bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and clonal structure of Rubia peregrina in Mediterranean vineyard and unmanaged habitats
Authors: NAVAS M.‐L. , GASQUEZ J. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:The genetic diversity and clonal structure of weedy and non‐weedy populations of a clonal perennial, Rubia peregrina L., were investi gated in a vineyard and in unmanaged habitats of Southern France. The overall genetic diversity of populations was evaluated on a large scale, whereas spatial distribution and clonal structure were studied on a small scale. Isozyme phenotypes were identified using electrophore‐sis of three polymorphic enzyme systems. Most isozyme phenotypes were restricted to one population. Intra‐population genetic diversity did not differ between populations, whereas clonal structure did. In the vineyard, few clones forming numerous packed ramets and with dis tinct areas were identified, whereas in the unmanaged habitats a higher number of inter mingled clones, forming few widely spaced ramets, were observed. The variability in clonal structure may be linked to different responses of clones to the contrasting environmental condi tions. These results suggest that the colonizing ability of a clonal perennial weed is not necessarily associated with low levels of genetic diversity, but may be related to the variability of the clonal structure.
Wild oat (Avena sterilis L.) competition with winter barley: plant density effects
Authors: TORNER C. , ANDUJAR J. L. GONZALEZ , FERNANDEZ‐QUINTANILLA C. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:The competitive interactions between Avena sterilis ssp. ludoviciana (Dur.) Nyman and winter barley have been studied, taking into consideration the densities of both species. As the density of A. sterilis increased, barley yield decreased exponentially. A 10% reduction in yield was found with wild oat densities ranging from 20–80 panicles m–2, and yield losses reached 50%, with densities of >300 panicles m–2, Barley grain yield was reduced by wild oats through a reduction in the number of fertile tillers. Climatic conditions during the growing seasons affected the response of barley to wild oat competition. In general, barley yields were relatively unaffected by seeding rates, with similar responses observed in the presence and in the absence of wild oat infestations. However, the highest yield losses were obtained with the lowest seeding rate (100 kg ha–1). Furthermore, low barley densities allowed the wild oat plants to produce more seeds, increasing the potential infestation during the following season.
Comparison of empirical models depicting density of Amaranthus retroflexus L. and relative leaf area as predictors of yield loss in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: KNEZ̆EVIĆ S. Z̆. , WEISE S. F. , SWANTON C. J. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe outcome of crop‐weed competition should be predicted as early as possible in order to allow time for weed control measures. Maize grain yield losses caused by interference from Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) were determined in 1991 and 1992. The performance of three empirical models of crop‐weed competition were evaluated. Damage functions were calculated based on the weed density or relative leaf area of the weed. In the yield loss‐weed density model, values of I (percentage yield loss at low weed density) were relatively stable for similar emergence dates of A. retroflexus across years and locations. Estimated maximum yield loss (A) was more variable between locations and may reflect environmental variation and its effect on crop‐weed competition, at least in 1991. The two‐parameter yield loss‐relative leaf area model, based on m (maximum yield loss caused by weeds) and q (the relative damage coefficient) gave a better fit than the single‐parameter version of the model (which includes only q). In both relative leaf area models, the values of q varied between years and locations. Attempts to stabilize the value of q by using the relative growth rate of the leaves of the crop and weed were successful; however, the practical application of such relative leaf area models may still be limited owing to the lack of a method to estimate leaf area index quickly and accurately.
Variability of bioassays with metsulfuron‐methyl in soil
Authors: STREIBIG J. C. , WALKER A. , BLAIR A. M. , ANDERSON‐TAYLOR G. , EAGLE D. J. , FRIEDLÄNDER H. , HACKER E. , IWANZIK W. , KUDSK P. , LABHART C. , LUSCOMBE B. M. , MADAFIGLIO G. , NEL P. C. , PESTEMER W. , RAHMAN A. , RETZLAFF G. , ROLA J. , STEFANOVIC L. , STRAATHOF H. J. M. , THIES E. P. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryA total of 74 independently run bioassays with soil incorporated metsulfuron‐methyl from 12 different laboratories was analysed by a logistic dose‐response curve to assess the precision of regression parameters and relate ED50 to soil properties. The potency in terms of ED50 of metsulfuron‐methyl in Brassica rapa L., which was used by all laboratories, varied between 0.05 and 3.9 g a.i. ha‐1. ED50 was negatively correlated with pH and positively correlated with organic matter. The majority of laboratories had ED50 within the interval 0.1‐1.0 g a.i. ha‐1. At one laboratory using three test species, the most sensitive species was Beta vulgaris L. followed by Brassica rapa L. and Lepidium sativum L. The coefficients of variation were smallest for the ED50 and ED90 response levels and largest for the ED10. The slope of the response curves had considerably lower coefficients of variation than the EDs. The results are discussed in relation to a previous collaborative bioassay study. Finally it is suggested that standardization of bioassays with herbicides could be achieved in the same way as standardization of chemical analyses.
Influence des variables écologiques sur la distribution des mauvaises herbes des cultures du Saïs (Maroc central)
Authors: LOUDYI M. C. , RON M. GOD , ELKHYARI D. 
Published: September 2010

RésuméL'étude écologique des mauvaises herbes des cultures de la région du Saïs (Maroc Central) est abordée par l'appréciation du pouvoir discriminant d'un ensemble de 26 descripteurs du milieu, en vue de la mise en évidence des descripteurs les plus “efficaces” vis‐à‐vis de la distribution des mauvaises herbes dans les cultures de cette région. Contrairement aux résultats enregistrés dans des études similaires conduites dans d'autres régions du Maroc, les résultats présentés ici, montrent la prépondérance des variables agronomiques (culture en place, travail du sol préparatoire au semis, date de semis, nature du précédent cultural) dans la distribution des mauvaises herbes. Ces résultats témoignent de la forte pression culturale qui s'exerce sur le milieu, en raison de l'intensification de l'agriculture pratiquée dans la région du Saïs. On examine ensuite la réaction des mauvaises herbes aux variations de quatre descripteurs agronomiques (culture en place, travail du sol, mode de désherbage et mode de fertilisation), susceptibles de faire ressortir l'influence de la culture en place et celle du type d'agriculture pratiqué, sur la distribution des mauvaises herbes. L'exploitation des quatre séries de profils écologiques conduit à la mise en évidence de quatre principaux groupes d'espèces liées, respectivement, aux cultures annuelles, aux cultures pérennes, aux jachères et aux milieux incultes de la région. Les différents groupes sont commentés en insistant plus parti‐culièrement sur le premier, étant donné la prépondérance des cultures annuelles dans l'agriculture de la région.
Weed suppression ability of spring barley varieties
Authors: CHRISTENSEN S. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThree years of experiments with spring barley showed significant differences in weed suppression ability among varieties. Weed dry matter in the most suppressive variety, Ida, was 48% lower than the mean weed dry matter of all varieties, whereas it was 31% higher in the least suppressive variety, Grit. Ranking varietal responses to weed competition in terms of grain yield loss corresponded well to ranking weed dry matter produced in crop weed mixtures. There was no correspondence between the varietal grain yields in pure stands and their competitiveness, suggesting that breeding to optimize both yielding and competitive ability may be possible. Non‐linear regression models were fitted to canopy height and light interception data for each variety in all three years. The canopy height model provided a precise description of development and maximum canopy height of the varieties. A light interception model was developed to describe the light interception profiles of the varieties. A study of the estimated parameters showed significant correlation between weed dry matter, rate of canopy height development and the light interception profile. However, when estimates were standardized to eliminate the effect of year, there was no correlation between weed dry matter and the light interception profile parameters, indicating that varietal competitiveness was not related to this trait. A multiple regression analysis showed that a model comprising parameters of maximum canopy height, maximum light interception and temporal displacement of light interception provided a good description of the varietal differences.
Crop competitive ability contributes to herbicide performance in sweet corn
Authors: WILLIAMS M M , BOYDSTON R A , DAVIS A S 
Published: September 2010

SummaryCrop variety effects on herbicide performance is not well characterised, particularly for sweet corn, a crop that varies greatly among hybrids in competitive ability with weeds. Field studies were used to determine the effects of crop competitive ability on season‐long herbicide performance in sweet corn. Two sethoxydim‐tolerant sweet corn hybrids were grown in the presence ofPanicum miliaceumand plots were treated post‐emergence with a range of sethoxydim doses. Significant differences in height, leaf area index and intercepted light were observed between hybrids near anthesis. Across a range of sub‐lethal herbicide doses, the denser canopy hybrid Rocker suppressedP. miliaceumshoot biomass and fecundity to a greater extent than the hybrid Cahill. Yield of sweet corn improved to the level of the weed‐free control with increasing sethoxydim dose. The indirect effect of herbicide dose on crop yield, mediated throughP. miliaceumbiomass reduction, was significant for all of the Cahill’s yield traits but not Rocker. These results indicate that a less competitive hybrid requires relatively more weed suppression by the herbicide to not only reduce weed growth and seed production, but also to maintain yield. Sweet corn competitive ability consistently influences season‐long herbicide performance.
Selective rejection of porcine islet xenografts by macrophages
Authors: Fu Yiling , Lu Xuehong , Yi Shounan , Wu Jingjing , O’Hara Jennifer M. , Hawthorne Wayne J. , Hucker Kelly , O’Connell Philip J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Background:  Our previous study has shown that porcine antigen‐primed and CD4+ T cell‐activated macrophages are capable of recognition and rejection of porcine xenografts after adoptive transfer. However, whether this is an absolute xenograft specific rejection remains to be confirmed.Methods: Mouse islet allografts and neonatal porcine islet cell cluster (NICC) xenografts were admixed and transplanted under the left kidney capsule, and NICC xenografts alone were transplanted under the right kidney capsule of strepotozotocin‐induced diabetic NOD‐SCID mice. After achievement of normoglycemia, the NOD‐SCID recipients were transferred with macrophages purified from NICC transplant NOD‐SCID mice reconstituted with CD4+ T cells. Five weeks after macrophage transfer the left kidney with the admixed grafts were removed. Graft survival and function following macrophage transfer was assessed by blood glucose measurement and immunohistochemistry.Results and conclusions: Adoptive transfer with activated macrophages did not affect the normalized blood glucose levels in NOD‐SCID recipients of admixed grafts until left nephrectomy 5 weeks post‐macrophage transfer. Insulin‐positive and porcine C‐peptide‐negative mouse islets were detected in the admixed grafts. The surviving mouse islets in the admixed grafts were surrounded but not infiltrated by macrophages. The nephrectomized recipients demonstrated sustained hyperglycemia and completely destroyed NICC xenografts in their remaining right kidneys 8 weeks after macrophage transfer. Taken together, these data provide direct evidence of porcine islet xenograft specific rejection by activated macrophages.
Virus and host factors in pathogenesis
Authors: Tönjes R. , Dörrschuck E. , Hoffmann B. , Krämer M. 
Published: September 2010

Zoonoses pose a threat to mammalian species. Cross‐species transmission of viruses have given rise to fatal diseases because the host organism is not prepared to resist a new pathogen. Mammals have developed several strategies of defense against viruses, including an intracellular antiretroviral defense, a part of innate immunity. In addition to the conventional innate and acquired immune responses, complex organisms such as mice and primates have evolved an array of dominant, constitutively expressed genes that suppress or prevent retroviral infections. Several of these antiretroviral restriction mechanisms have recently been identified, with two particularly well described factors being members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) and APOBEC families. The TRIM5 class of inhibitors appears to target incoming retroviral capsids and the APOBEC class of cytidine deaminases hypermutates and destabilizes retroviral genomes. Lentiviruses such as HIV‐1 have developed countermeasures that allow them to replicate despite the human host factors.In the course of risk assessment for pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation the capacity of human cells to counteract infections of gamma‐type porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) should be analyzed. We raised the question as to whether PERV is affected by APOBEC3 proteins. Initial data indicate that human and porcine cytidine deaminases inhibit PERV replication, thereby possibly reducing the risk for infection of human cells by PERV as a consequence of pig‐to‐human xenotransplantation.The exact mechanism of the TRIM5 mediated restriction has not been clarified up to now. At current, we investigate how many TRIM5 genes are located in the pig genome. Furthermore, the properties of porcine TRIM5α isoform proteins will be tested and we will check the potential of the human TRIM5α to restrict PERVs in order to determine the risk of virus transmission.
A Study of the Ability of a TK‐Negative and gI/gE‐Negative Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) Mutant Inoculated by Different Routes to Protect Pigs Against PRV Infection
Authors: Ferrari M. , Brack A. , Romanelli M. G. , Mettenleiter TH. C. , Corradi A. , Mas N. Dal , Losio M. N. , Silini R. , Pinoni C. , Pratelli A. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe capacity of a TK‐negative (TK‐) and gI/gE‐negative (gI/gE‐) pseudorabies virus (PRV) mutant to protect pigs against Aujeszky's disease carried out by experimental infection with a virulent PRV strain, was tested. There were three groups, each of four susceptible pigs which were inoculated twice by two different schedules. Group 1 received the modified virus by the intradermal (first inoculation)‐intramuscular (second inoculation) routes; group 2 was treated by the intranasal (first inoculation)‐intramuscular (second inoculation) routes. The third group was left untreated as the control. All of the pigs were challenged intranasally with a virulent PRV strain and they were subsequently injected with dexamethasone. Two pigs in each group were necropsied on days 5 and 15 after dexamethasone inoculation. The challenge exposure resulted in mild clinical signs, increase in growth and a shorter period of virus shedding in vaccinated pigs, whereas the control group showed severe signs of Aujeszky's disease. No difference in the titre of the virulent virus which was excreted by pigs of all three groups, was observed and all animals seroconverted. Both the mutant strain and the wild‐type virus established a latent infection although only the latter was reactivated and shed. Slight lesions were observed in target tissues of the vaccinated animals and no significant differences were detected between the two inoculation schedules.
A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for education
Authors: Rahimi‐Madiseh Mohammad , Tavakol Mohsen , Dennick Reg 
Published: September 2010

Rahimi‐Madiseh M, Tavakol M, Dennick R. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 478–483 A quantitative study of Iranian nursing students' knowledge and attitudes towards pain: Implication for educationIt is well documented that pain management and pain assessment is an indispensible part of the nursing care of patients. This study sought to quantify the current knowledge and attitudes of nursing students in Iran about pain management. We conducted a cross‐sectional study using a well‐validated questionnaire entitled the ‘Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Pain Tool’, previously used to evaluate undergraduate nursing students. Results from the survey questionnaire showed that there was a severe deficit in knowledge relating to pain and its management. It is argued that there is a real need for improving the content of pain and its management in the undergraduate nursing education curriculum, which might improve the delivery of optimal nursing care of patients. The limitations of the study are discussed and some recommendations are made for reforming pain management education for future practice.
Therapeutic hypothermia for newborn infants with hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Jacobs Susan E , Tarnow‐Mordi William O 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPeripartum asphyxia complicated by moderate or severe hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy is a devastating global health issue. A therapeutic ‘window of opportunity’ exists after resuscitation of the asphyxiated newborn and before the delayed phase of neuronal loss. Animal studies demonstrated that neuronal injury following hypoxia–ischaemia can be prevented or reduced by a mild reduction in brain temperature. Human infant pilot studies confirmed feasibility, without major adverse effects. Randomised trials and systematic reviews comprising term infants with moderate or severe encephalopathy and peripartum asphyxia have established the neuroprotective benefit of therapeutic hypothermia. Hypothermia reduces mortality or major disability to 18 months of age, as well as cerebral palsy, and neuromotor and cognitive delay. Importantly, mortality is reduced without any increase in major neurodevelopmental disability in survivors, and with only minor adverse effects. The evidence supports therapeutic hypothermia when used within strict protocols in tertiary centres to improve the outcome for term and near‐term newborns with moderate or severe hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy. Equally strict protocols in non‐tertiary nurseries will enable earlier initiation of hypothermia under guidance of the regional neonatal intensive care unit and transport team.
Comparative study between oral and sublingual 600 µg misoprostol for the treatment of incomplete abortion
Authors: Paritakul Panwara , Phupong Vorapong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  To evaluate and compare effectiveness, side effects and patient acceptability between oral and sublingual 600 µg misoprostol for the treatment of incomplete abortion.Methods:  A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Pregnant women of less than 14 weeks gestation, diagnosed with incomplete abortion, were randomly assigned to receive 600 µg misoprostol orally or sublingually. The patients were evaluated at 48 h after drug administration for complete abortion.Results:  A total of 64 women were recruited to the study (32 in the oral group and 32 in the sublingual group). The complete abortion rate was not statistically different between oral and sublingual groups (87.5% versus 84.4%, P > 0.05). There was no statistical difference in side effects and satisfaction rate. Fever/chills were the most common side effects.Conclusion:  Both sublingual and oral 600 µg misoprostol are useful for the management of incomplete abortion. Side effects and satisfaction rates are not different. Thus, these methods may be used as alternative treatments of incomplete abortion.
Surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence with a transobturator tape (Monarc): Short‐term results of a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Tomoe Hikaru , Kato Kumiko , Oguchi Naoki , Takei Mineo , Sekiguchi Yuki , Yoshimura Yasukuni 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim:  Transobturator tape (TOT) kits approved as medical instruments are still not available in Japan. This study aimed to: (1) assess the outcomes of TOT using Monarc (American Medical Systems; AMS Inc, Minnetonka, MN, USA) in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI); (2) evaluate possible different surgical outcomes in women with urethral hypermobility (UH) and/or intrinsic urethral deficiency (ISD); and (3) evaluate the possibility of improvement of preoperative urgency and urge urinary incontinence after TOT in mixed urinary incontinence (MUI).Methods:  Data from 140 women with SUI in a prospective multicenter study were examined at 3–6 months follow‐up.Results:  82.1% of the patients were cured and 10.7% showed improvement. The surgical outcome was significantly better in UH than in UH combined with ISD or ISD. In 44 MUI patients, 79.6% were cured and 15.9% showed improvement. Urgency improved in about 75% of patients after TOT.Conclusion:  TOT is effective for both SUI and MUI, with urgency improving.
Robust tonic GABA currents can inhibit cell firing in mouse newborn neocortical pyramidal cells
Authors: Sebe Joy Y. , Looke‐Stewart Elizabeth C. , Estrada Rosanne C. , Baraban Scott C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWithin the hippocampus and neocortex, GABA is considered to be excitatory in early development due to a relatively depolarized Cl− reversal potential (ECl). Although the depolarizing nature of synaptic GABAergic events has been well established, it is unknown whether cortical tonic currents mediated by extrasynaptically located GABAA receptors (GABAARs) are also excitatory. Here we examined the development of tonic currents in the neocortex and their effect on neuronal excitability. Mean tonic current, recorded from layer 5 (L5) pyramidal cells of the mouse somatosensory cortex, is robust in newborns [postnatal day (P)2–4] then decreases dramatically by the second postnatal week (P7–10 and P30–40). Pharmacological studies, in combination with Western blot analysis, show that neonatal tonic currents are partially mediated by the GABAAR α5 subunit, and probably the δ subunit. In newborns, the charge due to tonic current accounts for nearly 100% of the total GABA charge, a contribution that decreases to < 50% in mature tissue. Current clamp recordings show that tonic current contributes to large fluctuations in the membrane potential that may disrupt its stability. Bath application of 5 μM GABA, to induce tonic currents, markedly decreased cell firing frequency in most recorded cells while increasing it in others. Gramicidin perforated patch recordings show heterogeneity in ECl recorded from P2–5 L5 pyramidal cells. Together, these findings demonstrate that tonic currents activated by low GABA concentrations can dominate GABAergic transmission in newborn neocortical pyramidal cells and that tonic currents can exert heterogeneous effects on neuronal excitability.