bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions of alkylphenols over cracking catalysts. II. isomeric composition of the products from a series of phenols
Authors: Given P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the reactions of cresols and xylenols over silica–alumina at 380°, certain isomers predominate or tend to be concentrated in the products, whether they are formed by isomerization or disproportionation, and whatever the orientation of the starting material. These preferred products are m‐cresol, 2 : 4‐ + 2 : 5‐xylenols, and 2 : 3 : 5‐trimethylphenol; the last named can be isolated with particular ease. At 380° ethylphenol loses an ethyl group to about an equal extent by disproportionation and by cracking, and is partially isomerized. Alkylphenols react with benzene over cracking catalysts, with a transfer of alkyl groups; the normal disproportionation of the alkylphenol is then largely suppressed. The equilibrium between phenol, cresols and xylenols has been approached from both sides, setting limits to the value of the equilibrium constant of the disproportionation of cresols and giving a most probable value for Kp of about 0·5 (it being assumed that the cresols and xylenols are each sets of isomers in equilibrium). The non‐phenolic material formed from phenols in small amount as a byproduct consists of a complex mixture of substances including alkylbenzenes, diaryl ethers, xanthene derivatives, and anthracene.
The measurement of the flow properties of thermoplastics at high shearing stresses
Authors: Hayes R. , Lannon D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe flow properties of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride are measured at high pressure and high rates of shear in the temperature range 130–220°. An injection machine is provided with a capillary tube fitted in the extrusion head and the pressure applied measured by means of a steel diaphragm.The flow behaviour of the polymers is shown to be non‐Newtonian and very dependent on the pressure applied, the dependence decreasing with increasing plasticizer content. The results may not be applied directly to extrusion or injection moulding processes without taking other factors into account.
The isolation of (‐)‐sec.‐butylcarbinol from fusel oil
Authors: Easton B. C. , Hargreaves M. K. , Mitchell R. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the separation of (‐)‐sec.‐butylcarbinol from fusel oil has been reported previously, in view of the utility of this substance as a source of optically‐active material, details of the methods now used, both by distillation and by crystallization of the hydrogen phthalic ester, are described. The effect of temperature on the rotatory power at various wavelengths is recorded. The pure laevorotatory alcohol, α −5·654°, now obtained suggests that previous samples were not pure.
A tentative method for the determination of the original water/cement ratio of hardened concrete
Authors: Brown A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe strength of concrete is greatly influenced by the water/cement ratio used in mixing the concrete before placing. In the examination of samples of hardened concrete, a knowledge of the original water/cement ratio is, therefore, most desirable. This cannot be found only by chemical analysis because normally much of the original water has evaporated leaving voids within the concrete as a continuous capillary porosity.
The refining of benzole by chlorine treatment
Authors: Molony O. W. , Hughes D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh‐crystallizing‐point benzene has been produced from low‐gravity benzene fractions by treatment with chlorine gas followed by distillation. The process is suitable for the removal of olefins, paraffins, naphthenes and thiophen from benzene fractions, but only for the removal of olefins and thiophens from toluene fractions. Commercial outlets would be required for the still residues, which consist of chlorinated hydrocarbons and thiophens. The residues have been investigated analytically.
The determination of the particle size of thoria in the range 5–0.1μ by the radiometric sedimentometer
Authors: Connor P. , Hardwick W. H. , Laundy B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods of particle size analysis which are applicable to thoria powders are briefly reviewed and a new method is proposed. In this, thoria is dispersed in a dilute Calgon solution and neutron‐irradiated for a few seconds to produce 233Th. An aliquot of the active dispersed phase is placed on the top of a column of aqueous sucrose solution and the mass of thoria deposited after various centrifuging periods is determined by β‐counting through the base of the tube, and from these data a size analysis is obtained. The method is very fast and simple to operate and comparison with the two other centrifugal methods shows excellent agreement. A size analysis of another suitable material, silica, is also demonstrated.
Molecular interaction in mixed monolayers of fatty acids
Authors: Durham K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForce‐area isotherms have been obtained for mixed monolayers of arachidic acid and α‐ethyl‐stearic acid on conductivity water and M/400‐CaCl2 solution at pH 7.5. There is evidence of molecular interaction on both substrates as the mixed films are always more condensed than an ideal mixture of the two constituents. On M/400‐CaCl2 solution, mixed surface films containing more than 75% of α‐ethylstearic acid are fluid at all surface pressures; this indicates that the condensation in the mixed film is due to the van der Waals' forces between the hydrocarbon chains and not to calcium ions.Partial molar areas for the constituents of the mixed films on M/400‐CaCl2 solution have been calculated. The small values of partial molar areas obtained for arachidic acid at low mole fractions and low surface pressures are explained by strong van der Waals' forces.
Self‐discharge of lead‐acid batteries
Authors: Gabrielson Gunnar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSelf‐discharge of lead‐acid batteries is diminished by deposition of a layer of lead set 20μ thick on the positive grids, but the effect is only temporary and uneconomical thicknesses of lead would be necessary for any lasting effect. Anodizing of the grids had little effect on the rate of self‐discharge.The rôle of antimony in the self‐discharge process is discussed.
Chemistry of coal tars. IV. Ozonolysis of neutral, pentane‐soluble oil from down‐jet tar
Authors: Vahrman M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe wax‐free, pentane‐soluble oil from down‐jet tar was ozonized in ethyl acetate solution. The product was catalytically hydrogenated and 2:4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones made from some of the carbonyl products of higher molecular weight formed. Adsorption chromatography was used to separate and further purify the hydrazones. Probable structures of the hydrocarbon moieties are discussed on the basis of the analyses and ultra‐violet spectra of the hydrazones. Naphthalene, tetra‐ and deca‐hydronaphthalene structures with side chains, saturated and unsaturated, fit the data best.
Stress‐corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steels with applied E.M.F.
Authors: Hines J. G. , Hoar T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe stress‐corrosion cracking of chromium‐nickel austenitic stainless steels in 42 wt.‐% aqueous magnesium chloride solution at 150–154°, saturated with air, has been studied under conditions of cathodic or anodic treatment of the metal during the induction period prior to crack initiation and/or during crack propagation.Mild cathodic polarization delays the onset of cracking and fracture, the time to fracture increasing with increasing degree of polarization. With plain 18–8 steel, polarization producing an external current density of 50 μa./cm.2delays for at least 200 h., probably indefinitely, the onset of cracking of material that fractures in about 2 h. in the absence of applied e.m.f. Polarization applied only after crack propagation has begun reduces its rate; propagation ceases immediately if the measured potential of the metal is reduced to ‐ 0.14 v (N‐hydrogen scale), which produces approx. 170 μa./cm.2external current, and after a finite period at slightly less polarization.Anodic polarization producing external current densities of up to 50 μa./cm.2greatly shortens the induction period and, although scarcely increasing the rate of crack propagation, increases the total number of cracks formed.The results are in harmony with the electrochemical mechanism of this type of stress‐corrosion cracking. They indicate that cathodic protection may be a promising practical method for its control in suitable cases.
The collection and turbidimetric estimation of sulphur trioxide in flue gases
Authors: Napier D. H. , Stone M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreased precision of the turbidimetric determination of sulphur trioxide has been achieved by making refinements to a published technique and modifications to a commercially available instrument. The method has been improved by more careful control of several variables that affect the turbidity of barium sulphate suspensions. The improved method is applicable to solutions in the concentration range 1–80 mg./l. of sulphur trioxide, with a precision of ±2% in the range 6–80 mg./l. and a lower precision in the range 1–6 mg./l.A modified apparatus for absorbing sulphur trioxide from the gas sample is also described. This is more effective, more compact, and easier to use than previous arrangements of a similar type.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. I. Production of calcium oxide
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe calcination of calcium hydroxide and of calcium carbonate (precipitated or prepared from calcium oxalate monohydrate) has been studied by determining the changes occurring in the specific surface and lattice structure during each decomposition in vacuo or in air at a series of temperatures up to 900° or 1000°c.In parallel with earlier observations on calcium hydroxide, the decomposition of the calcium carbonate results in a several‐fold increase in specific surface which is ascribed to the activation of the newly‐formed calcium oxide when it recrystallizes from a pseudo‐lattice of calcium carbonate to very small individual crystals having a more stable lattice structure. The preliminary decomposition of the calcium oxalate, particularly in vacuo at about 450°, produces samples of calcium carbonate of much higher specific surface than that of the precipitated form, but they tend to sinter considerably at higher temperatures before decomposing to calcium oxide. Further calcination after complete decomposition always causes sintering of the calcium oxide, the extent of which is enhanced by increased temperature whether in vacuo or in air.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. II. Sorption of water vapour on calcium oxide
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium oxide samples differing widely in surface activity (specific surface 1 to 100 m.2g.−1) have been hydrated by exposure to water vapour at room temperature.Although the rates of hydration differ considerably, each sample takes up in chemical combination a stoicheiometric quantity of water but, in further uptake of water by the newly formed calcium hydroxide by physical adsorption, the isotherm gives no ‘stepwise’ evidence of formation of the alleged hemi‐hydrate, Ca(OH)2,0.5H2O.Changes in surface area and lattice structure during hydration indicate that the most active limes become aged (agglomerated) rapidly in the presence of water vapour, and must be hydrated at very low relative pressures to maintain the same number of crystallites; limes of moderate activity can be hydrated without ageing; the least active limes undergo hydration only when the number of crystallites increases, the necessary fission of the original crystallites being accompanied by slow rates of hydration. Progressive changes in surface area during hydration are related to the volumes of the oxide and hydroxide on the basis that the reaction proceeds inwards from the outside of each particle by an advancing interface mechanism.
The reduction of barytes with hydrogen. I. Kinetic studies in a differential reactor
Authors: Culver R. V. , Hamdorf C. J. , Spooner E. C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reduction of barytes by H2 has been studied at 800°, 900°, 1000° and 1100° in a differential reactor. The reaction rate is markedly temperature‐dependent; it is accelerated by the presence of iron and siliceous impurities in the barytes, but is relatively insensitive to variations in the partial pressure of H2 due to the presence of N2 or water vapour. The available evidence suggests that the rate of reduction is chemically controlled and that the reaction occurring at the BaSO4‐BaS interface depends upon the presence of defects in the BaSO4 lattice. An empirical equation is developed for the experimental rate data at 1100°, use of which may be of value in design work.
The reduction of barytes with hydrogen. II.Kinetic studies in fixed and fluidized beds
Authors: Culver R. V. , Hamdorf C. J. , Spooner E. C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn continuation of the work described in the preceding paper, barytes has been reduced in thick beds, both fixed and fluidized. For +14–10‐mesh barytes reduced at 1100°, the reaction rate in a fixed thick bed was predicted from data obtained in a differential reactor; in a fluidized bed the maximum reaction rate observed was 26 × 10‐2 g. of BaSO4/min. g. and values of the coefficient of mass transfer between the continuous and discontinuous phases of the fluidized bed have been calculated on the basis of the two‐phase theory of fluidization; the coefficients (∼60 sec.−1) refer specifically to the system BaSO4‐H2. For +14–10‐mesh barytes reduced at 1000°, the performance of a fixed thick bed fell considerably below that obtained in a differential reactor; the reaction rate in a fluidized bed was favoured by high gas‐flow rates and shallow beds and the data suggest that the reaction rate was depressed by the presence of the products of the reduction process. In the case of +65–48‐mesh barytes reduced in a fluidized bed at 900° and 1000°, the H2 supplied to the reactor was utilized effectively only at the higher temperature, which gave up to 37% utilization.
Some factors influencing the behaviour of bitumen road surfacings
Authors: Dormon G. M. , Jarman A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concept of the stiffness of bitumen (ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain) and methods for its determination are described with special reference to the behaviour of road surfacings under different conditions.The mechanism of the failure of road surfacings (cracking, deformation under load, and fretting) and factors which may interfere with the expected functions of the mixture (durability and adhesion) are studied in detail.
The composition of ammoniacal liquors. I. Analytical considerations
Authors: Barker L. , Hollingworth N. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of the source of an ammoniacal liquor on its composition is indicated. Analysis of liquors is discussed with special reference to the determination of amounts of organic constituents. Loss of phenols during analysis by oxidation in alkalis and pitch formation on distillation can be eliminated by using chromatographic separations.
The extraction of inorganic salts from organic solvents by non‐ionic phosphorylated polymers
Authors: Kennedy J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNon‐ionic (fully esterified) phosphorylated polymers such as that from triallyl phosphate, (TAP)*, adsorb uranyl nitrate, cobaltous nitrate, lithium chloride and ferric chloride from solutions of the salts in acetone, acetone‐ether, and alcohol. The distribution coefficients between TAP and acetone are high ( > 10 to > 103 in favour of the polymer), and both ration and anion are equally adsorbed. The salts are probably distributed in accordance with the relative Lewis ‘basicities’ of the resin and liquid phase and the entropy changes in the system following adsorption, and they can be eluted with solvents of equal or greater basicity than (TAP), such as tributyl phosphate, dimethyl‐formamide or aqueous acetone. Adsorption takes place through Werner or addition complex formation between the functional (donor) oxygens in the resin and the metallic component of the salts, and in the case of uranyl nitrate the adsorbed complex is probably UO2(NO3)2,(TAP)2. Phosphine oxide resins have not been synthesised, but the high distributions of uranyl nitrate between tributylphosphine oxide and water is an indication that an analogous polymer would adsorb uranyl nitrate from water. Advantages of non‐ionic resins are rapid removal of cation and anion in one stage from solvents, and subsequent ease of regeneration compared with conventional ion exchangers.
The adsorption of cations by ionic phosphorylated polymers
Authors: Kennedy J. , Davies R. V. , Small H. , Robinson B. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA preliminary investigation of the adsorption properties of ionic diallyl phosphate polymers has been conducted. Sodium diallyl phosphate polymer (NaDAP), separates hexavalent uranium (UO22+) quantitatively from alkaline earths (Ca and Sr), ferric and divalent elements of the first transitional period, aluminium and lanthanides dissolved together in a 2% w/v solution of disodium ethylene‐diaminetetra‐acetate. Unlike in quantitative separations of uranium from other cations by anion exchangers, the presence of sulphuric acid and the reduction of ferric to ferrous ion is not essential with NaDAP, and nitrate, chloride or perchlorate anions do not interfere. Elution of the adsorbed uranium is conducted with a solution of sodium carbonate. Separation from thorium and fission product β‐activity (after 96 hours' decay) under similar conditions was 91% and 92% respectively. The adsorption sequence for the resin is Th4+ > Fe3+ > UO22+ > La3+ > Cu2+ > Ca2+ > Na. From analogy with complexes formed with dibutyl phosphate and the high affinity of the resin for polyvalent cations it appears that these are adsorbed through the formation of stable foru‐membered ring complexes with the resin functional groups. An equivalent of acid is liberated for each equivalent of uranyl and ferric ion adsorbed by acid diallyl phosphate polymer (HDAP).
Intergranular corrosion of duralumin: Correlation of laboratory and service behaviour
Authors: Schafer G. J. , Marshall T. , Todd H. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn accelerated test for susceptibility to intergranular corrosion has been applied to a number of aluminium‐copper alloys whose service corrosion behaviour is known. In all cases, where intergranular corrosion occurred in service, the samples showed the same type of corrosion in the test solution. There was good correlation between the type of attack in the test solution and the K value (ml./cm.2/min.2) relating the volume of gas evolved in the test and the square of the time of effective attack. Factors which affect service performance are discussed.
The effect of particle size on the firedamp ignitions occurring with simple nitroglycerine/salt mixtures. I. The stemmed test
Authors: Dolan J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExplosives consisting solely of 15% or 20% of ‘C′ nitroglycerine (containing 20% of nitroglycol) on sodium chloride have been prepared using sodium chloride of different specific surfaces and ranging in particle size from 10 to 1000μ. The safety of these explosives in firedamp when fired from a shothole and stemmed with one clay plug, as in the Home Office test for permitted explosives, has been examined. It has been found that the ignition hazard is dependent on the particle size of salt used. Provided that the salt is fine enough, no ignitions are observed.
Automatic titrimetry: A simple apparatus for recording full scale potentiometric titrations
Authors: Haslam J. , Squirrell D. G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simple apparatus is described for the recording of full scale potentiometric titrations. It consists of three essential parts: (1) an injection delivery system which delivers titrant at a definite rate; (2) a system indicating pH or e.m.f. change produced by the titrant and (3) a recorder. Examples are given of the use of the apparatus in conventional potentiometric titrations.
Electrical measurements of immersed paint coatings on metal. II. Effect of osmotic pressure and ionic concentration of solution on paint breakdown
Authors: Brasher D. M. , Nurse T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectrical capacitance and electrode potential measurements have been used to study the behaviour of painted steel panels immersed in solutions of sucrose, of sodium chloride and other electrolytes, and in sea water.The water uptake of the paint in the early stages of immersion depends only on the osmotic pressure of the solution. The time to reach breakdown of the paint in sodium chloride solutions depends primarily on water uptake and secondarily on ionic concentration. The time to reach breakdown in sea water is considerably greater than that in sodium chloride solutions of similar ionic concentration. Corrosion rate after breakdown is primarily a function of the anodic‐cathodic pore resistance, which is related to the electrolytic conductivity of the ambient solution; it is decreased in concentrated solutions by diminishing oxygen solubility. A mechanism of the course of paint breakdown is suggested.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. X. The addition of organo‐tin hydrides to carbon‐carbon unsaturated compounds
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReactions of organo‐tin hydrides with carbon‐carbon unsaturated compounds are described, viz. the addition of organo‐tin monohydrides to (1) olefinic compounds, (2) diolefinic compounds and (3) acetylenic compounds, and of (4) organo‐tin di‐ and tri‐hydrides to olefinic compounds.Thirty‐six new organo‐tin compounds, most of them containing functional substituents, have been prepared.
The reversible and irreversible thickening of stirred partially fused mixtures of RDX and TNT
Authors: Williamson W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrated suspensions of RDX in molten TNT thickened progressively when slowly stirred. The thickening was partly irreversible and accompanied recrystallisation of the RDX. Immobilisation of liquid would be more effective if adjacent grains have plane faces between which it can occur; recrystallisation produced or extended such faces and hence caused increased consistency.The major part of the over‐all thickening was reversible, i.e. increased stirring speeds caused the thickened mixture to become thin again. The reversible thickening was accompanied by the formation of RDX‐aggregates on the paddles of the stirrer and their resistance to subsequent distintegration on entering the zone of shearing between the paddle‐tips and the wall of the container. These aggregates, although relatively poorer in interstitial liquid, could increase consistency because they immobilised liquid between them in this zone until disintegrated. Such immobilisation was indicated by the progressively larger sedimentation volumes given by RDX aggregates deposited from RDX/TNT slurries of increasing consistency.
Comparison of the Fries and Friedel‐Crafts reactions
Authors: Cullinane N. M. , Edwards B. F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparative study of the Fries rearrangement of aromatic esters and Friedel‐Crafts reaction between acyl chlorides and phenols as catalysed by aluminium chloride or titanium tetrachloride, shows that substantially similar yields of hydroxyaryl ketones result. In most of the reactions examined the aluminium halide was found to be the more powerful catalyst and it gave a higher ratio of p‐ to o‐hydroxyaryl ketones. When the reactions were carried out in presence of such solvents as nitrobenzene and ethylene dichloride, the more polar nitrobenzene yielded a higher para/ortho ratio of products and proved to be more active.