bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Coulomb blockade behavior in a quasi-zero-dimensional quantum well on TiO
2
surface
Authors: Meunier Vincent , Pan M. H. , Moreau F. , Park K. T. , Plummer E. W. 
Published: August 2010

Line defects on the surface of rutile TiO
2
(110) form in pairs separated by 1.2 nm creating a quantum well. The well is effectively closed by the presence of two charged structures at both ends separated by a distance in the 10–20 nm range. As expected for quantum confinement a long period oscillatory feature of the local density of states is observed and attributed to the formation of discrete quantum states inside the system. It is at first glance surprising that the lowest energy quantum state of the well can be observed at room temperature. The properties of the quantum state cannot be explained in an independent-electron, band-like theory. Instead, electron-electron correlation must be included to give a satisfactory picture of the spatial distribution of the charge density. Theory predicts charging energies of 1.30 eV and 1.14 eV for quantum well lengths of 14 nm and 16 nm, respectively, in good agreement with a classical calculation and the size dependence of the capacitance. This observation opens up the possibility of experimentally imaging the transition from a Coulomb blockade localized in a zero-dimensional system to an independent-particle or band-like behavior in an extended one-dimensional system.
Multi-netclust: an efficient tool for finding connected clusters in multi-parametric networks
Authors: Kuzniar Arnold , Dhir Somdutta , Nijveen Harm , Pongor Sándor , Leunissen Jack A.M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Summary: Multi-netclust is a simple tool that allows users to extract connected clusters of data represented by different networks given in the form of matrices. The tool uses user-defined threshold values to combine the matrices, and uses a straightforward, memory-efficient graph algorithm to find clusters that are connected in all or in either of the networks. The tool is written in C/C++ and is available either as a form-based or as a command-line-based program running on Linux platforms. The algorithm is fast, processing a network of &gt; 106 nodes and 108 edges takes only a few minutes on an ordinary computer.
Availability: http://www.bioinformatics.nl/netclust/
Contact: jack.leunissen@wur.nl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Children who run
Authors: DE'ATH ERICA , NEWMAN CATHY 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. A lack of national statistics is compounded by a range of terms used to describe young people away from home and a definition for ‘runaway’ is suggested. Eased on 12 months data (interim findings of a three year research project), a ‘safe house’ for young runaways in London, run by The Children's Society, is described. Reasons for running, both from parental home and local authority care, are outlined together with some of the consequences. Five key areas are highlighted in order to develop appropriate services, skills and policies to meet the needs of runawaysA ‘runaways’ pack containing the briefing paper and leaflets for use in school, together with further information about the Central London Teenage Project is available from: The Public Relations Department, The Children's Society, Edward Rudolf House, Margery Street, London WC1X 0JL
Developing services to meet the special heeds of children under five: towards collective responsibility
Authors: WOLFENDALE SHEILA 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This article is based on a keynote talk given at a dg seminar on Under Fives: Special Needs, Special Services?held at the National Children's Bureau in June 1987.The purpose of the seminar is sketched as an introduction. Historical evolution of traditions and practice in early childhood education and in special education are traced and common Principles are identified as a basis for reconciling these traditions to form collective responses to young children's special needs. A number of recent and current initiatives are described which attest to the potential for developing policies on under fives and special needs which epitomise working partnerships between statutory and voluntary services and families.
Developing our understanding of young people and drugs
Authors: IVES RICHARD 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. Many youngsters use drugs illicitly or illegally. They can therefore no longer be considered part of a small minority of delinquents. Still larger numbers of young people use alcohol or tobacco. However, most young people have not used drugs illegally and most have a negative attitude towards drug use. The author thus argues for more involvement of young people in prevention schemes, as they are more likely to be listened to by the target audienceThe article goes on to argue for variety in service provision in response to the changing nature of drug use and drug users. A. careful eclecticism should lead to co‐operation between services, availability of alternatives to drug use and the involvement of the wider community
Institutional characteristics and staff behaviour in day nurseries
Authors: RICHMAN NAOMI , McGUIRE JACQUELINE 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The authors report on a research project aimed at identifying differences between day nurseries in relation to staff and child behaviour. Six day nurseries were studied in London: staff levels and behaviour were measured against child behaviour and interactions between adults and children. They conclude that management styles, group size and staff attitudes to parents affect staff behaviour and consequently problem behaviour in children. The work was supported by a grant from the Department of Health and Social SecurityThis paper is based in part upon a presentation to the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society, Leeds, April 1988
Wheels within wheels and systems within systems The assessment process
Authors: HOLMES PAUL 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. To assess the problems and needs of a disturbed child or adolescent, there should be an awareness of many interacting conceptual systems within which the individual exists and develops. This paper highlights the theoretical view that an individual cannot be fully understood within any single theoretical framework or systemUsing an awareness of the hierarchy of systems., formulations are set out to allow for logical interventions at one or more of these levels; thus reducing the need for professionals to decide on the ‘right’ intervention or treatment for any individual or family
Putting asunder: the restructuring of the Australian Family Court
Authors: RAYNER MOIRA 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis article reviews the Australian Family Court system. In describing the history, the author argues that the system is still incomplete: each state or territory has a different division of labour between their own and the federal courts.The Australian system has been criticised, not least from senior members of the judiciary in Australia. But the author concludes that some of the criticisms are exaggerated, and the benefits have been ignored. The fundamental problem is still the low status and priority given to children and families by lawyers.
Esterase polymorphism in vitreous fluid of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus
Authors: Utter Fred M. , Stormont Clyde J. , Hodgins Harold O. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThree regions of esterase activity designated I, II, and III were found on zymograms of vitreous fluids. Region I, the most anodal, exhibited two zones, one of which (the slower) was in all samples, occasionally accompanied by a second band which moved just ahead of it. Likewise, Region III, the most cathodal, exhibited two phenotypes, a common one‐band and a rare two‐band phenotype. Region II was occupied by one‐ and two‐banded combinations of five different zones (a, b, c, d and e), which indicated that each band was the product of an allelic series of genes (EsIIa, EsIIb, etc.).Only 11 of 15 expected phenotypes were encountered because of the rarity of alleles EsIIa and EsIIc. The most common allele, EsIIb, had a frequency of 0.83 in Puget Sound hake and 0.60 in Pacific Ocean hake; this difference was highly significant. In the Pacific Ocean population agreement was good between observed and expected numbers, assuming Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. In the Puget Sound samples deviations from expected frequencies did not appear in females or first‐year fish, but deviations were significant in males 2 years and older; these deviations occurred as a marked deficiency of bd males combined with an excess of bb and dd males, particularly the latter. Inhibition tests indicated that these isozymes are B esterases. Estimations of molecular weight for the isozymes of Region II based on chromatographic and ultracentrifugation methods were 70,000 and 73,500, respectively.
Genetic control of liver esterase forms in chickens
Authors: Okada Ikuo , Sasaki Shigeru 
Published: August 2010

SummarySix regions of esterase activity designated I to VI were resolved from liver extracts of chickens by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. These esterases were further characterized on the basis of their substrate affinities and differential responses to various inhibitors.Genetic variation was found in esterases of region VI which appeared to be ali‐esterase. Four phenotypes, A, B, AB and O, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated Es‐3, with alleles Es‐3A, Es‐3B and Es‐3O. This locus is not closely linked to the blood group loci A and B, serum alkaline phosphatase (Ap), liver acid phosphatase (Acp‐2) and serum esterase (Es‐1) loci.
Polymorphism of transferrin in Ictalurus melas
Authors: Fine J. M. , Drilhon A. , Marneux M. , Mazeaud F. , Amouch P. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPolymorphism of serum transferrins in Siluridae (Ictalurus melas) was found by using starch gel electrophoresis of sera previously labelled with radioactive iron (59Fe).This polymorphism is based on the existence of 4 types of transferrins having different electrophoresis mobilities: types A, B, C and D. The types correspond with alleles at a single locus. Out of 10 theoretically possible phenotypes, 9 were observed by studying 140 individuals. These phenotypes differ between populations in two ponds in Sologne, France.
Genetic variation in the purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity of sheep red cells
Authors: Tucker E. M. , Young J. D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe purine nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) activity of sheep red cells was determined by starch gel electrophoresis and by a spectrophotometric assay technique. Some sheep had high activity (NP‐high type) and some had low or zero activity (NP‐low type). The enzyme deficiency is apparently confined to the red cell since other tissues from NP‐low type animals had activities similar to those from NP‐high type individuals. Family data indicated that NP activity is controlled by a pair of autosomal allelic genes, designated NPH and NPL. Sheep heterozygous for the NP genes had lower enzymic activities than homozygous high‐type individuals. The frequency of NP types in different breeds of sheep was determined. Barbary and Mouflon sheep had activities similar to NP‐high type domestic sheep; goats had high enzyme activities but their NP had a slower electrophoretic mobility than that of sheep.
Serologically defined specificities of the pig main histocompatibility complex (SL‐A)
Authors: Hruban V. , Simon M. , Hradecky J. , Pazdera J. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySix antigens detectable by the complement‐dependent lymphocytotoxic technique were determined in pigs by six groups of alloimmune sera. It was confirmed that these specificities are controlled by the main histocompatibility region (SL‐A). Serological and genetic studies showed that the given specificities (provisionally designated LI to L6) form at least 6 haplotypes. In addition, family studies confirmed the linkage between SL‐A region and C blood group locus. Maximum lod score values are in recombination fraction v= 0.2.
Development and genetic differences of complement activity in rabbits*
Authors: Abe Tsuneo , Koraatsu Masanori , Oishi Takao , Yamamoto Ken‐ichi 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe ontogeny of haemolytic complement in rabbit serum and the genetic differences of the activity in five strains of adult rabbits were investigated by single radial haemolysis in gel and a microtiter method with purified complement components and the appropriate haemolytic intermediate cells.The haemolytic complement activity was found as early as the 15th day of foetal life, and increased with age reaching approximately adult level by the 120th day of life. Marked strain differences in both total haemolytic activity and C3 levels of adult rabbit sera were observed. The repeatability of haemolytic activity for an individual serum taken at different times was higher than that for C3 levels and no significant correlation between haemolytic activity and C3 level was observed. An inherited complement deficiency, due to the lack of C6, was found in a strain of Angora rabbits. The genetic studies confirmed that this complement defect was transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.
Evidence for the presence of an additional allele in the F system of British Friesian cattle blood
Authors: Hall J. G. , Ross D. S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe antithetical relationship of the F and V alleles in British Friesian cattle was found to be imperfect. The presence of another allele was inferred. It was suspected of being native to the British Isles.Parentage records that contravened the assumption that F +V– and F–V + animals were homozygous were not necessarily erroneous.Black and white cattle in the Netherlands have received semen from a bull carrying the allele.
Immunoglobulin G4‐antibodies to rBet v 1 and risk of sensitization and atopic disease in the child
Authors: Kihlström A. , Hedlin G. , Pershagen G. , Troye‐Blomberg M. , Härfast B. , Lilja G. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
In 1993 extremely high levels of birch‐pollen were recorded in Stockholm, Sweden. This provided an opportunity to evaluate the effects of aeroallergen exposure (exp.) on the early immune response.Objective
To assess the influence of exp. to birch‐pollen during pregnancy and infancy on the allergen‐specific IgE‐ and IgG4‐antibody (ab) response and the development of atopic disease in children.Methods
A total of 970 children with atopic heredity and born in Stockholm 1992, 1993 or 1994 were investigated at age 4.5–5 years. They were divided into five groups; high‐dose exp. at 1 year of age, high‐dose exp. at 0–3 months, low‐dose exp. at 0–3 months, high‐dose exp. during pregnancy and low‐dose exp. during pregnancy. The children were examined and skin prick tested with inhalant and food allergens. IgE abs (against birch‐pollen and recombinant Bet v 1(rBet v1)) and IgG4 abs (against rBet v 1) were analysed in serum. All children were assembled in one group to assess the effects of different ab responses (IgE/IgG4) on the development of atopic disease.Results
Children exposed to high doses of birch‐pollen during the first 3 months of life more often had detectable levels of IgG4 abs to rBet v 1 than the children in the other groups (P<0.001), independent of sensitization to birch. Overall, the risk of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis was increased among children sensitized to birch‐pollen and appeared more pronounced in children without detectable levels of IgG4 ab to rBet v 1 (Odds ratio 9.4; 95% Confidence interval: 5.5–16.1). IgE sensitization to birch‐pollen seemed to have a stronger influence on the development of atopic disease than the IgG4‐ab response.Conclusion
Exposure to high doses of inhalant allergens during the early postnatal period is associated with detectable levels of allergen‐specific IgG4 ab even at 5 years of age. An immune modulating effect by IgG4 on symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is suggested in children sensitized to birch.
Decrease of selective immunoglobulin E response to amoxicillin despite repeated administration of benzylpenicillin and penicillin V
Authors: Fernandez T. , Torres M. J. , R‐Pena R. , Fuentes M. S. , Robles S. , Mayorga C. , Blanca M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Subjects with IgE responses to betalactams can develop selective or cross‐reactive responses after the administration of penicillin derivatives. After the reaction, however, the hapten induces a boosting phenomenon, which may increase the titre and the affinity of the antibody, with the resulting risk of developing allergic reactions to other penicillins.Objective
To determine in subjects with selective responses to amoxicillin (AX) and good tolerance to benzylpenicillin (BP) and penicillin V (PV) whether the administration of these compounds induced any change in specificity, measured by either skin or in vitro testing, which could predict the appearance of cross‐reactivity.Methods
Ten subjects with a selective response to AX were followed‐up for 2 years with the periodic administration of penicillin G and V (Group A) and compared with another group composed of 10 persons with identical clinical characteristics but without repeated penicillin administration (Group B). Periodic in vitro and in vivo measurements of specific IgE antibodies were performed at 6‐month intervals. Patients were randomized to Group A or B according to their order of inclusion.Results
In both groups, skin test reactivity tended to decrease, and although greater in Group A, the difference was not significant compared with Group B. Median RAST values also decreased over time and showed no differences in the exposed group compared with the controls. One patient in Group A became positive to benzylpenicilloyl (BPO), despite becoming negative to AX.Conclusion
Subjects with selective IgE responses to side‐chain‐specific determinants seem to become negative, with no influence from subsequent administration of a closely related penicillin.
Latex allergy: low prevalence of immunoglobulin E to highly purified proteins Hev b 2 and Hev b 13
Authors: Palosuo T. , Lehto M. , Kotovuori A. , Kalkkinen N. , Blanco C. , Poza P. , Carrillo T. , Hamilton R. G. , Alenius H. , Reunala T. , Turjanmaa K. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Hevea brasiliensis (Hev b) 2 and Hev b 13 have recently been identified as major latex allergens by detecting specific IgE antibodies in >50% of sera from Hev b latex‐allergic individuals.Objective
We assessed the prevalence rates for sensitization to extensively purified latex allergens in patients from three diverse geographical areas.Methods
Native Hev b 2, Hev b 5, Hev b 6.01 and Hev b 13 were purified by non‐denaturating chromatography and were used in ELISAs to assess sera from 215 latex‐allergic patients and 172 atopic non‐sensitized controls from Finland, Spain and the United States to detect allergen‐specific IgE antibodies.Results
Unexpectedly, even highly purified Hev b 13 contained epitope(s) to which Hev b 6‐specific human IgE antibodies bound effectively. Further purification, however, reduced the prevalence of IgE antibody reactivity to low levels: 15%, 5% and 11% for Hev b 2, and 18%, 30% and 27% for Hev b 13 among latex‐allergic Finnish, Spanish and American patients, respectively. Interestingly, Finnish patients had a lower prevalence of Hev b 5‐specific IgE antibody (28%) as compared with Spanish (49%) and American (71%) patients. The prevalence of Hev b 6.01‐specific IgE reactivity was uniformly >50% in all three populations.Conclusion
Neither Hev b 2 nor Hev b 13 appear to be major latex allergens when evaluated in serological assays using highly purified allergens. The reason(s) for the observed differences in published sensitization rates in various geographic regions requires further study. The purity of the allergen preparations has a marked impact on the accuracy of latex‐specific IgE antibody detection in epidemiological studies and in the serological diagnosis of latex allergy.
A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of montelukast in adult atopic eczema
Authors: Friedmann P. S. , Palmer R. , Tan E. , Ogboli M. , Barclay G. , Hotchkiss K. , Berth‐Jones J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBackground
Montelukast is an antagonist of cys‐leukotriene receptors used mainly in the treatment of asthma‐ and seasonal‐allergic rhinitis. Initial reports concerning the use of montelukast in atopic dermatitis (AD) have been encouraging, although not consistent.Objectives
We have undertaken a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled trial to investigate further the efficacy of montelukast in the treatment of atopic eczema.Methods
Following a screening visit, subjects received placebo treatment for 2 weeks in a single‐blind phase, followed after visit 2 by an 8‐week, double‐blind period of treatment with montelukast 10 mg daily or placebo. Subjects were patients aged 16–60 years under our care for treatment of AD of moderate severity, defined by a six‐area, six‐sign atopic dermatitis (SASSAD) score in the range 12–50. Response to treatment was assessed by investigators and by subjects using a seven‐point scale, with response defined as marked improvement or better. In addition, the SASSAD score was used to monitor the severity of clinical signs. The proportion of skin involved was estimated and visual analogue scales were used to record the severity of pruritus and sleep disturbance. Topical corticosteroid usage was recorded using a five‐point scale. Adverse events were recorded.Results
Sixty subjects were recruited and 54 completed the study. The treatment groups were well matched for disease severity at baseline (SASSAD scores were 25 and 29 in the montelukast and placebo groups, respectively). There were no significant differences between the treatment groups in any of the parameters used to assess treatment response. The improvement in mean SASSAD score from baseline (visit 2) to the end of treatment was marginally superior in the placebo group, 1.41 points on montelukast vs. 1.76 on placebo, a difference of 0.35 (95% confidence interval −6.1 to 6.8). Adverse events were generally of a mild nature except for a brief septicaemic illness in one subject receiving montelukast.Conclusions
The data do not support previous reports of efficacy of montelukast in treatment of AD.
Primary prevention of allergy: avoiding risk or providing protection?
Authors: Hamelmann E. , Beyer K. , Gruber C. , Lau S. , Matricardi P. M. , Nickel R. , Niggemann B. , Wahn U. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPrimary prevention strategies of allergy so far have been aimed to fight allergy causes, by avoiding risk factors and inhibiting their mechanisms of action. The results of trials testing food or airborne allergen avoidance as a prevention strategy were, however, rather disappointing. A reverse approach for primary prevention of allergies aims to facilitate exposure to protecting factors which promote the induction of immunologic tolerance against innocuous antigens. These factors are associated with farming environment and a ‘traditional lifestyle’, but identification of these factors is quite difficult. Major candidates include food‐borne microbes, helminths or their components, which are able to stimulate mucosal immunity, particularly in the gut. Similarly, new preventive and therapeutic strategies are being tested to induce specific food‐allergen oral tolerance through the ingestion of progressively increasing doses of the offending food. This shifting of allergy prevention research from avoidance to tolerance induction will hopefully allow us to reverse the epidemic trend of allergy diseases.