bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Use of Radiographs Alone to Determine Air Force Dental Readiness Classification
Authors: Irwin Scott P , Ryan J Brett , Baluyot Rondre F , Solivan-Ortiz Aida M , Schindler David K , Graver Jay D , Vandewalle Kraig S 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Air Force Dental Service is responsible for ensuring that airmen are dentally ready to support military operations worldwide by delivering top-tier dental care. As the military healthcare landscape undergoes significant changes, the Air Force Dental Service has explored innovative approaches to dental care delivery. One consideration involves the potential use of radiographs as the primary tool for assessing service members’ dental conditions, specifically focusing on identifying nondeployable conditions and periodontal health.

Materials and Methods
Providers who previously participated as examiners in the 2018 Air Force Recruit Oral Health Study were recruited to re-evaluate randomly selected de-identified records, this time making assessments exclusively based on radiographs. Their evaluations included Dental Readiness Classification (DRC) determinations, total caries counts, and Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) index scores, providers also rated their confidence in these conclusions using a 5-point Likert scale. The study then computed sensitivity and specificity to assess the diagnostic performance of providers using radiographs only compared to the original study results that use the gold standard of radiographs with a clinical examination.

Results
Providers exceled at ruling out most DRC 3 conditions, with specificities surpassing 70%. Positively identifying those with DRC 3, particularly radiographically identifying periodontal conditions posed challenges with computed sensitivity rates as low as 8%. Discrepancies in PSR scores also accentuated limitations in relying solely on radiographs, where provider’s radiographically determined PSR scores that matched less than one third of the time. In general, providers had low to very low confidence in their assessments.

Conclusions
The study strongly cautions against relying solely on radiographs for determining the dental health of U.S. Air Force personnel. While providers effectively ruled out the absence of certain conditions, the challenge of positively identifying DRC 3 conditions poses significant risks to oral health if such a workflow was utilized. Particularly, the high probability of false negatives would be detrimental to the operational readiness of military personnel. Therefore, results support the continued use of radiographic and clinical examinations for comprehensive dental exams.
Conceptualizing and Developing Competence in Newborn Medicine Among Military Pediatricians
Authors: Ponnapakkam Adharsh , Krick Jeanne , Brink Hannah , Koslow Elizabeth , Cervero Ronald , Martin Paolo C 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Competence in neonatal care is especially important for military pediatricians because military pediatricians can be asked to serve in remote duty locations with limited resources. We sought to understand how this competence is defined, developed, and assessed by military pediatric training programs.

Materials and Methods
After Institutional Review Board approval was obtained, we interviewed educators and recent graduates from every pediatric military training program to construct a shared definition of competence. We then used Kern’s Six Steps for curriculum development to understand how competence is taught and assessed.

Results
Participants felt that competence for military pediatricians in the neonatal setting meant that learners should be able to provide a full spectrum of newborn care in any military setting. Participants confirmed that this competence was particularly important for military pediatricians because of the possibility of remote duty locations. Participants felt that specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes supported competence. Knowledge domains include distinguishing normal newborns from abnormal newborns, managing normal newborn care, managing common newborn abnormalities, and creating a safe escalation plan for complicated or uncommon newborn abnormalities. Specific skills that support competence are newborn resuscitation, delivery of effective ventilation, and neonatal circumcision. Specific attitudes that support competence are, understanding the personal limits of knowledge and understanding the resources for escalation of care. Educators use a variety of modalities to teach toward competence, including the structured curricula, bedside teaching, and simulation. According to participants, the assessment of learners occurs primarily through narrative assessment and feedback but would ideally occur through direct observation.

Conclusions
Competence in the neonatal setting is particularly important for military pediatricians. Essential skills undergo differential assessment and current assessment methods differ from ideal assessment methods. Future work should focus on how these facets can support a unified curriculum in newborn medicine.
The impact of free-streaming on dwarf galaxy counts in low-density regions
Authors: Meshveliani Tamar , Lovell Mark R , Crain Robert A , Pfeffer Joel 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We study the statistics of dwarf galaxy populations as a function of environment in cold dark matter (CDM) and warm dark matter (WDM; sterile neutrino model mass $M_{{\rm s}}=7.1~{\rm keV}$; half-mode mass $M_{{\rm hm}} = 6.3\times 10^8$ ${\rm M}_\odot$; and thermal relic equivalent mass $m_{{\rm th}} = 2.8~{\rm keV}$) cosmogonies, using the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) galaxy formation model in two counterpart simulations. We measure the abundance of dwarf galaxies within 3 Mpc of DM haloes with a present-day halo mass similar to the Milky Way, finding that the number of galaxies $M_{*}\gt 10^7$ ${\rm M}_\odot$ is nearly identical for WDM and CDM. However, the cumulative mass function becomes shallower for WDM at lower masses, yielding 50 per cent fewer dwarf galaxies of $M_{*}\gtrsim 10^{5}$ ${\rm M}_\odot$ than CDM. The suppression of low-mass halo counts in WDM increases significantly from high- to low-density regions for haloes in the $[0.5,2] \times M_ {\rm hm}$ range. The fraction of haloes hosting resolvable galaxies ($M_*\gtrsim 10^{5}$  ${\rm M}_\odot$ ) also diverges from overdense to underdense regions for $M\gt 2M_ {\rm hm}$, as the increased collapse delay at small densities pushes the collapse to after the reionization threshold. However, the stellar mass of WDM haloes at $[0.5,2]\times M_ {\rm hm}$ is 30 per cent higher per unit halo mass than CDM haloes in underdense regions. We conclude that the suppression of galaxies with $M_{*}\gtrsim 10^5$ ${\rm M}_\odot$ between WDM and CDM is independent of density: the suppression of halo counts and fraction of luminous haloes is balanced by an enhancement in stellar mass–halo mass relation.
Epigenomic landscapes during prefrontal cortex development and aging in rhesus
Authors: Ning Chao , Wu Xi , Zhao Xudong , Lu Zongyang , Yao Xuelong , Zhou Tao , Yi Lizhi , Sun Yaoyu , Wu Shuaishuai , Liu Zhenbo , Huang Xingxu , Gao Lei , Liu Jiang 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is essential for higher-level cognitive functions. How epigenetic dynamics participates in PFC development and aging is largely unknown. Here, we profiled epigenomic landscapes of rhesus monkey PFCs from prenatal to aging stages. The dynamics of chromatin states, including higher-order chromatin structure, chromatin interaction and histone modifications are coordinated to regulate stage-specific gene transcription, participating in distinct processes of neurodevelopment. Dramatic changes of epigenetic signals occur around the birth stage. Notably, genes involved in neuronal cell differentiation and layer specification are pre-configured by bivalent promoters. We identified a cis-regulatory module and the transcription factors (TFs) associated with basal radial glia development, which was associated with large brain size in primates. These TFs include GLI3, CREB5 and SOX9. Interestingly, the genes associated with the basal radial glia (bRG)-associated cis-element module, such as SRY and SOX9, are enriched in sex differentiation. Schizophrenia-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms are more enriched in super enhancers (SEs) than typical enhancers, suggesting that SEs play an important role in neural network wiring. A cis-regulatory element of DBN1 is identified, which is critical for neuronal cell proliferation and synaptic neuron differentiation. Notably, the loss of distal chromatin interaction and H3K27me3 signal are hallmarks of PFC aging, which are associated with abnormal expression of aging-related genes and transposon activation, respectively. Collectively, our findings shed light on epigenetic mechanisms underlying primate brain development and aging.
Effectiveness of Health Action Interventions in Enhancing Diet Quality and Glycemic Control Among Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Santos Beatriz C , Alves Luana F , Rocha Vivianne S , Hernandez-Ruiz Ángela , Silva Ana Mara O , Pires Liliane V 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Context
Diet quality is directly related to glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The use of dietary indices can provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between diet quality and clinical outcomes.

Objective
The aim was to evaluate the relationship between diet quality, measured using dietary indices, and its impact on improving glycemic control in individuals with T2DM through health interventions.

Data Source
This study was conducted using 6 databases, including Web of Science, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Bireme, Scopus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), as well as the gray literature (Google Academic).

Data Extraction
Randomized clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of health interventions in adult and older adult individuals with T2DM and presented data on diet quality evaluated using dietary indices and the percentage of glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c) were included.

Data Analysis
A total of 3735 articles were retrieved, 4 of which were included in the study selection stages. The quality indices assessed in the studies were the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), Healthy Eating Index–2010 (HEI-2010), Diet Quality Index–International (DQI-I), and Diet Quality Index–Revised (DQI-R). A reduction in %HbA1c was observed in 2 studies, which correlated with the AHEI and DQI-I scores in the intervention groups. The approach of using food labels to improve diet quality reduced %HbA1c by 0.08% in the intervention group compared with the control group. Only 1 study found no significant association between the DQI-R index and %HbA1c. Additionally, negative correlations were observed between body weight and the AHEI and DQI-I scores.

Conclusion
Health interventions improved diet quality, glycemic control, and weight loss in individuals with T2DM.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO no. CRD42023430036.
Nascent Pairs and Virtual Possibilities
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the chaos of the 1930s, physicists reacted to Paul Dirac’s “hole” theory with multiple and ambiguous interpretations and uses of the vacuum. This chapter focuses on the work of three younger physicists and the interplay of vacuum research and pedagogy: Wendell Furry, Hans Euler, and Victor Weisskopf. Was Dirac’s vacuum real? Did it have observable effects? Archival evidence documents Furry’s struggles with Dirac’s theories and his collaboration with J. Robert Oppenheimer; they deployed a strategic ambiguity that resulted in some of Furry’s results being withheld from publication. Correspondence between Weisskopf and Euler sheds light on their research with Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg, respectively. Weisskopf showed how a theorist could “leapfrog” over inconsistent, and inconvenient, experimental evidence. Overall, this chapter argues that in the 1930s the interpretation of the vacuum was less important than its usefulness; the vacuum resource for theorists to develop their theories and apply their techniques.
Positive Fantasies about the Future Breed Hope
Authors: Oettingen Gabriele 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Hope can be defined as a future-oriented emotion that powerfully affects our behavior. In psychology, however, the presently most prominent conceptualizations of hope emphasize its cognitive components and define hope as a positive expectation for the future. Contrary to this view, the present chapter describes how hope can emerge from positive fantasies (vis-à-vis expectations of an uncertain future). Such positive fantasies, in contrast to expectations, freely appear in one’s stream of thought, unconstrained by the perceived probability that the desired future will occur. On the behavioral level, positive fantasies have different consequences depending on whether people indulge in these fantasies or mentally contrast them with reality. A large body of research shows that indulging in positive fantasies leads to unchanged engagement, whereas mentally contrasting leads to both the pursuit of reachable futures and disengagement from unreachable ones, allowing people to invest their resources wisely when action alternatives exist. When facing unreachable futures with no action alternatives, however, indulging in positive fantasies seems to be the apt self-regulatory option as indulging allows people to stay in the field by providing hope for a better future.
Hope and the Utopian Impulse
Authors: Webb Darren 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a framework for understanding both hope as a differentiated human experience and the relationship between hope and utopia(nism). Offering a rigorous analysis and synthesis of literature from across various disciplines (including philosophy, theology, psychology, sociology, political studies, and the health sciences), a taxonomy of modes of hoping is developed. While “hope” and “utopia” are often said to go hand in hand—utopias offering visions of hope, hope driving the utopian impulse—the chapter argues that hope is a complex category of human experience that is not always or necessarily aligned with a utopian sensibility. Put simply, different modes of hoping possess different utopian orientations. Hope in its transformative mode most clearly aligns with the utopian impulse, and the chapter argues that pedagogical intervention is required to mobilize transformative hope. The chapter concludes with a case study of Occupy Wall Street in order to illustrate the utility of the modes of hoping framework as an analytical tool.
Uncovered
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book is a history of the insurance business and the regulation of that business in the United States. It begins by describing the early days of life, fire, and casualty insurance and the development of state regulation in the late nineteenth century, after a Supreme Court ruling exempted the insurance business from federal regulation. From the outset, insurers adopted a quasi-public persona, emphasized the social benefits of their work, and sought to control the terms by which they interacted with government. Early political leaders agreed that insurers played an important role in the largely voluntary social safety net. Yet insurance is a business, and over time, periodic crises in life, fire, health, auto, and liability insurance highlighted gaps between the coverage that insurers were willing to provide and what the public demanded. The Depression was an inflection point, after which the federal government began to assume a greater role in the provision of insurance. Insurers enthusiastically pursued the growing business of employee benefits. A Supreme Court decision in 1944 created an opportunity to undo the state-based system, but Congress instead chose to preserve the status quo. Yet there are significant constraints on the ability of state regulators to solve important problems in insurance markets, as was made clear by cyclical problems in auto and property markets. As the twentieth century progressed, insurers and government have become interdependent; government serves as a financial backstop and relies on the insurance industry to participate in markets, including many that are publicly funded.
Stuck in the Age of Containment
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of health insurance, which emerged as a small and unimportant-seeming subcomponent of the broader category of disability insurance. Disability insurance was soon offered by life insurers, which came to dominate the business. The rapid growth of group benefits created a private welfare system subsidized by a federal tax incentive. The threat of greater public involvement bound insurers and providers together in a futile attempt to demonstrate that the private sector could meet the nation’s demand for coverage. The passage of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 was in one sense a refutation of this effort yet also showed that the federal government had no intention of displacing the private insurance industry. Ultimately cost pressures led to health maintenance organizations and the birth of managed care. Life insurers largely exited the health insurance business in the 1980s and 1990s, ceding ground to these new entities.
Hard Markets
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The inadequacy of insurance coverage for storm damage became an increasingly important issue in the latter half of the twentieth century. This was just one of a number of affordability and availability problems that emerged in residential and commercial property and liability insurance. These issues highlighted tensions between insurer business models and the public demand for coverage that could not be meaningfully resolved by the state regulatory structure. The National Flood Insurance Program was created in the late 1960s, but the program’s impact was weakened by its fragmentary design and piecemeal implementation. A contemporaneous federal attempt to reduce insurer withdrawals from urban areas faced similar challenges. The commercial liability crisis of the 1980s led to a critique of state regulation and calls for federal oversight. Hurricane Katrina, a super-catastrophe on par with the San Francisco earthquake and fire, revealed how little had changed in the relationship between insurers and government.
The Challenge to Individual Choice
Authors: Clifford Damian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
^Data subjects are presented with choices through mechanisms such as consent and the operation of the data subject rights provided for in data protection law. An important challenge however, is that although data protection law provides subjective control rights so that we can make our own choices, it assumes data subjects’ objective rational capacity to make them and fails to account for how people actually make decisions in reality. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to explore the role of choice in data protection law through a law and emotion theory lens. To demonstrate the role of choice and the potential impact of the insights from this scholarship, the analysis explores the development of Emotional Artificial Intelligence as a case study through the lens of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation.
The Limits of Data Protection Law
Authors: Clifford Damian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Data protection law and its focus on the control of personal data through subjective rights has its limitations. The question therefore is what value a focus on control adds despite these criticisms. In this chapter, the conceptual value of control as distinct from its instrumental role is explored. In addition, the uncertain foundations of data protection law are outlined through an analysis of control as one underpinning value with potentially different meanings and, arguably, an uncertain relationship with data protection law depending on the jurisdiction. To assess its effectiveness, it is suggested that we need to better understand data protection law’s underlying values and the potential differences between jurisdictions to appreciate the significance of critiques’ and value of comparative insights. We need to differentiate between data protection law’s limitations as a regulatory instrument and its limits as one framework amongst many.
The Choice-Equality Foundation of Choice of Law: The Restatement
Authors: Peari Sagi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter restates the Choice-Equality Foundation of Choice of Law. It argues that the normative structure of the choice-of-law question could be reduced to the two following fundamental principles. First, as a matter of its daily activity, the forum must apply its positive choice-of-law rules, subject to inherent equality and state equality exceptions. Second, as a matter of the desirable choice-of-law rules and legal reform, the forum should strive to apply that framework which coerces the parties the least; this is, again, subject to the two exceptions of the inherent equality of individuals and state equality. Taken together these two principles epitomize the notion of ‘conflict justice’ and are embedded in a wide variety of contemporary choice-of-law doctrines, principles, and concepts.
Not an Isolated, Exceptional, and Indeed Contradictory Branch of Jurisprudence
Authors: Dyzenhaus David 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Private international law (PIL), a leading scholar suggests, quintessentially deals with the ‘other’ whose presence in a community raises the question of how the law should accommodate their difference. This chapter considers the journey from the well-known House of Lords judgment in Oppenheimer v Cattermole through PIL scholarship to philosophy of law. It shows that ‘alterity’ is an animating theme of all three in the form of the legal subject’s question ‘But, how can that be law for me?’ PIL makes such alterity visible and suggests techniques for responding to it. But, the claim is made, it is the same kind of alterity which should be made visible—and sometimes is—in other fields.
Authority and Interest Analysis
Authors: Green Michael S 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Under any plausible theory of the authority claimed by legal officials, they must attempt to sum up the relevant considerations for and against their directives. Someone who makes an intentionally arbitrary decision, by refusing to take relevant considerations into account, cannot possibly be an authority. This chapter uses this requirement for authority to argue against interest analysis—the choice-of-law approach used by most courts in the United States. It begins by modelling the purposivist method for domestic choice of law (the standard method), which interest analysts claim should also be used when choosing between the laws of different jurisdictions. Under the standard method, the court makes its choice by considering how well each law’s purposes would be satisfied by its application to the facts. In applying the standard method, the court satisfies the requirement for authority. The chapter then describes a simple interjurisdictional choice-of-law problem, in which a court uses interest analysis to choose between different jurisdictions’ laws, to show that an interest analysis court does not use the standard method. If it chooses A’s law over B’s, it does so solely because a subset of considerations in favour of A’s law is vindicated, ignoring other relevant considerations. It chooses law arbitrarily in a manner that is incompatible with authority. And that is a sufficient reason to reject interest analysis as a choice-of-law approach.