bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the “Chalk-Rock,” the Topmost Bed of the Lower Chalk, in
Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire
, &c.
Authors: Whitaker William 
Published: October 2009

The bed to which I have elsewhere given the name of “Chalk-rock,” I believe to form the division between the Upper and Lower Chalk, and to be the topmost bed of the latter. I have described it as “hard blocky chalk, jointed perpendicularly to the plane of bedding, with lines of irregularly shaped, hard, calcareo-phosphatic nodules, which are green outside, but cream-coloured within.” It breaks with an even fracture, rings when struck with the hammer, and is of a pale cream-colour (the nodules being darker than the rest).
For some time I thought that this bed had escaped the notice of geologists; but Mr. Prestwich tells me that he has long known of it. It has also been noticed by Mr. Evans, of Hemel Hempstead, and Mr. W. Cunnington, of Devizes. However, I believe that no account of it has yet been published, with the exception of the short description above referred to.
My own observations have been confined to the counties of Wilts, Berks, Oxon, Bucks, and Herts—that is, to the northern side of the western part of the London Basin,—in which area I found that the Chalk-rock reaches its greatest thickness to the west, gradually thinning eastwards.
On the Altered Rocks of the Western Islands of Scotland, and the North-western and Central Highlands
Authors: Murchison Roderick I. , Geikie Archibald 
Published: October 2009

In former memoirs upon the crystalline rocks of the north of Scotland, read before this Society, it was shown by one of us, that in the county of Sutherland, in addition to the existence of a fundamental gneiss and an unconformably superposed Cambrian sandstone, there is a conformable ascending series, from certain Lower Silurian quartz-rocks and limestones, up into a group of micaceous and gneissose schists. It was also pointed out, in a general sketch-map of the Highlands, that the order thus observable in the north-western regions of Scotland probably extended southwards across the mountainous tracts to the south of the Caledonian Canal. But this application of the classification of the rocks of the north-west was based on general observations only of earlier years; and a more exact survey was called for before it could be held as proved that the great mass of the Scottish Highlands displayed the same order of succession as had been demonstrated to exist in the north-western tracts.
It was also necessary to trace the development of the Sutherland-shire series to the south-west, through Boss-shire, so as to complete the base-line from which the rest of the Highlands should be worked out in detail.
On the Succession of Beds in the “Hastings Sand” in the Northern Portion of the Wealden Area
Authors: Drew Frederic 
Published: October 2009

Having for the last two years been engaged (in the course of the progress of the Government Survey) in examining part of that large tract in the south-east of England which is made by the outcrop of the Wealden strata, and having now become acquainted with many details concerning that formation, I wish to bring before the Society an account of its lithological character and of the order of succession that prevails in it.
As regards this part of England, the Wealden formation has long been divided into three members, namely—
The “Weald Clay,” the “Hastings Sand,” and the “Ashburnham Beds.” The first, the “Weald Clay,” is much the same through all its thickness; where there is variety in it, it has been well described by Dr. Fitton, Mr. Martin, and Dr. Mantell. The lowest member, the “Ashburnham Beds,” which may, perhaps, be classed with the Purbeck formation, does not appear in that district in which I have more particularly been engaged. I shall therefore say little of these two, and almost confine myself to the “Hastings Sand,” and to the northern part of the Hastings Sand country, a district, 50 miles long and varying from 3 to 12 or more in width, lying between and in the neighbourhood of the towns of Tenterden, Cranbrook, Tunbridge Wells, East Grinstead, and Horsham.
On the Geology of a Part of Western Australia
Authors: Gregory F. T. 
Published: October 2009

In presenting to the Geological Society the accompanying collection of specimens and this sketch of the geology of a part of Western Australia, I feel that some apology is due for laying before them a work so imperfect in its composition and arrangement, and I beg to state that I have only been induced to make the attempt in consequence of the almost total absence of any published information regarding the geological structure of this portion of the Australian continent.
During a residence of thirty years in Western Australia, my acquaintance with its geology has been almost entirely restricted to the practical observation of its various stratified formations as presented to my view in the course of official and professional avocations, which led me over the whole of the known portion of this province; but, although thus enabled to accumulate a vast amount of notes and details, I have not had the opportunity of classifying them with any degree of certainty by the comparative study of its geology with other countries where the nomenclature and limits of the formations are well-known and established. The difficulty attendant upon the collection and preservation of fossils while travelling rapidly through a wild country has also been another obstacle in the way of my endeavours to assign exact limits to the several formations.
On the Occurrence of Large Granite Boulders, at a Great Depth in, West Rosewarne Mine, Gwinear, Cornwall
Authors: Salmon H. C. 
Published: October 2009

AT West Rosewarne Mine, in the parish of Gwinear, Cornwall, some remarkable granite-boulders have been met with in the 50-fathom level below the adit ; the adit being 24 fathoms deep from surface, this 50-fathom level is consequently 74 fathoms from surface.
The sections given in the accompanying figs. 1, 2, 3, show the form and position of these boulders in the level. Their full size cannot be ascertained, for they extend, as will be seen, into the roof and south side of the level; but, taking those parts which are exposed, there appear to be two large boulders, about 4 inches apart, the eastern one projecting down 3 feet into the level, and the western one projecting down 2 feet, as shown in the vertical section, fig. 2. The length and width of these in the back of the level are shown in the section (horizontal), fig. 3. The length of the eastern bolflder is 4 feet 2 inches, and that of the western boulder 3 feet 10 inches : the width which they extend across the back of the level, from the south side, is the same for both, viz. 2 feet 9 inches. The particular form of these boulders, and their relative position to each other, are fully shown in the sections; the vertical transverse section in fig. 1. across the great eastern boulder, shows the manner in which it, and a smaller granite mass beneath it, originally penetrated across the level—the dotted lines marking the portions
On a Split Boulder in Little Cumbra, Western Isles
Authors: Smith James 
Published: October 2009

Split erratic blocks are of frequent occurrence in Switzerland. The only explanation of this phenomenon which I have met with is that of M. Charpentier, in his “Essai sur les Glaciers.” Speaking of the blocks, he says, “Quelques uns sont fendus, mais la direction des fentes prouve jusques à évidence que les ruptures sont le résultat d'une chute et nullement d'un choc horizontal” (p. 180). M. Charpentier offers no conjecture as to the height from whence the blocks could have fallen; but where there is no superincumbent precipice of rock near, it must have been from one of ice. Indeed, I may say that I obtained proof that such was the case; for upon examining the fragments which lay at the foot of the escarpment of ice which terminates the Glacier of Grindelwald, I observed one which, from the freshness of the fracture, I concluded must have fallen very shortly before my visit, and obviously from the surface of the glacier.
Such blocks occur occasionally in the basin of the Clyde, in situations where there is no adjoining height from which they could have fallen,—a circumstance which I can only account for by supposing the former existence, in the same localities, of ice in the shape of glaciers, icebergs, or coast-ice. I may add that some of the split boulders are also scratched, exhibiting additional proofs of glacial action.
To one of these blocks I wish to call the attention of the Society, on account of the peculiarity of the
On the Date of the Last Elevation of Central Scotland
Authors: Geikie Archibald 
Published: October 2009

That the central districts of Scothland, together with the greater part of the British Islands, have undergone a movement of upheaval within a comparatively recent geological period is a fact which has long been familiar to the geologist. A line of raised beach, with shells of living species still in a perfect state of preservation, fringes many parts of the coast, at a height of from 15 or 20 to upwards of 40 feet above the present sea-level. This difference of elevation may point either to different periods of upheaval or to one great upward movement which varied in intensity in different parts of the island. For facts so well known it is only necessary to refer here to the papers of Mr. Smith of Jordan Hill, Mr. Maclaren, Mr. Chambers, and others who have described the evidence which different parts of the Scottish coast-line furnish as to a recent rise. The object of the present communication is to inquire how far we have data for ascertaining the time at which at least the later stages of this rise took place.
Ever since the pubhcation, in 1838, of Mr. Smith's great paper on the last changes of level in the British Islands ~, the belief has been universal that no alteration of the relative position of sea and land has taken place within the last two thousand years, the coast-line being the same now as it was at the time of the Roman invasion. I shall have occasion have occasion
On the Footprint of an Iguanodon, lately found at Hastings
Authors: Tylor Alfred 
Published: October 2009

The occurrence of ichnites or footprints in the Wealden strata has on previous occasions been brought before the notice of the Geological Society by both Tagart and Beckles; and these remains have also been alluded to by Mantell in his ‘Geology of the Isle of Wight’ (1st edit., 1847, pp. 247, 328).
A notice of the recent discovery of similar impressions may be interesting, and may assist in throwing some light upon their nature and character, as well as lead us to some general observations on the strata in which they are found.
By the earlier observers these footprints were referred to gigantic birds, but subsequently the probability of their being reptilian has been advanced. This idea is supported by the abundant occurrence of numerous bones of the Iguanodon and other Dinosaurians in the Wealden deposits. By Dr. Mantel's exertions many of these remains were brought before the scientific world; and more lately Professor Owen, in a monograph published by the Palæontographical Society, has figured and described, among other fine specimens, the bones of the foot of a young Iguanodon, obtained by Mr. Beckles in the Isle of Wight. This foot has three toes, measures 21 inches in length and 9½ in width, and would form a print or “spoor” similar in outline to that shown by the imprint now exhibited, and by the several other imprints and natural casts of imprints found in the Wealden rocks.
The footprints recently observed near Hastings were upon detached blocks of sand-rock which
On some Fossil Crustacea from the Coal-measures and Devonian Rocks of British North America
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

One of the Devonian fossils is apparently allied to the Stomapods, and is named
Amphipeltis paradoxus
by Mr. Salter; it was obtained by Dr. Dawson near St. John's, New Brunswick, where it occurred with plant-remains; another Crustacean fossil from the same locality is a new
Eurypterus—E. pulicaris
. Other remains of
Eurypteri
have been sent also by Dr. Dawson, from the Coal-measures of Port Hood, Cape Breton, and of the Joggins, Nova Scotia; and with these a new Amphipod—
Diplostylus
, having some characters of alliance with
Typhis
and
Brachyscelus
.
On some Species of
Eurypterus
and Allied Forms
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

After alluding to the late and complete researches on
Eurypterus
by Dr. Wieskowski and Professor J. Hall, Mr. Salter explained some formerly obscure points in its structure, and proceeded to describe the
E. Scouleri
, Hibbert, from the Carboniferous limestone of Scotland, and the Upper Old Red Sandstone of Kilkenny; the
E. (Arthropleura) mammatus
, a new species from the Upper Coal-measures near Manchester; and
E.? (Arthropleura) ferox
, sp. nov., from the Coal-measures of North Staffordshire.
On some Upper Coal-measures, containing a bed of Limestone, at Catrine in Ayrshire
Authors: Binney E. W. 
Published: October 2009

Some years since the writer described, in a short communication read before the Society and printed in the Quarterly Journal, the breccia at Ballochmoyle and the red and purple strata found near Catrine in Ayrshire. As to the latter, he expressed no opinion whether or not they were Permian or Carboniferous, evidence being then wanted to decide that question; but his impression was that they were Carboniferous strata much higher in the series than any which had yet been described in Scotland. A visit to the locality a few days since enabled him to establish beyond doubt that the strata at Ballochmoyle Braes, Catrine, and Sorn represent a coal-field as high as any in the English series,—in fact, one similar to those at Ardwick, near Manchester; Uffington and Leebotwood, near Shrewsbury; Buxterby, near Nuneaton; and Lane-End, Potteries. Mr. Ralph Moore, in his valuable sections of the Scottish coal-fields, gives the Ayshire strata as follows:
In the remarks accompanying the ‘First Sketch of a New Geological Map of Scotland’, published in 1861, Sir R. I. Murchison and Mr. Geikie say, at p. 13,—
“Another chief feature of the present map, as distinguished from all other maps of the country, consists in the subdivision of the Carboniferous formation.
“This group of Rocks consists in Scotland of the following members:—
“The Upper Coals represent, wholly or in part, the true English Coal-measures, which lie above the Millstone-grit. They occur, in Scotland, in four basins,—one in Mid-Lothian, a second in Fife, the third and
On a Section at Junction-Road, Leith
Authors: Carruthers William 
Published: October 2009

The investigation of changes in the earth's surface which have been effected since its occupation by man, or within the historic period, deservedly receives a large amount of attention in the present day. Any facts which will enable us to form an estimate of the time in which geological changes are produced are of the utmost value to science. Hence the importance of Mr. Leonard Horner's investigations in the Delta of the Nile, Mr. Geikie's observations on the coast of the Forth, and similar recent contributions, if based on certain and incontrovertible data, can scarcely be over-estimated. But while the multiplication of such observations is desirable, the elimination of erroneous data forming the bases of important deductions is no less so. And if the pottery raised from such a depth in the Nile sediment as to convince Mr. Horner that it was deposited there 14,000 years ago be Roman pottery, or if the Roman pottery of Mr. Geikie's Forth section be of modern manufacture, it is of as much, if not of more value to science, that such received errors be corrected, than that new truths be added.
In August last year I read Mr. Geikie's paper, “On a Rise of the Coast of the Frith of Forth*.” Being in Edinburgh at the time, I visited the section which formed the basis of his hypothesis. With his sketch in my hand, I had no difficulty in recognizing the various beds he describes in his paper. But the story that the
On the geology of a part of the Masulipatam District
Authors: Applegath F. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
country west of the Palair River, and north of the Kistnah River, is covered with a thinly stratified limestone (E) of a dark blue or black colour, which is about 150 feet thick, and alternates sometimes with dark purple slates (A), sometimes with a lighter-coloured speckled slate, and occasionally with some cubical pieces of clay iron-stone. The extent of this district is 24 square miles*. The limestone here has a strike due north, and a dip about 19° east: this description mainly applies to all the limestone west of the Palair River. The slates are considered old, and have attracted much attention at Madras. No quarries have been opened in these limestone-fields; but the stone is burnt for lime by the natives, who use the slates extensively for the floors of their houses and verandahs. The slabs are usually about 6 feet long, three and one-half feet wide, and from 2 to 8 inches thick.

The dark-coloured limestone contains casts of shells, and rings when struck by a hammer. A similar limestone in appearance at Kurnool, Province of Ballaghaut, on the Toombuddra River, 250 miles N.W. of Madras, contains large quantities of lead; and in every ton of lead there are 400 oz. of pure silver; at least, a specimen analysed showed this per-centage.
The limestones on the east side of the Palair differ much in colour, appearance, and position from those on the west side, indicating great disturbance of strata; they are principally of a pale yellow, salmon, or red
On the Association of Granite with the Tertiary Strata near Kingston, Jamaica
Authors: Sawkins J. G. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
object of my writing at present is to inform you that, during the last few months, I have been tracing out a very interesting granitic formation traversing this island from the S.E. to the N.W., the direction of our earthquake-shocks.

My interest in the investigation was enhanced because it was generally supposed that lower rocks of this intrusive class did not appear on this island, and also by frequently observing small crystals of the carbonate of copper associated with it, by which I was encouraged in the belief that I should find this metal accompanying the granitic formation.
This formation first appears in the parish of Port Royal, piercing through the carbonaceous series; then west of the Hope River, in the parish of St. Andrew, between the white limestone and conglomerates. It is consequently of Tertiary age. It sinks below the white limestone at Stony Hill, rises again through the same to the N.W., and trends off into the parish of Metcalfe, where I found the copper associated with the granitic series in the manner the specimens sent with this note will illustrate, which I consider an interesting fact to lay before you.
The character of the granitic rock differs materially in the quantity of each constituent, and it is more frequently accompanied with hornblende than mica, the amount of felspar being greater than the quartz. It has, in many instances, undergone decomposition to so great an extent that it is recognized with difficulty.
After I surveyed Anguilla, some
On the Cambrian and Huronian Formations
Authors: Bigsby J. J. 
Published: October 2009

P
art
I.—R
emarks on the
G
eographical
C
onditions of the
C
ambrian
S
ystem
.

I.
Introduction
.—Some of the following statements, and the conclusions to which they have given rise, were originally intended to refer, in chief, to the presence or absence of organic remains in the Cambrian rocks; but led on by points of interest that gradually presented themselves, the inquiry has been conducted further than was at first anticipated.

I may perhaps be allowed, for the present, to take for granted that the Cambrian of Western Europe passes conformably upwards into the Silurian series, with certain changes introduced by altered conditions. Usually these two sets of rocks are mutually conformable, and pass into each other, sometimes by insensible gradations*.
It is also true that their unconformity is very frequent, from the local operation of plutonic forces. I shall not stop now to bring forward proofs of these several assertions.
I have given as a Table a synoptical list of all the Cambrian deposits known to me, and also other Tables of some use. On these Tables is grounded much of what is advanced in this paper.

II.
Characters of the Cambrian
.—The Cambrian formation is so varied in its particulars, and so familiar as a whole, that a definition of it need not be attempted.

We find in it, however, the following characters:—
§ 1. In Northern and Western Europe alone (or nearly alone) it consists principally of purple and black clay-slates, often chloritic and micaceous, together with conglomerates, grits, and sandstones, placed almost
Geological Notes on the Locality in Siberia where Fossil Fish and Estheriæ have been found
Authors: Austin C. E. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
1858 I had the pleasure of presenting to the Society some slabs of fossiliferous shale, containing specimens of the fossil fish mentioned by Dr. von Middendorf† as having been obtained by him at Nertchinsk, during his last journey in Siberia, and named
Lycoptera Middendorfii
by J. Müller‡.

The slabs also contain the remains of a number of
Estheriœ
, referred to by Müller as
Limnadiœ
§, as well as portions of reeds and stems of plants, some lignite, and two imperfectly preserved shells which probably belong to a species of
Limnæus
, but may possibly be
Paludinæ
. They were taken by me from the bed,
in situ
, in the year 1848.

The bed lies about 160 versts south by east of Nertchinsk, at the base of a cliff from 6 to 10 feet high, extending north and south, and forming the west or right bank of a small clear stream, called the Toorga, which flows southward into the River Onon. The bed dips westward about 25°.
The east bank of this stream, where it flows by the fossiliferous strata, rises gradually, and extends, above the level of the water, into a plain, on which conspicuous masses of igneous rocks are distributed.
At a point eight versts to the south of that where the fossils were found, an abrupt hill of augite-porphyry rises from the plain to an elevation of more than 100 feet. Its southern face is composed of rhomboids cemented together by quartz into one solid mass, and thus a rock
On some Crustacean Tracks from the Old Red Sandstone near Ludlow
Authors: Roberts George E. 
Published: October 2009

I
lately
received some sandstone-slabs from the Lower Old Red Cornstones, obtained by Mr. Alfred Marston, of Ludlow, which exhibit more clearly than is usual tracks and trails of
Crustacea
. They were obtained from a somewhat noted quarry at Bouldon, a village seven miles north of Ludlow. Mr. Marston has furnished me with the following details of the Bouldon section:—

A zone of fine-grained and thin-bedded deposits, indicating quiescent conditions and shallow water, is thus seen dividing two conglomeratic beds, the lower of which I am inclined to regard as the rock wanting above the plant-bearing bed at Linley,
but which is seen to accompany that deposit at Trimpley, in Worcestershire, and elsewhere.

The Crustacean tracks occur as casts abundantly upon the under surface of the thin sandstone-layer,
f
, of
the above section.

Of the three or more varieties, the most important in size and distinctness (fig. 2) is a slightly curved trail about one and
one-half inch in width, formed by two series of oval or, rather, flask-shaped prints, one-quarter of an inch long, each bearing a
number of transverse wrinkles parallel to the direction of the trail. The prints taper inwardly, and have a slight upward curve at
the same end. Their distance from each other varies, as also does the height of the cast, but these inequalities may be regarded as
results of peculiarities of the condition of the surface which received them.
The indentations made by another Crustacean (?) upon the slabs (see fig. 3) are longer and