bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization
Authors: Parsons Melissa J , Green Douglas R 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Defects in apoptosis have dire consequences and can contribute to the development of autoimmune disorders, neurological diseases and cancer. At the centre of the intrinsic apoptotic signalling pathway lies the mitochondrion, which is not only the bioenergetic centre of the cell, but also the cell's reservoir of pro‐death factors such as cytochrome
c
. These proteins reside in the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS), and their release from the IMS induces a signalling cascade that leads to the demise of the cell. The critical event governing the release of pro‐apoptotic molecules from the IMS is mitochondrial outer membrane permiabilization (MOMP). Although two models exist to explain the execution of MOMP, both models incorporate the widely accepted idea that MOMP is achieved through the coordinated actions of pro‐ and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl‐2 (B‐cell lymphoma) family of proteins. In addition, non‐Bcl‐2 family proteins, mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial bioenergetics are also involved in MOMP.

Key Concepts:

Apoptosis is one mechanism of cell death, which is characterized by distinct morphological features and occurs in response to specific physiological cues.

Apoptosis is a signalling cascade that leads to the demise of the cell.

The intrinsic apoptotic signalling cascade is one of the two main apoptotic pathways.

Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is the key step in apoptosis that involves the mitochondria.

Bcl‐2 family proteins are both pro‐ and antiapoptotic in nature, and are the main regulators of MOMP.

Bak or Bax is necessary for MOMP.

MOMP leads to the release of pro‐death factors from the intermembrane space (IMS), which engage caspases to carry out the apoptotic signalling cascade.

Mitochondrial bioenergetics are disrupted during MOMP.
Evolution of the p53 and p63/p73 Gene Families
Authors: Pintus Sergey S 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

The tumour suppressor protein p53 is one of the most studied eukaryote proteins. The finding of its paralogues – p63 and p73 – inspired investigations of the whole family. p73 and p63 appeared to have functions distinct from p53 and to be involved in complex regulation of the latter. Evolutionary studies revealed distant homologues of the family not only in vertebrates but also in protostomes and even in nonmetazoans. The evolutionary history of the p53 family and its relatives is complex, controversial and its intensive study goes on.

Key concepts:

The p53 and p63/p73 gene families evolve from the common p63‐like ancestor via specialization through gene duplications and domain gains and losses.
Comparative Analysis of mi
RNA
‐mediated Gene Regulation in Mammals
Authors: Zhang Yaou , Lv Qing 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Micro
ribonucleic acids
(miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs, which are involved in a range of physiological and pathological processes. All animal miRNAs share common genomic structure, biosynthetic pathways and reaction mechanisms but mammals seem to have more miRNAs to match their organism complexity and longer 3′‐UTR (untranslated region) to evaluate more miRNA target sites. During the episode of miRNA innovation observed at the vertebrates to the placental mammals, multiple unique miRNAs have emerged only in primates as compared with other mammals. The dramatically expanding of mammalian miRNAs and their targets suggest that miRNAs play important roles in mammalian evolution.

Key concepts

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are group of small noncoding RNAs with approximately 22 nucleotides.

miRNAs play important roles in many physiological and pathological processes in almost all eukaryotes, including development, cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, tumours and many others.

Compared with other animals, mammalians seem to have more miRNAs.

The sequence of many miRNAs is conserved, like lin‐4 and let‐7 family, indicating strong functional constraint on miRNA evolution.

However, nonconserved miRNAs represent a potentially important source of functional novelties during evolution.

There is a rapid evolution of the miRNA cluster in primates, including frequent tandem duplications and nucleotide substitutions.

All animal miRNAs share common genomic structure, biosynthetic pathways and reaction mechanisms.

Each mammalian miRNA regulates on average 200 target genes whereas many genes have multiple target sites for either one miRNA or many different miRNAs.

The avoidance of miRNA targeting might be as important as conservation of miRNA target sites in the evolution of tissue‐specific gene expression patterns.

Some miRNAs are similarly expressed in mammals and most metazoans, indicating an evolutionarily conserved function, but others seem to be more ubiquitously expressed and only detected in specific cell types.
Molecular Evolution of The Keratin‐associated Protein Gene Family
Authors: Wu Dong‐Dong , Zhang Ya‐Ping 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Hair, unique to mammals, plays a profound role in the heat retention within homoiotherms and presumably contributes significantly to the rapid radiation of mammals to become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate on earth. Keratin‐associated protein (KRTAP) is one of the major component of hair. Phylogenetic analysis of the KRTAP gene family could illuminate the origin and evolution of mammalian hair to some extent. Furthermore, study of

KRTAP

gene family will provide important information on the hair‐related disorders.

Key concepts

KRTAP is one of the major components of mammalian hair. To some extent, a relation lies between the molecular evolution of KRTAP gene family and evolution of hair. Comparative genomic and polymorphism data of the KRTAP gene family will provide important information on the hair disorders in the human populations.
Single Particle
EM
Authors: Fernández José‐Jesús , Valpuesta José‐María 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Single particle electron microscopy (EM) plays an important role in structural biology because it allows derivation of biologically relevant information about proteins and macromolecular complexes. A large amount of randomly oriented images of the specimen under study (so‐called particles) are collected from micrographs taken with an electron microscope. These particles are then computationally aligned and combined to yield the three‐dimensional structure, which is subsequently subjected to visualization and interpretation. The resolution attained with this technique still precludes tracing of the polypeptide chain or the clear visualization of the secondary structure elements in most cases. Nevertheless, the integrative combination of the information provided by the different structural techniques (X‐ray crystallography, EM and so on) at different resolution levels provides a comprehensive interpretation of the structure.

Key concepts

Single particle electron microscopy (EM) allows the structural determination of proteins and macromolecular complexes.

The combination of the structure obtained by single particle EM and the high‐resolution information obtained by other structural techniques allows the derivation of biologically relevant information.

The biological material has to be specially prepared prior to be imaged in the electron microscope.

The three‐dimensional structure of the specimen is determined by collecting, aligning and combining a large number of randomly oriented particles of the specimen that are extracted from the microscope images.
Structure and Function of
IAP
and Bcl‐2 Proteins
Authors: Hinds Mark G , Mace Peter D , Day Catherine L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Interactions between pro‐apoptotic and pro‐survival proteins control the apoptotic programme in cells. Regulation of caspases, the proteolytic enzymes that destroy the cell, is critical and the actions of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) and B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) proteins control the life–death switch. IAP proteins can inhibit caspases and signal the destruction of regulatory molecules. In contrast, in mammals, the Bcl‐2 family controls mitochondrial integrity and the release of factors that activate caspases or block the action of IAPs. Structures of many of these proteins, and the complexes they form, are now available and underpin current models of apoptosis. Here we review key features of these structures and highlight how these studies have led to the development of antagonist compounds that allow the pro‐survival effects of IAP and Bcl‐2 proteins to be negated.

Key Concepts

Caspases are kept inactive in healthy cells by the actions of molecules that inhibit their oligomerization and processing.

Pro‐survival Bcl‐2 proteins have a hydrophobic BH3‐binding groove that is required for binding both pro‐apoptotic BH3‐only and Bax‐like proteins.

Bcl‐2 proteins exhibit conformational plasticity and can adopt distinct conformations that are required for their activity.

The IBM‐binding site on the BIR domains is required for direct inhibition of caspases by IAPs.

The RING domain of IAP proteins mediates their ubiquitin E3‐ligase activity, and is required for the pro‐apoptotic activity of IAP‐antagonist molecules.

Structures of molecules that prevent caspase activation, in complex with their inhibitors, have guided the development of antagonist compounds that have therapeutic potential.
Replication of Viruses Infecting Eukaryotes
Authors: Gutierrez Crisanto , Martínez‐Salas Encarnacion 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Viruses are biological entities incapable of existing in a cell‐independent manner. Viruses infecting eukaryotic cells offer all possibilities of genome composition, being either DNA or RNA, single‐stranded or double‐stranded, circular or linear, segmented or non‐segmented. Therefore, viruses have evolved a variety of replication strategies to convert viral genome information into infectious viral particles. Furthermore, gene expression strategies affecting replication, transcription, translation, signalling or macromolecular trafficking, have evolved to exploit and subvert the cellular machinery. The cellular response to virus infection is dependent on the gene expression strategies exploited by the different type of viruses. Conversely, to counteract the cellular antiviral response, viruses have developed sophisticated mechanisms leading to a large heterogeneity in the nature of virus‐host interactions. Their study is providing key information for designing strategies of virus control. At the same time, viruses are useful molecular tools to delineate the mechanisms behind basic cellular processes.

Key Concepts:

Capsid: A protein shell comprising the main structural unit of a virus particle.

Matrix protein: A structural protein of a virus particle that underlies the envelope and links it to the core.

Monocistronic: A messenger RNA that encodes a single protein.

Negative strand: The group of RNA viruses whose genome contains the reverse polarity of the messenger RNA.

Nucleocapsid: The core of a virus particle consisting of the genome plus a complex of proteins.

Polyprotein: A long polypeptide encoding several mature proteins that are subsequently released by protease cleavage.

Positive strand: The group of RNA viruses whose genome contains the same polarity as the messenger RNA.

Receptor: A molecule on the surface of a cell that is used by a virus for attachment.

Segmented genome: The group of viruses with the genome packaged in the capsid split into two or more molecules.

Uncoating: The stage of viral replication at which structural proteins are disassembled and the virus genome is exposed to the replication machinery.
Thermomechanical Models
Authors: Luong Minh P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The thermal effects due to thermomechanical coupling in solids have been identified within the context of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. This article aims to illustrate the use of infrared thermography as a nondestructive, real‐time, and noncontact technique to detect, observe, and evaluate the evolution of temperature changes caused by the diverse physical processes occurring in solids under loading. The results obtained highlight the advantages of differential infrared thermography. This technique minimizes the thermal noise in real or industrial environments and thus facilitates the detection, discrimination, and interpretation of the diverse dissipative phenomena involved in these nonlinear coupled thermomechanical effects. Stress and strain concentrations occurring in loaded materials and structural components result in localized forces that are sufficient to promote plasticity. In addition to traditional techniques of mechanical strength evaluation, it provides under service loading a ready evaluation of a limit of acceptable damage, beyond which the material will be destroyed, or of fatigue resistance under cyclic excitations or dynamic solicitations. The work suggests various potential applications of this thermal technique in diverse engineering fields: nondestructive testing using thermal conduction phenomena, elastic stress measurements, localization of dissipative phenomena, and rapid evaluation of endurance limit for industrial materials.
Failure Modes of Aerospace Materials
Authors: Jata Kumar V. , Roy Ajit , Parthasarathy Triplicane A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUnderstanding and interpreting aircraft structural and engine failure modes at a material level is important from the standpoint of employing superior fracture‐resistant materials and predicting remaining useful life based on the micromechanics of materials. Failure modes can be understood by observing the fracture surface of a component from a low magnification to several orders of magnitude of magnification. It is also important to know the chemical composition of the material, primary, and secondary processing methods used to fabricate the product form. To predict the fracture modes, knowledge of operational environment and loads is required. Recently, there has been an increasing interest and need to design structural health monitoring systems to maintain systems based on the system condition. Instead of time‐based maintenance, the new paradigm is to perform condition‐based maintenance. Therefore, knowledge of material and structural failure modes is essential to incorporate this new approach. To perform the system health diagnosis, collaborative work between nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring researchers is critical to build new health monitoring systems in the future. This article broadly discusses and summarizes failure modes of a few structural metallic alloys and polymer‐based composites used in aerospace structures.
Sensor Placement Optimization
Authors: Barthorpe Robert J. , Worden Keith 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) systems depend critically on using the correct number of sensors and on positioning them appropriately on the structure. A rigorous approach to this problem requires an optimization methodology as described in this article. The article begins with a definition of the problem and provides a literature review covering relevant methodologies. The basic theories of the main approaches are then discussed in more detail. Finally, the article provides an illustrative case study of a combinatorial optimization method based on the problem of impact location on a composite panel.
Operational Loads Monitoring in Military Transport Aircraft and Military Derivatives of Civil Aircraft
Authors: Meadows Len , Reed Steve , Duffield Mike 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Major military airworthiness authorities have developed complex constructs for aircraft type certification and ongoing airworthiness management. Central to their requirements is the need for structural usage monitoring and operational loads monitoring (OLM). Manufacturers and maintainers of modern military transports have, by necessity, embraced these requirements and are developing expertise in these fields. Most military organizations operate fleets, which contain purpose‐built military aircraft, as well as a number of civilian derivatives adapted for military use. Differing requirements between the civilian and military sector pose a number of challenges for those involved in the aircraft type certification and ongoing airworthiness management of these fleets. Within this article, the regulatory basis of structural usage monitoring and OLM are described and examples of the application of OLM for military transport aircraft and military derivatives of civil aircraft across several air forces are presented.
Management of hematological malignancies during pregnancy
Authors: Rizack Tina , Mega Anthony , Legare Robert , Castillo Jorge 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe management of hematological malignancies during pregnancy is a challenging endeavor, which not only requires technical skills and knowledge by the clinicians but also requires sound clinical judgment and compassion, keeping in mind the patient and family preferences and, ultimately, the wellbeing of the neonate. The incidence of hematological malignancies during pregnancy is rare, ranging from 1 in 1,000 to 1 in 10,000 deliveries, impeding the design and execution of large prospective studies. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the limited existing data and make useful suggestions in the management of acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, plasma cell myeloma, and other hematological malignancies, such as myelodysplastic syndromes and hairy cell leukemia, during pregnancy. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises 6.1 “Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. (DGGT)
Authors: Witt Karl Josef , Ramke Hans‐Günter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDer Arbeitskreis “Geotechnik der Deponiebauwerke” hat in 5 Themengruppen bisher 76 Empfehlungen zur Planung, zum Bau und zur Qualitätsüberwachung von Abfalldeponien veröffentlicht. Der diesjährige Bericht zu den Arbeitsergebnissen stellt den Bezug zwischen der im Juli in Kraft getretenen Verordnung zur Vereinfachung des Deponierechts und den GDA‐Empfehlungen her.Recommendations of the DGGT Committee “Geotechnics of Landfill Structures”.The Technical Committee “Geotechnics of Landfill Structures” of the German Geotechnical Society published up to now 76 recommendations (GDA‐Geotechnical Landfill Recommendations) structured in 5 main issues. This report on the recent results of the working group delivers the link between the requirements of the new German Directive on the Landfilling of Waste and the detailed technical standard described in the GDA‐Recommendations.
Eu3+ (orange/red) luminescence in LiXSO4Cl (X = Mg, Zn) halosulfate phosphor
Authors: Nagpure I. M. , Dhoble S. J. , Pode R. B. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe wet chemical synthesis, X‐ray diffraction and photoluminescence characteristics in alkaline halosulfate phosphors such as LiMgSO4Cl:Eu and LiZnSO4Cl:Eu are reported in this paper. The effect of Li ion on Eu3+ luminescence (5D0 → 7F2 electronic transition) and incorporation of Eu3+ ion in lithium base alkaline halosulfate phosphor has been studied. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemiluminescence detection of methamphetamine based on a Ru(bpy)32+‐doped silica nanoparticles/Nafion composite film modified electrode
Authors: Cai Zhimin , Lin Zhijie , Chen Xiaomei , Jia Tiantian , Yu Ping , Chen Xi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn electrochemiluminescence (ECL) approach for methamphetamine determination was developed based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a Ru(bpy)32+‐doped silica nanoparticles/Nafion composite film. The monodispersed nanoparticles, which were about 50 nm in size, were synthesized using the water‐in‐oil microemulsion method. The ECL results revealed that Ru(bpy)32+ doped in silica nanoparticles retained its original photo‐ and electrochemical properties. The ECL intensity was found to be proportional to methamphetamine concentration over the range from 1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−5 mol L−1, and the detection limit was found to be 2.6 × 10−8 mol L−1. The proposed ECL approach was used to analyze the methamphetamine content in drugs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ESIMS Studies and Calculations on Alkali‐Metal Adduct Ions of Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts and Their Catalytic Activity in Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Wang Hao‐Yang , Yim Wai‐Leung , Klüner Thorsten , Metzger Jürgen O. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analyses were used to study some important metathesis reactions with the first‐generation ruthenium catalyst 1, focusing on the ruthenium complex intermediates in the catalytic cycle. In situ cationization with alkali cations (Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+) using a microreactor coupled directly to the ESI ion source allowed mass spectrometric detection and characterization of the ruthenium species present in solution and particularly the catalytically active monophosphine–ruthenium intermediates present in equilibrium with the respective bisphosphine–ruthenium species in solution. Moreover, the intrinsic catalytic activity of the cationized monophosphine–ruthenium complex 1 a⋅K+ was directly demonstrated by gas‐phase reactions with 1‐butene or ethene to give the propylidene Ru species 3 a⋅K+ and the methylidene Ru species 4 a⋅K+, respectively. Ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) reactions of 1,6‐heptadiene (5), 1,7‐octadiene (6) and 1,8‐nonadiene (7) were studied in the presence of KCl and the ruthenium alkylidene intermediates 8, 9, and 10, respectively, were detected as cationized monophosphine and bisphosphine ruthenium complexes. Acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of 1,9‐decadiene (14) and ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclooctene (18) were studied analogously, and the expected ruthenium alkylidene intermediates were directly intercepted from reaction solution and characterized unambiguously by their isotopic patterns and ESIMS/MS. ADMET polymerization was not observed for 1,5‐hexadiene (22), but the formation of the intramolecularly stabilized monophosphine ruthenium complex 23 a was seen. The ratio of the signal intensities of the respective with potassium cationized monophosphine and bisphosphine alkylidene Ru species varied from [I4a]/[I4]=0.02 to [I23a]/[I23]=10.2 and proved to be a sensitive and quantitative probe for intramolecular π‐complex formation of the monophosphine–ruthenium species and of double bonds in the alkylidene chain. MS/MS spectra revealed the intrinsic metathesis catalytic activity of the potassium adduct ions of the ruthenium alkylidene intermediates 8 a, 9 a, 10 a, 15 a, and 19 a, but not 23 a by elimination of the respective cycloalkene in the second step of RCM. Computations were performed to provide information about the structures of the alkali metal adduct ions of catalyst 1 and the influence of the alkali metal ions on the energy profile in the catalytic cycle of the metathesis reaction.