bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salts and Ionic Liquids of Resonance Stabilized Amides
Authors: Brand Harald , Martens Jörn , Mayer Peter , Schulz Axel , Seibald Markus , Soller Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe synthesis, structure, and bonding of alkali salts of resonance stabilized amides, such as diformylamide (dfa), formylcyanoamide (fca), nitrocyanoamide (nca), and for comparision, the well‐known dicyanoamide (dca), are discussed on the basis of experimental and theoretical data. The first structural reports of K(18‐crown‐6)+dfa−, K(18‐crown‐6)+fca−, Na+nca−, and Li(TMEDA)+dca− are presented. Examination of the X‐ray data reveals almost planar anions with strong cation–anion interactions resulting in network‐like structures in the solid state. For comparison, the X‐ray structures of covalently bound phenyldicyanoamide and diformamide are also discussed. The thermal behavior of the alkali salts of these amides is studied by thermoanalytical experiments. Moreover, several novel ionic liquids based on resonance stabilized amides have been prepared and were fully characterized, namely the dfa, fca, and nca salts of EMIM (1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium), BMIM (1‐butyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium), and HMIM (1‐hexyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium). Most of them are liquid at room temperature, except BMIM+fca− that melts at 32 °C. These ionic liquids are neither heat nor shock sensitive, are thermally stable up to over 200 °C, and can be prepared easily in large quantities.
Review of the pyrolysis platform for coproducing bio‐oil and biochar
Authors: Laird David A. , Brown Robert C. , Amonette James E. , Lehmann Johannes 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPyrolysis is a relatively simple, inexpensive, and robust thermochemical technology for transforming biomass into bio‐oil, biochar, and syngas. The robust nature of the pyrolysis technology, which allows considerable flexibility in both the type and quality of the biomass feedstock, combined with a distributed network of small pyrolysis plants, would be compatible with existing agriculture and forestry infrastructure. Bio‐oil can be used as a fuel in existing industrial boilers. Biochar can be used with existing infrastructure as a replacement for pulverized coal; however, use of biochar as a soil amendment results in significant environmental and agronomic benefits. Soil application of biochar is a means of sequestering large amounts of C and may have other greenhouse gas benefits. Preliminary reports of the impact of soil biochar applications on crop yields indicate that biochar quality is very important. Biochar is an effective adsorbent for both nutrients and organic contaminants, hence the presence of biochar in soils has been shown to improve water quality in column leaching and field lysimeters studies and it is anticipated to do the same for agricultural watersheds.The pyrolysis platform for producing bio‐oil and biochar from biomass appears to be a practical, effective, and environmentally sustainable means of producing large quantities of renewable bioenergy while simultaneously reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. At the present time, the pyrolysis platform is economically marginal because markets for bio‐oil and biochar are highly competitive. However, if the USA adopts a program for controlling greenhouse gases, the pyrolysis platform would be highly competitive. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The role that lignocellulosic feedstocks and various biorefining technologies can play in meeting Ireland's biofuel targets
Authors: Hayes Daniel J. , Hayes Michael H. B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper considers the contribution that biorefineries, through the production of second‐generation biofuels from lignocellulosic feedstocks, can make in the Republic of Ireland to the mandated 10% transport biofuel quotient for 2020. An emphasis is placed on the avoidance of land‐use conflict issues and, hence, on the prioritization of waste/residue utilization before dedicated energy crops are grown. It is concluded that up to 5.3% of the 2010 demand for biofuels can be met from the utilization of feasible quantities of wastes and residues in near‐term biorefining technologies and that 5% of the 2020 petrol and diesel demand can be met via processing a similar quantity of waste in advanced biorefining processes based on consolidated bioprocessing micro‐organisms and syngas‐reforming catalysts. The remaining biofuel requirements for 2020 can be met by processing energy crops. Between 1.4% and 15.9% of the agricultural area of Ireland is required for the production of these crops, depending on the particular feedstock and technology employed. The production of a high‐yielding Miscanthus crop that is harvested directly after senescence will place the minimum requirement on Irish land. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Toward a common classification approach for biorefinery systems
Authors: Cherubini Francesco , Jungmeier Gerfried , Wellisch Maria , Willke Thomas , Skiadas Ioannis , Van Ree René , de Jong Ed 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper deals with a biorefinery classification approach developed within International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Task 42. Since production of transportation biofuels is seen as the driving force for future biorefinery developments, a selection of the most interesting transportation biofuels until 2020 is based on their characteristics to be mixed with gasoline, diesel and natural gas, reflecting the main advantage of using the already‐existing infrastructure for easier market introduction.This classification approach relies on four main features: (1) platforms; (2) products; (3) feedstock; and (4) processes. The platforms are the most important feature in this classification approach: they are key intermediates between raw materials and final products, and can be used to link different biorefinery concepts. The adequate combination of these four features represents each individual biorefinery system. The combination of individual biorefinery systems, linked through their platforms, products or feedstocks, provides an overview of the most promising biorefinery systems in a classification network. According to the proposed approach, a biorefinery is described by a standard format as ‘platform(s) – products – and feedstock(s)’. Processes can be added to the description, if further specification is required. Selected examples of biorefinery classification are provided; for example, (1) one platform (C6 sugars) biorefinery for bioethanol and animal feed from starch crops (corn); and (2) four platforms (lignin/syngas, C5/C6 sugars) biorefinery for synthetic liquid biofuels (Fischer‐Tropsch diesel), bioethanol and animal feed from lignocellulosic crops (switchgrass).This classification approach is flexible as new subgroups can be added according to future developments in the biorefinery area. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Prospective and impacts of whole cell mediated alcoholysis of renewable oils for biodiesel production
Authors: Sun Ting , Du Wei , Liu Dehua 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBiodiesel has received considerable attention during the past decade as a renewable, biodegradable and environmentally friendly fuel. There are extensive reports about immobilized lipase‐mediated alcoholysis for biodiesel production and much progress has been achieved. In recent years, much attention has been paid to whole cell as the catalyst for biodiesel production. Whole cell process can be expected to reduce the biocatalyst cost considerably since separation and immobilization can be realized spontaneously during the process of cell cultivation. Currently, research related to whole cell mediated alcoholysis for biodiesel production is mainly focused on the following three aspects: (1) the optimization in cultivation of whole cell catalyst to obtain the maximal lipase activity; (2) the modification of whole cell catalyst to improve its catalytic performance; and (3) the application of whole cell catalyst for biodiesel production. This mini‐review covers the aforementioned research fields and the prospects of whole cell catalyst applied to biodiesel production are also discussed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
First trimester paroxetine use and the prevalence of congenital, specifically cardiac, defects: A meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies
Authors: Wurst Keele E. , Poole Charles , Ephross Sara A. , Olshan Andrew F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Several studies have evaluated maternal first trimester paroxetine use and the prevalence of congenital defects, particularly cardiac defects. To synthesize current epidemiologic information, a meta‐analysis was conducted. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted for original research published from January 1, 1992, through September 30, 2008. Results were extracted using predefined criteria, and authors were contacted for additional information when necessary. Compiled results were evaluated for funnel plot asymmetry, heterogeneity, and study characteristic associations. Where appropriate, fixed‐effect summary estimates were calculated and sensitivity analyses performed. RESULTS: Twenty reports (11 including results for aggregated congenital and combined cardiac defects, six for aggregated congenital defects only, and three for combined cardiac defects only) met prespecified inclusion criteria. There was little evidence of funnel plot asymmetry or overall heterogeneity. Summary estimates were produced for combined cardiac defects (prevalence odds ratio [POR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.82) and aggregated congenital defects (POR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.08–1.43) and first trimester paroxetine use. Some study characteristics may be associated with differential POR estimates for paroxetine and either combined cardiac or aggregated congenital defects. CONCLUSIONS: This meta‐analysis found little evidence of publication bias or overall statistical heterogeneity and only weak evidence of associations with some study characteristics. Although subject to limitations, the summary estimate indicates an increased prevalence of combined cardiac defects with first trimester paroxetine use. The summary estimate also indicates an increased prevalence of aggregated congenital defects with paroxetine; however, this association may be explained, in part, by the increased prevalence of combined cardiac defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of prenatal exposure to a 50‐Hz magnetic field on one‐trial passive avoidance learning in 1‐day‐old chicks
Authors: Sun Huaying , Che Yi , Liu Xiaofen , Zhou Dongming , Miao Yingda , Ma Yuanye 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe investigated memory impairment in newly hatched chicks following in ovo exposure to a 50‐Hz magnetic field (MF) of 2 mT (60 min/day) on embryonic days 12–18. Isolated and paired chicks were used to test the effect of stress during training, and memory retention was tested at 10, 30, and 120 min, following exposure to a bitter‐tasting bead (100% methylanthranilate). Results showed that memory was intact at 10 min in both isolated and paired chicks with or without MF exposure. However, while isolated chicks had good memory retention levels at 30 and 120 min, those exposed to MF did not. The results suggest a potential disruption of memory formation following in ovo exposure to MF, with this effect only evident in the more stressed, isolated chicks. Bioelectromagnetics 31:150–155, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microwell engineering characterization for mammalian cell culture process development
Authors: Barrett Timothy A. , Wu Andrew , Zhang Hu , Levy M. Susana , Lye Gary J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractExperimentation in shaken microplate formats offers a potential platform technology for the rapid evaluation and optimization of cell culture conditions. Provided that cell growth and antibody production kinetics are comparable to those found in currently used shake flask systems then the microwell approach offers the possibility to obtain early process design data more cost effectively and with reduced material requirements. This work describes a detailed engineering characterization of liquid mixing and gas–liquid mass transfer in microwell systems and their impact on suspension cell cultures. For growth of murine hybridoma cells producing IgG1, 24‐well plates have been characterized in terms of energy dissipation (P/V) (via Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD), fluid flow, mixing and oxygen transfer rate as a function of shaking frequency and liquid fill volume. Predicted kLa values varied between 1.3 and 29 h−1; liquid‐phase mixing time, quantified using iodine decolorization experiments, varied from 1.7 s to 3.5 h; while the predicted P/V ranged from 5 to 35 W m−3. CFD simulations of the shear rate predicted hydrodynamic forces will not be detrimental to cells. For hybridoma cultures however, high shaking speeds (>250 rpm) were shown to have a negative impact on cell growth, while a combination of low shaking speed and high well fill volume (120 rpm, 2,000 µL) resulted in oxygen limited conditions. Based on these findings a first engineering comparison of cell culture kinetics in microwell and shake flask formats was made at matched average energy dissipation rates. Cell growth kinetics and antibody titer were found to be similar in 24‐well microtiter plates and 250 mL shake flasks. Overall this work has demonstrated that cell culture performed in shaken microwell plates can provide data that is both reproducible and comparable to currently used shake flask systems while offering at least a 30‐fold decrease in scale of operation and material requirements. Linked with automation this provides a route towards the high throughput evaluation of robust cell lines under realistic suspension culture conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 260–275. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Profiling of host cell proteins by two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE): Implications for downstream process development
Authors: Jin Mi , Szapiel Nicolas , Zhang Jennifer , Hickey John , Ghose Sanchayita 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHost cell proteins (HCPs) constitute a major group of impurities for biologic drugs produced using cell culture technology. HCPs are required to be closely monitored and adequately removed in the downstream process. However, HCPs are a complex mixture of proteins with significantly diverse molecular and immunological properties. An overall understanding of the composition of HCPs and changes in their molecular properties upon changes in upstream and harvest process conditions can greatly facilitate downstream process design. This article describes the use of a comparative proteomic profiling method viz. two‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D‐DIGE) to examine HCP composition in the harvest stream of CHO cell culture. The effect of upstream process parameters such as cell culture media, bioreactor control strategy, feeding strategy, and cell culture duration/cell viability on HCP profile was examined using this technique. Among all the parameters studied, cell viability generated the most significant changes on the HCP profile. 2D‐DIGE was also used to compare the HCP differences between monoclonal antibody producing and null cell cultures. The HCP species in production cell culture was found to be well represented in null cell culture, which confirms the suitability of using the null cell culture for immunoassay reagent generation. 2D‐DIGE is complimentary to the commonly used HCP immunoassay. It provides a direct comparison of the changes in HCP composition under different conditions and can reveal properties (pI, MW) of individual species, whereas the immunoassay sensitively quantifies total HCP amount in a given sample. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 306–316. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Post‐translational events of a model reporter protein proceed with higher fidelity and accuracy upon mild hypothermic culturing of Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Masterton Rosalyn J. , Roobol Anne , Al‐Fageeh Mohamed B. , Carden Martin J. , Smales C. Mark 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) are routinely used in industry to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins and a number of studies have reported increased recombinant mRNA levels at temperatures <37°C. Surprisingly, the effect of reduced temperature on mRNA translation in CHO cells has not been investigated despite this process being highly responsive to environmental stresses. The relationship between low temperature culturing of CHO cells and mRNA translation was therefore investigated using labeling studies and dual luciferase reporter gene technology. Global protein synthetic capacity was not greatly affected at 32°C but was diminished at lower temperatures. The expression of both cap‐dependent and cap‐independent (IRES driven) mRNA translated luciferase reporter gene activity was highest at 32°C on a per cell basis and this was partially accounted for by increased mRNA levels. Importantly, post‐translational events appear to proceed with higher fidelity and accuracy at 32 than 37°C resulting in increased yield of active protein as opposed to an increase in total polypeptide synthesis. Therefore at 32°C recombinant cap‐dependent mRNA translation appears sufficient to maintain recombinant protein yields on a per cell basis and this is associated with improved post‐translational processing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 215–220. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced protein production using HBV X protein (HBx), and synergy when used in combination with XBP1s in BHK21 cells
Authors: Jin Fang , Kretschmer Peter J. , Harkins Richard N. , Hermiston Terry W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe demand of therapeutic protein production from mammalian cells has expanded greatly since the first biologic was approved in 1982. It remains a major challenge to exploit the exocytic pathway and increase cell viability during the production process. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is a multifunctional viral transcription activator that regulates a variety of cellular events including transcription, cell cycle and proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. As such it may address some of the current production challenges. In this study we demonstrate that HBx can enhance protein production during transient transfection and in stable cell lines. XBP1s is a potent transcription factor and has been demonstrated to enlarge the ER secretion pathway and increase protein production. We explored the possibility of combinational engineering of HBx with XBP1s in BHK21 cells. Our data revealed that combinational engineering of HBx with XBP1s further enhances protein production compared with HBx or XBP1s alone. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 341–349. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of protein solubility in Escherichia coli using logistic regression
Authors: Diaz Armando A. , Tomba Emanuele , Lennarson Reese , Richard Rex , Bagajewicz Miguel J. , Harrison Roger G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this article we present a new and more accurate model for the prediction of the solubility of proteins overexpressed in the bacterium Escherichia coli. The model uses the statistical technique of logistic regression. To build this model, 32 parameters that could potentially correlate well with solubility were used. In addition, the protein database was expanded compared to those used previously. We tested several different implementations of logistic regression with varied results. The best implementation, which is the one we report, exhibits excellent overall prediction accuracies: 94% for the model and 87% by cross‐validation. For comparison, we also tested discriminant analysis using the same parameters, and we obtained a less accurate prediction (69% cross‐validation accuracy for the stepwise forward plus interactions model). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 374–383. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a polishing step using a hydrophobic interaction membrane adsorber with a PER.C6®‐derived recombinant antibody
Authors: Kuczewski Michael , Fraud Nathalie , Faber Rene , Zarbis‐Papastoitsis Gregory 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMembrane chromatography has already proven to be a powerful alternative to polishing columns in flow‐through mode for contaminant removal. As flow‐through utilization has expanded, membrane chromatography applications have included the capturing of large molecules, including proteins such as IgGs. Such bind‐and‐elute applications imply the demand for high binding capacity and larger membrane surface areas as compared to flow‐through applications. Given these considerations, a new Sartobind Phenyl™ membrane adsorber was developed for large‐scale purification of biomolecules based on hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) principles. The new hydrophobic membrane adsorber combines the advantages of membrane chromatography—virtually no diffusion limitation and shorter processing time—with high binding capacity for proteins comparable to that of conventional HIC resins as well as excellent resolution. Results from these studies confirmed the capability of HIC membrane adsorber to purify therapeutic proteins with high dynamic binding capacities in the range of 20 mg‐MAb/cm3‐membrane and excellent impurity reduction. In addition the HIC phenyl membrane adsorber can operate at five‐ to ten‐fold lower residence time when compared to column chromatography. A bind/elute purification step using the HIC membrane adsorber was developed for a recombinant monoclonal antibody produced using the PER.C6® cell line. Loading and elution conditions were optimized using statistical design of experiments. Scale‐up is further discussed, and the performance of the membrane adsorber is compared to a traditional HIC resin used in column chromatography. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 296–305. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of stress and stress hormones on the hormone (insulin) binding of Tetrahymena
Authors: Csaba György , Pállinger Éva 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe unicellular Tetrahymena pyriformis GL produce, store and secrete vertebrate‐like hormones. In earlier experiments the effect of different stressors on the hormone levels of Tetrahymena was studied and an elevation of these was found. In the present experiments the hormone binding was investigated, using flow cytometric method. FITC‐insulin binding was elevated after concentrated (5, 10, or 20 mg ml−1) NaCl or 0.01%, 0.1%, or 0.05% formaldehyde treatment, or after thermal stress (37°C). Serotonin given together with NaCl increased and together with formaldehyde decreased the binding. Histamine always decreased the binding and insulin was indifferent. Four hours after osmotic stress, hormone binding significantly decreased and this was not influenced by hormones. However, 4 h after formaldehyde stress the binding elevated and this was further increased by repeated hormone treatments. The results show that the stress in Tetrahymena provokes an activation of its hormonal system (hormone production and binding), which is differently influenced by exogeneously given hormones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclodextrin Aldehydes are Oxidase Mimics
Authors: Hauch Fenger Thomas , Bjerre Jeannette , Bols Mikael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCyclodextrins containing 6‐aldehyde groups were found to catalyse oxidation of aminophenols in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The catalysis followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics and is related to the catalysis previously observed with cyclodextrin ketones. A range of different cyclodextrin aldehydes were prepared containing one, two or more aldehydes at the primary rim (6‐positions) or a ethoxy‐2‐al or propoxy‐3‐al at the secondary rim. 2‐O‐ethoxy‐2‐al‐β‐cyclodextrin (22) was found to be the best catalyst. The aldehydes are in many cases better catalysts than the ketones, because of their powerful covalent binding of hydrogen peroxide.