bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exhaustive measurement of food items in the home using a universal product code scanner
Authors: Stevens June , Bryant Maria , Wang Lily , Borja Judith , Bentley Margaret E 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to develop, test and describe the Exhaustive Home Food Inventory (EHFI), which measures foods in the home using scanning of the universal product code (UPC) and EHFI software to link codes to food identities and energy values.DesignObservational design with up to three repeated measures in each household yielded a total of 218 inventories.SettingEighty private households in North Carolina.SubjectsLow-income African-American women with an infant between the ages of 12 and 18 months. Recruitment rate was 71 %.ResultsApproximately 12 200 different food items were successfully recorded using the EHFI method. The average number of food items within a household was 147. The time required for the first measurement in a home declined from 157 to 136 min (P< 0·05) for the first third compared to the last third of homes measured. In the sixty-four households in which three assessments were performed, the time required decreased from 145 to 97 min as did the time per item from 1·10 to 0·73 min.ConclusionsIt is feasible to record all foods and drinks in the home using UPC scanning. Further development and enhancement of databases linking UPC to food identification, nutrients and other information are needed.
Dietary pattern, a modifiable risk factor that can be easily assessed for atherosclerosis vascular disease prevention in clinical practice
Authors: Mahe Guillaume , Carsin Marie , Zeeny Maya , De Bosschere Jean-Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectivesNutrition is one of the modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis vascular diseases (VD). We aimed to (i) evaluate the dietary patterns associated with VD in clinical practice using a validated FFQ; and (ii) determine potential independent sociodemographic and behavioural factors that are involved in such dietary patterns. The FFQ determined the vascular dietary score (VDS; ranges from −17 to 19) for each subject.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA general practitioner's (GP) office in 2009.SubjectsA total of 250 French subjects (18–84 years old).ResultsA total of 21 % had a favourable vascular diet (VDS ≥ 8), 79 % needed to improve their diet (VDS < 8) and 21 % had a risky vascular diet (VDS ≤ −1). A step-by-step multivariate linear regression analysis with stepwise selection was performed using the VDS as a dependent variable. Significant variables were: age (β = 0·495, P < 0·0001), men (β = −0·282, P < 0·0001), ‘sport ≥1 h/week’ (β = 0·253, P = 0·001), ‘walking 20 min/d’ (β = 0·161, P = 0·012), ‘former smoker’ (β = 0·118, P = 0·029), previous nutritional advice (β = 0·105, P = 0·049), ‘alcohol ≥20 g/d’ (β = −0·216, P < 0·0001) and ‘primary school’ (β = −0·156, P = 0·010). The R2 coefficient of this model was 0·347 (P < 0·0001). In all, 88·7 % of the subjects found the evaluation very interesting and 89·6 % believed that the GP should perform it.ConclusionsSimple dietary assessment for VD prevention can be easily performed in clinical practice to allow physicians to give objective and rapid advice for each patient. Age, educational status, alcohol consumption, gender and physical activity are associated with the VDS. Compliance with such evaluation was found to be very high, which should encourage larger dietary screening in the population in order to reduce the impact of VD.
Exceeding Conventional Resolution Limits in High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Using Tilted Illumination and Exit-Wave Restoration
Authors: Haigh Sarah J. , Sawada Hidetaka , Takayanagi Kunio , Kirkland Angus I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTilted illumination exit-wave restoration is compared for two aberration-corrected instruments at different accelerating voltages. The experimental progress of this technique is also reviewed and the significance of off-axial aberrations examined. Finally, the importance of higher order aberration compensation combined with careful correction of the lower order aberrations is highlighted.
Unified primal formulation-based a priori and a posteriori error analysis of mixed finite element methods
Authors: Vohralík Martin 
Published: July 2010

We derive in this paper a unified framework for a priori and a posteriori error analysis of mixed finite element discretizations of second-order elliptic problems. It is based on the classical primal weak formulation, the postprocessing of the potential proposed in [T. Arbogast and Z. Chen, On the implementation of mixed methods as nonconforming methods for second-order elliptic problems, Math. Comp. 64 (1995), 943–972], and the discrete Friedrichs inequality. Our analysis in particular avoids any explicit use of the uniform discrete

inf
\inf

–

sup
\sup

condition and in a straightforward manner and under minimal necessary assumptions, known convergence and superconvergence results are recovered. The same framework then turns out to lead to optimal a posteriori energy error bounds. In particular, estimators for all families and orders of mixed finite element methods on grids consisting of simplices or rectangular parallelepipeds are derived. They give a guaranteed and fully computable upper bound on the energy error, represent error local lower bounds, and are robust under some conditions on the diffusion–dispersion tensor. They are thus suitable for both overall error control and adaptive mesh refinement. Moreover, the developed abstract framework and a posteriori error estimates are quite general and apply to any locally conservative method. We finally prove that in parallel and simultaneously in converse to Galerkin finite element methods, under some circumstances, the weak solution is the orthogonal projection of the postprocessed mixed finite element approximation onto the

H
0
1

(
Ω
)

H^1_0(\Omega )

space and also establish several links between mixed finite element approximations and some generalized weak solutions.
Whole Grains and Digestive Health
Authors: Slavin Joanne 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWhole grains contain all parts of the grain: the endosperm, germ, and bran. Whole grains are rich in fermentable carbohydrates that reach the gut: dietary fiber, resistant starch, and oligosaccharides. Most research that supports the importance of grains to gut health was conducted with isolated fiber fractions, rather than whole grains. Whole grains are an important source of dietary fiber and grain fibers such as wheat, oats, barley, and rye increase stool weight, speed intestinal transit, get fermented to short chain fatty acids, and modify the gut microflora. Wheat bran is particularly effective in increasing stool weight; wheat bran increases stool weight by a ratio of 5:1. In contrast, many novel fibers that are easily incorporated into beverages and foods increase stool weight only on a ratio of 1:1. In vitro fermentation studies with whole grains have been published. Carbohydrates of oat bran (rich in β‐glucan) were consumed by bacteria faster than those of rye and wheat brans (rich in arabinoxylan). Grain fibers were fermented more slowly than inulin, causing less gas production. Wheat is particularly high in fructo‐oligosaccharides, while wheat germ is high in raffinose oligosaccharides. Some in vivo studies show the prebiotic potential of whole grains. Whole grain breakfast cereal was more effective than wheat bran breakfast cereal as a prebiotic, increasing fecal bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in human subjects. Wheat bran consumption increased stool frequency. Thus, the gut enhancing effects of cereal fibers are well known. Limited data exist that whole grains alter gut health.
Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Cooked Rice from Commercially Available Cultivars in Canada
Authors: Chung Hyun‐Jung , Liu Qiang , Huang Ruilin , Yin Yulong , Li Aike 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe influence of amylose content, cooking, and storage on starch structure, thermal behaviors, pasting properties, and rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) in different commercial rice cultivars was investigated. Long grain rice with high‐amylose content had a higher gelatinization temperature and a lower gelatinization enthalpy than the other rice cultivars with intermediate amylose content (Arborio and Calrose) and waxy type (glutinous). The intensity ratio of 1047/1022 cm–1 determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR), which indicated the ordered structure in starch granules, was the highest in glutinous and the lowest in long grain. Results from Rapid ViscoAnalyser (RVA) showed that the rice cultivar with higher amylose content had lower peak viscosity and breakdown, but higher pasting temperature, setback, and final viscosity. The RDS content was 28.1, 38.6, 41.5, and 57.5% in long grain, Arborio, Calrose, and glutinous rice, respectively, which was inversely related to amylose content. However, the SDS and RS contents were positively correlated with amylose content. During storage of cooked rice, long grain showed a continuous increase in pasting viscosity, while glutinous exhibited the sharp cold‐water swelling peak. The retrogradation rate was greater in rice cultivars with high amylose content. The ratio of 1047/1022 cm–1 was substantially decreased by cooking and then increased during storage of cooked rice due to the crystalline structure, newly formed by retrogradation. Storage of cooked rice decreased RDS content and increased SDS content in all rice cultivars. However, no increase in RS content during storage was observed. The enthalpy for retrogradation and the intensity ratio 1047/1022 cm–1 during storage were correlated negatively with RDS and positively with SDS (P ≤ 0.01).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Potency and recovery characteristics of rocuronium mixed with sodium bicarbonate
Authors: Lee H. J. , Kim K. S. , Yeon J. T. , Suh J. K. , Sung I. H. , Shin I. C. 
Published: July 2010

SummarySodium bicarbonate may be added to rocuronium to decrease pain on injection. However, this mixture may result in the formation of carbon dioxide bubbles. We investigated whether the addition of sodium bicarbonate to rocuronium alters neuromuscular blockade, in 120 patients randomly assigned to receive rocuronium mixed with saline or bicarbonate 8.4%, either in varying doses (for dose‐response measurements; 60 patients) or a fixed dose of 600 μg.kg‐1(for time‐course measurements; 60 patients). Sodium bicarbonate resulted in a left‐shift of the rocuronium dose‐response curve. The effective doses of rocuronium to produce 95% twitch depression were 331.6 (95% CI: 310.4–352.8) and 284.3 (95% CI: 262.0–306.6) μg.kg−1mixed with isotonic saline or sodium bicarbonate, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean (SD) onset times of rocuronium 600 μg.kg‐1were 3.6 (0.6) and 2.7 (0.5) min in the corresponding groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean (SD) times to 95% recovery were 35.8 (5.8) and 47.9 (7.1) min, respectively (p < 0.001). We conclude that the mixing of sodium bicarbonate with rocuronium enhances the potency, shortens the onset and prolongs the duration of action.
Standard treatment of Ph+ CML in 2010: how, when and where not to use what BCR/ABL1 kinase inhibitor?
Authors: Valent Peter 
Published: July 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (10): 918–931AbstractChronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a haematopoietic neoplasm characterised by the BCR/ABL1 oncoprotein. In chronic phase CML, the neoplastic clone exhibits multilineage differentiation and maturation capacity. The BCR/ABL1 kinase blocker imatinib shows major antileukaemic effects in most patients and is considered standard frontline therapy. However, not all patients have a long‐lasting response to imatinib. Notably, resistance to imatinib has been recognised as an emerging problem and challenge in CML. Whereas CML stem cells are considered to exhibit intrinsic resistance, acquired resistance may, in addition, develop in subclones over time, resulting in an overt relapse. A key trigger of resistance in subclones are BCR/ABL1 mutations. For such patients, novel multikinase inhibitors such as nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib or bafetinib, which block the kinase activity of various BCR/ABL1 mutants, have been developed and reportedly exert antileukaemic effects in drug‐resistant cells. For highly resistant patients, haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an alternative option. Treatment decisions and the selection of drugs are based on the presence and type of BCR/ABL1 mutation(s), phase of disease, other disease‐related variables and patient‐related factors including age, compliance and co‐morbidity. The current review provides an overview on standards in the diagnosis and therapy in CML, with special reference to novel BCR/ABL1 inhibitors.
Nitrogen deposition and forest nitrogen cycling along an urban–rural transect in southern China
Authors: FANG YUNTING , YOH MUNEOKI , KOBA KEISUKE , ZHU WEIXING , TAKEBAYASHI YU , XIAO YIHUA , LEI CHUNYI , MO JIANGMING , ZHANG WEI , LU XIANKAI 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is increasing concern over the impact of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on forest ecosystems in the tropical and subtropical areas. In this study, we quantified atmospheric N deposition and revealed current plant and soil N status in 14 forests along a 150 km urban to rural transect in southern China, with an emphasis on examining whether foliar δ15N can be used as an indicator of N saturation. Bulk deposition ranged from 16.2 to 38.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1, while the throughfall covered a larger range of 11.7–65.1 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Foliar N concentration, NO3− leaching to stream, and soil NO3− concentration were low and NO3− production was negligible in some rural forests, indicating that primary production in these forests may be limited by N supply. But all these N variables were enhanced in suburban and urban forests. Across the study transect, throughfall N input was correlated positively with soil nitrification and NO3− leaching to stream, and negatively with pH values in soil and stream water. Foliar δ15N was between −6.6‰ and 0.7‰, and was negatively correlated with soil NO3− concentration and NO3− leaching to stream across the entire transect, demonstrating that an increased N supply does not necessarily increase forest δ15N values. We proposed several potential mechanism that could contribute to the δ15N pattern, including (1) increased plant uptake of 15N‐depleted soil NO3−, (2) foliage uptake of 15N‐depleted NH4+, (3) increased utilization of soil inorganic N relative to dissolved organic N, and (4) increased fractionation during plant N uptake under higher soil N availability.
Review of pulp sensibility tests. Part I: general information and thermal tests
Authors: Jafarzadeh H. , Abbott P. V. 
Published: July 2010

Jafarzadeh H, Abbott PV. Review of pulp sensibility tests. Part Ι: general information and thermal tests. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 738–762, 2010.AbstractA major, and essential, part of the diagnostic process for pulp disease is the use of pulp sensibility tests. When diagnosing pulp pain, these tests can be used to reproduce the symptoms reported by the patient to diagnose the diseased tooth as well as the disease state. However, a major shortcoming with these tests is that they only indirectly provide an indication of the state of the pulp by measuring a neural response rather than the vascular supply, so both false positive and false negative results can occur. The relevant literature on pulp sensibility tests in the context of endodontics up to January 2009 was reviewed using PubMed and MEDLINE database searches. This search identified papers published between November 1964 and January 2009 in all languages. Thermal tests have been used as an integral part of dental examinations. Two types of thermal tests are available, one uses a cold stimulus and the other uses a hot stimulus, and each has various methods of delivery. If these tests are used properly, injury to the pulp is highly unlikely. A review of the literature regarding the rationale, indications, limitations, and interpretation of thermal tests, the value of these diagnostic tests, as well as a discussion of the important points about each of these tests is presented.
The effect of root canal taper on the irrigant flow: evaluation using an unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics model
Authors: Boutsioukis C. , Gogos C. , Verhaagen B. , Versluis M. , Kastrinakis E. , Van Der Sluis L. W. M. 
Published: July 2010

Boutsioukis C, Gogos C, Verhaagen B, Versluis M, Kastrinakis E, van der Sluis LWM. The effect of root canal taper on the irrigant flow: evaluation using an unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics model. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 909–916, 2010.AbstractAim  To evaluate the effect of root canal taper on irrigant flow inside a prepared root canal during final irrigation with a syringe and two types of needles, using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model.Methodology  A validated CFD model was used to simulate irrigant flow from either a side‐vented or a flat 30G needle positioned inside size 30, .02 taper, 30, .04, 30, .06, ProTaper F3 or size 60, .02 taper root canals, at 3 mm short of working length (WL). Velocity, pressure and shear stress in the root canal were evaluated.Results  The side‐vented needle could not achieve irrigant replacement to the WL in any of the cases. Significant irrigant replacement was evident further than 2 mm apically to the tip of the flat needle in the size 30, .06 taper, F3 and size 60, .02 taper canal. A wider distribution of wall shear stress was noted as the canal taper increased but the maximum shear stress decreased. The flat needle led to higher mean pressure at the apical foramen. Both needles showed a similar gradual decrease in apical pressure as the taper increased, but the least pressure was calculated in the size 60, .02 taper canal.Conclusions  An increase in root canal taper improved irrigant replacement and wall shear stress whilst reducing the risk for irrigant extrusion. Irrigant flow in a minimally tapered root canal with a large apical preparation size also improved irrigant replacement and wall shear stress and reduced the risk for irrigant extrusion, compared to the tapered root canals with a smaller apical preparation size.
Nursing education in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden – from Bachelor’s Degree to PhD
Authors: Råholm Maj‐Britt , Hedegaard Birte Larsen , Löfmark Anna , Slettebø Åshild 
Published: July 2010

råholm m‐b., hedegaard b.l., löfmark a. & slettebøå. (2010) Nursing education in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden – from Bachelor’s Degree to PhD. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 2126–2137.AbstractAim.  This paper is a discussion of the similarities and differences in baccalaureate nursing education programme structures, content and pathways to postbaccalaureate education in the Scandinavian countries.Background.  For the last three decades nursing education internationally, as well as in the Scandinavian countries, has experienced ongoing reforms. The driving forces behind these reforms have been efforts for professional development within nursing and to harmonize higher education in several European countries.Data sources.  The data were collected by a critical review of the guiding principles, national directives and educational structures and content of Bachelor’s degree programmes from 1990 to 2008 and of further educational levels in the four Scandinavian countries.Discussion.  There are similarities as well as substantial differences in the educational structures, contents and lengths in the different nursing programmes. Nursing education is organized in the three cycles described in the Bologna Process, but there are differences regarding names and terms for degrees and allocation of European Credit Transfer System credits.Implications for nursing.  Policymakers need to consider more carefully the directives in the Bologna Declaration when planning and implementing nursing programmes at Bachelor’s and postgraduate levels. Knowledge of the content and structure of nursing education in these countries may enhance development and cooperation between institutions.Conclusion.  A challenge for the ministries of education in the Scandinavian countries is to compare and coordinate nursing educational programmes in order to enable nursing students, educators, researchers and nurses to study and work in Scandinavia, Europe or even globally.
Empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice: spheres of influence
Authors: Bradbury‐Jones Caroline , Irvine Fiona , Sambrook Sally 
Published: July 2010

bradbury‐jones c., irvine f. & sambrook s. (2010) Empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice: spheres of influence. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(9), 2061–2070.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study exploring the empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice.Background.  There is a great deal of literature regarding empowerment in nursing but most focuses on the empowerment of patients and registered nurses. There is very little regarding the empowerment of nursing students. Of the limited available studies, most explore empowerment in an academic, rather than a clinical context.Methods.  This longitudinal study was underpinned by hermeneutic phenomenology. Thirteen first‐year nursing students were recruited using a purposive sampling strategy. Annual, in‐depth interviews were conducted with the students on their trajectory from the first to third year of the undergraduate programme. Data were collected between 2007 and 2009.Findings.  By the end of the study, most students felt more empowered than they had at the beginning. They attributed this to increased knowledge and confidence. Empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice can be represented in the form of ‘spheres of influence’. Intrinsic, essential structures of having knowledge and confidence are at the core. External spheres influence the extent to which nursing students are likely to experience increased knowledge and confidence, and thus empowerment. However, nursing students use a number of strategies to promote their own empowerment in clinical practice.Conclusion.  Efforts to promote the empowerment of nursing students in clinical practice need to be multi‐layered and targeted at each of the spheres of influence.