bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral‐mediated lysis of microbes and carbon release in the sub‐Antarctic and Polar Frontal zones of the Australian Southern Ocean
Authors: Evans Claire , Pearce Imojen , Brussaard Corina P. D. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryViral production was determined in the sub‐Antarctic zone (SAZ) to the southwest and southeast of Tasmania and in the Polar Frontal zone (PFZ) of the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean during Austral summer (January–February 2007). Concentrations of viruses were the lowest (6.6 × 109 particles l−1) in the PFZ and the highest (2.1 × 1010 particles l−1) in the eastern SAZ where nutrient input from the East Australian Current (EAC) sustained higher concentrations of bacteria and bacterial production relative to the west. Rates of viral production in the PFZ (1.8 × 1010 viruses l−1 day−1) were lower than those in the western SAZ (2.5 × 1010 viruses l−1 day−1). Viral production in the eastern SAZ (2.2 × 1011 viruses l−1 day−1) was the highest recorded and was approximately one order of magnitude higher than at the other sites. In the western SAZ and PFZ, the percentage of available bacterial biomass lysed by viruses was similar (23.5% and 23% respectively) equating to the release of 3.3 and 2.3 μg carbon l−1 day−1 respectively (assuming a burst size of 50 viruses host−1). In the eastern SAZ the potential bacterial biomass lysed was higher (on average 40%) and corresponded to the release of 26.5 μg carbon l−1 day−1. These findings suggest the importance of the viral shunt in carbon cycling within these regions.
Influences of space, soil, nematodes and plants on microbial community composition of chalk grassland soils
Authors: Yergeau Etienne , Bezemer T. Martijn , Hedlund Katarina , Mortimer Simon R. , Kowalchuk George A. , Van Der Putten Wim H. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryMicrobial communities respond to a variety of environmental factors related to resources (e.g. plant and soil organic matter), habitat (e.g. soil characteristics) and predation (e.g. nematodes, protozoa and viruses). However, the relative contribution of these factors on microbial community composition is poorly understood. Here, we sampled soils from 30 chalk grassland fields located in three different chalk hill ridges of Southern England, using a spatially explicit sampling scheme. We assessed microbial communities via phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses and PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and measured soil characteristics, as well as nematode and plant community composition. The relative influences of space, soil, vegetation and nematodes on soil microorganisms were contrasted using variation partitioning and path analysis. Results indicate that soil characteristics and plant community composition, representing habitat and resources, shape soil microbial community composition, whereas the influence of nematodes, a potential predation factor, appears to be relatively small. Spatial variation in microbial community structure was detected at broad (between fields) and fine (within fields) scales, suggesting that microbial communities exhibit biogeographic patterns at different scales. Although our analysis included several relevant explanatory data sets, a large part of the variation in microbial communities remained unexplained (up to 92% in some analyses). However, in several analyses, significant parts of the variation in microbial community structure could be explained. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the relative importance of different environmental and spatial factors in driving the composition of soil‐borne microbial communities.
Isolation and characterization of a novel Borrelia group of tick‐borne borreliae from imported reptiles and their associated ticks
Authors: Takano Ai , Goka Koichi , Une Yumi , Shimada Yuichi , Fujita Hiromi , Shiino Teiichiro , Watanabe Haruo , Kawabata Hiroki 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe members of the genus Borrelia are transmitted by arthropods and known to be infectious to vertebrates. Here we found isolates and DNAs belonging to the Borrelia turcica and unknown Borrelia species from imported reptiles and their ectoparasites. The Borrelia strains were isolated from blood and multiple organs of exotic tortoises, and were experimentally infectious to captive‐bred tortoises. These findings suggest that these tortoises may be a candidate as the reservoir host of the Borrelia species. In this study, the Borrelia strains were also isolated from and/or detected in hard‐bodied ticks, Amblyomma ticks and Hyalomma ticks. In some of these ticks, immunofluorescence imaging analysis revealed that the Borrelia had also invaded into the tick salivary glands. Accordingly, these ticks were expected to be a potential vector of the Borrelia species. Sequencing analyses of both housekeeping genes (flaB gene, gyrB gene and 16S rDNA gene) and 23S rRNA gene‐16S rRNA gene intergenic spacer region revealed that these Borrelia strains formed a monophyletic group that was independent from two other Borrelia groups, Lyme disease Borrelia and relapsing fever Borrelia. From these results, the novel group of Borrelia comprises the third major group of arthropod‐transmitted borreliae identified to date.
Early head growth: relation with IQ at 8 years and determinants in term infants of low and appropriate birthweight
Authors: LIRA PEDRO I C , EICKMANN SOPHIE H , LIMA MARILIA C , AMORIM ROSEMARY J , EMOND ALAN M , ASHWORTH ANN 
Published: September 2009

Aim To investigate the relation between head growth at different periods and IQ at 8 years, and to identify factors associated with more rapid head growth.Method Two parallel cohorts of term low birthweight (LBW) and appropriate birthweight (ABW) infants were enrolled at birth in northeast Brazil. Anthropometric measurements were made at birth, 2 months, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 8 years. Cognition was assessed at 8 years (n=164) with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Multivariable analysis with a two‐stage residual model was used to relate head growth between successive time points with IQ.Results Mean birthweight was 2.35kg (SD 0.15) in the LBW group (33 males, 50 females), and 3.21kg (SD 0.15) in the ABW group (28 males, 53 females). Mean gestational age was 38.8 weeks (SD 1.4) and 40.0 weeks (SD 1.3) respectively. In the LBW group, head growth from birth to 2 months and from 2 to 6 months, conditional on previous size, were significant independent predictors of IQ at 8 years. Conditional head growth from 6 months to 8 years and head size at birth were unrelated to IQ. In the ABW group there was no significant relation between conditional head growth and IQ for any period. Determinants of more rapid head growth from birth to 6 months in LBW infants were maternal height and rate of infant weight gain.Interpretation Head growth from birth to 6 months in term LBW infants is more important than prenatal or later postnatal head growth in predicting IQ at 8 years.
Maternal human parvovirus B19 infection and the risk of fetal death and low birthweight: a case–control study within 35 940 pregnant women
Authors: Sarfraz AA , Samuelsen SO , Bruu A‐L , Jenum PA , Eskild A 
Published: September 2009

Objectives  To assess the association between maternal parvovirus B19 infection and fetal death, birthweight and length of gestation.Design  Case–control study.Setting  Population based.Population  Cases were all 281 women with fetal death within a cohort of 35 940 pregnant woxmen in Norway. The control group consisted of a random sample of 957 women with a live born child.Method  Information on pregnancy outcome was obtained from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. First trimester serum samples were tested for antibodies against parvovirus B19 (IgM and IgG). In seronegative women, further serum was analysed to detect seroconversion during pregnancy.Main outcome measures  Fetal death, length of gestation and birthweight.Results  Two of 281 (0.7%) of the women who experienced fetal death and nine of 957 (0.9%) of the controls had presence of IgM antibodies, crude odds ratio 0.8; 95% CI (0.2–3.5). In initially, seronegative women, 3.1% (2/65) with fetal death and 2.6% (8/307) with a live birth seroconverted, crude odds ratio 1.2; 95% CI (0.2–5.7). Presence of maternal parvovirus‐specific IgG or IgM antibodies in the first trimester, or seroconversion during pregnancy were not associated with lower birthweight or reduced length of gestation in live born children, but was associated with low birthweight in stillborn offspring.Conclusion  Maternal parvovirus B19 infection was not associated with fetal death in our study. Very few cases of fetal death may be attributed to maternal parvovirus B19 infection.
Induced termination of pregnancy and low birthweight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Shah PS , Zao J ,   on behalf of Knowledge Synthesis Group of Determinants of preterm/LBW births
Published: September 2009

Background History of induced termination of pregnancy (I‐TOP) is suggested as a precursor for infant being born low birthweight (LBW), preterm (PT) or small for gestational age (SGA). Infection, mechanical trauma to the cervix leading to cervical incompetence and scarred tissue following curettage are suspected mechanisms.Objective To systematically review the risk of an infant being born LBW/PT/SGA among women with history of I‐TOP.Search strategy Medline, Embase, CINAHL and bibliographies of identified articles were searched for English language studies.Selection criteria Studies reporting birth outcomes to mothers with or without history of induced abortion were included.Data collection and analyses Two reviewers independently collected data and assessed the quality of the studies for biases in sample selection, exposure assessment, confounder adjustment, analytical, outcome assessments and attrition. Meta‐analyses were performed using random effect model and odds ratio (OR), weighted mean difference and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.Main results Thirty‐seven studies of low–moderate risk of bias were included. A history of one I‐TOP was associated with increased unadjusted odds of LBW (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.20–1.52) and PT (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.24–1.50), but not SGA (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.69–1.09). A history of more than one I‐TOP was associated with LBW (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.45–2.04) and PT (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.28–2.71). Meta‐analyses of adjusted risk estimates confirmed these findings.Conclusions A previous I‐TOP is associated with a significantly increased risk of LBW and PT but not SGA. The risk increased as the number of I‐TOP increased.
Focal brain malformations: Seizures, signaling, sequencing
Authors: Crino Peter B. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryFocal malformations of cortical development are highly associated with intractable epilepsy in children and adults. Most patients with focal cortical malformations and epilepsy will require epilepsy surgery. Recent studies have provided new insights into the developmental pathogenesis of cortical malformations specifically relating to alterations in cell signaling though the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Focal cortical dysplasias, hemimegalencephaly, and tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex all exhibit evidence for hyperactive mTOR signaling, suggesting that these disorders form a spectrum of malformations or “TORopathies” characterized by disorganized cortical lamination, cytomegaly, and intractable seizures. Alterations in mTOR activity in focal brain malformations provide a potential pathogenic pathway to investigate for gene mutations and to exploit for animal models. Most importantly, however, if select focal cortical malformations result from enhanced mTOR signaling, new therapeutic antiepileptic compounds, such as rapamycin, can be designed and tested that specifically target mTOR signaling.
Comprehensive survey of red blood cell unit life cycle at a large teaching institution in eastern Canada
Authors: Cheng Calvino K. , Trethewey Dawn , Sadek Irene 
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: Recent blood shortages and the potential clinical impact of red blood cell (RBC) age highlight the need to understand blood supply delivery. This study addresses the characteristics and mechanics of RBC unit trafficking and storage across the transfusion service, previously undescribed in the literature.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective qualitative institutionwide survey assessed the comprehensive RBC life cycle within Capital District Health Authority in Nova Scotia, Canada, during 2007.RESULTS: A total of 15,930 unique RBC units were received from the supplier with 98.6% having mean age of 12.5 days. The mean ages on receipt, transfusion, and time spent in the transfusion system before transfusion were 12, 19.6, and 7.5 days, respectively. Of 12,298 units, 9689 (78.8%) remained within the blood transfusion services (BTSs), while 2609 (21.2%) migrated having been returned a mean of 1.26 times from locations outside BTS (SD, 0.56 times), the latter spending a mean of 18.4 hours outside the BTS. Stationary units had mean age at dispense and time spent in the transfusion system of 19.2 and 6.9 days, respectively, compared to migratory units at 21.3 and 9.9 days, respectively (p < 0.005). A total of 5.2% (636/12258) of units were discarded; 423 of 636 (66.5%) were due to “unit expiry.”CONCLUSION: Quantification of our institutional RBC life cycle highlighted key areas for intervention, such as the reduction of unit migration, especially D− units, as this increased RBC age at transfusion. In the era of limited resources, this method could identify areas where effort should be directed to address unnecessary wastage and aging of RBC units.
Incremental Changes in QRS Duration Predict Mortality in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: LIN YUEH‐JUH , LIU YEN‐BIN , CHU CHING‐CHI 
Published: September 2009

Background:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate serial changes in QRS duration in the 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and their prognostic value in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
Methods:

Retrospective evaluation of the 12‐lead ECG was performed in 822 patients with AF. Inclusion criteria included AF in two sequential ECGs and an echocardiogram obtained within 7 days of the second ECG. The mean age of the 228 patients enrolled in the study was 71.2 ± 12.9 and 45.6% were females. Nearly half of the patients had hypertension (49.5%) and a history of heart failure (44.7%). The patients were followed for 21 ± 19 months, and the end point was all‐cause mortality.
Results

: Cox proportional hazards analysis demonstrated that the independent predictors of mortality in AF patients were age, renal insufficiency, a history of stroke, heart rate, incremental QRS prolongation (P = 0.0418), and the absence of warfarin use. Patients with QRS prolongation >15 ms had a worse prognosis than those with QRS prolongation ≤15 ms (P = 0.0019).
Conclusions:

A progressive increase in QRS duration predicted a poor prognosis in patients with AF in our study. A prospective study is needed to substantiate the prognostic value of QRS prolongation in AF patients.
Complementary parameter for dialysis monitoring based on UV absorbance
Authors: UHLIN Fredrik , PETTERSSON Jonas , FERNSTRÖM Anders , LINDBERG Lars‐Göran 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAn optical on‐line monitoring system aimed at the estimation of dialysis dose has been tested clinically. The natural logarithmic slope is used to calculate Kt/V(urea) from ultraviolet (UV)‐absorbance measurements. Errors in the calculation of Kt/V(urea) may appear due to changes in blood and dialysate flow or due to disturbances when the slope is used to estimate dialysis dose. This study introduces a new parameter for dialysis monitoring that may be used as a complementary parameter, the area under UV‐absorbance curve (AUCa), to reflect a total solute removal during dialysis. The aim was to investigate the relationship between this new dialysis on‐line monitoring parameter, AUCa, and the total removal of a few solutes. Fifteen patients were monitored during hemodialysis using UV absorbance at the wavelength of 297 nm. All spent dialysate passed through a flow cuvette in a spectrophotometer and then further to a collection tank where solute concentrations in the entire spent dialysate were determined. The AUCa at 297 nm was compared with the total amount of removed solute in the tank (reference method). The result shows strong correlations between AUCa and the total removal of urea, urate, creatinine, and phosphate during a given treatment and less strong correlation in all 15 patients together. A first indication of a new, possible, complementary parameter in hemodialysis treatment is presented, the AUCa, prospected to estimate solute removal.
Solute kinetics with short‐daily home hemodialysis using slow dialysate flow rate
Authors: KOHN Orly F. , COE Fredric L. , ING Todd S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract“NxStage System One™” is increasingly used for daily home hemodialysis. The ultrapure dialysate volumes are typically between 15 L and 30 L per dialysis, substantially smaller than the volumes used in conventional dialysis. In this study, the impact of the use of low dialysate volumes on the removal rates of solutes of different molecular weights and volumes of distribution was evaluated. Serum measurements before and after dialysis and total dialysate collection were performed over 30 times in 5 functionally anephric patients undergoing short‐daily home hemodialysis (6 d/wk) over the course of 8 to 16 months. Measured solutes included β2 microglobulin (β2M), phosphorus, urea nitrogen, and potassium. The average spent dialysate volume (dialysate plus ultrafiltrate) was 25.4±4.7 L and the dialysis duration was 175±15 min. β2 microglobulin clearance of the polyethersulfone dialyzer averaged 53±14 mL/min. Total β2M recovered in the dialysate was 106±42 mg per treatment (n=38). Predialysis serum β2M levels remained stable over the observation period. Phosphorus removal averaged 694±343 mg per treatment with a mean predialysis serum phosphorus of 5.2±1.8 mg/dL (n=34). Standard Kt/V averaged 2.5±0.3 per week and correlated with the dialysate‐based weekly Kt/V. Weekly β2M, phosphorus, and urea nitrogen removal in patients dialyzing 6 d/wk with these relatively low dialysate volumes compared favorably with values published for thrice weekly conventional and with short‐daily hemodialysis performed with machines using much higher dialysate flow rates. Results of the present study were achieved, however, with an average of 17.5 hours of dialysis per week.
W. Lloyd Warner and the Anthropology of Institutions: An Approach to the Study of Work in Late Capitalism
Authors: Baba Marietta L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractW. Lloyd Warner is re‐interpreted as an institutional anthropologist whose approach to the study of work in a capitalist context has relevance to contemporary disciplinary problems and issues. The essay traces the development and influences upon Warner's thought and research strategies from their origin in Durkheim's sociology and Warner's fieldwork among the Murngin, to the Hawthorne Project, where Warner held an intermittent yet significant consultancy, and on to the seminal contributions of the Yankee City Series where, it is argued, the anthropological approach to contemporary institutions took its initial form. Warner's approach to the study of work in formal organizations at Yankee City was ground‐breaking because it led away from the more conventional strategy of confining ethnography to a single organization (e.g., Hawthorne) by examining social relations and meanings that cross‐cut the larger society and in which all formal organizations are embedded (i.e., class, rank, and status). Warner's commitment to rigorous empiricism, and to engaging the problems of an era, led him beyond functionalist theory to the hallmarks of an institutional approach to work in late capitalism that still resonates today.
Activation of toll‐like receptors 2, 3 or 5 induces matrix metalloproteinase‐1 and ‐9 expression with the involvement of MAPKs and NF‐κB in human epidermal keratinocytes
Authors: Lee Youngae , Kim Hyunjung , Kim Sangmin , Kim Kyu Han , Chung Jin Ho 
Published: September 2009

Please cite this paper as: Activation of toll‐like receptors 2, 3 or 5 induces matrix metalloproteinase‐1 and ‐9 expression with the involvement of MAPKs and NF‐κB in human epidermal keratinocytes. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e44–e49.Abstract:  Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) on epidermal keratinocytes are the first line of defense against microbe invasion, and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) regulate inflammation, cell migration and wound healing. In this study, we demonstrate that the mRNA and protein expressions of MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 in human epidermal keratinocytes are induced by ligands for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 [Pam3CSK4, Poly(I:C) and flagellin, respectively] in a dose‐dependent manner. We also found that the ligands for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 activate the MAP kinases, JNK and p38 MAPK, but not ERK1/2. Furthermore, treatment with the ligands for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 also induced the degradation of IκB‐α and activated the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB. MMP‐1 induction by the ligands for TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5 was inhibited by pretreatment with BAY11‐7082 (NF‐κB inhibitor) or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor), whereas MMP‐9 expression was inhibited by pretreatment with BAY11‐7082, SP600125 or SB203580. These findings demonstrate that the activation of TLR2, TLR3 or TLR5 induces the expression of MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 in human epidermal keratinocytes. In addition, NF‐κB or JNK mediated the MMP‐1 expression induced by TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5, whereas NF‐κB, JNK or p38 MAPK mediated the MMP‐9 expression induced by TLR2, TLR3 and TLR5.
SDSS J092712.64+294344.0: recoiling blackhole or merging galaxies?
Authors: Vivek M. , Srianand R. , Noterdaeme P. , Mohan V. , Kuriakosde V. C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We report long-slit spectroscopic observations of SDSS J092712+294344 carried out at the recently commissioned 2-m telescope in IUCAA Girawali Observatory, India. This active galactic nuclei like source is known to feature three sets of emission lines at zem= 0.6972, 0.7020 and 0.7128. Different scenarios such as a recoiling black hole after asymmetric emission of gravitational waves, binary black holes and possible merging systems are proposed for this object. We test these scenarios by comparing our spectra with that from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, obtained 4 years prior to our observations. Comparing the redshifts of [O iii]λλ4960,5008, we put a 3σ limit on the relative acceleration to be less than 32 km s−1 yr−1 between different emitting regions. Using the two-dimensional spectra obtained at different position angles (PAs), we show that the [O iii]λ5008 line from the zem= 0.7128 component is extended beyond the spectral point spread function. We infer the linear extent of this line emitting region is ∼8 kpc. We also find a tentative evidence for an offset between the centroid of the [O iii]λ5008 line at zem= 0.7128 and the quasi-stellar object trace when the slit is aligned at a PA of 299°. This corresponds to the zem= 0.7128 system being at an impact parameter of ∼1 kpc with respect to the zem= 0.6972 in the north-west direction. Based on our observations, we conclude that the binary black hole model is most unlikely. The spatial extent and the sizes are consistent with both black hole recoil and merging scenarios.