bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steinernema lamjungense n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new species of entomopathogenic nematode from Lamjung district, Nepal
Authors: Khatri-Chhetri Hari Bahadur , Waeyenberge Lieven , Spiridonov Sergei , Manandhar Hira Kaji , Moens Maurice 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A new species of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema
lamjungense n. sp., was recovered from soil samples collected
from Tarku, Lamjung district of Nepal, during a survey in 2007. The analysis
of ITS-rDNA sequence placed S. lamjungense n. sp. in the
arenarium-glaseri-karii-longicaudum group. The nematode
can be separated from other described species of the group by morphological
and morphometric characteristics of different stages and by
characterisations and phylogeny of DNA sequences of the D2D3 domain of the
LSU or ITS regions of rDNA. For infective juveniles, the new species can be
recognised by medium-long body length of 832 (690-950) μm,
pharynx length of 127 (110-142) μm, H% = 61 (55-69) and E%
= 79 (69-97). The lateral field pattern is 2, 6, 7, 8, 3, 2. The males have
well curved, yellowish-brown spicules with a prominent velum. The spicule
terminus is blunt with a longitudinal ventral notch. Spicule length is 87
(81-94) μm and gubernaculum length is 57 (50-66)
μm in the first generation males. A tail mucron is
absent in first but present in second generation males. First generation
males have a lateral field with a single ridge. A post-anal swelling is not
developed in first generation females but is well developed in second
generation females. Three other isolates of the same species were recovered
from the neighbourhood of the type locality and yet another isolate was
collected from Swarketari, Syangja district.
Steinernema citrae n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa
Authors: Stokwe Nomakholwa F. , Malan Antoinette P. , Nguyen Khuong B. , Knoetze Rinus , Tiedt Louwrens 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
During a survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in citrus orchards throughout
South Africa, a new species of Steinernema was isolated
from a citrus orchard on Rietkloof farm, near the town of Piketberg in the
Western Cape Province, South Africa. The nematode was isolated from soil
using the Galleria-baiting technique. Steinernema
citrae n. sp. is characterised by the following morphological
characters: third-stage infective juvenile with a body length of 754
(623-849) μm, distance from head to excretory pore of 56
(49-64) μm, tail length of 71 (63-81) μm,
and ratio E value of 110 (85-132). The lateral pattern for the new species
is 2, 7, 8, 6, 4, 2 and is not typical for the genus. Steinernema
citrae n. sp. is closely related the
feltiae-group. The body length of the IJ is close to that
of S. texanum and S. weiseri, though it
differs in body diam., the length of the pharynx and E%. The male of
S. citrae n. sp. differs from S.
feltiae in the length and shape of the spicule and body diam.
Steinernema citrae n. sp. differs from all species in
the feltiae-group in the morphology of the vulva, as it has
a single flapped, low, epiptygma. It also differs from the most closely
related species, S. feltiae, as there is no interbreeding
between the two species. In addition, the new nematode differs from other
species of the feltiae-group by characteristics of the ITS
and D2D3 regions of its rDNA.
Atmospheric Responses of Gill-Type and Lindzen–Nigam Models to Global Warming
Authors: An Soon-Il 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The equatorial Pacific atmosphere responds differently to global warming in the Gill-type and Lindzen–Nigam models. Under an assumption of no change in the zonal sea surface temperature (SST) gradient in the Gill-type model, the Walker circulation is intensified in a warmer climate relative to current climatic conditions, while slightly weakened in the Lindzen–Nigam model. Furthermore, for more accurate derivation of the surface wind, the free atmosphere in the Gill-type model is combined with the atmospheric boundary layer. This modified Gill-type model actually produces weaker surface wind than the Gill-type model would, but the sensitivity of the Walker circulation to the warmer climate is similar to that obtained from the Gill-type model. These results may explain why the zonal gradient of equatorial Pacific SST during the twentieth century is observed to strengthen while the Walker circulation is not, even though they are dynamically linked.
A Laboratory Study of Nonlinear Western Boundary Currents, with Application to the Gulf Stream Separation due to Inertial Overshooting*
Authors: Pierini Stefano , Falco Pierpaolo , Zambardino Giovanni , McClimans Thomas A. , Ellingsen Ingrid 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Various dynamical aspects of nonlinear western boundary currents (WBCs) have been investigated experimentally through physical modeling in a 5-m-diameter rotating basin. The motion of a piston with a velocity up that can be as low as up = 0.5 mm s−1 induces a horizontally unsheared current of homogeneous water that, flowing over a topographic beta slope, experiences westward intensification. First, the character of WBCs for various degrees of nonlinearity is investigated. By varying up, flows ranging from the highly nonlinear inertial Charney regime down to a weakly nonlinear regime can be simulated. In the first case, the dependence of zonal length scales on up is found to be in agreement with Charney’s theory; for weaker flows, a markedly different functional dependence emerges describing the initial transition toward the linear, viscous case. This provides an unprecedented coverage of nonlinear WBC dependence on an amplitude parameter in terms of experimental data. WBC separation from a wedge-shaped continent past a cape (simulating Cape Hatteras) due to inertial overshooting is then analyzed. By increasing current speed, a critical behavior is identified according to which a very small change of up marks the transition from a WBC that follows the coast past the cape to a WBC (nearly dynamically similar to a full-scale Gulf Stream) that separates from the cape without any substantial deflection, as with the Gulf Stream Extension. The important effect of the deflection angle of the continent is analyzed as well. Finally, the qualitative effect of a sloping sidewall along a straight coast is considered: the deflection of the flow away from the western wall due to the tendency to preserve potential vorticity clearly emerges.
Evaluation of Collocated Measurements of Radar Reflectivity and Particle Sizes in Ice Clouds
Authors: Pokharel Binod , Vali Gabor 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMeasured 94-GHz reflectivity in midlevel, stratiform ice clouds was compared with reflectivity calculated from size distributions determined with a particle imaging probe. The radar and the particle probe were carried on the same aircraft, the Wyoming King Air, ensuring close spatial correspondence between the two measurements. Good overall agreement was found within the range from −18 to +16 dBZ, but there is an important degree of scatter in the results. Two different assumptions about particle density led to calculated values that bracket the observations. The agreement found for reflectivity supports the use of the data for establishing relationships between the measured reflectivity and ice water content and between precipitation rate and reflectivity. The resulting equation for ice water content (IWC vs Z) agrees with the results of Liu and Illingworth within a factor of 2 over the range of overlap between the two datasets. The equation here reported for precipitation rate (PR vs Z) has a shallower slope in the power-law relationship than that reported by Matrosov as a consequence of sampling particles of greater densities. Because the radar and the particle probe were collocated on the same platform, errors arising from differences in sampling locations and volumes were minimized. Therefore it is concluded that the roughly factor-of-10 spread in IWC and in PR for given Z is, primarily, a result of variations in ice crystal shape and density. Retrievals of IWC and PR from cloud radar data can be expected to have that level of uncertainty.
A Robust Error-Based Rain Estimation Method for Polarimetric Radar. Part I: Development of a Method
Authors: Pepler Acacia S. , May Peter T. , Thurai Merhala 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe algorithms used to estimate rainfall from polarimetric radar variables show significant variance in error characteristics over the range of naturally occurring rain rates. As a consequence, to improve rainfall estimation accuracy using polarimetric radar, it is necessary to optimally combine a number of different algorithms. In this study, a new composite method is proposed that weights the algorithms by the inverse of their theoretical error. A number of approaches are discussed and are investigated using simulated radar data calculated from disdrometer measurements. The resultant algorithms show modest improvement over composite methods based on decision-tree logic—in particular, at rain rates above 20 mm h−1.
The Accuracy of Radar Estimates of Ice Terminal Fall Speed from Vertically Pointing Doppler Radar Measurements
Authors: Protat Alain , Williams Christopher R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDoppler radar measurements at different frequencies (50 and 2835 MHz) are used to characterize the terminal fall speed of hydrometeors and the vertical air motion in tropical ice clouds and to evaluate statistical methods for retrieving these two parameters using a single vertically pointing cloud radar. For the observed vertical air motions, it is found that the mean vertical air velocity in ice clouds is small on average, as is assumed in terminal fall speed retrieval methods. The mean vertical air motions are slightly negative (downdraft) between the melting layer (5-km height) and 6.3-km height, and positive (updraft) above this altitude, with two peaks of 6 and 7 cm s−1at 7.7- and 9.7-km height. For the retrieved hydrometeor terminal fall speeds, it is found that the variability of terminal fall speeds within narrow reflectivity ranges is typically within the acceptable uncertainties for using terminal fall speeds in ice cloud microphysical retrievals. This study also evaluates the performance of previously published statistical methods of separating terminal fall speed and vertical air velocity from vertically pointing Doppler radar measurements using the 50-/2835-MHz radar retrievals as a reference. It is found that the variability of the terminal fall speed–radar reflectivity relationship (Vt–Ze) is large in ice clouds and cannot be parameterized accurately with a single relationship. A well-defined linear relationship is found between the two coefficients of a power-lawVt–Zerelationship, but a more accurate microphysical retrieval is obtained using Doppler velocity measurements to better constrain theVt–Zerelationship for each cloud. When comparing the different statistical methods to the reference, the distribution of terminal fall speed residual is wide, with most residuals being in the ±30–40 cm s−1range about the mean. The typical mean residual ranged from 15 to 20 cm s−1, with different methods having mean residuals of <10 cm s−1at some heights, but not at the same heights for all methods. The so-calledVt–Zetechnique was the most accurate above 9-km height, and the running-mean technique outperformed the other techniques below 9-km height. Sensitivity tests of the running-mean technique indicate that the 20-min average is the best trade-off for the type of ice clouds considered in this analysis. A new technique is proposed that incorporates simple averages of Doppler velocity for each (Ze,H) couple in a given cloud. This technique, referred to as DOP–Ze–H, was found to outperform the three other methods at most heights, with a mean terminal fall residual of <10 cm s−1at all heights. This error magnitude is compatible with the use of such retrieved terminal fall speeds for the retrieval of microphysical properties.
Characterization of Heat-Treated Synthetic Imogolite by 27Al MAS and 27Al MQMAS Solid-State NMR
Authors: Hatakeyama Moriaki , Hara Takayoshi , Ichikuni Nobuyuki , Shimazu Shogo 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The structure of imogolite treated at 623, 773, and 973 K was characterized by 27Al MAS and 27Al multiple-quantum magic-angle-spinning (MQMAS) NMR. For comparison, 27Al NMR spectra of imogolites, allophanes, and kaolinite heated at 623, 773, and 973 K were acquired to investigate the structural change of these clay minerals. From these spectra, the structural change of imogolite has been observed at 623 K as well as in the case of allophane, while that of kaolinite has been demonstrated at a higher temperature of 773 K. The formation of five-coordinated Al from the original six-coordinated Al in imogolite after heat-treatment was confirmed as well as in the case of kaolinite and allophane. Furthermore it is found that the peaks for five- and four-coordinated Al of imogolite shifted to lower field and that their quadrupolar products (PQ) increased with treated temperature. It can be concluded that the five- and four-coordinated Al species are generated from the decomposition of six-coordinated Al. The chemical shifts of all peaks above 623 K indicate the increase of the structural strain in the heat-treated imogolite and the formation of amorphous phases by the decomposition of the original tubular structure.
Two New Cembranoids from the Soft Coral Lobophytum crassum
Authors: Liao Zuo-Jian , Su Huey-Jen , Shyue Yu-Ching , Wen Zhi-Hong , Sheu Jyh-Horng , Su Jui-Hsin 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Two new cembranoids, locrassolides A (1) and B (2), along with three known metabolites 3–5 were isolated from the soft coral Lobophytum crassum. None of these compounds were found to be cytotoxic toward a limited panel of cancer cell lines (CCRF-CEM and DLD-1). Metabolite 3 was shown to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
Phase Transitions in Soft Matter Induced by Selective Solvation
Authors: Onuki Akira , Okamoto Ryuichi , Araki Takeaki 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We review our recent studies on selective solvation effects in phase separation in polar binary mixtures with a small amount of solutes. Such hydrophilic or hydrophobic particles are preferentially attracted to one of the solvent components. We discuss the role of antagonistic salt composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ions, which undergo microphase separation at water–oil interfaces leading to mesophases. We then discuss phase separation induced by a strong selective solvent above a critical solute density np, which occurs far from the solvent coexistence curve. We also give theories of ionic surfactant systems and weakly ionized polyelectrolytes including solvation among charged particles and polar molecules. We point out that the Gibbs formula for the surface tension needs to include an electrostatic contribution in the presence of an electric double layer.
Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxide–Organic Intercalation Compounds by Solid–Solid Reactions
Authors: Kuramoto Kyoko , Ogawa Makoto 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Layered double hydroxide–organic intercalation compounds were successfully synthesized by the solid–state reactions of magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and the guest species (p-toluenesulfonic acid, malonic acid, and oxalic acid) at room temperature. The present very simple synthesis is potentially applicable to a variety of layered double hydroxide–organic intercalation compounds.
Aqueous Lithium/Air Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Zhang Tao , Imanishi Nobuyuki , Takeda Yasuo , Yamamoto Osamu 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Several key issues of aqueous lithium/air rechargeable batteries that consists of a water-stable lithium electrode, an aqueous electrolyte, and a bifunctional air electrode are reviewed. Based on research and discussion of these issues, the challenges and prospects for high energy density aqueous lithium/air rechargeable batteries are described. From a broader perspective, lithium/air rechargeable batteries that employ aprotic electrolytes are also briefly introduced for comparison.
Geometric Selectivity, Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction, and Solvatochromism of Bis{N-(aminoalkyl)salicylamidato(2−)}cobaltate(III)
Authors: Mitsuhashi Ryoji , Suzuki Takayoshi , Sunatsuki Yukinari , Kojima Masaaki 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Cobalt(III) complexes with N-(aminoalkyl)salicylamide dianions, Ln2− (n = 1–4), have been prepared and their molecular and crystal structures have been determined. The geometric (mer- or fac-) selectivity of [Co(Ln)2]− complexes was dependent on the number of the amine–amidato chelate ring member. Intermolecular homochiral hydrogen-bonds and solvatochromic behavior of the complexes were also observed.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Self-assembled Peptide Nanostructures toward Peptide-directed Biomineralization
Authors: Tomizaki Kin-ya , Kotera Tatsuki , Naito Hideki , Wakizaka Shota , Yamamoto Shin-ichi 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
There is increasing interest in nanostructures and in the molecular design of building blocks which self-assemble into nanoscaled intelligent materials. We outline a method for controlling the nanostructures of amphiphilic nonapeptides by changing the pH of the aqueous medium. A lysine residue on the hydrophilic face of the peptide plays a critical role as a morphology-control unit. This self-assembling peptide may, therefore, find application as a template for peptide-directed biomineralization.
Direct Conversion of Pinacol Arylboronic Esters to Aryl Triolborates
Authors: Li Gao-Qiang , Kiyomura Shunsuke , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Conversion of pinacol arylboronic esters 3 to aryl triolborates 5 via transesterification with 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane (4) was established with the advantages of tolerance to various functional groups. Transesterification was carried out at 30–60 °C in dioxane in the presence of MOH (M = Na and K) and H2O. High yields were achieved for stable aryl triolborates 5.
Coexisting Gas-resistant C-type Cubic Yb2O3–Tb4O7 Catalysts for Direct NO Decomposition
Authors: Tsujimoto Soichiro , Nishimura Chiya , Masui Toshiyuki , Imanaka Nobuhito 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
C-type cubic (Yb1−xTbx)2O3±δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.62) catalysts were synthesized by coprecipitation. Among the samples prepared, (Yb0.50Tb0.50)2O3±δ showed the highest catalytic activity and high tolerability for O2 or CO2 coexistence was recognized. In particular, the negative effect of CO2 on the NO decomposition activity is significantly reduced compared to those of conventional catalysts, and N2 yield as high as 33% was obtained even in the presence of 5 vol % CO2.
Controlled Release of Guest Molecules from Spherical Assembly of Trigonal Gultathione by Disulfide Recombination
Authors: Matsuura Kazunori , Tochio Keigo , Watanabe Kenta , Kimizuka Nobuo 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Nanospheres formed by self-assembly of trigonal glutathione (TG) underwent disulfide recombination upon addition of dithiothreitol. Guest molecules encapsulated in the nanospheres were gradually released during the recombination process.
Synthesis and Electronic Properties of an Azulene-fused Tribenzotetraazaporphyrin
Authors: Muranaka Atsuya , Yonehara Mitsuhiro , Hirayama Machiko , Saito Asami , Kobayashi Nagao , Uchiyama Masanobu 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A novel tribenzotetraazaporphyrin with a fused azulene ring was synthesized via mixed condensation reaction of 5,6-dicyanoazulene and 3,6-dibutoxyphthalonitrile. The macrocycle exhibited several intense absorption peaks from 600 to 900 nm. The spectroscopic properties were analyzed by DFT calculations.
Rotational Libration of a Porphyrin/Phthalocyanine Double-decker Complex with Ce(IV) as Revealed by 1H NMR and STM
Authors: Otsuki Joe , Taka Megumi , Kobayashi Daiya 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We provide evidence that a heteroleptic double-decker complex of Ce with phthalocyanine and porphyrin ligands undergoes rotational libration in solution for the first time on the basis of variable-temperature 1H NMR. On the other hand, the Zr complex with the same set of ligands undergoes no rotational motion. These molecules deposited on graphite surfaces exhibited different shapes in STM images, revealing difference in the rotational motion at the molecular level.
Self-assembled Inverse Dendrimer
Authors: Sun Qing-Fu , Sato Sota , Fujita Makoto 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Bent bridging ligands appending dendrons (G-1, G-2, and G-3) at their concaves are complexed with Pd(II) ions to self-assemble into M12L24 spherical shells confining inversely branched dendrimers. Their structures were fully characterized by NMR, CSI-TOF-MS, and AFM.
Novel Synthetic Azaacridine Analogues as Topoisomerase 1 Inhibitors
Authors: Luan Xudong , Gao Chunmei , Sun Qinsheng , Tan Chunyan , Liu Hongxia , Jin Yibao , Jiang Yuyang 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Novel azaacridine analogues were synthesized and their antiproliferative activities against K562 and HepG-2 cell lines were evaluated, among which compound 5a was found to display good cytotoxicity. UV–visible spectral absorbance measurements showed that 5a can bind with calf thymus DNA (ct DNA). A relaxation assay indicated that 5a inhibits topoisomerase 1 activity.
Thermodynamics of the Exchange of Solubilizers on Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kato Yuichi , Niidome Yasuro , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The thermodynamics of the exchange of solubilizers adsorbed on single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is probed by analysis of the spectral shifts of the CNTs in the near-infrared region. Equilibrium constants and thermodynamic parameters of the exchange of sodium cholate for DNA (20-mers of oligo DNAs, cytosine) on CNTs of different chirality are determined.
Detectivity Performance of Quantum Wire Infrared Photodetectors
Authors: Nasr Ashraf 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The manuscript is devoted to calculate the detectivity, Figure of merit, of the quantum wire infrared photodetectors (QRIPs). The importance arises from two points. Firstly, the QRIPs give a stable and controllable performance in comparison with quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs). Secondly, the gap; difference between the photo and dark currents, is high enough to obtain a distinguished responsivity and detectivity. So, the dependence of detectivity behavior on the QRIPs parameters is discussed. From the results, one can notice that the superiority of QRIPs over the QDIPs which gives higher values of detectivity, about ten times or higher the latter under the same conditions. Hence, an improvement of the responsivity and detectivity of QRIPs compared to QDIPs has been perceived.
Performance of a multiscale correlation algorithm for the estimation of sea-ice drift from SAR images: initial results
Authors: Hollands Thomas , Dierking Wolfgang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSea-ice drift fields were obtained from sequences of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images using a method based on pattern recognition. the accuracy of the method was estimated for two image products of the Envisat Advanced SAR (ASAR) with 25 m and 150 m pixel size. For data from the winter season it was found that 99% of the south–north and west–east components of the determined displacement vector are within ±3–5 pixels of a manually derived reference dataset, independent of the image resolution. For an image pair with 25 m resolution acquired during summer, the corresponding value is 12 pixels. Using the same resolution cell dimensions for the displacement fields in both image types, the estimated displacement components differed by 150–300 m. the use of different texture parameters for predicting the performance of the algorithm dependent on ice conditions and image characteristics was studied. It was found that high entropy values indicate a good performance.