bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual attitudes and erotophobia and the recall of sexual content on television
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Hiranandani Mansha 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Individuals' sexual attitudes and their level of erotophobia/erotophilia was related to their recall of sexual and non-sexual television adverts embedded within programs, with and without sexual content. Eighty-eight participants aged between 18–26 were placed in one of four conditions and shown ‘Sex and the city’ (sexual program) or ‘Friends’ (non-sexual program) with embedded sexual or non-sexual advertisements. There was a main effect of program type and advertisement type. Advertisement recall was hindered in the sexual program compared to the non-sexual program and sexual advertisements were recalled more than non-sexual advertisements. Those with liberal sexual attitudes and erotophiles showed lower recall of sexual advertisements. Limitations of the study are considered.
The analog switch-off in a cable dominated television landscape. Implications for the transition to digital television in Flanders
Authors: Verdegem Pieter , Hauttekeete Laurence , De Marez Lieven 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Flanders will complete the migration from analog to digital terrestrial television by the end of 2008. Despite the cable dominated television landscape, the Flemish government is aiming at a smooth transition from analog to digital terrestrial television. Therefore, a multi-methodical study (quantitative survey and qualitative focus group interviews) has been set up by order of the Flemish government to understand the specific features and needs of analog antenna viewers and their expectations for the analog switch-off. The study shows that there are three distinctive types of analog antenna viewers. The results demonstrate that the antenna viewers are rather badly informed about the upcoming analog switch-off, which may lead to a negative attitude and may impede a smooth transition. Finally, antenna viewers seem to be rather conservative viewers: they wish to keep on watching the same television programs from the same channels. Moreover, digital terrestrial television is their preferred alternative.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurement during Cathodic Disbondment Experiment of Pipeline Coatings
Authors: Papavinasam Sankara , Attard Michael , Revie R. Winston 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Modified cathodic disbondment (CD) experiments were carried out over a period of 14 months using 13 coatings used to protect the external surfaces of oil and gas pipelines. During the experiments, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were recorded, and after the experiments the cathodic disbondment area was measured. From the EIS data, the increase in coating capacitance was determined. Based on the comparison of coating capacitance values obtained from EIS data with the cathodic disbondment data, the coatings were broadly divided into three types: (1) high-performance coatings that did not disbond despite increasing coating capacitance; (2) poor-performance coatings that disbonded more than predicted from the increase in coating capacitance; and (3) average-performance coatings that disbonded at a rate proportional to the increase in coating capacitance.
Evaluation of Proposed Recommended Practice for Sharp-Notch Tension Testing
Authors: Heyer RH 
Published: March 2009

The objectives and limitations of the proposed recommended practice for determining sharp-notch strength of high-strength sheet materials are given. Two specimen designs are used: 3 in. wide with sharply machined edge notches, and 3 in. wide with a center slot extended in both directions by fatigue cracking. Evaluation test results are reported for sharp-notch strength of four materials: aluminum alloy 7075-T651, titanium alloy 4Al-3Mo-1V, maraging steel 18Ni-9Co-5Mo, and precipitation-hardening stainless steel PH 14-8 Mo.
Test data from seven laboratories are analyzed for differences among laboratories and between the two specimen designs. Agreement among laboratories is generally satisfactory considering inherent difficulties in preparing sharply notched specimens to the close tolerances required. Data from specimens out of tolerance after machining or after fatigue cracking were rejected. Center-cracked specimens have significantly higher sharp-notch strengths than edge-notched specimens in tests on the aluminum alloy and the precipitation-hardening stainless steel.
Test specimens 8 in. long are suggested as alternates for the recommended 12-in. long specimens when insufficient material is available. Significant differences in test results were obtained for the two lengths of specimens.
Electron Fractography—A Tool for the Study of Micromechanisms of Fracturing Processes
Authors: Beachem CD , Pelloux RMN 
Published: March 2009

Uses of the electron microscope for the study of fracture surfaces and the subsequent formulation of models of fine-scale fracture mechanisms are demonstrated. Electron fractography is shown to be a valuable tool in obtaining a better understanding of fracture and in the analysis of service failures.
Various types of fracture surfaces produced by single-cycle overload and by fatigue in various materials are discussed in order to indicate the usefulness of this relatively new tool.
The scope of application in the general field of fracture research is indicated.
Applied Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Tiffany CF , Masters JN 
Published: March 2009

Procedures for applying fracture mechanics to typical engineering problems are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on plane-strain fracture of materials used in fabrication of pressure vessels and booster cases. The major areas considered are: (1) material selection; (2) the estimation of structural life; and (3) the determination of nondestructive inspection acceptance limits. In order to treat these items properly, a brief discussion on the character of premature structural failure is presented, followed by a discussion on the selection of a fracture toughness specimen.
In the area of material screening and selection, it is shown that the required design tool is related, not to toughness alone, but also to the design stress level and the size of the structure. In the estimation of structural life and determination of nondestructive inspection acceptance limits, emphasis is placed on the use of fracture specimen test results and the stress-intensity concept to predict critical flaw sizes and subcritical flaw growth. Both cyclic and sustained stress flaw growth are discussed and comparisons made between specimens and pressure vessels. The value of the proof test is discussed with regard to determining the maximum possible initial flaw sizes in a pressure vessel.
The Application of Fracture Toughness Testing to the Development of a Family of Alloy Steels
Authors: Pascover JS , Hill M , Matas SJ 
Published: March 2009

The use of fracture toughness in the development of the 9Ni-4Co alloy system is described in this paper. The primary concern during this study was the delineation of metallurgical trends rather than the generation of quantitative data. Thus, screening tests have been employed.
The particular test chosen for any study should have four characteristics: 1. be compatible with previous data 2. be reasonable in cost 3. reflect the section size anticipated for eventual service 4. have sufficient sensitivity to define the effects of the variables investigated.
High-strength steels were screened effectively with center fatigue precracked specimens. The thickness of the specimens was adjusted to fit a given toughness level. The sensitivity was greatest when the ratio of the nominal notch strength to the yield strength was between 0.4 and 0.8.
For tough materials at strength levels of 200 ksi and lower, the determination of valid plane-strain toughness values in the early stages of alloy and process development is impractical due to the large size of the required specimens. Precracked and standard Charpy impact specimens appeared to define usefully qualitative trends. However, in the final optimization programs, plane-strain fracture toughness specimens were used to obtain absolute fracture toughness numbers compatible with the best known state of the art.
Effect of Sampling and Testing Techniques on the Shear Strength of a Glacial-Lacustrine Clay from Welland, Ontario
Authors: Conlon RJ , Isaacs RMF 
Published: March 2009

The “lower stratified” zone of the clay deposits at Welland, Ontario, is a sensitive lacustrine clay of medium to high plasticity. This zone is of particular importance in the stability of clay slopes for the deep approach cuts of the Townline Road/Rail Tunnel currently being constructed to pass beneath the relocated Welland Canal. The undrained shear strength is a minimum parallel to the bedding in certain critical layers within the lower stratified zone, indicating that the critical stability surface would include a long flat portion along this bedding. As the economy of the project demanded the steepest possible slopes, it was judged necessary to obtain and test the best possible undisturbed samples. Data available allow a comparison of test specimens obtained from block samples, and 5 and 3-in. tube samples. These data demonstrate the need for good undisturbed samples, geologically representative samples (the critical layers within the lower stratified zone), and relevant laboratory testing (measuring the shear strength parallel to the bedding).
The paper raises two important points: (a) the degree to which the peak undrained shear strength obtained from tests on good undisturbed samples can be mobilized along a failure surface in a soil mass and (b) the effect on the shear strength of a weak layer in a stratified clay as a result of pore pressure equalization with adjacent dissimilar layers.
Use of Chemical Grouts to Sample Sands
Authors: Karol RH 
Published: March 2009

Significant dislocations of grains always occur when granular materials are sampled by conventional methods. Relative motion of soil grains during the sampling process can be minimized or prevented by replacing the void fluid by a solid prior to sampling. Chemical grouts can be used for this purpose.
Equipment and techniques for placing the grout have been developed and tested in the field. Strata as fine as 1/16 in. thick, normally lost by conventional sampling, can be delineated by chemical grouting prior to sampling.
Limited data indicate a linear relationship between relative density and unconfined compressive strength of stabilized granular soils. Laboratory testing of fabricated stabilized samples at zero and maximum density defines the relationship. Testing of stabilized field samples then indicates relative density.
Fatigue Crack Propagation in Stiffened Panels
Authors: Poe CC 
Published: March 2009

Rates of fatigue crack growth were measured in fatigue tests of stiffened panels constructed with bolted and integral stringers. The panels with bolted stringers were made from 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet with either aluminum alloy or steel stringers. The stringers were attached to the sheet with interference fit lock bolts. Stringer spacing and stiffness were varied systematically in the construction of the panels. The integrally stiffened panels were made from 7075-T6 aluminum alloy sheet extruded with outstanding stringers.
The stress intensity factor, calculated by a previously developed method, is used to predict the crack growth rates for the stiffened panels. Fatigue tests were conducted on unstiffened panels to determine the relationship between the stress intensity factor and crack growth rate.
In general, the stress intensity factor correctly predicts the crack growth rates in panels with bolted and with integral stringers except when the cracks are long. In these cases, the measured rates are slightly higher than the predicted rates. Furthermore, the stress intensity factor correctly predicts the rates to be lower in the panels with stiffer and more closely spaced stringers and to be equal in panels with steel and with aluminum alloy stringers of equal stiffness. The bolted stringers reduced the crack growth rate significantly below that for an equally stressed unstiffened panel, whereas the integral stringers had no significant effect.
An Approach to Predicting the Growth to Failure of Fatigue Cracks Subjected to Arbitrary Uniaxial Cyclic Loading
Authors: Brussat TR 
Published: March 2009

A general approach to prediction is discussed which would treat crack growth as a continuous stochastic process. Each different crack description and length would be a state in this process, with residual strength failure constituting the terminal state.
The specific theory necessary for crack growth prediction is discussed. The effective stress intensity variable developed by Walker for crack growth under tension-tension cycling is extended to compression-tension cycling. The use of this variable with constant amplitude data for prediction of crack growth under spectrum loading is described. A means of calculating the conditional probability of residual strength failure (given the predicted crack growth history) is outlined.
The prediction method is tested on a controlled set of laboratory data from large center cracked 7075-T76 aluminum panels. Constant amplitude data are used to predict crack growth under a randomized flight-by-flight load spectrum typical of a location on an aircraft wing. Agreement is found to be good despite evidence of mechanism differences between the constant amplitude and variable amplitude crack growth processes.
Evaporative Emissions—Which Volatility Factors Count?
Authors: Hurn RW 
Published: March 2009

Several volatility parameters have been investigated in an experimental study of volatility/emission relationships. These volatility indexes include Reid vapor pressure and several distillation properties. The experimental data show that the fuel tank losses are related characteristically to one parameter while carburetor losses appear to be related to a different parameter. The effect of volatility upon exhaust emissions was investigated in connection with the evaporative loss studies, and it appears that these emissions also are related directly or indirectly to the volatility characteristics of the gasoline.
The experimental results are used to illustrate how the several losses are related to the respective volatility parameters.
Minimizing Exhaust Emissions—A Realistic Approach
Authors: Faust WJ , Sterba MJ 
Published: March 2009

Piston engines will be the dominant vehicular power plant for the next 20 years. Although modifications to engine design and operating conditions will reduce exhaust emissions substantially, catalytic exhaust-gas converters will be required to reach the extreme low levels of emission desired. Lead-free gasoline will be required to permit the catalyst to function properly for the desired mileage. The initial drop in gasoline octane number, due to omission of lead, will be recovered gradually by refinery process changes. Gasoline will become more aromatic, more isoparaffinic, and less olefinic, while being reduced in sulfur content.
The total content of polynuclear aromatics in the exhaust gas is shown to be not affected by a substantial increase in the aromatic content of the gasoline. Polynuclear aromatics in the exhaust are oxidized almost completely by catalytic converters.
Governmental actions, statements by the automotive industry, and statements by the petroleum industry are cited.
Interlaboratory Program to Evaluate Present Pyrometric Practices in Elevated Temperature Testing
Authors: Korns JL 
Published: March 2009

An interlaboratory program was organized by members of the ASTM-ASME Joint Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, Subcommittee on Test Methods, to determine the consistency of temperature measurement that exists among laboratories conducting elevated temperature testing. An evaluation was made of one phase of the pyrometric practice applied, comparison of the temperature at the center of a tension specimen measured with a common reference thermocouple with the temperature of its surface using the method of thermocouple manufacture and attachment utilized by each participating laboratory. In order to simulate the normal heat losses experienced through conduction during elevated temperature testing, a typical specimen train was included. Additional clad Chromel-Alumel thermocouples, taken from a section of calibrated wire, also were provided for one time use only.
Each of the participating laboratories attached their thermocouples to the specimen and adjusted the temperature controller so that the attached thermocouples indicated exactly 1200 F (922 K). The emf of the common reference thermocouple then was measured using the same reference junction utilized in their normal practice. This procedure was then repeated using the calibrated thermocouples exposed for only one measurement.
The information that has been developed by the seven participating laboratories to date has shown more variation than was expected. The total range of reported temperatures for the common thermocouple was 11 F (6.1 K) and 18 F (10 K) for the single-use thermocouples.
A Method for Extrapolating Rupture Ductility
Authors: Goldhoff RM 
Published: March 2009

The prediction of long time, elevated temperature properties of useful alloys is of great practical importance. Time-temperature parametric relationships for correlating short time strength and predicting the long time residual strength at temperature have been developed and verified in long time testing. Equal in importance to the residual strength, however, is the capacity for deformation prior to failure, and many applications would appear to be limited by this characteristic. The object of this paper is to present an approximate but useful method for correlating and predicting characteristic, smooth test bar ductility.
The essence of the method presented is to obtain data which contain rupture ductility in a form that leads to a consistent array which can be treated by parameter techniques. To this end the rupture elongation and rupture time are ratioed to form the average creep rate, which can be treated parametrically and, when combined with the usual stress rupture parameter, provides the elements of this simple technique.
Several sets of high temperature data are treated to illustrate the technique and compare the results with actual long time data. Some attempt is made to determine how well the method may be expected to work when few data points are available. Further, the method is adaptable to prediction of either elongation or reduction of area at rupture, and this too is illustrated in the text. It is suggested that the method, while approximate, can serve as a quality control tool and should, therefore, be useful to materials engineers.
Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of Some Cryogenic Materials at Room and Subzero Temperatures
Authors: Vishnevsky C , Steigerwald EA 
Published: March 2009

An investigation was conducted to measure the plane strain fracture toughness, KIc, of eight potential cryogenic service alloys at 75, -100, and -321 F. The test materials included 7039-T61 and 2021-T81 aluminum alloys, Ti-6Al-4V STA in both alpha+beta and beta processed conditions, and the following steels: ASTM A553-A, PH 13-8Mo (H 1150-M), HP 9-4-20, and 18Ni (200 grade) maraging.
Results include both fracture toughness and tensile data as a function of test temperature for each alloy, together with overall comparisons in terms of the plane strain crack size factor, (KIc/σys)2, versus yield strength and yield strength to density ratio.
In cases where valid KIc data could not be generated, the appropriate aspects of the ASTM Tentative Method of Test for Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399 - 70T) are discussed.
Fracture of Thin Sections Containing Through and Part-through Cracks
Authors: Orange TW , Sullivan TL , Calfo FD 
Published: March 2009

Current fracture mechanics theory is used to illustrate the effects of crack dimensions and material properties on fracture stresses for through-thickness and part-through cracks. The implication of the analysis for leak-before-burst design of pressure vessels is discussed.
The applicability of plane strain theory to surface cracks in thin metal sections was studied experimentally. Specimens containing surface cracks of various depths and lengths and specimens with through cracks in the same range of crack lengths were tested. Ti-5Al-2.6Sn ELI (0.06 and 0.11 in. (1.6 and 2.9 mm) thick), 2014-T6 aluminum (0.06 in. (1.6 mm) thick), and 2219-T87 aluminum (0.07 in. (1.6 mm) thick) were tested at -423 F (20 K); the 2219-T87 alloy was also tested at +70 and -320 F (300 and 77 K).
The fracture tests indicate that, when Irwin's plastic zone size is less than about one tenth of the uncracked ligament depth (thickness minus crack depth), surface crack fracture behavior is in agreement with plane strain theory. When the plastic zone is greater than the ligament depth, fracture stresses for surface crack specimens are nearly the same as for specimens with through cracks of the same original length.
Correlation of Fracture Toughness, KIc/, with Fractographically Derived Plastic Stretched Zone Width—a Report of Astm E-24/II Task Group
Authors: Brothers AJ , Hill M , Parker MT , Spitzig WA , Wiebe W , Wolff UE 
Published: March 2009

This report describes the results of a Task Group effort of E-24 Subcommittee II on Fractography. It presents the results of a study to determine quantitative correlation between fracture toughness, KIc, and the fractographically derived width of the stretched zone preceding fracture in fracture toughness specimens. The correlation was obtained for two highstrength aluminum alloys, a 6Al-4V titanium alloy and a 18Ni maraging steel heat treated to a strength level range of 170,000 to 260,000 psi.
It is observed that the width of the stretched zone increases with increasing fracture toughness and material ductility, and exhibits good correlation with the calculated crack opening displacement, that is, the nominal displacement of the crack surfaces normal to the plane of the crack. The width of the stretched zone shows no apparent dependence on, or correlation with, material grain size. Features of the 7075-T6 alloy, for which fraetographic features were defined most clearly and documented most extensively, suggests that the stretched zone represents a region of local strain at the crack tip which forms on loading and prior to incipient cracking. The features of the transition from the stretched zone to the fracture region in this alloy suggests that fracture is induced primarily by achieving critical conditions beyond the crack tip, and is not simply associated with tearing at a critical crack tip strain level.