bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability and optimum polymerized condition of polysiloxane–polyacrylate core/shell polymer
Authors: Ge Chengyue , Wu Yumin , Xu Jun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe stable emulsion of core/shell latex with little coagulum (no more than 0.5% in quality relative to total monomers) has been prepared at low temperature with potassium‐persulfate (KPS), sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFS), and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)propane)dihydrochloride (VA‐044) as composite initiators by staged emulsion polymerization. Reactive surfactants were used to significantly improve the stability of emulsion. More interestingly, reverse core/shell structure was investigated when the organic silicon was added in the late period of polymerization. The effects of the emulsifier, initiators, dosage of organic silicon, and monomer's content on conversion and graft efficiency were studied in detail. Moreover, the stability of emulsion was investigated by the values of zeta potential (ζ) and coagulum. More importantly, the thermal performance and stability of PSI/PA composite latex was studied by the glass transition temperature (Tg). The results showed that there are appropriate values for all factors to obtain high conversion, graft efficiency, and excellent stability: The dosage of surfactant was about 0.44 g, the dosage of VA‐044 was about 1000 mg kg−1, the dosage of organic silicon was about 15%, and the monomer's content was about 30%. In addition, the introduction of organic silicon improved the Tg. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:161–172, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary. DOI 10.1002/adv.20182
On the peel behavior of polymer coating–steel system: Effect of hygrothermal aging
Authors: Guermazi N. , Haddar N. , Elleuch K. , Ayedi H. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper describes the development and application of a new peel protocols for the evaluation of adhesion of a flexible‐to‐rigid assembly. The developed apparatus allows simulating and predicting the delamination of the polymer coating from the steel substrate. The effect of certain test parameters such as a peel angle and peel speed was discussed. The durability of the retained assembly was equally investigated by considering an accelerated hygrothermal aging. The interfacial damages after conditioning and peel tests were characterized. Using two peeling angles of 90° and 180°, no significant difference was observed in terms of peel responses. The interface behavior seems to be not sensitive to the peel angle. However, an increase in the peel rate induces an increase in the peel strength. The characterization of the interface exhibits two mechanisms: The delamination process of the polymer coating is characterized by cohesive and mixed rupture, respectively, at low and high peel rates. Studying the effects of aging and coating defects on the interface behavior displays a continuous loss of adhesion of the polymer coating especially when it presents physical defects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:185–196, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary. DOI 10.1002/adv.20188
An experimental study of single‐screw extrusion of HDPE–wood composites
Authors: Xiao Karen , Tzoganakis Costas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSingle‐screw extrusion experiments were carried out to study the extrusion characteristics of HDPE–wood composites. Three screw geometries (A, B, and C) were used, and the effects of screw speed on output, melting, and pressure profile were studied. Screw A had a much higher compression ratio than screws B and C, which directly affected the melting behavior of the polymers. Screws B and C had the same compression ratio; however, screw C had the same metering capacity as screw A. Therefore, by comparing screws B and C, the effect of feed depth on the solid conveying capacity was investigated. It was found that while screw B had higher outputs than both screws A and C as expected, screw C had a much lower output than screw A for highly filled resins even though they had the same metering capacity. For HDPE, screws A and C showed the same output as expected. Further examinations of the pressure profiles and melting profiles from screw extraction experiments confirmed that screw C showed a severely starved solids conveying capacity for wood‐filled resins, which limited the total outputs. Comparing the outputs and pressure generations between theoretical predictions and actual experimental results, it was evident that due to the inaccurate assumption of fully filled channels common in single screw extrusion, both outputs and pressure generations in the extruders were overpredicted. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:197–218, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary. DOI 10.1002/adv.20190
ADIPOQ SNP45 associated with lean body mass in physically active normal weight adolescent girls
Authors: Passariello Catherine L. , Gruodytė Rita , Hiio Kelli , Mäestu Jarek , Jürimäe Jaak , Saar Melli , Cicchella Antonio , Stefanelli Claudio , Jürimäe Toivo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAbstractRecently, two single nucleotide polymorphisms at position 45 and 276 on the adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) have been recognized as determinants of total adiponectin levels, insulin resistance, and risk for diabetes in various obese populations.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether these two polymorphisms are indeed determinants in the development of metabolic disorders or whether they are secondary to other confounding factors.MethodsTo do so, we have selected 170 physically active adolescent girls (mean age, 14.03 ± 1.5 years and mean body mass index, 19.98 ± 2.5 kg/m2) devoid of any metabolic diseases or confounding factors, to better attribute any findings to genotype effects. Concentration of adiponectin, insulin, and glucose were determined from blood samples with appropriate kits. Body fat parameters were evaluated with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and genotype was analyzed with DNA extracted from whole blood samples followed by polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis to separate alleles.ResultsNeither single nucleotide polymorphism +45T/G nor +276G/T was related to homeostasis model assessment index or adiponectin levels; however, the presence of the G allele on site 45 favored a significant decrease in lean body mass compared with those who were T homozygous (TG:36.90/TT:41.07 kg, P < 0.05).ConclusionsResults suggest that the reported increase in the risk of diabetes in subjects that were G allele carriers at site 45 in obese populations compared with normal‐weight populations can be linked instead to a change in muscle mass or the muscle itself present in this genotype group. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Poly(ether ether ketone) composites reinforced by short carbon fibers and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: Mechanical properties and sliding wear behavior with water lubrication
Authors: Zhong Y. J. , Xie G. Y. , Sui G. X. , Yang R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPoly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) composites reinforced by short carbon fibers (SCFs) and nanoscale zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) particles were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion compounding and subsequently injection molding. The effects of SCFs and ZrO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties and wear behavior of PEEK composites with water lubrication were investigated. The mechanical properties of the composites were dramatically enhanced by the incorporation of SCFs. The addition of nano‐ZrO2 also promoted efficient improvements in the stiffness and hardness but degraded the impact strength. The compounding of the two fillers remarkably improved the wear resistance of the composites under aqueous conditions and especially under high pressures. The excellent wear resistance of the PEEK/carbon fiber (CF)/ZrO2 composites under aqueous conditions was revealed to be due to a synergy effect between the ZrO2 nanoparticles and CFs. The SCFs carried the majority of the load during a sliding process and prevented severe wear of the matrix. The incorporation of nano‐ZrO2 efficiently inhibited CF failure by reducing the stress concentration on the CF interface and the shear stress between two sliding surfaces via a positive rolling effect of the nanoparticles. Furthermore, a linear correlation was found between the wear rate and some mechanical properties of the composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rapid homogeneous esterification of cellulose extracted from Posidonia induced by microwave irradiation
Authors: Chadlia Aguir , Farouk M'Henni Mohamed 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this article, we report on the synthesis of cellulose esters by the reaction of cellulose and some cyclic anhydrides, such as succinic, maleic, and phthalic anhydrides. For this, an esterification method was finalized. Indeed, cellulose extracted from Posidonia biomass was first solubilized in the solvent system lithium chloride (LiCl)/N,N‐dimethylacetamide and then esterified by cyclic anhydride in the presence of catalysts such as N,N‐dimethyl‐4‐aminopyridine, tripropylamine, tributylamine, and calcium carbonate. This method was fast and reproducible with the LiCl system as a solvent and with an efficient activation by controlled microwave power. In this way, the reaction time was reduced from several hours to just a few minutes. The reaction products were characterized by IR and solid‐state cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. The degree of substitution (DS) and the grafted ester group content of the different products were obtained by alkali saponification followed by titration of the excess alkali. Two activation methods were compared, and the results show that the application of classical heating gave less successful results than those obtained by microwave activation. Indeed, with microwave activation, a higher DS (2.25) was obtained after 10 min. However, with classical heating, a value of DS equal to 1.2 was obtained after 12 h. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Separation of ethanol from ethanol/water mixtures by pervaporation with silicone rubber membranes: Effect of silicone rubbers
Authors: Han Xiaolong , Wang Lei , Li Jiding , Zhan Xia , Chen Jian , Yang Jichu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this study, poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(phenyl methyl siloxane) (PPMS)/PVDF, poly(ethoxy methyl siloxane) (PEOMS)/PVDF, and poly(trifluropropyl methyl siloxane) (PTFMS)/PVDF composite membranes were prepared. The different functional compositions of these membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surfaces and sections of these membranes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The hydrophobicity at the membrane surface was assessed with contact angle measurement. Swelling experiments were carried out to investigate the swelling behavior of these membranes. The composite membranes prepared in this study were used in the pervaporation separation of ethanol/water mixtures, and their separation performances were compared. The results show that the separation performances of these membranes were strongly related to the silicone rubber components and composition, the total fluxes decreased in the following order: PDMS > PPMS > PEOMS > PTFMS. The separation factor followed the following order: PPMS > PEOMS > PDMS > PTFMS (5 wt % ethanol at 40°C). In addition, the effects of the feed temperature (40–70°C) and feed composition (5–20 wt %) on the separation efficiency were investigated experimentally. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Oxidation of alcohols mediated by a polymer supported potassium ferrate as an effective mild oxidant
Authors: Karimi Zarchi Mohammad Ali , Taefi Mohammad 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe use of polymeric oxidizing agents simplifies routine oxidation of reactions because it eliminates the traditional purification. In this article, the use of the cross‐linked poly (4‐vinylpyridine)‐supported potassium ferrate as an effective mild polymeric oxidizing agent is described. This reagent is capable of oxidizing organic compounds and can be used as a versatile reagent in organic synthesis. Primary and secondary benzylic and allylic alcohols are converted selectively to their carbonyl compounds, and hydroquinone to the 1, 4‐benzoquinone. This polymeric reagent seems to be nontoxic and nonpollutant. Based on our observation during the study, the polymeric reagent is stable and can be stored for months without losing its activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Autoimmune‐mediated reduction of high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol and paraoxonase 1 activity in systemic lupus erythematosus–prone gld mice
Authors: Srivastava Roshni , Yu Shaohua , Parks Brian W. , Black Leland L. , Kabarowski Janusz H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize modifications of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) in autoimmune gld mice that may be relevant to premature atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus, and to assess their relationship to specific aspects of autoimmune disease.MethodsHDL cholesterol (HDL‐C), apolipoprotein A‐I (Apo A‐I), paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, hepatic gene expression, and HDL biogenesis were measured in aging female gld and wild‐type congenic mice. Autoantibodies, lymphoid organs, and cytokines were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and multiplex assay, respectively.ResultsPlasma HDL‐C, HDL Apo A‐I, and HDL‐associated PON1 activity were reduced in aging gld mice in association with the development of autoimmunity, independent of changes in hepatic Apo A‐I and PON1 expression or HDL biogenesis. Hepatic induction of the acute‐phase reactant serum amyloid A1 resulted in its incorporation into HDL in gld mice. Deletion of the lipid‐sensitive receptor G2A in gld mice (G2A−/− gld) attenuated reductions in HDL‐C and PON1 activity without altering hepatic Apo A‐I and PON1 expression, HDL biogenesis, or levels of acute‐phase proinflammatory cytokines. Plasma anti–Apo A‐I autoantibodies were elevated in aging gld mice commensurate with detectable increases in Apo A‐I immune complexes. Autoantibody levels were lower in aging G2A−/− gld mice compared with gld mice, and anti–Apo A‐I autoantibody levels were significantly related to HDL‐C concentrations (r = −0.645, P < 0.00004) and PON1 activity (r = −0.555, P < 0.0007) among autoimmune gld and G2A−/− gld mice.ConclusionAutoantibodies against Apo A‐I contribute to reducing HDL‐C and PON1 activity in autoimmune gld mice independently of hepatic HDL biogenesis, suggesting that functional impairment and premature clearance of HDL immune complexes may be principal mechanisms involved.
Cluster-randomized, crossover trial of the efficacy of plain soap and water versus alcohol-based rub for surgical hand preparation in a rural hospital in Kenya
Authors: Nthumba P M , Stepita-Poenaru E , Poenaru D , Bird P , Allegranzi B , Pittet D , Harbarth S 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
The aim of this cluster-randomized, crossover trial was to compare the efficacy of plain soap and water with an alcohol-based handrub for surgical hand preparation and prevention of surgical-site infection (SSI) in a Kenyan rural hospital.

Methods
A total of 3317 patients undergoing clean and clean-contaminated surgery were included. Follow-up data 30 days after discharge were available for 3133 patients (94·5 per cent).

Results
SSI occurred in 255 patients (8·1 per cent), with similar rates for both study arms: 8·3 per cent for alcohol-based handrub versus 8·0 per cent for plain soap and water (odds ratio 1·03, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·80 to 1·33). After adjustment for imbalances between study arms and clustering effects, the main outcome measure remained unchanged (adjusted odds ratio 1·06, 0·81 to 1·38). The duration of surgery and wound contamination class independently predicted SSI. The cost difference between the methods was small (€4·60 per week for alcohol-based handrub compared with €3·30 for soap and water).

Conclusion
There was no statistically or clinically significant difference in SSI rates, probably because more important factors contribute to SSI development. However, this study demonstrated the feasibility and affordability of alcohol-based handrubs for hand preparation before surgery in settings without continuous, clean water. Registration number: NCT00987402 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Systematic review and meta-analysis of preoperative antisepsis with chlorhexidine versus povidone–iodine in clean-contaminated surgery
Authors: Noorani A , Rabey N , Walsh S R , Davies R J 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Surgical-site infection increases morbidity, mortality and financial burden. The preferred topical antiseptic agent (chlorhexidine or povidone–iodine) for preoperative skin cleansing is unclear.

Methods
A meta-analysis of clinical trials was conducted to determine whether preoperative antisepsis with chlorhexidine or povidone–iodine reduced surgical-site infection in clean-contaminated surgery.

Results
The systematic review identified six eligible studies, containing 5031 patients. Chlorhexidine reduced postoperative surgical-site infection compared with povidone–iodine (pooled odds ratio 0·68, 95 per cent confidence interval 0·50 to 0·94; P = 0·019).

Conclusion
Chlorhexidine should be used preferentially for preoperative antisepsis in clean-contaminated surgery.
Role of platelets in experimental acute pancreatitis
Authors: Abdulla A , Awla D , Hartman H , Rahman M , Jeppsson B , Regnér S , Thorlacius H 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Background
Platelets not only control thrombosis and haemostasis but may also regulate inflammatory processes. Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by changes in both coagulation and proinflammatory activities. The role of platelets in AP is not yet known.

Methods
AP was induced in C57BL/6 mice by repeated caerulein administration (50 µg/kg intraperitoneally). Mice received a platelet-depleting or control antibody before caerulein challenge. Neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 2 levels, acinar cell necrosis and haemorrhage in the pancreas, as well as serum amylase activity, were determined 24 h after caerulein injection. In an alternative model of pancreatitis, L-arginine (4 g/kg intraperitoneally) was given twice with an interval of 1 h and tissue samples were taken after 72 h [Correction added after online publication 29 September 2010: in the preceding sentence, 4 mg/kg was corrected to 4 g/kg].

Results
Caerulein administration increased acinar cell necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, focal haemorrhage and serum amylase levels. Platelet depletion reduced acinar cell necrosis, haemorrhage and serum amylase levels in AP. Depletion of platelets decreased caerulein-induced MPO levels and neutrophil recruitment in the pancreas. Platelet depletion abolished caerulein-induced MIP-2 generation in the pancreas and circulation. The effects of platelet depletion on necrosis, neutrophils and MPO levels were confirmed in L-arginine-induced pancreatitis.

Conclusion
Platelets play a crucial role in AP by regulating neutrophil infiltration, most likely mediated by MIP-2 production in the pancreas.
Efficient Extraction of Lycopene from Rhodopseudomonas palustris with n‐Hexane and Methanol after Alkaline Wash
Authors: Bao Y. , Yan H. , Liu L. , Xu Q. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractExtraction of lycopene from Rhodopseudomonas palustris with various solvents and alkaline wash was investigated. Dichloromethane or benzene as single polar or nonpolar solvent were the most effective solvents. The maximum extraction efficiency was achieved with a combination of n‐hexane and methanol (1:1 v/v). which was approximately one time higher than that obtained with a single solvent. The partitioning behavior of lycopene in n‐hexane/methanol indicated that almost all extracted lycopene from R. palustris cells was dissolved in the n‐hexane phase. Further studies showed that lycopene extraction was much improved after an alkaline wash of R. palustris cells. The measured lycopene content was much higher than that in tomatoes which indicates that R. palustris will become an important biological resource of lycopene.
Effect of Emulsification Conditions on the Properties of Microspheres Prepared by a Solvent Extraction Process
Authors: Heiskanen H. , Denifl P. , Hurme M. , Pitkänen P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMicrospheres can be prepared using a hydrocarbon‐perfluorocarbon‐based solvent extraction process. The effect of changing the surfactant amount, emulsification temperature, and stirring speed on the size of microspheres was investigated. The surfactant concentration was found to greatly affect the microsphere size and size distribution. The Sauter mean diameter of the microspheres decreased exponentially as a function of surfactant concentration. The microsphere size distribution became narrower with increasing surfactant concentration. A clear correlation between the Sauter mean diameter of the microspheres and the Weber number was found. A surfactant concentration was identified at which the size of microspheres remained constant although the Weber number was changed. Finally, a lower emulsification temperature decreased the coalescence of the droplets and microspheres with smaller Sauter mean diameter were produced when using a low surfactant concentration.
Crystallization of Hen Egg White Lysozyme by Solvent Freeze‐Out: Effect of Cooling Rate on Protein Inclusion in the Ice Layer
Authors: Ryu B.‐H. , Jones M. J. , Ulrich J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new technique for crystallizing proteins is introduced. Solvent removal by freezing‐out is employed to crystallize hen egg white lysozyme from aqueous salt solutions. The crystallization is carried out at moderate salt concentrations (1–10 wt % NaCl) and at pH 4.4–5.2. The required supersaturation for nucleation and crystal growth is achieved by removal of the solvent resulting in a concentration increase with respect to salt, buffer, and protein. A simple tube and shell heat exchanger is used to generate the driving force for crystallization of the ice. The enzymatic activity of the resulting crystals is measured after their dissolution and shows large variations with respect to the crystallization conditions, though no systematic behavior is observed. The effect of the cooling rate applied to the cold finger upon the protein concentration in the ice is investigated.