bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV treatment for prevention
Authors: Ambrosioni Juan , Calmy Alexandra , Hirschel Bernard 
Published: May 2011

“No virus, no transmission.” Studies have repeatedly shown that viral load (the quantity of virus present in blood and sexual secretions) is the strongest predictor of HIV transmission during unprotected sex or transmission from infected mother to child.Effective treatment lowers viral load to undetectable levels. If one could identify and treat all HIV‐infected people immediately after infection, the HIV/AIDS epidemic would eventually disappear.Such a radical solution is currently unrealistic. In reality, not all people get tested, especially when they fear stigma and discrimination. Thus, not all HIV‐infected individuals are known. Of those HIV‐positive individuals for whom the diagnosis is known, not all of them have access to therapy, agree to be treated, or are taking therapy effectively. Some on effective treatment will stop, and in others, the development of resistance will lead to treatment failure. Furthermore, resources are limited: should we provide drugs to asymptomatic HIV‐infected individuals without indication for treatment according to guidelines in order to prevent HIV transmission at the risk of diverting funding from sick patients in urgent need?In fact, the preventive potential of anti‐HIV drugs is unknown. Modellers have tried to fill the gap, but models differ depending on assumptions that are strongly debated. Further, indications for antiretroviral treatments expand; in places like Vancouver and San Francisco, the majority of HIV‐positive individuals are now under treatment, and the incidence of new HIV infections has recently fallen. However, correlation does not necessarily imply causation. Finally, studies in couples where one partner is HIV‐infected also appear to show that treatment reduces the risk of transmission.More definite studies, where a number of communities are randomized to either receive the “test‐and‐treat” approach or continue as before, are now in evaluation by funding agencies. Repeated waves of testing would precisely measure the incidence of HIV infection. Such trials face formidable logistical, practical and ethical obstacles. However, without definitive data, the intuitive appeal of “test‐and‐treat” is unlikely to translate into action on a global scale. In the meantime, based on the available evidence, we must strive to provide treatment to all those in medical need under the current medical guidelines. This will lead to a decrease in HIV transmission while “test‐and‐treat” is fully explored in prospective clinical trials.
Albuminuria and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology And Molecular Genetic Study (SN-DREAMS, report 12)
Authors: Rani Padmaja K , Raman Rajiv , Gupta Aditi , Pal Swakshyar S , Kulothungan Vaitheeswaran , Sharma Tarun 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
The concordance of microalbuminuria and diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been well reported in persons with type 1 diabetes; however, for type 2 diabetes, there is paucity of data especially from population-based studies. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of albuminuria (micro - and macroalbuminuria) among persons with type 2 diabetes and determine its role as a risk factor for presence and severity of DR.

Methods
A population-based cross sectional study was conducted in cohort of 1414 subjects with type 2 diabetes from Chennai metropolis. All the subjects underwent comprehensive eye examination including 45 degrees four-field stereoscopic digital photography. DR was clinically graded using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study scales. A morning urine sample was tested for albuminuria. Subjects were considered to have microalbuminuria, if the urinary albumin excretion was between 30 and 300 mg/24 hours, and macroalbuminuria at more than 300 mg/24 hours. The statistical software used was SPSS for Windows, Chicago, IL. Student t-test for comparing continuous variables, and χ
2 test, to compare proportions amongst groups were used.

Results
The prevalence of microalbuminuria in the study subjects was 15.9% (226/1414), and that of macroalbuminuria, 2.7% (38/1414). Individuals with macroalbuminuria in comparison to micro- or normoalbuminuria showed a greater prevalence of DR (60.5% vs. 31.0% vs. 14.1%, p < 0.001), and also a greater severity of the disease (60.9% vs. 21.4 vs. 9.9, p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Every 6th individual in the population of type 2 diabetes is likely to have albuminuria. Subjects with microalbuminuria were around 2 times as likely to have DR as those without microalbuminuria, and this risk became almost 6 times in the presence of macroalbuminuria.
Hyperglycaemia and apoptosis of microglial cells in human septic shock
Authors: Polito Andrea , Brouland Jean-Philippe , Porcher Raphael , Sonneville Romain , Siami Shidasp , Stevens Robert D , Guidoux Céline , Maxime Virginie , de la Grandmaison Geoffroy Lorin , Chrétien Fabrice C , Gray Françoise , Annane Djillali , Sharshar Tarek 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Introduction
The effect of hyperglycaemia on the brain cells of septic shock patients is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between hyperglycaemia and apoptosis in the brains of septic shock patients.

Methods
In a prospective study of 17 patients who died from septic shock, hippocampal tissue was assessed for neuronal ischaemia, neuronal and microglial apoptosis, neuronal Glucose Transporter (GLUT) 4, endothelial inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), microglial GLUT5 expression, microglial and astrocyte activation. Blood glucose (BG) was recorded five times a day from ICU admission to death. Hyperglycaemia was defined as a BG 200 mg/dL g/l and the area under the BG curve (AUBGC) > 2 g/l was assessed.

Results
Median BG over ICU stay was 2.2 g/l. Neuronal apoptosis was correlated with endothelial iNOS expression (rho = 0.68, P = 0.04), while microglial apoptosis was associated with AUBGC > 2 g/l (rho = 0.70; P = 0.002). Neuronal and microglial apoptosis correlated with each other (rho = 0.69, P = 0.006), but neither correlated with the duration of septic shock, nor with GLUT4 and 5 expression. Neuronal apoptosis and ischaemia tended to correlate with duration of hypotension.

Conclusions
In patients with septic shock, neuronal apoptosis is rather associated with iNOS expression and microglial apoptosis with hyperglycaemia, possibly because GLUT5 is not downregulated. These data provide a mechanistic basis for understanding the neuroprotective effects of glycemic control.
Epigenetics, bioenergetics, and microRNA coordinate gene-specific reprogramming during acute systemic inflammation
Authors: McCall Charles E , El Gazzar Mohamed , Liu Tiefu , Vachharajani Vidula , Yoza Barbara 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTAcute systemic inflammation from infectious and noninfectious etiologies has stereotypic features that progress through an initiation (proinflammatory) phase, an adaptive (anti-inflammatory) phase, and a resolution (restoration of homeostasis) phase. These phase-shifts are accompanied by profound and predictable changes in gene expression and metabolism. Here, we review the emerging concept that the temporal phases of acute systemic inflammation are controlled by an integrated bioenergy and epigenetic bridge that guides the timing of transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes of specific gene sets. This unifying connection depends, at least in part, on redox sensor NAD+-dependent deacetylase, Sirt1, and a NF-κB-dependent p65 and RelB feed-forward and gene-specific pathway that generates silent facultative heterochromatin and active euchromatin. An additional level of regulation for gene-specific reprogramming is generated by differential expression of miRNA that directly and indirectly disrupts translation of inflammatory genes. These molecular reprogramming circuits generate a dynamic chromatin landscape that temporally defines the course of acute inflammation.
The effect of acclimation to hypoxia and sustained exercise on subsequent hypoxia tolerance and swimming performance in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Fu Shi-Jian , Brauner Colin J. , Cao Zhen-Dong , Richards Jeffrey G. , Peng Jiang-Lan , Dhillon Rashpal , Wang Yu-Xiang 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARY
The objective of this study was to determine whether acclimation to hypoxia and sustained exercise would increase hypoxia tolerance (as indicated by a decrease in critical oxygen tension, Pcrit) and swimming performance in goldfish (Carassius auratus), and to investigate the relationship between changes in performance and gill remodelling and tissue metabolic capacity. Goldfish were acclimated to either hypoxia (48 h at 0.3 mg O2 l–1) or sustained exercise (48 h at 70% of critical swimming speed, Ucrit) and then Pcrit and Ucrit were determined in normoxia (10 mg O2 l–1) and hypoxia (1 mg O2 l–1) and compared with values from control fish. Acclimation to both hypoxia and sustained exercise improved hypoxia tolerance (Pcrit was reduced by 49% and 39%, respectively), which was associated with an increase in lamellar surface area (71% and 43%, respectively) and an increase in blood [Hb] (26% in both groups). Exercise acclimation also resulted in a decrease in routine (). Acclimation to both hypoxia and sustained exercise resulted in a significant increase in Ucrit in hypoxia (18% and 17%, respectively), which was associated with an increase in maximal O2 consumption rate at Ucrit (; 35% and 39%, respectively). While hypoxia acclimation resulted in an increase in Ucrit in normoxia, acclimation to sustained exercise did not improve subsequent swimming performance in normoxia. This lack of improvement was possibly due to depleted oxidizable substrates during exercise acclimation.
Static electric fields modify the locomotory behaviour of cockroaches
Authors: Jackson Christopher W. , Hunt Edmund , Sharkh Suleiman , Newland Philip L. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYStatic electric fields are found throughout the environment and there is growing interest in how electric fields influence insect behaviour. Here we have analysed the locomotory behaviour of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) in response to static electric fields at levels equal to and above those found in the natural environment. Walking behaviour (including velocity, distance moved, turn angle and time spent walking) were analysed as cockroaches approached an electric field boundary in an open arena, and also when continuously exposed to an electric field. On approaching an electric field boundary, the greater the electric field strength the more likely a cockroach would be to turn away from, or be repulsed by, the electric field. Cockroaches completely exposed to electric fields showed significant changes in locomotion by covering less distance, walking slowly and turning more often. This study highlights the importance of electric fields on the normal locomotory behaviour of insects.
The ontogeny of regulatory control of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) heart and how this is influenced by chronic hypoxia exposure
Authors: Miller Silvana C. , Gillis Todd E. , Wright Patricia A. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYSalmonid embryos develop in cool waters over relatively long periods of time. Interestingly, hypoxic conditions have been found to be relatively common in some nesting sites (redds). The goals of this study were to determine the ontogeny of cardiac regulation in rainbow trout early life stages and how this is influenced by chronic hypoxia. The heart rate response to cholinergic and adrenergic receptor stimulation or inhibition was measured in individuals reared in normoxic (100% O2 saturation) or hypoxic (30% O2 saturation) conditions from fertilization to embryonic stages 22, 26 and 29, and larval stages 30 and 32. In normoxia, heart rate increased in response to β-adrenergic receptor stimulation (isoproterenol) as early as embryonic stage 22, and decreased with the antagonist propranolol after this stage. Cholinergic stimulation (acetylcholine) was ineffective at all stages, but atropine (acetylcholine antagonist) increased heart rate at larval stage 32. This demonstrates that cardiac β-adrenergic receptors are functional at early life stages, while cholinergic receptors are not responsive until after hatching. Collectively, embryos had cardio-acceleration control mechanisms in place just after the heartbeat stage, while cardio-inhibitory control was not functional until after hatching. Chronic hypoxia exposure triggered bradycardia, increased the response to adrenergic stimulation in embryos and larvae, and delayed the onset of cholinergic control in larvae. In non-motile stages, therefore, survival in chronic low oxygen may depend on the ability to alter the cardiac ontogenic program to meet the physiological requirements of the developing fish.
Sound radiation and wing mechanics in stridulating field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Montealegre-Z Fernando , Jonsson Thorin , Robert Daniel 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYMale field crickets emit pure-tone mating calls by rubbing their wings together. Acoustic radiation is produced by rapid oscillations of the wings, as the right wing (RW), bearing a file, is swept across the plectrum borne on the left wing (LW). Earlier work found the natural resonant frequency (fo) of individual wings to be different, but there is no consensus on the origin of these differences. Previous studies suggested that the frequency along the song pulse is controlled independently by each wing. It has also been argued that the stridulatory file has a variable fo and that the frequency modulation observed in most species is associated with this variability. To test these two hypotheses, a method was developed for the non-contact measurement of wing vibrations during singing in actively stridulating Gryllus bimaculatus. Using focal microinjection of the neuroactivator eserine into the cricket's brain to elicit stridulation and micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, we monitored wing vibration in actively singing insects. The results show significantly lower fo in LWs compared with RWs, with the LW fo being identical to the sound carrier frequency (N=44). But during stridulation, the two wings resonate at one identical frequency, the song carrier frequency, with the LW dominating in amplitude response. These measurements also demonstrate that the stridulatory file is a constant resonator, as no variation was observed in fo along the file during sound radiation. Our findings show that, as they engage in stridulation, cricket wings work as coupled oscillators that together control the mechanical oscillations generating the remarkably pure species-specific song.
Kinematic and behavioral evidence for a distinction between trotting and ambling gaits in the cockroachBlaberus discoidalis
Authors: Bender John A. , Simpson Elaine M. , Tietz Brian R. , Daltorio Kathryn A. , Quinn Roger D. , Ritzmann Roy E. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYEarlier observations had suggested that cockroaches might show multiple patterns of leg coordination, or gaits, but these were not followed by detailed behavioral or kinematic measurements that would allow a definite conclusion. We measured the walking speeds of cockroaches exploring a large arena and found that the body movements tended to cluster at one of two preferred speeds, either very slow (&lt;10 cm s–1) or fairly fast (∼30 cm s–1). To highlight the neural control of walking leg movements, we experimentally reduced the mechanical coupling among the various legs by tethering the animals and allowing them to walk in place on a lightly oiled glass plate. Under these conditions, the rate of stepping was bimodal, clustering at fast and slow speeds. We next used high-speed videos to extract three-dimensional limb and joint kinematics for each segment of all six legs. The angular excursions and three-dimensional motions of the leg joints over the course of a stride were variable, but had different distributions in each gait. The change in gait occurs at a Froude number of ∼0.4, a speed scale at which a wide variety of animals show a transition between walking and trotting. We conclude that cockroaches do have multiple gaits, with corresponding implications for the collection and interpretation of data on the neural control of locomotion.
Some like it hot: the effects of climate change on reproduction, immune function and disease resistance in the cricketGryllus texensis
Authors: Adamo Shelley A. , Lovett Maggie M. E. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYIn many parts of the world, climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of heat waves. How do heat waves impact short-lived poikilotherms such as insects? In the cricket, Gryllus texensis, 6 days of elevated temperatures (i.e. 7°C above the average field temperature and 5°C above their preferred temperature) resulted in increased egg laying, faster egg development and greater mass gain. The increased temperature also increased activity of phenoloxidase and lysozyme-like enzymes, two immune-related enzymes, and enhanced resistance to the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia marcescens. When given a sublethal S. marcescens infection, G. texensis maintained increased reproductive output at the elevated temperature (33°C). These data suggest that heat waves could result in more numerous, disease resistant, crickets. However, resistance to the Gram-positive bacterium, Bacillus cereus was lower at temperatures above or below the average field temperature (26°C). A sublethal infection with B. cereus reduced egg laying at all temperatures and suppressed the increase in egg laying induced by higher temperatures. These results suggest that for some species–pathogen interactions, increased temperatures can induce trade-offs between reproduction and disease resistance. This result may partly explain why G. texensis prefers temperatures lower than those that produce maximal reproductive output and enhanced immune function.
Life-cycle assessment of bioenergy production systems from oilseed rape crops
Authors: Cocco D 
Published: May 2011

This article is concerned with a life-cycle assessment (LCA) study of bioenergy production systems based on oilseed rape cultivation. In particular, the study compares the production of biodiesel via transesterification of rapeseed oil, power generation through diesel engines fuelled by raw vegetable oil, and power generation through steam power plants fuelled by the overall aboveground biomass. The results of the LCA study show that bioenergy systems based on power generation perform better than bioenergy systems based on biodiesel production. In particular, the best energy and environmental performance are achieved with steam power plants fuelled by the overall aboveground biomass, which allow a reduction of primary energy consumption by about 75 per cent, the greenhouse impact by about 60 per cent, and the acidification impact by about 52 per cent with respect to conventional power generation plants. A favourable energy and environmental profile can also be achieved by diesel power systems (DPSs) and biodiesel fuel systems (BFSs), especially if the straw is used for power generation. In particular, the primary energy saving is about 58 per cent for DPSs and 72 per cent for BFSs without any straw energy use and about 67 per cent and 74 per cent with straw energy use, respectively. Moreover, these systems allow a reduction of the greenhouse (by about 55—58 per cent) and acidification impacts (from 21 per cent to 38 per cent), except for the BFS without any straw energy use, which increases the acidification impact by about 42 per cent. The study also demonstrates that crop cultivation greatly affects the performance, owing to the use of fuels and fertilizers.
Chiral Ligand Controlled Helix-sense-selective Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of 1-Phenyldibenzosuberyl Methacrylate
Authors: Gong Hang , Yang Nian-Fa , Yang Li-Wen , Deng Guo-Jun , Liu Ji , Luo Yong-Feng 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 1-phenyldibenzosuberyl methacrylate was carried out using (−)-sparteine (SP) as ligand. The obtained polymers showed high isotacticity, an excess of right- or left-handed helicity, and were optically active. The control of the stereochemistry might be triggered by the fact that the growing species is complexed with chiral metal complexes and thus the monomer insertion during chain propagation is controlled.
Preparation of Porous Cobalt(II) 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylates: Product Dependence on the Reaction Solvent and Additive
Authors: Chen Jinxi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A novel three-dimensional porous coordination polymer, [Co2(HBTC)(BTC)(EtOH)2]·Et3NH·EtOH·6H2O (1) has been synthesized in ethanol at room temperature with 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (1,4-H2CDC) as an additive. The final product of the reaction is found to be dependent upon the solvent and additive employed. When the solvent is changed from ethanol to dimethylformamide, another complex, [Co6(BTC)4(μ-OH2)(DMF)2(H2O)8]·4DMF·5H2O (2) is instead obtained. Without H2CDC, a two-dimensional framework, [Co3(H2BTC)(HBTC)(BTC)(H2O)6]·2H2O (3), is produced in either solvents.
Financial implications and maternal impact of national recommendations for thromboprophylaxis: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Bond Cressida , O'Brien Kate , Draycott Tim , Fox Robert 
Published: May 2011

Background Thromboembolism was a leading direct cause of maternal death in the UK in the last Saving Mothers’ Lives report. National guidance proposes that all women should be risk assessed in pregnancy and after delivery. Methods An audit was designed to assess the financial implication for our service. One hundred consecutive live and stillbirths were identified using the maternity database; 97 case records were obtained. Risk factors were identified and individual scores were calculated, together with the proportion that would have extended measures (low-molecular-weight heparin [LMWH], antiembolic stockings). Results The series appeared to be representative of the UK pregnant population in terms of age, parity, body mass index, smoking and caesarean rate. Antenatally, 2.1% had a Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) risk score of three or more and would have been advised to have LMWH throughout pregnancy and the puerperium. Postnatally, 40.1% had an RCOG score of two or more and would have required enoxaparin for one to six weeks. The annual cost of stockings, LMWH and sharps bins approximate to GB£44,847 for every one thousand deliveries, GB£2.6 million for each life saved. About 10% of normal-weight postnatal women who achieved a vaginal birth had a risk score prompting thromboprophylaxis for at least seven days. Conclusions These data suggest that the current guidance might represent overmedicalization of pregnancy and that the criteria for thromboprophylaxis should be refined further.