bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residue Management in Double‐Crop Conservation Tillage Systems1
Authors: Langdale G. W. , Hargrove W. L. , Giddens Joel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrop residues have become an increasingly important renewable natural resource. They can serve to maintain optimum crop production on the nation's severely eroding 45.3 million ha of cropland as well as decrease the increasing cost of synthetic N fertilizer. Conservation tillage technologies have been recently identified as a high priority research need for sustaining agronomic productivity in the humid USA. Three double‐crop tillage systems—spring and fall disking, fall disking, and no‐tillage—were evaluated for 4 years on a Southern Piedmont Ultisol (Cecil sandy loam—a clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludults). These tillage systems were considered conventional (CT), minimum (MT), and continuous no‐till (NT), respectively. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were used in the double‐crop systems as high stover producing as well as medium N fertilizer requiring crops. Six orthogonal N fertilizer rates ranging from 0 to 250 kg ha−1 were imposed on each tillage system. Both conservation tillage systems (MT and NT) were manageable in the short term (1 or 2 years) and produced significantly more sorghum grain than the conventional system. Grain yields (4 years) and favorable soil fertility status suggest the MT system was the best double‐crop management system in the long range (>2 years). The sum of wheat and sorghum grain yield increased significantly (5.0 to 7.4 Mg ha−1 year−1) in a linear manner with stover up to 11.5 Mg ha−1 year−1. This suggests some crop use of the 62 kg N ha−1 year−1 returned to the land in stovers when N fertilizers were applied at the recommended rate (100 kg N ha−1 year−1). It appears that N fertilizer rates may be reduced progressively in small quantities for optimum double‐crop yields in longterm conservation tillage systems on Southern Piedmont lands.
Response of Proso Millet to Fungicide Seed Treatments1
Authors: Nelson L. A. , Kerr E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFungicidal seed treatments are recommended in many crops as a prophylaxis because of their low cost and possible benefits. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a beneficial effect from treating proso (Panicum miliaceumL.) seed with fungicides before sowing. Three tests were conducted near Sidney, NE on Mesic Aridic Argiustoll soil. The first 2‐year trial compared the influence of several seed treatment fungicides on proso emergence and grain yield, using a widely accepted planting method. Plant emergence and grain yield was not improved by any of the fungicide treatments. The second 2‐year trial compared two seed treatment fungicides and a check, using planting equipment that gave good and poor seedbeds. Again, fungicides did not improve stand or grain yield regardless of the quality of the seedbed. The third trial of 3 years duration investigated the effects of seed treatment fungicides on preventing head smut caused by Sphacelotheca destruens, a seedborne pathogen of proso. Seed treatment with captan {N‐[(trichloromethyl)thio]‐4‐cyclohexene‐1,2‐dicarboximide}, thiram [tetramethylthiuram disulfidel, and maneb {manganese ethylenebis[dithiocarbamate]} were effective in reducing head smut infection by 93% over the untreated plots.
Response of Spring Wheat to N Fertilizer Placement, Row Spacing, and Wild Oat Herbicides in a No‐Till System1
Authors: Reinertsen M. R. , Cochran V. L. , Morrow L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐year study was conducted on a north facing Thatuna silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Xeric Argialbolls) to evaluate the influence of N fertilizer placement, crop row spacing, and wild oat (Avena fatuaL.) herbicides on wild oat populations and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) yield in no‐till spring wheat. The treatments were factorial arrangements of ammonium nitrate either surface applied preplant or banded 50 mm below the crop seed at planting; wild oat control using triallate [S‐(2,3,3‐trichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate]pre‐emergence, difenzoquat [1,2‐dimethyl‐3,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazolium] post‐emergence, or no herbicide (check); and crop row spacings of either 200,300, or 400 mm. Surface‐applied fertilizer N significantly increased wild oat populations compared with banding the N fertilizer below the seed, but had no effect on dry weight or N uptake. Banded N increased total dry weight N uptake, and grain yields of wheat. These responses indicate that banded fertilizer N was positionally more available to wheat than was broadcast N, but banding N did not reduce availability of N to wild oat. However, surface‐applied N stimulated wild oat emergence. Triallate decreased wild oat populations compared to difenzoquat or no herbicide, but was no more effective than difenzoquat in reducing wild oat dry weight and total Kjeldahl N uptake. Both herbicides reduced wild oat dry weight as compared to the no herbicide check and significantly increased wheat yields. Row spacing did not affect wild oat dry weight or total N uptake, but the 200 m row increased wheat dry weight, total Kjeldahl N uptake, and grain yields compared to the 300 and 400 cm rows. There were no significant interactions.
Quality of Orchardgrass Hay Ammoniated at Different Rates, Moisture Concentrations, and Treatment Durations1
Authors: Moore K. J. , Lechtenberg V. L. , Hendrix K. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMature grass hays are generally characterized by low fiber digestibility and low protein concentration. Research is needed to determine how various treatment conditions influence changes in nutritive value obtained by ammoniating mature grass hay. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of NH3 application rate, hay moisture concentration, and treatment duration on the chemical composition and digestibility of a mature orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay. Hays reconstituted to moisture concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 g kg−1 wet weight (WW) were treated with NH3 at rates of 12, 24, or 36 g kg−1 dry weight (DW) in 2‐L enclosed containers. The containers were aerated after treatment durations of 7, 21, or 63 days. All treatments were in factorial combination. In another experiment conducted similarly, hay with a moisture concentration of 200 g kg−1 WW was treated with NH3 at rates up to 144 g kg−1 DW for 21 days. Increases in the in vitro digestibility of all constituents were largest for hay with a moisture concentration of 300 g kg−1 WW. Treatment of this hay with NH3 at 36 g kg−1 DW increased (P <0.01) the in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 227 g kg−1, acid detergent fiber by 265 g kg−1, cellulose by 293 g kg−1, and hemicellulose by 186 g kg−1. No further increase in NDF digestibility occurred when NH3 was applied at rates greater than 36 g kg−1 DW (P >0.01). The proportion of the total increase in NDF digestibility after 7 and 21 days was 75.0 and 96.3%, respectively, for hay with a moisture concentration of 300 g kg−1 WW treated with NH3 at 36 g kg−1 DW. Ammoniation at 36 g kg−1 of hay with moisture concentration of 500 g kg−1 WW increased (P <0.01) the concentrations of total N, ammonium N, and acid detergent insoluble N by 29.9, 15.1, and 1.8 g kg−1 DW. The proportion of the total N added that was retained by the hay 63 days after treatment averaged 65.0, 85.2, and 99.4% for hay with moisture concentrations of 100, 300, and 500 g kg−1 WW, respectively. The proportion of the added N retained in the ammonium form for these hays averaged 39.1, 51.6, and 59.3%. Ammoniation at 36 g kg−1 DW decreased (P <0.01) the concentration of hemicellulose by as much as 70 g kg−1 DW in hay with a moisture concentration of 500 g kg−1 WW. The concentrations of other fiber constituents were not affected by ammoniation. These results indicate that the fiber digestibility of low quality orchardgrass hay can be greatly increased by treatment with NH3 at 36 g kg−1 DM. The increase in digestibility occurs over a wide range of hay moisture concentrations and can be obtained using relatively short treatment durations.
Effect of Subsurface Amendments and Irrigation on Alfalfa Growth1
Authors: Rechcigl J. E. , Reneau R. B. , Starner D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAluminum toxicity is a major cause of low yields and reduced longevity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in many areas. This research investigated the effectiveness of subsurface placement (30 cm) of 22 400 kg ha−1of dolomitic lime and varying rates of P and K fertilizer on alfalfa yield. A Davidson clay loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paluedult) soil had subsurface amendments applied 8 years (1969) prior to seeding ‘Arc‘ alfalfa. Yields from 1978 through 1982 increased with plowsole application of lime regardless of irrigation. In 1981, the average increase in yields due to liming was 6.7 and 2.2 Mg ha−,1 while in 1982 the yield increases averaged 4.5 and 3.5 Mg ha−,1 with and without irrigation, respectively. Soil exchangeable AI was reduced and pH and root lengths were increased by plowsole lime. These data indicate that plowsole application of lime in acid soil can increase alfalfa yields.
Selective Control of Tall Fescue in Kentucky Bluegrass with Chlorsulfuron1
Authors: Larocque D. J. , Christians N. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) often occurs as a troublesome weed in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf. There is no labeled selective control for it, because of the physiological similarity of the two species. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of chlorsulfuron {2‐chloro‐N‐[(4‐methoxy‐6‐methyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl)aminocarbonyl]‐benzenesulfonamide} as a possible selective control of tall fescue in Kentucky bluegrass. Chlorsulfuron was applied in two greenhouse studies to ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass and ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue in single application rates of 18, 35, 71, 141, 212, and 282 g (a.i.) ha−1 and split application rates of 18 + 18, 35 + 35, 71 + 71, 141 + 141, and 212 + 212 g a.i. ha−1 which were applied at a 2‐week interval. The experiment was conducted as a split‐plot with the two species as main plots and the 12 chlorsulfuron treatments as subplots in four replications. The tall fescue was damaged by a single application rate of 71 g ha−1 and a split application rate of 71 + 71 g ha−1, and percentage control was observed to be 78 to 95% at application rates of 282 g ha−1 and above. Kentucky bluegrass showed a much greater tolerance to chlorsulfuron treatments, with little effect at the 282 g ha−1 single application rate and only minor damage at the 212 + 212 g ha−1 split application rate in both experiments. The results indicate that chlorsulfuron has the potential for use as a selective‐postemergence control of tall fescue in Kentucky bluegrass turf.
A Microecosystem for Fertilizer and Pesticide Fate Research1
Authors: Branham B. E. , Wehner D. J. , Torello W. A. , Turgeon A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA microecosystem was designed to study the behavior of pesticides, fertilizers, or related compounds applied to plant stands. The system consists of three parts: a brass base that holds the plant growth media, a glass atmospheric chamber that rests on the base, and a set of analytical traps. The brass base is fitted with a porous ceramic plate so that tension can be applied to the water in the growing media. Air enters the bottom of the glass atmospheric chamber and exits through the top into appropriate trapping systems to recover volatilized pesticides, ammonia, or metabolized 14CO2 from labeled compounds. A port at the base of the chamber allows collection of leachate. The microecosystem was evaluated by applying N sources or a pesticide to intact turfgrass profiles and monitoring the fate of the applied compound. Leaching and volatilization losses of N ranged from 0 to 17% and 0.1 to 17% of the applied N, respectively,, depending on N source, soil conditions, and whether tension was: applied to the base of the system. Three weeks after the application of radiolabeled diazinon [0,0‐diethyl‐0‐(2‐isopropyl‐4‐metnyl‐6‐primidinyl) phosphorothiote] to a turf, 47% of the label remained in the form of the parent compound, 22% had been metabolized and lost as 14CO2,1% had leached through the profile, 2% had been lest through volatilization, and 28% remained in the soil as a metabolite or in unextractable compounds. The microecosystem has proven to be an invaluable tool for turfgrass research and should be useful for fertilizer and pesticide fate studies with other crops.
Nitrification Inhibitor Evaluation on Cotton. I. Rate and Time of N Application1
Authors: York A. C. , Tucker M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the southeastern USA is grown on sandy soils that are subject to extensive N leaching. Split applications of N are normally utilized to reduce leaching losses. Even with split applications, however, leaching can still subject the crop to periods of N deficiency which can lead to yield reductions. Experiments were conducted at three sites (Typic and Plinthic Palendults soils) in 3 years to determine if at‐planting application of a nitrification inhibitor (NI), either etridiazol [5‐ethoxy‐3‐(trichloromethyl)‐l,2,4‐thiadiazole] or nitrapyrin [2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl)pyridine], would allow for reduced N application rates and/or eliminate the need for split N applications. Urea was incorporated at three rates (65,100, and 135 or 45,90, and 135 kg N ha−1), either all applied at planting or as a split application with 22 kg N ha−1 at planting and the remainder sidedressed at the early square stage. Etridiazol or nitrapyrin, each at 0.56 kg ha,−1 was incorporated with the at‐planting urea. Leaf N content at the early square and peak flowering stages, stand counts, lint yield, and fiber length and micronaire were recorded. Neither NI affected lint yield, fiber length, or micronaire. Etridiazol reduced stands 6% and increased leaf N content 9% at the early square stage at one of three sites. Nitrogen application rates and N application time did not affect fiber length or micronaire. Increasing N application rates reduced stands when all N was applied at planting. Yield response to N application rates and N application time varied by location and appeared to be related to rainfall patterns and N carryover from previous crops. Neither NI affected crop response to N application rates or N application time.
Physiological Response of Meadowfoam to Crop Water Deficits1
Authors: Pearson C. H. , Jolliff G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.), a new oilseed crop, is adapted to wet meadows in its native habitat. The effect of plant water stress during seed development has not been reported, but was postulated as a cause of seed yield variation in cultivated fields. The objective of this field study was to characterize meadowfoam response to water stress. Treatments included: No irrigation (control); early irrigation, during May (El); and continued irrigation, from the 1st week of May until crop maturity (CI). They were applied in a randomized complete block experimental design on a Woodburn silt loam soil (flne‐silty, mixed mesic Aquultic Argixerolls) in 1981 and 1982. Plant water potential Ψ, turgor potential (Ψp), osmotic potential (Ψπ), stomatal resistance (R), transpiration (Tr), and canopy temperature (CT) were measured at 0600, 0900, 1200, 1500, and 1800 h on several days during flowering and seed development. Differences between treatments for Ψ, Ψp, Ψπ R, Tr, and CT were not apparent in 1981, probably because above average precipitation occurred during May and June keeping all treatments moist. However, these data were useful to characterize physiological responses of meadowfoam due to changes in plant age and environmental conditions during a season when soil water deficits were not severe. Generally, crop water deficits were greatest and Tr was highest at 1500 h, and R was highest at 1800 h. In contrast to many other crop species, meadowfoam maintained an unusually high Ψ which did not drop below −0.8 MPa. The amount of precipitation during flowering in 1982 was the lowest in 16 years. At mid‐flowering after 1200 h the control plants had higher crop water deficits, higher R, lower Tr, and slightly higher CT than the irrigated plants. These responses became progressively greater by late flowering and early seed fill. Crop water stress in the El treatment was slight at mid‐and late flowering, but became greater at early seed fill. During a typical day Ψp decreased in response to lower Ψ with less than 0.2 MPa decrease in Ψπ. The control had an Ψπ that was only 0.07 MPa lower than the irrigated treatments. Adaptation of meadowfoam to crop water stress by lowering Ψπ was minimal. Stomatal closure occurred between a Ψ of −0.5 to −0.7 MPa. The CT of the control at mid‐flowering, late flowering, and early seed fill averaged 0.4, 1.0, and 2.3 °C higher than the CI treatment, respectively. Canopy temperatures of the El treatment at early seed fill averaged 0.8°C higher than the CI treatment. The results indicated that meadowfoam requires a high Ψ for growth and development, and its tolerance to crop water deficits is low.
Influence of Soil Compaction on Trifluralin Phytotoxicity to Corn1
Authors: Martin Andrew G. , Jordan Thomas N. , Steinhardt Gary C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle work has been published in the United States on the influence of soil compaction on increased herbicide phytotoxicity to crop seedling development. Yet, soil compaction on agricultural lands is an increasing problem, especially on certain soil types in the eastern Corn Belt region of the nation. In greenhouse studies, the effects of soil compaction of an Ockley silt loam (fine, silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) treated with trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) were determined on the root and shoot development of corn. The compaction was established by compacting to the desired bulk densities 750 g soil in 600 mL stainless steel pots with a hydraulic press. Three rates of trifluralin (0, 0.38, and 0.79 µmol kg−1) reduced secondary root development by 60% as the bulk density increased up to 1.66 g cm−3. Visual ratings of the characteristic swollen root tip injury indicated that increasing the soil bulk density from 1.50 to 1.66 g cm−3 resulted in an increased number of malformed roots at all herbicide rates. When compaction was made throughout the entire soil profile, the average day for emergence increased from 5.0 to 6.2 days as bulk densities increased from 1.10 to 1.66 g cm−3.
The Residual Effect of P and Lime on the Performance of Four Tropical Grasses in a High P‐fixing Oxisol1
Authors: Couto Walter , Leite Gilberto G. , Kornelius Euclides 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPastures sown after several years cropping may take advantage of the residual lime and P fertilizers applied earlier. A field experiment was conducted to (i) compare the potential of different grasses to use previously applied P fertilizer at two levels of applied lime and (ii) evaluate the capacity of two soil tests to predict P availability to grasses. Four grasses [Andropogon gayanusvar. bisquamulatus (Hochst) Hack] cv. Planaltina; Panicum maximumcv. Makueni; P. maximumvar. trichoglume cv. Green panic and Setaria ancepscv. Kazungula were sown on an old experimental site where P fertilizers and lime have been applied over a period of 6 years for total rates of 0, 44, 87, 131, and 175 kg ha−1of P and 4 Mg ha−1of lime. Despite the well‐known P‐fixing capacity of the soil (clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplustox), grasses responded markedly to residual P and lime. Andropogon and to some extent Setaria performed better than the other grasses in both, limed and unlimed plots, at low levels of applied P. Makueni performed well only on limed plots at high levels of applied P (175 kg ha−1). Available soil P and dry matter yield correlated well but the range of P availability was too small for prediction purposes. It was concluded that despite high P‐fixing capacity a large portion of residual P remained available to grasses. Soil test procedures should be improved to better reflect the P availability to grasses.
Shade During Growth—Effects on Chemical Composition and Leaf Color of Air‐Cured Burley Tobacco1
Authors: Andersen R. A. , Kasperbauer M. J. , Burton H. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDevelopment of off‐color in air‐cured burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) leaf may adversely affect the quality and value of the crop. Shading from other vegetation during growth may be a contributing factor. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of shading during field growth on leaf color and chemical composition of air‐cured burley tobacco. Whole leaves and lamina from air‐cured burley tobacco (cv. Kentucky 14) grown under 0,45, or 65% shade (reduced light) conditions in field (Maury silt loam soil; clayey, mixed, mesic, Typic Paleudalf) experiments were quantitatively analyzed for parameters of color (determined by reflectance), chlorophyll isomers, carotenoids, brown pigment, total phenols, total alkaloids, and nitrate‐N. Whole leaves and lamina from tobacco grown under increased shade generally had more red hue, less yellow hue, less brightness, and more total color change. Lamina from tobacco grown under increased shade had higher levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, lutein, β‐carotene, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and nitrate‐N, but lower contents of brown pigment and total alkaloids. Whole leaf grown under increased shade had generally higher contents of nitrate‐N and lower brown pigment, total phenols, and total alkaloids. The color changes in air‐cured whole leaf and lamina associated with increased shade during growth support the hypothesis that shade is one causative factor for the undesirable “pink leaf” characteristic that sometimes develops in air‐cured burley tobacco, although the data do not show that it is the only factor involved.
A Versatile, Inexpensive Microcomputer‐Based Leaf Area Measurement System1
Authors: Clarke John M. , McCaig Thomas N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn inexpensive electro‐optical system was developed and evaluated for measuring leaf areas. The system consisted of a standard optical lens and circuitry to digitize images, and was interfaced with a microcomputer. Software was developed to measure total leaf areas or differential green, chlorotic, and total areas. Cost of the system, excluding the microcomputer, was under $450. The system provided accurate measurements of leaf area when the lens was positioned so that leaves being measured occupied > 5% of the useable image area.