bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actions of hemicholinium and triethylcholine on responses of guinea-pig colon to stimulation of autonomic nerves
Authors: Rand M J , Ridehalgh Angela 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Hemicholinium caused a failure of responses of the guinea-pig colon to stimulation of extrinsic parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves: failure of the parasympathetic responses occurred the more readily. In seven of 20 experiments, hemicholinium did not block the inhibitory response to sympathetic nerve stimulation but the latent period between the start of a train of stimuli and the first sign of relaxation was prolonged after repeated stimulation in the presence of hemicholinium in all 20 experiments. Triethylcholine caused failure of responses of the guinea-pig colon and a reduction of responses of rabbit ileum to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Choline sometimes reversed the blocking action of hemicholinium on responses to parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve stimulation.
Some pyrrolidines and azacycloheptanes related to reversed esters of pethidine
Authors: Casy A F , Birnbaum H , Hall G H , Everitt B J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of some N-substituted 3-phenylpyrrolidin-3-ols and their derivatives is described, and the hot-plate analgesia activities in mice of these compounds and related azacycloheptane derivatives reported. The effect of changes in ring size upon the analgesic activities of 4-phenylpiperidine derivatives is discussed.
Nitroethylenes and related compounds as trichomonacides and candidacides
Authors: Clitheroe Ann , Green D , Jansen A B A , Phillips P C , Rule A W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Several of the compounds examined, particularly certain β-nitrostyrenes and di(2- vinyl)benzenes, were highly active in vitro against both Trichomonas vaginalis and Candida albicans, which are commonly found together in vaginitis. The urinary recovery of the compounds after oral administration, however, suggested that the drugs had not gained access to the circulation in amounts sufficient to ensure a worthwhile effect against the organisms and, moreover, they proved irritant to vaginal mucosa.
Cardiovascular and autonomic effects of fenfluramine hydrochloride
Authors: Franko Bernard V , Honkomp Leroy J , Ward John W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Fenfluramine hydrochloride (N-ethyl-α-methyl-3-trifluoromethylphenethylamine hydrochloride; AHR-965) administered orally or intravenously to anaesthetised or unanaesthetised dogs, caused a predominant rise in arterial blood pressure, tachycardia, an increase in myocardial contractile force and cardiac output, and an enhanced total peripheral resistance. Fenfluramine was qualitatively like dexamphetamine in its cardiovascular effects; however dexamphetamine was 10 to 20 times more potent as a pressor agent.
An investigation of the pharmacology of macusine B
Authors: Leonard B E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Macusine B, an alkaloid isolated from Strychnos toxifera, blocks α-adrenergic receptors and stimulates β-receptors in vivo and in vitro. It partially blocks the response of the isolated rabbit heart and the cat blood pressure to tyramine. Macusine B is a competitive inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the guinea-pig ileum and also blocks the action of this spasmogen on the rat uterus.
The compaction of some solid lubricant materials
Authors: Lewis C J , Train D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Samples of −100 mesh powders of stearic acid, palmitic acid, sodium stearate, potassium stearate, lithium stearate, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, zinc oleate, boric acid and a synthetic wax, were compacted and the die reaction determined using a “moving-die” technique. The shear strength of the compacts measured in a punch penetration test, with the exception of boric acid and zinc stearate, was independent of the compaction pressure above 500 kg/cm2. Solid discs of stearic acid and palmitic acid possessed the same shear strength as the powder compacts; discs of synthetic wax and zinc stearate gave higher values than the corresponding powder compacts. Values of shear strength calculated from measurements of die reaction were higher than values obtained in the shear strength test, but show good agreement with the results calculated by other workers from sliding friction experiments. Shear strength values for compacts of boric acid and discs of synthetic wax, talc crystal, and graphite, indicate that these materials are unlikely to be such good lubricants as stearic acid or its salts.
A note on the absorption and excretion of 14C-labelled thalidomide in pregnant mice
Authors: NICHOLLS P J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
After oral administration of 14C-labelled thalidomide to pregnant mice, similar concentrations of the drug are found in several maternal tissues and in the placenta and foetus. Thalidomide and one of its hydrolysis products, α-(o-carboxybenzamido)-glutarimide, have been identified in the foetus.
Specific stimulation of gastric acid secretion by a pentapeptide derivative of gastrin
Authors: BARRETT A M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of gastrin, a synthetic pentapeptide (N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-β-Ala. Try. Met. Asp. Phe. NH2; I.C.I. 50,123) and histamine on the secretion of gastric acid have been compared in a perfused stomach preparation using anaesthetised rats. The pentapeptide was shown to possess similar secretory activity to that of gastrin but to be 11 times less potent on a molar basis. It produced acid secretions similar to those produced by histamine when compared in several different ways. Unlike histamine, the pentapeptide was without significant effect on blood pressure or haematocrit in maximally stimulating doses.
The effects of polyoxyethylene compounds on the hydrolysis of chlorbutol
Authors: ANDERSON R A , SLADE A H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The rates of hydrolysis of chlorbutol are reduced by surface-active agents, but not by polyethylene glycols. The ratio of the rate-constant in simple aqueous systems to that in systems containing surface-active agents can be predicted if the distribution coefficient for chlorbutol between the micellar pseudo-phase and the aqueous phase is known and is independent of concentration.
Effect of metal ions on the lysis of yeast cells by cationic dyes and surfactants
Authors: RIEMERSMA J C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Uranyl ions and thorium ions are effective in preventing cytolysis by Toluidine Blue and Azure A because they interfere with dye uptake by the cells. Neither uranyl nor thorium ions prevent the uptake of cetrimide or cetylpyridinium chloride. Cetylpyridinium chloride is capable of releasing previously bound uranyl ions from the cell surface. Anionic groups belonging to lipid constituents of the cell membrane may be involved in the uptake of uranyl and thorium ions as well as in the binding of dye and surfactants cations respectively. Possible cytolytic mechanisms involving polar interactions at the cell surface with lytic cations are discussed.
Decarboxylation and demethylation of some phenolic benzoic acid derivatives by rat caecal contents
Authors: SCHELINE RONALD R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Rat caecal contents decarboxylate phenolic benzoic acid derivatives when a free hydroxyl group is in the para position but the presence of substituents adjacent to this group or the carboxyl group reduce or abolish the reaction. Compounds containing a hydroxyl group in the ortho or meta position but lacking one in the para position are not decarboxylated. Some methoxy-derivatives are demethylated. The possible relationship between these findings and urinary phenols is discussed.
A note on the use of the isolated stomach preparation of the Syrian golden hamster
Authors: MIKOŚ E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The sensitivity of the isolated stomach strip of the Syrian golden hamster to some neurohormones has been assessed. Acetylcholine (5 × 10−9 g/ml), histamine (10−8 g/ml), bradykinin (10−9 g/ml) and angiotensin (10−9 g/ml) contracted the preparation. The action of bradykinin and angiotensin was probably direct although some results for angiotensin suggested a neurogenic component. The sensitivity of this preparation to angiotensin or bradykinin is only a little less than that of the ascending or descending colon of the rat.
Phase relationships in the simple coacervating system isoelectric gelatin: ethanol: water
Authors: Nixon J R , Khalil Saleh A H , Carless J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The influence of molecular weight on coacervation in the system iso-electric gelatin: ethanol: water has been studied. The minimum concentration of ethanol required to produce coacervation decreased as the molecular weight of the gelatin increased. Analysis of the coacervate phase showed that the ethanol content was approximately constant and independent of both the molecular weight of the gelatin and the total concentration of ethanol in the system.
The “nicotinic” and “muscarinic” receptors of the urinary bladder of the guinea-pig
Authors: Chesher G B , James Barbara 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The action of acetylcholine and nicotine on the urinary bladder of the guinea-pig has been examined using three techniques of physiological denervation. Nicotine was neurogenic and equiactive concentrations of acetylcholine were myogenic. Whilst acetylcholine has both “muscarinic” and “nicotinic” effects on the guinea-pig bladder, the concentration required to stimulate the nicotinic receptors was approximately 100 times that required for the muscarinic receptors. These results indicate that the nicotinic receptors are confined to nervous tissue, and do not support the suggestion that there might be non-neuronal nicotinic receptors in the bladder musculature of the guinea-pig. The possibility of a non-cholinergic component in the post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the bladder should still be considered.
Spectroscopic examination of the solubilisation of benzoic acid by a non-ionic surfactant
Authors: Donbrow M , RHODES C T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy have been used to examine the location of benzoic acid within the cetomacrogol micelle. Evidence has been obtained that the solubilised benzoic acid is probably located at the junction of the hydrocarbon nucleus and oxyethylene palisade layer, supporting the hypothesis advanced earlier on the basis of potentiometric observation.
The flow of granular magnesia
Authors: Jones T M , Pilpel N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Investigations of the flow rates of loosely packed magnesia have shown that the general equation developed by Jones & Pilpel (1966)
can be applied to single component and multicomponent mixtures in the size range 0·003 to &gt;0·2 cm. The increase in flow rate caused by mixing coarse and fine particles has been related quantitatively to the size of the particles by the general expression
This can be used to calculate the composition for maximum flow in multicomponent mixtures. The mechanism of action of glidants is discussed in the light of the experimental results and a distinction is made between glidants which improve the flow of granulations and those which improve the flow of cohesive powders.
Water vapour transmission properties of free polymer films
Authors: Banker Gilbert S , Gore Ashok Y , Swarbrick James 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The water vapour transmission properties of selected hydrophilic, lipophilic, and mixed hydrophilic-lipophilic polymer systems, cast as free films, have been examined as a function of time, film thickness, plasticiser concentration, and film formulation. An inverse linear relationship was established between the logarithm of the water vapour transmission rate (Rwvt) and the logarithm of film thickness in the presence of the various plasticiser concentrations for the three systems studied. The lipophilic n-butyl methacrylate films were found to be less permeable to moisture than either the hydrophilic hydroxypropyl cellulose or mixed methyl hydroxypropyl cellulose-ethyl cellulose films. The butyl methacrylate films closely follow Fickian diffusion, whereas the permeability constants of the other two films increased linearly with film thickness over the range of thicknesses studied. These phenomena are discussed with respect to the relative attractions these films have for water vapour.
The effect of butylated hydroxytoluene, butylated hydroxyanisole and octyl gallate upon liver weight and biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity in the rat
Authors: CREAVEN P J , DAVIES W H , WILLIAMS R T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
When a diet containing butylated hydroxytoluene at levels of 0·01 to 0·5% is fed to growing male rats for 12 days, body weight is not affected, but liver weight is increased. The activity of liver microsomal biphenyl 4-hydroxylase is also increased by these concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene except the lowest level of 0·01% (100 ppm). Butylated hydroxyanisole at 0·1 and 0·25% of the diet did not affect liver weight or the enzyme activity, but at 0·5% it caused some increase in enzyme activity but not in liver weight. At the level of 0·5%, butylated hydroxytoluene given for a single day caused an increase in liver weight which was observed two days later and persisted for three days after which time the liver weight did not differ from controls. Enzyme activity was not significantly altered by 0·5% butylated hydroxytoluene fed during a single day. Octyl gallate fed at 0·5% of the diet for 9 days did not affect liver weight or enzyme activity. High fat diets with or without 0·01% butylated hydroxytoluene fed for 12 days did not increase liver weight, but did increase biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity.
The effect of 6-azauridine on the contractile responses of the isolated ileum of the guinea-pig to drugs and to coaxial stimulation
Authors: ŜEFERNA I , LOUKOMSKAYA N , KADLEC O , JANKŮ I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Small concentrations of 6-azauridine augmented the contractions of the guinea-pig isolated ileum to acetylcholine, nicotine, histamine, barium chloride and to coaxial stimulation. High concentrations partially inhibited all the responses. After prolonged contact with high concentrations of 6-azauridine, the anti-spasmogenic effect persisted long after washing out the compound. The acetylcholine output did not change under these conditions. Comparison of the actions of 6-azauridine with those of papaverine is made and the possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
Anticonvulsant and some neuropharmacological properties of 2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-6-chloro-4(3H)-quinazolone and related compounds
Authors: MEHTA V L , MALHOTRA C L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Three 2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(3H)-quinazolone derivatives and five 3-p-bromophenyl-4(3H)-quinazolone derivatives were screened for oral anticonvulsant, analgesic and hypothermic properties. The anticonvulsant properties were assessed using a modified maximal electroshock seizure test and the leptazol threshold test. 2-Methyl-3-o-tolyl-6-chloro-4(3H)-quinazolone, being the compound with the greatest anticonvulsant action, was examined in more detail. It is about 1 1/2 times more potent than phenytoin sodium against electroshock induced convulsions, and its potency ratio with phenobarbitone is 1·2 to 1. Against leptazol-induced convulsions, it is 10 times more potent than troxidone. Its sedative-hypnotic properties are much less than those of phenobarbitone sodium and it also has a much weaker potentiating action on phenobarbitone-induced hypnosis. There is no reduction in the spontaneous motor activity of normal and amphetamine-stimulated rats at its ED50 dose level. None of the compounds possesses any analgesic or hypothermic properties.
The dissolution of aspirin and aspirin tablets
Authors: MITCHELL A G , SAVILLE DOROTHY J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An attempt has been made to standardize the “beaker” method of measuring in vitro dissolution rates of tablets against published data for aspirin. An unexpected problem arose when it was found that samples of commercial aspirin have different intrinsic dissolution rates. The form of aspirin used in tablet manufacture is likely therefore to be of significance from the viewpoint of in vivo dissolution and drug availability.
A note on some changes in the physical properties of Escherichia coli after heat treatment
Authors: HARRIES DIANN , RUSSELL A D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Suspensions of Escherichia coli in water at 50, 55, 60 and 100° showed an increase in extinction and nephelometer readings, the rate of increase depending on the temperature. This is considered to represent varying degrees of alteration in bacterial cytoplasmic protein. No such increases at any temperature occurred with cells held in 0.9% w/v sodium chloride. Lysozyme induced no lysis in cells which had been heated in water or in saline.
A quantitative analysis of the antagonism of intravenous noradrenaline by thymoxamine or phentolamine on the blood pressure of the conscious cat
Authors: BIRMINGHAM A T , AKUBUE P I , SZOLCSÁNYI J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The blood pressure of the unanaesthetized cat was recorded from a nylon catheter inserted permanently into the aorta via the right carotid artery and intravenous injections were made into a nylon catheter tied permanently into the right external jugular vein. For noradrenaline there was a linear relation between log dose and blood pressure rise. The α-blocking agents thymoxamine and phentolamine lowered the blood pressure and decreased the pressor response to noradrenaline. Quantitative analysis of the results by three different graphical methods revealed that for the first dose of blocking agent the antagonism was complex but had the characteristics associated with mixed non-competitive and uncompetitive antagonism. For further cumulative doses of blocking agent, the antagonism had the characteristics of competitive antagonism. It is concluded that a first dose of α-blocking agent has an effect on the dynamics of a noradrenaline-induced blood pressure rise in the conscious cat which is complex and could in part be due to the initial effect of the blocking agent in lowering the blood pressure and in part to the activity of the vasomotor compensatory reflexes. After α-blockade has been initiated, the characteristics of the antagonism are, like those in the anaesthetized cat, those of competitive antagonism.
The accumulation of [3H]noradrenaline in the adrenergic nerve fibres of reserpine-treated mice
Authors: CARLSSON A , WALDECK B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Mice, pretreated with reserpine, were given [3H]noradrenaline (3H-NA) intravenously and were killed 30 min later. Only small amounts of 3H-NA were recovered from the hearts. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor nialamide in a dose of 10 mg/kg increased the 3H-NA recovered from the hearts of reserpine-treated animals severalfold. In higher doses, however, this effect of nialamide was no longer observed. When 3H-NA was replaced by [3H]α-methylnoradrenaline, nialamide only reduced the amount of amine recovered from the hearts. The balance between the opposing actions of nialamide depended on dosage, time interval and temperature in a manner suggesting that the inhibitory influence was due to accumulation of endogenous amines in the adrenergic nerve fibres. Bretylium and harmaline also preserved 3H-NA in reserpine-treated animals whereas iproniazid, pheniprazine, pargyline and tranylcypromine did not do this. Moreover, pargyline blocked the ability of nialamide to enhance 3H-NA accumulation. The uptake of 3H-NA observed after monoamine oxidase inhibition in the hearts of reserpine-treated mice was almost completely blocked by pretreatment with desipramine or protriptyline, potent blockers of amine uptake by adrenergic nerve fibres.
Impurities in halothane: their identities, concentrations and determination
Authors: CHAPMAN J , HILL R , MUIR J , SUCKLING C W , VINEY D J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The following impurities arising during the manufacture of a proprietary halothane have been identified by gas chromatographic, mass spectrometric, nmr and infrared techniques: 2-chloro-, 2,2-dichloro-, 2-bromo-, 2,2-dibromo-, 2,2-dibromo-2-chloro- and 2-bromo-2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethanes, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane, 1,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane, 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethylene, bromodichlorofluoromethane, chloroform, trans-2-bromo-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene and the trans and cis isomers of 2-chloro- and 2,3-dichloro-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-2-enes. Gas chromatographic methods using chlorinated biphenyl, dinonyl phthalate and polyethylene glycol as liquid phases have been developed for their determination at the ppm level.
Routine detection and identification in urine of stimulants and other drugs, some of which may be used to modify performance in sport
Authors: BECKETT A H , TUCKER G T , MOFFAT A C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A general procedure for the analysis in urine of basic drugs (and their metabolites), some of which may be misused as stimulants in sport, has been developed. The techniques used include gas-liquid and thin-layer chromatography and linked gas-liquid chromatography—mass spectroscopy. It is recommended that international control of drug-taking in sport be based primarily upon urine analysis by gas-liquid chromatography systems and also derivative formation followed by gas-liquid chromatography. The principles outlined in the procedure can be applied in a much wider forensic context.
Noradrenaline-phospholipid interactions
Authors: CUTHBERT A W , CALLINGHAM B A , WARREN SYLVIA , PAINTER ELISABETH 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The uptake of (±)-[3H]noradrenaline from an aqueous phase to an ether phase containing dissolved lecithin has been measured. No differences between the behaviour of (+)- or (—)-noradrenaline in this system could be detected. The biological implications of this finding are discussed.
The configuration of β-eucaine and β-isoeucaine
Authors: PERKS F , RUSSELL P J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The configurations of the two isomers, β-eucaine (benzamine hydrochloride B.P.C. 1954) and β-isoeucaine have been deduced. As a result of a study of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and of catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation, the α-form has been assigned an equatorial hydroxyl group on C-4 and the β-form an axial hydroxyl group in this position.
Apparatus for studying the disintegration of tablet coatings
Authors: ANDERSON W , SAKR A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new apparatus has been designed to assess rates of disintegration of tablet coatings and the availability of coated tablet contents. Random movement of the coated tablet in a known volume of mildly turbulent disintegrating fluid at a standard temperature is achieved in a perforated Perspex drum made to revolve slowly in the fluid which moves up and down in its container at the same time. The procedure eliminates the tendency for coatings to stick together or to the grid during a test, which is seen with present pharmacopoeial designs and which causes large variability in the results.
A note on a micro and a semimicro method for the assay of ephedrine
Authors: KARAWYA M S , WAHBA S K , KOZMAN A R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two colorimetric methods for the assay of ephedrine are proposed. One is a semi-micro method in which the intensity of red colour produced by the oxidation of ephedrine with hydrogen peroxide is measured. The other is a micro method in which measurement is made of the intensity of the brown colour of the respective copper dithiocarbamate, produced by interaction of ephedrine, carbon disulphide and ammoniacal copper sulphate, the limit of sensitivity being 100 μg. Both methods gave reproducible results when used to assay ephedrine in pharmaceutical preparations. Results were compared with those from the Egyptian pharmacopoeial method.