bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the behaviour in the field of small grain obtained by premature harvesting
Authors: Hatcher E. S. J. , Purvis O. N. 
Published: March 2009

1. By premature harvesting, as early as 5 days after fertilization, dwarf grains are obtained which will germinate readily and produce normal plants, even though grain size may be only 10% that of fully developed grain. Such plants tend to attain the same final size as those from mature grain. This paper deals with the growth under field conditions of dwarf grain with regard to survival during the winter, and final yield.2. Pot cultures with vernalized winter and spring varieties of rye, wheat, and barley have shown that the high growth rate characteristic of dwarf grain is not confined to the vegetative phase of growth, but is also manifested after the ear has developed. The fact emerges that dwarf grain can be successfully vernalized.3. A field trial is described using three size classes of grain (mature, medium, dwarf) with mean grain weights of 33·93, 23·56 and 10·23 mg. respectively. These were sown (i) at sowing rates of 2 and 3 bushels per acre, and (ii) at uniform spacings of approximately 200 and 300 grains per 9 ft. row. A subsidiary experiment with spacing of 1 ft. was also carried out.4. All classes of grain germinated well and survival during the winter was uniformly high in the equally spaced plots; with the close spacing of the dwarf grain at 2 and 3 bushels per acre (plots 11 and 12) percentage survival was somewhat reduced.5. The effect of grain size and spacing on time of flowering was negligible.
Seed disinfection: IV. Loss of vitality during storage of grain treated with organo-mercury seed disinfectants
Authors: Brett C. C. , Weston W. A. R. Dillon 
Published: March 2009

Failures of cereal crops are occasionally reported, the seed having been dressed with an organo-mercury seed disinfectant and the failures attributed to the dressing. It should be noted, however, that prior to the introduction of the organo-mercury seed dressings similar crop failures had often been recorded, and in many cases failure had been attributed to the dressing which had been applied, or alternatively, to the conditions under which the treated grain had been stored.Reduced germination during storage is common to all agricultural and horticultural seeds, but although the interaction of the factors involved is complex it is generally recognized that for satisfactory germination to be maintained over the maximum period of storage the following conditions should be observed:(1) The seed should be of relatively high initial germination.(2) The moisture content of the seed should approximate to the average for that kind.(3) Storage temperature and humidity should both be relatively low and not subject to wide fluctuation.(4) Ventilation should be adequate.
Readily soluble manganese of soils and Marsh Spot of peas
Authors: Heintze S. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. From an examination of thirty-five soil samples collected in Furneaux & Glasscock's survey of pea soils of the Romney Marsh area of Kent it was shown that the Marsh Spot disease of peas is more closely related to soil reaction than to soil series or soil texture. The disease was not found on any acid soil but was present on most of the alkaline soils.2. Most of the Romney Marsh soils contained appreciable amounts of free oxides of manganese and of salt-soluble manganese. The soils with Marsh Spot contained less salt-soluble manganese than those on which peas were free from the disease, but this relation depended essentially on the contrast between acid and alkaline soils. Within the alkaline group of Romney Marsh soils, however, analyses for salt-soluble manganese did not always distinguish between contrasted soils; three of the five alkaline soils on which peas were free from the defect were low in salt-soluble manganese.3. A single extraction with normal calcium nitrate proved as effective as Steenbjerg's series of leachings with normal magnesium nitrate in characterizing the soils. Dilute acids dissolved more manganese than salt solutions. Citric acid gave higher results through reducing the oxides of manganese. The acid-soluble manganese was not related to the occurrence of Marsh Spot.4. Soils on which oats suffered from Grey Speck disease and sugar beet from “Speckled Yellows” contained little or no salt-soluble manganese. Applications of manganese sulphate, which controlled the diseases in the field, appreciably increased the salt-soluble manganese in the soils.5. Peas grown in pot cultures in manganese-deficient soils and in a sand-bentonite mixture developed Marsh Spot. Addition of manganese sulphate increased the manganese content of the seeds, especially in sand-bentonite, and controlled the disease.
Studies in soil cultivation: VIII. The influence of the seed bed on crop growth
Authors: Russell E. W. , Mehta N. P. 
Published: March 2009

The main conclusions that can be drawn from these field experiments to compare the effect of different methods of preparing the seed bed on the crop's growth are:(1) Crops germinate faster on the looser seed bed prepared by a Rototiller than on the more compact ones prepared by a plough or a grubber. The total number of plants that germinate is, however, the same for all treatments unless the land is too foul with weeds, when higher germination is obtained on the cleaner plots.(2) Cereals tend to ripen a little sooner on land that has been ploughed than on land that has been either rototilled or grubbed, but in most years this effect if present is very small.(3) The shape and the weight of the mangold root seems to depend on the seed bed. The roots were longest and thinnest on the deep-ploughed plots and were always squatter on the shallow-tilled than on the deep-tilled plots. The roots were heaviest on the deep-ploughed plots and lightest on the rototilled plots. On the rototilled and the grubbed plots the depth of tillage had no effect. The plants on the shallow-grubbed plots seemed, however, to have no reserve of strength, for they could not make better growth if given more room, while those on the deep-grubbed plots could make some use and those on the ploughed or rototilled plots appreciable use of extra space.(4) Weeds tend to accumulate on the rototilled and the grubbed plots since neither grubbers nor rotary cultivators carrying tines mounted on a horizontal shaft can bury weeds and weed seeds in the way that the plough can. If the land is fairly clean and in good heart this probably does not matter for several years, but it prevents either of these from completely displacing the plough.(5) A subsidiary result that emerged from these experiments is that if a thin crop is given a nitrogenous top dressing, the fertilizer may benefit the weeds more than the crop.
The nature and variability of the carcass characters of Danish and English bacon pigs
Authors: McMeekan C. P. 
Published: March 2009

1. The quality status of Danish and English Wiltshire bacon sides representative of the highest grades produced at the present time has been investigated by the use of carcass measurements. The data resulting provide “standards” for practical guidance in stock improvement work on bacon pigs, and for the evaluation of experimental treatments involving bacon quality.2. The variability of the respective characters has been compared by means of the coefficient of variation of each. The results indicate that while selection on a basis of “external characters” and of such internal characters, as are readily measurable, leads to marked uniformity in respect of these characters, it does not necessarily involve similar uniformity in respect of important “internal characters” which are not taken into account in either stock selection or commercial grading practices.3. External characters thus do not provide a reliable indication of the internal quality status of the bacon pig, and since it is the latter which largely governs the cutting value of the side, concentration upon addition to the former is desirable if still further improvement in the quality of the bacon pig is desired.4. Variability appears to be affected also by the rate of development of the character concerned; late developing characters in general tend to be more variable than early.5. The intimate association between nutrition and the rate of development of the various parts and tissues of the pig provides a method of control in addition to that of selection.
Performance of two strains of laying fowl fed on diets containing field beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Wilson B. J. , Teague P. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFifteen hundred Thornber 808 and 909 female chicks were reared for 126 days from day-old on conventional diets or on diets with 200 g field beans/kg. From 127 to 490 days they were offered a control diet or diets with 100 or 200 g field beans/kg. When the diets fed from 127 to 490 days contained 0 or 200 g field beans/kg their food intakes were 45·4 and 44·6 kg/bird and they laid 235 and 233 eggs, respectively. The differences were not significant. Efficiency of food conversion to egg mass was significantly reduced from 0·310 to 0·303 when beans were increased from 100 to 200 g/kg of diet and mean egg weight was significantly reduced from 58·9 to 57·6 g when beans were included at 200 g/kg of diet in the 127- to 490-day period.
Investigations on certain toxic substances obtained from the wheat plant which inhibit the germination of the uredospores of various wheat rusts
Authors: Parker-Rhodes A. F. 
Published: March 2009

A method is described whereby solutions can be obtained from wheat leaves which are toxic to the spores of rusts. Precautions designed to minimize unknown variable factors affecting the activity of the solutions are described.It was found that the uredospores used germinated better in extracts from Little Joss wheat infected with Tilletia tritici than in that from healthy plants, this being correlated with the relative susceptibility of the two kinds of plant under field conditions. On the other hand, no correlation was obtained as between four different varieties tested in the healthy state.A method is described, by which solutions are obtained in which enzymic activity in the course of preparation is reduced to a minimum. It is found that solutions prepared in this way are non-toxic, if obtained from healthy living leaves, though present in decaying leaves. It is deduced that the toxic substances studied are formed in the course of autolysis.It is found that, using the second method of preparation, solutions obtained from rusted leaves are toxic. An experiment is described in which modifications of the degree to which such toxins are produced by a given amount of rust infection are brought about by different nutritional treatments, excess of potassium and deficiency of minor elements being conducive to the production of toxins.Experiments are described which demonstrate that the toxins produced by infection with Puccinia glumarum are toxic only to spores of that species, and not to those of P. triticina, and vice versa.
Nutrition of the bacon pig: IV. The influence on growth, conformation and carcass quality of including meat meals of widely-differing fat content in the rations of bacon pigs
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

The amount of oil in the diet and its degree of unsaturation are known to exert an important effect on the nature of the fat deposited in the body of the growing pig, foods of high oil content tending to give rise to bacon carcasses containing fat of an undesirably soft and unsaturated character. For this reason, authorities on pig nutrition are agreed on the desirability of excluding from the dietary of the bacon pig all foods containing more than a small percentage of oil. It has been stated that, in order to avoid the danger of producing carcasses with soft fat, the meal ration of the fattening pig should be made up so as to contain no more than about 3% of oil.This prejudice against the use of feeding stuffs rich in oil has been transferred, somewhat unquestioningly perhaps, to feeding stuffs rich in fat. Feeding meat meal, for example, contains normally from 8 to 10 % of fat, and manufacturers complain of the difficulty of securing sales of this product for pig-feeding on account of the view generally held that its high fat content would occasion the production of soft fat in the resultant bacon or a carcass with an excessive amount of fat. To meet this prejudice, therefore, the meat meal as ordinarily produced is frequently submitted to a process of de-greasing with petroleum benzine at about 200° F. so as to give a meat meal containing about 3% of fat. This procedure, however, not only adds to the cost of the manufacture of meat meal, but may actually lead to a distinct lowering of the digestibility of the product (Woodman & Evans, 1937).
The influence of manurial treatment on the carotene content of poor pasture grass, and on the relationship of this constituent to the ash and organic Fractions
Authors: Moon F. E. 
Published: March 2009

Sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, applied at monthly intervals, produced increases in the carotene content of poor pasture grass amounting to 28%. Sulphate of potash, also applied monthly, produced an increase of 6·2%. A single dressing of carbonate of lime, which was sufficient to satisfy the lime requirement of the soil, produced no effect on carotene content, whilst monthly dressings of superphosphate also had no influence except in the month of June, when an increase of 14·5% was produced. All five manurial treatments significantly increased the yields of dry matter and carotene.Carotene contents were very low during the drought experienced in April and May 1938, increased significantly in June, and showed very marked and highly significant increases in the autumn months.Ash content was increased by the three non-nitrogenous manures, and protein content by nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia and superphosphate. Ether extract was increased by superphosphate and sulphate of ammonia, whilst nitrogen-free extract was decreased under all manurial treatments except carbonate of lime. None of the five artificial fertilizers had any effect on the mean fibre content of the grass, although various significant differences were observed on certain sampling occasions. Normal seasonal variations occurred in the percentages of ash and organic constituents.Correlations of carotene with crude protein, fibre, nitrogen-free extract and ash have been computed for each manurial treatment and several significant differences have been observed. The physiological significance of these correlations has been briefly discussed.
The genesis and development of two profiles of a drift soil in the north-East of Scotland. (With Two Text-figures.)
Authors: Stewart A. B. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. Two profiles of a drift soil at Craibstone, Aberdeenshire, have been examined in the field and in the laboratory. Both profiles have been derived from parent material of the same geological origin—a somewhat gravelly drift consisting of the granitic and metamorphic rocks of the district. One of the profiles was taken in uncultivated land and the other from arable land in the same area.2. The chief results obtained in the present investigation may be summarised as follows:
A Statistical examination of the yield of mangolds from Barnfield at Rothamsted. (With Six Text-figures.)
Authors: Kalamkar R. J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. Series of yields (root weight) of twenty-five plots of Barnfield mangold field are analysed into components representing (a) deterioration, (b) slow changes other than steady deterioration, (c) annual fluctuations. The two first of these components are exhibited graphically from 1876 to 1930.2. Yields are well maintained on the dunged strip, except for the last few years. This falling off does not appear in the other strips, and may be due to a falling off in the quality of the farmyard manure in the last five years.3. On the strip receiving farmyard manure and on that receiving superphosphate the plots receiving nitrate of soda yielded more highly than any others; on the strips receiving complete minerals, and on that receiving superphosphate and potash, the two plots receiving rape cake in one case, and sulphate of ammonia and rape cake in the other, gave higher yields than nitrate of soda; on the strip receiving no minerals the result is intermediate, there being little to choose between these three plots. On all strips sulphate of ammonia is the least satisfactory of the four nitrogenous dressings tested.
Investigations into the Intensive System of Grassland Management. By the Agricultural Research Staff of Imperial Chemical Industries, Limited. IX. The Digestibility of Artificially Dried Hay
Authors: Watson S. J. , Ferguson W. S. 
Published: March 2009

Hay of excellent quality and high digestibility has been made by a process of artificial drying in which a current of warm air is blown through the grass in a stack. The air is heated by a system of hot-water pipes round which the stack is built.The resultant product was of much greater feeding value than good meadow hay or seeds hay and was made at a season of the year when hay-making conditions were poor.The economics of the process have not been worked out.
Studies on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in the Soil. V. The Origin of the Humic Matter of the Soil. (With Three Text-figures.)
Authors: Page H. J. 
Published: March 2009

The results so far recorded in this series of investigations are discussed in their bearing on the hypothesis according to which the humic matter of soil is derived from lignin.This hypothesis is supported, but since the artificial product prepared from lignin is nitrogen-free, whereas the natural product contains nitrogen, further progress in the elucidation of the nature and origin of humic matter is dependent on a study of the part played by nitrogen in the formation of humic matter, and the form in which it occurs.
Response of S1 maize varieties and varietal hybrids to altitude and environments in Cameroon
Authors: Ayuk-Takem J. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYS1 maize varieties and varietal hybrids were tested in six locations ranging in altitude from 236 to 1600 m in Cameroon. The grain yields of highland varieties were observed to increase with each increase in altitude while the yields of the lowland varieties decreased with increasing altitude.The highland × lowland S1 varietal crosses yielded the same as the lowland parental varieties in highland areas and better than highland parental varieties in lowland areas.Average yields of all varieties per location increased by about 1·1 t/km increase in altitude. Eberhart & Russell's (1966) stability method found no stable variety while Francis & Kannenberg's (1978) genotype-grouping technique found five highland × lowland crosses to be relatively stable.Number of days from planting to tasselling increased with increasing altitude by about 20 days/km increase in altitude. Highland and lowland varieties performed poorly outside their zones of adaptation because of high incidence of foliar diseases like leaf blights and rusts.
Genetic control of the nuda character complex in the genus Avena
Authors: Atiyya H. S. , Williams Watkin 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe inheritance of the units of the character complex which differentiates Avena nuda from Avena sativa was studied in F1 hybrids and in the F2 generation derived from inter-crossing five cultivars of A. saliva with four cultivars of A. nuda. The 14 derived F1 hybrids could be classified into four types depending on the level of dominance of the sativa or nuda character expression. Type-I hybrids involving the cultivar Milford as parent showed a high level of dominance of the sativa-type expression, whereas the F1 hybrid from the cross, Condor × China, type IV, had the character expression typical of the A. nuda parent. Segregation in the F2 generation indicated that the entire character complex was under the control of a major gene, and supported the suggestion from previous work that modifying genes interact with the major gene to alter the expression of the homozygous nuda genotype towards the heterozygous phenotypeHomozygous nuda and heterozygous genotypes were shown to exhibit a gradient in the expression of the nuda character complex from the apex to the base of the panicle, the nuda-type characters being most pronounced in the apical spikelets. It is suggested that the variation of character expression within single panicles of homozygous nuda and heterozygous genotypes indicates the operation of an inhibitor-type gene action rather than a mutation to loss of function.
Enhancement of the efficiency of some insecticides against thrips and cotton leafworm by mineral oils
Authors: Moustafa Omayma K. , El Attal Z. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out to study the effect of a highly purified paraffinic oil on the efficiency of some insecticidal sprays used for the control of thrips and cotton leafworm. The results show that the oil used separately at the rate of 7·51/ha significantly reduced the population of thrips, but oil-insecticide combinations were superior to oil or insecticides applied alone. The mineral oil increased the efficiency of candidate insecticides against both thrips and cotton leafworm two-fold or more.
Influence of sudden temperature changes on oxygen consumption and heart rate in chickens in light and dark environments
Authors: Kampen M. Van , Mitchell B. W. , Siegel H. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySeven-week-old White Rock males were exposed to step-wise increases in ambient temperatures from 7·7 to 37·7 °C in light and dark environments. Heart rate decreased with increasing ambient temperature with a quadratic slope (P ≤ 0·0001). Heart rate was lower during the dark period than during the light period (P ≤ 0·06). There was a positive linear correlation between heart rate and oxygen consumption (γ = 0·997) for ambient temperatures from 7·7 to 37·7 °C.Body temperatures began to increase significantly when ambient temperature reached beyond 27·5 °C. The increases followed a quadratic slope (P ≤ 0·0001). Body temperatures during the light period were significantly higher than during the dark period (P ≤ 0·05).
The apparent digestibility of maize grain when given in various physical forms to adult sheep and cattle
Authors: Wilson G. F. , Adeeb N. N. , Campling R. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA series of digestibility trials was conducted with non-lactating cows and adult castrated male sheep given diets of hay and dried or high-moisture maize grain in various physical forms. Sheep were able to digest all forms of maize well and to a greater extent than cows. In cows considerable variation in digestibility of maize was associated with the particle size of the maize and the individual animal. Maximum digestibility of dried maize in cows ensued when the modulus of fineness lay within the range 4·7–3·0 and with high moisture maize from 5·4 to 5·1. A study was made of the effect of particle size on the rate of digestion of maize suspended in nylon bags in the rumen. Evidence was presented showing the importance of rumination in ensuring the digestion of intact kernels. Possible causes of differences between cows in their ability to digest intact maize kernels are discussed.