bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monsoon Regimes and Processes in CCSM4. Part II: African and American Monsoon Systems
Authors: Cook Kerry H. , Meehl Gerald A. , Arblaster Julie M. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This is the second part of a two part series studying simulation characteristics of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) for various monsoon regimes around the global tropics. Here, the West African, East African, North American, and South American monsoons are documented in CCSM4. Comparisons are made to an Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) simulation of the atmospheric component in CCSM4 (CAM4), to deduce differences in the monsoon simulations run with observed SSTs and with ocean–atmosphere coupling. These simulations are also compared to a previous version of the coupled model (CCSM3) to evaluate progress. In most, but not all instances, monsoon rainfall is too heavy in the uncoupled AMIP run with the Community Atmosphere Model, version 4 (CAM4), and monsoon rainfall amounts are generally better simulated with ocean coupling in CCSM4. Some aspects of the monsoon simulations are improved in CCSM4 compared to CCSM3. Early-season rainfall in the West African monsoon is better simulated in CAM4 than in CCSM4 presumably because of the specification of SSTs in the Gulf of Guinea, but the Sahel rainfall season is captured better in CCSM4 as are the African easterly jet and the tropical easterly jet. Improvements in the simulation of the Sahel rainy season (July, August, and September) in CCSM4 compared with CCSM3 are significant, but problems remain in the simulation of the early season (May and June) in association with the misrepresentation of eastern Atlantic (Gulf of Guinea) SSTs. Precipitation distributions and the southwesterly low-level inflow in the North American monsoon are improved in CCSM4 compared to CCSM3. Both CAM4 and CCSM4 reproduce the seasonal evolution of rainfall over the South American monsoon region, but the location of maximum rainfall is misplaced to the northeast in both models.
Coupling the Town Energy Balance (TEB) Scheme to an Operational Limited-Area NWP Model: Evaluation for a Highly Urbanized Area in Belgium
Authors: Hamdi R. , Degrauwe Daan , Termonia P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The Town Energy Balance (TEB) single-layer scheme is implemented in a numerical weather prediction model running operationally at ~4-km resolution. The primary question addressed is the ability of TEB to function at this relatively coarse resolution and, thus, assessing its potential use in an operational configuration to improve sensible weather performance over Belgium. For this effort, simulations with and without TEB are first evaluated against 2-m observations and wind above the urban canopy for two months (January and July 2010). The results show that promising improvements are achieved by introducing TEB. The 2-m temperature and 2-m relative humidity improve compared to measurements in urban areas. The comparison of wind speed and wind direction above the urban canopy indicates that the structure of the flow in urban areas is better reproduced with TEB. It was found that the implementation of TEB results in an increase in winter precipitation over urban areas and downwind from urban areas, but during the summer TEB tended to cause rainfall to be locally concentrated and the total accumulated precipitation decreased obviously. Results from a 36-h case study during a high heat day with inland sea-breeze penetration (8 July 2010) indicate that the model satisfactorily captured the penetration of the sea breeze. In particular during the day, the TEB run shows a delay in the sea-breeze evolution compared to the operational run. During the night the results indicate that even at this coarse resolution, TEB is able to correctly reproduce the intensity of the observed urban heat island (UHI) of Brussels.
An unusual occurrence of palygorskite from Montestrutto, Sesia-Lanzo zone, internal Western Alps (Italy)
Authors: Giustetto R. , Compagnoni R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn unusual occurrence of palygorskite was found near Montestrutto, lower Val d'Aosta (Italy), within an eclogite-facies leucogneiss of the Sesia-Lanzo zone. Under the optical microscope the mineral appears as a felt of fibres hundreds of μm long and a few μm thick. SEM observation proved each filament to be a bundle of smaller but remarkably long fibres (length mostly 15–20 μm and thickness <1 μm). EDS and TGA showed a water content [zeolitic H2O ( ≅ 6%) + structural OH2(≅8%) + framework OH (≅2%) ≅l6 wt.%] lower than average (≅20 wt.%). Structure refinement by the Rietveld method confirmed the clay dioctahedral character and coexistence of two polymorphs, monoclinic [77.4(4)%] and orthorhombic [22.6(6)%], the latter showing anomalous variations of some cell parameters [cshortens to 5.138(3) andalengthens to 12.903(7) Å]. The high crystallinity of this palygorskite suggests that it formed under low-T hydrothermal conditions due to interaction between Mg-rich hydrous fluids, derived from mantle ultramafics, and Al-rich continental rocks. Predominance of unusually long fibres (>5 μm) causes the Montestrutto palygorskite to be potentially carcinogenic.
Termination of swelling capacity of smectites by Cutrien exchange
Authors: Kaufhold S. , Dohrmann R. , Ufer K. , Kleeberg R. , Stanjek H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Cu-triethylenetetramine-complex (Cutrien) is one of the commonly used index cations for CEC determination in clay science. Cutrien-exchanged smectites show basal spacings between 13.0 and 13.5 Å after correction for the Lorentz and polarization factors. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the d001 reflection is today related to the percentage of tetrahedral charge (beidellitic character) and/or to the Fe content of the smectites. The structural Fe content and the tetrahedral charge correlate, so their individual influence on d001 cannot be resolved. Nevertheless, the FWHM of Cutrien smectites should depend on the charge distribution rather than the Fe content.X-ray diffraction (XRD) and water uptake capacity measurements showed that the interlayer of Cutrien-exchanged smectites does not swell any more, but can take up a few water molecules. Accordingly, the water uptake capacity of the external surface area can be determined independently from the interlayer water uptake capacity. Adjusting the pH of Cutrien-bentonite dispersion to different values allows for the determination of the variable charge.In conclusion, Cutrien exchange of smectites appears to be suitable for the study of external surfaces area related phenomena (e.g. edge adsorption processes) without any influence of the interlayer region.
Compaction and swelling characteristics of sand-bentonite and pumice-bentonite mixtures
Authors: Gökalp Z. , Başaran M. , Uzun O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBentonite mixed with varying quantities of sand is currently of widespread interest as engineering liners for water containment and waste disposal. However, the alternative use of pumice, widespread in many volcanic regions, has been less studied and requires further characterization of geotechnical properties and performance prior to its extensive use. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the compaction and swelling characteristics of sandbentonite and pumice-bentonite mixtures using available geo-materials from Turkey. Standard Proctor compaction tests and constant volume swell tests were carried out using mixtures with four different bentonite contents (15, 20, 25, 30%) and three different sand and pumice grain size ranges (2.00–1.00; 1.00–0.50; 0.50–0.25 mm). The results indicate that pumice-bentonite mixtures have lower maximum dry unit weights, higher optimum moisture contents and greater swelling potentials than equivalent sand-bentonite mixtures. Important differences occur in the swelling potentials of the sand and pumice mixtures with respect to grain size whereby sand-bentonite mixtures show increased swelling with coarsening grain size, in contrast to the pumice–bentonite mixtures which showed a decrease. These differences are attributed to the amount of grain-size-dependent connected pore space that can be filled during bentonite expansion and the presence of dissolvable salts in the pumice. It is concluded that locally available pumice material could be used to replace sand in engineering bentonite seals, despite some differences in their geotechnical properties.
The adsorption of methylene blue on montmorillonite from acid solutions
Authors: Klika Z. , Pustková P. , Dudová M. , Čapková P. , Kliková Ch. , Grygar T. M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe adsorption of methylene blue (MB) on montmorillonite from acid solutions has not yet been studied in detail. In this paper the adsorption of this dye on Ca/SAz montmorillonite from 0.32, 0.80 and 1.60 M HCl solutions at ambient temperature and after 2 hours leaching was carefully studied and evaluated. Under the above conditions the MB/SAz intercalates formed are practically insoluble. In contrast to the adsorption of methylene blue on montmorillonite from aqueous solutions, the adsorption from acid solutions consists of two adsorption waves. The intercalated samples from the first and second waves were studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), FTIR, Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with a microprobe system. The adsorption of MB in the first wave is attributed to ion exchange of the dye cationic species (MB+, MB22+, H-aggregates, MBH2+ and H+) for the original interlayer cations of montmorillonite. The percentages of MBH2+ and H+ based on total adsorbed MB were estimated for varying HCl concentrations. The second adsorption wave is linked to the precipitation of MB species on the outer MB/SAz surface.
A late-stage hydrothermal phosphate-bearing montmorillonite argillitization from the tourmaline-bearing pegmatite of Alto dos Quintos Mine, northeast Brazil
Authors: Dill H. G. , Kaufhold S. , Dohrmann R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Alto dos Quintos Mine, Rio Grande do Norte, northeast region of Brazil, is one of the few mines where a LCT (Li-Cs-Ta-enriched) pegmatite is exploited for the deep blue gemstone called “Paraiba Tourmaline (PT)”. Blue cuprian elbaite, a fault-bound pink montmorillonite bearing some relict apatite and newly-formed Ca-Al-phosphate of the Al-P-sulphate group (APS minerals) also occur in the underground mine. The montmorillonite was studied using extended clay mineralogical tools (XRD, IR spectroscopy, XRF, SEM-EDX, cation exchange capacity (CEC), DTA). The structural formula method for calculation of the smectite formula based on EDX data yielded an extremely Fe-poor montmorillonite: (Ca0.22+)(Al1.7Fe0.0Mg0.4)(Si3.8Al0.2). The charge on the tetrahedral sheets accounts for approximately 30% of the total permanent negative charge. However, based on the more precise Hofmann & Klemen test, tetrahedral charge values of 11% to 13% were calculated. This is indicative of the dominance of montmorillonite rather than beidellite among the smectite minerals, which is independently proved by a pronounced IR band at 630 cm-1. The formation of pink montmorillonite is not directly related to the emplacement of the Li-bearing PT pegmatite. The sheet silicate developed after a considerable hiatus (Mesozoic?), when the Neoproterozoic pegmatites had already undergone different stages of hypogene (cookeite) and supergene (illite, kaolinite) alteration, during which Li was flushed out to a degree that formation conditions of expandable Li-bearing phyllosilicates were no longer favoured. The nature of the pinkish tint is not yet clarified. The montmorillonite formed in a temperature regime close to 250°C, when apatite was transformed into Ca-bearing APS minerals under acidic conditions. Cainozoic volcanic activity and the reactivation of deep-seated fault zones are considered to be responsible for the formation of this pink P-bearing montmorillonitic clay.
Fluorescence and phase transitions of Mg-Al-Eu ternary layered double hydroxides – dependence on annealing
Authors: Chen Yufeng , Zhou Songhua , Li Fei , Wei Junchao , Dai Yanfeng , Chen Yiwang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFluorescence and phase transitions of a new Mg-Al-Eu ternary layered double hydroxide (LDH) and their dependence on thermal treatment were studied for the first time. Phase transitions occurred as the temperature increased from 400 to 1100°C. The process of phase transition is discussed in detail. The emissions of Eu3+ions described by the5D0–7FJtransition (J = 1,2,3,4), and especially for the5D0–7FJtransition (J = 1,2) varied markedly with phase transformations from LDH, MgO, to mixtures of MgO and MgAl2O4. Moreover,strong emissions of Eu3+ions are present in these new host materials. These results indicate that Mg-Al-Eu ternary LDH may be a potential candidate for materials applied in fluorescent devices.
Validation of the flow-through chamber (FTC) and steady-state (SS) methods for clearance rate measurements in bivalves
Authors: Larsen Poul S. , Riisgård Hans Ulrik 
Published: September 2011

Summary
To obtain precise and reliable laboratory clearance rate (filtration rate) measurements with the ‘flow-through chamber method’ (FTC) the design must ensure that only inflow water reaches the bivalve's inhalant aperture and that exit flow is fully mixed. As earlier recommended these prerequisites can be checked by a plot of clearance rate (CR) versus increasing through-flow (Fl) to reach a plateau, which is the true CR, but we also recommend to plot percent particles cleared versus reciprocal through-flow where the plateau becomes the straight line CR/Fl, and we emphasize that the percent of particles cleared is in itself neither a criterion for valid CR measurement, nor an indicator of appropriate ‘chamber geometry’ as hitherto adapted in many studies. For the ‘steady-state method’ (SS), the design must ensure that inflow water becomes fully mixed with the bivalve's excurrent flow to establish a uniform chamber concentration prevailing at its incurrent flow and at the chamber outlet. These prerequisites can be checked by a plot of CR versus increasing Fl, which should give the true CR at all through-flows. Theoretically, the experimental uncertainty of CR for a given accuracy of concentration measurements depends on the percent reduction in particle concentration (100×P) from inlet to outlet of the ideal ‘chamber geomety’. For FTC, it decreases with increasing values of P while for SS it first decreases but then increases again, suggesting the use of an intermediate value of P. In practice, the optimal value of P may depend on the given ‘chamber geometry’. The fundamental differences between the FTC and the SS methods and practical guidelines for their use are pointed out, and new data on CR for the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, illustrate a design and use of the SS method which may be employed in e.g. long-term growth experiments at constant algal concentrations.
Hormone replacement therapy: 1815.84 woman-years of follow-up main clinical events
Authors: Cortés-Prieto Joaquín , Vicente-Hernanz Maria Lina , Cortés-García Ana , Ahern Hugh 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background: One hundred and eighty-five women with a mean age of 50.71 (SD=5.58) years upon initiation of treatment were studied before, and during, treatment.

Materials and methods: Included in the profile of patients under study were family and personal histories, gynecological and breast examinations. Population age: a) <60 years old, 171 women (92.43%), and b) aged 60 years or older, 14 women (7.57%). Dosage comprised both 0.625 mg/daily orally of conjugated equine estrogens and 2.5 or 5 mg/daily of medroxy progesterone acetate. No further specific treatment was prescribed. Mean duration of treatment was 9.82 (SD=5.42) years for all women; 9.70 (SD=5.44) in the younger group. Follow-up comprised 1815.84 woman-years, for 5 years or over (76.75%) on 142 women. Fifty-two women (28.11%) dropped out.

Results: No deaths occurred during treatment. Four cardiovascular events (2.16%) were reported. No spontaneous bone fracture was documented. Nonetheless, there were 12 bone fractures of traumatic origin (6.48%), none of them hip fractures. Five breast cancers were observed. Likewise, one diagnosis of breast cancer for every 37 treated women from our series was evidenced. There were 117 women (63.24%) without any events.

Conclusion: A higher risk of breast cancer or of serious cardiovascular events cannot be inferred from statistical analysis of 5 years or more of treatment.
On the approximations of derivatives of integrated semigroups. II
Authors: Li Miao , Morozov Vladimir , Piskarev Sergey 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the regularization in the process of approximation of values of unbounded operators in Banach spaces. More precisely, we consider the approximations of unbounded generators ofC0-semigroups and integrated semigroups. We consider M. M. Lavrentiev's method. Some iterative procedures are also investigated. It is shown that in general Banach spaces the approximation of the values of unbounded operators converges in strong sense. The presentation is given in the abstract framework of the discrete approximation scheme, which includes finite element methods, finite difference schemes and projection methods.
Frömmigkeit und Herrschaft, Wonne und Weg. Landschaften in der Literatur des Mittelalters
Authors: Brall-Tuchel Helmut 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This contribution examines the relationship between human beings and landscape in selected medieval texts. Literary concepts of landscape appear innately bound up with human experiences that lend expression to religious, political and aesthetic convictions. The religious appropriations of landscape revolve around cosmological ideas for or against life in this world in political contexts, landscape functions as a medium of power for the legitimisation of rule, or as an apocalyptic backdrop. Courtly poetry exploits certain details of landscape to symbolise the status of individuals in society or the condition of society itself. In accounts of pilgrimage, the sense of landscape is reduced to a consideration of the accessibility of holy sites and the measurable distance of the journey.
Annäherung an die Natur. Bilder der Landschaft bei Boccaccio
Authors: Neumeister Sebastian 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In the works of Giovanni Boccaccio (1313–1375) we find various descriptions of Italian landscapes and gardens. They include arcadian and allegorical sceneries, well arranged gardens, beautiful landscape sceneries and even panoramas of wild nature. Unlike Petrarch Boccaccio shows himself capable of focussing on nature without any signifying intention or interpretation, thus placing himself, inspite of his medieval heritage, at the threshold of modernity.
Differential Effects of Amelogenin on Mineralization of Cementoblasts and Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Tanimoto Kotaro , Kunimatsu Ryo , Tanne Yuki , Huang Yu‐Ching , Michida Masahiko , Yoshimi Yuki , Miyauchi Mutsumi , Takata Takashi , Tanne Kazuo 
Published: September 2011

Background: Amelogenin is a major component of developing extracellular enamel matrix proteins and plays a crucial role during the formation of tooth enamel. In addition, amelogenins are suggested to exert biologic functions as signaling molecules through cell‐surface receptors. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of recombinant human full‐length amelogenin (rh174) on the mineralization of human cementoblasts (HCEMs) and human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLs).Methods: HCEMs, namely, a cell line immortalized by transfection of human telomerase reverse transcription gene, and HPDLs isolated from human first premolars were cultured and treated with 0 to 1,000 ng/mL rh174. The messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OCN), and bone sialoprotein (BSP) were examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The protein levels of OCN and BSP were examined by Western blot analysis. ALP activity and calcium deposition of cell cultures were also determined. Mineralization of cells was evaluated by red dye staining.Results: The treatment of HCEMs with rh174 upregulated the ALP, OCN, and BSP mRNA levels. In addition, the protein levels of OCN and BSP, ALP activity, and calcium deposition were enhanced, resulting in enhanced mineralization. Conversely, there were no significant effects of rh174 on the mineralization of HPDLs.Conclusion: The present study shows that rh174 enhances mineralization accompanied by upregulation of mineralization markers in HCEMs, whereas it has no effect on that in HPDLs, suggesting different effects of amelogenin on PDL and cementum.
Effect of Mechanical Debridement on Distal Periodontal Aspects of Second Molars After the Extraction of Third Molars: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ramírez Valeria , Marró Patricio , López Rodrigo 
Published: September 2011

Background: The risk of periodontal defects after the extraction of third molars continues to challenge clinicians.Methods: Intervention trials, including subgingival scaling and/or root planing, were systematically reviewed. Data sources included the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register and MEDLINE. The primary outcome was postoperative change in pocket probing depth (PD).Results: The electronic search yielded 751 abstracts, and manual searching added one study. From them, four trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. The overall sample size of the studies was small, ranging from 15 to 30 participants. Only one trial was considered to present with low risk for bias in the sequence generation, the concealment of allocation to treatment, and the strategy for masking. The lack of information provided by the authors of the remaining studies resulted in unclear or high risk of bias for the chief dimensions of trial quality. The heterogeneity of the studies did not allow the use of meta‐analysis to summarize the results of several studies. Preliminary evidence originating from a small study suggests that ultrasonic root debridement of the second molar and a three‐visit plaque control program may have a beneficial effect on PD levels on the second molar.Conclusion: The available intervention trials on this topic have important limitations, and, consequently, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of mechanical debridement of second molars after the extraction of third molars.
Influence of the Curing Mode on Fluoride Ion Release of Self-adhesive Resin Luting Cements in Water or During pH-Cycling Regimen
Authors: Aguiar TR , Pinto CF , Cavalli V , Nobre-dos-Santos M , Ambrosano GMB , Mathias P , Giannini M 
Published: September 2011

Clinical RelevanceWithin the limited experimental conditions, the self-adhesive cements provided fluoride ion release capacity. The fluoride release for all resin cements was not uniform during pH cycling, decreasing throughout the duration of the study.