bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moisture and Temperature Effects on Emergence and Initial Growth of Two Range Grasses1
Authors: Herbel Carlton H. , Sosebee Ronald E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis research, conducted in controlled light‐temperature chambers, studied the effects of two temperature regimes and five moisture levels on early growth of black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr.) and boer lovegrass (Eragrostis chloromelas Steud.). The maximum daily soil temperatures ranged from 53 to 67C in the high temperature regime, and from 38 to 51 C in the low temperature regime, depending on moisture level. The daily minimum temperatures were about 25C in all treatments. The five soil moisture levels were determined as a portion of the volume required to maintain field capacity conditions. Level A was approximately field capacity; levels B and C were watered as level A on the planting day, and then reduced to about a half and a third of level A for the remainder of the 21‐day trial. Levels D and E were watered as level A for the first 3 days, and then reduced to about a half and a third of level A for the remainder of the trial.In the high temperature regime black grama did not emerge at moisture levels B and C; and boer lovegrass did not emerge at levels B, C, and E. In addition, boer lovegrass did not emerge in the low temperature regime at moisture level C. Survival of emerging seedlings ranged from 0 to 4.7% in the high temperature regime at all moisture levels except A. Reduced soil moisture, a day after planting, was more detrimental to survival than reducing soil moisture the third day after planting. Survival of black grama at moisture level A in the high temperature regime was not adversely affected by the high leaf temperatures (81C). The shoot lengths and weights of surviving black grama seedlings were always greater than those of boer lovegrass. Survival and growth of seeded species in the Southwest would be enhanced if soil temperatures and evaporation from the soil surface were reduced. Under the conditions of this 21‐day trial it took about 70 mm of water for either species to survive in the low temperature regime and about 231 mm to survive in the high temperature regime
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization of Non‐Tilled Maize1
Authors: Triplett G. B. , Van Doren D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNo‐tillage and conventional tillage (plow, disk, cultivate) were used for corn grown in monoculture for 6 years with three rates of nitrogen fertilization. Phosphorus and potassium were applied uniformly each year with the planter and as surface bulk applications during 2 years of the study. Grain yields were higher for notillage than for conventional tillage treatments at all N levels.Most of the P applied to the soil surface between rows of no‐tillage treatments remained in the surface 2.5 cm of soil. K was also concentrated near the soil surface. P and K concentration in leaves of maize grown without tillage were equal to plants grown with conventional tillage when sampled at tasseling and significantly higher when sampled at the 8 to 10 leaf stage.
Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), A Multi‐use Crop1
Authors: Killinger G. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPossible new economic uses for kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) include feed for livestock, paper‐pulp, and bean poles. The crude protein content of 55‐day‐old kenaf leaves and petioles exceeds 25% and for the whole plant, excluding roots, averages 16 to 17%. Kenaf has been found acceptable as a paper‐pulp or as a pulp to be blended with wood pulp. Yields of 20,000 kg/ha of dry kenaf stems are produced in the South with slightly lower yields in South Central and Central states. Kenaf is susceptible to root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita and M. incognita acrita) and should be grown on soil free of these organisms. Intake of kenaf silage, experimentally by cattle, has been satsifactory, however sheep have not liked it as silage.
Siberian Wildrye (Elymus sibiricus L.): Agronomic Characteristics of a Potentially Valuable Forage and Conservation Grass for the North1
Authors: Klebesadel L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSiberian wildrye (Elymus sibiricus L,), a tall‐growing, perennial bunchgrass native to Europe and Asia, has a recently confirmed distribution in northwestern Canada and Alaska. New range extensions are reported here. Agronomic evaluations with the North American ecotype in south‐central, subarctic Alaska revealed good seedling vigor, excellent winter hardiness and forage yield potential, and outstanding seed production capacity. Seeds with awns removed numbered 304,000/kg (138,00O/lb). Increased use of this grass for forage production and conservation purposes in the North appears likely.
Turfgrass Evapotranspiration1
Authors: Tovey Rhys , Spencer John S. , Muckel Dean C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evapotranspiration of turfgrasses grown on loam and sandy loam soils in lysimeter tanks was measured for three growing seasons. The irrigation schedules were set to approach drought conditions. Twice weekly irrigation was necessary to permit lawngrass grown on sandy loam soil to maintain good appearance during hot weather. Once a week irrigation was sufficient to maintain lawngrass in the same manner when grown on loam soil. Once a week irrigation sustained Tifway and Tifgreen bermudagrasses on both loam and sandy loam soils. The quantity of water applied in each case was 5.08 cm (two surface inches) per week, enough to bring the root zone to field capacity at each irrigation. Evapotranspiration was compared with pan evaporation, net radiation, and the Olivier and Penman methods. Monthly Blanev‐Criddle coefficients were also determined.
Autumn‐Saved Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.): Effects of Age and Fertilization on Quality1
Authors: Hart Richard H. , Monson Warren G. , Lowrey Robert S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe crude protein content and nylon bag dry matter digestibility (DMD) of autumn‐saved ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) were normal grass of that age in mid‐November, but decreased rapidly thereafter. The decrease was more rapid when accumulation began later in the summer, and when weather in the autumn was warm and wet. Rate of N fertilization in the autumn did not influence DMD or protein content. Animals might be able to make small gains on the youngest grass in November, but could not maintain their weight on autumn‐saved pasture later in the winter without supplemental feeding.
Summer Fallow for Dryland Winter Wheat in the Semiarid Great Plains1
Authors: Smika D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study comparing fallow‐wheat (Triticum aestivum) with continuous wheat under semiarid conditions showed fallow‐wheat average yields to be over three times greater than average continuous wheat yields. The fallow‐wheat system provides stable production with no crop failures when compared with continuous wheat, which failed more than 30% of the time. Average water‐use efficiency for fallow‐wheat was 80% greater than that for continuous wheat when annual precipitation was between 24.6 and 43 cm. This showed that fallow‐wheat was the most efficient means of producing winter wheat when average annual precipitation was less than 43 cm. Fifty‐eight or more centimeters of annual precipitation was required before continuous wheat with N fertilizer used water as efficiently as fallow‐wheat without N. Nitrogen content of fallow‐wheat was 0.22% higher than that from continuous wheat.Nitrogen fertilizer was necessary for maximum continuous wheat yields, water‐use efficiency and N content. But in this semiarid area, average fallow‐wheat yields without N were 2.6 times better than continuous wheat yields with N. Continuous wheat with fertilizer N used water only 71% as efficiently as fallow wheat without N fertilization. Furthermore, N content of fallow‐wheat grain without N fertilization was as high as that of continuous wheat with fertilizer N. In all aspects, the fallow winter wheat cropping system was much superior to continuous winter wheat and proved necessary for stable winter wheat production under semiarid conditions in the Great Plains.
Critical Levels of Manganese and Magnesium in Cotton at Different Stages of Growth1
Authors: Gheesling R. H. , Perkins H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton was grown 105 days in washed silica sand and subjected to levels of Mn and Mg above and below amounts necessary to create visual deficiency symptoms. Leaf blades were found to be the best indicator of the nutrient status of Mn and Mg. The levels below which Mn deficiency was evident in the blades were 15 ppm. Plant leaf blade tissue containing less than 2,000 ppm Mg exhibited Mg deficiency. Leaf petioles and stems were less desirable as indicators of the Mn and Mg status of cotton than leaf blades.
A Clonal Competition Experiment with Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.1
Authors: Rumbaugh M. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo levels of competition were tested with spaced plantings of 83 clones of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa. Homocompetition was defined as a propagule of a clone competing against other propagules of the same clone whereas heterocompetition was a propagule of a clone competing against propagules of any other clone randomly extracted from the same source population. Plant characteristics evaluated were dry forage weight, crown width, stem length, and stem number. No strong evidence supporting the existence of differences between the two competition levels was found. A clone ✕ competition level interaction was detected. Examination of the association between competing plants and their bordering plants suggested unequal propagule development and unknowing selection of the most vigorous and largest propagules for the center subplot positions at the time of transplanting.
Neutron Activation Analysis Technique for the Determination of Extractable Aluminum
Authors: Beyer Lawrence E. , Baker Dale E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractActivation analysis for aluminum extracted from stripmine spoils with N NH4OAc at PH 4.8 was found to be a rapid method with high sensitivity. The analysis involved 1 minute of exposure of the extract to a neutron flux of 3 ✕ 1012 cm−2 sec−1 followed by counting of the gammas of 1.78 MEV for 100 seconds.
Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on Growth, Yield, and Cooking Characteristics of Rice1
Authors: Place G. A. , Sims J. L. , Hall V. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne greenhouse experiment and four field experiments were conducted during 1964–65 to determine (a) the effect of rate, time, and method of P fertilization on grain yield, yield components, and cooking quality estimation of rice, and (b) the existence of N × P interactions.Increasing P in 1964 increased lodging and reduced grain yields and 1,000 grain weight. In 1965 there was no influence of P rate. Preplant P produced darker green vegetation, broader leaves, and taller plants than did the midseason application. Differential responses disappeared by harvest time and no differences occurred except for cooking characteristics, which were more favorable with the preplant application.Cooking characteristics were not affected by P rate, but were less favorable as N was increased in three experiments and more favorable in the other experiment. Interactions between time of P application and N rate showed cooking characteristics were more favorable as N was increased and P applied at midseason than when P was applied preplant. Interactions between P application time and P rate showed that increasing P and applying it preplant improved cooking characteristics over those of the same rates applied a midseason. The N X P interactions were inconsistent.In the greenhouse study, soil‐incorporated P increased straw weight more than did broadcast P, but did not affect plant height, panicle number, or panicle weight. Increasing N increased panicle number, total panicle weight, straw weight and plant height. Increasing P decreased height and increased values for the other variables. The only interaction showed that increasing P and incorporating it increased panicle number and straw weight more than broadcasting it.
Persistence of Crop Seeds in Soil1
Authors: Rampton H. H. , Ching Te May 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThirteen species and varieties of crop seeds were buried in the field at 2.6‐, 5.1‐, 7.6‐, 12.7‐, and 17.8‐cm (1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 7‐inch) depths in Saran mesh bags to study seed persistence and depletion. Persistence and viability tended to increase with increasing burial depth, especially in ‘Dixie’ crimson and ‘Pennscott’ red clovers. Seeds of ‘Illahee’ red fescue were depleted first; none were found in the 2nd year. No viable seeds of Danish commercial orchardgrass, ‘Alta’ tall fescue, or chewings fescue were found in the 3rd year. ‘Linn’ perennial ryegrass retained a trace of vialibity into the 4th year. Oregon annual ryegrass seeds showed viability in the 7th year. Seeds of ‘Highland’ colonial bentgrass, Dixie crimson clover, and Pennscott red clover had considerable viability in the 7th year. Some changes in field history requirements for certified seed production in certain species seem to be warranted.
Oxygen Diffusion in the Soil‐Plant System II. Respiration Rate, Permeability, and Porosity of Consecutive Excised Segments of Maize and Rice Roots1
Authors: Luxmoore R. J. , Stolzy L. H. , Letey J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRespiration rates were determined at 4.4, 20.8 and 30% oxygen concentration for consecutive excised segments of maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oriza sativa L.) roots. From these data, the maximum respiration rate, the oxygen concentration at which respiration was half of the maximum rate, and the root permeability to oxygen were derived for each position along the root, up to 10 cm from the root tip for maize and 6 cm for rice. The gas‐filled porosity of these segments was measured by the pycnometer method.The root tip segment is characterized by the highest maximum respiration rate, highest permeability, and lowest porosity. Both respiration rate and permeability decrease with distance from the root tip, whereas porosity increases to a maximum of 10% for maize and 33% for rice. The oxygen concentration at which respiration is half of the maximum rate is about 8% for maize and about 16% for rice at each position along the root.
Toxicity of Preplant Anhydrous Ammonia to Germination and Early Growth of Corn: I. Field Studies1
Authors: Colliver G. W. , Welch L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted to study the effects of preplant anhydrous ammonia on germination and early growth of corn (Zea mays L.). Corn was planted directly over and parallel to NH3 bands applied at different rates, depths, and times before planting. Injurious effects on corn observed with certain NH3 treatments were: reduced stand, stunted early growth, restricted seedling root development, and increased occurrence of P‐deficiency symptoms. These effects were generally most severe for NH3 applied 10 cm deep immediately before planting at 5 cm deep. Increasing the time interval to 1 or 2 weeks between application and planting generally reduced the toxic effects. Increasing the depth of application was more effective in reducing injury than was increasing the time interval between application and planting. Injury was largely prevented when application depth was 25 cm, for all times and rates of application. Injury generally increased as rate of NH3 application increased. Soil (NH3 + NH4+)‐N concentration near seeds in excess of approximately 1,000 ppm resulted in significant stand reductions.
Photosynthetic Rate of Three Soybean Communities as Related to Carbon Dioxide Levels and Solar Radiation1
Authors: Egli D. B. , Pendleton J. W. , Peters D. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe apparent photosynthesis (AP) rate of three varieties of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) (‘Wayne,’ ‘Harosoy,’ and a nearly isogenic ‘Harosoy’ line with narrow leaflets) with different leaf and canopy characteristics was measured with a closed canopy system in the field for 23 days between mid‐July and mid‐August 1967 at Urbana, Ill. Solar radiation was measured with an Eppley pyrheliometer whenever AP measurements were made. The closed canopy system also provided an estimate of the transpiration rate.Increasing the CO2 concentration from 300 to 600 ppm resulted in an average increase, across varieties, of 72% in the mean daily AP rate. Mean daily AP rate of Harosoy normal dropped 87% as the CO2 level decreased from 300 to 100 ppm. Increasing the CO2 concentration from 300 to 600 ppm resulted in a decrease in transpiration for all three varieties.When AP rates at 300 ppm were expressed on a ground area basis, Wayne fixed 6.3% more CO2 than Harosoy narrow leaf. However, when AP was expressed on a leaf area basis, Harosoy narrow leaf fixed 45% more CO2 than Wayne and Harosoy normal fixed 13% more than Wayne.At 300 ppm CO2 none of the varieties reached light saturation at radiation intensities commonly encountered in the field. The average efficiency of the three varieties at 300 ppm CO2 was 2.16%. Under the conditions encountered in this study, apparently both the supply of CO2 to the reaction site in the leaf and the radiant energy available to fix CO2 were limiting AP.
Evaluating Sands for Athletic Turf1
Authors: Bingaman David E. , Kohnke Helmut 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompacted sands have the advantage over soils because they do not change their structure when exposed to the impact of frequent foot traffic. This is the reason that sand can be valuable as a growth medium for althletic turf.To evaluate sands for this purpose a number of indices have been developed for quantative assessment of their properties. These are mid‐particle diameter, gradation index, specific pore diameter, pore size index, and large pore index. These indices are based on determinations of mechanical composition, water desorption relationships, evaporation, and percolation rates. Knowledge of these parameters makes it possible to estimate the amounts of air and water in a sand at any elevation above a water table. Well graded fine to medium sand, lying on an impervious layer, serves best for this purpose. By adjusting the water level and the use of fertilizer, good growth of grass on such sands was obtained.
Effect of Time of Harvest and Nitrogen Level on Yield and Grain Breakage in Transplanted Rice1
Authors: Nangju D. , De Datta S. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn application of up to 120 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer in the dry season improved the milling quality of the chalky varieties ‘IR8,’ ‘IR5,’ and ‘Sigadis’ but not that of the nonchalky variety ‘C4‐63.’ An application of up to 60 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content of brown rice of the four varieties but increased the head rice yield of only Sigadis, the most chalky of the four varieties; the head rice yield of the other three varieties remained unchanged.Irrespective of variety and nitrogen level, the optimum time of harvest of transplanted rice for obtaining maximum grain and head rice yields and highest germination percentage was between 28 and 34 days after heading in the dry season, and between 32 and 38 days in the wet season. These heading periods correspond to moisture contents of between 22 and 19% and between 21 and 18%, respectively.Lodging increased grain yield losses in both seasons, with the losses being greater when harvested late; therefore, lodging‐susceptible varieties should be harvested earlier than lodging‐resistant varieties. Nitrogen fertilization in the dry season delayed by 2 to 4 days the optimum time of harvest of the improved varieties IR8, IR5 and C4‐63.
Ammonium Effects on Phosphorus Absorption through pH Changes and Phosphorus Precipitation at the Soil‐Root Interface1
Authors: Miller M. H. , Mamaril C. P. , Blair G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe addition of NH4+ ions to a fertilizer P band is known to increase the absorption of P. This study was conducted to further clarify the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon.Pellets of 33P labelled monocalcium phosphate (MCP), MCP + K2SO4 or MCP + (NH4)2SO4 were placed 1.25 cm to the side of a corn root tip growing in the soil at the surface of a box with a sloping removable front. Roots in the vicinity of the pellet, and the shoots, were harvested 15 days later.Fertilizer P concentration in the shoots was doubled by the addition of K2SO4 and tripled by (NH4)2SO4. Autoradiographs of the area surrounding the pellets indicated an accumulation of P on the surface of roots in the MCP treatment but not in the MCP + (NH4)2SO4. Autoradiographs of root cross‐sections confirmed this observation. Electron microprobe scans of root cross‐sections indicated a precipitation of Ca and P at the soilroot interface in the MCP and MCP + K2SO4 treatments. The pH of the soil‐root interface was 0.6 units lower in the MCP + (NH4)2SO4 than in the MCP treatment. The higher ratio of H2PO4‐/HPO4= ions at the lower pH is thought to be responsible for the prevention of the precipitation and the increased absorption of P in the presence of (NH4)2SO4.
Dry Matter Accumulation and Depletion in Leaves, Stems, and Ears of Maturing Maize
Authors: Center C. F. , Jones G. D. , Carter M. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral maize hybrids were grown in experiments at two locations. Dried stems, leaves, and ears were weighed separately, at each of several dates of harvest. There was no significant hybrid ✕ harvest date interaction for any plant part. In one experiment, plants were cut 1½ internodes below the ear and the lower and upper portions were weighed separately, and in addition, husks were separated from leaves. Total dry weight increased significantly from the milk (12.91 metric tons/ha) to the soft dough (18.16 metric tons/ha) stage of maturity, but there was only a small and non‐significant further increase to the mature stage (18.60 metric tons/ha). Ear weight increased significantly at each of the four successive harvest dates, increasing from 8.30 metric tons/ha at the soft dough to 10.56 metric tons/ha when mature. Leaf, husk, and stem weights each decreased significantly from the milk to the mature stage. Husks, upper leaves, and upper stalks showed the greatest decreases. The data indicate that most of the ear weight increases after the soft dough stage resulted from translocation of nutrients from other plant parts.
Influence of Drying Methods and Temperatures on in vitro Dry Matter Digestibility of Corn and Sorghum Fodder and Silage1
Authors: Schmid A. R. , Marten G. C. , Goodrich R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe laboratory drying procedures of lyophilizing, or oven‐drying at 50, 65, 80 or 100 C were applied to samples of fodder and silage of corn and sorghum. The residual moisture via vacuum desiccation over P2O5 and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were determined. The IVDMD of both fodder and silage was highest when dried via lyophilization. Lowest IVDMD was obtained from silage oven‐dried at 100 C. Drying at 65 to 80 C (rapid drying) was found satisfactory for determination of IVDMD of fodder or silage. However, large losses of IVDMD were experienced in slow drying of fodder compared to fast drying. For biochemical determinations of silage oven‐drying would not be satisfactory. High positive correlations were obtained between IVDMD of fodder and silage. Therefore, the IVDMD of corn and sorghum fodder should be a good measure of the relative differences which one might obtain in silage. The loss of IVDMD due to the ensiling process was 11.8%.