bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental outcome of isolated fetal microcephaly
Authors: Stoler‐Poria S. , Lev D. , Schweiger A. , Lerman‐Sagie T. , Malinger G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the neurodevelopmental outcome of children with prenatally diagnosed isolated microcephaly defined as head circumference more than 2 SD below the gestational mean.MethodsChildren aged 2–6 years who had been diagnosed in utero as having head circumference measurements more than 2 SD below the gestational mean were compared with normocephalic children, utilizing a standard neuropsychological battery. Comparisons were also made within the study group.ResultsHCs were between −2 and −4.8 SD, only one fetus having a HC below −3 SD. Children with a prenatal head circumference between 2 SD and 3 SD below the gestational mean did not differ significantly from the control group regarding cognitive, language and motor functioning. However, they exhibited more behavioral‐emotional problems. There were no significant differences between children who had suffered from intrauterine growth restriction and those who had not, or between those with familial and those with non‐familial microcephaly. Nevertheless, linear regression analysis showed that head circumference in utero helps predict cognitive functioning later in life.ConclusionsPrenatally diagnosed head circumference between 2 SD and 3 SD below the gestational mean is not a risk factor for later abnormal neuropsychological development. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of ultrasonographic detection of normal ovarian tissue in the differential diagnosis of adnexal masses in pediatric patients
Authors: Stankovic Z. B. , Bjelica A. , Djukic M. K. , Savic D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate whether the presence of normal ovarian tissue, the ‘ovarian crescent sign’ (OCS), could assist in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant adnexal masses in young patients.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study, from March 2004 to January 2006, which included 98 patients younger than 20 years of age (including two with bilateral tumors) with an ultrasonographic diagnosis of an adnexal mass. Morphological assessment using the Ueland index was performed in each case. Patients were also systematically examined for the presence of the OCS and a comparison was made with the Ueland index. All findings in surgically treated patients were compared with the final histological diagnosis.ResultsThere were 100 adnexal masses: 90 were benign and 10 were malignant. Forty‐eight were managed expectantly and 52, including 17 cases of adnexal torsion, underwent surgical treatment. The OCS was found in 65 (72%) benign adnexal masses and in one (10%) non‐invasive malignant tumor. A Ueland index score of < 7 was found in 85 (94%) benign masses and in one (10%) non‐invasive malignancy. The OCS was seen in 15 (45%) of 33 masses in premenarchal patients and in 51 (76%) of 67 masses in postmenarchal patients. The OCS was absent in 15 (88%) of the torsioned adnexal masses.ConclusionsThe presence of normal ovarian tissue adjacent to an ovarian mass is a useful morphological feature that can assist exclusion of a malignant tumor in pediatric and adolescent patients. When compared with the Ueland index, diagnostic sensitivity of the OCS is similar, but specificity is lower. The presence of the OCS is significantly less frequent in premenarchal patients than in postmenarchal patients. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of net ecosystem production and ecosystem respiration in a Zoysia japonica grassland, central Japan, by the chamber method
Authors: Dhital Deepa , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Yashiro Yuichiro , Shizu Yoko , Koizumi Hiroshi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMeasuring light, temperature, soil moisture, and growth provides a better understanding of net ecosystem production (NEP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and their response functions. Here, we studied the variations in NEP and Reco in a grassland dominated by a perennial warm‐season C4 grass, Zoysia japonica. We used the chamber method to measure NEP and Reco from August to September 2007. Biomass and leaf area index (LAI) were also measured to observe their effects on NEP and Reco. Diurnal variations in NEP and Reco were predicted well by light intensity (PPFD) and by soil temperature, respectively. Maximum NEP (NEPmax) values on days of year 221, 233, 247, and 262, were 2.44, 2.55, 3.90, and 4.17 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively. Throughout the growing period, the apparent quantum yield (α) increased with increasing NEPmax that ranged from 0.0154 to 0.0515, and NEP responded to the soil temperature changes by 44% and Reco changes by 48%, and Reco responded from 88 to 94% with the soil temperature diurnally. NEP's light response and Reco's temperature response were affected by soil water content; more than 27% of the variation in NEP and 67% of the variation in Reco could be explained by this parameter. NEP was strongly correlated with biomass and LAI, but Reco was not, because environmental variables affected Reco more strongly than growth parameters. Using the light response of NEP, the temperature response of Reco, and meteorological data, daily NEP and Reco were estimated at 0.67, 0.81, 1.17, and 1.56 g C m−2, and at 2.88, 2.50, 3.51, and 3.04 g C m−2, respectively, on days of year 221, 233, 247, and 262. The corresponding daily gross primary production (NEP + Reco) was 3.5, 3.3, 4.6, and 4.6 g C m−2.
A conceptual framework for the study of modular responses to local environmental heterogeneity within the plant crown and a review of related concepts
Authors: Kawamura Koji 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPlants respond to local heterogeneity in abiotic and biotic conditions by changing module‐level morphology, growth, and reproductive patterns. This paper presents a conceptual framework for the study of modular responses in plant crowns, clarifies the points that should be considered for scaling up from modular responses to the consequences at the whole‐plant level, characterizes the interspecific differences in modular response patterns, and discusses their ecological significance. The modular response was defined as either autonomous or interactive, depending on whether the response of a module to its local condition is independent from the conditions of other modules. For evaluation of the autonomy of the modular response, the importance of considering positional relationships and organizational levels of modules was then proposed as these internally affect the modular response pattern, and their interspecific differences were characterized using several concepts. The identification of an autonomous modular unit is essential for scaling up module‐level studies to the whole plant. For understanding the ecological significance of the modular response, further interspecific comparisons and assessments of the scale and the predictability of environmental heterogeneity are required. The conceptual framework will be useful for such purposes.
Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee in skeletally immature patients
Authors: Baroni Eduardo , Russo Bibiana Dello , Masquijo Julio Javier , Bassini Oscar , Miscione Horacio 
Published: January 2010

Introduction Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign idiopathic proliferative disorder that results in villous or nodular formation in the joints, tendons sheaths, and bursae. As PVNS is a rare pathology in children, diagnosis is often delayed. In this study, we analyze the therapeutic methods used and results obtained in the treatment of this pathology. Materials and methods All patients with PVNS of the knee seen between January 1988 and June 2006 were evaluated. We assessed the form of presentation, time to diagnosis, previous diagnosis, type of treatment, relapse, and the need for subsequent treatment. Results Nine patients with age range 2–15 years and a mean follow-up of 8.5 years were evaluated. Four patients had the diffuse form and four had the localized or nodular form; all of them were intra-articular. In only three cases were preoperative radiographic findings observed. The mean delay in diagnosis was 18 months. Open resection was performed in five patients and arthroscopic resection in four. Joint function was satisfactory in 78% of the patients at the last follow-up and there were no postoperative recurrences. Conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful diagnostic tool and the way to detect relapse, and allows accurate determination of the tumor extent. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Worse results are directly related to delay in diagnosis.
Demonstrating the safety of manuka honey UMF® 20+in a human clinical trial with healthy individuals
Authors: Wallace Alison , Eady Sarah , Miles Michelle , Martin Harry , McLachlan Andrew , Rodier Maroussia , Willis Jinny , Scott Russell , Sutherland Juliet 
Published: January 2010

Honey is an established traditional medicine with a variety of putative nutritional and health effects, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and prebiotic. The aim of the present study was to investigate the safety of consuming manuka honey, UMF® 20+, on healthy individuals by establishing whether UMF® 20+caused an allergic response (as measured by IgE levels), changed major commensal and beneficial microbial groups in the gut and/or affected levels of one of the most common advanced glycation endpoints, Nɛ-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML). The study had a randomised, double-blind cross-over design. A total of twenty healthy individuals aged 42–64 years were recruited. We tested two different honeys– a multiflora honey and UMF® 20+, both produced by Comvita New Zealand Ltd (Te Puke, New Zealand). Multiflora honey or UMF® 20+(20 g) was consumed daily for 4 weeks, with a 2-week ‘washout’ period in between. Blood samples were collected every week for each intervention period and used to measure total IgE levels in serum and advanced glycation endproducts – a consequence of methyglyoxal accumulation. Faecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of each 4-week period. DNA was extracted from faecal samples and the levels of a number of microbial groups in the gut, both beneficial and commensal, were analysed. Neither product changed the levels of IgE or CML or altered gut microbial profiles during the trial, confirming that UMF® 20+is safe for healthy individuals to consume. Despite anecdotal evidence suggesting that manuka honey is good for digestive health, we observed no beneficial effects on lower gut bacterial levels with either honey in this healthy population.
Non-genericity of infinitesimal variations of Hodge structures arising in some geometric contexts
Authors: Allaud Emmanuel , Fernandez Javier 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe prove that the infinitesimal variations of Hodge structure arising in a number of geometric situations are non-generic. In particular, we consider the case of generic hypersurfaces in complete smooth projective toric varieties, generic hypersurfaces in weighted projective spaces and generic complete intersections in projective space and show that, for sufficiently high degrees, the corresponding infinitesimal variations are non-generic.
On the regularity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on subdomains of ℝn
Authors: Luiro Hannes 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe establish the continuity of the Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator on W1,p(Ω), where Ω ⊂ ℝn is an arbitrary subdomain and 1 < p < ∞. Moreover, boundedness and continuity of the same operator is proved on the Triebel-Lizorkin spaces Fps,q (Ω) for 1 < p,q < ∞ and 0 < s < 1.
Expansions with Poisson kernels and related topics
Authors: Giannotti Cristina , Manselli Paolo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLet P(r, θ) be the two-dimensional Poisson kernel in the unit disc D. It is proved that there exists a special sequence {ak} of points of D which is non-tangentially dense for ∂D and such that any function on ∂D can be expanded in series of P(|ak|, (·)–arg ak) with coefficients depending continuously on f in various classes of functions. The result is used to solve a Cauchy-type problem for Δu = μ, where μ is a measure supported on {ak}.
Symplectic reflection algebras in positive characteristic
Authors: Brown K. A. , Changtong K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBasic properties of symplectic reflection algebras over an algebraically closed field k of positive characteristic are laid out. These algebras are always finite modules over their centres, in contrast to the situation in characteristic 0. For the subclass of rational Cherednik algebras, we determine the PI-degree and the Goldie rank, and show that the Azumaya and smooth loci of the centre coincide.
The group of endotrivial modules for the symmetric and alternating groups
Authors: Carlson Jon F. , Hemmer David J. , Mazza Nadia 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe complete a classification of the groups of endotrivial modules for the modular group algebras of symmetric groups and alternating groups. We show that, for n ≥ p2, the torsion subgroup of the group of endotrivial modules for the symmetric groups is generated by the sign representation. The torsion subgroup is trivial for the alternating groups. The torsion-free part of the group is free abelian of rank 1 if n ≥ p2 + p and has rank 2 if p2 ≤ n < p2 + p. This completes the work begun earlier by Carlson, Mazza and Nakano.
DIFFERENTIATING ‘BUSHMEN’ FROM ‘BANTUS’: IDENTITY-BUILDING IN WEST CAPRIVI, NAMIBIA, 1930–89
Authors: TAYLOR JULIE J. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the historical and political factors that shaped Khwe (San) and Mbukushu ethnic identities and their interrelationship between 1938 and 1989 in west Caprivi, Namibia. While acknowledging the multi-authored nature of identity-building, the article demonstrates that the colonial and apartheid states made significant contributions to the construction of ethnicity in west Caprivi through veterinary interventions in the 1930s and apartheid policies regarding ‘Bushmen’ in the 1950s, and by securing Khwe collaboration during Namibia's liberation struggle in the 1970s and 1980s. These state interventions, together with Khwe and Mbukushu responses to them, also shed light on why land and political authority became so central to struggles between the two groups.
Rapid population growth in an elephant Loxodonta africana population recovering from poaching in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Foley Charles A. H. , Faust Lisa J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe studied the demography of a subpopulation of African elephants Loxodonta africana in Tarangire National Park, Tanzania, from 1993 to 2005. The Tarangire elephants had been affected by heavy poaching prior to 1993. We monitored 668 individually known elephants in 27 family groups. The population increased from 226 to 498 individuals, with mean group size increasing from 8.4 to 18.3. The average annual growth rate was 7.1% (range 2.0–16.9%). This approaches the maximal growth rate for African elephants, with corresponding minimal values for demographic parameters. The mean interbirth interval was 3.3 years, mean age of first reproduction 11.1 years, average annual mortality of elephants younger than 8 years 3%, and average annual mortality of adult females 1%. Probability of conceiving was positively correlated with annual rainfall. No significant density-dependent effects were recorded. Rapid growth was aided by high rainfall, low population density and release from the stresses of poaching. These results demonstrate that elephant populations are capable of rapid population increases for extended periods of time given the right ecological and social conditions. This has consequences for elephant conservation and management.
An assessment of carnivore relative abundance and density in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar using remotely-triggered camera traps
Authors: Gerber Brian , Karpanty Sarah M. , Crawford Charles , Kotschwar Mary , Randrianantenaina Johnny 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDespite major efforts to understand and conserve Madagascar’s unique biodiversity, relatively little is known about the island’s carnivore populations. We therefore deployed 43 camera-trap stations in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar during June–August 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of this method for studying Malagasy carnivores and to estimate the relative abundance and density of carnivores in the eastern rainforest. A total of 755 camera-trap nights provided 1,605 photographs of four endemic carnivore species (fossaCryptoprocta ferox, Malagasy civetFossa fossana, ring-tailed mongooseGalidia elegansand broad-striped mongooseGalidictus fasciata), the exotic Indian civetViverricula indicaand the domestic dogCanis familiaris.We identified 38 individualF. fossanaand 10 individualC. ferox. We estimated density using both capture-recapture analyses, with a buffer of full mean-maximum-distance-moved, and a spatially-explicit maximum-likelihood method (F. fossana: 3.03 and 2.23 km-2, respectively;C. ferox: 0.15 and 0.17 km-2, respectively). Our estimated densities ofC. feroxin rainforest are lower than published estimates for conspecifics in the western dry forests. Within Ranomafana National Park species richness of native carnivores did not vary among trail systems located in secondary, selectively-logged and undisturbed forest. These results provide the first assessment of carnivore population parameters using camera-traps in the eastern rainforests of Madagascar.
Stigler on Malthus: A Note
Authors: Boulier Bryan L. , Wilson Jack W. 
Published: January 2010

In an essay on “The Ricardian Theory of Value and Distribution,” Stigler, commenting on Malthus' example of a geometrically increasing population and arithmetically increasing output, states the following:“… Malthus' ratios implicitly assumed sharply diminishing returns, for his numbers define the production function,L = 2p-1where L is labor (proportional to population) and P is produce. With this production function, indeed, if workers received a wage equal to their marginal product, the aggregate wage bill would be independent of the size of the labor force, and population simply could not grow!”
Can Payments for Watershed Services Help Finance Biodiversity Conservation? A Spatial Analysis of Highland Guatemala
Authors: Pagiola Stefano , Zhang Wei , Colom Ale 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTPayments for environmental services (PES) are a promising mechanism for conservation. PES could either provide additional funding for protected areas, pay land users to conserve biodiversity outside protected areas, or both. PES require a secure long-term source of financing to work effectively. Obtaining payments directly for biodiversity conservation is difficult, however. In most cases, water users are the most likely source, either directly or indirectly. Thus the potential for PES to help conserve biodiversity depends, in a large measure, on the degree to which areas of interest for conservation of water services overlap with areas of interest for conservation of biodiversity. This paper examines the extent of such an overlap in the case of highland Guatemala. The results show that this potential varies substantially within the country, with some biodiversity conservation priority areas having very good potential for receiving payments, and others little or none. Overall, about a quarter of all biodiversity conservation priority areas have potential for receiving payments. Thus PES are far from being a silver bullet for biodiversity conservation, but they can make a meaningful contribution to this objective.
Protecting Developing Countries' Forests: Enforcement in Theory and Practice
Authors: Robinson Elizabeth J. Z. , Kumar Ajay M. , Albers Heidi J. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
This paper relates the key findings of the optimal economic enforcement literature to practical issues of enforcing forest and wildlife management access restrictions in developing countries. Our experiences, particularly from Tanzania and eastern India, provide detail of the key pragmatic issues facing those responsible for protecting natural resources. We identify large gaps in the theoretical literature that limit its ability to inform practical management, including issues of limited funding and cost recovery, multiple tiers of enforcement and the incentives facing enforcement officers, and conflict between protected area managers and rural people's needs.
Household Consumption and Natural Resource Management around National Parks in Zambia
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sushenjit , Tembo Gelson 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT
Game Management Areas in Zambia aim to combine nature conservation with economic empowerment of rural households. This study determines the impact of community-based wildlife management and participation in related community institutions on household welfare. The results indicate that the gains from living in Game Management Areas and from participating in natural resource management are large but unevenly distributed. Only Game Management Areas with limited alternative livelihoods exhibit significant consumption benefits. However, the gains accrue mainly to the relatively well off, while the poor do not gain even if they participate. The results also show that infrastructure development does not necessarily translate into household level consumption gains in the short run. The design of community-based natural resource management programmes needs to respond to the inherent diversity among both the national parks and the community members. There is a need to address impediments to effective participation by the majority of the community members.