bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthopedic Surgeons and Physical Therapists Differ in Assessment of Need for Physical Therapy After Traumatic Lower-Extremity Injury
Authors: Archer Kristin R. , MacKenzie Ellen J. , Castillo Renan C. , Bosse Michael J. ,   for the LEAP Study Group
Published: October 2009

BackgroundLower-extremity injuries constitute the leading cause of trauma hospitalizations among people under the age of 65 years. Rehabilitation has the potential to favorably influence the outcomes associated with traumatic lower-extremity injuries.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to explore variability in surgeon and physical therapist assessments of the need for physical therapy in patients with traumatic lower-extremity injuries and to determine the factors associated with assessments of need.DesignThis study was a retrospective cohort investigation.MethodsParticipants were 395 patients treated by reconstruction in the Lower-Extremity Assessment Project. They were evaluated at 8 level I trauma centers at 3, 6, and 12 months after hospitalization by an orthopedic surgeon and a physical therapist to determine the need for physical therapy. Analyses included multilevel logistic regression.ResultsChi-square analyses showed that surgeon and therapist assessments of need differed statistically across trauma centers. Surgeons were more likely to assess a need for therapy at 3 months when participants had low work self-efficacy, impaired knee flexion range of motion (ROM), and weight-bearing limitations and at 6 and 12 months when participants had impaired knee flexion ROM and weight-bearing and balance limitations. Therapists were more likely to assess a need for therapy at 3 months when participants had moderate to severe pain and at 6 and 12 months when participants had low work self-efficacy, pain, impaired knee flexion ROM, and balance limitations.ConclusionsThe results revealed variability in assessments of the need for physical therapy at the provider and trauma center levels. Differences in provider assessments highlight the need for communication and further investigation into the outcomes and timing of physical therapy for the treatment of traumatic lower-extremity injuries.
POPULARITY AS A FACTOR IN COPYRIGHT LAW
Authors: Shur-Ofry Michal 
Published: October 2009

This article makes a simple yet counterintuitive argument: it advocates the recognition of popularity as a general factor that can limit the scope of copyright protection, across the range of copyright-protected works. Until now, copyright law has not explicitly recognized popularity as a relevant factor that affects the scope of copyright protection. Not only is popularity irrelevant, asserts the ‘official’ copyright position, but holding otherwise would be ‘flipping copyright on its head’ and ‘ignoring [its] major premise.’ This article offers an adverse view. It argues that there is solid justification for explicitly recognizing popularity as a factor in copyright law and for affording the most popular works, across the broad range of works protected by copyright, lesser copyright protection than is afforded to ‘regular’ works. Thus, the article offers a new and interdisciplinary perspective on the issues of standardization and networks, which have so far been discussed mainly in the context of utilitarian works. It seeks to lay out a comprehensive analytical framework for establishing popularity as a general factor relevant to determining the scope of protection for the variety of works protected by copyright. The argument is based on multidisciplinary scholarship. It uses network science to examine the process leading to extreme popularity of certain works, to identify their common features, and to analyse the primary difficulties associated with affording them full copyright protection. Using economic, social, and democratic analyses, the article then demonstrates that limiting copyright protection can contribute to resolving – or, at least, undermining – these difficulties. It further shows that from an ‘internal’ copyright perspective, a narrowing rule focusing on popularity is largely consistent with the prevailing theoretical justifications for copyright and can even help copyright law to more accurately draw the desired boundaries of copyright protection. Based upon this analysis, the last part of the article outlines a proposed model for explicitly recognizing popularity as a transparent and established factor that can influence the scope of copyright protection.
Type I Interferons Produced by Resident Renal Cells May Promote End-Organ Disease in Autoantibody-Mediated Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Fairhurst Anna-Marie , Xie Chun , Fu Yuyang , Wang Andrew , Boudreaux Christopher , Zhou Xin J. , Cibotti Ricardo , Coyle Anthony , Connolly John E. , Wakeland Edward K. , Mohan Chandra 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Increased Type I IFNs or IFN-I have been associated with human systemic lupus erythematosus. Interestingly augmenting or negating IFN-I activity in murine lupus not only modulates systemic autoimmunity, but also impacts lupus nephritis, suggesting that IFN-I may be acting at the level of the end-organ. We find resident renal cells to be a dominant source of IFN-I in an experimental model of autoantibody-induced nephritis. In this model, augmenting IFN-I amplified antibody-triggered nephritis, whereas ablating IFN-I activity ameliorated disease. One mechanism through which increased IFN-I drives immune-mediated nephritis might be operative through increased recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, though this hypothesis needs further validation. Collectively, these studies indicate that an important contribution of IFN-I toward the disease pathology seen in systemic autoimmunity may be exercised at the level of the end-organ.
Long Double-Stranded RNA Induces an Antiviral Response Independent of IFN Regulatory Factor 3, IFN-β Promoter Stimulator 1, and IFN
Authors: DeWitte-Orr Stephanie J. , Mehta Devangi R. , Collins Susan E. , Suthar Mehul S. , Gale Michael , Mossman Karen L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Virus infection elicits a robust innate antiviral response dominated by the production of type 1 IFN. In nonprofessional innate immune cells such as fibroblasts, type 1 IFN is rapidly produced following the recognition of viral dsRNA and the subsequent activation of the constitutively expressed transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Although origin, localization, and length are factors in mediating dsRNA recognition and binding by cellular dsRNA-binding proteins, the biological significance of differential dsRNA binding is unclear, since the subsequent signaling pathways converge on IRF3. In this study, we show a dsRNA length-dependent activation of IRFs, IFNs, and IFN-stimulated genes in mouse fibroblasts. The length dependence was exacerbated in fibroblasts deficient in the mitochondria-associated adaptor IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 and IRF3, suggesting that antiviral gene induction mediated by short and long dsRNA molecules is predominantly IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 and IRF3 dependent and independent, respectively. Furthermore, we provide evidence of an innate antiviral response in fibroblasts in the absence of both IRF3 and type 1 IFN induction. Even with these key modulators missing, a 60–90% inhibition of virus replication was observed following 24-h treatment with short or long dsRNA molecules, respectively. These data provide evidence of a novel antiviral pathway that is dependent on dsRNA length, but independent of the type 1 IFN system.
Outside-In Signal Transmission by Conformational Changes in Integrin Mac-1
Authors: Lefort Craig T. , Hyun Young-Min , Schultz Joanne B. , Law Foon-Yee , Waugh Richard E. , Knauf Philip A. , Kim Minsoo 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Intracellular signals associated with or triggered by integrin ligation can control cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Despite accumulating evidence that conformational changes regulate integrin affinity to its ligands, how integrin structure regulates signal transmission from the outside to the inside of the cell remains elusive. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer, we addressed whether conformational changes in integrin Mac-1 are sufficient to transmit outside-in signals in human neutrophils. Mac-1 conformational activation induced by ligand occupancy or activating Ab binding, but not integrin clustering, triggered similar patterns of intracellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation, including Akt phosphorylation, and inhibited spontaneous neutrophil apoptosis, indicating that global conformational changes are critical for Mac-1-dependent outside-in signal transduction. In neutrophils and myeloid K562 cells, ligand ICAM-1 or activating Ab binding promoted switchblade-like extension of the Mac-1 extracellular domain and separation of the αM and β2 subunit cytoplasmic tails, two structural hallmarks of integrin activation. These data suggest the primacy of global conformational changes in the generation of Mac-1 outside-in signals.
Bone Marrow Ly6Chigh Monocytes Are Selectively Recruited to Injured Kidney and Differentiate into Functionally Distinct Populations
Authors: Lin Shuei Liong , Castaño Ana P. , Nowlin Brian T. , Lupher Mark L. , Duffield Jeremy S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Roles for monocyte/macrophages (Mφ) in directing the development of tissue fibrosis are increasingly recognized. Macrophages form a heterogeneous group of inflammatory leukocytes, and the mechanisms by which they acquire heterogeneity and its functional significance are unclear. We used the unilateral ureteral obstruction model of progressive kidney fibrosis to explore macrophage heterogeneity and function further. Unilateral ureteral obstruction kidney Mφs form three distinct subpopulations defined by the marker Ly6C, all of which are derived from a single Ly6Chigh bone marrow monocyte population selectively recruited to the kidney. Conditional ablation of these Mφs in vivo in CD11b-DTR mice is potently antifibrotic. The mRNA transcription profile of these populations is consistent with differential functional roles for each subpopulation, with Ly6Clow macrophages transcribing genes consistent with selective profibrotic or M2-type function. Furthermore, bone marrow chimerism studies indicate that although resident kidney macrophages proliferate markedly to comprise up to 40% of the inflammatory macrophage population, they do not contribute to fibrosis. Our data identify Ly6C as a marker of functionally discrete tissue macrophage subsets and support a model of selective recruitment of Ly6Chigh bone marrow monocytes to the kidney that differentiate into three populations of kidney macrophages, including a profibrotic Ly6Clow population.
Chronic CD70-Driven Costimulation Impairs IgG Responses by Instructing T Cells to Inhibit Germinal Center B Cell Formation through FasL-Fas Interactions
Authors: Beishuizen Cathrien R. L. , Kragten Natasja A. M. , Boon Louis , Nolte Martijn A. , van Lier Rene A. W. , van Gisbergen Klaas P. J. M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
CD70 provides costimulation that enhances effector T cell differentiation upon binding of its receptor, CD27. During chronic immune activation, CD70 is constitutively expressed on activated immune cells, and this induces T cell-driven disruption of neutralizing Ab responses via an unknown mechanism. We used CD70-transgenic mice to investigate the effect of constitutive expression of CD70 on T cell-dependent B cell responses. CD70 induced up-regulation of the B cell follicle homing chemokine receptor CXCR5 on T cells, enabling not only CD4 but also CD8 T cells to infiltrate the B cell follicles. CD70-transgenic mice failed to develop productive germinal center formation and displayed impaired IgG Ab responses. Defective germinal center B cell differentiation was critically dependent on CD70-mediated CD27 signaling in T cells, and involved Fas-dependent impairment of germinal center B cell differentiation. Thus, CD70-driven costimulation enables T cells to terminate B cell responses, thereby compromising durable Ab production. Our findings imply that the CD70- and CD27-driven costimulatory axis may be involved in shutdown of B cell responses before clearance of Ag. Because CD70 is expressed constitutively in chronic viral infections such as HIV-1 infection, this mechanism may also contribute to defects in humoral immunity associated with this disease.
A Major Role for the Minor Capsid Protein of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 in Immune Escape
Authors: Fahey Laura M. , Raff Adam B. , Da Silva Diane M. , Kast W. Martin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the cervical epithelium is causally linked with the generation of cervical cancer. HPV does not activate Langerhans cells (LC), the APC at the site of infection, leading to immune evasion. The HPV protein responsible for inducing this immune escape has not been determined. We demonstrate that LC exposed to the minor capsid protein L2 in HPV16L1L2 virus-like particles do not phenotypically or functionally mature. However, HPV16L1 virus-like particles significantly induce activation of LC. Our data suggest that the L2 protein plays a specific role in the induction of this immune escape of HPV16 through the manipulation of LC. This novel function is the first immune modulating action attributed to the L2 protein and adds significantly to our understanding of the mechanism of HPV immune escape.
C1q Differentially Modulates Phagocytosis and Cytokine Responses during Ingestion of Apoptotic Cells by Human Monocytes, Macrophages, and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Fraser Deborah A. , Laust Amanda K. , Nelson Edward L. , Tenner Andrea J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
C1q, the first component of the classical complement pathway, is also a pattern recognition receptor involved in the recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells. C1q deficiency in humans leads to development of lupus-like autoimmune disease, and it has been speculated that impaired clearance of apoptotic cells may contribute to disease development. Since phagocytes initiate specific and appropriate immune responses as a result of initial ligand-receptor interactions, regulation of gene expression by C1q may also contribute to the sculpting of an immune response to the ingested “self-Ags.” In this study, the role of C1q in apoptotic cell clearance and subsequent modulation of cytokine release by phagocytes was assessed including donor matched human monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs), and dendritic cells (DCs). First, C1q binding is much greater to late compared with early apoptotic cells. Second, C1q binding to apoptotic cells significantly enhanced the levels of ingestion by monocytes but had no effect on HMDM and DC uptake. Third, in the presence of serum, C1q bound to apoptotic cells, activated the complement pathway, leading to C3b deposition, and enhancement of uptake of apoptotic cells by monocytes, HMDMs, and DCs. Finally, although C1q, either immobilized on a plate or bound to apoptotic cells, modulates the LPS-induced cytokine levels released by human monocytes, HMDMs, and DCs toward a more limited immune response, both the degree and direction of modulation differed significantly depending on the differentiation state of the phagocyte, providing further evidence of the integration of these cell- and environment-specific signals in determining appropriate immune responses.
Every Dataset is a Canon
Authors: Carpo Mario 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFor architects, the construction of a dataset for use in AI, whether imported from somewhere else or newly created, is fundamentally an epistemological canon of references, likes and preoccupations often predicated on the selection of so‐called masterpieces of Western art. The canon represents ideals of beauty and knowledge, but it also reflects a bias in favour of art created by those who have occupied the most socially, politically and economically powerful positions in culture. Mario Carpo, architectural historian, critic and Reyner Banham Professor of Architectural History and Theory at the Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, leads us through a succinct series of eras and architectural styles to demonstrate this fact and their lack of diversity.
‘Hey ChatGPT, Finish This Building …’: A Worker‐Led AI Agenda for the Construction Industry
Authors: Fox Sarah 
Published: May 2024

AbstractInstead of AI systems being foisted on workplaces and workers from the top down via a one‐size‐fits all approach, Sarah Fox, director of Carnegie Mellon University's Tech Solidarity Lab, investigates how more participative practices might enable staff to develop equitable workload procedures in conjunction with machine learning systems. How can businesses transform to incorporate AI without the nuances of mass redundancies and human supplication to such processes?
Art Beyond Mechanical Reproduction: In Conversation with AI Artist Mario Klingemann
Authors: del Campo Matias 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDelving into the realm of how machine learning is being used to make art, Matias del Campo interviews Munich‐based artist Mario Klingemann, who shares with us his modus operandi and aspirations for this new discipline. His work is at once uncanny, defamiliarising and estranging, and not without a hint of bodily violence – a kind of reverse butchery, an assault on the figure by the machine.
Stop Making Sense: Complexity and Contradiction in AI and Architecture
Authors: Kudless Andrew 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn the last thirty or so years, architects have embraced all manner of computer softwares and hardwares. This has often resulted in convoluted forms and a concentration on the part of architects to solve fabrication complexities at the expense of dexterous design explorations. Artist, designer and educator Andrew Kudless reminds us of the messy, illogical and contradictory aspects of design development, and that we have yet to develop something as multivalent in its evocative suggestions as the old‐fashioned ‘hairy’ sketch.
AI‐Generated Content: From Conception to Communal Engagement
Authors: He Wanyu 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSince the AI ‘architectural explosion’ of 2022, and as things have become clearer but have not yet settled down, a whole raft of possibilities for creativity and commercial exploration are emerging. Architectural and urban designer Wanyu He explains some of these opportunities, and also reminds us of the ethical and societal concerns about this technology – its biases and blindnesses – which must be addressed before these new approaches can be applied equitably.
Allergen‐Encapsulating Nanoparticles Reprogram Pathogenic Allergen‐Specific Th2 Cells to Suppress Food Allergy
Authors: Saunders Michael N. , Rad Laila M. , Williams Laura A. , Landers Jeffrey J. , Urie Russell R. , Hocevar Sarah E. , Quiros Miguel , Chiang Ming‐Yi , Angadi Amogh R. , Janczak Katarzyna W. , Bealer Elizabeth J. , Crumley Kelly , Benson Olivia E. , Griffin Kate V. , Ross Brian C. , Parkos Charles A. , Nusrat Asma , Miller Stephen D. , Podojil Joseph R. , O'Konek Jessica J. , Shea Lonnie D. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFood allergy is a prevalent, potentially deadly disease caused by inadvertent sensitization to benign food antigens. Pathogenic Th2 cells are a major driver for disease, and allergen‐specific immunotherapies (AIT) aim to increase the allergen threshold required to elicit severe allergic symptoms. However, the majority of AIT approaches require lengthy treatments and convey transient disease suppression, likely due to insufficient targeting of pathogenic Th2 responses. Here, the ability of allergen‐encapsulating nanoparticles to directly suppress pathogenic Th2 responses and reactivity is investigated in a mouse model of food allergy. NPs associate with pro‐tolerogenic antigen presenting cells, provoking accumulation of antigen‐specific, functionally suppressive regulatory T cells in the small intestine lamina propria. Two intravenous doses of allergen encapsulated in poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticles (NPs) significantly reduces oral food challenge (OFC)‐induced anaphylaxis. Importantly, NP treatment alters the fates of pathogenic allergen‐specific Th2 cells, reprogramming these cells toward CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory and CD73+FR4+ anergic phenotypes. NP‐mediated reductions in the frequency of effector cells in the gut and mast cell degranulation following OFC are also demonstrated. These studies reveal mechanisms by which an allergen‐encapsulating NP therapy and, more broadly, allergen‐specific immunotherapies, can rapidly attenuate allergic responses by targeting pathogenic Th2 cells.
COVID–19療養経過中のため診断が遅れて薬疹が重症化した1例(A case of severe drug eruption with delayed diagnosis due to COVID–19)
Authors: 駿 小林 , 志穂 齊藤 , 尚弘 山田 , 宣寿 松村 , 法子 門馬 , 信仁 根本 , 一真 森野 
Published: May 2024

要旨重症薬疹は検査結果に加えその症状と経過により診断される。今回，オンライン診療下で身体診察が不十分となり診断が遅れた重症薬疹を経験した。症例はうつ病治療中の31歳女性。精神科病院入院中，X−30日，ラモトリギン内服を開始した。X−23日，coronavirus disease 2019（COVID–19）患者に濃厚接触したため自宅療養目的に退院した。X−16日，発熱と全身の紅斑が出現した。X−15日，オンラインで処方医の定期診察を受けたが発熱と皮疹に気づかれなかった。X−5日，COVID–19に罹患したことが判明した。X−3日，発熱が続くため処方医と異なる2次医療機関に救急搬送されたがCOVID–19であるために皮疹の診察を十分に受けなかった。自宅療養を継続したが発熱と皮疹が改善しないため，X日，当院に救急搬送された。重症薬疹を疑い，被疑薬を中止しステロイドの全身投与を開始後，皮疹は経日的に改善し，X+14日に自宅退院した。本症例はCOVID–19に罹患したため，前医で全身の皮膚観察がなされず，薬疹を疑う所見の一つである播種状紅斑に気づかれなかった結果，薬疹の診断と被疑薬中止が遅れた。COVID–19流行によりオンライン診療が広く導入されているが，非対面での診察時に皮膚所見が重要と考えられる場合は，皮疹の場所や形態，その推移を含めた問診とカメラを通した視診にとくに留意すべきである。
蘇生的開胸術とステントグラフト内挿術を行ったが救命できなかった外傷性腹部大動脈瘤破裂の1例(A fatal case of traumatic ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm treated with resuscitative thoracotomy and endovascular aortic repair)
Authors: 剛 眞喜志 , 薫 原田 , 博司 長野 
Published: May 2024

要旨外傷性の腹部大動脈瘤破裂（raptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: RAAA）は稀な病態だが死亡率は高い。症例は61歳の男性。体重15kgの子供が腹部に飛び乗った後に腹痛と意識消失を呈し，ショック状態で病院に搬送された。エコーと造影CTで外傷性RAAAと診断した。ショックに対して大量輸液，輸血を行ったが循環維持が困難だったため，蘇生的開胸術を行い下行大動脈をクランプした。ハイブリッド手術室でステントグラフト内挿術（endovascular aortic repair: EVAR）を行った。EVAR完了後に腹部の緊張が増大し，腹部コンパートメント症候群を生じたと判断して開腹を行った。しかし凝固障害のために止血が困難となり，受傷から14時間後に死亡した。本症例は外傷性RAAAにおいても蘇生的開胸術は根治的治療を行うまでの循環維持に有効な手段となりうることを示しているが，その後の治療戦略は慎重に決定しなければならない。
Effects of bottom‐up factors on growth and toxin content of a harmful algae bloom dinoflagellate
Authors: Möller Kristof , Thoms Silke , Tillmann Urban , Krock Bernd , Koch Florian , Peeken Ilka , Meunier Cédric L. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe toxin‐producing dinoflagellateAlexandrium pseudogonyaulaxhas become increasingly abundant in northern European waters, replacing otherAlexandriumspecies.A. pseudogonyaulaxproduces goniodomins and lytic substances, which can be cytotoxic toward other organisms, including fish, but we still know little about the environmental conditions influencing its growth and toxicity. Here, we investigated the impacts of different nitrogen sources and light intensities, common bottom‐up drivers of bloom formation, on the growth and toxin content of threeA. pseudogonyaulaxstrains isolated from the Danish Limfjord. While the growth rates were significantly influenced by nitrogen source and light intensity, the intracellular toxin contents only showed strong differences between the exponential and stationary growth phases. Moreover, the photophysiological response ofA. pseudogonyaulaxshowed little variation across varying light intensities, while light‐harvesting pigments were significantly more abundant under low light conditions. This study additionally highlights considerable physiological variability between strains, emphasizing the importance of conducting laboratory experiments with several algal strains. A high physiological plasticity toward changing abiotic parameters points to a long‐term establishment ofA. pseudogonyaulaxin northern European waters.