bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peanut Cultivar Responses to Bradyrhizobium Inoculation in Northeast Thailand
Authors: Kucey R. M. N. , Toomsan B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Effective combinations of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and Bradyrhizobium strains were determined under field conditions in NE Thailand in experiments conducted in 1985 and 1986. The experiments measured yields and N2 fixation (N-15 dilution) responses of peanut cultivars Tainan 9, Moket and KAC431 to inoculation with inoculants composed of Bradyrhizobium strains TH205, 32HI or NC92 or mixed cultures of bacteria. Midseason parameters of nodule number and weight and acetylene reduction levels were also determined. Peanut yields varied between years and locations. Cultivar Tainan 9 was shown to be the cultivar with the best average yield for the locations tested. Inoculation with bradyrhizobia resulted in increased seed yields and amounts of N in the plants in most cases. Inoculated peanuts received an average of 71 kg N/ha from fixation; uninoculated peanuts received an average of 62 kg N/ha. Of this N, 55 to 77% remained in the stover. Midseason measurements of plant performance were of minimal value for predicting the relative performance of the three cultivars.
Severity, Distribution, and Losses from Taproot Cankers Caused by Rhizoctonia solani in Peanuts1
Authors: Turner John T. , Backman Paul A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Research on the ecology of peanut roots from fields in Georgia, Florida, and Alabama revealed a high frequency of sunken, dark cankers on the taproot which persisted to harvest. Isolations from these cankers resulted in recovery of Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 4 (AG-4) from more than 50% of the cankers. A survey of peanut fields being harvested during early September revealed that 28% of the fields had an average of more than 50% of the taproot surface area cankered. In contrast, for fields in the same area harvested one month later, 77% had disease severities of less than 25% and none were greater than 50%. In an experiment conducted in 1984, roots from 64 plots were examined and rated for root rot severity and yield. When taproot disease severity was regressed against yield, a highly significant negative correlation (r2 − 0.60, P&lt;0.01) was found.
Natural Crossing of Peanut in Virginia1
Authors: Coffelt T. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Pedigreed natural crossing has been suggested as a technique for increasing the number of hybrids in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding programs, when used in conjunction with the conventional crossing procedure. Since the success of this technique is dependent upon the natural crossing frequencies, a study was conducted from 1984-1986 to determine the current natural crossing frequency in Virginia peanut breeding plots. The cultivar Florigiant was used as the female parent, and the genetic line Krinkle was used as the male parent in a field plot each year. Krinkle has a dominant leaf characteristic easily identified in the hybrid progeny. Seed harvested from the Florigiant parent were planted in subsequent years, and the percentage of Krinkle plants determined for calculating the frequency of outcrossing. The frequency varied with environment from 2.8% in 1984 to 0.0% in 1986. The rate in 1984 was about four times the amount of natural crossing previously reported in Virginia. These results indicate that isolation distances between cultivars in seed fields may need to be greater than in current regulations, and cultivars need to be closely rogued for off-type plants during seed increase.
Effect of Chilling Injury on Windrowed Peanuts
Authors: Singleton J. A. , Pattee H. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of peanut volatiles showed ethanol concentrations in chilled seed with diameters 5.95 and 6.75 mm to be higher than in chilled seed with diameters between 6.75 and 7.94 mm. Normal ethanol concentrations were observed for both large and small seed in the control. Specific conductivity of leachates from the small diameter chilled seed was two to three times higher than the control. Only small differences were observed in the specific conductivity of leachates from the large diameter seed for the chilled treatment and the control. Results suggest that, when exposed to chilling temperatures, respiration in the small seed changed from an aerobic to an anaerobic process. The changes may be caused by modifications in the cell membrane structures of relatively immature seed as a result of exposure to chilling temperatures, with less effect in larger, more mature seed.
Field Evaluations of Peanut Cultivar-Bradyrhizobium Specificities1
Authors: Phillips T. D. , Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Schneeweis T. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) generally is considered promiscuous since it forms symbioses with a diverse group of Bradyrhizobium. However, specific cultivar-strain combinations like Robut 33–1 and strain NC92 have resulted in significant yield increases, suggesting that host-strain combinations may be selected for superior nitrogen fixation and yield. The objectives of this study were to measure nitrogen fixation-related traits during the growing season and evaluate the interactions between host peanut genotypes and Bradyrhizobium strains under field conditions in North Carolina. A factorial experiment with four cultivars and five inoculants was conducted in two years at two locations (Clayton and Lewiston) in North Carolina. Traits measured during the growing season were nodule number and weight, root weight (1983 only), shoot weight, pod weight, nitrogenase activity and specific nitrogenase activity. In 1984, fruit yield was measured at harvest. Results indicated that cultivars and strains were different for most traits in 1983 at Clayton but significant host-strain interactions occurred only for nodule weight at 60 days after planting (DAP) and root weight at 132 DAP. In 1984, Clayton results indicated cultivar-strain interactions for all traits at 73 DAP and for several traits at 109 DAP. At Lewiston only cultivar differences were important. The Clayton fields had low populations of native Bradyrhizobium while Lewiston had a high level of the bacteria. Inoculation produced substantial yield increases at Clayton but not at Lewiston. Robut 33–1 inoculated with strain NC92 did not yield more than with other strains. Further study is needed to explain why repeated increases in yield were obtained with Robut 33–1/NC92 in tropical studies but not in North Carolina. The possibility still exists that superior cultivar-strain combinations can be identified.
Storability of Farmers Stock Peanuts at Two Moisture Levels in Mechanically and Naturally Ventilated Miniature Warehouses
Authors: Smith J. S. , Sanders T. H. , Crippen K. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Farmers stock peanuts from the same field dried to either 8 or 10% seed moisture content were stored for 6 months (October through March) in mechanically and naturally ventilated miniature metal warehouses. The initial temperatures for the 8% moisture content peanuts were 2–3 C higher than those for the 10% moisture content peanuts. This differential was maintained until early February. Relative humidities, 10 percentage points higher in the 10% initial moisture content peanuts began to equilibrate in December and were similar by late January. Final moisture content of the peanuts from the two mechanically ventilated warehouses was about 7% compared to 7.5% in the two naturally ventilated warehouses. Only small changes in total carbonyls and free fatty acids occurred during storage in the warehouses and sensory evaluation after storage indicated no significant differences among treatments within the medium and No. 1 sizes. No aflatoxin was detected in any seed size category before or after storage. Results indicated that quality of farmers stock peanuts, initial moisture content at 10% or less, can be maintained when stored in a properly constructed and operated mechanically or naturally ventilated warehouse.
Comparison of Stability Statistics as Criteria for Cultivar Development in Peanut1
Authors: Anderson W. F. , Mozingo R. W. , Wynne J. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Means of yield and qualitative traits are assessed in multi-location tests in the final stages of breeding line evaluation. Due to large environmental variation and genotype x environment interactions, it is often desirable to compare stability of lines over a range of environments. The objective of this study was to use various stability parameters to try and determine the stability of experimental breeding lines. Using data from regional advanced peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding line yield trials conducted over 3 years and four locations in Virginia and North Carolina, the stability of peanut cultivars and breeding lines was compared. Stability variance was found to be highly correlated (0.91–1.00) with covariate adjusted stability variance. In many instances, the stability-variance parameters produced similar results to pairwise regressions and dissimilarity measures when compared with standard cultivars. However, the distance parameters and regressions provided more precise information on relative responses in varying environments of two advanced breeding lines being considered for release. This allowed for direct comparison to cultivars targetted for replacement. NC 18411 had equal mean yields and qualitative traits but better stability than breeding line NC 18423. Regression analysis indicated that NC 18423 performed best in good environments but worse than most other cultivars in poor environments. Means and stability of value per kilogram and value per hectare were highly correlated with percentage of sound mature kernels and yield (0.92–0.99), respectively. A comparison of means and stability parameters was effective in discerning superiority of peanut breeding lines for potential release and use by growers.
Effect of Metalaxyl Plus PCNB or Metalaxyl Plus Tolclofos-methyl on Peanut Pod Rot and Soil Populations of Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Filonow A. B. , Jackson K. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Metalaxyl plus PCNB or metalaxyl plus tolclofos-methyl were field tested in 1985–1987 in Oklahoma for their effect on pod rot of Florunner and Spanco peanut caused by Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani. Total a.i. (kg/ha) of metalaxyl and PCNB applied in 1985, 1986 and 1987 were 1.12 and 11.2, 1.12 and 11.2 and 0.92 and 7.40. respectively. Total a.i. (kg/ha) of metalaxyl plus tolclofos-methyl applied in 1986 and 1987 were 1.34 and 3.36 and 1.12 and 2.24, respectively. Fungicides reduced pod rot severity on both cultivars at 2–8 wks prior to harvest; at harvest, however, none of the reductions were significant (P≤0.05). Yield increases were measured from 111–579 kg/ha, but few increases were significant (P≤0.05). Fungicides generally reduced the number of Pythium propagules in soil at several sampling dates, but few of the reductions were significant (P≤0.05). In 1986 and 1987 populations of Pythium spp. in soil peaked at 60 and 75 days, respectively, then declined. At these peaks treated soils generally had fewer Pythium propagules than nontreated soils. Populations of Pythium spp. were not significantly reduced at harvest. Populations of R. solani were highly variable over the seasons and control was erratic from year to year. In combination with metalaxyl, tolclofos-methyl was no more effective than PCNB in reducing pod rot or populations of R. solani. Populations of R. solani at harvest were not significantly (P≤0.05) reduced by the fungicide combinations.
Mechanical Texture Measurement of Whole and Chopped Peanuts1
Authors: Hung Y-C. , Chinnan M. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Different test cells (a Warner-Bratzler type blade, compression cell and a modified Kramer shear-compression cell) were compared to obtain an objective method for texture measurement of whole and chopped peanuts. The modified Kramer shear-compression cell was found to be the most sensitive in measuring textural characteristics of whole peanuts. Objective parameters, force and energy, correlated well with subjective parameters resulting from sensory evaluation, crispness and crunchiness (r2 = 0.77 and 0.79), respectively. The coefficients of determination (r2) between whole and chopped peanuts for force and energy were 0.81 and 0.72, respectively; which suggested that the modified Kramer shear-compression cell can be used to evaluate the textural quality of chopped peanuts.
The Effect of Peanut Stripe Virus Infection on Peanut Composition
Authors: Ross L. F. , Lynch R. E. , Conkerton E. J. , Demski J. W. , Daigle D. J. , McCombs C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), cultivar Florunner, from plants inoculated with peanut stripe virus (PStV) were evaluated for chemical composition in comparison with peanuts from uninoculated plants. At harvest, seed were collected from plants which had been mechanically inoculated with PStV at emergence, or 20, 40, or 60 days after emergence and from uninoculated plants. The seed from PStV-infected plants had increases in manganese, selenium, zinc, iron, tartaric acid, raffinose, glucose, fructose, and total carbohydrate contents as compared to seed from uninoculated plants. Sucrose was increased in seed from plants inoculated with PStV at time of emergence. There was a decrease in the concentration of potassium, magnesium, protein, and total soluble phenolics of seed from plants inoculated with PStV. There were no changes in the concentration of stachyose, inositol, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, copper, and oil.
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Detection and Serological Classification of Peanut Stripe Virus1
Authors: Culver J. N. , Sherwood J. L. , Sanborn M. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) to peanut stripe virus (PStV) were obtained by fusing spleen cells from mice immunized with PStV to a mouse myeloma cell line. Two IgG2a subclass MABs, each binding with different antigenic sites, and rabbit polyclonal antibodies (PABs) were compared for their reaction to PStV and other serologically related plant viruses. One MAB reacted to PStV but not to other serologically related viruses. The other MAB reaction of the MABs and PABs to PStV in peanut leaf and seed tissues were compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-immunobinding assay, and Western blotting. MABs were found to be equivalent to or better than PABs in detecting PStV by ELISA and dot-immunobinding assay, but one MAB was not suitable for Western blotting.
Modeling Quality in Bulk Peanut Curing
Authors: Troeger J. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A bulk peanut curing model was modified to indicate conditions which affect peanut quality. The model simulates changes in moisture content as affected by the temperature and humidity of the drying air. Equations were developed for simulating hourly changes in the ambient temperature. Conditions promoting mold growth and mycotoxin production were indicated when relative humidities in the dryer exceeded an upper limit. Poor milling quality was indicated by relative humidities below a lower limit based on extension recommendations. Cumulative time for each of these conditions was determined with various levels of ambient temperature, initial moisture and dryer control settings. A control scheme is given for setting the plenum thermostat. The results show that better control of the dryer operating conditions will maintain the quality factors at a satisfactory level.
Reaction of Peanut Genotypes under Drought Stress to Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus1
Authors: Azaizeh H. A. , Pettit R. E. , Smith O. D. , Tabef R. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seven peanut genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.) were tested in greenhouse and microplot experiments during two consecutive years to determine peanut peg colonization by Aspergillus flavus and to determine the effect of two drought stress treatments on the susceptibility of peanut shells and kernels to Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination. Moisture tensions within the soil and temperatures of the soil and air were monitored during these experiments. Colonization of peanut pegs was inconsistent among genotypes and between years. In general, low soil moisture tension enhanced colonization of peanut shells and kernels. Shells of most genotypes were highly colonized after harvest from each moisture regime. Kernels of all genotypes were more susceptible to A. flavus and A. parasiticus colonization under both long and short drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. However, no significant differences were obtained in the degree of Aspergillus infestation of kernels from PI 337409, Starr, and J-11 in the greenhouse experiments. Under microplot conditions, acomparison of several genotypes revealed that kernels from plants of genotypes TX811956 and TX798736 (short stress treatments) contained significantly lower Aspergillus infestation and kernels from the genotypes PI 337409 and TX811956 and TX798736 contained significantly less aflatoxin.
The Incidence and Survival of Sclerotinia Minor in Peanut Seed
Authors: Porter D. M. , Taber R. A. , Smith D. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The incidence of Sclerotinia minor was assessed in seed of two peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varieties (VA 81B and Florigiant) harvested from two fields in Virginia exhibiting disease symptoms typical of Sclerotinia blight. The incidence of S. minor in peanut seed with pink, light brown and dark brown testae riding a 6.4 × 25.4 mm screen averaged 1.5, 3.9 and 6.0%, respectively, from both fields. Similar trends were evident with colonization of seed by other fungi. The incidence of S. minor from pieces of testa removed from seed from both fields averaged 3.4% and 2.6%, respectively. However, the incidence of S. minor from seed cotyledons with testae removed was extremely low (&lt;0.1%). Sclerotia of S. minor were not observed on, in or under the testa of seed or between the cotyledons of seed in prepared seed lots (lots containing only seed with pink and light brown testae). BOTEC, a seed treatment fungicide applied at recommended rate (2.5 g/kg), reduced the incidence of S. minor in peanut seed from 4.5% to 0.1%. Similar decreases were noted in other seedbome fungi commonly associated with peanut seed.
Peanut Breeding for Leafspot Resistance in Wide and Narrow Intrarow Spacings1
Authors: Knauft D. A. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sixteen peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were grown without the use of fungicides for two years in two planting arrangements, one an intrarow spacing typically used in commercial production (5 cm between plants) and the other typically used in breeding selection plots (30 cm between plants). At 10-day intervals throughout each growing season the proportion of necrotic leaf area caused by leafspots (Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton), leafspot disease rating (0-9), and stage of vegetative growth (v stage) were assessed. Leafspot disease ratings of genotypes spaced 30-cm apart were significantly correlated with the ratings of genotypes in 5-cm spacing. There was no interaction between genotypes and spacing. Percentage necrotic area in 30-cm and 5-cm plantings was significantly correlated. However, large experimental error and complex interactions among spacings, genotypes, and time of observation lessened the value of this method of disease assessment. While the correlation of v stage in the two spacings was highly significant, differences among genotypes were not consistent.
Inheritance of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Two Peanut Crosses1
Authors: Phillips T. D. , Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Schneeweis T. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) may be improved by genetically manipulating the host plant. This requires an understanding of the inheritance of the traits involved in nitrogen fixation. The objectives of this study were to determine the inheritance of several N2 fixation-related traits for two peanut crosses based on Mather and Jink's fixation-related traits for two peanut crosses based on Mather and Jink's additive-dominance model, and to determine if epistasis was important in the inheritance of these traits. A generation means analysis usingparents, reciprocal F1s and F2s, and two back-cross generations was conducted for both crosses. Plants of different generations were grown in modified Leonard jars in the greenhouse for about 60 days at which time nodule number and dry weight, shoot dry weight, nitrogenase activity, and specific activity were measured. Means of the traits for the generations from both crosses (Robut 33-1 x NC 4 and Robut 33-1 x Argentine) showed significant differences. Reciprocal differences were found for most traits measured in the cross of Robut 33-1 x Argentine, a cross of Virginia x Spanish botanical types. Lack of fit of the additive-dominance model indicated significant epistasis for inheritance of nodule number, nodule weight, top dry weight, and nitrogenase activity in both crosses. Three types of digenic interactions (additive x additive, additive x dominance and dominance x dominance) were found. The presence of nonadditive genetic effects suggests that early generation selection would be ineffective.
Accumulation Pattern of Arachin in Maturing Peanut Seed1
Authors: Basha Sheikh M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Accumulation pattern and compositional changes in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Florunner) arachin were determined by monitoring arachin from seeds of different maturities by gel filtration, two dimensional gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. The results indicated that arachin deposition was maximum between Immature and Intermediate stages, and that the arachin monomer increased more than the polymer during seed maturation. Arachin polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 70,000: 32,000 and 29,000 increased in abundance with increasing maturity while a 50,000 molecular weight polypeptide decreased during seed maturation. In addition, amino acid composition of arachin differed in seeds of different maturities. These data suggest that arachin polypeptides are not deposited in equal amounts but individual polypeptides accumulate in different proportions during peanut seed maturation.
CSGR-1: A Computer Simulator of Groundnut Rust1
Authors: Wang Zhenzhong , Lin Kung-hsun 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A computer simulator of groundnut rust (Puccinia arachidis Speg.), CSGR-1, was constructed based on four mathematical submodels describing environmental effects on (1) the increase rate of disease severity and daily multiplication factor of diseased leaflets, (2) the relationship between host growth and the effective accumulated temperatures, and (3) the relationships between infectious tissue and disease severity. The simulator was validated using independent data sets. With CSGR-1, disease development of groundnut rust can be predicted eleven days in advance given appropriate climatic data.