bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of oxygen supplementation on cerebral oxygenation during exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients not entitled to long‐term oxygen therapy
Authors: Oliveira Mayron F. , Rodrigues Miguel K. , Treptow Erika , Cunha Thúlio M. , Ferreira Eloara M. V. , Neder J Alberto 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBackground:  The rate of change (Δ) in cerebral oxygenation (COx) during exercise is influenced by blood flow and arterial O2 content (CaO2). It is currently unclear whether ΔCOx would (i) be impaired during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who do not fulfil the current criteria for long‐term O2 therapy but present with exercise‐induced hypoxaemia and (ii) improve with hyperoxia (FIO2 = 0·4) in this specific sub‐population.Methods:  A total of 20 non‐hypercapnic men (FEV1 = 47·2 ± 11·5% pred) underwent incremental cycle ergometer exercise tests under normoxia and hyperoxia with ΔCOx (fold‐changes from unloaded exercise in O2Hb) being determined by near‐infrared spectroscopy. Pulse oximetry assessed oxyhaemoglobin saturation (SpO2), and impedance cardiography estimated changes in cardiac output (ΔQT).Results:  Peak work rate and ΔCOx in normoxia were lower in eight O2‘desaturators’ compared with 12 ‘non‐desaturators’ (P<0·05). Area under ΔCOx during sub‐maximal exercise was closely related to SpO2 decrements in ‘desaturators’ (r = 0·92, P<0·01). These patients showed the largest improvement in peak exercise capacity with hyperoxia (P<0·05). Despite a trend to lower sub‐maximal ΔQT and mean arterial pressure with active intervention, ΔCOx was significantly improved only in this group (0·57 ± 0·20 versus 2·09 ± 0·42 for ‘non‐desaturators’ and ‘desaturators’, respectively; P<0·05).Conclusions:  ΔCOx was impaired in non‐hypoxaemic patients with COPD who desaturated during exercise. Hyperoxic breathing was able to correct for these abnormalities, an effect related to enhanced CaO2 rather than improved central haemodynamics. This indicates that O2 supplementation ameliorates exercise COx in patients with COPD who are not currently entitled to ambulatory O2 therapy.
Adolescents with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators: A Patient and Parent Perspective
Authors: RAHMAN BELINDA , MACCIOCCA IVAN , SAHHAR MARGARET , KAMBERI SULEMAN , CONNELL VANESSA , DUNCAN RONY E. 
Published: October 2011

Background:
An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is a device used in the treatment of individuals with life‐threatening cardiac conditions. These include genetic disorders such as long QT syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and Brugada syndrome, all of which have the propensity to cause sudden cardiac death. Adults with ICDs consistently report elevated levels of anxiety and depression, as well as negative lifestyle changes associated with the device. Compared to older ICD recipients, young patients face decades of life with the device and the long‐term impact and implications are important to consider. This research explores the experiences of adolescents living with an ICD. Parents of these adolescents were also included to explore the impact on them as the primary caregivers.
Methods: A qualitative approach was chosen to explore the lived experience; semistructured interviews with six adolescents and six parents were conducted from which a number of key themes emerged.
Results:
The experiences described by participants included the restrictions adolescents face, the ICD shock experience, and ongoing challenges post‐ICD implantation. However, both adolescents and parents were able to adjust to life after receiving an ICD and described several benefits associated with having the device. Findings also emerged relating to communication between health professionals and adolescents, and the limitations adolescents impose on themselves post‐ICD implantation.
Conclusion:
These findings have important implications for clinical practice and may help guide medical management for adolescents with ICDs and their families. (PACE 2012; 35:62–72)
Vertical bone augmentation with 3D‐synthetic monetite blocks in the rabbit calvaria
Authors: Torres Jesús , Tamimi Faleh , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan , Prados‐Frutos Juan Carlos , Rastikerdar Emad , Gbureck Uwe , Barralet Jake E. , López‐Cabarcos Enrique 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIntroductionLong‐term success of osteointegrated dental implants requires sufficient volume of healthy bone at the recipient sites. However, this is frequently lacking as a result of trauma, tooth loss, or infection. Onlay autografting is amongst the most predictable techniques for craniofacial vertical bone augmentation, however, complications related to donor site morbidity are common and alternatives to onlay autografts are desirable.AimTo develop and evaluate a new synthetic onlay block for vertical bone augmentation.Material and methodsSixteen synthetic monetite monolithic discs‐shaped blocks were prepared using a 3D‐printing technique. The blocks were computer‐designed, and had a diameter of 9.0 mm, a thickness of either 4.0 mm (n = 8) or 3.0 mm (n = 8) and one 0.5‐mm wide central hole that enabled their surgical fixation with osteosynthesis screws. The blocks were randomly allocated to each side of the calvaria (right or left) of eight New Zealand rabbits and fixed with screws to achieve vertical bone augmentation. Eight weeks after the surgical intervention, the animals were sacrificed and the calvaria were retrieved for histological analysis. The following parameters were analysed: the interaction between the graft and the original bone surface, the amount of bone ingrowth within the graft and the gain in bone height achieved by the procedure. Wilcoxon t‐test was used to evaluate significant differences between the two types of monetite bone block grafts.ResultsThe blocks were easy to handle and no damage or fracture was registered while being screw‐fixated to the calvarial bone. As a result, the surgical procedure was easy and quick. After a healing of 8 weeks, the synthetic blocks were strongly fused to the calvarial bone surface. Upon histological observation, the monetite blocks appeared to be infiltrated by newly formed bone, without histological signs of necrosis, osteolysis or foreign body reaction. Histomorphometry revealed that bone augmentation occurred within and over the monetite block. The 4.0‐ and 3.0‐mm high blocks were filled with newly formed bone with 35% and 41% of their respective volumes. These observations indicated that craniofacial bone augmentations of at least 4 mm could be achieved with synthetic monetite blocks.ConclusionWithin the limits of our study, this novel material may be able to eliminate the need for autologous bone transplantation for the augmentation of large vertical bone defects.
A rhesus macaque model of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage
Authors: Philipp M.T. , Doyle L.A. , Martin D.S. , Plauché G.B. , Phillippi‐Falkenstein K.M. , Bohm R.P 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  Nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes pneumococcal disease. Elucidation of procedures to prevent or eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage in a model akin to the human would help to diminish the incidence of both pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease.Methods  We conducted a survey of the nasopharynx of infant rhesus macaques from our breeding colony, in search of natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. We also attempted experimental induction of colonization, by nasopharyngeal instillation of a human S. pneumoniae strain (19F).Results  None of 158 colony animals surveyed carried S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx. Colonization was induced in eight of eight infant rhesus by nasopharyngeal instillation and lasted 2 weeks in 100% of the animals and 7 weeks in more than 60%.Conclusion  Rhesus macaques are probably not natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. The high rate and duration of colonization obtained in our experiments indicates that the rhesus macaque will serve as a human‐like carriage model.
Jerusalem in Medieval Islamic Tradition
Authors: Khalek Nancy 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe history of Islamic thought about Jerusalem has been hindered by a lack of comprehensive historical sources on the city in what is traditionally thought of as the Classical period of Islam, from the 6th to the mid‐13th centuries. As a result, scholars have relied on geographical works and texts in a genre known as ‘Religious Merits’ or faḍā’ il, as well as apocalyptic and prophetic tradition (ḥadīth) for insight into the role and importance of the city for early medieval Muslims. Jerusalem’s major Islamic monuments, including the Dome of the Rock and the Aqṣā Mosque, were early Muslim buildings whose meaning changed significantly over the course of the medieval period. The incorporation of towns and cities outside Mecca and Medina into a sacred landscape encompassing broad regions such as al‐Shām/Greater Syria was partly the by‐product of the effulgence of the faḍā’ il genre, a feature of the High Middle Ages. Like Damascus, Kufa and Baghdad, among others, Jerusalem became one of a constellation of pilgrimage centers in broader conceptions of the Islamic world’s actual and sacred territory.
The Invention of Japanese Religions
Authors: Josephson Jason Ānanda 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn recent years, the academic study of religion has begun to challenge the usefulness of the concept of ‘religion’ itself. This article examines the extension of this critical turn to the issue of Japanese religion. It traces the history of the invention of Japanese religions as conceptual categories and discusses debates about the continuities and discontinuities of ‘religion’ (shūkyō) in Japan. Finally, it surveys the Japanese invention of ‘religion’ as a legal and political category.
Animals in Christian Theology
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAnimals appear to have been pushed to the margins of Christian theology. Andrew Linzey’s pioneering animal theology remedied this but now requires further development. Deeper readings are needed of historical theologians like Thomas Aquinas and Augustine on the topics of reason, rights and analogy. Physiologus and later Christian bestiaries must be mined in order to show how animals and other sentient beings, both real and mythical, image Christ and Christian virtues. Furthermore, present‐day forms of animal–human relationality, including pet ownership and meat‐eating, need to be appraised theologically. The result, achieved via close textual reading, constructive synthesis and interdisciplinary engagement, will be a theological re‐evaluation of animals and other sentient beings as moral agents and theological sources.
The Effects of Social Power on Goal Content and Goal Striving: A Situated Perspective
Authors: Willis Guillermo B. , Guinote Ana 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, we integrate recent findings on the ways power affects goal pursuit. We review literature suggesting that power has two unique effects on goal pursuit: it affects the goals individuals choose to pursue, and the ways they pursue them. In short, we maintain that power‐holders prefer goals that suit their privileged positions – reward oriented and hierarchy‐maintenance goals – as well as goals that come easily to mind because they are chronically accessible or afforded in the situation. We go on to show that powerful individuals exhibit better self‐regulation during goal striving than powerless individuals, independently of goal content. Finally, we review conditions that reverse the effects of power on goal pursuit.
Data‐driven Methods for Modeling Social Perception
Authors: Todorov Alexander , Dotsch Ron , Wigboldus Daniel H. J. , Said Chris P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHow do we model the complexity of social perception? A major methodological problem is that the space of possible variables driving social perceptions is infinitely large, thus posing an insurmountable hurdle for conventional approaches. Here, we describe a set of data‐driven methods whose objective is to identify quantitative relationships between high‐dimensional variables (e.g., visual images) and behaviors (e.g., perceptual decisions) with as little bias as possible. We focus on social perception of faces, although the methods could be applied to other visual and nonvisual categories. We review two reverse correlation approaches: (a) psychophysical methods based on judgments of images altered with randomly generated noise, where the analysis relates the random variations of the images to judgments; and (b) methods based on judgments of randomly generated faces from a statistical, multidimensional face space model, where the analysis relates the dimensions of the face model to judgments.
How Stereotypes Stifle Performance Potential
Authors: Schmader Toni , Croft Alyssa 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn academic and organizational domains, performance measures are often used to assess achievement or aptitude. When certain groups of people systematically underperform on such measures, a common interpretation is that the groups differ in inherent ability. However, social psychological research over the past 15 years has documented a phenomenon called stereotype threat whereby subtle situational reminders of negative stereotypes can stifle the performance of those who are targeted by them. In this article, we review research aimed at understanding the sequence of cognitive and affective processes that underlie these situationally‐induced performance impairments. We review evidence that being the target of negative stereotypes cues self‐uncertainty and a physiological stress response, engages more explicit monitoring of one’s performance, and efforts to regulate unwanted negative thoughts and feelings. Alone or in concert, these extra‐task processes hijack cognitive resources needed for successful performance. Armed with the knowledge of these mediating mechanisms, we then review evidence from both field and laboratory based research demonstrating that gender and racial gaps in achievement can be alleviated if not eliminated through creative and often subtle interventions that diffuse the pernicious effects that stereotypes can have.
Re‐examining Cultural Contradictions: Mothering Ideology and the Intersections of Class, Gender, and Race
Authors: Taylor Tiffany 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHays argues the dominant ideology of mothering in the United States is intensive mothering. Women embracing this ideology are completely devoted to their children and cultural contradictions of motherhood make it difficult to juggle work and family. Rothman argues further that ideologies of patriarchy, technology, and capitalism shape our notions of mothering. I explore these ideologies in this paper, paying careful attention to the labor performed by mothers – paid, childcare, and reproductive. Finally, using surrogacy as an example of how these ideologies interact, I argue that Rothman’s identifications of ideologies helps explain how the cultural contradictions of motherhood vary among mothers based on race and class.
Do Statins have a Role in Reduction/Prevention of Post‐PCI Restenosis?
Authors: Prasad Kailash 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe pathophysiology of post‐PCI restenosis involves neointimal formation that consists of three phases: thrombosis (within 24 h), recruitment (3–8 days), and proliferation, which starts on day 8 of PCI. Various factors suggested to be predictors/risks for restenosis include C‐reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory mediators (cytokines and adhesion molecules), oxygen radicals, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptors (RAGE), and soluble RAGE (sRAGE). The earlier noted factors produce thrombogenesis, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, and extracellular matrix formation. Statins have pleiotropic effects. Besides lowering serum cholesterol, they have various other biological effects including antiinflammatory, antithrombotic, CRP‐lowering, antioxidant, antimitotic, and inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation. They inhibit matrix metalloproteinase and cyclooxygenase‐2, lower AGEs, decrease expression of RAGE and increase levels of serum sRAGE. They also increase the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by increasing endothelial NO synthase expression and activity. Preprocedural statin therapy is known to reduce peri‐ and post‐PCI myonecrosis and reduce the need for repeat revascularization. There is evidence that statin‐eluting stents inhibit in‐stent restenosis in animal models. It is concluded that because of the above attributes of statins, they are suitable candidates for reduction of post‐PCI restenosis and post‐PCI myonecrosis. The future directions for the use of statins in reduction of post‐PCI restenosis and myonecrosis have been discussed.
Metabolism of sugars by genetically diverse species of oral Leptotrichia
Authors: Thompson J. , Pikis A. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryLeptotrichia buccalis ATCC 14201 is a gram‐negative, anaerobic rod‐shaped bacterium resident in oral biofilm at the tooth surface. The sequenced genome of this organism reveals three contiguous genes at loci: Lebu_1525, Lebu_1526 and Lebu_1527. The translation products of these genes exhibit significant homology with phospho‐α‐glucosidase (Pagl), a regulatory protein (GntR) and a phosphoenol pyruvate‐dependent sugar transport protein (EIICB), respectively. In non‐oral bacterial species, these genes comprise the sim operon that facilitates sucrose isomer metabolism. Growth studies showed that L. buccalis fermented a wide variety of carbohydrates, including four of the five isomers of sucrose. Growth on the isomeric disaccharides elicited expression of a 50‐kDa polypeptide comparable in size to that encoded by Lebu_1525. The latter gene was cloned, and the expressed protein was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli TOP10 cells. In the presence of two cofactors, NAD+ and Mn2+ ions, the enzyme readily hydrolyzed p‐nitrophenyl‐α‐glucopyranoside 6‐phosphate (pNPαG6P), a chromogenic analogue of the phosphorylated isomers of sucrose. By comparative sequence alignment, immunoreactivity and signature motifs, the enzyme can be assigned to the phospho‐α‐glucosidase (Pagl) clade of Family 4 of the glycosyl hydrolase super family. We suggest that the products of Lebu_1527 and Lebu_1525, catalyze the phosphorylative translocation and hydrolysis of sucrose isomers in L. buccalis, respectively. Four genetically diverse, but 16S rDNA‐related, species of Leptotrichia have recently been described: L. goodfellowii, L. hofstadii, L. shahii and L. wadei. The phenotypic traits of these new species, with respect to carbohydrate utilization, have also been determined.
Initial evaluation of the effects of competitive memory training (COMET) on depression in schizophrenia‐spectrum patients with persistent auditory verbal hallucinations: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: van der Gaag Mark , van Oosterhout Bas , Daalman Kirstin , Sommer Iris E , Korrelboom Kees 
Published: October 2011

Objectives.  This study investigates whether depression can be ameliorated by weakening the associations between auditory verbal hallucinations and easily activated networks with negative self‐evaluations, by strengthening the access to competing memories of positive self‐esteem.Design.  A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing competitive memory training (COMET) with treatment as usual (TAU) in schizophrenia patients with persistent auditory hallucinations.Methods.  Patients with schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders were randomized into COMET (n = 39) versus TAU (n = 38). COMET consisted of seven sessions with four stages: (1) identification of aspects of negative self‐esteem reinforced by the voice; (2) retrieval and re‐living of memories associated with positive self‐esteem; (3) positive self‐esteem is brought in to compete with the content of the voices to weaken the association between voice content and negative self‐evaluation; and (4) learning to disengage from the voices and to accept the voices as psychic phenomena.Results.  Compared to TAU the COMET group improved on depression but there were no significant effects on auditory hallucinations. The effect of COMET on depression was fully mediated by self‐esteem and acceptance of voices, and partially mediated by social rank and attributed power to the voices.Conclusions.  COMET can be helpful in reappraising the meaning and changing the emotional impact of auditory hallucinations. These findings are consistent with the results of comparable COMET protocols applied in other psychiatric diagnoses. The technique can be used within regular cognitive behavioural therapy.
Comparative Effectiveness of Aminoglycosides, Polymyxin B, and Tigecycline for Clearance of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from Urine
Authors: Satlin Michael J. , Kubin Christine J. , Blumenthal Jill S. , Cohen Andrew B. , Furuya E. Yoko , Wilson Stephen J. , Jenkins Stephen G. , Calfee David P. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Carbapenem-resistant
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(CRKP) is an increasingly common cause of health care-associated urinary tract infections. Antimicrobials with
in vitro
activity against CRKP are typically limited to polymyxins, tigecycline, and often, aminoglycosides. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of cases of CRKP bacteriuria at New York-Presbyterian Hospital from January 2005 through June 2010 to compare microbiologic clearance rates based on the use of polymyxin B, tigecycline, or an aminoglycoside. We constructed three active antimicrobial cohorts based on the active agent used and an untreated cohort of cases that did not receive antimicrobial therapy with Gram-negative activity. Microbiologic clearance was defined as having a follow-up urine culture that did not yield CRKP. Cases without an appropriate follow-up culture or that received multiple active agents or less than 3 days of the active agent were excluded. Eighty-seven cases were included in the active antimicrobial cohorts, and 69 were included in the untreated cohort. The microbiologic clearance rate was 88% in the aminoglycoside cohort (
n
= 41), compared to 64% in the polymyxin B (
P
= 0.02;
n
= 25), 43% in the tigecycline (
P
< 0.001;
n
= 21), and 36% in the untreated (
P
< 0.001;
n
= 69) cohorts. Using multivariate analysis, the odds of clearance were lower for the polymyxin B (odds ratio [OR], 0.10;
P
= 0.003), tigecycline (OR, 0.08;
P
= 0.001), and untreated (OR, 0.14;
P
= 0.003) cohorts than for the aminoglycoside cohort. Treatment with an aminoglycoside, when active
in vitro
, was associated with a significantly higher rate of microbiologic clearance of CRKP bacteriuria than treatment with either polymyxin B or tigecycline.
Candida albicans Infections in Renal Transplant Recipients: Effect of Caspofungin on Polymorphonuclear Cells
Authors: Allizond Valeria , Banche Giuliana , Giacchino Franca , Merlino Chiara , Scalas Daniela , Tullio Vivian , Garneri Giuseppe , Mandras Narcisa , Roana Janira , Cuffini Anna Maria 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to compare the caspofungin immunomodulating activities against
Candida albicans
on polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) from renal transplant recipients (RTRs) and healthy subjects (HSs). RTR PMNs showed a significantly reduced fungicidal activity compared with that of HS PMNs. Addition of caspofungin to RTR PMNs significantly potentiated the yeast intracellular killing rate, achieving values similar to those observed for HS PMNs. These data show that caspofungin is suitable for invasive candidiasis treatment in patients with immune system-impaired components.