bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperbaric Conditions
Authors: Doolette David J. , Mitchell Simon J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractExposure to elevated ambient pressure (hyperbaric conditions) occurs most commonly in underwater diving, during which respired gas density and partial pressures, work of breathing, and physiological dead space are all increased. There is a tendency toward hypercapnia during diving, with several potential causes. Most importantly, there may be reduced responsiveness of the respiratory controller to rising arterial CO2, leading to hypoventilation and CO2retention. Contributory factors may include elevated arterialPO2, inert gas narcosis and an innate (but variable) tendency of the respiratory controller to sacrifice tight control of arterial CO2when work of breathing increases. Oxygen is usually breathed at elevated partial pressure under hyperbaric conditions. Oxygen breathing at modest hyperbaric pressure is used therapeutically in hyperbaric chambers to increase arterial carriage of oxygen and diffusion into tissues. However, to avoid cerebral and pulmonary oxygen toxicity during underwater diving, both the magnitude and duration of oxygen exposure must be managed. Therefore, most underwater diving is conducted breathing mixtures of oxygen and inert gases such as nitrogen or helium, often simply air. At hyperbaric pressure, tissues equilibrate over time with high inspired inert gas partial pressure. Subsequent decompression may reduce ambient pressure below the sum of tissue gas partial pressures (supersaturation) which can result in tissue gas bubble formation and potential injury (decompression sickness). Risk of decompression sickness is minimized by scheduling time at depth and decompression rate to limit tissue supersaturation or size and profusion of bubbles in accord with models of tissue gas kinetics and bubble formation and growth. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:163‐201, 2011.
Environmental Perturbations: Obesity
Authors: Shore Stephanie A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObesity currently affects about one‐third of the U.S. population, while another one‐third is overweight. The importance of obesity for certain conditions such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes is well appreciated. The effects of obesity on the respiratory system have received less attention and are the subject of this article. Obesity alters the static mechanical properties of the respiratory system leading to a reduction in the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). There is substantial variability in the effects of obesity on FRC and ERV, at least some of which is related to the location rather than the total mass of adipose tissue. Obesity also results in airflow obstruction, which is only partially attributable to breathing at low lung volume, and can also promote airway hyperresponsiveness and asthma. Hypoxemia is common is obesity and correlates well with FRC, as well as with measures of abdominal obesity. However, obese subjects are usually eucapnic, indicating that hypoventilation is not a common cause of their hypoxemia. Instead, hypoxemia results from ventilation‐perfusion mismatch caused by closure of dependent airways at FRC. Many obese subjects complain of dyspnea either at rest or during exertion, and the dyspnea score also correlates with reductions in FRC and ERV. Weight reduction should be encouraged in any symptomatic obese individual, since virtually all of the respiratory complications of obesity improve with even moderate weight loss. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:263‐282, 2011.
Mechanical and Structural Plasticity
Authors: Seow Chun Y. , Solway Julian 
Published: November 2010

AbstractExcessive narrowing of the airways due to airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction is a major cause of asthma exacerbation. ASM is therefore a direct target for many drugs used in asthma therapy. The contractile mechanism of smooth muscle is not entirely clear. A major advance in the field in the last decade was the recognition and appreciation of the unique properties of smooth muscle—mechanical and structural plasticity, characterized by the muscle's ability to rapidly alter the structure of its contractile apparatus and cytoskeleton and adapt to the mechanically dynamic environment of the lung. This article describes a possible mechanism for smooth muscle to adapt and function over a large length range by adding or subtracting contractile units in series spanning the cell length; it also describes a mechanism by which actin‐myosin‐actin connectivity might be influenced by thin and thick filament lengths, thus altering the muscle response to mechanical perturbation. The new knowledge is extremely useful for our understanding of ASM behavior in the lung and could provide new and more effective targets for drugs aimed at relaxing the muscle or keeping the muscle from excessive shortening in the asthmatic airways. © 2011 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol1:283‐293, 2011.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of a Nitro‐m‐xylylenedioxycalix[6]arene Building Block Functionalized at the Upper Rim
Authors: Galán Hitos , de Mendoza Javier , Prados Pilar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMicrowave‐assisted synthesis represents a new methodology to obtain calix[6]arene building blocks. The synthesis of compounds 1 and 2 is described. These compounds are A,D‐m‐xylylenedioxy‐bridged calix[6]arenes in cone conformation, functionalized with potential amino groups in the lower rim spacer (5‐position) and amino groups or their precursors in A,D‐para positions at the upper rim. A conformational study has been performed for all newly synthesized compounds.
Selective sp3 C–H Bond Activation Based on a Carbocation Relay: Friedel–Crafts Reaction with Alkanes as the Alkylating Component
Authors: Wang Jie , Zhou Pengfei , Wang Yang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA highly efficient and selective intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction of 3‐methylbutyl or 4‐methylpentyl‐substituted aromatics has been developed using a carbocation relay strategy through selective sp3 C–H bond activation, providing a facile and cost‐effective approach for the construction of benzocyclic compounds. A variety of 1,1‐dimethylindane and naphthalene derivatives have been prepared from very simple starting materials in good yields with high selectivity. The present strategy has provided a new example of a Friedel–Crafts reaction with alkanes as the alkylating component and constitutes a convenient approach to selective C–H bond activation and functionalization of alkane derivatives.
Synthesis of Functionalized Dibenzothiophenes – An Efficient Three‐Step Approach Based on Pd‐Catalyzed C–C and C–S Bond Formations
Authors: Jepsen Tue Heesgaard , Larsen Mogens , Jørgensen Morten , Solanko Katarzyna A. , Bond Andrew D. , Kadziola Anders , Nielsen Mogens Brøndsted 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA novel and efficient three‐step protocol for synthesizing functionalized dibenzothiophenes (DBTs) from common starting materials and by using palladium‐catalyzed carbon–carbon and carbon–sulfur bond formations is presented. The reaction conditions offer significantly improved functional‐group tolerance and regioselectivity as compared to previously reported methods.
Pharyngolaryngectomy with free jejunal autograft reconstruction and tracheoesophageal voice restoration: Indications for replacements, microbial colonization, and indwelling times of the Provox 2 voice prostheses
Authors: Reumueller Adrian , Leonhard Matthias , Mancusi Gudrun , Gaechter Johannes Nikolaus , Bigenzahn Wolfgang , Schneider‐Stickler Berit 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground.The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate shunt‐related and device‐related complications and microbial colonization of voice prostheses in patients after pharyngolaryngectomy with jejunal autograft reconstruction in comparison to patients after standard laryngectomy.Methods.Nine patients after pharyngolaryngectomy with jejunal autograft reconstruction (group 1) and 14 patients after standard laryngectomy (group 2) equipped with the Provox®2 voice prostheses were followed up over 2 years. Anamnestic data, documentation of shunt‐related or device‐related complications, the Provox®2 indwelling time, and standard microbiological procedures of voice prostheses were used for analyses.Results.A total of 157 prostheses were replaced. No significant difference in mean prosthesis indwelling time (p = .45) was observed between group 1 (116 ± 114 days) and group 2 (129 ± 99 days). Patients with jejunal autograft reconstruction needed prosthesis replacements more frequently within the first 60 days after prosthesis insertion in comparison to patients after standard laryngectomy (p = .007). The main indication for replacement in both groups was the device leakage (group 1: 93.1%, group 2: 92.1%). Prostheses of group 1 were more often colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (p = .027) and Enterobacteriaceae (p = .015).Conclusion.This study demonstrated that, in comparison with patients after standard laryngectomy, patients after jejunal autograft reconstruction have similar shunt‐related and device‐related complications and prosthesis indwelling times. Therefore, tracheoesophageal voice rehabilitation could be strongly recommended in these patients. Head Neck, 2011
Vegetation indices changes in the cloud forest of La Gomera Island (Canary Islands) and their hydrological implications
Authors: Izquierdo Tatiana , de las Heras Patricia , Márquez Alvaro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractVegetation indices derived from remote sensing data still remain to be used for analysing the relationship between climatic factors and vegetation seasonal phenology in middle latitudes with subtropical conditions forests such as the Canarian laurel forest. The Garajonay National Park, located in the La Gomera Island, protects one of the best preserved examples of the Macaronesian laurel forest, due to the cloud banks produced by trade winds, with rainfall and temperature field data showing a clear Mediterranean climatic pattern. We have analysed seasonal vegetation indices trend for different types of forest inside the Garajonay National Park using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) products derived from moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS) Aqua data for two hydrological years (October 2003 to September 2005) in relationship with the existing field climatic data: rainfall, net fog water and temperature. Maximum annual EVI maps show the highest vegetation indices in the laurel forest of La Gomera that occur during the dry season, mainly in late spring to early summer, with EVI temporal profiles showing that valley‐bottom laurel forest areas have the most clear seasonal trend. Difference maps of EVI values between months with the lowest and highest rainfall of each hydrological year clearly confirm the highest photosynthetic activity in the laurel forest during the dry season. In addition, these forests show a significative temporal correlation between EVI values and the temperature in the forest (p < 0·001). Our results prove the absence of summer drought stress in the laurel forest implying that the fog drip income is high enough to maintain enough soil moisture to allow the forest fully transpire when temperatures are higher. As the laurel forest of La Gomera occurs in the main recharge area of the island's aquifer system, our analysis of EVI data suggests that fog drip constitutes a key hydrological factor. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reduced form of coenzyme Q10 mediates distinct effects on cholesterol metabolism at the transcriptional and metabolite level in SAMP1 mice
Authors: Schmelzer Constance , Okun Jürgen G. , Haas Dorothea , Higuchi Keiichi , Sawashita Jinko , Mori Masayuki , Döring Frank 
Published: November 2010

AbstractStudies in humans and mice indicate a role for coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) in gene expression. To analyze this function in relation to metabolism, SAMP1 mice were supplemented with the reduced (ubiquinol) or oxidized (ubiquinone) form of CoQ10 (500 mg/kg BW/d) for 14 months. Microarray analyses in liver tissues of SAMP1 mice identified 946 genes as differentially expressed between ubiquinol‐treated and control animals (≥1.5‐fold, P < 0.05). Text mining analyses revealed for a part of the ubiquinol‐regulated genes, a functional connection in PPARα and LXR/RXR signalling pathways. Because these pathways are involved in cholesterol homeostasis, relevant metabolites were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We found a significant increase of desmosterol (2.0‐fold, P < 0.001) in the liver of ubiquinol‐supplemented SAMP1 mice when related to control animals. In agreement, cholesterol concentrations were also distinctly increased (1.3‐fold, P = 0.057). The Q10H2‐induced PPARα and LXR/RXR gene expression signatures and effects on cholesterol metabolism were not apparent for the oxidized form of CoQ10. In conclusion, the reduced form of CoQ10 mediates distinct effects on cholesterol metabolism at the transcriptional and metabolite level in SAMP1 mice. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2010
Effect of pH on inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by ozonation air in sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Li Hongjing , Yao Chenchao , Dong Xiaoyun , Dong Wenbo , Fan Zhengqiu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this study, a mixture of ozone and air (ozonation air for short) was adopted for the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Scanning electron microscopy of Microcystis aeruginosa revealed damage to the cell wall and leakage of intracellular contents after ozone oxidation. Owing to the destruction of cells, the chlorophyll a released from the cells was degraded by ozone oxidation, which showed that chlorophyll a concentrations increased vastly during the first 5 min, then, decreased continuously. pH in the SBR declined with increasing time, reaching around 3.0 at the end of the cycle. It was observed that the removal efficiencies of chlorophyll a were, respectively, 68.4%, 74.5%, 86.7% and 77.9% after 90 min at pH 3.0, 7.0, 9.0 and 11.0 conditions, and the degradation of chlorophyll a accorded with the apparent first‐order kinetics. The results suggested that inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa was successfully performed by ozone treatment, verifying the potential of this alternative process for the decontamination of eutrophic water. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
New details on the fine structure of the rhoptry of Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Lemgruber Leandro , Lupetti Pietro , De Souza Wanderley , Vommaro Rossiane C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRhoptries are organelles that have important, complex roles in Apicomplexa biology. During Toxoplasma gondii infection, these organelles take part in several essential and complex processes that include host cell entry and parasite development. Using different electron microscopy techniques, we characterized the fine morphology of the rhoptries of two of the most important life stages of T. gondii: the tachyzoite and the bradyzoite forms. The observed tachyzoite and bradyzoite rhoptries had delimited regions characterized by a dark and electron‐dense neck, an amorphous and less electron‐dense bulb, and a region of intermediate electron density, which connects the bulb to the neck. Metal replicas of frozen‐fractured tachyzoites showed intramembranous particles of different densities and sizes on the fractured faces of rhoptry membranes. Both in tachyzoites and bradyzoites, the intramembranous particles were arranged in distinctive parallel arrays that decorated most part of these organelles. Tubulo‐vesicular subcompartments and free particles within the rhoptry lumen were observed on freeze‐fractured replicas. Cryo‐fixed, deep‐etched samples showed several pore‐like structures localized in the bulb portion. No obvious evidence was found of a possible connection between rhoptries and micronemes. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry study of the protective effects of fluoride varnish and gel on enamel erosion
Authors: De Carvalho Filho Antonio Carlos Belfort , Sanches Roberto Pizarro , Martin Airton Abrahão , Do Espírito Santo Ana Maria , Soares Luís Eduardo Silva 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground: Dental erosion is a risk factor for dental health, introduced by today's lifestyle. Topical fluoride applications in the form of varnishes and gel may lead to deposition of fluoride on enamel.Purpose: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of two fluoride varnishes and one fluoride gel on the dissolution of bovine enamel by acids.Methods: Enamel samples (72) were divided (n = 8): artificial saliva (control‐G1), Pepsi Twist® (G2), orange juice (G3), Duraphat® + Pepsi Twist® (G4), Duraphat® + orange juice (G5), Duofluorid® + Pepsi Twist® (G6), Duofluorid® + orange juice (G7), fluoride gel + Pepsi Twist® (G8), and fluoride gel + orange juice (G9). Fluoride gel was applied for 4 min and the varnishes were applied and removed after 6 h. The samples were submitted to six cycles (demineralization: Pepsi Twist® or orange juice, 10 min; remineralization: saliva, 1 h). Samples were analyzed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (144 line‐scanning).Results: The amount of Ca and P decreased significantly in the samples of G2 and G3, and the Ca/P ratio decreased in G3. Mineral gain (Ca) was greater in G9 samples than in G4 > G3 > G5 > G1, and (P) greater in G7 samples than in G9 > G4‐6 > G2‐3.Conclusions: The protective effect of Duofluorid® was significantly lower than fluoride gel against orange juice. The fluoride varnishes can interfere positively with the dissolution of dental enamel in the presence of acidic beverages. Fluoride gel showed the best protection level to extrinsic erosion with low costs. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supporting children and young people in a changing world
Authors: Camfield Laura , Knowles Caroline 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe editorial describes how the papers in the special issue engage with the views and experiences of children, as well as adults, to analyse the impact of social protection and social mobility through education and employment on their well‐being. It takes a slightly critical approach to concepts such as well‐being and agency—acknowledging that these frequently embrace their opposites—and highlights the value of mixed methods in exploring themes such as ‘voice and visibility’, schooling and work, and child poverty and outcomes. Finally, it draws out common conclusions and discusses their implications for policy and programme design. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are children's perspectives valued in changing contexts? Revisiting a rights‐based evaluation in Nepal
Authors: Johnson Vicky 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper examines how local action to reduce poverty and broader transformational change in the mountainous regions of Nepal has been informed by children's perspectives. In 2000, research was carried out with children to evaluate a local organisation's community development programme. The author revisited researchers, managers and former child club members in 2008 in order to explore how children's participation in rights‐based evaluation had translated into outcomes. With conflict and a changing understanding of rights within Nepal forming the backdrop, political and structural dimensions had to be considered to understand the changing lives of boys and girls. Children's perspectives in turn need to inform rights‐based policies and programmes to improve wellbeing and address social injustice. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In the child's best interests? Legislation on children's work in Ethiopia
Authors: Orkin Kate 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn abolitionist approach to children's work bans all work; a regulatory approach bans harmful work and regulates other work. I argue for a regulatory approach, using the ‘least restrictive’ alternative test applied in law. I contend, however, that definitions of harmful work must be appropriate to local contexts and informed by working children's views. I support this with a case study of a village in Ethiopia where the current abolitionist approach is overly restrictive. However, a regulatory approach based on international definitions of harmful work would probably not protect children in the case study village against some harmful work. Children and parents in the village are able to define harmful work more precisely than international definitions, suggesting that locally specific definitions developed with working children should form the basis of regulatory legislation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are we really measuring what we think we're measuring? Assessing attitudes towards destinations with the implicit association test
Authors: Kim Dae‐Young , Chen Zhijian , Hwang Yeong‐Hyeon 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe study examines individuals' attitudes toward destinations by comparing the results of traditional self‐report surveys with those of the implicit association test (IAT). A total of 84 college students (30 Caucasian, 27 Chinese and 27 Korean) were employed to complete self‐report surveys and computer‐based IATs. The results show that participants' attitudes toward selected destinations (i.e. China and England) vary depending on which of the two different attitude measures is employed. Specifically, it appears that attitudes toward the two countries are not significantly different in self‐report survey, but differences in attitudes are significant in the IAT. This result indicates that greater use of the IAT would enhance our understanding of tourist responses, particularly those related to ability and willingness issues. The implications of the IAT results for tourism destination studies and its relation to explicit measures of attitudes are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards the Actual Relationship Between NP and Exponential Time
Authors: Lischke Gerhard 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe consider the relationship between the computational complexity classes NP and EL (deterministic exponential linear time). Taking into account the inclusion or incomparability of these classes, the existence or nonexistence of immune sets in their differences, and the existence or nonexistence of sparse sets in the differences, there are exactly 24 different cases for their relationship. We show that 16 cases are impossible in the real nonrelativized world as well as in any relativized world. Each of the remaining 8 cases is realizable in appropriate relativized worlds. Further we examine which of the 8 cases is most probably for a random oracle.
Relatives of the Russell Paradox
Authors: Doets Kees 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA formula ϕ(x) in the one non‐logical symbol ϵ with one free variable x is Russell if the sentence Vχ(χ ϵ τ ⟷ Φ (χ)) is logically valid. This note describes a pattern common to the classical examples of Russell formulas, adds a couple of new ones, and constructs many formulas that are near‐Russell.
Weak‐operator Continuity and the Existence of Adjoints
Authors: Bridges Douglas , Dediu Luminita 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIt is shown, within constructive mathematics, that the unit ball B1(H) of the set of bounded operators on a Hilbert space H is weak‐operator totally bounded. This result is then used to prove that the weak‐operator continuity of the mapping T → AT on B1(H) is equivalent to the existence of the adjoint of A.