bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coessential Abelianization Morphisms in the Category of Groups
Authors: Oancea D. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract.An epimorphism ϕ: G → H of groups, where G has rank n, is called coessential if every (ordered) generating n-tuple of H can be lifted along ϕ to a generating n-tuple for G. We discuss this property in the context of the category of groups, and establish a criterion for such a group G to have the property that its abelianization epimorphism G → G/[G, G], where [G,G] is the commutator subgroup, is coessential. We give an example of a family of 2-generator groups whose abelianization epimorphism is not coessential. This family also provides counterexamples to the generalized Andrews–Curtis conjecture.
Master curves for the stress tensor invariants in stationary states of static granular beds. Implications for the thermodynamic phase space
Authors: Pugnaloni Luis Ariel , Damas José , Zuriguel Iker , Maza Diego 
Published: August 2011

We prepare static granular beds under gravity in different stationary states by tapping the system with pulsed excitations of controlled amplitude and duration. The macroscopic state---defined by the ensemble of static configurations explored by the system tap after tap---for a given tap intensity and duration is studied in terms of volume, $V$, and force moment tensor, $\Sigma$. In a previous paper [Pugnaloni et al., Phys. Rev. E 82, 050301(R) (2010)], we reported evidence supporting that such macroscopic states cannot be fully described by using only $V$ or $\Sigma$, apart from the number of particles $N$. In this work, we present an analysis of the fluctuations of these variables that indicates that $V$ and $\Sigma$ may be sufficient to define the macroscopic states. Moreover, we show that only one of the invariants of $\Sigma$ is necessary, since each component of $\Sigma$ falls onto a master curve when plotted as a function of $\rm{Tr}(\Sigma)$. This implies that these granular assemblies have a common shape for the stress tensor, even though it does not correspond to the hydrostatic type. Although most results are obtained by molecular dynamics simulations, we present supporting experimental results.Received: 11 May 2011, Accepted: 15 July 2011; Edited by: J-C. Géminard; Reviewed by: B. Tighe, Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, Netherlands; DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.030004Cite as: L. A. Pugnaloni, J. Damas, I. Zuriguel, D. Maza, Papers in Physics 3, 030004 (2011)
Hurricane Katrina's First Responders: The Struggle to Protect and Serve in the Aftermath of the Disaster
Authors: Osofsky Howard J. , Osofsky Joy D. , Arey James , Kronenberg Mindy E. , Hansel Tonya , Many Michele 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTObjective: Hurricane Katrina highlighted both the crucial role of first responders in times of disaster and the resultant stress on them and their families. The primary objective of this study was to describe the mental health status and symptoms of first responders in the New Orleans area. We further hypothesized that given the extent of the disaster and slowness of recovery, symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression would not decrease after the first-year anniversary of Hurricane Katrina.Methods: A total of 1382 first responders, including respondents from police, fire, emergency medical services, and city workers, participated in this longitudinal study. The first screening was conducted between 6 and 9 months after Hurricane Katrina and the second round of data collection was conducted 13 to 18 months after the hurricane. A subsample of the respondents (n = 87) were matched at both time points, which allowed for paired sample comparisons. We measured all of the respondents' levels of traumatic experiences, alcohol use, partner conflict, requests for services, posttraumatic stress, and depression.Results: More than one-quarter of the first responders reported the following traumatic experiences: witnessed injury or death (70%); damage to home (93%); injury to a friend (25%); and previous loss or trauma (30%). Data also revealed that at least 10% of the respondents had significant levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms; 25% of the participants reported significant levels of depression; and more than 40% reported increased alcohol use and conflict with partner (41%). A statistically significant decrease in the symptoms of posttraumatic stress or depression was not found within 18 months of Hurricane Katrina.Conclusions: Results suggest that the severity of the traumas experienced from both the impact of Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent recovery has important mental health implications for first responders. Reports of symptoms of anxiety or depression should be attended to so as to prevent increasing symptoms that could negatively affect the first responder and his or her family. These findings highlight the importance of not only providing mental health services for first responders but also having adequate plans in place before natural or technological disasters strike.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S214-S219)
Gravity‐related critical periods in vestibular and tail development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Horn Eberhard R. , Gabriel Martin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSensory systems are characterized by developmental periods during which they are susceptible to environmental modifications, in particular to sensory deprivation. The experiment, XENOPUS, on Soyuz in 2008 was the fourth space flight experiment since 1993 to explore whether tail and vestibular development of Xenopus laevis has a gravity‐related critical period. During this flight, tadpoles were used that had developed either the early hindlimb (stage 47) or forelimb bud (stage 50) at launch of the spacecraft. The results revealed (1) no impact of microgravity on the development of the roll‐induced vestibuloocular reflex (rVOR) in both stages and (2) a stage‐related sensitivity of tail development to microgravity exposure. These results were combined and compared with observations from space flights on other orbital platforms. The combined data revealed (1) a narrow gravity‐related critical period for rVOR development close to the period of the first appearance of the reflex and (2) a longer one for tail development lasting from the early tail bud to the early forelimb bud stage. J. Exp. Zool. 315:505–511, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Highly accurate SNR measurement using the covariance of two SEM images with the identical view
Authors: Oho Eisaku , Suzuki Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2011

AbstractQuality of an SEM image is strongly influenced by the extent of noise. As a well‐known method in the field of SEM, the covariance is applied to measure the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). This method has potential ability for highly accurate measurement of the SNR, which is hardly known until now. If the precautions discussed in this article are adopted, that method can demonstrate its real ability. These precautions are strongly related to “proper acquisition of two images with the identical view,” “alignment of an aperture diaphragm,” “reduction of charging phenomena,” “elimination of particular noises,” and “accurate focusing,” As necessary, characteristics in SEM signal and noise are investigated from a few standpoints. When using the maximum performance of this measurement, SNR of many SEM images obtained in a variety of the SEM operating conditions and specimens can be measured accurately. SCANNING 34: 43–50, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arsenicosis history and research progress in Mainland China
Authors: Sun Guifan , Xu Yuanyuan , Zheng Quanmei , Xi Shuhua 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article provides the history of arsenicosis in Mainland China and the research situation in the recent 10 years. The first large area of arsenicosis caused by high levels of arsenic in drinking water in Mainland China was discovered in Kuitun, Xinjiang Province, in 1983. The government attached great importance to arsenicosis and finally regarded it as the epidemic disease throughout the nation in 1994. Until 2006, the survey areas of wells with arsenic concentration greater than 50 μg/L in drinking water have involved 16 provinces in Mainland China. The molecular epidemiological studies on relationship between arsenic metabolism and manifestations of arsenicosis caused by chronic exposure to high level of arsenic in drinking water and the studies on arsenic exposure and related health effects in different arsenic exposure populations are summarized in this review.
Urinary arsenic speciation profiles in mice subchronically exposed to low concentrations of sodium arsenate in drinking water
Authors: Wu Huijie , Krishnamohan Manonmanii , Lam Paul Kwan Sing , Ng Jack Chakmeng 
Published: August 2011

AbstractArsenic is a proven human carcinogen. Although the mechanism of its carcinogenicity is still largely unknown, methylation is thought to have an important role to play in arsenic toxicity. In this study, urinary methylation profiles were investigated in female C57BL/6J black mice given drinking water containing 500 μg arsenate (AsV)/L, 250 μg AsV/L, or 100 μg AsV/L as sodium arsenate for 2 months. The concentrations of arsenic chosen reflected those in the drinking water often encountered in arsenic‐endemic areas. Urine samples were collected from the mice at the end of the exposure period, and the arsenic species were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. All detectable arsenic species showed strong linear correlation with the administered dosage. The methylation patterns were similar in all three groups with a slight decrease of dimethylarsinic acid/AsV ratio in the 500‐μg/L group, which corresponded to the significantly higher arsenic retention in the tissue. The results indicate that urinary arsenic could be used as a good biomarker for internal dose and potential biological effects. Different doses of arsenic exposure could result in different degrees of methylation, excretion, and tissue retention, and this may contribute to the understanding of arsenic carcinogenicity.
The Middle Ordovician litho- and biostratigraphy of northwestern Gorny Altai
Authors: Bukolova E.V. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The structure of the Lower–Middle Ordovician Tuloi and Karasa Formations, which occur widely in northeastern Gorny Altai, has been studied. A bed-by-bed description of a new section of the boundary sediments between these stratigraphic units has been given. The graptolite, trilobite, and brachiopod assemblages typical of the Tuloi and Karasa Formations have been analyzed. Graptolite zones and subzones have been recognized, which permit correlating the stratotype and key sections of these local stratigraphic units with the stages of the International Stratigraphic Chart (ISC). The Karasa Formation occupies a considerably larger stratigraphic volume than presumed: It spans the late Arenig and the entire Llanvirn (including the Llandeilo) of the British standard, which is used in Russia (=Upper Dapingian–Darriwilian of the new Ordovician standard in the ISC). Finally, the paper discusses the suggested changes in the names of regional stratigraphic units (horizons) in the Ordovician stratigraphic chart of the western Altai–Sayan fold belt.
Strong historical earthquakes in the northwestern Issyk Kul’ basin (northern Tien Shan)
Authors: Korjenkov A.M. , Abdieva S.V. , Dzhumabaeva A.B. , Fortuna A.B. , Mamyrov E. , Morozova E.A. , Orlova L.A. , Vakhrameeva P.S. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The northern Tien Shan is the northern front of the Himalayan mountain belt, which resulted from the collision between the Indian and Eurasian Plates. This region encompasses the most active seismic zones of the orogen, which generated the strongest (M &gt; 8) earthquakes. Since there are scarcely any written accounts, the only way to trace back strong earthquakes is the paleoseismologic method. Since 1984 we have been studying the northwestern Issyk Kul’ basin, where there are differently directed anticlines, which constitute the Kungei meganticline. Here, several active tectonic structures (faults, folds) are located, whose development was accompanied by strong earthquakes. Our field studies of 2008 in the Iiri-Taldybulak Valley, along the adyrs (foothills) of the Kungei-Ala-Too Range, revealed two unknown historical earthquakes. The first one, which occurred along the southern rupture in the late 7th century A.D., gave rise to a seismic scarp; the latter broke through the river floodplain and a tash-koro (ancient settlement). The second one, which occurred along the northern rupture in the late 9th century A.D., increased the height of the seismic scarp, existing on the Early Holocene and older terraces. Note that this region already records a strong seismic event around 500 A.D. Archeologic data have revealed one more strong earthquake, which took place in the 14th century A.D. Note that the above-mentioned strong seismic events are coeval with the decline of the nomadic cultures (Wusun, Turkic, Mogul) in the northern Tien Shan and Zhetysu (Semirech’e).
Turbulent flow over a liquid layer revisited: multi-equation turbulence modelling
Authors: Ó Náraigh Lennon , Spelt Peter D. M. , Zaki Tamer A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe mechanisms by which turbulent shear flow causes waves on a gas–liquid interface are studied analytically, with a critical assessment of the possible role played by wave-induced Reynolds stresses (WIRSs). First, turbulent flow past a corrugated surface of a small slope is analysed; the surface can either be stationary or support a travelling wave. This problem serves as a useful model because direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experimental data are available to test the analysis, and because this picture is itself a model for the fully coupled two-layer problem. It is demonstrated that the WIRSs play no significant role in shear-driven turbulent flow past a moving wavy wall, and that they alter the structure of the flow only in a quantitative fashion in the pressure-driven case. In the shear-driven case in particular, excellent agreement is obtained with previously reported DNS results. Two closure assumptions are made in our model: the first concerns the wave-induced dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy; the second concerns the importance of rapid distortion. The results of our calculations are sensitive to the assumptions used to close the wave-induced dissipation but are insensitive to the details of the rapid-distortion modelling. Finally, the fully coupled two-layer problem is addressed in the setting of waves of small amplitude, where it is demonstrated that the WIRSs do not play a significant role in the growth of interfacial waves, even at relatively high Reynolds numbers. Again, good agreement is obtained between data from experiments and DNS.
Evolutionary psychology and Bayesian modeling
Authors: Al-Shawaf Laith , Buss David 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe target article provides important theoretical contributions to psychology and Bayesian modeling. Despite the article's excellent points, we suggest that it succumbs to a few misconceptions about evolutionary psychology (EP). These include a mischaracterization of evolutionary psychology's approach to optimality; failure to appreciate the centrality of mechanism in EP; and an incorrect depiction of hypothesis testing. An accurate characterization of EP offers more promise for successful integration with Bayesian modeling.
The uncertain status of Bayesian accounts of reasoning
Authors: Hayes Brett K. , Newell Ben R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBayesian accounts are currently popular in the field of inductive reasoning. This commentary briefly reviews the limitations of one such account, the Rational Model (Anderson 1991b), in explaining how inferences are made about objects whose category membership is uncertain. These shortcomings are symptomatic of what Jones & Love (J&L) refer to as “fundamentalist” Bayesian approaches.
Enlightenment grows from fundamentals
Authors: Navarro Daniel Joseph , Perfors Amy Francesca 
Published: August 2011

AbstractJones & Love (J&L) contend that the Bayesian approach should integrate process constraints with abstract computational analysis. We agree, but argue that the fundamentalist/enlightened dichotomy is a false one: Enlightened research is deeply intertwined with – and to a large extent is impossible without – the basic, fundamental work upon which it is based.
Bayesian computation and mechanism: Theoretical pluralism drives scientific emergence
Authors: Sewell David K. , Little Daniel R. , Lewandowsky Stephan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe breadth-first search adopted by Bayesian researchers to map out the conceptual space and identify what the framework can do is beneficial for science and reflective of its collaborative and incremental nature. Theoretical pluralism among researchers facilitates refinement of models within various levels of analysis, which ultimately enables effective cross-talk between different levels of analysis.
Genetic targeting and physiological features of VGLUT3+ amacrine cells
Authors: GRIMES WILLIAM N. , SEAL REBECCA P. , OESCH NICHOLAS , EDWARDS ROBERT H. , DIAMOND JEFFREY S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAmacrine cells constitute a diverse class of interneurons that contribute to visual signal processing in the inner retina, but surprisingly, little is known about the physiology of most amacrine cell subtypes. Here, we have taken advantage of the sparse expression of vesicular glutamate transporter 3 (VGLUT3) in the mammalian retina to target the expression of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) to a unique population of amacrine cells using a new transgenic mouse line. Electrophysiological recordings made from YFP-positive (VGLUT3+) amacrine cells provide the first functional data regarding the active membrane properties and synaptic connections of this recently identified cell type. We found that VGLUT3+ amacrine cells receive direct synaptic input from bipolar cells via both N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and non-NMDARs. Voltage-gated sodium channels amplified these excitatory inputs but repetitive spiking was never observed. VGLUT3+ amacrine cells responded transiently to both light increments (ON response) and decrements (OFF response); ON responses consisted exclusively of inhibitory inputs, while OFF responses comprised both excitatory and inhibitory components, although the inhibitory conductance was larger in amplitude and longer in time course. The physiological properties and anatomical features of the VGLUT3+ amacrine cells suggest that this bistratified interneuron may play a role in disinhibitory signaling and/or crossover inhibition between parallel pathways in the retina.
Acquired ventricular septal aneurysm in a patient with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Patel Akash R. , Farrell Paul , Harris Matthew , Gaynor J. William , Gillespie Matthew J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMyocardial ischaemia and infarction in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum with right ventricular-dependent coronary circulation is a well-established complication. We report an interesting case of an acquired aneurysm in the ventricular septum in a patient who underwent staged palliation.
Prevalence of psychosocial problems in Dutch children aged 8–12 years and its association with risk factors and quality of life
Authors: Bot M. , de Leeuw den Bouter B. J. E. , Adriaanse M. C. 
Published: August 2011

Aims.To determine the prevalence of psychosocial problems among Dutch children aged 8–12 years and studying its association with risk factors and quality of life.Methods.This study was conducted within the framework of a community-based health study in the north-west region of the Netherlands. The cross-sectional study sample consisted of 2703 children (1392 boys and 1311 girls). Psychosocial problems and quality of life were measured with the extended version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and KIDSCREEN-10, respectively. Questionnaires and data about risk factors (parental education level, ethnicity, family structure, income, chronic diseases and life events) were completed by the parents or caregivers.Results.The prevalence of psychosocial problems (SDQ score ≥14) in the total sample was 10.4%. The prevalence was higher in boys compared with girls (13.9% v. 6.6%, OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.75–2.97). Boys had significantly more hyperactivity/inattention, conduct, peer relationship and prosocial behaviour problems compared with girls. Risk factors associated with psychosocial problems were: one or more chronic disease(s), life event(s), a low parental educational level (for boys only) and an income under a modal level. Psychosocial problems were significantly inverse related with quality of life in the total sample (rho = −0.47).Conclusions.Psychosocial problems are common in children, especially among boys, and are inversely related with children's quality of life. The identified risk factors in this study can be useful for developing targeted prevention strategies aimed at children at high risk for psychosocial problems.
Revealing the structural origin of the redox-Bohr effect: the first solution structure of a cytochrome from Geobacter sulfurreducens
Authors: Morgado Leonor , Paixão Vítor B. , Schiffer Marianne , Pokkuluri P. Raj , Bruix Marta , Salgueiro Carlos A. 
Published: August 2011

Gs (Geobacter sulfurreducens) can transfer electrons to the exterior of its cells, a property that makes it a preferential candidate for the development of biotechnological applications. Its genome encodes over 100 cytochromes and, despite their abundance and key functional roles, to date there is no structural information for these proteins in solution. The trihaem cytochrome PpcA might have a crucial role in the conversion of electronic energy into protonmotive force, a fundamental step for ATP synthesis in the presence of extracellular electron acceptors. In the present study, 15N-labelled PpcA was produced and NMR spectroscopy was used to determine its solution structure in the fully reduced state, its backbone dynamics and the pH-dependent conformational changes. The structure obtained is well defined, with an average pairwise rmsd (root mean square deviation) of 0.25 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) for the backbone atoms and 0.99 Å for all heavy atoms, and constitutes the first solution structure of a Gs cytochrome. The redox-Bohr centre responsible for controlling the electron/proton transfer was identified, as well as the putative interacting regions between PpcA and its redox partners. The solution structure of PpcA will constitute the foundation for studies aimed at mapping out in detail these interacting regions.
Magic in Classical Persian Amatory Literature
Authors: Seyed‐Gohrab A. A. 
Published: August 2011

jamālat muᶜjiz-i ḥusn ast līkanḥadī-i ghamzihat siḥr-i mubīn astThe Belief that Persia is the Center of Magic has been Deeply ingrained in Western culture. In fact, the generic term for magic is derived from the name of the Zoroastrian priests, the magi, and Persia has been depicted from antiquity up to the present age as the ancient fountainhead of magic and wonders in Western literature. When in the second century B.C.E. the young philosopher Apuleius of Madaura married a woman fifteen years older because of her wealth, he was suspected of having used magic.