bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical analysis of content of support in regional intractable disease consultation
Authors: YAJIMA Masae , KANDA Kiyoko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this research is to study the content of support provided by nurses who were employed in a regional intractable disease consultation project.Methods:  The content of support was classified using records of 943 consultations with intractable disease patients and their families conducted over a 5 year period in a regional intractable disease consultation project in one prefecture of Japan as the subject of analysis. The number of recording units in respective categories was compared.Results:  A total of 1276 recording units were extracted from the data and organized into two major categories, eight minor categories, and 24 subcategories. The major category [Support for problem solving by patients' and their families' own efforts] comprised four minor categories, which have the aims of respect of the independence of the patient and patient's family and support for the solution of problems. The major category [Coordination with support division] comprised four minor categories, as support for problems which are difficult for the patient and their family to solve.Conclusion:  The distinctive features of regional intractable disease consultations conducted by nurses are support from the combined viewpoints of medical care and everyday life, specialized support based on the features of the patient's disease, and coordination with close support persons. In education for nurses who are to be employed in this field, it is necessary to develop competence in responding to the specialized support needs of intractable diseases and coordination of support persons.
Nursing children after a disaster: A qualitative study of nurse volunteers and children after the Haiti earthquake
Authors: Sloand Elizabeth , Ho Grace , Klimmek Rachel , Pho Anthony , Kub Joan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPurpose.  The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of nurse volunteers caring for children after the Haiti earthquake in January 2010.Design and Methods.  This descriptive qualitative study using in‐depth interviews focuses on the experiences of 10 nurse volunteers.Results.  Four themes emerged: hope amid devastation, professional compromises, universality of children, and emotional impact on nurses.Practice Implications.  Nurses who volunteer after natural disasters have rich personal and professional experiences, including extremes of sadness and joy. Nurse volunteers will likely need to care for children. Nurses and humanitarian agencies should prepare for the unique challenges of pediatric care.
Contrasting Demographic Structure of Short‐ and Long‐lived Pioneer Tree Species on Amazonian Forest Edges
Authors: Santos Graciliano G. A. , Santos Bráulio A. , Nascimento Henrique E. M. , Tabarelli Marcelo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAlthough tropical forests have been rapidly converted into human‐modified landscapes, tree species response to forest edges remains poorly examined. In this study, we addressed four pioneer tree species to document demographic shifts experienced by this key ecological group and make inferences about pioneer response to forest edges. All individuals with dbh ≥ 1 cm of two short‐lived (Bellucia grossularioides and Cecropia sciadophylla) and two long‐lived species (Goupia glabra and Laetia procera) were sampled in 20 1‐ha forest edge plots and 20 1‐ha forest interior plots in Oiapoque and Manaus, Northeast and Central Amazon, respectively. As expected, pioneer stem density with dbh ≥ 1 cm increased by around 10–17‐fold along forest edges regardless of species, lifespan, and study site. Edge populations of long‐lived pioneers presented 84–94 percent of their individuals in sapling/subadult size classes, whereas edge populations of short‐lived pioneers showed 56–97 percent of their individuals in adult size classes. These demographic biases were associated with negative and positive net adult recruitment of long‐ and short‐lived pioneers, respectively. Our population‐level analyses support three general statements: (1) native pioneer tree species proliferate along forest edges (i.e., increased density), at least in terms of non‐reproductive individuals; (2) pioneer response to edge establishment is not homogeneous as species differ in terms of demographic structure and net adult recruitment; and (3) some pioneer species, particularly long‐lived ones, may experience population decline due to adult sensitivity to edge‐affected habitats.
A STABLE ARTIFICIAL TEST FOOD SUITABLE FOR LABELING TO QUANTIFY SELECTION AND BREAKAGE IN SUBJECTS WITH IMPAIRED CHEWING ABILITY
Authors: VAN DER GLAS HILBERT W. , AL‐IBRAHIM ANAS , LYONS MERVYN F. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTColor‐ and form‐labeled particles of Optosil (version 1980, a silicone rubber, Bayer, Leverkusen, Germany) have been used previously to quantify the underlying processes of food comminution, i.e., selection and breakage, in subjects with normal dentitions. The aim of this present study was to develop a weakened Optosil that is suitable for the study of selection and breakage in subjects with impaired chewing ability. Half cubes (4.8 × 9.6 × 9.6 mm) were subjected to load tests to determine the force, deformation and work at particle fracture for periods of up to 6 months. Methods of modifying Optosil were (1) heat‐treating the base material to produce “Optosoft”; (2) mixing the base of Optosil or Optosoft with a nonprescribed catalyst (Verone, Davis Schott Lander & Davis Ltd, Herts, England) to produce “Optoweak” or “Optosoft‐weak” and (3) heating half cubes that were preweakened. A weakened and stable test food that is suitable for labeling and reuse has been obtained by color‐dyeing the Optosoft base and using Verone (“dyed‐Optosoft‐weak”).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSEvery chewing cycle begins with selection, in which food particles have a chance to be placed between the teeth in such a way that they are at least damaged, if not broken, by the subsequent breakage process. Bite force is reduced in certain patients, e.g., patients with neuromuscular diseases, following orthognathic surgery and in full denture wearers, and the action of the tongue and cheeks differs when compared with healthy individuals. Both factors are important in selection and breakage. The artificial test food Optosil has a large fracture force so that it is difficult to chew for subjects with an impaired chewing ability. This problem has been solved by developing a weaker test food, i.e., “dyed‐Optosoft‐weak.” This test food allows the study of selection and breakage in general with color‐ and form‐labeled particles and to determine the effect of medication, orthognathic surgery or oral implants on these processes.
Women’s Status in the Context of International Migration
Authors: Gu Chien‐Juh 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInternational migration creates unique gendered work‐family contexts that profoundly affect individual lives in various ways. This paper examines how immigration impacts women’s status in the labor force and in the family. Immigrant women who are laborers, self‐employed entrepreneurs, and professionals experience very different changes in gender relations and work status resulting from immigration. While some become more egalitarian, others remain patriarchal; some enter the paid labor force for the first time, whereas others retreat from prominent careers to become homemakers; some are powerful in certain areas but vulnerable in others. Immigrant women’s gains and losses in their work and family domains are full of variations, contradictions, and constraints. In addition to reviewing the current state of knowledge in this area of study, this paper discusses parallels across scholarly work, inadequacies in the literature, and directions for future research.
Inequalities in the (De‐)Commodification of Labour: Immigration, the Nation State, and Labour Market Stratification
Authors: McGovern Patrick 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn an era when globalization has supposedly challenged the ability of the nation state to manage economic affairs, I shall argue that the state not only still matters but that it also plays a major role in processes of labour market stratification for migrant workers. Using the organizing concepts of commodification and de‐commodification I review the growing comparative literature on government policies for economic migration to show how skill‐based admissions policies, restrictions on freedom of employment, as well as differential access to social rights and citizenship generate durable forms of categorical inequality. What is perhaps unique about economic immigration is that these inequalities are underpinned by legislation and, in the case of the highly skilled, requirements for formal certification. The paper concludes by calling for further research within this rapidly growing field to explain how these complex patterns of inequality have emerged and whether they extend beyond the small number of cases that have been examined repeatedly in the existing literature.
Delinquency Interrupted: Research into and Inside of Juvenile Correctional Facilities
Authors: Inderbitzin Michelle 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIncarcerated juveniles are a largely invisible population in the United States. Research into training schools and other juvenile correctional facilities has uncovered a sordid history of good intentions and bad practices. Juvenile correctional facilities are generally considered a less harmful environment for serious delinquents than adult prisons but a much more severe sanction than alternative community programs or treatment would be. Studies have shown that juveniles in confinement face similar deprivation and many of the same pains of imprisonment (Sykes 1958) as adult prisoners, but the more pressing threat to adolescent inmates may be to their psychological selves rather than their physical being. New research on adolescent brain development is garnering attention and sparking questions about the culpability and punishment of juvenile offenders, even as public opinion research suggests that there is fairly widespread support for rehabilitation and a social‐welfare oriented juvenile justice system. By listening and giving voice to incarcerated youth and their “keepers,” investigating the conditions of confinement, and continuing to evaluate programs and outcomes, researchers are positioned to play a key role in the future of juvenile justice and juvenile correctional facilities.
Informer les cotisants des régimes de pension: recommandations pour l'Espagne à la lumière de l'expérience internationale
Authors: Regúlez‐Castillo Marta , Vidal‐Meliá Carlos 
Published: June 2012

RésuméLe présent article vise à définir quelques grands principes qui pourraient servir de base à la mise au point d'une lettre d'information à destination des cotisants du régime de pension espagnol s'il était décidé de recourir à ce type d'instrument. Nous analysons, en nous appuyant sur l'expérience internationale et sur les études publiées dans ce domaine, le concept «d'informations individuelles sur les pensions» et en présentons les principales caractéristiques. Nous décrivons ensuite de façon détaillée deux des modèles adoptés pour diffuser des informations individuelles sur les pensions (celui des Etats‐Unis et celui de la Suède), en nous attachant plus particulièrement à la structure de ces deux modèles, à la manière dont ils pourraient être améliorés et à leurs limites. Enfin, nous émettons des recommandations pour la mise au point d'un tel système d'information en Espagne.
Une idée d'une étonnante simplicité? Les freins à la mise en œuvre d'une allocation universelle
Authors: De Wispelaere Jurgen , Stirton Lindsay 
Published: June 2012

RésuméCet article envisage la mise en œuvre d'une allocation universelle, un sujet peu traité dans les travaux de recherches menés sur le revenu minimum. Nous relevons et étudions trois freins majeurs susceptibles d'empêcher un régime d'allocation universelle d'atteindre la portée universelle souhaitée et prônée par ses partisans: a) gérer le registre de tous les bénéficiaires potentiels au sein de la population afin de toucher un nombre maximal de personnes, b) définir des modalités de paiement rigoureuses qui puissent s'appliquer à tous les bénéficiaires, et c) prévoir un dispositif de supervision dans un contexte politique qui s'oppose au contrôle des assurés. Nous estimons que la mise en œuvre d'une allocation universelle soulève des questions particulières que les défenseurs de ce système doivent étudier de manière approfondie.
Evolution and the microbial control of insects
Authors: Cory Jenny S. , Franklin Michelle T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInsect pathogens can be utilized in a variety of pest management approaches, from inundative release to augmentation and classical biological control, and microevolution and the consideration of evolutionary principles can potentially influence the success of all these strategies. Considerable diversity exists in natural entomopathogen populations and this diversity can be either beneficial or detrimental for pest suppression, depending on the pathogen and its mode of competition, and this should be considered in the selection of isolates for biological control. Target hosts can exhibit considerable variation in their susceptibility to entomopathogens, and cases of field‐evolved resistance have been documented for Bacillus thuringiensis and baculoviruses. Strong selection, limited pathogen diversity, reduced gene flow, and host plant chemistry are linked to cases of resistance and should be considered when developing resistance management strategies. Pre‐ and post‐release monitoring of microbial control programs have received little attention; however, to date there have been no reports of host‐range evolution or long‐term negative effects on nontarget hosts. Comparative analyses of pathogen population structure, virulence, and host resistance over time are required to elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of microbial control systems.
Crude oil revenue and economic development in Nigeria (1974–2008)
Authors: Asekunowo Victor O. , Olaiya Sam A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNigeria, similar to many resource‐abundant nations around the world, seems to develop economically at a slow pace. This phenomenon has come to be known as the resource curse. This study surveyed existing literature on Nigeria (a resource‐rich country but with no development) and Botswana, Chile and Norway (resource‐rich countries but with development). Comparatively, the study attempted to unravel why these three countries have managed to record some measures of economic development while Nigeria seems unable to do so. The survey carried out showed that Nigeria may be lagging behind these countries developmentally because it may be suffering from institutional difficulties, voracity effect, excessive spending, excessive borrowing and fractionalisation causes of resource curse. In an attempt to know whether Nigeria suffered from the Dutch disease, relevant secondary data on the country were collected. The data were inferentially and descriptively analysed. From the analyses performed, it seemed unclear whether Nigeria suffered from the Dutch disease variant of the resource curse.The study concludes by making recommendations as to how the country could be cured from the other variants of the resource curse so that it can start achieving some measures of sorely needed economic development.
Asymmetric adjustment of diesel or petrol retail prices to crude oil price movements: New Zealand evidence
Authors: Alom Fardous , Ritson Neil 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study has twofold objectives. Firstly, to examine the short‐ and long‐run relationships between diesel or petrol retail prices in New Zealand and crude oil prices and, secondly, to assess the response of retail sector price movements to changes in crude oil prices. The study uses both standard and hidden asymmetric cointegration methods. The major findings are as follows: the prices of diesel and petrol maintain both short‐ and long‐run relationships with crude oil prices although the pass‐through rates differ. Diesel prices are found to be symmetric in response to the changes in crude oil prices, while petrol prices respond asymmetrically to changes in crude oil prices. When crude oil prices increase, petrol prices in New Zealand increase immediately and not vice versa. The reasons for the asymmetric pricing behaviour might include higher demand for petrol than diesel, individual and tourist‐type customers rather than commercial and industrial customers, search costs, revenue‐maximising behaviour of retailers based on high demand, and government taxes and levies.
A New Simple Model for Prediction of Hospital Mortality in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Li Ya‐Feng , Luo Jing , Li Qian , Jing Yue‐Juan , Wang Rui‐Ying , Li Rong‐Shan 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARY Background: The current prognostic models for mortality and functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are not simple enough. To predict the outcome of ICH, a new simple model, ICH index (ICHI), was established and evaluated in this study. Methods: Medical records of all cases with ICH in our hospital from January 2008 to August 2009 were reviewed. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess the contributions of independent variables to hospital mortality after ICH. Results: Age, serum glucose, white blood cell counts (WBC), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score were found to be greatly associated with mortality. A formula of ICH index [ICHI = age (years)/10 + glucose (mmol/L) + WBC (109/L) – GCS score] was established. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed to estimate the predictive value of the ICHI. The model showed an area under the ROC curve (AURC) of 0.923 (95% CI: 0.883–0.963, P < 0.001). The best cut‐off value of ICHI for mortality was 18, which gave sensitivity, specificity, and Youden's index of 0.65, 0.95, and 0.60, respectively. The hospital mortality was extremely increased when 18 < ICHI < 28 (mortality 72.0%) and when ICHI ≥28 (mortality 100%), in contrast with overall mortality (21.6%). Conclusion: The ICHI can be a simple predictive model and complementary to other prognostic models.
Meta‐Analysis of Association between Particulate Matter and Stroke Attack
Authors: Li Xiu‐Yang , Yu Xiao‐Bo , Liang Wei‐Wei , Yu Nan , Wang Li , Ye Xu‐Jun , Chen Kun , Bian Ping‐Da 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARY Aims: We conducted systematic review as well as meta‐analyses on the association between particulate matter and daily stroke attack from a number of epidemiologic studies. Methods: Twelve quantitative studies about the associations between particulate matter and stroke attack met the inclusive criteria. We evaluated the odds ratio (OR) of stroke attack associated with per 10 μg/m3 increase of the concentration of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) or PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) as effect scale, and a sensitivity analysis for the results was conducted. Results: In the time‐series design, PM10 exposure wasn't related to an increased risk of daily stroke attack [OR per 10 μg/m3 = 1.002, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.999∼1.005], PM2.5 exposure were related to an increased risk of daily stroke attack (OR per 10 μg/m3 = 1.006, 95%CI: 1.002∼1.010]; but in the case‐crossover studies, PM10 exposure was related to increase in risk of daily stroke attack (OR per 10 μg/m3= 1.028, 95%CI: 1.001∼1.057). PM2.5 exposure was not significant association with daily stroke attack (OR per 10 μg/m3= 1.016, 95%CI: 0.937∼1.097). Sensitivity analysis showed that the results for PM10, PM2.5 and daily stroke attack were robust in the time‐series design. Conclusions: We found some evidence for an effect of air pollutants on stroke attack risk.
Impact of process variables on the micromeritic and physicochemical properties of spray-dried porous microparticles, part I: introduction of a new morphology classification system
Authors: Paluch Krzysztof J , Tajber Lidia , Corrigan Owen I , Healy Anne Marie 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Objectives
This work investigated the impact of spray drying variables such as feed concentration, solvent composition and the drying mode, on the micromeritic properties of chlorothiazide sodium (CTZNa) and chlorothiazide potassium (CTZK).

Methods
Microparticles were prepared by spray drying and characterised using thermal analysis, helium pycnometry, laser diffraction, specific surface area analysis and scanning electron microscopy.

Key findings
Microparticles produced under different process conditions presented several types of morphology. To systematise the description of morphology of microparticles, a novel morphology classification system was introduced. The shape of the microparticles was described as spherical (1) or irregular (2) and the surface was classified as smooth (A) or crumpled (B). Three classes of morphology of microparticles were discerned visually: class I, non-porous; classes II and III, comprising differing types of porosity characteristics. The interior was categorised as solid/continuous (α), hollow (β), unknown (γ) and hollow with microparticulate content (δ). Nanoporous microparticles of CTZNa and CTZK, produced without recirculation of the drying gas, had the largest specific surface area of 72.3 and 90.2 m2/g, respectively, and presented morphology of class 1BIIIα.

Conclusions
Alteration of spray drying process variables, particularly solvent composition and feed concentration can have a significant effect on the morphology of spray dried microparticulate products. Morphology of spray dried particles may be usefully described using the morphology classification system.
Polyphenolic profile and biological activity of Salvia splendens leaves
Authors: Moharram Fatma Abd-elkader , Marzouk Mohamed Soubhi , El-Shenawy Siham Mustafa , Gaara Ahmed Hamed , El Kady Wafaa Mostafa 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate a new flavone triglycoside, together with eleven phenolic metabolites from 80% aqueous methanol extract of S. splendens leaves (AME) and assessment of its hypoglycemic and antiinflammatory activities along with in vitro antioxidant effect.

Methods
The phenolic composition of S. splendens leaves was analyzed using UV, 1D and 2D NMR and negative ESI-MS spectroscopy. Hypoglycemic activity of AME was assessed by measuring blood glucose in streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats. Antiinflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema test. Antioxidant activity was evaluated in vitro using DPPH test.

Key findings
Twelve phenolic metabolites including three phenolic acids, namely caffeic acid 1, rosmarinic acid 2 and methyl rosmarinate 3; four flavone glycosides viz the new compound luteolin 7-O-(4″,6″-di-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside 4, apigenin 7-O-β-D-rutinoside 5, cosmosiin 6 and cinaroside 7, together with four flavones aglycone, luteolin 8, apigenin 9, pedalitin 10 and crisiliol 11 in addition to one coumarin, 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin 12 were isolated from the leaves of S. splendens Sellow ex Roem & Schult. The AME of S. splendens was non toxic to mice up to 5 g/kg b.wt. it exhibited a significant hypoglycemic activity at 250 and 500 mg/kg as compared with control pre-drug (zero time) for each group as well as the diabetic control. Moreover, AME exhibited a significant antiinflammatory activity only at 1000 mg/kg in comparison to indomethacin. Finally, AME exhibited a marked significant scavenging activity against DPPH; the maximum reactive reaction rate after 5 min was 62.9, 82.5, 83.7, 84.3 and 85.1% for the concentrations 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/ml, respectively in comparison to L-ascorbic acid (86.8%).

Conclusions
This is the first study reporting the identification of a new flavone triglycoside, along with eleven known phenolic metabolites from AME of S. splendens. It showed significant hypoglycemic and antiinflammatory effects in dose dependant manner. Moreover it showed an in vitro antioxidant activity.