bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Los mitos del crecimiento aleman. La modernización económica y social de Alemania en la historiografía reciente (1975–1991)
Authors: Raposo Nuria Puig 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEn este ensayo se pretende mostrar algunas de las tendencias más importantes de la historiografía económica y social alemana de los últimos quince años. El estudio se centra en el período de la industrialización y se articula en torno a seis tesis que las interpretaciones tradicionales han postulado para explicar la singularidad y el éxito de la modernización alemana: la velocidad de la industrialización; la existencia de un «excedente» de mano de obra; el papel decisivo del Zollverein y del ferrocarril; la formación de un «capitalismo organizado» y la acción positiva de la burguesía y del empresariado. Asimismo, se analizan dos ideas que subyacen a la mayor parte de las investigaciones: la del atraso económico y la del Sonderweg.Se concluye que, si bien los estudios comparados, sectoriales, regionales y econométricos más recientes están Ilevando a revisar todas esas tesis, buena parte de la investigatión histórica sigue basándose en ellas.
Reforma y contrarreforma tributaria en 1845–1852
Authors: Pousada Rafael Vallejo 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEste artículo sostiene dos hipótesis novedosas. La primera es que el programa fiscal del gobierno en 1845 experimentó una deriva conservadora a su paso por las Cortes. La segunda es que la reforma tributaria de 1845 fue seguida de una contrarreforma, materializada entre 1846 y 1852. La alteración de las previsiones del gobierno y esta contrarreforma cambiaron la naturaleza del sistema fiscal propuesto y del aprobado por las Cortes, así como el modelo de crecimiento económico y de distribución de la carga fiscal implícito en el mismo. La contrarreforma garantizó la viabilidad del sistema fiscal, pero éste se separó del ideal tributario de los reformadores de 1845.
El Banco de Londres y del Río de la Plata y el negocio azucarero en Tucumán, Argentina (1909–1914)
Authors: Román José Antonio Sánchez 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENEl objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la política del Banco de Londres y del Río de la Plata en su sucursal de Tucumán, en los años anteriores a la Primera Guerra Mundial. La historiografía, tradicionalmente, ha afirmado que el Banco de Londres tuvo una actitud muy conservadora, especialmente en lo que hacía referencia a los negocios industriales, y que estuvo más preocupado por los negocios agroexportadores. Esta actitud de la institución inglesa fue también la que tuvieron la banca y el mercado de capitales argentinos, a los que se ha responsabilizado del fracaso de la industria argentina. Para introducir un matiz a esa visión, en este artículo trato de mostrar un caso en el que una industria volcada al mercado interno se benefició ampliamente de la labor del Banco de Londres, gracias a la expansión bancaria que provocó el auge exportador argentino de principios de siglo y a las propias condiciones económicas, sociales e ideológicas de la provincia azucarera que imponían modificaciones en las políticas habituales de la institución británica.
Los ingresos y gastos procedentes de las rentas provinciales, 1768–1784
Authors: M. Del Carmen Angulo Teja  
Published: June 2010

RESUMENLas rentas provinciales eran un grupo de impuestos, en su mayor parte indirectos, que proporcionaron una parte importante de las recaudaciones de la real hacienda y que han sido criticadas sobre todo por ser un obstáculo para el crecimiento económico. Frente a los estudios realizados sobre ellas hasta el momento, que generalmente utilizan ingresos netos sin distribuir por provincias, en este trabajo se analizan los valores (ingresos brutos), gastos de administración y líquidos obtenidos de las relaciones generales que formaban los administradores de las provincias y que se encuentran en el Archivo General de Simancas. A partir de ellos es posible obtener nuevas conclusiones sobre la evolución cuantitativa de estos impuestos y su influencia sobre el desarrollo económico de la corona de Castilla en el siglo XVIII.
Las ordenaciones forestales en las primeras décadas del siglo XX: Cambio institucional y resultados productivos
Authors: Goñi Iñaki Iriarte 
Published: June 2010

RESUMEN:El trabajo analiza las ordenaciones de montes de principios del siglo XX en España para evaluar en qué medida se lograron alcanzar los objetivos para los que fueron planteadas. Para ello se enmarcan las ordenaciones en el conjunto de la política forestal, se profundiza en el proceso de concesiones de ordenación a particulares y se analizan las principales normas de explotación estipuladas en los contratos. La principal conclusión es que las normas concretas que regularon las ordenaciones presentaron deficiencias que no permitieron cumplir plenamente los objetivos: si bien se logró acelerar las extracciones forestales en momentos determinados, no se consiguió un incremento sostenido de la productividad y hay sospechas de que todo ello pudo incidir negativamente sobre las existencias forestales de los montes sujetos a ordenación.
La Cataluña de Alonso Quijano
Authors: Blasco Joan Giménez I 
Published: June 2010

RESUMENMiguel de Cervantes ubicó algunos pasajes de su obra más significativa en Cataluña. Pero los trazos con que describe la realidad catalana -a caballo de los siglos XVI y XVII- constituyen, necesariamente, una aproximación mediatizada por la personalidad de Don Quijote. La economía catalana de esta época estaba abriéndose camino en todos los ámbitos susceptibles de generar ganancias. Lejos de los esplendores de la brillante etapa medieval, era necesario reorientar la agricultura, potenciar las producciones más competitivas y buscar mercados. A ello se dedicaron unas nuevas generaciones tan distantes de las viejas oligarquías patricias como de las veleidades levantiscas de la nobleza marginal. Estaban trazando, acaso sin saberlo, los caminos de la modernidad.
A CHARACTERIZATION OF SATURATED C*-ALGEBRAIC BUNDLES OVER FINITE GROUPS
Authors: KODAKA KAZUNORI , TERUYA TAMOTSU 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLet A be a unital C*-algebra. Let (B,E) be a pair consisting of a unital C*-algebra B containing A as a C*-subalgebra with a unit that is also the unit of B, and a conditional expectation E from B onto A that is of index-finite type and of depth 2. Let B1 be the C*-basic construction induced by (B,E). In this paper, we shall show that any such pair (B,E) satisfying the conditions that A′∩B=ℂ1 and that A′∩B1 is commutative is constructed by a saturated C*-algebraic bundle over a finite group. Furthermore, we shall give a necessary and sufficient condition for B to be described as a twisted crossed product of A by its twisted action of a finite group under the condition that A′∩B1 is commutative.
Detecting the First Quasars with ALMA
Authors: Schleicher Dominik R. G. , Spaans Marco , Klessen Ralf S. 
Published: June 2010

We show that ALMA is the first telescope that can probe the dust-obscured central region of quasars at z > 5 with a maximum resolution of ~ 30 pc employing the 18 km baseline.We explore the possibility of detecting the first quasars with ALMA (Schleicher, Spaans, & Klessen 2009). For this purpose, we adopt the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068 as a reference system and calculate the expected fluxes if this galaxy were placed at high redshift. This choice is motivated by the detailed observations available for this system and the absence of any indication for an evolution in metallicity in high-redshift quasars. It is a conservative choice due to the moderate column densities in NGC 1068, leading to moderate fluxes.
A Survey of Seyfert AGN: Nuclear Gas Disks and Direct Black Hole Mass Estimates
Authors: Hicks E. K. S. , Davies R. I. , Malkan M. A. , Genzel R. , Tacconi L. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn a survey of 18 nearby Seyfert nuclei, we find evidence for geometrically thick gas disks on scales of tens of parsecs. Mapping the interstellar medium traced by H2 ν = 1–0 S(1) emission using the infrared integral field spectrometers OSIRIS and SINFONI reveals general disk rotation with an additional significant component of random bulk motion implied by the high local velocity dispersion. The size scale of the typical nuclear gas disk is ~30 pc in radius with a comparable vertical height, and the distribution and kinematics suggest the gas is spatially mixed with the nuclear stellar population. Based on the estimated characteristic gas mass fraction of 10%, the average gas mass within this region is ~107M⊙. This suggests column densities of NH ~ 5 × 1023 cm−2, but the significantly lower densities implied by the stellar continuum extinction indicate that the gas distribution on these scales is dominated by dense clumps. We discuss the feasibility of constraining the masses of the central black holes via modeling of the gas disk kinematics, highlighting the importance of properly accounting for the gas velocity dispersion, and the use of these direct mass estimates to calibrate masses derived from the method of reverberation mapping.
Evolution of the MBH–σ and MBH–Lbulge Relations
Authors: Woo J.-H. , Bennert N. V. , Treu T. , Malkan M. , Blandford R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo constrain the origin of scaling relations between black hole mass and galaxy properties, i.e., stellar velocity dispersion and bulge luminosity, we investigate the evolution of scaling relations in the past 6 Gyrs. Over the last three years, we have obtained high signal-to-noise ratio Keck spectra of ~ 50 intermediate luminosity broad-line AGNs at z ~ 0.4 and z ~ 0.6, to measure stellar velocity dispersion, and HST (ACS and NICMOS) images of the same objects (~ 40 so far), to measure bulge luminosity from the two-dimensional AGN-galaxy decomposition analysis. In this paper, we will summarize the main results on the MBH–σ and MBH–bulge luminosity relations and their evolution to the present-day universe. The measured scaling relations show that the relations have evolved significantly in the past 6 billion years, and that black hole growth predates the final galaxy assembly.
Advection-Dominated Accretion, Jets, and the Spectral Energy Distribution of LINERs
Authors: Nemmen Rodrigo S. , Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa , Eracleous Michael , Yuan Feng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLow-luminosity active galactic nuclei (LLAGNs) represent the bulk of the AGN population in the present-day universe and they trace low-level accreting supermassive black holes. The observational properties of LLAGNs suggest that their central engines are intrinsically different from those of more luminous AGNs. It has been suggested that accretion in LLAGNs occurs via an advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) associated with strong jets. In order to probe the accretion physics in LLAGNs as a class, we model the multiwavelength spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 24 LINERs (taken from a recent compilation by Eracleous et al.) with a coupled accretion-jet model. The accretion flow is modeled as an inner ADAF outside of which there is a truncated standard thin disk. These SEDs include radio, near-IR to near-UV HST data, and Chandra X-ray data. We find that the radio emission is severely underpredicted by ADAF models but can be explained by the relativistic jet. The origin of the X-ray radiation in most sources can be explained by three distinct scenarios: the X-rays can be dominated by emission from the ADAF, the jet, or from both components contributing at similar levels. From the model fits, we estimate important parameters of the central engine of LINERs, such as the mass accretion rate — relevant for studies of the feeding of AGNs — and the mass-loss rate in the jet and the jet power — relevant for studies of the kinetic feedback from jets.
Origin of the Gas in the Extended Narrow-Line Region of Nearby Seyfert Galaxies: The Case of Mrk 6
Authors: Cracco V. , Ciroi S. , Di Mille F. , Vaona L. , Rafanelli P. , Moiseev A. V. , Smirnova A. A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIonization cones are one of the most important pieces of evidence supporting the AGN unified model (Antonucci & Miller 1985; Urry & Padovani 1995). Until now, the physical processes at work in the cones are not completely understood. A still open question concerns the origin of the gas. To study the origin of the ionized gas, we first selected a sample of nearby (z<0.03) Seyfert galaxies showing extended [O iii] λ5007 emission. We then observed these galaxies with the MultiPupil Fiber Spectrograph (MPFS) at the 6-m telescope of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (Russia). Here we present very preliminary results on the properties of the narrow-line region (NLR) of the intermediate Seyfert galaxy Mrk 6.
Highly Ionized Gas as a Diagnostic of the Inner NLR
Authors: Ward M. J. , Mullaney J. , Jin C. , Davies R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe spectra of AGN, from the ultraviolet to the near infrared, exhibit emission lines covering a wide range of ionization states, from neutral species such as [O i] λ 6300, up to [Fe iv] λ 5303. Here we report on some recent studies of the properties of highly ionized lines (HILs), plus two case studies of individual objects. Future IFU observations at high spatial and good spectral resolution will probe the excitation and kinematics of the gas in the zone between the extended NLR and unresolved BLR. Multi-component SED fitting can be used to link the source of photoionization with the strengths and ratios of the HILs.
Confucian Values and Elite Support for Liberal Democracy in Taiwan: The Perils of Priestly Religion
Authors: Fetzer Joel S. , Soper J. Christopher 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is widely recognized that religious institutions and values play a prominent political role in various countries around the world. What is less clear is the degree to which other prominent ideologies perform an analogous role in regions where they predominate. The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between Confucianism and liberal democracy in Taiwan. As the most important belief system in Taiwan and, indeed, in much of East Asia, Confucianism has provided a model of civic behavior for centuries, performing a largely priestly role. What is less apparent is whether Confucianism inhibited or promoted the development of liberal democracies in the region. While an extensive theoretical debate exists on this question, virtually no work analyzes how Confucianism has been understood by political actors on the ground. The data for this study consist of interviews with 27 politicians, democracy activists, Confucianism scholars, and journalists in Taiwan. The article tests whether or not, in the minds of these key political and cultural leaders, Confucian values are an aid or a hindrance to their efforts to promote liberal democracy. The concluding section discusses the implications of the empirical results for East Asian countries and addresses the parallels between Confucianism as an ideology in East Asia and the religious institutions and values in Western countries.
Aircraft and Volcanic Ash a Key Focus of EGU Meeting
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: June 2010

The erupting Eyjafjallajökull volcano in southern Iceland, which has intermittently disrupted European air traffic since 14 April, provided a dramatic backdrop for the recent European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly in Vienna, Austria, about 2700 kilometers to the east. EGU organized several last‐minute conference sessions about the eruption, and a number of scientists, including some from Iceland, discussed the latest situation, monitoring and assessment needs, and new guidance about flying through volcanic ash, which volcanologist and incoming EGU president‐elect Donald Dingwell of the University of Munich, Germany, called “one of the ugliest cocktails nature throws up.”Although the eruption was small compared with those at Mount St. Helens in 1980 or Mount Pinatubo in 1991, the event produced an estimated 0.1±0.05 cubic kilometer of tephra between 14 and 16 April, according to preliminary numbers from the Institute of Earth Sciences in Reykjavik, Iceland (see the related news item in this issue). An enormous amount of ash from the eruption got lofted into the jet stream toward the United Kingdom and the European mainland. European air traffic controllers, operating under the best guidance and guidelines available at that time—which indicated no flying in ash—shut down European air space to avoid a potential catastrophe if ash clogged up an aircraft's engines.
Regulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow is related to measures of vascular and autonomic function
Authors: Funada Jun-ichi , Dennis A. Louise , Roberts Rachel , Karpe Fredrik , Frayn Keith N. 
Published: June 2010

Appropriate blood vessel function is important to cardiovascular health. Adipose tissue plays an important role in metabolic homoeostasis, and subcutaneous abdominal ATBF (adipose tissue blood flow) is responsive to nutritional stimuli. This response is impaired in obesity, suggesting parallels with endothelial function. In the present study, we assessed whether regulation of ATBF is related to the regulation of endothelial function, assessed by FMD (flow-mediated vasodilatation) of the brachial artery. Impaired FMD is a marker of atherosclerotic risk, so we also assessed relationships between ATBF and a marker of atherosclerosis, common carotid artery IMT (intima-media thickness). As ATBF is responsive to sympatho-adrenal stimuli, we also investigated relationships with HRV (heart rate variability). A total of 79 healthy volunteers (44 female) were studied after fasting and after ingestion of 75 g of glucose. FMD, fasting ATBF and the responsiveness of ATBF to glucose were all negatively related to BMI (body mass index), confirming the adverse cardiovascular effects of adiposity. FMD was related to fasting ATBF (rs=0.32, P=0.008) and, at least in males, this relationship was independent of BMI (P=0.02). Common carotid artery IMT, measured in a subset of participants, was negatively related to fasting ATBF [rs=−0.51, P=0.02 (n=20)]. On the other hand, ATBF responsiveness to glucose had no relationship with either FMD or IMT. In multiple regression models, both fasting and stimulated ATBF had relationships with HRV. In conclusion, our results show that the regulation of ATBF has features in common with endothelial function, but also relationships with autonomic cardiovascular control as reflected in HRV.
Force-dependent polymorphism in type IV pili reveals hidden epitopes
Authors: Biais Nicolas , Higashi Dustin L. , Brujić Jasna , So Magdalene , Sheetz Michael P. 
Published: June 2010

Through evolution, nature has produced exquisite nanometric structures, with features unrealized in the most advanced man-made devices. Type IV pili (Tfp) represent such a structure: 6-nm-wide retractable filamentous appendages found in many bacteria, including human pathogens. Whereas the structure of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Tfp has been defined by conventional structural techniques, it remains difficult to explain the wide spectrum of functions associated with Tfp. Here we uncover a previously undescribed force-induced quaternary structure of the
N. gonorrhoeae
Tfp. By using a combination of optical and magnetic tweezers, atomic force microscopy, and molecular combing to apply forces on purified Tfp, we demonstrate that Tfp subjected to approximately 100 pN of force will transition into a new conformation. The new structure is roughly 3 times longer and 40% narrower than the original structure. Upon release of the force, the Tfp fiber regains its original form, indicating a reversible transition. Equally important, we show that the force-induced conformation exposes hidden epitopes previously buried in the Tfp fiber. We postulate that this transition provides a means for
N. gonorrhoeae
to maintain attachment to its host while withstanding intermittent forces encountered in the environment. Our findings demonstrate the need to reassess our understanding of Tfp dynamics and functions. They could also explain the structural diversity of other helical polymers while presenting a unique mechanism for polymer elongation and exemplifying the extreme structural plasticity of biological polymers.
The complete influenza hemagglutinin fusion domain adopts a tight helical hairpin arrangement at the lipid:water interface
Authors: Lorieau Justin L. , Louis John M. , Bax Ad 
Published: June 2010

All but five of the N-terminal 23 residues of the HA2 domain of the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) are strictly conserved across all 16 serotypes of HA genes. The structure and function of this HA2 fusion peptide (HAfp) continues to be the focus of extensive biophysical, computational, and functional analysis, but most of these analyses are of peptides that do not include the strictly conserved residues Trp
21
-Tyr
22
-Gly
23
. The heteronuclear triple resonance NMR study reported here of full length HAfp of sero subtype H1, solubilized in dodecylphosphatidyl choline, reveals a remarkably tight helical hairpin structure, with its N-terminal α-helix (Gly
1
-Gly
12
) packed tightly against its second α-helix (Trp
14
-Gly
23
), with six of the seven conserved Gly residues at the interhelical interface. The seventh conserved Gly residue in position 13 adopts a positive
ϕ
angle, enabling the hairpin turn that links the two helices. The structure is stabilized by multiple interhelical C

α

H to C = O hydrogen bonds, characterized by strong interhelical H
N
-H

α

and H

α

-H

α

NOE contacts. Many of the previously identified mutations that make HA2 nonfusogenic are also incompatible with the tight antiparallel hairpin arrangement of the HAfp helices.
15
N relaxation analysis indicates the structure to be highly ordered on the nanosecond time scale, and NOE analysis indicates HAfp is located at the water-lipid interface, with its hydrophobic surface facing the lipid environment, and the Gly-rich side of the helix-helix interface exposed to solvent.
Bramante'sRuined Templeand the Dialectics of the Image*
Authors: Kleinbub Christian K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn studying Donato Bramante'sRuined Temple(1481), this essay looks beyond the traditional question of its subject matter, considering this engraving as an image about images of all kinds. Taking the inconspicuous cross on the column as its focal point, it shows how the print offers a dialectical disquisition on the value of the Christian sign as measured against the alluring remains of pagan civilization. The vexed nature of this choice registers a profound artistic problem. Caught between the ideals of classical antiquarianism and contemporary devotion, Bramante here claims the ground between artistic fame and obscurity, righteousness and idolatrous ruin.
Florio's Montaigne and the Tyranny of “Custome”: Appropriation, Ideology, and Early English Readership of theEssayes*
Authors: Hamlin William M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEarly English readers of Michel de Montaigne (1533–92) annotated their copies of John Florio's (1553[?]–1625) translation with remarkable frequency and vehemence, creating a context within which printed appropriations of the essayist may be fruitfully examined. No topic intrigued these readers more than custom. Drawing from transcriptions of over 4,000 marginal annotations and situating the Montaignean borrowings of William Shakespeare (1564–1616), Sir Francis Bacon (1561–1626), and other English writers within a culture of active reader response, this essay treats the Montaignean account of custom as a case study wherein differences between manuscript and print appropriation may be investigated. Montaigne's reception in seventeenth-century England cannot be understood without scrupulous attention to both traditions.