bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of umbilical cord thickness, cross-sectional area, and coiling index as predictors of pregnancy outcome
Authors: Tahmasebi Morteza , Alighanbari Reza 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the relationship of sonographic measurements of umbilical cord thickness, cross-sectional area, and coiling index with pregnancy outcome (low birth weight, 5-min Apgar score, and meconium staining). Materials and Methods: From January 2010 to January 2011, among 255 singleton pregnant women who were referred for routine pregnancy USG after 20 weeks of gestation, 223 fulfilled the study criteria. In these patients, the diameter, cross-sectional area, and coiling index were measured in a free loop of umbilical cord. The pregnancies were followed till delivery, when birth weight, presence of meconium staining, and 5-min Apgar score were recorded. The sonographic measurements and clinical findings were analyzed to determine any correlation. Results: A statistically significant correlation was observed between small umbilical cord thickness and cross-sectional area and low birth weight (LBW), with sensitivity of 52.9% and 57.9%, specificity of 95.0% and 94.4%, positive predictive value of 52.6% and 52.0%, and negative predictive value of 95.0% and 95.0%, respectively. Also noted was significant correlation between small umbilical cord thickness and cross-sectional area with meconium staining (P<0.001). No significant correlation was seen between umbilical cord thickness and cross-sectional area with low 5-min Apgar score. There was no statistically significant correlation between umbilical cord coiling index and LBW, 5-min Apgar score, and meconium staining. Conclusion: Umbilical cord diameter and cross-sectional area measured after 20 weeks of gestation are useful for predicting LBW and meconium staining and have the potential to serve as markers for adverse pregnancy outcome.
Whole brain CT perfusion on a 320-slice CT scanner
Authors: Shankar Jai Jai Shiva , Lum Cheemun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractComputed tomography perfusion (CTP) has been criticized for limited brain coverage. This may result in inadequate coverage of the lesion, inadequate arterial input function, or omission of the lesion within the target perfusion volume. The availability of 320-slice CT scanners offers whole brain coverage. This minimizes the chances of misregistration of lesions regardless of location, and makes the selection of the arterial input function easy. We present different clinical scenarios in which whole brain CTP is especially useful.
Left behind radiological investigations: An inherent problem
Authors: Govindswamy Giridhar A , Gopinath Srinath M , Kumar Adekal Ashok 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Objectives: To assess the number of investigations left behind by patients in radiology department, their cost, and the possible methods of reducing the problem. Materials and Methods: A total of 1424 radiographs, 160 computed tomography (CT) scans, 300 ultrasonography (USG) reports, and 46 Doppler reports were left behind by patients in one financial year. The total cost of these left behind investigations was calculated and the reports were categorized into normal and abnormal for each modality. Results: Of the radiographs left behind 658 were abnormal, with 211 among these being radiographs of postoperative patients. Thirty-seven percent of CT scans had positive findings. Sixty-eight percent of USG reports had positive findings while 46% of Doppler reports were abnormal. Conclusion: We believe that the cost and number of these left behind investigations over a period of time would definitely be significant for the health care system in a developing country. It is time to think of the possible reasons and methods for containing this problem.
Structural basis of glaucoma: The fortified astrocytes of the optic nerve head are the target of raised intraocular pressure
Authors: Dai Chao , Khaw Peng T. , Yin Zheng Qin , Li Daqing , Raisman Geoffrey , Li Ying 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIncreased intraocular pressure (IOP) damages the retinal ganglion cell axons as they pass through the optic nerve head (ONH). The massive connective tissue structure of the human lamina cribrosa is generally assumed to be the pressure transducer responsible for the damage. The rat, however, with no lamina cribrosa, suffers the same glaucomatous response to raised IOP. Here, we show that the astrocytes of the rat ONH are “fortified” by extraordinarily dense cytoskeletal filaments that would make them ideal transducers of distorting mechanical forces. The ONH astrocytes are arranged as a fan‐like radial array, firmly attached ventrally to the sheath of the ONH by thick basal processes, but dividing dorsally into progressively more slender processes with only delicate attachments to the sheath. At 1 week after raising the IOP by an injection of magnetic microspheres into the anterior eye chamber, the fine dorsal processes of the ONH astrocytes are torn away from the surrounding sheath. There is no indication of distortion or compression of the axons. Subsequently, despite return of the IOP toward normal levels, the damage to the ONH progresses ventrally through the astrocytic cell bodies, resulting in complete loss of the fortified astrocytes and of the majority of the axons by around 4 weeks. We propose that the dorsal attachments of the astrocytes are the site of initial damage in glaucoma, and that the damage to the axons is not mechanical, but is a consequence oflocalized loss of metabolic support from the astrocytes (Tsacopoulos and Magistretti (1996) J Neurosci 16:877–885). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
c‐Jun is essential for the induction of Il‐1β gene expression in in vitro activated Bergmann glial cells
Authors: Albanito Lidia , Reddy Chandrakanth Edamakanti , Musti Anna Maria 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the central nervous system (CNS), the c‐Jun transcription factor has been mainly studied in neuronal cells and coupled to apoptotic and regenerative pathways following brain injury. Besides, several studies have shown a transcriptional role of c‐Jun in activated cortical and spinal astrocytes. In contrast, little is known about c‐Jun expression and transactivation in Bergmann glial (BG) cells, the radial cerebellar astrocytes playing crucial roles in cerebellar development and physiology. Here, we used neuronal/glial cerebellar cultures from neonatal mice to assess putative functions of c‐Jun in BG cells. By performing double immunocytochemical staining of c‐Jun and two BG specific markers, S100 and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST), we show that c‐Jun was highly expressed in radial glial cells derived from Bergmann glia. Bergmann glia‐derived cells expressed toll‐like receptor 4 and treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced c‐Jun phosphorylation at serine 63, a hallmark of c‐Jun transactivation, exclusively in BG cells. Moreover, LPS‐induced IL‐1β expression and inhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activity abolished both c‐Jun phosphorylation and the increase of IL‐1β mRNA. Notably, LPS failed to induce IL‐1β mRNA in neuronal/glial cerebellar cultures generated from conditional knockout mice lacking c‐Jun expression in the CNS, indicating the essential role of c‐Jun in astroglial‐specific induction of IL‐1β. Immunohistochemical analyses of c‐Jun‐expressing cells in the early postnatal cerebellum confirmed in vivo the expression of c‐Jun in BG cells and uncovered a dynamic expression of c‐Jun during the formation of the BG monolayer. Altogether, our finding underlines a putative role of c‐Jun in astroglia‐mediated neuroinflammatory dysfunctions of the cerebellum. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of dentin substrates to simplify wet‐bonding: A leakage‐free and reliable tensile strength interface for long‐lasting restorations
Authors: Piemjai Morakot , Waleepitackdej Onusa , Nakabayashi Nobuo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe wet‐bonding procedure can be simplified by eliminating the primer. An aqueous mixture of 1% citric acid and 1% ferric chloride (1‐1) was hypothesized as providing an easier dehydratable thinner substrate to which 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin can adhere reliably. The 1‐1 was applied for 10 s and rinsed off with water for 10 s. Demineralized dentin under four conditions was prepared before bonding to PMMA rod using 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin: air‐dried 10 s (D‐NP); air‐dried 10 s, primed 60 s with 5% 4‐META in acetone (D‐P); blotted dry 10 s (W‐NP); blotted dry 10 s, primed 60 s (W‐P). The tensile strengths (MPa) using mini‐dumbbell specimens were 4.0 ± 2.4 for D‐NP, 10.6 ± 5.4 for D‐P, 38.3 ± 4.4 for W‐NP, and 42.9 ± 3.3 for W‐P. There was no significant difference between W‐NP and W‐P with cohesive failure in the dentin and the cured resin. In the wet groups, the hybridized dentin was stable against both HCl and NaOCl challenges. TEM examination and a leakage tests confirmed a perfect seal with a leakage‐free interface of W‐NP. These results suggest that this primer‐less wet‐bonding is promising method to protect the underlying intact dentin and pulp, thus providing long‐lasting dental treatment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
Winter distribution and conservation status of the Sierra Nevada great gray owl
Authors: Jepsen Eric P. B. , Keane John J. , Ernest Holly B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLittle information is available on the winter ecology of the small, geographically isolated, genetically‐unique population of great gray owls (Strix nebulosa) in the central Sierra Nevada, California. This population is comprised of facultative, elevational winter migrants and access to winter habitat is an important component of their ecology. Winter observations and remotely sensed habitat variables were used to inform a predictive model of the environmental requirements and geographic distribution of this owl population. Using the modeled distribution map we assessed the distribution of 20% probability of occurrence classes relative to owl habitat associations, ownership, current development, and projected future development patterns. Our findings indicate that high probability class (81–100%) areas and the broader joint medium/medium‐high/high probability class (41–100%) areas are uncommon on the landscape (0.2% and 5.0% of study area, respectively). High probability areas were characterized by Sierran Yellow Pine forest surrounding relatively small, flat areas of grassland, wet meadow, and riparian habitats, within the mid‐elevation range. Approximately 32% of the high probability areas and 48% of the medium/medium‐high/high probability areas occur on private lands. Of the areas on private lands, 32% of the high probability and 42% of the medium/medium‐high/high probability areas occur on currently developed lands. Projected future development on private lands indicated that an additional 12% of the high and 18% of medium/medium‐high/high suitability areas are slated for development by the year 2040. Future conservation planning efforts for the great gray owl in the Sierra Nevada will need to address management issues on both public and private lands. For future planning of development projects around great gray owl wintering habitat, the results from our study supplement current knowledge of breeding distributions to provide land and wildlife managers guidance on conservation priorities. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Rock Mass Excavatability Estimation Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Chehreghani Sajad Haghir , Alipour Aref , Eskandarzade Mehdi 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
One important decision in design of surface mine is the selection of mine equipment and plant. Demand for mechanical excavation is growing in mining industry because of its high productivity and excavation in large scale with lower costs. Several models have been developed over the years to evaluate the ease of excavation and machine performance against rock mass properties. Due to complexity of excavation process and large number of effective parameters, approaches made for this purpose are essentially empirical. There are many uncertainties in results of these models. An attempt is made in this paper to revise the exisiting models. Neural network models for estimation of rock mass excavatability and production rate of VASM-2D excavating machine at Limestone quarry in Retznei, Austria, is presented. Input parameters of this model are Uniaxial compressive strength, tensile strength and discontinuities spacing of rocks. Output is the specific excavation rate per power consumption (bcm/Kwh) as the productivity indicator. Average of deviation between actual data and results estimated by neural network model was only 15% which is in an acceptable range.
Estimation of Radon as an Earthquake Precursor: A Neural Network Approach
Authors: Gupta Dhawal , Shahani D. T. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
An artificial neural networks (ANN) approach combined with Fourier Transform based selection of time period in the time series Radon Emission Data has been presented and shown to improve event prediction rates and reduce false alarms in Earthquake Event Identification over the traditional multiple linear regression techniques. The paper presents a neural networks system using radial basis function (RBF) network as an alternative to traditional statistical regression technique in isolating Radon Emission Anomaly caused by seismic activities. The RBF model has been developed to accept and predict earthquakes events based on a known data set of Radon Emanation, Metrological parameters and actual earthquake events. Subsequently, the model was tested and evaluated on a future data set and a prediction rate of 87.8%, if a reduced false alarm was achieved, the results obtained are better than the traditional techniques.
Render Therefore unto Caesar the Things Which Are Caesar's: American Presbyterian Educators and Reza Shah
Authors: Zirinsky Michael P. 
Published: September 2011

When Presbyterian missionaries entered Iran, they did so with the intention of introducing modern, Western civilization to the country. Regarding themselves as “servants of God sent to render service to man,” they favored a future for Iran in education, society, and politics much like what they foresaw for America: a nation that would be Christian, scientific, vigorous, cooperative, and democratic. In the inter-war years, it seems, they sought to achieve this vision by supporting Reza Shah's military dictatorship.This seeming pro-Pahlavism can be explained, in part, by Jesus‘ exhortation to “render … unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's and unto God the things which are God's” (Matt. 22:21). Serving but one God—that of Abraham, Isaac, Moses, and Jesus—the missionaries had to contend with two “caesars.” While they were patriotic Americans, loyal to the United States, they lived and worked in Iran, and therefore served at the pleasure of the Iranian government.
Voice-onset Time and Tone-onset Time: The Role of Criterion-setting Mechanisms in Categorical Perception
Authors: Treisman Michel , Faulkner Andrew , Naish Peter L. N. , Rosner Burton S. 
Published: September 2011

Problems in modelling categorical perception (CP) and attempts to apply signal detection theory (SDT) to CP are reviewed. An approach based on SDT supplemented by a theory of criterion setting is presented. Criterion setting theory (CST) postulates mechanisms that reset the response criterion on each trial, and it accounts for sequential dependencies. A criterion setting model for discrimination is shown to fit data from the literature. The hypothesis that “sharp” category boundaries may arise from the suppression of noise caused by intertrial dependencies was examined in an experiment on the identification of [ba] and [pa] syllables, and tone combinations of varying tone-onset time. However, it was shown that both positive and negative intertrial dependencies were present. They could be fitted by the criterion-setting model; in this respect, CP resembles standard psychophysical judgements. Examination of the psychometric functions from the two CP tasks shows that they are not normal ogives, as in standard psychophysical tasks: these curves are steeper centrally and flatter at the extremes than a Gaussian ogive; we describe them as “hypersigmoid”. The description of CP identification functions as hypersigmoid provides a new, qualitative characterization of the “sharp” category boundaries traditionally claimed for CP. Their causation remains to be determined.
PIDO: the primary immunodeficiency disease ontology
Authors: Adams Nico , Hoehndorf Robert , Gkoutos Georgios V. , Hansen Gesine , Hennig Christian 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) are Mendelian conditions of high phenotypic complexity and low incidence. They usually manifest in toddlers and infants, although they can also occur much later in life. Information about PIDs is often widely scattered throughout the clinical as well as the research literature and hard to find for both generalists as well as experienced clinicians. Semantic Web technologies coupled to clinical information systems can go some way toward addressing this problem. Ontologies are a central component of such a system, containing and centralizing knowledge about primary immunodeficiencies in both a human- and computer-comprehensible form. The development of an ontology of PIDs is therefore a central step toward developing informatics tools, which can support the clinician in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
Results: We present PIDO, the primary immunodeficiency disease ontology. PIDO characterizes PIDs in terms of the phenotypes commonly observed by clinicians during a diagnosis process. Phenotype terms in PIDO are formally defined using complex definitions based on qualities, functions, processes and structures. We provide mappings to biomedical reference ontologies to ensure interoperability with ontologies in other domains. Based on PIDO, we developed the PIDFinder, an ontology-driven software prototype that can facilitate clinical decision support. PIDO connects immunological knowledge across resources within a common framework and thereby enables translational research and the development of medical applications for the domain of immunology and primary immunodeficiency diseases.
Availability: The Primary Immunodeficiency Disease Ontology is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC-BY 3.0) licence at http://code.google.com/p/pido/. The most recent public release of the ontology can always be found at http://purl.org/scimantica/pido/owl/pid.owl. An instance of the PIDFinder software can be found at http://pidfinder.appspot.com
Contact: nico.adams@csiro.au
Weakly supervised learning of information structure of scientific abstracts—is it accurate enough to benefit real-world tasks in biomedicine?
Authors: Guo Yufan , Korhonen Anna , Silins Ilona , Stenius Ulla 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Many practical tasks in biomedicine require accessing specific types of information in scientific literature; e.g. information about the methods, results or conclusions of the study in question. Several approaches have been developed to identify such information in scientific journal articles. The best of these have yielded promising results and proved useful for biomedical text mining tasks. However, relying on fully supervised machine learning (ml) and a large body of annotated data, existing approaches are expensive to develop and port to different tasks. A potential solution to this problem is to employ weakly supervised learning instead. In this article, we investigate a weakly supervised approach to identifying information structure according to a scheme called Argumentative Zoning (az). We apply four weakly supervised classifiers to biomedical abstracts and evaluate their performance both directly and in a real-life scenario in the context of cancer risk assessment.
Results: Our best weakly supervised classifier (based on the combination of active learning and self-training) performs well on the task, outperforming our best supervised classifier: it yields a high accuracy of 81% when just 10% of the labeled data is used for training. When cancer risk assessors are presented with the resulting annotated abstracts, they find relevant information in them significantly faster than when presented with unannotated abstracts. These results suggest that weakly supervised learning could be used to improve the practical usefulness of information structure for real-life tasks in biomedicine.
Availability: The annotated dataset, classifiers and the user test for cancer risk assessment are available online at http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~yg244/11bioinfo.html.
Contact: anna.korhonen@cl.cam.ac.uk
Dissecting the Role of CHITINASE-LIKE1 in Nitrate-Dependent Changes in Root Architecture
Authors: Hermans Christian , Porco Silvana , Vandenbussche Filip , Gille Sascha , De Pessemier Jérôme , Van Der Straeten Dominique , Verbruggen Nathalie , Bush Daniel R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe root phenotype of an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant of CHITINASE-LIKE1 (CTL1), called arm (for anion-related root morphology), was previously shown to be conditional on growth on high nitrate, chloride, or sucrose. Mutants grown under restrictive conditions displayed inhibition of primary root growth, radial swelling, proliferation of lateral roots, and increased root hair density. We found here that the spatial pattern of CTL1 expression was mainly in the root and root tips during seedling development and that the protein localized to the cell wall. Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy of mutant root tissues indicated differences in spectra assigned to linkages in cellulose and pectin. Indeed, root cell wall polymer composition analysis revealed that the arm mutant contained less crystalline cellulose and reduced methylesterification of pectins. We also explored the implication of growth regulators on the phenotype of the mutant response to the nitrate supply. Exogenous abscisic acid application inhibited more drastically primary root growth in the arm mutant but failed to repress lateral branching compared with the wild type. Cytokinin levels were higher in the arm root, but there were no changes in mitotic activity, suggesting that cytokinin is not directly involved in the mutant phenotype. Ethylene production was higher in arm but inversely proportional to the nitrate concentration in the medium. Interestingly, eto2 and eto3 ethylene overproduction mutants mimicked some of the conditional root characteristics of the arm mutant on high nitrate. Our data suggest that ethylene may be involved in the arm mutant phenotype, albeit indirectly, rather than functioning as a primary signal.