bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Providing for European-Level Diplomacy after Lisbon: The Case of the European External Action Service
Authors: Duke Simon 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Lisbon Treaty may well be on ice, may perhaps even be moribund, but there remain compelling reasons to think through the identified shortcomings of the European Union in external relations. Many of the innovations in the area of external relations that are contained in the treaty are dependent upon ratification by the EU's member states, but some are not; the European External Action Service (EEAS) falls into the latter category. Although the actual implementation of the EEAS will face formidable hurdles, as has been outlined in this contribution, the exercise of thinking through these challenges is essential if the EU and its members are to begin grappling with many of the issues examined in this special issue — ranging from the role of national diplomats in today's world to the successful pursuit of structural diplomacy and the effectiveness of the EU in multilateral organizations.
Meningioma and systemic lupus erythematosus: a matter of pure coincidence?
Authors: Castellino G , Rizzo N , Bernardi S , Trotta F , Govoni M 
Published: May 2009

To describe three cases of meningioma observed in a large cohort of 546 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed at our Department in the last 15 years. We identified three cases of meningioma among 181 patients with SLE who underwent a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during their disease course (prevalence 1.65%). All three SLE cases were women with a disease onset at 47-, 18- and 42 -years-old, respectively. All patients presented neuropsychiatric (NP) symptoms and had an incidental finding of a meningioma at brain MRI. One patient presented simultaneously a breast cancer. Only one patient had the surgical removal of the mass without improvement of her symptoms while in the other two patients, the removal was not indicated. The association between meningioma and SLE may be a pure coincidence. However, it draws our attention because its detection may represent a confounding factor in the setting of a NPSLE patient.
The frequency of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies is low and these antibodies are associated with pulmonary hypertension in mixed connective tissue disease
Authors: Hasegawa EM , Caleiro MTC , Fuller R , Carvalho JF 
Published: May 2009

The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of antiphospholipid antibodies, mainly anti-β2-glycoprotein I (anti-β2-GPI), and their possible clinical and laboratory relevance in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). This study included 39 consecutive patients with MCTD (Kasukawa’s criteria) from January, 2005, to March, 2007, and compared them with 21 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. IgG and IgM anticardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2-GPI were measured by ELISA. Lupus anticoagulant (LA) was detected by functional coagulation tests. Medium to high titres of aCL and anti-β2-GPI antibodies were found in sera from four (10.2%) MCTD patients. One of these patients was found to be positive for IgM aCL, IgM anti-β2-GPI and LA antibodies simultaneously. Additionally, this patient had a previous history of foetal loss in the second trimester and new-onset pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The other three patients had none of the manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) or PAH. The mean value of IgG anti-β2-GPI was higher among those MCTD patients with PAH than in the group without PAH (34.2 ± 46.8 vs 12.3 ± 9.1, P = 0.018). None of the controls were positive for antiphospholipid antibodies. High to moderate titres of anti-β2-GPI as well as APS were rare in MCTD, and these antibodies may be correlated with the development of PAH in these patients.
Cigarette smoking, N-acetyltransferase 2 polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus in a Japanese population
Authors: Kiyohara C , Washio M , Horiuchi T , Tada Y , Asami T , Ide S , Takahashi H , Kobashi G ,   The Kyushu Sapporo SLE (KYSS) Study Group
Published: May 2009

Cigarette smoking may be associated with an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the underlying mechanism of this association remains unclear. N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) is highly variable and detoxifies aromatic amines, an important class of carcinogens in tobacco smoke. Individuals who possess homozygous polymorphic alleles have a slower rate of metabolic detoxification of aromatic amines. We investigated the relationship of the NAT2 polymorphism to the risk of SLE with special reference to the interaction with cigarette smoking among 152 SLE cases and 427 controls in a female Japanese population. NAT2*4, NAT2*5B, NAT2*6A and NAT2*7B alleles were detected with polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism. Individuals carrying the*4/*4 genotype are rapid acetylators, whereas those with homozygous non-*4 genotypes have a slow acetylator phenotype. Cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of SLE (odds ratio [OR] = 2.26; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.46–3.50). The slow acetylator genotype of NAT2 was significantly associated with an increased risk of SLE (OR = 2.34, 95% CI = 1.21–4.52) compared with the rapid acetylator genotype. A gene-environment interaction was suggested, with a combination of the NAT2 slow acetylator genotype and smoking conferring significantly higher risk (OR = 6.44, 95% CI = 3.07–13.52; attributable proportion due to interaction = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.12–0.88), compared with the NAT2 rapid acetylator genotype and no history of smoking. This study suggests that, in this Japanese population, the NAT2 slow acetylator status may be a determinant in susceptibility to SLE.
Charting the existence and approaches to management of the tattooing and body piercing industry — a historical overview
Authors: Chalmers Claire 
Published: May 2009

Tattooing and body piercing as ancient body arts have existed throughout the centuries. Wholly human phenomena, they are activities that have human phenomena, they are activities that have been practised in almost all cultures at one time or another (Caplan, 2000) and continue and grow in popularity in modern day Western societies (Camphausen, 1997; Rush 2005). The first of a three-part series of articles on the topical issue of tattooing and body piercing, this paper considers the history of tattooing and body piercing. It charts the existence of tattooing and body piercing throughout history and provides an overview of techniques and functions of such activities. Touching on the global revival of tattooing and body piercing, the paper continues by discussing the approaches to management of this industry, highlighting the trend towards state-controlled regulation as the current strategy of choice for controlling industry practices.
The multiplex bead array approach to identifying serum biomarkers associated with breast cancer
Authors: Kim Byoung Kwon , Lee Jong Won , Park Pil Je , Shin Yong Sung , Lee Won Young , Lee Kyung Ae , Ye Sena , Hyun Heesun , Kang Kyung Nam , Yeo Donghwa , Kim Youngdai , Ohn Sung Yup , Noh Dong Young , Kim Chul Woo 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer seen in women in western countries. Thus, diagnostic modalities sensitive to early-stage breast cancer are needed. Antibody-based array platforms of a data-driven type, which are expected to facilitate more rapid and sensitive detection of novel biomarkers, have emerged as a direct, rapid means for profiling cancer-specific signatures using small samples. In line with this concept, our group constructed an antibody bead array panel for 35 analytes that were selected during the discovery step. This study was aimed at testing the performance of this 35-plex array panel in profiling signatures specific for primary non-metastatic breast cancer and validating its diagnostic utility in this independent population.

Methods
Thirty-five analytes were selected from more than 50 markers through screening steps using a serum bank consisting of 4,500 samples from various types of cancer. An antibody-bead array of 35 markers was constructed using the Luminex™ bead array platform. A study population consisting of 98 breast cancer patients and 96 normal subjects was analysed using this panel. Multivariate classification algorithms were used to find discriminating biomarkers and validated with another independent population of 90 breast cancer and 79 healthy controls.

Results
Serum concentrations of epidermal growth factor, soluble CD40-ligand and proapolipoprotein A1 were increased in breast cancer patients. High-molecular-weight-kininogen, apolipoprotein A1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, vitamin-D binding protein and vitronectin were decreased in the cancer group. Multivariate classification algorithms distinguished breast cancer patients from the normal population with high accuracy (91.8% with random forest, 91.5% with support vector machine, 87.6% with linear discriminant analysis). Combinatorial markers also detected breast cancer at an early stage with greater sensitivity.

Conclusions
The current study demonstrated the usefulness of the antibody-bead array approach in finding signatures specific for primary non-metastatic breast cancer and illustrated the potential for early, high sensitivity detection of breast cancer. Further validation is required before array-based technology is used routinely for early detection of breast cancer.
Insights into the regulation of intrinsically disordered proteins in the human proteome by analyzing sequence and gene expression data
Authors: Edwards Yvonne JK , Lobley Anna E , Pentony Melissa M , Jones David T 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background
Disordered proteins need to be expressed to carry out specified functions; however, their accumulation in the cell can potentially cause major problems through protein misfolding and aggregation. Gene expression levels, mRNA decay rates, microRNA (miRNA) targeting and ubiquitination have critical roles in the degradation and disposal of human proteins and transcripts. Here, we describe a study examining these features to gain insights into the regulation of disordered proteins.

Results
In comparison with ordered proteins, disordered proteins have a greater proportion of predicted ubiquitination sites. The transcripts encoding disordered proteins also have higher proportions of predicted miRNA target sites and higher mRNA decay rates, both of which are indicative of the observed lower gene expression levels. The results suggest that the disordered proteins and their transcripts are present in the cell at low levels and/or for a short time before being targeted for disposal. Surprisingly, we find that for a significant proportion of highly disordered proteins, all four of these trends are reversed. Predicted estimates for miRNA targets, ubiquitination and mRNA decay rate are low in the highly disordered proteins that are constitutively and/or highly expressed.

Conclusions
Mechanisms are in place to protect the cell from these potentially dangerous proteins. The evidence suggests that the enrichment of signals for miRNA targeting and ubiquitination may help prevent the accumulation of disordered proteins in the cell. Our data also provide evidence for a mechanism by which a significant proportion of highly disordered proteins (with high expression levels) can escape rapid degradation to allow them to successfully carry out their function.
Genomic and genetic analyses of diversity and plant interactions of Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: Silby Mark W , Cerdeño-Tárraga Ana M , Vernikos Georgios S , Giddens Stephen R , Jackson Robert W , Preston Gail M , Zhang Xue-Xian , Moon Christina D , Gehrig Stefanie M , Godfrey Scott AC , Knight Christopher G , Malone Jacob G , Robinson Zena , Spiers Andrew J , Harris Simon , Challis Gregory L , Yaxley Alice M , Harris David , Seeger Kathy , Murphy Lee , Rutter Simon , Squares Rob , Quail Michael A , Saunders Elizabeth , Mavromatis Konstantinos , Brettin Thomas S , Bentley Stephen D , Hothersall Joanne , Stephens Elton , Thomas Christopher M , Parkhill Julian , Levy Stuart B , Rainey Paul B , Thomson Nicholas R 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background
Pseudomonas fluorescens are common soil bacteria that can improve plant health through nutrient cycling, pathogen antagonism and induction of plant defenses. The genome sequences of strains SBW25 and Pf0-1 were determined and compared to each other and with P. fluorescens Pf-5. A functional genomic in vivo expression technology (IVET) screen provided insight into genes used by P. fluorescens in its natural environment and an improved understanding of the ecological significance of diversity within this species.

Results
Comparisons of three P. fluorescens genomes (SBW25, Pf0-1, Pf-5) revealed considerable divergence: 61% of genes are shared, the majority located near the replication origin. Phylogenetic and average amino acid identity analyses showed a low overall relationship. A functional screen of SBW25 defined 125 plant-induced genes including a range of functions specific to the plant environment. Orthologues of 83 of these exist in Pf0-1 and Pf-5, with 73 shared by both strains. The P. fluorescens genomes carry numerous complex repetitive DNA sequences, some resembling Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Elements (MITEs). In SBW25, repeat density and distribution revealed 'repeat deserts' lacking repeats, covering approximately 40% of the genome.

Conclusions
P. fluorescens genomes are highly diverse. Strain-specific regions around the replication terminus suggest genome compartmentalization. The genomic heterogeneity among the three strains is reminiscent of a species complex rather than a single species. That 42% of plant-inducible genes were not shared by all strains reinforces this conclusion and shows that ecological success requires specialized and core functions. The diversity also indicates the significant size of genetic information within the Pseudomonas pan genome.
Highly Stable Mesoporous Aluminosilicates with a Dual Pore System: Simultaneous Formation of Mesophase with Zeolitic Building Units
Authors: Laha Subhash C , Sakthivel Ayyamprmaul , Komura Kenichi , Huang Shing-Jong , Wu Pei-Hao , Liu Shang-Bin , Sasaki Yukichi , Kobayashi Midori , Sugi Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Highly stable Al-MCM-48 with zeolitic secondary building units (SBU) and varied SiO2/Al2O3 were synthesized by direct hydrothermal methods using tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) as the SBU promoting agent. Porosity characterization by hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe NMR spectroscopy revealed the existence of two distinct types of pore system with unique micro- and mesostructures.
Experimental Construction of a Free-Form Shell Structure in Masonry
Authors: Wendland David 
Published: May 2009

In a free-form shell structure, the possibilities of masonry construction beyond vertical plane wall elements are explored. The shape has been developed in an iterative process, employing sculptural design methods and numerical modelling to obtain the final stable shell shape. In the construction in full scale, the practical feasibility could be demonstrated. The project shows the capability of masonry to assume complex shapes, and how this can be achieved using current building material and fulfilling the codes. In particular, the feasibility of shell structures with pronounced double curvature is shown. A further aspect of the project is the design process, with the attempt to establish a continuous information flow from design to realization, by means of Information Technology – integrating shape development on physical models and CAD, numerical modelling, and realization. Design and realization took place as seminars with students of Architecture, following the didactic approach of “learning by doing”.
Book Reviews
Authors: Khoury-Machool Makram , al-Saud Bader S. M 
Published: May 2009

Modern Arab Journalism: Problems and Perspectives, Noha Mellor, (2007)Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 242 pp., ISBN 9780748634118 (pbk), Price: 17.99The Internet in the Arab World: Egypt and Beyond, Rasha A. Abdulla, (2007)New York: Peter Lang, 175 pp., ISBNs 1526-3169, 978-0-8204-8673-4 (hardcover) 33.
Party Autonomy, Distributive Justice and the Conclusion of Contracts in the DCFR
Authors: Eidenmüller Horst 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The rules on the conclusion of contracts are at the core of contract law. This article aims not only to describe these rules contained in Book II of the academic Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) but also to illustrate the underlying values and policies. The DCFR severely restricts contractual freedom and pursues distributive aims. Unfortunately, it is certainly inefficient and often even impossible to achieve the latter goal through private law. The DCFR's provisions on non-discrimination, withdrawal rights as well as on contractual fairness in particular are critically examined against this background. These provisions address important problems, but they are not based on a convincing private law theory. The article suggests various improvements of the DCFR's rules to take party autonomy, and hence efficiency, more seriously.
Complex formation and solubility of Pu(IV) with malonic and succinic acids
Authors: Sasaki Takayuki , Kobayashi Taishi , Takagi I. , Moriyama Hirotake , Fujiwara A. , Kulyako Yu. M. , Perevalov S. , Myasoedov Boris F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe complex formation constants of tetravalent plutonium ion with malonic and succinic acids in aqueous solution were determined by the solvent-extraction method. Also, by taking the known values of the solubility products, the hydrolysis constants and the formation constants, the experimental solubility data of plutonium in the presence of carboxylates were analyzed.
New insights in the formation processes of Pu(IV) colloids
Authors: Walther Clemens , Rothe Jörg , Brendebach Boris , Fuss Markus , Altmaier Marcus , Marquardt Christian M. , Büchner Sebastian , Cho Hye-Ryun , Yun J.-I. , Seibert Alice 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The high tendency of tetravalent plutonium to form polymeric complexes and colloids is well known but the exact processes underlying their formation are still controversially discussed. In the present work, the nucleation of small polynuclear hydroxide complexes, i.e. , ionic species containing more than one Pu ion, their aggregation and formation of larger colloids (polymers exceeding some 5 nm in size) and finally ripening processes of freshly formed amorphous Pu(IV) colloids towards more crystalline particles are investigated by use of a combination of various spectroscopic techniques. By electrospray mass-spectrometry small polymers such as dimers, trimers and tetramers containing mixed oxidation states of Pu were observed. These polymers might be responsible for the equilibration between the Pu(III)/Pu(IV) and the plutonyl species Pu(V)/Pu(VI) even in dilute solutions in the absence of colloids or precipitates.
Some aspects of neptunium acetohydroxamic acid chemistry under acidic conditions
Authors: Sarsfield Mark J. , Taylor Robin J. , Boxall C. , Adrieux F. , Sims H. E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Hydroxamic acids are promising complexant based alternatives to the reductant (U4+ or Fe2+) based selective stripping of Np (and Pu) from a uranium loaded 30% TBP/OK solvent during the reprocessing of irradiated nuclear fuels. Acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) has the benefits of being both a reductant and complexant that efficiently strips Np (and Pu) from solvent phase without adding salt wastes to actinide separation processes. To model these processes, an understanding of Np-hydroxamate chemistry in aqueous and organic solvent is necessary. Three aspects of this system are discussed.
Formation and stability of actinide oxides: a valence band photoemission study
Authors: Seibert Alice , Gouder T. , Huber F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Thin films of the actinides from Th to Am were investigated concerning their oxidation with molecular oxygen and the more reactive atomic oxygen. Photoemission spectroscopy was used to perform chemical analysis of the surface/near surface (bulk) region of actinide thin films produced by sputter deposition, therewith giving insight into oxidation and corrosion processes on these surfaces, as well as providing direct evidence on their electronic structure. Reaction intermediates (chemisorbed species, top-surface oxides) and the stable bulk oxides were identified and characterised. Their formation throughout the actinide series is interpreted in the framework of the electronic structure information.
Plutonium traces in atmospheric precipitation and in aerosols from Krakow and Bialystok
Authors: Kierepko Renata , Mietelski Jerzy W. , Borowiec W. , Tarasiewicz S. , Blazej S. , Kapala J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The appearance of plutonium isotopes in the environment was connected with the human activity, mainly: nuclear weapon tests (global fallout), nuclear accident in Chernobyl (1986), disintegration of satellite SNAP 9 (1963) and releases from nuclear reprocessing factories. At present, the concentration of plutonium in the atmosphere is very small but still observable.
The aim of the study is to report and to discuss the results of plutonium alpha-emitters determination from sampling aerosols in air (Krakow 1990–1998, 2001–2002 and Bialystok 1996–1998, 2001) and in precipitation (Krakow 2005–2006). Plutonium activity concentration in air samples (in Krakow and Bialystok) varied in range: 0.22±0.04 nBq/m3 to 17.1±1.3 nBq/m3 for 239+240Pu and 0.033±0.018 nBq/m3 to 2.54±0.22 nBq/m3 for 238Pu and deposition of atmospheric precipitation (Krakow): from 0.041±0.011 mBq/m2 to 2.81±0.24 mBq/m2 for 239+240Pu and for 238Pu below 1.29±0.45 mBq/m2.
One of the mechanisms responsible for the airborne plutonium is resuspension but on the other hand the main source of plutonium in the air seems to be marines aerosols from North See. This new hypothesis will be checked during the future research. The most interesting finding is the seasonal variation of plutonium air concentration. The conclusion from calculated ratio of plutonium isotopes (238Pu/239+240Pu) is that they are usually not typical for the global fallout.
Amount and Disposition of Striped Bass Discarded in Delaware's Spring Striped Bass Gill-Net Fishery during 2002 and 2003: Effects of Regulations and Fishing Strategies
Authors: Clark John H. , Kahn Desmond M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife allocated 95% of the 87,748-kg annual commercial quota for striped bass Morone saxatilis to the spring gill-net fishery. Many striped bass were discarded during the fishery for regulatory and market reasons. The Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife conducted 45 onboard samples with 10 cooperating netters during the 2002 and 2003 spring gill-net seasons to determine the discard rate and discard mortality rate in this fishery to compare with the 1988 discard and discard mortality rates. Discarded striped bass constituted 29% of the cooperators' total striped bass catch in 2002 and 31% in 2003. Dead discards were 55% of the total discarded striped bass in 2002 and 36% in 2003. Striped bass catch per unit effort, adjusted for the gill-net meters fished, was significantly higher in 2002–2003 than in 1988, but the discard mortality rate was lower than the earlier figure (47% versus 41%). Females comprised almost 60% of dead discards, and many of the discarded females were mature. Eighty-four percent of the discards were above the minimum legal length. The number of sublegal striped bass caught increased as net mesh size decreased. Most discards and all dead discards came from anchor nets. As derived from the discard catch per unit effort of the onboard samples, the estimated number of striped bass discarded dead by Delaware Bay anchor gillnetters was 3,577 during the 2002 season and 4,120 during the 2003 season. The management response by the Delaware Division of Fish and Wildlife to discarding in the spring striped bass gill-net fishery included attempts to curtail anchor netting and encourage drift netting.