bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition of 5α-reductase-2 deficiency in an adult female 46XY DSD clinic
Authors: Berra Marta , Williams Emma L , Muroni Barbara , Creighton Sarah M , Honour John W , Rumsby Gill , Conway Gerard S 
Published: March 2011

ContextThe late presentation of steroid 5α-reductase-2 (SRD5A2) deficiency in females is poorly characterised. The ratios of 5α/5β-reduced metabolites of adrenal steroids in a urine steroid profile (USP) can give an indication of SRD5A2 deficiency, although the diagnostic cut-off for 5α/5β ratios are not clearly defined in genetically confirmed cases.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to establish the frequency of SRD5A2 deficiency in an adult clinic for disorders of sexual development (DSD) focussing on 46XY partially virilised adult female subjects. We investigated the relationship between USP results and SRD5A2 genetic sequence and determined the cut-off for USP 5α/5β-reduced steroid ratios compared with gene sequencing for the identification of SRD5A2 deficiency.MethodsUSP and SRD5A2 genetic analyses were performed in 23 adult females, aged 19–57 years, with 46XY DSD and in four males with confirmed SRD5A2 deficiency. 5α-Reductase activity was assessed using the USP ratio of androsterone to aetiocholanolone (A/Ae), 5α-tetrahydrocortisol (5α-THF)/tetrahydrocortisol (THF) and 5α-tetrahydrocorticosterone to tetrahydrocorticosterone (5α-THB/THB).ResultsThe SRD5A2 gene mutations were found in 10/23 (43%) females and in all four males. Totally, four novel mutations were identified. All mutation-positive subjects had A/Ae and 5α-THB/THB ratios below the lower limit of normal (100% sensitivity) while the sensitivity of 5α-THF/THF ratio was 90%.ConclusionSRD5A2 deficiency is more prevalent than expected in the adult female 46XY DSD population. The clinical spectrum of this disorder may extend to a more female phenotype than previously considered to include individuals with little or no virilisation.
Effect of Liposomal Lidocaine and Sucrose Alone and in Combination for Venipuncture Pain in Newborns
Authors: Taddio Anna , Shah Vibhuti , Stephens Derek , Parvez Elena , Hogan Mary-Ellen , Kikuta Andrew , Koren Gideon , Katz Joel 
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the relative effectiveness of liposomal lidocaine, sucrose, and their combination for reducing pain in term newborns.

METHODS:
Ours was a double-blind, randomized, controlled, double-dummy trial of 330 healthy term newborns. Before venipuncture for the newborn screening test, neonates received (1) 1 g of liposomal lidocaine cream topically, (2) 2 mL of 24% sucrose solution orally, or (3) sucrose and liposomal lidocaine. The facial grimacing score (0–100) was used to assess pain. Adverse events and lidocaine levels were used to assess safety.

RESULTS:
Infant characteristics did not differ among groups. Facial grimacing scores were lower in the sucrose group compared with those in the liposomal lidocaine group (mean difference: −27 [95% confidence interval (CI): −36 to −19; P &lt; .001) and for the sucrose plus liposomal lidocaine group compared with those in the liposomal lidocaine group (mean difference: −23 [95% CI: −31 to −14]; P &lt; .001). The sucrose and sucrose plus liposomal lidocaine groups did not differ (mean difference: −5 [95% CI: −13 to 4]; P = .3). Local skin reactions were not observed, and the incidence of spitting up did not differ between sucrose-exposed and non–sucrose-exposed infants (1.4% vs 2.7%, respectively; P = .22). The mean (SD) plasma lidocaine level was 44.6 (55.3) ng/mL.

CONCLUSIONS:
Sucrose was more effective than liposomal lidocaine for reducing pain during venipuncture in newborns. The addition of liposomal lidocaine to sucrose did not confer any additional benefit to sucrose alone. There was no evidence of harm from liposomal lidocaine or sucrose.
Evaluation of the safety of vaccinating mares against equine viral arteritis during mid or late gestation or during the immediate postpartum period
Authors: Broaddus Charles C. , Balasuriya Udeni B. R. , White Jena L. R. , Timoney Peter J. , Funk Rebecca A. , Holyoak G. Reed 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether it is safe to vaccinate pregnant or postpartum mares with a commercial modified-live virus vaccine against equine viral arteritis (EVA).
Design—Randomized controlled study.
Animals—73 mares and their foals.
Procedures—Mares were vaccinated during mid gestation, during late gestation, or 2 or 3 days after parturition with a commercial modified-live virus vaccine or were not vaccinated. Foaling outcomes were recorded, and serum, blood, milk, and nasopharyngeal samples were obtained.
Results—All mares vaccinated during mid gestation foaled without any problems; 21 of 22 mares in this group had antibody titers against EAV at the time of foaling. Of the 19 mares vaccinated during late gestation, 3 aborted; antibody titers against EAV were detected in 13 of 15 mares from which serum was obtained at the time of foaling. All postparturient vaccinates were seronegative at foaling; all of them seroconverted after vaccination. No adverse effects were detected in any of their foals.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When faced with a substantial risk of natural exposure to EAV, it would appear to be safe to vaccinate healthy pregnant mares up to 3 months before foaling and during the immediate postpartum period. Vaccinating mares during the last 2 months of gestation was associated with a risk of abortion; this risk must be weighed against the much greater risk of widespread abortions in unprotected populations of pregnant mares naturally infected with EAV.
Evaluation of the effect of hetastarch and lactated Ringer's solution on plasma colloid osmotic pressure in healthy llamas
Authors: Carney Katelyn R. , McKenzie Erica C. , Mosley Craig A. , Payton Mark E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective—To compare the effects of hetastarch and lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) on plasma colloid osmotic pressure (pCOP) and other hematologic variables in healthy llamas.
Design—Prospective crossover study.
Animals—6 healthy female llamas.
Procedures—Llamas were administered LRS (45 mL/kg [20.5 mL/lb]) and, after a 3-day washout period, hetastarch (15 mL/kg [6.8 mL/lb]) during 60-minute IV infusions. Serum total protein, serum albumin, and hemoglobin concentrations and Hct were measured before each infusion (baseline), immediately after each infusion was completed (0 hours), and at 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours. The pCOP was measured at baseline and at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after each infusion was completed; additional measurements of pCOP were obtained 72 and 96 hours after hetastarch infusion.
Results—Hetastarch administration significantly increased mean ± SEM pCOP from 23.5 ± 0.3 mm Hg (baseline) to a peak of 28.4 ± 0.6 mm Hg (12 hours); significant increases in pCOP persisted at 96 hours after hetastarch administration. Administration of LRS significantly decreased albumin and total protein concentrations; in addition, mean ± SEM pCOP decreased from 24.1 ± 0.4 mm Hg (baseline) to 18.0 ± 0.3 mm Hg (0 hours). Hetastarch administration caused more pronounced decreases in Hct (0 hours) and concentrations of hemoglobin (0 hours), albumin (all time points), and total protein (all time points) than did LRS administration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hetastarch administration increased pCOP in healthy llamas for 96 hours with no clinically important complications.
High Prevalence of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance among HIV-1-Untreated Patients in Guinea-Conakry and in Niger
Authors: Charpentier Charlotte , Bellecave Pantxika , Cisse Mohamed , Mamadou Saidou , Diakite Mandiou , Peytavin Gilles , Tchiombiano Stéphanie , Teisseire Pierre , Pizarro Louis , Storto Alexandre , Brun-Vézinet Françoise , Katlama Christine , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Masquelier Bernard , Descamps Diane 
Published: March 2011

Background The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 from recently diagnosed and untreated patients living in Conakry, Guinea-Conakry and in Niamey, Niger. Methods The study was performed in two countries of Western Africa – Guinea-Conakry and Niger – using the same survey method in both sites. All newly HIV-1 diagnosed patients, naive of antiretroviral drugs, were consecutively included during September 2009 in each of the two sites. Protease and reverse transcriptase sequencing was performed using the ANRS procedures. Drug resistance mutations were identified according to the 2009 update surveillance drug resistance mutations. Results In Conakry, 99 patients were included, most of whom (89%) were infected with CRF02_AG recombinant virus. Resistance analysis among the 93 samples showed that ≥1 drug resistance mutation was observed in 8 samples, leading to a prevalence of primary resistance of 8.6% (95% CI 2.91–14.29%). In Niamey, 96 patients were included; a high diversity in HIV-1 subtypes was observed with 47 (51%) patients infected with CRF02_AG. Resistance analysis performed among the 92 samples with successful genotypic resistance test showed that ≥1 drug resistance mutation was observed in 6 samples, leading to a prevalence of primary resistance of 6.5% (95% CI 1.50–11.50%). Conclusions We reported the first antiretroviral drug resistance survey studies in antiretroviral-naive patients living in Guinea-Conakry and in Niger. The prevalence of resistance was between 6% and 9% in both sites, which is higher than most of the other countries from Western Africa region.
Sándor Radó, géographe et agent de renseignement
Authors: Bourgeois Guillaume 
Published: March 2011

Sándor Radó occupe l’une des plus belles places au Panthéon des agents soviétiques de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, entre Richard Sorge et Leopold Trepper. L’originalité de ce Hongrois tient à ce qu’il fut, en même temps qu’un officier de renseignement, un géographe distingué et pour le moins inventif. Guillaume Bourgeois retrace la démarche qui le conduisit du militantisme communiste à la maîtrise d’une discipline savante, puis d’une approche géopolitique de la cartographie à la direction d’un réseau de renseignement. Il aborde les aspects singuliers et précaires de sa vie au goulag avant d’évoquer son retour à Budapest – homme fort du régime et patron de l’école géographique hongroise post-stalinienne. Les vicissitudes de son sort résument l’histoire du monde communiste en même temps qu’elles éclairent les conditions des échanges entre l’Ouest et l’Est pour ce qui touche à la cartographie mondiale.
La dignité de la personne humaine
Authors: Riaudel Olivier 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Peut-on jeter des ponts entre ce que la théologie morale et la modernité philosophique entendent par personne ? Pas sûr. Du théâtre grec antique à la théologie augustino-thomiste via Boèce, un parcours nous éclairera d’abord. Il n’existe pas de dimension relationnelle chez Boèce. S. Thomas a tenté un dépassement de cette impasse en exploitant le verbe subsistere . K. Barth et K. Rahner sont connus pour avoir critiqué l’application à Dieu de la notion moderne de « personne », qui ne saurait être réduite au sujet conscient de lui-même. L’apport de Richard de Saint-Victor et celui de Hegel, à évaluer aussi, amènent in fine à créditer la tentative récente de W. Pannenberg de la personne comme « présence du Soi dans l’instant du Je ».
La fabrique de l'enfant
Authors: Valentin Claude 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Après avoir rappelé le statut quasi sans valeur de l’enfant dans le monde grec antique, dans lequel le rôle de la femme change au moment de la naissance de l’enfant, c’est la philosophie qui est ici interrogée : infanticide légitime chez Platon, raisons démographiques de justification de l’avortement chez Aristote. La littérature, de son côté, présente l’enfant comme le futur défenseur de la cité. Mais c’est surtout la médecine qui modifie le regard sur l’enfance, par exemple du point de vue de la viabilité du fœtus. L’Ancien Testament témoigne, à son tour, d’une véritable éthique de la génération contrastant en cela avec l’Antiquité traditionnelle : la Genèse bien sûr, avec les textes de création, et surtout l’interdit du sacrifice d’enfant à qui est préféré le sacrifice du bélier offert par Abraham. L’enfance est respectée comme signe de Dieu. Dès lors, des rites de passages et d’initiation apparaissent pour valoriser, désacraliser et libérer. La législation témoigne de régressions possibles : coutume et tradition l’ont dictée plutôt que désir et sentiment. L’éducation se fait reconnaissance. Éduquer, c’est aimer et enseigner ; et le père est le premier éducateur.
The contribution of MRS and resistivity methods to the interpretation of actual evapo‐transpiration measurements: a case study in metamorphic context in north Bénin
Authors: Descloitres M. , Séguis L. , Legchenko A. , Wubda M. , Guyot A. , Cohard J.M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA quantitative budget estimate of actual evapo‐transpiration is a key issue for enhanced hydrological modelling in northern Bénin. Actual evapo‐transpiration is estimated using large aperture scintillometer equipment, devoted to sensible heat flux measurements. However, a previous study reported that the actual evapo‐transpiration cycle is not fully understood. Indeed, the actual evapo‐transpiration depends strongly on several factors such as climate, vegetation pattern, soil water storage and human activities. The respective contributions of the aquifer and vadose zone to the actual evapo‐transpiration budget are not known. When using piezometric variations of the water table, the aquifer contribution is not easy to quantify since the specific yield may vary in the investigated area, located in a metamorphic rock environment. In the present study, we investigate whether significant differences in the aquifer’s specific yield could exist within the large aperture scintillometer measurement area, leading to different actual evapo‐transpiration water losses. We use joint frequency electromagnetic resistivity mapping, geological surveys and magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) to delineate the effective porosity of the regolith around the scintillometre measurement area. Thirteen MRS soundings implemented in key areas reveal a clear classification of the main geological units on the basis of their water content. The MRS water content varies between 1.5–3% for amphibolite and micaschists formations to more than 12% for quartzitic fractured formations, whereas the MRS relaxation time is less discriminating (150–250 ms), indicating a small variation in pore size. Then, as a first modelling exercise, we assumed that the MRS water content (the effective porosity) maximizes the specific yield. The actual evapo‐transpiration budget given by a previous study (Guyot et al. ) is then re‐interpreted using geophysical data: we found that a) the measured water table depletion can explain the actual evapo‐transpiration value providing enough water for the transpiration process and b) the significant discrepancies in actual evapo‐transpiration signals observed between the eastern and western parts of the watershed can be explained by the respective effective porosity of the geological units. Even if further research is needed to link MRS water content to the specific yield and to evaluate a possible role of the deep vadose zone, the hydrogeophysical mapping presented in this study highlights the role of the MRS method for providing relevant information to understand hydrological processes in this complicated geological context of north Bénin.
La categoría de producto y el mensaje transmitido en la publicidad infantil de alimentos
Authors: González Díaz Cristina 
Published: March 2011

El presente artículo, contextualizado bajo la preocupación de la obesidad infantil y la acusación que desde numerosos sectores se ejerce sobre la publicidad, ha pretendido desarrollar un marco teórico donde se expusieran las investigaciones que sobre el binomio publicidad infantil de alimentos – obesidad se han realizado; así como aquellas donde se dejaba evidencia de la limitada influencia que la misma podía realizar sobre el menor en lo concerniente a consumo de alimentos, y los numerosos factores necesarios para poder hablar de causantes directos de la problemática de la obesidad. El objetivo sobre el que subyace el trabajo trata de analizar los tipos de productos que más presión publicitaria ejercen así como los mensajes sobre los que versa su estrategia comunicativa para así poder observar si realmente la publicidad infantil está copada por productos poco saludables o recomendables en la dieta del menor y observar qué tipo de temática comunicativa impregna este tipo de productos.
PHASE SELECTIVE LOCALIZATION OF FILLER IN TERNARY RUBBER BLENDS
Authors: Le H. H. , Ilisch S. , Heidenreich D. , Osswald K. , Radusch H-J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The present work introduces a new concept based on the analysis of the rubber–filler gel for the determination of the phase selective filler localization in ternary rubber blends. Natural rubber (NR)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)/ethylene–propylene rubber (EPDM) blends filled with silica were the focus of the experimental investigations. Because of the higher wetting rate of the NR component to silica, in the first stage of the preparation of SBR/NR/EPDM blends, more silica is found in the NR phase than in the SBR and EPDM phase. In the subsequent stage, silica is transferred from the NR phase to the SBR phase until the loosely bound NR-layer at the silica surface is fully replaced by SBR molecules. An extremely low amount of silica was found in the EPDM phase because of the poor EPDM–silica interaction. After a long mixing time, a large amount of silica whose surface was not yet wetted by any rubber phase could be found in the composites that can lead to fatal effects on the mechanical performance of the composites.
MICRODISPERSION OF SILICA IN TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS ABOVE THE PERCOLATION THRESHOLD BY TEM IMAGE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Julve Daniel , Menéndez Miguel , Pérez Jorge , Ramos José 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Dispersion values in rubber are usually subjective values or the result of a comparison against empirical standards. we present a method to measure the filler dispersion in rubber compounds reinforced beyond the percolation threshold. Applying this method to an actual technical formulation with high filler loading, the dispersability of different silica grades, as well as the effect of coupling agent concentration in the dispersion has been showed. To carry out the measurements, the finished rubber is sliced in very thin films and then examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Those images are processed to obtain information on the filler aggregation properties. As expected, the highly dispersible silica presents a smaller aggregate size and more contact surface with the rubber than the conventional and easily dispersible grades. In addition, increasing the amount of silane does diminish the aggregate size but with a lesser effect than that of the silica grade.
EFFECT OF BENZOTHIAZOLOYLTHIAZOLES AS SECONDARY ACCELERATORS IN THE SULFUR VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Reshmy R. , Nirmal R. , Prasanthkumar S. , Thomas K. Kurien , Thomas Molice , Nair T. Muraleedharan , Sulekha A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The vulcanization of natural rubber and a blend of natural rubber and reclaimed rubber by using binary accelerator systems containing a novel series of benzothiazoloylthiazole as secondary accelerator (SA) has been studied. These secondary accelerators were synthesized by a green chemical method under solvent-free conditions, by the irradiation of microwaves (180 W). The synergistic effect of the SA with N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolsulfenamide as primary accelerator was studied at 150 °C. These binary systems were effective in reducing the cure time and improving the rheometric and mechanical properties. These SAs were found to be effective in reducing the cure time with a minimal amount of 0.5 phr, but commercially available SAs such as thioureas and tetramethylthiuram disulfide were reported to show reduction in cure time only by increasing the amount of SA. Mechanical properties such as hardness, abrasion loss, tensile strength, percentage strain at break, and modulus at different elongations 100, 200, and 300% were evaluated and found to be immensely improved. The improved mechanical properties were also shown to be at par with crosslink densities (1/2Mc) of different mixes.
HIGH-THROUGHPUT KINETIC STUDY OF PEROXIDE CURING OF EPDM RUBBER
Authors: Kranenburg Johannes M. , Van Duin Martin , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Mixing of EPDM and a peroxide curative via a solution route and subsequent curing were performed in a downscaled set-up. The resulting vulcanizates were characterized by a down-scaled hardness measurement and by Raman spectroscopy in a high-throughput experimentation compatible approach. The characterization results obtained on these vulcanizates agreed well with those obtained on corresponding vulcanizates prepared via conventional mill mixing. By indentation on vulcanizates cured for various curing times, a rheometer curve could be constructed. The conversion of the EPDM unsaturation and, thus, the extent of the addition reactions was quantified by Raman spectroscopy. Using both the indentation and the Raman data, the cross-link density resulting from combination reactions was estimated.
Quantum Electrical Standards
Authors: Piquemal François 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElectrical metrology entered a quantum era on 1 January 1990, the date on which the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) recommended that the quantum Hall effect (QHE) and the Josephson effect (JE) be taken as the primary standards of resistance and voltage, respectively. These phenomena link these electrical quantities directly to the Planck constanthand the elementary chargee, through the von Klitzing constantRKand the Josephson constantKJ, which are presumably equal toh/e2and 2e/h, respectively. They insure for the corresponding units, the ohm and the volt, a high level of reproducibility and a unique representation all over the world. Moreover, with the development of electromechanical systems such as a calculable capacitor or a watt balance, the use of these quantum standards allows the determination of the key constants of the quantum mechanics, such as the fine structure constant α = μ0c/(2h/e2) and the Planck constant. Similarly, the Coulomb blockade of single‐electron tunneling could be a basis for a quantum current standard whose amplitude is equal to the product of the elementary charge and a frequency. It provides the third leg of the quantum metrological triangle and makes a direct determination of the elementary charge possible. This chapter gives an overview of the quantum Hall resistance standards and the Josephson voltage standards and the prospect of new quantum standards based on the Coulomb blockade. The experiments aimed at determining the involved fundamental constants and at checking their consistency in terms of the Planck constant and the elementary charge are described and discussed.
Uncertainty
Authors: Siebert Bernd R. L. , Sommer Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOn the basis of the modern uncertainty approach represented by the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM), a first supplement to the GUM and related publications of members of the Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), the chapter explains the basic ideas and provides guidance on uncertainty evaluation. The standard GUM procedure for evaluating uncertainty is explicated in detail as an appropriate method for linear or nearly linear problems. A Monte Carlo method (MCM) is introduced as the tool of choice for all problems that cannot be treated properly with that standard procedure. The procedures presented are in essence based on Bayesian probability theory. The so‐called error approach is briefly summarized in an Appendix. An extensive glossary lists the most often used symbols, acronyms, and scientific terms.