bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der semantische Kommentar in gegenwartsbezogenen Sprachkontaktwörterbüchern
Authors: Rovere Giovanni 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Based on the critical analysis of a specific dictionary, the present paper argues that the comment on semantics in contemporary dictionaries of language contact has to be set up in a completely different manner than that which has been used to date. Dictionaries of this type, which omit the evaluation of corpora as primary sources in favor of secondary sources, reveal systematic shortcomings in the semantic description of contact phenomena. The article focuses specifically on the temporal dimension of marking and the contemporary relevance of the semantic items. The discussed methodological issues are for the most part independent from the respective contact languages, in this case German and Italian, so that the results might be generalized.
Measurement of Coefficient of Consolidation During Reconsolidation of Liquefied Sand
Authors: Brennan A. J. , Madabhushi S. P. G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSaturated sands particularly at low relative density commonly exhibit rises in excess pore pressure when subjected to earthquake loading. The excess pore pressure can approach a maximum value, limited by the initial vertical effective stress. After the completion of earthquake shaking, these excess pore pressures dissipate according to the consolidation equation, which can be solved to produce a Fourier series solution. It will be shown by manipulation of this Fourier series that excess pore pressure traces provide a method for back-calculation of coefficient of consolidation Cv. This method is validated against dissipation curves generated using known values of Cv and seen to be more accurate in the middle of the layer. The method is then applied to data recorded in centrifuge tests to evaluate Cv throughout the reconsolidation process following liquefaction conditions. Cv is seen to fit better as a function of excess pore pressure ratio than effective stress for the stress levels considered. For the soil investigated, Cv is about three times smaller at excess pore pressure ratio of 0.9 compared to excess pore pressure ratio of 0.
Improving Formulations for Biopesticides: Enhanced UV Protection for Beneficial Microbes
Authors: Behle Robert W. , Compton David L. , Kenar James A. , Shapiro-Ilan David I. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
As environmentally conscious consumers push for environmentally friendly pest control, interest in controlling insects with microbial-based biopesticides increases. Specific bacteria, fungi, and viruses can provide effective pest control when sprayed onto plants. However, these microbes are rapidly degraded by sunlight, which limits their field efficacy. One strategy to combat this degradation is to develop formulations to protect the beneficial microbe from sunlight energy, specifically the ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. Formulation technologies (ingredients and processes) continue to be developed and adapted to provide UV protection. We have been conducting research on soyscreen and lignin as formulation ingredients to provide UV protection to a variety of insect pathogens. Soyscreen consists of feruloylated soy glycerides (FSG) specifically developed to absorb UV energy. Previous research demonstrated that FSG in oil-based formulations protected the viability of hydrophobic fungal conidia of Beauveria bassiana exposed to simulated sunlight, but not when applied in the field to oil absorbing substrates, including cabbage and tree bark. To prevent the FSG from being absorbed, the oil was encapsulated in starch using a jet cooking process forming a product with improved UV absorption. These starch-FSG composites may be useful to formulate aqueous-based systems without synthetic surfactants to deliver and protect microbial biopesticides. Lignin has been used with a spray-drying process to encapsulate insecticidal viruses, which are extremely sensitive to degradation by sunlight. The insoluble particles remain intact during application and can extend insecticidal activity by several days. Techniques are currently being developed to produce an adjuvant formulation with water-soluble lignin in an effort to provide UV protection for a broader range of commercial pesticides. These technologies are considered to be environmentally benign and are intended to fit in the biopesticide concept. The versatility of combining various products and processes provides variable formulations, some of which are suitable for specific biopesticide applications.
Uniform and Pitting Corrosion Processes of Al, Al-6061, Al-Zn and Al-Cu Alloys Exposed to SCN- Solutions and the Effect of Some Inorganic Anions
Authors: Amin Mohammed A. , Abd El-Rehim Sayed S. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The effect of the alloying elements and some inorganic inhibitors (WO4
2-, MoO4
2-, SiO3
2- and CrO4
2- anions) on the uniform and pitting corrosion characteristics of Al-6061, Al-4.5% Cu, Al-7.5% Cu, Al-6% Zn and Al-12% Zn alloys were studied in 0.04M KSCN solution. Susceptibility of the tested alloys towards pitting corrosion was investigated using transient (potentiostatic and galvanostatic) measurements. An independent method of chemical analysis, namely ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy) was also used to study the effect of the alloying elements and the tested inorganic anions on the uniform corrosion of these materials. Results obtained were compared with pure Al. ICP measurements revealed that the alloyed Cu and alloyed Zn enhance uniform corrosion of the Al samples, while WO4
2-, MoO4
2-, SiO3
2- and CrO4
2- anions suppressed it. Transient measurements showed that nucleation of pit takes place after an incubation time (t

i). The rate of pit initiation and growth (t

i
-1
) increased with increase in SCN- concentration, applied anodic current, applied anodic potential and solution temperature. This rate of pit initiation and growth decreased in presence of inorganic inhibitors to an extent depending on the concentration and type of the introduced inhibitor. Alloyed Zn was found to accelerate pitting attack, while alloyed Cu suppressed it. Among the tested Al alloys, Al-6061 presented the highest resistance towards uniform and pitting corrosion processes. SiO3
2- and CrO4
2- were the most efficient anions in inhibiting uniform and pitting corrosion processes of Al in these solutions.
A Brief History of the Status of Transposable Elements: From Junk DNA to Major Players in Evolution
Authors: Biémont Christian 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The idea that some genetic factors are able to move around chromosomes emerged more than 60 years ago when Barbara McClintock first suggested that such elements existed and had a major role in controlling gene expression and that they also have had a major influence in reshaping genomes in evolution. It was many years, however, before the accumulation of data and theories showed that this latter revolutionary idea was correct although, understandably, it fell far short of our present view of the significant influence of what are now known as “transposable elements” in evolution. In this article, I summarize the main events that influenced my thinking about transposable elements as a young scientist and the influence and role of these specific genomic elements in evolution over subsequent years. Today, we recognize that the findings about genomic changes affected by transposable elements have considerably altered our view of the ways in which genomes evolve and work.
Effects of HEPA Air Cleaners on Unscheduled Asthma Visits and Asthma Symptoms for Children Exposed to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Lanphear Bruce P. , Hornung Richard W. , Khoury Jane , Yolton Kimberly , Lierl Michelle , Kalkbrenner Amy 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:The goal was to test the effects of high-efficiency, particulate-arresting (HEPA) air cleaners on unscheduled asthma visits and symptoms among children with asthma exposed to secondhand smoke.METHODS:We enrolled 225 eligible children who were 6 to 12 years of age, had physician-diagnosed asthma, and were exposed to ≥5 cigarettes per day. We conducted a double-blind, randomized trial. Children were assigned randomly to receive 2 active or inactive HEPA air cleaners.RESULTS:Of 225 enrolled children, 110 (49%) were assigned to the intervention group and 115 (51%) to the control group; 215 (95%) completed the trial. During the trial, there were 42 fewer unscheduled asthma visits among children in the intervention group (18.5% [95% confidence interval: 1.25%–82.75%]; P = .043), compared with those in the control group, after adjustment for baseline differences. There was a significant difference in the reductions of levels of particles of &gt;0.3 μm according to group assignment; there was a 25% reduction in particle levels in the intervention group, compared with a 5% reduction in the control group (P = .026). There were no significant differences in parent-reported asthma symptoms, exhaled nitric-oxide levels, air nicotine levels, or cotinine levels according to group assignment.CONCLUSIONS:These results hold promise for using HEPA air cleaners as part of a multifaceted strategy to reduce asthma morbidity, but further research is necessary before they can be recommended routinely for the medical management of asthma.
Effects of Serving High-Sugar Cereals on Children's Breakfast-Eating Behavior
Authors: Harris Jennifer L. , Schwartz Marlene B. , Ustjanauskas Amy , Ohri-Vachaspati Punam , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVES:
To test (1) whether children will consume low-sugar ready-to-eat (RTE) cereals and (2) the effects of serving high- versus low-sugar cereals on the consumption of cereal, refined sugar, fresh fruit, and milk.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS:
Using an experimental design, we randomly assigned children (n = 91) who were attending summer day camp to receive a breakfast that included either the choice of 1 of 3 high-sugar cereals (high-sugar condition) or low-sugar cereals (low-sugar condition), as well as low-fat milk, orange juice, bananas, strawberries, and sugar packets. Participants served themselves and completed a background questionnaire after eating. Researchers measured the amount and calories consumed of each food.

RESULTS:
In both conditions, children reported “liking” or “loving” the cereal they chose. Children in the low-sugar cereal condition consumed, on average, slightly more than 1 serving of cereal (35 g), whereas children in the high-sugar condition consumed significantly more (61 g) and almost twice the amount of refined sugar in total (24.4 vs 12.5 g). Milk and total calories consumed did not differ significantly between conditions, but children in the low-sugar condition were more likely to put fruit on their cereal (54% vs 8%) and consumed a greater portion of total calories from fresh fruit (20% vs 13%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Compared with serving low-sugar cereals, high-sugar cereals increase children's total sugar consumption and reduce the overall nutritional quality of their breakfast. Children will consume low-sugar cereals when offered, and they provide a superior breakfast option.
Serum Transaminase Levels in Boys With Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: McMillan Hugh J. , Gregas Matt , Darras Basil T. , Kang Peter B. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE:
Serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels are commonly used as biochemical indicators of hepatocellular injury but can also detect occult muscle disease. High concomitant serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels can point to muscle as the source of high transaminase levels. Nevertheless, clinicians may be reluctant to attribute high transaminase levels to muscle.

METHODS:
Study patients were boys with a genetic or biopsy-confirmed dystrophinopathy whose concomitant serum CPK, ALT, and AST levels were measured.

RESULTS:
We report 82 enzyme data sets from 46 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 9 with Becker muscular dystrophy. Our results show a linear relationship between serum CPK and serum ALT and AST and a logarithmic relationship between serum enzyme levels and age for boys with DMD. We developed a mathematical model to predict serum ALT and AST levels when the serum CPK level and age are known. For 6 boys, initial failure to consider muscle as a cause of high transaminase levels led to delay of diagnosis and extensive testing for hepatic dysfunction. A second group of 4 boys with known DMD were investigated for liver disease after high transaminase levels were detected. Serum transaminase levels were highest in ambulant boys with DMD, whose levels reached 1220 U/L (ALT) (22.6 times higher than upper-limit normal levels) and 801 U/L (AST) (12.3 times higher than upper-limit normal levels).

CONCLUSIONS:
By recognizing muscle as a potential source of serum transaminase levels, clinicians can avoid unnecessary and invasive procedures, expedite clinical diagnosis, and avoid unnecessary cessation of concomitant drug therapy.
Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasound in Nonpalpable Cryptorchidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Tasian Gregory E. , Copp Hillary L. 
Published: December 2010

CONTEXT:Ultrasound is frequently obtained during the presurgical evaluation of boys with nonpalpable undescended testes, but its clinical utility is uncertain.OBJECTIVE:To determine the diagnostic performance of ultrasound in localizing nonpalpable testes in pediatric patients.METHODS:English-language articles were identified by searching Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. We included studies of subjects younger than 18 years who had preoperative ultrasound evaluation for nonpalpable testes and whose testis position was determined by surgery. Data on testis location determined by ultrasound and surgery were extracted by 2 independent reviewers, from which ultrasound performance characteristics (true-positives, false-positives, false-negatives, and true-negatives) were derived. Meta-analysis of 12 studies (591 testes) was performed by using a random-effects regression model; composite estimates of sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios were calculated.RESULTS:Ultrasound has a sensitivity of 45% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 29–61) and a specificity of 78% (95% CI: 43–94). The positive and negative likelihood ratios are 1.48 (95% CI: 0.54–4.03) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.46–1.35), respectively. A positive ultrasound result increases and negative ultrasound result decreases the probability that a nonpalpable testis is located within the abdomen from 55% to 64% and 49%, respectively. Significant heterogeneity limited the precision of these estimates, which was attributable to variability in the reporting of selection criteria, ultrasound methodology, and differences in the proportion of intraabdominal testes.CONCLUSIONS:Ultrasound does not reliably localize nonpalpable testes and does not rule out an intraabdominal testis. Eliminating the use of ultrasound will not change management of nonpalpable cryptorchidism but will decrease health care expenditures.
« Je t'ai conçu en tatouant ta mère ». La femme tatouée de Yoichi Takabayashi
Authors: Ribas Denys 
Published: December 2010

Résumé La Femme tatouée , film de Yoichi Takabayashi, met en scène un mythe œdipien et incestueux qui nous éclaire sur la valeur de l’inscription charnelle de la scène primitive, son impossibilité psychotique et son recours au masochisme érogène pour être pensable.
Antibody-Targeted NY-ESO-1 to Mannose Receptor or DEC-205 In Vitro Elicits Dual Human CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Responses with Broad Antigen Specificity
Authors: Tsuji Takemasa , Matsuzaki Junko , Kelly Marcus P. , Ramakrishna Venky , Vitale Laura , He Li-Zhen , Keler Tibor , Odunsi Kunle , Old Lloyd J. , Ritter Gerd , Gnjatic Sacha 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Immunization of cancer patients with vaccines containing full-length tumor Ags aims to elicit specific Abs and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Vaccination with protein Ags, however, often elicits only CD4+ T cell responses without inducing Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, as exogenous protein is primarily presented to CD4+ T cells. Recent data revealed that Ab-mediated targeting of protein Ags to cell surface receptors on dendritic cells could enhance the induction of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We investigated in this study if these observations were applicable to NY-ESO-1, a cancer-testis Ag widely used in clinical cancer vaccine trials. We generated two novel targeting proteins consisting of the full-length NY-ESO-1 fused to the C terminus of two human mAbs against the human mannose receptor and DEC-205, both internalizing molecules expressed on APC. These targeting proteins were evaluated for their ability to activate NY-ESO-1–specific human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro. Both targeted NY-ESO-1 proteins rapidly bound to their respective targets on APC. Whereas nontargeted and Ab-targeted NY-ESO-1 proteins similarly activated CD4+ T cells, cross-presentation to CD8+ T cells was only efficiently induced by targeted NY-ESO-1. In addition, both mannose receptor and DEC-205 targeting elicited specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from PBLs of cancer patients. Receptor-specific delivery of NY-ESO-1 to APC appears to be a promising vaccination strategy to efficiently generate integrated and broad Ag-specific immune responses against NY-ESO-1 in cancer patients.
Infection-Induced Myelopoiesis during Intracellular Bacterial Infection Is Critically Dependent upon IFN-γ Signaling
Authors: MacNamara Katherine C. , Oduro Kwadwo , Martin Olga , Jones Derek D. , McLaughlin Maura , Choi Kyunghee , Borjesson Dori L. , Winslow Gary M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Although microbial infections can alter steady-state hematopoiesis, the mechanisms that drive such changes are not well understood. We addressed a role for IFN-γ signaling in infection-induced bone marrow suppression and anemia in a murine model of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, an emerging tick-borne disease. Within the bone marrow of Ehrlichia muris-infected C57BL/6 mice, we observed a reduction in myeloid progenitor cells, as defined both phenotypically and functionally. Infected mice exhibited a concomitant increase in developing myeloid cells within the bone marrow, an increase in the frequency of circulating monocytes, and an increase in splenic myeloid cells. The infection-induced changes in progenitor cell phenotype were critically dependent on IFN-γ, but not IFN-α, signaling. In mice deficient in the IFN-γ signaling pathway, we observed an increase in myeloid progenitor cells and CDllbloGr1lo promyelocytic cells within the bone marrow, as well as reduced frequencies of mature granulocytes and monocytes. Furthermore, E. muris-infected IFN-γR–deficient mice did not exhibit anemia or an increase in circulating monocytes, and they succumbed to infection. Gene transcription studies revealed that IFN-γR–deficient CDllbloGr1lo promyelocytes from E. muris-infected mice exhibited significantly reduced expression of irf-1 and irf-8, both key transcription factors that regulate the differentiation of granulocytes and monocytes. Finally, using mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, we show that IFN-γ–dependent infection-induced myelopoiesis occurs via the direct effect of the cytokine on developing myeloid cells. We propose that, in addition to its many other known roles, IFN-γ acts to control infection by directly promoting the differentiation of myeloid cells that contribute to host defense.
Expression of the SLAM Family of Receptors Adapter EAT-2 as a Novel Strategy for Enhancing Beneficial Immune Responses to Vaccine Antigens
Authors: Aldhamen Yasser A. , Appledorn Daniel M. , Seregin Sergey S. , Liu Chyong-jy J. , Schuldt Nathaniel J. , Godbehere Sarah , Amalfitano Andrea 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Recent studies have shown that activation of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of receptors plays an important role in several aspects of immune regulation. However, translation of this knowledge into a useful clinical application has not been undertaken. One important area where SLAM-mediated immune regulation may have keen importance is in the field of vaccinology. Because SLAM signaling plays such a critical role in the innate and adaptive immunity, we endeavored to develop a strategy to improve the efficacy of vaccines by incorporation of proteins known to be important in SLAM-mediated signaling. In this study, we hypothesized that coexpression of the SLAM adapter EWS-FLI1–activated transcript 2 (EAT-2) along with a pathogen-derived Ag would facilitate induction of beneficial innate immune responses, resulting in improved induction of Ag-specific adaptive immune responses. To test this hypothesis, we used rAd5 vector-based vaccines expressing murine EAT-2, or the HIV-1–derived Ag Gag. Compared with appropriate controls, rAd5 vectors expressing EAT-2 facilitated bystander activation of NK, NKT, B, and T cells early after their administration into animals. EAT-2 overexpression also augments the expression of APC (macrophages and dendritic cells) surface markers. Indeed, this multitiered activation of the innate immune system by vaccine-mediated EAT-2 expression enhanced the induction of Ag-specific cellular immune responses. Because both mice and humans express highly conserved EAT-2 adapters, our results suggest that human vaccination strategies that specifically facilitate SLAM signaling may improve vaccine potency when targeting HIV Ags specifically, as well as numerous other vaccine targets in general.
An Intact Canonical NF-κB Pathway Is Required for Inflammatory Gene Expression in Response to Hypoxia
Authors: Fitzpatrick Susan F. , Tambuwala Murtaza M. , Bruning Ulrike , Schaible Bettina , Scholz Carsten C. , Byrne Annette , O’Connor Aisling , Gallagher William M. , Lenihan Colin R. , Garvey John F. , Howell Katherine , Fallon Padraic G. , Cummins Eoin P. , Taylor Cormac T. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Hypoxia is a feature of the microenvironment in a number of chronic inflammatory conditions due to increased metabolic activity and disrupted perfusion at the inflamed site. Hypoxia contributes to inflammation through the regulation of gene expression via key oxygen-sensitive transcriptional regulators including the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and NF-κB. Recent studies have revealed a high degree of interdependence between HIF and NF-κB signaling; however, the relative contribution of each to hypoxia-induced inflammatory gene expression remains unclear. In this study, we use transgenic mice expressing luciferase under the control of NF-κB to demonstrate that hypoxia activates NF-κB in the heart and lungs of mice in vivo. Using small interfering RNA targeted to the p65 subunit of NF-κB, we confirm a unidirectional dependence of hypoxic HIF-1α accumulation upon an intact canonical NF-κB pathway in cultured cells. Cyclooxygenase-2 and other key proinflammatory genes are transcriptionally induced by hypoxia in a manner that is both HIF-1 and NF-κB dependent, and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking an intact canonical NF-κB pathway, there is a loss of hypoxia-induced inflammatory gene expression. Finally, under conditions of hypoxia, HIF-1α and the p65 subunit of NF-κB directly bind to the cyclooxygenase-2 promoter. These results implicate an essential role for NF-κB signaling in inflammatory gene expression in response to hypoxia both through the regulation of HIF-1 and through direct effects upon target gene expression.