bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of the Kalahari Desert’s bushman ‐ the Ju/’hoansi San
Authors: Eideh Hasan , Jonsson Bjorn , Hochberg Ze’ev 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim:  The Ju/’hoansi San (JHS) of the Kalahari Desert are the archetype of a hunter‐gatherer society that practices natural fertility, living on a rich diet in a harsh environs.Methods:  To explore the evolutionary adaptation of child growth under such conditions, the present study takes a life history approach and compares the growth data of 140 JHS females and 126 JHS males age 1–25 to those in 3rd percentile American and Swedish references. The data are based on observations of the JHS that were made in 1967–1969.Results:  During infancy, the JHS boys lose 1.5 SDS and girls – 0.3 SDS in terms of Swedish reference. The height SDS of the JHS did not change significantly during their childhood, but growth deceleration during the juvenile period (middle childhood) was substantially greater and longer, amounting to a loss of 1.6 SDS for both girls and boys. Adolescent spurt was substantially later and smaller than that of the short‐statured Americans.Conclusions:  The results suggest that the short stature of the JHS is mostly established during juvenility, in adaptation to their unique living conditions.
Availability of, access to and consumption of fruits and vegetables in a peri‐urban area in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Faber Mieke , Laubscher Ria , Laurie Sunette 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAvailability and consumption of fruits and vegetables were assessed in peri‐urban households in KwaZulu‐Natal Province, South Africa. Caregivers of 400 randomly selected grade 6 and 7 learners were interviewed using a questionnaire that included unquantified food frequency questions. Using a repeated 24‐h dietary recall, dietary intake was quantified for learners, caregivers and 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children in the household. Usual household fruit and vegetable consumption was expressed over three Living Standard Measure (LSM) categories. Average per capita intake of fruit and/or vegetables was 99 g for 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children and 124 g for caregivers. For consumers, fruits and/or vegetables contributed towards total dietary intake of fibre (16–21%), calcium (13–21%), vitamin A (27–31%) and vitamin C (47–62%). For households not consuming fruits (n = 297) and vegetables (n = 178) daily, cost was the major constraint (≥75%). Of all households, 52% had fruit trees and 25% had a vegetable garden. Animals destroying vegetables was the major constraint to 59% of vegetable growers. Household consumption of fruits and vegetables increased over the LSM categories. Caregivers in the higher LSM group more likely used printed material for information on healthy eating, had fruit trees, were confident about vegetable gardening and sold some of their produce. To enable peri‐urban populations of low socio‐economic status to consume more frequently a bigger variety of fruits and vegetables, the cost of purchasing these food items needs to be addressed by government and business sector. Households should further receive support to overcome constraints which hamper the success of home gardens.
Trade‐offs underlying maternal breastfeeding decisions: a conceptual model
Authors: Tully Kristin P. , Ball Helen L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a new conceptual model that generates predictions about breastfeeding decisions and identifies interactions that affect outcomes. We offer a contextual approach to infant feeding that models multi‐directional influences by expanding on the evolutionary parent–offspring conflict and situation‐specific breastfeeding theories. The main hypothesis generated from our framework suggests that simultaneously addressing breastfeeding costs and benefits, in relation to how they are interpreted by mothers, will be most effective. Our approach focuses on contributors to the attitudes and commitment underlying breastfeeding outcomes, beginning in the prenatal period. We conclude that some maternal–offspring conflict is inherent with the dynamic infant feeding relationship. Guidance that anticipates and addresses family trade‐offs over time can be incorporated into breastfeeding support for families.
Airway Effects of Inhaled Quaternary Ammonium Compounds in Mice
Authors: Larsen Søren T. , Verder Henrik , Nielsen Gunnar D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractQuaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) constitute a family of widely used chemical substances. The QAC benzalkonium chloride (BAC) has caused bronchoconstriction in human beings by poorly understood mechanisms and lung damage at high concentration as shown in a single rat study. This study evaluates acute airway effects in mice after inhalation of aerosols of the QACs, BAC, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (HTA), cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) and dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA). The QACs gave rise to concentration‐dependent decreases in the tidal volume (VT) and a concomitant increase in respiratory rate indicating pulmonary irritation. The potencies of the QAC to induce these effects were in the order: BAC > HTA = CPC > DDA. Furthermore, inhalation of BAC and CPC aerosols gave rise to pulmonary inflammation as apparent from bronchoalveolar lavage. Stimulation of nasal trigeminal nerve endings by QAC, which may serve as a warning signal, was absent.
Fabrication of Innovative Compliant Current Collector‐Supported Microtubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: De la Torre Ricardo , Sglavo Vincenzo M. 
Published: December 2011

In this work, an innovative compliant current collector‐supported microtubular solid oxide fuel cell has been designed and produced. A nickel wire is coiled around carbon‐composite rods to fabricate the cells support, and dip coating technique is used to deposit the anode and the electrolyte from ceramic slurries containing NiO/yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and YSZ, respectively. Pyrolizable materials are eliminated by heat treatment in air at 800°C; the half‐cell is then sintered in Ar at 1380°C to avoid the oxidation of the Ni wire whose compliance allows to minimize stresses generated during heat treatments. The cathode consists of two layers made by lanthanum strontium manganate–YSZ mixture and pure lanthanum strontium manganate co‐sintered at 1150°C. Electrochemical I–V characterization of single microtubular solid oxide fuel cells points out great potentiality of the innovative architecture demonstrated by the maximum power output of ~200 mW/cm2 at 800°C under a wet H2 fuel flow.
Resolving high Reynolds numbers in smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of subsonic turbulence
Authors: Price Daniel J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Accounting for the Reynolds number is critical in numerical simulations of turbulence, particularly for subsonic flow. For smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) with constant artificial viscosity coefficient α, it is shown that the effective Reynolds number in the absence of explicit physical viscosity terms scales linearly with the Mach number — compared to mesh schemes, where the effective Reynolds number is largely independent of the flow velocity. As a result, SPH simulations with α= 1 will have low Reynolds numbers in the subsonic regime compared to mesh codes, which may be insufficient to resolve turbulent flow. This explains the failure of Bauer & Springel to find agreement between the moving-mesh code arepo and the gadget SPH code on simulations of driven, subsonic (v∼ 0.3cs) turbulence appropriate to the intergalactic/intracluster medium, where it was alleged that SPH is somehow fundamentally incapable of producing a Kolmogorov-like turbulent cascade. We show that turbulent flow with a Kolmogorov spectrum can be easily recovered by employing standard methods for reducing α away from shocks.
Dissipation efficiency of reconfinement shocks in relativistic jets
Authors: Nalewajko Krzysztof 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We calculate the dissipation efficiency of relativistic reconfinement shocks. Building on previous work, we consider different distributions of the external pressure. The average dissipation efficiency εdiss is a function of the product of two parameters — the jet Lorentz factor Γj and the reconfinement angle Θr, which is related to the opening angle Θj and the external pressure index η. The spatial distribution of the dissipation rate strongly depends on η. We discuss the significance of these results for the properties of relativistic jets in gamma-ray bursts and active galactic nuclei and propose that reconfinement shocks may explain a very high dissipation efficiency of the former and a moderate dissipation efficiency of the latter. Finally, we estimate the dissipation efficiency of the reconfinement shock associated with the quasi-stationary knot HST-1 in the jet of radio galaxy M87 and show that it is roughly consistent with the observational constraints.
Observing turbulent fragmentation in simulations: predictions for CARMA and ALMA
Authors: Offner Stella S. R. , Capodilupo John , Schnee Scott , Goodman Alyssa A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Determining the initial stellar multiplicity is a challenging problem since protostars are faint and deeply embedded at early times; once formed, multiple protostellar systems may significantly dynamically evolve before they are optically revealed. Interferometers such as Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA) and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) make it possible to probe the scales at which turbulent fragmentation occurs in dust continuum emission, potentially constraining early stellar multiplicity. In this Letter, we present synthetic observations of starless and protostellar cores undergoing fragmentation on scales of a few thousand astronomical units to produce wide binary systems. We show that interferometric observations of starless cores by CARMA should be predominantly featureless at early stages, although wide protostellar companions should be apparent. The enhanced capabilities of ALMA improve the detection of core morphology so that it may be possible to detect substructure at earlier times. In either case, spatial filtering from interferometry reduces the observed core substructure and often eradicates traces of existing filamentary morphology on scales down to 0.025 pc. However, some missing structure may be recaptured by combining data from the ALMA full science and Atacama compact arrays.
Teaching inhaler use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
Authors: Lareau Suzanne C. , Hodder Richard 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose: To review barriers to the successful use of inhalers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and the role of the nurse practitioner (NP) in facilitating optimum inhaler use.Data sources: Review of the national and international scientific literature.Conclusions: Pharmacologic treatment of COPD patients comprises mainly inhaled medications. Incorrect use of inhalers is very common in these individuals. Some of the consequences of poor inhaler technique include reduced therapeutic dosing, medication adherence, and disease stability, which can lead to increased morbidity, decreased quality of life, and a high burden on the healthcare system. Knowledgeable evaluation and frequent reassessment of inhaler use coupled with education of patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals can significantly improve the benefits COPD patients derive from inhaled therapy.Implications for practice: Patient education is vital for correct use of inhalers and to ensure the effectiveness of inhaled medications. The NP has a critical role in assessing potential barriers to successful learning by the patient and improving inhaler technique and medication management. The NP can also facilitate success with inhaled medications by providing up‐to‐date inhaler education for other healthcare team members, who may then act as patient educators.
Patient‐centered outcomes research and nurse practitioners’ role in shared decision making
Authors: Clancy Carolyn M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article provides a brief overview of a new program from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) called the Effective Healthcare Program. This program has supported more than 70 research projects since its inception and published more than 50 products, including guides for clinicians and patients that provide a comprehensive analysis of treatment options for common, chronic illnesses. Research summaries are also available for mobile devices.
Morphological features, development and reproduction of Melittobia acasta on Bombus terrestris
Authors: KWON Yong Jung , AMIN Md Ruhul , INN Nang Soi Lao 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMorphological features, development and reproduction behavior of the parasite Melittobia acasta (Walker) were studied when reared on the pupae of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris L. in the laboratory under 23°C, 50% relative humidity and 12 h light : 12 h dark conditions. The parasites laid transparent white and elongated eggs. Newly hatched larval size and shape were very similar to eggs but they were identified by their body segments. Larvae increased their body size through moulting and transformed into a vermiform shape. Male pupae were shiny brown with dots. The female pupae were distinguished by their black shiny color, shorter size and the presence of compound eyes. Adult male pupae were dark brown and dwarf‐winged, whereas female pupae were macropterous and brachypterous. Reproduction took place by fertilization and also parthenogenetically. Mean fecundity within 5 days by mated (47.9 ± 30.5 female−1) and virgin (7.4 ± 6.8 female−1) females were statistically different. Mated females laid fertilized eggs that produced adult males or females, whereas virgin females laid unfertilized eggs that produced males. Development durations of the virgin female originated eggs, larvae, pupae and adults were statistically identical with those of mated females. The parasites were female‐biased and foundress number did not affect offspring sex ratio. This study shows that both mated and virgin females of M. acasta can produce many offspring on B. terrestris pupae within a short period, indicating that they are dangerous parasites of the bumblebee in a mass rearing system.
Preliminary investigation on rodent–ectoparasite associations in the highlands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: implications for potential zoonoses
Authors: YONAS Meheretu , WELEGERIMA Kiros , LAUDISOIT Anne , BAUER Hans , GEBREHIWOT Kindeya , DECKERS Seppe , KATAKWEBA Abdul , MAKUNDI Rhodes , LEIRS Herwig 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe studied associations between rodents and their arthropod ectoparasites in crop fields and household compounds in the highlands of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Ectoparasite infestation indices, such as percent infestation, mean abundance, prevalence and host preferences, were calculated for each taxon. In total, 172 rodents from crop fields and 97 from household compounds were trapped. Rodent species and numbers trapped from the crop fields and household compounds were Mastomys awashensis (Lavrenchenko, Likhnova & Baskevich, 1998) (88 and 44), Arvicanthis dembeensis (Ruppel, 1842) (63 and 37) and Acomys sp. (21 and 16), respectively. A total of 558 insects and acarids (belonging to 11 taxa) were recovered from the rodents trapped in the crop fields, and 296 insects and acarid (belonging to 6 taxa) from the rodents trapped in the household compounds. Approximately 66% of the rodents trapped from the crop fields and 47% of those trapped from the household compounds were infested with ectoparasites. Laelaps sp. (64.9%) and Xenopsylla sp. (20.6%) comprised the highest proportion of the ectoparasites recovered in the crop fields, and the same ectoparasites, but in reverse order, comprised the highest proportions in the household compounds (Xenopsylla [50.3%] and Laelaps sp. [29%]). Our study revealed that crop fields and household compounds in the highlands share similar rodents and several ectoparasites. Furthermore, at least 1 of the rodent species and some of the ectoparasites identified in this study were reported to have posed medical and veterinary threats in other parts of Ethiopia and neighboring countries.
Temporal niche overlap among insectivorous small mammals
Authors: VIEIRA Emerson M. , PAISE Gabriela 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBeing active in the same environment at different times exposes animals to the effects of very different environmental factors, both biotic and abiotic. In the present study, we used live traps equipped with timing devices to evaluate the potential role of biotic factors (competition and food abundance) on overall overlap in the temporal niche axis of 4 insectivorous small mammals in high‐elevation grassland fields (‘campos de altitude’) of southern Brazil. Based on resources availability (invertebrates), data on animal captures were pooled in 2 seasons: ‘scarcity’ (June 2001–September 2001) and ‘abundance’ (November 2001–May 2002) seasons. We tested for non‐random structure in temporal niche overlap among the species in each season. These species were the rodents Oxymycterus nasutus (Waterhouse, 1837), Deltamys sp., Akodon azarae (Fischer, 1829), and the marsupial Monodelphis brevicaudis Olfers, 1818. The studied community was mainly diurnal with crepuscular peaks. Simulations using the Pianka index of niche overlap indicated that the empirical assemblage‐wide overlap was not significantly different from randomly generated patterns in the abundance season but significantly greater than expected by chance alone in the scarcity season. All the species showed an increase in temporal niche breadth during the abundance season, which appears to be related to longer daylength and high nocturnal temperatures. Patterns on both temporal niche overlap and temporal niche breadth were the opposite to those that we were expecting in the case of diel activity patterns determined by competition for dietary resources. Therefore, we conclude that competition did not seem to be preponderant for determining patterns of temporal niche overlap by the studied community.
Pomegranate Fruit Extract Inhibits UVB‐induced Inflammation and Proliferation by Modulating NF‐κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Mouse Skin†
Authors: Khan Naghma , Syed Deeba N. , Pal Harish Chandra , Mukhtar Hasan , Afaq Farrukh 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThere is considerable interest in the identification of natural agents capable of affording protection to skin from the adverse effects of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit possesses as strong antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and antiproliferative properties. Recently, we have shown that oral feeding of pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) to mice afforded substantial protection from the adverse effects of single UVB radiation via modulation in early biomarkers of photocarcinogenesis. This study was designed to investigate the photochemopreventive effects of PFE (0.2%, wt/vol) after multiple UVB irradiations (180 mJ cm−2, on alternative day, for a total of seven treatments) to the skin of SKH‐1 hairless mice. Oral feeding of PFE to SKH‐1 mice inhibited UVB‐induced epidermal hyperplasia, infiltration of leukocytes, protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that oral feeding of PFE to mice inhibited UVB‐induced (1) nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B/p65, (2) phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, (3) activation of IKKα/ΙΚΚβ and (4) phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase proteins and c‐Jun. PFE consumption also inhibited UVB‐induced protein expression of (1) COX‐2 and iNOS, (2) PCNA and cyclin D1 and (3) matrix metalloproteinases‐2,‐3 and ‐9 in mouse skin. Taken together, these data show that PFE consumption afforded protection to mouse skin against the adverse effects of UVB radiation by modulating UVB‐induced signaling pathways.
A randomized trial of family focused treatment for adolescents and young adults at risk for psychosis: study rationale, design and methods
Authors: Schlosser Danielle A. , Miklowitz David J. , O'Brien Mary P. , De Silva Sandra D. , Zinberg Jamie L. , Cannon Tyrone D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim: This article outlines the rationale for a family‐focused psychoeducational intervention for individuals at risk for psychosis and explains the design of a randomized multisite trial to test its efficacy.Methods: Adolescents and young adults that meet criteria for a psychosis risk syndrome at eight participating North American Prodromal Longitudinal Study sites are randomly assigned to a 6‐month, 18‐session family‐focused treatment for prodromal youth or a 3‐session psychoeducational enhanced care control intervention and followed over 1 year.Results: The results will determine whether the use of a family intervention is able to significantly improve functional outcomes, decrease the severity of positive symptoms and possibly prevent the onset of full psychosis, compared with enhanced care alone. Levels of familial criticism at baseline are hypothesized to moderate responses to family intervention. Improvements in knowledge about symptoms, family communication and problem solving will be tested as mediators in the pathways between treatment assignment and clinical or psychosocial outcomes in high‐risk youth.Conclusions: The ongoing trial evaluates whether a non‐invasive psychosocial approach can significantly enhance functional outcomes and prevent the ultra high risk patients from developing psychosis. The results will provide an important stepping stone in the movement of the field from refining early detection strategies to developing efficacious preventative treatments.
AM1‐receptor‐dependent protection by intermedin of human vascular and cardiac non‐vascular cells from ischaemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Bell David , Campbell Malcolm , Ferguson Matthew , Sayers Leah , Donaghy Liz , O’Regan Anna , Jewhurst Victoria , Harbinson Mark 
Published: December 2011

Key points
Coronary artery disease occurs when fatty deposits cause obstruction to blood flow in the coronary arteries, reducing the supply of blood to the heart. This can damage the heart muscle (heart attack).
In this study, a small protein named intermedin is shown to be present in cells from the human heart and blood vessels.
Intermedin, acting on a specific type of receptor protein shown to be present on the surface of these cells, is found to protect against damage occurring during experiments conducted in human cardiac and vascular cells in culture under conditions designed to simulate initial obstruction and subsequent restoration of blood flow, respectively.
These results suggest that administration of intermedin might provide a novel therapeutic strategy to minimise damage to heart muscle following a heart attack.