bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bromomethoxybenzoic acids and bromoanisoles: Demethylation and decarboxylation
Authors: Hawkins E. G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAttempts to demethylate and decarboxylate various bromomethoxybenzoic acids in one stage led either in incomplete reaction with some acids or to rearrangement and debromination, depending on the catalysts used; a two‐stage reaction, using hydriodic acid for demethylation and a tertiary amine for decarboxylation was satisfactory in most cases. The use of various demethylating reagents with bromoanisoles brought about rearrangement and debromination.
Degradation of novolak resins
Authors: Hawkins E. G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn attempt has been made to determine the structure of novolak resins by controlled degradation involving the steps: bromination, methylation of the phenolic groups, oxidation to polyketones, cleavage of the polyketones to bromoacids and bromoanisoles, demethylation and decarboxylation of the fragments, and analysis of the products. The method is applicable to simple novolaks, but the higher molecular weight compounds are incompletely cleaved to one‐ring compounds.
Studies in the corrosion of metals occasioned by aqueous solutions of some surface‐active agents. V.—nickel
Authors: Holness H. , Langstaff R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe action of dilute aqueous solutions of anionic, non‐ionic, and cationic surface‐active agents on nickel foil has been studied. Nickel was shown to be resistant to attack by anionic agents. One cationic agent, cetylpyridinium bromide, in distilled water solution corroded the metal, but other cationic and non‐ionic agents were almost without effect.
The proximate analysis of cinnamic aldehyde mono‐nitration products
Authors: Davey W. , Gwilt J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comprehensive scheme has been devised for the analysis of reaction products from the nitration of cinnamic aldehyde. The major components determined are cinnamic aldehyde, benzoic acid, and their (mono)nitro‐derivatives, together with the corresponding benzaldehydes.
An electrolytic method for the direct production of magnesium lithium alloys from lithium chloride
Authors: Smolinski J. , Hannam J. C. , Leach A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMagnesium‐lithium alloys were made directly at high current efficiency by electrolytic deposition of lithium on to a magnesium cathode from a molten 50% LiCl/50% KC1 or 75% LiCl/25% BaCl2 electrolyte at 560 to 630°. The relation between sodium contamination in electrolyte and product has been determined. By careful selection of cell materials to avoid sodium contamination, alloys ductile in the aged condition could be made directly without need of refining.
Solvent segregation of vegetable oils
Authors: Joshi G. K. , Rebello D. , Shah S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solvent‐segregation of linseed oil using furfural and mixtures of furfural and hexane as solvents has been investigated at 15°, 24.5° and 35°. Lower temperatures and higher percentages of hexane lead to maximum separation. An extract fraction (about 16%) having an iodine value of 209 has been obtained under these conditions.Equilibrium curves useful in designing multi‐stage counter‐current extraction columns are presented.
A study of paraffinic oils adsorbed on cement
Authors: Gilby A. R. , Camiglieri W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMonolayer properties and infra‐red absorption spectra have been used to study the changes occurring in oils adsorbed on cement in the presence of air. Oils extracted from commercial cements are very similar in properties to lubricant oils artificially added to cement and subsequently allowed to oxidize under various conditions. Polar compounds, notably carboxylic acids, are formed even at room temperature. Similar experiments with hexadecane indicate that the polar molecules are produced by oxidation of the paraffin base of the oils.
A physico‐chemical study of the proteins from the Sterculia foetida nut
Authors: Joubert F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the ultracentrifuge the proteins from the Sterculia foetida nut, showed one major and a number of minor components. The major component was separated from the minor components by fractional precipitation methods. Using sedimentation and diffusion measurements, a molecular weight of 362, 000 and frictional ratio of 1.38 were found for the major component.
The use of aniline‐formaldehyde resins as curing agents for epoxide resins
Authors: Bishop R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLow molecular weight aniline—formaldehyde resins have been used as curing agents for liquid epoxide resins. With respect to heat distortion temperature and solvent resistance, anilineformaldehyde resins are superior to aliphatic polyamines, but are equivalent to m‐phenylenediamine in performance although used in a larger proportion and are more convenient to handle.
Ternary liquid equilibria: Water‐fatty acid‐solvent systems
Authors: Rao M. Raja , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhase equilibrium data are presented for ternary liquid systems with propionic acid as solute, and with n‐hexane, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, toluene and tetrachloroethylene, respectively, as solvents. Propionic acid is found to favour the water phase in all the systems. Except at higher acid concentrations, the solvents ‘hexane’ b.p. 67–69°, cyclohexane and tetrachloroethylene are observed to give nearly the same distribution coefficient. The area of heterogeneity increases and the acid increasingly favours the aqueous phase in the order, benzene, toluene, cyclohexene, cyclohexane and ‘hexane’. With ‘hexane’ and tetrachloroethylene as solvents, a comparison of the acetic and propionic acid systems indicates that the two‐phase region diminishes and shows that the acid decreasingly prefers the aqueous layer with increasing molecular weight of the acid. The tie‐line data for all the systems have been analysed by the correlation methods of Othmer—Tobias, Hand, and Bachman, and fitted satisfactorily by the corresponding equations.
The chemical composition of high‐boiling fractions of coal tar. II. Pitch oil fractions from a mixed vertical retort/horizontal retort pitch
Authors: Harris A. S. , White E. N. , McNeil D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy a combination of high efficiency vacuum fractionation, fractional crystallization and chromatographic separation, the major constituents of the neutral portion of a fraction of the oil obtained on coking a mixed vertical retort/horizontal retort pitch have been isolated and identified.The chief components are: fluoranthene, pyrene, brazan, 2: 3‐benzfluorene, chrysene, triphenylene, 2: 3‐benzcarbazole, 1: 2‐benzanthracene, 11: 12‐benzfluoranthene, 1: 2‐and 3: 4‐benzpyrene, perylene, naphthafluorene and picene. Minor components isolated and identified included propionamide, 2: 3‐dimethylanthracene, 1: 9‐benzxanthen, 1: 2‐benzfluorene, 4‐methylpyrene, 5: 12‐dihydronaphthacene, 4: 9‐dimethylpyrene, phenanthridone, 3‐methylchrysene and 1: 2‐benzperylene; of these 2: 3‐dimethylanthracene, propionamide, 4: 9‐dimethylpyrene and 3‐methylchrysene have not previously been isolated from coal tar.The similarity in the nature of the identified components in this pitch coking oil and those found in our earlier study1 of the steam distillate from a vertical retort pitch suggests that the oils produced during the coking of coal tar pitch are a result of distillation rather than pyrolysis.
Conjugation with lone‐pair electrons. I. Theoretical
Authors: Nash T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvidence is given from published work that the lone‐pair electrons in oxygen and in nitrogen have a preferred trans conjugation with adjacent C: C double bonds, the atomic dipole becoming fixed. A possibly new result of this dipole fixation is the interaction of the naphthols with cationic detergents in dilute aqueous solution. The electrical strain due to two atoms with lone‐pair electrons in the same molecule can sometimes give rise to a quinone‐like system; the free‐radical redox mechanism usually applied to quinones is thereby extended to lower states of oxidation.
The alkaline decomposition of sucrose
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Boon E. F. , Butter J. A. , Waterman H. I. , van Egmond J. C. , Snelderwaard J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn connexion with the industrial production of chemical compounds (‘sucrochemicals’) from sugar and its by‐products (see especially reference1), a review is given of the decomposition of sugars in alkaline solutions under different conditions. A continuous apparatus is described in which the formation of lactic acid by alkaline decomposition of sucrose solutions was studied under exactly defined conditions.Optimum yields of approx. 38% (calculated on a theoretical maximum yield of 4 mol. of lactic acid per mol. of sucrose) were obtained at 210°–220° by passing alkaline sucrose solutions (5–20% sucrose, 3–6 mol. of NaOH or KOH per mol. of sucrose) through the reactor for reaction times of 1/2–1 minute at a pressure of 40 atmospheres. The possibilities for an economical application of these reactions are discussed.
Further studies on the effect of organic matter on the setting of soil‐cement mixtures
Authors: Clare K. E. , Sherwood P. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMixtures of soil, cement and water will harden sufficiently to be used in place of stone for road‐making, but some soils contain organic matter that can prevent the mixture hardening. The work described is the continuation of an investigation to determine the nature of the organic compounds responsible.Organic matter has been extracted from soil, and split into a number of fractions which have been tested for their ability to retard the hardening of ordinary Portland cement; one fraction has been found to be particularly active in the soil studied.Experiments with pure chemicals have shown that hydroxyl as well as carboxyl groups in organic compounds may be involved in the mechanism of retardation, which is due to absorption of calcium ions liberated during hydration. Tests with a soil developed on a calcareous rock showed that the organic matter in it had no retarding effect, presumably due to the saturation of the active constituent with calcium ions.
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons I. The kinetics and mechanism of toluene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen
Authors: Silsby R. I. , Sawyer E. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of toluene and xylene decomposition in the presence of hydrogen have been investigated under two sets of conditions: 500–600°/250 atm. and 700–950°/atmospheric pressure. The reaction is thermal and homogeneous and leads to simple products under these conditions provided that excess hydrogen is initially present. The kinetics are then of order 1.5: first‐order with respect to toluene and order 0.5 with respect to hydrogen. In presence of excess hydrogen, the reaction is straightforward with the formation of benzene and methane. In the absence of excess hydrogen the kinetics and product compositions become complex and variable. Some possible mechanisms for the principal reaction (demethylation) in presence of hydrogen are discussed and attempts are made to explain qualitatively the effect of increased conversion on the reaction sequence postulated by Szwarc for decomposition in the absence of added hydrogen.
The use of epoxy resins in synthetic rubber compositions
Authors: Mika Thomas F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn attempt has been made to ‘marry’ epoxide resins and rubbers so that the disadvantages of each could be obviated by the presence of the other.A ‘graft’ polymer containing anhydride groups from the reaction of maleic anhydride and a nitrile rubber served as a base to establish the reactivity of an epoxide resin in this system. An epoxide resin in the presence of a tertiary amine vulcanized the anhydride‐rubber with resulting improvements in physical properties and solvent resistance. Similar results were obtained with a commercially available rubber based on copolymers of acrylate esters with acrylic type acids and containing reactive carboxylic acid groups.Natural rubber, butadiene‐styrene and butadiene‐acrylonitrile copolymers do not contain groups reactive with epoxide resins; however, the curing mechanisms for these rubbers involve the formation of functional groups potentially reactive with epoxides. The intermediate thiol groups formed in the reaction of a nitrile rubber with sulphur have been found to co‐react with epoxide resins. Under such conditions the epoxy resin acts as a reinforcing agent for the rubber contributing improved solvent resistance and increased tear strength. The conditions for co‐reaction were established for gum as well as filled stocks.
Quantitative analysis in the 2‐μ, region applied to synthetic polymers
Authors: Miller R. G. J. , Willis H. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of short‐wave (below 2μ) spectroscopy in the examination and analysis of synthetic polymers is described with special reference to molecular weight determination by end‐group estimation, determination of monomer in polymers, and analysis of copolymers.
The detection of micro quantities of gelatin
Authors: Davis P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA testing procedure is described which involves a concentration of the solution by foaming, and detection of the gelatin in the foam by means of a modified Zsigmondy gold sol test. Gelatin can be detected, in the presence of large quantities of electrolyte, at concentrations as low as 4 × 10−8 g./ml. The method can be made semi‐quantitative and is probably applicable to many other substances.
Zinc anodes for use in sea water
Authors: Crennell J. T. , Wheeler W. C. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory investigations of the failure of zinc anodes in sea water have shown that the presence of iron in excess of a few parts per million is the cause. No other common impurity is important.Whilst zinc of low iron content is commercially available, difficulty has been experienced in large‐scale production of uncontaminated anodes. Search has therefore been made for elements which when alloyed with the zinc would counteract the effect of iron. It was found that small additions of aluminium to zinc containing 200 p.p.m. of iron produce permanently active anodes. It is shown that the alloying additions refine the grain size of the metal and give a smooth corrosion pattern.The combined effect of silicon and aluminium is being further investigated.
The curing mechanism of epoxy resins
Authors: Fisch W. , Hofmann W. , Koskikallio J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the curing of epoxy resins from 2: 2‐bis‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane with phthialic anhydride. It is shown that in all cases an equilibrium is set up in which, after complete reaction of the epoxy groups, there are present anhydride, monoester and hydroxyl groups. The effect of temperature on the content of these groups has been determined and shown to be considerable.On heating cured resins, most of the monoester groups are split off and phthalic anhydride is evolved. A minimum point is obtained in the graph relating loss of weight and amount of anhydride used. The reason for this is discussed. The distribution of the various types of group has been determined in cured resins by chemical methods, which affords a good picture of the structure of resins cured under different conditions.
Infra‐red analysis of phosphorus compounds
Authors: Corbrjdge D. E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA spectra‐structure correlation chart for phosphorus compounds is presented, and the existing evidence for these correlations is summarized.Powdered phosphate salts absorb in a number of discrete regions which are characteristic of the type of anion present. The use of this data for qualitative identification is discussed, and examples are given of the use of the pressed disc technique for quantitative work.
Differential infra‐red spectrometry; its application to analysis in the petroleum industry
Authors: Powell H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA differential infra‐red absorption technique is described whereby the absorption of one or more components of a mixture may be completely eliminated from the recorded spectrum, with little, if any, loss of detail in the residual spectrum. Examples are given of its application to both qualitative and quantitative analyses in the petroleum industry and to the analysis of insecticides containing kerosine.
Papilloma of the bladder in the chemical industry. Analytical methods for the determination of benzidine and β‐naphthylamine, recommended by A.B.C.M. sub‐committee
Authors: Butt L. T. , Strafford N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods are described for the determination of benzidine and of β‐naphthylamine in (1) the atmosphere, (2) plant deposits, (3) clothing. Although the methods are primarily designed for cases where it is known that either benzidine or β‐naphthylamine is the sole amine present, qualitative and semi‐quantitative methods are also included so as to detect and make allowance for the presence of other amines such as homologues or analogues in the case of benzidine or of aniline or α‐naphthylamine in the case of β‐naphthylamine.
Conjugation with lone‐pair electrons. II. The adsorption of naphthols by cationic micelles in dilute aqueous solution
Authors: Nash T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe conditions under which dilute aqueous solutions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and naphthol form elastic gels are investigated by a semi‐quantitative method. A correlation is found between the effectiveness of different anions in restoring the fluorescence of dichlorofluorescein quenched by CTAB and their effectiveness in assisting gel formation from CTAB/naphthol mixtures.From this and other evidence it is deduced that gels may be formed when aromatic compounds containing a conjugated dipolar group are externally adsorbed on to the cationic micelles. Under favourable steric conditions, which usually seem to be found in naphthalene derivatives, the semicrystalline outer layer of aromatic molecules imposes cylindrical symmetry on the micelles. This results in the formation of indefinitely long cationic filaments, to which are due the peculiar mechanical properties of the solutions.
The catalyzed reaction between hydrogen and sulphur monochloride
Authors: Khundkar M. H. , Nurannabi S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction between hydrogen and sulphur monochloride vapour over activated alumina and silica gel yields primarily elementary sulphur and HCl vapour, under suitable conditions. Yields of sulphur of about 90% (at 400°) are obtainable with activated alumina catalyst, which is somewhat superior to silica gel. Loss of sulphur is due to the formation of H2S as a side reaction and adsorption of sulphur on the catalyst.Effects of variables such as reaction temperature, preheating the catalyst, space velocity of S2Cl2 and relative ratio of hydrogen throughput, are discussed.
Paper chromatography of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Bergmann Ernst D. , Gruenwald Theodor 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe possibility of paper‐chromatographic identification of mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied. In order to decrease the hydrophilic character of filter paper, it was either acetylated or impregnated with alumina, propylene glycol, Vaseline or silicone.The systems studied were: anthracene and methylated anthracenes; fluorene and methylated fluorenes; phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene; mixtures of tricyclic and of polycyclic hydrocarbons (found in the ‘chrysene fraction’). Some success was achieved with separations in these systems.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium data for ternary systems containing α‐picoline, hydrocarbons and water or triethylene glycol at 20°
Authors: Charles E. J. , Morton F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTernary liquid‐liquid equilibrium data at 20° are reported for the systems α‐picoline‐water‐hydrocarbon, and α‐picoline‐triethylene glycol‐hydrocarbon, where the hydrocarbons are benzene, ‘heptane’, diisobutylene and methylcyclohexane.
The volumetric determination of sulphate using a high‐frequency conductimetric method
Authors: Jamieson G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe direct titration of sulphate using a high‐frequency titrimeter is described. A comparison is made of barium acetate, lead nitrate, octa‐ammino‐μ‐amino‐μ‐nitrodicobaltic tetranitrate and hexa‐amminocobaltic bromide as precipitants for sulphate in the range 2—20 mg. SO4″. It is shown that nitrate ion interferes by giving high results when barium acetate is the titrant. Chloride ion does not affect the results when any of the above compounds are used as titrants.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. V. some derivatives of 4‐methylaminopyrimidine
Authors: Brown D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparation of several derivatives of 4‐methylaminopyrimidine is described. When 2‐chloro‐4‐methylamino‐5‐nitropyrimidine is treated with aqueous sodium hydrogen sulphide, not only is the expected 5‐amino‐2‐mercapto‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine formed but also 5‐amino‐2: 6‐dimercapto‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine. Improved ways of making 5‐aminocytosine (4: 5‐diamino‐2‐hydrpxypyrimidine) and 2: 4: 5‐triaminopyrimidine, viz. by catalytic reduction of the corresponding 5‐nitro compounds, are reported.
The corrosion of mild steel by aqueous ammonium thiocyanate
Authors: Ravald L. A. , Chilver J. W. , Williams R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMild steel was exposed at room temperature and in stagnant conditions to aqueous 1·0N‐ and 0·1N‐ammonium thiocyanate at various pH values, to ascertain the respective pH‐ranges of (1) uniform attack, (2) localized attack and (3) complete inhibition. For comparison, similar experiments were made with ammonium chloride and with ammonium sulphate. It was found that, with the more dilute solutions, a higher pH value was necessary for complete inhibition than with the stronger solutions, and that the pH range for localized attack was wider with the more dilute solutions. With ammonium thiocyanate, the solid corrosion products were mixtures of black iron ferrocyanide and a ferrous sulphide.A few experiments were carried out with ammonium thiocyanate in oxygen‐free conditions, to ascertain whether in these conditions, in which no measurable attack occurred at room temperature, corrosion was prornoted by raising the temperature to 90°c. The rate of attack by aqueous ammonium thiocyanate was found to be more severe than that by ammonium chloride of equivalent concentration in similar conditions.
An investigation of compounds promoting the dropwise condensation of steam
Authors: Blackman L. C. F. , Dewar M. J. S. , Hampson H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe modes of condensation of steam on a cooled metal surface are discussed, and an apparatus for studying them is described. With this the effect of a number of promoters of dropwise condensation has been studied. Conclusions are drawn concerning the relation between the activity and chemical constitution of promoters. Active promoters have in the molecule an unhindered hydrocarbon chain which confers water‐repellency on the compound and an ‘anchoring’ group which is usually a divalent sulphur atom.