bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Septoria Spot of Clementine Caused by Septoria citri in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Bertetti D. , Amatulli M. T. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: June 2011

In January 2010, a fruit spot of “Clementine” (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.) was observed on Italian-grown fruit in a market in northern Italy. The surface of the peel of infected fruits had black, irregular, necrotic areas that were slightly depressed, 10 mm in diameter, and surrounded by chlorotic halos. No pycnidia were observed on the necrotic spots. Tissues beneath the necrotic spots, which included the albedo (white pith), appeared dark and a black rot affected the external part of the juice vesicles. Small sections (approximately 3 mm2) of infected internal tissues were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 25 ppm of streptomycin and maintained at 22 to 24°C. A slow-growing fungus with dark colored mycelium that produced pycnidia was consistently isolated. Conidia were hyaline, elongate, straight or slightly curved, unicellular, but sometimes with one septum, and measured 9.0 to 25.4 × 1.0 to 2.7 (average 17.7 × 1.8) μm. Preliminary morphological identification of the fungal isolates resembling Septoria spp. was confirmed by PCR using genomic DNA extracted from the mycelia of pure cultures. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified using the primers ITS4/ITS6 and sequenced. BLAST analysis of the 508-bp segment showed a 99% homology with the sequence of Septoria citri (GenBank Accession No. DQ897650). The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. HQ176410. Pathogenicity of one isolate was tested by inoculating 10 fruits. These were wounded at the equatorial level (three wounds per fruit, 5 mm depth) and dipped for 10 s in a conidial suspension (1.2 × 107 conidia/ml). Ten wounded noninoculated fruits were dipped in sterilized water and served as control. Fruits were kept at 10 ± 1°C. After 50 days, dark, sunken necrosis appeared around the wounds of inoculated fruits and the same symptoms first observed were present into the tissues beneath the wounds. S. citri was consistently reisolated from the inoculated fruits. Noninoculated fruits remained healthy. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The same disease was observed on other fruits belonging to the Rutaceae family, such as lemon in Greece (3) and on orange and lemon in Australia (1). In Italy, S. citri has been reported on lemon (2) fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of this pathogen on clementine in Italy as well in the world. The presence of Septoria spot on clementine fruits is currently sporadic in Italy; however it is necessary to monitor the incidence of this disease with field and postharvest surveys. References: (1) T. G. B. Osborn and G. Samuel. Trans. R. Soc. Aust. 46:166, 1922. (2) P. Petri. Boll. Stn. Patol. Veg. Roma N.S. 16:1, 1936. (3) D. G. Zachos. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 6:41, 1957.
Structure of the footwall of a listric fault system revealed by 3D seismic data from the Niger Delta
Authors: Maloney Dominic , Davies Richard , Imber Jonathan , King Stephen 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWe use three‐dimensional (3D) seismic reflection data to analyse the architecture of the footwall of a listric fault, in a gravitationally driven extensional system, in the north‐western Niger Delta. In contrast to conventional listric normal fault models with a single master listric fault plane the level of detachment switches from a deeper to shallower level. The footwall evolves through the generation of new master detachment faults and detachments, which transfers hanging wall rocks into the footwall. New detachments form by branching off pre‐existing detachment levels, cutting‐up through stratigraphy to the next mechanical weakness, separating discrete sections of extended strata. As a consequence a deeper, older array of seaward‐dipping, tilted extensional fault blocks is now located in the footwall beneath the master listric detachment fault. The structural complexity located below the master detachment fault highlights extensional episodes on separate detachment faults that are not captured in conventional listric models. We speculate that changes in the level of the detachment are caused by mechanical weaknesses controlled by lithology, pore pressure and episodes of sediment loading related to deltaic progradation.
Site of venous thromboembolism and prothrombotic mutations according to body mass index. Results from the EDITH study
Authors: Delluc Aurélien , Le Moigne Emmanuelle , Tromeur Cécile , Noel‐Savina Elise , Couturaud Francis , Mottier Dominique , Le Gal Grégoire , Lacut Karine 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThis study evaluated the impact of body mass index (BMI) on venous thromboembolism (VTE) site and assessed a possible interaction between BMI and prothrombotic risk factors in patients included in the EDITH (Etude des Déterminants et Interactions de le THrombose veineuse) study. A cross‐sectional study was used to compare the site of unprovoked VTE according to BMI categories in 1077 patients and a matched case‐control study (732 pairs) assessed the joint effect of BMI and prothrombotic mutations on VTE risk. The cross sectional analysis showed that the proportion of patients with pulmonary embolism was higher in overweight (63%) and obese (63·5%) patients than among patients with a BMI < 25 kg/m2 (55%), P = 0·02 and P = 0·05 respectively. No interaction was found between F5 G1691A (factor V Leiden) and BMI for VTE risk (P = 0·90). There was a significant interaction between F2 G20210A and BMI (P = 0·02). The risk of VTE associated with BMI was 1·7 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0·8–3·7], 4·36 (95%CI: 1·49–12·78) and 12·03 (95%CI: 1·53–94·29) in patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2, 25 ≤ BMI < 30 and ≥30 kg/m2 respectively after adjustment for age and oestrogen use. This study showed that BMI may play a role in determining the site of VTE and may interact with F2 G20210A but not with F5 G1691A for the risk of VTE.
Improving quality of life of children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review of clinical trials
Authors: Tsoi W. S. E. , Zhang L. A. , Wang W. Y. , Tsang K. L. , Lo S. K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective To systematically review the impact of different interventions on quality of life (QoL) for children with cerebral palsy.Methods English articles were sought from five major English databases from inceptions until March 2010. Keywords used consisted of four components (and their variants): (i) clinical condition: cerebral palsy; (ii) outcome measures: quality of life, well‐being; (iii) study design: clinical trials; and (iv) target population: people aged 0–18.Results Eight studies satisfied the inclusion criteria, all of which are of good to excellent quality (a Jadad score of 4 or above). The Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, the TNO‐AZL Children's Health‐Related Quality of Life and the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities were used to measure QoL. Significant positive results were reported by two studies using medicinal interventions (diazepam and intrathecal baclofen therapy, effect sizes 5.9, 9.1 respectively) and two studies employing motor control approach training (strength training and exercise training, former effect size being 3.8).Conclusion Current review suggests that positive effect was shown in medicinal and motor control interventions on QoL. However, no single interventional approach can demonstrate a consistent positive impact on QoL across different studies. Future studies are recommended to (i) provide a clear definition of QoL, and investigate the relationship between symptoms' severity and QoL; (ii) measure outcome at different time points to capture real effects of interventions; and (iii) make more use of valid outcome instruments, either self‐report or parent/caregiver proxy reports.
Colitogenic role of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors in trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid colitis: TNF-R1 ablation does not affect systemic inflammatory response
Authors: Yang Y , Wang H , Dou Y , Wang Y , Han G , Wang Renxi , Wang L , Guo R , Xiao H , Li X , Shen B , Shi Y , Chen G , Li Y 
Published: June 2011

SummaryTumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of T helper type 1-mediated colitis such as Crohn's disease. However, the roles of its two receptors in mediating pathology remain largely unknown. In this study, trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) was used to induce colitis in TNF-receptor single or double knock-out (DKO) BALB/c mice and in wild-type counterparts. TNF-R1−/− mice had significantly less weight loss, reduced mortality, colon shortening and oedema, colon histological damage and lower levels of colon myeloperoxidase compared with wild-type (WT) BALB/c mice. A similar manifestation was also observed in TNF-R2−/− and TNF-R1−/−TNF-R2−/− (TNF-R DKO) mice. Strikingly, systemic inflammatory response (including splenomegaly and monocyte expansion) was found in WT and TNF-R1−/− mice after TNBS, instead of TNF-R2−/− and TNF-R DKO mice. Attenuated pathology of colitis in TNF-R1−/− or TNF-R2−/−mice correlated with lower amounts of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, IL-12p70 and interferon (IFN)-γ production in the colons. Importantly, ablation of TNF-R1 or TNF-R2 reduced the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labelling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic epithelial cells in the affected colons compared with WT TNBS-instilled controls, which might be due to the heightened ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and reduced activity of nuclear factor (NF)-κB. These findings suggest that either TNF-R1 or TNF-R2 plays a pathogenic role in the pathology of colitis and TNF signalling via TNF-R1 or TNF-R2 alone is not sufficient for inducing mucosal damage.
Impaired hapten sensitization in patients with autoimmune disease
Authors: Bangsgaard N , Engkilde K , Menné T , Løvendorf M , Jacobsen G K , Olsen J , Skov L 
Published: June 2011

Summary
An inverse relation between contact allergy and autoimmune diseases is suggested from epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to investigate susceptibility and reactivity in patients with psoriasis, patients with diabetes and healthy controls in an experimental sensitization study. We sensitized 68 adult individuals (23 patients with psoriasis, 22 patients with diabetes and 23 healthy controls) with diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) and assessed challenge responses with visual scoring and ultrasound. Skin biopsies from challenged skin were investigated for differences in down-regulatory mechanisms with immunohistochemistry and gene-expression profiles using microarray technology. The sensitization ratios were 26%, 36% and 65% for the psoriatic, diabetic and healthy groups, respectively. Logistic regression analysis gave an odds ratio (OR) for a patient with psoriasis or diabetes type I of being sensitized to 0·18 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0·039–0·85], P = 0·031 and 0·74 (95% CI: 0·548–1·008), P = 0·056, respectively. A high degree of forkhead box P3-positive (FoxP3+) cells were found in biopsies of positively challenged reactions, but only limited numbers in negatively challenged reactions, with no difference among the groups. No specific mRNA expression was found in the challenged skin of negative elicitation reactions, also indicating no sign of active down-regulation. The study contibutes strongly to the evidence of a decreased susceptibility to develop contact allergy in individuals with autoimmune diseases such as psoriasis.
Adoption of an Internet‐based patient education programme in psychiatric hospitals
Authors: ANTTILA M. , VÄLIMÄKI M. , KOIVUNEN M. , LUUKKAALA T. , KAILA M. , PITKÄNEN A. , KONTIO R. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
Major changes in the work of health‐care personnel stem from advanced adoption of technology.
Information technology programmes targeted for patients with psychiatric problems may fail because there is no caring and supportive staff to use them.
The Internet‐based programme was well adopted on acute psychiatric inpatient wards. However, organizational variables are important when new information technology programmes are introduced in clinical practice.
AbstractInternet‐based patient support systems are widely assumed to predict a future trend in patient education. Coherent information is still lacking on how patient education is adopted in psychiatric hospitals and how information technology is used in it. Our aim was to describe nurses' adoption of an Internet‐based patient education programme and the variables explaining it. The study was based on Rogers' model of the diffusion of innovation. The Internet‐based patient education sessions were carried out by nurses on nine acute psychiatric inpatient wards in two Finnish hospitals. They were evaluated with reports and analysed statistically. Out of 100 nurses, 83 adopted the programme during the study period. The nurses fell into Rogers' groups, late majority (72%), laggards (17%), early majority (7%), early adopters (3%) and innovators (1%). Three groups were formed according to their activity: laggards, late majority, adopters (including early majority, early adopters, innovators). There was a statistical difference between the nurses' programme adoption between the two hospitals (P= 0.045): more laggards (65% vs. 35%) and adopters (73% vs. 27%) in the same hospital. The findings help to provide insight into the contexts and settings when adopting information technology programmes in the area of mental health care.
Attitudes of relatives and staff towards family intervention in forensic services using Q methodology
Authors: ABSALOM‐HORNBY V. , HARE D. J. , GOODING P. , TARRIER N. 
Published: June 2011

Accessible summary
Family interventions have a successful evidence base in the treatment of schizophrenia, yet they are not easily implemented within services.
There are various barriers to the successful implementation of family intervention services. Attitudes of relatives of service users and clinical staff can have an impact on successful delivery of family intervention services. Yet little work has focused on the attitudes in the forensic services.
This study describes an investigation of attitude towards family intervention in forensic services, with an aim to explore if family interventions are accepted by relatives and staff. A new technique to family intervention is presented.
The study found that both relatives and staff hold overall positive attitudes towards family intervention. The results revealed that the use of a novel technique, using a web camera to facilitate family intervention (e‐FFI) was not dismissed by relatives or staff. Instead neutral and open‐minded attitudes were produced towards e‐FFI from both relatives and staff.
The implications of these results may be encouraging for the future of telepsychology and specifically e‐FFI within forensic mental health services, in providing positive outcomes for families and staff via the modernization of services.
AbstractAttitudes about family interventions have been identified as a possible reason for the poor implementation of such treatments. The current study used Q methodology to investigate the attitudes of relatives of forensic service users and clinical staff towards family interventions in medium secure forensic units, particularly when facilitated by a web camera. Eighteen relatives and twenty‐nine staff completed a sixty‐one item Q sort to obtain their idiosyncratic views about family intervention. The results indicated that relatives and staff mostly held positive attitudes towards family intervention. Relatives showed some uncertainty towards family intervention that may reflect the lack of involvement they receive from the forensic service. Staff highlighted key barriers to successful implementation such as lack of dedicated staff time for family work and few staff adequately trained in family intervention. Despite agreement with the web‐based forensic family intervention technique and its benefits, both staff and relatives predicted problems in the technique.
Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict tulathromycin distribution in goats
Authors: LEAVENS T. L. , TELL L. A. , CLOTHIER K. A. , GRIFFITH R. W. , BAYNES R. E. , RIVIERE J. E. 
Published: June 2011

Leavens, T. L., Tell, L. A., Clothier, K. A., Griffith, R. W., Baynes, R. E., Riviere, J. E. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict tulathromycin distribution in goats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 121–131.Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, which incorporate species‐ and chemical‐specific parameters, could be useful tools for extrapolating withdrawal times for drugs across species and doses. The objective of this research was to develop a PBPK model for goats to simulate the pharmacokinetics of tulathromycin, a macrolide antibiotic effective for treating respiratory infections. Model compartments included plasma, lung, liver, muscle, adipose tissue, kidney, and remaining poorly and richly perfused tissues. Tulathromycin was assumed to be 50% protein bound in plasma with first‐order clearance. Literature values were compiled for physiological parameters, partition coefficients were estimated from tissue:plasma ratios of AUC, and the remaining model parameters were estimated by comparison against the experimental data. Three separate model structures were compared with plasma and tissue concentrations of tulathromycin in market age goats administered 2.5 mg/kg tulathromycin subcutaneously. The best simulation was achieved with a diffusion‐limited PBPK model and absorption from a two‐compartment injection site, which allowed for low persistent concentrations at the injection site and slower depletion in the tissues than the plasma as observed with the experimental data. The model with age‐appropriate physiological parameters also predicted plasma concentrations in juvenile goats administered tulathromycin subcutaneously. The developed model and compilation of physiological parameters for goats provide initial tools that can be used as a basis for predicting withdrawal times of drugs in this minor species.
Mass mortality in Pacific oysters is associated with a specific gene expression signature
Authors: CHANEY MAXINE L. , GRACEY ANDREW Y. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMass mortality events occur in natural and cultured communities of bivalve molluscs. The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is a dominant species in many intertidal locations as well as an important aquacultured bivalve species, and for the last 50 years, adult oysters have suffered frequent and extreme mass mortality events during summer months. To investigate the molecular changes that precede these mortality events, we employed a novel nonlethal sampling approach to collect haemolymph samples from individual oysters during the period that preceded a mortality event. Microarray‐based gene expression screening of the collected haemolymph was used to identify a mortality gene expression signature that distinguished oysters that survived the mortality event from those individuals that died during the event. The signature was cross‐validated by comparing two separate episodes of mortality. Here, we report that near‐mortality oysters can be distinguished from longer‐lived oysters by the elevated expression of genes associated with cell death, lysosomal proteolysis, and cellular assembly and organization. These results show the potential utility of nonlethal sampling approaches for investigating the environmental causes of mortality in natural populations in the field, and for predicting when such events could occur and which individuals will be affected.
Population differences in levels of linkage disequilibrium in the wild
Authors: LI M.‐H. , MERILÄ J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractInformation about the levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in wild animal populations is still limited, and this is true particularly with respect to possible interpopulation variation in the levels of LD. We compared the levels and extent of LD at the genome‐wide scale in three Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) populations, two of which (Kuusamo and Ylläs) represented outbred populations within the main distribution area of the species, whereas the third (Suupohja) was a semi‐isolated, partially inbred population at the margin of the species’ distribution area. Although extensive long‐range LD (>20 cM) was observed in all three populations, LD generally decayed to background levels at a distance of 1–5 cM or c. 200–600 kb. The degree and extent of LD differed markedly between populations but aligned closely with both observed levels of within‐population genetic variation and expectations based on population history. The levels of LD were highest in the most inbred population with strong population substructure (Suupohja), compared with the two outbred populations. Furthermore, the decay of LD with increasing distance was slower in Suupohja, compared with the other two populations. By demonstrating that levels of LD can vary greatly over relatively short geographical distances within a species, these results suggest that prospects for association mapping differ from population to population. In this example, the prospects are best in the Suupohja population, given that minimized marker genotyping and a minimum marker spacing of 1–5 cM (c. 200–600 kb) would be sufficient for a whole genome scan for detecting QTL.
Novel stain‐free lecithinized coal tar formulation for psoriasis
Authors: Bhatia Amit , Singh Bhupinder , Amarji Basant , Negi Poonam , Shukla Anshuman , Katare Om Prakash 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground  Coal tar has been a very popular traditional treatment for various types of psoriasis for over a century. It is the first‐line treatment for scalp, hand, and foot psoriasis. However, the application of coal tar on hair invariably causes staining, which results in a high degree of patient non‐compliance, especially in patients with non‐black hair. Thus, the treatment of scalp psoriasis with a topical coal tar formulation requires that special concern be paid to product esthetics.Objective  This study aimed to evaluate the hair‐staining characteristics of a novel lecithinized coal tar (LCT) formulation on different types of mammalian hair.Methods  Samples of hair from different mammals, including human, sheep, rabbit, and goat, were repeatedly exposed to the LCT formulation over 14 days. The color of hair samples treated with LCT was compared with that of untreated control hair samples.Results  The study revealed the distinct non‐staining potential of the LCT formulation.Conclusions  This LCT formulation lacks the propensity to stain hair and thus has excellent potential to be exploited in the treatment of scalp psoriasis.