bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the distributive processes that have tied states and regimes to societies in the Gulf before, during, and after the transformative impact of the discovery of oil. Control of economic resources and political choices on how (and to whom) to distribute the proceeds are critical to the study of relationships of power in Gulf societies. The chapter examines the nature and structure of pre-oil economies in the Gulf and describes how the advent of the oil era altered the balance of economic power. Change was evolutionary rather than revolutionary in nature with points of continuity as well as disruption. The dominance of rentier state theory in explaining patterns of allocation is critiqued by the study of the political decisions which determined how the distributive processes evolved.
The Collapse of the World
Authors: Edwards Terra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
As members of the Seattle DeafBlind community grew increasingly blind, they relied more on sighted interpreters to describe their environment to them, relay utterances, and share impressions of people and places. However, using language to represent the environment was only effective insofar as DeafBlind people could relate those descriptions to memories or experiences of their own. Chapter 3 follows several individuals as their visual memories and experiences fade and statements about the world become useless and abstract. Due to sighted social constraints on touch, corresponding tactile experiences were also severely restricted. As a result, the visual world they once knew buckled and eventually collapsed. Individual and collective attempts to rebuild followed, some of which were deemed more successful than others. This chapter analyzes those attempts in order to understand how worlds collapse, to what extent language can be of use under those conditions, and what is needed to find a way forward.
Print Markets and Political Dissent
Authors: Brophy James M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
German publishers transformed the political culture of central Europe. Their presses, bookshops, and commercial networks promoted oppositional politics, especially those of liberalism and democratic radicalism. Adapting a centuries-long legacy of marketing forbidden literature to the modern era, the book trade vigorously contested the censorship regimes of Prussia and Austria with an array of legal and illegal tricks. Driven by profit and political conviction, publishers became cultural brokers and political actors, and their achievements are many. Alongside the smuggling of banned books, they promoted a broad spectrum of legal dissent—from highbrow journals to middlebrow lexica to flyers. They circulated Western political ideas through extensive translation, devised new formats to widen the reception of commentary, and designed marketing schemes to broaden the reading nation. But the aspiration of popularizing political dissent had mixed results. If the book trade established liberalism as an inexorable political force, democratic radicalism never achieved mainstream status. Between the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 and the Imperial Press Law of 1874, governments criminalized republicanism and other democratic doctrines, denying them necessary access to broader audiences. Recounting the triumphs and setbacks of marketing political dissent, James Brophy’s study brings alive the turbulent world of publishing. This sweeping narrative redefines the political public sphere in nineteenth-century central Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: Brophy James M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the achievements of publishers. They challenged the restrictive information order of late absolutism, established a common ground of political literacy, and broadened the parameters of political dissent in central Europe. Despite the many triumphs of this liberal public sphere, the Austro-Prussian information order succeeded in pushing republicanism and other forms of radical democracy to the periphery of print markets. Democratic discourse remained confined mostly to clandestine print. The failure of radicalism to attain a legal, mainstream commercial readership in the 1840s looms as a critical milestone in the political history of the long nineteenth century.
4QSb (4Q256)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSb of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSc (4Q257)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSc of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Saudi Oil Policy
Authors: Fattouh Bassam 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter makes the point that the role of oil in shaping Saudi’s political and economic future will become more important as the transformations in the Saudi economy and global oil market continue, although its contribution to the future trajectory of the Kingdom will take different forms from in the past. It argues that diversifying away from oil and reducing the role of the oil sector in Saudi Arabia’s future development path is not only unrealistic but also, at a strategic and policy level, suboptimal. Saudi Arabia should continue to leverage its core sector by enhancing its competitiveness through improving efficiency, promoting greater integration, and decarbonizing oil production and products. Doom-and-gloom predictions infer that Saudi Arabia will emerge as a definite loser in the transition, with increasing risk of economic collapse and an inability to navigate through the transformations in global energy markets, and that its geopolitical importance and role in energy markets are destined only to decline. These predictions, it is argued, are rather simplistic to say the least.
Monetary Policy, Banking, and the Financial System
Authors: Wilson Rodney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Saudi Arabia has a highly developed financial system which has long served the Kingdom well. The banking system follows international best practice with provisions to ensure there is sufficient liquidity and appropriate capital adequacy. There is sound independent financial reporting and investors have confidence in the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority and the Capital Market Authority as regulators, as well as in the banking and insurance institutions. Government debt is modest and mostly held by the financial institutions in Saudi Arabia; there is little debt held by foreign banks or investment companies, including hedge funds. The author argues that, as the economy continues to diversify, there will be new opportunities for the financial sector, not least in insurance provision where the market is underdeveloped. The financial sector has enjoyed considerable success in developing Islamic financial products that are sound and have proven public appeal. Saudi Arabia is a leader in the world of Islamic finance.
Saudi Vision 2030
Authors: Thompson Mark C. , Quilliam Neil 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
For the Saudi government, the principal challenge was the limited capacity of state institutions to break with the past and respond to the demands that Vision 2030, and the accompanying National Transformation Program (NTP), placed upon the existing bureaucratic system. Therefore, this chapter discusses how, in order to deliver Vision 2030, it has been necessary to introduce new methods of policy and decision making. This chapter explains how the institutional changes brought about since 2016, as well as ‘repurposing ministries’, are an important highlight of the reforms in Saudi Arabia. Not only is the Kingdom’s institutional infrastructure changing but also the country’s capacity is being developed by drawing on Saudi Arabia’s youth dividend. Repurposing key ministries and creating new agencies have been positive developments, as the newly established and reconfigured institutions and agencies coexist with their predecessors and, occasionally, pursue overlapping mandates. The authors also document how foreign management consultancies continue to play a significant role in the implementation of Vision 2030.
The Rann of Kutch Arbitration (India–Pakistan, 1966–1968)
Authors: Siniver Asaf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the case of the Rann of Kutch arbitration between India and Pakistan. Following the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947, the state of Kutch was incorporated into India, while the province of Sindhe became part of Pakistan. The area of Rann, which has Kutch to the north and Sindh to the south, became a contested boundary between the two countries and remained undefined following independence. Following two months of British mediation in 1965, the parties agreed to refer the dispute to an arbitration tribunal, which in February 1968 awarded 90 per cent of the disputed territory to India. The arbitration of this case has since been widely recognized as a resounding success because it effectively ended a long-lasting territorial dispute between two enduring rivals. More pertinently, it demonstrates the constraining (and effective) power of international norms and reputational costs on a state’s decision to comply with the arbitration award despite its strong reservations about it.
Reclaiming the Sui Generis Nature of Arbitration
Authors: Siniver Asaf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter of the book summarizes the main findings and points to the most pertinent scholarly and policy implications. It draws comparative and generalized observations about the reasons for pursuing arbitration over mediation and the relevant factors behind the compliance with (or defiance) of the arbitration award. In so doing, it revisits the central claim of this book regarding the need to reclaim the sui generis nature of arbitration as a hybrid method of dispute settlement which combines the best attributes of mediation and adjudication. The chapter also points to additional findings which were not originally considered in the design of the research, such as the effects of buyer’s remorse and blame-shifting on state behaviour. It concludes with suggestions for future research.
Introducing Alien Structure
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theme of the book, and defines the notions of alien language and alien metaphysical structure. It clarifies the topic by drawing distinctions and responding to some immediate objections. It provides a roadmap for the rest of the book, describing later chapters and how they relate to each other. An alien language is one differing structurally from familiar languages in terms of how it represents the world, and which does so by having resources not found in familiar languages. Alien metaphysical structure is metaphysical structure best represented in an alien language. But what is it for a language to be familiar? What is it for languages to differ structurally? What is it for metaphysical structure to be represented in a language?
Motivation
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter further motivates the investigation into alien languages and alien metaphysical structure. It relates these themes to the topic of conceptual engineering. It connects to what philosophers have claimed about language and representation, and specifically about the unity of the proposition. It shows how present themes interact with trends in contemporary metaphysics, and relates to what metaphysicians have claimed about the relationship between language and metaphysics. Specifically, it relates to what has been said about analytic metaphysics often having been too language-oriented and argues that it is in line with the attempted liberation of metaphysics from language to take seriously, in a way that hasn’t been done, that reality has alien structure. The chapter also discusses Josh Dever’s important work on the question of what possible concepts there are.
Age of fire
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the volcanic processes that shaped the landmass of Britain between 60 and 57 million years ago. It considers the principles of magma chemistry, according to partial melting, fractional crystallization, and how the hot magma can melt the continental crust through which it passes. In a surface basaltic lava flow magma freezes quickly, and the grains stay small, whereas in a ‘gabbro’ or ‘granite’ the crystal size may be a centimetre or more in size when the magma cools slowly underground. In Iceland today, recent studies have consistently shown that vertical sheet dykes emerge from over-pressured magma chambers beneath volcanoes. Where a dyke breaks surface lava flows form. Around the Hebrides, gravity mapping reveals the volume of dense mantle derived magma that has accumulated under each volcano, with the largest concentration beneath two least investigated volcanoes to the west: Blackstones and St Kilda.
The foothills of the Pyrenees
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The tectonic history under the seas around Britain and Ireland was revealed by dense seismic reflection surveys, pursued in the search for hydrocarbons. First recognised in an earthquake in Algeria in 1980, we now understand that many reverse faults do not rupture through to the surface, but warp the overlying sediment layers into folds (and are termed ‘blind’). Across southern England from Kent to Dorset there are numerous east-west oriented extensional faults that later reversed their displacement but are now hidden beneath symmetrical roof-like anticlines or one-sided slope monoclines. The largest of these is the fault that runs under the Isle of Wight. The reverse fault movement can be dated towards the end of the Eocene, contemporary with the rise of the Pyrenean mountain range which extended further to the east and west than today’s mountains and was the site of the plate tectonic collision between Africa and Eurasia. Southern England at this time, absorbed some of the collision and acted as the foothills of the Pyrenees. A similar configuration of former normal faults and rifting in the North Celtic Sea Basin lies offshore and parallel to the coast of southern Ireland and was also undergoing compressional tectonics and forming anticlines at the same time. This was linked with the tectonics across southern England by the NW-SE strike-slip Sticklepath Fault. The Sticklepath displacement continued north on the NNW Codling Fault offshore eastern Ireland with sediments accumulating in the intervening St George’s Channel Basin.
The Miocene dark ages
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Miocene period is notable across Britain and Ireland for having left no marine geological formation, even while sea-levels were higher than today. The Miocene is Britain’s ‘geological dark ages’. Stone from all the other geological periods can be found exposed in the walls of British churches, houses and barns. However, the best we can find for the Miocene is boxstones, comprising sands lithified by the dissolution of an interior fossil bone or shell. In the collection of coprolites as a source of phosphate for fertiliser on the eastern edge of Suffolk, boxstones were considered value-less waste (and used to repair some barn walls). The Miocene saw intense tectonic activity around the Mediterranean including towards the end of the Miocene the collision of the Italian promontory into western Europe, raising the Jura mountains. At the same time the underwater continental margin to the northwest of Scotland was exposed to compressional tectonics caused by an acceleration in the spreading rate in the Norwegian Sea. Between these two forcefields we have evidence of compressional tectonics raising a number of prominent NE-SW oriented reverse faults around the Irish Sea including the Snowdonia Front. Other faults likely to have been active at this period include the Wimbledon/Streatham/Greenwich Fault under southeast London and another beneath Windsor Castle.
The rocky road
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The coastline of western Britain has become a fractal icon, summoned by the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot to provide the best available fractal frontier. However, beyond the pure maths perspective Mandelbrot did not enquire why the coastline was so irregular on all scales. This reflects the combination of tectonic complexity and drowned river valleys carved at a time of lowered ice age sea-levels and not subsequently choked with sediment. Earthquakes also reveal fractal behaviour in the overall population of sizes. Charles Darwin wanted to use arguments about the longevity of the landscape of the Weald, close to where he lived in Kent, to provide a 300 million year span of evolution, but we now know he underestimated the pace of erosion by two orders of magnitude. However with the discovery of heat released by radioactive decay he was later proved correct in his estimation of the slow pace of geological time.The chapter explores how much landscape has already been lost to erosion, including an extension of the Scottish landmass to include the Orkney and Shetland islands as well as the whole of the Rockall plateau. On a smaller scale we find the vestiges of river valleys where most of the course has already been lost. We conclude with identifying the ten tectonic episodes in the prehistory of Britain and Ireland since the region emerged out of the sea soon after the death of the dinosaurs and the four occasions through this period when plate boundaries passed through the region.
The volcanoes return?
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter covers Britain’s record of many volcanoes in its geological past. It acknowledges the possibility of seeing more volcanoes in the future. Europe’s most impactful geo-catastrophe since the end of the last Ice Age was an eruption only 500 kilometres from London, at the Laacher See volcano, which blocked the river Rhine creating a lake that eventually burst leading to flooding downstream. With today’s exposure such an eruption would completely ruin nearby towns, and lead to long-term evacuation for more than a million people. Britain is today the only major country in western Europe without active volcanoes. France, Italy, Germany and Spain all have mainland volcanoes. If a new volcano did appear in southern Britain, scientists would find evidence consistent with this outcome, as seismic data already reveal a ‘low-velocity zone’ indicative of magma in the mantle beneath western Britain. We imagine what to expect should a new volcano emerge in central England.
The Wisdom of Spiritual Elders
Authors: Aalders Cynthia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Honoured as spiritual elders, older women across religious cultures were active in supporting and directing the lives of younger women and men, and the exchange of letters and other life writings supported those mentoring relationships. Taking a broad view of parenthood and priesthood, this chapter analyses the multiple meanings of such roles for both men and women and shows how overlapping affectionate and spiritual ties could strengthen (and sometimes complicate) mentoring relationships. Older women engaged in a range of unofficial and highly important leadership roles within diverse religious cultures. Looking beyond local contexts highlights letter writing as a powerful and versatile mode of spiritual direction. A spiritual theme with particular significance to older women and men as they aged was the assurance of salvation. Often the subject of formal religious debate, spiritual assurance was also the subject of informal literary interactions that illuminate another of the hidden ways in which women constituted religious communities.
Symmetry reductions and the integrable chiral model
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Most integrable systems arise as symmetry reductions of ASDYM, where the potential one-form is assumed not to depend on one or more coordinates on the space-time. The resulting system will admit a (reduced) Lax pair with a spectral parameter as well as a twistor correspondence, and thus will be integrable. This leads to a classification of those integrable systems that can be obtained by reduction from the ASDYM equations as well as a unification of the theory of these equations by reduction of the corresponding theory for the ASDYM equations. We describe this reduction process with an emphasis on the integrable chiral model in 2+1 dimensions.
Civil Society, Activism, and Repression in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on major debates concerning different modes of repression in authoritarian regimes and through conceptualizing civil society. It argues that an autocratization process after regime breakdown is like a state-building process and is characterized by an increase in the use of coercion and repression against social actors. Thus regimes which have foreseen breakdown and are in the process of authoritarian regime-building increase their repressive strategies towards civil society. They want to build their reputation for ferocity, but at the same time they want to build consent through hegemonizing the public sphere. On the other hand, in resilient authoritarian regimes that do not face imminent threats to their existence, co-optation of the majority of civil society actors is rather the norm, while repression is the exception.
Coalition Partnerships in Light of Concessions and Targeted Repression in Jordan
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the complexities within social and political relations, and how they add to the ebb and flow of contentious politics under a resilient authoritarian regime. It also demonstrates how the political and social contexts are both conducive to and restrictive to political opportunities. Like other resilient authoritarian regimes, the Jordanian regime uses some concessions in the form of political liberalization measures to co-opt the majority of civil society actors, mainly those concerned with women’s rights issues, development, and charity. Mass violence and coercion against civil society actors are rare, while targeted repression is utilized strategically against certain individual activists. The regime utilizes both subtle and targeted repression against actors to control the public sphere.