bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are stumps important for the conservation of saproxylic beetles in managed forests? – Insights from a comparison of assemblages on logs and stumps in oak‐dominated forests and pine plantations
Authors: BRIN ANTOINE , BOUGET CHRISTOPHE , VALLADARES LIONEL , BRUSTEL HERVÉ 
Published: June 2012

Abstract.  1. The expanding interest in harvesting stumps for bioenergy may represent a potential threat to forest biodiversity. Whereas stumps are common in managed stands, knowledge of their associated saproxylic assemblages is still incomplete.2. We used emergence traps to sample saproxylic beetle assemblages in oak and pine large‐diameter (>20 cm) logs and stumps and compared the assemblages from the two sources.3. With 64–84.5% of the species pool in oak and pine, respectively, stumps definitely constituted a suitable substratum for many saproxylic species in managed forests. Higher species density suggested that stumps are more diverse habitats than logs. Stumps also host rare species and natural enemies of bark beetles. For both tree species, the assemblage composition was significantly different between logs and stumps. The dissimilarity between substratum types was predominantly due to turnover, especially for oak.4. Our results revealed that not only do stumps constitute a substitute for some log‐dwelling species; they also provide a suitable breeding substratum for many species that may be at risk in case of massive exportation of stumps for bioenergy purposes.
The Determination of the Age of Iron and Stony Meteorites from their Radioactivity*
Authors: Evans Robley D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObserved meteor and meteorite velocities (Öpik, Boothroyd) indicate that a small fraction, perhaps in the neighborhood of 15 percent, of all meteorites striking the earth are of extra‐solar origin. Helium‐radium age measurements (Paneth, Urry, & Koeck) on 23 iron meteorites, none of which was of known heliocentric velocity, disclose a uniform distribution of last‐solidification ages with no ages clearly greater than the age of the earth. Thus, either the specimens are all from the solar system, as Paneth proposed, or the galactic system is of the same age as the earth. Two critical experiments are in progress, based on the following evidence. The abundance‐ratio of the C, O, Si, Cl, Fe, Co, and Ni isotopes in meteorites has been studied by various workers, and is found to be the same as in the terrestrial elements. Moreover, the ratio of the two independent isotopes of uranium, 92U235 and 92U238, is the same in all terrestrial specimens, regardless of the geologic age of the mineral in which they are found. It is therefore taken as a reasonable premise, but regarded as a working assumption only, that the original isotopic ratio of any element is a constant of nature and is independent of its place of origin in the galactic system. Measurements of the actinouranium vs. uranium I activity‐ratio, and of the specific activity of potassium, are in progress on stony meteorites selected for their known heliocentric velocities. Some of these are of extra‐solar origin while others are solar‐system meteorites. The final results of the analyses give the difference between the age of the atoms in the meteorites and the same type of atoms in the earth. The method is independent of all influence from varying chemical and physical conditions during the history of the meteorite, as it deals entirely with isotopic ratios. The study of both the AcU, UI ratio and the K40, K41 ratio provides an independent check on the basic assumption of the method. The apparatus, technique, and mathematical background for these experiments are fully described. The announcement of the numerical results of these analyses is deferred until all the observations and control runs have been repeated many times, in order to assure their complete reliability.
Taenite*
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTaenite is really 2 substances. Of these, orthotaenite is a nickel‐rich alloy whose composition is uncertain but seems likely to be Fe2Ni. This formula is based on a statistical study of 26 analyses, and the fact that the iron‐nickel frequency diagram has maxima indicative of this composition. The other constituent, metataenite, is a duplex substance composed probably of an intergrowth of orthotaenite and kamacite. In 9 (1 doubtful) out of 12 octahedrites examined, the taenite lamellae were composed of a dark central band of metataenite, with a band of orthotaenite on either side. The bands are either too thin or too thick to show this arrangement in the other 3 cases. The orthotaenite results from diffusion of nickel from the kamacite, while metataenite is a plessite‐like residue left between the bands, but, because of a higher nickel content, is much finer‐grained than plessite. Metataenite is, nevertheless, more soluble than orthotaenite. The black color is due to the removal of the more soluble constituent (kamacite) by the acid. The resulting surface is optically equivalent to a powder, and hence dark‐colored. The separation of taenite lamellae from Canyon Diablo, Arizona, into 3 layers was accomplished, and the thicknesses of the whole lamella and the 3 constituent layers are given.
A New Type of Nickel‐Iron Meteorite from the Vicinity of the Arizona Meteorite Crater*
Authors: Nininger H. H. , Webb Robert W. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAmong the meteorites gathered in the vicinity of the Arizona Meteorite Crater, a few individuals have been found whose etching pattern differs markedly from that of the typical Canyon Diablo irons; and chemical analysis reveals a considerably higher content of nickel: about 8.4%. According to accepted methods of identification, these distinctive individuals are regarded as belonging to a different type of meteorite. The majority of the irons of this new type show striking deformation of the kamacite plates, a feature almost unknown in the usual Canyon Diablo irons. An explanation for this is offered. It is suggested that the new type of nickel‐iron meteorite from the region of Meteorite Crater be called Canyon Diablo, Arizona, No. 2.
Collecting Small Meteoritic Particles
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe importance of the showering of small particles associated with meteoritic falls is emphasized and some of the difficulties encountered by those who attempt to investigate the phenomenon are pointed out. A trial search for specimens at the site of the Holbrook, Arizona, fall of 1912 July 19, made in April, 1940, is described. 3 small aërolites with a combined weight of 0.0948 g., which were recovered in the course of the search, are recorded. The method of collecting specimens is described and a plan for obtaining a quantitative estimate of the total amount of material that fell in this shower is outlined.
Small Aërolites Recovered from the Site of the Holbrook, Arizona, Fall of 1912*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper includes an account of the recovery and a description of 8 more aërolitic particles, ranging in weight from 0.0628 to 0.0074 g., that were recently collected from ant hills at the site of the Holbrook, Arizona, fall of 1912. (The total number of such specimens now known is 11.) All 8 of these particles were discovered by means of “alnico” magnets—4 of the little stones in the field and 4 of them in the laboratory. The latter were detected in a quantity of 5515 g. of the ant‐mound gravel that was brought home for examination, and all 4 of these were found in the material of the same jar, which contained 771 g. of this gravel. From the data available, the ratios of both the numbers and the weights of the terrestrial and the meteoritic stones are calculated and various other comparisons between the 2 kinds of particles are made. Probably the most significant conclusion is that completely incrusted aërolites, weighing down to 0.0074 g., not only have been demonstrated to exist but have actually been reclaimed at the place of the Holbrook shower.
The Schertz, Guadalupe County, Texas, Meteorite Proved Identical with Canyon Diablo, Arizona*
Authors: Monnig Oscar E. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe Schertz, Guadalupe County, Texas, iron meteorite of 308 g., which has been listed in two catalogs of Texas meteorites, resembles a typical Canyon Diablo, Arizona, iron. An investigation at Schertz and at other points in south Texas revealed that a large shipment of iron meteorites from Canyon Diablo was sent there about 1893, and that subsequently all of these irons were abandoned or lost except one piece of some 175 lbs., now at Yorktown, Texas. The so‐called Schertz iron is in all probability one of the samples of this shipment.
Concerning the Meteor Observed on January 30, 1868, which Fell through the Atmosphere as a Shower of Stones at Pultusk in the Kingdom of Poland*
Authors: Galle J. G. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents eyewitness accounts of the phenomena attending the fall of the Pultusk, Poland, meteorites. On the basis of the observational data thus provided, the real path and the heliocentric orbit pursued by the meteorites are determined.]
Some Symbols Recommended for Use in the Classification of Meteorites etc.
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTIONIn the first column of the following table are presented some symbols that the writer has found convenient in classifying meteorites etc. and that he would recommend to other workers. The majority of these symbols stand for various classes in the Rose‐Tschermak‐Brezina system of meteoritic classification1 and are accordingly but revisions of the rather unsatisfactory symbols already in use, while a few are innovations. In the second column of the table is given in each case the corresponding old symbol2 (if such exists) and in the third and last, the term that the preceding symbol or symbols characterize. It is recommended furthermore that all of the symbols in the forenamed system, other than those enumerated in the second column of the accompanying table, be left unchanged until such time as the whole system of classification may be revised.
The Eaton, Colorado, Meteorite: Introducing a New Type
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper contains an account of a 29.547‐g. coppery nugget reported to have been observed to fall in May, 1931, at Eaton, Weld Co., Colorado (coördinate number = 1047,405), that the writer is able to explain only on the hypothesis that the specimen is a meteorite of an entirely new type (copper‐zinc‐lead), coördinate with the sideritic variety (or nickel‐irons).
Remarks on Four Notes Recently Published by C. C. Wylie
Authors: La Paz Lincoln 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT AND INTRODUCTIONThe present communication, in so far as it relates to a note on contraterrene meteorites,1 is simply an elaboration of certain remarks which I made extemporaneously at the time the then Secretary, Dr. Robert W. Webb, read Dr. C. C. Wylie's paper at the Eighth Meeting of the Society for Research on Meteorites held in Flagstaff, Arizona, in June, 1941. In so far as this communication relates to three more recent notes on the mass of the meteorite responsible for the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorite Crater,2 it is intended to justify objections to Wylie's results already expressed in private letters to him.
A Study of the Multiple Meteoritic Falls of the World
Authors: Herrig George H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe meteoritic falls of the world have been studied in an attempt to learn whether they support the hypothesis that a governing cause of multiple falls is the fact that stones are more friable than irons and are thus more likely to disintegrate under the effects of external forces. A statistical test has been applied to the data and has been found strongly to support this hypothesis.
The Formation of Meteoritic Iron Oxide
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTMeteoritic iron oxide occurs in three forms: coarsely lamellar, finely lamellar, and massive. The lamellar forms result from oxidation proceeding parallel to the surface of the metal. The thickness of the lamellae may be proportional to the rate of oxidation. Massive oxide results when electrolysis causes the oxide to invade the metal or when redeposition of dissolved oxide obliterates the original lamellar structure. The action of lawrencite produces a friable, porous type of oxide which is confined largely to specimens in collections. The effect of electrolysis on the differential oxidation of meteoritic minerals is briefly discussed. Three new analyses of meteoritic oxides (by F. G. Hawley) are given (Table 1).
Some Observations on the Soil near the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorite Crater
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTFour samples of soil from 2 places approximately 2 miles from the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorite Crater contain no nickel or fragments of oxide, but material resembling volcanic ash is fairly abundant. The pH of the soils is near 8.5. This mild alkalinity would tend to help the irons resist corrosion. One partial analysis is given.
An Announcement to Collectors of Meteorites concerning the Pantar, Lanao, Philippine Islands, Fall
Authors: Nininger H. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTHerein is related how the aerolites from the Pantar, Lanao, Philippine Islands, fall of 1938 June 16 escaped the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. On behalf of Mr. H. J. Detrick, thru whose painstaking efforts the collection of these aerolites was made possible and the specimens themselves were preserved, an appeal is made to collectors of meteorites.
Comments on the Preceding Paper by Professor M. A. R. Khan
Authors: Kaplan Joseph 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis communication presents comments on Professor M. A. R. Khan's paper concerning the possibility of detecting the strongest radiations of terrestrial polar auroras in the spectrum of the earthshine. It also suggests the desirability of photographing the Moon in infra‐red radiation corresponding to the O‐O band of the first positive system of N2. The possibility of extending Professor Khan's proposal by studying the lunar ionosphere and by studying other phenomena suggested by known solar‐terrestrial relationships is briefly discussed.
An Investigation of the Time Distribution of Meteoritic Falls by Years†
Authors: Russell John A. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAn attempt is made in this paper quantitatively to remove the systematic human factors from the annual counts of observed meteoritic falls from 1790 to 1939, inclusive. The probability that the fluctuations remaining in the counts are due solely to errors of sampling is then determined. These remaining fluctuations are shown to be normally distributed, to a close approximation, except for the years 1868 and 1933.
A Possible Meteorite Crater in the Aleutians*
Authors: La Paz Lincoln 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTNeither theory nor the results of numerous observations made from military and commercial aircraft support the generally accepted belief that meteorite craters will prove to be quite easily discoverable by search from the air. As an indirect result of a campaign to discover new meteorite craters by air search, a possible meteorite crater on Amak Island in the Aleutians was reported by Charles Keenan, Second Batallion, 53rd Infantry, a member of the United States Ground Forces. All details concerning the location and nature of this Aleutian crater so far made available to me are presented in this paper.
The Rockwell Hardness of Siderites*
Authors: Bddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe Rockwell hardness of 22 siderites (nickel‐iron meteorites) was determined and found to range from 45T‐42 to 45T‐69 and from B‐60 to B‐92. Differences were found between the unaltered and the granulated parts of siderites with an alteration zone. Metal near nodules may differ from that farther away. Some experiments were made to determine the effect of heat on the hardness of siderites.
A Sieve Analysis of Crushed Sandstone from the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, Meteorite Crater
Authors: Buddhue John Davis 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe impact of the Canyon Diablo, Arizona, meteorite crushed, but did not disperse, some of the white sandstone bedrock. An analysis of the particle‐size of this material is given. The finest particles are indistinguishable in size from particles of “rock‐flour.” The results of a “Photelometric” determination of the particle‐sizes in “rock‐flour” also are given.
The Furnas County Stone of the Norton County, Kansas‐Furnas County, Nebraska, Achondritic Fall (1000,400)*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA preliminary account is given in this paper of a record‐breaking meteorite—the Furnas County member of the extraordinary Norton County, Kansas‐Furnas County, Nebraska, achondritic fall of 1948 February 18 (coördinate number = 1000,400). This specimen, discovered on 1948 August 16, is conservatively estimated to weigh 1 metric ton (2200 lbs.). If that estimate is correct, or nearly correct, then the Furnas County stone is by far the largest known aerolite in the world and the largest meteorite of any type ever observed to fall. Several other significant facts concerning this remarkable meteorite are noted and briefly discussed. The giant aerolite was recovered thru the combined efforts of the Institute of Meteoritics of the University of New Mexico and the University of Nebraska State Museum, which have acquired joint ownership of it.
A Simplified Classification of Meteorites and its Symbolism*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAn attempt is made in this paper to effect a simplification of the classification of meteorites and a revision of the symbols that pertain to it. Meteorites (symbol = Mi) are classified, first, into 3 divisions: aerolites (Ae), siderolites (So), and siderites (Si); second, into 7 classes: achondrites (A), chondrites (C), sideraerolites (S), lithosiderites (L), hexahedrites (H), octahedrites (O), and ataxites (D); and third, into 29 separately distinguishable subclasses, of which the symbol, in each case, indicates primarily the class to which the meteorite belongs. Table 1 is a list of 16 “Qualifying Symbols or Qualifiers”—single, lower‐case letters—used in connection with the symbols of the divisions, the classes, and the subclasses—in the last‐named case, to form the symbols of variants or secondary subclasses. Table 2, entitled “Subclasses of Meteorites and their Symbols,” gives the names of the subclasses and both their new and their old symbols. Several matters relating to this system of classification are discussed; the classificational sequence of meteorites, in terms of the 7 classes of meteorites, is reviewed in the light of it; and, finally, 3 recommendations are made concerning the system and its application to future studies of meteorites and meteoritic falls—in particular, statistical studies of the latter.
The Meteorites of Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Boyacá, Colombia (730,059)*
Authors: Ramírez J. Emilio 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn April, 1810, a large mass of nickel and iron was found by Cecilia Corredor, on Tocavita Hill, not quite a mile from the main square of the town of Santa Rosa de Viterbo, Department of Boyacá, Republic of Colombia. It was recognized as a meteorite by two fellow travelers, Mariano de Rivero and Jean Baptiste Boussingault, in 1823, who found it in the local smithy, where it was doing duty as an anvil. The history of this and another inseparable meteorite, known as Rasgatá, is outlined from that time up to the present, and some suggestions are made to eliminate the confusion that has prevailed regarding these two meteorites. Finally, two large specimens of meteorites found recently near Santa Rosa de Viterbo are described.
On Naming New Subclasses of Meteorites
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIt is proposed that any subclass of meteorite that may in future be required be named for the fall that proves to be the archetype of the subclass; e.g., if the Norton County, Kansas‐Furnas County, Nebraska (1000,400), fall of 1948 February 18 be found to represent a new subclass, this would well be termed nortonite, with the symbol A2no.
The Mechanism of the Sounds from Meteors*
Authors: Barringer Brandon , Hart Harry C. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews records of sounds from meteors that were heard simultaneously with the appearance of the meteors. Such sounds are carried presumably by electromagnetic waves. A number of different conceivable mechanisms for the generation of the radiation, which have the necessary characteristics, are considered. It is concluded that the most likely mechanism involves the radiation that originates in large numbers of air molecules that are ionized by the impacts of the invading meteorites.
Intensity Variations in the Spectrum of a Perseid Meteor*
Authors: Russell John A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDensity measurements of the spectrum of a Perseid meteor reveal an increase in the strength of the K line of ionized calcium with respect to the neutral iron‐magnesium blend at 3830 A., particularly during bursts. The greater strengthening of high‐excitation lines relative to low‐excitation lines during bursts appears to be fairly general thruout the spectrum. Effective‐temperature determinations, based upon the relative intensities of certain iron multiplets, however, indicate lower excitation of iron vapor during bursts than between them. The effective‐temperature difference is of the order of 20° to 30° C.
The Chemical Composition and Some Physical Characteristics of Tektites
Authors: Hammond Charles R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAccurate density‐measurements are given for 2 australites and for 3 moldavites, and a chemical analysis, made of a moldavite, is compared with that of other tektites and with those of ancient and modern glasses. The chemical analysis is then used to approximate the coefficient of thermal expansion and other physical characteristics of tektitic material.
Trigonometric Criteria for Determining Whether Meteoritic Falls Lie on the Same Great Circle*
Authors: Leonard Frederick C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper is divided into 6 sections, of which an enumeration will constitute its abstract: (1) introduction; (2) trigonometric criteria for determining whether a given point Q lies on the great circle passing thru 2 other given points, A and B, of north pole P; (3) and (4) methods of determining the geographic coördinates of pole P; (5) determination of the distance of a given point R from the great circle; and (6) determination of the coördinates of point S, the point on the great circle closest to the given point R. Several subtopics are discussed in the notes to the paper.
The Lost Port Orford, Oregon, Meteorite (ECN =+ 1245,428:)*
Authors: Pruett J. Hugh 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn 1859, when Dr. John Evans, government geologist, was working in southwestern Oregon, he came upon an unusual rocky formation protruding from the ground. He reported the locality as “about 40 miles from Port Orford.” Specimens analyzed in New York and Vienna were found to be pallasite. Plans were made to move the mass, estimated to weigh 10,000 kg., to the Smithsonian Institution, but, before the expedition could be organized, Dr. Evans died. No one else could be found who knew the location of the find. The Smithsonian Institution has a small specimen of the original find weighing 28 gm. The large mass has not since been located, altho search parties are frequently in the field.
Observations on the Toluca, Mexico, Meteoritic Iron (ECN =+997,194)*
Authors: Beck Carl W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn interesting fragment of the Toluca, Mexico, sideritic shower (ECN = +997,194) is described. It is interesting from the viewpoint of the concentration of minor meteoritic constituents in abundance and from the viewpoint of structure. The principal constituent is kamacite, but the fragment contains macroscopically visible schreibersite, graphite, troilite, daubréelite, and lawrencite. One (1) figure and 4 tables are given.