bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental perceptions of end‐of‐life care on paediatric intensive care units: a literature review
Authors: Longden Jennifer V 
Published: April 2011

Aim and objective: The aim of this study was to review the literature relating to parental perceptions on what constitutes quality end‐of‐life care (ELC) at the time of their child's death in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Background: There are few issues in medicine as complex as those involving ELC provision and within paediatric intensive care, these decisions are particularly emotive. Improving the quality of ELC has become a national priority and an understanding of the reality of parents during and after the loss of a child is a mandatory step in achieving this. Efforts to improve ELC in PICU must be based on an understanding of the issues and problems that are unique to parents within this environment and cannot simply be extrapolated from other settings. It is imperative that this has a high priority in training, clinical practice and research for all members of the intensive care team. Search strategy: Databases were systematically searched to identify primary research that related specifically to parental needs during the death of their child on PICU and published between 2000 to the present. Conclusions: Although the retrospective nature of the studies reviewed presents some limitations, it does provide a broad overview of the characteristics of parental needs, indicating the scope for further empirical research. The identification and acknowledgement of the fundamental needs of parents at this time can enable health professionals to provide competent and compassionate ELC which is as focussed and evidence based as other aspects of paediatric critical care medicine.
Host relationships of Dasineura ingeris: oviposition preferences and juvenile survival on clones of Salix viminalis, other Salix species and hybrids
Authors: Åhman Inger , Lövgren Linnéa 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the present study we assessed the extent to which oviposition preferences and larval survival rates of the gall midge Dasineura ingeris Sylvén & Lövgren (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) can explain variation in its use of Salix viminalis phenotypes as hosts. Furthermore, based on oviposition preferences and juvenile survival rates we estimated the host potential of various Salix species and species hybrids.Egg distribution patterns explained 67% of the intraspecific variation in damage to S. viminalis shoots in the field. Juvenile survival, on the other hand, was not related to field damage or egg distribution patterns among the S. viminalis clones studied.Clones of complete or partial S. viminalis origin ranked highest in suitability for D. ingeris survival, and four out of these six clones also received the highest egg rankings. Species belonging to the subgenus Salix were not oviposited on at all, whereas others belonging to the same subgenus as S. viminalis, i.e. Vetrix, were intermediate in terms of oviposition rates. Although there was a significant correlation between D. ingeris egg distributions and larval survival rates on the clones in the Salix species/hybrid set, mismatches were evident.
Vaginal pudendal nerve stimulation: a new technique for assessment of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency
Authors: Tetzschner Tine , Sørensen Michael , Lose Gunnar , Christiansen John 
Published: April 2011

Background. To evaluate vaginal stimulation of the pudendal nerve, a new method for investigation of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and to assess the reproducibility of the method.Methods. Thirteen healthy women and 11 female patients, median age 31 years (range 21–53 years), participated in the study. Ten patients had sustained an anal sphincter rupture and one had idiopathic anal incontinence.Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was measured after vaginal stimulation of the pudendal nerve with motor response from the pelvic floor and rectal stimulation with motor response from the anal sphincter using the St. Marks pudendal electrode. The women were stimulated by two observers both vaginally and by the rectum.Results. Vaginal PNTML for observer 1 was 2.06 msec (0.50 msec, 2 s.d.) and 2.04 msec (0.55 msec, 2 s.d.) for observer 2, while rectal PNTML was 1.99 msec (0.56 msec, 2 s.d.) and 1.97 msec (0.54 msec, 2 s.d.) respectively. The difference between vaginal and rectal PNTML was 0.065 msec for observer 1 (p=0.106) and 0.070 msec for observer 2 (p<0.05).Degree of agreement between vaginal and rectal PNTML was 80%‐116% for observer 1 and 84%‐12% for observer 2 (100% represent total agreement between measurements). Interobserver reproducibility for vaginal PNTML was 90%‐109% and 86%‐113% for rectal PNTML.Conclusion. In clinical practice vaginal PNTML may replace rectal PNTML in women. Reproducibility is in the same range as for rectal PNTML.
Motor vehicle accident during the second or third trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Aitokallio‐Tallberg Ansa , Halmesmäki Erja 
Published: April 2011

Objective. To evaluate the need of immediate treatment, follow‐up and consequences of different types of traffic accidents during pregnancy.Method and material. A retrospective analysis covering five years involving thirty‐five pregnant women involved in motor vehicle accidents at 22–39 weeks of gestation.Results. Fifteen of the 35 women were involved in frontal impact collisions, and suffered mild subjective and objective symptoms; all their fetuses survived and were delivered at term. Fifteen other women were involved in broadside collisions; two of these were riding a bicycle. These 15 women had clear objective findings like uterine contractions or tenderness, and some of them needed tocolytic therapy and hospitalization up to eight days. This was significantly longer than in those involved in frontal impact collisions. However, the broadside accidents did not have any adverse effect on pregnancy outcomes either. Five women were involved in serious accidents at speeds of 80–110 km/h, and one mother and her fetus died immediately because of rupture of the uterus and the cervical joint and spinal canal. Four other fetuses were found dead on arrival at hospital or soon after. In all cases the cause of fetal loss was placental abruption. The presence of fetal blood cells in maternal blood was evaluated in 15 of 35 patients, but was positive in only one.Conclusion. Frontal collisions are associated with lower vehicular speed, less trauma and no acute or later effects on pregnancy, whereas broadside collisions and high speed (≥80km/h) cause more symptoms. The latter type of accidents are associated with high risk of placental abruption and of fetal and maternal death. Fortunately the symptoms are evident immediately after the accident, and early hospital discharge is possible if no abnormalities are present during the first hours.
Maternal mortality after cesarean section in The Netherlands
Authors: Schuitemaker Nico , van Roosmalen Jos , Dekker Guus , van Dongen Pieter , van Geijn Herman , Gravenhorst Jack Bennebroek 
Published: April 2011

Background. To assess cesarean section‐related maternal mortality in The Netherlands during 1983–1992.Methods. A nationwide confidential enquiry into the causes of maternal death.Results. The risk of dying after vaginal birth was 0.04 per 1000 vaginal births (65/1.763.999) compared to 0.53 per 1000 cesarean births (57/108.587).The direct risk of dying from cesarean section was 0.13 per 1000 operations (14/108.587). In some women cesarean section did not initiate, but contributed to, the train of events leading to death. Adding this associated risk to the direct risk gives a fatality rate of 0.28 per 1000 cesarean births (30/108.587).Conclusions. Although cesarean section is a relatively safe procedure nowadays, birth by cesarean section in The Netherlands is seven times more hazardous than vaginal birth.Keeping the cesarean birth rate as low as possible is therefore in the interest of women of reproductive age.
Results of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in relation to indication
Authors: Ziebe Søren , Andersen Anders Nyboe , Andersen Anne‐Grethe , Mikkelsen Anne Lis , Lindenberg Svend 
Published: April 2011

Background. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was first introduced as a treatment to couples that were infertile due to severe male factors. Later, the ICSI technic has also been used on other indications like low or no fertilization in previous IVF cycles.Methods. A total of 262 ICSI cycles performed in 180 patients were reviewed and the results related to the indications. The indications were severely impaired semen quality (182 cycles) or absent or low fertilization in previous IVF attempts (80 cycles).Results. A total of 2298 oocytes were aspirated and 1939 oocytes were injected resulting in 1172 fertilized (60%) and 995 cleaved oocytes (51%). Of these, 547 preembryos were transferred in 240 cycles and 287 preembryos were cryopreserved. We obtained 99 pregnancies (41%/transfer) of which 63 were ongoing pregnancies (26%/transfer). The pregnancy rate was significantly lower (p=0.025) in couples referred for ICSI due to previously failed IVF (29%/transfer) compared to couples with impaired semen quality (46%/transfer). Seventy‐seven children have been born. Forty‐eight healthy children were born from singleton pregnancies with a mean gestational age of 39.8 weeks and an average birthweight of 3561 g. Thirteen sets of healthy twins and one set of healthy triplets were born. In 29 of the 63 ongoing pregnancies amniocenteses were performed and all karyotypes were normal.Conclusion. IVF with ICSI gave good clinical results in couples with severe male factor infertility. The technic can also be used in couples with unexplained fertilization failure, but the pregnancy rate may be lower.
The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in Hordaland county, Norway 1976–1993
Authors: Storeide Olav , Veholmen Marit , Eide Martha , Bergsjø Per , Sandvei Roar 
Published: April 2011

Objective. To gain longterm knowledge of incidence rates of ectopic pregnancy, as a basis for analysing risk factors.Material. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy was studied in the county of Hordaland, Western Norway, through 18 years, 1976–1993. The protocols of 1821 cases of ectopic pregnancy were registered. Population data of the county, the number of births and legal abortions were available.Results. There was considerable increase in crude numbers of ectopic pregnancies throughout the period. Grouping the cases in three six‐year periods showed an increased crude incidence rate per 100000 women from 95 during 1976–81 to 154 during 1988–93. The corresponding rates per 1000 births increased from 13.6 to 22.2 and the rates per 1000 reported pregnancies from 11.2 to 18.0. All rates increased also in women aged 40–44 years. During the years 1979–1993 the rates per 1000 reported pregnancies increased by 25%, from 9.4 to 11.8 in age groups below 30 years, while the rates for women over 35 years increased by 98%, from 20.7 to 40.9. Compared to the age group 15–19, women over 35 years had an eightfold risk during the last period. In addition they also contributed to higher numbers of reported pregnancies by 58%.Conclusion. The rates of ectopic pregnancy increased in age groups older than 20 years during 1976–93, moderately in younger age groups, but considerably in older age groups, who also contributed with higher total rates of pregnancy. More older women, with presumably accumulated risk factors getting pregnant, thus explain part of the increased rates of this disease.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ryott Michael , Marklund Linda , Wangsa Darawalee , Elmberger Göran , Munck‐Wikland Eva 
Published: April 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 40: 385–389Background:  Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression is associated with unfavorable outcome in various cancers, and evidence is accumulating that carcinogenesis possibly evolves from intracellular changes in response to induction of this enzyme. Today selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors are being studied and used as complement in cancer treatment. This study examined the prognostic value of cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC).Methods:  Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 was determined in biopsies from 76 stage matched patients with OTSCC by immunohistochemistry between January 2000 and December 2004 in Stockholm, Sweden. Additionally, twelve samples taken after pre‐operative radiotherapy were investigated.Results:  All OTSCC specimen expressed cyclooxygenase‐2 by immunostaining. The cyclooxygenase‐2 staining intensity increased significantly with more advanced stage (P = 0.020). Fifty percent of the surgical specimen showed a decrease in immunostaining post‐radiation (P = 0.031). No association was found with survival.Conclusion:  Cyclooxygenase‐2 expression has limited prognostic value in OTSCC.
Dermatological rehabilitation
Authors: Nürnberg Wolf , Wehrmann Jochen , Breuer Kristine 
Published: April 2011

SummaryChronic and chronically recurring diseases often cannot be treated causally and usually lead to a considerable impairment in social and occupational participation. In order to deal appropriately with such restrictions, a more comprehensive therapeutic approach is required in the sense of a bio‐psychosocial model of disease and health which serves as the basis for modern dermatological rehabilitation. Multimodal, quality‐controlled dermatological rehabilitation gives patients with chronic skin diseases a treatment option that goes beyond the primarily symptom‐oriented outpatient care provided by office‐based physicians and the acute care of inpatient facilities. This paper presents the complex opportunities offered by dermatological rehabilitation. The aim of this paper is to put dermatologists working in the practical field in a position to help their patients with chronic skin diseases to realize their statutory right to participate in society. For this purpose, it will impart the understanding of medical rehabilitation that is necessary so that the dermatologist in charge can advise his or her patient competently, in order to successfully arrange for the corresponding care appropriate to the indication and taking into account personal circumstances and insurance‐related requirements.
Skyline‐plot methods for estimating demographic history from nucleotide sequences
Authors: HO SIMON Y. W. , SHAPIRO BETH 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEstimation of demographic history from nucleotide sequences represents an important component of many studies in molecular ecology. For example, knowledge of a population’s history can allow us to test hypotheses about the impact of climatic and anthropogenic factors. In the past, demographic analysis was typically limited to relatively simple population models, such as exponential or logistic growth. More flexible approaches are now available, including skyline‐plot methods that are able to reconstruct changes in population sizes through time. This technical review focuses on these skyline‐plot methods. We describe some general principles relating to sampling design and data collection. We then provide an outline of the methodological framework, which is based on coalescent theory, before tracing the development of the various skyline‐plot methods and describing their key features. The performance and properties of the methods are illustrated using two simulated data sets.
Visual Analytics as a Translational Cognitive Science
Authors: Fisher Brian , Green Tera Marie , Arias‐Hernández Richard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractVisual analytics is a new interdisciplinary field of study that calls for a more structured scientific approach to understanding the effects of interaction with complex graphical displays on human cognitive processes. Its primary goal is to support the design and evaluation of graphical information systems that better support cognitive processes in areas as diverse as scientific research and emergency management. The methodologies that make up this new field are as yet ill defined. This paper proposes a pathway for development of visual analytics as a translational cognitive science that bridges fundamental research in human/computer cognitive systems and design and evaluation of information systems in situ. Achieving this goal will require the development of enhanced field methods for conceptual decomposition of human/computer cognitive systems that maps onto laboratory studies, and improved methods for conducting laboratory investigations that might better map onto real‐world cognitive processes in technology‐rich environments.
The Anatomy of the Leaf of Symphytum Officinale L
Authors: Peck (Miss) J M , Fell K R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The history and uses of the leaves of Symphytum officinale L. are given together with an illustrated account of the macroscopy of the upper and lower leaves of the plant and of the anatomical structure of the leaf. The diagnostic characters of the powdered leaves are also recorded and illustrated.
Hydrogenation of Digitalis Genins and Anhydrogenins
Authors: Brown B T , Wright S E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Hydrogenation of the 14,15-unsaturated linkage in the digitalis β–anhydrogenins without simultaneous reduction of the cyclobutenolide group is described. The reduced compounds have an α configuration for the hydrogen at C(14). Hydrogenation of the cyclobutenolide ring produces two isomeric compounds which have been separated and assigned to the 20α and 20β steroid series respectively.
Phytochemical Studies on the Genus Crotalaria: Part I. A Phytochemical Investigation of the Seeds ofCrotalaria sericea Retz
Authors: Atal C K , Sethi M L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
By chromatography of an unsaponifiable fraction of a petroleum extract, a saturated hydrocarbon triacontane, 22,23-dihydrostigmasterol and α-carotene were isolated. The identity of triacontane was confirmed by its melting point and elemental analysis. 22,23-Dihydrostigmasterol was identified by its melting point, mixed melting point, melting points of its acetate and benzoate and by its specific rotation in chloroform. α-Carotene was identified by its absorption maxima at 460 and 480 mμ. From the ethanolic extracts a mixture of alkaloids was separated which on chromatography over alumina gave a crystalline alkaloid, monocrotaline, C16H23NO6, m.p. 196–197° and a new crystalline base m.p. 180–181°, named sericine which has not been completely identified. It has the tentative empiric formula C17H24NO7 and may be a new alkaloid. Presence of two more alkaloids was shown by paper chromatography
Method for the Quantitative Estimation of Strychnine and Brucine in Nux Vomica by Paper Electrophoresis
Authors: Bardhan D K , Chakravarty Diptish 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method for the quantitative separation and estimation of strychnine and brucine in nux vomica seeds has been described. The method involves extraction of total alkaloids, electrophoretic separation in a buffer medium and subsequent estimation in spectrophotometer after elution in suitable solvent. The method is precise and accurate
Polymorphism of Cortisone Acetate
Authors: Callow R K , Kennard Olga 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Evidence is presented that cortisone acetate occurs in at least five distinct crystalline forms. Four of these forms are unstable in presence of water and change to the stable Form I. Physical data, including spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic constants, are recorded, and the application of these physical measurements to the recognition of the different forms, and the value of doing this with pharmaceutical preparations are discussed
The Molecular Properties of Ghatti Gum: A Naturally Occurring Polyelectrolyte
Authors: Elworthy P H , George T M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An authenticated sample of ghatti gum from Anogeissus latifolia has been fractionated by ethanolic precipitation (Fraction I), and chromatography on silica gel (Fractions 2 and 3). The equivalent weights found were 1,750, 1,800 and 2,040 respectively. The sodium salts of the fractions have been studied in various salt solutions by viscosity and light scattering methods. From the latter the molecular weights (= 2·1, 2·7, and 2·6 ± 106 respectively), radii of gyration, and some idea of molecular shape have been obtained. The molecule appears to be rod shaped. The expansion factors of the molecules calculated from the light scattering and the viscosity data agree with each other. Reasons for the difference in the values of the calculated and observed second virial coefficients are discussed.
Identification of the thiazide diuretic drugs
Authors: PILSBURY VALERIE B , JACKSON J V 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method for detecting and identifying ten thiazide diuretic drugs in tablets, gastric washings and urine by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and paper chromatography is described. The thiazides can be detected by absorption maxima in the region 264 to 294mμ at concentrations of 5 μg/ml or lower. Identification is by ascending high temperature reverse phase paper chromatography using tributyrin treated paper and developing for 20 min at 90° with a phosphate buffer (pH 7614). Further differentiation is obtained with the solvent system amyl alcohol—0 880 ammonia (9:1) on Whatman No. 1 paper. The thiazides are located as absorbing or fluorescent spots in ultraviolet light (2534 Å) and these are confirmed by the stable red colour given by an alkaline sodium 1,2-naphthaquinone-4-sulphonate spray reagent. Many of these diuretics are co-extracted with barbiturates and may interfere with barbiturate determinations.
Metal binding tendencies of various antibiotics
Authors: NIEBERGALL P J , HUSSAR D A , CRESSMAN W A , SUGITA E T , DOLUISIO J T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method to determine the presence of metal-drug complexes in dilute solutions is described. Using this method cycloserine was found to complex with cupric, nickelous, zinc and cobalt ions; streptomycin and novobiocin complexed with cupric ions; erythromycin complexed with cobalt ions, and chloramphenicol exhibited no metal binding tendencies. Various penicillins were found to interact with zinc and cupric ions. Preliminary investigations suggest that cupric ions, rather than simply complexing with penicillin as suggested by previous workers, promote the degradation of penicillin to penicilloic acid. Evidence is presented to confirm the presence of penicilloic acid in reaction mixtures initially containing penicillin G or V and cupric ions, and to establish that the reaction follows second order kinetics and ceases when all available cupric ion has been consumed. Good correlation was noted for these results and previous work which showed the effects of metal ions on the antibacterial properties of penicillin.
Apparatus for accelerated temperature cycling
Authors: CARLESS J E , FOSTER A A , JOLLIFFE G O 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An automatic control unit, activating electrically operated solenoid valves, is used to regulate the flow of “hot” and “cold” water from two thermostated baths to the jacket of a reaction vessel so that the temperature of a liquid sample within the vessel follows a highly reproducible programmed cycle. A comparison is made of the temperature hysteresis between 23–33° during a 16 min cycle, when the flow rates to the vessel are changed and when the valves are operated manually. The adjustment of temperature hysteresis to effect the accelerated storage testing of liquid preparations is described.