshimasa , Kanzaki Masato , Suzuki Makoto ,   for the Japanese Association for Research on the Thymus
Published: June 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to analyse the surgical outcomes for recurrent thymic epithelial tumours and identify the factors associated with post-recurrence survival, using an updated Japanese nationwide database.

METHODS
The cohort that developed recurrence after the initial resection was extracted from an updated database of patients whose thymic epithelial tumours were treated surgically between 1991 and 2010. Furthermore, we reviewed clinicopathological and prognostic factors of re-resected cases. Post-recurrence survival outcomes and cause-specific deaths in non-re-resected cases were also reviewed.

RESULTS
We enrolled 191 patients who underwent re-resection and 259 patients who did not. In the surgery group, more patients with early stage disease, less aggressive World Health Organization (WHO) histological classification, initial complete resection and shorter recurrence-free intervals were included. Non-thymic carcinoma, absence of preoperative treatment, longer recurrent-free interval, single-site recurrence and R0-1 re-resection were all significantly favourable prognostic factors for post-recurrence survival in the surgery group, according to univariable analyses. Non-thymic carcinoma histology, longer recurrence-free interval and R0-1 re-resection were identified as independent prognostic factors according to multivariable analysis. The post-recurrence survival of the entire cohort with R2 re-resection was significantly better than that of the non-surgery group, although it was not demonstrated that patients with thymoma who underwent R2 re-resection had significantly better post-recurrence and lower cause-specific death.

CONCLUSIONS
R0-1 re-resection was newly identified as a prognostic factor after re-resection, in addition to non-thymic carcinoma histological classification and longer recurrence-free intervals, as documented in the initial report.
“I know it’s a deepfake”: the role of AI disclaimers and comprehension in the processing of deepfake parodies
Authors: Lu Hang , Yuan Shupei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Rapid innovations in media technologies have ushered in diverse entertainment avenues, including politically oriented content, presenting both novel opportunities and societal challenges. This study delves into the implications of the burgeoning deepfake phenomenon, particularly focusing on audience interpretation and engagement with deepfake parodies, a quintessential example of “misinfotainment.” Additionally, it examines the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) disclaimers on audience understanding and related consequences. To probe this, two experiments (N = 2,808) were executed featuring parodied politicians adopting opposing viewpoints on the issue of climate change. U.S. participants were either exposed to deepfake videos prefaced with AI disclaimers or without. Results indicate that the inclusion of an AI disclaimer significantly influenced audience comprehension and their ability to recognize the parody. These factors were subsequently associated with enjoyment, discounting, and counterarguing, which in turn showed different relationships with policy support and sharing intentions. This article culminates with insights into the theoretical underpinnings and practical ramifications of these findings.
Younger Age and Female Gender Are Associated With Delayed Antibiotics in Pediatric Sepsis
Authors: Kandil Sarah B , Lee Seohyuk , Feinn Richard S , Murray Thomas S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of pediatric mortality and timely antibiotic administration has been shown to improve outcomes. In this retrospective review of a single center sepsis dataset, we identified younger age and female sex as more likely to have delays in antibiotics.
(030) PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOMES OF CORE EXCISION FOR SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF NEUROPROLIFERATIVE VESTIBULODYNIA
Authors: Ponce S , Goldstein I , Goldstein S , Yee A , Kim N 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Among patients with neuroproliferative vestibulodynia (NPV) experiencing pain on cotton-tip swab testing at the 1:00-11:00 vestibule prior to complete vestibulectomy surgery, a subset also had pain at the 12:00 vestibule. Excision of the 12:00 core region may be performed concomitantly or after healing from the vestibulectomy. Given that a vaginal flap cannot be advanced to this area, only a core excision is removed and closed using surrounding 12:00 tissue. Differences between the post-operative improvement in the 1:00-11:00 and the 12:00 regions have not been examined to date. To better understand the success of core excision of the 12:00 region, we assessed post-operative patient-reported outcomes specifically of this vestibular region.

Objective
To characterize patients who underwent 12:00 excision as well as assess Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) specifically regarding 12:00 core excision in individuals with NPV.

Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients from one clinic who had undergone a 12:00 core excision. Preoperative baseline assessments included Vulvar Pain Functional Questionnaire (V-Q), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), cotton-tip swab test results. Dimensions of the excised tissue as determined by pathology report, responses to the PGI-I scale at &gt; 6 months post-op, and any adverse events were collected. Descriptive statistics were conducted to analyze the PGI-I scores and other outcomes.

Results
The majority of patients (67%, n=21), with an average age of 26, rated their 12:00 pain as “much improved” or “very much improved” on the PGI-I scale. Mean duration of follow up since surgery was one year and five months, with a minimum follow up of 9 months. Most patients (90%) did not have regrets about having the 12:00 region removed. Most patients (83%) would recommend this surgery to other patients who have 12:00 pain. There were no significant post-operative adverse events with 12:00 excision. Mean dimensions of the excised specimen were 1.01 cm x 0.60 cm x 0.21 cm, 3% of the size of the 1:00-11:00 vestibule excised. Preoperatively, patient reported mean FSFI pain domain was 0.67, SF-MPQ 16.80, affective 5.15 and PPI 3.42. Mean V-Q prior to surgery was 11.68, mean cotton-tip swab test result for the 12:00 region was 6.15.

Conclusions
Performing core excision of a very small volume of tissue during surgery in patients with 12:00 pain is associated with an improved PGI-I score in 67% of patients. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is warranted to confirm these findings and optimize the management of vestibulodynia. In patients who fail 12:00 core excision surgery, buccal mucosal grafting of the entire 12:00 vestibule may be a future option.

Disclosure
No.