bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faiblesse paysanne du mouvement nationaliste algérien avant 1954
Authors: Stora Benjamin 
Published: July 2010

Peasant weakness in the Algerian natio-nalist movement before 1954, Benjamin Stora.
Concentrating on the biographies of 260 members of the pre-1954 Algerian nationalist movement's leadership which he put together in his recent Dictionary, the author shows that from 1936 to 1953 only 5,7 % of the leaders originated from the peasantry. Such facts, quite contrary to the lyrical statements of Franz Fanon, for example, posed a serious problem before and after the 1954 insurrection, since for the rebels the revolution was to be offered to a largely rural population. This shortcoming has undoubtedly been at the root of many of Algeria's problems since independence.
Le tiers-mondisme des intellectuels en accusation
Authors: Liauzu Claude 
Published: July 2010

Accusing the intellectuels third-worldism, Claude Liauzu.
The debate between proponents and opponents of third worldism, common among French intellectuals, is a stake in the ideological balance of power between the right and the left. To understand better the terms of the debate, one must study how the intellectuals invented third worldism and analyze how their way of appre-hending the poor countries and national revolutions has changed since 1952 when Alfred Sauvy used for the first time the term « third world », a term destined for an astonishing posterity.
Les « batailles du livre » du parti communiste français (1950-1952)
Authors: Lazar Marc 
Published: July 2010

The French communist party's " battles for the book " (1950-1952), Marc Lazar.
From 1950 to 1952 the French Communist Party organized several " book battles ", occasions for communist or sympathetic writers to go to the " people " and reconcile the books and the workers. The work place was part of the " fight for peace " strategy, set up at the time by the Kominform on the rallying theme - reject of the " American model " - of the intellectuals. And while the record of this ideological war front was generally negative, the " battles " enable the historian to get a better understanding of the relations between communist intellectuals and party apparatus.
Religion et politique en Pologne (1945-1984)
Authors: Pomian Krzysztof 
Published: July 2010

Religion and politics in Poland (1945-1984), Krzysztof Pomian
Although the Polish Worker's Party (PWP) still claims its devotion to marxist-leninist ideology, it proclaims, unlike the USSR, its indefectible attachment to the principle of religious freedom. But Church-state relations have not always been smooth since 1945 : they were peaceful only for three brief periods, from 1944 to 1948, from 1956 to 1958, and since 1978. While the state accepts the individual religious practice, it condemns " militant clericalism ". The definition of this expression is a source of conflict. What criteria can be used to draw the line between religious intolerance and the exercise of pastoral activities ? The limit of the PWP's concessions to the church does not go beyond the conducting of liturgical ceremonies and the teaching of church doctrine, provided no allusion is made to the modem daily life of church-goers. From this point of view, Father Popie-luszko's assassination may be seen as the ultimate result of the tendency to fight " political clericalism " and to equate certain priests with counter-revolutionary militants. This explains the force of contestation that the Catholic church can represent and direct within contemporary Polish society.
Preuves dans le Paris de guerre froide
Authors: Grémion Pierre 
Published: July 2010

Preuves in the Paris of the Cold War, Pierre Grémion.
While not an underground magazine, Preuves did not shake the convictions of an intellectual milieu which leaned to the left. That did not prevent it from crossing swords for many years with its left-wing opposite numbers. The study goes beyond counting blows. It shows that French ideological phenomena must be considered in their international dimension, not only concerning external stakes, here the Cold War, but also the associations of the French intellectual milieu, whose external ramifications are quite clear in this case.
A quoi sert le néocorporatisme ?
Authors: Ruffat Michèle 
Published: July 2010

What is the use of neo-corporatism, Michèle Ruffat.
As a concept, an outline or a model, « neo-corporatism » originates in political science. In the United States in particular, after the failure of the Dahl pluralist model, questions have been asked concerning the lack of self-regulating mechanisms for conflict between interest groups and public power ; or, in democratie terms, the incompatibility of individual self-interest and the general will. This very empirical outline has been applied with varying degrees of success to several post-war European societies. In France, where neo-corporatism does exist, the word is spurned. Can historic research nonetheless put it to good use ? That is the question broached in an article by a political scientist in which the stakes are set out, with the answers, in terms of research, left to historians.
Ce couple infernal aux rapports problématiques
Authors: Perrot Michelle 
Published: July 2010

An infernal couple with problem relations, Michelle Perrot.
« Between the social body and individuals, there should be only a vacuum », said Le Chapelier during the Revolution : all contemporary difficulties in the relations between the masses and individuals come from this real or supposed vacuity. Through fascism, communism or even in democratic societies, the twentieth century has long wanted the individual subjected to the promises of the collective. Until conquering individualism returns, without setting this old antagonism.
L'esprit de famille à Nanterre
Authors: Segalen Martine 
Published: July 2010

Family spirit in Nanterre, Martine Segalen.
Using a study describing family relations in an urban environment in Nanterre (Hauts-de-Seine), 1840 to 1980, the author, as an anthropologist demonstrates that between the masses and the individuals the family played a singularly complex and strong part. In that old industrial suburb, destined to massive immigration and to the change from manufacturing to services, family networks stimulated solidarity and sociability. The family, between the couple and the relatives, has never been the secret chilly refuge of self-centered individuals.
La voiture du peuple des seigneurs
Authors: Gunthert André 
Published: July 2010

The herrenvoïk car. Birth of the Volkswagen, André Gunthert
The Third Reich decided in 1937 to launch the « people's car » as part of a policy of « motorization of the German people » ; highway construction was another aspect of that policy. Hitler and Porsche joined forces to propose to the German people the best car at the cheapest price, as a symbol of the vitality and supremacy of Nazism. The mobilization of propaganda means and of the phantasms of race and motherland made the VW a sign and symbol of totalitarian ambitions : to construct a total political representation.
Historien à temps partiel
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément 
Published: July 2010

The future of history.
The article provides an extensive selection of reactions to Daniel Roche's article, « Today's historians. Comments for a debate », published in issue No. 12 (Octo-ber-December 1986) : university and high school researchers' and teachers' experiences, discussions about archives and the work of historians and suggestions for the future are gathered here. Among the contributors : F. Bédarida, R. Rémond and J. Le Goff. The comments suggest that the future of history in France, while not gloomy deserves serious discussion.
La normalisation du passé ? La république fédérale d'Allemagne et le problème juif
Authors: Thalmann Rita 
Published: July 2010

Normalizing the past ? Federal Germany and the Jewish problem, Rita Thalmann
The history of Germany's relations with her past concerning the Jews and the « final solution » shows several phases. After the 1952 negotiations on « reparations » to be paid by Germany to the victims who had escaped genocide, German-Israeli relations have been ambiguous, despite exchanges of official visits, which started, it is true, only in 1970. In Germany, embarrassed silence vis-à-vis the Jews has been replaced by a kind of reexamination which resembles the end of a taboo. That is how the « Bitburg-effect » must be understood, as well as the German historians' debate on the historiography of the Third Reich, which challenges the singularity of the genocide.
Les dénaturalisés de Vichy (1940-1944)
Authors: Laguerre Bernard 
Published: July 2010

Vichy's denaturalized, 1940-1944, Bernard Laguerre.
The Vichy regime's law of 22 July 1940 was enacted to revise the naturalizations which had been granted since the law of 10 August 1927 or even prior to it. It affected about 15 000 people, among whom 6-7 000 Jews. The law belonged to the xenophobic movement of the end of the Third Republic and constituted the first of the Vichy anti-Semitic dispositions. While it facilitated the deportation of the French Jews as part of the Final Solution, it was above all a manifestation of the national revolution as an ideology of exclusion.
Les « maîtres de forges » en quête de transparence. archives de la sidérurgie et histoire économique
Authors: Mioche Philippe 
Published: July 2010

The " steel mill masters " search for transparence. Steel works archives and economic history, Philippe Mioche.
The French Steel Manufactures' association has just deposited its papers at the National Archives. After a long tradition of secrecy, the new " steel mill masters " have embarked on a policy of communication and transparence. This creates an occasion for historians to analyze an industrial branch at the center of modernization followed by the general restructuration crisis of the French economy. An occasion also for the profession to correct its negative image in public opinion for more than a decade.
Deux etudiants "coloniaux" à Paris à l'aube des années trente
Authors: Sirinelli Jean-François 
Published: July 2010

Two « colonial » students in Paris in the early 1930s, Jean-François Sirinelli
At the end of the 1920s, the Latin Quarter welcomed many students born in the colonies. Two of them, the Senegalese Leopold Sedar Senghor and the Annamite Pham Duy Khiêm, became friends. Their destiny was different, but the study of their formative years provides few keys to their two contrasting itineraries.
Le juif à l'écran en France vers la fin des années trente
Authors: Pithon Rémy 
Published: July 2010

Jews in French films in the late 1930s, Rémy Pithon.
An analysis of French movies producted in the late 1930s reveals a curious paradox : a change from rather widespread anti-semitism to a kind of « repression » of the image of the Jew. Examining anti-semitic stereotypes, the author shows that their relative decline corresponds to the just image of a « vague Jewishness », just as horrible, for it opens the door to indifference.
De l'opinion publique à l'imaginaire social
Authors: Laborie Pierre 
Published: July 2010

From public opinion to the social imaginary, Pierre Laborie.
A historic approach to public opinion has always been considered a wager. Although a difficult field of investigation and demonstration, it does represent a new historical object, which requires specific methods, precise theoretical tools and rigorous attention. There are many and very diverse sources which finally permit an analysis of the imaginary elements in contemporary societies.
Marianne et vendredi : deux générations ?
Authors: Laguerre Bernard 
Published: July 2010

Marianne and Vendredi : two different generations ?, Bernard Laguerre.
Launched at a three-year interval, in 1932 and 1935, two left-wing weeklies, Marianne and Vendredi quickly appeared as competitors in the eyes of public opinion, the latter more radical and more committed to the Popular Front. Though the journalists came from the same political strain and though they shared the idea of taking a place along-side the big titles of the right, such as Candide and Gringoire, each weekly had a distinctive personality. Marianne and Vendredi reflected two different periods : the left of 1935 did not define itself as did that of 1932. Using the generational approach, one can ask if the renewal of the left manifested by Vendredi was not the symptom of another phenomenon : the emergence on the political scene of a new generation of intellectuals.
Les générations communistes
Authors: Buton Philippe 
Published: July 2010

Communist generations, Philippe Buton
The concept of generation, understood as cohort of affiliations, with singularities marked by references to different founding events and social profiles, whose specificity is experienced as such, does help understand the development of the French Communist Party. " Generation of the war ", " party of metal workers ", " party of those executed " during the war, party of " Maurice Thorez ", then of the Union of the Left, successive strata illustrate the changes of the Party within the Bolchevik mold, which remained unchanged since the graft of the 1920s.
Générations socialistes ?
Authors: Bergounioux Alain 
Published: July 2010

Socialist generations ? Alain Bergounioux
From the SFIO of the Congress of Tours and the Popular Front to the Socialist Party of the Epinay Congress and the 1980s, can the history of French socialists be analysed in terms of generations ? The hypothesis is often tempting, considering, for example movements such as the neo-socialism of the 1930s or the minorities revolting against the SFIO of Guy Mollet during the Algerian war and in the 1960s. A more elaborate analysis reveals however, if not the inappropriateness, at least the limits of such an approach. The development of party socialism seems to have resulted more from strictly political parameters than from possible generational cleavages.
Le développement du téléphone en France depuis les années 1950. Politique de recherche et recherche d'une politique
Authors: Griset Pascal 
Published: July 2010

The development of telephones in France since the 1950s, Pascal Griset.
The post World War II development of telephones in France shows how choices in the field of telecommunications can be stakes for political rivalries, but it also reveals the qualities and the limitations of a French model of industrial policy. While the development of telephones involved many
Une histoire sociale du politique est-elle possible ?
Authors: Noiriel Gérard 
Published: July 2010

Is a social history of politics possible ? Gerard Noiriel.
Based on the book edited by René Rémond, Pour une histoire politique, the article questions a certain inability to « socialize » political history, e.g. to make use of the concept of « assimilation » for a history of immigration in France. It suggests a return to the first analyses of the questions at stake, at the time of Seignobos and Durkheim, in order to corne to grips with the « critical turn » in the relations between history and sociology that is presently taking place.
Écrire une histoire contemporaine de l'urbain
Authors: Baudouï Rémi , Faure Alain , Fourcaut Annie , Morel Martine , Voldman Danièle 
Published: July 2010

Writing a contemporary history of urbanism, Rémi Baudoui, Alain Faure, Annie Fourcaut, Martine Morel, Danièle Woldman.
Are the historian's tools adequate to grasp the industrial and post-industrial city ? The French historiographie tradition seems to have met an obstacle, for its production in this field is relatively underdeveloped. Defining the object of urban history precisely, looking for explicanatory keys to the processes which operate in the large urban areas, finding appropriate methods which would claim for the contribution of the other disciplines could open up wide research fields.
Des beaux-arts aux affaires culturelles (1959-1969)
Authors: Foulon Charles-Louis 
Published: July 2010

From Beaux-Arts to Cultural Affairs (1959-1969). André Malraux's entourage and ministerial structures, Charles-Louis Foulon.
There were three circles of power around André Malraux, Minister of Cultural Affairs from 1959 to 1969 : friends and companions, managers (often back from Overseas France), and the burgraves, the heirs of the Beaux-Arts tradition. The minister's genius was not sufficient to overhaul intangible administrative structures. From the Maisons de la Culture to cultural action there was nevertheless much progress, even if the issue of mass culture was not settled.
La milice
Authors: Azéma Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2010

The Militia, Jean-Pierre Azéma.
This study of the Vichy Militia is entirely based on archives. The Praetorian Guard of the French State, first recruited among members of the War Veterans' Legion it mobilized up to 30.000 « revolutionaries » often of modest background. Its leader, Joseph Darnand, made it the worst tool in the « Franco-French war », the Gestapo's zealous auxiliary perfectly at home in the structures of the French State, even if it did not succeed in making it fully totalitarian. Thoroughly hated, the Militians carried to an extreme the internal logic of the Vichy regime.
Pourquoi n'y a-t-il pas de football aux États-Unis ? l'autre "exceptionnalisme" américain
Authors: Markovits Andrei S. 
Published: July 2010

Why is there no soccer in the United States ? The other American " exceptionalism ", Andrei S. Markovits.
Soccer was rejected in the United States because of the development of sports consi- dered more in accordance with the national culture of the New World. At both Harvard and Yale in the 19th century, American football was imposed from above, out of an elitist reflex towards British imported games. The more popular baseball prevented the social extension of soccer to the population at large. Like the weakness of socialism in that " bourgeois " society, that of soccer is the second sign of a certain American " exceptionalism " pointed out at the beginning of the 20th century by Werner Sombart.
La grande entreprise française de travaux publics (1883-1974)
Authors: Barjot Dominique 
Published: July 2010

The large French public works company, 1883-1974, Dominique Barjot.
Between 1883 and 1974, the French public works industry went through periods contrasted growth without ever ceasing to contribute significantly to economic development, thanks in particular to remarkable success in foreign markets. This success was due to a strong core of large and medium-sized companies financially fragile but often directed by valuable technicians. Forced to innovate by the fierceness of compétition and the relatively high cost of production factors, they remained at the forefront of technical progress, especially for the construction of major works.
L'immigration en France et aux Etats-Unis. Historiographie comparée
Authors: Green Nancy L. 
Published: July 2010

Immigration in France and the United States. Comparative historiography, Nancy L. Green.
Even comparative history has its socio-cultural détermination, stronger it the nation-state in which it is practiced is seeking its identity. The French and the Americans thus have very contrasted reprasentations of the history of immigration. The former, rather open from a lagal point of view, are relatively closed to the idea of conceiving of France as a country of immigrants. The latter, on the other hand, very salective with regard to entry, have built a strongly open image of their society. The historians of each of the two countries have used the work of the other to refîne their own analyses, for France to rethink its identity, for the US, to reframe the issue of the possible exceptionalism of its development.
L'aristocratie du barreau, vivier pour la république. Les secrétaires de la conférence du stage
Authors: Le Béguec Gilles 
Published: July 2010

The French Bar aristocracy, a breeding ground for the Republic. The secretaries of the lawyers' training, Gilles Le Béguec.
The Paris Bar lawyers' training program, through the yearly groups of its young secretaries, was the privileged locus for the formation of the parliamentary and governmental elite during the Third Republic. The acquisition of oratorical and legal competence, the position obtained in the networks of connections, added to a certain esprit de corps made the training course a real recruiting channel, flexible and effective. It was threatened by the end of the 1930s and even more after the Second World War by changes in politics.
La démocratie japonaise à l'heure de la transition monarchique
Authors: Seizelet Éric 
Published: July 2010

Japanese democracy at the time of the monarchie transition, Eric Seizelet.
With Emperor Hirohito is death in January 1989, Japan lost the man whose longetivity on the throne assured the link between two theoretically distinct moments of its political history. The analysis of the machinery of the monarchic transition thus offers a privileged observation point from which to understand the place of the Imperial institution in Japanese society. Self-censor-ship in the media, ceremonies that illustrate the ambiguity of State secularism, silence on the late Emperor's role in the 1930s and 1940s, uncertainties about the place that his successor, Akihito, will occupy : each of these elements allows a better understanding of the special features of the Japanese political culture.
Montherlant sous l'occupation
Authors: Garet Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2010

Montherlant during the Occupation, Jean-Louis Garet
Although opposed to Munich in L'équinoxe de septembre, Montherlant made conscessions non only to the Vichy regime, National Revolution, but also to the policy of collaboration with the Nazis whose virile heroism he vaunted. His many articles in the extremist press are unequivocal. At the time of Liberation, his behavior was judged less as a betrayal than as a sign of mediocrity.
La recomposition Marseillaise
Authors: Morel Bernard 
Published: July 2010

The restructuring of Marseille, Bernard Morel.
The restructuring of Marseille means the development of a metropolis composed of five urban and industrial poles, including the city of Marseille. But the city is going through a multi-faceted crisis : that of the industrial port complex, the demographic imbalances after a phase of growth, the crisis of the fordist system. These economic and social factors affect the political level, with the fear of a loss of identity as one of its essential components.
L'histoire sociale et l'historiographie est-Allemande des années 1980
Authors: Iggers Georg G. 
Published: July 2010

Social history and the East German historiography of the 1980s, Georg G. Iggers.
In the GDR, history was official, openly Stalinist and entirely in the service of the party. Only a few historians were able to occupy the few spaces of liberty that the regime tolerated. What was new in historiography in the 1980s came from rare contagion with the methods of ethnology or economics, through an opening to local history and an attempt to reread the Prussian or Nazi past. The previous passivity of the East German historians now puts them in the throes of a very difficult transition.
De quelques marxistes et novateurs de l'historiographie est-allemande
Authors: Ayçoberry Pierre 
Published: July 2010

On a few Marxists and innovators in East German historiography, Pierre Ayçoberry.
Several historians have already pointed out the paradoxe of historiography in East Germany, faithful to historic materialism but eager to refîne its premises and demonstrations. A biographical current thus appeared whose analyses deserve to be known in their attempt at reexamining the individuals' role in history. In spite of the merits and courage of these innovators, that must be acknowledged, historic research in the GDR has had much difficulty to free itself of the ideological straitjacket imposed by the State.