bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct on‐line analysis of neutral analytes by dual sweeping via complexation and organic solvent field enhancement in nonionic MEKC
Authors: Cao Jun , Li Bin , Chang Yan‐Xu , Li Ping 
Published: April 2009

AbstractConventionally, neutral compounds cannot be separated by nonionic micelle capillary electrophoresis. In this report, the development of a novel on‐line preconcentration technique combining dual sweeping based on complexation and organic solvent field enhancement is applied to the sensitive and selective analysis of three neutral glucosides: ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rg1, and ginsenoside Re. Nonionic micelle detectability by CE is demonstrated through effective focusing of large sample volumes (up to 38% capillary length) using a dual sweeping mode. This results in a 50‐ to 130‐fold improvement in the LODs relative to conventional injection method. Neutral compounds sweeping is examined in terms of analyte mobility dependence on borate complexation, solvent viscosity difference, and Brij‐35 interaction. Enhanced focusing performance by this hyphenated method was demonstrated by a greater than fourfold reduction in glucoside bandwidth, as compared with common sweeping (devoid of organic solvent‐mediated sweeping method in the sample matrices). Moreover, separation efficiencies greater than a million theoretical plates can be achieved by sweeping large sample volumes into narrow zones. The designated method was also tested for its ability to determine the presence of glucosides in the crude extracts obtained from plant sample.
Development and characterization of polyspecific anti‐mitochondrion antibodies for proteomics studies on in toto tissue homogenates
Authors: Loro Emanuele , Gianazza Elisabetta , Cazzola Silvia , Malena Adriana , Wait Robin , Begum Shajna , Brizio Carmen , Dabbeni‐Sala Federica , Vergani Lodovica 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe describe the characterization of polyclonal antibodies directed against the whole mitochondrial subproteome, as obtained by hyperimmunization of rabbits with an organelle fraction purified from human skeletal muscle and lysed by sonication. After 2‐DE separations with either blue native electrophoresis or IPG as first dimension and blotting, the polyspecific antibodies detect 113 proteins in human muscle mitochondria, representative of all major biochemical pathways and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, and cross‐react with 28 proteins in rat heart mitochondria. Using as sample cryosections of human muscle biopsies lysed in urea/thiourea/CHAPS, the mitochondrial subproteome can be detected against the background of contractile proteins. When comparing with controls samples from mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke‐like episodes patients, immunoblotting shows in the latter a drastic reduction for the subunits of OXPHOS complex I as well as an increase of several enzymes, including ATP synthase. This finding is the first evidence at the proteomic level of massive up‐regulation in a number of metabolic pathways by which the affected tissues try to compensate for the deficit in the OXPHOS machinery.
Anorexia nervosa—irony, misnomer and paradox
Authors: Lask Bryan , Frampton Ian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAnorexia nervosa is a condition full of irony and paradox. Perhaps the most enigmatic of these is that professionals tend to hold the same morbid preoccupation with weight, BMI and targets as do our patients. In this article we outline why we believe that an over‐emphasis on weight/BMI and targets is inappropriate, misleading and potentially harmful. Although this view is not always greeted with enormous enthusiasm by some, others are relieved that this particular ‘holy cow’ is at last being challenged. It is important that we should all have an open mind to the possibility that one of the main tenets of our practice may actually be unhelpful. Some ancient wisdom is drawn upon to support this view. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
An efficient hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on PSO and ACO for distribution feeder reconfiguration
Authors: Niknam Taher 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new formulation based on norm2 method for the multi objective distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR) is introduced in order to minimize the real power loss, deviation of the nodes' voltage, the number of switching operations, and to balance the loads on the feeders. In the proposed method, since the objective functions are not the same and commensurable, the objective functions are considered as a vector and the aim is to maximize the distance (norm2) between the objective function vector and the worst objective function vector while the constraints are met. The status of the tie and sectionalizing switches are considered as the control variables. The proposed DFR problem is a multi objective and non‐differentiable optimization problem so a hybrid evolutionary algorithm based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), called HPSO, is proposed to solve it. The feasibility of the HPSO algorithm and the proposed DFR is demonstrated and compared with the solutions obtained by other approaches and evolutionary methods such as genetic algorithm (GA), ACO and the original PSO, over different distribution test systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling and simulation of stator and rotor fault conditions in induction machines for testing fault diagnostic techniques
Authors: Chen Shuo , Živanović Rastko 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOn‐line diagnostics of induction machine faults such as broken rotor bars and shorted stator windings can be accomplished by analysing the anomalies of machine stator current. Defective rotor bars result in twice slip frequency sidebands around the fundamental frequency in the stator current, while stator winding short circuits cause changes in stator current amplitude and the occurrence of negative sequence current. This paper presents an induction machine model based on the Coupled Circuit Approach to simulate both the rotor and stator faults in an induction machine and to test fault diagnostic techniques. This model is realized in Matlab/Simulink and its construction in Simulink is explained with sufficient details. Simulation results of both the rotor and stator fault conditions are presented. A novel high‐resolution spectral analysis approach and a technique based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for the detection of broken rotor bars are tested using the simulated data. The results confirm that the high‐resolution method overcomes drawbacks of DFT such as the requirement for long data windows. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of variation in polymer properties on the rate of burning
Authors: Stoliarov Stanislav I. , Safronava Natallia , Lyon Richard E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe sensitivity of the burning rate to variations in physical and chemical properties of synthetic polymers has been examined in order to understand the relative importance of the knowledge of these properties. The sensitivity analysis was performed using a numerical pyrolysis model called ThermaKin, which was employed to compute the rate of burning (expressed in terms of mass loss) of a one‐dimensional material object exposed to steady radiative heat. The results of the calculations indicate that the knowledge of decomposition reaction parameters (including the Arrhenius pre‐exponential factor, activation energy, heat, and char yield) is of key importance for prediction of the peak and average burning rates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire performance of bolted connections in laminated veneer lumber
Authors: Moss P. J. , Buchanan A. H. , Fragiacomo M. , Lau P. H. , Chuo T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper describes an investigation into the fire performance of bolted tensile connections in laminated veneer lumber (LVL) made from radiata pine. The capacity of the bolted connections depends on the embedment strength of the wood and on the yield moment of the bolts. The purpose of the research was to develop a prediction method for the time to failure of the connections when exposed to fire. An experimental investigation was carried out on the axial tensile strength of three types of bolted connections that utilized either wood or steel splice plates. Some specimens were tested at ambient temperatures while similar specimens were tested in fire conditions with a constant applied load. In addition, single‐bolted connections were tested under constant elevated temperature conditions to determine the embedment strength of the LVL. Connections with no steel plates, or with steel plates slotted between the timber members, performed better than those with exposed steel. A simplified design approach is proposed, using an extension of the Johansen formulae, such that the embedment strength of the LVL depends on the temperature in the bolt. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of bubble and droplet deformation by a level set approach with surface tension in three dimensions
Authors: Croce Roberto , Griebel Michael , Schweitzer Marc Alexander 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper we present a three‐dimensional Navier–Stokes solver for incompressible two‐phase flow problems with surface tension and apply the proposed scheme to the simulation of bubble and droplet deformation. One of the main concerns of this study is the impact of surface tension and its discretization on the overall convergence behavior and conservation properties.Our approach employs a standard finite difference/finite volume discretization on uniform Cartesian staggered grids and uses Chorin's projection approach. The free surface between the two fluid phases is tracked with a level set (LS) technique. Here, the interface conditions are implicitly incorporated into the momentum equations by the continuum surface force method. Surface tension is evaluated using a smoothed delta function and a third‐order interpolation. The problem of mass conservation for the two phases is treated by a reinitialization of the LS function employing a regularized signum function and a global fixed point iteration. All convective terms are discretized by a WENO scheme of fifth order. Altogether, our approach exhibits a second‐order convergence away from the free surface. The discretization of surface tension requires a smoothing scheme near the free surface, which leads to a first‐order convergence in the smoothing region.We discuss the details of the proposed numerical scheme and present the results of several numerical experiments concerning mass conservation, convergence of curvature, and the application of our solver to the simulation of two rising bubble problems, one with small and one with large jumps in material parameters, and the simulation of a droplet deformation due to a shear flow in three space dimensions. Furthermore, we compare our three‐dimensional results with those of quasi‐two‐dimensional and two‐dimensional simulations. This comparison clearly shows the need for full three‐dimensional simulations of droplet and bubble deformation to capture the correct physical behavior. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity of shear rate in artificial grafts using automatic differentiation
Authors: Probst M. , Lülfesmann M. , Bücker H. M. , Behr M. , Bischof C. H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn accurate numerical simulation of blood requires the solution of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations coupled with specific constitutive models. We consider a generalized Newtonian fluid model in which viscosity depends on shear rate, accounting for the shear‐thinning behavior of blood. Previous work on the design of an artificial graft indicated that there is an influence of the fluid model on the solution of the partial differential equation‐constrained shape optimization problem. Therefore, we carry out a sensitivity analysis of the actual implementation of the flow solver using automatic differentiation (AD). We compare the sensitivities of shear rate with respect to viscosity for different configurations and validate the truncation‐error‐free sensitivities obtained from AD with those based on divided differencing and, if available, with analytic derivatives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microglia processes block the spread of damage in the brain and require functional chloride channels
Authors: Hines Dustin J. , Hines Rochelle M. , Mulligan Sean J. , Macvicar Brian A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMicroglia cells exhibit two forms of motility, constant movement of filopodia probing surrounding brain tissue, and outgrowth of larger processes in response to nearby damage. The mechanisms and functions of filopodia sensing and process outgrowth are not well characterized but are likely critical for normal immune function in the brain. Using two photon laser scanning microscopy we investigated microglia process outgrowth in response to damage, and explored the relationship between process outgrowth and filopodia movement. Further, we examined the roles of Cl− or K+ channel activation, as well as actin polymerization in these two distinct processes, because mechanistic understanding could provide a strategy to modulate microglia function. We found that volume sensitive Cl− channel blockers (NPPB, tamoxifen, DIDS) prevented the rapid process outgrowth of microglia observed in response to damage. In contrast, filopodia extension during sensing was resistant to Cl− channel inhibitors, indicating that these motile processes have different cellular mechanisms. However, both filopodia sensing and rapid process outgrowth were blocked by inhibition of actin polymerization. Following lesion formation under control conditions, rapidly outgrowing processes contacted the damaged area and this was associated with a 37% decrease in lesion volume. Inhibition of process outgrowth by Cl− channel block, prevention of actin polymerization, or by selectively ablating microglia all allowed lesion volume to increase and spread into the surrounding tissue. Therefore, process outgrowth in response to focal brain damage is beneficial by preventing lesion expansion and suggests microglia represent a front line defence against damage in the brain. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The MMSE orientation for time domain is a strong predictor of subsequent cognitive decline in the elderly
Authors: Guerrero‐Berroa Elizabeth , Luo Xiaodong , Schmeidler James , Rapp Michael A. , Dahlman Karen , Grossman Hillel T. , Haroutunian Vahram , Beeri Michal Schnaider 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe mini‐mental state exam (MMSE) has been used to address questions such as determination of appropriate cutoff scores for differentiation of individuals with intact cognitive function from patients with dementia and rate of cognitive decline. However, little is known about the relationship of performance in specific cognitive domains to subsequent overall decline.ObjectiveTo examine the specific and/or combined contribution of four MMSE domains (orientation for time, orientation for place, delayed recall, and attention) to prediction of overall cognitive decline on the MMSE.MethodsLinear mixed models were applied to 505 elderly nursing home residents (mean age = 85, > 12 years education = 27%; 79% F, mean follow‐up = 3.20 years) to examine the relationship between baseline scores of these domains and total MMSE scores over time.ResultsOrientation for time was the only domain significantly associated with MMSE decline over time. Combination of poor delayed recall with either attention or orientation for place was associated with significantly increased decline on the MMSE.ConclusionsThe MMSE orientation for time predicts overall decline on MMSE scores over time. A good functioning domain added to good functioning delayed recall was associated with slower rate of decline. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for an association of the big five personality factors with recurrence of depressive symptoms in later life
Authors: Steunenberg Bas , Braam Arjan W. , Beekman Aartjan T. F. , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Kerkhof Ad J. F. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectivesAlthough it is well known that recurrence of late‐life depression is very common, little is known about the characteristics of older people who are vulnerable for recurrence. In order to identify characteristics of those who are at risk, the present study aimed to investigate the strength of the associations of the big five personality factors with recurrence in later life. Secondly, we studied whether there are gender and age differences in the strength of these associations.MethodsUsing data from the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam (LASA) a subsample with clinically relevant depressive symptoms at one or more of the first three LASA‐cycles, but who had recovered at the fourth cycle, was approached to participate in a fifth cycle to determine recurrence (n = 92). Respondents completed self‐report questionnaires on personality (NEO‐FFI) and depression (CES‐D). By means of logistic regression analyses the associations between the Big Five and recurrence of depression at fifth cycle was investigated.Results58 (63%) had a recurrence of depressive symptoms. A high level of neuroticism was significantly associated with recurrence. No gender differences or age‐related differences in strength of the associations of personality with recurrence were found.ConclusionIn later life, neuroticism still is associated with the recurrence of depression. Efforts to prevent recurrence of late‐life depression should focus on those with high levels of neuroticism and future research should aim at further unravelling the association between depression and personality in later life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoking initiation in Germany: the role of intergenerational transmission
Authors: Göhlmann Silja , Schmidt Christoph M. , Tauchmann Harald 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper analyzes the decision to start smoking using data from theGerman Socio‐Economic Panel(GSOEP). Our focus is on the role that parental smoking behavior plays for children's smoking initiation. The data used are a combination of retrospective information on the age individuals started smoking and, by tracing back these individuals within the panel structure up to that point, information on characteristics at the age of smoking initiation. In contrast to the previous literature it is possible to control for the environment at the time of smoking onset that might have influenced the decision to start. Our preferred specification of a discrete time hazard model indicates that parental smoking significantly increases the offspring's hazard to start smoking. While this effect is most prominent for currently smoking parents, it is also found for parents who have given up smoking already. However, an ambiguous effect of the timing of parental smoking cessation is found, arguing against role‐model effects being a key determinant for smoking initiation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐parametric methods for cost‐effectiveness analysis: the central limit theorem and the bootstrap compared
Authors: Nixon Richard M. , Wonderling David , Grieve Richard D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCost‐effectiveness analyses (CEA) alongside randomised controlled trials commonly estimate incremental net benefits (INB), with 95% confidence intervals, and compute cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves and confidence ellipses. Two alternative non‐parametric methods for estimating INB are to apply the central limit theorem (CLT) or to use the non‐parametric bootstrap method, although it is unclear which method is preferable. This paper describes the statistical rationale underlying each of these methods and illustrates their application with a trial‐based CEA. It compares the sampling uncertainty from using either technique in a Monte Carlo simulation. The experiments are repeated varying the sample size and the skewness of costs in the population. The results showed that, even when data were highly skewed, both methods accurately estimated the true standard errors (SEs) when sample sizes were moderate to large (n>50), and also gave good estimates for small data sets with low skewness. However, when sample sizes were relatively smallandthe data highly skewed, using the CLT rather than the bootstrap led to slightly more accurate SEs. We conclude that while in general using either method is appropriate, the CLT is easier to implement, and provides SEs that are at least as accurate as the bootstrap. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixing the game: are between‐silo differences in funding arrangements handicapping some interventions and giving others a head‐start?
Authors: Segal Leonie , Dalziel Kim , Mortimer Duncan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGiven resource scarcity, not all potentially beneficial health services can be funded. Choices are made, if not explicitly, implicitly as some health services are funded and others are not. But what are the primary influences on those choices? We sought to test whether funding decisions are linked to cost effectiveness and to quantify the influence of funding arrangements and community values arguments. We tested this via empirical analysis of 245 Australian health‐care interventions for which cost‐effectiveness estimates had been published. The likelihood of government funding was modelled as a function of cost effectiveness, patient/target group characteristics, intervention characteristics and publication characteristics, using multiple regression analysis. We found that higher cost effectiveness ratios were a significant predictor of funding rejection, but that cost effectiveness was not related to the level of funding. Intervention characteristics linked to funding and delivery arrangements and community values arguments were significant predictors of funding outcomes. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that funding and delivery arrangements influence both whether an intervention is funded and funding level; even after controlling for community values and cost effectiveness. It suggests that adopting partial priority setting processes without regard to opportunity cost can have the perverse effect of compounding allocative inefficiencies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social interactions and smoking: evidence using multiple student cohorts, instrumental variables, and school fixed effects
Authors: Fletcher Jason M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper, I use a social interactions framework to detect whether individual smoking decisions are influenced by classmate smoking decisions. There are several large challenges in addressing this question, including the endogeneity of school (and thus classmates) through residential location choices, ‘third factors’ such as school‐level unobservables that influence individual and classmate choices simultaneously, and the difficulty of the identification of parameters in empirical models of social interactions. In order to address these issues, I use an instrumental variables/fixed effects methodology that compares students in different grades within the same high school who face a different set of classmates and classmates' decisions. Preferred specifications suggest that increasing the proportion of classmates who smoke by 10% will increase the likelihood an individual smokes by approximately 3 percentage points. I compare these results with previous findings that are unable to use school fixed effects and/or use potentially invalid instruments and find that the current results suggest smaller social interactions in adolescent smoking decisions than some previous work. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.