bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is widely activated without PTEN deletion in renal cell carcinoma metastases
Authors: Youssif Tamer Abou , Fahmy Mona Alam , Koumakpayi Ismael Herve , Ayala Fernanda , Al Marzooqi Saeeda , Chen Guangyong , Tamboli Pheroze , Squire Jeremy , Tanguay Simon , Sircar Kanishka 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are emerging as promising therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Because rational treatment strategies require understanding the activation status of the underlying signaling pathway being targeted at the desired stage of disease, the authors examined the activation status of different components of the mTOR pathway in RCC metastases and matched primary tumors.METHODS:The authors immunostained metastatic RCC samples from 132 patients and a subset of 25 matched primary RCCs with antibodies against phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase, PTEN, phospho‐Akt, phospho‐mTOR, and p70S6. PTEN genomic status was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Marker expression was correlated to clinicopathologic variables and to survival.RESULTS:The mTOR pathway showed widespread activation in RCC metastases of various sites with strong correlation between different components of this signaling cascade (P<.0001), but without significant PTEN genomic deletion. Only cytoplasmic phospho‐mTOR showed independent prognostic significance (P = .029) and fidelity between primary RCCs and their matched metastases (P = .004).CONCLUSIONS:Activation of various components of the mTOR signaling pathway in metastatic RCC lesions across various tumor histologies, nuclear grades, and metastatic sites suggests the potential for vertical blockade of multiple steps of this pathway. Patient selection may be improved by mTOR immunostaining of primary RCC. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
GABAergic complex basket formations in the human neocortex
Authors: Blazquez‐Llorca Lidia , García‐Marín Virginia , DeFelipe Javier 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCertain GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex, basket cells, establish multiple connections with cell bodies that typically outline the somata and proximal dendrites of pyramidal cells. During studies into the distribution of the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) in the human cerebral cortex, we were struck by the presence of a very dense, pericellular arrangement of multiple VGAT‐immunoreactive (‐ir) terminals in certain cortical areas. We called these terminals “Complex basket formations” (Cbk‐formations) to distinguish them from the simpler and more typical pericellular GABAergic innervations of most cortical neurons. Here we examined the distribution of these VGAT‐ir Cbk‐formations in various cortical areas, including the somatosensory (area 3b), visual (areas 17 and 18), motor (area 4), associative frontal (dorsolateral areas 9, 10, 45, 46, and orbital areas 11, 12, 13, 14, 47), associative temporal (areas 20, 21, 22, and 38), and limbic cingulate areas (areas 24, 32). Furthermore, we used dual or triple staining techniques to study the chemical nature of the innervated cells. We found that VGAT‐ir Cbk‐formations were most frequently found in area 4 followed by areas 3b, 13, and 18. In addition, they were mostly observed in layer III, except in area 17, where they were most dense in layer IV. We also found that 70% of the innervated neurons were pyramidal cells, while the remaining 30% were multipolar cells. Most of these multipolar cells expressed the calcium‐binding protein parvalbumin and the lectin Vicia villosa agglutinin. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4917–4937, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila caspases involved in developmentally regulated programmed cell death of peptidergic neurons during early metamorphosis
Authors: Lee Gyunghee , Wang Zixing , Sehgal Ritika , Chen Chun‐Hong , Kikuno Keiko , Hay Bruce , Park Jae H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA great number of obsolete larval neurons in the Drosophila central nervous system are eliminated by developmentally programmed cell death (PCD) during early metamorphosis. To elucidate the mechanisms of neuronal PCD occurring during this period, we undertook genetic dissection of seven currently known Drosophila caspases in the PCD of a group of interneurons (vCrz) that produce corazonin (Crz) neuropeptide in the ventral nerve cord. The molecular death program in the vCrz neurons initiates within 1 hour after pupariation, as demonstrated by the cytological signs of cell death and caspase activation. PCD was significantly suppressed in dronc‐null mutants, but not in null mutants of either dredd or strica. A double mutation lacking both dronc and strica impaired PCD phenotype more severely than did a dronc mutation alone, but comparably to a triple dredd/strica/dronc mutation, indicating that dronc is a main initiator caspase, while strica plays a minor role that overlaps with dronc's. As for effector caspases, vCrz PCD requires both ice and dcp‐1 functions, as they work cooperatively for a timely removal of the vCrz neurons. Interestingly, the activation of the Ice and Dcp‐1 is not solely dependent on Dronc and Strica, implying an alternative pathway to activate the effectors. Two remaining effector caspase genes, decay and damm, found no apparent functions in the neuronal PCD, at least during early metamorphosis. Overall, our work revealed that vCrz PCD utilizes dronc, strica, dcp‐1, and ice wherein the activation of Ice and Dcp‐1 requires a novel pathway in addition to the initiator caspases. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:34‐48, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parametrices for a class of schrodinger equations
Authors: Treves François 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe article describes the construction of a parametrix, global in space, in the initial value problem for the Schrödinger equation i∂u/∂t = δu ‐ Q(x)u ‐ V(x)u, with Q a real quadratic form and V a real magnified image potential in magnified image. The hypothesis on V is that ∣V(x)∣ ≤ const. ∣x∣, and ∣V(α)(x)∣ ≤ const. ∣x∣1‐∣α∣(as ∣x∣ → + ∞). By conjugating the equation with the unitary group exp(itH)(H = ‐δ + Q(x)) the problem is reduced to a hyperbolic pseudodifferential operator to which a global version of the geometric optics method applies. The symbolic calculus used by the construction is based on weights that reflect the role of the propagation set.
Morse indices of critical manifolds generated by min‐max methods with compact lie group actions and applications
Authors: Fang G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe derive some upper and lower bounds for Morse indices of critical manifolds generated by min‐max principles for functionals invariant under a general compact Lie group or a finite group action. The results generalize the similar results in the nonequivariant (no group action) case. In doing so, we also generalize the extension theorem of Dugundji type in the nonequivariant case to the equivariant (group action) case. As an application, we obtain a precise growth estimate for the whole sequence of critical values given by the min‐max procedure for some superquadratic second‐order differential equations. It is well‐known that this growth estimate is crucial in showing the existence of multiple solutions of some superquadratic perturbed Hamiltonian systems and equations.
A rapid screening LC‐MS/MS method based on conventional HPLC pumps for the analysis of low molecular weight xenobiotics: application to doping control analysis
Authors: Mazzarino Monica , de la Torre Xavier , Botrè Francesco , Gray Nicola , Cowan David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study presents a fast multi‐analyte screening method specifically developed for the detection of xenobiotics in urine. The proposed method allows the screening of several classes of substance in a single chromatographic method with a run‐time of 11 min, inclusive of post‐run and reconditioning times. Chromatographic separation is achieved in 7.2 min using a reversed‐phase 2.7 µm fused‐core particle column, generating a back‐pressure not exceeding 400 bar and therefore enabling the use of traditional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instruments. The effectiveness of this approach was evaluated, by liquid‐chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) in positive electrospray ionization, using 20 blank urine samples spiked with 45 compounds prohibited in sport: 11 diuretics, 16 glucocorticoids, 9 stimulants, 5 anti‐oestrogens, as well as formoterol, carboxy‐finasteride (previously prohibited by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) in 2008), gestrinone and tetrahydrogestrinone. Qualitative validation shows the proposed method to be specific with no significant interference. All of the analytes considered in this study were clearly distinguishable in urine, with limits of detection ranging from 5 ng/mL to 350 ng/mL, significantly below the Minimum Required Performance Levels (MRPL) set by WADA for the accredited sports anti‐doping laboratories. All compounds of interest were separated, including synthetic and endogenous glucocorticoids with similar retention times and fragmentation patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the closed suture in apert syndrome mouse models: Evidence of primary effects of FGFR2 signaling on facial shape at birth
Authors: Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Percival Christopher , Aldridge Kristina , Hill Cheryl A. , Ryan Timothy , Sirivunnabood Satama , Wang Yingli , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractApert syndrome is a congenital disorder caused mainly by two neighboring mutations on fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Premature closure of the coronal suture is commonly considered the identifying and primary defect triggering or preceding the additional cranial malformations of Apert phenotype. Here we use two transgenic mouse models of Apert syndrome, Fgfr2+/S252W and Fgfr2+/P253R, to explore variation in cranial phenotypes in newborn (P0) mice. Results show that the facial skeleton is the most affected region of the cranium. Coronal suture patency shows marked variation that is not strongly correlated with skull dysmorphology. The craniofacial effects of the FGFR2 mutations are similar, but Fgfr2+/S252W mutant mice display significantly more severe dysmorphology localized to the posterior palate. Our results demonstrate that coronal suture closure is neither the primary nor the sole locus of skull dysmorphology in these mouse models for Apert syndrome, but that the face is also primarily affected. Developmental Dynamics 239:3058–3071, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mouse Rad9b is essential for embryonic development and promotes resistance to DNA damage
Authors: Leloup Corinne , Hopkins Kevin M. , Wang Xiangyuan , Zhu Aiping , Wolgemuth Debra J. , Lieberman Howard B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRAD9 participates in promoting resistance to DNA damage, cell cycle checkpoint control, DNA repair, apoptosis, embryogenesis, and regulation of transcription. A paralogue of RAD9 (named RAD9B) has been identified. To define the function of mouse Rad9b (Mrad9b), embryonic stem (ES) cells with a targeted gene deletion were constructed and used to generate Mrad9b mutant mice. Mrad9b−/− embryos are resorbed after E7.5 while some of the heterozygotes die between E12.5 and a few days after birth. Mrad9b is expressed in embryonic brain and Mrad9b+/− embryos exhibit abnormal neural tube closure. Mrad9b−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts are not viable. Mrad9b−/− ES cells are more sensitive to gamma rays and mitomycin C than Mrad9b+/+ controls, but show normal gamma‐ray‐induced G2/M checkpoint control. There is no evidence of spontaneous genomic instability in Mrad9b−/− cells. Our findings thus indicate that Mrad9b is essential for embryonic development and mediates resistance to certain DNA damaging agents. Developmental Dynamics 239:2837–2850, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A General Approach to (Trifluoromethoxy)pyridines: First X‐ray Structure Determinations and Quantum Chemistry Studies
Authors: Manteau Baptiste , Genix Pierre , Brelot Lydia , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Pazenok Sergiy , Giornal Florence , Leuenberger Charlotte , Leroux Frédéric R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe previously unknown 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐(trifluoromethoxy)pyridines have now become readily accessible by means of an efficient and straightforward large‐scale synthesis. Their regioselective functionalization by organometallic methods has been studied and has afforded new and highly important building blocks for life‐sciences‐oriented research. In addition, the first X‐ray crystallographic structure determinations of (trifluoromethoxy)pyridines have been performed. Lowest‐energy conformations of (trifluoromethoxy)pyridines and (trifluoromethoxy)pyridinium cations were determined by in silico studies.
Outage probability in mobile packet radio networks with interferers distributed along a straight line
Authors: Zorzi Michele , Pupolin Silvano 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe performance evaluation of a packet radio mobile communications system, in terms of outage probability, is considered. The mobiles are assumed to be located along an indefinitely long straight line, according to a Poisson point process. The analysis applies to different cellular structures, and allows comparisons among them, in which bandwidth constraints are also taken into account. The choice of intensively reusing the whole frequency band turns out to be more efficient than providing a large separation between cochannel cells. A real‐world example shows that cellular systems of this sort can achieve satisfactory performance as well as considerable capacity.
Home network requirements. The ESPRIT HS Proposal
Authors: Babich Fulvio 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe concept of Integrated Home is basic for the whole telecommunication network, because it can contribute to the proper diffusion of the new communication services within the residential area. A Home Network is a straightforward way to provide the residential users with the services that are made available by telecommunications and information technology. Furthermore it is commonly recognized that only an open standard can represent a suitable solution for the integration of the communication services within the home. Unfortunately, it is difficult to provide a definition for a standard Home Network, because the home devices belong to the fragmented consumer electronic area [1]. Moreover, a Home Network should comply with severe technical requirements in order to address the problem of the distribution of the new services within a non professional category of users properly. This paper consists of two parts. The first part illustrates the author's viewpoint about the requirements that have to be satisfied to specify a Home Communication Network properly. In the second part a description is given of a significant example, namely the current European proposal for a standard: the ESPRIT Home System (EHS). The paper includes a comparison between the specification and the identified requirements, giving some guidelines for the possible evolution and improvement of the HS specification.
Statistical multiplexing, bandwidth allocation strategies and connection admission control in ATM networks
Authors: Mitrou Nikolas M. , Kontovasilis Kimon P. , Kröner Hans , Iversen Villy Back 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper gives a brief description and the main results of work done within the RACE 1022 project on bandwidth allocation and Connection Admission Control in ATM‐based networks. Additionally, and before presenting these two main issues, some important facets of statistical multiplexing are highlighted. The key question which is answered by a bandwidth allocation algorithm is “how much bandwidth is required by a group of connections (e.g., within a VP), with certain traffic characteristics, in a certain multiplexing environment”. Answers to this question are given for specific traffic classes and mixing conditions. The advantages and the limitations of the proposed strategies are indicated. In cases where the proposed bandwidth allocation strategies fail to fulfil the specified objectives (e.g., in highly heterogeneous traffic mixes), sophisticated CAC algorithms are required. In particular, the hierarchically organised CAC strategy implemented within the RACE 1022 ATD Technology Testbed will be described in detail. This CAC scheme is based on a simple real‐time processing algorithm which provides a quick acceptance decision. This decision will be refined by a precise but numerically complex background algorithm. Simulation studies confirm the potential of this concept.
Switching block studies, network performance evaluation and traffic engineering for ATM
Authors: Domingo Jordi , Michiel Herman , Haberman Reinhard , Sommer Matthias , Mitrou Nikolas , Du Yonggang , Götz Martina , Lehnert Ralf , Sun Zhili , Cosmas John P. , Renger Thomas , Theimer Thomas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper summarizes the work done in RACE project 1022 “Technology for ATD” on performance studies of ATM switching block architectures and the studies on network performance within a small ATM network, the so called RACE ATD Technology Testbed (RATT). The aim of the studies was to investigate the behaviour of a typical ATM network under nominal load. By using the tromboning links in the RATT we were also able to study long distance connections even in the limited size of the RATT network. Special attention has been given to define a traffic scenario which can also be set up for the planned experiments. The goal of the planned experiments is to validate the performance results predicted in our studies.
Summary of some traffic engineering studies carried out within RACE project R1044
Authors: Bonatti Mario , Gaivoronski Alexei , Lemonche Paloma , Polese Pietro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper summarizes some results obtained within RACE Project R10044 in the period 1988–1992. Traffic Engineering Studies have been carried out by R1044 with the objective and within the scope of supporting identification, selection and evaluation of network evolution strategies towards IBC; in particular, to establish which kind of traffic assumptions should be considered within Reference Demand Scenarios and how these traffic assumptions can be obtained. In its first part, the paper summarizes discussions on the main challenges to be faced by Traffic Engineering to contribute to the definition of evolution strategies towards IBC (to which requirements should Traffic Engineering respond?; which traffic considerations are required?; which “weight” they “should” have?; which problems should Traffic Engineering experts solve to allow strategic planning considerations?; more details, and discussion on other strategic planning challenges, can be found in the so called R1044 book, published by North Holland [1, 2, 3]). In particular the first part summarizes discussions on: the need of simple conservative engineering rules based upon ergodic approximations; their use to conceive a network architecture which can accommodate decoupling among Service and Network Evolutions; their role in establishing Reference Demand Scenarios, namely real differences in the “nature” of the demand requiring different strategical decisions. In the second part the paper provides information on the results obtained in order to solve some problems introduced in the first part; in particular this part introduces the conservative ergodic approximations developed to support an engineering of the first statistical multiplexer stage over time, robust against unexpected traffic evolutions. Finally, in the third part, the paper describes a simple computer tool developed (intentionally no more than an “electronic sheet”) and applied in RACE Project R1044 to produce simple reference demand scenarios.
Letter: On the reduction of multidimensional DFT to separabile DFT by smith normal form theorem
Authors: Bernardini Riccardo , Manduchi Roberto 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe growing applications of image and image‐sequence processing call for the computation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of multidimensional signals defined on lattices of general type. The multidimensional DFT formula, introduced by Mersereau, allows one to choose the frequency domain sampling lattice, which is not univocally determinated by the signal definition lattice. On the other hand, the consistency of the inverse multidimensional DFT formula has been taken for granted in the general case. This work presents a proof based on the Smith normal form theorem.
Some applications of source coding in cryptography
Authors: Massey James L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIt is shown that the techniques of source coding (or “data compression”) can be usefully applied in cryptography. Five source coding schemes (Shannon‐Fano coding, Huffman coding, Lynch‐Davisson coding, Elias‐Willems coding, and Lempel‐Ziv coding) are reviewed and their characteristics delineated. It is then shown how the last three of these schemes, which are of the universal source coding type, can be advantageously used to create strongly‐ideal ciphers, to perform “universal” homophonic substitution, to test random bit generators, and to strengthen running‐key generators for stream ciphers.
Frequency conversion in semiconductor lasers and amplifiers
Authors: Spano Paolo , Castelli Fabrizio , Debernardi Pierluigi , Cavaciuti Alessandro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDifferent methods to obtain frequency conversion in optical systems using nonlinear effects in semiconductor devices are analyzed and discussed. In particular, some recent results obtained on the frequency conversion by gain saturation and four wave mixing (FWM) in semiconductor lasers and amplifiers are reported.
A palynological study of the family Dipsacaceae in Egypt and its taxonomic significance
Authors: Khalik Kadry Abdel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPollen morphology of nine species belonging to four genera: Cephalaria, Pterocephalus, Scabiosa, and Lomelosia of Dipsacaceae in Egypt has been investigated by light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pollen shape, size, exine ornamentation, number and characters of apertures present powerful characters for distinguishing between species. The pollen grains were tricolpate and triporate. Their shapes vary from spheroidal to oblate‐spheroidal. Regarding the position of apertures, three types can be recognized viz., circumaperturate, angulaperturate, and planaperturate. Concerning sculpturing of the exine in proximal face, two different pollen types can be distinguished viz., spinulate and gemmate types. The exine ornamentation was found useful to distinguish between closely related genera such as Scabiosa and Lomelosia. A diagnostic key is given for all studied taxa based on palynomorphological characters (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)