bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on some Rock-Specimens collected by Dr. C. Callaway in Anglesey
Authors: Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

The following specimens have been collected by Dr. Callaway during his more recent investigations into the geology of Anglesey, and placed in my hands, together with the slides prepared from them, for description. In this I have kept in view their bearing on the more important petrological and stratigraphical questions rather than the determination of minute points of only mineralogical interest.
110 (Tywyn ridge, p. 577).—A pinkish and greenish mottled crystalline rock, whose appearance suggests that it is metamorphic rather than igneous. In short, it is extremely like some of the less coarse granitoid members of the Hebridean series of N.W. Scotland. Examined with the microscope, it is seen to exhibit a marked fragmental structure: this, however, I have no doubt, is the result of crushing in. situ. The finer interstitial material between the fragments appears to consist of dark dust, impure epidote, viridite, and here and there a little of a greenish micaceous mineral. The rock itself exhibits the structure of one of the coarse granitoid gneisses (such, for example, as the coarse gneiss already described from the railway-cutting near Llanfaelog, consisting of orthoelase, microcline, and oligoclase or albite, with quartz in rather irregular granules. The last, as is usual in these rocks, contains numerous very minute cavities, generally empty, but now and then showing a tiny moving bubble, together with other enclosures, apparently filmy microliths. The felspar also contains many of the latter. There are a few groups of vermiculites of a chloritic mineral.
111 (“School,” west of
A Sketch of the High-Level Coal-Fields of South Africa
Authors: Penning W. Henry 
Published: October 2009

The main high-level coal-fields of South Africa have an extreme length from north to south of not less than 400 miles; the breadth at the widest part is over 200 miles, but the average breadth is about 140 miles ; therefore the coal-fields cover, wholly or in part, an area of about 56,000 square miles. The map (fig. 1) is intended to give only a general idea of the form and extent of the coal-bearing rocks of this country, where they occur at the higher elevation. Its boundary-lines may include some outliers as parts of the main mass; but two known outliers are shown near the northern limit of the field. This area consists of an elevated plateau, having a precipitous face to the south and east, and a gradual undulating slope to the north-west, carved into broad deep valleys and rounded hills.
The south and east margin is formed by the Stormberg and the Drakensberg mountains, which have a general altitude ranging between 6000 and 8000 feet, with occasional peaks rising to 9000 or 10,000 feet above the sea. They have a “drop” of about 2000 feet, forming a precipice inaccessible, except by a few passes, on the seaward side. There are numerous minor ranges and spurs, more or less transverse to the direction of the main lines. The highest part of the slope west of the mountain has an elevation of from 4500 to 5500 feet; it is called the “High Veldt,” in the Transvaal, and
On the Nature and Relations of the Jurassic Deposits which underlie London
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

The well and bore-hole (see fig. 1, p. 744) which have revealed the particulars of the strata described in this paper are sunk on the premises of the Richmond Vestry Waterworks, situated about 160 yards below Richmond Bridge, on the right bank of the Thames. The common centre of the well and bore-hole is about 33 yards distant from the high-water line of ordinary spring tides. The altitude of the surface of the bore-hole is about 17 ft. above Ordnance datum.
The well, which has an internal diameter of 7 ft. at top and 5 ft. at the bottom, was sunk in 1876 for the purpose of supplying water to the town of Richmond, and was carried down to the Chalk, which was met with at 253 ft. below the surface.
From the bottom of the well a 24-in. bore-hole was further sunk to the total depth of 434 ft., thus penetrating 181 ft. into the Chalk. This well and bore-hole were completed in the summer of 1877.
The Tertiaries passed through were represented by 160 ft. of London Clay, 60 ft. of the Woolwich and Reading beds, and some underlying sands.
Down to 434 ft. the writer of this notice was in no way connected with the carrying out of the work; Messrs. Russ and Minus being the engineers under whose direction the well and bore-hole to the depth before stated were executed. Samples of the Tertiaries passed through were kept, and can be inspected at the office of
Observations on certain Tertiary Formations at the south base of the Alps, in North Italy
Authors: Godwin-Austen H. H. 
Published: October 2009

Having last spring paid a visit to the south side of the Alps, my principal object being to see and examine the magnificent moraines of Ivrea, and the Val d’ Aosta, which supplied the materials of which they are composed, I was led into the examination of certain Tertiary formations which this great mass of moraine material generally conceals. These Tertiary beds, exposed at a few points near Ivrea, have long since been noticed by the Italian geologists who have studied and written about this part of the country.
My interest thus aroused, I afterwards proceeded to visit similar patches at Boca and Maggiora, east of the Sesia river; but it was not until I got to the Lago d’Orta, and was walking over the moraines at its southern end, that I came on the most interesting section containing the best-preserved fossils. These latter have been examined and named by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, and the appended list greatly increases the interest and value of this communication. I shall begin therefore by giving a detailed account of this section, referred to casually in my Address to the Geographical Section of the British Association at Southport in 1883, and I shall afterwards refer to other localities in their turn.

Section
at
Buccione
.

Those who know the Lago d’Orta will remember the old tower that stands so conspicuously on a steep point at the southern end of that lovely little lake, which, though very small when compared with its neighbour the Lago Maggiore,
On the recent Discovery of Pteraspidian Fish in the Upper Silurian Rocks of North America
Authors: Claypole E. W. 
Published: October 2009

The fossils which form the subject of this paper possess considerable interest to the palæontologist for three reasons:—

1.

They are the only forms of the
kind
yet announced from the Western Continent.

2.
They are the first authentic fish-fossils yet found in the Silurian rocks of America, all previously-reported discoveries of a similar nature having proved erroneous in consequence of zoological or stratigraphical errors.

3.
Some of them are the oldest fish and, consequently, the oldest vertebrates yet discovered in any part of the world, with the possible exception of Pander's “Conodonts,” which are, however, not yet generally received into the class of Fishes.

The oldest fish-remains already known from this continent are those of the Corniferous Limestone of Ohio and of the Lower Devonian, near the mouth of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in Canada. Palæontologically, the latter of these appears to be the earlier. The Corniferous Limestone of Ohio yields
Macropetalichthys, Dinichthys, Onychodus
, and allied forms, with a single specimen attributed to
Coccosteus
; but the Canadian beds contain
Coccosteus, Cephalaspis
, and
Ctenacanthus
, or a form assigned to that genus.

These, however, are all Devonian fossils, and need not detain us longer. No Silurian fish have yet been obtained in America.
Galicia has yielded at least one species from rocks considered to be Upper Silurian, the nature of which justifies the age assigned to it. This was the specimen upon which Dr. Kner, in 1847, based his memoir
On some new or imperfectly known Madreporaria from the Great Oolite of the Counties of Oxford, Gloucester, and Somerset
Authors: Tomes Robert F. 
Published: October 2009

The present paper is the result of continued search for Corals in the Great Oolite, and must be taken as supplementary to the one I have already published in the Journal of the Geological Society. As the information it contains is wholly supplementary, I do not deem it necessary that a systematic classification of the species should be very closely observed.
A section will be given of the Great Oolite at Milton, Oxfordshire, where a coralliferous bed is exposed, and one also of the quarry near Cirencester, from which the late Mr. Brown obtained most of the Oolitic Corals which were given by him to the Oxford Museum. These sections, accompanied by an enumeration of the corals obtained from them, and some sections in the neighbourhood of Bath, with the species they have yielded, constitute the principal part of the paper. To this will be added notes and descriptions of some of the species.

The genus
Bathycœnia
, and its allies, I have already shown to be characteristic of the Cornbrash ; but three specimens of
Bathycœnia Slatteri
have lately been found at Combe Down, Bath; and its presence there, taken in connection with the prevalence of the well-known Bradford-clay Encrinite in the corresponding coral-beds of Farley Down and Hampton Down, would scem to point to a higher geological level for the coralliferous deposits around Bath than I have hitherto attributed to any of the Oxfordshire coral-beds. At the same time it is desirable that I should mention the occurrence of
On the Geology of the Rio-Tinto Mines, with some General Remarks on the Pyritic Region of the Sierra Morena
Authors: Collins J. H. 
Published: October 2009

The pyrites deposits of the Andevallo, as the mineral zone of the south-western branch of the Sierra Morena is called, are certainly the most extensive ever yet discovered. In addition to the world-famous mines of Rio Tinto and Tharsis in Spain, and of San Domingos in Portugal, they include many others of very considerable extent and importance, yielding in the aggregate, at the present time, upwards of two and a half millions of tons of ore per annum.
The deposits in question are included within a band of country about 140 miles long and 30 miles wide, consisting for the most part of Palæozoic schists, now known to be principally, if not entirely, of Upper Devonian age, but which are often very highly metamorphosed locally into jasper, talc-schists, chiastolite-schists, &c., and are associated with quartz- and felspar-porphyries, diabase, quartz-syenite, and granite. The mineral strata to the northward abut against or rest upon the highly crystalline schists and gneissose rocks of the Sierra Alta, which have been assigned to the Huronian and even to the Laurentian period, while to the southward they are overlain by Tertiary limestones and sandstones.
The chief mineral riches of this region consist of masses of cupriferous pyrites, such as those so largely worked at the above-mentioned mines; but there are, in addition, numerous veins of manganeseore, as well as of lead, copper, and zinc ores, some of which have been worked occasionally to considerble advantage, while a very large number of them could be so worked
On the Tertiary and Older Peridotites of Scotland
Authors: Judd John W. 
Published: October 2009

Those rocks which contain an excessive proportion of the bases, especially magnesia and ferrous oxide, and are therefore composed largely of unisilicates, may be conveniently classed as
ultra-basic
rocks. Such rocks constitute a small but highly interesting group, which is characterized as follows:—They have a very low percentage of silica, ranging generally from 35 to 45, with a high specific gravity, varying from 3 to 4; while the ferro-magnesian silicates, olivine and enstatite, enter largely into their constitution. Felspar is often altogether absent from these rocks, and, when present, appears to be always represented by the basic species anorthite, or one approaching in composition to that type.

Many of these ultra-basic rocks may be very conveniently grouped, as Professor Rosenbusch proposes, under the name of “peridotites;” rocks, that is, in which the unisilicate, olivine, forms the prevailing constituent.
There are other ultra-basic rocks, however, which contain a considerable proportion of the bisilicates, and these form a link between true peridotites and the ordinary basic rocks. Among these may be noticed the picrites, in which olivine is united with a considerable proportion of augite, hornblende, or biotite, anorthite-augite rock (eucrite), anorthite-hornblende rock (corsite), and anorthite-olivine rock (troctolite or forellenstein).

The peridotites and their allies are of especial interest to geologists on four different grounds :
First
, their mode of occurrence has been thought to be suggestive of their having come from deeply seated portions of the earth's crust, and they have therefore been supposed to afford some indications concerning the constitution of
On the Structure of the Ambulacra of some Fossil Genera and Species of Regular Echinoidea
Authors: Duncan P. Martin 
Published: October 2009

The characters of the ambulacra of the Echinoidea have always been considered of primary importance in the classification of that great division of the Echinodermata.
The details of the structures of the ambulacra of the regular Echinoidea have been long known in the instance of the Cidaridæ, in some of the Salenidæ and Echinometridæ, and in many genera of Echinidæ.

The study of the structures led to the separation of the groups of genera with simple plates and one pair of pores to a plate from those having compound plates with three or more pairs of pores.
Cidaris
has been acknowledged as the type of the first group, and, thanks to the elaborate investigations of Lovén,
Strongylocentrotus
may be considered the type of the other series.

In a monograph on the fossil Echinoidea of Sind, by the author and Mr. W. Percy Sladen, F.G.S., there is a description of two species of
Cœlopleurus
from the Oligocene, and the illustrations which accompany the work fully explain that there is a type of ambulacral plate which departs from the received idea regarding the intimate structure of plates with triple pairs of pores. Subsequently some researches by the same authors proved that the Arbaciadæ and the recent Diadematidæ had their ambulacra constructed on a plan hitherto unobserved, and which separated the groups distinctly. Having obtained a knowledge of the characters of the recent forms, the study of the corresponding details of the fossil species became tolerably easy.

The results of this study are
The Lower Palæzoic Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Haverfordwest
Authors: Marr J. E. , Roberts T. 
Published: October 2009

§ 1. Introductory.
The country around Haverfordwest is of great interest to geologists, first, on account of the evidence furnished therein of the relations of the graptolite-bearing beds to the strata which are characterized by the presence of higher organisms, and secondly, from the nature of the foldings which the rocks of the district have undergone.
We propose, in this communication, to devote our attention to the former of these subjects.
Our work is based upon that which has been done by the Geological Survey, and published in Sheet 40, Horizontal Sections, Nos. 1 & 2, and Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. ii. part i.
Whilst fully acknowledging the great value of these publications, we think it desirable, now that our knowledge of the forms of life occurring in these rocks has been so much increased by the labours of many geologists in recent years, to attempt a more minute classification of the rocks of this district than that adopted by the Government Surveyors. In our opinion, this further description of the beds will throw considerable fight upon the character of the movements which the district has undergone.
Our thanks are due to Dr. Hicks for the very kind way in which he placed a series of specimens collected by himself at our disposal. We have also to thank Prof. Lapworth for his kindness in examining our collection of graptolites.
The area which we have chiefly examined is a well-defined tract (see Map, Pl. XV. fig. 1), about eighteen miles in
A Sketch of the Goldfields of Lydenburg and De Kaap, in the Transvaal, South Africa
Authors: Penning W. Henry 
Published: October 2009

$#x00A7;1. Estimated Extent of the Gold Country.

The goldfields of the Tati are about I00 miles beyond the Limpopo River, the northern boundary of the Transvaal, and those of Hartley Hill are 250 miles still further towards the interior. These fields have been described by the late Mr. Thomas Baines, F.R.G.S., in his work on ‘The Gold Regions of South-eastern Africa’, and prove the extension of auriferous veins through at least 7½ degrees of latitude,
i. e.
from the Kaap Valley to Hartley Hill (18° to 25° 30′ S.). From the gold-lodes west of Pretoria to the site of Herr Carl Mauch's discovery near the Olifant's River in 1868, a space intervenes covering three degrees of longitude (28° 30′ to 31° 30′ E.). Gold has been found at many points within, as it must also be found beyond, the area thus arbitrarily limited, which certainly covers not less than 100,000 square miles.

æ2. Lydenburg and De Kaap Goldfields.
The Lydenburg and De Kaap Goldfields, as at present known, are included within a line passing W. from the northern point of Swaziland, through the Tafelkop mountains, thence N. through Lydenburg and along the Orighstad River to its junction with the Blyde. Now turning S., the line follows the edge of the berg, or eastern face of the Drakensberg mountains, to near Spitzkop, and thence back to its starting-point on the border-mountains of Swaziland. (See Map, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. p. 658; and Map in the Journ. Soc. Arts, vol.
On some Erratics in the Boulder-clay of Cheshire, &c., and the Conditions of Climate they denote
Authors: Ricketts Charles 
Published: October 2009

The glacial phenomena in the valley of the Mersey indicate that, though during that period the country was entirely covered with ice and snow, these accumulations were no greater than were derived from the snowfall on the water-slopes of this and its tributary valleys. The glacier-striæ on the surface of the Triassic rocks coincide in direction with those of the respective valleys, or they have a direct reference to the contour of the ground. Taking “Happy Valley” (now Borough Road), Birkenhead, as a typical example, the bottoms of the valleys, where channels have been in pre-Glacial times, are filled to a limited height with irregularly stratified beds of sand and gravel, their presence in other valleys being revealed by excavations and borings for wells, &c. The sands have been derived from disintegration of the Trias; whilst the pebbles are similar to the erratics so abundant in the Boulder-clay, excepting that all traces of striæ &c. have been removed, it is presumed, by water which, holding sand in suspension, issued from beneath glaciers. On these gravels &c. is situated Boulder-clay containing a much larger proportion of sand and pebbles than the Boulder-clay proper. The flanks of the valleys frequently have rock-surfaces covered with unstratified sands and angular fragments of sandstone, without intermixture of erratic pebbles; they are considered to be moraine accumulations left by glaciers which extended into the sea. The whole is covered with Boulder-clay, a reddish-brown unstratified clay containing pebbles and boulders irregularly dispersed through it.
Besides the accumulations
The Thames-valley Surface-deposits of the Ealing District and their associated Palæolithic Floors
Authors: Brown John Allen 
Published: October 2009

This paper, which is but a brief epitome of my investigations, may be considered as a supplement to the valuable one by Col. Lane Fox “On the Palæolithic Implements in Association with
Elephas primigenius
in the Thames Valley at Acton”, so far as it relates to much higher bench-deposits than those described by him.

Mr. Whitaker has described the highest of the three terraces into which he has divided the valley-deposits, as occupying the levels between 50 and 100 ft. above O. D., and extending up the shoulders of the hills which, to the north of the river, divide the inner valley from its wider extension of, generally speaking, low-lying Eocene deposits, now bounded by the chalk hills of Herts and Bucks. I shall now show that the high bench-deposits reach far above the 100-foot level; this fact is, however, one which Mr. Whitaker is evidently prepared for.
The high-valley gravels proper in the neighbourhood of Ealing flank the sides and, in some cases, reach nearly to the top of the hills which form the inner-valley ridge. They extend from East Acton (where the mid terrace runs up as a deposit which differs altogether in structure from the higher one, and which appears to be a redeposit of the older bed) to beyond Hayes, forming a continuous tract to the north, which reaches much beyond the Great Western Railway.
The highest ground of the inner-valley ridge above mentioned is at the Mount and Hanger Hill; the former, which rises to 204 ft.
On the Upper Cretaceous Series and the Phosphatic Beds in the Neighbourhood of Mons (Belgium)
Authors: Cornet M. F. L. 
Published: October 2009

The increasing importance of the use of phosphate of lime in agriculture induces me to give to English geologists some account of the beds that have been worked in Belgium during the last few years.
The phosphatic beds of which I wish to speak are situated in the province of Hainaut, near to the town of Mons, on the lands of the Communes of Cuesmes, Ciply, Mesvin, Nouvelles, Spiennes, Saint Symphorien, and Havré. This part of Belgium is traversed by numerous railways and by a canal which enables boats of from 200 to 300 tons to penetrate to the centre of France, and to reach the ports of Ghent, Ostend, Antwerp, Dunkirk, &c.
The working of the phosphate of lime began in 1870, and its production, small at first, was not developed until 1877. The following figures will show its increase from that date :—
A large portion of this mass was sold in Great Britain and Ireland, about 35,000 tons having been sent there in 1883.
It is probable that the annual yield will soon exceed 100,000 tons; but the description which I am about to give will show that a much higher figure may be reached.
Our beds of phosphate of lime occur in the Upper Cretaceous series, the thickness and variety of the strata which constitute it attaining greater importance in the neighbourhood of Mons than in any other part of Western Europe.
The Cretaceous series of the province of Hainaut belongs to the great Anglo-French geological