bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA toxins: mediators of stress adaptation and pathogen defense
Authors: Zhabokritsky Alice , Kutky Meherzad , Burns Lydia A. , Karran Rajita A. , Hudak Katalin A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRNA toxins are a group of enzymes primarily synthesized by bacteria, fungi, and plants that either cleave or depurinate RNA molecules. These proteins may be divided according to their RNA substrates: ribotoxins are nucleases that cleave ribosomal RNA (rRNA), ribosome inactivating proteins are glycosidases that remove a base from rRNA, messenger RNA (mRNA) interferases are nucleases that cleave mRNAs, and anticodon nucleases cleave transfer RNAs (tRNAs). These modifications to the RNAs may substantially alter gene expression and translation rates. Given that some of these enzymes cause cell death, it has been suggested that they function mainly in defense, either to kill competing cells or to elicit suicide and thereby limit pathogen spread from infected cells. Although good correlations have been drawn between their enzymatic functions and toxicity, recent work has shown that some RNA toxins cause apoptosis in the absence of damage to RNA and that defense against pathogens can be achieved without host cell death. Moreover, a decrease in cellular translation rate, insufficient to cause cell death, allows some organisms to adapt to stress and environmental change. Although ascribing effects observed in vitro to the roles of these toxins in nature has been challenging, recent results have expanded our understanding of their modes of action, and emphasized the importance of these toxins in development, adaptation to stress and defense against pathogens. WIREs RNA 2011 2 890–903 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.99This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Sustaining the Utilization and High Quality Implementation of Tested and Effective Prevention Programs Using the Communities That Care Prevention System
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Hanson Koren , Briney John S. , David Hawkins J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper describes the extent to which communities implementing the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system adopt, replicate with fidelity, and sustain programs shown to be effective in reducing adolescent drug use, delinquency, and other problem behaviors. Data were collected from directors of community‐based agencies and coalitions, school principals, service providers, and teachers, all of whom participated in a randomized, controlled evaluation of CTC in 24 communities. The results indicated significantly increased use and sustainability of tested, effective prevention programs in the 12 CTC intervention communities compared to the 12 control communities, during the active phase of the research project when training, technical assistance, and funding were provided to intervention sites, and 2 years following provision of such resources. At both time points, intervention communities also delivered prevention services to a significantly greater number of children and parents. The quality of implementation was high in both conditions, with only one significant difference: CTC sites were significantly more likely than control sites to monitor the quality of implementation during the sustainability phase of the project.
Mixed Micellization of Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate with Polyoxyethylene Lauryl Ether Surfactants (POLE4 and POLE23) in n‐Butanol Aqueous Solution
Authors: Park In Jung , Lee Byung Hwan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe values of critical micelle concentration and counterion binding constant for the mixed micellizations of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) with polyoxyethylene(4) lauryl ether (POLE4) and polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether (POLE23) in aqueous solution of n‐butanol at 25 °C were determined as a function of the overall mole fraction of DBS by using the electric conductivity and the surface tension methods. Various thermodynamic parameters were calculated and analyzed for the mixed micellization of DBS/POLE4 and DBS/POLE23 systems by means of the equations derived from the nonideal mixed micellar model. The results show that DBS/POLE23 mixed system has a greater deviation from the ideal model than DBS/POLE4 mixed system. These deviations of thermodynamic parameters for both mixed systems become greater with the addition and concentration increase of n‐butanol.
Traumatic subdural hematoma in the lumbar spine
Authors: Song Jenn‐Yeu , Chen Yu‐Hao , Hung Kuang‐Chen , Chang Ti‐Sheng 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTraumatic spinal subdural hematoma is rare and its mechanism remains unclear. This intervention describes a patient with mental retardation who was suffering from back pain and progressive weakness of the lower limbs following a traffic accident. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine revealed a lumbar subdural lesion. Hematoma was identified in the spinal subdural space during an operation. The muscle power of both lower limbs recovered to normal after surgery. The isolated traumatic spinal subdural hematoma was not associated with intracranial subdural hemorrhage. A spinal subdural hematoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spinal cord compression, especially for patients who have sustained spinal trauma. Emergency surgical decompression is usually the optimal treatment for a spinal subdural hematoma with acute deterioration and severe neurological deficits.
GEOMETRIC STRUCTURE IN THE TEMPERED DUAL OF SLℓ(F): TORAL CASE
Authors: CHAO KUOK FAI 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe investigate the tempered representations derived from the principal series of SLℓ(F) and their geometric structure. In particular, we give the parameterization for special representations and prove the tempered part of the Aubert–Baum–Plymen conjecture for the toral cases of SLℓ(F).
Study of potential cardioprotective effects ofGanoderma lucidum(Lingzhi): results of a controlled human intervention trial
Authors: Chu Tanya T. W. , Benzie Iris F. F. , Lam Christopher W. K. , Fok Benny S. P. , Lee Kenneth K. C. , Tomlinson Brian 
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have suggested that Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum) has antioxidant effects and possibly beneficial effects on blood pressure, plasma lipids and glucose, but these have not been confirmed in subjects with mild hypertension or hyperlipidaemia. The objective of the present study was to assess the cardiovascular, metabolic, antioxidant and immunomodulatory responses to therapy with Lingzhi in patients with borderline elevations of blood pressure and/or cholesterol in a controlled cross-over trial. A total of twenty-six patients received 1·44 g Lingzhi daily or matching placebo for 12 weeks in a randomised, double-blind, cross-over study with placebo-controlled run-in and cross-over periods. Body weight, blood pressure, metabolic parameters, urine catecholamines and cortisol, antioxidant status and lymphocyte subsets were measured after each period. Lingzhi was well tolerated and data from twenty-three evaluable subjects showed no changes in BMI or blood pressure when treated with Lingzhi or placebo. Plasma insulin and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance were lower after treatment with Lingzhi than after placebo. TAG decreased and HDL-cholesterol increased with Lingzhi but not with placebo in the first treatment period, but significant carry-over effects prevented complete analysis of these parameters. Urine catecholamines and cortisol, plasma antioxidant status and blood lymphocyte subsets showed no significant differences across treatments. Results indicate that Lingzhi might have mild antidiabetic effects and potentially improve the dyslipidaemia of diabetes, as shown previously in some animal studies. Further studies are desirable in patients with hyperglycaemia.
Assessment of the underestimation of childhood diarrhoeal disease burden in Israel
Authors: ZIV T. , HEYMANN A. D. , AZURI J. , LESHNO M. , COHEN D. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYWe determined the extent by which mandatory reporting on isolates of Shigella and Salmonella underestimates the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in individuals aged <17 years in Israel and examined paediatricians' knowledge, attitudes and practices related to patient visits with diarrhoeal diseases. Sources of data were a nationwide population-based telephone survey for presence of diarrhoeal diseases, Maccabi Healthcare Services databases and a mail survey among its paediatricians. Monte Carlo simulation and rate estimates for all stages, from visit to physician to reporting on a culture-confirmed case of shigellosis or salmonellosis, were used to determine the underestimation factor. Of 1492 children, 5·7% reported a diarrhoeal episode during the 2 weeks prior to interview. The rate of visiting a physician with and without fever was 86% and 16%, respectively. A stool culture was performed for around 20% of patients and the isolation rates were 7·1% for Shigella and 2·1% for Salmonella. Paediatricians (n=214) ranked very young age of patient and the complaint ‘bloody diarrhoea’ as the most important determinants. We estimated that one reported isolate of Shigella or Salmonella represented 152 diarrhoeal episodes of all aetiologies. This estimate is important for further assessments of the true burden of diarrhoeal diseases.
RUMINANT LIVESTOCK GENETIC RESOURCES IN CYPRUS
Authors: Constantinou A. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYFriesian cattle, Chios sheep and Damascus goats have become dominant livestock breeds in Cyprus. Chios sheep were found to be superior to the indigenous Cyprus FatTailed and the imported Awassi with respect to precocity, fertility and prolificacy. Awassi performed very well with regard to milk yield and lamb viability. Crossbreds were more or less intermediate. Crosses of Chios with Cyprus Fat-Tailed have contributed substantially to the improvement of milk and meat production from sheep in the country.Damascus goats are very good in litter size and milk yield; a specific strain of the indigenous goat also appears to be a valuable genotype.
THE HUNGARIAN RACKA
Authors: Bodó I. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe origin, history and development of the Racka breed is described. This oldest of Central-European sheep breed dominated the Hungarian scene from the early 14th century to the late 1800s. To day not more than 4000 sheep exist. The author describes the live statistics and production data of the breed as well a some recent immunogenetic research results and conservation information.
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER BUFFALOES IN GREEK WETLANDS
Authors: Georgoudis A. , Ligda Ch. , Boyazoglu J. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe present study was carried out with the aim of proposing the preservation of buffaloes not only as productive livestock, but also as a part of the diversity of the Greek wetlands. The total buffalo total population in Greece was in the late 40's over 100 000 animals. At present, only a few hundred animals are found in four Ramsar wetland sites in Macedonia and Thrace. This small population is threatened with immediate extinction because of the rapidly changing rural socioeconomic conditions and the expansion of cultivated fields in the old marshiands. Furthermore, consumers are rapidly losing contact with buffaloes and their products.
LES RACES D'ANIMAUX ELEVES EN MAUIRITANIE
Authors: Mamoudou Kane 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYMauritania is a major livestock country with a population of 1 050 000 camels, l 200 000 cattle and 8 500 000 small ruminants. There is also an important population of equines. While the herd/flock structures and zootechnical statistics of the animal sector are not well 1<nown, there is an important annual consumption of milk (0.5 kg/inhabitant/per day) and meat ( 35 kg/ person/year). The evolution of the cattle population density and movements is conditioned by the availability of grazing and the density of watering points. The cattle belong mainly to two groups: the Peulh zebu exclusively linked to the Peulh tribes and the Maure zebu of Sahel. Both are phenotypically easily distinguishable breeds. There are three distinct sheep populations, the shorthaired Maure of the Southern Saharan region, the longhaired Maure on the frontier of Mali and the sheep kept by the shepherds of Peulh tradition. There are three distinct goat types: the very adaptable Sahel goat found all over the country (nomadic, transhuming and sedentary); the so-called Spanish goat found in small numbers in the North of the country and the smallbodied Dioungy (15–20 kg) mainly found in the Southeast. The camel population can be classified into the shorter type (1.85–1.90 m high) found in the Centre and Southern regions and the Regeuibi or Sahel Dromadaire (2.0–2.1 m high) found in the North and East. The author describes also shortly the local horses (Barbe and arab) and poultry genetic resources.
WATER BUFFALO AND YAK PRODUCTION IN CHINA
Authors: Huai' Qiu , Jun' Leo 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThis article introduces the water buffalo and yak populations of China and their production, it feels in the Chinese animal genetic resources pictures: two articles published in AGRI No. 9 on the Sheep Genetic Resources and the Wenling Humped and Red Cattle of China; the articles on goat breeds in this number of AGRI and the cattle production survey published in World Animal Review No. 3/ 1993. The authors discuss in this article the types, characteristics and distribution of the Chinese water buffalo population (2 220 000 animals); they also present the animals work, meat and milk performances and the crossbreeding experimentation to date with Murrah and Nili-Ravi bulls. The Chinese yak populations are described with an in depth presentation of adaptability and production performance information.
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF DUAL PURPOSE CATTLE IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Vaccaro Lucía , López Delia 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn June 1994 a group of Latin American geneticists met in Venezuela to discuss the current state of knowledge and priorities for research in the genetic improvement of dual purpose populations. The group also included specialists in the fields of economics, extensionand production systems, so that the views of the geneticists were constantly confronted with the practical realities of the field. This paper summarizes the conclusions and recommendations of the group. The bibliography provides a list of key references which cover the majority of the scientific evidence upon which the conclusions are based. The two mainconclusions arrived at concerned education and information dissemination: i) an unacceptably wide gap exists between current knowledge on genetic (as well as other) aspects of dual purpose cattle and the teaching curricula of most institutions of higher education in the region. There is an urgent need to introduce up-to-date information on this topic into the education system at all levels. ü) A serious effort should be made regionally to increase the number and quality of scientific and extension publications in this area, and to encourage the exchange of information between research workers.
NATIVE CATTLE AND HORSE BREEDS IN ESTONIA
Authors: Teinberg R , Kalamees K. , Kallaste A. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe authors describe the history, evolution and actual situation of Estonia's two only remaining autochthonous breeds of farm animal namely the Estonian Native Cattle (577 cows in milk production in 1992) and the Estonian Native Horse (271 purebred horses). This is actually mainly found in the island of Saaremaa, where a nucleus of 211 purebred horses exists. The interest in the Estonian Native Cattle breed is growing since the creation in 1989 of an active Breeders' Association and many farmers applying less intensive production systems and farm management techniques prefer now this breed to the more productive Black and White and Estonian Red cattle. The situation of the Estonian Native Horse is much more fragile, as a clear breeding and conservation programme is needed to save this unique genetic material.
DESCRIPTION DE CERTAINES POPULATIONS TRADITIONNELLES DE CAPRINS D'ALBANIE: PERFORMANCES LAITIERES ET CROISSANCE DANS LES NOYAUX DE RACE EN MILIEUX DIFFICILES
Authors: Kume K. , Bajrami Z. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe authors describe in this article the characteristics of eight distinct Albanian goat populations that have been managed and bred under what can be considered regional isolates for many generations; from the plain of Shkodra (± I50 m from sea level) to the hillsides of Vlora (± 350 m) and the high mountains of Tropoja (± 1 400 m). The great variability of conformation and average milked yield per lactation (from around 100 kg for the Dukat breed up to 360 kg for the Relipoje) and the daily weight gain is presented and discussed by the authors.
LE POINT SUR LES RESSOURCES GENETIQUES EN MATIERE D'ELEVAGE AU BURKINA FASO
Authors: Nianogo A. J. , Sanfo R. , Kondombo S. D. , Neya S. B. 
Published: August 2011

RESUMELe Burkina Faso, avec plus de 11 millions de petits ruminants et près de 4 millions de bovins 2 (MAE, 1990) pour un territoire essentiellement sahélien de 274 00 km, est un pays exportateur de bétail. On estime la contribution des produits du bétail à 27% de la valeur de l'ensemble des produits agricoles. L'élevage occupe donc une place de choix dans les activités de la population. Avec le dernier recensement de 1989 (MAE, 1990), on connaît à peu prèsles effectifs du cheptel; cependant, on peut estimer que peu de travaux ont porté sur la description des races locales. Ces travaux sont surtout ceux de Doutressoulle (1947), Dumas et Raymond (1975), et Bourzat (1979).Les données présentées ici proviennent donc essentiellement des sources suscitées; pour certains aspects (taux de croissance) les chiffres proviennent de la cellule statistique du Ministère Délégué aux Ressources Animales (MDCRA, 1991) et de l'Etude prospective du sous-secteur élevage (MAE, 1991).
SITUATION OF INBREEDING IN A RETINTO POPULATION
Authors: Serrano I. , Mayer M. , Rodero A. , Jimenez J. M. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe degree of inbreeding was studied for a subpopulation of the beef cattle breed Retintofrom the Cadiz Province in Andalusia (Spain). The pedigree information from 492 female and 25 male breeding animals was analyzed. On the basis of the available information, only the current inbreeding, that is the inbreeding with consideration of three ancestral generations, could be calculated. While close inbreeding is purposely avoided with the bulls, it is of great importance in cows. The average coefficient of inbreeding for cows born inthe years 1982 to 1987 was o 2.35 /;o, although in the great-grandparent generation only 55% of the ancestors were known. Inbreeding was discovered in 17.7% of the cows; 5.8%of the cows had an inbreeding coefficient of 25%. The rate of inbreeding per generation is very high in comparison with other beef cattle breeds and above all in comparison with dual purpose cattle. Because of the manner in which the bulls are used, also considerablenon-current inbreeding has to be expected.
FREQUENCE DES ALLELES DE LA CASEINE αS1', EN RACE POITEVINE
Authors: Ricordeau G. , Mahe M. F. , Amigues Y. , Grosclaude F. , Manfredi E. 
Published: August 2011

RESUMELe polymorphisme de la caséine a, a été étudié en race Poitevine, dans les7 élevages au contrôle laitier, sur 388 chèvreset 28 boucs présents en décembre 1993. Chez les chèvres, la fréquence des allèles “forts”en caséineas, est de 0,04 pour A, de 0,36 pour B et de 0,01 pour l'allèle C présent dans un seul élevage; la fréquence de l'allèle “intermédiaire” E est de 0,48 et celle de l'allèle “faible” F de 0,11. Cette race de petit effectif, traditionnellement élevée pour ses qualités fromagères dans la région Poitou-Charentes, se caractérise par une fréquence élevée du variant B, et l'existence de 3 allèles de type B (B1,B2et B3). L'allèle B, le plus fréquent (q =0,21) est l'allèle originel de l'espèce caprine, donc le niveau“fort”(Grosclaude et al., 1994), ce qui confirme l'ancienneté de la race Poitevine. Chez les boucs les fréquences sont peu différentes, mais les risques de dérive génétique sont importants chez les éleveurs utilisant 1 ou 2 boucs et dans le cas d'IA avec un nombre limité de boucs.
BHADAWARI BUFFALOES IN INDIA
Authors: Pundir R. K. , Vij P. K. , Singh Ran Vir , Nivsarkar A. E. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYBhadawari buffaloes are reputed for high milk fat and are found in the Agra & Etawah districts of Uttar Pradesh and the Bhind & Morena districts of Madhya Pradesh. Information on the status, management practices, morphological characteristics, body measurements and performance of the Bhadawari breed were recorded from its breeding tract. Animals true to the breed are copper in colour and have a white ring on the lower side of the neck. The population of this breed is declining at a fast pace and efforts are needed for its conservation. Strategies for its improvement and conservation are also discussed.
REPOBLAMIENTO Y BIOECOLOGIA DE LA VICUÑA SILVESTRE EN LA PROVINCIA DE JUJUY, ARGENTINA
Authors: Canedi A. A. , Pasini P. S. 
Published: August 2011

RESUMENLos autores presentan los esfuerzos realizados para la salvaguardia de la vicuña silvestre, así como las distintas metodologías empleadas para el censo (mediante: a) censos totales; b) censos por muestreo y a través de transectas lineales; y c) censos estratificados) junto con su caracterización biológica y ecológica. Estas características se basan principalmente en una mayor dimensión respecto a la subespecie a la que pertenecen (vicugna vicugna vicugna); por otra parte, la raza posee una lana con buenas características. Este animal está bien adaptado a su ambiente, con poco dimorfismo entre sexos y con un comportamiento social y sexual particular. Dado que se trata de un animal protegido, las poblaciones campesinas han necesitado autorizaciones particulares para la explotación de su lana.
GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC PROFILES OF ENDANGERED ANDALUSIAN SHEEP AND GOAT BREEDS
Authors: Rodero E. , de la Haba M.R. , Rodero A. , Herrera M. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe Grazalema Merino and Lebrija Churro Sheep and the Andalusian White and Andalusian Black goat breeds, previously chosen as priority breeds in need of conservation, were considered as having priority for this study. In order to define the genetic as well as the phenotypic profiles the following characters were used: head profile, ear size, ear orientation, ear consistency, horns, pigmentation of mucous, hoofs, udder, ñneness of fur, hair or wool, length of hair or wool, presence of wattles and goatee bear, supernumerary nipples., udder shape, orientation and pigmentation of nipple, and peculiarities of coat. The allelic frequencies for each system were calculated to obtain the genetic profiles of each breed. In the two goat breeds and in the Grazalema Merino breed, the majority of the loci were genetically in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, but this was not true of the Lebrijan Churro breed which seems to indicate that the latter was either subjected to natural or artificial selection for these genes or crosses with outside breeds had taken place. The profiles of the breeds were compared with foreign breeds considered traditional or unmodified by man. The profile of the Andalusian White has already been studied by Rodero and they reached the conclusion that this breed can be considered traditional, completing the studies made on other breeds from the Mediterranean area. The data on the Andalusian Black seems to indicate that this breed might be considered traditional or subtraditional with strong polymorphism in most of its characters. Although less markedly than in the latter breed, the same is true of the Lebrijan Churro. In this breed the deñning characters of Archaism fit well within those common to an archaic breed. The Grazalema Merino is more standardised than the above mentioned not as ñxed than the precocious ones.