bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transpiration Evaluation of Corn Grown on a Plastic‐Covered Lysimeter
Authors: Harrold L. L. , Peters D. B. , Dreibelbis F. R. , McGuinness J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn grown on plastic‐covered monolith lysimeters at Coshocton showed that a very good crop was produced using only the water stored in the soil. A yield of 125 bushels per acre was obtained by using only 8.5 inches of water from the soil. From June 6 to September 9 when the cover was in place, estimated evaporation and measured transpiration amounts were an approximate 45:55 ratio. For the entire growing season, May 1 to September 9, it was estimated that the evapotranspiration would be composed of 56% evaporation and 44% transpiration. Estimated soil moisture evaporation was compared with actual pan evaporation. The ratio of soil to pan evaporation was found to vary from nearly 1 when the soil was moist and the cover scanty to a very small figure when the soil was dry and with maximum canopy shading.Water‐use efficiency was greatly increased by use of the plastic cover because loss of water by evaporation was eliminated. The above average temperatures and increase of apparent condensation on the plastic‐covered lysimeter are discussed.Stopping evaporation while permitting normal infiltration amounts resulted in increased percolation of 2.19 inches during the corn season. Residual effect on percolation noted during the normal recharge season that followed was only 0.33 inch.
Changes in Soil Compressibility Associated With Polyelectrolyte Treatment
Authors: Taylor Howard M. , Vomocil James A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory study was conducted to evaluate some effects of a 0.1% IBMA treatment on the compressibilities of Yolo silt loam and Columbia loam soils. Samples were compressed at moisture contents ranging from oven‐dry to near moisture equivalent with pressures up to 50 psi. Due to their initially higher specific volume, treated soils were more compressible than checks. The IBMA‐treated soils retained higher specific volumes after compression at each of the several moisture contents and at each pressure. Differences in specific volume between compressed treated and compressed untreated soils decreased as the moisture content at compression, or the pressure used for compression, increased.
Tracing Moisture Movement in Slick Spot Soils with Radiosulfur: Part II
Authors: Lewis G. C. , Jordan J. V. , Fosberg M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the pattern of moisture movement in slick spot and associated soils. Field experiments to trace moisture movement in slick spot soils were run on rangeland south of Boise and on irrigated land on the Black Canyon tract near Caldwell. Radiosulfur in the form of dilute sulphuric acid was absorbed by a wad of cotton. Each wad was specifically placed at a different depth in or adjacent to a slick spot. After several months, soil and plant samples from the areas indicated that characteristic patterns of moisture movement had occurred.On the tagged slick spots in the rangeland, the greatest concentration of activity, hence the least moisture movement, was in the B2t and B3sa horizons, the zones of maximum clay and salt accumulation, respectively. When the S35 was placed in the Cca horizon, the activity moved upward into the B3sa and B2t horizons, indicating the upward movement of moisture.When the tracer was placed in the Ap, top of the B2, or in the B3 horizon at the edge of the slick spot in the irrigated soils, there was movement downward and concentration in the C horizon. There was more concentration of activity in the direction toward the slick spot than away. Plants growing in the direction of the slick spot contained more radiosulfur than those growing in the direction away from the spot.The pattern of moisture movement in the associated soils, both in the rangeland and irrigated soils, was in all directions from the placements and had a low index value, indicating free movement of moisture throughout the profile.
The Effects of Drying on the Mechanical Strength of Lloyd Clay
Authors: Gill William R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreases in the mechanical strength of a Lloyd clay soil were associated with moisture losses which occurred during the aging periods. While increases of 140% resulted from conditions favoring low moisture losses over a period of 240 days, this strength was approximately one‐fifth that attained by larger moisture losses during a period of 3 hours. It appears that drying is one of the more important factors contributing to strength increases which were associated with the aging of this soil.
Source and Time of Application of Nitrogen for Rye Forage
Authors: Morris H. D. , Jackson James E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effectiveness of five sources of N for rye forage production was compared in a 3‐year field experiment on Cecil sandy loam. Each source of N was applied at the rate of 120 pounds per acre by two methods: (1) All N at planting, and (2) one‐half N at planting and one‐half February 15.Ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulfate were found to be equally effective as sources of N for rye forage. Calcium cyanamid was an inferior source of N producing approximately 400 pounds per acre less forage than the other fertilizers.Applying the N in split application resulted in approximately 300 pounds per acre more forage than applying all the N at planting. All sources of N responded similarly to split‐application. Applying all the N at planting increased the forage production at the first 2 clippings an average of only 100 pounds per acre for all N sources as compared to the split application.
Response of Cotton and Corn to Deep Placement of Fertilizer and Deep Tillage
Authors: Patrick W. H. , Sloane L. W. , Phillips S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeep placement of fertilizer and deep tillage were evaluated as to their effect on crop yields and root development. Experiments conducted for several years on four soil types showed that greater root development in the subsoil and increases in yield may be expected from deep fertilizer placement and deep tillage on soils that possess traffic pans. This was particularly evident in years of below average rainfall, when the increased root development in the subsoil caused by deep placement of fertilizer or deep tillage enabled the crop to better withstand dry periods.
Influence of Exchangeable Hydrogen and Calcium, and of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium at Different Hydrogen Levels on Certain Physical Properties of Soils
Authors: Martin J. P. , Richards S. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThese studies were undertaken to determine the influence of exchangeable Ca and H and of Na, K, and NH4 at different H levels on the aggregation of < 50µ particles and on water conductivity by a method involving compaction of the soil into the conductivity cylinders while moist. Variation of the exchangeable H of three soils from 0 to 85% and of the Ca from 5% to excess, exerted very little influence on aggregation, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, or moisture retention at 1/10‐, 1/3‐, or 1‐bar suction. Increasing Na reduced aggregation and conductivity. Increasing exchangeable K or NH4 only slightly reduced soil aggregation but greatly reduced water conductivity. Increasing exchangeable H increased the dispersing action of Na, K, and NH4.
Energy Balance Approach to Evapotranspiration from Crops
Authors: Tanner C. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe vertical energy balance yields reliable estimates of evapotranspiration on an hourly (or half‐hourly) basis under large variations of thermal stratification provided under large variations of thermal stratification provided the measurements are made close to a reasonably homogenoeous surface and provided that suitale spacial and time‐sampling procedures are followed. The energy balance method is relatively insensitive to incorrect assumptions concerning the eddy coefficients and to estimates of the Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible to latent heat) except during the unusual, and most often uninteresting, condition where the evaporatin approaches the sensible heat flux to the surface (E = ‐A). The energy balance method, which measures the radiation exchange at the surface, places reasonable limits on evaporation estimates and thus is a promising method for daily estimates provided either periods of positive and megative net radiation are considered separately or that a reasonable estimate of the 24‐hour Bowen ratio can be developed. In hu,id regions there is little vertical transfer of sensible heat to the surface, so that when “potential evapotranspiration” conditions are obtained, the evapotranspiration will approximate the daily net radiation. In arid regions the evapotranspiration from a well=watered field may be, under extreme conditions, almost twice the net radiation.Though the vertical energy balance is not adequate for estimating evapotranspiration from small plots, consideration of the complete energy balance indicates serious limitations of small‐plot experiments for evaluation of field practice. Energy balance measurements on corn, including the measurement of the radiation transmitted to the soil surface, indicates that the heat exchange at the soil surface is an appreciable fraction of the total heat exchange even in mature corn at high populations. Because of the relatively high heat exchange at the soil surface, an under‐standing of capillary movement of soil water to the soil surface is necessary if the evaporation and transpiration components of consumptive‐use are to be evaluated from experiments on corn and other plantings that do not fully intercept the radiation.
Podzols in the Vicinity of the Nelchina and Tazlina Glaciers, Alaska
Authors: Kubota Joe , Whittig L. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils that resemble Podzols occur on well‐drained valley slopes and ridges in areas adjoining the Nelchina and Tazlina Glaciers in interior Alaska. These soils had strikingly thin solum and were distinguished by marked textural differences that coincided with major horizon boundaries in many cases. Studies of six profiles from this area showed that the upper horizon, commonly the A2, is a silt loam and probably of loessial and volcanic ash origin, whereas the underlying gravelly sandy loam is of glacial drift origin. The surface silt appears to result from a lithologic discontinuity in the parent material and not from weathering. The presence of the discontinuity was reflected in textural differences and in base status of these soils, but the morphologic characteristics were those of Podzols. These soils appear related to the northern dwarf Podzols or nanopodzols (Kubiena).
Evaporation from Layered Soils in the Presence of a Water Table
Authors: Willis W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvaporation from two‐layered soil systems with varying depths to water table is described for steady‐state conditions. The difference in evaporation rate from a system of fine‐textured soil overlying a coarse soil compared to a homogeneous profile of fine‐textured soil may be relatively small. A reversed condition of layers may have a large effect on evaporation rates.It appears that for many practical purposes the presence of inhomogeneities may be of little consequence when the water table is relatively deep. It also appears that a weighted‐average capillary conductivity curve might give satisfactory results in calculating estimated evaporation rates.
Effect of Allyl Alcohol on Micropopulation of Prairie Soils and Growth of Tree Seedlings
Authors: Yatazawa M. , Persidsky D. J. , Wilde S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe treatment of mycorrhiza‐free prairie Carrington silt loams with allyl alcohol at a rate of 25 to 200 gallons per acre produced a strong, stimulating effect on the growth of Monterey pine seedlings, originating from sterilized seed. Microbiological analyses revealed that the application of allyl alcohol causes a nearly instantaneous replacement of the native fungal population by Trichoderma viride; the application of allyl alcohol exceeding 100 gallons per acre considerably decreased the population of bacteria and actinomycetes. As indicated by soil and foliar analyses, the treatment considerably increased the availability of nutrients, especially phosphorus and potassium. The pronounced succulent nature of the seedlings suggested the effect of a growth‐promoting substance. Some of the seedlings raised in prairie soils treated with allyl alcohol revealed well‐developed coralloid mycorrhizae. The origin of the mycorrhizae‐forming organism is uncertain.
A Comparison of Microbial Respiration in Soils After a 20‐Year Period of Subtilling or Plowing
Authors: Olson G. W. , McCalla T. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRespiration of organisms was determined on soil samples taken at 0‐ to 1‐, 1‐ to 6‐, and 6‐ to 12‐inch depths from subtilled or plowed Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil in a corn‐oats‐wheat rotation at the Agronomy farm at Lincoln, Nebraska. Plots had been subtilled or plowed continuously over a 20‐year period.Respiration was greater in samples from subtilled plots at 0‐ to 1‐inch depth than in similar samples from plowed plots. This difference was probably due to a higher organic matter and microbial content of the stubble‐mulch soil. There was less difference in respiration due to tillage at the 1‐ to 6‐ and 6‐ to 12‐inch depths. Statistically significant differences in respiration of soil samples from the corn, oats, and wheat plots were found at the 0‐ to 1‐inch level. Oxygen uptake by the incubated soil samples decreased with depth of sampling. Drying and remoistening of samples was found to increase respiration rates.Respiration was measured after various organic materials (starch, mannitol, dextrose, wheat straw, lignin), herbicides (2, 4‐D, dalapon, carbamate), inhibitor (KCN), and mineral nutrient solution were added at several concentrations to soil from both subtilled and plowed plots. Soil samples from subtilled plots generally gave greater respiration than samples of plowed soil, regardless of additive. Increasing concentrations of test materials added to soil generally increased respiration, except KCN which with increasing concentrations decreased respiration. The effects of the various additives were similar regardless of the tillage practice to which the sample had been subjected. This would indicate that the nature of the microbial respiration in both tillage systems was similar qualitatively, although quantitatively subtilled surface soil gave greater respiration.
Nitrogen Fixation by Some Algae in Arizona Soils
Authors: Cameron Roy E. , Fuller Wallace H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlgal and lichen crusts and subsurface soil samples were collected from virgin and cultivated areas and analyzed for nitrogen and carbon. These crusts were incubated in the laboratory to determine if nitrogen could be fixed with time under the conditions stated. Algae isolated from the crusts also were tested for nitrogen‐fixing ability and quantitative information was obtained for some species in pure and mixed culture experiments. Species of algae belonging to the genera Nostoc Vauch., Scytonema Ag., and Anabaena were shown to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Certain coccoid forms may fix nitrogen. In the absence of Azotobacter, soil algae were shown to grow autotrophically and to contribute appreciably to the combined carbon and nitrogen status of Arizona soils.
Effects of Fertilizer Applications on Two Generations of Slash Pine
Authors: Mergen Francois , Voigt G. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of 37 plots was established on which three formulations of fertilizer were applied at five rates to two age‐classes of slash pine growing in Florida. The fertilizer caused increases in the nutrient contents of needles and branches of the younger trees and of cones and seeds in the older trees. Basal‐area growth was increased as much as 32% in the older trees. Fertilizer treatments had no significant effect on cone length but produced heavier seeds. When these seeds were germinated in the greenhouse, they produced larger more vigorous seedlings with higher contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than did seeds produced on control trees.
Soil and Water Losses and Infiltraton Rates on Ida Silt Loam as Influenced by Cropping Systems, Tillage Practices and Rainfall Characteristics
Authors: Moldenhauer W. C. , Wischmeier W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil and water losses from a coarse loess soil in western Iowa have been measured since 1948 on a series of 10.5‐ by 72.6‐foot plots on 12% land slope. In a 2‐year rotation of corn‐oats with sweet clover catch‐crop, corn planted up‐and‐down slope averaged about 25 tons of soil loss per acre per year over the period 1948 through 1957. Contouring reduced the annual loss to 10 tons per acre, and listing on the contour reduced it to 5 tons per acre. Average annual soil loss from corn contour listed in a cornoats‐meadow‐meadow rotation was 1 ton per acre. Effectiveness of contour surface planting decreased as storm erosivity increased and for the most erosive storm soil loss exceeded that from up‐and‐down‐hill planting. Prior to the final cultivation effectiveness of contour listing did not decrease as storm erosivity increased. The effect of cultivation practices on aggregate stability and infiltration rate is discussed.
Forms of Newly Fixed Phosphorus in Three Acid Sandy Soils
Authors: Yuan T. L. , Robertson W. K. , Neller J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoils were extracted successively with 1N NH4Cl, 0.5N NH4F, 0.1N NaOH and 0.5N H2SO4 solutions to represent water‐soluble, aluminum, iron and calcium phosphates, respectively. Over 80% of the added phosphorus was retained by the soils as aluminum and iron phosphates. Less than 10% was in the water‐soluble and calcium phosphate forms. The balance not accounted for may have been in forms other than those mentioned.The ratio of aluminum phosphates to iron phosphates increased with the rates of applied phosphorus for the three soils. This was more evident for Red Bay fine sandy loam and Norfolk loamy fine sand than Leon fine sand.Increasing soil drying temperature decreased the percentage of phosphorus in the aluminum phosphate form, but increased that in the iron phosphate form. The prolonged alternate wetting and drying reduced the percentage of phosphorus in aluminum form in Red Bay fine sandy loam and Norfolk loamy fine sand, and increased the percentage distribution in iron form in Red Bay fine sandy loam and Leon fine sand.
Fungi and Nematodes in South African Citrus Orchard Soils in Relation to the Citrus Replant Problem
Authors: Martin James P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrichoderma viride, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium javanicum, P. decumbens, and P. lilacinum constituted dominant fungus species in South African virgin soils which were present in much smaller numbers in adjacent citrus soils. The most dominant forms in old citrus soils were Fusarium solani, Fusarium spp. including F. oxysporum, Penicillium chermesinum, Pullularia pullulans, and Pyrenochaeta sp. Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp. and many others were present in about equal abundance in both old citrus and virgin soils. Phytophthora species were isolated from about a third of the old citrus soils but were not found in virgin soils. The citrus root nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, was found in all but one of the old citrus soils examined but was not detected in the virgin soils. Nematodes isolated from both type soils included Trichodorus sp., Xiphinema sp., Rotylenchus sp., and numerous saprophytic species. Helicotylenchus sp. was noted in virgin soil only. The magnitude of the citrus replant problem in South Africa varied greatly but, in general, appeared to be less severe in well‐drained acid sandy soils containing relatively large numbers of the fungus, Trichoderma viride.
Lime and Soil Acidity Effects on Alfalfa Growth in a Red‐Yellow Podzolic Soil
Authors: Moschler W. W. , Jones G. D. , Thomas G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRates of ground dolomitic and calcitic limestone ranging from 0 through 16 tons per acre were applied to Tatum silt loam at the time of seeding alfalfa in the spring of 1956. Lime has proved to be indispensable to yield and longevity. Total yields for three cutting years ranged from 0.25 to 8.0 tons per acre and stand survival at the end of the third cutting year varied from 0 to 95%. A true “critical level” of calcium or magnesium in neither soil nor plant was found. Rather, increases in the rate of lime applied were accompanied by gradual increases in soil pH, exchangeable bases, and percentage base saturation. In contrast, the application of relatively small amounts of lime reduced the exchangeable aluminum content of the soil sharply, and these reductions were closely correlated with increased alfalfa yields. Yields were in better agreement with base‐exchange saturation calculated from exchangeable metal cations than that calculated from metal cations plus exchangeable hydrogen. A slight and consistent increase in yield from dolomitic stone over calcitic stone was not significant. Depth of root penetration appeared not to be a factor contributing to the benefits from liming. Decrease in exchangeable aluminum in the soil and improved nitrogen metabolism are postulated as the chief favorable factors under the conditions of this experiment.
The Instability of Neutralized H, Al‐Bentonites
Authors: Davis Lannes E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is well known that the attainment of apparent equilibrium in the titration of acid clays is retarded. This phenomenon is frequently called “the titration lag.” Evidence is presented to demonstrate that the retardation is associated with exchangeable A1 in such clays. Hydroxide continued to react for several days with clay which contained appreciable exchangeable A1. The amount of hydroxide neutralized subsequent to titration of an acid bentonite which contained a minimal quantity of exchangeable A1 was small compared with the amounts which reacted with clays which contained larger amounts of exchangeable A1. It is tentatively concluded that Al+++ ions are in part covalently bonded, have a high activation energy, and react slowly with OH‐ ions.
Relationships Between Soil Properties and Red Pine Growth in Massachusetts
Authors: Mader D. L. , Owen D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults from a site study on 47 plots of plantation‐grown red pine in Massachusetts indicate that growth is related to organic matter and nitrogen contents of the soil profiles and soil drainage class. Multiple regression of 5‐year cubic foot volume growth per acre on total organic matter per acre of the solum and percent organic matter in the A horizon showed highly significant (1% level) partial and multiple regression coefficients. The regression accounted for 37% of the growth variability. The multiple regression coefficient for data on growth, log values for total nitrogen content per acre of the solum, and percent nitrogen in the A horizon from these plots also was highly significant, accounting for 35% of the variability in growth.Regression using height growth of dominants from 20 to 30 years of age, height of dominants at age 25, or volume per acre at age 25 as a measure of growth gave poorer correlations with organic matter and soil nitrogen than 5‐year cubic foot volume growth per acre. A multiple regression equation relating eight soil factors to growth was highly significant accounting for 58% of the variability in growth and with highly significant partial regression coefficients for total nitrogen and drainage class.Organic matter, nitrogen, and drainage class appear to have some value in assessing site productivity although residual variability from other growth factors, or from error in sampling and analysis, is still appreciable resulting in prediction errors on the order of 10% of the average volume growth rate. Cubic foot volume growth gave better correlations with site factors than either total or periodic height growth.