bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unintentional paediatric ingestion poisonings and the role of imitative behaviour
Authors: Rodgers Gregory B , Franklin Robert L , Midgett Jonathan D 
Published: June 2011

ObjectiveTo quantify the relationship between imitative behaviour and poisonings in children.SettingUSA.MethodsThis study is based on the evaluation of a large national database of unintentional oral ingestion poisonings involving children aged <5 years treated in US hospital emergency departments during 2004 and 2005. It begins with the premise that, among other factors, oral drug poisonings can result from children observing and imitating adult behaviour, but that non-oral drug and non-drug poisonings (to be referred to as non-drug poisonings) generally do not, because children do not see adults ingesting non-drug products. The study then compares and contrasts the child poisonings between the two poisoning categories. Differences in the poisoning rate between the oral drug and non-drug categories are estimated by the age and sex of the children. A binary logistic regression analysis is also conducted using non-drug poisonings as a control group to compare against oral drug poisonings.ResultsThere was a significant increase in the relative likelihood of oral drug poisonings beginning at age 20–23 months that is consistent with the expected onset of complicated imitative behaviours in children. Based upon our analysis, imitative behaviour may have contributed to about 17 300 child poisonings treated annually in the emergency department, possibly accounting for about 20% of poisonings involving children aged <5 years and 30% of the poisoning injuries involving children aged 20–59 months.ConclusionsComprehensive efforts to prevent poisoning need to address the problem of imitative behaviour in children. Caregivers should never ingest medications in the presence of children.
Geographic access to cancer care: a disparity and a solution
Authors: Ahamad Anesa 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Background
The rising cancer incidence in developing countries outpaces easy access to care. Time and effort spent on travel for care is a burden to patients and detracts from patient centredness, efficiency, and equitability. In Trinidad and Tobago, significant distress was observed among patients who made long journeys to the single public cancer clinic. The journey time among non-radiotherapy patients was measured.

Methods
Over 19 weekdays in June 2007, the study assessed estimated travel time per visit (ETT), reason for visit for care, and number of visits per patient during their treatment course up to the time of study, and compared the findings with ETT to nearest centres for the US population.

Results
1447 episodes of care utilised 5296 h of patient travel time. Median ETT was 3.75 h (IQR 2–5 h, range 0.5–9 h). 74.1% of patients spent 2.25–9 h ETT. 44% of patients spent &gt;4 h ETT. Median number of visits per patient was 34 (IQR 23–43; range 13–62). Median total ETT per patient was 127.5 h. Median ETT to the centre (1.75 h) was eight times greater than in the USA (13 min). More than 70% of patients attended for reasons other than chemotherapy.

Conclusions
Cancer patients endured a burden of long travel times in 2007. The prevailing policy of the Ministry of Health to build a single centralised modern centre would not have alleviated this burden. Based on these findings, three outlying cancer clinics were created which now provide non-radiotherapy oncology management of patients nearer their homes.
APPROXIMATE NEAREST NEIGHBOR SEARCH UNDER TRANSLATION INVARIANT HAUSDORFF DISTANCE
Authors: KNAUER CHRISTIAN , SCHERFENBERG MARC 
Published: June 2011

We present an embedding and search reduction which allow us to build the first data structure for the nearest neighbor search among small point sets with respect to the directed Hausdorff distance under translation. The search structure is non-heuristic in the sense that the quality of the results, the performance, and the space bound are guaranteed. Let n denote the number of point sets in the data base, s the maximal size of a point set, and d the dimension of the points. The nearest neighbor of a query point set under the translation invariant directed Hausdorff distance can be approximated by one or several nearest neighbor searches for single points in the Euclidean embedding space ℝd(s-1). The approximation factor is [Formula: see text] in case of even s and [Formula: see text] when s is odd. Depending on the direction of the Hausdorff distance either the number of queries or the space requirements are exponential in s. Furthermore it is shown how to find the exact nearest neighbor under the directed Hausdorff distance without transformation of the point sets within some weaker time and space bounds.
DISTRIBUTED ON-LINE MULTI-AGENT OPTIMIZATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY: BALANCING EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION
Authors: TAYLOR MATTHEW E. , JAIN MANISH , TANDON PRATEEK , YOKOO MAKOTO , TAMBE MILIND 
Published: June 2011

A significant body of work exists on effectively allowing multiple agents to coordinate to achieve a shared goal. In particular, a growing body of work in the Distributed Constraint Optimization (DCOP) framework enables such coordination with different amounts of teamwork. Such algorithms can implicitly or explicitly trade-off improved solution quality with increased communication and computation requirements. However, the DCOP framework is limited to planning problems; DCOP agents must have complete and accurate knowledge about the reward function at plan time. We extend the DCOP framework, defining the Distributed Coordination of Exploration and Exploitation (DCEE) problem class to address real-world problems, such as ad-hoc wireless network optimization, via multiple novel algorithms. DCEE algorithms differ from DCOP algorithms in that they (1) are limited to a finite number of actions in a single trial, (2) attempt to maximize the on-line, rather than final, reward, (3) are unable to exhaustively explore all possible actions, and (4) may have knowledge about the distribution of rewards in the environment, but not the rewards themselves. Thus, a DCEE problem is not a type of planning problem, as DCEE algorithms must carefully balance and coordinate multiple agents' exploration and exploitation. Two classes of algorithms are introduced: static estimation algorithms perform simple calculations that allow agents to either stay or explore, and balanced exploration algorithms use knowledge about the distribution of the rewards and the time remaining in an experiment to decide whether to stay, explore, or (in some algorithms) backtrack to a previous location. These two classes of DCEE algorithms are compared in simulation and on physical robots in a complex mobile ad-hoc wireless network setting. Contrary to our expectations, we found that increasing teamwork in DCEE algorithms may lower team performance. In contrast, agents running DCOP algorithms improve their reward as teamwork increases. We term this previously unknown phenomenon the team uncertainty penalty, analyze it in both simulation and on robots, and present techniques to ameliorate the penalty.
Indonesian Throughflow variability during the last 140 ka: the Timor Sea outflow
Authors: Holbourn Ann , Kuhnt Wolfgang , Xu Jian 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

The transfer of surface and intermediate water from the Pacific to Indian Ocean through the Indonesian passages (Indonesian Throughflow: ITF) strongly influences the heat and freshwater budgets of tropical water masses, in turn affecting global climate. Here, we use combined δ
18
O and Mg/Ca analyses of surface and thermocline planktonic foraminifers to estimate variations in sea surface temperature, salinity and mixed layer thickness over the last 140 ka. Comparison of water mass properties reveals a steeper thermocline temperature gradient in the Timor Strait than in the eastern Indian Ocean during glacials, implying a decrease in ITF cool thermocline outflow. A major freshening and cooling of thermocline waters occurred at
c
. 9.5 ka, when sea level rose above a critical threshold, allowing establishment of a shallow marine connection from the South China Sea to the Java Sea. Comparison of benthic δ
13
C profiles (
c
. 1800 to 3000 m water depth) suggests vigorous mixing of Indian Ocean and ITF outflow intermediate waters during interglacials. In contrast, deep and intermediate water masses became more stratified during glacials. Lower δ
13
C values at
c
. 3000 m water depth reflect a decrease in deepwater ventilation, probably related to slowdown of the global thermohaline circulation during glacials.
SE Asian carbonates: tools for evaluating environmental and climatic change in equatorial tropics over the last 50 million years
Authors: Wilson Moyra E. J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

This study reviews how shallow water carbonates are revealing environmental and climatic changes on all scales through the last 50 million years in SE Asia. Marine biodiversity reaches a global maximum in the region, yet the environmental conditions are at odds with the traditional view of ‘blue-water’ reefal development. The region is characterized by complex tectonics, major volcanism, high terrestrial runoff, nutrient influx, everwet and monsoonal climates, low salinities, major currents and ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) fluctuations. Terrestrial runoff, nutrient upwelling, tectonics, volcanism and recent human activities are major influences on the modern development of carbonate systems. Coral sclerochronology is revealing how these factors vary locally over annual and decadal scales. The strong impact of vertical tectonic movements and the interplay with eustasy is evaluated from Quaternary and Pleistocene coral reef terraces. Isotopic data from terrace deposits indicates that interglacials may have been up to 3–6 °C warmer than glacials, consistent with the region's record from terrestrial and deep marine deposits. Study of outcrop and subsurface carbonate deposits reveals the impact of tectonics, siliciclastic, nutrient influx, eustasy and oceanography on individual systems over millennial timescales. Major changes in oceanography, plate tectonics, climate change and perhaps fluctuating CO
2
levels impacted Cenozoic regional carbonate development. Results of studies from terrestrial and deep marine realms are comparable with those from the carbonates, but have yielded higher resolution records of changing currents, precipitation and the monsoons. There is considerable scope for further research, however, SE Asian carbonates are powerful tools in evaluating past environmental change in the equatorial tropics.
Australia–SE Asia collision: plate tectonics and crustal flow
Authors: Hall Robert 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The Sundaland core of SE Asia is a heterogeneous assemblage of Tethyan sutures and Gondwana fragments. Its complex basement structure was one major influence on Cenozoic tectonics; the rifting history of the north Australian margin was another. Fragments that rifted from Australia in the Jurassic collided with Sundaland in the Cretaceous and terminated subduction. From 90 to 45 Ma Sundaland was largely surrounded by inactive margins with localized strike-slip deformation, extension and subduction. At 45 Ma Australia began to move north, and subduction resumed beneath Sundaland. At 23 Ma the Sula Spur promontory collided with the Sundaland margin. From 15 Ma there was subduction hinge rollback into the Banda oceanic embayment, major extension, and later collision of the Banda volcanic arc with the southern margin of the embayment. However, this plate tectonic framework cannot be reduced to a microplate scale to explain Cenozoic deformation. Sundaland has a weak thin lithosphere, highly responsive to plate boundary forces and a hot weak deep crust has flowed in response to tectonic and topographic forces, and sedimentary loading. Gravity-driven movements of the upper crust, unusually rapid vertical motions, exceptionally high rates of erosion, and massive movements of sediment have characterized this region.
Inhibition of the Acetyltransferases p300 and CBP Reveals a Targetable Function for p300 in the Survival and Invasion Pathways of Prostate Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Santer Frédéric R. , Höschele Philipp P.S. , Oh Su Jung , Erb Holger H.H. , Bouchal Jan , Cavarretta Ilaria T. , Parson Walther , Meyers David J. , Cole Philip A. , Culig Zoran 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Inhibitors of histone deacetylases have been approved for clinical application in cancer treatment. On the other hand, histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitors have been less extensively investigated for their potential use in cancer therapy. In prostate cancer, the HATs and coactivators p300 and CBP are upregulated and may induce transcription of androgen receptor (AR)-responsive genes, even in the absence or presence of low levels of AR. To discover a potential anticancer effect of p300/CBP inhibition, we used two different approaches: (i) downregulation of p300 and CBP by specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) and (ii) chemical inhibition of the acetyltransferase activity by a newly developed small molecule, C646. Knockdown of p300 by specific siRNA, but surprisingly not of CBP, led to an increase of caspase-dependent apoptosis involving both extrinsic and intrinsic cell death pathways in androgen-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. Induction of apoptosis was mediated by several pathways including inhibition of AR function and decrease of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) subunit p65. Furthermore, cell invasion was decreased upon p300, but not CBP, depletion and was accompanied by lower matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 transcriptions. Thus, p300 and CBP have differential roles in the processes of survival and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells was confirmed by the use of C646. This was substantiated by a decrease of AR function and downregulation of p65 impairing several NF-κB target genes. Taken together, these results suggest that p300 inhibition may be a promising approach for the development of new anticancer therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(9); 1644–55. ©2011 AACR.
Cost-Effectiveness of Statin Therapy for Primary Prevention in a Low-Cost Statin Era
Authors: Lazar Lawrence D. , Pletcher Mark J. , Coxson Pamela G. , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Goldman Lee 
Published: June 2011

Background—
With wide availability of low-cost generics, primary prevention with statins has become less expensive. We projected the cost-effectiveness of expanded statin prescribing strategies using low-cost generics and identified conditions under which aggressive prescribing ceases to be cost-effective.

Methods and Results—
We simulated expanded statin prescribing strategies with the coronary heart disease policy model, a Markov model of the US population ã35 years of age. If statins cost $4/mo, treatment thresholds of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ã160 mg/dL for low-risk persons (0 to 1 risk factor), ã130 mg/dL for moderate-risk persons (≥2 risk factors and 10-year risk <10%), and ã100 mg/dL for moderately high-risk persons (≥2 risk factors and 10-year risk ã10%) would reduce annual healthcare costs by $430 million compared with Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Lowering thresholds to ã130 mg/dL for persons with 0 risk factors and ã100 mg/dL for persons with 1 risk factor and treating all moderate- and moderately high-risk persons regardless of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol would provide additional health benefits for $9900 per quality-adjusted life-year. These findings are insensitive to most adverse effect assumptions (including statin-associated diabetes mellitus and severe hypothetical effects) but are sensitive to large reductions in the efficacy of statins or to a long-term disutility burden for which a patient would trade 30 to 80 days of life to avoid 30 years of statins.

Conclusions—
Low-cost statins are cost-effective for most persons with even modestly elevated cholesterol or any coronary heart disease risk factors if they do not mind taking a pill daily. Adverse effects are unlikely to outweigh benefits in any subgroup in which statins are found to be efficacious.
'Verfallpfand' in early classical Roman Law: real security in the archive of the Sulpicii
Authors: Verhagen H.L.E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe writing tablets discovered in 1959 near Pompeii (Tabulae Pompeianae Sulpiciorum or Tabulae Pompeianae Novae) provide a unique and extremely valuable insight into the 'law in action' in the Roman Empire of the first century AD. In particular, these tablets allow us to assess the functioning of the law of secured finance, as it was applied by the Sulpicii family and other commercial lenders in the seaport town of Puteoli (Pozzuoli). The focus of this article is on the enforcement of a right of pledge in case of default by the debtor. In particular, it discusses whether the creditor then acquired ownership of the pledged property or whether he was only entitled to suspend his obligation to return the pledged property to the debtor. It is argued that the most likely interpretation of the writing tablets is that the creditor acquired ownership when the debtor defaulted and that this enabled him to sell the property at auction or otherwise.
Philips Wielant and the 'Briève instruction en causes civiles'
Authors: De Smidt J.Th. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractExtensive review of the edition of the Briève instruction en causes civiles of Philips Wielant (1441–1520), edited by L.H.J. Sicking and C.H. van Rhee. The text is a French version of Wielant's Practijke civile, published in 1573. J.Th. de Smidt compares both texts very closely; he adds a comparison with the Pratique judiciaire of Joos de Damhouder (1507–1581).
Bijnkershoek as author and elegant jurist
Authors: Sirks Boudewijn 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBijnkershoek wrote next to his three works on international law a series of books on Roman law and on the private law of Holland and Zeeland. Those on Roman Law deal with various aspects, mostly with textual criticism of the Corpus juris, while a part consists of essays on specific subjects. The book on private law combines analyses of certain legal problems with jurisprudence of courts. Are all these texts obsolete by now? A modest exploration of these essays suggests that is not the case as far as textual criticism is concerned; at least some of the essays in Roman law are still actual for present-day research. The essays on private law are of course of value for historical research.
The Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo Reconstruction
Authors: Hyman Larry 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBasing himself largely on areal and typological arguments, Güldemann (2010) claims that neither Proto-Niger-Congo nor Proto-Bantu had more than a "moderate" system of derivational verb suffixes ("extensions"), and that both proto-languages lacked inflectional verb prefixes. Although drawing largely on the same materials as Hyman (2004, 2007a, b), he arrives at the opposite conclusion that Niger-Congo languages which have such morphology, in particular Bantu and Atlantic, would have had to innovate multiple suffixation and prefixation. However, such hypotheses are weakened by two serious problems: (i) These proto-languages, which possibly reach back as far as 10,000–12,000 bp, have clearly had enough time for their morphosyntax to have cycled more than once. (ii) The areal properties of Güldemann's Macro-Sudan Belt most likely represent more recent innovations which have diffused after the Niger-Congo break-up. In this paper, I present further evidence that multiple suffixation and prefixation must have existed even in languages which have lost them. The general conclusion is that current areal distributions are largely irrelevant for long-range linguistic reconstruction.
Arthroscopic Management of Femoroacetabular Impingement in Athletes
Authors: Byrd J. W. Thomas , Jones Kay S. 
Published: June 2011

Background Hip pathology is a significant source of pain and dysfunction among athletic individuals and femoroacetabular impingement is often a causative factor. Arthroscopic intervention has been proposed to address the joint damage and underlying impingement. Hypothesis Arthroscopy may be effective in the management of symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement in athletes. Study Design Case series, Level of evidence, 4. Methods All patients undergoing hip arthroscopy at 1 institution were prospectively assessed with a modified Harris hip score obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at 3, 12, 24, 60, and 120 months. This report consists of a cohort of 200 patients identified who underwent arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement, participated in athletic activities, and had achieved minimum 1-year follow up. Results There was 100% follow-up at an average of 19 months (range, 12-60 months). A total of 116 athletes had achieved 2-year follow-up. For the entire cohort, the average age was 28.6 years (range, 11-60 years) with 148 males and 52 females. There were 159 cam, 31 combined, and 10 pincer lesions. There were 23 professional, 56 intercollegiate, 24 high school, and 97 recreational athletes. The male:female ratio was 2.8:1 among cam lesions and 1:1 among pincer lesions. The median preoperative score was 72 with a postoperative score of 96 and the median improvement was 20.5 points, which was statistically significant (P < .001). Ninety-five percent of professional athletes and 85% of intercollegiate athletes were able to return to their previous level of competition. There were 5 transient neurapraxias (all resolved) and 1 minor heterotopic ossification. One athlete (0.5%) underwent conversion to total hip arthroplasty and 4 (2%) underwent repeat arthroscopy. For the group with minimum 2-year follow up, the median improvement was 21 points with a postoperative score of 96. Conclusion The data substantiate successful outcomes in the arthroscopic management of femoroacetabular impingement with few complications and most athletes were able to resume activities.
Hip Arthroscopy after Traumatic Hip Dislocation
Authors: Ilizaliturri Victor M. , Gonzalez-Gutierrez Bernal , Gonzalez-Ugalde Humberto , Camacho-Galindo Javier 
Published: June 2011

Background Traumatic posterior dislocation of the hip joint usually results from high-energy trauma, which can cause additional injuries that may need to be addressed after reduction. Purpose This study was undertaken to present arthroscopic findings after traumatic posterior hip dislocation in patients with mechanical hip symptoms. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods All patients treated with hip arthroscopy between 2002 and 2006 for mechanical hip symptoms after traumatic posterior hip dislocation with subsequent closed reduction were included in this study. The time between closed reduction and arthroscopy, arthroscopic findings and treatment, preoperative and last follow-up WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) scores, and last follow-up radiographs were analyzed. Complications or the need for further surgical treatment are reported. Results There were 17 patients (13 male, 4 female) with an average age of 28.5 years (range, 19-37 years). The average time between closed reduction and arthroscopy was 3 months. Fourteen patients had anterior labral tears, 6 had posterior labral tears, 16 had acetabular chondral damage, all had femoral chondral damage, and 14 had intra-articular fragments. The preoperative WOMAC score was 46; the last follow-up (average 45 months) WOMAC score was 87 (range, 45-93); this was considered statistically significant (P = .001). One patient required total hip replacement for osteoarthritis and 1 presented with osteonecrosis and is waiting for hip replacement. Conclusion The clearest indication for arthroscopy after traumatic posterior hip dislocation was loose fragments inside the joint. Arthroscopy was also performed in every patient with mechanical hip symptoms. Intra-articular damage was demonstrated in every case. Most of the patients had significant improvement after hip arthroscopy.