bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mouthparts and their function in the female mosquito, Anopheles maculipennis
Authors: Robinson G. G. 
Published: June 2009

1. Vogel's (1920) assertion that the labral canal is closed ventrally by apposition of the edges of the labral groove is fully confirmed. The hypopharynx plays no part in the ventral closure of the food canal except at its base. The somewhat popular term “labrum-epipharynx” is dispensed with in favour of “labrum”.2. The mandibular teeth vary in number round about 40. The mandibular suspension is fully described.3. Evidence from musculature is put forward for the existence of a small maxillary palpifer not present in other Diptera.4. Snodgrass (1935) criticizes Crampton's (1925) homologizing of the labella with labial palps because “the lobes of the fly labium have usually each only one muscle inserted directly upon it”, whereas palpi usually have antagonistic muscles. Vogel for Culex and this paper for Anopheles maculipennis show that the labial lobes of these insects have antagonistic muscles like typical palpi.
Field studies on coccidiosis in the ring-neck pheasants of eastern Washington
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. 
Published: June 2009

1. An average incidence of infection of 38 % was found in thirty-seven ring-neck pheasants over a period of 7 months.2. There was a drop in the incidence from 70 % in October to 30 % in November. The incidence remained at 30 % during February and March and jumped to 67 % in April.3. Three species ofEimeriawere identified:E. phasianiTyzzer and two new species,E. pacificaandE. megalostomata.A fourth type designated as type IV was seen but not described because of an insufficiency of specimens.4. All infections observed were light. Histopathological studies showed little damage to the intestine and there was no significant difference between the weights of infected and non-infected birds.5. Oocysts ofE. pacificasporulated at temperatures from 8 to 30.5° C. The latter is the optimum temperature. Intracellular organization prior to sporulation was indicated in oocysts ofE. pacificakept at 8° C.6. A temperature of 37.5° C. was lethal to oocysts ofE. pacifica.Degenerative changes in the oocysts were first observed 9 days after being placed at that temperature.This work was done in the Zoology laboratory of Washington State College, Pullman, Washington. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr R. F. MacLennan, of that Institution, for suggesting the problem, for his help and co-operation in the prosecution of the work, and to Dr F. S. Henika for assistance in the collection of specimens. I also wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr Victor Burke and the Dairy Department for the use of the apparatus. Acknowledgement is also made to the Washington State Department of Game for permission to collect pheasants.
An Experimental Study of the Sheep-Trypanosome (T. melophagium Flu, 1908), and its Transmission by the Sheep-Ked (Melophagus ovinus L.)
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. 
Published: June 2009

Trypanosoma melophagium Flu, 1908, is a parasite of European domestic sheep (Ovis aries L.), in the blood of which it occurs in very scanty numbers and can be detected by the cultural method. In England it has been found in 80 per cent, of sheep examined.The infection is of fairly short duration and does not produce an immunity in sheep, since the latter can easily be re-infected. In all probability T. melophagium produces no pathological effect in sheep, and is incapable of infecting laboratory animals.Morphologically the sheep-trypanosome is closely allied to the cattle-trypanosome, T. theileri.The intermediate host of T. melophagium is the sheep-ked, Melophagus ovinus L., in the alimentary canal of which it passes through a definite cycle of development ending in the production of infective forms (metacyclic trypanosomes) in the hind-gut of the insect.The mode of transmission is contammative, the sheep acquiring an infection by ingesting the ked. Infection of sheep did not result from the bite of the ked, through abrasions of the skin, or from inoculation of cultures of the trypanosome.T. melophagium is easily cultivated at 30° C. Its evolution in cultures is similar to that in the invertebrate host.
A Description of a Necrotic Virus Disease affecting Tobacco and Other Plants
Authors: Smith Kenneth M. , Bald J. G. 
Published: June 2009

An account is given of an apparently undescribed virus disease. The virus appears spontaneously in the glasshouse affecting tobacco seedlings in the seed boxes. The symptoms on a number of hosts are described. The chief characteristic of the virus is its failure to become systemic in any host plant so far tested. It is, however, occasionally found in the roots of young tobacco plants, usually in the case of those naturally infected. Certain physical properties of the virus have been investigated. Its dilution end-point appears to be about 1:10,000; its longevity in extracted sap is about 20 days, the thermal death-point is 72° C. The virus shows a strong resistance to alcohol, remaining viable in 99 per cent, alcohol for 71 hours so far as tested.It is not known how the virus is transmitted in nature, and no insect vector has as yet been identified.The virus has been transmitted to healthy cowpeas by spraying them with a suspension of the virus by means of an atomiser.By the Elford method of ultra-filtration the particle size is found to be 20–30μμ.The virus is compared with that of the American tobacco ringspot, and methods of differentiating the two are indicated.
Observations upon a “Trichomonas” from Pond Water
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

1. “Trichomonas” keilini n.sp. has three anterior flagella, and a short undulating membrane, whose bordering flagellum does not become free. The flagella arise from an anterior blepharoplast. There is a single nucleus, anteriorly placed, and a mouth, but no basal fibre to the undulating membrane. An axostyle may be present or absent, but when present it is siderophilic. The method of multiplication of “T.” keilini is similar to that of T. hominis and T. batrachorum.2. “T.” keilini was found in water from a pond in Lincolnshire.3. It has been cultivated in serum-saline media, in hay infusion, and in pond or rain water with boiled wheat grains, from 4 to 31° C.4. Cysts have never been found.I should like to record my gratitude to Prof. Keilin, F.R.S., who gave me the sample of water in which I first saw the organism, and who gave me encouragement throughout this study; and to Mr Clifford Dobell, F.R.S., for the gift of the macaque-human strain of Trichomonas and for so kindly reading through and criticising this manuscript.
Some Observations on the Bionomics of Fleas in East Africa
Authors: Hopkins G. H. E. 
Published: June 2009

Observations have been made on the survival of unfed rat-fleas, both newly hatched and wild-caught, under controlled conditions of temperature and relative humidity, and further observations on oviposition, hatching of eggs and emergence of adults under the same conditions.The results show that, of the three sets of conditions employed, a temperature of approximately 20° C. and relative humidity of about 100 per cent. are the most favourable for survival of adults, hatching of eggs and production of a further generation of adults. The two other sets of conditions (temperatures of 15 and 30° C., with relative humidities of 60 and 100 per cent. respectively) are entirely unsuitable for the breeding of the species of fleas used.At 20° C. and relative humidity 100 per cent. the whole pre-adult life of Xenopsylla brasiliensis and X. cheopis is, on the average, approximately 8–9 weeks, the minimum being 6 weeks. The female in both species is shown to have a distinctly shorter larval and pupal life than the male.
Natural population of the head-louse (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura) on infected children in England
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

The louse populations of the heads of 93 infested children, 45 boys and 48 girls under 14 years of age from a northern English industrial city have been examined.The average number of lice per head was 14·8 for all children, 12·7 for boys and 16·8 for girls. The maximum population observed was 142.The majority of infestations (65%) were light with under 10 lice. Girls were more frequently heavily infested than boys.Most of the infestations, though light, must have been established at least for some weeks.
The effect of variations in osmotic pressure upon a free-living soil nematode
Authors: Stephenson William 
Published: June 2009

1. The osmotic pressure of the medium in which the nematodes were cultured has been shown to be equivalent to that of about 30 mM. NaCl.2. The effects of immersion in a saline solution isotonic with the above, in glass-distilled water, and in hypertonic saline solutions, have been described. Particular attention was paid to changes in the length of the body, in the appearance and behaviour of the alimentary canal, and in the movement of the body.3. The results obtained have been discussed, and the following tentative conclusions reached:(a) The main aqueous exchanges occur through the cuticle and protoplasm covering the periphery of the body, and are controlled by the protoplasm rather than by the cuticle. The cuticle thus does not act as aja impermeable outer covering which insulates the animal from its environment.(b) The species normally lives in an environment which is hypotonic to the body fluids, and maintains its internal osmotic pressure by means of an active method of osmotic regulation. The alimentary canal is probably partially, but not wholly, responsible for this regulation.(c) Swelling occurs in distilled water because the removal of water in the initial stages is not rapid enough to cope with the extra inflow. Later the excess water is removed.(d) In concentrated solutions, water is removed from the body, and the internal osmotic pressure may also be increased to some extent by the penetration of osmotically active substances to the body, through the cuticle and hypodermis of the body wall. Penetration through the hypodermis is slower than through the cuticle.(e) During recovery in concentrated solutions, there is a slow removal of osmotically active material from the body. The hypertrophy of the lateral and post-anal organs, which sometimes occurs under these conditions, may be connected with this removal.
The capitulum and feeding mechanism ofIxodes hexagonusLeach
Authors: Arthur D. R. 
Published: June 2009

1. The external structure of the capitulum ofIxodes hexagonusis described in detail, and the differences between it and the closely alliedI. cookeiare noted.2. The capitulum is divisible into two portions, an extra-basis and basis regions. The former is divided into the hypostomal groove, the labrohypostomal groove and the labro-hypostomal gutter. Internally the basis is divided into dorsal and ventral chambers by the subcheliceral plate. The dorsal chamber houses the chelicerae while the pharynx and the salivary ducts occupy the ventral portion.3. The so-called ‘stylet-like process’ is the anterior prolongation from the basal lobe of the labrum, and forms the mid-rib of a lamella which divides the hypostome into a dorsal salivary channel and a ventral food conduit.4. There are rows of teeth on the internal faces of the anterior fifth of the pharynx. Two series of pharyngeal muscles are present: (i) those having a dorsal attachment to the floor of the salivary chamber, and (ii) those having similar attachments to the subcheliceral plates.5. During feeding the first incision is made by the denticulate apices of the digits and into it the hypostome is then forced. Further cutting by the digits enables the hypostome to penetrate to its base. At the same time the palps splay out. The blood is then drawn up the food conduit by the action of the sucking pharynx. The lower surface of the labrum is produced into a tooth-like projection that fits into a groove of the lower wall of the pharynx. Presumably it functions as a valve to prevent regurgitation of blood. The pharyngeal teeth may function as a supplementary valvular apparatus or else serve for the breakdown of erythrocytes.6. The tissue reaction of a stoat's skin to penetration by the capitulum ofI. hexagonusis described.
Studies on the morphology and biology ofEntamoeba moshkovskiiTshalaia, 1941
Authors: Neal R. A. 
Published: June 2009

1.Entamoeba moshkovskiiwas isolated from a sewage plant in North London.2. The morphology and metacystic development is similar to that ofE. histolyticaand otherhistolytica-like amoebae, but with differences in minor details.3. The cysts ofE. moshkovskiiremain viable when kept at 4° C. for periods up to 10 months providing they are not allowed to dry.4. If the amoebae are placed in hypotonic solution, the amoebae attempt to eliminate excess water by means of contracting vacuoles, but they eventually die.5. Experiments have shown thatE. moshkovskiiis an anaerobe.6. The optimum temperature for growth is about 24° C. as encystation does not occur at 37° C.7.E. moshkovskiiis not infective to rats or to larvae of the common frog (Rana temporaria) andSalamandra maculosa.
Anaemia in mice caused by Eperythrozoon coccoides (Schilling, 1928)
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

Experiments were designed to dissociate the effect of Eperyfhrozoon coccoides on the blood of mice from the effect of splenectomy. Both agents caused a decrease in number of red blood cells which was followed by an increased production of reticulocytes. The anaemic condition caused by the eperythrozoa persisted for more than 230 days after splenectomy, and parasites were seen in fluctuating numbers at intervals throughout this period.At the height of infection, red blood cells were more fragile than normal in hypotonic saline and the blood clotted more rapidly than normal. No breakdown products of haemoglobin were detected in the urine or serum, and no haemolysins or haemagglutinins were detected in the serum. The white cell count was usually increased after heavy infections, the chief increase being in the number of myelocytes and other immature cells.
Nematode parasite populations in sheep on lowland farms I. Worm egg counts in ewes
Authors: Crofton H. D. 
Published: June 2009

1. Details are given of worm egg counts carried out on faeces from ewes during 1950–3.2. Two periods of high egg counts were recorded each year; one during spring and the other in late summer.3. The first increase appeared to correspond to the spring rise of other workers. It has been shown to be of short duration in each individual ewe, and the time of its occurrence directly related to the time of lambing.4. Details are given of the seasonal incidence of different species of nematodes.5. The spring rise is discussed and a theory is advanced to account for the phenomenon. It is emphasized that the fall in egg counts after the rise is as important as the increase.6. A suggestion that the summer rise is spurious and caused by a reduction in volume of faeces passed during the first week after weaning is accepted.
The Hirudinea of Plymouth. Part I
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold 
Published: June 2009

The following marine Ichthyobdellid leeches have been taken at Plymouth:I.Calliobdella lophii van Beneden and Hesse, on a large Lophius piscatorius; 1 capture, 4 specimens (vide Leigh-Sharpe, 1913 and 1914).II. Pontobdella muricata (Linn.) on various species of Raia; rare at times; moderate-sized specimens common on skates and rays in the spring and summer of 1932.
Studies on the Anatomy of Cimex lectularius L. II.
Authors: Puri I. M. 
Published: June 2009

The stink organs are different in structure and position in the adult and the larval stages.The stink organs of the adult are composed of (a) a pair of glands, (b) a central reservoir with two backwardly-directed lateral reservoirs, (c) a median kidney-shaped organ in the central reservoir, and (d) a pair of lateral external openings.Each gland is a multicellular compound structure, opening into the central reservoir. It is described for the first time in this paper.The whole of the stink organ of the adult is formed in the last larval stage from a pair of invaginations of the epithelial lining of the body-wall.In the larval stages the stink organs are simple glands, situated dorsally in abdominal segments III to V.The function of the stink organs is defensive and in the adult perhaps also sexual.
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Metabolism of the Fasting Bed-Bug (Cimex lectularius), Hemiptera
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

A method is described by which individual bed-bugs, weighing only 5 mg., can be accurately weighed, and their rate of loss of weight measured during starvation.Fasting bed-bugs were kept for various periods at five temperatures, ranging from 8° C. to 37° C., and at four humidities—0, 30, 60 and 90 per cent. relative humidity—at each temperature. Analysis after the experiments showed that the same amounts of food reserves were used up at each humidity for one temperature, and, as more water was evaporated from those kept in dry air than from those in moist, the proportion of dry matter rose most rapidly in dry air. Protein was the main food reserve used.Although the rate of loss of water was greatest in dry air, the rate of loss was relatively greater in moist air when the saturation deficiencies are compared. It appears that the insects conserve their water in dry air, but their surface area being so great in comparison with their volume, they cannot prevent all evaporation. This evaporation is at a rate nearly proportional to the saturation deficiency of the air.In moist air water appears to be evaporated freely. It is suggested that the spiracles are kept closed more in dry air and less in moist, which accounts for the fact that the rate of evaporation is proportionately greatest in moist air.A comparison is made between the results obtained with Cimex and Rhodnius.
Electron microscopic study of Trypanosoma cruzi in thin sections of infected tissue cultures and of blood-agar forms
Authors: Meyer H. , de Oliveira Musacchio M. , de Andrade Mendonça I. 
Published: June 2009

Thin sections of Trypanosoma cruzi in tissue cultures and from blood agar medium have been examined with the electron microscope.In the leishmania and crithidia forms of the parasite a neat separation of kinetonucleus and blepharoplast has been obtained and these structures are described. The blepharoplast is the row of basal corpuscles which give origin to the axial fibres of the flagellum.Division of the parasite seems to begin in the basal corpuscles; it is followed by binary division of the kinetonucleus and only later by fission of nucleus and cytoplasm.During the development of the leishmania into the crithidia form, the kinetonucleus and basal bodies are dislocated towards the posterior half of the trypanosome. The migration of these two structures and the consequent lengthening of the flagellum causes the surface membrane of the flagellum to be pushed inwards to form a deep invagination, so that the flagellum comes to the surface of the body and is separated from it along its whole length by its own sheath.In the adult form of the parasite a great vacuole is formed near the posterior tip of the trypanosome. It has no definite structure in the electron microscope, is transparent and seems to be filled with a liquid content. The basal corpuscles are situated in this region near the wall of the vacuole. The typical structure of the kinetonucleus could not be identified with certainty in these forms; it seems to be altered by the formation of the vacuole.The vacuole is crossed by a fibre system which comes from the body of the trypanosome and is often dislodged by the size of the vacuole. This fibre system ends in a sharply pointed process of varying length.The cost of reproduction of figures was defrayed by the Instituto de Biofísica da Universidade do Brasil.
The mode of emergence of the sporoplasm in Microsporidia and its relation to the structure of the spore
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Canning Elizabeth U. 
Published: June 2009

1. Studies on two Microsporidia, Nosema helminthorum Moniez and N. locustae Canning, have shown that the polar filament serves to conduct the sporoplasm out of the spore.2. The filament is a solid structure and the sporoplasm is either attached to or is a continuation of it. The filament is first extruded as a tightly coiled mass and, as this uncoils, it drags the sporoplasm out of the spore.3. The sporoplasm, which is either uninucleate or binucleate, takes the form of a girdle of protoplasm, which lies on the inner side of the spore membrane and surrounds the coiled polar filament. There is no polar capsule.
Some field and laboratory observations on the British harvest mite, Trombicula autumnalis Shaw
Authors: Minter D. M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Previous attempts to feed the postlarval stages of the British harvest mite, Trombicula (Neotrombicula) autumnalis Shaw, are outlined briefly.2. Methods by which mites were collected from the field are described and discussed.3. The methods adopted for providing a suitable artificial environment in the laboratory, and the method by which feeding trials were conducted are described. The materials and organisms supplied as possible sources of food are listed, together with the results obtained when these were offered to nymphs or adults in controlled trials.4. The feeding behaviour of adult mites in response to the eggs of an Entomobryid Collembolan, Sinella curviseta Brook, is described.5. The nature of the probable diet in nature is briefly discussed.6. The possible influence of ecological isolation on the evolution of polymorphic larval types is discussed.7. The effect on the mite population of the destruction of rabbits, the principal vertebrate host in the experimental area, by myxomatosis is outlined.
A checklist of trombiculid mites of the Oriental and Australasian regions
Authors: Audy J. R. 
Published: June 2009

A checklist is given of the 320 species and four subspecies of trombiculid mites of the Oriental and Australasian regions described up to the end of 1955, together with a number from papers being published in 1956 and 1957 and consulted by the writer in manuscript or proofs.Eight new genera, six subgenera, and 175 species from the Oriental and Australasian regions have been described since the compilation of the checklist of world trombiculids by Wharton & Fuller (1952).The present list gives only the documentation and records necessary to bring the appropriate part of Wharton & Fuller's publication up to date. Cross-references are given to the monograph by Womersley (1952) and its appendix by Womersley & Audy (1957), as well as to the checklists of Gunther (1952) and Radford (1954).The taxonomic arrangement has been revised in accordance with recent publications. Four new combinations of species ofNeotrombiculaare recorded.A supplementary Faunal List is presented, confined to records which now require to be added to the Faunal List of Wharton & Fuller.
Larval trematodes (Brachylaemidae) from the slugsMilax sowerbii(Férussac),Agriolimax reticulatus(Müller) andArion lusitanicusMabille
Authors: Cragg J. B. , Foster R. , Vincent M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Metacercariae are recorded from the kidney tissues of slugs. Over 3000 slugs belonging to ten species were examined. Infection was confined toMilax sowerbii(Férussac) andAgriolimax reticulatus(Müller) apart from a few infected specimens ofArion ater(Linnaeus) orA. lusitanicusMabille. Only one sporocyst was discovered and this occurred inA. lusitanicus.2. Four distinct stages in metacercarial development are described—the caudal stage (0·7 × 0·3 mm.), the feeding stage (0·9 × 0·5 mm.), the corrugated stage (1·3 × 0·7 mm.) and the mature metacercaria (2·5 × 1·0 mm.). The corrugated stage is so-named because of the distinctive appearance of its cuticle.3. Both the cercaria and metacercaria belong to the genusBrachylaemus(Dujardin, 1843) Blanchard 1847 and they probably belong to the same species. Since the life history is not known, no trivial name has been given to the organism.