bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON PIGMENTED MICROORGANISMS FROM APHOTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTS. II. NORTH ATLANTIC DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Fournier Robert O. 
Published: March 2010

Samples collected on three cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea indicate the existence of regional differences in the so‐called “olive‐green cells,” visible throughout most of the 5,000‐m water column, which appear to be related to euphotic phytoplankton activities. Despite the observed regionality in cell concentrations the mean vertical pattern of distribution for each cruise is identicalMicroscopic observations and settling rate calculations suggest that clumping of cells may be an important mechanism aiding the vertical transport of these microorganisms through the water column.Average estimates of the carbon represented by these cells yielded a range of 0.59–0.05 µg C/liter, which accounted for about 10% of the total particulate organic carbon present at 400 and 4,800 m, respectively. However small these variations, they clearly demonstrate the variability in deep water of at least one component of the total particulate organic carbon pool.Microzooplankton are suggested as the most likely predators on these cells, which average 3.5‐µ diameter. Since the standing stock of olive‐green cells is exceedingly small, any assessment of their importance as a nutritional source in deep water is intimately related with estimates of their renewal rate.
SUSPENDED MATTER IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO1
Authors: Manheim Frank T. , Hathaway John C. , Uchupi Elazar 
Published: March 2010

Analyses of about 200 surface water samples collected during late fall 1966 show that concentrations of suspended matter greater than 1 mg/liter were restricted to within a few kilometers off Florida, but extended more than 100 km off Louisiana and Texas. Suspensates from areas farther than 100 km from shore contained mainly combustible organic matter, part of which was attributable to living plankton.Organic aggregates encompassing appreciable amounts of inorganic detritus were particularly noteworthy in transitional areas. Zooplankton metabolism and fecal pellet production appears to be a geologically significant mechanism for depositing fine suspended matter and may contribute to the zonation of bottom sediments.The mineral composition of surface suspensates ranges from a low magnesian calcite‐aragonite suite off Florida to montmorillonite‐kaolinite combinations from Alabama to Texas. The mineral composition of the suspensates resembles that of the bottom sediments in each area.
PRODUCTION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER FROM DEAD GREEN ALGAL CELLS. I. AEROBIC MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION
Authors: Otsuki Akira , Hanya Takahisa 
Published: March 2010

The green alga, Scenedesmus sp., killed by freeze‐drying, was experimentally decomposed by microflora extracted from lake mud under aerobic conditions. The production of dissolved organic matter was about 7% as carbon and about 6% as nitrogen by the 30th day. These amounts probably were minimal. The dissolved organic product was fractionated between butanol and acidified water. One fraction was insolubilized when mixed with butanol, became suspended at the interface between the two solutions, and gave a white amorphous solid after vacuum drying. Its infrared spectrum showed it was proteinaceous; it contained more than 14 kinds of amino acids. The other was extracted with butanol and gave a dark brown viscous substance on drying.Aerobic microbial decomposition of Scenedesmus can be approximated to a first‐order reaction during the first 30 days under laboratory conditions. Kinetic considerations of the decomposition pattern of the cell nitrogen and the production of dissolved organic nitrogen suggest that dead algal cell substance may be divided into labile and refractory constituents by their relative resistance to the action of bacteria. The dissolved organic nitrogenous material produced is composed of two major fractions: One is produced with the decomposition of algal cells and the other is probably excreted by bacteria through reassimilation of mineralized nitrogen.
SEDIMENTS AND WATERS OF SOMES SOUND, A FJORDLIKE ESTUARY IN MAINE1,2
Authors: Folger David W. , Meade Robert H. , Jones Blair F. , Cory Robert L. 
Published: March 2010

Bottom sediments in the Somes Sound estuary coarsen progressively seaward from clay in the upper and middle parts through silt and sand to gravel at the mouth. Most contain <5% CaCO3 except in the lower sound where shell fragments are abundant and concentrations reach 20%. Organic carbon is most abundant (3–5%) in the clay of the upper sound, which smells strongly of II2S. Epifauna, especially holothurians, cover most of the bottom near the mouth of the sound. Infauna predominate in the fine sediments of the middle and upper sound but are absent where II2S is high.Waters in the sound during August 1969 were well mixed and well oxygenated (6.7– 4.7 ml/liter) from surface to bottom, despite the shallow sill that restricts water circulation at the narrow mouth. Anaerobic bottom waters were not observed. The movement of a bottom drifter suggests that the net direction of flow of bottom water is landward, and the distributions of some sediment components that bottom‐water flow is counterclockwise. Particulate matter suspended in the water ranged from 0.6–4.1 mg/liter, with greatest concentrations in bottom waters above areas covered with fine‐grained sediments.
UNDERESTIMATION OF STANDING CROP BY THE SURBER SAMPLER1
Authors: KROGER RICHARD L. 
Published: March 2010

Before the flow of water from Jackson Lake into the Snake River was stopped by closure of a dam, invertebrates were collected in five Surber samples from a downstream riffle. After the water had receded from the riffle, five 0.093‐m2 areas of the exposed streambed substrate were hand‐collected and the invertebrates removed.Predrawdown samples contained 4,286 invertebrates weighing 6.3 g while postdrawn samples contained 15,490 weighing 13.6 g. Large differences between submerged and exposed samples resulted from passage of smaller insects through the fine mesh of the Surber sampler and from backwash created by the sampler.
THE SEASONAL CYCLE OF PHEO‐PIGMENTS IN LAKE ONTARIO WITH PARTICULAR EMPHASIS ON THE ROLE OF ZOOPLANKTON GRAZING
Authors: Glooschenko Walter A. , Moore James E. , Vollenweider Richard A. 
Published: March 2010

The annual cycles of chlorophyll a, pheo‐pigments, and zooplankton in Lake Ontario were studied on 32 stations during 13 cruises in 1970. Highest amounts of chlorophyll a were found in inshore waters. The seasonal cycle of phytoplankton biomass as measured by chlorophyll a showed three patterns: 1) a unimodal distribution in the deeper waters which are last to warm up in late spring; 2) a bimodal pattern, with spring and fall peaks, mainly along the central basin and north and south shores; 3) a series of three pulses in nutrient‐rich areas and in the warmer eastern region of the lake. Zooplankton biomass increased eastward in the direction of increasing heat content.Pheo‐pigments were low during the spring increase of phytoplankton, but their amount relative to that of chlorophyll a was significantly correlated (r = +0.896) with zooplankton abundance. Highest pheo‐pigments were found in the eastern basin of the lake.The need to correct chlorophyll a values for pheo‐pigments is emphasized especially when zooplankton grazers are abundant.
AN EFFICIENT, QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR SAMPLING THE MEIOBENTHOS1
Authors: RUPPERT EDWARD E. 
Published: March 2010

Coring‐extraction tubes were designed for quantitative sampling above the water table and subsequent extraction by the Uhlig seawater ice method. An extraction rack to support the tubes is described, along with a modified suction‐corer which with the tubes, provides a set of undisturbed, layered subsamples from below the water table.The method is applicable to quantitative sampling in the shallow subtidal and in the intertidal zone over a tidal cycle, as well as in unsaturated sediment.
A pH‐DEPENDENT MODEL FOR THE CHEMICAL SPECIATION OF COPPER, ZINC, CADMIUM, AND LEAD IN SEAWATER
Authors: Zirino Alberta , Yamamoto Sachio 
Published: March 2010

A pH‐dependent model for the speciation of divalent Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb ions in seawater was constructed with available and estimated thermodynamic stability constants and individual ion activity coefficients. This model was used to calculate the degree of interaction between each of the metal ions and the anions Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, CO32−, and OH− as a function of pH. Interactions between a cation and an anion were assumed to result only in the formation of complexes with coordination numbers of 1 to 4; polynuclear and mixed‐ligand complexes were not included in the model.The calculations showed the following: All four metals are complexed to a considerable extent in seawater; with the exception of Cd, the distributions of chemical species of the metals vary greatly with changes in pH; Cu interacts primarily with OH− and CO32−, Zn with OH−, Pb with CO32− and Cl−, and Cd with Cl−; complexes with high coordination numbers (i.e. 3 and 4) are not formed to any appreciable extent in seawater.
STRATIGRAPHY OF FOSSIL PIGMENTS AS A GUIDE TO THE POSTGLACIAL HISTORY OF KIRCHNER MARSH, MINNESOTA1
Authors: Sanger Jon E. , Gorham Eville 
Published: March 2010

Successional developments in the postglacial ecology and limnology of Kirchner Marsh revealed by concentration and diversity of sedimentary plant pigments include a peak of aquatic production (indicated by maximum pigment concentrations in sedimentary organic matter) reached during the early postglacial warm, humid interval at about 10,000 B.P. Production levels then declined. Very low levels of aquatic production (indicated by low pigment concentrations) seem indicated by about 6,000 B.P., in the middle part of a warm, dry interval following which pigment concentrations remained low (except for a brief interval about 5,000 B.P.), but with a marked rise in the ratio of chlorophyll derivatives to carotenoids, indicating an increase in allochthonous organic input accompanying the return of cooler moister conditions. These resulted in an encroachment of oak forest on the prairie, followed by the succession to reed‐swamp on the lake.A return to more truly aquatic conditions was reflected by an increase in sedimentary pigments from about 3,000 B.P. to a peak at 1,700 B.P., accompanied by a decline in the ratio of chlorophyll derivatives to carotenoids. Subsequently pigment concentrations fell, and their ratio increased sharply, as emergent aquatics became well established and caused a rapid evolution of pond to grass‐sedge meadow.The pigment data are generally in harmony with the ecological conclusions from pollen and macrofossils, but they provide much more information on changes in aquatic productivity at the site. Ratios of chlorophyll derivatives to carotenoids, along with measurements of pigment diversity, reveal changes in the balance between autochthonous and allochthonous organic contributions to the sediment and provide substantial evidence for the presence or absence of open‐water conditions.
Influence of Kmax and R on Fatigue Crack Growth—A 3D‐Model
Authors: Gudladt Hans‐Joachim , Steinbock Johanna 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo study the influence of the stress intensity factor and the R‐ratio on the fatigue crack growth rate different kind of crack propagation experiment have been carried out on the steels X5CrNi18‐10 and C45E. The experiments show that both parameters the maximum stress intensity Kmax and the R‐ratio affect the crack growth rate. Consequently, the authors developed a 3D‐model, which describes the dependence of da/dN on Kmax and the R‐ratio. Discussing the experiments, special attention has been paid to the threshold behavior of the investigated materials. Finally, a new model to describe the influence of the R‐ratio on the threshold Kmax,th for R‐ratios from −∞ to 1 is presented.
Modeling of Hot Ductility During Solidification of Steel Grades in Continuous Casting – Part I
Authors: Senk Dieter , Stratemeier Sonja , Böttger Bernd , Göhler Klaus , Steinbach Ingo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe present paper gives an overview of the simultaneous research work carried out by RWTH Aachen University and ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG. With a combination of sophisticated simulation tools and experimental techniques it is possible to predict the relations between temperature distribution in the mould, solidification velocity, chemical steel composition and, furthermore, the mechanical properties of the steel shell. Simulation results as well as experimentally observed microstructure parameters are used as input data for hot tearing criteria. A critical choice of existing hot tearing criteria based on different approaches, like critical strain and critical strain rate, are applied and developed. The new “damage model” is going to replace a basic approach to determine hot cracking susceptibility in a mechanical FEM strand model for continuous slab casting of ThyssenKrupp Steel Europe AG.Critical strains for hot cracking in continuous casting were investigated by in situ tensile tests for four steel grades with carbon contents in the range of 0.036 and 0.76 wt%. Additionally to modeling, fractography of laboratory and industrial samples was carried out by SEM and EPMA and the results are discussed.
Bottom‐Up Synthesis of Biologically Active Multilayer Films Using Inkjet‐Printed Templates
Authors: Swartz Joshua D. , Deravi Leila F. , Wright David W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAs a non‐invasive, rapid prototyping technique, piezoelectric inkjet printing using the Dimatix Materials Printer (DMP) is incorporated to template 2D biologically active surfaces. In these studies, a bioinspired ink is synthesized and printed directly onto gold‐coated silicon nitride substrates and into polymer‐coated 96‐well plates. Once deposited on a surface, these patterns are reacted with varying concentrations of a model enzyme glucose oxidase in the presence of a silica precursor, monosilicic acid. The reaction mechanism and order of reactant products within and along the patterns are shown to directly affect the integrity and overall microstructure of the biologically active films. Using profilometry measurements and scanning electron microscopy, a biologically active platform is optimized without significantly compromising the activity of the enzyme. In fact, enzyme activity, constrained within a thin film, is reported for the first time over variable reaction parameters. When compared to the enzyme free in solution, the immobilized enzyme is 25.9% active, where nearly 100% of the activity is retained after repeated usage.
Integration of Density Multiplication in the Formation of Device‐Oriented Structures by Directed Assembly of Block Copolymer–Homopolymer Blends
Authors: Liu Guoliang , Thomas Carla S. , Craig Gordon S. W. , Nealey Paul F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNon‐regular, device‐oriented structures can be directed to assemble on chemically nanopatterned surfaces such that the density of features in the assembled pattern is multiplied by a factor of two or more compared to the chemical pattern. By blending the block copolymers with homopolymers and designing the chemical pattern rationally, complicated structures such as bends, jogs, junctions, terminations, and combined structures are fabricated. Previously, directed assembly of block copolymers has been shown to enhance the resolution of lithographic processes for hexagonal arrays of spots and parallel lines, corresponding to the bulk morphologies of block copolymer systems, but this is the first demonstration of enhanced resolution for more complicated, device‐oriented features. This fundamental knowledge broadens the range of technologies that can be served by the directed assembly of block copolymers.
Recent Development of Active Nanoparticle Catalysts for Fuel Cell Reactions
Authors: Mazumder Vismadeb , Lee Youngmin , Sun Shouheng 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis review focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis of nanoparticle (NP) catalysts of Pt‐, Pd‐ and Au‐based NPs as well as composite NPs. First, new developments in the synthesis of single‐component Pt, Pd and Au NPs are summarized. Then the chemistry used to make alloy and composite NP catalysts aiming to enhance their activity and durability for fuel cell reactions is outlined. The review next introduces the exciting new research push in developing CoN/C and FeN/C as non‐Pt catalysts. Examples of size‐, shape‐ and composition‐dependent catalyses for oxygen reduction at cathode and formic acid oxidation at anode are highlighted to illustrate the potentials of the newly developed NP catalysts for fuel cell applications.
Physical activity, physical exertion, and miscarriage risk in women textile workers in Shanghai, China
Authors: Wong E.Y. , Ray R. , Gao D.L. , Wernli K.J. , Li W. , Fitzgibbons E.D. , Camp J.E. , Heagerty P.J. , De Roos A.J. , Holt V.L. , Thomas D.B. , Checkoway H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundStrenuous occupational physical activity and physical demands may be risk factors for adverse reproductive outcomes.MethodsA retrospective study in the Shanghai, China textile industry study collected women's self‐reported reproductive history. Occupational physical activity assessment linked complete work history data to an industry‐specific job‐exposure matrix. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by multivariate logistic regression for the first pregnancy outcome and utilized generalized estimating equations to consider all pregnancies per woman.ResultsCompared with women employed in sedentary jobs, a reduced risk of miscarriage was found for women working in jobs with either light (OR 0.18, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.50) or medium (OR 0.24, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.66) physical activity during the first pregnancy and over all pregnancies (light OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.61; medium OR 0.43, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.80). Frequent crouching was associated with elevated risk (OR 1.82, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.93; all pregnancies per woman).ConclusionsLight/medium occupational physical activity may have reduced miscarriage risk, while specific occupational characteristics such as crouching may have increased risk in this cohort. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:497–505, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure to respirable dust and crystalline silica in bricklaying education at Dutch vocational training centers
Authors: Huizer Daan , Spee Ton , Lumens Mieke , Kromhout Hans 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundConstruction workers are educated at vocational training centers before they begin their working lives. Future bricklayers and their instructors are exposed to respirable dust and possibly to hazardous respirable crystalline silica from trial mortar.MethodsThirty‐six personal air samples were collected at six training centers to estimate exposure to respirable dust for both students and teachers. A selection of 22 samples was analyzed for crystalline silica.ResultsAverage respirable dust exposures ranged from 0.59 mg/m3 for teachers to 1.45 mg/m3 for students performing recycling and cleaning tasks. In 45% of the analyzed samples, respirable crystalline silica was detected. Exposure to silica remained below the Dutch OEL (75 µg/m3). Exposure was significantly less for teachers than for students. This effect was found in both types of vocational training centers present in the Netherlands. Dry sweeping, as performed at all locations in this study, contributed considerably to the exposure to respirable dust. A first step in reducing exposure to dust and silica at training centers would therefore be to avoid dry sweeping. The presence of a dust extraction system, although not optimally designed, also significantly lowered exposure.ConclusionsTo assess a construction worker's lifetime exposure to respirable dust and crystalline silica, the vocational training period should also be taken into account. Several epidemiological studies have shown that time since first exposure can be an important risk factor for chronic health effects. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53: 628–634, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insertional translocation detected using FISH confirmation of array‐comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) results
Authors: Kang Sung‐Hae L. , Shaw Chad , Ou Zhishuo , Eng Patricia A. , Cooper M. Lance , Pursley Amber N. , Sahoo Trilochan , Bacino Carlos A. , Chinault A. Craig , Stankiewicz Pawel , Patel Ankita , Lupski James R. , Cheung Sau Wai 
Published: March 2010

AbstractInsertional translocations (ITs) are rare events that require at least three breaks in the chromosomes involved and thus qualify as complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCR). In the current study, we identified 40 ITs from approximately 18,000 clinical cases (1:500) using array‐comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) in conjunction with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) confirmation of the aCGH findings, and parental follow‐up studies. Both submicroscopic and microscopically visible IT events were detected. They were divided into three major categories: (1) simple intrachromosomal and interchromosomal IT resulting in pure segmental trisomy, (2) complex IT involving more than one abnormality, (3) deletion inherited from a parent with a balanced IT resulting in pure segmental monosomy. Of the cases in which follow‐up parental studies were available, over half showed inheritance from an apparently unaffected parent carrying the same unbalanced rearrangement detected in the propositi, thus decreasing the likelihood that these IT events are clinically relevant. Nevertheless, we identified six cases in which small submicroscopic events were detected involving known disease‐associated genes/genomic segments and are likely to be pathogenic. We recommend that copy number gains detected by clinical aCGH analysis should be confirmed using FISH analysis whenever possible in order to determine the physical location of the duplicated segment. We hypothesize that the increased use of aCGH in the clinic will demonstrate that IT occurs more frequently than previously considered but can identify genomic rearrangements with unclear clinical significance. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laser‐induced dielectric breakdown in tetramethylgermane/tetramethyltin mixtures: deposition of nanostructured Sn/Ge/C and GeSn/C films
Authors: Křenek Tomáš , Murafa Nataliya , Bezdička Petr , Šubrt Jan , Pola Josef 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTransversely Excited Atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser‐irradiation of gaseous tetramethylgermane (TMG)–tetramethyltin (TMT) mixtures in Ar results in decomposition of both organometallic compounds and in chemical vapour deposition of nanostructured films analyzed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy. They were shown to have similar morphology and elemental composition and constituents dependent on the TMG–TMT ratio. The analyses confirm the presence of nanosized carbon‐rich (graphitic) structures that incorporate CM and MM (M Ge, Sn) bonds containing an amorphous phase together with crystalline, either β‐Sn or metastable Sn‐rich GeSn alloy. The unique latter constituent is favored at high concentrations of TMG precursor. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.