bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight versus volume in breast surgery: an observational study
Authors: Parmar Chetan , West Malcolm , Pathak Samir , Nelson J , Martin Lee 
Published: November 2011

Objectives The study hypothesis is to assess correlation of breast specimen weight versus volume. Design Consecutive patients undergoing breast surgery at a single tertiary referral centre during a 6-month period were included. Specimen weight was measured in grams. Direct volume measurements were performed using water displacement. Data including side of the breast, age and menstrual status of the patient were noted. Setting Knowledge of breast volume provides an objective guide in facilitating the achievements of balance in reconstructive operations. Surgeons use intraoperative weight measurements from individual breasts to calculate the breast volume assuming that weight is equal to the volume of the specimen. However, it is unclear whether weight accurately reveals the true volume of resection. Participants Forty-one patients were included in the study with 28 having bilateral surgeries, 13 having unilateral procedures giving a total of 69 breast specimens. Main outcome measures Breast specimen weight correlation to breast specimen volume. Results The mean age of the group was 42.4 years. Fifty-two specimens were from premenopausal patients and 17 were of postmenopausal. Thirty-five were left-sided. Twenty-six patients had bilateral breast reduction, two had bilateral mastectomy, nine had a unilateral mastectomy and four patients had a unilateral breast reduction. The difference between weight and volume of these breasts was 36.4 units (6.6% difference). The difference in measurement of weight and volume in premenopausal was 37.6 units compared to 32.6 units in postmenopausal women. The density was 1.07 and 1.06, respectively. This was statistically not significant. Conclusions No significant difference between volume and weight was seen in this series. Furthermore, we are unable to support the notion that premenopausal patients have a significant difference in the proportion of fatty and glandular tissue as there was little difference between the weight and the volume. An easy, clinically proper formula for the quantification of actual breast volume has yet to be derived.
Lossless Compression of JPEG2000 Whole Slide Images Is Not Required for Diagnostic Virtual Microscopy
Authors: Kalinski Thomas , Zwönitzer Ralf , Grabellus Florian , Sheu Sien-Yi , Sel Saadettin , Hofmann Harald , Roessner Albert 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The use of lossy compression in medical imaging is controversial, although it is inevitable to reduce large data amounts. In contrast with lossy compression, lossless compression does not impair image quality. In addition to our previous studies, we evaluated virtual 3-dimensional microscopy using JPEG2000 whole slide images of gastric biopsy specimens with or without Helicobacter pylori gastritis using lossless compression (1:1) or lossy compression with different compression levels: 5:1, 10:1, and 20:1. The virtual slides were diagnosed in a blinded manner by 3 pathologists using the updated Sydney classification. The results showed no significant differences in the diagnosis of H pylori between the different levels of compression in virtual microscopy. We assume that lossless compression is not required for diagnostic virtual microscopy. The limits of lossy compression in virtual microscopy without a loss of diagnostic quality still need to be determined. Analogous to the processes in radiology, recommendations for the use of lossy compression in diagnostic virtual microscopy have to be worked out by pathology societies.
Characteristics Related to Effective Contraceptive Use Among a Sample of Nonurban Latinos
Authors: Warren Jocelyn T. , Harvey S. Marie , Bovbjerg Marit L. 
Published: November 2011

CONTEXT:

A better understanding of effective contraceptive use among Latinos is needed to reduce their high rate of unintended pregnancy. Most research has focused on urban Latinas and has overlooked the relationship context of effective contraceptive use.
METHODS:

Interviews were conducted among a sample of 450 Latino women and men aged 18–25 in sexual relationships, who were recruited from community sites in four rural Oregon counties in 2006. Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between effective contraceptive use and ‐individual, cultural and relationship characteristics.
RESULTS:

Half of participants reported effective contraceptive use in their primary relationships: Thirty‐six percent consistently used a female method, and 15% consistently used condoms. Acculturation and confidence in one’s ‐ability to practice contraception with a primary partner were associated with female method use rather than no effective use (risk ratios, 0.7 and 1.7, respectively). Participation in sexual decision making was positively associated with condom use rather than no effective method use (2.2) or female method use (1.9); partner involvement in birth control was positively associated with condom use rather than female method use (1.8).
CONCLUSIONS:

Variations in effective contraceptive use among nonurban Latinos appear related to relationship characteristics and dynamics. Contraceptive counseling and unintended pregnancy prevention programs that are tailored to reflect relationship contexts and to include male partners where appropriate could improve the quality and cultural relevance of services among nonurban Latinos.
Fabrication and assessment of polyacrylate/(guar gum modified bentonite) superabsorbent polymeric composite
Authors: Banerjee Subham , Verma Sushma , Pal Dilipkumar , Ghosh Ashoke Kumar , Bhattacharya Shiv Sankar , Chattopadhyay Pronobesh , Ghosh Animesh , Kaity Santanu 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A superabsorbent composite was synthesized via polymerization in a complete aqueous environment. A polymeric composites was fabricated effectively by varying the concentration of natural gum and crosslinker. Reinforcing of the polymer chains with bentonite sheets was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that bentonite was exfoliated and dispersed in the polymeric matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal analysis (TGA/DSC/DTA) were used to study the morphology and thermal stability of the composites, respectively. The effects of natural gum and crosslinker were investigated. Results showed that introducing organic-inorganic composites improved the swelling capability and water retention ability of the superabsorbent.
Description and survey of methodologies for the determination of amorphous content via X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Madsen Ian C. , Scarlett Nicola V. Y. , Kern Arndt 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The presence of amorphous materials in crystalline samples is an increasingly important issue for diffractionists. Traditional phase quantification via the Rietveld method fails to take into account the occurrence of amorphous material in the sample and without careful attention on behalf of the operator its presence would remain undetected. Awareness of this issue is increasing in importance with the advent of nanotechnology and the blurring of the boundaries between amorphous and crystalline species.
The methodology of a number of different approaches to the determination of amorphous content via X-ray diffraction and an assessment of their performance, is described. Laboratory-based, X-ray diffraction data from a suite of synthetic samples, with amorphous content rangäing from 0.0 to 50 wt%, has been analysed using both direct (in which the contribution of the amorphous component to the pattern is used to obtain an estimate of concentration) and indirect (where the absolute abundances of the crystalline components are used to estimate the amorphous content by difference) methodologies. In addition, both single peak and whole pattern methodologies have been assessed.
All methods produce reasonable results, however the study highlights some of the strengths, deficiencies and applicability of each of the approaches.
Home Heaters: A Holistic View of the Financial Statements
Authors: Claiborne M. Cathy , Wilcox Kirkland A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
In this case, two start-up companies in the same industry have identical economic transactions. Although both companies follow generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), each manager makes different choices and estimates when applying GAAP. By preparing the financial statements, calculating ratios, and comparing and contrasting the two companies, students see how choices and estimates made by management affect the financial statements. They also see the challenge faced by users of financial information when trying to interpret the financial statements and compare companies. Students really experience an “aha!” moment while analyzing this case. The case refutes their commonly held assumptions that accounting always has a right answer and that financial statements represent the truth.
Does Using Clickers in the Classroom Matter to Student Performance and Satisfaction When Taking the Introductory Financial Accounting Course?
Authors: Premuroso Ronald F. , Tong Lei , Beed Teresa K. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT
Teaching and student success in the classroom involve incorporating various sound pedagogy and technologies that improve and enhance student learning and understanding. Before entering their major field of study, business and accounting majors generally must take a rigorous introductory course in financial accounting. Technological innovations utilized in the classroom to teach this course include Audience Response Systems (ARS), whereby the instructor poses questions related to the course material to students who each respond by using a clicker and receiving immediate feedback. In a highly controlled experimental situation, we find significant improvements in the overall student examination performance when teaching this course using clickers as compared to traditional classroom teaching techniques. Finally, using a survey at the end of the introductory financial accounting course taught with the use of clickers, we add to the growing literature supporting student satisfaction with use of this type of technology in the classroom. As universities look for ways to restrain operating costs without compromising the pedagogy of core requirement classes such as the introductory financial accounting course, our results should be of interest to educators, administrators, and student retention offices, as well as to the developers and manufacturers of these classroom support technologies.
Data Availability: Contact the first author for the data used in this study.
Clinical signs and histologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts: 41 cases (1995–2010)
Authors: Verstraete Frank J. M. , Zin Bliss P. , Kass Philip H. , Cox Darren P. , Jordan Richard C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Objective—To characterize clinical signs and histologic findings in dogs with odontogenic cysts and determine whether histologic findings were associated with clinical features.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—41 dogs.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed to obtain clinical data, including breed, age, sex, and lesion location. Microscopic sections and results of diagnostic imaging were reviewed.
Results—Odontogenic cysts were identified in 41 dogs between 1995 and 2010. There were 29 dogs with dentigerous cysts, 1 with a radicular cyst, 1 with a lateral periodontal cyst, and 1 with a gingival inclusion cyst. In addition, 9 dogs with odontogenic cysts that had clinical and histologic features suggestive of, but not diagnostic for, odontogenic keratocysts seen in people were identified. In all 9 dogs, these cysts were located in the maxilla and surrounded the roots of normally erupted teeth. Of the 29 dogs with dentigerous cysts, 23 had a single cyst, 5 had 2 cysts, and 1 had 3 cysts. Six cysts were associated with an unerupted canine tooth, and 30 were associated with an unerupted first premolar tooth (1 cyst was associated both with an unerupted canine tooth and with an unerupted first premolar tooth). Dentigerous cysts were identified in a variety of breeds, but several brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented, compared with the hospital population during the study period.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a variety of odontogenic cysts can occur in dogs. In addition, cysts that resembled odontogenic keratocysts reported in people were identified. We propose the term canine odontogenic parakeratinized cyst for this condition.
Spatially-dependent and nonlinear fluid transport: coupling framework
Authors: Geiser Jürgen 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We introduce a solver method for spatially dependent and nonlinear fluid transport. The motivation is from transport processes in porous media (e.g., waste disposal and chemical deposition processes). We analyze the coupled transport-reaction equation with mobile and immobile areas.
The main idea is to apply transformation methods to spatial and nonlinear terms to obtain linear or nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Such differential equations can be simply solved with Laplace transformation methods or nonlinear solver methods. The nonlinear methods are based on characteristic methods and can be generalized numerically to higher-order TVD methods [Harten A., High resolution schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws, J. Comput. Phys., 1983, 49(3), 357–393].
In this article we will focus on the derivation of some analytical solutions for spatially dependent and nonlinear problems which can be embedded into finite volume methods. The main contribution is to embed one-dimensional analytical solutions into multi-dimensional finite volume methods with the construction idea of mass transport [Geiser J., Mobile and immobile fluid transport: coupling framework, Internat. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 2010, 65(8), 877–922]. At the end of the article we present some results of numerical experiments for different benchmark problems.
Physics Holographic Recording Device Based on LCoS Spatial Light Modulator
Authors: Bulanovs A. , Tamanis E. , Mihailova I. 
Published: November 2011

Physics Holographic Recording Device Based on LCoS Spatial Light ModulatorA PC-controlled holographic recording device has been developed in which a LC-R-2500 Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) based on reflective Liquid Crystal on Silicone (LCoS) display was used. The device allows the amplitude and phase modu-lation of coherent light wave fronts. In the optical scheme, a DPSS (Diode Pumped Solid State) laser with nanosecond pulse duration and wavelength 532 nm was applied. The holographic recording was made and tested in the amplitude and phase wave front modulation modes on a chalcogenide semiconductor photoresist As40S15S45. The experimental results are presented.
Guanylate Binding Protein 4 Negatively Regulates Virus-Induced Type I IFN and Antiviral Response by Targeting IFN Regulatory Factor 7
Authors: Hu Yu , Wang Jie , Yang Bo , Zheng Nuoyan , Qin Meiling , Ji Yongyong , Lin Guomei , Tian Lin , Wu Xiaodong , Wu Li , Sun Bing 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
IRF7 is known as the master regulator in virus-triggered induction of type I IFNs (IFN-I). In this study, we identify GBP4 virus-induced protein interacting with IRF7 as a negative regulator for IFN-I response. Overexpression of GBP4 inhibits virus-triggered activation of IRF7-dependent signaling, but has no effect on NF-κB signaling, whereas the knockdown of GBP4 has opposite effects. Furthermore, the supernatant from Sendai virus-infected cells in which GBP4 have been silenced inhibits the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus more efficiently. Competitive coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicate that overexpression of GBP4 disrupts the interactions between TRAF6 and IRF7, resulting in impaired TRAF6-mediated IRF7 ubiquitination. Our results suggest that GBP4 is a negative regulator of virus-triggered IFN-I production, and it is identified as a novel protein targeting IRF7 and inhibiting its function.
The Tumor Suppressor ARF Regulates Innate Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Través Paqui G. , López-Fontal Raquel , Luque Alfonso , Hortelano Sonsoles 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading organisms, and TLRs are the main sensors of microbial components, initiating signaling pathways that induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFNs. An antiviral action for the tumor suppressor alternative reading frame (ARF) has been reported; however, the precise role of ARF in innate immunity is unknown. In this study, we show that ARF plays an important role in regulation of inflammatory responses. In peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages from ARF-deficient animals, the induction of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by TLR ligands was severely impaired. The altered responses of ARF−/− cells to TLR ligands result from aberrant activation of intracellular signaling molecules including MAPKs, IκBα degradation, and NF-κB activation. Additionally, animals lacking ARF were resistant to LPS-induced endotoxic shock. This impaired activation of inflammation in ARF−/− mice was not restricted to TLRs, as it was also shown in response to non-TLR signaling pathways. Thus, ARF−/− mice were also unable to trigger a proper inflammatory response in experimental peritonitis or in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate–induced edema. Overexpression of ARF, but not its downstream target p53, rescued the ARF-deficient phenotype, increasing TLR4 levels and restoring inflammatory reaction. An increase in the E2F1 protein levels observed in ARF−/− macrophages at basal condition and after LPS stimulation may be involved in the impaired response in this system, as E2F1 has been described as an inflammatory suppressor. These results indicate that tumor suppressor ARF is a new regulator of inflammatory cell signaling.
Micrometer-Sized Titanium Particles Can Induce Potent Th2-Type Responses through TLR4-Independent Pathways
Authors: Mishra Pankaj K. , Wu Wenhui , Rozo Cristina , Hallab Nadim J. , Benevenia Joseph , Gause William C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWear debris in joint replacements has been suggested as a cause of associated tissue-damaging inflammation. In this study, we examined whether solid titanium microparticles (mTi) of sufficient size to accumulate as wear debris could stimulate innate or adaptive immunity in vivo. mTi, administered in conjunction with OVA, promoted total and Ag-specific elevations in serum IgE and IgG1. Analysis of transferred transgenic OVA-specific naive T cells further showed that mTi acted as an adjuvant to drive Ag-specific Th2 cell differentiation in vivo. Assessment of the innate response indicated that mTi induced rapid recruitment and differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages in vivo, through IL-4– and TLR4-independent pathways. These studies suggest that solid microparticles alone can act as adjuvants to induce potent innate and adaptive Th2-type immune responses and further suggest that wear debris in joint replacements may have Th2-type inflammatory properties.
Redox Remodeling by Dendritic Cells Protects Antigen-Specific T Cells against Oxidative Stress
Authors: Martner Anna , Aurelius Johan , Rydström Anna , Hellstrand Kristoffer , Thorén Fredrik B. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Microorganisms and microbial products induce the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from monocytes and other myeloid cells, which may trigger dysfunction and apoptosis of adjacent lymphocytes. Therefore, T cell-mediated immunity is likely to comprise mechanisms of T cell protection against ROS-inflicted toxicity. The present study aimed to clarify the dynamics of reduced sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in human T cells after presentation of viral and bacterial Ags by dendritic cells (DCs) or B cells. DCs, but not B cells, efficiently triggered intra- and extracellular thiol expression in T cells with corresponding Ag specificity. After interaction with DCs, the Ag-specific T cells acquired the capacity to neutralize exogenous oxygen radicals and resisted ROS-induced apoptosis. Our results imply that DCs provide Ag-specific T cells with antioxidative thiols during Ag presentation, which suggests a novel aspect of DC/T cell cross-talk of relevance to the maintenance of specific immunity in inflamed or infected tissue.
Assessing the Walkability of the Workplace: A New Audit Tool
Authors: Dannenberg Andrew L. , Cramer Todd W. , Gibson Christopher J. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Walking can be incorporated into most people's daily routines if the process is made convenient by a well-designed built environment. Walkability rarely is assessed in the workplace, where adults spend much of their time. Methods. From existing tools, we developed an instrument to audit walkability at a single government agency's facilities, which were located in multiple states. We used a five-point scale to evaluate nine elements of walkability: pedestrian facilities, pedestrian-vehicle conflicts, crosswalks, route maintenance, walkway width, roadway buffer, universal accessibility, aesthetics, and shade. Weighted scores ranged from 20 to 39 (poor), to 40 to 69 (fair), to 70 to 100 (good). Results. Of 79 walking route segments surveyed on 10 agency campuses, 34% were rated poor, 32% fair, and 34% good. Repeat assessment of 20 walking route segments by three independent observers yielded similar scores. Conclusion. Facility planners may find this walkability instrument useful in identifying and eliminating barriers to convenient walking opportunities in workplaces such as office parks and university campuses.
Empowering Youth for Tobacco Control
Authors: Dunn Caroline L. , Pirie Phyllis L. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To investigate common youth group activities and how they relate to young people's attitudes of empowerment around tobacco control. Design. A mailed survey was administered to 940 Minnesota youth involved in locally organized tobacco prevention groups. By multivariate linear regression, participation in eight tobacco-related activities and selected personal characteristics were examined in relation to youths' perceived influence on youth smoking. Results. Two activities–developing materials with antismoking messages and taking action to change school smoking policies—were associated with significantly higher perceived influence scores for the youth involved (p < .05). Youth in groups who had worked to raise awareness of how the tobacco industry targets teens also had significantly higher influence scores (p < .001). Associated personal factors included high involvement in extracurricular activities (p < .001), having never experimented with smoking (p < .01), leadership experience (p < .001), and being white (p < .01). Discussion. Some youth group activities and strategies may be particularly effective at instilling attitudes of empowerment for tobacco control among youth.