bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment on the recent results of Hopewell, Morris and Dixon-Brown on radiation myelitis produced by irradiation of very short segments of rat spinal cord
Authors: Yaes Robert J. , Gorman Steven , Berner Barry , Kalend Andre , Maruyama Yosh 
Published: July 2009

Recently, we proposed a model for radiation damage to normal tissue (Yaes & Kalend, 1988), based on the assumption that, because of the limited mobility and reproductive capacity of stem cells (Hellmann & Botnick, 1977) in adult mammalian organs, for each organ there is a maximum volume, which we have called the “critical volume”, that can be repopulated and repaired by a single surviving stem cell. When a critical volume is totally depleted of stem cells, irreparable damage results; however, a single surviving stem cell within the critical volume prevents the damage from occurring. These assumptions constitute the “local stem cell depletion hypothesis” (Yaes & Kalend, 1988).
For the spinal cord, we represent the critical volume as a transverse “slice” of thickness t, assumed to be small compared with lengths of spinal cord usually irradiated clinically. If irreparable damage occurs to a single slice, the long motor and sensory tracts passing through it would be damaged, giving rise to radiation myelitis.
Volume effect in spinal cord
Authors: Hopewell J. W. , van der Kogel A. J. 
Published: July 2009

The recent short communication by Yaes etal (1988) and correspondence from Withers and Taylor (1988) make extensive reference to experimental studies by Hopewell et al (1987a) and van der Kogel (1987) on the effects of field size on the response of the rat spinal cord to X irradiation. The objective of these communications was to compare the results of the experimental observations with the predictions of recently proposed models (Withers et al, 1988; Yaes & Kalend, 1988) for dose–volume effect relationships in organs in which so-called functional subunits (FSU) are organized in series.
The underlying basis of the two models is similar and we do not propose to comment on their relative merits. We recognize that such models are of value in radiological research, but we support the view that they do not represent a substitute for careful experimental studies. Concepts such as FSUs, which have some common characteristics with other complication probablity models such as the “tissue rescuing unit” (Hendry & Thames, 1986) and “the local stem cell depletion” model (Yaes & Kalend, 1988), may have a strong mathematical basis and stress the potential importance of tissue organization in radiation effects, but their biological existence and relevance is difficult to prove.
Fast magnetic resonance imaging of intracerebral metastatic disease
Authors: Williams Michael P. , Cherryman Graham R. , Husband Janet E. , Heron Christine W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The appearance of intracerebral metastases imaged with a multi-slice fast imaging sequence (FLASH) is described. Images were obtained using a Siemens 2.0 T Magnetom operating at 1.5 T. Results of the FLASH imaging sequence at different values of repetition time, different values of “flip angle” and different numbers of acquisitions are described both qualitatively and quantitatively. At low flip angles, both tumour and oedema appear brighter than surrounding white matter. Increasing the flip angle tends to make oedema brighter than both tumour and white matter and increasing the flip angle still further makes tumour and oedema darker than white matter. A major limitation of this technique is that the low flip angle images, in particular, suffer from low signal-to-noise ratios. High flip angle FLASH images have higher signal-to-noise ratios but show similar contrast behaviour to T1-weighted spin–echo images and are likely to be no better as a screening sequence for intracerebral metastases. All the FLASH sequences showed a sensitivity to changes in magnetic susceptibility. This made small intratumoral haemorrhages and basal ganglia “calcification” easier to detect than on spin–echo images but also caused susceptibility artefacts in images around the base of the skull.
Computed tomographic and angiographic findings in renal oncocytoma
Authors: Neisius D. , Braedel H. U. , Schindler E. , Hoene E. , Alloussi Sch. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Nine cases with histologically proven renal oncocytoma are presented. In all cases, ultrasonography gave the first indication of a tumour and intravenous urography was tumour-specific in only six, whilst angiography was so in only four of the cases with peripheral extension beyond the normal organ limits. Examination by computed tomography showed retrospectively, in the three cases with smaller oncocytomas up to 3 cm in diameter, findings that seemed promisingly characteristic: without contrast medium, the tumour appeared homogeneously hyperdense in comparison with normal renal parenchyma, but homogeneously hypodense after injection of contrast medium. One of the smaller oncocytomas, however, showed regions of heterogeneity both with aqd without contrast medium. Only one oncocytoma of 4 cm diameter presented the central stellate, low-attenuation “scar” described by Quinn et al. The angiographic criteria cited by Ambos were fulfilled in only three of the larger oncocytomas. In four of the cases, the tumour was enucleated and the organ left in situ on the basis of frozen section diagnosis. Those patients with tumours extending outside the organ or those of questionable diagnosis on frozen section were treated by nephrectomy. In one patient, the pathologist suspected metastasis from the thyroid; hemithyroidectomy confirmed on oncocytic adenoma of the left thyroid lobe.
The last illness factor: a District experience
Authors: Russell J. G. B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The term “last illness factor” is used to indicate the proportion of diagnostic X-ray exposure which occurs in the patient's last illness. An assessment was made of this by determining the number of radiographic examinations made in the patients' last illnesses of persons dying in 1985 in Manchester Central District, and comparing this with the 1985 workload in the diagnostic department. This suggests the last illness factor is about 5% and is thus very small compared with the other factors to be taken into account in assessing the harm from diagnostic radiation.
Gynaecological treatments using the Selectron remote afterloading system
Authors: Dean E. M. , Lambert G. D. , Dawes P. J. D. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Manchester method of gynaecological treatment using radium 226, ovoids and a flexible intrauterine tube has been used in many centres. In Newcastle, the Manchester technique was used until 1971, when a manually afterloaded system (MAS) using caesium 137 and two source trains was introduced. In 1985, the MAS was replaced by the Selectron remote afterloading system (RAS), which also uses caesium-137 sources. The dosimetry of this remote system has been designed to produce the same shape of isodose distributions as the MAS, but shorter treatment times. The applicator design and the dosimetry of the system used in Newcastle are discussed. Dose rates achieved by the RAS are more than double those currently produced by the MAS, and a reduction in prescribed dose of 10–20% is being made. The percentage of ward staff receiving monthly doses of more than 0.2 mSv has fallen from 78% to 18% since the introduction of the remote afterloading system. The almost-cylindrical isodose distributions facilitate matching of external beam treatments using a central lead wedge to the intracavitary treatments, and work is in progress to develop this technique.
Efficacy of cimetropium bromide as pre-medication for double-contrast barium enema
Authors: Golfieri G. , Porta E. , Imbimbo B. P. , Muzio F. 
Published: July 2009

In recent years, the double-contrast barium technique for examination of the lower gastrointestinal tract has come into wide use (Federle & Goldberg, 1983). Although many radiologists employ a smooth-muscle relaxant in the belief that colonic relaxation increases the diagnostic accuracy of the examination, this is not unanimously agreed in the literature.
Cimetropium bromide (scopolamine N-cyclopropylmethyl bromide) is a new antimuscarinic agent with strong antispasmodic activity on smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract (Schiavone et al, 1985). The drug has been employed for various disorders that include spasm of the musculature of the gastrointestinal, biliary and genitourinary tracts (Scarpignato & Bianchi Porro, 1985; Albano et al, 1987). There are two studies of its use as pre-medication for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract (D'Imperio et al, 1984; Parente et al, 1985; Bianchi Porro et al, 1987) and one for the radiological examination of the stomach and duodenum (Frigerio et al, 1986).
A critical appraisal of “out-of-hours” radiography in a major teaching hospital
Authors: Clarke J. A. , Adams J. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The use of plain radiography performed outside normal working hours was studied at the Manchester Royal Infirmary to determine the costs of the service and where possible financial savings could be made. The annual cost of “out-of-hours” radiography was estimated to be in order of £250000. During a selected 2-week period, 84% and 76% of all examinations performed on Accident and Emergency patients and inpatients, respectively, were found to be normal. Previous reports suggest that the number of radiographs requested in the Accident and Emergency department can be reduced without detriment to patients by the implementation of appropriate clinical guidelines. We consider that if similar guidelines were developed and applied to the use of out-of-hours radiography, substantial savings could be made. We estimate that in our hospital these savings could amount to 18% of the current expenditure on this service.
In vitro induction of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes, with and without boron 10, by radiations concerned in boron neutron capture therapy
Authors: Lloyd D. C. , Edwards A. A. , Prosser J. S. , Finnon P. , Moquet J. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A beam consisting of mainly 24 keV neutrons has been constructed for radiobiological studies to evaluate the potential of these particles for treating deep tumours by the boron capture reaction. The induction of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro was examined and a linear dose effect with a relative biological effectiveness similar to fission neutrons was obtained. For samples placed at depths in a plastic phantom the aberration yields declined with depth at a rate matching the fall in the sum of dose due to proton recoils and neutron capture in nitrogen 14. The presence of boron 10 at 30 μg ml−1 did not affect the aberration yield. By using the mixed sample method, the probability of interphase death or mitotic delay in cells crossed by an a particle or lithium–7 ion produced in the boron capture reaction was shown to be close to 1.0. Thus these cells are prevented from coming to mitosis in culture. The implications for boron capture therapy are that this filtered beam has a “high LET” effect which could lead to poor normal tissue sparing. However there may be a significant therapeutic advantage due to a high probability of killing tumour cells that have incorporated boron 10.
Biophysical interpretation of the response of Chinese hamster cells to 24 keV neutrons
Authors: Holt P. D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The response of V79 Chinese hamster cells to a 24 keV neutron spectrum has been compared with data for the response of V79 cells to a range of higher neutron energies. The linear energy transfer (LET) distributions of the neutron spectra were calculated and the expected responses of the cells to the different spectra were calculated using published track-segment data on the response of V79 cells to charged particles with various LET values. The response of the cells to 24 keV neutrons was predicted satisfactorily by the LET distribution, in spite of the fact that the maximum range of the recoil protons is only 0.5 μm. The response was not correctly predicted by the microdosimetric parameter evaluated in a 1 μm diameter sphere.
Primary plasmacytoma of the oesophagus
Authors: Davies R. A. , Boxer D. I. 
Published: July 2009

Primary plasmacytoma of the gastrointestinal tract is rare, most commonly affecting stomach or small bowel and less frequently the colorectum. No previous report of plasmacytoma of the oesophagus has appeared in the radiological literature.
A 69–year–old widow presented with a 2-week history of a bubbling sensation on swallowing. There was no history of weight loss, malaise or constitutional upset.
Does it pay to be optimistic?
Authors: Davison M. 
Published: July 2009

The three principles recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for restricting radiation dose are justification, optimization and dose limitation. Only the first two can be applied to medical exposure of patients. Justification is a clinical matter, but optimization is very much a technical matter. The optimization principle is more fully described as keeping doses “as low as reasonably achievable”, usually abbreviated to ALARA, but with the condition that economic and social factors are taken into account. This second part is often ignored but is crucial to any discussion of optimization. The ALARA concept has now been incorporated into the statutory requirements of the Ionizing Radiations Regulations 1985 applying to staff, and the 1988 Regulations applying to patients (HMSO, 1985, 1988). However, this still leaves open the question of how low is reasonably achievable.
Publication 37 of the ICRP (ICRP, 1983) discussed the use of cost-benefit analysis and gave examples, applying the technique to various general operational procedures and design problems, and in particular to the use of rare-earth screens and carbon fibre materials. The cost-benefit technique has been developed by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) in documents ASP4 and ASP9 (NRPB, 1981, 1986).
The “cost” is the amount of money spent on protection. The “benefit” is not readily determined and so the concept of detriment has been introduced with a monetary figure put on it to allow comparisons.
Book review
Authors: McKenzie Alan L. 
Published: July 2009

This book is the fourth in the Medical Science Series, and is aimed at physicists with an interest in radiation dosimetry.
After a radiophotoluminescent (RPL) substance has been exposed to ionizing radiation, it can be made to fluoresce in proportion to the absorbed dose by illuminating it with an ultraviolet source. This is to be distinguished from irradiated TLD materials which are made to glow by heating them. This book describes the properties of RPL and makes a case for widening its use in personal and environmental monitoring and in medicine, particularly radiotherapy dosimetry.
Clinically unsuspected complications of arterial surgery shown by post-operative digital substraction angiography
Authors: Teeuwen C. , Eikelboom B. C. , Ludwig J. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Intravenous digital subtraction angiography was performed within 20 days of 678 vascular reconstructions as a routine post-operative evaluation. After 339 carotid endarterectomies, 34 patients showed a stenosis of &gt;30% and six occlusions were seen. In 157 patients after aortic aneurysm repair, we found five anastomotic aneurysms and seven stenoses of &gt;30%. After aortic bypass surgery, 77 patients were evaluated and nine stenoses were found; no anastomotic aneurysms were seen. In 105 patients with femoro-distal bypass procedures, occlusion was reported in 11 cases and stenosis in 13 cases. One patient had two anastomotic aneurysms. To summarize, major abnormalities were present in 81 cases (12.7%) and consisted of 59 stenoses of &gt;30%, 17 occlusions and six patients with anastomotic aneurysms. Most of these were unexpected and were reason for more critical follow-up or re-operation.
Some indicative parameters on diagnostic radiology in Spain: first dose estimations
Authors: Vañó E. , González L. , Calzado A. , Morán P. , Delgado V. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Medical Physics Group at the Complutense University of Madrid has been co-ordinating, for approximately 1 year, a project on optimization of radiation protection in diagnostic radiology, in co-operation with the other states of the European Community. Exhaustive data on the subject, which offer accurate results on patient dosimetry for the different types of examination, are the final aim of the project. So far, it has been possible to analyse in detail the data from the National Institute of Health (NIH), which manages the care of about 96% of the Spanish population, plus the findings from several hospitals, outpatient centres and private clinics of the community of Madrid, which allowed us to perform the first dose estimations and to extrapolate them to the rest of Spain. The following estimations are presented: annual frequency of different examinations, their variation from 1985 to 1986, number of diagnostic rooms used for a given minimum of annual examinations, organ doses for different examinations, effective dose-equivalent, genetically significant dose for some examinations, as well as the collective dose.
Aortic tumours: report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Schipper Jaap , van Oostayen Jacques A. , den Hollander Jan C. , van Seyen Andries J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We present a case of a leiomyosarcoma originating in the wall of the descending aorta and give a review of 27 previously reported cases of aortic neoplasms. An extraluminal aortic leiomyosarcoma has not been reported before in the literature.
Hepatic venography in the surgical assessment of hepatic tumours
Authors: Odurny Allan , McLoughlin Michael J. , Colapinto Ronald F. , Sniderman Kenneth W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Hepatic venography was performed on 80 patients with hepatic tumours for the pre-operative assessment of resectability. Sixty-six patients subsequently underwent laparotomy, 27 undergoing hepatic resection. Forty-two patients had metastases from colo-rectal primaries, 19 hepatocellular carcinoma and 19 a variety of other tumours. The type and frequency of the abnormalities shown on venography were noted for each tumour category and for their hepatic segmental distribution. The results of venography were compared with those of arteriography, computed tomography and ultrasound and with the findings at laparotomy. Displacement was the commonest abnormality seen while encasement or obstruction occurred less frequently and tumour invasion was rare. The sensitivity of venography in correctly identifying the segmental distribution of tumour deposits was 41%. Sensitivity was poorest with tumours in the left lobe (31%) and bilobar tumours (0%). Venography was most sensitive in detecting tumour involvement of the major segmental hepatic veins and inferior vena cava (100%). Peripheral colo-rectal metastases frequently produced no venographic abnormality. Hepatic venography provides no additional information to arteriography, computed tomography or ultrasound in patients with peripheral or bilobar tumour deposits. Some additional information may be obtained with central tumours and venography is the most accurate means of detecting tumour involvement of the major segmental hepatic veins.
Renal neoplasms in a family
Authors: Laurence V. M. , Robinson A. C. R. 
Published: July 2009

Malignant tumours of the kidney are uncommon, renal cell carcinoma, the adult variety, accounting for 2% of all adult malignancies, whilst nephroblastoma, an enbryonic tumour of childhood, affects one per 200 000 children per year under the age of 15 years and constitutes 7% of childhood neoplasms (Bullimore & Mott, 1982). Both of these tumours occur in sporadic and hereditary forms. We report a family in which the mother had renal cell carcinoma and her son nephroblastoma. This has only been reported once before (Campbell et al, 1987).
In January 1975, a previously healthy 4-year-old boy presented with right-sided abdominal swelling. He had one healthy brother aged 9 months. Family history was otherwise unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a large abdominal mass. No other abnormalities were detected.
Intravenous digital subtraction angiography in non-specific aorto-arteritis
Authors: Sharma Sanjiv , Aggarwal Shashi , Talwar K. K. , Rajani Mira 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have studied 40 patients with non-specific aorto-arteritis (Takayasu's disease) using intravenous digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The aorta, its major branches and (in 18 patients) pulmonary arteries were evaluated to determine the degree and extent of involvement. No complications related to the procedure were encountered. Good quality diagnostic images were obtained in 39 out of 43 instances. The unsuccessful examinations were in patients with congestive cardiac failure, and in one patient who would not co-operate. Aortic wall thickness and mild involvement of the descending aorta in the region of the diaphragm could not be assessed. Intravenous DSA is acceptable for the diagnosis and follow-up of aorto-arteritis in suitable patients.
Sickle-shaped scapulae in a patient with the Pierre Robin syndrome
Authors: Bezirdjian Diran R. , Szucs Richard 
Published: July 2009

We report a patient with Pierre Robin syndrome who also has scapulae of an unusual appearance and speculate that this anomaly may represent yet another skeletal change to be associated with this syndrome. We reviewed the literature and did not find this association described previously.
A 5-year-old white girl was transferred to our institution after a 2-week hospitalization elsewhere for fever, cough, tachypnoea and wheezing. A chest radiograph on the day of admission to a community hospital showed infiltrates in the right middle and left lower lobes and the patient was started on antibiotics.
Cystic haemangioma of the spleen: findings on ultrasound and computed tomography
Authors: Duddy M. J. , Calder C. J. 
Published: July 2009

A case of cystic haemangioma of the spleen is reported. Although haemangioma is the commonest benign tumour of the spleen, the majority are of the small capillary type found incidentally at autopsy. Symptomatic cystic haemangioma is rare. Even less common is the diagnosis considered pre-operatively. This has been facilitated in recent years by non-invasive imaging modalities.
The appearances on computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound and the duplex ultrasound properties are described and correlated with the pathological findings. The use of duplex ultrasound has not previously been reported for this tumour.
Clinical applications of high-definition microfocal radiography
Authors: Buckland-Wright J. C. , Bradshaw C. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Recent advances in technology have lead to the development of a high-definition microfocal X-ray unit allowing macroradiographic examination of different parts of the body at × 5 to × 10 magnification and with a high spatial resolution. Its applications in the study of a number of arthritides, metabolic and some other bone diseases are described in terms of early detection of diagnostic features. Emphasis is placed on the advantages of direct accurate measurement of these features, providing a precise evaluation of disease progression and response to therapy.
Paediatric brachytherapy. I. The role of brachytherapy in the multidisciplinary therapy of localized cancers
Authors: Plowman P. N. , Doughty D. , Harnett A. N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Paediatric brachytherapy is rarely practised but has definite benefit in certain situations. Case reports illustrate the role of current brachytherapy strategies both as radical and salvage procedures and in the multidisciplinary management of childhood cancers.