bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Use of Mothers With Preschool Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: Johnson Catherine Blaylock , Deitz Jean Crosetto 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This pilot study describes and compares the time use for physical child care of two groups of mothers—those with physically handicapped preschoolers (N = 16) and those with normal preschoolers (N = 21). Each mother completed a questionnaire on the time she spent in three categories of physical child care activities. These activities included feeding, personal care, and transportation for physical care. Investigators collected data on both frequency and duration. They reported descriptive data for all categories separately and combined. The results of the study show that the mothers of the physically handicapped preschoolers spent significantly more time engaged in physical child care activities than did the mothers of normal preschoolers. Results also show a high correlation between frequency and duration data for physical child care. The results strongly suggest that the mothers of physically handicapped preschoolers spend significantly more time in physical child care than do the mothers of normal preschoolers. They also suggest that frequency data alone could be collected in further studies in this area without appreciably reducing the accuracy of the results.
Finger Extension Game
Authors: Gesior Catherine , Mann Deborah 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The finger extension game was designed in response to a learning exercise by two students on preclinical assignment. It is an activity designed to facilitate the rehabilitation process of the finger extensors on a subcortical level. Occupational therapy literature emphasizes exercise techniques rather than incorporating activities with exercise. This game allows the occupational therapist to provide activities that direct the patient’s concentration away from the exercise itself. This article includes a description and a detailed plan for constructing the finger extension game.
Occupational Therapy Treatment Goals for Adults With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study examined whether occupational therapists were using treatment time to prepare adults with developmental disabilities for independent living opportunities. Eighty-eight occupational therapy evaluations for 54 adults with developmental disabilities in 18 different community agencies in the Boston area were reviewed to ascertain the focus of treatment goals that reflect treatment approaches. Results indicate that remedial goals significantly outnumbered adaptive ones. Within the adaptive goals, self-care and community living skills were equally represented, but some important community skill areas like advocacy, money management, personal care attendant management, sexuality, and transportation received little or no attention. Implications of these findings for therapists, clients, and third-party payers are discussed.
Occupational Therapists’ Use of Media
Authors: Barris Roann , Cordero Jane , Christiaansen Robert 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine current trends in the use of activities by occupational therapists, to identify factors influencing their selection of activities, and to examine relationships between activities used and therapeutic goals. A questionnaire sent to 500 members of the American Occupational Therapy Association elicited a low response rate; thus, the results are descriptive of only 22% of the original population. The therapists who responded were primarily using activities of daily living and physical or exercise-related modalities although there were some differences according to area of practice and according to the time period in which the therapist received professional training. Clinical education and classroom education were the most frequently cited influences on activity selection, and remediation of musculoskeletal deficits was the most frequently mentioned therapeutic goal.
The Choice of an Appropriate Statistic: A Nonmathematical Approach
Authors: Mann William C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Statistics appear with increasing frequency in the occupational therapy literature. At the same time many therapists do not understand the reasons for selecting certain statistics for a study. This article outlines an approach to selecting statistics that can be used with many research studies. The approach is useful in evaluating the choice of statistics in a published study or a research proposal or in planning a study. The presentation is conceptual, illustrated with examples from occupational therapy literature.
Grip and Pinch Strength: Norms for 6- to 19-Year-Olds
Authors: Mathiowetz Virgil , Wiemer Diana M. , Federman Susan M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish normative data for 6- to 19-year-olds on four tests of hand strength. The Jamar dynamometer was used to measure grip strength and a pinch gauge was used to measure tip, key, and palmar pinch. A sample of 231 males and 240 females from the seven-county Milwaukee area was tested, using standardized positioning and instructions. Results of this study indicate that increases in grip and pinch strength coincide with increases in chronological age, that males are stronger than females in all age groups, and that hand dominance does not significantly affect hand strength scores. Normative data collected in this study were slightly higher than norms from previous American and Australian studies.
The Case for Health Promotion Programs Containing Health Care Costs: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Elias Walter S. , Murphy Robert J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A review is conducted of major studies dealing with the impact of work site health promotion programs on health care costs. Inconsistent results were produced due to measurement, design, and sampling problems. A study of Blue Cross-Blue Shield of Indiana employees provided the best evidence of program-related health care cost reductions. Suggestions are made which, if implemented, should enable researchers to more confidently attribute cost reductions to health promotion program activities.
Health Promotion in the Office
Authors: Allen Virginia R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists have the training and skill to modify office environments in order to promote employee health. Minor changes in the ways tasks are performed can improve work performance, decrease the incidence of minor health complaints, and help prevent repetition injury. Two employee health promotion education programs are described. They were conducted by an occupational therapist and can be replicated in other settings. One program was a seven-session series for bank employees; the other was a luncheon presentation to office workers employed by a health science university.
Managing an Academic Career
Authors: Masagatani Gladys N. , Grant H. Kay 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Current predicaments that academic educators deal with, that is, the conflicts between teaching and research responsibilities, the competition within universities for promotion and tenure, and the importance of viewing the university as a complex social-political system are addressed. Recommendations for improvements in the development and education of new faculty members and suggestions for evaluative criteria for the documentation of a faculty member’s performance are offered.
Occupational Therapy Education: The Relationship of Purpose, Objectives, and Teaching Models
Authors: Leonardelli Carol A. , Gratz Rene R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A clearly stated purpose of basic professional education in occupational therapy provides a base for educational programs to develop learning objectives and identify effective teaching models and behaviors. The primary purpose of professional education should be the development of problem-solving skills, self-awareness, and creative productive thinking, with “hands-on” skills relegated to a secondary purpose. Specific learning objectives and the teaching models that have been developed to meet these objectives are presented. The authors further suggest that there must be a relationship between what occurs in the classroom (implementation of teaching models) and the purpose of professional education. A survey of current occupational therapy faculty members was conducted to identify a) their preparedness in the use of teaching models and b) other factors affecting their classroom behavior (years of experience, educational level, area of concentration). Survey results portray a relatively young faculty in both rank and experience. Other data indicate that although 85% of the respondents had taken at least one education course, only slightly more than half were familiar with teaching models. Most respondents felt that course work in educational methods and models aids in the development of more effective teaching strategies.
A Positioning Seat for the Neonate and Infant With High Tone
Authors: Anderson Linda J. , Anderson J. Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Positioning and seating are important for premature and young infants with tonal problems. Positioning with pillows and sandbags, the use of special handling techniques (Bobath’s neural developmental treatment), as well as other specialized approaches, have not proved satisfactory in reducing tone or spasticity in these infants. We developed an adaptive seat designed to reduce extensor tone through proper positioning. This seat has also been helpful in diminishing agitation. Without these benefits, infants are often immobilized in extension and cannot actively explore their environments. Diminution in agitation has also been important in increasing interaction with nurses.
Promise in Nonparametrics
Authors: Royeen Charlotte Brasic , Seaver William L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper proposes the use of nonparametric statistical methods as a way to increase the quality and quantity of research in occupational therapy. Assumptions underlying parametric versus nonparametric methods are compared and the conditions under which nonparametric methods may be preferred are specified. Finally, a synopsis of equivalent nonparametric procedures for common parametric methods is presented.
Level I Fieldwork: Issues and Needs
Authors: Leonardelli Carol A. , Caruso Lynn A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Level I fieldwork in occupational therapy is coming under close scrutiny by fieldwork sites and schools as accountability in health care becomes increasingly significant. The Wisconsin Council on Education (Wiscouncil) has been examining the problems encountered in implementing Level I fieldwork at both the technical and professional levels since fall 1982. A survey of 169 occupational therapy clinicians and educators was conducted in Wisconsin to address the following: objectives, assessment, scheduling, cost-effectiveness, and areas of responsibility. Results of this survey indicated that the concerns identified within the state may exist at a broader level. Two members of Wiscouncil expanded the project to look at Level I fieldwork issues nationwide.
The nationwide survey results indicate a strong concern among clinicians about the cost-effectiveness of implementing Level I fieldwork. There appear to be different beliefs about the overall objectives of Level I among clinicians, occupational therapy educators, and occupational therapy assistant educators. The majority of clinicians felt that uniform objectives and a uniform evaluation for Level I fieldwork would help facilitate the experience for them.
Nutritional Support and the Occupational Therapist’s Role
Authors: Malamud Ilene G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Nutrition, although important, is often overlooked during hospitalization. At Grant Hospital of Chicago, a nutritional support team is trained in recognizing, assessing, and managing nutritional disorders. The occupational therapist member of this team works to enhance patients’ functional independence physically and emotionally. Knowledge of nutrition is necessary for all health professionals when dealing with the total person.
Evaluation and Management of the Patient With Acute Back Pain
Authors: Caruso Lynn A. , Chan Diedre E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Patients with low back pain are among the largest group of health care consumers today. During an episode of acute back pain the patient may be hospitalized for diagnostic workup and medical management, processes to which occupational therapists can contribute. The occupational therapist’s evaluation includes assessment of the patient’s activities of daily living and understanding of back protection and pain behaviors. The therapist involves the patient in managing his or her back problem by teaching problem-solving skills and identifying appropriate life-style changes. Instruction is provided in proper body mechanics, anatomy of the spine, work simplification, relaxation, and adaptive methods of performing daily activities. Given the short hospitalization period, outpatient follow-up may be provided to facilitate the application of information learned in the hospital to home and work settings. The goal of occupational therapy is to help the patient with low back pain return to a productive life-style.
An Occupational Therapy Protocol for Assessing Infants and Toddlers Who Fail to Thrive
Authors: Denton Rick 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Children who “fail to thrive” are frequently referred to occupational therapists. Yet there is no organized protocol that therapists could use to assess these children. This paper reviews criteria that distinguish organic from nonorganic “failure to thrive” and describes the occupational therapist’s contribution to the evaluation process. An occupational therapy protocol is presented to facilitate a thorough assessment, emphasizing feeding issues and caretaker-child interaction.
The Self-Esteem of Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Magill Joyce , Hurlbut Nancy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper examined the self-esteem of 22 adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) (11 girls, 11 boys) who were matched by sex, school, age, and IQ with 22 nondisabled adolescents. Subjects completed the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale II (FACES II), and a demographic questionnaire. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the girls with CP scored significantly lower than (a) the boys with CP, the nondisabled boys, and nondisabled girls on physical self-esteem, and (b) the nondisabled girls and boys with CP on social self-esteem. The scores of the boys with CP were similar to those of the nondisabled groups. This differential effect of disability on males and females is discussed in terms of the interactionist theory and the implications for occupational therapy.
Reliability and Accuracy of Visually Analyzing Graphed Data From Single-Subject Designs
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
As the number of single-subject research reports in the occupational therapy literature increases, the reliability of clinical decisions made from single-subject data must be determined. This study examined the ability of occupational therapists to reliably and accurately analyze data from single-subject designs using visual inspection of graphed data. Forty-six therapists provided a rating on whether or not a clinically significant change in performance had occurred across the baseline and treatment phases for five graphs of hypothetical data. The results revealed that considerable disagreement existed in making visual judgments based on the five graphs. The data sets were also analyzed using a recently developed statistical procedure for use with single-subject data. The level of agreement between the quantitative analysis and the visual analysis was also poor, suggesting inconsistency in the ability to make accurate visual judgments of single-subject data. The advantages and limitations of graphic presentation and visual inspection of single-subject data are discussed and the argument is made that some form of quantitative analysis should generally be used in conjunction with the visual inspection of graphed data.
The Directive Group: Short-Term Treatment for Psychiatric Patients With a Minimal Level of Functioning
Authors: Kaplan Kathy L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes a three-level interdisciplinary group program for treating patients on a short-term psychiatric inpatient unit. Special emphasis is given to the lowest level group, the Directive Group, which addresses the needs of patients with a minimal level of functioning, a population that is usually neglected in terms of group therapy. The author developed the Directive Group based on her own clinical experience and later refined it using the model of human occupation as a conceptual framework. Therapists have modified and refined the program since its inception in July of 1977. The benefits and limitations of the program are discussed with applications for other health care settings.
Effectiveness and Efficiency of Criterion Testing Versus Interviewing for Collecting Functional Assessment Information
Authors: Klein-Parris Connie , Clermont-Michel Thea , O’Neill John 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This exploratory study investigated two factors believed to influence the efficiency (cost/time) and effectiveness (accuracy/validity) of functional assessment, client’s level of functioning, and complexity of the skill items. The results show that cost depends on the mode of assessment; criterion testing was found to be more than twice as expensive as interviewing the client’s caretakers. The effectiveness or accuracy of the assessment was found to be enhanced under two sets of circumstances: (a) when clients were functioning at a higher level and (b) when assessment items were less complex. The findings have implications for developing client assessments that are both efficient and effective.
The Relationship Between Articulation Disorders and Motor Coordination in Children
Authors: Cermak Sharon A. , Ward Elizabeth A. , Ward Lorraine M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was designed to examine the relationship between articulation disorders, soft neurological signs, and motor abilities. Fifteen children with articulation problems, as measured by the Templin-Darley Articulation Screening Test and a connected speech sample, were compared with a normal control group (matched for sex and age) on the Quick Neurological Screening Test, the Imitation of Postures test (from the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests), and the 1984 version of the Stott Test of Motor Impairment that has been revised by Henderson. A Significant difference was found between the groups on the Motor Impairment Test and the Quick Neurological Screening Test, supporting the hypothesis that the articulation disorder children would have more motor coordination problems and soft neurological signs than the normal children in the control group. There was no between-group difference on the Imitation of Postures test, suggesting that as a group, children with articulation deficits are not dyspraxic. This study supports other research findings stating a relationship between articulation problems and motor impairment, but it also indicates that this motor impairment is not necessarily dyspraxia.
The Reliability of a Historical Interview With Physically Disabled Respondents
Authors: Kielhofner Gary , Harlan Betty , Bauer David , Maurer Patti 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study investigated the reliability of a historical interview with 20 respondents with physical disabilities, An existing interview, the Occupational Role History, was modified and a companion rating scale was developed. Analysis of the test-retest and interrater reliabilities suggest that a stable clinical judgment can be formed from data gathered in a historical interview.
The Predictive Validity of the Functional Capacities Evaluation
Authors: Smith Susan L. , Cunningham Sandra , Weinberg Roger 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study tested the predictive validity of the Functional Capacities Evaluation (FCE), which included the following three components: a) a Medical History Review, b) a Client Activity Interview, and c) the Smith Physical Capacities Evaluation (SMITH-PCE) as the performance component. The FCE is used in conjunction with the Physical Demands and Environmental Conditions specified by the U.S. Department of Labor to predict a subject’s ability to return to work. The study used a random sample of 52 subjects. An employment questionnaire served as a criterion measure of predictive validity.
The data from the questionnaires were compared with predictions from the evaluations, and a lambdab test was applied to the data. Results suggested that for the sample analyzed, trained registered occupational therapists could use the FCE to predict a client’s ability to return to work more accurately.
The study was limited in that the sample used was drawn from clients seen in only one private practice and that only 42% of the questionnaires were returned.
Therapeutic Modality Comparisons in Day Treatment
Authors: Klyczek James P. , Mann William C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The deinstitutionalization of patients with chronic mental illness and shorter hospitalizations of individuals recently diagnosed as mentally ill has resulted in the establishment of an enlarged network of community mental health services. Diminished federal financial support calls for greater efficiency and accountability in the delivery of community-based mental health services. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in treatment approach relate to differences in outcome measures of symptom reduction, community tenure, and relapse. In a study of two day treatment centers, one offering twice as much activity therapy as verbal therapy, and the other offering twice as much verbal therapy as activity therapy, it was found that clients receiving primarily activity therapy achieved four times more symptom reduction, equivalent community tenure, and a three and a half times greater relapse rate than clients receiving primarily verbal therapy.
The Effectiveness of Therapy in Improving Finger Extension in Stroke Patients
Authors: Trombly Catherine A. , Thayer-Nason Linda , Bliss Gail , Girard Charlene Arthur , Lyrist Linda Alberto , Brexa-Hooson Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Twenty post-stroke patients were assigned to one of three treatment conditions or to a control group to test whether exercises, determined in a previous study to recruit maximal extensor digitorum participation, would improve finger extension function over time. The exercises were resisted grasp, resisted extension, and ballistic extension. Improved function was defined as increased active range of motion, speed of reversal of movement, and ability to grasp and release cylinders. Significantly more subjects assigned to ballistic or resisted extension conditions improved in their ability to rapidly reverse movement over the course of treatment as opposed to those assigned to resisted grasp or control conditions. However, Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analyses of variance indicated that no exercise improved all three components of function significantly more than another or the control condition.
Since no clear difference was found between the control and treatment conditions, it was concluded that motor unit recruitment as an attribute of activity is insufficient to improve function in post-stroke patients. The strength of this conclusion is limited by a chance imbalance of patient assignment in which significantly more patients assigned to resisted and ballistic extension conditions were at a higher level of recovery of motor control.