bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socrates, Obedience, and the Law: Plato's Crito
Authors: Dybikowski J. 
Published: June 2010

The Crito does not set out to provide a complete theory of what subjects owe their governments in obedience. It is particularly concerned with what Socrates should do. On the way, however, it reveals general commitments which bear implications for judging other situations with which the dialogue is not directly concerned.The first section of this essay outlines Crito's reasons for urging escape as well as Socrates' general strategy for disarming Crito's case. It particularly draws attention to the rhetorical devices Socrates cleverly exploits to alter Crito's perspective in judging his proposed plan. The second section examines the dialogue's arguments which purport to show why Socrates must refuse Crito's offer. Its object is to distinguish, and exhibit the logical implications of, positions which in the dialogue form part of a continuous story.
Cassirer et Heidegger: histoire d'un affrontement
Authors: Nadeau Robert 
Published: June 2010

La Bibliothèque des Archives de Philosophic comprend maintenant un ouvrage où l'on trouve la traduction française de quatre textes importants pour l'historien du savoir. Le texte central est celui du Collogue Cassirer-Heidegger qui eut lieu à Davos en mars 1929, où les deux philosophes confrontèrent leur lecture de Kant. Les trios autres textes ont pour but de mettre un peu mieux en lumière le sens de cette confrontation: il s'agit1. du résumé anonyme des « Conférences du Professeur Martin Heidegger sur la Critique de la Raison Pure de Kant et sur la tâche d'une fondation de la Métaphysique » et du résumé des « Conférences du Professeur Ernst Cassirer »;2. du compte rendu fait par Cassirer du Kant-Buch de Heidegger;3. du compte rendu fait par Heidegger du deuxième volume de la Philosophie der symbolischen Formen de Cassirer.
Hegel et l'idéologie française
Authors: D'Hondt Jacques 
Published: June 2010

LES pensées ont-elles une patrie ? Cela semble universellement admis. Sans autre inquiétude, on parle de philosophie grecque, de philosophie allemande.De ce point de vue, qu'en est-il de Hegel? Impossible de contester le caractère profondément allemand de ce penseur, si le mot allemand garde un sens! Cet ancrage national rend compte, du moins en partie, de sa démesure spéculative. C'est l'Allemagne qui l'appelle à la philosophie, et cette vocation lui impose un souci théorique qui s'emparera aussi, plus tard, de Marx.
Moral Responsibility for Dreams
Authors: Mullane Harvey 
Published: June 2010

If someone reports that he had been thinking that he would very much like to seduce his sister, an appropriate comment might be: “Shame on you for having such a nasty idea.” But if one reports that he dreamt he seduced his sister the situation appears quite different, for while we might be repulsed by the dream shaming seems, to say the least, far less appropriate.We do not ordinarily, if ever, say things like, “It was bad (naughty, immoral, etc.) of you to dream that.” A child may be sent to bed without supper for saying that he hates his father, but not for reporting a dream which clearly expresses hate for his father.
Descartes et la connaissance intuitive
Authors: Bourassa André 
Published: June 2010

René Descartes, émerveillé par la rigueur scientifique des théorèmes de géométrie, en vint à « imaginer » que pouvaient être démontrées avec la même rigueur les conclusions de la philosophie. Son but: s'accoutumer l'esprit « à se repaître de vérités ». Sa méthode : devant toute chose, « qu'on s'abstienne d'en recevoir aucune pour vraie qui ne le soit, et qu'on garde toujours l'ordre qu'il faut pour les déduire les unes des autres ». Son point de départ : les « raisons certaines et évidentes ». En somme, une dialectique consistant àconduire par ordre mes pensées, en commençant par les objets les plus simples et les plus aisés à connaître, pour monter peu à peu, comme par degrés jusqu'à la connaissance des plus composés; en supposant même de l'ordre entre ceux qui ne se précèdent point naturellement les uns les autres.
Moral Judgments and Emotional Displays: A Comment
Authors: Jack Henry 
Published: June 2010

Professor Braybrooke has presented some interesting and novel points in support of the emotive theory in his recent paper. I imagine that his points are designed to worry objectivists or antiemotivists. In this note I will try to show that they need not worry very much.1. In addition to moral sentences and factual sentences (M-locutions and F-locutions) we should pick out for comparison a class of expressive sentences (E-locutions) whose function is to express or evince emotions. I much prefer “express” to Braybrooke's “display” here. Examples of expressive sentences are: “I am angry,” “I am afraid,” “I am furious,” “I am very pleased,” etc.
Dray's Philosophy of History
Authors: Fell Albert P. 
Published: June 2010

The philosophy of history has achieved, in the last decade or two, a place of importance in English-speaking philosophy which it has long had on the continent. Professor Dray has been one of the most active contributors to recent discussions on this group of related topics, first with his Laws and Explanation in History (Oxford University Press, 1957), later in articles published in journals or collections of essays, and most recently in Philosophy of History, an introduction to the subject published in the Prentice-Hall Foundations of Philosophy Series.Once thought to be on the periphery of philosophical interest, the philosophy of history can no longer be so considered both because of the increasing importance and accuracy of historical knowledge—and the desirability of a correct analysis of it—and because the attempt to achieve this analysis raises problems in the philosophy of mind and epistemology which are generally admitted to be central philosophical interests.
Les rédactions successives de la secunda via de « Contra Gentiles » I 13
Authors: Décarie Vianney 
Published: June 2010

Au chapitre 13 du livre I du Contra Gentiles, Thomas d'Aquin présente deux arguments en faveur de l'existence de Dieu, ex parte motus; il affirme en outre que ces viae sont tirées d'Aristote.On ne pouvait mettre en doute cette assertion que confirme ridentification facile des textes d'Aristote utilisés par Thomas d'Aquin. On s'est plutot interrogé sur les influences qui ont poussé l'auteur du Contra Gentiles à répartir des textes tirés des livres VII et VIII de la Physique en deux arguments très longs, mais fortement charpentés et clairement articulés. Le père Salman a souligné l'influence d'Averroès que monsieur Gilson retenait récemment.
Abstract Individuals
Authors: McCall Storrs 
Published: June 2010

The title of this paper may seem to involve a contradiction: my purpose is to show that it does not.Individuals fall into two categories; those which depend for their existence upon the existence of other individuals, and those which do not. In the second category are found such things as shoes, ships, cabbages, kings, and discrete bits of sealing wax. These may be calledindividual substances, and the way in which the existence of a cabbage depends upon water and earth, or in which Descartes says the existence of all things depends upon God, will not be in point here. The individuals of the first category are characterized by a much more obvious kind of dependence. They include the sound of an individual shoe falling on the floor, the sinking of theBismarck, the stupidity of George I, the centre of gravity of a bit of sealing wax. All these are individuals, though they are not individual substances. They are what I shall callabstract individuals, orabstract particulars.
Teilhard et la Philosophie
Authors: Langlois Jean 
Published: June 2010

Nous abordons en ce moment un aspect de l'ceuvre teilhardienne qui a suscité et suscite encore de nombreuses discussions. D'une part, Teilhard déclare à plusieurs reprises vouloir s'en tenir à un point de vue strictement scientifique:Pour être correctement compris, le livre que je présente ici demande à ^tre lu, non pas comme un ouvrage métaphysique, encore moins comme une sorte d'essai théologique, mais uniquement et exclusivement comme un mémoire scientifique (P.H., p. 21).
L'Union du Corps et de l'Ame selon Saint Augustin
Authors: Champoux Roger 
Published: June 2010

Le problème de l'âme a été abordé par tous les grands philosophes, depuis les premiers Grecs jusqu'aux modernes et aux contemporains. La pensée de saint Augustin sur cette question présente de l'intérêt à plus d'un titre. II est le premier grand penseur chrétien qui ait utilisé, pour une meilleure compréhension de sa foi, les données des philosophies de son temps, surtout de la tradition néo-platoni-cienne.Ce travail ne vise pas à une étude complète de la conception de l'âme chez saint Augustin; il ne veut qu'aborder le point plus précis de l'union du corps et de l'âme. Une première partie esquissera rapidement la définition de l'homme et de ses constituants, le corps et l'âme. La seconde partie en étudiera le mode d'union.
Philosophie des valeurs en psychothérapie
Authors: Gratton Henri 
Published: June 2010

Dans presque tous les domaines scientifiques, on a tenté d'évincer la réflexion philosophique soi-disant au bénéfice d'objectifs strictement empiriques. La psychothérapie ne fait pas exception.Freud qui a, pour ainsi dire, inauguré l'ère des psychothérapies a été pour beaucoup à l'origine de cette attitude négative. II considérait la philosophic comme le refuge de la fantaisie abstraite, pour ceux qui ne sont plus à même de s'en tenir à l'observation des faits. II partageait ainsi les préjugés les plus communs de la profession médicale de son temps.
The Concept of Ideology in Sartre: ‘Situatedness’ as an Epistemological and Anthropological Concept
Authors: Wein Hermann 
Published: June 2010

The main sources of the style of contemporary philosophy, sources which run counter to the style of classical philosophy, come together in the intellectual development and works of Jean-Paul Sartre. In him can be seen the styles of Hegel, Kierkegaard, Marx, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and perhaps even of Wittgenstein. Sartre's L'être et le néant was one focal point of these influences. A re-evaluation of Marx is characteristic of his later works. Marx's philosophical theory is more than just a theory:… it was not the idea which unsettled us; nor was it the condition of the worker, which we knew abstractly but which we had not experienced. No, it was the two joined together. It was—as we would have said then in our idealist jargon even as we were breaking with idealism—the Proletariat as the incarnation and vehicle of an idea.
A new species of Thorecta (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the western Atlantic, with remarks on the taxonomy of the genus
Authors: Santos Josivete P. , da Silva Suzane M. , Bonifácio Paulo H.O. , Esteves Eduardo L. , Pinheiro Ulisses S. , Muricy Guilherme 
Published: June 2010

The family Thorectidae includes 23 valid genera and 130 species, characterized by the presence of laminated fibres and diplodal choanocytye chambers. Currently the genus Thorecta comprises approximately 20 valid species, distributed mainly in the Indo-Pacific. We describe here a new species of Thorecta that is the only valid species of the genus described in the Atlantic Ocean so far. Samples were collected by trawling on board of the RV ‘Astro Garoupa’ in Potiguar Basin, on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte State, north-eastern Brazil. Thorecta atlantica sp. nov. is greyish-brown to dark brownish-grey and presents a distinctive globular or clavulate shape, with 1–2 large apical oscules that open to deep atria. It was found between 61 and 160 m depth. A literature survey suggests that many species referred to Thorecta should be relocated to different genera due to absence of diagnostic characters, and that the genus Thorecta should group only 11 species: T. carteri, T. marginalis, T. prima, T. lata, T. farlovi, T. meandrina, T. polygona, T. reticulata, T. tuberculata, T. vasiformis and T. atlantica sp. nov. The tortuous history of the genus is an example of the damage that poorly-described species can cause to classification. Detailed descriptions of fresh material, well illustrated by photographs and including as many characters as possible, are essential tools for the clarification of the systematics of Thorecta in the future.
Xenophon's Socrates on Political Ambition and Political Philosophy
Authors: Lorch Benjamin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis essay investigates Xenophon's claim in the Memorabilia that political ambition is a qualification for the study of political philosophy, through an examination of three conversations between Socrates and politically ambitious men. These conversations reveal that the basis for the ambition to serve the public welfare is a concern not only with one's political community but also with one's own character and its excellence or virtue. Politically ambitious men hold virtue to be the greatest good, but they may not know what virtue is. For someone who is conscious of his concern with virtue and of his ignorance of virtue, there is no more urgent task than to search for the knowledge of virtue through the study of political philosophy.
On the Significance of the Literary Character of Francis Bacon'sNew Atlantisfor an Understanding of His Political Thought
Authors: Craig Tobin L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFrancis Bacon'sNew Atlantisis considered with a view to the problematic unity of its author's oeuvre. Beginning from the question of the genre or literary character of the work and proceeding through a consideration of the Platonic precedent announced in the title, an attempt is made to reconcile Bacon's rejection of the classical, utopian tradition of political thought with the apparently utopian character of the island of Bensalem. Such an interpretation suggests that the title announces a project shown to be possible, even necessary, in the course of the travel story that is the drama of the work.
On the Number of Perfect Matchings in Random Lifts
Authors: GREENHILL CATHERINE , JANSON SVANTE , RUCIŃSKI ANDRZEJ 
Published: June 2010

Let G be a fixed connected multigraph with no loops. A random n-lift of G is obtained by replacing each vertex of G by a set of n vertices (where these sets are pairwise disjoint) and replacing each edge by a randomly chosen perfect matching between the n-sets corresponding to the endpoints of the edge. Let XG be the number of perfect matchings in a random lift of G. We study the distribution of XG in the limit as n tends to infinity, using the small subgraph conditioning method.We present several results including an asymptotic formula for the expectation of XG when G is d-regular, d ≥ 3. The interaction of perfect matchings with short cycles in random lifts of regular multigraphs is also analysed. Partial calculations are performed for the second moment of XG, with full details given for two example multigraphs, including the complete graph K4.To assist in our calculations we provide a theorem for estimating a summation over multiple dimensions using Laplace's method. This result is phrased as a summation over lattice points, and may prove useful in future applications.
Enriching ontologies with multilingual information
Authors: MONTIEL-PONSODA E. , AGUADO DE CEA G. , GÓMEZ-PÉREZ A. , PETERS W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a novel approach to ontology localization with the objective of obtaining multilingual ontologies. Within the ontology development process, ontology localization has been defined as the activity of adapting an ontology to a concrete linguistic and cultural community. Depending on the ontology layers – terminological and/or conceptual – involved in the ontology localization activity, three heterogeneous multilingual ontology metamodels have been identified, of which we propose one of them. Our proposal consists in associating the ontology metamodel to an external model for representing and structuring lexical and terminological data in different natural languages. Our model has been called Linguistic Information Repository (LIR). The main advantages of this modelling modality rely on its flexibility by allowing (1) the enrichment of any ontology element with as much linguistic information as needed by the final application, and (2) the establishment of links among linguistic elements within and across different natural languages. The LIR model has been designed as an ontology of linguistic elements and is currently available in Web Ontology Language (OWL). The set of lexical and terminological data that it provides to ontology elements enables the localization of any ontology to a certain linguistic and cultural universe. The LIR has been evaluated against the multilingual requirements of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in the framework of the NeOn project. It has proven to solve multilingual representation problems related to the establishment of well-defined relations among lexicalizations within and across languages, as well as conceptualization mismatches among different languages. Finally, we present an extension to the Ontology Metadata Vocabulary, the so-called LexOMV, with the aim of reporting on multilinguality at the ontology metadata level. By adding this contribution to the LIR model, we account for multilinguality at the three levels of an ontology: data level, knowledge representation level and metadata level.
The acoustic identification of Atlantic mackerel
Authors: Korneliussen Rolf J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Korneliussen, R. J. 2010. The acoustic identification of Atlantic mackerel. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1749–1758. Calibrated, digitized data from multifrequency echosounders working simultaneously with nearly identical and overlapping acoustic beams were used to generate new, synthetic echograms which allow Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) to be identified acoustically. The raw echosounder data were processed stepwise in a modular sequence of analyses to improve categorization of the acoustic targets. The relative frequency response measured over as many as six operating frequencies, 18, 38, 70, 120, 200, and 364 kHz, was the main acoustic feature used to characterize the backscatter. Mackerel seemed to have a frequency-independent backscatter below ∼100 kHz, but significantly higher levels of backscattered energy at 200 kHz. Synthetic echograms containing targets identified acoustically as mackerel are presented and evaluated against trawl catches. Although catching fast-swimming mackerel is difficult, trawl catches from three Norwegian research vessels confirmed that the targets identified acoustically as mackerel were indeed that species. Separate experiments performed on mackerel in pens support the findings.
Effect of Cross‐Linked Resistant Starch on Wheat Tortilla Quality
Authors: Alviola J. N. , Jondiko T. , Awika J. M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTResistant starch (RS) ingredients are an attractive option to increase dietary fiber in baked products. This study determined the effect of two forms of cross‐linked and pregelatinized cross‐linked RS, Fibersym‐RW (Fsym) or FiberRite‐RW (FRite), respectively, from wheat on dough and tortilla quality and acceptability. Refined wheat tortillas with 0% (control) to 15% RS (flour basis) were made using a standard baking process. Tortillas with 100% whole white wheat were also made. Physical and rheological properties of dough and tortillas, and sensory profile of tortillas were evaluated. Dough with whole wheat and 15% FRite were significantly harder and less extensible than the control dough; this was related to high water absorption of these doughs. Tortillas with whole wheat and 10–15% FRite were less puffed and denser than the control; however these levels of FRite significantly increased tortilla weight (by up to 6.2%). Dough and tortillas with Fsym were comparable to the control. Dietary fiber (g/100 g, db) increased from 2.8 ± 0.3 in control to 14.3 ± 0.5 and 13.6 ± 0.5 in 15% Fsym and 15% FRite tortillas, respectively. Tortillas with whole wheat were less acceptable than the control in appearance, flavor, and texture, while tortillas with 15% Fsym had higher overall acceptability than the control. Incorporation of 15% cross‐linked wheat RS to increase tortilla dietary fiber is feasible without negatively affecting dough handling and tortilla quality.
Impact of Fat on Dough and Cookie Properties of Sugar‐Snap Cookies
Authors: Pareyt Bram , Brijs Kristof , Delcour Jan A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTFat, one of the three major ingredients of sugar‐snap cookies, affects dough properties, changes in dough dimensions during baking, and in the end, the properties of the baked product. We studied the effect of reducing fat levels (from 15.8 to 8.7% on a dough basis) on dough and cookie properties and related it to the SDS extractable protein (SDSEP) levels. Reducing fat levels increased dough elasticity (from 0.19 to 0.60 MPa) and dough intrinsic hardness (from 8.6 to 27.5 N·cm3/g). Because no differences in dough SDSEP levels were noticed when fat levels were reduced, the increased dough elasticity and hardness were related to a more pronounced physical gluten entanglement. Reducing fat levels in the recipe decreased the SDSEP levels of the baked cookies, indicating more protein cross‐linking during baking with lower fat levels. Our data show that the dispersed fat phase interferes with the formation of a gluten network during baking. Reducing the fat level in the recipe increased the intrinsic cookie break strength (from 39.5 to 100.3 N·cm3/g), which was related to more gluten cross‐linking.
Circadian Clock Components Regulate Entry and Affect Exit of Seasonal Dormancy as Well as Winter Hardiness in Populus Trees
Authors: IbÁñez Cristian , Kozarewa Iwanka , Johansson Mikael , Ögren Erling , Rohde Antje , Eriksson Maria E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This study addresses the role of the circadian clock in the seasonal growth cycle of trees: growth cessation, bud set, freezing tolerance, and bud burst. Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides (Ptt) LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (PttLHY1), PttLHY2, and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION1 constitute regulatory clock components because down-regulation by RNA interference of these genes leads to altered phase and period of clock-controlled gene expression as compared to the wild type. Also, both RNA interference lines show about 1-h-shorter critical daylength for growth cessation as compared to the wild type, extending their period of growth. During winter dormancy, when the diurnal variation in clock gene expression stops altogether, down-regulation of PttLHY1 and PttLHY2 expression compromises freezing tolerance and the expression of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTOR1, suggesting a role of these genes in cold hardiness. Moreover, down-regulation of PttLHY1 and PttLHY2 causes a delay in bud burst. This evidence shows that in addition to a role in daylength-controlled processes, PttLHY plays a role in the temperature-dependent processes of dormancy in Populus such as cold hardiness and bud burst.