bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paints and Coatings, 2. Types
Authors: Funke Werner , Hoppe Lutz , Hasselkus Jürgen , Curtis Larry G. , Hoehne Klaus , Zech Hans‐Joachim , Heiling Peter , Yamabe Masaaki , Dören Klaus , Schupp Hans , Küchenmeister Rolf , Schmitthenner Martin , Kremer Wolfgang , Wieczorrek Wolfhart , Gempeler Hans , Schneider Wolfgang , White James W. , Short Anthony G. , Blank Werner J. , Calbo Leonard J. , Plath Dieter , Wagner Friedrich , Haller Werner , Rödder Karl‐Martin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Oil‐Based Coatings2.Cellulose‐Based Coatings2.1.Nitrocellulose Lacquers2.1.1.Raw Materials2.1.2.Application and Uses2.2.Organic Cellulose Ester Coatings2.2.1.Cellulose Acetate Butyrate2.2.2.Cellulose Acetate Propionate3.Chlorinated Rubber Coatings3.1.Starting Products3.2.Chlorinated Rubber Paints3.3.Chlorinated Rubber Combination Paints4.Vinyl Coatings4.1.General Properties4.2.Coatings Based on Polyolefins and Polyolefin Derivatives4.3.Poly(Vinyl Halides) and Vinyl Halide Copolymers4.3.1.Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Vinyl Chloride Copolymers4.3.2.Vinylidene Chloride Copolymers4.3.3.Fluoropolymer Coatings4.4.Poly(Vinyl Esters)4.4.1.Solid Resins4.4.2.Dispersions4.5.Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)4.6.Poly(Vinyl Acetals)4.7.Poly(Vinyl Ethers)4.8.Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers5.Acrylic Coatings6.Alkyd Coatings6.1.Alkyd Resin Binders and Uses6.2.Additional Raw Materials6.3.Production6.4.Environmental and Health Protection Measures7.Saturated Polyester Coatings7.1.Properties7.2.Production of Polyester Resins and Paints7.3.Cross‐Linking of Polyester Resins7.4.Uses8.Unsaturated Polyester Coatings8.1.Unsaturated Polyester Binders8.2.Other Raw Materials8.3.Production, Properties, and Uses8.4.Transportation and Handling9.Polyurethane Coatings9.1.Raw Materials9.2.Polyurethane Systems9.2.1.One‐Pack Systems9.2.2.Two‐Pack Systems9.3.Properties and Uses10.Epoxy Coatings10.1.Epoxy Resin Types10.2.Curing Agents10.3.Chemically Modified Epoxy Resins10.4.Uses10.4.1.Curing at Ambient Temperature10.4.2.Curing at Elevated Temperature10.4.3.Radiation Curing10.4.4.Occupational Health11.Silicone Coatings12.Urea, Benzoguanamine, and Melamine Resins for Coatings13.Phenolic Resins for Coatings13.1.Resols13.2.Novolacs13.3.Modified Phenolic Resins14.Asphalt, Bitumen, and Pitch Coatings14.1.Asphalt and Asphalt Combination Coatings14.2.Bitumen Coatings14.3.Bitumen Combination Coatings14.4.Pitch Coatings14.5.Pitch Combination Coatings15.Silicate Coatings15.1.Water Glass Coatings15.2.Alkyl Silicates
Paints and Coatings, 8. Properties, Testing, and Analysis
Authors: Vogel Klaus , Schernau Ulrich , Hüser Bernhard 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Properties and Testing1.1.Properties of Coating Materials1.2.Properties of Coatings1.2.1.Films for Testing1.2.2.Optical Properties1.2.3.Mechanical Properties1.2.4.Chemical Properties1.2.5.Weathering Tests2.Analysis2.1.Analysis of Coating Materials2.1.1.Separation of the Coating Material into Individual Components2.1.2.Analysis of Binders2.1.3.Analysis of Pigments and Extenders2.1.4.Analysis of Solvents2.1.5.Analysis of Additives2.2.Analysis of Coatings
Equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption of methylene blue on Ti‐modified volcanic ashes
Authors: Esparza P. , Borges M. E. , Díaz L. , Alvarez‐Galván M. C. , Fierro J. L. G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractVolcanic ashes (VAs) and Ti‐modified volcanic ashes (TVA) were investigated as inexpensive adsorbents to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. TVA displayed higher and faster MB adsorption than VA. Adsorption studies were carried out in a batch system at room temperature. In this work, several variables were studied: contact time, pH, initial MB concentration, and adsorbent dosage. The equilibrium data of MB adsorption were analyzed according to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Optimum adsorption performance for TVAs particles, prepared using a hydrothermal method, was obtained at pH = 10 and 3 g/l adsorbent dose. MB adsorption isotherm data can be described satisfactorily by the Langmuir equation, whereas adsorption kinetic data fit a pseudo second‐order kinetics model. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Design and control of the ethyl benzene process
Authors: Luyben William L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe ethyl benzene (EB) process involves the reaction of benzene with ethylene to form the desired EB product. However, ethylene can also react with EB to form an undesired product of di‐ethyl benzene (DEB) if reactor temperatures or ethylene concentrations are high. An unusual feature of the EB process is the ability to recycle “to extinction” all the DEB formed in the reactor (no net DEB product produced), since DEB reacts with benzene to form EB. Since DEB is the highest‐boiling component in the system, it comes out the bottom of the two distillation columns, so there is little energy penalty in having a large DEB recycle. Recycling benzene is more expensive because it goes overhead in the first distillation column. The economic optimum steady‐state design is developed that minimizes total annual cost (capital and energy). An effective plantwide control structure is also developed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
A novel autosomal recessive malformation syndrome associated with developmental delay and distinctive facies maps to 16ptel in the Hutterite population
Authors: Boycott Kym M. , Beaulieu Chandree , Puffenberger Erik G. , McLeod D. Ross , Parboosingh Jillian S. , Innes A. Micheil 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe Hutterites are a genetically isolated Anabaptist group living on the North American prairies; their population numbers over 40,000, the majority of whom are descendants of 89 founders. An autosomal recessive developmental disorder was identified in four patients from two consanguineous Hutterite families. To our knowledge the clinical presentation is unique and undescribed. The patients have distinctive facial features, congenital malformations of the heart and genitourinary system, head circumference at the 2nd centile and developmental delay. The facial features include tall forehead with high anterior hairline, deep‐set eyes with short, upslanted palpebral fissures, long nose with low‐hanging columella, and thick vermilion of the upper and lower lip. Karyotype and baseline metabolic studies were normal. An identity‐by‐descent mapping approach was used to localize the gene for this disorder. The patients were genotyped using Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 10 K (Xba 2.0) and 50 K (Xba 240) Arrays which identified a single 5.5 Mb homozygous region at chromosome 16p13.3. To confirm and refine the boundaries of this region, microsatellite markers were used to genotype the patients, their parents, and the available unaffected siblings. The disease locus was refined to a region of 5.1 Mb containing 173 known or predicted genes. No other recessive disorders with similar clinical features are currently mapped to this region. The coding regions of over fifteen genes, prioritized by microarray expression analysis and information available in public databases, have been sequenced, but no potential pathogenic mutations have been identified. The identification of the gene for this syndrome will provide new insights into development and learning. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, structure and DNA cleavage of mononuclear Fe(III) complexes with 1,2,4‐triazole‐base ligand
Authors: Liu Hui , Kou Ying‐ying , Feng Li , Li Dong‐dong , Gao Chun‐Yan , Tian Jin‐lei , Zhang Jing‐yan , Yan Shi‐ping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTwo new mononuclear iron(III) complexes, [Fe(HL)2](ClO4) · (H2O)1.75· CH3CN (1) and [Fe(HL)Cl2] · DMF (2) [H2L = 3‐(2‐phenol)‐5‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,2,4‐triazole] have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal structure analysis. The single crystal X‐ray crystallographic studies reveal that the central iron atom has a distorted octahedral environment for 1 and a distorted square pyramidal geometry for 2. The DNA cleavage activity of the iron(III) complexes was measured, indicating that the six‐coordinated iron(III) (complex 1) was cleavage inactive and only five‐coordinated complex 2 effectively promoted the cleavage of plasmid DNA in the presence and/or absence of activating agents (peroxide oxygen) at physiological pH and temperature. The mechanism of plasmid DNA cleavage was also studied by adding standard radical scavengers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histochemical and Ultrastructural Observations of Respiratory Epithelium and Gland in Yak (Bos grunniens)
Authors: Yang Bo , Yu Sijiu , Cui Yan , He Junfeng , Jin Xinhua , Wang Ru 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSubmucous glands and epithelial mucous cells of yak (Bos grunniens) respiratory tract have been studied by a variety of histochemical methods and transmission electron microscopy for differentiating and characterizing serous and mucous cells. By light microscopy, the distribution, numbers of mucous cells, volume of mucous glands (Reid index), and the ratio of mucous cell to serous cell in the bronchial tree were measured with different staining. Histochemically, a majority of mucous cells, presented in the surface epithelium of bronchi and glands, secreted neutral and acid mucosubstances, only a few sulfated mucosubstances were present. No mucus‐producing cells were observed from the terminal to respiratory bronchiolar level. Ultrastructurally, serous cells in glands of the lamina propria had two distinct forms: one type filled with many round dense secretory granules, plentiful RER and few other organelles, similar to other animals; the other type contained some oval mitochondrial and distended RER, the granules resembled the former. The mucous cells in gland were similar to that of epithelium, which containing abundant secretory granules with an eccentric core. The mucous cells of the surface epithelium differ from other animals in the structure and histochemistry of their secretory granules. Analysis of the size and distribution of the secretory granules and other organelles of serous cells suggested that differences represent different phases of a secretory cycle, not various populations of cell or granules. Anat Rec 293:1259–1269, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating information retrieval support techniques for different information‐seeking strategies
Authors: Yuan Xiaojun , Belkin Nicholas J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe report on a study that investigated the efficacy of four different interactive information retrieval (IIR) systems, each designed to support a specific information‐seeking strategy (ISS). These systems were constructed using different combinations of IR techniques (i.e., combinations of different methods of representation, comparison, presentation and navigation), each of which was hypothesized to be well suited to support a specific ISS. We compared the performance of searchers in each such system, designated “experimental,” to an appropriate “baseline” system, which implemented the standard specified query and results list model of current state‐of‐the‐art experimental and operational IR systems. Four within‐subjects experiments were conducted for the purpose of this comparison. Results showed that each of the experimental systems was superior to its baseline system in supporting user performance for the specific ISS (that is, the information problem leading to that ISS) for which the system was designed. These results indicate that an IIR system, which intends to support more than one kind of ISS, should be designed within a framework which allows the use and combination of different IR support techniques for different ISSs.
Ensemble forecasting using TIGGE for the July–September 2008 floods in the Upper Huai catchment: a case study
Authors: He Yi , Wetterhall Fredrik , Bao Hongjun , Cloke Hannah , Li Zhijia , Pappenberger Florian , Hu Yuzhong , Manful Desmond , Huang Yingchun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe present a case study using the TIGGE database for flood warning in the Upper Huai catchment (ca. 30 672 km2). TIGGE ensemble forecasts from 6 meteorological centres with 10‐day lead time were extracted and disaggregated to drive the Xinanjiang model to forecast discharges for flood events in July‐September 2008. The results demonstrated satisfactory flood forecasting skills with clear signals of floods up to 10 days in advance. The forecasts occasionally show discrepancies both in time and space. Forecasting quality could potentially be improved by using temporal and spatial corrections of the forecasted precipitation. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
SAR versus Sinc: What is the appropriate RF exposure metric in the range 1–10 GHz? Part I: Using planar body models
Authors: Anderson Vitas , Croft Rodney , McIntosh Robert L 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis is the first of two articles addressing the most appropriate crossover frequency at which incident power flux density (Sinc) replaces the spatial peak value of the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) averaged over 1 or 10 g (i.e., peak 1 or 10 g SAR) as the basic restriction for protecting against radiofrequency (RF) heating effects in the 1–10 GHz range. Our general approach has been to compare the degree of correlation between these basic restrictions and the peak induced tissue temperature rise (ΔT) for a representative range of population/exposure scenarios. In this article we particularly address the effect of human population diversity in the thickness of body tissue layers at eight different sites of the body. We used a Monte Carlo approach to specify 32000 models (400 models for each of 8 body sites for 10 frequencies) which were representative of tissue thicknesses for age (18–74 years) and sex at the eight body sites. Histogram distributions of Sinc and peak 1 and 10 g SAR corresponding to a peak 1 °C temperature rise were obtained from RF and thermal analyses of 1D multiplanar models exposed to a normally incident plane wave ranging from 1 to 10 GHz in thermo‐neutral environmental conditions. Examination of the distribution spread of the histograms indicated that peak SAR was a better predictor of peak tissue temperature rise across the entire 1–10 GHz frequency range than Sinc, as indicated by the smaller spread in its histogram distributions, and that peak 10 g SAR was a slightly better predictor than peak 1 g SAR. However, this result must be weighed against partly conflicting indications from complex body modeling in the second article of this series, which incorporates near‐field effects and the influence of complex body geometries. Bioelectromagnetics 31:454–466, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined effects of 872 MHz radiofrequency radiation and ferrous chloride on reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Luukkonen Jukka , Juutilainen Jukka , Naarala Jonne 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate possible cooperative effects of radiofrequency (RF) radiation and ferrous chloride (FeCl2) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage. In order to test intracellular ROS production as a possible underlying mechanism of DNA damage, we applied the fluorescent probe DCFH‐DA. Integrity of DNA was quantified by alkaline comet assay. The exposures to 872 MHz RF radiation were conducted at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 5 W/kg using continuous waves (CW) or a modulated signal similar to that used in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) phones. Four groups were included: (1) Sham exposure (control), (2) RF radiation, (3) Chemical treatment, (4) Chemical treatment, and RF radiation. In the ROS production experiments, human neuroblastoma (SH‐SY5Y) cells were exposed to RF radiation and 10 µg/ml FeCl2 for 1 h. In the comet assay experiments, the exposure time was 3 h and an additional chemical (0.015% diethyl maleate) was used to make DNA damage level observable. The chemical treatments resulted in statistically significant responses, but no effects from either CW or modulated RF radiation were observed on ROS production, DNA damage or cell viability. Bioelectromagnetics 31:417–424, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of LPS‐inducible genes downregulated by ubiquinone in human THP‐1 monocytes
Authors: Schmelzer Constance , Döring Frank 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCoenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an obligatory element in the respiratory chain and functions as a potent antioxidant of lipid membranes. More recently, anti‐inflammatory effects as well as an impact of CoQ10 on gene expression have been observed. To reveal putative effects of Q10 on LPS‐induced gene expression, whole genome expression analysis was performed in the monocytic cell line THP‐1. Thousand one hundred twenty‐nine and 710 probe sets have been identified to be significantly (P ≤ 0.05) up and downregulated in LPS‐treated cells when compared with controls, respectively. Text mining analysis of the top 50 LPS upregulated genes revealed a functional connection in the NFκB pathway and confirmed our applied in vitro stimulation model. Moreover, 33 LPS‐sensitive genes have been identified to be significantly downregulated by Q10‐treatment between a factor of 1.32 and 1.85. GeneOntology (GO) analysis revealed for the Q10‐sensitve genes a primary involvement in protein metabolism (e.g., HERC1 and EPS15), cell proliferation (e.g., CCDC100 and SMURF1), and transcriptional processes (e.g., CNOT4 and STK4). Three genes were either related to NFκB transcription factor activity (ERC1), cytokinesis (DIAPH2), or modulation of oxidative stress (MSRA). In conclusion, our data provide evidence that Q10 downregulates LPS‐inducible genes in the monocytic cell line THP‐1. Thus, the previously described effects of Q10 on the reduction of proinflammatory mediators might be due to its antioxidant impact on gene expression.
Fibrillation of α‐lactalbumin: Effect of crocin and safranal, two natural small molecules from Crocus sativus
Authors: Ebrahim‐Habibi Mohammad‐Bagher , Amininasab Mehriar , Ebrahim‐Habibi Azadeh , Sabbaghian Marjan , Nemat‐Gorgani Mohsen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFormation of toxic amyloid structures is believed to be associated with various late‐onset neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The fact that many proteins in addition to those that are associated with clinical conditions have the potential to form amyloid fibrils in vitro provides opportunities for studying the fundamentals of protein aggregation and amyloid formation in model systems. Accordingly, considerable interest and effort has been directed toward developing small molecules to inhibit the formation of fibrillar assemblies and their associated toxicities. In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of crocin and safranal, two principal components of saffron, on fibrillation of apo‐α‐lactalbumin (a‐α‐LA), used as a model protein, under amyloidogenic conditions. In the absence of any ligand, formation of soluble oligomers became evident after 18 h of incubation, followed by subsequent appearance of mature fibrils. Upon incubation with crocin or safranal, while transition phase to monomeric beta structures was not significantly affected, formation of soluble oligomers and following fibrillar assemblies were inhibited. While both safranal and crocin had the ability to bind to hydrophobic patches provided in the intermediate structures, and thereby inhibit protein aggregation, crocin was found more effective, possibly due to its simultaneous hydrophobic and hydrophilic character. Cell viability assay indicated that crocin could diminish toxicity while safranal act in reverse order. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 854–865, 2010.
Urea interactions with protein groups: A volumetric study
Authors: Lee Soyoung , Shek Yuen Lai , Chalikian Tigran V. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe determined the partial molar volumes and adiabatic compressibilities ofN‐acetyl amino acid amides,N‐acetyl amino acid methylamides,N‐acetyl amino acids, and short oligoglycines as a function of urea concentration. We analyze these data within the framework of a statistical thermodynamic formalism to determine the association constants for the reaction in which urea binds to the glycyl unit and each of the naturally occurring amino acid side chains replacing two waters of hydration. Our determined association constants,k, range from 0.04 to 0.39M. We derive a general equation that linkskwith changes in free energy, ΔGtr, accompanying the transfer of functional groups from water to urea. In this equation, ΔGtris the sum of a change in the free energy of cavity formation, ΔΔGC, and the differential free energy of solute–solvent interactions, ΔΔGI, in urea and water. The observed range of affinity coefficients,k, corresponds to the values of ΔΔGIranging from highly favorable to slightly unfavorable. Taken together, our data support a direct interaction model in which urea denatures a protein by concerted action via favorable interactions with a wide range of protein groups. Our derived equation linkingkto ΔGtrsuggests that ΔΔGIand, hence, the net transfer free energy, ΔGtr, are both strongly influenced by the concentration of a solute used in the experiment. We emphasize the need to exercise caution when two solutes differing in solubility are compared to determine the ΔGtrcontribution of a particular functional group. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 866–879, 2010.
Impact of anastomotic leakage on long-term survival after total gastrectomy for carcinoma of the stomach
Authors:   Polish Gastric Cancer Study Group, Sierzega M , Kolodziejczyk P , Kulig J 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

Background
Recent studies suggest that anastomotic leak may adversely affect long-term survival in patients undergoing surgery for gastrointestinal malignancies. Data relating to total gastrectomy for gastric cancer are scarce.

Methods
An electronic database of all patients with resectable gastric cancer treated between January 1999 and December 2004 at seven university surgical centres cooperating in the Polish Gastric Cancer Study Group was reviewed.

Results
Anastomotic leakage was diagnosed in 41 (5·9 per cent) of 690 patients who underwent total gastrectomy. The prevalence of surgical and general complications, and mortality rates were significantly higher in patients diagnosed with anastomotic leakage. The only two independent risk factors for leakage were Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or 3 (odds ratio 5·09, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 2·29 to 11·32) and splenectomy (odds ratio 2·58, 95 per cent c.i. 1·08 to 6·13). Two Cox proportional hazards models including all the patients and excluding in-hospital deaths identified anastomotic leakage as an independent predictor of survival with hazard ratios of 3·47 (95 per cent c.i. 1·82 to 6·64) and 3·14 (1·51–6·53) respectively.

Conclusion
The occurrence of anastomotic leakage was a major independent prognostic factor for long-term survival.