bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Core Histones H2B and H4 Are Mobilized during Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus 1
Authors: Conn Kristen L. , Hendzel Michael J. , Schang Luis M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
The infecting genomes of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are assembled into unstable nucleosomes soon after nuclear entry. The source of the histones that bind to these genomes has yet to be addressed. However, infection inhibits histone synthesis. The histones that bind to HSV-1 genomes are therefore most likely those previously bound in cellular chromatin. In order for preexisting cellular histones to associate with HSV-1 genomes, however, they must first disassociate from cellular chromatin. Consistently, we have shown that linker histones are mobilized during HSV-1 infection. Chromatinization of HSV-1 genomes would also require the association of core histones. We therefore evaluated the mobility of the core histones H2B and H4 as measures of the mobilization of H2A-H2B dimers and the more stable H3-H4 core tetramer. H2B and H4 were mobilized during infection. Their mobilization increased the levels of H2B and H4 in the free pools and decreased the rate of H2B fast chromatin exchange. The histones in the free pools would then be available to bind to HSV-1 genomes. The mobilization of H2B occurred independently from HSV-1 protein expression or DNA replication although expression of HSV-1 immediate-early (IE) or early (E) proteins enhanced it. The mobilization of core histones H2B and H4 supports a model in which the histones that associate with HSV-1 genomes are those that were previously bound in cellular chromatin. Moreover, this mobilization is consistent with the assembly of H2A-H2B and H3-H4 dimers into unstable nucleosomes with HSV-1 genomes.
Genome-Wide Association Study among Four Horse Breeds Identifies a Common Haplotype Associated with
In Vitro
CD3
+
T Cell Susceptibility/Resistance to Equine Arteritis Virus Infection
Authors: Go Yun Young , Bailey Ernest , Cook Deborah G. , Coleman Stephen J. , MacLeod James N. , Chen Kuey-Chu , Timoney Peter J. , Balasuriya Udeni B. R. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Previously, we have shown that horses could be divided into susceptible and resistant groups based on an
in vitro
assay using dual-color flow cytometric analysis of CD3
+
T cells infected with equine arteritis virus (EAV). Here, we demonstrate that the differences in
in vitro
susceptibility of equine CD3
+
T lymphocytes to EAV infection have a genetic basis. To investigate the possible hereditary basis for this trait, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to compare susceptible and resistant phenotypes. Testing of 267 DNA samples from four horse breeds that had a susceptible or a resistant CD3
+
T lymphocyte phenotype using both Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip and Sequenom's MassARRAY system identified a common, genetically dominant haplotype associated with the susceptible phenotype in a region of equine chromosome 11 (ECA11), positions 49572804 to 49643932. The presence of a common haplotype indicates that the trait occurred in a common ancestor of all four breeds, suggesting that it may be segregated among other modern horse breeds. Biological pathway analysis revealed several cellular genes within this region of ECA11 encoding proteins associated with virus attachment and entry, cytoskeletal organization, and NF-κB pathways that may be associated with the trait responsible for the
in vitro
susceptibility/resistance of CD3
+
T lymphocytes to EAV infection. The data presented in this study demonstrated a strong association of genetic markers with the trait, representing
de facto
proof that the trait is under genetic control. To our knowledge, this is the first GWAS of an equine infectious disease and the first GWAS of equine viral arteritis.
Surrogate outcomes are associated with low methodological quality of studies of rheumatoid arthritis treated with antitumour necrosis factor agents: a systematic review
Authors: Nobre Moacyr Roberto Cuce , da Costa Frnanda Marques 
Published: October 2011

BackgroundSurrogate endpoints may be used as substitutes for, but often do not predict clinically relevant events.ObjectiveTo assess the methodological quality of articles that present their conclusions based on clinically relevant or surrogate outcomes in a systematic review of randomised trials and cohort studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with antitumour necrosis factor (TNF) agents.MethodsPubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched. The Jadad score, the percentage of Consolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement items adequately reported and levels-of-evidence (Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Oxford) were used in a descriptive synthesis.ResultsAmong 88 articles appraised, 27 had surrogate endpoints, mainly radiographic, and 44 were duplicate publications; 74% of articles with surrogate and 39% of articles with clinical endpoints (p=0.006). Fewer articles with surrogate endpoints represented a high level of evidence (Level 1b, 33% vs 62%, p=0.037) and the mean percentage of CONSORT statement items met was also lower for articles with surrogate endpoints (62.5 vs 70.7, p=0.026). Although fewer articles with surrogate endpoints were randomised trials (63% vs 74%, p=0.307) and articles with surrogate endpoints had lower Jadad scores (3.0 vs 3.2, p=0.538), these differences were not statistically significant.ConclusionStudies of anti-TNF agents that report surrogate outcomes are of lesser methodological quality. As such, inclusion of such studies in evidence syntheses may bias results.
Palaeomagnetic and AMS study of the Tarfaya coastal basin, Morocco: an early Turonian palaeopole for the African plate
Authors: Ruiz-Martínez Vicente Carlos , Palencia-Ortas Alicia , Villalaín Juan José , McIntosh Gregg , Martín-Hernández Fátima 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

An early Turonian (
c.
93 Ma) anoxic, cyclic marine deposition is registered in the unfolded outcrops from the Tarfaya coastal basin, where very high sedimentation rates enable the investigation of past geomagnetic field record at high temporal resolution. One hundred and fourteen samples have been sampled along a 10.5 m vertical profile (
c.
200–500 ka) of orbital-scale forced sedimentation. Rock magnetic investigations reveal mineralogy principally controlled by diamagnetic and paramagnetic behaviour, along with very low concentrations of low-coercivity ferromagnetic material which is probably magnetite. A well-defined magnetic fabric can be seen with the minimum susceptibility axis perpendicular to the foliation plane, and magnetic lineation compatible with NW African palaeostress since sedimentation times and/or the palaeocurrent associated with upwelling system deposition. Magnetic signature has the potential for performing reliability checks of reversed tiny wiggles, which were found in four samples not considered for the tectonic analysis. Alternating field demagnetization shows a single, stable, low-coercivity directional component. The new palaeopole (
N
=88; PLat=64.3°, PLon=256.3°, A
95
=2.5°;
K
=38.7), obtained after moderate (
f
=0.8) inclination flattening correction, is the first early Turonian palaeopole for the NW African Craton. It can contribute to the 90 Ma-centred sliding window of the different proposed synthetic Apparent Polar Wander Paths.
The relations between felsic and mafic volcanic rocks in continental flood basalts of Ethiopia: implication for the thermal weakening of the crust
Authors: Ayalew Dereje 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Sr and Nd isotopic compositions are presented for a Miocene bimodal basalt–rhyolite suite from north Shewa, central Ethiopian plateau. Whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron of the rhyolites yields an age of 20.7±2.4 Ma, marking the onset of volcanism in central Ethiopia
c.
20 Ma, 10 Ma after initial magmatism in the northern Ethiopian plateau. Initial
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios slightly vary in the basalts as well as in the rhyolites, ranging from 0.70440 to 0.70641 and from 0.70563 to 0.70658, respectively. Initial
143
Nd/
144
Nd ratios show significant variations in the basalts (0.51248–0.51274), but remain nearly constant in the rhyolites (0.51273–0.51278). The Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of the basalts are interpreted to reflect their derivation from Afar plume contaminated by crustal materials (up to 15% contamination). The rhyolites evolved dominantly by fractional crystallization of mantle-derived basaltic magmas similar in composition to the exposed flood basalts.
Geochemistry of 24 Ma basalts from NE Egypt: source components and fractionation history
Authors: Endress Chira , Furman Tanya , El-Rus Mohamed Ali Abu , Hanan Barry B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Subalkaline basalts from NE Egypt represent an episode of magmatism at
c
. 24 Ma, coincident with widespread eruptive activity in northern Africa. New geochemical data provide insight into the mineralogical and isotopic characteristics of the underlying mantle. The basalts show little geochemical variation, with incompatible trace element abundances similar to those of ocean island basalts. They display fairly smooth primitive mantle-normalized incompatible trace element patterns. Trace element abundances and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic signatures are consistent with contributions from two distinct source regions, one similar to the Afar plume and the other located within the metasomatized spinel-facies subcontinental lithosphere. Mixing of melts from these two domains was followed by minor crustal contamination during prolonged ascent or emplacement. Integrating the geochemical data with available tomographic information allows us to develop a framework for understanding mid-Tertiary magmatic activity throughout northern Africa. A model for this widespread volcanism involves ascent of upwelling mantle derived from the margins of the South African Superplume rooted at the core–mantle boundary and/or through small-scale convection at the 660 km discontinuity. Ascent of magmas to the surface was facilitated by pre-existing structures within the lithosphere, including those associated with incipient rifting of the Red Sea.

Supplementary material:

Mineral chemistry data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18483
.
The Mid-Miocene East African Plateau: a pre-rift topographic model inferred from the emplacement of the phonolitic Yatta lava flow, Kenya
Authors: Wichura Henry , Bousquet Romain , Oberhänsli Roland , Strecker Manfred R. , Trauth Martin H. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

High topography in the realm of the rifted East African Plateau is commonly explained by two different mechanisms: (1) rift-flank uplift resulting from mechanical and/or isostatic relaxation and (2) lithospheric uplift due to the impingement of a mantle plume. High topography in East Africa has far-reaching effects on atmospheric circulation systems and the amount and distribution of rainfall in this region. While the climatic and palaeoenvironmental influences of high topography in East Africa are widely accepted, the timing, the magnitude and this spatiotemporal characteristic of changes in topography have remained unclear. This dilemma stems from the lack of datable, geomorphically meaningful reference horizons that could unambiguously record surface uplift. Here, we report on the formation of high topography in East Africa prior to Cenozoic rifting. We infer topographic uplift of the East African Plateau based on the emplacement characteristics of the
c.
300 km long and 13.5 Ma Yatta phonolitic lava flow along a former river valley that drained high topography, centred at the present-day rift. The lava flow followed an old riverbed that once routed runoff away from the eastern flank of the plateau. Using a compositional and temperature-dependent viscosity model with subsequent cooling and adjusting for the Yatta lava-flow dimensions and the covered palaeotopography (slope angle), we use the flow as a ‘palaeo-tiltmeter’. Based on these observations and our modelling results, we determine a palaeoslope of the Kenya dome of at least 0.2° prior to rifting and deduce a minimum plateau elevation of 1400 m. We propose that this high topography was caused by thermal expansion of the lithosphere interacting with a heat source generated by a mantle plume. Interestingly, the inferred Mid-Miocene uplift coincides with fundamental palaeoecological changes including the two-step expansion of grasslands in East Africa as well as important radiation and speciation events in tropical Africa.
Recent tectonics of Tripolitania, Libya: an intraplate record of Mediterranean subduction
Authors: Capitanio F. A. , Faccenna C. , Funiciello R. , Salvini F. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

High-energy seismicity is historically recorded in Tripolitania, Libya suggesting that this area, far from Mediterranean convergent margin, is currently deforming. How this deformation relates to surrounding tectonics of the Africa-Europe convergence is still poorly known. Here, we use remote sensing image analysis and structural survey to show the recent deformation history that affected Tripolitania and reactivated the western bordering structures of Sirte Basin. This tectonic regime onset long after the Paleocene–Oligocene deformation correlated to the Hellenic subduction evolution (Libyan tectonics have been quiescent since then) and is compatible with age and trends of the Sicily Channel rift zone, a deformational belt that developed across the Maghrebian chain. We show that the continuity of this belt reaches farther than that previously acknowledged, as far as
c.
1400 km from the collisional front. We speculate on the causes of deformation in this remote area, suggesting that the extensional belt formed in response to the strong slab-pull gradients at the central Mediterranean subduction margin which followed the progressive closure of the oceanic basin.
The enigmatic Chad lineament revisited with global gravity and gravity-gradient fields
Authors: Braitenberg Carla , Mariani Patrizia , Ebbing Jörg , Sprlak Michal 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The crustal structure of northern Africa is puzzling, large areas being of difficult access and concealed by the Sahara. The new global gravity models are of unprecedented precision and spatial resolution and offer a new possibility to reveal the structure of the lithosphere beneath the Sahara. The gravity gradients correlate better than gravity with geological features such as rifts, fold belts and magmatic deposits and intrusions. They are an ideal tool to follow geological units (e.g. basement units) below a stratigraphic layer of varying density (e.g. sediments). We focus on the Chad lineament, a 1300 km arcuate feature located between the west and central African rift system. The gravity fields show differences between the lineament and the west and central African rift system. Along the centre of the lineament high-density rocks must be present, which relate to either magmatic or metamorphic rocks. This is very different to the lineaments of the western and central-west African rift system which are filled with sediments. Considering present models of rifting and the absence of topography, the lineament cannot be coeval to the west and central African rift system and is most likely older. We suggest that the lineament is a structural element of the Saharan Metacraton.
New Palaeoproterozoic palaeomagnetic data from the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa
Authors: Letts Shawn , Torsvik Trond H. , Webb Susan J. , Ashwal Lewis D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Palaeomagnetic data from the well-dated 2060.6±0.5 Ma Phalaborwa Complex in South Africa (Kaapvaal Craton) are of excellent quality. High unblocking components are carried by magnetite and single polarity remanence directions (mean declination 5.0°, inclination 57.3°,
α
95
= 5.2°) yield a palaeomagnetic pole (latitude 27.7°N, longitude 35.8°E, A95 = 6.6°) that overlaps with existing poles from the near coeval 2054.4±1.3 Ma Bushveld Complex. The Phalaborwa and Bushveld complex poles, along with poles from the well-dated Vredefort impact (2023±4 Ma) and Post-Waterberg Dolerites (1874.6±3.9 Ma), define the most reliable poles for the Kaapvaal Craton during this time interval (
c.
2060–1875 Ma) and witness low rates of Mid-Palaeoproterozoic apparent polar wander. Poorly dated NE–NNE-trending dyke swarms that intrude the Phalaborwa and Bushveld complexes both yield dual-polarity remanence components that share a common mean at the 95% confidence level. Primary palaeomagnetic poles (Phalaborwa dykes pole latitude 7.6°, longitude 12.1°, A95 = 11.8°; Bushveld dykes pole latitude 12.6°, longitude 24.1°, A95 = 10.8°) suggest that they are of the same age as the Post-Waterberg dolerites (
c.
1875 Ma). They could also be as old as the Phalaborwa and Bushveld Complexes, however; high-precision geochronology is required to resolve this issue and to enlarge the number of Palaeoproterozoic key poles for the Kaapvaal Craton.
Polyphase Neoproterozoic orogenesis within the East Africa–Antarctica Orogenic Belt in central and northern Madagascar
Authors: Key R. M. , Pitfield P. E. J. , Thomas R. J. , Goodenough K. M. , De Waele B. , Schofield D. I. , Bauer W. , Horstwood M. S. A. , Styles M. T. , Conrad J. , Encarnacion J. , Lidke D. J. , O'Connor E. A. , Potter C. , Smith R. A. , Walsh G. J. , Ralison A. V. , Randriamananjara T. , Rafahatelo J.-M. , Rabarimanana M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Our recent geological survey of the basement of central and northern Madagascar allowed us to re-evaluate the evolution of this part of the East Africa–Antarctica Orogen (EAAO). Five crustal domains are recognized, characterized by distinctive lithologies and histories of sedimentation, magmatism, deformation and metamorphism, and separated by tectonic and/or unconformable contacts. Four consist largely of Archaean metamorphic rocks (Antongil, Masora and Antananarivo Cratons, Tsaratanana Complex). The fifth (Bemarivo Belt) comprises Proterozoic meta-igneous rocks. The older rocks were intruded by plutonic suites at
c.
1000 Ma, 820–760 Ma, 630–595 Ma and 560–520 Ma. The evolution of the four Archaean domains and their boundaries remains contentious, with two end-member interpretations evaluated: (1) all five crustal domains are separate tectonic elements, juxtaposed along Neoproterozoic sutures and (2) the four Archaean domains are segments of an older Archaean craton, which was sutured against the Bemarivo Belt in the Neoproterozoic. Rodinia fragmented during the early Neoproterozoic with intracratonic rifts that sometimes developed into oceanic basins. Subsequent Mid-Neoproterozoic collision of smaller cratonic blocks was followed by renewed extension and magmatism. The global ‘Terminal Pan-African’ event (560–490 Ma) finally stitched together the Mid-Neoproterozoic cratons to form Gondwana.
Pirh2, a Ubiquitin E3 Ligase, Inhibits p73 Transcriptional Activity by Promoting Its Ubiquitination
Authors: Wu Hong , Abou Zeinab Rami , Flores Elsa R. , Leng Roger P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
p73, a homolog of the tumor suppressor p53, transactivates many p53 target genes, leading to apoptosis or cell-cycle arrest. p73 has recently been reported to play an important role in tumor suppression in a mouse model. Here, we show that Pirh2 physically interacted with p73 and downregulated p73 function through its E3 ligase activity. Pirh2 promoted p73 ubiquitination in vivo and in vitro. Intriguingly, Pirh2 primarily used K63-linked chains to ubiquitinate p73 in vitro, but in vivo, Pirh2 utilized K11-, K29-, K48-, and K63-linked chains to promote p73 ubiquitination. Depletion of Pirh2 by siRNA significantly reduced the ubiquitination of p73 in p53 null cells. Ectopic expression of Pirh2 repressed p73-dependent transcriptional activity, but the levels of p73 were not decreased. We consistently showed that ablation of endogenous Pirh2 restored p73-mediated transactivational activity. We found that Pirh2 repressed p73 transcriptional activity by directly inhibiting the p73 transcript, and p73 repression by Pirh2 was required for p73-dependent transcriptional activity and G1 arrest but not for apoptosis. This study provides evidence that the ubiquitination of p73 mediated by Pirh2 represents an important pathway for controlling the suppressive function of p73. Furthermore, the data suggest a link between the transcriptional activity of p73 and its ubiquitination. Mol Cancer Res; 9(12); 1780–90. ©2011 AACR.
Perceived risks around choice and decision making at end-of-life: A literature review
Authors: Wilson F , Gott M , Ingleton C 
Published: October 2011

Background: the World Health Organization identifies meeting patient choice for care as central to effective palliative care delivery. Little is known about how choice, which implies an objective balancing of options and risks, is understood and enacted through decision making at end-of-life. Aim: to explore how perceptions of ‘risk’ may inform decision-making processes at end-of-life. Design: an integrative literature review was conducted between January and February 2010. Papers were reviewed using Hawker et al.’s criteria and evaluated according to clarity of methods, analysis and evidence of ethical consideration. All literature was retained as background data, but given the significant international heterogeneity the final analysis specifically focused on the UK context. Data source: the databases Medline, PsycINFO, Assia, British Nursing Index, High Wire Press and CINAHL were explored using the search terms decision*, risk, anxiety, hospice and palliative care, end-of-life care and publication date of 1998–2010. Results: thematic analysis of 25 papers suggests that decision making at end-of-life is multifactorial, involving a balancing of risks related to caregiver support; service provider resources; health inequalities and access; challenges to information giving; and perceptions of self-identity. Overall there is a dissonance in understandings of choice and decision making between service providers and service users. Conclusion: the concept of risk acknowledges the factors that shape and constrain end-of-life choices. Recognition of perceived risks as a central factor in decision making would be of value in acknowledging and supporting meaningful decision making processes for patients with palliative care needs and their families.