bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuberculosis of the hand
Authors: Kotwal P. P. , Khan S. A. 
Published: August 2009

A prospective series of 32 cases with tuberculosis of the hand and wrist is presented. The mean age of the patients was 23.9 years (3 to 65), 12 had bony disease and 20 primarily soft-tissue involvement. The metacarpal of the little finger was the most commonly involved bone. Pain and swelling were the usual presenting features and discharging sinuses were seen in three cases. All patients were given anti-tubercular chemotherapy with four drugs. Operative treatment in the form of open or arthroscopic debridement, or incision and drainage of abscesses, was performed in those cases where no response was seen after eight weeks of ATT. Hand function was evaluated by the modified score of Green and O’Brien. The mean was 58.3 (25 to 80) before treatment and 90.5 (80 to 95) at the end. The mean follow-up was for 22.4 months (6 to 43). Conservative treatment was successful in 24 patients (75%). Eight who did not respond to chemotherapy within eight weeks required surgery. Although tuberculosis of hand has a varied presentation, the majority of lesions respond to conservative treatment.
The impact of obesity on the mid-term outcome of cementless total knee replacement
Authors: Jackson M. P. , Sexton S. A. , Walter W. L. , Walter W. K. , Zicat B. A. 
Published: August 2009

We evaluated 535 consecutive primary cementless total knee replacements (TKR). The mean follow-up was 9.2 years (0.3 to 12.9) and information on implant survival was available for all patients. Patients were divided into two groups: 153 obese patients (BMI ≥ 30) and 382 non-obese (BMI < 30). A case-matched study was performed on the clinical and radiological outcome, comparing 50 knees in each group. We found significantly lower mean improvements in the clinical score (p = 0.044) and lower post-operative total clinical scores in the obese group (p = 0.041). There was no difference in the rate of radiological osteolysis or lucent lines, and no difference in alignment. Log rank test for survival showed no significant differences between the groups (p = 0.167), with a ten-year survival rate of 96.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 92 to 99) in the obese and 98% (95% CI 96 to 99) in the non-obese. The mid-term survival of TKR in the obese and the non-obese are comparable, but obesity appears to have a negative effect on the clinical outcome. However, good results and high patient satisfaction are still to be expected, and it would seem unreasonable to deny patients a TKR simply on the basis of a BMI indicating obesity.
Use of the fulcrum axis improves the accuracy of true anteroposterior radiographs of the shoulder
Authors: Braunstein V. , Kirchhoff C. , Ockert B. , Sprecher C. M. , Korner M. , Mutschler W. , Wiedemann E. , Biberthaler P. 
Published: August 2009

In 100 patients the fulcrum axis which is the line connecting the anterior tip of the coracoid and the posterolateral angle of the acromion, was used to position true anteroposterior radiographs of the shoulder. This method was then compared with the conventional radiological technique in a further 100 patients. Three orthopaedic surgeons counted the number of images without overlap between the humeral head and glenoid and calculated the amount of the glenoid surface visible in each radiograph. The analysis was repeated for intraobserver reliability. The learning curves of both techniques were studied. The amount of free visible glenoid space was significantly higher using the fulcrum-axis method (64 vs 31) and the comparable glenoid size increased significantly (8.56 vs 6.47). Thus the accuracy of the anteroposterior radiographs of the shoulder is impaired by using this technique. The intra and interobserver reliability showed a high consistency. No learning curve was observed for either technique.
Test Method for Quantifying the Ignitability of Metallic Materials
Authors: Chiffoleau Gwenael J. A. , Hooser Jared D. , Newton Barry E. , Colson Alain 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Currently, no test standard exists for quantifying the ignitability of metallic materials in oxygen. Metallic materials are consistently used at oxygen pressures significantly greater than their associated burn limits. Oxygen fires are rare in these applications; however, they still occur and the proximity to ignition and fire for applications that do not experience fire is always unknown. A new test method for quantifying the ignitability of metallic materials in oxygen is described. The method uses a powerful electric arc to deliver a quantifiable amount of energy at the surface of a metallic sample and estimate the minimum ignition energy of the material. A case example is provided in which arc ignition test results were used to evaluate the ignitability of aluminum-bronze and to help support a particle ignition risk analysis of aluminum-bronze industrial control valves.
Water-flow variation and pharmacoepidemiology of tetracycline hydrochloride administration via drinking water in swine finishing farms
Authors: Dorr Paul M. , Nemechek Megan S. , Scheidt Alan B. , Baynes Ronald E. , Gebreyes Wondwossen A. , Almond Glen W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate variation of drinking-water flow rates in swine finishing barns and the relationship between drinker flow rate and plasma tetracycline concentrations in pigs housed in different pens.
Design—Cross-sectional (phase 1) and cohort (phase 2) studies.
Sample Population—13 swine finishing farms (100 barns with 7,122 drinkers) in phase 1 and 100 finishing-stage pigs on 2 finishing farms (1 barn/farm) in phase 2.
Procedures—In phase 1, farms were evaluated for water-flow variation, taking into account the following variables: position of drinkers within the barn, type of drinker (swing or mounted), pig medication status, existence of designated sick pen, and existence of leakage from the waterline. In phase 2, blood samples were collected from 50 pigs/barn (40 healthy and 10 sick pigs) in 2 farms at 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours after initiation of water-administered tetracycline HCl (estimated dosage, 22 mg/kg [10 mg/lb]). Plasma tetracycline concentrations were measured via ultraperformance liquid chromatography.
Results—Mean farm drinker flow rates ranged from 1.44 to 2.77 L/min. Significant differences in flow rates existed according to drinker type and whether tetracycline was included in the water. Mean drinker flow rates and plasma tetracycline concentrations were significantly different between the 2 farms but were not different between healthy and sick pigs. The plasma tetracycline concentrations were typically < 0.3 μg/mL.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Many factors affected drinker flow rates and therefore the amount of medication pigs might have received. Medication of pigs with tetracycline through water as performed in this study had questionable therapeutic value.
Mammalian Reoviruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Berard Alicia , Coombs Kevin M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMammalian reoviruses are pathogens that cause gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. In humans, the mammalian reoviruses usually cause mild or subclinical disease, and they are ubiquitous, with most people mounting immunity at a young age. Reoviruses are prototypic representations of the Reoviridae family, which contains many highly pathogenic viruses. This unit describes techniques for culturing mouse fibroblast L929 cell lines, the preferred cell line in which most mammalian reovirus studies take place. In addition, mammalian reovirus propagation, quantification, purification, and storage are described. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 14:15C.1.1‐15C.1.18. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Avian Reoviruses: Propagation, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Tran Anh , Berard Alicia , Coombs Kevin M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAvian reoviruses (ARVs) are pathogens that cause significant morbidity among commercial poultry. ARVs are prototypic representatives of non‐enveloped viruses that can cause cell‐cell fusion. They belong to the Reoviridae family, which contains many highly pathogenic viruses. ARVs are ubiquitous in commercial poultry and are frequently isolated from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of chickens with acute infections. The virus causes a range of disease states in chicken, including viral arthritis/tenosynovitis, gastroenteritis, hepatitis, myocarditis, “pale bird syndrome,” runting‐stunting syndrome, and respiratory illness. This unit describes avian reovirus propagation, quantification, and storage. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 14:15C.2.1‐15C.2.16. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determination of curcumol in rat plasma by capillary gas chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Liu Yu‐Ling 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA simple and sensitive capillary gas chromatography with a hydrogen flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) method was developed for the determination of curcumol in rat plasma. From a variety of compounds and solvents tested, buagafuran was selected as the internal standard (IS) and acetonitrile was found to be the best protein precipitation agent and solvent for extracting curcumol from plasma and tissues samples. (Buagafuran was used as an internal standard. Curcumol was extracted by a protein precipitation with acetonitrile.) The samples were determined by GC on an HP‐5 column (30.0 m × 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm); inlet volume 2 μL; split ratio 10 : 1; inlet temperature 250°C; oven temperature 180°C; flow 1.0 mL/·min; FID 250°C; carrier gas N2. The resulting retention times of curcumol and IS were 6.0 and 9.5 min. There was good linearity over the range 0.133–133.3 μg/mL (r = 0.9999) in plasma samples. The method recoveries were 97.7–102.0% in plasma, and the intra‐ and inter‐day variances (RSD) were less than 15% in all cases. The GC method was applied to develop a pharmacokinetics study in which experimental rats received a single administration of curcumol by intravenous injection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimized conditions for 2‐aminobenzamide labeling and high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis of N‐acylated monosaccharides
Authors: Maury Delphine , Couderc François , Czaplicki Jerzy , Garrigues Jean Christophe , Poinsot Véréna 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe monosaccharides GlcNAc (N‐acetylglucosamine) and the home‐made GlcNC16 (N‐palmitoyl‐D‐glucosamine) were labeled with 2‐AB (2‐aminobenzamide) by reductive amination of the sugar. The aldehyde group of the monosaccharide reacts with the amino group of 2‐AB, forming a Schiff base. In the second step, the Schiff base is reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride to yield a stable secondary amine. We describe here a simple and fast procedure. Previous studies reported the same labeling at high concentration (10−1 M) during 30 h with further purification steps. In the present paper all operations were carried out in an Eppendorf tube and the reaction medium was directly analyzed without purification. Using the described protocol, the whole procedure can be accomplished in less than 6 h at 65°C at very low concentration (10−4 M). For both GlcNC16 and GlcNAc, the 2‐AB labeling conditions were optimized and, in addition, new conditions of high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis were developed. These N‐alkylated sugars were analyzed on reversed‐phase HPLC with fluorimetric detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 340 and 400 nm, respectively. The separation was achieved on a C18 column with a gradient mobile phase composed of water (0.1% formic acid)–methanol (volume varying) in less than 19 min with 12.5 and 18.3 min retention times for GlcNAc and GlcNC16, respectively. Positive‐ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) analysis enabled their structural determination. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obtaining maximally flat transconductances with any number of multiple coupled differential pairs
Authors: Carrasco‐Robles Manuel , Serrano Luis 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the solution to the mathematical problem of obtaining maximally flat transconductances with transconductors of multiple coupled asymmetric differential pairs. This problem has remained unresolved until now and this solution provides an extremely fast an easy way to obtain the transistor asymmetries and tail current factors. General expressions for the differential output current and the transconductance for any number of pairs are deduced. Likewise, the compatibility of this linearization technique with both source degeneration via diode connected transistors and the use of back‐gate offset voltages is analysed. A designer's guide showing the way of modifying the theoretical parameters in order to be used in simulation is also proposed and finally, as a proof of concept, simulated results of several configurations with 10 coupled differential pairs are given. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic study of the reaction mechanism of buspirone interaction with iodine and tetracyanoethylene reagents and its applications
Authors: Zayed M.A. , El‐Habeeb Abeer A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe reactions between the drug buspirone (busp) in its base form and iodine amphoteric reagent (n‐donor and/or σ‐acceptor) and with tetracyanoethylene as a π‐acceptor reagent (TCNE) have been studied spectrophotometrically at different reactant concentrations, time intervals, temperatures, and with different solvents and wavelengths, with the aim of selecting the conditions that give the most suitable molar extinction coefficients. This study aims chiefly to throw light on the nature of these reactions and to select the most proper conditions for spectrophotometric application of these reagents to determine this biologically active drug used in treating different diseases.The reaction mechanism involves the formation of busp‐I2 outer and inner sphere complexes. The separated busp‐I2 solid product obtained was investigated using elemental analyses, FT‐IR, thermal analyses (TA) and electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI‐MS) and was found to be biologically active. The reaction mechanism of busp‐TCNE involves the formation of a charge transfer (CT) complex. The analytical parameters of the proposed spectrophotometric procedures were calculated. These procedures were applied in the analysis of busp in its formulations as a drug used to treat psychiatric illnesses. The values of the Sandell sensitivity, standard deviation (SD), relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery percentage show the high sensitivity of these procedures. This study also presents a promising new busp‐I2 drug derivative that can be used more efficiently for the same purposes as its parent. It gives a clear idea about the possible metabolites and metabolic pathways of busp and its derivative that may occur in vivo. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hoxa2 plays a direct role in murine palate development
Authors: Smith Tara M. , Wang Xia , Zhang Wei , Kulyk William , Nazarali Adil J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe cleft palate exhibited by Hoxa2 null murine embryos has been described as being secondary to abnormalities of tongue musculature, and Hoxa2 was presumed to not play a direct role in palate development. However, we detected Hoxa2 expression in the developing palate at both the mRNA and protein levels between embryonic day (E) 12.5 and E15.5. Organ cultures of Hoxa2−/− palates maintained in the absence of the tongue showed decreased fusion rates than either Hoxa2+/− or Hoxa2+/+ palate cultures. Knocking down Hoxa2 expression with antisense retroviral constructs resulted in decreased fusion rates than corresponding controls. An overall increase in cell proliferation was observed in Hoxa2 null palates providing a potential mechanism by which Hoxa2 may be affecting palate development. Hoxa2 also repressed the expression of its downstream targets Msx1, Bmp4, Barx1, and Ptx1 within the palate. These results demonstrate the cleft palate phenotype of Hoxa2 null embryos is not solely due to abnormal tongue musculature, and indicate a direct role of Hoxa2 in regulating murine palatogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 238:2364–2373, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postembryonic fast muscle growth of teleost fish depends upon a nonuniformly distributed population of mitotically active Pax7+ precursor cells
Authors: Marschallinger J. , Obermayer A. , Sänger A.M. , Stoiber W. , Steinbacher Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMuscle development in teleost embryos has been shown to depend on myogenic cell recruitment from the dermomyotome (DM). However, little is known as to the cellular mechanisms that account for myotome growth after the dissociation of the DM. Here we combine immunolabeling for cell‐specific markers with quantitative analysis to determine the sources and patterns of activation of myogenic cells in pearlfish larvae. Results demonstrate that appearance of mitotically active myogenic precursors inside the myotome coincides with the dissociation of the DM. Such cells are preferentially aggregated within the posterior lateral fast muscle. We therefore propose a growth model in which a pool of proliferative DM‐derived precursors transferred to the posterior lateral fast muscle functions as an important source of myogenic cell spread to carry forward stratified fast muscle hyperplasia. This indicates that postembryonic teleost muscle growth includes a cellular mechanism that has no direct equivalent in the amniotes. Developmental Dynamics 238:2442–2448, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Xmc mediates Xctr1‐independent morphogenesis in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Haremaki Tomomi , Weinstein Daniel C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the frog, Xenopus laevis, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is required for both mesoderm formation and the morphogenetic movements that drive the elongation of the notochord, a dorsal mesodermal derivative; the coordination of these distinct roles is mediated by the Xenopus Ctr1 (Xctr1) protein: maternal Xctr1 is required for mesodermal differentiation, while the subsequent loss of Xctr1 promotes morphogenesis. The signaling cascade activated by FGF in the presence of Ctr1 has been well characterized; however, the Xctr1‐independent, FGF‐responsive network remains poorly defined. We have identified Xenopus Marginal Coil (Xmc) as a gene whose expression is highly enriched following Xctr1 knockdown. Zygotic initiation of Xmc expression in vivo coincides with a decrease in maternal Xctr1 transcripts; moreover, Xmc loss‐of‐function inhibits Xctr1 knockdown‐mediated elongation of FGF‐treated animal cap explants, implicating Xmc as a key effector of Xctr1‐independent gastrular morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 238:2382–2400, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of Lrp6 conditional gene‐targeting mouse line for modeling and dissecting multiple birth defects/congenital anomalies
Authors: Zhou Chengji J. , Wang Ya‐Zhou , Yamagami Takashi , Zhao Tianyu , Song Lanying , Wang Kai 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLrp6 is a key coreceptor in the canonical Wnt pathway that is widely involved in tissue/organ morphogenesis. We generated a loxP‐floxed Lrp6 mouse line. Crossing with a general Cre deleter, we obtained the Lrp6‐floxdel mice, in which the loxP‐floxed exon 2 of Lrp6 gene has been deleted ubiquitously. The homozygotes of Lrp6‐floxdel mice reproduced typical defects as seen in the conventional Lrp6‐deficient mice, such as defects in eye, limb, and neural tube, and die around birth. We also found new phenotypes including cleft palate and agenesis of external genitalia in the Lrp6‐floxdel mice. In addition, the Lrp6‐deficient embryos are known to be defective in other systems and internal organs including the heart and brain. Thus, by selectively crossing with a lineage‐specific or inducible Cre mouse line, the Lrp6 conditional gene‐targeting mice will allow us to model specific types of birth defects for mechanism and prevention studies. Developmental Dynamics 239:318–326, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EU energy‐intensive industries and emission trading: losers becoming winners?
Authors: Wettestad Jorgen 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) initially treated power producers and energy‐intensive industries similarly, despite clear structural differences between these industries regarding e.g. pass‐through of costs. Hence, the energy‐intensive industries could be seen as losing out in the internal distribution. In the January 2008 proposal for a reformed ETS post‐2012, a differentiated system was proposed where the energy‐intensive industries would come out relatively much better. Why is this? Although power producers still have a dominant position in the system, the increasing consensus about windfall profits has weakened their standing. Conversely, increasing attention to such profits and not least the possibility of global carbon leakage has strengthened the case of energy‐intensive industries at both national and EU levels. These industries have become more active in EU processes and somewhat better organized. Finally, growing fear of lax global climate policies has strengthened the case of these industries further. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Equilibrium Studies on Complex‐Formation Reactions of Pd[(2‐(2‐aminoethyl)pyridine)(H2O)2]2+ with Ligands of Biological Significance and Displacement Reactions of DNA Constituents
Authors: Shehata Mohamed R. , Shoukry Mohamed M. , Abdel‐Shakour Fatma H. , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe [Pd(AEP)Cl2] complex was synthesized and characterized, where AEP = 2‐(2‐aminoethyl)pyridine. The stoichiometry and stability constants of the complexes formed between various biologically relevant ligands (amino acids, peptides, DNA constituents and dicarboxylic acids) and [Pd(AEP)(H2O)2]2+ were investigated at 25 °C and 0.1 M ionic strength. The equilibrium constants for the substitution of representative coordinated ligands such as inosine, glycine or methionine by cysteine were calculated and the concentration distribution diagrams of the various species evaluated. The kinetics of base hydrolysis of free and coordinated amino acid esters was investigated. The effects of the medium dielectric constant and temperature on the kinetics of base hydrolysis of the glycine methyl ester in the presence of the [Pd(AEP)(H2O)2]2+ complex were studied and the activation parameters ΔH≠ and ΔS≠ for the hydrolysis process were determined.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)