bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete Mesocolic Excision With Central Vascular Ligation Produces an Oncologically Superior Specimen Compared With Standard Surgery for Carcinoma of the Colon
Authors: West Nicholas P. , Hohenberger Werner , Weber Klaus , Perrakis Aristoteles , Finan Paul J. , Quirke Philip 
Published: December 2009

Purpose The plane of surgery in colonic cancer has been linked to patient outcome although the optimal extent of mesenteric resection is still unclear. Surgeons in Erlangen, Germany, routinely perform complete mesocolic excision (CME) with central vascular ligation (CVL) and report 5-year survivals of higher than 89%. We aimed to further investigate the importance of CME and CVL surgery for colonic cancer by comparison with a series of standard specimens. Methods The fresh photographs of 49 CME and CVL specimens from Erlangen and 40 standard specimens from Leeds, United Kingdom, for primary colonic adenocarcinoma were collected. Precise tissue morphometry and grading of the plane of surgery were performed before comparison to histopathologic variables. Results CME and CVL surgery removed more tissue compared with standard surgery in terms of the distance between the tumor and the high vascular tie (median, 131 v 90 mm; P < .0001), the length of large bowel (median, 314 v 206 mm; P < .0001), and ileum removed (median, 83 v 63 mm; P = .003), and the area of mesentery (19,657 v 11,829 mm2; P < .0001). In addition, CME and CVL surgery was associated with more mesocolic plane resections (92% v 40%; P < .0001) and a greater lymph node yield (median, 30 v 18; P < .0001). Conclusion Surgeons in Erlangen routinely practicing CME and CVL surgery remove more mesocolon and are more likely to resect in the mesocolic plane when compared with standard excisions. This, along with the associated greater lymph node yield, may partially explain the high 5-year survival rates reported in Erlangen.
Fertility of Male Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Green Daniel M. , Kawashima Toana , Stovall Marilyn , Leisenring Wendy , Sklar Charles A. , Mertens Ann C. , Donaldson Sarah S. , Byrne Julianne , Robison Leslie L. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose This study was undertaken to determine the effect of treatment for childhood cancer on male fertility. Patients and Methods We reviewed the fertility of male Childhood Cancer Survivor Study survivor and sibling cohorts who completed a questionnaire. We abstracted the chemotherapeutic agents administered, the cumulative dose of drug administered for selected drugs, and the doses and volumes of all radiation therapy from medical records. Risk factors for siring a pregnancy were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The 6,224 survivors age 15 to 44 years who were not surgically sterile were less likely to sire a pregnancy than siblings (hazard ratio [HR], 0.56; 95% CI, −0.49 to 0.63). Among survivors, the HR of siring a pregnancy was decreased by radiation therapy of more than 7.5 Gy to the testes (HR, 0.12; 95% CI, −0.02 to 0.64), higher cumulative alkylating agent dose (AAD) score or treatment with cyclophosphamide (third tertile HR, 0.42; 95% CI, −0.31 to 0.57) or procarbazine (second tertile HR, 0.48; 95% CI, −0.26 to 0.87; third tertile HR, 0.17; 95% CI, −0.07 to 0.41). Compared with siblings, the HR for ever siring a pregnancy for survivors who had an AAD score = 0, a hypothalamic/pituitary radiation dose = 0 Gy, and a testes radiation dose = 0 Gy was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.73 to 1.14; P = .41). Conclusion This large study identified risk factors for decreased fertility that may be used for counseling male cancer patients.
Curiosity and exploratory behaviour towards possible and impossible events in children and adults
Authors: Subbotsky Eugene 
Published: December 2009

In four experiments with 4‐, 6‐, and 9‐year‐old children and adults, the hypothesis was tested that, all other conditions being equal, a novel and unusual event elicits stronger curiosity and exploratory behaviour if its suggested explanation involves an element of the supernatural than if it does not (the impossible over possible effect – the I/P effect). Participants were shown an unusual phenomenon (a spontaneous disintegration of a physical object in an apparently empty box) framed in the context of either a magical (the impossible event) or scientific (the possible event) explanation.In the verbal trial, participants showed a clear understanding of the difference between the effect of genuine magic and the effect of a trick. In the behavioural trial, both children and adults showed the I/P effect. They were more likely to run the risk of losing their valuable objects in order to explore the impossible event than the possible event. Follow‐up experiments showed that the I/P effect couldn't be explained as an artifact of the different degrees of cost of exploratory behaviour in the possible and impossible conditions or as a result of misinterpreting magic as tricks. The I/P effect emerged when the cost of exploratory behaviour was moderate and disappeared when the cost was perceived as too high or too low.
Food Taboos in Precolonial and Contemporary Cameroon: A Historical Perspective
Authors: fomine forka leypey mathew 
Published: December 2009

Food taboos are observed in all traditional societies, especially in Cameroon where certain ethnic groups attach a lot of importance to them due to cultural reasons. Taboos related to culture are more subject to change (due to the level of literacy that prevails in the society and cultural contact) than those related to religion, which sparingly change. For instance, all Cameroonian Muslims avoid eating pork due to the belief that pork consumption will defile them. The taboos related to royal status also change sparingly. For example, among the Mbo, any hunter who kills the leopard compulsorily hands it to the paramount chief; and similarly among the Wawa, any hunter who kills a python is compelled to give it to the chief. These royal animal gifts are indicative of the prerogatives that traditional rulers enjoy in Cameroon.
This study of Cameroon food taboos has revealed the tremendous change that has occurred in women's social status in Cameroon. Cameroonian women no longer observe the precolonial taboo imposed on them that forbade them from eating eggs, gizzards, and other foods. They have moved from their marginalized positions and even serve as ministers in the Government of Cameroon.
Perry
Authors: ripe cherry 
Published: December 2009

Perry is a fermented beverage made from the juice of particular varieties of primitive pears. These fruit are inedible and are thought to be closely related to wild pears. Like cider, perry can be dry or sweet, sparkling or still, and it can have an alcohol content as high as 8.5 percent. Some of the finer bottle-fermented artisanal perrys have been likened to Champagne. (Perry should not be confused with ““pear cider,”” an over-sweet, industrial product frequently made from pear concentrate, often with the flavor of bubblegum.)
Traditionally made in the Three Counties of Herefordshire, Worcestershire, and Gloucestershire surrounding the Malvern Hills near the Welsh border, perry is such a geographically specific product that it has been granted PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) status by the European Union. It is also in the Slow Food Presidia, which protects gastronomic heritage and traditions. More than 100 varieties of perry pear are still extant, with quaint names such as Late Treacle, Merrylegs, Painted Lady, and Stinking Bishop.
Historically a farmer would plant an orchard comprising up to six varieties of perry pears, not only for blending purposes to achieve a preferred flavor, but also to stagger the flowering period to prevent the entire crop from suffering simultaneous frost damage, and to spread the load at harvest time in late autumn. Each farm would make perry for consumption by family and farm workers, as it was a safer alternative to possibly contaminated drinking water. A perry orchard would also provide pasture underneath its boughs for sheep and cattle until just prior to harvest, to prevent the stock from eating the fallen fruit.
In recent years there has been a marked revival of interest in this traditional beverage. These days there are more than half a dozen artisan producers, although production is limited by the supply of fruit, as perry pear trees can take up to forty years to reach maturity.
Rate of Adaptation in Large Sexual Populations
Authors: Neher R A , Shraiman B I , Fisher D S 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdaptation often involves the acquisition of a large number of genomic changes that arise as mutations in single individuals. In asexual populations, combinations of mutations can fix only when they arise in the same lineage, but for populations in which genetic information is exchanged, beneficial mutations can arise in different individuals and be combined later. In large populations, when the product of the population size N and the total beneficial mutation rate Ub is large, many new beneficial alleles can be segregating in the population simultaneously. We calculate the rate of adaptation, v, in several models of such sexual populations and show that v is linear in NUb only in sufficiently small populations. In large populations, v increases much more slowly as log NUb. The prefactor of this logarithm, however, increases as the square of the recombination rate. This acceleration of adaptation by recombination implies a strong evolutionary advantage of sex.
The Power of the Methods for Detecting Interlocus Gene Conversion
Authors: Mansai Sayaka P , Innan Hideki 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Interlocus gene conversion can homogenize DNA sequences of duplicated regions with high homology. Such nonvertical events sometimes cause a misleading evolutionary interpretation of data when the effect of gene conversion is ignored. To avoid this problem, it is crucial to test the data for the presence of gene conversion. Here, we performed extensive simulations to compare four major methods to detect gene conversion. One might expect that the power increases with increase of the gene conversion rate. However, we found this is true for only two methods. For the other two, limited power is expected when gene conversion is too frequent. We suggest using multiple methods to minimize the chance of missing the footprint of gene conversion.
FRQ-Interacting RNA Helicase Mediates Negative and Positive Feedback in the Neurospora Circadian Clock
Authors: Shi Mi , Collett Michael , Loros Jennifer J , Dunlap Jay C 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The Neurospora circadian oscillator comprises FREQUENCY (FRQ) and its transcription activator, the White Collar Complex (WCC). Repression of WCC's transcriptional activity by FRQ via negative feedback is indispensable for clock function. An unbiased genetic screen that targeted mutants with defects in negative feedback regulation yielded a fully viable arrhythmic strain bearing a novel allele of FRQ-interacting RNA helicase (frh), an essential gene that encodes a putative exosome component protein. In the allele, frhR806H, clock function is completely disturbed, while roles of FRQ-interacting RNA helicase (FRH) essential for viability are left intact. FRHR806H still interacts with FRQ, but interaction between the FRQ–FRHR806H complex (FFC) and WCC is severely affected. Phosphorylation of WC-1 is reduced in the mutant leading to constantly elevated WCC activity, which breaks the negative feedback loop. WCC levels are considerably reduced in the mutant, especially those of WC-1, consistent both with loss of positive feedback (FRQ-dependent WC-1 stabilization) and with a reduced level of the FRQ-mediated WCC phosphorylation that leads to high WCC activity accompanied by rapid transcription-associated turnover. FRH overexpression promotes WC-1 accumulation, confirming that FRH together with FRQ plays a role in WC-1 stabilization. Identification of a viable allele of frh, displaying virtually complete loss of both negative and positive circadian feedback, positions FRH as a core component of the central oscillator that is permissive for rhythmicity but appears not to modulate periodicity. Moreover, the results suggest that there are clock-specific roles for FRH that are distinct from the predicted essential exosome-associated functions for the protein.
Histone H3K4 and K36 Methylation, Chd1 and Rpd3S Oppose the Functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt4–Spt5 in Transcription
Authors: Quan Tiffani Kiyoko , Hartzog Grant Ashley 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Spt4–Spt5, a general transcription elongation factor for RNA polymerase II, also has roles in chromatin regulation. However, the relationships between these functions are not clear. Previously, we isolated suppressors of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae spt5 mutation in genes encoding members of the Paf1 complex, which regulates several cotranscriptional histone modifications, and Chd1, a chromatin remodeling enzyme. Here, we show that this suppression of spt5 can result from loss of histone H3 lysines 4 or 36 methylation, or reduced recruitment of Chd1 or the Rpd3S complex. These spt5 suppressors also rescue the synthetic growth defects observed in spt5 mutants that also lack elongation factor TFIIS. Using a FLO8 reporter gene, we found that a chd1 mutation caused cryptic initiation of transcription. We further observed enhancement of cryptic initiation in chd1 isw1 mutants and increased histone acetylation in a chd1 mutant. We suggest that, as previously proposed for H3 lysine 36 methylation and the Rpd3S complex, H3 lysine 4 methylation and Chd1 function to maintain normal chromatin structures over transcribed genes, and that one function of Spt4–Spt5 is to help RNA polymerase II overcome the repressive effects of these histone modifications and chromatin regulators on transcription.
Delayed Identification of Pediatric Abuse-Related Fractures
Authors: Ravichandiran Nisanthini , Schuh Suzanne , Bejuk Marta , Al-Harthy Nesrin , Shouldice Michelle , Au Hosanna , Boutis Kathy 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES: Because physicians may have difficulty distinguishing accidental fractures from those that are caused by abuse, abusive fractures may be at risk for delayed recognition; therefore, the primary objective of this study was to determine how frequently abusive fractures were missed by physicians during previous examinations. A secondary objective was to determine clinical predictors that are associated with unrecognized abuse.
METHODS: Children who were younger than 3 years and presented to a large academic children's hospital from January 1993 to December 2007 and received a diagnosis of abusive fractures by a multidisciplinary child protective team were included in this retrospective review. The main outcome measures included the proportion of children who had abusive fractures and had at least 1 previous physician visit with diagnosis of abuse not identified and predictors that were independently associated with missed abuse.
RESULTS: Of 258 patients with abusive fractures, 54 (20.9%) had at least 1 previous physician visit at which abuse was missed. The median time to correct diagnosis from the first visit was 8 days (minimum: 1; maximum: 160). Independent predictors of missed abuse were male gender, extremity versus axially located fracture, and presentation to a primary care setting versus pediatric emergency department or to a general versus pediatric emergency department.
CONCLUSIONS: One fifth of children with abuse-related fractures are missed during the initial medical visit. In particular, boys who present to a primary care or a general emergency department setting with an extremity fracture are at a particularly high risk for delayed diagnosis.
Hereditary Spherocytosis in Neonates With Hyperbilirubinemia
Authors: Christensen Robert D. , Henry Erick 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES: Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common inherited hemolytic disease among people of Northern European decent. Neonates with HS can develop significant hyperbilirubinemia, but we suspect that HS is underrecognized as a cause of neonatal jaundice.METHODS: We used electronic record repositories of Intermountain Healthcare to identify all neonates with a diagnosis of HS in a recent 5-year period. We compared these with the number of new HS cases anticipated on the basis of national prevalence and also with the number who had elevations in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), red cell distribution width (RDW), and bilirubin. We compared MCHC and RDW values of neonates who had direct antiglobulin test–positive (DAT[+]) and DAT(−) results and jaundice with values of neonates who had HS.RESULTS: Eight neonates received a diagnosis of HS; however, we may have failed to diagnose 90% of cases. To assess whether some with a missed diagnosis of HS developed significant hyperbilirubinemia, we examined records of all 670 with a bilirubin level of ≥20 mg/dL. Records of the 20 with the highest MCHC and RDW values suggested that HS was present but unrecognized in at least 7. Follow-up revealed a subsequent diagnosis of HS in 5; the other 2 are no longer in our health system. MCHC and RDW values were highest in those with HS, intermediate in the DAT(+) group, and lowest in the DAT(−) group. An MCHC of ≥36.0 g/dL had 82% sensitivity and 98% specificity for identifying HS.CONCLUSION: We speculate that HS is underrecognized as a cause of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. We speculate further that an MCHC of ≥36.0 g/dL can alert caregivers to the possibility of HS.
Use of Supplemental Vitamin D Among Infants Breastfed for Prolonged Periods
Authors: Taylor James A. , Geyer Leah J. , Feldman Kenneth W. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate of vitamin D supplementation in predominantly breastfed children. To identify patient characteristics, parental beliefs, and practitioner policies associated with supplementation.
METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in a practice-based research network. Network pediatricians completed a survey regarding their policy on vitamin D supplementation for breastfed infants. Parents of children 6 to 24 months old completed a survey on the initial type of feeding given to the child, length of breastfeeding, formula supplementation, and use of multivitamins. Parents indicated their level of agreement with statements regarding vitamin D supplementation.
RESULTS: Among 44 responding pediatricians, 36.4% indicated that they recommended vitamin D supplementation for all breastfed infants. A total of 2364 surveys were completed on age-eligible children; 1140 infants were breastfed for at least 6 months with little or no formula supplementation. The rate of vitamin D use for these infants was 15.9%. Use of vitamin D was significantly associated with parental agreement that their child's pediatrician recommended supplementation (odds ratio [OR]: 7.8), and that vitamins are unnecessary because breast milk has all needed nutrition (OR: 0.12). Among parents of predominantly breastfed infants who indicated that their child's doctor recommended vitamin D, 44.6% gave the supplementation to their child. Conversely, 67% of parents agreed that breast milk has all needed nutrition, and only 3% of these parents gave vitamin D to their children.
CONCLUSIONS: A minority of breastfed infants received vitamin D supplementation. Educational efforts directed at both physicians and parents are needed to increase compliance with vitamin D supplementation guidelines.
The Impact of Gartner’s Maturity Curve, Adoption Curve, Strategic Technologies on Information Systems Research, with Applications to Artificial Intelligence, ERP, BPM, and RFID
Authors: O’Leary Daniel E. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT: How does technology maturity and adoption affect samples, research issues, and use of methodologies in information systems? What is a source of some research issues in strategic and emerging technologies? This paper addresses these questions and others using some frameworks generated by a well-known corporate research group.
Gartner Group has been an icon to its corporate clients. However, Gartner has received only limited attention by academics. This paper examines three related frameworks used by Gartner for analyzing information systems (IS) and accounting information systems (AIS) research. Although researchers have previously examined the adoption curve, they generally have ignored the impact of the technology maturity curve and the interaction of the two curves. The paper generates a number of findings, including the finding that where a technology is on the maturity curve limits and facilitates the type of research questions that can be addressed regarding that technology. In addition, Gartner’s “strategic technologies” can provide a basis for understanding which technologies are likely to be appropriate for analysis by researchers.
Cardiovascular Monitoring: Physiological and Technical Considerations
Authors: Casabianca Andrew B. , Becker Daniel E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The American Dental Association and several dental specialty organizations have published guidelines that detail requirements for monitoring patients during various levels of sedation and, in some cases, general anesthesia. In general, all of these are consistent with those guidelines suggested by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force for Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. It is well-accepted that the principal negative impact of sedation and anesthesia pertains to the compromise of respiratory function, but attentive monitoring of cardiovascular function is also important. While monitoring per se is a technical issue, an appreciation of its purpose and the interpretation of the information provided require an understanding of basic cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. The focus of this continuing education article is to address essential physiological aspects of cardiovascular function and to understand the appropriate use of monitors, including the interpretation of the information they provide.
Experimental Determination of the Effect of the Surface Curvature on Rolling Resistance Measurements
Authors: Freudenmann T. , Unrau H.-J. , El-Haji M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
REFERENCE: Freudenmann, T., Unrau, H.-J., and El-Haji, M., "Experimental Determination of the Effect of the Surface Curvature on Rolling Resistance Measurements," Tire Science and Technology, TSTCA, Vol. 37, No. 4, October - December 2009, pp. 254-278.
Vehicle and tire manufacturers usually perform rolling resistance measurements on external drums with diameters of 1.71 or 2.0 m. The rolling resistance measured on these test benches is higher than the actual rolling resistance measured on a flat surface. This deviation is caused by the drums’ curvature. In 1979, S. K. Clark aimed to solve this problem by developing a formula, which converts the rolling resistance of a tire measured on a curved surface into the corresponding rolling resistance on a plane. This formula is still used today in ISO and SAE standards. To verify Clark’s universally accepted formula, a research project was initiated at the Universität Karlsruhe. A combined test bench that allows measurements on two external drums of different diameter and a continuous flat track with the same wheel suspension was built up and came into operation. The rolling resistances of six different tires on the three surfaces were measured under variation in operational parameters, such as tire load and inflation pressure. Comparison of converted values from measurements on external drums with flat track measurements showed the necessity for an upgrade of the existing formula. By conducting a multiple regression analysis, which took various tire properties and operational parameters into account, a modified formula was derived. Application of this new formula on the measurement data of the six tires as well as on further measurements showed excellent results.