bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Tobacco Use Treatments in U.S. Ethnic Minority Populations
Authors: Cox Lisa Sanderson , Okuyemi Kolawole , Choi Won S. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. 
Published: April 2011

Background. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. Among racial and ethnic minorities, disparities in tobacco use, knowledge of health risks and treatment resources, and access to and utilization of treatment contribute to a disproportionate disease burden from tobacco use. Furthermore, racial and ethnic minorities have been underrepresented within tobacco treatment studies. Purpose/Objective. This paper provides a review of published studies examining tobacco treatment interventions among ethnic and minority populations in the United States. Study Design/Methods. Literature searches were used to identify smoking cessation interventions involving racial/ethnic minority populations. Identified studies were published between 1985 and 2009 involving African-American, Latino, Native American, and Asian or Pacific Islander smokers. Studies included in the review (1) targeted one or more ethnic minority group or had at least 10% of study participants from ethnic minority groups and (2) reported abstinence outcomes. Results. Sixty-four studies were included in this review. Of studies meeting inclusion criteria, 28 included a primary focus on African-Americans, 10 focused on Latinos, 4 focused on Native Americans, and 3 focused on Asian-American smokers. An additional 19 studies reported samples including participants from more than one minority group. Sample inclusion criteria, intervention content and duration, follow-up, abstinence assessment, and limitations of these studies were reviewed. Conclusions. Individuals from racial and ethnic minority populations are interested in stopping smoking and willing to participate in treatment research. Variations in the content of treatment intervention and study design produced a range of abstinence outcomes across studies. Additional research is needed for all groups, including African-American smokers, and special attention is warranted for Latino, Native American, and Asian groups given the paucity of published studies. Although there were limited evaluations of pharmacotherapy, the existing data support use of pharmacotherapy in addition to counseling for enhancing abstinence outcomes. Further attention to level of individual smoking, variability in smoking patterns, and use of other tobacco products is needed, given known variation within and between racial and ethnic groups. Overall, findings are consistent with recommendations from the 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines calling for increased research devoted to evaluating and enhancing tobacco use treatment interventions among racial and ethnic minority populations. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5 Supplement]:S11-S30.)
Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Hispanics/Latinos Living in Multiunit Housing: Exploring Barriers to New Policies
Authors: Baezconde-Garbanati Lourdes A. , Weich-Reushé Kimberly , Espinoza Lilia , Portugal Cecilia , Barahona Rosa , Garbanati James , Seedat Faatima , Unger Jennifer B. 
Published: April 2011

Purpose. Despite a high prevalence of voluntary home smoking bans and laws protecting Californians from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in the workplace, many Hispanic/Latino (H/L) residents of multiunit housing (MUH) are potentially exposed to SHS from neighboring apartments. An advocacy/policy intervention was implemented to reduce tobacco-related health disparities by encouraging H/L living in MUH to implement voluntary policies that reduce exposure to SHS. This article presents findings from qualitative and quantitative data collected during development of the intervention, as well as preliminary results of the intervention. Design, Setting, and Subjects. MUH residents in Southern California participated in focus groups (n = 48), door-to-door surveys (n = 142), and a telephone survey (n = 409). Measures. Exposure to SHS, attitudes toward SHS, and attitudes toward policies restricting SHS in MUH were assessed. Results. H/L MUH residents reported high levels of exposure to SHS and little ability to protect themselves and their families from SHS. Respondents expressed positive attitudes toward adopting antismoking policies in MUH, but they also feared retaliation by smokers. The cultural values of familismo, respeto, simpatía, and personalismo influenced their motivation to protect their families from SHS as well as their reluctance to ask their neighbors to refrain from smoking. Nonsmokers were more likely to favor complete indoor and outdoor smoking bans in MUH, whereas smokers were more likely to favor separate smoking areas. The Regale Salud advocacy/policy intervention, implemented to reduce SHS exposure, prompted the passage of seven voluntary policies in apartment complexes in Southern California to prevent smoking in MUH. Conclusions. H/L in California support voluntary policies, local ordinances, and state laws that prevent exposure to SHS in MUH, especially those that are consistent with H/L cultural values and norms for interpersonal communication. (Am J Health Promot 2011;25[5 Supplement]:S82—S90.)
Lentiviral Transduction and Clonal Selection of hESCs with Endothelial‐Specific Transgenic Reporters
Authors: James Daylon , Zhan Qiansheng , Kloss Christopher , Zaninovic Nikica , Rosenwaks Zev , Rafii Shahin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGeneration of vascular endothelial cells (EC) from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) is a vital component of cell‐based strategies for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Before hESC‐derived ECs can be administered in therapeutic modalities, however, chemically defined culture conditions must be developed that reproducibly and robustly induce vascular differentiation. One approach to screening for culture conditions that support differentiation of hESCs to any cell type is their genetic modification with exogenous DNA sequence comprising a tissue‐specific gene promoter driving reporters such as fluorescent protein or antibiotic drug resistance. The protocols herein provide instructions for the generation of clonal hESC lines containing a reporter transgene that is specifically expressed in vascular endothelial derivatives. Additionally, they demonstrate the methodology employed to assess vascular differentiation from clonal lines. Together, these protocols provide a solid foundation for study of vascular differentiation, and may also be applied, in principle, to studies of other specialized cell types derived from hESCs. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 17:1F.12.1‐1F.12.14. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Finding Auxetic Frameworks in Periodic Tessellations
Authors: Mitschke Holger , Schwerdtfeger Jan , Schury Fabian , Stingl Michael , Körner Carolin , Singer Robert F. , Robins Vanessa , Mecke Klaus , Schröder‐Turk Gerd E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt appears that most models for micro‐structured materials with auxetic deformations were found by clever intuition, possibly combined with optimization tools, rather than by systematic searches of existing structure archives. Here we review our recent approach of finding micro‐structured materials with auxetic mechanisms within the vast repositories of planar tessellations. This approach has produced two previously unknown auxetic mechanisms, which have Poisson's ratio νss = ‐1 when realized as a skeletal structure of stiff incompressible struts pivoting freely at common vertices. One of these, baptized Triangle‐Square Wheels, has been produced as a linear‐elastic cellular structure from Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy by selective electron beam melting. Its linear‐elastic properties were measured by tensile experiments and yield an effective Poisson's ratio νLE ≈ ‐0.75, also in agreement with finite element modeling. The similarity between the Poisson's ratios νSS of the skeletal structure and νLE of the linear‐elastic cellular structure emphasizes the fundamental role of geometry for deformation behavior, regardless of the mechanical details of the system. The approach of exploiting structure archives as candidate geometries for auxetic materials also applies to spatial networks and tessellations and can aid the quest for inherently three‐dimensional auxetic mechanisms.
Effect of surface‐modified zinc oxide as cure activator on the properties of a rubber compound based on NR/SBR
Authors: Taghvaei‐Ganjali Saeed , Malekzadeh Mercedeh , Farahani Mona , Abbasian Ali , khosravi Morteza 
Published: April 2011

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) and nano‐zinc oxide (nZnO) were surface modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and poly propylene glycol (PPG). Modification of particles were controlled by transmission electron microscopy, Brunauer, Emmett, Teller specific surface area measurement, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. IR spectra were shown that the interactions between surface modifiers and particles are hydrogen bonding. Modified particles were applied as an activator in vulcanization of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) blend. Dispersion of modified particles in rubber matrix was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and shown good results. Blend properties were improved by using modified particles. These improvements were due to the better hydrophobicity of modified particles, which were more compatible with nonpolar rubber matrix and caused better participation in curing process. Modification by PEG and PPG were shown better compound properties for ZnO and nZnO, respectively. Application of ZnO‐modified particles were presented better compound properties in comparison with nZnO‐modified particles. It has confirmed more effective mixing of ZnO‐modified particles in rubber matrix by using ordinary mixers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Curing kinetics and mechanism of novel high performance hyperbranched polysiloxane/bismaleimide/cyanate ester resins for resin transfer molding
Authors: Guan Qingbao , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Yuan Li , Liao Fan , Gong Yingwei 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCuring kinetics and mechanism determine the structure and property of thermosetting resins and related composites. The curing kinetics and mechanism of a novel high performance resin system based on hyperbranched polysiloxane (HBPSi), 2,2′‐diallylbisphenol A modified bismaleimide (BD), and cyanate ester (CE) resins for Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) technique were systemically studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra, and torque rheometer. Results show that the addition of HBPSi to BD/CE resin not only decreases the initial curing temperature and apparent activation energy, but also changes the curing mechanism, and thus the structure and properties of resultant crosslinked networks. An “Interpenetrating network (IPN)‐coupling structure” is proposed to be formed in the HBPSi/BD/CE system, which is different from traditional “IPN” structure in BD/CE resin. The simulation of curing reaction suggests that the variety of the curing activity leads to the difference between the curing behaviors of BD/CE and HBPSi/BD/CE resins, which is in good agreement with FTIR and DSC analyses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
SPES‐SiO2 hybrid proton exchange membranes from in situ sol–gel process of negatively charged alkoxysilane
Authors: Wu Cuiming , Xiao Xinle , Xiao Wenchang , Wu Yonghui , Cui Peng , Xu Tongwen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOne type of negatively charged alkoxysilane, that is, sulfonated 3‐(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (SMPTS), has been developed from 3‐(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTS) and hydrogen peroxide. SMPTS is used to modify sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES) through in situ sol–gel process. The membranes with proper SMPTS dosage show enhanced ion exchange capacity (IEC), hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, chemical stability, and proton conductivity, which prove that SMPTS is an effective modifier for preparing proton‐exchange hybrid membranes. With MPTS of 5–20%, the hybrid membranes exhibit IEC 1.34–1.50 mmol g−1, thermal stability 264–316°C, and proton conductivity 0.0015–0.0102 S cm−1 and thus recommended for potential application in fuel cells. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Accurate kinetic parameter estimation during progress curve analysis of systems with endogenous substrate production
Authors: Goudar Chetan T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have identified an error in the published integral form of the modified Michaelis–Menten equation that accounts for endogenous substrate production. The correct solution is presented and the error in both the substrate concentration, S, and the kinetic parameters Vm, Km, and R resulting from the incorrect solution was characterized. The incorrect integral form resulted in substrate concentration errors as high as 50% resulting in 7–50% error in kinetic parameter estimates. To better reflect experimental scenarios, noise containing substrate depletion data were analyzed by both the incorrect and correct integral equations. While both equations resulted in identical fits to substrate depletion data, the final estimates of Vm, Km, and R were different and Km and R estimates from the incorrect integral equation deviated substantially from the actual values. Another observation was that at R = 0, the incorrect integral equation reduced to the correct form of the Michaelis–Menten equation. We believe this combination of excellent fits to experimental data, albeit with incorrect kinetic parameter estimates, and the reduction to the Michaelis–Menten equation at R = 0 is primarily responsible for the incorrectness to go unnoticed. However, the resulting error in kinetic parameter estimates will lead to incorrect biological interpretation and we urge the use of the correct integral form presented in this study. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2499–2503. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pore‐network modeling of biofilm evolution in porous media
Authors: Ezeuko C.C. , Sen A. , Grigoryan A. , Gates I.D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe influence of bacterial biomass on hydraulic properties of porous media (bioclogging) has been explored as a viable means for optimizing subsurface bioremediation and microbial enhanced oil recovery. In this study, we present a pore network simulator for modeling biofilm evolution in porous media including hydrodynamics and nutrient transport based on coupling of advection transport with Fickian diffusion and a reaction term to account for nutrient consumption. Biofilm has non‐zero permeability permitting liquid flow and transport through the biofilm itself. To handle simultaneous mass transfer in both liquid and biofilm in a pore element, a dual‐diffusion mass transfer model is introduced. The influence of nutrient limitation on predicted results is explored. Nutrient concentration in the network is affected by diffusion coefficient for nutrient transfer across biofilm (compared to water/water diffusion coefficient) under advection dominated transport, represented by mass transport Péclet number >1. The model correctly predicts a dependence of rate of biomass accumulation on inlet concentration. Poor network connectivity shows a significantly large reduction of permeability, for a small biomass pore volume. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2413–2423. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrolysis of fish oil by hyperactivated rhizomucor miehei lipase immobilized by multipoint anion exchange
Authors: Filice Marco , Marciello Marzia , Betancor Lorena , Carrascosa Alfonso V. , Guisan Jose M. , Fernandez‐Lorente Gloria 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) is greatly hyperactivated (around 20‐ to 25‐fold toward small substrates) in the presence of sucrose laurate. Hyperactivation appears to be an intramolecular process because it is very similar for soluble enzymes and covalently immobilized derivatives. The hyperactivated enzyme was immobilized (in the presence of sucrose laurate) on cyanogen bromide‐activated Sepharose (very mild covalent immobilization through the amino terminal residue), on glyoxyl Sepharose (intense multipoint covalent immobilization through the region with the highest amount of Lys residues), and on different anion exchangers (by multipoint anionic exchange through the region with the highest density of negative charges). Covalent immobilization does not promote the fixation of the hyperactivated enzyme, but immobilization on Sepharose Q retains the hyperactivated enzyme even in the absence of a detergent. The hydrolysis of fish oils by these hyperactivated enzyme derivatives was sevenfold faster than by covalently immobilized derivatives and three and a half times faster than by the enzyme hyperactivated on octyl‐Sepharose. The open structure of the hyperactivated lipase is fairly exposed to the medium, and no steric hindrance should interfere with the hydrolysis of large substrates. These new hyperactivated derivatives seem to be more suitable for hydrolysis of oils by RML immobilized inside porous supports. In addition, the hyperactivated derivatives are fairly stable against heat and organic cosolvents. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Exploitation of Surface‐Sensitive Electrons in Scanning Electron Microscopy Reveals the Formation Mechanism of New Cubic and Truncated Octahedral CeO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Asahina Shunsuke , Takami Seiichi , Otsuka Takeshi , Adschiri Tadafumi , Terasaki Osamu 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDevelopment of new analytical tools for nanostructures directly contributes to the study of catalysts. By using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a newly designed signal enhancer, we study cubic and truncated octahedral cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles, which are composed of smaller primary octahedral CeO2 and are formed through bond formation with hexanedioic acid. The signal enhancer is designed to efficiently collect secondary electrons of kinetic energy less than 10 eV; thus, it greatly improves the S/N ratio. On the basis of the observed SEM images and electron backscattered diffraction patterns of the cross section of the nanoparticles, we discuss the formation mechanism of the nanoparticles and speculate that the primary CeO2 nanocrystals share their edges in the cubic nanoparticles and truncated octahedral nanoparticles. These results will contribute to the preparation of nanostructured metal oxide surfaces with controlled morphologies that could enhance catalytic activity.
A Ligand Structure–Activity Study of DNA‐Based Catalytic Asymmetric Hydration and Diels–Alder Reactions.
Authors: Rosati Fiora , Roelfes Gerard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA structure–activity relationship study of the first generation ligands for the DNA‐based asymmetric hydration of enones and Diels–Alder reaction in water is reported. The design of the ligand was optimized resulting in a maximum ee of 83 % in the hydration reaction and 75 % in the Diels–Alder reaction, and some guidelines for ligand design were formulated. A comparison between these two reaction classes using salmon testes DNA/Cu2+‐L catalysts, showed that the enantioselectivity in the hydration reaction was not the result of selective shielding of one π face of the enone. In contrast, the structure of the ligand was suggested to be crucial to position and orient the substrate bound Cu2+ complex optimally with respect to the structured first hydration layer of the DNA. Likely, the DNA activates and directs the H2O nucleophile for attack to one preferred π face of the enone.
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescent Properties of UV Excitable Blue Emitting Phosphors MSr4(BO3)3:Ce3+ (M: Li and Na).
Authors: Guo Chongfeng , Ding Xu , Seo Hyo Jin , Ren Zhaoyu , Bai Jintao 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe new title phosphors are prepared by solid state reaction of SrCO3, Li2CO3, Na2CO3, H3BO3, and CeO2 (750 °C, 8 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Nonmetal‐Catalyzed Insertion Reactions of Diazocarbonyls to Acid Derivatives in Fluorinated Alcohols.
Authors: Dumitrescu Lidia , Azzouzi‐Zriba Kaouther , Bonnet‐Delpon Daniele , Crousse Benoit 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt allows an efficient access to various acyloxyesters and depsipeptides as well as sulfonate, phosphonate, and boronate derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed Ring Opening of Furans as a Route to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence , Wagschal Simon 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe presented results support an electrophilic palladation pathway to be operative, which is of general interest for mechanistically related Pd‐catalyzed C—H activation processes of electron‐rich heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Approach to δ‐Amino Acids by Asymmetric Hydrogenation of 5‐Acetylaminopent‐4‐enoic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Starodubtseva E. V. , Turova O. V. , Antipova O. M. , Vinogradov M. G. , Sagirova Zh. R. , Malyshev O. R. , Struchkova M. I. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPromising results are obtained for the hydrogenation of enamides, e.g. (III).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient H2O2‐Based Oxidative Bromination of Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatics by a Divanadium‐Substituted Phosphotungstate.
Authors: Yonehara Kazuhiro , Kamata Keigo , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe polyoxometalate catalyst shows significantly enhanced catalytic performance in comparison to previously reported systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Synthesis of Water‐Tolerant Alkyl Indium Reagents and Their Application in Palladium‐Catalyzed Couplings with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Goh Kelvin Kau Kiat , Yang Yong‐Sheng , Lai Yin‐Chang , Wong Colin Hong An , Cheong Hao‐Lun , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAlkyl indium compounds are prepared through a CuCl‐mediated direct insertion of indium into alkyl iodides or bromides under an air atmosphere and even in the presence of water.
ChemInform Abstract: Di‐p‐Nitrobenzyl Azodicarboxylate (DNAD): An Alternative Azo‐Reagent for the Mitsunobu Reaction.
Authors: Yang Jianhai , Dai Liyan , Wang Xiaozhong , Chen Yingqi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDi‐p‐nitrobenzyl azodicarboxylate is prepared in two steps by a commercially available process and used as azo‐reagent in Mitsunobu reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Magnesiation or Zincation of Highly Functionalized Alkenes and Cycloalkenes Using 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidyl Bases.
Authors: Bresser Tomke , Knochel Paul 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt is demonstrated, that kinetically highly active magnesium and zinc tetramethylpiperidyl bases allow the metalation of a variety of functionalized olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of 3,5‐Disubstituted N‐Salicylidene‐4‐allyloxyanilines.
Authors: Oleinik I. I. , Oleinik I. V. , Ivanchev S. S. , Tolstikov G. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA more convenient alternative procedure for the synthesis of Schiff bases (V) starting from p‐aminophenol is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Open Vessel and Cooling while Heating Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Pyridinyl N‐Aryl Hydrazones.
Authors: La Regina Giuseppe , Gatti Valerio , Piscitelli Francesco , Silvestri Romano 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA new microwave‐assisted protocol for a very fast synthesis of pyridyl N‐aryl hydrazones in open vessel mode, under cooling while heating conditions is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A General and Mild Two‐Step Procedure for the Synthesis of Aryl and Heteroaryl Sulfonamides from the Corresponding Iodides.
Authors: Ho Danny K. H. , Chan Lily , Hooper Alice , Brennan Paul E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCopper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl iodides with acid (I) give thiobenzoates (III).