bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Approach towards a new classification for ectodermal dysplasias: Integration of the clinical and molecular knowledge
Authors: DiGiovanna John J. , Priolo Manuela , Itin Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRapid advances in new basic knowledge have led to a greater understanding of the genetic, embryologic, molecular biologic, and functional mechanisms underlying the ectodermal dysplasias. Scientists, researchers, and clinicians from diverse fields desire a classification that meets the needs of these rapidly changing concepts which, in addition to being clinically useful, can help further advances in understanding the basic underlying mechanisms, and can also spur the development of new therapies. The currently used classification was designed for clinical utility and has not easily integrated with the new concepts. Various users have suggested that a new classification should be based on underlying genetic and molecular abnormality, functional mechanism, embryology, or clinical features. The goal of this conference was to advance towards a consensus and this manuscript is a summary of a workshop focused on an approach towards the development of a classification that integrates the clinical and molecular knowledge. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel missense mutation in SCYL1BP1 produces geroderma osteodysplastica phenotype indistinguishable from that caused by nullimorphic mutations
Authors: Al‐Dosari Mohammed , Alkuraya Fowzan S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEffect of aging on decreased skin elasticity and bone mass is well known. Geroderma osteodysplastica (GO) is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder that recapitulates these two phenotypes at a much younger age. Using homozygosity mapping and linkage analysis in four Saudi families we have identified two mutations in SCYL1BP1, consistent with the very recent report by Hennies et al. [Hennies et al. (2008); Nat Genet 40: 1410–1412]. Interestingly, the missense mutation identified in our study is associated with an identical phenotype to that seen with the other null mutations including the other mutation in this study. Our study, therefore, supplements the limited available data on SCYL1BP1 and further establishes deficiency of this recently described golgin as the only known cause of GO. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Catalytic CC, CN, and CO Ullmann‐Type Coupling Reactions
Authors: Monnier Florian , Taillefer Marc 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCopper‐catalyzed Ullmann condensations are key reactions for the formation of carbon–heteroatom and carbon–carbon bonds in organic synthesis. These reactions can lead to structural moieties that are prevalent in building blocks of active molecules in the life sciences and in many material precursors. An increasing number of publications have appeared concerning Ullmann‐type intermolecular reactions for the coupling of aryl and vinyl halides with N, O, and C nucleophiles, and this Minireview highlights recent and major developments in this topic since 2004.
Synthesis and characterization of novel photoactive polyamide derived from substituted fluorene by copper (I) catalyst
Authors: Ghaemy Mousa , Barghamadi Mohammad 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA novel polyamide has been successfully prepared through the reaction of 2,7‐dibromo‐9,9‐dioctylfluorene with 2,5‐dipiperazinedione in the presence of CuI, N,N′‐dimethylethylene diamine (DMEDA) and K2CO3 as base mixture and as catalyst. The structures of the monomer and the resulting model compound, as well as the structure, solution viscosity, solubility, molecular weights, thermal behavior, thermal stability, and light absorption and emission spectra of the resulting polyamide were characterized by means of FTIR, elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, DSC, TGA, GPC and UV–visible absorption, and fluorescence emission spectrophotometers. The polyamide possesses excellent solubility in organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran (THF), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), ethylacetate, acetone, ethanol, pyridine, chloroform, and toluene at room temperature. The polyamide had inherent viscosity of 0.65 dL/g, and molecular weights of Mn= 4.25 × 104 and Mw= 5.99 × 104 g/mol. The polyamide had glass transition temperature (Tg) of 138°C, and 10% weight loss at 350°C in nitrogen. The polyamide showed strong UV absorption and blue emission in solution and in solid state. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Generation of polymer ultrafine fibers through solution (air‐) blowing
Authors: Zhang Lifeng , Kopperstad Perry , West Michael , Hedin Nyle , Fong Hao 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSolution (air‐) blowing, an innovative technique for generation of ultrafine polymer fibers from solutions, was developed by feeding polymer solutions (instead of melts) to a die assembly similar to that used in the conventional melt (air‐) blowing process. Micro‐ to nano‐scaled polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) fibers were produced using PVP solutions with water, ethanol, and/or their mixtures as the solvents; and the morphologies of the fibers were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The processing variables, including PVP concentration, air‐blowing pressure, solution‐feeding pressure, and the volatility of the solvent system (the ratio of ethanol to water), were systematically investigated. The results indicated that solution (air‐) blowing was a viable technique to produce nonwoven fabrics consisting of ultrafine polymer fibers with diameters ranging from micrometers to nanometers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Hydrolysis reaction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) using ionic liquids as solvent and catalyst
Authors: Liu Fusheng , Cui Xiao , Yu Shitao , Li Zhuo , Ge Xiaoping 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was studied using ionic liquid 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim][Cl]) as solvent and acid‐functionalized ionic liquid 1‐methyl‐3‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([HSOpmim][HSO4]) as catalyst. The effects of temperature, time, and dosages of solvent and catalyst on hydrolysis results were examined. Under the optimum conditions of m(PET) : m(H2O) : m([Bmim][Cl]) : m([HSOpmim][HSO4]) = 3 : 4 : 6 : 0.6, reaction temperature 170°C and time 4.5 h, the conversion of PET and the yield of terephthalic acid (TPA) were almost 100% and ≥88%, respectively. After easily separated from the product, the ionic liquids could be reused eight times without obvious decrease in the conversion of PET and yield of TPA. Hence, an environmental friendly strategy for chemical recycling of PET was developed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Biodegradation of blends of polyethylene‐octene elastomer with starches by fungi
Authors: Shang Xiao‐Ya , Fu Xiong , Chen Xu‐Dong , Yang Lian‐Sheng 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFive fungi including Aspergillus niger, Penicilium pinophilum, Chaetoomium globsum, Gliocladium virens and Aureobasium pullulans were used to investigate the biodegradation of starch‐based elastomers: polyethylene‐octene elastomer (POE)/starch and grafted POE‐g‐MAH/starch copolymer blends. The viability of the composite spore suspensions were measured before estimating the fungal growth on the surface of specimens. The weight loss, morphology and mechanical properties of the blended specimens were measured using scanning electron microscopy and a mechanical properties tester after 28 days of culturing. The spore suspension in the experiment showed good viability. Pure POE and POE‐g‐MAH did not allow significant fungal growth. Pure POE did not lose weight or have a change in tensile strength, but pure POE‐g‐MAH lost about 0.07% of its weight with a slight reduction in tensile strength during culture period. There was heavy growth on the surface of POE/starch and POE‐g‐MAH/starch blends after 28 days of culturing. The weight loss of POE/starch and POE‐g‐MAH/starch blends increased with increasing starch content. POE‐g‐MAH/starch blends tended to lose more weight than POE/starch blends. After biodegradation, the surface of POE/starch and POE‐g‐MAH/starch blends became rough with many holes and cracks, indicating that the films were eroded by the fungi. Tensile strength of POE/starch and POE‐g‐MAH/starch blends decreased after culturing because of microbial attack. On the contrary, elongation at break of POE‐g‐MAH/starch blends increased after biodegradation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114:3574–3584, 2009
Role of PLLA plasma surface modification in the interaction with human marrow stromal cells
Authors: Armentano Ilaria , Ciapetti Gabriela , Pennacchi Manuela , Dottori Mariaserena , Devescovi Valentina , Granchi Donatella , Baldini Nicola , Olalde Beatriz , Jurado Maria Jesus , Alava Jose Inaki Marquinez , Kenny José M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effects of oxygen‐based radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (rf PECVD) on the surface of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) polymers and the influence thereof on protein adsorption and on bone–cell behavior have been studied. Thin films and porous scaffolds based on PLLA polymer were developed, and the role of surface modifications were investigated extensively. PECVD surface treatments were used to alter surface functionality and modulate protein adsorption on the PLLA polymer matrix. In particular, Bovine Serum Albumine fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc‐BSA) conjugate adsorption on patterned surfaces of treated PLLA was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Human marrow stromal cells (MSCs) were cultured on scaffolds and cell adhesion and morphology were assessed using fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that the PLLA surface became hydrophilic and its roughness increased with the treatment time and it had a dominant influence on the adsorption process of the protein. The outcome of the plasma treatment of various PLLA surfaces has been shown to be the up‐regulator of the cell‐adhesive proteins expression and consequently the improvement of cell adhesion and growth. Oxygen‐treated PLLA promoted higher adhesion and proliferation of the MSCs in comparison to the untreated samples. It can be concluded that following plasma treatment, PLLA samples show enhanced affinity for osteoprogenitor cells. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Tracking control for switched linear systems with time‐delay: a state‐dependent switching method
Authors: Li Qing‐Kui , Zhao Jun , Dimirovski Georgi M. , Liu Xiang‐Jie 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTracking control for switched linear systems with time‐delay is investigated in this paper. Based on the state‐dependent switching method, sufficient conditions for the solvability of the tracking control problem are given. We use single Lyapunov function technique and a typical hysteresis switching law to design a tracking control law such that theH∞model reference tracking performance is satisfied. The controller design problem can be solved efficiently by using linear matrices inequalities. Since convex combination techniques are used to derive the delay independent criteria, some subsystems are allowed to be unstable. It is highly desirable that a non‐switched time‐delay system can not earn such property. Simulation example shows the feasibility and validity of the switching control law. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Spatial contagion between financial markets: a copula‐based approach
Authors: Durante Fabrizio , Jaworski Piotr 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA method is proposed for defining and investigating spatial contagion between two financial markets X and Y by using the information contained in their copula. A practical illustration of the introduced method is also given by examining the presence of contagion among two European stock indices (namely, FTSE 100 and DAX). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiopathic environmental intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (formerly ‘electromagnetic hypersensitivity’): An updated systematic review of provocation studies
Authors: Rubin G. James , Nieto‐Hernandez Rosa , Wessely Simon 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIdiopathic Environmental Intolerance attributed to electromagnetic fields (IEI‐EMF; formerly ‘electromagetic hypersensitivity’) is a medically unexplained illness in which subjective symptoms are reported following exposure to electrical devices. In an earlier systematic review, we reported data from 31 blind provocation studies which had exposed IEI‐EMF volunteers to active or sham electromagnetic fields and assessed whether volunteers could detect these fields or whether they reported worse symptoms when exposed to them. In this article, we report an update to that review. An extensive literature search identified 15 new experiments. Including studies reported in our earlier review, 46 blind or double‐blind provocation studies in all, involving 1175 IEI‐EMF volunteers, have tested whether exposure to electromagnetic fields is responsible for triggering symptoms in IEI‐EMF. No robust evidence could be found to support this theory. However, the studies included in the review did support the role of the nocebo effect in triggering acute symptoms in IEI‐EMF sufferers. Despite the conviction of IEI‐EMF sufferers that their symptoms are triggered by exposure to electromagnetic fields, repeated experiments have been unable to replicate this phenomenon under controlled conditions. A narrow focus by clinicians or policy makers on bioelectromagnetic mechanisms is therefore, unlikely to help IEI‐EMF patients in the long‐term. Bioelectromagnetics 31:1–11, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acceleration of germination and early growth of wheat and bean seedlings grown under various magnetic field and osmotic conditions
Authors: Cakmak Turgay , Dumlupinar Rahmi , Erdal Serkan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMagnetic field (MF) can have different effects on plant metabolism depending on its application style, intensity, and environmental conditions. This study reports the effects of different intensities of static MF (4 or 7 mT) on seed germination and seedling growth of bean or wheat seeds in different media having 0, 2, 6, and 10 atmosphere (atm) osmotic pressure prepared with sucrose or salt. The germination percentages of the treated seeds were compared with untreated seeds germinated in different osmotic pressure during 7 days of incubation. The application of both MFs promoted the germination ratios of bean and wheat seeds, regardless of increasing osmotic pressure of sucrose or salt. Growth data measured on the 7th day showed that the treated plants grew faster than control. After 7 days of incubation, the mean length of treated seedlings was statistically higher than control plants in all the media. The greatest germination and growth rates in both plants were from the test groups exposed to 7 mT MF. Strikingly, effects of static MF on germination and growth increased positively with increasing osmotic pressure or salt stress compared to their respective controls. On the other hand, MF application caused an increase in dry biomass accumulation of root and shoots of both seedlings; however, this effect was found statistically important in all the conditions for wheat but not for bean, in general. Bioelectromagnetics 31:120–129, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Novel Multistep Mechanism for the Stereocontrolled Ring Opening of Hindered Sulfamidates: Mild, Green, and Efficient Reactivity with Alcohols
Authors: Jiménez‐Osés Gonzalo , Avenoza Alberto , Busto Jesús H. , Rodríguez Fernando , Peregrina Jesús M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCyclic hindered sulfamidates exhibited an outstanding performance in their ring‐opening reactions with alcohols and in the absence of any external activator. The mechanism of this unprecedented transformation was thoroughly studied both experimentally and theoretically. As a result, a nontrivial stepwise pathway involving solvent‐induced conversion of the sulfamidates to activated aziridinium and then to oxazolinium cations, which are finally opened at their 5‐position with inversion of configuration, is proposed. The presence of the SO3 moiety in the sulfamidate was revealed as a “built‐in activator”. In fact, the spontaneous SO3 cleavage takes place under the reaction conditions and avoids the subsequent step of hydrolysis after the ring opening of the sulfamidates. This is another important improvement of this methodology with respect to the standard basic conditions, allowing a greater compatibility with other functional groups. Furthermore, the carbamate group plays a key role in this mechanism. Briefly, a highly chemoselective and stereoespecific formal solvolysis of hindered sulfamidates with alcohols without further activation is described. This reaction takes place exclusively at the quaternary center with inversion of configuration, providing a new straightforward synthetic route to O‐substituted α‐methylisoserines.
Stereocontrolled and Versatile Total Synthesis of Bispyrrolidinoindoline Diketopiperazine Alkaloids: Structural Revision of the Fungal Isolate (+)‐Asperdimin
Authors: Pérez‐Balado Carlos , Rodríguez‐Graña Paula , de Lera Ángel R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHomo‐ and heterodimeric bispyrrolidinoindoline diketopiperazine alkaloids have been synthesized following a concise, versatile, and stereoselective route. Highlights of the sequence are a diastereoselective construction of the C3a‐bromo‐hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole nucleus, its CoI‐induced C3aC3a′ dimerization, and the twofold or sequential amide‐bond formation before cyclization to the diketopiperazine of the homo‐ or heterodimeric alkaloids, respectively. Stereochemical diversity is achieved through the choice of the appropriate amino acids combined with the base‐induced epimerization of the C2‐acyl‐hexahydropyrrolo[2,3‐b]indole at C2. According to this strategy, the natural products (+)‐WIN 64821 1, (+)‐WIN 64745 2 and (+)‐asperdimin 6 as well as analogues (5, 22, 32, 44) with different relative and absolute configuration have been efficiently synthesized. The flexibility of this synthetic methodology has facilitated the structural revision of the natural product (+)‐asperdimin, whose structure has been corrected to diastereomer 6.
Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Reactions of Aromatic Compounds and Heterocycles by NaBD4‐Activated Rhodium, Platinum and Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Derdau Volker , Atzrodt Jens , Zimmermann Jochen , Kroll Carsten , Brückner Francois 
Published: August 2009

AbstractConventional thermal and microwave conditions were compared for hydrogen–deuterium (H/D) exchange reactions of aminobenzoic acids catalysed by NaBD4‐activated Pd/C or RhCl3 with D2O as the deuterium source. We also investigated different NaBD4‐activated metal catalysts (including Pd/C, RhCl3 and Pt/C) under microwave conditions for an efficient H/D exchange of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds. Even higher deuterium incorporations were obtained for Pd/C and Pt/C catalyst mixtures due to the previously observed synergistic effect. Finally, we have applied these optimised conditions for one‐step syntheses of the MS standards of several pharmaceutically active compounds.
Synthesis, Structure, Photoluminescence and Photoreactivity of 2,3‐Diphenyl‐4‐neopentyl‐1‐silacyclobut‐2‐enes
Authors: Yan Duanchao , Thomson Mark D. , Backer Michael , Bolte Michael , Hahn Robert , Berger Robert , Fann Wunshain , Roskos Hartmut G. , Auner Norbert 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA series of six 2,3‐diphenyl‐4‐neopentyl‐1‐silacyclobut‐2‐enes with different 1,1‐substituents has been prepared and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. These compounds possess a cis‐stilbene‐like chromophore involving also the four‐membered ring, and exhibit a photophysical behavior similar to that of previously reported 1,2‐diphenyl‐cycloalkenes. This chromophore system is confirmed by a theoretical investigation of the electronic structure and excitation spectra. The absorption and photoluminescence of selected derivatives were studied in solution, as solid powder samples, and in doped‐polymer thin films. In well‐dissolved solution, the silacyclobutenes show only very weak fluorescence emission (quantum yield ∼0.1 %), due to competition with photochemical and non‐radiative photophysical relaxation. When the solubility is degraded in a poor (aqueous) solvent, the formation of nanoscale aggregates leads to a significant enhancement factor in the emission intensity, due to the suppression of the photoreactivity in the more rigid molecular environment, although the quantum yield still remains below a few percent. In the solid‐state, however, photoreactivity is completely suppressed leading to fluorescence quantum efficiencies of 8–23 % depending on the 1,1‐substituents, which demonstrates these compounds’ potential as chromophores for condensed‐phase luminescence applications. Two dominant competing photochemical reactions have been identified in solution (for excitation in the lowest‐energy absorption band, >260 nm), which are analogous to related (sila‐)cyclobutenes and stilbenoids. The first involves ring‐opening due to cleavage of the 1,4‐SiC bond to form metastable silabutadienes, which was confirmed by isolating the stereospecifically formed allylsilane which results from a secondary reaction with trapping agents such as methanol or water. The second photochemical reaction involves ring closure of the 2,3‐diphenyl substructure to form a dihydrophenanthrene analogue, which was confirmed by isolating the phenanthrene derivative that results following subsequent hydrogen abstraction in the presence of oxygen. Measurements of the silacyclobutenes in doped‐polymer thin films reveal a spectroscopic behavior ranging from that in solution to the nano‐aggregate case as the silacyclobutene dopant concentration is increased.
Visualizing massively multithreaded applications with ThreadScope
Authors: Wheeler Kyle B. , Thain Douglas 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAs highly parallel multicore machines become commonplace, programs must exhibit more concurrency to exploit the available hardware. Many multithreaded programming models already encourage programmers to create hundreds or thousands of short‐lived threads that interact in complex ways. Programmers need to be able to analyze, tune, and troubleshoot these large‐scale multithreaded programs. To address this problem, we present ThreadScope: a tool for tracing, visualizing, and analyzing massively multithreaded programs. ThreadScope extracts the machine‐independent program structure from execution trace data from a variety of tracing tools and displays it as a graph of dependent execution blocks and memory objects, enabling identification of synchronization and structural problems, even if they did not occur in the traced run. It also uses graph‐based analysis to identify potential problems. We demonstrate the use of ThreadScope to view program structure, memory access patterns, and synchronization problems in three programming environments and seven applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.