bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priority Research and Management Issues for the Imperiled Great Basin of the Western United States
Authors: Chambers Jeanne C. , Wisdom Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Like many arid and semiarid regions, the Great Basin of the western United States is undergoing major ecological, social, and economic changes that are having widespread detrimental effects on the structure, composition, and function of native ecosystems. The causes of change are highly interactive and include urban, suburban, and exurban growth, past and present land uses, climate change, altered fire regimes, and rapid expansion of invasive species. Cumulative effects include vegetation type conversions, loss of watershed functioning, loss of native species, and diminished economic potential. The diversity and magnitude of issues require consensus on priority issues, and new and innovative research and management approaches that address larger spatial scales and longer time scales than in the past. Primary research coupled with large‐scale assessments and effective monitoring strategies is needed to understand and track the ongoing changes. Prediction and modeling of alternative futures are needed for incorporation into the planning process and use as a basis for adaptive management, and management tools are needed to aid decision‐making and implementation. Historically, research and management in arid and semiarid regions such as the Great Basin have been severely under‐funded and altering current trajectories will require financial resources, political support, and effective policies and institutional mechanisms. Sustaining the ecosystems, resources, and human populations of these regions will require strong collaborative partnerships among research and management organizations to reduce overlap, leverage funds, and increase efficiency. Close involvement of all stakeholders is needed to obtain the needed support for making necessary changes in policies and management activities.
A Landscape Approach for Ecologically Based Management of Great Basin Shrublands
Authors: Wisdom Michael J. , Chambers Jeanne C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Native shrublands dominate the Great Basin of western of North America, and most of these communities are at moderate or high risk of loss from non‐native grass invasion and woodland expansion. Landscape‐scale management based on differences in ecological resistance and resilience of shrublands can reduce these risks. We demonstrate this approach with an example that focuses on maintenance of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats for Greater Sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a bird species threatened by habitat loss. The approach involves five steps: (1) identify the undesired disturbance processes affecting each shrubland community type; (2) characterize the resistance and resilience of each shrubland type in relation to the undesired processes; (3) assess potential losses of shrublands based on their resistance, resilience, and associated risk; (4) use knowledge from these steps to design a landscape strategy to mitigate the risk of shrubland loss; and (5) implement the strategy with a comprehensive set of active and passive management prescriptions. Results indicate that large areas of the Great Basin currently provide Sage‐grouse habitats, but many areas of sagebrush with low resistance and resilience may be lost to continued woodland expansion or invasion by non‐native annual grasses. Preventing these losses will require landscape strategies that prioritize management areas based on efficient use of limited resources to maintain the largest shrubland areas over time. Landscape‐scale approaches, based on concepts of resistance and resilience, provide an essential framework for successful management of arid and semiarid shrublands and their native species.
Introduction to the Special Section on Alternative Futures for Great Basin Ecosystems
Authors: Fleishman Erica , Chambers Jeanne C. , Wisdom Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Natural and anthropogenic processes are causing extensive and rapid ecological, social, and economic changes in arid and semiarid ecosystems worldwide. Nowhere are these changes more evident than in the Great Basin of the western United States, a region of 400,000 km2 that largely is managed by federal agencies. Major drivers of ecosystems and human demographics of the Great Basin include human population growth, grazing by domestic livestock, extraction of minerals, development and production of energy, changes in fire and other disturbance regimes, and invasion of non‐native annual plants. Exploration of alternative futures may increase the ability of management and policy to maximize the system's resistance and resilience to changes in climate, disturbance regimes, and anthropogenic perturbations. This special section examines the issues facing the Great Basin and then provides examples of approaches to predicting changes in land cover and avifaunal distributions under different management scenarios. Future sustainability of the Great Basin's natural and human systems requires strong, collaborative partnerships among research and management organizations that are capable of obtaining public support and financial resources and developing effective policies and institutional mechanisms.
Evidence for an Interaction Between Age at First Drink and Genetic Influences on DSM‐IV Alcohol Dependence Symptoms
Authors: Agrawal Arpana , Sartor Carolyn E. , Lynskey Michael T. , Grant Julia D. , Pergadia Michele L. , Grucza Richard , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Nelson Elliot C. , Madden Pamela A. F. , Martin Nicholas G. , Heath Andrew C. 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Research suggests that individuals who start drinking at an early age are more likely to subsequently develop alcohol dependence. Twin studies have demonstrated that the liability to age at first drink and to alcohol dependence are influenced by common genetic and environmental factors, however, age at first drink may also environmentally mediate increased risk for alcohol dependence. In this study, we examine whether age at first drink moderates genetic and environmental influences, via gene × environment interactions, on DSM‐IV alcohol dependence symptoms.Methods:  Using data on 6,257 adult monozygotic and dizygotic male and female twins from Australia, we examined the extent to which age at first drink (i) increased mean alcohol dependence symptoms and (ii) whether the magnitude of additive genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental influences on alcohol dependence symptoms varied as a function of decreasing age. Twin models were fitted in Mx.Results:  Risk for alcohol dependence symptoms increased with decreasing age at first drink. Heritable influences on alcohol dependence symptoms were considerably larger in those who reported an age at first drink prior to 13 years of age. In those with later onset of alcohol use, variance in alcohol dependence was largely attributable to nonshared environmental variance (and measurement error). This evidence for unmeasured gene × measured environment interaction persisted even when controlling for the genetic influences that overlapped between age at first drink and alcohol dependence symptoms.Conclusions:  Early age at first drink may facilitate the expression of genes associated with vulnerability to alcohol dependence symptoms. This is important to consider, not only from a public health standpoint, but also in future genomic studies of alcohol dependence.
Suicide and Alcohol: Do Outlets Play a Role?
Authors: Johnson Fred W. , Gruenewald Paul J. , Remer Lillian G. 
Published: September 2009

Background:  The purpose of this study was to determine whether the number of alcohol outlets in local and adjacent areas, in particular bars, was related over time to completed suicide and suicide attempts. There is evidence both from studies of individuals and time series aggregate studies, mostly at the national level, of substantial alcohol involvement in suicide, but no small‐area, longitudinal studies have been carried out. The present study is the first that is both longitudinal and based on a large number of small spatial units, California zip codes, a level of resolution permitting analysis of the relationship between local alcohol access and suicide rates over time.Method:  Longitudinal data were obtained from 581 consistently defined zip code areas over 6 years (1995–2000) using data from the California Index Locations Database, a geographic information system that contains both population and place information with spatial attributes for the entire state. Measures obtained from each zip code included population characteristics (e.g., median age) and place characteristics (e.g., numbers of retail and alcohol outlets) which were related in separate analyses to (i) suicide mortality and (ii) the number of hospitalizations for injuries caused by suicide attempts. The effect of place characteristics in zip code areas adjacent to each of the 581 local zip codes (spatial lags) was also assessed. Analysis methods were random effects models corrected for spatial autocorrelation.Results:  Completed suicide rates were higher in zip code areas with greater local and lagged bar densities; and higher in areas with greater local but not lagged off‐premise outlet densities. Whereas completed suicide rates were lower among blacks and Hispanics, completed suicide rates were higher among low income, older whites living in less densely populated areas, that is, rural areas. Rates of suicide attempts were higher in zip code areas with greater local but not lagged bar densities, and higher among low income younger whites living in smaller households and in rural areas. Rates of attempted suicide were also higher among blacks. Completed suicide and suicide attempt rates were lower in zip code areas with greater local restaurant densities; there were no lagged effects for restaurants.Conclusions:  Bar densities in particular appear related to suicide, meaning, because this is an aggregate‐level spatial analysis, that suicides, both attempted and completed, occur at greater rates in rural community areas with greater bar densities. Because the suicide rate is highest in rural areas, this study suggests that although the number of completed and attempted suicides is no doubt greater in absolute numbers in urban areas, the suicide rate, both completed and attempted, is greater in rural areas, which draws attention, perhaps much needed, to the problems of rural America.
Ethanol Is Self‐Administered Into the Nucleus Accumbens Shell, But Not the Core: Evidence of Genetic Sensitivity
Authors: Engleman Eric A. , Ding Zheng‐Ming , Oster Scott M. , Toalston Jamie E. , Bell Richard L. , Murphy James M. , McBride William J. , Rodd Zachary A. 
Published: September 2009

Background: A previous study indicated that selectively bred alcohol‐preferring (P) rats self‐administered ethanol (EtOH) directly into the posterior ventral tegmental area at lower concentrations than Wistar rats. The present study was undertaken to determine involvement of the nucleus accumbens (Acb) with EtOH reinforcement, and a relationship between genetic selection for high alcohol preference and sensitivity of the Acb to the reinforcing effects of EtOH.Methods: Adult P and Wistar rats were assigned to groups that self‐infused 0 to 300 mg% EtOH into the Acb shell (AcbSh) or Acb Core (AcbC). Rats were placed into 2‐lever (active and inactive) operant chambers and given EtOH for the first 4 sessions (acquisition), artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) for sessions 5 and 6 (extinction), and EtOH again in session 7 (reinstatement). Responding on the active lever produced a 100‐nl injection of the infusate.Results: Alcohol‐preferring rats self‐infused 75 to 300 mg% EtOH, whereas Wistar rats reliably self‐infused 100 and 300 mg% EtOH into the AcbSh. Both P and Wistar rats reduced responding on the active lever when aCSF was substituted for EtOH, and reinstated responding in session 7 when EtOH was restored. EtOH was not self‐infused into the AcbC by P or Wistar rats.Conclusions: The present results indicate that the AcbSh, but not AcbC, is a neuroanatomical structure that mediates the reinforcing actions of EtOH. The data also suggest that, compared to Wistar rats, the AcbSh of P rats is more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of EtOH.
Polymorphisms of the IL‐1 Gene Complex Are Associated With Alcohol Dependence in Spanish Caucasians: Data From an Association Study
Authors: Saiz Pilar A. , Garcia‐Portilla Maria P. , Florez Gerardo , Corcoran Paul , Arango Celso , Morales Blanca , Leza Juan C. , Alvarez Sandra , Díaz Eva M. , Alvarez Victoria , Coto Eliecer , Nogueiras Luis , Bobes Julio 
Published: September 2009

Background:  There is growing evidence for involvement of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in alcohol dependence. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 4 functionally relevant polymorphisms of the interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha genes were associated with alcohol dependence and with measures of clinical severity and treatment outcome.Methods:  Two hundred alcohol‐dependent (AD) patients and 420 healthy controls from the same Spanish Caucasian population were genotyped using standard methods. Baseline and 6‐month assessments included alcohol intake, addiction severity, and biomarkers of alcohol intake.Results:  Alcohol‐dependent patients showed an excess of IL‐1α−889 C/T [50.8% vs. 39.3%, χ2 (df) = 7.30 (2), uncorrected p = 0.026, corrected p = 0.104] and IL‐1RA (86 bp)n A1/A1 genotypes [64.8% vs. 50.8%, χ2 (df) = 12.65 (3), corrected p = 0.020]. The A1/A1 excess was associated with alcohol dependence only in men [69.9% vs. 49.5%, χ2 (df) = 15.72 (2), corrected p < 0.001]. Six‐month clinical and hematological outcome measures did not vary by genotype of the 4 polymorphisms. Haplotype analysis revealed an excess of the IL‐1α−889 C/IL‐1β +3953 C/IL‐1RA A2 haplotype in the control group compared with AD patients [20.0% vs. 14.1%, χ2 (df) = 7.25 (1), p = 0.007; odds ratio (OR) = 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.46–0.89] and in the abstainers after 6 months of treatment compared with nonabstinent patients [14.7% vs. 6.2%, χ2 (df) = 5.65 (1), p = 0.017; OR = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.15–5.62].Conclusions:  Our findings provide further tentative evidence of the role of IL‐1 in alcohol dependence as well as evidence that the nature of the associations may be direct, gender‐specific, or involve haplotype effects. However, findings from single association studies constitute tentative knowledge and must be interpreted carefully and precise replication is required.
The Retention of Cast Metal Dowels Fabricated by Direct and Indirect Techniques
Authors: Al‐Omari Wael M. , Zagibeh Ayman M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose: To explore the effect of fabrication technique, cement type, and cementation procedure on retention of cast metal dowels. Methods and Materials: Eighty intact single‐rooted teeth were selected. The clinical crown was removed at the cementoenamel junction level. Each root was prepared to receive a cast metal dowel of 10‐mm length and 1.45 mm in diameter. The 80 specimens were divided into two major groups of 40 based on fabrication technique (direct and indirect). Each group was further divided into four subgroups of ten based on the cement type (zinc phosphate and glass ionomer), and cementation procedure (with and without lentulo spiral). The dowels were subjected to a constantly increasing tensile force, in a universal Instron testing machine, at crosshead speed of 5 mm/min until failure. Results: The most significant factor to affect retention was the cementation procedure, as cementation with lentulo spiral produced greater retention than cementation without the use of lentulo spiral (p < 0.05); however, there seems to be a close interaction between fabrication technique, cement type, and cementation procedure (p= 0.051). The least retentive group was the one fabricated by direct technique, cemented with zinc phosphate without the use of lentulo spiral. Conclusion: Fabrication technique does not affect retention of cast dowels, except when zinc phosphate was the luting agent and placed in the canal space without using a lentulo spiral. The cementation procedure had a significant effect on retention; thus, it is recommended that cementation should be done using the lentulo spiral.
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review
Authors: Tsang CSP , Samaranayake LP 
Published: September 2009

Oral Diseases (2010) 16, 248–256The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) restores immune responses against pathogens and has greatly decreased mortality. However, in about 25% to 35% of patients receiving HAART, the reconstituted immune system leads to a pathological inflammatory response, commonly known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), which causes substantial short‐term morbidity or even mortality. Although we have gleaned some knowledge on IRIS in the past few years, a number of unanswered questions remain. In this review, we discuss the definition, diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical spectrum including oral manifestations, and management of IRIS.
Romantic Federalism: Atlantic Republican Literature between Cosmopolitanism and Confederation
Authors: Von Morzé Leonard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe age of democratic revolution in the Atlantic world (1776–1815) was marked by writing whose politics have been described as both patriotic and universalist. Far from reflecting a simple contradiction in revolutionary republicanism, these two strains reflect the simultaneous development of federalist and cosmopolitan discourses in the late Enlightenment and early Romanticism. This essay argues that we need a paradoxical conception of ‘Romantic federalism’ to account for transatlantic republican discourse in this period. Romantic federalism, in this essay’s account, facilitated both an ethnological interest in human diversity and a universalist understanding of popular sovereignty. The essay first takes as its case studies an anonymous visionary pamphlet, entitledThe Golden Age; Constantin‐François Volney’s best‐known work,The Ruins; and the literary legacy of Anacharsis Cloots, the ‘Orator of the Human Race’. The essay concludes with a review of recent literary studies of both federalism and nationalism, and suggests ways that overemphasis on the nation form has led to neglect not only of republicanism but also of imperialism.
Literary Criticism’s Road Scholars at the American Century’s Turn
Authors: Larson Lars Erik 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLiterary scholarship’s spatial turn has produced a number of studies exploring the site of the road and its automobile culture. This article surveys seven monographs published between 1996 and 2007 that analyze works of American fiction and nonfiction for their representation of highway narratives. These works (by Ronald Primeau, Roger Casey, Kris Lackey, Rowland Sherrill, Deborah Paes de Barros, Katie Mills, and Deborah Clarke) explore the genre’s rendering of mobility, identity, and politics on the 20th‐century’s roads of America. The essay compares these analyses for their critical methods and offers a sense of what work remains in the ongoing study of road narratives.
Drainage ditch–aquifer interaction with special reference to surface water salinity in the Thurne catchment, Norfolk, UK
Authors: Simpson Trevor , Holman Ian P. , Rushton Ken 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOpen drainage ditches located in low permeability material can interact with an underlying aquifer, especially if the drains almost or totally penetrate through to the aquifer. This interaction can be represented by drain coefficients incorporated in regional groundwater models. The drain coefficients depend on both the vertical distance from the base of the drain to the aquifer and the hydraulic conductivities of the low permeability deposits and the underlying aquifer. In a case study of drained marshes in the Thurne catchment in Norfolk, UK, drains with a water level below ordnance datum (OD) draw in saline water from the coast and freshwater from recharge areas. Pathlines, derived from a regional groundwater model analysis, explain the salinities measured in drains. In addition a series of vertical section numerical model solutions are used to develop general guidance on the selection of drain coefficients.
Recombinant Sindbis Virus Vectors Designed To Express Protective Antigen of
Bacillus anthracis
Protect Animals from Anthrax and Display Synergy with Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Thomas John M. , Moen Scott T. , Gnade Bryan T. , Vargas-Inchaustegui Diego A. , Foltz Sheri M. , Suarez Giovanni , Heidner Hans W. , König Rolf , Chopra Ashok K. , Peterson Johnny W. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Recombinant Sindbis viruses were engineered to express alternative forms of the protective antigen (PA) of
Bacillus anthracis
. The recombinant viruses induced PA-specific immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies in Swiss Webster mice. Vaccination with the recombinant viruses induced immunity that offered some protection from a lethal Ames strain spore challenge and synergized the protective effects of ciprofloxacin.
A Novel 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein Inhibitor, AM679, Reduces Inflammation in the Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Mouse Eye
Authors: Musiyenko Alla , Correa Lucia , Stock Nicholas , Hutchinson John H. , Lorrain Daniel S. , Bain Gretchen , Evans Jilly F. , Barik Sailen 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of viral respiratory disease in children, and RSV bronchiolitis has been associated with the development of asthma in childhood. RSV spreads from the eye and nose to the human respiratory tract. Correlative studies of humans and direct infection studies of BALB/c mice have established the eye as a significant pathway of entry of RSV to the lung. At the same time, RSV infection of the eye produces symptoms resembling allergic conjunctivitis. Cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are known promoters of allergy and inflammation, and the first step in their biogenesis from arachidonic acid is catalyzed by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) in concert with the 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP). We have recently developed a novel compound, AM679, which is a topically applied and potent inhibitor of FLAP. Here we show with the BALB/c mouse eye RSV infection model that AM679 markedly reduced the RSV-driven ocular pathology as well as the synthesis of CysLTs in the eye. In addition, AM679 decreased the production of the Th2 cell cytokine interleukin-4 but did not increase the viral load in the eye or the lung. These results suggest that FLAP inhibitors may be therapeutic for RSV-driven eye disease and possibly other inflammatory eye indications.
Clinical and Resistance Consequences of Misquantification of Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in Samples from an HIV-1 Subtype G-Infected Patient
Authors: Delaugerre Constance , Denis Blandine , Peytavin Gilles , Palmer Pierre , Mourez Thomas , Le Goff Jerôme , Molina Jean-Michel , Simon François 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load is the main marker used to monitor antiviral treatment efficacy and resistance. We report a case of underquantification of HIV type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from an HIV-1 subtype G-infected woman, leading to delayed diagnosis of HIV encephalitis and to the emergence of drug resistance.