bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ecological Study of Coccinellidae (Col.) associated with Aphis fabae Scop. on Vicia faba
Authors: Banks C. J. 
Published: July 2009

Changes in numbers of adult Coccinellids on nettles infested with Microlophium evansi (Theo.) and on three experimental bean plots infested with Aphis fabae Scop. are described for the spring and summer of 1952 at Rothamsted. Of the three common species, Adalia bipunctata (L.), Coccinella septempunctata L. and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (L.), the first was always the most abundant.The overwintered Coccinellids produced two broods: one on nettles in the spring and one on beans in early summer.On bean plots, changes in numbers of the adult insects occurred in three phases: (1) overwintered ladybirds, dispersing from nettles and other places, accumulated on the beans in the early stages of the infestations by Aphis fabae; (2) ladybirds, which had developed from eggs laid by the overwintered insects on nettles, emigrated from nettles and accumulated on the beans when A. fabae populations were at their height; (3) ladybirds, developed from eggs laid on the beans also by the overwintered insects, reached the adult stage when the bean aphid infestations had finished. The rise and fall of the A. fabae populations are discussed.One of the bean plots had always a high population of Coceinellids, which was attributed to its situation between two of the nettle sites. The other two bean plots were remote from nettles and one was sheltered by trees and buildings; their coccinellid populations were much lower.
Experiments in Tsetse Control in southern Tanganyika
Authors: Bursell E. 
Published: July 2009

A recent extension of the fly-belt in Songea, southern Tanganyika, has been delimited.The preferred habitat of the tsetse in this region is constituted by open, short-grassed glades, representing old village sites, in well-grown Brachystegia woodland, with a double-canopied interzone between glade and woodland.Destruction of this interzone by clearing of the upper canopy will undoubtedly prove effective in causing eradication of the fly.
Studies on the Bionomics of Aëdes aegypti (L.) in its Natural Habitats in a Coastal Region of Kenya
Authors: Teesdale C. 
Published: July 2009

Studies have been made of the bionomics and ecology of Aëdes aegypti (L.) entirely under natural conditions and in its natural habitats on the Kenya coast.Development from egg to adult under conditions approximating as nearly as possible to those in nature took a minimum of eight days and a maximum of twenty-five.Males were in excess of females, in the proportion seventeen to ten, from eggs hatched in natural breeding places.Although the mosquito may be able to propagate in houses, adults from outside habitually enter premises. If this entry is for egg-laying, then eradication by domestic larval control alone, although reputedly achieved elsewhere, is not possible under conditions obtaining in the coastal belt of Kenya. Windowtrap captures, however, indicate that the entry may not be for the purpose of egg-laying.The seasonal reduction of both larvae and adults in houses during the hot, dry months of February and March is attributed to a combination of the absence of breeding places outside and the shorter life span of the mosquito at this time.It is shown that both sexes enter and leave native huts throughout the 24-hour period, but the movement is confined almost wholly to the hours of daylight. The flight from houses is much reduced in the cool months (July and August). This corresponds with the season when most enter.
The hymenopterous parasitoids of eucalypt longicorn beetles,Phoracanthaspp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Australia
Authors: Austin A. D. , Quicke D. L. J. , Marsh P. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe systematics of the hymenopterous parasitoids associated withPhoracanthaspp. in Australia are reviewed. An illustrated key to species is presented to facilitate their identification as part of ongoing attempts for the biological control ofP. semipunctata(Fabricius), an exotic pest on eucalypt trees. Information on the taxonomy, distribution and biology of 18 species of primary and hyperparasitoids associated withPhoracanthaspp. are presented. A new braconid genus,Jarra, is described to accommodate three new species,J. phoracantha, J. maculipennisandJ. bicolor, andDoryctes diadoxiNixon (Doryctinae), the latter associated with a buprestid host. Two other new species,Heterospilus nukunu(Doryctinae) andCallibracon moorei(Braconinae) are also described;Iphiaulax morleyiFroggatt is synonymized withAtanycolus tomentosusSzépligeti andI. rubricepsFroggatt is synonymized withSyngaster lepidusBrullé lectotypes are designated forI. morleyi, I. rubricepsandI. phoracanthaeFroggatt; andIpobracon fleviceps flaviceps(Cameron) andI. flaviceps mackayensisTurner are transferred toCallibracon. The encyrtid genusAventianellais recorded from Australia for the first time and the egg parasitoid ofP. semipunctata, A. longoiSiscaro described from Italy, is postulated to be endemic to Australia.
A biochemical and toxicological study of the role of insensitive acetylcholinesterase in organophosphorus resistantBemisia tabaci(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Israel
Authors: Byrne Frank J. , Cahill Matthew , Denholm Ian , Devonshire Alan L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo acetylcholinesterase (AChE) variants, differing in sensitivity to inhibition by the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide paraoxon were identified in a population ofBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) from cotton in Israel using a single insect kinetic microplate assay. Two strains were established, homogeneous for one or other of the two variants, by isolating mated females from the field population onto individual cotton leaves, and testing a proportion of their female offspring to identify their AChE genotype. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of their I-naphthyl butyrate hydrolyzing esterases showed that all insects contained esterase E0 14, which is indicative of B-type whiteflies, although the staining intensity of this band differed. Resistance to the OPs monocrotophos, profenofos and chlorpyrifos in leaf dip bioassays was consistent with the presence of the insensitive AChE. The data also indicated that separate mechanisms conferred resistance to the two pyrethroids cypermethrin and bifenthrin. The former, when used in a mixture with profenofos, was no more toxic than when the OP was used alone, and resistance to the mixture was largely dependent on the presence of the insensitive AChE.
Reproductive potential in the parasitoid Eupelmus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae)
Authors: Doury G. , Rojas-Rousse D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEupelmus orientalis (Crawford) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is a solitary ectoparasitoid of the larvae and pupae of West African bruchids. Since the biology of this species was unknown, studies were carried out on its reproductive biology. The age-dependent fecundity and offspring production of virgin and mated females of E. orientalis were determined under laboratory conditions at 33°C:23°C, 50%:80% r.h., L:D 12:12 on its host Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) during the first 15 days of the life cycle. No differences were found between virgin and mated females for any parameter. A study of the age-dependent fecundity and offspring production was also carried out under the same conditions over the entire life cycle of mated females. The resulting data were used to determine the longevity and reproductive potential of the species, particularly through the calculated life tables and estimation of the intrinsic rate of increase. With ten hosts per female per day, E. orientalis females had a mean longevity of 45.75±5.09 days. They laid an average of 219.91±39.08 eggs, parasitized 154.27±26.17 hosts, and produced 166.77±9.41 offspring, consisting of 80.46±14.10 males and 86.31±10.04 females. The total mean developmental time was 18.58±0.22 days for males and 20.03±0.21 days for females. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was 62.33 female progeny per adult female, and the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) was 0.1389 per day. The generation time (G) was 29.76 days and the doubling time (DT) 4.99 days. These results constitute the first step to determine the potential of E. orientalis as an agent for the biological control of bruchidae, especially C. maculatus.
Inter- and intra-seasonal variation in outbreak distribution of the armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in eastern Africa
Authors: Tucker M. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReports of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker), in eastern Africa for sixteen seasons (1972–73 to 1987–88) were analysed together with weather records to identify the most frequent locations of outbreaks and their relationships with weather. Outbreaks were classified into ‘primary’ outbreaks (derived from low density parent populations), ‘secondary’ outbreaks (derived from previous out breaks) and ‘critical’ outbreaks (leading to many subsequent outbreaks). Differences in seasonal severity of armyworm infestations in relation to the timing and location of primary outbreaks and early season rainfall were also examined. Trajectory analysis was used to estimate migrations of windborne moths, and the distribution of rainstorms was used to help estimate the timing of moth concentration leading to outbreaks of S. exempta. First reported armyworrn outbreaks from October to December in Kenya and Tanzania were usually primary. Critical primary outbreaks mostly occurred in east-central Tanzania, north-east Tanzania and the adjacent Taveta district of Kenya, and east-central Kenya. Strategic control (to prevent subsequent, downwind outbreaks) is best carried out in these areas. Migration direction was largely determined by seasonally dominant winds, although windfield disturbances were occasionally important. Three seasons in which very low numbers of S. exempta were reported, had heavy, persistent October to December rainfall leading to high larval mortality. Seasons with many outbreaks often had rainstorms separated by dry periods, during the rainy seasons.
The potential of some newer photostable pyrethroids to select for resistance in the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Chapman P.A. , Webb D.P. , Walker S.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA strain of Musca domestica Linnaeus with low pyrethroid resistance was divided into four sub-strains, each was subjected to three selections in the laboratory with either alphacypermethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin or permethrin. Each selected strain was then tested for cross-resistance to the other pyrethroids and to synergized pyrethrins. Pyrethroid resistance was increased by all selecting agents by a factor of between 1.5 and 3.6 as measured at the KD50, thus demonstrating that the newer persistent pyrethroids had a similar potential to select for pyrethroid resistance as did permethrin. A field trial using a commercial alphacypermethrin formulation was carried out in an intensive animal unit against a population of M. domestica with a high pyrethroid resistance. After a high initial kill, the population rapidly recovered and a second application failed to control the population. Pre- and post-trial M. domestica samples were taken and resistance to alphacypermethrin and synergized pyrethrins was shown to have increased from 54.5 to 263.6 and 15.2 to 28.4 at the KD50, respectively.
A new Trissolcus Ashmead species (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) from Pakistan: species description and its role as a biological control agent
Authors: Clarke Anthony R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrissolcus crypticus sp. n., a sibling species of T. basalis (Wollaston), is described. Introduced from Pakistan into Australia and Hawaii (via Australia) as a ‘strain’ of T. basalis, it was widely released for the biological control of Nezera viridula (Linnaeus). In Australia, the species reputedly gave widespread control of N. viridula populations in inland and northern areas. Examination of all available T. basalis specimens in Australia failed to discover any T. crypticus (other than voucher specimens) and its role as a biological agent warrants reassessment.
Migrating moths (Lepidoptera) collected in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales, Australia: species composition and seasonal abundance
Authors: Gregg P. C. , Fitt G. P. , Coombs M. , Henderson G. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLight traps were operated between September and April for five years on towers on mountain tops at two locations in northern New South Wales, Australia. The traps were designed so that their lights could only be seen from above, and therefore only insects engaged in high altitude flight, presumed to be migrants, were captured. The catch consisted mostly of Noctuidae and Sphingidae. Sweep netting failed to reveal local breeding, and for many species there were few host plants close to the traps. A total of 51,580 moths were trapped at Point Lookout and 10,223 at Mt Dowe. Sphingids, mostly Hippotion scrofa (Boisduval), comprised 26.9% of the catch at Point Lookout, but only 2.6% at Mt Dowe, and there were more species of noctuids at Point Lookout (44) than at Mt Dowe (15). The most common noctuid species were Agrotis infusa (Boisduval), Mythimna convecta (Walker), Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren), H. armigera (Hübner), Dasygaster nephelistis Hampson and A. munda Walker. Known or suspected migrants comprised 94.6% of the catch at Point Lookout and 99.9% at Mt Dowe. However, there were at least 24 species not previously suspected as migrants. The seasonal distribution of catches varied between sites and years. Some species showed peaks in both spring and autumn in some years, but only in spring in other years. Many of the less common species were caught only in summer and autumn. Large catches were usually obtained overs short periods (1–2 nights), separated by long periods when catches were very low. These large catches, which were thought to represent major migrations, accounted for 76% of the catch in 3% of the trapping period at Point Lookout, and 87% of the catch in 2% of the trapping period at Mt Dowe.
Biology and Control of Labrador Black Flies (Diptera:Simuliidae)
Authors: Hocking B. , Richards W. R. 
Published: July 2009

Twenty-five species of Simuliids are listed with indications of their relative abundance, importance as pests of man, seasonal appearance, temperature requirements, and larval habitats in Labrador. Seven of these are undescribed species. The most important species are Simulium venustum Say and Prosimulium hirtipes (Fries).A circular area of 200 square miles around Goose Bay airport was surveyed for important breeding sites. Of 163 streams and rivers investigated, 77 were suitable as larval habitats, and larvae were virtually eliminated from them in June, 1950, by applications of a 10 per cent, solution of DDT in fuel oil at the rate of 1–5 p.p.m.- minutes from a helicopter, conventional aircraft, or boats, or by hand application from the ground. Methods of application are discussed.The repopulation of the area by black flies was studied, and deductions are made concerning the flight habits of the most important species. On the basis of averages throughout the season, a great reduction in numbers of black flies at the centre of the area was obtained, and a worth-while reduction to a distance of between 4 and 6 miles from the centre. Even near the centre of the area, however, black flies were sometimes troublesome late in the season.It is suggested that, where P. hirtipes is the important species, relief for at least one season could be secured by eliminating larvae within a radius of 2 miles; for S. venustum, 6 miles is suggested as a suitable radius. No adverse effects on useful animals were recorded.
Studies on Aqueous Suspensions of Insecticides. Part III. Factors affecting the Persistence of some Synthetic Insecticides
Authors: Hadaway A. B. , Barlow F. 
Published: July 2009

Factors affecting the persistence of deposits from aqueous suspensions of insecticides have been studied.There is an inverse relationship between particle size of insecticides and the initial contact toxicity to mosquitos. The influence of particle size on effectiveness decreases as the intrinsic toxicity of the insecticide increases. The compounds investigated can be arranged in order of immediate contact toxicity to mosquitos (Aëdes aegypti): dieldrin ≥ gamma-BHC > aldrin > DDT.
Studies on the effect of the nutrient status of sugar-cane on the fecundity of Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.) (Hom., Delphacidae)
Authors: Metcalfe J. R. 
Published: July 2009

An account is given of glasshouse experiments in Jamaica to determine the effects of agronomic practice on the fecundity of the sugar-cane pest Saccharosydne saccharivora (Westw.). Eggs (up to one egg per ovariole per day) develop throughout adult life. On young vigorous plant cane the pre-oviposition period was 5·3 days; egg production was highest during the first six days of the oviposition period and declined markedly after 12 days. Mean daily egg production per female over 12 days was taken as an index of fecundity.The effects of fertiliser application (ammonium sulphate and potassium chloride), wet and dry water regimes, variety (B41227, B42231 and B4362) and crop cycle (plant and ratoon cane), all at different stages of crop development, were observed in four series of experiments involving 1 000 female S. saccharivora. Potassium (K2O) and phosphorus (P2O5) per cent lamina dry matter varied comparatively little, but nitrogen content declined with the age of the plant, increased with application of ammonium sulphate, and was unaffected by crop cycle or variety. Egg production was highest on young cane (up to a mean of 12·0 eggs per female per day), but declined on older cane; it increased with the application of ammonium sulphate but was unaffected by potassium chloride. A direct linear correlation between egg production and the nitrogen content of the leaf (r2 = 0·69, 0·81, 0·52 and 0·69 in series I–IV, respectively) suggested a causal relationship. The pre-oviposition period lengthened and the proportion of females failing to lay any eggs increased in the absence of fertiliser and with increasing plant age. Variation in leaf nitrogen under field conditions could affect egg production.
Field and laboratory studies on sexual attractiveness of females of Prays citri (Mill.) (Lep., Yponomeutidae)
Authors: Sternlicht M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn laboratory experiments with Prays citri (Mill.) in Israel, females 1–16 h old proved more attractive to 2–6-day-old males than did female pupae 1–8 h before emergence or female adults 1–4-days old. Attractiveness in the field was tested by means of sticky traps baited with female pupae or adult females. Females were attractive for up to 14 days in summer (19–30°C) and 27 days in winter (8–20°C). Greatest attraction was shown by 1–7-day-old females during summer as compared with 5–9-day-old females during winter. Field experiments with baited sticky traps attached to wind vanes showed that more males were caught by traps aligned with the wind than by those placed at right-angles to it or hung among tree branches, by traps 1–7 m above ground than those 30–50 cm above, and by traps five metres distant from trees than those 10–80 m distant.
Some effects of temperature and larval food on the development of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Baker C. R. B. , Miller G. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development of all stages of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) was studied in controlled-environment cabinets under a range of constant and cycling temperatures. Larvae were tested on three food plants; development was faster on lucerne than on two cultivars of chrysanthemum, Taffeta and Fred Shoesmith. The durations of each instar were similar in relation to larval life span, but at low temperatures and on chrysanthemum many larvae went through an extra instar. Late-instar larvae were nocturnal but larval development was little disturbed by a night-break lighting regime as used in the production of all-the-year-round (AYR) chrysanthemums, and only slightly more so by a reversed temperature cycle. The latter changed the daily pattern of moth emergence which otherwise occurred mostly when temperatures were highest or in the dark. The development results were used to estimate duration of development by summing (a) daily increments of development (100/duration of development), (b) day-degrees (for eggs 28·6 day°C above 14·8°C; for larvae on lucerne 266·1 day°C above 11·5°C, on chrysanthemum 257·1 day°C above 13°C, and above 13°C 177·1 day°C for male pupae and 153·5 day°C for female pupae). The estimates were compared with observed development times for all stages in an environment where temperatures fluctuated naturally. Both methods gave satisfactory estimates when development times were short, but temperature summation was less accurate when maximum temperatures fell close to base temperatures. It is concluded that summation of development increments would give a more consistently accurate account of the life-cycle of S. littoralis on AYR chrysanthemum under glass to enable development to be predicted or past events in the life-cycle to be dated. Tables of development increments against daily maximum and minimum temperatures are given for each stage. To estimate duration of development from these Tables, the daily percentage development corresponding to each day's maximum and minimum temperature is summed up to 100%. This gives an estimate of the median point of hatching or pupation.
Observations on the physiology of diapause and non-diapause larvae ofBusseola fusca(Fuller) (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Usua E. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were done to compare respiration rate, thermal death point, weight loss and the life span of diapause and non-diapause larvae ofBusseola fusca(Fuller). The oxygen consumed by non-diapause larvae was 578–772 mm3/g/h while that by diapause larvae was 58–238 mm3/g/h. Thermal death points for both types of larvae were in the range 46·5–49·5 °C. At high and low relative humidities non-diapause larvae lost 4·4% and 16·3% of their weight, respectively, while diapause larvae lost only 1·0% and 7·0%. At 46° and 48°C the percentage weight loss by non-diapause larvae was about twice as much as that by diapause larvae. Life span was greater at a saturation deficit of 14·2–22·5 mm Hg in both types of larvae than either at 2·8–14·2 mm Hg or 22·5–28·0 mm Hg. At this range starving non-diapause larvae lived for 4·3–5·1 days and the diapause larvae for 7·7–8·7 days. The main factor enabling diapause larvae to survive adverse conditions appears to be their efficient water conservation mechanism.
Two new species of Exitianus Ball (Homoptera, Cicadelloidea, Euscelidae) related to E. turneri Ross, One Infesting Rice in Ghana
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExitianus occidentalis from rice in Ghana and E. centralis from Uganda and Congo, forming a subgroup with the hitherto unique species E. turneri Ross, are described as new. Comparative illustrations and notes are given for all three species.
The pupa and larva of Asphondylia gennadii (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and taxonomic implications
Authors: Gagné Raymond J. , Orphanides G. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPupae and larvae from various recorded hosts of the cecidomyiid Asphondylia gennadii (Marchal), a pest of carob on Cyprus, are found to be anatomically similar. These are redescribed and illustrated. The species appears to be a Palaearctic generalist species analogous to the Nearctic Asphondylia websteri Felt. Asphondylia capsici Barnes (Syn. n.) is considered a new junior synonym of A. gennadii. An unnamed soybean pod gall midge in Japan appears also to be identical to A. gennadii.