bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aural Canal, Esophageal, and Rectal Temperatures During Exertional Heat Stress and the Subsequent Recovery Period
Authors: Gagnon Daniel , Lemire Bruno B. , Jay Ollie , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Context:
The measurement of body temperature is crucial for the initial diagnosis of exertional heat injury and for monitoring purposes during a subsequent treatment strategy. However, little information is available about how different measurements of body temperature respond during and after exertional heat stress.

Objective:
To present the temporal responses of aural canal (Tac), esophageal (Tes), and rectal (Tre) temperatures during 2 different scenarios (S1, S2) involving exertional heat stress and a subsequent recovery period.

Design:
Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Twenty-four healthy volunteers, with 12 (5 men, 7 women) participating in S1 and 12 (7 men, 5 women) participating in S2.

Intervention(s):
The participants exercised in the heat (42°C, 30% relative humidity) until they reached a 39.5°C cut-off criterion, which was determined by Tre in S1 and by Tes in S2. As such, participants attained different levels of hyperthermia (as determined by Tre) at the end of exercise. Participants in S1 were subsequently immersed in cold water (2°C) until Tre reached 37.5°C, and participants in S2 recovered in a temperate environment (30°C, 30% relative humidity) for 60 minutes.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We measured Tac, Tes, and Tre throughout both scenarios.

Results:
The Tes (S1  =  40.19 ± 0.41°C, S2  =  39.50 ± 0.02°C) was higher at the end of exercise compared with both Tac (S1  =  39.74 ± 0.42°C, S2  =  38.89 ± 0.32°C) and Tre (S1  =  39.41 ± 0.04°C, S2  =  38.74 ± 0.28°C) (for both comparisons in each scenario, P &lt; .001). Conversely, Tes (S1  =  36.26 ± 0.74°C, S2  =  37.36 ± 0.34°C) and Tac (S1  =  36.48 ± 1.07°C, S2  =  36.97 ± 0.38°C) were lower compared with Tre (S1  =  37.54 ± 0.04°C, S2  =  37.78 ± 0.31°C) at the end of both scenarios (for both comparisons in each scenario, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
We found that Tac, Tes, and Tre presented different temporal responses during and after both scenarios of exertional heat stress and a subsequent recovery period. Although these results may not have direct practical implications in the field monitoring and treatment of individuals with exertional heat injury, they do quantify the extent to which these body temperature measurements differ in such scenarios.
Postexercise Cooling Rates in 2 Cooling Jackets
Authors: Brade Carly , Dawson Brian , Wallman Karen , Polglaze Ted 
Published: June 2010

AbstractContext:Cooling jackets are a common method for removing stored heat accumulated during exercise. To date, the efficiency and practicality of different types of cooling jackets have received minimal investigation.Objective:To examine whether a cooling jacket containing a phase-change material (PC17) results in more rapid postexercise cooling than a gel cooling jacket and a no-jacket (control) condition.Design:Randomized, counterbalanced design with 3 experimental conditions.Setting:Participants exercised at 75% V˙o2max workload in a hot climate chamber (temperature  =  35.0 ± 1.4°C, relative humidity  =  52 ± 4%) for 30 minutes, followed by postexercise cooling for 30 minutes in cool laboratory conditions (ambient temperature  =  24.9 ± 1.8°C, relative humidity  =  39% ± 10%).Patients or Other Participants:Twelve physically active men (age  =  21.3 ± 1.1 years, height  =  182.7 ± 7.1 cm, body mass  =  76.2 ± 9.5 kg, sum of 6 skinfolds  =  50.5 ± 6.9 mm, body surface area  =  1.98 ± 0.14 m2, V˙o2max  =  49.0 ± 7.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated.Intervention(s):Three experimental conditions, consisting of a PC17 jacket, a gel jacket, and no jacket.Main Outcome Measure(s):Core temperature (TC), mean skin temperature (TSk), and TC cooling rate (°C/min).Results:Mean peak TC postexercise was 38.49 ± 0.42°C, 38.57 ± 0.41°C, and 38.55 ± 0.40°C for the PC17 jacket, gel jacket, and control conditions, respectively. No differences were observed in peak TC cooling rates among the PC17 jacket (0.038 ± 0.007°C/min), gel jacket (0.040 ± 0.009°C/min), and control (0.034 ± 0.010°C/min, P &gt; .05) conditions. Between trials, no differences were calculated for mean TSk cooling.Conclusions:Similar cooling rates for all 3 conditions indicate that there is no benefit associated with wearing the PC17 or gel jacket.
Comparison of Lower Extremity Kinematics and Hip Muscle Activation During Rehabilitation Tasks Between Sexes
Authors: Dwyer Maureen K. , Boudreau Samantha N. , Mattacola Carl G. , Uhl Timothy L. , Lattermann Christian 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Context:
Closed kinetic chain exercises are an integral part of rehabilitation programs after lower extremity injury. Sex differences in lower extremity kinematics have been reported during landing and cutting; however, less is known about sex differences in movement patterns and activation of the hip musculature during common lower extremity rehabilitation exercises.

Objective:
To determine whether lower extremity kinematics and muscle activation levels differ between sexes during closed kinetic chain rehabilitation exercises.

Design:
Cross-sectional with 1 between-subjects factor (sex) and 1 within-subjects factor (exercise).

Setting:
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Participants included 21 women (age  =  23 ± 5.8 years, height  =  167.6 ± 5.1 cm, mass  =  63.7 ± 5.9 kg) and 21 men (age  =  23 ± 4.0 years, height  =  181.4 ± 7.4 cm, mass  =  85.6 ± 16.5 kg).

Intervention(s):
In 1 testing session, participants performed 3 trials each of single-leg squat, lunge, and step-up-and-over exercises.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We recorded the peak joint angles (degrees) of knee flexion and valgus and hip flexion, extension, adduction, and external rotation for each exercise. We also recorded the electromyographic activity of the gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, adductor longus, and bilateral gluteus medius muscles for the concentric and eccentric phases of each exercise.

Results:
Peak knee flexion angles were smaller and peak hip extension angles were larger for women than for men across all tasks. Peak hip flexion angles during the single-leg squat were smaller for women than for men. Mean root-mean-square amplitudes for the gluteus maximus and rectus femoris muscles in both the concentric and eccentric phases of the 3 exercises were greater for women than for men.

Conclusions:
Sex differences were observed in sagittal-plane movement patterns during the rehabilitation exercises. Because of the sex differences observed in our study, future researchers need to compare the findings for injured participants by sex to garner a better representation of altered kinematic angles and muscle activation levels due to injury.
Evaluating a Peer Intervention Strategy for the Promotion of Sexual Health-Related Knowledge and Skills in 10- to 14-Year-Old Girls. Findings from the “Entre Amigas” Project in Nicaragua
Authors: Peña R. , Quintanilla M. , Navarro K. , Martínez J. , Castillo V. , Pérez W. , Källestål C. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Report effects on knowledge of sexual health and gender from an intervention using peer methodology in Nicaragua. Design. A prepost nonequivalent control group design. Setting. Ciudad Sandino, Managua, Nicaragua. Subjects. A total of 599 girls were surveyed, 60% nonintervened and 40% intervened. Intervention. Peer methodology consisted of (1) meetings in which girls talked and worked with other girls, (2) mothers taking an active role in the peer groups, and/or (3) girls watching the soap opera “Sexto Sentido.” Measures. Indices measuring changes in sexual knowledge and gender vision. Results. Girls participating in the peer groups were twice as likely to have satisfactory sexual health-related self-esteem as those who did not participate. Eleven percent of the girls achieved satisfactory self-esteem as a result of the (peer groups × mothers) interaction and 15% due to the (peer groups × mothers × “Sexto Sentido”) interaction. Girls participating in the peer groups were three times as likely to have satisfactory gender visions; if exposed to all three components, they were almost four times as likely to develop satisfactory gender visions. Conclusions. Peer methodology, participation of a female family member, and an educational soap opera seem beneficial in promoting sexual health-related knowledge and gender vision in young girls.
Encouraging Young Western Australians to Be Smarter than Smoking
Authors: Wood Lisa J. , Dip Postgrad , Rosenberg Michael , Clarkson Johanna , Phillips Fiona , Donovan Robert J. , Shilton Trevor , Dip Postgrad 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Smarter than Smoking is a multistrategy statewide youth smoking intervention. This article describes key strategies and results from its inception in 1995 to 2005. Design. Comprehensive evaluation included formative research and baseline and follow-up surveys. Triennial national surveys provided independent monitoring of adolescent smoking prevalence. Setting. Western Australia. Subjects. 10- to 15-year-olds. Intervention. A multipronged strategy mix, including mass media, the Internet, sponsorship, school initiatives, publications, and advocacy. Measures. Smoking prevalence, media awareness, and attitudes toward smoking and campaign messages. Analysis. Trend comparisons across the first decade of the project, along with descriptive statistics. Results. Significant attitudinal and behavioral shifts were observed following media waves and over time. There was a steady increase in the proportion who had never smoked (from 40% in 1996 to 61 % in 2005). Results also showed a significant decrease in smoking prevalence from 1996 to 2005, down from 28% to 7% among 14-year-olds and from 43% to 14% among 15-year-olds. Conclusions. Smarter than Smoking was effective in achieving positive shifts in awareness, attitudes, intentions, and behavior. Effectiveness appeared to have been enhanced by sustained long-term funding youth involvement in strategy development, and a strong research and evaluation base.
Validated Scales to Assess Adult Self-Efficacy to Eat Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Mainvil Louise A. , Lawson Rob , Horwath Caroline C. , McKenzie Joanne E. , Reeder Anthony I. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose.An audience-centered approach was used to develop valid and reliable scales to measure adult self-efficacy to eat fruit and vegetables.Design.Cross-sectional survey of a national population.Setting.New Zealand.Subjects.A sample of 350 adults ages 25 to 60 years was randomly selected from a nationally representative sampling frame. Overall, 231 questionnaires were returned, producing a 72% response rate. The mean age of subjects was 42.7 years; 58% were female; 80% were of European descent; 11% were indigenous Maori.Measures.The 76–item, self-administered questionnaire collected data on demographics, fruit and vegetable intakes, stages of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy (24 items).Analysis.Principal components analysis with oblimin rotation was performed.Results.Principal components analysis yielded three distinct and reliable scales for self-efficacy to eat “vegetables, ” “fruit, ”and “fruit and vegetables” (Cronbach α = .80, .85, and .73, respectively). These scales were correlated, but only the “vegetable” scale was positively correlated with the “fruit and vegetable” scale (Kendall tau r = 0.30, −0.26 [fruit, “fruit and vegetables”], −0.38 [fruit, vegetable]). As predicted, self-efficacy was associated with intake (r = 0.30 [fruit], 0.34 [vegetables]).Conclusion.Assuming the factor structure is confirmed in independent samples, these brief, psychometrically sound scales may be used to assess adult self-efficacy to eat fruit and to eat vegetables but not self-efficacy to eat “fruit and vegetables. ”
Effects of a Multilevel Dietary Intervention in Religious Organizations
Authors: Bowen Deborah J. , Beresford Shirley A. A. , Christensen Catherine L. , Kuniyuki Alan A. , McLerran Dale , Feng Ziding , Hart Alton , Tinker Lesley , Campbell Marci , Satia Jessie 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. This study examined how to improve dietary habits of individuals from the general public. Design. The Eating for a Healthy Life project was a randomized trial. Setting. The study was conducted among members of religious organizations (ROs). Subjects. Participants were a sample of RO members. Intervention. The intervention was a multilevel package, based on our previous experience, designed to lower fat and increase fruit and vegetable consumption. Measures. The Eating Behaviors Questionnaire was administered preintervention and postintervention, together with 24-hour food recalls in a randomly selected subset. Analysis. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the study's intervention, incorporating the design effects of blocking, intraclass correlation within RO, and correlation between the preintervention and postintervention points. Results. Participants (n = 2175) reported significantly healthier dietary behaviors in intervention ROs at the 12-month follow-up period, compared to participants in the comparison ROs, for a fat scale change of .08 summary scale points and an adjusted intervention effect of .06 overall. Conclusion. Dietary intervention through ROs is a positive and successful method of changing dietary habits.
Worksite Policies and Environments Supporting Physical Activity in Midwestern Communities
Authors: Dodson Elizabeth A. , Lovegreen Sarah L. , Elliott Michael B. , Haire-Joshu Debra , Brownson Ross C. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. To examine the association of worksite policies and environments to physical activity. Methods. Between 2001 and 2003, 977 adults from Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas participated in two random-digit-dialed telephone surveys regarding physical activity behaviors and worksite policies supporting physical activity. Logistic regression was used to investigate relationships between meeting national physical activity recommendations and supportive policies or environmental conditions (e.g., facilities, equipment, financial rewards) at worksites. Results. Having multiple policies at worksites was associated with meeting physical activity recommendations, specifically the provision of accessible stairways and personal services (e.g., fitness testing counseling). Meeting recommendations through walking was associated with having exercise facilities (e.g., gym, shower) and equipment (e.g., treadmill, weights). Discussion. This study highlights the importance of supplementing health promotion information in workplaces with policies and environmental interventions. Particular consideration should be given to accessible stairways for onsite exercise and provision of exercise facilities and equipment. Future interventions should combine policy change with program delivery.
Brief Multiple Behavior Health Interventions for Older Adolescents
Authors: Werch Chudley E. , Bian Hui , Moore Michele J. , Ames Steven C. , DiClemente Carlo C. , Thombs Dennis , Pokorny Steven B. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. This study examined whether brief intervention strategies founded on the Behavior-Image Model and addressing positive images of college and career success could be potentially efficacious in impacting multiple health habits of high-risk adolescents transitioning into adulthood. Design. Participants were stratified by grade level and drug use and individually randomized to one of the three Plan for Success interventions, with baseline and 1 month postintervention data collections. Setting. A large, relatively diverse suburban school in northeast Florida. Subjects. A total of 375 11th and 12th grade students participated during the spring semester 2006. Intervention. Three interventions studied included: (1) Goal Survey, (2) Goal Survey plus Contract, or (3) Goal Survey plus Consult. Measures. Outcome measures included multiple health risk, health promotion, and personal development behaviors, as well as image and belief measures. Analysis. Repeated-measures MANOVAs and ANOVAs were used to examine intervention effects. Results. MANOVAs were significant for alcohol use, F(4,328) = 6.33, p = .001; marijuana use, F(4,317) = 3.72, p = .01; exercise, F(3,299) = 4.28, p = .01; college preparation, F(2,327) = 6.26, p = .001; and career preparation, F(2,329) = 6.17, p = .001, with most behaviors improving over time, whereas group-by-time interaction effects were found for nutrition habits, F(6,652) = 2.60, p = .02; and career preparation, F(4,658) = 3.26, p = .01, favoring the consultation. Conclusion. Brief interventions founded on the Behavior-Image Model may have potential to improve selected health and personal development habits among older adolescents.
The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Perceived Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Testing
Authors: James Aimee S. , Hall Sandra , Greiner K. Allen , Buckles Dan , Born Wendi K. , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is effective, but only one-half of age-eligible adults adhere to national guidelines. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups are less likely to be screened. Methods. Baseline data from a prospective study were used to examine the associations among CRC screening screening barriers, and SES. A convenience sample of adults (N = 291) aged 40 years and older was recruited from a federally qualified health center. Questionnaires were administered orally and included demographics, health, health behavior, and screening barriers. Results. In logistic regression, having health insurance was associated with greater odds of screening. Bivariate analyses detected few differences in fecal occult blood test (FOBT) barriers, but several endoscopy barriers were more common among the lowest SES groups. For example, fear of injury from endoscopy was more likely among low-income and uninsured participants. Discussion. The impact of SES on cancer screening is complex, but low-SES participants more often reported certain barriers than their higher-SES counterparts. This was more evident for endoscopy than for FOBT. Programs targeted at low-SES patients may need to focus on barriers that are not fully addressed in traditional promotion efforts.
Helping Chinese Fathers Quit Smoking through Educating Their Nonsmoking Spouses: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chan Sophia S. C. , Leung Gabriel M. , Wong David C. N. , Lam Tai-Hing 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Assess the effectiveness of a two-step health education program by nurses delivered through nonsmoking mothers to help fathers of sick children quit smoking. Design. Randomized, controlled trial. Setting. General pediatric wards of four major hospitals in Hong Kong. Subjects. Nonsmoking mothers who had a live-in smoking spouse were recruited when they brought sick children to the hospital. A total of 752 mothers were randomized into the intervention arm and 731 into the control arm. Intervention. The intervention group received standardized health advice, behavior modification booklets, and a 1–week telephone reminder. The control group received usual care. Measurements. The main outcome measure was the quit rate (7–day point prevalence) of smoking fathers as determined by telephone follow-up with mothers at 3 and 12 months. Quit attempts and smoking reduction were secondary outcome measures. Results. At 3 months, more fathers in the intervention group had quit smoking (7.4% vs. 4.8%; p = .03), reduced daily cigarette consumption by 50% or more (30.6% vs. 22.6%; p < .001), and reported quit attempts (6.5% vs. 3.6%; p = .01). The differences were not statistically significant by 12 months. Conclusion. A simple health education intervention provided by nurses to mothers of sick children has a short-term effect in helping smoking fathers quit, reduce consumption, and trigger quit attempts. Future studies should confirm the longer-term sustainability of the effect.
Telephone-Based Diet and Exercise Coaching and a Weight-Loss Supplement Result in Weight and Fat Loss in 120 Men and Women
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Cook Amy J. , Nokes Neil R. , Adams Troy B. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Determine the effects of telephone-based coaching and a weight-loss supplement on the weight and body fat (BF) of overweight adults. Design. Randomized, placebo-controlled experiment with assessments at baseline, 2 months, and 4 months. Setting. Community. Subjects. Sixty overweight or obese men and 60 overweight or obese women, 25 to 60 years old. Intervention. Eleven 30-minute telephone coaching sessions were spaced throughout the study; the initial conversation lasted 60 to 90 minutes. Supplement or placebo capsules were taken daily over the 17 weeks. Measures. Weight was measured using an electronic scale, and BF was assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results. Subjects taking the placebo lost 1.8 + 3.3 kg of weight and 0.7 + 2.2 kg of BF, whereas supplement users lost more: 3.1 + 3.7 kg of weight (F = 4.1, P = .045) and 1.7 + 2.6 kg of BF (F = 4.4, p = .039). Participants receiving no coaching lost 1.8 + 3.3 kg of weight and 0.7 + 2.2 kg of BF, whereas adults receiving coaching lost more: 3.2 + 3.6 kg of weight (F = 4.8, p = .032) and 1.6 + 2.5 kg of BF (F = 4.2, p = .044). Adults receiving both the supplement and coaching had the greatest losses of weight and BF, suggesting an additive effect (F = 3.2, p = .026; F = 2.9, p = .039, respectively). Conclusions. Both treatments, coaching and the supplement, viewed separately and in combination, worked to help subjects lose weight and BF. Adults can be educated and motivated via telephone to change behaviors leading to weight loss, and a weight-loss supplement can be included to increase success.
Restrained Eating and Risk of Gaining Weight and Body Fat in Middle-Aged Women: A 3-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Tucker Larry A. , Bates Laura 
Published: June 2010

Purpose. Examine the extent to which restrained eating (RE) and changes in RE influence the risk of weight and fat gain over 36 months in women. Design. Prospective cohort. Setting. Several communities. Subjects. Baseline and follow-up assessments were completed by 192 middle-aged women (ages 40.0 ± 3 years). Measures. Body weight was measured with an electronic scale, body fat (BF) was assessed using the Bod Pod, energy intake was evaluated using 7–day weighed food records, physical activity was measured objectively using accelerometers, and RE was indexed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Analysis. Relative risk (RR) was calculated using incidence data. Results. The risk of weight gain (> 1 kg) over the 36 months was 69% greater in women who did not increase in RE compared with their counterparts (RR = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–2.52). The risk of substantial weight gain (≥3 kg) was 138% greater in women who did not increase in RE compared with women who did (RR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.16–4.89), and the risk of gains in BF (≥ 1% point) was 49%) greater (RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.02–2.17). Control of potential confounding factors, except changes in energy intake, had little influence on risk. Conclusion. Women who do not become more restrained in their eating over time are at much greater risk of gaining weight and BF compared with those who become more restrained.