bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detailed Specifications for Global Heat Treatment Sourcing and Materials
Authors: Sponzilli Jared , Sponzilli John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The very nature of global sourcing means that components must carry clear and detailed specifications for material, heat treatment, and test methods. Qualified global heat treat facilities can achieve good control of not only the common features such as surface and gradient hardness, but also of microstructure, core hardness, residual stress, and other critical metallurgical parameters. This paper will discuss a new concept for material specifications and more detailed heat treatment specifications for the global marketplace.
Quality Improvement in Heat Treatment Based on Necessary Information Exchange
Authors: Ermert Volker , Horsch Arnold , Klein Dieter , Wuest Thorsten , Kohlmann Rainer , Mahlig Ralph , Rentrop Britta 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Insufficient and missing information can lead to avoidable costs in heat treatment, arising both from failures and from the time-consuming process of acquiring information. The Quality Assurance in Heat Treatment research group of the Association for Heat Treatment and Materials Technology aims to raise awareness among all heat treatment contractors about the importance of exchanging necessary information. This goal will be achieved by first documenting the essential information and then explaining why information exchange is crucial. Three examples are provided to demonstrate the impact of information on product outcomes. To disseminate these explanations to the general public, a concept and the initial implementation of a knowledge system are introduced.
Cleaning for Heat Treating
Authors: MacKenzie D. Scott , Johnston Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Heat treating often requires changing the surface chemistry of the part from carburizing or Nitriding. In addition it is important to remove residual quench oil from parts after quenching. Discussion of various cleaner chemistries will be discussed, with application to heat treating. Case histories will be shown showing the effect of improper cleaning has on parts.
Bottleneck Oriented Load Planning in Heat Treatment – Optimizing the Production Flow Saves on Time and Resources
Authors: Winter Karl-Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Making money in heat treating is becoming increasingly challenging. The ongoing economic crisis has significantly impacted the industry. However, understanding the true dynamic capacity of partially idled equipment and maximizing even the smallest capabilities can optimize the cost-to-earnings ratio. While computer systems are widely used to plan workflows, they often lack the necessary knowledge to effectively break down shop orders into actual loads. This article provides an overview of the existing planning layers and the various methods employed. It explains how strategic planning around bottlenecks can optimize throughput while minimizing equipment usage, thereby conserving resources.
Effect of Bath Temperature on Surface Heat Flux during Quenching in Carbon Nanotube Nanofluids
Authors: Babu K. , Kumar T.S. Prasanna 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this paper, the effect of nanofluid temperature on the heat transfer rate has been studied during immersion quenching in Carbon Nanotube (CNT) nanofluid. For this purpose, CNT nanofluid was prepared by suspending 0.25wt% of chemically treated CNTs (TCNT) in de-ionized (DI) water without any surfactant. Quench probes with a diameter of 20 mm and a length of 50 mm were machined from 304L stainless steel and quenched in CNT nanofluid when maintained at 30 °C, 40 °C and 50 °C. The heat flux and temperature at the quenched surface were estimated based on the Inverse Heat Conduction (IHC) method using the measured temperature data during quenching as input. The computation results showed that the peak heat flux increased when the CNT nanofluid was maintained at 40 °C than at 30°C and decreased with further increase in the CNT nanofluid temperature. The enhanced heat transfer performance of CNT nanofluid during quenching at a slightly higher temperature is attributed to the increase in the Brownian motion of CNTs in nanofluid. The reduced heat transfer rate when the CNT nanofluid maintained at 50 °C during quenching was due to the predominant effect of quenchant temperature on quenching heat transfer rate.
Effect of Process Time on Low-Temperature Nitrided Austenitic Stainless Steels Layer Structure
Authors: Koshel D. , Kalucki J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
There is considerable interest in nitriding austenitic stainless steels under conditions where nitrogen is primarily in solid solution. Supersaturation with nitrogen significantly increases hardness and induces high residual compressive stresses. This paper explores the relationship between nitrogen content, layer morphology, and properties. It examines Nitrex’s Nano-S nitriding processes performed at various times to achieve different nitrogen levels in austenitic AISI 304 stainless steel. The research also includes 410 grade martensitic stainless steel and 17-4 precipitation-hardened steel, with results yet to be determined. Based on these results, optimal nitriding conditions to achieve the desired properties will be recommended.
Energy Efficient Vacuum Solutions for Industrial Furnaces
Authors: Zöllig Uwe , Vitale Mario 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the fight against global warming and rising greenhouse gas concentrations, the European Commission established the European Directive 2005/32/EC to regulate CO2 emissions. This directive, along with several amendments, outlines eco-design requirements for energy-using products, emphasizing increased efficiencies. As a result, new standards and norms have been developed and updated, which must now be considered in new product engineering projects. Additionally, energy costs are continually rising and are expected to keep increasing in the future. Given these factors, the design of modern furnaces has evolved significantly. Newly designed vacuum furnaces are much more efficient than older models. Consequently, vacuum pumps and pump systems must also be designed to support these energy-saving efforts. While the primary priority for vacuum pumps and systems remains to reliably provide the required vacuum level and ensure trouble-free operation, energy-saving measures must not compromise furnace uptime. This presentation will demonstrate that modern vacuum solutions, including dry-compressing screw-type vacuum pumps and innovative blower designs, can help achieve energy-saving goals. It will also describe measures taken with conventional vacuum components, such as rotary-vane pumps and diffusion pumps, to meet the new energy-saving requirements.
Multi-Purpose LPC+LPN+HPGQ 25 Bar N2/He Single Chamber Vacuum Furnaces
Authors: Korecki Maciej , Olejnik Józef , Kula Piotr , Pietrasik Robert , Wołowiec Emilia Stańczyk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The article describes the achievements and application of a new generation of HPGQ vacuum furnaces. Implementation of 25 bar quenching enables reaching hardening properties compared to the ones obtained with oil, while vacuum carburizing and nitriding additionally create a great potential for running different heat treatment and thermo-chemical processes as well as multiple processes combined in a single furnace cycle. Technical and technological aspects of the furnace exploitation are presented and operational costs reduction and energy saving are considered.
Recent near-shore ostracod fauna of the Caspian Sea
Authors: Tkach A.A. A.A. ,   Laboratory of Pleistocene Paleogeography, Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1a, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Published: June 2024

The work is based on the E.A.Gofman’s collection of recent ostracods. Here we present summarized data on our results of studying 45 near-shore sampling sites and previously published data, which were the first one to investigate the distribution of recent ostracods in the Caspian Sea and to discuss the influence of such factors as bottom sediments type, water temperature and salinity. Overall, distribution of the ostracods in the Caspian Sea shows a remarkable depth control. The near-shore ostracod assemblage of the Caspian Sea indicates shallow water conditions. Predominant species tolerates temperature and salinity seasonal changes. In northern area assemblage is dominated by Cyprideis torosa and contains abundant euryhaline species tolerant to reduced salinity ranges reflecting the river influence, significant temperature changes and unstable hydrological regime. In the Central and Southern Caspian Sea, the assemblage is mostly represented by the Tyrrhenocythere amnicola donetziensis and other stenohaline species. The analysis of the recent near-shore ostracods of the Caspian Sea allows to conclude that salinity, along with water depth, are the leading factors determining the composition of ostracod assemblages.
Analysis of the Impact of the Effects of Modernisation of the Railway Line on the Quality of Travel on the Section Piła – Poznań
Authors: Gast Miłosz , Piątkowski Piotr , Gorzelańczyk Piotr 
Published: June 2024

The article's purpose is to show the impact of the modernisation of the section Piła – Poznań of railway route No. 354 on the quality of travel. The detailed characteristics of the railway infrastructure in Poland and the elements included in it are presented. Modernisation of railway line No. 354 on the route Piła – Poznań was included in the Program of the Wielkopolska Regional Operational Program for 2014–2020. As a result, 134 km of track were replaced, translating into a reduced travel time. The modernisation allowed for the reconstruction of the traffic control system equipment. The entire railway line is controlled remotely from Poznań station.The punctuality level at Pila station when running trains between Pila and Poznań for November and December 2021 was 92.68%. The punctuality level at Poznań station when running trains from Piła to Poznań station for November and December 2021 was 89.61%. In December at Pila station, rolling stock breakdowns caused as much as 40% of all delays. 53.8% of respondents travelled most often, several times a year. According to the respondents, the comfort of travel has significantly increased, as well as punctuality. After the analysis, it was concluded that modernisation positively impacted the quality of travel.
Experimental and numerical studies on CO2 injectivity in low permeability oil reservoirs
Authors: Meng Fankun , Cao Lin , Zhou Yuhui , Liu Botao , Wen Chengyue , Liu Jia 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Contrary to the traditional recognition that CO2 has large injectivity (the ratio of CO2 injection volume to pressure drop) in low permeability oil reservoirs to keep the formation pressure at a high level, the CO2 injection rate usually cannot attain the set value. It is essential to study the factors that influence CO2 injectivity and propose the optimal strategies to improve the CO2 injectivity.Methods: Therefore, in this study, several core samples collected from low permeability oil reservoirs are used to experimentally investigate the influences of CO2 injection rate, formation permeability, pressure and water saturation on CO2 injectivity, and the corresponding pressure drop, oil and gas production are examined. To determine the primary factor that influences the CO2 injectivity, orthogonal experimental design (ODE) and numerical simulations are utilized. In addition, to improve CO2 injectivity, the techniques of mini-fracturing and radial perforation are presented, and the threshold values for these two parameters are determined.Result and discussion: The results demonstrate that according to the magnitude of the extent that influences CO2 injectivity, the rank for the above factors is CO2 injection rate, reservoir pressure, formation water saturation and permeability. The oil recovery is mainly influenced by CO2 injection rate and formation permeability, and the influences of reservoir pressure and water saturation on oil recovery are smaller. The threshold values for radial perforation and fracture half-length are 25 m and 50m, respectively, which can provide some guidance for the strategies that should be taken to improve the CO2 injectivity and recover more oil from low permeability oil reservoirs.
Association of random glucose to albumin ratio with post-contrast acute kidney injury and clinical outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Lai Ping , Gu Xiaoyan , Lin Xuhui , He Yu , Dai Yining , Duan Chongyang , Liu Yuanhui , He Wenfei 
Published: June 2024

PurposeBoth glucose and albumin are associated with chronic inflammation, which plays a vital role in post-contrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI). To explore the relationship between random glucose to albumin ratio (RAR) and the incidence of PC-AKI after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Patients and methodsSTEMI patients who underwent PCI were consecutively enrolled from January, 01, 2010 to February, 28, 2020. All patients were categorized into T1, T2, and T3 groups, respectively, based on RAR value (RAR &lt; 3.377; 3.377 ≤ RAR ≤ 4.579; RAR &gt; 4.579). The primary outcome was the incidence of PC-AKI, and the incidence of major adverse clinical events (MACE) was the second endpoint. The association between RAR and PC-AKI was assessed by multivariable logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 2,924 patients with STEMI undergoing PCI were finally included. The incidence of PC-AKI increased with the increasing tertile of RAR (3.2% vs 4.8% vs 10.6%, P&lt;0.001). Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that RAR (as a continuous variable) was associated with the incidence of PC-AKI (adjusted odds ratio (OR) =1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.04 - 1.16, P&lt;0.001) and in-hospital MACE (OR=1.07, 95% CI=1.02 - 1.14, P=0.012); RAR, as a categorical variable, was significantly associated with PC-AKI (T3 vs. T1, OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.08 - 2.67, P=0.021) and in-hospital MACE (T3 vs. T1, OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.02 - 2.60, P=0.041) in multivariable regression analyses. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that RAR exhibited a predictive value for PC-AKI (area under the curve (AUC)=0.666, 95% CI=0.625 - 0.708), and in-hospital MACE (AUC= 0.662, 95% CI =0.619 - 0.706).ConclusionsThe high value of RAR was significantly associated with the increasing risk of PC-AKI and in-hospital MACE after PCI in STEMI patients, and RAR offers a good predictive value for those outcomes.
Characteristics of water and heat change during the freezing-thawing process at an alpine steppe in seasonally frozen ground of the Northern Tibetan plateau
Authors: Chen Jiuyun , Yan Yan , Liu Yanling 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Permafrost and seasonally frozen soil are widely distributed on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, and the freezing–thawing cycle can lead to frequent phase changes in soil water, which can have important impacts on ecosystems.Methods: To understand the process of soil freezing-thawing and to lay the foundation for grassland ecosystems to cope with complex climate change, this study analyzed and investigated the hydrothermal data of Xainza Station on the Northern Tibet from November 2019 to October 2021.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the fluctuation of soil temperature showed a cyclical variation similar to a sine (cosine) curve; the deep soil temperature change was not as drastic as that of the shallow soil, and the shallow soil had the largest monthly mean temperature in September and the smallest monthly mean temperature in January. The soil water content curve was U-shaped; with increased soil depth, the maximum and minimum values of soil water content had a certain lag compared to that of the shallow soil. The daily freezing-thawing of the soil lasted 179 and 198 days and the freezing-thawing process can be roughly divided into the initial freezing period (November), the stable freezing period (December–early February), the early ablation period (mid-February to March), and the later ablation period (March–end of April), except for the latter period when the average temperature of the soil increased with the increase in depth. The trend of water content change with depth at all stages of freezing-thawing was consistent, and negative soil temperature was one of the key factors affecting soil moisture. This study is important for further understanding of hydrothermal coupling and the mechanism of the soil freezing-thawing process.
Mendelian randomization and Bayesian model averaging of autoimmune diseases and Long COVID
Authors: Feng Jieni , Chen Jiankun , Li Xiaoya , Ren Xiaolei , Chen Junxu , Li Zuming , Wu Yuan , Zhang Zhongde , Yang Rongyuan , Li Jiqiang , Lu Yue , Liu Yuntao 
Published: June 2024

BackgroundFollowing COVID-19, reports suggest Long COVID and autoimmune diseases (AIDs) in infected individuals. However, bidirectional causal effects between Long COVID and AIDs, which may help to prevent diseases, have not been fully investigated.MethodsSummary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of Long COVID (N = 52615) and AIDs including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (N = 377277), Crohn’s disease (CD) (N = 361508), ulcerative colitis (UC) (N = 376564), etc. were employed. Bidirectional causal effects were gauged between AIDs and Long COVID by exploiting Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian model averaging (BMA).ResultsThe evidence of causal effects of IBD (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00–1.11, p = 3.13E-02), CD (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.01–1.19, p = 2.21E-02) and UC (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03–1.13, p = 2.35E-03) on Long COVID was found. In MR-BMA, UC was estimated as the highest-ranked causal factor (MIP = 0.488, MACE = 0.035), followed by IBD and CD.ConclusionThis MR study found that IBD, CD and UC had causal effects on Long COVID, which suggests a necessity to screen high-risk populations.
Icanbelimod (CBP-307), a next-generation Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, in healthy men: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability in a randomized trial in Australia
Authors: Lickliter Jason , Yang Xin , Guo Jiawang , Pan Wubin , Wei Zheng 
Published: June 2024

BackgroundIcanbelimod (formerly CBP-307) is a next-generation S1PR modulator, targeting S1PR1. In this first-in-human study, icanbelimod was investigated in healthy men in Australia.MethodsParticipants were randomized 3:1, double-blind, to icanbelimod or placebo in four single-dose cohorts (0.1 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg [n=8 per cohort], 2.5 mg [n=4]) or for 28-days once-daily treatment in two cohorts (0.15 mg, 0.25 mg [n=8 per cohort]). Participants in the 0.25-mg cohort received 0.1 mg on Day 1. Treatments were administered orally after fasting; following one-week washout, icanbelimod was administered after breakfast in the 0.5-mg cohort.ResultsIcanbelimod exposure increased rapidly and dose-dependently with single and multiple dosing (Tmax 4–7 hours). Lymphocyte counts decreased rapidly after single (-11%, 0.1 mg; -40%, 0.25 mg; -71%, 0.5 mg; -77%, 2.5 mg) and multiple doses (-49%, 0.15 mg; -75%, 0.25 mg), and recovered quickly, 7 days after dosing. After single-dose 0.5 mg, although a high-fat breakfast versus fasting did not affect maximal decrease, lymphocyte counts tended to be lower after breakfast across most timepoints up to 72 hours. Twenty-eight participants (63.6%) experienced mainly mild treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). After single-dose icanbelimod, the most common TEAEs were headache (28.6%, n=6) and dizziness (19.0%, n=4). Three participants experienced transient bradycardia, with one serious, following single-dose 2.5 mg icanbelimod. After multiple-dose icanbelimod, the most common TEAEs were headache (50.0%, n=6) and lymphopenia (41.7%, n=5), and two participants withdrew due to non-serious TEAEs. Up-titration attenuated heart rate reductions.ConclusionIcanbelimod was well-tolerated up to 0.5 mg and effectively reduced lymphocyte counts.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02280434.b
Functional integration design and aerodynamic characterization of a hexacopter agricultural unmanned aerial vehicle based on its appearance
Authors: Liu Zhe 
Published: June 2024

Introduction: As an advanced agricultural technology equipment, the functional integration design and appearance aerodynamic characteristics of hexacopter agricultural UAV are significant for improving the efficiency of agricultural production.Methods: Firstly, the study carried out the functional integration design of the hexacopter agricultural UAV, and completed the matching analysis and selection of the relevant components of the power system. Then, the numerical simulation method of computational fluid dynamics was used to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics of the UAV. Finally, the role of different propeller pitch on important parameters such as lift and range time of the UAV was verified.Results and discussion: The results showed that in the XY section of the UAV, namely, the surface parallel to the flight direction, the areas with high streamline velocity were mainly concentrated at the intersection of the airflow with the landing gear and the motor. The streamlines in the front of the UAV were tightly and neatly distributed, while those in the rear were sparser. The motor force efficiencies of the UAVs with different propeller pitches ranged from 7.05 to 7.25 g/w. At a flight speed of 5 m/s, the motor force effect of the UAV with a pitch of 260 mm reached 7.25 g/w, which was the highest value among all models. Meanwhile, it had the longest endurance time of 19.14 min, indicating the best performance. The results suggested that it not only promoted the modernization of agricultural UAVs but also effectively enhanced the efficiency of agricultural production.
Embolization coils in treating postoperative bronchopleural fistula: a systematic review
Authors: Luo Xiaojuan , Zhan Ke , Bai Yang 
Published: June 2024

ObjectiveThis study aims to comprehensively evaluate embolization coils in treating postoperative bronchopleural fistula (BPF).MethodsA systematic review based on PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library studies was conducted. All cases receiving embolization coils in treating postoperative BPF were included. The primary outcome was the efficacy of embolization coils in achieving closure of postoperative BPF.Results20 patients from 9 studies were included in this systematic review. A median number of 3 (range: 1–10) embolization coils with sealants obtained a complete closure rate of 80% in patients with postoperative BPF with sizes ranging from 2 to 3.1 mm. Three patients with BPF over 3 mm and one with multiple organ failure failed this treatment. Two cases of coil migration were reported without causing respiratory failure or fistula recurrence.ConclusionEmbolization coils might be considered a safe and effective bronchoscopic treatment for small postoperative BPF of less than 3 mm in size. More extensive and rigorous studies are needed to further evaluate and confirm the optimal use of embolization coils in the context of an alternative to surgical repair.