bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Meta-Learning Approach to Predicting Financial Statement Fraud
Authors: McKee Thomas E. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT: An “ultimate learning algorithm” is one that produces models that closely match the real world’s underlying distribution of functions. To try to create such an algorithm, researchers typically employ manual algorithm design with cross-validation. It has been shown that cross-validation is not a viable way to construct an ultimate learning algorithm. For machine learning researchers, “meta-learning” should be more desirable than manual algorithm design with cross-validation. Meta-learning is concerned with gaining knowledge about learning methodologies.
One meta-learning approach involves evaluating the suitability of various algorithms for a learning task in order to select an appropriate algorithm. An alternative approach is to incorporate predictions from base algorithms as features to be evaluated by subsequent algorithms. This paper reports on exploratory research that implemented the latter approach as a three-layer stacked generalization model using neural networks, logistic regression, and classification tree algorithms to predict all categories of financial fraud. The purpose was to see if this form of meta-learning offered significant benefits for financial fraud prediction.
Fifteen possible financial fraud predictors were identified based on a theoretical fraud model from prior research. Only public data for these possible predictors were obtained from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings from the period 1995–2002 for a sample of 50 fraud and 50 non-fraud companies. These data were selected for the year prior to when the fraud was initiated. These variables were used to create a variety of neural network, logistic regression, and classification tree models while using holdout sample and cross-validation techniques.
A 71.4 percent accurate neural network model was then stacked into a logistic regression model, increasing the prediction accuracy to 76.5 percent. The logistic regression model was subsequently stacked into a classification tree model to achieve an 83 percent accuracy rate. These results compared favorably to two prior neural network studies, also employing only public data, which achieved 63 percent accuracy rates. Model results were also analyzed via probability-adjusted overall error rates, relative misclassification costs, and receiver operating characteristics.
The increase in classification accuracy from 71 percent to 83 percent, the decline in estimated overall error rate from 0.0057 to 0.0035, and the decline in relative misclassification costs from 2.79 to 0.58 suggest that benefits were achieved by the meta-learning stacking approach. Further research into the meta-learning stacking approach appears warranted.
Effect of Time on Clinical Efficacy of Topical Anesthesia
Authors: Bhalla Jasdev , Meechan John G. , Lawrence Herenia P. , Grad Helen A. , Haas Daniel A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of time on the clinical efficacy of topical anesthetic in reducing pain from needle insertion alone as well as injection of anesthetic. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, split-mouth, clinical trial which enrolled 90 subjects, equally divided into 3 groups based upon time (2, 5, or 10 minutes) of topical anesthetic (5% lidocaine) application. Each group was further subdivided into 2: needle insertion only in the palate or needle insertion with deposition of anesthetic (0.5 mL 3% mepivacaine plain). Each subject received drug on one side and placebo on the other. Subjects recorded pain on a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). The results showed that for needle insertion only, 5% lidocaine reduced pain as determined by a significant difference in mean VAS after 2 minutes (20.1 mm, P < .002), 5 minutes (15.7 mm, P < .022), and 10 minutes (13.7 mm, P < .04), as analyzed by paired t tests. For needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, a significant difference in mean VAS was noted only after 10 minutes (14.9 mm, P < .031), yet pain scores for both topical anesthetic and placebo were elevated at this time point resulting in no reduction in actual pain. Time of application did not result in a significant difference in effect for either needle insertion only or needle insertion plus injection of local anesthetic, as analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). In conclusion, topical anesthetic reduces pain of needle insertion if left on palatal mucosa for 2, 5, or 10 minutes, but has no clinical pain relief for anesthetic injection.
Review and Management of the Dental Patient With Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
Authors: Rochford Christopher , Seldin R. David 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a unique cardiovascular condition, with both congenital and acquired forms that afflict patients. These patients show a lengthening of the repolarization phase of the cardiac cycle, which can be best visualized on an electrocardiogram (ECG). The ECG changes can include QT interval (the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave, as seen on an ECG) and T wave abnormalities, as well as progression to torsades de pointes and ventricular fibrillation. The ECG changes are most commonly elicited by physical activity, emotional stress, and certain medications. This condition represents a challenge for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Patients with LQTS must receive proper medical management and a controlled and anxiety-free surgical environment. The purpose of this article was to present a review of LQTS and provide recommendations for effective surgical management. Additionally, a case report of a patient with LQTS, treated by one of the authors, has been included.
Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema After Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Mamiya Hideki , Ichinohe Tatsuya , Kaneko Yuzuru 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) following upper airway obstruction (UAO) has been reported in several clinical situations. The main cause of NPPE is reported to be increased negative intrathoracic pressure. We present a case of NPPE that occurred after general anesthesia for plate removal after jaw deformity surgery. After completion of the surgery, administration of inhaled anesthetics was stopped and the patient opened his eyes on verbal command. Immediately after extubation, the patient stopped breathing and became cyanotic. Acute UAO following laryngospasm was suspected. Soon after reintubation, pink, frothy fluid came out of the endotracheal tube, and a tentative diagnosis of NPPE was made. Continuous positive airway pressure was applied. In addition, furosemide and dexamethasone were administered. By the next day, the symptoms had almost disappeared.
Comfort and Durability Tire Model Validation
Authors: Yang X. , Medepalli S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In this study, a systematic validation of comfort and durability tire models (CDT) using LMS software was performed by focusing on the measured tire data collection, bench test, and full vehicle model predictions. Different road events are considered in the validation process, including deterministic and random type roads, as well as braking/accelerating and cornering events. The study shows that the current version of commercial CDT models is reasonably accurate for durability road loads simulation, but requires simulation time improvement. The seven published SAE J-documents for road load tire model parameterization tests cover the necessary data to parameterize the CDT model for “non-misuse” road loads simulation.
Effects of intravenous administration of perzinfotel, fentanyl, and a combination of both drugs on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in dogs
Authors: Ueyama Yukie , Lerche Phillip , Eppler C. Mark , Muir William W. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of IV administration of perzinfotel and a perzinfotel-fentanyl combination on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in dogs.
Animals—6 healthy sexually intact Beagles (3 males and 3 females).
Procedures—All dogs were instrumented with a telemetry device for continuous monitoring of heart rate, arterial blood pressure, and core body temperature (at a femoral artery). Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (6 mg/kg, IV) and isoflurane. Isoflurane MAC values were determined in 3 experiments in each dog, separated by at least 7 days, before (baseline) and after the following treatments: no treatment (anesthetic only), perzinfotel (20 mg/kg, IV), fentanyl (5 μg/kg bolus, IV, followed by a continuous IV infusion at 0.15 μg/kg/min), and a fentanyl-perzinfotel combination (20 mg of perzinfotel/kg, IV, plus the fentanyl infusion). Bispectral index and oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry were also monitored throughout anesthesia.
Results—Without treatment, the mean ± SD isoflurane MAC for all 6 dogs was 1.41 ± 0.10%. Baseline MAC was 1.42 ± 0.08%. Intravenous administration of perzinfotel, fentanyl, and the perzinfotel-fentanyl combination significantly decreased the MAC by 39%, 35%, and 66%, respectively. Perzinfotel and perzinfotel-fentanyl administration yielded significant increases in the bispectral index. Mean, systolic, and diastolic arterial blood pressures significantly increased from baseline values when perzinfotel was administered. Systolic arterial blood pressure significantly increased from the baseline value when perzinfotel-fentanyl was administered. No adverse effects were detected.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IV administration of perzinfotel, fentanyl, or a perzinfotel-fentanyl combination reduced isoflurane MAC in dogs and increased arterial blood pressure.
Effects of tramadol hydrochloride on the thermal threshold in cats
Authors: Pypendop Bruno H. , Siao Kristine T. , Ilkiw Jan E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the thermal antinociceptive effect of oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride at doses between 0.5 and 4 mg/kg in cats.
Animals—6 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats.
Procedures—Baseline (before drug administration; time 0) thermal threshold was determined by applying a thermal probe to the thorax of each cat. Tramadol (0.5, 1, 2, 3, or 4 mg/kg) or a placebo was then administered orally in accordance with a Latin square design. Thermal threshold was determined by an observer who was unaware of treatment at various times until thermal threshold returned to baseline values or 6 hours had elapsed. Plasma tramadol and O-desmethyl-tramadol concentrations were measured prior to drug administration and at 1-hour intervals thereafter. Effect-concentration data were fitted to effect maximum models.
Results—Highest plasma tramadol and O-desmethyl-tramadol concentrations increased with increasing tramadol dose. Significant effects of dose and time on thermal threshold were detected. Thermal threshold was significantly higher than the baseline value at 80 and 120 minutes for the 0.5 mg/kg dose, at 80 and from 120 to 360 minutes for the 2 mg/kg dose, from 40 to 360 minutes for the 3 mg/kg dose, and from 60 to 360 minutes for the 4 mg/kg dose.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tramadol induced thermal antinociception in cats. Doses of 2 to 4 mg/kg appeared necessary for induction of significant and sustained analgesic effects. Simulations predicted that 4 mg/kg every 6 hours would maintain analgesia close to the maximum effect of tramadol.
Analgesic effects of intramuscular administration of meloxicam in Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis) with experimentally induced arthritis
Authors: Cole Gretchen A. , Paul-Murphy Joanne , Krugner-Higby Lisa , Klauer Julia M. , Medlin Scott E. , Keuler Nicholas S. , Sladky Kurt K. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of meloxicam in parrots with experimentally induced arthritis, with extent of weight bearing and rotational perch walking used as outcome measures.
Animals—15 adult Hispaniolan parrots (Amazona ventralis).
Procedures—Arthritis was experimentally induced via intra-articular injection of microcrystalline sodium urate suspension (MSU) into 1 intertarsal joint. Parrots were treated in a crossover design. Five treatments were compared as follows: meloxicam (4 dosages) at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg (IM, q 12 h, 3 times) and 0.03 mL of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (IM, q 12 h, 3 times). The first treatment was given 6 hours following MSU administration. Lameness was assessed by use of a biomechanical perch to record weight-bearing load and a rotational perch to determine dexterity. Feces were collected to assay for occult blood.
Results—Parrots treated with meloxicam at 1.0 mg/kg had significantly better return to normal (baseline) weight bearing on the arthritic pelvic limb, compared with control parrots or parrots treated with meloxicam at 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg. All fecal samples collected from parrots following induction of arthritis and treatment with meloxicam had negative results for occult blood.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Meloxicam administered at 1.0 mg/kg, IM, every 12 hours effectively relieved arthritic pain in parrots.
Effect of exercise on thicknesses of mature hyaline cartilage, calcified cartilage, and subchondral bone of equine tarsi
Authors: Tranquille Carolyne A. , Blunden Antony S. , Dyson Sue J. , Parkin Tim D. H. , Goodship Allen E. , Murray Rachel C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective—To investigate effects of exercise on hyaline cartilage (HC), calcified cartilage (CC), and subchondral bone (SCB) thickness patterns of equine tarsi.
Sample Population—30 tarsi from cadavers of horses with known exercise history.
Procedures—Tarsi were assigned to 3 groups according to known exercise history as follows: pasture exercise only (PE tarsi), low-intensity general-purpose riding exercise (LE tarsi), and high-intensity elite competition riding exercise (EE tarsi). Osteochondral tissue from distal tarsal joints underwent histologic preparation. Hyaline cartilage, CC, and SCB thickness were measured at standard sites at medial, midline, and lateral locations across joints with a histomorphometric technique.
Results—HC, CC, and SCB thickness were significantly greater at all sites in EE tarsi, compared with PE tarsi; this was also true when LE tarsi were compared with PE tarsi. At specific sites, HC, CC, and SCB were significantly thicker in EE tarsi, compared with LE tarsi. Along the articular surface of the proximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone, SCB was thickest in EE tarsi and thinnest in LE tarsi; increases were greatest at sites previously reported to undergo peak strains and osteochondral damage.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased exercise was associated with increased HC, CC, and SCB thickness in mature horses. At sites that undergo high compressive strains, with a reported predisposition to osteoarthritic change, there was increased CC and SCB thickness. These results may provide insight into the interaction between adaptive response to exercise and pathological change.
Use of color flow Doppler ultrasonography to diagnose a bleeding neuroendocrine tumor in the gallbladder of a dog
Authors: Bhandal Jitender , Head Laurie L. , Francis David A. , Foster Robert A. , Berrington Allan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 13-year-old neutered female Keeshond-cross was evaluated because of a history of melena, anemia, hematemesis, vomiting, and high serum liver enzyme activities over a 1.5-year period.
Clinical Findings—Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a hyperechoic mass in the gallbladder. In the gallbladder mass itself, a distinct linear blood flow pattern was detected by use of color flow Doppler ultrasonography.
Treatment and Outcome—A cholecystectomy was performed, and clinical signs resolved. Samples of the mass were examined histologically and immunohistochemically, and findings supported a diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor of the gallbladder.
Clinical Relevance—Tumors of the biliary tree are a potential source of blood loss into the gastrointestinal tract. Color flow Doppler ultrasonography in conjunction with conventional grayscale ultrasonography may be useful in evaluation of the gallbladder in dogs. When echogenic material is detected in the gallbladder, it is important to evaluate the region for blood flow.
Alimentary-associated carcinomas in five Vietnamese potbellied pigs
Authors: McCoy Annette M. , Hackett Eileen S. , Callan Robert J. , Powers Barbara E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Case Description—5 Vietnamese potbellied pigs were evaluated for abdominal distress that had not responded to medical treatment (4 pigs) or a draining tract of the cranial abdomen of unknown duration (1 pig).
Clinical Findings—Clinical signs in the pigs included anorexia, vomiting, and constipation. Physical examination revealed a palpable abdominal mass in all pigs. Radiography revealed distended loops of small intestine in 2 pigs.
Treatment and Outcome—3 pigs were treated successfully with wide-margin excision of the abdominal masses, and 2 were euthanized. Primary tumors were diagnosed at necropsy or through histologic evaluation of biopsy specimens obtained during surgery. Types of tumor included cholangiocellular carcinoma, transmural gastric carcinoma, small intestinal adenocarcinoma, metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma, and carcinoma. The tumors involved the stomach, small intestine, spiral colon, liver, and gall bladder. All 3 surgically treated pigs survived at least 9 months after surgery.
Clinical Relevance—Although rare, neoplasia of the alimentary system should be considered among the differential diagnoses for potbellied pigs with signs of abdominal distress. Wide-margin excision of the neoplastic tissue may result in a good outcome in affected pigs.
Stabling causes a significant increase in the pH of the equine airway
Authors: WHITTAKER A. G. , LOVE S. , PARKIN T. D. H. , DUZ M. , HUGHES K. J. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryRegulation of pH homeostasis in the equine lung is poorly understood. Measurement of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH provided a simple, highly repeatable and noninvasive method for the longitudinal investigation of changes in airway pH in response to environmental changes. Stabling of horses was found to lead to a small (approximately 100–200 parts/ billion) but significant (P<0.001) increase in ambient ammonia concentration when compared to pasture. This increase in exposure to ambient ammonia concentration was associated with significant (P = 0.002) increases in EBC pH and exhaled ammonia (P = 0.013). Stable feed/bedding management type had no effect on EBC pH or exhaled ammonia concentration, while ambient ammonia concentration was influenced by stable management type.
A single screw technique compared to a two screw and wire technique as a temporary transphyseal bridge for correction of fetlock varus deformities
Authors: Roberts B. L. , Railton D. , Adkins A. R. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryA single screw technique is described as a temporary transphyseal bridge for the treatment of fetlock varus angular limb deformity in foals. This has been compared to tension band wiring with regards to rate of correction, cosmetic result and incidence of complications. The single screw was found to be an effective technique resulting in more rapid improvement of deviations in foals aged up to 5 months. Complications were minimal following both techniques and the final cosmetic result was better following single screw surgery.
Prognostic markers for coexistent carcinoma in high‐risk endometrial hyperplasia with negative D‐score: significance of morphometry, hormone receptors and apoptosis for outcome prediction
Authors: ØRBO ANNE , KAINO TURID , ARNES MARIT , LARSEN KURT , PETTERSEN INGER , MOE BJØRN 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectives. Hysterectomy represents the current routine therapy for high‐risk endometrial precancers. More sophisticated methods are needed for treatment decision among women who want to preserve fertility and seriously ill patients. Among women diagnosed with high‐risk hyperplasia, approximately 40% show signs of endometrial cancer in the hysterectomy specimen. Thus, more sophisticated methods are needed to select the women at risk. Setting. University Hospital of Tromsø, Regional Center for Gynecological Oncology in northern Norway. Population. From 1999 to 2004, 258 consecutive patients had endometrial hyperplasia diagnosed by D‐score; 57 among these were high‐risk cases (D‐score < 0) and 10 had coexisting endometrial carcinoma. No further cancers were detected after long‐term follow‐up (4–10 years). Design. From the initial histological specimens, material from the 10 patients with cancer and from the 13 cases without cancer (high‐risk D‐score < 0) was analyzed with selected histomorphometric (architectural and nuclear) and immunohistochemical (hormone receptors and apoptotic) features blinded to the investigator. Method. Original slides were used for computerized histomorphometry (4‐class rule and related procedures). Serial sections from the paraffin embedded material were used for immunohistochemical investigations. Immunohistochemical expression in glands and stroma was evaluated by the semi‐quantitative H‐score (ER‐α, ER‐β, PR‐A, PR‐B, RCAS‐1, Bcl‐2, BAX, and Caspase‐3). Results. The histomorphometric 4‐class rule differentiates between presence and absence of cancers with a sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 77%. Several morphometric and immunohistochemical features were significantly different in cases with cancer and hyperplasia. Conclusions. Histomorphometry seems superior in predicting coexistent carcinoma in high‐risk endometrial hyperplasia and should be considered for clinical use.
Does underutilization of prenatal care explain the excess risk for stillbirth among women with migration background in Germany?
Authors: REIME BIRGIT , LINDWEDEL ULRIKE , ERTL KARIN M. , JACOB CARINA , SCHÜCKING BEATE , WENZLAFF PAUL 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. To explore the role of utilization of prenatal care on the risk for stillbirth among women with migration background in Germany by comparing stillbirth rates of women from different origins characterized by adequate and inadequate utilization of prenatal care to German women with adequate utilization of care. Design. Retrospective cohort study. Setting. Lower Saxony, Germany. Population. Singletons born in 1990, 1995 and 1999 (n = 182,444). Methods. We analyzed perinatal data collected by obstetricians and midwives prospectively during pregnancy and after birth. The Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index was applied. Chi‐squared tests and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used. Main outcome measures. Stillbirth rates. Results. In crude analyses, inadequate utilization of prenatal care (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.52, 2.28), and origin from Central and Eastern Europe (OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.63, 2.58), the Mediterranean (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.38, 2.65), the Middle East (OR = 2.63, 95% CI 2.24, 3.09) and other countries (OR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.10, 2.89) were related to stillbirths. After adjustment for age, parity, smoking, inter‐pregnancy interval, employment status and year of observation, compared to Germans with adequate utilization of prenatal care, women with adequate utilization of care from Central and Eastern Europe (OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.33, 2.29) and the Middle East (OR = 1.98, 95% CI 1.64, 2.39) and women with inadequate utilization of prenatal care from the Mediterranean (OR = 3.00, 95% CI 1.71, 5.26) were at higher risk for stillbirths. Conclusion. There are inconsistent relation patterns between stillbirth, area of origin and utilization of prenatal care. Among women from the Mediterranean, increasing utilization of prenatal care may result in lower stillbirth rates.