bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interdigital Capacitive Array of tree-like Carbon Nanotubes on Silicon-based Membranes for Sensor Applications
Authors: Ebrahimi Aida , Abdi Yaser , Mohajerzadeh Shamsoddin , Paydavosi Sarah 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe have grown tree-like vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on silicon substrate, suitable for highly sensitive interdigital capacitive sensors. As an application, we present a sensitive pressure sensor with branched CNTs as its capacitance plates.After realization of the interdigital structure, the growth of CNTs has been achieved through direct-current plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (DC-PECVD) method. A sequential growth and hydrogenation has led to the formation of multiple branched structures of nanotubes. The growth of tree-like CNTs on the interdigitally patterned substrate results in a high overlap between adjacent fingers and consequently a significant response to mechanical variations of the membrane as a result of the applied pressure.
Molecular Dynamics Study on Resolution in Nanoimprint Lithography for Glass Material
Authors: Tada Kazuhiro , Yasuda Masaaki , Kimoto Yoshihisa , Kawata Hiroaki , Hirai Yoshihiko 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA theoretical study of resolution in nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been carried out using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We have performed a MD simulation for glass NIL, monitored the friction force during entire NIL process and evaluated the deformed shapes of glass patterns after the mold releasing. The resolution in NIL is governed by the maximum tensile stress acting on the glass, which is induced by the friction force during the mold releasing. Based on the distribution of average number density of atoms in the molded glass, the ultimate resolution in the glass NIL has been proved to be 0.4 nm.
Organic Light Emitting Material Direct Writing by Nanomaterial Enabled Laser Transfer
Authors: Ko Seung Hwan , Pan Heng , Misra Nipun , Grigoropoulos Costas 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOrganic light emitting material direct writing is demonstrated based on nanomaterial enabled laser transfer. Through utilization of proper nanoparticle size and type, and the laser wavelength choice, a single laser pulse could transfer well defined and arbitrarily shaped tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)Al patterns ranging from several microns to millimeter size. The unique properties of nanomaterials allow laser induced forward transfer at low laser energy (0.05 J/cm2) while maintaining good fluorescence. The technique may be well suited for the mass production of temperature sensitive organic light emitting devices.The combined effects of melting temperature depression, lower conductive heat transfer loss, strong absorption of the incident laser beam, and relatively weak bonding between nanoparticles during laser irradiation result in the transfer of patterns with very sharp edges at relatively lower laser energy than commonly used, thus inducing minimal damage to the target organic light emitting diode material with no evidence of cracks. This technique can be applied to a broad range of laser wavelengths with proper selection of nanoparticle size and size distribution, as well as the material type. Additionally, nanomaterial enabled laser transfer may be particularly advantageous for the mass production of temperature sensitive devices.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Photosensitive ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MEH-PPV/Al Detector
Authors: Pinto Leon Rohan , Petrovic Jovana , Matavulj Petar , Chambers David Keith , Qi Difei , Zivanovic Selmic Sandra 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOne of widely investigated materials for photodiode, light-emitting device, and solar cell applications is a soluble conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy-5- (2,9-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) or MEH-PPV. In this paper we present experimental results on MEH-PPV polymer and ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MEH-PPV/Al photodetector, where ITO and PEDOT:PSS stand for indium tin oxide and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), respectively. Thin polymer films were fabricated by spin-coating technique. The characterization of the material and devices are done in air at room temperature. The experimental results include optical absorption of MEH-PPV and determination of the optical absorption coefficient, photocurrent dependence on optical power, light wavelength, bias voltage, and polymer thin film thickness. Theoretical modeling is based on drift-diffusion and continuity equations for hole polarons, as well as assumption that the charge carrier recombination process is bimolecular. The bimolecular recombination mechanism implies that the photocurrent depends on the square root of the optical power, which is confirmed with our experimental results.
Experiences With Streamline-Based Three-Phase History Matching
Authors: Oyerinde Adedayo , Datta-Gupta Akhil , Milliken William 
Published: August 2009

Summary
Streamline-based assisted and automatic history matching techniques have shown great potential in reconciling high resolution geologic models to production data. However, a major drawback of these approaches has been incompressibility or slight compressibility assumptions that have limited applications to two-phase water/oil displacements only. Recent generalization of streamline models to compressible flow has greatly expanded the scope and applicability of streamline-based history matching, in particular for three-phase flow. In our previous work, we calibrated geologic models to production data by matching the water cut (WCT) and gas/oil ratio (GOR) using the generalized travel-time inversion (GTTI) technique. For field applications, however, the highly nonmonotonic profile of the GOR data often presents a challenge to this technique. In this work we present a transformation of the field production data that makes it more amenable to GTTI. Further, we generalize the approach to incorporate bottomhole flowing pressure during three-phase history matching. We examine the practical feasibility of the method using a field-scale synthetic example (SPE-9 comparative study) and a field application. The field case is a highly faulted, west African reservoir with an underlying aquifer. The reservoir is produced under depletion with three producers and more than thirty years of production history. The simulation model has several pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) and special core analysis (SCAL) regions and more than 100,000 cells. The GTTI is shown to be robust because of its quasilinear properties as demonstrated by the WCT and GOR match for a period of 30 years of production history.
Correlating Flowing Time and Condition For Perforation Plugging By Suspended Particles
Authors: Tran Tung V. , Civan Faruk , Robb Ian 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Conditions leading to the plugging of perforations in wells and pore throats in porous formations are investigated experimentally. Accurate correlations are developed for the effect of pore throat to particle size ratio on flowing fluid conditions and plugging time leading to particle bridging. It is demonstrated that the critical pore throat to particle size ratio vs. particle-volume fraction Reynold's number can be correlated satisfactorily using an exponential function, and the dimensionless plugging time vs. reciprocal particle-volume fraction yields an exponential-type correlation. Such empirical correlations can be used to determine and alleviate the conditions that induce perforation and pore plugging by migrating particles in petroleum reservoirs. These correlations reveal that the critical pore-to-particle diameter ratio below which plugging occurs may be greater than the unit physical limit.
Living Mulches in Field Cultivation of Vegetables
Authors: Adamczewska-Sowińska Katarzyna , Kołota Eugeniusz , Winiarska Sylwia 
Published: August 2009

Living Mulches in Field Cultivation of Vegetables
Living mulches as an element of vegetable cultivation in the integrated and ecological production systems perform a protective function towards the soil and the cultivated crops. They improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil, and reduce weed and pest infestation. At the same time, however, they compete with vegetable plants for nutrients, water and space, and that is why research work has been carried out with the aim of minimizing this competition. The success of vegetable production with the assistance of living mulches depends on the right selection of the species, sowing or planting dates, as well as the means of controlling the growth of the companion plants. The experiments carried out at the Department of Horticulture of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences demonstrated the usefulness of white clover and pink serradella as living mulches for tomato and leek, and of perennial ryegrass for pepper. Controlling the biomass of companion plants by regular mowing brought about a 2-17.2% increase in the yield of tomato fruits. The most favourable sowing date for these plants in the cultivation of pepper was week 9 and 12 of pepper plant growth, and week 4 and 6 in the cultivation of leek.
Garden pea Varietal Susceptibility to Mycosphaerella pinodes and its Effect on Yield Components of Single Plants
Authors: Boros Lech , Wawer Anna 
Published: August 2009

Garden pea Varietal Susceptibility to Mycosphaerella pinodes and its Effect on Yield Components of Single Plants
The susceptibility of 21 garden pea genotypes to Mycosphaerella pinodes was evaluated in a two years study with inoculation under controlled conditions and in field experiments. The tested genotypes differed significantly in their susceptibility to seedling foot rot and leaf and stem blight caused by M. pinodes under these tests. Average scores of leaf infection in laboratory testing were higher comparing to the degree of infection in field conditions with inoculation. The genotypes which were rated susceptible to foliar infection were also susceptible to stem infection, with the severity of stem infection being much lower. No significant correlation was obtained between foliar symptoms severity and seedling foot rot necrotic index for garden pea genotypes. Deleterious effects of the inoculation with M. pinodes in field experiments on all yield components of pea plants parameters were observed. The pathogen caused 14.6% reduction of number of pods per plant, 17.3% reduction of number of seed per plant, 23.5% reduction of seed weight per plant and 7.8% decrease of 1000 seed weight in comparison with protected controls. There were also quite large differences between the years of testing as well as among pea genotypes in reduction of yield components. Genotypes Mieszko and Jurand showed the lowest reduction of seed weight per plant and appeared to be more tolerant to M. pinodes among the tested. Overall, five of tested genotypes (Kadona, ZIF 2401, Juko Nike and Deko) were considered as moderately susceptible. The remaining were either susceptible or highly susceptible (Cud Kelwedonu, Pionier, Markus, Kosynier, Duet and Hetman). The obtained results will be useful for breeders in selecting the components for a crossing programme.
Alpine metamorphism in the central segment of the Western Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps)
Authors: Rantitsch Gerd , Judik Katalin 
Published: August 2009

Alpine metamorphism in the central segment of the Western Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps)The metamorphic pattern of the central Western Greywacke Zone (Austroalpine, Eastern Alps) was investigated by organic matter reflectance, Raman spectroscopy on organic matter and clay mineralogical methods. Raman data map a 10 km wide thermal aureole along the contact zone of the Greywacke Zone to the Penninic Tauern Window. The estimated maximum temperatures of 400 °C to 200 °C decrease from South to North, that is from the contact to the uppermost parts of the Greywacke Zone. This pattern is explained by an Oligocene to Miocene thermal pulse, related to the rapid exhumation of formerly deeply buried rocks of the Penninic unit. During this event, advective heat transport and circulating fluids overprinted the Cretaceous higher anchi- to lower epizonal metamorphic pattern of the central Western Greywacke Zone.
Superantigen-Activated Regulatory T Cells Inhibit the Migration of Innate Immune Cells and the Differentiation of Naive T Cells
Authors: Tanriver Yakup , Martín-Fontecha Alfonso , Ratnasothy Kulachelvy , Lombardi Giovanna , Lechler Robert 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Regulatory T cells can be used as tools to suppress pathogenic T cells in autoimmunity, graft-vs-host-disease, and transplantation. But even when high numbers of Ag-specific regulatory T cells are available, it is still possible under certain in vivo and in vitro conditions for effector T cells to escape effective control. Current reports suggest that the degree of suppression is modulated by the inflammatory milieu, which can induce resistance to suppression in effector T cells or subvert the inhibitory function of the regulatory T cells. Cells of the innate immune system integrate early signals of injury and infection and have a major impact on the ensuing inflammation. Hence, the modification of these initial events can be key to allowing suppression to dominate. The approach we took here was to test whether the in vivo preactivation of endogenous regulatory T cells with a superantigen could enhance their suppressive potency. We provide evidence that this not only proved effective in expanding the pool of preactivated regulatory T cells but also in preventing the migration of NK cells and granulocytes upon sensitization with matured dendritic cells. The attenuation of innate immune activation was accompanied by linked suppression of adoptively transferred OVA-specific T cells when APC coexpressing OVA and the superantigen were injected. These data suggest that the preactivation of regulatory T cells is a promising approach to increase their potency.
The Role of IL-23/IL-17 Axis in Lupus Nephritis
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Tsokos George C. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
T cells that express IL-17 infiltrate the kidneys of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. A significant proportion of these cells are CD3+CD4−CD8− double-negative T cells. In this study, we show that double-negative T cells from MRL/lpr mice express high amounts of IL-17 and that as disease progressively worsens, the expression of IL-17 and of IL-23 receptor in lymphocytes from these mice increases. Lymph node cells from lupus-prone mice, but not control mice, treated in vitro with IL-23 induce nephritis when transferred to non-autoimmune, lymphocyte-deficient Rag-1−/− mice. Kidney specimens from these recipient mice show significant Ig and complement deposition. The data indicate that an aberrantly active IL-23/IL-17 axis contributes to the development of nephritis in lupus-prone mice.
High Frequencies of Functionally Competent Circulating Tax-Specific CD8+ T Cells in Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 2 Infection
Authors: Oliveira André L. A. , Hayakawa Hitoshi , Schor Doris , Leite Ana Claudia C. B. , Espíndola Otávio M. , Waters Allison , Dean Jonathan , Doherty Derek G. , Araújo Abelardo Q.-C. , Hall William W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) is characterized by a clinically asymptomatic persistent infection in the vast majority of infected individuals. In this study, we have characterized for the first time ex vivo specific CTL responses against the HTLV-2 Tax protein. We could detect CTL responses only against a single HLA-A*0201-restricted Tax2 epitope, comprising residues 11–19 (LLYGYPVYV), among three alleles screened. Virus-specific CTLs could be detected in most evaluated subjects, with frequencies as high as 24% of circulating CD8+ T cells. The frequency of specific CTLs had a statistically significant positive correlation with proviral load levels. The majority of virus-specific CD8+ T cells exhibited an effector memory/terminally differentiated phenotype, expressed high levels of cytotoxicity mediators, including perforin and granzyme B, and lysed in vitro target cells pulsed with Tax2(11–19) synthetic peptide in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings suggest that a strong, effective CTL response may control HTLV-2 viral burden and that this may be a significant factor in maintaining persistent infection and in the prevention of disease in infected individuals.
Eradication of colonizing populations of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) by early detection and SCUBA removal: Lake George, NY
Authors: Wimbush John , Frischer Marc E. , Zarzynski Joseph W. , Nierzwicki‐Bauer Sandra A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Since their introduction to North America, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and quagga mussels (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) have rapidly colonized North American fresh waters. Strategies for limiting the economic and ecological impacts of zebra mussels exist, but there are few examples where once zebra mussels have invaded a natural body of water they have been removed or managed without the use of ecologically destructive methods. The first successful attempt to eradicate a colonizing population of zebra mussels using SCUBA is reported here. Studies were conducted in Lake George, NY.
Since zebra mussel larvae had been detected prior to the discovery of adults in Lake George, a comprehensive management programme for zebra mussels was in place when mussels were found in 1999, at a single location in the southern part of the Lake (Lake George Village site). Efforts were quickly launched to remove as many mussels as possible by SCUBA with the intent of minimizing the risk of the population reproducing and establishing a permanent presence in the Lake.
Population size at the discovery site was initially estimated at fewer than 30000 animals. Between 1999 and 2007 more than 21000 animals were removed from the site, over 90% of them shortly after the colony was discovered. Continued monitoring of the site for larvae, recruitment, and growth suggests that the animals have not successfully reproduced since the project began. Since detection at the Lake George Village site, six separate colonizing populations at other locations in the lake were found and similar removal efforts appear to be having comparable success.
This study demonstrates that the combination of early detection, suboptimal habitat, proactive establishment of a rapid response and management plan, and cooperation of a comprehensive network of stakeholders can prevent a successful zebra mussel invasion.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for determination of Sirolimus coated drug eluting nano porous carbon stents
Authors: Rajender G. , Narayanan N.G.B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLiquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method has proved to powerful research tool due to its sensitivity, high selectivity, and high throughput efficiency..Sirolimus was extracted from plasma by two‐step extraction procedure using chloroform as extracting solvent. Signal intensity was high using ESI+source provided for the quantitation of samples. Chromatographic separation was performed on phenomenax C‐18 column (250 × 4.60 mm 5microns).Mobile phase contains acetonitrile, water (80; 20 v/v) + 0.1% acetic acid, flow rate 1 mL/min.The retention time of Sirolimus 8.4 min, the total run time10 min. Linearity correlation coefficients (r2) curve was 0.997183.calibraction range 10–1000 ng/mL. The UV detection of Sirolimus was at 278(277.78) nm. Sirolimus coated drug eluting stents, MRM (Multiple reaction monitoring) transition of Sirolimusm/z936.83–208.84 was selected to obtain maximum sensitivity. LC/MS/MS results exhibited consistency in drug content on the stent surface.In‐vitrorelease kinetic indicated the release of Sirolimus in 41 days from the date of implanted. Drug release was found at the first day, burst release was observed at 7thday of implantation. This study involved pharmacological coating of stents, based on the notion that sustained systemic local delivery of anti‐proliferative agents. LC‐MS/MS method has been successfully used in the pharmacokinetic analysis of Sirolimus coated drug eluting stents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS method for quantitative analysis of isovalerylshikonin in rat plasma
Authors: Zhu MeiXiang , Gao Yanbing , Wu Zhen , Zhao YuFen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA new, fast and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for isovalerylshikonin in rat plasma using emodin as internal standard (IS). The analyte was extracted from rat plasma with ethyl acetate, after 10% HCl treatment and protein precipitated by methanol. The compound was separated on an Ultimate™ XB‐C18 analytical column using a mobile phase of methanol–10 mM ammonium acetate in water–acetonitrile containing 0.05% formic acid (45 : 10 : 45, v/v/v) with isogradient elution. The analyte was detected in negative ion mode using multiple‐reaction monitoring. The method was validated and the specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), precision, accuracy, recoveries and stability were determined. LLOQ was 9 ng/mL for isovalerylshikonin. Correlation coefficient (r) value for the linear range of the analyte was greater than 0.99. The intra‐day and inter‐day precision and accuracy were better than 8.52%. The relative and absolute recovery was above 86% and no matrix effects were observed for isovalerylshikonin. This validated method provides a modern, rapid and robust procedure for the pharmacokinetic study of the two compounds in rats after intravenous administration to rats (n = 4). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of early nervous differentiation and early catecholaminergic sensory system during Sepia officinalis embryogenesis
Authors: Baratte S. , Bonnaud L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWithin Mollusca, cephalopods exhibit a particularly complex nervous system. The adult brain is formed from the fusion of several “typical” molluscan ganglia but it remains poorly understood how these ganglia emerge, migrate, and differentiate during embryogenesis. We studied the development of both central and peripheral nervous system by antibodies raised against α‐tubulin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in Sepia officinalis embryos to visualize neurites and catecholamine‐containing neurons, respectively. In early embryos, when organs start delineating, some ganglia already exhibited a significant fiber network. TH‐like immunoreactivity was detected in these fibers and in some primary sensory neurons in the embryo periphery. These data attest to the occurrence of an early embryonic sensory nervous system, likely effective, transient in part, and in relation to the perception of external cues. Concerning the peripheral nervous network, the stellate ganglia emerged as a plexus of numerous converging axons from TH‐like immunoreactive sensory cells, first at the mantle edge, and then in the whole mantle surface. Later, TH‐immunopositive motor fibers, originating from the stellate ganglia, penetrated the circular muscles of the mantle. These patterns reveal the setup of a mantle midline with likely attractive and repulsive properties. Our findings seem to challenge the widespread, still accepted, view of a late differentiation of cephalopod ganglia, and provides significant data for further investigations about axonal guidance during cephalopod development. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:539–549, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.