bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obtention Production and Use of Factor VIII in Costa Rica
Authors: Cordero R , Montero C 
Published: August 2010

The National Blood Commission integrated by members of the Costa Rican Red Cross, the Voluntary Blood Donors and the National Health System has an excellent program to obtain blood, plasma, platelets and cryoprecipitates. The blood is obtained on voluntary basis from several sources such as universities, high schools, industries and public workers.The daily fresh plasma obtained in this form is processed by Dr. Pool's method to produce cryoprecipitates, which are used at the National Hemophilia Center. The obtention of cryoprecipitates produces an annual average of 500,000 U F VIII. In order to fulfill the requirements for home care and rural hospitals, it is necessary to import commercial concentrates of F VIII. There is a possibility to either lyophilize cryoprecipitates or exchange the remanent plasma for concentrates. It is suggested that a regional plasma fractionating plant is installed in order to fill the needs of Central America and the Caribbean area.
IRON STATUS OF 38‐YEAR‐OLD WOMEN IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN
Authors: Rybo Elisabeth , Bengtsson Calle , Hallberg Leif 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBlood haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, blood cell counts, serum iron concentration, total iron binding capacity, bone marrow iron content, sideroblast count, iron absorption and menstrual blood loss were studied in 372 38‐year‐old women who were representative of the general female population of that age resident in Gothenburg, Sweden. The distributions of serum iron concentration, serum total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation were slightly skewed, whereas the distributions of iron absorption, reticulocyte count, sideroblast count, and menstrual blood loss were markedly skewed. The other variables studied were mainly normally distributed. One‐third of the women (32 %) had no reticuloendothelial iron and another 14 % only traces of reticuloendothelial iron in smears from sternal bone marrow. Serum iron concentration and total iron binding capacity were rather high and menstrual blood loss low in women taking oral contraceptives, while factors such as country of origin, socio‐economic group, blood donation, previous oral iron therapy or recent infection seemed to have no or only a slight influence on variables reflecting the iron status.
Fetal alcohol syndrome and developing craniofacial and dental structures – a review
Authors: Sant'Anna LB , Tosello DO 
Published: August 2010

Structured abstractAuthors – Sant'Anna LB, Tosello DOObjectives – Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a collection of signs and symptoms seen in children exposed to alcohol in the prenatal period. It is characterized mainly by a distinct pattern of craniofacial malformations, physical and mental retardation. However, with the increased incidence of FAS, there is a great variation in the clinical features of FAS.Design – Narrative review.Results – This review describes data from clinical and experimental studies, andin vitromodels. Experimental studies have shown that alcohol has a direct toxic effect on the ectodermal and mesodermal cells of the developing embryo, particularly in the cells destined to give rise to dentofacial structures (i.e. cranial neural crest cells). Other effects, such as, abnormal pattern of cranial and mandibular growth and altered odontogenesis are described in detail. The exact mechanism by which alcohol induces its teratogenic effects remains still unknown. The possible mechanisms are outlined here, with an emphasis on the developing face and tooth. Possible future research directions and treatment strategies are also discussed.Conclusion – Early identification of children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure leads to interventions, services, and improved outcomes. FAS can be prevented with the elimination of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. We need to provide education, target high‐risk groups, and make this issue a high priority in terms of public health.
EFFECT OF GLUCOSE ANALOGS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXIN A
Authors: SMITH J. L. , BENCIVENGO M. M. , BUCHANAN R. L. , KUNSCH C. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGlucose, 2‐deoxyglucose (2‐DOG), and α‐methylglucose (α‐MG) inhibited staphylococcal enteroxin A (SEA) synthesis by Staphylococcus aureus 196E whereas β‐methylglucose (β‐MG) and 3‐0‐methylglucose (3‐0‐MG) did not inhibit even at high concentrations. Glucose and β‐MG decreased the pH (< 6.0) whereas the pH with 2‐DOG, α‐MG was above 8.0 at 24 h. Glucose (at levels not inhibitory to SEA synthesis) potentiated the inhibition of toxin synthesis by 2‐DOG and β‐MG and the glucose‐analog combinations had a decreased pH. The inhibition of SEA synthesis by glucose, glucose analogs, or glucose‐analog combinations does not appear to be directly related to a decline in pH. The inhibitory effects shown by glucose and its analog suggest that SEA synthesis may be regulated by a mechanism similar to catabolite repression.
MEASURING INFLUENCE IN A SOUTHERN STATE LEGISLATURE
Authors: Whistler Donald E. , Ellickson Mark C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary and ConclusionsTo observe influence in the personalized ephemeral politics of a southern legislature, we used three measures. The first — attributes of influences — employed individual, district, and ideological characteristics. The second — reputation for influence — utilized reputation for effectiveness in the legislative process and reputation as one from whom advice is sought. The third measured actually getting something from the legislative process. We devised a new method of indexing this, developing a Ten‐Point Continuum which indicated how far members' bills had gotten along the legislative route.Before summarizing the above relationships, it should be noted that bills are handled (conflict resolved) in a definite pattern in this southern state legislature, and this pattern is consistent over time and across chambers. The pattern is first that most bills are enacted. The personalized style of southern politics is reflected in a “politics of accommodation” of as many members as possible. Second, among those bills not enacted, most (about half) are stymied at the very earliest stage, either by the sponsor withdrawing it or the committee simply taking no action. Third, the remaining half of bills not enacted are defeated over the wide variety of possible maneuvers.Regarding relationships, in general the two measures of influence are affected by individual legislator and district characteristics only weakly to mildly, while seniority and institutional position display moderately strong associations. Success at getting bills passed is weakly influenced by any personal, district or institutional factors. Moreover, the direction of the relationships are not always consistent. The association between the measures of influence and success at bill‐enactment is very weak to non‐existent. (The two measures of reputation are moderately related).We are not surprised to find these relationships in a legislature that operates on personalized politics. In such a system, as many members are accommodated as possible. This is reflected in the bill‐passage rate, which is the highest among American state legislatures (Rosenthal: 258). If most members get what they want, then individual and district characteristics, as well as reputation for influence are not crucial. Seniority and institutional positions provide the bases for reputational influence and contribute mildly to members' capacity to get their bills enacted. The exceedingly low or non‐existent relationship between gender and influence/bill‐passage success is encouraging; the slight, but negative relationship between race and bill‐passage success requires continued attention and study. Finally, we suspect that variables not conceptualized in this research may account for considerable influence in one party‐no party state legislatures, variables such as interpersonal skills, ambition, and willingness to work at legislative tasks other than dealing with one's district.
THE PERSISTENCE OF SEX SEGREGATED EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH
Authors: Mezey Susan Gluck 
Published: August 2010

This study focuses on the convergence of three strains of southern beliefs: views toward women, views toward education, and views toward the military. These beliefs coalesced in the legal battle over the admission of women to the all‐male Virginia Military Institute (VMI). Following the example of those who challenged single sex admissions policies in southern public colleges over the last two decades, women contested the exclusionary admissions policy at VMI. Although the earlier challenges had not always succeeded, by 1990 it seemed likely that law and custom had changed sufufficiently that the federal courts would rule against VMI.After exploring the “southern” view of women, followed by a brief history of women's educational opportunities and the reluctance of the federal courts to depart from the separate but equal doctrine in public higher education, this study will examine the federal court rulings that sanctioned the continuation of sex‐segregated education at VMI.
A Note on the Action of Usnic Acid on Anaesthetized Cats.
Authors: SÖDERBERG. ULF 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. Experiments have been performed with usnic acid on eats anaesthetized with nembutal or, in a few cases, with chloralose.2. 10 mg sodium usnate/kg body weight caused a prompt and heavy rise in oxygen consumption accompanied by a pronounced increase in rate and amplitude of respiration and by a gradual rise in body temperature, lasting for about 5 hours and then dowly falling.3. Larger doses are as a rule lethal.4. Lethal doses cause an intense rigor mortis. This effect is opposite to the effect of vulpinic acid but similar to the Well known action of the dinitrophenols.5. In normal anaesthetized cats there is a steep rise in arterial blood sugar to a level of 300–400 mg% lasting for about the same time as the increased respiratory volume. In fasted cats the rise is much slower and somewhat smaller.6. It is concluded that the major part of the rise in arterial blood sugar is due to an increased breakdown of glycogen to glucose, but there may be increased gluconeogenesis.7. The actions of usnic acid in the cat are, in the whole, very similar to those of the dinitrophenols.
Calcium channels in chromaffin cells: focus on L and T types
Authors: Marcantoni A. , Carabelli V. , Comunanza V. , Hoddah H. , Carbone E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVoltage‐gated Ca2+channels (Cav) are highly expressed in the adrenal chromaffin cells of mammalian species. Besides shaping action potential waveforms, they are directly involved in the excitation–secretion coupling underlying catecholamine release and, possibly, control other Ca2+‐dependent events that originate near the membrane. These functions are shared by a number of Cav channel types (L, N, P/Q, R and T) which have different structure–function characteristics and whose degree of expression changes remarkably among mammalian species. Understanding precisely the functioning of each voltage‐gated Ca2+channels is a crucial task that helps clarifying the Ca2+‐dependent mechanisms controlling exocytosis during physiological and pathological conditions. In this paper, we focus on classical and new roles that L‐ and T‐type channels play in the control of chromaffin cell excitability and neurotransmitter release. Interestingly, L‐type channels are shown to be implicated in the spontaneous autorhythmicity of chromaffin cells, while T‐type channels, which are absent in adult chromaffin cells, are coupled with secretion and can be recruited following long‐term β‐adrenergic stimulation or chronic hypoxia. This suggests that like other cells, adrenal chromaffin cells undergo effective remodelling of membrane ion channels and cell functioning during prolonged stress conditions.
Nominal Classification
Authors: Seifart Frank 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany languages have morphosyntactic systems that impose a classification on their nominal lexicon. The nature of these systems varies widely, ranging from large systems of lexico‐syntactic numeral classifiers, as known from East and South East Asian languages, to highly grammaticalized gender agreement systems of, e.g. European languages (seeAikhenvald 2000for a comprehensive overview). These systems are also often internally complex, heterogeneous, and descriptively challenging. The morphology, syntax, and semantics of nominal classification bear ample material for interesting research questions in, e.g. typology and historical linguistics. This article reviews some basic features of nominal classification and discusses a number of selected issues that are particularly relevant for ongoing discussions and future research: How can nominal classification systems be typologized according to morphosyntactic criteria (Section 2)? What are the semantic principles of nominal classification and how do they relate to culture and cognition (Section 3)? How does nominal classification diachronically develop and diffuse across languages (Section 4)?
Correlates of Language Change in Hunter‐Gatherer and Other ‘Small’ Languages
Authors: Bowern Claire 
Published: August 2010

AbstractI review linguistic and interdisciplinary research on the non‐linguistic correlates of language change, particularly as they apply to small populations, highly mobile groups, and hunter‐gatherers. I summarize the areas which have been argued to display differences between hunter‐gatherers and agriculturalists, small and large populations, and sedentary and non‐sedentary ones, although finding that none of this work is conclusive and much is contradictory. Hunter‐gatherer languages in particular have played a prominent role in the development of theories of language change in addition to the comparative method and family trees, but for the wrong reasons, since the comparative method is powerful for diagnosing relationships even in the case of heavy borrowing where tree models are not useful. The field is in great need of systematization, and of incorporating current knowledge about variation and the spread of change with reconstruction over a longer time span.
THE INFLUENCE OF PRACTITIONER AND PRACTICE CHARACTERISTICS ON SERVICE ACTIVITY LEVELS IN A NEW ZEALAND GENERAL PRACTICE SAMPLE
Authors: Davis Peter B. , Yee Roy Lay 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe impact of practitioner and practice‐related characteristics on service activity levels in general practice is assessed. It is hypothesized that while initial medical contact is largely patient‐initiated and hence influenced by broader social factors, the subsequent provision of services within the medical system is more likely to be determined by organisational and professional factors.The data are drawn from a one per cent sample of all weekday general practice office encounters in the Hamilton Health District recorded over a twelve‐month period from February 1979.The average encounter involved three services: typically a history or examination, a prescription and a request for follow‐up. Activity levels were measured as the number of services received from the general practitioner by patients in the course of the medical encounter.The broad social characteristics of patients had little impact on activity level. Descriptors of patient health condition, and related attributes such as age and gender, were only moderately predictive of the number of services received. Practitioner and practice‐related characteristics seemed to exert little influence, even after controlling for case mix.The strongest predictor of the number of services provided was the identity of the patient's doctor. Of the 30 per cent of variation in total service use explained by the model, half was accounted for by practitioner identity.
Requirement of the Nitrogen Starvation-Induced Protein Sll0783 for Polyhydroxybutyrate Accumulation in
Synechocystis
sp. Strain PCC 6803
Authors: Schlebusch Maximilian , Forchhammer Karl 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen is often a limiting nutrient in natural habitats. Therefore, cyanobacteria have developed multiple responses, which are controlled by transcription factor NtcA and the PII-signaling protein, to adapt to nitrogen deficiency. Transcriptional analyses of
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803 under nitrogen-deficient conditions revealed a highly induced gene (
sll0783
) which is annotated as encoding a conserved protein with an unknown function. This gene is part of a cluster of seven genes and has potential NtcA-binding sites in the upstream region. Homologues of this cluster occur in some unicellular, nondiazotrophic cyanobacteria and in several
Alpha
,
Beta
-, and
Gammaproteobacteria
, as well as in some Gram-positive bacteria. Most of the heterotrophic bacteria harboring this gene cluster are able to fix nitrogen and to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), whereas of the cyanobacteria, only
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803 can accumulate PHB. In this work, a
Synechocystis
sp. strain PCC 6803
sll0783
gene knockout mutant is characterized. This mutant is unable to accumulate PHB, a carbon and energy storage compound. In contrast, the levels of the carbon storage compound glycogen and the PHB precursor acetyl coenzyme A were similar to those of the wild type, indicating that the PHB-deficient phenotype does not likely result from a global deficiency in carbon metabolism. A specific deficiency in PHB synthesis was implied by the fact that the mutant exhibits impaired PHB synthase activity during prolonged nitrogen starvation. However, the expression of PHB synthase-encoding genes was not strongly affected in the mutant, suggesting that the impaired PHB synthase activity observed depends on a posttranscriptional process in which the product of
sll0783
is involved.
Interplay between Wheat Cultivars, Biocontrol Pseudomonads, and Soil
Authors: Meyer Joana Beatrice , Lutz Matthias Peter , Frapolli Michele , Péchy-Tarr Maria , Rochat Laurène , Keel Christoph , Défago Geneviève , Maurhofer Monika 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

There is a significant potential to improve the plant-beneficial effects of root-colonizing pseudomonads by breeding wheat genotypes with a greater capacity to sustain interactions with these bacteria. However, the interaction between pseudomonads and crop plants at the cultivar level, as well as the conditions which favor the accumulation of beneficial microorganisms in the wheat rhizosphere, is largely unknown. Therefore, we characterized the three Swiss winter wheat (
Triticum aestivum
) cultivars Arina, Zinal, and Cimetta for their ability to accumulate naturally occurring plant-beneficial pseudomonads in the rhizosphere. Cultivar performance was measured also by the ability to select for specific genotypes of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) producers in two different soils. Cultivar-specific differences were found; however, these were strongly influenced by the soil type. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of fragments of the DAPG biosynthetic gene
phlD
amplified from natural
Pseudomonas
rhizosphere populations revealed that
phlD
diversity substantially varied between the two soils and that there was a cultivar-specific accumulation of certain
phlD
genotypes in one soil but not in the other. Furthermore, the three cultivars were tested for their ability to benefit from
Pseudomonas
inoculants. Interestingly, Arina, which was best protected against
Pythium ultimum
infection by inoculation with
Pseudomonas fluorescens
biocontrol strain CHA0, was the cultivar which profited the least from the bacterial inoculant in terms of plant growth promotion in the absence of the pathogen. Knowledge gained of the interactions between wheat cultivars, beneficial pseudomonads, and soil types allows us to optimize cultivar-soil combinations for the promotion of growth through beneficial pseudomonads. Additionally, this information can be implemented by breeders into a new and unique breeding strategy for low-input and organic conditions.
Phagocytosis ofCryptococcus neoformansby, and Nonlytic Exocytosis from,Acanthamoeba castellanii
Authors: Chrisman Cara J. , Alvarez Mauricio , Casadevall Arturo 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated, pathogenic yeast, is endowed with a variety of virulence factors, including a polysaccharide capsule. During mammalian infection, the outcome of the interaction betweenC. neoformansand macrophages is central to determining the fate of the host. Previous studies have shown similarities between the interaction ofC. neoformanswith macrophages and with amoebae, resulting in the proposal that fungal virulence for mammals originated from selection by amoeboid predators. In this study, we investigated the interaction ofC. neoformanswith the soil amoebaAcanthamoeba castellanii. Comparison of phagocytic efficiency of the wild type, nonencapsulated mutants, and complemented strains showed that the capsule was antiphagocytic for amoebae. Capsular enlargement was associated with a significant reduction in phagocytosis, suggesting that this phenomenon protects against ingestion by phagocytic predators.C. neoformansvar.neoformanscells were observed to exit amoebae several hours after ingestion, in a process similar to the recently described nonlytic exocytosis from macrophages. Cryptococcal exocytosis from amoebae was dependent on the strain and on actin and required fungal viability. Additionally, the presence of a capsule was inversely correlated with the likelihood of extrusion in certain strains. In summary, nonlytic exocytosis from amoebae provide another parallel to observations in fungus-macrophage interactions. These results provide additional support for the notion that some mechanisms of virulence observed during mammalian infection originated, and were selected for, by environmental interactions.
Modeling the Effect of Abrupt Acid and Osmotic Shifts within the Growth Region and across Growth Boundaries on Adaptation and Growth of
Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Le Marc Y. , Skandamis P. N. , Belessi C. I. A. , Merkouri S. I. , George S. M. , Gounadaki A. S. , Schvartzman S. , Jordan K. , Drosinos E. H. , Baranyi J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

This study aims to model the effects of acid and osmotic shifts on the intermediate lag time of
Listeria monocytogenes
at 10°C in a growth medium. The model was developed from data from a previous study (C. I. A. Belessi, Y. Le Marc, S. I. Merkouri, A. S. Gounadaki, S. Schvartzman, K. Jordan, E. H. Drosinos, and P. N. Skandamis, submitted for publication) on the effects of osmotic and pH shifts on the kinetics of
L. monocytogenes
. The predictive ability of the model was assessed on new data in milk. The effects of shifts were modeled through the dependence of the parameter
h
0
(“work to be done” prior to growth) induced on the magnitude of the shift and/or the stringency of the new environmental conditions. For shifts across the boundary, the lag time was found to be affected by the length of time for which the microorganisms were kept at growth-inhibiting conditions. The predicted concentrations of
L. monocytogenes
in milk were overestimated when the effects of this shift were not taken into account. The model proved to be suitable to describe the effects of osmotic and acid shifts observed both within the growth domain and across the growth boundaries of
L. monocytogenes
.
Mesophilic Fermentation of Renewable Biomass: Does Hydraulic Retention Time Regulate Methanogen Diversity?
Authors: Krakat Niclas , Schmidt Stefan , Scherer Paul 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The present long-term study (about 1,100 days) monitored the diversity of methanogens during the mesophilic, anaerobic digestion of beet silage. Six fermentor samples were analyzed by ribosomal RNA gene restriction analysis, fluorescence
in situ
hybridization, and fluorescence microscopy. Hydrogenotrophic methanogens dominated within the population in all samples analyzed. Multidimensional scaling revealed that a rapid decrease in hydraulic retention time resulted in increased species richness, which in turn led to slightly higher CH
4
yields.