bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Some Soil Conditioners on Friability and Compactibility of Soils
Authors: Jamison Vernon C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect is reported of aggregate stabilization with vinyl acetate maleic acid copolymer upon the breaking strength (Modulus of rupture) of soil briquets molded from several soils of known mineral composition at the moisture content equivalent to the one‐third atm. point of the treated samples. In most cases the stabilization decreased breaking strength, the differences being greatest at the lower bulk densities. Soils rich in montmorillonite gave generally higher Modulus of rupture values than those rich in kaolinite. Aggregate stabilization with this polymer also reduced compressibility of soils with 1:1 lattice type clay dominant, especially at the higher pressures used. The breaking strength of briquets and the water stability of the 1.0 to 0.25 aggregates tests were compared for several materials used to stabilize Lloyd clay aggregates. The various materials affected these two properties differently. A material that increased aggregate stability greatly does not necessarily reduce the briquet breaking strength appreciably. Inter‐aggregate and intra‐aggregate bonding is discussed in light of the results. Field and laboratory tests are reported showing that the method of soil treatment with a stabilizer and weather conditions after treatment will modify the effect upon soil crusts formed. Stabilizers sprayed on the surface may give rise to tough soil‐plastic crusts that are harder than natural crusts upon drying.
The Use and Effectiveness of Various Copper Bearing Materials for Application to Everglades Organic Soils
Authors: Kretschmer Albert E. , Forsee W. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne of the classic examples of plant response to Cu is found in the vast area of organic soils of Peninsular Florida. Most crops failed to grow on these soils until the middle 1920's when the need for Cu was first demonstrated. Tremendous growth response of various leafy vegetables, cruciferous plants, root crops, eggplant, tomatoes, and certain forage crops have been obtained with initial applications of 50 pounds an acre of copper sulfate. In recent years it has been found that copper oxide is at least as effective as copper sulfate in supplying sufficient copper for maximum plant growth. Results of greenhouse tests indicated that either source is as effective when added to the soil in mixed fertilizer as when added separately. Further work showed that plant response to Cu on virgin peaty muck soil was the same whether 12 or 24 pounds of Cu per acre was applied.A field experiment comparing two rates of copper oxide and copper sulfate showed the effects of plant varietal differences with respect to Cu deficiency symptoms. Southland oats and ryegrass were seeded in the test area where St. Augustinegrass cuttings had been planted. Copper deficiency symptoms of oat plants growing on the no‐Cu plots were much more pronounced as indicated by reduced yields and chlorosis than were the symptoms for ryegrass. Copper contents of the oat plants were lower for the no‐Cu plots but no differences were noted for plants treated with the oxide or sulfate at 12 or 24 pounds of Cu. St. Augustinegrass and pangolagrass (fertilized in a similar manner) showed similar findings.Copper analyses of various forages grown in the greenhouse with additions of 1,000 pounds of copper sulfate per acre, indicated that St. Augustinegrass, caribgrass, and paragrass, absorbed more Cu than bahiagrass, fescuegrass and “giant” pangolagrass. Copper contents of red clover and subterranean clover growing in the field, were significantly greater than ryegrass, oats, vetch, alfalfa, and hubam clover. Copper contents of forages taken from various soils in the area indicated that Cu deficiency, per se, of cattle should not be widespread in this area under proper fertilization, including Cu additions.
Freezing and Thawing, and Wetting and Drying in Soils Treated with Organic Chemicals
Authors: Willis Wayne O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory experiments were performed to determine the effects of cycles of freezing and thawing or of wetting and drying on the percentage of water stable aggregates of soils treated with organic chemicals. The chemicals used were HPAN (a hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile), SC‐50 (a water soluble sodium methyl siliconate) and PR‐51 (a water soluble alkylated aromatic sulfonate). Rates of application were 0.1% HPAN, 0.2% SC‐50 or 0.0013% PR‐51. Seven different soils were tested. Two of the soils were separately treated with HPAN, SC‐50 and PR‐51, and five additional soils were treated only with HPAN. The soils were tested for water stability, by wet sieving, after 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 cycles of freezing and thawing, and after 0, 1, 5 and 10 cycles of wetting and drying. Results showed that soils which had undergone the effects of freezing and thawing generally had a lower percentage of aggregates > 0.25 mm., than those which had not been subjected to the process; this was also true for cycles of wetting and drying but to a lesser extent. The different soils responded with significant difference to the effects of freezing and thawing and of wetting and drying in interaction with the organic chemicals, except that the use of PR‐51 resulted in no significant differences.
Simplified Air Permeameters for Soil in Place
Authors: Grover Ben L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simplified basic design is described and utilized in the construction of three field air permeameters. The basic design incorporates features of a gasometer and consists of a float, an annular water‐filled reservoir and an inlet tube. The float, which is open‐bottomed, rests on the water in the reservoir, to form an air chamber. The inlet tube is affixed to the soil and is also fastened to the inner wall of the reservoir. The air from the air chamber enters into the soil by passing down through a tube, which forms the inner wall of the reservoir, and through the inlet tube into the soil. The float falls as the air enters the soil. The rate of fall is a measure of the permeability. The effective volume of air provided by this type of permeameter is much larger than that provided by previous equipment of similar size. Each of the three field air permeameters was designed for one of these special purposes: (a) to measure permeability to a given depth, (b) to measure permeability to a given depth and be able to use a part of the same equipment for other types of physical measurements, without disturbing the soil, (c) to measure permeability of thin soil layers, as crusts, or silted‐over surface soil. Data are given to show the type of results which can be obtained with these permeameters.
Soil Moisture Determination by a Portable Neutron Scattering Moisture Meter
Authors: Stone J. F. , Kirkham D. , Read A. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA portable, battery‐powered device for measurement of soil moisture by neutron scattering has been constructed and used for field measurements. The equipment, aside from being portable, differs from previously reported devices of this type as follows: (a) A fast neutron source in the form of an annulus is placed about the center of a slow neutron detecting tube; (b) Recently developed glow transfer tubes are used for absolute neutron count determinations; (c) A calibrating volume of paraffin, which is also used as a neutron shield, is incorporated as a part of the source‐detector carrying case, to permit simple field checking and standardization of the device. The detector tube is partially shielded with cadmium to reduce the vertical extent of the soil “sample” contributing to the neutron count. Field data are presented. It was found, by locating the source‐detector at various depths in pipes sunk vertically into the soil, that, except for the surface 6 to 9 inches, the equipment generally gave the soil moisture per unit soil bulk volume, within the range of the standard deviation of gravimetric determinations. A single calibration curve serves for all soils tested (sand, silt loam, silty clay loam). The equipment, complete with batteries, lead and paraffin shielding, weighs 45 pounds. The shielding protects the operator against radiation hazard and is sufficient for at least 8 hours per day use, 6 days a week.
Predicting Nitrogen Fertilizer Needs of Iowa Soils: IV. Evaluation of Nitrate Production as a Criterion of Nitrogen Availability
Authors: Munson Robert D. , Stanford George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreceding papers in this series have traced the development of a suitable method for assessing the relative nitrogen‐supplying power of soils and its correlation with crop response to nitrogen fertilization in the field. This method has been shown to be of value in predicting the need for nitrogen fertilizer in Iowa soils.The present study, conducted under controlled greenhouse conditions, was designed to evaluate critically the utility of soil nitrate release as a basis for establishing the relative nitrogen status of soils. The 21 soils used in this investigation represent a wide range in nitrogen‐supplying capacity. Four levels of nitrogen fertilizer were applied to pots and German millet was grown.The relation between total nitrogen uptake by the crop and level of applied nitrogen was linear for all soils studied. Extrapolation of the linear regressions provided values which reflected the relative contents of available nitrogen in the soils. These values which have been termed “N‐values” are expressed in units of applied nitrogen. Also, N‐values correlated highly with the total nitrogen uptake of the check pots. Both N‐values and nitrogen uptake by the plants were highly correlated with nitrate nitrogen released during a 2‐week period of incubation. Considerably lower correlations were found in relating these criteria to total soil nitrogen or to values obtained by the alkaline permanganate method.
Subsidence of Organic Soils in the Florida Everglades
Authors: Stephens John C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSubsidence of peat and muck soils in the Everglades has been observed and recorded since 1914. An average subsidence rate of approximately 1¼ inches per year was found by periodic survey over 15 profile lines. Water‐table test plots showed that loss of peat soil depended directly upon depth of drainage. The relation is expressed by the equation , in which x equals subsidence rate in inches per year and y equals average depth of water table in inches. This rate is about double that found in similar studies by investigators in Indiana. Isopachous charts showing the original depth of the peat soils in 1912, in 1925, and in 1950 are shown for the agricultural area near Lake Okeechobee and projected to the year A.D. 2000. Steps which will minimize soil losses are outlined.
Height Growth Response of Douglas Fir to Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Gessel Stanley P. , Walker Richard B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the results of initial nitrogen fertilization trials on 15 to 20‐year old natural Douglas fir stands growing on poor sites (Site Class IV, V) in western Washington. Annual height growth was used as the criterion of response. On both shallow residual and deep glacial outwash soils response to nitrogen was very marked. Larger more vigorous trees responded more than smaller trees and resulted in more rapid suppression of these small trees. Foliage color changed from yellow to dark green after fertilization and before height growth response. Nitrogen content of needles increased from less than 1% to 1.2 to 1.8% after fertilization. Some aspects of fertilization of forest lands are discussed including use of fertilizers for Christmas tree production.
Effect of Biocides on the Development of Ectotrophic Mycorrhizae in Monterey Pine Seedlings
Authors: Wilde S. A. , Persidsky D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSandy nursery soil of siliceous outwash, autochthonously inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi, was treated with chlordane, benzene hexachloride, thiosan, calomel, formaldehyde, aluminum sulfate, allyl alcohol, and Stoddard solvent at the rates common in nursery practice. After incubation, the cultures were planted to surface‐sterilized seed of Pinus radiata, and the external and internal development of mycorrhizal short roots was recorded at definite intervals. The internal alterations of mycorrhizae under the influence of eradicants were characterized by irregularities in the shape of the fungal mantle, restricted penetration of mycelia, and reduced development of the Hartig net. The external modifications of the short roots suggested that biocides cause radical changes in the exudates of rhizospheric organisms. The effect of eradicants varied with the nature of chemical compounds and their rate of application, but some of the observed modifications of mycotrophic organs were symptomatic of the eradicants applied.
Tentative Technique for Determining the Influence of Soil on the Growth of Forest Plantations
Authors: Leaf Albert L. , Keller Theodor 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper reports analytical techniques for the determination of the influence of soil on the growth of red pine and white spruce plantations. The ecological homogeneity of the plantation or portion thereof is checked by a transect survey of tree heights and diameters and soil analysis. The estimate of the rate of growth is made on the basis of stem analyses of the average sample trees. The field and laboratory investigation of soil properties is supplemented by foliar analysis and, in the case of hydromorphic soils, by the determination of properties of ground water. The importance of an accurate estimate of the density of nurse stands is stressed. The applicability of suggested methods is illustrated by concrete examples.
Representation of Soil Aggregate‐Size Distribution by a Logarithmic‐Normal Distribution
Authors: Gardner W. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need for a simple method of representing a soil aggregatesize distribution is well recognized. Over 200 aggregate‐size distributions which have appeared in the soils literature were examined to determine if they could be fitted by an analytical expression. A majority of these distributions was found to be logarithmic‐normal or very nearly so. Such distributions can be completely characterized by specifying the geometric mean diameter and standard deviation. The logarithmic‐normal distribution function and its application to aggregate‐size distributions are discussed. An illustrative example is given.
Effect of Some Long‐Time Rotations on the Amino Acid Composition of the Soil
Authors: Stevenson F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe technique of ion exchange chromatography has been further refined for the isolation and quantitative determination of the ninhydrin‐positive components of soil hydrolysates. The method was used to determine the effect of some long‐time rotations on the distribution of amino acids in soils. The soils used for this purpose were taken from the Morrow Plots at the University of Illinois.It was found that these plots differed in both the proportion of the soil nitrogen present as α‐amino acid nitrogen and in the relative distribution of amino acids. The most striking difference was in the basic amino acid content of these soils, where a high quantity of basic compounds was associated with the untreated rotations. An explanation is given to account for these observations.
Effect of Bromide from a Soil Fumigant and from CaBr2 on Growth and Chemical Composition of Citrus Plants
Authors: Martin J. P. , Helmkamp G. K. , Ervin J. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made to determine the influence of soil Br from CaBr2 treatments or from preplanting fumigation of soil with ethylene dibromide on growth and chemical composition of citrus plants. The treatments did not affect the percentages of Ca, Mg, K, Na, or P in the plants. Preplanting fumigation with ethylene dibromide or treatment with CaBr2 reduced growth of citrus seedlings, whereas fumigation with ethylene dichloride or treatment with CaCl2 exerted little or no influence. In one soil, citrus leaf Br concentrations of 0.17, 0.33, 0.40, 1.3, and 1.8% were associated with 12, 22, 31, 57, and 90% reduction in growth, respectively. In two soils certain citrus leaf Br concentrations originating either from soil CaBr2 applications or pretreatment of the soil with ethylene dibromide fumigant were associated with comparable growth retardation.Carrot and lima bean plants grown for comparison were much more tolerant to Br than were citrus plants. A leaf concentration of 2.5% Br did not reduce growth of carrots. Lima beans tolerated 1.5% or more leaf Br, while 0.2% was sufficient to reduce growth of citrus plants.
Soils of the Beryl‐Enterprise Area, Utah: Their Origin, Properties, and Classification
Authors: Ulrich Rudolph 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause of low average rainfall, sparse vegetative cover, and relatively gentle slopes, soil differences in the Beryl‐Enterprise area strongly reflect parent material and time factors of soil development. In the better drained, more recent, and somewhat older alluvial fan and terrace positions free of excess soluble salts, carbonates, and exchangeable sodium, soil development appears to progress from the Alluvial great soil group through various stages of the Sierozems, called minimal, medial, and maximal. Removal of lime from the A1 and B2 horizons, increasing clay formation and concentration in the B2 horizon, increasing lime in the Cea, and decreasing reaction in the A1 and B2 accompany these stages. In areas relatively high in carbonates, profile development has been dominated by lime movement and concentration in the Cea horizon. The soils are calcareous to the surface and show little evidence of clay formation, movement, or concentration. These soils are classified as Calcisols. Where excessive soluble salts, exchangeable sodium, or both have been an important factor, Solonetz development has resulted. Such soils are confined to the basin area and to minimal and medial stages of development.
Production of Sugar Beets Following Winter Green Manure Cropping in California: II. Soil Physical Conditions and Associated Crop Response
Authors: Williams W. A. , Doneen L. D. , Ririe David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA procedure is described for measuring volumetrically the rate of water infiltration in field furrows. The technique developed was used to determine the effect of green manure crops on soil structure during the growth of a succeeding crop of sugar beets. At one location a green manure crop of barley increased the rate of infiltration. This result was associated with an increase in sugar production where nitrogen fertilization insured optimum fertility. Tractor travel in furrows was observed to have a significant depressing effect on the rate of infiltration.
Uses of Soil‐Vegetation Survey Information in Road Construction
Authors: Fisher J. R. , Bradshaw K. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEngineers constructing roads in upland areas derive much information from soil‐vegetation survey data. Soil series characterized as to their behavior for road construction enable the engineer to lay out roads that pass through the areas of better soils and avoid the difficult ones. Vegetation data guide the engineer in routing his road to mature timber stands. They show him what problems will be involved in clearing rights‐of‐way. Much more work must be done in testing laboratories to determine bearing ratios, optimum moisture percentages, swell percentages, and other characteristics for soil series. However, field approximations of these data can be made, and these are all valuble aids to the engineer.
Solubility Product of Iron Phosphate
Authors: Chang S. C. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solubility product of iron phosphate was determined by both dissolution and precipitation methods in dilute salt solutions. Solution pH values slightly below the determined isoelectric pH of 2.75 for iron phosphate were employed to get determinable amounts of iron in the solution. The pKsp value was calculated from the ionic activities of Fe3+ and H2PO4‐ in the equilibrium solution by the following equation, pKsp = pFe3+ + pH2PO4‐ + 2pOH‐ which was found to coordinate the data most satisfactorily. The pKsp value of iron phosphate increased with a 1000‐fold decrease of the solid‐to‐solution ratio from 33.6 to 35.1. It increased from 33.0 to 33.2 over a 50‐fold decrease of the concentration of the precipitation reagents. A medial value of 33.5 was approached by the two procedures; however, for low iron phosphate‐solution ratios, such as those commonly employed for soil extraction, the applicable pKsp value agrees with the most dilute solid‐solution value of 35 or more. Similarly for aluminum phosphate, the applicable pKsp value extends as high as 32 for dilute suspensions. The variation in apparent solubility product with amount of solid per unit volume of solution is negligible compared to the magnitude of the pKsp which is the reciprocal of a billion trillion trillion. The calculations from solubility products show that aluminum phosphate and iron phosphate should precipitate and accumulate even in neutral soils, as observed experimentally.
Decomposability of Some Organic Sulfur Compounds in Soil
Authors: Frederick Lloyd R. , Starkey Robert L. , Segal William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious organic sulfur compounds decomposed at different rates in soil under aerobic conditions. The sulfur was released rapidly from some compounds (mostly of natural origin) but only in negligible amounts from others. As estimated by formation of sulfate, the following compounds decomposed rapidly: cystine, taurine, sodium taurocholate, sulfosalicylic acid, and formaldehyde‐sodiumsulfoxylate. Decomposition of the last compound may have been non‐biological, at least in part. Thiamine decomposed slowly and there was slight decomposition of thiourea. There was no evidence of decomposition of the following: sulfanilic acid, sulfanilamide, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, mercaptoethanol, sodium diethyl‐dithiocarbamate, an alkyl‐aryl‐sulfonate, p‐thiocresol, 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole, sulfonmethane, phenyl thiourea, potassium ethyl xanthate, and ammonium sulfamate. Decomposition of the organic sulfur compounds as determined by sulfate production was not related to any type of sulfur linkage.Decomposition of methionine was markedly different from that of the other sulfur compounds in that sulfate was not an end product. The sulfur was recovered as the volatile sulfur products methylthiol and dimethyl disulfide. The results indicate that the methylthiol was produced first and that the dimethyl disulfide arose from oxidation of methylthiol.The abundance of soil microorganisms increased in the soils to which those organic compounds were added from which sulfate was formed. Thiourea, phenyl thiourea, and mercaptoethanol were toxic to the soil population at the concentrations of 1% or more that were used.Decomposition of cystine, taurine, formaldehydesodium‐sulfoxylate, thiamine, and sulfosalicylic acid resulted in an increase in acidity due to the formation of sulfate and, probably also in some cases, of nitrate. There was little reaction change from sodium taurocholate. With methionine the reaction became first alkaline and then somewhat acid.