bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translating Biomarkers Research to Clinical Care: Applications and Issues for Rehabilomics
Authors: Berger Rachel P. , Houle Jean‐Francois , Hayes Ronald L. , Wang Kevin K. , Mondello Stefania , Bell Michael J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTraumatic brain injury is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults and children in the United States. Despite steady improvement in our understanding of the pathophysiology of acquired brain injuries, there has been remarkably little improvement in brain injury therapies and/or pharmacologic treatments over the past decade. One of the reasons may be the inability to properly stratify subjects for clinical trials and/or to have real‐time assessment of the effectiveness of a given intervention. It has been recognized for several decades that serum biomarkers may allow for more objective subject stratification as well as act as surrogate markers of treatment efficacy. Despite numerous studies, however, biomarkers are not currently part of clinical practice in either acquired brain injury or other neurologic or musculoskeletal disorders. The goals of this review article, therefore, are to use traumatic brain injury as a example to discuss the use of biomarkers in clinical and randomized controlled trials; to briefly discuss the field of neuroproteomics and its interface with neurologic interventions; and to provide an overview of the collaborative pathway between academia and industry, which needs to be an integral part of the translation of biomarkers from the bench to the bedside in any clinical population. Introduction of the concept of rehabilomics and implications of biomarker use for the physical medicine and rehabilitation physician also are discussed.
Prolotherapy: A Clinical Review of Its Role in Treating Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Distel Laura M. , Best Thomas M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractProlotherapy is a technique that involves the injection of an irritant, usually a hyperosmolar dextrose solution, typically in the treatment of chronic painful musculoskeletal conditions. Despite its long history and widespread use as a form of complementary therapy, there still are disparities over its optimal indications and injection preparations. There are, however, numerous studies available regarding the use and efficacy of prolotherapy for various musculoskeletal conditions. The most frequently published indication is in the treatment of chronic low back pain, but there are recent studies that examined its use in the management of refractory tendinopathies as well as osteoarthritis. There is growing evidence to suggest that prolotherapy may be helpful in treating chronic low back pain when coupled with adjunctive therapies, such as spinal manipulation or corticosteroid injections. There is also evidence to suggest that prolotherapy is effective in treating refractory tendinopathies, particularly for lateral epicondylosis and Achilles tendinopathy. Additional larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to make specific recommendations regarding ideal protocols and indications. There is emerging evidence for the use of prolotherapy as a treatment option for osteoarthritis; however, further studies are needed to conclusively demonstrate its efficacy. Overall, prolotherapy remains a promising option for the treatment of painful musculoskeletal conditions, particularly when other standard treatments have proved ineffective.
Biomarker Development for Musculoskeletal Diseases
Authors: Huang Wan , Sowa Gwendolyn 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMore than one in 4 Americans has a musculoskeletal (MSK) disorder that requires medical diagnosis and treatment. Imaging tools are able to demonstrate structural changes but cannot reflect the disease activity or symptom severity of MSK conditions. This is of paramount concern in the aging population, in which imaging findings have poor correlation with symptoms, and multiple pain generators frequently coexist. Because levels of inflammatory and matrix breakdown products address disease activity, evaluation of biomarkers has the potential to provide assessment of active pain generators above and beyond the changes observable on imaging studies. This fact has stimulated research interest in the search for novel biomarkers of disease activity and response to treatment in body fluids. The goal is to develop panels of multi‐biomarkers, which could be used independently or in conjunction with the imaging tools, for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment validation in MSK diseases. The current review of MSK biomarkers is organized into 3 mechanistic categories: the metabolites of extracellular matrix of MSK tissues; inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; and pain‐related neuropeptides and/or chemicals. Although some representative biomarkers could be used alone, the fact that MSK diseases are multi‐tissue disorders that involve the muscles, bones, cartilage, and nerves suggests that panels of biomarkers may have greater potential than any single biomarker used in isolation. As advances in biotechnology make this a reality, multi‐biomarker panels that include all 3 categories of biomarkers, used either alone or in combination with imaging tools, has the potential to revolutionize the clinical approach to MSK diseases.
Identifying Inflammatory Targets for Biologic Therapies for Spine Pain
Authors: Jacobs Lloydine J. , Vo Nam , Kang James D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe costs associated with treating spine‐related conditions are enormous and are trending upward. Current methods employed to treat inflammatory‐mediated pain are targeted at alleviating symptoms, rather than correcting the underlying cause of disease. It is clear that a biochemical basis for inflammatory‐mediated intervertebral disk, facet joint, and nerve pain exists. Biologic therapies that address the underlying cause of pain could potentially decrease the costs associated with treating spine pathology. MMPs, IL‐1, TNF‐ α, IL‐6, NGF, bradykinin, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide are implicated in much of the catabolic effects seen in the pathogenesis of inflammatory‐mediated pain and are good targets for inhibition. The anticatabolic and anabolic effects of TIMPs, BMPs, TGF‐ β, and IGF‐1 are targets already shown to favorably impact disk matrix homeostasis. With rapid advances in biomedical technology, these interventions may be available for clinical use in the near future.
Is Every Action Morally Significant?
Authors: Haldane John 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOne form of scepticism about the possibility ofmoral theorydoes not deny that there is something describable as ‘the conduct of life’, but it argues that there is no special ethical account to be given of this since conduct has no identifiablymoraldimension. Here I explore the possibility that the problem of identifying distinctively moral aspects of action is explained by the thesis that the moral is ubiquitous; thateveryhuman actionis– not ‘may be’ – morally significant. To say, however, that morality is all pervasive is not to say anything about howdemandingmoral considerations may be. Reasons for action ultimately relate to promoting or protecting the human good, and their relative strength and urgency derives from the manner, extent and immediacy of their bearing upon this end and not from belonging to some logically distinct category.
From Idealism to Pragmatism: India and Asian Regional Integration
Authors: JAIN RAJENDRA K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAfter being at the periphery for decades, India's proactive engagement with East and Southeast Asia has gradually transformed it into an active participant in Asian regional organizations and multilateral processes. This paper examines early Indian attempts at forging pan-Asian unity and assesses the motivations and impact of its Look East Policy. It evaluates India's changing role towards regional cooperation in South Asia and sub-regional groupings, the impact of domestic politics, and discusses how China has influenced Indian perceptions and strategy towards Asian regionalism. After a long gap, India is again contributing ideas on Asian integration and stresses that the broader East Asian integration process should remain open and inclusive.
Japanese Ideas of Asian Regionalism
Authors: INOGUCHI TAKASHI 
Published: June 2011

AbstractJapan is geographically located on the fringe of Asia. Japan's location is often divided between those arguing that Japan is inside Asia and those arguing it is outside Asia. Japanese ideas of Asian regionalism are thus immensely varied. This article details a number of Japanese ideas on Asian regionalism with author/agency, scope and method specified. Special mention is made of weak integration of government agencies, thus causing proliferation of many Japanese ideas within Asia. With the increasing self-assertiveness of China, the apparent peaking out of American hegemony, and the steady rise of non-Chinese Asians, Japan tries to maintain enduring alliance with the United States, to invigorate interdependence with China, and to reinvent new relationships with the countries of the East Asian Summit. Japanese ideas of Asian regionalism take those templates as guidelines to develop new ideas of Asian regionalism.
Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation is not affected by pregnancy or regular exercise participation
Authors: Weissgerber Tracey L. , Davies Gregory A. L. , Tschakovsky Michael E. 
Published: June 2011

Whether brachial artery FMD (flow-mediated dilation) is altered in pregnancy by 28–35 weeks compared with non-pregnant women remains controversial. The controversy may be due to limitations of previous studies that include failing to: (i) test non-pregnant controls in the mid-late luteal phase, (ii) account for effects of pregnancy on the dilatory shear stimulus, (iii) account for physical activity or (iv) control for inter-individual variation in the time to peak FMD. In the present study, brachial artery FMD was measured in 17 active and eight sedentary pregnant women (34.1±1.6 weeks of gestation), and in 19 active and 11 sedentary non-pregnant women (mid-late luteal phase). Decreased vascular tone secondary to increased shear stress contributes minimally to pregnancy-induced increases in baseline brachial artery diameter, as shear stress removal during distal cuff inflation in pregnant women did not reduce diameter to baseline levels observed in non-pregnant controls. Neither the shear stimulus nor the percentage FMD was affected by pregnancy or regular exercise. Continuous diameter measurements are required to control for delayed peak dilation during pregnancy (57±15 compared with 46±15 s; P=0.012), as post-release diameter measured at 60 or 55–65 s post-release underestimated FMD to a greater extent in non-pregnant than in pregnant women.
Chronic HgCl2 treatment increases vasoconstriction induced by electrical field stimulation: role of adrenergic and nitrergic innervation
Authors: Blanco-Rivero Javier , Furieri Lorena B. , Vassallo Dalton V. , Salaices Mercedes , Balfagón Gloria 
Published: June 2011

In the present study, we have investigated the possible changes in rat mesenteric artery vascular innervation function caused by chronic exposure to low doses of HgCl2 (mercuric chloride), as well as the mechanisms involved. Rats were divided into two groups: (i) control, and (ii) HgCl2-treated rats (30 days; first dose, 4.6 μg/kg of body weight; subsequent dose, 0.07 μg·kg−1 of body weight·day−1, intramuscularly). Vasomotor response to EFS (electrical field stimulation), NA (noradrenaline) and the NO donor DEA-NO (diethylamine NONOate) were studied, nNOS (neuronal NO synthase) and phospho-nNOS protein expression were analysed, and NO, O2− (superoxide anion) and NA release were also determined. EFS-induced contraction was higher in the HgCl2-treated group. Phentolamine (1 μmol/l) decreased the response to EFS to a greater extent in HgCl2-treated rats. HgCl2 treatment increased vasoconstrictor response to exogenous NA and NA release. L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; 0.1 mmol/l) increased the response to EFS in both experimental groups, but the increase was greater in segments from control animals. HgCl2 treatment decreased NO release and increased O2− production. Vasodilator response to DEA-NO was lower in HgCl2-treated animals. Tempol increased DEA-NO-induced relaxation to a greater extent in HgCl2-treated animals. nNOS expression was similar in arteries from both experimental groups, whereas phospho-nNOS was decreased in segments from HgCl2-treated animals. HgCl2 treatment increased vasoconstrictor response to EFS as a result of, in part, reduced NO bioavailability and increased adrenergic function. These findings offer further evidence that mercury, even at low concentrations, is an environmental risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Five phosphonate operon gene products as components of a multi-subunit complex of the carbon-phosphorus lyase pathway
Authors: Jochimsen Bjarne , Lolle Signe , McSorley Fern R. , Nabi Mariah , Stougaard Jens , Zechel David L. , Hove-Jensen Bjarne 
Published: June 2011

Organophosphonate utilization by
Escherichia coli
requires the 14 cistrons of the
phnCDEFGHIJKLMNOP
operon, of which the carbon-phosphorus lyase has been postulated to consist of the seven polypeptides specified by
phnG
to
phnM
. A 5,660-bp DNA fragment encompassing
phnGHIJKLM
is cloned, followed by expression in
E. coli
and purification of Phn-polypeptides. PhnG, PhnH, PhnI, PhnJ, and PhnK copurify as a protein complex by ion-exchange, size-exclusion, and affinity chromatography. The five polypeptides also comigrate in native-PAGE. Cross-linking of the purified protein complex reveals a close proximity of PhnG, PhnI, PhnJ, and PhnK, as these subunits disappear concomitant with the formation of large cross-linked protein complexes. Two molecular forms are identified, a major form of molecular mass of approximately 260 kDa, a minor form of approximately 640 kDa. The stoichiometry of the protein complex is suggested to be PhnG
4
H
2
I
2
J
2
K. Deletion of individual
phn
genes reveals that a strain harboring plasmid-borne
phnGHIJ
produces a protein complex consisting of PhnG, PhnH, PhnI, and PhnJ, whereas a strain harboring plasmid-borne
phnGIJK
produces a protein complex consisting of PhnG and PhnI. We conclude that
phnGHIJK
specify a soluble multisubunit protein complex essential for organophosphonate utilization.
Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular autoregulation in a swine model of pediatric cardiac arrest and hypothermia*
Authors: Lee Jennifer K. , Brady Ken M. , Mytar Jennifer O. , Kibler Kathleen K. , Carter Erin L. , Hirsch Karen G. , Hogue Charles W. , Easley Ronald B. , Jordan Lori C. , Smielewski Peter , Czosnyka Marek , Shaffner Donald H. , Koehler Raymond C. 
Published: June 2011

Objective:
Knowledge remains limited regarding cerebral blood flow autoregulation after cardiac arrest and during postresuscitation hypothermia. We determined the relationship of cerebral blood flow to cerebral perfusion pressure in a swine model of pediatric hypoxic-asphyxic cardiac arrest during normothermia and hypothermia and tested novel measures of autoregulation derived from near-infrared spectroscopy.

Design:
Prospective, balanced animal study.

Setting:
Basic physiology laboratory at an academic institution.

Subjects:
Eighty-four neonatal swine.

Interventions:
Piglets underwent hypoxic-asphyxic cardiac arrest or sham surgery and recovered for 2 hrs with normothermia followed by 4 hrs of either moderate hypothermia or normothermia. In half of the groups, blood pressure was slowly decreased through inflation of a balloon catheter in the inferior vena cava to identify the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation at 6 hrs postresuscitation. In the remaining groups, blood pressure was gradually increased by inflation of a balloon catheter in the aorta to determine the autoregulatory response to hypertension. Measures of autoregulation obtained from standard laser-Doppler flowmetry and indices derived from near-infrared spectroscopy were compared.

Measurements and Main Results:
Laser-Doppler flux was lower in postarrest animals compared to sham-operated controls during the 2-hr normothermic period after resuscitation. During the subsequent 4-hr recovery, hypothermia decreased laser-Doppler flux in both the sham surgery and postarrest groups. Autoregulation was intact during hypertension in all groups. With arterial hypotension, postarrest, hypothermic piglets had a significant decrease in the perfusion pressure lower limit of autoregulation compared to postarrest, normothermic piglets. The near-infrared spectroscopy-derived measures of autoregulation accurately detected loss of autoregulation during hypotension.

Conclusions:
In a pediatric model of cardiac arrest and resuscitation, delayed induction of hypothermia decreased cerebral perfusion and decreased the lower limit of autoregulation. Metrics derived from noninvasive near-infrared spectroscopy accurately identified the lower limit of autoregulation during normothermia and hypothermia in piglets resuscitated from arrest.
Structure and Expression Profile of the Phosphate Pht1 Transporter Gene Family in Mycorrhizal Populus trichocarpa
Authors: Loth-Pereda Verónica , Orsini Elena , Courty Pierre-Emmanuel , Lota Frédéric , Kohler Annegret , Diss Loic , Blaudez Damien , Chalot Michel , Nehls Uwe , Bucher Marcel , Martin Francis 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Gene networks involved in inorganic phosphate (Pi) acquisition and homeostasis in woody perennial species able to form mycorrhizal symbioses are poorly known. Here, we describe the features of the 12 genes coding for Pi transporters of the Pht1 family in poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Individual Pht1 transporters play distinct roles in acquiring and translocating Pi in different tissues of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal poplar during different growth conditions and developmental stages. Pi starvation triggered the up-regulation of most members of the Pht1 family, especially PtPT9 and PtPT11. PtPT9 and PtPT12 showed a striking up-regulation in ectomycorrhizas and endomycorrhizas, whereas PtPT1 and PtPT11 were strongly down-regulated. PtPT10 transcripts were highly abundant in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) roots only. PtPT8 and PtPT10 are phylogenetically associated to the AM-inducible Pht1 subfamily I. The analysis of promoter sequences revealed conserved motifs similar to other AM-inducible orthologs in PtPT10 only. To gain more insight into gene regulatory mechanisms governing the AM symbiosis in woody plant species, the activation of the poplar PtPT10 promoter was investigated and detected in AM of potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots. These results indicated that the regulation of AM-inducible Pi transporter genes is conserved between perennial woody and herbaceous plant species. Moreover, poplar has developed an alternative Pi uptake pathway distinct from AM plants, allowing ectomycorrhizal poplar to recruit PtPT9 and PtPT12 to cope with limiting Pi concentrations in forest soils.
Altered epidermal lipid layers induced by long‐term exposure to suberythemal‐dose ultraviolet
Authors: Bak Hana , Hong Seung‐phil , Jeong Se‐Kyoo , Choi Eung‐Ho , Lee Sang E. , Lee Seung‐Hun , Ahn Sung‐Ku 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  Although several studies have reported on the biological effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, there have been only a few reports on the changes in epidermal lipids following long‐term UV irradiation at suberythemal dose (SED), to which people are usually exposed during their lifetime.Objectives  To investigate the changes of epidermal lipid properties after long‐term UV radiation with SED.Materials and methods  Hairless mice were irradiated three times weekly for 15 weeks at an SED of UV (UVB: 20 mJ/cm2; UVA: 14 J/cm2). Every three weeks, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured by a Tewameter. The morphological alterations of stratum corneum (SC) lipid lamellae were examined by electron microscopy (EM). Activities of three key enzymes for mRNA of serine palmitoyl transferase, fatty acid synthase, and HMG CoA reductase were analyzed with real time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. We also measured the amount of ceramide, cholesterol sulfate, and free fatty acid in the SC by high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography with exposed times.Results  The SED UV‐irradiated group showed increased TEWL after 12 weeks. Following the irradiation period, EM revealed incomplete and separated lamellae at SC intercellular space. mRNA of three key enzymes was increased until six weeks of UV irradiation and decreased thereafter. However, three major lipid amounts gradually decreased throughout the exposed period, with a notable decrease in ceramide.Conclusions  Long‐term UV irradiation even with SED influences skin barrier function and structure with prominent ceramide decrease in SC intercellular lipid.
Investigation of pajama properties on skin under mild cold conditions: the interaction between skin and clothing
Authors: Yao Lei , Gohel Mayur D.I. , Li Yi , Chung Waiyee J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  Clothing is considered the second skin of the human body. The aim of this study was to determine clothing–wearer interaction on skin physiology under mild cold conditions.Methods  Skin physiological parameters, subjective sensory response, stress level, and physical properties of clothing fabric from two longitude parallel‐designed wear trials were studied. The wear trials involved four kinds of pajamas made from cotton or polyester material that had hydrophilic or hydrophobic treatment, conducted for three weeks under mild cold conditions. Statistical tools, factor analysis, hierarchical linear regression, and logistic regression were applied to analyze the strong predictors of skin physiological parameters, stress level, and sensory response.Results  A framework was established to illustrate clothing–wearer interactions with clothing fabric properties, skin physiology, stress level, and sensory response under mild cold conditions.Discussion  Fabric has various effects on the human body under mild cold conditions. A fabric’s properties influence skin physiology, sensation, and psychological response.
PTCH1 gene mutations in exon 17 and loss of heterozygosity on D9S180 microsatellite in sporadic and inherited human basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Santos Daniela C. C. , Zaphiropoulos Peter G. , Neto Cyro F. , Pimentel Eugênio R. A. , Sanches José A. , Ruiz Itamar R. G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) are the most frequent human cancer that results from malignant transformation of basal cells in the epidermis. Gorlin syndrome is a rare inherited autosomal dominant disease that predisposes with multiple BCCs and other birth defects. Both sporadic and inherited BCCs are associated with mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTCH1, but there is still uncertainty on the role of its homolog PTCH2.Objectives  To search for mutations and genomic instability in sporadic and inherited BCCs.Methods  DNA obtained from leukocytes and tumor cells was amplified by polymerase chain reaction regarding five exons of PTCH1 and PTCH2 and neighboring microsatellites. Exons were sequenced and compared with the GenBank database.Results  Only D9S180, of six microsatellites, showed loss of heterozygosity in three BCCs (two sporadic and one inherited). One sporadic BCC presented the mutation g.2885G>C in exon 17 of PTCH1, which predicts the substitution p.R962T in an external domain of the protein. In addition, the leukocytes and tumor cells of one patient with Gorlin syndrome showed the mutation g.2839T>G in the same exon and gene, which predicts a p.E947stop and truncated protein. All control and tumor samples presented IVS9 + 217T in intron 9 of PTCH1.Conclusion  Mutations found in the PTCH1 gene and neighboring repetitive sequences may have contributed to the development of the studied BCCs.