bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutions and growth: the times-series and cross-section evidence
Authors: ROS JAIME 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:In his comprehensive analysis of the relationship between institutions and economic growth, Ha-Joon Chang, in his article ‘Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History’, reviews the empirical evidence on this relationship emphasizing the contrast between the conclusions that one can derive from the time-series evidence and the claims often made in favor of ‘liberalized institutions’ based on the results of cross-section studies. Does the time-series evidence contradict the results of cross-section studies regarding the relationship between institutions and growth? In this comment, I argue that in stressing the contrast between these two kinds of evidence, Chang falls short of a full criticism, consistent with his theoretical analysis, of cross-section studies while at the same time failing to infer what the time-series evidence really shows.
Small-scale fisheries compliance: integrating social justice, legitimacy and deterrence.
Authors: Hauck M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the development of fisheries compliance thinking and the applicability of this theory to the small-scale fisheries sector. A conceptual framework for understanding small-scale fisheries compliance is presented. Emphasis will be placed on the need to understand fisher behaviour within the context of a fishery system as a whole, and to recognize the role of law and power in influencing the way in which fishers comply with rules and regulations. The preconditions for enhancing small-scale fisheries compliance, namely social justice, legitimacy and deterrence, are also introduced and discussed in detail.
Rats Exposed to Isoflurane In Utero during Early Gestation Are Behaviorally Abnormal as Adults
Authors: Palanisamy Arvind , Baxter Mark G. , Keel Pamela K. , Xie Zhongcong , Crosby Gregory , Culley Deborah J. 
Published: February 2011

Background
Preclinical evidence suggests that commonly used anesthetic agents induce long-lasting neurobehavioral changes when administered early in life, but there has been virtually no attention to the neurodevelopmental consequences for the fetus of maternal anesthesia. This study tested the hypothesis that fetal rats exposed to isoflurane during maternal anesthesia on gestational day 14, which corresponds to the second trimester in humans, would be behaviorally abnormal as adults.

Methods
Timed, pregnant rats were randomly assigned on gestational day 14 to receive 1.4% isoflurane in 100% oxygen (n = 3) or 100% oxygen (n = 2) for 4 h. Beginning at 8 weeks of age, male offspring (N = 12-14 in control and anesthesia groups, respectively) were evaluated for spontaneous locomotor activity, hippocampal-dependent learning and memory (i.e., spontaneous alternations, novel object recognition, and radial arm maze), and anxiety (elevated plus maze).

Results
Isoflurane anesthesia was physiologically well tolerated by the dams. Adult rats exposed prenatally to isoflurane were not different than controls on spontaneous locomotor activity, spontaneous alternations, or object recognition memory, but made more open arm entries on the elevated plus maze and took longer and made more errors of omission on the radial arm maze.

Conclusions
Rats exposed to isoflurane in utero at a time that corresponds to the second trimester in humans have impaired spatial memory acquisition and reduced anxiety, compared with controls. This suggests the fetal brain may be adversely affected by maternal anesthesia, and raises the possibility that vulnerability to deleterious neurodevelopmental effects of isoflurane begins much earlier in life than previously recognized.
Crosstalk between Hsp90 and Hsp70 Chaperones and Heat Stress Transcription Factors in Tomato
Authors: Hahn Alexander , Bublak Daniela , Schleiff Enrico , Scharf Klaus-Dieter 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Heat stress transcription factors (Hsfs) regulate gene expression in response to environmental stress. The Hsf network in plants is controlled at the transcriptional level by cooperation of distinct Hsf members and by interaction with chaperones. We found two general mechanisms of Hsf regulation by chaperones while analyzing the three major Hsfs, A1, A2, and B1, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). First, Hsp70 and Hsp90 regulate Hsf function by direct interactions. Hsp70 represses the activity of HsfA1, including its DNA binding, and the coactivator function of HsfB1 in the complex with HsfA2, while the DNA binding activity of HsfB1 is stimulated by Hsp90. Second, Hsp90 affects the abundance of HsfA2 and HsfB1 by modulating hsfA2 transcript degradation involved in regulation of the timing of HsfA2 synthesis. By contrast, HsfB1 binding to Hsp90 and to DNA are prerequisites for targeting this Hsf for proteasomal degradation, which also depends on a sequence element in its carboxyl-terminal domain. Thus, HsfB1 represents an Hsp90 client protein that, by interacting with the chaperone, is targeted for, rather than protected from, degradation. Based on these findings, we propose a versatile regulatory regime involving Hsp90, Hsp70, and the three Hsfs in the control of heat stress response.
Influence of traditional tobacco use on smoking cessation among American Indians
Authors: Daley Christine M. , Faseru Babalola , Nazir Niaman , Solomon Cheree , Greiner K. Allen , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Choi Won S. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the influence of traditional tobacco use on smoking cessation among American Indian adult smokers.Design, setting and participants  A cross‐sectional survey of self‐identified American Indians was conducted from 2008 to 2009. A total of 998 American Indian adults (18 years and older) from the Midwest participated in the study.Measurements  Traditional tobacco use and method of traditional use were both assessed. Commercial tobacco use (current smoking) was obtained through self‐reported information as well as the length of their most recent quit attempt. We also assessed knowledge and awareness of pharmacotherapy for current smokers.Findings  Among participants in our study, 33.3% were current smokers and they reported smoking an average of 10 cigarettes per day. American Indian current smokers who used traditional tobacco reported a greater number of days abstinent during their last quit attempt compared to those who do not use traditional tobacco (P = 0.01). However, it appears that this protective effect of traditional tobacco use is diminished if the person smokes traditional tobacco. Finally, very few (fewer than 20% of current smokers) were aware of more recent forms of pharmacotherapy such as Chantix or bupropion.Conclusions  American Indians appear to show low levels of awareness of effective pharmacotherapies to aid smoking cessation, but those who use ‘traditional tobacco’ report somewhat longer periods of abstinence from past quit attempts.
In Salmonella enterica, the sirtuin‐dependent protein acylation/deacylation system (SDPADS) maintains energy homeostasis during growth on low concentrations of acetate
Authors: Chan Chi Ho , Garrity Jane , Crosby Heidi A. , Escalante‐Semerena Jorge C. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAcetyl‐coenzyme A synthetase (Acs) activates acetate into acetyl‐coenzyme A (Ac‐CoA) in most cells. In Salmonella enterica, acs expression and Acs activity are controlled. It is unclear why the sirtuin‐dependent protein acylation/deacylation system (SDPADS) controls the activity of Acs. Here we show that, during growth on 10 mM acetate, acs+ induction in a S. enterica strain that cannot acetylate (i.e. inactivate) Acs leads to growth arrest, a condition that correlates with a drop in energy charge (0.17) in the acetylation‐deficient strain, relative to the energy charge in the acetylation‐proficient strain (0.71). Growth arrest was caused by elevated Acs activity, a conclusion supported by the isolation of a single‐amino‐acid variant (AcsG266S), whose overproduction did not arrest growth. Acs‐dependent depletion of ATP, coupled with the rise in AMP levels, prevented the synthesis of ADP needed to replenish the pool of ATP. Consistent with this idea, overproduction of ADP‐forming Ac‐CoA‐synthesizing systems did not affect the growth behaviour of acetylation‐deficient or acetylation‐proficient strains. The AcsG266S variant was > 2 orders of magnitude less efficient than the AcsWT enzyme, but still supported growth on 10 mM acetate. This work provides the first evidence that SDPADS function helps cells maintain energy homeostasis during growth on acetate.
Biphasic control logic of HAMP domain signalling in the Escherichia coli serine chemoreceptor
Authors: Zhou Qin , Ames Peter , Parkinson John S. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryHAMP domains mediate input–output communication in many bacterial signalling proteins. To explore the dynamic bundle model of HAMP signalling (Zhou et al., Mol. Microbiol. 73: 801, 2009), we characterized the signal outputs of 118 HAMP missense mutants of the serine chemoreceptor, Tsr, by flagellar rotation patterns. Receptors with proline or charged amino acid replacements at critical hydrophobic packing residues in the AS1 and AS2 HAMP helices had locked kinase‐off outputs, indicating that drastic destabilization of the Tsr‐HAMP bundle prevents kinase activation, both in the absence and presence of the sensory adaptation enzymes, CheB and CheR. Attractant‐mimic lesions that enhance the structural stability of the HAMP bundle also suppressed kinase activity, demonstrating that Tsr‐HAMP has two kinase‐off output states at opposite extremes of its stability range. HAMP mutants with locked‐on kinase outputs appeared to have intermediate bundle stabilities, implying a biphasic relationship between HAMP stability and kinase activity. Some Tsr‐HAMP mutant receptors exhibited reversed output responses to CheB and CheR action that are readily explained by a biphasic control logic. The findings of this study provide strong support for a three‐state dynamic bundle model of HAMP signalling in Tsr, and possibly in other bacterial transducers as well.
The expression and impact of antifungal grooming in ants
Authors: REBER A. , PURCELL J. , BUECHEL S. D. , BURI P. , CHAPUISAT M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractParasites can cause extensive damage to animal societies in which many related individuals frequently interact. In response, social animals have evolved diverse individual and collective defences. Here, we measured the expression and efficiency of self‐grooming and allo‐grooming when workers of the ant Formica selysi were contaminated with spores of the fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae. The amount of self‐grooming increased in the presence of fungal spores, which shows that the ants are able to detect the risk of infection. In contrast, the amount of allo‐grooming did not depend on fungal contamination. Workers groomed all nestmate workers that were re‐introduced into their groups. The amount of allo‐grooming towards noncontaminated individuals was higher when the group had been previously exposed to the pathogen. Allo‐grooming decreased the number of fungal spores on the surface of contaminated workers, but did not prevent infection in the conditions tested (high dose of spores and late allo‐grooming). The rate of disease transmission to groomers and other nestmates was extremely low. The systematic allo‐grooming of all individuals returning to the colony, be they contaminated or not, is probably a simple but robust prophylactic defence preventing the spread of fungal diseases in insect societies.
Genetic population structure, fitness variation and the importance of population history in remnant populations of the endangered plant Silene chlorantha (Willd.) Ehrh. (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: Lauterbach D. , Ristow M. , Gemeinholzer B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHabitat fragmentation can lead to a decline of genetic diversity, a potential risk for the survival of natural populations. Fragmented populations can become highly differentiated due to reduced gene flow and genetic drift. A decline in number of individuals can result in lower reproductive fitness due to inbreeding effects. We investigated genetic variation within and between 11 populations of the rare and endangered plant Silene chlorantha in northeastern Germany to support conservation strategies. Genetic diversity was evaluated using AFLP techniques and the results were correlated to fitness traits. Fitness evaluation in nature and in a common garden approach was conducted. Our analysis revealed population differentiation was high and within population genetic diversity was intermediate. A clear population structure was supported by a Bayesian approach, amova and neighbour‐joining analysis. No correlation between genetic and geographic distance was found. Our results indicate that patterns of population differentiation were mainly caused by temporal and/or spatial isolation and genetic drift. The fitness evaluation revealed that pollinator limitation and habitat quality seem, at present, to be more important to reproductive fitness than genetic diversity by itself. Populations of S. chlorantha with low genetic diversity have the potential to increase in individual number if habitat conditions improve. This was detected in a single large population in the investigation area, which was formerly affected by bottleneck effects.
Implant‐induced intraperitoneal inflammatory angiogenesis is attenuated by fluvastatin
Authors: Araújo Fernanda A , Rocha Monaliza A , Ferreira Mônica And , Campos Paula P , Capettini Luciano SA , Lemos Virginia S , Andrade Silvia P 
Published: February 2011

Summary1. Statins, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG‐CoA) inhibitors, exert anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant and anti‐angiogenic effects. These effects are associated with downregulation of pro‐inflammatory/pro‐angiogenic molecules and upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e‐NOS) expression/nitric oxide (NO) production.2. Using the murine sponge model to induce chronic intraperitoneal inflammatory response, we evaluated the inflammatory components, angiogenic and NO production of the fibrovascular tissue, and their modulation by fluvastatin.3. Our results showed that fluvastatin (0.6 and 6 mg/kg per day) inhibited haemoglobin (Hb) content 4.9 ± 0.4 (n = 15; control) vs 2.2 ± 0.2 (n = 6; fluvastatin 0.6) and 1.8 ± 0.2 (n = 6; fluvastatin 6.0) and the number of vessels in the treated group when compared with the control group. The inflammatory component, as assessed by myeloperoxidase and N‐acetyl‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase activities and by the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and Monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1)/CCL2/JE levels, was also decreased by the compound. In the treated group, inhibition of both enzyme activities was 54% and 57%, respectively. The levels of the cytokines (TNF‐α and CCL2/JE) intra‐implant were decreased relative to the control. In these implants, fluvastatin was also able to increase NO production, as detected with an NO‐sensitive electrode.4. The inhibitory function of fluvastatin on key components of intraperitoneal inflammatory angiogenesis shown in the present study is clearly associated with the modulatory effects of this statin on vascular endothelial growth factor, TNF‐α and NO production.
The effect of caudal vs intravenous morphine on early extubation and postoperative analgesic requirements for stage 2 and 3 single‐ventricle palliation: a double blind randomized trial
Authors: Stuth Eckehard A. E. , Berens Richard J. , Staudt Susan. R. , Robertson Frederick A. , Scott John P. , Stucke Astrid G. , Hoffman George M. , Troshynski Todd J. , Tweddell James S. T. , Zuperku Edward J. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryBackground:  High‐dose single‐shot caudal morphine has been postulated to facilitate early extubation and to lower initial analgesic requirements after staged single‐ventricle (SV) palliation.Methods:  With Institutional Review Board approval and written informed parental consent, 64 SV children aged 75–1667 days were randomized to pre‐incisional caudal morphine–bupivacaine (100 μg·kg−1 morphine (concentration 0.1%), mixed with 0.25% bupivacaine with 1 : 200 000 epinephrine, total 1 ml·kg−1) and postcardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) intravenous (IV) droperidol (75 μg·kg−1) (‘active caudal group’) or pre‐incisional caudal saline (1 ml·kg−1) and post‐CPB IV morphine (150 μg·kg−1) with droperidol (75 μg·kg−1) (‘active IV group’). Assignment remained concealed from families and the care teams throughout the trial. Early extubation failure rates (primary or reintubation within 24 h), time to first postoperative rescue morphine analgesia, and 12‐h postoperative morphine requirements were assessed for extubated patients.Results:  Thirty‐one (12 stage 2) SV patients received caudal morphine and 32 (15 stage 2) received IV morphine. Extubation failure rates were 6/31 (19%) for caudal and 5/32 (16%) for IV morphine. For successfully extubated patients (n = 54), active caudal treatment significantly delayed the need for postoperative rescue morphine in stage 3 patients (P = 0.02) but not in stage 2 patients (P = 0.189) (Kaplan–Meier survival analysis with LogRank test). The reduction in 12‐h postoperative morphine requirements with active caudal treatment did not reach significance (P = 0.085) but morphine requirements were significantly higher for stage 2 compared with stage 3 patients (P < 0.001) (two‐way anova in n = 50 extubated patients).Conclusions:  High‐dose caudal morphine with bupivacaine delayed the need for rescue morphine analgesia in stage 3 patients. All stage 2 patients required early rescue morphine and had significantly higher postoperative 12‐h morphine requirements than stage 3 patients. Early extubation is feasible for the majority of stage 2 and 3 SV patients regardless of analgesic regimen. The study was underpowered to assess differences in extubation failure rates.
Statistical guidelines for clinical studies of human vision
Authors: Armstrong Richard A , Davies Leon N , Dunne Mark C M , Gilmartin Bernard 
Published: February 2011

Citation information:Armstrong RA, Davies LN, Dunne MCM & Gilmartin B. Statistical guidelines for clinical studies of human vision.Ophthalmic Physiol Opt2011,31, 123–136. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2010.00815.xAbstractStatistical analysis of data can be complex and different statisticians may disagree as to the correct approach leading to conflict between authors, editors, and reviewers. The objective of this article is to provide some statistical advice for contributors to optometric and ophthalmic journals, to provide advice specifically relevant to clinical studies of human vision, and to recommend statistical analyses that could be used in a variety of circumstances. In submitting an article, in which quantitative data are reported, authors should describe clearly the statistical procedures that they have used and to justify each stage of the analysis. This is especially important if more complex or ‘non‐standard’ analyses have been carried out. The article begins with some general comments relating to data analysis concerning sample size and ‘power’, hypothesis testing, parametric and non‐parametric variables, ‘bootstrap methods’, one and two‐tail testing, and the Bonferroni correction. More specific advice is then given with reference to particular statistical procedures that can be used on a variety of types of data. Where relevant, examples of correct statistical practice are given with reference to recently published articles in the optometric and ophthalmic literature.
A comparison of the NCT Reichert R7 with Goldmann applanation tonometry and the Reichert ocular response analyzer
Authors: Jorge Jorge , González‐Méijome José M , Queirós António , Fernandes Paulo , Diaz‐Rey José A 
Published: February 2011

Citation information: Jorge J, González‐Méijome JM, Queirós A, Fernandes P & Diaz‐Rey JA. A comparison of the NCT Reichert R7 with Goldmann applanation tonometry and the Reichert ocular response analyzer. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 174–179. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2010.00817.xAbstractPurpose:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of intraocular pressure (IOP) values from the new non‐contact tonometer (NCT) Reichert R7 by comparing results with those from Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and the Reichert Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA). Other ocular dimensions were assessed to evaluate their potential influence on the IOP values obtained.Methods:  Ninety two right eyes from 92 adults aged between 21 and 59 years (mean 34.9 ± 11.7 years) were enrolled in this study. IOP was measured with R7, ORA and GAT. All measurements were taken between 14:00 and 16:00 in the afternoon. Corneal resistance factor (CRF) and corneal hysteresis were measured with the Reichert ORA. The spherical equivalent refractive error was obtained using an open field auto‐refractor (WAM5500; Grand Seiko) and corneal curvature, anterior chamber depth, corneal diameter and axial length were assessed with an optical coherence biometer (IOL Master; Zeiss Meditec, CA, USA).Results:  The mean values for IOP measurements were 15.20 ± 3.37 mmHg (R7), 13.49 ± 3.55 mmHg (GAT), 15.01 ± 3.38 mmHg (ORA IOPcc) and 14.44 ± 3.47 mmHg (ORA IOPg). With the exception of the CRF (ρ = 0.72 p < 0.001) the correlations between ocular parameters and IOP obtained with the R7 were neither statistically nor clinically significant.Conclusions:  The new NCT, R7 overestimated the IOP compared with GAT in normal, healthy eyes by about 1.7 mmHg on average (95% confidence range of approximately −2 to +6mmHg). The measures provided by the R7 were significantly influenced by the stiffness of the corneal tissue as measured by the ORA CRF value but not by other dimensional parameters of the eye.
Cigarette smoke and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes elicit VEGF release through the p38 MAPK pathway in human airway smooth muscle cells and lung fibroblasts
Authors: Volpi Giorgia , Facchinetti Fabrizio , Moretto Nadia , Civelli Maurizio , Patacchini Riccardo 
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor known to be elevated in the sputum of asymptomatic smokers as well as smokers with bronchitis type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether acute exposure to cigarette smoke extract altered VEGF production in lung parenchymal cells.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We exposed human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC), normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) and small airways epithelial cells (SAEC) to aqueous cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in order to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke on VEGF expression and release.KEY RESULTS Vascular endothelial growth factor release was elevated by sub‐toxic concentrations of CSE in both ASMC and NHLF, but not in SAEC. CSE‐evoked VEGF release was mimicked by its component acrolein at concentrations (10–100 µM) found in CSE, and prevented by the antioxidant and α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde scavenger, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC). Both CSE and acrolein (30 µM) induced VEGF mRNA expression in ASMC cultures, suggesting an effect at transcriptional level. Crotonaldehyde and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal, an endogenous α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde, stimulated VEGF release, as did H2O2. CSE‐evoked VEGF release was accompanied by rapid and lasting phosphorylation of p38 MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase), which was abolished by NAC and mimicked by acrolein. Both CSE‐ and acrolein‐evoked VEGF release were blocked by selective inhibition of p38 MAPK signalling.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS α,β‐Unsaturated aldehydes and possibly reactive oxygen species contained in cigarette smoke stimulate VEGF expression and release from pulmonary cells through p38 MAPK signalling.