bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Gray Mold of Blackberry Caused by Botrytis cinerea in South Carolina
Authors: Li X. , Schnabel G. 
Published: November 2011

Botrytis cinerea Pers.: Fr. is a causal agent of gray mold of blackberry but may also affect grapevine, tomato, bulb flowers, and ornamental crops (2). In August 2010, blackberries (Rubus fruticosus and other species) showing gray mold symptoms were found in Longcreek, Six Mile, and Cheddar, SC. Symptomatic blackberry fruit exhibited patterns of brown-to-gray mycelia and conidiophores. Upon isolation, the mycelium grew at a rate of 12.3 mm per day at 22°C on potato dextrose agar, forming pale white-to-gray colonies with concentric rings and conidiophores (less than 12 h of fluorescent light per day). Some isolates formed dark brown sclerotia in the dark after 18 days. The lemon-shaped spores averaged 12 × 9 μm and were consistent with descriptions of B. cinerea. (1) The ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified via PCR from genomic DNA obtained from mycelia using primers ITS1 and ITS4. A BLAST search in GenBank revealed highest similarity (99 to 100%) to sequences from various Botrytis spp. collected in China, Canada, and Spain (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ169666.1, GU934505.1, and EF207414.1). The ITS sequence amplified from the blackberry isolate was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. JN164269). The pathogen was further identified to the species level as B. cinerea using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, heat-shock protein 60 (HSP60), and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II (RPB2) gene sequences (2) (GenBank Accession Nos. JN164270, JN164271, JN164272). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating three surface-sterilized (soaked in 5% bleach for 15 min), mature blackberry fruit (R. fruticosus) with a conidial suspension (105 spores/ml) of the blackberry isolate. A 20-μl droplet was placed on the fruit; control fruit received sterile water without conidia. After 5 days of incubation at room temperature in an air-tight Magenta box, the inoculated fruit developed typical signs and symptoms of gray mold. The developing spores on inoculated fruit were confirmed to be B. cinerea. All control fruit remained healthy. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. cinerea on blackberry in South Carolina. The disease must be managed with fungicides to obtain high quality fruit with market-requested shelf life. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , June 17, 2011. (2) M. Staats et al. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22:333, 2005.
Hypoxia: developments in basic science, physiology and clinical studies
Authors: Ward D. S. , Karan S. B. , Pandit J. J. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryAirway management is primarily designed to avoid hypoxia, yet hypoxia remains the main ultimate cause of anaesthetic‐related death and morbidity. Understanding some of the physiology of hypoxia is therefore essential as part of a ‘holistic’ approach to airway management. Furthermore, it is strategically important that national specialist societies dedicated to airway management do not only focus upon the technical aspects of airway management, but also embrace some of the relevant scientific questions. There has been a great deal of research into causation of hypoxia and the body’s natural protective mechanisms and responses to it. This enables us to think of ways in which we might manipulate the cellular and molecular responses to confer greater protection against hypoxia‐induced tissue injury. This article reviews some of those aspects.
Infancy- and childhood-onset dyschromatoses
Authors: Vachiramon V. , Thadanipon K. , Chanprapaph K. 
Published: November 2011

Summary
The dyschromatoses are a group of pigmentary disorders characterized clinically by mixed and often guttate hypopigmented and hyperpigmented lesions. There are many conditions that present with dyschromatosis, including genodermatoses, inflammatory skin diseases, infections, drug and chemical use, and nutritional disorders. Some conditions have extracutaneous features. Poikiloderma (a combination of hypo- and hyperpigmentation with telangiectasia and atrophy) must be excluded. In this article, we describe the dyschromatoses typically presenting in infancy and childhood, most of which are genodermatoses. The approach we have taken in classifying them is based on organ involvement. We hope this article will serve as a guide for dermatologists to the recognition of these uncommon conditions.
Neck circumference as a novel parameter to determine metabolic risk factors in obese children
Authors: Kurtoglu Selim , Hatipoglu Nihal , Mazicioglu M Mümtaz , Kondolot Meda 
Published: November 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (6): 623–630AbstractBackground  To establish the association between neck circumference and cardiometabolic risk factors and to determine the utility of the neck circumference as a parameter in predicting children at cardiometabolic risk.Materials and methods  Five ‐ hundred and eighty‐one children (461: overweight/obese, 120: normal body mass index) aged between 5 and 18 years were enrolled. Neck circumference, waist circumference, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, triglyceride and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were recorded, and the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance score was calculated.Results  Neck circumference was negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol and positively correlated with all other parameters, with the exception of fasting plasma glucose in pubertal boys and girls and total cholesterol in pubertal girls. Linear regression analysis by designating neck circumference as a dependent variable revealed that insulin and TG levels in prepubertal boys and blood pressure and TG levels in pubertal boys were positively correlated with neck circumference. We found that diastolic blood pressure and insulin were positively correlated, while HDL levels were negatively correlated with neck circumference in prepubertal girls. Systolic blood pressure and insulin were positively correlated with neck circumference in pubertal girls. The cut‐off value for neck circumference, as an indicator for metabolic syndrome (MS), was calculated as 36cm in boys and 35cm in girls.Conclusions  Neck circumference measurement was shown to be associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in children. We suggest the use of neck circumference as a novel, simple, practical and reliable anthropometric index in predicting children at risk for cardiometabolic diseases.
Influence of customized composite resin fibreglass posts on the mechanics of restored treated teeth
Authors: Anchieta R. B. , Rocha E. P. , Almeida E. O. , Freitas Junior A. C. , Martin Junior M. , Martini A. P. , Archangelo C. M. , Ko C.‐C. 
Published: November 2011

Anchieta RB, Rocha EP, Almeida EO, Freitas Junior AC, Martin Junior M, Martini AP, Archangelo CM, Ko C‐C. Influence of customized composite resin fibreglass posts on the mechanics of restored treated teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 146–155, 2012.AbstractAim  To evaluate the mechanical behaviour of the dentine/cement/post interface of a maxillary central incisor using the finite element method and to compare the stresses exerted using conventional or customized post cementation techniques.Methodology  Four models of a maxillary central incisor were created using fibreglass posts cemented with several techniques: FGP1, a 1‐mm‐diameter conventionally cemented post; CFGP1, a 1‐mm‐diameter customized composite resin post; FGP2, a 2‐mm‐diameter conventionally cemented post; CFGP2, a 2‐mm‐diameter customized composite resin post. A distributed load of 1N was applied to the lingual aspect of the tooth at 45° to its long axis. Additionally, polymerization shrinkage of 1% was simulated for the resin cement. The surface of the periodontal ligament was fixed in the three axes (X =Y = Z = 0). The maximum principal stress (σmax), minimum principal stress (σmin), equivalent von Mises stress (σvM) and shear stress (σshear) were calculated for the dentine/cement/post interface using finite element software.Results  The peak of σmax for the cement layer occurred first in CFGP1 (1.77 MPa), followed by CFGP2 (0.99), FGP2 (0.44) and FGP1 (0.2). The shrinkage stress (σvM) of the cement layer occurred as follows: FGP1 (35 MPa), FGP2 (34), CFGP1 (30.7) and CFGP2 (30.1).Conclusions  Under incisal loading, the cement layer of customized posts had higher stress concentrations. The conventional posts showed higher stress because of polymerization shrinkage.
Oral rosmarinic acid‐enhanced Mentha spicata modulates synovial fluid biomarkers of inflammation in horses challenged with intra‐articular LPS
Authors: PEARSON W. , FLETCHER R. S. , KOTT L. S. 
Published: November 2011

Pearson, W., Fletcher, R. S., Kott, L. S. Oral rosmarinic acid‐enhanced Mentha spicata modulates synovial fluid biomarkers of inflammation in horses challenged with intra‐articular LPS. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 495–502.A biological extract of high‐rosmarinic acid mint (HRAM) has previously demonstrated inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) release in vitro. This study was undertaken to determine whether HRAM added to feed produces similar effects in horses challenged with intra‐articular LPS. Eight horses received HRAM (0 or 28.1 ± 1.3 g/day; n = 4 per group) in their feed for 24 days in a blinded manner. On day 21, all horses received an intra‐articular injection of LPS (0.3 ng) into their left or right intercarpal joint. Synovial fluid (SF) samples were taken on postinjection day (PID)‐21 (i.e. prior to commencement of supplementation), PID0, PID0.25, PID0.5, PID1 and PID3 and analysed for PGE2, GAG, NO, protein and total nucleated cells counts. Blood biochemistry and haematology screens were conducted at PID‐21, PID0, PID1 and PID3. There was a significant reduction in LPS‐induced PGE2 and GAG in SF in horses supplemented with HRAM compared with controls and a tendency to increase complement recognition protein accumulation in synovial fluid of HRAM horses. Plasma from HRAM horses had reduced total white blood cells, segmented neutrophils (compared with baseline concentrations) and lymphocytes (compared with controls), and increased SF nucleated cell count (compared with baseline concentrations and controls). It is concluded that HRAM offered as part of the feed alter biomarkers of inflammation in SF of LPS‐challenged horses. Larger studies that seek to clarify effects of HRAM on synovial fluid cell counts and possible role of HRAM‐induced interference with complement signalling are warranted.
Managing the cellular redox hub in photosynthetic organisms
Authors: FOYER CHRISTINE H. , NOCTOR GRAHAM 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTLight‐driven redox chemistry is a powerful source of redox signals that has a decisive input into transcriptional control within the cell nucleus. Like photosynthetic electron transport pathways, the respiratory electron transport chain exerts a profound control over gene function, in order to balance energy (reductant and ATP) supply with demand, while preventing excessive over‐reduction or over‐oxidation that would be adversely affect metabolism. Photosynthetic and respiratory redox chemistries are not merely housekeeping processes but they exert a controlling influence over every aspect of plant biology, participating in the control of gene transcription and translation, post‐translational modifications and the regulation of assimilatory reactions, assimilate partitioning and export. The number of processes influenced by redox controls and signals continues to increase as do the components that are recognized participants in the associated signalling pathways. A step change in our understanding of the overall importance of the cellular redox hub to plant cells has occurred in recent years as the complexity of the management of the cellular redox hub in relation to metabolic triggers and environmental cues has been elucidated. This special issue describes aspects of redox regulation and signalling at the cutting edge of current research in this dynamic and rapidly expanding field.
Cold acclimation induces rapid and dynamic changes in freeze tolerance mechanisms in the cryophile Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv.
Authors: CHEW ORINDA , LELEAN SUZANNE , JOHN ULRIK P. , SPANGENBERG GERMAN C. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe cryophilic Antarctic hair grass, Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv., one of two higher plants indigenous to Antarctica, represents a unique resource for the study of freeze tolerance mechanisms. We have previously characterized a multi‐gene family in D. antarctica encoding ice recrystallization inhibition proteins (IRIPs) whose transcript levels are responsive to cold acclimation, and whose products confer ice recrystallization inhibition (RI) activity that can account for activity seen in cold acclimated plants. We used molecular and physiological analyses to investigate temporal responses of D. antarctica to cold acclimation and de‐acclimation, and sub‐zero acclimation. Quantitative profiling revealed that IRIP transcript levels significantly increased and decreased within hours of cold acclimation and de‐acclimation, respectively, becoming up to 1000‐fold more abundant in fully acclimated plants. Western analysis detected three major immuno‐reactive bands whose pattern of accumulation mirrored that of transcript. These data correlated with the onset and decline of RI activity in acclimated and de‐acclimated leaves. Plant survival‐based testing revealed that cold acclimation enhanced freeze tolerance by 5 °C within 4 d, and that sub‐zero acclimation conferred an additional 3 °C of tolerance. Thus, D. antarctica is highly responsive to temperature fluctuations, able to rapidly deploy IRIP based RI activity and enhance its freeze tolerance.
Integrating fluctuating nitrate uptake and assimilation to robust homeostasis
Authors: HUANG YONGSHUN , DRENGSTIG TORMOD , RUOFF PETER 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTNitrate is an important nitrogen source used by plants. Despite of the considerable variation in the amount of soil nitrate, plants keep cytosolic nitrate at a homeostatic controlled level. Here we describe a set of homeostatic controller motifs and their interaction that can maintain robust cytosolic nitrate homeostasis at fluctuating external nitrate concentrations and nitrate assimilation levels. The controller motifs are divided into two functional classes termed as inflow and outflow controllers. In the presence of high amounts of environmental nitrate, the function of outflow controllers is associated to efflux mechanisms removing excess of nitrate from the cytosol that is taken up by low‐affinity transporter systems (LATS). Inflow controllers on the other hand maintain homeostasis in the presence of a high demand of nitrate by the cell relative to the amount of available environmental nitrate. This is achieved by either remobilizing nitrate from a vacuolar store, or by taking up nitrate by means of high‐affinity transporter systems (HATS). By combining inflow and outflow controllers we demonstrate how nitrate uptake, assimilation, storage and efflux are integrated to a regulatory network that maintains cytosolic nitrate homeostasis at changing environmental conditions.
Complex genetics controls natural variation among seed quality phenotypes in a recombinant inbred population of an interspecific cross between Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum pimpinellifolium
Authors: KAZMI RASHID H. , KHAN NOORULLAH , WILLEMS LEO A. J. , VAN HEUSDEN ADRIAAN W. , LIGTERINK WILCO , HILHORST HENK W. M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTSeed quality in tomato is associated with many complex physiological and genetic traits. While plant processes are frequently controlled by the action of small‐ to large‐effect genes that follow classic Mendelian inheritance, our study suggests that seed quality is primarily quantitative and genetically complex. Using a recombinant inbred line population of Solanum lycopersicum × Solanum pimpinellifolium, we identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing seed quality phenotypes under non‐stress, as well as salt, osmotic, cold, high‐temperature and oxidative stress conditions. In total, 42 seed quality traits were analysed and 120 QTLs were identified for germination traits under different conditions. Significant phenotypic correlations were observed between germination traits under optimal conditions, as well as under different stress conditions. In conclusion, one or more QTLs were identified for each trait with some of these QTLs co‐locating. Co‐location of QTLs for different traits can be an indication that a locus has pleiotropic effects on multiple traits due to a common mechanistic basis. However, several QTLs also dissected seed quality in its separate components, suggesting different physiological mechanisms and signalling pathways for different seed quality attributes.
Views of patients and general dental practitioners on the organizational aspects of a general dental practice
Authors: Sonneveld Rutger , Brands Wolter , Bronkhorst Ewald , Truin Gert‐Jan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective  To examine the views of patients and general dental practitioners (GDPs) on the organizational aspects of a general dental practice and to see whether their views differ.Background  Health care has increasingly centred on the patient over the last two decades, and the patients’ opinions have been taken more seriously. Although in other health‐care sectors research on organizational aspects has been performed, research in dental care is lacking on this subject.Design  We developed two questionnaires covering 41 organizational aspects of a general dental practice: one for GDPs and one for dental patients. The questionnaires were handed out in dental practices to 5000 patients and sent to 500 GDPs.Results  We describe the results of the organizational aspects mentioned most by 25% of the dental patients. For most aspects, the views of the patients and GDPs differed significantly. However, both respondent groups mentioned the same category the most.Conclusions  The results of this study could be used on a policy level for the development of guidelines and on a practice level for individual GDPs to adjust practice management to the preferences of patients.
Willingness to pay as patient preference to bariatric surgery
Authors: Khawali Cristina , Ferraz Marcos B. , Zanella Maria T. , Ferreira Sandra R. G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  An obesity epidemic is spreading worldwide. In addition to comorbidities, social and emotional problems contribute to reduce the quality of life (QoL) of obese people. Considering the heterogeneity of outcomes from clinical and surgical approaches, it is recommended that severely obese patients participate in their treatment decisions. This study evaluated preferences of severely obese patients for obesity surgical treatment using the willingness to pay (WTP) and to assess the impact of the presence of some clinical disorders, socioeconomic conditions and QoL on their decisions.Methods  The selected patients were invited to answer the WTP questionnaire using two formats of contingent valuation questions: dichotomous choice (yes/no) and a bidding game. The answers were correlated with clinical features, QoL assessed by the SF‐36 and the Moorehead‐Ardelt Quality of Life Questionnaire II, Brazilian socioeconomic classification, and family and personal incomes.Results  The group of patients who accepted the first bid was older and had higher frequency of sleep apnoea when compared to those who rejected the offer. A significant correlation between the bidding game value and family income was found (r = 0.28; P < 0.02). In the logistic regression model, socioeconomic classification and sleep apnoea were shown to be independently associated with acceptance the bid.Conclusions  Sleep apnoea was the comorbidity that most influenced the acceptance in dichotomous choice for bariatric surgery, probably due to the deleterious effects on daily activities induced by sleep disturbances. Our findings also suggest that the frequency of surgical procedures is below the preference of the obese population in Brazil.
The role of perceived benefits and costs in patients’ medical decisions
Authors: Singer Eleanor , Couper Mick P. , Fagerlin Angela , Fowler Floyd J. , Levin Carrie A. , Ubel Peter A. , Van Hoewyk John , Zikmund‐Fisher Brian J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Many decisions can be understood in terms of actors’ valuations of benefits and costs. The article investigates whether this is also true of patient medical decision making. It aims to investigate (i) the importance patients attach to various reasons for and against nine medical decisions; (ii) how well the importance attached to benefits and costs predicts action or inaction; and (iii) how such valuations are related to decision confidence.Methods  In a national random digit dial telephone survey of U.S. adults, patients rated the importance of various reasons for and against medical decisions they had made or talked to a health‐care provider about during the past 2 years. Participants were 2575 English‐speaking adults age 40 and older. Data were analysed by means of logistic regressions predicting action/inaction and linear regressions predicting confidence.Results  Aggregating individual reasons into those that may be regarded as benefits and those that may be regarded as costs, and weighting them by their importance to the patient, shows the expected relationship to action. Perceived benefits and costs are also significantly related to the confidence patients report about their decision.Conclusion  The factors patients say are important in their medical decisions reflect a subjective weighing of benefits and costs and predict action/inaction although they do not necessarily indicate that patients are well informed. The greater the difference between the importance attached to benefits and costs, the greater patients’ confidence in their decision.
What motivates Australian health service users with chronic illness to engage in self‐management behaviour?
Authors: Jowsey Tanisha , Pearce‐Brown Carmen , Douglas Kirsty A. , Yen Laurann 
Published: November 2011

AbstractContext  Health policy in Australia emphasizes the role of health service users (HSU) in managing their own care but does not include mechanisms to assist HSUs to do so.Objective  To describe motivation towards or away from self‐management in a diverse group of older Australians with diabetes, chronic heart failure (CHF) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and suggest policy interventions to increase patient motivation to manage effectively.Design  Content and thematic analyses of in‐depth semi‐structured interviews. Participants were asked to describe their experience of having chronic illness, including experiences with health professionals and health services. Secondary analysis was undertaken to expose descriptions of self‐management behaviours and their corresponding motivational factors.Participants  Health service users with diabetes, COPD and/or CHF (N = 52).Results  Participant descriptions exposed internal and external sources of motivation. Internal motivation was most often framed positively in terms of the desire to optimize health, independence and wellness and negatively in terms of avoiding the loss of those attributes. External motivation commonly arose from interactions with family, carers and health professionals. Different motivators appeared to work simultaneously and interactively in individuals, and some motivators seemed to be both positive and negative drivers.Conclusion  Successful management of chronic illness requires recognition that the driving forces behind motivation are interconnected. In particular, the significance of family as an external source of motivation suggests a need for increased investment in the knowledge and skill building of family members who contribute to care.