bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Sediment Control in Irrigation Return Flow
Authors: Carter D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSediments in irrigation return flows arise mostly from erosion in furrows during irrigation, and sediment concentrations vary widely from near zero to several thousand ppm. Reducing both erosion and runoff would decrease the sediment in return flows. Technology is available for reducing both erosion during irrigation and soil loss from the land, and for removing sediments from return flows. This technology is discussed, and the following guidelines are suggested.
Eliminate or reduce irrigation return flows when conditions permit using irrigation methods with little or no runoff.
Control the irrigation furrow slope so that the run is across the steepest slope or on the contour. Decrease the slope near the end of the furrow to reduce the flow velocity and increase sedimentation.
Control the furrow stream size and make proper stream adjustments. Adequate water measuring equipment and controls are essential for proper stream size control.
Shorten the run length.
Control the irrigation duration to reduce the number of irrigations per season. Alternate furrow irrigation reduces the contact between soil and flowing water and subsequent erosion.
Cultivate only when necessary, avoiding excessive soil loosening which increases erosion and soil loss.
Control tailwater by assuring that it flows slowly enough that sediments settle before the water leaves the field. Filtering through grass strips removes sediments.
Utilize sediment retention basins to remove sediment from return flows.
Carbon Contents of Surface and Underground Waters in South‐central Minnesota
Authors: Maier W. J. , Gast R. G. , Anderson C. T. , Nelson W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData presented shows that the relatively ample supplies of water available from dependable stream flow in the upper Mississippi region will have to be supplemented on a seasonal basis by utilizing either surface or underground water storage. Such seasonal storage will affect the existing interflows of water between surface, subsurface, and ground waters. It could also affect the temporal variations in chemical content of both surface runoff and storage waters. Analysis of the inorganic and organic C contents of surface, subsurface, and ground water in the glaciated area of south‐central Minnesota was conducted to determine the extent that seasonal interchange of surface and ground waters may effect water quality. Organic C concentrations were 5–17, 1–6, and <2 mg/liter in surface, subsurface, and ground waters, respectively, indicating that most organic materials are decomposed or retained in the upper layers of the soil with minimal transfer to ground waters. The relatively high organic C concentration in surface waters are probably due to biodegradation of vegetation and animal tissues in stream channels or in top soil layers, marshes, and impoundments. Low organic C concentrations and relatively low flow volumes from tile drains indicate that their effect on organic C content of rivers in this area are minimal.
Resistance of Nitrosamines to Microbial Attack
Authors: Tate Robert L. , Alexander Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractN‐Nitrosodimethylamine was not degraded in flooded soil or in microbial enrichments from bog sediments. Enrichment cultures inoculated with soil and sewage did not yield microorganisms capable of metabolizing N‐nitrosodimethylamine, N‐nitrosodiethylamine, or N‐nitrosodi‐n‐propylamine. N‐Nitrosodimethylamine was not metabolized by axenic cultures of bacteria, and it was not significantly inhibitory to individual bacterial cultures or to respiration of soil or sewage communities. The data suggest that the nitrosamines persist in samples of natural environments because of the resistance of the nitrogen‐nitrogen bond in nitrosamines.
Phosphorus Loss by Stream Transport from a Rural Watershed: Quantities, Processes, and Sources
Authors: Johnson Arthur H. , Bouldin David R. , Goyette Edward A. , Hedges Anne M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLoss of dissolved and particulate phosphorus by stream transport was determined over a 20‐month period for Fall Creek, a stream draining a predominantly rural watershed of 330 km2 in central New York. Samples were taken several times daily during most high flow periods and at 3 to 20 day intervals during low flow periods. Samples were usually processed within 4 hours since redistribution of P among chemical forms was rapid. Losses of P from the watershed per unit time varied by several orders of magnitude and 75% of the P loss occurred in the highest flow which occurred in 10% of the time. In reaches well downstream from major point source inputs, dissolved inorganic P concentrations were highest during storm events due to two processes: desorption of P accumulated in the bed sediment from point source inputs during low flow, and inputs from diffuse sources in surface runoff. Dissolved organic P concentrations were not correlated with flow. Approximately 20% of the dissolved P lost from the watershed was derived from diffuse sources associated with farming, 45% was derived from natural geochemical processes, and 35% from point source inputs. Less than 1% of the P applied to the landscape in chemical fertilizer and manure was lost from the watershed in dissolved form.
Uptake of Cadmium by Soybeans as Influenced by Soil Cation Exchange Capacity, pH, and Available Phosphorus
Authors: Miller Joseph E. , Hassett John J. , Koeppe D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and its affect on vegetative growth of soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var. Amsoy) in soils with a range in cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, and available phosphorus (P) were investigated in greenhouse experiments. Cadmium uptake decreased as soil pH and CEC increased, while increasing available soil P was related to increased Cd accumulation. Cadmium extracted from the soil by Bray P1 reagent, Bray P2 reagent, 2N MgCl2, and 0.1N EDTA was significantly correlated with plant Cd concentrations. The growth of the soybean shoots was generally depressed when tissue concentrations reached 3–5 µg Cd/g dry weight. Cadmium uptake by soybeans was correlated with the ratio of added Cd to the Cd sorptive capacity of soil.
Mineralogy and Related Parameters of Fluvial Suspended Sediments in Northwestern Ohio
Authors: Wall G. J. , Wilding L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStream water samples were collected weekly for 17 months at eight sampling sites in the Maumee River Basin to characterize the clay mineralogy of the suspended sediments and to determine the utility of mineralogy as a marker of the source (rural, urban, geologic) of the sediments. X‐ray diffraction analysis of the clay‐sized (< 2 µm) sediments indicated little seasonal or downstream variability in clay mineral composition. The quantities of mica, quartz, and vermiculite‐chlorite were 36 ± 5%, 29 ± 5%, and 20 ± 5%, respectively. The quantities of expandables, interstratified, and kaolinite minerals were usually < 10%. The cation exchange capacity (CEC), amorphous, fine clay, and organic matter content of the clay‐sized suspended sediments were approximately 44 meq/100 g, 4.4%, 25%, and 5%, respectively. Carbonate minerals were not detected in the clay‐sized fraction.The 2 to 50 µm fraction was dominated by quartz in high flow periods and secondary calcite in low flow periods. The stream water was calculated to be saturated with calcium carbonate, thus calcite precipitation could be expected.When fluvial suspended sediment properties were compared to properties of regional soil materials, mineralogy appeared to be a useful index to differentiate between surficial and geologic (parent material) sources of suspended sediments. The clay‐sized fraction of the suspended sediments contained percentages of mica and carbonates analogous to local surficial materials yet in contrast to local geologic (parent material) materials. A lack of carbonate minerals in the silt‐size (2–50 µm) fraction of the suspended sediments during high discharge events when stream bank erosion, hence geologic erosion, should be maximum further negated the geologic origin of the suspended sediments.The mineralogical characterization of the fluvial suspended sediments in combination with chemical data led to the conclusion that the annual suspended sediment load of the Maumee River and tributaries was predominantly surficial in origin.
Pollution Potential of Manure Spread on Frozen Ground
Authors: Young R. A. , Mutchler C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nutrient content of snowmelt runoff was measured to determine the contribution of manure applied to frozen plots on which corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown. Nutrient concentrations in spring runoff were high from all manured plots, compared to unmanured plots, but total nutrient losses varied greatly depending on type of soil surface receiving the manure and time of application. Up to 20% of the N and 16% of the ortho‐P in the manure was carried away in spring runoff from alfalfa plots while no more than 3% of the N and 4% of the ortho‐P was lost from manured fall‐plowed plots. Applying manure to frozen plowed land reduced soil losses 100% and runoff up to 80%.
Spent Motor Oil Effects on Soil and Crops
Authors: Giddens Joel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpent motor oil was applied to soil to determine the effects on soil and plant growth. At oil rates of up to 31,111 liters/ha, peanuts (Arachis hypogeae L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), soybeans (Glycine max [L] Merrill), and corn (Zea mays L.) were successfully grown when amply fertilized, especially with nitrogen. Growth of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) and weeds was significantly reduced by high oil rates. Corn grown on recently oil‐treated soil contained less nitrogen, and manganese, but the same phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and lead as plants grown on untreated soil. Previous oil application increased the manganese and zinc content of corn tissue. Increasing nitrogen application rates increased the growth of corn.
The Uptake of Mercury from Water by the Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris (Say)
Authors: Ray G. L. , Tripp M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to assess the toxicity of mercury to the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes vulgaris [Say]), the lethal concentration for 50% (LC50) of the tested population in a 24‐hour period for HgCl2 and MeHgCl were determined. The LC50 values were approximately 400 parts per billion (ppb) Hg for HgCl2 and 125 ppb Hg for MeHgCl. When shrimp were held in mercury solutions at sublethal concentrations (1.5 ppb Hg as HgCl2) for 15 days, a maximum of 500 ppb Hg was accumulated in the animal's tissues after 3 days. The average tissue concentration of mercury for the remaining 12 days was 450 ppb Hg. The actual tissue distribution of mercury was determined by exposure of shrimp to radioactively labeled HgCl2 and MeHgCl. No difference could be found in the tissue distribution of the two compounds. A significant difference is tissue mercury distribution occurred between the 24‐hour and 72‐hour exposures.
Dissolved Nutrient Losses in Storm Runoff from Five Southern Pine Watersheds
Authors: Schreiber J. D. , Duffy P. D. , McClurkin D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStorm runoff from five reforested eroded watersheds in northern Mississippi (1.5 to 2.8 ha) was analyzed during the 1973 water year to determine the concentrations of soluble NO3‐N, NH4‐N, PO4‐P, Ca, Mg, and K. Storm runoff was measured with 0.91‐m H‐flumes and samples collected with a Coshocton wheel sampler. Analysis of precipitation which totaled 189 cm for the year, 40% above average, revealed that inputs of NO3‐N, NH4‐N, PO4‐P, Ca, Mg, and K for the year were 3.12, 5.73, 0.07, 7.72, 3.03, and 4.98 kg/ha, respectively. Soluble nutrient losses in the storm runoff on a unit area basis were similar for the five watersheds. Average losses in storm runoff of soluble NO3‐N, NH4‐N, PO4‐P, Ca, Mg, and K for the year were 0.32, 3.35, 0.04, 6.21, 3.05, and 3.31 kg/ha, respectively. As the annual storm runoff among the watersheds increased, the NO3‐N losses also increased linearly. Data for individual storms indicated that a critical storm runoff value must be exceeded before the watersheds would exhibit a net loss of each nutrient.
Effect of Microorganisms on the Sorption and Fate of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide in Soil
Authors: Ghiorse William C. , Alexander Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSulfur dioxide was rapidly removed from the gas phase in contact with both nonsterile and sterile soil so that viable microorganisms are not directly involved in removal of this pollutant from the atmosphere. Sulfate was formed from the SO2 in nonsterile and sterile soil. About one‐fourth of the sulfur from the SO2 introduced was not recovered in inorganic form, but the recovery was quantitative if the soil was first ignited to destroy organic matter.Nitrogen dioxide was also readily lost from the gas phase in contact with nonsterile and sterile soil, and both nitrite and nitrate were generated. The role of microorganisms in the fate of this pollutant is in the conversion of the nitrite to nitrate.
Effect of pH and Complex Formation on Mercury (II) Adsorption by Bentonite
Authors: Newton D. W. , Ellis R. , Paulsen G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReactions of Hg with bentonite clay were studied to determine behavior of the metal in aquatic ecosystems. Mercury (II) adsorption by bentonite as a function of pH and complex formation was investigated using a radioisotopic technique. Maximum Hg(II) adsorption in 0.01M Ca(NO3)2 systems occurred in the pH range 4.5–5.5. Varying the Ca(NO3)2 concentration only slightly influenced adsorption or the pH of maximum adsorption.Chloride ions sharply reduced Hg(II) adsorption, especially at low pH's. At pH 6 or lower, increasing CaCl2 concentration from 10−5 to 10−4M depressed adsorption; higher CaCl2 levels were required to decrease adsorption at pH 7. At a given Cl− concentration, maximum observed Hg(II) adsorption occurred near the calculated pH where HgClOH occurred as a transition complex between HgCl2 and Hg(OH)2.Chloride salts (0.01M CaCl2, NaCl, and KCl) were more effective desorbers of Hg(II) than was 0.01M Ca(NO3)2 or various 0.01N acids. HCl (0.01N) removed the most adsorbed Hg(II).
Influence of Crop Management Practices on Nutrient Movement Below the Root Zone in Nebraska Soils
Authors: Muir John , Boyce J. S. , Seim E. C. , Mosher P. N. , Deibert E. J. , Olson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeep profile sampling under different water and crop management systems revealed limited movement of N and none of P from the rooting profile of nonirrigated Nebraska soils. Leaching of N to the water table was apparent in most irrigated soils located on valley positions and in sandy soils of the uplands. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), with its deep rooting system, was noted to be an effective scavenger of inorganic N that may have accumulated under prior annual crops.
Variable Nature of Chemical Composition of Sewage Sludges
Authors: Sommers L. E. , Nelson D. W. , Yost K. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSewage sludge samples were collected over a 2‐year period from eight Indiana cities and analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb. The sludges contained approximately 50% organic matter and 1–4% inorganic C. Organic and inorganic C, organic N, inorganic P, and Ca and Mg were found to be present in a given sludge at a relatively constant concentration with respect to sampling time. Inorganic N, organic P, K, and all metals were found to be quite variable with time for sewage sludge produced by a given city. In general, organic N and inorganic P constituted the majority of total N and P, respectively, in sludges. The largest deviations between the mean and median were found for Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb. Variable nature of inorganic N and metal contents of sludges indicates that a sound sampling and analysis program is essential prior to formulating recommendations for rates of sewage sludge applications on soils used for crop production.
Efficiency of Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus Retention by Small Agricultural Reservoirs
Authors: Gill Angela C. , McHenry J. Roger , Ritchie Jerry C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal N, total C, and readily available organic and inorganic P contents, and particle‐size distributions were determined for samples of soils and sediments collected from three agricultural watersheds in north Mississippi. The total quantities of N, P, C, and clay accumulated in the sediments of each reservoir were calculated. These values were compared with those calculated from soil losses estimated by using the Universal Soil Loss Equation. The results showed considerable variation between the percentages of plant nutrients and of soil particles retained in the reservoirs. These reservoirs were highly effective in retaining eroded soil particles. However, the percentages of soil nutrients retained in the reservoir sediments were less than the percentages of retained soil particles.
Movement of Heavy Metals below Sewage Disposal Ponds
Authors: Lund L. J. , Page A. L. , Nelson C. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCoarse‐textured soils below sludge and effluent disposal ponds at two sewage treatment plants were studied. The concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni in the soils at various depths were determined to investigate the downward movement of these heavy metals below the two types of disposal ponds.Concentrations of acid‐extractable metals (4N HNO3) were greater under disposal ponds than offplant control sites at both treatment plants. Metal enrichment was evident to depths as great as 3 m under some ponds. The depth and degree of metal enrichment depended on the specific pond type and the treatment plant. Metal concentrations were greater under anaerobically digested sludge‐holding ponds than effluent ponds. Concentrations of the metals in saturation extracts of soils beneath the ponds were much greater than those typically found for California soils.The distributions of metals with depth were closely related to the changes in chemical oxygen demands of soil samples with depth. This suggests that the metals have moved as soluble metal‐organic complexes.
Surface Runoff Losses of Fertilizer Elements
Authors: Dunigan Edward P. , Phelan Robert A. , Mondart C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface runoff losses of fertilizer N, P, and K were measured from a Loring silt loam soil with an average slope of 5%. Plots seeded to pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides [Burm.]) in 1973 and 1974 were fertilized at the rate of 112‐49‐93 kg/ha of incorporated N, P, and K using two different fertilizer blends, a 33.3‐8.7‐16.6 and an 8‐3.5‐6.6. The percent of water‐soluble fertilizer elements lost in 1973 from the higher and lower blend concentrations, respectively, were N, 0.50 and 0.30%; P, 0.14 and 0.06%; and K, 0.67 and 0.92%. In 1974, N losses were 0.89 and 0.41%; P, 0.35 and 0.20%; and K, 0.42 and 0.35%. Precipitation during the experimental periods was 20.40 cm in 1973 and 11.03 cm in 1974. Two of the millet plots were then topdressed with NH4NO3 fertilizer at the rate of 112 kg N/ha. Topdressed fertilizer‐N losses were 2.68% in 1973 and 1.82% in 1974. Precipitation during these second tests was 27.97 cm in 1973 and 27.69 cm in 1974. Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) plots were fertilized with sulfur‐coated urea (SCU) and uncoated urea (U) at the rate of 224 kg N/ha during the growing seasons of 1973 and 1974. Total N losses (U vs. SCU) were 9.52 and 0.26% in 1973, and 1.67 and 0.42% in 1974. Precipitation was 23.89 cm in 1973 and 29.57 cm in 1974. A 10.08‐cm rainfall on the third day of the test in 1973 caused almost three‐fourths of the 9.52% N lost from the uncoated urea to be lost in that runoff and while it was still in the urea form. The sulfur coating prevented large surface losses of N from the SCU.
Correlations between Air Pollution Injury and Certain Agronomic, Chemical, and Physical Characteristics of Maryland Tobacco
Authors: Huang T. S. R. , Mulchi C. L. , Aycock M. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThirty‐six Maryland tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) entries including eight parent cultivars (‘Catterton,’ ‘Wilson,’ ‘Gertz,’ ‘Moore,’ ‘Maryland 59,’ ‘Maryland 10,’ ‘Maryland 64,’ and ‘Maryland 609’) and 28 hybrids (obtained by crossing the eight parent cultivars in all possible combinations including reciprocals) were grown at three locations with differing soil types in Maryland in 1972. The plants were scored for air pollution injury (weather fleck) at maturity.Plants grown on deep sandy soils and showing drought stress symptoms exhibited less injury from air pollution than plants grown on sandy loam or silt loam soils. Correlations were made between weather fleck intensity and eleven agronomic, chemical, and physical characteristics of the tobacco. Reductions in yield, average price, and value of the cured tobacco were associated with increases in weather fleck intensity at two of the three locations. Also, taller plants and wider internode lengths were associated with increased fleck intensity at two of the three locations. Days to flower, filling capacity, and burn duration were associated with increased fleck intensity in a positive manner and total alkaloid contents in a negative manner at single locations only. Correlation values for either total nitrogen contents or leaves per plant with weather fleck intensity were nonsignificant at all locations.
Predicting 2,4,5‐T Movement in Soil Columns
Authors: O'Connor G. A. , van Genuchten M. Th. , Wierenga P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA solute model developed by van Genuchten and Wierenga was used to calculate 2,4,5‐T effluent data from soil columns. The model had been previously shown to adequately predict effluent data given model parameters curve fit to a portion of the effluent curve. The present work shows that 2,4,5‐T effluent curves may be adequately predicted without prior knowledge of the effluent curves for a particular soil column given: (i) model parameters derived from 2,4,5‐T effluent curves for other soil columns, or (ii) model parameters obtained from tritium effluent curves for the same columns. The data suggest that once the physical model parameters have been characterized for a soil, reasonable predictions of 2,4,5‐T (and perhaps other solutes) transport can be made given the adsorption coefficient for the solute.
Mercury Transfer from Bed Sediments to Freshwater Fish (Guppies)
Authors: Kudo Akira 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMercury transfer from river sediments to freshwater fish (Lebistes reticulata) (wet weight, 29 to 869 mg) was observed for 150 days.Release rate from the sediment indicates a half‐life of 12 to 20 years. The amount taken up by the fish varied widely (up to 600% differences), but half‐lives for clearance were all between 38 and 75 days. No correlation was found between mercury uptake rate and either size or sex of fish.