bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The differentiation and nomenclature of Leishmania
Authors: Kirk R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The nomenclature and synonymy of the Leishmania of man and of the dog is reviewed.2. Many of the older names have been discarded and medical writers now recognize only two, or at the most three, species of Leishmania of man and dogs.3. These species are indistinguishable morphologically. Attempts to differentiate them by the techniques of bacteriology have given conflicting results and there is no general agreement that they can be so differentiated.4. It has been suggested that separation of species of Leishmania is not justified under the present rules of systematics and that all forms of human and canine leishmaniasis must be regarded as the result of infection by a single species of parasite.5. This suggestion is not entirely acceptable in view of contributions to the subject by medical workers who have studied the results of infection in the human subject intensively and continuously for half a century.6. Evidence is produced that the different types of human leishmaniasis recognized clinically can be correlated with biological differences in the causal parasites.7. In other organisms which have been intensively studied the existence of groups which differ from each other in biological characters only is widely recognized in modern systematics, but there is no general agreement about nomenclature for the definition of such groups.8. Reasons, not inconsistent with modern studies in systematics, are given for the recognition of at least three groups in the Leishmania of man, corresponding with the L. donovani, L. tropica and L. brasiliensis of medical text-books. Definition of the taxonomic status of such groups will depend on the further progress of systematics.
The distribution of cimicidae (Hemiptera) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. The distribution of Cimex hemipterus and C. lectularius in the Sudan is described. Leptocimex boueti has been found in two localities.2. Reasons for the distribution of the two species of bed-bug are discussed, and it is considered likely that facilities for dispersal and atmospheric humidity may have been the most important factors.
Description of a plasmodium found in a bat, Roussettus leachi
Authors: Riel J. Van , D.  , Hiernaux-L'Hoëst J. 
Published: June 2009

The intra-erythrocytic development of a parasite of the frugivorous bat, Roussettus leachi, has been, observed. The name Plasmodium roussetti has been suggested temporarily. The rosettes are typical of the genus Plasmodium. The parasites can be transmitted congenitally and gametocytes have been found in foetal blood.This work has been made possible by grants from the Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique and from the Institut pour la Recherche Scientifique en Afrique Centrale.
Seeing the forest for the trees: using the Gene Ontology to restructure hierarchical clustering
Authors: Dotan-Cohen Dikla , Kasif Simon , Melkman Avraham A. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Motivation: There is a growing interest in improving the cluster analysis of expression data by incorporating into it prior knowledge, such as the Gene Ontology (GO) annotations of genes, in order to improve the biological relevance of the clusters that are subjected to subsequent scrutiny. The structure of the GO is another source of background knowledge that can be exploited through the use of semantic similarity.
Results: We propose here a novel algorithm that integrates semantic similarities (derived from the ontology structure) into the procedure of deriving clusters from the dendrogram constructed during expression-based hierarchical clustering. Our approach can handle the multiple annotations, from different levels of the GO hierarchy, which most genes have. Moreover, it treats annotated and unannotated genes in a uniform manner. Consequently, the clusters obtained by our algorithm are characterized by significantly enriched annotations. In both cross-validation tests and when using an external index such as protein–protein interactions, our algorithm performs better than previous approaches. When applied to human cancer expression data, our algorithm identifies, among others, clusters of genes related to immune response and glucose metabolism. These clusters are also supported by protein–protein interaction data.
Contact: dotna@cs.bgu.ac.il
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
UTGB toolkit for personalized genome browsers
Authors: Saito Taro L. , Yoshimura Jun , Sasaki Shin , Ahsan Budrul , Sasaki Atsushi , Kuroshu Reginaldo , Morishita Shinichi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The advent of high-throughput DNA sequencers has increased the pace of collecting enormous amounts of genomic information, yielding billions of nucleotides on a weekly basis. This advance represents an improvement of two orders of magnitude over traditional Sanger sequencers in terms of the number of nucleotides per unit time, allowing even small groups of researchers to obtain huge volumes of genomic data over fairly short period. Consequently, a pressing need exists for the development of personalized genome browsers for analyzing these immense amounts of locally stored data. The UTGB (University of Tokyo Genome Browser) Toolkit is designed to meet three major requirements for personalization of genome browsers: easy installation of the system with minimum efforts, browsing locally stored data and rapid interactive design of web interfaces tailored to individual needs. The UTGB Toolkit is licensed under an open source license.
Availability: The software is freely available at http://utgenome.org/.
Contact: moris@cb.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Nutritional regulation of differentiation and synthesis of an exocytoplasmic deoxyriboendonuclease in Streptomyces antibioticus
Authors: De los Reyes-Gavilán Clara G. , Cal Santiago , Barbés Covadonga , Hardisson Carlos , Sánchez Jesus 
Published: June 2009

Summary

Streptomyces antibioticus produces a cell-wall-located deoxyriboendonuclease (DNAase) the synthesis of which in submerged and surface cultures is related to the growth rate. DNAase synthesis always preceded aerial mycelium formation in surface cultures. Production of aerial mycelium began at the end of exponential growth or in the early stationary phase; it was absent in cultures grown on nutrient agar/glucose or in media with a high concentration of casein hydrolysate. These nutritional conditions also impaired production of the DNAase. External DNA substrates were not degraded by mycelium producing the DNAase. These observations lead us to suggest a role for the enzyme in the developmental cycle of S. antibioticus.
An inner cell wall protein (cwp1) from conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Bidochka Michael J. , St Leger Raymond J. , Joshi Lokesh , Roberts Donald W. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Following the removal of the rodlet layer from aerial or submerged conidia of the entomopathogenic deuteromycetous fungus Beauveria bassiana, SDS-insoluble, formic-acid-extractable proteins were found in the residual cell wall material. Two major proteins (12·8 and 14·0 kDa) were extracted with formic acid from fractured aerial and submerged conidia but not from blastospores. Oxidation of the sample extracted by formic acid resulted in a single protein band (15·4 kDa) as judged by SDS-PAGE. Antibodies against this cell wall protein (cwp1) did not cross-react with cell wall extracts from the entomopathogenic deuteromycetous fungi Verticillium lecanii or Metarhizium anisopliae. Western blot analysis of two-dimensional gels revealed at least three acidic isoforms (pl 4·0-4·8) of cwp1. Immunohistological studies revealed that the cwp1 was primarily localized in the cell wall of aerial and submerged conidia but not in blastospores, Immunolocalization was possible only if the conidia were previously boiled in 5% (v/v) β-mercaptoethanol. The N-terminal sequence of cwp1 showed no similarities with other published sequences. Our results suggest that at least two major species of SDS-insoluble, formic-acid-extractable proteins exist in cell walls of B. bassiana aerial or submerged conidia; one is the hydrophobin which occurs in the outermost rodlet layer and the other, cwp1, occurs primarily next to the rodlet layer.
Zinc- and arsenic-resistant strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans have increased copy numbers of chromosomal resistance genes
Authors: Kondratyeva Tamara F. , Muntyan Lyudmila N. , Karavaiko Grygory I. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to examine chromosomal DNA from various strains of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans: these were the reference strain VKM-458, strains isolated from different environments and pilot plants for processing gold-bearing concentrates, and strains experimentally adapted to high zinc and arsenic concentrations in growth medium. The restriction endonuclease Xbal digested T. ferrooxidans VKM-458 chromosomal DNA into a number of fragments sufficient for identification of their size and calculation of the size of the entire genome (2855/pm44 kb). Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the chromosomal DNA in various strains suggests the usefulness of this approach for analysis of the diversity of T. ferrooxidans strains and for the study of strain stability under conditions of industrial utilization. A comparison of Xbal-restriction patterns in parent strains and in strains with acquired enhanced resistance to zinc or arsenic revealed amplification of certain fragments in the resistant strains, i.e. a 98 kb fragment in strain TFZ and a 28 kb fragment in strain VKM-458As2. We suggest that the enhanced resistance to toxic metals in T. ferrooxidans is gained through increase of the copy number of resistance genes and enhanced synthesis of proteins involved in resistance.
Evolution of the korA-oriV segment of promiscuous IncP plasmids
Authors: Thomas Christopher M. , Smith Christopher A. , Ibbotson John P. , Johnston Lynda , Wang Naijin 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARY
Plasmids belonging to Escherichia coli incompatibility group P are of particular interest because they can transfer between, and be stably maintained in, almost all Gram-negative bacterial species. The segment of the IncPα plasmid genome between the key regulatory gene korA and the vegetative replication origin, oriV, encodes a series of operons co-regulated with replication and transfer functions by the KorA protein. To determine which of these genes are likely to have an important role in IncP plasmid survival the equivalent region of the distantly related IncPβ plasmid R751 was sequenced. Sequence comparisons show that the kla operon (formerly the kilA locus, which is also responsible for a cryptic tellurite-resistance determinant) is completely absent from R751. Similarly in the kle region, which encodes genes associated with the KilE+ phenotype of unknown function, kleC and kleD, which we proposed arose by a duplication of kleA and kleB, are also completely absent. The genes that are conserved are klcA (formerly kilC, responsible for the KilC+, and recently proposed to be involved in overcoming restriction barriers during transfer), klcB (an ORF interrupted by Tn 1 insertion in RK2), korC (a transcriptional repressor which controls the kleK and kle operons), and kleA, kleB, kleE and kleF. A striking feature of the organization in R751 is the lack of the strong transcriptional termination signals which are present in IncPα plasmids. The degree of divergence between the plasmids facilitates the identification of motifs of probable functional importance in the primary protein sequences.
Evaluation of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol in bupivacaine induced cardiac arrest in rabbits
Authors: Cave G. , Harvey M. G. , Winterbottom T. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryInfusion of lipid emulsion has been demonstrated to facilitate return of spontaneous circulation in animal models and human cases of local anaesthetic induced cardiac arrest. Guidelines for lipid application exist; however, experimental evidence of efficacy at recommended dosing is lacking. In 20 sedated, mechanically ventilated, and invasively monitored New Zealand White rabbits, asystole was induced via bolus bupivacaine injection. Animals were randomised to receive either 20% Intralipid administered according to Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland guidelines, or identical volumes of 0.9% saline solution, in addition to standard Advanced Cardiac Life Support resuscitative measures. Seven lipid treated rabbits developed return of spontaneous circulation vs four saline treated animals (p = 0.370). A trend toward sooner return of spontaneous circulation in the lipid treated group was observed (2.4 (0.53) vs 3.8 (1.7) min; p = 0.082). Five animals in the lipid treated group survived to protocol termination vs nil animals from the saline treated group (p = 0.033). The current Association of Anaesthestists of Great Britain and Ireland lipid infusion protocol provides a useful beginning for lipid emulsion administration.
Expressed emotion in children: associations with sibling relationships
Authors: Yelland I. , Daley D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective  To investigate the reliability and validity of the expressed emotion (EE) measure, the Pre‐school Five Minute Speech Sample (PFMSS), in child‐to‐child sibling relationships.Method  A total of 106 boys aged 7–11 were recruited from 12 mainstream primary schools in North Wales. The children completed the PFMSS regarding their sibling and two self‐report measures of sibling relationship: the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (SRQ) and a Child Visual Analogue Scale (CVAS). The parents of 60 participants completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire regarding the behavioural problems of the participating child and his younger sibling.Results  The PFMSS demonstrated good inter‐rater and code–recode reliability. The significant associations between EE dimensions such as relationship, positive comments and critical comments with various components of the SRQ and CVAS provided support for the concurrent validity of the PFMSS. Significantly higher levels of Conflict and Rivalry and significantly lower levels of Warmth/Closeness on the SRQ were reported by children with high EE, demonstrating good discriminant validity for the PFMSS. There was no significant association between the child's EE profile and the behavioural difficulties of both siblings as reported by parents.Conclusions  The study found that the PFMSS is a valid and reliable measure of child EE. Future research is needed to clarify the concurrent validity of the warmth and initial statement components of the measure as well as the association between EE dimensions and behaviour.
The quality of life of young people with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Cutler D. , Murphy T. , Gilmour J. , Heyman I. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground  The study examined a UK sample of 57 young people with Tourette syndrome (TS).Aims  The purpose of this study was to consider the impact of TS on young people's Quality of Life (QoL).Methods  The study used a mixed methods design, combining focus groups and questionnaire data. Child report questionnaires measured QoL and TS symptom severity.Results  The results showed that the QoL of children with TS was significantly worse than that of children in a UK normative sample. Analysis of transcripts from the groups identified four main themes; ‘TS can be distressing and disabling’, ‘struggling to fit into society's expectations of normal behaviour’, ‘needing to control tics’ and ‘TS is one part of who I am’.Conclusions  Poorer QoL was associated with increased symptom severity in terms of tics, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder diagnosis and obsessive compulsive behaviours.
Effectiveness of educational materials designed to change knowledge and behaviors regarding crying and shaken‐baby syndrome in mothers of newborns: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: June 2009

.

Barr R. G.,
Rivara F. P.,
Barr M.,
Cummings P.,
Taylor J.,
Lengua L. J. &
Meredith‐Benitz E.
(
2009
)

,
123
,
972
–
980
.

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008‐0908
.
Background Infant crying is an important precipitant for shaken‐infant syndrome. Objective To determine if parent education materials [The Period of PURPLE Crying (PURPLE)] change maternal knowledge and behaviour relevant to infant shaking. Methods This study was a randomized, controlled trial conducted in prenatal classes, maternity wards and pediatric practices. There were 1374 mothers of newborns randomly assigned to the PURPLE intervention and 1364 mothers to the control group. Primary outcomes were measured by telephone 2 months after delivery. These included two knowledge scales about crying and the dangers of shaking; three scales about behavioural responses to crying generally and to unsoothable crying, and caregiver self‐talk in response to unsoothable crying; and three questions concerning the behaviours of sharing of information with others about crying, walking away if frustrated and the dangers of shaking. Results The mean infant crying knowledge score was greater in the intervention group (69.5) compared with controls (63.3). Mean shaking knowledge was greater for intervention subjects (84.8) compared with controls (83.5). For reported maternal behavioural responses to crying generally, responses to unsoothable crying, and for self‐talk responses, mean scores for intervention mothers were similar to those for controls. For the behaviours of information sharing, more intervention mothers reported sharing information about walking away if frustrated and the dangers of shaking, but there was little difference in sharing information about infant crying. Intervention mothers also reported increased infant distress. Conclusions Use of the PURPLE education materials seem to lead to higher scores in knowledge about early infant crying and the dangers of shaking, and in sharing of information behaviours considered to be important for the prevention of shaking.
Neutralization of LIGHT ameliorates acute dextran sodium sulphate‐induced intestinal inflammation
Authors: Jungbeck Michaela , Daller Barbara , Federhofer Josef , Wege Anja K. , Wimmer Nadin , Männel Daniela N. , Hehlgans Thomas 
Published: June 2009

SummaryEmerging data indicate that alterations in the expression of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily members play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Recent results demonstrated that sustained transgenic expression of lymphotoxin‐like inducible protein that competes with glycoprotein D for binding herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells (LIGHT; TNFSF14) induced severe intestinal inflammation, suggesting a specific role of LIGHT‐mediated signalling to the intestinal compartment. In order to dissect the role of LIGHT in intestinal inflammation, we used LIGHT‐deficient mice in the mouse model of acute dextran sodium sulphate‐induced colitis. Interestingly, LIGHT‐deficient mice were characterized by strongly reduced signs of intestinal inflammation compared with wild‐type mice in this experimental model. Determination of mouse LIGHT mRNA expression in colon tissues of wild‐type mice revealed a strong induction of mouse LIGHT mRNA expression during acute DSS‐induced colitis. We therefore generated anti‐mouse LIGHT monoclonal antibodies in LIGHT‐deficient mice which bind specifically to LIGHT and are capable of neutralizing the activity of LIGHT in vitro and in vivo. With these antibodies, we demonstrated that neutralization of LIGHT during acute DSS‐induced colitis resulted in reduced signs of intestinal inflammation. These data suggest that LIGHT is an important mediator in intestinal inflammation and may serve as a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Accuracy in documentation – a study of peripheral venous catheters
Authors: Ahlqvist Margary , Berglund Britta , Wirén Mikael , Klang Birgitta , Johansson Eva 
Published: June 2009

Aim.  The aim was to explore the extent of postinsertion documentation of peripheral venous catheters (PVCs) in patients’ medical records, including the descriptions used to explain the PVC insertion site and determinants of PVC documentation.Background.  Documentation in medical records is an important precondition for the safe handling of patients PVC. However, factors associated with documentation of PVCs and how the insertion site is described in medical records has not previously been studied.Design.  This was a cross‐sectional and descriptive study.Methods.  A sample of 933 adult inpatients (women 45·7%) with PVC was recruited from medical and surgical wards at one university hospital and two general hospitals. A data collection form was used for registration of the insertion site of the PVC, hand side, lumen size, patient’s age and gender. PVC documentation from medical records was transcribed. Factors associated with the documentation were analysed using logistic regression.Results.  Ten descriptions used to explain the insertion site of the PVCs were identified in the patients’ medical record. Any kind of PVC documentation was found in 71·8% and documentation that included insertion site, hand side and lumen size was recorded in 46·2% of the observed PVCs. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that PVC documentation was associated with medical wards at general hospitals (OR 4·59; 95% CI 3·10–6·81; p < 0·0001) and smaller lumen size (22 gauge) (OR 1·81; 95% CI 1·19–2·84, p = 0·006).Conclusion.  The extent of PVC documentation in medical records was low and descriptions used to explain the PVC insertion sites were found to vary appreciably. General hospitals and in particular medical wards and smaller lumen size, were associated with PVC documentation that included insertion site, hand side and lumen size.Relevance to clinical practice.  Development of terms is needed to assure standardisation of postinsertion PVC documentation. Education of nurses on proper PVC documentation should be given priority.
T.F. Torrance on Biblical Interpretation
Authors: SARISKY DARREN 
Published: June 2009

AbstractT.F. Torrance's writing contains an account of theological interpretation of Scripture which is pregnant with insight but which has received little attention to date. Depth exegesis, as Torrance calls his program, takes its cue from a theological understanding of the Bible: the nature of the text determines the interpretive strategies readers should apply to it. Depth exegesis helpfully sketches out key aspects of the reader's situation, depicting the sense in which biblical interpretation is an encounter with God. Nevertheless, Torrance's view gives inadequate attention to the literary and historical side of interpretation and, relatedly, portrays the reader as altogether too passive. In spite of these weaknesses, reflecting on depth exegesis can be fruitful for future discussions of theological interpretation.