bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Que donnent les femmes sur le Web ?
Authors: Cossetta Anna 
Published: July 2012

Le don au sens moderne, dans ses aspects ambivalents, voire paradoxaux, est souvent échangé entre inconnus, notamment sur le Web, en tant qu’espace conçu afin que les internautes puissent se connecter, collaborer au-delà des hiérarchies et formes de pouvoir, donner libre cours à leur créativité, dépassant les barrières de genre. Cette contribution se propose d’identifier les formes de présence des femmes dans le Réseau Internet par la comparaison d’analyses sociologiques rendant compte de leurs comportements. En outre, nous nous proposons de donner des interprétations de la persistance de la fracture numérique ou digital equality ; les femmes en effet semblent moins disposées au don par rapport aux hommes, elles manifestent une attitude de « modestie virtuelle » qui les empêche de contribuer de façon considérable à la construction de lieux et de contenus qui s’avèrent désormais de plus en plus importants.
Staff Practice, Attitudes, and Knowledge/Skills Regarding Evidence-Based Practice Before and After an Educational Intervention
Authors: Mollon Deene , Fields Willa , Gallo Ana-Maria , Wagener Rebecca , Soucy Jacqui , Gustafson Brandi , Kim Son Chae 
Published: July 2012

Background:
Today’s clinicians have different levels of knowledge and skill related to evidence-based practice, depending on their educational background, level of experience, and interest. This multidisciplinary study assessed nurses’ baseline and posteducation practice, attitudes, and knowledge/skills regarding evidence-based practice.

Methods:
A descriptive pre- and postsurvey design study evaluated clinical staff’s practice, attitudes, and knowledge/skills regarding evidence-based practice with the Clinical Effectiveness and Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire.

Results:
A total of 327 participants (24%) completed the presurvey and 282 (20%) completed the postsurvey. No statistically significant changes were found in practice, attitudes, and knowledge/skills after the online education. In the multivariate analysis, online education was not a significant predictor of practice, attitudes, or knowledge/skills regarding evidence-based practice; graduate educational degree, formal evidence-based practice classes, and registered nurse status were statistically significant positive predictors.

Conclusion:
Administering self-learning online modules may not be the most effective method for expanding evidence-based practice abilities and knowledge/skills of nurses.
Les aspirations professionnelles des élèves de 15 ans dans 57 pays : ambition et réalisme
Authors: Rocher Thierry , Donné Noémie Le 
Published: July 2012

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux degrés d’ambition et de réalisme des aspirations professionnelles des élèves de 15 ans. Notre étude porte sur les déclarations des élèves de 57 pays recueillies lors de la vague 2006 du Programme International pour le Suivi des Acquis des Élèves (PISA). L’analyse des aspirations des élèves est enrichie par des informations portant sur les marchés du travail nationaux, établies par le Bureau International du Travail et Eurostat. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions les déterminants individuels des aspirations professionnelles. Puis, nous confrontons les souhaits des élèves à la situation réelle du marché du travail.
Impact croisé du sexe et du niveau scolaire sur les intérêts professionnels d’écoliers suisses
Authors: Perdrix Sophie , Rossier Jérôme , Butera Fabrizio 
Published: July 2012

Cet article traite de la manière dont le développement des aspirations professionnelles contribue à la formation d’inégalités entre hommes et femmes sur le marché du travail au travers d’une étude empirique portant sur l’influence du sexe et de la filière scolaire sur les intérêts professionnels d’écoliers suisses. Les résultats indiquent que le croisement de ces deux variables affecte particulièrement les jeunes filles dans une filière à exigences élémentaires en restreignant doublement les options envisageables. Les moyens d’action pour les conseiller-e-s en orientation afin d’accompagner spécifiquement cette population est discutée.
Précarité sociale et déscolarisation
Authors: Coslin Pierre G. 
Published: July 2012

Des milliers de jeunes abandonnent leurs études avant l’âge de 16 ans qui marque la fin de l’instruction obligatoire. Cette étude aborde les inégalités sociales sous-jacentes à ces décrochages, en comparant les caractéristiques (situations familiale et scolaire, pratiques éducatives, influence des pairs, dysfonctionnements institutionnels etc.) de trois groupes de jeunes en échec scolaire : 17 déscolarisés, 22 absentéistes et 28 restés assidus à l’école. La quasi-totalité des traits étudiés se retrouvent au sein de chaque groupe. Leur spécificité réside dans l'accentuation de certains traits : la précarité sociale, les dysfonctionnements familiaux, et les capacités à communiquer.
Molecular Diagnostic Tools for the Detection of Nodal Micrometastases in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy with Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection: A Prospective Study
Authors: Vagnoni Valerio , Schiavina Riccardo , Romagnoli Daniele , Borghesi Marco , Passaretti Giovanni , Dababneh Hussam , Concetti Sergio , Martorana Giuseppe 
Published: July 2012

Background Routine pathological examination can miss micro-metastatic tumor foci in the lymph nodes (LN) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) that undergo radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the impact of micrometastases assessed by serial section (SS), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy with extended PLND. Materials and methods 32 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy with extended PLND (obturator, internal/external and distal 2cm common iliac lymph-nodes (LN)) for intermediate (clinical T1c-T2 and PSA:10–20 ng/mL and clinical Gleason Score = 7) or high (clinical stage T3 or PSA>20 or clinical Gleason Score = 8–10) PCa were enrolled. The nodes were processed by the one uropathologist, both according to the routine pathological examination (analysis of the central section for 4 mm nodes or every 2 mm for LN>4 mm), which served as comparative method, both according to SS, IHC with antibodies against PSA and broad-spectrum Cytokeratins (BSCK), and quantitative RT-PCR targeting PSA, PSMA (PS Membrane Antigen), and Glucuronidase-S-Beta (GUSB) mRNA, that are over-expressed in prostatic cancer cells. Results A total of 628 LN were analyzed, with a mean number of LN removed of 19.6 (SD = 7.2). Applying the routine pathological examination, 10 (31.2%) patients and 23 (3.9%) LN resulted positive for nodal involvement, with mean positive LN of 2.2 (SD = 1.4). After applying the SS and the molecular method of analysis (IHC and RT-PCR), micrometastases were found in 7 LN (SS showed micrometastases in 3 of them, IHC in 6 of them and RT-PCR in 7 of them); a total of 3 (9.3%) node-negative patients showed micrometastases at routine pathological examination (in 2 patients with RT-PCR and in 1 with IHC). Conclusions The significance of micrometastases in PCa and the potential therapeutic role of PLND is not yet clarified, but the molecular analysis of the LN can detect a significant percentage of patients who harbor micro-metastatic PCa missed at routine pathological examination, and can enhance the accuracy of lymphadenectomy as a staging method.
Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Composite Aerospace Structures
Authors: Smith John P. , Shark Lik‐Kwan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThere is a broad range of approaches and technologies used for nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT&E) of composite aerospace structures. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the most common measurement methods used in the aircraft manufacturing sector for nondestructive detection of internal defects in carbon fibre composite structures, as well as signal and image processing techniques available for computer‐assisted evaluation. The problems and challenges faced by NDT&E are first explained in terms of typical composite aerospace components, typical defects, and general inspection requirements. Four most common production NDT techniques are then presented in detail, covering principal aspects of ultrasound, radiography, shearography, and thermography in terms of their operating principles, performance, and applications to composite aerospace components. This is followed by signal processing methods for NDT signal enhancement, detection, and restoration as well as image processing methods for mosaicking of multiple NDT images, registration with component CAD model, fusion of multimodality NDT images, defect visualisation, and automatic defect detection. Finally, future NDT&E trends are highlighted based on current technology progress.
Carbon/Polymeric Composites Autoclave Cure Monitoring with Optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Sensors
Authors: Olivier Philippe , Mulle Matthieu , Paris Christophe , Collombet Francis 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe manufacturing of a thermoset matrix composite part is quite complex. The curing of this kind of composites is commonly controlled by curing duration, temperature, pressure, and vacuum. On one hand, in order to produce fully cured and compacted and high quality parts, a reasoned and optimum choice must be done. On the other hand, and all the more so as regards thermoset matrix composites, the curing parameters may induce some irreversible effects on several parameters of the ensuing laminated part. For all these reasons, since numerous years, cure monitoring has been paid of a great attention.In this contribution, the reader will be first provided with a condensed survey (including more than 100 references) of the main methods developed from more than 40 years to monitor the changes occurring in a composite material during its curing. In the broad field of real‐time cure monitoring, a focus on optical fibers Bragg grating (FBG) and their use for cure monitoring purposes will be made in this article. Some original results are given after a brief introduction about FBG.The selection of a sensing technique depends on the desired results. Nevertheless, the advantages and the drawback of each technique will not be discussed here. The reader will easily find detailed comments in the numerous references proposed at the end of this article.
SoftTissueRepair andRegeneration: Composite Materials Toward the Design of Advanced Prostheses and Scaffolds
Authors: Gloria Antonio , Russo Teresa , D'Amora Ugo , De Santis Roberto , Ambrosio Luigi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe restoration of tissue biomechanical function represents a great challenge, underlining the need to mimic tissue structure and mechanical behavior through suitable prosthesis and scaffold designs. For this reason, several materials, technologies, and designs have been widely proposed and studied from an experimental and/or a clinical point of view. Polymer‐based composite materials are suitable candidates for applications where high strength‐to‐weight and stiffness‐to‐weight ratios and specific performances are required. Taking into account tissue structure‐function relationships, the design of biomimetic composite devices able to reproduce the multiscale structural hierarchy of complex tissues represents a crucial feature for tissue repair and regeneration.In particular, this article aims at stressing the importance of polymer‐based composite materials to design advanced prostheses and scaffolds for soft tissue engineering, with a special focus on tendons, ligaments, intervertebral disk, and meniscus.
Composite Smart Panels for Active Control of Sound Radiation
Authors: Gardonio Paolo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article presents a short introduction to the physics of composite smart panels for the rednuction of sound radiation. The principal actuation and sensing properties of distributed piezoelectric strain transducers embedded in thin panels are illustrated in terms of equivalent sensing and excitation functions. Also the physical features of active structural acoustic control and active vibration control systems using either single‐channel or multiple‐channel feed‐forward and feedback controllers are revised.
Continuum Damage Mechanics
Authors: Lapczyk Ireneusz 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn the last five decades, continuum damage mechanics has proven to be a valuable tool to study material degradation. Many damage models have been developed that allow an accurate description of damage processes for a wide range of materials. At the same time, much effort has been expended to develop robust algorithms for obtaining numerical solutions to problems with damage. Some of the models have already been implemented in commercial finite element codes and have become a valuable tool in helping engineers predict behavior of engineering structures. In this article, a general framework for modeling damage, based on the theory of irreversible thermodynamics with internal variables, is outlined. Special attention is devoted to issues related to the numerical implementation of material models with damage, such as mesh sensitivity of the solution and convergence difficulties.
Damage Mechanisms in Cross‐Ply Fiber‐Reinforced Composite Laminates
Authors: Kashtalyan Maria , Soutis Constantinos 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe fracture process of composite laminates subjected to static or fatigue in‐plane loading involves a sequential accumulation of intra‐ and interlaminar damage, in the form of matrix cracking and crack‐induced delamination, before catastrophic failure. Matrix cracking parallel to the fibers in the off‐axis plies is the first damage mode observed. It triggers development of other harmful resin‐dominated modes such as delaminations. The present article reviews experimental and theoretical studies into the damage mechanisms in cross‐ply composite laminates within the framework of damage micromechanics and discusses the effect of intra‐ and interlaminar damage on the behavior and mechanical properties of laminates, including the work of the authors on modeling matrix cracking and crack‐induced delaminations.
Externally Bonded Masonry Structures
Authors: Lignola Gian Piero , Ceroni Francesca , Balsamo Alberto , Prota Andrea , Manfredi Gaetano 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) materials can be very reliable materials for the retrofit of unreinforced masonry structures. After a brief introduction on the wide variety of materials, typologies, and construction techniques of masonry structures, the main principles of unreinforced masonry assessment are discussed. The knowledge of typical masonry damages and failure modes allows the reader to understand the basis of retrofit design using innovative composite systems and the essential principles for the selection of materials and systems for masonry retrofit. The bond mechanism, at the base of the structural performance of externally applied FRP, is discussed and then peculiar aspects of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane masonry retrofits are debated. Shear, flexural, and confinement applications are considered at both local and global scales. Peculiarities in the FRP retrofit of masonry‐curved structures complete the review of retrofit applications. Basic mechanical principles as well as provisions from current international design guidelines or innovative theories from up to date scientific literature are discussed as well.
Fatigue Stiffness
Authors: Vassilopoulos Anastasios P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractService loading of structures affects their strength and stiffness. In many cases, the influence of the stiffness changes on the structure is quite large since these changes also affect the deflections, cause dimensional changes, alter the structure's vibration characteristics, and affect the load or stress distributions inside the structure. Several generic sources of stiffness changes can be identified in various degrees. Transverse cracking, delamination, fiber breakage, and fiber‐matrix debonding are some of the defects that occur in laminated composites. Stiffness changes can be used for the development of fatigue life modeling and prediction methodologies as well, since stiffness can be monitored in a nondestructive way during the operation of a structure. These subjects are discussed in this article through the demonstration of the fatigue behavior and stiffness degradation patterns of several multidirectional composite laminates and adhesively bonded composite joints.
Fibrous Preforms and Preforming
Authors: Michaud Véronique 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of preforms and preforming. A preform is defined as an assembly of yarns or textiles, which is generally stabilized by introduction of additional material, yarns or a binder powder. We first provide a brief review of textile forms and processes and then introduce the various preforming techniques, from 2D textiles or directly from the individual yarns. We finally address technical and scientific issues, including the mechanical behavior of the textile during preforming, and the influence of preforming on the permeability of the fiber assembly.
Liquid Crystalline Composite
Authors: Isayev Avraam I. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA review of novel technologies for manufacturing composites involving liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) is presented. In particular, this review provides a classification scheme of various types of LCPs, with a special emphasis paid to the history, key approaches, milestones in developments of thermotropic LCPs, and their commercialization. Methods of characterization of LCPs by optical and electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, NMR, light scattering, and thermal, rheological, and mechanical techniques are discussed. The development of the concept of self‐reinforced orin situcomposites based on blending LCPs with flexible‐chain polymers and LCPs with other LCPs is presented. In these composites, the dispersed fibrous reinforcing LCP species in polymer matrices are not actually present before the processing of the resin, but come into existence during the processing step. Various aspects of manufacturing of these composites are discussed including methods of mixing and compounding, transition temperatures, different factors governing LCP fibrillations, effects of LCP on crystallization of thermoplastic matrices, rheology of composites, and the use of LCP as a processing aid for thermoplastics. Special attention is paid to manufacturing and mechanical properties of the composites based on LCP/thermoplastic, LCP/LCP and ternary blends, and LCP/thermoplastic and LCP/LCP laminates. The effect of compatibilization and anisotropy of composites are also considered along with proposed approaches to reduce their anisotropy. Finally, various existing and future possibilities for industrial applications of self‐reinforced composites are discussed.
Manufacturing: Economic Consideration
Authors: Park Chung Hae , Lee Woo Il 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, cost is defined and various components of cost to manufacture composite material products are presented. These components include material cost, labor cost, and tooling and capital cost. Factors constituting these components of cost are discussed in detail. Various costing methods being used in practice are introduced. Finally, it is explained how efforts to protect the environment affect the cost of composites.
Matrix‐Controlled Failure Modes of Polymeric Composites
Authors: Guedes Rui M. , de Moura Marcelo F. S. F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe intention of the present article is to provide an overview of up‐to‐date understanding of matrix‐controlled failure modes. This subject covers distinct themes including failure criteria, micromechanics analysis, and theory of fracture mechanics. The effect of environmental conditions, rate dependency, delayed failure, and fatigue are also examined.
Microscopy: High Resolution Electron (
HREM
)
Authors: Igata N. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The properties of composite materials are closely related to the microstructure of the fibers or particles, matrix, and interfaces that can be studied, thanks to the use of a high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). It represents, in fact, one of the most powerful methods that can be used to clarify the microstructure of composite materials.
In this article, a brief description of the structure of HREM is reported first to describe some principles that are to the base of the image formation. Moreover, a discussion on the specimen preparation is reported, and finally, some applications to some composite materials are explained.
Multifunctional Low Loss Ceramic–Polymer Composites for Microwave Applications
Authors: Wang Hong , Xiang Feng , Yang Haibo , Li Kecheng 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article reviews the state of the art in low loss multifunctional ceramic‐polymer composites for microwave applications. First, the process technology and modeling method for ceramic‐polymer composites are briefly presented. Second, low loss ceramic‐polymer composites with enhanced dielectric behavior are reviewed. Third, flexible dielectric composites are studied by choosing an elastomer with low microwave dielectric loss as matrix and high permittivity microwave ceramics as fillers. Improving the permittivity while retaining the flexibility is achieved by improving the ceramic filler particle's properties, composites structures, and the technology procedures. Microwave composites with high permittivity, low dielectric loss, and certain flexibility are obtained. Fourth, a kind of low loss dielectric‐magnetic composite was developed with the aim to integrate the dielectric properties and magnetic properties. The results show good success in lowering the dielectric loss and extending the cut‐off frequency of the magneto‐dielectric composites. Examples of new applications based on the low loss ceramic‐polymer composites are given and the future trends for development pointed out.
Natural Composites: Fiber Modification
Authors: Baltazar‐y‐Jimenez Alexis , Awal Abdul , Sain Mohini 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, natural composites are defined as vegetal or lignocellulosic fiber‐reinforced polymer composites. Several surface modification methods appropriate for vegetal fibers are discussed in three broad categories: physical or chemical methods designed to improve water repellence, improve adhesion to a polymer matrix, and methods for increasing thermal and fire resistance. A brief outlook of alternative surface modification methods for vegetal fibers is also presented.A number of surface modification methods may be used with synergistic effect. However, a delicate balance exists between technological feasibility and cost, whatever this may be. Ideally, selecting a useful method to modify the performance of vegetal fibers is a holistic process that requires of balancing materials' properties, with economic and environmental considerations.
Polycarbonate Composites
Authors: Pisanova Elena 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPolycarbonate (PC) is one of the most widely used consumer materials, both in its reinforced and unreinforced forms. The introduction of reinforcement improves mechanical and other properties while maintaining the desirable properties of PC, such as ease of manufacturing, chemical resistance, and thermal stability. Reinforcements include glass and graphite fibers, particles, and nanofibers and nanoparticles. An important feature of PC is its ability to form mixtures with a wide variety of other polymers and elastomers, which gives a very wide range of matrixes and properties.