bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glomus achrumandG. bistratum,two new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) found in maritime sand dunes
Authors: Błaszkowski Janusz , Ryszka Przemysław , Oehl Fritz , Koegel Sally , Wiemken Andres , Kovács Gábor M. , Redecker Dirk 
Published: April 2009

Two new arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species, Glomus achrum sp. nov. and Glomus bistratum sp. nov. (Glomeromycota), are described and illustrated. Both species produce small, hyaline spores in aggregates formed in the soil and inside roots. Glomus achrum was associated with roots of Ammophila arenaria (L.) Link colonizing maritime dunes of the Vistula Bar in northern Poland, and G. bistratum occurred among vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza of Xanthium cf. spinosum growing in dunes of the Mediterranean Sea adjacent to Veriko, Greece. Spores of G. achrum are globose to subglobose, (25–)43(–55) µm in diameter, rarely egg-shaped, oblong to irregular, 15–45 µm × 55–65 µm. Their wall consists of three hyaline layers: a mucilaginous, short-lived outermost layer; a laminate middle layer composed of loose sublayers; and a flexible innermost layer. The outermost and the innermost layers stain deeply red in Melzer’s reagent. Spores of G. bistratum are globose to subglobose, (20–)29(–50) µm in diameter, and have a wall composed of two permanent, hyaline layers. The outer layer is unit, smooth, and the inner one laminate. Only the inner layer stains yellow in Melzer’s reagent. Both species formed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in single-species cultures with Plantago lanceolata L. as the host plant. Phylogenetic analyses of partial 18S rDNA subunit and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences placed G. achrum and G. bistratum into Glomus group A, but did not reveal any closely related described species. Environmental sequences from the public databases suggested that G. achrum occurred in at least two other plant species from geographically distant regions. No such evidence could be obtained for G. bistratum, which is currently known only from the type location.
Pollen limitation and reproduction varies with population size in experimental populations ofSabatia angularis(Gentianaceae)
Authors: Spigler Rachel B. , Chang Shu-Mei 
Published: April 2009

Individuals in large plant populations are expected to benefit from increased reproductive success relative to those in small populations because of the facilitative effects of large aggregations on pollination. As populations become small, the inability to attract sufficient numbers of pollinators can reduce reproduction via pollen limitation. This study experimentally tested whether such trends occur for the herbaceous biennial Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh (Gentianaceae). We created artificial populations of varying size consisting of potted S. angularis plants in two field sites to determine whether population size affected mean fruit and seed set. We also examined whether population size affected the degree of pollen limitation using a supplemental pollination design in one of the sites. Our results showed that, on average, seed set was lower in large populations, not small populations, of S. angularis and that this result may be due to increased pollen limitation in large populations. We suggest that in certain contexts, small populations may enjoy reproductive advantages over large populations by escaping intraspecific competition for pollinators.
Background to seismic design provisions in CSA A23.3–04 for high-strength concrete
Authors: Paultre Patrick , Mitchell Denis 
Published: April 2009

This paper presents the background experimental and analytical research that was carried out to develop the provisions for the seismic design of high-strength concrete structures in the 2004 Canadian standard CSA A23.3–04. It is noted that the 1994 Canadian standard CSA A23.3–94 limited the concrete compressive strength to 55 MPa for the seismic design of nominally ductile and ductile structures, while the 1995 New Zealand Standard limited the concrete compressive strength to 70 MPa. In contrast, the 2008 American Concrete Institute (ACI) code ACI 318M has no upper limit on concrete strength, even for the seismic design of ductile structural elements. This tremendous variation in these limits indicated that more experimental evidence was needed. This paper presents experimental results of reversed cyclic loading tests on large-scale structural components as well as simulated seismic loading tests of a frame structure constructed with high-strength concrete. The goal of this collaborative research program at the University of Sherbrooke and McGill University was to determine the seismic design and detailing requirements for high-strength concrete structures to achieve the desired level of ductility and energy dissipation. The experimental programs include full-scale testing of the following: columns subjected to a pure axial load (square and circular columns); columns subjected to flexure and axial loads; beam-column subassemblages (square and circular columns); coupling beams in coupled wall structures; shear walls and a two-storey, three-dimensional frame structure. The results of the responses of the high-strength concrete structural specimens are compared with the responses of companion specimens constructed with normal-strength concrete.
Lessons learned about the impacts of size and weight regulations on the articulated truck fleet in the Canadian prairie region
Authors: Regehr Jonathan D. , Montufar Jeannette , Clayton Alan 
Published: April 2009

Three highway engineering policies directed at improving truck productivity by increasing size and weight limits have been implemented in the Canadian prairie region within the last 35 years: the 1974 Western Canada Highway Strengthening Program, the 1988 Roads and Transportation Association of Canada Memorandum of Understanding on Heavy Vehicle Weights and Dimensions, and special permitting of longer combination vehicles. As policies change, the trucking industry adjusts its fleets to take advantage of available efficiencies. Evidence of these changes and the lessons learned from the adoption of these policies are provided. Ultimately, as a result of these policies, articulated trucks now carry heavier and larger payloads, have different axle configurations, and have higher axle weight limits than they did 35 years ago. The threefold to fivefold increase in articulated truck volumes that occurred during this period would have been more dramatic had these policies not been implemented. Further research is necessary to understand the interactions among policies, vehicles, and infrastructure.
Effect of application time on the efficacy of Chondrostereum purpureum treatment against the sprouting of birch in Finland
Authors: Vartiamäki Henna , Hantula Jarkko , Uotila Antti 
Published: April 2009

To test the effect of application time on the efficacy of a biological control agent to prevent sprouting of cut stumps, birches ( Betula pendula Roth. and Betula pubescens Ehrh.) were cut and stumps treated with a decay fungus ( Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers. ex Fr.) Pouzar) at different times during one growing season. Applications were conducted at 2 week intervals. The presence of fruiting bodies was examined three times during the 2 years following treatment. Sprouting was measured twice. Fructification was most abundant 1 year after the treatment, and the frequency of stumps with fruiting bodies was highest when the stumps were treated between May and July. Treatment reduced the percentage of living stumps compared with controls, except if conducted in late autumn. The reduction was the highest on stumps treated in the middle of July; 2 years after the treatment, only 12.5% of treated stumps were resprouting compared with 74% of control stumps. Also, the number of living sprouts per stump decreased by the treatment, except if conducted in late autumn. Although the number of living sprouts per stump decreased owing to C. purpureum treatment, it had no effect on the maximum height of the sprouts.
Reporting, Nonreporting, And Assessment In The Training Analysis
Authors: Calef Victor , Weinshel Edward M. 
Published: April 2009

“There are currents of moral ideas which are partly philosophical and partly something less precise, changes in public consciousness… “It is certainly not easy, and perhaps it is not possible, to calculate the real effect upon men's lives of any new system of moral ideas and of any new philosophy… “The more fundamental and overriding assessments, in relation to which all other assessments of persons are subsidiary and conditional, we call moral assessments, just because we count them as unconditional and overriding…When we assess ourselves or others in some limited role or capacity, as performing well or ill in that role or capacity, the assessment is not fundamental and unconditional: the assessment gives guidance only to someone who wants to have that role or to act in that capacity or who wants to make use of someone who does.” Stuart Hampshire (1973; italics added)
Five Years of the Modern Apprenticeship Initiative: An Assessment against Continental European Models
Authors: Steedman Hilary 
Published: April 2009

Government has promised that Britain will build a vocational route based on apprenticeship to match that found in the rest of Europe. However, judged on the first five years of Modern Apprenticeship, every important aspect of apprenticeship in Britain will need to be strengthened and improved if the government's aspirations are to be realised.‘Beyond compulsory school age, we are determined to build a coherent and high-quality vocational education and training system that is the envy of the world.’ [Opportunity and Skills in the Knowledge-Driven Economy, a final statement on the work of the National Skills Task Force from the Secretary of State for Education and Employment, 2001.]
Mathematical Attainments in Primary Schooling: Raising Standards and Reducing Diversity
Authors: Whitburn Julia 
Published: April 2009

Concern over poor standards in mathematics among English school leavers has led to a number of government initiatives in recent years. Without a secure foundation of mathematical understanding and competence during the primary school years, later learning in mathematics is problematic. This paper examines recent major initiatives at the primary stage of schooling and their effect on raising standards, including the National Numeracy Strategy and the Improving Primary Mathematics (IPM) project. The latter project, influenced by successful Continental approaches to teaching mathematics, aimed both to raise average standards of attainment and to reduce the large variation in attainment that has, in the past, characterised the performance of English pupils.Although the new teaching approaches, and the innovatively detailed teaching materials, developed by the IPM project have enabled significant improvements to be effected, concern remains over the low attainment in England of an unduly large proportion of pupils (as compared with Continental schools). It is suggested that serious consideration needs to be given to adopting arrangements that are the norm in several other countries — namely, to introduce some flexibility in age of entry to schooling (at present in England this is governed strictly by date of birth). Such a change would, it is suggested, significantly reduce the number of low attainers and range of attainment within a class, and make a teacher's task of successful interactive whole-class teaching more manageable.
Gender Equality in the Salvadoran Transition
Authors: Luciak Ilja A. 
Published: April 2009

The construction of a true democracy entails the full realization of women['s rights] and their creative participation in all spheres of national life. This is a fundamental principle in the societal project for which the FMLN is fighting. We have a commitment: to win equal rights for women, [and] to overcome their marginalization and oppression in Salvadoran society. —Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), Carta de principios y objetivos
Report: landfill alternative daily cover: conserving air space and reducing landfill operating cost
Authors: Haughey Richard D. 
Published: April 2009

Title 40, Part 258 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria, commonly referred to as Subtitle D, became effective on October 9, 1993. It establishes minimum criteria for solid waste disposal facility siting, design, operations, groundwater monitoring and corrective action, and closure and postclosure maintenance, while providing EPA-approved state solid waste regulatory programs flexibility in implementing the criteria. Section 258.21(a) [40 CFR 258.21(a)] requires owners or operators of municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) units to cover disposed solid waste with 30cm of earthen material at the end of the operating day, or at more frequent intervals, if necessary, to control disease vectors, fires, odours, blowing litter, and scavenging. This requirement is consistent with already existing solid waste facility regulations in many states. For many MSWLFs, applying daily cover requires the importation of soil which increases landfill operating costs. Daily cover also uses valuable landfill air space, reducing potential operating revenue and the landfill’s operating life. 40 CFR 258.21(b) allows the director of an approved state to approve alternative materials of an alternative thickness if the owner or operator demonstrates that the alternative material and thickness will control disease vectors, fires, odours, blowing litter, and scavenging without presenting a threat to human health and the environment. Many different types of alternative daily cover (ADC) are currently being used, including geosynthetic tarps, foams, garden waste, and auto shredder fluff. These materials use less air space than soil and can reduce operating costs. This paper discusses the variety of ADCs currently being used around the country and their applicability to different climates and operating conditions, highlighting the more unusual types of ADC, the types of demonstrations necessary to obtain approval of ADC, and the impact on landfill air space and operating costs of ADC use.
Electric arc furnace dust treatment: investigation on mechanical and magnetic separation methods
Authors: Sekula Robert , Wnek Maciej , Selinger Adrian , Wróbel Miroslaw 
Published: April 2009

Electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a major issue for processing technologies: Several million tons per year are generated, it contains both valuable and hazardous metals and yet no available treatment process has proven to be superior to all others. Processes currently applied or being developed are either of hydro or pyrometallurgical type, which are very costly. In the paper testing of some physical separation methods of electric arc furnace dust from Polish steel industry were investigated. SEM, EDX analyses as well as grain size observations of dust particles were additionally performed. All investigations confirmed a possibility of effective magnetic and mechanical separation of EAFD particles.
Comparison of methods used in the collection of source-separated household waste
Authors: Tanskanen Juha-Heikki , Kaila Juha 
Published: April 2009

The efficiencies of four different waste collection methods were compared by modelling the collection of source-separated household waste in the Helsinki region, Finland. Efficiency was assessed on the basis of system costs, fuel consumption, working hours and recovery rates. The study included paper, biowaste, energy waste and mixed waste produced in households. Both separation of new types of recyclables and increasing the coverage of separate collection increased the costs of household waste collection independently of the collection method studied. Methods in which several types of waste are collected simultaneously increased the efficiency of waste collection. High participation rates and separation efficiencies reduced the costs of waste collection.
Evaluation of commercial compost quality
Authors: Tomati Umberto , Belardinelli Monica , Andreu Monica , Galli Emanuela , Capitani Donatella , Proietti Noemi , De Simone Claudio 
Published: April 2009

Ten commercial composts were evaluated on the basis of chemical, physical and biological characteristics and compared with a compost produced by a safe matrix in controlled conditions. FT-IR spectra, 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra and molecular weights were also assayed on humic acids extracted from the composts. The results show that the origin of the starting materials affects the quality of the end products especially for their heavy metal content and genotoxic effect. The presence of a high percentage of low molecular weight fractions generally recorded in the humic acids from commercial composts could be due to uncorrected composting process. FT-IR and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra agree with functional group assignments, characterising the level of humification. The results show that commercial composts can display harmful properties probably due to the origin of the starting material, therefore a regulation about both compost production and characterisation should be suitable.
Serial water balance method for predicting leachate generation in landfills
Authors: De Velásquez Ma. Teresa Orta , Cruz-Rivera Reynaldo , Rojas-Valencia Neftalí , Monje-Ramírez Ignacio , Sánchez-GóMez Jorge 
Published: April 2009

This paper presents the "Serial Water Balance” method for predicting leachate generation in landfills. This procedure makes it possible to calculate the total leachate likely to be generated, by estimating an individual cell by cell water balance. This new development considers the interaction effects between cells, through the execution of simple field capacity tests on solid waste samples under different loading conditions. The procedure described in this paper simulates the effect induced by fluid percolating from a cell at an upper layer to cells in the immediately subjacent layer. The method described here was applied to the landfill in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas (Mexico), after first ascertaining information regarding: duration of construction time, exposure time, surface area, the quantity of waste, number of confining cells, and local weather conditions. In a full-scale test case the suggested method has predicted 67% of the leachate produced in a period of 4 years. Further testing and more detailed analysis of the composition of the waste used in the calculations, may improve the accuracy in predicting leachate production. Even though this SWB methodology was applied to a landfill subject to extreme climatological conditions (high daytime temperatures), it is possible to adapt the methodology to solid waste disposal sites in regions with more humid or moderate climates.
Suitability of shredded tyres as a substitute for a landfill leachate collection medium
Authors: Park Jae K. , Edil Tuncer B. , Kim Jae Y. , Huh Mock , Lee Sung Ho , Lee Jung Jun 
Published: April 2009

A series of tests were conducted to investigate the fate of heavy metals and gasoline components in a simulated landfill, consisting of a 30 cm thick clay liner and a leachate collection layer containing tyres as well as in two test cells installed in a landfill. Arsenic, selenium, mercury, barium, and lead concentrations were lower while zinc concentration was higher in the tank containing tyre-chips than the tank without tyre-chips. When samples were filtered, however, concentrations of zinc as well as other inorganics were lower in the tank containing tyre-chips, indicating that metals in the leachate exposed to tyre-chips travel more slowly in a subsurface environment due to filtering effect. In a test cell study, arsenic, cobalt, lead and nickel concentrations were lower in the cell containing tyre-chips than in the cell without tyre-chips, except iron and zinc. Both tests indicate that some inorganic contaminants are sorbed to tyre-chips. Gasoline components were also significantly sorbed by tyre-chips in field cell tests. Although tyre-chips are known to leach organic and inorganic contaminants, concentrations in field conditions will be lower than the reported experimental results since the tests were performed under worst-case scenarios. If tyre-chips are used in areas where contamination levels are high, then they can be used as a sorbent for environmental clean-up.
Genetic algorithms as a promising tool for optimisation of the MSW collection routes
Authors: Viotti Paolo , Polettini Alessandra , Pomi Raffaella , Innocenti Carlo 
Published: April 2009

Important advantages, including reductions in fuel consumption and labour cost, arise from the optimal design of solid waste (SW) collection routes. Further, optimal design can reduce vehicle maintenance expenditures and improve traffic conditions in urban areas. To date, optimal routes have been developed according to intuitive methodologies and field experience. However, increasing attention is being devoted to innovative approaches, such as those able to simulate complex collection systems. To analyse these complexities, operational research applications are used. They are typically based on the implementation of heuristic procedures allowing for high quality solutions to the problem at hand. From a computational point of view, however, heuristic procedures have a complexity which is o(n3), where n is the number of points which have to be visited during each route. This is a limit for an accurate representation of urban areas and for the quality of the calculated solutions. An alternative methodology, which is the subject of this paper, is based on a genetic algorithm. Also, an ad hoc algorithm, developed in the framework of a wider research, is illustrated. Results of a preliminary field test conducted for verification are also presented.
Report: Cost and financing of municipal solid waste collection services in Istanbul
Authors: Doğan Karadağ , Süleyman Sakar 
Published: April 2009

The collection is a high priority in the management of solid wastes in a modern city, and in order to plan and operate a collection service well, the cost and financial sources must be known and understood in detail. In this study the cost of collection services and environmental tax are evaluated for the year 2001 in Istanbul. The percentage of the employees working in municipal solid waste collection services is 83% by the private sector and 17% by the public sector. With privatisation, the labour costs can be reduced by approximately 75%. The unit collection cost ranges from 12.2 US$/ton to 50.7 US$/ton, and the average collection cost for Istanbul is 24.4 US$/ton. The cost of the collection service is about 70% of the total solid waste management costs, the cost of transfer is 17% and the regular disposal cost amounts to 13%. The proportion of collected tax to expenditures of waste collection varies from 3% to 67%. The management of solid wastes accounts for between 12 and 25% of the total expenditure of municipal authorities.