bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrimination and Unfair Treatment in the Workplace
Authors: Fevre Ralph , Grainger Heidi , Brewer Rioch 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe difficulties of researching discrimination are often unacknowledged when policy makers draw on survey data. We explore these difficulties by means of a discussion informed by labour‐market sociology and a subsequent empirical discussion that draws on the results of the first Fair Treatment at Work Survey (FTWS). The great majority of respondents to the FTWS appeared to trust instrumental rationality to ensure that there was no discrimination in the labour market or the workplace. Given what we know of the difficulties of establishing the existence of discrimination, this widespread belief in its absence is shown to be ideological. It is both a determinant of survey results and an obstacle to changes needed to address patterns of disadvantage.
Can Tax Authorities Scrutinise the Ideas of Foreign Charities? The ECJ's Persche Judgment and Lessons from US Tax Law
Authors: Georgopoulos Theodore 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe European Court of Justice's (ECJ's) recent Persche judgment poses important questions about the relationship between taxation of gifts and charitable purposes in the light of EC law requirements. This article argues that by applying its established case‐law to the matter of donors to foreign recipient bodies, the ECJ takes a position on the social role of both charities and tax deduction. Moreover, the position of the ECJ clearly paves the way for tax authorities to check the objectives and the values pursued by recipient bodies seeking tax‐preferred status, a situation that recalls a similar power recognised under specific circumstances of the US Internal Revenue Services. Arguably, the ECJ case‐law has more profound consequences on charitable action, since it seems that the power accorded to tax authorities of the Member States to check the purposes of charitable organisations leads to a cosmopolitan apprehension of charitable action while it pushes charities to enhance transparency in their activities.
Infantile convulsions with mild gastroenteritis: a retrospective study of 25 patients
Authors: Durá‐Travé T. , Yoldi‐Petri M. E. , Gallinas‐Victoriano F. , Molins‐Castiella T. 
Published: July 2010

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiologic, clinical, and evolutional characteristics in patients who presented convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) to facilitate the diagnosis in daily clinical practice.Methods: Twenty‐five medical records of patients diagnosed with CwG were reviewed, and the epidemiological and clinical features, results of complementary studies, and evolutional data were collected.Results: Age of onset ranged between 12 and 24 months in 76% of patients. Female/male ratio was 2.6 (18 women and seven men). Seizures were mostly brief (<5 min) and apparently generalized, and often repetitive occurring in cluster (2.2 seizures per episode). One patient with status epilepticus was recorded. The average interval between the onset of gastroenteritis and seizures was 3.8 days, even though seizure preceded diarrhea in three cases. Mean rectal temperature at the moment of seizure was 37.1°C. Rotavirus antigen was positive in stool in 17 episodes (55.8%). There were no abnormalities in serum biochemistry tests and cerebrospinal fluid studies. Four patients showed anomalies in the interictal electroencephalogram. The period of follow‐up was 4.2 years. Five patients (20%) experienced recurrences when suffering a new gastroenteritis episode. One patient developed epilepsy during the follow‐up period.Conclusions: CwG would constitute a well‐differentiated convulsive syndrome. Prognosis is excellent, but a relatively important percentage of patients relapse when suffering a new diarrhea episode.
Quality Measures in a Modular Qualification System and its Impact on Students at Risk
Authors: Shulruf Boaz , Hattie John , Tumen Sarah 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuccess in tertiary studies is often measured using quality indicators (e.g. grade point average) and completion rates. These measures are particularly difficult to use in many non‐degree programmes where completion can be very low (often due to high levels of mobility across institutions and in and out of the workforce). This study uses student achievement and demographic data from a large New Zealand polytechnic to provide an alternative method for determining success, which then allows comparisons across programmes and institutions regardless of differences in grading scales and completion rates. Furthermore, by instituting this new method it is possible to identify more precisely the groups of students who are at the greatest risk of failure while identifying programmes that require further investigation regarding low achievement and/or low completion rates. It is suggested that this model is widely applicable across different educational systems. Implications for educational policy makers are discussed.
Whitening effect of α‐bisabolol in Asian women subjects
Authors: Lee J. , Jun H. , Jung E. , Ha J. , Park D. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisAlthough skin pigmentation, which results from the production and distribution of melanin in the epidermis, is the major physiological defence against solar irradiation, hyperpigmentation is a common and distressing problem caused by various inflammatory skin disorders, such as eczema, allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis. We evaluated the effects of a preparation containing α‐bisabolol on pigmented skin of a group of subjects. The effectiveness of the active compound, α‐bisabolol, in a base‐cream preparation for the treatment of pigmented skin was tested on 28 female subjects as follows: the cream was applied once a day to the back for 8 weeks. These same women also applied a vehicle control cream to the pigmented skin. The results were evaluated by clinical and biophysical test methods. After 8 weeks of treatment of the α‐bisabolol‐containing cream, there was significant lightening effect in the pigmented skin for the majority of the subjects who tested the cream.
Frictional behaviors during applications of lotions by use of a novel friction meter and evaluation of tactile feeling
Authors: Ishikubo A. , Noda A. 
Published: July 2010

Vol. 43, No.3 (2009) pp.171–176A novel friction meter that allows us to measure normal force and friction force at the same time was developed, and the frictional behavior of cosmetics during application was investigated for an evaluation of a tactile feeling, permeability. As a result of measurements of four lotion samples by 15 panels, time courses of normal forces, friction forces and friction coefficients were different among the panels though they used the same samples. It was also found that the maximum value of differentiation in friction coefficient with better permeability feeling was larger than those with less permeability feeling. This suggests that relative changes in the time course of friction coefficients have an important influence on a tactile feeling, permeability.
A novel mechanism of cutaneous photo‐aging mediated by the impairment of lymphatic function and the protective role of a lymphatic‐promoting compound
Authors: Kajiya K. , Kawai E. , Kishimoto J. , Detmar M. 
Published: July 2010

Vol. 43, No.3 (2009) pp.192–196The lymphatic system plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue fluid homeostasis and the afferent phase of immune response. However, the role of the lymphatic system in mediation of aging and its molecular mechanism has been totally unknown. Here we have identified, for the first time, the importance of the cutaneous lymphatic system in the process of ultraviolet (UV) B‐induced skin‐damage. UVB induced the prominent enlargement of lymphatic vessels which were leaky and hyperpermeable, suggesting that the function of enlarged lymphatic vessels induced by UVB was impaired. Moreover, impaired lymphatic function could cause prolonged inflammation with retained macrophages in the dermis, eventually leading to wrinkle formation. A potent lymphangiogenesis factor, VEGFC was downregulated after UVB irradiation in vitro as well as in vivo, suggesting that the impairment of lymphatic function was triggered by VEGFC downregulation. MACC, which was found to be a novel VEGFC‐inducing compound in keratinocytes, has a strong potential to prevent UVB‐induced skin damage/wrinkle formation by promoting lymphatic vessel growth and function.
Characterization of eye bags in chinese women
Authors: Nakazawa Y. , Ma X. , Li L. , Tsukakoshi N. , Ootsubo M. , Amano S. , Masuda Y. , Nakayama Y. 
Published: July 2010

Vol. 43, No.3 (2009) pp.197–200Most Chinese women aspire to beauty around the eyes, and the ‘eye bag’ is a major concern for them. The purpose of this study is to characterize the eye bags of Chinese women using skin measurement instruments. The degree of slackness, dark rings and wrinkles of the skin under the eyes were evaluated by questionnaire and direct observation in Chinese women. The levels of hemoglobin and melanin were analyzed with a Skin Image Analyzer. The elasticity was measured with a cutometer. Visual observation indicated that the eye bags in young Chinese women were characterized by slackness and swelling under the eyes. Color analysis showed that the level of hemoglobin under the eyes tended to be higher than that on the cheeks, suggesting that the eye bags may result from impaired circulation. The level of melanin under the eyes was higher than that in the cheek. The elasticity under eyes was significantly lower than that in the cheek, indicating that the skin under the eyes is looser than that of the cheek. In conclusion, the eye bags of Chinese women were characterized by pigmentation and impaired circulation, in addition to skin sagging owing to reduced resilience.
Development of a new cosmetic active for safe skin brightening
Authors: Mangues M. , Carreño C. , Cebrián J. , Almiñana N. 
Published: July 2010

IFSCC Magazine, 12 (4) 373–378 (2009)SynopsisIn Asia, lighter skin is a desirable feature considered to be a symbol of beauty and femininity, and the use of skin brighteners is widespread due to traditional beliefs. In Western countries, skin brightening agents are applied for the treatment of irregular pigmentation such as age spots and to produce a more even skin tone. Most current skin brightening agents show numerous adverse effects such as high irritant and sensitizing potential, melanocyte cytotoxicity and instability in formulations. Moreover, their lightening activity appears to be quite limited when it is tested in vivo on human volunteers. Dimethylmethoxy chromanyl palmitate (INCI name) is a novel skin brightener that has been tested for efficacy and safety with satisfactory results. The new active does not have any of the side effects that are normally associated with depigmenting agents, presents good efficacy in vitro and in vivo and is unique in that, unlike all other skin brighteners, it has a photoprotective effect.
Altered microglial copper homeostasis in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zheng Zhiqiang , White Carine , Lee Jaekwon , Peterson Troy S. , Bush Ashley I. , Sun Grace Y. , Weisman Gary A. , Petris Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1630–1638.AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration associated with the aggregation and deposition of β‐amyloid (Aβ40 and Aβ42) peptide in senile plaques. Recent studies suggest that copper may play an important role in AD pathology. Copper concentrations are elevated in amyloid plaques and copper binds with high affinity to the Aβ peptide and promotes Aβ oligomerization and neurotoxicity. Despite this connection between copper and AD, it is unknown whether the expression of proteins involved in regulating copper homeostasis is altered in this disorder. In this study, we demonstrate that the copper transporting P‐type ATPase, ATP7A, is highly expressed in activated microglial cells that are specifically clustered around amyloid plaques in the TgCRND8 mouse model of AD. Using a cultured microglial cell line, ATP7A expression was found to be increased by the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interferon‐gamma, but not by TNF‐α or IL‐1β. Interferon‐gamma also elicited marked changes in copper homeostasis, including copper‐dependent trafficking of ATP7A from the Golgi to cytoplasmic vesicles, increased copper uptake and elevated expression of the CTR1 copper importer. These findings suggest that pro‐inflammatory conditions associated with AD cause marked changes in microglial copper trafficking, which may underlie the changes in copper homeostasis in AD. It is concluded that copper sequestration by microglia may provide a neuroprotective mechanism in AD.
Intravenous adrenaline infusion causes vasoconstriction close to an intramuscular microdialysis catheter in humans
Authors: Vedung Torbjörn , Jorfeldt Lennart , Henriksson Jan 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAim: To test if a small muscle injury influences the vascular reactivity to adrenaline in human skeletal muscle.Methods: Blood flow was measured by133Xenon clearance in the gastrocnemius muscle of eight male subjects at basal and during i.v. infusion of adrenaline (0·1 nmol kg−1 min−1) or placebo. Measurements were done with (expts 2 and 3) or without (expt 1) the influence of a small muscle injury induced by inserting a microdialysis catheter.133Xenon was administered either (expt 1) conventionally into the muscle via a fine needle, or (expts 2 and 3) through a fine tube close to the inserted microdialysis catheter. Expt 3 (control expt) was identical to expt 2 except that placebo was infused instead of adrenaline. Mean ± SEM,n = 8.Results: The blood flow tended to increase during the adrenaline infusion in expt 1 (1·17 ± 0·10 to 1·39 ± 0·15, N.S.), whereas it decreased during the adrenaline infusion in expt 2, from 1·39 ± 0·14 to 1·03 ± 0·14 ml min−1 100 g tissue−1(P<0·001). The blood flow change in response to adrenaline infusion was significantly different in expt 1 and expt 2 (P<0·05). Blood flow also decreased during the placebo infusion in expt 3 (1·15 ± 0·10 to 1·00 ± 0·09,P<0·01), but this decrease was significantly smaller than in response to the adrenaline infusion in expt 2,P<0·01.Conclusion: The present results are consistent with the hypothesis that the small muscle injury caused by the inserted microdialysis catheter influences the vascular reactivity to adrenaline in a vasoconstrictive direction.
Evaluating Input Standards for Non‐Point Pollution Control under Firm Heterogeneity
Authors: Doole Graeme J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe efficacy and cost of input standards for reducing nitrate pollution from New Zealand dairy production are evaluated. In contrast to previous studies, firm heterogeneity is explicitly considered through the novel integration of efficient techniques for the calibration and decomposition of large optimisation models. Nitrogen fertiliser application should not be targeted by policy given its minor role in determining emissions. In contrast, livestock intensity is an appropriate base for regulation given its strong correlation with pollutant load. Abatement cost increases as stocking rate declines, but this can be offset at low levels of regulation through utilising slack feed resources to improve per‐cow milk production. Both uniform and differentiated input standards based on livestock intensity achieve substantial decreases in pollutant load at moderate cost. However, because of disparity in the slopes of abatement cost curves across firms, a differentiated policy is more cost‐effective at the levels of regulation required to achieve key societal goals for improved water quality.
Rethinking Kashmir’s History from a Borderlands Perspective
Authors: Zutshi Chitralekha 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough borders haunt its historical and recent past as well as its contemporary political situation, Kashmir has rarely been theorized as a borderland. This article examines the perspective of borderlands as conceptualized in North American, Asian and African borderlands scholarship. It argues that the application of this perspective – in which borderlands are defined as middle grounds where imperial competition and negotiations among a variety of imperial and indigenous actors led to the production of distinct political cultures – to rethinking Kashmir’s history has the potential to liberate the region from the imperatives of national borders that misread its history, while also reinvigorating South Asian borderlands scholarship.
Equal Representation of Time and Space: Arno Peters’ Universal History
Authors: Müller Stefan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHow is our world view constructed? Beside the formative ideologies of the 20th century, what is conditioning our view on social, political and economic lives? These questions were the lifelong focus of the West German historian Arno Peters (1916–2002). He crossed borders between West‐ and East‐Germany, academic disciplines (history, cartography, economy), and different fields when he published a historical atlas (Synchronoptical World History, 1952 ff.), drafted maps (Peters‐projection, 1974 ff.) and designed (but never realized) a so‐called ‘Synchronoptikum’ (mid‐1960s to mid‐1990s). Although he never wrote or published a classical historical work nor left an opus, his contemporaries called him a polyhistor. In brief, Peters’ aim was the equal representation of time and space in history and geography. He was vehement in his criticism of the Europe‐centred character and constant use of the Mercator‐projection. Peters was a critic of the historical focus on the last 500 years of world history as well as its concentration on western civilizations and on politics. Both maps and history books mislead readers to accept Europe and Western civilizations as the history’s core, thus leading to ignorance of 90% of world history and the majority of people living in the Southern hemisphere. Later he dealt with economics and developed a concept of a democratic economy, based on an equivalent exchange of goods. He identified modern societies with market economies as non‐equivalent economies. The concept of equal representation of goods came high on Peters’ agenda, after time and space. This article reviews the fields of Peters’ work, explicates his idea of world history and gives a biographical sketch. While the Peters‐projection has widely been discussed and criticized, the article focuses on the un‐translated Synchronoptical World History, which reminds us of the 18th century synchronistic tables. The design of a building (Synchronoptikum) resembling a panorama museum, characterized Peters as crossing the border between history as academic discipline and social intervention.
The Ties That Bind: Infanticide, Gender, and Society
Authors: Bechtold Brigitte H. , Graves Donna Cooper 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfanticide is seen to be a horrific act, and yet this article finds that a growing body of literature on the topic is proving that infanticide is tied to human history. It provides a synthesis of the literature and identifies new directions in the scholarship since William L. Langer. These new directions move beyond the infanticidal act itself to an understanding of the circumstances that prompt it. They make clear that women’s bodies tie them to their sexuality and the need to nurture children. Moreover, women must carry out these responsibilities while tied to hostile environments, cultural proscriptions, patriarchal law, and the violence of war. Infanticide scholarship, then, uncovers the numerous ties that bind women together as victims who are driven to infanticide and also as women who have exhibited agency in an attempt to move beyond victimhood and assert control over their own destiny.
The California School and Beyond: How to Study the Great Divergence?
Authors: Vries Peer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article the autor presents a description, analysis and evaluation of the fundamentally new interpretation of the economic history of the early modern world that is defended by authors who collectively have become known as the California School, the most important among them being Kenneth Pomeranz, Roy Bin Wong, Andre Gunder Frank and Jack Goldstone. He in particular analyses their claim that in the period from roughly 1400 to 1800 the most advanced economies of Eurasia formed a world of ‘surprising resemblances’ and that the Great Divergence between ‘the West’ and ‘the Rest’ only originated with industrialisation and must be interpretated as a fairly contingent and recent phenomenon, basically due to differences in the availability of resources. The author claims that the Californians have a tendency to exaggerate the resemblances between Western Europe and East Asia and should be more specific when it comes to time, place and the differing historical trajectories of various regions. Finally, he claims they should pay far more attention to political and military developments and to the role of culture and institutions.
Joachim of Fiore, Apocalyptic Conversion, and the ‘Persecuting Society’
Authors: Whalen Brett 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn recent years, scholarship on the 12th‐century Christian apocalyptic thinker Joachim of Fiore has highlighted the place of the Jews in his scenarios for the end of the world. Responding in part to R. I. Moore’s 1987 workThe Formation of a Persecuting Society, historians argue that Joachim’s vision of a harmonious Jewish apocalyptic conversion stood in contrast with rise of a persecuting mentality among the Christian ruling elite of medieval Europe, who increasingly sought to identify, marginalize, and sometimes violently oppress non‐Christian and non‐orthodox communities. These scholarly discussions of apocalyptic conversion have extended to include the Western Christian belief that not just the Jews, but also pagans, Muslims, and even non‐Western Christians would convert during the earthly Sabbath age that would precede the apocalypse. The resulting field of inquiry into medieval apocalyptic thought promises further insights into the ways that Christian scenarios for the ‘end of days’ might complicate narratives of religious persecution, violence, and conversion.
Epitaxial quartz inclusions in corundum from a sapphirine–garnet boudin, Bamble Sector, SE Norway: SiO2–Al2O3 miscibility at high P–T dry granulite facies conditions
Authors: KIHLE J. , HARLOV D. E. , FRIGAARD Ø. , JAMTVEIT B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn Al‐rich, SiO2‐deficient sapphirine–garnet‐bearing rock occurs as a metapelitic boudin within granulite facies Proterozoic charnockitic gneisses and migmatites on the island of Hisøy, Bamble Sector, SE Norway. The boudin is made up of peraluminous sapphirine, garnet, corundum, spinel, orthopyroxene, sillimanite, cordierite, staurolite and biotite in a variety of assemblages. Thermobarometric calculations based on coexisting sapphirine–spinel, garnet–corundum–spinel–sillimanite, sapphirine–orthopyroxene, and garnet–orthopyroxene indicate peak‐metamorphic conditions near to 930 °C at 10 kbar. Corundum occurs as single 200 to 3000 micron sized skeletal crystal intergrowths in cores of optically continuous pristine garnet porphyroblasts. Quartz occurs as 5–60 micron‐sized euhedral to lobate inclusions in the corundum where it is in direct contact with the corundum with no evidence of a reaction texture. Some crystal inclusions exhibit growth zoning, which indicates that textural equilibrium was achieved. Electron Back‐Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) studies reveal that the quartz inclusions share a common c‐axis with the host corundum crystal. The origin of the quartz inclusions in corundum is enigmatic as recent experimental studies have confirmed the instability of quartz–corundum over geologically realistic P–T ranges. The combined EBSD and textural observations suggest the presence of a former silica‐bearing proto‐corundum, which underwent exsolution during post‐peak‐metamorphic uplift and cooling. Exsolution of quartz in corundum is probably confined to fluid‐absent conditions where phase transitions by coupled dissolution–precipitation mechanisms are prevented.