bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metastatic Breast Cancer: Therapeutic Options According to Molecular Subtypes and Prior Adjuvant Therapy
Authors: Guarneri Valentina , Conte PierFranco 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In spite of advances in treatment strategies, about 25%–40% of patients with breast cancer still eventually develop metastatic disease that is largely incurable. Treatment goals vary from symptom control to lengthening survival, mainly on the basis of patient age and performance status, tumor biology, site and extent of disease, and prior therapies. In particular, breast cancer molecular characterization allows for the identification of breast cancer subtypes with distinct biological features, a distinct clinical course, and distinct treatment sensitivity.
Endocrine manipulation is the cornerstone of therapy in hormone receptor–positive tumors; anti–human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 agents are essential in the management of HER-2+ tumors; and chemotherapy is the only available option so far for the triple-negative subtype. In each of these subtypes, the more efficacious agents have been progressively incorporated into adjuvant treatment. As a consequence, the choice of the optimal therapeutic strategy for patients with metastatic disease is largely influenced by prior exposure to adjuvant therapies. This review contextualizes the data from clinical trials into different clinical scenarios of metastatic disease, taking into account the molecular subtype and prior adjuvant treatments.
Environmental Characteristics Associated With Pedestrian–Motor Vehicle Collisions in Denver, Colorado
Authors: Sebert Kuhlmann Anne K. , Brett John , Thomas Deborah , R. Sain Stephan 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We examined patterns of pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions and associated environmental characteristics in Denver, Colorado. Methods. We integrated publicly available data on motor vehicle collisions, liquor licenses, land use, and sociodemographic characteristics to analyze spatial patterns and other characteristics of collisions involving pedestrians. We developed both linear and spatially weighted regression models of these collisions. Results. Spatial analysis revealed global clustering of pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions with concentrations in downtown, in a contiguous neighborhood, and along major arterial streets. Walking to work, population density, and liquor license outlet density all contributed significantly to both linear and spatial models of collisions involving pedestrians and were each significantly associated with these collisions. Conclusions. These models, constructed with data from Denver, identified conditions that likely contribute to patterns of pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions. Should these models be verified elsewhere, they will have implications for future research directions, public policy to enhance pedestrian safety, and public health programs aimed at decreasing unintentional injury from pedestrian–motor vehicle collisions and promoting walking as a routine physical activity.
Percent Total Attrition: A Poor Metric for Study Rigor in Hosted Intervention Designs
Authors: Amico K. Rivet 
Published: July 2009

Health behavior interventions delivered at point of service include those that yoke an intervention protocol with existing systems of care (e.g., clinical care, social work, or case management). Though beneficial in a number of ways, such “hosted” intervention studies may be unable to retain participants that specifically discontinue their use of the hosting service. In light of recent practices that use percent total attrition as indicative of methodological flaws, hosted interventions targeting hard-to-reach populations may be excluded from consideration in effective intervention compendiums or research synthesis because of high attrition rates that may in fact be secondary to the natural flow of service use or unrelated to differential attrition or internal design flaws. Better methods to characterize rigor are needed.
Ethical Considerations in HIV/AIDS Biobehavioral Surveys That Use Respondent-Driven Sampling: Illustrations From Lebanon
Authors: DeJong Jocelyn , Mahfoud Ziyad , Khoury Danielle , Barbir Farah , Afifi Rema Adel 
Published: July 2009

Respondent-driven sampling is especially useful for reaching hidden populations and is increasingly used internationally in public health research, particularly on HIV. Respondent-driven sampling involves peer recruitment and has a dual-incentive structure: both recruiters and their peer recruits are paid. Recent literature focusing on the ethical dimensions of this method in the US context has identified integral safeguards that protect against ethical violations. We analyzed a study of 3 groups in Lebanon who are at risk for HIV (injection drug users, men who have sex with men, female sex workers) and the ethical issues that arose. More explicit attention should be given to ethical issues involved in research implementing respondent-driven sampling of at-risk populations in developing countries, where ethical review mechanisms may be weak.
Overweight and Diabetes Prevalence Among US Immigrants
Authors: Oza-Frank Reena , Narayan K. M. Venkat 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We estimated the prevalence of overweight and diabetes among US immigrants by region of birth. Methods. We analyzed data on 34 456 US immigrant adults from the National Health Interview Survey, pooling years 1997 to 2005. We estimated age- and gender-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted overweight and diabetes prevalence by region of birth using logistic regression. Results. Both men (odds ratio [OR] = 3.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9, 5.8) and women (OR = 4.2; 95% CI = 2.3, 7.7) from the Indian subcontinent were more likely than were European migrants to have diabetes without corresponding increased risk of being overweight. Men and women from Mexico, Central America, or the Caribbean were more likely to be overweight (men: OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.3, 1.7; women: OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.7, 2.2) and to have diabetes (men: OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.9; women: OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4, 2.8) than were European migrants. Conclusions. Considerable heterogeneity in both prevalence of overweight and diabetes by region of birth highlights the importance of making this distinction among US immigrants to better identify subgroups with higher risks of these conditions.
Trends and Risk Factors for Mental Health Diagnoses Among Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans Using Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care, 2002–2008
Authors: Seal Karen H. , Metzler Thomas J. , Gima Kristian S. , Bertenthal Daniel , Maguen Shira , Marmar Charles R. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We sought to investigate longitudinal trends and risk factors for mental health diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Methods. We determined the prevalence and predictors of mental health diagnoses among 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans entering Veterans Affairs (VA) health care from 2002 to 2008 using national VA data. Results. Of 289 328 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, 106 726 (36.9%) received mental health diagnoses; 62 929 (21.8%) were diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and 50 432 (17.4%) with depression. Adjusted 2-year prevalence rates of PTSD increased 4 to 7 times after the invasion of Iraq. Active duty veterans younger than 25 years had higher rates of PTSD and alcohol and drug use disorder diagnoses compared with active duty veterans older than 40 years (adjusted relative risk = 2.0 and 4.9, respectively). Women were at higher risk for depression than were men, but men had over twice the risk for drug use disorders. Greater combat exposure was associated with higher risk for PTSD. Conclusions. Mental health diagnoses increased substantially after the start of the Iraq War among specific subgroups of returned veterans entering VA health care. Early targeted interventions may prevent chronic mental illness.
Novice Drivers' Risky Driving Behavior, Risk Perception, and Crash Risk: Findings From the DRIVE Study
Authors: Ivers Rebecca , Senserrick Teresa , Boufous Soufiane , Stevenson Mark , Chen Huei-Yang , Woodward Mark , Norton Robyn 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We explored the risky driving behaviors and risk perceptions of a cohort of young novice drivers and sought to determine their associations with crash risk. Methods. Provisional drivers aged 17 to 24 (n = 20 822) completed a detailed questionnaire that included measures of risk perception and behaviors; 2 years following recruitment, survey data were linked to licensing and police-reported crash data. Poisson regression models that adjusted for multiple confounders were created to explore crash risk. Results. High scores on questionnaire items for risky driving were associated with a 50% increased crash risk (adjusted relative risk = 1.51; 95% confidence interval = 1.25, 1.81). High scores for risk perception (poorer perceptions of safety) were also associated with increased crash risk in univariate and multivariate models; however, significance was not sustained after adjustment for risky driving. Conclusions. The overrepresentation of youths in crashes involving casualties is a significant public health issue. Risky driving behavior is strongly linked to crash risk among young drivers and overrides the importance of risk perceptions. Systemwide intervention, including licensing reform, is warranted.
Smoking as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of 24 Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Huncharek Michael , Haddock K. Sue , Reid Rodney , Kupelnick Bruce 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We evaluated the relationship between smoking and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Methods. We pooled data from 24 cohort studies enrolling 21 579 prostate cancer case participants for a general variance-based meta-analysis. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated separately for mortality and incidence studies. We tested the robustness of effect measures and evaluated statistical heterogeneity with sensitivity analyses. Results. In the pooled data, current smokers had no increased risk of incident prostate cancer (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.87, 1.24), but in data stratified by amount smoked they had statistically significant elevated risk (cigarettes per day or years: RR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.46; pack years of smoking: RR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.22). Former smokers had an increased risk (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.16). Current smokers had an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.19). The heaviest smokers had a 24% to 30% greater risk of death from prostate cancer than did nonsmokers. Conclusions. Observational cohort studies show an association of smoking with prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Ill-defined exposure categories in many cohort studies suggest that pooled data underestimate risk.
Incentives to Encourage Participation in the National Public Health Accreditation Model: A Systematic Investigation
Authors: Davis Mary V. , Cannon Margaret M. , Corso Liza , Lenaway Dennis , Baker Edward L. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We sought to identify the incentives most likely to encourage voluntary participation in the national public health accreditation model. Methods. We reviewed existing incentives, held meetings with key informants, and conducted a survey of state and local public health agency representatives. The survey was sent to all state health departments and a sample of local health departments. Group-specific differences in survey responses were examined. Results. Survey response rates were 51% among state health department representatives and 49% among local health department representatives. Both state health department and local health department respondents rated financial incentives for accredited agencies, financial incentives for agencies considering accreditation, and infrastructure and quality improvement as important incentives. State health department respondents also indicated that grant administration and grant application would encourage their participation in the national accreditation model, and local health department respondents also noted that technical assistance and training would encourage their participation. Conclusions. Incentives to encourage participation of state and local agencies in the national voluntary accreditation model should include financial support as well as support for agency infrastructure and quality improvements. Several initiatives are already under way to support agency infrastructure and quality improvement, but financial support incentives have yet to be developed.
A Preliminary Analysis of the Receipt of Mental Health Services Consistent With National Standards Among Children in the Child Welfare System
Authors: Raghavan Ramesh , Inoue Megumi , Ettner Susan L. , Hamilton Barton H. , Landsverk John 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We sought to examine the extent to which children in the child welfare system receive mental health care consistent with national standards. Methods. We used data from 4 waves (3 years of follow-up) of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, the nation's first longitudinal study of children in the child welfare system, and the Area Resource File to examine rates of screening, assessment, and referral to mental health services among 3802 youths presenting to child welfare agencies. Weighted population-averaged logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with standards-consistent care. Results. Only half of all children in the sample received care consistent with any 1 national standard, and less than one tenth received care consistent with all of them. Older children, those exhibiting externalizing behaviors, and those placed in foster care had, on average, higher odds of receiving care consistent with national standards. Conclusions. Adverse consequences of childhood disadvantage cannot be reduced unless greater collaboration occurs between child welfare and mental health agencies. Current changes to Medicaid regulations that weaken entitlements to screening and assessment may also worsen mental health disparities among these vulnerable children.
The Long-Term Health Consequences of Relationship Violence in Adulthood: An Examination of Low-Income Women From Boston, Chicago, and San Antonio
Authors: Hill Terrence D. , Schroeder Ryan D. , Bradley Christopher , Kaplan Lauren M. , Angel Ronald J. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We examined the long-term health consequences of relationship violence in adulthood. Methods. Using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families project (1999 and 2001), a probability sample of 2402 low-income women with children living in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; and San Antonio, Texas, we predicted changes in the frequency of intoxication, psychological distress, and self-rated health over 2 years with baseline measures of relationship violence and a host of relevant background variables. Results. Our analyses showed that psychological aggression predicted increases in psychological distress, whereas minor physical assault and sexual coercion predicted increases in the frequency of intoxication. There was no evidence to suggest that relationship violence in adulthood predicted changes in self-rated health. Conclusions. Experiences with relationship violence beyond the formative and developmental years of childhood and adolescence can have far-reaching effects on the health status of disadvantaged urban women.
The Politics of Smoking in Federal Buildings: An Executive Order Case Study
Authors: Cook Daniel M. , Bero Lisa A. 
Published: July 2009

Executive orders are important presidential tools for health policymaking that are subject to less public scrutiny than are legislation and regulatory rulemaking. President Bill Clinton banned smoking in federal government buildings by executive order in 1997, after the administration of George H. W. Bush had twice considered and abandoned a similar policy.The 1991 and 1993 Bush proposals drew objections from agency heads and labor unions, many coordinated by the tobacco industry. We analyzed internal tobacco industry documents and found that the industry engaged in extensive executive branch lobbying and other political activity surrounding the Clinton smoking ban.Whereas some level of stakeholder politics might have been expected, this policy also featured jockeying among various agencies and the participation of organized labor.
An Account of Collective Actions in Public Health
Authors: Siegal Gil , Siegal Neomi , Bonnie Richard J. 
Published: July 2009

Aggregated health decisions by individuals are of paramount importance to public health professionals and policymakers, especially in situations where collective participation is a prerequisite for achieving an important public health goal such as herd immunity. In such circumstances, concerted action often falls short of the common good through lack of sufficient participation. Collective action problems are traditionally attributed to rational egoists seeking to promote their interests and enjoy a “free ride.” We call attention, however, to the behavioral features of collective action and their implications for solving public health policy problems.
Long-Term Effects of Repealing the National Maximum Speed Limit in the United States
Authors: Friedman Lee S. , Hedeker Donald , Richter Elihu D. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We examined the long-term effects of the 1995 repeal of federal speed limit controls on road fatalities and injuries in fatal crashes. Methods. We used a Poisson mixed-regression model to assess changes in the number of fatalities and injuries in fatal crashes between 1995 and 2005 on rural interstates, where all US states have raised speed limits since the repeal, as well as on urban interstates and noninterstate roads, where many states have raised speed limits. Results. We found a 3.2% increase in road fatalities attributable to the raised speed limits on all road types in the United States. The highest increases were on rural interstates (9.1%) and urban interstates (4.0%). We estimated that 12 545 deaths (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8739, 16 352) and 36 583 injuries in fatal crashes (95% CI = 29 322, 43 844) were attributable to increases in speed limits across the United States. Conclusions. Reduced speed limits and improved enforcement with speed camera networks could immediately reduce speeds and save lives, in addition to reducing gas consumption, cutting emissions of air pollutants, saving valuable years of productivity, and reducing the cost of motor vehicle crashes.
Disentangling the Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Differences Between African American and White Women in Unmet Medical Needs
Authors: Wiltshire Jacqueline C. , Person Sharina D. , Kiefe Catarina I. , Allison Jeroan J. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We sought to disentangle the relationships between race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and unmet medical care needs.Methods. Data from the 2003–2004 Community Tracking Study Household Survey were used to examine associations between unmet medical needs and SES among African American and White women.Results. No significant racial/ethnic differences in unmet medical needs (24.8% of Whites, 25.9% of African Americans; P = .59) were detected in bivariate analyses. However, among women with 12 years of education or less, African Americans were less likely than were Whites to report unmet needs (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 0.79). Relative to African American women with 12 years of education or less, the odds of unmet needs were 1.69 (95% CI = 1.24, 2.31) and 2.18 (95% CI = 1.25, 3.82) among African American women with 13 to 15 years of education and 16 years of education or more, respectively. In contrast, the relationship between educational level and unmet needs was nonsignificant among White women.Conclusions. Among African American women, the failure to recognize unmet medical needs is related to educational attainment and may be an important driver of health disparities, representing a fruitful area for future interventions.
Understanding Evidence-Based Public Health Policy
Authors: Brownson Ross C. , Chriqui Jamie F. , Stamatakis Katherine A. 
Published: July 2009

Public health policy has a profound impact on health status. Missing from the literature is a clear articulation of the definition of evidence-based policy and approaches to move the field forward. Policy-relevant evidence includes both quantitative (e.g., epidemiological) and qualitative information (e.g., narrative accounts). We describe 3 key domains of evidence-based policy: (1) process, to understand approaches to enhance the likelihood of policy adoption; (2) content, to identify specific policy elements that are likely to be effective; and (3) outcomes, to document the potential impact of policy. Actions to further evidence-based policy include preparing and communicating data more effectively, using existing analytic tools more effectively, conducting policy surveillance, and tracking outcomes with different types of evidence.
Permeability, Relative Permeability, Microscopic Displacement Efficiency and Pore Geometry of M_1 Bimodal Pore Systems in Arab D Limestone
Authors: Clerke Edward A. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryPore geometrical parameters for the M_1 petrophysical rock type of the Arab D limestone in Ghawar field have been related to static and dynamic reservoir properties and geological facies (Clerke et al. 2008). The M_1 bimodal pore system is the most common and important member of a new set of ultimate recovery petrophysical rock types (URPRT), which uses a new pore system classification for the Arab D limestone. The dynamic reservoir property results for the bimodal M_1 are reviewed here. The roles played by the pore system parameters describing the macropores (M) and micropores (Type 1) within the M_1 in permeability, imbibition oil relative permeability, and microscopic displacement efficiency are examined in detail. All pore systems are analyzed by the Thomeer method using an extensive mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) data set in conjunction with dynamic experiments performed on samples prepared using the same wettability restoration. Effects commonly ascribed to wettability changes are observed by changes in the distribution of porosity between the M and Type 1 subsystems.An extensive study of the pore systems of the Ghawar Arab D limestone gathered a large and comprehensive MICP data set (484 samples) (Clerke et al. 2008; Cantrell and Hagerty 1999, 2003; Clerke 2003, 2004; Ahr et al. 2005). All MICP data were type-curve matched by Thomeer functions (Clerke et al. 2008; Thomeer 1960). The study of this carefully prepared MICP data is the foundation for a new pore system classification. The new classification is built upon intrinsic, fundamental, and separate maximum pore-throat diameter modal elements named "porositons" (Clerke 2008; Ahr et al. 2005). Porositons are stable and recurring modes in the statistics of the Thomeer maximum pore-throat diameter of these carbonate pore systems. Porositon combinations are used to construct meaningful petrophysical rock types. Petrophysical rock types (PRTs) are defined by Clerke et al. (2008) as objects or combinations of objects that are present in the 3D space of the Thomeer pore-system parameters. Porositons are a new PRT object type; other PRT objects are clusters, trends, and surfaces. By constructing PRTs from porositons, strong relationships are found connecting the geological facies, PRTs, and reservoir-flow properties of these complex multimodal carbonate rocks (Clerke et al. 2008). These relationships demonstrate that these PRTs are important for defining ultimate recovery.