bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law and Practice Relating to the Adoption of Children in Tanzania
Authors: Rwezaura Barthazar A. , Wanitzek Ulrike 
Published: July 2009

The law relating to the adoption of children in Tanzania has, since its inception, remained obscure. It has neither received judicial interpretation comparable to other branches of family law nor has it been a subject of academic discourse. This is so despite the fact that the first adoption legislation was introduced in colonial Tanganyika as early as 1942, was repealed and re-enacted in 1953 and has remained in force ever since.Some statistical information regarding how this legislation has been utilised by the population would assist in further elaboration of the above contention. During the first 18 years of the operation of the Ordinance, i.e. from 1944 to the end of the British colonial era in 1961, the High Court of Tanganyika, which under the Ordinance had exclusive jurisdiction to hear adoption applications, made a total of 130 adoption orders. This works out to an average of seven adoption orders per year. With regard to the cultural background of the applicants, so far as this could be ascertained, Europeans formed the majority accounting for about two thirds while members of the Asiatic communities accounted for about one third of the total number of adoption orders granted by the High Court. The number of African applicants was comparatively insignificant.After independence, the picture changed considerably, both in terms of volume of adoption applications and the cultural background of the leading applicants.
A Requiem for Provocation?
Authors: Isedonmwen E. O. 
Published: July 2009

Provocation is dead! It died at the Supreme Court of Nigeria. The funeral oration was read by Kazeem J.S.C., while the funeral dirge was chorused by four other judges of the same court. The case was Ganiyu Olatokunbo Oladiran v. State The facts of the case were as follows. The appellant was a secretary of Design Group Ltd., a firm of chartered architects based in Ibadan. His marriage with the deceased came to be as a result of a pregnancy presented to him by the deceased. Their matrimonial history was one of intermittent quarrels, accusations and counter-accusations of infidelity against the appellant and insubordination against the deceased. The deceased had always accused the appellant of showing interest in their maid, a girl of about 13 or 14 years of age. The appellant had on the other hand accused the deceased of smoking cigarettes which he disliked.The climax to their matrimonial squabble came, to a head on the 21 September, 1982. On that day, there was as usual a quarrel between the appellant and the deceased. There was an abortive attempt at settlement by the deceased's parents. Later that day the deceased refused to cook for the appellant and told him to ask his “second wife” (the house-maid) to cook for him. She also abused him. Thereafter the appellant got a knife and stabbed the deceased to death. The appellant subsequently made an abortive attempt at committing suicide.
Re-Defining International Law from the Point of View of Decolonisation and Development and African Regionalism
Authors: Ginther Konrad 
Published: July 2009

The scarcity of resources and time limit the scope of ideas and the framework of deliberations in all human activities. Thus time and resources equally place limits upon any attempt to theorise and conceptualise, whether in science or in teaching. This limitation bears equally upon the choices of method and substance. Thus in the study of international law today the question is posed, what are the priorities with regard to basic questions and to their systematic presentation on the one hand, and then how to proceed (of necessity selectively) for the purposes of teaching on the other?Contemporary legal education consists in what has been called “modern, rational, legal university education”. As a result of the rational-systematic transfer of legal ideas and techniques, the legal mind so formed can release itself from the concern with everyday needs of those who are the “consumers” of law, which Max Weber has described as follows:“The rational-systematic pattern of legal thought may induce the legal mind to dissociate itself largely from the everyday needs of those who are most affected by the law, and so does a lack of its concrete substantiation. The power of the unleashed dictates of pure logic in legal theory and a legal practice dominated by it can to a large extent eliminate considerations of practical needs as the driving force for the formation of law.”
Remote sensing, geographical information system and spatial analysis for schistosomiasis epidemiology and ecology in Africa
Authors: Simoonga C. , Utzinger J. , Brooker S. , Vounatsou P. , Appleton C. C. , Stensgaard A. S. , Olsen A. , Kristensen T. K. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYBeginning in 1970, the potential of remote sensing (RS) techniques, coupled with geographical information systems (GIS), to improve our understanding of the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis in Africa, has steadily grown. In our current review, working definitions of RS, GIS and spatial analysis are given, and applications made to date with RS and GIS for the epidemiology and ecology of schistosomiasis in Africa are summarised. Progress has been made in mapping the prevalence of infection in humans and the distribution of intermediate host snails. More recently, Bayesian geostatistical modelling approaches have been utilized for predicting the prevalence and intensity of infection at different scales. However, a number of challenges remain; hence new research is needed to overcome these limitations. First, greater spatial and temporal resolution seems important to improve risk mapping and understanding of transmission dynamics at the local scale. Second, more realistic risk profiling can be achieved by taking into account information on people's socio-economic status; furthermore, future efforts should incorporate data on domestic access to clean water and adequate sanitation, as well as behavioural and educational issues. Third, high-quality data on intermediate host snail distribution should facilitate validation of infection risk maps and modelling transmission dynamics. Finally, more emphasis should be placed on risk mapping and prediction of multiple species parasitic infections in an effort to integrate disease risk mapping and to enhance the cost-effectiveness of their control.
Habitat fragmentation and haemoparasites in the common fruit bat,Artibeus jamaicensis(Phyllostomidae) in a tropical lowland forest in Panamá
Authors: COTTONTAIL V. M. , WELLINGHAUSEN N. , KALKO E. K. V. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYAnthropogenic influence on ecosystems, such as habitat fragmentation, impacts species diversity and interactions. There is growing evidence that degradation of habitats favours disease and hence affects ecosystem health. The prevalence of haemoparasites in the Common Fruit Bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) in a tropical lowland forest in Panamá was studied. We assessed the relation of haemoparasite to the general condition of the animals and tested for possible association of haemoparasite prevalence to habitat fragmentation, with special focus on trypanosomes. Overall, a total of 250A. jamaicensissampled from fragmented sites, here man-made, forested islands in Lake Gatùn, and sites in the adjacent, continuous forest in and around the Barro Colorado Nature Monument were examined. Using microscopy and DNA-sequencing 2 dominant types of haemoparasite infections, trypanosomes andLitomosoides(Nematoda) were identified. Trypanosome prevalence was significantly higher in bats from forest fragments, than in bats captured in continuous forest. We attribute this to the loss of species richness in forest fragments and specific characteristics of the fragments favouring trypanosome transmission, in particular changes in vegetation cover. Interestingly, the effect of habitat fragmentation on the prevalence of trypanosomes as multi-host parasites could not be observed inLitomosoideswhich probably has a higher host specificity and might be affected less by overall diversity loss.
The metazoan parasite communities of the Argentinean sandperch Pseudopercis semifasciata (Pisces: Perciformes) and their use to elucidate the stock structure of the host
Authors: TIMI J. T. , LANFRANCHI A. L. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe use of parasites as biological tags allowed the identification of 3 stocks of Argentinean sandperch, Pseudopercis semifasciata (Cuvier), in the Argentine Sea. A total of 100 specimens caught in 3 zones: Villa Gesell (37°15′S, 57°23′W; n=20), Miramar (38°03′S, 57°30′W–38°44′S, 58°44′W; n=30) and Península Valdes (42°00′–42°45′S; n=50), were examined and 28 parasite species were found, 15 of them being new host records. Both univariate and multivariate analyses identified discrete stocks in each zone. The observed differences were not related to the host size or sex. Each locality was characterized by its own indicator species. Villa Gesell was typified by unidentified cestode plerocercoids, Corynosoma cetaceum and Hysterothylacium sp., Miramar by Heterosentis sp. and Pseudoterranova sp. and Península Valdes by A. simplex s.l. Fishes from both northern localities shared gnathiid pranizae, Corynosoma australe and Grillotia sp. as indicators, whereas Miramar and Península Valdes shared only Trifur tortuosus. The most distant localities showed no indicator species in common. Discriminant analyses of parasite assemblages agreed with populational comparisons in identifying the same set of biological tags, whereas some differences in the identity of indicator species were obtained by similarity analysis. However, the 3 approaches were congruent in identifying Grillotia sp., C. australe and C. cetaceum as indicators of northern localities, and A. simplex s.l. as related to Patagonian waters. Differences among zones could be enhanced by the sedentary habits, limited dispersal and high site fidelity of P. semifasciata, and their spawning in rocky outcrops, which are isolated environments.
The carboxy-terminus of merozoite surface protein 1: structure, specific antibodies and immunity to malaria
Authors: HOLDER A. A. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYOver the last 30 years, evidence has been gathered suggesting that merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1) is a target of protective immunity against malaria. In a variety of experimental approaches usingin vitromethodology, animal models and sero-epidemiological techniques, the importance of antibody against MSP1 has been established but we are still finding out what are the mechanisms involved. Now that clinical trials of MSP1 vaccines are underway and the early results have been disappointing, it is increasingly clear that we need to know more about the mechanisms of immunity, because a better understanding will highlight the limitations of our current assays and identify the improvements required. Understanding the structure of MSP1 will help us design and engineer better antigens that are more effective than the first generation of vaccine candidates. This review is focused on the carboxy-terminus of MSP1.
Neural plasticity in response to attention training in anxiety
Authors: Eldar S. , Bar-Haim Y. 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundBehavioral studies show that attention training can alter threat bias, influence vulnerability to stress and reduce clinical anxiety symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine which cognitive functions of attention processing are modulated by attention training, and howa priorianxiety interacts with the attention training procedure. Specifically, we expected modulation in the P1/N1 event-related potential (ERP) complex if early spatial attention was to be affected by training and modulation in later ERP components (P2, N2, P3) had training affected top-down attentional processes.MethodThirty anxious and 30 non-anxious adults performed a modified probe detection task. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) were recorded throughout for later ERP analyses. Half the participants in each anxiety group were randomly assigned to undergo a training procedure designed to divert their attention away from threat and the other half received placebo training.ResultsAnxious participants who were trained to avoid threat showed a linear reduction in response time (RT) to targets replacing neutral faces with the progression of training. This change in RT was not observed among non-anxious participants or among anxious participants who were exposed to placebo training. Following training, the anxious participants who were trained to avoid threat showed a reduction in P2 and P3 mean amplitudes and an enhancement in N2 mean amplitude.ConclusionsAttention training affects anxious participants whereas non-anxious participants seem not to respond to it. The ERP data suggest that attention training modulates top-down processes of attention control rather than processes of early attention orienting.
THE TILING SEMIGROUPS OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL PERIODIC TILINGS
Authors: DOMBI E. R. , GILBERT N. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA one-dimensional tiling is a bi-infinite string on a finite alphabet, and its tiling semigroup is an inverse semigroup whose elements are marked finite substrings of the tiling. We characterize the structure of these semigroups in the periodic case, in which the tiling is obtained by repetition of a fixed primitive word.
Riesz bases of reproducing kernels in Fock-type spaces
Authors: Borichev Alexander , Lyubarskii Yurii 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a scale of Fock spaces $\mathcal{F}_\varphi$ with radial weights ϕ we study the existence of Riesz bases of (normalized) reproducing kernels. We prove that these spaces possess such bases if and only if ϕ(x) grows at most like (log x)2.
Inhibitors of protein aggregation and toxicity
Authors: Amijee Hozefa , Madine Jill , Middleton David A. , Doig Andrew J. 
Published: July 2009

The aggregation of numerous peptides or proteins has been linked to the onset of disease, including Aβ (amyloid β-peptide) in AD (Alzheimer's disease), asyn (α-synuclein) in Parkinson's disease and amylin in Type 2 diabetes. Diverse amyloidogenic proteins can often be cut down to an SRE (self-recognition element) of as few as five residues that retains the ability to aggregate. SREs can be used as a starting point for aggregation inhibitors. In particular, N-methylated SREs can bind to a target on one side, but have hydrogen-bonding blocked on their methylated face, interfering with further assembly. We applied this strategy to develop Aβ toxicity inhibitors. Our compounds, and a range of compounds from the literature, were compared under the same conditions, using biophysical and toxicity assays. Two N-methylated D-peptide inhibitors with unnatural side chains were the most effective and can reverse Aβ-induced inhibition of LTP (long-term potentiation) at concentrations as low as 10 nM. An SRE in asyn (VAQKTV) was identified using solid-state NMR. When VAQKTV was N-methylated, it was able to disrupt asyn aggregation. N-methylated derivatives of the SRE of amylin are also able to inhibit amylin aggregation.
Twins studies as a model for studies on the interaction between smoking and genetic factors in the development of chronic bronchitis
Authors: Svartengren Magnus , Engström Gunnar , Anderson Martin , Hallberg Jenny , Edula Goutham , Verdier Maria Gerhardsson de , Dahlbäck Magnus , Lindberg Claes M. , Forsman-Semb Kristina , Nihlén Ulf , Fehniger Thomas E. 
Published: July 2009

Smoking is the main risk factor for COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) but genetic factors are of importance, since only a subset of smokers develops the disease. Sex differences have been suggested both in disease prevalence and response to environmental exposures. Furthermore, it has been shown that acquisition of ‘addiction’ to smoking is partly genetically mediated. Disease cases and smoking habits were identified in 44919 twins aged &gt;40 years from the Swedish Twin Registry. Disease was defined as self-reported chronic bronchitis or emphysema, or recurrent cough with phlegm. The results showed that chronic bronchitis seems to be more prevalent among females, and that the heritability estimate for chronic bronchitis was a moderate 40% and only 14% of the genetic influences were shared by smoking. In addition, 392 twins have been invited to a clinical investigation to evaluate: (i) to what extent genetic factors contribute to individual differences (variation) in FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), vital capacity and DLCO (diffusion capacity), taking sex into consideration, and (ii) whether smoking behaviour and respiratory symptoms influence these estimates.
Imaging of blood flow in cerebral arteries with dynamic helical computed tomography angiography (dhcta) using a 64-row CT scanner
Authors: Pekkola J. , Kangasniemi M. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Cerebral computed tomography angiography (CTA) depicts a structural image of intracranial arteries without providing much time-resolved information on blood flow dynamics. Current CT technology allows obtaining of rapidly repeated helical scans during the arterial contrast filling phase after an intravenous contrast injection. Purpose: To report our experience on dynamic CT imaging in determining the direction of contrast filling within proximal intracranial arteries of operated cerebral artery aneurysm patients. Such dynamic information can help detect vascular occlusion or severe spasm. The method is here referred to as dynamic helical CT angiography (DHCTA). Material and Methods: We retrospectively collected image and related technical data for 23 patients who underwent DHCTA and CTA during their first postoperative day after cerebral artery aneurysm surgery. For DHCTA, we had helically scanned a 4-cm tissue volume three times in succession with a 64-row CT scanner at intervals of 2.6 s during arterial contrast filling after an intravenous contrast injection. We assessed how well DHCTA succeeded in demonstrating the direction of contrast filling in the proximal intracranial arteries, evaluated clinically relevant structural information provided by DHCTA and CTA, and compared radiation doses for the two methods. Results: For 21 patients, DHCTA outlined the direction of contrast filling in proximal intracranial arteries. As to arterial spasm and residual filling of the operated aneurysm, CTA and DHCTA gave similar information. Radiation doses were higher ( P<0.000001) for DHCTA than for CTA at 120 kV tube voltage. At 100 kV, the difference was smaller, but doses for DHCTA still exceeded ( P<0.05) those for CTA. Conclusion: DHCTA gave dynamic information unobtainable with CTA and could prove useful in selected clinical settings.
Influence of Leaf Tolerance Mechanisms and Rain on Boron Toxicity in Barley and Wheat
Authors: Reid Rob , Fitzpatrick Kate 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Boron (B) toxicity is common in many areas of the world. Plant tolerance to high B varies widely and has previously been attributed to reduced uptake of B, most commonly as a result of B efflux from roots. In this study, it is shown that the expression of genes encoding B efflux transporters in leaves of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) is associated with an ability of leaf tissues to withstand higher concentrations of B. In tolerant cultivars, necrosis in leaves occurred at B concentrations more than 2-fold higher than in sensitive cultivars. It is hypothesized that this leaf tolerance is achieved via redistribution of B by efflux transporters from sensitive symplastic compartments into the leaf apoplast. Measurements of B concentrations in leaf protoplasts, and of B released following infiltration of leaves, support this hypothesis. It was also shown that under B-toxic conditions, leaching of B from leaves by rain had a strong positive effect on growth of both roots and shoots. Measurements of rates of guttation and the concentration of B in guttation droplets indicated that the impact of guttation on the alleviation of B toxicity would be small.
The ArabidopsisRESURRECTION1Gene Regulates a Novel Antagonistic Interaction in Plant Defense to Biotrophs and Necrotrophs
Authors: Mang Hyung Gon , Laluk Kristin A. , Parsons Eugene P. , Kosma Dylan K. , Cooper Bruce R. , Park Hyeong Cheol , AbuQamar Synan , Boccongelli Claudia , Miyazaki Saori , Consiglio Federica , Chilosi Gabriele , Bohnert Hans J. , Bressan Ray A. , Mengiste Tesfaye , Jenks Matthew A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe report a role for the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RESURRECTION1 (RST1) gene in plant defense. The rst1 mutant exhibits enhanced susceptibility to the biotrophic fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum but enhanced resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. RST1 encodes a novel protein that localizes to the plasma membrane and is predicted to contain 11 transmembrane domains. Disease responses in rst1 correlate with higher levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and increased basal and B. cinerea-induced expression of the plant defensin PDF1.2 gene but reduced E. cichoracearum-inducible salicylic acid levels and expression of pathogenesis-related genes PR1 and PR2. These results are consistent with rst1's varied resistance and susceptibility to pathogens of different life styles. Cuticular lipids, both cutin monomers and cuticular waxes, on rst1 leaves were significantly elevated, indicating a role for RST1 in the suppression of leaf cuticle lipid synthesis. The rst1 cuticle exhibits normal permeability, however, indicating that the disease responses of rst1 are not due to changes in this cuticle property. Double mutant analysis revealed that the coi1 mutation (causing defective JA signaling) is completely epistatic to rst1, whereas the ein2 mutation (causing defective ethylene signaling) is partially epistatic to rst1, for resistance to B. cinerea. The rst1 mutation thus defines a unique combination of disease responses to biotrophic and necrotrophic fungi in that it antagonizes salicylic acid-dependent defense and enhances JA-mediated defense through a mechanism that also controls cuticle synthesis.
Predictors of parenting self‐efficacy in mothers and fathers of toddlers
Authors: Sevigny P. R. , Loutzenhiser L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground  Researchers interested in child developmental outcomes have highlighted the role that parenting self‐efficacy (PSE) plays in psychosocial child adjustment. PSE is a cognitive construct that can be broadly defined as an individual's appraisal of his or her competence in the parental role. PSE has emerged in the literature as an important variable when exploring variance in parenting skills. Despite this, much remains to be learned about PSE. Little is known about the predictors of PSE, with much of the existing research conducted in a piecemeal fashion that lacks a solid theoretical framework. In addition, PSE in fathers has been understudied and relatively little is known about PSE in families with toddler age children. Informed by Belsky's process model of parenting, this study explored similarities and differences in PSE and the predictors of PSE for mothers and fathers of toddlers.Methods  A total of 62 cohabiting couples whose first‐born child was 18–36 months old completed self‐report measures of PSE, general self‐efficacy, depression, marital satisfaction, parenting stress, child difficultness and family functioning.Results  For fathers, parenting stress and their relational functioning (i.e. marital satisfaction and family functioning) with their spouse predicted PSE scores. For mothers, general self‐efficacy and relational functioning were predictive of PSE.Conclusions and limitations  The results of this study support the use of Belsky's process model of parenting to study the predictors of PSE. Important differences were found in the prediction models for mothers and fathers. Future studies need to clarify the nature of parental self‐efficacy beliefs in fathers and continue to use comprehensive theoretical models to identify potentially relevant covariates of PSE. Limitations of the current investigation include reliance on self‐report measures and the homogeneity of the sample.