bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First report of ectopic ACTH syndrome and PTHrP-induced hypercalcemia due to a hepatoblastoma in a child
Authors: Grunewald Thomas G P , von Luettichau Irene , Welsch Ulrich , Dörr Helmuth-Günther , Höpner Frank , Kovacs Kalman , Burdach Stefan , Rabl Wolfgang 
Published: February 2010

ContextOnly occasionally, endocrine-active tumors develop directly from hepatic tissue, and may lead to paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). PNS mostly accompany malignancy of adulthood and are exceedingly rare in children.PatientA girl aged 6 years and 9 months presented with a 2-month history of rapidly progressive weight gain, abdominal distension, and polyuria/pollakiuria accompanied by short episodes of abdominal pain. She showed the typical clinical features of Cushing's syndrome and a huge hepatic mass. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a large liver tumor. Blood glucose and serum calcium were greatly elevated.Design and objectiveCase report describing the causative relationship of the clinical findings.MethodsPhysical examination; ultrasound of the abdomen; CT scan of the abdomen and the chest; conventional X-rays; routine hematology; blood chemistry and multiple parameters of calcium and phosphorus metabolism; multisteroid analysis in serum and urine; adrenocortical stimulation and suppression tests; histopathological assessment of the resected tumor; immunohistochemistry for ACTH, β-endorphin, corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), and PTH-related peptide (PTHrP); electron microscopy of tumor cells; ACTH and CRH extraction from the tumor tissue; and clinical follow-up for more than 20 years.ResultsGiant hepatoblastoma (HB; ∼1000 ml volume) of the right lobe of the liver with combined ectopic ACTH syndrome and PTHrP-induced tumor-associated hypercalcemia. Wide local excision and polychemotherapy led to complete reversal of the paraneoplastic phenotype.ConclusionsThis is the first report of an endocrine-active HB causing both Cushing's syndrome and PTHrP-related ‘humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy’. This information should be added to the well-known β-human chorionic gonadotropin-related paraneoplastic effects of HB in children.
Three-Dimensional Scapular and Clavicular Kinematics and Scapular Muscle Activity During Retraction Exercises
Authors: Oyama Sakiko , Myers Joseph B. , Wassinger Craig A. , Lephart Scott M. 
Published: February 2010

Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Objectives To describe and compare scapular and clavicular kinematics and muscle activity during 6 retraction exercises in young healthy adults (mean ± SD age, 23.2 ± 2.4 years). Background Based on the association between shoulder injuries and scapular/clavicular movement, muscle activity during various exercises that target muscles surrounding the scapula have been investigated. However, the scapular and clavicular movements occurring during these exercises remain uninvestigated. Evaluation of the scapular and clavicular kinematics in addition to muscle activity provides additional information that allow clinicians to select exercises that best meet the patient's needs. Methods Three-dimensional scapular and clavicular kinematics and scapular muscle activity data were collected while the participants performed 6 scapular retraction exercises. One-way repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc analyses were used to determine differences in scapular/clavicular kinematics and activation levels of the upper, middle, and lower trapezius and serratus anterior muscles occurring during the exercises. Results The general pattern of the kinematics observed during all retraction exercises was scapular external rotation, scapular upward rotation, scapular posterior tilting, clavicular retraction, and clavicular depression. However, the exercises resulted in varying amounts of scapular movement and muscle activity. Conclusion Clinicians can select appropriate exercises for their patients based on their need to strengthen specific retractor muscles and to improve specific scapular and clavicular movement patterns, pre-existing conditions, and available range of motion. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(3):169–179.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3018
Construct Validity of Muscle Force Tests of the Rotator Cuff Muscles: An Electromyographic Investigation
Authors: Brookham Rebecca L. , McLean Linda , Dickerson Clark R. 
Published: February 2010

Background
Manual muscle tests (MMTs) are used in clinical settings to evaluate the function and strength (force-generating capacity) of a specific muscle in a position at which the muscle is believed to be most isolated from other synergists and antagonists. Despite frequent use of MMTs, few electromyographic evaluations exist to confirm the ability of MMTs to isolate rotator cuff muscles.

Objective
This study examined rotator cuff isolation during 29 shoulder muscle force tests (9 clinical and 20 generic tests).

Design
An experimental design was used in this study.

Participants and Measurements
Electromyographic data were recorded from 4 rotator cuff muscles and 10 additional shoulder muscles of 12 male participants. Maximal isolation ratios (mean specific rotator cuff muscle activation to mean activation of the other 13 recorded muscles) defined which of these tests most isolated the rotator cuff muscles.

Results
Three rotator cuff muscles were maximally isolated (obtained highest isolation ratios) within their respective clinical test groups (lateral rotator test group for the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles and abduction test group for the supraspinatus muscle). The subscapularis muscle was maximally isolated equally as effectively within the generic ulnar force and clinical medial rotation groups. Similarly, the supraspinatus and teres minor muscles were isolated equally as effectively in some generic test groups as they were in their respective clinical test groups.

Limitations
Postural artifact in the wire electrodes caused exclusion of some channels from calculations. The grouping of muscle force tests based on test criteria (clinical or generic tests and muscle action) may have influenced which groups most isolated the muscle of interest.

Conclusions
The results confirmed the appropriateness of 9 commonly used clinical tests for isolating rotator cuff muscles, but suggested that several other muscle force tests were equally appropriate for isolating these muscles.
Muscle Activation and Perceived Loading During Rehabilitation Exercises: Comparison of Dumbbells and Elastic Resistance
Authors: Andersen Lars L. , Andersen Christoffer H. , Mortensen Ole S. , Poulsen Otto M. , Bjørnlund Inger Birthe T. , Zebis Mette K. 
Published: February 2010

BackgroundHigh-intensity resistance training plays an essential role in the prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. Although resistance exercises with heavy weights yield high levels of muscle activation, the efficacy of more user-friendly forms of exercise needs to be examined.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate muscle activation and perceived loading during upper-extremity resistance exercises with dumbbells compared with elastic tubing.DesignA single-group, repeated-measures study design was used.SettingExercise evaluation was conducted in a laboratory setting.ParticipantsSixteen female workers (aged 26–55 years) without serious musculoskeletal diseases and with a mean neck and shoulder pain intensity of 7.8 on a 100-mm visual analog scale participated in the study.MeasurementsElectromyographic (EMG) activity was measured in 5 selected muscles during the exercises of lateral raise, wrist extension, and shoulder external rotation during graded loadings with dumbbells (2–7.5 kg) and elastic tubing (Thera-Band, red to silver resistance). The order of exercises and loadings was randomized for each individual. Electromyographic amplitude was normalized to the absolute maximum EMG amplitude obtained during maximal voluntary isometric contraction and exercise testing. Immediately after each set of exercise, the Borg CR10 scale was used to rate perceived loading during the exercise.ResultsResistance exercise with dumbbells as well as elastic tubing showed increasing EMG amplitude and perceived loading with increasing resistance. At the individually maximal level of resistance for each exercise—defined as the 3 repetitions maximum—normalized EMG activity of the prime muscles was not significantly different between dumbbells (59%–87%) and elastic tubing (64%–86%). Perceived loading was moderately to very strongly related to normalized EMG activity (r=.59–.92).LimitationsThe results of this study apply only for exercises performed in a controlled manner (ie, without sudden jerks or high acceleration).ConclusionsComparably high levels of muscle activation were obtained during resistance exercises with dumbbells and elastic tubing, indicating that therapists can choose either type in clinical practice. The Borg CR10 can be a useful aid in estimating intensity of individual rehabilitation protocols.
Image-guided frameless stereotactic biopsy without intraoperative neuropathological examination
Authors: Shooman David , Belli Antonio , Grundy Paul L. 
Published: February 2010

Object
Stereotactic biopsy is a safe and effective technique for the diagnosis of brain tumors. The use of intraoperative neuropathological examination has been routinely advocated to increase diagnostic yield, but the procedure lengthens surgical time, may produce false-negative and -positive results, and current biopsy techniques have a very low nondiagnostic rate. Therefore, the authors questioned the need for intraoperative histological evaluation.

Methods
The authors prospectively studied all patients undergoing image-guided biopsy under the care of a single surgeon (P.L.G.) between July 2005 and October 2007. A Stryker neuronavigation system with a trajectory guide was used to plan a single trajectory, and, using a side-cutting biopsy cannula, multiple biopsy samples were taken from between 1 and 4 sites within the tumor. Tissue was inspected macroscopically by the surgeon and was only submitted for neuropathological assessment postoperatively.

Results
One hundred thirty-four biopsies were performed during the study. A positive diagnosis was established in 133 cases (99.3%). One biopsy was negative (0.7%) and postoperative imaging (performed because the tissue was macroscopically normal) demonstrated inaccurate targeting of the lesion. Significant complications were seen in 3 patients (2.2%) who all had preoperative WHO performance scores of III or IV. Two patients suffered delayed deterioration and died due to probable surgical complications—one with thalamic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and one with gliomatosis cerebri. One patient with GBM suffered an intracerebral hematoma that was managed conservatively. Postoperative seizures were seen in 4 patients (3%), and 2 patients (1.5%) experienced a transient neurological deficit. Histological diagnosis showed a GBM in 64 cases, Grade III glioma in 19, Grade I or II in 23, metastasis in 10, lymphoma in 13, and other disease in 4. There were 32 patients discharged to home on the same day as surgery. Compared with the authors' previous retrospective audit into 127 biopsies, this technique showed improved diagnostic yield (99.3 vs 94.5%, p = 0.032) with fewer complications (2.2 vs 4.7% [not statistically significant]).

Conclusions
This technique of image-guided biopsy has high diagnostic yield with acceptably low morbidity and may be performed as a day case. Intraoperative neuropathological examination would not have increased the diagnostic yield further in this study, and its routine use may not be necessary. In the authors' department £70,350 (UK)/$114,522 (US) would have been saved by not using intraoperative neuropathology in this series. Therefore, intraoperative neuropathology should no longer be routinely recommended.
An Experimental Evaluation of Boosting Methods for Classification
Authors: Stollhoff R. , Sauerbrei W. , Schumacher M. 
Published: February 2010

Summary
Objectives: In clinical medicine, the accuracy achieved by classification rules is often not sufficient to justify their use in daily practice. In order to improve classifiers it has become popular to combine single classification rules into a classification ensemble. Two popular boosting methods will be compared with classical statistical approaches.
Methods: Using data from a clinical study on the diagnosis of breast tumors and by simulation we will compare AdaBoost with gradient boosting ensembles of regression trees. We will also consider a tree approach and logistic regression as traditional competitors. In logistic regression we allow to select nonlinear effects by the fractional polynomial approach. Performance of the classifiers will be assessed by estimated misclassification rates and the Brier score.
Results: We will show that boosting of simple base classifiers gives classification rules with improved predictive ability. However, the performance of boosting classifiers was not generally superior to the performance of logistic regression. In contrast to the computer-intensive methods the latter are based on classifiers which are much easier to interpret and to use.
Conclusions: In medical applications, the logistic regression model remains a method of choice or, at least, a serious competitor of more sophisticated techniques. Refinement of boosting methods by using optimized number of boosting steps may lead to further improvement.
Correlation-based Gene Selection and Classification Using Taguchi-BPSO
Authors: Yang C.-S. , Wu K.-C. , Yang C.-H. , Chuang L.-Y. 
Published: February 2010

Summary
Background: Microarray data with reference to gene expression profiles have provided some valuable results related to a variety of problems, and contributed to advances in clinical medicine. Microarray data characteristically have a high dimension and small sample size, which makes it difficult for a general classification method to obtain correct data for classification. However, not every gene is potentially relevant for distinguishing the sample class. Thus, in order to analyze gene expression profiles correctly, feature (gene) selection is crucial for the classification process, and an effective gene extraction method is necessary for eliminating irrelevant genes and decreasing the classification error rate.
Objective: The purpose of gene expression analysis is to discriminate between classes of samples, and to predict the relative importance of each gene for sample classification.
Method: In this paper, correlation-based feature selection (CFS) and Taguchi-binary particle swarm optimization (TBPSO) were combined into a hybrid method, and the K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method served as a classifier for ten gene expression profiles.
Results: Experimental results show that this hybrid method effectively simplifies feature selection by reducing the number of features needed. The classification error rate obtained by the proposed method had the lowest classification error rate for all of the ten gene expression data set problems tested. For six of the gene expression profile data sets a classification error rate of zero could be reached.
Conclusion: The introduced method outperformed five other methods from the literature in terms of classification error rate. It could thus constitute a valuable tool for gene expression analysis in future studies.
Putting Biomedical Ontologies to Work
Authors: Brochhausen M. , Smith B. 
Published: February 2010

Summary
Objectives: Biomedical ontologies exist to serve integration of clinical and experimental data, and it is critical to their success that they be put to widespread use in the annotation of data. How, then, can ontologies achieve the sort of user-friendliness, reliability, cost-effectiveness, and breadth of coverage that is necessary to ensure extensive usage?
Methods: Our focus here is on two different sets of answers to these questions that have been proposed, on the one hand in medicine, by the SNOMED CT community, and on the other hand in biology, by the OBO Foundry. We address more specifically the issue as to how adherence to certain development principles can advance the usability and effectiveness of an ontology or terminology resource, for example by allowing more accurate maintenance, more reliable application, and more efficient interoperation with other ontologies and information resources.
Results: SNOMED CT and the OBO Foundry differ considerably in their general approach. Nevertheless, a general trend towards more formal rigor and cross-domain interoperability can be seen in both and we argue that this trend should be accepted by all similar initiatives in the future.
Conclusions: Future efforts in ontology development have to address the need for harmonization and integration of ontologies across disciplinary borders, and for this, coherent formalization of ontologies is a prerequisite.
Semantic Interoperability Adheres to Proper Models and Code Systems
Authors: Blobel B. , Oemig F. 
Published: February 2010

Summary
Objectives: Achieving semantic interoperability requires not only the use of communication standards like HL7 with its underlying models and specifications, but also to constrain those models to instances including permitted attributes, data types, values and code systems. Even the application of both strategies may lead to different modeling approaches and therefore incompatible results, however.
Methods: This paper analyzes the different ways to create a model exemplified at score and assessment systems.
Results: The different approaches have advantages and disadvantages. The presented results allow for transmitting the same basic information facilitating HL7 v2.x and V3 in a way reducing implementation efforts.
Conclusions: Establishing a generic approach to communicate the details of score systems driven by an appropriate set of codes is the best solution for implementers.
Phase‐Transfer‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of ortho‐Alkynyl Phenyl Ether Derivatives for Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Benzo[b]furans
Authors: Hu Jie , Wu Lu‐Yong , Wang Xiang‐Chuan , Hu Yuan‐Yuan , Niu Yan‐Ning , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Yang Shangdong , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA variety of substituted benzo[b]furans are readily prepared in good to excellent yields under the mild reaction conditions from o‐(1‐alkynylphenoxy)‐1‐phenylethanone under phase‐transfer catalysis (PTC). This methodology accommodates simple experimental operations, inexpensive and environmentally benign catalysts, metal catalyst‐free conditions, facile reagents and the possibility to conduct large‐scale preparations. The development of carbon‐carbon bond formation processes via an overall structural isomerization represents the most atom‐economical approach.
Aerobic Oxidation of Primary Aliphatic Alcohols to Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Palladium(II) Polyoxometalate Catalyst
Authors: Barats Delina , Neumann Ronny 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA hexadecyltrimethylammonium salt of a “sandwich” type polyoxometalate has been used as a ligand to attach a palladium(II) center. This Pd‐POM compound was an active catalyst for the fast aerobic oxidation of alcohols. The unique property of this catalyst is its significant preference for the oxidation of primary versus secondary aliphatic alcohols. Since no kinetic isotope effect was observed for the dehydrogenation step, this may be the result of the intrinsically higher probability for oxidation of primary alcohols attenuated by steric factors as borne out by the higher reactivity of 1‐octanol versus 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol. The reaction is highly selective to aldehyde with little formation of carboxylic acid; autooxidation is inhibited. No base is required to activate the alcohol. The fast reactions appear to be related to the electron‐acceptor nature of the polyoxometalate ligand that may also facilitate alcohol dehydrogenation in the absence of base.
Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Benzimidazoles
Authors: Jin Hongwei , Xu Xiaoliang , Gao Jianrong , Zhong Jianhua , Wang Yanguang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed one‐pot synthesis of functionalized benzimidazoles has been developed. The procedure combines the copper‐catalyzed three‐component cascade reaction of sulfonyl azides, alkynes and 2‐bromoaniline and the copper‐catalyzed intramolecular N‐arylation of sulfonamides in one sequence, which afforded the products in moderate to good yields.
Synthesis of Sulfoximines and Sulfilimines with Aryl and Pyrazolylmethyl Substituents
Authors: Mancheño Olga García , Dallimore Jonathan , Plant Andrew , Bolm Carsten 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSulfoximines bearing pyrazolylmethyl and aryl substituents, which are relevant to the crop protection industry, and their corresponding sulfilimine intermediates, have been prepared from sulfide precursors by either iron‐catalyzed nitrogen transfer reactions or metal‐free imination procedures. Whereas the former approach leads to N‐nosyl‐substituted products, the latter affords N‐cyano derivatives.
Natural history and manifestations of the hypermobility type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome: A pilot study on 21 patients
Authors: Castori Marco , Camerota Filippo , Celletti Claudia , Danese Chiara , Santilli Valter , Saraceni Vincenzo Maria , Grammatico Paola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHypermobility type Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (HT‐EDS) is a relatively frequent, although commonly misdiagnosed variant of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, mainly characterized by marked joint instability and mild cutaneous involvement. Chronic pain, asthenia, and gastrointestinal and pelvic dysfunction are characteristic additional manifestations. We report on 21 HT‐EDS patients selected from a group of 40 subjects with suspected mild hereditary connective tissue disorder. General, mucocutaneous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neurologic, gastrointestinal, urogynecological, and ear–nose–throat abnormalities are investigated systematically and tabulated. Six distinct clinical presentations of HT‐EDS are outlined, whose tabulation is a mnemonic for the practicing clinical geneticist in an attempt to diagnose this condition accurately. With detailed clinical records and phenotype comparison among patients of different ages, the natural history of the disorder is defined. Three phases (namely, hypermobility, pain, and stiffness) are delineated based on distinguishing manifestations. A constellation of additional, apparently uncommon abnormalities is also identified, including dolichocolon, dysphonia, and Arnold–Chiari type I malformation. Their further investigation may contribute to an understanding of the pathogenesis of the protean manifestations of HT‐EDS, and a more effective approach to the evaluation and management of affected individuals. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.