bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iran's Crisis of Legitimacy
Authors: JAHANBEGLOO RAMIN 
Published: August 2009

The Iranian revolution—the political realization of the “Great Refusal” of Western modernization—was a direct consequence a half century later of the forced secularization of the Ottoman Caliphate by Kemal Ataturk. With the superstructure of the Muslim ummah dismantled and replaced by the Turkish nation state, insurgent religious movements, from the (Sunni) Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt to the Shiite imams of Qum and Najaf, moved into the vacuum to reclaim Islam from the shadow of Western dominance.Now, history is turning again. Iran has been seized by violent turmoil as it seeks to reconcile democracy and religious rule. Secular Turkey is governed by an Islamist‐rooted party. As they struggle to regain their balance, the global economic meltdown threatens a convergence against globalization that joins the Islamist resistance with populist backlashes elsewhere.Two legendary intelligence agents, a Hezbollah leader, an Iranian dissident philosopher and Shirin Ebadi, the Iranian human rights lawyer and Nobel Laureate, examine this historical turn.
A Global Convergence Against Globalization?
Authors: FULLER GRAHAM E. 
Published: August 2009

The Iranian revolution—the political realization of the “Great Refusal” of Western modernization—was a direct consequence a half century later of the forced secularization of the Ottoman Caliphate by Kemal Ataturk. With the superstructure of the Muslim ummah dismantled and replaced by the Turkish nation state, insurgent religious movements, from the (Sunni) Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt to the Shiite imams of Qum and Najaf, moved into the vacuum to reclaim Islam from the shadow of Western dominance.Now, history is turning again. Iran has been seized by violent turmoil as it seeks to reconcile democracy and religious rule. Secular Turkey is governed by an Islamist‐rooted party. As they struggle to regain their balance, the global economic meltdown threatens a convergence against globalization that joins the Islamist resistance with populist backlashes elsewhere.Two legendary intelligence agents, a Hezbollah leader, an Iranian dissident philosopher and Shirin Ebadi, the Iranian human rights lawyer and Nobel Laureate, examine this historical turn.
In‐vitro Comparison of Bag‐Valve‐Mask and the Manually Triggered Oxygen‐powered Breathing Device
Authors: Menegazzi James J. , Winslow Holly J. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether tidal volume, intrapleural pressure, and gastric volume differ when the bag‐valve‐mask (BVM) and the manually triggered oxygen powered breathing device (MTBD) are used in the settings of normal and decreased lung compliance. Methods: Prospective, randomized in‐vitro model, with emergency medical technician‐paramedics (EMT‐Ps;n= 10) and emergency medical technicians (EMTs; n= 20) blinded to model gauges. Each participant randomly performed four one‐minute trials ventilating a mechanical test lung through an intubation mannikin head at a rate of 20 breaths/min. Each subject used the BVM and the MTBD to ventilate the lung for 20 breaths during normal (0.10 L/cm H2O) and decreased (0.04 L/cm H2O) compliance. Tidal volumes and intrapleural pressures were recorded for every breath and the gastric volume was recorded for each trial using a flowmeter placed below a simulated esophageal sphincter (20 cm H2O PEEP valve). Results: With normal compliance, mean tidal volumes and intrapleural pressures were not significantly different, while mean gastric volumes differed significantly (BVM = 1,300 mL, MTBD = 0 mL; p < 0.001). When compliance was decreased, mean tidal volumes and intrapleural pressures again did not differ significantly, while gastric volumes remained significantly different (BVM = 3,700 mL, MTBD = 1,100 mL; p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this model, tidal volumes and intrapleural pressures were similar for the two devices. When compliance was normal, no participant insufflated the stomach with the MTBD, while the gastric volume with BVM ventilation averaged 1.3 L. With decreased compliance, the MTBD again delivered significantly less gastric volume than the BVM (1.1 vs. 3.7 L, respectively). These findings favoring MTBD ventilation require corroboration in vivo.
Intoxicated Airline Pilots: A Case‐based Ethics Model
Authors: Schmidt Terri A. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe ethical dilemma of managing two intoxicated airline pilots who insist on flying a commercial plane after leaving the emergency department is presented. The case explores the issues surrounding duty to warn, decision‐making capacity, breaching confidentiality, and the requirements of law. A useful ethical decision‐making model is reviewed to address the responsibility of the emergency physician to intervene and the options available.
Molecular Characterization of a Dehydroascorbate Reductase from Pinus bungeana
Authors: Yang Hai‐Ling , Zhao Ying‐Ru , Wang Cai‐Ling , Yang Zhi‐Ling , Zeng Qing‐Yin , Lu Hai 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) plays a critical role in the ascorbate‐glutathione recycling reaction for most higher plants. To date, studies on DHAR in higher plants have focused largely on Arabidopsis and agricultural plants, and there is virtually no information on the molecular characteristics of DHAR in gymnosperms. The present study reports the cloning and characteristics of a DHAR (PbDHAR) from a pine, Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl. The PbDHAR gene encodes a protein of 215 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 24.26 kDa. The predicted 3‐D structure of PbDHAR showed a typical glutathione S‐transferase fold. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction revealed that the PbDHAR was a constitutive expression gene in P. bungeana. The expression level of PbDHAR mRNA in P. bungeana seedlings did not show significant change under high temperature stress. The recombinant PbDHAR was overexpressed in Escherichia coli following purification with affinity chromatography. The recombinant PbDHAR exhibited enzymatic activity (19.84 μmol/min per mg) and high affinity (a Km of 0.08 mM) towards the substrates dehydroascorbate (DHA). Moreover, the recombinant PbDHAR was a thermostable enzyme, and retained 77% of its initial activity at 55 °C. The present study is the first to provide a detailed molecular characterization of the DHAR in P. bungeana.
Understanding Remigration and Innovation – An Appeal for a Cultural Economic Geography
Authors: Klaerding Claudia 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe acquisition of new knowledge is a crucial capital of highly skilled remigrants and its utilisation in home countries can play a major role for regional economic development. By reviewing the remigration literature it is shown that remigrants are able to create innovation in their home countries and promote regional development. But also theoretical deficits can be identified regarding the structural conditions of transferring new knowledge across regions which precedes potential innovation processes. Recent theoretical ideas cannot sufficiently explain why remigrants become innovative to varying degrees depending on their home regions. A cultural approach of economic geography is needed to highlight the cultural construction of the economy. It allows for remigrants to be perceived as knowledge brokers, which crucially influences the returnee’s capacity to innovate.
Broad‐Scale Monitoring of Live Fuel Moisture
Authors: Yool Stephen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRemote sensing has as a spaceborne informant about Earth system processes become the technology of choice for monitoring the status of fuels and fire at local through global scales. This study reviews techniques and presents an application of remote sensing for monitoring live fuel moistures at broad spatial scales. The text recalls the roots of biophysical remote sensing, reviewing how early work about the spectral behavior of vegetation offered insights that promoted remote sensing as a fire knowledge source. Time‐series data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are used to map relative live fuel moisture stress for the continental USA. Results of fuel moisture maps produced from the AVHRR protocols compare favorably with those derived from the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus.
Measurement of the UVR Exposures of Expeditioners on Antarctic Resupply Voyages†
Authors: Gies Peter , Watzl Roland , Javorniczky John , Roy Colin , Henderson Stuart , Ayton Jeff , Kingston Melissa 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA study to assess the potential exposure to solar UV radiation of expeditioners on Australian Antarctic resupply voyages was carried out over the Austral summers of 2004/2005 to 2006/2007. Subjects wore UVR‐sensitive polysulphone (PS) badges on the chest for the duration of their working day, which generally ranged from 5 to 10 h, but could be as long as 14 h. Measurements were carried out during unloading of two vessels while they were at the three Australian Antarctic stations. The subjects wore standard Australian Antarctic Division clothing assemblages, although the face and hands and in some cases more of the limbs were uncovered and subjected to exposure to UVR. The badges worn by the subjects received exposures ranging from 0.2 to 18 standard erythemal doses (SEDs), with a median of 3.2 SEDs. However, comparison with occupational exposure limits showed that more than 80% of the subjects’ PS badges received UVR exposures in excess of the limits while 31% received more than five times the limits. Despite sun protection being provided more than 70% of the workers reported mild erythema.
Early Events in Photodynamic Therapy: Chemical and Physical Changes in a POPC:Cholesterol Bilayer due to Hematoporphyrin IX‐mediated Photosensitization
Authors: Santos António , Rodrigues António M. , Sobral Abílio J. F. N. , Monsanto Paula V. , Vaz Winchil L. C. , Moreno Maria João 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe studied the interaction of hematoporphyrin IX (HpIX) with bilayers of 1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (POPC) containing cholesterol at a molar fraction between 0 and 0.5. The membrane‐associated fraction of HpIX decreases significantly over a period of hours, for porphyrin concentrations in the aqueous phase above 50 nm. This was attributed to self‐aggregation of HpIX and was well described by a dimerization process. A model was developed to correct for aggregation and obtain the true partition coefficient which is dependent on the molar fraction of cholesterol with a maximum at 20 mol%. The chemical and physical effects on the lipid bilayer upon irradiation of HpIX were studied for lipid bilayers with POPC:Chol 1:1. Exposure of these bilayers to visible light in the presence of HpIX leads to several cholesterol oxidation products that were identified using GC‐MS. A dramatic increase in the membrane leakiness was also observed, even for short irradiation times and small light intensities, as evaluated from the rate of pH equilibration and dithionite permeability. The relevance of these results for the mechanism of photodynamic therapy is discussed.
Enantioselective kinetic resolution of phenylalkyl carboxylic acids using metagenome‐derived esterases
Authors: Fernández‐Álvaro Elena , Kourist Robert , Winter Julia , Böttcher Dominique , Liebeton Klaus , Naumer Christian , Eck Jürgen , Leggewie Christian , Jaeger Karl‐Erich , Streit Wolfgang , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryEnantiomerically pure β‐arylalkyl carboxylic acids are important synthetic intermediates for the preparation of a wide range of compounds with biological and pharmacological activities. A library of 83 enzymes isolated from the metagenome was searched for activity in the hydrolysis of ethyl esters of three racemic phenylalkyl carboxylic acids by a microtiter plate‐based screening using a pH‐indicator assay. Out of these, 20 enzymes were found to be active and were subjected to analytical scale biocatalysis in order to determine their enantioselectivity. The most enantioselective and also enantiocomplementary biocatalysts were then used for preparative scale reactions. Thus, both enantiomers of each of the three phenylalkyl carboxylic acids studied could be obtained in excellent optical purity and high yields.
Size and Shape of Right Heart Chambers in Mitral Valve Regurgitation in Small‐Breed Dogs
Authors: Carlsson C. , Häggström J. , Eriksson A. , Järvinen A.‐K. , Kvart C. , Lord P. 
Published: August 2009

Background:The contribution of right heart (RH) chamber enlargement to general heart enlargement seen on thoracic radiographs in mitral regurgitation (MR) is not known.Objectives:To determine the size and shape of the RH chambers in normal dogs and dogs with varying degrees of MR.Animals:Fifty‐four privately owned dogs: 13 normal, 41 with varying degrees of MR including 25 with congestive heart failure (CHF).Methods:Archived first pass radionuclide angiocardiograms were used to produce static images of the RH and left heart (LH) chambers. Indexes of size and shape of the RH and LH chambers were related to severity of MR determined by heart rate‐normalized pulmonary transit time (nPTT), vertebral heart scale (VHS), and clinical status. RH shape was measured by a circularity index of RH short axis/long axis.Results:A 2nd degree polynomial fit best described the ratios; RH/LH dimension to nPTT (R2= 0.62) and to VHS (R2= 0.43), RH/LH area to nPTT (R2= 0.64) and to VHS (R2= 0.58), allP< .001. RH circularity was decreased in CHF,P< .001. In CHF, the RH chambers of 16 dogs were both flattened and enlarged, whereas 9 had convex septal borders.Conclusions:RH chambers are not significantly dilated in dogs with mild to moderate MR without CHF. In CHF, RH chambers enlarge and also may be compressed by the LH chambers. Pulmonary hypertension probably is present in some dogs with CHF. Increased sternal contact is not a useful sign of right‐sided heart dilatation in MR.
hCLCA2 Is a p53-Inducible Inhibitor of Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation
Authors: Walia Vijay , Ding Ming , Kumar Sumit , Nie Daotai , Premkumar Louis S. , Elble Randolph C. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
hCLCA2 is frequently down-regulated in breast cancer and is a candidate tumor suppressor gene. We show here that the hCLCA2 gene is strongly induced by p53 in response to DNA damage. Adenoviral expression of p53 induces hCLCA2 in a variety of breast cell lines. Further, we find that p53 binds to consensus elements in the hCLCA2 promoter and mutation of these sites abolishes p53-responsiveness and induction by DNA damage. Adenoviral transduction of hCLCA2 into immortalized cells induces p53, CDK inhibitors p21 and p27, and cell cycle arrest by 24 hours, and caspase induction and apoptosis by 40 hours postinfection. Transduction of the malignant tumor cell line BT549 on the other hand does not induce p53, p21, or p27 but instead induces apoptosis directly and more rapidly. Knockout and knockdown studies indicate that growth inhibition and apoptosis are signaled via multiple pathways. Conversely, suppression of hCLCA2 by RNA interference enhances proliferation of MCF10A and reduces sensitivity to doxorubicin. Gene expression profiles indicate that hCLCA2 levels are strongly predictive of tumor cell sensitivity to doxorubicin and other chemotherapeutics. Because certain Cl− channels are proposed to promote apoptosis by reducing intracellular pH, we tested whether, and established that, hCLCA2 enhances Cl− current in breast cancer cells and reduces pH to ∼6.7. These results reveal hCLCA2 as a novel p53-inducible growth inhibitor, explain how its down-regulation confers a survival advantage to tumor cells, and suggest both prognostic and therapeutic applications. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6624–32]
Moderate Increase in Mdr1a/1b Expression Causes In vivo Resistance to Doxorubicin in a Mouse Model for Hereditary Breast Cancer
Authors: Pajic Marina , Iyer Jayasree K. , Kersbergen Ariena , van der Burg Eline , Nygren Anders O.H. , Jonkers Jos , Borst Piet , Rottenberg Sven 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We have found previously that acquired doxorubicin resistance in a genetically engineered mouse model for BRCA1-related breast cancer was associated with increased expression of the mouse multidrug resistance (Mdr1) genes, which encode the drug efflux transporter ATP-binding cassette B1/P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Here, we show that even moderate increases of Mdr1 expression (as low as 5-fold) are sufficient to cause doxorubicin resistance. These moderately elevated tumor P-gp levels are below those found in some normal tissues, such as the gut. The resistant phenotype could be completely reversed by the third-generation P-gp inhibitor tariquidar, which provides a useful strategy to circumvent this type of acquired doxorubicin resistance. The presence of MDR1A in drug-resistant tumors with a moderate increase in Mdr1a transcripts could be shown with a newly generated chicken antibody against a mouse P-gp peptide. Our data show the usefulness of realistic preclinical models to characterize levels of Mdr1 gene expression that are sufficient to cause resistance. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6396–9]
Sin3B Expression Is Required for Cellular Senescence and Is Up-regulated upon Oncogenic Stress
Authors: Grandinetti Kathryn B. , Jelinic Petar , DiMauro Teresa , Pellegrino Jessica , Fernández Rodríguez Rubén , Finnerty Patricia M. , Ruoff Rachel , Bardeesy Nabeel , Logan Susan K. , David Gregory 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSerial passage of primary mammalian cells or strong mitogenic signals induce a permanent exit from the cell cycle called senescence. A characteristic of senescent cells is the heterochromatinization of loci encoding pro-proliferative genes, leading to their transcriptional silencing. Senescence is thought to represent a defense mechanism against uncontrolled proliferation and cancer. Consequently, genetic alterations that allow senescence bypass are associated with susceptibility to oncogenic transformation. We show that fibroblasts genetically inactivated for the chromatin-associated Sin3B protein are refractory to replicative and oncogene-induced senescence. Conversely, overexpression of Sin3B triggers senescence and the formation of senescence-associated heterochromatic foci. Although Sin3B is strongly up-regulated upon oncogenic stress, decrease in expression of Sin3B is associated with tumor progression in vivo, suggesting that expression of Sin3B may represent a barrier against transformation. Together, these results underscore the contribution of senescence in tumor suppression and suggest that expression of chromatin modifiers is modulated at specific stages of cellular transformation. Consequently, these findings suggest that modulation of Sin3B-associated activities may represent new therapeutic opportunities for treatment of cancers. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6430–7]
β3 Integrin Subunit Mediates the Bone-Resorbing Function Exerted by Cultured Myeloma Plasma Cells
Authors: Tucci Marco , De Palma Raffaele , Lombardi Lucia , Rodolico Gabriella , Berrino Liberato , Dammacco Franco , Silvestris Franco 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
αvβ3 integrin was investigated in multiple myeloma in relation to the in vitro osteoclast-like activity of malignant plasma cells. Myeloma cells from patients with skeleton involvement overexpressed αvβ3 and produced erosion pits on bone substrates, whereas this effect was not observed by cells from patients with no evidence of bone disease. We therefore explored the αvβ3 transcriptional pathway in the bone-resorbing cells. Silencing of β3 chain abrogated the ability to produce erosion pits and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation resulting in the defective function of cFos and nuclear factor activator T cell 1, the terminal effectors of osteoclast activation. A similar defect occurred in constitutively β3-deficient cells from patients with no skeleton disease. Microarray gene analysis of β3+ myeloma cells showed that several osteoclast-related genes were up-regulated. Their functions include the activation of receptor pathways β3 and c-fms that regulate several osteoclast functions. These data emphasize the postulated role of myeloma cells in multiple myeloma bone disease and suggest that their osteoclast-like activity is regulated, at least in vitro, by the β3 subunit of the integrin. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6738–46]
Small-Molecule Multidrug Resistance–Associated Protein 1 Inhibitor Reversan Increases the Therapeutic Index of Chemotherapy in Mouse Models of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Burkhart Catherine A. , Watt Fujiko , Murray Jayne , Pajic Marina , Prokvolit Anatoly , Xue Chengyuan , Flemming Claudia , Smith Janice , Purmal Andrei , Isachenko Nadezhda , Komarov Pavel G. , Gurova Katerina V. , Sartorelli Alan C. , Marshall Glenn M. , Norris Murray D. , Gudkov Andrei V. , Haber Michelle 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe multidrug resistance–associated protein 1 (MRP1) has been closely linked to poor treatment response in several cancers, most notably neuroblastoma. Homozygous deletion of the MRP1 gene in primary murine neuroblastoma tumors resulted in increased sensitivity to MRP1 substrate drugs (vincristine, etoposide, and doxorubicin) compared with tumors containing both copies of wild-type MRP1, indicating that MRP1 plays a significant role in the drug resistance in this tumor type and defining this multidrug transporter as a target for pharmacologic suppression. A cell-based readout system was created to functionally determine intracellular accumulation of MRP1 substrates using a p53-responsive reporter as an indicator of drug-induced DNA damage. Screening of small-molecule libraries in this readout system revealed pyrazolopyrimidines as a prominent structural class of potent MRP1 inhibitors. Reversan, the lead compound of this class, increased the efficacy of both vincristine and etoposide in murine models of neuroblastoma (syngeneic and human xenografts). As opposed to the majority of inhibitors of multidrug transporters, Reversan was not toxic by itself nor did it increase the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drug exposure in mice. Therefore, Reversan represents a new class of nontoxic MRP1 inhibitor, which may be clinically useful for the treatment of neuroblastoma and other MRP1-overexpressing drug-refractory tumors by increasing their sensitivity to conventional chemotherapy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6573–80]
Cancer-Specific High-Throughput Annotation of Somatic Mutations: Computational Prediction of Driver Missense Mutations
Authors: Carter Hannah , Chen Sining , Isik Leyla , Tyekucheva Svitlana , Velculescu Victor E. , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert , Karchin Rachel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLarge-scale sequencing of cancer genomes has uncovered thousands of DNA alterations, but the functional relevance of the majority of these mutations to tumorigenesis is unknown. We have developed a computational method, called Cancer-specific High-throughput Annotation of Somatic Mutations (CHASM), to identify and prioritize those missense mutations most likely to generate functional changes that enhance tumor cell proliferation. The method has high sensitivity and specificity when discriminating between known driver missense mutations and randomly generated missense mutations (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, &gt;0.91; area under Precision-Recall curve, &gt;0.79). CHASM substantially outperformed previously described missense mutation function prediction methods at discriminating known oncogenic mutations in P53 and the tyrosine kinase epidermal growth factor receptor. We applied the method to 607 missense mutations found in a recent glioblastoma multiforme sequencing study. Based on a model that assumed the glioblastoma multiforme mutations are a mixture of drivers and passengers, we estimate that 8% of these mutations are drivers, causally contributing to tumorigenesis. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):OF6660–8]