bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should National Standards for Reporting Surgical Site Infections Distinguish
between Primary and Revision Orthopedic Surgeries?
Authors: Leekha Surbhi , Sampathkumar Priya , Berry Daniel J. , Thompson Rodney L. 
Published: March 2010

Objective.
To compare the surgical site infection (SSI) rate after primary total hip
arthroplasty with the SSI rate after revision total hip arthroplasty.

Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting.
Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, a referral orthopedic
center.

Patients.
All patients undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty or revision total
hip arthroplasty during the period from January 1, 2002, through December 31,
2006.

Methods.
We obtained data on total hip arthroplasties from a prospectively
maintained institutional surgical database. We reviewed data on SSIs collected
prospectively as part of routine infection control surveillance, using the
criteria of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for the definition
of an SSI. We used logistic regression analyses to evaluate differences between
the SSI rate after primary total hip arthroplasty and the SSI rate after
revision total hip arthroplasty.

Results.
A total of 5,696 total hip arthroplasties (with type 1 wound
classification) were analyzed, of which 1,381 (24%) were revisions. A total of
61 SSIs occurred, resulting in an overall SSI rate of 1.1% for all total hip
arthroplasties. When stratified by the National Nosocomial Infection
Surveillance (NNIS) risk index, SSI rates were 0.5%, 1.2%, and 1.6% in risk
categories 0, 1, and 2, respectively. After controlling for the NNIS risk
index, the risk of SSI after revision total hip arthroplasty was twice as high
as that after primary total hip arthroplasty (odds ratio, 2.2 [95% confidence
interval, 1.3-3.7]). In the analysis restricted to the development of deep
incisional or organ space infections, the risk of SSI after revision total hip
arthroplasty was nearly 4 times that after primary total hip arthroplasty (odds
ratio, 3.9 [95% confidence interval, 2.0-7.6]).

Conclusion.
Including revision surgeries in the calculation of SSI rates can result in
higher infection rates for institutions that perform a larger number of
revisions. Taking NNIS risk indices into account does not eliminate this
effect. Differences between primary and revision surgeries should be considered
in national standards for the reporting of SSIs.
The Radical Pedagogies of François Bon and Jacques Rancière
Authors: Davis Oliver 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

This article interrogates contemporary writer François Bon's conception of the creative writing workshop in the light of work by political philosopher Jacques Rancière on intellectual emancipation. Bon's radical programme, based on over twenty years' experience as one of France's leading practitioners of the writing workshop, in
Tous les mots sont adultes: méthode pour l'atelier d'écriture
(revised edition, 2005), is examined alongside the critique of ordinary pedagogy in Rancière's
Le Maître ignorant: cinq leçons sur l'émancipation intellectuelle
(1987), his account of the maverick nineteenth-century educationalist Joseph Jacotot. After setting out and discussing the principles of Bon's creative writing workshops and of Rancière's approach, this article compares the way in which Bon and Rancière seek to create equality within the pedagogical encounter, before asking to what extent their work also succeeds in suggesting how the cause of equality may be furthered in the wider world. It will be argued that the creative writing workshop, as Bon conceives it, puts into practice aspects of the radical egalitarianism theorized by Rancière.
Perte d'auréole: atmosphère et mélancolie dans
Eugénie Grandet
Authors: Petitier Paule 
Published: March 2010

Résumé

Cet article se propose de relire
Eugénie Grandet
de Balzac à la lumière de la notion d’‘atmosphère' telle que l'a élaborée le psychiatre phénoménologue Hubertus Tellenbach. Il ne s'agit pas seulement d'éclairer la mélancolie du personnage d'Eugénie (déjà souvent et bien étudiée, par Nicole Mozet, Raymonde Debray-Genette … ) sous un nouveau jour, mais de montrer comment l'atmosphérique est lié à la poétique du roman, comment il détermine la description des lieux, comment il explique l'apparition du portrait du personnage et comment il permet d'interpréter le déroulement de la fable. On suit en particulier le fil de l'
aura
d'Eugénie, métaphore de sa vie subjective et de son destin amoureux. Cet article se voudrait un fragment d'une réflexion plus générale sur roman et atmosphère de la fin du dix-huitième siècle aux années 1930.
Difference, Cognition, and Causality: Maurice Scève's
Délie
and Charles de Bovelles's
Ars oppositorum
Authors: Banks Kathryn 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

This article juxtaposes two very different texts, Charles de Bovelles's
Ars oppositorum
(1511) and Maurice Scève's
Délie
(1544), examples of Latin prose philosophy and vernacular love lyric respectively. It is not a study of sources: it considers the literary text, like the Latin prose, as an instrument for thinking with. Furthermore, I suggest that contrasting conceptual possibilities arise from generic differences, so that the study of two divergent genres illuminates a variety of related conceptions of difference. I trace a shared interest in the respective roles of cognition and causality in establishing differences, but also a divergence concerning the value of difference, in particular for the human subject. Thus, in the
Délie
, I focus upon images of illuminating, looking, perceiving, and disintegrating. Both texts suggest that cognition is crucial to the establishment of differences, so that it even seems to usurp the function of natural causality. However, in the
Délie
the
je
suffers from difference — both difference within the self and difference from the divine — whereas in the
Ars
difference can be thought of as a violation but more often is perceived in Trinitarian terms, so that the human subject achieves a privileged sort of self-difference resembling that of the divine.
Bean dwarf mosaic virus: a model system for the study of viral movement
Authors: LEVY AVNER , TZFIRA TZVI 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYTaxonomy: Bean dwarf mosaic virus‐[Colombia:1987] (BDMV‐[CO:87]) is a single‐stranded plant DNA virus, a member of the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae.Physical properties: BDMV virions are twinned incomplete isosahedra measuring 18 × 30 nm. The viral particle is composed of 110 subunits of coat protein, organized as 22 pentameric capsomers. Each subunit has a molecular mass of ∼29 kDa. BDMV possesses two DNA components (designated DNA‐A and DNA‐B), each ∼2.6 kb in size.Host range: The natural and most important host of BDMV is the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Nicotiana benthamiana is often used as an experimental host. Common bean germplasm can be divided into two major gene pools: Andean materials, which are mostly susceptible to BDMV, and Middle American materials, which are mostly resistant to BDMV.Disease symptoms: The symptom intensity in common bean plants depends on the stage of infection. Early infection of susceptible bean seedlings will result in severe stunting and dwarfing, leaf distortion and mottling or mosaic, as well as chlorotic or yellow spots or blotches. BDMV‐infected plants usually abort their flowers or produce severely distorted pods. Late infection of susceptible plants or early infection of moderately resistant genotypes may show a mild mosaic, mottle and crumpling or an irregular distribution of variegated patches.Biological properties: As a member of the Begomovirus group, BDMV is transmitted from plant to plant by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. BDMV is a nonphloem‐limited virus and can replicate and move in the epidermal, cortical and phloem cells. As a nonphloem‐limited virus, it is sap‐transmissible.
The cascading effects of elephant presence/absence on arthropods and an Afrotropical thrush in Arabuko‐Sokoke Forest, Kenya
Authors: Banks John E. , Jackson Colin , Hannon Lisa M. , Thomas Christopher M. , Baya Albert , Njoroge Laban 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough studies have explored how habitat structure and disturbance affect arthropod communities, few have explicitly tested the effects of both structure and disturbance level across trophic levels and phyla. We present here the results of a study conducted in the Arabuko‐Sokoke Forest (ASF) of coastal Kenya, in which abundance of arthropods and one of their avian predators, the East Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunning sokokensis was compared in relatively undisturbed habitat (outside elephant roaming areas) and in disturbed habitat (inside elephant roaming areas). Vegetation structure in both areas was measured using several metrics, including leaf litter depth, understory vegetation density, animal disturbance and fallen log counts. Leaf litter and coleopteran abundance were higher outside the elephant roaming areas, whereas understory visibility, animal disturbance and dipteran diversity were much higher inside the elephant areas. Species composition of several arthropod taxa (e.g. Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Araneae) was also influenced by degree of disturbance, whereas akalat abundance was inversely related to understory visibility. Our results suggest that differences in species sensitivity to habitat disturbance and vegetation structure across trophic levels should be incorporated into the management and conservation of rare and endangered species.
The European Far West: Miocene mammal isolation, diversity and turnover in the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Casanovas‐Vilar Isaac , García‐Paredes Israel , Alba David M. , van den Hoek Ostende Lars W. , Moyà‐Solà Salvador 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim  To analyse the diversity dynamics of Miocene mammalian faunas in the Iberian Peninsula in order to determine whether the patterns are related to the dispersal of taxa from other areas into this region.Location  Mainly the Iberian Peninsula, but two close geographical areas (Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean) are also considered in some of our calculations.Methods  Genus‐level faunal lists for a total of 299 localities from the Iberian Peninsula, covering 10 successive biochronological units [Mammal Neogene (MN) zones] that span from the latest Early Miocene to the early Pliocene (about 17–4 Ma), were compiled. The dataset was expanded with a further 331 localities in Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean for the same time span. Next, a taxonomically standardized database was used to create composite faunal lists of micro‐ and macromammalian genera present during each MN zone. Separate genera‐by‐MN‐zone matrices for both micro‐ and macromammals were built for each region. Mean standing diversity as well as origination and extinction rates were calculated for the Iberian Peninsula, and their correlation with preservation rates is discussed. Simpson’s coefficient of faunal similarity with Central Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean was calculated in order to evaluate whether diversity patterns were related to changes in the affinity of the Iberian mammalian faunas with those of other regions.Results  Diversity changes in the Iberian macromammalian faunas coincide with periods of increased faunal similarity with other regions, suggesting a relationship to the expansions and contractions of the geographical ranges of the constituent taxa. This pattern is not recognized for micromammals; that is, their diversity trends are not related to changes in geographical ranges.Main conclusions  Climatic shifts result in expansions or contractions in the geographical ranges of macromammals, owing to changes in the distribution of their preferred habitats. The lower dispersal ability of micromammals results in a higher extinction risk when habitat fragmentation confines their populations to relatively small environmental patches. Hence, they are more severely affected by climatic changes. Our results thus emphasize the role of climatic forcing in mammalian biogeography and diversity.
Modelling the growth of parasitic plants
Authors: Hautier Yann , Hector Andy , Vojtech Eva , Purves Drew , Turnbull Lindsay A. 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. Hemiparasitic plants, such as Rhinanthus species, have substantial effects on community composition and biomass. For example, the presence of parasites often increases diversity but reduces the combined biomass of hosts and parasites by c. 25% compared with unparasitized controls. We present and test a simple model of the host–parasite interaction in which parasite growth rate is a function of host growth rate that offers a new explanation for why hemiparasitic plants reduce ecosystem productivity. 2. The model predicts that the combined mass of the host–parasite system is always less than the mass of the host grown alone, because the combined biomass is dependent only on host growth rate, which is reduced by the parasite. The model also predicts that the parasite should adopt an intermediate virulence to maximize its own performance, but that the optimum virulence depends on host growth characteristics. 3. The key assumption of the model is that parasite growth rate and hence parasite biomass is tightly coupled to host growth rate. We tested this assumption by measuring the performance of Rhinanthus alectorolophus, a widespread hemiparasitic annual plant, on nine common European grass species. First, we determined size‐corrected growth rates for the grasses by fitting power‐law growth curves to multiple‐harvest data on host individuals grown without Rhinanthus. Second, we grew Rhinanthus on each of the grass species and related Rhinanthus final biomass to the grass species’ growth rates. 4. Rhinanthus performance was strongly correlated with the growth rate of the host grass species, thus validating a key assumption of our model. However, Rhinanthus biomass on three of the nine grass species differed significantly from the value predicted based on host growth rate alone, suggesting that grass species differ in their resistance to parasitism. 5. Synthesis. Parameterizing such models of the host–parasite relationship could help to explain variation in Rhinanthus performance on different hosts, variation in the effects of hemiparasites in grasslands of different productivity and differences in virulence among parasite populations.
Does herbivory really suppress mycorrhiza? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Barto E. Kathryn , Rillig Matthias C. 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. aged and natural ecosystems, herbivory can have a major impact on plant growth. Defoliation and shoot removal reduce the photosynthetic capacity of plants and are also thought to reduce allocation of carbon to roots and mycorrhizal fungi. However, evidence supporting this assumption remains equivocal. 2. ducted a meta‐analysis of 99 experiments, from 33 publications, measuring arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal colonization of roots after real or simulated herbivory removed leaves or shoots. We also explored how effects were moderated by the type of mycorrhiza, fertilization, experimental setting (laboratory or field), treatment (real herbivory of shoots, real herbivory of leaves, simulated herbivory of shoots, simulated herbivory of leaves), type of host plant, duration of the experiment and year of publication. 3. Overall, herbivory reduced mycorrhizal colonization by about 3 percentage points. Treatment, host plant type and year of publication were the only significant moderators, with real or simulated herbivory of leaves and real herbivory of shoots suppressing colonization, while simulated removal of shoots tended to increase colonization. Herbivory reduced colonization of perennial grasses and deciduous trees by about 4 and 8 percentage points, respectively. Mycorrhizal colonization of annual crops was reduced by about 12 percentage points, although this was not significantly different from zero. Mycorrhizal colonization of perennial forbs and evergreen trees was also unaffected by herbivory, and colonization of mixtures of perennial grasses and forbs increased by about 15 percentage points following herbivory. Effect size increased with year of publication, likely due to shifts in experimental designs towards systems more likely to show positive effects of herbivory on mycorrhiza. 4. Synthesis. Our results challenge the carbon‐limitation hypothesis and suggest that herbivory, real or simulated, reduces mycorrhizal colonization by biologically meaningful amounts only in a limited subset of systems.
A real‐time PCR for the detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of penaeid shrimp
Authors: Yan D C , Tang K F J , Lightner D V 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) causes a common shrimp disease that occurs in many shrimp farming regions, especially in the Indo Pacific, and infects most of the cultured penaeid species. There are seven geographic HPV isolates known, so a method to detect different HPV types is needed. We developed a sensitive and generic real‐time PCR assay for the detection of HPV. A pair of primers and TaqMan probe based on an HPV sequence obtained from samples of Fenneropenaeus chinensis from Korea were selected, and they were used to amplify a 92 bp DNA fragment. This real‐time PCR was found to be specific to HPV and did not react with other shrimp viruses. A plasmid (pHPV‐2) containing the target HPV sequence was constructed and used for determination of the sensitivity of this assay. The assay could detect a single copy of plasmid DNA, and it was used successfully in finding HPV in shrimp samples from the China‐Yellow Sea region, Taiwan, Korea, Thailand, Madagascar, New Caledonia and Tanzania.
Randomized clinical field trial of a bacterial kidney disease vaccine in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Burnley T A , Stryhn H , Burnley H J , Hammell K L 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA randomized, blinded clinical trial was performed to assess the relative effectiveness of five commercial and one experimental vaccine in a population of farmed fish experiencing a bacterial kidney disease (BKD) outbreak that occurred in one study cage that was part of a larger clinical field trial. A total of 6000 uniquely identified Atlantic salmon S1 presmolts were randomly assigned to vaccine groups in the hatchery and transferred to a commercial marine aquaculture site. Repeated sampling events to evaluate growth, inherent physical conditions and health status were carried out over the entire production cycle. During the second summer at sea, the study cage developed an outbreak of BKD that lasted approximately 240 days. The effectiveness of the selected vaccines was evaluated using survival analysis methods. The sole vaccine group offering protection for BKD was found to significantly decrease the hazard of dying (hazard ratio, HR = 0.68, P = 0.018) during the outbreak, compared to the industry standard, vaccine group. Additionally, during the outbreak, fish with a shortened operculum had a significantly decreased hazard (HR = 0.38, P = 0.033) compared to those fish with a normal operculum, while fish with jaw deformities had a significantly increased hazard (HR = 2.55, P = 0.001) compared to fish with normal jaw status.
Differential growth of U and M type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in a rainbow trout–derived cell line, RTG‐2
Authors: Park J W , Moon C H , Wargo A R , Purcell M K , Kurath G 
Published: March 2010

AbstractInfectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is one of the most important viral pathogens of salmonids. In rainbow trout, IHNV isolates in the M genogroup are highly pathogenic, while U genogroup isolates are significantly less pathogenic. We show here that, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1, a representative U type strain yielded 42‐fold less infectious virus than an M type strain in the rainbow trout–derived RTG‐2 cell line at 24 h post‐infection (p.i.). However, at an MOI of 10, there was only fivefold difference in the yield of infectious virus between the U and M strains. Quantification of extracellular viral genomic RNA suggested that the number of virus particles released from cells infected with the U strain at a MOI of 1 was 47‐fold lower than from M‐infected cells, but U and M virions were equally infectious by particle to infectivity ratios. At an MOI of 1, U strain intracellular viral genome accumulation and transcription were 37‐ and 12‐fold lower, respectively, than those of the M strain at 24 h p.i. Viral nucleocapsid (N) protein accumulation in U strain infections was fivefold lower than in M strain infections. These results suggest that the block in U type strain growth in RTG‐2 cells was because of the effects of reduced genome replication and transcription. The reduced growth of the U strain does not seem to be caused by defective genes, because the U and M strains grew equally well in the permissive epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line at an MOI of 1. This suggests that host‐specific factors in RTG‐2 cells control the growth of the IHNV U and M strains differently, leading to growth restriction of the U type virus during the RNA synthesis step.
The placement of Gyrodactylus salmonis (Yin & Sproston) in the molecular phylogeny of studied members of the Gyrodactylus wageneri‐group parasitizing salmonids
Authors: Gilmore S R , Abbott C L , Cone D K 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe molecular phylogeny of Gyrodactylus salmonis from brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, cutthroat trout, O. clarkii, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Canada is presented using sequences from ITS‐rDNA and the mitochondrial COX 1 gene. Sequence variation among G. salmonis specimens from the different North American hosts was consistent with within‐species variation reported for other Gyrodactylus. Sequence data are compared to those from other members of the wageneri group parasitizing salmoniform fishes in northern Europe (G. derjavini, G. derjavinoides, G. lavareti, G. salaris, G. salvelini, G. teuchis and G. truttae) and Asia (G. brachymystacis). Sequence divergence between G. salmonis and the recently described G. salvelini on Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus, in Finland was consistent with within‐species levels of variation in Gyrodactylus; however, phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons provided evidence of their distinctiveness such that they appear to be sister species. They grouped with G. lavareti (a parasite of a coregonid) to form a clade separate from European and Asian species of the wageneri lineage known from salmonid fish. Further study of gyrodactylids from across salmonid, coregonid and thymallid fish in the northern hemisphere would shed more light on the phylogeography of these parasites and serves as an important backdrop to understanding the evolution of their emergent virulence.
An isolate and sequence database of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV)
Authors: Jonstrup S P , Schuetze H , Kurath G , Gray T , Jensen B Bang , Olesen N J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the field of fish diseases, the amount of relevant information available is enormous. Internet‐based databases are an excellent tool for keeping track of the available knowledge in the field. Fishpathogens.eu was launched in June 2009 with the aim of collecting, storing and sorting data on fish pathogens. The first pathogen to be included was the rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Here, we present an extension of the database to also include infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). The database is developed, maintained and managed by the European Community Reference Laboratory for Fish Diseases and collaborators. It is available at http://www.fishpathogens.eu/ihnv.