bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration Pattern Process
Authors: Beames Simon , Fraser Kenneth 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWithin the international community architects are regularly typecast as exporters of predetermined solutions, rarely given the opportunity to respond appropriately, sensitively and effectively to specific and real emergencies. At the core of any impact are people like you and I; their welfare and successful healing creates a catalyst for the community to rebuild lives and esteem. Since 2007, Diploma Unit 7 at the Architectural Association in London, led by Simon Beames and Kenneth Fraser, has been researching the philosophical, social, political, economic and technical response to long‐term humanitarian relief and the resocialisation of displaced people and damaged communities in conditions of extreme hardship. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles with an α‐Stereogenic Ketone Moiety Through an Enantioselective Friedel–Crafts Alkylation with (E)‐1,4‐Diaryl‐2‐butene‐1,4‐diones
Authors: Blay Gonzalo , Fernández Isabel , Monleón Alicia , Muñoz M. Carmen , Pedro José R. , Vila Carlos 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChiral complexes of BINOL‐based ligands with hafnium tert‐butoxide catalyze the enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with (E)‐1,4‐diaryl‐2‐butene‐1,4‐diones at room temperature, with good yields and ee up to 94%. Hafnium(IV) was found to be a more effective Lewis acid than other frequently used metal ions such as titanium(IV) or zirconium(IV). Unlike the enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with α,β‐unsaturated compounds where the stereogenic center is generated in the β‐position to a carbonyl group, the Friedel–Crafts alkylation with 2‐butene‐1,4‐diones described here generates an α‐stereogenic center with respect to one of the carbonyl groups. This can be regarded as an inversion of the normal reactivity pattern or umpolung. The enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with (E)‐4‐oxo‐4‐phenylbutenoates using a zirconium(IV)‐BINOL catalyst is also reported. This reaction takes place regioselectively at the carbon in the β‐position to the ketone carbonyl group, generating an α‐ester stereogenic center.
Control of the release of digestive enzymes in the larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Lwalaba Digali , Hoffmann Klaus H. , Woodring Joseph 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThere is a basal level of enzyme activity for trypsin, aminopeptidase, amylase, and lipase in the gut of unfed larval (L6) Spodoptera frugiperda. Trypsin activity does not decrease with non‐feeding, possibly because of the low protein levels in plants along with high amino acid requirements for growth and storage (for later reproduction in adults). Therefore, trypsin must always be present so that only a minimal protein loss via egestion occurs. Larvae, however, adjust amylase activity to carbohydrate ingestion, and indeed amylase activity is five‐fold higher in fed larvae compared to unfed larvae. Gut lipase activity is low, typical of insects with a high carbohydrate diet. A flat‐sheet preparation of the ventriculus was used to measure the release of enzymes in response to specific nutrients and known brain/gut hormones in S. frugiperda. Sugars greatly increase (>300%) amylase release, but starch has no effect. Proteins and amino acids have little or no effect on trypsin or aminopeptidase release. The control of enzyme release in response to food is likely mediated through neurohormones. Indeed, an allatostatin (Spofr‐AS A5) inhibits amylase and trypsin, and allatotropin (Manse‐ AT) stimulates amylase and trypsin release. Spofr‐AS A5 also inhibits ileum myoactivity and Manse‐AT stimulates myoactivity. The epithelial secretion rate of amylase and trypsin was about 20% of the amount of enzyme present in the ventricular lumen, which, considering the efficient counter‐current recycling of enzymes, suggests that the secretion rate is adequate to replace egested enzymes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrated solution to purification challenges in the manufacture of a soluble recombinant protein in E. coli
Authors: Caparon Maire H. , Rust Kevin J. , Hunter Alan K. , McLaughlin Joseph K. , Thomas Kristen E. , Herberg John T. , Shell Robert E. , Lanter Paul B. , Bishop Bruce F. , Dufield Robert L. , Wang Xing , Ho Sa V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractApolipoprotein A 1 Milano (ApoA‐1M), the protein component of a high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) mimic with promising potential for reduction of atherosclerotic plaque, is produced at large scale by expression in E. coli. Significant difficulty with clearance of host cell proteins (HCPs) was experienced in the original manufacturing process despite a lengthy downstream purification train. Analysis of purified protein solutions and intermediate process samples led to identification of several major HCPs co‐purifying with the product and a bacterial protease potentially causing a specific truncation of ApoA‐1M found in the final product. Deletion of these genes from the original host strain succeeded in substantially reducing the levels of HCPs and the truncated species without adversely affecting the overall fermentation productivity, contributing to a much more efficient and robust new manufacturing process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 239–249. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of the In Vitro Replication of DNA by an Aptamer–Protein Complex in an Autonomous DNA Machine
Authors: Zhu Changfeng , Wen Yanqin , Li Di , Wang Lihua , Song Shiping , Fan Chunhai , Willner Itamar 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDNA replication plays a central role in living organisms. Unregulated or uncontrollable DNA replication is well known to result in many pathological states, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and viral/bacterial infections. We report that an aptamer–protein complex could indirectly inhibit in vitro replication of DNA. An isothermal DNA machine based on the strand‐displacement amplification is employed to support our assumption. An antithrombin aptamer sequence is rationally encoded into the DNA replication template. Once thrombin binds to the template, the as‐formed aptamer–protein complexes can, in turn, become a barrier to the polymerase and inhibit the DNA replication activities in both static and dynamic modes. The inhibition is successfully confirmed by both fluorescence and gel‐electrophoresis experiments. Considering the availability of a broad library of aptamers and the existence of various DNA/protein interactions, our results imply the possibility for the rational regulation of DNA replication in vivo.
Performance analysis of an experimental wireless relay sensor network
Authors: Zhang Gu‐Chun , Peng Xiao‐Hong , Gu Xuan‐Ye 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCommunication through relay channels in wireless sensor networks can create diversity and consequently improve the robustness of data transmission for ubiquitous computing and networking applications. In this paper, we investigate the performances of relay channels in terms of diversity gain and throughput via both experimental research and theoretical analysis. Two relaying algorithms, dynamic relaying and fixed relaying, are utilised and tested to find out what the relay channels can contribute to system performances. The tests are based on a wireless relay sensor network comprising a source node, a destination node and a couple of relay nodes, and carried out in an indoor environment with rare movement of objects nearby. The tests confirm, in line with the analytical results, that more relay nodes lead to higher diversity gain in the network. The test results also show that the data throughput between the source node and the destination node is enhanced by the presence of the relay nodes. Energy consumption in association with the relaying strategy is also analysed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A secure multipath routing protocol in mobilead hocnetworks
Authors: Yin Hao , Wang Yang , Min Geyong , Berton Sebastien , Guo Rui , Lin Chuang 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMultipath routing can adapt to traffic changes, increase reliability and enhance the Quality of Service support in communication networks. This routing algorithm has been recognized as one of the salient features in MobileAd hocNetworks (MANETs). However, existing multipath routing protocols are often practically infeasible due to its security venerability if they suffer from attacks in MANETs, such as repudiation attacks, Denial of Service attacks. In this paper we propose a novel secure multipath routing protocol, referred to as SMRP, and investigate its feasibility and performance. SMRP applies a new heuristic algorithm increasing the number of disjoint paths and a smart authentication mechanism to enhance the security against the attacks in MANETs. The performance results from extensive analysis and experiments show that SMRP can efficiently enhance the security in MANETs while preserving the low overhead of computing and communication. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short‐time postseismic deformation of 2001 Ms8.1 Kunlun (China) earthquake
Authors: Zhi‐Gang Shao , Rong‐Shan Fu , Changsheng Jiang 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAfter the Ms 8.1 Kunlun earthquake, postseismic displacements were resolved with GPS. The observed data showed that there were significant differences between the deformations on the south and the north sides of the Kunlun fault. In addition, it is shown that the direction of deformation on the north side shifted from westward to eastward after a short‐time adjustment. Such GPS data are used as the constraints in finite element method (FEM) modeling of postseismic deformation. Using 3D poro‐viscoelastic model, we show that the horizontal inhomogeneous viscosities in lower crust can play an important role in the geodynamic behavior. The best‐fitting viscosities of lower crust are about 5.0×1017 Pa s, 9.0×1018 Pa s in Qiangtang block and Qaidam basin, respectively. The simulation suggests that the postseismic deformation of 2001 Kunlun Ms8.1 earthquake probably be caused by both the viscoelastic relaxation and poroelastic rebound. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of the cutting technique on the residual stress distribution of cut edges in FeSi3 transformer sheets
Authors: Böhling M. , Bauch J. , Ullrich H.‐J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSamples of laser‐scratched FeSi3 transformer sheets have been investigated. The investigations were carried out by using the Kossel and EBSD techniques in our self‐designed multifunctional system. The results show residual stress mappings of the cut edges of FeSi3 transformer sheets and their dependence on the cutting process (conventional plate shears, abrasive water‐jet technique, laser cutting). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
TEM analysis of the container effect of Au‐based catalyst droplets during vapour‐liquid‐solid growth of axial ZnTe/CdTe nanowires
Authors: Kirmse H. , Häusler I. , Kret S. , Janik E. , Karczewski G. , Wojtowicz T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAxial heterostructure nanowires (NWs) of ZnTe/CdTe were grown by vapour‐liquid‐solid growth realized in a molecular beam epitaxial chamber. By alternative supply of Zn or Cd and constant Te the heterostructure was generated. The liquid phase is provided by a Au‐based eutectic droplet which stays at the tip of the NW during the entire growth. For structural and chemical characterization by TEM the NWs were harvested from the substrate and transferred to a holey carbon film. The NWs exhibit an expansion of the diameter correlated with the interface region between ZnTe and CdTe. Idiomorphic growth of the CdTe is evident from electron diffraction experiments. The growth rate of CdTe appears to be smaller compared to that of ZnTe at the same temperature. Both, quantitative high‐resolution TEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy line scans reveal a smeared ZnTe/CdTe interface along about 200 nm. The smearing is due to both, the liquid catalyst which buffers the supply of Cd instead of Zn at the liquid/solid interface and to the strain which is induced by the lattice mismatch. It forces the system to consume the remnant Zn for the NW growth in favour of Cd. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time evolution of cholesteric fingers of the second species in an electric field
Authors: Pirkl S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDifferent growth modes of isolated cholesteric fingers of the second species (CF‐2) in an electric field at voltages near a coexistence line (V2) between cholesteric and nematic mesophases are in detail described. Videomicroscopy and computer image analysis were used for investigation of the pattern in polarized light. It is shown how a drift, a lengthening and a shape of fingers depend on the voltage at which the growth sets in and three typical scenarios are distinguished. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Rahmenbedingungen und Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für den Wohnungsbau in Deutschland und in Sachsen
Authors: Buttolo Albrecht 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNicht selten ist zu hören, der Wohnungsbau in Deutschland sei in einem beklagenswerten Zustand. Die Politik kümmere sich zu wenig um die Situation im Wohnungsbau. Tatsache ist, dass nach der Expansion der Baubranche in den 90er Jahren in Folge der Wiedervereinigung Deutschlands es zunächst zu einem massiven Rückgang der Bautätigkeit kam, diese sich allerdings seit einigen Jahren wieder auf einem gleich bleibenden Niveau bewegt. Dies trifft auch für den Teil bereich des Wohnungsbaus zu.Da liegt es nahe, nach den Rahmenbedingungen für den Wohnungsbau, der Lage des Wohnungsmarktes und den Möglichkeiten der Wohnraumförderung zu fragen.
Wohnen in Deutschland – Ware und Sozialgut
Authors: Günther Matthias 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDie Wohnungen der Wiederaufbauphase sind in die Jahre gekommen, und auch viele der in den 1970er Jahren errichteten Geschosswohnungsbauten werden bereits seit längerem vor allem hinsichtlich ihrer sozialen Nachhaltigkeit hinterfragt. In Ostdeutschland wird bereits seit einigen Jahren überflüssige Bausubstanz mit öffentlicher Förderung abgerissen. Auch wir Deutschen bauen nicht für die Ewigkeit.Spricht man mit Fachleuten, so wird von diesen häufig die Variante Abriss und Neubau gegenüber der Lösung Sanierung und Modernisierung bevorzugt. Im Neubau können die heutigen, differenzierten Anforderungen am besten erfüllt werden. Dagegen bleibt im Falle der Sanierung ein nach wie vor altes Gebäude mit zum Teil unabänderlichen Schwächen etwa im Schallschutz oder bei den Raumhöhen erhalten. Obwohl auch die Kosten häufig eher für Abriss und Neubau sprechen, sind wir nach wie vor ein Volk der Sanierer und Modernisierer.Als ein Hindernis für den verstärkten Ersatz von Bestandsbauten durch Neubauten gilt die gegenwärtige Förderpolitik von Bund und Ländern, die zu einer Benachteiligung des Bestandsersatzes führt. Die Konzentration auf das Erhalten des Bestehenden erscheint vor dem Hintergrund einer zunehmenden Diskrepanz zwischen den Anforderungen an Wohnungen unter anderem hinsichtlich des Klimaschutzes oder der Eignung für Senioren zweifelhaft.Gerade im Bereich der seniorengerechten Wohnungen besteht erheblicher Handlungsbedarf mit einem langfristig hohen Einsparpotenzial. Allerdings müssten die Wohnungsanbieter handeln, und die Sozialkassen hätten die Einsparungen.Selbstverständlich kann Deutschland auch die Wohnungsmärkte einer rein marktwirtschaftlichen Lösung überlassen. Von der Politik muss allerdings erwartet werden, dass die Ergebnisse des Marktprozesses hinsichtlich ihrer gesellschaftlichen Akzeptanz hinterfragt werden. Dies mag kurzfristig – unter der noch vorhandenen Wirkung in der Vergangenheit gezahlter Subventionen – sogar der Fall sein. Hinsichtlich der längerfristigen Entwicklung sind Zweifel angebracht. Wenn bereits heute die Wohnkosten für 11 % der privaten Haushalte vollständig oder teilweise vom Staat übernommen werden, so wird dieser Anteil beim weiteren Abschmelzen des Sozialwohnungsbestandes und zunehmender Altersarmut kaum geringer werden.Deutschland braucht mehr Wohnungsneubau. Die heute wohl schlechtesten Rahmenbedingungen für den Wohnungsneubau in der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland müssen dringend verbessert werden. Der Anstieg des Wohnungsneubaus auf den ermittelten Wohnungsbedarf in einer Größenordnung von 400000 Wohnungen pro Jahr hilft,– die Klimaschutzziele zu erreichen– das selbstbestimmte Wohnen bis ins hohe Alter für viele Menschen Realität werden zu lassen– die aktuelle Krise schneller zur überwinden.
Generic sample preparation and dual polarity liquid chromatography—time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for high‐throughput screening in doping analysis
Authors: Kolmonen Marjo , Leinonen Antti , Kuuranne Tiia , Pelander Anna , Ojanperä Ilkka 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe requirements on initial testing in doping control are getting tighter regarding efficiency and speed while the scope of analytes is getting more diverse and, consequently, the need for high‐throughput methods is apparent. In this study, a comprehensive screening method for doping agents in human urine is presented, based on solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LCTOFMS). The method covers most of the compound groups in the list of prohibited substances by World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). Mixed‐mode SPE on two types of sorbent and the use of negative ionization mode besides the commonly used positive mode in electrospray ionization (ESI) allowed detection of acidic compounds, such as sulpho‐conjugated metabolites. A run time of 8 minutes for each of the two ESI polarities was achieved. The method was validated regarding relative ionization efficiency, selectivity and signal to noise at the WADA's minimum required performance limit (MRPL) level, resulting in the acceptance of 197 compounds. A selection of 20 compounds was submitted for a more thorough validation, including extraction recovery, repeatability and linearity. Recovery and linearity (R2) varied mainly between 83–115% and 0.78–0.99, respectively. Median values for repeatability at the MRPL and 10 × MRPL levels were below 20%. A mean and median mass accuracy of 1.2 and 0.80 mDa, respectively, was achieved. The present method represents at the moment the widest coverage of low molecular weight prohibited substances for the screening in sports, providing an approach for further rationalisation of the analytical work‐flow in the doping control laboratories. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Craniofacial skeletal defects of adult zebrafish Glypican 4 (knypek) mutants
Authors: LeClair Elizabeth E. , Mui Stephanie R. , Huang Angela , Topczewska Jolanta M. , Topczewski Jacek 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe heparan sulfate proteoglycan Glypican 4 (Gpc4) is part of the Wnt/planar cell polarity pathway, which is required for convergence and extension during zebrafish gastrulation. To observe Glypican 4‐deficient phenotypes at later stages, we rescued gpc4−/− (knypek) homozygotes and raised them for more than one year. Adult mutants showed diverse cranial malformations of both dermal and endochondral bones, ranging from shortening of the rostral‐most skull to loss of the symplectic. Additionally, the adult palatoquadrate cartilage was disorganized, with abnormal chondrocyte orientation. To understand how the palatoquadrate cartilage normally develops, we examined a juvenile series of wild type and mutant specimens. This identified two novel domains of elongated chondrocytes in the larval palatoquadrate, which normally form prior to endochondral ossification. In contrast, gpc4−/− larvae never form these domains, suggesting a failure of chondrocyte orientation, though not differentiation. Our findings implicate Gpc4 in the regulation of zebrafish cartilage and bone morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 238:2550–2563, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An endoderm‐specific transcriptional enhancer from the mouse Gata4 gene requires GATA and homeodomain protein–binding sites for function in vivo
Authors: Rojas Anabel , Schachterle William , Xu Shan‐Mei , Black Brian L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSeveral transcription factors function in the specification and differentiation of the endoderm, including the zinc finger transcription factor GATA4. Despite its essential role in endoderm development, the transcriptional control of the Gata4 gene in the developing endoderm and its derivatives remains incompletely understood. Here, we identify a distal enhancer from the Gata4 gene, which directs expression exclusively to the visceral and definitive endoderm of transgenic mouse embryos. The activity of this enhancer is initially broad within the definitive endoderm but later restricts to developing endoderm‐derived tissues, including pancreas, glandular stomach, and duodenum. The activity of this enhancer in vivo is dependent on evolutionarily‐conserved HOX‐ and GATA‐binding sites, which are bound by PDX‐1 and GATA4, respectively. These studies establish Gata4 as a direct transcriptional target of homeodomain and GATA transcription factors in the endoderm and support a model in which GATA4 functions in the transcriptional network for pancreas formation. Developmental Dynamics 238:2588–2598, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An immunity network with provision for diverse recognition in T‐cell receptors
Authors: Yamaguchi Takayuki , Fukata Masahiro , Aramaki Yasutaka , Tang Zheng , Tamura Hiroki , Ishii Masahiro 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecently, biological superior information processing ability has been researched to be able to be useful for a computer system. In particular, neural networks for the brain and nervous system have been researched. Immunity network models based on the biological immune response network also have been studied, but most of the researchers consider only a basic part of the interaction between B cells and T cells. Recent research has reported that the function of T cell receptors (TCR) is important in the practical immune response network. Therefore, we propose a new immunity network model which, unlike the traditional immunity networks, has the same function as that of a TCR. We applied the proposed immunity network model and the traditional immunity network model to the pattern recognition system. And we compared the performance of the proposed immunity network model with the traditional immunity network model, and showed the usability of the proposed immunity network model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(10): 41–48, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10040
Synthesis and Aqueous Colloidal Solutions of RE2(OH)5NO3·nH2O (RE = Nd and La)
Authors: Lee Kyung‐Hee , Byeon Song‐Ho 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA new, simple route leading to layered rare‐earth hydroxy nitrates was developed. The pH‐independent procedure uses ethanol containing alkali‐metal hydroxide (KOH, RbOH, or CsOH) as a solvothermal medium. Two new, layered rare‐earth hydroxy nitrates (LRHs), Nd2(OH)5NO3·nH2O and La2(OH)5NO3·nH2O, were prepared by this nonaqueous solvothermal reaction. Because the RE = Nd and La members have not yet been synthesized in an aqueous system, the successful synthesis of these compounds implies the completion of the RE2(OH)5NO3·nH2O (RE = rare earths) series. The typical properties of a layered structure was demonstrated by ready ion‐exchange reactions between NO3– and some organic anions such as decanoate, decanesulfonate, and decyl sulfate. In particular, the as‐synthesized hydroxide from solvothermal reaction, where the alkali‐metal nitrates are partially intercalated in the interlayer gallery, form an aqueous colloidal solution under ultrasonic treatment. Hydration of the LRHs intercalated with alkali‐metal salts results in the formation of colloidal LRH suspensions in water. The colloidal character of the LRH solutions is supported by the Tyndall effect, TEM, and AFM images.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)