bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the horizontal migration of dipterous stem borers (Oscinella spp.) in direct drilled Italian ryegrass
Authors: Bentley B.R. , Clements R.O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe distance stem boring dipterous larvae e.g. Oscinella frit L. migrate in direct drilled Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was investigated. First, adjacent contrasting swards of Italian ryegrass or Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) were grown which were, respectively, expected to be either infected with large populations of larvae or likely to be free of larvae. Sampling revealed that these expectations were realised. Swards were then desiccated by herbicide, and subsequently direct drilled with Italian ryegrass. Over 50% of the larvae in original, infested part of the sward migrated to infest tillers of the newly sown ares. The distance larvae migrated was gauged by assessing how far they were found from the perimeter of a previously uninfested area which had been reseeded. Most larvae migrated 20 cm or less, but a small proportion appeared to migrate several metres, apparently passing many suitable host tillers as they did so.RésuméEtude de la migration horizontale de larves d'Oscinella spp. directement vers des sillons de ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)La distance parcourue par des larves d'O. frit directement vers des sillons de ryegrass italien (L. multiflorum) a été examinée. Dans un premier temps, de 2 pelouses adjacentes de ryegrass italien et de Dactylis glomerata ont été cultivées avec l'espoir que la première serait contaminée par des populations abondantes de larves et la seconde indemne. L'échantillonnage a montré que ces espoirs étaient justifiés. Les pelouses ont alors été brulées avec de l'herbicide et ensuite directement ensemencées avec du ryegrass en sillons. Plus de 50% des larves de la pelouse originellement contaminée ont migré pour infester les zones nouvellement semées. La distance de la migration a été évaluée d'après l'éloignement du périmètre de la zone primitivement non contaminée. La plupart des larves avaient parcouru au maximum 20 cm, mais quelques unes paraissaient avoir par couru plusieurs mètres, passant vraisemblablement devant des souches d'hôtes plus convenables.
Ovarian development rates in the Old World screw‐worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana
Authors: Spradbery J. P. , Vogt W. G. , Sands D. P. A. , Drewett N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRates of ovarian development in relation to temperature were determined for autogenous females of the screw‐worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana. Percentage durations of the different ovarian stages (scaled 2–10) were estimated on the basis of observed lengths of the developing oocytes. Mean durations (h) of each ovarian stage was determined at 20, 25, 28 and 35 °C. A model of ovarian development rate (%/d) in relation to temperature (T) is presented, the fitted curve being give by R(T) = EXP (–2.73 + 0.362T – 0.0055T2).
Aspects of life‐table studies and functional response of Lysiphlebia mirzai
Authors: Tripathi R. N. , Singh R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe fecundity, reproductive rate, and survival of Lysiphlebia mirzai parasitising third instar nymphs of the cereal aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis were measured at six different host densities under constant laboratory conditions. The survival rate (lx) of the female parasitoids was unaffected by host density, with an average adult life‐span of 5–6 days at all densities. The age‐specific fecundity rate (mx) was host density‐dependent. The value of mx decreased rapidly from the first day of parasitisation. The number of hosts available determined the maximum possible number of mummies. At 200 hosts available per day, the average fecundity was 184.6 mummies/female; the maximum number of mummies yielded by any female was 200. The relationship between host density and the number of aphids parasitised per female was linear at ≤50 aphids/cage/day, but at higher host densities (≥100 aphids/cage/day) a significant curvilinear regression was observed. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) increased with increasing host density. Maximum value of rm (0.262) was obtained at a host density of 200. The response of rm to changes in host density and parasitoid sex ratio is shown. A typical type II functional response was observed for L. mirzai. The curve was described by a logistic curve, Np = 200/[1 + exp(5.65 − 1.60 ln No)]. The search rate of the parasitoid was inverse host density‐dependent. No significant variation in the sex ratio of F1 offspring was observed at different initial host densities. Sex ratio values exceeded 0.5 at all host densities. The results evaluated the reproductive potential of L. mirzai as a promising biological control agent.
Detoxification spectrum of the cigarette beetle symbiont Symbiotaphrina kochii in culture
Authors: Shen S. K. , Dowd P. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe ability of cultures of the cigarette beetle symbiont, Symbiotaphrina kochii Jurzitza ex. W. Gams and v. Arx, to utilize toxins as carbon sources and produce detoxifying enzymes was tested. This yeast could apparently use many of the plant allelochemicals, meal toxins, mycotoxins, insecticides, and herbicides tested as carbon sources, suggesting the ability to detoxify these compounds. Detoxifying enzymes that were detected using representative substrates included aromatic ester hydrolase, glucosidase, phosphatase, and glutathione transferase. This yeast was also able to hydrolyze the organophosphorus insecticide parathion. Thus, this yeast appears to have broad‐spectrum detoxifying capabilities. Either this strain of yeast, improved strains, or other microorganisms to which genetic material from this yeast has been transferred may be of use in decontaminating materials containing multiple toxins.
Nutritional performance of first and penultimate‐final Instar bagworm larvae on two unrelated hosts as influenced by host of origin
Authors: Ward K. E. , Ramaswamy S. B. , Nebeker T. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNutritional performance of early and late instar bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haworth) larvae was investigated as a function of host of origin and host type, using two taxonomically distant wild hosts, Salix nigra (Marshall) and Juniperus virginiana (L.). First instar growth and survival were higher on S. nigra; overall performance was similar on the two hosts in penultimate‐final instars. There was no evidence for host associated differentiation with respect to nutritional performance. There were, however, significant genotype & environment interactions for several characters studied, suggesting that the potential for host associated differentiation exists.
Selection for pesticide resistance in Aphytis
Authors: Havron A. , Rosen D. , Prag H. , Rössler Y. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractField‐collected populations of Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a parasite of Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.) (Homoptera: Diaspididae), were tested for malathion and for azinphosmethyl tolerance, and selected for increased resistance. Initial tolerance for malathion was not significantly different between populations, and could not be significantly increased by 30 selection cycles. Two field populations showed relatively high levels of azinphosmethyl tolerance, which were further increased by selection to 24–48 times that of a susceptible laboratory population.The differences in response to the two organophosphorus insecticides are discussed in relation to differences in their modes of application, detoxification by insects and the genetic bottleneck experienced by an imported species.
Duration of diapause in the stem borers, Busseola fusca and Chilo partellus
Authors: Kfir Rami 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe duration of diapause in the stem borers Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) was studied in South Africa by collecting diapausing larvae from the field throughout winter (April–August). B. fusca larvae emerged as moth around the middle of October regardless of the date of collection and the length of time they were kept in the laboratory under constant 21 °C. C. partellus larvae collected in April‐June emerged in November, those collected in July emerged in October, and those collected in August emerged in September. Regardless of the collection date C. partellus started to emerge from diapause earlier and moth emergence lasted up to twice as long as in B. fusca. Under laboratory conditions at 60% RH both borer larvae lost about 50% of their body mass during diapause. When provided with water B. fusca larvae lost about 30% of their body mass and adults emerged 20 days earlier than when kept dry. C. partellus, on the other hand, lost only 13% of their body weight and emerged 34 days earlier. The differences between the two species are discussed in light of different types of diapause; i.e., obligatory diapause in B. fusca and facultative diapause in C. partellus.
Potential of Margosan‐O, an azadirachtin‐containing formulation from neem seed extract, as a control agent for spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana
Authors: Thomas A. W. , Strunz G. M. , Chan T. H. , Chiasson M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effects on spruce budworm larvae, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), produced by ingestion of Margosan‐O, a commercially available neem seed extract formulation containing 0.3% azadirachtin, were investigated. Bioassays with the test material were conducted using various instars of spruce budworm larvae, with either artificial diet, cut branches of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill., or small growing balsam fir trees as substrates. The dose‐response data on feeding reduction, developmental retardation, and mortality (LC50, LC95, and LD50) suggest that Margosan‐O has promise as a control agent for spruce budworm in an integrated pest management program.
Consumption of sugars, hemicellulose, starch, pectin and cellulose by the grasshopper Aracris flavolineata
Authors: Ferreira C. , Marana S. R. , Terra W. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAdults (0.61 g, fresh‐weight) of Abracris flavolineata De Geer (Orthoptera: Acrididae) feeding on Brassica oleracea acephala leaves ingest 21 mg dry‐weight/day with an approximate digestibility of 42%. Chemical determinations performed on the leaves ingested and on the feces expelled led to the determination of the approximate digestibilities (%) of the major carbohydrates of leaves as follows: soluble carbohydrates, 91; pectin, 32.1; hemicellulose, 0; starch, 66; cellulose, 15. The results are not sufficient to disregard the possibility that digestible hemicellulose polymers contaminate the pectin and the cellulose fraction. Thus, it is possible that the digestibility of hemicellulose is different from zero, and that the digestibility of pectin and cellulose are somewhat lower than reported. The data are used to propose physiological roles of the enzyme activities previously found in the A. flavolineata midgut.
Azadirachtin inhibits secretion of trypsin in midgut of Manduca sexta caterpillars: reduced growth due to impaired protein digestion
Authors: Timmins W. A. , Reynolds S. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWhen given by injection to tobacco hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta, the allelochemical azadirachtin inhibits growth without reducing food intake. The growth reducing effect of azadirachtin is therefore in this case independent of the compound's well‐known antifeedant effect. The cause of this reduced rate of growth is an increase in the costs associated with growth. These increased costs are largely a consequence of a decrease in the efficiency of utilisation of dietary nitrogen. This is associated with a drastic reduction in the activity of midgut trypsin. Azadirachtin has no effect on the activity of trypsin in vitro. Thus azadirachtin directly or indirectly inhibits the production of trypsin by the enzyme‐secreting cells of the midgut wall; it is suggested that this is the cause of the increased costs and reduced rate of growth. The interesting parallel between this plant defence strategy and that of direct inhibition of herbivore proteinases by allelochemical proteinase inhibitors is discussed.
Dung burial activity and development of ivermectin exposed Diastellopalpus quinquedens in a field experiment
Authors: Sommer C. , Grønvold J. , Holter P. , Madsen M. , Nansen P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe amount of cattle dung buried in the field by afrotropical dung beetles, mainly Diastellopalpus quinquedens Bates, was not affected by previous subcutaneous injection of the cattle with 0.2 mg kg − 1ivermectin. The numbers of D. quinquedens larvae developing in brood masses, however, were reduced; only 28% of the brood masses made of dung voided two days after treatment of the cattle contained live larvae. When the brood masses were made of dung excreted 8 and 16 days after treatment 90 and 94%, respectively, contained live larvae.
Induction of adult diapause and of low and high reproductive states in a parasitoid wasp, Ooencyrtus nezarae, by photoperiod and temperature
Authors: Numata H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOoencyrtus nezarae Ishii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was reared on eggs of Riptortus clavatus (Thunberg) (Heteroptera: Alydidae) at various temperatures under long‐day (L16:D8) or short‐day (L10:D14) conditions. There was no diapause during egg, larval or pupal stages under any set of conditions examined. However, at 15 °C under short‐day conditions, vitellogenesis was arrested in all adult females and they entered diapause. At 15 °C under long‐day conditions, or at 20 °C under short‐day conditions, some adult females entered diapause. Under the latter set of conditions, the adult females laid eggs but they laid fewer eggs than under long‐day conditions. Even at 25 °C, under short‐day conditions, adult females laid fewer eggs than under long‐day conditions, and this low rate of oviposition was attributed to the retarded development of ovaries. Diapause adults reared at 15 °C were more resistant to low temperature than nondiapause adults reared at 25 °C.
Interactions between a specialist herbivore, Crocidosema plebejana, and its host plants Malva parviflora and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum: Oviposition preference
Authors: Hamilton J.G. , Zalucki M.P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOvipositional responses of gravid female Crocidosema plebejana Zeller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to all stages of development of its host plants Malva parviflora L. and cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., were studied in no‐choice and choice experiments. In no‐choice experiments the site of oviposition and the number of eggs laid reflected the suitability of the host plant for larval survival and development. The same was true of choice experiments although conclusions drawn from these are more tentative due to high levels of heterogeneity. Results from a natural (unplanned) choice experiment in the field, suggested flowering cotton was rejected as a site for oviposition by gravid females. Results from this paper and a previous paper by the authors are combined to explain the failure of tipworm populations to persist on cotton crops after flowering.
Role of sex pheromone components in the orientation behaviour of Ephestia cautella
Authors: Quartey G. K. , Coaker T. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe orientation behaviour of male tropical warehouse moths, Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) was observed in a flight tunnel in response to synthetic pheromone components. A blend of 2:1 (Z, E)9, 12–14: Ac (ZETA) and (Z)9–14:Ac (ZTA) equivalent to that released by virgin female moths caused more moths to fly upwind, alight at the lure and display hairpencils than ZETA alone. No response was obtained from the minor component ZTA alone, but the addition of (Z, E)9, 12–14:OH (ZETOH) to a ZETA + ZTA blend inhibited upwind flight by male moths. Analysis of the flight tracks of male moths in ZETA + ZTA and ZETA plumes showed that the moths flew faster and straighter towards the ZETA + ZTA source by decreasing the track reversal distance and track angle. The numbers of moths caught on sticky traps with ZETA were increased by the addition of ZTA.
Sex pheromone components of Heliothis maritima: chemical identification, flight tunnel and field tests
Authors: Szõcs G. , Raina A. , Tóth M. , Leonhardt B. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThree sex pheromonal components, (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11–16: Ald), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenol (Z11–16:OH), and hexadecanal (16:Ald), in a ratio of 88.0:7.2:4.8, were identified from ovipositor extracts of the fulvous clover moth, Heliothis maritima Grasl. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In addition, trace amounts of (Z)‐9‐hexadecenal (Z9–16: Ald) were detected in the extracts by GC. A blend of Z11–16: Ald, Z11–16:OH and 16:Ald in a ratio of 100:6:3, as well as in combination with 0.1 or 1 part Z9–16: Ald was tested at 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 μg doses in a flight tunnel. In flight tunnel tests male behavioral responses elicited by 0.1 or 1.0 μg doses of the 100:6:3:1 blend were similar to those elicited by an ovipositor extract at 2 female equivalents. Deletion of Z9–16: Ald from the blend at 0.1 μg dose caused a decrease in the male response. In the field test, however, presence or absence of Z9–16: Ald did not significantly influence the number of males trapped in sticky traps with rubber septa containing 100 μg of the respective blends.
13C and 31P NMR spectroscopic studies on glucose metabolism in Tribolium confusum
Authors: Nishina M. , Matsushita K. , Hori E. , Takahashi M. , Kato K. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology was applied to study the glucose metabolism in Tribolium confusum (Coleoptera). 13C signals of D‐(1‐13C)glucose eaten by beetles were clearly detected in such metabolites of the glucose metabolism as glycogen, trehalose, triacylglycerol, alanine and proline by 13C‐NMR. After glucose feeding the 31P‐NMR spectra of T. confusum showed the signal intensity increases in arginine‐phosphate, sugar‐phosphate and uridine diphosphoglucose. The results demonstrated the potential of NMR analysis for the study of glucose metabolism in T. confusum.
Influence of larval food consumption on the fecundity of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea
Authors: Zheng Y. , Daane K. M. , Hagen K. S. , Mittler T. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effects of food consumption on larval growth and development and adult fecundity of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), were studied on two populations of larvae derived from either a laboratory colony or from field‐collected adults. The number of eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller), provided to individual lacewing larvae was varied to produce three food‐supply treatments: low, intermediate, and high. Food‐supply was found to influence larval growth and development and adult fecundity. Lacewing larvae provided with an overabundance of moth eggs developed faster than larvae provided with fewer moth eggs than they could have consumed. Adult females that developed from the high feeding treatment had a substantially shorter preoviposition period, a later decline in egg deposition, and a significantly higher fecundity than adults arising from the other feeding classes. Unrestricted feeding by adult lacewings on an artificial diet did not compensate for prior low feeding regimes. The overall performance of the lacewings derived from the laboratory colony was substantially poorer than that of the lacewings derived from field‐collected adults. This effect was accentuated when the larvae were given a low food‐supply. This overall decrease in vigor is attributed to inbreeding of the laboratory culture over a one year period. These finds are relevant to mass rearing programs for this biological control agent.
Biological factors affecting leafhopper transmission of purified maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus
Authors: Creamer R. , Nault L. R. , Gingery R. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA helper component from maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus (MCDV)‐infected plants was necessary for insect transmission of purified MCDV. Purified MCDV, WS strain, when acquired by membrane feeding, was transmitted by Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes) (Homoptera:Cicadellidae) which fed first on MCDV (M1 strain)‐infected maize. Conversely, feeding on MCDV‐WS‐infected maize allowed transmission of purified MCDV‐M1, indicating that the helper component was not strain specific. Viruliferous G. nigrifrons lost the ability to transmit MCDV‐M1 after feeding for 24 h on healthy maize, but retained the ability to acquire and transmit purified MCDV‐WS for up to 36 h. When G. nigrifrons fed initially on MCDV‐infected plants and then on a second strain of purified MCDV, the second strain of MCDV could be transmitted alone, suggesting that the helper component from MCDV‐infected plants was something other than the virion itself. Lengthening acquisition feeding of G. nigrifrons on MCDV‐M1‐infected maize or purified MCDV‐WS did not significantly change the transmission frequency of MCDV‐WS. Amblysellus grex (Oman), an experimental vector of MCDV, also transmitted purified MCDV‐WS after an initial acquisition feeding on MCDV‐M1‐infected maize. This suggests that the helper component is not vector species specific.
Production of Nosema marucae for biological control of cereal stem borers
Authors: Odindo M. O. , Amutalla P. A. , Opondo‐Mbai M. , Odero T. Anyango 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn a study covering 3 years, experiments were carried out in order to determine the feasibility of producing a microsporidian pathogen Nosema marucae in the spotted stalkborer Chilo partellus. A maximum yield of 4.9 times 108 spores/larva (equivalent to 3.1 times 1010 spores/g fresh larval body weight) was obtained in 3rd instar larvae. It is considered that the production is inexpensive and can be readily adapted for small scale pathogen propagation systems in the tropics.
Age‐dependent physiological responses of last instar Helicoverpa zea larvae to oral and topical application of precocene II
Authors: Binder B. F. , Bowers W. S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractNewly‐ecdysed last instar larvae of H. zea grouped into 100‐, 200‐, 300‐, or 400‐mg categories were fed diet containing precocene II or given precocene II topically on the abdomen. The time for larvae to reach a maximal weight, time to pupation, growth rate, and the amount of precocene II excreted were calculated. Younger larvae of lower weights, which were fed or topically treated with precocene II required more time to reach their maximal weight, had a lower maximal weight, a lower growth rate, and required more time to pupate than control larvae. Older larvae represented by the largest weight category were less sensitive to precocene II, had a shorter delay in reaching maximal weight, and a shorter delay in the time to pupation than control larvae; larvae in the largest weight category that were fed precocene II also had smaller decreases in the growth rate. Growth rate declines for larvae given topical doses of precocene II, however, were largest for the oldest larvae. All larvae given a single topical dose excreted precocene II for several days and were most efficient at eliminating smaller doses; larger, older larvae excreted more precocene II than smaller, younger larvae. Age‐dependent responses to precocene II indicate that growth and metabolic processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, change in last instar larvae.