bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pour une histoire socio-politique du Paris révolutionnaire : réflexions méthodologiques.
Authors: Burstin Haim 
Published: May 2009

This article wants to suggest some lines of research intended to cover the by now insufficient aspects of 50' s and 60's historiography.
It is necessary on the one hand to close the gap over the injustified and persistent fracture existing between 18th century and Revolution historians, and on the other hand to rediscover the complexity of the city, too often reduced to a simple background of revolutionary events ; it is important, in other words, to enhence all characteristics and contradictions of the city itself.
There is, furthermore, a very rich section on which to investigate, placed half way between all major political events and street revolution, the way which the revolution itself reaches the local reality. In each Quarter, specific and more general problems come together in different combinations, thus revealing the richness of forms whithin which the political life expands itself. What comes out of all this is an unexplored and complex typology of personal paths through the revolution. It is therefore necessary to resume the study of all parisian revolutionary institutions, of their specific function and social composition, in order to allow the comprehension on a scale of the interaction of economical, social, political and ideological factors.
Haim BURSTIN.
L'évolution du personnel politique de la section de Marat et la rupture de Germinal an II.
Authors: Monnier Raymonde 
Published: May 2009

The political history of the personnel from 1789 to 1794 reveals the permanency of the revolutionary institutions of the section. Changes in politics brought new men to the fore, sans-culottes were elected to the revolutionary commitee, but the majority of sectional leaders had enjoyed long association with the section and the club of Cordeliers. The persecution of the hebertist leaders, in germinal year II, and the reaction against former militants and members of the revolutionary commitee during more than one year changed the composition of leadership of this previously radical section, which joined the royalist rebellion against the Convention on 13 vendémiaire year IV.
R. MONNIER.
Les arrestations de suspects en 1793 et en l'an II. Professions et repression.
Authors: Matharan Jean-louis 
Published: May 2009

The questions raised by the study of the professions of the suspects arrested in Paris from 1793 to 1794 result from both this particular subject and more general difficulties in finding out the social structure in Paris over the revolutionary period.
Through several methods of analysis of this set of 5605 suspects among which 427 women whose trades and qualities are already known we come to the following statement : repression fell mainly on the members of the former Tiers-Etat, belonging for the most part to the popular urban classes.
From the methodological point of view, the use of crossed criteria putting the political aspect together with the social one turns out to be a rich and knowledgeable way of studying an overturned society.
Jean-Louis MATHARAN.
Notes complémentaires sur le poète Théodore Desorgues ou quand les inconnus se font connaître
Authors: Vovelle Michel 
Published: May 2009

La publication en 1985 de la biographie de ce poète révolutionnaire méconnu a valu à l'auteur une riche correspondance, signalant des sources complémentaires et apportant des éclairages nouveaux.
La personnalité de ce héros s'en trouve enrichie sur plusieurs points essentiels.
Jacques Godechot, historien de la Révolution française
Authors: Vovelle Michel 
Published: May 2009

Michel Vovelle, «Jacques Godechot, historian of the French Revolution. »
A tribute rendered by the author on the occasion of the donation of Professor Godechot's library to the French Revolution Museum of Vizille. The author summarizes the main elements of Jacques Godechot's contribution to the historiography of the French Revolution.
« Jacobinisme » et idée nationale en Allemagne à l'époque révolutionnaire : le cas de Görres
Authors: Calvié Lucien 
Published: May 2009

Lucien Calvié : Jacobinisme et idée nationale en Allemagne à l'époque révolutionnaire: le cas de Gôrres.
Cet article invite à une relecture de l'itinéraire intellectuel et politique de Gôrres longtemps mal perçu à partir de son évolution ultérieure et des reconstructions rétrospectives qu'elle a pu autoriser dans l'historiographie nationale allemande du xixc siècle. L'auteur s'attache à caractériser l'attitude du jeune Gôrres dans le contexte de la République cisrhénane entre 1797 et 1799, défendant les mérites d'une voie révolutionnaire, appuyée sur un système représentatif et libéral par le biais d'une bonne constitution. D a pu voir dans l'annexion à la République française le moyen de réaliser cet objectif mais participe de la déception des cisrhénans devant les réalités de la Realpolitik directoriale. Sa position associant violence verbale et modérantisme réel, le démarque à la fois des conceptions des jacobins des années précédentes comme Forster, et du retour à la problématique pédagogique et réformiste des lumières d'un Schiller. D s'en rapproche toutefois, son appel à une révolution fondée sur une morale et une pensée spécifiquement allemande répudie le recours à la souveraineté populaire, sans revenir toutefois à une attitude anti révolutionnaire. Gôrres n'annonce pas encore le romantisme politique réactionnaire d'un Novalis. Elle connaîtra bien d'autres étapes, de sa rentrée dans le débat politique à partir de 1813 à sa mort en 1848.
A la recherche d'un jacobinisme helvétique
Authors: Czouz-Tornare Alain , Maradan Evelyne 
Published: May 2009

Alain Czouz Tornare et Evelyne Maradan, "In search of a Swiss Jacobinism."
This study begins with the question: was a Swiss Jacobinism possible?, and underlines the social, political and governmental context of Switzerland at the end of the Eighteenth Century. The author establishes the objective impossibility of an expression of jacobinism which tragically could only remain a minority opinion. From the study of some notable figures including Stapler, Pestalozzi, Laharpe or Ochs, the author establishes the portrait of the so-called 'patriots', although the term is inevitably ambiguous because it designates both those who responded to the revolutionary élan and those who fought against French domination. This analysis makes it easier to understand the contemporary reserve of the Swiss as it is mirrored in the silence and severe judgments of most of Swiss historiography albiet wiht a few notable exceptions (A. Rufer). This historical legacy deepens our understanding of the confédéral authorities more than reticent attitude at the time of the bi-centennial festivities (" the Federal Council does not consider the French Revolution as an event of Swiss history ").
La Révolution française vue et vécue de Constantinople (1789-1795)
Authors: Jamgocyan Onnik 
Published: May 2009

Onnik Jamgocyan, " The French Revolution observed and lived through from Constantinople, 1789-1795."
This study deals with the attitudes of a neutral country, the Ottoman Empire as it was confronted by the French Revolution and helps us understand the failings and difficulties of the revolutionary government in the realm of foreign policy; it also follows the daily life of the some 250 French who lived in Constantinople. In spite of the Sultan's aversion to the Revolution, a real current of interest and sympathy existed among the elite and even at court. Although the Frenchman Semonville was not admitted, Descorches was working towards an alliance between the Republic and the Sublime Porte. Caution was the rule for both parties up until 1795 when Verninac was allowed to enter as envoy extraordinary. In spite of the arrival of French émigrés especially after 1792, by and large the French merchants remained loyal to their country; thanks to Descorches cautious attitude and although the comercial relations with the East had become disorganized, they did receive belated news from home. No club was organized but a liberty tree was planted and remnants of the Ancien Régime were abolished.
Continuité et renouvellement : les recherches sur la Révolution française en RDA à l'occasion du bicentenaire
Authors: Middell Matthias 
Published: May 2009

Matthias Middell, "Continuity and renewal in the research on the French Revolution in the German Democratic Republic at the time of the Bi-centenary. "
This historiographical survey begins by recalling the welll-established tradition and importance of East German scholarship on the French Revolution thanks to the work of Walter Markov and then of Manfred Kossok. Nevertheless, this scholarship has not escaped the consequences of the crisis within "Jacobin" historiography of the 1970's. The demands of the bi-centenary brought about a renewal and encouraged a greater number of publications and conferences, the opening of new fields of research and the strengthening of international contacts. A general picture is given of the new perspectives and major themes of research (comparative history of revolution, theoretical analysis on the theme of hegemony).
Les révélations d'un dictionnaire : du nouveau sur la composition de l'Assemblée Nationale Constituante (1789-1791)
Authors: Lemay Edna Hindie 
Published: May 2009

Edna Hindie-Lemay : Revelations of a Dictionary: some new research on the National constituant Assembly (1789-1791).
This article is a synthesis of the new contributions made by the Dictionary of the Constituants which the author has compiled. Thank to the material and information concerning 1315 representatives in the National Assembly a detailed analysis of this snoop is now possible with its three components: the clergy, the nobility and the tiers-état. The author follow the social and family background of the representatives, the age at which they entered politics and their later careers. A distinction is made between the mass of unknown députés and those who in the different ordres and political groups were spokesmen and became leaders of various tendances within the Assembly.
L'emprunt forcé de 1793 et le patronat textile elbeuvien
Authors: Becchia Alain , Largesse Pierre 
Published: May 2009

Alain Becchia et Pierre Largesse : L'emprunt forcé de 1 793 et le patronat du textile elbeuvien.
L'emprunt forcé de 1793 a été peu étudié dans l'historiographie révolutionnaire. Dans le cadre urbain d'Elbeuf , on étudie la levée de ce qui se présente à la fois en fait, comme un impôt sur le revenu et un emprunt, puisque la somme devrait être rendue en domaines nationaux. Par ailleurs, ce prélèvement était lié à un emprunt volontaire qui pouvait en dispenser. La mesure a touché un cercle restreint de soixante elbeuviens, pour la plupart marchands et entrepreneurs. Le rendement a été très modeste, la bourgeoisie locale a su se défendre et le paiement de l'emprunt a très peu rapporté. Mais cette mesure fiscale manquée met à la disposition du chercheur, par le biais des dossiers de déclarations une source précieuse par l'éclairage qu'elle donne sur l'activité économique, sur les achats de biens nationaux, sur la structure du capital des entreprises et les relations commerciales.
La politique de Marat
Authors: Coquard O. 
Published: May 2009

Olivier Coquart : Marat's Politics.
Marat's politics articulate political action and theorical reflexion : they are based on two ideas : 1) the struggle against every form of despotism, 2) the construction of an ideal republic. The concepts of despotism and of the republic are rooted in enlightenment thought which was part of Marat's education : Montesquieu was his fundamental reference. Marat's political action was the consequence and the public demonstration of those theories. This paper analyses the political mechanisms of his conscious revolutionary acts and thus breaks with the traditional view of Marat as both muddle-headed and inconsistent.
La Révolution du droit naturel dans les Révolutions de Paris (juillet 1789-septembre 1790)
Authors: Palierse Christophe 
Published: May 2009

Christophe Paljerse : The Revolution of Natural Law in the « Révolutions de Paris», July 1789-September 1790.
This article studies the characteristics of the ideology reflected in the newspaper Révolutions de Paris during the period that coincided with Elysée Loustallot's work on the paper. The author demonstrates the unity around the theme of natural law which was a constant reference both in the analysis of the revolutionary phenomenon and in the statement of a plan for future society. The Revolution was the result of the demands of man's natural freedom over the ruins of despotism ; the illegal state of religious, political and patriarchal domination led to generalized corruption. Impregnated with the principle of man's natural freedom, the Revolution was to bring about the reign of philosophy. In order to fulfill this project of regeneration, it was to rely on the common interest, the very foundation of the reign of the law. This meant that the political regime had to be concerned with communal democracy, with social justice and should be wary of any encroachments by the army or the judiciary ; in the same way it was to insure that the souvereignty of the legislative prevailed over the executive so that by raising civic spirit it could re-establish high morals.
La France, l'Allemagne et la Constitution (1789-1815)
Authors: Schmale Wolfgang 
Published: May 2009

Wolfgang Schmale : France, Germany and the Constitution (1789-1815).
Centered in the field of comparative constitutional history, this article is presented as a contribution to the history of "the constitutional mentality" of the Eighteenth Century. It asks what exactly was the meaning of the idea of constitution in the twin historical context of France and Germany between 1789 and 1815. The author analyses the two countries one after another and demonstrates how the revolutionary events in France deepened the hiatus between the two, as the term took on a more specific meaning while in Germany it referred initially to vague notions inherited from the tradition of the Empire and of Enlightenment despotism. But through the experiences of the revolutionary period and then of the Napoleonic empire, German lands were to be influenced by French ideas. By comparing the constitutional documents of France in 1814 and of Germany in 1815, the author demonstrates that in the area of government, the historical distance between the two countries diminished during this period.
La France et les Grecs sous la Révolution et l'Empire, étude d'une représentation à l'échelle de peuples
Authors: Nicolaidis Dimitri 
Published: May 2009

Dimitri Nicolaïdis : La France et les Grecs sous la Révolution et l'Empire, étude d'une représentation à l'échelle de peuples.
Cette étude s'attache à analyser le discours collectif des Français — agents consulaires, commerçants, voyageurs — sur les Grecs pendant la Révolution et l'Empire dans le but de dégager une ou des représentations collectives, dans un champ particulièrement complexe. Si par référence au mythe antique omniprésent, il est évident que le Grec dégénéré est à régénérer, la péninsule peut toutefois offrir des sites où s'est conservée l'image inaltérée du Grec tel qu'on le rêve. Dans un jeu d'images réfractées, les observateurs apprécient les Grecs par références aux oppresseurs — les Turcs — aux opprimés — Juifs ou Arméniens — sans perdre de vue les rivaux russes et anglais dont l'influence concurrence celle de la France. Au fil des événements, comme l'occupation des îles ioniennes, des stratégies comme des attitudes différentes se dessinent, laissant percevoir ce qui s'imposera, à travers une image fantasmée, dans le courant philhellène.
La notion d'anarchie pendant la Révolution française (1789-1801)
Authors: Deleplace Marc 
Published: May 2009

Marc Deleplace, The Idea of Anarchy during the French Revolution, 1789-1801.
This article analyses the morphological family stemming from the term "anarchy" from the beginning of the revolutionary decade. It was an idea-conçept inherited from the Enlightenment but it acquired a second meaning with the appearance of the sociopolitical qualifier, the neologism "anarchist". Several developments can be traced on different levels through the use of the term during the constitutional debates during which it is used by the Monarchiens between 1789 and 1791 and then by the Thermidoriens at the time of the discussion over the Year II Constitution. The author follows the use of the socio-political qualifier throughout the period during its various phases in which this protean term served as an arm of backlash and then was reactualised before finally being established within the coherence of the political discourse of Year III. Along the way, the representation of the anarchist was gradually delineated as the agitator who brought on social disorder exactly as he was later to be defined from Year III on in the Thermidoriens discourse.
Un discours en Révolution : le projet des « publicistes patriotes » (1793)
Authors: Forner Emmanuelle 
Published: May 2009

Emmanuelle Forner, Discourse Revolutionized : the project of the Patriot Pamphleteers.
Between the fall of the Gironde and Frumaire Year II, the protagonists of the Salut Public pamphlet press such as Hébert, Roux and Leclerc benefited from a brief time period and space of freedom in which they acquired short-lived fame. They developed original discursive experience as they sought to link works and politics. In this article, the author studies the language theory that underpins this discours within the framework of an original rhetoric. The pamphleteers put an emphasis on a natural style, on the use of analogy and figurative language in order to find the truth through expressiveness as they struggled against verbal duplicity, sought to unmask their ennemies and to create a new order of things. They emphasised a plain discourse using metaphors and stereotypes which made it possible to economise on lengthy demonstration in their affirmation the universality of an truth acknowledged by all. Nevertheless, this discourse also developed the apocalyptic rhetoric of prophecy, announcing the eschatology of universal happiness and calling on notions of the supernatural. The spokesmen of this current were both the anonymous witnesses of a revelation and looked upon themselves as the Just, as the apostles and finally as the martyrs made in the image of Marat. Through poetics, they unified a message which was to be that of the universal community expressing a total and radical subversion. They proposed a totally revolutionised discourse because the Revolution was going on within the discursive process itself.
La Révolution Française et les origines celtiques de la France
Authors: Guiomar Jean-Yves 
Published: May 2009

Jean-Yves Guiomar, The French Revolution and the Celtic Origins of France.
It was during the Revolution that the Celtic character of France's origins was emphasized as it never had been before. This contrasted with the legacy of ethnic and aristocratic notions from the previous century. The author traces the stages and carriers of the emerging notion in milieux such as Le Cercle Social and among men such as Combry, the author of A Voyage in Finistère. The latter was one of the founders of Le Cercle Celtique and active among people fascinated by the Celtic tradition in Paris under the Directory. The author demonstrates how the debate on the cult of the dead brought together common themes of discussion. The study of the works and publications of the Celtic Academy, from 1805 on, reveals the successes and failures of this current of thought and its significance within the cultural, scientific and political context of the time. The future "regionalist" current was developed by the hiers of the Enlightenment and not by those who were the depositories of a purely aristocratic tradition of thought.
De la Révolution française à l'école de la IIIe République : une captation d'héritage?
Authors: Benichou Laurence 
Published: May 2009

Laurence Bénichou, From the French Revolution to Education under the Third Republic : the Misuse of a Legacy ?
This study tries to define the attitude of schoolteachers, members of trade unions between the two World Wars, towards the heritage of the French Revolution. The sources used are mainly trade union publications : La Revue de l'enseignement primaire supérieur and L'École émancipée which reflect the two major currents in the trade union movement, the reformist current and the radical one.
The author analyses the legacy of 1789 as it was understood by these publications. France as the patrie of the Revolution which brought in a new era was one element ; moreover, the values of the Revolution were transferred to the struggles of the unions and to the discussions about education. "Liberty" was emphasized in discussions concerning the freedom of education or the rights of trade unions; "Equality" was the banner of the struggle for equal educational opportunities for all children.
As for the pedagogical contents of teaching the Revolution, there was obviously a strong contrast between the reformist discourse and that of the radicals ; nevertheless, the concern for objectivity led to a certain amount of agreement ; the education of the Republic took on the legacy of the Revolution in order to establish its own legitimacy.
Le rattachement d'Avignon et du Comtat à la France : approche juridique (1789-1791)
Authors: Clère Jean-Jacques 
Published: May 2009

Jean- Jacques Clere, Le Rattachement d'Avignon et du Comtat à la France : approche juridique (1789-1791).
L'auteur propose une relecture, sous le regard du juriste, du débat qui s'est tenu à la Constituante, sur le problème du rattachement à la France d'Avignon et du Comtat Venaissin. Il rappelle les arguments qui ont été avancés de part et d'autre, au plan du droit positif, appuyés sur toute une batterie de références historiques. Mais il est notable de relever que tous — contre-révolutionnaires comme patriotes — ont appelé le droit naturel à la rescousse. Ils n'en ont toutefois pas la même conception : les patriotes avançant le principe du droit des peuples à disposer d'eux-mêmes, les conservateurs contestent que ce droit entraîne celui de changer de gouvernement par la violence, ce qui constitue une violation du contrat qui les unit à leur souverain légitime. Arguments de fait et arguments de principe s'affrontent dans un débat juridique où d'autres facteurs emporteront finalement la décision.
Quelle Révolution à Vizille ?
Authors: Bordes Philippe 
Published: May 2009

Philippe Bordes : Which Revolution in Vizille?
After seven years of activity and development and as a provisory appraisal of the work accomplished, the head of the Museum of the French Revolution at Vizille (Isère) examines here the guiding principles and ideas which set the project in motion and analyses their evolution in relation to the historiographical and ideological changes which have happened during the 1980s. He discusses the choices made, the orientations that have been set aside and the strategies followed and outlines what he considers the necessary developments in the future for this museum which strives to establish its identity and its reputation on a critical attitude towards its theme : the French Revolution.
Marianne, réflexions sur une histoire
Authors: Agulhon Maurice 
Published: May 2009

Maurice Agulhon : Marianne, Some Reflections on her history.
At the crossroads of political history, of folklore and sometimes of art, the author follows the changes in the image of the woman with the Phrygian cap, whether she was called Marianne or not. He recalls her beginnings during the Revolution, how she came into her own in the Nineteenth Century, especially from the Second Empire on and above all under the Third Republic during which the name « Marianne » and the effigy of the Republic became one and have since shared a common destiny. Marianne's history is part of that of political allegory, of the visual representation adopted by states ; it both comes under the heading of national folklore and of partisan symbolism. Such a complexity gives it its wealth of meaning and brings up the question of the role of this kind of research.