bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamical and structural symmetries for the highest Landau levels on the AdS
2
Authors: Espoukeh Pakhshan , Fakhri Hossein 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to use the recurrence relations with respect to both indices of the associated Legendre functions for the extraction of the Dirac quantization condition and dynamical symmetry group U(1, 1) corresponding to the highest Landau levels on the hyperbolic plane with uniform magnetic field B. Irreducible representations of the su(2) algebra are obtained by the ladder differential operators which change B by 1/2 unit and mode number by one unit. Two different classes of the irreducible representations of SU(1, 1) with the even and odd boson numbers 2B − 1/2 are extracted for the Bargmann indices 1/4 and 3/4, respectively. Finally, we show that shape invariance symmetry is realized by the ladder operators which shift only the magnetic field B by 1/2 unit.
Aspects Regarding the Neurobiology of Psycho-Affective Functions
Authors: Ciobica Alin , Popescu Raducu , Haulica Ion , Bild Walther 
Published: December 2011

Aspects Regarding the Neurobiology of Psycho-Affective FunctionsIn this mini-review we were interested in analyzing the main achievements concerning the neurobiological substrate of the human psycho-affective functions. The cortico-subcortical areas implicated in the elaboration and the control of the sensorial and psycho-affective reactions of the human brain are described, as well as the neurobiological basis of the psychic and affective manifestations, with focus on the new achievements in understanding the genetic, morpho-chemical and electromagnetic bases of the psycho-affective and behavioral manifestations, both normal and pathological. It is known that emotional states like anxiety, fear or anger generate complex psycho-affective reactions that are controlled by the limbic system, which is called the emotional brain. This is connected with the polyneuronal circuits of the Papez loop, the hypothalamic-pituitary complex and the reticular formation of the brainstem. Some imagistic aspects concerning the implication of the amygdala and the cingulate gyrus in laughing and crying are mentioned, as well as the cerebral areas implicated in romantic and maternal love. Also, some electromagnetic manifestations of the brain are presented, introducing the concept of «electromagnetic plasma», as a possible component of the human brain activity.
Solutions to Linear Inverse Problems on the Sphere by Tikhonov Regularization, Wiener filtering and Spectral Smoothing and Combination — A Comparison
Authors: Sjöberg L. 
Published: December 2011

Solutions to Linear Inverse Problems on the Sphere by Tikhonov Regularization, Wiener filtering and Spectral Smoothing and Combination — A ComparisonSolutions to linear inverse problems on the sphere, common in geodesy and geophysics, are compared for Tikhonov's method of regularization, Wiener filtering and spectral smoothing and combination as well as harmonic analysis. It is concluded that Wiener and spectral smoothing, although based on different assumptions and target functions, yield the same estimator. Also, provided that the extra information on the signal and error degree variances is available, the standard Tikhonov method is inferior to the other methods, which, in contrast to Tikhonov's approach, match the spectral errors and signals in an optimum way. We show that the corresponding Tikhonov matrix for optimum regularization can only be determined approximately. Moreover, as Tikhonov's method solves an integral equation, it is less computationally efficient than the other methods, which use forward integration. Also harmonic analysis uses direct integration and is not hampered, as previous methods, with spectral leakage. Spectral combination, in addition to filtering, has the advantage of combining different data sets by least squares spectral weighting.
Rapid warfarin reversal: a 3-factor prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant factor VIIa cocktail for intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Sarode Ravi , Matevosyan Karén , Bhagat Ramesh , Rutherford Cynthia , Madden Christopher , Beshay Joseph E. 
Published: December 2011

Object
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most serious bleeding complication of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy, carrying a high mortality. Rapid reversal of VKA in ICH is critical. Plasma therapy, the standard of care in the US, is not optimal. The ideal prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) containing all vitamin K–dependent factors (VKDFs) is not available in the US. Therefore, the authors developed a Trauma Coumadin Protocol (TCP) consisting of a 3-factor PCC available in the US (which contains insufficient factor VII [FVII]) with a low-dose recombinant FVIIa to rapidly reverse VKA.

Methods
Forty-six patients treated with the TCP were retrospectively analyzed. Fourteen patients had pre- and post-TCP plasma samples collected to assess their VKDF increment. Eleven patients had measurable intraparenchymal hematomas, which were evaluated for expansion.

Results
The mean pre- and post-TCP international normalized ratios (INRs) were 3.4 (median 2.9) and 1.0 (median 0.9), respectively. Once corrected, INR was maintained at < 1.3 during a patient's hospital stay. The pre-TCP median values of FII, FVII, FIX, and FX were 28%, 21%, 45%, and 20%, respectively; post-TCP median values increased to 144%, 417%, 102%, and 143%, respectively. Four of the 11 patients with measurable intraparenchymal hemorrhage had expansion at 24 hours after TCP. One patient probably (8 hours post-TCP) and 1 patient possibly (3 days post-TCP) had thrombotic complications.

Conclusions
The TCP was very effective in rapidly reversing VKA-associated coagulopathy; however, this protocol should be used cautiously in patients at high risk for thrombosis.
Navigating the tip of the genomic iceberg: Next‐generation sequencing for plant systematics
Authors: Straub Shannon C. K. , Parks Matthew , Weitemier Kevin , Fishbein Mark , Cronn Richard C. , Liston Aaron 
Published: December 2011

• Premise of the study: Just as Sanger sequencing did more than 20 years ago, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is poised to revolutionize plant systematics. By combining multiplexing approaches with NGS throughput, systematists may no longer need to choose between more taxa or more characters. Here we describe a genome skimming (shallow sequencing) approach for plant systematics.• Methods: Through simulations, we evaluated optimal sequencing depth and performance of single‐end and paired‐end short read sequences for assembly of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and plastomes and addressed the effect of divergence on reference‐guided plastome assembly. We also used simulations to identify potential phylogenetic markers from low‐copy nuclear loci at different sequencing depths. We demonstrated the utility of genome skimming through phylogenetic analysis of the Sonoran Desert clade (SDC) of Asclepias (Apocynaceae).• Key results: Paired‐end reads performed better than single‐end reads. Minimum sequencing depths for high quality rDNA and plastome assemblies were 40× and 30×, respectively. Divergence from the reference significantly affected plastome assembly, but relatively similar references are available for most seed plants. Deeper rDNA sequencing is necessary to characterize intragenomic polymorphism. The low‐copy fraction of the nuclear genome was readily surveyed, even at low sequencing depths. Nearly 160000 bp of sequence from three organelles provided evidence of phylogenetic incongruence in the SDC.• Conclusions: Adoption of NGS will facilitate progress in plant systematics, as whole plastome and rDNA cistrons, partial mitochondrial genomes, and low‐copy nuclear markers can now be efficiently obtained for molecular phylogenetics studies.
Increased CD34+/KDR+ cells are not associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness progression in chronic HIV-positive subjects
Authors: Papasavvas Emmanouil , Hsue Priscilla , Reynolds Griffin , Pistilli Maxwell , Hancock Aidan , Martin Jeffrey N , Deeks Steven G , Montaner Luis J 
Published: December 2011

Background Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are involved in the endothelium repair. Low circulating EPC levels are predictive of cardiovascular events in HIV-negative subjects. The impact of HIV infection on EPCs, and the role of EPCs in HIV-associated cardiovascular disease, is not known. We hypothesized that circulating EPCs would be inversely associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness (c-IMT) changes in HIV-infected subjects. Methods EPCs (CD34+/KDR+, CD133+/KDR+ and CD34+/ CD133+/KDR+) were defined retrospectively by flow cytometry in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected longitudinally from 66 chronic HIV-infected subjects and cross-sectionally from 50 at-risk HIV- negative subjects. The HIV-infected subjects participated in the Study of the Consequences of the Protease Inhibitor Era (SCOPE) cohort, were receiving antiretroviral therapy (59/66) and had two sequential measurements of c-IMT 1 year apart. Two distinct groups of HIV-infected subjects were identified a priori: rapid c-IMT progressors (subjects with rapid c-IMT progression, n=13, Δc-IMT>0.2 mm) and slow c-IMT progressors (subjects with slow or no c-IMT progression, n=53, Δc-IMT<0.2 mm). Results Although cryopreservation reduced sensitivity of detection, EPC frequency in HIV-infected subjects was still significantly higher compared to at-risk HIV-negative subjects (CD34+/KDR+; P=0.01) and correlated positively with CD4+ T-cell count (CD34+/KDR+, r=0.27; P=0.03). No association was found between the change of EPC frequencies over time (ΔEPC) and Δc-IMT or between EPC frequencies and c-IMT or Δc-IMT. Conclusions The lack of an association between EPCs and c-IMT in our cohort does not support HIV-associated reductions in EPC frequency as a cause of accelerated atherosclerosis.
Scleritis: A Paradoxical Effect of Etanercept? Etanercept-associated Inflammatory Eye Disease
Authors: GAUJOUX-VIALA CÉCILE , GIAMPIETRO CECILIA , GAUJOUX THOMAS , EA HANG-KORNG , PRATI CLÉMENT , ORCEL PHILIPPE , WENDLING DANIEL , LIOTÉ FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: December 2011

Objective.To describe 3 cases of scleritis associated with etanercept use for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to review the literature related to inflammatory eye diseases associated with the use of etanercept.Methods.Three cases of severe scleritis during etanercept therapy were analyzed. A systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed, from 1962 to July 2010.Results.Three patients with seropositive RA developed scleritis 7–28 months after initiation of etanercept, for the first time during their long-lasting disease. In all patients the underlying disease had responded well to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Ocular inflammation went into remission after discontinuation of etanercept, and no other relapses were observed. One patient experienced a dechallenge-rechallenge phenomenon (improvement in symptoms following discontinuation of the agent, then reappearance or worsening of symptoms on reexposure to the agent). Forty-two cases of inflammatory eye diseases believed to be associated with the use of etanercept have been reported in the literature: 33 uveitis, 8 scleritis, 1 orbital myositis, concerning 16 patients with RA, 10 with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, 14 with ankylosing spondylitis, and 2 with psoriatic spondyloarthropathy. Dechallenge was performed in 28 patients, leading to resolution of symptoms. Rechallenge was done in 6 cases, with clear exacerbation.Conclusion.Ocular inflammation is paradoxically a potential adverse effect of etanercept, even in previously uninvolved eyes.
Allowable Drill Rig Wheel Loads on Frozen Muskeg
Authors: Oswell James , Stancliffe Russell , Coutts Ron , Karambelkar Vik , Wood Mark 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Considerable expanses of Alaska, Canada and Russia have unfrozen muskeg terrain. A broad study was undertaken to determine the seasonally frozen thickness of muskeg required to support heavy drill vehicle loads. The study included field testing and collection of frozen muskeg samples for laboratory testing to assess the engineering properties of the frozen muskeg, insitu testing of the muskeg and underlying mineral soils, and numerical modeling of a frozen muskeg layer subject to loading by heavy drilling equipment. This paper reports on the numerical modeling to assess the wheel load capacity of relatively thin frozen layers overlying a weak (non-zero strength) unfrozen stratum.
The wheel load capacity of the frozen muskeg was assessed considering several failure mechanisms. For the shear failure mode a finite element model was used to predict soil and muskeg deformation and assess the factor of safety against failure. For a punching shear failure, the factor of safety against failure was estimated by a closed-form solution. The results are presented as a series of graphs of factor of safety versus frozen layer thickness for a number of average frozen layer strengths. A single loading scenario was considered, consisting of a loaded drill rig with a gross weight of 62,000kg.

Introduction
Large drilling and support vehicles can often exceed 50,000 kg in gross vehicle weight and require special permits to travel over some roads during parts of the year. In many areas the travel surface to drilling or well sites consists of soft and weak soils or organic layers that restrict access by all vehicle travel to winter periods when the ground is frozen. The capacity of the soil or organic layer to support vehicles is notionally a function of the thickness and strength of the surface layer and the mass of the vehicle. If the access requirements to this terrain can be addressed in a rational manner then operators can undertake better planning and allocation of equipment and resources.
This paper documents a study to determine the required seasonally frozen thickness of muskeg required to support heavy drill vehicle loads. The broader study included field testing and collection of frozen muskeg samples for laboratory testing to assess the engineering properties of the frozen muskeg, insitu testing of the muskeg and underlying mineral soils, and numerical modeling of a frozen muskeg layer subject to loading by heavy vehicles. The goal of the overall study was to develop a field assessment method to determine the potential load carrying capacity of frozen organic soils such as muskegs. The study assumed that the frozen muskeg was underlain by a material with some low, but non-zero, shear strength.
Feasibility of Escape, Evacuation and Rescue for Facilities in Arctic Shear Zone Environments
Authors: Marsden Arnold , Totten Melanie , Spring Walt 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
An area of concern for any offshore oil development beyond the "transition zone", the zone where multi-year ice and land- fast ice meet, is Escape, Evacuation and Rescue (EER). Due to the unique environmental conditions, e.g., large ice ridges, conventional evacuation methods such as lifeboats may not be sufficient. The unique environmental challenges in the Alaskan OCS and their potential impact on EER will be described. A feasibility assessment focused on the secondary evacuation component of EER will also be described. This assessment consisted of establishing performance standards related to the expected operating environment, identification of proven and novel evacuation methods, evaluation of these methods versus the performance standards, and prioritization of future work. Finally, recently-conduted data collection and analysis and technology maturation studies related to EER will be discussed.

INTRODUCTION
Shell's objective in Alaska is to find and develop commercial hydrocarbon resources in the Chukchi and Beaufort Outer Continental Shelf. As with all Shell ventures, the company maintains high operational and social performance standards that will bring, with exploration success, economic expansion and new opportunities to communities across Alaska and the Northwest. Since returning to Alaska in 2005 Shell has embarked on an extensive field data acquisition, R&D and technology maturation effort aimed at supporting exploration and future development. This paper focuses on development of a robust Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue (EER) solution for the Alaska OCS operating environment.
The oil industry has operated successfully in Arctic and sub-Arctic locations since the 1960s. However, as the industry pursues offshore developments in the Arctic with more severe environmental conditions, it must develop new solutions and/or extend existing ones to meet these new challenges. One of the key technology challenges is development of a robust Escape, Evacuation, and Rescue (EER) solution for offshore developments in the "shear zone", where land-fast ice interacts with the mobile polar ice pack. Solutions for less severe mobile first year regions, such as Cook Inlet, offshore Newfoundland, offshore Sakhalin Island, and the northern Caspian Sea, have been developed using modified open water equipment and techniques and purpose-built craft.
Drilling Rigs in Arctic Deep Temperature Environments - Design an Operation Challenges
Authors: Kipker Thomas 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Running a drilling rig in arctic environments is a challenge in many points. Bentec produced many drilling rigs for arctic conditions in recent years. Bentec go decades of experience with problems and risks in these cases. Therefore Bentec will explain the important challenges with arctic rigs by using neutral examples out of the field.
Operating a drilling rig in arctic environments is one of the hardest challenges for a rig builder and a drilling contractor worldwide.
When a rig is operated in these environments there are many risks and challenges:It begins with the absolutely isolated location of the rig itself - for example the accessibility only at wintertime by winter roads this fact requires a complete other logistic and project planning.Bentec will describe with some examples how the contractors handle a rig commissioning and a rig move.The engineering process of an arctic rig differs completely to a normal rig. It starts with the choice of materials an ends with the complete winterization concept of the rig itself.We explain by using examples out of the field which points during the engineering and design process are important and critical.Writer also shows with examples out of the field how the winterization process of a rig works. Bentec will describe different rig heating concepts and where the advantages and disadvantages are. The Writer will use a land rig and a rig located on an artificial island in arctic environment. Writer will show how an innovative heat recovery system works.Writer show also with which kind of technologies, tools and methods a full rig winterization can be made.Writer also shows many different aspects of an arctic rig and Requirements of the Logistics / Arctic Specific HSE- Management and Maintenance.

Introduction
The Bentec Arctic Rigs are Drilling Systems for operating in harsh environments such as those found in Siberia. The System is designed to operate on cluster locations, with a full winterization package incorporated into the design. All direct drilling related subsystems are installed on a rail track, allowing fast skidding in one direction. The rig design incorporates not only modern and high performing items; particular focus was set on creating a safe and well protected work area. Components that require a certain level of maintenance are easily accessible and well illuminated.
Corrosion Issues of Arctic Pipelines and Flowlines
Authors: Trimble Whitt L. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Arctic pipelines have unique corrosion mitigation problems resulting from the arctic environment itself and the practical limits on processing facilities in the arctic infrastructure. This paper will discuss a number of the unique artic pipeline corrosion issues and will present practical solutions to those problems.

Background
With a few exceptions, the oil and gas industry has produced the resources of the easy and relatively easy locations - which is why oil and gas was relatively inexpensive in the past. Today, ALL of the author's current and pending project assignments are either extremely remote, further offshore, in deeper waters, more sour or otherwise contaminated, subject to greater environmental extremes, subject to greater operating temperatures and pressures, or a combination of the above.
If asked why " arctic pipelines and flowlines?? are different from pipelines and flowlines in more temperate climates, this group would give a number of answers. Obvious, but still accurate answers would be:Unique safety concerns - weather conditions, equipment reliability, wildlife, and terrain.More remote - significantly increased costs of construction, operation, supply, and maintenance.Greater risk - mechanical integrity, spill response, and environmental clean up consequences.
But that's not why the audience is here and not why this presentation was prepared. The solutions to the above are basically financial. If the oil and gas resources are there in sufficient quantity and value, the necessary investment capital will become available.
However, there are corrosion issues for arctic pipelines and flowlines that will require an increased emphasis on corrosion mitigation during construction, from the first day of production, and altered operating and maintenance (O&M) practices. There will be greater corrosion mitigation O&M costs but these can be minimized over the long term if adequate consideration and preplanning for corrosion control is conducted. Corrosion mitigation should not be thought of as a necessary evil (costs should be reduced whenever and wherever possible) but should rather be thought of as a means to reduce capital investment costs in exchange for slightly increased O&M costs over the life of the structure. After all, the pipeline industry installs relatively inexpensive carbon steel (a material that does not, and cannot exist long in most of the environments found on this planet) underground and expects it to contain high pressures, for decades, with minimal if any maintenance. Are we stupid or what?