bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal and mechanical evaluation of cyanate ester resin modified with bismaleimide and diallyl phthalate
Authors: He Shaobo , Liang Guozheng , Yan Hongxia , Wang Jinhe , Yang Lianli 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCyanate ester resins have excellent dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties; however, their major drawback is their brittleness. A high performance matrix blend was developed using bisphenol A dicyanate (BADCy), bismaleimide (BMI) and diallyl phthalate (DAP), and Cobalt (III) acetylacetonate dissolved in nonyl phenol (NP) as a complex catalyst system for BADCy. The properties of the BADCy/BMI/DAP blends, such as thermal and mechanical properties, were investigated in detail by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and mechanical measurement. The results show that the addition of the appropriate amount of DAP and BMI can improve the impact strength and the flexural strength and this possibly comes from forming an interpenetrating polymer network in the systems. However, the thermal stability of the blends was found to be lower than that of the unmodified BADCy resin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Be precise! The need to consider the mechanisms for CEP17 copy number changes in breast cancer
Authors: Viale Giuseppe 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA recent paper by Marchiò and colleagues indicated that true polysomy of chromosome 17 is rare and that coincident CEP 17 centromere amplification may account for its overestimation in FISH testing for HER2 amplification, with a treat/not treat decision as the final important readout. Here the importance of relating HER2 copy number to cell count rather than a ratio with CEP17 is emphasized. This is central to ensuring that all who may respond to potentially life‐saving treatment with herceptin/lapatininib are not denied these drugs. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffering of sublimation loss of subsurface ice by percolating snowmelt: a theoretical analysis
Authors: Schorghofer Norbert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSubsurface ice in cold hyperarid conditions retreats by sublimation and diffusion through the overlying soil layer. Here, it is shown that percolating meltwater, if present, can counterbalance sublimation loss effectively and thus increase the persistence time of subsurface ice. Time averaging of transport equations is used to evaluate the significance of percolation in an otherwise complex dynamical system. The reduction in sublimation loss is approximately given by the amount of meltwater multiplied by the percolation depth and divided by the depth to the ice table. It is plausible that percolation is even more effective during a warmer, wetter climate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocrystalline Transition Metal Oxides as Catalysts in the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate
Authors: Kapoor Inder Pal Singh , Srivastava Pratibha , Singh Gurdip 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNanocrystalline transition metal oxides (NTMOs) have been successfully prepared by three different methods: novel quick precipitation method (Cr2O3 and Fe2O3); surfactant mediated method (CuO), and reduction of metal complexes with hydrazine as reducing agent (Mn2O3). The nano particles have been characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) which shows an average particle diameter of 35–54 nm. Their catalytic activity was measured in the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). AP decomposition undergoes a two step process where the addition of metal oxide nanocrystals led to a shifting of the high temperature decomposition peak toward lower temperature. The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of AP and catalyzed AP has also been evaluated using model fitting and isoconversional method.
Increasing protein stability by improving beta‐turns
Authors: Fu Hailong , Grimsley Gerald R. , Razvi Abbas , Scholtz J. Martin , Pace C. Nick 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOur goal was to gain a better understanding of how protein stability can be increased by improving β‐turns. We studied 22 β‐turns in nine proteins with 66–370 residues by replacing other residues with proline and glycine and measuring the stability. These two residues are statistically preferred in some β‐turn positions. We studied: Cold shock protein B (CspB), Histidine‐containing phosphocarrier protein, Ubiquitin, Ribonucleases Sa2, Sa3, T1, and HI, Tryptophan synthetase α‐subunit, and Maltose binding protein. Of the 15 single proline mutations, 11 increased stability (Average = 0.8 ± 0.3; Range = 0.3–1.5 kcal/mol), and the stabilizing effect of double proline mutants was additive. On the basis of this and our previous work, we conclude that proteins can generally be stabilized by replacing nonproline residues with proline residues at thei+ 1 position of Type I and II β‐turns and at theiposition in Type II β‐turns. Other turn positions can sometimes be used if the φ angle is near −60° for the residue replaced. It is important that the side chain of the residue replaced is less than 50% buried. Identical substitutions in β‐turns in related proteins give similar results. Proline substitutions increase stability mainly by decreasing the entropy of the denatured state. In contrast, the large, diverse group of proteins considered here had almost no residues in β‐turns that could be replaced by Gly to increase protein stability. Improving β‐turns by substituting Pro residues is a generally useful way of increasing protein stability. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal structure of a ferredoxin reductase for the CYP199A2 system from Rhodopseudomonas palustris
Authors: Xu Feng , Bell Stephen G. , Peng Ying , Johnson Eachan O.D. , Bartlam Mark , Rao Zihe , Wong Luet‐Lok 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCytochrome P450‐199A2 from Rhodopseudomonas palustris oxidizes para‐substituted benzoic acids and may play a role in lignin and aromatic acid degradation pathways in the bacterium. CYP199A2 has an associated [2Fe‐2S] ferredoxin, palustrisredoxin (Pux) but not a ferredoxin reductase. A genome search identified the palustrisredoxin reductase (PuR) gene. PuR was produced in Escherichia coli and shown to be a flavin‐dependent protein that supports efficient electron transfer from NADH to Pux, thus reconstituting CYP199A2 monooxygenase activity (kcat = 37.9 s–1 with 4‐methoxybenzoic acid). The reduction of Pux by PuR shows Km = 4.2 μM and kcat = 262 s–1 in 50 mM Tris, pH 7.4. Km is increased to 154 μM in the presence of 200 mM KCl, indicating the importance of ionic interactions in PuR/Pux binding. The crystal structure of PuR has been determined at 2.2 Å resolution and found to be closely related to that of other oxygenase‐coupled NADH‐dependent ferredoxin reductases. Residues on the surface that had been proposed to be involved in ferredoxin reductase‐ferredoxin binding are conserved in PuR. However, Lys328 in PuR lies over the FAD isoalloxazine ring and, together with His11 and Gln41, render the electrostatic potential of the surface more positive and may account for the greater involvement of electrostatic interactions in ferredoxin binding by PuR. Consistent with these observations the K328G mutation weakened Pux binding and virtually eliminated the dependence of PuR/Pux binding on salt concentration, thus confirming that the FAD si side surface in the vicinity of Lys328 is the ferredoxin binding site. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robustness and generalization of structure‐based models for protein folding and function
Authors: Lammert Heiko , Schug Alexander , Onuchic José N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFunctional dynamics of native proteins share the energy landscape that guides folding into the native state. Folding simulations of structure‐based protein models, using an minimally frustrated energy landscape dominated by native interactions, can describe the geometrical aspects of the folding mechanism. Technical limitations imposed by the fixed shape of conventional contact potentials are a key obstacle toward advanced applications of structure‐based models like allostery or ligand binding, which require multiple stable conformations. Generalizations of existing models, commonly using Lennard‐Jones‐like potentials, lead to inevitable clashes between their repulsive branches. To resolve these challenges, a new contact potential is developed that combines an attractive part based on Gaussians with a separate repulsive term allowing flexibility for adjustments of the potential shape. With this new model multiple minima for studies of functional transitions can be introduced easily and consistently. A sensitivity analysis for five small proteins confirms the robust behavior of structure‐based models with our adaptable potential and explores their capacity for quantitative adjustment of the folding thermodynamics. We demonstrate its ability to incorporate alternative contact distances in simulations of structural transitions for the well‐studied ROP dimer. Individual contact pairs can switch between distinct states to match the competing syn and anti structures. The flexibility of the new potential facilitates advanced uses of structure‐based models. Depending on the application, features can be chosen from physical considerations or to match experiments. Generalized models can be built from multiple structures to study structural transitions or effects of disorder. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo generation of antimicrobial LK peptides with a single tryptophan at the critical amphipathic interface
Authors: Kang Su‐Jin , Won Hyung‐Sik , Choi Wahn‐Soo , Lee Bong‐Jin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDe novo design of amphipathic model peptides has been successful for generating many antimicrobial peptides with various lengths and amino acid compositions. Here, we suggest a very simple strategy to design antimicrobial peptides with a short length and a simple amino acid composition. Amphipathic helical properties were conferred by using only leucines and lysines and a single tryptophan was positioned at the critical amphipathic interface between the hydrophilic ending side and the hydrophobic starting side, in the helical wheel projection. According to this rule, the model peptides with 7 to 13 residues exhibited antimicrobial activity. Among them, the most potent activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, covering all of the nine bacterial strains tested in this study, was found for the 11‐mer sequences having a 1:1 (L5K5W6) or a 3:2 (L6K4W6) ratio of leucines to lysines. In particular, the former peptide L5K5W6 could be evaluated as the most useful agent, as it showed no significant hemolytic activity with a broad‐spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New capability indices for evaluating the performance of multivariate manufacturing processes
Authors: Pan Jeh‐Nan , Lee Chun‐Yi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGenerally, an industrial product has more than one quality characteristic. In order to establish performance measures for evaluating the capability of a multivariate manufacturing process, several multivariate process capability indices have been developed in the past few years. Among them, Taam's MCp and MCpm indices have the drawback of overestimation and Hubele's three‐component capability vector lacks simplicity in practice. In this article, taking the correlation among multiple quality characteristics into account, we develop two novel indices; NMCp and NMCpm. Using two numerical examples we demonstrate that the true performance of multivariate processes are accurately reflected in our NMCp and NMCpm indices and in their associated interval estimates. Finally, simulation results show that our indices outperform both those of Taam and Hubele. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconciling theory and practise: The role of stream ecology
Authors: Thompson Ross M. , Lake P. Sam 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStream ecology has played an important role in advancing general ecological theory. As an integrating element in complex landscapes, our understanding of ecological indicators, the movement of energy and materials across ecosystems and the pervasive importance of disturbance and dynamics has been critically informed by our study of streams. Faced with increases in the demands for water and changes in the patterns of rainfall and evaporation due to climate change, the need to apply ecological theory to management practice has become all the more immediate. This will involve not only restoration, but reconstruction and engineering of whole ecosystems. We review the key areas of theory that have been informed by stream ecology, and lay down a challenge to the next generation of stream ecologists, to drive ahead theory while applying it to real challenges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Birth of Parthenote Mice Directly from Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Chen Zhisheng , Liu Zhong , Huang Junjiu , Amano Tomokazu , Li Chao , Cao Shanbo , Wu Chao , Liu Bodu , Zhou Lingjun , Carter Mark G. , Keefe David L. , Yang Xiangzhong , Liu Lin 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Mammalian parthenogenetic embryos are not viable and die because of defects in placental development and genomic imprinting. Parthenogenetic ESCs (pESCs) derived from parthenogenetic embryos might advance regenerative medicine by avoiding immuno-rejection. However, previous reports suggest that pESCs may fail to differentiate and contribute to some organs in chimeras, including muscle and pancreas, and it remains unclear whether pESCs themselves can form all tissue types in the body. We found that derivation of pESCs is more efficient than of ESCs derived from fertilized embryos, in association with reduced mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in parthenogenetic embryos and their inner cell mass outgrowth. Furthermore, in vitro culture modifies the expression of imprinted genes in pESCs, and these cells, being functionally indistinguishable from fertilized embryo-derived ESCs, can contribute to all organs in chimeras. Even more surprisingly, our study shows that live parthenote pups were produced from pESCs through tetraploid embryo complementation, which contributes to placenta development. This is the first demonstration that pESCs are capable of full-term development and can differentiate into all cell types and functional organs in the body.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Crocodile Attacks in Australia: Challenges for Injury Prevention and Trauma Care
Authors: Gruen Russell L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIntroductionSaltwater crocodiles are formidable predators in northern Australia, and crocodile attacks on humans are not rare. With recent deaths highlighting this as a public health issue, an evidence‐based discourse about effective methods of minimizing the danger to humans is needed.MethodsUsing the Haddon Matrix for injury prevention, approaches to minimizing crocodile associated death and injury were sought.ResultsPossibilities for harm minimization before, during and after a crocodile attack are identified, and their merits appriased. The importance of excellent prehospital and surgical and critical care is emphasized.ConclusionsA combination of behavior adaptation, mutual respect, and minimizing contact will be the key to minimizing the harm from attacks, and excellent medical and surgical care will always be necessary for those unfortunate to be victims but fortunate to survive.
An unusual genetic variant in the MOCS1 gene leads to complete missplicing of an alternatively spliced exon in a patient with molybdenum cofactor deficiency
Authors: Arenas M. , Fairbanks L. D. , Vijayakumar K. , Carr L. , Escuredo E. , Marinaki A. M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMolybdenum cofactor deficiency (MOCOD) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder resulting in the combined deficiency of aldehyde oxidase (AO, EC 1.2.3.1), xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH, EC 1.1.1.204), and sulfite oxidase (SUOX, EC 1.8.3.1). The majority of patients typically present soon after birth with intractable seizures, developmental delay and lens dislocation and do not survive early childhood. Milder cases have been reported. We report an unusual mutation in the MOCS1 gene associated with a relatively mild clinical phenotype, in a patient who presented with normal uric acid (UA) levels in plasma. We also report a new MOCS1 mRNA splice variant in the 5′ region of the gene. MOCS1 genomic DNA and cDNA from peripheral blood leukocytes were sequenced. MOCS1 mRNA splice variants were amplified with fluorescently labelled primers and quantitated. A novel homozygous mutation MOCS1c.1165+6T > C in intron 9 resulting in miss‐splicing of exon 9 was found. Multiple alternatively spliced MOCS1 transcripts have been previously reported. A new MOCS1 transcript in the 5′ – exon 1 region was identified in both patient and controls. This new transcript derived from the Larin variant and lacked exon 1 d.
Ensuring Positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic
Authors: Satorra Albert , Bentler Peter M. 
Published: June 2009

A scaled difference test statistic
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that can be computed from standard software of structural equation models (SEM) by hand calculations was proposed in Satorra and Bentler (Psychometrika 66:507–514, 2001). The statistic
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is asymptotically equivalent to the scaled difference test statistic
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introduced in Satorra (Innovations in Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Festschrift for Heinz Neudecker, pp. 233–247, 2000), which requires more involved computations beyond standard output of SEM software. The test statistic
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has been widely used in practice, but in some applications it is negative due to negativity of its associated scaling correction. Using the implicit function theorem, this note develops an improved scaling correction leading to a new scaled difference statistic
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that avoids negative chi-square values.
Rights to emergency contraception
Authors: Weisberg Edith , Fraser Ian S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEmergency contraception (EC) provides women with a safe means of preventing pregnancy following unprotected sexual intercourse or potential contraceptive failure, and is accepted as a legitimate method of fertility control. The right of women to access EC, along with other contraceptive methods, needs to be affirmed. The consequences of unintended pregnancy are serious, imposing appreciable burdens on children, women, men, and families. Every child has the right to be a wanted child and not enter this world because its mother was denied access to EC. For maximum effectiveness, barriers to access must be removed. It is essential that EC pills are available over‐the‐counter with no minimum age for access. There is a tension between the rights of women to access EC without medical or legal intervention and the rights of providers who have a conscientious objection to provision on religious or moral grounds. The principles of autonomy, non‐maleficence, and beneficence all weigh in favor of the rights of a woman faced with the possibility of an unintended pregnancy to unrestricted access to EC against providers whose religious views are opposed to this.
Migration and women's health
Authors: Adanu Richard M.K. , Johnson Timothy R.B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWomen have been migrating at similar rates to men for the past 40 years, and comprised about half of all migrants in 2005. Women and children are most affected by displacement as a result of wars and human trafficking. In some cases, the health of female migrants is improved via integration into better health systems in the host country. More often, however, the health of female migrants is affected negatively. Women are doubly disadvantaged because they are discriminated against as women and as migrants. Female migrants are also highly vulnerable to acts of sexual abuse, rape, and violence. This is especially true for women in refugee camps, whose reproductive health needs are often overlooked. To improve the health of female migrants it is important to develop and implement policies that recognize and insist on the respect of the rights of migrants.
Women's groups and professional organizations in advocacy for sexual and reproductive health and rights
Authors: Germain Adrienne , Liljestrand Jerker 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAfter the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in 1994 and the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) have improved in many countries, and been supported by awareness raised by women's health advocates, increasingly by youth groups, and also by organizations of health professionals. In the HIV/AIDS area, involvement of organizations of people living with HIV/AIDS is crucial to improve prevention and care. However, after victories during the 1990s, combating opposition by social and political conservatives has taken up much energy in recent years. Continuous advocacy to broaden acceptance of the fundamental importance of SRHR, their role in meeting the Millennium Development Goals, and the imperative to increase funding, is essential.