bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Converting Graphene Oxide Monolayers into Boron Carbonitride Nanosheets by Substitutional Doping
Authors: Lin Tsung‐Wu , Su Ching‐Yuan , Zhang Xin‐Quan , Zhang Wenjing , Lee Yi‐Hsien , Chu Chih‐Wei , Lin Hsin‐Yu , Chang Mu‐Tung , Chen Fu‐Rong , Li Lain‐Jong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTo realize graphene‐based electronics, bandgap opening of graphene has become one of the most important issues that urgently need to be addressed. Recent theoretical and experimental studies show that intentional doping of graphene with boron and nitrogen atoms is a promising route to open the bandgap, and the doped graphene might exhibit properties complementary to those of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), largely extending the applications of these materials in the areas of electronics and optics. This work demonstrates the conversion of graphene oxide nanosheets into boron carbonitride (BCN) nanosheets by reacting them with B2O3 and ammonia at 900 to 1100 °C, by which the boron and nitrogen atoms are incorporated into the graphene lattice in randomly distributed BN nanodomains. The content of BN in BN‐doped graphene nanosheets can be tuned by changing the reaction temperature, which in turn affects the optical bandgap of these nanosheets. Electrical measurements show that the BN‐doped graphene nanosheet exhibits an ambipolar semiconductor behavior and the electrical bandgap is estimated to be ≈25.8 meV. This study provides a novel and simple route to synthesize BN‐doped graphene nanosheets that may be useful for various optoelectronic applications.
Preparation of Continuous Gold Nanowires by Electrospinning of High‐Concentration Aqueous Dispersions of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Gries Katharina , Vieker Henning , Gölzhäuser Armin , Agarwal Seema , Greiner Andreas 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGold nanowires are prepared by the electrospinning of highly concentrated aqueous dispersions of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) and subsequent annealing at higher temperatures. Continuous wires of sintered AuNPs are obtained as a result of this process. The Au wires are characterized by transmission electron microscopy, helium ion microscopy, optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffractometry.
Emulsion stabilized by starch nanocrystals
Authors: Li Chen , Sun Peidong , Yang Cheng 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe starch nanocrystals made use of in this study were prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of wx maize starch. The stable oil‐in‐water emulsions of 50 vol% paraffin liquid were prepared by using starch nanocrystals as emulsifier when the weight percentage concentration of starch nanocrystal relative to water was above 0.02 wt%. The size of the droplets decreased with the raising of the concentration of starch nanocrystal. These emulsions were very stable to coalescence over months and the creaming of emulsions decreased with the increasing of starch nanocrystal concentration. The surface tension of starch nanocrystal dispersions was found decreased from 71.7 to 45.8 mN/m when the nanocrystal concentration grew from 0.05 to 3.0 wt%. This indicates that starch nanocrystals are surface active particles. Further tests on the emulsifying ability of supernatant of centrifuged starch nanocrystal dispersions and the emulsion stability at the melting temperature of starch nanocrystals confirmed that the emulsions were indeed stabilized by starch nanocrystals.
Seismic capacity of typical high‐rise buildings in Singapore
Authors: Balendra T. , Suyanthi S. , Tan K. H. , Ahmed A. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYPushover analysis is a simplified method to determine the lateral load capacity of buildings. However, recent studies have suggested that pushover analysis could underestimate the capacity by as much as 25%. Thus, this study uses dynamic collapse analysis to determine the overstrength of a 16‐storey and a 25‐storey building, which are typical in Singapore. The results are compared with previously performed pushover analyses to justify the adequacy of pushover analysis for determining the ultimate capacity of such buildings. It is found that the buildings in Singapore, which are not designed for earthquake loads, possess overstrength varying from 4 to 12 times the design strength depending on the type of building. Furthermore, the pushover analysis could underestimate the capacity of such buildings up to 14%. It is suggested that one may choose to adopt pushover analysis to evaluate the lateral load capacity of such high‐rise buildings to err on the conservative side. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential dynamics: foundation and applications
Authors: Daidone Isabella , Amadei Andrea 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCollective coordinates, as obtained by a principal component analysis of atomic fluctuations, are commonly used to predict a low‐dimensional subspace in which essential protein motion is expected to take place. The definition of such an essential subspace allows to characterize protein functional, and folding, motion, to provide insight into the (free) energy landscape, and to enhance conformational sampling in molecular dynamics simulations. Here, we provide an overview on the topic, giving particular attention to some methodological aspects, such as the problem of convergence, and mentioning possible new developments. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Dynamics and Monte-Carlo Methods
P‐positive definite matrices and stability of nonconservative systems
Authors: Lerbet J. , Aldowaji M. , Challamel N. , Nicot F. , Prunier F. , Darve F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe bifurcation problem of constrained non‐conservative systems with non symmetric stiffness matrices is investigated. It leads to study the subset Dp,n of ℳ︁n(ℝ) of the so called p‐positive definite matrices (1 ≤ p ≤ n). The main result (D1,n ⊂ Dp,n) is proved, the reciprocal result is investigated and the consequences on the stability of elastic nonconservative systems are highlighted.
Synthesis of Structured Lipids Containing Pinolenic Acid at the sn‐2 Position via Lipase‐Catalyzed Acidolysis
Authors: Choi Jong‐Hun , Kim Byung Hee , Hong Seung In , Kim Yangha , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of a modified pine nut oil (MPNO)—the pine nut oil was obtained from Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucch.—with capric acid was studied in a continuous packed bed reactor (PBR) using Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei as a biocatalyst. The MPNO containing pinolenic acid (PLA) at the sn‐2 position of the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone was prepared by lipase‐catalyzed redistribution of pine nut oil using Novozym 435 from Candida antarctica. The effects of the water content in the reaction mixture and the molar ratio of substrates on the extent of the acidolysis reaction as a function of residence time in a PBR were investigated. The water content of the reaction mixture significantly influenced both the rate of acidolysis and the degree of acyl migration, but the molar ratio of substrates affected only the rate of acidolysis. The optimum water content and molar ratio for synthesis of the structured lipid containing PLA at the sn‐2 position and capric acid at the sn‐1,3 positions of the TAG backbone were 0.04%, and 1:5 (MPNO to capric acid), respectively.
Soya isoflavone consumption in relation to carotid intima–media thickness in Chinese equol excretors aged 40–65 years
Authors: Cai Yun , Guo Kaiping , Chen Chaogang , Wang Ping , Zhang Bo , Zhou Quan , Mei Fang , Su Yixiang 
Published: February 2012

Previous studies have suggested that the daidzein metabolite equol rather than daidzein itself contributes to the beneficial effect of soya foods in the prevention of CVD. The aim of the present study is to examine the proportion of equol excretion in Chinese adults and compare plasma lipids and carotid artery intima–media thickness (IMT) between equol excretors and non-excretors, and to evaluate the effect of soya isoflavone intakes on serum lipids and IMT in either equol excretors or non-excretors. Subjects (n 572; women n 362, men n 210) were recruited for the present study. An overnight urine sample was provided by each subject on their usual diet to quantify urinary concentrations of daidzein and equol. Far-wall IMT was determined by B-mode ultrasound in the right carotid at two sites, carotid bulb (CB-IMT) and common carotid artery (CCA-IMT), and fasting serum lipids were measured. Habitual dietary intakes were estimated with a FFQ, and soya isoflavone intake derived from the FFQ was assessed. Of the 572 subjects, the proportion of equol excretors on their usual diet was 25·0 % (n 143). Compared with non-excretors, equol excretors showed significantly lower serum TAG ( − 38·2 (95 % CI − 70·4, − 5·9) %, P = 0·012) and CCA-IMT ( − 4·9 (95 % CI − 9·7, − 0·3) %, P = 0·033). Equol excretors with higher daily isoflavone intakes ( − 5·4 mg/d) had significantly lower IMT ( − 16·2 %, P = 0·035) and tended to have higher HDL-cholesterol (P = 0·055) than did those with lower daily isoflavone intakes (1·5 mg/d), while no association was observed between soya isoflavone intakes and serum lipids or IMT in non-excretors. In conclusion, the benefits of soya isoflavones in preventing CVD may be apparent among equol excretors only.
The Kashmir Crisis as a Political Platform for Jama'at-i Ahmadiyya's Entrance into South Asian Politics
Authors: KHAN ADIL HUSSAIN 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper looks at Jama'at-i Ahmadiyya's political involvement in the Kashmir crisis of the 1930s under its second and most influentialkhalīfat al-masīh, Mirza Bashir al-Din Mahmud Ahmad, who took over the movement in 1914, six years after the death of his father, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Communal tensions springing from the Kashmir riots of 1931 provided Mirza Mahmud Ahmad with an opportunity to display the ability of his Jama'at to manage an international crisis and to lead the Muslim mainstream towards independence from Britain. Mahmud Ahmad's relations with influential Muslim community leaders, such as Iqbal, Fazl-i Husain, Zafrulla Khan, and Sheikh Abdullah (Sher-i Kashmīr), enabled him to further both his religious and political objectives in the subcontinent. This paper examines Jama'at-i Ahmadiyya's role in establishing a major political lobby, the All-India Kashmir Committee. It also shows how the political involvement of Jama'at-i Ahmadiyya in Kashmir during the 1930s left Ahmadis susceptible to criticism from opposition groups, like the Majlis-i Ahrar, amongst others, in later years. Ultimately, this paper will demonstrate how Mahmud Ahmad's skilful use of religion, publicity, and political activism during the Kashmir crisis instantly legitimized a political platform for Jama'at-i Ahmadiyya's entrance into the mainstream political framework of modern South Asia, which thereby has facilitated the development of the Ahmadi controversy since India's partition.
The Raj on Nanjing Road: Sikh Policemen in Treaty-Port Shanghai
Authors: JACKSON ISABELLA 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSikh policemen were an indelible part of the landscape of Shanghai in the first decades of the twentieth century, and have left their mark in the ways in which the city is remembered up to the present day. Yet their history has never been told and historians of the period have, at best, simply referred to them in passing. This paper redresses this gap in the literature by accounting for the presence of the Sikh branch of the Shanghai Municipal Police and exploring their role in the governance and policing of the International Settlement. This enriches our understanding of the nature of the British presence in China and the ways in which Indian sub-imperialism extended to China's treaty ports, for on the streets of Shanghai, and not Shanghai alone, British power had an Indian face.
China's Corporate Governance: Emerging Issues and Problems
Authors: SHAN YUAN GEORGE , ROUND DAVID K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAs China approaches economic superpower status, its need to achieve considerably higher standards of corporate governance is becoming paramount. Despite impressive recent advances in its capital and stock exchange markets, the on-going overhang of state ownership in its former state-owned enterprises, together with an unwieldy and ineffective dual board governance system, has left China facing major corporate governance problems that will deter the private investment necessary for its continued growth. This paper illustrates these problems, and suggests possible reforms that will provide the foundation for the efficient further development of China's capital markets that is needed to help China become a major economic superpower.
The sense of time in the north: a Sámi perspective
Authors: Mazzullo Nuccio 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper refers to some aspects of the theoretical anthropological debate on the perception of time and I shall argue, following Ingold (2000) that amongst the Sámi people time is understood as an unfolding of interrelated tasks, rather than as a linear succession of standardised and arbitrary units. I also argue that the Sámi perception of time is not opposed to the western perception, but rather entails a different approach to the significance of clock time. The results of my fieldwork, conducted among the Sámi people in Finnish Lapland, lend support to the idea that the basis for a people's shared understanding and subjective experience of time lies in the interaction of skilful agents in carrying out diverse but interrelated tasks. It is not sufficient to live in a place, to belong to a particular ethnic group or to be engaged in the same subsistence activity to perceive time in a certain fashion. No matter how much we change the combination of actors, the perception of time is generated in each case through situated activity within the landscape.
‘You Can’t Turn Back the Clock’: Conceptualizing Time after Institutionalization
Authors: Wiersma Elaine C. 
Published: February 2012

RÉSUMÉLe temps est un phénomène que l’on considère comme acquis. En gérontologie, le temps est souvent assimilé au temps chronologique ou linéaire, ainsi causant que le temps devient défini comme âge chronologique. Le but de cet article est d’éclairer la compréhension supplémentaire du temps et comment le passage du temps est relié à la vieillesse, en particulier dans le contexte d’un déplacement personnel vers un établissement de soins de longue durée. Á cette fin, nous décrivons une étude de cas que nous avons mené avec un gentilhomme qui est venu vivre dans un établissement de soins de longue durée. Les dimensions spécifiques de la temporalité sont évidentes, y compris le temps biographique, le temps incarné, et le temps intégré (y compris les notions du temps institutionnel).
Climate Change and Disease Simulation
Authors: Jha Somnath 
Published: February 2012

AbstractClimate change has manifested differential impacts on various components of the earth system. The impact of climate change is not merely limited to the climatic variable. Climate change has resulted in complex, unforeseen consequences in the biosphere of earth. The silent but gradual changes arise out of varied responses of disease-causing organism to the combination of the disease-conducive environmental variables. The change is the same for both the target hosts plant as well as the animal kingdom. There is an urgent need to look into the changing disease dynamics and the disease pathogen genome sensitivity to the changes in climatic variables. The long memory of genetic makeup of disease pathogen to capture, inherit and evolve or mutate the changed or impacted gene due to climate change in generation after generation may invite a cascading effect on the next generation of biosphere. These silent but gradual changes in the genome of disease organism are rarely investigated or included in simulation models. This also enhances the risk of quantification of uncertainties of various disease simulation models. Thus, chances and lists of black swan events in life and food insecurity are on the rise.
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors attenuate angiogenesis
Authors: Miyazaki Ryohei , Ichiki Toshihiro , Hashimoto Toru , Ikeda Jiro , Kamiharaguchi Aya , Narabayashi Eriko , Matsuura Hirohide , Takeda Kotaro , Sunagawa Kenji 
Published: February 2012

Donepezil {(RS)-2-[(1-benzyl-4-piperidyl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxy-2,3-dihydroinden-1-one} is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and used for treatment of patients with AD (Alzheimer's disease). Recent studies showed that treatment with donepezil reduced production of inflammatory cytokines in PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). It was also reported that muscle-derived inflammatory cytokines play a critical role in neovascularization in a hindlimb ischaemia model. We sought to determine whether donepezil affects angiogenesis. A hindlimb ischaemia model was created by unilateral femoral artery ligation. Blood flow recovery examined by laser Doppler perfusion imaging and capillary density by immunohistochemical staining of CD31-positive cells in the ischaemic hindlimb were significantly decreased in donepezil- and physostigmine-treated mice compared with control mice after 2 weeks. Donepezil reduced expression of IL (interleukin)-1β and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in the ischaemic hindlimb. Intramuscular injections of IL-1β to the ischaemic hindlimb reversed the donepezil-induced VEGF down-regulation and the anti-angiogenic effect. Hypoxia induced IL-1β expression in C2C12 myoblast cells, which was inhibited by pre-incubation with ACh (acetylcholine) or LY294002, a PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitor. Donepezil inhibited phosphorylation of Akt [also known as PKB (protein kinase B)], a downstream kinase of PI3K, in the ischaemic hindlimb. These findings suggest that cholinergic stimulation by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors suppresses angiogenesis through inhibition of PI3K-mediated IL-1β induction, which is followed by reduction of VEGF expression. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor may be a novel anti-angiogenic therapy.
When Good Fish Make Bad Decisions: Coho Salmon in an Ecological Trap
Authors: Jeffres Carson , Moyle Peter 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch are a threatened species in California. In the Shasta River, they may be caught in an ecological trap that is exacerbating their decline. Adults appear to have equal preferences for spawning habitat that reduces the survival of their young and that of apparently similar quality where survival would be more likely. The primary cause of juvenile mortality is water withdrawals, which degrade summer water quality and create barriers to movement to habitats with more suitable rearing conditions. The situation has been exacerbated by the addition of gravel to support spawning fall-run Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha, creating habitat that is also attractive to spawning coho salmon in locations where juvenile coho salmon survival will be extremely low. The Shasta River acts as a conceptual model of how habitat degradation and ecologically naive restoration actions may combine to create severe ecological traps for nontarget species.
Received March 10, 2011; accepted October 11, 2011
Exercise promotion: An integration of exercise self‐identity, beliefs, intention, and behaviour
Authors: de Bruijn Gert‐Jan , van den Putte Bas 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe explored the role of exercise self‐identity within the framework of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Participants were 538 undergraduate students who completed measures of exercise self‐identity, exercise behaviour, TPB items, and behavioural and control beliefs. Regression analysis showed that self‐identity was the second strongest predictor of exercise behaviour and interacted with exercise intention. Follow‐up analysis showed that the intention–exercise relationship was more than three times stronger at high than at low levels of exercise self‐identity. Results also showed that only a marginal part of the sample with strong exercise identities had a weak exercise intention, whereas a large part of the sample with a strong exercise intention also reported a strong exercise identity. Nevertheless, only a quarter of the sample that reported strong exercise identity and intention were sufficiently active. The results underline the notion that exercise self‐identity may be a useful component for the theory of planned behaviour.
Perceptions of team athletes on the importance of recovery modalities
Authors: Venter Rachel Elizabeth 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine how elite team athletes perceive the importance of various recovery modalities. Differences between men and women, players from various team sports and different levels of participation were determined. A total of 890 athletes who volunteered to participate in the study were team players from field hockey (n=213; mean age 21.8±3.3 years), netball (n=215; mean age 22.0±4.0 years), rugby union (n=317; mean age 23.2±3 years) and soccer (n=145; mean age 21.3±2.2 years). The total group of players consisted of 507 (57%) men and 383 (43%) women. At the time of the study, players who participated in the study competed at the highest level of the major competitions and tournaments in their sport, both locally and internationally. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire specifically designed for the study. A one‐page, alphabetical list consisted of 32 words or phrases relating to physiological, psychological, social as well as complimentary and alternative strategies, which could be used for the recovery of athletes. Recovery modalities that were rated as important by all players, regardless of gender, type of sport or level of participation, were sleep, fluid replacement and socialise with friends. Gender differences could play a role in how the importance of recovery modalities was perceived. Men rated an ice bath and supplements as significantly more important (P<0.001) than women. Women rated discussions with their teammates and coaches after training and matches as significantly more important (P<0.001) than men. Significant differences were also found between the different sport codes and levels of participation in regard to the perceived importance of various modalities that could affect recovery of team sport players.
StochSens—matlab package for sensitivity analysis of stochastic chemical systems
Authors: Komorowski Michał , Žurauskienė Justina , Stumpf Michael P.H. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The growing interest in the role of stochasticity in biochemical systems drives the demand for tools to analyse stochastic dynamical models of chemical reactions. One powerful tool to elucidate performance of dynamical systems is sensitivity analysis. Traditionally, however, the concept of sensitivity has mainly been applied to deterministic systems, and the difficulty to generalize these concepts for stochastic systems results from necessity of extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
Results: Here we present a Matlab package, StochSens, that implements sensitivity analysis for stochastic chemical systems using the concept of the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM). It uses the linear noise approximation to represent the FIM in terms of solutions of ordinary differential equations. This is the first computational tool that allows for quick computation of the Information Matrix for stochastic systems without the need for Monte Carlo simulations.
Availability: http://www.theosysbio.bio.ic.ac.uk/resources/stns
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Contact: mkomor@ippt.gov.pl; M.Stumpf@imperial.ac.uk