bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular diagnosis of Myxobolus spirosulcatus associated with encephalomyelitis of cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel
Authors: Yokoyama H , Yanagida T , Freeman M A , Katagiri T , Hosokawa A , Endo M , Hirai M , Takagi S 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMass mortality of cultured yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, has recently been reported from fish farms in western Japan. Previous studies revealed that diseased fish were characterized by encephalomyelitis and presporogonic stages of a myxosporean‐like parasite in the spinal cord. However, the parasite has remained unidentified because of the lack of mature stages being present. Thus, in the present study, analysis of the small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) of the parasite as well as in situ hybridization (ISH) studies using histological sections of the infected tissue was conducted. The 18S rDNA of the myxosporean had higher sequence similarities with those of bile‐duct‐infecting myxosporeans rather than those infecting nervous tissues and was identified as Myxobolus spirosulcatus. The ISH using specific probes demonstrated that the DNA amplified was derived from the multinuclear organisms found in histological sections. A highly sensitive and specific PCR‐based assay for M. spirosulcatus was developed, which revealed a high prevalence of infection in cultured yellowtail that exhibited the clinical signs of encephalomyelitis.
Comparative analysis of the phenotypic characteristics of high‐ and low‐virulent strains ofEdwardsiella tarda
Authors: Wang Y , Zhang X H , Austin B 
Published: November 2010

AbstractEdwardsiella tardais a causative agent of edwardsiellosis in freshwater and marine fish. Extracellular enzymic, haemolytic, hydrophobic and serum resistance activities, haemagglutination, autoagglutination and siderophores of high‐ and low‐ virulentE. tardastrains were examined. The results revealed different haemagglutination, autoagglutination, haemolytic, hydrophobic and serum resistance activities in different strains. Analysis of extracellular proteins (ECPs) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) demonstrated several major, low molecular weight, virulent‐strain‐specific proteins, which could be virulence‐related. Based on the database search with MALDI‐TOF MS data, the closest homologies of the three protein bands Ed1, Ed2 and Ed3 were phosphotransferase enzyme family protein, nitrite reductase [NAD(P)H], large subunit and ATP‐dependent Lon protease, respectively. A comparison of pathogenicity of purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid A from virulent and avirulent strains demonstrated that LPS was one of the virulence factors of theE. tardaisolates, and lipid A was a biologically active determinant of LPS.
Evidence for synergism of the antimicrobial peptide piscidin 2 with antiparasitic and antioomycete drugs
Authors: Zahran E , Noga E J 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPiscidins are potent, broad‐spectrum, host‐produced antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that appear to constitute the most common AMP family in teleost fish. Here, we show that piscidin 2 has potent activity against the water mould Saprolegnia, one of the most important pathogens of freshwater fish. The minimum oomyceticidal concentration (MOC100) of piscidin 2 against zoospores of three pathogenic isolates of Saprolegnia ranged from 12.5 to 25.0 μg mL−1. This piscidin concentration is well within levels that have been estimated to be present in at least some fish (1–32.5 μg mL−1). In the presence of either copper or malachite green, two drugs commonly used to treat water moulds, there was evidence for partial synergism (PSYN) with piscidin 2. There was also evidence for PSYN after exposure of the ciliate parasite Tetrahymena pyriformis to piscidin 2 plus copper. Our data provide further evidence that piscidins may be an important host defence against skin and gill pathogens and that the piscidin levels in host tissue might influence the success of drug treatments.
Drug–drug interactions that reduce the formation of pharmacologically active metabolites: a poorly understood problem in clinical practice
Authors: Mannheimer B. , Eliasson E. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Mannheimer B, Eliasson E (Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm; Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden) Drug–drug interactions that reduce the formation of pharmacologically active metabolites: a poorly understood problem in clinical practice (Review‐Symposium).J Intern Med2010;268: 540–548.Drug–drug interactions can lead to reduced efficacy of medical treatment. Therapeutic failure may for instance result from combined treatment with an inhibitor of the specific pathway that is responsible for the generation of pharmacologically active drug metabolites. This problem may be overlooked in clinical practice. Several examples of drugs will be discussed –clopidogrel, losartan, tamoxifen and codeine – to illustrate differences in the potential impact on drug treatment in clinical practice. We conclude that the combined use of cytochrome P450‐blocking serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tamoxifen or codeine should be avoided, whereas the situation is much more complex regarding the use of proton pump inhibitors together with clopidogrel, and the evidence regarding cytochrome P450 inhibitor‐dependent activation of losartan is inconclusive.
Programmes for parents with a mental illness
Authors: REUPERT A. , MAYBERY D. 
Published: November 2010

Accessible summary

Despite the benefits of parenting interventions for parents and children, there are few documented programmes for parents who have a mental illness, with older children.
Interviewing clinicians responsible for programmes specifically developed for parents with a mental illness identifies what clinicians believe is important for these parents and is one way of developing an evidence base.
According to clinicians, programmes need to be responsive to parents with a mental illness through flexibility in programme content, time and/or follow‐up with case management or house visits. Providing opportunities to learn from and with other parents who have a mental illness is also important.
Clinicians require support in articulating a sound theoretical basis for their programmes and when implementing evaluation strategies.

AbstractParents with a mental illness experience the same parenting stressors that other parents do, and at the same time need to manage their mental illness. However, few programmes are designed for parents who have a mental illness, with older children (as opposed to interventions for mothers with infants). This study identified the common components across six programmes developed for parents with a mental illness who have older children. Australian clinicians, responsible for six parenting programmes for those with a mental illness, participated in individual, semi‐structured interviews, during 2008. Programme manuals and evaluation reports were also sourced. Analyses involved thematic analysis, inter‐rater reliability and respondent validation. Data were organized in three main areas: (1) programme description (format, goals, length and participants' inclusion criteria); (2) theoretical framework (including clinicians' beliefs and evidence underpinning programmes); and (3) evaluation designs and methodologies. It was found that clinicians facilitated education and support via a peer intervention model for parents with various mental illness diagnoses, responsive to the needs of parents and in a time flexible manner. At the same time, clinicians found it difficult to articulate the theoretical framework of their programmes and employed mostly simplistic evaluation strategies.
Forensic nursing educational development: an integrated review of the literature
Authors: KENT‐WILKINSON A. 
Published: November 2010

Accessible summaryThe importance of this paper's findings are:

Forensic nursing is a nursing specialty with subspecialties that focus on nursing practice who care for victims and offenders, living and deceased at the clinical legal interface.
The gaps identified in the literature indicate where educational development did not occur concurrently with role development of forensic nursing.
Role development occurred ahead of educational development for all subspecialty areas of forensic nursing except sexual assault nurse examiners, where it developed simultaneously.
Forensic nursing formal education did not develop sooner as infrastructures were not in place to support it.

AbstractThe forensic area of practice has been a popular career choice and area of study for many of the health science disciplines. Forensic nursing is a nursing specialty with subspecialties that focus on nursing practice who care for victims and offenders, living and deceased at the clinical legal interface. This integrated review of the literature overviewed the historical development of each of the forensic nursing subspecialties and identified gaps in specialty nursing educational development. Although multiple studies for the last 30 years identified the need for forensic nursing education, recommendations did not soon translate into educational curriculum development. The literature showed that role development was not concurrent with educational development in all forensic nursing subspecialties.
Development of a real‐time PCR assay for Pseudomonas cichorii, the causal agent of midrib rot in greenhouse‐grown lettuce, and its detection in irrigating water
Authors: Cottyn B. , Baeyen S. , Pauwelyn E. , Verbaendert I. , De Vos P. , Bleyaert P. , Höfte M. , Maes M. 
Published: November 2010

Midrib rot is an emerging disease in greenhouse production of lettuce caused by Pseudomonas cichorii, and probably introduced through contaminated irrigation water. Concentrations of 100 CFU mL−1 are enough to induce the typical midrib rot symptoms. A sensitive real‐time PCR assay was developed, based on a 90‐bp amplicon from the pathogenicity gene cluster hrcRST and a Taqman Minor Groove Binding probe. Specificity of the assay was tested with 39 P. cichorii strains, including the type strain, and 89 strains from 83 other Pseudomonas species. The relationship between detection signals and P. cichorii DNA concentrations was linear over 6‐logs. Detection threshold with excellent reproducibility was 500 fg of DNA or about 70 genome copies. Sample preparation and DNA isolation were optimized to allow detection in 1 L water samples. The assay was first evaluated with greenhouse irrigation water spiked with serial dilutions of P. cichorii. The calculated cell numbers obtained with real‐time PCR were 10‐fold lower than plate counts of actual spiked cells. However, the assay consistently detected 100 CFU per reaction, corresponding to the detection of 1 CFU mL−1 of irrigation water, which is well below the concentration needed for midrib rot infection. Finally, the assay proved to be valuable for detecting infective P. cichorii concentrations in the irrigation water of a commercial lettuce production greenhouse.
Epidemiology, histopathology and aetiology of olive anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides in Portugal
Authors: Talhinhas P. , Mota‐Capitão C. , Martins S. , Ramos A. P. , Neves‐Martins J. , Guerra‐Guimarães L. , Várzea V. , Silva M. C. , Sreenivasaprasad S. , Oliveira H. 
Published: November 2010

Anthracnose is an important disease affecting mature olive fruits, causing significant yield losses, and poor fruit and oil quality. In Portugal, high anthracnose incidence was recorded during 2003–2007 with 41% of 908 orchards surveyed displaying disease symptoms. In another 14% of the orchards, the pathogen was recorded in symptomless plants. Disease severity was on average 36%, frequently reaching 100%. In Portugal, anthracnose is endemic to neglected orchards of susceptible cultivars, but under favourable conditions it can also severely affect less susceptible cultivars. Pathogens were genetically heterogeneous, with Colletotrichum acutatum genetic group A2 as the most frequent (80%), followed by group A4 (12%) and group A5 along with C. gloeosporioides (3–4%), while groups A3 and A6 of C. acutatum were sporadic. Important geographic variations were observed in the frequencies of these populations, accompanied by year‐to‐year populational shifts. Epidemiology and histopathology studies showed the presence of the pathogens on vegetative organs year‐round, particularly on olive leaves and branches, and on weeds. These represent inoculum reservoirs where secondary conidiation occurs, and conidia are then dispersed by spring rains reaching flowers and young fruits or by autumn rains reaching pre‐mature fruits. Unripe fruits were colonized without showing symptoms up to penetration of the cuticle, but further colonization and symptom production was completed only as fruits matured. These findings challenge current control practices, particularly the timing of fungicide treatment, and contribute to improved disease management.
Quantifying particle aggregation in sediments
Authors: HABERLAH DAVID , MCTAINSH GRANT H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSediments often occur as non‐normal size distributions composed of discrete, partially aggregated particle populations. These populations reflect provenance, dispersal pathways and their depositional environments. Recent experimental laboratory studies describing mud flocculation in turbulent marine systems prompted this investigation of the potential of aggregates to record size‐sensitive transport dynamics in a terrestrial fluvial system. Here, sediment‐size distributions in their natural condition of particle–aggregate mixtures are analysed by parametric statistics. A practical and freely available decompositional approach is outlined and field tested, which allows sediment to be viewed in both its conventional particulate form and as its naturally occurring mixture of transport‐stable aggregates and elementary particles. From a sequence of upward‐fining slack water couplets in the Flinders Ranges, South Australia, it is demonstrated that the characteristics, provenance and depositional history of fine‐grained sediments consisting of particle‐aggregate mixtures can best be understood fully by quantifying aggregation.
Disease profile of children under 5 years attending primary health care clinics in a high HIV prevalence setting in South Africa
Authors: Horwood Christiane , Butler Lisa M. , Vermaak Kerry , Rollins Nigel , Haskins Lyn , Nkosi Phumla , Neilands Torsten B. , Qazi Shamim 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjective  To describe the presenting complaints and disease profile of children attending primary health care (PHC) clinics in two provinces of South Africa.Methods  Participants were sick children 2–59 months old presenting for care at PHC clinics in KwaZulu‐Natal (KZN) and Limpopo provinces from 2006–2007. Children were assessed by an expert Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) practitioner. Children for whom parental/guardian consent was obtained were tested for HIV.Results  A total of 1357 children attending one of 74 clinics were assessed. HIV seroprevalence overall was 7.1%, but was significantly higher in KZN than Limpopo (7.5 vs. 2.4%; OR = 3.3, 95%CI 1.9–5.8%). Commonest presenting complaints were cough (72%), skin conditions (22%) and diarrhoea (19%). Of 1349 children, 120 (8.9%) had a weight below the third percentile; 108/1357 (8.0%) children required urgent referral, most commonly for severe pneumonia (53.7%) and severe malnutrition (16.7%). In multivariate analyses, severe pneumonia, growth faltering and urgent referral were independently associated with younger age, residence in KZN and HIV infection (P < 0.05).Conclusions  Many children with severe illnesses and undiagnosed HIV infection present to PHC facilities. PHC staff require skills to correctly manage these conditions and undertake HIV testing. Although IMCI provides evidence‐based guidelines, implementation must be improved to achieve adequate coverage of life‐saving interventions.
Role of risk factors and socio‐economic status in pulmonary tuberculosis: a search for the root cause in patients in a tertiary care hospital, South India
Authors: Gupta Soham , Shenoy Vishnu Prasad , Mukhopadhyay Chiranjay , Bairy Indira , Muralidharan Sethumadhavan 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjective  To determine the frequency of underlying risk factors and the socio‐economic impact based on occupation in the development of tuberculosis.Method  Retrospective analysis of 207 clinically and microbiologically diagnosed patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) admitted to Kasturba Hospital in 2005 and 2006. Demographic details and underlying risk factors were statistically evaluated.Results  Diabetes mellitus (DM) (30.9%) was the most prevalent condition and significantly more common than other risk factors like smoking (16.9%), alcoholism (12.6%), HIV (10.6%), malignancy (5.8%), chronic liver diseases (3.9%), history of contact with TB (3.4%), chronic corticosteroid therapy (2.9%), chronic kidney diseases and malnourishment (1.5%). There were 82 patients (39.6%) with no underlying risk factor. Men (M:F = 3.7:1) and patients older than 40 years had a higher incidence of co‐existing conditions. PTB was significantly more common in blue‐collar (44%) and white‐collar (27.1%) workers than household workers (12.1%), students (10.6%) and retired/unemployed people (6.3%).Conclusion  Pulmonary tuberculosis had a significant impact and predominated in male patients co‐existing with DM. Patients with DM and suggestive pulmonary symptoms should be screened for tuberculosis. More stringent health education and awareness programme should be implemented at the grass root level.
Bacterial hand contamination among Tanzanian mothers varies temporally and following household activities
Authors: Pickering Amy J. , Julian Timothy R. , Mamuya Simon , Boehm Alexandria B. , Davis Jennifer 
Published: November 2010

SummaryObjective  To characterize mechanisms of hand contamination with faecal indicator bacteria and to assess the presence of selected pathogens on mothers’ hands in Tanzania.Methods  A household observational study combined with repeated microbiological hand rinse sampling was conducted among 119 mothers in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. All hand rinse samples were analysed for enterococci and Escherichia coli, and selected samples were analysed for genetic markers of Bacteroidales, enterovirus and pathogenic E. coli.Results  Using the toilet, cleaning up a child’s faeces, sweeping, cleaning dishes, preparing food and bathing were all found to increase faecal indicator bacterial levels on hands. Geometric mean increases in colony forming units per two hands ranged from 50 (cleaning dishes) to 6310 (food preparation). Multivariate modelling of hand faecal indicator bacteria as a function of activities recently performed shows that food handling, exiting the household premises and longer time since last handwashing with soap are positively associated with bacterial levels on hands, while bathing is negatively associated. Genetic markers of Bacteroidales, enterovirus and pathogenic E. coli were each detected on a subset of mothers’ hands.Conclusions  Escherichia coli and enterococci on hands can be significantly increased by various household activities, including those involving the use of soap and water. Thus, faecal indicator bacteria should be considered highly variable when used as indicators of handwashing behaviour. This work corroborates hands as important vectors of disease among Tanzanian mothers and highlights the difficulty of good personal hygiene in an environment characterized by the lack of networked sanitation and water supply services.
It is not a fixed drug eruption, it is a fixed “sunlight” eruption
Authors: Valdivieso Rommel , Cañarte Cecilia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractHyperpigmented fixed eruption is a phenomenon usually related with drug antigens, and known as fixed drug eruption. A woman had a skin condition with clinical and histopathologic indications of fixed drug eruption. The disease first appeared when she went to a swimming pool and left with hyperpigmented macules. Previously affected skin reactivated on three other occasions when she again visited swimming pools. Sunlight involvement (UVA‐UVB) was demonstrated through phototests. Sunlight should be considered as a cause of fixed drug‐like eruption and a possible cause of some cases of FDE without any apparent etiological factor.
HLA‐DR6 association confers increased resistance to T. rubrum onychomycosis in Mexican Mestizos
Authors: Asz‐Sigall Daniel , López‐García Lirio , Vega‐Memije María Elisa , Lacy‐Niebla Rosa María , García‐Corona Cristina , Ramírez‐Rentería Claudia , Granados Julio , Villa Antonio , Ameen Mahreen , Arenas Roberto 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground  Onychomycosis is multifactorial in origin. Studies have suggested an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance and human leukocyte antigen DR4 (HLA‐DR4) has been shown to protect against onychomycosis in an Ashkenazi Jewish population.Aim  This study investigates HLA class II association in a Mexican Mestizo population with Trichophyton rubrum onychomycosis.Methods  This was a prospective case–control study. Mexican Mestizos with a clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis and culture positive for T. rubrum were recruited, together with age‐ and sex‐matched controls. First‐degree relatives were also investigated for onychomycosis. Case–control samples were HLA typed by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primer based analysis.Results  Twenty‐one cases and 42 controls were recruited with a mean age of 40 years (range: 18–58 years). HLA‐DR6 was found in seven (33%) cases and 19 (45%) controls [P < 0.023, odds ratio (OR) = 0.088, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01–0.71]. Six (29%) cases and three (7%) controls had an affected child (P < 0.043, OR = 9.15, 95% CI: 1.07–78.31), and 13 (62%) cases and 12 (29%) controls had an affected first‐degree relative (P < 0.02, OR = 4.0, 95% CI: 1.1–14.3).Conclusions  These results suggest that HLA‐DR6 confers protection against the development of onychomycosis in a Mexican Mestizo population. Having an affected first‐degree relative significantly increases the risk of onychomycosis, suggesting genetic susceptibility.
The role of drugs in the induction and/or exacerbation of psoriasis
Authors: Basavaraj Kabbur Hanumanthappa , Ashok Navya Mysore , Rashmi Ramesh , Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPsoriasis is a common skin disorder; knowledge of the factors that may induce, trigger, or exacerbate the disease is of primary importance in clinical practice. Drug intake is a major concern in this respect, as new drugs are constantly being added to the list of factors that may influence the course of this disease. Drug ingestion may result in exacerbation of pre‐existing psoriasis, in induction of psoriatic lesions on clinically uninvolved skin in patients with psoriasis, or in precipitation of the disease in persons without family history of psoriasis or in predisposed individuals. In view of their relationship to drug‐provoked psoriasis, therapeutic agents may be classified as drugs with strong evidence for a causal relationship to psoriasis, drugs about which there are considerable but insufficient data to support the induction or aggravation of the disease, and drugs that are occasionally reported to be associated with aggravation or induction. This review focuses on the most common causative agents for drug‐induced, drug‐triggered, or drug‐aggravated psoriasis, such as β‐blockers, lithium, synthetic antimalarial drugs, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory agents, and tetracyclines, and the mechanisms of action of these drugs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.