bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New polycyclic ring systems derived from canthin‐4‐one
Authors: Puzik Andreas , Bracher Franz 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
magnified image
Starting from 5,6‐dihydrocanthin‐4‐one, new penta‐ and hexacyclic ring systems (1,7b,14‐triazadi‐benzo[e,k]acephenanthrylenes, 1,7b,10,12‐tetraazabenzo[e]acephenanthrylenes) were built up using ring annelation reactions. The new compounds represent hybrids between the canthinones and several bioactive aromatic alkaloids J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Reducing the climate vulnerability of coastal communities in Samoa
Authors: Daly Michele , Poutasi Namouta , Nelson Filomena , Kohlhase Jude 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a project undertaken in Samoa to address climate change and other hazards, the method from which could provide a useful model for other small island developing states (SIDS). To reduce Samoa's coastal vulnerability and strengthen institutional and community response capability, land use planning and disaster management frameworks were integrated through: (1) Developing coastal infrastructure management plans for every district supported by a national strategy and integrated with national disaster management arrangements. (2) Intensive participatory village consultation which respected traditional and emerging cultural practices. (3) Training government staff to undertake the consultation work in villages and build capacity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salicylic acid alleviates the toxicity effect of cadmium on germination, seedling growth, and amylase activity of rice
Authors: He Junyu , Ren Yanfang , Pan Xuebo , Yan Yuping , Zhu Cheng , Jiang Dean 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy‐metal pollutant in the environment. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential component of plant resistance to pathogens and also plays an important role in mediating plant responses to some abiotic stresses. In the present investigation, the potential effects of SA in alleviating Cd toxicity during seedling stage of rice were studied. Seeds of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Xiushui 11) were sterilized and divided into two groups. Half of the seeds were presoaked in 0.1 mM SA solution for 24 h, then both groups were allowed to germinate under various Cd concentrations for 7 d. Cadmium treatments caused a gradual decrease in vigor index, root length, α‐amylase activity, and the mitotic index of root tips. However, pretreatment with SA partially alleviated the negative effect of Cd on germination parameters and increased enzyme activity and mitotic index. Cadmium uptake by seedlings increased with increasing Cd concentration and followed Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. Salicylic acid pretreatment of seeds influenced the Cd level in the seedlings by decreasing Vmax. The results suggest that SA plays a positive role in rice‐seed germination and early seedling growth by protecting it against Cd toxicity.
Does the pelleting process affect the nutritive value of a pre‐starter diet for suckling piglets? Ex vivo studies on mineral absorption
Authors: Delgado‐Andrade Cristina , Rufián‐Henares José A , Nieto Rosa , Aguilera José F , Navarro M Pilar , Seiquer Isabel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effects of pelleting on the extent of the Maillard reaction (MR) and on calcium, magnesium and zinc solubility and absorption were analysed in a conventional pre‐starter diet for suckling piglets. Development was tested measuring colour, absorbance (280/420 nm), fluorescence, residual free lysine, furosine, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural contents before and after pelleting. Fluorescence, absorbance and mineral solubility were also measured after in vitro digestion of diets. The effects on mineral absorption were tested using Caco‐2 cells.RESULTS: MR indexes confirmed the development of the reaction during the pelleting of this particular diet compared with the meal diet. The CIE‐Lab colour parameters showed a decrease in luminosity (L*) and progress of the colour to the red zone (a*) in the pelleted diet. A 36% decrease in free lysine content was observed. Significant correlations were observed between fluorescence intensity and furosine levels, HMF and furfural. The pelleting process did not modify calcium and magnesium solubility after in vitro digestion, but soluble zinc increased. The efficiency of calcium and zinc transport across Caco‐2 cell monolayers was greater in the pelleted diet.CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of MR development is shown, resulting in various nutritional consequences. Optimisation of pelleting could result in a better formulation of diets for feedstuffs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Purification and characterization of parvalbumins from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthy molitrix)
Authors: Liu Guang‐Ming , Wang Ning , Cai Qiu‐Feng , Li Teng , Sun Le‐Chang , Su Wen‐Jin , Cao Min‐Jie 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: As the largest producer and consumer of freshwater fish in the world, many people suffer from allergy for consuming freshwater fish in China. However, the allergen profiles of freshwater fish are rarely known.RESULTS: Parvalbumins (PVs) from the white muscle of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthy molitrix) were purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and column chromatography including DEAE‐Sepharose and Superdex 75. Three PV isoforms—PV‐I, PV‐II, and PV‐III—were obtained and their molecular masses as estimated by tricine–sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 12, 11, and 14 kDa, respectively. All the PVs could be detected by anti‐frog PV monoclonal antibody. PV‐I and PV‐II were quite possibly glycoproteins, while PV‐III was not glycosylated, as analyzed by periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining. Thermal stability revealed that PV‐I and PV‐II easily formed polymers, while these proteins were stable in a pH range of 4.0–10.0. A PV gene encoding 110 amino acid residues was cloned and it revealed high identity with PVs from other species of fish.CONCLUSION: Three isotypes of PV were purified to homogeneity and one distinct PV gene was cloned in silver carp white muscle. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Synergistic effect of boron containing substances on flame retardancy and thermal stability of clay containing intumescent polypropylene nanoclay composites
Authors: Doğan Mehmet , Bayramlı Erdal 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe functions of nanoclay and three different boron containing substances, zinc borate (ZnB), borophosphate (BPO4), and boron silicon containing preceramic oligomer (BSi), were studied to improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP)‐nanoclay‐intumescent system composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER). The flame retardancy of PP composites was investigated using limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 standard, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimeter.According to the results obtained, the addition of 20 wt% intumescent flame retardant (IFR) improved the flame retardancy by increasing the char formation. Addition of clay slightly increases the LOI value and reduces the maximum heat release rate (HRR). Addition of clay also increases the barrier effect due to intumescent char, especially in thin samples. Boron compounds show their highest synergistic effect at about 3 wt% loading. According to UL‐94 test and LOI test, 3 wt% ZnB containing composite shows the highest rating (V0) and BPO4 containing sample shows the highest LOI value (26.5). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The leaving group dependence in the rates of solvolysis of 1,2‐diphenylethyl system
Authors: Santhosh Kumar D. , Jayakumar K. P. , Balachandran S. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract1,2‐Diphenylethyl chloride undergoes solvolysis by SN1 mechanism in aqueous organic solvents. The α‐phenyl group of 1,2‐diphenylethyl chloride enters into conjugation with the developing carbocationic centre. The β‐phenyl group on the other hand was unable to extend its conjugation via neighbouring group participation due to steric inhibition of resonance in the formation of non‐classical carbocation. 1,2‐Diphenylethyl chloride thus behaves similar to 1‐phenylethyl chloride in its solvolysis pattern. The solvolytic rate studies of chloride and methanesulphonate of 1,2‐diphenylethyl alcohol in various aqueous organic solvents show that the dispersion observed in the Winstein–Grunwald plot is not due to a change in leaving group but due to the difference in solvation requirements of aromatic and aliphatic groups. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct communication, the unquestionable ideal? Oncologists' accounts of communication of bleak prognoses
Authors: Rogg Lotte , Aasland Olaf Gjerløw , Graugaard Peter Kjær , Loge Jon Håvard 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjective: To explore the factors that influence the clinical practice of oncologists concerning disclosure of prognostic information.Methods: Focus group interviews with oncologists in three Norwegian university hospitals. Interview guide consisting of three patient cases where challenging aspects of prognostic information delivery were presented to the participants. Each group consisted of six participants, all groups with a mix of men and women, and ranging from very experienced consultants to relatively inexperienced residents in oncology. Transcribed interviews were qualitatively analyzed through categorization and condensation.Results: The importance of openness when dealing with prognostic information towards the end of life was strongly advocated by all participants. However, there was a reluctance to give tangible information regarding survival, and a feeling that this part of clinical practice was a challenge. Skills in how to communicate negative prognostic information were attained primarily by observing colleagues, but also from personal experience. Existing guidelines for communication were not perceived as useful.Conclusion: Primarily focusing on open communication regarding bleak prospects of life expectancy entails a risk of overrunning the information needs of individual patients. Oncologists still see communication skills primarily as personal, and are at risk of not exploring and responding to the individual patient's wish for information. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electroweak corrections to W+W‐Z and ZZZ production at the linear collider
Authors: Boudjema F. , Le D.N. , Sun H. , Weber M.M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe calculate the electroweak corrections to the production of W+W‐Z and ZZZ at the linear collider in the Standard Model. These processes are important for the extraction of the quartic couplings of the massive gauge bosons which can be a window on the mechanism of spontaneous symmetry breaking. We find that the weak corrections to some kinematic distributions show new features and hence cannot be explained by an overall scale factor.
Characterization of AlN films deposited by r.f. reactive sputtering aiming MEMS applications
Authors: Pelegrini Marcus V. , Pereyra Inés 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAluminium Nitride (AlN) films deposited by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering, of a pure aluminium target in an argon (Ar) / nitrogen (N2) mixture atmosphere, onto Si (100) and Si (111) substrates are studied. A series of samples was obtained varying the Ar and N2 gaseous mixture maintaining the process pressure fixed. The AlN films were characterized by FTIR, X‐ray diffraction, visible optical absorption, ellipsometry and stress measurements. X‐ray results showed a preferential orientation in the planes (100) and (002). Films obtained in an Ar rich atmosphere presented only one vibration mode corresponding to a composition of the AlN A1 (TO) and E1 (LO) modes. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The rotation‐vibration spectrum for Scarf II potential
Authors: Qiang Wen‐Chao , Dong Shi‐Hai 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe arbitrary l‐state solutions of the Schrödinger equation with Scarf II potential are presented by taking a new approximate scheme to the centrifugal term. This is realized by expanding the variable around the minimum equilibrium point of the potential. The wave functions can be expressed by hypergeometric functions. It is shown that the calculated energy levels are in good agreement with accurate numerical ones. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Describing ‘orderly differentiation’: compiling the Corpus of English in Finland
Authors: Laitinen Mikko 
Published: February 2010

Reporting on a new research project describing and analysing English in Finland in the early twenty-first century.In a recent article, Taavitsainen and Pahta (2008) conclude that English in today's Finland has entered a new phase in which it is increasingly used alongside the country's national languages (also McArthur, 2002; Graddol, 2006). The new uses, they suggest, constitute a new form of second language in which English is used (a) as a lingua franca, and (b) as a language serving ‘glocalized’ needs to express local meanings in a global setting. Their evidence consists of various forms of language mixing in public discourse. Other forms of evidence, with similar conclusions, come from the recent national survey on Finns' uses of and attitudes to English, carried out at the University of Jyväskylä in 2007 (Leppänen et al. 2009). This survey provides evidence on the changing role of English in Finland, and attempts to answer questions such as where, how and by whom English is used alongside the other languages in the country.
“THE DISEASE, WHICH HAD HITHERTO BEEN NAMELESS”: M. E. BRADDON'S CHALLENGE TO MEDICAL AUTHORITY INBIRDS OF PREYANDCHARLOTTE'S INHERITANCE
Authors: Buscemi Nicki 
Published: February 2010

Mary Elizabeth Braddonlaunched her editorship ofBelgraviamagazine by painting a picture for her readers of a murderous medical practitioner. At the outset ofBirds of Prey(1867), the serial novel which kicked off the magazine's publication, Braddon introduces us to a surgeon-dentist named Philip Sheldon. The narrator ironically explains, “Of course he was eminently respectable . . . A householder with such a door-step and such muslin curtains could not be other than the most correct of mankind” (7; bk. 1, ch. 1). Sensation novels of the 1860s have long been critically recognized as vehicles for revealing the disparity between respectable façades and seedy interior truths, and Braddon's underexamined workBirds of Preyand its sequelCharlotte's Inheritance(1868) are no exception: by the close of the second novel, the seemingly upright Sheldon has been revealed as a liar, a cheat, and a killer.
Effects of pharmacological inhibition of NADPH oxidase or iNOS on pro-inflammatory cytokine, palmitic acid or H2O2-induced mouse islet or clonal pancreatic β-cell dysfunction
Authors: Michalska Marta , Wolf Gabriele , Walther Reinhard , Newsholme Philip 
Published: February 2010

Various pancreatic β-cell stressors including cytokines and saturated fatty acids are known to induce oxidative stress, which results in metabolic disturbances and a reduction in insulin secretion. However, the key mechanisms underlying dysfunction are unknown. We investigated the effects of prolonged exposure (24 h) to pro-inflammatory cytokines, H2O2 or PA (palmitic acid) on β-cell insulin secretion, ATP, the NADPH oxidase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) component p47phox and iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) levels using primary mouse islets or clonal rat BRIN-BD11 β-cells. Addition of a pro-inflammatory cytokine mixture [IL-1β (interleukin-1β), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α) and IFN-γ (interferon-γ)] or H2O2 (at sub-lethal concentrations) inhibited chronic (24 h) levels of insulin release by at least 50% (from islets and BRIN-BD11 cells), while addition of the saturated fatty acid palmitate inhibited acute (20 min) stimulated levels of insulin release from mouse islets. H2O2 decreased ATP levels in the cell line, but elevated p47phox and iNOS levels as did cytokine addition. Similar effects were observed in mouse islets with respect to elevation of p47phox and iNOS levels. Addition of antioxidants SOD (superoxide dismutase), Cat (catalase) and NAC (N-acetylcysteine) attenuated H2O2 or the saturated fatty acid palmitate-dependent effects, but not cytokine-induced dysfunction. However, specific chemical inhibitors of NADPH oxidase and/or iNOS appear to significantly attenuate the effects of cytokines, H2O2 or fatty acids in islets. While pro-inflammatory cytokines are known to increase p47phox and iNOS levels in β-cells, we now report that H2O2 can increase levels of the latter two proteins, suggesting a key role for positive-feedback redox sensitive regulation of β-cell dysfunction.
Interfacial shear strengths between carbon nanotubes
Authors: Li Chengxiang , Liu Yilun , Yao Xuefeng , Ito Masaei , Noguchi Toru , Zheng Quanshui 
Published: February 2010

Interfacial shear strengths or static frictions between carbon nanotubes (CNT) in contact at different cross angles are studied by using atomic mechanics. It is shown that the axial interfacial shear strengths between parallel CNTs in commensurate are two orders of magnitude greater than those in incommensurate. This strong chiral dependence is not surprising and is similar to that of the friction between two graphite basal planes. In contrast, we find that the interfacial shear strengths of crossly contacted CNT pairs are much less dependent upon chirality. The estimated values of interfacial shear strengths, ranging from 0.05 to 0.35 GPa, agree very well with experimentally measured results available in the literature. These results may thus be used as a basis for explaining the observed tension strengths of CNT bundles and films that are mainly bonded by van der Waals interactions and the mechanical behaviors of composite materials with highly concentrated CNTs.
The human fungal pathogenParacoccidioides brasiliensis(Onygenales: Ajellomycetaceae) is a complex of two species: phylogenetic evidence from five mitochondrial markers
Authors: Salgado‐Salazar Catalina , Jones Leandro R. , Restrepo Ángela , McEwen Juan G. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParacoccidioides brasiliensisis the aetiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most important systemic mycosis in Latin America. In order to study the diversity ofP. brasiliensismitochondrial genes, to evaluate previous taxonomic proposals, and to explore the hypothesis that the previously described “divergent isolate” B30 (also called Pb01) could represent a newP. brasiliensisspecies, we undertook a molecular phylogenetic analysis based on five mitochondrial markers. Mitochondrial sequences of 59P. brasiliensisisolates obtained from clinical and environmental samples, and the orthologous genes from outgroup species, are reported and analysed using parsimony and Bayesian methods. The combined data set comprised 2364 characters, of which 426 were informative. One of the studied strains presented a 376‐nt insertion at the apocytochromeb(cob) gene. The corresponding sequence had a high similarity (79%) with an intron found in theNeurospora crassa cobgene. Interestingly, this intron is absent in the previously published sequence of theP. brasiliensismitochondrial genome. Our trees were moderately congruent with the previousP. brasiliensistaxonomic proposals. Furthermore, we identified a new monophyletic group of strains withinP. brasiliensis. Nevertheless, the phylogenetic species recognition (PSR) analyses described here suggested that these groups of strains could represent geographical variants rather than differentParacoccidioidescryptic species. In addition, and as previously proposed by other authors, these analyses supported the existence of a new specie ofParacoccidioides, which includes the previously described, divergent isolate B30/Pb01. This is the first report providing evidence, independent of nuclear markers, for the split of this important human pathogen into two species. We support the formal description of the B30/Pb01 as new specie. ©The Willi Hennig Society 2010.
Gastritis OLGA‐staging and gastric cancer risk: a twelve‐year clinico‐pathological follow‐up study
Authors: RUGGE M. , DE BONI M. , PENNELLI G. , DE BONA M. , GIACOMELLI L. , FASSAN M. , BASSO D. , PLEBANI M. , GRAHAM D. Y. 
Published: February 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 1104–1111SummaryBackground  Intestinal‐type gastric cancer (GC) still ranks among the high‐incidence, highly lethal malignancies. Atrophic gastritis is the cancerization field in which GC develops. The current histological reporting formats for gastritis do not include any (atrophy‐based) ranking of GC risk.Aim  To test the gastritis OLGA‐staging (Operative Link for Gastritis Assessment) in prognosticating neoplastic progression.Methods  Ninety‐three Italian patients were followed up for more than 12 years (range: 144–204 months). Clinical examinations, pepsinogen serology, endoscopy and histology (also assessing Helicobacter pylori status) were performed both at enrolment (T1) and at the end of the follow‐up (T2).Results  All invasive or intra‐epithelial gastric neoplasia were consistently associated with high‐risk (III/IV) OLGA stages. There was a significant inverse correlation between the mean pepsinogen ratio and the OLGA stage (test for trend; P < 0.001). OLGA‐staging at T1 predicted both the OLGA stage (Kaplan–Maier log‐rank test, P = 0.001) and the neoplasia at T2 (Kaplan–Maier log‐rank test, P = 0.001).Conclusions  This long‐term follow‐up study provides the first evidence that gastritis OLGA‐staging conveys relevant information on the clinico‐pathological outcome of gastritis and therefore for patient management. According to OLGA‐staging and H. pylori‐status, gastritis patients could be confidently stratified and managed according to their different cancer risks.
Does calcium supplementation increase cardiovascular risk?
Authors: Reid Ian R , Bolland Mark J. , Grey Andrew 
Published: February 2010

SummaryCalcium supplementation is widely used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and in men. While there has been ongoing debate regarding its effectiveness in fracture prevention, the underlying assumption has been that, even if it was not particularly effective, at least it was safe. The recent finding of the Auckland Calcium Study that myocardial infarctions were more common in women randomised to calcium calls this assumption into question, and consideration of vascular event data from other calcium trials does not refute the Auckland findings. Meta‐analyses of these data will be necessary to settle this matter. It is already accepted that calcium supplements increase vascular risk in patients with renal compromise, even in those not yet requiring dialysis. Also, there is substantial epidemiological evidence that serum calcium levels in the upper part of the normal range are a risk factor for vascular disease, and that calcium supplements acutely elevate serum calcium – a combination of findings that lends plausibility to supplementation increasing vascular risk. As there are reasonable grounds for doubting the safety of calcium supplements, and as the evidence for their efficacy in fracture prevention remains marginal, we suggest that there should be a reappraisal of their role in the management of osteoporosis, with a greater emphasis on agents known to prevent fractures.