bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voltage distribution analysis and grading ring design for porcelain insulators on 750‐kV compact transmission lines
Authors: Xie Tianxi , Peng Zongren 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOn a compact transmission line, there are three phases arranged in one tower window. They form an inverted triangle with a small air gap, having no shielding between each other. This characteristic results in mutual effects among the three phases, which cause higher voltages and electric field intensities on the porcelain insulators and fittings than the ordinary lines. In this paper, a three‐dimensional finite element method (FEM) is presented to calculate the potential and electric field distributions of the porcelain insulators on a 750‐kV compact double‐circuit transmission line. Considering the mutual effects among the three phases, the structural parameters of the grading ring are optimized to reduce the voltages and electric field intensities on the insulators. The results show that the significant mutual effects among the three phases need to be taken into account in the design and testing of the insulators and fittings. In addition, structural parameters of the optimized grading ring are proposed on the basis of the above‐mentioned analysis. The comparison between the numerical calculations and the test results shows the accuracy of the FEM. Thus, in the approval test, it might be more reasonable and efficient to determine the correction factors through analyzing the calculations of the actual line and test arrangement. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stabilizing switching control for nonlinear system based on quasi‐ARX RBFN model
Authors: Wang Lan , Cheng Yu , Hu Jinglu 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this paper, a fuzzy switching adaptive control approach is presented for nonlinear systems. The proposed fuzzy switching adaptive control law is composed of a quasi‐ARX radial basis function network (RBFN) prediction model and a fuzzy switching mechanism. The quasi‐ARX RBFN prediction model consists of two parts: a linear part used for a linear controller to ensure boundedness of the input and output signals; and an RBFN nonlinear part used to improve control accuracy. By using the fuzzy switching scheme between the linear and nonlinear controllers to replace the 0/1 switching, it can realize a better balance between stability and accuracy. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method on the stability, accuracy, and robustness. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fast computation of Q‐value‐based dynamic programming on road networks
Authors: Wen Feng , Zhang Deng , Mabu Shingo , Mainali Manoj Kanta , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOne of the essential components of vehicle navigation systems is route planning. The single shortest path problem and multiple shortest path problem have been widely studied for route planning. This paper introduces a Q‐value‐based dynamic programming using the division concept for solving both single and multiple shortest path problems on road networks. The proposed algorithm divides the whole network into different divisions, and the updating of Q values in each division is one stage for searching the optimal routes on road networks. The proposed algorithm can greatly save the computational time without any preprocessing on the road networks. The proposed algorithm is also systematically studied in various sizes of road networks. The simulation results show the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm on large‐scale road networks. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Surface modifications of aligned carbon nanotube thin films by Argon‐ion sputtering
Authors: Izumida Fukunori , Ye Rongbin , Ohta Koji , Baba Mamoru , Kusunoki Michiko 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo use carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as anode material for the solid‐state thin‐film Li‐ion rechargeable battery, the tubes are preferred to be aligned perpendicular to a substrate and the CNT thin film to have a smooth surface. Using an Ar‐ion sputtering technique, we carried out the surface modifications of the CNT thin film prepared by the SiC surface decomposition method. In order to evaluate the surface modification, the surface and cross section of the modified CNT film were investigated by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A green battery by pot‐plant power
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoyuki , Hashimoto Shuji 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWhen a metal electrode is inserted into a part of a plant, and another metal electrode is placed in the soil, an electrical potential difference is generated between the two electrodes. The plant has a lower potential than the soil. The generated voltage from the electrical potential difference between one plant and the adjacent soil is small (several hundred millivolts), and the current is extremely low (several hundred nanoamperes). However, in order to boot up some electrical circuits, the voltage and current need to be in the volt and microampere order, respectively. If the electrical potential difference between one plant and the soil is used as a power supply, it is necessary to develop a nanoscale electrical device that can work with extremely low wattage. Here we report a novel green battery composed of 10 pot plants by serial–parallel connections. The developed battery could generate almost 3 V and 3 µA to drive electric devices. We designed an LED blinking circuit composed of discrete semiconductor parts, which was driven by the generated plant power, and confirmed its performance through the experiments. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Study of weather and location effects on wind turbine failure rates
Authors: Tavner P.J. , Greenwood D. M. , Whittle M. W. G. , Gindele R. , Faulstich S. , Hahn B. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the availability of wind turbines (WT) is vital to maximize WT energy production and minimize the capital payback period. Previous work on this subject concentrated on reliability and the location of WT failure modes rather than root causes. This paper concentrates on the influence of weather and WT location on failure rate and downtime, to try to understand root causes and the consequences of failure. The paper goes further than a previous study, which used Windstats data from the whole of Denmark, by considering a limited population of identical WTs at three locations on the German Nordzee, Ostzee and in western Germany, using data from WMEP and local weather stations. This new study focuses more precisely than the previous study by using more reliable data. The data were analysed to find the WT failures and weather conditions and then cross‐correlate them. To confirm their representativeness, the reliability characteristics of these smaller WT populations followed the average trends of the overall WMEP survey. However, clear differences were observed in the failure behaviour of the WTs at the three locations. Annual periodicity was seen in the weather data, as expected, but not in individual WT population failure data. However, clear cross‐correlations can be seen between WT failures and weather data, in particular wind speed, maximum temperature and humidity. These cross‐correlations were more convincing than those found in the earlier, larger Danish study, vindicating the more focused approach. It is also clear from the analysis that Operation & Maintenance also has an impact on WT failure rates. These factors will be important for the operation of offshore WTs with the work indicating how weather conditions may affect offshore WT failure rates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roles of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors under physiological conditions and in neurodegeneration
Authors: Baudry Michel , Greget Renaud , Pernot Fabien , Bouteiller Jean‐Marie , Xiaoning Bi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSince their cloning in 1991, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been the subject of numerous studies, as it rapidly became apparent that this class of G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) participated in numerous functions in the central nervous system. Group I mGluR receptors function chiefly postsynaptically, as modulators of the ionotropic AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors, and triggers of intracellular signaling pathways that could lead to long‐term modifications of synaptic efficacy and to neurodegeneration. It is now clear that the activation of group I mGluR receptors has only minimum effects on synaptic transmission and regulation at low level of presynaptic activity; in contrast, they become engaged and exert potent effects on intracellular cascades at high frequency of stimulation. Moreover, when postsynaptic calcium reaches levels sufficient to activate the calcium‐dependent protease calpain, calpain truncates the C‐terminal domain of mGluR1α and changes its signaling properties to make it exclusively neurodegenerative. A new method using the transmembrane transport properties of the tat‐peptide prevents neuronal degeneration following excessive activation of the NMDA receptors, which could occur in ischemia and various forms of excitotoxicity. Caution should be observed, however, regarding the numerous phenomena observed following the prolonged activation of group I mGluRs by exogenous agonists. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:523–532. doi: 10.1002/wmts.51For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.Conflict of interest: MB and JMB have a conflict of interest. The University of Southern California holds an equity interest in Rhenovia Pharma, and has also received licensing income from Rhenovia Pharma.
Desensitization and internalization mechanisms of the 5‐HT4 receptors
Authors: Mnie‐Filali Ouissame , Piñeyro Graciela 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe serotonin 5‐HT4 receptor is a member of the superfamily of G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediates many physiological effects in the central nervous system and its periphery. Recently, a 5‐HT4 receptor agonist was shown to produce faster antidepressant‐like response in animal models in comparison to conventional antidepressants, and this effect persists for at least 2 weeks of treatment without generating tolerance. Importantly, long‐term administration of various classes of antidepressants has been reported to induce desensitization and/or downregulation of 5‐HT4 receptors in brain areas implicated in the physiopathology of depression. These observations point to the importance of studying the mechanisms of desensitization and regulation of the 5‐HT4 receptors since they seem distinctively implicated in therapeutic response to the classical selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and novel faster acting antidepressants. Hence, desensitization and internalization mechanisms of the 5‐HT4 receptors have been characterized with special emphasis on the 5‐HT4a and 5‐HT4b isoforms. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:779–788. doi: 10.1002/wmts.52For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Remote Sensing and GIS based Comparative Morphometric Study of Two Sub-watershed of Different Physiographic Conditions, West Godavari District, A.P.
Authors: Rao G. Tamma , Rao V. V. S. Gurunadha , Dakate Ratnakar , Rao S. T. Mallikharjuna , Rao B. M. Raja 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In this present study, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were used to update drainage and surface water bodies and to evaluate linear, relief and aerial morphometric parameters of the two sub-watersheds viz. Jilugumilli and Regulapadu in the northern part of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. The area of Jilugumilli and Regulapadu watersheds spread over about 110 & 80 sq. km respectively. The morphometric analysis of the drainage networks of Regulapadu and Jilugumilli sub-watersheds exhibit sub-dendritic and sub parallel drainage pattern. The variation in stream length ratio changes due to change in slope and topography. It was inferred from the study that the streams are in a mature stage in Regulapadu and Jilugumilli watersheds, which indicated the geomorphic development. The variations in bifurcation ratio values among the sub-watersheds are described with respect to topography and geometric development. The stream frequencies for both sub-watersheds exhibit positive correlation with the drainage density, indicating increase in stream population with respect to increase in drainage density. The Jilugumilli watershed has a coarse drainage texture and Regulapadu sub-watershed is a fine drainage texture in nature. In the present study an attempt has been made to analyse the morphometric analysis of two sub-watersheds under different physiographic conditions. Morphometric analysis is one of the essential analyses required for development and management of watershed.
Hydrogeomorphic Classification and Aquifer Disposition in the Markanda River Basin, Northwestern India – Hydrogeological Approach
Authors: Singh Kshetrimayum Krishnakanta , Bajpai Vishwa Nath 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The regional hydrogeological aspects of the Markanda river basin in the Himalayan foothills, NW India have been attempted. The basin has been hydro-geomorphologically analyzed as ridge, piedmont zone, alluvial plain, flood plain and palaeochannel. Groundwater prospect in the alluvial plain, flood plain and palaeochannel areas were found to be promising. Water table contour maps of the basin revealed that groundwater flows from northeast to southwest. Groundwater permeability is low in the northern part and is high towards the southern part of the basin. The areas of recharge were identified in the northern part of the basin, while the areas of discharge were identified in the central and lower parts of the basin. Hydrogeologic transects across and along the basin indicate that aquifer horizons are made up of fine sand, medium sand and gravelly sand. These aquifer layers are laterally extensive but limited in thickness. They occur as multistoried sand bodies with pinch and swell behavior. The overall study gives an understanding of the present regional hydrogeological scenario of the Markanda basin. Such detailed integrated approach would help to locate productive groundwater areas before installing a new tubewell in the region. Also, it would help in planning future groundwater management of the region.
Trends in Radiology Fellowship Training: A Canadian Review 2009-2011
Authors: Ryan John , Khandelwal Ashish , Fasih Najla 
Published: May 2012

Purpose To assess the percentage, type, and location of radiology fellowships chosen by graduating Canadian residents between 2009 and 2011. Methods A short e-mail questionnaire was sent to the radiology program directors at all 16 institutions in Canada that provide English or French residency. The responses were collected between December 6, 2010, and May 20, 2011. Results A 75% response rate was observed for the survey: 76%–79% residents were enrolled in radiology fellowship training. In 2009–2010, 72%–73% of residents remained in Canada. This dropped to 51% in 2011. In 2009–2010, 22%–23% of residents chose U.S.-based radiology training. This rose to 49% in 2011. Europe was chosen by 0%–4% of residents: all of whom were French-speaking residents, and all programs were in France. Relatively consistent percentages of radiology residents choose abdominal (19%–30%), cardiac (4%–7%), musculoskeletal (12%–20%), and pediatrics (2%–5%) from year to year. Greater variability was noted in chest (2%–9%), women's imaging (0%–14%), intervention radiology (6%–18%), and neuroradiology (2%–18%). Radiology fellowships in split subspecialties, which were available at a small number of institutions, were chosen by 8%–9% of the residents. Conclusions Nearly 4 of 5 residents choose radiology fellowship training. In 2011, there was a 2-fold increase in the number of residents who chose training in the United States. This may be a 1-year outlier but should be observed. A wide range of fellowships were chosen, with consistent numbers in some core fellowships and variability in others year to year. Limited exploration of the rationale for, or employability value of, radiology fellowship choices has been done in Canada. Nearly 1 of 10 residents chose split radiology fellowships, an option limited by availability at few centers. The value of expanding this option is worthy of investigation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Primary Intraspinal Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumour
Authors: Wu Guangyao , Ghimire Prasanna , Zhu Ling , Baral Aparajita , Su Jiajia 
Published: May 2012

Purpose The purpose of our study was to describe the salient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in primary intraspinal peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET). Methods A retrospective review of the clinical and MRI images of 7 pathologically proven cases of intraspinal peripheral PNETs was performed. The various parameters, such as vertebral level of involvement; tumour location, size, focality, and margin; signal intensity of the lesion; the presence of hemorrhage or calcification; any signal voids; assessment of the adjacent cord for cord compression; cord dilatation; the presence of paraspinal tissue mass; or vertebral or other bony changes, were analysed. Results All 7 patients had lesions in the thoracolumbar region. Three patients had extradural lesions, 4 had intradural extramedullary lesions, and none had intramedullary lesions. Six lesions were well circumscribed. Only 1 patient had multifocal involvement. All lesions were of hypointense or isointense signal on T1-weighted imaging, whereas all but one were hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging. Lesions enhanced heterogeneously except 1 intradural extramedullary lesion, which enhanced homogeneously. A paraspinal mass was noticed in 2 patients. Vertebral collapse was present in 1 patients. Conclusion Intraspinal peripheral PNETs are rare spinal tumours. Although imaging characteristics are not specific, a focal circumscribed lesion in a young individual at the intramedullary, extramedullary intradural, or extradural spinal location that shows hypointense and hyperintense signal on T1- and T2-weighted images, respectively, requires PNET to be considered in the differentials.
Co‐administration phenoxodiol with doxorubicin synergistically inhibit the activity of sphingosine kinase‐1 (SphK1), a potential oncogene of osteosarcoma, to suppress osteosarcoma cell growth both in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Yao Chen , Wu Sujia , Li Dong , Ding Huimin , Wang Zuyu , Yang Yongjiang , Yan Shichang , Gu Zhangping 
Published: May 2012

Elucidation of the mechanisms of chemo‐resistance and implementation of strategies to overcome it will be pivotal to improve the survival for osteosarcoma (OS) patients. We here suggest that sphingosine kinase‐1 (SphK1) might be the key factor contributing to chemo‐resistance in OS. Our Western‐blots and immunohistochemistry results showed that SphK1 is over‐expressed in multiple clinical OS tissues. Over‐expression of SphK1 in OS cell line U2OS promoted its growth and endorsed its resistance against doxorubicin, while knocking‐down of SphK1 by shRNA inhibited U2OS cell growth and increased its sensitivity to doxorubicin. Co‐administration phenoxodiol with doxorubicin synergistically inhibited SphK1 activity to trigger cellular ceramide accumulation, and achieved synergistic anti‐OS growth effect, accompanied with a significant increased of apoptosis and cytotoxicity. Increased cellular level of ceramide by the co‐administration induced the association between Akt and Protein Phosphatase 1 (PP1) to dephosphorylate Akt, and to introduce a constitutively active Akt (CA‐Akt) restored Akt activation and diminished cell growth inhibition. Further, phenoxodiol and doxorubicin synergistically activated apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1(ASK1)/c‐jun‐NH2‐kinase (JNK) signaling, which also contributed to cell growth inhibition. Significantly, the role of SphK1 in OS cell growth and the synergistic anti‐OS effect of phenoxodiol and doxorubicin were also seen in a mice OS xenograft model. In conclusion, our data suggest that SphK1 might be a critical oncogene of OS and co‐administration phenoxodiol with doxorubicin synergistically inhibited the activity of SphK1 to suppress osteosarcoma cell growth both in vivo and in vitro.
Adherence to dietary guidelines and 15-year risk of all-cause mortality
Authors: Russell Joanna , Flood Victoria , Rochtchina Elena , Gopinath Bamini , Allman-Farinelli Margaret , Bauman Adrian , Mitchell Paul 
Published: May 2012

Past investigation of diet in relation to disease or mortality has tended to focus on individual nutrients. However, there has been a recent shift to now focus on overall patterns of food intake. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between diet quality reflecting adherence to dietary guidelines and mortality in a sample of older Australians, and to report on the relationship between core food groups and diet quality. This was a population-based cohort study of persons aged 49 years or older at baseline, living in two postcode areas west of Sydney, Australia. Baseline dietary data were collected during 1992–4, from 2897 people using a 145-item Willett-derived FFQ. A modified version of the Healthy Eating Index for Australians was developed to determine diet quality scores. The Australian National Death Index provided 15-year mortality data using multiple data linkage steps. Hazard risk (HR) ratios and 95 % CI for mortality were assessed for diet quality. Subjects in quintile 5 (highest) of the Total Diet Score had a 21 % reduced risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0·79, 95 % CI 0·63, 0·98, Ptrend= 0·04) compared with those in quintile 1 (lowest) after multivariate adjustment. The present study provides longitudinal support for a reduced risk of all-cause mortality in an older population who have greater compliance with published dietary guidelines.
Varieties of Electoral Institutions in China's Grassroots Democracy: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from Rural China
Authors: Lu Jie 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGrassroots democracy has been practised in rural China for more than a decade. However, despite the existence of a mountain of evidence, evaluations of the quality of China's rural grassroots democracy, particularly electoral institutions, have unfortunately been inconclusive, due to primary reliance on case studies and local surveys. Moreover, the lack of comparable data over time prohibits effective studies on the evolution of grassroots democracy in Chinese villages. This article tries to provide some systematic information on how village committee elections are practised and have evolved in China, using two village surveys based on comparable national probability samples, implemented in 2002 and 2005 respectively. It further explores the validity of some key theories in contemporary literature on the uneven implementation of village committee elections in China with the help of an integrated regression model.