bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor reserve and novel area recruitment: amplitude and spatial characteristics of compensation in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Palmer Samantha J. , Ng Bernard , Abugharbieh Rafeef , Eigenraam Lisette , McKeown Martin J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) do not appear until the majority of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta are lost, suggesting significant redundancy or compensation in the motor systems affected by PD. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined whether compensation in PD is manifested by changes in amplitude and/or spatial extent of activity within normal networks (active motor reserve) and/or newly recruited regions [novel area recruitment (NAR)]. Ten PD subjects off and on medication and 10 age‐matched controls performed a visually guided sinusoidal force task at 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 Hz. Regression was used to determine the combination of regions where activation amplitude scaled linearly with movement speed in controls. We then determined the activation of PD subjects in this network, as well as the corresponding PD network. To measure the spatial variance of activation, we used an invariant spatial feature approach. Control subjects monotonically increased activity within striato‐thalamo‐cortical and cerebello‐thalamo‐cortical regions with increasing movement speed. In PD subjects, the activity of this network at low speeds was similar to that in controls at higher speeds. Additionally, PD subjects off medication demonstrated NARs of the bilateral cerebellum and primary motor cortex, which were incompletely normalized by levodopa. Our results suggest that PD subjects tap into motor reserve, increase the spatial extent of activation and demonstrate NAR to maintain near‐normal motor output.
Suppression of hippocampal cell proliferation by short‐term stimulant drug administration in adult rats
Authors: Kochman Linda J. , Fornal Casimir A. , Jacobs Barry L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSleep loss is known to potently suppress adult hippocampal cell proliferation and neurogenesis. Whether sleep suppression following acute administration of stimulant drugs also decreases hippocampal cell proliferation is not known. The present study examined the effect of three mechanistically distinct stimulants (caffeine, methamphetamine and modafinil) on cell proliferation. To maximize sleep suppression, these drugs were administered to rats (three i.p. injections, once every 4 h) during their sleep period (i.e. 12‐h light phase). At the end of the light phase, 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected and animals were killed 2 h later. Polygraphic recordings and locomotor activity measurements confirmed the wake‐promoting and sleep‐suppressing actions of each treatment. Results indicate that caffeine (20 mg/kg), methamphetamine (1.5 mg/kg) and modafinil (300 mg/kg) differentially suppressed sleep (45–91%) and selectively reduced cell proliferation in the hilus (12–44%), these results being significant for both caffeine and modafinil. When the same experiment was repeated in the dark (active) phase, the suppressant effect on hippocampal cell proliferation was either absent or greatly attenuated. In a further experiment, the effect of acute modafinil treatment in the light phase was shown to persist for 3 weeks after BrdU administration. We hypothesize that the differential effect of the stimulant drugs in the light vs. dark phase is attributable primarily to sleep suppression in the light. As abuse of stimulant drugs invariably leads to disrupted sleep in humans, our results suggest that they may, at least in part, decrease hippocampal neurogenesis via sleep loss and thereby adversely affect hippocampal‐dependent processes.
Involvement of hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus non‐N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors in the pressor response to noradrenaline microinjected into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of unanesthetized rats
Authors: Crestani Carlos C. , Busnardo Cristiane , Tavares Rodrigo F. , Alves Fernando H. F. , Correa Fernando M. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMicroinjection of noradrenaline into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) has been reported to cause a pressor response in unanesthetized rats, which was shown to be mediated by acute vasopressin release into the systemic circulation. In the present study we verified the involvement of magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) or supraoptic (SON) nuclei and the local neurotransmitter involved in the pressor response to noradrenaline microinjection into the BST. The PVN pretreatment with the non‐selective neurotransmission blocker CoCl2 (1 nmol/100 nL) inhibited the noradrenaline‐evoked pressor response. However, responses were not affected by SON treatment with CoCl2. Further experiments were carried out to test if glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PVN mediates the pressor response evoked by noradrenaline microinjection into the BST. Pretreatment of the PVN with the selective N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist LY235959 (2 nmol/100 nL) did not affect the noradrenaline‐evoked pressor response. However, PVN pretreatment with the selective non‐NMDA receptor antagonist NBQX (2 nmol/100 nL) significantly reduced the pressor response to noradrenaline microinjection into the BST. In conclusion, our results suggest that pressor responses to noradrenaline microinjection into the BST are mediated by PVN magnocellular neurons without involvement of SON neurons. They also suggest that a glutamatergic neurotransmission through non‐NMDA glutamate receptors in the PVN mediates the response.
Input‐specific plasticity ofN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor‐mediated synaptic responses in neonatal rat motoneurons
Authors: Shanthanelson Monicca , Arvanian Victor L. , Mendell Lorne M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLumbar motoneurons can be activated monosynaptically by two glutamatergic synaptic inputs: the segmental dorsal root (DR) and the descending ventrolateral funiculus (VLF). To determine whether theirN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are independent, we used (5R,10S)‐(+)‐5‐methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine‐hydrogen‐maleate (MK‐801), known to induce a use‐dependent irreversible block of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). In the presence of MK‐801 (in bath) and non‐NMDA antagonists (in bath, to isolate NMDARs pharmacologically), we first stimulated the DR. After MK‐801 blockade of DR synaptic input, the VLF was stimulated. Its response was found to be not significantly different from its control value, suggesting that the DR stimulus activated very few, if any, receptors also activated by VLF stimulation. Similar findings were obtained if the stimulation order was reversed. Both inputs also elicited a polysynaptic NMDAR‐mediated response. Evoking the DR polysynaptic response in the presence of MK‐801 eliminated the corresponding VLF response; the reverse did not occur. Surprisingly, when MK‐801 was washed from the bath, both the DR and the VLF responses could recover, although the recovery of the DR monosynaptic and polysynaptic responses was reliably greater than those associated with the VLF. Recovery was prevented if extrasynaptic receptors were activated by bath‐applied NMDA in the presence of MK‐801, consistent with the possibility that recovery was due to movement of extrasynaptic receptors into parts of the membrane accessible to transmitter released by DR and VLF stimulation. These novel findings suggest that segmental glutamatergic inputs to motoneurons are more susceptible to plastic changes than those from central nervous system white matter inputs at this developmental stage.
Effects of anaesthetic drugs on the developing brain in children less than 1 year of age: an epidemiological study
Authors: Hansen T.G. , Pedersen D.A. , Henneberg S.W. , Morton N.S. , Christensen K. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  Each year millions of neonates, infants and young children worldwide are exposed to anaesthetic drugs. The last 5 years concerns have been raised regarding a possible association of anaesthesia and neuro‐degeneration in young children, which represents an enormous potential burden to public health. Animal data is compelling and involves a variety of anaesthetic drugs, settings and species, including most recently primates. Implicated are n‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonists and γ‐amino‐butyric acid agonists, including most of the commonly used anaesthetics for both children and adults. However, as yet, it is not clear whether the effects observed in animals are clinical relevant in humans [1]. The scientific approach to solve this question is difficult. One approach is the use of epidemiological methods, which have proven in many setting to be powerful tools for exploring the relationship between exposure and disease.Methods:  We are currently conducting an epidemiological study in Denmark comparing the educational achievement of all children operated before the age of 1 year during the period 1977–1990, (n = 45.000+) to the background Danish population. The study, which has been approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency, is based on linkage of a series of available registries. The Danish civil registration system identifies individuals by unique social security numbers, which can be linked to a number of thematically organized population databases, called registers. Information from three registers is used: (1) the Danish Demographic Database, which includes information on parental identities, deaths, migrations, adoptions and education, (2) the National Hospital Discharge Register, which includes information on overnight hospital stays for non‐psychiatric illnesses and (3) the Register of Compulsory School Completion Assessment and Test Scores, which is compiled from school reports by the Ministry of Education (at ninth grade, aged 15–16 years). The primary outcome in this study is academic achievements rather than IQ. The use of this cohort has several strengths: it is of unprecedented size, it is population‐based, and the important covariates such as: age, gestational age, birth weight, parental age and parental education are available for practically all participants in the study.Discussion:  The data is currently being analyzed and will be presented at the 2009 APA Meeting in Brighton, as will pitfalls and strengths of epidemiological studies over randomized clinical studies for addressing this paediatric anaesthetic challenge. This challenge may, however, extend beyond paediatric anaesthesia because the implicated drugs are widely used in a variety of other settings in infants and young children around the world.
A novel paediatric anaesthetic breathing system
Authors: Meakin George 
Published: June 2009

Introduction:  This paper describes a lightweight, valveless, coaxial anaesthetic breathing system which enables the convenient scavenging of exhaust/waste anaesthetic gases in theatre. It is essentially a modification of the Jackson‐Rees T‐piece system,[1] which utilises a specially designed reservoir bag and coaxial tubing to conduct waste anaesthetic gases to an active scavenging system sited on the anaesthetic machine.Background:  In the conventional Jackson‐Rees system, a length of anaesthetic tubing delivers the anaesthetic gas mixture to a T‐junction sited close to the patient's mouth. A second arm of the T acts as patient connector while a third connects to a reservoir tube which conducts a mixture of fresh and expired gases to an opened tailed reservoir bag, from which the gases are vented to the operating theatre environment. Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to these gases may adversely affect the health of theatre staff [2] and this problem has recently been the subject of a campaign by the National Association of Theatre Nurses. Successful attempts to scavenge these gases have mainly involved the introduction of an expiratory valve into the Jackson Rees system, which makes the system bulky and less convenient to use. The proposed system is shown in Figure 1.Results and Conclusions:  In preliminary bench tests, a professionally made prototype of the proposed system was found to impose about the same degree of expiratory resistance as a Bain system [3] with a fully opened expiratory valve, which was considered acceptable. The system was also rated highly when assessed by a sample of consultant anaesthetists performing manual ventilation on a dummy lung. While the system's primary application will be in paediatric anaesthesia, it could also find application as an induction system for adult anaesthesia.

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[   Diagram of proposed breathing system. The inner tube arrangement is similar to that of a conventional Jackson‐Rees T‐piece system (4,2,5). However, in place of the open‐tailed reservoir bag of the latter, the new system has a custom made bag (6) which incorporates an outer tube (8) to collect the waste anaesthetic gases via a vent situated between the outer tube and the tail section of the reservoir bag (9). This tube conducts the waste gases into the annular space between the tubes 4, 5 and 10, 11, from where they are ultimately discharged into an active scavenging system via port 13. ]
Anesthetic experience of 100 pediatric tracheostomies
Authors: WRIGHTSON FIONA , SOMA MARLENE , SMITH JONATHAN H. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground:  Tracheostomy is more hazardous in the pediatric population than in adults (Paediatr Nurs, 17, 2005, 38; Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol, 67, 2003, 7; J R Soc Med, 89, 1996, 188). Airway management in these children and infants is potentially challenging. Previous case series of pediatric tracheostomy published in the surgical journals make little mention of anesthetic techniques used and do not describe airway management. The aim of this study was to review the anesthetic, and in particular the airway management of children undergoing tracheostomy at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH).Methods:  Between September 2004 and December 2007, the ENT surgical database showed that 109 children had a surgical tracheostomy performed at GOSH. We were only able to locate the notes of 100 of these cases. The anesthetic records of these 100 patients undergoing tracheostomy were analyzed retrospectively.Results:  Ninety‐four percent (94/100) of tracheostomies were elective, and 6% (6/100) were emergency. In this study, 26% (26/100) of children were recorded as difficult to intubate. These difficult airways were managed as follows: 10/26 used a laryngeal mask airway (LMA), 5/26 were managed with facemask alone, 3/26 had fiber‐optic intubation, 5/26 had surgical intubation and 2/26 were intubated with the aid of a bougie and cricoid pressure.Conclusions:  This case series demonstrates that intubation is difficult in up to 26% of children presenting for tracheostomy. While intubation of the trachea remains the preferred option when anesthetizing children for tracheostomy, the LMA or facemask can provide a successful airway where intubation is not possible. The use of the LMA or facemask may therefore be life saving in the unintubatable child.
Validation of the glidescope video laryngoscope in pediatric patients
Authors: REDEL ANDREAS , KARADEMIR FUNDA , SCHLITTERLAU ANETT , FROMMER MATTHIAS , SCHOLTZ LARS‐UWE , KRANKE PETER , KEHL FRANZ , ROEWER NORBERT , LANGE MARKUS 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground:  GlideScope laryngoscopy provides a glottic view equal or superior compared to Macintosh laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation in adult patients. Data evaluating GlideScope laryngoscopy in pediatric patients are lacking. This study compared intubation times of GlideScope laryngoscopy vs Macintosh laryngoscopy in pediatric patients.Methods:  Sixty ASA I–III patients, aged 10 years or less, were included in this study. Prior to intubation, airway characteristics were measured, and all patients were given an airway class by a separate anesthesiologist using a Macintosh laryngoscope. Patients were then randomly assigned for endotracheal intubation using a Macintosh laryngoscope or the GlideScope, and intubation time was measured. All blades were investigated for blood traces as a surrogate of laryngeal injury.Results:  Demographic data and airway characteristics were not statistically significant different between groups. GlideScope intubation time (14 ± 5 s) was not different from Macintosh intubation time (13 ± 5 s). Blood traces were not observed on Macintosh or GlideScope blades.Conclusion:  The GlideScope video laryngoscope is equally suitable to facilitate orotracheal intubation in pediatric patients compared to the Macintosh laryngoscope with respect to intubation time and laryngeal trauma.
Plasma and renal clearances of lactated Ringer’s solution in pediatric and adult patients just before anesthesia is induced
Authors: LI YUHONG , HAHN ROBERT G. , HU YAOQIN , XIANG YAN , ZHU SHENGMEI 
Published: June 2009

SummaryBackground:  Lactated Ringer’s solution is most widely used in children, but little is known about how children who are scheduled for surgery handle a fluid load when compared to adults. This study explores whether a more cautious regimen for the administration of lactated Ringer’s is warranted in children awaiting minor surgery when compared to adults.Methods:  Plasma dilution (based on hemoglobin), urinary excretion, and volume kinetics were used to assess the disposition of an i.v. infusion of 10 ml·kg−1 of lactated Ringer’s solution over 20 min in 14 pediatric patients (4 years of age, average body weight 15 kg) and in 14 adult patients scheduled for similar minor pelvic surgery. Experiments were performed after premedication, but before anesthesia was induced.Results:  Plasma dilution was less pronounced in the pediatric patients (P < 0.03) who also had excreted more of the infused fluid within 90 min than the adults (43% vs 18%, P < 0.03). After correction for body weight, their plasma clearance was 4 times higher (P < 0.02) and the renal clearance of lactated Ringer’s solution 7 times higher (P < 0.001) than those of the adults. The more rapid turnover of fluid in the children might be explained by a shorter period of preoperative fasting (6 vs 10 h) and/or by physiological differences attributable to age.Conclusion:  The plasma and renal clearances of lactated Ringer’s solution were higher in children with a body weight of about 15 kg in comparison with adults. Therefore, children in this age group may receive at least the same amounts of fluid per kilo body weight during preparation for surgery as the amounts recommended for adults.
A randomized trial comparing sevoflurane and propofol in children undergoing MRI scans
Authors: BRYAN YVON F. , HOKE LAUREN K. , TAGHON THOMAS A. , NICK TODD G. , WANG YU , KENNEDY STEPHANIE M. , FURSTEIN JAMES S. , DEAN KURTH CHARLES 
Published: June 2009

SummaryObjectives:  We compared three primary outcomes of pausing the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, emergence quality and respiratory complications.Aim:  To measure and compare the quality between sevoflurane and propofol in children undergoing MRI scans.Background:  No randomized controlled trial exists comparing the quality between sevoflurane and propofol for MRI.Methods/Materials:  Two hundred unpremedicated children (18 months to 7 years) scheduled for brain MRI scans were recruited. After induction with sevoflurane, children were randomized to receive sevoflurane [general anesthesia with sevoflurane (GAS)] via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) or propofol [general anesthesia with propofol (GAP)] bolus and infusion for their scan. The three primary outcomes of pausing the MRI scan (P), agitation (A), and respiratory complications (R) were compared. Timeliness of care was also measured.Results:  No MRI scan pauses were found in 92% and 80% in the GAS and GAP groups. The median and interquartile A scores were 3 (0, 7) in GAS and 0 (0, 4) in GAP groups respectively. There was no difference in respiratory complications between GAS and GAP (P = 0.62). The median and interquartile postanesthesia care unit (PACU) times were 25 (18, 34) for GAS and 31 (25, 44) for GAP (P = 0.0001). The median and interquartile total times were 78 (69, 90) for GAS and 88 (78, 100) for GAP (P = 0.0002).Conclusion:  Our study compared the three primary outcomes of pausing, agitation, and respiratory complications between the two groups, and we found no difference in respiratory complications. However, the GAP group had more pausing and less agitation than the GAS group.
Dynamics of the SAR11 bacterioplankton lineage in relation to environmental conditions in the oligotrophic North Pacific subtropical gyre
Authors: Eiler Alexander , Hayakawa Darin H. , Church Matthew J. , Karl David M. , Rappé Michael S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA quantitative PCR assay for the SAR11 clade of marine Alphaproteobacteria was applied to nucleic acids extracted from monthly depth profiles sampled over a 3‐year period (2004–2007) at the open‐ocean Station ALOHA (A Long‐term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment; 22°45′N, 158°00′W) in the oligotrophic North Pacific Ocean. This analysis revealed a high contribution (averaging 36% of 16S rRNA gene copies) of SAR11 to the total detected 16S rRNA gene copies over depths ranging from the surface layer to 4000 m, and revealed consistent spatial and temporal variation in the relative abundance of SAR11 16S rRNA gene copies. On average, a higher proportion of SAR11 rRNA gene copies were detected in the photic zone (< 175 m depth; mean = 38%) compared with aphotic (> 175 m depth; mean = 30%), and in the winter months compared with the summer (mean =  44% versus 33%, integrated over 175 m depth). Partial least square to latent structure projections identified environmental variables that correlate with variation in the absolute abundance of SAR11, and provided tools for developing a predictive model to explain time and depth‐dependent variations in SAR11. Moreover, this information was used to hindcast temporal dynamics of the SAR11 clade between 1997 and 2006 using the existing HOT data set, which suggested that interannual variations in upper ocean SAR11 abundances were related to ocean‐climate variability such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation.
A Ubiquitous Chronic Disease Care system using cellular phones and the internet
Authors: Yoo H. J. , Park M. S. , Kim T. N. , Yang S. J. , Cho G. J. , Hwang T. G. , Baik S. H. , Choi D. S. , Park G. H. , Choi K. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAims  The rapidly increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is an important challenge to healthcare systems worldwide. To improve the quality and efficiency of chronic disease care, we investigated the effectiveness and applicability of the Ubiquitous Chronic Disease Care (UCDC) system using cellular phones and the internet for overweight patients with both Type 2 diabetes and hypertension.Methods  We conducted a randomized, controlled clinical trial over 3 months that included 123 patients at a university hospital and a community public health centre.Results  After 12 weeks, there were significant improvements in HbA1c in the intervention group (7.6 ± 0.9% to 7.1 ± 0.8%, P < 0.001) compared with the control group (7.4 ± 0.9% to 7.6 ± 1.0%, P = 0.03). Furthermore, we observed a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as improvements in total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the intervention group. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in adiponectin levels in the intervention group compared with the control group, although high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 levels did not change in either group.Conclusions  The novel UCDC system presented in this paper improved multiple metabolic parameters simultaneously in overweight patients with both Type 2 diabetes and hypertension.