bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned on the Design and Construction of Hybrid Riser Towers
Authors: Saint-Marcoux Jean-Francois , Legras Jean-Luc 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Compliant Risers cover many different types of risers. Even among self-standing compliant risers, different architectures are possible. Nevertheless the paper will concentrate on bundle Hybrid Riser Towers (bundle-HRT).
The paper will describe the several choices to be made for the design of a bundle-HRT. The selection is driven by the functional requirements, but also through the lessons learned and through reliability.
Then the paper will review the various components of the bundle-HRT (Foundation, Lower Termination Assembly, Bundle, Upper Termination Assembly, Buoyancy Tank, Jumpers), and describe how each component incorporates the particular requirements of the project. Finally the paper will detail how the lessons learned on previous projects have been systematically introduced in the design of the following generation.

1.0 General Evolution of Hybrid Riser Towers
The use of Hybrid Riser Towers now spreads over three decades. Early patents were filed in the late seventies (Panicker 1980). Research was conducted in particular by Mobil Corporation alone and then in cooperation with Institut Francais du Petrole -IFP - (Goodfellow Associates 1990). The first actual projects were carried out in the late eighties and early nineties in the Gulf of Mexico, first for Green Canyon 29 (Fisher 1988), then for Garden Banks 388 (Fisher 1995). The unit build for GC 29 was recovered, refurbished, extended, and reused for GB 388. Clearly drilling risers design was the blue-print of early hybrid riser designs. In particular the risers were jointed with threaded connection and were installed by semi-submersible drilling rigs.
A New High-Strength, Corrosion-Resistant Alloy for Oil and Gas Applications
Authors: Pike Lee , Manning Paul , Hibner Edward 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The C-22HS® alloy (UNS N07022) was introduced recently for applications requiring both corrosion resistance and high strength. Being a C-type alloy (Ni-Cr-Mo), the new material has excellent resistance to uniform and localized corrosion in both reducing and oxidizing acids. However, the alloy is capable of being age-hardened to effectively double the yield strength over standard C-22® alloy (UNS NO6022) and other C-type alloys. Recently, the N07022 alloy has generated interest in the oil & gas industry due to its resistance to sour gas environments. In this paper, properties of the new alloy relevant to the oil and gas industry are presented. Efforts in developing alternate processing routes for alloy N07022 for very high strength applications are detailed. Alloy N07022 is being balloted for inclusion in NACE International Materials Requirement MR0175/ISO 15156 at NACE Level VII (the highest severity) with data showing resistance to element sulfur in the severe sour brine oil patch environment. This material has also been shown to be resistant to hydrogen embrittlement in oil patch and other severe environments, exhibiting potential for corrosion immunity. An important feature of the N07022 alloy in the age-hardened condition is that the alloy retains excellent corrosion resistance. The high strength of N07022 alloy is imparted through the formation of Long Range Ordering (LRO) domains of Ni2(Cr, Mo) which develop during a two-step age-hardening treatment given to the alloy in the fully annealed condition. In standard N07022 alloy, the formation of the LRO domains results in a near doubling of the room temperature yield strength up to values around 100 ksi. The two-step age-hardening treatment is 1300°F/16h/furnace cool to 1125°F/32h/air cool. The yield strengths of the annealed and age-hardened bars ranged from 114 to 126 ksi, the as-cold worked bars ranged from 191 to 205 ksi, and the cold-worked + age-hardened bars ranged from 199 to 206 ksi. In these material conditions, N07022 also exhibits excellent ductility and Charpy-V-Notch fracture toughness in the tested range of from -320ºF to +450ºF.
Design of the World's Deepest Hybrid Riser System for the Cascade & Chinook Development
Authors: Song Ruxin , Streit Pascal 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
With the successful deployment of the five Cascade & Chinook free standing hybrid risers (FSHRs) in the Gulf of Mexico at a water depth of 8,250 ft in year 2010, hybrid riser technology is adopted for deepwater development worldwide. It is basically a combination of steel and flexible risers with utilization of their advantages and hence offers unique features. The Cascade & Chinook FSHRs set a few new world records such as the deepest installed hybrid risers, first disconnectable hybrid risers, first hybrid riser in severe environmental conditions in the GoM, first hybrid riser designed to accommodate two floater concepts. Compared to other installed hybrid risers worldwide, the Cascade & Chinook FSHRs posed more technical challenges and hence required more engineering effort to come up with robust engineering solutions.
This paper addresses the engineering challenges and solutions associated with the detail design of the Cascade & Chinook FSHR system including global configuration, material selection and sizing, component design, global and local analysis, and qualification testing. A brief description of the Cascade & Chinook hybrid riser system is given first together with the highlights of the technical challenges. Secondly, factors affecting the global configuration and local component design are identified and evaluated. The logical procedure for design and analysis of deepwater FSHRs is discussed and presented in more detail. Thirdly, focus is given to the global response analysis including strength and fatigue as well as local finite element analysis of components such as the taper stress joint, buoyancy can, riser top, lower assembly and foundation pile. Discussion is also given to the relationship between engineering design, fabrication and installation, which is of particular interest for this type of riser. And in conclusion, some important lessons learnt from the execution of the Cascade & Chinook FSHR engineering are summarized.

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, exploration and production activities have increased dramatically in deep and ultra-deep water, nearly tripling the water depth of production facilities in the last decade or so. The targeted water depths for oil and gas developments in areas such as the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), West of Africa (WoA), and Brazil are increasing every year.
Among the field proven riser concepts shown in Figure 1-1, hybrid risers offer certain unique advantages [Ref. 4] over other concepts such as steel catenary risers (SCRs), top tension risers (TTRs) and flexible risers (FRs) for specific applications.
Installing the World's Deepest FSHR's, for the GOM Cascade & Chinook Development
Authors: Reitze Gordon , Mandeville Richard John Reginald , Streit Pascal 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Building on Technip's successful installation of Brazil's first FSHR for Petrobras's PDET development, Technip undertook the challenge to design, engineer, install and pre-commission the 5 deepest FSHR's installed on behalf of Petrobras for their Cascade & Chinook development in the Gulf of Mexico.
The Cascade and Chinook fields are located in the Walker Ridge Area of the US Gulf of Mexico approximately 180 miles off the south coast of Louisiana. Water depths in the fields range from 2,485m to 2,698m.
The project was carried out successfully with an impeccable safety record of over 1 million manhours worked without a lost time incident and all within a compact period of 28 months from contract award to completion.
Success was owed to the tight meshing of schedules and management of complementary capabilities between the 3 principle installation vessels, each of which were key to the whole offshore operation. Technip's deepwater pipelay vessel " Deep Blue?? served as the fabrication vessel for the rigid reeled riser stems while Technip's construction vessel " Deep Pioneer?? carried out the pull-down operation and provided construction support. Jumbo Offshore, as main installation subcontractor, provided the " Fairplayer?? HLV for lifting and lowering the assembled Buoyancy Cans and risers.
This paper will present a general overview of Technip's unique FSHR system installation methods and outlines some of the particular challenges that the Installation Team had to respond to including:Optimizing FSHR foundation pile and pile top design to accommodate the FSHR anchoring system and pull-down system within a single unit.Development of installation methods to optimize schedule synchronization between 3 tightly linked installation vessels.Minimizing the duration of weather sensitive activities to maximize the weather operability windows considering the low frequency of suitable weather conditions in the GOM during the required Installation period (November-January).Installing Riser strings and supporting Buoyancy Cans each with a combined weight in air of almost 800te utilizing moderate lift capacity DP vessels.Offshore pre-commissioning of 4 insulated and 1 non-insulated dynamic FSHR with each riser exceeding 1¼ miles in length.

Introduction
In October 2007, Petrobras America Inc (PAI) awarded Technip an EPCI Contract to Engineer, Procure, Construct and Install 5 Free Standing Hybrid Riser Systems for the Cascade & Chinook fields in the Gulf of Mexico. These would be the deepest production risers in the world.
PAI's development plan is based on a phased development concept and in the initial phases production from both fields will be tied back to a disconnectable turret buoy moored Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO).
Topsides Facilities Design and Module-to-Vessel Interface
Authors: Chen Jay , Hartman Chris , Margo Bryan , Owen Tony 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The Helix Producer I (HP-1) is an oil and natural gas production facility on a full DP vessel. The HP-1 was designed to be positioned in the Gulf of Mexico Green Canyon Block 237. The topsides structure and facilities for the HP-1 were designed by Oil Field Development Engineering, LLC (OFD). The facilities are configured in ten (10) modules, three (3) piperack sections, and two (2) platform cranes.
The available space on the vessel deck led to a very compact facility layout, much more restricted than that of a typical FPSO. No production equipment or fluid storage could be included in the hull. Therefore, the production, utility, and piperack modules were heavily-loaded, multi-level structures with relatively small footprints. Equipment was stacked on multiple levels with some equipment set on the vessel deck level. This created considerable challenges for structural design, such as dealing with high roll and pitch accelerations, managing fatigue-sensitive connections, managing the highly fluid nature of the facilities and hull design development, and transferring highly concentrated loads to the hull. Fixed supports were strategically located to secure the modules to the hull. Most of the supports, however, are sliding supports that allow the module structures to breathe with the vessels' hogging and sagging.
This paper will address the unique aspects of the facility layout and structural design of the modules and module foundations. The innovative and highly adaptable design helped to make the Helix Producer I a very successful and readily deployable production solution.

Introduction
The Helix Producer I (HP-1) is a floating oil and natural gas production facility that is supported on a ship-shaped vessel. The HP-1 was designed to be positioned in the Gulf of Mexico Green Canyon Block 237 to produce oil and gas from the existing Typhoon, Boris, and Little Burn fields. The topsides structure and facilities for the HP-1 were designed by Oil Field Development Engineering, LLC (OFD) in the form of modular structures that could be installed and hooked up when the supporting vessel was ready. Each module supports a logical grouping of equipment, usually from the same process system. This grouping minimized the interconnections between modules and the commissioning and testing that was required during integration.
This paper describes the topsides facilities and structural configuration. It also provides some of the details and insights of the design process, such as how the design objectives were accomplished and how the various project constraints and engineering problems were solved in order to help make this milestone project successful.
New Certification Procedures For Offshore Mooring Fiber Ropes
Authors: Hogsaet Ingrid Skutle , Ahjem Vidar , Paulsen Tone Julseth 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
This paper describes recent changes to procedures for certification of synthetic-fiber deepwater mooring lines. Requirements are introduced for certification of yarns with a fit-for-service approach. Approval programs for Manufacturers have been requested by industry; these now form part of the procedures for end-product certification. The changes are discussed, together with the practical implications to the industry of the three documents DNV-OS-E303 and approval programs 321 & 322.
The documents discussed in this paper cover approval of manufacturers for load-bearing yarns, approval of manufacturers of offshore-mooring fiber ropes, and the certification of actual deliveries. Further use of the documents can be as basis for specifying mooring lines, contractual agreement between purchaser and supplier, and in connection with manufacturing and documentation independently of certification.
The main change compared to the previous issue of DNV-OS-E303 is that material requirements to load-bearing yarns have been introduced. The material requirements to delivery yarns are included in the update of DNV-OS-E303, whilst the requirements for approval of the manufacturers of yarns and ropes are introduced in the two new documents, approval programs 321 & 322. Materials that may be used under these procedures are expanded to include aramid and HMPE. Other materials can also be covered. Failure modes for different yarns are taken into account and the in-service condition assessment is gone more thoroughly into. The documentation requirements for mobile and long-term moorings are split in two, which reduces the requirements to mobile moorings. The scope of testing of subropes and full ropes are split accordingly and requirements to TTR- or creep testing have been added. Requirements to termination hardware have been reformulated, and the scope of survey for rope manufacturing has been specified in a similar way as for offshore mooring chain.
The new documents will impact the certification process for the industry in several ways. The amount of documentation to be submitted for each delivery is substantially reduced. With the introduction of material requirements and approval programs for manufacturers the focus on the right rope for the application has been emphasized.

Introduction
For certification of synthetic-fiber ropes for deepwater mooring under the auspices of Det Norske Veritas (DNV), the requirements can now be found in three documents, each covering important steps in the process of obtaining complete end-product certification:DNV-OS-E303 " Offshore Mooring Fibre Ropes??, October 2010.Standard for Certification No. 2.9, Approval Programme No. 321 " Offshore Mooring Fibre Ropes??, Nov. 2010.Standard for Certification No. 2.9, Approval Programme No. 322 " Yarns for Offshore Mooring Fibre Ropes??, November 2010.
GIS Development for Geophysical and Geotechnical Data Integration: Application to West Africa Geohazard Assessment
Authors: Dan-Unterseh Gabriela , Courtaud Jacqueline , McNeill Aline , Blancat Emilie 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
During the last decade, a large amount of data has been collected for a field development project, located in a challenging geological area, deepwater offshore West Africa. It was necessary to create a database including these different data types, which represents the purpose of the work presented here. In order to integrate, visualize and query this database for the project needs (geohazard assessment, layout optimisation, etc), ESRI ArcGIS was selected as the appropriate analysis tool. The aim of this paper is twofold: to explain how the data was organized into an efficient GIS project and to highlight its principal applications. Firstly, the GIS project is organized into several thematic geodatabases. Each geodatabase corresponds to a field survey and its internal organization resulted from a complex approach. A geodatabase includes several feature datasets, which, in turn are composed of multiple feature classes. An attribute table with enhanced information was created for every data type. This offers a solution for data query using spatial analysis and map algebra. Secondly, the data visualization and integration allows the identification of possible geohazards and, further, their possible impact on the field development. The advantage of this GIS project is that it can be used in all the steps of the field development. This can help decision making related to the optimization of the field layout and the definition of targets for future site investigations. Moreover, the interface being user-friendly; it can be manipulated even by non-specialist project users. In conclusion, this GIS project is being considered as a reference for future projects dealing with wide diversity and large amount of data.

Introduction
During the last decades, oil and gas industry targets moved from shallow to deepwater challenging environments. Consequently, the planned infrastructures are often located in geohazard-prone areas. This is the case of the study area, located on the continental slope offshore West Africa.
In order for the seabed and sub-seabed field infrastructures to be safely installed in this complex geological environment, desk top studies, various reconnaissance surveys and specific studies have been performed over a period of 10 years. Consequently, the associated large amount of data provided by different contractors needed to be integrated and visualized, taking into account the variable data formats and geodetic parameters.
The Geographic Information System (GIS) globally recognized as the most efficient tool for data compilation, organization, management and integration (Noll IV et al., 2010; Varnell et al., 2010; Turner and Bell, 2010) was selected as the appropriate tool for this study. Figure 1 portrays a typical programme of an offshore development and the relationship between data gathering and GIS construction.
Shallow Hazard Seismic Cube: A Decision Pathway For The Optimization Of The Processing Sequence
Authors: Saint-Andre Cyril , Cauquil Eric Charles , Paternoster Benoit 
Published: May 2011

Introduction
Shallow geological hazards possibly affecting drilling, platforms anchoring, and subsurface installations are a major threat lurking in the shallow zone below the seabed. These hazards could appear in different forms such as fault scarps, gas hydrates, gas-charged sediments, pockmarks, buried channels, abnormally pressured sands, and reefs.
The detection and interpretation of these shallow located multiform hazards requires high-resolution, fit for purpose 3D seismic data. Since Kerry Campbell in a 1999 TLE article stated that, "Clearly, the most reliable technical approach to minimize geo hazards risk would be to use 3D exploration seismic data for a preliminary geo hazard assessment...." the use of exploration and reservoir oriented 3D seismic have been accepted among the shallow hazards specialists. Nowadays their use appears completely mandatory as Nader C. Dutta & al. stated in their TLE special section article in 2010, " We think that the use of 3D seismic data could be and should be a standard practice….??
The production of shallow hazard dedicated seismic volumes (later called SHAZ cubes) by enhancement of classical exploration or reservoir 3D seismic raw data through specialized processing flows is now well controlled and accepted by the industry. These specific flows could greatly improve the added value that could be extracted from exploration and high resolution reservoir 3D volumes acquired with classical acquisition designs.
We present a decision pathway for the optimization of the processing sequence for SHAZ cube production. Three different processing flows are proposed, relying on the full exploration processing sequence. Pro's and con's of each flow are discussed in terms of result quality, turnaround and cost.
This embedded SHAZ cube production approach yields first of all to a better quality output products but also allows a regional scale interpretation, reducing " rush-hush?? situations frequently associated to localized so-called short offset cubes and to cost saving.

Discussion:
Exploration and reservoir oriented 3D surveys allows the production of 3D cubes (SHAZ) through specific Short-offset processing. Such dedicated SHAZ cubes are instrumental to shallow geological hazard interpretation and evaluation and they lead to a better assessment of related risk for E&P activities. SHAZ cubes are deemed a mandatory tool for assessing the sea bottom and subsurface conditions at large scale. Early availability of these specialized datasets are always welcome by interpreters in order to have a broader view of the potential hazards at a local and regional scale.
An efficient way to produce efficiently regional SHAZ cubes will be implemented by systematically including the production of such cube in any given new processing or reprocessing project. Derogations to this rule will be granted if such validated fit for purpose recent dataset is already available for the designated area.
Design of Deepwater Tower Riser for West Africa Application
Authors: Cao Jing 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
As one of the field proven riser concepts, tower riser is a popular concept in particular for deepwater application in the West of Africa (WoA). This paper addresses on the design exercise of a deepwater tower riser in WoA. A brief presentation of deepwater hybrid riser history and evaluation is given first. Secondly, design basis for the tower riser study is described. Thirdly, design of the tower riser has been focused on including logistical design procedure, major design issues, and critical factors affecting the design, global configuration design, connection design, and local component design. To verify the design and to provide input for local component sizing, global analysis was performed and results were presented as the fourth part of this paper using riser tool and ABAQUS. Lastly, conclusions are drawn from this study and recommendations are made.

1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, exploration and production activities have increased dramatically in deep and ultra-deep water. The targeted water depths for oil and gas developments in areas such as the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), West of Africa (WoA), and Brazil are increasing every year.
As one of the key elements in offshore infrastructure, deepwater riser technology plays an important role in offshore development. Among the field proven riser concepts, which include steel catenary risers (SCRs), top tension risers (TTRs), flexible risers (FRs), and hybrid risers (HRs) as shown in Figure 1-1, hybrid risers offer unique advantages over other concepts for specific applications and requirements. Even though hybrid riser concept initiated and started in the GoM, its popularity in deepwater development starts in the WoA with the deployment of the Girassol tower riser followed by Kizomba single line hybrid riser, Greater Plutonio tower riser, etc.