bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese “Herbal” Cigarettes Are as Carcinogenic and Addictive as Regular Cigarettes
Authors: Gan Quan , Yang Jie , Yang Gonghuan , Goniewicz Maciej , Benowitz Neal L. , Glantz Stanton A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective: To examine the Chinese tobacco industry's claim that herbal cigarettes are less harmful than regular cigarettes.
Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional survey. One hundred thirty-five herbal cigarette smokers and 143 regular smokers from one city in China completed a questionnaire on smoking behavior and provided a urine sample. The main outcome measures were cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine in all samples, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (PAH; 1-hydroxypyrene, naphthols, hydroxyfluorenes, and hydroxyphnanthrenes) and the tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronide in randomly selected 98 samples (47 from the herbal smokers' group and 51 from the regular smokers' group). Values were normalized by creatinine to correct for possible variability introduced by dilution or concentration of the urine.
Results: Health concern was among the main reasons that smokers switched to herbal cigarettes from regular cigarettes. Smokers reported increased consumption after switching to herbal cigarettes from regular cigarettes. For all the four markers analyzed (cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, total NNAL, and total PAHs), we observed no significant difference in the levels (P = 0.169, P = 0.146, P = 0.171, and P = 0.554, respectively) between smokers of herbal cigarettes and smokers of regular cigarettes. Both total NNAL and total PAHs were significantly correlated with cotinine and trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (P &lt; 0.001 for all four correlations).
Conclusions: Our findings showed that herbal cigarettes did not deliver less carcinogens than regular cigarettes. The public needs to be aware of this fact, and the Chinese tobacco industry should avoid misleading the public when promoting herbal cigarettes as safer products. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3497–501]
Clinical Trials Methods for Evaluation of Potential Reduced Exposure Products
Authors: Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Hanson Karen , Briggs Anna , Parascandola Mark , Genkinger Jeanine M. , O'Connor Richard , Shields Peter G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPotential reduced exposure products (PREPs) to tobacco toxicants may have promise in reducing tobacco-related morbidity or mortality or may promote greater harm to individuals or the population. Critical to determining the risks or benefits from these products are valid human clinical trial PREP assessment methods. Such an assessment involves determining the effects of these products on biomarkers of exposure and effect, which serve as proxies for harm, and assessing the potential for consumer uptake and abuse of the product. This article identifies critical methodologic issues associated with PREP assessments, reviews the methods that have been used to assess PREPs, and describes the strengths and limitations of these methods. Additionally, recommendations are provided for clinical trial PREP assessment methods and future research directions in this area based on this review and on the deliberations from a National Cancer Institute sponsored Clinical Trials PREP Methods Workshop. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3143–95)
Time to First Cigarette after Waking Predicts Cotinine Levels
Authors: Muscat Joshua E. , Stellman Steven D. , Caraballo Ralph S. , Richie John P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
There is wide variability in cotinine levels per cigarette smoked. We hypothesized that in addition to smoking frequency, other behavioral measures of nicotine dependence, such as the time to first cigarette after waking, are associated with cotinine levels. To test this hypothesis, we measured plasma and urinary cotinine in a community-based study of 252 black and white daily cigarette smokers. Among one pack per day smokers, plasma cotinine levels varied from 16 to 1,180 ng/mL, a 74-fold difference. Two nicotine dependence phenotypes were discerned by time after waking. Subjects in the “low” dependent phenotype smoked &gt;30 minutes after waking and nearly all smoked ≤20 cigarettes per day. Cotinine levels increased linearly with cigarette consumption in this group. Subjects in the “high” dependent phenotype smoked ≤30 minutes after waking but had a wide range in the frequency of daily cigarettes (6-70). Compared with the low dependent phenotype, there were relatively small differences in cotinine by cigarette frequency with evidence of a plateau effect in heavy smokers (∼30). After adjusting for cigarette frequency, the levels of cotinine by time to first cigarette were as follows: ≤5 minutes, 437 [95% confidence limits (CL), 380-494]; 6 to 30 minutes, 352 (95% CL, 291-413), 31 to 60 minutes, 229 (95% CL, 140-317), and &gt;60 minutes, 215 (95% CL, 110-321). Similar findings were observed for urinary cotinine. These findings suggest that the time to first cigarette is a strong predictor of nicotine uptake and should be considered in the design of smoking interventions. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3415–20)
The Convergence of Lung Cancer Rates between Blacks and Whites under the Age of 40, United States
Authors: Jemal Ahmedin , Center Melissa M. , Ward Elizabeth 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Lung cancer rates in the United States have been consistently higher in blacks than in whites at all ages in men and at younger ages in women. However, since the 1970s, smoking initiation decreased more rapidly among blacks than whites. We examined trends in lung cancer rates for white and black young adults (ages 20-39) from 1992 to 2006 using joinpoint models and black-to-white rate ratios by sex. Lung cancer death rates in 20- to 39-year-olds significantly decreased in all groups but was much steeper for blacks than for whites. From 1992 to 1994 and 2004 to 2006, the black-to-white mortality rate ratio (95% confidence interval) decreased from 2.16 (1.90-2.44) to 1.28 (1.05-1.55) for men and from 1.47 (1.25-1.71) to 0.97 (0.78-1.19) for women. A similar convergence was observed in the lung cancer incidence rates. These findings suggest that if current smoking trends in the young continue, racial differences in overall lung cancer rates in men will be eliminated in the next 40 to 50 years. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3349–52)
Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Human Papilloma Virus Types 16 and 18 DNA Load
Authors: Xi Long Fu , Koutsky Laura A. , Castle Philip E. , Edelstein Zoe R. , Meyers Craig , Ho Jesse , Schiffman Mark 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Although cigarette smoking has been associated with increased human papilloma virus (HPV) detection, its impact on HPV DNA load is unknown.Methods: The study subjects were women who were positive for HPV16 and/or HPV18 at enrollment into the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance–Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study. Assessments of exposure to smoke and sexual behavior were based on self-report. Viral genome copies per nanogram of cellular DNA were measured by multiplex real-time PCR. Linear or logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and baseline viral load.Results: Of the 1,050 women (752 with HPV16, 258 with HPV18, and 40 with both HPV16 and HPV18), 452 (43.0%) were current smokers and 101 (9.6%) were former smokers at enrollment. The baseline viral load was statistically significantly greater for current compared with never smokers (P = 0.03 for HPV16; P = 0.02 for HPV18) but not for former smokers. Among current smokers, neither HPV16 nor HPV18 DNA load seemed to vary appreciably by age at smoking initiation, smoking intensity, or smoking duration. The results remained similar when the analysis of smoking-related HPV16 DNA load was restricted to women without detectable cervical abnormality.Conclusion: Higher baseline HPV16 and HPV18 DNA load was associated with status as a current but not former smoker. A lack of dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and viral load may indicate a low threshold for the effect of smoking on HPV DNA load. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3490–6)
Methods Used in Internal Industry Clinical Trials to Assess Tobacco Risk Reduction
Authors: Rees Vaughan W. , Kreslake Jennifer M. , O'Connor Richard J. , Cummings K. Michael , Parascandola Mark , Hatsukami Dorothy , Shields Peter G. , Connolly Gregory N. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective: Methods to assess reduced exposure products should include those that aid in determining likely patterns of human use and exposure. Tobacco industry clinical trial methods may provide insight into strategies to assess potential reduced exposure products (PREP) for public health purposes. Internal tobacco industry documents detailing human clinical research with PREPs were examined to document major research strategies used and identify potentially fruitful methods not currently used in the mainstream arena.
Methods: Primary data were obtained from records of research conducted internally by tobacco companies and affiliated researchers, and included manuscript drafts, presentations, protocols, and instruments relating to internal clinical trials of human tobacco use and exposure.
Results: Tobacco industry clinical research has focused on reduced exposure products, most notably Premier, Accord, and Eclipse. The most widely used strategy observed is switching studies, and details of study designs and protocols favored by the industry are described. Key measures include biomarkers of exposure (e.g., cotinine, CO, and specific carcinogens) and acute health effects such as physical health and fitness.
Conclusions: Tobacco industry clinical research has used relatively standard switching study methods, but with a broad set of measures. Clinical switching studies have been conducted by the industry primarily to support existing claims or to develop new claims. Knowledge of prior industry activity can guide and inform future public health research efforts. Although industry clinical trial methods are comparable with current mainstream methods, limited information about the validity of outcome measures used limits their viability for immediate adoption in mainstream science. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3196–208)
Active and Involuntary Tobacco Smoking and Upper Aerodigestive Tract Cancer Risks in a Multicenter Case-Control Study
Authors: Lee Yuan-Chin Amy , Marron Manuela , Benhamou Simone , Bouchardy Christine , Ahrens Wolfgang , Pohlabeln Hermann , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Agudo Antonio , Castellsague Xavier , Bencko Vladimir , Holcatova Ivana , Kjaerheim Kristina , Merletti Franco , Richiardi Lorenzo , Macfarlane Gary J. , Macfarlane Tatiana V. , Talamini Renato , Barzan Luigi , Canova Cristina , Simonato Lorenzo , Conway David I. , McKinney Patricia A. , Lowry Raymond J. , Sneddon Linda , Znaor Ariana , Healy Claire M. , McCartan Bernard E. , Brennan Paul , Hashibe Mia 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Introduction: Several important issues for the established association between tobacco smoking and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer risks include the associations with smoking by cancer subsite, by type of tobacco, and among never alcohol drinkers and the associations with involuntary smoking among nonsmokers. Our aim was to examine these specific issues in a large-scale case-control study in Europe.
Methods: Analysis was done on 2,103 UADT squamous cell carcinoma cases and 2,221 controls in the Alcohol-Related Cancers and Genetic Susceptibility in Europe project, a multicenter case-control study in 10 European countries. Unconditional logistic regression was done to obtain odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
Results: Compared with never tobacco smoking, current smoking was associated with UADT cancer risks (OR, 6.72; 95% CI, 5.45-8.30 for overall; OR, 5.83; 95% CI, 4.50-7.54 for oral cavity and oropharynx; OR, 12.19; 95% CI, 8.29-17.92 for hypopharynx and larynx; and OR, 4.17; 95% CI, 2.45-7.10 for esophagus). Among never drinkers, dose-response relationships with tobacco smoking pack-years were observed for hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers (Ptrend = 0.010) but not for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers (Ptrend = 0.282). Among never smokers, ever exposure to involuntary smoking was associated with an increased risk of UADT cancers (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.04-2.46).
Conclusion: Our results corroborate that tobacco smoking may play a stronger role in the development of hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers than that of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers among never drinkers and that involuntary smoking is an important risk factor for UADT cancers. Public health interventions to reduce involuntary smoking exposure could help reduce UADT cancer incidence. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3353–61)
Passive Smoking and Risk of Breast Cancer in the California Teachers Study
Authors: Reynolds Peggy , Goldberg Debbie , Hurley Susan , Nelson David O. , Largent Joan , Henderson Katherine D. , Bernstein Leslie 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Although recent reviews have suggested active smoking to be a risk factor for breast cancer, the association with passive smoke exposure remains controversial. This risk association was explored in a large prospective study of women, the California Teachers Study.Methods: Detailed lifetime information on passive smoke exposure by setting (home, work, or social) and by age of exposure was collected in 1997 from 57,523 women who were lifetime nonsmokers and had no history of breast cancer. In the ensuing decade, a total of 1,754 women were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) associated with several lifetime passive smoke exposure metrics.Results: For all breast cancer, measures of higher lifetime passive smoking intensity and duration were associated with nonstatistically significant HRs of 1.11 to 1.14. For postmenopausal women, HRs for lifetime low, medium, and high cumulative exposure were 1.17 (95% CI, 0.91-1.49), 1.19 (95% CI, 0.93-1.53), and 1.26 (95% CI, 0.99-1.60). For women exposed in adulthood (age ≥20 years), risk was elevated at the highest level of cumulative exposure (HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.00-1.40), primarily among postmenopausal women (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01-1.56). A statistically significant dose response was detected when analysis was restricted to women with moderate to high levels of passive smoke exposure.Conclusion: These results suggest that cumulative exposures to high levels of sidestream smoke may increase breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women who themselves have never smoked tobacco products. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3389–98)
Utility and Relationships of Biomarkers of Smoking in African-American Light Smokers
Authors: Ho Man Ki , Faseru Babalola , Choi Won S. , Nollen Nicole L. , Mayo Matthew S. , Thomas Janet L. , Okuyemi Kolawole S. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Benowitz Neal L. , Tyndale Rachel F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlthough expired carbon monoxide (CO) and plasma cotinine (COT) have been validated as biomarkers of self-reported cigarettes per day (CPD) in heavy smoking Caucasians, their utility in light smokers is unknown. Further, variability in CYP2A6, the enzyme that mediates formation of COT from nicotine and its metabolism to trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC), may limit the usefulness of COT. We assessed whether CO and COT are correlated with CPD in African-American light smokers (≤10 CPD, n = 700), a population with known reduced CYP2A6 activity and slow COT metabolism. We also examined whether gender, age, body mass index, smoking mentholated cigarettes, or rate of CYP2A6 activity, by genotype and phenotype measures (3HC/COT), influence these relationships. At baseline, many participants (42%) exhaled CO of ≤10 ppm, the traditional cutoff for smoking, whereas few (3.1%) had COT below the cutoff of ≤14 ng/mL; thus, COT seems to be a better biomarker of smoking status in this population. CPD was weakly correlated with CO and COT (r = 0.32-0.39, P &lt; 0.001), and those reporting fewer CPD had higher CO/cigarette and COT/cigarette, although the correlations coefficients between these variables were also weak (r = −0.33 and −0.08, P &lt; 0.05). The correlation between CPD and CO was not greatly increased when analyzed by CYP2A6 activity, smoking mentholated cigarettes, or age, although it appeared stronger in females (r = 0.38 versus 0.21, P &lt; 0.05) and obese individuals (r = 0.38 versus 0.24, P &lt; 0.05). Together, these results suggest that CO and COT are weakly associated with self-reported cigarette consumption in African-American light smokers, and that these relationships are not substantially improved when variables previously reported to influence these biomarkers are considered. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3426–34)
Childhood Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Functional Mannose Binding Lectin Polymorphisms Are Associated with Increased Lung Cancer Risk
Authors: Olivo-Marston Susan E. , Yang Ping , Mechanic Leah E. , Bowman Elise D. , Pine Sharon R. , Loffredo Christopher A. , Alberg Anthony J. , Caporaso Neil , Shields Peter G. , Chanock Stephen , Wu Yanhong , Jiang Ruoxiang , Cunningham Julie , Jen Jin , Harris Curtis C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Exposure to secondhand smoke during adulthood has detrimental health effects, including increased lung cancer risk. Compared with adults, children may be more susceptible to secondhand smoke. This susceptibility may be exacerbated by alterations in inherited genetic variants of innate immunity genes. We hypothesized a positive association between childhood secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer risk that would be modified by genetic polymorphisms in the mannose binding lectin-2 (MBL2) gene resulting in well-known functional changes in innate immunity.Methods: Childhood secondhand smoke exposure and lung cancer risk was assessed among men and women in the ongoing National Cancer Institute-Maryland Lung Cancer (NCI-MD) study, which included 624 cases and 348 controls. Secondhand smoke history was collected via in-person interviews. DNA was used for genotyping the MBL2 gene. To replicate, we used an independent case-control study from Mayo Clinic consisting of 461 never smokers, made up of 172 cases and 289 controls. All statistical tests were two-sided.Results: In the NCI-MD study, secondhand smoke exposure during childhood was associated with increased lung cancer risk among never smokers [odds ratio (OR), 2.25; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.04-4.90]. This was confirmed in the Mayo study (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.00-2.15). A functional MBL2 haplotype associated with high circulating levels of MBL and increased MBL2 activity was associated with increased lung cancer risk among those exposed to childhood secondhand smoke in both the NCI-MD and Mayo studies (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.13-5.60, and OR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.18-3.85, respectively).Conclusions: Secondhand smoke exposure during childhood is associated with increased lung cancer risk among never smokers, particularly among those possessing a haplotype corresponding to a known overactive complement pathway of the innate immune system. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3375–83)
Muslim-Christian Dialogue: The Gap Between Theologians and Communities
Authors: Prideaux Melanie 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInter-faith dialogue is increasingly seen by the state as important in the development of cohesive communities. Yet many of the traditional theological texts of inter-faith dialogue which inform religious leaders neither address the needs of local communities, nor hear from their experiences. Based on fieldwork in Leeds this article explores the lived reality of a predominantly Muslim and Christian neighbourhood where there is a taken-for-granted response to theology that sees it as irrelevant to the real needs and issues of a local community. This article offers a reflection on the way in which the distance between Christians and Muslims is perhaps not as great as the distance between inter-faith theology and religiously diverse communities.
Ethiopian Conceptions of the Human Person and their Implications for Development: Covenant Revisited
Authors: Mohammed Girma 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article is a critical appraisal of the Ethiopian conception(s) of covenant as a device for defining the human person, among other things. After analysing the conceptions of human person in three historical areas, I show their implications for development work. The first part is therefore devoted to the conception of the human person in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (EOC), where the notion of covenant is shaped by political monism and philosophical/theological dualism. I explore the reason for such a conceptual enigma, before drawing out its implications for development. The second part explores the Marxist attempt at demystification of the human person at the expense of covenantal understanding. The third part explores the ethnic compartmentalization that was introduced by the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Front (EPRDF) against the covenantal backdrops. In the final part, I argue that using the notion of covenant to understand the human person is essential in the Ethiopian context. Even then, I contend that that there is a need to employ a different epistemology (from the traditional one). Consequently, I argue that (re)conceptualization helps us to avoid repeating historical mistakes and allows us to have a better understanding of the human person with a more progressive approach to development.
Al-Muhalhil in the historical akhbār and folkloric Sīrah
Authors: Nasser Shady 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAl-Muhalhil b. Rabī'ah was a Pre-Islamic poet who, according to classical sources, was the first to establish the Qasīdah form and who participated in the forty-year war of al-Basūs, between Bakr and Taghlib, to revenge the assassination of his brother Kulayb. On the other hand, al-Zīr Sālim Abū Laylā al-Muhalhil, is the protagonist of the folkloric sīrah, whose character is substantially different from his “historical” counterpart, nonetheless they do share the same “historical” setting, events, and characters surrounding them. This article will examine the development of al-Muhalhil as a character in both, the “historical” adab sources and the sīrah, while breaking up the narratives into separate motifs. I argue that the narrator(s) of the sīrah was/were well aware of the “historical” sources on al-Muhalhil, and that the changes that the sīrah protagonist underwent were intentional and deliberate.
Retelling “al-Maqāma al-Madīriyya”: Intertextuality between a Modern Short Story and a Classical Maqāma
Authors: Tlili Sarra 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper examines elements of intertextuality between a modern short story and a classical maqāma. “Al-Naqra masdūda”, a 1971 short story by the late Tunisian writer al-Bashīr Khurayyif, recalls al-Hamadhānī's most famous work, “al-Maqāma al-madīriyya”, in subtle yet remarkable ways. In addition to being an appealing work in its own right, “al-Naqra masdūda” represents an original way of interacting with classical Arabic literary heritage.
"Another Look at the Fourth Servant Song of Second Isaiah"
Authors: Story Cullen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis essay argues for a contextual exegetical reading of the servant songs in Second Isaiah. By reading the songs in the literary context of references to the "second exodus" and hymns of celebration, several conclusions can be drawn. There are three servant figures in the four servant songs: one servant (Israel) in need of redemption, one servant (Second Isaiah) who proclaims redemption, and one servant (the Messiah) who procures redemption. This servant of the fourth song is not the prophet himself or Israel but a servant figure whose sacrifice will break the yoke of Babylon.