bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual cycle of reproductive organs in a Tibetan frog, Nanorana parkeri
Authors: Ma Xiaoyan , Lu Xin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The annual cycle of reproductive organs in a wild population of a Tibetan frog, Nanorana parkeri, was studied. For females we used the pigmentation and size of the ovarian follicles to designate the reproductive conditions. Males were analyzed according to their spermatogenic stages using histological sections of their testes. The results showed that each sex had a seasonal reproductive cycle. However, females reproduced biennially or more, while males bred annually. We presumed that the sexual differences in reproductive investment contributed to the annual reproductive cycle difference between the sexes of N. parkeri. Moreover, this species did not have the post-breeding resting period, which was confirmed by the fact of reinitiation of spermatogenesis shortly after breeding.
Albinistic common seals (Phoca vitulina) and melanistic grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) rehabilitated in the Netherlands
Authors: Osinga Nynke , Hart Pieter 't , van Voorst Vader Pieter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Seal Rehabilitation and Research Centre (SRRC) in Pieterburen, The Netherlands, rehabilitates seals from the waters of the Wadden Sea, North Sea and Southwest Delta area. Incidental observations of albinism and melanism in common and grey seals are known from countries surrounding the North Sea. However, observations on colour aberrations have not been systematically recorded. To obtain the frequency of occurrence of these colour aberrations, we analysed data of all seals admitted to our centre over the past 38 years. In the period 1971-2008, 3000 common seals (Phoca vitulina) were rehabilitated, as well as 1200 grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). A total of five albinistic common seals and four melanistic grey seals were identified. This results in an estimated incidence of albinism in common seals of approximately 1/600, and of melanism in grey seals of approximately 1/300. The seals displayed normal behaviour, although in the albinistic animals, a photophobic reaction was observed in daylight.
UV-B radiation severely affects embryo development in the Mexican axolotl
Authors: Frías-Alvarez Patricia , Zúñiga-Vega J. Jaime , Parra-Olea Gabriela 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Amphibians are greatly affected by diversity loss and recent declines in amphibian populations are well documented. One of the proposed causes of such declines, UV-B radiation, has been reported to induce lethal and sub-lethal effects on different ontogenetic phases of development. Of these phases, the embryo stage is likely the most vulnerable. We used an experimental approach to test for the effects of UV-B radiation on embryo development of the Mexican axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum. Recently, its natural populations experienced a 60% decline. We conducted experimental trials over the course of a year in which we exposed A. mexicanum eggs to 3 different treatments of varying UV-B ray intensities. Our results indicate that environmental UV-B radiation in Mexico City adversely affects the embryos of the Mexican axolotl at particular times of the year. The embryos exposed to 100% UV-B radiation had strikingly more deformities (mostly blisters and edemas), shorter periods of embryonic development, smaller hatchling size, and experienced increased mortality in comparison with embryos that were partially or totally protected from UV-B rays. The breeding season of A. mexicanum coincides with the time of the year in which the effects of UV-B radiation are most harmful (February through April). The observed negative effects of UV-B rays could act synergistically with chemical pollutants, exotic species, and pathogens to yield the negative population trends currently observed in this endemic Mexican amphibian.
Changes in nestling diet composition of the red-breasted flycatcher Ficedula parva in relation to chick age and parental sex
Authors: Mitrus Cezary , Mitrus Joanna , Sikora Magdalena 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The composition of nestling diet in the red-breasted flycatcher Ficedula parva was studied by videotaping 14 broods, in natural stands of the Białowieża Forest, in relation to nestling age and the sex of the parents. On average 51.5% of the prey items were flying insects, 25.9 % spiders and 22.8% caterpillars. Amongst flying insects, Diptera dominated (84.8%), then Lepidoptera (7.6%) and Orthoptera (6.6%). The composition of the diet changed significantly in relation to the age of the nestlings. The proportion of caterpillars decreased with nestling age from 36% to 13%, whilst that of flying insects increased from 42% to 64% and spiders achieved their highest representation in the middle stages of nestling development. Within the group of flying insects, composition of prey types also changed significantly: the proportion of Orthoptera increased from 7% to 11%, and Lepidoptera decreased from 9% to 3%, while the proportion of Diptera was almost unchanged. No differences were found in general in the proportions of prey types provided by males and females, although they differed in respect to nestling age. In the first five days of nestling life, males provided more caterpillars and fewer flying insects than when nestlings were older.
Effects of temperature and food availability on selected body temperature and locomotor performance of Plestiodon (Eumeces) chinensis (Scincidae)
Authors: Shu Lin , Sun Bao-Jun , Du Wei-Guo 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Remarkable temporal and spatial variations occur on selected body temperature (Tsel) and locomotor performance for Plestiodon (Eumeces) chinensis, commonly known as Chinese skinks. However, the significance of these variations remains elusive. This study focuses on the effects of thermal environment and food availability on P. chinensis's Tsel and locomotor performance. The duration of thermal treatment (4h and 8h) displayed significant effects on Tsel, additionally the effects of thermal treatment were also dependent on food-availability. There was no significant variation in skink's Tsel under diverse thermal treatments when sufficient food was available. However, with insufficient food source, the Tsel decreased with decrease in the duration of thermal treatment. Thermal acclimation also affected locomotor performance of P. chinensis, as the 8h thermal treatment enhanced their locomotor performance. However, food availability alone had no significant impact on the locomotor performance. Therefore, the combination of thermal acclimation and food availability could cause variations in Tsel and locomotor performance of skinks, suggesting that thermal environment and food condition in nature are important factors involved in temporal and spatial variations for Tsel and locomotor performance.
Prevalence Comparison of Accompanying Lesions between Primary and Recurrent Anterior Dislocation in the Shoulder
Authors: Kim Doo-Sup , Yoon Yeo-Seung , Yi Chang Ho 
Published: August 2010

Background Many authors have reported the presence of intra-articular lesions after primary dislocation of the shoulder joint. However, few studies have focused on their prevalence or the differences in accompanying lesions between primary and recurrent dislocations of the shoulder joint. Purpose This study was undertaken to investigate and analyze accompanying lesions, including types of anteroinferior labrum injuries, using diagnostic arthroscopy and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) in 144 patients with traumatic anterior dislocation of the shoulder joint. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods There were 33 patients with 33 dislocations in the primary dislocation group and 111 patients with 111 dislocations in the recurrent dislocation group. Preoperative magnetic resonance arthrography and diagnostic arthroscopy were performed on all patients. Results In the primary dislocation group, 8 Bankart lesions, 9 free anterior labrum periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesions, 4 bony Bankart lesions, and 1 adhesive ALPSA lesion were observed. In the recurrent dislocation group, 68 Bankart lesions, 11 free ALPSA lesions, 13 bony Bankart lesions, 16 adhesive ALPSA lesions, and 1 glenoid articular rim disruption lesion were found. There were 22 (66.6%) and 109 (98.1%) patients with lesions in the anteroinferior labrum in the primary and recurrent groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (P = .002). Also, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in the prevalence of the Hill-Sachs lesion and inverted pear-shaped glenoid lesion (P = .008/P = .047). Inverted pear-shaped glenoids were observed in 15 patients in the recurrent group. In 139 of 144 patients, surgical findings of accompanying lesions coincided with magnetic resonance arthrography findings (96.5%). Conclusion Various forms of anteroinferior labral lesions were seen in patients with traumatic anterior dislocation of shoulder. The recurrent dislocation group showed a significantly higher prevalence of anteroinferior labral lesions and bony lesions in comparison with the primary group. In our study, magnetic resonance arthrography was an accurate method to assess accompanying lesions in first-time and recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder, suggesting that this may be a useful tool for determining a treatment method.
microRNA miR-144 modulates oxidative stress tolerance and associates with anemia severity in sickle cell disease
Authors: Sangokoya Carolyn , Telen Marilyn J. , Chi Jen-Tsan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough individuals with homozygous sickle cell disease (HbSS) share the same genetic mutation, the severity and manifestations of this disease are extremely heterogeneous. We have previously shown that the microRNA expression in normal and HbSS erythrocytes exhibit dramatic differences. In this study, we identify a subset of HbSS patients with higher erythrocytic miR-144 expression and more severe anemia. HbSS erythrocytes are known to have reduced tolerance for oxidative stress, yet the basis for this phenotype remains unknown. This study reveals that miR-144 directly regulates nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2, a central regulator of cellular response to oxidative stress, and modulates the oxidative stress response in K562 cell line and primary erythroid progenitor cells. We further demonstrate that increased miR-144 is associated with reduced NRF2 levels in HbSS reticulocytes and with decreased glutathione regeneration and attenuated antioxidant capacity in HbSS erythrocytes, thereby providing a possible mechanism for the reduced oxidative stress tolerance and increased anemia severity seen in HbSS patients. Taken together, our findings suggest that erythroid microRNAs can serve as genetic modifiers of HbS-related anemia and can provide novel insights into the clinical heterogeneity and pathobiology of sickle cell disease.
Central odontogenic fibroma: a case report with long-term follow-up
Authors: Brazão-Silva Marco T , Fernandes Alexandre V , Durighetto-Júnior Antônio F , Cardoso Sérgio V , Loyola Adriano M 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
An osteolytic tumour of the mandible with prominent expansive growth on the alveolar ridge and displacement of the involved teeth is described in a 28-year-old man. The lesion was diagnosed as a central odontogenic fibroma, an uncommon benign neoplasm derived from dental apparatus, and was removed by curettage. The patient remains asymptomatic after thirteen years of follow-up, which supports the claimed indolent behavior of this poorly documented disease and the adequacy of a conservative surgical treatment.
Effect of Hydrogen-Enriched Gas as a Reductant on the Performance of a Lean NOx Trap Catalyst for a Light-Duty Diesel Engine
Authors: Park C-W , Kim C-G , Choi Y , Kang K-Y , Moriyoshi Y 
Published: August 2010

Direct-injection diesel engines have become prime candidates for future transportation needs owing to their high thermal efficiency. However, the increase in nitrogen oxides (NO x) within local high-temperature regions and the increase in particulate matter within the diffusion flame region during diesel combustion are problematic and must be resolved. The utilization of NO x-absorbing catalysts, based on the concept of NO x storage and release, is one of the most promising techniques able to reduce NO x emissions within net oxidizing gas conditions. This type of NO x removal system, called the lean NO x trap (LNT) catalyst, absorbs NO x under lean exhaust gas conditions and releases NO x under rich conditions. This technology provides the advantage of high NO x conversion efficiency; however, the correct amount of reducing agent must be supplied within the catalytic converter under appropriate conditions in order to guarantee a high NO x reduction efficiency. In this research, the performance characteristics of an LNT, using a hydrogen-enriched gas as a reductant, were examined via various injection strategies and rich exhaust gas conditions. Although the hydrogen concentration of hydrogen-enriched gas also affects the LNT performance, the composition of hydrogen-enriched gas was fixed as a similar composition to that for the ideal re-forming of diesel fuel. The NO x reduction efficiency is closely connected to the injection timing and duration of reductant flow. When the injection was introduced 1.5 s after throttling, the LNT NO x conversion was maximized. However, the LNT NO x conversion decreased when the injection timing was earlier or later than 1.5 s. Because the actual rich duration of the exhaust gas is limited at a specific point during the rich operation for 3 s, the LNT NO x conversion was maximized when the hydrogen-enriched gas was injected at the minimum air-to-fuel ratio observed at the LNT inlet. By optimizing the control of this flow, the system encounters only a 1.9 per cent fuel penalty while maintaining a 90 per cent NO x reduction efficiency.
Development and Implementation of Standardized Intravenous Immune Globulin Orders for Pediatric Patients
Authors: Speight Kathy Palmer , Zillmer Rhonda H. , Alexander Benjamin S. , Yeakey Anne M. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose To develop and implement a standardized intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) order set for pediatric patients in a community hospital. Methods Standardized orders are used in many hospitals to help guide the medication ordering process. WakeMed Health and Hospitals in Raleigh, North Carolina, developed and implemented a standardized pediatric IVIG order set. The IVIG orders were designed and approved by a multidisciplinary team. All standing orders at WakeMed are maintained by the Clinical Analysis Department and reviewed every 3 years by the pharmacy and medical staff. The standardized IVIG order set must be completed anf signed by the attending physician for all pediatric IVIG orders. Standardization of the IVIG orders helps promote accurate physician medication ordering, provides safe administration guidelines, and minimized the risk of medication errors and adverse events. Results As a result of the implementation of standardized IVIG orders, the hospital has decreased the potential for adverse events and medication errors in the pediatric population and has eliminated product waste. Hospital pharmacists should encourage the development of standardized orders for pediatric patients receiving immune globulin.
Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Clinical Intervention Documentation System: Development, Implementation, and Comparison to a Previous Paper-Based System
Authors: Nystrom Kelly K. , Foral Pamela A. , Wilson Amy F. , Christensen Carla M. , Miller Chanda K. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose In preparation for the complete decentralization of pharmacists at our institution, we were asked to create a user-friendly intervention program the pharmacists could use on the patient floors. Summary The current system was cumbersome; the paper-based system made it hard to retrieve meaningful data and many interventions were not being captured. We felt that personal digital assistants (PDAs), with a tailored intervention program developed with Pendragon forms, would best meet our needs. A form was developed and modified based on the feedback of specific staff. After staff training, the program was implemented in June 2002. In an attempt to simplify the program, more forms were added and current forms were streamlined also based on staff feedback. The program is bridged with a Microsoft Access database and reports generated from this database provide essential information for administration to justify current positions, as well as, new positions. A literature search was performed and evaluated to determine our cost avoidance data (based on published cost avoidance associated with clinical pharmacy interventions). Institution-specific ingredient costs were used for cost savings data. Based on pre-PDA data, the number of interventions increased from an average of 112/mo to 361/mo (322% increase). An increase in the number of accepted interventions was also noted. The total cost savings and avoidance by pharmacists for the 21-month period assessed was $1,827,286: intervention total cost savings and avoidance of $1,580,593 and drug information cost avoidance of $246,693. Conclusion This program has increased the documentation of clinical pharmacy services at our institution, while reaping the additional benefit of transferring our total cost avoidance and savings into additional full-time equivalent positions.
Pregabalin
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E. 
Published: August 2010

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X.Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The February 2006 monograph topics are fentanyl (hydrochloride) patient-activated transdermal system, sipuleucel-T artificial embolization device, anecortave acetate for depot suspension, and dextromethorphan/quinidine sulfate. The DUE is on fentanyl (hydrochloride) patient-activated transdermal system.
Core Competencies in Hospital Pharmacy — Drug Dispensing
Authors: Sanborn Michael 
Published: August 2010

The next several Director's Forum articles will focus on core practices or competencies in hospital pharmacy practice. This series of articles will discuss the key fundamentals, resources, challenges, and opportunities associated with drug dispensing. Future core competency forums will include discussions on medication ordering, intravenous admixtures, data analysis, and regulatory requirements. In Director's Forum, we hope to answer key questions that pharmacy directors face and provide others with information to foster growth in pharmacy leadership. The articles in this column will build on one another and, when put together, will serve as a “tool kit” to develop patient-centered pharmacy services in hospitals of all sizes. Examples of topics in future Director's Forums will include establishing clinical service priorities, justifying clinical pharmacist positions, implementing a patient safety program, and budgeting for patient-centered services.
Work to Resolve Oral-to-IV Dosing Conflicts; On the Watch: Rozerem vs Razadyne; USP Focuses on Radiological Procedures in 6th Annual Medmarx Report; Unsafe Abbreviation (at least for Cats)
Authors: Cohen Michael R. 
Published: August 2010

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them in your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the USP Medication Errors Reporting Program (MERP), which is presented in cooperation with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices. If you have encountered medication errors and would like to report them, you may call USP toll-free, 24 hours a day, at 800-233-7767 (800-23-ERROR). Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported through the ISMP ( www.ismp.org ) or USP ( www.usp.org ) Web sites or communicated directly to ISMP by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE or via E-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.
Stability of Two Extemporaneously Prepared Oral Metoprolol and Carvedilol Liquids
Authors: Yamreudeewong Weeranuj , Dolence E. Kurt , Pahl Deborah 
Published: August 2010

The stability of metoprolol and carvedilol in extemporaneously prepared oral liquids was studied. An aqueous liquid formulation of each drug was prepared by reconstituting the powder from triturated tablets with a mixture of deionized water and 70% sorbitol solution. The expected metoprolol concentration was 1.25 mg/mL and for carvedilol was 0.625 mg/mL. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles containing metoprolol and carvedilol liquids were stored at ambient room temperature (22° to 26°C, and in the refrigerator (4° to 8C). After storage periods of 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks, these samples were analyzed in triplicate for the respective drug concentrations by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of each drug was found to be within the acceptable limit (± 10% of the initial concentration) in all test samples, which indicated that metoprolol and carvedilol liquids were stable at room temperature and refrigerated for up to 8 weeks. However, there were signs of possible decomposition in metoprolol oral liquid after 8 weeks of storage at room temperature. Additionally, our study findings revealed that there was no microbial growth in either drug liquid after a refrigerated storage period of 2 weeks. Hosp Pharm — 2006;41:254-259