bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type-2 diabetes mellitus in schizophrenia: Increased prevalence and major risk factor of excess mortality in a naturalistic 7-year follow-up
Authors: Schoepf D. , Potluri R. , Uppal H. , Natalwala A. , Narendran P. , Heun R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectivePhysical co-morbidity including type 2 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent in patients with schizophrenia compared to the general population. However, there is little consistent evidence that co-morbidity with diabetes mellitus and/or other diseases leads to excess mortality in schizophrenia. Thus, we investigated whether co-morbidity with diabetes and other somatic diseases is increased in schizophrenics, and if these are equally or more relevant predictors of mortality in schizophrenia than in age- and gender-matched hospitalised controls.MethodsDuring 2000–2007, 679 patients with schizophrenia were admitted to University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust. Co-morbidities were compared with 88,778 age- and gender group-matched hospital controls. Predictors of mortality were identified using forward Cox regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was increased in schizophrenia compared to hospitalised controls (11.3% versus 6.3%). The initial prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was significantly higher in the 100 later deceased schizophrenic patients (24.0%) than in those 579 surviving over 7 years (9.2%). Predictors of mortality in schizophrenia were found to be age (relative risk [RR] = 1.1/year), type 2 diabetes mellitus (RR = 2.2), pneumonia (RR = 2.7), heart failure (RR = 2.9) and chronic renal failure (RR = 3.2). The impact of diabetes mellitus on mortality was significantly higher in schizophrenia than in hospital controls (RR = 2.2 versus RR = 1.1). In agreement, deceased schizophrenics had significantly suffered more diabetes mellitus than deceased controls (24.0 versus 10.5%). The relative risks of mortality for other disorders and their prevalence in later deceased subjects did not significantly differ between schizophrenia and controls.ConclusionSchizophrenics have more and additionally suffer more from diabetes: co-morbidity with diabetes mellitus is increased in schizophrenia in comparison with hospital controls; type 2 diabetes mellitus causes significant excess mortality in schizophrenia. Thus, monitoring for and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus is of utmost relevance in hospitalised patients with schizophrenia.
Association between flashbacks and structural brain abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Kroes M.C.W. , Whalley M.G. , Rugg M.D. , Brewin C.R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectivePosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is reliably associated with reduced brain volume relative to healthy controls, in areas similar to those found in depression. We investigated whether in a PTSD sample brain volumes in these areas were related to reporting specific symptoms of PTSD or to overall symptom severity.MethodStructural MRI scans were obtained from 28 participants diagnosed with PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR. Participants reported the extent of individual PTSD symptoms using the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale. Voxel-based morphometry applying the Dartel algorithm implemented within SPM5 was used to identify volumetric changes, related to PTSD total, symptom cluster, and individual symptom scores.ResultsBrain volume was unrelated to overall PTSD severity, but greater reexperiencing scores predicted reduced volumes in the middle temporal and inferior occipital cortices. Increased reports of flashbacks predicted reduced volume in the insula/parietal operculum and in the inferior temporal gyrus.ConclusionThe data illustrate the value of analyses at the symptom level within a patient population to supplement group comparisons of patients and healthy controls. Areas identified were consistent with a neurobiological account of flashbacks implicating specific abnormalities in the ventral visual stream.
Umbilical cord‐cutting practices and place of delivery in Bangladesh
Authors: Andrews Johanna Y. , Dalal Koustuv 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate place of delivery, umbilical cord‐cutting instruments used, and substances applied to the cord stump in Bangladesh.MethodsA cross‐sectional data analysis was performed on a nationally representative sample of 4925 women of reproductive age (15–49 years) with at least 1 child.ResultsMore than 80% of women delivered at home. In 6% of cases, blades from a clean‐delivery kit (CDK) were used to cut the cord; in 90% of cases, the blades used were from another source; in 4% of cases, other instruments such as bamboo strips and scissors were used to cut the cord. In 51% of cases, a substance (e.g. antibiotic powder/ointment, alcohol/spirit, mustard oil with garlic, boric powder, turmeric, and chewed rice) was applied to the stump after the cord was cut.ConclusionThe present findings underscore the need for further advocacy, availability, and use of cord‐cutting instruments from CDKs, especially for deliveries that occur outside healthcare facilities.
Perspectives of Chinese healthcare providers on medical abortion
Authors: Gan Kang , Zhang Yuhan , Jiang Xiaomei , Meng Yucui , Hou Liyan , Cheng Yimin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate Chinese healthcare providers’ knowledge regarding medical abortion, to understand provider preferences for abortion methods, and to investigate the role of remuneration on providers’ decision making.MethodsBetween November 2009 and May 2010, 658 abortion service providers from family‐planning service centers and hospitals in Shenzhen and Henan, China, were surveyed via self‐administered questionnaires.ResultsThe knowledge score (out of a maximum of 32) regarding medical abortion was 16–20 for 60.9% of the providers; 20.4% of the providers preferred medical abortion to surgical abortion, whereas 35.0% preferred surgical abortion. Overall, 72.2% of providers stated that they did not receive any commission for providing medical abortion or surgical abortion.ConclusionMost healthcare providers believed that surgical abortion was preferable to medical abortion. Efforts should be made to overcome the perceived disadvantages of medical abortion.
Efficacy of peripartum antiviral treatment for hepatic failure due to hepatitis B virus
Authors: Yu Minmin , Ji Ying , Jiang Hongxiu , Ju Lili , Wu Kaihua , Kan Naiying 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy of oral nucleosides in preventing hepatic failure during pregnancy (HFP) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.MethodsBesides receiving standard treatment, 70 women with HFP caused by HBV infection joined a study group (n = 40) or a control group (n = 30) according to their preference. In the study group, 14 women were given lamivudine in the third trimester and an antiviral treatment was continued postpartum. The 26 remaining patients were treated postpartum only, with lamivudine (n = 16) or entecavir (n = 10).ResultsIn the study group, the values for serum HBV DNA and hepatitis B envelope antigen were markedly lower at 1 and 2 months than they were at baseline (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Moreover, the HBV DNA values at 1 and 2 months were significantly lower in the study than in the control group (P < 0.05). Overall mortality and incidence of intrauterine infection were also significantly lower in the study group (P < 0.05). No newborns had any apparent abnormalities in either group.ConclusionTreatment with nucleosides suppressed the replication of HBV DNA and led to biochemical improvement. It also reduced maternal mortality and safely decreased mother‐to‐child HBV transmission.
Executive function and instrumental activities of daily living in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Marshall Gad A. , Rentz Dorene M. , Frey Meghan T. , Locascio Joseph J. , Johnson Keith A. , Sperling Reisa A. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2011

BackgroundImpairment in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) leads to early loss in productivity and adds significant burden to caregivers. Executive dysfunction is thought to be an important contributor to functional impairment. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between executive function and IADL in a large cohort of well‐characterized normal older controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and patients with mild Alzheimer's disease, separately as well as across the entire sample, while accounting for demographic, cognitive, and behavioral factors.MethodsSubjects with baseline clinical datasets (n = 793) from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study (228 normal older controls, 387 MCI, 178 Alzheimer's disease) were included in the analysis. A multiple regression model was used to assess the relationship between executive function and IADL.ResultsA multiple regression model, including diagnosis, global cognitive impairment, memory performance, and other covariates demonstrated a significant relationship between executive dysfunction and IADL impairment across all subjects (R2 = .60, P < .0001 for model; Digit Symbol, partial ß = −.044, P = .005; Trailmaking Test B–A, quadratic relation, P = .01). Similarly, an analysis using MCI subjects only yielded a significant relationship (R2 = .16, P < .0001 for model; Digit Symbol, partial ß = −.08, P = .001).ConclusionsThese results suggest that executive dysfunction is a key contributor to impairment in IADL. This relationship was evident even after accounting for degree of memory deficit across the continuum of cognitive impairment and dementia.
Importance of sampling across an assemblage of glacial landforms for interpreting cosmogenic ages of deglaciation
Authors: Stroeven Arjen P. , Fabel Derek , Harbor Jonathan M. , Fink David , Caffee Marc W. , Dahlgren Torbjørn 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDeglaciation chronologies for some sectors of former ice sheets are relatively poorly constrained because of the paucity of features or materials traditionally used to constrain the timing of deglaciation. In areas without good deglaciation varve chronologies and/or without widespread occurrence of material that indicates the start of earliest organic radiocarbon accumulations suitable for radiocarbon dating, typically only general patterns and chronologies of deglaciation have been deduced. However, mid-latitude ice sheets that had warm-based conditions close to their margins often produced distinctive deglaciation landform assemblages, including eskers, deltas, meltwater channels and aligned lineation systems. Because these features were formed or significantly altered during the last glaciation, boulder or bedrock samples from them have the potential to yield reliable deglaciation ages using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN) for exposure age dating. Here we present the results of a methodological study designed to examine the consistency of TCN-based deglaciation ages from a range of deglaciation landforms at a site in northern Norway. The strong coherence between exposure ages across several landforms indicates great potential for using TCN techniques on features such as eskers, deltas and meltwater channels to enhance the temporal resolution of ice-sheet deglaciation chronologies over a range of spatial scales.
A rapid, inexpensive yeast-based dual-fluorescence assay of programmed—1 ribosomal frameshifting for high-throughput screening
Authors: Rakauskaitė Rasa , Liao Pei-Yu , Rhodin Michael H. J. , Lee Kelvin , Dinman Jonathan D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProgrammed −1 ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF) is a mechanism that directs elongating ribosomes to shift-reading frame by 1 base in the 5′ direction that is utilized by many RNA viruses. Importantly, rates of −1 PRF are fine-tuned by viruses, including Retroviruses, Coronaviruses, Flavivriuses and in two endogenous viruses of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to deliver the correct ratios of different viral proteins for efficient replication. Thus, −1 PRF presents a novel target for antiviral therapeutics. The underlying molecular mechanism of −1 PRF is conserved from yeast to mammals, enabling yeast to be used as a logical platform for high-throughput screens. Our understanding of the strengths and pitfalls of assays to monitor −1 PRF have evolved since the initial discovery of −1 PRF. These include controlling for the effects of drugs on protein expression and mRNA stability, as well as minimizing costs and the requirement for multiple processing steps. Here we describe the development of an automated yeast-based dual fluorescence assay of −1 PRF that provides a rapid, inexpensive automated pipeline to screen for compounds that alter rates of −1 PRF which will help to pave the way toward the discovery and development of novel antiviral therapeutics.
Nonselective and NR2B-selective N -methyl-d-aspartic Acid Receptor Antagonists Produce Antinociception and Long-term Relief of Allodynia in Acute and Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Swartjes Maarten , Morariu Aurora , Niesters Marieke , Aarts Leon , Dahan Albert 
Published: May 2011

Background
At low dose, the nonselective N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine produces potent analgesia. In humans, psychedelic side effects limit its use. To assess whether other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist have an improved therapeutic utility index, we compared antinociceptive, side effect, and locomotor activity of three N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists.

Methods
Ketamine, its active metabolite norketamine, and the NR2B-selective antagonist traxoprodil (CP-101,606) were tested in rat models of acute antinociception (paw-withdrawal response to heat) and chronic neuropathic pain (spared nerve injury). Side effects (stereotypical behavior, activity level) were scored and locomotor function of the nerve-injured paw was assessed using computerized gait analysis. In the chronic pain model, treatment was given 7 days after surgery, for 3 h on 5 consecutive days.

Results
All three N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists caused dose-dependent antinociception in the acute pain model and relief of mechanical and cold allodynia for 3-6 weeks after treatment in the chronic pain model (P < 0.05 vs. saline). In both tests, ketamine was most potent. Norketamine was as much as two times less potent and traxoprodil was up to 8 times less potent than ketamine (based on area under the curve measures). Nerve injury caused an inability to use the affected paw that either did not improve after treatment (ketamine, traxoprodil) or showed only a limited effect (norketamine). Traxoprodil, but not ketamine or norketamine, showed clear separation between effect and side effect.

Conclusions
The observation that traxoprodil causes relief of chronic pain outlasting the treatment period with no side effects makes it an attractive alternative to ketamine in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.
Consequences of Succinylcholine Administration to Patients Using Statins
Authors: Turan Alparslan , Mendoza Maria L. , Gupta Shipra , You Jing , Gottlieb Alexandru , Chu Weihan , Saager Leif , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: May 2011

Background
Statins cause structural changes in myocytes and provoke myotoxicity, myopathy, and myalgias. Thus, patients taking statins may be especially susceptible to succinylcholine-induced muscle injury. The authors tested the hypothesis that succinylcholine increases plasma concentrations of myoglobin, potassium, and creatine kinase more in patients who take statins than in those who do not and that succinylcholine-induced postoperative muscle pain is aggravated in statin users.

Methods
Patients who took statins for at least 3 months and those who had never used statins were enrolled. General anesthesia was induced and included 1.5 mg/kg succinylcholine for intubation. The incidence and degree of fasciculation after succinylcholine administration were recorded. Blood samples were obtained before induction and 5 and 20 min and 24 h after succinylcholine administration. Patients were interviewed 2 and 24 h after surgery to determine the degree of myalgia.

Results
The authors enrolled 38 patients who used statins and 32 who did not. At 20 min, myoglobin was higher in statin users versus nonusers (ratio of medians 1.34 [95% CI: 1.1, 1.7], P = 0.018). Fasciculations in statin users were more intense than in nonusers (P = 0.047). However, plasma potassium and creatine kinase concentrations were similar in statin users and nonusers, as was muscle pain.

Conclusions
The plasma myoglobin concentration at 20 min was significantly greater in statin users than nonusers, although the difference seems unlikely to be clinically important. The study results suggest that the effect of succinylcholine given to patients taking statins is likely to be small and probably of limited clinical consequence.
Changing Healthcare Providers' Behavior during Pediatric Inductions with an Empirically Based Intervention
Authors: Martin Sarah R. , Chorney Jill MacLaren , Tan Edwin T. , Fortier Michelle A. , Blount Ronald L. , Wald Samuel H. , Shapiro Nina L. , Strom Suzanne L. , Patel Swati , Kain Zeev N. 
Published: May 2011

Background
Each year more than 4 million children experience significant levels of preoperative anxiety, which has been linked to poor recovery outcomes. Healthcare providers (HCPs) and parents represent key resources for children to help them manage their preoperative anxiety. The current study reports on the development and preliminary feasibility testing of a new intervention designed to change HCP and parent perioperative behaviors that have been reported previously to be associated with children's coping and stress behaviors before surgery.

Methods
An empirically derived intervention, Provider-Tailored Intervention for Perioperative Stress, was developed to train HCPs to increase behaviors that promote children's coping and decrease behaviors that may exacerbate children's distress. Rates of HCP behaviors were coded and compared between preintervention and postintervention. In addition, rates of parents' behaviors were compared between those that interacted with HCPs before training to those interacting with HCPs after the intervention.

Results
Effect sizes indicated that HCPs who underwent training demonstrated increases in rates of desired behaviors (range: 0.22-1.49) and decreases in rates of undesired behaviors (range: 0.15-2.15). In addition, parents, who were indirectly trained, also demonstrated changes to their rates of desired (range: 0.30-0.60) and undesired behaviors (range: 0.16-0.61).

Conclusions
The intervention successfully modified HCP and parent behaviors. It represents a potentially new clinical way to decrease anxiety in children. A multisite randomized control trial funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development will examine the efficacy of this intervention in reducing children's preoperative anxiety and improving children's postoperative recovery.
Neuromuscular Disorders in Critically Ill Patients: Review and Update
Authors: Lacomis David 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Neuromuscular disorders that are diagnosed in the intensive care unit (ICU) usually cause substantial limb weakness and contribute to ventilatory dysfunction. Although some lead to ICU admission, ICU-acquired disorders, mainly critical illness myopathy (CIM) and critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP), are more frequent and are associated with considerable morbidity. Approximately 25% to 45% of patients admitted to the ICU develop CIM, CIP, or both. Their clinical features often overlap; therefore, nerve conduction studies and electromyography are particularly helpful diagnostically, and more sophisticated electrodiagnostic studies and histopathologic evaluation are required in some circumstances. A number of prospective studies have identified risk factors for CIP and CIM, but their limitations often include the inability to separate CIM from CIP. Animal models reveal evidence of a channelopathy in both CIM and CIP, and human studies also identified axonal degeneration in CIP and myosin loss in CIM. Outcomes are variable. They tend to be better with CIM, and some patients have longstanding disabilities. Future studies of well-characterized patients with CIP and CIM should refine our understanding of risk factors, outcomes, and pathogenic mechanisms, leading to better interventions.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome After a Jellyfish Sting
Authors: Devere Ronald 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

This is the case of a jellyfish sting associated with the rare development of Guillain-Barré syndrome. The patient, a 66-year-old woman, was stung by a jellyfish on the right thigh while swimming in the Atlantic Ocean, off Charleston, SC. Ten days later, she developed low back and right thigh pain followed by progressive numbness and weakness in all extremities. These symptoms reached their peak in 30 days and slowly began to improve. Initial neurologic examination showed areflexia, weakness, absent vibration and position sense, and hyperesthesia to pin and light touch in the mid to distal region of all four extremities. Serial electromyography and nerve conductions were consistent with an improving predominantly demyelinating polyneuropathy. Spinal fluid analysis showed no cells, elevated protein (108), gammaglobulin 6 (normal less than 5.4), and immunoglobulin G 8.2 (normal less than 6). The only treatment was gabapentin for neuropathy pain. The patient made an excellent recovery in less than 1 year with minimal residual numbness in both thumbs, index fingers, and middle toes.
Metabolic Syndrome in Small Fiber Sensory Neuropathy
Authors: Zhou Lan , Li Jianbo , Ontaneda Daniel , Sperling Joshua 
Published: May 2011

Objectives:
To determine the prevalence and risk of metabolic syndrome in patients with small fiber sensory neuropathy (SFSN).

Methods:
We searched our skin biopsy database and identified 194 subjects for this retrospective study. Of these 194 subjects, 43 had normal skin biopsies and 151 had mild, moderate, or severe length-dependent SFSN with no large fiber involvement. Fifty-four subjects had diabetic or prediabetic SFSN and 97 had idiopathic SFSN.

Results:
The mean age of the neuropathy group was older (54.1 ± 11.9 years) than the normal biopsy group (44.8 ± 13.0, P < 0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in the neuropathy group (27.8%) than in the normal biopsy group (2.3%, P < 0.001). Age was not different among three neuropathy subgroups. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was higher in the severe (38.1%) than in the moderate (26.0%) and mild (14.7%) neuropathy groups (P = 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that age (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; P < 0.001), metabolic syndrome (OR, 3.20; P < 0.001), hypertension (OR, 1.88; P = 0.04), and obesity (OR, 1.93; P = 0.004) were independent risk factors for SFSN.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is increased in patients with SFSN and it correlates with the severity of SFSN. Metabolic syndrome may represent an independent risk factor for SFSN.