bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of multicoil electromagnetic tool eccentricity on measured signals
Authors: Onegova E.V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The article discusses the effect on the measured signals of a multicoil electromagnetic tool offset with respect to the borehole axis. The tool is a non-conductive cylindrical body with several coaxial coils. It is assumed that the borehole is vertical and the medium is axisymmetric with respect to the borehole axis.
A number of computations based on the finite element method were carried out. Simulations took into account the tool body and finite sizes of coils. A wide range of transmitter-receiver spacings (0.18–1.0 m) was studied. The operating frequency was 1.75 MHz. Different drilling muds and values of the tool offset were examined. It was shown that, for highly conductive drilling muds, the type of dependence between apparent resistivity and eccentricity varies greatly with the array length. It was discovered that increasing the contrast between invaded zone resistivity and mud resistivity also increases the eccentricity effect. The eccentricity effect increases with the decrease in mud resistivity and decreases as the array length increases. Also analyzed was the effect of the tool offset on electromagnetic field pattern.
Oral bioavailability of quercetin from different quercetin glycosides in dogs
Authors: Reinboth Marianne , Wolffram Siegfried , Abraham Getu , Ungemach Fritz R. , Cermak Rainer 
Published: March 2010

Although the flavonol quercetin is used as a supplement in commercial dog food, data on quercetin bioavailability in dogs are not available. Thus, we investigated quercetin bioavailability (measured as area under the concentration–time curve) in nine adult beagle dogs at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). The major fraction (>80 %) of flavonols circulating in blood plasma were conjugated metabolites of quercetin. The absolute bioavailability of quercetin (i.e. the fraction that reaches the systemic circulation) was only about 4 %. We also compared the oral bioavailability between the aglycone quercetin and its more often used glucorhamnoside (rutin) and 3-O-glucoside (isoquercitrin) at an equimolar dose of 30 μmol/kg b.w. (corresponding to 10 mg quercetin/kg). Quercetin and isoquercitrin were mainly absorbed in the small intestine with isoquercitrin being one and a half times more bioavailable than quercetin. Maximal plasma concentration after isoquercitrin treatment was 0·89 (sem0·07) μmol/l. Although quercetin absorption from rutin was delayed, relative bioavailability was not lower than from the aglycone itself. The latter observation is in clear contrast to findings in human subjects, pigs or rats and might indicate that rutin is a better source of quercetin in dogs than in other species. However, potentialin vivoquercetin effects beyond the gastrointestinal tract are limited by the intensive metabolism as well as by the rather low bioavailability of this flavonol.
Incorrect sequencing and taxon misidentification: an example in the Trichinella genus
Authors: Marucci G. , La Rosa G. , Pozio E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMolecular analyses such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing are very useful for taxon identification, especially when morphological characters useful for identifying taxa are lacking. However, the use of molecular tools can be the source of taxon misidentification if they are not correctly applied and the results are not critically evaluated and compared with the literature and GenBank data. We describe a case of misidentification of a taxon of the genus Trichinella due to sequencing mistakes, lack of reference material and selection of a single molecular marker. A Trichinella sp. isolate from an Iranian wild boar (Sus scrofa) was identified as belonging to the Nearctic species Trichinella murrelli, through the molecular analysis of the 5S rRNA intergenic spacer region. A successive molecular identification of the same isolate was performed by the International Trichinella Reference Centre in Rome, Italy, using the 5S rRNA intergenic spacer region, the LSU rDNA expansion segment five, and the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2. According to these analyses, the Iranian isolate belonged to Trichinella britovi, a Palaearctic species already described in Iran.
Changing expectations of care among older Tibetans living in India and Switzerland
Authors: WANGMO TENZIN 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTUsing interview data from 30 Tibetan elders living in India and Switzerland, the paper explores the support they received, their perception of intergenerational relationships, and their acceptance of different levels of intergenerational exchange. All of the sample had aged in either India or Switzerland and so provide excellent comparison groups, from respectively a developing and a developed country, by which to study changing filial piety with time, context and socio-economic conditions. With limited resources in old age, most of the participants in India needed financial support. Among them, parents with many children and children in developed countries received better financial support and collective care than those with one child or all children living in India. In contrast, the participants in Switzerland were entitled to state old-age benefits, and so required mainly affirmation and emotional support. A consequence of living in a developed nation was dissatisfaction when the children adopted western values and the family's cultural continuity was threatened. The findings support two recommendations: in developing countries, the provision of old-age benefits to ensure a minimum level of financial security and independence among older adults; and in developed countries, the promotion of a mutual understanding of filial piety among different generations of older refugees and immigrants to help ameliorate intergenerational differences.
Why do older adult volunteers stop volunteering?
Authors: TANG FENGYAN , MORROW-HOWELL NANCY , CHOI EUNHEE 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper reports a United States study of the factors that influence the turnover of older adult volunteers. Based on a parent study of programmes that use older adult volunteers, the follow-up study examined the experience for 207 older volunteers who served in ten programmes in 2005 and 2006, respectively. Telephone interviews and mail surveys were used to collect programme and personal information. The findings indicated that aspects of the volunteer experience, like duration of involvement, volunteering in other programme(s), type of activity, the adequacy of on-going support, and the availability of stipends influenced volunteering retention and turnover. Respondents who volunteered for a longer period were committed in other programmes, felt better supported, and received a stipend were less likely to quit volunteering in a designated programme. Also those volunteering in public safety programmes were least likely to quit. As reported by older adult volunteers themselves, the primary reasons for volunteer withdrawal included a higher priority of another productive activity or commitment, declining health, and problems with the programme administration. Volunteers with extensive experience were least likely to withdraw. The findings suggest that organisations with volunteer programmes can promote older adults' long-term engagement as volunteers by providing on-going support and stipends. Changes in programme characteristics would impact positively on volunteer retention, especially among low-income older Americans.
E-scaping the ageing body? Computer technologies and embodiment in later life
Authors: BUSE CHRISTINA E. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the embodied dimensions of computer and internet use in later life, and examines how technology use relates to constructions and experiences of the ageing body. It is argued that previous research on technology use and embodiment has neglected older bodies, in contrast to research on gender and disability. Furthermore, while earlier theorisations presented internet use as disembodied, it is argued that the experience of using such technologies is grounded in our embodiment. In the light of these limitations and arguments for more complete theories of the body, this paper explores how technology use relates to various aspects of embodiment. These issues are examined in the light of data from qualitative interviews and time-use diaries completed by retirees in 17 households in the United Kingdom. By examining the ‘technobiographies’ of these older computer users, it is shown that changes in body techniques are prompted and in some cases required by broader cultural and technological change. The findings evince the process of acquiring computing skills as an embodied competency, and as a form of ‘practical knowledge’ that can only be ‘learned by doing’. These experiences of technology use were embedded within constructions and experiences of ageing bodies. Although the participants drew on discourses of ageing in complex ways, their coding of computer technologies in terms of the competences of youth often reproduced hierarchies between young and old bodies.
Elder abuse in long-term care residences and the risk indicators
Authors: COHEN MIRI , HALEVY-LEVIN SARAH , GAGIN RONI , PRILTUZKY DANA , FRIEDMAN GIDEON 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of abuse among the residents of long-term care facilities in Israel, and its associations with risk indicators. Seventy-one such residents aged 70 or more years were assessed in the internal and orthopaedic departments of two university medical centres for possible abuse by carers at the long-term facilities from which they were admitted. The study collected socio-demographic and health profiles and a list of maltreatment or abusive acts, and administered the Signs of Abuse Inventory and the Expanded Indicators of Abuse Questionnaire. Among the 71 residents, 31 per cent reported some form of maltreatment, most being instances of disrespectful behaviour. Signs of abuse, mostly of neglect, were detected in 22.5 per cent of the sample. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that higher scores on risk indicators and higher dependence on others for the activities of daily living significantly associated with reported abuse, while age, gender, risk indicators and lower blood albumin level (being an indicator of worse nutritional and health status) significantly associated with identified signs of abuse. It is concluded that direct questioning mainly discloses instances of disrespectful behaviours and humiliation, while the assessment of signs of abuse is more sensitive to cases of neglect. Risk indicators were found to be reliable indicators of abuse. Routine screening for these indicators is recommended to improve detection and thereby to prevent abuse in long-term care facilities.
Extension of polynomials defined on subspaces
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-UNZUETA MAITE , PRIETO ÁNGELES 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLet k ∈ ℕ and let E be a Banach space such that every k-homogeneous polynomial defined on a subspace of E has an extension to E. We prove that every norm one k-homogeneous polynomial, defined on a subspace, has an extension with a uniformly bounded norm. The analogous result for holomorphic functions of bounded type is obtained. We also prove that given an arbitrary subspace F ⊂ E, there exists a continuous morphism φk, F: (kF) → (kE) satisfying φk, F(P)|F = P, if and only E is isomorphic to a Hilbert space.
Trade Unions and the Quadripartite Interactions in Strike Settlement in China
Authors: Chen Feng 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough the Chinese government has claimed to be pursuing tripartism for labour relations, the non-judicial resolution of interest conflict in enterprises is largely a process of quadripartite interaction. In addition to the government and employers, the trade unions and workers are separate players: labour strikes in China are always launched by unorganized workers rather than by trade unions, whose task is to defuse the situation. Such a quadripartite process is dominated by the government, with the trade union playing a mediating role, not only between workers and the government but also between workers and employers. The process involves certain explicit and implicit rules, as well as distinct dynamics. This research examines the institutional and social basis of quadripartite interaction and how it led to the settlement of strikes. It demonstrates that although it can effectively defuse workers' collective action, a quadripartite process of conflict resolution reflects a low degree of institutionalization of industrial relations in China.
Dealing with Responsibility for the Great Leap Famine in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Wemheuer Felix 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the aftermath of the famine in 1962, Mao Zedong took formal responsibility for the failure of the Great Leap Forward in the name of the central government. Thousands of local cadres were made scapegoats and were legally punished. This article focuses on the question of how the different levels of the Chinese state, such as the central government, the province and the county, have dealt with the question of responsibility for the famine. The official explanation for the failure of the Great Leap will be compared to unofficial memories of intellectuals, local cadres and villagers. The case study of Henan province shows that local cadres are highly dissatisfied with the official evaluation of responsibility. Villagers bring suffering, starvation and terror into the discourse, but these memories are constructed in a way to preserve village harmony. This article explains why these different discourses about responsibility of the famine are unlinked against the background of the “dual society”; the separation between urban and rural China. Finally, it will be shown that the Communist Party was unable to convince parts of society and the Party to accept the official interpretation.
Global patterns in leaf
13
C discrimination and implications for studies of past and future climate
Authors: Diefendorf Aaron F. , Mueller Kevin E. , Wing Scott. L. , Koch Paul L. , Freeman Katherine H. 
Published: March 2010

Fractionation of carbon isotopes by plants during CO
2
uptake and fixation (Δ
leaf
) varies with environmental conditions, but quantitative patterns of Δ
leaf
across environmental gradients at the global scale are lacking. This impedes interpretation of variability in ancient terrestrial organic matter, which encodes climatic and ecological signals. To address this problem, we converted 3,310 published leaf
δ
13
C values into mean Δ
leaf
values for 334 woody plant species at 105 locations (yielding 570 species-site combinations) representing a wide range of environmental conditions. Our analyses reveal a strong positive correlation between Δ
leaf
and mean annual precipitation (MAP; R
2
= 0.55), mirroring global trends in gross primary production and indicating stomatal constraints on leaf gas-exchange, mediated by water supply, are the dominant control of Δ
leaf
at large spatial scales. Independent of MAP, we show a lesser, negative effect of altitude on Δ
leaf
and minor effects of temperature and latitude. After accounting for these factors, mean Δ
leaf
of evergreen gymnosperms is lower (by 1–2.7‰) than for other woody plant functional types (PFT), likely due to greater leaf-level water-use efficiency. Together, environmental and PFT effects contribute to differences in mean Δ
leaf
of up to 6‰ between biomes. Coupling geologic indicators of ancient precipitation and PFT (or biome) with modern Δ
leaf
patterns has potential to yield more robust reconstructions of atmospheric
δ
13
C values, leading to better constraints on past greenhouse-gas perturbations. Accordingly, we estimate a 4.6‰ decline in the
δ
13
C of atmospheric CO
2
at the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, an abrupt global warming event ∼55.8 Ma.
Direct structural insight into the substrate-shuttling mechanism of yeast fatty acid synthase by electron cryomicroscopy
Authors: Gipson Preeti , Mills Deryck J. , Wouts Remco , Grininger Martin , Vonck Janet , Kühlbrandt Werner 
Published: March 2010

Yeast fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a 2.6-MDa barrel-shaped multienzyme complex, which carries out cyclic synthesis of fatty acids. By electron cryomicroscopy of single particles we obtained a three-dimensional map of yeast FAS at 5.9-Å resolution. Compared to the crystal structures of fungal FAS, the EM map reveals major differences and new features that indicate a considerably different arrangement of the complex in solution compared to the crystal structures, as well as a high degree of variance inside the barrel. Distinct density regions in the reaction chambers next to each of the catalytic domains fitted the substrate-binding acyl carrier protein (ACP) domain. In each case, this resulted in the expected distance of ∼18
Å
from the ACP substrate-binding site to the active site of the catalytic domains. The multiple, partially occupied positions of the ACP within the reaction chamber provide direct structural insight into the substrate-shuttling mechanism of fatty acid synthesis in this large cellular machine.
Recommendations for the evaluation of risk and prophylaxis of tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) in adults and children with malignant diseases: an expert TLS panel consensus
Authors: Cairo Mitchell S. , Coiffier Bertrand , Reiter Alfred , Younes Anas ,   on behalf of the TLS Expert Panel
Published: March 2010

SummaryTumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life‐threatening oncological emergency characterized by metabolic abnormalities including hyperuricaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyperkalaemia and hypocalcaemia. These metabolic complications predispose the cancer patient to clinical toxicities including renal insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, neurological complications and potentially sudden death. With the increased availability of newer therapeutic targeted agents, such as rasburicase (recombinant urate oxidase), there are no published guidelines on the risk classification of TLS for individual patients at risk of developing this syndrome. We convened an international TLS expert consensus panel to develop guidelines for a medical decision tree to assign low, intermediate and high risk to patients with cancer at risk for TLS. Risk factors included biological evidence of laboratory TLS (LTLS), proliferation, bulk and stage of malignant tumour and renal impairment and/or involvement at the time of TLS diagnosis. An international TLS consensus expert panel of paediatric and adult oncologists, experts in TLS pathophysiology and experts in TLS prophylaxis and management, developed a final model of low, intermediate and high risk TLS classification and associated TLS prophylaxis recommendations.
Systematic review of the addition of vincristine plus steroid pulses in maintenance treatment for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia – an individual patient data meta‐analysis involving 5659 children
Authors:   Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia Collaborative Group (CALLCG)
Published: March 2010

SummaryVincristine plus steroid pulses have long been a part of maintenance treatment in many protocols for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). A collaborative individual patient data meta‐analysis of all randomised trials of the addition of vincristine plus prednisone/prednisolone (VP) pulses in childhood ALL was updated and extended to include trials comparing vincristine plus dexamethasone (VD) pulses to maintenance without pulses. VP pulses improved event‐free survival (EFS) (70·1% vs. 62·0% at 5 years; odds ratio (OR) = 0·71; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·61–0·84; P = 0·00004); VD pulses did not have a significant effect (80·9% vs. 79·9% 5 year EFS; OR = 0·94; 95% CI = 0·80–1·11; P = 0·5). Heterogeneity between groups (VP or VD) was significant (P = 0·02). Neither treatment clearly affected overall survival. The difference between the VP and VD results is probably due to the greater early intensity of the backbone of the VD trial protocols and improved outcome seen in the VD trials, which were more recent. Pulses may still be useful in cases where less intensive early therapy is used and the balance between these treatments in terms of both effectiveness and toxicity needs to be considered.
Modelling of landscape variables at multiple extents to predict fine sediments and suitable habitat for Tubifex tubifex in a stream system
Authors: ANLAUF KARA J. , MOFFITT CHRISTINE M. 
Published: March 2010

Summary1. Aggregations of fine sediments are a suitable proxy for the presence and abundance of Tubifex tubifex, one of the obligate hosts in the parasitic life cycle that causes salmonid whirling disease (Myxobolus cerebralis).2. To determine and evaluate practical approaches to predict fine sediments (<2 mm diameter) that could support Tubifex spp. aggregations, we measured habitat features in a catchment with field measures and metrics derived from digital data sets and geospatial tools at three different spatial extents (m2) within a hierarchical structure.3. We used linear mixed models to test plausible candidate models that best explained the presence of fine sediments measured in stream surveys with metrics from several spatial extents.4. The percent slow water habitat measured at the finest extent provided the best model to predict the likely presence of fine sediments. The most influential models to predict fine sediments using landscape metrics measured at broader extents included variables that measure the percentage land cover in conifer or agriculture, specifically, decreases in conifer cover and increases in agriculture.5. The overall best‐fitting model of the presence of fine sediments in a stream reach combined variables measured and operating at different spatial extents.6. Landscape features modelled within a hierarchical framework may be useful tools to evaluate and prioritise areas with fine sediments that may be at risk of infection by Myxobolus cerebralis.