bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF THE PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID (PTA) AS A STAIN FOR THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
Authors: Benedetti E. L. , Bertolini B. 
Published: November 2011

Many investigations on the structure of cell membranes have been carried out on OsO4 or KMnO4 fixed material; however, these procedures fail to demonstrate any basic difference between the various membranes forming the outer coat of the cytoplasm, the endoplasmic reticulum, the nuclear envelope, and the mitochondria. Thus, Robertson (1959) introduced the concept of the unit membrane, 75 Å thick; however, Finean (1961) found that in some specialized cell surfaces the unit membrane is thicker (100–120 Å).The bleaching procedure with strong oxidants solubilizes and removes from the sections the lower osmium oxides (Merriam, 1958) and makes it possible to evaluate a specific stainability, which otherwise would be masked by the overall staining.Marinozzi and Gautier (1961) introduced the use of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) after the bleaching procedure, and noted that the plasma membrane and some pinocytotic vesicles could be preferentially stained. More recently Latta (1962) obtained similar results, staining with PTA sections of tissues embedded in Epon.The present paper deals with the properties and the nature of the PTA staining.
A method for estimating the number of cells in histological sections
Authors: EBBESSON SVEN O. E. , TANG DOUGLAS 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA general problem encountered in quantitative histology is the error caused by the inclusion of fragmented cells in the observed count from histological sections. The result of including such fragments is an overestimate of the number of cells. With this problem in mind, a method is given for estimating cell numbers in systems where cells are mononuclear with single nucleoli. The method involves applying a correction to the difference in observed counts from adjacent histological sections of different thicknesses. The proposed method is based on the same formulation of this cell counting problem as is the method of Floderus, but a major distinction, however, is that the present method does not require the estimation of the mean particle diameter or vertical height of the smallest visible fragment and thus eliminates a potential source of error.The correction formula is derived by considering a simple model for this cell counting problem. A hypothetical cell population is studied to show the theoretical equivalence of the proposed method and that of Floderus and also to show the potential bias caused by using Abercrombie's formula which does not take into account the effect of invisible fragments. The new method is compared with other available techniques and is empirically evaluated by extensive counting in a human superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.
A Kerr magneto‐optical microscope using polaroid polarizers
Authors: BOOTH A. D. , POULSEN R. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe Kerr‐effect microscope is of great utility in the static and dynamic investigation of magnetic domain patterns in thin films used for computer storage. An account is presented of the theoretical considerations which decide the optimum instrumental configuration for maximum contrast and this leads to two microscope designs: one using a single lens, and the other, two lenses. The type of domain shown by these microscopes is illustrated.
Ultrastructure of the nucleus of the green alga Closterium ehrenbergii*
Authors: BRANDHAM P. E. , GODWARD M. B. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe ultrastructure of the nucleus of Closterium ehrenbergii has been studied at interphase and at different stages of mitosis. Sections of chromosomes thought to be nucleolar‐organizing chromosomes were obtained at prophase. The spindle fibres at metaphase remain separate and do not form bundles. There is no evidence for the presence on the chromosomes of a localized point of attachment of spindle fibres. The smallest recognizable unit in the metaphase chromosome is a double coiled fibril of which each part is 50–60 Å thick.
The histochemical properties of some periodate‐reactive mucosubstances of the pregnant Syrian hamster before and after methylation with methanolic thionyl chloride
Authors: STOWARD PETER J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe mucosubstances secreted in various tissues of pregnant Syrian hamsters exhibit a wide range of histochemical characteristics.When sections of fixed tissues containing these mucosubstances are treated with a methanolic solution of thionyl chloride for four hours at room temperature, nucleic acid phosphate groups, protein and sialomucin carboxyl groups, and the sulphate groups of many sulphomucins are apparently esterified. In sulphomucins believed to contain carboxyl and sulphate groups, only the sulphate is esterified; the carboxyls (uronic acid groups ?) are left free. If such methylated mucins are saponified (to remove their ester methyl groups) some, but not all, of their histochemical reactions for “free” sulphate are restored. Some desulphation, however, usually occurs during the methylation process. A few sulphated mucins, such as those in the goblet cells of the small intestine, are desulphated completely. The ability to esterify many sulphated mucins without either desulphating them completely or extracting them from the tissue distinguishes methanolic thionyl chloride from the hot methanolic solutions of hydrochloric acid usually used for methylating tissue sections. Moreover, methanolic thionyl chloride solutions are much easier to use.The little chemistry that is at present known about the reactions between methanol and thionyl chloride is insufficient to explain how methanolic thionyl chloride solutions actually methylate polyanionic substances in tissue sections.
The structure and assembly of collagen fibrils*: I. Native‐collagen fibrils and their formation from tropocollagen
Authors: COX R. W. , GRANT R. A. , HORNE R. W. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISHypotheses to explain the formation of native‐collagen fibrils from tropocollagen macromolecules have been considered and their inconsistencies examined. A new model for the tropocollagen macromolecule is suggested and a new mechanism for its assembly into native‐collagen fibrils is offered. It is postulated that the tropocollagen macromolecule is divided into 5 main bonding zones separated by 4 main non‐bonding zones. The macromolecules are assembled into native fibrils by allowing a main bonding zone on a particular macromolecule an initial random choice in combining, in a structurally complementary manner, with a main bonding zone on another macromolecule. The evidence for the proposals arises from the use of negative‐staining techniques and high‐resolution electron microscopy.The work described includes a more detailed discussion of some preliminary findings reported earlier (Grant, Home, & Cox, 1965b).
Highly informative genic and genomic SSR markers to facilitate molecular breeding in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Pandey Manish K. , Gautami Bhimana , Jayakumar Thandoniappan , Sriswathi Manda , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Gowda Makanahally V. Chennabyre , Radhakrishnan Thankappan , Bertioli David J. , Knapp Steven J. , Cook Duglas R. , Varshney Rajeev K. 
Published: November 2011

With 3 figures and 7 tablesAbstractWith an objective of identification of highly informative set of SSR markers in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), a total of 4485 markers were used for screening using a set of 20 parental genotypes of 15 mapping populations. Although 3582 (79.9%) markers provided scorable amplification, only 1351 (37.3%) markers showed polymorphism. Polymorphism information content (PIC) value ranged from 0.10 (GM742) to 0.89 (S009) with an average of 0.31. Similarly, number of alleles ranged from 2 to 14 with an average of 3.2 alleles. In general, the SSR markers based on dinucleotide repeats displayed higher PIC value and number of alleles. Based on these polymorphism features, 199 markers with >0.50 PIC values have been identified. Polymorphism features of these markers along with the primer sequences, for the first time, for a total of 946 SSR markers have been provided. It is anticipated that the identified set of highly informative markers, instead of starting from the random set of SSR markers, should be very useful to initiate molecular genetics and breeding studies in cultivated groundnut.
Development of sequence‐tagged site markers linked to the pillar growth type in peach (Prunus persica)
Authors: Sajer Osama , Scorza Ralph , Dardick Chris , Zhebentyayeva Tetyana , Abbott Albert G. , Horn Renate 
Published: November 2011

With 5 figures and 3 tablesAbstractIn peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], trees showing columnar (also termed pillar or broomy) growth habit are of interest for high‐density production systems. While the selection of the pillar homozygous phenotype (brbr) can be carried out prior to field planting, the intermediate heterozygous upright phenotype is difficult to distinguish from standard trees until they are quite large in the field. Application of marker‐assisted selection would be helpful in establishing more efficient breeding programmes developing pillar and upright varieties. Thirty‐four amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and three simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers identified by bulked segregant analyses mapped together with the br gene on linkage group 2 (LG 2) of the Prunus reference map. The linkage group covers 92.9 cM. The AFLP marker ETGM61_291R mapped with 4.8 cM to the br gene on one side and the closest AFLP markers ETAM56_267A, ECAM61_426A and ETAM48_279A with 3.8 cM on the other side. These four AFLP markers were sequenced, and two, ETGM61_291R and ETAM48_279A, were successfully converted into sequence‐tagged site (STS) markers for marker‐assisted selection. BLAST searches against the peach genome placed the br gene in the region 17–18 Mb on LG 2.
Export Versus FDI in Services
Authors: Bhattacharya Rudrani , Patnaik Ila , Shah Ajay 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn the Helpman et al. model (HMY), costs of transportation shape the decisions of firms about serving foreign customers by exporting or by doing FDI. The analysis of FDI in IT‐related services presents a challenge given the low cost of transportation through telecom networks. This study extends the HMY model by considering uncertainty in product quality. This reverses the ordering of the firms that do FDI. These predictions are tested using Indian data in two industries: chemicals and software. Chemicals represents a conventional setting, and we find that the most productive firms invest abroad. However, in the case of the software industry, where there is uncertainty about product quality and the transportation cost is low, the results are consistent with the predictions of the extended model: less productive firms invest abroad.
Ruth Ellis and Public Contestation of the Death Penalty
Authors: Seal Lizzie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article examines public reactions to the case of Ruth Ellis through an analysis of letters sent to the Home Secretary. The vast majority of these requested a reprieve, and highlighted themes such as her status as a mother, the murder as a crime of passion, David Blakely's mistreatment of her and the unfairness of applying the death penalty in her case. I argue that we need to analyse the public's views on Ruth Ellis in order to understand why her case was a pivotal one in turning the tide against capital punishment as a mandatory penalty for murder.
Geologically‐driven pore fluid pressure models and their implications for petroleum exploration. Introduction to thematic set
Authors: O’CONNOR S. , SWARBRICK R. , LAHANN R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAbnormal pressure, either low or high, is commonly found in many basins around the world. A clear understanding of these pressure regimes is needed if wells are to be drilled safely. One of the prerequisites for this planning is prediction of pore fluid pressure, in both reservoirs and also in shales and other low‐permeability lithologies. To this end, recent advances, captured in this thematic set, have seen the development of geologically derived pressure models, underpinned by an understanding of the multiple mechanisms that cause abnormal pressures. These understandings lead to more accurate pore fluid pressure interpretation in more complex lithological regimes such as carbonate/clastic systems and salt‐dominated systems that often contain highly overpressured intra‐salt reservoirs. Further, these models are now being used to drive new exploration plays by improving velocity predictions to improve sub‐salt pore pressure predictions and identifying hydrodynamic aquifers that provide lateral migration paths for fluids.
Catheter Outcomes in the Short‐term Inpatient Setting: A Controlled Quality Improvement Study Comparing Citrate and Heparin Lock
Authors: Parikh Samir , Nijmeh Ruba , Van Cleef Sheri , Timmerman Sue , Bhatt Udayan Y. , Agarwal Anil K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHeparin and citrate are used as catheter lock solutions to reduce risk of catheter dysfunction and infection in hemodialysis. There is a paucity of data comparing these two locks in the short‐term, inpatient setting. We compared the efficacy of 2.2% acid citrate dextrose (ACD) versus 5000 U/ml heparin as catheter lock in the inpatient setting. The study was conducted at two sites within our system, with ACD locks used at site 1 and heparin locks at site 2. We assessed catheters for catheter dysfunction and infection. Both nontunneled dialysis catheters (NTDC) and tunneled dialysis catheters (TDC) were evaluated. We studied 250 catheters and 139 met inclusion criteria: 90 catheters in the ACD group and 49 in the heparin group. ACD had superior outcomes for NTDC; event rate was 0.052 for NTDC/ACD and 0.125 for NTDC/heparin (p = 0.032). There was no difference for TDC. Univariate (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, confidence interval [CI]: 0.931, 3.82) and multivariate (OR: 1.35, CI: 0.64, 2.87) analyses demonstrated a trend toward increased odds of event with heparin. Catheter lock with 2.2% ACD has lower risk of catheter dysfunction as compared with that of 5000 U/ml heparin in the short‐term inpatient setting in NTDC and similar risk in TDC.
Active Wound Dressing With Artificial Capillaries for Temporary Wound Irrigation and Skin Cell Supply
Authors: Plettig Jörn , Johnen Christa M. , Bräutigam Kirsten , Zeilinger Katrin , Borneman Reinhard , Gerlach Jörg C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMedical treatment of burns and chronic wounds remains a challenge. We discussed a therapy concept that combines skin cell spray transplantation with a novel wound dressing based on artificial hollow fiber membrane capillaries. In skin cell‐based therapy development, autologous skin progenitor cells are isolated from a healthy skin area and sprayed onto the wound. A medical device was introduced that uses perfused capillaries, known from clinical plasma separation, as a temporarily applied extracorporeal wound capillary bed. The functions of the dressing are comparable with those of dialysis; the capillaries, however, are applied externally onto the wound. Perfusion with a clinical peripheral nutrition and buffer solution can provide wound irrigation, wound debris removal, cell nutrition, pH regulation, and electrolyte balance while potentially serving to address delivery of regenerative factors and antibiosis. An innovative active skin wound dressing that provides cell support and stimulates regeneration by wound irrigation is discussed.
Effect of hemodialysis and hemofiltration on plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations
Authors: Leypoldt John K. , Loghman‐Adham Mahmoud , Jordan Paul , Reigner Bruno 
Published: November 2011

AbstractC.E.R.A., a continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, is a long‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent approved for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although the large molecular weight and the carbohydrate chain make it unlikely that C.E.R.A. could be removed during hemodialysis or hemofiltration, no such data have been published. In vitro studies were performed to assess the removal of C.E.R.A. during hemodialysis and hemofiltration, using both low‐flux and high‐flux membranes and parameters very similar to those used in clinical practice. Clinical pharmacokinetic studies of plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis were also performed following subcutaneous injection of C.E.R.A. In the in vitro studies, plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations were not significantly different from baseline values in the primed blood reservoir over a 4‐hour period during hemodialysis (P = 0.12). C.E.R.A. concentrations in the plasma obtained from the venous end of the hemofilter increased proportionally with the plasma total protein concentrations, reflecting the consequence of hemoconcentration and suggesting that C.E.R.A and plasma total proteins were retained by hemofiltration membranes to a similar degree. These in vitro studies showed that C.E.R.A. was not removed by simulated hemodialysis or hemofiltration either via transmembrane transport or adsorption to the membrane. The results were corroborated by the clinical pharmacokinetic data, which showed no detectable changes in plasma C.E.R.A. concentrations during hemodialysis using either low‐flux or high‐flux dialyzers. These results suggest that C.E.R.A. can be administered to patients at any time during hemodialysis or hemofiltration without appreciable loss in the extracorporeal circuit.
Excess epicardial fat mass misrepresented as cardiomegaly in dry‐weight assessment of a dialysis patient
Authors: Kircelli Fatih , Gunduz Mehmet , Gungor Ozkan , Ok Ercan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObesity is a major health problem that has entered the nephrology community and is challenging our conventional management strategies. In this case report, we present a morbidly obese dialysis patient whom dry‐weight assessment was disturbed by excess epicardial fat mass due to obesity. This case suggests that problems related to obesity seem not to be limited to dealing with obesity‐associated kidney injury, chronic kidney disease and mortality, but also other concepts in nephrology such that, as described, excess epicardial fat mass related to morbid obesity in this patient erroneously suggested a high cardiothoracic index, and misled patient management. Interpretation of chest X‐ray in dry‐weight assessment should take into account the patient's body weight especially in obese cases and alternative diagnostic methods for correct determination of fluid status are highly needed.
Melted gold and national bodies: The hermeneutics of depth and the value of history in Brazilian racial politics
Authors: COLLINS JOHN 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAnthropologists have long puzzled over a supposed lack of explicitly racial identification among Brazilians who face racial discrimination. Yet a clear uptick in Afro‐Brazilian identification and contestation of racism is observable in Brazil today. In this article, I examine the transformation of Salvador, Brazil's Pelourinho neighborhood into a heritage center, a process that includes the commodification of residents’ lifeways, so as to link semiotic relationships encouraged by the patrimonializing of buildings, people, and their habits to alterations in racial politics. This case suggests that racial consciousness ties into popular concerns with secrets, depths, and hidden relations encouraged by heritage‐based reifications of everyday habits as potentially alienable forms of property.
Apocalyptic futures: The violent transformation of moral human life among Ayoreo‐speaking people of the Paraguayan Gran Chaco
Authors: BESSIRE LUCAS 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn this article, I describe the social topography of apocalyptic futurism among recently contacted Ayoreo‐speaking people in Paraguay to examine the novel senses of being in the world that are emerging in harsh postcontact conditions. I show how apocalyptic futurism exceeds the temporal confines of both “traditional culture” and “Christianity.” Rather, it derives from the afterlife of violence and a general consensus that biological survival now requires a reconstitution of the terms of humanity. Apocalyptic sensibilities are concerned with more than local values or the transcendence of death; rather, as I show, they mark a new threshold between the human and the nonhuman.
Food selection in adults and larvae of three species of Lepidoptera: a behavioural and electro physiological study
Authors: Blaney W. M. , Simmonds M. S. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAdults and larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, Heliothis virescens and Heliothis armigera were tested with a range of sugars, amino acids, sugar alcohols and allelochemics. Feeding behaviour was correlated with the electrophysiological responses of maxillary styloconic sensilla in the larvae and proboscis styloconic sensilla in the adult. The neural response was more vigorous in larvae than in adults but otherwise the spectra of responses were similar in the two life stages. Phagostimulants and antifeedants stimulated maximally different sensilla in larvae but not in adults. The responses of adult sensilla to sugars and amino acids were significantly correlated to behaviour in all three species, but only in H. armigera was there a similar correlation with the sugar alcohols and allelochemics.
Finding electronic information for health policy advocacy: A guide to improving search results
Authors: Olsan Tobie H. , Bianchi Carolanne , White Pamela , Glessner Theresa , Mapstone Pamela L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose: The success of advanced practice registered nurses' (APRNs') health policy advocacy depends on staying well informed about key issues. Searching for high‐quality health policy information, however, can be frustrating and time consuming. Busy clinicians need strategies and tips to reduce information overload and to access synthesized research for evidence‐based health policy. This article therefore offers APRNs practical guidelines and resources for searching electronic health policy information.Data sources: Scholarly databases and Internet sites.Conclusions: Electronic health policy information is generated by a wide variety of public and private organizations and disseminated in hundreds of journals and Web pages. Specialty search tools are needed to retrieve the unindexed gray literature, which includes government documents, agency reports, fact sheets, standards, and statistics not produced by commercial publishers. Further, Internet users need to examine search results with a critical eye for information quality.Implications for practice: Expertise in searching electronic health policy information is a prerequisite for developing APRNs' leadership in political arenas to influence health policy and the delivery of healthcare services.