bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test of “Light” cigarette counter-advertising using a standard test of advertising effectiveness
Authors: Shiffman Saul , Burton Steven L , Pillitteri Janine L , Gitchell Joe G , Di Marino Michael E , Sweeney Christine T , Wardle Paul A , Koehler Gary L 
Published: May 2024

OBJECTIVETo evaluate systematically the effectiveness of six advertising strategies (two message strategies presented in three different contexts) designed to promote smoking cessation by addressing smokers' misperceptions about Light cigarettes.DESIGNSmokers viewed one of six, 30 second test television concept advertisements, which varied by message (one emphasising how the sensory effects of Lights can be deceptive, the other describing the effects of vent blocking) and by ad context (non-commercial public service announcement (PSA), promotion of unbranded nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), or promotion of branded NRT). The effectiveness of each advertisement was determined using a validated advertising testing system in which ads were viewed in the context of reviewing a pilot television programme. Response to ads is assessed through shifts in subject choices of products offered as prizes before and after viewing the test advertisements. Included among the possible prizes were cigarettes and various pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation.SUBJECTSDaily smokers (n = 1890) of Regular (34%), Light (47%), and Ultra Light (19%) cigarettes recruited from eight US cities.MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURESThe primary outcome of interest was the shift away from cigarettes as the selected prize following exposure to the test advertisements. Secondary outcomes of interest included movement away from Light cigarettes and movement towards assisted quitting products.RESULTSSmokers who saw the advertisement emphasising the sensory characteristics of Light cigarettes were more likely than subjects who saw the advertisement emphasising the effect of vent blocking to move away from cigarettes (OR = 1.97, 95% confidence interval CI 1.25 to 3.09; χ2(1) = 8.69, p = 0.003). Similarly, subjects who saw the advertisement framed as a PSA, rather than as a promotion for either a branded or unbranded NRT product, were also somewhat more likely to move away from cigarettes (OR = 1.51, 95% CI 0.94 to 2.40; χ2(1) = 2.97, p = 0.085). The effect was observed regardless of sex, age, or type of cigarette smoked.CONCLUSIONSAddressing smokers' sensory perceptions of Light cigarettes and presenting this information in an impartial way is likely to be an effective communication strategy for counter-marketing Light cigarettes.
Decreased youth tobacco use in Massachusetts 1996 to 1999: evidence of tobacco control effectiveness
Authors: Soldz S , Clark T W , Stewart E , Celebucki C , Walker D Klein 
Published: May 2024

Objective:To evaluate tobacco control in Massachusetts through examining trends in youth tobacco use from 1996 to 1999.Design:Data are from the 1996 and 1999 Massachusetts Prevalence Study survey of public school students in the state.Participants:Participants consisted of 6800 (1996) and 6980 (1999) students in Massachusetts public school grades 6–12 (approximate ages 11–18 years).Main outcome measures:Outcomes are changes in lifetime and current (past month) cigarette, cigar, and smokeless tobacco.Results:In grades 7–12, there were significant decreases in lifetime (48.3% to 41.9%) and current (30.7% to 23.7%) cigarette use, smokeless tobacco use (lifetime 16.5% to 9.9%; current 4.55 to 2.6%), and current cigar use (12.2% to 8.6%). Decreases occurred for both male and female 7–8th graders. In grades 9–12 decreases were somewhat greater for females than males. Trends for grades 8, 10, and 12 were compared to those seen nationally and in the northeast region in the Monitoring the Future study. For the pooled grades the decreases for cigarettes were greater than those seen nationally or in the northeast region.Conclusions:Results support the effectiveness of the comprehensive Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program. The increasing tobacco rates in the first half of the 1990s have been dramatically reversed. These results suggest that programme efforts should be supported or even expanded in order to decrease further the state's rates of youth tobacco use. The findings suggest that other states may learn useful lessons from Massachusetts' successes.
Tobacco use among adults with disabilities in Massachusetts
Authors: Brawarsky P , Brooks D R , Wilber N , Gertz R E , Klein Walker D 
Published: May 2024

Objectives:To examine the characteristics of smoking among adults with disabilities in Massachusetts.Design:Data were obtained from the 1996–1999 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random digit dial telephone survey. Respondents reporting use of special equipment or a limitation caused by impairment or health problem were classified as having a disability. Adults with disabilities were further classified by level, based on need for assistance, and type of disability. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between disability status and smoking.Setting and participants:Random sample of non-institutionalised Massachusetts adults, 18 and older, with disabilities (n = 2985) and without disabilities (n = 14 395).Main outcome measures:Smoking status, intensity, and factors related to quitting.Results:Compared to those without disabilities, adults with disabilities were more likely to have ever smoked (odds ratio (OR) 1.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25 to 1.61) and to be current smokers (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.76). Smoking rates varied by type of disability. Among current smokers, adults with disabilities smoked more cigarettes per day (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.16), sooner after waking (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.99), and were more likely to be advised by a doctor to quit (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.60 to 2.69). Adults with disabilities who needed assistance were more likely to be planning to quit (OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.26).Conclusions:There are disparities in smoking rates between adults with and without disabilities. Smoking cessation programmes targeted to the disabled community are needed.
Tobacco availability and point of sale marketing in demographically contrasting districts of Massachusetts: Table 1
Authors: Laws M B , Whitman J , Bowser D M , Krech L 
Published: May 2024

Objective:To assess the prevalence and characteristics of tobacco sales and point-of-sale promotions and advertising in predominantly Latino business districts, and in comparison districts; and the economic importance of tobacco sales and marketing to Latino owned small businesses.Design:Observational surveys of retail establishments and interviews with store managers.Setting:Demographically contrasting business districts of eastern Massachusetts.Main outcome measures:Percentage of businesses selling tobacco, numbers and characteristics of exterior and interior tobacco advertisements per store, merchant reports of promotional allowances received from tobacco distributors.Results:The proportion of businesses selling tobacco, and hence having storefront tobacco advertising, is strongly negatively correlated with per capita income in the census tracts where businesses are located (Spearman's ρ = −0.794, p = 0.006). Mentholated brands are marketed disproportionately in low income, urban communities. Latino merchants are highly dependent on tobacco sales, but would require relatively modest compensation to forego tobacco promotional allowances.Conclusions:Storefront tobacco advertising is far more prevalent in predominantly minority, low income communities than in non-minority, higher income communities, principally because of the differing mix of kinds of businesses in the two types of communities, and the greater prevalence of tobacco vendors in lower income neighbourhoods. Tobacco companies obtain this advertising at little cost.
Understanding microchromosomal organization and evolution in four representative woodpeckers (Picidae, Piciformes) through BAC-FISH analysis
Authors: Alves Barcellos Suziane , Kretschmer Rafael , Santos de Souza Marcelo , Tura Victoria , Pozzobon Luciano Cesar , Ochotorena de Freitas Thales Renato , Griffin Darren K. , O'Connor Rebecca , Gunski Ricardo José , del Valle Garnero Analía 
Published: May 2024

The genome organization of woodpeckers has several distinctive features e.g., an uncommon accumulation of repetitive sequences, enlarged Z chromosomes, and atypical diploid numbers. Despite the large diversity of species, there is a paucity of detailed cytogenomic studies for this group and we thus aimed to rectify this. Genome organization patterns and hence evolutionary change in the microchromosome formation of four species ( Colaptes campestris, Veniliornis spilogaster, Melanerpes candidus, and Picumnus nebulosus) was established through fluorescence in situ hybridization using bacterial artificial chromosomes originally derived from Gallus gallus and Taeniopygia guttata. Findings suggest that P. nebulosus (2 n = 110), which was described for the first time, had the most basal karyotype among species of Picidae studied here, and probably arose as a result of fissions of avian ancestral macrochromosomes. We defined a new chromosomal number for V. spilogaster (2 n = 88) and demonstrated microchromosomal rearrangements involving C. campestris plus a single, unique hitherto undescribed rearrangement in V. spilogaster. This comprised an inversion after a fusion involving the ancestral microchromosome 12 (homologous to chicken microchromosome 12). We also determined that the low diploid number of M. candidus is related to microchromosome fusions. Woodpeckers thus exhibit significantly rearranged karyotypes compared to the putative ancestral karyotype.
Chaos near to the critical point: butterfly effect and pole-skipping
Authors: Amrahi B. , Asadi M. , Taghinavaz F. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe study the butterfly effect and pole-skipping phenomenon for the 1RCBH model which enjoys a critical point in its phase diagram. Using the holographic idea, we compute the butterfly velocity and interestingly find that this velocity can probe the critical behavior of this model. We calculate the dynamical exponent of this quantity near the critical point and find a perfect agreement with the value of the other quantity’s dynamical exponent near this critical point. We also find that at special points, namely the$$(\omega _\star = i \lambda _L, \, k_\star = i\lambda _L/v_B),$$(ω⋆=iλL,k⋆=iλL/vB),where$$\lambda _L$$λLand$$v_B$$vBare Lyapunov exponent and butterfly velocity respectively, the phenomenon of pole-skipping appears which is a sign of a multivalued retarded Green’s function. Furthermore, we observe that$$v_B^2 \ge c_s^2$$vB2≥cs2at each point of parameter space of the 1RCBH model where$$c_s$$csis the speed of sound wave propagation.
Evolving wormhole geometry from dark matter energy density
Authors: Rahaman Farook , Choudhury Bikramarka S. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe analyse traversable wormholes defined by the dynamic line elements that asymptotically approach Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) universe. These dynamical wormholes is supported by the galactic dark matter as well as perfect isotropic fluid. We will discuss several evolving Lorentzian wormholes comprising with different perfect isotropic fluids in addition to various scale factors. We will speculate the various significance, features and throat energy conditions for these evolving traversable Lorentzian wormholes.
From Shapley Value to Model Counting and Back
Authors: Kara Ahmet , Olteanu Dan , Suciu Dan 
Published: May 2024

In this paper we investigate the problem of quantifying the contribution of each variable to the satisfying assignments of a Boolean function based on the Shapley value. Our main result is a polynomial-time equivalence between computing Shapley values and model counting for any class of Boolean functions that are closed under substitutions of variables with disjunctions of fresh variables. This result settles an open problem raised in prior work, which sought to connect the Shapley value computation to probabilistic query evaluation.
We show two applications of our result. First, the Shapley values can be computed in polynomial time over deterministic and decomposable circuits, since they are closed under OR-substitutions. Second, there is a polynomial-time equivalence between computing the Shapley value for the tuples contributing to the answer of a Boolean conjunctive query and counting the models in the lineage of the query. This equivalence allows us to immediately recover the dichotomy for Shapley value computation in case of self-join-free Boolean conjunctive queries; in particular, the hardness for non-hierarchical queries can now be shown using a simple reduction from the \#P-hard problem of model counting for lineage in positive bipartite disjunctive normal form.
Bag Semantics Conjunctive Query Containment. Four Small Steps Towards Undecidability.
Authors: Marcinkowski Jerzy , Orda Mateusz 
Published: May 2024

Query Containment Problem (QCP) is one of the most fundamental decision problems in database query processing and optimization.
Complexity of QCP for conjunctive queries has been fully understood since 1970s. But, as Chaudhuri and Vardi noticed in their classical 1993 paper this understanding is based on the assumption that query answers are sets of tuples, and it does not transfer to the situation when multi-set (bag) semantics is considered.
Now, 30 years later, decidability of QCP for bag semantics remains an open question, one of the most intriguing open questions in database theory.

In this paper we show a series of undecidability results for some generalizations of this problem. We show, for example, that the problem whether, for given two boolean conjunctive queries φ
s
and φ
b
, and a linear function F, the inequality F(φ
s
(D)) =< φ
b
(D) holds for each database instance D, is undecidable.
Counting Answers to Unions of Conjunctive Queries: Natural Tractability Criteria and Meta-Complexity
Authors: Focke Jacob , Goldberg Leslie Ann , Roth Marc , Zivný Stanislav 
Published: May 2024

We study the problem of counting answers to unions of conjunctive queries (UCQs) under structural restrictions on the input query. Concretely, given a class C of UCQs, the problem #UCQ (C) provides as input a UCQ Ψ ∈ C and a database D and the problem is to compute the number of answers of Ψ in D.
Chen and Mengel [PODS'16] have shown that for any recursively enumerable class C, the problem #UCQ (C) is either fixed-parameter tractable or hard for one of the parameterised complexity classes W[1] or #W[1]. However, their tractability criterion is unwieldy in the sense that, given any concrete class C of UCQs, it is not easy to determine how hard it is to count answers to queries in C. Moreover, given a single specific UCQ Ψ, it is not easy to determine how hard it is to count answers to Ψ.

In this work, we address the question of finding a natural tractability criterion: The combined conjunctive query of a UCQ Ψ=φ
1
∨ ... ∨ φ
l
is the conjunctive query ^ Ψ = φ_1 ∧ ... ∧ φ
l
. We show that under natural closure properties of C, the problem #UCQ (C) is fixed-parameter tractable if and only if the combined conjunctive queries of UCQs in C, and their contracts, have bounded treewidth. A contract of a conjunctive query is an augmented structure, taking into account how the quantified variables are connected to the free variables --- if all variables are free, then a conjunctive query is equal to its contract; in this special case the criterion for fixed-parameter tractability of #UCQ (C) thus simplifies to the combined queries having bounded treewidth.

Finally, we give evidence that a closure property on C is necessary for obtaining a natural tractability criterion: We show that even for a single UCQ Ψ, the meta problem of deciding whether #UCQ (Ψ) can be solved in time O(|D|
d
) is NP-hard for any fixed d ≥ 1. Moreover, we prove that a known exponential-time algorithm for solving the meta problem is optimal under assumptions from fine-grained complexity theory. As a corollary of our reduction, we also establish that approximating the Weisfeiler-Leman-Dimension of a UCQ is NP-hard.
The Design of Fast Delta Encoding for Delta Compression Based Storage Systems
Authors: Tan Haoliang , Xia Wen , Zou Xiangyu , Deng Cai , Liao Qing , Gu Zhaoquan 
Published: May 2024

Delta encoding is a data reduction technique capable of calculating the differences (i.e., delta) among very similar files and chunks. It is widely used for various applications, such as synchronization replication, backup/archival storage, cache compression, and so on. However, delta encoding is computationally costly due to its time-consuming word-matching operations for delta calculation. Existing delta encoding approaches either run at a slow encoding speed, such as Xdelta and Zdelta, or at a low compression ratio, such as Ddelta and Edelta. In this article, we propose Gdelta, a fast delta encoding approach with a high compression ratio. The key idea behind Gdelta is the combined use of five techniques: (1) employing an improved Gear-based rolling hash to replace Adler32 hash for fast scanning overlapping words of similar chunks, (2) adopting a quick array-based indexing for word-matching, (3) applying a sampling indexing scheme to reduce the cost of traditional building full indexes for base chunks’ words, (4) skipping unmatched words to accelerate delta encoding through non-redundant areas, and (5) last but not least, after word-matching, further batch compressing the remainder to improve the compression ratio. Our evaluation results driven by seven real-world datasets suggest that Gdelta achieves encoding/decoding speedups of 3.5X∼25X over the classic Xdelta and Zdelta approaches while increasing the compression ratio by about 10%∼240%.
Neem Leaf Glycoprotein Disrupts Exhausted CD8+ T-Cell–Mediated Cancer Stem Cell Aggression
Authors: Chakravarti Mohona , Bera Saurav , Dhar Sukanya , Sarkar Anirban , Choudhury Pritha Roy , Ganguly Nilanjan , Das Juhina , Sultana Jasmine , Guha Aishwarya , Biswas Souradeep , Das Tapasi , Hajra Subhadip , Banerjee Saptak , Baral Rathindranath , Bose Anamika 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Targeting exhausted CD8+ T-cell (TEX)–induced aggravated cancer stem cells (CSC) holds immense therapeutic potential. In this regard, immunomodulation via Neem Leaf Glycoprotein (NLGP), a plant-derived glycoprotein immunomodulator is explored. Since former reports have proven immune dependent–tumor restriction of NLGP across multiple tumor models, we hypothesized that NLGP might reprogram and rectify TEX to target CSCs successfully. In this study, we report that NLGP’s therapeutic administration significantly reduced TEX-associated CSC virulence in in vivo B16-F10 melanoma tumor model. A similar trend was observed in in vitro generated TEX and B16-F10/MCF7 coculture setups. NLGP rewired CSCs by downregulating clonogenicity, multidrug resistance phenotypes and PDL1, OCT4, and SOX2 expression. Cell cycle analysis revealed that NLGP educated–TEX efficiently pushed CSCs out of quiescent phase (G0G1) into synthesis phase (S), supported by hyper-phosphorylation of G0G1–S transitory cyclins and Rb proteins. This rendered quiescent CSCs susceptible to S-phase–targeting chemotherapeutic drugs like 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Consequently, combinatorial treatment of NLGP and 5FU brought optimal CSC-targeting efficiency with an increase in apoptotic bodies and proapoptotic BID expression. Notably a strong nephron-protective effect of NLGP was also observed, which prevented 5FU-associated toxicity. Furthermore, Dectin-1–mediated NLGP uptake and subsequent alteration of Notch1 and mTOR axis were deciphered as the involved signaling network. This observation unveiled Dectin-1 as a potent immunotherapeutic drug target to counter T-cell exhaustion. Cumulatively, NLGP immunotherapy alleviated exhausted CD8+ T-cell-induced CSC aggravation.
Implications: Our study recommends that NLGP immunotherapy can be utilized to counter ramifications of T-cell exhaustion and to target therapy elusive aggressive CSCs without evoking toxicity.
Molecular characterisation and diagnostics of the red ring nematode, Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, from Mexico
Authors: Subbotin Sergei A. , Cid del Prado-Vera Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Summary
The red ring nematode, Bursaphelenchus cocophilus, vectored by the South American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum, is the causal agent of red ring disease in coconut and other palms in countries of Central and South America. The populations of B. cocophilus collected in the states of Guerrero and Tabasco, Mexico, were molecularly characterised using the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS rRNA and COI gene sequences. Mexican B. cocophilus populations were molecularly different from other Central and South American populations. Comparative analysis of available rRNA sequences obtained from several countries showed that B. cocophilus consists of molecularly different populations and its species structure is likely congruent with that of the beetle vector. Conventional PCR, real-time PCR and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with lateral flow dipstick (LF) assays have been developed for the identification of the red ring nematode in this study. The specificity of the ITS rRNA primers in the assays were examined using B. cocophilus and other 15 species of family Aphelenchoididae. Detection sensitivity levels, determined by using a dilution series of B. cocophilus extracts, was 0.13 nematode per reaction tube for real-time PCR and 0.25 nematode per reaction tube for conventional PCR and LF-RPA assays. The application of the LF-RPA assay has great potential for diagnosing infestation of this species with a minimal laboratory infrastructure.