bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alterations in osteoclast function and phenotype induced by different inhibitors of bone resorption - implications for osteoclast quality
Authors: Neutzsky-Wulff Anita V , Sørensen Mette G , Kocijancic Dino , Leeming Diana J , Dziegiel Morten H , Karsdal Morten A , Henriksen Kim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundNormal osteoclasts resorb bone by secretion of acid and proteases. Recent studies of patients with loss of function mutations affecting either of these processes have indicated a divergence in osteoclastic phenotypes. These difference in osteoclast phenotypes may directly or indirectly have secondary effects on bone remodeling, a process which is of importance for the pathogenesis of both osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. We treated human osteoclasts with different inhibitors and characterized their resulting function.MethodsHuman CD14 + monocytes were differentiated into mature osteoclasts using RANKL and M-CSF. The osteoclasts were cultured on bone in the presence or absence of various inhibitors: Inhibitors of acidification (bafilomycin A1, diphyllin, ethoxyzolamide), inhibitors of proteolysis (E64, GM6001), or a bisphosphonate (ibandronate). Osteoclast numbers and bone resorption were monitored by measurements of TRACP activity, the release of calcium, CTX-I and ICTP, as well as by counting resorption pits.ResultsAll inhibitors of acidification were equally potent with respect to inhibition of both organic and inorganic resorption. In contrast, inhibition of proteolysis by E64 potently reduced organic resorption, but only modestly suppressed inorganic resorption. GM6001 alone did not greatly affect bone resorption. However, when GM6001 and E64 were combined, a complete abrogation of organic bone resorption was observed, without a great effect on inorganic resorption. Ibandronate abrogated both organic and inorganic resorption at all concentrations tested [0.3-100 μM], however, this treatment dramatically reduced TRACP activity.ConclusionsWe present evidence highlighting important differences with respect to osteoclast function, when comparing the different types of osteoclast inhibitors. Each class of osteoclast inhibitors will lead to different alterations in osteoclast quality, which secondarily may lead to different bone qualities.
Smoking decreases the level of circulating CD34+ progenitor cells in young healthy women - a pilot study
Authors: Ludwig Antje , Jochmann Nicoline , Kertesz Andras , Kuhn Claudia , Mueller Simone , Gericke Christine , Baumann Gert , Stangl Karl , Stangl Verena 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Decreased levels of circulating bone marrow-derived progenitor cells have been associated with risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis in young women. The aim of this pilot study was to assess in healthy premenopausal women without other risk factors for cardiovascular disease the influence of nicotine abuse on the number of circulating progenitor cells in relation to endothelial function.

Methods
The number of endothelial progenitor cells, measured as colony-forming units in a cell-culture assay (EPC-CFU) and the number of circulating CD34 + and CD34 + /CD133 + cells, measured by flow cytometry, was estimated in 32 women at the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle. In addition, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed as a marker for vascular function. In a subgroup of these women (n = 20), progenitor cells were also investigated at the mid-follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.

Results
Compared to non-smokers, the abundance of circulating CD34 + cells was significantly lower in smoking women in the menstrual, mid-luteal, and mid-follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The number of CD34 + progenitor cells was revealed to have significant positive correlation with FMD in young healthy women, whereas CD34 + /CD133 + progenitor cells and EPC-CFU showed no significant correlation.

Conclusion
The number of CD34 + progenitor cells positively correlates with FMD in young healthy women and is decreased by smoking.
Quantitative analysis of the effect of tubulin isotype expression on sensitivity of cancer cell lines to a set of novel colchicine derivatives
Authors: Tseng Chih-Yuan , Mane Jonathan Y , Winter Philip , Johnson Lorelei , Huzil Torin , Izbicka Elzbieta , Luduena Richard F , Tuszynski Jack A 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundA maximum entropy approach is proposed to predict the cytotoxic effects of a panel of colchicine derivatives in several human cancer cell lines. Data was obtained from cytotoxicity assays performed with 21 drug molecules from the same family of colchicine compounds and correlate these results with independent tubulin isoform expression measurements for several cancer cell lines. The maximum entropy method is then used in conjunction with computed relative binding energy values for each of the drug molecules against tubulin isotypes to which these compounds bind with different affinities.ResultsWe have found by using our analysis thatαβI andαβIII tubulin isoforms are the most important isoforms in establishing predictive response of cancer cell sensitivity to colchicine derivatives. However, sinceαβI tubulin is widely distributed in the human body, targeting it would lead to severe adverse side effects. Consequently, we have identified tubulin isotypeαβIII as the most important molecular target for inhibition of microtubule polymerization and hence cancer cell cytotoxicity. Tubulin isotypesαβI andαβII are concluded to be secondary targets.ConclusionsThe benefit of being able to correlate expression levels of specific tubulin isotypes and the resultant cell death effect is that it will enable us to better understand the origin of drug resistance and hence design optimal structures for the elimination of cancer cells. The conclusion of the study described herein identifies tubulin isotypeαβIII as a target for optimized chemotherapy drug design.
Cellular cholesterol delivery, intracellular processing and utilization for biosynthesis of steroid hormones
Authors: Hu Jie , Zhang Zhonghua , Shen Wen-Jun , Azhar Salman 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSteroid hormones regulate diverse physiological functions such as reproduction, blood salt balance, maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, response to stress, neuronal function and various metabolic processes. They are synthesized from cholesterol mainly in the adrenal gland and gonads in response to tissue-specific tropic hormones. These steroidogenic tissues are unique in that they require cholesterol not only for membrane biogenesis, maintenance of membrane fluidity and cell signaling, but also as the starting material for the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. It is not surprising, then, that cells of steroidogenic tissues have evolved with multiple pathways to assure the constant supply of cholesterol needed to maintain optimum steroid synthesis. The cholesterol utilized for steroidogenesis is derived from a combination of sources: 1)de novosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); 2) the mobilization of cholesteryl esters (CEs) stored in lipid droplets through cholesteryl ester hydrolase; 3) plasma lipoprotein-derived CEs obtained by either LDL receptor-mediated endocytic and/or SR-BI-mediated selective uptake; and 4) in some cultured cell systems from plasma membrane-associated free cholesterol. Here, we focus on recent insights into the molecules and cellular processes that mediate the uptake of plasma lipoprotein-derived cholesterol, events connected with the intracellular cholesterol processing and the role of crucial proteins that mediate cholesterol transport to mitochondria for its utilization for steroid hormone production. In particular, we discuss the structure and function of SR-BI, the importance of the selective cholesterol transport pathway in providing cholesterol substrate for steroid biosynthesis and the role of two key proteins, StAR and PBR/TSO in facilitating cholesterol delivery to inner mitochondrial membrane sites, where P450scc (CYP11A) is localized and where the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone (the common steroid precursor) takes place.
The val158met Polymorphism of Human Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Affects Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activation in Response to Painful Laser Stimulation
Authors: Mobascher Arian , Brinkmeyer Juergen , Thiele Holger , Toliat Mohammad R , Steffens Michael , Warbrick Tracy , Musso Francesco , Wittsack Hans-Joerg , Saleh Andreas , Schnitzler Alfons , Winterer Georg 
Published: June 2010

Background: Pain is a complex experience with sensory, emotional and cognitive aspects. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to pain-related phenotypes such as chronic pain states. Genetic variations in the gene coding for catechol-O-methyltransferase ( COMT) have been suggested to affect clinical and experimental pain-related phenotypes including regional μ-opioid system responses to painful stimulation as measured by ligand-PET (positron emission tomography). The functional val158met single nucleotide polymorphism has been most widely studied. However, apart from its impact on pain-induced opioid release the effect of this genetic variation on cerebral pain processing has not been studied with activation measures such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), PET or electroencephalography. In the present fMRI study we therefore sought to investigate the impact of the COMT val158met polymorphism on the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to painful laser stimulation. Results: 57 subjects were studied. We found that subjects homozygous for the met158 allele exhibit a higher BOLD response in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), foremost in the mid-cingulate cortex, than carriers of the val158 allele. Conclusion: This result is in line with previous studies that reported higher pain sensitivity in homozygous met carriers. It adds to the current literature in suggesting that this behavioral phenotype may be mediated by, or is at least associated with, increased ACC activity. More generally, apart from one report that focused on pain-induced opioid release, this is the first functional neuroimaging study showing an effect of the COMT val158met polymorphism on cerebral pain processing.
Acute reversible inactivation of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis induces antidepressant-like effect in the rat forced swimming test
Authors: Crestani Carlos C , Alves Fernando HF , Correa Fernando MA , Guimarães Francisco S , Joca Sâmia RL 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
The bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic forebrain structure involved in hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation and stress adaptation. Inappropriate adaptation to stress is thought to compromise the organism's coping mechanisms, which have been implicated in the neurobiology of depression. However, the studies aimed at investigating BNST involvement in depression pathophysiology have yielded contradictory results. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of temporary acute inactivation of synaptic transmission in the BNST by local microinjection of cobalt chloride (CoCl2) in rats subjected to the forced swimming test (FST).

Methods
Rats implanted with cannulae aimed at the BNST were submitted to 15 min of forced swimming (pretest). Twenty-four hours later immobility time was registered in a new 5 min forced swimming session (test). Independent groups of rats received bilateral microinjections of CoCl2 (1 mM/100 nL) before or immediately after pretest or before the test session. Additional groups received the same treatment and were submitted to the open field test to control for unspecific effects on locomotor behavior.

Results
CoCl2 injection into the BNST before either the pretest or test sessions reduced immobility in the FST, suggesting an antidepressant-like effect. No significant effect of CoCl2 was observed when it was injected into the BNST immediately after pretest. In addition, no effect of BNST inactivation was observed in the open field test.

Conclusion
These results suggest that acute reversible inactivation of synaptic transmission in the BNST facilitates adaptation to stress and induces antidepressant-like effects.
5th International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention: summary of key research and implications for policy and practice – Operations research
Authors: Kort Rodney 
Published: June 2010

Operations research was added as a fourth scientific track to the pathogenesis conference series at the 5th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2009) in recognition of the importance of this growing research field and the need for applied research to inform and evaluate the scale up of some key interventions in HIV treatment, care and prevention.Several studies demonstrated how task shifting and the decentralization of health services can leverage scarce health care resources to support scale‐up efforts. For example, a Ugandan study comparing home‐based and facility‐based antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery found that both delivered equivalent clinical outcomes, but home‐based delivery resulted in substantial cost savings to patients; and a retrospective cohort analysis of an HIV care programme in Lesotho demonstrated that devolving routine patient management to nurses and trained counsellors resulted in impressive gains in annual enrolment, retention in care and other clinical indicators.Studies also demonstrated how the use of trained counsellors and public health advisors could effectively expand both clinical and public health capacity in low‐income settings. Studies evaluating the impact of integrating HIV and TB care resulted in improved treatment outcomes in coinfected populations, the development of environmental interventions to reduce TB transmission, and uncovering of the extent of multi‐drug‐resistant and extremely drug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB and XDR‐TB) in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.Some mathematical modelling and cost‐effectiveness studies presented at this meeting addressed interventions to increase retention in care, and strengthened the evidentiary basis for universal voluntary testing and immediate ART on reducing HIV transmission; debate continued about the relative merits of clinical versus laboratory monitoring. Finally, a provocative plenary presentation outlined the shortfalls of current prevention interventions and argued for more cost‐effectiveness analyses to guide the selection of interventions for maximum benefit.19‐22 July 2009, 5th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention (IAS 2009), Cape Town, South Africa
Neonatal Informatics—Dream of a Paperless NICU: Part Five: Putting “IT” All Together
Authors: Drummond Willa H. 
Published: June 2010

The promise of computer-assisted neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) medical management is an intellectually global challenge. In early 2009, President Obama presented a “carrot and stick” plan to accelerate use of electronic health records. Financial incentives are offered to early adopters who meaningfully use certified systems; penalties begin in 2015 for those who do not.NICU critical care environments are extremely difficult to computerize because clinical data are time-dependent and highly variable, use repeated measures of many different elements, and run in real-time. Effective clinical computerization requires translation of complex human thinking models into software bits and bytes. All efforts require a logical, stepwise approach to designing effective databases and systems, and no existing system is currently adequate. Creating meaningful computerization for a busy NICU remains an ongoing challenge.On a daily basis, bedside visit and other care-related notes that outline the patient's condition, medications, treatments, nutrition, new problems, care being provided, plans, and family updates must be generated by physicians or neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs). Clinical data management in NICUs is currently a “mixed model.” Real-time information management by typing is extremely difficult for hands-on critical caregivers, both in paper records and in computer systems. Workarounds involving paper remain the most common current practice in many institutions (including the scrub pants’ notational workaround).Medicolegal and service billing rules require documentation, and hundreds of different approaches are used, none of which is “certified.” Vendors’ old databases and newer databases designed by nonengineering individuals for clinical documentation tend to have significant technical problems that limit usability. In the future, good database design using modern techniques and technology should improve the situation. Direct download from devices and laboratories to local real-time systems is on the horizon, as is voice recognition for neonatal applications.However, for this year and through 2011, NICUs are not on the radar. Industry and political focus remains on administrative and population “quality management” functionality, now known as “meaningful use.” Emerging drafts of criteria for 2011 incentive payments formally excluded all hospitalists and infants younger than age 2 years from eligibility. Head circumference, respiratory rate, and temperature are not official parts of the vital signs specifications criteria for testing. The dream of a paperless NICU remains only a dream.
Athletic Participation by Children and Adolescents Who Have Systemic Hypertension
Authors: Demorest Rebecca A. , Washington Reginald L. ,   Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness
Published: June 2010

This Policy Statement was retired November 2017.
Children and adolescents who have hypertension may be at risk for complications when exercise causes their blood pressure to rise even higher. The purpose of this statement is to update recommendations concerning the athletic participation of individuals with hypertension, including special populations such as those with spinal cord injuries or obesity, by using the guidelines from “The 36th Bethesda Conference: Eligibility Recommendations for Competitive Athletes with Cardiovascular Abnormalities”; “The Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents”; and “The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure.”
Production of Gulf Killifish in the Black Belt Region of Alabama Using Saline Groundwater
Authors: Phelps Ronald P , Daniels William H , Sansing Nelson R , Brown Travis W 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis, commonly called the bull minnow, mudminnow, or cacahoe, is a popular live bait along the Gulf of Mexico coast in the United States. Although culture techniques for Gulf killifish have been established for more than 30 years, this species is not commonly produced. Suitable coastal areas are thought to be one of the limitations. Low-salinity groundwater occurs in much of the United States, including portions of the Alabama Black Belt region; however, the relative abundance of minerals in the water varies. Spawning success was compared among Gulf killifish held in saline groundwater (salinity = 4.2–11.1‰) from four inland sites and in 5‰ synthetic seawater. Gulf killifish production (fry to subadult) was compared between two sites of similar salinity but with different mineral profiles (site A had 4.0‰ salinity and received water from a fertilized source pond; site B had 3.2‰ salinity and received water with no fertilizer additions); initial stocking densities in 1.15-m2 outdoor tanks were 25, 50, and 100 fry/m2. Gulf killifish spawned successfully under all conditions tested. Mean (±SD) fry production of 1.7 ± 0.88 fry/g of female was obtained. The yields and mean weights obtained differed by site and stocking density. After 104 d of production, the highest yield was 133.3 ± 40.4 g/m2 (1,333 ± 404 kg/ha) at site A for fish stocked at 100 fry/m2. The yield at site B for fish at the same stocking density was 62.6 ± 18.8 g/m2. Market-sized fish (total length ≥ 6.35 cm; weight = 3.3 g) were obtained at site A for the stocking density of 25 fry/m2, but market-sized fish were not obtained for any stocking density at site B. Although the mineral profiles differ between saline groundwater and natural seawater, saline groundwater is suitable for the reproduction and growth of this species. Egg production and fish growth were similar to levels expected for Gulf killifish culture in brackish-water ponds along the Gulf of Mexico coast.
The Effects of Proliferative Gill Disease on the Blood Physiology of Channel Catfish, Blue Catfish, and Channel Catfish × Blue Catfish Hybrid Fingerlings
Authors: Beecham Rachel V , Griffin Matt J , LaBarre Susan B , Wise David , Mauel Michael , Pote Linda M W , Minchew C Douglas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This study was conducted to gain a better understanding of the effect of exposure to the myxozoan Henneguya ictaluri (the agent of proliferative gill disease [PGD]) on host physiology by measuring the variation in selected blood characteristics in three differently affected host taxa (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, blue catfish I. furcatus, and blue catfish × channel catfish hybrid fingerlings). Forty-five fish of each host taxon were exposed to PGD, and 10 fish of each host taxon were sampled at 24, 96, and 168 h. Fish were weighed, blood was collected and analyzed for a suite of physiological variables, and wet mount preparations of gill clips were examined grossly for the presence of cartilage breaks. The results of this study are consistent with the current knowledge regarding H. ictaluri infections in blue catfish, channel catfish, and blue catfish × channel catfish hybrids. Chondrocytic lysis was observed in channel catfish and hybrid catfish at 96 and 168 h but was not observed in blue catfish. There was an observed reduction in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and an increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) at 96 h in the blood of channel catfish and hybrid catfish, but these changes were not exhibited by blue catfish. For all species, pH decreased as lactate concentrations increased. The lack of physiological changes and the absence of H. ictaluri sporozoites and DNA in gill tissue lead us to speculate that H. ictaluri is unable to establish infection in blue catfish. Current research investigating the mechanisms of infection and portals of parasite entry into blue catfish, channel catfish, and blue catfish × channel catfish hybrids is underway to better elucidate the defenses employed by blue catfish against H. ictaluri.
Limiting and Optimal Temperatures for the Northern Atlantic Population of Black Sea Bass
Authors: Sullivan M L , Tomasso J R 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Northern-stock black sea bass Centropristis striata demonstrated upper and lower median lethal temperatures of 33.6°C and 2.7°C, respectively, when temperatures were increased or decreased at a rate of approximately 0.5°C per day. The temperature for optimal growth was 25.6°C. This work, along with information in the literature, indicates that thermal tolerances and preferences do not differ greatly between the northern and southern stocks of black sea bass.