bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disciplines of Discipleship in Late Antique Education: Augustine and Gregory Nazianzen
Authors: McLynn Neil 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents a peculiarity of Augustine's case in reading the Confessions and the equally unreliable memoirs of Gregory Nazianzen and his student fraternity in Athens. The prevailing impression obtained from these student reminiscences is of disorder rather than discipline. It argues that Augustine may have designed his ‘disciplinarum libri’ to mark a decisive break with the day-to-day untidiness of the schoolroom. In viewing thePhilocalia, it suggests a more lasting analogy between East and West containing encouraging intimations of the possibility of an authentically Christian paideia.
The Vocabulary of the Liberal Arts in Augustine'sConfessions
Authors: Burton Philip 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter completes the review of plenary lists of liberal arts by considering Augustine's Latin vocabulary for the canon, especially as presented by the Confessions. Augustine proceeded to give an account of his own education, in which the contours of disciplinary knowledge were blurred. The chapter demonstrates that the idiom of intellectual activity and accomplishment found in the Confessions strongly favours Latin translations or near-equivalents of Greek loan-words. It suggests that Augustine was attempting to revalorise liberal arts for a Latin Christian readership. This recoding aims at more than just the effacement of antiquated institutions of non-Christian learning. It also promotes the idea, explicitly formulated in De Doctrina Christiana, that the useful and salutary practice of arts otherwise known as liberal is already exemplified in the sacred texts of Christianity.
Augustine's Hermeneutics as a Universal Discipline!?
Authors: Pollmann Karla 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores the possibilities of Augustine's hermeneutics as a universal discipline. As an account of De Doctrina Christiana, set against the backdrop of ancient theorising on language, the interpretation of texts, and the relation of human to divine knowledge, and with an eye to Augustine's earlier initiatives from Cassiciacum onwards and to the related work of his Confessions, the chapter draws together the main threads of the collective inquiry. It notes that despite whatever partial models and analogues can be suggested for it, the hermeneutic ‘discipline’ announced by Augustine in De Doctrina Christiana is perhaps most impressive in the end for its singularity — its strange, historical eventfulness.
Concepts and Principles of Extensional Mereology
Authors: SIMONS PETER 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough Stanislaw Leśniewski's Mereology was the first extensional part—whole theory to be rigorously developed, it is expressed in the formal language of the general logic Leśniewski called ‘Ontology’, and which is sometimes called his calculus of names. This language is, by comparison with those of predicate logic and set theory, still relatively little known, so mereological concepts and principles are first introduced. Leśniewski's notation can then be introduced without any great difficulty in its intended meaning. As far as the narrower issues of extensional mereology are concerned, there is no important difference between Leśniewski and other writers. This chapter discusses meteorological principles, classical extensional meteorology, and the questions of atomism.
General-Purpose Content
Authors: Price Carolyn 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter investigates how a teleologist might go about assigning content to the representations produced by a general-purpose system. It explains that the content of the devices produced by a general-purpose, doxastic system cannot be determined by considering the interests that they are supposed to serve because there is no such set of interests. It also discusses the four problems about general-purpose content and the impossibility of providing a teleological account of doxastic content.
Miller, Nationality, and Distributive Justice
Authors: Jones Charles 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter considers the implications for questions of distributive justice of theories attaching fundamental ethical significance to nations, and analyses David Miller's contribution. National communities figure prominently in Miller's version of communitarianism, where special obligations to co-nationals are founded on the ethically valuable national community. There are basically four parts of analysis here: first, an outline of Miller's characterisation of nationality; second, a closer look at some arguments purporting to show the ethical relevance of national commitments; third, discussion of reasons for rejecting the ethically foundational character of nations; and finally, a scrutiny of what obligations go along with national allegiance. Overall, this chapter shows how the ethical importance of such a view does not fundamentally alter the duties persons owe to one another as human beings.
Relations and Intrinsic Properties
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the medieval theory in its application to the Incarnation. It begins by discussing the theories of relations of Bonaventure, Aquinas, and Duns Scotus. It then argues that the medievals used the theories to try to show how the Incarnation — which requires mutability, temporality, and possibility — could be consistent with a doctrine of God that requires immutability, timelessness, and impossibility. The chapter considers what this medieval strategy can achieve and what its limitations might be, and concludes that the strategy should be assigned a low value.
Politicians and Bureaucrats in the Policy-Making Processes
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe reversal in Japan's economic fortunes after the collapse of the bubble economy, combined with the end of the Liberal Democratic Party's 38-year rule in 1993 and the political turbulence that ensued, raised, and continues to raise, questions about the continuing effectiveness of Japanese institutions, as well as the relationships between politicians, bureaucrats, and businessmen in the organizations that underpinned those institutions. This chapter examines the continuing academic debate about the policy-making processes in Japan, beginning with the concept of the ‘developmental state’ in which bureaucrats are accorded the pre-eminent role in policy-making. The recent work of the ‘new institutionalists’ is also considered. Adopting and adapting theories of rational choice, they have attacked both revisionists and counter-revisionists, arguing that the relationship between politicians and bureaucrats is one of principal and agent, bureaucrats acting merely as the instruments of politicians.
The Spending Ministries and Agencies
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides an organizational map of the terrain inhabited by Japan's Spending Ministries and Agencies before the implementation in January 2001 of the reforms to the central government enacted in 1998–99. It begins with a brief historical review of the origins and development of ministries and agencies from the foundation of the modern state to the present day, to illustrate and emphasize the importance of stability, continuity, and evolutionary change in the structure of Japan's central government. Their hierarchical status is also discussed, together with the government enterprises and public corporations that they supervised. This chapter also looks inside the ministries and agencies, drawing attention to the key role played by the Minister's Secretariat generally in the policy-making processes, and to its Budget and Accounts Division more narrowly in the budgetary processes. The chapter concludes by explaining and assessing the proposals for the reconstruction of the central government in the legislation enacted by the second Hashimoto government in 1998, and that of Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi in the following year, implemented on January 6, 2001.
Ministerial Autonomy and Territorial Boundaries: Coordination, Competition, and Conflict in the Policy-Making Processes
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe most difficult problem of governmental organization in Japan since the restoration of the Meiji has been the need to coordinate the sectional interests of the central ministries. Throughout the last quarter of the 20th century, Japan's ministries and agencies were often deeply divided over the making and carrying out of many policies that were related or inter-departmental. Jurisdictional competition, derived from and fostered by the verticalized structure of the central administration, was the principal cause of that division. Bureaucratic insularity was reflected and reinforced by the particularistic interest of politicians focused more on discrete policy issues than comprehensive policy or collective good government. This chapter examines the governmental and party structures through which attempts were made to coordinate the interests, functions, and responsibilities of ministries and agencies in Japan, as well as the informal processes, procedures, and behavioural rules-of-the-game that supported them. It argues that the latter provided more coordination in practice than an inspection of formal structures suggests.
MOF's Elite Administrators
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractJapan's elite bureaucrats have five defining characteristics. First, their recruitment is open and competitive, but those appointed are drawn predominantly from among the graduates of Tokyo University's Law Faculty. Second, those recruited are generalists who dominate the elite bureaucracy in headquarters ministries. Third, bureau and ministry interests are stronger than national, centralizing tendencies; most bureaucrats serve the whole of their official life in the same ministry or agency. Fourth, behavioural norms of seniority, and rotation of posts, provide for the strictly regulated progression of class-cohorts with broadly based experience, mainly within ministries, up to the level of deputy director of division. Fifth, officials passed over for promotion at more senior levels in headquarters ministries resign; most, together with some other retirees, seek (with the assistance of their ministry) ‘second careers’ elsewhere in the public and private sectors, and in the Diet. This chapter looks at the recruitment, socialization, career progression, and retirement of the Ministry of Finance's elite administrators, within the context of those five broad characteristics.
Deficits and Debt
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn 1978, Japan adopted the new System of National Accounts (SNA) which it integrates five major consumption accounts of the national economy, of which the income and outlay accounts for various institutional sectors include those for ‘General Government’. This concept provides a common framework and criteria by which to measure, assess, and compare national and international fiscal and financial performance. It includes all producers providing but not selling government services to the community in three main categories: central government, local government, and social security funds. Using General Government, this chapter analyses the trends of spending in those three categories in Japan throughout the period 1975–2000 and compares Japan's fiscal performance with other G7 countries. There are three main performance indicators of General Government: outlays, fiscal balance, and the balance of assets and liabilities (gross and net debt). The results from using them are compared with those obtained by applying the Ministry of Finance's own preferred narrower definition of fiscal balance and debt, which excluded social security funds and included the accounts of public corporations.
FILP under Stress
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe original purpose of Japan's Fiscal Investment Loan Programme (FILP) was to contribute to fixed capital formation by allocating funds to dedicated functional organizations at the national, regional, and local levels to enable them to provide finance for capital investment and loans for mainly three types of public sector projects. The first of those was for projects where loan periods were too long for private-sector institutions to bear the interest-rate risk. Second, FILP finance was intended to finance those projects whose potential profitability was too uncertain for private-sector institutions to bear the risk. The third main type was projects where low-interest loans were offered for purposes of income redistribution, and the interest rates were too low to be handled by private-sector financial institutions. While few inside Japan advocated the outright abolition of FILP, the need to redefine its purpose, scope, and operational criteria became urgent as tensions arose in the system. This chapter discusses the background to the reform process initiated for FILP in 1997 and examines the principles of ‘New FILP’ introduced in April 2001.
Budget Institutions, Deficits, and Debts
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAccording to ‘fiscal institutionalists’, budget institutions at the governmental (as opposed to parliamentary) level, which lead participants in the budget process to internalize the costs of budget deficits, result in smaller deficits. Internalization is more likely where budget institutions are centralized, hierarchical, and transparent. Conversely, the more fragmented, the less transparent, and the more collegial those institutions, the more likely are the occurrence and persistence of fiscal deficits and debts. This chapter examines each of these elements and looks at the United Kingdom's experience with a fiscal code. It then considers the extent to which proposals for the reform of the central executive, the Fiscal Investment Loan Programme, and the formal rules of the central budgetary system might contribute to a reconfiguration of budget institutions and processes more conducive to low or declining deficits in the 21st century. The experience of Japan is compared with some other G7 countries that have been more successful in controlling their public spending, eliminating deficits, and reducing the level of central/federal debt.
2 Colin Matthew (1941–1999)
Authors: Hilton Boyd 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes Colin Matthew's early life and his career as a professional historian. The youth who went up to Oxford in 1960 was independent minded and resilient but still reserved, and at times even tongue-tied. In 1978 he had been elected to a Tutorial Fellowship at St Hugh's College. Colin's two-volume analytical biography of Gladstone, based for the most part on his successive Introductions, was published in 1986 and 1995 and won him the Wolfson Prize for History. Colin was active in helping the University to meet some of the challenges of recent years. He stood for pragmatism and common sense, and yet he remained at heart an idealist. Fully alive to what he once called ‘the charm and the danger of Oxford’, he was preoccupied in a wholly Gladstonian way with how such institutions might evolve organically to perform newly required duties, without sacrifice of their fundamental purposes.
3 Colin Matthew: A Memoir
Authors: McKibbin Ross 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Working on the franchise and on Gladstone had the paradoxical effect of making Collin Matthew more ‘European’. Colin was not a ‘little Englander’ — he was not after all English — but he had a very strong sense of the uniqueness of British institutions, and the unique value of these institutions. He had voted in favour of leaving the Common Market in the 1975 referendum. ‘Franchise Factor’ is explicitly comparative simply to emphasize just how undemocratic the British franchise was in comparison with most other ‘comparable’ countries — including France and Germany. This suggested a less attractive aspect of the uniqueness of British institutions. Furthermore, Colin himself demonstrated, as no previous historian had done, how intellectually and ideologically embedded in European culture Gladstone was. Colin was also required to teach late nineteenth- and twentieth-century European history for the Oxford history syllabus and this again suggested to him how far Britain was in fact a European state.
8 The Defection of the Middle Class: The Endowed Schools Act, the Liberal Party, and the 1874 Election
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Liberal's defeat in 1874 and the disaffection of crucial sections of Liberal support. Nonconformists were opposed to the 1870 Education Act, the trade unions were hostile to the 1871 trade union legislation, and brewers and landlords were in uproar over the 1872 Licensing Act. In many ways this was closer to a later twentieth-century conception of politics as the reflection of the material interests of groups demanding favours from governments as the price of electoral support, than the more nuanced nature of mid-Victorian politics where the vote was not a bargaining chip but a badge of status, manhood, and independence. Disaffection rather than defections by organized labour accounted for the defeat of the Liberals, who actually managed to retain much of their strength in the Northern boroughs. It was not in the North, but in the southern shires and London that the Liberals lost the election.
12 Roman Candles: Catholic Converts among Authors in Late-Victorian and Edwardian England
Authors: Waller Philip 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Catholic converts among authors in late-Victorian and Edwardian England and their contribution to literature. It was Anglicism, whether commonplace or eccentric, which continued generally to mark the miscellany of converts among authors in this period. Especially, many shared objections to the Roman organization of Catholicism that typified their Protestant countrymen. The period of Catholic aggression against modernism and materialism also explains its allure to writers of a certain disposition drawn to salute authority on spiritual and ethical questions and to cherish beauty and tradition.
The Bretton Woods Institutions: Evolution, Reform, and Change
Authors: You Jong-Il 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Bretton Woods institutions (BWIs), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank were created to bring about orderly development of the world economy in the post-World War II era. This chapter makes an attempt to suggest broad directions of reform. It employs historical and institutional approaches in trying to understand the sources of failures and limitations of the BWIs. A detailed blueprint for reform would require much technical and analytical work on specific issues, but at this stage, it is more important to forge a consensus on the direction of reform. The chapter reviews the evolution of the BWIs, identifying the main driving forces behind the changes in the role and functions of the system, and discusses institutional reform, including the reform of governance and conditionality. In addition, the chapter discusses how to redefine the roles of the BWIs.
Parameterisation
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relevance of mathematician Frank Ramsey's essay The Foundations of Mathematics to the contradictions in the limits of thought. Ramsey has provided the most acute early critical commentary on Bertrand Russell's ideas on paradox and he suggested that the paradoxes of self-reference are of two kinds. This chapter analyses several modern solutions to the paradoxes of Ramsey's Group B and finds that they have the same general failings as Ramsey's own solution.
Market Opportunities: Finding and Filling Them
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses market opportunities, outlining how to identify market opportunities and to create new products and services to respond to customer needs. Part A reviews the main factor that triggers this search, namely, the need to grow. It explores various possibilities for growth. Two key growth-related issues bedevil marketing managers. One is that growth often leads to a blurring of focus. The second issue is the organization's capability to create new products or services. Part B discusses new product development (NPD), a proven way to drive markets and respond to the increasing expectations of customers. Part C provides a brief review of how consumers adopt new products and services. This discussion provides the first detailed look at one of the foundation concepts of marketing — market segmentation.
The theory of sets
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractQuite a lot is now known about sets, but one thing that as of yet cannot be proved is that there are any. The reason for this is that all the axioms committed to so far, the instances of separation, take the form of universal generalizations and are therefore vacuously satisfied if there are no levels to instantiate them. This chapter attempts to rescue the theory from this vacuity. Doing so requires the chapter to enter into some ontological commitments concerning levels.
Basic cardinal arithmetic
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies the elementary consequences of the following definitions: If a = card(A) and b = card(B), we let a + b = card(A ? B); ab = card(A x B); ab = card(BPA). The definitions are formally consistent, but this does not explain why they have been chosen. A partial explanation is supplied in this chapter, where it is shown that for finite cardinals they simply reproduce the everyday operations of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation which are already familiar. But this is only a partial explanation: other definitions are no doubt possible which coincide with these ones for finite cardinals but come apart from them in the infinite case. The fruitfulness of the definitions that has been given is thus not something that can be judged straightaway but emerges only once the theory to which they give rise has been developed.
Orders of infinity
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The theory of levels developed in Chapter 3 was wholly neutral as to how many levels there are in the hierarchy, since it was based solely on the axiom scheme of separation. Chapter 4 added the assumptions — the axioms of creation and infinity — which can be thought of as saying that the hierarchy extends to a certain height. But there are evidently other ways of extending the theory so as to assert that the hierarchy goes to other heights. Such assertions are called axioms of infinity. This chapter is concerned with whether there is a limit to the strength of axioms of infinity that are true and, if so, what it is.
The axiom of choice
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn § 9.4 a principle — the axiom of countable choice — was introduced which differed from the axioms of this book's default theory because it asserted the existence of a set of a particular sort (actually, in this case, a sequence) without supplying a condition that characterizes it uniquely. This chapter investigates some generalizations of the axiom of countable choice that share this feature, and enquires a little further into whether the lack of uniqueness in such specifications should be regarded as troubling.