bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening a cucumber crop during leaf area development reduces yield
Authors: Kläring H.‐P. , Klopotek Y. , Schmidt U. , Tantau H.‐J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn order to reduce heat energy consumption in greenhouse cucumber production, (transparent) screens may be used also during the day, particularly in the early growth phase when high temperatures are required to achieve rapid leaf area development. However, energy savings must be optimised against light reduction‐induced yield loss. For this reason, two experiments were conducted to quantify the effect on photosynthesis and growth of screening cucumber plants during their early growth phase, and on yield in the following generative phase. Screening with different light transmission coefficients was simulated using shading nets. Shading the plants during the first 5 weeks under Central European winter conditions reduced the leaf area by 0.40% per 1% reduction in photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). Moreover, potential leaf net photosynthesis decreased by 0.46% per 1% PAR reduction. A major impact was that the leaf dry matter content, leaf starch content and leaf sugar content of shaded plants diminished significantly. In the course of the following 2 weeks under full light, the leaf photosynthesis of the plants previously shaded recovered fully and the leaf area index rose to 3.3 m2 m−2, considered sufficient for optimal crop photosynthesis. The yield from plants previously shaded diminished slightly as early as from the first harvest week on. These yield losses increased further over the next few weeks, measuring approximately 0.8 kg m−2 per 1 mol m−2 day−1 PAR reduction in the early growth phase. The effect of PAR on plant growth was proportional when relating the PAR integral over the entire experimental period to the total yield and to the total dry matter production, respectively.
The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer view of the disc-torus connection in z ∼ 0.6 active galactic nuclei
Authors: Calderone G. , Sbarrato T. , Ghisellini G. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We selected all radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the latest release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalogue, with redshift in the range 0.56–0.73. About 4000 (∼80 per cent) of these have been detected in all four infrared bands of Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). This is the largest sample suitable to study the disc-torus connection. We find that the torus reprocesses on average ∼1/3–1/2 of the accretion disc luminosity.
“My In‐group is Superior!”: Susceptibility for Radical Right‐wing Attitudes and Behaviors in Dutch Youth
Authors: Doosje Bertjan , van den Bos Kees , Loseman Annemarie , Feddes Allard R. , Mann Liesbeth 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this study among Dutch youth (N = 1086), we focus on the determinants of the susceptibility for adopting radical right‐wing attitudes and behaviors. By means of structural equation modeling, we find that (a) perceived injustice, (b) perceived group threat, (c) relative deprivation, and (d) identification with the Dutch are important background determinants of a radical right‐wing belief system (e.g., perceived in‐group superiority, perceived illegitimacy of Dutch authorities, perceived distance to others, and a feeling of being socially disconnected). Perceived in‐group superiority in turn is positively associated with endorsement of right‐wing motivated violence, which is a determinant of own violent intentions. Results are discussed in terms of the role of various determinants of the process of susceptibility of extreme right‐wing belief system.
Twelve Months Follow‐up of Injection of OnabotulinumtoxinA into Vesical Submucosa for Refractory Non‐neurogenic Overactive Bladder
Authors: OKAMURA Kikuo , TAKEI Mineo , NOJIRI Yoshikatsu , OTSUKA Atsushi , TAKAMOTO Hitoshi , MAEDA Yoshiko , FUJIMURA Tetsuya , YOKOYAMA Teruhiko , GOTOH Momokazu , HOMMA Yukio 
Published: July 2012

Objective: The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of onabotulinumtoxinA injection for refractory non‐neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB) for 12 months.Methods: For patients with persistent urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) more than once a week despite taking anti‐cholinergic agents or incapability to continue the agents because of adverse effects, 100 units of onabotulinumtoxinA was injected at 30 sites in the sub‐epithelial bladder wall. Efficacy was assessed every month up to 12 months after injection, using a three‐day frequency‐volume chart (FVC) and postvoid residual urine (PVR), three questionnaires, and a simple score of Global Response Assessment (GRA). Failure was defined as when GRA was negative and additional treatment was administered.Results: Nine men and eight women aged 67 ± 12 years were included. On FVC, frequencies of urgency, UUI and daytime urination significantly decreased up to the 11th month. PVR significantly increased at the first and second months but no patient required catheterization. The total scores of Overactive Bladder Symptom Score and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form were significantly decreased for 10 and eight months, respectively. The score of GRA was significantly improved for eight months. The median time to failure was 11.0 months.Conclusion: This study suggests that onabotulinumtoxinA submucosal injection is promising for refractory non‐neurogenic OAB. It is anticipated that the treatment is effective for eight to nine months and approximately 40% of the patients do not require anticholinergics at the 12th month postoperatively.
Prognosis for non‐small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases
Authors: Kim Junghyun , Lee Sang‐Min , Yim Jae‐Jun , Yoo Chul Gyu , Kim Young Whan , Han Sung Koo , Yang Seok‐Chul 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurposeBrain metastasis has a poor prognosis in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we evaluated the prognosis of NSCLC patients with brain metastases.MethodsWe analyzed a total of 313 NSCLC patients with brain metastasis. We compared the prognoses between a group of less than four (group A) and a group of more than four or equal to four (≥4) (group B) brain metastases.ResultsThe median survival time was 334 days (group A, 164 patients, 52.4%) and 234 days (group B, 149 patients, 47.6%). Univariate analysis showed that the number of metastases, age at diagnosis of brain metastasis, smoking history, histologic type, and former stage of primary lung cancer before brain metastasis, had a significant influence. In addition, treatment for primary lung cancer lesions and brain metastasis also affected the overall survival (p < .0001). However, there was no difference in the overall survival between the two groups in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionOur results show that the number of brain metastases, classified by group A (<4) or group B (≥4) did not influence the overall survival of NSCLC patients. However, the overall survival in group A was better than in group B when analyzed, except for local brain treatment modalities in sub‐group analysis, suggesting that non‐optimized local treatment strategies might cause an unexpected prognosis result in this retrospective study. We suggest that more prospective studies might be needed for the optimal standard treatment for brain metastasis.
Effect of bonding application time on the microleakage of Class V sandwich restorations
Authors: Ghasemi A , Torabzadeh H , Mahdian M , Afkar M , Fazeli A , Akbarzadeh Baghban A 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bonding application time on the microleakage of Class V sandwich restorations.Methods:  Eighty non‐carious third molars were randomly divided into 16 groups. Two Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of teeth. Three groups were restored with Fuji II GIC and treated with a total‐etch bonding system (Stea/SDI) immediately after insertion, at 7 minutes and 15 minutes after mixing the glass ionomer cements (GICs). Another three groups were restored with Riva Self Cure GIC and treated with the total‐etch system identically. The other six groups were subjected to self‐etching bonding (Frog/SDI) after GIC placement in an identical procedure. The remaining groups were made using light cure GICs (Fuji II or Riva Light Cure) in conjunction with the total‐etch or self‐etching systems. Cavities were then restored with composite (Valux plus, 3M/ESPE). Samples were subsequently immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 48 hours and observed under a stereomicroscope after sectioning. Four‐scale grading was used to assess microleakage in occlusal and gingival walls. Data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests.Results:  The self‐etching bonding system exhibited more microleakage in occlusal margins regardless of time. Over time, microleakage significantly decreased in gingival margins in all self‐cure groups except for Riva Self Cure treated with the total‐etch system (p < 0.05).Conclusions:  Bonding application time had no effect on the microleakage of occlusal margins. However, maturation of GICs induced a decreased microleakage in gingival margins.
Virus Detection in Questing Ticks is not a Sensitive Indicator for Risk Assessment of Tick‐Borne Encephalitis in Humans
Authors: Stefanoff P. , Pfeffer M. , Hellenbrand W. , Rogalska J. , Rühe F. , Makówka A. , Michalik J. , Wodecka B. , Rymaszewska A. , Kiewra D. , Baumann‐Popczyk A. , Dobler G. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryTick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most important tick‐transmitted arbovirus causing human disease in Europe, but information on its endemic occurrence varies between countries because of differences in surveillance systems. Objective data are necessary to ascertain the disease risk for vaccination recommendations and other public health interventions. In two independent, separately planned projects, we used real‐time RT‐PCR to detect TBE virus in questing ticks. In Poland, 32 sampling sites were selected in 10 administrative districts located in regions where sporadic TBE cases were reported. In Germany, 18 sampling sites were selected in two districts located in a region with high TBE incidence. Altogether, >16 000 ticks were tested by real‐time RT‐PCR, with no sample testing positive for TBEV. A systematic search for published studies on TBEV prevalence in ticks in Poland and Germany also suggested that testing large numbers of collected ticks could not consistently assure virus detection in known endemic foci. Although assignment of results to administrative regions is essential for TBE risk mapping, this was possible in only 10 (investigating 22 417 ticks) of 15 published studies (>50 000 ticks) identified. We conclude that the collection and screening of ticks by real‐time RT‐PCR cannot be recommended for assessment of human TBE risk. Alternative methods of environmental TBEV monitoring should be considered, such as serological monitoring of rodents or other wildlife.
Melt Homogenization and Self‐Organization in Chalcogenides‐Part II
Authors: Bhosle Siddhesh , Gunasekera Kapila , Boolchand Punit , Micoulaut Matthieu 
Published: July 2012

The compositional variation of the non‐reversing enthalpy at Tg, ΔHnr(x), in GexSe100−x glasses decreases abruptly by an order of magnitude as x increases to xc(1) = 19.5(5)%, the rigidity transition, and then remains minuscule till x increases to xc(2) = 26.0(5)%, when the term abruptly increases by an order of magnitude as glasses become stressed‐rigid. The rigid but unstressed networks formed in between these two transitions represent the Intermediate Phase (IP). The square‐well like variation of ΔHnr(x), also known as the reversibility window develops sloping walls, then a triangular shape and eventually disappears as glasses of increasing heterogeneity are studied. The ΔHnr term ages over weeks outside the IP but not inside the IP. Raman line shapes of as‐quenched melts are quite similar to those of Tg‐cycled glasses for compositions in the IP, but not outside the IP– an optical analog of the thermal reversibility window. Variations of Molar volumes, display a global minimum in the IP and a pronounced increase outside that phase. Physical behavior of dry and homogeneous chalcogenide glasses that leads to sharp elastic and chemical phase transitions remains to be understood theoretically. The physics of network may be even more interesting than hitherto recognized.
Association of periodontitis with increased colonization by Prevotella nigrescens
Authors: Stingu Catalina‐Suzana , Schaumann Reiner , Jentsch Holger , Eschrich Klaus , Brosteanu Oana , Rodloff Arne C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo estimate differences in the prevalence of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in the subgingival plaque of patients with periodontitis (including aggressive and advanced chronic periodontitis) compared to healthy controls, and to search for significant associations with clinical status.MethodsSixteen patients and 16 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Interproximal plaque index, oral hygiene index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were recorded. Samples of subgingival plaque were taken with paper points from four teeth of each individual and immediately plated on appropriate supplemented Columbia agar. Black pigmented colonies were identified with the Rapid ID32 A system, and further differentiated using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry. For the statistical analysis, chi‐squared test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test were used.ResultsPrevotella nigrescens was isolated from 10 patients and three controls, while P. intermedia was isolated from only two patients. P. nigrescens was found more frequently in the subgingival plaque of patients (P = 0.029), and was significantly associated with high values of clinical indices (P ≤ 0.025). Significant differences for P. intermedia were not found.ConclusionsPeriodontitis seems to be associated with increased coloniza‐tion with P. nigrescens. Whether or not it is a major pathogen needs to be determined.
Rapid determination of comparative drought tolerance traits: using an osmometer to predict turgor loss point
Authors: Bartlett Megan K. , Scoffoni Christine , Ardy Rico , Zhang Ya , Sun Shanwen , Cao Kunfang , Sack Lawren 
Published: July 2012

Summary1. Across plant species, drought tolerance and distributions with respect to water availability are strongly correlated with two physiological traits, the leaf water potential at wilting, that is, turgor loss point (πtlp), and the cell solute potential at full hydration, that is, osmotic potential (πo). We present methods to determine these parameters 30 times more rapidly than the standard pressure–volume (p–v) curve approach, making feasible community‐scale studies of plant drought tolerance.2. We optimized existing methods for measurements of πo using vapour‐pressure osmometry of freeze‐thawed leaf discs from 30 species growing in two precipitation regimes, and developed the first regression relationships to accurately estimate pressure–volume curve values of both πo and πtlp from osmometer values.3. The πo determined with the osmometer (πosm) was an excellent predictor of the πo determined from the p–v curve (πpv,r2 = 0·80). Although the correlation of πosm and πpv enabled prediction, the relationship departed from the 1 : 1 line. The discrepancy between the methods could be quantitatively accounted for by known sources of error in osmometer measurements, that is, dilution by the apoplastic water, and solute dissolution from destroyed cell walls. An even stronger prediction of πpv could be made using πosm, leaf density (ρ), and their interaction (r2 = 0·85, all P < 2 × 10−10).4. The πosm could also be used to predict πtlp (r2 = 0·86). Indeed, πosm was a better predictor of πtlp than leaf mass per unit area (LMA; r2 = 0·54), leaf thickness (T; r2 = 0·12), ρ (r2 = 0·63), and leaf dry matter content (LDMC; r2 = 0·60), which have been previously proposed as drought tolerance indicators. Models combining πosm with LMA, T, ρ, or LDMC or other p–v curve parameters (i.e. elasticity and apoplastic fraction) did not significantly improve prediction of πtlp.5. This osmometer method enables accurate measurements of drought tolerance traits across a wide range of leaf types and for plants with diverse habitat preferences, with a fraction of effort of previous methods. We expect it to have wide application for predicting species responses to climate variability and for assessing ecological and evolutionary variation in drought tolerance in natural populations and agricultural cultivars.
Home environments of infants: relations with child development through age 3
Authors: Rijlaarsdam Jolien , Tiemeier Henning , Hofman Albert , Jaddoe Vincent W V , Mackenbach Johan P , Verhulst Frank C , Stevens Gonneke W J M 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundThis study aimed to examine prospective associations of young infants' home environments with expressive vocabulary delay and internalising and externalising problem scores independently of family socioeconomic status (SES) and national origin.MethodsProspective data from fetal life to age 3 were collected in a total of 2711 families participating in the Generation R Study, a longitudinal population-based cohort. Infants' home environments (ie, the learning environment and the physical environment) were assessed exclusively by observation in their first few months of life (mean age=3.38 months, SD=1.17). Internalising and externalising problems were measured at age 1.5 and 3; expressive vocabulary delay was assessed at age 2.5. Family socio-demographic characteristics, including SES variables and national origin, were measured during pregnancy.ResultsLower quality learning environments of young infants, but not physical environments, were associated with expressive vocabulary delay and more internalising problems in toddlerhood independently of SES and national origin. Associations of SES and national origin with children's outcomes were reduced when the home environmental variables were added to the regression model.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that SES and national origin are reflected, to some degree, in the quality of infants' home environments. Some of the possible interpretations of these results are discussed together with their implications for the early identification of children at risk of impaired development.
Perceived and actual obesity in childhood and adolescence and risk of adult depression
Authors: Sanchez-Villegas Almudena , Field Alison E , O'Reilly Eilis J , Fava Maurizio , Gortmaker Steven , Kawachi Ichiro , Ascherio Alberto 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundObesity in childhood and adolescence has important health consequences, but its relation to risk of adult depression remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo examine the effect of perceived and actual obesity during childhood and adolescence on prevalence and incidence of adult depression risk.MethodsCohort study of 91 798 female registered nurses followed longitudinally for 12 years.ResultsAs compared with lean women of the same age, women in the two highest categories of body shape at age 10 had both higher prevalence (OR=2.59, 95% CI 1.46 to 4.61) and incidence (OR=2.01, 95% CI 1.08 to 3.71) of depression. Similar results were obtained for body shape at age 20 (OR=3.43 for prevalence and OR=2.03 for incidence) and for body mass index (BMI) at age 18 (OR=2.92 for BMI ≥40 kg/m2). These associations remained significant after adjustment for multiple confounders.ConclusionThese results indicate that childhood–adolescence obesity is a strong and independent risk factor for adult depression.
Does specialty training prepare doctors for senior roles? A questionnaire study of new UK consultants
Authors: Morrow Gill , Burford Bryan , Redfern Nancy , Briel Ruth , Illing Jan 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Aim
To measure new consultants' perceptions of their preparedness for different clinical and non-clinical aspects of the role of consultant.

Design
A cross-specialty questionnaire was developed and validated, containing items asking how well specialty training had prepared respondents for the role of consultant in a number of clinical and non-clinical areas. Responses were on a five-point Likert scale with a ‘Not relevant/no opinion’ box, and one free text section. Analysis was carried out on 10 scales derived from the questionnaire items through exploratory factor analysis.

Participants
Consultants who had completed their specialty training in the north of England between 2004 and 2009 and had held a substantive consultant post in the region for &lt;5 years were sent questionnaires in late 2009.

Results
The effective response rate was 70.6% (211/299). Ten factors reflecting areas including clinical skills, communication skills, team and resource management were identified. Overall, higher scores were observed on factors relating to ‘providing care for individual patients’ rather than ‘having responsibility for the system of care’. The lowest scoring factors related to resource management and supervision, with mean scores falling below the scale midpoint. There were no significant differences between specialty groups, or on any demographic variables.

Conclusions
A questionnaire to measure new consultants' perceptions of how well their specialty training had prepared them for practice was developed and validated. Findings were similar across specialties, suggesting that training programmes in all areas need to integrate higher-level management skills into their curricula, alongside the development of clinical expertise.
BMP4 Administration Induces Differentiation of CD133+ Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells, Blocking Their Contributions to Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Lixing , Sun Hefen , Zhao Fangyu , Lu Ping , Ge Chao , Li Hong , Hou Helei , Yan Mingxia , Chen Taoyang , Jiang Guoping , Xie Haiyang , Cui Ying , Huang Xiaowu , Fan Jia , Yao Ming , Li Jinjun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCD133+ cancer stem cells (CSC) contribute to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and resistance to therapy. Bone morphogenetic protein BMP4 plays an important role in hepatogenesis and hepatic stem cell differentiation, but little is known about its function in hepatic CSCs. In this study, we showed that high-dose exogenous BMP4 promotes CD133+ HCC CSC differentiation and inhibits the self-renewal, chemotherapeutic resistance, and tumorigenic capacity of these cells. Interestingly, we found that low-dose exogenous BMP4 upregulated CD133 protein expression in vitro, and endogenous BMP4 was preferentially expressed in CD133+ HCC CSCs, suggesting that low doses of BMP4 may facilitate CSC maintenance. A reduction in endogenous BMP4 levels decreased CD133 protein expression in vitro. In HCC tissues, expression of the BMP4 signaling target gene SMAD6 was positively correlated with CD133 expression. Activation of the Erk1/2 signaling pathway led to BMP4-mediated reduction in CD133 expression, which was reversed by treatment with MEK inhibitors. Taken together, our findings indicated that BMP4 might be a potent therapeutic agent in HCC that targets CSCs. Cancer Res; 72(16); 4276–85. ©2012 AACR.