bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vernalization of Winter Field Pea1
Authors: Trevino I. C. , Murray G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the response of winter field peas (Pisum sativum spp. arvense L.) to vernalization is essential for cultural and breeding programs designed to improve seed yield and quality. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of vernalization on flower position, earliness of flowering, yield, and protein content of ‘Fenn’ winter field pea.Seedlings, 2‐days‐old, were vernalized at 2 to 4 C for 0 to 4 and 0 to 5 weeks in two consecutive experiments. Vernalization significantly accelerated flowering by reducing the number of nodes and days after treatment to the first flower. Progressive acceleration of flowering was observed as duration of exposure to cold treatment increased. Maximum acceleration of flowering was attained by exposure to 4 weeks of cold temperature.Vernalization slightly inhibited vegetative dry matter production and seed yield. Percent protein in the seed was slightly increased by vernalization because equal amounts of N were translocated to smaller sinks induced by the cold treatment. Total seed protein/plant was not affected by the cold treatment.
Storage Duration and Temperature, and Wheat Genotype Effect on Sedimentation Value1
Authors: Ephrat J. , Sinmena Bebi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sedimentation test is a valuable tool in screening wheat selections for baking quality in early breeding stages. Its shortcoming is the decline in the sedimentation values (SV) during storage, A series of experiments were conducted to study the dynamics of the sedimentation values as a function of genotype, storage temperature, and storage duration. Grains of various common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., cultivars and selections were stored for 7 to 11 months at 3, 11, 20, and 30 C, and at room temperature; they were periodically milled and tested for SV and protein content of the flour.Entries with high initial SV generally showed a steep decrease in SV, especially during the first two to three months after harvest. Genotypical differences in the SV dynamics were found within the high‐quality group of cultivars. No decrease in SV was observed in cultivars showing low initial values.High storage temperature (30 C and RT), had a much more pronounced effect on the SV dynamics than did lower temperatures. Protein content was not involved in the SV decline.Reliability of the sedimentation test for breeding purposes can be increased by storing material at low temperatures, preferably not higher than 5 C, or by carrying out at short intervals recurrent sedimentation tests of a check cultivar.
A Carbon‐14 Technique for Measuring Photosynthate Distribution in Field Grown Turf1
Authors: Hull Richard J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of management or environmental factors on the short‐term distribution of current photosynthate within field grown turf has received little study. However, variation in the initial energy flow within turfgrasses certainly influences the longer term energy levels and ultimate survival of turf. A technique is described by which photoassimilated carbon was followed within ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) grown as a closely mowed turf under field conditions. A 189 cm2 area of grass was covered with a glass bell jar into which introduced 15 μCi of 14CO2. Depending on climatic conditions, between 19 and 69% of the 14C applied was recovered from a 10.5‐cm plug of turf harvested within 2 hours of treatment. During the 15 min exposure period, the temperature within the bell jar increased, however, 14CO2 sufficient for tracer analysis was assimilated presumably via a normal carbon reduction pathway.The utility of this technique is illustrated in a fertility experiment which showed that high fertility turf (24‐4‐8 or 48‐8‐16 g/m2 N‐P‐K) often fixed more 14CO2 than did low fertility grass (12‐2‐4 g/m2). Photoassimilated 14C translocated to roots at a greater velocity in September than in December but the quantity translocated was greater in December. During late summer, photosynthate moved more rapidly to roots of low fertility turf and accumulated in deep roots more than it did in heavily fertilized turf.This technique appears to provide an effective method for measuring the short term energy distribution within turfgrass sod grown under natural conditions.
Yield‐Nutrient Absorption Relationships as Affected by Environmental Growth Factors1
Authors: Terman G. L. , Khasawneh F. E. , Allen S. E. , Engelstad O. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWidely varying results and conclusions are reported in the literature concerning the effects of environmental growth factors, especially temperature, on yields of dry matter and nutrient absorption by plants. The purpose of this paper is thus to evaluate the effects of temperature in three greenhouse pot experiments and as reported in the literature on yield‐nutrient uptake relationships. Several rates of applied N and P were compared in Exp. 1 for oats (Avena sativa L.) grown for 7 weeks at three combinations of day length and temperature. Several rates of N and P in factorial combination were compared in Exp. 2 for corn (Zea mays L.) grown for 4 weeks at water bath temperatures of 16 and 27 C. Corn was also grown in Exp. 3 for 3 and 6 weeks to compare P rates and temperatures of 16 and 21 C and at ambient temperatures (25 to 35 C). Dry matter yields and uptake of N and P (also of cations in Exp. 3) were determined. Plant nutrient concentrations, especially of P, increase with higher soil temperatures in experiments of short duration and with little yield response to temperature. However, with marked yield response, dilution of plant nutrient concentrations but higher uptake are the dominant trends with increase in temperature up to the optimum for each crop species. The reverse usually occurs at temperatures above the optimum. Release of nutrients from the substrate with higher temperatures varies greatly with soil fertility level and amounts of applied nutrients. Rate of root growth is also very likely a predominant factor in plant uptake of nutrients, especially those having limited mobility in the soil.
Yield and Quality of Midland and Two New F1 Hybrid Bermudagrasses1
Authors: Horn F. P. , Taliaferro C. M. , Morrison R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted during the 1974 growing season to compare ‘Midland’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.), and two newly developed F1 hybrids. The new hybrids appeared, on the basis of mass screening experiments, to be superior to Midland in both yield and quality. A split‐plot design was used with the three grasses as main plots (strain S‐15 and ‘Oklan’ and Midland bermudagrass), N‐fertilizer levels as subplots (17, 50, and 150 kg N/ha) and harvest interval as sub‐subplots (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11‐week intervals). The experimental site was a Canadian fine sandy loam belonging to the Udic Haplustolls. Oklan yielded significantly more dry matter (DM)/ha than did S‐15 or Midland (P<0.05). Oklan was also more digestible than S‐15 or Midland (P<0.05). S‐15 and Midland were not significantly different in either yield or digestibility (P>0.05). Oklan and Midland were not significantly different in crude protein (CP) content (P>0.05), but both were higher in CP than S‐15. It was concluded that Oklan bermudagrass is superior to Midland in terms of both yield and quality, but that the S‐15 strain is inferior to Midland bermudagrass and consequently should not be released.Increasing levels of N fertilizer brought about a linear increase in DM yield and a linear increase in CP percentage of all grasses and, those grasses in plots receiving the high level of N were higher in digestibility (IVDMD) than were those receiving the low level of N (P<0.05).Rate of increase in DM production declined when more than five weeks between harvests were allowed. Thus, the 5‐week harvest interval was the nearest to optimum for maximum digestible nutrient production of the harvest intervals studied.
Reduction in Sugarcane Trash by Desiccation with Paraquat1
Authors: Samuels G. , Beale A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncomplete preharvest burning, due to a high moisture content of green tops, has increased the trash content of sugarcane in Puerto Rico, thus raising field harvest costs and decreasing sugar recovery in the factory. The present investigation was made to study the possible use of a chemical desiccant to obtain better preharvest burning in order to decrease the trash content of the cane.Ten fields of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) in irrigated, normal, and high rainfall areas were divided in half, and one half of each field was sprayed with 1.8 liters of Paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4‐dipyridiniumbis‐dimethyl sulfate, commercially known as Gramoxone) in 76 liters of water/ha, 1 week before preharvest burning of the field to reduce cane trash. Burning was more thorough in Paraquat‐treated fields giving trash and cane fiber reductions of 5.08 and 0.72%, respectively. Values for sucrose percent cane, Brix, and purity were not significantly affected by desiccant action. The method of harvesting influenced response to the desiccant; the V‐cutter having a higher reduction in percent trash than did the cut and load harvester. No differences due to plant crop or ratoon were observed.
Forage Sorghum Yield Components and Their in vivo Digestibility1
Authors: Fribourg H. A. , Duck B. N. , Culvahouse E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the influence of different defoliation management schemes on the productivity and digestibility of summer annual grasses has been studied extensively, little is known about the effects of management on the yield components of these plants. To determine the relative contribution of leaf, stem, and head components to total yield, and to ascertain the digestibility of these plant parts, ‘Sudax SX‐11’ and ‘Trudan’ forage sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were seeded in the field in May and in June and subjected to four defoliation schemes: 1) 75‐cm growth cut to a 2.5‐cm stubble and 2) to a 15‐cm stubble; 3) 50‐cm growth cut to a 15‐cm stubble; and 4) early bloom growth cut to a 10‐cm stubble. Dry matter (DM) yields of the first growth and subsequent regrowths, and estimated digestible dry matter (% EDDM) measured with an in vivo nylon‐bag technique, were estimated for leaf blades, culms and leaf sheaths, and inflorescences. Both cultivars produced more DM yields with 75 cm than with 50 cm of growth. Sudax SX‐11 produced less than Trudan when 2.5‐cm rather than when 15‐cm stubbles were used and this was more evident when seeding was delayed one month. Both 50‐ and 75‐cm vegetative growths produced mostly leaf yield of about 80% EDDM throughout the season. Plants cut at early bloom produced much larger DM yields than those cut at vegetative stages. Leaf % EDDM was slightly lower in the early bloom than in the other treatments but stem and head materials were of lower digestibility than leaf blades.
Leaf Canopy as Related to Yield in Barley1
Authors: Grafius J. E. , Barnard J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between leaf canopy area integrated over time and yield of grain, using mean values from 15 populations of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emend. Lam.). Mean values of selfed (F7 or BC6) unselected populations were used to minimize the confounding effects of linkages.No significant relationships was found for yield and leaf area canopy but significant relationships were demonstrated (P<0.05) between leaf canopy integrated over time and both fertile tiller number (X) and seeds/head (Y).We have found no relationship between leaf canopy area and yield but yield (W) was associated with (P<0.05). This indicates that the differences between populations were not due to differences in leaf canopy but were in some degree (r for W vs. Y = 0.63) associated with the shape of the yield parallelepiped.If we accept this reasoning, and there are ample data to support it, we arrive at the premise that the components of yield (X, Y, Z) are active participants in determining relative yield through the regulation of photosynthetic activities via a source‐sink relationship. Further the variation in leaf canopy experienced here resulted in part from the triggering mechanism of whether the genetic code called for high or low X, rather than the reverse of leaf canopy determining differences in X or Y.
Effect of Chloride and Potassium on Corn Lodging1
Authors: Liebhardt William C. , Munson Robert D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmmonium chloride treatments were included on selected plots in a corn (Zea mays L.) field laboratory fertility study to determine whether or not reductions in lodging observed in previous years were due to chloride or potassium in the KCl treatments. Sixty‐four percent of the corn lodged in plots receiving no potassium and no chloride or chloride as NH4Cl, while lodging was only 16% with comparable KCl treatments. It is concluded that the reduction in lodging was due to potassium and not chloride.
Application of Time Series Analysis to Investigate Crop and Environment Relationships1
Authors: Kuehl R. O. , Buxton D. R. , Briggs R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorrelation techniques are important tools for investigating relationships between crop growth and environment. However when applied to a time series the presence of autocorrelation affects the estimates of correlations between two observed series, an effect which is sometimes overlooked in studies reported in the literature. Appropriate statistical techniques are needed to ensure that proper inferences can be made from these observations. Empirical time series modeling has the potential for removing autocorrelations in many of these cases. To test the feasibility of this technique the relationship between boll retention in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and 5‐day average minimum temperature during the growing season was investigated with 3 years of data. The best fitting autoregressive moving average models were selected for the observed time series for each of the 3 years. Residual series, observed minus predicted values, were computed from the estimated time series models for boll retention and minimum temperature and were free of autocorrelation. Negative crosscorrelations were found between the residual series for boll retention and average minimum temperature for the 5‐day periods beginning with 10 days and 1 day prior to anthesis, respectively. The negative relationship suggests that high nighttime temperatures accumulated over 5‐day periods prior to and during anthesis increase boll shedding. We conclude that time series modeling is an effective technique to aid the identification of relationships between agronomic variables measured in time sequences.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Potential of an Experimental Urea Formaldehyde1
Authors: Hagin J. , Cohen Liuba 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental urea formaldehyde (UFC) having less of its nitrogen in the hot water insoluble and thus a higher availability index than the commercial one (UF) was developed by Chemicals and Phosphates Ltd., Haifa, Israel. It was expected that UFC would act as a slow release fertilizer, releasing more of its nitrogen to plants and in a shorter time than UF and thus increasing the nitrogen recovery by plants.In an incubation experiment in a silty clay soil the rates of nitrification of UFC and UF agreed well with the availability indices. In a greenhouse experiment on three soils (silty clay, sandy loam, and sand), with five levels of application, and five crops, [oats (Avena sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), rhodes grass (Chloris gayana), rhodes grass and oats], UFC was compared to UF and ammonium nitrate (AN). Accumulative N‐uptake by plants at the 1.0 g N/3 kg soil level, on the three soils, was highest in ihe AN treatment and higher in the UFC than in the UF treatments (1.26 vs. 1.16 vs. 0.83, 1.04 vs. 0.97 vs. 0.66, and 0.52 vs. 0.38 vs. 0.25 g N/pot), indicating that the UFC may be more efficient as a nitrogen source than the UF. In another similar greenhouse experiment, with a crop sequence of barley, rhodes grass, rhodes grass, rhodes grass, oats, but combined with leaching, the UFC showed the highest nitrogen recovery by plants, when compared to UF and ammonium nitrate. At the 1.0 g N/pot application level the accumulative N‐uptake on the silty clay soil was 0.80 vs. 0.57 vs. 0.59, respectively, on the sandy loam 0.55 vs. 0.35 vs. 0.44, and on the sand 0.37 vs. 0.22 vs. 0.27.The experimental urea formaldehyde produced a higher nitrogen uptake by plants than the commercial one, indicating a higher nitrogen recovery, both under leaching and nonleaching conditions.
Effect of Leaf Shape on Response of Cotton to Plant Population, N Rate, and Irrigation1
Authors: Rao M. J. , Weaver J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaves varying in shape have been identified in cotton, and it has been conjectured that leaf shape affects growth and other quantitative characters in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.The objective of these studies was to evaluate okra and normal leaf shape on boll rot, yield, earliness, boll size, and fiber properties. Near isogenic lines of okra and normal leaf shape cotton was evaluated at three plant populations (21,780, 32,670, and 65,338 plants/ha) and three N rates (100, 134, and 168 kg/ha) on an Appling coarse sandy loam (Typic Hapludults; clayey, kaolinitic, thermic family) soil over a 3‐year period 1971‐73. In 1972 irrigation treatments were also included.No significant interactions were found between leaf characters, plant populations, N rates, and irrigation. Okra leaf shape increased earliness, boll size, and micronaire and decreased seed cotton loss due to boll rot. With increasing plant populations, lint yield and earliness tended to increase and boll size decreased. Higher boll rot loss was observed at higher levels of N. Irrigated cotton produced significantly greater lint yield, boll size, and fiber length and increased earliness.
Residual Zn Availability Related to Growth and Nutrient Gradients in Corn1
Authors: Ohki K. , Anderson O. E. , Jones L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResponses to Zn application by corn (Zea mays L.) in the southeastern states have been few although Zn deficiency has been observed. This experiment was conducted to evaluate residual Zn availability related to growth and nutrient gradient and to explore reasons for the lack of Zn response.Residual Zn levels were determined in corn tissue grown on Norfolk is (Typic Paleudult) in 1974 after Zn applications of 0 to 30.3 kg/ha in 1971. Zinc concentration in recently matured leaves sampled in 1974 at the five leaf stage was 20 μg/g for the control and 46 μg/g for the 30.3 kg/ha rate indicating that tissue Zn concentration of leaves sampled in 1974 continued to reflect Zn applied in the spring of 1971. Plant dry weight at the five‐leaf stage did not reflect Zn additions. A later sampling of the recently matured leaf at the eight‐leaf stage and ear‐leaf sampled at early silking continued to indicate residual Zn availability from added Zn. Plant dry weight at early silking and grain yield at harvest were not affected by Zn rates indicating that sufficient Zn was available in control plots for maximum plant and grain production.At all residual Zn rates, Zn concentration was greatest in leaf 1 (top) and declined to leaf 7 and remained constant to leaf 10 (bottom). The ear‐leaf (leaf 8) was not as sensitive to residual Zn rates as the young leaves near the top. The Mn concentration gradient in leaves from top to bottom was 40, 54, and 36 for leaves 1, 4, and 10, respectively. Copper concentration was constant from leaf 1 to 10 and was not affected by Zn rates. Iron concentration increased gradually from 68 to 98 μg/g in leaf 1 and 10, respectively, and remained constant over residual Zn rates.
Nitrification Inhibitor with Fall‐applied vs. Split Nitrogen Applications for Winter Wheat1
Authors: Boswell F. C. , Nelson L. R. , Bitzer M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSince numerous small grain producers desire to make fall application of efficient levels of N for maximum yields, studies are needed to determine the efficiency of fall‐applied N (with and without an inhibitor) vs. split N applications. Field studies were conducted at two locations each year over a 3‐year period with the objective of evaluating the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to N rates, time of application, and effect of a nitrification inhibitor on soils of different characteristics (Typic Hapludult and Typic Paleudult). Yields, tissue concentrations of various elements, grain analyses, and soil NH4‐ and NO3‐N were evaluated. Splitting the N, 28 kg/ha in the fall and 56 kg/ha topdressed in the spring, was superior to applying all the N in the fall. The inclusion of the nitrification inhibtor, 2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine (N‐Serve), with ammonium sulfate in the fall at the rate of 84 kg/ha did not influence yields or N levels in the tissue or grain. The inhibitor had no effect on elements other than N. Although the nitrification inhibitor influenced the retention of the NH4‐N in the soil until the January sampling, this retention was not evident for either soil at the March sampling. Therefore, we concluded that the N applied as a part of the complete fertilizer at the rate of 28 or even 84 kg/ha in the fall is inadequate for maximum wheat yield in either the coastal plain or piedmont regions of Georgia. A nitrificaton inhibitor applied with the ammonium sulfate was ineffective in preventing nitrification of the ammonium nitrogen or to increase yields.
Equipment for Application of Fertilizer at a Linear Increase Rate1
Authors: Peck N. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConventional procedure for evaluating effects of different rates of fertilizer on crop response requires a series of plots, each receiving a different rate. This technique uses a lot of land and requires much time and labor. Thus an experimental planter that delivers fertilizer in continuously increasing rates ranging from zero to the maximum rate desired was designed and constructed. A previously weighed sample of fertilizer is distributed, at uniform depth, in a V‐shaped mold which is placed on top of the rubber belt of a conventional belt fertilizer applicator. The mold is removed and the plot is planted. Gears adjust the rate of travel of the belt so that there is a continuously increasing rate of application from the beginning of the plot, at the front of the belt, to the maximum rate, at the end of the belt where the fertilizer band on the belt is the widest. The equipment performed very satisfactorily for snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) in 1975.