bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BOLD Response During Spatial Working Memory in Youth With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Spadoni Andrea D. , Bazinet Alissa D. , Fryer Susanna L. , Tapert Susan F. , Mattson Sarah N. , Riley Edward P. 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Prenatal alcohol exposure has been consistently linked to neurocognitive deficits and structural brain abnormalities in affected individuals. Structural brain abnormalities observed in regions supporting spatial working memory (SWM) may contribute to observed deficits in visuospatial functioning in youth with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs).Methods:  We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response in alcohol‐exposed individuals during a SWM task. There were 22 young subjects (aged 10–18 years) with documented histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (ALC, n = 10), and age‐ and sex‐matched controls (CON, n = 12). Subjects performed a SWM task during fMRI that alternated between 2‐back location matching (SWM) and simple attention (vigilance) conditions.Results:  Groups did not differ on task accuracy or reaction time to the SWM condition, although CON subjects had faster reaction times during the vigilance condition (617 millisecond vs. 684 millisecond, p = 0.03). Both groups showed similar overall patterns of activation to the SWM condition in expected regions encompassing bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal lobes and parietal areas. However, ALC subjects showed greater BOLD response to the demands of the SWM relative to the vigilance condition in frontal, insular, superior, and middle temporal, occipital, and subcortical regions. CON youth evidenced less increased brain activation to the SWM relative to the vigilance task in these areas (p < 0.05, clusters > 1,664 μl). These differences remained significant after including Full Scale IQ as a covariate. Similar qualitative results were obtained after subjects taking stimulant medication were excluded from the analysis.Conclusions:  In the context of equivalent performance to a SWM task, the current results suggest that widespread increases in BOLD response in youth with FASDs could either indicate decreased efficiency of relevant brain networks, or serve as a compensatory mechanism for deficiency at neural and/or cognitive levels. In context of existing fMRI evidence of heightened prefrontal activation in response to verbal working memory and inhibition demands, the present findings may indicate that frontal structures are taxed to a greater degree during cognitive demands in individuals with FASDs.
Selected Line Difference in the Effects of Ethanol Dependence and Withdrawal on Allopregnanolone Levels and 5α‐Reductase Enzyme Activity and Expression
Authors: Tanchuck Michelle A. , Long Season L. , Ford Matthew M. , Hashimoto Joel , Crabbe John C. , Roselli Charles E. , Wiren Kristine M. , Finn Deborah A. 
Published: September 2009

Background: Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a progesterone derivative that rapidly potentiates γ‐aminobutyric acidA(GABAA) receptor‐mediated inhibition and modulates symptoms of ethanol withdrawal. Because clinical and preclinical data indicate that ALLO levels are inversely related to symptoms of withdrawal, the present studies determined whether ethanol dependence and withdrawal differentially altered plasma and cortical ALLO levels in mice selectively bred for differences in ethanol withdrawal severity and determined whether the alterations in ALLO levels corresponded to a concomitant change in activity and expression of the biosynthetic enzyme 5α‐reductase.Methods: Male Withdrawal Seizure‐Prone (WSP) and ‐Resistant (WSR) mice were exposed to 72 hours ethanol vapor or air and euthanized at select times following removal from the inhalation chambers. Blood was collected for analysis of ALLO and corticosterone levels by radioimmunoassay. Dissected amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain, and cortex as well as adrenals were examined for 5α‐reductase enzyme activity and expression levels.Results: Plasma ALLO was decreased significantly only in WSP mice, and this corresponded to a decrease in adrenal 5α‐reductase expression. Cortical ALLO was decreased up to 54% in WSP mice and up to 46% in WSR mice, with a similar decrease in cortical 5α‐reductase activity during withdrawal in the lines. While cortical gene expression was significantly decreased during withdrawal in WSP mice, there was a 4‐fold increase in expression in the WSR line during withdrawal. Hippocampal 5α‐reductase activity and gene expression was decreased only in dependent WSP mice.Conclusions: These results suggest that there are line and brain regional differences in the regulation of the neurosteroid biosynthetic enzyme 5α‐reductase during ethanol dependence and withdrawal. In conjunction with the finding that WSP mice exhibit reduced sensitivity to ALLO during withdrawal, the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic differences in ethanol withdrawal severity are due, in part, to modulatory effects of GABAergic neurosteroids such as ALLO.
Alcohol and Cognitive Function: Assessment in Everyday Life and Laboratory Settings Using Mobile Phones
Authors: Tiplady Brian , Oshinowo Bami , Thomson Joanne , Drummond Gordon Blair 
Published: September 2009

Background:  Mobile phone (cellphone) technology makes it practicable to assess cognitive function in a natural setting. We assessed this method and compared impairment of performance due to alcohol in everyday life with measurements made in the laboratory.Methods:  Thirty‐eight volunteers (20 male, aged 18–54 years) took part in the everyday study, completing assessments twice a day for 14 days following requests sent by text messages to the mobile phone. Twenty‐six of them (12 male, aged 19–54) took part in a subsequent two‐period crossover lab study comparing alcohol with no alcohol (placebo).Results:  Everyday entries with 5 or more units of alcohol consumed in the past 6 hours (inferred mean blood alcohol concentration 95 ml/100 ml) showed higher scores for errors in tests of attention and working memory compared with entries with no alcohol consumed that day. Response times were impaired for only 1 test, sustained attention to response. The laboratory comparison of alcohol (mean blood alcohol concentration 124 mg/100 ml) with placebo showed impairment to both reaction time and error scores for all tests. A similar degree of subjective drunkenness was reported in both settings.Conclusions:  We found that mobile phones allowed practical research on cognitive performance in an everyday life setting. Alcohol impaired function in both laboratory and everyday life settings at relevant doses of alcohol.
Operant Behavior and Alcohol Levels in Blood and Brain of Alcohol‐Dependent Rats
Authors: Gilpin Nicholas W. , Smith Amanda D. , Cole Maury , Weiss Friedbert , Koob George F. , Richardson Heather N. 
Published: September 2009

Background: The purpose of the present investigation was to more clearly define blood‐alcohol parameters associated with alcohol dependence produced by alcohol vapor inhalation and alcohol‐containing liquid diet.Methods: Alcohol levels in blood and brain were compared during and after 4 hours of acute alcohol vapor exposure; also, brain‐alcohol levels were assessed in alcohol‐exposed (14‐day alcohol vapor) and alcohol‐naïve rats during and after 4 hours of acute alcohol vapor exposure. A separate group of rats were implanted with i.v. catheters, made dependent on alcohol via vapor inhalation, and tested for operant alcohol responding; blood‐alcohol levels (BALs) were measured throughout operant alcohol drinking sessions during alcohol withdrawal. A final group of rats consumed an alcohol‐liquid diet until they were dependent, and those rats were then tested for operant behavior at various withdrawal time points; BALs were measured at different withdrawal time points and after operant sessions.Results: Blood‐ and brain‐alcohol levels responded similarly to vapor, but brain‐alcohol levels peaked at a higher point and more slowly returned to zero in alcohol‐naïve rats relative to alcohol‐exposed rats. Alcohol vapor exposure also produced an upward shift in subsequent operant alcohol responding and resultant BALs. Rats consumed large quantities of alcohol‐liquid diet, most of it during the dark cycle, sufficient to produce high blood‐alcohol levels and elevated operant alcohol responding when tested during withdrawal from liquid diet.Conclusions: These results emphasize that the key determinants of excessive alcohol drinking behavior are the BAL range and pattern of chronic high‐dose alcohol exposure.
Ascorbic acid influences the development and immunocompetence of larval Heliothis virescens
Authors: Popham Holly J. R. , Shelby Kent S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAscorbic acid, known to be a free radical scavenger and vital to insect development, is important in larval resistance to baculovirus infection. We sequentially elevated the ascorbic acid content in an ascorbic acid‐depleted diet and evaluated the effect on larval Heliothis virescens (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) development and immunocompetence. Dietary ascorbic acid levels lower than 0.7 g l−1 slowed the growth rate of larvae, reduced pupal weights significantly, and severely inhibited adult emergence. Larvae developing on ascorbic acid‐free diet experienced far higher levels of mortality following per os infection with virus. Additionally, viral infection in larvae fed an ascorbic acid‐free diet, as monitored by epifluorescence microscopy, showed signs of infection much earlier than larvae fed control levels of ascorbic acid. These results demonstrate an indirect correlation between the level of ascorbic acid in the food stream of larval H. virescens and the susceptibility of the insect to baculoviral infection.
Weed–barley interactions affect plant acceptance by aphids in laboratory and field experiments
Authors: Ninkovic Velemir , Glinwood Robert , Dahlin Iris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIncreased botanical diversity can lead to suppression of insect pests. One route by which botanical diversity is increased in crops is through the occurrence of weeds, which increasingly interact with crop plants as organic production expands. However, the mechanisms by which this might affect insect herbivores are poorly understood. This study examined whether volatile chemical interactions between weeds and barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), can affect plant acceptance by the bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In laboratory experiments, exposure of barley to volatiles from Chenopodium album L. (Amaranthaceae) and Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) resulted in significantly reduced aphid acceptance compared with unexposed plants. In a series of field experiments in which the occurrence of weeds was manipulated in plots of barley, significantly lower aphid acceptance was recorded on barley plants grown in plots with C. album compared with barley plants in weedless plots. The results indicate that interaction between weeds and barley can affect aphid–plant interactions in the field as well as in the laboratory and provide further evidence that the effects of chemical interactions between visibly undamaged plants can extend to higher trophic levels.
Comment on: Tattooing of skin results in transportation and light‐induced decomposition of tattoo pigments
Authors: Jemec Gregor B. E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  Decorative tattoos have become a common feature of many societies. Their popularity appears mainly driven by fashion, and scant attention has been paid to any associated risk. The risks can be associated either with the tattooees’ proclivity for risk taking in general, or with the substances used in the tattoos.It is well established that tattoo pigments wander widely in the body after they have been injected, and research now suggests that azo pigments may become mutagenic after exposure to either natural light or laser light. This may not only affect the risk profile of tattoos themselves, but also tattoo removal using lasers.
Cancellous Bone Block Allografts for the Augmentation of the Anterior Atrophic Maxilla
Authors: Nissan Joseph , Mardinger Ofer , Calderon Shlomo , Romanos George E. , Chaushu Gavriel 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Pre‐implant augmentative surgery is a prerequisite in many cases in the anterior maxilla to achieve a stable, long‐term esthetic final result.Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of ridge augmentation with cancellous freeze‐dried block bone allografts in the anterior atrophic maxilla followed by placement of dental implants.Materials and Methods: Thirty‐one consecutive patients were included in the study. A bony deficiency of at least 3 mm horizontally and up to 3 mm vertically according to computerized tomography (CT) served as inclusion criteria. Sixty‐three implants were inserted after a healing period of 6 months. Nineteen of sixty‐three implants were immediately restored. Bone measurements were taken prior to bone augmentation, during implant placement, and at second‐stage surgery.Results: Forty‐six cancellous allogeneic bone blocks were used. The mean follow‐up was 34 ± 16 months. Mean bone gain was 5 ± 0.5 mm horizontally, and 2 ± 0.5 mm vertically. Mean buccal bone resorption was 0.5 ± 0.5 mm at implant placement, and 0.2 ± 0.2 mm at second‐stage surgery. Mean bone thickness buccal to the implant neck was 2.5 ± 0.5 mm at implant placement, and 2.3 ± 0.2 mm at second‐stage surgery. There was no evidence of vertical bone loss between implant placement and second‐stage surgery. Block and implant survival rates were 95.6 and 98%, respectively. All patients received a fixed implant‐supported prosthesis.Conclusion: Cancellous block allografts appear to hold promise for grafting the anterior atrophic maxilla.
Care and Aftercare Related to Implant‐Retained Dental Crowns in the Maxillary Aesthetic Region: A 5‐Year Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Visser Anita , Raghoebar Gerry M. , Meijer Henny J.A. , Meijndert Leo , Vissink Arjan 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTAim: To prospectively assess surgical and prosthetic care and aftercare related to the placement of implant‐retained dental crowns after local bone augmentation in patients missing one tooth in the maxillary aesthetic region.Methods: Ninety‐three patients were randomly allocated to one of three local augmentation groups: (1) chin bone; (2) chin bone covered by a Bio‐Gide® membrane (Geistlich, Wolhusen, Switzerland); and (3) Bio‐Oss® covered by a Bio‐Gide® membrane. After local augmentation, implant placement (ITI) and fabrication of an implant‐retained dental crown (cemented metal‐ceramic dental crown) was performed. Prosthetic and surgical care and aftercare was scored from the first visit until 5 years after the augmentation of the implant region.Results: The need for care and aftercare was comparable between the local augmentation groups. Three implants were lost (5‐year implant survival rate: 96.7%). Surgical aftercare was needed in 9% of patients and consisted of care related to peri‐implant tissue problems. Prosthetic aftercare was needed more often: all patients needed periodic routine inspections; 63% needed supplemental oral hygiene support; and 16% needed additional prosthetic care, mainly consisting of fabricating new crowns (12%).Conclusion: Placing an implant in the maxillary esthetic region after local bone augmentation is a safe and reliable treatment option not needing much specific aftercare other than periodic preventive routine inspections, routine oral hygiene care, and fabrication of a new crown in one out of every eight to nine patients in 5 years. The method used for augmentation was irrespective of the patients' need for aftercare.
Early Loading after 21 Days of Healing of Nonsubmerged Titanium Implants with a Chemically Modified Sandblasted and Acid‐Etched Surface: Two‐Year Results of a Prospective Two‐Center Study
Authors: Morton Dean , Bornstein Michael M. , Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela , Martin William C. , Ruskin James D. , Hart Christopher N. , Buser Daniel 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of this two‐center study was to evaluate screw‐type titanium implants with a chemically modified, sandblasted and acid‐etched surface when placed in the posterior maxilla or mandible, and loaded 21 days after placement.Material and Methods: All 56 patients met strict inclusion criteria and provided informed consent. Each patient displayed either a single‐tooth gap, an extended edentulous space, or a distal extension situation in the posterior mandible or maxilla. Eighty‐nine dental implants (SLActive®, Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) were inserted according to an established nonsubmerged protocol and underwent undisturbed healing for a period of 21 days. Where appropriate, the implants were loaded after 21 days of healing with provisional restorations in full occlusion. Definitive metal ceramic restorations were fabricated and positioned on each implant after 6 months of healing. Clinical measurements regarding soft tissue parameters and radiographs were obtained at different time points up to 24 months after implant placement.Results: Of the 89 inserted implants, two (2.2%) implants failed to integrate and were removed during healing, and two (2.2%) additional implants required a prolonged healing time. A total of 85 (95.6%) implants were therefore loaded without incident after 21 days of healing. No additional implant was lost throughout the study period, whereas one implant was lost to follow‐up and therefore left unaccounted for further analysis. The remaining 86 implants all exhibited favorable radiographic and clinical findings. Based on strict success criteria, these implants were considered successfully integrated 2 years after insertion, resulting in a 2‐year success rate of 97.7%.Conclusion: The results of this prospective two‐center study demonstrate that titanium implants with a modified SLA surface can predictably achieve successful tissue integration when loaded in full occlusion 21 days after placement. Integration could be maintained without incident for at least 2 years of follow‐up.
Beyond Just Research: Experiences from Southern Africa in Developing Social Learning Partnerships for Resource Conservation Initiatives
Authors: Shackleton Charlie M. , Cundill Georgina , Knight Andrew T. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThere is a well‐acknowledged communication or knowledge gap between scientists and decision‐makers. Many scientists who take on the challenge of narrowing this gap operate on the understanding that their role is to communicate their findings in a one‐way flow of information: from science to decision‐makers. However, to be effective scientists must engage in an ongoing social learning process with decision‐makers, and regard themselves as facilitators, and also as one among many stakeholders who have valid and important ecological knowledge. The developing world poses some particular challenges in this regard, specifically in terms of the large number of local level subsistence resources users who are importantde factodecision‐makers. We examine four natural resource management case studies from South Africa that differ in spatial scale and complexity, ranging from a single village to a whole biome. We distil seven lessons to help guide development of social learning processes and organizations in similar situations relating to natural resource planning and management. The lessons pertain to: maintaining ‘key individuals’ within social learning processes; the role of researchers; the formulation of research questions that social learning processes require adaptive long‐term funding and capacity support; that local resource users are key decision‐makers in developing countries; some perspectives on knowledge; and the need to measure research success.
Out of the Loop: Why Research Rarely Reaches Policy Makers and the Public and What Can be Done
Authors: Shanley Patricia , López Citlalli 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTMost of the world's population that derives their livelihoods or part of their livelihoods from forests are out of the information loop. Exclusion of public users of natural resources from access to scientific research results is not an oversight; it is a systemic problem that has costly ramifications for conservation and development. Results of a survey of 268 researchers from 29 countries indicate that institutional incentives support the linear, top‐down communication of results through peer‐reviewed journal articles, which often guarantees positive performance measurement. While the largest percentage of respondents (34%) ranked scientists as the most important audience for their work, only 15 percent of respondents considered peer‐reviewed journals effective in promoting conservation and/or development. Respondents perceived that local initiatives (27%) and training (16%) were likely to lead to success in conservation and development; but few scientists invest in these activities. Engagement with the media (5%), production of training and educational materials (4%) and popular publications (5%) as outlets for scientific findings was perceived as inconsequential (<14%) in measuring scientific performance. Less than 3 percent of respondents ranked corporate actors as an important audience for their work. To ensure science is shared with those who need it, a shift in incentive structures is needed that rewards actual impact rather than only ‘high‐impact’ journals. Widely used approaches and theoretical underpinnings from the social sciences, which underlie popular education and communication for social change, could enhance communication by linking knowledge and action in conservation biology.
Synthesis: Sharing Ecological Knowledge—The Way Forward
Authors: Born Julia , Boreux Virginie , Lawes Michael J. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTKnowledge sharing between scientists and nonscientist stakeholders is necessary to implement research findings in an appropriate and effective manner within the context of the environment and conservation sectors. Yet scientific ecological knowledge is rarely shared and transferred effectively. This special section has addressed a number of opportunities and barriers to the improvement of scientific communication and knowledge transfer with respect to environmental management in tropical settings. A main challenge is seen in creating a research ‘impact‐metric’ system, which is fundamental to foster knowledge sharing with institutional research incentives. Partnering with local institutions and research centers as well as participatory research methods will promote effective knowledge exchange. Research relevance and impact will be improved by matching interdisciplinary research with local capacity building and support through research activities. We conclude that training the next generation of tropical biologists through more effective knowledge sharing will be crucial to the long term success of scientifically based environmental management in tropical regions.
Turbulent magnetic reconnection in two dimensions
Authors: Loureiro N. F. , Uzdensky D. A. , Schekochihin A. A. , Cowley S. C. , Yousef T. A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Two-dimensional numerical simulations of the effect of background turbulence on two-dimensional resistive magnetic reconnection are presented. For sufficiently small values of the resistivity (η) and moderate values of the turbulent power (ε), the reconnection rate is found to have a much weaker dependence on η than the Sweet–Parker scaling of η1/2 and is even consistent with an η independent value. For a given value of η, the dependence of the reconnection rate on the turbulent power exhibits a critical threshold in ε above which the reconnection rate is significantly enhanced.