bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the reproductive number for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in rural and metropolitan New South Wales
Authors: Buckley David , Bulger David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective:  During the early stages of pandemics, when resource planning occurs, the epidemiological parameters of the agent are often poorly described. These estimates are typically derived from metropolitan centres. This paper examines the spread of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in rural and regional New South Wales compared with metropolitan centres. Design:  Retrospective statistical analysis of longitudinal data. Setting:  Ecological examination of spread of influenza in the general community of New South Wales, Australia. Participants:  Number of notified infections with novel pandemic H1N1 influenza in rural/regional (n = 241) and metropolitan (n = 1788) health service areas of New South Wales during the period 1 June 2009 and 12 July 2009.Main outcome measures:  A comparison of the reproductive number for the 2009 pandemic H1N1 in rural/regional and metropolitan New South Wales. Results:  The reproductive number of the pandemic H1N1 in rural New South Wales was 1.26 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22–1.30) compared with estimates of metropolitan New South Wales of 1.28 (95% CI, 1.26–1.30). This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.314). These estimates are lower than those previously published and of the order of magnitude typically observed with seasonal flu. This was consistent with the clinical observations in Greater Southern Area Health Service.Conclusion:  The apparent invariance in the rate of spread of influenza between rural and metropolitan areas should provide rural health care providers with confidence in metropolitan derived estimates when planning in future influenza pandemics.
Measuring rural allied health workforce turnover and retention: What are the patterns, determinants and costs?
Authors: Chisholm Marita , Russell Deborah , Humphreys John 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectives:  To measure variations in patterns of turnover and retention, determinants of turnover, and costs of recruitment of allied health professionals in rural areas. Design:  Data were collected on health service characteristics, recruitment costs and de‐identified individual‐level employment entry and exit data for dietitians, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, podiatrists, psychologists, social workers and speech pathologists employed between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2009. Setting:  Health services providing allied health services within Western Victoria were stratified by geographical location and town size. Eighteen health services were sampled, 11 participated. Main outcome measures:  Annual turnover rates, stability rates, median length of stay in current position, survival probabilities, turnover hazards and median costs of recruitment were calculated. Results:  Analysis of commencement and exit data from 901 allied health professionals indicated that differences in crude workforce patterns according to geographical location emerge 12 to 24 months after commencement of employment, although the results were not statistically significant. Proportional hazards modelling indicated profession and employee age and grade upon commencement were significant determinants of turnover risk. Costs of replacing allied health workers are high. Conclusions:  An opportunity for implementing comprehensive retention strategies exists in the first year of employment in rural and remote settings. Benchmarks to guide workforce retention strategies should take account of differences in patterns of allied health turnover and retention according to geographical location. Monitoring allied health workforce turnover and retention through analysis of routinely collected data to calculate selected indicators provides a stronger evidence base to underpin workforce planning by health services and regional authorities.
Factors affecting Israeli nurses' reports of violence perpetrated against them in the workplace: A test of the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Natan Merav Ben , Hanukayev Anna , Fares Saruji 
Published: March 2011

Ben Natan M, Hanukayev A, Fares S. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 141–150 Factors affecting Israeli nurses' reports of violence perpetrated against them in the workplace: A test of the theory of planned behaviour Violence against nurses in the workplace is universal. Violence has negative implications for nurses, their patients and the medical facility. Nonetheless, violent incidents are only infrequently reported (20–25%). A correlational design was used to examine whether the guiding conceptual model, constructed of the variables: assailant traits, victim traits and type of violence, succeeds in predicting a nurse's decision to report violence perpetrated against them in the workplace. Data were gathered with a structured questionnaire, constructed specifically for the current research and based on the literature review and research model. The research population was sampled by convenience sampling and consisted of nurses from general hospitals in northern and central Israel of 220 nurses, of whom nearly 72% (n = 158) had experienced violent incidents over the past year, mainly verbal abuse by patients' relatives. Only 26.6% (n = 42) reported violent incidents in written form. Most reports were submitted to the nurse in charge of the department. Correlations were found between assailant traits (identity and mental state) and victim traits (sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes on and perceptions of reporting) and intention and actual report. Nurses' normative beliefs regarding reporting violence had the greatest effect on intention to report.
Paediatric ward nurses' action intentions and attitudes towards quit smoking interventions and their knowledge on second‐hand smoke
Authors: Chan Kim Geok , Upi Helen , Gani Rosena , Chang Kam Hock 
Published: March 2011

Chan KG, Upi H, Gani R, Chang KH. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2011; 17: 181–186 Paediatric ward nurses' action intentions and attitudes towards quit smoking interventions and their knowledge on second‐hand smoke This survey study investigated the paediatric ward nurses for their action intentions and attitudes towards quit smoking‐related interventions (QSRI), and knowledge related to effects of children's exposure to second‐hand smoke (SHS) (n = 267). Results indicate that less than 2% of the nurses smoked, and a majority had a positive attitude towards QSRI. A majority also indicated that they would only assess children's parents' smoking status depending on the child's diagnosis on admission. The total mean scores for two knowledge items are relatively lower than the others. More than half of the participants (66%) indicated ‘no’ to ‘documenting smoking status’. Differences in responses of the participants across the hospitals were statistically significant, χ2 (2, n = 267) = 11.190, P < 0.05. About half of the participants did not know of any existing quit smoking clinics. The variation in the nurses' action intention towards various QSRI may be attributed to their busy workload and varying perceptions towards QSRI as a nursing priority. Results indicate the needs for knowledge related to impacts of children's exposure to SHS to be integrated into the basic nursing curriculum, support and affirmation from ward managers in the clinical settings to promote the initiatives to integrate QSRI in paediatric nursing settings.
Anesthetizing the obese child
Authors: Mortensen Anette , Lenz Katja , Abildstrøm Hanne , Lauritsen Torsten L. B. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing. The focus of this review is the special anesthetic considerations regarding the perioperative management of obese children. With obesity the risk of comorbidity such as asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, hypertension, and diabetes increases. The obese child has an increased risk of perioperative complications especially related to airway management and ventilation. There is a significantly increased risk of difficult mask ventilation and perioperative desaturation. Furthermore, obesity has an impact on the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs. This has important implications on how to estimate the optimal drug dose. This article offers a review of the literature on definition, prevalence and the pathophysiology of childhood obesity and provides suggestions on preanesthetic evaluation, airway management and dosage of the anesthetic drugs in these patients. The authors highlight the need of supplemental studies on various areas of the subject.
Preschoolers joke with jokers, but correct foreigners
Authors: Hoicka Elena , Akhtar Nameera 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThirty‐ and 36‐month‐old English speakers’ (N = 106) ability to produce jokes, distinguish between humorous and sincere intentions, and distinguish between English‐ and foreign‐language speakers, was examined in two tasks. In the Giving task, an experimenter requested one of two familiar objects, and a confederate always gave her the wrong object. In the Naming task, the confederate mislabeled familiar objects. In the English‐speaking conditions, the confederate laughed after doing the wrong thing (English‐Humor) or said, ‘There!’ (English‐Sincere). In the Foreign conditions, the French‐ or Italian‐speaking confederate laughed (Foreign‐Humor) or said, ‘D’accord!’ or ‘Va bene!’ (Foreign‐Sincere). When preschoolers were subsequently requested to give and name the same objects and a new set of familiar objects they were significantly more likely to imitate and ‘do the wrong thing’ in the Humor versus Sincere, and in the English versus Foreign conditions.
IDENTIFYING HARMS
Authors: HARROSH SHLOMIT 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMoral disagreements often revolve around the issue of harm to others. Identifying harms, however, is a contested enterprise. This paper provides a conceptual toolbox for identifying harms, and so possible wrongdoing, by drawing several distinctions. First, I distinguish between four modes of human vulnerability, forming four ways in which one can be in a harmed state. Second, I argue for the intrinsic disvalue of harm and so distinguish the presence of harm from the fact that it is instrumental to or constitutive of a valued act, practice or way of life. Finally, I distinguish between harm and wrongdoing, arguing that while harm is a normative concept requiring justification, not all harmed states are automatically unjustified. The advantage of this view is that it refocuses the moral debate on the normative issues involved while establishing a common basis to which both sides can agree: the presence of harm to others.
STRATEGIC EQUILIBRIA IN A MODEL OF ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH INPUT INTERDEPENDENCE
Authors: Larrosa Juan M.C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTTwo countries face a strategic interdependence in producing intermediate goods. Producing these intermediate goods requires both domestic capital and another imported intermediate good. Individually, both economies determine a balanced growth path by taking into account this interdependence in different grades of awareness. By allowing for strategic interactions in the analysis, we adapted a two‐agent dynamic setting and find an interior Markov perfect equilibrium as well as an open‐loop equilibrium reflecting these different degrees of reaction. We find that main results resemble each other but growth rates will be higher when strategies are dynamically updated.
ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF REFILL PACKS
Authors: Chang Ming‐Chung , Hu Jin‐Li , Lee Mei‐Yu 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIt is common sense that refill packs can increase the repeated use of durable goods, reduce resource waste and be conducive to environmental protection. However, their existence also has an economic effect. For instance, we find that the profit of a monopolistic firm will increase as a result of selling the refill packs when the depreciation rate of the durable good is low. In an extension of the model, we point out that there is an entrant that competes with the incumbent in relation to the composite goods and the refill packs. In order to compete in terms of the prices of the composite goods, the incumbent sells the refill packs not only to increase profit, but also to reduce the amount of waste resulting from the durable goods. As for competing in regard to the prices of the refill packs, if the cost of the composite goods is small, then the incumbent's profit from selling the composite goods will increase. By comparing two extensions of the model, we find that the environmental effect of the price competition in regard to the refill packs is greater than the environmental effect of the price competition in relation to the composite goods.
CONSUMPTION (IN)EFFICIENCY AND FINANCIAL ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT
Authors: Saygılı Hülya 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTConsumption may be inefficient when a household cannot choose the optimal bundle of goods at a minimum cost. After discussing alternative approaches, this paper proposes the use of money metric indirect utility function motivated by Feenstra and Varian in measuring consumption inefficiency. Then, Bamoul–Tobin transactions demand for money model is extended to show how household ability to manage its income, expenditure and financial accounts may affect consumption inefficiency. Results of the stochastic cost frontier approach, which is employed in estimation and the prediction of the European Union household consumption inefficiency, suggest that household expenditure performance is partly explained by the changes in the consumption efficiency and the efficiency is not independent of financial account management.
South African Mixed‐race Children's and Mothers' Judgments and Reasoning about Children's Nurturance and Self‐determination Rights
Authors: Ruck Martin D. , Tenenbaum Harriet , Willenberg Ingrid 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study examined the understanding of children's rights in 63 (9‐, 11‐, and 13‐year‐olds) mixed‐race South African children and their mothers. In individual semi‐structured interviews participants responded to hypothetical vignettes in which children's nurturance and self‐determination rights conflicted with parental authority in the home. Participants were required to decide whether they should support the story characters' rights and provide justifications for their responses. Findings indicated that both children and mothers were more likely to endorse children's nurturance than self‐determination rights. In contrast to previous research, no significant differences were found between children and mothers in terms of support for either type of right. In terms of reasoning, both children's and mothers' responses revealed distinct patterns of thinking influenced by the type of right under consideration. The findings are discussed with reference to the available western and non‐western literature on children's understanding of rights. Limitations, implications, and directions for future research are considered.
Radio‐guided surgery: advantages of a new portable γ‐camera (Sentinella®) for intraoperative real time imaging and detection of sentinel lymph nodes in cutaneous malignancies
Authors: Stoffels I. , Poeppel T. , Boy C. , Mueller S. , Wichmann F. , Dissemond J. , Schadendorf D. , Rosenbaum‐Krumme S. , Klode J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground  The histological status of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is one of the most relevant prognostic factors for the overall survival of patients with cutaneous malignancies, independent of tumour depth of the primary tumour.Objectives  Our study seeks to evaluate the reliability and medical benefit of SLN excision (SLNE) performed with a portable γ‐camera for intraoperative real time imaging of SLN.Methods  Therefore our study compares the visualization of SLN performed with preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and preoperative SPECT/CT with the intraoperative real time imaging of SLN performed with a new portable γ‐camera (Sentinella®) in 60 patients who were treated with a SLNE for early stage melanoma (n = 38), high risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (n = 16), Merkel cell carcinoma (n = 4), sebaceous gland carcinoma (n = 1), and sweat glands carcinoma or porocarcinoma (n = 1).Results  Sixty patients were enrolled in this study. The portable γ‐camera visualized all 126 preoperatively identified SLN. 23 additional SLN (15.4%) in 15 patients were only identified using the portable γ‐camera. Two of these additional SLN showed metastatic involvement.Conclusion  The portable γ‐camera is an innovative imaging technique, reliable and providing additional information in the detection of SLN. Therefore SLNE with intraoperative γ‐camera use is an attractive option to improve the detection of SLN in cutaneous malignancies and could help to reduce false negative SLN results.
Cells expressing Desiccate are essential for morphogenesis of labial sensilla in Drosophila melanogaster adults
Authors: KAWANO Takeshi , MATSUMOTO Hitoshi , MAEKAWA Emi , NAKANO Fumihiro , KANUKA Hirotaka , TSUZUKI Seiji , HAYAKAWA Yoichi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe recently discovered a new gene, Desiccate (Desi), that is expressed in the epidermis and protects larvae from desiccation stress in Drosophila melanogaster. In the present study, we found that taste organs express more Desi than the epidermis both in larvae and adults. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in larvae under the direction of a Desi promoter‐Gal4 line containing the 1,010‐bp 5′ flanking region of Desi produced no signal in the epidermis but strong signals in cells of the larval gustatory sense organs, indicating that this driver works specifically in the gustatory organs. In adults, GFP expression was also observed in basal cells of sensilla on labella, tarsi and wings. More precise morphological analysis of GFP expression located its expression in the outer accessory cells rather than neurons of the labial sensilla. Although Desi knockdown or induction of cell death in Desi‐expressing cells did not change the morphological or physiological characters of the larvae, larvae lacking Desi‐expressing cells failed to metamorphose normally, and all of them died inside puparia. Dying pharate adults were found to lack all labial sensilla. The proneural genes Achaete and Scute, which are involved in the development of the adult central and peripheral nervous system, were normally expressed in the pupae lacking Desi‐expressing cells. These results suggested that the lack of Desi‐expressing cells makes it impossible to produce outer accessory cells for development of the sensilla, thereby signifying that cells expressing Desi are essential for normal morphogenesis of the labial sensilla in Drosophila adults.
Reproductive biology of the microtype tachinid fly Zenillia dolosa (Meigen) (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: HO Giang T. T. , ICHIKI Ryoko T. , NAKAMURA Satoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractReproductive biology including mating, adult longevity, fecundity and development of the tachinid fly Zenillia dolosa was investigated for optimizing rearing procedures using Mythimna separata as a host in the laboratory. Females lay microtype eggs containing a first instar larva on food plants of the host and then the eggs must be ingested by the host for parasitization. Mating success was 58.5% with mating duration of 80.7 min. Mating was most successful when day 0–1 females were kept with day 2–4 male flies. Female body size was positively correlated with its fecundity but not with longevity. However, females that survived longer produced more eggs during their lifetime. Parasitoids successfully developed in 4th to 6th instar host larvae. Host instars at the time of parasitoid egg ingestion significantly influenced development time of the immature parasitoid, but did not affect body size of the emerging parasitoid. We suggest that pairing newly emerged females with day 2–4 males should result in higher mating success and using the last instar hosts for parasitization should minimize development time of the parasitoid for rearing.
Do Vaccination Strategies Implemented by Nursing Homes Narrow the Racial Gap in Receipt of Influenza Vaccination in the United States?
Authors: Bardenheier Barbara , Shefer Abigail , Ahmed Faruque , Remsburg Robin , Rowland Hogue Carol J. , Gravenstein Stefan 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the racial inequity between African Americans and Caucasians in receipt of influenza vaccine is narrower in residents of nursing homes with facility‐wide vaccination strategies than in residents of facilities without vaccination strategies.DESIGN: Secondary data analysis using the National Nursing Home Survey 2004, a nationally representative survey.SETTING: One thousand one hundred seventy‐four participating nursing homes sampled systematically with probability proportional to bed size.PARTICIPANTS: Thirteen thousand five hundred seven randomly sampled residents of nursing homes between August and December 2004.MEASUREMENTS: Receipt of influenza vaccine within the last year. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between facility‐level influenza immunization strategy and racial inequity in receipt of vaccination, adjusted for characteristics at the resident, facility, state, and regional levels.RESULTS: Overall in the Untied States, vaccination coverage was higher for Caucasian and African‐American residents; the racial vaccination gaps were smaller (<6 percentage points) and nonsignificant in residents of homes with standing orders for influenza vaccinations (P=.14), verbal consent allowed for vaccinations(P=.39), and routine review of facility‐wide vaccination rates (P=.61) than for residents of homes without these strategies. The racial vaccination gap in residents of homes without these strategies were two to three times as high (P=.009, P=.002, and P=.002, respectively).CONCLUSION: The presence of several immunization strategies in nursing homes is associated with higher vaccination coverage for Caucasian and African‐American residents, narrowing the national vaccination racial gap.
Resilience and Self‐Perceived Oral Health: A Hierarchical Approach
Authors: Martins Aline Blaya , dos Santos Camila Mello , Hilgert Juliana Balbinot , de Marchi Renato José , Hugo Fernando Neves , Pereira Padilha Dalva Maria 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether positive self‐perceived oral health is associated with sociodemographic health variables, with an emphasis on resilience, in community‐dwelling older adults in southern Brazil.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study nested within a cohort study.SETTING: Carlos Barbosa in southern Brazil.PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred ninety‐six community‐dwelling adults aged 64 and older.MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic information, a health history, and health perceptions were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Resilience was assessed using a resilience scale. For each participant, a brief oral examination was performed to assess number of teeth. Positive self‐perceived oral health was the outcome of interest.RESULTS: A final, fully adjusted Poisson regression model showed that high resilience potential (prevalence ratio (PR)=1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06–1.32), income (PR=1.18, 95% CI=1.07–1.30), and no reported change in diet because of dental problems (PR=1.34, 95% CI=1.13–1.60) were associated with positive self‐perceived oral health. Participants living in rural areas were less likely to report positive self‐perceived oral health (PR=0.83, 95% CI=0.75–0.93).CONCLUSION: Using a hierarchical approach, positive self‐perceived oral health was found to be associated with several variables included in the conceptual framework of oral health outcomes, such as resilience. Resilience may act as a potentiating agent in the positive adaptation to tooth loss.