bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol and cloud feedbacks on surface energy balance over selected regions of the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Urankar Gayatri , Prabha T. V. , Pandithurai G. , Pallavi P. , Achuthavarier D. , Goswami B. N. 
Published: December 2011

We investigate aerosol and cloud forcing on the surface energy balance over selected regions in India. Four regions were selected with different surface characteristics and have considerable differences in the long‐term trends and seasonal distribution of clouds and aerosols. These regions are described as (1) northern semiarid, (2) humid subtropical, (3) populated central peninsula, and (4) northeast monsoon impacted. Modern Era Retrospective‐analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis version 2 (CFSR) data are used in this study. An intercomparison of cloud fractions from both data sets shows that CFSR systematically underestimates high‐cloud fraction during premonsoon and monsoon seasons. However, there are fewer low‐cloud fraction biases. The positive temporal trend over 31 years (1979–2009) from MERRA in high clouds is greater than that of low clouds. This is due to positive anomalies in the cloud ice and supercooled liquid water content in MERRA. Biases in the radiative fluxes and surface fluxes show a strong relationship (correlations exceeding 0.8) with cloud fraction biases, more so for the high clouds. During the premonsoon season, aerosol forcing causes a change in surface shortwave radiation of −24.5, −25, −19, and −16 W m−2 over regions 1 −4, respectively. The corresponding longwave radiation decrease is −9.8, −6.8, −4.5, and −1.9 W m−2 over these same regions, respectively. The maximum surface shortwave reduction due to clouds, which is observed during the monsoon season, is −86, −113, −101, and −97 W m−2 for these same regions, respectively. A decreasing trend in the boundary layer height is noticed both in MERRA and CFSR. The variation in the Bowen ratio and its relation to aerosol and cloud effect anomalies are also discussed.
Single-cell proteomic chip for profiling intracellular signaling pathways in single tumor cells
Authors: Shi Qihui , Qin Lidong , Wei Wei , Geng Feng , Fan Rong , Shik Shin Young , Guo Deliang , Hood Leroy , Mischel Paul S. , Heath James R. 
Published: December 2011

We describe a microchip designed to quantify the levels of a dozen cytoplasmic and membrane proteins from single cells. We use the platform to assess protein–protein interactions associated with the EGF-receptor-mediated PI3K signaling pathway. Single-cell sensitivity is achieved by isolating a defined number of cells (
n
= 0–5) in 2 nL volume chambers, each of which is patterned with two copies of a miniature antibody array. The cells are lysed on-chip, and the levels of released proteins are assayed using the antibody arrays. We investigate three isogenic cell lines representing the cancer glioblastoma multiforme, at the basal level, under EGF stimulation, and under erlotinib inhibition plus EGF stimulation. The measured protein abundances are consistent with previous work, and single-cell analysis uniquely reveals single-cell heterogeneity, and different types and strengths of protein–protein interactions. This platform helps provide a comprehensive picture of altered signal transduction networks in tumor cells and provides insight into the effect of targeted therapies on protein signaling networks.
Safety of Aquaflor-Medicated Feed to Sunshine Bass
Authors: Straus David L , Bowker James D , Bowman Molly P , Carty Dan , Mitchell Andrew J , Farmer Bradley D 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Aquaflor (florfenicol, 50% type A medicated article) is a relatively new antibiotic used in U.S. aquaculture and has been widely accepted as a safe and effective therapeutant. Some peer-reviewed studies have suggested that 15 mg florfenicol (FFC)·kg−1 body weight (BW)·d−1 for 10 d controls mortality to a greater extent than 10 mg FFC·kg−1 BW·d−1 for 10 d. This study evaluated the safety of Aquaflor to sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) when administered in feed at 15 (1× the maximum proposed therapeutic dose), 45 (3×), and 75 (5×) mg FFC·kg−1 BW·d−1 for 20 d (2× the currently approved 10-d treatment duration). The medicated feed was top-coated with Aquaflor and fed at 2% BW·d−1 divided equally between the morning and afternoon feedings. Juvenile sunshine bass (13.6 ± 1.6 g [mean ± SD]) were stocked into 100-L flow-through tanks at 20 fish per tank. Diets were randomly assigned to three replicate tanks per treatment; fish in three additional nonstudy tanks were fed control diets and weighed weekly to calculate proper feeding quantities. Throughout the trial, water quality was maintained within ranges suitable for sunshine bass culture, fish behavior appeared normal, and all feed was readily and rapidly consumed. There were no mortalities and fish health evaluations revealed no chronic toxicity patterns. None of the histopathologies distinctive to the use of Aquaflor were observed. In conclusion, there is an adequate margin of safety associated with administering Aquaflor-medicated feed to fingerling sunshine bass at the proposed therapeutic treatment regimen of 15 mg FFC·kg−1 BW·d−1 for 10 d.
Associated demographics of persistent exhaled nitric oxide elevation in treated asthmatics
Authors: Matsunaga K. , Yanagisawa S. , Hirano T. , Ichikawa T. , Koarai A. , Akamatsu K. , Sugiura H. , Minakata Y. , Matsunaga K. , Kawayama T. , Ichinose M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryBackgroundThe fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) is reduced by anti‐inflammatory treatment in asthma. However, the FENO level is also regulated by individual demographics and there is considerable variation among clinically stable patients.ObjectiveWe hypothesized that some demographics may be responsible for persistent FENO elevation despite inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) therapy in asthma.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study. We initially screened 250 stable asthmatics and determined the FENO cut‐off point for identifying poorly controlled asthma defined by one of the following criteria: Asthma control test <20, or forced expiratory volume in one‐second % of predicted <80%, or peak expiratory flow variability <80% (Study 1). After 12‐weeks, 229 patients who maintained high or low FENO were selected and the independent factors which might contribute to a high FENO were examined (Study 2).ResultsA FENO level >39.5 p.p.b. yielded 67% sensitivity and 76% specificity for identifying the patients with poorly controlled asthma. The persistent high FENO group (≥40 p.p.b.) was more likely to be ex‐smokers, to show evidence of atopy (positive specific IgE, higher serum IgE and blood eosinophils), and to have allergic comorbidities. Especially, past smoking history, blood eosinophils, and chronic rhinosinusitis were identified to be independent predictors of high FENO. Neither the dose of ICS nor other medication use showed any difference between the groups.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThese results suggested that past smoking history, blood eosinophilia, and chronic rhinosinusitis are involved in the persistent airway inflammation detected by FENO. Although their relative contributions on FENO values should be further quantified, clarification of the features of the subjects with high FENO might provide clues for adjustment of the treatment approach in asthma.
Oral immunotherapy for IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Brożek J. L. , Terracciano L. , Hsu J. , Kreis J. , Compalati E. , Santesso N. , Fiocchi A. , Schünemann H. J. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryCow's milk is a common cause of food allergy in children. Children usually outgrow cow's milk allergy by the age of 3–5 years, but some will have persistent symptoms beyond childhood. We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies to assess the evidence supporting the use of oral immunotherapy in IgE‐mediated cow's milk allergy to inform the World Allergy Organization guidelines. Of 1034 screened articles published until May 2011, five RCTs and five observational studies fulfilled a priori specified inclusion criteria. RCTs including 218 patients showed that oral immunotherapy, compared to elimination diet alone, increased the likelihood of achieving full tolerance of cow's milk [relative risk: 10.0 (95% CI: 4.1–24.2)]. Adverse effects of immunotherapy include frequent local symptoms (16% of doses), mild laryngospasm [relative risk: 12.9 (1.7–98.6)], mild asthma [rate ratio: 3.8 (2.9–5.0)], reactions requiring oral glucocorticosteroids [relative risk: 11.3 (2.7–46.5)] or intramuscular epinephrine injection [rate ratio 5.8 (1.6–21.9)]. Results of observational studies were consistent with those of RCTs. Despite the availability of RCTs, the overall low quality of evidence leaves important uncertainty about anticipated effects of immunotherapy due to very serious imprecision of the estimates of effects and the likelihood of publication bias for some of the critical outcomes. A potentially large benefit of oral immunotherapy in patients with cow's milk allergy may be counterbalanced by frequent and sometimes serious adverse effects. Additional, larger RCTs measuring all patient‐important outcomes are still needed.
Viruses and type 1 diabetes: ignorance acquires a better vocabulary
Authors: Gale E A M 
Published: December 2011

Summary
The hypothesis that a virus might in some way be involved in the causation of type 1 diabetes has a long history, but decades of research have failed to resolve the issue beyond reasonable doubt. Viruses could potentially play a primary role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes by initiating autoimmunity, a secondary role by promoting established immune responses, or a tertiary role by precipitating the onset of hyperglycaemia. There is currently little evidence to suggest that viruses play a primary role in the causation of type 1 diabetes, let alone a necessary or sufficient role. Secondary or tertiary roles remain possible, but have yet to be confirmed in prospective studies.
Maintaining equilibrium in professional role identity: a grounded theory study of health visitors’ perceptions of their changing professional practice context
Authors: Machin Alison I. , Machin Tony , Pearson Pauline 
Published: December 2011

machin a.i., machin t. & pearson p. (2012) Maintaining equilibrium in professional role identity: a grounded theory study of health visitors’ perceptions of their changing professional practice context. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(7), 1526–1537.AbstractAims.  This article reports the study of a group of United Kingdom health visitors’ interactions with their changing practice context, focusing on role identity and influences on its stability.Background.  United Kingdom policies have urged health visitors to refocus their role as key public health nurses. Reduced role identity clarity precipitated the emergence of different models of health visiting public health work. An inconsistent role standard can lead to role identity fragmentation and conflict across a group. It may precipitate individual role crisis, affecting optimum role performance.Methods.  Seventeen health visitors in two United Kingdom community healthcare organizations participated in a grounded theory study, incorporating constant comparative analysis. Direct observations and individual interviews were undertaken between 2002 and 2008.Results/findings.  Four interlinked categories emerged: professional role identity (core category); professional role in action; interprofessional working; and local micro‐systems for practice; each influencing participants’ sense of identity and self‐worth. The Role Identity Equilibrium Process explains interactive processes occurring at different levels of participants’ practice.Conclusion.  Re‐establishing equilibrium and consistency in health visiting identity is a priority. This study’s findings have significance for other nurses and health professionals working in complex systems, affected by role change and challenges to role identity.
Children and adolescents living with atopic eczema: an interpretive phenomenological study with Chinese mothers
Authors: Cheung Winnie K.H. , Lee Regina L.T. 
Published: December 2011

cheung w.k.h. & lee r.l.t. (2012) Children and adolescents living with atopic eczema: an interpretive phenomenological study with Chinese mothers. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(10), 2247–2255.AbstractAim.  This article is a report on a phenomenological study of Chinese mothers’ experiences of caring for their children who were living with atopic eczema.Background.  A mother’s attitude and personality may have a direct influence on her child’s adherence to treatment for atopic eczema. Thus, good communication between healthcare professionals and the mother is essential. Treatment and care should also be culturally appropriate.Methods.  Using an interpretive phenomenological method, 14 interviews were conducted in Hong Kong, China from September 2007 to August 2008, with nine mothers caring for their children who were living with atopic eczema. Crist and Tanner’s circular process of hermeneutic interpretive phenomenology was chosen to guide the data analysis.Findings.  Mothers’ coping patterns involved persistently dealing with enduring demands and seeking alternative therapies that were aimed at curing the disease. Four themes finally emerged from the data: (1) dealing with extra mothering, (2) giving up their life, (3) becoming an expert and (4) living with blame and worry. Mothers’ coping patterns involved persistently finding ways to relieve their children’s suffering with the aim of curing the disease and dealing with their own emotions related to the frustration resulting from giving up their life and living with blame and worry.Conclusion.  The study findings provide nurses with an empathic insight into mothers’ feelings and the enduring demands of caring for children with atopic eczema, and help nurses to develop culturally sensitive interventions, reinforce positive coping strategies, increase family function and improve health outcomes.
Structure of the pilus assembly protein TadZ from Eubacterium rectale: implications for polar localization
Authors: Xu Qingping , Christen Beat , Chiu Hsiu‐Ju , Jaroszewski Lukasz , Klock Heath E. , Knuth Mark W. , Miller Mitchell D. , Elsliger Marc‐André , Deacon Ashley M. , Godzik Adam , Lesley Scott A. , Figurski David H. , Shapiro Lucy , Wilson Ian A. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe tad (tight adherence) locus encodes a protein translocation system that produces a novel variant of type IV pili. The pilus assembly protein TadZ (called CpaE in Caulobacter crescentus) is ubiquitous in tad loci, but is absent in other type IV pilus biogenesis systems. The crystal structure of TadZ from Eubacterium rectale (ErTadZ), in complex with ATP and Mg2+, was determined to 2.1 Å resolution. ErTadZ contains an atypical ATPase domain with a variant of a deviant Walker‐A motif that retains ATP binding capacity while displaying only low intrinsic ATPase activity. The bound ATP plays an important role in dimerization of ErTadZ. The N‐terminal atypical receiver domain resembles the canonical receiver domain of response regulators, but has a degenerate, stripped‐down ‘active site’. Homology modelling of the N‐terminal atypical receiver domain of CpaE indicates that it has a conserved protein–protein binding surface similar to that of the polar localization module of the social mobility protein FrzS, suggesting a similar function. Our structural results also suggest that TadZ localizes to the pole through the atypical receiver domain during an early stage of pili biogenesis, and functions as a hub for recruiting other pili components, thus providing insights into the Tad pilus assembly process.
First record of a walnut shield bearer Coptodisca (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) in Europe
Authors: Bernardo U. , Sasso R. , Gebiola M. , Viggiani G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA leafminer of the Nearctic genus Coptodisca Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae), a species of potential economic interest, is reported for the first time from Europe, infesting the black (Juglans nigra L.) and the common walnut (Juglans regia L.). Mines were collected since September of 2010 in several sites of two Italian regions (Campania and Lazio). The species is rather similar to Coptodisca juglandella (Chambers), the only Coptodisca known to attack walnuts, but at present, an unambiguous identification cannot be provided because of the unsatisfactory characterization of this leafminer and congeneric species. Three generations were recorded per year and leafminers overwinter as mature larvae. The first adults emerged in May–June while mature larvae of the last generation started the overwintering in September. During the last generation of the year, infestation levels of leaves were 100% in all sampled localities. Several species of parasitoids were reared from infested mines, with specimens belonging to the genus Chrysocharis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) being the most frequent parasitoids.
Carabid beetle condition, reproduction and density in winter oilseed rape affected by field and landscape parameters
Authors: Haschek C. , Drapela T. , Schuller N. , Fiedler K. , Frank T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe carabid beetles Amara similata and Poecilus cupreus are abundant in Central European winter oilseed rape (OSR) fields and potential antagonists of OSR pests. Therefore, they were investigated in 29 OSR fields relative to the influence of field and landscape parameters on their nutritional condition, reproductive potential and activity density. Nutritional condition was measured by a condition factor (CF). Fecundity of female beetles was expressed by the number of ripe oocytes in the ovaries. Activity density comprised the number of individuals caught with pitfall traps during their peak of reproductive period. Soil productivity and pest abundance (as a proxy of local prey availability) were considered as field parameters. Landscape parameters comprised the distance to the next fallow and the percentage of crop area around each study field. In eight of ten cases, pest abundance proved to be the most important factor explaining carabid characteristics, indicating that P. cupreus and A. similata consume insect pests in OSR fields. Pest abundance influenced the CF of both species and sexes positively. Oocyte numbers of A. similata were negatively related to the distance to the next fallow. Oocyte numbers of P. cupreus tended to increase with increasing pest abundance. Activity density of female A. similata was negatively influenced by soil productivity. Activity density of male A. similata and of female and male P. cupreus was negatively influenced by pest abundance. When analysing exclusively the influence of severe OSR pests (Meligethes aeneus, Ceutorhynchus napi and Dasineura brassicae), abundance of larval M. aeneus and C. napi was most important in explaining the CF and activity density of male A. similata, and male and female P. cupreus. M. aeneus and C. napi could be an essential prey for the carabids studied which may reduce the pests, thereby contributing to the protection of OSR from pest herbivory.
Newcastle disease virus: A promising agent for tumour immunotherapy
Authors: Zhao Lixiang , Liu Haiyan 
Published: December 2011

Summary
Malignant tumours are a major cause of mortality in humans. Currently used therapeutic regimens have not improved survival rates of patients suffering from malignant tumours much because of their limited efficacy and side‐effects. A therapeutic approach that uses Newcastle disease virus (NDV) represents an attractive new tool for tumour immunotherapy. The present review highlights the mechanisms and advances that are likely to have considerable impact on NDV virotherapy.
Significant evidence exists regarding the oncolytic effects of NDV, suggesting its potential use in the treatment of various tumours. Furthermore, clinical trials have suggested that several NDV strains have the potential for cancer virotherapy with few side‐effects compared with traditional treatments.
Many studies have been performed to investigate the oncolytic mechanisms of NDV. Apoptosis following NDV infection may contribute to the observed oncolytic effects; however, NDV could also stimulate both innate and adaptive antitumour immune responses.
For many years, different approaches have been investigated (or are in the process of being developed) regarding the use of NDV for the treatment of malignancies. Recent advances using reverse genetics have provided a means of generating recombinant NDV strains with improved oncolytic and immune regulatory properties.
Transforming growth factor‐β/Smad signalling in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Lan Hui Yao 
Published: December 2011

Summary
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a major diabetic complication that is mediated by transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 via Smad‐dependent and ‐independent signalling pathways.
Under diabetic conditions, many profibrotic factors, such as advanced glycation end‐products and angiotensin II, can also activate the Smad signalling pathway via the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase–Smad signalling cross‐talk pathway. Thus, Smads act as signal integrators and interact with other signalling pathways to mediate DN.
In the context of renal fibrosis, Smad3 is pathogenic, but Smad2 is protective. Deletion of Smad3 inhibits, whereas disruption of Smad2 upregulates, connective tissue growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression and promotes both epithelial–myofibroblast and endothelial–myofibroblast transition.
Smad7 plays a protective role in DN because deletion of Smad7 enhances, whereas overexpression of Smad7 inhibits, Smad3‐mediated renal fibrosis and nuclear factor‐κB‐driven renal inflammation.
Transforming growth factor‐β1 activates Smad3 to regulate microRNAs that mediate renal fibrosis. Of these, miR‐21 and miR‐192 are upregulated, whereas the miR‐29 and miR‐200 families are downregulated.
Targeting downstream TGF‐β/Smad signalling by overexpressing Smad7‐ or Smad3‐dependent microRNA related to fibrosis may represent a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of DN.