bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiments on phagocytosis and lipid absorption in the alimentary system of Helix
Authors: SUMNER A. T. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISCarmine particles and lipids are taken up by the digestive cells of the digestive gland of Helix. These substances are taken up by phagocytosis, and the apical and “green” granule vacuoles (Sumner, 1965) of the digestive cells are phagocytosis vacuoles. Carmine eventually becomes incorporated into the small yellow granules showing that they are derived from the “green” granules. Lipids are also taken up by the epithelia of the digestive‐gland ducts, intestine, and rectum. Phagocytosis has not been found in these sites, and the process appears to resemble that found in vertebrates.
The topography of thin sections of keratin fibres
Authors: ANDREWS M. W. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISNon‐uniformity in thickness of thin sections of wool fibres has been observed and shown to be associated with the histological structure. In the case of natural and supercontracted fibres the non‐uniformity is probably caused by shrinkage of the specimen when subjected to vacuum; in the case of wool fibres containing acrylonitrile that has been polymerized in situ it is thought to be caused by deformation effects during cutting. Any contribution from the effects of electron bombardment in vacuo is negligible.
Preservation of tissue mucins by freeze‐drying and vapour fixation
Authors: TOCK E. P. C. , PEARSE A. G. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe fixation of tissue mucins with liquid fixatives is unsatisfactory because of their solubility. Diffusion may be avoided, however, if the mucins are fixed in situ without contact with any liquid fixative. The method of fixation here described consists of freeze‐drying followed immediately by treatment with fixatives in the gaseous state, at elevated temperatures.Rat submaxillary salivary gland was used as test material since it contains several types of mucin with distinct localizations. The results of fixation of freeze‐dried tissues with formaldehyde vapour, osmium tetroxide vapour, and glutaraldehyde vapour, are far superior to those of the methods generally employed. With acrolein vapour and chromyl chloride vapour preservation of mucins is unsatisfactory.The chemical effects of vapour fixation have been explored by studying the protein histochemistry of the tissues.
Further observations on the cetacean reniculus
Authors: CAVE A. J. E. , AUMONIER F. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe histological structure of the reniculus is described for the first time in the cetacean forms Delphinaptera leucas, Delphinus bairdi, Stenella styx, Stenella attenuata and Sousa plumbea. A sporta perimedullaris musculosa is shown to be present in all. A common pattern of renicular vascular arrangements is described and renicular venous return is shown to be effected by alternative renicular and perirenicular pathways. Such pathways constitute the sole radicles of the renal vein and no “wandering” veins emerge from the kidney surface.
Combined protein and DNA measurements in plant cells using the dinitrofluorobenzene and Feulgen techniques
Authors: MITCHELL J. P. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe dinitrofluorobenzene reaction without subsequent chemical treatment has been shown to be suitable for combination with the Feulgen procedure to provide a means of measuring protein and DNA in the same cell. The density of dinitrofluorobenzene colouration per cell is affected by the fixation procedure and by the composition and temperature of the DNFB solution but with all the treatments used, the same reproducible maximum optical density per cell was obtained by increasing the temperature at which the reaction was carried out. The Feulgen procedure has no effect on the optical density of cells previously treated with dinitrofluorobenzene and is not affected itself by this previous staining procedure.
Histochemical studies of the formazan reaction: I. A theoretical review of some of the factors that can affect the conversion of periodate‐oxidized mucosubstances into formazans
Authors: WARD PETER J. STO 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISAt present, the chemical structures of macromolecules actually in tissues cannot be determined, mainly because histochemical techniques are rarely specific for a particular chemical group. This field might prosper if it were possible to make use of the unique ability of aldehydes to be converted into highly‐coloured formazans. This is achievedin vitroby condensing aldehydes with an arylhydrazine and coupling the hydrazone thus formed with a diazotized aromatic amine at a pH around 9. However,in situthis may be more complicated. For example, when periodate‐oxidized mucosubstances (containing engendered aldehydes) are converted into formazans by a similar sequence, coloured tetrazenes and azo‐derivatives, among other products, may be formed as well. Some of the many factors which can affect the conversion of periodate‐oxidized mucosubstances into formazans are reviewed in this paper. They include the nature of the “aldehydes” engendered in mucosubstances by periodic acid; the stabilities of periodate‐oxidized mucosubstance arylhydrazones; the course of the coupling reaction between diazon‐ium salts and mucosubstance arylhydrazones; and the presence of groups other than ofc‐glycols in the mucosubstance macromolecule (e.g. sulphate, carboxyl).
Some observations on the electron microscopy of lipids
Authors: CASLEY‐SMITH J. R. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe preservation and identification of free lipids is most difficult because they are very readily dissolved by the usual embedding media. At present only unsaturated triglycerides fixed by postchromation and lipofuscins can survive this extraction. There is no general fixative for lipids. A few unusual embedding media will preserve small droplets of lipids, but they are technically far from satisfactory. Included in this group is a new medium—urea‐formaldehyde. Some general stains for lipids have been developed; the results are, again, usable but rather unsatisfactory.
Changes in neuromuscular transmission in the W/Wv mouse internal anal sphincter
Authors: Duffy A. M. , Cobine C. A. , Keef K. D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC‐IM) have been shown to participate in nitrergic neuromuscular transmission (NMT) in various regions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, but their role in the internal anal sphincter (IAS) is still uncertain. Contractile studies of the IAS in the W/Wv mouse (a model in which ICC‐IM numbers are markedly reduced) have reported that nitrergic NMT persists and that ICC‐IM are not required. However, neither the changes in electrical events underlying NMT nor the contributions of other non‐nitrergic neural pathways have been examined in this model.Methods  The role of ICC‐IM in NMT was examined by recording the contractile and electrical events associated with electrical field stimulation (EFS) of motor neurons in the IAS of wildtype and W/Wv mice. Nitrergic, purinergic, and cholinergic components were identified using inhibitors of these pathways.Key Results  Under NANC conditions, purinergic and nitrergic pathways both contribute to EFS‐induced inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) and relaxation. Purinergic IJPs and relaxation were intact in the W/Wv mouse IAS, whereas nitrergic IJPs were reduced by 50–60% while relaxation persisted. In the presence of L‐NNA (NOS inhibitor) and MRS2500 (P2Y1 receptor antagonist), EFS gave rise to cholinergic depolarization and contractions that were abolished by atropine. Cholinergic depolarization was absent in the W/Wv mouse IAS while contraction persisted.Conclusions & Inferences  ICC‐IM significantly contributes to the electrical events underlying nitrergic and cholinergic NMT, whereas contractile events persist in the absence of ICC‐IM. The purinergic inhibitory neural pathway appears to be independent of ICC‐IM.
Challenges in non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer: lessons from a regional review
Authors: Siddins Mark T. , Wong Vun Vun , Fitzgerald Jude Thomas , Bamberg Lisa Jane 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:  Surveillance programmes for bladder cancer are invasive and expensive. Existing guidelines are complex, and the capacity to implement these is untested. The present study examined treatment consistency, and ease of guideline implementation, for patients undergoing surveillance of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer.Method:  Eligible cancers treated between 1 January 2005 and 30 June 2009 were identified from a prospective database in a regional South Australian Urology service. Each was analysed with respect to the timing of cystoscopic surveillance and the use of intraoperative chemotherapy. For high‐risk patients, the use of urine cytology, upper tract imaging, adjuvant therapy and re‐resection of T1 cancers was reviewed.Results:  Eight hundred and nineteen cystoscopies were performed in the surveillance of 313 cancers in 193 patients. Within each risk category, the pattern of cystoscopic surveillance varied widely. In high‐risk patients, the use of cytology, upper tract imaging, adjuvant therapy and re‐resection was infrequent (3–56%). An attempt was made to standardize management through the implementation of guidelines. No overall practice improvement was observed after 18 months. Difficulty incorporating new algorithms into practice and ensuring a consistent longitudinal focus in care were felt contributory. Of 78 low‐risk cancer patients, 55% underwent more cystoscopies than would have been expected. In 235 cancer patients at high or intermediate risk, 43% received less follow‐up than would have been recommended.Conclusion:  Surveillance patterns were inconsistent across all risk categories. The development of consensus recommendations did not significantly alter clinical practice. Implementation of clinical guidelines for this important disease represents a significant challenge in acute hospital settings.
Management of low (favourable)‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Carter H. Ballentine 
Published: November 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Most men who are diagnosed with favourable‐risk prostate cancer undergo some form of active intervention, despite evidence that treatment will not improve health outcomes for many. The decision to undergo treatment after diagnosis is, in part, related to the inability to precisely determine the long‐term risk of harm without treatment. Nevertheless, physicians should consider patient age, overall health, and preferences for living with cancer and the potential side effects of curative treatments, before recommending a management option. This is especially important for older men, given the high level of evidence that those with low‐risk disease are unlikely to accrue any benefit from curative intervention.What is known on the subject: Over treatment of favourable‐risk prostate cancer is common, especially among older men.What does the study add: A review of the natural history of favourable‐risk prostate cancer in the context of choices for management of the disease.• The management of favourable‐risk prostate cancer is controversial, and in the absence of controlled trials to inform best practice, choices are driven by personal beliefs with resultant wide variation in practice patterns.• Men with favourable‐risk prostate cancer diagnosed today often undergo treatments that will not improve overall health outcomes.• A shared‐decision approach for selecting optimal management of favourable‐risk disease should account for patient age, overall health, and preferences for living with cancer and the potential side effects of curative treatments.
Transatlantic Consensus Group on active surveillance and focal therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Ahmed Hashim U. , Akin Oguz , Coleman Jonathan A. , Crane Sarah , Emberton Mark , Goldenberg Larry , Hricak Hedvig , Kattan Mike W. , Kurhanewicz John , Moore Caroline M. , Parker Chris , Polascik Thomas J. , Scardino Peter , van As Nicholas , Villers Arnauld ,   on behalf of the Transatlantic Consensus Group on Active Surveillance and Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer (appendix)
Published: November 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Active surveillance for prostate cancer is gaining increasing acceptance for low risk prostate cancer. Focal therapy is an emerging tissue preservation strategy that aims for treat only areas of cancer. Early phase trials have shown that side‐effects can be significantly reduced using focal therapy.There is significant uncertainty in both active surveillance and focal therapy. This consensus group paper provides a road‐map for clinical practice and research for both tissue‐preserving strategies in the areas of patient population, tools for risk stratification and cancer localisation, treatment interventions as well as comparators and outcome measures in future comparative trials.OBJECTIVE• To reach consensus on key issues for clinical practice and future research in active surveillance and focal therapy in managing localized prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODS• A group of expert urologists, oncologists, radiologists, pathologists and computer scientists from North America and Europe met to discuss issues in patient population, interventions, comparators and outcome measures to use in both tissue‐preserving strategies of active surveillance and focal therapy.• Break‐out sessions were formed to provide agreement or highlight areas of disagreement on individual topics which were then collated by a writing group into statements that formed the basis of this report and agreed upon by the whole Transatlantic Consensus Group.RESULTS• The Transatlantic group propose that emerging diagnostic tools such as precision imaging and transperineal prostate mapping biopsy can improve prostate cancer care. These tools should be integrated into prostate cancer management and research so that better risk stratification and more effective treatment allocation can be applied.• The group envisaged a process of care in which active surveillance, focal therapy, and radical treatments lie on a continuum of complementary therapies for men with a range of disease grades and burdens, rather than being applied in the mutually exclusive and competitive way they are now.CONCLUSION• The changing landscape of prostate cancer epidemiology requires the medical community to re‐evaluate the entire prostate cancer diagnostic and treatment pathway in order to minimize harms resulting from over‐diagnosis and over‐treatment. Precise risk stratification at every point in this pathway is required alongside paradigm shifts in our thinking about what constitutes cancer in the prostate.
Evaluation of GSTP1 and APC methylation as indicators for repeat biopsy in a high‐risk cohort of men with negative initial prostate biopsies
Authors: Trock Bruce J. , Brotzman Michelle J. , Mangold Leslie A. , Bigley Joseph W. , Epstein Jonathan I. , McLeod David , Klein Eric A. , Jones J. Stephen , Wang Songbai , McAskill Theresa , Mehrotra Jyoti , Raghavan Bhargavi , Partin Alan W. 
Published: November 2011

Study Type – Diagnostic (exploratory cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Hypermethylation of genes such as glutathione‐S‐transferase P1 (GSTP1) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) occurs with high frequency in prostate tumour tissue but is much less common in the benign prostate; however, the potential value of gene methylation biomarkers as an adjunct to biopsy histopathology has had little study.When measured in histologically benign prostate biopsy tissue, APC gene hypermethylation was found to have high negative predictive value and high sensitivity. GSTP1 hypermethylation was found to have lower performance than APC.OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of DNA methylation biomarkers in the setting of repeat biopsy in men with an initially negative prostate biopsy but a high index of suspicion for missed prostate cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We prospectively evaluated 86 men with an initial histologically negative prostate biopsy and high‐risk features.
All men underwent repeat 12‐core ultrasonography‐guided biopsy.
DNA methylation of glutathione‐S‐transferase P1 (GSTP1) and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) was determined using tissue from the initially negative biopsy and compared with histology of the repeat biopsy.
The primary outcome was the relative negative predictive value (NPV) of APC compared with GSTP1, and its 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
On repeat biopsy, 21/86 (24%) men had prostate cancer.
APC and GSTP1 methylation ratios below the threshold (predicting no cancer) produced a NPV of 0.96 and 0.80, respectively. The relative NPV was 1.2 (95% CI: 1.06–1.36), indicating APC has significantly higher NPV.
Methylation ratios above the threshold yielded a sensitivity of 0.95 for APC and 0.43 for GSTP1.
Combining both methylation markers produced a performance similar to that of APC alone.
APC methylation patterns were consistent with a possible field effect or occurrence early in carcinogenesis.
CONCLUSIONS
APC methylation provided a very high NPV with a low percentage of false‐negatives, in the first prospective study to evaluate performance of DNA methylation markers in a clinical cohort of men undergoing repeat biopsy.
The potential of APC methylation to reduce unnecessary repeat biopsies warrants validation in a larger prospective cohort.
General application of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance for active surveillance for men with prostate cancer is not appropriate in unscreened populations
Authors: Wong Lih‐Ming , Johnston Richard , Sharma Naomi , Shah Nimish C. , Warren Anne Y. , Neal David E. 
Published: November 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Active surveillance (AS) is a well‐recognised management strategy to minimise the morbidity associated with radical treatment of prostate cancer. The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines initially suggested that all men with low‐risk prostate cancer should first be offered AS. The cohort of men with upstaging and upgrading of prostate cancer from diagnosis to final pathology has been described in North American and European populations.As the rate of PSA testing in Britain is lower than North America and parts of Europe, the risk of more advanced disease at diagnosis of prostate cancer is higher. The present study is one of the first to examine this cohort in a British population and found the rate of features of advanced disease (extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle involvement and Gleason 4 + 3, or 8–10) to be 37.2%.OBJECTIVE
To determine if the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for men with low‐risk prostate cancer were generally applicable in unscreened populations.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected case series from a single tertiary care centre in England.
In all, 700 consecutive men treated for prostate cancer from 2005 by robot‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) were included.
Patients satisfying NICE criteria for low‐risk disease (PSA level < 10 ng/mL and Gleason score ≤ 6 and cT1–2a) had their pathological samples analysed for advanced disease, defined as extracapsular extension (ECE: pT3), seminal vesicle involvement (SVI), Gleason sum 7, or 8–10 or node‐positive disease.
RESULTS
In all, 275 patients (39.2%) met the NICE low‐risk criteria, but pathologically advanced disease was found in 37.2% of this group.
There was ECE in 71 patients (25.8%), 10 had SVI (3.6%), nine (3.3%) had Gleason score 7 (4 + 3), and 12 had Gleason sum 8–10 (4.4%).
CONCLUSIONS
The NICE guidance was developed largely on data from North America where populations are highly screened using PSA testing. In the UK, many men with low‐risk disease features have high‐risk disease and the general applicability of the NICE guidance is questionable in unscreened populations.
We recommend that radical therapy is discussed as an alternative option to active surveillance.
Screening urine analysis before bacille Calmette‐Guérin instillation does not reduce the rate of infectious complications
Authors: Zhao Lee C. , Meeks Joshua J. , Helfand Brian T. , Ross Finlay R. , Herr Harry W. , Kundu Shilajit D. 
Published: November 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Infectious complication is a risk of bacille Calmette‐Guérin instillation. Urine analysis in asymptomatic patients has been used as a measure to reduce infections.This study suggests that screening urine analysis prior to bacille Calmette‐Guérin instillation did not affect the rate of urinary tract infections.OBJECTIVE
To discover if the routine use of urine analysis decreases the rate of urinary tract infection (UTI) complications after bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) administration.
METHODS
A retrospective review of the outcomes of 202 patients undergoing BCG treatment for bladder cancer at two medical centres with different pre‐BCG screening strategies was performed.
The medical records of 100 patients who received BCG by one urologist at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) were reviewed. No patient received a urine analysis immediately prior to BCG treatment.
Similarly, 102 patients who received BCG at Northwestern Memorial Hospital (NMH) were reviewed. Patients at NMH were screened by urine analysis for pyuria and bacteriuria before BCG treatment, and, if clinically indicated, BCG instillation was delayed for the results of the urine culture.
If the urine culture confirmed infection, then the patient was treated before restarting BCG instillation.
RESULTS
At MSKCC, 100 patients underwent 600 BCG treatments.
After BCG administration, symptomatic UTI occurred in three patients (3%), successfully treated with antibiotics.
No patients developed BCG sepsis or required hospitalization due to infection.
At NMH, 102 patients underwent 612 BCG treatments.
Pre‐BCG urine analysis was positive for pyuria (defined as white blood cells >5 per high‐power field) in 27.8%, and positive for bacteriuria (defined as any bacteria on microscopy) in 18.1%.
Based on the results of pre‐screening urine analysis, BCG instillation was delayed 15 times (2.5%).
Overall, three patients (3%) had culture‐proven UTIs after BCG instillation.
No patients developed BCG sepsis or required hospitalization in either group and there were no significant differences in the frequency of UTIs.
CONCLUSIONS
Urine analysis can safely be omitted before administration of BCG in asymptomatic patients.
Omission of urine analysis could save time and expense during the office‐based treatment of bladder cancer.