bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Method for Dynamic of Fully Saturated Soil / Rzwiazanie Zadania Dynamiki Całkowicie Nawodnionego Gruntu Przy Zastosowaniu Mes Z Nieciagłym Sformułowaniem Galerkina W Czasie
Authors: Wrana B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe fully coupled, porous solid-fluid dynamic field equations with u-p formulation are used in this paper to simulate pore fluid and solid skeleton responses. The present formulation uses physical damping, which dissipates energy by velocity proportional damping. The proposed damping model takes into account the interaction of pore fluid and solid skeleton. The paper focuses on formulation and implementation of Time Discontinuous Galerkin (TDG) methods for soil dynamics in the case of fully saturated soil. This method uses both the displacements and velocities as basic unknowns and approximates them through piecewise linear functions which are continuous in space and discontinuous in time. This leads to stable and third-order accurate solution algorithms for ordinary differential equations. Numerical results using the time-discontinuous Galerkin FEM are compared with results using a conventional central difference, Houbolt, Wilson θ, HHT- α, and Newmark methods. This comparison reveals that the time-discontinuous Galerkin FEM is more stable and more accurate than these traditional methods.
PWM Switching Strategy for Torque Ripple Minimization in BLDC Motor
Authors: Salah Wael , Ishak Dahaman , Hammadi Khaleel 
Published: July 2011

PWM Switching Strategy for Torque Ripple Minimization in BLDC Motor
This paper describes a new PWM switching strategy to minimize the torque ripples in BLDC motor which is based on sensored rotor position control. The scheme has been implemented using a PIC microcontroller to generate a modified Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals for driving power inverter bridge. The modified PWM signals are successfully applied to the next up-coming phase current such that its current rise is slightly delayed during the commutation instant. Experimental results show that the current waveforms of the modified PWM are smoother than that in conventional PWM technique. Hence, the output torque exhibits lower ripple contents.
Disturbances in the European Nuclear Power Plant Safety Related Electrical Systems
Authors: Duchac Alexander , Noël Marc 
Published: July 2011

Disturbances in the European Nuclear Power Plant Safety Related Electrical Systems
This work is part of the European Clearinghouse on Nuclear Power Plant Operational Experience Feedback (NPP-OEF) activity carried out at the Joint Research Centre/Institute for Energy (JRC/IE) with the participation of ten EU Regulatory Authorities. It investigates the Forsmark-1 event of July 2006, as well as about 120 disturbances in the plant electrical systems that were reported to the Incident Reporting System (IRS) and US Licensee Event Reports (LER) in the period 1985-2008. The aim of the work was to provide important insights from the Forsmark event of July 2006 and illustrate some vulnerabilities of the plant electrical system to over voltage transients. It identified electrical equipment involved, failure modes, contributing factors, actual and potential consequences, and corrective actions. Initiating factors and associated root causes were also analysed. The analysis of International Operation Experience Feedback revealed number of events that involved disturbances in the plant electrical systems, and which may have features in common with the Forsmark-1 event. It underlines the importance of sharing lessons learned from design modifications made at another unit of similar design that if known, it could have identified susceptibility of emergency diesel generators to common mode failure before the event occurred. This paper also summarizes international projects that were initiated by Forsmark event, as well as important lessons that still can be learned from Forsmark event. This paper presents actions taken at nuclear power plants and regulatory authorities in different countries to prevent similar event to occur.
Recent Initiatives in Experimental Thermodynamic Studies on Ionic Liquids [IL]-the Emergence of a Standard Thermochemical Database for ILs
Authors: Jenkins Harry Donald Brooke 
Published: July 2011

One of the ultimate goals in the exciting on-going development and study of ionic liquids (ILs) must be the quest to establish “before synthesis” tools that could be used to predict and guide synthetic chemists towards ILs having “tuned” target properties. The tools needed in this exercise will come from many sources, not least from the acquisition of standard experimental thermodynamic data. The routine measurement of such data for new compounds had become very much a thing of the past in traditional chemistry. However with the surge of interest across the globe seen in these relatively new IL materials has come a recognition of the need to acquire experimental data and this review article seeks to assemble much of the emerging thermochemical data for ILs in one place. After all, there are very few data in current existing thermochemical databases that could offer much of a clue concerning the specific thermodynamic behaviour of ILs. We are charting new territory here. Development of any new large scale commercial process is preceded these days by a full study of its thermodynamic feasibility, usually at the pilot stage, and thus such data as are reported here are of the utmost value in this respect. It has a secondary role too in enabling predictions of missing data to become feasible and hence in predicting synthetic outcomes ahead of practical experiment. This commentary tracks very recent trends and developments on the more quantitative and thermodynamic aspects of this exciting chemistry.
Patrimoines sénatoriaux de la Decima Regio
Authors: Tassaux Francis 
Published: July 2011

This paper assembles the evidence on landed-property and other revenue sources for senators from Regio X, as well as the origin of their fortune, when it is possible, by cross-referencing literary and epigraphic sources with topographic data and, in a certain number of cases, with the archaeology of large uillae. The documentation is particularly extensive in Istria for the Julio-Claudian period, where the aristocracy of colonial origin (Palpellii, Laecanii) was in contact with the high Roman nobility who arrived during the Augustan period (Statilii, Acilii Glabriones), or even earlier (Cassii Longini, Calpurni Pisones, C. Vibii). In contrast, the evidence on property is quite rare in Eastern Venetia (Ragonii from Opitergium) and even in Aquileia
(Mutilii, Ummidii), while the involvement of the senatorial aristocracy in manufacturing and commercial activities is very difficult to establish in the largest Adriatic port. In Western Venetia, the documentation is extensive for the cities of Brixia and Verona, which included several new
gentes at the beginning of the Empire, and in which the society was dominated by powerful families at the end of the 2nd and in the beginning of the 3rd century (Nonii, Roscii, Postumii). Lastly, Vicetia and Patauium, while raising some delicate questions, show some original aspects of the way in which relations with the imperial milieu occupied a fundamental place.
CCL20 Stimulates Proinflammatory Mediator Synthesis in Human Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes Through a MAP Kinase-dependent Process with Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Control
Authors: ALAAEDDINE NADA , HILAL GEORGE , BADDOURA RAFFIC , ANTONIOU JOHN , Di BATTISTA JOHN A. 
Published: July 2011

Objective.To compare levels of the chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in donor, osteoarthritic (OA), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium; and to determine the molecular mechanism of cellular activation induced by chemokine/receptor ligation in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).Methods.Synovia and isolated FLS from donor, OA, and RA joints were analyzed for CCL20 and CCR6 expression by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of CCL20 on cytokines and mediators of cartilage degradation was examined by PCR for mRNA expression levels and ELISA, and Western blotting for protein. CCL20-dependent transcriptional and posttranscriptional activation of target genes was monitored using reporter constructs and luciferase assays in transfected donor FLS.Results.CCL20 and CCR6 proteins were abundantly expressed in RA synovial lining cells compared to donor or OA synovia as judged by immunohistochemistry. RT-PCR of synovial extracts confirmed the predominance of CCL20/CCR6 mRNA expression in RA synovium. CCL20 mRNA expression was low in donor FLS, but increased dramatically after stimulation with recombinant human (rh) interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß). rhCCL20 increased mRNA and protein expression of COX-2, IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, and the matrix-destructive metalloprotease MMP-3 in donor FLS cultures. High constitutive levels of IL-6 were released from RA synovia; CCL20-induced expression of IL-6 occurred through an NSAID/COXIB-sensitive process. CCL20-induced expression of COX-2 was mediated by a PLCP1/PKCα/MEK1/2/ERK1/2-dependent pathway involving both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms.Conclusion.CCL20/CCR6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA by assembling the molecular and cellular components orchestrating synovitis.
Validation of the UCLA Scleroderma Clinical Trial Gastrointestinal Tract Instrument Version 2.0 for Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: BARON MURRAY , HUDSON MARIE , STEELE RUSSELL , LO ERNEST ,   the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group
Published: July 2011

Objective.The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Scleroderma Clinical Trial Consortium GI Tract Instrument (UCLA SCTC GITI) was recently developed to measure gastrointestinal tract disease in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Our study assesses the internal consistency and validity of the instrument in a different population than was used in the original study.Methods.A sample of 113 consecutive patients with SSc from the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group (CSRG) Registry completed the UCLA SCTC GITI, a self-administered questionnaire with 7 scales and an overall score. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and validity was determined by testing multiple constructs.Results.Our subjects were slightly older than the original cohort, and had less formal education and less diffuse cutaneous disease. The overall score of the instrument correlated well with the GI scale of the Health Assessment Questionnaire for the Spondyloarthropathies (GI-S-HAQ; r = 0.58, p < 0.001) and the total number of GI symptoms (r = 0.77, p < 0.001). Each subscale correlated well with the GI-S-HAQ. The individual scales and the overall score were able to differentiate between categorical groupings of the GI-S-HAQ. The scale scores differentiated well those patients with clinical involvement of the corresponding GI problem. Multiple linear regression adjusting for age, disease duration, sex, and ethnicity showed that the UCLA SCTC GITI had a significant association with both the physical component summary and the mental component summary of the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 questionnaire.Conclusion.Our study confirms that the UCLA SCTC GITI version 2.0 will be a useful tool for assessing the role of GI involvement in SSc, even in a population with substantially different characteristics than the subjects originally tested.
High Serum Levels of CXCL11 in Mixed Cryoglobulinemia Are Associated with Increased Circulating Levels of Interferon-γ
Authors: ANTONELLI ALESSANDRO , FERRI CLODOVEO , FERRARI SILVIA MARTINA , RUFFILLI ILARIA , COLACI MICHELE , FRASCERRA SILVIA , MICCOLI MARIO , FRANZONI FERDINANDO , GALETTA FABIO , FALLAHI POUPAK 
Published: July 2011

Objective.No study has evaluated circulating chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL)11 in patients with “mixed cryoglobulinemia and chronic hepatitis C infection” (MC+HCV). We measured CXCL11, and correlated this measurement to the clinical phenotype.Methods.Serum CXCL11, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assayed in 97 MC+HCV patients and in 97 sex- and age-matched controls.Results.MC+HCV patients showed significantly higher mean CXCL11 serum levels than controls (254 ± 295, 68 ± 16 pg/ml, respectively; p = 0.0002; ANOVA). CXCL11 was significantly increased in 36 cryoglobulinemic patients with compared to those without active vasculitis (303 ± 208 vs 179 ± 62 pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.001; ANOVA). IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in MC+HCV than in controls [6.1 (range 0.8–114.5), 1.4 (range 0.7–2.4) pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.05; Mann-Whitney U test]. Serum TNF-α mean levels were significantly higher in MC+HCV than in controls [13.4 (range 1.8–369), 1.1 (range 0.7–3.2) pg/ml, respectively; p < 0.0001; Mann-Whitney U test]. A multiple regression analysis considering CXCL11 as a dependent variable, and age, alanine aminotransferase, IFN-γ, and TNF-α as independent variables, showed in MC+HCV patients a significant association only with IFN-γ (p < 0.0001).Conclusion.Our study demonstrates markedly high serum levels of CXCL11 in patients with MC+HCV compared to healthy controls overall in the presence of active vasculitis. A strong relationship between circulating IFN-γ and CXCL11 was shown, strongly supporting the role of a T helper 1 immune response in the pathogenesis of MC+HCV.
Analyse critique d'une histoire des traitements statistiques des inégalités de destin
Authors: Combessie Jean-Claude 
Published: July 2011

Résumé Jusque dans les années 1970, l’étude des chances d’accès à l’enseignement supérieur, et de leur évolution dans le temps, privilégiait des mesures fondées sur une comparaison d’écarts statistiques. À cette « orthodoxie », en a succédé une autre qui s’attachait à des taux de variation et enfin, à partir des années 1980, une « orthodoxie logistique » reposant sur des rapports de chances ( odds ratio ). Cet article propose une histoire critique des traitements statistiques des inégalités de destin, en restituant les enjeux de la concurrence entre les méthodes. Il montre, par la mise en œuvre sur un même exemple, que les différentes méthodes peuvent conduire à des conclusions divergentes et que la succession des orthodoxies, apparemment gouvernée par des considérations techniques, n’est pas sans rapport avec les changements d’orientation des politiques nationales et internationales en matière d’éducation. L’ensemble de cette analyse conduit à porter un regard critique et réflexif sur l’autonomisation, au cours des trente dernières années, d’une sociologie statistique organisée autour de pratiques abstraites et sophistiquées.
La diffusion du semis direct au Brésil, diversité des pratiques et logiques territoriales : l’exemple de la région d’Itaipu au Paraná
Authors: Laurent François , Leturcq Guillaume , Mello Ivo , Corbonnois Jeannine , Verdum Roberto 
Published: July 2011

Le semis direct est un système de production fondé sur le non-travail du sol. Il intègre une série de pratiques agricoles qui permettent de protéger les sols cultivés de l’érosion, de réduire les consommations de carburants, voire d’augmenter les rendements. Le large succès du semis direct au Brésil, contribue à la compétitivité et à la forte croissance de ses productions tout en préservant les sols. Le système complet du semis direct sous couvert est fondé sur trois principes : le non-labour, la couverture permanente du sol et des rotations culturales. Sur le terrain, les pratiques sont variées et nombre d’agriculteurs n’appliquent pas les deux derniers principes. La technique est le plus souvent associée à l’emploi d’herbicides qui présentent des risques de pollution, encore peu appréhendés au Brésil. Le semis direct s’est implanté dans le Sud du pays dans les années 1970-1990. De là, le système, mis en œuvre par les gaúchos, s’est rapidement étendu dans d’autres régions, particulièrement dans le centre et le nord du pays. Dans ce travail, les pratiques du semis direct sont étudiées à deux échelles. La région du Paraná 3, située en bordure orientale du lac de barrage d’Itaipu, montre que la pratique du semis direct, adoptée par de nombreux agriculteurs intègre également la protection du barrage afin de limiter l’érosion et la pollution de l’eau. À l’échelle des exploitations, des entretiens avec trois producteurs du Paraná et du Rio Grande do Sul, réalisant du semis direct sous couvert, présentent les pratiques et les raisonnements qui leurs sont associés. Ces entretiens nous montrent que l’adoption d’un système d’agriculture de conservation repose sur une révision profonde du mode de production et sur l’appropriation des connaissances relatives aux processus naturels. Si le succès du semis direct s’appuie sur l’augmentation des gains économiques, ce sont ces approches systémiques qui conduisent à une plus grande durabilité dans le mode d’exploitation des sols.
Phospho-SXXE/D Motif Mediated TNF Receptor 1–TRADD Death Domain Complex Formation for T Cell Activation and Migration
Authors: Guan Ying-jie , Zhang Zhe , Yu Chen , Ma Li , Hu Weiling , Xu Li , Gao Jin-Song , Chung Chun-Shiang , Wang Lijuan , Yang Zhong-Fa , Fast Loren D. , Chung Alicia S. , Kim Minsoo , Ayala Alfred , Zhuang Shougang , Zheng Shusen , Chin Y. Eugene 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn TNF-treated cells, TNFR1, TNFR-associated death domain protein (TRADD), Fas-associated death domain protein, and receptor-interacting protein kinase proteins form the signaling complex via modular interaction within their C-terminal death domains. In this paper, we report that the death domain SXXE/D motifs (i.e., S381DHE motif of TNFR1-death domain as well as S215LKD and S296LAE motifs of TRADD-death domain) are phosphorylated, and this is required for stable TNFR1–TRADD complex formation and subsequent activation of NF-κB. Phospho-S215LKD and phospho-S296LAE motifs are also critical to TRADD for recruiting Fas-associated death domain protein and receptor-interacting protein kinase. IκB kinase β plays a critical role in TNFR1 phosphorylation of S381, which leads to subsequent T cell migration and accumulation. Consistently, we observed in inflammatory bowel disease specimens that TNFR1 was constitutively phosphorylated on S381 in those inflammatory T cells, which had accumulated in high numbers in the inflamed mucosa. Therefore, SXXE/D motifs found in the cytoplasmic domains of many TNFR family members and their adaptor proteins may serve to function as a specific interaction module for the α-helical death domain signal transduction.
The Purinergic G Protein-Coupled Receptor 6 Inhibits Effector T Cell Activation in Allergic Pulmonary Inflammation
Authors: Giannattasio Giorgio , Ohta Shin , Boyce Joshua R. , Xing Wei , Balestrieri Barbara , Boyce Joshua A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
We show that the P2Y6 receptor, a purinergic G protein-coupled receptor with a high affinity for the nucleotide uridine diphosphate, is an important endogenous inhibitor of T cell function in allergic pulmonary inflammation. Mice conditionally deficient in P2Y6 receptors [p2ry6 (flox/flox);cre/+ mice] exhibited severe airway and tissue pathology relative to P2Y6-sufficient [p2ry6 (flox/flox)] littermates (+/+ mice) when treated intranasally with an extract of the dust mite Dermatophagoides farinae (Df). P2Y6 receptors were inducibly expressed by lung, lymph node, and splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of Df-treated +/+ mice. Df-restimulated P2Y6-deficient lymph node cells produced higher levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and polyclonally stimulated P2Y6-deficient CD4+ T cells proliferated faster than comparably stimulated P2Y6-sufficient cells. The absence of P2Y6 receptors on CD4+ cells, but not APCs, was sufficient to amplify cytokine generation. Thus, P2Y6 receptors protect the lung against exuberant allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation by inhibiting the activation of effector T cells.
Cutting Edge: β-Catenin Is Dispensable for T Cell Effector Differentiation, Memory Formation, and Recall Responses
Authors: Prlic Martin , Bevan Michael J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms that regulate mature T cell fate and enable cells to differentiate into memory T cells are largely unknown. Memory T cells share certain key features with stem cells: they both have the ability to self-renew and are long-lived. The Wnt–β-catenin signaling pathway is a key player in regulating stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. We generated a conditional knockout mouse that specifically lacks β-catenin in mature T cells and report in this article that β-catenin is not involved in regulating effector versus memory T cell differentiation. β-catenin–deficient memory T cells were phenotypically and functionally indistinguishable from control cells and made normal recall responses. β-catenin deficiency does not affect T cell migration, T cell function in a model of chronic infection, or lymphopenia-induced proliferation. Together, our data suggest that self-renewal and differentiation are regulated differently in memory T cells compared with epithelial and hematopoietic stem cells.
Bacteroides fragilis Enterotoxin Upregulates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in Endothelial Cells via an Aldose Reductase-, MAPK-, and NF-κB–Dependent Pathway, Leading to Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells
Authors: Roh Hyun Cheol , Yoo Do Young , Ko Su Hyuk , Kim Young-Jeon , Kim Jung Mogg 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) produces a ∼20-kDa heat-labile enterotoxin (BFT) that plays an essential role in mucosal inflammation. Although a variety of inflammatory cells is found at ETBF-infected sites, little is known about leukocyte adhesion in response to BFT stimulation. We investigated whether BFT affected the expression of ICAM-1 and monocytic adhesion to endothelial cells (ECs). Stimulation of HUVECs and rat aortic ECs with BFT resulted in the induction of ICAM-1 expression. Upregulation of ICAM-1 was dependent on the activation of IκB kinase (IKK) and NF-κB signaling. In contrast, suppression of AP-1 did not affect ICAM-1 expression in BFT-stimulated cells. Suppression of NF-κB activity in HUVECs significantly reduced monocytic adhesion, indicating that ICAM-1 expression is indispensable for BFT-induced adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium. Inhibition of JNK resulted in a significant attenuation of BFT-induced ICAM-1 expression in ECs. Moreover, inhibition of aldose reductase significantly reduced JNK-dependent IKK/NF-κB activation, ICAM-1 expression, and adhesion of monocytes to HUVECs. These results suggest that a signaling pathway involving aldose reductase, JNK, IKK, and NF-κB is required for ICAM-1 induction in ECs exposed to BFT, and may be involved in the leukocyte–adhesion cascade following infection with ETBF.