bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The alkaline and carbonatitic rocks of Gorny Altai (Edel’veis complex) as indicators of Early Paleozoic plume magmatism in the Central Asian Fold Belt
Authors: Vrublevskii V.V. , Krupchatnikov V.I. , Izokh A.E. , Gertner I.F. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The minor intrusions of the Edel’veis alkaline–carbonatite complex are bounded by the spurs of the North Chuya Ridge in southeastern Gorny Altai. According to Ar–Ar isotope data, the complex formed in the Middle Cambrian (∼507 Ma). All of its components (alkali clinopyroxenite–melanogabbro–alkali syenite + Ca-carbonatite) occur in only one pluton. Silicate igneous rocks are equivalent in silica content and alkalinity to potassic alkaline and subalkalic mafic rocks. Apatite-phlogopitic Ca-carbonatites are enriched in P2O5 (up to 3.6 wt.%), Sr (∼2500–5500 ppm), and REE (up to ∼2000 ppm) and are, presumably, of liquation genesis. A PREMA-type plume component was a predominant magma source for the complex (ɛNd(T) = +6.56 to +6.85). According to isotope data (87Sr/86Sr(T) ∼ 0.7032–0.7039; δ18O ∼ 7.5–14.9‰; δ13C ∼ –2.7 to –8.4‰), the fractionation of the melts was accompanied by their crustal contamination. The trace-element composition of the rocks suggests that the complex developed on a continental margin and its development was accompanied by late-collisional rifting and the mixing of moderately depleted (PREMA) and enriched suprasubductional lithospheric mantle (EM I or EM II) with continental crust. It is presumed that the alkaline and carbonatite complexes in the western Central Asian Fold Belt are of primary plume origin and form a LIP within this belt together with other associations produced by Early Paleozoic (510–470 Ma) magmatism.
Recognition of the time and level of emplacement of the Sillai Patti carbonatite complex, Malakand Division, Northwest Pakistan: Constraints from fission-track dating
Authors: Khattak N.U. , Khan M. Asif , Ali N. , Abbas S.M. , Tahirkheli T.K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe Sillai Patti carbonatite complex represents the second largest carbonatite body of the Peshawar Plain Alkaline Igneous Province of northern Pakistan. It is situated about 20 km west of Malakand, near Sillai Patti village. Here, the carbonatite occurs along a fault in the form of a sheet striking in the NNE–SSW direction and dipping towards south. The carbonatite body is about 12 km long and 2–20 m thick, predominantly intruded along the faulted contact of metasediments and granite gneiss but locally, within the metasediments.A fission-track age of 29.40 ± 1.47 Ma was obtained for the Sillai Patti carbonatite complex. Close resemblance of fission-track apatite age of this study with the fission-track as well as other high temperature radiometric ages from the same and the neighboring carbonatite complexes of the alkaline belt of northern Pakistan suggests emplacement of the Sillai Patti carbonatite complex at higher crustal level and subsequent extremely fast cooling to near ambient temperatures (&lt;60 °C) required for the complete retention of fission tracks in apatite. The age data also point out that the fission-track age of 29.40 ± 1.47 Ma of this study is the age of intrusion of the carbonatitic magma of Sillai Patti carbonatite complex to shallow, near-surface level.Comparison of the uplift induced denudation rates of the region with the world data clearly reflects the presence of a post collisonal extensional environment in the region south of Main Mantle Thrust during Oligocene time. This strongly negates the idea of the earlier workers of emplacement of the carbonatite complexes of the Loe-Shilman and Sillai Patti areas along thrust faults during Oligocene.
Geochemistry of biomarkers and catagenesis of organic matter of Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits in the Indigirka–Zyryanka basin (northeastern Yakutia)
Authors: Kashirtsev V.A. , Gaiduk V.V. , Chalaya O.N. , Zueva I.N. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Organic matter of Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits in the Indigirka–Zyryanka basin was studied by bituminological analysis and chromato-mass spectrometry. The regularities of distribution of alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons depending on the catagenesis of fossil organic matter are shown. Sesquiterpanes of the drimane series have been recognized in the Cretaceous deposits, and tetracyclic biomarkers of phyllocladane (kaurane), in the Cenozoic ones. The biomarkers were produced from terpenes of conifers, and the identified set of pentacyclic oleanenes are the products of angiosperms flourishing in the Paleogene and Neogene. As evidenced from geochemical indices, the Cenozoic deposits did not reach the PT-conditions of “the main oil formation (oil window) zone” and should not be used for the quantitative evaluation of the regional petroleum potential. Nevertheless, the Cenozoic clayey units can be perfect isolating horizons for fluids migrating from more ancient, including Cretaceous, deposits.
The Politics of Isolation: Refused Relation as an Emerging Regime of Indigenous Biolegitimacy
Authors: Bessire Lucas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis essay describes the politics of voluntary isolation, an emerging category of indigeneity predicated on a form of human life that exists outside of history, the market, and wider networks of social connection. It traces a recent controversy around one such “isolated” population—Ayoreo-speaking people in the Paraguayan Gran Chaco—to suggest how these politics of isolation may represent a new regime of what Didier Fassin has called “biolegitimacy,” or the uneven political parsing and authorization of valid human life, within global formations of indigeneity. Here, I identify how international human rights law, multiculturalist state policies, humanitarian NGO programs, and genetic science all share an investment in the moral defense of isolated life. I explore how this investment may divide the kind of humanity authorized or claimed as “indigenous” into opposing legitimacies that are set against one another and vertically ranked. The essay argues that what is at stake in this process is not merely a new technique of the self or the enduring romance of the primitive, but the redistribution of the meaning and value assigned to those domains of human life imagined in opposition to social relation itself.
Notes towards an Anthropology of Political Revolutions
Authors: Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhile resistance and rebellion have remained core themes in anthropology at least since the 1960s, anthropologists have paid much less attention to the study of political revolutions as real historical events. Yet there are compelling real-world reasons why they should orient their analytical apparatus and ethnographic efforts towards revolutionary events. This article advances a series of reasons why anthropology can enrich and supplement existing political science and history traditions in the study of political revolutions. Anthropology can do so via key concepts developed by Victor Turner: “liminality,” “social drama,” “communitas,” “frame,” and “play.” Turner's ritual approach gains further relevance when linked to another series of concepts developed by Marcel Mauss, Gabriel Tarde, Georg Simmel, and Gregory Bateson, such as “imitation,” “trickster,” “schismogenesis,” and “crowd behavior.” To study revolutions implies not only a focus on political behavior “from below,” but also recognition of moments where “high and low” are relativized or subverted, and where the micro- and macro-levels fuse in critical conjunctions.
The Illusion of Democratic Credibility
Authors: Downes Alexander B. , Sechser Todd S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDo democracies make more effective coercive threats? An influential literature in international relations argues that democratic institutions allow leaders to credibly signal their resolve in crises, thereby making their threats more likely to work than threats by nondemocracies. This article revisits the quantitative evidence for this proposition, which we call the “democratic credibility hypothesis,” and finds that it is surprisingly weak. Close examination of the data sets most commonly used to test this hypothesis reveals that they contain few successful democratic threats, or indeed threats of any kind. Moreover, these data sets' outcome variables do not properly measure the effectiveness of threats, and therefore yield misleading results. The article then reassesses the democratic credibility hypothesis using the Militarized Compellent Threats data set, a new data set designed specifically to test hypotheses about the effectiveness of coercive threats. The analysis indicates that threats from democracies are no more successful than threats from other states.
Emission characteristics of black carbon in anthropogenic and biomass burning plumes over California during ARCTAS‐CARB 2008
Authors: Sahu L. K. , Kondo Y. , Moteki N. , Takegawa N. , Zhao Y. , Cubison M. J. , Jimenez J. L. , Vay S. , Diskin G. S. , Wisthaler A. , Mikoviny T. , Huey L. G. , Weinheimer A. J. , Knapp D. J. 
Published: July 2012

The impact of aerosols on regional air quality and climate necessitates improved understanding of their emission and microphysical properties. The size distributions of black carbon (BC) and light scattering particles (LSP) were measured with a single particle soot photometer on board the NASA DC‐8 aircraft during the ARCTAS mission 2008. Air sampling was made in the air plumes of both urban and forest fire emissions over California during the CARB (California Air Resources Board) phase of the mission. A total of eleven plumes were identified using SO2and CH3CN tracers for fossil fuel (FF) combustion and biomass burning (BB), respectively. The enhancements of BC and LSP in BB plumes were significantly higher compared to those in FF plumes. The average mass concentration of BC in BB plumes was more than twice that in FF plumes. Except for the BC/CO ratio, distinct emission ratios of BC/CO2, BC/CH3CN, CH3CN/CO, and CO/CO2were observed in the plumes from the two sources. Similarly, the microphysical properties of BC and LSP also showed distinct behaviors. The BC count median diameter (CMD) of 115 ± 5 nm in FF plumes was smaller compared to 141 ± 9 nm in the BB plumes. BC aerosols were thickly coated in BB plumes, the average shell/core ratios were 1.47 and 1.24 in BB and FF plumes, respectively. In the total mass of submicron aerosols, organic aerosols constituted about 67% in the FF plumes and 84% in BB plumes. The contribution of sulfate was also significant in the FF plumes.
Cloud base and top heights in the Hawaiian region determined with satellite and ground‐based measurements
Authors: Zhang Chunxi , Wang Yuqing , Lauer Axel , Hamilton Kevin , Xie Feiqin 
Published: July 2012

We present a multi‐year climatology of cloud‐base‐height (CBH), cloud‐top‐height (CTH), and trade wind inversion base height (TWIBH) for the Hawaiian region (18°N–22.5°N, 153.7°W–160.7°W). The new climatology is based on data from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite (CALIPSO), the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC), ceilometer observations and radiosondes. The climatology reported here is well suited to evaluate climate model simulations and can serve as a reference state for studies of the impact of climate change on Hawaiian ecosystems. The averaged CBH from CALIPSO in the Hawaiian Region is 890 m. The mean CTH from CALIPSO is 2110 m, which is close to the mean TWIBH from COSMIC. For non‐precipitating cases, the mean TWIBH at both Lihue and Hilo is close to 2000 m. For precipitating cases, the mean TWIBH is 2450 m and 2280 m at Hilo and Lihue, respectively. The potential cloud thickness (PCT) is defined as the difference between TWIBH and CBH and the mean PCT is several hundred meters thicker for precipitating than for the non‐precipitating cases at both stations. We find that the PCT is more strongly correlated to the TWIBH than the CBH and that precipitation is unlikely to occur if the TWIBH is below 1500 m. The observed rainfall intensity is correlated to the PCT, i.e., thicker clouds are more likely to produce heavy rain.
Assessing surface water consumption using remotely‐sensed groundwater, evapotranspiration, and precipitation
Authors: Anderson Ray G. , Lo Min‐Hui , Famiglietti James S. 
Published: July 2012

Estimates of consumptive use of surface water by agriculture are vital for assessing food security, managing water rights, and evaluating anthropogenic impacts on regional hydrology. However, reliable, current, and public data on consumptive use can be difficult to obtain, particularly in international and less developed basins. We combine remotely‐sensed precipitation and satellite observations of evapotranspiration and groundwater depletion to estimate surface water consumption by irrigated agriculture in California's Central Valley for the 2004–09 water years. We validated our technique against measured consumption data determined from streamflow observations and water export data in the Central Valley. Mean satellite‐derived surface water consumption was 291.0 ± 32.4 mm/year while measured surface water consumption was 308.1 ± 6.5 mm/year. The results show the potential for remotely‐sensed hydrologic data to independently observe irrigated agriculture's surface water consumption in contested or unmonitored basins. Improvements in the precision and spatial resolution of satellite precipitation, evapotranspiration and gravimetric groundwater observations are needed to reduce the uncertainty in this method and to allow its use on smaller basins and at shorter time scales.
Effect of Stocking Density on Growth Performance and Yield of Subadult Pacific Red Snapper Cultured in Floating Sea Cages
Authors: Castillo-Vargasmachuca S , Ponce-Palafox J T , García-Ulloa M , Arredondo-Figueroa J L , Ruiz-Luna A , Chávez E A , Tacon A G 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A preliminary assessment of growth performance and yield of subadult Pacific red snapper Lutjanus peru raised in floating sea cages was conducted by measuring fish length, weight, feed conversion, and survival rate during a 120-d grow-out trial at Punta el Caballo Beach, Nayarit State, Mexico. Nine floating cages (12.5-m3 capacity) were used as experimental units. Fish were stocked in triplicate treatment cages at 30, 50, and 70 fish/m3 (1.9, 3.3, and 4.4 kg/m3, respectively) using more than 5,600 wild subadults (mean initial weight ±SD = 63.9 ± 1.4 g) as initial fish stock. Fish were fed twice per day with a sinking commercial pellet, and dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, transparency, and ammonia nitrogen in each cage were recorded weekly. After 120 d, the mean individual weight at harvest was inversely related to stocking density. Mean final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate differed among groups, with the highest values recorded for the 30-fish/m3 density (233.4 ± 5.3 g [mean ± SD], 1.4 g/d, and 1.1% per day, respectively). Mean final body length, feed conversion, condition index, and survival did not differ among density treatments. Net yield (mean ± SD) ranged from 5.0 ± 0.2 kg/m3 (30-fish/m3 treatment) to 7.9 ± 0.3 kg/m3 (70-fish/m3 treatment) and differed among the treatments. Considering the initial biomass and density, the 70-fish/m3 treatment produced a higher total biomass (mean ± SD = 152.9 ± 2.4 kg) but a lower average weight than the 50- and 30-fish/m3 treatments. Our findings suggest that at all stocking densities tested, subadult Pacific red snapper will grow in floating sea cages without significant mortalities. A benefit–cost analysis must be achieved to define the best treatment in economic terms.
Evaluation of the Cortisol Stress Response in a Marine Perciform Fish, the San Pedro Oplegnathus insignis
Authors: Tapia Pablo J , Puebla Mariela C , Muñoz Avelino , Rojas Elizabet , Marchant Christopher M , Cornejo Marco A , Futagawa Masatoshi , Small Brian C 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The San Pedro (also known as the Pacific beakfish) Oplegnathus insignis is a species of perciform fish found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. In northern Chile, San Pedro are an important food fish currently being evaluated for aquaculture. The purpose of this study was to conduct an initial evaluation of the cortisol stress response in captive-bred San Pedro. The fish were subjected to confinement stress by crowding them into a low volume of water (231 kg/m3) for 90 min. Blood was collected over time for the determination of plasma cortisol. Confinement resulted in a significant increase in plasma cortisol, from a resting concentration of 24.9 ng/mL to 120.7 ng/mL after 10 min into the stress experience. After 20 and 60 min of stress, cortisol concentrations plateaued at 225.3 ng/mL and 243.7 ng/mL, respectively, followed by a decrease to 56.1 ng/mL by 90 min. These results indicate a rapid and robust cortisol stress response in this species. This is the first evaluation of the San Pedro stress response, and these data will serve as the baseline for future evaluations of San Pedro stress physiology and the development of aquaculture techniques suitable for this species.
The influence of socio‐demographic indicators economic determinants and social recognition on sport participation in Germany
Authors: Hallmann Kirstin , Breuer Christoph 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article analyses sport participation using a demographic‐economic model which was extended by the construct ‘social recognition’. Social recognition was integrated into the model on the understanding that it is the purpose of each individual to maximise his or her utility. A computer‐assisted telephone interview survey was conducted in the city of Rheinberg, Germany, producing an overall sample of n=1934. Regression analyses were performed to estimate the impact of socio‐demographic, economic determinants, and social recognition on sport participation. The results suggest that various socio‐economic factors and social recognition are important determinants of sport participation on the one hand, and on sport frequency on the other. Social recognition plays a significant yet different role for both sport participation and sport frequency. While friends’ involvement with sport influences one's sport participation, parents’ involvement with sport influences one's sport frequency.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in sport science: A commentary
Authors: Goodall Stuart , Howatson Glyn , Romer Lee , Ross Emma 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe aim of this commentary is to provide a brief overview of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and highlight how this technique can be used to investigate the acute and chronic responses of the central nervous system to exercise. We characterise the neuromuscular responses to TMS and discuss how these measures can be used to investigate the mechanisms of fatigue in response to locomotor exercise. We also discuss how TMS might be used to study the corticospinal adaptations to resistance exercise training, with particular emphasis on the responses to shortening/lengthening contractions and contralateral training. The limited data to date suggest that TMS is a valuable technique for exploring the mechanisms of central fatigue and neural adaptation.
Double graphene-layer plasma resonances terahertz detector
Authors: Ryzhii V , Otsuji T , Ryzhii M , Shur M S 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We propose a detector of terahertz radiation based on a double graphene-layer heterostructure utilizing the tunnelling between graphene layers and the resonant excitation of plasma oscillations (standing plasma waves). Using the developed device model, we substantiate the detector operation and calculate the spectral characteristics. It is shown that the detector responsivity exhibits the resonant peaks when the frequency of incoming terahertz radiation approaches the resonant plasma frequencies. These frequencies are tuned by the bias voltage. The height of the responsivity resonant peaks in sufficiently perfect double graphene-layer heterostructures can markedly exceed those in the resonant plasma–wave detectors based on the standard heterostructures and utilizing the plasma hydrodynamic nonlinearity.
Graphene-based devices in terahertz science and technology
Authors: Otsuji T , Boubanga Tombet S A , Satou A , Fukidome H , Suemitsu M , Sano E , Popov V , Ryzhii M , Ryzhii V 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Graphene is a one-atom-thick planar sheet of a honeycomb carbon crystal. Its gapless and linear energy spectra of electrons and holes lead to nontrivial features such as giant carrier mobility and broadband flat optical response. In this paper, recent advances in graphene-based devices in terahertz science and technology are reviewed. First, the fundamental basis of the optoelectronic properties of graphene is introduced. Second, synthesis and crystallographic characterization of graphene material are described, particularly focused on the authors' original heteroepitaxial graphene-on-silicon technology. Third, nonequilibrium carrier relaxation and recombination dynamics in optically or electrically pumped graphene are described to introduce a possibility of negative-dynamic conductivity in a wide terahertz range. Fourth, recent theoretical advances towards the creation of current-injection graphene terahertz lasers are described. Fifth, the unique terahertz dynamics of the two-dimensional plasmons in graphene are described. Finally, the advantages of graphene devices for terahertz applications are summarized.
A plasmonic staircase nano-antenna device with strong electric field enhancement for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications
Authors: Li Ziyuan , Hattori Haroldo T , Parkinson Patrick , Tian Jie , Fu Lan , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
In this paper, a staircase plasmonic nano-antenna device is analysed both theoretically and experimentally. The tapered nano-antenna cavity with a grating leads to electric field enhancement factor (EF) as high as 31 close to 830 nm. The integration of a metallic grating aids the coupling of light coming from the vertical direction to the nano-antenna, increasing the electric field in the nano-antenna by a factor of 3. The smallest air gap width between the metallic regions of the fabricated nano-antenna is about 35 nm, fabricated using focused ion beam system. The small air gaps in the nano-antennas can generate very high intensity electric fields which can be used in applications in biological sensing and imaging, nanoparticle manipulations and enhancement of nonlinear effects. In this paper, to experimentally demonstrate that with the integration of a well designed grating and reflectors, the resonance inside the nano-antenna cavity is increased significantly, we exploit one application of this device: the enhancement of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The present structure can lead to SERS EFs above 1 million.
Study of an ablation-dominated arc in a model circuit breaker
Authors: Eichhoff D , Kurz A , Kozakov R , Gött G , Uhrlandt D , Schnettler A 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A switching arc in a model circuit breaker is studied by means of CFD simulations and optical emission spectroscopy. The arc is initiated between tungsten–copper electrodes in a carbon dioxide atmosphere and is led through PTFE (polytetrafluorethylene) nozzles. Radiation emitted by the arc plasma is absorbed by the surface of the nozzles leading to ablation of the wall material. The CFD simulations are based on a model of the arcing zone including a consistent treatment of the radiation transport and wall ablation. Carbon ion line radiation is analysed in the experiment using an optical path in the heating channel between the nozzles. Temperature profiles obtained from spectroscopy and simulations are compared. The pressure value in the arc is estimated based on the line width-intensity dependence. The obtained values correspond to the measured pressure outside the arc. Coincidence in temperature for the peak current and discrepancy on the falling edge are found and discussed.