bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lanthanoid‐Based Ionic Liquids Incorporating the Dicyanonitrosomethanide Anion
Authors: Chesman Anthony S. R. , Yang Mei , Spiccia Nicolas D. , Deacon Glen B. , Batten Stuart R. , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA series of low‐melting‐point salts with hexakisdicyanonitrosomethanidolanthanoidate anions has been synthesised and characterised: (C2mim)3[Ln(dcnm)6] (1 Ln; 1 Ln=1 La, 1 Ce, 1 Pr, 1 Nd), (C2C1mim)3[Pr(dcnm)6] (2 Pr), (C4C1pyr)3[Ce(dcnm)6] (3 Ce), (N1114)3[Ln(dcnm)6] (4 Ln; 4 Ln=4 La, 4 Ce, 4 Pr, 4 Nd, 4 Sm, 4 Gd), and (N1112OH)3[Ce(dcnm)6] (5 Ce) (C2mim=1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, C2C1mim=1‐ethyl‐2,3‐dimethylimidazolium, C4C1py=N‐butyl‐4‐methylpyridinium, N1114=butyltrimethylammonium, N1112OH=2‐(hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium=choline). X‐ray crystallography was used to determine the structures of complexes 1 La, 2 Pr, and 5 Ce, all of which contain [Ln(dcnm)6]3− ions. Complexes 1 Ln and 2 Pr were all ionic liquids (ILs), with complex 3 Ce melting at 38.1 °C, the lowest melting point of any known complex containing the [Ln(dcnm)6]3− trianion. The ammonium‐based cations proved to be less suitable for forming ILs, with complexes 4 Sm and 4 Gd being the only salts with the N1114 cation to have melting points below 100 °C. The choline‐containing complex 5 Ce did not melt up to 160 °C, with the increase in melting point possibly being due to extensive hydrogen bonding, which could be inferred from the crystal structure of the complex.
Enantiotropic Nematics From Cross‐Like 1,2,4,5‐Tetrakis(4′‐alkyl‐4‐ethynylbiphenyl)benzenes and Their Biaxiality Studies
Authors: Chen Hsiu‐Hui , Lin Hsing‐An , Lai Yin‐Hui , Lin Shu‐Yu , Chiang Chien‐Hung , Hsu Hsiu‐Fu , Shih Tzenge‐Lien , Lee Jey‐Jau , Lai Chien‐Chen , Kuo Ting‐Shen 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe theoretically predicted optimum length/breadth/width ratio for maximizing shape biaxiality was investigated experimentally by the facile and successful synthesis of cross‐shaped compound 3, which showed enantiomeric nematic phase behavior. This cross‐like core structure could alternatively be viewed as two fused V‐shaped mesogens, which have recently immerged as a new direction in biaxial nematic research, at the bending tips that can act as a new structure for biaxial investigations. Whilst the thermal analysis data of compound 3 did not meet the expected theoretical values for biaxial nematics, surface‐induced biaxiality was evidenced by optical studies. Cluster‐size analysis within the nematic phase of compound 3 revealed the formation of meta‐cybotactic nematics, which approached the cluster sizes of cybotactic nematics. The split small‐angle 2D X‐ray diffraction patterns of magnetic‐field‐aligned samples indicated that the nematic phase was composed of small smectic C‐like clusters with the tilting of molecules within the clusters. The wide‐temperature‐range enantiomeric nematic phase of cross‐like compound 3 enabled the molecular skeleton to serve as an alternative skeleton to bent‐rod mesogens, which exhibited nematic phases with the potential competition of transitions to higher‐order liquid‐crystalline phases and crystallization, for future biaxial investigations.
A Convenient Synthesis of Cyclopentadienylgallium – The Awakening of a Sleeping Beauty in Organometallic Chemistry (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 25/2011)
Authors: Schenk Christian , Köppe Ralf , Schnöckel Hansgeorg , Schnepf Andreas 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe cover picture shows the molecular structure of GaCp, a sleeping beauty in organometallic chemistry. An easy synthesis of GaCp, which can be carried out with standard laboratory equipment, opens the way for GaCp to become a useful ligand in organometallic chemistry. Details of the synthesis and first structurally characterized molecular compounds exhibiting GaCp units are discussed in the Short Communication by H. Schnöckel, A. Schnepf et al. on page 3681 ff.
Synchronous bilateral inverted papilloma of the temporal bone: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Ramey Stephen J. , Russo J. Kyle , Condrey Jack M. , Coulter Benjamin , Sharma Anand K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundTemporal bone inverted papilloma (IP) is an extremely rare tumor. Its etiology is unknown and represents a source of debate. Only 2 previous cases of bilateral temporal bone IP have been reported. A case report and review of the literature via PubMed database search are presented.Mathods and ResultsA 52‐year‐old African‐American man who initially underwent medial maxillectomy for right‐sided nasal IP returned with bilateral temporal bone IP 7 months later without evidence of extension through the Eustachian tubes. Despite multiple resections and adjuvant radiation, the tumor transformed into squamous cell carcinoma and progressed to involve the intracranial dura, temporal lobe, and cervical dura.ConclusionsMultiple origins may exist for temporal IP: direct extension, iatrogenic seeding, or development from ectopic Schneiderian epithelium. Temporal bone IP appears to represent a much more aggressive tumor than its nasal counterpart, necessitating aggressive early surgical intervention to decrease recurrence and transformation risk. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
A probabilistic method for species sensitivity distributions taking into account the inherent uncertainty and variability of effects to estimate environmental risk
Authors: Gottschalk Fadri , Nowack Bernd 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This article presents a method of probabilistically computing species sensitivity distributions (SSD) that is well-suited to cope with distinct data scarcity and variability. First, a probability distribution that reflects the uncertainty and variability of sensitivity is modeled for each species considered. These single species sensitivity distributions are then combined to create an SSD for a particular ecosystem. A probabilistic estimation of the risk is carried out by combining the probability of critical environmental concentrations with the probability of organisms being impacted negatively by these concentrations. To evaluate the performance of the method, we developed SSD and risk calculations for the aquatic environment exposed to triclosan. The case studies showed that the probabilistic results reflect the empirical information well, and the method provides a valuable alternative or supplement to more traditional methods for calculating SSDs based on averaging raw data and/or on using theoretical distributional forms. A comparison and evaluation with single SSD values (5th-percentile [HC5]) revealed the robustness of the proposed method. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 79–86. © 2012 SETAC
Electropolymerization of Acid Chrome Blue K on Glassy Carbon Electrode for the Determination of Curcumin
Authors: Peng Jinyun , Nong Keliang , Cen Lingping 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAcid chrome blue K (ACBK) was electropolymerized on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by cyclic voltammetric sweep in the potential range from –0.2 to 0.9 V. The characteristic of poly‐ACBK film was studied by different methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry. This modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic response to curcumin with the increase of the electrochemical responses. Under the optimal conditions a good linear voltammetric response could be obtained over the range of 1.0 × 10−7‐7.0 × 10−5 M and the detection limit was got as 4.1 × 10−8 M (S/N = 3). The method was successfully applied for the determination of curcumin in human urinev samples.
Effects of compost on the chemical composition of SOM in density and aggregate fractions from rice–wheat cropping systems as shown by solid‐state 13C‐NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Qiujun , Zhang Li , Zhang Jianchao , Shen Qirong , Ran Wei , Huang Qiwei 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe 4‐year application of pig‐manure compost (PMC) to crop fields in Jiangsu significantly increased organic‐C and total N concentrations compared to chemical fertilization and control treatment. To identify the soil processes that led to these changes, 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear‐magnetic resonance (13C CPMAS NMR) and dipolar‐dephasing nuclear‐magnetic‐resonance spectroscopy (DD NMR) were conducted on soil organic matter (SOM) fractions separated by wet‐sieving and density fractionation procedures. This allowed characterization of the SOM quality under three contrasting fertilizer regimes. The results indicate that PMC application can alter the distribution of functional groups and improve alkyl C‐to‐O‐alkyl C ratios compared to chemical‐fertilizer treatment (CF). Alkyl C contents were increased from macroaggregate fractions (> 2 mm) to microaggregate fractions (0.05–0.25 mm) for all treatments, suggesting that recalcitrant material accumulates in the microaggregate fractions. The O‐alkyl C contents were decreased from macroaggregate fractions (> 2 mm) to microaggregate fractions (0.05–0.25 mm) under CF and PMC treatments, while no consistent trend was found for the control (NF) treatment. The alkyl C‐to‐O‐alkyl C ratios in macroaggregates were lower than those in microaggregates, indicating that the degrees of SOM decomposition were lower in macroaggregates compared to microaggregates. In all aggregate‐size classes, the amount of organic matter appeared to depend on the fertilization regime. This study provides useful information regarding the buildup of organic material in soil from long‐term manure‐compost enrichment.
Non‐water‐suppressed proton MR spectroscopy improves spectral quality in the human spinal cord
Authors: Hock Andreas , MacMillan Erin L. , Fuchs Alexander , Kreis Roland , Boesiger Peter , Kollias Spyros S. , Henning Anke 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMagnetic resonance spectroscopy enables insight into the chemical composition of spinal cord tissue. However, spinal cord magnetic resonance spectroscopy has rarely been applied in clinical work due to technical challenges, including strong susceptibility changes in the region and the small cord diameter, which distort the lineshape and limit the attainable signal to noise ratio. Hence, extensive signal averaging is required, which increases the likelihood of static magnetic field changes caused by subject motion (respiration, swallowing), cord motion, and scanner‐induced frequency drift. To avoid incoherent signal averaging, it would be ideal to perform frequency alignment of individual free induction decays before averaging. Unfortunately, this is not possible due to the low signal to noise ratio of the metabolite peaks. In this article, frequency alignment of individual free induction decays is demonstrated to improve spectral quality by using the high signal to noise ratio water peak from non‐water‐suppressed proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy via the metabolite cycling technique. Electrocardiography (ECG)‐triggered point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) localization was used for data acquisition with metabolite cycling or water suppression for comparison. A significant improvement in the signal to noise ratio and decrease of the Cramér Rao lower bounds of all metabolites is attained by using metabolite cycling together with frequency alignment, as compared to water‐suppressed spectra, in 13 healthy volunteers. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A styryl tipno‐based nitroxide as efficient mediator for the synthesis of multiblock polystyrenes and well‐grafted polymers
Authors: Souchal Pauline , Roels Thomas , Hémery Patrick , Marx Lucien 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe chloromagnesium exchange of 4‐chlorostyrene provides an easy access to a new versatile polymerizable 2,2,5‐trimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐3‐azahexane‐3‐nitroxide (TIPNO)‐based nitroxide. Indeed, first, its alkoxyamine based on the α‐methyl benzyl radical fragment efficiently mediates the polymerization of styrene (respectively n‐butyl acrylate) to yield branched polystyrene [respectively poly(n‐butyl acrylate)] with alkoxyamine function as branch point and well‐defined branches. Second, the self‐condensing of this polymerizable nitroxide by manganese coupling affords a mixture of oligomeric linear polyalkoxyamines. Polymerization of styrene mediated with these polyalkoxyamines gives multiblock polystyrenes with alkoxyamine group as linker between polystyrene blocks and exhibits the following features: the synthesis of the polystyrene blocks is controlled as their average molecular weight Mn(block) increases linearly with conversion and their average dispersity Mw/Mn(block) decreases with it. At a given temperature, the molecular weight and the dispersity of the polyalkoxyamines weakly impact Mn(block) and Mw/Mn(block). In contrast, the molecular weight of the multiblock polystyrene increases linearly with conversion until reaching a constant value. The number of block is independent of the molecular weight of the polyalkoxyamines. These unusual results can be explained by the fact that during polymerization, mediating TIPNO‐based polymeric nitroxides with different lengths are generated and are exchanged. Finally the dispersity of the multiblock polystyrene is quite broad and lies between 1.7 and 2.8. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Referencing of markerless CT data sets with cone beam subvolume including registration markers to ease computer‐assisted surgery ‐ A clinical and technical research
Authors: Essig Harald , Rana Majeed , Kokemueller Horst , Zizelmann Christoph , von See Constantin , Ruecker Martin , Tavassol Frank , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundAs a prerequisite in navigation‐assisted surgery, a three‐dimensional image data set with registration marker is necessary. Often patients are presented, not being aware of facing a computer‐assisted surgical intervention (CAS), with an already performed computed tomography (CT) data set without marker. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a new method which allows performing CAS by enhancing the initial markerless data set with a marked subvolume gained by cone beam (CBCT) scan.MethodsTherefore four registration markers are inserted and afterwards the patient is strongly limited to the field of interest scanned by CBCT scan (marked data set). Superimposed with the initial data set, a data set with reference markers and with full information is obtained.Registration procedure was performed with group A (25 patients, superimposed marked CBCT scan) and group B (25 patients, initially marked CT scan) using BrainLab® navigation by two observers and overall system accuracy was measured using the registration landmarks and additional intraoperative landmarks (tooth cusps).ResultsAdequate image quality assumed, no significant difference between group A and B was detected. Enhancing an initially performed data set with registration marker by using a marked subvolume could improve the workflow for navigation‐assisted surgery due to the availability of cone beam scan technology, provide excellent resolution with reduced metal artifacts nearby dental restorations, and reduce radiation dose for the patient.ConclusionRegarding the advantages of the new method which allows performing CAS by enhancing the initial markerless data set with a marked subvolume gained by cone beam (CBCT) scan, this technique will play a major part in navigation‐assisted surgery and will address widespread general methodological solutions that are of great interest in multidisciplinary treatment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constraint-based correctness proofs for logic program transformations
Authors: Pettorossi Alberto , Proietti Maurizio , Senni Valerio 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Many approaches proposed in the literature for proving the correctness of unfold/fold transformations of logic programs make use of measures associated with program clauses. When from a program
P
1
we derive a program
P
2
by applying a sequence of transformations, suitable conditions on the measures of the clauses in
P
2
guarantee that the transformation of
P
1
into
P
2
is correct, that is,
P
1
and
P
2
have the same least Herbrand model. In the approaches proposed so far, clause measures are fixed in advance, independently of the transformations to be proved correct. In this paper we propose a method for the automatic generation of clause measures which, instead, takes into account the particular program transformation at hand. During the application of a sequence of transformations we construct a system of linear equalities and inequalities over nonnegative integers whose unknowns are the clause measures to be found, and the correctness of the transformation is guaranteed by the satisfiability of that system. Through some examples we show that our method is more powerful and practical than other methods proposed in the literature. In particular, we are able to establish in a fully automatic way the correctness of program transformations which, by using other methods, are proved correct at the expense of fixing in advance sophisticated clause measures.
Using refinement calculus techniques to prove linearizability
Authors: Jonsson Bengt 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Stepwise refinement is a method for systematically transforming a high-level program into an efficiently executable one. A sequence of successively refined programs can also serve as a correctness proof, which makes different mechanisms in the program explicit. We present rules for refinement of multi-threaded shared-variable concurrent programs. We apply our rules to the problem of verifying linearizability of concurrent objects, that are accessed by an unbounded number of concurrent threads. Linearizability is an established correctness criterion for concurrent objects, which states that the effect of each method execution can be considered to occur atomically at some point in time between its invocation and response. We show how linearizability can be expressed in terms of our refinement relation, and present rules for establishing this refinement relation between programs by a sequence of local transformations of method bodies. Contributions include strengthenings of previous techniques for atomicity refinement, as well as an absorption rule, which is particularly suitable for reasoning about concurrent algorithms that implement atomic operations. We illustrate the application of the refinement rules by proving linearizability of Treiber’s concurrent stack algorithm and Michael and Scott’s concurrent queue algorithm.
The Relationship Between Cumulative Risk and Promotive Factors and Violent Behavior Among Urban Adolescents
Authors: Stoddard Sarah A. , Whiteside Lauren , Zimmerman Marc A. , Cunningham Rebecca M. , Chermack Stephen T. , Walton Maureen A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractResiliency theory posits that some youth exposed to risk factors do not develop negative behaviors due to the influence of promotive factors. This study examines the effects of cumulative risk and promotive factors on adolescent violent behavior and tests two models of resilience—the compensatory model and the protective model—in a sample of adolescent patients (14–18 years old; n = 726) presenting to an urban emergency department who report violent behavior. Cumulative measures of risk and promotive factors consist of individual characteristics and peer, family, and community influences. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to test the two models of resilience (using cumulative measures of risk and promotive factors) for violent behavior within a sample of youth reporting violent behavior. Higher cumulative risk was associated with higher levels of violent behavior. Higher levels of promotive factors were associated with lower levels of violent behavior and moderated the association between risk and violent behaviors. Our results support the risk‐protective model of resiliency and suggest that promotive factors can help reduce the burden of cumulative risk for youth violence.
The Impact of HIV Testing on Subjective Expectations and Risky Behavior in Malawi
Authors: Delavande Adeline , Kohler Hans-Peter 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
We investigate the causal impact of learning HIV status on HIV/AIDS-related expectations and sexual behavior in the medium run. Our analyses document several unexpected results about the effect of learning one’s own, or one’s spouse’s, HIV status. For example, receiving an HIV-negative test result implies higher subjective expectations about being HIV-positive after two years, and individuals tend to have larger prediction errors about their HIV status after learning their HIV status. If individuals in HIV-negative couples also learn the status of their spouse, these effects disappear. In terms of behavioral outcomes, our analyses document that HIV-positive individuals who learned their status reported having fewer partners and using condoms more often than those who did not learn their status. Among married respondents in HIV-negative couples, learning only one’s own status increases risky behavior, while learning both statuses decreases risky behavior. In addition, individuals in sero-discordant couples who learned both statuses are more likely to report some condom use. Overall, our analyses suggest that ensuring that each spouse learns the HIV status of the other, either through couple’s testing or through spousal communication, may be beneficial in high-prevalence environments.
Inheritance of male flower production in Cryptomeria japonica (sugi) estimated from analysis of a diallel mating test
Authors: Tsubomura Miyoko , Fukatsu Eitaro , Nakada Ryogo , Fukuda Yoko 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Context
Clonal variation of flower production has been investigated thoroughly in coniferous tree species because of the importance of flowering in seed production from seed orchards. However, the inheritance of flower production by progeny test has not been previously studied well, so the heritability of male flower production of Cryptomeria japonica, the most important species for forestry and the main cause of pollinosis in Japan, was estimated to provide fundamental data for pollen control in seed orchards and plantation forests.

Methods
Male flower production in C. japonica was investigated for three years using 20 full-sib families created by a diallel mating design with six parents using gibberellin treatment to promote flowering.

Results
The narrow-sense individual tree heritability of male flower production in each year was estimated as ranging from 0.777 ± 0.339 to 1.050 ± 0.346 by sib analyses. The contribution of general combining ability to the total variance varied from 24.1 to 35.6 %. The highest contribution of specific combining ability was 1.42 %. By selecting the top 50 % of parental clones for reduced male flower production, the genetic gain in lowering male flower productivity was predicted as 46.1–53.0 %.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that male flower production in C. japonica is under strong genetic control and that control of male flowering by breeding is possible with a well-designed program.