bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mating promiscuity and reproductive tactics in female black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) inhabiting an island on the Parana river, Argentina
Authors: Kowalewski Martin M. , Garber Paul A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn several primate species, females mate promiscuously and several adult males peacefully co‐reside in the same social group. We investigated female mating behavior in two neighboring multimale–multifemale groups of Alouatta caraya in northern Argentina (27°20′S–58°40′W). All adult individuals in each group were marked with identification anklets and ear tags, and followed for five consecutive full days per month during 20 consecutive months. We recorded 219 copulations for eight resident females in these two groups. Thirty‐two percent of matings involved extra‐group copulations and 68% were with resident males. During periods when females were likely to conceive and during periods when females were nonfertile (pregnancy and lactation), there were no significant differences in the average number of resident and nonresident males with which they copulated (G‐test: Gadj=0.1, df=3, P>0.05). In both of our study groups, adult males were tolerant of the mating activities between resident males and resident females, but acted aggressively and collectively (howling, border vigilance, and fighting) when extragroup males attempted to enter the group and mate with resident females. Given the frequency of extragroup matings, we examined the distance females traveled to engage in these copulations, time engaged in pre‐ and postcopulatory behavior, and the risk of injury during extragroup copulations. These costs were found to be relatively small. We suggest that female promiscuity is the prime driver or constraint on male reproductive opportunities in this species. Female promiscuity in A. caraya appears to represent a mixed mating strategy that may serve to increase opportunities for genetic diversity between a female's successive offspring as well as minimize the risk of infanticide by spreading paternity estimates across a larger number of adult males. Am. J. Primatol. 72:734–748, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative analysis of internal cranial anatomy in the hylobatidae
Authors: Leslie Erin Rae 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCraniometric studies on the hylobatids using external metrics (Creel and Preuschoft, 1976, 1984) sorted hylobatid populations into primary species groupings which are in accordance with the four currently recognized generic‐level groupings. The goal of the current study was to assess the relative orientations of the orbits, palate, and basioccipital clivus among the hylobatid genera in an effort to further clarify whether the lesser apes differ significantly in these internal cranial features and how that variation patterns across the groups. Nine angular variables quantifying orbital, palatal, and basioccipital clivus orientations were measured on lateral view radiographs of adults representing three of the four hylobatid genera: Hylobates; Nomascus; and, Symphalangus. The interspecific adult hylobatid means for the angular variables were analyzed using t‐test contrasts. The total sample was further subjected to discriminant function analysis (DFA) to test for the ability of craniofacial angular variables to distinguish the hylobatid genera from one another. The three hylobatid genera displayed significant morphological differentiation in orbital, palatal, and posterior skull base orientations. Normal, jackknifed, and cross‐validation DFA procedures correctly identified the hylobatids 50–100% of the time. The observed morphological patterns generally mapped onto the findings of earlier external craniometric hylobatid studies and suggest concordance between specific internal and external cranial features. This article is the first comprehensive study of variation in internal cranial anatomy of the Hylobatidae and includes the first published craniofacial angular data for Nomascus. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:250–265, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solid–solid reaction in a fluidized bed
Authors: Murthy J.S.N. , Surendar Reddy V. , Sankarshana T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSolid–solid reactions, although of considerable industrial importance, have not received significant attention in the chemical engineering literature. In conventional method of manufacturing products using reactants in solid phase, the rate of heat transfer and rate of diffusion are very slow. In order to overcome these problems, an attempt is made to investigate these reactions employing a stirred fluidized bed. The addition reaction of phthalic anhydride and p‐nitro aniline system that takes place between 80 and 120 °C, forming phthaloyl derivative of p‐nitro aniline is selected for the investigations. The reaction is conducted in a stainless steel column of 0.1 m diameter and 1‐m height. The variables considered are reaction temperature, stirrer speed, flow rate of fluidizing medium, and static bed height. Experiments are performed using statistically designed factorial experiments. Data are used to find the model suitable to the mechanism of the reaction. Mathematical equations relating reaction parameters viz., steady state conversion, time for steady state conversion, reaction rate constant, and activation energy with operating variables are developed and activation energy is reduced from 14 kcal/mol reported in literature to less than 5.3 kcal/mol depending on operating conditions. The concept could be adopted for the manufacture of cement, and other materials with required modifications of experimental setup. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid modelling and kinetic estimation for polystyrene batch reactor using Artificial Neutral Network (ANN) approach
Authors: Hosen Mohammad Anwar , Hussain Mohd Azlan , Mjalli Farouq S 
Published: April 2010

AbstractModelling polymerization processes involves considerable uncertainties due to the intricate polymerization reaction mechanism involved. The complex reaction kinetics results in highly nonlinear process dynamics. Available conventional models are limited in applicability and cannot describe accurately the actual physico‐chemical characteristics of the reactor dynamics. The usual practice for operating polymerization reactors is to optimize the reactor temperature profile because the end use properties of the product polymer depend highly on temperature. However, to obtain accurate models in order to optimize the temperature profile, the kinetic parameters (i.e. frequency factors and activation energies) for a specific reactor must be determined accurately. Kinetic parameters vary considerably in batch reactors because of its high sensitivity to other reactor design and operational variables such as agitator geometry and speed, gel effects, heating systems, etc. In this work, the kinetic parameters were estimated for a styrene‐free radical polymerization conducted in an experimental batch reactor system using a nonlinear least squares optimization algorithm. The estimated kinetic parameters were correlated with respect to reactor operating variables including initial reactor temperature (To), initial initiator concentration (Io) and heat duty (Q) using artificial neural network (ANN) techniques. The ANN kinetic model was then utilized in combination with the conventional mechanistic model. The experimental validation of the model revealed that the new model has high prediction capabilities compared withother reported models. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human assessments of document similarity
Authors: Westerman S.J. , Cribbin T. , Collins J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTwo studies are reported that examined the reliability of human assessments of document similarity and the association between human ratings and the results of n‐gram automatic text analysis (ATA). Human interassessor reliability (IAR) was moderate to poor. However, correlations between average human ratings and n‐gram solutions were strong. The average correlation between ATA and individual human solutions was greater than IAR. N‐gram length influenced the strength of association, but optimum string length depended on the nature of the text (technical vs. nontechnical). We conclude that the methodology applied in previous studies may have led to overoptimistic views on human reliability, but that an optimal n‐gram solution can provide a good approximation of the average human assessment of document similarity, a result that has important implications for future development of document visualization systems.
Effects of 2G and 3G mobile phones on human alpha rhythms: Resting EEG in adolescents, young adults, and the elderly
Authors: Croft R.J. , Leung S. , McKenzie R.J. , Loughran S.P. , Iskra S. , Hamblin D.L. , Cooper N.R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe present study was conducted to determine whether adolescents and/or the elderly are more sensitive to mobile phone (MP)‐related bioeffects than young adults, and to determine this for both 2nd generation (2G) GSM, and 3rd generation (3G) W‐CDMA exposures. To test this, resting alpha activity (8–12 Hz band of the electroencephalogram) was assessed because numerous studies have now reported it to be enhanced by MP exposure. Forty‐one 13–15 year olds, forty‐two 19–40 year olds, and twenty 55–70 year olds were tested using a double‐blind crossover design, where each participant received Sham, 2G and 3G exposures, separated by at least 4 days. Alpha activity, during exposure relative to baseline, was recorded and compared between conditions. Consistent with previous research, the young adults' alpha was greater in the 2G compared to Sham condition, however, no effect was seen in the adolescent or the elderly groups, and no effect of 3G exposures was found in any group. The results provide further support for an effect of 2G exposures on resting alpha activity in young adults, but fail to support a similar enhancement in adolescents or the elderly, or in any age group as a function of 3G exposure. Bioelectromagnetics 31:434–444, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Bewehrungskorrosion auf das Verbundverhalten zwischen Stahl und Beton
Authors: Fischer Christian , Ožbolt Joško , Gehlen Christoph 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIm vorliegenden Aufsatz werden Ergebnisse aus experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen an so genannten Balkenend (engl. beam end) Probekörpern zum Einfluss der Stahlkorrosion auf das Verbundtragverhalten vorgestellt. Dabei wurden geometrische Einflüsse, wie Stabdurchmesser und Betondeckung sowie Einflüsse aufgrund von Bügelbewehrung und deren Schwächung durch die Korrosion untersucht. Insgesamt ergaben sich sechs verschiedene Probekörpertypen, an denen Ausziehversuche ohne Korrosion und zu unterschiedlichen Korrosionsstadien durchgeführt wurden. Dabei wurden korrosionsbedingte, maximale Rissbreiten von bis zu rd. w = 1,3 mm mit dazugehörigen Korrosionsabträgen von maximal bis zu xcorr = 500 μm untersucht. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Verbundfestigkeit von Probekörpern ohne Bügelbewehrung mit zunehmender Korrosion exponentiell abnimmt. Probekörper mit Bügeln weisen hingegen kaum Verbundfestigkeitsverluste bis zur untersuchten Rissbreite von w = 0,6 mm auf. Die umschließende Wirkung der Bügel wurde unter den untersuchten Bedingungen nicht beeinflusst. Ein erarbeitetes numerisches FE‐Modell konnte die experimentellen Ergebnisse gut reproduzieren.Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Bond Behaviour of Corroded ReinforcementThe following paper presents experimental and numerical results on the effect of rebar corrosion on bond between ribbed reinforcing bars and concrete. The investigations are performed on beam end specimens. The key aspects of the investigation were the study of different geometrical parameters as bar diameter and concrete cover as well as the effects of confining reinforcement and their impairment due to corrosion. Altogether six different types of specimens were tested without corrosion and at different corrosion levels. The resulting maximum crack widths were around w = 1.3 mm with corresponding penetration depths of xcorr = 500 μm. The studies showed that bond strength of specimens without stirrups decreased exponentially with increasing corrosion, whereas specimens with stirrups showed almost no loss of bond strength up to the investigated crack width of w = 0.6 mm. The confining action of stirrups was not impaired by corrosion within the studied conditions. The used FE code is able to realistically reproduce the results of experimental investigations.
Optimierte Zustandsprognose durch kombinierte Verfahren
Authors: Gehlen Christoph , von Greve‐Dierfeld Stefanie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDie große Zahl von korrosionsinduzierten Schäden an Infrastrukturbauwerken und der damit verbundene hohe Kostenaufwand für Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen macht eine Beurteilung der Zuverlässigkeit (Gebrauchstauglichkeit, Tragfähigkeit) solcher Bauwerke für die verbleibende Nutzungszeit immer bedeutender. Am Beispiel einer Tiefgarage wird gezeigt, wie durch Verknüpfung von Bauwerksuntersuchung und vollprobabilistischer Lebensdauerbetrachtung (Zuverlässigkeitsberechnung) eine gezielte und ortsgenaue Beschreibung des Bauwerkszustandes grenzzustandsbezogen erfolgen kann. Durch Kombination beider Elemente (Bauwerksuntersuchung/Zuverlässigkeitsberechnung) können Instandsetzungszeitpunkt und Instandsetzungsumfang entsprechend den örtlichen Bedingungen abgeleitet und eine kosteneffiziente und minimalinvasive Instandsetzungsstrategie erarbeitet werden.Improving the Prediction of Condition State by Combining Different MethodsCorrosion of reinforcement is the primary cause for the structural deterioration of reinforced concrete structures exposed to corrosive/ chloride environments. Corrosion results in high costs for infrastructure maintenance. Thus assessment of existing structures in terms of required structural performance (serviceability and safety performance level) is of increasing importance. Using a car park as an example, it is explained how the time dependent and area related/spatial development of the condition state of the structure are described by means of combining a full‐probabilistic deterioration model with results from condition control. This enables a cost‐optimal maintenance strategy, based on the dependence of the deterioration process on time and location.
Weiße Wannen mit hochwertiger Nutzung – Chancen und Risiken im Hochbau
Authors: Fastabend Michael , Eßer Angelika , Schücker Barbara , Albert Mark 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAusgehend von den Grundprinzipien der Konstruktion von Untergeschossen in der Bauart Weißer Wannen werden zunächst die Nutzungen in ihrer Veränderung im Verlauf der letzten 20 Jahre aufgezeigt. Es wird dargestellt, dass die moderne Nutzung von Gewerbebauten in den Untergeschossen zu einem sehr großen Anteil als hochwertig eingeordnet werden kann zur Unterbringung von Technik, Lagern oder Einzelhandel. Für diese Nutzungskonzepte werden die technischen und entwurflichen Randbedingungen von WU‐Konstruktionen diskutiert. Neben der Trennung von wasserundurchlässigem Rohbau und raumbildendem Ausbau werden Risiken der Undichtheit für unterschiedliche Bauteile einer Analyse unterzogen. Abschließend werden aus vorliegenden Erfahrungen Empfehlungen für die Konstruktion, Qualitätssicherung und Wartung von Weißen Wannen mit hochwertiger Nutzung ausgesprochen.Watertight Concrete Construction in High Quality Use Chances and Risks of Structural EngineeringComing from the basic principles of the construction of basements as a watertight concrete construction there will first of all be a presentation of its use and change during the last 20 years. It is going to be illustrated that a modern use of commercial buildings in the basements – i.e. placing of technics, storage or retail – can most often be classified as high quality. For these utilisation concepts the technical and design related boundary conditions of watertight constructions will be discussed. Besides of the separation of a watertight carcass and space creating construction there will also be an analysis of the risks of leakage for different structural elements. Concluding there will be recommendations resulting from present experiences concerning construction, quality assurance and maintenance of watertight concrete constructions in high quality use.
Ertüchtigung der beiden Eisenbahnbrücken A13
Authors: Roeser Wolfgang , Kerkeni Naceur 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWesentliche Teile unserer Infrastruktur wurden durch die intensive Bautätigkeit in den 1950er bis 1970er Jahren erschaffen. Zahleiche Bauwerke im Bestand sind allerdings “in die Jahre gekommen” und entsprechen nicht mehr uneingeschränkt dem heutigen Stand der Technik. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird am Beispiel von zwei vorgespannten Eisenbahnrahmenbrücken gezeigt, wie durch differenzierte Betrachtung und eine behutsame Ertüchtigung eine nachhaltige und wirtschaftliche Nutzung dieser Bauwerke in einem weiteren Lebenszyklus möglich ist.
The role of UV‐irradiation pretreatment on the degradation of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water
Authors: Tchaikovskaya O. , Sokolova I. , Mayer G.V. , Karetnikova E. , Lipatnikova E. , Kuzmina S. , Volostnov D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe degradation of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) in water by the combination process of UV‐irradiation, humic acids and activated sludge treatment has been studied. The photoreaction rate of all irradiated samples was lowest for the sample irradiated at 308 nm (the XeCl excilamp) in the absence and in the presence of humic acids, and highest for the sample irradiated at 222 nm (the KrCl excilamp). Photolysis of 2,4‐D has been shown to enhance the subsequent microbial degradation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between exhaled carbon monoxide and human neutrophil function in the Japanese general population
Authors: Mikami Makoto , Takahashi Ippei , Matsuzaka Masashi , Danjo Kazuma , Yamai Kiyonori , Inoue Ryo , Iwane Kaori , Umeda Takashi , Nakaji Shigeyuki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe have evaluated the relationship between exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) level and neutrophil‐related functions such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activity and serum opsonic activity in the general population. Serum opsonic activity was determined by measuring the effects of serum on neutrophil ROS production capability using lucigenin‐ and luminol‐dependent chemiluminescence (LgCL, LmCL). LgCL is associated with the detection of O2−, whereas LmCL mainly detects H2O2 and HOCl, which are higher reactive oxygen radicals. In females, exhaled CO level was found to have positive associations with ROS production capability and LgCL. However, the opposite tendency was seen between exhaled CO level and LmCL in both genders. This result suggests that neutrophil ROS production in females may have contributed to oxidative stress, which led to the increases in intrinsic CO and exhaled CO consequently. Such changes then may have inhibited the process of changing reactive oxygen radicals into higher oxidizing potential levels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quercetin accumulation by chronic administration causes the caspase‐3 activation in liver and brain of mice
Authors: Choi Eun Jeong , Kim Gun‐Hee 
Published: April 2010

AbstractQuercetin is an excellent antioxidant that has a variety of side effects. This study investigated whether the chronic administration of quercetin in mice induces apoptosis. Mice were divided randomly into three treatment groups. Quercetin was administered orally to two of three groups at 100 and 250 mg/kg body weight (BW) for 18 days. The serum quercetin level increased in a dose‐dependent manner, although the quercetin levels in the liver and brain were lower than in serum. Nevertheless, quercetin induced apoptosis in both the liver and brain, as evidenced by increased caspase‐3 expression and activity. Quercetin‐induced apoptosis seems to be associated with quercetin accumulation. Moreover, with quercetin accumulation, the brain was more susceptible to apoptosis than the liver. In conclusion, quercetin administration at a high dose may lead to apoptosis in the liver and brain of mouse.
Enhancement of shortening velocity, power, and acto‐myosin crossbridge (CB) kinetics following long‐term treatment with propionyl‐L‐carnitine, coenzyme Q10, and omega‐3 fatty acids in BIO TO‐2 cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters papillary muscle
Authors: Vargiu Romina , Littarru Gian Paolo , Fraschini Matteo , Perinu Anna , Tiano Luca , Capra Alessandro , Mancinelli Rino 
Published: April 2010

AbstractImpaired functions of myocardial muscle cells in human and animals, is a primary defect associated with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The pathophysiological mechanisms implicated in the DCM are yet to be clarified and an effective therapy is still not available. The BIO TO‐2 cardiomyopathic Syrian Hamsters (CMSHs) represent an animal model of idiopathic DCM. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long‐term treatment (2 months) with propionyl‐L‐carnitine (PLC), coenzyme Q10, omega‐3 fatty acids and a combination of these three agents (formulation HS12607) on mechanical properties and acto‐myosin crossbridges (CBs) kinetics of left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle from control and treated 10 month old BIO TO‐2 CMSHs. Isometric and isotonic contractile properties of isolated papillary muscle from control and treated CMSHs were investigated, and acto‐myosin CB number, force and kinetics were calculated using Huxley's equations. Mechanical parameter values were higher in treated than in control hamsters, particularly when substances were administered together in a coformulation (HS12607). Compared to control, HS12607‐treated papillary muscles showed a significant increase of maximum peak isometric tension (Po) (30.06 ± 4.91 vs. 19.74 ± 5.00 mN/mm2), maximum extent of muscle shortening (0.13 ± 0.03 vs. 0.07 ± 0.02 L/Lmax), maximum unloaded shortening velocity (1.18 ± 0.24 vs. 0.53 ± 0.13 L/Lmax s−1) and maximum peak of power output (5.52 ± 1.61 vs. 1.58 ± 0.83). The curvature of the hyperbolic force‐velocity relationships did not differ between control and treated hamsters. When compared to controls, acto‐myosin CB number increased in treated hamsters [(6.67 ± 1.91) 1010/mm2 vs. (3.55 ± 2.08) 1010/mm2], whereas the unitary force of single CB was similar in control and treated animals. The peak value of the rate constant for CB attachment (f1) and detachment (g2) was higher in treated animals when compared to control. (93.87 ± 25.82 vs.47.28 ± 10.88 s−1 and 214.40 ± 44.64 vs. 95.56 ± 23.49 s−1, respectively). In conclusion, the present study illustrates that supplementation with PLC, CoQ10 and omega‐3 fatty acids improved motor parameters, energetic, and CB kinetics of BIO TO‐2 CMSH papillary muscle indicating that these naturally occurring substances may be a valid adjuvant to conventional therapy in DCM.