bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of Th‐2 cytokines interleukin‐4 and −5 and of Th‐1 cytokine interferon‐γ in ovalbumin‐exposed sensitized Brown‐Norway rats
Authors: HACZKU A. , MACARY P. , HADDAD E.‐B. , HUANG T. J. , KEMENY D. M. , MOQBEL R. , CHUNG K. F. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryWe determined the expression of Th‐2 type cytokines, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐5, and of the Th‐1 type cytokine, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), in the Brown‐Norway rat. Rats were intraperitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin and 21 days later were either exposed to ovalbumin or saline aerosol. The value—log PC300 (PC300 = concentration of acetylcholine needed to increase baseline lung resistance by 300%) was 2·49 ± 0·15 in sensitized, exposed rats, was higher than in sensitized, saline‐exposed or naive rats (1·54 ± 0·27 and 1·63 ± 0·06 respectively, P < 005). There was a significant increase in eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in airway submucosal airway tissues in the sensitized exposed group. Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed on total lung RNA using primers for IL‐4, IL‐5, IFN‐γ and β‐actin. IL‐4 and IL‐5 mRNA levels in control and sensitized saline‐exposed rats were not detectable, but increased levels were found in sensitized and ovalbumin‐exposed rats with levels of 0·25 ± 0·01 and 0·98 ± 0·02% of β‐actin mRNA as assessed by densitometric measurements. Expression of IFN‐γ mRNA was significantly reduced in sensitized and ovalbumin‐exposed rats. As in asthmatic airways, there is an increased expression of Th‐2 cytokines, IL‐4 and IL‐5, together with a reduction in the Th‐1 cytokine, IFN‐γ, thus supporting a role for Th‐2 cytokines in allergic eosinophilic inflammation.
The contrasting effects of CD8+ T cells on primary, established and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis‐induced IgE responses
Authors: HOLMES B. J. , DIAZ‐SANCHEZ D. , LAWRENCE R. A. , BELL E. B. , MAIZELS R. M. , KEMENY D. M. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryRecent data have indicated that CD8+ T cells suppress rodent IgE responses. In this study we investigated the effect of CD8+ T cells on primary and established IgE responses in euthymic and athymic nude rats. Euthymic PVG rats were depleted of CD8+ T cells by intraperitoneal injection of a CD8‐specific monoclonal antibody (OX8), which resulted in an apparent loss of 92% of splenic and 98% of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells. The CD8+ T cell depleted animals failed to mount a significant IgE response compared with control animals given an irrelevant monoclonal antibody (OX21). Furthermore, PVG nude rats reconstituted with purified CD4+ thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) alone failed to mount a significant IgE response, while animals given unfractionated TDL (containing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) did. Depletion of CD8+ T cells 7 days prior to immunization and subsequent reconstitution at the time of immunization restored the IgE response. In contrast, removal of CD8+ T cells 1 month after induction of IgE by immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) and ricin prolonged the IgE response. In all cases IgG antibody responses were unaffected by the presence or absence of CD8+ T cells. This study shows that some CD8+ T cells are required for IgE, but not IgG, production to soluble antigen in a primary immune response. However, later in the immune response CD8+ T cells were shown to inhibit IgE production. These effects were apparently restricted to the immune response to soluble antigen, as Hooded Lister rats infected with 9000 larvae of the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis produced high sustained levels of circulating IgE, in excess of 10 μg/ml, regardless of whether CD8+ T cells were depleted before or 1 month after infection.
Activation of an interleukin‐4 mRNA‐producing population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells after infection withMycobacterium bovisor vaccination with killed, but not live, BCG
Authors: HOOK S. , GRIFFIN F. , MACKINTOSH C. , BUCHAN G. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis study examines the expression of mRNA for the Th2 cytokine, interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from deer infected withMycobacterium bovisor vaccinated with live or killedM. bovisbacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) were cultured with mycobacterial antigens. IL‐4 mRNA production was assayed using the polymerase chain reaction. Elevated levels of IL‐4 mRNA were detected in response to at least one antigen preparation in all animals infected withM. bovisas compared with none of the non‐infected control animals. After a primary immunization, elevated levels of IL‐4 mRNA were detected in only a proportion of vaccinated animals and this did not correlate with whether the vaccine was live BCG or killed BCG in oil. After boosting, all the animals vaccinated with killed BCG in oil exhibited elevated IL‐4 mRNA production whereas none of the animals vaccinated with live BCG showed elevated levels. The data suggest that IL‐4 is turned off during the immune response to live BCG, that boosting of low‐dose live BCG vaccine may be required to ‘imprint’ this signal and that this may be important in the development of protective immunity to tuberculosis. Killed BCG in adjuvant is not protective and as with experimental infection with virulentM. bovisit failed to switch off the IL‐4 response. IL‐4 may be useful as a diagnostic tool and as anin vitromarker of vaccine efficacy.
Characterisation of pore properties of deep‐fat‐fried chicken nuggets breading coating using mercury intrusion porosimetry technique
Authors: Adedeji Akinbode A. , Ngadi Michael 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe objective of this study was to characterise the pore properties of deep‐fat‐fried chicken nuggets coating under different processing conditions namely frying temperatures (170, 180 and 190 °C) and time (0–240 s) using porosimetry technique. Porosity range obtained was between 39.93 and 68.99%. Porosity of the freeze‐dried samples decreased with frying time. The main effect of temperature on porosity was significant (P < 0.05). Porosity showed a high positive and negative correlation with moisture and fat contents, and the correlation coefficients ranged between 0.88 and 0.96 and 0.78 and 0.8, respectively. Bulk density increased with frying time, while apparent density was relatively the same. Pore distribution showed bimodality. There was no significant effect of temperature on pore size distribution. Over 70% of the pore volume is made up of pores greater than 1 μm. Pore volume ranged between 0.54 and 1.5 cm3 g−1, and it decreased with frying time. Mean pore diameter was between 0.006 and 389 μm, while with frying time, it ranged between 0.25 and 8.32 μm. Total pore area was between 2.53 and 16.53 m2 g−1. Hysteresis phenomenon showed that some of the pores were not perfectly cylindrical in shape.
Nucleotide degradation products of gamma‐irradiated sea bream (Sparus aurata) stored in ice
Authors: Özogul Fatih , Özden Özkan , Özoğul Yeşim , Erkan Nuray 
Published: November 2010

SummaryNucleotide degradation products of irradiated sea bream stored up to 19 days in ice were investigated. Irradiation had significant effect on the nucleotide concentrations in sea bream muscle (P < 0.05). The results showed that the highest value of inosine monophosphate (IMP) was observed in irradiated sea bream at 5 kGy, followed by at 2.5 kGy. Initial inosine (INO) concentration in irradiated sea bream at 5 kGy was 4.26 μmoles g−1, which reached maximum value of 8.83 μmoles g−1 when fish completely spoiled (19 days). When the fish reached the limit of acceptability, the mean values of K, Ki, H and G were 86.8%, 90.3%, 59.8% and 213.9% for unirradiated sea bream, 85.2%, 87.8%, 56.8% and 197.8% for irradiated sea bream at 2.5 kGy and 88.4%, 90.9%, 57.8%, 211.5% for irradiated sea bream at 5 kGy, respectively. The results of this study indicated that nucleotide degradation was more rapid in unirradiated sea bream than those irradiated. K, Ki, H and G value in irradiated fish can be used as a freshness index because there is a good linear relationship between values and storage time of fish.
Comparison of fisetin and quercetin oxidation with a cell‐free extract of onion trimmings and peel, plant waste, containing peroxidase enzyme: a further insight into flavonol degradation mechanism
Authors: Osman Ali , Makris Dimitris P. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryA peroxidase‐active, cell‐free extract prepared from onion solid wastes was studied with regard to its biocatalytic properties, using fisetin (3,3′,4′,7‐tetrahydroxyflavone) as substrate. This particular substrate was selected to investigate specifically the role of the A‐ring of the flavonol skeleton in the oxidisability and cleavage pathway(s), and ascertain whether changes in substitution pattern may affect product formation, compared with quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7‐pentahydroxyflavone). Oxidation was shown to be optimum at pH values between 5 and 7 and temperatures between 20 and 40 °C. HPLC analyses of a fisetin solution treated with the cell‐free extract revealed the formation of three major products, including 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid), 2,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (β‐resorcylic acid) and the depside 2‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzyloxy)‐4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid. The tentative identification of these substances permitted an approach to a putative oxidation pathway, which appeared to have important similarities with that of quercetin.
Effects of spontaneous and inoculated fermentation on the volatile profile of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn) fermented beverages
Authors: Alves Juliana Alvarenga , Lima Luiz Carlos de Oliveira , Dias Disney Ribeiro , Nunes Cleiton Antônio , Schwan Rosane Freitas 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of yeast to the volatile profile of beverages obtained by the fermentation of lychee must through inoculated (Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains UFLA CA116, UFLA CA1183 and UFLA CA1174) and spontaneous fermentation. Higher alcohols and esters were the primary volatiles detected by SPME/GC–MS. A Principal Component Analysis indicated similarities between UFLA CA116 and UFLA CA1183 and between UFLA CA1174 and spontaneous fermentation. Changing the yeast strain used in the fermentation process has the potential to modulate the volatile profile of fermented beverages. The beverage produced by the inoculation of yeast CA1183 showed the most complex aroma profile compared to the other beverages.
Influence of storage conditions on the sensory quality of a high acid apple
Authors: Guerra Marcos , Sanz Miguel A. , Casquero Pedro A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryStudies involving sensory analysis and consumer acceptance have not been reported for high acid apples. The objectives of this work were to determine (i) the influence of storage condition on sensory quality and (ii) which instrumental attributes would influence good consumer acceptability of a high acid apple, ‘Reinette du Canada’. Textural descriptors including firmness, crispness and juiciness and acidity decreased during storage irrespective of the storage condition, with fruit stored in cold storage (CS) having lower sensory scores than fruit stored in controlled atmospheres (CA). Consumer acceptance decreased significantly during storage, although loss of quality in the CS fruit was significantly greater than in the CA‐stored fruit. It must be emphasised that titratable acidity (TA) played a positive role in consumer acceptability. As hue, firmness and TA were the instrumental properties that best correlated with consumer acceptance, these instrumental properties would be useful for predicting during long‐term storage, the consumer acceptability of a high acid apple such as ‘Reinette du Canada’.
Effects of rosemary and sage tea extracts on the sensory, chemical and microbiological changes of vacuum‐packed and refrigerated sardine (Sardina pilchardus) fillets
Authors: Kenar Mehmet , Özogul Fatih , Kuley Esmeray 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe effect of the natural antioxidants and antimicrobials from ethanol extracts of rosemary and sage tea on sensory, chemical [Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid (FFA)] and microbiological (total viable count‐TVC and total coliform count) changes of vacuum‐packaged sardine (Sardina pilchardus) fillets stored at 3 ± 1 °C was investigated for 20 days. The fish fillets were divided into three groups: untreated group (control, C) and treated groups that were immersed in a 1 L of distilled water containing 10 g rosemary (R group) or sage tea (S group) extracts for 4 min. The shelf life of sardine fillets was found to be 13 days for control (C), 20 days for R and S groups according to sensory assessment results, whose corresponded microbiological assessment showed a shorter shelf life (5 days for C group, 9 for R and S groups). At the end of storage period, TBARs values were 0.98 mg malonaldehyde kg−1 for C group, 0.66 malonaldehyde kg−1 for R group and 1.44 mg malonaldehyde kg−1 for S group. Microbiological results showed that natural compounds from rosemary and sage tea resulted in a lower bacterial growth in fish fillets during the storage period.
Effectiveness of ethanolic galangal extract (Alpinia galanga Linn.) on inhibition of lipid oxidation in fish muscle systems
Authors: Buaniaw Chaiwut , Siripongvutikorn Sunisa , Thongraung Chakree 
Published: November 2010

SummaryEffectiveness of ethanolic galangal extract as an antioxidant in fish mince and fillet was investigated. The extract (5.8 μm gallic acid equivalent; GAE) reduced deoxygenation of sea bass haemoglobin (Lates calcarifer) at pH 6.5. The lag time for TBARs development in washed sea bass mince mediated by the haemoglobin at pH 6.5 was extended from 2 to 8 days by added galangal extract (0.02% w/w GAE). Washing the sea bass fillet with low preformed lipid hydroperoxide (LHP) content by galangal extract solution (0.2% w/v GAE) effectively inhibited the TBARs formation throughout the storage. However, in the longtail tuna fillet (Thunnus tonggol) having a significant content of preformed LHP, there was nonsignificant difference in the reaction lag time of the samples washed with the solution and with water. Thus, galangal extract can be used as an antioxidant in fish if its application is performed before initiation of lipid oxidation.
Physicochemical and functional properties of full‐fat and defatted Moringa oleifera kernel flour
Authors: Ogunsina Babatunde S. , Radha Cheruppanpullil , Govardhan Singh Raichur S. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryFull‐fat and defatted Moringa oleifera kernel flours were analysed for their functional properties. The effect of pH and NaCl concentrations on the functional properties of the flours was investigated following standard procedures. The protein content of full‐fat and defatted flour was 36.18 and 62.76 g/100 g, respectively. The concentrations of other proximate constituents of the defatted flour were higher than those of the full‐fat flour. Nitrogen solubility was lowest at pH of 4.0 and 9.0, respectively, with maximum solubility occurring at pH of 6.0. Defatting increased the water absorption and fat absorption capacities of Moringa oleifera kernel flour. The foaming capacity and foam stability of the defatted flour were 86.0% and 82.0 mL, whereas that of full‐fat flour were 20.6% and 18.5 mL respectively. The defatted flour showed better emulsification (97.2 mL g−1) than full‐fat flour (66.0 mL g−1). The least gelation concentration of the defatted and full‐fat flours was 14% and 16% (w/v) respectively. Moringa oleifera kernel flour can be a valuable source of vegetable protein in fortified food products formulation.
Spatial and temporal variations in boreal forest fire frequency in northern Alberta
Authors: Larsen C. P. S. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract.Spatial and temporal variations in fire frequency in the boreal forest of Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP) were assessed using forest stand age, fire scar and historical data. I test the hypotheses that (1) fire frequency is higher in jack pine forests and aspen forests than in black spruce forests and white spruce forests, (2) these variations in fire frequency can be related to the mean waterbreak distance (MWD) around a site and (3) fire frequency has changed over the past 300 years.The fire cycles (the time required to burn an area equal in size to the entire study area) in jack pine forests (39 years) and in aspen forests (39 years) were significantly shorter than those in black spruce forests (78 years) and in white spruce forests (96 years). The length of the fire cycle varies inversely with the MWD around a site, and the MWD was significantly higher in jack pine and aspen forests than in black or white spruce forests. It is suggested that covariations between soil type and the MWD influence, respectively, variations in forest dominant and fire frequency.A change in fire frequency at 1860 was apparent in the fire history for all of WBNP, the black spruce dominated stands, and the near and medium MWD classes. The fire cycle estimates for these classes were all significantly shorter during the period 1750 to 1859 (fire cycles = 25–49 years) than they were in the period 1860 to 1989 (fire cycles = 59–89 years). The possible roles of changes in climate and aboriginal burning practices in causing the temporal change in fire frequency are discussed.
Surface sensing inVibrio parahaemolyticustriggers a programme of gene expression that promotes colonization and virulence
Authors: Gode‐Potratz Cindy J. , Kustusch Ryan J. , Breheny Patrick J. , Weiss David S. , McCarter Linda L. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryVibrio parahaemolyticussenses surfaces via impeded rotation of its polar flagellum. We have exploited this surface‐sensing mechanism to trick the organism into thinking it is on a surface when it is growing in liquid. This facilitated studies of global gene expression in a way that avoided many of the complications of surface‐to‐liquid comparisons, and illuminated ∼ 70 genes that respond to surface sensingper se. Almost all are surface‐induced (not repressed) and encode swarming motility proteins, virulence factors or sensory enzymes involved with chemoreception and c‐di‐GMP signalling. Follow‐up studies were performed to place the surface‐responsive genes in a regulatory hierarchy. Mapping the hierarchy revealed two surprises about LafK, a transcriptional activator that until now has been considered to be the master regulator for the lateral flagellar system. First, LafK controls a more diverse set of genes than previously appreciated. Second, somelafgenes are not under LafK control, which means LafK is not the master regulator after all. Additional experiments motivated by the transcriptome analyses revealed that growth on a surface lowers c‐di‐GMP levels and enhances cytotoxicity. Thus, we demonstrate thatV. parahaemolyticuscan invoke a programme of gene control upon encountering a surface and the specific identities of the surface‐responsive genes are pertinent to colonization and pathogenesis.
Phosphorylation of InhA inhibits mycolic acid biosynthesis and growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Molle Virginie , Gulten Gulcin , Vilchèze Catherine , Veyron‐Churlet Romain , Zanella‐Cléon Isabelle , Sacchettini James C. , Jacobs Jr William R. , Kremer Laurent 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe remarkable survival ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in infected hosts is related to the presence of cell wall‐associated mycolic acids. Despite their importance, the mechanisms that modulate expression of these lipids in response to environmental changes are unknown. Here we demonstrate that the enoyl‐ACP reductase activity of InhA, an essential enzyme of the mycolic acid biosynthetic pathway and the primary target of the anti‐tubercular drug isoniazid, is controlled via phosphorylation. Thr‐266 is the unique kinase phosphoacceptor, both in vitro and in vivo. The physiological relevance of Thr‐266 phosphorylation was demonstrated using inhA phosphoablative (T266A) or phosphomimetic (T266D/E) mutants. Enoyl reductase activity was severely impaired in the mimetic mutants in vitro, as a consequence of a reduced binding affinity to NADH. Importantly, introduction of inhA_T266D/E failed to complement growth and mycolic acid defects of an inhA‐thermosensitive Mycobacterium smegmatis strain, in a similar manner to what is observed following isoniazid treatment. This study suggests that phosphorylation of InhA may represent an unusual mechanism that allows M. tuberculosis to regulate its mycolic acid content, thus offering a new approach to future anti‐tuberculosis drug development.
Antagonistic regulation of motility and transcriptome expression by RpoN and RpoS in Escherichia coli
Authors: Dong Tao , Yu Rosemary , Schellhorn Herb 
Published: November 2010

SummaryBacteria generally possess multiple σ factors that, based on structural and functional similarity, divide into two families: σ70 and σN. Many studies have revealed σ factor competition within the σ70 family, while the competition between σN and σ70 families has yet to be fully explored. Here we report a global antagonistic effect on gene expression between two alternative σ factors, σN (RpoN) and a σ70 family protein σS (RpoS). Mutations in rpoS and rpoN were found to inversely affect a number of cellular traits, such as the expression of flagellar genes, σN‐controlled growth on poor nitrogen sources, and σS‐directed expression of acid phosphatase AppA. Transcriptome analysis reveals that about 60% of genes in the RpoN regulon are under reciprocal RpoS control. Furthermore, loss of RpoN led to increased levels of RpoS, while RpoN levels were unaffected by the rpoS mutation. Expression of the flagellar σF factor (FliA), another σ70 family protein, is controlled positively by RpoN but negatively by RpoS. This positive control by RpoN is likely mediated through the flagellar regulator FlhDC, whose expression is RpoN‐dependent. These findings unveil a complex regulatory interaction among σN, σS and σF, which modulates motility, nitrogen utilization, stress response and many other cellular functions.
Schistosoma haematobium infection affects Plasmodium falciparum‐specific IgG responses associated with protection against malaria
Authors: COURTIN D. , DJILALI‐SAÏAH A. , MILET J. , SOULARD V. , GAYE O. , MIGOT‐NABIAS F. , SAUERWEIN R. , GARCIA A. , LUTY A.J.F. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryWe have previously shown that antibody responses directed to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP)‐1, MSP‐2 and glutamate‐rich protein (GLURP) are associated with anti‐malarial protection in residents of the Niakhar area of Senegal. In the same area, urinary schistosomiasis is frequent and we therefore assessed the possible influence of Schistosoma haematobium infection on these protective anti‐malarial IgG responses. After adjustment for confounders, we found that the levels of IgG1 directed to MSP1 and GLURP were significantly lower in helminth carriers. The higher circulating levels of interleukin (IL)‐10 present in the plasma of co‐infected individuals were associated with decreased anti‐plasmodial IgG responses, particularly of those directed to MSP‐2. Our data thus reveal a modulation of P. falciparum‐specific immune responses in the presence of a trematode helminth infection, potentially increasing infected individuals’ risk of plasmodial infection or disease.