bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMS 1976–1979: New Concepts in International Scientific Cooperation
Authors: Roederer Juan G. 
Published: October 2011

What do all the strange new cosmological objects discovered in the last decades—radiogalaxies, radio and X ray stars, pulsars—have in common with solar flares and the ionized envelopes of earth, Jupiter, and Mercury? They all feature different variations of one theme: whenever nature creates a hot gas, she also arranges for magnetic fields and for acceleration processes in which magnetic field energy accumulated in large portions of space is suddenly released and transferred in the form of kinetic energy to a limited fraction of particles. The earth's magnetosphere, representing the outer limits of man's immediate environment, can be considered as our private ‘backyard universe,’ where we can study in situ, quantitatively and repeatedly, a small‐scale version of related fundamental physical mechanisms that govern the behavior of matter in the vast regions of our universe.The earth's magnetosphere may be defined as the region of near‐earth space that is threaded by magnetic field lines linked to the earth and in which ionized gas predominates over the neutral atmosphere. It is populated with ions and electrons from the earth's upper atmosphere, with plasma captured from the impinging solar wind, and with high‐energy particles trapped in the radiation belt. During the past 17 years the study of the magnetosphere has gone through a highly successful stage of discovery and exploration. Investigators have obtained a morphological description of the magnetospheric field, the particle population embedded in it, and its interface with the solar wind and have identified and are beginning to understand many of the physical processes involved. During this study it has become increasingly evident that the magnetosphere behaves as a single system of strongly interacting regions, governed by the streaming solar wind as the external energy source and by the dissipative ionosphere as an internal load. Magnetospheric physics is now ripe for a transition from the exploratory stage to one in which satellite missions and ground‐based observations are planned with the specific objective of achieving a comprehensive quantitative understanding of the cause‐and‐ effect relationships among the dynamical processes involved.
Waste management conference
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Eighth Annual Waste Management Conference entitled ‘Land as a Waste Management Alternative’ will be held on April 28–30, 1976. The purpose of this conference is to examine appropriate ways to use the land as a waste receptor.The specific emphasis of the conference will be placed on the institutional (social, legal, and economic) and technical aspects (capacity of soil to assimilate wastes, effect on crop growth and utilization, monitoring and management, and design criteria) of the use of land as an acceptor of wastes. Case histories of municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastes will also be an area of interest.
New national water quality monitoring network
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN), a new water quality monitoring network designed to provide a balanced yearly picture of water quality in U.S. streams on a national and regional scale, is now in operation according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Its primary objectives are to account for the quantity and quality of water moving within and from the United States, to depict areal variability of water quality, to detect changes in stream quality, and to lay the groundwork for future assessments of changes in stream quality.In the past, attempts to document change or lack of change in water quality with time have been largely unsuccessful because of incomplete or inadequate data. Because NASQAN is set up on a national basis, has stations that are operated uniformly, and has a program that is committed to long‐term objectives, it should not have these problems.
International Survey on Land Subsidence
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) is conducting a detailed survey on land subsidence occurrence, research, and remedial activities throughout the world. The questionnaire requests information on location, causes, amounts, and rates of subsidence; problems and costs resulting from the subsidence and remedial measures taken; research completed or active; and list of publications describing the area or research.Plans call for IAHS to publish all responses received from this survey. In addition, the information will be summarized in a state of the art paper at the Second International Symposium on Land Subsidence, to be held in Anaheim, California, December 10–17, 1976.
AAAS Annual Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) will hold its annual meeting on February 18–24, 1976, in Boston, Massachusetts. All sessions were arranged by Stanley Changnon, Jr., Secretary of the Atmospheric and Hydrospheric Sciences Section of AAAS. All of the sessions are cosponsored by the American Meteorological Society and the AGU.The session ‘Progress in the Hydrospheric Sciences in America,’ chaired by William C. Ackermann, features papers by B. Berger and L. B. Dworsky, E. L. Armstrong, M. B. McPherson, B. J. Buehler, and W. C. Ackermann. J. P. Friend is the chairman for ‘Meteorology and Chemistry of the Stratosphere’; this session includes papers by J. Mahlman, E. F. Danielson, R. E. Newell, and J. P. Friend. ‘Climate and Plant Productivity,’ with E. R. Lemon as chairman, has papers by H. Landsberg, W. S. Broecker, G. M. Wood‐Woodwell, J. D. McQuigg, and P. E. Waggoner. Another session dealing with the interaction of man and weather, ‘Severe Storms and Society,’ is chaired by L. J. Battan and includes papers by C. W. Newton, E. R. Fosse, R. Booker, R. Miller, and P. McManamon.
Nominations sought for American Men and Women of Science
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

For the first time, American Men and Women of Science (AMWS) will be published with all volumes appearing simultaneously, six volumes plus geographic and discipline indexes bound In a separate volume, due in late 1976, An extremely accelerated production schedule will give users more current information. New methods will allow more frequent revision to give a more up‐to‐date and viable service to the scientific community.This edition will cover an A‐Z compilation of the majority of disciplines. The fields of engineering, economics, psychology, political science, and sociology are under consideration for future volumes.
Scientists eye steaming Mount Wrangell
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey and the University of Alaska are observing closely the increasingly high amounts of steam being emitted from the summit crater of 14,163‐ft (4.3169 km) Mount Wrangell, part of the Wrangell Mountains of Alaska. Although Mount Wrangell has been a special site of observations for the past 10 years, the monitoring of observations has been intensified because of the greatly increased heat flow, the amount of steam emitted, and the number of fumaroles this year. These are possible indications of an increasingly ‘restless’ volcanic mountain.The heat flow from and the number of fumaroles in Mount Wrangell have been increasing slowly for the past 10 years. Because of the ‘picked‐up tempo’ of volcanic activity the three scientists who have been making periodic observations of the mountain during the last decade have begun an intensified monitoring program. Carl Benson, a professor at the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska, has made at least one field trip each year to the top of the mountain to conduct experiments. Tom Miller, an igneous petrologist, and Larry Mayo, a glaciologist, both with the U.S. Geological Survey, have supported Benson's ground observations with aircraft observations. Their attention has been focused on the summit caldera.
Antarctic exchange scientists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scattered across the United States are about 20 Americans with an unusual common bond: they are scientists who have spent a year wintering in Antarctica at a USSR station.Exchange of personnel ranks high in the spirit of the Antarctic Treaty. The United States and the USSR have continued this scientific exchange each year almost without a break since the International Geophysical Year. The exchange has been highly successful in making it possible for Soviet and American scientists to do research in areas not normally available to them, in enabling interaction with foreign colleagues to expand scientific knowledge, and in promoting understanding between nations.
Single crystals for geodynamics?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geodynamics Committee has established a working group to determine the research needs of the geophysical and geological community in obtaining high‐quality (synthetic) single crystals of minerals likely to be found in the earth's lower crust and upper mantle for use in geodynamics‐related experimentation.One part of such an effort is to inquire whether it is essential to make measurements requiring large crystals of the order of 1 cm or whether measurements on powders and very small samples will be sufficient to determine the physical properties relevant to geodynamic problems. Another part of this effort is to ask whether there are enough people asking geodynamically interesting questions who need such large samples. What would be the quantity of crystals necessary? Potential users are invited to inform the Working Group on Crystal Growth for geodynamics of their needs. (Comments from anyone interested in the subject are welcome.) The following information is essential: (1) the structures and compositions of a few likely mantle minerals that should have the highest priority; (2) briefly, what measurements would be made and their relevance to geodynamic processes; and (3) the minimum size required.
Deep well to test underground storage
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A 1219.20‐m test well is being drilled by the U.S. Geological Survey near New Hill, North Carolina, 40.23 km west of Raleigh, to determine the physical, chemical, and dynamic systems of a series of deep Triassic geologic basins in the middle and north Atlantic regions and their future potential for storage of liquid wastes.Since more than 4 billion liters of oil field brine and liquid industrial waste are daily pumped underground in the United States, the demand for additional underground storage space is growing. The Triassic basins of the East including those of North Carolina, Virginia, Connecticut, and New Jersey have been suggested as waste disposal sites because they are readily accessible to major industrial areas, contain generally unusable saline water at depth and little known mineral wealth, form structural traps of enormous size, and appear to contain both confining rocks of low permeability that would block the flow of liquids and zones of higher permeability that might have significant storage capacity.
Theory on Martian volcano sizes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A theory attributing the big difference in size between Martian and terrestrial volcanoes to the fact that the crust of Mars, in contrast to that of earth, remains fixed in place has been developed by U.S. Geological Survey scientist M. H. Carr on the basis of data from the Mariner 9 (1971) probe. For example, Olympus Mons, the largest volcano on Mars, is between 500 and 600 km across and ∼2 4 km high, whereas Mauna Loa, the largest volcano on earth, is 120 km across at its base on the ocean floor and more than 7000 m above the sea floor.According to Carr's theory (see his article in the Scientific American, January 1976 ), volcanoes that develop over ‘hot spots’ in the upper mantle just below the earth's crust are relatively short‐lived because they erupt and grow only so long as they remain over the hot spots in the stationary mantle. They become extinct as the motions of the crustal plates carry them away from the hot spots, and new volcanoes may form in the parts of the plates that drift over the hot spots. But on Mars, whose crust is not divided into moving plates, possibly because it is too thick to fracture, volcanoes remain for long periods over the hot spots and continue to erupt for long periods of time.
NASA lunar research support
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

NASA encourages and supports research in all aspects of lunar science. Its goal is to improve the scientific understanding of the origin, evolution, structure, and composition of the moon and of its relationships to the earth and the solar system.NASA's broadly based lunar programs include experimental and theoretical research on lunar materials (samples and Surveyor parts), lunar data analysis and synthesis, using published or other generally available data, and support for research and technology designed to further the general goals of the other lunar programs such as theoretical studies, laboratory simulations, meteorite research, advanced experiment concepts, etc. NASA especially encourages well‐qualified scientists not now in the lunar programs to participate if they have new ideas, techniques, or research capabilities. An announcement giving details on where and how to make a proposal may be obtained from Edward A. Flinn, Deputy Director, Lunar and Planetary Programs, NASA Headquarters, Code SL, Washington, D.C. 20546.
Satellite observations of Sun planned
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists at the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado, are preparing to send a solar telescope into orbit to observe the sun during a period when its activity reaches a maximum in 1979 and 1980. An HAO coronagraph/polarimeter has been accepted as one of seven solar experiments to be launched in the fall of 1979 on the solar maximum mission (SMM).The satellite observations will be part of an HAO program for studying the solar corona during the solar maximum, when solar flares, sunspots, and other forms of solar activity will reach high levels of frequency and intensity. Robert MacQueen is principal investigator for this program, and Lewis House is principal scientist, both of HAO. Other scientists participating in the program are Martin Altschuler, Richard Hansen, Roger Kopp, and Charles Querfeld, all of HAO; George Dulk, of the University of Colorado; William Wagner, of the Sacramento Peak Observatory in New Mexico; Hermann Schmidt, of the Max Planck Institute in Munich, West Germany; and Kevin Sheridan, of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Sydney, Australia. Charles Ross, of HAO, is project manager. The SMM is managed by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, which will support the HAO program with funds supplied through the National Science Foundation.
Committee on geodesy
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Academy of Sciences has established a Committee on Geodesy in the Office of Earth Sciences under the Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences. The committee will review (1) the state of scientific and technological advances in modern geodesy and related fields to determine when technique and methodology transfer is practicable, (2) the planning for space‐borne instrumentation pertinent to geodesy during the 1980's, (3) the need for geodetic control for the oceans, (4) the educational opportunities in geodesy and surveying, (5) the status of current work in plane surveying and mapping, and (6) the status of current work on traditional geodesy and will also provide for a Visiting Scientist in Geodesy Program.The committee will be chaired by Jack E. Oliver, Chairman of the Department of Geological Sciences, Cornell University. Hyman Orlin has been appointed executive secretary. The committee, consisting of experts with appropriate backgrounds in geodesy and related fields, is as follows:
Prediction of landslide
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Most landslides occur in winter, following storms that soak the ground. Research in an area of Contra Costa County, in the San Francisco Bay region, recently completed by two investigators from the Menlo Park Office of the U.S. Geological Survey showed that most of the damaging landslides were found to take place on old landslides, which were reactivated by grading, construction, an excess of water, or a combination of these.According to Tor H. Nilsen, senior author of a new report (USGS Bulletin 1388) on the Contra Costa County landslides, ‘most of the landslides that occurred during our study took place during or immediately after storms in which 7 inches or more rain fell, particularly if the land was already wet from earlier storms.’ How fast and when the rain falls, he emphasized, ‘are more important than the total amount of rainfall during the season. Long continuous rain can be more dangerous insofar as landsliding is concerned than sudden storms separated by dry periods.’
Tectonics institute in the Soviet Union
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Four years ago the Institute of Tectonics and Geophysics of the Far Eastern Research Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences was set up in Khabarovsk, in the Soviet Far East. It is the Soviet Union's only research establishment of this type. Before the founding of the Institute of Tectonics, specialists in tectonics were scattered throughout various institutes.The Far East was chosen as the location for this institute because volcanism, high seismicity, and intensive tectonic movements are most apparent in the continental shelf region there. Along with the Aleutian, Japanese, Philippine, and other island arcs this zone forms a part of the fiery belt of the Pacific Ocean.
USGS oil well drilling chart
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A chart showing the number of oil wells drilled over the world in comparison to the site of areas favorable for petroleum was prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, in an attempt to summarize in a clear and simple manner for experts, planners, policy makers, and the general public all pertinent information concerning the global oil potential situation.On the chart, the areas within the bars are proportional to the size of the total potentially oil‐bearing areas of the various regions indicated, onshore and offshore to the 200‐m water depth. The six blocks on the left of the chart correspond to the developed countries, i.e., U.S.A., USSR, Western Europe (including also the socialist countries), Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. On the right side of the chart are shown the developing countries or regions, i.e., Latin America, the African Continent, South and Southeast Asia, People's Republic of China, and the Middle East. The cumulative drilling in each of the regions or countries is shown by circles. Each circle represents 50,000 wells. In regions or countries where there are less than 50,000 wells, only a proportional sector of the full circle is shown.
Awards presented at the Spring Annual Meeting: First Presentation Robert E. Horton Medal to Walter B. Langbein for Outstanding Contributions to the Geophysical Aspects of Hydrology
Authors: Chow Ven Te , Langbein Walter B. 
Published: October 2011

The man that we are honoring has distinguished himself both as a specialist and a generalist in the field of geoscience. Few can match his breadth and depth of understanding in the science of water and especially its role in water resources planning and management. His recognition as one of the greatest hydrologists today is well deserved.Walter B. Langbein, born in 1907 and graduated as a civil engineer from Cooper Union in 1931, has spent most of his career with the U.S. Geological Survey. First as a hydraulic engineer and later as a senior research hydrologist, he has become the hidden conscience and soul of our hydrologic profession. Not only is the science of hydrology indebted to his innovative research over a wide range of subjects (including flood frequencies, sediment transport, geochemistry, evaporation, reservoir storage, river meanders, and the hydraulic geometry of streams, just to mention a few), but also the public at large, for his work in floodplain regulation, water management, and hydrologic education, which has helped the establishment of many national water policies and programs.
Awards presented at the Spring Annual Meeting: Fifteenth Presentation James B. Macelwane Award to Kurt Lambeck in rEcognition of Significant Contributions to the Geophysical Sciences by a Young Scientist of Outstanding Ability
Authors: Kaula Bill , Lambeck Kurt 
Published: October 2011

Geodesy, the study of the earth's shape, gravity field. and orientation. is the oldest of the geophysical sciences. Such antiquity sometimes connotes sterility. Hence it is a special pleasure to extol someone who has developed significant new comprehension of the earth from geodetic studies.Kurt Lambeck is truly a ‘dynamic’ geodesist. in that he has for several years devoted his attention to temporal changes: either in the measurement technique, as in his analyses of artificial satellite orbits; or in the implications of the results, as in his accounting for gravity anomalies by models of floor spreading; or in the observed natural processes themselves, as in his examinations of the variations of the earth's rotation. By his power of mathematical analysis, his persistence in coping with complex and varied data, and his physical insights he has solved several problems with long histories of frustration. Thus Kurt Lambeck has been the first to show that the short‐term (annual and less) variations in the earth's rotation are closely coupled to atmospheric changes‐; that the rate of deceleration in the moon's orbit is closely accounted for by dissipation in the oceans; that the long‐term perturbations of satellite orbits are appreciably affected by ocean tides; that the decade‐scale rotational variations are correlated with climatic changes in a phasing suggestive of solid earth effects on climate; and so on.
Safer burial grounds for radioactive wastes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

To help stem any leakage of radioactive wastes, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior, has embarked on an expanded program to study the hydrology and geology of the nation's present and proposed radioactive waste disposal sites. Despite recent reports by waste managers of underground leakage of radioactive wastes at burial sites, USGS scientists believe that safe burial grounds for solid radioactive wastes can be established but only if strict hydrogeologic criteria are rigorously applied in the selection of all new sites and if proper attention is given to inventory and classification of the waste to be buried. The USGS has been working with the Energy Research and Development Administration (formerly the Atomic Energy Commission) for more than 30 years on geology and water supply of atomic energy reservations and on research related to the disposal of high‐level liquid radioactive wastes in geologic formations, but the USGS role in solid radioactive waste disposal has been limited to reacting to problems as they were recognized by the agencies responsible for the regulation and development of nuclear energy.In 1975, Congress instructed the USGS to establish hydrogeologic criteria within 5 years for the selection of future sites for the disposal of solid radioactive wastes. In compliance with these instructions the USGS launched comprehensive field investigations in cooperation with responsible state agencies at state‐owned commercial burial sites in New York, South Carolina, and Kentucky. Similar studies that will include at least 5 years of data collection are planned in Illinois, Nevada, and Washington. These studies should have wide application because they will provide data on what has happened to radioactive wastes in six different hydrogeologic environments.