bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON LINE UV‐ABSORBANCE MEASUREMENTS: Summary of the EDTNA|ERCA Journal Club discussion Summer 2006
Authors: Lindley Elizabeth J , Tattersall James , De Vos Jean Yves , Morgan Ian , Murcutt Gareth , Hoenich Nic , Polaschegg Hans , Johnson Andy , Daugirdas John , Wüpper Andreas , Ward Richard , Gorke Alois , Fettouhi Maria , Milo Elisheva , Sramek Jiri , Nilsson Eva‐Lena , Belot Bertrand , Luman Merike , Walker Diane , Gerrish Martin , Harrington Maurice , Francis Veronica , Iwaasa Kathryn , Girak Martha , Eleftheroudi Marianna , Simard Joan Camarro , Fridolin Ivo , Uhlin Fredrik 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe discussion was initiated by a paper comparing the measurement of dialysis dose (Kt/V) and solute clearance using on‐line ultra‐violet absorbance, blood and dialysate urea and ionic dialysance by Uhlin et al (NDT 2006). Participants from 14 countries discussed the theory behind the UV absorbance technique and the potential for its use in routine practice, the correlation between Kt/V measured using different methods, the use of ionic dialysance and the optimisation of dose monitoring.The ‘take‐home’ messages from the discussion were that UV‐absorbance could help ensure the delivery of dialysis dose as it provides real time feedback on the effect interventions such as repositioning of needles. The technology is relatively inexpensive and requires no consumables but changes in the dialysis machine settings could lead to misleading measurements if not communicated to the UV monitor.Session‐to‐session variation in dialysis dose can be measured using on‐line clearance monitoring. If it is already on the machine and costs nothing, why not use it? Alternatively, regular access recirculation checks and a record of the total blood volume processed at each session allow problems with delivered dialysis dose to be picked up between routine blood tests.
CONTINUOUS BLOOD VOLUME MONITORING AND “DRY WEIGHT” ASSESSMENT
Authors: Lopot F. , Nyiomnaitham V. , Švárová  , Polakovič V. , Švára F. , Sulková S. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThere are two distinct facets of adequate fluid balance control in haemodialysis patients — estimation of dry weight (DW) as the target and adequate ultrafiltration (UF) strategy, i.e. the way to reach the target in a possibly symptom‐free way. The article reviews the continuous blood volume monitoring (CBVM) based procedures to deal with the former facet — DW determination.The existing approaches are divided in three groups — methods defining certain alert value of relative blood volume (RBV) reduction, methods working with RBV response to constant UF rate, and methods evaluating dynamics of RBV response to UF pulse or chain of UF pulses. While the first and the third approaches are relatively easy to automate, the second group of methods are suitable mainly for observational evaluations only.All the discussed methods, without exception, need large‐scale verification, as they all were evaluated in the majority by their authors only and on small patient cohorts.
NEEDLE STICK INJURIES — RISK FROM BLOOD CONTACT IN DIALYSIS
Authors: Wittmann A. , Hofmann F. , Kralj N. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThis paper will examine the experience of Needle Stick Injuries (NSI) in Germany. There is evidence that these experiences have relevance for the whole of Europe (2). The protective measures described in this paper are important for the safety of all health care workers. This paper will describe incidents of NSI with reference to sero‐conversion after the incident. The protection of health care workers is of prime importance and this paper will discuss the most successful methods of protection. The paper will examine briefly the cost of these protective measures.
CALCIPHYLAXIS: CALCIFIC URAEMIC ARTERIOLOPATHY — A CASE STUDY
Authors: Byrne H. , Lloyd S. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYHaving worked in nephrology for more than 20 years, and never encountering this condition before, we came across three patients who had been diagnosed with calciphylaxis in the space of 12 months.This condition is also known as calcific uraemic arteriolopathy and is a syndrome of medical calcification of the small arteries, which leads to painful ischaemia of the surrounding subcubitis and skin (1). Prevalence of 1–4% has been estimated in various haemodialysis populations (2). Also 1% per year in dialysis patients has also been suggested (3). The mortality rate for distal lesions is 23%, whilst the mortality for proximal lesions is 63% (4). The pathogenesis of this condition remains uncertain. However, vascular calcium deposition is thought to be important, and raised serum phosphate levels were associated with a substantially increased risk of calciphylaxis. Although PTH levels were high, plasma PTH was not consistently higher in patients with calciphylaxis than controls (5).The important aspect of the condition for the patients is the sheer pain and distress suffered, as well as the high mortality rate. Therefore, the implications for nurses are early detection, to allow speedy treatment to take place and involvement of the multidisciplinary team to enhance care and provide as much support as possible, thus facilitating optimal outcome and comfort.
EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO VARIOUS ERYTHROPOIESIS — STIMULATING PROTEINS USING ANEMIA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
Authors: Waterschoot M. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTBackground — European Best Practice Guidelines recommend haemoglobin (Hb) concentration >11 g/dl in patients with CKD stage 5. Hb can be increased with erythropoiesis‐stimulating proteins (ESPs); however, 5–10% of patients respond poorly. The primary aim of this prospective observational study was to educate nurses to assess Hb response to ESPs and to identify potential causes of hyporesponse (blood loss, iron deficiency, infection and inflammation, inefficacious dialysis, medication, vitamin deficiency, malnutrition, secondary hyperparathyroidism, or pure red cell aplasia). The secondary aims were to follow anaemia parameters and identify the frequency and causes of hyporesponse to ESPs for 6 months. Lastly, the various ESPs used in the study population were analyzed separately.Methods — Dialysis patients (n=402) from 18 centers in Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were included. Using anaemia management software (ARAMIS™), nurses recorded Hb, ESP dose, and potential causes for hyporesponse every 4 weeks.Results — The proportion of patients treated with darbepoetin α, epoetinα, and epoetinß was 64%, 19%, and 17%, respectively. After 6 months, 79% of patients had Hb>11g/dl. The patient incidence of hyporesponse during the study was 14%, and a mean 9% of patients were hyporesponsive at any given time. The most common potential causes of hyporesponse were iron deficiency (being reported in 39% of hyporesponse events), medication (immunosuppressive agents, ACE inhibitors), secondary hyperparathyroidism and inflammation/malnutrition.Conclusions — The ARAMIS™ tool served as an educational tool allowing efficient follow‐up of Hb and ESP dose, and identification of potential causes of hyporesponse. Mean prevalence of hyporesponse was 9%, with iron deficiency as most commonly reported potential causative factor.
HOW TO PREVENT PROGRESSION TO END STAGE RENAL DISEASE
Authors: Riegersperger Markus , Sunder‐Plassmann Gere 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTChronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stage renal disease (ESRD) are severe medical conditions, increasing threats to human health and socio‐economic burdens in industrialized countries. CKD is assessed by an estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). ESRD is an indication for renal replacement therapy by either dialysis or kidney‐transplantation. Major risk factors for CKD are arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The multifactorial pathogenesis of CKD and ESRD offers various therapeutic interventions: treatment of the underlying disease, anti‐hypertensive therapy, glycemic control and anti‐diabetic therapy, anti‐proteinuric therapy, renoprotection, and life style management. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE‐I) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) lower the systemic blood‐pressure, reduce proteinuria and may slow or even halt the deterioration of renal function. Alert glycemic control is important to avoid or protract diabetic nephropathy. Restricted protein intake, cessation of cigarette smoking and chronic analgesic‐abuse may also prevent the progression of chronic nephropathy.
DIALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: COMPARING HOME AND UNIT BASED HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: James R. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYDialysis, with its high dependence upon technology, disposable products and transport requirements, presents an unusual perspective for environmental management. This study considers and compares the environmental aspects arising from the provision of haemodialysis (HD) in the hospital and home setting. Resource items were measured at two levels of aggregation — unit and individual patient. Unit level items applied to common resources used for HD and require apportioning appropriately with patient level items that could be attributable to individuals. The data was measured in standard units such as hours and number of treatments or apportioned appropriately. With equivalent emissions calculated as CO2 annually per patient for standard HD. The findings indicate that HD in the home offers a net reduction in CO2 emissions per patient annually compared to hospital based HD, and provides an overview of how healthcare provision and the use of resources can be measured, enabling refinement in environmental management plans.
THIRST DISTRESS AND INTERDIALYTIC WEIGHT GAIN: A STUDY ON A SAMPLE OF HAEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Porcu M. , Fanton E. , Zampieron A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTSevere thirst distress is frequent in haemodialysis (HD) patients, and some studies have noted a positive relationship between thirst and an increased interdialytic weight gain (IDWG).The goal of this explorative study was to describe the perception of thirst and correlated symptoms in HD patients, and verify the correlation between thirst intensity and the IDWG. The study was performed on an opportunistic sample of patients treated in the dialysis unit of a city hospital in the North‐East of Italy. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing a demographic and a clinical part, the Thirst Distress Scale, and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 0–10 about thirst intensity.The sample of 107 patients was composed of 71 males (66%). The average age was 68 years (SD 12, median 70 years). Fluid restriction causes severe physical discomfort and xerostomy. 66% of the respondents declared a thirst level of more than 7 on the VAS scale. The average IDWG was 2,47 kg. The X2 test did not show a significant difference when correlated with thirst intensity (p=0.88).
Elimination and active extrusion of liver mitochondrial proteins during lipopolysaccharide administration in rat
Authors: Unuma Kana , Aki Toshihiko , Matsuda Seiji , Funakoshi Takeshi , Yoshida Ken‐ichi , Uemura Koichi 
Published: August 2012

AimThe purpose of the present study was to identify molecular markers of hepatic damage during lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment.MethodsLPS (15 mg/kg of bodyweight) or vehicle was injected i.p. into 5‐week‐old male Sprague–Dawley rats. Proteins were extracted from the liver and were electrophoresed to examine the changes in the protein compositions during LPS treatment. Using a proteomic approach, major LPS‐responsible protein in the liver was determined.ResultsA massive reduction in the levels of carbamoyl phosphate synthase‐1 (CPS1), one of the most abundant proteins in liver mitochondria, was revealed during LPS administration. Electron microscopic and immunofluorescence analyses revealed large vacuoles, which were often localized in the vicinity of mitochondria, in the LPS‐treated rat liver. Furthermore, we found that CPS1 is released into the circulation prior to liver damage marker alanine aminotransferase, indicating the active extrusion of CPS1 during LPS administration. Another liver mitochondrial protein, ornithine transcarbamylase, is also released into the circulation, implicating active extrusion of mitochondrial proteins. These phenomena are accelerated by a heme oxygenase inducer cobalt protoporphyrin whilst suppressed by a lysosome inhibitor chloroquine.ConclusionPlasma CPS1 should be a possible marker of septic liver damage and may be involved in systemic responses elicited by septic shock.
Cytologic features of normal canine ovaries in different stages of estrus with histologic comparison
Authors: Piseddu Eleonora , Masserdotti Carlo , Milesi Cristina , Solano‐Gallego Laia 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundCytologic evaluation plays an important role in the diagnosis of ovarian neoplasia in dogs, but is supported by only scant information on cytologic features of canine ovaries.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to provide detailed cytologic descriptions of normal canine ovaries in different stages of estrus with comparison to histologic features.MethodsClient‐owned dogs admitted for elective ovariohysterectomy were studied. For each dog, fine‐needle aspirates of both ovaries were collected, stained, and examined and were compared with histologic sections of the same ovary. The stage of estrus was confirmed by examination of histologic sections and cytologic specimens of vaginal cells collected with swabs.ResultsThirty‐two ovaries from 16 dogs were examined. Luteal cells were observed in 82% of the dogs in diestrus. In early diestrus these cells were polygonal with amphophilic to deeply basophilic cytoplasm, and in late diestrus luteal cells had blebbed cell borders and clear cytoplasm with numerous small vacuoles. Perivascular arrangements and leuko‐emperipolesis were noted in both phases of diestrus. Granulosa cells and spindle cells were found in cytologic specimens from most of the ovaries, and blue‐gray extracellular material, sometimes associated with granulosa cells, was present. Medium‐sized discrete round cells of undetermined origin were observed in some stages of estrus, and structures classified as corpora albicans were noted occasionally.ConclusionsKnowledge of specific cytologic features of normal canine ovaries is important for identification of pathologic processes in this organ. The novel findings of luteal cell emperipolesis, extracellular material associated with granulosa cells, and round cells of undetermined lineage warrant further study, which may provide new information on canine ovarian structure and function.
Efficacy of Intranasal Administration of a Modified Live Feline Herpesvirus 1 and Feline Calicivirus Vaccine against Disease Caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica after Experimental Challenge
Authors: Bradley A. , Kinyon J. , Frana T. , Bolte D. , Hyatt D.R. , Lappin M.R. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundStudies suggest that intranasal vaccination can stimulate nonspecific immunity against agents not contained within the vaccine, but this effect is not reported for cats.HypothesisA modified live feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1) and feline calicivirus (FCV) intranasal vaccine will reduce clinical signs of disease caused by experimental infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica.AnimalsTwenty specific pathogen‐free 12‐week‐old kittens.MethodsExperimental study. Cats were randomized into 2 groups of 10 cats each. The vaccinated group was administered a single intranasal dose of a commercially available vaccine containing modified live strains of FHV‐1 and FCV, and the control group remained unvaccinated. All 20 cats were administered B. bronchiseptica by nasal inoculation 7 days later and were observed daily for clinical signs of illness for 20 days.ResultsIn the first 10 days after B. bronchiseptica challenge, vaccinated cats were less likely to be clinically ill than control cats with a median clinical score of 0/180 (range 0–5) versus 2/180 (range 0–8) (P = .01). Nine of 10 control cats and 2 of 10 vaccinated cats were recorded as sneezing during days 1–10 after challenge (P = .006).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIntranasal vaccination against FHV‐1 and FCV decreased signs of illness due to an infectious agent not contained in the vaccine. This nonspecific immunity could be beneficial for protection against organisms for which vaccines are not available and as protection before development of vaccine‐induced humoral immunity.
Inhibition of CYP3A4 by 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin in human CYP3A4 over-expressed hepG2 cells
Authors: Araki Nobutaka , Tsuruoka Shuichi , Hasegawa Gohki , Yanagihara Hayato , Omasa Takeshi , Enosawa Shin , Yamazoe Yasushi , Fujimura Akio 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Objectives
We previously established HepG2-GS-3A4, a cell line from hepatoblastoma with overexpression of human CYP3A4 and glutamine synthetase (GS). We further reported that these cells can be applied for screening inhibitors of CYP3A4 in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine whether our CYP3A4-overexpresed cell could be applied to evaluate mechanisms of CYP3A4 inhibition by 6′,7′-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), which is one of the major furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice, by using these cells.

Methods
Nifedipine oxidation, activity and protein expression of NADPH-cytochrome reductase (POR) of HepG2-GS-3A4 cell were measured. CO-binding spectrumassay in microsomal fraction of the cells was also evaluated.

Key findings
DHB and ketoconazole, a well-known inhibitor of CYP3A4, inhibited nifedipine oxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. DHB at a concentration of 3.0 µm, sufficient to inhibit the nifedipine oxidation, decreased POR activity; however, ketoconazole at a concentration of 0.9 µm, sufficient to inhibit the oxidation, did not affect the activity. The expression of POR protein in HepG2-GS-3A4 cells was not changed by either DHB or ketoconazole. The expression of CYP3A4 mRNA and protein was not changed by the addition of DHB or ketoconazole. DHB also reduced the absorption rate at 450 nm in a CO-binding spectrum assay without alteration of the wavelength of maximum absorption. The mean absorption value at 450 nm slightly decreased with ketoconazole; however, the difference was not significant.

Conclusions
We concluded that inhibition of CYP3A4 activity by DHB includes the inhibition of POR activity. HepG2-GS-3A4 might be a good tool to evaluate the mechanisms.
Organic dairy farming 1. Structure, economics and the veterinary approach to assisting production
Authors: Hayton Alastair 
Published: July 2012

Veterinary surgeons have an increasingly important role to play in providing services to organic farmers, to ensure that they can sustain profitable production. This article reviews the structure and overall veterinary approach to the organic dairy sector. A second article, to be published in the September issue ofIn Practice, will look at the management and control of diseases on dairy units under organic regulations.
Optimising the cost and delivery of HIV counselling and testing services in Kenya and Swaziland
Authors: Obure Carol Dayo , Vassall Anna , Michaels Christine , Terris-Prestholt Fern , Mayhew Susannah , Stackpool-Moore Lucy , Warren Charlotte ,   The Integra research team,, Watts Charlotte 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundApproaches to HIV counselling and testing (HCT) within low-resource high HIV prevalence settings have shifted over the years from primarily client-initiated approaches to provider initiated. As part of an ongoing programme science research agenda, we examine the relative costs of provider-initiated testing and counselling (PITC) services compared with voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services in the same health facilities in two low-resource settings: Kenya and Swaziland.MethodsAnnual financial and economic costs and output measures were collected retrospectively from 28 health facilities. Total annual costs and average costs per client counselled and tested (C&T), and HIV-positive clients identified, were estimated.ResultsVCT remains the predominant mode of HCT service delivery across both countries. However, unit cost per client C&T and per person testing HIV positive is lower for PITC than VCT across all facility types in Kenya, but the picture is mixed in Swaziland. Average cost per client C&T ranged from US$4.81 to US$6.11 in Kenya, US$6.92 to US$13.51 in Swaziland for PITC, and from US$5.05 to US$16.05 and US$8.68 to US$19.32 for VCT in Kenya and Swaziland, respectively.ConclusionsIn the context of significant policy interest in optimising scarce HIV resources, this study demonstrates that there may be potential for substantial gains in efficiency in the provision of HCT services in both Kenya and Swaziland. However, considerations of how to deliver services efficiently need to be informed by local contextual factors, such as prevalence, service demand and availability of human resources.
Reference ranges for laboratory parameters in ferrets
Authors: Hein J. , Spreyer F. , Sauter‐Louis C. , Hartmann K. 
Published: August 2012

The purpose of this study was to establish reference ranges (robust methods) for 51 laboratory parameters in ferrets for use in private practice. Current literature concerning reference values in ferrets is often based on small patient numbers, methods of blood sampling not suitable for practice, and outdated laboratory methods. Blood was collected from theV saphena lateralisof 111 clinically healthy ferrets (age 11 weeks to 9 years; 61 male, 50 female). Age, sex (male or female) and fasting status were taken into consideration. Parameters evaluated included haematological parameters (packed cell volume, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, erythrocyte indices, white blood cells, differential blood counts, platelets) (Cell‐Dyn3500R; microscopical differential blood count), serum parameters (alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase,γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase,α‐amylase, lipase, cholinesterase, glucose, fructosamine, total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, serum bile acids, bilirubin, urea, creatinine), serum electrolyte levels (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, iron) (Hitachi 911), and serum hormone concentrations (thyroxine, cortisol, oestradiol, progesterone) (Elecsys 1010). Results differing from reference ranges reported in current literature were attributed in most cases to the use of other blood sampling methods and laboratory equipment.
Suspected metaldehyde slug bait poisoning in dogs: a retrospective analysis of cases reported to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service
Authors: Bates N. S. , Sutton N. M. , Campbell A. 
Published: August 2012

A retrospective analysis of telephone enquiries to the Veterinary Poisons Information Service found 772 cases with follow‐up concerning suspected metaldehyde slug bait ingestion in dogs between 1985 and 2010. Half the enquiries occurred in the summer months. The amount and strength of the slug bait ingested was rarely known. In 56, cases the quantity consumed was estimated and was on average 229.6 grams of bait. Clinical signs developed in 77.3 per cent of dogs; common signs were convulsions, hypersalivation, twitching, hyperaesthesia, tremor, vomiting, hyperthermia and ataxia. Only 4.6 per cent of dogs developed hepatic changes, and only one developed renal impairment. The average time to onset of signs was 2.9 hours post‐ingestion, with 50.3 per cent of dogs developing effects within one hour. Increased muscle activity (twitching, convulsions) lasted on average 15.2 hours. Recovery time was reported in 61 cases and occurred on average at 39.3 hours. Common treatments were gut decontamination, anticonvulsants, anaesthetics and intravenous fluids. Of the dogs that were treated with sedatives, 45.8 per cent required more than one sedative or anaesthetic agent. Methocarbamol was rarely used, probably due to unavailability. The outcome was reported in 762 dogs; 21.7 per cent remained asymptomatic, 61.7 per cent recovered and 16 per cent of dogs died or were euthanased. Where known (only six cases), the fatal dose of bait ranged from 4.2 to 26.7 g/kg (average 11.8 g/kg).