bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of nonlocal and local planetary boundary layer schemes in the WRF model
Authors: Xie Bo , Fung Jimmy C. H. , Chan Allen , Lau Alexis 
Published: May 2012

A realistic reproduction of planetary boundary layer (PBL) structure and its evolution is critical to numerical simulation of regional meteorology and air quality. Conversely, insufficient realism in the simulated physical properties often leads to degraded meteorological and air quality prognostic skills. This study employed the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) to evaluate model performance and to quantify meteorological prediction differences produced by four widely used PBL schemes. Evaluated were two nonlocal PBL schemes, YSU and ACM2, and two local PBL schemes, MYJ and Boulac. The model grid comprised four nested domains at horizontal resolutions of 27 km, 9 km, 3 km and 1 km respectively. Simulated surface variables 2 m temperature and 10 m wind at 1 km resolution were compared to measurements collected in Hong Kong. A detailed analysis of land‐atmosphere energy balance explicates heat flux and temperature variability among the PBL schemes. Differences in vertical profiles of horizontal velocity, potential temperature, bulk Richardson number and water vapor mixing ratio were examined. Diagnosed PBL heights, estimated by scheme specific formulations, exhibited the large intrascheme variance. To eliminate formulation dependence in PBL height estimation, lidar measurements and a unified diagnosis were jointly used to reanalyze PBL heights. The diagnosis showed that local PBL schemes produced shallower PBL heights than those of nonlocal PBL schemes. It is reasonable to infer that WRF, coupled with the ACM2 PBL physics option can be a viable producer of meteorological forcing to regional air quality modeling in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region.
Biomarkers of Neuroglial Injury in Rat Models of Combat TBI: Primary Blast Over-Pressure Compared to “Composite” Blast
Authors: Svetlov Stanislav I. , Prima Victor , Glushakova Olena , Svetlov Artem , Kirk Daniel R. , Gutierrez Hector , Wang Kevin K. W. , Hayes Ronald L. 
Published: May 2012

A number of experimental models of blast brain injury have been implemented in rodents and larger animals. However, the variety of blast sources and the complexity of blast wave biophysics have made data on injury mechanisms and biomarkers difficult to analyze and compare. Recently, we showed the importance of rat position towards blasts generated by an external shock tube.
In this study, we further characterized blasts producing moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) and defined “composite” blast and primary blast exposure setups. Schlieren optics visualized interaction between the head and a shock wave generated by an external shock tube, revealing strong head acceleration upon positioning the rat on-axis with the shock tube (composite blast), but negligible skull movement upon peak over-pressure exposure off-axis (primary blast). Brain injury signatures of a primary blast hitting the frontal head were assessed and compared to damage produced by composite blast. Low to negligible levels of neurodegeneration were found following primary blast compared to composite blast by silver staining. However, persistent gliosis in the hippocampus and accumulation of GFAP/CNPase in the circulation was detected after both primary and composite blasts.
In conclusion, neuro-glial biomarkers of brain injury were elevated at all blast setups. The most significant and persistent changes in neuronal markers were found after composite blast, while astrocyte and oligodendrocyte biomarkers GFAP and CNPase were up-regulated following both composite and primary blast exposure.
Proposed Empirical Standard Weight Equation for Brook Chub Squalius lucumonis
Authors: Giannetto Daniela , Franchi Elisabetta , Pompei Laura , Lorenzoni Massimo , Porcellotti Stefano , Tancioni Lorenzo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Relative weight (Wr) is an index of condition that enables evaluation of the well-being of fish by comparing the actual weight of a specimen with the ideal weight of a specimen of the same species and the same length that is in good physiological condition (i.e., the standard weight [Ws]). This index was primarily developed to assess the status of sport fishes. Recently, however, many authors have encouraged the use of this index as a fisheries assessment tool for nongame species as well, especially those that are endangered or threatened. Length and weight data on brook chub Squalius lucumonis, an Italian endemic species listed as endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, were collected across its area of distribution and used to compute a standard weight (Ws) equation by means of the empirical percentile method. The Ws equation thus obtained (log10Ws = –7.75 + 5.75 log10[total length {TL}] – 0.66 [log10TL]2; TL range of application = 90–210 mm) was not biased by length and is recommended as a way to compute Wr for brook chub.
Received October 11, 2011; accepted January 12, 2012
Investigation of the Thomson scattering-ECE discrepancy in ICRF heated plasmas at Alcator C-Mod
Authors: White A.E. , Hubbard A.E. , Hughes J.W. , Bonoli P.T. , Austin M.E. , Bader A. , Harvey R.W. , Lin Y. , Ma Y. , Reinke M.L. , Wolfe S.M. , Wukitch S.J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This paper reports on new experiments at Alcator C-Mod that were performed in order to investigate the long-standing, unresolved discrepancy between Thomson scattering (TS) and electron cyclotron emission (ECE) measurements of electron temperature in high temperature tokamak plasmas. Ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating is used to produce high temperature conditions where the type of TS-ECE discrepancy observed in the past at JET and TFTR should become observable. At Alcator C-Mod, plasmas with T
e(0) up to 8 keV are obtained using ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH), ICRF mode conversion heating and a combination of the two heating methods in order to explore the hypothesis that the presence of ICRH-generated fast ions may be related to the discrepancy. In all high temperature cases, the TS and ECE measurements of electron temperature agree to within experimental uncertainties. We find no evidence for the type of discrepancy reported at JET and TFTR. These results show that the TS-ECE discrepancy does not depend on high temperatures alone and also that the presence of ICRH-generated fast ions is insufficient to cause the TS-ECE discrepancy.
The changing gender gap in substance use disorder: a total population‐based study of psychiatric in‐patients
Authors: Steingrímsson Steinn , Carlsen Hanne Krage , Sigfússon Sigmundur , Magnússon Andrés 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAimsTo study changes over a 25‐year period in the gender gap in discharge diagnoses of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and other substance use disorder (SUD) in psychiatric in‐patients.Design, setting and participants A register‐based study of all admissions to psychiatric hospitals in Iceland between January 1983 and December 2007.MeasurementsAnnual rate of admissions to psychiatric hospitals, adjusted for changes in the size of the population. Furthermore, gender‐specific analysis of changes in discharge diagnoses of AUD solely and other SUD (including AUD with other SUDs).FindingsOf all psychiatric admissions, the proportion of any SUD admissions increased considerably during the study period. This increase was most pronounced in SUDs other than solely AUD. AUD increased for women and decreased for men. The male to female ratio of AUD alone decreased from 4.2 to 1.5 (P < 0.001). There was no significant change in the gender gap for other SUDs (P = 0.96).ConclusionsThere has been a marked convergence of the gender gap in discharge diagnosis of alcohol use disorder among psychiatric in‐patients in Iceland over the last decades. For other substance use disorders, the change was not as pronounced. Our results emphasize the importance of monitoring changes in substance use disorder diagnosis as this may uncover different treatment needs in this group of vulnerable individuals.
Endoscopic dilation is an efficacious and safe treatment of intestinal strictures in Crohn's disease
Authors: Gustavsson A. , Magnuson A. , Blomberg B. , Andersson M. , Halfvarson J. , Tysk C. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackgroundBowel strictures are a major cause of morbidity, hospitalisation and surgery in Crohn's disease.AimWe report short‐ and long‐term efficacy and safety of endoscopic balloon dilation of strictures due to Crohn's disease.MethodsRetrospective study of patients who underwent endoscopic balloon dilation between 1987 and 2009.ResultsWe performed 776 dilations, of which 621 (80%) were on anastomotic strictures, in 178 patients (94 women) with Crohn's disease. At first dilation, median (IQR) age of patients was 45 (37–56) years and disease duration 16 (8–22) years. Technical success rate was 689/776 (89%). A subset of 75 patients from the primary catchment area, with >5‐year follow‐up, underwent a total of 246 dilations. At 1‐year follow‐up, 60/75 (80%) patients had undergone no further intervention or one additional dilation only. At 3 and 5 years, corresponding figures were 43/75 (57%) and 39/75 (52%). Cumulative proportions of patients undergoing surgery at 1, 3 and 5 years were 13%, 28% and 36%. Complication rate per procedure for all 178 patients was 41/776 (5.3%), bowel perforation (n = 11, 1.4%), major bleeding requiring blood transfusion (n = 8, 1.0%), minor bleeding (n = 10, 1.3%) and abdominal pain or fever (n = 12, 1.5%). Ten patients underwent surgery due to complications (perforation n = 8, bleeding n = 2). There was no procedure‐related mortality.ConclusionsEndoscopic balloon dilation is an efficacious and safe alternative to surgical resection of intestinal strictures in Crohn's disease. At 5‐year follow‐up, 52% of patients required no further or one additional dilation only, whereas 36% had undergone surgical resection. Complication frequency was low.
Prior varicella zoster virus exposure in IBD patients treated by anti‐TNFs and other immunomodulators: implications for serological testing and vaccination guidelines
Authors: Kopylov U. , Levin A. , Mendelson E. , Dovrat S. , Book M. , Eliakim R. , Ben‐Horin S. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackgroundVaricella zoster virus (VZV) is a severe and preventable infection in immunosuppressed IBD patients. ECCO guidelines recommend VZV immunisation in patients with negative VZV exposure history. The value of patient‐reported VZV exposure history for prediction of seropositivity in IBD patients remains unknown. Moreover, data on VZV immunity in adult IBD patients or accuracy of VZV serological testing under immunomodulator treatment is sparse.AimsThe primary aim was to determine the prevalence of seropositivity for VZV‐IgG in immunomodulator‐treated IBD patients. A secondary aim was to establish the value of patient‐reported history of past VZV infection for prediction of immunity, to validate the current vaccination strategy.MethodsHistory of VZV‐related illness was accessed by epidemiological questionnaire, and serological testing for VZV‐IgG was performed. Serum anti‐TNF medications levels were measured when applicable.ResultsOne hundred twenty one IBD (86% Crohn's disease, mean age 37 ± 12.8) patients were included in the study. Immunomodulator therapy was received by 87% (anti‐TNFs‐ 71%) of the patients. Previous exposure to VZV was reported by 104 patients, and 97/104 (93%) were VZV‐IgG seropositive. Seventeen patients, all seropositive, reported negative exposure history. The calculated positive and negative predictive values for the reported history of VZV exposure were 93% and 0% respectively.ConclusionsNegative history of VZV exposure is a poor predictor of seronegativity. History‐positive patients may still be seronegative and exposed to VZV infection. We suggest serological testing of all IBD patients with subsequent immunisation of the seronegative patients before initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.
Invading and resident defoliators in a changing climate: cold tolerance and predictions concerning extreme winter cold as a range‐limiting factor
Authors: AMMUNÉT TEA , KAUKORANTA TIMO , SAIKKONEN KARI , REPO TAPANI , KLEMOLA TERO 
Published: May 2012

1. Winter temperatures in northern latitudes are predicted to increase markedly as a result of ongoing climate change, thus making the invasion of new insect defoliators possible. The establishment of new outbreak pest species may have major effects on northern ecosystems that are particularly sensitive to disturbances.2. Effects of winter minimum temperatures under field and laboratory conditions were examined and limitations by minimum temperatures on future range expansion were investigated for invasive [Operophtera brumata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)] and potentially invasive [Agriopis aurantiaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)] birch‐feeding forest pests. The results for the studied invasive and potentially invasive moths were compared with the parameters of the resident moth species Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae).3. The results showed tolerated critical temperatures of the invader (O. brumata) and the resident (E. autumnata) were more similar (differing only by 1 °C), whereas the potential invader (A. aurantiaria) was much less tolerant of cold temperatures. Although describing different stages of overwintering, results were consistent between laboratory and field studies except for those at one field location, at which other abiotic conditions are suggested to have significant influence on moth egg survival.4. Based on the present results and expected changes in winter temperatures over the next 30 years, the range expansion of an established invasive species may be predicted. No limitations were found regarding the possible future invasion of a new pest species to northern Fennoscandia. The importance of studying a species' whole overwintering period is highlighted and further studies devoted to the effects of other abiotic factors in addition to the effects of temperature are suggested.
Grazing management influences the subsidy of terrestrial prey to trout in central Rocky Mountain streams (USA)
Authors: SAUNDERS W. CARL , FAUSCH KURT D. 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Research in forest and grassland ecosystems indicates that terrestrial invertebrates that fall into streams can be an important prey resource for fish, providing about 50% of their annual energy and having strong effects on growth and abundance. However, the indirect effects of land uses like cattle grazing on this important prey subsidy for stream salmonids are unclear.2. During summer 2007, we compared the effects of three commonly used grazing systems on terrestrial invertebrate inputs to streams in northern Colorado and their use by trout. Cattle graze individual pastures for about 120 days under traditional season‐long grazing (SLG), about 35–45 days under simple rotational grazing and 10–20 days under intensive rotational grazing in this region. We also compared these effects to a fourth group of sites grazed only by wildlife (i.e. no livestock use).3. Overall, rotational grazing management (either simple or intensive), resulted in more riparian vegetation, greater inputs of terrestrial invertebrates, greater biomass of terrestrial invertebrate prey in trout diets, a higher input compared to trout metabolic demand and more trout biomass than SLG. However, these differences were frequently not statistically significant owing to high variability, especially for trout diets and biomass.4. Despite the inherent variability, riparian vegetation and terrestrial invertebrates entering streams and in trout diets at sites managed for rotational grazing were similar to sites managed for wildlife grazing only.5. These results indicate that rotational grazing systems can be effective for maintaining levels of terrestrial invertebrate subsidies to streams necessary to support robust trout populations. However, factors influencing the effect of riparian grazing on stream subsidies are both spatially variable and complex, owing to differences in microclimate, invertebrate and plant populations and the efforts of ranchers to tailor grazing systems to specific riparian pastures.
Iterative method for the separation of blended seismic data: discussion on the algorithmic aspects
Authors: Mahdad Araz , Doulgeris Panagiotis , Blacquière Gerrit 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTRecently much attention has been given to the possibility of shooting in an overlapping fashion, the so‐called blended or simultaneous acquisition. In conventional acquisition the time intervals between successive sources are large enough to avoid interference in time. In blending, a temporal overlap between source responses is allowed. This additional degree of freedom in survey design has the potential to significantly reduce seismic acquisition costs while maintaining or improving the data quality. Deblending is the procedure of retrieving data as if they were acquired in the conventional, unblended way. This is an essential step in the case where standard processing flows are applied. Several methods have been proposed to perform data separation with the majority of them falling into two categories. The first category consists in methods that filter out the blending noise by arranging seismic data in some domain, whereas inversion techniques fall into the second category. We recently introduced an iterative estimation and subtraction algorithm that integrates elements of both categories. This method exploits the fact that the character of the blending noise differs in different domains, e.g., it is coherent in the common source domain but incoherent in the common receiver, common‐offset or common midpoint domains. Up to now, our method relies on the interaction with a human operator. The automation of the thresholding process is addressed in this paper, leading to a hands‐off algorithm for the separation of blended data, optimized for both efficiency and effectiveness. We found that one of the major limiting factors is the edge artefacts generated by the coherence‐pass filter. The effectiveness of the coherence‐pass filter has a considerable influence on the convergence of our deblending algorithm. This is shown by testing different coherence‐pass filters on marine data as well as introducing errors in the coherence‐pass process. We show that these data estimation errors can be handled properly and the best result is obtained using a τ‐p filter as a coherence‐pass filter. Furthermore, very promising results are obtained on numerically‐blended land data.
Bioactivity of EndoSequence Root Repair Material and Bioaggregate
Authors: Shokouhinejad N. , Nekoofar M. H. , Razmi H. , Sajadi S. , Davies T. E. , Saghiri M. A. , Gorjestani H. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAimTo evaluate the bioactivity of Bioaggregate (BA), EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM), and white ProRoot Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).MethodologySixty horizontal root sections with standardized canal spaces were divided randomly into 3 groups (n = 20) and filled with white ProRoot MTA (groups 1 and 2), BA (groups 3 and 4) or ERRM putty (groups 5 and 6). The specimens of groups 1, 3 and 5 (each of 10) were immersed in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) for 1 week and those of groups 2, 4 and 6 (each of 10) for 2 months. After the experimental periods, the specimens were processed for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. Precipitation of apatite crystals on the surfaces of the cements and/or at the dentine–cement interface was evaluated and analysed elementally by energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) instrument.ResultsAnalysis of specimens revealed various surface morphologies that were dependent on the material and immersion time in PBS. The formation of precipitates was observed on the surfaces of all materials at 1 week, which increased substantially over time. After 2 months, the surface of the cements was changed dramatically and consisted of a substantially greater amount of apatite aggregates. Interfacial layers in some areas of the dentine–cement interface were found only following 2 months of immersion. Precipitates on MTA revealed high peaks of Ca, Si and O after 1 week of immersion; after 2 months, high peaks of Ca, P and O were present. Precipitates on BA and ERRM displayed high Ca, P O peaks after both 1 week and 2 months.ConclusionExposure of MTA, BA and ERRM to PBS resulted in precipitation of apatite crystalline structures that increased over time. This suggests that the tested materials are bioactive.
Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV‐filters
Authors: Krause M. , Klit A. , Blomberg Jensen M. , Søeborg T. , Frederiksen H. , Schlumpf M. , Lichtensteiger W. , Skakkebaek N. E. , Drzewiecki K. T. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryToday, topical application of sunscreens, containing ultraviolet‐filters (UV‐filters), is preferred protection against adverse effects of ultraviolet radiation. Evidently, use of sunscreens is effective in prevention of sunburns in various models. However, evidence for their protective effects against melanoma skin cancer is less conclusive. Three important observations prompted us to review the animal data and human studies on possible side effects of selected chemical UV‐filters in cosmetics. (1) the utilization of sunscreens with UV‐filters is increasing worldwide; (2) the incidence of the malignant disorder for which sunscreens should protect, malignant melanoma, is rapidly increasing and (3) an increasing number of experimental studies indicating that several UV‐filters might have endocrine disruptive effects. The selected UV‐filters we review in this article are benzophenone‐3 (BP‐3), 3‐benzylidene camphor (3‐BC), 3‐(4‐methyl‐benzylidene) camphor (4‐MBC), 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐methoxy cinnamate (OMC), Homosalate (HMS), 2‐ethylhexyl 4‐dimethylaminobenzoate (OD‐PABA) and 4‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA). The potential adverse effects induced by UV‐filters in experimental animals include reproductive/developmental toxicity and disturbance of hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT). Few human studies have investigated potential side effects of UV‐filters, although human exposure is high as UV‐filters in sunscreens are rapidly absorbed from the skin. One of the UV‐filters, BP‐3, has been found in 96% of urine samples in the US and several UV‐filters in 85% of Swiss breast milk samples. It seems pertinent to evaluate whether exposure to UV‐filters contribute to possible adverse effects on the developing organs of foetuses and children.
Detecting adulteration of Dendrobium officinale by real‐time PCR coupled with ARMS
Authors: Xu Huijun , Hou Beiwei , Zhang Jingzi , Tian Min , Yuan Yinghui , Niu Zhitao , Ding Xiaoyu 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe high commercial value of ‘Tiepi Fengdou’ presents the constant risk of adulteration with cheaper Dendrobium products. Therefore, a novel method, combining SYBR Green II‐based real‐time PCR (rt‐PCR) with amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS), was established. By performing the diagnostic rt‐PCR assay, a 109‐bp fragment was specifically amplified from the internal transcribed spacer region of D. officinale. The difference between the average cycle threshold (Ct) value of ‘Tiepi Fengdou’ (20.48) and the mean of those of all reference Dendrobium products (31.83) was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The results indicate that the established system can be able to rapidly and unequivocally discriminate ‘Tiepi Fengdou’ from its adulterants.