bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of indwelling, double-pigtail stents for treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction in dogs: 12 cases (2006–2009)
Authors: Berent Allyson C. , Weisse Chick , Beal Matthew W. , Brown Dorothy C. , Todd Kimberly , Bagley Demetrius 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine the outcome of minimally invasive ureteral stent placement for dogs with malignant ureteral obstructions.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—12 dogs (15 ureters) with ureteral obstruction secondary to a trigonal urothelial carcinoma.
Procedures—In all patients, indwelling, double-pigtail ureteral stents were placed by means of percutaneous antegrade needle and guide wire access under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance.
Results—Stents were successfully placed in all patients. In 11 of 12 patients, percutaneous antegrade access was accomplished. One patient required access via laparotomy because percutaneous access could not be achieved. The median survival time from the date of diagnosis was 285 days (range, 10 to 1,571 days), with a median survival time of 57 days (range, 7 to 337 days) from the date of stent placement. Three complications occurred in 1 patient. Seven patients required concurrent urethral stent placement for relief of urethral obstruction. All animals were discharged from the hospital (median hospitalization time after stent placement, 18 hours [range, 4 hours to 7 days]) with an indwelling, double-pigtail ureteral stent (3 bilateral and 9 unilateral) in place. All stents evaluated 0.25 to 11 months after placement were considered patent.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that ureteral stent placement was safe, effective, and well tolerated in patients with malignant ureteral obstructions. Stents could be reliably placed in a minimally invasive manner and remain patent long-term. Ureteral stent placement should be considered as early as possible in patients with neoplasia, prior to the development of permanent renal damage.
Potassium-aggravated muscle stiffness in 12 cats
Authors: Kiesewetter Iris S. , Tipold Andrea , Baumgärtner Wolfgang , Schenk Henning C. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Case Description—12 European shorthair cats (6 males and 6 females; age range, 2 months to 3 years) from 1 household were evaluated for clinical signs of recurrent and progressive muscle spasticity. Genetic relationships among the cats were suspected but were not known.
Clinical Findings—Physical examination of all cats revealed a thin to mildly emaciated body condition and signs of suppurative rhinitis. Results of neurologic evaluations revealed no abnormalities in any cats at rest, but exercise- and stress-induced episodes of muscle spasticity were observed. Results of hematologic (7/12 cats) and CSF (4) analysis, diagnostic imaging (including radiography [7] and magnetic resonance imaging [4]), electromyography (4), motor nerve conduction tests (4), screening for metabolic storage diseases (4), provocation tests via exercise in a cold (4°C [39.2°F]) environment (7), and gross pathological and histologic examination (5) revealed no abnormalities that could potentially explain the clinical signs. However, consumption of a potassium-enriched diet resulted in severe aggravation of clinical signs in 7 of 7 cats, leading to a diagnosis of potassium-aggravated muscle stiffness.
Treatment and Outcome—5 cats were euthanized after initial examination because of poor physical condition and severe clinical signs. Spasticity in the 7 remaining cats was improved during a 6-week follow-up period as they reduced their own activity. Further investigation and treatment were declined.
Clinical Relevance—Channelopathies are rarely recognized diseases in domestic animals. In addition to conventional diagnostic evaluation methods, provocation tests in a clinical environment can be used in the assessment of channelopathies.
Ultrasonographic appearance of lymphomatous infiltration of the abomasum in cows with lymphoma
Authors: Buczinski Sébastien , Bélanger Anne-Marie , Francoz David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Case Description—4 adult Holstein dairy cows were examined for anorexia and decreased milk production.
Clinical Findings—Clinical signs included abdominal distension, normal to decreased ruminal motility, and decreased fecal output. Hypochloremia and high BUN concentration were also noted on serum biochemical analysis. Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed abnormal thickening of the abomasum with pyloric thickening and loss of the typical layered appearance of the pyloric wall. Results of cytologic examination of fine-needle aspirates of the abnormal portion of the abomasum were compatible with a diagnosis of lymphoma in 3 cows.
Outcome—The diagnosis of lymphoma involving the abomasum was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy, necropsy, or slaughterhouse reports. Two cows were euthanatized, 1 died 5 days after the diagnosis, and 1 was sent to the slaughterhouse, but the carcass was discarded because of generalized lymphoma.
Clinical Relevance—Transabdominal ultrasonography is a noninvasive portable test that can be useful for the diagnosis of lymphomatous infiltration of the pyloric portion of the abomasum, which may result in obstruction. This can be especially useful to avoid unnecessary treatments when no typical signs of enzootic lymphoma are present. Percutaneous fine-needle aspiration of the abnormally thickened abomasal wall should be performed. These procedures can enable diagnosis of this neoplasm, which has a relatively poor prognosis, thus avoiding the unnecessary costs incurred by exploratory laparotomy.
Enabling an unimpeded surgical approach to the skull base in patients with cranial hyperostosis, exemplarily demonstrated for craniometaphyseal dysplasia
Authors: Juergens Philipp , Ratia Javier , Beinemann Jörg , Krol Zdzislaw , Schicho Kurt , Kunz Christoph , Zeilhofer Hans-Florian , Zimmerer Stephan 
Published: April 2011

Craniometaphyseal dysplasia is an extremely rare, genetic bone-remodeling disorder. Comparable to osteopetrosis, fibrous dysplasia, and other infrequent conditions, craniometaphyseal dysplasia is characterized by progressive diffuse hyperostosis of the neuro- and viscerocranium. Affected patients present with a pathognomonic dysmorphia: macrocephalus, hypertelorism, bulky facial skeleton, and a prominent mandible. Progressive thickening and petrification of the craniofacial bones can continue throughout life, often resulting in neurological symptoms due to obstruction of the cranial nerves in the foramina and therefore immediately requiring neurosurgical interventions to avoid persistent symptoms with severe impairment of function. Treatment is largely infeasible given the lack of suitable tools to perform a craniotomy through the gross calvarial bone.
In this paper, the authors present a complete process chain from the CT-based generation of an individual patient's model displaying his pathology to optimized preoperative planning of the skull's shape with a thickness of about 6–7 mm. For concise verification of the surgical plan in an operating room environment, a 3D real-time navigation prototype system was utilized. To guarantee realization of the surgery in a reasonable time frame, the mechanical tools were preoperatively selected for optimizing the ablation rate in porcine and bovine bone, which were comparable to that in the patient. This process chain was developed in a modular way, so that it could be easily adopted completely or partially for other surgical indications.
A 21-year-old man was treated according to this sophisticated concept. Skull bone more than 50 mm thick in some regions was reduced to physiological thickness. The patient was thus in a stage that neurosurgical interventions could be performed with a regular risk within a reasonable time of treatment.
The effects of chronic pulmonary disease on hospital length of stay and cost of hospitalization after neurosurgery
Authors: Varhabhatla Narayana , Zuo Zhiyi 
Published: April 2011

Object
Chronic pulmonary diseases (CPDs) are common causes of morbidity. However, their effects on the outcome of the neurosurgical patient population are unknown. In this study, the impact of CPD on length of stay (LOS) and cost of hospitalization (COH) in neurosurgical patients was evaluated.

Methods
This was a retrospective observational study of all neurosurgical patients at the University of Virginia Health System between 1994 and 2008. Patients were divided into those with CPD (4894) and those without CPD (21,274). Patients were further divided by the types of surgery they underwent: laminectomy, ventriculostomy, and craniotomy. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of CPD and other comorbidities on LOS and COH.

Results
Nearly 20% of patients undergoing neurosurgery had CPD. Univariate analysis showed that patients with CPD had a statistically significant increase in LOS and COH after a neurosurgical procedure. The median adjusted COH for patients with CPD undergoing any neurosurgical procedure was $3706 greater than for patients without CPD. Multivariate analysis identified CPD as an independent determining factor in raising LOS by 0.5 days and COH by $6528 per patient for all neurosurgical procedures. History of congestive heart failure and renal failure were also independent determining factors for LOS after neurosurgery.

Conclusions
Neurosurgical patients with CPD had a longer LOS and higher COH than patients without CPD.
Anterior approach to the cervicothoracic junction: proposed indication for manubriotomy based on preoperative computed tomography findings
Authors: Falavigna Asdrubal , Righesso Orlando , Teles Alisson Roberto 
Published: April 2011

Object
The purpose of this study was to present straightforward preoperative methods to define the need for manubriotomy in the anterior surgical approach to the cervicothoracic junction.

Methods
Preoperative MR imaging and CT scanning studies were performed in all patients. The CT images with sagittal reconstructions including the manubrium were done to apply the so-called surgeons' view line. This line is parallel to the inferior plateau of the superior healthy vertebrae or the vertebrae above the herniated intervertebral disc, and the decision concerning the need for manubriotomy depends on the correlation between this line and the manubrium.

Results
Preoperative planning of the need for manubriotomy was correct in all cases. Manubriotomy was never performed in C-7 corpectomy or C7–T1 discectomy cases; nevertheless, manubriotomy was needed in half of the cases when the T-1 corpectomy was the lowest level to be resected (8 cases), and in 4 cases the lowest level to be approached was T-2. The mean surgical time, bleeding volume, postoperative pain intensity, and length of hospital stay were less in the cervicotomy than in the manubriotomy group.

Conclusions
By using the surgeons' view line and its correlation with the manubrium, the need for manubriotomy can be predicted without compromising decompression and reconstruction. The statistical differences observed in the surgical variables between the manubriotomy and cervicotomy cases justified the use of preoperative evaluation of the need for manubriotomy as an aid to surgical planning and to give the patient and family realistic expectations about the surgery.
Anatomical study of the third occipital nerve and its potential role in occipital headache/neck pain following midline dissections of the craniocervical junction
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Mortazavi Martin M. , Loukas Marios , D'Antoni Anthony V. , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Chern Joshua J. , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. 
Published: April 2011

Object
Occipital neuralgia can be a debilitating disease and may occur following operative procedures near the occipital and nuchal regions. One nerve of this region, the third occipital nerve (TON), has received only scant attention, and its potential contribution to occipital neuralgia has not been appreciated. Therefore, in the present study the authors aimed to detail the anatomy of this nerve and its relationships to midline surgical approaches of the occiput and posterior neck.

Methods
Fifteen adult cadavers (30 sides) underwent dissection of the upper cervical and occipital regions. Special attention was given to identifying the course of the TON and its relationship to the soft tissues and other nerves of this region. Once identified superficially, the TON was followed deeply through the nuchal musculature to its origin in the dorsal ramus of C-3. Measurements were made of the length and diameter of the TON. Additionally, the distance from the external occipital protuberance was measured in each specimen. Following dissection of the TON, self-retaining retractors were placed in the midline and opened in standard fashion while observing for excess tension on the TON.

Results
Articular branches were noted arising from the deep surface of the nerve in 63.3% of sides. The authors found that the TON was, on average, 3 mm lateral to the external occipital protuberance, and small branches were found to cross the midline and communicate with the contralateral TON inferior to the external occipital protuberance in 66.7% of sides. The TON trunk became subcutaneous at a mean of 5 cm inferior to the external occipital protuberance. In all specimens, the cutaneous main trunk of the TON was intimately related to the nuchal ligament. Insertion of self-retaining retractors in the midline placed significant tension on the TON in all specimens, both superficially and more deeply at its adjacent facet joint.

Conclusions
Although damage to the TON may often be unavoidable in midline approaches to the craniocervical region, appreciation of its presence and knowledge of its position and relationships may be useful to the neurosurgeon who operates in this region and may assist in decreasing postoperative morbidity.
Antimony and Antimony Alloys
Authors: Li T. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Antimony belongs to Group 15 (VA) of the Periodic Table, which also includes arsenic and bismuth. Antimony ore bodies are small and scattered throughout the world. Nearly all of the world's primary antimony is mined in China, Bolivia, and Russia. World reserves of antimony are estimated to be ∼1.8 million tons. Antimony is a silvery white, brittle solid. It is ordinarily quite stable and not readily attacked by air. The antimony content of commercial ores ranges fro 5 to 60%, and determines the method of treatment, either hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical. The U.S. is not self‐sufficient in its requirements for antimony and is heavily dependent on imports of both ore and metal. Metallic antimony can be handled freely, without danger, but direct skin contact should be avoided. Most antimony compounds are poisonous. Antimony uses are as follows: in flame retardants, transportation including batteries, and ceramics, glass, and solar cells
Cesium and Cesium Compounds
Authors: Ferguson William , Gorrie Dena 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCesium is a member of Group 1(IA) alkali metals. It resembles potassium and rubidium in the metallic state, and the chemistry of cesium is more like that of these two elements than like that of the lighter alkali metals. Cesium is the rarest of the naturally occurring alkali metals (ranking 40th). The most commercial cesium source is pollucite. Canada is the world's largest cesium source containing approximately two‐thirds of the known ore. Pure cesium is a silvery white soft, ductile metal. Pollucite preparation consists of mining the ore, crushing it to size, followed by hand picking. The three methods of converting pollucite to cesium metal or compounds are direct reduction, decomposition, and acid digestion. The cesium market is small. The metal is highly reactive and special precautions are necessary for handling and shipping. Cesium isotopes are used in medical and biotechnology applications. Cesium's principal application is in formate brines, used for oil and gas drilling exploration. Cesium is used for time standards based on the vibration of the atom. Cesium is used also in electronic and chemical applications. Cesium compounds are manufactured by comparatively a large number of companies and are discussed.
Tellurium and Tellurium Compounds
Authors: Hoffmann James E. , King Michael G. , Carapella S. C. , Oldfield J. E. , Putnam R. D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTellurium is the most metallic of the abundant chalogens. In many of its chemical properties, it still resembles oxygen, sulfur, and selenium. More than 90% of tellurium is produced from anode slimes collected from electrolytic copper refining, and the remainder is derived from skimmings at lead refineries and from flue dust and gases generated during the smelting of bismuth, copper, and lead ores. Applications of tellurium are frequently limited by the small quantities available. Tellurium's major use is an alloying additive in steel to improve machining characteristics. It is used in the chemical industry, as a vulcanizing agent and accelerator in the processing of rubber, and as a component of catalysts in synthetic fiber production. Tellurium is increasingly used in the production of cadmium‐tellurium based solar cells. It is also used in photoreceptor and thermoelectric devices. Tellurium and tellurium compounds generally have a low environmental impact.
Transport and Fate of Agrochemicals in the Environment
Authors: Kennedy Ivan , Crossan Angus Neill , Burns Mitchell , Shi Yajuan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSynthetic agrochemicals applied at high concentration in the environment for pest control inevitably disperse from these sites, affecting non‐target species. As expected from the second law of thermodynamics, they will dilute spontaneously, transported into the available sinks in the environment by all transport mechanisms available. These dispersing chemicals comprise a diversity of manufactured products considered essential for modern economic civilisation, largely based on the consumption of fossil fuels. Despite the need for environmental protection, it is certain that the agrochemicals known as pesticides will continue to disperse into ecosystems given the greater needs for global food security that are expected to intensify. However, banning such chemicals because of real or perceived risks may not be a rational response.We now possess extensive information on the fate and transport of such agrochemicals. In this article, selected case studies using data generated in the past 20 years for a contrasting range of legacy and current chemicals (DDT, endosulfan, diuron and glyphosate) are used in illustration, suggesting operating principles that can be used for achieving rational environmental management using risk analysis. There is a clear need for all stakeholders including environmentalists, to take responsibility for monitoring agrochemicals, to better assess their risk and manage and minimise their consequences. The benefits from strong and rational stewardship, where manufacturers, regulators users and all those who benefit from their use promote rational management of these products needs clearer recognition by all. Such approaches based on risk management could largely obviate the less rational precautionary approach.
Recent Progress in the Development of Anode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Cowin Peter I. , Petit Christophe T. G. , Lan Rong , Irvine John T. S. , Tao Shanwen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe field of research into solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode materials has been rapidly moving forward. In the four years since the last in‐depth review significant advancements have been made in the reduction of the operating temperature and improvement of the performance of SOFCs. This progress report examines the developments in the field and looks to draw conclusions and inspiration from this research. A brief introduction is given to the field, followed by an overview of the principal previous materials. A detailed analysis of the developments of the last 4 years is given using a selection of the available literature, concentrating on metal‐fluorite cermets and perovskite‐based materials. This is followed by a consideration of alternate fuels for use in SOFCs and their associated problems and a short discussion on the effect of synthesis method on anode performance. The concluding remarks compile the significant developments in the field along with a consideration of the promise of future research. The recent progress in the development of anode materials for SOFCs based on oxygen ion conducting electrolytes is reviewed.
Observations on intelligence and behavior in 15 patients with Legius syndrome
Authors: Denayer Ellen , Descheemaeker Mie‐Jef , Stewart Douglas R. , Keymolen Kathelijn , Plasschaert Ellen , Ruppert Sarah L. , Snow Joseph , Thurm Audrey E. , Joseph Lisa A. , Fryns Jean‐Pierre , Legius Eric 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLegius syndrome is a RAS‐MAPK syndrome characterized by pigmentary findings similar to neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), but without tumor complications. Learning difficulties and behavioral problems have been reported to be associated with Legius syndrome, but have not been studied systematically. We investigated intelligence and behavior in 15 patients with Legius syndrome and 7 unaffected family members. We report a mean full‐scale IQ of 101.57 in patients with Legius syndrome, which does not differ from the control group. We find a significantly lower Performance IQ in children with Legius syndrome compared to their unaffected family members. Few behavioral problems are present as assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questionnaire. Our observations suggest that, akin to the milder somatic phenotype, the cognitive phenotype in Legius syndrome is less severe than that of NF1. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemistry and the Worm: Caenorhabditis elegans as a Platform for Integrating Chemical and Biological Research
Authors: Hulme S. Elizabeth , Whitesides George M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis Review discusses the potential usefulness of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism for chemists interested in studying living systems. C. elegans, a 1 mm long roundworm, is a popular model organism in almost all areas of modern biology. The worm has several features that make it attractive for biology: it is small (<1000 cells), transparent, and genetically tractable. Despite its simplicity, the worm exhibits complex phenotypes associated with multicellularity: the worm has differentiated cells and organs, it ages and has a well‐defined lifespan, and it is capable of learning and remembering. This Review argues that the balance between simplicity and complexity in the worm will make it a useful tool in determining the relationship between molecular‐scale phenomena and organism‐level phenomena, such as aging, behavior, cognition, and disease. Following an introduction to worm biology, the Review provides examples of current research with C. elegans that is chemically relevant. It also describes tools—biological, chemical, and physical—that are available to researchers studying the worm.
Modelling the size distribution of geoengineered stratospheric aerosols
Authors: Hommel René , Graf Hans‐F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA modelling study on the growth of geoengineered stratospheric aerosols reveals that in steady state a large fraction of aerosols grow to micrometre sizes so that the sedimentation of aerosols might limit the geoengineered aerosol layer's ability to achieve its target cooling effect. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society