bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rho1 GTPase Acts Together With a Vacuolar Glutathione S-Conjugate Transporter to Protect Yeast Cells From Oxidative Stress
Authors: Lee Mid Eum , Singh Komudi , Snider Jamie , Shenoy Archana , Paumi Christian M , Stagljar Igor , Park Hay-Oak 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Maintenance of redox homeostasis is critical for the survival of all aerobic organisms. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as in other eukaryotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during metabolism and upon exposure to environmental stresses. The abnormal production of ROS triggers defense mechanisms to avoid the deleterious consequence of ROS accumulation. Here, we show that the Rho1 GTPase is necessary to confer resistance to oxidants in budding yeast. Temperature-sensitive rho1 mutants (rho1ts) are hypersensitive to oxidants and exhibit high accumulation of ROS even at a semipermissive temperature. Rho1 associates with Ycf1, a vacuolar glutathione S-conjugate transporter, which is important for heavy metal detoxification in yeast. Rho1 and Ycf1 exhibit a two-hybrid interaction with each other and form a bimolecular fluorescent complex on the vacuolar membrane. A fluorescent-based complementation assay suggests that the GTP-bound Rho1 associates with Ycf1 and that their interaction is enhanced upon exposure to hydrogen peroxide. The rho1ts mutants also exhibit hypersensitivity to cadmium, while cells carrying a deletion of YCF1 or mutations in a component of the Pkc1–MAP kinase pathway exhibit little or minor sensitivity to oxidants. We thus propose that Rho1 protects yeast cells from oxidative stress by regulating multiple downstream targets including Ycf1. Since both Rho1 and Ycf1 belong to highly conserved families of proteins, similar mechanisms may exist in other eukaryotes.
Immunogenicity and Safety of H influenzae Type b–N meningitidis C/Y Conjugate Vaccine in Infants
Authors: Bryant Kristina A. , Marshall Gary S. , Marchant Colin D. , Pavia-Ruiz Noris , Nolan Terry , Rinderknecht Stephen , Blatter Mark , Aris Emmanuel , Lestrate Pascal , Boutriau Dominique , Friedland Leonard R. , Miller Jacqueline M. 
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND:
Meningococcal disease incidence is highest in children younger than 2 years of age, yet there is no US-licensed vaccine for this age group. A phase III study evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of an investigational Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)–Neisseria meningitidis serogroups C and Y-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (HibMenCY).

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A total of 4180 infants were randomly assigned to receive the HibMenCY at the ages of 2, 4, 6, and 12 to 15 months or the licensed Hib tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (ActHIB) at 2, 4, and 6 months and Hib conjugated to N meningitidis outer membrane protein (PedvaxHIB) at 12 to 15 months. Routinely scheduled vaccines were coadministered. Serum bactericidal activity using human complement and anti–polyribosylribitol phosphate antibodies were assessed in 991 subjects. Local and systemic adverse reactions were recorded for 4 days after each dose.

RESULTS:
The percentage of HibMenCY recipients with serum bactericidal assay using human complement titers of 1:8 or higher after dose 3 was 98.8% for N meningitidis serogroup C (MenC) and 95.8% for N meningitidis serogroup Y (MenY). After dose 4, the percentages were 98.5% and 98.8%, respectively. The percentage of HibMenCY recipients with postdose 3 anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate antibody levels of ≥1.0 μg/mL was noninferior to that of control (96.3% vs 91.2%). After dose 4, MenC and MenY serum bactericidal assay using human complement antibody titers increased 12-fold over pre–dose 4 levels. Incidence of pain, redness, and swelling at the HibMenCY injection sites tended to be lower than with Hib type b after the first 3 doses and after the fourth dose. Rates of systemic symptoms were similar across groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
The HibMenCY was immunogenic against MenC and MenY and induced anti–polyribosylribitol phosphate antibody levels noninferior to those of licensed Hib conjugate vaccine. The safety profile of the HibMenCY was clinically acceptable and comparable to Hib conjugate vaccine.
Early Childhood Development of Late-Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review
Authors: McGowan Jennifer E. , Alderdice Fiona A. , Holmes Valerie A. , Johnston Linda 
Published: May 2011

CONTEXT:
Late-preterm infants (LPIs) born at 34 to 36 weeks' gestation are increasingly regarded as being at risk for adverse developmental outcomes. To date, the early childhood development of LPIs has not been systematically considered.

OBJECTIVE:
To undertake a broad examination of literature relating to early childhood development at the ages of 1 to 7 years of LPIs born at 34 to 36 weeks' gestation.

METHODS:
We conducted a systematic review of early childhood outcomes in LPIs by using 9 electronic databases (January 1980 to March 2010). Bibliographies were reviewed. After examination of abstracts, ineligible studies were excluded. A specifically designed data-extraction form was used. The methodologic quality of included studies was assessed by using well-documented quality-appraisal guidelines.

RESULTS:
Of 4581 studies, 10 (3 prospective and 7 retrospective cohort) were included. Studies were heterogeneous, and poorer outcomes were reported among LPIs in relation to neurodevelopmental disabilities, educational ability, early-intervention requirements, medical disabilities, and physical growth in comparison to term-born children. No identified study used healthy nonadmitted LPIs as a comparison group for admitted LPIs.

CONCLUSIONS:
Evidence suggests that LPIs are at increased risk of adverse developmental outcomes and academic difficulties up to 7 years of age in comparison to term infants. An infant control group matched for gestational age has not been used; thus, for LPIs, the effect of neonatal admission on longer-term outcomes has not been fully explored. Systematic measurement of early childhood outcomes is lacking, and focused long-term follow-up studies are needed to investigate early childhood development after late-preterm birth.
A Retrospective Analysis of Implants Immediately Placed in Sites With and Without Periapical Pathology in Sixty‐Four Patients
Authors: Fugazzotto Paul A. 
Published: May 2011

Background: Many patients requiring implant therapy present with hopeless teeth exhibiting periapical pathology. The advisability of implant placement in such situations has not been conclusively determined.Methods: Sixty‐four patients underwent therapy in their maxillary incisor region. Treatment consisted of immediate implant placement in a site demonstrating periapical pathology, and immediate implant placement in a “pristine” site, either during the same visit or during separate visits. The implants placed in the sites demonstrating periapical pathology were followed in function for ≤117 months, with a mean time in function of 64 months. The implants placed in pristine sites were followed in function for ≤120 months, with a mean time in function of 62 months.Results: Two implants in the central incisor positions of one patient demonstrated 2 mm of buccal recession after ≈46 months in function. These implants were deemed esthetic failures, despite the absence of inflammation and continued clinical implant immobility, yielding cumulative survival rates of 98.1 and 98.2 for implants placed in sites with periapical pathology and implants placed in sites without periapical pathology, respectively, according to published criteria.Conclusions: Implants immediately placed in sites demonstrating periapical pathology yielded results comparable to those immediately placed in pristine sites. The difference in survival rates was not statistically significant.
Immediate Loading of Mandibular Overdentures Supported by Unsplinted Direct Laser Metal‐Forming Implants: Results From a 1‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Mangano Carlo , Mangano Francesco G. , Shibli Jamil A. , Ricci Massimiliano , Perrotti Vittoria , d'Avila Susana , Piattelli Adriano 
Published: May 2011

Background:At present, only some studies have dealt with immediate loading of unsplinted implants supporting mandibular overdentures. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate treatment outcomes of mandibular overdentures supported by four one‐piece, unsplinted, immediately loaded, direct laser metal‐forming (DLMF) implants by assessing implant survival rate, implant success, marginal bone loss, and prosthetic complications.Methods:A total of 96 one‐piece DLMF implants were inserted in the edentulous mandible of 24 patients. Four implants were placed in each edentulous mandible. Immediately after implant placement, a mandibular overdenture was connected to the implants. At 1‐year follow‐up, clinical, radiographic, and prosthetic parameters were assessed. Success criteria included absence of pain, suppuration, and implant mobility; absence of continuous peri‐implant radiolucency; and distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone contact <1.5 mm.Results:After a 1‐year loading time, the overall implant survival rate was 98.9%, with only one implant lost. Among the surviving 95 implants, two did not fulfill the success criteria; therefore, the implant success rate was 97.8%. The mean distance between the implant shoulder and the first visible bone contact was 0.28 ± 0.30 mm (95% confidence interval, 0.24 to 0.32). Some prosthetic complications were reported.Conclusion:Based on the present results and within the limits of this study, the immediate loading of four unsplinted DLMF implants by means of ball attachment–supported mandibular overdentures seems to represent a safe and successful procedure.
Effect of Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy on C‐Reactive Protein, Oxidative Stress, and Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and MMP‐2 Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Koromantzos Panagiotis A. , Makrilakis Konstantinos , Dereka Xanthippi , Offenbacher Steven , Katsilambros Nicholas , Vrotsos Ioannis A. , Madianos Phoebus N. 
Published: May 2011

Background: It is well accepted that glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is affected by systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. The effect of periodontal therapy on these systemic factors may be related to improvement on glycemic status. The aim of the present study is to assess over a period of 6 months the effect of non‐surgical periodontal therapy on serum levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), d‐8‐iso prostaglandin F2a (d‐8‐iso) as a marker of oxidative stress, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9 on patients with type 2 DM.Methods: Sixty participants with type 2 DM and moderate to severe periodontal disease were randomized into intervention (IG) and control (CG) groups. IG received scaling and root planing, whereas CG received supragingival cleaning at baseline and scaling and root planing at 6 months. Participants of both groups were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, and 6 months. Periodontal data recorded at each visit included probing depth, clinical attachment loss, bleeding on probing, and gingival index. Blood was collected at each visit for the assay of serum glycated hemoglobin A1c (A1c), hsCRP, d‐8‐iso, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9.Results: Although there was a trend to a reduction in hsCRP, d‐8‐iso and MMP‐9 it did not reach statistical significance. MMP‐2 levels remained unchanged after periodontal treatment.Conclusion: Effective non‐surgical periodontal treatment of participants with type 2 DM and moderate to severe periodontal disease improved significantly A1c levels but did not result in a statistically significant improvement in hsCRP, d‐8‐iso, MMP‐2, and MMP‐9 levels.
Do Certification Seals Permit a Price Premium for Online Security and Privacy?
Authors: Hammock Michael R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIf some consumers care more about online privacy and security than others, and if providing privacy and security imposes opportunity costs on firms, then firms with more privacy and security measures should charge higher prices, and consumers who value these measures should be willing to pay higher prices. To test this hypothesis, data on the prices and certification seals of websites were collected. Examination of the data reveals moderate evidence that firms with a specific kind of security seal enjoy a price premium, and no evidence that sites displaying other seals enjoy a price premium. These findings suggest either that regulation may be unnecessary because markets are correctly pricing security and privacy, or that there is a market failure preventing privacy certification seals from providing credible signals to consumers.
Finding the Key Players in Online Child Exploitation Networks
Authors: Westlake Bryce G , Bouchard Martin , Frank Richard 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe growth of the Internet has been paralleled with a similar growth in online child exploitation. Since completely shutting down child exploitation websites is difficult (or arguably impossible), the goal must be to find the most efficient way of identifying the key targets and then to apprehend them. Traditionally, online investigations have been manual and centered on images. However, we argue that target prioritization needs to take more than just images into consideration, and that the investigating process needs to become more systematic. Drawing from a web crawler we specifically designed for extracting child exploitation website networks, this study 1) examines the structure of ten child exploitation networks and compares it to a control group of sports‐related websites, and 2) provides a measure (network capital) that allows for identifying the most important targets for law enforcement purposes among our sample of websites. Results show that network capital — a combination between severity of content (images, videos, and text) and connectivity (links to other websites) — is a more reliable measure of target prioritization than more traditional measures of network centrality taken alone. Policy implications are discussed.
Teenage Folly or Child Abuse? State Responses to “Sexting” by Minors in the U.S. and Germany
Authors: Schmitz Sandra , Siry Lawrence 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAs the digital generation grows up, societies' norms are being challenged by changing views of what is acceptable communication. Young people live much of their lives online: texting and ‘sexting’ their thoughts and images to their intimates and strangers alike. These changes have challenged the legal structures committed to protecting society's youth. This paper explores the development of the law in the United States and Germany concerning sexualized text messages or ‘sexts’. It asks whether and under what conditions such communications are pornographic and represent a signal for prosecution or protection.
Accuracy of isoflurane, halothane, and sevoflurane vaporizers during high oxygen flow and at maximum vaporizer dial setting
Authors: Ambrisko Tamas D. , Klide Alan M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Objective—To assess the accuracy of isoflurane, halothane, and sevoflurane vaporizers during high oxygen flow and at maximum dial settings at room temperature and to test sevoflurane vaporizers similarly during heating and at low-fill states.
Sample—5 isoflurane, 5 halothane, and 5 sevoflurane vaporizers.
Procedures—Vaporizers were tested at an oxygen flow of 10 L/min and maximum dial settings for 15 minutes under various conditions. All 3 vaporizer types were filled and tested at room temperature (21° to 23°C). Filled sevoflurane vaporizers were wrapped with circulating hot water (42°C) blankets for 2 hours and tested similarly, and near-empty sevoflurane vaporizers were tested similarly at room temperature. During each 15-minute test period, anesthetic agent concentration was measured at the common gas outlet with a portable refractometer and temperature of the vaporizer wall was measured with a thermistor.
Results—For each vaporizer type, anesthetic agent concentrations and vaporizer wall temperatures decreased during the 15-minute test period. Accuracy of isoflurane and halothane vaporizers remained within the recommended 20% (plus or minus) deviation from dial settings. Heated and room-temperature sevoflurane vaporizers were accurate to within 23% and 11.7% (plus or minus) of dial settings, respectively. Sevoflurane vaporizers at low-fill states performed similarly to vaporizers at full-fill states.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Under these study conditions, the isoflurane and halothane vaporizer models tested were accurate but the sevoflurane vaporizers were not. Sevoflurane vaporizer accuracy was not affected by fill state but may be improved with vaporizer heating; measurements of inspired anesthetic agent concentrations should be obtained during the use of heated vaporizers.
Effect of perzinfotel and a proprietary phospholipase A2 inhibitor on kinetic gait and subjective lameness scores in dogs with sodium urate-induced synovitis
Authors: Budsberg Steven C. , Torres Bryan T. , Zwijnenberg Raphael J. , Eppler C. Mark , Clark James D. , Cathcart Curtis J. , Reynolds Lisa R. , Al-Nadaf Sami 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the ability of perzinfotel (an N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist) and a proprietary phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor to attenuate lameness in dogs with sodium urate (SU)–induced synovitis.
Animals—8 adult dogs.
Procedures—A blinded 4-way crossover study was performed. Dogs received perzinfotel (10 mg/kg), a proprietary PLA2 inhibitor (10 mg/kg), carprofen (4.4 mg/kg; positive control treatment), or no treatment (negative control treatment). On the fourth day after initiation of treatment, synovitis was induced via intra-articular injection of SU 1 hour before administration of the last treatment dose. Ground reaction forces were measured and clinical lameness evaluations were performed before (baseline [time 0]) and 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 25 hours after SU injection. There was a 21-day washout period between subsequent treatments. Data were analyzed via repeated-measures ANOVAs.
Results—Peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) values for negative control and perzinfotel treatments were significantly lower at 2 and 4 hours, compared with baseline values. Values for PVF and VI for the PLA2 inhibitor and positive control treatments did not differ from baseline values at any time points. Between-treatment comparisons revealed significantly higher PVF and VI values for the positive control treatment than for the negative control and perzinfotel treatments at 2 and 4 hours. Values for VI were higher for PLA2 inhibitor treatment than for negative control treatment at 2 hours.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Perzinfotel did not significantly alter SU–induced lameness. The proprietary PLA2 inhibitor attenuated lameness but not as completely as did carprofen.
Shedding of chlamydiae in relation to titers of serum chlamydiae-specific antibodies and serum concentrations of two acute-phase proteins in cats without conjunctivitis
Authors: Ström Holst Bodil , Krook Linnéa , Englund Stina , Lagerstedt Anne-Sofie , Bölske Göran 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Objective—To investigate shedding of chlamydiae from conjunctiva and genital tracts of cats without clinical signs of conjunctivitis or other infectious disease in relation to their titers of serum antibodies against chlamydiae and to serum amyloid A (SAA) and serum α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) concentrations.
Animals—62 healthy cats.
Procedures—Serum from each cat was analyzed for antibodies against chlamydiae and for SAA and AGP concentrations. Swab samples from the conjunctival sac and genital tract were analyzed with a real-time PCR assay for Chlamydiaceae.
Results—4 of 8 of cats with high antibody titers (ie, 1,600) shed chlamydiae, but only from the conjunctiva. Chlamydiae could not be detected in samples from cats with lower antibody titers nor from any genital tract samples. In cats with antibody titers of 1,600, mean ± SD SAA concentration was significantly higher when chlamydiae were detected in conjunctival swab samples (3.9 ± 1.0 mg/L) than when no chlamydiae were detected (1.4 ± 1.0 mg/L). However, SAA concentration was greater than the limit for an acute-phase response in only one of those cats. There was no significant difference in serum AGP concentrations between cats with high titers that were or were not shedding chlamydiae. Nine of 30 (30%) cats (5 with and 4 without detectable serum antibodies against chlamydiae) that had been mated developed reproductive disorders.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinically normal cats with high chlamydiae-specific antibody titers can shed and thus transmit chlamydiae. Venereal spread from cats without clinical signs of infection is likely not common.
Radiographic reference limits for cardiac width in peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus)
Authors: Lumeij Johannes T. , Shaik Muneer A. S. , Ali Mohammed 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine radiographic reference limits for cardiac width (CW) in peregrine falcons.
Design—Retrospective cross-sectional study.
Animals—100 peregrine falcons.
Procedures—CW, thoracic width (TW), and sternal width (SW) were measured at the level of maximum CW on ventrodorsal radiographs of 64 falcons. Ratios of CW:TW and CW:SW were compared between positive pressure insufflation (PPI) radiographs and standard radiographs in 6 falcons. A hypothesis for the most accurate predictor of CW was formulated and validated in a new set of 36 falcons.
Results—PPI radiographs had a significantly lower CW:TW ratio than did standard radiographs. The CW:SW ratio was unaffected. The 95% confidence interval for a regression-based predicted CW was 19% larger for any given TW, compared with SW. The difference between predicted and measured CW was significantly smaller with SW, compared with TW. Validation of these findings in a new data set of 36 falcons confirmed that prediction of CW when SW was used as the independent variable in a regression equation was superior to use of the CW:SW ratio or the CW:TW ratio and was superior to prediction of CW when TW was used as the independent variable in a regression equation.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Of the variables examined, SW seemed to be the most precise and most accurate predictor for CW in peregrine falcons. Thoracic width seemed inferior as a predictor for CW because TW was influenced by respiratory movements. The following formula can be used to predict the 95% confidence interval for CW in peregrine falcons: CW = 0.83SW + 0.37 ± 0.16.