bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to phasing
Authors: Taylor Garry L. 
Published: March 2010

When collecting X-ray diffraction data from a crystal, we measure the intensities of the diffracted waves scattered from a series of planes that we can imagine slicing through the crystal in all directions. From these intensities we derive the amplitudes of the scattered waves, but in the experiment we lose the phase information; that is, how we offset these waves when we add them together to reconstruct an image of our molecule. This is generally known as the `phase problem'. We can only derive the phases from some knowledge of the molecular structure. In small-molecule crystallography, some basic assumptions about atomicity give rise to relationships between the amplitudes from which phase information can be extracted. In protein crystallography, theseab initiomethods can only be used in the rare cases in which there are data to at least 1.2 Å resolution. For the majority of cases in protein crystallography phases are derived either by using the atomic coordinates of a structurally similar protein (molecular replacement) or by finding the positions of heavy atoms that are intrinsic to the protein or that have been added (methods such as MIR, MIRAS, SIR, SIRAS, MAD, SAD or combinations of these). The pioneering work of Perutz, Kendrew, Blow, Crick and others developed the methods of isomorphous replacement: adding electron-dense atoms to the protein without disturbing the protein structure. Nowadays, methods from small-molecule crystallography can be used to find the heavy-atom substructure and the phases for the whole protein can be bootstrapped from this prior knowledge. More recently, improved X-ray sources, detectors and software have led to the routine use of anomalous scattering to obtain phase information from either incorporated selenium or intrinsic sulfurs. In the best cases, only a single set of X-ray data (SAD) is required to provide the positions of the anomalous scatters, which together with density-modification procedures can reveal the structure of the complete protein.
Know your dose: RADDOSE
Authors: Paithankar Karthik S. , Garman Elspeth F. 
Published: March 2010

The program RADDOSE is widely used to compute the dose absorbed by a macromolecular crystal during an X-ray diffraction experiment. A number of factors affect the absorbed dose, including the incident X-ray flux density, the photon energy and the composition of the macromolecule and of the buffer in the crystal. An experimental dose limit for macromolecular crystallography (MX) of 30 MGy at 100 K has been reported, beyond which the biological information obtained may be compromised. Thus, for the planning of an optimized diffraction experiment the estimation of dose has become an additional tool. A number of approximations were made in the original version of RADDOSE. Recently, the code has been modified in order to take into account fluorescent X-ray escape from the crystal (version 2) and the inclusion of incoherent (Compton) scattering into the dose calculation is now reported (version 3). The Compton cross-section, although negligible at the energies currently commonly used in MX, should be considered in dose calculations for incident energies above 20 keV. Calculations using version 3 of RADDOSE reinforce previous studies that predict a reduction in the absorbed dose when data are collected at higher energies compared with data collected at 12.4 keV. Hence, a longer irradiation lifetime for the sample can be achieved at these higher energies but this is at the cost of lower diffraction intensities. The parameter `diffraction-dose efficiency', which is the diffracted intensity per absorbed dose, is revisited in an attempt to investigate the benefits and pitfalls of data collection using higher and lower energy radiation, particularly for thin crystals.
Repositories and journals: are they in conflict?
Authors: Brown David J. 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to bring together information on whether any evidence exists of a commercial conflict between the creation of digital archives at research institutions and by key subject centres of excellence, and the business of journal publishing.Design/methodology/approachRelevant publications, including articles published in refereed books and journals, as well as informal commentaries on listservs, blogs and wikis, were analysed to determine whether there is any evidence of a commercial relationship.FindingsMost of the published comments are highly subjective and anecdotal – there is a significant emotional overtone to many of the views expressed. There is precious little hard evidence currently available to support or debunk the idea that a commercial conflict exists between repositories and journal subscriptions. The situation is made more difficult by the many technological, sociological and administrative changes that are taking place in parallel to the establishment of repositories.Practical implicationsSeparating the key drivers and their impact is a major strategic challenge facing all stakeholders in the scholarly communication industry in future.Research limitations/implicationsThis is an important area which requires close monitoring – the possible threat that the established journal publishing system could be eroded away by a new “free” scholarly information system needs attention. One significant study in this area is being undertaken by the PEER group, funded by the European Commission with hard evidence being collected by UCL's CIBER research group. The results from this impartial investigation will be very welcome.Originality/valueThe paper shows that relationship between repositories and journal subscriptions is vague.
Thematic description of audio‐visual information on television
Authors: Caldera‐Serrano Jorge 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThis paper endeavours to show the possibilities for thematic description of audio‐visual documents for television with the aim of promoting and facilitating information retrieval.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve these goals different database fields are shown, as well as the way in which they are organised for indexing and thematic element description, analysed and used as an example. Some of the database fields are extracted from an analytical study of the documentary system of television in Spain. Others are being tested in university television on which indexing experiments are carried out.FindingsNot all thematic descriptions are used on television information systems; nevertheless, some television channels do use thematic descriptions of both image and sound, applying thesauri. Moreover, it is possible to access sequences using full text retrieval as well.Originality/valueThe development of the documentary task, applying the described techniques, promotes thematic indexing and hence thematic retrieval. Given the fact that this is without doubt one of the aspects most demanded by television journalists (along with people's names). This conceptualisation translates into the adaptation of databases to new indexing methods.
Culture of open access in the University of Kashmir: a researcher's viewpoint
Authors: Gul Sumeer , Shah Tariq Ahmad , Baghwan Tariq Ahmad 
Published: March 2010

PurposeA survey of University of Kashmir scholars was undertaken in 2008 to ascertain their experience, attitudes and perceptions about the open access (OA) movement. The purpose of this paper is to report the survey's findings.Design/methodology/approachThe study was based on data collected from scholars belonging to the Science and Social Science faculties at the University of Kashmir. A pre‐defined, closed‐ended, 14‐item questionnaire was distributed among 84 research scholars. The selection of scholars was based on stratified disproportionate sampling in which the sample size for the departments of both faculties was confined to four scholars, as only four research scholars were enrolled in the Department of Psychology.FindingsThe majority of the scholars consulted both open access as well as library‐subscribed resources. Of OA resource users, four‐fifths consulted journals and two‐fifths consulted books. Colleagues (57.14 per cent) were the main referral sources of OA awareness with the least intervention from library professionals. Scholars (95.23 per cent) retrieved OA content via search engines. About 21 per cent remarked above 60 per cent relevancy of OA content related to their research need. The majority of scholars considered OA useful to publish their work quickly, boost their productivity as an author and increase citations of their work. One third reported awareness of more than two OA journals. About 30 per cent reported OA journals as a source of publishing their work, whereas just 10 per cent deposited their works in OA repositories. Overall, Science scholars had the edge over their Social Science counterparts in acceptance of open access.Research limitations/implicationsThe research highlights the viewpoints of only 84 scholars out of 326 registered scholars in the fields of Sciences and Social Sciences at the University of Kashmir.Originality/valueResearch of this kind has not been carried out before at the University of Kashmir. The paper discusses open access awareness among the researchers of the University of Kashmir with recommendations for information professionals and teaching faculty to acquaint researchers with the benefits of open access.
Technological and dietetic characteristics of probiotic acidophilus milk
Authors: Sarkar S. , Misra A.K. 
Published: March 2010

Purpose
– Prophylactic characteristics of plain acidophilus milk could be further enhanced with the incorporation of certain probiotic or beneficial organisms. This research undertakes to evaluate the technological and dietetic characteristics of probiotic acidophilus milk containing Bifidobacterium bifidum and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii during storage.

Design/methodology/approach
– The effects of incorporation of Bifidobacterium bifidum NDRI and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii MTCC 1371 as microbial additives during the manufacture and storage of acidophilus milk made from skimmed milk at 8±1 °C for seven days were evaluated. Probiotic acidophilus milk was evaluated on the basis of various technological (titratable acidity, volatile acidity, diacetyl and acetoin production and extent of proteolysis) and dietetic (lactic acid content, lactose hydrolyzing activity, antibacterial activity, viable population of lactobacilli, propionibacteria, bifidobacteria) characteristics.

Findings
– Probiotic acidophilus milk obtained with the conjugated application of Lactobacillus acidophilus R, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii MTCC 1371 and Bifidobacterium bifidum NDRI retained its dietetic characteristics up to seven days of storage at 8±1 °C and its consumption may be advantageous over plain acidophilus milk due to its enhanced prophylactic features.

Research limitations/implications
– Mineral and vitamin estimation of probiotic acidophilus milk, animal and infant feeding trials must be conducted.

Practical implications
– Conjugated application of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii MTCC 1371 and Bifidobacterium bifidum NDRI as microbial additives during the manufacture of acidophilus milk may be suggested to enhance its prophylactic features.

Originality/value
– Conjugated application of P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii MTCC 1371 and B. bifidum NDRI as microbial additives with L. acidophilus R during the manufacture of acidophilus milk is suggested to enhance the prophylactic features of plain acidophilus milk. Consumption of probiotic acidophilus milk as a dietary adjunct can be recommended.
The effects of risk-reducing strategies on consumer perceived risk and on purchase likelihood
Authors: Yeung Ruth , Yee Wallace , Morris Joe 
Published: March 2010

Purpose
– Consumer perception of risk and its impacts on purchasing behaviour are critical aspects of food safety. Consumer risk management strategies influence, and respond to, the risk management strategies adopted by the food industry. This research, using poultry product as the focus, aims to identify the consumer risk-reducing strategies and their impact on perception of food safety-related risk and then on purchase behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach
– By adopting a quantitative research paradigm with a quota sample of 200 respondents, a Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) model was built to assess the direct and indirect effects of strategies taken by consumers to reduce perceived risk and the consequences for purchase likelihood, utilising LISREL 8.30.

Findings
– The research reveals brand, information and quality assurance as influential risk-reducing strategies to reduce consumer perception of food safety risk and subsequently to facilitate purchase likelihood during a period concerned about microbiological contamination in chicken meat.

Practical implications
– The results provide guidance of both proactive and remedial actions that the food industry can follow and also help to evaluate the effectiveness of its marketing activities.

Originality/value
– The research provides an insight in assisting government agencies and the food industry to develop appropriate food-related risk management strategies to serve the interests of both consumers and producers.
Making information literacy relevant
Authors: Shenton Andrew K. , Fitzgibbons Megan 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the problems of a one size fits all approach to information literacy (IL) teaching, and consider how to make the experience more relevant to the learner.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a discussion based on an extensive analysis of the literature.FindingsIsolated rote learning, without any self‐motivation on the part of the learner, will limit the degree to which information skills can be applied in other situations. If lifelong learning is the true goal of IL education, information specialists are ideally placed to impart skills that go beyond the ostensibly limited relevance (from a student's perspective) of academic assignments.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper discusses alternative approaches to the teaching of IL based on a review of the literature. It offers new models for consideration for IL practitioners.Originality/valueThe paper discusses the role of the learner and their motivation and how librarians can make IL training more relevant to the individual. As such should be of interest to practitioners in educational institutions of all kinds.
Smart cameras tackle 3D industrial inspection
Authors: Connolly Christine 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the technology and applications of 3D visual measurement systems.Design/methodology/approachA particular line profile sensor is used to explain the principle of laser triangulation, and further profilers are described. A grid projection technique is presented. Finally, a series of industrial 3D vision devices from SICK are described.Findings3D vision is becoming as convenient as 2D as a factory integration tool. Very high‐speed laser‐scan systems are now available, making up to 35,000 profiles per second. Grid projection systems can measure to 10 μm resolution.Originality/valueThe value of this paper is to make scientists and engineers aware of advances in the practicality of 3D vision systems.
Metrology and 3D trends: a snapshot in 2009
Authors: Shafi Adil 
Published: March 2010

PurposeTechnological advances in recent years have led to the development and implementation of a variety of techniques and platforms in three‐dimensional (3D) metrology. These techniques include improvements in sensory capabilities, computational speed, flexibility in reporting, and ease of use. The purpose of this paper is to address several developments in this regard.Design/methodology/approachMetrology, or the science of measurement, continues to enjoy relevance and importance in the quality and handling of manufactured goods. In most instances, measurement requires a 3D quantification of an object's dimensions. These data are used for product quality or for robotic guidance applications.FindingsAs technology progresses, a snapshot of trends is presented in 2009. Notable amongst these trends are advances in sensory capabilities, computational speed, flexibility in reporting, and ease of use. These continuous improvements are helping to increase adoption curves in an ever‐competitive quality and cost driven, and increasingly international, manufacturing market. According to Paul Kellett, Director of Market Analysis at the Robotics Industries Association (www.robotics.org), there have been, in the past, typically three impediments to adoption: ease of use, cost, and performance of technology.Originality/valueIn conclusion, metrology and 3D trends are evolving continuously to equip manufacturers with enhanced tools for measurement, quality control, robot guidance and absolute accuracy. Much work lies ahead in the area of software for applications and specifically for vertical applications.
Optical tomography system using microprocessor and ethernet controller‐based data acquisition system
Authors: Abdul Rahim Ruzairi , Chiew Loon Goh , Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman Mohd. , Kok San Chan , Jon Fea Pang , Lai Chan Leong 
Published: March 2010

PurposeOwing to the high cost of data acquisition (DAQ) card in the market, the purpose of this paper is to develop a high speed, low‐cost microprocessor and ethernet controller‐based DAQ in optical tomography system.Design/methodology/approachMicroprocessor is the main core to control the sensor circuitry while ethernet controller has the responsibility of transmitting data to PC and thus insuring the reliability of data.FindingsThe data transfer rate will be up to megabytes per seconds. In this optical tomography system, projection geometry combining two orthogonal and two rectilinear in one layer is modeled.Originality/valueThis paper presents a new application in optical tomography.
Test and analysis of the performance of capacitance vehicle weighing sensor
Authors: Mei Chen 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a capacitance vehicle weighing device. The key part of this device is the capacitance vehicle weighing sensor. This paper discusses the static and dynamic performance test of capacitance vehicle weighing sensor with emphasis, and provides theoretical analysis, in order to provide the tests and theoretical basis for the popularization and application of the vehicle weighing device.Design/methodology/approachThe paper gives an introduction to the weighing sensor in respects of the structure design and measuring principles, with the emphasis on the static and dynamic performance of the testing processes. Then, the paper provides the corresponding testing processes and data with theoretical analysis.FindingsThis weighing sensor can be applied to static as well as dynamic tests thus the capacitance vehicle weighing device is practical and worthy of promotion and popularization.Originality/valueThe capacitance vehicle weighing device is characterized by its simple structure, simple measuring circuits, strong reliability in anti‐interference, small size and low cost. The static performance is of little repetitive error, and the use of software may efficiently solve the problems of non‐linearity and hysteresis. In dynamic measurement, the speed, acceleration and vibration of the vehicle produce little effect on the result, which can be neglected, thus being able to overcome the disadvantages of the traditional weighing method which is of low speed and great errors.
Application of neural network and electrodynamic sensor as flow pattern identifier
Authors: Rahmat M.F. , Sabit H.A. , Abdul Rahim R. 
Published: March 2010

PurposeSolid particles flowing in a pipeline is a common mode of transport in industries. This is because pipeline transportation can avoid waste through spillage and minimizes the risk of handling of hazardous materials. Pharmaceutical industries, food stuff manufacturing industries, cement, and chemical industries are a few industries to exploit this transportation technique. For such industries, monitoring and controlling material flow through the pipe is an essential element to ensure efficiency and safety of the system. The purpose of this paper is to present electrical charge tomography, which is one of the most efficient, robust, cost‐effective, and non‐invasive tomographic methods of monitoring solid particles flow in a pipeline.Design/methodology/approachProcess flow data are captured by fitting an array of 16 discrete electrodynamic sensors about the circumference of the flow pipe. The captured data are processed using two tomographic algorithms to obtain tomographic images of the flow. Then a neural network tool is used to improve image resolution and accuracy of measurements.FindingsThe results from the above technique show significant improvements in the pipe flow image resolution and measurements.Originality/valueThe paper presents electrical charge tomography, which is one of the most efficient, robust, cost‐effective, and non‐invasive tomographic methods of monitoring solid particles flow in a pipeline.
Mobile internet diffusion in China: an empirical study
Authors: Liu Yong , Li Hongxiu 
Published: March 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the diffusion process of mobile internet use (MIU) in China and to explore the determinants driving MIU.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted to collect data to empirically assess the research model. In total, 736 usable responses were collected using a questionnaire derived from previous research. Both the structural equation model and partial least squares were used to study the model concerning different user groups.FindingsThe results indicate that there are significant differences in the users' perceptions of mobile internet usage during its different innovation diffusion stages. Of the determinants, perceived enjoyment is the most important predictor of MIU.Practical implicationsIn addition to motivating users by making services more enjoyable, the findings suggest that practitioners should take the differences of adopter groups into account. Making the mobile internet easy to use and compatible with users' lifestyles would promote the use of technology as well.Originality/valueFew studies have investigated the differences between user groups when studying mobile internet diffusion, especially in China, which is reaching a critical stage in this regard.
Outsourcing and information systems managers: an empirical study
Authors: Gonzalez Reyes , Gasco Jose , Llopis Juan 
Published: March 2010

PurposeInformation systems (IS) outsourcing has grown dramatically in recent years, however few studies have dealt with the influence of outsourcing on the role of IS managers. In attempting to fill the gap, this study presents and analyzes the results of a survey among large Spanish firms. Also the paper analyzes these results along time. So, the main aim of the paper is to focus on the implications of outsourcing over IS managers and the evolution of these implications in recent years. Moreover, the paper presents a typology of firms according to how outsourcing has influence IS managers.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was administered to the IS managers of the largest Spanish firms, so outsourcing influence is analysed from the point of view of the own managers affected by outsourcing.FindingsThe paper concludes that outsourcing has benefited IS managers in the largest Spanish firms, enhancing their jobs and working as a valuable alternative to internal IS activity.Originality/valueAn important contribution made by this paper is the presentation of a typology of enterprises according to how outsourcing has influenced the professional activities of IS managers.