bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognosis of Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Postoperative Recurrence to the Central Neck
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Kobayashi Kaoru , Miya Akihiro , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis and prognostic factors of papillary carcinoma have been intensively investigated. However, details of patient prognosis after the detection of recurrence remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the prognosis of papillary carcinoma patients after showing recurrence in the central neck.MethodsWe enrolled 403 patients who underwent initial, locally curative surgery for papillary carcinoma in Kuma Hospital between 1987 and 2004 and then showed recurrence in the central neck during follow‐up.ResultsThe 5‐ and 10‐year cause‐specific survival (CSS) rates for patients after initial recurrence to the lymph node were 95 and 88%, respectively. Age >45 years at recurrence and some clinicopathologic features at the initial surgery—aggressive histology, tumor >4 cm, lymph node metastasis >3 cm, significant extrathyroid extension—affected the CSS of patients. Except for extrathyroidal extension, these features were independent prognostic factors on a multivariate analysis. Patients initially showing recurrence to subcutaneous tissue suspected of needle tract implantation during fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and those showing recurrence to the remnant thyroid demonstrated an excellent prognosis; none of these patients died of carcinoma during follow‐up. The prognosis of patients showing initial recurrence to the thyroid bed or perithyroid tissue was significantly worse than that of those with initial recurrence to the lymph node; their 5‐ and 10‐year CSS rates were 88 and 79%, respectively.ConclusionsAggressive histology, the size of the primary lesion and of the lymph node metastasis, and age at recurrence independently affected the prognosis of patients showing initial recurrence to the lymph node. Prognoses of patients with recurrence to the subcutaneous tissue or remnant thyroid were excellent. However, patients initially showing recurrence to the thyroid bed or perithyroid tissue exhibited a worse prognosis; and careful second surgery and subsequent follow‐up are thus mandatory.
Ohmic Heating of Foods
Authors: Lyng James G. , McKenna Brian M. 
Published: December 2010

This chapter reviews all aspects of ohmic heating and considers the process as a green process from two points of view. Firstly, the very rapid heating process minimizes the time available for heat loss from the product and the equipment. Secondly, the direct application of electrical energy to the food ensures that the inefficiencies in energy transfer at each transformation stage in a conventional process are absent.The mechanism of ohmic heating is considered in some detail together with the factors effecting heating rate. There are also some general treatments on the changes induced in a food during ohmic heating (both physical and biochemical) as well as the mechanisms of microbial destruction that may occur during the ohmic process as opposed to the well know thermal destruction.Three sections cover the three main ohmic heating processes, namely, non-preserving heating, ohmic sterilization and ohmic dehydration. This is followed by a lengthy section in which all of the main food categories are assessed from the aspect of ohmic treatment.Finally, there are three further sections that consider the process economics, process control strategies and a review of the extensive work on modeling of ohmic heating.
Key points in dermoscopy for diagnosis of melanomas, including difficult to diagnose melanomas, on the trunk and extremities
Authors: NEILA Jose , SOYER H. Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEarly diagnosis and prompt surgical excision are the most important aims in the secondary prevention of cutaneous melanoma. Dermoscopy has increased the accuracy in the detection of melanoma because of dermoscopic‐specific features that can be easily detected by trained dermoscopists. However, the classical melanoma‐specific criteria such as multicomponent pattern, atypical pigmented network, irregular dots/globules, irregular streaks, multiple colors, blue‐whitish veil or regression structures may not be present in all of these lesions. For some early melanomas change, as evidenced by sequential dermoscopic monitoring, may be the only feature suggesting malignancy. At present, even with dermoscopy, the diagnosis of these early melanomas remains to be a challenge for dermatologist. Patient education, digital dermoscopic follow up and consensus diagnosis have been proposed to overcome this problem.
Development of genetic markers in abalone through construction of a SNP database
Authors: Kang J.‐H. , Appleyard S. A. , Elliott N. G. , Jee Y.‐J. , Lee J. B. , Kang S. W. , Baek M. K. , Han Y. S. , Choi T.‐J. , Lee Y. S. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryIn the absence of a reference genome, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) discovery in a group of abalone species was undertaken by random sequence assembly. A web‐based interface was constructed, and 11 932 DNA sequences from the genusHaliotiswere assembled, with 1321 contigs built. Of these, 118 contigs that consisted of at least ten annotation groups were selected. The 1577 putative SNPs were identified from the 118 contigs, with SNPs in severalHSP70gene contigs confirmed by PCR amplification of an 809‐bp DNA fragment. SNPs in theHSP70gene were compared across eight abalone species. A total of 129 polymorphic sites, including heterozygote sites within and among species, were observed. Phylogenetic analysis of the partialHSP70gene region showed separation of the tested abalone into two groups, one reflecting the southern hemisphere species and the other the northern hemisphere species. Interestingly,Haliotis irisfrom New Zealand showed a closer relationship to species distributed in the northern Pacific region. Although HSP genes are known to be highly conserved among taxa, the validation of polymorphic SNPs fromHSP70in this mollusc demonstrates the applicability of cross‐species SNP markers in abalone and the first step towards universal nuclear markers inHaliotis.
Expansion of regulatory CD8+CD25+ T cells after neonatal alloimmunization
Authors: Adams B , Dubois A , Delbauve S , Debock I , Lhommé F , Goldman M , Flamand V 
Published: December 2010

SummaryTransplantation tolerance induced by neonatal injection of semi-allogeneic spleen cells is associated with a pathological syndrome caused by T helper type 2 (Th2) differentiation of donor-specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. We have shown previously that this Th2-biased response is inhibited by host CD8+ T cells. Herein, we demonstrate that upon neonatal immunization with (A/J × BALB/c)F1 spleen cells, BALB/c mice expand a population of CD8+ T cells expressing both CD25 and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) markers. In this setting, CD8+CD25+ T cells predominantly produce interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 and are efficient in controlling IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 production by donor-specific CD4+ T cells in vitro. CD8+FoxP3- T cells are single producers of IFN-γ or IL-10, whereas CD8+FoxP3+ T cells are double producers of IFN-γ and IL-10. We further demonstrate that IFN-γ and IL-10 are two major cytokines produced by CD8+ T cells involved in the in vivo regulation of Th2-type pathology. In this setting, we conclude that neonatal alloimmunization induces the expansion of several regulatory CD8+ T cells which may control Th2 activities via IFN-γ and IL-10.
Habitat area, quality and connectivity: striking the balance for efficient conservation
Authors: Hodgson Jenny A. , Moilanen Atte , Wintle Brendan A. , Thomas Chris D. 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Population viability can depend on habitat area, habitat quality, the spatial arrangement of habitats (aggregations and connections) and the properties of the intervening non‐breeding (matrix) land. Hodgsonet al.[Journal of Applied Ecology46(2009) 964] and Doerr, Barrett & Doerr (Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011) disagree on the relative importance of these landscape attributes in enabling species to persist and change their distributions in response to climate change.2. A brief review of published evidence suggests that variations in habitat area and quality have bigger effects than variations in spatial arrangement of habitats or properties of the intervening land. Even if structural features in the matrix have a measurable effect on dispersal rates, this does not necessarily lead to significant increases in population viability.3. Large and high‐quality habitats provide source populations and locations for colonisation, so they are the main determinants of the capacity of species to shift their distributions in response to climate change because populations must be established successively in each new region.4. Synthesis and applications. Retaining as much high quality natural and semi‐natural habitat as possible should remain the key focus for conservation, especially during a period of climate change.
Plant‐mediated effects of soil invertebrates and summer drought on above‐ground multitrophic interactions
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Staley Joanna T. , McLeod Fraser A. L. , Hartley Susan E. 
Published: December 2010

Summary1.We conducted a large‐scale field study to determine how the interactive effects of earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) and summer drought affected plant communities containing barley (Hordeum vulgare), shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa‐pastoris) and common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), and how such effects then influenced populations of the aphidRhopalosiphum padiand its parasitoid,Aphidius ervi.2.Total biomass of plant communities decreased by around 25% with summer drought, but was increased by the presence of earthworms by over 11%. The effects of drought and earthworms onH. vulgarediffered in monocultures and mixed plant communities. In monocultures, earthworms had the biggest impact, increasing plant biomass, but drought had the biggest effect in multi‐species communities, causing a decrease in biomass.3.Drought had an extremely negative impact onS. vulgarisshoot and root biomass, but this was ameliorated in the roots when earthworms were present.Capsella bursa‐pastoriswas not significantly affected by drought or earthworms. Drought caused a significant increase in shoot nitrogen concentrations in all plants, includingH. vulgare(from 19.2 to 23.8 mg g−1).4.In total, 35 234 aphids were recorded, of which 3936 were parasitized. Drought conditions reduced aphid abundance by over 50%. The interaction was moderated by earthworms, which caused further declines inR. padipopulations under drought conditions, most notably in monocultures.5.The plant‐mediated effects of drought and earthworms (negative and positive, respectively) onR. padihad cascading effects on the parasitoid,Aphidius ervi, which declined in abundance with reduced numbers ofR. padi. In addition, drought had a negative impact onA. erviabundance beyond its impacts on aphid density, suggesting reduced prey quality as well as quantity.6.Synthesis. This study demonstrated the effect of predicted climate change (i.e. reduced summer rainfall) on plant‐mediated interactions between earthworms and above‐ground multitrophic groups. These effects were seen to differ between monocultures and multi‐species plant communities, suggesting that changes in above‐ground–below‐ground linkages in response to drought may influence plant communities in the future.
Plant defence theory re‐examined: nonlinear expectations based on the costs and benefits of resource mutualisms
Authors: Vannette Rachel L. , Hunter Mark D. 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. General theories of plant defence often fail to account for complex interactions between the resources required for defence expression. For example, the carbon that is used for carbon‐based defence is acquired using nutrient‐rich photosynthetic pigments, while nutrient gain itself requires substantial carbon allocation belowground. We should therefore expect the expression of plant defence to reflect the tight linkage between carbon and nutrient gain, yet mechanistic studies linking resource gain with plant defence theory have been slow to emerge. 2. The overwhelming majority of plants participate in nutrition mutualisms with fungal or bacterial symbionts. We propose the resource exchange model of plant defence (REMPD) in which the costs and benefits associated with nutrition mutualisms affect plant resource status and allocation to growth and defence. The model predicts quadratic relationships between mutualist abundance and expression of defence. Within plant genotypes, both plant biomass and defence expression are maximized at optimal nutrient exchange among mutualistic partners, and as a consequence, the two are positively associated. 3. We tested the model by growing Asclepias syriaca, the common milkweed, with two mycorrhizal fungal species in nine fungal abundance treatments. Plant growth and defence traits and mycorrhizal colonization were quantified after 14 weeks of plant growth. Linear, quadratic, saturating and exponential decay models were fit to curves relating the proportion of root colonized by mycorrhizal fungi to plant traits, and compared using AICc. 4. As predicted by our model, increasing colonization by Scutellospora pellucida produced quadratic responses in plant growth, latex exudation and cardenolide production. In contrast, Glomus etunicatum appeared to act as a parasite of A. syriaca, causing exponential decline in both plant growth and latex exudation. As predicted by our model, plant growth was positively correlated with all defences quantified. 5. Synthesis. The REMPD combines cost–benefit analysis of mutualisms with plant resource acquisition strategies to predict the expression of plant defence. The effects of S. pellucida and G. etunicatum on defence expression differ; however, both provide support for the model and suggest that resource mutualisms affect the expression of defence in a predictable nonlinear fashion.
Biological Flora of the British Isles*: Euonymus europaeus L.
Authors: Thomas Peter A. , El‐Barghathi M. , Polwart A. 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Euonymus europaeus that are relevant to understand its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation. 2.
Euonymus europaeus (Spindle tree) is a native gynodioecious deciduous shrub whose distribution is mostly associated with fertile soil at higher pH values. It is frequently found in hedgerows and woodland edges but also in woodland as an understorey shrub, often with Fraxinus excelsior, Acer campestre and Quercus species, and in open scrub over limestone with Cornus sanguinea. Its seed is widely dispersed by birds and rodents. 3.
Euonymus europaeus is winter hardy and shade tolerant and, when young, its green shoots with stomata fix c. 15% of its CO2. The aril is eaten by a range of animals but the seeds are poisonous and the whole plant contains compounds of medicinal and veterinary value. 4.
Euonymus europaeus acts as the winter host to two important crop pests: the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) which feeds on field beans (Vicia faba) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), and the peach potato aphid/green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) a widespread pest of a large number of crops. Despite removal of E. europaeus from hedgerows and woodlands in the past, its present populations appear stable.
Latitude, solar elevation angles and gap‐regenerating rain forest pioneers
Authors: Lusk C. H. , Sendall K. , Kooyman R. 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. Tropical rain forests have more species‐rich tree assemblages than forests at higher latitudes, but is this because they comprise a wider array of niches or functional types? We address this by considering one tree functional type – light‐demanding canopy trees with fast foliage turnover and growth – that is common in the tropics and subtropics, but virtually absent from mid‐latitude rain forests. Although often referred to as ‘tall pioneers’ or ‘large pioneers’, they are by no means confined to early‐successional stages, also recruiting directly to the canopy in old‐growth stands by rapid growth beneath tree‐fall gaps. 2. We also explored the influence of latitude on tree‐fall gap light environments as a possible constraint on the geographic distribution of this functional type, using the YPLANT program to simulate light interception and potential carbon gain by seedlings of the Australian rain forest pioneer Polyscias murrayi beneath idealized gaps at tropical, subtropical and cool temperate sites (latitudes 17, 29 and 42°S, respectively). P. murrayi grows quickly to heights of 20–25 m, has high photosynthetic capacity and respiration rates, and a leaf life span of 6–9 months. 3. Simulated light interception and potential carbon gain were strongly influenced by latitude, and by the interaction of latitude with position within an idealized tree‐fall gap of 100 m2. Potential net daily carbon gain of P. murrayi was strongly positive beneath the gap centre at latitude 17, and beneath the poleward (i.e. southern) gap margin at latitude 29, but negative beneath both the gap centre and margin at latitude 42. Light interception and carbon gain were also influenced by geographic variation in sunshine hours, which were highest at latitude 29 and lowest at latitude 42. A larger gap of 300 m2 permitted positive net carbon gain at all latitudes, although rates were again predicted to be highest beneath the gap centre in the tropics. 4. Synthesis. YPLANT simulations supported the hypothesis that sun angles could prevent trees with high metabolic rates from invading old‐growth mid‐latitude rain forests, where light environments suitable for their establishment will be scarce. Geographic variation in forest light environments is therefore likely to influence the range of viable functional types at different latitudes.
Under strong niche overlap conspecifics do not compete but help each other to survive: facilitation at the intraspecific level
Authors: Fajardo Alex , McIntire Eliot J. B. 
Published: December 2010

Summary 1. Competition among conspecifics of the same cohort has been traditionally thought to be a main process driving population dynamics. In this classical view, however, the role of facilitation in stressful conditions has rarely been considered. Here, using a transplant experiment across a forest–prairie gradient, we test whether the stress gradient hypothesis (SGH) extends to individuals thought to be strongly competing. 2. We transplanted 2‐year‐old seedlings of Nothofagus pumilio at two different densities (clusters of 10 and isolated) and at different distances from the forest edge (from 30 m inside the forest up to 50 m outside the forest in the prairie). We further stem‐mapped all seedlings belonging to the clusters and computed a competition index (CI). After 3 years of growing, survival and increment growth in diameter and height were measured and analysed using mixed‐effects models. We conducted a nearest‐neighbour analysis using seedlings’ CI and growth and computed model fit using the area under the curve (AUC) method. 3. Seedlings planted in dense clusters had significantly higher survival than solitary seedlings at the stressful end of the gradient. This trend was reversed at the opposite end of the gradient, supporting the SGH at the intraspecific level. Pursuing this at the level of the individual, we found that higher CIs (more neighbours) in seedlings predicted higher probabilities of their survival (facilitation) in stressful conditions. 4. Seedlings diameter and height increment growth were not affected by planting density and only diameter varied along the stress gradient; seedlings had higher diameter increments in growth outside the forest. Finally, when compared with conceptual models, our results mostly support predictions of a higher facilitation at intermediate position along the gradient. 5. Synthesis. We showed that facilitation overrides competition among tree seedlings even at locations under moderate stress; the facilitation process occurs in resource‐mediated interactions (niche overlapping). These results represent an important shift in our way to understand the density‐dependent mortality process, and calls for a model reformulation including positive interactions even when competition is expected to be strongest (conspecifics of the same cohort).
Early‐subduction‐related orogeny in the northern Andes: Turonian to Eocene magmatic and provenance record in the Santa Marta Massif and Rancheria Basin, northern Colombia
Authors: Cardona A. , Valencia V. A. , Bayona G. , Duque J. , Ducea M. , Gehrels G. , Jaramillo C. , Montes C. , Ojeda G. , Ruiz J. 
Published: December 2010

Terra Nova, 23, 26–34, 2011AbstractThe timing of orogeny in the northern Andes and the mechanism driving it are still debated. We have studied the age, composition and provenance of granitoids and sandstones of the Santa Marta Massif and Rancheria Basin, northern Colombia, to relate deep‐seated and surface tectonic processes attending the Late Cretaceous–Palaeogene history of the northern Andes. Our results indicate the development of five tectonic episodes: (1) collision of northwestern South America with a 92–80 Ma Caribbean arc (70 Ma); (2) late‐collisional to early‐subduction metamorphism and magmatism (65 Ma); (3) distal accumulation of a thick siliciclastic sequence (60–58 Ma); (4) renewed arc magmatism (58–50 Ma); and (5) magmatic quiescence and block uplift (post‐50 Ma). The first episodes are related to the onset of subduction, and the last episode is related to shallow subduction and oblique convergence. Similar events in Colombia and Ecuador reveal that the Late Cretaceous–Eocene orogeny of the northern Andes was influenced by the collision and subduction of the Caribbean oceanic plate.