bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental Understanding of Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis After a Negative Sweat-Test
Authors: Lang Colleen Walsh , McColley Susanna A. , Lester Lucille A. , Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND:Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis (CF) in Illinois uses an immunoreactive trypsinogen/DNA methodology; most false-positive results identify unaffected carriers.METHODS:Parents whose child received a negative result from the sweat test after a positive newborn screening for CF were surveyed ≥6 weeks later by telephone. All parents received genetic counseling while waiting for the sweat-test results.RESULTS:A total of 90 parents participated. Overall knowledge of CF was high (78%), but the ability to understand the CF screening results was mixed. Although 94% of the parents understood that their child did not have CF, only 79% (62 of 78) of participants whose child had a mutation knew their child was definitely a carrier, and only 1 of 12 parents whose child had no mutation understood that the child may be a carrier. Respondents stated that most relatives were not interested in genetic testing. Both parents had been tested in only 13 couples. Fewer than half (36 of 77 [47%]) of the untested couples expressed interest in genetic testing. Although most participants were satisfied with the process, parents expressed frustration because of the lack of prospective newborn screening discussions by prenatal and pediatric providers and lack of knowledge and sensitivity by those who initially notified them of the abnormal newborn screening results. Speaking to a genetic counselor when scheduling the sweat test decreased anxiety for many parents (53 of 73 [73%] were “very worried” at notification versus 18 of 73 [25%] after scheduling; P &lt; .001).CONCLUSIONS:Parental knowledge about CF is high, but confusion about the child's carrier status and the concept of residual risk persist despite genetic counseling. Relatives express low interest in carrier testing.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review
Authors: Donohue Pamela K. , Gilmore Maureen M. , Cristofalo Elizabeth , Wilson Renee F. , Weiner Jonathan Z. , Lau Brandyn D. , Robinson Karen A. , Allen Marilee C. 
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT:
Studies of the efficacy of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) to prevent or treat respiratory failure in preterm infants have had variable and contradictory findings.

OBJECTIVES:
To systematically review the evidence on the use of iNO in infants born at ≤34 weeks' gestation who receive respiratory support.

METHODS:
Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies, PsycInfo, ClinicalTrials.gov, and proceedings of the 2009 and 2010 Pediatric Academic Societies meetings were searched in June 2010. Additional studies from reference lists of eligible articles, relevant reviews, and technical experts were considered. Two investigators independently screened search results and abstracted data from eligible articles. We focus here on mortality, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the composite outcome of death or BPD, and neurodevelopmental impairment.

RESULTS:
Fourteen randomized controlled trials, 7 follow-up studies, and 1 observational study were eligible for inclusion. Mortality rates in the NICU did not differ for infants treated with iNO compared with controls (risk ratio [RR]: 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.82–1.15]). BPD at 36 weeks for iNO and control groups also did not differ for survivors (RR: 0.93 [95% CI: 0.86–1.003]). A small difference was found in favor of iNO in the composite outcome of death or BPD (RR: 0.93 [95% CI: 0.87–0.99]). There was no evidence to suggest a difference in the incidence of cerebral palsy (RR: 1.36 [95% CI: 0.88–2.10]), neurodevelopmental impairment (RR: 0.91 [95% CI: 0.77–1.12]), or cognitive impairment (RR: 0.72 [95% CI: 0.35–1.45]).

CONCLUSIONS:
There was a 7% reduction in the risk of the composite outcome of death or BPD at 36 weeks for infants treated with iNO compared with controls but no reduction in death alone or BPD. There is currently no evidence to support the use of iNO in preterm infants with respiratory failure outside the context of rigorously conducted randomized clinical trials.
Epitaxial graphene perfection vs. SiC substrate quality
Authors: Teklinska Dominika , Kosciewicz Kinga , Grodecki Kacper , Tokarczyk Mateusz , Kowalski Grzegorz , Strupinski Wlodzimierz , Olszyna Andrzej , Baranowski Jacek 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Polytype instability of SiC epitaxial films was the main focus of attention in the experiment performed since this factor has a decisive influence on graphene growth, which was the second stage of the experiment. Layers deposited in various initial C/Si ratios were analyzed.
Our observations indicate that the initial C/Si ratio in epitaxial growth is a crucial parameter determining which polytype will be grown, in particular for cubic (3C) or hexagonal (4H) polytypes. If the initial C/Si ratio was close to its final value, the dominant polytype was 4H. On the other hand, when the initial C/Si ratio was close to zero, 3C became the major polytype in spite of a non favourable growth temperature.
The results for graphene growth on an epi-SiC layer and a bulk substrate, in which case the dominant polytype was 4H, are also presented. These results indicate that layers on epitaxial 4H-SiC are thicker, more relaxed and have better quality in comparison with samples on 4H-SiC substrates.
Morphology and defects in SiC epilayers were analyzed using Nomarsky optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD). Graphene quality was characterized by Raman spectroscopy.
Soft-tissue injuries associated with cast application for distal limb orthopaedic conditions
Authors: Davidson C. , Arthurs G. I. , Meeson R. L. 
Published: January 2011

Summary
Objectives: Casts applied for orthopaedic conditions can result in soft-tissue injuries. The purpose of our study was to describe the nature and prevalence of such complications.
Methods: We performed a retrospective review of medical records of dogs and cats that had a cast placed for an orthopaedic condition between October 2003 and May 2009. The data were analysed and categorised.
Results: Of the 60 animals that had a cast placed, 63% developed a soft-tissue injury (60% mild, 20% moderate and 20% severe). Injuries could occur any time during coaptation, and an association with duration of casting and severity (p = 0.42) was not shown. Severe injuries took the longest to resolve (p = 0.003). Sighthounds were significantly more likely to develop a soft-tissue injury (p = 0.04), and cross-breeds were less likely (p = 0.01). All common calcaneal tendon reconstructions suffered soft-tissue injuries, but significance was not shown (p = 0.08). Veterinarians identified the majority of injuries (80%) rather than the owners. The financial cost of treating soft-tissue injuries ranged from four to 121% the cost of the original orthopaedic procedure.
Clinical significance: Soft-tissue injuries secondary to casting occur frequently, and can occur at any time during the casting period. Within our study, sighthounds were more likely to develop soft tissue injuries, and should therefore perhaps be considered as a susceptible group. The only reliable way to identify an injury is to remove the cast and inspect the limb.
Protective Murine and Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Eczema Vaccinatum
Authors: Tomimori Yoshiaki , Kawakami Yuko , McCausland Megan M , Ando Tomoaki , Koriazova Lilia , Kato Shinichiro , Kawakami Toshiaki , Crotty Shane 
Published: January 2011

Background Eczema vaccinatum is the most common severe pathology associated with smallpox vaccination (vaccinia virus), occurring at high rates among individuals with a previous history of atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). Methods Monoclonal antibodies capable of neutralizing vaccinia virus, anti-H3 and anti-B5, were developed as a potential therapy for treatment of human eczema vaccinatum. Results Using a small animal model of eczema vaccinatum, we demonstrated that both murine and fully human monoclonal antibodies effectively limited eczema vaccinatum disease, foreshortening both the disease kinetics and the severity of the erosive viral skin lesions. Conclusions These neutralizing antibodies would likely be effective at reducing or eliminating clinical disease in people with eczema vaccinatum or other severe side effects of the smallpox vaccine.
Invertebrate Hematopoiesis: An Astakine-Dependent Novel Hematopoietic Factor
Authors: Lin Xionghui , Söderhäll Kenneth , Söderhäll Irene 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A novel factor, named crustacean hematopoietic factor (CHF), was identified from a library of suppression subtractive hybridization with the aim to find downstream genes of an invertebrate cytokine, astakine 1, in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. CHF is a small cysteine-rich protein (∼9 kDa) with high similarity to the N-terminal region of vertebrate CRIM1 in containing an insulin growth factor binding protein variant motif with unknown function. CHF was found to be induced in primary cell cultures of crayfish hematopoietic tissue (Hpt) cells (precursors of crayfish blood cells) after treatment with astakine 1. Silencing of CHF did not affect the renewal of Hpt cells in vitro, but induced apoptosis of Hpt cells. CHF is exclusively expressed in the blood cell lineage of crayfish (Hpt cells and blood cells), and in vivo RNA interference experiments show that knockdown of this gene results in severe loss of blood cells and a higher apoptotic rate in Hpt. Our data further suggest that crayfish CHF is critical for the survival of hemocytes and Hpt cells by preventing their apoptosis, thus it plays an important role in hemocyte homeostasis in crayfish. Our study of CHF may also shed light on the function of this untypical insulin growth factor binding protein motif located in the N-terminal of vertebrate CRIM1.
Selenoprotein K Knockout Mice Exhibit Deficient Calcium Flux in Immune Cells and Impaired Immune Responses
Authors: Verma Saguna , Hoffmann FuKun W. , Kumar Mukesh , Huang Zhi , Roe Kelsey , Nguyen-Wu Elizabeth , Hashimoto Ann S. , Hoffmann Peter R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Selenoprotein K (Sel K) is a selenium-containing protein for which no function has been identified. We found that Sel K is an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein expressed at relatively high levels in immune cells and is regulated by dietary selenium. Sel K−/− mice were generated and found to be similar to wild-type controls regarding growth and fertility. Immune system development was not affected by Sel K deletion, but specific immune cell defects were found in Sel K−/− mice. Receptor-mediated Ca2+ flux was decreased in T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages from Sel K−/− mice compared with controls. Ca2+-dependent functions including T cell proliferation, T cell and neutrophil migration, and Fcγ receptor-mediated oxidative burst in macrophages were decreased in cells from Sel K−/− mice compared with that in cells from controls. West Nile virus infections were performed, and Sel K−/− mice exhibited decreased viral clearance in the periphery and increased viral titers in brain. Furthermore, West Nile virus-infected Sel K−/− mice demonstrated significantly lower survival (2 of 23; 8.7%) compared with that of wild-type controls (10 of 26; 38.5%). These results establish Sel K as an endoplasmic reticulum-membrane protein important for promoting effective Ca2+ flux during immune cell activation and provide insight into molecular mechanisms by which dietary selenium enhances immune responses.
Temperature Increases in the Human Achilles Tendon During Ultrasound Treatments With Commercial Ultrasound Gel and Full-Thickness and Half-Thickness Gel Pads
Authors: Draper David O. , Edvalson Clinton G. , Knight Kenneth L. , Eggett Dennis , Shurtz Joseph 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Although originally manufactured for use in diagnostic imaging of internal structures, 2-cm-thick gel pads are also used as conducting media for therapeutic ultrasound over areas with bony prominences. Research on the ability of these pads to conduct enough energy to adequately heat tissues has provided mixed results. However, this research has mainly been performed on the triceps surae muscle, an area over which gel pads are not typically used. We wondered how much heating might be produced if a thinner pad was used over a tendon.

Objective:
To compare temperature rises in the human Achilles tendon during ultrasound treatments using ultrasound gel, a 2-cm-thick pad, and a 1-cm-thick pad.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
University therapeutic modality laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Forty-eight healthy volunteers (24 women, 24 men).

Intervention(s):
We inserted a rigid thermocouple 1 cm deep into the Achilles tendon. Ultrasound was delivered at the following settings: 3 MHz, continuous, 1 W/cm2, 10 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Temperature was recorded every 30 seconds for 10 minutes.

Results:
Temperature increased the most in the ultrasound gel group (increase  =  13.3°C, peak  =  42°C). The 1-cm-thick pad resulted in higher tendon temperature (increase  =  9.3°C, peak  =  37.8°C) than the 2-cm-thick pad (increase  =  6.5°C, peak  =  4.8°C). The 1-cm pad produced approximately 30% more heating than the 2-cm pad (SE  =  0.72, P &lt; .03).

Conclusions:
The thinner pad transmitted ultrasound more efficiently than the thicker pad. Thus, a gel pad of less than 1-cm thickness might be useful for superficial areas, such as the hands and ankles.
The Reliability of Portable Fixed Dynamometry During Hip and Knee Strength Assessments
Authors: Kollock Roger O. , Onate James A. , Van Lunen Bonnie 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Insufficient lower extremity strength may be a risk factor for lower extremity injuries such as noncontact anterior cruciate ligament tears. Therefore, clinicians need reliable instruments to assess strength deficiencies.

Objective:
To assess the intrarater, interrater, intrasession, and intersession reliability of a portable fixed dynamometer in measuring the strength of the hip and knee musculature.

Design:
Crossover study.

Setting:
Sports medicine research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Three raters (A, B, C) participated in this 2-phase study. Raters A and B tested 11 healthy college graduate students (2 men, 9 women) in phase 1. Raters A and C tested 26 healthy college undergraduate students (7 men, 19 women) in phase 2.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The dependent variables for the study were hip adductor, hip abductor, hip flexor, hip extensor, hip internal rotator, hip external rotator, knee flexor, and knee extensor peak force.

Results:
The phase 1 intrasession intraclass correlation coefficients for sessions 1, 2, and 3 ranged from 0.88 to 0.99 (SEM  =  0.08–3.02 N), 0.85 to 0.99 (SEM  =  0.26–3.88 N), and 0.92 to 0.96 (SEM  =  0.52–2.76 N), respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.57 to 0.95 (SEM  =  1.72–13.15 N) for phase 1 intersession values, 0.70 to 0.94 (SEM  =  1.42–9.20 N) for phase 2 intrarater reliability values, and 0.69 to 0.88 (SEM  =  1.20–8.50 N) for phase 2 interrater values.

Conclusions:
The portable fixed dynamometer showed good to high intrasession and intersession reliability values for hip and knee strength. Intrarater and interrater reliability were fair to high, except for hip internal rotation, which showed poor reliability.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Skin Diseases
Authors: Zinder Steven M. , Basler Rodney S. W. , Foley Jack , Scarlata Chris , Vasily David B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:To present recommendations for the prevention, education, and management of skin infections in athletes.Background:Trauma, environmental factors, and infectious agents act together to continually attack the integrity of the skin. Close quarters combined with general poor hygiene practices make athletes particularly vulnerable to contracting skin diseases. An understanding of basic prophylactic measures, clinical features, and swift management of common skin diseases is essential for certified athletic trainers to aid in preventing the spread of infectious agents.Recommendations:These guidelines are intended to provide relevant information on skin infections and to give specific recommendations for certified athletic trainers and others participating in athletic health care.
Alternative Agents to Prevent Fogging in Head and Neck Endoscopy
Authors: Piromchai Patorn , Kasemsiri Pornthep , Thanaviratananich Sanguansak 
Published: January 2011

Background The essential factor for diagnosis and treatment of diseases in head and neck endoscopy is the visibility of the image. An anti-fogging agent can reduce this problem by minimizing surface tension to prevent the condensation of water in the form of small droplets on a surface. There is no report on the use of hibiscrub® or baby shampoo to reduce fogging in the literature. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy between commercial anti-fogging agent, hibiscrub® and baby shampoo to reduce fogging for the use in head and neck endoscopy. Methods The study was conducted at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University in August 2010. Commercial anti-fogging agent, baby shampoo and hibiscrub® were applied on rigid endoscope lens before putting them into a mist generator. The images were taken at baseline, 15 seconds, 30 seconds and 1 minute. The images' identifiers were removed before they were sent to two evaluators. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used to rate the image quality from 0 to 10. Results The difference in mean VAS score between anti-fogging agent, baby shampoo and hibiscrub® versus no agent were 5.46, 4.45 and 2.1 respectively. The commercial anti-fogging agent and baby shampoo had most protective benefit and performed significantly better than no agent ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Baby shampoo is an effective agent to prevent fogging during head and neck endoscopy and compares favourably with commercial anti-fogging agent.
Evaluation of the Long-Term Effects of Photorefractive Keratectomy Correction for Myopia in China
Authors: Chen Lan , Ye Ting , Yang XinJun 
Published: January 2011

Purpose To evaluate the long-term effects of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) correction for myopia in China. Methods A comprehensive literature research was conducted in 2 Chinese databases and PubMed. Statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan 4.2 software. Results Seven prospective studies involving 2,796 eyes were included. The follow-up period was 5 to 11 years. Meta-analysis showed efficacies in low to moderate myopia that surpassed those in high myopia, and pooled odds ratios were 9.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.37–19.11) in the proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) ≥20/20 and 5.61 (95% CI 3.97–7.93) in the proportion of eyes with UCVA ≥20/40. More than 10 years post operation, 82.0% had 20/20 or better UCVA and 96.1% had 20/40 or better in the ≤-6.00 D myopia group. Among patients with >-6.00 D myopia, 31.7% had 20/20 or better UCVA and 80.4% had 20/40 or better. Moreover, 82.1% and 46.4% of the treated eyes were within ±1.0 D of target refraction in the low to moderate myopia and high myopia group, respectively. About 1.4%-3.5% of eyes lost ≥2 lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, and 0.6%-4.1% of eyes had grade 1 corneal haze. Conclusions Photorefractive keratectomy for myopia is an effective and safe procedure for the long term in China. The efficacy and predictability of PRK in low to moderate myopia are better than in high myopia.
Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the united states
Authors: Plassman Brenda L. , Langa Kenneth M. , McCammon Ryan J. , Fisher Gwenith G. , Potter Guy G. , Burke James R. , Steffens David C. , Foster Norman L. , Giordani Bruno , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Heeringa Steven G. , Weir David R. , Wallace Robert B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:Estimates of incident dementia, and cognitive impairment, not dementia (CIND) (or the related mild cognitive impairment) are important for public health and clinical care policy. In this paper, we report US national incidence rates for dementia and CIND.Methods:Participants in the Aging, Demographic, and Memory Study (ADAMS) were evaluated for cognitive impairment using a comprehensive in‐home assessment. A total of 456 individuals aged 72 years and older, who were not demented at baseline, were followed longitudinally from August 2001 to December 2009. An expert consensus panel assigned a diagnosis of normal cognition, CIND, or dementia and its subtypes. Using a population‐weighted sample, we estimated the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and CIND by age. We also estimated the incidence of progression from CIND to dementia.Results:The incidence of dementia was 33.3 (standard error [SE], 4.2) per 1,000 person‐years and 22.9 (SE, 2.9) per 1,000 person‐years for AD. The incidence of CIND was 60.4 (SE, 7.2) cases per 1,000 person‐years. An estimated 120.3 (SE, 16.9) individuals per 1,000 person‐years progressed from CIND to dementia. Over a 5.9‐year period, about 3.4 million individuals aged 72 and older in the United States developed incident dementia, of whom approximately 2.3 million developed AD, and about 637,000 developed VaD. Over this same period, almost 4.8 million individuals developed incident CIND.Interpretation:The incidence of CIND is greater than the incidence of dementia, and those with CIND are at high risk of progressing to dementia, making CIND a potentially valuable target for treatments aimed at slowing cognitive decline. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Antioxidants halt axonal degeneration in a mouse model of X‐adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: López‐Erauskin Jone , Fourcade Stéphane , Galino Jorge , Ruiz Montserrat , Schlüter Agatha , Naudi Alba , Jove Mariona , Portero‐Otin Manuel , Pamplona Reinald , Ferrer Isidre , Pujol Aurora 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:Axonal degeneration is a main contributor to disability in progressive neurodegenerative diseases in which oxidative stress is often identified as a pathogenic factor. We aim to demonstrate that antioxidants are able to improve axonal degeneration and locomotor deficits in a mouse model of X‐adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD).Methods:X‐ALD is a lethal disease caused by loss of function of the ABCD1 peroxisomal transporter of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). The mouse model for X‐ALD exhibits a late onset neurological phenotype with locomotor disability and axonal degeneration in spinal cord resembling the most common phenotype of the disease, adrenomyeloneuropathy (X‐AMN). Recently, we identified oxidative damage as an early event in life, and the excess of VLCFA as a generator of radical oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage to proteins in X‐ALD.Results:Here, we prove the capability of the antioxidants N‐acetyl‐cysteine, α‐lipoic acid, and α‐tocopherol to scavenge VLCFA‐dependent ROS generation in vitro. Furthermore, in a preclinical setting, the cocktail of the 3 compounds reversed: (1) oxidative stress and lesions to proteins, (2) immunohistological signs of axonal degeneration, and (3) locomotor impairment in bar cross and treadmill tests.Interpretation:We have established a direct link between oxidative stress and axonal damage in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease. This conceptual proof of oxidative stress as a major disease‐driving factor in X‐AMN warrants translation into clinical trials for X‐AMN, and invites assessment of antioxidant strategies in axonopathies in which oxidative damage might be a contributing factor. Ann Neurol 2011;