bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Geology of the Gold-Bearing District of Merionethshire, North Wales
Authors: Ramsay A. C. 
Published: October 2009

T
hat
part of Merionethshire to which this notice refers lies between Dolgelli and the Moelwyn and Manod range, north of Ffestiniog*.

A small part of this area has for some years been distinguished by discoveries of gold, of more or less importance. Its geological relations are as follows:—On the N. and W. of the lower part of the River Mawddach lie the lower part of the Lingula-flags and the Cambrian rocks. The latter consist of the coarse, thick-bedded, greenish-grey grits of Barmouth and Harlech. Their upper boundary is marked by a sinuous line which strikes in a north-easterly direction from Barmouth to Rhaiadr-Mawddach, and from thence trends northerly a little E. of Trawsfynydd to the turnpike road about a mile S. of Ffestiniog. The line then strikes S.W. to Morfa Harlech, on the coast of Cardigan Bay. These grits are overlaid by that part of the Lower Silurian rocks known as the Lingula-flags, which here consist mostly of blue slaty beds, generally more or less arenaceous, and partly interstratified with courses of sandstone. A well-marked portion of the series, composed of rusty ferruginous slate, occupies part of the cliffs of Moel Cynwch that overhang Dol-fawr on the Mawddach.
Both Cambrian and Silurian rocks have been penetrated by numerous greenstone-dykes. Many of them are of a light grey colour and highly calcareous. Others assume the colour and texture of ordinary greenstone. Some of them are magnetic. Among the Cambrian sandstones they run in all directions, sometimes with, but more generally across
On the Geology of the Mayence Basin
Authors: Hamilton William J. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
insulated position of the Mayence Basin and the abundance of its fossil remains, particularly the marine molluscous fauna, had long ago invested it with an interest for the geologist far beyond what its limited extent would have led us to anticipate; and which the investigations of the last few years, while they have made us better acquainted with its fossil contents, have not yet exhausted.

Since the time when Brongniart first called attention to the fossils of the Weisenau strata, the geologists of Frankfort, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Mayence, Hanau, and other places in the neighbourhood have contributed their share towards the investigation of the peculiar features of this formation. The results, however, are not generally known in this country; and, having lately had several opportunities of visiting some of the most interesting localities in the district, I propose in the following remarks to lay before the Society the results of my inquiries. The subject is as yet, however, far from being exhausted; many localities require a more searching examination, the fossils need a more careful and exact comparison with those of other tertiary districts; and the relations of the formations to those of the north of Germany demand further examination.
I propose in the following observations, in making which I have been indebted for many valuable suggestions to Mr. R. A. C. Austen, who accompanied me on my last visits to ttochheim and to Alzey, in the first place, to describe the physical features of the district and the stratigraphical
On the Geological Structure of part of the Bavarian Alps; with Remarks on the Erratic Phænomena
Authors: Schlagintweit Adolphe 
Published: October 2009

The observations a brief account of which I have now the honour to lay before the Society refer chiefly to that portion of the Bavarian Alps which includes the affluents of the Loisach and Ammer, and partly of the Tsar, to the south of Munich.
The group of the Zugspitze and the Wetterstein, between the Loisach and the Tsar, forms the greatest elevation in the outer zone of the Alps from the Lake of Constance to the Salzach. It presents a peculiar attraction to the geologist from its very complicated and irregular structure.
The following observations were made in the autumn of 1852 and in the course of the summer of 1853, more particularly during the latter period. In my investigations I was especially guided by the works of Escher von der Linth and Studer, of Schafhaütl, Emmrich, Von Hauer, and by the excellent memoir of Sir Roderick Murchison, which gives such a clear outline of the succession of the sedimentary strata of the Alps, and of the enormous dislocations and disturbances to which they have been subjected.
In the latter part of my paper I have offered some general remarks upon the diluvial and erratic deposits, and upon the polished and striated rocks connected with this subject.
Description of the Cranium of a Labyrinthodont Reptile (
Brachyops laticeps
) from Mangali, Central India
Authors: Owen  
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
his
Fossil was obtained by the Rev. Messrs. Hislop and Hunter in the sandstone at Mangali, about sixty miles south of Nagpur, as mentioned in the foregoing paper. It consists of a considerable portion of a skull, wanting chiefly the tympanic pedicles and the lower jaw. It is embedded in a block of bright brick-red compact stone, with its upper surface exposed. The skull is broad, depressed, and of an almost equilateral triangular form.

The breadth of the occiput is 4 inches 9 lines; and the lateral border of the skull measures, in a right line, 4 inches 6 lines. The muzzle is rounded and obtuse. Most of the cranial bones are impressed with radiating grooves, the intervening ridges being in some parts broken up by communicating grooves into tubercles. The orbits are entire and situated in the anterior half of the skull. Portions of small, conical, pointed teeth form a single series along the alveolar border of the upper jaw.

In investigating the structure of the occiput, the Professor succeeded in developing two well-defined occipital condyles, not so close together as in the great
Labyrinthodon salamandroides
, but separated as in
Trematosaurus
and
Archegosaurus
.

After a detailed description of the several parts, as far as the abraded and otherwise mutilated condition of the fossil would allow, Professor Owen states that it allows so many characters of the skull of the labyrinthodont batrachians to be determined as can leave no reasonable doubt of its true nature and affinities ; and he gives it the appellation of
Brachyops
*
breviceps
, in reference to the shortness of the facial part of the skull anterior to the orbits.
On the Occurrence of Gold in the Trap Dykes intersecting the Dicynodon strata of South Africa
Authors: Rubidge R. N. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the early part of this year some rumours arose of the discovery of gold near Smithfield, a newly established town in the Orange River Sovereignty. It was stated, that some persons, riding over a flat, had seen some fine specimens of quartz, turned up by a jackal in scratching a hole in the earth. The quartz brought in as a curiosity was recognized by a person who had been in Australia as similar to that found in the gold regions of that country. This induced search, which was at length rewarded by the finding of gold in several spots; and, a portion of the quartz first found being broken, a piece of gold was obtained from it. A pit was sunk in the centre of a large shallow valley, and some gold was found at a depth of 15 feet in the gravel.

These accounts excited great interest in the colony. Mr. Bain happened to be on the frontier at the time, and a deputation waited on the Governor in Graham's Town and suggested the propriety of sending him to the spot, to report on the alleged discovery. His Excellency, however, appears to have doubted the truth of the report, and declined detaining Mr. Bain from his duties; he accordingly returned to his post in the western districts.
Gold in small quantities continued to be found; and some nuggets reaching this place, with greatly exaggerated accounts of the success of the diggers, caused great excitement, particularly among the younger
On the Gold-bearing District of Coromandel Harbour, New Zealand
Authors: Heaphy Charles 
Published: October 2009

Physical Geography of the District
.—The Peninsula of Coromandel stretches for about fifty miles in a general direction of N. 30° W. and S. 30° E., and is the northern extremity of a high range which extends from a mountainous centre near the Taupe Lake and Boiling Springs in the interior of the Northern Island of New Zealand. The peninsula forms the eastern shore of the Frith of the Thames, on the western coast of which, about forty miles distant, the Settlement of Auckland is situated.

The peninsula varies in breadth from four to twenty-two miles, and is mountainous in its whole extent ; a main range, but very little deflected from a northerly and southerly direction, and of an average height of 1500 feet (the highest summits being about 3000 feet above the sea), runs along its centre, throwing off spurs of inferior heights to the eastward and westward. Detached hills occasionally take the place of the spurs, and the direction of these is in one instance prolonged by a chain of islands extending in a line parallel with the main range.
In several places the continuity of the main range ceases, and detached hills of an equal height flank the gap. A second range, however, rises after the interval of a mile or more, and is prolonged in the general direction of the first.
In several places the continuity of the main range ceases, and detached hills of an equal height flank the gap. A second range, however, rises
On the Geology of portions of the Turko-Persian Frontier, and of the Districts Adjoining
Authors: Loftus William Kennett 
Published: October 2009

The notes from which the following paper has been compiled were made in the years 1849–52, during the progress of a joint Commission appointed by the English, Russian, Turkish, and Persian Governments for the demarkation of the Turko-Persian Frontier.
For the greater part of the first three years various political questions detained the Commissioners on the alluvial banks of the Lower Tigris, where but little scope exists for the labours of the geologist. When at length the running survey of the mountainous portion of the frontier was proceeded with, it advanced with such rapidity that the party was seldom two days encamped upon the same spot; thus there occurred no opportunities for minute geological investigation.
Other difficulties of no ordinary nature presented themselves. Our route lay through the midst of those wild mountain tribes who from time immemorial have never acknowledged law or subjection, and who regarded our movements with infinite distrust. Owing to the insecurity of the country, habitations were so few that we were frequently obliged to carry provisions for many days together. Add to these facts the ruggedness and inaccessibility of the passes and mountains, as well as the intense heat of the climate (sometimes reaching 124° Fahr. in the shade), and it may be conceived that our labours were attended with considerable danger as well as difficulty. Under these circumstances, I trust that every allowance will be made for the imperfect nature of this communication.
In this place I cannot omit returning my sincere thanks to
On the Palæozoic and their Associated Rocks of the Thüringerwald and the Harz
Authors: Murchison Roderick Impey , Morris J. 
Published: October 2009

The advice given by a distinguished French savant many years ago to one of us, then full of zeal to discover geological phænomena unknown to his contemporaries, was,—“Examine the travelling map of the region in which you may happen to be, and wherever you see a tract void of all post roads, go thither, and you will infallibly meet with something new to science.”
This suggestion has since been our guiding rule in many excursions, including several visits to the insulated mountain-tracts of the Thüringerwald and the Harz, which in bygone years were traversed by no post roads, and which in these days of rapid locomotion are avoided by all railroads.
On the Tilestones, or Downton Sandstones in the Neighbourhood of Kingdom, and their Contents
Authors: Banks R. W. 
Published: October 2009

On a reference to the Geological Maps of the Ordnance Survey of the Counties of Radnor and Hereford, it will be seen that the line of junction of the Old Red Sandstone with the Ludlow rocks proceeds in a north-easterly direction from the Painscastle Hills to Kington, and thence skirts the range of hills which run in the direction of Shobdon and Richards Castle, to Ludlow. The present notice will be mainly confined to an account of the junction-beds in the neighbourhood of Kington.
At Kington a tongue-like portion of red sandstone runs out northwardly from the general mass to Bradnor Hill. The extreme point of it is marked on the Geological Survey Map as Tilestone. The quarry from which the remains hereafter mentioned were obtained is situated on this spot, between Bradnor Farm and the Quarry House.
The lane which leads from Newton to Bradnor Hill in the direction of the quarry affords a good section of the beds which here immediately underlie the tilestone.
On the Section exposed in the Excavation of the Swansea Docks
Authors: Moggridge M. 
Published: October 2009

Ancient legends which point out different courses for the Swansea and Neath Rivers from those which they at present take, induced me to watch the progress of the excavations made for the Swansea Docks from their commencement. Of my success in tracing the old bed of one if not both of those streams I need not here speak,—the
geological
features are those to which I would draw attention.

The Swansea Docks consist of a “half-tide-” and a floating-basin. They are situated on the brink of the sea, which lies to the S.E., while the N.E. boundary is the harbour through which flows the river Tawe. The entrance is from the harbour into the half-tide basin; and thence, through a large lock, vessels will pass into the main dock. The greater part of the stuff which has been removed consists of gravel and rolled stones, many of which have been transported full twenty miles.

The sections exposed varied greatly in different parts of the cuttings, but the best and most regular occurred at the N.E. end of the main docks exhibiting (August, 1853):—

1.
Made ground, sand, and loose gravel of variable thickness from 20 feet to 6 feet.

2.
Peat, with leaves, trees, &c., 2 feet.

3.
Blue marine clay, 8 feet 6 inches.

4.
Peat of rather greater density than No. 2, 10 inches.

5.
Blue marine clay, 4 feet 1 inch.

6.
Peat with trees, 3 feet 1 inch.

7.
Brown clay and gravel, not penetrated.
Notice of the Recent Eruption of Mauna Loa, in Hawaii
Authors: Miller W. 
Published: October 2009

The late volcanic eruption in the Sandwich Islands broke out in August last, near the summit of Mauna Loa, which is 14,000 feet high and sixty miles from Hilo, Byron's Bay, in Hawaii.
The stream of lava, having a breadth of from two to three miles, continued to flow in a north-east direction until the end of October, when the lava-current, after having traversed a great part of the dense forest, appeared to have been checked in its progress at about ten miles from the town of Hilo.
Experimental Researches on the Granites of Ireland
Authors: Haughton Samuel 
Published: October 2009

The granitic rocks of Leinster, or South-east of Ireland, occur in the counties of Dublin, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wicklow, and Wexford, and may be divided physically into two distinct groups (see Map, fig. 1, p. 172):—

1.
The main chain of granite-hills, extending from Booterstown, county Dublin, to Poulmonnty, in the south of the county of Carlow, within five miles of New Ross. This granite-chain is unbroken throughout its extent, and has a length of sixty-eight miles, and a breadth varying from eight to fifteen miles.

2.
Besides the main chain there are about twenty isolated granitic
districts in the counties of Wicklow and Wexford, forming small islands, as it were, of granite, which have penetrated and broken through the Silurian slate of those counties. The general axis of each of these granitic outbursts is parallel to that of the main chain; these secondary granitic rocks are found at intervals for a distance of forty-three miles, from Ballinaclash, county Wicklow, to Camaross Hill, county Wexford.

I propose to give a short mineralogical sketch of these two groups of granitic rocks, which, considered as groups, are distinguished from each other by well-marked chemical differences, not hitherto observed.
Notes on the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Sydney, Newcastle, and Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Wilson James S. 
Published: October 2009

The country about Sydney is composed nearly altogether of sandstones belonging to the Carboniferous era, and similar in appearance to those of the same age in the north of England. Although in the vicinity of Sydney no coal has been found, with the exception of a few very thin seams, seldom exceeding a quarter of an inch in thickness, yet a thin seam of coal-shale of small extent occasionally occurs.
The sandstone-rocks about Sydney are generally white, consisting of a clear quartz-sand united by a white earthy cement; there are, however, two principal exceptions, viz. the top bed, which is a red conglomerate, principally pebbles of trap, cemented with oxide of iron,—and one of the lower beds, containing iron; but in whichever matrix the sand is found, it appears, when examined with a microscope, to consist of minute crystals of quartz, partially rounded by abrasion.
Analysis of the Cleveland Iron-Ore from Eston
Authors: Dick A. 
Published: October 2009

The ore was weighed after drying at 100° C.

Composition of the residue insoluble in hydrochloric acid:
The ore contains no metal precipitable by sulphuretted hydrogen from the hydrochloric acid solution.
In the residue insoluble in hydrochloric acid, minute, bright, black crystals were detected, which were proved to contain titanium, and were supposed to be anatase. Prof. Miller of Cambridge has been able to measure certain of the angles, and found them to be identical with similar angles of anatase. The discovery of this mineral in the Cleveland ore is at least a point of considerable mineralogical interest, and may possibly furnish some additional indication of the nature of the rock from which it was derived.
On an
Orthoceras
from China
Authors: Woodward S. P. 
Published: October 2009

The specimen in question is one of several that were obtained by Mr. Lockhart of Shanghae, from some place 200 miles distant, and transmitted by him in 1854 to Daniel Hanbury, Jun., Esq., of Plough Court. They are longitudinal sections in thin plates of limestone, and seem to have been used as screens, for they were mounted in carved-wood frames with stands. The same gentleman at an earlier period communicated some Devonian
Brachiopoda
, identical with French and Belgian species, described by Mr. Davidson in the Geological Journal, 1853, p. 353.

The largest specimen measures in length 29 inches, and 4 in its greatest diameter; it wants the last chamber and about 5 inches of the spire. The angle of the spire is only 6°, and the intervals between the septa vary from ½ to less than ¼ the diameter of the cells. The siphuncle is central and quite simple.
The most instructive specimen is smaller, measuring 18 inches in length and 4 in diameter; it only wants the last chamber (see Pl.VI. fig. 1). The angle of the spire is 12 degrees, and the depth of the chamber is from ½ to less than ⅓ their diameter.
Additional Notice of the occurrence of Volcanic Bombs in Australasia
Authors: Clarke W. B. 
Published: October 2009

The author sent in 1855 a notice of the occurrence of Volcanic Bombs in the gold-bearing alluvium of New South Wales; and in this communication adds Victoria and Tasmania as countries in which these obsidian-bombs have been found in the alluvial drift.
One specimen was found by Mr. Milligan, Secretary of the Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land, on the Supply Rivulet, Spring Bay, River Tamar, in Tasmania, about twenty miles from Bass's Strait; the other specimen (like a bung in shape, an inch high and 1 and two-tenths inch thick at the upper part) was found near the River Wannon in the district of Portland Bay.
Notice of the occurrence of Metalliferous Ores and of Coal in Siam
Authors: Moyle H. J. , Hillier C. B. 
Published: October 2009

Mr. Moyle states that in the hilly districts extending north and south, in lat. 15° 25′, near the River Chaw-Phya (Meinam)in Siam, he has discovered several apparently valuable veins of copper-ore, principally in grauwacke, and that he has applied for and obtained from the Siamese government authority to work them. He also refers to his discovery of ores of lead and silver, with enormous beds of magnetic and specular iron-ores in the same district; and describes the country to the north as consisting of carboniferous limestone, with indications of coal.
Mr. Moyle states that the numerous rivers and canals afford great facilities for the transport of the minerals from the hills; and he believes that Siam will rival any country in the East in the richness of its mineral productions.
Mr. Hillier mentions a report that beds of coal have been discovered near the sea in the district of Chantabun on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Siam.
On the Geology of Strath, Skye
Authors: Geikie A. 
Published: October 2009

The first notice of the district described in the present paper was that published in 1800 by the late Professor Jameson in his ‘Mineralogy of the Scottish Isles.’ It is exceedingly meagre, having been compiled from the notes of a brief excursion in bad weather, and contains only a list of minerals found in the ascent of Beinn na Cailleaich, with the mention of numerous basalt-veins that traverse the limestone in every direction. Eighteen years later Dr. Macculloch published his ‘Description of the Western Islands’ wherein he pointed out the existence in Skye of secondary strata—the equivalents of the lias and oolite of England, extending in broken and irregular series up to what has since been determined to be the equivalent of the Oxford Clay. He also described with considerable minuteness some of the more remarkable features in the geology of Strath. Yet of the structure of the district he seems to have had but a vague general idea—not a few of its most important features having escaped his notice, while of some of the facts which he mentions he has failed to perceive the true bearing. I shall even have occasion to show that, notwithstanding the minuteness of his description, he can only have examined a limited portion of the district, and that too but superficially.
Several years later Sir ttoderick Murchison examined the eastern coast-line of Skye, and, from a comparison of fossils, ascertained the existence and limits of strata belonging to the lias, and the lower and