bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trimethoprim-resistance and its transferability in E. coli isolated from calves treated with trimethoprim-sulphadiazine: a two year study
Authors: Fleming M. P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryRegular examination of rectal swabs revealed the presence of very low numbers of trimethoprim resistant Escherichia coli in the faeces of 10 batches of calves successively reared in the same shed and none of these strains transferred trimethoprim resistance to E. coli K12. All the calves had received oral doses of 30 mg/kg day of trimethoprim-sulphadiazine for 5 consecutive days. From two subsequent batches of calves reared in the same shed, however, several isolations were made of E. coli with transmissible R factors determining trimethoprim and streptomycin resistance. Shortly before these strains were detected, isolations of E. coli with similar properties had been made from other calves, in a different shed, which had been fed much higher doses of trimethoprim-sulphadiazine. Serological evidence indicated that all the E. coli isolated carrying this R factor belonged to the same strain, which had apparently spread from the second shed to the first. No evidence of ‘in vivo’ transfer of the R factor to other enteric bacteria was obtained.
The incidence of antibiotic resistance and other characteristics amongst Escherichia coli strains causing fatal infection in chickens: the utilization of these characteristics to study the epidemiology of the infection
Authors: Heller E. D. , Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

SummaryOf 173 epidemiologically unrelated strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the pericardial sac of chickens that had died from infection with these organisms in England in 1972, approximately 1 year after the introduction of legislation forbidding the routine use of feeds containing ‘therapeutic’ antibiotics, 83·8% were resistant to sulphonamides, 31·2 % to tetracyclines, 20·8% to furazolidone, 18·5% to streptomycin, 2·9% to spectinomycin and 1·2% to ampicillin; none of the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, neomycin, polymixin, trimethoprim or nalidixic acid. The sulphonamide resistance and possibly some of the resistance to other agents might have been the consequence of sulphonamides being exempted from the legislation. Much of the resistance, with the exception of that to furazolidone, was of the transferable type. Many strains possessed transfer factors in the absence of any known transferable characteristic. Colicine production was twice as common in the pathogenic strains as in a collection of strains isolated from the faeces of healthy chickens; about half of it was transferable.By means of serology, antibiotic resistance and other markers, it was found that several different kinds of E. coli were usually incriminated in any one outbreak of E. coli infection in broiler chickens. Sometimes the same kinds of E. coli were found in outbreaks in consecutive crops of chickens on the same farm. New kinds, too, appeared to be brought in by replacement chickens.
Experimental pertussis infection in the marmoset: type specificity of active immunity
Authors: Stanbridge T. N. , Preston N. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAlthough we have failed to produce either paroxysmal cough or vomiting in rhesus monkeys, cynomolgus monkeys and marmosets, we have found in marmosets several features of pertussis infection similar to those seen in children with whooping cough: catarrh, persistence of colonization of the naso-pharynx with Bordetella pertussis for 4–11 weeks, change of serotype during colonization and inability of type 1 organisms to establish themselves as the predominant serotype.As in children, we have found that intramuscular vaccine of type 1,2,3 was more effective than type 1,2 in preventing persistent infection with the currently prevalent serotypes 1,2,3 and 1,3. A mixed vaccine (1,2,3 and 1,3) seemed to produce agglutinin 3 in the serum more consistently than a pure type 1,2,3 vaccine. The duration of colonization, after naso-pharyngeal challenge, was greatly reduced in animals with agglutinin 3.Local immunity, resulting from previous infection, was even more effective than a good vaccine in preventing subsequent persistent colonization. Marmosets may be useful in studying the possible development of aerosol pertussis vaccine for human use.
Studies on the pathogenicity ofAcholeplasma axanthumin swine
Authors: Stipkovits L. , Romváry J. , Nagy Z. , Bodon L. , Varga Lea 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAcholeplasma axanthumsp. was isolated from the lung of swine with catarrhal pneumonia. Clinical symptoms of respiratory disease, gross and histological lesions of pneumonia, as well as serological response were produced by intranasal inoculation of ‘miniature pigs’ with the supernatant of lung suspension containingAcholeplasma axanthumand by a 48 hr. broth culture of the strain.A similar picture of disease was observed in animals held in contact with the animals inoculated with untreated lung suspension.Acholeplasma axanthumwas isolated from the nasal cavity, lung and peribronchial lymph nodes 7–41 days after inoculation. No lesions were observed after inoculation of pigs with the supernatant of lung suspension pretreated with oxytetracycline or chloroform, and no successful isolation ofAcholeplasma axanthumcould be achieved after this treatment.
An outbreak of cholera in Australia due to food served in flight on an international aircraft
Authors: Sutton R. G. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn outbreak of cholera occurred in November 1972 among passengers on an aircraft that had flown from London to Sydney. The infection was confined to economy-class passengers and the available evidence indicates that it was due to a dish of hors d'œuvres served on the aircraft between Bahrain and Singapore. Although one person died, the infection was generally mild, and almost half of those infected were symptomless. There was a significant difference between the immunization status of persons with clinical illness and the immunization status of other passengers. Current cholera immunization appeared to play a significant role in preventing symptoms of the disease, but it did not prevent a person becoming a carrier of the organism.
Post-transfusion hepatitis in a London hospital: results of a two-year prospective study
Authors:   Medical Research Council Working Party
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSeven hundred and sixty-eight patients were seen and tested at frequent intervals after transfusion of whole blood. Eight patients were judged to have developed icteric or anicteric post-transfusion viral hepatitis, an incidence of 1%. Five were icteric and four of these were hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) positive; two of these four died. One of the fatal cases and one non-fatal HB Ag positive case had received HB Ag positive blood. Two other antigen-positive patients had received blood or plasma or both which had not been tested for antigen.Thirty-five patients showed conspicuous or sustained elevations of alanine transaminase without clinical features of hepatitis.Four were positive for HB Ag but had not received antigen positive blood.Two who had received antigen positive blood remained antigen negative, but one developed hepatitis B antibody (HB Ab).Two other patients were also transfused with plasma.Five had serological evidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection accompanying the enzyme changes.One patient who had received HB Ag positive blood remained antigen-negative and showed no abnormalities.Five patients who became HB Ag positive, although they had been given antigen-negative blood, remained clinically and biochemically well.Cytomegalovirus primary infection or reactivation occurred in another 32 patients; five had isolated, transient enzyme rises, one other was associated with a drug-induced focal liver necrosis and 26 showed no enzyme changes. Epstein–Barr virus infections, one of which was associated with a transient upset of enzyme activity, were detected in five patients. There were no cases of post-perfusion syndrome.
Antibody titres in women six to eight years after the administration of RA27/3 and Cendehill rubella vaccines
Authors: Macdonald Helen , Tobin J. O'H. , Cradock-Watson J. E. , Lomax Joyce , Bourne M. S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTitres of haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody have been measured repeatedly in young women during a period of 6–8 years after the administration of RA27/3 and Cendehill attenuated rubella vaccines. Mean antibody titres were initially 217 after RA27/3 and 159 after Cendehill, but the difference diminished after the first year. Antibody titres were subsequently well maintained in both groups and did not reveal any need for regular revaccination. Mean titres in the Cendehill group were partly maintained by symptomless reinfection which was commoner after Cendehill than after RA27/3. Significant falls in titre were equally common after both vaccines, but low titres of 30 or less were more frequent in subjects who had received Cendehill.Mean neutralizing antibody titres were initially 15·4 after RA27/3 vaccine and 9 after Cendehill. Titres remained higher after RA27/3 for 3 years, but the difference then diminished and became insignificant during the fifth year.Revaccination of women with low antibody titres produced significant increases in 69% of subjects when standard RA27/3 vaccine was used; a special preparation of RA27/3 of higher potency produced a similar number of rises (70%) but elicited higher titres and might occasionally be useful for revaccinating women who are likely to come into contact with rubella. Challenge with RA27/3 vaccine produced weaker responses in women who had experienced natural infection than in those whose antibody was vaccine-induced.Rises in antibody titre after revaccination consisted mainly of IgG, but traces of IgM antibody were detected in one vaccinee who had recently experienced natural reinfection and in 1 woman with naturally acquired antibody who had been challenged with high titre RA27/3 vaccine.
A study of the susceptibility of cattle to oral infection by salmonellas contained in raw sewage sludge
Authors: Hall G. A. , Jones P. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryRaw sewage sludge, containing up to 105 naturally occurring salmonellas/l, was included in the diet of one group of cattle at the rate of 1 l/animal/day and in a second group at the rate of 1 l/animal/week. Sterilized sludge, to which had been added 105S. dublin/litre, was included in the diet of a third group of animals at the rate of 1 l/animal/day.Salmonellas were isolated from all samples of raw sewage sludge but were not isolated from the faeces or carcasses of animals fed on the sludge. Salmonellas were isolated from the faeces of one animal and the carcasses of two animals fed on sterilized sludge to which S. dublin had been added.
The specific detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus whole particle antigen (140S) by enzyme labelled immunosorbent assay
Authors: Abu Elzein E. M. E. , Crowther J. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA solid-phase micro-enzyme-labelled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using guinea pig antiserum against purified (140S) inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus has been usedin a sandwich technique to specifically measure 140S virus in the presence of 12S material.
The identification of gram-negative anaerobic bacilli isolated from clinical infections
Authors: Duerden B. I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGram-negative anaerobic bacilli isolated from specimens submitted to the routine diagnostic bacteriology laboratory and regarded as significant pathogens were identified by conventional bacteriological tests; 399 strains isolated from 356 specimens submitted from 332 patients were studied and most were readily identified by the results of a combined set of morphological, biochemical, tolerance and antibiotic disk resistance tests.B. fragilishas particular pathogenic potential and was the commonest species isolated, accounting for < 50% of strains. The next commonest wasB. asaccharolyticuswith 55 strains, and 16 other species or groups were represented by smaller numbers. Many (68%) were from infections related to the gastro-intestinal tract, but there were significant numbers from infections of the male and female genito-urinary tracts, the head, neck and central nervous system and from a variety of soft tissue infections. Most infections were mixed, and a pure culture of aBacteroidessp. was obtained from only 26% of infections; two or more strains ofBacteroideswere recovered from 55 infections. The specific identification ofBacteroidesmay help the bacteriologist to judge the significance of laboratory findings, influence the patient's management and prognosis and help determine the source of infection.
Swine vesicular disease: pathways of infection
Authors: Mann J. A. , Hutchings G. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe pathways of infection in swine vesicular disease have been studied by (i) an estimation of the amounts of virus required to produce infection by different artificial inoculation procedures; (ii) the distribution and amounts of virus in various tissues of pigs killed at intervals after contact infection; (iii) an investigation of the susceptibility to virus infection of pig tissue explants.The results show that pigs can be infected by a number of pathways and that the skin, as the most susceptible tissue, is probably the most frequent route of infection.
Salmonella isolation with Rappaport's medium after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water using a series of inoculum ratios
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe ability of malachite green/magnesium chloride broth (Rappaport's medium) to isolate salmonellas from 25 ml quantities of sewage-polluted natural water was investigated. Samples were first pre-enriched in buffered peptone water and varying volumes of inoculum from the pre-enrichment culture were inoculated into Rappaport's broth. Inoculum ratios in the range 1:2000 to 1:10 were examined. The inoculum ratio denotes the ratio of the volume of inoculum to the volume of fluid medium into which it is introduced. Optimum results were obtained with the 1:2000 ratio, although the salmonella isolation rate was only slightly less with the 1:500 and 1:100 ratios. The 1:2000 inoculum ratio was obtained with a graduated loop holding approximately 0·005 ml of fluid. Use of a loop for inoculation has advantages in speed of performance and safety of manipulation.
Feeding and breeding of laboratory animals: XIV. Size of Breeding Group and Production in Mice
Authors: Bruce H. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The production of weaned young from pairs or groups of three, four and five mice, each containing one male, has been compared.2. For long-term large-scale production, small breeding groups of one male with two females are proposed.I should like to thank Dr A. S. Parkes, F.R.S., for much helpful criticism, and Dr Walter Perry for the statistical tests.
A new type of Salmonella (S. ballerup) with Vi-antigen
Authors: Kauffmann F. , Møller Ebba 
Published: May 2009

1. A description is given of a new Salmonella type (S. ballerup) with Vi-antigen which was probably the cause of an attack of gastro-enteritis in man.2. S. ballerup contains a new O- and a new H-antigen, so that the antigenic formula reads XXIX.[Vi].Z14. There is also a slight O-antigen relationship with the XIX-antigen of S. senftenberg.3. Like S. typhi, S. ballerup has the V-W change of form, as colonies occur with or without Vi-antigen; of these the V forms are much more stable than the W forms. The V forms are O-inagglutinable.4. As with S. typhi, the V and W forms are already distinguishable macroscopically on agar plates, the V forms being opaque, whereas the W forms are translucent.5. S. ballerup's Vi-antigen is serologically identical with S. typhi and S. paratyphi C's Vi-antigen.6. By means of the V form of S. ballerup it is easy to demonstrate Vi- agglutinin in typhoid sera, as there is no need to fear disturbances from O- and H-antibodies.7. By means of a V form vaccine of S. ballerup mice can be immunized actively against a lethal infection with the typhoid V form.8. The mouse pathogenity of S. ballerup is very low. There is no distinct difference in the pathogenity of the V and W forms of S. ballerup.
The daily water consumption of adults
Authors: Magee H. E. 
Published: May 2009

The consumption of water and milk in the form of beverages, fluid foods and foods to which water or milk was added in cooking was determined over a period of a week in early spring in two Public Assistance Institutions containing 166 adults and 3 children aged 9–13 years. The results obtained are summarized in Table II. The consumption of water in the form of solid foods could not be estimated directly, but was calculated from the results obtained from quantitative dietary studies of ten working-class families whose diet was adequate. The intake of water in solid food was calculated as 0·97 pint for males and 0·80 pint for females per head daily. Water formed in oxidation was assumed to be 300 c.c. per head daily for men and 250 c.c. for women. The total water consumed and formed in the body was therefore probably in the region of Men 4·93 pints (2799 c.c.) per head daily, Women 5·08 pints (2885 c.c.) per head daily.The amounts of water lost by the kidneys, bowel, skin and lungs are tentatively suggested and tables of water balance are put forward as approximations to the water requirements and exchanges of normal people. The water supplies of the institutions are soft and the amounts of calcium consumed in water were very small and are probably not of much nutritional significance. Hard waters are, however, probably of some importance as sources of calcium, especially when the diet otherwise is poor in this mineral.The amounts of milk consumed per head daily were in excess of 0·5 pint and the amount of calcium consumed in the form of milk amounted to more than half the standard requirement for adults. The calcium intake in both institutions was probably adequate.
An international experiment on the Widal-reaction
Authors: Gardner A. D. 
Published: May 2009

Accuracy of titration may be taken as a measure of the reliability of the methods and work of a laboratory.With such a small number of titrations as four, a convincing mean, representing the most probable true titre, is hard to calculate. A fairly close approximation, however, is possible in the form of the geometrical mean.It is also possible to correct for constant local factors which cause the titrations of a given laboratory to run above or below the mean. By all methods of titration a surprisingly large proportion of large errors are recorded.The most consistent results, with the smallest proportion of large errors, are obtained by the prearranged standard method with a single standardized suspension. The H titres are rather more consistent than the O; probably because H agglutination is easier than O to read correctly.Local methods give greater differences than the agreed (standard) method. Since the H suspensions used in one laboratory were also sensitive to O agglutination the supposed H titres are unreal, and cannot be treated statistically.Local O methods give a considerably greater range of error than the standard method, as is shown by a comparison of the mean errors of Tables II and IV, and by the percentages of errors over and under 100 per cent given in Table VI.The full titres (H or O or both) of the serums measured by local routine Widal methods, with living suspensions in two laboratories and killed ones in the other two, show a considerably greater proportion of large differences than are shown by the titrations with the standard method. They do not, however, differ more widely than the titres obtained with local O suspensions.The results of the laboratories that use killed H and O suspensions in routine work are more consistent and accurate than those of the laboratories that use living suspensions.It is suggested that gross technical mistakes are a commoner cause of error than is usually supposed. Errors of dilution of the serums and other technical variations must also be responsible for a part of the very wide range of differences observed.The use of old strains, tending to roughness, is to be avoided.
On a pleuropneumonia-like organism in lung lesions of rats, with notes on the clinical and pathological features of the underlying condition
Authors: Klieneberger Emmy , Steabben Dorothy B 
Published: May 2009

1. A pleuropneumonia-like organism resemblingL1in all characteristic features has been isolated from a well-known lung condition of rats of hitherto obscure etiology in seventeen out of nineteen cases.2. Morphological elements which presumably initiate growth in culture have been demonstrated microscopically in the lesions.3.Streptobacillus moniliformis(i.e.L1plusStreptobacillus) is a frequent inhabitant of the nasopharynx of rats with lung lesions; it may secondarily invade the lungs as it is found in severe cases together with theL1organism.4. An account is presented of the clinical and pathological features of the underlying condition with which the newly discovered bacteriological findings are associated.5. The precise role played by theL1organism in the pathogenesis of the lung lesions in rats has still to be established and further experiments with this end in view are in progress.
Bacteriology of fresh water: III. The types of bacteria present in lakes and streams and their relationship to the bacterial flora of soil
Authors: Taylor C. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Approximately 800 cultures of bacteria have been isolated from samples of water taken from lakes and from some of their inflowing waters. The morphology and Gram-staining reaction of the cultures have been determined together with the reactions in nutrient gelatin, dextrose broth, nitrate broth, and litmus milk.2. Many organisms grew poorly on artificial media, and were unable to grow in either dextrose or nitrate broth. In general the cultures showed weak physiological activity, particularly in litmus milk and in dextrose, though gelatin liquefaction was fairly common. Colonies produced on solid media were frequently pigmented, shades of yellow being particularly common. A significant feature was that most of the bacteria (95%) were rod-shaped, and though many cultures showed considerable variation in cell length and were consequently difficult to classify, short rods were in general more prevalent than long. Coccus forms made up less than 1 % of the toal number considered.3. When the cultures were grouped according to their biochemical activities no consistent differences were observed between the types from near the surface and from near the bottom of a lake, nor between the lake and the inflow, but differences were observed in samples taken from the same lake on different occasions. Some types were common to both the lake and the inflows, while others occurred in only one of those habitats. Some types were found both near the surface of the lake and near the bottom, whilst others were confined to one depth.4. A comparison of the types of bacteria isolated from waters with those found by other workers in soils shows that the main difference in the bacterial flora is the absence in water of the Gram-positive pleomorphic forms of the generaMycobacteriumandCorynebacteriumand ofBact. globiformeConn.;, all of which are common in soils of very widely different agricultural types.5. In the discussion it is pointed out that, in common with soil types bacteria isolated from water cannot be adequately classified by the usual tests in carbohydrates; in dextrose broth, for instance, the reaction is often only a slight change inpH value.