bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large cardinals and definable well-orders on the universe
Authors: Brooke-Taylor Andrew D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe use a reverse Easton forcing iteration to obtain a universe with a definable well-order, while preserving the GCH and proper classes of a variety of very large cardinals. This is achieved by coding using the principle , at a proper class of cardinals κ. By choosing the cardinals at which coding occurs sufficiently sparsely, we are able to lift the embeddings witnessing the large cardinal properties without having to meet any non-trivial master conditions.
Two questions from Dana Scott: Intuitionistic topologies and continuous functions
Authors: McCarty Charles 
Published: June 2009

Since intuitionistic sets are not generally stable – their membership relations are not always closed under double negation – the open sets of a topology cannot be recovered from the closed sets of that topology via complementation, at least without further ado. Dana Scott asked, first, whether it is possible intuitionistically for two distinct topologies, given as collections of open sets on the same carrier, to share their closed sets. Second, he asked whether there can be intuitionistic functions that are closed continuous in that the inverse of every closed set is closed without being continuous in the usual, open sense. Here, we prove that, as far as intuitionistic set theory is concerned, there can be infinitely-many distinct topologies on the same carrier sharing a single collection of closed sets. The proof employs Heyting-valued sets, and demonstrates that the intuitionistic set theory IZF [4, 624], as well as the theory IZF plus classical elementary arithmetic, are both consistent with the statement that infinitely many topologies on the set of natural numbers share the same closed sets. Without changing models, we show that these formal theories are also consistent with the statement that there are infinitely many endofunctions on the natural numbers that are closed continuous but not open continuous with respect to a single topology.For each prime k ∈ ω, let Ak be this ω-sequence of sets open in the standard topology on the closed unit interval: for each n ∈ ω,
The effect of hemoglobin and its metabolites on energy metabolism in cultured cerebrovascular smooth-muscle cells
Authors: Nagatani Kazuhiko , Masciopinto Jeffery E. , Letarte Peter B. , Haworth Robert A. , Duff Thomas A. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Cerebral arteries in spasm have been found to contain low levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it has been postulated that this change in levels results from hypoxia produced by arterial encasement in clotted material. This study was undertaken to determine whether any of four blood-derived agents, ferrous hemoglobin, methemoglobin, hemin, or bilirubin, is capable of reducing energy levels in cerebral artery smooth-muscle cells.
Twenty-four-hour exposure of cultured canine basilar artery cells to ferrous hemoglobin and bilirubin led to a significant decline in ATP levels (to 8.9 nmol/mg protein and 2.8 nmol/mg protein, respectively) versus control (16.6 nmol/mg protein); methemoglobin and hemin showed no effect. Bilirubin but not hemoglobin was found to interfere with electron transport and with creatine phosphokinase activity in intact cells; however, bilirubin showed no inhibitory effect on this enzyme in cell-free conditions. The findings indicate that hemoglobin and bilirubin may be responsible for diminished energy levels in cerebral arteries. These observations also suggest that bilirubin may exert its effect on ATP by impairing mitochondrial function.
Neoplastic and pharmacological influence on the permeability of an in vitro blood-brain barrier
Authors: Grabb Paul A. , Gilbert Mark R. 
Published: June 2009

✓ The authors investigated the effects of glioma cells and pharmacological agents on the permeability of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) to determine the following: 1) whether malignant glia increase endothelial cell permeability; 2) how glucocorticoids affect endothelial cell permeability in the presence and absence of malignant glia; and 3) whether inhibiting phospholipase A2, the enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids, would reduce any malignant glioma—induced increase in endothelial cell permeability.
Primary cultures of rat brain capillary endothelium were grown on porous membranes; below the membrane, C6, 9L rat glioma, T98G human glioblastoma, or no cells (control) were cocultured. Dexamethasone (0.1 µM), bromophenacyl bromide (1.0 µM), a phospholipase A2 inhibitor, or nothing was added to culture media 72 hours prior to assaying the rat brain capillary endothelium permeability. Permeability was measured as the flux of radiolabeled sucrose across the rat brain capillary endothelium monolayer and then calculated as an effective permeability coefficient (Pe). When neither dexamethasone nor bromophenacyl bromide was present, C6 cells reduced the Pe significantly (p < 0.05), whereas 9L and T98G cells increased Pe significantly (p < 0.05) relative to rat brain capillary endothelium only (control). Dexamethasone reduced Pe significantly for all cell preparations (p < 0.05). The 9L and T98G cell preparations coincubated with dexamethasone had the lowest Pe of all cell preparations. The Pe was not affected in any cell preparation by coincubation with bromophenacyl bromide (p > 0.45).
These in vitro BBB experiments showed that: 1) malignant glia, such as 9L and T98G cells, increase Pe whereas C6 cells probably provide an astrocytic influence by reducing Pe; 2) dexamethasone provided significant BBB “tightening” effects both in the presence and absence of glioma cells; 3) the in vivo BBB is actively made more permeable by malignant glia and not simply because of a lack of astrocytic induction; 4) tumor or endothelial phospholipase A2 activity is probably not responsible for glioma-induced increased in BBB permeability; and 5) this model is useful for testing potential agents for BBB protection and for studying the pathophysiology of tumor-induced BBB disruption.
A comparative study on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of boronated porphyrin (BOPP) and sulfhydryl boron hydride (BSH) in the RG2 rat glioma model
Authors: Ceberg Crister P. , Brun Arne , Kahl Stephen B. , Koo Myoung Seo , Persson Bertil R. R. , Salford Leif G. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Boron neutron capture therapy is a treatment modality for cancer that depends on the specific uptake of boron by the tumor cells. The infiltrative growth of malignant gliomas requires that boron reach and accumulate in migrating cells outside the margin of the tumor; thus, it is important that the biodistribution of new boron compounds is also studied in the surrounding healthy brain tissue. This study is undertaken in the present work, in which the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of sulfhydryl boron hydride (BSH) and boronated porphyrin (BOPP) in the RG2 rat glioma model are investigated. This model mimics the characteristics of human glioma with cells migrating into the surrounding brain.
The animals were infused intravenously with either BSH (25 µg or 175 µg of boron per gram of body weight) or BOPP (12 µg of boron per gram body weight). For the low dose of BSH, the maximum tumor—boron content was 8 ppm at approximately 9 hours after the infusion with a tumor-to-blood ratio of 0.6. At the higher dose, the corresponding figures were 15 ppm after 12 hours with a tumor-to-blood ratio of 0.5. For BOPP, a tumor—boron concentration of 81 ppm was achieved 24 hours after the infusion and sustained in that range for at least 72 hours. The tumor-to-blood ratio at 24 hours was slightly above 6, but continued to increase as the blood was cleared. These results indicate that both compounds are spread into the normal brain tissue following the same pathways as the migrating tumor cells and in this way can be taken up even in distant tumor cell foci.
Use of mild intraischemic hypothermia versus mannitol to reduce infarct size after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Authors: Karibe Hiroshi , Zarow Gregory J. , Weinstein Philip R. 
Published: June 2009

✓ To determine which of two treatments for reducing ischemic injury after temporal focal ischemia is more effective, the effects of mild (33°C) intraischemic hypothermia were compared with those of mannitol, the most commonly used neuroprotective agent. Four groups of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent 1 hour of endovascular middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 23 hours of normothermic reperfusion. The four experimental groups were as follows: Group A, saline control; Group B, mannitol (25%, 1 g/kg); Group C, hypothermia; and Group D, hypothermia plus man-nitol.
Laser-Doppler estimates of cortical blood flow showed that hypothermia did not affect blood flow during ischemia or reperfusion. Mannitol increased cortical blood flow during ischemia and reperfusion under both normothermic and hypothermic conditions (p < 0.05). Neurological deficit was significantly less severe in treated rats (Group B, p < 0.05; Group C or D, p < 0.01) than in controls (Group A). Infarct volume, measured on semiserial Nissl-stained sections, was significantly smaller in treated rats (p < 0.01) than in controls. Infarct volume was also significantly smaller in rats treated with hypothermia than in those treated with mannitol (Group C vs. Group B, p < 0.05); there was no difference between rats treated with mannitol and those treated with mannitol and hypothermia. All three treatments reduced infarct area in the ischemic penumbra; hypothermia with or without mannitol also reduced infarct area in the ischemic core.
These results demonstrate that both mild intraischemic hypothermia and mannitol reduce infarct size and neurological deficit: hypothermia reduces infarct size more effectively than mannitol, and mannitol adds no significant protection to hypothermia, whereas hypothermia adds significant protection beyond that afforded by mannitol after brief focal ischemia followed by reperfusion in rats. The results suggest that mild intraischemic hypothermia alone, or in combination with mannitol, may be useful in avoiding ischemic injury from temporary vessel occlusion during cerebrovascular surgery.
Intracranial pressure changes induced during papaverine infusion for treatment of vasospasm
Authors: McAuliffe William , Townsend Murphy , Eskridge Joseph M. , Newell David W. , Grady M. Sean , Winn H. Richard 
Published: June 2009

✓ The authors reviewed the cases of 21 patients who received intraarterial infusions of papaverine to determine the drug's effects on intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure, pulse rate, and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The study focused on patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage who developed clinical signs and symptoms of vasospasm, which was documented by cerebral angiography. In 18 patients, an average dose of 300 mg papaverine was administered over 20 to 35 minutes using a No. 5 French catheter inserted into the high cervical internal carotid artery or vertebral artery. Two other patients received superselective infusions via a microcatheter placed in the anterior cerebral artery.
Sixteen patients (76%) experienced good angiographic results, and 11 (52%) obtained objective clinical improvement within 48 hours. Significant elevations in ICP, blood pressure, and pulse rate were noted during papaverine infusion. In contrast, no statistically significant sustained change in CPP was observed, although it tended to decrease during papaverine infusion. In one elderly patient, infusion of the common carotid artery resulted in profound bradycardia and hypotension with a subsequent significant increase in ICP and a marked decrease in CPP. The increase in ICP in these patients correlates well with changes seen in animal models and is probably related to increased cerebral blood flow.
A careful, titrated infusion of papaverine, with constant reference to the patient's ICP, blood pressure, and pulse rate, minimizes the transient increase in ICP while maintaining adequate blood pressure and CPP. Failure to monitor these parameters during the infusion, with appropriate modification of the rate of titration, could potentially produce an uncontrolled change in ICP or CPP.
Use of indomethacin in brain-injured patients with cerebral perfusion pressure impairment: preliminary report
Authors: Biestro Alberto A. , Alberti Ricardo A. , Soca Ana E. , Cancela Mario , Puppo Corina B. , Borovich Bernardo 
Published: June 2009

✓ The effect of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, was studied in the treatment of 10 patients with head injury and one patient with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage, each of whom presented with high intracranial pressure (ICP) (34.4 ± 13.1 mm Hg) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) impairment (67.0 ± 15.4 mm Hg), which did not improve with standard therapy using mannitol, hyperventilation, and barbiturates. The patients had Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 8 or less. Recordings were made of the patients' ICP and mean arterial blood pressure from the nurse's end-hour recording at the bedside, as well as of their CPP, rectal temperature, and standard therapy regimens. The authors assessed the effects of an indomethacin bolus (50 mg in 20 minutes) on ICP and CPP; an indomethacin infusion (21.5 ± 11 mg/hour over 30 ± 9 hours) on ICP, CPP, rectal temperature, and standard therapy regimens (matching the values before and during infusion in a similar time interval); and discontinuation of indomethacin treatment on ICP, CPP, and rectal temperature.
The indomethacin bolus was very effective in lowering ICP (p < 0.0005) and improving CPP (p < 0.006). The indomethacin infusion decreased ICP (p < 0.02), but did not improve CPP and rectal temperature. The effects of standard therapy regimens before and during indomethacin infusion showed no significant changes, except in three patients in whom mannitol reestablished its action on ICP and CPP. Sudden discontinuation of indomethacin treatment was followed by significant ICP rebound. The authors suggest that indomethacin may be considered one of the frontline agents for raised ICP and CPP impairment.
Cerebral arterial aneurysm formation and rupture in 20,767 elderly patients: hypertension and other risk factors
Authors: Taylor Christopher L. , Yuan Zhong , Selman Warren R. , Ratcheson Robert A. , Rimm Alfred A. 
Published: June 2009

✓ Cerebral arterial aneurysms are common in the general population and their rupture is a catastrophic event. Considerable uncertainty remains concerning the conditions that predispose individuals to aneurysm formation or rupture. The role of systemic hypertension in aneurysm formation and rupture has been especially controversial. Demographic variables have rarely been addressed because of the small sample sizes in previous studies. The authors describe the demographics and prevalence of hypertension in 20,767 Medicare patients with an unruptured aneurysm and compare these to a random sample of the hospitalized Medicare population. The prevalence of hypertension in patients with unruptured aneurysms was 43.2% compared with 34.4% in the random sample.
Patients who survived their initial hospitalization were separated into two groups: those with an unruptured cerebral aneurysm as the primary diagnosis and those with an unruptured cerebral aneurysm as a secondary diagnosis. Follow-up data for 18,119 patients were examined to determine the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) associated with age, gender, race, hypertension, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and surgical treatment. For patients with an unruptured cerebral aneurysm as the primary diagnosis, hypertension was found to be a significant risk factor for future SAH (risk ratio: 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–2.11), whereas surgical treatment (risk ratio: 0.29, 95% CI: 0.09–0.97) had a significant protective effect. Advancing age had a small but significant protective effect in both groups.
Elderly patients identified with unruptured aneurysms are more likely to have coexisting hypertension than the general hospitalized population. In elderly patients hospitalized with an unruptured cerebral aneurysm as their primary diagnosis, hypertension is a risk factor for subsequent SAH, whereas surgical treatment is a protective factor against SAH.
A Study of Relationships Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms from the Growth Hormone-Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis and Bone Mass: the Hertfordshire Cohort Study
Authors: DENNISON ELAINE M. , SYDDALL HOLLY E. , JAMESON KAREN A. , SAYER AVAN AIHIE , GAUNT TOM R. , RODRIGUEZ SANTIAGO , DAY IAN N.M. , COOPER CYRUS , LIPS MIRJAM A. 
Published: June 2009

Objective.We sought evidence of association of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis, largely selected on the basis of functional data available at the time of our study, with adult bone mass.Methods.Four hundred ninety-eight men and 468 women aged 59–71 years were recruited. A lifestyle questionnaire was administered, and bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were measured at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Two hundred fifty-four men and 271 women had repeat bone densitometry 4 years later. DNA was obtained from whole blood samples using standard extraction techniques. Single nucleotide variants in the growth hormone releasing hormone gene (GHRH, G/A 223 Phe75Leu, rs4988492), growth hormone releasing hormone receptor gene (GHRHR, G/A 217, Ala57Thr, rs4988496), the growth hormone secretagogue receptor gene (GHSR, T/C, Gly57Gly, rs495225), and the growth hormone receptor gene (GHR, T/G, noncoding, rs2940944) were analyzed.Results.In both sexes, allelic variation in the gene encoding GHRH was associated with BMC and BMD at the proximal femur and lumbar spine, with results generally stronger in women. In women, the mean BMC lumbar spine within the GHRH 11 genotype was 56.9 g, while that of the GHRH 12 genotype was 68.4 g [p < 0.001, fully adjusted for age, body mass index, cigarette and alcohol consumption, dietary calcium intake, physical activity, years since menopause, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use]; corresponding figures for BMD lumbar spine (GHRH 11 genotype) were 0.96 g/cm2 versus 1.10 g/cm2 (p < 0.001 fully adjusted).Conclusion.We have demonstrated a relationship between allelic variation in the gene encoding GHRH and bone density; we welcome attempts at replication in other populations.
Facilitating the Use of COBRA Combination Therapy in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Pilot Implementation Study
Authors: van TUYL LILIAN H.D. , PLASS ANNE MARIE C. , LEMS WILLEM F. , VOSKUYL ALEXANDRE E. , KERSTENS PIT J.S.M. , DIJKMANS BEN A.C. , BOERS MAARTEN 
Published: June 2009

Objective.COBRA combination therapy is well known and has uncontested efficacy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, it is infrequently applied in Dutch clinical practice. Based on qualitative research on opinions of physicians and patients towards COBRA therapy, our study describes the development and pilot testing of an implementation package to facilitate prescription and use of COBRA therapy in early RA.Methods.The implementation package was developed to address specific barriers towards prescription of COBRA therapy and comprised informational handouts (an information booklet and leaflet for patients), preprinted prescription orders, and background information on COBRA therapy for the rheumatologists. Twenty-two rheumatologists agreed to participate, including the arthritis nurse where available. Rheumatologists, nurses, and patients were asked to record their experience. All Dutch arthritis nurses were invited to an educational session on COBRA therapy.Results.Sixteen rheumatologists accompanied by 10 arthritis nurses used the material to prescribe COBRA therapy to a total of 27 patients. Rheumatologists and nurses both gave high marks to the supplied materials. Eighty-eight percent of rheumatologists reported that the material sped up the prescription process, and 65% indicated they would prescribe COBRA therapy more frequently if these materials were available routinely. Patients expressed great satisfaction with the information handouts, rating it 2.8 (standard deviation 0.5) on a scale of −3 (very negative) to +3 (very positive). Most patients (89%) planned to keep the information booklet as a reference and 70% used it as a tool to remember the correct intake of medication. The attitude and perceived capability of nurses towards the guidance of patients with RA receiving COBRA therapy was improved through a brief educational intervention.Conclusion.Rheumatologists, patients, and arthritis nurses all highly appreciated the implementation package and indicated that its availability would increase uptake of COBRA therapy.
Iron‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Vinyl Bromides or Chlorides with Imidazoles in the Absence of Ligands and Additives
Authors: Mao Jincheng , Xie Guanlei , Zhan Jiaming , Hua Qiongqiong , Shi Daqing 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageHighly effective coupling of imidazoles with (E)‐vinyl halides can be achieved by using readily available iron catalysts under ligand‐free, copper‐free and palladium‐free conditions. Coupling of (E)‐vinyl bromides led to (Z)‐products predominantly, while the reactions of (E)‐vinyl chlorides afforded (E)‐isomers as the major products.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component 1:2:1 Coupling of Aryl Iodides, Alkynes, and Alkenes to Produce 1,3,5‐Hexatriene Derivatives
Authors: Horiguchi Hakaru , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe intermolecular three‐component coupling of aryl iodides, diarylacetylenes, and alkenes effectively proceeds in the presence of palladium acetylacetonate and silver acetate as catalyst and base, respectively, to give the corresponding 1:2:1 coupling products, 1,3,5‐hexatriene derivatives. A further homologation of the oligoene chain of the three‐component coupling products by a simple procedure is also presented.
The Use of Samarium Enolates, A Novel Alternative in the Addition Reactions to Imines. Synthesis of 3‐Amino Esters, Amides and Enantiopure 3,4‐Diamino Esters
Authors: Concellón José M. , Rodríguez‐Solla Humberto , Simal Carmen 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAn efficient reaction of tosylimines with a range of samarium enolates (derived from esters, and amides) is reported. The reaction with the α‐dibenzylamino‐N‐tert‐butanesulfinimine derived from chiral phenylalaninal afforded the corresponding enantiopure 3,4‐diamino ester with very high diastereoselectivity.
Sulfur‐Participated Nazarov‐Type Cyclization: A Simple and Efficient Synthesis for 3‐Thio‐1H‐indenes
Authors: Zhou Hongwei , Xie Yongfa , Ren Lianjun , Wang Kai 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAn intramoluclar addition of sulfur‐participated Nazarov‐type cyclization affording 3‐thio‐1H‐indenes was reported. As a result of the ready availability of the starting materials and the simple and convenient operation, the type of reaction presented here has potential utility in organic synthesis.
Chemical Infiltration during Atomic Layer Deposition: Metalation of Porphyrins as Model Substrates
Authors: Zhang Lianbing , Patil Avinash J. , Li Le , Schierhorn Angelika , Mann Stephen , Gösele Ulrich , Knez Mato 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNeue Verwendung für ALD: Mit einer Standard‐Metalloxid‐Atomlagenabscheidung (ALD) gelingt bei zwei Arten von Porphyrinen eine ortsspezifische chemische Infiltration von Substratmolekülen: Diethylzink kann in das Innere von supramolekularen Porphyrinstrukturen diffundieren und die Metallierung der Porphyrinmoleküle aus der Gasphase induzieren. A=Ph, p‐HO3SC6H4.magnified image