bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relative Efficacy of Respirators and Room Ventilation in Preventing Occupational Tuberculosis
Authors: Fennelly Kevin P. , Nardell Edward A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectives:To evaluate the relative efficacy of personal respiratory protection as the concentrations of infectious aerosols increase or as room ventilation rates decrease.Methods:We modified the Wells-Riley mathematical model of airborne transmission of disease by adding a variable for respirator leakage. We modeled three categories of infectiousness using various room ventilation rates and classes of respirators over a 10-hour exposure period.Results:The risk of infection decreases exponentially with increasing room ventilation or with increasing personal respiratory protection. The relative efficacy of personal respiratory protection decreases as room ventilation rates increase or as the concentrations of infectious aerosols decrease.Conclusions:These modeling data suggest that the risk of occupational tuberculosis probably can be lowered considerably by using relatively simple respirators combined with modest room ventilation rates for the infectious aerosols likely to be present in isolation rooms of newly diagnosed patients. However, more sophisticated respirators may be needed to achieve a comparable risk reduction for exposures to more highly concentrated aerosols, such as may be generated during cough-inducing procedures or autopsies involving infectious patients. There is probably minimal benefit to the use of respirators in well-ventilated isolation rooms with patients receiving appropriate therapy
Hepatitis B Vaccination Coverage Among Healthcare Workers in Italy
Authors: Stroffolini Tommaso , Petrosillo Nicola , Ippolito Giuseppe , Lopalco Antonella , Sagliocca Luciano , Adamo Brunella , Iannotti Maria Pia , Simonetti Andrea , Bitti Pietro Ricci , Marzolini Antonella , Forastiere Francesco , Mele Alfonso 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 1996, the vaccination coverage against hepatitis B virus among 3,157 healthcare workers in Italy was inversely related to the level of hepatitis B virus endemicity in the area of residence. Youngest age and lowest years of employment were independent predictors of the likelihood of vaccine acceptance.
Risk of Infection Due to Central Venous Catheters: Effect of Site of Placement and Catheter Type
Authors: Goetz Angella M. , Wagener Marilyn M. , Miller Jean M. , Muder Robert R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOBJECTIVE:To determine the influence of catheter site and type (single- vs triple-lumen) on infection rates associated with central venous catheterization.DESIGN:Prospective observational study of all nontunneled central venous catheters over a 28-month period. Data collected included patient characteristics, insertion site, catheter type, and receipt of parenteral nutrition. End points were clinical infection (bacteremia or site infection) and catheter contamination (clinical infection or colonization with >15 colonies on semiquantitative culture).SETTING:Medical-surgical wards of Veterans' Affairs hospital.RESULTS:Three hundred catheters were inserted into 204 patients. Seventy percent were inserted into upper-body sites, and 30% were inserted into the femoral vein. Forty-five percent were triple-lumen catheters. Bacteremia occurred in 2.7% of catheter insertions; insertion-site infections developed in 1.3%, and catheter colonization developed in 12%. Catheter contamination was associated with emergent insertion (odds ratio [OR], 6.2; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.1-36.7; P=.04) by logistic regression and with femoral location (hazard, 4.2; CI95, 2.0-8.8; P=.0001) and history of transplantation (hazard, 2.8; CI95, 1.1-6.7; P=.024) by Cox regression. Clinical infection was not associated with any of the risk factors evaluated, although there was a trend for association with femoral location by Cox regression (hazard, 4.7; CI95, 0.82-26; P=.08). We did not identify an association between infection and use of triple-lumen catheters or parenteral nutrition.CONCLUSION:Our data support an association between intravenous catheter contamination and insertion at a femoral site.
Prevalence of Nosocomial Infections in General Hospitals in Belo Horizonte
Authors: Rezende Edna Maria , Couto Bráulio Roberto Gonçalves Marinho , Starling Carlos Ernesto Ferreira , Módena Celina Maria 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOBJECTIVE:To assess the magnitude of nosocomial infections (NI) in general hospitals of Belo Horizonte.DESIGN:Multicenter point-prevalence study of nosocomial infections.SETTING:All of the 11 general hospitals of Belo Horizonte that have more than 20 beds, from August 27 to October 5, 1992.RESULTS:Of the 2,339 patients surveyed, 267 patients had 328 nosocomial infections. The global prevalence rate of NI was 14.0%, ranging from 4.6% to 27.3% in the hospitals surveyed. The most prevalent infections were found to be pneumonia and surgical-wound infections, representing 19.5% and 19.2%, respectively, of the total infections. The highest prevalence rates of NI were observed in the cardiac surgery (31.9%), pediatric (27.2%), and orthopedic (20.7%) services. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, and Klebsiella species.CONCLUSION:The study allowed a thorough evaluation of the NI distribution profile in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and showed it to be a serious public health problem that requires interinstitutional efforts so that effective action can be taken.
Pseudo-outbreak of Tuberculosis in an Acute-Care General Hospital: Epidemiology and Clinical Implications
Authors: Cronin Wendy , Rodriguez Evelyn , Valway Sarah , Bur Sarah , Hooper Nancy , Smithwick Ronald , Butler W. Ray , Dwyer Diane 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTA 10-fold increase in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-positive specimens in one hospital laboratory prompted an investigation. Clinical and epidemiological data, along with M tuberculosis DNA fingerprinting results, indicated that laboratory contamination led to nine falsepositive M tuberculosis cultures. Pseudo-infection should be considered in patients with unusual tuberculosis presentations, negative acid-fast bacilli smears, and only one positive culture with a low colony count
Environmental Contamination With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in an Outpatient Setting
Authors: Smith Theresa L. , Iwen Peter C. , Olson Susan B. , Rupp Mark E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEleven cancer patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were followed as outpatients. Environmental cultures were obtained from clinic rooms before and after patient care. Environmental contamination occurred in 29% of encounters. Superficial disinfection did not eradicate contamination, although more thorough cleaning did. We conclude that environmental VRE contamination occurs in the outpatient setting. Infection control practices, similar to those used in the inpatient setting, may be necessary for outpatient clinics
Simplified Surveillance for Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Yokoe Deborah S. , Anderson Jane , Chambers Robert , Connor Maureen , Finberg Robert , Hopkins Cyrus , Lichtenberg Deborah , Marino Susan , McLaughlin Dorothy , O'Rourke Edward , Samore Matthew , Sands Kenneth , Strymish Judith , Tamplin Elise , Vallonde Nancy , Platt Richard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To compare a surveillance definition of nosocomial bloodstream infections requiring only microbiology data to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) current definition.Setting:Six teaching hospitals.Methods:We classified a representative sample of 73 positive blood cultures from six hospitals growing common skin contaminant isolates using a definition for bacteremia requiring only microbiology data and the CDC definition for primary bloodstream infection (National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance [NNIS] System review method). The classifications assigned during routine prospective surveillance also were noted, and the time required to classify isolates by the two methods was compared.Results:Among 65 blood cultures growing common skin contaminant isolates obtained from adults, the agreement rate between the microbiology data method and the NNIS review method was 91%. Agreement was significantly poorer for the eight blood cultures growing common skin contaminant isolates obtained from pediatric patients. The microbiology data method requires approximately 20 minutes less time per isolate than does routine surveillance.Conclusions:A definition based on microbiology data alone yields the same result as the CDC's definition in the large majority of instances. It is more resource-efficient than the CDC's current definition
Importance of the Surveillance Method: National Prevalence Studies on Nosocomial Infections and the Limits of Comparison
Authors: Gastmeier Petra , Kampf Günter , Wischnewski Nicoletta , Schumacher Martin , Daschner Franz , Rüden Henning 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To demonstrate the limits of comparison of national prevalence rates of nosocomial infections.Design and Setting:Critical analysis of prevalence rates and methods of the Nosocomial Infections in Germany (NIDEP) study and other prevalence surveys with particular attention to the selection of patients, the qualification and training of the investigators, and the methods of identifying nosocomial infections.Results:The lowest prevalence rate was found in Germany (3.5 %), the highest in Belgium (9.3 %). These differences may not be accurate, because variations in methods allow for differing explanations.Conclusions:Because of numerous methodological factors, comparison of infection rates between countries should be avoided. In contrast to other prevalence studies, the methodology of the German-NIDEP study permits registration of only certain infections, which is the main reason for the low rate.
Compatibility of ITER scenarios with full tungsten wall in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Gruber O. , Sips A.C.C. , Dux R. , Eich T. , Fuchs J.C. , Herrmann A. , Kallenbach A. , Maggi C.F. , Neu R. , Pütterich T. , Schweinzer J. , Stober J. 
Published: September 2009

The transition of ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) from a graphite device to a full tungsten device is demonstrated with a reduction by an order of magnitude in both the carbon deposition and deuterium retention. The tungsten source is dominated by sputtering from intrinsic light impurities, and the tungsten influxes from the outboard limiters are the main source for the plasma. In H-mode discharges, central heating (neutral beams, ECRH) is used to increase turbulent outward transport avoiding tungsten accumulation. ICRH can only be used after boronization as its application otherwise results in large W influxes due to light impurities accelerated by electrical fields at the ICRH antennas. ELMs are important in reducing the inward transport of tungsten in the H-mode edge barrier and are controlled by gas puffing. Even without boronization, stationary, ITER baseline H-modes (confinement enhancement factor from ITER 98(y, 2) scaling H
98 ∼ 1, normalized beta βN ∼ 2), with W concentrations below 3 × 10−5 were routinely achieved up to 1.2 MA plasma current.
The compatibility of high performance improved H-modes with unboronized W wall was demonstrated, achieving H
98 = 1.1 and βN up to 2.6 at modest triangularities δ ⩽ 0.3 as required for advanced scenarios in ITER. With boronization the light impurities and the radiated power fraction especially in the divertor were reduced and the divertor plasma was actively cooled by N2 seeding. N2 seeding does not only protect the divertor tiles but also considerably improves the performance of improved H-mode discharges. The energy confinement increased to H
98-factors of 1.25 (βN ∼ 2.7) and thereby exceeded the best values in a carbon-dominated AUG machine under similar conditions. Recent investigations show that this improvement is due to higher temperatures rather than to peaking of the electron density profile.
Further ITER discharge scenario tests include the demonstration of ECRF assisted low voltage plasma start-up and current rise to q
95 = 3 at toroidal electric fields below 0.3 V m−1, to achieve a ITER compatible range of plasma internal inductance of 0.71–0.97. The results reported here strongly support tungsten as a first wall material solution.
Clinical trial: oral ondansetron for reducing vomiting secondary to acute gastroenteritis in children – a double‐blind randomized study
Authors: YILMAZ H. L. , YILDIZDAS R. D. , SERTDEMIR Y. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  Vomiting as a consequence of gastroenteritis frequently occurs in children. It is still debatable whether vomiting should be treated with antiemetic drugs.Aim  To investigate potential beneficial effects of ondansetron in treating vomiting during acute gastroenteritis.Methods  A randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial was performed in our emergency departments. Children, aged 5 months to 8 years, were randomized to receive either ondansetron 0.2 mg/kg or placebo at 8h intervals. The primary outcome measure was the frequency of emesis during an 8‐h‐period after enrolment.Results  A hundred and nine patients were enrolled; 54 received placebo and 55 received ondansetron. As compared with the children who received placebo, children who received ondansetron were less likely to vomit both during the first 8‐h follow‐up in the emergency department [relative risk (RR): 0.33, 95% CI: 0.19–0.56, NNT: 2, 95% CI: 1.6–3.5], and during the next 24‐h follow‐up (RR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07–0.33, NNT: 2, 95% CI: 1.3–2.1).Conclusion  Ondansetron may be an effective and efficient treatment that reduces the incidence of vomiting from gastroenteritis during both the first 8 h and the next 24 h, and is probably a useful adjunct to oral rehydration.
Systematic review: the effects of conservative and surgical treatment for obesity on gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: DE GROOT N. L. , BURGERHART J. S. , VAN DE MEEBERG P. C. , DE VRIES D. R. , SMOUT A. J. P. M. , SIERSEMA P. D. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  Incidence rates of both obesity and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are increasing, particularly in the Western world. It has been suggested that GERD symptoms may be improved by weight reduction.Aim  To review the literature on the effect of various weight reducing modalities on manifestations of GERD in obese patients.Methods  A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library, combining the words obesity and gastro‐oesophageal reflux with bariatric surgery, diet, lifestyle intervention and weight loss.Results  With regard to diet/lifestyle intervention (conservative), four of seven studies reported an improvement of GERD. For Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, a positive effect on GERD was found in all studies, although this was mainly evaluated by questionnaires. In contrast, for vertical banded gastroplasty, no change or even an increase of GERD was noted, whereas the results for laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding were conflicting.Conclusions  Dietary and lifestyle intervention may improve GERD in obese patients; however, the most favourable effect is likely to be found after bariatric surgery, especially after Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass. Future studies need to elucidate for which GERD patients laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding might have a beneficial effect and how they can be identified preoperatively.
Establishment of a strain inheriting a sex‐linked SNP marker in Patagonian pejerrey (Odontesthes hatcheri), a species with both genotypic and temperature‐dependent sex determination
Authors: Hattori R. S. , Oura M. , Sakamoto T. , Yokota M. , Watanabe S. , Strüssmann C. A. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe Patagonian pejerrey Odontesthes hatcheri is an atherinopsid species presenting genotypic sex determination (GSD) at intermediate temperatures and temperature‐dependent sex determination at the low and high ranges of thermal tolerance. A recent study revealed the presence of a sex‐linked SNP marker in some males of this species, but a strain which inherits the marker faithfully has not been established. This research was conducted to develop such a strain, for use as a tool to study the molecular mechanisms of gonadal sex differentiation and sexual dimorphism, and to obtain basic information on the GSD mode in this species. For these purposes, we performed backcrosses and full‐sibling crosses using males and females whose presumptive genotypic sex was inferred from the presence of the sex‐linked SNP marker. Four backcrosses between SNP− daughters and their SNP+ father generated balanced sex ratios with the phenotypic sex matching the genotypic sex in most cases (98.21%) at an intermediate, sexually neutral temperature (21 °C). Full‐sibling crosses between these four SNP− females and their SNP+ brothers produced three progenies with balanced sex ratios and one with 94.4% males. The results of this study confirm that a strain inheriting the sex‐linked SNP marker was successfully developed. Moreover, the inheritance pattern of the marker and the sex ratios of the progenies provide strong evidence that the GSD mode in O. hatcheri is the XX–XY system.
Parenting self‐efficacy after childbirth
Authors: Salonen Anne H. , Kaunonen Marja , Åstedt‐Kurki Päivi , Järvenpää Anna‐Liisa , Isoaho Hannu , Tarkka Marja‐Terttu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTitle. Parenting self‐efficacy after childbirth.Aim. This paper is a report of study of parent, infant and environmental correlates of mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of their parenting self‐efficacy.Background. Many parents are not confident in their ability to be good parents. Parenting self‐efficacy is important for parents’ sense of well‐being, is a possible predictor of parenting practices and might be an indicator of risk. However, very little evidence exists on factors that influence fathers’ perceptions of parenting, or comparisons between the parents.Methods. The data were collected by questionnaire in 2006–2007 in two hospitals with a convenience sample of Finnish‐speaking parents (N = 1300 families) during the first postpartum week. Multiple‐birth and early‐discharge parents were excluded. The response rate for mothers was 66% (n = 863) and for fathers 40% (n = 525). Comparisons were made by percentages and means. Statistical significance was determined by Generalized Estimating Equations models and one‐wayanova. Pearson’s and Spearman′s correlation coefficients were used to determine correlations, and multiple regression analysis to clarify the effect size.Results. Mothers scored higher than fathers on parenting self‐efficacy. Parity, self‐concept, depressive symptoms and state of mind on discharge contributed to parenting self‐efficacy. Experiences of childbirth and life change correlated with mothers’, but not with fathers’, parenting self‐efficacy. Perceptions of infant, family functioning, health and advice from personnel were major contributory factors.Conclusion. Assessments of parenting self‐efficacy are recommended to identify at‐risk groups and at‐risk parents. More research is recommended to look into the effect of rooming‐in, feeding practices, fathers’ presence and social support from personnel and parenting self‐efficacy and to evaluate risk scales for at‐risk parents. Parent attributes had a greater effect on mothers’ parenting self‐efficacy, while environmental attributes had a greater effect on fathers’ parenting self‐efficacy. At‐risk parents can be supported by conducting face‐to‐face discussions about significant topics.
Trends in health risks from water‐related diseases and cyanotoxins in Ugandan portion of Lake Victoria basin
Authors: Muyodi Fredrick Jones , Hecky Robert E , Kitamirike Jackson Mukisa , Odong Robinson 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStudies to examine the prevalence of water‐related diseases, cyanobacteria toxins and other health risks at landing beaches in the Ugandan portion of the Lake Victoria basin were carried out. Based on surveillance studies and other data sources in the region, water samples were analysed for indications of faecal contamination. The coliform numbers were generally high for most sampling sites, indicating significant water contamination. The wet seasons exhibited significantly higher coliform counts than the dry seasons for all lakeshore sample sites. This seasonal variation in coliform counts correlated positively with the incidence of waterborne diseases, which are typically higher in the wet season. The water supply for domestic consumption for the Lake Victoria riparian communities is mainly the lake itself. The most prevalent diseases associated with the landing sites include malaria, dysentery, diarrhoea and bilharzia. Malaria was most prevalent, followed by dysentery, in all the studied districts. Many people in the catchment dispose of faecal wastes in lakeshore area bushes, or in polythene bags, contaminating water sources with faecal material, and resulting in waterborne diseases. The vulnerability of lakeside communities to water‐related diseases is further aggravated by low accessibility to health facilities and personnel. Further, cyanobacteria (potentially toxic to humans and animals) dominate other algal species in Lake Victoria, contributing >50% of the algal biomass. Algal blooms occurred frequently in Murchison Bay, a source of drinking water for the city of Kampala and surrounding urban centres. Algal blooms can cause unpleasant odours and tastes in domestic water supplies, clog pump and machinery filters, increase chlorine demands for water disinfection, and necessitate more complex and expensive treatment processes. The findings of this study suggest improved water quality, changes in sanitation and hygiene behaviour could significantly reduce the prevalence of water‐related diseases and cyanotoxins in the Ugandan portion of the Lake Victoria basin.
From Polychronicity to Multitasking: The Warping of Time Across Disciplinary Boundaries
Authors: Todd Amy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAnthropologist Edward T. Hall's contrast between polychronic and monochronic orientations toward time has stimulated research in the business and management sciences. While Hall's approach to time is ethnographic, the business and management sciences measure polychronicity with a survey instrument, the Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV). An examination of the IPV and the results it has yielded, however, indicate that it is not measuring polychronicity in the ethnographic sense. The IPV remains firmly within monochronic time and thus fails to seriously engage cultural difference. The transformation of the ethnographic meaning of polychronic to a conceptual one raises methodological and analytical questions of general relevance to the cross‐cultural study of work.