bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Worksite Fitness and Exercise Programs: A Review of Methodology and Health Impact
Authors: Shephard Roy J. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To examine the methodology of worksite fitness and exercise programs and to assess their effect on health-related fitness, cardiac risk factors, life satisfaction and well-being, and illness and injury. Search methods. The 52 studies reviewed cover English-language literature for the period from 1972 to 1994, as identified by a search of the Cumulative Index Medicus, Medline, the Canadian Sport Documentation Centre's “Sport Discus,” computerized bibliography, and my own files. Reports were divided into five controlled experimental studies, 14 quasi-experimental studies with matched controls (one reported in abstract), and 33 other interventions of varied quality. Summary. Methodologic problems include difficulty in allowing for Hawthorne effects, substantial sample attrition, and poor definition of the intervention (exercise or broad-based health promotion). Findings are analyzed by specific fitness and health outcomes. Program participants show small but favorable changes in body mass, skinfolds, aerobic power, muscle strength and flexibility, overall risk-taking behavior, systemic blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and cigarette smoking. Claims of improved mood state are based heavily on uncontrolled studies. Quasi-experimental studies suggest reduced rates of illness and injury among participants, but seasonal and year-to-year differences in health weaken possible conclusions. Conclusions. Participation in worksite fitness programs can enhance health-related fitness and reduce risk-taking behavior, but population effect is limited by low participation rates.
The Relationship between Perceived Stress and Self-Reported Illness-Related Absenteeism
Authors: Jacobson Bert H. , Aldana Steven G. , Goetzel Ron Z. , Vardell K. D. , Adams Troy B. , Pietras Rick J. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To investigate the association between perceived stress and illness-related work absenteeism. Design. A standardized health profile questionnaire developed by Johnson & Johnson Advanced Behavioral Technologies, Inc., was used to collect demographic and personal health data between June 1988 and January 1993. Chi-square, odds ratio, and stepwise regression tests were used to analyze perceived stress and self-reported absenteeism data. Setting. Worksite health promotion programs in 250 U.S. companies. Subjects. Subjects consisted of 79,070 employees. Measures. Stress data, grouped as low, moderate, and high, were correlated with absenteeism data grouped by annual days missed (None, 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5+). Results. Significant relationships were found (p ⩽ .05) between high stress and absenteeism for both genders. Female workers reported higher stress levels and absenteeism than men. Those with high stress were 2.22 more likely to be absent 5+ days per year than those with low stress. Work, finances, and family were the highest stress sources. Greatest absenteeism predictors were health, legal, social, and financial stress. Conclusions. These data primarily represented self-selected white workers and may not apply to all employees. However, if high stress relates to absenteeism, these data may provide valuable information for program design in stress management.
The Myth of “Healthism” in Organized Sports: Implications for Health Promotion Sponsorship of Sports and the Arts
Authors: Holman C. D'Arcy J. , Donovan Robert J. , Corti Billie , Jalleh Geoffrey 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The study examines the association of involvement in sports and arts with five health risk factors. The aims were to evaluate the argument that promotion of sports alone will achieve health objectives and to assess the suitability of sports and arts populations as targets for health promotion sponsorship. Design. Personal and telephone cross-sectional surveys were performed in Western Australia in 1992 ( N = 2629) and 1994 (N = 2031). Setting. Sports and arts venues in Western Australia. Subjects. Random samples of household respondents aged 16 to 69 years. Measures. Measures of association between risk factors and involvement in sports and the arts were adjusted for sex, age, residence, income, and other types of sports/arts involvement. Results. Spectators attending sports events, who were not members of organized sports clubs, were more likely to possess three or more risk factors than nonparticipants (OR = 1.43; 95% CI 1.20–1.70). They were more likely to report cigarette smoking, unsafe alcohol drinking, and poor sun protection practices. Sports club members had a similar profile of risk factors, except that their prevalence of smoking was reduced and they were much less likely to report inadequate physical exercise. The most elevated risk factor in sports populations was unsafe alcohol drinking (OR = 1.81 in club members, 1.88 in spectators, and 2.25 in spectators who were also members). Arts populations were less likely than average to report elevated risk factors, especially in the case of members of arts organizations who also attended arts events (for three or more risk factors, OR = 0.59; 95% CI .45–.75). However, the majority of arts respondents had at least two risk factors. Levels of inadequate exercise in arts populations were the same as those in sports populations. Conclusions. The promotion of sports alone is unlikely to achieve health objectives. Highest priority in the use of health promotion sponsorship funds should be given to the populations attending sports events and involved as members of sports clubs. Investment in arts sponsorship is warranted, but at a lower level than health sponsorship of sports.
The Effects of a Telephone-Based Intervention on Weight Loss
Authors: Hellerstedt Wendy L. , Jeffery Robert W. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To evaluate minimal-contact and telephone-assisted weight-loss programs for overweight persons. Design. Participants were randomized to a minimal-contact group or one of two telephone-assisted weight-loss groups. All participants attended two group-based behavioral weight-loss classes and received written educational materials and diaries. For the subsequent 24 weeks, the minimal-contact group received no contact and the telephone-assisted group members received weekly calls to monitor their weight, food intake, and exercise. Setting. Baseline educational sessions and data collection were conducted at a university site. Subjects. Sixty-four healthy subjects (4 men) who were from 120% to 150% of ideal weight and were 25 to 55 years of age participated in the study. Measures. The major outcome of interest was change in measured weight over a 24-week period Data on calories expended in exercise, dietary intake, and demographics were also gathered at baseline and 24 weeks. Results. Weight loss did not differ significantly by treatment. Unexpectedly, the minimal-contact group lost almost twice as much weight as the telephone-assisted groups (12.7 vs 7.9 lb). Conclusions. There appears to be an audience for low-contact and telephone-assisted weight-loss programs, and such programs can be delivered easily. However, because the data show only modest weight-loss success, work should continue to identify the optimal content and design of such interventions.
Preliminary Investigation of a Culturally Specific Smoking Cessation Intervention for Hispanic Smokers
Authors: Nevid Jeffrey S. , Javier Rafael A. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare a culturally specific, multicomponent behavioral smoking cessation program for Hispanic smokers with a low-intensity, enhanced self-help control condition. Design. Participants who completed pretreatment assessment were randomly assigned to treatment conditions. Smoking status was evaluated at posttreatment, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up intervals. Setting. The study was based in predominantly Hispanic neighborhoods in Queens, New York. Participants. Ninety-three Hispanic smokers participated: 48 men and 45 women. Intervention. The multicomponent treatment involved a clinic-based group program that incorporated a culturally specific component consisting of videotaped presentations of culturally laden smoking-related vignettes. The self-help control program was enhanced by the use of an introductory group session and follow-up supportive telephone calls. Measures. Smoking outcomes were based on cotinine-validated abstinence and self-reported smoking rates. Predictors of abstinence were examined, including sociodemographic variables, smoking history, nicotine dependence, acculturation, partner interactions, reasons for quitting, self-efficacy, and linguistic competence. Results. Significant group differences in cotinine-validated abstinence rates in favor of the multicomponent group were obtained, but only at posttreatment. With missing data included and coded for nonabstinence, validated abstinence rates at posttreatment were 21% for the multicomponent group and 6% for the self-help group. At the 6-month follow-up, the rates were 13% for the multicomponent group and 9% for the self-help group. By the 12-month follow-up, the rates declined to 8% and 7% for the multicomponent and self-help groups, respectively. A dose-response relationship between attendance at group sessions and abstinence status was shown at posttreatment and 6-month follow-up intervals. Conclusions. The results of the present study failed to show any long-term benefit from use of a clinic-based, culturally specific multicomponent smoking cessation intervention for Hispanic smokers relative to a minimal-contact, enhanced self-help control.
Postpartum Return to Smoking: Who is at Risk and When
Authors: Mullen Patricia Dolan , Ann Richardson Mary , Quinn Virginia P. , Ershoff Daniel H. 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. Despite high rates of spontaneous and assisted smoking cessation during pregnancy, postpartum maintenance is disappointingly low. Predictors of return to smoking remain unclear, thus limiting the development of interventions that could protect the health of women and their children. This study followed women who had participated in a prenatal smoking cessation intervention trial and successfully stopped smoking to address two aims: (1) describe the probability of relapse in confirmed quitters during the first 6 months after the birth, and (2) identify factors that increase relapse. Design. Prospective design during pregnancy and retrospective report at 6 months postpartum used survival analysis with return to smoking as the dependent variable and the Cox proportional hazards regression technique. Measures. Questionnaires were used at the first prenatal visit and telephone interviews at the 26th week of pregnancy and 6 months postpartum. Nonsmoking after the 20th week was measured by urine cotinine tests (m = 3); nonsmoking postpartum was measured by retrospective self-report. Setting. The setting was an HMO-based group practice in Los Angeles. Subjects. Subjects were white, black, and Hispanic women (n = 127) available for follow-up. Results. The proportion of the sample classified as relapsers at 6 months postpartum was 62.9%. The final model identified the following risk factors for smoking: taking puffs in late pregnancy and having friends who smoke at the first prenatal visit, less confidence in mid-pregnancy that they could maintain nonsmoking postpartum, and a partner who smokes postpartum. Conclusions. Intervention should begin in late pregnancy, and smoking networks, including partner smoking, should be addressed.
Development of a Health Risk Appraisal for the Elderly (HRA-E)
Authors: Breslow Lester , Beck John C. , Morgenstern Hal , Fielding Jonathan E. , Moore Alison A. , Carmel Martha , Higa Jerilyn 
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this project is to develop a health risk appraisal for the elderly (HRA-E) and test its application in both medical and nonmedical settings. The HRA-E system consists of a questionnaire and software for computer-generation of personalized reports to participants, 55 years and older, and their physicians. Items in the questionnaire cover a comprehensive range of content domains relevant to health promotion in the elderly. The goal of the HRA-E system is to prevent functional decline. Samples of eligible subjects from the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), a group practice, and a senior center were extended invitations to participate. Those responding affirmatively to the invitation were given a questionnaire and evaluation form. Each person who returned the questionnaire received his or her personal report and a second evaluation form. Four months after receiving their reports, respondents were questioned about behavior changes during the interim. Preliminary findings, based on 1895 respondents, indicate that nearly all participants found the questionnaire easy to complete and were pleased with its overall length. In addition, most participants read their reports, and many planned to take action, based on report recommendations. In the next phase of this project, the intent is to refine the questionnaire, extend the intervention protocols for longitudinal application, and evaluate its impact on health-related behaviors, medical care utilization, and functional decline.
REMOVING EXTRACTABLE PROTEINS IN NATURAL RUBBER LATEX BY CALCIUM CHLORIDE FROM CHICKEN EGGSHELLS
Authors: Tangboriboon Nuchnapa , Phudkrachang Prapapan , Kunanuruksapong Ruksapong , Sirivat Anuvat 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Controlling the level of the extractable protein contents in a natural rubber latex is important to the sensitization of natural rubber latex products users. Allergies caused by latex products cause a serious problem in which the sweat removes proteins and allowing a skin contact causing allergic reactions. Calcium oxide from calcined chicken eggshells at 900 °C for 1 h was dissolved in 2M HCl (CaCl2) and used as the thickening agent in which it can modify the protein structure. The eggshells were characterized by the particle size analysis, the impedance analysis, simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Calcium chloride (CaCl2) interacts with the protein molecules and the solvent ions through the hydrogen bonding and the electrostatic interactions driving the extractable protein toward the film surface. Sodium dodecyl sulphate was used as the stabilizer in the natural rubber latex film formation. The extractable protein contents were measured and determined by the modified Lowry method. The concentrated latex samples were further characterized by FTIR, scanning electron microscope, and XRD and the results were reported here. Moreover, near infrared was used to measure the extractable protein spectra of the concentrated latex compounds in the region of 1100–2500 nm.
EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER-POLYANILINE DODECYLBENZENESULFONATE BLENDS: EFFECT OF STRAIN
Authors: Yong K. C. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Colorable, sulfur-vulcanized epoxidized natural rubber-polyaniline dodecylbenzenesulfonate (ENR-PAni.DBSA) blends with good electrical conductivities (up to 10−1 S·cm−1) and good mechanical properties (including high damping) were successfully prepared. An effect of conductive filler particle's surface area and shape was studied for the vulcanized blends by testing them through 900 cycles of straining. The elongated shape of PAni.DBSA particles (as observed by using transmission electron microscope) did contribute to the very low percolation threshold for unstrained samples (about 3.0 wt. % of PAni.DBSA loading) and the reproducible electrical behavior (≥95% retention of original unstrained value) for samples under straining cycles. With the ideal mechanical properties and reproducible electrical behavior, these vulcanized blends do have good potential to be used as flexible smart materials that can correspond to the straining process.
Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in a microchemical system: The role of SO3 and product inhibition
Authors: Zhang J. S. , Wang K. , Lu Y. C. , Luo G. S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe mechanism of Beckmann rearrangement of cyclohexanone oxime in oleum is investigated with a multiphase microchemical system, which is designed to give good control of the reaction temperature and residence time. The influences of SO3 and caprolactam concentrations in oleum on the conversion are investigated. The results indicate that SO3 acts as the catalyst and caprolactam plays a product inhibition role. Based on these results and previous mechanism analysis, an equilibrium relation between protonated caprolactam and caprolactam hydrogen sulfate is proposed and the equilibrium constants at 70, 80, and 90°C are gained. According to the equilibrium, the lowest acid/oxime molar‐ratio of 0.5 for sufficient conversion (>99%) at 100°C has been provided. This quantitative mechanism analysis gives the reason for the negative influences of higher caprolactam concentration and lower temperature on the reaction conversion, which is very useful for the optimization and reliable design of Beckmann rearrangement processes. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3156–3160, 2012
Ludwig Plate: Haeckel‐Nachfolger mit vielen Facetten
Authors: Hoßfeld Uwe , Levit Georgy S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLudwig Plate galt im ersten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts als einer der bedeutendsten Deszendenztheoretiker und Genetiker Deutschlands. Allerdings erwarb er sich auch durch seine nationalistischen, antisemitischen und frauenfeindlichen Ansichten einen zweifelhaften Ruhm.
Reactivity and Mechanistic Insight into Visible‐Light‐Induced Aerobic Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction by Organophotocatalysts
Authors: Liu Qiang , Li Ya‐Nan , Zhang Hui‐Hui , Chen Bin , Tung Chen‐Ho , Wu Li‐Zhu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWith visible‐light irradiation, a mild, simple, and efficient metal‐free photocatalytic system for the facile construction of sp3–sp3 CC bonds between tertiary amines and activated CH bonds has been achieved. Spectroscopic study and product analysis demonstrate for the first time that photoinduced electron transfer from N‐aryl tetrahydroisoquinolines to eosin Y bis(tetrabutylammonium salt) (TBA‐eosin Y) takes place to generate TBA‐eosin Y radical anion, which can subsequently react with nucleophiles and molecular oxygen. More strikingly, electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements provide direct evidence for the formation of superoxide radical anions (O2−.) rather than singlet oxygen (1O2) during visible‐light irradiation. This active species is therefore believed to be responsible for the large rate of acceleration of the aerobic photocatalytic reactions.
High‐Nitrogen‐Based Pyrotechnics: Longer‐ and Brighter‐Burning, Perchlorate‐Free, Red‐Light Illuminants for Military and Civilian Applications
Authors: Sabatini Jesse J. , Nagori Amita V. , Chen Gary , Chu Phillip , Damavarapu Reddy , Klapötke Thomas M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe full‐up prototype testing of perchlorate‐free, hand‐held, signal illuminants for the US Army’s M126A1 red star parachute hand‐held signal is described. Compared to the perchlorate‐containing control, the disclosed illuminants yielded excellent stabilities toward various ignition stimuli while offering superior pyrotechnic performance. Militarily, the illuminants provided further evidence that development of smaller hand‐held signal items in an environmentally conscious way is a realistic and obtainable goal. The results are also important from the perspective of civilian fireworks, as the development of brighter, longer‐burning, and environmentally compatible red‐light‐emitting pyrotechnics is now possible.
Structure of the B4 Liquid Crystal Phase near a Glass Surface
Authors: Chen Dong , Heberling Michael‐Scott , Nakata Michi , Hough Loren E. , Maclennan Joseph E. , Glaser Matthew A. , Korblova Eva , Walba David M. , Watanabe Junji , Clark Noel A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe B4 liquid crystal phase of bent‐core molecules, a smectic phase of helical nanofilaments, is one of the most complex hierarchical self‐assemblies in soft materials. We describe the layer topology of the B4 phase of mesogens in the P‐n‐OPIMB homologous series near the liquid crystal/glass interface. Freeze‐fracture transmission electron microscopy reveals that the twisted layer structure of the bulk is suppressed, the layers instead forming a structure with periodic layer undulations, with the topography depending on the distance from the glass. The surface layer structure is modeled as parabolic focal conic arrays generated by equidistant parabolas whose foci are defect lines along the glass surface. Nucleation and growth of toric focal conics near the glass substrate is also observed. Although the growth of twisted nanofilaments, the usual manifestation of structural chirality in the B4 phase, is suppressed near the surface, the smectic layers are intrinsically chiral, and the helical filaments that form on top of them grow with specific handedness.
Linking Single‐Molecule Blinking to Chromophore Structure and Redox Potentials
Authors: Stein Ingo H. , Capone Stella , Smit Jochem H. , Baumann Fabian , Cordes Thorben , Tinnefeld Philip 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIntensity fluctuations between an ON‐state and an OFF‐state, also called blinking, are common to all luminescent objects when studied at the level of individuals. We studied blinking of three dyes from a homologous series (Cy3, Cy5, Cy7). The underlying radical anion states were induced by removing oxidants (i.e. oxygen) and by adding the reductant ascorbic acid. We find that for different conditions with distinct levels of oxidants in solution the OFF‐state lifetime always increases in the order Cy3<Cy5<Cy7. Longer OFF‐times are related to higher reduction potentials of the fluorophores, which increase with the size of the chromophore. Interestingly, we find reaction rates of the radical anion that are unexpectedly low at the assumed oxygen concentration. On the other hand, reaction rates meet the expectations of similar Rehm–Weller plots when methylviologen is used as oxidant, confirming the model of photoinduced reduction and oxidation reactions. The relation of OFF‐state lifetimes to redox potentials might enable predictions about the nature of dark states, depending on the fluorophores’ nano‐environment in super‐resolution microscopy.
Erdbebensicherheit von Mauerwerksbauten – neueste Erkenntnisse, Anwendungsbeispiel Österreich
Authors: Pech Anton 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMit der Neufassung der ÖNORM B 1998‐1:2011, einer Überarbeitung der ÖNORM B 1996‐3:2009 sowie vorliegender internationaler (ESECMaSE) und nationaler (ÖIBI‐Bestandsmauerwerk) Forschungsergebnisse können die vertikalen und horizontalen Einwirkungen und Widerstände von Mauerwerksbauten nunmehr neu bewertet werden und stellen sich bei einer genaueren Berechnung nicht so schlecht dar, wie sie bei einer vereinfachten Betrachtung erscheinen.Earthquake safety of masonry structures. With the revised version of Austrian Standard ÖNORM B 1998‐1:2011, a revision of the ÖNORM B1996‐3: 2009 as well as available international (ESECMaSE) and national (ÖIBI Bestandsmauerwerk) research results the vertical and horizontal actions and resistances of masonry structures can be evaluated. After more detailed calculation these do not present themselves as bad as they appear in a simplified view.