bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monograph of the Slug Mite—Riccardoella limacum (Schrank.).
Authors: TURK FRANK A. , PHILLIPS STELLA‐MARIS 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The history of the classification of the mite is set forth and the chief authorities with those of their works which deal with this species are given.The synonymy of Riccardoella limacum (Schrank), R. oudemansi Sig Thor, and R. jenynsi Sig Thor, the first name having priority, is proved. The last name is shown to refer, most probably, to the male, whilst the original description under the first name was given to the appearance of the animal prior to ecdysis or in certain conditions of the environment.The various stages in the life‐history are described, some for the first time, and the deutonymph is shown to be the nympha generans stage whilst the fully adult form is in process of disappearing from the life cycle.The processes of the whole life‐history are given, as far as is at present known, and the female is shown to be oviparous and viviparous whilst some overwintering larvae are shown to remain in the dry skin of the female.The internal anatomy, as far as it has been possible to make it out, is described and several new variations for acari of this group are recorded, the most important of which is the possibly primitive nature of the respiratory system in the larva which, it is suggested, is possibly representative of the primitive acarine type. The chromosome number is given and compared with what is at present known of this in other species of acari.The general biology of the mite together with a list of its known hosts, geographical distribution, habits, reaction to light, heat and humidity are all described and discussed. The food of the mite about which, hitherto, there has been much vagueness and disagreement, is shown to be the mucus of the host. In this connection the rôle of intracellular symbiotic Haplosporidia in supplying vitamins of the B group is suggested and the presence of these in the egg is noted.The case recorded by Oldham (1931) of some effects of a mite on Arianta arbustorum is discussed and criticised and it is shown to be highly improbable that the mite was R. limacum.The phylogeny of the Ereynetidae is dealt with briefly and the relationship of the genus Riccardoella to others in this family set forth in a tentative scheme which takes account, too, of the singular likenesses between R. crassipes and the larval form of R. limacum.Some of the methods used in these investigations and observations, both successful and unsuccessful, are described.
The Lachrymal Apparatus in Lizards and Snakes.—I. The Brille, the Orbital Glands, Lachrymal Canaliculi and Origin of the Lachrymal Duct.
Authors: Bellairs A. D'A. , Boyd J. D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The nature of the brille or tertiary spectacle in lizards and snakes is discussed.2. The morphology and relations of the orbital glands, conjunctival or subbrillar space and lachrymal duct system were investigated in ten different species of lizards, two of amphisbaenids, and fifteen of snakes.3. In all lizards, except one anguimorphine form, Pygopus, not examined by us, and in Sphenodon, the Harderian gland discharges by separate ductules into the conjunctival or sub‐brillar space, on the deep surface of the nictitating membrane when this is present. The lachrymal duct always arises by two puncta and canaliculi from the conjunctival space on the deep aspect of the lower lid. This relationship is not influenced by the replacement of the lids by a brille, and it is suggested that this was the condition in the primitive ancestors of the Rynchocephalia and the Lacertilia.4. In the two amphisbaenids studied, Trogonophis weigmanni and Amphisbaena fuliginosa, a well developed sub‐brillar space is present. The lachrymal duct arises from this by a short wide communication, and the Harderian gland discharges both into the sub‐brillar space and into the lachrymal duct. With regard to the structures studied, these reptiles exhibit greater ophidian than lacertilian affinities.5. In snakes varying relationships are found between the Harderian ducts, the sub‐brillar space and the lachrymal canaliculus. In the more primitive types (e. g. Constrictor, Cylindrophis) the Harderian gland discharges directly into the sub‐brillar space as well as into the lachrymal duct. In “typical” snakes (e. g. colubrines and vipers), the Harderian gland discharges by a single duct into the upper end of the lachrymal duct only, and has no direct communcation with the sub‐brillar space. The lachrymal punctum is minute, and the lachrymal canaliculus enters the dilated lachrymal duct in a peculiar and characteristic manner.6. The lizard, Pygopus, not examined by us, shows conditions which may be regarded as representing a transitional stage between those in typical lizards and in snakes. Here the Harderian gland discharges into the lower of the two lachrymal canaliculi, and not into the sub‐brillar space.7. These findings are discussed in the light of current theories of ophidian phylogeny; the hypothesis of the origin of snakes from burrowing ancestors in particular is considered.
On the Functions and Mode of Action of the Nematocysts of Hydra.
Authors: Ewer. R. F. , Fox H. Munro 
Published: August 2010

Summary.(1) The threshold for discharge in response to mechanical stimulation of the stenoteles and desmonemes of Hydra is lowered by food extracts, in the same way as has been shown by Pantin to occur in sea anemones.(2) The tentacles are attached during locomotion by discharge of the atrichous isorhizas. Food extracts have the effect of inhibiting the discharge of this type of nematocyst. The duration of mechanical stimulation necessary to bring about discharge is greater for atrichous isorhizas than for stenoteles.(3) The holotrichous isorhizas have only been found to be discharged when stimulated by animals which are not normally eaten by Hydra and evoke no feeding reaction. Their threshold is unaffected by food extracts. Their function is concluded to be defensive.(4) Normal feeding and locomotion in Hydra are described, and the relation of the reactions of the nematocysts to chemical and mechanical stimuli in their normal functions is discussed.My thanks are due to Professor H. Munro Fox, F.R.S. in whose laboratory this work was carried out, to Dr. C. F. A. Pantin, F.R.S., for helpful discussions and advice, and to Messrs. George Newnes Ltd., for permission to reproduce fig. 1.
A Study of Cirripedes associated with Corals in the Collection of the Hungarian National Museum, Budapest.
Authors: Kolosváry Gabriel 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. New form: Creusia spinulosa forma tredecima, n. f.2. “Nomen novum”: Creusia spinulosa forma quarta, n. n.3. New localities for species:Singapore …Balanus quadrivittatus, Creusia spinulosa forma secunda, forma pallida, forma tredecima, Pyrgoma orbicellae and conjugatum.Bellevue Isl …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida.Philippines …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida.Wellington Isl …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida.Viti Isl …Creusia spinulosa forma pallida and Pyrgoma orbicellae.Sandwich Isl …Pyrgoma crenatum.4. New Cirripedes and coral associations: Balanus quadrivittatus…Merulina ampliata. Tetraclita costata…Montipora cf. foliosa. Creusia spinulosa forma secunda…Eumadrepora abrotanoides. Creusia spinulosa forma pallida…Pavona frondifera, Lobophyllia corymbosa, Stylophora pistillata and Acropora cuneata. Creusia spinulosa f. arcuata…Pavona crassa. Creusia spinulosa f. tredecima…Tridacophyllia lactuca. Pyrgoma crenatum…Favia speciosa.(Creusia, sp. juv…Pavona decussata.)(Pyrgoma, sp. indet …Coeloria rustica.)The above are founded from Balanus 4 species, from Tetraclita2 species, from Creusia 8, and from Pyrgoma7 species.
Some Observations on the Variations in the Camouflage Devices used by Cyclosa insulana (Costa)
Authors: Marson J. Eric 
Published: August 2010

Summary.It is evident that there is a variation in the types of devices used by Cyclosa insulana Costa as camouflage devices in its web. There are also considerable variations in the stages of development through which these devices pass. Comparison of figures 1 and 4 indicate that the stages passed through by the adult spider after its web has been destroyed, recapitulate those passed through during the original development. It appears therefore that the following four statements are correct.The white webbing devices i.e., the central platform and the diametrical or radial line are used as camouflage devices by young stages of this species.The devices of the fully developed spider is the device which is composed of insect and other debris only, i.e., the central pad, the diametrical line of insect and other debris, and the diametrical line of pellets.Intermediate between these two extremes there are other stages in which there is a gradual increase in the amount of insect and other debris, and a gradual organization of this debris into the final device form. This introduction of foreign matter is often accompanied by the introduction of a central maze of spiral ribbons, but in some cases this is absent. When introduced the amount of white ribbon decreases as the amount of debris increases. Concentric loops of white webbing are at times introduced before the final device is formed.The young stages of Cyclosa insulana Costa obtain considerable protection from the confusion effect of the central white platform as when they remain stationary they are very inconspicuous. As the abdomen of the spider darkens the efficiency of this protection would be reduced, but the addition of debris, and its orientation into certain device forms, maintains the efficiency at all stages of the spider's development.
On the Mechanical Working of the Head of Bony Fishes
Authors: Tchernavin V. V. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.When a typical bony fish catches and swallóws its prey, not only are the jaws involved, but also all the complex structure known as “the head,” which, and gill arches, the heart and ventral aorta. When the bony fish swalows its prey, the pharyngo‐oral cavity is greatly expanded in all three dimensions: the anterior vertebrae and neurocranium are turned upwards; the shoulder girdle is turned downwards and pulled backwards; and the heart, main blood vessels and gills are drawn aside from the path of any food passing through the mouth and pharynx.
The Nesting Activities of the Swallow.
Authors: Puciiox R. D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Five nests of Hirundo r. rustica were watched for a total of 639 hours in a prisoner‐of‐war camp in Bavaria.
A short list of calls or notes was made.
Male and female worked equally hard in building the nest except for the lining which was principally made by the female.
Incubation was by the female only. It began with the laying of the first egg.
A method of recording the average percentage of daytime incubation day by day was devised. The average daytime percentage incubation at the one nest observed at this stage was found to vary in accordance with a mathematical formula Y=a‐|‐bx|cx2|dx3 where Y is the percentage of daytime incubation on any given day and x is the interval in days since the laying of the first egg. This formula was adopted as the most convenient means of describing the data observed.
Brooding of the chicks was by the female only. It lasted for six to nine days and decreased regularly from day to day.
Both sexes fed the chicks in the nest, the work being shared unequally at one nest (principally by the male) and equally at the other two nests observed at this stage.
In fine weather the feeding rate tended to increase arithmetically day by day. Bad weather exerted a limiting effect on the feeding rate.
In many details striking discrepancies were found between our records and those of other observers. The behaviour of the swallow during the nesting season appears to be widely variable. Further work, on swallows marked by means of coloured rings, would doubtless elucidate many points of uncertainty.
The Parasitic Fauna of Vertebrates in certain Canadian Fresh Waters, with some remarks on their Ecology, Structure and Importance.
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie 
Published: August 2010

Summary.An illustrated account is given of the parasitic fauna of vertebrates in certain lakes and streams in Eastern Canada. The general ecology of each area is described briefly. The Entozoa and Ectozoa of the vertebrates examined are listed. Some morphological features of some of the parasites are briefly noted and some general considerations concerning their nomenclature are presented.The presence of the Haplosporidian, Ichthyosporidium sp., in speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, is reported for the first time in Canada. The developmental stages observed are described and illustrated.Variation as observed in certain of the Entozoa is considered. Size variations from host to host are noted, also morphological variations as seen among the Trematoda. Echinorhynchus lateralis is considered, both in regard to positional variations shown by the cement glands of the male and to the disparity in numbers of the sexes when large numbers are examined. Some observations on its period of survival, and of its eggs, outside the host are given.The effects of various Protozoa and Helminthes on their hosts are described. The economic significance of the parasites of the freshwater fishes examined is discussed.
The anatomical basis of swimming in Whales.
Authors: PARRY D. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The swimming movement of whales involves a vertical oscillation of the tail and a simultaneous, independent, adjustment of the angle of the flukes.
The centres of rotation of the tail and flukes are determined by characteristics of the axial skeleton and associated ligaments.
The axial musculature is simplified to give power rather than versatility. The bulk of the epiaxial musculature is inserted into the tail by two series of long tendons and causes upward flexion; a special branch of this muscle is exclusively concerned with upward flexion of the flukes. The hypoaxial musculature is incompletely divided into two parts, one flexing the tail downwards and one flexing the flukes downwards.
No support is given by the anatomy to the sculling theory or the circularly polarized wave theory of the swimming movement.
The life‐history and anatomy of Lepinotus patruelis Pearman (Psocoptera–Atropidae)
Authors: FINLAYSON L. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

An outline of the life history of Lepinotus patruelis Pearman, (Atropidae) is given. The method of antennal growth differs from that of other psoeids described in that new segments are added to the flagellum at each moult.
The anatomy of L. patruelis was investigated and the following points of particular interest are recorded:–

Pigment (melanin?) granules are deposited in certain regions of the ectoderm including the wall of the stomodaeum.
The midgut is the region of both food storage and digestion.
The ends of the four Malpighian tubes are attached to the heart.
The heart is very small, consisting of only a single chamber. There are two groups of pericardial cells near the heart and several others along the aorta.
There are two pairs of labial glands, called here the basophile and acidophile labial glands, whose ducts fuse below the sub‐oesophageal ganglion to form a common median duct. The basophile glands are dorsal but do not vary in position as they do in Hyperetes.
The reproductive organs of the female consist of two ovaries with five polytrophic ovarioles, two lateral oviducts, a common oviduct and a vagina with a papilla on its dorsal wall from which runs a very narrow duct to a sac‐like spermatheca. The two spermathecal “maculae” of Pearman have been shown to be the clusters of papilla bearing the individual openings of the cells of the two spermathecal glands.
The reproductive organs of the male consist of two pyriform testes, two vasa deferentia, two large bipartite glandular seminal vesicles (or accessory glands) and a median ejaculatory duct with a terminal penis which is probably invaginated in the resting condition. The external genitalia of the male are adapted for gripping the papilla on which opens the spermathecal duct of the female, and the penis has a shallow concave tip which fits against the papilla. Spermatophores are complex structures which are injected in liquid form through the very narrow spermathecal duct and solidify in the spermatheca. Sperms remain stored in the spermatophores until fertilization.
As first suggested by Snodgrass (1905), the Psocoptera are probably closely allied to the Anoplura. This theory is supported by similarities between the labial glands, the heart and pericardial cells and the male and female reproductive organs of the two groups.
A note on some epithelial structures in Microchiroptera
Authors: HARRISON D. L. , DAVIES D. V. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

An epithelial pad in the vestibule of the mouth of N. noctula close to the angle is described. Its most characteristic feature is the abundance of fatty substances contained within its cells.
The possible functions of this pad are discussed.
The odoriferous glands in the head and neck region of N. noctula are described minutely, as are also the gular sac and associated glands in Cheiromeles torquatus.
The literature concerning the tegumentary gland in the bat is briefly reviewed.
On Apus: its rediscovery in Britain, nomenclature and habits
Authors: FOX H. MUNRO 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Until 1948 Triops cancriformis (Bosc) had only been recorded five times in Britain, namely in 1738, 1816, about 1830, in 1907 and 1935. It has been found again in 1947 and 1948 in the same Hampshire pool from which it was recorded in 1935; it seems thus to be endemie.
A historical account is given of the two best‐known species of Notostraca, Triops cancriformis (Bosc) and Lepidurus apus (L.).
It is proposed to suppress the Linnaean genus Monoculus.
In Triops, as in Daphnia, the amount of haemoglobin in the blood is inversely proportional to the oxygen content of the water in which the animal lives.
Triops swims up to the water surface in response to a stimulus of oxygen deficiency more often when its blood is poor than when it is rich in haemoglobin.
The paired eyes of Triops are in continual movement, like the eye of Daphnia and the eyes of crayfish. The trembling movement may assist the animals to perceive objects in the surroundings.
A West African Earthworm, Hippopera nigeriae, belonging to a new Family Hippoperidae.
Authors: TAYLOR Axaus G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A brief account is given of some unusual anatomical features of a West African earthworm, Hippopera nigeriae, belonging to a new family, Hippoperidae. These features include (a) two pairs of male genital pores in the clitellar segments; (b) a pair of vitelline or nutritive glands whose yolk‐cells pass by means of yolk duets into a pair of large sacs; these sacs are connected with the female reproductive system and function as spermathecae; (c) an extensive closed cavity called a “clitellar pouch”, which covers the floor and, at its widest, extends up the lateral walls of the clitellum.
Haemogregarina tuatarae sp. n., from the New Zealand Rhynchocephalian Sphenodon punctatus (Gray).
Authors: LAIRD MARSHALL 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Haemogregarina tuatarae sp. n., is described from seven of 35 examples of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus (Gray), parasitized material being obtained from Stephen and Middle Trio Islands, Cook Strait. The species is differentiated from Haemogregarina lygosomarum Doré, the only reptilian haemogregarine previously described from New Zealand, chiefly on the grounds of gametocyte morphology, and its systematic position is discussed. All the smears studied are characterized by an exceedingly low parasite rate and a relative abundance of phagocytosed forms, these features being interpreted as probably indicative of old or chronic infections.
Hypertrophy of sebaceous glands on the snout as a secondary male sexual character in the Capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris.
Authors: REWELL R. E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A relatively bare, raised area appears on the dorsum of the snout, of the male Capybara as maturity approaches. It consists of greatly hypertrophied sebaceous glands, the largest of which open directly onto the surface. Possibly it serves as a scent organ to attract the female.
The Harvest‐spider Nelima silvatica (Simon) in Great Britain
Authors: Brown D. G. , Sankey J. H. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The male organ of British and continental Nelima silvatica (Simon) and of N. doriae (Canestrini) is compared. That of the British examples is found to be identical with the continental species, but differs considerably from that of N. doriae. External characters of British N. silvatica are compared with those of N. doriae and with the British species of Leiobunum. The habitats and range of N. silvatica in the British Isles are discussed. It is shown to be the dominant species on Skokholm Island.
Observations on the cranial anatomy of Anniella, and a comparison with that of other burrowing lizards
Authors: Bellairs A. d'A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Some features of the cranial anatomy, including the chondrocranium, of the burrowing lizard Anniella pulchra are described, mainly from serial sections.
The skull shows marked elongation of the temporal region, reduction of the orbits, loss of the temporal arcades and obliteration of the parieto‐occipital angle, so that the skull contours are streamlined.
The cranial kinesis is thought to be mainly of the mesokinetic type.
Basitrabecular processes, menisci and small epipterygoids are present. The parietal bones possess extensive downgrowths which partly enclose the cranial cavity on either side.
The chondrocranium shows great reduction in the orbito‐temporal region. A low interorbital septum, narrow planum supraseptale and taeniae marginales are present. There are no pila metoptica or pila accessoria and the taeniae mediales are represented only by embryonic rudiments. There are no discrete optic foramina, the optic nerves passing back to the chiasma above the trabecula communis.
The eyes are small but can hardly be regarded as degenerate; eyelids, nictitating membrane, lachrymal canaliculi and retractor bulbi muscles are present.
The tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity and Eustachian tubes are absent. The columella is massive with a small extra‐columella.
Conditions in Anniella are compared with those in other burrowing lizards, especially with Anguis fragilis, the skinks Nessia sp., and Acontias meleagris, and amphisbaenids. The main structural features associated with burrowing adaptation in lizards are described.
In spite of marked burrowing specialization, the cranial anatomy of Anniella resembles that of more typical Sauria in many important respects, and lacks aberrant features such as are present in amphisbaenids.
Recherches sur le télencéphale des Rhinoceridae
Authors: Friant Par le Docteur Madeleine 
Published: August 2010

SOMMAIRE.

Consídérations zoologiques préliminaires.‐II. Travaux antérieurs sur le télencéphale des Rhinoceridae. Matériaux d'étude.–III. Les dimensions et la forme du télencéphale.–IV. Le rhinencéphale.–V. Le neopallium.–VI. Le. moule endocrâien des Rhinoceridae fossiles.–VII. Conclusions.
On the liver and gall‐bladder of the Giraffe
Authors: Cave A. J. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The constitution of the Giraffe liver is described and figured for adult and neonatal stages: caudate and Spigelian lobes are shown to be constant topographical features.
The visceral surface of the adult and the neonatal liver is figured for the first time.
A gall‐bladder is present during foetal life but normally undergoes physiological involution, being absent from the postnatal animal.
The presence of a gall‐bladder in the postnatal Giraffe is always of the nature of a congenital anomaly; two additional instances are reported.