bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counting during recall: Taxing of working memory and reduced vividness and emotionality of negative memories
Authors: van den Hout Marcel A. , Engelhard Iris M. , Smeets Monique A. M. , Hornsveld Hellen , Hoogeveen Elsbeth , de Heer Eric , Toffolo Marieke B. J. , Rijkeboer Marleen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWhile initially subject to debate, meta‐analyses have shown that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is effective in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Earlier studies showed that eye movements during retrieval of emotional memories reduce their vividness and emotionality, which may be due to both tasks competing for limited working memory (WM) resources. This study examined whether another secondary task that taxes WM has beneficial effects, and whether the stronger the taxing, the stronger the reductions in vividness/adversity. A reaction time (RT) paradigm showed that counting backwards requires WM resources, and that more complex counting is more demanding than simple counting. Relative to a retrieval‐only condition, counting during retrieval of emotional memories reduced vividness and emotionality during later recall of these memories. However, the counting conditions did not differ in the magnitude of this reduction, and did not show the predicted dose‐response relationship. Implications for a working‐memory explanation of EMDR and for clinical practice are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive mechanisms underlying the emotional effects of bias modification
Authors: Hoppitt Laura , Mathews Andrew , Yiend Jenny , Mackintosh Bundy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study we assessed the cognitive mechanisms underlying the affective consequences of modifying emotional processing biases. During ‘active’ training participants selected either threatening or non‐threatening meanings of emotionally ambiguous words, in contrast to ‘passive’ conditions in which participants read unambiguous words with equivalent valenced meanings. Both methods enhanced access to training‐congruent primed emotional meanings, as assessed in a lexical decision task, although neither method displayed evidence of an induced interpretive bias as it is usually understood. However, consistent with previous research, the methods differed in their emotional consequences: Active training had greater effects on anxiety while viewing an accident video than did passive exposure. We interpret these results to suggest that both forms of training enhance priming of a valenced category, but only active conditions induce an implicit production rule to generate and/or select emotional meanings, and that it is this latter process that is critical to the modification of emotionality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decreased effectiveness of a focused–distraction strategy in dysphoric individuals
Authors: Hattori Yosuke , Kawaguchi Jun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to clarify the mechanism responsible for high frequency, negative intrusive thoughts in dysphoric individuals. Dysphoric and non‐dysphoric participants were asked to suppress their negative thoughts by focusing on a memory task, to simply suppress their negative thoughts, or to think about something they of their own choice for 3 minutes. The results showed that dysphoric participants reported intrusive thoughts more frequently than did non‐dysphoric participants, only in the focused–distraction condition. There was no significant difference in memory‐task performance between dysphoric and non‐dysphoric participants. Moreover, compared to the non‐dypshoric participants, the dysphoric participants reported less reduction in suppression effort when using a focused–distraction strategy, and the maintained effort was correlated with the number of negative intrusions. These results indicate that negative intrusions enter dysphoric individuals' minds, regardless of whether they focus attention on distractors. The maintenance of suppression‐effort may be causally related to these intrusions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mood and retrieval‐induced forgetting of positive and negative autobiographical memories
Authors: Harris Celia B. , Sharman Stefanie J. , Barnier Amanda J. , Moulds Michelle L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn two experiments, we examined the effects of high and low levels of dysphoria on retrieval‐induced forgetting (RIF) of positive and negative autobiographical memories. In Experiment 1, participants took part in an RIF procedure that was adapted for autobiographical memories. Regardless of level of dysphoria, participants showed facilitation for both negative and positive memories; they only showed RIF for negative memories. Differences in baseline memories were responsible for this effect: Participants recalled more positive than negative baseline memories. Experiment 2 was conducted to address these baseline differences, and also focused only on participants with high levels of dysphoria. Again, high dysphoric participants showed facilitation for both positive and negative memories; they only showed RIF for negative memories. Recall also varied depending on the content of practiced memories and individual differences in anxiety. Overall, these results suggest that retrieval‐practice might have different outcomes for different kinds of autobiographical memories, that these outcomes may depend on individual memory biases and memory valence, and that practicing positive memories may assist mood repair. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bias in attending to emotional facial expressions: Anxiety and visual search efficiency
Authors: Matsumoto Eriko 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThere has been much controversy around the relationship between anxiety and attentional processing of threat‐related information. The purpose of this study was to examine how threatening facial expressions affect attentional processing, according to the level of trait anxiety. Through visual search tasks, two different components of attentional bias to threat were investigated: engagement and disengagement of attention from an angry face. Two main results were found. First, reaction times (RTs) were slower in detecting the absence of a discrepant face in the all angry‐display conditions rather than other expression conditions; however, there was no difference between anxiety groups. Second, the difference in search efficiency for the angry versus happy target was significant within the high‐anxiety group but not within the low‐anxiety group. The results suggest that the detection process for angry faces is more efficient for highly anxious people. On the other hand, the time to disengage attention from angry faces was not associated with anxiety level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cognitive‐behavioural rehabilitation of high‐risk violent offenders: Investigating treatment change with explicit and implicit measures of cognition
Authors: Polaschek Devon L. L. , Bell Rebecca K. , Calvert Susan W. , Takarangi Melanie K. T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractImportant as it is both to risk of re‐offending and to cognitive behavioural treatment, violent cognition is seldom measured in rehabilitation programmes, and even more rarely linked to measures of violence risk. Most often, researchers measure violent cognition by having offenders complete transparent self‐report questionnaires. This approach may be flawed both by socially desirable responding and by theoretical speculation that stronger links exist between automatic rather than explicit, consciously deliberated cognition and violent behaviour. We measured violent cognition in several ways; collecting data with two self‐report scales, along with two Implicit Association Tests (IATs) from men commencing and completing an intensive cognitive‐behavioural rehabilitation programme for high‐risk violent prisoners. We addressed the questions of whether these two forms of assessment—explicit and implicit—are related, and which is most strongly linked to estimates of violence, based on the Violence Risk Scale. Explicit and implicit tests were not related to each other, although both self‐report scales, and one of the IATs elicited significantly more pro‐social responses following treatment. Further, the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ) scores were significantly correlated with dynamic risk both pre‐ and post‐programme, while post‐programme, scores on one of the two IATs was significantly correlated with dynamic and static risk, as measured pre‐ and post‐programme. These findings suggest that implicit and explicit measures may be assessing different aspects of cognition, and only some are related to violence risk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum‐Dot‐Functionalized Poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) Microbeads: Step‐Wise Self‐Assembly, Characterization, and Applications for Sub‐femtomolar Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization
Authors: Dong Haifeng , Yan Feng , Ji Hanxu , Wong Danny K. Y. , Ju Huangxian 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA novel nanoparticle label capable of amplifying the electrochemical signal of DNA hybridization is fabricated by functionalizing poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid) microbeads with CdTe quantum dots. CdTe‐tagged polybeads are prepared by a layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly of the CdTe quantum dots (diameter = 3.07 nm) and polyelectrolyte on the polybeads (diameter = 323 nm). The self‐assembly procedure is characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron, infrared and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The mean quantum‐dot coverage is (9.54 ± 1.2) × 103 per polybead. The enormous coverage and the unique properties of the quantum dots make the polybeads an effective candidate as a functionalized amplification platform for labelling of DNA or protein. Herein, as an example, the CdTe‐tagged polybeads are attached to DNA probes specific to breast cancer by streptavidin–biotin binding to construct a DNA biosensor. The detection of the DNA hybridization process is achieved by the square‐wave voltammetry of Cd2+ after the dissolution of the CdTe tags with HNO3. The efficient carrier‐bead amplification platform, coupled with the highly sensitive stripping voltammetric measurement, gives rise to a detection limit of 0.52 fmol L−1 and a dynamic range spanning 5 orders of magnitude. This proposed nanoparticle label is promising, exhibits an efficient amplification performance, and opens new opportunities for ultrasensitive detection of other biorecognition events.
Three‐Dimensional Nanostructures for Photonics
Authors: von Freymann Georg , Ledermann Alexandra , Thiel Michael , Staude Isabelle , Essig Sabine , Busch Kurt , Wegener Martin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecent progress in direct laser writing of three‐dimensional (3D) polymer nanostructures for photonics is reviewed. This technology has reached a level of maturity at which it can be considered as the 3D analogue of planar electron‐beam lithography. Combined with atomic‐layer deposition and/or chemical‐vapor deposition of dielectrics—the 3D analogues of planar evaporation technologies, the 3D polymer templates can be converted or inverted into 3D high‐refractive‐index‐contrast nanostructures. Examples discussed in this review include positive and inverse 3D silicon‐based woodpile photonic crystals possessing complete photonic bandgaps, novel optical resonator designs within these structures, 3D chiral photonic crystals for polarization‐state manipulation, and 3D icosahedral photonic quasicrystals. The latter represent a particularly complex 3D nanostructure.
Nanofibrous Patches for Spinal Cord Regeneration
Authors: Zhu Yiqian , Wang Aijun , Shen Wenqian , Patel Shyam , Zhang Rong , Young William L. , Li Song 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe difficulty in spinal cord regeneration is related to the inhibitory factors for axon growth and the lack of appropriate axon guidance in the lesion region. Here scaffolds are developed with aligned nanofibers for nerve guidance and drug delivery in the spinal cord. Blended polymers including poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) are used to electrospin nanofibrous scaffolds with a two‐layer structure: aligned nanofibers in the inner layer and random nanofibers in the outer layer. Rolipram, a small molecule that can enhance cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) activity in neurons and suppress inflammatory responses, is immobilized onto nanofibers. To test the therapeutic effects of nanofibrous scaffolds, the nanofibrous scaffolds loaded with rolipram are used to bridge the hemisection lesion in 8‐week old athymic rats. The scaffolds with rolipram increase axon growth through the scaffolds and in the lesion, promote angiogenesis through the scaffold, and decrease the population of astrocytes and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the lesion. Locomotor scale rating analysis shows that the scaffolds with rolipram significantly improved hindlimb function after 3 weeks. This study demonstrates that nanofibrous scaffolds offer a valuable platform for drug delivery for spinal cord regeneration.
Enhancement of Aggregation‐Induced Emission in Dye‐Encapsulating Polymeric Micelles for Bioimaging
Authors: Wu Wen‐Chung , Chen Ching‐Yi , Tian Yanqing , Jang Sei‐Hum , Hong Yuning , Liu Yang , Hu Rongrong , Tang Ben Zhong , Lee Yi‐Ting , Chen Chin‐Ti , Chen Wen‐Chang , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree amphiphilic block copolymers are employed to form polymeric micelles and function as nanocarriers to disperse hydrophobic aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) dyes, 1,1,2,3,4,5‐hexaphenylsilole (HPS) and/or bis(4‐(N‐(1‐naphthyl) phenylamino)‐phenyl)fumaronitrile (NPAFN), into aqueous solution for biological studies. Compared to their virtually non‐emissive properties in organic solutions, the fluorescence intensity of these AIE dyes has increased significantly due to the spatial confinement that restricts intramolecular rotation of these dyes and their better compatibility in the hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles. The effect of the chemical structure of micelle cores on the photophysical properties of AIE dyes are investigated, and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from the green‐emitting donor (HPS) to the red‐emitting acceptor (NPAFN) is explored by co‐encapsulating this FRET pair in the same micelle core. The highest fluorescence quantum yield (∼62%) could be achieved by encapsulating HPS aggregates in the micelles. Efficient energy transfer (>99%) and high amplification of emission (as high as 8 times) from the NPAFN acceptor could also be achieved by spatially confining the HPS/NPAFN FRET pair in the hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles. These micelles could be successfully internalized into the RAW 264.7 cells to demonstrate high‐quality fluorescent images and cell viability due to improved quantum yield and reduced cytotoxicity.
Controlling Photoactivity in Ultrathin Hematite Films for Solar Water‐Splitting
Authors: Le Formal Florian , Grätzel Michael , Sivula Kevin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA promising route to increase the performance of hematite (α‐Fe2O3) photoelectrodes for solar hydrogen production through water‐splitting is to use an extremely thin layer of this visible light absorber on a nanostructured scaffold. However, the typically poor performance of ultrathin (ca. 20 nm) films of hematite has been the limiting factor in implementing this approach. Here, the surprising effect of a substrate pretreatment using tetraethoxysilicate (TEOS) is reported; it results in drastic improvements in the photoperformance of 12.5 nm thick films of hematite. These films exhibit a water oxidation photocurrent onset potential at 1.1 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE) and a plateau current of 0.63 mA cm−2at 1.5 V vs. RHE under standard illumination conditions, representing the highest reported performance for ultrathin hematite films. In contrast, almost no photoactivity is observed for the photoanode with the same amount of hematite on an untreated substrate. A detailed study of the effects of the TEOS treatment shows that a monolayer of SiOxis formed, which acts to change the hematite nucleation and growth mechanism, increases its crystallinity, reduces the concentration of carrier trapping states of the ultrathin films, and suggests its further application to quantum‐dot and extremely‐thin‐absorber (ETA)‐type solar cells.
Balancing responsiveness and economics in process supply chain design with multi‐echelon stochastic inventory
Authors: You Fengqi , Grossmann Ignacio E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article is concerned with the optimal design of multi‐echelon process supply chains (PSCs) under economic and responsive criteria with considerations of inventory management and demand uncertainty. The multi‐echelon inventory systems are modeled with the guaranteed service approach to handle the uncertain demands at each echelon. The maximum guaranteed service time of the last echelon of the PSC is proposed as a measure of a PSC's responsiveness. The problem is formulated as a bi‐criterion mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) with the objectives of minimizing the annualized cost (economic objective) and minimizing the maximum guaranteed service times of the markets (responsiveness objective). The model simultaneously predicts the optimal network structure, transportation amounts, and inventory levels under different specifications of the PSC responsiveness. An example on acetic acid supply chain is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed model and to comprehensively compare different measures of PSC responsiveness. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
The role of A‐site ion nonstoichiometry in the oxygen absorption properties of Sr1+xCo0.8Fe0.2O3 oxides
Authors: He Yufeng , Zhu Xuefeng , Yang Weishen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSr1+xCo0.8Fe0.2O3 (−0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) oxides have been synthesized and investigated as potential oxygen absorbents for high temperature oxygen separation processes. It was found that the A‐site ion deficient Sr0.95Co0.8Fe0.2O3 and Sr0.9Co0.8Fe0.2O3 oxides have larger oxygen absorption capacities, and slightly higher oxygen desorption rates. However, the A‐site ion excess Sr1.05Co0.8Fe0.2O3 and Sr1.1Co0.8Fe0.2O3 exhibited much higher oxygen desorption rates, but smaller oxygen absorption capacities. The oxygen absorption capacities were further verified using oxygen temperature‐programmed desorption technique, and the oxygen desorption rates were well described by a pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model. In addition, the long‐term stability of Sr0.9Co0.8Fe0.2O3 was investigated for 280 h (1120 loops) with switching between oxygen absorption and desorption. The excellent stability was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction patterns which suggested that the cyclic processes of oxygen absorption and desorption took place between the perovskite structure with disordered oxygen vacancies and the brownmillerite structure with ordered oxygen vacancies. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Statistics pattern analysis: A new process monitoring framework and its application to semiconductor batch processes
Authors: He Q. Peter , Wang Jin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the semiconductor industry, process monitoring has been recognized as a critical component of the manufacturing system. Multivariate statistical process monitoring (SPM) techniques, such as multiway principal component analysis and multiway partial least squares, have been extend to monitor semiconductor processes. These SPM methods require extensive, often off‐line data preprocessing such as data unfolding, trajectory mean shift, and trajectory alignment. This requirement is probably not an issue for the traditional chemical batch processes but it poses a significant challenge for semiconductor batch processes. This is because data preprocessing makes model building and maintenance extremely labor intensive due to the large number of models in a typical semiconductor fab. In addition, semiconductor process data often show more severe nonnormality compared to those of the traditional chemical process under closed‐loop control, which results in suboptimal performance in many applications. To address these challenges, several pattern classification based monitoring (PCM) methods have been developed recently, but some limitations remain and trajectory alignment is still required. In this article, we analyze the fundamental reasons for the limitations of the SPM and PCM methods when applied to monitor semiconductor processes. In addition, we propose a new statistics pattern analysis (SPA) framework to address the challenges associated with semiconductor processes. By monitoring batch statistics, the proposed SPA framework not only eliminates all data preprocessing steps but also provides superior fault detection performance. Finally, we use an industrial example to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed SPA framework, and examine the fundamental reasons for the improved performance from SPA. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Performance evaluation of UV reactor using optical diagnostic techniques
Authors: Elyasi Siamak , Taghipour Fariborz 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConventionally, the performance of a UV reactor is evaluated using the concentration of photoreactive chemicals at the outlet vs. the inlet. This research presents a novel method for measuring the concentration distribution of a photoreactive chemical inside a photoreactor using a modified planar laser‐induced fluorescence method. The fluence distribution was measured for a pilot scale photoreactor under different operating conditions. The visualized result of the fluence distribution revealed significant information about the local/overall performance of the photoreactor. This method is a powerful diagnostic tool for the determination of the local performance inside a UV reactor, as well as for the evaluation of models simulating UV reactor behavior. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
On the quantification of the controlling regimes in automotive catalytic converters
Authors: Santos H. , Costa M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe conversion of pollutants in automotive catalytic converters is influenced by a number of physical and chemical processes that take place in the gaseous and solid phases as the exhaust gases flow through the converter. A detailed understanding of the complex processes involving flow dynamics, heat and mass transport and heterogeneous surface reactions is of crucial importance to improve the converter design. The main objective of the present study is to quantify the magnitudes of the external and internal mass transfer as well as chemical reaction limiting processes as a function of the converter operating temperature. To this end, experimental data, obtained for a three way catalyst (TWC) under real world operating conditions, are analyzed and compared against analytical expressions that allow for the quantification of the different limiting processes involved. The results demonstrate that (i) the external mass transfer resistance overlaps the reaction resistance only at moderate operating temperatures and not immediately above the ignition temperature as generally considered in the literature, (ii) the transport phenomena (external and internal mass transfer) represents 90% of the total resistance for temperatures higher than 792 K, (iii) the internal mass transfer in the porous washcoat presents a larger resistance than the external mass transfer from the bulk fluid to the washcoat wall even at high operating temperatures, and (iv) based on the quantification of the individual resistances as a function of the TWC operating temperature, it was demonstrated both the influence of the substrate cell density and of the effective diffusivity on the TWC conversions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011