bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MODELING OF SQUID PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS: ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH
Authors: ABAKAROV A. , TEIXEIRA A. , SIMPSON R. , PINTO M. , ALMONACID S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe processing of squid generates nearly 50% of raw material as a waste by‐product rich in protein. Use of this by‐product as a raw material in the manufacture of a squid protein hydrolysate would add considerable product value to the industry. Enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein is a complex process because of a number of inherent simultaneous inhibition and enzyme inactivation reactions which occur during hydrolysis. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are very effective in developing predictive models for processes involving complex reaction kinetics that would otherwise be difficult to develop by more traditional deterministic approaches. The objective of this work was to develop a kinetic model to describe the kinetics of enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein using ANNs. A series of enzyme hydrolysis experiments were carried out on samples of squid waste under specified conditions of temperature, pH, and initial enzyme and substrate concentrations. Experimental data in the form of substrate concentration over time were taken as real time course data. These data were fitted with a cubic spline procedure for use in an ANNs training process to estimate reaction rates for the model. The effect of a number of hidden processing elements on the error in prediction was studied, and the ANN showing necessary prediction performance was constructed. Maximum differences between experimental and predicted values of substrate concentration at any point in time ranged from 0.098 to 0.29 g/L (3–4%). Correlation coefficients between predicted and experimental results were also, respectively, high, ranging from 0.988 to 0.992.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResults from this study would suggest that artificial neural networks (ANNs) can be very effective in developing predictive models for processes involving complex reaction kinetics. Enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein is an example of such a process because of a number of inherent simultaneous inhibition and enzyme inactivation reactions occurring during hydrolysis. This work resulted in the successful development of a kinetic model to describe the kinetics of enzyme hydrolysis of squid waste protein using ANNs.
DRYING SYSTEM DESIGNS: GLOBAL BALANCE AND COSTS
Authors: PARK KIL JIN BRANDINI , ALONSO LUÍS FELIPE TORO , CORNEJO FÉLIX EMILIO PRADO , FABBRO INÁCIO MARIA DAL , PARK KIL JIN 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWhen designing drying systems, heat and mass balance should be studied as well as constructing and operating costs. These designs, which differ by type of dryer, depend on the heat‐mass relationship. The heat and mass balance on drying systems depend on the type of dryer, the drying process and the drying rate. One of the biggest problems involving dryers’ selection consists in obtaining the required quality of the product with a great variety of drying equipments and processes. Many methods are presented in literature, those based on phenomenological concepts and those based on cost aspects. Consequently the criteria to classify and design dryers are also in a large number and different for each drying system. Drying system simulation models can also be used to design the dryer. Equations for dryer designs and the costs and area calculations are presented to help food engineers. The case study with specific software using these equations will be presented in future articles.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn order to increase the aggregate value of food products, research in the area of dehydration has been widely extended to search products with few alterations in their sensorial and nutritional characteristics. Drying is one of the oldest and usual unit operations employed in industrial processes. The drying rate is so small for biological materials compared with other materials that they require a longer drying time. This long drying time induces to high drying cost. Therefore, the understanding of the drying system, process and equipment, is essential for food engineers to design an optimized drying system. Among the contributions that technological advances did to the understanding of drying systems, one is the improvement of computational methods. The progress in computer science and conveniences created by the personal computer, as well as the applications of drying process simulation with drying mathematical models are essential.
OPTIMAL SCHEDULING FOR RETORTS OF DIFFERENT CAPACITIES IN FOOD CANNERIES
Authors: ABAKAROV A. , SIMPSON R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTOur research objective was to develop a mathematical model for optimized scheduling at a food cannery that uses different capacity retorts to sterilize a given amount of different canned food products with specific quality requirements. The developed model was based on mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) and incorporated the possibility of simultaneous sterilization. Simultaneous sterilization could be characterized as a capability that allows for sterilization of different products in various container sizes in the same retort. The possibility of simultaneous sterilization became a cornerstone of the optimization approach proposed in this study.A polynomial time computer procedure for generating nondominated simultaneous sterilization vectors was proposed. Its utilization avoids the computation of all possible subsets of products and, therefore, significantly reduces the time needed for computation of nondominated simultaneous sterilization vectors.In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the MILP model, several examples involving the sterilization of different products were included in the present research. This study presents examples demonstrating that for randomly generated quantities of products a reduction in plant operation time between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous operations occurs within the range of 20–25%, which could, of course, be significant for achieving higher economic returns.The proposed methodology is of special relevance for small‐ and medium‐sized food canneries that normally work with many different products simultaneously.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn the present research, a mathematical model was developed for optimized scheduling at a food cannery that uses different capacity retorts to sterilize a given amount of different canned food products with specific quality requirements. The examples presented in this study demonstrate that a reduction in plant operation time between simultaneous and nonsimultaneous operations was in the range of 20–25%, which could, of course, be significant for achieving higher economic returns. The proposed methodology is of special relevance for small‐ and medium‐sized food canneries that normally work with many different products simultaneously.
A review of salt marsh dynamics
Authors: Townend Ian , Fletcher Caroline , Knappen Michiel , Rossington Kate 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSalt marshes have been the subject of extensive research over many years. As well as gaining the interest of biologists, physical processes within the marsh have been measured in some detail since at least the 1920s. There have been various attempts to develop a fuller understanding of the inter‐relationship between physical and biological processes within salt marshes. Advances often go in step changes. Over the last 10–20 years, there has been such a change with the ability to capture and manipulate spatial data in sufficient detail to be able to resolve not only surface topography but also variations in vegetation and a number of relevant physical properties. This review paper seeks to highlight the advances in the understanding of salt marsh dynamics and our ability to investigate the relationships between physical and biological properties. Some consideration is also given to the areas that would benefit from new or further research.
Nutritional screening in community dwelling older adults
Authors: Callen Bonnie L. 
Published: September 2010

callen b.l. (2010) Nutritional screening in community dwelling older adults. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 272–281 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00241.xAims and objectives.  The purpose of this study was to test whether a combination of validated tools, one for each of five leading nutritional risk factors, could predict unintentional weight loss in community dwelling older adults.Background.  Non‐invasive, easily administered nutritional screening tools for community dwelling older adults are few and those that are available are problematic.Method.  Convenience samples of 115 adults ≥65 were interviewed. Height, weight and measures of the five nutritional risk factors were collected at interviews 6 months apart.Design.  Repeated measures.Results.  91 subjects completing T2 were largely white (95.6%), female (69%), well educated and in good health. Multiple regression was conducted with unintentional weight loss as the dependent variable and depression (the GDS‐SF), the Lubben Social Networking Scale, food security, food intake and Independent Activities of Daily Living as the predictor variables. The regression model was statistically significant (F (5, 85) = 0.30852, P = 0.003) with an adjusted r2 of 0.137.Conclusions.  Five validated tools can be administered by nurses or non‐professionals to screen for nutritional risk factors leading to unintentional weight loss.Implications for practice.  Early screening has the potential to identify either nutritional risk or nutritional decline in older adults.
Shrimp Culture
Authors: Broom Jerry G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis is a review of shrimp culture as practiced in North America today. It is information gained primarily from experimental work in artificial ponds with white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), brown shrimp (p. aztecus), and pink shrimp (p. duorarum). It is not intended to be a definitive review of all work done, but rather is based on the author's experience, and slight knowledge of other work.We are still in the early stages of shrimp culture in this country, and have not closed the life cycle. Presently we must catch gravid females at sea and bring them to a laboratory for spawning and hatching. This laboratory technique for spawning is well established but many aspects of commercial production in ponds have yet to be proven.
Progress in Pompano Mariculture in the United States1
Authors: Finucane John H. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTPompano (Trachinotus carolinus) mariculture has accelerated in Florida and other areas along the Gulf Coast. Research by numerous governmental, academic, and commercial organizations should insure success in the future. Present regulatory laws in Florida now require leasing of bay bottoms for mariculture purposes and limit the stocking of any commercial numbers of wild pompano.Pompano are hardy, fast growing fish, and command a high price. Experimental results show that it is possible to produce a market‐size fish in about 6 months. With a balanced diet, temperature control, and good water quality, production exceeding 5,600 kg per ha may be possible. Because of their prolific egg production, only a few adult fish would be needed to provide brood stock for a hatchery operation. Mature fish can be spawned artificially using hormones such as chorionic gonadotrophin, although a complete hatching process has not yet been successful.The major problems such as availability of juveniles, stabilized water temperature, an efficient commercial diet, and control of fish diseases can eventually be solved with sound research.With increasing demand for quality seafood, the economic future for pompano mariculture appears to be excellent. The high market value insures commercial success once largescale production of this fish is achieved.
Techniques for Raising Penaeid Shrimp from the Egg to Postlarvae1
Authors: Mock Cornelius R. , Murphy M. Alice 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTechniques for faising penaeid shrimp from the egg to post‐larvae are discussed. Equipment, rearing methods, algal culture, collection of gravid females, spawning procedures, larval culture, and harvesting techniques are described step by step.
Some Recent Advances and Unsolved Problems in the Culture of Marine Fish Larvae1
Authors: Houde E. D. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSuccessful rearing of marine fish larvae depends on numerous factors, but a suitable food supply in conjunction with reasonably good water quality are the two factors that are of greatest importance. Most newly hatched marine fishes have mouths that are too small to begin feeding on Artemia sp. nauplii, but some copepod nauplii, rotifers, mollusk larvae, and dinoflagellates provide suitable food. Size of food organisms and the food level maintained in rearing tanks are important for initiation of feeding and for subsequent growth and survival. Optimum rearing temperatures need to be determined for each species to assure that growth is rapid during the larval stage. Both growth and survival of fish larvae are enhanced when a phytoplankton bloom is maintained in the rearing system. Larvae grow and survive better in large culture tanks than in smaller ones.Little is known about optimum stocking densities of eggs and larvae in rearing systems. Abnormal development of larvae is a common occurrence and can be attributed to stresses of the rearing tank environment. Diseases and parasites may affect survival of eggs and larvae. Energy relations have been determined for egg and yolk sac larvae but similar research is required on advanced larval stages. The variability in egg quality that will result from artificial spawning procedures will also be a factor affecting subsequent rearing attempts.
Aquaculture Technologies
Authors: Webber Harold H. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTOne of the most important considerations in the undertaking of an aquaculture venture is site selection. As there are a number of aquaculture techniques – open water culture, static pond culture, raceway culture, basket culture, and high‐density culture – the aquaculturist must consider many factors. This paper discusses the many factors that must be taken into account when selecting a site for aquaculture.
Use of Treated Sewage in Aquaculture1
Authors: Chestnut A. F. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSix experimental brackish water ponds, three of which received secondary treated sewage waste and three as controls, were seeded with larval and postlarval species to study productivity, nutrient cycling and development of communities. A number of faculty and students from the University of North Carolina studied various phases, productivity, carbon metabolism, phosphorus budget, nitrogen, bacterial heterotrophy; standing crops of phytoplankton, decapod crustaceans, fishes, mollusks, algae, etc. Ponds receiving treated waste had high productivity, wide fluctuations in oxygen and pH, and dense algal blooms. Some functions of tertiary treatment and promise for production of selected marketable species are indicated.
Facial Solar UV Exposure of Austrian Farmers During Occupation
Authors: Schmalwieser Alois W. , Cabaj Alexander , Schauberger Günther , Rohn Herbert , Maier Bernhard , Maier Harald 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOptoelectronic personal UV‐meters were used to monitor the occupational facial solar erythemally effective exposure of 12 Austrian full‐time farmers with high temporal resolution. To ensure high quality measurements several quality assurance procedures were applied, like calibration with respect to solar elevation and total ozone column. From April to October the test persons carried the UV‐meters on the forehead during working hours. A digital diary (activity, location, weather, photoprotective measures) was completed on an hourly basis. Our field test produced 1427 complete daily records (measurement and diary). The total exposures showed high variability (77 –757 standard erythema dose [SED]) which correlates with the number of working days and even stronger with the little numbers of days with high exposure (>10 SED). Risk factors for high exposures were: mixed‐culture farms with aggravated working conditions, low degree of automation of working processes, inadequate operating logistics (summarized as manual work outdoor), driving machines without cabins, and female gender. UV exposure of female farmers was approximately twice as high as that of men: Women received 15% of ambient radiation while men got 8%. Avoiding daily exposure >10 SED could reduce exposure down to 40% and the risk in developing skin cancer by a factor of 40.
Photocatalytic Oxidation of Arsenite by a Composite of Titanium Dioxide and Activated Carbon Fiber
Authors: Yao Shuhua , Jia Yongfeng , Shi Zhongliang , Zhao Shanlin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPreoxidation process is usually needed in the treatment of arsenic‐containing drinking water because arsenite (i.e. As[III]) is less easily removed by adsorption. Nano‐scale titanium dioxide is an efficient photocatalyst for arsenite oxidation but its application in water treatment is limited due to the difficulty of separation or packed‐bed application of the tiny particles. This study synthesized a composite photocatalyst by loading titanium dioxide onto activated carbon fiber (TiO2/ACF). The effects of calcination temperature, photocatalyst dosage, pH, initial concentration of As(III) and common anions on the oxidation of As(III) were studied. Photocatalytic oxidation of As(III) took place in minutes and followed first‐order kinetics. 0.80 mg L−1 of As(III) could be entirely oxidized to As(V) within 30 min in the presence of 3.0 g L−1 photocatalyst and under UV‐light irradiation. The oxidation of As(III) occurred in a wide range of pH as examined from 2 to 10 with the oxidation efficiency increasing markedly with pH. The presence of phosphate and silicate significantly decreased As(III) oxidation at pH 7, while the effect of sulfate and chloride was small.
Effectiveness of flood management measures on peak discharges in the Rhine basin under climate change
Authors: Te Linde A.H. , Aerts J.C.J.H. , Kwadijk J.C.J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractClimate change increases flood probabilities in the Rhine river basin, which complicates long‐term flood management planning. This paper explores a method to evaluate the effectiveness of flood management measures for the river Rhine assuming a relatively extreme climate change scenario for the year 2050. Considered are planned measures described in the Rhine Action Plan on Floods (APF) and several additional measures, which include the restoration of abandoned meanders, a bypass around Cologne, the implementation of additional retention polders and land‐use change to forest. The method includes resampling of meteorological data and a hydrological model to simulate long discharge series (10 000 years), and can be considered as a process‐based approach to estimate peak discharges of low‐probability flood events. It is found that upstream flooding in Germany has a profound decreasing effect on the simulated peak water levels and discharges along the main Rhine branch and downstream in the Netherlands. Currently implemented and proposed measures in the APF, as well as most additional measures, seem inadequate to cope with the increased flood probabilities that are expected in the future climate change scenario.
Implementing Decision Support Systems: A Research Framework
Authors: Barki Henri , Huff Sid L. 
Published: September 2010

Research on implementation of computer‐based information systems has now reached a stage where in‐depth investigations of the relationships and contingencies between variables influencing the eventual “success'' of a system, have become possible. This paper proposes a research framework for studying the contingencies between variables influencing the implementation of a certain class of information systems, namely decision support systems (DSS). Based on this framework, several propositions are suggested for field study. Some of the challenges awaiting researchers planning to study DSS infield settings are also discussed.RésuméLa recherche sur l'implantation des systèmes d'information fondés sur l'emploi de l'ordinateur a maintenant atteint un niveau de développement tel qu'il est devenu possible d'étudier en profondeur les variables et les éventualités qui en conditionnent le succès. Cet article propose un cadre de recherche applicable à l'étude des éventuelles relations entre les variables qui influent sur l'implantation des systèmes d'information dont le but est de faciliter la prise de décision. On y établit plusieurs propositions susceptibles de guider le chercheur. Quelques‐uns des problèmes qu'il devra résoudre sur le terrain sont également discutés.
Determinants of Variation in Elements of the Administrative Component
Authors: Brown John L. , Schneck Rodney E. 
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this paper is to examine variation in managers, professionals, and clericals as constituent groups of the administrative component. The independent variables are size, complexity, capital intensity, foreign control, competition, and age of industry. Two sets of hypotheses were developed — the first set to predict variation in numbers within each group, and the second set to predict variation in the relative mix of the three groups. The variation in the numbers of all administrators could be attributed to variables that increase the need for a “technostructure''. However, variables that would contribute to uncertainty and instability resulted in a relatively greater proportion of managers and professionals, but fewer clerks.RésuméCet article traite des cadres, des spécialistes et des employés de bureau, les trois sous‐groupes qui composent l'Administration. Les variables indépendantes sont la taille, la complexité, l'intensité de l'emploi du capital, le contrôle étranger, la concurrence et l'âge de l'industire. On a développé deux séries d'hypothèses. La première prédit les fluctuations du nombre de membres de chacun des sous‐groupes, et la seconde l'importance relative de ces derniers. Les fluctuations du nombre global de membres de l'Administration sont expliquées par les variables qui représentent la demande pour la technostructure. Par ailleurs, les variables liées à l'incertitude et à l'instabilité entraînent un accroissement du nombre des cadres et des professionnels, par rapport à celui des employés de bureau.