bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More than Nothing
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book is a history of how it came to be that our best physical theories of particles, gravity, and spacetime are theories of the vacuum, of empty space. Today, physicists calculate “vacuum expectation values,” predict the influence of “vacuum fluctuations,” and describe universes and black holes composed of dynamic, yet empty, spacetime. More than this, vacuum physics seems paradoxical. Physicists depict the vacuum as by turns placid and roiling; as a rippling sheet and a crashing sea. More than Nothing provides new interpretations of seminal advances in the history of relativistic quantum theory, including Paul Dirac’s positron theory and Richard Feynman’s and Julian Schwinger’s Quantum Electrodynamics. It provides sustained analysis of understudied figures, including John Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, Roger Penrose’s diagrammatic methods, and Sidney Coleman’s false vacuum. These studies analyze physicists’ diverse interests. This reveals surprising connections between positron theory and mathematical beauty; between fluctuations and Marxian philosophy; between the psychology of “impossible objects” and drawings of black holes; and between symmetry breaking and science fiction. The development of the physics of the vacuum was inseparable from the development of aesthetics, art, psychology, fiction—from culture. By analyzing scientific practice—as documented in notes, correspondence, drawings, laboratory notebooks, and published material—this book shows that physicists chose to center the vacuum because of its utility. Over and again, theorists found the vacuum useful.
Paul Dirac’s Seas and Bubbles
Authors: Wright Aaron Sidney 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a revisionist history of Paul Dirac’s development of his famous “hole” theory of the positron, which proposed that the vacuum was an infinite “sea” of electrons. It argues that the deciding factor in Dirac’s plenum vacuum was his development of tools and practices from non-relativistic many-electron quantum theory. The chapter first demonstrates that Dirac’s early career consistently aimed at a relativistic and many-electron theory. Second, it uses new archival evidence to demonstrate the connection between Dirac’s approximate, many-electron formalism and positron theory. Third, it shows how the continued application of those tools, in collaboration with Rudolf Peierls, resulted in new vacuum phenomena, including vacuum polarization. This chapter argues that a paragon of “fundamental” relativistic theory was in fact (also) an approximate, non-relativistic theory. This was not a problem for Dirac, who felt that approximations could also be beautiful.
Life in a New Language
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Williams Tetteh Vera 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
International migration is at an all-time high as ever more people move across national borders for work or study, in search of refuge or adventure. Regardless of their motivations and whether they intend their moves to be temporary or permanent, all transnational migrants face the challenge of re-building their lives in a different cultural and linguistic context, far away from family and friends, and the everyday routines of their previous lives. Established populations in destination countries may treat migrants with benign neglect at best and outright hostility at worst. How then do migrants make a new life? To answer that question, this book examines the language learning and settlement experiences of 130 migrants to Australia from 34 different countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America over a period of 20 years. Reusing data from six separate sociolinguistic ethnographies, the book illuminates participants’ lived experience of learning and communicating in a new language, finding work, and doing family. Additionally, participants’ experiences with racism and identity-making in a new context are explored. The research uncovers not only significant hardship, but also migrants’ courage and resilience. The book has implications for language service provision, migration policy, and social justice movements.
Collusion and Its Discontents
Authors: Hempstead Katherine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The San Francisco earthquake and fire in 1906 is an important milestone in the development of the fire insurance industry, a trajectory that had thus far been characterized by persistent conflicts about rates punctuated by conflagrations and insolvencies. While fire insurance was less frequently included in broader Progressive Era conversations about social insurance, there were significant distributional issues in pricing, availability, and claims adjustment, making it a potent public issue. During the late nineteenth century, state regulators attempted various approaches to reduce premiums, including antitrust strategies and state rate setting. During this period the empirical basis of underwriting improved with the development of detailed maps and schedules that attempted to relate rates to specific hazards. These developments helped to move fire insurance away from the cyclical rate wars that characterized the nineteenth century to a system of sanctioned collusion.
The Challenge to Information Categories
Authors: Clifford Damian 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Data protection law protects personal data. Personal data is generally defined broadly in data protection law as information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person. However, there are significant differences across jurisdictions, and these relate both to the application and interpretation of the definition but also the exclusion of certain types of information from the scope of protection. The challenge is that such exclusions arguably create arbitrary lines disconnected from the risk of harm posed by personal data processing. The purpose of this chapter, therefore, is to explore this disconnect between how we feel about personal data and risks posed through the lens of the categories-based approach in data protection laws. To demonstrate this disconnect, the analysis in part explores the development of emotional artificial intelligence as a case study from the perspective of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation.
Against Choice of Law Exceptionalism
Authors: Roosevelt Kermit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Over the years, choice-of-law scholars have developed a perspective on choice of law as a field distinct from ordinary legal analysis, operating by its own rules. In its first incarnation, this perspective, which I call ‘choice of law exceptionalism’, was a way to remedy some of the defects of territorialist theory. It produced desirable results, but it was not necessary, because the same results could have been reached by simply abandoning territorialist dogma in favour of ordinary legal analysis. As time went on, scholars embraced choice of law exceptionalism for other reasons: first to advance their preferred substantive values and second for its own sake, as a way of freeing scholars from the constraints of ordinary legal analysis and the obligation to listen to state lawmakers. Each of these reasons is bad and choice of law exceptionalism should be abandoned: choice of law needs less theory, not more.
Conflict of Laws
Authors: Lindahl Hans 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the dynamic of question and response at work in conflict of laws. On the one hand, questions about jurisdiction and choice of law confront a collective with the experience of collective contingency: conflict of laws exposes ‘us’ to the experience that legal relations can be and are regulated otherwise than how ‘we’ regulate them. Decisions about these questions unfold a double act of identification. On the one hand, they are acts of self-identification that respond to the question, ‘Who are we?’ On the other, they also establishes what, in the instant case, counts for ‘us’ as the alterity of the Other. The double asymmetry at work in conflict of laws—the hiatus or in-between joining and separating the question raised and the question to which ‘we’ respond—renders the encounter between self and Other a political and ethical encounter. It is the ‘inter’ animating what Joseph Story’s Commentaries calls the ‘mutual intercourse between Nations’.
Private International Law and the Legal Pluriverse
Authors: Michaels Ralf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Private international law responds to the plurality of existing normative orders, and at the same time, as domestic law, it partakes in that plurality. As a consequence, private international law does not overcome legal plurality, nor does it provide a metanormativity shared between the regimes; it merely adds a second level to the plurality of substantive laws and conflicts regimes. This makes a legal ontology necessary that avoids oneness and embraces plurality. The chapter suggests pluriversality as such an ontology. Drawing on different theories—Carl Schmitt, William James, and decolonial theory—such an ontology is developed and analysed. Private international law is not an add-on in such an ontology; instead it is a constitutive element.
Legal Professional Privilege: General Principles
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a concise summary of the law of legal professional privilege, with a particular focus on aspects which are most relevant to criminal investigations and proceedings. The chapter examines each of the elements required to establish a claim to legal advice privilege and litigation privilege, including the definition of legal advice, the breadth of communications included within the scope of legal advice privilege once a relevant legal context is established, the definition of ‘client’ in a corporate context, the application of legal advice privilege to documents that are not strictly communications, the types of proceedings to which litigation privilege can apply, at what stage litigation can be said to be reasonably in contemplation, and the meaning of ‘conducting litigation’. The chapter also explains the key principles governing loss and waiver of privilege, including loss of confidentiality, confidential disclosure to third parties, waiver in proceedings, collateral waiver, inadvertent disclosure to the prosecution, and implied waiver. Other topics include statutory abrogation of privilege, the status of pre-existing documents, joint interest privilege, and common interest privilege.
The Police Station and Interviews under Caution
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
An interview under caution is an extremely important stage of the investigative process, and decisions made by suspects at this stage (with or without legal advice) can change the course of the investigation. This chapter focuses on the interaction between legal professional privilege and the practice and procedure of providing advice regarding an interview under caution. Much of the discussion focuses on how privilege may be lost or waived as a result of what the client or their legal adviser says or does whilst at the police station or during interview. Topics include the extent to which a lawyer’s advice to answer no comment can be revealed during an interview under caution without waiving privilege, engaging with third parties on a client’s behalf, the impact on privilege of consulting with a client in the presence of a third party such as an appropriate adult, whether a physical copy of a prepared statement is privileged after having been read out, and the limitations on a suspect who wishes to rely on information that is subject to the privilege of a third party.
Waiver and Cooperation
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the circumstances in which a party may decide to waive legal professional privilege and voluntarily disclose material to investigators or prosecutors, particularly in circumstances where the party self-reports to the authorities and cooperates with an investigation or prosecution. As well as reviewing the law governing limited waivers of privilege, the chapter explains the risks associated with voluntary disclosure of privileged material, including use of the material against the privilege holder, waiver being more extensive than intended, the risk of privilege being lost if the material ceases to be confidential as a result of being referred to in open court, and the risk of onward disclosure to authorities in other jurisdictions. The chapter looks in detail at deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) and the expectations of the Serious Fraud Office (SFO) for waiving privilege in this context. The chapter also briefly considers the approach authorities other than the SFO take to waiver of privilege, including agreements under the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 (SOCPA 2005) and the Sentencing Act 2020, leniency agreements with the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), and waiver to the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA).
On the Historical Emergence of Basic Human Equality
Authors: Bejan Teresa 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Recent debates about basic human equality (BHE) in moral and political philosophy share a number of assumptions: (1) that BHE expresses a relationship of sameness with respect to humans’ fundamental status or worth; (2) that it operates as a normatively egalitarian premise of political argument; and (3) that is a definitively modern idea at odds with premodern assumptions of basic human inequality. This chapter challenges all of these assumptions by excavating the many different ideas of equality—as a relationship of balance, indifference, proportion, and parity—on offer in ancient Greece, Rome, and early Christianity. It argues that BHE emerged as an egalitarian premise in early modern England through a largely contingent process of conceptual conflation. Understanding this process can, in turn, shed light on certain objections pressed by critics of BHE today.
Equal Moral Status and the Collective Nature of Rationality
Authors: Christiano Thomas 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends the idea that imperfectly rational beings have equal moral status. It develops a concept of moral status and the relation of moral status to autonomy. It articulates a conception of imperfect rational nature and the collective character of rational nature. It first articulates some intuitive arguments for the truth of equal moral status despite the inequality of rational capacities. It enables us to see persons as having equal moral status on the basis of rational capacities even though they have unequal capacities. Beyond this, the chapter develops a positive argument for the thesis that reflective rational natures are equal in moral status based on the collective nature of rationality and the importance of autonomy as a marker of moral status. The chapter explores some objections to the argument and some limits to the strategy and what the next steps are to overcoming those limits.
Basic Human Moral Equality
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The claim to human equality has been challenged by proponents of a view they call moral individualism. In the face of such criticism, I want to assert the moral equality of all human beings born in a condition compatible with life. My claim of human equality should be understood as a sufficiency condition, one compatible with the extension of moral equality to nonhumans. My refutation of moral individualism proceeds by examining the importance of species membership for assessing moral harm and moral status. It examines the utilitarian arguments of Peter Singer and Jeff McMahan’s ‘Convergent Assimilation’. Each develops a two-tiered moral status, one for moral persons and the other for nonpersons. I especially target the position that intrinsic capacities are the basis for human moral equality and moral personhood. Finally, I propose that denying the sufficiency condition leaves us without the protections of full moral status should we ourselves lose or otherwise find ourselves without the intrinsic properties that moral individualists consider criterial for moral personhood.
Mathematizing Morality
Authors: Buchenau Stefanie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between Wolff, Baumgarten, and Kant, providing an alternate perspective on their philosophical development. Buchenau emphasizes Wolff’s ambition to transform moral philosophy into a scientific discipline using the mathematical method, with the dual goal of widespread accessibility and moral enhancement for humanity. Highlighting Baumgarten’s critique of Wolff’s aims and his incorporation of practical psychology and aesthetics, the chapter portrays Baumgarten’s work as a softening of Wolff’s rationalistic approach. It contends that Kant’s philosophy can be seen as a partial return to the Wolffian framework, as he also aims to establish a systematic foundation for moral principles and their popular dissemination. Its analysis underscores the intricate interplay between Pietism and Wolffianism, and Baumgarten’s intermediary role between these philosophical currents, shaping the path from Wolff to Kant.
Baumgarten and Kant on Conscience
Authors: Wood Allen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Both Baumgarten and Kant adopt a legalistic perspective in ethics, emphasizing the significance of imputation and judgment. They both regard moral conscience as the capacity to evaluate one’s actions, with Baumgarten emphasizing judgment as imputation: the interpretation of actions and the application of moral obligation based on one’s conscience. He advocates acting in line with the “best” conscience. Conversely, Kant distinguishes between judgments regarding actions and the judgment of conscience, advocating following one’s best judgment while acknowledging its fallibility. To act morally, Kant demands an evaluation of whether we are guilty or innocent before our own judgment of doing our best to determine what we ought to do, and thus from the standpoint of morality, not mere legality. Finally, he asserts that conscience is infallible, akin to a court of last instance, having the final say about each decision, although it can still be subjectively mistaken.
A Case Study of the Right of Nature
Authors: Hymers John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Drawing from his philosophy of natural right and his universal practical philosophy, this chapter derives the genesis of Baumgarten’s just war doctrine and shows its impact on Kant’s philosophy of peace. It underscores the historical development of Baumgarten’s ideas within the framework of first practical philosophy, particularly drawing from his works such as the Elements, the Ethica philosophica, the Ius naturae, and the Sciagraphia encyclopaediae philosophicae. Analyzing Baumgarten’s departure from traditional theories of just war, the chapter reveals his innovations, including a three-fold temporality of defense, a strict limitation of just war to self-defense, a clear distinction between force and violence, and a prohibition against punitive war. Emphasizing the significance of Baumgarten’s ideas, the chapter highlights their currently unrecognized influence on the principles of the United Nations Charter, with particular attention paid to the doctrines of defensive war and the exclusion of punitive war, which were later adopted by Kant.
Continuity, Discontinuity, and Change
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the features of business during Japan’s feudal period through three themes. The first is the institutional context for economic activities, characterized by a division of society by class and a business system comprised of merchant houses operating in large cities as well as rural capitalists engaging in the development of regional economies. The second is the continuity of business operations over time. This is illustrated by the large number of Japanese firms with a history of over 100 years, some of which have their roots in the Edo period. Many of these ‘old firms’ (chōjū kigyō) are still owned and operated by the founder’s descendants. Third is the role of the merchant houses, the most famous being the House of Mitsui, in the formation of Japanese business over time. Some emerged as major players in the Edo economy, and continued to influence business, society, and politics in the Meiji period and beyond. The chapter draws connections between the features of the Edo businesses and the nation’s preparedness to embrace global capitalism at the start of the Meiji period.
Business during the Occupation Period
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on the transformation in Japanese capitalism during the US occupation. It highlights how technologies that had been used to build weapons of war were applied to the development of new civilian industries, such as transportation (Shinkansen) and consumer appliances. Japan’s defeat created a favourable environment for business, which was further fuelled by economic nationalism. Following the purge, a younger, more entrepreneurial class of business leaders, such as Nishiyama Yatarō in the steel industry, took the top posts at large enterprises. Anti-monopoly laws fostered a competitive climate that was conducive to innovation. After their dissolution, the former zaibatsu re-emerged as business groups, thus providing an example of continuity. One major discontinuity was that they were no longer family-owned operations, a distinguishing feature of big business/capitalism in Japan. Business groups can be characterized by their interlocking networks of firms with a main bank, and contributed not only to rebuilding the nation, but also to industrial expansion long after the occupation. While labour unrest was rampant in the early days of the occupation, the labour–employer relationship gradually became more harmonious as working conditions improved and their goals coalesced. Their shared objectives combined with paternalism helped to crystallize what is known as ‘Japanese-style management’ at large companies epitomized by Matsushita Electric. A collectivistic form of capitalism—communitarian capitalism—began to take shape in postwar Japan to support business expansion in the high-growth period.
Business and Consumerism in the High and Stable Growth Periods
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 9 explores the development of consumerism and new retail formats. In the high-growth period, a consumption boom occurred thanks to a rise in the average income accompanied by growth in the demand for new goods and services. These factors and others provided businesses with new opportunities to market a variety of mass-manufactured products ranging from refrigerators and rice cookers to instant noodles and packaged curry. The changes taking place at the workplace and in homes were influenced by the Westernization of the Japanese lifestyle and the growth of new retail outlets for shopping. The case of Nakauchi Isao, founder of Japan’s first American-style supermarket, Daiei, helps to illustrate these changes. In the stable growth period, consumption patterns continued to evolve. Suzuki Toshifumi’s idea to import the American convenience store model in the form of Seven-Eleven Japan and adapt it to local circumstances responded to the need for greater convenience. He also helped to usher in the third industrial revolution in Japan thanks to the introduction of digital technology. Not all of the changes during the high and stable growth periods were positive. This chapter ends with a discussion of the dark side of capitalism, pollution, as well as a bright one, Honda Sōichirō’s technological innovation, the CVCC engine. His engine emitted less CO2 than those on the market. He also contributed to the image of Japan as a high-tech nation, while facilitating the entry of Honda Motor into the US market as an automobile producer.