bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Semantics of Love: Conflict, Sublimation and Experience in Arabic Discourse
Authors: Leder Stefan 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A resilient pattern of early Arabic discourse depicts love as a statement of conflict between passion and rules of reasonable and socially approved behaviour. The antagonism is surmounted by sublime love replacing the initial aspiration in the course of a process of refinement. The resulting contradictive stance – emotional attachment becoming even more intense as the beloved is absented by adverse circumstance – inspires intellectual, aesthetic and spiritual experience, as it is valid for profane relationship and for divine love. The work of Dāʾūd al-Anṭākī (d. 1599) is discussed here to demonstrate that Arabic tradition, in contrast to European notions of sensitivity, increasingly concentrated on the expression of aesthetic and spiritual experience to the detriment of depictions of conflict setting the individual against social rules and norms. In his late and widespread compendium, the author, famous physician and practical philosopher, analyses the discourse on love. Displaying a rationalist, non-idealistic, down-to-earth attitude, he pursues a critical interest in the manifestations of love. By correlating profane love to the mystic’s love of God, he directs attention towards the sublime expression of longing, fear and ecstasy of fulfilment which is in his view the true signification of love and the justification for its persisting representation in literature.
Zur Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Okzident und Orient. Zwischen rationaler Analyse und emotionaler Erklärung
Authors: Moghith Anwar 
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von der Unterscheidung individueller und kollektiver Emotion wird die Rolle von Emotionen gegenüber der rationalen Analyse bei der Darstellung der historischen Beziehungen zwischen Okzident und Orient im arabischen Raum untersucht. Ein Plädoyer für die rationale Analyse verbindet sich mit der Forderung nach einer Zukunftsperspektive der politischen und kulturellen Diskussion.
Zeitgenössische schiitische Trauerrituale im Libanon
Authors: Weinrich Ines 
Published: February 2012

Zusammenfassung
Wichtiges Element schiitischer Identität ist die Erinnerung an den Tod des Prophetenenkels Husein, nach schiitischer Auffassung rechtmäßiger Führer der islamischen Gemeinde, der 680 n. Chr. von Truppen des amtierenden Kalifen Yazid umgebracht wurde. Die Erinnerungsrituale sind hinsichtlich Typologie und Erscheinungsform höchst unterschiedlich; im Zentrum des Interesses standen bisher die Aufführung als Passionsspiel und Formen der Selbstgeißelung. Klagen und Weinen wurden als Hauptcharakteristikum schiitischer Identität ausgemacht. Hier stehen Techniken und Ästhetik der Trauersitzungen (majalis) in verschiedenen urbanen Milieus in Beirut im Zentrum. Die Aufführungen folgen einer vorgegebenen Struktur und sind gleichzeitig inhaltlich und musikalisch flexibel. Klagen und Weinen sind Teil des Rituals und weniger Ausdrucksform einer Mentalität.
Mourning Deaths, Lamenting Lives: Grief and Transformation in Inner Maniot Laments
Authors: Varvantakis Christos 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The funeral laments (moiroloya) of Inner Mani, a region in southern Peloponnese, are the focus of this article, in particular the gestural and transformative aspects of their liminal character. A specific case of a wake (klama) is discussed and analyzed in order to provide insight into the particular process of lamenting. Some general characteristics of lamenting in the region are reviewed and some of the basic assumptions of anthropologists concerning the role of emotional expression in death rituals are considered. Lastly, by focusing on an excerpt from a lament that was sung in the wake session under question, the article points to the gestural, mimetic and transformative qualities of the emotional performance of lamenting, suggesting thus an alternative reading of the expression of grief within the course of death ritual.
Emotional Disorders in a Transcultural World
Authors: Bajbouj Malek , Asasleh Maher Al 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Emotional competencies and affective disorders share common basic neuronal mechanisms. However, individual differences of behavioral and psychopathological signature are strongly shaped by cultural influences. In this review article, we compare four different clinical syndromes in Western societies and the Arab world each exemplifying a dysfunction of a distinct emotional capability comprising affective disorders with a prominent mood disturbance, anxiety disorders with fear dysregulation, autism with a prominent communication dysfunction, and borderline personality disorder as an example of emotional instability.
Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Children
Authors: Pedersen Anita , Pettygrove Sydney , Meaney F. John , Mancilla Kristen , Gotschall Kathy , Kessler Daniel B. , Grebe Theresa A. , Cunniff Christopher 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE:
The number of individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) continues to increase in the United States and other developed countries; however, ASD is diagnosed less commonly in Hispanic than in non-Hispanic white individuals. This report analyzes differences in ASD prevalence between Hispanic and non-Hispanic whites in a large, population-based sample of 8-year-old children, and explores how prevalence has changed over time.

METHODS:
Population-based surveillance of ASD was conducted on 142 717 8-year-old children. Evaluation of clinical and educational records resulted in 1212 children meeting the case definition criteria in 4 study years between 2000 and 2006.

RESULTS:
ASD prevalence in Hispanic children was lower than in non-Hispanic white children (P &lt; .005) for all study years. More Hispanic than non-Hispanic white children met the case definition for intellectual disability (P &lt; .05) in study years 2004 and 2006. Prevalence of ASD diagnosis increased in both groups; the Hispanic prevalence almost tripled, from 2.7 per 1000 in 2000 to 7.9 per 1000 in 2006. A comparison of prevalence ratios found that Hispanic and non-Hispanic white ASD prevalence became significantly more similar from 2000 to 2006 (χ2 = 124.89, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
The ASD prevalence for Hispanic individuals in this population-based sample is substantially higher than previously reported. Nonetheless, Hispanic children continue to have a significantly lower ASD prevalence in comparison with non-Hispanic whites. The prevalence of ASD is increasing in both populations, and results indicate that the gap in prevalence between groups is decreasing.
Impact of a Guideline on Management of Children Hospitalized With Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Newman Ross E. , Hedican Erin B. , Herigon Joshua C. , Williams David D. , Williams Arthur R. , Newland Jason G. 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVES:We sought to describe the impact a clinical practice guideline (CPG) had on antibiotic management of children hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).PATIENTS AND METHODS:We conducted a retrospective study of discharged patients from a children’s hospital with an ICD-9-CM code for pneumonia (480–486). Eligible patients were admitted from July 8, 2007, through July 9, 2009, 12 months before and after the CAP CPG was introduced. Three-stage least squares regression analyses were performed to examine hypothesized simultaneous relationships, including the impact of our institution\x{2019}s antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP).RESULTS:The final analysis included 1033 patients: 530 (51%) before the CPG (pre-CPG) and 503 (49%) after the CPG (post-CPG). Pre-CPG, ceftriaxone (72%) was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic, followed by ampicillin (13%). Post-CPG, the most common antibiotic was ampicillin (63%). The effect of the CPG was associated with a 34% increase in ampicillin use (P &lt; .001). Discharge antibiotics also changed post-CPG, showing a significant increase in amoxicillin use (P &lt; .001) and a significant decrease in cefdinir and amoxicillin/clavulanate (P &lt; .001), with the combined effect of the CPG and ASP leading to 12% (P &lt; 0.001) and 16% (P &lt; .001) reduction, respectively. Overall, treatment failure was infrequent (1.5% vs 1%).CONCLUSIONS:A CPG and ASP led to the increase in use of ampicillin for children hospitalized with CAP. In addition, less broad-spectrum discharge antibiotics were used. Patient adverse outcomes were low, indicating that ampicillin is appropriate first-line therapy for otherwise healthy children admitted with uncomplicated CAP.
Childhood Gender Nonconformity: A Risk Indicator for Childhood Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress in Youth
Authors: Roberts Andrea L. , Rosario Margaret , Corliss Heather L. , Koenen Karestan C. , Austin S. Bryn 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVES:Childhood gender nonconformity has been associated with poorer relationships with parents, but it is unknown if childhood gender nonconformity is associated with childhood abuse or risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in youth.METHODS:We examined whether gender nonconformity before age 11 years was associated with childhood sexual, physical, and psychological abuse and lifetime risk of probable PTSD by using self-report questionnaire data from the 2007 wave of the Growing Up Today Study (n = 9864, mean age = 22.7 years), a longitudinal cohort of US youth. We further examined whether higher exposure to childhood abuse mediated possible elevated prevalence of PTSD in nonconforming children. Finally, we examined whether association of childhood gender nonconformity with PTSD was independent of sexual orientation.RESULTS:Exposure to childhood physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, and probable PTSD were elevated in youth in the top decile of childhood gender nonconformity compared with youth below median nonconformity. Abuse victimization disparities partly mediated PTSD disparities by gender nonconformity. Gender nonconformity predicted increased risk of lifetime probable PTSD in youth after adjustment for sexual orientation.CONCLUSIONS:We identify gender nonconformity as an indicator of children at increased risk of abuse and probable PTSD. Pediatricians and school health providers should consider abuse screening for this vulnerable population. Further research to understand how gender nonconformity might increase risk of abuse and to develop family interventions to reduce abuse risk is needed.
Bed- and Sofa-Sharing Practices in a UK Biethnic Population
Authors: Ball Helen L. , Moya Eduardo , Fairley Lesley , Westman Janette , Oddie Sam , Wright John 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the prevalence and associations of bed- and sofa-sharing in a biethnic UK birth cohort.

METHODS:
We surveyed 3082 participants in the Born in Bradford birth cohort study by using a telephone interview when infants were aged 2 to 4 months. We asked families about sleep surface sharing behaviors, and other sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI)-related behaviors.

RESULTS:
There were 15.5% of families that had ever bed-shared, 7.2% of families regularly bed-shared, and 9.4% of families had ever sofa-shared with their infants; 1.4% reported both. Regular bed-sharers were more commonly Pakistani (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.96–4.66), had further or higher educational qualifications (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.03–2.57), or breastfed for at least 8 weeks (aOR = 3.06, 95% CI 2.00–4.66). The association between breastfeeding and bed-sharing was greater among white British than Pakistani families. Sofa-sharing occurred in association with smoking (aOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.14–2.80) and breastfeeding for more than 8 weeks (aOR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.19–2.58), and was less likely in Pakistani families (aOR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.14–0.31), or single-parent families (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI 0.29–0.87).

CONCLUSIONS:
The data confirm that bed-sharing and sofa-sharing are distinct practices, which should not be combined in studies of unexpected infant deaths as a single exposure. The determinants of sleep-surface sharing differ between the UK Pakistani and UK majority communities, and from those of US minority communities. Caution is needed in generalizing SUDI/SIDS risk factors across populations with differing risk factor profiles, and care should be taken in adopting SUDI/SIDS reduction guidelines from other contexts.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy During Pregnancy and Infantile Colic in the Offspring
Authors: Milidou Ioanna , Henriksen Tine Brink , Jensen Morten Søndergaard , Olsen Jørn , Søndergaard Charlotte 
Published: February 2012

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the associations between use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and smoking during pregnancy and infantile colic in the offspring.METHODS:We used data from maternal interviews (from pregnancy and at 6 months post partum) from the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002). We included 63 128 live-born singletons with complete information on nicotine exposure during pregnancy and infantile colic symptoms as recorded at 6 months of age.RESULTS:A total of 46 660 infants (73.9%) were unexposed to nicotine during pregnancy; 207 (0.3%) were exposed to NRT, 15 016 (23.8%) were exposed to smoking, and 1245 (2.0%) to both. A total of 4974 (7.9%) infants fulfilled Wessel’s modified criteria for infantile colic. Prenatal nicotine exposure was associated with elevated risk for infantile colic in the offspring. Compared with the unexposed, NRT users had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) of 1.6 (1.0–2.5; P = .03), smokers had OR = 1.3 (1.2–1.4), and women who both smoked and used NRT had OR = 1.6 (1.3–1.9). Partners’ smoking was not associated with infantile colic after adjustment for maternal smoking.CONCLUSIONS:We corroborated the association between smoking and infantile colic after adjustment for several possible confounders in a large cohort study. Moreover, we found that infants exposed to NRT prenatally had an increased risk for infantile colic of the same magnitude as those exposed to tobacco smoke. Thus, nicotine may play a role in the pathogenesis of infantile colic.
Transfusion Associated Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Meta-analysis of Observational Data
Authors: Mohamed Adel , Shah Parkesh S. 
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Several studies have reported the possibility of an association between recent exposure to transfusion and development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze the association between transfusion and NEC (TANEC), identify predictors of TANEC, and the assess impact of TANEC on outcomes.

METHODS:
Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and bibliographies of identified articles were searched for studies assessing association with recent (within 48 hours) exposure to transfusion and NEC. Two reviewers independently collected data and assessed the quality of the studies for bias in sample selection, exposure assessment, confounders, analyses, outcome assessments, and attrition. Meta-analyses were performed by using random effect model, and odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated.

RESULTS:
Eleven retrospective case-control studies and 1 cohort study of moderate risk of bias were included. Ten case-control studies had NEC not associated with transfusion as control patients (unmatched). Recent exposure to transfusion was associated with NEC. Neonates who developed TANEC were younger by 1.5 weeks, were of 528 g lower birth weight, were more likely to have patent ductus arteriosus, and were more likely receiving ventilatory support. TANEC infants had higher risk of mortality. Two pre-post comparative studies of 20 patients reported reduction of TANEC after withholding feeds during transfusion.

CONCLUSIONS:
Recent exposure to transfusion was associated with NEC in neonates. Neonates who developed TANEC were at overall higher risk of NEC. TANEC patients were at higher risk of mortality, but additional studies adjusting for confounders are needed.
Atomistic Study of the Morphology of Graphene on Si and SiC Substrates
Authors: Seto S. , Arai N. , Shintani K. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe morphology of graphene on Si and SiC substrates is investigated using molecular- dynamics simulation. The effects of the size and orientation of graphene on its roughness, distance from the substrate, and periodic structure are examined. The roughness and distance show the size dependency which agrees with the size dependency of the ratio of the periphery length of graphene to its area. It is found there are some cases in which the roughness of graphene can be suppressed.
Stretched Exponential Stress Relaxation in a Thermally Reversible, Physically Associating Block Copolymer Solution
Authors: Erk Kendra A. , Douglas Jack F. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe shear stress relaxation of a thermally reversible, physically associating solution formed from a triblock copolymer in solvent selective for the mid-block was found to be well described over a broad temperature range by a stretched exponential function with a temperature independent ‘stretching exponent’, β ≈ 1/3. This same exponent value has been suggested to have particular significance in describing structural relaxation in a wide range of disordered viscoelastic materials ranging from associating polymer materials (‘gels’) to glass-forming liquids. We quantify the temperature dependence of the high frequency, or short time, shear modulus as function of temperature and find that this property also follows a variation often observed in gels and glass-forming materials.
Interaction of Elastic Waves with Dislocations
Authors: Maurel Agnes , Lund Fernando , Barra Felipe , Pagneux Vincent 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThe theory of the interaction of elastic waves with dislocations is reviewed, as is the extent to which it has been tested by experiment. There are two essential ingredients to the wave-dislocation interaction: one is that, when a wave hits a dislocation, the latter will respond by moving in some fashion. The other is that, when a dislocation moves, it generates (“radiates”) elastic waves. For a linearly elastic solid continuum, both phenomena can be described by equations that are linear outside the dislocation core. One is a linear elastic wave equation with a right-hand-side term that is localized at the dislocation position. The other is a linear equation for the vibrations of a string (that is coincident with the dislocation), with an external loading provided by the wave. This provides the basic mechanism for the scattering of elastic waves by dislocations, and it can be worked out in considerable detail for pinned dislocation segments and prismatic dislocation loops in infinite media, as well as for the scattering of surface (Rayleigh) elastic waves by subsurface dislocation segments.The results for the scattering by a single dislocation can be used as input in a multiple scattering formalism to study the properties of a coherent wave propagating in a solid with many dislocations present. Expressions for the effective velocity of propagation, and for the disorder-induced (as distinct from the internal losses) attenuation can be found. They test successfully with Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) experimental measurements.Open problems, possible further applications and current efforts are discussed.
Exchange of Oligonucleotide (dC15) on Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kato Yuichi , Inoue Ayaka , Nakashima Naotoshi , Niidome Yasuro 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTExchange of solubilizers adsorbed on single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is probed by analysis of the peak shifts of the absorption bands of CNTs in the near-infrared region. Equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters of the exchange of sodium cholate for DNA (15-mers of oligo-DNAs, cytosine) on CNTs of different chirality are determined.
Mechanically Stable Free-Standing Bilayer Lipid Membranes in Microfabricated Silicon Chips
Authors: Oshima Azusa , Hirano-Iwata Ayumi , Kimura Yasuo , Niwano Michio 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we will discuss our recent approaches for improving the mechanical stability of free-standing bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) by combining with BLM formation and microfabrication techniques. BLMs were prepared across a microaperture fabricated in a silicon (Si) chip and their mechanical stability and electric properties were investigated. BLMs suspended in a thin Si3N4 septum showed a dramatic improvement of BLM stability. The BLMs were resistant to voltage of ±1 V and the membrane lifetime was 15- ~40 h with and without incorporated channels. The membrane containing gramicidin channel exhibited tolerance to repetitive solution exchanges. At first, electric properties of the BLMs, such as noise level and current transient, were necessary to be improved. However, after coating the chip with insulator layers of Teflon and SiO2, total chip capacitance was reduced, leading to noise reduction (1-2 pA in peak-to-peak after low-pass filtering at 1 kHz) and elimination of current transients (< 0.5 ms). Since the vicinity of the aperture edge was remained uncoated, the BLMs formed in the Si chips still showed high mechanical stability after the insulator coatings. The mechanically stable BLMs having electric properties suitable for recording activities of biological channels will open up a variety of applications including high-throughput analysis of ion-channel proteins.
A Detailed Theoretical Study of the Thermal Conductivity of Bi2(Te0.85Se0.15)3 Single Crystals
Authors: Ceyda Yelgel Ö. , Srivastava Gyaneshwar P. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a theoretical investigation of the thermal conductivity for n-type doped Bi2(Te0.85Se0.15)3 single crystals by using the Debye model within the single-mode relaxationtime approximation. A detailed account of alloy, electron-phonon, phonon-phonon and electron-hole pair (bipolar) interactions are included. Different levels (0.1 and 0.05 wt.%) of n-doping from CuBr and SbI3 dopants were considered. The calculated conductivity, by combining lattice (κ ph) and electronic bipolar (κ bp) contributions, successfully explains the experimental results obtained by Hyun et al. [J. Mat. Sci. 33 5595 (1998)]. The κ ph contribution was calculated using Srivastava’s scheme and the κ bp contribution was obtained by employing Price’s theory.
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance of Stretched Sheets of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Cimpoiasu Elena , Lashmore David , White Brian , Levin George A. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTWe performed magnetoresistance (MR) measurements on bulk carbon nanotube sheets that had been partially aligned by post-fabrication stretching. The magnetic field was applied under different orientations with respect to the direction of the stretch, while the electric current was either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the stretch. We found that the fielddependence of the MR is composed of two terms, one positive and one negative. The magnitudes of both terms are largest when the field is parallel with the direction of the stretch. If the sheets are treated with nitric acid, the positive term is removed and the MR is smallest when the field is aligned with the magnetic field. We attribute these anisotropic features to magnetoelastic effects induced by the coupling between the magnetic catalyst nanoparticles, the magnetic field, and the network of nanotubes.