bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing refiner operation with statistical modelling
Authors: Broderick G. , Lanovette R. , Valade J. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of pilot scale refining trials has been conducted to study the impact of refining conditions on the energy efficiency of the process and on the handsheet quality of a chemimechanical pulp. Black spruce (Picea mariana) chips, cooked to a yield of 90% and a sulphonate content of 1.4%, were refined in two atmospheric stages. Plate gap and consistency in each stage was controlled according to a central composite design. Statistical models of refiner performance were constructed from these experimental results and a non‐linear optimization of process conditions was conducted. Optimization results were verified with plant trials which indicate that increasing the ratio of specific energy applied in the first stage leads to a reduction of approximately 15% in the total energy required. Inversely, this strategy can be used to obtain significant increases in pulp quality for a given energy input. The results also indicate that the largest proportion of energy must be applied to the fibres at high consistency.
Liquid—solid mass transfer at vertical screens in bubble columns
Authors: Zaki M. M. , Nirdosh I. , Sedahmed G. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe effect of gas sparging on the rate of mass transfer at a vertical single screen was studied by an electrochemical technique which involved measuring the limiting current of the cathodic reduction of potassium ferricyanide. Variables studied were screen characteristics, physical properties of the solution and gas superficial velocity. Screen characteristics, e. g., mesh number and wire diameter were found to have little effect on the rate of mass transfer. The data at different screens were correlated in terms of the superficial gas velocity by the equation St Sc0.5 = 0.095 (Re Fr)−0.272, where St is Stanton number, Sc is Schmidt number, Re is Reynolds number and Fr is Froude number.Comparison of the present data with previous results obtained with different transfer geometries has shown that screens produce higher rates of mass transfer than other geometries. The importance of the present work to catalytic and electrochemical reactor design was noted.
Three‐Dimension imaging of particle clusters in dilute gas—solid suspension flow
Authors: Tsukada M. , Ito M. , Kamiya H. , Horio M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe three dimensional flow structure of dilute gas—solid suspensions in a small‐scale circulating fluidized bed (0.200 m riser diameter) was visualized by applying the laser sheet technique. FCC particles were fluidized with sustained solid loading at gas velocities corresponding to the turbulent and the fast fluidization regimes in cases where the solid circulation was sufficient. Three typical shapes of clusters in the core section of the riser were observed. Clusters characterized by a paraboloidal shape heading downward were connected to neighboring clusters at their tail part, forming a three dimensional network structure.
Solubility study for the purification of hydrogen from high pressure hydrocracker off‐gas by an absorption‐stripping process
Authors: Peramanu Subodhsen , Pruden Barry B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperiments were carried out to identify a solvent which has a high solubility and selectivity for methane relative to hydrogen at 295 K and pressures from 13.88 to 20.78 MPa. Binary solubilities with pure hydrogen and methane, and ternary solubilities with 73 mol% H2 and 27 mol% CH4 were measured at 295 K and for pressures from 6.99 to 20.78 MPa in various organic solvents. This gas mixture simulates hydrocracker and hydrotreater off‐gases which are candidates for purification with an absorption‐stripper. Of the solvents tested, 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane (iso‐octane), which showed very high methane solubility and a reasonable selectivity, and methylcyclohexane, which showed a very high selectivity and a reasonable solubility, are the best solvents for methane absorption.Correlations for hydrogen and methane as a function of pressure and solvent solubility parameter were developed with the experimental solubilities. Binary interaction parameters for Peng‐Robinson (Peng and Robinson, 1976) and Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong (Soave, 1972) equations of state were calculated with experimental solubility results. Prediction of gas solubility in a ternary system was compared with experimental and found to be satisfactory when experimental binary interaction parameters were used.
The influence of different models in obtaining multiple solutions in distillation columns
Authors: Benz Sonia J. , Scenna Nicoĺaas J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper is about the sensitivity of detection of multiple solutions to the structures or parameters incorporated in the equation system that represents a distillation column. The performance of different column simulation models, generally carried out in commercial simulators, is tested to detect multiplicity. The influence of the physicochemical estimating methods and the adopted numeric strategies to solve distillation problems is considered. Important behavioral differences have been found according to the model, the calculation method and the thermodynamic properties package used. Besides, the starting point is very important in the search of the hysteresis loop.
Oxidation of hydrocarbons by hydrogen peroxide over Ti catalysts: Kinetics and mechanistic studies
Authors: Gallot Jean Émile , Kaliaguine Serge 
Published: March 2009

Abstractn‐hexane conversion to hexanols and hexanones as well as the conversion of 2‐ and 3‐hexanol to 2‐ and 3‐ hexanone, by reaction with aqueous hydrogen peroxide on titanium silicalite were the objects of kinetic investigations. The choice of these reactions is justified on the basis of an analysis of literature dealing with partial oxidation reactions performed on Ti sites in silica environments. The kinetic analysis based on equations derived using the mathematical theory of linear graphs allows several conclusions on the nature of surface intermediates and on the reaction mechanism. These conclusions are discussed in terms of the partial oxidation of organic materials by hydrogen peroxide over Ti catalysts. This review paper relies mostly on work by the authors and it intends to make an integrated presentation of the kinetics of some critically significant catalytic oxidation reactions.The content was the subject of a plenary lecture at the 5th symposium of the Romanian Catalysis Society.
On the fuzzy logic for rule based modeling and process simulation
Authors: Qian Yu , Zhang Pei‐Rong 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSome chemical processes are not well understood, and not easy to analyze and simulate with conventional mathematical approaches. A rule based approach is proposed in this paper to model such process units. Conversion between fuzzy and crisp numbers at the input and output of these units is discussed in details and a slicing conversion approach is proposed. It is shown from a case study that the approach provides a way to incorporate fuzzy models into conventional process simulators.
Robust Supramolecular Network on Ag(111): Hydrogen‐Bond Enhancement through Partial Alcohol Dehydrogenation
Authors: Pawlak Remy , Clair Sylvain , Oison Vincent , Abel Mathieu , Ourdjini Oualid , Zwaneveld Nikolas A. A. , Gigmes Didier , Bertin Denis , Nony Laurent , Porte Louis 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlcohol oxidation and self‐assembly: the in situ oxidation of hydroxyl functional groups to quinone groups promotes the formation of enhanced hydrogen bonds and allows reorganization of the resulting supramolecular self‐assemblies, which evolve from a weakly bound dense phase to a strongly bound nanoporous open structure (see picture).magnified image
Business partnerships with nonprofits: working to solve mutual problems in New Zealand
Authors: Eweje Gabriel , Palakshappa Nitha 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper examines partnerships between business organizations and nonprofits. Collaboration is becoming increasingly essential as organizations grow in both size and influence, and public pressure intensifies for organizations to address pressing social issues and environmental concerns. Social partnerships between business and nonprofits are widely promoted as an important new strategy which will bring significant benefits to society. A key concern in business/nonprofits collaboration is how organizations might collaborate to achieve mutually beneficial objectives that also align with corporate social responsibility. This research seeks to extend our understanding of social partnerships using an unexamined contextual setting – New Zealand. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Increased expression of GluR2‐flip in the hippocampus of the Wistar audiogenic rat strain after acute and kindled seizures
Authors: Gitaí Daniel Leite Góes , Martinelli Heloisa Nakashima , Valente Valeria , Pereira Marilia G. Alves Goulart , Oliveira José Antonio Cortes , Elias Carol Fuzeti , Bittencourt Jackson Cioni , Leite João Pereira , Costa‐Neto Claudio Miguel , Garcia‐Cairasco Norberto , Paçó‐Larson Maria Luisa 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) is an epileptic‐prone strain developed by genetic selection from a Wistar progenitor based on the pattern of behavioral response to sound stimulation. Chronic acoustic stimulation protocols of WARs (audiogenic kindling) generate limbic epileptogenesis, confirmed by ictal semiology, amygdale, and hippocampal EEG, accompanied by hippocampal and amygdala cell loss, as well as neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG). In an effort to identify genes involved in molecular mechanisms underlying epileptic process, we used suppression‐subtractive hybridization to construct normalized cDNA library enriched for transcripts expressed in the hippocampus of WARs. The most represented gene among the 133 clones sequenced was the ionotropic glutamate receptor subunit II (GluR2), a member of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazoleopropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. Although semiquantitative RT‐PCR analysis shows that the hippocampal levels of the GluR2 subunits do not differ between naïve WARs and their Wistar counterparts, we observed that the expression of the transcript encoding the splice‐variant GluR2‐flip is increased in the hippocampus of WARs submitted to both acute and kindled audiogenic seizures. Moreover, using in situ hybridization, we verified upregulation of GluR2‐flip mainly in the CA1 region, among the hippocampal subfields of audiogenic kindled WARs. Our findings on differential upregulation of GluR2‐flip isoform in the hippocampus of WARs displaying audiogenic seizures is original and agree with and extend previous immunohistochemical for GluR2 data obtained in the Chinese P77PMC audiogenic rat strain, reinforcing the association of limbic AMPA alterations with epileptic seizures. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dem Laser auf die Finger geschaut
Authors: Braunsteiner Arnold , Nufer Daniel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDas schnelle und berührungsfreie Prüfen von Bauteilen hat sich in den letzten Jahren mehr und mehr etabliert und ist aus der Industrie nicht mehr wegzudenken. Sensor‐ und kamerabasierende Prozessüberwachungen ermöglichen heute Kosteneinsparungen von bis zu 30 Prozent oder mehr. Fehler können damit schon während der Produktion in Echtzeit erkannt werden. Kosten, die durch Nachbearbeitung, Rückrufaktionen und der Auslieferung von fehlerhaften Bauteilen entstehen, können dadurch deutlich gesenkt werden.
Erfolg durch Brillanz
Authors: Marchiano Marcel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDilas ist eines der erfolgreichsten Diodenlaserunternehmen. Mit Laserdioden für das Pumpen von Festkörperlasern, für Schweiß‐ und Lötanwendungen ist das Unternehmen weltweit vertreten. Dr. Marcel Marchiano, Geschäftsführer von Dilas, nahm sich während der Photonics West 2009 in San Jose eine Stunde Zeit und sprach mit Francisco Velasco vom Laser Technik Journal über Erfolg, Strategien und die immer größer werdende Dilas‐Familie.
Post‐natal investigations: management and prognosis for fetuses with CNS anomalies identified in utero excluding neurosurgical problems
Authors: Mighell Amal S. , Johnstone Ed D. , Levene Malcolm 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe suspicion of an abnormality of the central nervous (CNS) system raises difficult questions for the clinician and the family and will inevitably lead to considerable anxiety. These questions include what it means for the child's future, whether it can be treated and whether it will happen again in subsequent pregnancies. For many disorders accurate prenatal diagnosis remains elusive, as even with fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), early recognition and characterisation are simply not possible because of the immature state of brain development at that stage of pregnancy. The natural history of many prenatally diagnosed CNS disorders remains to be elucidated which means that an accurate prognosis cannot be given in all cases. We review the current state of knowledge regarding the investigation, management and prognosis of the most common and important CNS malformations. We also discuss the post‐natal management of these conditions both in the neonate and subsequent pregnancies for the families. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase structure and electrical properties of strontium modified (Na0.48–xK0.48–xLi0.04Srx)Nb0.89Ta0.05Sb0.06O3 ceramics
Authors: Zheng Limei , Wang Jinfeng , Ming Baoquan , Wang Chunming , Du Juan , Wu Qingzao 
Published: March 2009

Abstract(Na0.48–x K0.48–x Li0.04Srx)Nb0.89Ta0.05Sb0.06O3 (abbreviated as NKLSrx NST) lead‐free ceramics are fabricated by conventional solid state reaction. The material with perovskite structure contains both tetragonal and orthorhombic phases at room temperature when x ≤ 0.02, and it changes into cubic phase gradually as x increases. A second phase KSr2Nb5O15 begins to appear at x = 0.03 and becomes obvious with increasing Sr content. Dielectric studies show that the Sr2+ modification lowers the Curie temperature and induces the diffuseness of cubic–tetragonal phase transition. The addition of Sr2+ improves the density and piezoelectric properties of NKLNST. The ceramic modified with 0.008 mol SrO shows the optimum piezoelectric properties (d33 = 278 pC/N, kp = 0.504, tan δ = 0.025). Degradation of kp is found after the first thermal cycling due to the tetragonal–orthorhombic phase transition near room temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Visualizing the Effect of Microenvironment on the Spatiotemporal RhoA and Src Activities in Living Cells by FRET
Authors: Kim Tae‐Jin , Xu Jing , Dong Rui , Lu Shaoying , Nuzzo Ralph , Wang Yingxiao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe cell–microenvironment interaction is critical for cells to perceive environmental cues and co‐ordinate signaling cascades to regulate physiological functions. Herein, a soft‐lithography technique, micropattern via micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), is explored to create cell‐adhesive micropatterns on glass coverslips. Genetically encoded Src and RhoA fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors are used to monitor the Src and RhoA activities in nonpatterned cells (stochastically migrating cells, SMCs) and those constrained to grow on micropatterned surfaces (restrictedly migrating cells, RMCs). The results reveal that epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces a decrease of RhoA and an increase of Src activities with biphasic time courses in RMCs. In contrast, the time courses of such activities in SMCs upon EGF stimulation are relatively monophasic. The inhibition of Src activity, actin network, or myosin machinery abolishes the biphasic RhoA response upon EGF stimulation in RMCs. The results indicate that this microenvironment effect on the biphasic RhoA activation in RMCs is mediated by Src and actomyosin machinery. Through the integration of FRET and micropatterning technologies, it is demonstrated that the microenvironment impacts significantly on cell shapes and subsequently the spatiotemporal signaling network of RhoA and Src in living cells. The results help to advance mechanistic understanding of how cells perceive and interpret microenvironments to co‐ordinate intracellular molecular signals and ultimately physiological responses.
MOF: An R Function to Detect Outlier Microarray
Authors: Yang Song , Guo Xiang , Hu Hai 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We developed an R function named “microarray outlier filter” (MOF) to assist in the identification of failed arrays. In sorting a group of similar arrays by the likelihood of failure, two statistical indices were employed: the correlation coefficient and the percentage of outlier spots. MOF can be used to monitor the quality of microarray data for both trouble shooting, and to eliminate bad datasets from downstream analysis. The function is freely avaliable at http://www.wriwindber.org/applications/mof/.
On some Factors controlling Fertility in Domestic Animals
Authors: Hammond John 
Published: March 2009

After a consideration of the ways in which the fertility of domestic animals is controlled some of the factors which limit it have been investigated. Various circumstances control the number of ova shed at each heat period. Data are presented which show that the low fertility of young as compared with adult sows is due to the fact that not so many ova are shed at each period.Counts have been made of the number of corpora lutea present in the ovaries and number of foetuses present in the uteri of pregnant rabbits and pigs. The results show that many more ova are shed at the heat period than young are produced at birth. Some ova possibly may be lost but many after fertilization atrophy at some period of their development and undergo absorption in utero.While the occurrence of atrophic foetuses only causes reduced fertility in animals which have many young at birth yet their occurrence in animals producing only one young would give rise to sterility so that the problem of the cause of the atrophy becomes an important one.Investigation points to the conclusion that the atrophy is not bacterial in origin since frequently healthy and atrophic foetuses lie side by side in the uterus. Moreover no bacteria could be found either in the foetus or foetal membranes.Evidence is given to show that nutrition cannot be the cause of the atrophy although it may affect to a certain extent the size of the young.No conclusion has yet been arrived at as to the cause of the atrophy, and the several possibilities suggested are still under investigation.
The Distribution of Atmospheric Impurities in the Neighbourhood of an Industrial City
Authors: Crowther Charles , Steuart Dan W. 
Published: March 2009

The rain analyses summarised in this paper bring out very clearly the marked difference in the purity of the atmosphere between the industrial-rural area to the west and south and the purely agricultural area to the north and north-east of Leeds.They show that the sulphur-content of the rain falling at a given station affords a fairly reliable diagnosis of the degree of pollution of the atmosphere by smoke, provided the observations be prolonged over several months. Further, evidence has been obtained in confirmation of that adduced by earlier observers, that the sulphur-content of the leaves of trees may afford useful assistance in the diagnosis of smoke-pollution. In preliminary tests the proportion of sulphur present in the leaf as sulphate gave a sharper grading of the pollution in different districts than the total sulphur.The rain analyses show further that appreciable smoke-pollution still remains throughout the agricultural area at distances of seven miles from the city, the rate of improvement of the atmosphere on passing away from the city into the purely agricultural areas being appreciably slower in the direction of the prevailing winds than in other directions.In a general way the analyses tend to show that the smoke, though in greater quantity, is in a higher state of oxidation in the dirtier or more industrial districts—due to more efficient combustion of the coal.Throughout the industrial-rural area abundant evidence of damage to leaves was found, and there can be no doubt of the consequent check to growth.
A note on soil shrinkage
Authors: Fisher E. A. 
Published: March 2009

A recent paper by W. B. Haines on soil shrinkage is discussed and his explanation of residual shrinkage criticised in the light of earlier work by the writer on evaporation of water from soil. A modification of Haines' tentative explanation is suggested.The experimental results of Haines nave rendered it possible to define more clearly than previous work allowed the significance of the critical moisture content and the divergence between the first sloping portions of the rate of evaporation curves and the corresponding portions of the vapour pressure curves.
Field experiments in electro-culture
Authors: Blackman V. H. 
Published: March 2009

Four years' additional experimental work on the application of a high tension discharge to the growth of field crops is described. Ten experiments with spring-sown oats and barley, two with winter-sown wheat, one with spring-sown wheat, and four with clover-hay have now been described.The discharge was usually given at the rate of 0·5 to 1·0 milliamp. per acre from thin insulated wires stretched above the crop at a height of about 7 ft. and charged to a voltage of 40,000 to 80,000 (crest value). The discharge was usually given for 6 hours a day in two periods, 3 hours in the morning and 3 hours in the afternoon.If the two experiments with spring-sown oats described in previous papers are included and the experiment of 1919 with spring-sown wheat (which yielded only 8 bushels to the acre) is excluded a series of 18 results is available spread over a period of 6 years. Of these 18 field experiments with various crops, 14 gave positive results in favour of the electrified plots, while 4 showed negative results, i.e. decreased yields compared with the controls. Of the 14 positive results only 3 show increases of less than 10 per cent, while 9 show increases of 30 per cent, and over, some reaching 50 per cent, and over. Of the 4 negative none shows a decrease of as much as 10 per cent.Of the 12 experiments with spring-sown cereals 10 were positive and 2 negative. Of the positive results only 2 show increases of less than 10 per cent, while 6 show increases of 30 per cent, to 57 per cent.; on the other hand both the negative results are quite small, being 6 per cent. and 9 per cent. respectively.The effect of electrification in increasing the yield of spring-grown oats and barley has thus been demonstrated. The mean increase in yield for such crops was 22 per cent.A beneficial effect of the discharge on clover-hay is probable while the effect on winter-sown wheat is still uncertain.Our knowledge of the proper conditions under which the discharge should be given is still so meagre that there is no reason to believe that the increased yields here described are the maximum obtainable as a result of electrification.The mode of action of the current in producing increased growth and yield is still obscure. In several cases the electrified field crops showed a deeper green tint than that of the controls, and work already published has shown that in the case of the coleoptile (plumule sheath) of barley minute electric currents are able to bring about an increase in the rate of growth.The effect of the discharge is of the nature of a stimulus. The additional energy available from the current is too small to have any direct effect since it is only about 1/1000th, or less, of the energy which the plant obtains from sunlight.There is no evidence that gaseous products of the discharge play any part in the stimulation of growth. The additional supply of nitrogen brought to the soil from oxides of nitrogen produced as a result of electrification must be exceedingly small.