bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupling between Gravity Waves and Tropical Convection at Mesoscales
Authors: Lane Todd P. , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
An idealized cloud-system-resolving model simulation is used to examine the coupling between a tropical cloud population and the mesoscale gravity waves that it generates. Spectral analyses of the cloud and gravity wave fields identify a clear signal of coupling between the clouds and a deep tropospheric gravity wave mode with a vertical wavelength that matches the depth of the convection, which is about two-thirds of the tropospheric depth. This vertical wavelength and the period of the waves, defined by a characteristic convective time scale, means that the horizontal wavelength is constrained through the dispersion relation. Indeed, the wave–convection coupling manifests at the appropriate wavelength, with the emergence of quasi-regular cloud-system spacing of order 100 km. It is shown that cloud systems at this spacing achieve a quasi-resonant state, at least for a few convective life cycles. Such regular spacing is a key component of cloud organization and is likely a contributor to the processes controlling the upscale growth of convective systems. Other gravity wave processes are also elucidated, including their apparent role in the maintenance of convective systems by providing a mechanism for renewed convective activity and system longevity.
The Role of Small Soluble Aerosols in the Microphysics of Deep Maritime Clouds
Authors: Khain A. P. , Phillips V. , Benmoshe N. , Pokrovsky A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSome observational evidence—such as bimodal drop size distributions, comparatively high concentrations of supercooled drops at upper levels, high concentrations of small ice crystals in cloud anvils leading to high optical depth, and lightning in the eyewalls of hurricanes—indicates that the traditional view of the microphysics of deep tropical maritime clouds requires, possibly, some revisions. In the present study it is shown that the observed phenomena listed above can be attributed to the presence of small cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) with diameters less than about 0.05 μm. An increase in vertical velocity above cloud base can lead to an increase in supersaturation and to activation of the smallest CCN, resulting in production of new droplets several kilometers above the cloud base. A significant increase in supersaturation can be also caused by a decrease in droplet concentration during intense warm rain formation accompanied by an intense vertical velocity. This increase in supersaturation also can trigger in-cloud nucleation and formation of small droplets. Another reason for an increase in supersaturation and in-cloud nucleation can be riming, resulting in a decrease in droplet concentration. It has been shown that successive growth of new nucleated droplets increases supercooled water content and leads to significant ice crystal concentrations aloft. The analysis of the synergetic effect of the smallest CCN and giant CCN on production of supercooled water and ice crystals in cloud anvils allows reconsideration of the role of giant CCN. Significant effects of small aerosols on precipitation and cloud updrafts have been found. The possible role of these small aerosols as well as small aerosols with combination of giant CCN in creating conditions favorable for lightning in deep maritime clouds is discussed.
Modeling the Summertime Climate of Southwest Asia: The Role of Land Surface Processes in Shaping the Climate of Semiarid Regions
Authors: Marcella Marc P. , Eltahir Elfatih A. B. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Presented is a study on the role of land surface processes in determining the summertime climate over the semiarid region of southwest Asia. In this region, a warm surface air temperature bias of 3.5°C is simulated in the summer by using the standard configuration of Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3). Biases are also simulated in surface albedo (underestimation), shortwave incident radiation (overestimation), and vapor pressure (underestimation). Based on satellite measurements documented in NASA’s surface radiation budget (SRB) dataset, a correction in surface albedo by 4% is introduced in RegCM3 to match the observed SRB data. Increasing albedo values results in a nearly 1°C cooling over the region. In addition, by incorporating RegCM3’s dust module and including subgrid variability for surface wind, shortwave incident radiation bias originally of about 45 W m−2 is reduced by 30 W m−2. As a result, the reduction of shortwave incident radiation cools the surface by 0.6°C. Finally, including a representation for the irrigation and marshlands of Mesopotamia produces surface relative humidity values closer to observations, thus eliminating a nearly 5-mb vapor pressure dry bias over some of the region. Consequently, the representation of irrigation and marshlands results in cooling of nearly 1°C in areas downwind of the actual land-cover change. Along with identified biases in observational datasets, these combined processes explain the 3.5°C warm bias in RegCM3 simulations. Therefore, it is found that accurate representations of surface albedo, dust emissions, and irrigation are important in correctly modeling summertime climates of semiarid regions.
Poleward Atmospheric Energy Transports and Their Variability as Evaluated from ECMWF Reanalysis Data
Authors: Mayer Michael , Haimberger Leopold 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The vertically integrated global energy budget is evaluated with a direct and an indirect method (both corrected for mass inconsistencies of the forecast model), mainly using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis Interim (ERA-Interim) data. A new estimate for the net poleward total energy transport is given. Comparison to satellite-derived radiation data proves that ERA-Interim is better suited for investigation of interannual variations of the global energy budget than available satellite data since these either cover a relatively short period of time or are too inhomogeneous in time. While much improved compared to the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40), regionally averaged energy budgets of ERA-Interim show that strong anomalies of forecasted vertical fluxes tend to be partly compensated by unrealistically large forecasted energy storage rates. Discrepancies between observed and forecasted monthly mean tendencies can be taken as rough measure for the uncertainties involved in the ERA-Interim energy budget. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is shown to have large impact on regional energy budgets, but strong compensation occurs between the western and eastern Pacific, leading to only small net variations of the total poleward energy transports (similar magnitude as the uncertainty of the computations). However, Hovmöller longitude–time plots of tropical energy exports show relatively strong slowly eastward-moving poleward transport anomalies in connection with ENSO. Verification of these findings using independent estimates still needs to be done.
GNSS Precipitable Water Vapor from an Amazonian Rain Forest Flux Tower
Authors: Adams David K. , Fernandes Rui M. S. , Maia Jair M. F. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Understanding the complex interactions between water vapor fields and deep convection on the mesoscale requires observational networks with high spatial (kilometers) and temporal (minutes) resolution. In the equatorial tropics, where deep convection dominates the vertical distribution of the most important greenhouse substance—water—these mesoscale networks are nonexistent. Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) meteorological networks offer high temporal/spatial resolution precipitable water vapor, but infrastructure exigencies are great. The authors report here on very accurate precipitable water vapor (PWV) values calculated from a GNSS receiver installed on a highly nonideal Amazon rain forest flux tower. Further experiments with a mechanically oscillating platform demonstrate that errors and biases of approximately 1 mm (2%–3% of PWV) can be expected when compared with a stable reference GNSS receiver for two different geodetic grade receivers/antennas and processing methods [GPS-Inferred Positioning System (GIPSY) and GAMIT]. The implication is that stable fixed antennas are unnecessary for accurate calculation of precipitable water vapor regardless of processing techniques or geodetic grade receiver.
On Peirce’s Motivation for Equitability in Forecast Verification
Authors: Rodwell Mark J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn 1884, Peirce proposed a new two-category score for deterministic forecasts. The score was motivated by the desire to estimate the number of correct forecasts based on sound reasoning, without being sensitive to the frequency distribution of any residual random component of the forecast system. At the end of his article, Peirce pondered the situation of more than two categories and stated “I have a solution for this case.” Alas, it does not appear that he published this. Here, a simple calculation demonstrates a possible solution. Interestingly, it leads directly to the equitability constraints proposed over a hundred years later by Gandin and Murphy. Indeed, Peirce’s motivation provides a compelling and complementary justification for the use of equitability in scoring.
Do beta-blockers alter dyspnea and fatigue in advanced lung cancer? A retrospective analysis
Authors: Cameron Paul , Ellis Peter M , Pond Gregory R , Goffin John R 
Published: August 2011

Introduction: Dyspnea is common in lung cancer and may be partially attributable to increased ventilatory drive due to muscle weakness. The sympathetic component of this pathway might be mitigated by β-blockers. Methods: A retrospective review of new patients with stage III–IV non-small lung cancer or any small cell lung cancer was undertaken to assess the impact of β-blocker use on dyspnea and fatigue. Data were abstracted for clinical characteristics, β-blocker use, and pre-treatment Edmonton Symptom Assessment System dyspnea and fatigue scores. Results: Of 348 patients assessed, 202 met eligibility criteria. The median age was 67, 55.4% were female, 18.8% had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 5.9% had active coronary artery disease. Over 60% of patients scored 4/10 or higher on their dyspnea and fatigue scores. While dyspnea and fatigue were moderately associated, no association was found between β-blocker use and either symptom. Recorded dosages of β-blockers were low. COPD was associated with dyspnea and fatigue, while anemia was associated with fatigue. Conclusions: Dyspnea and fatigue are prevalent and increased in the presence of COPD and anemia. No association between β-blocker use and dyspnea or fatigue scores was observed. This may be attributable to inadequate dosing or to retrospective bias.
Migraine and cognitive decline in the population-based EVA study
Authors: Rist Pamela M , Dufouil Carole , Glymour M Maria , Tzourio Christophe , Kurth Tobias 
Published: August 2011

Background: Previous studies on migraine and cognition have shown mixed results. However, many could not assess the relationship between migraine and change in cognitive function or only used a limited number of cognitive tests. Methods: Prospective cohort study among 1170 participants of the Epidemiology of Vascular Ageing Study who provided information about migraine status and completed cognitive testing. Participants were classified as having no severe headache, non-migraine headache and migraine. Cognitive functioning was measured at up to four time points using nine different cognitive functioning tests. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the relationship between migraine status and change in cognitive function. Results: Of the 1170 participants, 938 had no severe headache, 167 had migraine, and 65 had non-migraine headache. After adjusting for age, gender, education and smoking status, people with migraine or non-migraine headache did not experience a greater rate of cognitive decline than those without headache or migraine in any domain (for the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), p-values were 0.68 for the non-migraine headache and time interaction and 0.85 for the migraine and time interaction) during 4–5 years of follow-up. For the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, those with migraine declined less over time (p-value = 0.02). Conclusion: Migraine was not associated with faster cognitive decline over time.
Against the wind: Male victimization and the ideal of manliness
Authors: Andersen Torbjørn Herlof 
Published: August 2011

• Summary: Boys and men are subjected to sexual assault, with perpetrators drawn from both sexes. This article discusses the necessity of recognizing the victim position as a possibility within an understanding of manliness. As well as being a necessary part of work with boys and men who have been subjected to abuse, the inclusion of the victim dimension will expand and add nuance to the perception of manliness in general. An argument for the involvement of social work in the field is offered based on an understanding of its mandate and responsibility as a profession. • Findings: A traditional view of manliness stands in the way of men being taken seriously as assault victims. Despite more recent academic and professional discourses on men as victims, a traditional ideal of manliness is still a reality with considerable influence on institutions and attitudes. Sexually abused men tend to judge themselves according to an ideal of manliness that does not allow a man to be a victim, and are thereby silenced. • Applications: These findings have relevance for social work students, for social work practice and supervision and for directing professional attention towards the aspects of gender issues represented in sexual abuse of males.
FERM domain mutations induce gain of function in JAK3 in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: Elliott Natalina E. , Cleveland Susan M. , Grann Victor , Janik John , Waldmann Thomas A. , Davé Utpal P. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an incurable disease where most patients succumb within the first year of diagnosis. Both standard chemotherapy regimens and mAbs directed against ATLL tumor markers do not alter this aggressive clinical course. Therapeutic development would be facilitated by the discovery of genes and pathways that drive or initiate ATLL, but so far amenable drug targets have not been forthcoming. Because the IL-2 signaling pathway plays a prominent role in ATLL pathogenesis, mutational analysis of pathway components should yield interesting results. In this study, we focused on JAK3, the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that signals from the IL-2R, where activating mutations have been found in diverse neoplasms. We screened 36 ATLL patients and 24 ethnically matched controls and found 4 patients with mutations in JAK3. These somatic, missense mutations occurred in the N-terminal FERM (founding members: band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, and moesin) domain and induced gain of function in JAK3. Importantly, we show that these mutant JAK3s are inhibited with a specific kinase inhibitor already in human clinical testing. Our findings underscore the importance of this pathway in ATLL development and offer a therapeutic handle for this incurable cancer.
Dexamethasone in patients with acute lung injury from acute monocytic leukaemia
Authors: Azoulay É. , Canet E. , Raffoux E. , Lengliné E. , Lemiale V. , Vincent F. , de Labarthe A. , Seguin A. , Boissel N. , Dombret H. , Schlemmer B. 
Published: August 2011

The use of steroids is not required in myeloid malignancies and remains controversial in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We sought to evaluate dexamethasone in patients with ALI/ARDS caused by acute monocytic leukaemia (AML FAB-M5)viaeither leukostasis or leukaemic infiltration.Dexamethasone (10 mg every 6 h until neutropenia) was added to chemotherapy and intensive care unit (ICU) management in 20 consecutive patients between 2005 and 2008, whose data were compared with those from 20 historical controls (1994–2002). ICU mortality was the primary criterion. We also compared respiratory deterioration rates, need for ventilation and nosocomial infections.17 (85%) patients had hyperleukocytosis, 19 (95%) had leukaemic masses, and all 20 had severe pancytopenia. All patients presented with respiratory symptoms and pulmonary infiltrates prior to AML FAB-M5 diagnosis. Compared with historical controls, dexamethasone-treated patients had a significantly lower ICU mortality rate (20%versus50%; p=0.04) and a trend for less respiratory deterioration (50%versus80%; p=0.07). There were no significant increases in the rates of infections with dexamethasone.In conclusion, in patients with ALI/ARDS related to AML FAB-M5, adding dexamethasone to conventional chemotherapy seemed effective and safe. These results warrant a controlled trial of dexamethasoneversusplacebo in AML FAB-M5 patients with noninfectious pulmonary infiltrates.
Skin mucus of Cyprinus carpio inhibits cyprinid herpesvirus 3 binding to epidermal cells
Authors: Raj Victor Stalin , Fournier Guillaume , Rakus Krzysztof , Ronsmans Maygane , Ouyang Ping , Michel Benjamin , Delforges Cédric , Costes Bérénice , Farnir Frédéric , Leroy Baptiste , Wattiez Ruddy , Melard Charles , Mast Jan , Lieffrig François , Vanderplasschen Alain 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the aetiological agent of a mortal and highly contagious disease in common and koi carp. The skin is the major portal of entry of CyHV-3 in carp after immersion in water containing the virus. In the present study, we used in vivo bioluminescence imaging to investigate the effect of skin mucus removal and skin epidermis lesion on CyHV-3 entry. Physical treatments inducing removal of the mucus up to complete erosion of the epidermis were applied on a defined area of carp skin just before inoculation by immersion in infectious water. CyHV-3 entry in carp was drastically enhanced on the area of the skin where the mucus was removed with or without associated epidermal lesion. To investigate whether skin mucus inhibits CyHV-3 binding to epidermal cells, tail fins with an intact mucus layer or without mucus were inoculated ex vivo. While electron microscopy examination revealed numerous viral particles bound on the fins inoculated after mucus removal, no particle could be detected after infection of mucus-covered fins. Finally, anti-CyHV-3 neutralising activity of mucus extract was tested in vitro. Incubation of CyHV-3 with mucus extract reduced its infectivity in a dose dependent manner. The present study demonstrates that skin mucus removal and epidermal lesions enhance CyHV-3 entry in carp. It highlights the role of fish skin mucus as an innate immune protection against viral epidermal entry.
Histological and transcriptome-wide level characteristics of fetal myofiber hyperplasia during the second half of gestation in Texel and Ujumqin sheep
Authors: Ren Hangxing , Li Li , Su Hongwei , Xu Lingyang , Wei Caihong , Zhang Li , Li Hongbin , Liu Wenzhong , Du Lixin 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Background
Whether myofibers increase with a pulsed-wave mode at particular developmental stages or whether they augment evenly across developmental stages in large mammals is unclear. Additionally, the molecular mechanisms of myostatin in myofiber hyperplasia at the fetal stage in sheep remain unknown. Using the first specialized transcriptome-wide sheep oligo DNA microarray and histological methods, we investigated the gene expression profile and histological characteristics of developing fetal ovine longissimus muscle in Texel sheep (high muscle and low fat), as a myostatin model of natural mutation, and Ujumqin sheep (low muscle and high fat). Fetal skeletal muscles were sampled at 70, 85, 100, 120, and 135 d of gestation.

Results
Myofiber number increased sharply with a pulsed-wave mode at certain developmental stages but was not augmented evenly across developmental stages in fetal sheep. The surges in myofiber hyperplasia occurred at 85 and 120 d in Texel sheep, whereas a unique proliferative surge appeared at 100 d in Ujumqin sheep. Analysis of the microarray demonstrated that immune and hematological systems' development and function, lipid metabolism, and cell communication were the biological functions that were most differentially expressed between Texel and Ujumqin sheep during muscle development. Pathways associated with myogenesis and the proliferation of myoblasts, such as calcium signaling, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 signaling, and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling, were affected significantly at specific fetal stages, which underpinned fetal myofiber hyperplasia and postnatal muscle hypertrophy. Moreover, we identified some differentially expressed genes between the two breeds that could be potential myostatin targets for further investigation.

Conclusions
Proliferation of myofibers proceeded in a pulsed-wave mode at particular fetal stages in the sheep. The myostatin mutation changed the gene expression pattern in skeletal muscle at a transcriptome-wide level, resulting in variation in myofiber phenotype between Texel and Ujumqin sheep during the second half of gestation. Our findings provide a novel and dynamic description of the effect of myostatin on skeletal muscle development, which contributes to understanding the biology of muscle development in large mammals.