bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo assessments of mucus dynamics in the rat lung using a Gd‐Cy5.5‐bilabeled contrast agent for magnetic resonance and optical imaging
Authors: Blé François‐Xavier , Schmidt Philipp , Cannet Catherine , Kneuer Rainer , Karmouty‐Quintana Harry , Bergmann Reinhard , Coote Kevin , Danahay Henry , Zurbruegg Stefan , Gremlich Hans‐Ulrich , Beckmann Nicolau 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDysfunctions in mucociliary clearance are associated with the accelerated loss of lung function in several respiratory diseases. Approaches enabling the in vivo visualization of mucus dynamics in rodents at high resolution and sensitivity would be beneficial for experimental lung research. We describe the synthesis and characterization of two bilabeled amino dextran–based probes binding specifically to mucin. Labeling of secreted mucus and of mucin in goblet cells in the lungs of lipopolysaccharide‐challenged rats has been demonstrated in vivo with near‐infrared fluorescence and MRI and confirmed by histology. The effects of uridine triphosphate were then studied in lipopolysaccharide‐challenged rats by simultaneously administering the imaging probe and the compound. The data suggest that uridine triphosphate increased the mucociliary clearance, but at the same time induced a release of mucin from goblet cells, thus not contributing to the overall reduction of mucus in the lung. The approach outlined here enables one to derive information on mucus clearance, as well as secretion. Such a global view on mucus dynamics may prove invaluable when testing new pharmacological agents aimed at improving mucociliary clearance. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of brain perfusion, blood volume, and blood‐brain barrier permeability, using dynamic contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted MRI at 3 tesla
Authors: Larsson Henrik B. W. , Courivaud Frédéric , Rostrup Egill , Hansen Adam E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAssessment of vascular properties is essential to diagnosis and follow‐up and basic understanding of pathogenesis in brain tumors. In this study, a procedure is presented that allows concurrent estimation of cerebral perfusion, blood volume, and blood‐brain permeability from dynamic T1‐weighted imaging of a bolus of a paramagnetic contrast agent passing through the brain. The methods are applied in patients with brain tumors and in healthy subjects. Perfusion was estimated by model‐free deconvolution using Tikhonov's method (gray matter/white matter/tumor: 72 ± 16/30 ± 8/56 ± 45 mL/100 g/min); blood volume (6 ± 2/4 ± 1/7 ± 6 mL/100 g) and permeability (0.9 ± 0.4/0.8 ± 0.3/3 ± 5 mL/100 g/min) were estimated by using Patlak's method and a two‐compartment model. A corroboration of these results was achieved by using model simulation. In addition, it was possible to generate maps on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis of cerebral perfusion, cerebral blood volume, and blood‐brain barrier permeability. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel weighted clustering algorithm in mobile ad hoc networks using discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSOWCA)
Authors: Yang Bin , Xu Jinwu , Yang Jianhong , Yang Debin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a novel weighted clustering algorithm in mobile ad hoc networks using discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSOWCA) is proposed. The proposed algorithm shows how discrete particle swarm optimization can be useful in enhancing the performance of clustering algorithms in mobile ad hoc networks. Consequently, it results in the minimum number of clusters and hence minimum cluster heads. The goals of the algorithm are to minimize the number of cluster heads, to enhance network stability, to maximize network lifetime, and to achieve good end‐to‐end performance. Analysis and simulation of the algorithm have been implemented and the validity of the algorithm has been proved. Results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the existing weight‐based clustering algorithm and adapts to different kinds of network conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of rosuvastatin compared to other statins for the prevention of cardiovascular events—a cohort study in 395 039 patients from clinical practice
Authors: Motsko Stephen P. , Russmann Stefan , Ming Eileen E. , Singh Varinder P. , Vendiola Ruby M. , Jones Judith K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPurposeThis study compared the effectiveness of rosuvastatin (RSV) to other statins prescribed in clinical practice in prevention of cardiovascular (CV) events.MethodsThis longitudinal inception cohort study, using Thomson Healthcare's MarketScan databases, included patients aged ≥ 18 starting statin therapy during August 2003–December 2005. Patients were followed until 90 days after index statin monotherapy exposure, start of another lipid‐lowering therapy, an event, end of eligibility, or end of study. The primary endpoint was a composite of CV death (in‐hospital only), myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary revascularization, stroke, and carotid revascularization. Adjusted time‐to‐event analyses incorporating a propensity score covariate were used, and analyses were stratified by duration of statin exposure.ResultsAmong 395 039 patients who met inclusion/exclusion criteria, 12% initiated RSV, and 9622 (2.4%) of the total patient population experienced an outcome event. The median duration of statin treatment and follow‐up was 100 days and 180 days, respectively. No statistically significant difference in CV event rates between RSV and other statins was observed after adjustment for demographics and medical/prescription history (HR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.93–1.06). However, with longer exposure time, there was a suggestion of increased benefit with RSV compared to other statins.ConclusionsThe primary analysis showed similar incidence rates of CV‐related events between the statin cohorts over a median of 180 days of follow‐up. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecularly imprinted polyallylamine hydrogels: another reassessment
Authors: Feás Xesús , Ye Lei , Hosseini Seyed V , Fente Cristina A , Cepeda Alberto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractResearchers in the scientific community actively discuss the fact that polymer hydrogels synthesized by crosslinking polly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) with epichlorohydrin (EPI) in the presence of D‐glucose‐6‐phosphate monobarium salt do not show or show imprinting on the molecular level. In the work reported here, a polymer hydrogel was synthesized in the presence of flumequine (FQ) by crosslinking PAH with EPI in an aqueous system. The extent of FQ binding was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence detection. A hydrogel‐imprinting system was found to display FQ selectivity in binding assays (75.1 and 41.9%) compared with hydrogel formed in the absence of a template (41.6 and 20.4%). High‐magnification scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that both of the hydrogels are highly ordered, exhibiting a ‘honeycomb’ pattern distribution. For the effect of the template molecule in the polymer structure (i.e. the imprinting effect in hydrogel morphology), appreciable differences were observed for images obtained. The non‐imprinted polymer had a uniform, smoothly shaped surface. By contrast, the hydrogel molecular imprinting polymer surface was more globular. This difference was likely caused by the structure of the target molecule. Binding experiment results correlate with surface morphology, as analysed using SEM, and indicate that imprinted hydrogels have recognizable cavities with an affinity for used FQ from the imprint. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvements in quantification accuracy of inorganic time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of silicate materials by using C60 primary ions
Authors: Henkel Torsten , Rost Detlef , Lyon Ian C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is a very useful tool for the comprehensive characterization of samples by in situ measurements. A pulsed primary ion beam is used to sputter secondary ions from the surface of a sample and these are then recorded by a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. The parallel detection of all elements leads to very efficient sample usage allowing the comprehensive analysis of sub‐micrometre sized samples. An inherent problem is accurate quantification of elemental abundances which mainly stems from the so‐called matrix effect. This effect consists of changes in the sputtering and ionization efficiencies of the secondary neutrals and ions due to different sample compositions, different crystal structure or even different crystallographic orientations. Here we present results obtained using C60 molecules as a new primary ion species for inorganic analyses. The results show an improvement in quantification accuracy of elemental abundances, achieving relative errors as small as the certified uncertainties for the analyzed silicate standards. This improvement is probably due to the different sputter mechanism for C primary ions from that for single atomic primary ions such as Ga+, Cs+ or Ar+. The C cluster breaks up on impact, distributing the energy between its constituent carbon atoms. In this way it excavates nano‐craters, rather than knocking out single atoms or molecules from the surface via a collision cascade, leading to a more reproducible sputter process and much improved quantification. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mining trauma injury data with imputed values
Authors: Penny Kay , Chesney Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMethods for analyzing trauma injury data with missing values, collected at a UK hospital, are reported. One measure of injury severity, the Glasgow coma score, which is known to be associated with patient death, is missing for 12% of patients in the dataset. In order to include these 12% of patients in the analysis, three different data imputation techniques are used to estimate the missing values. The imputed datasets are analyzed by an artificial neural network and logistic regression, and their results compared in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Although there is little distinction between results for the three imputation methods for the overall dataset, the hot‐deck imputation method appears to give more accurate results than the model‐based or propensity score imputation methods, when comparing the subsets of cases including only those patients with imputed Glasgow coma score (GCS) scores. Results show that imputation does not reduce the overall predictive accuracy following a data‐mining analysis; demonstrating that all cases may be included when undertaking analysis of these trauma injury data. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Laser Induced Cylindrical Zone Melting of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+∂ Superconductors
Authors: Angurel Luis Alberto , Diez Juan Carlos , de la Fuente Germán Francisco 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA new preparative route for Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+∂ superconducting rods, based on the use of a modified Laser Zone Melting system, is presented. It allows to zone melt one or several cylindrical precursors simultaneously under an in‐plane geometry. The resultant textured superconductors exhibit a microstructure similar to that of Laser Floating Zone melted fibres and cylinders. The transport critical current and current density values obtained for these products compare favourably with values typically reported in the literature for BSCCO superconductors.
The use of open‐top chambers in forests for evaluating warming effects on herbaceous understorey plants
Authors: De Frenne Pieter , De Schrijver An , Graae Bente J. , Gruwez Robert , Tack Wesley , Vandelook Filip , Hermy Martin , Verheyen Kris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOpen‐top chambers (OTCs) are widely used experimental warming devices in open‐field ecosystems such as tundra and alpine heath. However, knowledge of their performance in temperate deciduous forest ecosystems is largely lacking. The application of OTCs in forests might become important in the future since the effects of climate warming on growth, reproduction, and future distribution of understorey forest herbs have rarely been investigated. Therefore, polycarbonate OTCs covered with (OTCs+GF) and without permeable polypropylene GardenFleece (OTCs−GF) were installed in a temperate deciduous forest to create an experimental warming gradient. Short‐term responses in phenology, growth, and reproduction of a model understorey forest herb (Anemone nemorosa L.) to OTC installation were determined. In a second growing season, an in‐depth study of multiple abiotic conditions inside OTCs−GF was performed. Both OTCs+GF and OTCs−GF raised air and soil temperature in a realistic manner (ca. +0.4°C to +1.15°C), but OTCs−GF only in the leafless period (up to +1.5°C monthly average soil temperature). The early flowering forest herb A. nemorosa also showed a clear phenotypic response to OTC installation. Based on these facts and the large ecological drawbacks associated with OTCs+GF (mostly in connection with a higher relative air humidity and a lower light quantity) and very modest abiotic changes in OTCs−GF, we encourage the use of OTCs−GF in deciduous forest ecosystems for evaluating climate‐warming effects on early flowering understorey forest herbs. There is also a potential to use this warming method on later flowering species, but this needs further research.
Conjectures and reputations: The composition and reception of James Bradley's paper on the aberration of light with some reference to a third unpublished version
Authors: FISHER JOHN 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn January 1729 a paper written by James Bradley was read at two meetings of the Royal Society. On a newly discovered motion of the fixed stars, later described as the theory of the aberration of light, it was to transform the science of astrometry. The paper appeared as a narrative of a programme of observation first begun at Kew and finalized at Wanstead, but it was, in reality, a careful reconstruction devised to enhance his reputation in response to a recognition that the programme was initially conducted in terms that were inimical to what he conceived to be his interest. The planned attempt to repeat Robert Hooke's celebrated experiment by James Pound, Samuel Molyneux and George Graham was set up at Molyneux's residence in Kew with James Bradley replacing Pound after his untimely and sudden demise. The unexpected and counterintuitive behaviour of the object star γ Draconis and the eradication of any suspicion of instrumental or systemic error led to the abandonment of the attempt to measure annual parallax and the initiation of new conjectures. An annual nutation was proposed but after the observation of a control star, 35 Camelopardalis, this conjecture was abandoned. Unknown to Bradley and Graham a premature approach was made by Molyneux to Newton claiming that the ‘nutation’ negated the whole of Newton's system. In the abandonment of the nutation yet another conjecture opposed to Newtonian theory was proposed and abandoned. Bradley determined to use his own instrument designed on different principles by Graham to observe the phenomenon in Wanstead. At Wanstead Bradley observed many stars to determine the parameters of the phenomenon. With the law of the motion described, Bradley proposed a hypothesis to explain it. Drawn from his earlier work on the ephemerides of Jupiter's satellites his hypothesis of the ‘new-discovered motion’ was quickly presented to the Royal Society as Bradley was working on a later and more definitive version of his paper. It is this later, third, unpublished version that is commonly referred to throughout this essay. It issued a challenge to ‘anti-Copernicans’ to offer an explanation of the observed phenomenon in geostatic terms. One such astronomer, Eustachio Manfredi, had examined the phenomenon of ‘aberrations’ in detail, the term being his. It was Bradley who first applied the term to the ‘new-discovered motion’ and within a short time ‘aberration’ was being applied by astronomers in the reduction of their observations. Annual aberration was widely accepted as evidence of the motion of the Earth. The paper enhanced Bradley's reputation and projected him into the forefront of European astronomers.
Why Do Demand Curves for Stocks Slope Down?
Authors: Petajisto Antti 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRepresentative agent models are inconsistent with existing empirical evidence for steep demand curves for individual stocks. This paper resolves the puzzle by proposing that stock prices are instead set by two separate classes of investors. While the market portfolio is still priced by individual investors based on their collective risk aversion, those individual investors also delegate part of their wealth to active money managers, who use that capital to price stocks in the cross section. In equilibrium, the fee charged by active managers has to equal the before-fee alpha they earn. This endogenously determines the amount of active capital and the slopes of demand curves. A calibration of the model reveals that demand curves can be steep enough to match the magnitude of many empirical findings, including the price effects for stocks entering or leaving the S&P 500 index.
Effects of septal perforation on nasal airflow: computer simulation study
Authors: Lee H P , Garlapati R R , Chong V F H , Wang D Y 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground:Nasal septal perforation is a structural or anatomical defect in the septum. The present study focused on the effects of septal perforation on nasal airflow and nasal patency, investigated using a computer simulation model.Methods:The effect of nasal septal perforation size on nasal airflow pattern was analysed using computer-generated, three-dimensional nasal models reconstructed using data from magnetic resonance imaging scans of a healthy human subject. Computer-based simulations using computational fluid dynamics were then conducted to determine nasal airflow patterns.Results:The maximum velocity and wall shear stress were found always to occur in the downstream region of the septal perforation, and could potentially cause bleeding in that region, as previously reported. During the breathing process, there was flow exchange and flow reversal through the septal perforation, from the higher flow rate to the lower flow rate nostril side, especially for moderate and larger sized perforations.Conclusion:In the breathing process of patients with septal perforations, there is airflow exchange from the higher flow rate to the lower flow rate nostril side, especially for moderate and large sized perforations. For relatively small septal perforations, the amount of cross-flow is negligible. This cross-flow may cause the whistling sound typically experienced by patients.
Recurrent vestibulopathy: natural course and prognostic factors
Authors: van Leeuwen R B , Bruintjes T D 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the natural course of recurrent vestibulopathy.Study design:Retrospective analysis.Patients:One hundred and five adult patients with attacks of vertigo without auditory or neurological symptoms.Methods:A structured interview was conducted over the telephone, 12 to 62 months after the patient's first visit to the out-patient department.Results:Two-thirds of patients experienced spontaneous resolution of vertigo, while one-third continued to have symptoms. The diagnosis was subsequently changed to migraine in 2 per cent of patients and to Ménière's disease in 1 per cent.Conclusion:The prognosis for patients with recurrent vestibulopathy is good. In a few cases, the diagnosis is provisional and will be subsequently changed to migraine or Ménière's disease.
Using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to assess the cognitive impact of electroconvulsive therapy on visual and visuospatial memory
Authors: Falconer D. W. , Cleland J. , Fielding S. , Reid I. C. 
Published: September 2009

BackgroundThe cognitive impact of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is rarely measured systematically in everyday clinical practice even though patient and clinician acceptance is limited by its adverse affect on memory. If patients are tested it is often with simple paper and pencil tests of visual or verbal memory. There are no reported studies of computerized neuropsychological testing to assess the cognitive impact of ECT on visuospatial memory.MethodTwenty-four patients with severe depression were treated with a course of bilateral ECT and assessed with a battery of visual memory tests within the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). These included spatial and pattern recognition memory, pattern-location associative learning and a delayed matching to sample test. Testing was carried out before ECT, during ECT, within the week after ECT and 1 month after ECT.ResultsPatients showed significant impairments in visual and visuospatial memory both during and within the week after ECT. Most impairments resolved 1 month following ECT; however, significant impairment in spatial recognition memory remained. This is one of only a few studies that have detected anterograde memory deficits more than 2 weeks after treatment.ConclusionsPatients receiving ECT displayed a range of visual and visuospatial deficits over the course of their treatment. These deficits were most prominent for tasks dependent on the use of the right medial temporal lobe; frontal lobe function may also be implicated. The CANTAB appears to be a useful instrument for measuring the adverse cognitive effects of ECT on aspects of visual and visuospatial memory.
Facial emotion processing in schizophrenia: a non-specific neuropsychological deficit?
Authors: Pomarol-Clotet E. , Hynes F. , Ashwin C. , Bullmore E. T. , McKenna P. J. , Laws K. R. 
Published: September 2009

BackgroundIdentification of facial emotions has been found to be impaired in schizophrenia but there are uncertainties about the neuropsychological specificity of the finding.MethodTwenty-two patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls were given tests requiring identification of facial emotion, judgement of the intensity of emotional expressions without identification, familiar face recognition and the Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT). The schizophrenia patients were selected to be relatively intellectually preserved.ResultsThe patients with schizophrenia showed no deficit in identifying facial emotion, although they were slower than the controls. They were, however, impaired on judging the intensity of emotional expression without identification. They showed impairment in recognizing familiar faces but not on the BFRT.ConclusionsWhen steps are taken to reduce the effects of general intellectual impairment, there is no deficit in identifying facial emotions in schizophrenia. There may, however, be a deficit in judging emotional intensity. The impairment found in naming familiar faces is consistent with other evidence of semantic memory impairment in the disorder.