bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The science behind the 7th edition Tumour, Node, Metastasis staging system for lung cancer
Authors: MARSHALL HENRY M. , LEONG STEVEN C. , BOWMAN RAYLEEN V. , YANG IAN A. , FONG KWUN M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe Tumour, Node, Metastasis (TNM) system for classifying lung cancer is the cornerstone of modern lung cancer treatment and underpins comparative research; yet is continuously evolving through updated revisions. The recently published Union for International Cancer Control 7th Edition TNM Classification for lung cancer addresses many of its predecessor's shortcomings and has been subject to rigorous evidence‐based methodology. It is based on a retrospective analysis of over 80 000 lung cancer patients treated between 1990 and 2000 carried out by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. The dataset was truly international and included patients treated by all modalities. Extensive internal and external validation of the findings has ensured that the recommendations are robust and generalizable. For the first time, a single classification system has been shown to be applicable not only to non‐small cell lung cancer, but also to be of prognostic significance in small cell lung cancer and bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumours.We review the history of the Union for International Cancer Control TNM staging system, the changes in the most recent 7th edition and the strength of the scientific basis motivating these changes. Limitations of the current staging edition are explored, post‐publication independent validation studies are reviewed, and the future of TNM staging for lung cancer is discussed.
Effects of the geomorphometric characteristics of the local terrain on floristic composition in the central Brazilian Amazon
Authors: DA CONCEIÇÃO BISPO POLYANNA , DE MORISSON VALERIANO MÁRCIO , DOS SANTOS JOÃO ROBERTO 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify the effects of local geomorphometry on the abundance, richness and floristic composition of tree species in the central Brazilian Amazon. Forty‐six 0.25‐ha plots in different phyto‐ecologic sites were sampled, and their trees were inventoried. Geomorphometric data (elevation, slope, aspect, plan and profile curvatures) were derived from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to examine the floristic distribution patterns among plots. In addition, geomorphometric variables were submitted to multiple regression analysis to identify the variables influencing floristic composition (represented by the first DCA component), abundance and species richness. Correlation analyses between the number of individuals from each species and the first DCA component were performed to evaluate the contribution of each species. Analysis of the results could not confirm an effect of geomorphometry alone on species richness and abundance, although floristic composition was significantly influenced by profile curvature and elevation. Despite the relatively low variation in altitude at the study site, species were found to be sensitive to terrain peculiarities such as elevation and profile curvature, which can constrain particular ecologic niches and contribute to the spatial distribution patterns of species.
Self‐retaining barbed suture for parenchymal repair during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy; initial clinical experience
Authors: Olweny Ephrem O. , Park Samuel K. , Seideman Casey A. , Best Sara L. , Cadeddu Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?This paper reports on outcomes for SRBS during conventional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. In addition to an improvement in warm ischaemia time, we found that SRBS use during LPN may be beneficial in reducing rates of clinically significant haemorrhage.OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the efficacy of a self‐retaining barbed suture (SRBS) in achieving a secure and haemostatic renorrhaphy during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).
To compare perioperative outcomes for LPN with SRBS with those for LPN with conventional polyglactin suture, with specific attention to warm ischaemia time, blood loss and need for postoperative bleeding interventions.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients who underwent LPN between June 2007 and October 2010 were identified through an Institutional Review Board approved registry of oncological patients.
Before July 2009, parenchymal repair after tumour excision was performed using absorbable polyglactin suture (Group 1), and subsequently, using SRBS (Group 2).
Demographic, clinical, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes were compared for each group.
RESULTS
LPN was performed in 49 patients in Group 1 and 29 in Group 2.
Baseline demographic and clinical features, estimated blood loss, and transfusion and embolization rates were statistically similar for the cohorts.
Mean warm ischaemia time (±SD) was significantly shorter for the SRBS group (26.4 ± 8.3 vs 32.8 ± 7.9; P= 0.0013).
Bleeding requiring intervention (open conversion or transfusion ± embolization) was more common for Group 1 (9/49, 18.4% vs 1/29, 3.4%; P= 0.06).
CONCLUSIONS
The use of SRBS for parenchymal repair during LPN in humans is safe and is associated with a significant reduction in warm ischaemia time.
SRBS use during LPN may also reduce rates of clinically significant bleeding.
Prospective, larger studies to confirm the value of SRBS use in minimally invasive partial nephrectomy are warranted.
High Gleason grade carcinoma at a positive surgical margin predicts biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy and may guide adjuvant radiotherapy
Authors: Savdie Richard , Horvath Lisa G. , Benito Ruth Pe , Rasiah Krishan K. , Haynes Anne‐Maree , Chatfield Mark , Stricker Phillip D. , Turner Jennifer J. , Delprado Warwick , Henshall Susan M. , Sutherland Robert L. , Kench James G. 
Published: October 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Only 30–35% of patients with positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy develop recurrent disease. Adjuvant radiotherapy reduces the rate of biochemical relapse or metastasis and improves overall survival after radical prostatectomy. Various pathological factors, such as location and extent of positive margins, have been proposed as possible prognostic factors in men with margin‐positive prostate cancer, however, the recent International Society of Urological Pathology consensus meeting in Boston noted that there is limited data on the significance of Gleason grade of the carcinoma at a positive margin.The present study shows that the presence of high grade prostate cancer, i.e. Gleason pattern 4 or 5, at a positive surgical margin is an independent predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Moreover, patients with lower grade carcinoma at the margin have a similar prognosis to men with negative margins. Hence, assessment of Gleason grade at the site of positive margin may aid optimal selection of patients for adjuvant radiotherapy.OBJECTIVE
To establish predictors of biochemical recurrence by analysing the pathological characteristics of positive surgical margins (PSMs), including Gleason grade of the carcinoma at the involved margin.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Clinicopathological and outcome data on 940 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) between 1997 and 2003 were collected.
Of these, 285 (30.3%) patients with PSMs were identified for pathological review, including assessment of location of margin, linear extent, number of PSMs, plane of margin and Gleason grade (3 vs 4 or 5) at the margin.
RESULTS
At a median follow‐up of 82 months, the biochemical recurrence rate of the PSM cohort was 29%.
On univariate analysis, the presence of Gleason grade 4 or 5 at the margin (34.4% of cases) was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 2.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.82–4.32, P < 0.001) compared with the presence of Gleason grade 3.
Linear extent of margin involvement was also associated with recurrence (P= 0.009).
Single vs multiple margin involvement, location, and plane of the involved margin were not significant predictors of recurrence.
On multivariate analysis, Gleason grade 4 or 5 at the margin remained an independent predictor of recurrence (HR 2.14, 95% CI = 1.29–4.03, P= 0.003).
CONCLUSION
The Gleason grade at the site of a PSM identifies patients at increased risk of biochemical recurrence and should aid stratification of patients for adjuvant radiation therapy.
Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of virtual tumours in canine kidney using Global Positioning System‐like technology
Authors: Hung Andrew J. , Ma Yanling , Zehnder Pascal , Nakamoto Masahiko , Gill Inderbir S. , Ukimura Osamu 
Published: October 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?We have previously shown that percutaneous radiofrequency ablation guided by image‐fusion technology allows for precise needle placement with real time ultrasound superimposed with pre‐loaded imaging, removing the need for real‐time CT or MR guidance. Emerging technology also allows real‐time tracking of a treatment needle within an organ in a virtually created 3D format.To our knowledge, this is the first study utilising a sophisticated ultrasound‐based navigation system that uses both image‐fusion and real‐time probe‐tracking technologies for in‐vivo renal ablative intervention.OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the feasibility, accuracy and efficacy of ultrasonography (US)‐guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in the canine kidney model using novel Global Positioning System‐like probe tracking technology.
Virtual tumours in the canine kidney were ablated in vivo by percutaneous RFA guided exclusively by two‐dimensional (2D) US and a virtual navigation system.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Gold fiducial markers were inserted into renal parenchyma to serve as centres of virtual tumours.
After capturing 2D US images, navigation software created a three‐dimensional planning model of the kidney, and superimposed it onto the live US image.
Percutaneous RFA was guided by multiplanar navigation, showing real‐time probe positions within the superimposed images, to treat each virtual tumour with a single treatment.
Navigator software predicted the percentage of tumour treated; treated kidney specimens were examined to evaluate projection and targeting accuracy.
RESULTS
In total, 32 virtual tumours (median diameter 16 mm, range 10–24 mm) were treated in 16 canine kidneys.
Median (range) error between ‘fiducial tumour centre’ and ‘treated area centre’ was 1.8 (0–25) mm.
Targeting accuracy improved with experience: median (range) error decreased from 6.3 (2–25) mm in an initial 12 tumours to 1.3 (0–9.0) mm in the last 20 tumours (P= 0.008).
The percentage (range) of tumour actually treated improved significantly from the initial series at 23% (0–100%) to 100% (51–100%) (P < 0.001).
Overall, navigator‐reported and pathologically confirmed treatment percentages were correlated significantly (r= 0.5; P= 0.006).
CONCLUSIONS
Percutaneous renal RFA guided exclusively by real‐time 2D US with multiplanar Global Positioning System‐like probe tracking is feasible and accurate.
Near‐future technologies, including elastic fusion overlay and anticipation of soft‐tissue deformation, will further augment this guidance system.
A novel glycogen synthase kinase‐3 inhibitor 2‐methyl‐5‐(3‐{4‐[(S )‐methylsulfinyl]phenyl}‐1‐benzofuran‐5‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole decreases tau phosphorylation and ameliorates cognitive deficits in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Onishi Tomohiro , Iwashita Hiroki , Uno Yumiko , Kunitomo Jun , Saitoh Morihisa , Kimura Eiji , Fujita Hisashi , Uchiyama Noriko , Kori Masakuni , Takizawa Masayuki 
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07532.xAbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder leading to a progressive loss of cognitive function and is pathologically characterized by senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) is involved in AD pathogenesis. GSK‐3 is reported not only to phosphorylate tau, a major component of neurofibrillary tangles, but also to regulate the production of amyloid β, which is deposited in senile plaques. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of GSK‐3 is considered an attractive therapeutic approach. In this study, we report the pharmacological effects of a novel GSK‐3 inhibitor, 2‐methyl‐5‐(3‐{4‐[(S)‐methylsulfinyl]phenyl}‐1‐benzofuran‐5‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (MMBO), which displays high selectivity for GSK‐3 and brain penetration following oral administration. MMBO inhibited tau phosphorylation in primary neural cell culture and also in normal mouse brain. When administered to a transgenic mouse model of AD, MMBO significantly decreased hippocampal tau phosphorylation at GSK‐3 sites. Additionally, chronic MMBO administration suppressed tau pathology as assessed by AT8‐immunoreactivity without affecting amyloid β pathology. Finally, in behavioral assessments, MMBO significantly improved memory and cognitive deficits in the Y‐maze and in novel object recognition tests in the transgenic AD mouse model. These results indicate that pharmacological GSK‐3 inhibition ameliorates behavioral dysfunction with suppression of tau phosphorylation in an AD mouse model, and that MMBO might be beneficial for AD treatment.
Formulation of an Aqueous Titania Suspension and its Patterning with Ink‐Jet Printing Technology
Authors: Kuscer Danjela , Stavber Gaj , Trefalt Gregor , Kosec Marija 
Published: October 2011

We present a general protocol for processing cost‐beneficial, environmentally benign aqueous‐type suspensions containing metal‐oxide nanostructured particles, and their patterning with piezoelectric ink‐jet printing technology. The critical issues relevant to ink‐jet printing are the preparation and stabilization of nanosized particles in a fluid and adjusting its physical properties to the values appropriate for a particular ink‐jet printer mechanism. We discuss and illustrate, on a model titania system, the processing of a highly stable, colloidal, water‐based suspension containing particles not bigger than 570 nm, prepared by a ball‐milling process. For the ink‐jet printing experiments, the surface tension and the viscosity of the suspension were modified by the addition of a small amount of the appropriate non‐ionic amphiphiles and glycerol. The formation of droplets, their positioning on the substrate, and the shape and uniformity of the dots on the substrate are discussed and correlated with the fluid properties via the inverse Ohnesorge number Z. It was shown successfully that uniform, regular‐shaped TiO2 dots with a diameter of 30 μm and a good positioning accuracy on Si/SiO2 substrates could be obtained by jetting a fluid with Z values of 5 and 9 using a piezoelectric ink‐jet printer with a nozzle diameter of 21 μm operating at an amplitude of 13 V and a frequency of 5 kHz.
Decentering the Dean: Locating Jonathan Swift in Ireland and Grub Street
Authors: Oakleaf David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPlacing Swift in Grub Street and Ireland, scholars are revealing an intransigent Church‐of‐Ireland clergyman whose sectarian and ethnic hostilities resist English political categories like Whig, Tory, and Jacobite. Even monumental editions capture the uncertain, contested terrain he inhabited, revealing a self‐proclaimed Ancient who is startlingly modern.
Association of the Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) Gene and Cardioembolic Stroke in an Australian Cohort
Authors: Milton Austin G. , Aykanat Verna M. , Hamilton-Bruce M. Anne , Nezic Mark , Jannes Jim , Koblar Simon A. 
Published: October 2011

Background Large-scale epidemiological studies support an important role for susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, with phosphodiesterase 4D identified as the first gene predisposing to ischemic stroke. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms within the phosphodiesterase 4D gene have been implicated in the pathogenesis of stroke. Aim Undertake a multivariate analysis of six single nucleotide polymorphisms within the phosphodiesterase 4D gene in a previously defined Australian stroke cohort, to determine whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms have an association with ischemic stroke. Methods This case–control study was performed using an existing genetic database of 180 ischemic stroke patients and 301 community controls, evaluated previously for cerebrovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, smoking and history of stroke in a first-degree relative). Based on previously reported associations with large vessel disease, ischemic stroke, cardioembolic stroke or a mixture of these, six single nucleotide polymorphisms in the phosphodiesterase 4D gene were selected for study, these being single nucleotide polymorphisms 13, 19, rs152312, 45, 83 and 87, based on previously utilized DeCODE nomenclature. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped using a sequence-specific polymerase chain reaction method and gel electrophoresis. Logistic regression was undertaken to determine the relevance of each polymorphism to stroke. Further analysis was undertaken to determine the risk of stroke following stratification for stroke sub-type and etiology. Results Significant odds ratios were found to be associated with cardioembolic strokes in two single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs152312 and SNP 45 ( P<0·05). Conclusions Our findings demonstrated an association between cardioembolic stroke and phosphodiesterase 4D single nucleotide polymorphisms rs152312 and 45. No significant association was found for the other four single nucleotide polymorphisms investigated within the phosphodiesterase 4D gene. We propose that the results from this Australian population support the concept that a large prospective international study is required to investigate the role of phosphodiesterase 4D in the cardiogenic cause of ischemic stroke.
Surgical and oncologic outcomes following laparoscopic versus open liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Ning , Wu Yong‐Rong , Wu Bin , Lu Min‐Qiang 
Published: October 2011

Aim:  Laparoscopic hepatectomy has become a common method for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) nowadays, but the oncologic risks of laparoscopic liver resection for HCC are still under investigation. We performed a meta‐analysis to quantitatively compare surgical and oncologic outcomes of patients with HCC undergoing laparoscopic versus open hepatectomy.Methods:  Systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies comparing laparoscopic with open liver resection for HCC. Two authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data. All data were analyzed using RevMan 5.Results:  Ten studies comprising 627 patients were eligible for inclusion. The overall rate of conversion to open surgery was 6.6%. The laparoscopic group had significantly less blood loss by 223.17 mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: −331.81, −114.54; P < 0.0001), fewer need for transfusions (odds ratio [OR]: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22, .079; P = 0.007), shorter hospital stay by 5.05 days (95% CI: −7.84, −2.25; P = 0.0004) and fewer postoperative complications (OR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.77; P = 0.002). No significant differences were found concerning surgery margin (weighted mean differences [WMD], 0.55; 95% CI: −0.71, 1.80; P = 0.39), resection margin positive rate (OR, 0.63; 95% CI: 0.25, 1.54; P = 0.31) and tumor recurrence (OR, 0.79; 95% CI: 0.49, 1.27; P = 0.33). In the 244 patients that underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy of all 10 studies included, no patients developed tumor recurrence at the site of resection margin, peritoneal dissemination or trocar‐site metastases.Conclusions:  On currently available evidence, laparoscopic resection appears not to affect oncologic outcomes and increase tumor recurrence. It also offers less blood loss, decreased rate of intraoperative transfusion and shorter lengths of hospital stay. Laparoscopic resection is a safe and feasible choice for selected patients with HCC.
Platelet‐derived adenosine 5′‐triphosphate suppresses activation of human hepatic stellate cell: In vitro study
Authors: Ikeda Naoya , Murata Soichiro , Maruyama Takehito , Tamura Takafumi , Nozaki Reiji , Kawasaki Takuya , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Oda Tatsuya , Sasaki Ryoko , Homma Masato , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro 
Published: October 2011

Aim:  Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a critical role in liver fibrosis. Suppressing abnormal function of HSC or reversion from activated to quiescent form is a hopeful treatment for liver cirrhosis. The interaction between platelets and HSC remains unknown although platelets go through hepatic sinusoids surrounded by HSC. This study aimed at clarifying the hypothesis that platelets control activation of HSC.Methods:  We used human platelets, platelet extracts, and primary or immortalized human HSC. We examined the effect of platelets on the activation, DNA synthesis, type I collagen production, and fibrosis‐relating gene expressions of HSC. We investigated what suppressed activation of HSC within platelets and examined the mechanism of controlling activation in vitro.Results:  Platelets and platelet extracts suppressed activation of HSC. Platelets decreased type I collagen production without affecting DNA synthesis. Platelets increased the expression of matrix metallopeptidase 1. As platelet extracts co‐cultured with an enzyme of degrading adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) suppressed activation, we detected adenine nucleotides within platelets or on their surfaces and confirmed the degradation of adenine nucleotides by HSC and the production of adenosine. Adenosine and platelets increased the intracellular cyclic adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (cAMP), which is important in quiescent HSC. A great amount of adenosine and ATP also suppressed activation of HSC.Conclusion:  Activation of human HSC is suppressed by human platelets or platelet‐derived ATP via adenosine‐cAMP signaling pathway in vitro. Therefore, platelets have the possibility to be used in the treatment of liver cirrhosis.
Investigations on Deformation Behavior of AA5754 Sheet Alloy Under Warm Hydroforming Conditions
Authors: Mahabunphachai S. , Koc M. , Carsley J. E. 
Published: October 2011

Material behavior of AA5754 was investigated under different forming process conditions, including two loading conditions (uniaxial tensile and biaxial bulge), several strain rates (constant strain rates at 0.0013 and 0.013/s, and variable strain rate profiles: increasing and decreasing profiles), and several temperature levels (ambient up to 260 °C). Additional warm hydroforming experiments were conducted using a closed-die set up to understand the forming limits of AA5754. The results from tensile and hydraulic bulge tests as well as closed-die hydroforming experiments suggested that, in general, formability of AA5754 can be significantly improved with slow forming rates (<0.02/s), high forming temperature (>200 °C), and biaxial loading (hydroforming) that can delay strain localization (necking). However, the effect of forming rate did not reveal any significant gain in formability for temperatures below 200 °C. The effect of variable strain rate control was found to be significant only at elevated temperatures (>200 °C), where increasing strain rate resulted in lower formability and decreasing strain rate improved the maximum attainable dome height at temperatures above 200 °C. Finally, the material flow curves obtained from the tensile and bulge tests were shown to provide reasonably accurate predictions for cavity filling ratios (∼ 3–15% error) in finite element analyses.