bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructive Logic
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIntuitionistic logic, also known as constructive logic, is a particular account of logical consequence, at variance with both classical and relevant logical consequence. One way to introduce intuitionistic logic is by means of constructions. This chapter gives an account of constructive validity by first indicating what it is to construct a statement, and then instantiating Generalised Tarski Thesis (GTT) cases with constructions: an argument is constructively valid if and only if a construction for the premises provides a construction for the conclusion. Before turning to constructions, the relationship between intuitionistic logic and intuitionism is discussed. Intuitionism maintains that constructive reasoning is required by the nature of mathematical entities themselves. The entities in question are constructions of the reasoner in intuition, and such entities have only the properties bestowed upon them by their construction.
General Objections
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBy way of further clarifying logical pluralism, this chapter turns to some general objections. One objection is to argue for a pluralism about logical consequence which is wide enough to encompass classical, relevant, and intuitionistic logic. In doing so, this chapter proposes a view which the adherents of relevant and intuitionistic logic by and large would find repugnant. In order to endorse classical logic all instances of the law of the excluded middle should be taken to be necessary. But intuitionists take the law of excluded middle to have counterexamples. The premises of this objection are correct, but the conclusion, that pluralism is uninteresting, should be resisted. Other objections discussed in this chapter relate to cases, transitivity and reflexivity, warrant and entitlement, warrant and disjunctive syllogism, meaning theory, logical truth, Carnapian pluralism, and logical form.
Pretences of Research
Authors: Starbuck William H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe theme that links the major problems in social science research is that researchers are somewhat biased in doing what they think promotes the creation of reliable knowledge. With this bias, researchers generally make research a pretence instead of a reliable source of knowledge. Researchers attempt to create knowledge that can be acceptable to other people. People choose what they regard as knowledge so that human physiology and social systems may influence how people perceive facts. Unlike with scientific fields, social science research does not rely on specific principles, since there also is evidence that research about human behavior is not capable of producing knowledge. This chapter asserts that social science research is undermined because some of its aspects do not exhibit reliability.
Which Quantifiers are Logical?
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThere is no unanimity in the literature about what logicality is, but there is almost universal agreement, it seems, that topic neutrality or subject independence, that is, isomorphism closure (ISOM), is at least a necessary condition. This chapter presents the general version of ISOM for arbitrary operations and considers some of its variations. It expresses the significance of ISOM for natural language quantification in two claims: first, that simple quantirelations — including determiners and quantificational adverbs — denote ISOM quantifiers, and second, that those denoting non-ISOM quantifiers all arise from more general ISOM operations by freezing some arguments. Constancy, a property that differs from logicality, is also discussed, focusing on what appears to be the empirical manifestation of that property. This property concerns the behavior of certain expressions in intuitively valid arguments, and which are called inference constancy.
EF-tools for Polyadic Quantifiers
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers how the Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé (EF) technique can be made to work for arbitrary quantifiers and structures. First, two-person games are described, followed by some relatively simple illustrations and a rather detailed outline of the application to branching quantifiers. The result is that branching of many familiar quantirelation denotations is not definable from any finite number of monadic quantifiers. There is a similar result for Ramsey quantifiers, which is relevant for the interpretation of certain reciprocal sentences in natural language. For resumptions, there are slightly weaker results; in this case the monadic EF-tools can be used. The inverse question of under what circumstances a quantifier is definable from its k-ary resumption is also considered. In each case, the conclusions about natural languages that may be drawn from these logical results are stated via formalisation.
Reason's Neglect
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReason, and the need to Be Rational, are essential dimensions of society and the organizations we live and work in. Yet the ‘rationalization’ of working and administrative processes, or the ‘rationality’ studied in social sciences, is all too often, used, understood, and interpreted in an extremely narrow sense. This book does three things. Firstly, it argues that rationality is a leitmotif of organization studies, but one that has often been neglected. Secondly, it deploys Foucault's work to recover the neglected dimensions of rationality. In doing this, it allows for a revisionary exploration of key subjects in organization studies: organization theory, bureaucracy, technology, culture, practice, etc. Finally, the book presents the case of new rational management techniques being introduced in an organization, allowing individuals to ‘speak for themselves’, and examining how they respond to these innovations, and how they make sense of them. Arguing that rationality should be seen as disembedded, embedded, or embodied, each chapter goes on to explore a different aspect of reason, such as economic, bureaucratic, technocratic, institutional, or contextual.
Institutional rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe first embedded mode of reasoning to be examined is institutional rationality. Its significance lies in its critique of a universalistic concept of rationality. Interrogating the fiction of the disembedded individual, it recognizes that ‘the rational individual is, and must be, an organized and institutionalized individual’. An institutional rationality acknowledges that there are different spheres of society reflected in the major institutions that organize social life (government, law, the family, religion, etc.), and that of these each has its own inherent or immanent logic. The individual is thus embedded in different institutional modes of reasoning. This chapter outlines the extent to which this institutional rationality has been recognized in organization theory.
Contextual rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA contextual rationality recognizes that rational action does not need to be fully aware of the reasons for action, nor does it have to be fully informed of the causal efficacy of action for it to constitute a rational thing to do. Both elements may be left to the ‘context’ in which the action takes place to gain their significance as rational action. This chapter outlines how contextual rationality has been handled in organization studies and illustrates how context is integral to the functioning of rationality.
Practical reason
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues that practical reason is the ability to retain the disembedded, embedded, and embodied dimensions of rationality and to incorporate or distil them into a unified understanding or picture. It is to be able to hold and see the interrelationships between all the dimensions of that with which there is engagement, the ability to see in the abstract the concrete and vice versa. It is informed by the knowledge of all subject positions — the disembedded, embedded, and embodied — to give a fully rounded interpretation of what suitable action should be. It is the combination of the disembedded ‘knowing that’, the epistemic knowledge that guides us, with the contextual awareness of knowing how, a grounded awareness. It is ‘knowing how’, based on distilled reflective judgement of experience guided by a consideration of general principles.
Building an International Financial Services Firm
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new era of global banking and insurance is emerging, with leading banks eager to serve international markets. This book explores the issues that arise for banks in their strategic choices as they move into these new international markets. This book challenges conventional assumptions from the international management literature on topics such as the limits of globalization, the importance of cultural and institutional distance, the nature of economies of scale and scope, the existence of first mover advantages, the logic behind the global value chain configuration, the speed and timing of market entry, as well as organizational architecture. It focuses on fundamental strategic decisions such as when, where, and how to enter foreign markets and how to design the organizational architecture of the multinational financial services firm. Using simple theoretical frameworks illustrated by case examples, this book provides a guide to the challenges of the international market for financial services firms.
Why go abroad? The rationale of cross-border moves
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter addresses a first essential strategic choice that internationalizing financial services firms face: should cross-border markets be served or not? It offers a detailed description of the major benefits and costs of international growth initiatives. Several major benefits are distinguished: economies of scale, economies of scope, X-efficiencies, access to key factors and location-related advantages, firm-specific assets, satisfying growth expectations of shareholders, accumulation of market power, and agency motives. On the other hand, the three main costs categories are liabilities of foreignness, liabilities of newness, and coordination costs.
Epilogue: Sustainable International Development after the Subprime Crisis
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the impact of the subprime crisis on the international strategies of financial services firms. Many mostly passive investors from emerging economies will get the opportunity to acquire a share in some of the most prestigious financial services firms. New clearing platforms for investment vehicles will appear to create transparency and restore trust. Some of the big financial institutions will have to sell parts of their businesses to make up for their huge write-downs. New governance models need to be found to establish process standards and managerial practices that stabilize the financial services systems. But maybe more importantly, financial services firms need to find new ways to attract and keep talent without losing control over their activities.
The Habsburg Monarchy and Bohemia, 1526–1848
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents an essay on the Habsburg Monarchy's administration of the kingdom of Bohemia during the period from 1526 to 1848. It suggests that during this period Bohemia became a tractable possession of Habsburg rulers partly because of the failure of the famous revolt of 1618–20. Bohemia was the material powerhouse of the Monarchy supplying personnel much its political, intellectual, and administrative leadership. After 1800, this relationship started to change but it was only in the revolution of 1848 that Bohemia's full debility was revealed.
Religion and Nation in Hungary, 1790–1849
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay that examines the relation between the churches and national politics in Hungary during the period from 1970 to 1849. It suggests that the confessional rivalries within ethnic communities and a tendency toward secularization of public life had diminished the direct political influence of religion. Even among the Orthodox Romanians and Serbs, the church only managed to exert a very limited influence.
The Transylvanian Saxons: A German Diaspora
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on German diaspora during the Middle Ages. It suggests that of all the community of German migrants it was the Transylvanian Saxons that best deserved the description of a diaspora. This is because they acquired distinctive political, jurisdictional, and ecclesiastical privileges in the kingdom of Hungary, which were sufficiently powerful and autonomous to develop a strong national consciousness but sufficiently remote from other Germans to feel essentially self-reliant.
Hungary in the Habsburg Monarchy 1840–67: A Study of Perceptions
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on the patterns of contact and mutual perception in the dual monarchy of Austria and Hungary during the period from 1840 to 1867. It examines the commonalities and antipathies that played major roles in creating the settlements which were reached between the two halves of the Monarchy, and in frustrating those which were not. Some of the major political developments during this period include the October Diploma and February Patent of 1860–61 and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.
Migrations: The Career of British White Australia
Authors: Richards Eric 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that the migration from Britain was the unquestioned assumption of Australia’s Empire. The migrations of Australia were achieved in the context of much wider diasporic movements from the British Isles, and throughout the colonial era these migrations were sheltered under the protection of the Pax Britannica. This chapter suggests that the social engineering that underpinned the White Australia Policy represented a departure from British practice designed to keep Australia British.
Money: Trade, Investment, and Economic Nationalism
Authors: Bolton Geoffrey 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of investment, trade, and economic nationalism in colonial Australia. It argues that British finance played only a minor role in the first half-century of colonization because during this period Australian colonies remained undercapitalized. However, free trading brought great advantages to Australian exporters to Britain and entrepreneurs benefitted from membership to the Empire by being able to offer loans on the London markets at favourable secured rates.
Security: Defending Australia’s Empire
Authors: Ward Stuart 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that defence was the most indispensable instrument of the British Empire in colonizing Australia. It explains that securing Australian colonies against perceived threats was crucial to the viability and credibility of colonization given the survivalist nature of the colonial political culture in Europe since the 1850s. It contends that it was the very distinctiveness of the evolving Australian conception of Empire that contributed ultimately to its dissolution.
Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Woollacott Angela 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the distinctive attributes of colonial gender relations in Australia from the culture of frontier masculinities to the early successes of women’s struggle for equal citizenship rights. The British colonisers brought new assumptions about gender identities in Australia and placed an idealized colonial manhood at one remove from its British origins. However, it was the same colonial ideas about masculine excess that helped to secure early achievements of an Australian feminism built on temperance.
The Emotional Construction of Morals
Authors: Prinz Jesse 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book argues that recent work in philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology supports two radical hypotheses about the nature of morality: moral values are based on emotional responses, and these emotional responses are inculcated by culture, not hard-wired through natural selection. In the first half of the book, the hypothesis that morality has an emotional foundation is defended. Evidence from brain imaging, social psychology, and psychopathology suggest that, when we judge something to be right or wrong, we are merely expressing our emotions. The book claims that these emotions do not track objective features of reality; rather, the rightness and wrongness of an act consists in the fact that people are disposed to have certain emotions towards it. In the second half of the book, it turns to a defence of moral relativism. Moral facts depend on emotional responses, and emotional responses vary from culture to culture. The book surveys the anthropological record to establish moral variation, and draws on cultural history to show how attitudes toward practices such as cannibalism and marriage change over time. It also criticizes evidence from animal behaviour and child development that has been taken to support the claim that moral attitudes are hard-wired by natural selection. The book concludes that there is no single true morality, but also argues that some moral values are better than others; moral progress is possible.
Shake it up, Baby: Practising Rock ‘N’ Roll Criminology
Authors: Daly Kathleen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter uses the history of rock ‘n’ roll as a metaphor to encourage forms of criminological research and writing that press the boundaries of convention and conformity. As is the case in other fields, we think of criminology as having different schools of thought, methodological approaches, and political-ideological positions. As a student in sociology, this was how the author of this chapter learned the field; and like so many others, she began to understand variation and differences across the field and to see students and colleagues using this mental map. The chapter argues against viewing criminology and others in this manner. It calls for a new aesthetic, one which does not deny differences of theory, methodology, or politics and ideology, but which views the enterprise and judgements of the value of the work done in a different way.
Criminology's Disney World: The Ethnographer's Ride of South African Criminal Justice
Authors: Shearing Clifford , Marks Monique 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter is divided into three parts. The first part explains the meaning of ethnography and provides examples from the authors' own ethnographic research endeavours. Second, it explores ways of transforming knowledge and imaginings into action or practice. Here it considers the notion of praxis as discussed by Marx and Engels in German Ideology (1947). It is argued that the point of doing social research is not merely to contemplate the world, but to change it — a position that is, despite conventional understandings, not in conflict with Weber who saw the choice of research topics as value driven. The final section argues that southern places should be viewed as sites of knowledge creation.
Postcolonial Perspectives for Criminology
Authors: Cunneen Chris 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter argues for the importance of a postcolonial perspective in criminology. It is a perspective that has the potential to offer new theoretical insights, and to expand the discipline in an engaged and reflexive endeavour that is cognisant of cultural and historical differences. To date, postcolonial theory has had greater impact in areas such as literature, law, politics, and sociology than it has in criminology. Following writers like Edward Said and Gayatri Spivak, it is suggested that postcolonialism is a perspective that demands we recognize the ongoing and enduring effects of colonialism on both the colonized and the colonizers. Colonization and the postcolonial are not historical events but continuing social, political, economic, and cultural processes. The postcolonial exists as an aftermath of colonialism and it manifests itself in a range of areas from the cultures of the former imperial powers to the psyches of those that were colonized. The chapter explores the potential of a postcolonial perspective: from understanding the relationship between colonization, state crime and the over-representation of marginalized peoples, to an appreciation of indigenous art as a site for criminological investigation.
Transnational Criminology and the Globalization of Harm Production
Authors: Bowling Ben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter first considers the emergence of ‘transnational criminology’ — a rapidly developing field that sets out specifically to understand crime and justice beyond national boundaries and, in some instances, to contribute to supranational criminal justice policies. It then turns to the idea of ‘criminal iatrogenesis’: the harmful results of well-intentioned crime control practices. In doing this, the chapter looks in detail at the criminalization of psychotropic drugs as one example among many of how harm-producing crime control models have been exported transnationally even while failing domestically. The final substantive section examines a series of mass murders in Guyana, which provide a vivid illustration of criminal iatrogenesis rooted in the systemic effects of drug prohibition as well as the problems of attempting to understand crime from a transnational and comparative perspective. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the practice of harm production for an emerging global criminology.
Criminology as Invention
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCriminology was invented as a new way of reducing human suffering. If an invention is a ‘new design for doing something’, the ‘something’ criminology was designed for was less crime and injustice. Criminology has been most successful in producing those results when it has focused on inventing and testing new laws, institutions, and social practices for dealing with crime. This chapter attempts to persuade both current and potential criminologists to use criminology for invention, as well as for building the basic science of crime.
Criminology, Bureaucracy, and Unfinished Business
Authors: O'Donnell Ian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe imprisonment rate in the Republic of Ireland is among the lowest in the developed world. It stood at 76 per 100,000 population in 2007 compared with 153 for England and Wales and 756 for the United States. This is despite an avowed political commitment to penal expansionism and the existence of a judicial bias towards custody. How can this paradoxical state of affairs be explained? This chapter argues that the lack of capacity for criminal justice policy formulation, implementation, and evaluation together with the lack of criminological expertise and the unformed nature of the discourse may, in concert, have beneficial consequences, acting as bulwarks against a punitive shift. Clientelist politics are another restraining force, chipping away at the capability of government to deliver change and blunting the effect of new initiatives. External factors are important too. This is why the most ambitious prison-building programme in the history of the state became a priority when the economy was booming but was shelved when Ireland tumbled into recession.