bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation status of eulachon in the California Current
Authors: Gustafson Richard G , Ford Michael J , Adams Peter B , Drake Jonathan S , Emmett Robert L , Fresh Kurt L , Rowse Mindy , Spangler Elizabeth A K , Spangler Robert E , Teel David J , Wilson Matthew T 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus), an anadromous smelt in the Northeast Pacific Ocean was examined for listing under the USA’s Endangered Species Act (ESA). A southern Distinct Population Segment (DPS) of eulachon – that occurs in the California Current and is composed of numerous subpopulations that spawn in rivers from northern California to northern British Columbia – was identified on the basis of ecological and environmental characteristics, and to a lesser extent, genetic and life history variation. Although the northern terrestrial boundary of this DPS remains uncertain, our consensus opinion was that this northern boundary occurs south of the Nass River and that the DPS was discrete from more northern eulachon, as well as significant to the biological species as a whole and thus is a ‘species’ under the ESA. Eulachon have been nearly absent in northern California for over two decades, have declined in the Fraser River by over 97% in the past 10 years, and are at historically low levels in other British Columbia rivers in the DPS, and nearly so in the Columbia River. Major threats to southern eulachon include climate change impacts on ocean and freshwater habitat, by‐catch in offshore shrimp trawl fisheries, changes in downstream flow timing and intensity owing to dams and water diversions, and predation. These threats, together with large declines in abundance, indicate that the southern DPS of eulachon is at moderate risk of extinction throughout all of its range. The southern DPS was listed as threatened under the ESA in May 2010 – the first marine forage fish to be afforded these statutory protections, which apply only to waters under U.S. jurisdiction.
Time in the New Economy: The Impact of the Interaction of Individual and Structural Temporalities on Job Satisfaction
Authors: Agypt Brett , Rubin Beth A. 
Published: April 2011

abstractThe 24/7 economy creates new organizational temporalities including a temporal structure called layered‐task time (LTT), characterized by greater simultaneity, fragmentation, contamination, and constraint. This paper develops a measure of LTT, and examines the relationship between its components and job satisfaction as moderated by an individual's polychronicity, or propensity for multitasking. A total of 306 employees from various jobs, organizations, and industries were surveyed. The LTT measures provide promising initial evidence of reliability and content validity. We also find that those who are more polychronic are more satisfied in environments characterized by a need for multitasking and using dissimilar skills, as well as organizational temporal constraint and unpredictable shifts in temporal boundaries. Finally, we discuss implications for research on temporal structures in the workplace.
Mindfulness and dream quality: The inverse relationship between mindfulness and negative dream affect
Authors: SIMOR PÉTER , KÖTELES FERENC , SÁNDOR PIROSKA , PETKE ZSOLT , BÓDIZS RÓBERT 
Published: April 2011

Simor, P., Köteles, F., Sándor, P., Petke, Z. & Bódizs, R. (2011). Mindfulness and dream quality: The inverse relationship between mindfulness and negative dream affect. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 369–375.The aim of the study was to examine the relationship of mindfulness to the emotional quality of dreaming. In our questionnaire‐based study, comprising the data of 587 undergraduate students we examined the association between trait anxiety, perceived stress, trait mindfulness, negative dream affect and dream anxiety. Our results indicate that mindfulness is inversely related to disturbed dreaming and predicts less severe dream disturbances after controlling for trait anxiety. Moreover, the results of the applied hierarchical regression analysis suggest that mindfulness is associated with reduced dream anxiety by moderating the extent of waking anxiety. Our findings extend previous research relating mindfulness, emotional regulation and sleep quality to the domain of dream research. We suggest that mindfulness is a possible protective factor against dream disturbances.
Uniforms, status and professional boundaries in hospital
Authors: Timmons Stephen , East Linda 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDespite their comparative neglect analytically, uniforms play a key role in the delineation of occupational boundaries and the formation of professional identity in healthcare. This paper analyses a change to the system of uniforms in one UK hospital, where management have required all professions (with the exception of doctors) to wear the same ‘corporate’ uniform. Focus groups were conducted with the professionals and patients. We analyse this initiative as a kind of McDonaldisation, seeking to create a new ‘corporate’ worker whose allegiance is principally to the organisation, rather than a profession. Our findings show how important uniforms are to their wearers, both in terms of the defence of professional boundaries and status, as well as the construction of professional identity.
Recovering a Separation of Powers in the European Union
Authors: Conway Gerard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe attributed sui generis character of the EU as a polity has often been cited as the basis for not applying a classic separation of powers analysis to it. Yet it is a logical non sequitur to infer the inapplicability of a separation of powers framework to the EU on this basis: no particular proposition of political or legal morality can be automatically inferred or excluded from the attributed generic novelty of the EU relative to States. The EU certainly has some novel features, but that observation of itself does not establish that such novelty requires an entirely new conception of institutional normativity (rather, it needs to be explained how whatever particular novelty the EU possesses is such as to require the exclusion of separation of powers thinking). This article argues that a separation of powers analysis is: first, descriptively accurate, to a large extent, for much of the working of the EU apart from the law‐making role of the ECJ; and, secondly, normatively attractive as a means of practically safeguarding the principles of democracy and the rule of law. This view is supported by an analysis of the substitute for a separation of powers in the caselaw of the ECJ, namely the principle of institutional balance, which it is argued is too vague and indeterminate to be a satisfactory alternative.
Mainstreaming Gender into European Family Law? The Case of International Child Abduction and Brussels II Revised
Authors: Lamont Ruth 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGender mainstreaming is an EU policy tool encouraging equality between men and women by incorporating gender concerns into the formation of EU law. The EU has intervened in private international family law, an area where concerns over gender equality may be present. Child abduction, which is regulated by the Brussels II Revised Regulation, is an aspect of international family law where issues of gender have been highlighted. Women are predominantly the abductors of their children and may abduct a child to escape a violent relationship. These factors were in evidence in the 1980 Hague Abduction Convention and an effective gender mainstreaming strategy should promote discussion to address these concerns. By examining the proposals for Brussels II Revised, this article will demonstrate that the gendered nature of child abduction was not clearly addressed in the development of the legislation and questions how mainstreaming can be effective as an aspect of the legislative process.
Hard Times for Hard Bans: Fixed‐Term Work and So‐Called Non‐Regression Clauses in the Era of Flexicurity
Authors: Corazza Luisa 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper deals with the issue of non‐regression clauses, which, despite a twenty‐year history, has been addressed by domestic and European case law only recently, and only with regard to the field of flexible employment. This essay argues that the Court of Justice case law on non‐regression clauses (the Mangold and Angelidaki rulings) leads to a weakening of these instruments, rendering them ineffective. This ineffectiveness is due to the controversial idea of Fixed‐Term Work in the era of flexicurity, and to the difficult justiciability of the particular clause in itself, as demonstrated by the most recent Court of Justice's ruling, Sorge. In addition, this essay provides an explanation of the difficult enforcement of non‐regression clauses, in light of the new course of European employment policies.
The future of inter‐country adoption: A paradigm shift for this century
Authors: Fronek Patricia , Cuthbert Denise 
Published: April 2011

Fronek P, Cuthbert D. The future of inter‐country adoption: a paradigm shift for this centuryThe only existing international framework for inter‐country adoption (ICA) is a legal one. Current legal and welfare approaches have limitations in that ICA tends to be conceptualised in individualistic terms, while strategies that prevent ICA by strengthening communities and addressing structural inequalities in the first instance are neglected and divorced from ICA practice. A vision and an overarching framework based on a socioecological approach that informs other arenas, such as health promotion, are proposed. The article concludes that the development of collaborative, intersectoral approaches, the reorientation of public and private resources and international leadership from academics, legislators, policy makers, practitioners and communities are necessary for a paradigm shift for this century.
In vitro CNS tissue analogues formed by self‐organisation of reaggregated post‐natal brain tissue
Authors: Bailey Joanne L. , O’Connor Vincent , Hannah Matthew , Hewlett Lindsay , Biggs Thelma E. , Sundstrom Lars E. , Findlay Matt W. , Chad John E. 
Published: April 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 1020–1032.AbstractIn this paper, we report the characterization of ‘Hi‐Spot’ cultures formed by the re‐aggregation of dissociated postnatal CNS tissue grown at an air‐liquid interface. This produces a self‐organised, dense, organotypic cellular network. Western blot, immunohistochemical, viral transfection and electron microscopy analyses reveal neuronal and glial populations, and the development of a synaptic network. Multi‐electrode array recordings show synaptically driven network activity that develops through time from single unit spiking activity to global network bursting events. This activity is blocked by tetanus toxin and modified by antagonists of glutamatergic and GABAergic receptors suggesting tonic activity of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic signaling. The tissue‐like properties of these cultures has been further demonstrated by their relative insensitivity to glutamate toxicity. Exposure to millimolar concentrations of glutamate for hours is necessary to produce significant excitotoxic neuronal death, as in vivo. We conclude that ‘Hi‐Spots’ are biological analogues of CNS tissue at a level of complexity that allows for detailed functional analyses of emergent neuronal network properties.
A late methanogen origin for molybdenum‐dependent nitrogenase
Authors: BOYD E. S. , ANBAR A. D. , MILLER S. , HAMILTON T. L. , LAVIN M. , PETERS J. W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMounting evidence indicates the presence of a near complete biological nitrogen cycle in redox‐stratified oceans during the late Archean to early Proterozoic (c. 2.5–2.0 Ga). It has been suggested that the iron (Fe)‐ or vanadium (V)‐dependent nitrogenase rather than molybdenum (Mo)‐dependent form was responsible for dinitrogen fixation during this time because oceans were depleted in Mo and rich in Fe. We evaluated this hypothesis by examining the phylogenetic relationships of proteins that are required for the biosynthesis of the active site cofactor of Mo‐nitrogenase in relation to structural proteins required for Fe‐, V‐ and Mo‐nitrogenase. The results are highly suggestive that among extant nitrogen‐fixing organisms for which genomic information exists, Mo‐nitrogenase is unlikely to have been associated with the Last Universal Common Ancestor. Rather, the origin of Mo‐nitrogenase can be traced to an ancestor of the anaerobic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens with acquisition in the bacterial domain via lateral gene transfer involving an anaerobic member of the Firmicutes. A comparison of substitution rates estimated for proteins required for the biosynthesis of the nitrogenase active site cofactor and for a set of paralogous proteins required for the biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll suggests that Nif emerged from a nitrogenase‐like ancestor approximately 1.5–2.2 Ga. An origin and ensuing proliferation of Mo‐nitrogenase under anoxic conditions would likely have occurred in an environment where anaerobic methanogens and Firmicutes coexisted and where Mo was at least episodically available, such as in a redox‐stratified Proterozoic ocean basin.
The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor PF‐3845 acts in the nervous system to reverse LPS‐induced tactile allodynia in mice
Authors: Booker Lamont , Kinsey Steven G , Abdullah Rehab A , Blankman Jacqueline L , Long Jonathan Z , Ezzili Cyrine , Boger Dale L , Cravatt Benjamin F , Lichtman Aron H 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammatory pain presents a problem of clinical relevance and often elicits allodynia, a condition in which non‐noxious stimuli are perceived as painful. One potential target to treat inflammatory pain is the endogenous cannabinoid (endocannabinoid) system, which is comprised of CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and several endogenous ligands, including anandamide (AEA). Blockade of the catabolic enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) elevates AEA levels and elicits antinociceptive effects, without the psychomimetic side effects associated with Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Allodynia was induced by intraplantar injection of LPS. Complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to determine the strategy of blocking FAAH to reverse LPS‐induced allodynia. Endocannabinoid levels were quantified using mass spectroscopy analyses.KEY RESULTS FAAH (−/−) mice or wild‐type mice treated with FAAH inhibitors (URB597, OL‐135 and PF‐3845) displayed an anti‐allodynic phenotype. Furthermore, i.p. PF‐3845 increased AEA levels in the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, intraplantar PF‐3845 produced a partial reduction in allodynia. However, the anti‐allodynic phenotype was absent in mice expressing FAAH exclusively in the nervous system under a neural specific enolase promoter, implicating the involvement of neuronal fatty acid amides (FAAs). The anti‐allodynic effects of FAAH‐compromised mice required activation of both CB1 and CB2 receptors, but other potential targets of FAA substrates (i.e. µ‐opioid, TRPV1 and PPARα receptors) had no apparent role.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS AEA is the primary FAAH substrate reducing LPS‐induced tactile allodynia. Blockade of neuronal FAAH reverses allodynia through the activation of both cannabinoid receptors and represents a promising target to treat inflammatory pain.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Intermediate‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels participate in neurovascular coupling
Authors: Longden TA , Dunn KM , Draheim HJ , Nelson MT , Weston AH , Edwards G 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Controlling vascular tone involves K+ efflux through endothelial cell small‐ and intermediate‐conductance calcium‐activated potassium channels (KCa2.3 and KCa3.1, respectively). We investigated the expression of these channels in astrocytes and the possibility that, by a similar mechanism, they might contribute to neurovascular coupling.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in astrocytes were used to assess KCa2.3 and KCa3.1 expression by immunohistochemistry and RT‐PCR. KCa currents in eGFP‐positive astrocytes were determined in situ using whole‐cell patch clamp electrophysiology. The contribution of KCa3.1 to neurovascular coupling was investigated in pharmacological experiments using electrical field stimulation (EFS) to evoke parenchymal arteriole dilatation in FVB/NJ mouse brain slices and whisker stimulation to evoke changes in cerebral blood flow in vivo, measured by laser Doppler flowmetry.KEY RESULTS KCa3.1 immunoreactivity was restricted to astrocyte processes and endfeet and RT‐PCR confirmed astrocytic KCa2.3 and KCa3.1 mRNA expression. With 200 nM [Ca2+]i, the KCa2.1‐2.3/KCa3.1 opener NS309 increased whole‐cell currents. CyPPA, a KCa2.2/KCa2.3 opener, was without effect. With 1 µM [Ca2+]i, the KCa3.1 inhibitor TRAM‐34 reduced currents whereas apamin (KCa2.1‐2.3 blocker) had no effect. CyPPA also inhibited currents evoked by NS309 in HEK293 cells expressing KCa3.1. EFS‐evoked Fluo‐4 fluorescence confirmed astrocyte endfoot recruitment into neurovascular coupling. TRAM‐34 inhibited EFS‐evoked arteriolar dilatation by 50% whereas charybdotoxin, a blocker of KCa3.1 and the large‐conductance KCa channel, KCa1.1, inhibited dilatation by 82%. TRAM‐34 reduced the cortical hyperaemic response to whisker stimulation by 40%.CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Astrocytes express functional KCa3.1 channels, and these contribute to neurovascular coupling.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐3
Changes in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 expression in rat blood vessels during glyceryl trinitrate tolerance development and reversal
Authors: D'Souza Y , Dowlatshahi S , Bennett BM 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent studies have suggested an essential role for aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in the bioactivation of organic nitrates such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). In the present study, we utilized an in vivo GTN tolerance model to further investigate the role of ALDH2 in GTN bioactivation and tolerance.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We assessed changes in aortic ALDH activity, and in ALDH2 protein expression in various rat blood vessels (aorta, vena cava, femoral artery and femoral vein) during continuous GTN exposure (0.4 mg·h−1 for 6, 12, 24 or 48 h) or after a 1‐, 3‐ or 5‐day drug‐free period following a 48 h exposure to GTN, in relation to changes in vasodilator responses to GTN and in vascular GTN biotransformation.KEY RESULTS A decrease was observed in both ALDH2 protein expression (80% in tolerant veins and 30% in tolerant arteries after 48 h exposure to GTN) and aortic ALDH activity, concomitant with decreased vasodilator responses to GTN and decreased aortic GTN biotransformation. However, after a 24 h drug‐free period following 48 h of GTN exposure, vasodilator responses to GTN and aortic GTN biotransformation activity had returned to control values, whereas vascular ALDH2 expression and aortic ALDH activity were still significantly depressed, and remained so for 3–5 days following cessation of GTN exposure.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The dissociation of reduced ALDH activity and ALDH2 expression from the duration of the impaired vasodilator and biotransformation responses to GTN in nitrate‐tolerant blood vessels, suggests that factors other than changes in ALDH2‐mediated GTN bioactivation contribute to nitrate tolerance.
In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of an Intelligent Artificial Anal Sphincter in Rabbits
Authors: Huang Zong‐Hai , Shi Fu‐Jun , Chen Fei , Liang Fei‐Xue , Li Qiang , Yu Jin‐Long , Li Zhou , Han Xin‐Jun 
Published: April 2011

AbstractArtificial sphincters have been developed for patients with fecal incontinence, but finding a way to make such sphincters more “intelligent” remains a problem. We assessed the function of a novel intelligent artificial anal sphincter (IAAS) in vitro and in vivo in rabbits. After the prosthesis was activated, rabbits were continent of feces during 81.4% of the activation time. The fecal detection unit provided 100% correct signals on stool in vitro and 65.7% in vivo. The results indicated that the IAAS could efficiently maintain continence and detect stool; however, the IAAS is still in the preliminary experimental stage and more work is needed to improve the system.
Molecular relatedness of Propionibacterium species isolated from blood products and on the skin of blood donors
Authors: Rood Ineke G.H. , de Korte Dirk , Savelkoul Paul H.M. , Pettersson Annika 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: In this study it was investigated whether Propionibacterium acnes present in platelet concentrates (PCs) and related red blood cells (RBCs), originate from the skin of the donor.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: P. acnes that were cultured throughout 2007 and 2008 from PCs and their accompanying RBCs and in 2010 from the phlebotomy site of a selection of the respective donors (n = 22) were typed by amplified fragment length polymorphism. A part of the strains was also determined to species level by sequencing of the 16S rRNA and recA genes.RESULTS: Three different phylogenetic groups of P. acnes were found. The distribution of the P. acnes in three groups was confirmed by sequencing of the recA gene. All strains that were found in PCs and their accompanying RBCs were identical, which indicates that the strain is already present in the whole blood donation. P. acnes could be found on the skin of almost all screened donors. In eight of 22 cases (36.4%), one of the strains from the donor skin was identical to the strains found in PCs and their accompanying RBCs. In two other cases the strains belonged to the same phylogenetic group.CONCLUSION: This study supports the theory that the source of P. acnes contamination is in many cases the skin of the donor. However, further study is necessary to rule out other sources of contamination. Because it is difficult to prevent bacterial contamination by P. acnes completely, it is necessary to further investigate the clinical significance of blood products contaminated with P. acnes.