bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy of the brain of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: da Silva Alves Lidiane , Vulcano Luiz Carlos , Girotto Carolina Hagy , de Castro Sasahara Taís Harumi , Schimming Bruno Cesar 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCapybara is considered the largest living rodent and is widespread distributed in the South America and in the Brazilian territory. The purpose of this study was to provide the anatomical description of the brain in the capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Brains of ten normal capybaras were imaged and sectioned in the anatomical studies. MRI was acquired on 0.25 Tesla equipment, promoting good‐quality images capable to identify and classify the main anatomical structures of clinical interest. MRI reference images were validated by comparing them with gross anatomical sections. The capybara sulci and gyri were named for its similar location and orientation to those described in the previous descriptions in the capybara and in the domestic dog. Capybaras presented prominent cerebral sulcus and gyrus in relation to other caviomorph rodents, but in reduced number when compared to domestic animals and other wild mammals such as elephants and giraffes. The findings of this study indicate that the shape of the capybara brain is remarkably similar to that of the caviomorph rodents with a higher neocortilization. The capybara rhinencephalon was well‐developed implying a good sense of smell. Due to this development of the rhinencephalon, we can suggest that capybara brain is a macrosmatic brain. The MRI and gross anatomical sections of capybara brain may help veterinary researchers and clinicians increase the accuracy of brain MRI scans interpretation in these animals.
Anthraquinone biocolourant dermocybin is metabolized whereas dermorubin is not in in vitro liver fractions and recombinant metabolic enzymes
Authors: Yli‐Öyrä Johanna , Juvonen Risto O. , Lehtonen Marko , Herrala Mikko , Finel Moshe , Räisänen Riikka , Rysä Jaana 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFungal anthraquinones dermocybin and dermorubin are attractive alternatives for synthetic dyes but their metabolism is largely unknown. We conducted a qualitative in vitro study to identify their metabolism using human liver microsomes and cytosol, as well as recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP), UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) enzymes. Additionally, liver microsomal and cytosolic fractions from rat, mouse and pig were used. Following incubations of the biocolourants with the enzymes in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, UDP‐glucuronic acid, 3′‐phosphoadenosine‐5′‐phosphosulfate (PAPS) or S‐adenosyl methionine (SAM) to enable CYP oxidation, glucuronidation, sulfonation or methylation, we observed several oxidation and conjugation metabolites for dermocybin but none for dermorubin. Human CYP1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4 and 3A7 catalysed dermocybin oxidation. The formation of dermocybin glucuronides was catalysed by human UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A7, 1A8, 1A9, 1A10 and 2B15. Human SULT1B1, 1C2 and 2A1 sulfonated dermocybin. Dermocybin oxidation was faster than conjugation in human liver microsomes. Species differences were seen in dermocybin glucuronidation between human, rat, mouse and pig. In conclusion, many CYP and conjugation enzymes metabolized dermocybin, whereas dermorubin was not metabolized in human liver fractions in vitro. The results indicate that dermocybin would be metabolized in humans in vivo.
Public goods and bads with vulnerable individuals: How information and social nudges change behaviour
Authors: Abatayo Anna Lou , Li Tongzhe 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn a diverse society, heterogeneous returns to public goods (PG) and public bads (PB) are more often the rule rather than the exception, and often the returns from the public pool are such that individuals who are most affected no longer have incentives to free ride on others. We consider this set‐up through a laboratory experiment and investigate how heterogeneity of marginal per capita returns (MPCRs) affect economic cooperation in both PG and PB games. We also examine whether information on heterogeneity—no information, information and information with a plea to help those who are most affected by the public pool—changes cooperation. Our results show that information regarding the heterogeneity does not change individual behaviour in both PG and PB games. However, a social plea to help individuals with MPCRs of 1.20 increases average group efficiency. Average individual contributions under the social plea treatment are either maintained or increased. Those with MPCRs of 1.20 are more cooperative than their counterparts but not as completely as theoretically predicted. The exact same individual is also more cooperative under a PG game than under a PB game; a result that remains unchanged whether MPCRs are homogeneous or heterogeneous.
Quantification of urinary gonadotropins by specific assays may improve the evaluation of sex‐specific hormonal changes in early infancy
Authors: Demir And , Voutilainen Raimo , Hero Matti 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of different gonadotropin assays for determining total and intact luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) immunoreactivity in urine (U‐LH‐ir and U‐FSH‐ir, respectively) during early infancy.Design, Patients and MeasurementsMorning urine samples were obtained from 31 infants, aged between 0 and 6 months, to study the age‐related course of urinary gonadotropins. Additionally, we investigated bi‐hourly urine samples of a 5‐day‐old male neonate for 24 h to observe the course of urinary gonadotropins during a daily cycle. We employed different immunofluorometric assays for measuring total and intact U‐LH‐ir, and U‐FSH‐ir.ResultsIn neonates up to 21 days of age, the U‐LH‐ir levels measured by the regular LH assay (also detecting hCG) were significantly higher than those determined by the total (specific) LH assays (p = .004). U‐FSH‐ir was higher in girls than boys during both the first and the next 5 months (p = .02 and p < .001, respectively), whereas total U‐LH‐ir was higher in boys until 6 months of age (p < .001). Total U‐LH‐ir/U‐FSH‐ir ratio was significantly higher in boys than girls across the first half‐year (p < .001).ConclusionsThe assessment of total U‐LH‐ir and U‐FSH‐ir, and their respective ratio constitutes a noninvasive, practical and scalable tool to investigate sex‐specific changes during early infancy, with the ratio being significantly higher in boys than girls. Only highly specific LH assays detecting beta‐subunit and its core fragment in addition to intact LH should be used for determining U‐LH‐ir in the neonatal period to avoid potential cross‐reactivity with hCG of placental origin.
Peripheral quantitative computed tomography is a valid imaging technique for tracking changes in skeletal muscle cross‐sectional area
Authors: Ruple Bradley A. , Vann Christopher G. , Sexton Casey L. , Osburn Shelby C. , Smith Morgan A. , Godwin Joshua S. , Mumford Petey W. , Stock Matt S. , Roberts Michael D. , Young Kaelin C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPeripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) has recently expanded to quantifying skeletal muscle, however its validity to determine muscle cross‐sectional area (mCSA) compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unknown. Eleven male participants (age: 22 ± 3 y) underwent pQCT and MRI dual‐leg mid‐thigh imaging before (PRE) and after (POST) 6 weeks of resistance training for quantification of mid‐thigh mCSA and change in mCSA. mCSA agreement at both time points and absolute change in mCSA across time was assessed using Bland‐Altman plots for mean bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA), as well as Lin's concordance correlation coefficients (CCC). Both pQCT and MRI mCSA increased following 6 weeks of resistance training (∆mCSApQCT: 6.7 ± 5.4 cm2, p < 0.001; ∆mCSAMRI: 6.0 ± 6.4 cm2, p < 0.001). Importantly, the change in mCSA was not different between methods (p = 0.39). Bland‐Altman analysis revealed a small mean bias (1.10 cm2, LOA: −6.09, 8.29 cm2) where pQCT tended to overestimate mCSA relative to MRI when comparing images at a single time point. Concordance between pQCT and MRI mCSA at PRE and POST was excellent yielding a CCC of 0.982. For detecting changes in mCSA, Bland‐Altman analysis revealed excellent agreement between pQCT and MRI (mean bias: −0.73 cm2, LOA: −8.37, 6.91 cm2). Finally, there was excellent concordance between pQCT and MRI mCSA change scores (CCC = 0.779). Relative to MRI, pQCT imaging is a valid technique for measuring both mid‐thigh mCSA at a single time point and mCSA changes following a resistance training intervention.
Reproducibility and sex differences in muscle oxygenation during brachial artery occlusion in healthy participants
Authors: Jeskanen Tommi , Ylinen Venla , Valtonen Rasmus I. P. , Tulppo Mikko P. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSignificanceNear‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement is a widely used technique to measure muscle oxygenation. A knowledge of the reproducibility of NIRS measurements is essential for the correct interpretation of data.AimOur aim was to test the reproducibility and sex differences of NIRS measurements during brachial artery occlusion in healthy participants.ApproachAn NIRS device was used to measure muscle oxygenation and microvascular function during a 5 min brachial occlusion. Muscle oxygen consumption (mVO2) and tissue saturation index (TSI%) were used. The occlusion test was performed three times on separate days for males (n = 13, 28 ± 8 years) and females (n = 13, 29 ± 7 years).ResultsDuring the occlusion phase, the reproducibility of mVO2 was excellent (intraclass correlation; ICC = 0.90). During the reperfusion phase, the maximal change in TSI% revealed the best reproducibility (ICC = 0.77). There were no sex differences in reproducibility. Male participants had higher muscle oxygenation during occlusion (mVO2, 0.054 ± 0.010 vs. 0.038 ± 0.012 mLO2/min/100 g, p = 0.001, male and female, respectively). There were no sex differences during the reperfusion phase.ConclusionThe reproducibility of NIRS to measure muscle oxygenation and microvascular function during circulation occlusion and reperfusion is good to excellent. Muscle oxygen capacity measured during occlusion is higher in males compared to females, and there are no sex differences in microvascular function during the reperfusion phase.
‘Insulin is super dangerous if you don't know what you're doing’: Situating the risks of insulin within the image and performance enhancing drug community
Authors: Piatkowski Timothy , Cox Luke Thomas Joseph 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIntroductionInsulin is an essential treatment within diabetes management; however, it takes on a role of enhancement within image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) communities due to its anabolic effects. This study sought to provide insight into how IPED users perceive and manage the risks linked to insulin.MethodsWe conducted semi‐structured interviews with 10 individuals from Australia and United Kingdom who used insulin as part of their IPED protocols. The analysis followed an iterative categorisation approach and applied the lens of situated rationality theory.ResultsThe decision to incorporate insulin was influenced by peers' experiences and preferences. Participants highlighted the risks and responsibilities associated with insulin use, emphasising the need for precise lifestyle habits. They recognised the potential dangers and called for comprehensive harm reduction strategies within IPED communities to respond to such concerns. Some participants expressed reluctance to discuss insulin openly, underlining the importance of education and awareness to mitigate health risks associated with underground and uninformed use.Discussion and ConclusionsWhile people who use IPEDs demonstrate awareness of the risks associated with insulin, their practices of routinisation moderate these risks within the context of IPED use. Silence as a risk‐reduction strategy highlights vulnerabilities among certain prospective users, while the hierarchical structure of IPED use establishes expertise and status within the community. Reconsidering insulin risks entails reframing harm reduction messages to better match the social dynamics of IPED communities. Closer ties between IPED communities can enhance support accessibility, particularly through peers, who, with their firsthand knowledge, can offer tailored guidance.
Amplified State Capitalism in China: Overproduction, Industrial Policy and Statist Controversies
Authors: Liu Mingtang 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTAs China has emerged as a great economic power in the 21st century, comparativists and China scholars have sought to explore the characteristics of China's statist development model. Most accounts, however, have not taken seriously the policy implications of China's macroeconomic imbalance and its tendency to overproduction since the mid‐1990s. This article examines China's industrial‐policy‐centred responses to waves of overproduction crises from the late 1990s to the 2010s. China's expansive industrial policy incorporates demand‐side macroeconomic policy and long‐term planning for upgrading. This policy framework, designed to preserve the status quo, has been inherently lopsided, and has only served to reproduce China's macroeconomic imbalance. In the context of this persistent imbalance, China's industrial‐policy‐centred responses have contributed to periodic investment expansion of the state sector relative to the private sector, deepening ambitions around upgrading, and growing controversies regarding its statist model. In short, the statist features of China's economy have been periodically amplified by its particular responses to overproduction. This research shows that far from a statist shift engineered by President Xi Jinping, China's recent statist tendency has deeper historical and structural‐macroeconomic roots. This implies that the Chinese state adjusted and intensified its state interventions just as it underwent a profound process of marketization in the late 1990s.
Developmental differences in children and adults’ enforcement of explore versus exploit search strategies in the United States and Turkey
Authors: Şen Hilal H. , Kiefer Sarah L. , Aksu Ece , Lucca Kelsey 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAcross development, as children acquire a deeper understanding of their environment, they explore less and take advantage, or “exploit,” what they already know. Here, we test whether children also enforce exploration‐oriented search behaviors onto others. Specifically, we ask whether children are more likely to encourage a search agent to explore versus exploit their environment, and whether this pattern varies across childhood (between 3 and 6 years). We also ask whether this pattern differs between children and adults, and generalizes across two different sociocultural contexts—Turkey and the United States—that differ on dimensions that might relate to children's decisions about exploration (e.g., curiosity‐focused educational practices, attitudes toward uncertainty avoidance). Participants (N = 358) watched an agent search for rewards and were asked at various points whether the agent should “stay” (exploit) in their current location, or “go” (explore) to a new location. At all points in the experiment, children enforced exploration significantly more often than adults. Early in the agent's search, children in the US enforced exploration more often than children in Turkey; later in the search, younger children (from both sociocultural contexts) were more likely to continue enforcing exploration compared to older children. These findings highlight that children are not only highly exploratory themselves, but also enforce exploration onto others—underscoring the central role that exploration plays in driving early cognitive development across diverse sociocultural contexts.Research Highlights
The current study examined developmental and cross‐cultural differences in children and adults’ enforcement of explore‐exploit search strategies.
Children in the US and Turkey enforced exploration more than adults, who enforced exploitation more often; results were generally consistent across cultures with small differences.
Mirroring developmental changes in children's own search behavior; the tendency to enforce exploration decreased between 3‐ to 6‐years of age.
Findings underscore the central role of an “exploration mindset” in children's early decision‐making—even when exploration has no direct benefits to the child themselves.
Using FastTest PlugIn for the design of remote and hybrid learning environments to improve the engineering skills of university students
Authors: Huerta‐Gomez‐Merodio M. , Fernández‐Ruiz M. A. , Requena‐Garcia‐Cruz M. V. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractResearch on improving engineering skills in students advocates for high‐quality teaching practices as well as the implementation of digitally enhanced management systems, such as e‐Learning. Furthermore, COVID‐19 led to several changes in education, such as switching drastically from face to face to emergency remote and later hybrid teaching. This study has focused on the proposal, the application and the evaluation of a new e‐Learning teaching method. FastTest PlugIn has been used for the creation of large sets of questions, to develop parameterised and individualised exercises in Moodle. The method has been applied since COVID‐19, considering different types of teaching: completely remote, hybrid and face to face. It has been implemented in some courses of the bachelor's and master's degree in engineering at the University of Cadiz (Spain). The academic performance and students' feedback on the method have been obtained. During remote teaching, students presented lower scores than before the pandemic. However, as students became familiar with the method and at least face‐to‐face exams were carried out, the scores and students' perception of the difficulty of the courses improved. The main novelty of this method is the reliability of creating different exercises for a consistent level of difficulty; the ability to avoid dishonest actions of students; and the time saved by instructors, as exercises are automatically corrected. This study provides the advantages and benefits of digitally enhancing university teaching. Furthermore, it is the first to investigate the integration of FastTest PlugIn to enhance teaching quality and engineering skills.
In‐field soil spectroscopy in Vis–NIR range for fast and reliable soil analysis: A review
Authors: Piccini Chiara , Metzger Konrad , Debaene Guillaume , Stenberg Bo , Götzinger Sophia , Borůvka Luboš , Sandén Taru , Bragazza Luca , Liebisch Frank 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn‐field soil spectroscopy represents a promising opportunity for fast soil analysis, allowing the prediction of several soil properties from one spectral reading representing one soil sample. This facilitates data acquisition from large amounts of samples through its rapidity and the absence of required chemical processing. This is of particular interest in agriculture, where the chance to retrieve information from soils directly in the field is very appealing. This review is focused on in‐field visible to near infrared (Vis–NIR) spectroscopy (350–2500 nm), aimed at analysing soils directly in the field through proximal sensing. The main scope was to explore the available knowledge to identify existing gaps limiting the reliability and robustness of in‐field measurement, to foster future research and help transition towards the practical application of this technology. For this purpose, a literature review was performed, and surveyed information encompassed sensor range, carrier platforms in use, sensor type, distance to the soil sample, measurement methodology, measured soil properties and soil management, among many others. From this, we derived a list of tools in use with their spectral measurement properties, including the potential cross‐calibration with soil spectral libraries from laboratory spectroscopy of soil samples and potential measured target soil properties. Different instruments and sensors used to measure at varying wavelength ranges and with different spectral qualities are available for a large range of prices. The most frequently analysed soil properties included soil carbon contents (soil organic carbon, soil organic matter, total carbon), texture (clay, silt, sand), total nitrogen, pH and cation exchange capacity. Future perspectives comprise the implementation of larger databases, including different instruments and cropping systems as well as methodologies combining existing knowledge regarding laboratory spectroscopy with in‐field methods. The authors highlight the need for a broadly accepted measurement protocol for in‐field soil spectroscopy, fostering harmonization and standardization and consequently a more robust application in practice.
Image‐based remote evaluation of PASI scores with psoriasis by the YOLO‐v4 algorithm
Authors: Yin Heng , Chen Hui , Zhang Wei , Zhang Jing , Cui Tao , Li Yunpeng , Yu Nan , Yu Yingyao , Long Hai , Xiao Rong , Su Yuwen , Li Yaping , Zhang Guiying , Tan Yixin , Wu Haijing , Lu Qianjin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAs a chronic relapsing disease, psoriasis is characterized by widespread skin lesions. The Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) is the most frequently utilized tool for evaluating the severity of psoriasis in clinical practice. Nevertheless, long‐term monitoring and precise evaluation pose difficulties for dermatologists and patients, which is time‐consuming, subjective and prone to evaluation bias. To develop a deep learning system with high accuracy and speed to assist PASI evaluation, we collected 2657 high‐quality images from 1486 psoriasis patients, and images were segmented and annotated. Then, we utilized the YOLO‐v4 algorithm to establish the model via four modules, we also conducted a human‐computer comparison through quadratic weighted Kappa (QWK) coefficients and intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC). The YOLO‐v4 algorithm was selected for model training and optimization compared with the YOLOv3, RetinaNet, EfficientDet and Faster_rcnn. The model evaluation results of mean average precision (mAP) for various lesion features were as follows: erythema, mAP = 0.903; scale, mAP = 0.908; and induration, mAP = 0.882. In addition, the results of human‐computer comparison also showed a median consistency for the skin lesion severity and an excellent consistency for the area and PASI score. Finally, an intelligent PASI app was established for remote disease assessment and course management, with a pleasurable agreement with dermatologists. Taken together, we proposed an intelligent PASI app based on the image YOLO‐v4 algorithm that can assist dermatologists in long‐term and objective PASI scoring, shedding light on similar clinical assessments that can be assisted by computers in a time‐saving and objective manner.