bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data sources on drug safety evaluation: a review of recent published meta‐analyses
Authors: Alves Carlos , Batel‐Marques Francisco , Macedo Ana Filipa 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeMeta‐analysis is a quantitative approach to summarize the findings from several studies and has been applied with increasing frequency to clinical trials. Because of their sample size and duration limitations, experimental studies (ESs) could not be able to detect late or rare adverse events (AEs), which may be identified in well‐designed observational studies (OSs). This study aims to identify and analyze meta‐analyses from both ES and OS where safety was found to be an outcome measure.MethodsThe meta‐analyses inclusion criteria was established as at least one AE as primary outcome. Safety outcomes were considered as the increase in the risk for an AE after a pharmacological intervention. A MEDLINE search for meta‐analyses published in the New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, Journal of American Medical Association, British Medical Journal, Annals of Internal Medicine, PLoS Medicine, Annual Review of Medicine, and Archives of Internal Medicine, between October 2005 and September 2010, was carried out.ResultsSixty meta‐analyses met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 53 included only ES, 4 included both ES and OS, and 2 included only OS. Of the 6 meta‐analyses that included OS, 4 included cohort and case–control studies, and 2 included cohort, case–control, and cross‐sectional studies. One meta‐analysis did not report the type of studies included.ConclusionsExperimental studies were found to be the main source of meta‐analyses on drug safety. The role of meta‐analyses in pharmacovigilance is a matter of ongoing debate, and efforts are being made to develop guidelines on the use of meta‐analysis in drug safety assessments, to better combine evidence about harms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable shape memory polymers based on poly(D,L‐lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and piperazine
Authors: Ruan Changshun , Wang Yuanliang , Zhang Maolan , Luo Yanfeng , Fu Chunhua , Huang Meina , Sun Jiaoxia , Hu Chengbo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA novel series of biodegradable shape memory polyurethane ureas (SMPUUs) were designed and synthesized based on poly(D,L‐lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and piperazine. Their structure, degree of crosslinking, thermal properties, shape memory behaviors and mechanical properties were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy, weight analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile testing. The results reveal that successfully introducing the piperazine into the backbone of the SMPUUs gives them excellent shape memory behaviors and good mechanical properties. This, in combination with the ideal shape recovery temperature, which can be designed near human body temperature, could make these biodegradable polyurethanes of great interest as potential biomaterials for medical implantations. On increasing the percentage of hard content of the SMPUUs from 9.00 to 12.12 wt%, the shape fixation rate increases from 95.3 to 98.2%, but the shape recovery ratio decreases from 98.6 to 93.2%; also, both the tensile modulus and tensile strength increase, but elongation at break decreases. To profile the advantages of our SMPUUs, a polyurethane based on poly(D,L‐lactic acid) diol, hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,4‐butanediamine was chosen as control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Carbon Nano‐onions for Imaging the Life Cycle of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Ghosh Mitrajit , Sonkar Sumit Kumar , Saxena Manav , Sarkar Sabyasachi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReal‐time X‐ray or magnetic resonance imaging are known methods used for biomedical diagnosis. By the oral administration of barium meal, X‐ray imaging can be extended for use in soft tissue imaging. The oral ingestion of a fluorescent probe is a new approach to imaging a living species. Here, water‐soluble carbon nano‐onions are introduced as a nontoxic, fluorescent reagent enabling Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) to be imaged alive. It is demonstrated that these water‐soluble carbon nano‐onions, synthesized from wood waste, colorfully image all the development phases of Drosophila melanogaster from its egg to adulthood. Oral ingestion of up to 4 ppm of soluble carbon nano‐onions allows the optical fluorescence microscopy imaging of all the stages of the fruit fly life cycle without showing any toxic effects. The fluorescent Drosophila melanogaster excretes this fluorescing material upon the withdrawal of carbon nano‐onions from its food.
Function of proton channels in lung epithelia
Authors: Fischer Horst 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe properties of the voltage‐dependent H+ channel have been studied in lung epithelial cells for many years, and recently voltage‐dependent H+ channel 1 (HVCN1) messenger RNA expression has been linked directly to H+ channel function in lung epithelium. The H+ channel is activated by strong membrane depolarization, intracellular acidity, or extracellular alkalinity. Early on it was noted that these are surprising physiological channel characteristics when considering that lung epithelial cells have rather stable membrane potentials and a well pH‐buffered intracellular milieu. This raised the question under which conditions the H+ channel is active in lung epithelium and what is its physiological function there. Current understanding of the HVCN1 H+ channel in lung epithelial acid secretion, its activation by an alkaline mucosal extracellular pH, and its role in the regulation of the mucosal pH of the lung has resulted in a model of mucosal pH regulation based on the parallel function of the HVCN1 H+ channel and the CFTR HCO3− channel, which suggests that HVCN1 is a critical factor that maintains a neutral surface pH in the lung. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012,1:247–258. doi: 10.1002/wmts.17For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
An approach to theory‐based youth programming
Authors: Duerden Mat D. , Gillard Ann 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA key but often overlooked aspect of intentional, out‐of‐school‐time programming is the integration of a guiding theoretical framework. The incorporation of theory in programming can provide practitioners valuable insights into essential processes and principles of successful programs. While numerous theories exist that relate to youth development practice, they often remain inaccessible to practitioners. Therefore, the goal of this article is to synthesize two theoretical perspectives, the social development model and self‐determination theory, into a practitioner‐friendly programming framework. The resulting social development programming model outlines specific components, processes, and outcomes of effective and intentional youth development programs.
The importance of mentoring relationships among youth workers
Authors: Gassman Julianne , Gleason Michael C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOrganizational leaders often work to retain their employees and teach them the knowledge needed in becoming future organizational leaders. The purpose of the study examined in this article was to determine how mentoring within Camp Adventure Child and Youth Services contributes to the development of students selected to deliver programs to children and youth worldwide. Strong evidence of mentoring and development were found in both the training and delivery of services. The results of this study are meaningful not only for the particular program studied but for all youth‐serving organizations. Supervisors and administrators of youth‐serving organizations should be intentional about developing and promoting healthy mentoring relationships to create positive environments for staff and the youth being served.
Putting youth development into practice: Learning from an innovative fellowship program
Authors: Fischer Robert L. , Craven Monica A. G. , Heilbron Patricia 
Published: October 2011

AbstractProfessionals who work with youth can have a tremendous impact on the development and life trajectory of these young people. This article reports on an effort to provide support and professional development for those who work with youth during nonschool hours in a youth development fellowship program. Combining intensive residency workshops and a six‐month coaching experience, the fellowship was designed to teach participants how to integrate youth resilience and youth development perspectives into their work. The evaluation collected data from the fellows and their coaches during the course of the program. The study offers insights into the types of benefits achieved through this type of focused intervention with youth workers, as well as the challenges of conducting such an effort.
Coralline Algae from the Prang Formation (Middle-Late Eocene) of the Lumshnong Area, Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya
Authors: Misra P.K. , Jauhri A.K. , Tiwari R.P. , Kishore S. , Singh Ajay Pratap , Singh S.K. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The present paper records nine species of coralline algae from the Prang Formation of middle-late Eocene age from the Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. The algae are associated with the larger foraminifera including Nummulites, Alveolina and Discocyclina throughout the succession. The temporal distribution of algal species indicates that seven species are known from the Eocene. Of the remaining two, one ranges from the Palaeocene to Eocene and the other is Palaeocene in age. The coralline algae and larger foraminifers are differentiated into two associations, the lower one indicating inner-ramp environment of high energy and the upper one showing deposition in relatively calm waters of deeper ramp environment.
Studies on Tapiolite from Arehalli Pegmatite, Hassan District, Karnataka
Authors: Maithani P.B. , Singh Yamuna 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Tapiolite hosted in lithium-caesium-tantalum (LCT)-type granitic pegmatite, near Arehalli, of Holenarsipur schist belt (HSB), occurs as euhedral crystals within the muscovite books or in association with columbite-tantalite. In this study, compositional and crystallographic characteristics of the tapiolite are presented. The tapiolite is Ta-rich (79.8% Ta2O5)and also Fe-rich (13.1% FeO) with minor amounts of Nb (3.80% Nb2O5) and Mn (0.30% MnO2), and is a Fe-end member of the FeTa2O6-MnTa2O6 series, ferrotapiolite. The tapiolite has very restricted compositional range. Calculated structural formula of the investigated tapiolite is [(Fe0.27 Mn0.66)0.93 (Nb0.45 Ta1.57 Ti0.004 Sn0.03)2.027O6].
The observed unit-cell dimension of studied tapiolite (a。= 4.7582Å and co = 9.2186Å) matches with the value published in the international centre for diffraction data (ICDD) card for tapiolite standard (a°= 4.750 Å, co = 9.205 Å), suggesting that the investigated mineral belongs to the category of ordered tapiolite. Furthermore, crystallographic data also reveal that studied tapiolite has not been affected by chemical substitutions. Restricted composition of tapiolite coupled with minor to trace content of Fe3+, Mn, Sn, Ti, Sc and REEs support this interpretation.
Implication of Drainage Basin Parameters of Chhoti Gandak River, Ganga Plain, India
Authors: Singh Dhruv Sen , Awasthi Amit 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The drainage basin parameters of the groundwater-fed Chhoti Gandak River originating in the terai area of the Ganga Plain were analyzed using topographical sheets, satellite data, and field documentation with emphasis to its implication for flood mitigation and recharging of groundwater. The analyses indicate dominance of first order streams, gentle slope gradient, low surface run-off, low sediment production, high infiltration rate, and low value of basin relief. The low water storage capacity, spreading of water and concentration of peak discharge in the distal part of the river basin explain that whenever precipitation is high in the catchment area there is flood in the distal part of the basin. The bifurcation ratio value (4.34) of this basin describes that the drainage is carved naturally by slope and local relief and not influenced by geological structures like lineaments and faults.
These parameters provide useful information for the prediction of basin behavior during prolonged heavy rainfall that generate floods and suggest that water resource management and developmental planning should be done with reference to the drainage basin parameters.
Acartia tonsa production in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil
Authors: Muxagata Erik , Amaral Waldemar J. A. , Barbosa Carla N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Muxagata, E., Amaral, W. J. A., and Barbosa, C. N. 2012. Acartia tonsa production in the Patos Lagoon estuary, Brazil. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 475–482. Acartid copepods are abundant in estuaries, harbours, and semi-enclosed waters. A monitoring programme with the objective of evaluating copepod production, particularly that of Acartia tonsa, the dominant taxon in the Patos Lagoon estuary, was implemented. Zooplankton samples are collected monthly from two fixed locations with bongo nets 30 cm in diameter with nets of 90 and 200 μm mesh. Over a full year, 33 quantitative samples were analysed; copepods represented 40% of the organisms collected with the 90-μm mesh. Adults and copepodites of A. tonsa accounted for ∼19% of the total copepod fauna at both locations. Daily production rates of A. tonsa were calculated as 0.40 mg C m−3 d−1 for the inner estuary and 3.65 mg C m−3 d−1 in the channel. The value of 1 333 mg C m−3 year−1 calculated for A. tonsa at the channel station is very high relative to the situation in other estuaries, indicating that the estuary has a high production of copepods.
Contemporary microsurgical concept for the treatment of Cushing’s disease: endocrine outcome in 83 consecutive patients
Authors: Honegger Juergen , Schmalisch Kathrin , Beuschlein Felix , Kaufmann Sarah , Schnauder Guenter , Naegele Thomas , Psaras Tsambika 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBackground  Evidence suggests that occult adenoma remnants are responsible for persistent Cushing’s disease (CD) following transsphenoidal surgery (TSS). To optimize the outcome, we have adapted our microsurgical concept. The influence of our surgical strategy on remission rate and pituitary function is presented.Design and patients  83 patients undergoing TSS for newly diagnosed CD. An enlarged resection was performed in 36 patients. A modified exploration technique with radial incisions was performed in 19 patients in whom an adenoma was not readily detectable.Results  The overall remission rate of primary surgery was 84·3% (70/83). A remission rate of 87·5% (63/72) was achieved in microadenomas. Six patients with microadenomas were re‐operated for persistence, and hypercortisolism was corrected in five of them. With re‐operation included, the overall remission rate for microadenomas was 94·4%. No procedure‐related complications occurred in primary surgery. Of the patients in remission, 72·5% had early postoperative random cortisol levels below 2 μg/dl, 17·4% had cortisol levels between 2 and 5 μg/dl, and 10·1% had cortisol levels >5 μg/dl. 15·2% of the patients with microadenomas developed postoperative partial hypopituitarism and 3% diabetes insipidus. No increased rate of hypopituitarism was found with enlarged adenomectomy compared to selective adenomectomy. Only a slightly higher rate of partial hypopituitarism (23·1%) was found if extensive exploration was required.Conclusion  With our microsurgical concept, a high initial cure rate is achievable with minimal surgical morbidity. Enlarged adenomectomy has no adverse effect on the rate of postoperative hypopituitarism. Early repeat surgery is a successful option if CD persists.
Differences in perceptions of early childhood oral health‐related quality of life between fathers and mothers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: PANI SHARAT C. , BADEA LAILA , MIRZA SUNAH , ELBAAGE NOJOOD 
Published: October 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 244–249Objective.  The aim of this study was to use an Arabic version of the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) in a pilot study, to evaluate differences in parental perception of the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of their children below 71 months of age and assess their suitability as proxy assessors.Methods.  A translated version of the ECOHIS was administered to the parents (both fathers and mothers) of 97 children aged between 2 and 6 years. The overall ECOHIS scores and the mean number of ‘don’t know’ responses between parents were compared using a paired t‐test. The correlation of the ECOHIS scores to the dft was compared using a linear regression model. The reliability of the parents’ responses was compared using the Cronbach’s alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).Results.  Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale responses and their relation to the dft of the child seem to suggest that fathers have significantly less accurate knowledge of the OHRQoL of their children than mothers.Conclusion.  The concern showed by Saudi fathers does not correlate to the oral status of their child. Saudi fathers may not be apt as proxies to assess the OHRQoL of their children.
Efficacy and safety of clonidine as additive for caudal regional anesthesia: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Schnabel Alexander , Poepping Daniel M. , Pogatzki‐Zahn Esther M. , Zahn Peter K. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryBackground:  Clonidine is still the most popular additive for caudal regional anesthesia. Aim of the present quantitative systematic review was to assess the efficacy and safety of the combined use of clonidine and local anesthetics in comparison with caudal local anesthetics alone.Methods:  The systematic search, data extraction, critical appraisal and pooled analysis were performed according to the PRISMA statement. The systematic search included the Central register of controlled trials of the Cochrane Library (to present), MEDLINE (1966 to present), EMBASE (1980 to present) and CINAHL (1981 to present). Relative risk (RR), mean difference (MD) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Revman® statistical software for dichotomous and continuous outcomes.Results:  Twenty randomized controlled trials (published between 1994 and 2010) including 993 patients met the inclusion criteria. There was a longer duration of postoperative analgesia in children receiving clonidine in addition to local anesthetic (MD: 3.98 h; 95% CI: 2.84–5.13; P < 0.00001). Furthermore, there was a lower number of patients requiring rescue analgesics in the clonidine group (RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.57–0.90; P = 0.003). The incidence of complications (e.g., respiratory depression) remained very low and was not different to caudal local anesthetics alone.Conclusions:  There is considerable evidence that caudally administered clonidine in addition to local anesthetics provides extended duration of analgesia with a decreased incidence for analgesic rescue requirement and little adverse effects compared to caudal local anesthetics alone.
Overcoming stigma: how young people position themselves as counselling service users
Authors: Prior Seamus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIncreasing attention has been focused on adolescent help‐seeking in relation to services aimed at promoting mental health and wellbeing. Much research reinforces the ubiquity of concerns about negative stigmatisation by peers as a barrier to young people accessing services. This paper draws on interviews conducted with young people, who completed a course of counselling in school, to investigate how they managed and negotiated this. Drawing on positioning theory from discourse analysis, young people’s accounts are analysed with reference to the variety of positions they articulated and adopted. This demonstrates how they elaborated and reinforced virtuous problem‐solver positions within broader discourses of individualisation and normalisation, and resisted positioning within a stigmatised mental illness discourse. Although focused on a small sample, the analysis offers potential insights into the ways other people may negotiate stigma concerns to access mental health resources, while also demonstrating the utility of positioning theory for understanding stigma and normalisation.
Efficacy and safety of adalimumab when added to inadequate therapy for the treatment of psoriasis: results of PRIDE, an open‐label, multicentre, phase IIIb study
Authors: Papp K. , Ho V. , Teixeira H.D. , Guerette B. , Chen K. , Lynde C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  Adalimumab is an effective treatment for chronic plaque psoriasis.Objective  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of adalimumab for psoriasis patients who did not adequately respond to prior psoriasis therapy.Methods  PRIDE (an Open‐Label Access PRogram to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of Adalimumab When Added to InaDEquate Therapy for the Treatment of Psoriasis) was a multicentre, Phase IIIb study in Canada. Patients with active moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis who failed to respond to, or were intolerant of, prior therapies received adalimumab 80 mg at Week 0 followed by adalimumab 40 mg every other week Weeks 1 through 23. The primary efficacy measure was PASI (Psoriasis Area Severity Index) 75 response at Week 16. Secondary efficacy measures included PASI 90/100 and percentage change from baseline PASI score. Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs were recorded.Results  A total of 203 patients were enrolled at 26 sites. Baseline characteristics were: male, 61.1%; mean age, 45.5 years; mean PASI score, 20.0; previous exposure to biologics, 38.4%. At Week 16, PASI 75/90/100 responses were achieved by 70.9%/49.3%/24.1% of patients, respectively. Mean percentage PASI score decrease from baseline to Week 16 was 79.5%. Mean percentage PASI improvement and response rates were maintained through Week 24. Nasopharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infection were the only AEs to occur in ≥5% of patients. Nine patients experienced serious AEs; four were considered possibly or probably related to adalimumab.Conclusion  Adalimumab was safe, well‐tolerated and effective for treatment of active plaque psoriasis in patients who had not adequately responded to prior therapy.