bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial and Viral Pathogens Associated with Land Application of Organic Wastes
Authors: Elliott L. F. , Ellis J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBacterial and viral pathogens may be present in animal, and especially municipal, wastes. This requires that caution be exercised when using these materials for crop production. These wastes should not be applied to root crops during the current growing season, or to above‐ground crops 1 month before harvest. Animals should not be allowed to graze areas for 2 to 3 weeks after waste application. Waste should be applied on the basis of crop fertility requirements based on optimum nutrient utilization, thereby minimizing pathogen‐loading rates. Disease outbreaks have occurred when crops grown on soils receiving raw sewage were eaten raw, or when an area was grazed shortly after waste application. No incidence of disease has been reported from land application of treated wastes. Thus, treatment of municipal waste before application is important. A zero‐tolerance for pathogens in wastes land‐applied for crop growth would seem unnecessary when proper management is used.
Effects of Soil, Cover Crop, and Nutrient Source on Movement of Soil, Water, and Nitrogen under Simulated Rain‐Slope Conditions
Authors: Hoyt G. D. , McLean E. O. , Reddy G. Y. , Logan T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen, P, and K as manure, chemical fertilizers + straw, or chemical fertilizers alone were added to microplots of soils, which were then either cropped to wheat (Triticum aestivum) or left bare, and finally subjected to simulated rainfall. The N, P, and K were each applied at 224 kg/ha in the forms of: (i) N‐ and P‐enriched cow manure (7.35 metric tons/ha, dry weight); (ii) urea, triplesuperphosphate (TSP), and KCI + straw at the same weight of dry matter as the manure; and (iii) fertilizers alone. A 5‐day rainfall sequence was imposed with varying intensities, durations, and soil slopes. The movement of N generally increased as the quantities of solids, runoff, and leachate increased. Where discrepancies occurred, they could usually be explained by differences in structure, crusting of the soils, or clogging of their pores by manure, or by effects of straw on soil permeability to water or on increased microbial activity. In general, almost all the mineral N moving in the leachate, and about half of that moving in runoff, was in NO3− form
Quality of Water Discharged from Three Small Agronomic Watersheds in the Maumee River Basin
Authors: Jones Lyle A. , Smeck Neil E. , Wilding L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was aimed at evaluating the quality of water and characteristics of sediments leaving three nearly level watersheds in the Lake Plain sector of the Maumee River Basin during a 32‐month period as a function of soils comprising the watersheds. Each watershed consisted of a soil of major extent (Paulding, Hoytville, or Millgrove) developed from the three most extensive geologic deposits present in the basin: lacustrine, glacial till, and beach sand, respectively. The results indicated that water quality is a function of soil characteristics, discharge, and year. The finetextured Paulding watershed yielded lower concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions than the other two watersheds, but higher concentrations of sodium, potassium, and phosphorus. High concentrations of the latter three elements were attributed to the presence of septic tank effluent in the drainage ditch sampled. The Paulding watershed also yielded the highest concentration of sediment, which implies that nearly level watersheds of the basin, particularly fine‐textured watersheds, may represent significant contributors of sediment entering the Maumee River. Flocculation of clay minerals in the sediments during fluvial transport resulted in increasing particle size and changing mineralogy on moving downstream from headwater areas.
Aerial Deposition of Plutonium in Mixed Forest Stands from Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Pinder J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of 238Pu and 239,240Pu were determined in bark, organic matter, and soil samples collected in the summer of 1975 from pine (Pinus taeda) and hardwood (Quercus falcata; Carya tormentosa) stands near a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at the U. S. Energy Res. and Dev. Admin.'s Savannah River Plant near Aiken, S. C. The results indicated that tree crowns intercepted fallout Pu (Pu‐bearing particles) and produced higher Pu concentrations in the organic matter and soil under tree crowns. Higher 239,240Pu concentrations were found under pines than under hardwoods. Plutonium concentrations in the O1 (litter, Aoo) and O2 (organic matter, Ao) layers were higher than those in mineral soil, but most of the Pu was contained in the mineral soil. Higher contents of 239,240Pu were observed near the tree stems than in locations outside of the tree crowns. In pines these values were 163 and 80 nCi 239,240Pu/m2, and in hardwoods, 122 and 80 nCi 239,240Pu/m2, for the respective locations, from the litter to the 15‐cm depth.The proportion of 238Pu contained in foliage, litter, and organic matter was greater than for 239,240Pu. However, the latter radionuclides had a greater proportion contained in the mineral soil. This observation is consistent with the more recent releases containing a higher percentage of 238Pu from reprocessing operation. Plutonium concentrations in the 5–15 cm depth indicated limited Pu mobility in soil, but 239,240Pu concentrations at this depth were higher near tree stems, suggesting greater mobility perhaps as a result of stem flow.
Effects of Treated Municipal Waste Water on Growth, Fiber, Protein, and Amino Acid Content of Sorghum Grain
Authors: Day A. D. , Tucker T. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted at Tucson, Arizona, to study effects of treated municipal waste water on growth, fiber, protein, and amino acid content of grain from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.). Sorghum grain was grown in two soil types: (i) Comoro sandy loam, and (ii) Grade silt loam. Three irrigation and fertilizer treatments were used: (i) well water plus suggested amounts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) (112, 35, and 1 kg/ha of N, P, and K, respectively); (ii) well water plus N, P, and K from commercial sources in amounts equal to those found in waste water (224, 73, and 140 kg/ha of N, P, and K, respectively); and (iii) waste water from an activated sludge sewage plant (224, 73, and 140 kg/ha of N, P, and K, respectively).When sorghum was grown for grain in Comoro sandy loam, average number of days from planting to maturity, leaf length, and grain yield were higher in plots that received waste water than in plots that received well water and suggested amounts of N, P, and K. Sorghum grown with waste water produced higher grain yields than when grown with synthetic waste water. The plant growth response of sorghum to waste water, when grown in Grabe silt loam, was similar to that observed when the crop was produced in Comoro sandy loam. Sorghum grain grown with all irrigation and fertilizer treatments contained similar amounts of total protein. In sandy loam soil, grain from sorghum grown with simulated waste water and waste water alone contained less cystine, glycine, and histidine than did grain produced with suggested culture. Grain grown with all treatments, in both soil types, contained similar amounts of leucine, methionine, threonine, and tyrosine. Municipal waste water may be an effective source of irrigation water and plant nutrients in the production of high yields of high quality sorghum grain for livestock feed in the irrigated areas of the southwestern U. S.
Disruption of Nutrient Pools and Transport of Heavy Metals in a Forested Watershed Near a Lead Smelter
Authors: Jackson D. R. , Watson A. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 1‐year study was initiated in March 1974 to measure the distribution and investigate the effects of the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu on a forested ecosystem (Crooked Creek Watershed) located near a Pb smelter in southeastern Missouri. Atmospheric discharges of heavy metal particulates have impacted the watershed since 1968. Recent annual deposition rates of particulate Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu measured within 0.4 km from the smelter were 103, 0.72, 6.4, and 2.1 g/m2, respectively.Sampling stations were established at 0.4‐, 0.8‐, 1.2‐, and 2.0‐ km intervals along a centrally located transect on the watershed. The transect was located on the leeward side of the smelter stack and in line with the prevailing wind direction. Extremely high metal concentrations in soil and vegetation along the transect reflected the long‐term impact of emissions on the watershed.Two stages of ecosystem disruption on Crooked Creek Watershed were found: (i) an initial stage (1.2–2.0 km from the stack) characterized by an accumulation of O2 litter with no measurable effects on soil‐litter biota, and (ii) an advanced stage (0.4–0.8 km from the stack) characterized by depletion of soil and litter nutrient pools with evidence of depressed decomposer communities and nutrient translocation.This study indicates that disruption of nutrient cycling mechanisms may serve as an early indicator of ecosystem stress in response to chemical contamination.
DDT: Persistence in Northern Spodosols
Authors: Owen Ray B. , Dimond John B. , Getchell A. Stanley 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDDT (dichloro‐dipenyl‐trichloroethene) was used between 1954 and 1967 for the control of spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) in northern Maine. Soils originally tested in 1967 were resampled in 1973 and 1976 to help clarify the degree of persistence of DDT in northern spodosols. Soils from areas sprayed three times at 1.12 kg/ha continue to contain up to 4.5 ppm DDT residues 12 years after application. Pesticide levels in the soils sampled in 1973 and 1976 were not significantly different from levels measured in 1967. Also, analyses of soil profile samples through the A and B horizons indicated that >96% of the residues were still located in the O1 and O2 horizons.
Growth of Loblolly Pine Seedlings in Strip‐Mined Kaolin Spoil as Influenced by Sewage Sludge
Authors: Berry Charles R. , Marx Donald H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLoblolly pine seedlings (Pinus taeda L.) were transplanted and grown outdoors for 6 months in microplots containing strip‐mined kaolin spoil amended with different quantities of dry sewage sludge. Seedlings on kaolin spoil amended with sludge equivalent to 34 metric tons/ha had greater height, stem diameter, and fresh weight (49, 79, and 126% increases, respectively) than seedlings on nonamended spoil. The percent of short‐roots with ectomycorrhizae was higher on seedlings grown in spoil with 34 and 69 metric tons/ha sludge than in spoil with 0, 138, or 275 metric tons/ha sludge. At the end of the experiment, chemical analysis revealed significantly greater quantities of residual organic matter and essential elements for plant growth in kaolin spoil amended with sludge than in nonamended spoil. Sewage sludge is apparently an excellent organic amendment for kaolin spoil; even small amounts significantly stimulate growth and mycorrhizal development of loblolly pine seedlings.
Movement of Methazole and Its Degradation Products in Soils
Authors: Swoboda Allen R. , Merkle Morris G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement of 2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl,1,2,4‐oxadiazolidine‐3,5‐dione (methazole) tagged with 14C was studied in Lakeland sand, Nacogdoches sandy loam, Norwood clay loam, and Miller clay soils. The herbicide, at a rate equivalent to 3.4 kg/ha, was incubated for 30 days with each soil. The treated soil, equivalent to 2.5 cm in a 15‐cm diameter column, was placed on the surface of untreated soil contained in columns. The columns were subsequently leached daily with 1.25 cm of distilled water for 42 days. Very little 14C‐activity was detected in the leachate. The percentage of 14C‐tagged material added which leached through the soils was 2.75, 0.84, 2.87, and 1.01 for the Lakeland, Nacogdoches, Norwood, and Miller soils, respectively. Upon sectioning the columns, the majority of 14C‐active material was found in the 0‐ to 2.5‐ and 2.5‐ to 7.5‐cm sections, although a considerable amount of material was found in the 7.5‐ to 15‐cm sections of the Lakeland and Norwood soil columns. Very little herbicide was found below 15 cm in any of the soil columns.Essentially all of the 14C‐active material present in the soils could be extracted by either shaking for 2 hours with methanol or refluxing with methanol for 16 hours in a soxhlet extractor. Wet combustion of soil samples indicated that very little 14C‐activity remained in the samples extracted by the soxhlet method.Methazole was readily converted to 1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐3‐methylurea (DCPMU) and 1‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU) in the soils studied, with DCPMU being present in the largest quantities. Very little unaltered methazole or unidentified degradation products were detected in the soils.
Manure Management in an Irrigated Basin Relative to Salt Leachate to Ground Water
Authors: Pratt P. F. , Davis S. , Laag A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe leaching of cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) from the soil root zone as a function of rate of manure and irrigation treatments, which controlled the leaching fraction and the volume of leachate, was measured during a 4‐year field experiment. Large amounts of Ca, Mg, and K were accumulated in the soil, but there was a net loss of Na. Practically no K moved beyond the 1.5‐m depth, which was considered the bottom of the root zone. The percent leaching of the cations added in water and in manures decreased as the rate of manure increased.Extrapolation of the field data to a basin having 18,200 ha of irrigated land, and a production of 364,000 metric tons of dairy manure per year, showed that the total mass of salt leached to ground water in the basin would be reduced by concentrating the manure at relatively high rates on a fraction of the irrigated land, and by export of manure from the basin. However, these reductions were small compared to the effects of irrigation water management to obtain small leachate volumes. The concentration of manure on soils having low water transmissivities, and consequently giving low leachate volumes with most irrigation systems, might be a viable management approach.
Transport of Heavy Metals in a Sludge‐Treated Forested Area
Authors: Sidle R. C. , Kardos L. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlots in a mixed hardwood forest received two separate applications of anaerobically digested sewage sludge (0.102–3.094% solids) in fall 1974 and spring 1975. Total solids loading in the low and high treatments were 12.71 and 26.96 metric tons/ha, respectively. Copper, Zn, and Cd loadings in the high treatment were 24.50, 28.49, and 0.253 kg/ha, respectively. Calculated amounts of percolate Cu, Zn, and Cd moving out of the 120‐cm depth in the high treatment were 0.3, 3.2, and 6.6% of the total applied levels, respectively, indicating the order of relative mobility in soil as Cd > Zn > Cu. Relative levels of 0.1/V HCl extractable vs. total soil Cu, Zn, and Cd sampled before and after sludge applications indicated that Cu applied in the sewage sludge was more extractable than the native soil Cu, Zn was only slightly more extractable, and Cd was less extractable. Of the other heavy metals (Cr, Pb, Co, and Ni) analyzed in 0.1/V HCl soil extracts, only Cr and Ni increased in the 0‐ to 7.5‐cm depth following sludge applications.
Land Application of Sewage Sludge: V. Carbon Dioxide Production as Influenced by Sewage Sludge and Wood Waste Mixtures
Authors: Agbim N. N. , Sabey B. R. , Markstrom Donald C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarbon dioxide production during a 367‐day period was used in assessing the rate of carbon oxidation when wood (W), bark (B), and wood‐bark (WB) mixture from Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmannii Parry) were each mixed in different proportions with anaerobically digested sewage sludge and each mixture applied to a Nunn clay loam at rates of 22.4 to 224 metric tons/ha.Generally, as the application rate of organic material increased the CO2 production increased, but nonadditively for most time intervals. At the 22.4‐metric tons/ha rate, there were no consistent differences in CO2 production with variations in the proportion of wood materials to sludge. At the higher application rates, as the percentage of wood materials increased and sludge decreased, the CO2 accumulation increased up to 75% wood material — 25% sludge, then dropped with 100% wood material. The 22.4‐metric tons/ha application of 100% sludge also resulted in lower CO2 production rates than the mixtures of wood materials and sludge. The percentage decomposition of the added residues increased with decrease in application rate of the treatments, with values ranging from 11 to 55%.In concurrent studies, attempts were made to correlate CO2 production with N mineralized in laboratory incubation studies and with wheat growth in a greenhouse pot experiment. The appropriate regression equations were derived to describe the relationships obtained. It was concluded that microbial respiration was a good index of plant‐available N in soil, except where plant nutrients were deficient due to microbial immobilization, or where toxic factors were limiting to microbial activity.
Effect of Inorganic and Organic Compounds on the Extractability of 239Pu from an Artificially Contaminated Soil
Authors: Nishita H. , Haug R. M. , Rutherford T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of a number of inorganic and organic compounds on the extractability of 239Pu from a contaminated soil has been examined. This has been done on an artificially contaminated kaolinitic soil by using the equilibrium batch method of extraction. Among the 21 inorganic compounds examined, NaHPO4 showed the least 239Pu extractability (0.07% of dose) and Na4P2O7 showed the greatest extractability (28.59% of dose). The compounds that showed relatively high 239Pu extractability included NaF, Na2B4O7, Na4P2O7, Na2CO3, Na2O2, NaOH, and NH4OH. Among the organic compounds, the order of 239Pu extractability was Na acetate < Na formate < Na oxalate < Na tartrate < Na citrate. A 0.004M DTPA solution was a more effective extractant than a 0.08M citric acid solution. Aside from the chemical nature of these compounds, the 239Pu extractability was influenced by soil and extractant pH, soil organic matter, equilibrium time, soil weight/extractant volume ratio, and wet‐dry pretreatment of the soil.
Servo Controlled Optimization of Nitrification—Denitrification of Waste Water in Soil
Authors: Enfield Carl G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBased on potentials of platinum electrodes in conjunction with a Calomel reference electrode, a servo controller was used to meter trickling filter secondary waste water application to soil columns. The controller “optimized” denitrification by adjusting both the frequency of application as a function of the potential voltage observed 6 cm below the soil surface, and the duration of each application as a function of the potential 30 cm below the surface, of four Chigley gravelly loam soil columns. Digested municipal waste water sludge was added to three of the four columns at a rate of 7.5 metric tons(carbon)/ha in an upper 30‐cm layer of the profile. The servo controller applying waste water to the column with no sludge requested waste water continuously. This column converted essentially all TKN‐N to NO3‐N. The conversion of TKN to NO3 took place in the upper 3 cm of the profile. Under the experimental conditions, the disappearance of solution N in the column without sludge was about 45%. Addition of sludge to the profile increased the apparent denitrification, such that the total N removal was > 90%.
Decomposition of Sewage Sludge Compost in Soil: I. Carbon and Nitrogen Transformation
Authors: Tester C. F. , Sikora L. J. , Taylor J. M. , Parr J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLaboratory incubation studies were conducted to determine the rate and extent of decomposition of sewage sludge compost in soil. Freeze‐dried compost made from undigested sewage sludge was mixed with three soils (a loamy sand, a silt loam, and a silty clay) and a sand at rates of 0, 2, 4, and 6% of the dry weight. The mixtures were incubated at 22C in a constant atmosphere of CO2‐ and NH3‐free air. Rates of mineralization and decomposition were determined by monitoring CO2 and NH3 evolution and changes in the organic and inorganic fractions of C and N with time. Cumulative CO2 evolution was linearly related to the rate of sludge compost applied. Approximately 16% of the compost C evolved in 54 days of incubation. Nitrogen mineralization was lowest in the silt loam‐compost treatment. In the sand‐compost mixture, mineral N was immobilized during incubation. Ammonia volatilization from all of the treatments was minimal. Approximately 6% of the compost N in the loamy sand‐compost treatment had mineralized after 54 days incubation. Interlattice fixation of NH4+ may have occurred in the silt loam and silty clay soils.
Adsorption and Desorption of Paraquat in Acid Tropical Soils
Authors: Juo A. S. R. , Oginni O. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of paraquat (1:1′‐dimethyl 4:4′‐bipyridylium chloride) by six common soil types from southern Nigeria was studied. Adsorption data conformed with linear Langmuir isotherm. Adsorption maximum (b) calculated from the Langmuir equation ranged from 1,200 to 7,500 µg/g of soil. The iron oxide‐rich soil derived from basalts adsorbed the highest amount, while the strongly acidic soils derived from sedimentary rocks adsorbed the least amount of paraquat. Desorption data indicated that a substantial portion (40 to 70%) of the adsorbed paraquat could not be recovered by 12 successive extractions with dilute CaCl2 solution.
Influence of Artificial Drainage on Penetration of Coliform Bacteria from Septic Tank Effluents into Wet Tile Drained Soils
Authors: Reneau R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe penetration of total and fecal coliform bacteria from septic tank drainage fields into wet tile drained soils classified as Typic and Aeric Ochraquults was studied during 1974, 1975, and 1976. These bacteria were monitored in ground waters at selected distances from the septic tank drainage fields in the direction of ground water flow and were compared to coliform densities in control wells and in tile outfalls. Fecal coliform densities were approximately 105/100 ml in ground waters adjacent to the disposal area as compared to 101–103/100 ml 152 cm from the agricultural tile and <3.0/100 ml in control wells. The outfall from the study area was normally < 200 fecals/100 ml compared to < 3.0/100 ml in outfall waters from a control area. Fecal coliform densities of the outfall from the study area were some tenfold less than the bacterial quality of the receiving stream. Coliform densities in ground waters decreased as a logarithmic function of distance.In these soils, artificial drainage systems apparently lowered the seasonal fluctuating water tables to such a degree that individual waste water treatment systems did not fail as a result of untreated or partially treated effluent coming to the surface. It is more difficult to access the adequacy of artificial drainage with respect to penetration of coliform organisms present in the waste waters.