bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined catheter thrombus fragmentation and fibrinolysis for acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Gao H. , Huang G.‐Y. , Ma L.‐L. , Wang L.‐X. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of combined catheter thrombus fragmentation and fibrinolysis for acute pulmonary embolism (PE).Methods: Forty‐six patients (19 men and 27 women, average age 52.3 ± 13.4 years) with acute PE and right ventricular dysfunction were treated by mechanical thrombus fragmentation with a percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty guide catheter. Urokinase was injected into the culprit pulmonary artery after catheter thrombus fragmentation in all patients.Result: Clinical success was achieved in all patients. After the treatment, the average pulmonary artery pressure was decreased from 57.2 ± 6.2 to 36.3 ± 4.1 mmHg (P < 0.01). The oxygen saturation rate was raised from 81.4 ± 4.3% to 97.0 ± 2.0% (P < 0.01), and the right ventricular function was improved. There was no in‐hospital mortality and there were no major complications, such as haemorrhage. Patients were treated with warfarin for 6 months with no signs of PE recurrence during the follow up.Conclusion: In PE patients with right ventricular dysfunction and unstable haemodynamics, combined catheter thrombus fragmentation and thrombolysis appears to be a useful therapeutic strategy. In PE patients with right ventricular dysfunction and stable haemodynamics, randomized trials are still required to show that combination of catheter‐directed thrombus fragmentation and thrombolysis is superior to standard anticoagulation.
Practical guidelines for the acute emergency sedation of the severely agitated older patient
Authors: Peisah C. , Chan D. K. Y. , McKay R. , Kurrle S. E. , Reutens S. G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe vulnerability of older people to serious underlying medical illness and adverse effects of psychotropics means that the safe and effective treatment of severe agitation can be lifesaving, the primary management goals being to create a safe environment for the patient and others, and to facilitate assessment and treatment. We review the literature on acute sedation and provide practical guidelines for the management of this problem addressing a range of issues, including aetiology, assessment, pharmacological and non‐pharmacological strategies, restraint and consent. The assessment of the agitated older patient must include concurrent assessment of the likely aetiology of, the risks posed by, and the risks/benefits of management options for, the agitation. A range of environmental modifications and non‐pharmacological strategies might be implemented to maximize the safety of the patient and others. Physical restraints should only be considered after appropriate assessment and trial of alternative management and if the risk of restraint is less than the risk of the behaviour. Limited evidence supports a range of pharmacological options from traditional antipsychotics to atypical antipsychotics and benzodiazepines. It is advised to start low and go slow, using small increments of dose increase. Medical staff are frequently called to sedate agitated older patients in hospital settings, often after hours, with limited access to relevant medical information and history. Safe and effective management necessitates adequate assessment of the aetiology of the agitation, exhausting all non‐pharmacological strategies, and resorting to pharmacological and/or physical restraint only when necessary, judiciously and for a short‐term period, with frequent review and the obtaining of consent as soon as possible.
Initial results of a randomized controlled trial comparing clinical and pathological downstaging of rectal cancer after preoperative short‐course radiotherapy or long‐term chemoradiotherapy, both with delayed surgery
Authors: Latkauskas T. , Pauzas H. , Gineikiene I. , Janciauskiene R. , Juozaityte E. , Saladzinskas Z. , Tamelis A. , Pavalkis D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  The aim of this study was to compare the downstaging achieved after long‐course chemoradiotherapy (chRT) and short‐term radiotherapy (sRT) followed by delayed surgery.Method  A randomized controlled trial was carried out. Eighty‐three patients with resectable stage II and III rectal adenocarcinoma were randomized to receive long‐course chemoradiotherapy (46) and short‐term radiotherapy (5 × 5Gy) (37). Surgery was performed 6 weeks after preoperative treatment in both groups.Results  The R0 resection rate was 91.3% in the chRT and 86.5% in the sRT group (P = 0.734). Sphincter preservation rates were 69.6%vs 70.3% (P = 0.342) and postoperative complication rates were 26.1%vs 40.5% (P = 0.221). There were more patients with early pT stage [pT0 (complete pathological response) pT1] in the chRT group [21.8%vs 2.7% (P = 0.03)] and more patients with pT3 disease in the sRT group [75.7%vs 52.2% (P = 0.036)]. There were no differences in pN stage and lymphatic or vascular invasion in either group. Pathological downstaging (stage 0 and I) was observed in eight (21.6%) patients in the sRT group and in 18 (39.1%) in the chRT group (P = 0.07). Tumours were smaller after preoperative ChRT (2.5 cm vs 3.3 cm; P = 0.04).Conclusion  Long‐course preoperative chemoradiation resulted in greater statistically significant tumour downsizing and downstaging compared with short‐term radiation, but there was no difference in the R0 resection rates. Similar postoperative morbidity was observed in each group.
Palliative excisional surgery for primary colorectal cancer in patients with incurable metastatic disease. Is there a survival benefit? A systematic review
Authors: Anwar S. , Peter M. B. , Dent J. , Scott N. A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  Patients with stage IV colorectal cancer with unresectable metastases can either receive chemotherapy or palliative resection of the primary lesion. In the absence of any randomized data the choice of initial treatment in stage IV colorectal cancer is not based on firm evidence.Method  A search of MEDLINE, Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane Library database was performed from 1980 to 2010 for studies comparing palliative resection in stage IV colorectal cancer with other treatment modalities. Audits and observational studies were excluded. Median survival was the primary outcome measure. The morbidity and mortality of surgical and nonsurgical treatments were compared.Results  Twenty‐one studies (no randomized controlled trials) were identified. Most demonstrated a survival benefit for patients who underwent palliative resection. Multivariate analysis indicates that tumour burden and performance status are both major independent prognostic variables. Selection bias, incomplete follow up and nonstandardized reporting of complications make the data difficult to interpret.Conclusion  The studies indicate that there may be a survival benefit for primary resection of colorectal cancer in stage IV disease. The findings suggest that resection of the primary tumour should be based on tumour burden and performance status rather than on the presence or absence of symptoms alone.
Ultra‐low gossypol cottonseed: generational stability of the seed‐specific, RNAi‐mediated phenotype and resumption of terpenoid profile following seed germination
Authors: Rathore Keerti S. , Sundaram Sabarinath , Sunilkumar Ganesan , Campbell LeAnne M. , Puckhaber Lorraine , Marcel Sylvain , Palle Sreenath R. , Stipanovic Robert D. , Wedegaertner Thomas C. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryCottonseed, containing 22.5% protein, remains an under‐utilized and under‐valued resource because of the presence of toxic gossypol. RNAi‐knockdown of δ‐cadinene synthase gene(s) was used to engineer plants that produced ultra‐low gossypol cottonseed (ULGCS). In the original study, we observed that RNAi plants, a month or older, maintain normal complement of gossypol and related terpenoids in the roots, foliage, floral organs, and young bolls. However, the terpenoid levels and profile of the RNAi lines during the early stages of germination, under normal conditions and in response to pathogen exposure, had not been examined. Results obtained in this study show that during the early stages of seed germination/seedling growth, in both non‐transgenic and RNAi lines, the tissues derived directly from bulk of the seed kernel (cotyledon and hypocotyl) synthesize little, if any new terpenoids. However, the growing root tissue and the emerging true leaves of RNAi seedlings showed normal, wild‐type terpenoid levels. Biochemical and molecular analyses showed that pathogen‐challenged parts of RNAi seedlings are capable of launching a terpenoid‐based defence response. Nine different RNAi lines were monitored for five generations. The results show that, unlike the unstable nature of antisense‐mediated low seed‐gossypol phenotype, the RNAi‐mediated ULGCS trait exhibited multi‐generational stability.
Neuroimaging and obesity: current knowledge and future directions
Authors: Carnell S. , Gibson C. , Benson L. , Ochner C. N. , Geliebter A. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryNeuroimaging is becoming increasingly common in obesity research as investigators try to understand the neurological underpinnings of appetite and body weight in humans. Positron emission tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies examining responses to food intake and food cues, dopamine function and brain volume in lean vs. obese individuals are now beginning to coalesce in identifying irregularities in a range of regions implicated in reward (e.g. striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, insula), emotion and memory (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus), homeostatic regulation of intake (e.g. hypothalamus), sensory and motor processing (e.g. insula, precentral gyrus), and cognitive control and attention (e.g. prefrontal cortex, cingulate). Studies of weight change in children and adolescents, and those at high genetic risk for obesity, promise to illuminate causal processes. Studies examining specific eating behaviours (e.g. external eating, emotional eating, dietary restraint) are teaching us about the distinct neural networks that drive components of appetite, and contribute to the phenotype of body weight. Finally, innovative investigations of appetite‐related hormones, including studies of abnormalities (e.g. leptin deficiency) and interventions (e.g. leptin replacement, bariatric surgery), are shedding light on the interactive relationship between gut and brain. The dynamic distributed vulnerability model of eating behaviour in obesity that we propose has scientific and practical implications.
CAN CHRISTIAN TALK ABOUT GOD BE LITERAL?
Authors: MUIS JAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article discusses whether Christian talk about God can be literal. First, it is argued that the meaning of a word cannot be reduced to its use, that metaphorical language is indirect in its use of words, and that the change of meaning of a word by analogical extension differs from the change of meaning by repeated metaphorical use. Next, it is shown that in Christian talk about God, God can be literally referred to by God's proper name, “YHWH,” and by words that in contexts of prayer and praise function as proper names. Then it is argued that terms for non‐basic actions can be literally applied to the Christian God, and that some of God's essential properties can be literally described on the basis of his self‐revealing actions.
DISABILITY, IMPAIRMENT, AND SOME MEDIEVAL ACCOUNTS OF THE INCARNATION: SUGGESTIONS FOR A THEOLOGY OF PERSONHOOD
Authors: CROSS RICHARD 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDrawing on insights from the medieval theologians Duns Scotus and Hervaeus Natalis, I argue that medieval views of the incarnation require that there is a sense in which the divine person depends on his human nature for his human personhood, and thus that the paradigmatic pattern of human personhood is in some way dependent existence. I relate this to a modern distinction between impairment and disability to show that impairment—understood as dependence—is normative for human personhood. I try to show how medieval theories of the resurrection of the body can provide, within this context, plausible accounts of what it might be for human persons to be redeemed.
“WAITING FOR THE BARBARIANS”: IDENTITY AND POLEMICISM IN THE NEO‐PATRISTIC SYNTHESIS OF GEORGES FLOROVSKY*
Authors: GALLAHER BRANDON 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGeorges Florovsky (1893–1979), with his “neo‐patristic synthesis”, is perhaps the most influential modern Orthodox theologian, having mentored and/or taught such theologians as Lossky and Zizioulas. However, his theology enshrines a troubling paradigm where a Pan‐Orthodox Eastern identity (“Christian Hellenism”) is asserted over against the heterodoxy of an Other which is often the West. The article traces this paradigm then argues that Florovsky's construction of Eastern Orthodoxy is dependent on German Romanticism and that his polemicism blinded him to this fact. It briefly suggests, on the basis of the Chalcedonian definition, a new "dialectical" theology of ecclesial identity where identity is established in an encounter with the Other, rather than in demonizing it.
The Governance of Financial Regulation: Reform Lessons from the Recent Crisis
Authors: Levine Ross 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThere was a systemic failure of financial regulation: Senior policymakers repeatedly enacted and implemented policies that destabilized the global financial system, and the authorities maintained these policies even as they learned about the deleterious consequences of their policies during the decade before the crisis. The absence of an informed, expertly staffed, and independent institution that evaluates financial regulation from the public's perspective is a critical defect in the governance of financial regulation – the system associated with selecting, enforcing, and reforming financial policies. I propose a new institution to address this defect.
Response activation impairments in schizophrenia: Evidence from the lateralized readiness potential
Authors: Kappenman Emily S. , Kaiser Samuel T. , Robinson Benjamin M. , Morris Sarah E. , Hahn Britta , Beck Valerie M. , Leonard Carly J. , Gold James M. , Luck Steven J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated deficits in preresponse motor activity in schizophrenia, as evidenced by a reduced lateralized readiness potential (LRP). The LRP deficit could be due to increased activation of the incorrect response (e.g., failure to suppress competition) or to reduced activation of the correct response (e.g., a low‐level impairment in response preparation). To distinguish these possibilities, we asked whether the LRP impairment is increased under conditions of strong response competition. We manipulated the compatibility of stimulus‐response mappings (Experiment 1) and the compatibility of the target with flankers (Experiment 2). In both experiments, the patient LRP was reduced as much under conditions of low response competition as under high competition. These results are incompatible with a failure of patients to suppress competition and are instead consistent with a deficit in activating the correct response.
Sir2 deletion prevents lifespan extension in 32 long‐lived mutants
Authors: Delaney Joe R. , Sutphin George L. , Dulken Ben , Sim Sylvia , Kim Jin R. , Robison Brett , Schleit Jennifer , Murakami Christopher J. , Carr Daniel , An Elroy H. , Choi Eunice , Chou Annie , Fletcher Marissa , Jelic Monika , Liu Bin , Lockshon Daniel , Moller Richard M. , Pak Diana N. , Peng Qi , Peng Zhao J. , Pham Kim M. , Sage Michael , Solanky Amrita , Steffen Kristan K. , Tsuchiya Mitsuhiro , Tsuchiyama Scott , Johnson Simon , Raabe Chris , Suh Yousin , Zhou Zhongjun , Liu Xinguang , Kennedy Brian K. , Kaeberlein Matt 
Published: September 2011

SummaryActivation of Sir2 orthologs is proposed to increase lifespan downstream of dietary restriction. Here, we describe an examination of the effect of 32 different lifespan‐extending mutations and four methods of DR on replicative lifespan (RLS) in the short‐lived sir2Δ yeast strain. In every case, deletion of SIR2 prevented RLS extension; however, RLS extension was restored when both SIR2 and FOB1 were deleted in several cases, demonstrating that SIR2 is not directly required for RLS extension. These findings indicate that suppression of the sir2Δ lifespan defect is a rare phenotype among longevity interventions and suggest that sir2Δ cells senesce rapidly by a mechanism distinct from that of wild‐type cells. They also demonstrate that failure to observe lifespan extension in a short‐lived background, such as cells or animals lacking sirtuins, should be interpreted with caution.
The rat anococcygeus muscle and its response to nerve stimulation and to some drugs
Authors: GILLESPIE J. S. 
Published: September 2011

Summary
. A new smooth muscle preparation, the rat anococcygeus muscle, is described. The muscle is paired, thin, consists of smooth muscle only and the muscle cells are organized in parallel bundles. It has a dense adrenergic innervation distributed throughout the muscle but apparently no cholinergic innervation. The muscles are easily isolated.
. The muscle contracts to noradrenaline, acetylcholine, furmethide, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, but not to histamine. Isoprenaline produces contraction at high concentrations. The effects of noradrenaline and acetylcholine are blocked by phentolamine and atropine respectively. The response to isoprenaline is little affected by propranolol.
. The muscle contracts in response to field stimulation or stimulation of extrinsic nerves. This response is completely blocked by phentolamine but unaffected by hexamethonium or atropine.
. Guanethidine 10−6–5 × 10−6m blocks the motor response to nerve stimulation and potentiates that to noradrenaline. Higher concentrations of guanethidine raise tone. In the presence of raised tone, field stimulation produces an inhibitory response insensitive to hexamethonium but abolished by tetrodotoxin 2 × 10−7 g/ml. This inhibitory response to stimulation can also be shown after other drugs which raise tone.
. The inhibitory response to nerve stimulation is not mimicked by acetylcholine, isoprenaline or ATP, nor blocked by atropine, phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, propranolol, hexamethonium or lysergic acid diethylamide.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE DEPRESSOR RESPONSES TO HISTAMINE IN THE CAT AND DOG: INVOLVEMENT OF BOTH H1‐ AND H2‐RECEPTORS
Authors: BLACK J.W. , OWEN D.A.A. , PARSONS M.E. 
Published: September 2011

The depressor responses to histamine, in anaesthetized cats and dogs, have been shown to involve both histamine H1‐ and H2‐ receptors.
In both species, histamine caused dose‐dependent falls in blood pressure. The dose‐response curve could be displaced to the right by administration of mepyramine 2.5 × 10−6 mol/kg i.v. The displacement was maximal with a dose‐ratio of less than ten.
Metiamide alone, up to 2 × 10−6 mol kg−1 min−1, had no significant effect on the histamine dose‐response curve.
When administered in the presence of mepyramine, metiamide, 4 × 10−7 and 2 × 10−6 mol kg−1 min−1, caused dose‐dependent displacements to the right, of the histamine dose‐response curve greater than could be achieved with mepyramine alone.
The results indicate the presence of both histamine H1‐ and H2‐receptors in the cardiovascular system of the cat and dog. Both receptors produce a common response, i.e. a fall in blood pressure.
Clinical wound assessment using DESIGN‐R total score can predict pressure ulcer healing: Pooled analysis from two multicenter cohort studies
Authors: Sanada Hiromi , Iizaka Shinji , Matsui Yuko , Furue Masutaka , Tachibana Takao , Nakayama Takeo , Sugama Junko , Furuta Katsunori , Tachi Masahiro , Tokunaga Keiko , Miyachi Yoshiki ,   The Scientific Education Committee of the Japanese Society of Pressure Ulcers
Published: September 2011

AbstractThere are few clinical tools with both predictive validity for pressure ulcer healing and availability in broad populations. We evaluated whether the total scores from DESIGN‐R tool could predict pressure ulcer healing. We followed 3,196 patients with pressure ulcers from two multicenter cohort studies until wound healing, patient death, or discharge. Wound severity was evaluated by DESIGN‐R tool from 0 (healed) to 66 (greatest severity). In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, higher DESIGN‐R total scores at baseline were associated with lower healing rates (hazard ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.89–0.92), independent of the patient's characteristics, setting types, and wound depth or location. DESIGN‐R had discriminative value for wound healing up to 90 days; the area under the receiver‐operating characteristics curve from univariate analysis was 0.81 for healing within 30 days and 0.74 for healing within 30–90 days. The cutoff points were 9 for healing within 30 days and 18 within 30–90 days (positive and negative predictive value 78.8 and 74.1%; 63.9 and 81.1%, respectively). These points were validated for both superficial and deep ulcers. DESIGN‐R can be a useful tool to predict pressure ulcer healing for a wide range of patient populations, settings, and wound locations.
Spatiotemporal progression of cell death in the zone of ischemia surrounding burns
Authors: Lanier Steven T. , McClain Steve A. , Lin Fubao , Singer Adam J. , Clark Richard A. F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBurns are dynamic injuries, characterized by progressive death of surrounding tissue over time. Although central to an understanding of burn injury progression, the spatiotemporal degrees and rates of cellular necrosis and apoptosis in the zone of ischemia surrounding burns are not well characterized. Using a validated porcine hot comb model, we probed periburn tissue at 1, 4, and 24 hours after injury for high‐mobility group box 1 as a marker of necrosis and activated cleaved caspase‐3 as a marker of apoptosis, followed by spatiotemporal morphometric analysis. We found that necrosis was the most prominent mechanism of cell death in burn injury progression, with significant progression between 1 and 4 hours postburn. Apoptosis appeared not to play a role in early burn injury progression but was observed in cells at the interface of necrotic and viable tissue at 24 hours postburn. Our findings imply that intervention within the first 4 hours following injury is likely necessary to limit burn injury progression. Additionally, based on high‐mobility group box 1 staining patterns, we define distinct early, intermediate, and late pathological signs of cell necrosis that may facilitate delineation of causal mechanistic relationships of burn injury progression in vivo.
Erythropoietin‐stimulating Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Response to Hyporesponsiveness
Authors: Parfrey Patrick S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHyporesponsiveness to erythropoietin stimulating agents occurs frequently, and may be observed at initiation of treatment or during maintenance therapy. An inverse relationship between hyporesponsiveness and incident cardiovascular events has been reported. It is related at least in part to co‐morbidity and its occurrence requires a search for the cause. Treatment of anemia in hyporesponsive patients should be individualized, with consideration given to the indication for ESA therapy, the target hemoglobin for therapy, and maximal dose limitations.