bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nishorting in relation to acid‐base equilibrium of molten carbonate for molten cabonate fuel cell (MCFC) application
Authors: Mitsushima S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOne of the important methods to improve the endurance of the molten carbonate fuel cell is to reduce the nickel precipitate that forms the shorting. The nickel precipitate shorting consists of three processes: the dissolution of the NiO cathode, the flux of the nickel ion to the anode side, and the reduction to metal by hydrogen from the anode side. The NiO solubility affects all processes of the shorting.The dissolution of the NiO in the molten carbonate is an acidic dissolution mechanism in the range of the practical operating conditions of the molten carbonate fuel cells. Therefore, to reduce the solubility of NiO, a basic molten carbonate must be selected. These behaviors are explained by the fact that the solubility of the NiO in the molten carbonate is a function of the Coulomb force parameter that indicates charge density of the molten salts.The time function of the nickel shorting can be described by experimental equations. On the basis of an interpretation of the experimental equations and the simple model of the nickel shorting based on the diffusion of the nickel ion, it is seen that the reduction in the solubility improves the durability of the molten carbonate fuel cells.
Porous Single Crystals of Calcite from Colloidal Crystal Templates: ACC Is Not Required for Nanoscale Templating
Authors: Hetherington Nicola B. J. , Kulak Alex N. , Kim Yi‐Yeoun , Noel Elizabeth H. , Snoswell David , Butler Michael , Meldrum Fiona C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article investigates the formation of nanostructured single crystals of calcite using direct, ion‐by‐ion precipitation methods and shows that single crystals with complex morphologies and curved surfaces can readily be formed using this technique. Calcite crystals with inverse opal and direct opal structures are prepared using templates of colloidal crystals and polystyrene reverse opals, respectively, and excellent replication of the template structures are achieved, including the formation of 200‐nm spheres of calcite in the direct opal structure. These highly porous crystals also display extremely regular, crystalline gross morphologies. The methodology is extremely versatile and challenges the preconception that nanostructured crystals cannot be prepared by simple diffusion of reagents into the template due to blocking of the channels. The results are also discussed in light of alternative templating methods using amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) as a precursor phase and provide insight into the role of ACC in biological calcification processes.
Hoffman syndrome: New patients, new insights
Authors: Hügle Boris , Hoffman Hal , Bird Lynne M. , Gebauer Corinna , Suchowerskyj Philipp , Sack Ulrich , Kohlhase Jürgen , Schuster Volker 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHypogammaglobulinemia or agammaglobulinemia are major features of specific syndromes, including X‐linked agammaglobulinemia and common variable immunodeficiency. However, the combination of hypogammaglobulinemia with specific dysmorphic features is less common, with only a few reported cases. One such report was a sporadic case of humoral immunodeficiency, facial dysmorphism, and limb anomalies in a young girl, later referred to as Hoffman syndrome. We report on a 7‐year‐old girl with almost complete loss of B cells, facial dysmorphism, and malformation of the limbs and genitalia, whose mother shows similar dysmorphic features with an attenuated version of the B‐cell deficiency. We believe that all three cases described above represent the same condition. The features of the three affected individuals with Hoffman syndrome are reviewed. Further investigations in this recently recognized B‐cell immunodeficiency syndrome are warranted. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial neural crest cells on the move: Their roles in craniofacial development
Authors: Cordero Dwight R. , Brugmann Samantha , Chu Yvonne , Bajpai Ruchi , Jame Maryam , Helms Jill A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe craniofacial region is assembled through the active migration of cells and the rearrangement and sculpting of facial prominences and pharyngeal arches, which consequently make it particularly susceptible to a large number of birth defects. Genetic, molecular, and cellular processes must be temporally and spatially regulated to culminate in the three‐dimension structures of the face. The starting constituent for the majority of skeletal and connective tissues in the face is a pluripotent population of cells, the cranial neural crest cells (NCCs). In this review we discuss the newest scientific findings in the development of the craniofacial complex as related to NCCs. Furthermore, we present recent findings on NCC diseases called neurocristopathies and, in doing so, provide clinicians with new tools for understanding a growing number of craniofacial genetic disorders. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical manifestations of the deletion of Down syndrome critical region including DYRK1A and KCNJ6
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Shimojima Keiko , Nishizawa Tsutomu , Matsuo Mari , Ito Masahiro , Imai Katsumi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA relatively small region of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) is considered to play a major role in Down syndrome (DS) phenotypes, and the concept of a Down syndrome critical region (DSCR) has been proposed. The goal of the phenotype–genotype correlation study is to discover which genes are responsible for each DS phenotype. Loss of the genomic copy numbers of Hsa21 can give us important suggestion to understand the functions of the involved genes. Genomic copy number aberrations were analyzed by micro‐array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in 300 patients with developmental delay. Partial deletions of Hsa21 were identified in three patients with developmental delay, epilepsy, microcephaly, and distinctive manifestations. Two of the patients had mosaic deletions of 21q22‐qter including a part of DSCR; one of whom whose mosaic ratio was higher than the other showed more severe brain morphogenic abnormality with colpocephaly, which was similar to the previously reported patients having pure deletions of 21q22‐qter, indicating the critical region for cortical dysplasia at this region. The remaining patient had the smallest microdeletion with 480 kb in DSCR including DYRK1A and KCNJ6. Although we could not identify any nucleotide alteration in DYRK1A and KCNJ6 in our cohort study for 150 patients with mental retardation with/without epilepsy, this study underscores the clinical importance of DSCR not only for DS but also for developmental disorders. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A complex 6p25 rearrangement in a child with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia
Authors: Bedoyan Jirair K. , Lesperance Marci M. , Ackley Todd , Iyer Ramaswamy K. , Innis Jeffrey W. , Misra Vinod K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGenomic rearrangements are increasingly recognized as important contributors to human disease. Here we report on an 11½‐year‐old child with myopia, Duane retraction syndrome, bilateral mixed hearing loss, skeletal anomalies including multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, and global developmental delay, and a complex 6p25 genomic rearrangement. We have employed oligonucleotide‐based comparative genomic hybridization arrays (aCGH) of different resolutions (44 and 244K) as well as a 1 M single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to analyze this complex rearrangement. Our analyses reveal a complex rearrangement involving a ∼2.21 Mb interstitial deletion, a ∼240 kb terminal deletion, and a 70–80 kb region in between these two deletions that shows maintenance of genomic copy number. The interstitial deletion contains eight known genes, including three Forkhead box containing (FOX) transcription factors (FOXQ1, FOXF2, and FOXC1). The region maintaining genomic copy number partly overlaps the dual specificity protein phosphatase 22 (DUSP22) gene. Array analyses suggest a homozygous loss of genomic material at the 5′ end of DUSP22, which was corroborated using TaqMan® copy number analysis. It is possible that this homozygous genomic loss may render both copies of DUSP22 or its products non‐functional. Our analysis suggests a rearrangement mechanism distinct from a previously reported replication‐based error‐prone mechanism without template switching for a specific 6p25 rearrangement with a 1.22 Mb interstitial deletion. Our study demonstrates the utility and limitations of using oligonucleotide‐based aCGH and SNP array technologies of increasing resolutions in order to identify complex DNA rearrangements and gene disruptions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of 64 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms as risk factors for neural tube defects in a large Irish study population
Authors: Carter Tonia C. , Pangilinan Faith , Troendle James F. , Molloy Anne M. , VanderMeer Julia , Mitchell Adam , Kirke Peadar N. , Conley Mary R. , Shane Barry , Scott John M. , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIndividual studies of the genetics of neural tube defects (NTDs) contain results on a small number of genes in each report. To identify genetic risk factors for NTDs, we evaluated potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are biologically plausible risk factors for NTDs but that have never been investigated for an association with NTDs, examined SNPs that previously showed no association with NTDs in published studies, and tried to confirm previously reported associations in folate‐related and non‐folate‐related genes. We investigated 64 SNPs in 34 genes for association with spina bifida in up to 558 case families (520 cases, 507 mothers, 457 fathers) and 994 controls in Ireland. Case‐control and mother‐control comparisons of genotype frequencies, tests of transmission disequilibrium, and log‐linear regression models were used to calculate effect estimates. Spina bifida was associated with over‐transmission of the LEPR (leptin receptor) rs1805134 minor C allele [genotype relative risk (GRR): 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–2.1; P = 0.0264] and the COMT (catechol‐O‐methyltransferase) rs737865 major T allele (GRR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1–2.0; P = 0.0206). After correcting for multiple comparisons, these individual test P‐values exceeded 0.05. Consistent with previous reports, spina bifida was associated with MTHFR 677C>T, T (Brachyury) rs3127334, LEPR K109R, and PDGFRA promoter haplotype combinations. The associations between LEPR SNPs and spina bifida suggest a possible mechanism for the finding that obesity is a NTD risk factor. The association between a variant in COMT and spina bifida implicates methylation and epigenetics in NTDs. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary perspectives on mother–infant sleep proximity and breastfeeding in a laboratory setting
Authors: Gettler Lee T. , McKenna James J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHuman maternal and infant biology likely coevolved in a context of close physical contact and some approximation of frequent, “infant‐initiated” breastfeeding. Still, mothers and infants commonly sleep apart from one another in many western societies, indicating a possible “mismatch” between cultural norms and infant biology. Here we present data from a 3‐night laboratory‐based study that examines differences in mother–infant sleep physiology and behavior when mothers and infants sleep together on the same surface (bedsharing) and apart in separate rooms (solitary). We analyze breastfeeding frequency and interval data from the first laboratory night (FN) for 52 complementary breastfeeding mothers and infants (26 total mother–infant pairs), of which 12 pairs were routine bedsharers (RB) and 14 were routine solitary sleepers (RS). RB infants were 12.0 ± 2.7 (SD) weeks old; RS infants were 13.0 ± 2.4 weeks old. On the FN, RB mother–infant pairs (while bedsharing) engaged in a greater number of feeds per night compared to RS (while sleeping alone) (P < 0.001). RB also showed lower intervals (min) between feeds relative to RS (P < 0.05). When we evaluated data from all three laboratory nights (n = 36), post hoc, RB breastfed significantly more often (P < 0.01) and showed a trend towards lower intervals between feeds (P < 0.10). Given the widely known risks associated with little or no breastfeeding, the demonstrated mutually regulatory relationship between bedsharing and breastfeeding should be considered in future studies evaluating determinants of breastfeeding outcomes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Miscibility studies of sodium carboxymethylcellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) blend membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Prasad C. Venkata , Sudhakar H. , Yerri Swamy B. , Reddy G. Venkata , Reddy C. L. N. , Suryanarayana C. , Prabhakar M. N. , Subha M. C. S. , Rao K. Chowdoji 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMiscibility studies of sodium carboxymethylcellulose/poly(vinyl alcohol) (NaCMC/PVA) blends of different compositions (100/0, 80 : 20, 60 : 40, 50 : 50, 40 : 60, 20 : 80, and 0 : 100) were investigated using viscometric method. NaCMC, PVA, and their blend membranes were prepared by solution‐casting technique and were then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA). The effect of blend composition on mechanical, swelling, and pervaporation results (flux and selectivity) was also investigated in this study. Attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) results showed that the blends are miscible over the entire studied composition range and further confirmed the crosslinking reaction with GA. FTIR studies reveal that the blends containing 50 : 50 (NaCMC/PVA) are an optimum miscible blend. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms that the thermal stability increased with increase in NaCMC content in NaCMC/PVA blend membrane. XRD and DSC showed a corresponding decrease in crystallinity and increase in melting point with increase in NACMC content, respectively. NaCMC/PVA blends of all the composition under study were used for dehydration of isopropyl alcohol at different compositions of IPA/water mixture (90 : 10, 87.5 : 12.5, 85 : 15, and 82.5 : 17.5) at 35°C. Swelling studies and PV results reveal that increase in NaCMC content in the blend leads to an increase in flux of water, whereas selectivity decreases. The optimum flux and selectivity were observed for the blend containing 50 : 50 NaCMC/PVA content at a feed ratio of 87.5 : 12.5 IPA/water. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Yttrium barium copper oxide‐filled polystyrene as a dielectric material
Authors: Abraham Rosalin , Kuryan Soosy , Isac Jayakumari , Zacharia Ajesh K. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractElectrical impedance measurements are carried out on high temperature superconducting ceramic Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO)–Polystyrene (PS) composite materials, in which superconducting particles are embedded in polystyrene matrix. The results of impedance versus frequency (100 Hz–13 MHz), phase angle versus temperature for volume percentage of superconductor (0–40%) are presented. No marked transition in phase angle is observed when the material goes through the superconducting transition temperature of the filler. The dielectric constant and losses increase with increasing YBCO content. However the increase in losses is modest and the excellent dielectric properties of the composites are not adversely affected. The system conforms to Clausius‐Mossotti equation. Dipole moment of YBCO particles and polarizability of the composites are calculated using the Clausius‐Mossotti approaches. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Electrospinning fabrication and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/waterborne polyurethane nanofiber membranes in aqueous solution
Authors: Yang Jeong Han , Yoon Nam Sik , Park Jae Hyeung , Kim In Kyo , Cheong In Woo , Deng Yulin , Oh Weontae , Yeum Jeong Hyun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) nanofiber mats were prepared using electrospinning method with aqueous solutions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and tensile strength testing machine (ZWICK) were used to characterize the morphology and properties of the PVA/WBPU nanofiber mats. The results showed that the morphologies of PVA/WBPU nanofiber mats changed with the total solid concentration and the mass ratio of PVA/WBPU in the spinning solution. The tensile strength and thermal stability of the fibers could be significantly affected by the WBPU contents. The electrospun PVA/WBPU membranes showed higher water uptake, which would have potential applications in wound dressings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of hydrophobic comonomer content on assembling of poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide) and thermal properties
Authors: Yang Xia , Lee Hyeon Yong , Kim Jin‐Chul 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCopolymers of N‐isopropylacrylamide and octadecyl acrylate (PNO), of which the content of octadecyl acrylate (ODA) was 1.3% (PNO 1.5), 1.7% (PNO 2.0), and 3.0% (PNO 4.0), were prepared using a free radical reaction. Various assemblies were obtained depending on the concentration of PNOs and the contents of ODA. Hydrophobic interaction between ODA residues is likely to act as crosslinker. PNO 1.5 formed hydrogel at the concentration of 7%. With PNO 2.0, hydrogels were formed when the concentration was 5 and 7%. With PNO 4.0, the opaque gel was obtained when the concentration was 7%. Upon heating across the lower critical solution temperature, the hydrogels shrank but the opaque gel was broken down into a suspension. At 40°C, the release degrees of fluorescein isothiocyanate‐dextran were much smaller than those of release at 23°C. The temperature‐sensitive release is due to temperature‐sensitive swelling ratio. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Dynamics of in situ synthetized silver‐epoxy nanocomposites as studied by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy
Authors: Kortaberria G. , Arruti P. , Mondragon I. , Vescovo L. , Sangermano M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn situ synthetized silver‐photocurable epoxy resin nanocomposites were analyzed by dielectric spectroscopy to study the local dynamics at temperatures well below the glass‐transition temperature and the effect of silver nanoparticles on them. Two secondary processes, β and γ, were detected both for the neat matrix and nanocomposites. Relaxation times of the β secondary relaxation, obtained by fitting to Havriliak‐Negami equation, were lower in the nanocomposites, as well as the activation energies calculated from the Arrhenius temperature dependence of relaxation times, due to the plasticization effect of the trapped solvent. The electric modulus formalism was used to detect the interfacial or MWS polarization, present both in the neat matrix and in the nanocomposites due to heterogeneities and interfaces. The activation energy of this relaxation increased with nanoparticle content, thus indicating an increase of the heterogeneities due to the nanoparticles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of compatibility between tackifier and polymer on adhesion property and phase structure: Tackifier‐added polystyrene‐based triblock/diblock copolymer blend system
Authors: Nakamura Yoshinobu , Adachi Manabu , Ito Keiko , Kato Yosuke , Fujii Syuji , Sasaki Mariko , Urahama Yoshiaki , Sakurai Shinichi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe effects of compatibility of tackifier with polymer matrix and mixing weight ratio of triblock/diblock copolymers as the matrix on the adhesion property and phase structure of tackifier‐added polystryrene triblock/diblock copolymer blends were investigated. For this purpose, polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene triblock and polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene diblock copolymers were used and the diblock weight ratio in the blend was varied from 0 to 1. Spherical polystyrene domains with a mean size of about 20 nm were dispersed in the polyisoprene (PI) continuous phase. In the case of the hydrogenated cycloaliphatic resin as tackifier having a good compatibility with PI and a poor compatibility with polystyrene, the peel strength increased with an increase of the tackifier content, and the degree of increase became significant above 40 wt % of tackifier. It was found that the nanometer‐sized agglomerates of tackifier in the PI matrix were formed and the distance between the nearest neighbors of agglomerates was about 15 nm from SAXS measurement. The peel strength increased with an increase of the nanometer‐sized agglomerates of tackifier from TEM observation. On the other hand, in the case of the rosin phenolic resin as tackifier having a good compatibility with both polystyrene and PI, the peel strength increased effectively at the lower tackifier content, while no significant increase at higher tackifier content was observed. The agglomerates of tackifier were never confirmed in this system. The higher peel strength was obtained at the diblock weight ratio in the blend of 0.5–0.7 for both tackifier‐added systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Thermoplastic corn starch reinforced with cotton cellulose nanofibers
Authors: Teixeira Eliangela de M. , Lotti Cybele , Corrêa Ana C. , Teodoro Kelcilene B. R. , Marconcini José M. , Mattoso Luiz H. C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis work evaluates the use of cotton cellulose nanofibers (CCN) as a reinforcing agent to prepare thermoplastic corn starch (TPS) matrix plasticized with 30 wt % of glycerol. The nanocomposites were filled with 0.5–5.0 wt % of CCN on a dry‐starch basis. The dried nanofibers were resuspended through the use of an ultrasonicator and then introduced in the fixed water formulation for obtaining TPS. The nanocomposites were compounded in a corotating twin‐screw extruder. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), field emission gun (FEG), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in air atmosphere, were used to characterize nanofibers, neat TPS, and nanocomposites. The results showed that the nanofibers had needlelike structure with an average length of about 135 ± 50 nm and an average diameter of about 14 ± 4 nm. The addition of CCN was effective to enhance the mechanical properties of neat TPS in compositions above 2.5 wt %, although some agglomeration could be observed. The resulting nanocomposites showed good structural stability, because the amylopectin transcrystallization phenomena on the surface of nanofibers had not occurred. Only a slight decrease in the crystallinity index and a minor increase in the water absorption in relation to neat TPS were observed. An increase in the thermal stability of TPS nanocomposites with respect to neat TPS was verified, but it was independent of the CCN content. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphological and thermal evaluation of soy protein concentrate on graft copolymerization with ethylmethacrylate
Authors: Kaith Balbir Singh , Jindal Rajeev , Bhatia Jaspreet Kaur 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSoy protein concentrate was grafted with ethylmethacrylate using ascorbic acid/potassium persulphate as a redox initiator. Different reaction parameters, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, solvent amount, initiator ratio, and pH, and monomer concentration were optimized to get maximum graft yield (134.12%). The graft copolymer formed was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope techniques. Thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and differential thermogravimetric analysis studies showed that graft copolymer was thermally more stable than the backbone. Thermal decomposition studies indicated that the rate of weight loss per minute was found more in case of backbone when compared with that of graft copolymer. Further, graft copolymer was also found more resistant toward acid–base attack and was found to be more water repellent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011