bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐Term Soil Chemical and Crop Yield Responses to Limestone Applications1
Authors: Alley M. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLimestone applications ranging from 0 to 17.92 metric tons/ha were applied to three acid soils for the purpose of measuring soil chemical and crop yield responses to increased levels of soil pH during the initial growing season following limestone application. Corn (Zea mays L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were planted in a Goldsboro sandy loam (Aquic Paleudult), Pacolet sandy clay loam (Typic Hapludult), and Frederick silt loam (Typic Paleudult), respectively. Sixteen weeks after treatment, soil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg increased, while exchangeable Al decreased with increasing lime rate. Initial crop yields increased with lime applications on all soils. Exchangeable Al saturations of 18, 8, and 11% of the effective CEC decreased corn, barley, and alfalfa yields. Regression analysis indicated that reduction in exchangeable Al was responsible for increases in corn yields (R2=0.59) and that increases in exchangeable Ca along with decreases in exchangeable Al accounted for increased alfalfa yields (R2=0.80).
Accumulation and Translocation of Zinc by Two Corn Cultivars1
Authors: Peaslee D. E. , Isarangkura Rungruang , Leggett J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferences have been observed among corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars for the accumulation and utilization of nutrients in dry matter production. ‘Pioneer Hybrid 3369A’ and ‘Conico Composite’, which have shown differences in Zn utilization, were evaluated for Zn absorption capabilities of leaves and roots and for tendencies to translocate absorbed Zn from these tissues. Plants were grown in greenhouse sand cultures with varying Zn levels in the nutrient solutions, and then were given 65Zn either in the nutrient solution or hi a foliar application to leaves at different locations on the stalks. Dry weights, total Zn, and 65Zn distribution were determined after 31 days of growth.Shoot dry weights of Conico under Zn deficiency were 58% greater than those of 3369A, although when supplies were adequate, yields were 5% greater for 3369A than for Conico. Roots of Zn deficient Conico weighed 28% more than those of 3369A, but with adequate Zn, 3369A roots weighed 48% more than those of Conico. Concentrations of Zn in the various plant parts of the two cultivars were similar when Zn was limiting growth.Plants grown at inadequate Zn levels accumulated lower concentrations of 65Zn in their tissues from solution cultures during 24 hours than plants grown at adequate Zn levels. Absorption and translocation of 65Zn applied to leaves was greater for 3369A than for Conico, and was greater when applied to young leaves than when applied to old leaves.There were no indications of either cultivar being superior in Zn absorption by root systems or in translocation of absorbed Zn to shoots. Compared to 3369A, Conico produced more dry matter per unit of Zn concentration in shoot tissue (1.95 vs. 1.29 g2/µg> respectively) and thereby appeared to be more efficient when Zn supply was low.
Osmoconditioning of Carrot Seeds to Improve Seedling Establishment and Yield in Cold Soil1
Authors: Szafirowska Anna , Khan Anwar A. , Peck Nathan H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCold soil interferes with early establishment of uniform, vigorous seedlings in vegetables and other crops. The aim of this work was to determine if the changes induced in carrot (Daucus carota L.) seeds during partial hydration by low osmotic potential polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) solution would allow early planting in cold soil and thereby improve germination, growth, and yield. Seeds of two carrot cultivars, ‘Nantes’ and ‘Perfekcja’, were treated in —8.6 bars PEG solution for 6 days at 15 C. The effects of the seed treatment were evaluated by germinating the seeds on filter paper at 10 C, in Cornell Soil Mix (peat‐lite Mix A) in a growth chamber at an alternating temperature regime of 5 and 10 C and in the field (Glossoboric Hapludalf, fine loamy, mixed mesic soil) where the average soil temperature during the first 2 weeks after field planting was 10.5 C and during the first 5 weeks 12.6 C. Seed osmoconditioning improved the emergence time, stand size, and uniformity of stand in the field and increased the total yield. The increase in fresh weight of roots in Nantes and Perfekcja from PEG treated seeds were 32 and 93% and in number of roots 37 and 100%, respectively, compared to the untreated seeds
A Method to Determine the Appropriate Mathematical Form for Incorporating Soil Test Levels in Fertilizer Response Models for Recommendation Purposes1
Authors: Mombiela F. , Nicholaides J. J. , Nelson L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is proposed for developing fertilizer recommendations based upon a statistical estimate of the amount of “plant‐available” nutrient in the soil (d), and determining the appropriate mathematical form of the relationship of this estimate to soil test values (T). A function of soil test is then substituted into the fertilizer response model for d. Some comparisons of the effects of three different models (Mitscherlich, quadratic and square root) upon d estimates and on the form of their relationships to soil test values were made. Regressions of d estimates obtained using the three models upon soil test P values were carried out to determine empirically the appropriate mathematical form [called f(T)] for a set of Irish potato data from Maine and North Carolina. The f(T) was found to be linear for that particular set of data for all three models, i.e., d = b0 + b1T. From these data, it was concluded that environmental conditions between states did not affect f(T) but did affect the level of maximum response (A, in the Mitscherlich model) and a factor related to curve shape (c, in the Mitscherlich model). Once f(T) is known for a model, it may be substituted into the model for d and this equation then used for fertilizer recommendations based upon site‐specific soil test information. Equations for estimating optimal P fertilizer rates assuming different cost‐price ratios (p) and marginal rates of return (R) were given for this data set. Similar equations may be derived for other specific crop‐soil conditions using the techniques described in this paper.
Effect of Environmental Stress on the Growth and Amounts and Forms of Phosphorus in Plants1
Authors: Sharpley A. N. , Reed L. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of applied fertilizer P and soil‐water stress on the growth and amounts and forms of plant P were investigated to provide further information on the potential of plant material to contribute P to runoff. Cotton [Gossypium hirsutum (L.)], little bluestem (Andropogon scorparius Michx.), sorghum [sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.], and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], plants were grown in the field on Durant loam, a member of the fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Vertic Argiustolls. Fertilizer P additions of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg/ha were made and a water‐stress treatment initiated by applying only one‐third the amount of water lost as evapotranspiration. Plant growth and P content were determined at weekly intervals following plant emergence. Growth and total P content increased with an increase in applied fertilizer P for all plants except little bluestem. The total P and inorganic P content of the plants decreased gradually with growth. Inorganic P constituted the major proportion of plant P (approximately 80, 70, 70, and 80% for cotton, little bluestem, sorghum, and soybean, respectively), and remained constant during plant growth. A three‐fold reduction in soil‐water content (60‐fold increase in soil‐water suction) resulted in a decrease in plant growth and total and inorganic P content. The effect of the soil‐water stress was reduced by increases in applied fertilizer P. It was calculated, however, that the addition of fertilizer P was not a viable economic method of increasing crop yields to negate any drop in yield due to drought conditions.
Pod and Seed Development in Soybean Cultivars with Differences in Seed Size1
Authors: Fraser Joanna , Egli D. B. , Leggett J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe accumulation of dry weight by the pod is an important process during reproductive growth in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Thus, field experiments on Maury silt loam (Typic Paleudalfs) and Egam silt loam (Cumulic Hapludolls) with soybean cultivars differing in seed size were conducted for 2 years to investigate pod and seed development characteristics and associated changes in seed moisture content. Pods were tagged and random samples from different plants were taken at weekly intervals. Measurements included: pod length and width (1979 experiment only), pod wall and seed dry weight, seed moisture percentage, and water content (mg . seed‐1). Cultivars differed in maturity and final seed size which ranged from 92 to 262 mg . seed‐1.Pod length and width in all cultivars in 1979 were at a maximum when the seeds averaged 4% of their maximum dry weight. Length and width were positively correlated with final seed size. In most cultivars sampled in both 1975 and 1979 there appeared to be little redistribution of dry matter from pod walls prior to seed physiological maturity. However, some redistribution was apparent in ‘Emerald’ and ‘Essex’ in 1979 and ‘Cutler 71’ in 1975. Seed of all cultivars showed rapid water uptake during early seed development and water content (mg . seed‐1) reached a maximum before seed physiological maturity. Moisture percentage of the seed was greater than 80% when the seed started rapid accumulation of dry matter and declined progressively during seed development, reaching less than 60% as the seed approached physiological maturity. These changes in percentage moisture during seed development were consistent across cultivars in both years, regardless of seed size. Water uptake and moisture content seemed to be directly related to the stage of seed development and were not affected by genetic differences in seed size.
Growth, P Uptake, and Quality of Warm and Cool‐Season Grasses on a Low Available P Soil1
Authors: Morris R. J. , Fox R. H. , Jung G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMillions of hectares of pasture in the Northeast have low available soil P levels. Introducing forage species that produce well on these soils could increase forage production with minimum economic input. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of warm and cool‐season grasses under low or high available P. Several warm and cool‐season forage grasses were grown on a Berks shaly silt loam soil (Typic Dystrochrept; fine, loamy, skeletal, mesic), low in native available P (5 ppm Bray and Kurtz #1 extractable P), with and without added P. The warm‐season grasses included two Old World bluestems, ‘Caucasian’ Bothriochloa caucasica (Trin.), C. E. Hubb. and “B”‐strain, B. intermedia (R. Br.) A. Camus; three big bluestem cultivars, Andropogon gerardi Vitman; three little bluestem cultivars, Schizachyrium scoparium, Michx.; six switchgrass cultivars, Panicum virgatum L.; and two indiangrass cultivars, Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. The cool‐season grasses were Ky 31 tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., ‘Pennlate’ orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata L., and ‘Tioga’ deertongue grass, Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould. Yields of most warm‐season grasses nearly doubled from 1977 to 1978, whereas yields of the cool‐season grasses decreased. Forage yields and P concentrations of all cultivars generally were greater with applied P both years. At the low P level, warm‐season grass yields in the second year were up to three times higher than yields of cool‐season grasses, whereas P concentrations in forage of cool‐season grasses were twice those of warm‐season grasses: The warmseason grasses, Ky 729 and ‘Blackwell’ switchgrass, Ky 2 Caucasian and B‐strain Old World bluestems, and NJ 1617‐72 indiangrass absorbed more total P than all other cultivars. Warm‐season grasses had relatively low crude protein and IVDMD levels, ranging from 4.7 to 8.5% and 34.0 to 52.3%, respectively. Of the warm‐season grasses, Old World bluestems, Caucasian and B‐strain, had the highest IVDMD values, 52.2 and 51.2%. The cool‐season grasses had an average crude protein level of 14.6% and IVDMD value of 59.4%, respectively. The two Old World bluestems, Ky 729 and Blackwell switchgrasses, and NJ 1617‐72 indiangrass appear to have the highest potential to produce forage on soils with low levels of available P.
Seeding Rates and Grass Suppression for Sod‐seeded Red Clover and Alfalfa1
Authors: Sheaffer C. C. , Swanson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeeding rates needed for establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in perennial grass sod may differ from those needed for conventional establishment. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of seeding rate on alfalfa and red clover establishment and yield in the establishment year and in the spring after establishment when the legumes were sod‐seeded into perennial grass sods that received variable levels of herbicidal suppression.Field experiments were conducted at three locations on a Typic Hapludoll soil vegetated with smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) at locations one (L1) and three (L3) and with smooth bromegrass, quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) at location two (L2) Red clover and alfalfa were seeded at 4.4, 8.8, 13.2, and 17.6 kg/ha into grass sod sprayed with glyphosate [N‐(phos‐phonomethyl)glycine] at 1.7 or 0.6 kg/ha for high and low grass suppression levels, respectively.At L2, greater grass suppression occurred at each herbicide rate than at L1 and L3. At L1, where moisture was limited compared to L2 and L3, increasing the seeding rate resulted in significantly greater establishment year yields of both legumes at both grass suppression levels.Red clover yields were not affected by seeding rate at either grass suppression level at L2 or for the high suppression level at L3, but at L3, yield was significantly greater at either the 13.2 or 17.6 kg/ha rates than the 4.4 kg/ha rate for the low grass suppression treatment where high levels of grass competition existed. Total alfalfa yield was significantly greater for the 17.6 than the 4.4 kg/ha rate at the low grass suppression level at L2 and at the high grass suppression level at L3, both instances of high grass competition.For sod‐seeding, increasing legume seeding rate beyond that usually recommended for conventional establishment procedures appears to be beneficial to establishment only when grass competition is high.
Comparison of the Nodal Distribution of Yield Components of Indeterminate Soybeans under Irrigated and Rain‐fed Condition1
Authors: Carlson R. E. , Karimi‐Abadchi M. , Shaw R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the response of soybeans (Glycine max. L. Merr.) to soil‐moisture stress has been studied extensively, information on the vertical distribution of yield and yield component responses is limited. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in 1978 which included two soil‐moisture treatments and seven cultivars with differing maturity growing in a cumulic hapludoll. In 1978, early soil‐moisture levels were near normal, and much of the growing season received adequate rainfall. Periods of warm, dry weather in August and September, however, reduced seed yield.The response of these soybeans under these conditions varied considerably in their expression of seed yield and the vertical display of yield components. Soil‐moisture levels, atmospheric demand, and physiological stage of development differences among cultivars led to significant yield and yield component interactions. Seed yield reductions due to soil‐moisture stress varied from 20% to 50%, depending on cultivar. The reductions for individual components of yield (ie., 100‐seed wt, seeds/pods, pods/node, and nodes/plant) varied considerably over all cultivars. These decrements ranged from 0% to 30%.
Nitrogen Sources and Methods of Application for No‐Tillage Corn Production1
Authors: Touchton J. T. , Hargrove W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe efficiency of properly applied urea N fertilizers is generally equal to the efficiency of ammonium nitrate. Proper applications, however, most often include incorporation soon after application. In no‐tillage systems where cultivation is not a common practice, these fertilizers are often applied as surface sidedress applications and are sometimes used as carriers for contact herbicides. These field studies which were conducted for 3 years on a Cecil sandy loam soil (Typic hapludult) were designed to compare the efficiency of prilled urea, urea‐ammonium nitrate solution (UAN), and prilled ammonium nitrate (AN) as affected by methods of application in no‐tillage corn (Zea mays L.) production. Treatments included shallow incorporated and unincorporated band applications of all N sources plus a broadcast spray application of UAN. Nitrogen rates were 90, 180, and 270 kg/ha.The results for corn grain yield showed that, in comparing the three N sources, the order of efficiency is generally urea < UAN solution ≤ ammonium nitrate. However, in comparing the three methods of application (surface band, incorporated band, and surface broadcast spray) for the UAN solution, little difference was observed between the surface or incorporated band applications. The surface broadcast spray treatment, on the other hand, resulted in considerably less grain yield and N uptake as judged from the ear leaf N concentrations. These results indicate that, at least for the conditions of this study, urea is not an efficient N source for no‐tillage production systems and is especially inefficient when applied in solution as a broadcast spray.
Physical Factors Influencing Soil Strength and Root Growth1
Authors: Gerard C. J. , Sexton P. , Shaw G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil compaction is a major factor which influences root growth and crop yields. Studies were conducted to determine the influence of different factors on mechanical impedance and to determine the influence of mechanical impedance and other soil factors on root growth. Regression models for dependent variables, soil strength and root growth, vs. the independent variables, soil type, soil depth, clay content, bulk density, voids, and water content were computed using the maximum R2 improvement by stepwise regression. The models for soil strength and root growth varied with soil type, soil depth, and/or clay content. The soils used were a Miles fine sandy loam, Udic Paleustalf and an Abilene clay loam, Pachic Argiustoll. Soil strength for both soils studied and at all depths was influenced by bulk density, voids, and clay content. The overall equational models accounted for 75% of the variability in soil strength and 76% of the variability in root growth. Root growth in both soils and at all depths was significantly influenced by soil strength, volumetric water content, voids, and clay content. The critical strength in bars, defined as the probe pressure at which root elongation stopped, was a function of % clay. The critical strength ranged from 60 to 70 bars in coarsetextured to 25 bars in clay soils. These data provide a better understanding of the influence of mechanical impedance on root growth, and a basis for determining the need for use of deep tillage to minimize the adverse effects of excessive soil strength or compaction.
Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency by Drip Irrigated Celery Receiving Preplant or Water Applied N Fertilizer1
Authors: Feigin A. , Letey J. , Jarrell W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOptimizing N‐fertilization is important from both economical and environmental quality points of view. An experiment was conducted to evaluate N utilization efficiency by celery (Apium graveolens L.) in response to type, amount, and method of N‐fertilizer application under drip irrigation. This study was conducted on San Emigdio sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed (calcareous), thermic Typic Xerofluvent). Fertilizer types included ammonium sulfate (AS) and a slow release (SR) fertilizer applied to the soil before planting and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) applied with the irrigation water during the growing season. Ammonium sulfate and SR were applied at 314 kg N/ha and UAN was applied at rates of 168, 336, and 504 kg N/ ha. Two irrigation variables were 400 and 500 mm of water application. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) was grown to determine the effect of residual soil N following the celery crop. Nitrogen uptake increased with increasing rates of UAN application with relatively little effects of irrigation treatment. Lower N uptake resulted from 500 as compared to the 400 mm irrigation treatment for the soil applied SR and AS fertilizers. There was less N uptake for SR and AS treatments than the UAN treatment of comparable N application. Nitrogen uptake results are consistent with N distributions in the soil which indicated greater leaching of SR and AS fertilizer below the root zone than UAN and higher leaching with higher irrigation treatment. Growth and N uptake by the barley crop were consistent with measured residual N for the various treatments applied to celery.
Soil Available Water as Influenced by Landscape Position and Aspect1
Authors: Hanna A. Y. , Harlan P. W. , Lewis D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn dryland farming, stored soil water is an essential source of water for crop production. The amount of water available for storage and crop use in a particular soil in hillslope topography is affected by its position on the landscape. The effect of slope aspect and position on soil water and its changes throughout the year in dryland farming were studied in southeast Nebraska. North, south, and east‐facing slopes of Wymore silty clay loam (Aquic Argiudolls fine, montmorillonitic mesic) were selected for study. Four positions on each slope including summit, shoulder, backslope, and footslope were identified. Water content of the soil from 0 to 150 cm depth in 30 cm increments was measured weekly by neutron scattering for 2 years. Daily precipitation was recorded. Twenty percent more water was available in soils on the north‐facing slope than in soils on the south‐facing slope at planting and throughout the year. Soils on the east‐facing slope were the driest. They contained 50% less available water than did those on the north‐facing slope. Within slope positions, soils on the footslopes and backslopes contained an average of 4 cm more available water than soils on the summits and shoulders. Soil water sampling at planting time for crop management and yield prediction models should be done according to slope position.