bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Law of Peoples and Global Justice: Beyond the Liberal Nationalism of John Rawls
Authors: Hrubec Marek 
Published: June 2010

The Law of Peoples and Global Justice: Beyond the Liberal Nationalism of John Rawls
The paper deals with the relation of a theory of international justice, specifically John Rawls's philosophy of the law of peoples, and a theory of global justice. In the first part, the paper outlines Rawls's main theses on the international conception of the law of peoples. The second part concerns a problem found in segments of Rawls's theory, specifically his concept of a social contract—contractualism. This problem inadequately approaches the relationship between the individual and the community. The third part deals with the inconsistent points in Rawls's theory contained in part two, i.e. his principles of justice selected with the aid of social contract. In the fourth part, the paper concentrates on the consequences of these limitations for a socially distributive dimension of justice or as an approach for dealing with disproportionate global inequalities. The last part formulates the causes of the limitations of Rawls's theory of international justice and points out the need for a global justice which is socially and inter-culturally considerate.
Mechanical Responses of the Human Triceps Surae after Passive "Stretching" Training of the Plantarflexors in Conditions Modulating Weightlessness
Authors: Koryak Yuri 
Published: June 2010

Mechanical Responses of the Human Triceps Surae after Passive "Stretching" Training of the Plantarflexors in Conditions Modulating Weightlessness
The effect of a 60-day 6° head-down tilt of bed rest with and without prolonged passive muscle "stretching" training on the mechanical properties of the human triceps surae muscle was studied in 13 healthy male subjects. One group (n = 6; mean age 30.8 ± 3.1 years) underwent a 60-day head-down tilt, and a second group (n = 7; mean age 30.4 ± 1.2 years) underwent head-down tilt with prolonged passive muscle stretching. Head-down tilt without prolonged passive muscle "stretching" training showed maximal voluntary contraction declined by 34 % (p < 0.05) and the electrically evoked tetanic tension at 150 impulses·s-1 and isometric twitch contraction reduced by 17 % (p < 0.02) and 18 % (p < 0.05), respectively. Time-to-peak tension, and half-relaxation time of the twitch slightly decreased by 3% (p > 0.05), and 7 %, respectively, but total contraction time slightly increased. The difference between electrically evoked tetanic tension and the maximal voluntary contraction expressed as a percentage of electrically evoked tetanic tension (referred to as force deficiency), has also been calculated. The force deficiency increased by 61 % (p < 0.001). After head-down tilt with prolonged passive muscle "stretching" training, the time-to-peak tension did not change, and half-relaxation time of the twitch decreased. In addition, there was a 14 % lengthening in the total duration of the twitch. The results of prolonged passive muscle "stretching" training demonstrated a clear deterioration of voluntarily and electrically induced muscle contractions. Passive "stretching" training caused a decrease by 29 % (p < 0.05) in the maximal voluntary contraction. The isometric twitch contraction, and electrically evoked tetanic tension both showed reductions by 17 %, and by 19 % (p < 0.05), respectively. The force deficiency decreased significantly by 21 % (p < 0.02). The rate of rise of electrically evoked tetanic tension and feature of voluntary contractions significantly reduced during head-down tilt with prolonged passive muscle "stretching" training. These basic experimental findings concluded that prolonged passive "stretching" training of a single muscle did not prevent a reserve of neuromuscular function.
The Influence of Built Environment on Walkability Using Geographic Information System
Authors: Dygryn Jan , Mitas Josef , Stelzer Jiri 
Published: June 2010

The Influence of Built Environment on Walkability Using Geographic Information System
The main goal of this study was to analyze the residential environment (built environment), by exploring the relationship between neighborhood walkability characteristics using Geographic Information System (GIS) and level of physical activity (PA). A randomly selected sample of 135 adults from Olomouc, Czech Republic was divided into low and high walkability neighborhoods based on the walkability index (calculated using GIS). The average daily number of steps (using Yamax SW-700 pedometer) between the groups also was measured. Result showed that participants living in the high walkable areas took more steps a day than participant in the low walkable areas. Furthermore, the mean body mass index (BMI) level was inversely correlated with the number of steps on weekdays and during the whole week. On weekend days it was still inversed throughout with the number of steps; taken but the but the relationship was not statistically significant.
Paget's disease of the vulva: evaluation of recurrence relative to symptom duration, volumetric excision of lesion, and surgical margin status
Authors: ROH HYUN‐JIN , KIM DAE‐YEON , KIM JONG‐HYEOK , KIM YONG‐MAN , KIM YOUNG‐TAK , NAM JOO‐HYUN 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe analyzed recurrences with regard to symptom duration, volumetric excision, and surgical margin in 11 women with Paget's disease of the vulva. Data concerning demographics, surgical margin, and current state were collected. In addition, the three‐dimensional excisional skin and lesion size was determined from surgical and pathology reports. Recurrence was observed in 6 women where the symptom duration was longer than in those without recurrence (33 vs. 11 months, p < 0.02). During the initial operation, the fraction of removed normal skin was 85.3% in all the women, and 79.8% (range 67–97%) in those with recurrence and 92.0% (range 86–96%) in those without (p < 0.04). Of 11 women, 8 had positive margins of whom 4 developed recurrence and 4 did not. Of the 3 patients with negative margins, 2 experienced recurrence but the third did not (p = 0.58). Recurrence was not associated with positive margins, but correlated with symptom duration and volumetric excision.
Comparison of single and multiple dose methotrexate therapy for unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy: a prospective randomized study
Authors: GUVENDAG GUVEN EMINE SEDA , DILBAZ SERDAR , DILBAZ BERNA , AYKAN YILDIRIM BURCU , AKDAG DERYA , HABERAL ALI 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective. To compare the success rates of single and multiple dose methotrexate protocols for the treatment of unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy. Design. Prospective randomized controlled trial. Setting. Maternity and teaching hospital in Turkey. Population. One hundred twenty women treated with methotrexate therapy for unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy. Methods. Sixty‐two women received a single dose and 58 received a multiple dose methotrexate regimen. Main outcome measures. Success rate of methotrexate therapy (women successfully treated with one injection and women who completed four doses). Results. In the single dose group, treatment was considered successful in 50 women (80.6%), whereas in the multiple dose group, 52 women (89.7%) responded to treatment (p = 0.21; OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.77–1.05). The average number of days required for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels to fall below 5 mU/mL was longer in the single dose (22.3 ± 7.6) compared with the multiple dose group (18.3 ± 10.7) (p = 0.03). In the single dose group fewer or 17 women (24.7%) experienced side‐effects compared to 28 (48.3%) of those who had multiple doses (p = 0.02, OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.35–0.92). Conclusion. A multiple dose methotrexate regimen for the treatment of unruptured tubal ectopic pregnancy is not more effective than a single dose one. In addition, multiple doses may cause more side‐effects, but the time for hCG levels to fall below 5 mU/mL is shorter.
Effects of Injection Molding Holding Pressure on the Replication of Surface Microfeatures
Authors: Tofteberg T. R. , Amédro H. , Grytten F. , Andreassen E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The injection molding of an optical grating was studied using two different polycarbonates. The grating had period 10 μm and peak-to-valley distance ∼1 μm. Parts were molded using different holding pressures and mold temperatures. After production, the parts were annealed at 100°C. The replication was investigated using white light interferometry (WLI) before and after annealing. WLI was performed using high definition vertical-scanning interferometry (HDVSI) to resolve the details of the molded gratings with a noise level below 2 nm.
It was observed that increasing the holding pressure could have either a positive or a negative effect on the replication. When the microfeatures were not fully filled, an increased holding pressure improved the definition of the features. However, for both polymers, it was observed that the replication as a function of holding pressure started to drop when the holding pressure was increased above an optimal value. This could be due to an elastic recoil occurring after releasing the holding pressure.
The peak-to-valley distance of the grating was reduced after annealing. This effect was larger for parts molded using a low mold temperature. This is probably due to a higher cooling rate giving higher internal stresses, which will relax during annealing.
Spinal cord traction, vascular compromise, hypoxia, and metabolic derangements in the pathophysiology of tethered cord syndrome
Authors: Filippidis Aristotelis S. , Kalani M. Yashar , Theodore Nicholas , Rekate Harold L. 
Published: July 2010

Object
The definition of tethered cord syndrome (TCS) relies mainly on radiological criteria and clinical picture. The presence of a thickened filum terminale and a low-lying conus medullaris in symptomatic patients is indicative of TCS. The radiological definition of TCS does not take into account cases that involve a normal-lying conus medullaris exhibiting symptoms of the disease.

Methods
The authors performed a MEDLINE search using the terms “tethered cord” and “pathophysiology.” The search returned a total of 134 studies. The studies were further filtered to identify mostly basic research studies in animal models or studies related to the biomechanics of the filum terminale and spinal cord.

Results
Spinal cord traction and the loss of filum terminale elasticity are the triggers that start a cascade of events occurring at the metabolic and vascular levels leading to symptoms of the disease. Traction on the caudal cord results in decreased blood flow causing metabolic derangements that culminate in motor, sensory, and urinary neurological deficits. The untethering operation restores blood flow and reverses the clinical picture in most symptomatic cases.

Conclusions
Although classically defined as a disease of a low-lying conus medullaris, the pathophysiology of TCS is much more complex and is dependent on a structural abnormality, with concomitant altered metabolic and vascular sequelae. Given the complex mechanisms underlying TCS, it is not surprising that the radiological criteria do not adequately address all presentations of the disease.
Health care burden of cervical spine fractures in the United States: analysis of a nationwide database over a 10-year period
Authors: Baaj Ali A. , Uribe Juan S. , Nichols Tann A. , Theodore Nicholas , Crawford Neil R. , Sonntag Volker K. H. , Vale Fernando L. 
Published: July 2010

Object
The objective of this work was to search a national health care database of patients diagnosed with cervical spine fractures in the US to analyze discharge, demographic, and hospital charge trends over a 10-year period.

Methods
Clinical data were derived from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 1997 through 2006. The NIS is maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and represents a 20% random stratified sample of all discharges from nonfederal hospitals within the US. Patients with cervical spine fractures with and without spinal cord injury (SCI) were identified using the appropriate ICD-9-CM codes. The volume of discharges, length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, total national charges, discharge pattern, age, and sex were analyzed. National estimates were calculated using the HCUPnet tool.

Results
Approximately 200,000 hospitalizations were identified. In the non-SCI group, there was a 74% increase in hospitalizations and charges between 1997 and 2006, but LOS changed minimally. There was no appreciable change in the rate of in-hospital mortality (< 3%), but discharges home with home health care and to skilled rehabilitation or nursing facilities increased slightly. In the SCI group, hospitalizations and charges increased by 29 and 38%, respectively. There were no significant changes in LOS or discharge status in this group. Spinal cord injury was associated with increases in LOS, charges, and adverse outcomes compared with fractures without SCI. Total national charges associated with both groups combined exceeded $1.3 billion US in 2006.

Conclusions
During the studied period, increases in hospitalizations and charges were observed in both the SCI and non-SCI groups. The percentage increase was higher in the non-SCI group. Although SCI was associated with higher adverse outcomes, there were no significant improvements in immediate discharge status in either group during the 10 years analyzed.
The role of lumboperitoneal shunts in the treatment of syringomyelia
Authors: Oluigbo Chima O. , Thacker Karen , Flint Graham 
Published: July 2010

Object
The role of thecoperitoneal shunts in the management of syringomyelia is not well defined. In this study, the authors analyze the outcome of lumboperitoneal shunt procedures carried out to treat syringomyelia in their institution.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 19 patients who underwent lumboperitoneal shunt procedures for syringomyelia.

Results
The mean follow-up duration was 25 months (range 3–51 months). Of 16 cases followed up, only 5 patients reported clinical improvement in their preoperative symptoms, but of these, 2 had clear radiological evidence of improvement. Three of 6 patients with syringomyelia due to spinal arachnoiditis improved.

Conclusions
Lumboperitoneal shunts may lead to useful improvement in the symptoms of a patient with syringomyelia while avoiding the risk of neurological deterioration inherent in myelotomies required for syrinx shunting procedures.
Flowering and fruiting characteristics and biochemical composition of an endangered palm species (<i>Corypha taliera</i> Roxb.)
Authors: Khondker Moniruzzaman , Hassan Md. Abul , Alfasane Md. Almujaddade , Shahjadee Umma Fatema 
Published: July 2010

Monitoring on the panicle initiation, flowering, fruiting and seedling characteristics of Corypha taliera has been carried out. Biochemical composition of fresh and dry flowers together with the pericarp of the fruits have been analysed. Fresh flowers, fruits, seeds, and pericarp and testa weighed 13.75 mg/flower, 19.46 g/fruit, 6.47 g/seed, 12.89 g/pericarp and testa, respectively. The length of fruits and seeds were c 3.34 cm and c 2.33 cm, respectively while the breadth of the same were 3.14 cm and 1.94 cm, respectively. The protein content of fresh flower and pericarp were 12.78 and 14.70%. High energy content 345.97 Kcal was recorded in the pericarp and testa of the fruit. The first sown seeds were germinated in latterite clay soil between January and February and took approximately 30-48 days. Keywords: Corypha taliera; biochemical composition; flowers; fruits; pericarp. DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v17i1.5393 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 17(1): 79-86, 2010 (June)
Éléments de l'Iran et du Proche-Orient anciens dans l'art scythe
Authors: Kuz'mina Elen Efimovna 
Published: July 2010

Animal-style art developed in the Eurasian steppelands between the VIth and IVth centuries B.C. It was characterised by the prevalence of zoomorphic images interpreted in a definite stylistic manner. Some of the iconographic traits and entire compositions were borrowed by the Scythians from the fine arts of the Ancient Orient. However, the perception of Near Eastern elements was conditioned by the Scythians' ideology. The animal style in art reflected their world-view and can be regarded as an individual sign system.
Among the method of analysing their semantics, the mythological one has been successfully employed by a number of Soviet researchers. Scythian mythology can be reconstructed on several levels : 1. Scythian proper, based on the use of data on the Scythian religion supplied by the Greek authors ; 2. Indo-Iranian, based on a system analysis of spiritual culture as part of the Indo-Iranian one (Scythian belonged to the Indo-Iranian family of peoples) ; 3. Indo-European, based on using data about Indo-European mythology (Scythians belonged to the Indo- European community) ; 4. Universal, based on using universal mythologemes and notions common to all of mankind at the mythological stage of thinking.
This method makes it possible to explain some of peculiar features of scythian art and discover the semantics of individual images and compositions. Representational units and invariant elements of Scythian art correspond to fixed formulas, clichés, epithets of mythological and folklore texts. The zoomorphic images stem from the zoomorphic symbolics of thinking common to the Indo-Iranians and the rest of the Indo-Europeans. The images of the horse, as solar symbol, reflect formulas linked to the god Mithra ; the pairs of opposing horses, images of twins linked with the cult of the world tree and mother goddess ; the image of a three-headed serpent, the combat of the forefather-hero against the serpent ; a combat between two horses, the cult of the water god Tishtriya ; the scene of tearing a hoofed animal by a beast of prey, a symbolic reflection of the rebirth of nature in springtime, the day of spring equinox, linked with the victory of the god substituted by the king at the coronation. Entire compositions reconstruct the universal image of the world : the Chertomlyk Vase and the pectoral from the Tolstaya Mogila, the head-dress of a Saka king from Issyk Barrow and those of Scythian queens symbolise a cosmogramme with the world tree in the centre attached to the Scythian social and cosmogonie system, and make it possible to draw important conclusions on the sacral roles of the king and the queen.
The Royal Tombs of Zhongshan (c. 310 B.C.)
Authors: Loewe Michael 
Published: July 2010

Zhongshan est le nom d'un petit royaume situé au sud-ouest de Beijing qui cessa d'exister en 296 avant notre ère. On sait peu de choses de son histoire, pourtant ce royaume donna naissance à un grand nombre de pièces raffinées essentiellement en bronze incrusté d'or et d'argent qui furent enterrées dans les sépultures de certains rois. L'ensevelissement d'une plaque de bronze sur laquelle est gravé le schéma de cet ensemble architectural a permis de proposer une reconstitution de cinq grandes tombes qui avaient été projetées mais jamais complètement exécutées. Les principales tombes devaient être surmontées de salle consacrées aux rites réservés aux défunts et étaient accompagnées de fosses annexes utilisées pour y ensevelir d'autres êtres humains, des chevaux, des chars, des bateaux et d'autres objets de valeur. Dans ces fosses on découvrit une série d'instruments en forme de trident, d'un type jamais vu ailleurs, probablement utilisés comme symboles du pouvoir royal. Parmi les dix-neuf mille objets mis au jour, on compte d'autres pièces particulièrement intéressantes comme des animaux en bronze, deux lampes, deux jeux et quelques pièces de poterie noire. En outre ce site comprenait un certain nombre de récipients en bronze de moindre qualité.
Cette région fit plus tard partie intégrante de l'Empire des Han, étant de nouveau appelée le Royaume de Zhongshan. Des sites à l'intérieur de ce royaume ont livré des objets dont le type et la qualité rappellent parfois ceux des objets du royaume de la période des Royaumes Combattants. Il est permis de penser que Zhongshan fut le foyer d'un art particulier qui continua à produire des objets de la plus haute qualité au moins jusqu'à la fin du deuxième siècle de notre ère.
Peintures tibétaines de la vie de sTon-pa-gçen-rab
Authors: Kvaerne Per 
Published: July 2010

Among its collections of Tibetan art, the Musée Guimet in Paris possesses a series of ten thankas (MA 121-130) illustrating the life of the Buddha of the Bon religion, sTon-pa-gçen-rab. The series, which must originally have consisted of twelve paintings (nos. 7 and 8 are missing), was acquired by General H. d'Ollone during his mission to China and Tibet in 1906 to 1909, probably in April 1 908 when he stayed for some weeks in Song-pan-t'ing, a small town in the wertern part of China, situated approximately 33' N and 103' 30" E, to the north of Chengdu.
Judging from their style, the thankas would seem to date from the 18th or 19th century. They faithfully illustrate, down to the smallest detail, the life of sTon-pa-gçen-rab as narrated in the 14th century, twelve- volume version of his biography, the gZi-brjid. However, as the thankas have no inscriptions, a careful reading of the entire twelve-volume text has been necessary in order to identify each scene and the numerous figures which give extraordinary life and movement to the paintings.
Each thanka has been analysed by dividing it into sections (numbered 1,2,3, etc.), each section forming a separate scene or narrative unit. Within each section, individual figures, buildings or other details of interest have been provided with letters (A, B, C, etc.). Thus the commentary is at the same time a brief summary of the gZi-brjid, to which the Table of Concordance provides the necessary references.
Recently, two other series of thankas illustrating the same theme have come to light. One is in a private collection in West Germany, the other has been preserved in Tibet itself. Both series have inscriptions. It is also to be hoped that copies of a series of sixty printed thankas, likewise illustrating the life of sTon-pa-gçen-rab, of which the wood-blocks were previously available in the principality of Khro-bcu in rGya-rong, may have survived.
The Bon religion poses numerous problems to the historian of religions, and its art remains practically unexplored. Hence these thankas provide a rare glimpse of a universe in which unfolds one of the least-known religious epics of Asia.