bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auditing ultrasound assessment of fetal nuchal translucency thickness: A review of Australian national data 2002–2008
Authors: NISBET Debbie L. , ROBERTSON Ann C. , SCHLUTER Philip J. , MCLENNAN Andrew C. , HYETT Jon A. 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Nuchal translucency (NT) measurement is the ultrasound component of first trimester combined screening for Down syndrome. In 2002, a NT ultrasound education and monitoring program was established in Australia. Between 2002 and 2008, a total of 728 502 NT scans were audited through this process.Overall aim:  To audit the availability and performance of certified operators measuring NT following implementation of the Australian education and monitoring program in 2002.Methods:  Retrospective review of the central database that is used to monitor performance of individuals and practices performing NT scans in both public and private practice settings throughout Australia between 2002 and 2008. The performance of operators was assessed by a widely used international standard – that 40–60% of NT measurements should be above the median value for gestational age.Results:  The number of certified operators has increased (from 184 in 2002 to 477 in 2008). There is wide variation between states in the number of operators per birth. The percentage of certified operators with a measurement distribution meeting the international standard has increased from 40% in 2002 to 55% in 2008. Greatest improvement has been seen in operators performing 30–199 scans per year. There has been no overall improvement in performance over the last three audit cycles.Conclusions:  The number of operators certified to perform the NT scan has increased since 2002, although availability in some states remains low. An initial improvement in performance of operators appears to have reached a plateau. It is time to become more proactive in engaging operators in the audit cycle.
Migraine and Vertigo: A Marriage of Convenience?
Authors: Phillips John , Longridge Neil , Mallinson Arthur , Robinson Gordon 
Published: August 2010

“Migraine associated vertigo” is emerging as a popular diagnosis for patients with recurrent vertigo. However, in view of our current understanding of both migraine and vertigo, “migraine associated vertigo,” in contrast to basilar artery migraine, is neither clinically nor biologically plausible as a migraine variant.(Headache 2010;50:1362‐1365)
Induction of sodium channel Nax (SCN7A) expression in rat and human hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Gorter Jan A. , Zurolo Emanuele , Iyer Anand , Fluiter Kees , Van Vliet Erwin A. , Baayen Johannes C. , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPurpose:  In a recent large‐scale gene‐expression study in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) a persistent up‐regulation in the expression of the SCN7A gene was revealed. The SCN7A gene encodes an atypical sodium channel (Nax), which is involved in osmoregulation via a sensing mechanism for the extracellular sodium concentration. Herein we investigated the expression and cellular distribution of SCN7A mRNA and protein in normal and epileptic rat and human hippocampus.Methods:  SCN7A/Nax expression analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunocytochemistry, and western blot analysis.Results:  Increased expression of SCN7A/Nax mRNA/protein was observed during epileptogenesis and in the chronic epileptic phase in the post–status epilepticus (SE) model of TLE. The up‐regulation was confirmed in human hippocampal tissue resected from pharmacoresistant patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS). In both epileptic rat and human hippocampus, increased Nax expression was observed in neurons and reactive astrocytes compared to control tissue.Conclusions:  The increased and persistent expression of SCN7A/Nax in the epileptic rat and human hippocampus supports the possible involvement of this channel in the complex reorganization occurring within the hippocampus during the epileptogenic process in TLE. Further studies are needed for a complete understanding of the functional role of SCN7A in epilepsy.
Utility of 3‐T FLAIR and 3D short tau inversion recovery MR imaging in the preoperative diagnosis of hippocampal sclerosis: Direct comparison with 1.5‐T FLAIR MR imaging
Authors: Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Morioka Takato , Murakami Nobuya , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Hiwatashi Akio , Yoshiura Takashi , Sasaki Tomio 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPurpose: To examine the utility of fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging and three‐dimensional short tau inversion recovery (3DSTIR) imaging using a 3‐Tesla (3‐T) magnetic resonance (MR) imager in the preoperative evaluation of hippocampal sclerosis (HS).Methods: Thirteen patients with intractable medial temporal lobe epilepsy who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy with amygdalohippocampectomy were studied. MR images were obtained twice, once with a 1.5‐T imager and once with a 3‐T imager. The extent of hippocampal resection was determined according to the findings on intraoperative hippocampal electroencephalography. We compared the diagnostic utility of FLAIR for HS between 1.5‐T and 3‐T MR imaging. In addition, the relationship between the existence of hypointense areas in the hippocampus (HIAs) on 3DSTIR and the severity of HS pathology (as evaluated using Watson’s grading) was examined. The relationship between postoperative seizure outcome and postoperatively remaining HIAs was also evaluated.Results: There was no difference between FLAIR images from 1.5‐T and 3‐T imaging in the detection of HS. With 3DSTIR, an HIA in unilateral hippocampus was observed in all of the nine cases exhibiting severe pathologic HS (Watson’s grade III–V). In seven cases with HIA, the extent of hippocampal resection was smaller than the HIAs. Every case showed good seizure outcome (Engel’s class I and II).Discussion: In the diagnosis of HS, no substantial difference was noted between 1.5‐T and 3‐T MR imaging. However, 3DSTIR using 3‐T MR imaging is useful for evaluating the extent of HS, although postoperative HS remnants are not correlated with surgical outcomes.
Transfusion and blood donation on the screen
Authors: Danic Bruno , Lefrère Jean‐Jacques 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: In the 20th century, blood transfusion has become an indispensable therapy in carrying out and improving many medical and surgical applications. Its scope of influence goes well beyond that of medicine, because blood donation, an action with high social significance, is completely connected to progress in the field.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The purpose of this research was to study, through films that show transfusion or blood donation, the impression that has been given to the public in the course of the 20th century and its sociologic impact. To accomplish this, we have used various sources from Histories of Cinema and from the Internet to identify films from different countries and from different epochs that touch on this theme.RESULTS: With these two components, the act of donation and the act of transfusion, the relatively short history of blood transfusion is distinguished by upheavals in both the medical and the sociopolitical fields of the past century. Movies, the most commonly shared cultural event and mirror of society, have simultaneously gone through their first century by showing the diversity of our feelings and the human condition.CONCLUSION: Through various cinematographic references, the authors offer an analysis of the use, by the Seventh Art, of values and illustrations that use blood donation and transfusion.
Perceiving the Present: Systematization of Illusions or Illusion of Systematization?
Authors: Briscoe Robert E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMark Changizi et al. (2008) claim that it is possible systematically to organize more than 50 kinds of illusions in a 7 × 4 matrix of 28 classes. This systematization, they further maintain, can be explained by the operation of a single visual processing latency correction mechanism that they call “perceiving the present” (PTP). This brief report raises some concerns about the way a number of illusions are classified by the proposed systematization. It also poses two general problems—one empirical and one conceptual—for the PTP approach.
Behavioral Experiments for Assessing the Abstract Argumentation Semantics of Reinstatement
Authors: Rahwan Iyad , Madakkatel Mohammed I. , Bonnefon Jean‐François , Awan Ruqiyabi N. , Abdallah Sherief 
Published: August 2010

AbstractArgumentation is a very fertile area of research in Artificial Intelligence, and various semantics have been developed to predict when an argument can be accepted, depending on the abstract structure of its defeaters and defenders. When these semantics make conflicting predictions, theoretical arbitration typically relies on ad hoc examples and normative intuition about what prediction ought to be the correct one. We advocate a complementary, descriptive‐experimental method, based on the collection of behavioral data about the way human reasoners handle these critical cases. We report two studies applying this method to the case of reinstatement (both in its simple and floating forms). Results speak for the cognitive plausibility of reinstatement and yet show that it does not yield the full expected recovery of the attacked argument. Furthermore, results show that floating reinstatement yields comparable effects to that of simple reinstatement, thus arguing in favor of preferred argumentation semantics, rather than grounded argumentation semantics. Besides their theoretical value for validating and inspiring argumentation semantics, these results have applied value for developing artificial agents meant to argue with human users.
Response to Briscoe (2010)
Authors: Changizi Mark A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn an earlier paper my colleagues and I put forth a theory called “perceiving‐the‐present” that predicts a systematic pattern across a large variety of illusions, and we presented evidence that the systematic pattern exists. Briscoe puts forth arguments against the theory and the existence of the systematic pattern. Here I provide counterarguments to his criticisms of the theory, and I explain why his arguments do not bear on the existence of the systematic pattern.
TELOCYTES IN ENDOCARDIUM: Electron Microscope Evidence
Authors: Gherghiceanu Mihaela , Manole C.G. , Popescu L.M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe term TELOCYTES was very recently introduced, for replacing the name Interstitial Cajal‐Like Cells (ICLC). In fact, telocytes are not really Cajal‐like cells, they being different from all other interstitial cells by the presence of telopodes, which are cell‐body prolongations, very thin (under the resolving power of light microscopy), extremely long (tens up to hundreds of micrometers), with a moniliform aspect (many dilations along), and having caveolae. The presence of telocytes in epicardium and myocardium was previously documented. We present here electron microscope images showing the existence of telocytes, with telopodes, at the level of mouse endocardium. Telocytes are located in the subendothelial layer of endocardium, and their telopodes are interposed in between the endocardial endothelium and the cardiomyocytes bundles. Some telopodes penetrate from the endocardium among the cardiomyocytes and surround them, eventually. Telopodes frequently establish close spatial relationships with myocardial blood capillaries and nerve endings. Because we may consider endocardium as a ‘blood–heart barrier’, or more exactly as a ‘blood–myocardium barrier’, telocytes might have an important role in such a barrier being the dominant cell population in subendothelial layer of endocardium.
Comparison of the osteolytic activity of surface‐associated proteins of bacteria implicated in periodontal disease
Authors: Reddi K , Meghji S , Wilson M , Henderson B 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: To compare the osteolytic activity of surface‐associated material (SAM) and lipid A‐associated proteins (LAPs) from periodontopathogenic bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Surface‐associated material was extracted from the surface and LAPs from the cell walls of a range of periodontopathic bacteria including Actinobocillus actinomycetemcomitans and Eikenetla corrodens. These bacterial fractions were assayed to determine their composition and their capacity to induce bohe resorption was determined by use of the neonatal murine calvarial bone resorption assay.RESULTS The SAMs from E. corrodens and A. actinomycetemcomitans demonstrated bone‐resorbing capacity at concentrations as low as I ng ml which, given the molecular weights of the active components, is in the picomolar range of activity. In contrast, the SAMs from the other three bacteria were significantly less potent and showed a lower efficacy. The LAPs all showed significant, and similar, capacities to induce bone breakdown.CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that LAP from periodontopathic bacteria can stimulate bone degradation. The LAPs from diverse bacteria all produced similar levets of bone‐resorbing activity. in contrast, the SAM showed significant differences in potency and in efficacy (maximal stimulation). This may mean that in vivo certain periodontopathic bacteria have significantly more bone‐resorbing capacity than others and should be therapeutic targets.
Newer saliva collection methods and saliva composition: a study of two Salivette® kits
Authors: Lenander‐Lumikari M , Johansson I , Vilja P , Samaranayake LP 
Published: August 2010

Saliva is frequently used as a diagnostic fluid and several collection devices have been developed.OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity and reliability of two types of Salivette® collection kits (non‐covered cotton roll and polypropylene covered polyether roll) relative to conventional collection of saliva using paraffin wax chewing stimulation.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Whole saliva samples were collected from 16 healthy volunteers. Following a cross‐over design saliva was collected in a standardized way. The flow rate was determined and saliva samples were analyzed for pH, buffer capacity, electrolytes and protein/glycoprotein content.RESULTS: We find that Salivette® methods do not allow evaluation of flow rate. pH was unaffected but buffer capacity was lower in Salivette® collected than in paraffin wax‐stimulated saliva. The non‐covered cotton rolls reduced the content of Na+ K+ CI‐ as well as glycoprotein markers (hexosamines, fucose, sialic acid), lysozyme, lactoferrin, salivary‐ and myeloperoxidase but increased the concentrations of Ca2+ PO3–4 and SCN‐. Polypropylene covered polyether rolls affected saliva composition less than the non‐covered cotton rolls. Thus, SCN‐ and slgA concentrations were higher and lysozyme activity lower in the former (covered roll) saliva than in paraffin wax saliva. The reliability of the Salivette® kits was good.CONCLUSION: We conclude that the Salivette® method generates data significantly different from conventional paraffin wax‐stimulated saliva such as buffer capacity and several electrolytes and organic components. Care should be taken in interpreting the results when such methods are employed.
Cytokine networks in destructive periodontal disease
Authors: Howells GL 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND Cytokines are important regulatory proteins, produced by activated cells, which act by binding high affinity cell surface receptors. They are involved in almost all aspects of cell biology and form interacting networks, with cascades of sequential cell activation. They often show overlapping activities (redundancy) or the same cytokine may have a variety of different effects (pleiotropy). In excess, certain cytokines are damaging and proinflammatory. Tumour necrosis factor a (TNFα) and interleukin‐I (IL‐I) are markedly proinflammatory, inducing bone resorption, collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production.OBJECTIVE: This paper focuses on the role of TNFa and IL‐l in the cytokine networks of destructive chronic per‐iodontitis; specifically their regulation by T cell cytokines, receptor antagonists and inhibitory soluble forms of the IL‐l and TNF receptors.CONCLUSION: A hypothesis is proposed that destructive periodontal disease may be due to disregulation of these inhibitors, rather than an overproduction of IL‐l and TNFα per se.
Putative periodontal pathogens, antibody titres and avidities to them in a longitudinal study of patients with resistant periodontitis
Authors: Holbrook WP , Mooney J , Sigurdsson T , Kitsiou N , Kinane DF 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To study changes in antibody titres and antibody avidities to putative periodontal pathogens in patients with resistant periodontitis and to compare these findings with the result of culture of these pathogens.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients meeting strict clinical criteria in whom periodontal therapy had failed to prevent disease progression were studied microbiologically and immunologically over a 75‐week period. Particular reference was made to the isolation of Actinobocillus actinomycetemcomitons (Aa) and Porphyromonos gingivalis (Pg) together with changes in antibody titres and avidities to these organisms between baseline examination and week 75.RESULTS: Pg was eliminated following antibiotic treatment but metronidazole and amoxycillin therapy failed to remove Aa in all cases. Antibody avidities to these pathogens were higher in patients than in matched controls but no change in avidity was noted during the course of treatment. Most antibody titres were not significantly higher in patients than in controls.CONCLUSIONS: Continued disease progression characterised these patients who, nevertheless, mounted an immune response to the periodontal pathogens but this appeared to be inadequate to stop the disease.
Expression of CDIa on monocytes cultured with supernatants from periodontally diseased gingival epithelial cells
Authors: Winning T , Gemmell E , Polak B , Savage NW , Seymour GJ , Walsh LJ 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Langerhans cells are believed to originate from the monocyte lineage and have been reported to increase in number with plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of local gingival epithelial factors on the induction of CDla, a Langerhans cell phenotype, on monocyte rich populations.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Peripheral blood monocyte rich populations from healthy subjects were cultured for 24 h with either healthy gingival or periodontally diseased gingival epithelial supernatants. Additionally, the monocyte rich populations were cultured with cytokines IL‐Iα, IL‐Iβ, IL‐6 and TNF‐α which are known to be produced by epithelial cells or co‐cultured with autologous epithelial cells. The percent CDIa positive cells was determined using FACS analysis.RESULTS: Healthy gingival supernatants did not induce CDIa expression in monocyte rich populations, however, a significant increase in per cent CDla+ cells for monocyte rich populations cultured with five (P < 0.01) of six periodontal gingival epithelial supernatants was found. IL‐lα or TNF‐α (10ng/well) resulted in a significant increase in the per cent CDla+ cells (P < 0.01). Depletion of CDla+ Langerhans cells from healthy gingival epithelium did not enhance induction of CDIa expression in monocyte rich populations. Monocyte rich populations cultured together with non‐depleted epithelial cultures resulted in a decreased percent of CDla+ cells.CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that epithelial factor/s associated with periodontally involved epithelia, may be involved in inducing a Langerhans cell phenotype in monocyte rich populations. The data also provide indirect evidence for a role of Langerhans cells in inhibiting induction of CDIa in healthy epithelium.
Oral manifestations of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in patients with AIDS: report of five cases
Authors: Schmidt‐Westhausen A , Griinewald Th , Reichart PA , Pohle HD 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To describe oral findings in HIV‐infected individuals with toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). PATIENTS: In a retrospective study over a 10 year period the medical histories of 931 hospitalised HIV‐infected patients were reviewed for the occurrence of TEN.RESULTS: Five cases of TEN were diagnosed (three men, two women; median age: 41 years; median CD4+ T lymphocyte count: 20/μl). Four patients had been treated with biweekly pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis. In one patient flucloxacillin was administered. Signs of TEN with cutaneous epidermolysis occurred and patients showed oral lesions characterized as oropharyngeal blisters and bullae on the palate, buccal mucosa, tongue and floor of the mouth initially. Antibiotics and corticosteroids were administered; none of the patients died.CONCLUSION: Longacting sulfonamides and antibiotics have been implicated as the cause of severe mucocutaneous reactions. Since rash and oral blisters may be the first signs of TEN in patients receiving these it is mandatory to follow up these patients closely to detect oral or cutaneous changes indicating the development of TEN.
Anti‐calculus activity of a toothpaste with microgranules
Authors: Chesters RK , O'Mullane DM , Finnerty A , Huntington E , Jones PR 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the trial was to determine the efficacy of the proven anticalculus active system (zinc citrate trihydrate [ZCT] and triclosan), when the ZCT is delivered from microgranules incorporated in a silica‐based toothpaste containing 1450 ppm F as sodium fluoride.DESIGN: A monadic, single‐blind, two phase design clinical trial was used to compare the effect of the test and a negative control fluoridated toothpaste on the formation of supragingival calculus.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Male and female calculus‐forming volunteers, aged 18 or over, were recruited for the study following a 2‐week screening phase. All subjects were given a scale and polish of their eight lower anterior teeth at the start of both the pre‐test and test phases. Subjects were supplied with a silica‐based 1450 F ppm fluoridated toothpaste with no anti‐calculus active for use during an 8‐week pre‐test phase. Calculus was assessed at the end of the pre‐test and test phases using the Volpe‐Manhold index (VMI). Subjects were stratified according to their pre‐test VMI score (8–10, 10.5–12, > 12) and gender and then allocated at random to test or negative control toothpaste groups. Subjects with < 8 mm of calculus were excluded from further participation.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The outcome variable was the mean VMI score for the test and negative control groups.RESULTS: The test toothpaste caused a statistically significant 30% reduction in calculus compared with the control paste after a 13‐week use. No adverse events were reported during the study.CONCLUSION: The incorporation of the ZCT in microgranules did not adversely affect the anticalculus activity of the new formulation.