bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Constraints on the Representation of Spatial Relation Information: Evidence from Preverbal Infants
Authors: QUINN PAUL C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence that infants can form category representations for spatial relations such as Above, Below, and Between. It discusses two developmental changes. First, category representations for different spatial relations may emerge at different points during development. Second, category representations for spatial relations may initially be limited to the objects depicting relations, but later become more abstract so that various object can be presented in the same relation and the equivalence of the relation is maintained despite this variation. The results are discussed in terms of what versus where processing systems, and the role of language in binding together object and spatial relation information.
3 Scrupulousness without Scruples: a Critique of Lon Fuller and his Defenders
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although this chapter endorses Lon Fuller’s eight principles of legality as an illuminating exposition of the nature of the rule of law, it sustainedly contests his claims that those principles constitute the inner morality of law. It shows that Fuller ran together distinct types of autonomy, and he overlooked the existence of weighty prudential reasons for tyrannical regimes to adhere to rule-of-law requirements with quite a high degree of regularity.
Ethnosyntax:Introduction
Authors: ENFIELD N. J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter identifies the range of ethnolinguistic phenomena treated in various contributions to this book, and discusses a number of methodological and theoretical issues of importance to research on the grammar–culture interface. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 1.2 discusses a range of phenomena which come under the rubric of ‘ethnosyntax’. Section 1.3 discusses fundamental questions of theory and methodology that arise when one attempts to demonstrate the links between grammar and culture. Section 1.4 provides an overview of the subsequent chapters, while Section 1.5 concludes.
Using He and She for Inanimate Referents in English: Questions of Grammar and World View
Authors: PAWLEY ANDREW 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter compares two studies of grammatical animation in varieties spoken in Australia, and two regions in the US are compared to address the following questions: What are the functions of animation? Do gender assignments to inanimate entities follow semantic principles? How long have these patterns of pronoun use been widespread in English? It is argued that many of the data in the American study can be reinterpreted to fit the semantic principles in the Tasmanian data. However, there remains some material that cannot be reconciled with Tasmanian data, chiefly some patterns of usage by American women.
Comedy and the Rise of Rome
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book looks at Roman comedy in the light of history and Roman history in the light of comedy. Plautus and Terence base their dramas on the New Comedy of 4th- and 3rd-century BC Greece. Yet many of the themes with which they engage are peculiarly alive in the Rome of the Hannibalic war, and the conquest of Macedon. This study takes issues as diverse as the legal status of the prisoner of war, the ethics of ambush, fatherhood and command, and the clash of maritime and agrarian economies, and examines responses to them both on the comic stage and in the world at large. This is a substantially new departure in ways of thinking about Roman comedy and one that opens it up to a far wider public than has previously been the case.
Introduction
Authors: LEIGH MATTHEW 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents the aim of this study which is to examine the comedies of Plautus and Terence in the light of Roman history and Roman history in the light of Plautus and Terence. It tries to keep comedy and history in constant dialogue with each other. It discusses that Plautus and Terence wrote for the theatrical games. This fact took a central role in rapidly expanding the festive calendar of the mid-Republican Roman state. The chapter enumerates several problems that can be encountered in this kind of study: construction of history, topicality, and discourse.
Beckett’s Bill and the Loss of the Initiative
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the drafting within the British Foreign Office of an international bill of human rights, and the role of the legal Adviser, Eric Beckett, in establishing a British policy over the negotiations This was to press for a binding human rights covenant, rather than a non-binding declaration It traces the origin of controversy over a possible right of individual petition, and the unease of the British Colonial Office over the whole enterprise. It shows how the British negotiators lost the initiative, with the consequence that the United Nations gave priority to the drafting of the Universal Declaration, which was adopted in December 1948. There is a detailed account of the negotiations, and an examination of the legal status of the Declaration, and of its critics, notably Lauterpacht, and extollers.
From the Brussels Treaty to the Council of Europe
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the Hague Congress of May 1948, and its demand for a European Charter of Human Rights, which led to the drafting of such a charter. It explains British Labour Party and Foreign Office hostility to the European federalist movement, and gives an account of the convoluted and at times acrimonious negotiations which eventually led to the establishment of the Council of Europe, and to the idea that this institution should be especially concerned with the protection of human rights. It concludes with an account of the origins of the uneasy relationship between the U.K. government and the movement for European unity, which led to British failure to participate in the Schuman plan of 1950.
A Convention on the Right Lines
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the proposals for the protection of human rights put forward by the European Movement, and the hostile reaction to them from the UK government. It describes the establishment of the Juridical Committee of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the role played by the English lawyer David Maxwell–Fyfe, and the French resistance hero and former Gaullist minister Pierre Henri Teitgen. It explains the hostility of the British Foreign Office to proposals for a court of human rights, and a right of individual petition to it. It describes the mechanisms whereby the UK government sought to establish mechanisms whereby the negotiations could be brought under governmental control.
Emergencies and Derogations
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals more fully with the colonial emergencies and insurrections which accompanied the winding down of the colonial empire, of the mechanisms of repression which were used to combat them, and of the derogations to the European Convention which were submitted in response to them. It deals in particular detail with the exile of Kabaka of Buganda, and with the EOKA emergency in Cyprus: the legal measures adopted in response to it, the exile of Archbishop Makarios, and the use of the death penalty there, which triggered the first inter state proceedings, brought by Greece against the UK, under the Convention.
Normative Development in the International Legal System
Authors: Chinkin Christine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the structure of traditional international law and the conceptual bases for a distinction between legally binding and non-binding norms. It considers the debate of whether ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ law are distinct categories or end points on a continuum. It reviews various non-binding instruments and their uses, developing a criteria for identifying ‘soft’ law among the multitude of international texts adopted by international actors.
Norway: Security of Supply in Liberalized Energy Sectors: A New Role for Regulation
Authors: Hammer Ulf 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines how Norway has handled security of supply in its liberalized energy markets. It focuses on the hydropower and gas sectors. It notes that these sectors have followed parallel developments as regards market liberalization. It adds that both sectors have been liberalized pursuant to the EC Directives on the internal energy market. It explains that these sectors have also been subject to national reforms which go further than the derivatives. It clarifies that the security of supply does not depend on one, but several, markets. It notes that an overall perspective of the different markets is required. It distinguishes between commodity markets, resource markets, and transportation markets.
Singapore: National Energy Security and Regional Cooperation
Authors: Lin-Heng Lye , Youngho Chang 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by introducing the topic of energy security. It then provides an overview of Singapore's energy needs and its sources of energy. It gives an historical overview of Singapore's oil trade and gas markets. It examines Singapore's energy security policies, including the restructuring of the Singapore power industry. It investigates energy security in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It highlights that Singapore is highly dependent on energy because energy is used as an intermediate input for its production processes, and that it is also a final commodity for the market. It adds that all the energy Singapore uses is imported, with oil as the dominant import, but with an increasing share in natural gas.
Grammaticalization and Parametric Variation
Authors: BATLLORI MONTSERRAT , HERNANZ MARIA-LLUÏSA , PICALLO CARME , ROCA FRANCESC 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the term grammaticalization. It explains the theoretical framework of this book. The chapter then discusses functional categories and syntactic change and the minimalist programme. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Clitic Placement, VP-Ellipsis, and Scrambling in Romance
Authors: MARTINS ANA MARIA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter accounts for variation and change with respect to clitic placement, VP-ellipsis, and scrambling in non-V1 finite clauses in Romance. The chapter is organized in five sections. Section 11.2 shows that in Romance there is a correlation which holds both synchronically and diachronically between the availability of VP-ellipsis and enclisis in finite clauses. Section 11.3 elucidates the connection between clitic placement and Old Romance IP-scrambling. Section 11.4 presents a concise description of the different patterns of clitic placement in Old and Modern Romance and proposes a unified account of synchronic and diachronic variation. Section 11.5 summarizes and concludes the chapter.
Split wh-Constructions in Classical and Modern Greek: A Diachronic Perspective
Authors: MATHIEU ERIC , SITARIDOU IOANNA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on split wh-constructions and provides an answer to the following two questions: (i) why split wh-constructions were widespread in Classical Greek, but are now impossible in Modern Greek; (ii) why splitting of tinos and pianu, both meaning ‘whose’, are exceptions to the rule against wh-splitting in Modern Greek. Section 14.2 introduces some basic facts about hyperbaton in Classical and Modern Greek and outlines the diachronic puzzle. Section 14.3 presents an account of the licensing mechanism behind DP splitting. Section 14.4 provides a diachronic account of the loss of split wh-constructions in Modern Greek. Section 14.5 discusses the question as to why splitting of tinos and pianu is possible, while Section 14.6 concludes.
Prototypicality Judgements as Inverted Perception
Authors: BOERSMA PAUL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the result that ‘ideal’ forms found in experiments on prototypicality judgments often become peripheral within the corpus distribution of their grammatical category. It shows that a bidirectional model of phonetic perception and production solves the paradox. In that model, corpus frequency shows the production process, whereas prototypicality judgments naturally obtain from a simpler process — the inverted perception process.
Prosodic Influence on Syntactic Judgements
Authors: KITAGAWA YOSHIHISA , DEAN FODOR JANET , VOGEL RALF , SCHLESEWSKY MATTHIAS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Modest experimental findings support the general moral that this chapter is tempted to draw on the basis of informal judgments of written and spoken sentences. That is, acceptability judgments on written sentences are not purely syntax-driven; they are not free of prosody even though no prosody exists in the stimulus. This has a useful result for the conduct of syntactic research: more widespread use must be made of spoken sentences for achieving syntactic well-formedness judgments. The ideal way of presentation gives both written and auditory versions of the sentence, to reduce perceptual memory errors while making sure that the sentence is being judged on the basis of the prosody intended.
The Role of Internationalized Courts and Tribunals in the Fight Against International Criminality
Authors: Cassese Antonio 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter compares international criminal tribunals and courts with the so-called mixed or internationalized tribunals and courts, and examines the reasons underlying the establishment of these particular mixed or internationalized courts. It also considers the main practical and legal problems that these courts are facing, focusing on the experiences of Kosovo, East Timor, Cambodia, and Sierra Leone, along with areas where new internationalized courts could or might be established in the near future. A general outlook for international criminal justice is also presented. The chapter argues that there is no single response to the multifarious aspects of international criminality, and that mixed or internationalized criminal courts and tribunals may prove to be one of the most effective societal and institutional devices currently available to international lawmakers.
The Second Generation UN-Based Tribunals: A Diversity of Mixed Jurisdictions
Authors: Shraga Daphna 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The establishment of the ad hoc international tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in 1993 and 1994 triggered a proliferation of international criminal jurisdictions. A precursor to the International Criminal Court — an international, truly universal criminal jurisdiction — they have become the model upon which the second generation, country-specific ‘mixed tribunals’ were conceived. In the decade after their establishment, a number of countries emerging from civil wars of extreme brutality in which genocide, crimes against humanity, or war crimes were committed on a massive scale, called upon the United Nations (UN) to establish similar jurisdictions in their own territories. This chapter examines the diversity of mixed jurisdictions from the vantage point of the UN, focusing on the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Extraordinary Chambers for Cambodia. It concludes with a comparative analysis of the mixed composition panels of judges in the UN-administered territories of Kosovo and East Timor, and in the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Management Committee for the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Authors: Mochochoko Phakiso , Tortora Giorgia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Compared to the International Tribunals for former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, the creation of a Management Committee for the Special Court in Sierra Leone — comprising representatives of the United Nations (UN) Secretary General and the government of Sierra Leone, as well as important political and financial sponsors of the Court — is a major innovation. It is the first attempt to establish and manage a tribunal with the direct involvement, not only of the UN, but also of the state on whose territory the crimes were committed, and the donor community. This chapter provides an overview of the process that led to the establishment of the Special Court's Management Committee, the role it plays, and its future challenges.
Internationalized Courts and Substantive Criminal Law
Authors: Swart Bert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the substantive criminal law applicable in the internationalized courts created in East Timor and Sierra Leone, as well as the internationalized court envisaged for Cambodia, with a brief mention of Kosovo. The purpose of internationalized courts is examined, along with the jurisdiction and the applicable substantive law issues in these courts. Crimes under general international law, other international crimes, crimes under domestic law, and general principles of criminal law are also considered.
Conclusion
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a comparison of the findings of this book for the relationship between risk and oracles and curses. It argues that these activities show some of the ways in which ancient Greek men and women constructed and responded to perceptions of risk and uncertainty in their everyday lives. The concerns of oracle questions show the areas of life perceived as particularly likely to be sources of risk: marriage, travel, work and disease. The curse material, in turn, demonstrates how in moments of particular crisis, other people were perceived as sources of risk. In addition, these texts and the related ritual practices, reveal perceptions of the distribution of responsibility, causes of misfortune and allocation of blame, shedding light on relationships between mortals, and between mortals and the supernatural.
5. Isthmian 6: The Engendering of Ajax
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
About three years after Pytheas' success, his younger brother, Phylakidas, went to Poseidon's games at the Isthmos and also won the pankration. The ode Isthmian 6 appropriately takes Peleus' younger brother, Telamon, as its Aiakid hero, while its mythic scene is once more a wedding, its topic once more the making of a son stronger than his father, its predominant Aiakid virtue once more an understanding of the laws of hospitality (xenia). This time, however, the exemplar of this virtue is a young man who observes the duties of xenia actively, not one who practises self-restraint, and his reward is not a bride given by Zeus but instead a son, provided by a visiting Herakles. In this wedding song, Pindar makes the hero into an honorary Aiakid whose link to Aigina is now as close as that of kinship.
6. Isthmian 5: Achilles and Telephos
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Isthmian 5, the last ode in the series commissioned by Lampon and written by Pindar, again celebrates the younger son, Phylakidas, probably in 478 BC. Coached by his older brother, Phylakidas has taken another pankratic victory at the Isthmos, but he has evidently not gained the Olympic prize that was publicly prayed for in Isthmian 6. Here, Pindar had two special problems: he had to praise a victor who has so far missed his heart's desire, and he had to glorify the lesser victory of a youth at a time when men of his city had recently triumphed (or died) in a bloody encounter with invading Persians. The ode's momentary levelling of all things mortal means that news of a youthful victory in the pankration may now follow immediately, and without apology, upon the bloodshed at Salamis. Against Telephos, the aspect of the visionary Achilles undergoes a radical change.
9. Nemean 3: The Education of Achilles
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Nemean 3 is a song made by Pindar for Aristokleidas, a young man who competed in pankration. Its peculiarities are both internal and external, for the chorus, now singing and dancing, begins by pretending that it has not yet begun. This is therefore another artful representation of a pre-performance moment, like that found at the opening of Isthmian 8. As it passes from potential into actuality, the ode is pervaded with images which suggest a parallel passage from youth to maturity. In spite of sung indications of happy advancement, Nemean 3 is routinely described as a gloomy warning sent by a presumptuous poet to a man who is too old, too sick, or too untalented to continue as an athlete. And yet it is not this ultimate contest, but rather a short but perfect education of Achilles that Pindar has placed in the central triad of his ode.
10. Nemean 6: Athletes as Heroes
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses Nemean 6, an ode by Pindar which is unlike any of the other Aiginetan songs because it is performed to honour, not just one victor or even a pair, but five generations of Bassids who have secured a total of twenty-five victories in four major contests. Pindar's approach is seemingly self-contradictory. First he discovers a philosophical stance that recognises no difference between victory and defeat, then uses the traditional epinician design to describe athletes of the past as if they were mythic heroes whose stature could not embarrass an ordinary mortal. These extremes would seem to be irreconcilable, but a principle of alternation is proposed as a bridge between them. The ode produces a pair of ordinary mortals, the Bassid athletes Kallias and Kleontidas, and invest them with the same lyric immediacy that is usually given to heroes of legend and cult.
2 The Refugees
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the root cause of the Greek refugee problem. It then discusses the persecutions of Greeks in Eastern Thrace and Asia Minor; resettlement of Greek refugees in Macedonia, 1913-1915; the Asia Minor catastrophe; displacement of Ottoman Greek citizens from their ancestral lands; and the Convention of Lausanne on 30 January 1923.
5 Plato and the Persian Wars
Authors: Rowe Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Plato's brilliant parody of a funeral speech, Menexenus wholly undercuts the Athenians' formulaic idealization of their glorious past and the rhetorical conventions they had invented in order to consolidate this ideological procedure. The Atlantis of the Timaeus and Critias is more than an allegorical polis cryptically ‘standing for’ Athenian expansionist naval power: it plays a more ironic role in Plato's use of the Persian Wars tradition; the Atlantis myth examines ‘what kind of victory Athens would have needed to win in order to deserve the encomium Menexenus denies it’. Crucially, the chapter offers a powerful corrective to the dominant traditions seen elsewhere in (primarily) Athenian sources that the Persian Wars were seen by all as a cause only for celebration.
10 Operatic Variations on an Episode at the Hellespont
Authors: Kimbell David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the vogue in 17th- and 18th-century opera for dramatizing the episode of Xerxes at the Hellespont. Thus, one of the most important ways in which people were educated about the Persian Wars at this time was through the imaginative fictions sung by the stars of this hugely popular form of musical theatre. The chapter considers the reason for this trend, as well as the way in which transformations of the familiar story illustrate the changing tastes in adapting history to the exigencies of the operatic stage. The discussion centres on Minato's libretto Il Xerse as set by the leading Venetian composer Cavalli (1654), the remarkable Xerxes in Abydos by J. P. Förtsch (1688), who was a leading figure in the first German-language opera house at Hamburg, Bononcini's Xerse (1694), and Handel's Serse (1738).