bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governance in the Post‐War City: Historical Reflections on Public–Private Partnerships in the UK
Authors: Shapely Peter 
Published: February 2012

AbstractPartnerships between the public and private sectors have been a central feature in the development of British cities since the nineteenth century. Many major civic projects, transport links and even industrial estates have been successfully completed thanks to government, central and local, working with private interests, developers and investors. After the second world war, however, these partnerships became fundamental to the redevelopment of urban Britain. While the state provided legislation, finance and policy directives, local government worked with the private sector to build social housing, new roads and schools. However, the council also relied on private investment to transform tired city centres by building new shopping centres, hotels and office blocks. While contemporary studies recognize the importance of these partnerships in the growth of cities since the 1980s, this article will look at their significance in a broader historical perspective, highlighting the pivotal role they played from the 1950s to the 1970s, and assessing their relevance not simply in terms of the material redevelopment of the built environment but also in what is revealed about urban governance.RésuméLes partenariats public‐privé ont marqué l’évolution des villes britanniques depuis le dix‐neuvième siècle. Beaucoup de grands projets municipaux, de liaisons de transport et même de zones industrielles ont été réalisés avec succès grâce à un gouvernement, central ou local, travaillant avec des acteurs privés, promoteurs et investisseurs. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, ces partenariats sont devenus essentiels à la rénovation de la Grande‐Bretagne urbaine. Tandis que l’État apportait le cadre législatif, le financement et les directives politiques, les autorités territoriales coopéraient avec le secteur privé pour construire logements sociaux, nouvelles routes et écoles. Cependant, le pouvoir local s’est aussi appuyé sur l’investissement privé pour transformer des centres‐villes défraîchis en centres commerciaux, hôtels et quartiers d’affaires nouveaux. Les études contemporaines reconnaissent l’importance de ces partenariats pour la croissance des villes depuis les années 1980, mais cet article s’attachera à leur place dans une perspective historique plus large, soulignant le rôle décisif qu’ils ont joués entre les années 1950 et 1970, et appréciant leur pertinence non seulement en termes de réaménagement physique de l’environnement construit, mais aussi par ce qu’ils révèlent sur la gouvernance urbaine.
An integrated approach to optimizing skin delivery of cosmetic and pharmaceutical actives
Authors: Abbott S. 
Published: February 2012

SynopsisThe academic literature on skin delivery provides countless examples of scientific insights into specific aspects of the overall process. For the practical formulator, however, it is difficult to know how to combine such insights in a way that fits into the realities of commercial formulations. In this study, five key principles are combined into an integrated approach that can be applied to real‐world formulations. Given the complexities of skin science, the integrated approach cannot be expected to be highly precise. Instead, it is intended as a way for a formulation team to balance the many conflicting issues. The predictions are sufficiently specific to be examined by those with the appropriate analytical resources and data on formulation efficacy. It is hoped that such challenges will allow the approach to be refined for the future.
Regional brain wave activity changes associated with fatigue
Authors: Craig Ashley , Tran Yvonne , Wijesuriya Nirupama , Nguyen Hung 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAssessing brain wave activity is a viable strategy for monitoring fatigue when performing tasks such as driving, and numerous studies have been conducted in this area. However, results of a systematic review on changes in brain wave activity associated with fatigue have revealed equivocal findings. This study investigated brain wave activity associated with fatigue in 48 nonprofessional healthy drivers as they participated in a simulated driving task until they fatigued. The results showed that as a person fatigues, slow wave activity increased over the entire cortex, in theta and in alpha 1 and 2 bands, while no significant changes were found in delta wave activity. Substantial increases also occurred in fast wave activity, though mostly in frontal sites. The results suggest that as a person fatigues, the brain loses capacity and slows its activity, and that attempts to maintain vigilance levels lead to increased beta activity.
Regional differences in Dutch maternal mortality
Authors: de Graaf JP , Schutte JM , Poeran JJ , van Roosmalen J , Bonsel GJ , Steegers EAP 
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as: de Graaf J, Schutte J, Poeran J, van Roosmalen J, Bonsel G, Steegers E. Regional differences in Dutch maternal mortality. BJOG 2012;119:582–588.Objective  To study regional differences in maternal mortality in the Netherlands.Design  Confidential inquiry into the causes of maternal mortality.Setting  Nationwide.Population  A total of 3 108 235 live births and 337 maternal deaths.Methods  Data analysis of all maternal deaths in the period 1993–2008.Main outcome measure  Maternal mortality.Results  The overall national maternal mortality ratio was 10.8 per 100 000 live births. In the 12 provinces of the Netherlands, the maternal mortality ratio ranged from 6.2 in Noord Brabant to 16.3 per 100 000 live births in Zeeland. In the four largest cities, maternal mortality varied from 9.3 in Amsterdam to 21.0 in Rotterdam. At a national level, the most frequent direct cause was pre‐eclampsia. Increased risks for maternal mortality were found for women living in deprived neighbourhoods (RR 1.41), women from non‐Western origin (RR 1.59), and women who were 35 years or older (RR 1.61).Conclusion  There are significant variations in maternal mortality ratios in the Netherlands between cities, provinces, and neighbourhoods. In addition, higher maternal mortality was observed in women of non‐Western origin and in women who were 35 years of age or older.
Spinal muscular atrophy pathogenic mutations impair the axonogenic properties of axonal‐survival of motor neuron
Authors: Locatelli Denise , d’Errico Paolo , Capra Silvia , Finardi Adele , Colciaghi Francesca , Setola Veronica , Terao Mineko , Garattini Enrico , Battaglia Giorgio 
Published: February 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 465–474.AbstractThe axonal survival of motor neuron (a‐SMN) protein is a truncated isoform of SMN1, the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) disease gene. a‐SMN is selectively localized in axons and endowed with remarkable axonogenic properties. At present, the role of a‐SMN in SMA is unknown. As a first step to verify a link between a‐SMN and SMA, we investigated by means of over‐expression experiments in neuroblastoma‐spinal cord hybrid cell line (NSC34) whether SMA pathogenic mutations located in the N‐terminal part of the protein affected a‐SMN function. We demonstrated here that either SMN1 missense mutations or small intragenic re‐arrangements located in the Tudor domain consistently altered the a‐SMN capability of inducing axonal elongation in vitro. Mutated human a‐SMN proteins determined in almost all NSC34 motor neurons the growth of short axons with prominent morphologic abnormalities. Our data indicate that the Tudor domain is critical in dictating a‐SMN function possibly because it is an association domain for proteins involved in axon growth. They also indicate that Tudor domain mutations are functionally relevant not only for FL‐SMN but also for a‐SMN, raising the possibility that also a‐SMN loss of function may contribute to the pathogenic steps leading to SMA.
Modelling chestnut biogeography for American chestnut restoration
Authors: Fei Songlin , Liang Liang , Paillet Frederick L. , Steiner Kim C. , Fang Jingyun , Shen Zehao , Wang Zhiheng , Hebard Frederick V. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim Chestnuts (Castaneaspp.) are ecologically and economically important species. We studied the general biology, distribution and climatic limits of seven chestnut species from around the world. We provided climatic matching of Asiatic species to North America to assist the range‐wide restoration of American chestnut [C. dentata(Marsh.) Borkh.] by incorporating blight‐resistant genes from Asiatic species.Location North America, Europe and East Asia.Methods General chestnut biology was reviewed on the basis of published literature and field observations. Chestnut distributions were established using published range maps and literature. Climatic constraints were analysed for the northern and southern distribution limits and the entire range for each species using principal component analysis (PCA) of fourteen bioclimatic variables. Climatic envelope matching was performed for three Chinese species using Maxent modelling to predict corresponding suitable climate zones for those species in North America.Results Chestnuts are primarily distributed in the warm‐temperate and subtropical zones in the northern hemisphere. PCA results revealed that thermal gradient was the primary control of chestnut distribution. Climatic spaces of different species overlap with one another to different degrees, but strong similarities are shown especially between Chinese species and American species. Climatic envelope matching suggested that large areas in eastern North America have a favourable climate for Chinese species.Main conclusions The general biological traits and climatic limits of the seven chestnut species are very similar. The predictions of Chinese species climatic range corresponded with most of the historical American chestnut range. Thus, a regionally adapted, blight‐resistant, introgressed hybrid American chestnut appears feasible if a sufficiently diverse array of Chinese chestnut germplasm is used as a source of blight resistance. Our study provided a between‐continent climate matching approach to facilitate the range‐wide species restoration, which can be readily applied in planning the restoration of other threatened or endangered species.
Surveillance for threatened and invasive species when uncertainty is severe
Authors: Thompson Colin J. , Cannon Rob M. , Burgman Mark A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim  This study develops methods for efficient surveillance and monitoring systems to address a wide range of problems in biosecurity, ecology and conservation biology. It focuses especially on surveillance systems relevant for management that aims to reduce trade in threatened species and curb the spread of potential pests and diseases.Location  Melbourne, Australia.Methods  This paper develops different approaches to make decisions about the allocation of resources that aim to avoid unacceptable outcomes. The analysis solves for the optimal allocation of surveillance effort in each of two facilities as a function of the arrival rates of invasive species in two facilities (that is, when the arrival rates are known). However, when arrival rates are unknown, it is not possible to solve for this optimum. The analysis also provides a satisficing approach for situations in which arrival rates are unknown, in which a degree of tolerance for deviating from the optimal solution is specified.Results  The study provides simple analytical solutions to these two problems, analogous to results developed earlier in operations research. The analysis is illustrated with an example of the inspection of quarantine facilities for pests and diseases associated with trade.Main conclusions  The best surveillance strategy depends on the choice of an objective function and the attitude of the decision‐maker to the robustness of the decision. The example application could be adapted to many other environmental surveillance scenarios.
Traits related to species persistence and dispersal explain changes in plant communities subjected to habitat loss
Authors: Marini Lorenzo , Bruun Hans Henrik , Heikkinen Risto K. , Helm Aveliina , Honnay Olivier , Krauss Jochen , Kühn Ingolf , Lindborg Regina , Pärtel Meelis , Bommarco Riccardo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAim  Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of biodiversity loss but it is insufficiently known how much its effects vary among species with different life‐history traits; especially in plant communities, the understanding of the role of traits related to species persistence and dispersal in determining dynamics of species communities in fragmented landscapes is still limited. The primary aim of this study was to test how plant traits related to persistence and dispersal and their interactions modify plant species vulnerability to decreasing habitat area and increasing isolation.Location  Five regions distributed over four countries in Central and Northern Europe.Methods  Our dataset was composed of primary data from studies on the distribution of plant communities in 300 grassland fragments in five regions. The regional datasets were consolidated by standardizing nomenclature and species life‐history traits and by recalculating standardized landscape measures from the original geographical data. We assessed the responses of plant species richness to habitat area, connectivity, plant life‐history traits and their interactions using linear mixed models.Results  We found that the negative effect of habitat loss on plant species richness was pervasive across different regions, whereas the effect of habitat isolation on species richness was not evident. This area effect was, however, not equal for all the species, and life‐history traits related to both species persistence and dispersal modified plant sensitivity to habitat loss, indicating that both landscape and local processes determined large‐scale dynamics of plant communities. High competitive ability for light, annual life cycle and animal dispersal emerged as traits enabling species to cope with habitat loss.Main conclusions  In highly fragmented rural landscapes in NW Europe, mitigating the spatial isolation of remaining grasslands should be accompanied by restoration measures aimed at improving habitat quality for low competitors, abiotically dispersed and perennial, clonal species.
Scale‐dependent post‐establishment spread and genetic diversity in an invading mollusc in South America
Authors: Zhan Aibin , Perepelizin Pablo V. , Ghabooli Sara , Paolucci Esteban , Sylvester Francisco , Sardiña Paula , Cristescu Melania E. , MacIsaac Hugh J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAims  Our study aimed to characterize the dispersal dynamics and population genetic structure of the introduced golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei throughout its invaded range in South America and to determine how different dispersal methods, that is, human‐mediated dispersal and downstream natural dispersal, contribute to genetic variation among populations.Location  Paraná–Uruguay–Río de la Plata watershed in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.Methods  We performed genetic analyses based on a comprehensive sampling strategy encompassing 22 populations (N = 712) throughout the invaded range in South America, using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and eight polymorphic nuclear microsatellites. We employed both population genetics and phylogenetic analyses to clarify the dispersal dynamics and population genetic structure.Results  We detected relatively high genetic differentiation between populations (FST = −0.041 to 0.111 for COI, −0.060 to 0.108 for microsatellites) at both fine and large geographical scales. Bayesian clustering and three‐dimensional factorial correspondence analyses consistently revealed two genetically distinct clusters, highlighting genetic discontinuities in the invaded range. Results of all genetic analyses suggest ship‐mediated ‘jump’ dispersal as the dominant mode of spread of golden mussels in South America, while downstream natural dispersal has had limited effects on contemporary genetic patterns.Main conclusions  Our study provides new evidence that post‐establishment dispersal dynamics and genetic patterns vary across geographical scales. While ship‐mediated ‘jump’ dispersal dominates post‐establishment spread of golden mussels in South America, once colonies become established in upstream locations, larvae produced may be advected downstream to infill patchy distributions. Moreover, genetic structuring at fine geographical scales, especially within the same drainages, suggests a further detailed understanding of dynamics of larval dispersal and settlement in different water systems. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which post‐establishment spread occurs can, in some cases, be used to limit dispersal of golden mussels and other introduced species.
Pyrvinium, a potent small molecule Wnt inhibitor, increases engraftment and inhibits lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
Authors: Saraswati Sarika , Deskins Desirae L. , Holt Ginger E. , Young Pampee P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe and others have found that Wnt signaling inhibition is important in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) self‐renewal. Pyrvinium was identified as a potent Wnt inhibitor in a chemical screen for small molecules. In the present study, we hypothesized that pyrvinium will enhance MSC self‐renewal to improve the clinical efficacy of MSC therapy. Pyrvinium increased MSC proliferation in vitro while inhibiting their osteogenic and chondrogenic lineage commitment by reducing cytoplasmic β‐catenin. Although MSCs are a promising target for cell therapy, strategies to enhance their survival and maintain their stemness in the wounded area are essential. Using an in vivo model of granulation tissue formation, we demonstrated that pyrvinium enhanced long‐term MSC engraftment. Pyrvinium‐treated MSC‐generated granulation tissue also demonstrated less ectopic differentiation into bone or cartilage. This study highlights the potential of using a therapeutic Wnt inhibitor to enhance MSC‐driven regenerative therapy.
Chronic Pain and Depression in the Quality of Life of Women With Migraine – A Controlled Study
Authors: Stuginski‐Barbosa Juliana , Dach Fabíola , Bigal Marcelo , Speciali José G. 
Published: February 2012

Background.— Migraine is comorbid to depression and widespread chronic pain (WCP), but the influence of these conditions on the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of individuals with episodic (EM) and chronic migraine (CM) is poorly understood.Objective.— To assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and WCP in individuals with EM and CM, as well as to estimate the joint impact of these conditions on the HRQoL of these individuals.Methods.— All women aged 18 to 65 years with a first diagnosis of EM or CM from September of 2006 to September of 2008 seen in an outpatient headache service were invited to participate. They were asked to attend a separate appointment in the service, and to bring another woman of similar age that also agreed to participate. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory. Questions about WCP followed the protocol of the American College of Rheumatology. HRQoL was assessed using the Short‐Form 36 (SF‐36). Multivariate analysis modeled HRQoL as a function of headache status, depressive symptoms, and pain, using quantile regression.Results.— Sample consisted of 179 women, 53 in the EM group, 37 in the CM group and 89 in control group. Groups did not differ by demographics. Mean scores of SF‐36 were 53.6 (standard deviation [SD] = 23.5) for EM, 44.2 (SD = 18.5) for CM and 61.8 (SD = 21.5) for controls. In multivariate analysis, SF‐36 scores were predicted by a CM status (P = .02; −10.05 [95% CI −18.52; −1.58]) and by a Beck Depression Inventory score (P < .01; −1.27 [95% CI −1.55; −0.99]). The influence of WCP in the SF‐36 scores approached significance (P = .08; −0.78 [95% CI −1.64; 0.88]). Age did not contribute to the model.Conclusion.— Women with migraine are at an increased chance of WCP, and the chance increases as a function of headache frequency. Both depressive symptoms and CM independently predict HRQoL status.(Headache 2012;52:400‐408)
A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Levetiracetam Extended‐Release in Very Heavy Drinking Alcohol‐Dependent Patients
Authors: Fertig Joanne B. , Ryan Megan L. , Falk Daniel E. , Litten Raye Z. , Mattson Margaret E. , Ransom Janet , Rickman William J. , Scott Charles , Ciraulo Domenic , Green Alan I. , Tiouririne Nassima A. , Johnson Bankole , Pettinati Helen , Strain Eric C. , Devine Eric , Brunette Mary F. , Kampman Kyle , A. Tompkins David , Stout Robert ,   the NCIG 002 Study Group
Published: February 2012

BackgroundDespite advances in the development of medications to treat alcohol dependence, few medications have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The use of certain anticonvulsant medications has demonstrated potential efficacy in treating alcohol dependence. Previous research suggests that the anticonvulsant levetiracetam may be beneficial in an alcohol‐dependent population of very heavy drinkers.MethodsIn this double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, 130 alcohol‐dependent patients who reported very heavy drinking were recruited across 5 clinical sites. Patients received either levetiracetam extended‐release (XR) or placebo and a Brief Behavioral Compliance Enhancement Treatment intervention. Levetiracetam XR was titrated during the first 4 weeks to 2,000 mg/d. This target dose was maintained during weeks 5 through 14 and was tapered during weeks 15 and 16.ResultsNo significant differences were detected between the levetiracetam XR and placebo groups in either the primary outcomes (percent heavy drinking days and percent subjects with no heavy drinking days) or in other secondary drinking outcomes. Treatment groups did not differ on a number of nondrinking outcomes, including depression, anxiety, mood, and quality of life. The only difference observed was in alcohol‐related consequences. The levetiracetam XR treatment group showed significantly fewer consequences than did the placebo group during the maintenance period (p = 0.02). Levetiracetam XR was well tolerated, with fatigue being the only significantly elevated adverse event, compared with placebo (53% vs. 24%, respectively; p = 0.001).ConclusionsThis multisite clinical trial showed no efficacy for levetiracetam XR compared with placebo in reducing alcohol consumption in heavy drinking alcohol‐dependent patients.