bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 13: Exhaust Emissions of Vehicles Tested to the Draft European Procedure
Authors: Haynes C. D. , Southall M. 
Published: June 2010

The work in this report was prompted by the probability of legislation in most European countries to limit the emission of carbon monoxide and possibly unburnt hydrocarbons from the exhausts of petrol-engined vehicles. A draft method of testing has already been agreed upon and this work was carried out in accordance with this draft procedure. The object of the work was to establish the baseline emissions of vehicles currently in service in Great Britain and, to achieve this, approximately 100 cars, representative of the age and engine capacity distribution of the population of Great Britain, were tested. The full test procedure consists of four cycles of a specified speed–time relationship driven from cold in which the exhaust gas is collected in bags for subsequent measurement of gas volume and carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon concentrations. For greater convenience, most tests were run from the hot condition and corrections applied to give the equivalent cold start data. These corrections, obtained by comparison of emissions from hot and cold start tests, were factors of 1·05 for mass and 0·95 for concentration. The results of tests indicated that the average emission of carbon monoxide for cars in service in Great Britain is 172 g for the four cycles of the test procedure from a cold start, which is equivalent to a concentration of 3·4 per cent; the range of emissions is from 0·60 to 7·36 per cent. Although considered of less importance in Europe, hydrocarbons were also measured and gave an average emission of 11·0 g from a cold start. Simple engine maintenance, such as corrections of ignition faults and carburettor maladjustments, was carried out on about half of the vehicles tested; these vehicles were representative of the sample as a whole and the maintenance resulted in a 20 per cent reduction in average carbon monoxide mass emissions and 10 per cent reduction in average hydrocarbon emissions. Idle emission measurements were carried out with the vehicles hot. These varied from 0·2 to over 11·6 per cent carbon monoxide, with an average level of 6·1 per cent. The average hydrocarbon emission was 1550 p.p.m. Engine tuning reduced the average idle carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions by 29 and 40 per cent respectively. The idle setting was found to have a marked effect on emissions over the cycle, probably because of the large percentage of time in the cycle which is at very light throttle opening or closed. Some comparisons were also made between the results in relation to the U.S. Federal and proposed European test methods, but results were too scattered to warrant firm conclusions.
Paper 4: Courses in Nuclear Science and Technology at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich
Authors: Edwards J. 
Published: June 2010

The Royal Navy now has twelve submarine pressurized water reactor systems operational, or under construction, as part of its developing nuclear propulsion programme. The academic nuclear training of naval officers and civilians in support of this programme is given in the Department of Nuclear Science and Technology at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Approximately 180 students per year attend the five main types of nuclear courses offered at R.N.C., which range from short introductory courses of two weeks' duration, to M.Sc. courses lasting one year. Between them, these courses provide the specialist nuclear knowledge needed by engineers and others engaged in the various supporting fields of research and development, design and construction, testing and operation, and maintenance and safety. The standards of comprehension and competence to be achieved in the longer courses are high, and the students' subsequent qualifying tests and examinations are rigorous. The academic training at R.N.C. is a complementary part of a wider training system, embracing further practical training and qualification at the Admiralty Reactor Test Establishment, Dounreay, and in the submarines, and is closely co-ordinated with the ratings' nuclear training. Feedback from the operational plants to R.N.C. is rapid, and syllabuses are continually up-dated. The various nuclear courses at R.N.C., their aims, the topics covered, and the laboratory facilities available are described. The entry and the qualifying standards of the students are outlined.
Paper 3: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Automobiles during Simultaneous Cornering and Ride Motions
Authors: McHenry R. R. 
Published: June 2010

A mathematical model of an automobile is described, which permits the study of simultaneous cornering and ride motions on irregular terrain. A major departure from previous analytical treatments of vehicles is abandonment of the concept of a vehicle-fixed ‘hinge’ to approximate the changing virtual axis about which roll takes place. Eleven degrees of freedom and all major non-linearities are included in the equations of motion, which are programmed for time-history solutions on a digital computer. Empirical relationships used to generate tyre forces over extreme ranges of operating conditions are presented in detail. To ease the task of interpretation of the extensive output information, a computer-graphics display technique has been developed to produce detailed perspective drawings of the vehicle and terrain at selected intervals of time during a simulated manoeuvre. Comparisons are presented of analytically predicted vehicle responses and test results. Future applications of the described mathematical model, in research related to highway safety, are briefly discussed.
Paper 2: Driver Behaviour in Controlling a Driving Simulator with Varying Stability
Authors: Hales F. D. , Jurkat M. P. 
Published: June 2010

The main content of the paper is concerned with the way people compensate their driving behaviour for degraded vehicle stability. It also outlines briefly the background of man–machine simulation and the use of driving simulators in the U.S.A. The problem was investigated by means of a fixed base driving simulator at the Davidson Laboratory as part of a larger programme concerned with driver behaviour. The simulator has a two-degree-of-freedom analogue simulation of the vehicle dynamics. The display system is photographic using a real road film, and the vehicle is subjected to random appearing disturbances of the wind gust type. The disturbance, vehicle, and driver behaviour are recorded both as analogue and digital signals for experimental control and later data analysis. The paper describes and gives the derived results from an experiment with nine subjects, driving two vehicles, one understeer and one oversteer, simulated to be travelling at 60 mile/h. While driving, the vehicles were subjected to a random appearing gust spectra having a maximum amplitude equivalent to 10 mile/h. Methods of assessing overall driving performance and what the drivers did in the two vehicles are developed and the results, in terms of a driving error and a control response function, are presented. The driving error results show that, in general, drivers had significantly higher error scores with the over-steering vehicle. The driver control response function gives a measure of the reaction to the various disturbing frequencies of the disturbance. The results show that seven out of nine drivers had a control response function that was higher with the oversteering car. The remaining two subjects had the highest error scores with the understeering vehicle. A driving effort function is derived and it is shown that, with exceptions which are discussed, the driving error may be regarded as a function of driving effort. The results substantiate the hypothesis that the driver will try to compensate for degraded vehicle stability, but show that the compensation is only partial and increased errors result. The implications for real driving situations are that degraded vehicle stability, either of a basic vehicle or occurring during manoeuvring, will be only partially compensated for by the driver, and increased driving errors from the driver–vehicle system are likely to result. The techniques used for the simulator experiment are suitable with only minor modifications for real driving situations.
Paper 3: Influence of the Atmosphere on the Endurance of Some Solid Lubricants Compared at Constant Layer Thickness
Authors: de Gee A. W. J. , Begelinger A. , Salomon G. 
Published: June 2010

Friction and endurance of five powdered solid lubricants were studied on a pin and ring machine. Simple methods were developed to produce layers of constant thickness (1 μm). The ease of rubbing-in varies widely with structure and with particle size. Ease of layer formation is completely unrelated to endurance: NbSe2 is rubbed in readily, but is rubbed off directly on loading. Layers of constant thickness from MoS2, WS2, and WSe2 powders behave roughly similarly, but MoS2 has a much longer life. The lubricant films are gradually destroyed by oxidation and therefore endurance increases in the series oxygen, air, and nitrogen (with 100 p.p.m. oxygen). The process of lubricant degradation is the same for the synthetic crystalline powders as found previously for MoS2: blistering of the run-in film surface on release of loading. Oxygen accelerates this process, leading finally to descaling and the onset of seizure. The endurance of MoSe2 goes through a pronounced maximum in oxygen–nitrogen mixtures. It is suggested that oxygen plays a dual role, first by enhancing film formation, and second by causing oxidative embrittlement of the lubricant.
Paper 3: An Externally Powered Prosthesis for the Complete Arm
Authors: Simpson D. C. 
Published: June 2010

The arm which is being developed at the Princess Margaret Rose Orthopaedic Hospital, Edinburgh, has voluntary control of four degrees of freedom of the hand (three positional and one rotational), prehension, automatic control of a further degree of freedom (rotational), and can provide an indication of ‘feel’. The control and use of a multimovement arm such as this would present an unacceptably severe task if it was attempted on a time/velocity basis. Over the last two and a half years we have been fitting a position-servo system to our present simple arm (two movements and prehension) and the children who use it have achieved a considerable degree of unconscious control and position awareness of the limb. The results that have been achieved with position-servo control of the present arm have depended on using the proprioceptive information which has been provided by the shoulder control sites as a reflection of the positional state of the limb, and they demonstrate the quality of the match of the characteristics of the arm to those of the user.
Paper 11: The ‘Belgrade Hand Prosthesis’
Authors: Rakić M. 
Published: June 2010

The first model of a multifunctional externally powered hand prosthesis known as the ‘Belgrade Hand Prosthesis’ was developed in the Institute ‘Mihailo Pupin’ in Belgrade in 1964, and in the course of 1966–67 an improved model was developed. The further programme of work envisages a two-year engineering and functional evaluation of the prosthesis on the patients. A detailed description of the improved mechanical solution of the ‘Belgrade Hand Prosthesis’ is given in this paper, and two variants of control logic are described.
Paper 19: Emgor: An Implantable Sensor for Myoelectric Signals
Authors: Reilly R. E. 
Published: June 2010

Shortage of independent control signals limits the ‘cleverness’ of externally powered limbs. Surface methods of sensing muscle activity give very crude reproduction. Implanted sensors ought to extract some of the untapped skill of muscles, and help establish how it may be applied. The Emgor is a sensor for myoelectric signals which is intended to be permanently implantable, with this aim in view. The paper describes the sensor and its associated electronics, and gives details of its performance.
Paper 22: Experimental Studies on the Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Movement
Authors: Sedgwick E. M. 
Published: June 2010

When the basal ganglia are damaged by disease processes in man, various disorders of movement occur. In order to control movement the basal ganglia must have a sensory input and in the absence of direct connections to motoneurones or motor cortex they must act through intermediate structures. The experiments, on cats, demonstrate: (1) which sensory inputs reach the caudate nucleus and how they influence activity of the neurones there; (2) the effect of the output from the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus on the neurones of the inferior olive and reticular formation. The results are discussed with respect to the control of movement.
Paper 8: Degrees outside Universities
Authors: Brosan G. S. 
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the various types of engineering activity and their corresponding types of education, within broad definitions. The danger of stating an over-rigid definition of purposes is discussed, and methods of preventing this hazard are considered. The general trend of systems adopted by educational establishments is given, together with extracts from recent reports on engineering education. Some comments are also presented on an American summary of the future requirements for the engineering industry there. The paper gives some recommendations that may be considered in an attempt to produce a clearer definition of the objectives envisaged for any particular engineering course.
Paper 11: Regenerators for High Temperature Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Penny R. N. 
Published: June 2010

In various companies throughout the world a first generation of production vehicle gas turbine engines are being engineered. A vital component involved is the regenerative heat exchanger. The relative merits of the rotary regenerative and static recuperative heat exchanger are compared. Thermal efficiency and competitive initial cost are the two vital issues involved in the design of small gas turbines for the commercial establishment of gas turbine vehicles. The selection of a material for the rotary regenerator is essentially related to resolving the two vital issues of future small gas turbines and is, therefore, analysed. The account of the pioneering work involved in engineering the glass ceramic and other non-metal rotary regenerators includes a complete failure analysis based on running experience with over 200 ceramic regenerators. The problems of sealing, supporting and manufacturing the glass ceramic rotary generator are discussed and future practical regenerative designs are outlined. Heat exchange theory applied to small gas turbines is also reviewed.
Effects of Some Hydraulic Fluid Lubricants on the Fatigue Lives of Rolling Bearings
Authors: Hobbs R. A. , Mullett G. W. 
Published: June 2010

Hydraulic equipment operating in potentially explosive or inflammable atmospheres (e.g. pumps in mines) has to use special fluids which are fire-resistant. Frequently the equipment design is such that the same fluid is used to lubricate rolling bearings. It is already known that some fluids, particularly those containing water, cause a serious reduction in the fatigue lives of the bearings. This paper describes a ball bearing rig and the test conditions under which several fire-resistant fluids were evaluated. It compares the fatigue lives obtained with the lives obtained when using mineral oil lubrication. Factors by which bearing capacities should be reduced when using these fluids are suggested. The fatigue testing of batches of bearings is time-consuming and the fluids are continually undergoing development. There is thus some difficulty in keeping up-to-date. However, the capacity factors given are indicative of the magnitudes of the effects that fire-resistant fluids can have on bearing lives.
Film Thicknesses in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication at High Slide/Roll Ratios
Authors: Dyson A. , Wilson A. R. 
Published: June 2010

The thicknesses of the films of lubricant formed between two steel discs in rolling and sliding contact have been estimated from measurements of the electrical capacity between the two discs. As the slide/roll ratio increased above a certain level the experimental values of the film thickness became progressively greater than the values predicted by conventional isothermal elastohydrodynamic theory. Ultimately the discs were operated satisfactorily with equal and opposite peripheral velocities, although the conventional theory would then predict the complete absence of a hydrodynamic film. These discrepancies are observed when the peripheral velocities of the discs are in opposite directions and they are explained in principle by the effect of the variation of the temperature of the oil across the film in the inlet zone. The conventional theory of film thickness in elastohydrodynamic lubrication has been modified to take this effect into account. It was not possible to obtain an exact theory for the general case but two extreme conditions could be defined and exact solutions found for them. Most of the experimental film thicknesses fell within the range of these extremes, and the variation with conditions of the position of the experimental points was approximately as expected on general grounds. One of the consequences of these general considerations was that film thicknesses should increase with load at constant disc speed and surface temperature, and this was confirmed by direct measurement.
Performance of a Short Multi-Grooved Capillary Compensated Hydrostatic Journal Bearing
Authors: Patrick J. K. , Chen N. N. S. 
Published: June 2010

This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental investigation into the performance of a short multi-grooved bearing subjected to a range of static and alternating loads. Lubricating oil was supplied, at pressures of up to 2000 lb/in2, to capillary type restrictors connected to 10 closed-end axial grooves in the bearing. The bearing had a length/diameter ratio of 1/3 and operated with a journal speed and load frequency of 327 c/min. Measured load capacity, stiffness, and flow characteristics indicate that bearings of this type have a significant load-carrying capacity at zero journal speed and that the load capacity is increased by journal rotation. A feature of the journal behaviour under alternating loads is the movement of the journal centre along a straight line coincident with the load plane. The extensive oil film pressure surveys indicate for the first time the pressure distribution within narrow hydrostatic bearings and provide a basis for a realistic theoretical analysis of this type of bearing.
Lubrication at Elliptical Contacts
Authors: Snidle R. W. , Archard J. F. 
Published: June 2010

The classical hydrodynamic theory for point contacts is extended to cover the general case where the resolved hydrodynamic velocity is not directed along either of the axes of the ellipse of contact. Isobar plots of deduced values of the non-dimensional reduced pressure, q, are shown for some of these cases. A first approximation to an elastohydrodynamic film thickness equation is derived, for this general case, by equating the maximum reduced pressure generated between undeformed bodies to the inverse of the pressure coefficient of viscosity, α. The theory is applicable to the contact conditions that exist between the teeth of hypoid gears, and the variation of lubricant film thickness with pinion offset and gear ratio for a range of hypoid gear sets has been deduced. Experiments have been performed on a crossed cylinders machine, the results of which demonstrate the general validity of the theory.
Paper 9: Fretting Fatigue in Keyed Dovetail Root Fixings
Authors: Morton P. G. , Goodman P. J. , Kawecki Z. M. 
Published: June 2010

Dovetail pole root fixings, consolidated by tapered keys, are a feature of many large-diameter salient pole alternator rotors. This paper describes an investigation into the failure in service of such a fixing; the failure being ascribed to fretting fatigue and resulting from a combination of tensile centrifugal loadings and superimposed oscillatory loading. The failures were reproduced on a series of full-scale joint sections and the design of a special rig, capable of applying typical oscillatory forcing superimposed upon a steady tensile load of 100 tons, is described. The rig was used to assess quantitatively the effect of various measures taken to eliminate the cause of failure. The test specimens were hand fitted to normal manufacturing methods and, despite the inevitable variations in fit, failed in a consistent manner. The results of the tests provide a practical example of fretting fatigue, and are generally in line with the findings of a fundamental investigation using small specimens and published in 1967 by Field and Waters. The dramatic improvement resulting from relatively minor geometrical changes is clearly demonstrated.
Paper 12: Reliability of Solenoid Valves
Authors: Mercer J. R. 
Published: June 2010

The reliability of solenoid valves is of increasing importance, and a comparison is made between electronic components and solenoid valves. Various types of failure are defined and the user's influence in defining failure is explained. Factors influencing failure of a simple solenoid valve are tabulated and the high cost of obtaining data about interaction between factors is described. The importance of a statistical design approach and the value of test or field experience are emphasized, and mention is made of the problem of obtaining field failure data. The paper also explains the difficulties of detecting component differences which lead to early failure, and the importance of using inspection and production experience to modify designs.
Paper 14: Vehicle Defects as a Contributory Cause of Road Accidents
Authors: Perring H. 
Published: June 2010

Frequence of accidents due to mechanical defects is examined, and in addition the ways in which designers can learn details of failures. Relatively few accidents are fully investigated for mechanical failures, therefore designers must rely mainly on manufacturer's warranty claims for their information about failures which occur in service. These defects have usually not caused the accidents which might have resulted from them. Certain accidents are investigated by police teams, the Road Research Laboratory, accident hospitals, and Ministry of Transport vehicle examiners; and from these bodies information on mechanical defects is supplied to the manufacturers. Designers should apply lessons learnt from vehicles in service to designs on the board.
Paper 26: Techniques of Improvement
Authors: Nixon F. 
Published: June 2010

Management's task is to ensure that the enterprise will deliver products which will satisfy the customer. A main requirement is reliability of performance and hence freedom from unexpected failure. To achieve this, management must deploy adequate engineering resources throughout all the activities concerned with the evolution of the product from concept to satisfactory service. An engineering background helps management to preserve the wider viewpoint that is often lacking in specialist areas. It is essential that there shall be effective communication and collaboration between all departments, a need that is well described today as ‘systems engineering’. The paper also examines prevailing difficulties and suggests remedies.
Paper 31: Major Causes of Failure—Civil Aircraft Structure
Authors: Williams J. K. 
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with failures of structural components of civil aircraft which have resulted in fatal accidents or serious incidents during the past twenty years. Fatigue failure of components has been the most significant contribution to the major structural failures of civil aircraft. As a result, the attack on the fatigue problem has had the greatest effect on changes in structural design concepts, substantiating tests and operational maintenance and inspection procedures. Today, with the ‘fail safe’ concept of structural design, combined with complete airframe fatigue testing, a very great advance has been made towards ensuring the safety standard of civil aircraft structures.