bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative histochemical observations on the lipids in the immature and mature stages ofCotylophoron cotylophorum(Paramphistomatidae: Digenea)
Authors: Parshad V. R. , Guraya S. S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractImmature and mature stages of the sheep amphistomeCotylophoron cotylophorumhave been analysed histochemically for their lipids. Excretory ducts of the immature worms were the common sites for the accumulation of neutral lipids (triglycerides) and phospholipids which showed very sparse distribution at the corresponding sites in the adult. Phospholipids and lipoproteins observed in the tegument of the adult could not be seen in the immature form. Intestinal caecae of both forms showed the presence of diffused and granular lipids which were relatively less in the immature. The possible physiological significance of these differences in the lipid contents of the immature and mature forms has been discussed.
Intermediate host antigens associated with the cercariae of Schistosoma haematobium
Authors: Jackson T.F.H.G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBulinus (Physopsts) africanus antigens were shown to be associated with the cercarial glycocalyx of Schistosoma haematobium using immunofluorescence and the Cercarienhüllen Reaktion. It is proposed that this snail antigen may sensitise the definitive host and that resistance to further invasion by cercariae could be induced in this manner.
A revision of the genus Strongylodesma Lévi (Porifera: Demospongiae: Latrunculiidae) with descriptions of four new species
Authors: Samaai Toufiek , Gibbons Mark J. , Kelly Michelle 
Published: June 2009

The sponge genus Strongylodesma is reviewed and redefined, and now accommodates eight closely related species. The type species of Strongylodesma Lévi is redescribed and an additional two new species are described from the Indo-Pacific: S. novaecaledoniae sp. nov. and S. tongaensis sp. nov. Several specimens previously identified as species of Batzella (Poecilosclerida: Chondropsidae) have been re-assigned to Strongylodesma, as the new species S. purpureus sp. nov. and S. nigra sp. nov. With the description here of new species from the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Atlantic, the biogeographical distribution of Strongylodesma now appears to be generally tropical with a subtropical South African component, whereas previously it was only known from South Africa. Although species of Strongylodesma have not previously been recorded from the intermediate locations (Western Indian Ocean, South-east Asia, central west Pacific, and New Zealand), re-evaluation here will facilitate more readily the recognition of taxa in these intermediate regions, if they exist, in the future. The species are not widespread, except perhaps along the south-east coast of South Africa, and where they occur they are not abundant. Species occur over a wide depth range, from the intertidal in Tsitsikamma, South Africa, to 140 m in the Caribbean.
Coccidian parasites of birds of the avian order Columbiformes with a description of two new species of Eimeria
Authors: Varghese T. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryTwo new species of coccidia, Eimeria gourai sp. nov. from the Victoria crowned pigeon (Goura victoria Fraser) and Eimeria duculai sp.nov. from the Torres Strait imperial pigeon (Ducula spilorrhoa Gray) have been described. Eimeria gourai oocysts are spherical to sub-spherical in shape, measure 20·0 (19·0–22·0) × 20·0 (18·0–21·0) μm and are devoid of micropyle and oocyst residuum. Elongate sporocysts are 12·0 × 5·5 μm, and contain a granular residuum. Eimeria duculai oocysts are broadly ovoid with an inconspicuous micropyle at the narrower end. They are 28·0 (26·0–31·0) × 25·0 (23·0–27·0) μm in size, without residuum but with a membrane-bound polar granule. The elongate sporocysts are 15·5 × 7·2 μm, with prominent Stieda body and granular, membrane-bound residuum. The morphological characteristics of the known coccidian oocysts from birds of the avian order Columbiformes are reviewed.
An examination of the skin phase of schistosome migration using a hamster cheek pouch preparation
Authors: Wilson R. A. , Lawson J. Ruth 
Published: June 2009

SummaryA living hamster cheek pouch preparation has been used to study the skin phase of schistosomulum migration. Between 0 and 16 h post-exposure schistosomula become increasingly difficult to see and lateral movement in the skin ceases. Up to 50 h post-exposure they remain poorly visible. They lie in fluid-filled lacunae within the epidermis, external to the basement membrane. The first schistosomula enter the dermis from. 40 h post-exposure, approximately half having done so by 52·5 h. Coincidentally, they can be more easily distinguished from surrounding tissue. Up to 91% of original penetrants have been observed alive in. pouch tissue at 65 h post-exposure. Since only 26% eventually mature in the hepatic portal system there would appear to be considerable attrition subsequent to the skin phase of migration. The mean diameter of venules penetrated was 22·7 μm and the mean time taken to penetrate was 8·01 h. The majority of schistosomula left the pouch between 60 and 80 h post-exposure.
Migration of the schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni from the lungs to the hepatic portal system
Authors: Miller Patricia , Wilson R. A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe pattern of recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of mice, hamsters and rats is described following normal percutaneous infection via the abdominal skin. Peak numbers were found in hamsters and rats on day 5 and in mice on day 6 post-exposure. Schistosomula were recovered from the lungs up to approximately day 20 post-exposure in all 3 species. None were found in pleural washings and only 2 were recovered following mincing and incubation of host diaphragms. The pattern of recovery of schistosomula from the lungs of mice was also described following the injection of a pulse of parasites into the tail vein. Approximately 54% of these injected schistosomula eventually reached maturity in the hepatic portal system. The ability of schistosomula to migrate and mature following their injection into unusual locations was tested. Small numbers reached maturity in the hepatic portal system following injection into the pleural cavity or subcutaneously, more when injected intra-peritoneally and largest numbers following intravenous injection. Small numbers of schistosomula were recovered by mincing and incubation of systemic organs such as the kidney and spleen. Schistosomula injected into the left ventricle of hamsters were able to migrate via the systemic organs to the lungs and 47% eventually matured in the hepatic portal system. The pattern of schistosomulum accumulation in the hepatic portal system of mice, hamsters and rats is described. Following normal percutaneous infection, schistosomula were first detected in this site from day 6 to day 9 depending on the host species. In mice, migration was complete around day 20 but continued in hamsters up to day 40 post-exposure. Following injection of schistosomula into the tail veins of mice, the first arrivals in the hepatic portal system were detected 12 h later and were found to lose their ability to migrate shortly after arrival. However, a proportion of lung schistosomula injected directly into the hepatic portal system were able to traverse hepatic sinusoids and reach the lungs. It was concluded that the route of migration of schistosomula from lungs to liver was entirely intravascular, with potentially several passages round the pulmonary-systemic circulation, before chance entry into arteries leading to the hepatic portal system. The proportion of schistosomula exiting from the pulmonary-systemic circuit was estimated as 0·14/day. A computer simulation produced values of 11 h and 5 h for the duration of migration through pulmonary and systemic capillary beds. The time for 1 complete circuit would thus be 16 h and the proportion of schistosomula exiting per circuit would be 0·095. This approximates to the proportion of cardiac output going to splanchnic organs in the resting rat (0·128). The narrowness of hepatic sinusoids may be one factor contributing to the sequestration of schistosomula in the hepatic portal system.
Eimeria tenella: experimental development of resistance to monensin in the chicken
Authors: Chapman H. D. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe development of resistance by the Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella (H) to monensin has been studied by serially passaging the strain in groups of 30 birds, each inoculated with 106 oocysts and given 100 p.p.m. of drug in the food. After 16 passages a line partially resistant to this concentration of monensin was produced. Passage of the line in birds medicated with 200 or 300 p.p.m. of monensin did not result in the acquisition of a greater degree of resistance. A further reduction in sensitivity to 100 p.p.m. monensin was obtained, however, when the line was serially passaged in 15 groups of 6 birds each given 3 × 106 oocysts. Five passages in the absence of monensin resulted in restoration of sensitivity, suggesting that the resistance developed was not stable. The pathogenic effects of the line that had been passaged in chickens given 300 p.p.m. of monensin were less than those of the parent line.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance to Schistosoma japonicum in the mouse: I. The correlation between egg deposition and worm elimination
Authors: Moloney N. A. , Webbe G. , Luty A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAcquired resistance to Schistosoma japonicum was evident after the lung phase of migration of challenge schistosomula. ‘Trickle’ infections which gave similar primary worm burdens to single infections stimulated similar levels of resistance. There was a strong correlation between the size of the primary worm burden of individual mice and their ability to resist infection 8 weeks after exposure to S. japonicum. However, acquired resistance did not develop until 6 weeks, that is after the primary infection had become patent, and was maximal some 12 weeks after infection; thereafter resistance declined. The numbers of parasite eggs deposited in the tissues increased during acute infection (duration of 12 weeks or less) and tended to stabilize or decrease during chronic infection (longer than 12 weeks). There were good correlations between the resistance of mice to challenge and the numbers of eggs deposited in their livers, guts or lungs during acute infection, but these correlations were not evident during chronic infection. The inflammatory responses to tissue-bound eggs regress during chronic infection and this may influence the relationship between acquired resistance and egg burden. Comparable primary infections of S. japonicum or S. mansoni protected equally well against both heterologous and homologous challenges. However, unisexual infections of S. mansoni, which produced no overt pathology, failed to confer protection against a challenge of S. japonicum.
Some Phenomena associated with Parasitism
Authors: Potts F. A. 
Published: June 2009

(1) The marked peculiarity in infection of Decapod Crustacea by certain parasites is the alteration of the sexual characters of the hosts (castration parasitaireof Giard). This has a twofold nature, viz.:—(a)Sterility. In both sexesgonads dwindle and may entirely abort.(b)Assumption of characters of other sex. In the malethe external characters proper to the female are assumed in greater or less degree. The testis is transformed into a hermaphrodite gland, either while still infected by the parasite (incipient hermaphroditism of hermit crabs) or when freed from its influence (ripe ovotestis in spider crab). The reverse effects are not foundin the female.(2) This phenomenon occurs throughout the Invertebrata, but though sterility is a frequent consequence, the alteration of sex characters is never so definite as in the Crustacea. Analogous observations on parasitism in the Vertebrata have not been made.(3) In the Insecta, parasitism appears to influencecaste production. Grassi suggested that the sterility of soldiers and workers in Termites is due to protozoan parasites. In ants a giant caste is known (mermithergates) always harbouring a nematode worm.
Note on the so-called Musculature ofTaenia elliptica
Authors: Heape Walter 
Published: June 2009

The internal organisation of the Ceatoda is described as follows by Sedgwick (1898, p. 246):“Beneath the cuticle-like outer membrane is a layer of spindle-shaped cells lying at right angles to the surface; their external ends abut upon the cuticle, and their inner ends are prolonged as fibres into the parenchyma. Beneath this layer there is a delicate superficial layer of longitudinal muscular fibres, and next a parenchyma of connective tissue in which strongly-developed bundles of longitudinal muscular fibres, as well as an inner layer of circular muscles, are embedded; both these muscular layers are traversed, principally at the sides of the body, by groups of dorso-ventral muscular fibres.”
Regeneration inArgas persicus
Authors: Hindle Edward , Cunliffe Norman 
Published: June 2009

The present investigation was primarily undertaken by Mr G. Merriman at the suggestion of Professor Nuttall, but was discontinued at a very early stage owing to Mr Merriman's departure for Africa. The object of the investigation was:(1) To determine if immature stages of ticks whose mouth-parts have been mutilated or torn off by the forcible removal of the parasite from the host possess the power of regeneration. In nature, many immature ticks must be injured in this manner, and it seemed of interest to determine if they could regenerate the lost parts, thus helping them in the struggle for existence.(2) To determine if the small legs occasionally observed in nymphal and adult ticks are due to mechanical injury followed by regeneration. A very striking example of such a tick is the type specimen ofAmblyomma scaevolaOudemanns (♂), in which four legs are markedly under-developed. In the large quantity of tick material that has been received at the Quick Laboratory, individuals with one or more miniature legs have been observed repeatedly.
Some Results of a Survey of the Agricultural Zoology of the Aberystwyth Area
Authors: Walton Chas. L. 
Published: June 2009

During the period 1913–16, I conducted a Survey of the Agricultural Zoology of the Aberystwyth Area, for which purpose the University authorities received a grant from the Board of Agriculture. The area thus examined comprised N. Cardiganshire and some adjacent borders of Montgomeryshire, roughly about 250 sq. miles. It falls into three main physical divisions:I. The mountainous upland (or high plateau) of solid rocks frequently covered by a considerable depth of peat. The rock succession is only irregularly exposed in deep stream cuttings, while these valleys are occupied by boulder clay and river deposits.II. The surface of the coastal plateau shows exposures of rock and of boulder clay. The clay is usually exposed and rarely covered with peat.III. The fall line, which is intermediate. Here the boulder clay generally follows the valleys, and it is usually covered with a thin layer of peat. Much of this is readily cut through by small streams.
Notes on Larval Flukes from China
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll 
Published: June 2009

1. Collections of flukes made in several centres in China include 25 species of cercariae.2. Fourteen of these species are described as new.3. Details of the excretory system are presented for six of the species described. In two of these instances (echinostome larvae and furcocercarjae) differentiation within thenatural group is demonstrated, while in two other larvae, C. styloidea and C. diophthalmica, proof of relationship and correlation with adult groups is established.4. C. abbrevicauda shows striking resemblances to the larva described as the cercaria of Paragonimus westermanni and may possibly be regarded as identical with the larval stage of that worm. Moreover, the host genus is the same.5. The stylet organ is shown to be non-specific and the group of the “xiphidio-cercariae” to be a composite of several natural families.6. No organs of the cercaria save the cephalic glands and flame-cells have thus far proved satisfactory for differential diagnosis of the larva.7. Further study along these lines will make it possible to demonstrate natural groups where only artificial groups now exist.
Experiments in the “Tryposafrol” Treatment of Trypanosomiasis (T. brucei) in Guinea-pigs and of Piroplasmosis in Dogs
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F. , Hindle E. 
Published: June 2009

All of our guinea-pigs infected with Trypanosoma brucei (strain “ferox”) died whether they were treated or not. It is evident that both tryposafrol and novo-tryposafrol exerted a directly injurious effect upon the guinea-pigs. Reckoning the day on which the guinea-pigs were inoculated as day 1, the 19 treated guinea-pigs died respectively on days 5, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 11, 18, 19, 19, 26, 27 and 33. The six untreated guinea-pigs died respectively on days 23, 25, 25, 27, 44 and 45. The two preparations of the dye are therefore worse than useless as remedies for Nagana in guinea-pigs.Five dogs were infected with Piroplasma canis (Cambridge strain) of which four were treated and one not treated with novo-tryposafrol.All of the dogs died although treatment was given under the most favourable conditions, starting on the day of inoculation. The four treated dogs died on days 12, 9, 17 and 12 after inoculation respectively; the untreated (control) dog died on the 13th day. The drug exerted no influence upon the course of the disease, nor upon the appearance of the parasites and their progressive increase in the blood. Novo-tryposafrol may therefore be regarded as useless in the treatment of canine piroplasmosis, and, judged from these results on dogs, it will no doubt prove to be equally useless in the treatment of bovine piroplasmosis when it has received a scientific trial in competent hands.In view of the negative results obtained by ourselves and other independent investigators, working especially with trypanosomiasis, we conclude that the value of tryposafrol or novo-tryposafrol as a remedy for any of the diseases enumerated by the authors is open to grave doubt since the chief claims as to its efficacy were based on experimental results which the authors state that they obtained with Nagana.
The lungworms (Nematoda: Pseudaliidae) of the Odontoceti. Part I
Authors: Dougherty Ellsworth C. 
Published: June 2009

The present paper includes two sections of a proposed series on the lungworms of the Odontoceti or toothed whales. Only members of the family Delphinidae among the Odontoceti have so far been reported as hosts to these lungworms.The first section deals with the systematic relationships of the lungworms of the Odontoceti. They are held to constitute a family Pseudaliidae in the superfamily Metastrongyloidea. The nature of the female reproductive system and specifically of the ovejectoral apparatus in the suborder Strongylina is discussed and the concept expressed that the organization of the latter structure is of phylogenetic and taxonomic importance in this group. On the basis of variations in the ovejectoral apparatus three families of strongyline lungworms (except for Syngamus v. Siebold, 1836) are recognized—Dictyocaulidae Skriabin, 1941, Metastrongylidae Leiper, 1909, and Pseudaliidae Railliet, 1916.The second section deals with the genus Halocercus Baylis & Daubney, 1925. Previous literature is reviewed. A key and table of measurements for the known species are presented. H. invaginatus (Quekett, 1841) Dougherty, 1943, is redescribed, and H. kirbyi n.sp. named and described.
The ecology of the sheep tick,Ixodes ricinusL. The seasonal activity in Britain with particular reference to Northern England
Authors: Milne A. 
Published: June 2009

A survey of tick activity curve data for Britain shows:There are usually two peaks of female activity per annum, one peak in ‘spring’ and a lesser one in ‘autumn’, the date limits of the ‘seasons’ being slightly elastic. For a greater or lesser period in summer female-tick activity is low or practically absent, while in winter it is practically absent.There are exceptions to the biannual type of female activity. In three areas, only one annual peak occurs. At Hethpool, north-eastern Northumberland, and in Ettrick Valley, southern Scotland, this single peak is in April–May; in the Hill o'Fare area, north-eastern Scotland, it is in July.The theory of temperature control of activity (the limits being the range 45–60° F. average weekly maximum shade temperature, i.e. corresponding to spring and autumn conditions in Britain) does not stand up to the following facts: At Hethpool, following a spring female activity confined to the range 45–60° F., there was no autumn recrudescence when temperatures again passed through the same range. About half the annual female activity at Crag, south-western Cumberland, and practically all in the Hill o'Fare area occurred at temperatures of 60–70° F. and 60–65° F. respectively.Solar radiation, evaporativity and humidity, as well as temperatures, of the macro-climate were investigated in relation to female activity. The tentative conclusion is that the duration of humidity level during daylight, in conjunction with temperature, may partly decide the amount and extent of activity in summer.In spring, where spring activity obtains, males and females appear insmallnumbers a few weeks before nymphs. Thebulkof male, female and nymphal spring activity, however, is concurrent, the curves having peaks at approximately the same date.Again, where spring activity obtains, spring larval activity commences later than that of males, females and nymphs, the peak being about 1 month later.Theories of seasonal activity are discussed.
The Excretory System in Digenea (Trematoda). IV. A Study of the Structure and Development of the Excretory System in a Cystocercous Larva, Cercaria pekinensis nov. spec
Authors: Faust Ernest Carroll 
Published: June 2009

1. Cercaria pekinensis, a new cystocercous cercaria, is described.2. The excretory system of the developed cercaria consists of a bladder, a drainage channel through the tail and a pair of anterior collecting tubules, each of which receives eight main (tertiary) branches. Each branch is composed of 2 × 4 × 4 units. The posterior-most branch cares for the drainage of the tail, including the corresponding flapper.3. A study of representative stages in development shows that the common denominator of the excretory system is α + β, while the pattern of the developed cercaria is expressed by 4 (α)2 + 4 (β)2.4. The fundamental pattern of tie cercaria is likewise found in the sporocyst.5. These data have a significant bearing on the application of mathematics to the problems of growth and development.
Fertilization and egg production in the bed-bug, Cimex lectularius L.
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

Previous workers have described the curious method by which the female bed-bug is fertilized. They have suggested that the large quantity of sperm injected serves some function other than that of fertilizing the egg.The rate of metabolism of the virgin bug is much less than that of the fertilized female.Ovarian development never occurs until the female has been fertilized. After fertilization, egg development is apparently controlled by a hormone produced by the corpus allatum.Living sperm will always be found in the spermathecae of females which are laying fertile eggs.The so-called imperfect eggs produced when the sperm is exhausted are normal save for being unfertilized. They have been considered as malformed because of their tendency to shrivel quickly in dry air.Sperm remains viable in the female for a definite period depending on the temperature. This period is longer at low than at high temperature. Provided a certain minimum amount of sperm is introduced (this minimum is less than the quantity introduced by a well-nourished male at one copulation), the period of viability of sperm is the same no matter how many eggs are produced. The number of eggs depends only on the amount of food taken.There is no evidence that the sperm serves any nutritive function in the female.