bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marketing and Distribution
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The origins of “modern” marketing are connected to increase in real wages, the choices generated by disposable incomes, transport and communication systems, the building of national markets, and urbanization. If the economic and social opportunities were to be fulfilled, businesses needed to innovate products and systems, and they succeeded with the manufacturing and distribution of standardized goods. The assumption of the marketing orientation, which started with the wishes of consumers, was a response by many leading enterprises to the greater individual spending power of the consumer. In several important cases, it brought the increasing segmentation of formerly homogenous markets. Market research assisted the process of product development, and the use of psychological analysis challenged the simplicities of “narrow” economics.
Accounting, Information, and Communication Systems
Authors: Boyns Trevor 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between the historical development of accounting, information, and communication systems and business organizations since the late eighteenth century. Its findings are based largely on research conducted by accounting and business historians during the last quarter of the century, a period in which accounting history, once a niche area of research heavily focused on the development of double-entry bookkeeping, has been brought more firmly into the business-history fold. This reflects the work of those historians who have focused their attention on the development of cost/management accounting practices within firms, and the “new” accounting historians who have examined the wider relationship between accounting and the organizations and society within which it is embedded.
Political Psychology and Choice
Authors: Mutz Diana C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses political psychology and choice, starting with an overview of the recent emphasis on the importance of emotion in understanding political choices. This is followed by a discussion of the research that deals with the ability of citizens to process information without any bias. It then highlights the contributions of methodological innovations to an understanding of political psychology. The article concludes with several reflections on the political psychologists' emphasis on the importance of information, cognition, and rationality in research for the past few decades.
Individual Modernity
Authors: Welzel Christian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the concept of individual modernity, which deals with the psychological characteristics that are supposed to become dominant among individuals as societies undergo modernization. It discusses the individual modernity scale, which helps measure specifically modern psychological orientations among individuals. Civic culture and individual modernity is discussed further in the article. The two variants of modernity, theories of modern value change, and the two sets of modern values are some of the other topics covered in the article.
Democratization: Perspectives from Global Citizenries
Authors: Shin Doh Chull 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article presents an analysis that highlights the regional differences in institutional and cultural dynamics, by comparing the reactions of citizens to democratic change across these regions. It explains the notion of democratization and also clarifies several key conceptual issues. It studies the evolution of the current wave of global democratization, which was popularized by Huntington as a third wave. How citizen involvement in democratic regime change has affected the survival and growth of new democracies is also examined. The article also presents comparisons of the levels of popular demands for and institutional supplies of democracy, and the breadth, strength, and depth of popular commitment to democracy.
Political Representation and Democracy
Authors: Weßels Bernhard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses political representation and democracy, and argues that the character and quality of policy representation varies. These would depend on the institutional settings of democracies — the candidate selection and the electoral system — where the institutions provide incentives or disincentives for representatives to be responsive. The article explores the theoretical backbone of political representation and presents a review of related literature, with regards to the impact of institutions on representatives, their relation with voters, and policy representation.
The Socialization of Epistemology
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article analyses the so-called socialization of epistemology and its relevance in political analysis. It criticizes the type of objectivity portrayed in the television show Dragnet and discusses the social ecology of objectivity and attempts to naturalize the study of knowledge. It argues that epistemology has political value and that it is important to understand the social dimensions of knowing to become the kind of knowers crucial to the health of a democratic society. It explains that false epistemologies can be and are used as ideological tools that degrade our social situation.
Political Ontology
Authors: Hay Colin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the relevance of ontology to political analysis. It explains that as political science became more reflexive and less confident that it was before, ontological concerns have increasingly come to the fore. It stresses the fact that no political analysis has ever been ontologically neutral. It discusses the concept of political ontology, the status of ontological claims, and ontological disputes in political analysis. It also highlights the consistent disparity between the often tacit and normalized analytical assumptions of existing mainstream approaches to political analysis and those which emerge from sustained ontological reflection.
Mistaken Ideas and Their Effects
Authors: Clarke Lee 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the negative effects of mistaken ideas focusing on the case of the history of U.S. nuclear war planning and diplomacy. It suggests that nuclear war planning and nuclear war talking were poorly coordinated and there was no overarching coordination of the two systems, which allowed each to be driven by different dynamics, with different audiences for their actions and different environmental constraints. Deterrence rhetoric was also used misleadingly to try to convince audiences that America's war planning was animated by rational, intellectual considerations. That rhetoric was aimed at misleading domestic and foreign audiences into believing that civilian politicians both were in control of nuclear weapons and understood the technologies they had at their disposal.
Language, Its Stakes, and Its Effects
Authors: Gal Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article aims to illustrate how linguistic practices affect politics, focusing on the naturalization of institutional power through linguistic means. It considers how narratives, frames, and discursive genres of various kinds are used in public events to construct and occasionally subvert popular understandings of political processes. It discusses the so-called linguistic nationalism, the effects of state actions on the linguistic usages of their populations, and talks about how linguistic repertoires and language ideologies of speakers oriented not to states but to global networks that are outside the purview of standardization.
Historical Knowledge and Evidence
Authors: Franzosi Roberto 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article analyses the importance of evidence and historical knowledge in contextual political analysis focusing on the works of historian Carlo Ginzburg. It suggests that the works of Ginzburg, his methodological and his epistemological writings, and autobiographical considerations raise many questions and doubts concerning the issues of historical knowledge and evidence. It discusses the skill of Ginzburg as a master storyteller and highlights the difference between historians and social scientists in terms of their opinion about facts, evidence, and data.
Why and How Place Matters
Authors: Therborn Göran 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the importance of the concept of place in politics. It discusses the origins of place and the ancient tradition in politics and suggests that place matters in three kinds of politics: democratic, military, and symbolic. It explains that places mold actors, structure their life chances, and provide them with identities and traditions of social and political action. Places are strategic sites of action and the creation, development, or destruction of places form an important part in political agendas.
Population Composition as an Object of Political Struggle
Authors: Kertzer David I. , Arel Dominique 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the conception of population composition as an object of political struggle. It acknowledges that census holds a powerful sway over political analysts and explains that census becomes a political battleground not due to vitiation of what should be a technical exercise, but rather because of its fundamental role in representing groups. It identifies the agents of category construction in census and describes the three models of linking state-recognized identity categories to political power and evaluates their application to Soviet ethnogenesis. It suggests that the decision to categorize the composition of a population along cultural markers, and the formulation of these categories are political choices and that the affirmation of an identity by an individual on the census, within the repertoire offered, is a matter of choice.
Duchamp's Urinal: Who Says What's Rational When Things Get Tough?
Authors: Apter David E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the relevance of discourse in politics taking Duchamp's urinal as an example. It suggests that discourse is not a major concern in social and political analysis and proposes that discourse theory is more than an addendum to political science. It attempts to make the case that discourse theory is, for political analysis a way of understanding those aspects of politics that have to do with context and meaning. It analyses how events are endowed with meaning and examines in these terms how discourse becomes a source as well as a means of political power.
The Behavioral Revolution and the Remaking of Comparative Politics
Authors: Pye Lucian 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article analyses the emergence of the behavioural approach in comparative politics after World War 2. The behavioural approach had four significant dimensions. These are the emphasis on methodology upon quantification and the statistical analysis of data sets, the recognition that all political acts involve choices by specific agents or decision, and the uninhibited exploration of the concepts and findings of the other social sciences. This article describes the factors that triggered the so-called behavioural revolution in comparative politics including the stress between universal and contextualized knowledge, work on political development and modernization theory, and the Social Science Research Council's (SSRC) establishment of the Committee on Comparative Politics.
Material Evidence (1): Archaeology
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article on material evidence for early Christianity begins with examples of the intersection of archaeology, pseudo-archaeology, and media attention. Such instances demonstrate that the study of the early Christian material record frequently excites extraordinary emotions. While such concerns will be attached particularly to discoveries associated with the period of the New Testament, the study of early Christian archaeology as a whole has often been held in tension between what might be termed ‘dogmatic concerns’ and ‘scientific archaeology’. While the discussion surveys the range of archaeological evidence for early Christianity and the potential avenues of inquiry that it opens up for modern scholars, it also offers a critical summary of how the study of early Christian archaeology has developed, and how interpretations have often been driven by interests extraneous to the evidence itself.
Palaeography and Codicology
Authors: Mathisen Ralph W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The study of both Greek and Latin palaeography was furthered by the publication of many manuscript facsimiles beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, and of indexes of manuscript catalogues and microfilm catalogues in the twentieth. The study of papyrus documents has its own sub-discipline: papyrology. Codicology, on the other hand, studies the materials from which books were constructed. Diplomatics studies the provenance (origin) of charters and archival documents. Taken together, codicology and palaeography have much to tell about how early Christian writings were preserved from antiquity until the modern day. Materials that were used for bookmaking included papyrus, wax tablets, parchment, and vellum. They were fabricated into books in two formats: the scroll and the codex.
The West (1): Italy, Gaul, and Spain
Authors: Humphries Mark 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
For centuries, the historiographical model of Gregory of Tours has dominated efforts to trace the history of Christianity in western Europe. However, even where archaeological evidence was admitted, it tended to be considered within a theological framework. These days, the approach to the evidence is altogether more sophisticated: all forms of evidence are considered as much as possible in the context of the societies in which they were produced. This article capitalizes on these new approaches and challenges traditional accounts of the development of Christianity in western Europe that emphasize ecclesiastical structures for their own sake. It aims to locate the history of early western Christianity – and not just the Church – in the social contexts in which it evolved and to illuminate its development by appealing to the widest range of sources possible.
The East (1): Greece and Asia Minor
Authors: Van Dam Raymond 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The apostle Paul was primarily responsible for the initial introduction of Christianity in western, central, and southern Asia Minor and in the Greek peninsula. During the mid-first century his evangelism had taken him from the first communities of Christians in Palestine and Syria as far as the northern frontier regions in the Balkans. Paul's writings were even more influential; in particular, his letters were included in the canon of the New Testament, along with the Gospels and Acts of the Apostles. As a result, while the Gospels of course highlighted Jesus's ministry in Palestine, much of the rest of the New Testament represented the concerns of early Christian communities in Asia Minor and Greece. Asia Minor in particular retained its vital importance in eastern Christianity for centuries, producing several of the major theologians of late antiquity.
The Biblical Canon
Authors: Holmes Michael W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractChristianity has, for much of its history, worked with a closed canon of scripture, ‘canon’ in the sense of a clearly defined and authoritative list of writings considered to be scripture. In such circumstances, every document that is viewed as ‘scripture’ is at the same time also considered to be ‘canonical’. After defining key terms, this article discusses Jewish Scriptures in early Christianity such as the canon of the Septuagint, and the formation of a Second Testament in early Christianity. A significant portion of the Christian scriptures was taken over from the Jewish milieu out of which the Christian movement emerged.
Women and Gender
Authors: Kraemer Ross S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEmerging scholarship in the late 1970s was beginning to inquire about the reliability of ancient male depictions of women, and about how male interests might shape their representations of female experience. The section on the history of scholarship would thus have been relatively brief, particularly if the emphasis was on scholarship of the last several decades. This article deals with several overlapping issues, including prosopographic work (the identification of particular actual ancient Christian women); the reconstruction of the activities and beliefs of Christian women; an analysis of those activities and beliefs from the perspective of the study of religions more broadly and theoretically; and a consideration of specifically Christian constructions of gender within the broader discourses of gender in the ancient world.
Apologetics
Authors: Edwards Mark 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In Greek forensic usage, an ‘apology’ (apologia) is a formal speech on behalf of the defendant. The first surviving works to bear this title professed to be records of the speech delivered by Socrates in reply to a capital charge in 399 BCE. The autobiographical element dominates the apologies of Lucian, Apuleius, and Libanius, all conceived in imitation of Plato's Socrates, though none of these erudite sophists seems to have shared his desire to convert the audience to philosophy. Christians, on the other hand, being ambassadors for Christ in court, as elsewhere, could not fulfil the injunction to ‘give an apology for the hope that is in you’ without pronouncing judgement on their own judges. No distinction between polemic, protreptic, and apologetic appears to have been observed by the early Christians, least of all by those who consciously aped the rhetoric of the schools.
Martyr Passions and Hagiography
Authors: Harvey Susan Ashbrook 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA large body of literature survives from the early Christian period, devoted first to accounts of martyrdom suffered on behalf of the emerging religion and then to lives of exemplary Christian witness. They appeared in every language of the early Christian period, establishing literary traditions that flourished throughout the medieval and Byzantine periods, and even today. These texts have an importance for early Christian studies separate from their role in the cult of saints, and their study has its own scholarly issues. This article addresses these literary concerns, rather than those related to the cult of saints. ‘Hagiography’ is an umbrella term covering writings about holy persons. By the Middle Ages, it was a particular literary form: the ‘Life’, or vita, of a saint, distinct from the martyr's ‘passion’, the account of a martyr's suffering death.
Poetry and Hymnography (2): The Greek World
Authors: McGuckin J. A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Greek Christian hymns are a massive part of the surviving literary record of the early church, but have rarely attracted the level of scholarly attention that they deserve. This article discusses Greek hymnody; the classical origins of the Greek Christian hymns; the Bible and the ancient liturgy; stages of Syrian influence on Byzantine hymnography; hymns of the heterodox–orthodox Struggles; littérateur poets in Greek late antiquity; and the flowering of Byzantine hymnography in the sixth to eleventh Centuries. In Greek hymnody, one can see creed, antiphon, poem, prayer, song, and sacrament welded to form a seamless unity: here Byzantine theology, mysticism, and liturgical chant merge into a profound symbiosis in a programme that already consciously understood itself to be a theology of beauty and of culture. The ancient hymn is thus a potent symbol, still awaiting its full articulation.
Poetry and Hymnography (3): Syriac
Authors: Brock Sebastian P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPoetry has always played a very important role in the history of Syriac literature, and even today, collections of poems by contemporary authors continue to appear. Verse can often also serve as the vehicle for instruction, the most notable example of which is the thirteenth-century polymath Bar 'Ebroyo's verse Grammar. But, it is above all in the writings of some of the great authors of the fourth to sixth centuries, and in the liturgical tradition, that Syriac poetry has found its finest expression. This article discusses Ephrem' s madrashe, metres, the narrative memre, dialogue poems, the later liturgical traditions, and translation into and out of Greek.
Christian Initiation
Authors: Johnson Maxwell E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
To study the rites of Christian initiation in the early church is to encounter not one but several liturgical traditions in development. This article seeks to provide an introductory overview of the sources, issues, and problems encountered in the development and interpretation of the rites of Christian initiation within early Christianity. It proceeds in two parts: from the first century to the Council of Nicaea; and from the Council of Nicaea to Augustine of Hippo. Augustine of Hippo serves as a fitting conclusion to this focus since, as a result of his controversies with both Donatism and Pelagianism, a new article in Christian initiation begins and continues throughout the medieval and even Reformation periods of church history.
Eucharistic Liturgy
Authors: Sheerin Daniel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the eucharistic nomenclature; the primitive eucharist; the eucharistic liturgy of Rome in c.150; the ‘classic’ eucharist; the frequency of the eucharist; communion apart from the eucharistic liturgy; teaching the eucharist; regulating the eucharist; the eucharist in material culture; and areas for new research. The Didache mentions perennial features of the eucharist that came to stand for the eucharistic liturgy as a whole. But the term ‘eucharist’ designated both the ritual and its object, the consecrated bread and wine. Areas for new research include eucharistic discourse, performance theory, spectacle studies, and the composition of the eucharistic assembly and foci of its attention.
Interpretation of Scripture
Authors: Young Frances 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Now that ‘reception history’ has become a significant feature of biblical studies, there is renewed interest in the interpretation of scripture in the period of the so-called fathers of the church. Indeed, this shift means that, before embarking on a project in this area, the investigator needs to understand the enormous intellectual change that has occurred over the past generation, not least so as to be able to assess material offered in secondary sources against the date and context of the scholarly contribution. This article begins with a discussion of the most notable studies of the past half-century, in order to plot the shifts in assumptions and models brought to the analysis of exegetical method. It then outlines the significance of scripture in the life of the early church; the range of primary source material; and potential research topics in this area.
Christ and Christologies
Authors: Daley Brian E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
It seems a truism to say that Christology – the interpretation of the person of Jesus in the light of the Christian canon of scripture, and of the tradition which receives it – is what early Christianity, at its heart, is all about. It was because of their understanding of who and what Jesus was that the first few generations of Christians gradually came to see themselves as forming a distinct body within the religious tradition of Israel. Christology lies at the heart of the developing worship, life, and thought of the early church, even as its vocabulary and concepts grew and changed. At the same time, the development of new theological perspectives and interests has prompted modern interpreters of the history of Christian faith to ask different questions, and to look for different answers, from those their teachers had proposed in the early decades of the twentieth century.