bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Q Fever in Britain: Isolation of Rickettsia Burneti from Placenta and Wool of Sheep in an Endemic Area
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Brown R. D. , Kett F. J. L. , Collings P. C. , Marmion B. P. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. In an endemic area of Q fever in south-east England, two flocks of sheep, with serological evidence of infection by Rickettsia burneti, were examined for excretion of the rickettsia at parturition.2. R. burneti was isolated from two out of ninety-six placentas collected from 118 ewes which lambed in one flock. The organism was also isolated from ‘wool tags’ obtained from one of the ewes which voided an infected placenta.3. Infectivity titrations showed that the two placentas contained respectively 104·5 and 101·5 guinea-pig infective doses per gram of cotyledon. The wool tag from the sheep which voided the more highly infected placenta contained 103·25 infective doses per gram.4. Except for one doubtful result, which could not be confirmed, no isolations were made from 194 placentas collected from 199 ewes in the other flock.Details of the design of the microblender were supplied by Dr A. P. Goffe and Mr T. Nash of the Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale, to whom we are much indebted. A gift of Triton X-100 was kindly given to us by the Rohm and Haas Corporation, Philadelphia 5 Pa.
The Titration of Viruses in Baby Mice
Authors: Beswick T. S. L. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThis paper describes efforts to determine the LD50for mice, 24–48 hr. old, of pools of four strains ofHerpes simplexvirus, using the intraperitoneal route of inoculation.The results have been analysed in an attempt to account for the very irregular relationship between dose of virus and mortality which was observed.It is clear that, in addition to those difficulties which beset the interpretation of the results of any biological assay, titrations in very young animals raise difficulties of their own. The principal sources of difficulty are the high and uncertain non-specific mortality, the tendency of the mothers to eat their babies and individual variation between the litters. The latter, it is suggested, is mainly a reflexion of differences between the mothers, at least when a closely inbred strain of test animals is used.Interesting and unexpected correlations were observed between the dose of virus and the proportion of mice eaten by the mothers and between the strain of virus and the proportion of mice eaten by the mothers.It is emphasized that the results of titrations in very young animals must be interpreted with the greatest care and that in carrying out titrations the litter rather than the individual baby mouse should be regarded as the unit. Mice eaten by the mothers are probably best ignored altogether, although there are grave theoretical objections to doing this.I should like to thank Professor H. R. Dean for his advice and encouragement. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the technical help which I have received throughout this investigation from Miss D. Sutton. I am also indebted to Dr M. G. P. Stoker for advice and for making available facilities in his laboratory; to Dr W. L. Smith and Mr T. H. Hollingsworth of the Department of Human Ecology, Cambridge, for advice on some of the statistical problems raised; to Miss M. E. Skinner and her staff on the ‘Animal Floor’ of this department, without whose help it would not have been possible to ensure that the large number of litters used were available when required; and to those of my colleagues who have been good enough to offer advice and criticism, especially Mr Douglas Annear.
The Recognition of Four Red Cell Antigen-Antibody Systems in the Rabbit
Authors: Heard D. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryFour red cell antigen-antibody systems in the rabbit are described.Three of these systems, Z, Y and W, appear to be inherited as an allelomorphic series. The fourth is inherited independently.Some of the serological properties which allow these sera to be recognized are described and attention is drawn to a property of rabbit red cells, manifested by a variation in their susceptibility to agglutination by homologous antisera, which can complicate the separation of a mixture of antibodies in one serum.
Impetigo Contagiosa. The Association of Certain Types of Staphylococcus Aureus and of Streptococcus Pyogenes with Superficial Skin Infections
Authors: Parker M. T. , Tomlinson A. J. H. , Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryIn an investigation of impetigo among troops, carried out in 1941, nearly half of the strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from the lesions had the ability to inhibit the growth of corynebacteria on solid media. A much smaller proportion of strains from other superficial lesions and from nose and throat swabs had this ability, and strains from deep suppurative lesions were uniformly negative.Three-quarters of Staph. aureus strains isolated from schoolchildren with impetigo in Lancashire in 1953 and early 1954 were of one variety, which could be denned by its susceptibility to typing phages (‘type 71’).Nearly 90 % of ‘type 71’ staphylococci, and very few others, produced a narrow, sharp zone of inhibition of Corynebacterium diphtheriae mitis on solid media.A small number of other staphylococci, mainly non-typable or unclassifiable strains, produced a wider, hazy zone of inhibition.The majority of the impetigo staphylococci were penicillin-resistant, and most of the resistant strains were members of ‘type 71’. However, ‘type 71’ gave rise to only a small proportion of the penicillin-resistant hospital infections occurring in the same district at the same time.Three-quarters of the Str. pyogenes strains from impetigo lesions belonged to one of two groups of closely related serological types, one of which was rarely encountered in other situations.
The Rate of Evaporation of Particles in Some Pesticide Aerosols
Authors: Powell E. O. , Pearce T. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe evaporation rates of small particles in aerosols of the following substances have been measured: 4−n−hexyl-1:3-resorcinol, 1, 1, 1-trichloro-2, 2−di (p−chlorphenyl)ethane (‘DDT’), 1, 1, 1−trichloro-2-p−chlorphenyl-2-o−chlorphenyl-ethane (‘op′-DDT’), γ-hexachloro-cyclo-hexane (‘BHC’, ‘Lindane’, ‘Gammexane’), ‘Dieldrin’ and azobenzene.The slit ultra-microscope method was used; a consideration of the experimental conditions leads to the conclusion that the results are of reliable quantitative significance.
The Antigenicity of Ultra-Violet Irradiated Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Collier L. H. , McClean D. , Vallet L. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryVaccinia virus which has been inactivated by exposure to ultra-violet irradiation under strictly controlled conditions produces an immunity response in rabbits and monkeys. This can be measured by relative insusceptibility to challenge with living virus and by the titration of circulating antibody.Experiments with small doses of living virus in excess of those that might have been given accidentally indicate that the immune response to the irradiated material was not due to traces of living virus that had escaped detection.There is a logarithmic relationship between exposure to irradiation and destruction of virus. The exposure necessary to produce complete inactivation can be deduced from a knowledge of this relationship. Excessive exposure destroys the antigenicity of the preparations.The antigenicity of irradiated virus can be preserved for at least 6 months at 4°C. and at least 2 months at 37°C. by drying from the frozen state.Circulating antibody is detectable in rabbits for at least 22 weeks following immunization, and a single subsequent reinforcing dose is followed by a secondary immune response.The possibility that preliminary immunization with irradiated virus may diminish the risk of complications and reduce the severity of the reaction to subsequent Jennerian vaccination with living virus is discussed. This material may provide a basal immunity in those individuals in which vaccination is contraindicated.
Post-Scarlatinal Diphtheria
Authors: Gordon Pugh W. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. The principle cause of post-scarlatinal diptheria is the admission into the scarlet fever wards of patients who, whether suffering from clinical diphtheria or not, are carriers of virulent diphtheria bacilli.2. In large centres of population, where diphtheria always exists, diphtheria bacilli are to be found in a not inconsiderable proportion of school-children. In the absence both of evidence of clinical diphtheria and of a history of exposure to that affection, the bacilli are, in the majority of cases, of the non-virulent or saprophytic type and of little hygienic importance; in cases, on the other hand, where the clinical supports the bacteriological examination the bacilli are almost certainly virulent, and therefore dangerous; while in cases where the patient is known to have been exposed to infection the chances are great that the organisms are of the pathogenic variety, and such cases should always be regarded with grave suspicion.3. On account of the prevalence of the non-virulent bacillus and the fallacies of single cultures, it may be doubted whether a routine bacteriological examination of throat and nose of all patients on admission would prove of sufficient value to repay the labour involved. Chief reliance must be placed on a careful inspection on admission, not only of the throat, but also of the nasal cavities, bacteriological examination being resorted to in cases of doubt.4. In eradicating infection from an invaded ward bacteriological methods are, on the other hand, of prime importance, since children with apparently healthy throats and noses are often found to have acquired the virulent bacillus. An attempt to stamp out any outbreak of diphtheria by bacteriological examination of the throat alone is, however, futile, owing to the frequent infection of the nasal cavities.5. Fibrinous rhinitis, which appears to be a not infrequent, though often unrecognised, affection of children is a common form of postscarlatinal diphtheria.6. Although the treatment of diphtheria in the same hospital has no appreciable influence on the incidence of this complication of scarlet fever, it is advisable that precautions should be taken lest nurses harbouring diphtheria bacilli carry infection from the diphtheria to the scarlet fever wards.7. To limit the risk of exposure to infection many-bedded wards should be avoided, and the mixing of patients from different wards prevented.
The Chemical Constitution of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Bulloch William , Macleod J. J. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Dried tubercle bacilli extracted with hot solutions of spirit, alcohol, alcohol-ether, Aronson's mixture, yield large percentages of fatty substances.2. On filtering the boiling extracts a white acid-fast precipitate deposits on cooling.3. The filtrates on evaporation can be saponified by soda, and on subsequent agitation with ether and water two extracts can be obtained —an ethereal and a watery extract.4. The ethereal extract contains fat which is not acid-fast.5. By saponifying the dried ethereal extract with alcoholic potash and decomposing the resulting soaps with sulphuric acid a mixture of fatty acids is obtained containing probably oleic, isocetinic and myristinic acids. None of these are acid-fast.6. The watery extract (soap) on decomposition yielded a fatty acid with a melting point corresponding to lauric acid.7. The filtrates also yield lipochromes to which the cultures of tubercle bacillus owe their colour.8. The white acid-fast precipitate obtained by the original extraction can be saponified, but with great difficulty.9. By prolonged boiling with alcoholic potash the acid-fast precipitate is decomposed and results in the deposition of an acid-fast snow-white flaky powder, and a non-acid-fast filtrate of fatty acids.10. The chemical examination of the white flaky powder shows it to be an alcohol.11. Acid- and alcohol-fastness of the tubercle bacillus is due to the presence of an alcohol.
On the Mechanism of Agglutination
Authors: Craw J. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. The hypotheses of Pfeiffer, Emmerich and Löw, attributing agglutination to a vital paralysis due to the action of a bacteriolytic enzyme, and those of Gruber, Dineur, and Nicolle, which ascribe the action to the glutinous nature of the membranes or cilia, are insufficient to account for the observed phenomena.2. The views of Paltauf and Duclaux that a specific precipitate is formed in the medium which mechanically carries the bacilli together are sufficient, but probably do not account fully for the agglutination of washed bacilli.3. Arrhenius's assumption that the gas laws are applicable to the partition of agglutinin between bacilli and medium is improbable since the conditions under which these laws can be applied are absent.4. The formula given by Arrhenius for the partition of agglutinin seems to be a special case of a general formula holding for the absorption of substances from solution by substances with highly developed surfaces,e.g., the adsorption of iodine from solution by charcoal. A superficial analogy between the gas partition law and the adsorption partition law for equilibria is to be expected, likewise an equally superficial analogy between reactions in true solutions and colloidal solutions,e.g., of agglutinin, for the velocity of reaction.5. The special formula given by Arrhenius does not apply to the entire range of agglutinin solutions and the change which must be made in the constants is incompatible with the application of the gas laws, but agrees with the view that the fixation of agglutinin is due to adsorption.6. The fixation of agglutinin from two different typhoid immune sera by living typhoid bacilli did not correspond to the partition law deduced by Arrhenius from the experiments of Eisenberg and Volk.7. The rate of addition of bacillary suspension to agglutinating serum is a factor determining the amount of agglutinin fixed by the bacilli. By adding the suspension in parts more agglutinin is removed than in the case where the whole amount of suspension is added at once. This points to the equilibria belonging to the class met with in absorption.8. Similar adsorption equilibria are obtained by experiments on staining.9. The cell contents probably play an important part in agglutination as the washed membranes are but slightly agglutinated.10. Motile cultures ofB. typhosusgrown at 37°C., and non-motile cultures grown at 42°C., agglutinated equally well, the agglutinable substance probably being unchanged.11. The law governing the fixation inB. typhosus, heated to 58°C. for 30 minutes, is probably different to that holding for living cultures owing to modification of the agglutinable substance.
An Improved Method of calculating Birth-Rates
Authors: Newsholme Arthur , Stevenson T. H. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. The ordinary method of calculating the birth-rate does not distinguish between the influence of fertility and of variations in conditions of the population as to age and marriage.2. In ascertaining the true meaning of the great reduction of the birth-rate which has occured in the last 25 years it is necessary to have means for distinguishing between the accidental and the intrinsic causes of change.3. A step in the right direction is made when the legitimate births are stated in terms of the married women at child-bearing ages, and the illegitimate births in terms of the unmarried women of the same ages.4. This method fails to correct for the differences of fertility of the various ages comprised in the age-period 15–45.5. By calculating standard fertility-rates for given populations McLean overcame the above difficulty, and was thus able to compare experiences of a given community at different times with the standard.6. In this paper it is shown that by continuing the above process and obtaining corrected fertility-rates, the fertility-rates of different communities can be made directly comparable.7. The inconveniences of this new and unfamiliar method, and the necessity involved in it of calculating the crude as well as the corrected fertility-rate in every instance, indicate the desirability of obtaining a factor for each community which throughout an entire intercensal period can be applied to the crude birth-rate of that community.8. The desirability of such a factor is increased by the fact that the method of corrected fertility-rates does not take into account the proportion of married women in each population.9. In this paper a method is described of obtaining factors, which, when applied to the readily available crude birth-rates, correct completely both for the varying proportion of married women in compared populations and for the varying fertility at different periods of married life.10. The practical bearings of these corrected birth-rates will be discussed in a later paper.
On the Deviation of Complement by a Serum and its Anti-serum and its Relations to the Precipitin Test
Authors: Muir Robert , Martin W. B. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. A mixture of serum and its anti-serum has the property of fixing or deviating complement and thus interfering with haemolysis. In this there is a close analogy to the fixation of complements by cellreceptors in association with immune-bodies.2. A large number of different complements may be fixed by the same combination of serum and anti-serum: some complements however may not be fixed.3. The amount of homologous serum necessary to produce a distinct deviation of complement is extremely small—·000,01 c.c. and even less: as a rule it is many times less than the amount necessary to give a visible precipitate with the anti-serum.4. When a precipitate forms, the deviating substance is present in the precipitate and may be so exclusively: precipitation is however not essential, as the deviation phenomenon may be given by an anti-serum without the formation of a precipitate.5. The precipitin and deviation tests give results which are in great part in accord as regards specificity.6. For any given amount of anti-serum there is an optimum amount of homologous serum which gives maximum deviation of complement: above as well as below the optimum the deviation diminishes.7. The deviation phenomenon produces an effect similar to an “anti-complement” action and the views generally held with regard to anti-complements require revision. It is however still left an open question whether true anti-complements exist.
On the Mean Lytic Point of Red Blood Corpuscles and the Apparent Tonicity of Sheep Serum
Authors: Cornwall J. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. The red blood corpuscles of different species have definite and distinct mean lytic points.2. The apparent tonicity of sheep serum has no relation to the mean lytic point of the red corpuscles of that individual.3. The apparent tonicity of sheep serum is not due to its proteins but to its lipoids.4. The residue of sheep serum, after removal of proteins and lipoids, is sufficiently alkaline to cause lysis.
On the Discoloured Spots sometimes present on Chilled Beef, with Special Reference to “Black Spot.”
Authors: Massee G. 
Published: May 2009

The variously coloured patches appearing on the surface of chilled beef are caused by fungi. Amongst these, Cladosporium herbarum, producing black spots, is the only fungus that has become specially adapted for flourishing on such an unusual substratum, and may in consequence be expected to continue and even increase in quantity on its new matrix, unless stringent measures are adopted. This fungus is not pathogenic, and the only effect caused by its presence is the unsightly appearance of the meat and consequent deterioration in value. If extensive, the meat may be rendered unsaleable.The beef is infected with the “black spot” fungus before, it is shipped, and to arrest the continuance of this infection special measures should be taken, with the object of exterminating the fungus, which in its specialised form can only occur in the vicinity of the establishment where meat is prepared for shipment.
The Isolation of Typhoid Bacilli from Faeces by means of Brilliant Green in Fluid Medium
Authors: Browning C. H. , Gilmour W. , Mackie T. J. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Brilliant green exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacilli of the coli group commonly occuring in faeces, which is in general more marked than its action on B.typhosus and paratyphiod bacilli.(2) By taking advantage of this property of brilliant green a method has been devised is the inoculation B. typhosus from faeces. The procedure adopted is the inoculation of a series of tubes of peptone-water medium containing varying amounts of brilliant green, incubating for 20–24 hours, and then inoculation on a suitable solid medium from each tube.(3) The reason for employing a series of concentrations of brilliant green is that the optium concentration for the growth and isolation of B. typhosus varies from case to case, depending probably both on the proportion of typhoid bacilli present and on the number and character of the accompnying bacteria as well as on the organie faecal material.(4) The method is very easily and rapidly carried out.
Note on the B. Coli Test
Authors: Houston A. C. 
Published: May 2009

My friend Major Wesley Clemesha, I.M.S., in a recent contribution1 to the Journal of Hygiene is good enough inter alia to say:“It may be safely stated that anything which Dr A. C. Houston writes on the subject of water bacteriology is received with very great interest and respect, and his recent report on the bacteriological characters of Bacillus coli in raw, stored and filtered river water (Metropolitan Water Board, 7th Report on Research Work) is no exception to the rule. The report is of very great interest to all engaged in the study of water bacteriology, particularly in England.”
Report upon Experiments
Authors: Hindle Edward , Merriman Gordon 
Published: May 2009

Under the conditions of our experiments, indication was afforded that—(1) House-flies tend to travel either against or across the wind. The actual direction followed may be determined either directly by the action of the wind, or indirectly owing to the flies being attracted by any odours it may convey from a source of food.(2) It is likely that the chief conditions favouring the dispersal of flies are fine weather and a warm temperature. The nature of the locality is another considerable factor, as in towns flies do not travel as far as in open country, this being probably due to the food and shelter afforded by the houses.(3) Under experimental conditions, the height at which the flies are liberated, and also the time of day, appear to influence the dispersal of the insects. As judged by one experiment, when flies are set free in the afternoon they do not scatter so well as when liberated in the morning.(4) The maximum flight in thickly-housed localities in our experiments was about a quarter of a mile; but in one case a single fly was recovered at a distance of 770 yards. It should be noted, however, that part of this distance was across open fen-land.
Observations on the Immune-Body Content of the Blood Serum in Pulmonary Tuberculosis, as determined by Means of the Complement Fixation Reaction
Authors: Meek W. O. 
Published: May 2009

The object of this portion of the investigation was to determine(a) Whether the amount of immune-body present in the sera of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, bore any constant relation to the stage of the disease and the condition of the patient.(b) Whether well-marked clinical phenomena, e.g. periods of fever, attacks of pleurisy etc., were associated in any definite manner with variations in the amount of immune-body in the serum.(c) Whether gradual definite and sustained improvement or deterioration in a patient's condition was accompanied by increase or decrease of the specific immune-body in the serum.