bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citizenship in an Unequal World
Authors: Bosniak Linda 
Published: September 2011

We inhabit a thoroughly globalized world. People are increasingly and visibly connected by a “World Wide Web,” by a world market, and by universalist discourses of human rights and democracy. At the same time, full citizenship in a political community—and the rights conferred by such citizenship—is an exclusive status that remains, remarkably, tied to accidents of birth and historical circumstance. And what one has a right to—gainful employment, education, health care, political voice, mere presence—is largely a function of whether one has the precious status of citizenship or is, alternatively, regarded as an alien. Ayelet Shachar's The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality is a compelling account of the moral arbitrariness of this state of affairs. A study in “normative political theory,” it is a work of political science that incorporates legal theory, moral philosophy, political economy, and public policy. The author tackles issues of increasing global political importance—global disparities of wealth; unequal access to clear air, water, and a secure place to live; and the increasingly contentious politics of immigration and immigrant rights.So it seems fitting to invite a range of political science scholars who work on these topics to comment on the book. The basic editorial charge of this symposium is thus straightforward: How do you assess Shachar's arguments and the attention she focuses on the phenomenon of “birthright lottery”? How does this argument bear upon the topics and approaches that characterize your own scholarship? And how do these topics and approaches shed light on the book and its arguments? While the focus of the symposium is this provocative book, the discussion of it should also be regarded as an opportunity to address the question of whether or not the bases of citizenship need to be fundamentally reconceived, and in what ways political science can and should contribute to such a rethinking.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Class Politics, American-Style
Authors: Waddell Brian 
Published: September 2011

Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson's Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer—And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class is both a work of political science and a contribution to broad public discussion of distributive politics. Its topic could not be more relevant to a US polity wracked by bitter partisan disagreements about taxes, social spending, financial regulation, social insecurity, and inequality. The political power of “the rich” is a theme of widespread public attention. The headline on the cover of the January–February 2011 issue of The American Interest—“Inequality and Democracy: Are Plutocrats Drowning Our Republic?”—is indicative. Francis Fukuyama's lead essay, entitled “Left Out,” clarifies that by “plutocracy,” the journal means “not just rule by the rich, but rule by and for the rich. We mean, in other words, a state of affairs in which the rich influence government in such a way as to protect and expand their own wealth and influence, often at the expense of others.” Fukuyama makes clear that he believes that this state of affairs obtains in the United States today.Readers of Perspectives on Politics will know that the topic has garnered increasing attention from political scientists in general and in our journal in particular. In March 2009, we featured a symposium on Larry Bartels's Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. And in December 2009, our lead article, by Jeffrey A. Winters and Benjamin I. Page, starkly posed the question “Oligarchy in the United States?” and answered it with an equally stark “yes.” Winner-Take-All Politics thus engages a broader scholarly discussion within US political science, at the same time that it both draws upon and echoes many “classic themes” of US political science from the work of Charles Beard and E. E. Schattschneider to Ted Lowi and Charles Lindblom.In this symposium, we have brought together a group of important scholars and commentators who offer a range of perspectives on the book and on the broader themes it engages. While most of our discussants are specialists on “American politics,” we have also sought out scholars beyond this subfield. Our charge to the discussants is to evaluate the book's central claims and evidence, with a focus on three related questions: 1) How compelling is its analysis of the “how” and “why” of recent US public policy and its “turn” in favor of “the rich” and against “the middle class”? 2) How compelling is its critique of the subfield of “American politics” for its focus on the voter–politician linkage and on “politics as spectacle” at the expense of an analysis of “politics as organized combat”? 3) And do you agree with its argument that recent changes in US politics necessitate a different, more comparative, and more political economy–centered approach to the study of US politics?—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
The Danish Cartoon Controversy and the Challenges of Multicultural Politics
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: September 2011

Jytte Klausen's The Cartoons That Shook the World offers an interesting political science account of the Danish cartoon controversy and of a broader set of tensions between multiculturalism, civility, and freedom of expression. The book is also a fascinating case study of how political science can itself become the object of dispute, due to Yale University Press' decision to publish the book without any reproductions of the controversial cartoons.We have thus asked a range of political scientists to comment on the Danish cartoon imbroglio, the book's analysis of it, and the controversy over the book itself.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
God's Saving Purpose and Prayer for All the Departed
Authors: Gould James B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThroughout much of church history Christians have prayed for the dead. Historical, liturgical and pastoral contexts suggest that, while Anglicans may pray for the continual growth of the faithful departed, we have seldom prayed for advancement from purgatory or deliverance from hell. In this paper I defend all three, noting where my argument departs from and intersects with historic Anglican positions. I offer an outline of theology from the perspective of death, arguing that prayer for all the departed is one aspect of a tightly knit web of doctrines including theology proper, creation, salvation and consummation. Petitions for all the dead are not inconsequential. Instead, the final destiny of human persons raise the most basic of theological questions, matters which go to the center of God's purpose in creating spiritual beings and redeeming sinful humankind.
Adaptive responses and disruptive effects: how major wildfire influences kinship‐based social interactions in a forest marsupial
Authors: BANKS SAM C. , BLYTON MICHAELA D. J. , BLAIR DAVID , McBURNEY LACHLAN , LINDENMAYER DAVID B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEnvironmental disturbance is predicted to play a key role in the evolution of animal social behaviour. This is because disturbance affects key factors underlying social systems, such as demography, resource availability and genetic structure. However, because natural disturbances are unpredictable there is little information on their effects on social behaviour in wild populations. Here, we investigated how a major wildfire affected cooperation (sharing of hollow trees) by a hollow‐dependent marsupial. We based two alternative social predictions on the impacts of fire on population density, genetic structure and resources. We predicted an adaptive social response from previous work showing that kin selection in den‐sharing develops as competition for den resources increases. Thus, kin selection should occur in burnt areas because the fire caused loss of the majority of hollow‐bearing trees, but no detectable mortality. Alternatively, fire may have a disruptive social effect, whereby postfire home range‐shifts ‘neutralize’ fine‐scale genetic structure, thereby removing opportunities for kin selection between neighbours. Both predictions occurred: the disruptive social effect in burnt habitat and the adaptive social response in adjacent unburnt habitat. The latter followed a massive demographic influx to unburnt ‘refuge’ habitat that increased competition for dens, leading to a density‐related kin selection response. Our results show remarkable short‐term plasticity of animal social behaviour and demonstrate how the social effects of disturbance extend into undisturbed habitat owing to landscape‐scale demographic shifts. We predicted long‐term changes in kinship‐based cooperative behaviour resulting from the genetic and resource impacts of forecast changes to fire regimes in these forests.
Hyperspectral image analysis of different carbonate lithologies (limestone, karst and hydrothermal dolomites): the Pozalagua Quarry case study (Cantabria, North‐west Spain)
Authors: KURZ TOBIAS H. , DEWIT JULIE , BUCKLEY SIMON J. , THURMOND JOHN B. , HUNT DAVID W. , SWENNEN RUDY 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGround‐based hyperspectral imaging combined with terrestrial lidar scanning is a novel technique for outcrop analysis, which has been applied to Early and Late Albian carbonates of the Pozalagua Quarry (Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). An image processing workflow has been developed for differentiating limestone from dolomite, providing additional sedimentary and diagenetic information, and the possibility to quantitatively delineate diagenetic phases in an accurate way. Spectral absorption signatures can be linked to specific sedimentary or diagenetic products, such as recent and palaeokarst, hydrothermal karst, (solution enlarged) fractures and different dolomite types. Some of the spectral signatures are related to iron, manganese, organic matter, clay and/or water content. Ground‐truthing accessible parts of the quarry showed that the classification based on hyperspectral image interpretation was very accurate. This technique opens the possibility for quantitative data evaluation on sedimentary and diagenetic features in inaccessible outcrops. This study demonstrates the potential of ground‐based imaging spectroscopy to provide information about the chemical–mineralogical distribution in outcrops, which could otherwise not be established using conventional field methods.
Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological change on the northern Tethyan carbonate platform during the Late Barremian to earliest Aptian
Authors: STEIN MELODY , ARNAUD‐VANNEAU ANNIE , ADATTE THIERRY , FLEITMANN DOMINIK , SPANGENBERG JORGE E. , FÖLLMI KARL B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA major shift from Urgonian oligotrophic carbonate accumulation to orbitolinid‐rich mixed siliciclastic–carbonate deposition is observed near the Barremian–Aptian boundary in many sections both within and outside the shallow‐marine Tethyan Realm. This important facies change in the Swiss Helvetic Alps is documented here and interpreted in the context of general palaeoenvironmental change. To achieve this, a detailed micropalaeontological, sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical study has been carried out on six sections across the upper part of the lower Schrattenkalk Member (Late Barremian), the Rawil Member (formerly ‘Lower Orbitolina Beds’, earliest Aptian) and the lowermost part of the upper Schrattenkalk Member (Early Aptian). The sediments of the Rawil Member exhibit inner‐platform facies with rudists, miliolids, orbitolinids and dasycladals to outer‐platform facies characterized by small benthic foraminifera, orbitolinids, crinoids and bryozoans. Stratigraphic trends in microfacies environments and the composition of microfossil assemblages, indicate that the Rawil Member includes a transgressive systems tract and the base of a highstand systems tract which are composed of an increasing number of parasequences in distal directions (five to nine in the sections studied here). The sea‐level rise discerned in the Rawil Member is coeval with increased detrital input and phosphorus burial, with maximum values up to 80 times and 21 times the background values in the subjacent part of the lower Schrattenkalk Member, respectively. Furthermore, the Rawil Member records the appearance of kaolinite, indicating a change towards tropical and more humid climate conditions. This change may have led to an increase in continental weathering rates and an associated increase in detrital and nutrient fluxes towards the ocean. The phase of climate change observed near the Barremian–Aptian boundary may have been triggered by a phase of intensified volcanic activity linked with the onset of the Ontong Java large igneous province and the Rawil Member may be the expression of a precursor episode to Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a in the shallow‐marine environment.
Compliance with biopsy recommendations of a prostate cancer risk calculator
Authors: van Vugt Heidi A. , Roobol Monique J. , Busstra Martijn , Kil Paul , Oomens Eric H. , de Jong Igle J. , Bangma Chris H. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , Korfage Ida 
Published: September 2011

Study Type – Diagnostic (cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?So far, few publications have shown that a prediction model influences the behaviour of both physicians and patients. To our knowledge, it was unknown whether urologists and patients are compliant with the recommendations of a prostate cancer risk calculator and their reasons for non‐compliance.Recommendations of the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer risk calculator (ERSPC RC) about the need of a prostate biopsy were followed in most patients. In most cases of non‐compliance with ‘no biopsy’ recommendations, a PSA level ≥3 ng/mL was decisive to opt for biopsy. Before implementation of the ERSPC RC in urological practices at a large scale, it is important to obtain insight into the use of guidelines that might counteract the adoption of the use of the RC as a result of opposing recommendations.OBJECTIVES
To assess both urologist and patient compliance with a ‘no biopsy’ or ‘biopsy’ recommendation of the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) Risk Calculator (RC), as well as their reasons for non‐compliance.
To assess determinants of patient compliance.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The ERSPC RC calculates the probability on a positive sextant prostate biopsy (Pposb) using serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, outcomes of digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography, and ultrasonographically assessed prostate volume. A biopsy was recommended if Pposb≥20%.
Between 2008 and 2011, eight urologists from five Dutch hospitals included 443 patients (aged 55–75 years) after a PSA test with no previous biopsy.
Urologists calculated the Pposb using the RC in the presence of patients and completed a questionnaire about compliance.
Patients completed a questionnaire about prostate cancer knowledge, attitude towards prostate biopsy, self‐rated health (12‐Item Short Form Health Survey), anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory‐6, Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer) and decision‐making measures (Decisional Conflict Scale).
RESULTS
Both urologists and patients complied with the RC recommendation in 368 of 443 (83%) cases.
If a biopsy was recommended, almost all patients (96%; 257/269) complied, although 63 of the 174 (36%) patients were biopsied against the recommendation of the RC.
Compliers with a ‘no biopsy’ recommendation had a lower mean Pposb than non‐compliers (9% vs 14%; P < 0.001).
Urologists opted for biopsies against the recommendations of the RC because of an elevated PSA level (≥3 ng/mL) (78%; 49/63) and patients because they wanted certainty (60%; 38/63).
CONCLUSIONS
Recommendations of the ERSPC RC on prostate biopsy were followed in most patients.
The RC hence may be a promising tool for supporting clinical decision‐making.
Myeloid malignancies with acquired trisomy 21 as the sole cytogenetic change are clinically highly variable and display a heterogeneous pattern of copy number alterations and mutations*
Authors: Larsson Nina , Lilljebjörn Henrik , Lassen Carin , Johansson Bertil , Fioretos Thoas 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives:  Acquired trisomy 21 is one of the most common numerical abnormalities in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and MDS/MPN; however, little is known about its pathogenic impact, accompanying submicroscopic changes, and its relation to other clinical features. Furthermore, previous studies addressing this issue have mainly focused on cases in which +21 was part of a complex karyotype.Methods:  We ascertained the incidence of +21, both as a sole change (T21s) and irrespective of additional changes (T21all), in relation to disease type, morphologic subgroup, gender, and age in all published AML, MDS, MPN, and MDS/MPN cases. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis was performed on 11 myeloid malignancies with T21s, followed by mutation analysis of the FGFR1, FLT3, GATA1, JAK2, KIT, NPM1, NRAS, RUNX1, and TET2 genes.Results:  The frequencies of T21s and/or T21all varied significantly among the AML, MDS, MPN, and MDS/MPN cases, among the AML and MPN subtypes, and in relation to the age of the AML, MDS, and MPN patients. In the 11 cases analyzed by SNP array, a total of nine genomic imbalances, comprising seven deletions and two duplications, were identified in six cases; none of the alterations were recurrent. Partial uniparental disomies (UPDs) were found in five cases; two recurrent UPDs were identified, namely UPD4q and UPD7q. Mutations in NPM1, RUNX1, and TET2 were detected in five cases, three of which harbored a pathogenic RUNX1 mutation. The TET2 mutation was found in one of the cases with UPD4q.Conclusions:  The results show that trisomy 21‐positive myeloid malignancies are clinically highly variable and that they display a heterogeneous pattern of copy number alterations and mutations.
A non‐invasive oral rinse assay predicts bone marrow engraftment and 6 months prognosis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Forster Carol , Aboodi Guy , Lipton Jeff , Glogauer Michael 
Published: September 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41: 165–170Background:  We have previously shown in a pediatric Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) population that a non‐invasive oral rinse can be used to monitor engraftment, neutrophil tissue delivery and susceptibility to infection post‐HSCT.Methods:  Using the same oral rinse protocol, we studied neutrophil tissue delivery kinetics and its relationship to clinical parameters and outcomes following HSCT in 29 adult patients. Oral neutrophil counts were compared to circulating neutrophil levels, oral mucositis scores and patient health status at 6 months post‐HSCT.Results:  Neutrophils were detected on average 8.4 ± 3.4 SD days earlier in the oral tissues than in the blood circulation, enabling us to confirm successful engraftment more than one week earlier than when using blood neutrophil counts alone. As well, in this population the time‐span between oral engraftment (OE) and blood engraftment (BE) was a consistent predictor of treatment outcome at 6 months following HSCT where a BE–OE of <6 days resulted in 100% of patients having a negative outcome.Conclusion:  We conclude that monitoring the timing of neutrophil delivery to the oral tissues with a non‐invasive oral rinse has the potential to allow the physician to identify those patients who are at a high risk of HSCT failure within just a few weeks of the initiation of treatment.
Ultrasonic Margin Preparation for Fixed Prosthodontics: A Pilot Study
Authors: HORNE POPPY , BENNANI VINCENT , CHANDLER NICHOLAS , PURTON DAVID 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPurpose:  Atraumatic, oscillating ultrasonic instruments have recently been developed for prosthodontic margin finishing. This in vitro observational pilot study aimed to compare the condition of crown preparation margins finished using new ultrasonic instruments with margins finished with conventional rotary instruments.Methods:  Two extracted human canine teeth were prepared for crowns. A split‐tooth model was used to refine the margins: half of the margin was finished with conventional rotary instruments, the other with ultrasonic instruments. The profiles of the margins were observed using scanning electron microscopy, and a quantitative comparison of surface roughness was obtained using surface roughness analysis software.Results:  The margins finished with the ultrasonic instruments exhibited a better‐defined axial wall/margin angle and a smoother marginal surface. Rotary instruments produced a sharper and more continuous external line angle. Two‐dimensional surface roughness analysis showed that the margins produced with the ultrasonic instruments were approximately half as rough as the margins prepared with the conventional rotary instruments.Conclusion:  The ultrasonic instruments produce margins in better condition than the current standard and appear to have some practical advantages.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEPreparations for fixed prosthodontics finished with these ultrasonic instruments created better‐defined margins, which could result in more successful prostheses.(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2011)
Effects of estrogen on estrogen receptor expression in the bursal cells of chick embryos and steroidogenic enzymes gene expression in the bursa: Relevance of estrogen receptor and estrogen synthesis in the bursa of chick embryos
Authors: SHIN Young‐Ha , SHIRAISHI Shunta , NARABARA Kiyoaki , ABE Asaki , KONDO Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTEstrogen has been reported to act on B cell genesis in the bursa of Fabricius of chick embryos. In this study, we attempted to demonstrate the hypothesis that B cell genesis is controlled by estrogen receptor (ER) in the bursal cells and steroidogenic enzymes synthesized in the bursa. We previously reported the presence of estrogen receptor α (ERα) in the bursa during the late stage of embryogenesis and an increase in the expression of ERα messenger RNA (mRNA) between the 13th day and 16th day. The number of ER‐positive cells was maximal on the 16th day. In the present study, ER‐positive cells in the bursa during the late stage of embryogenesis increased 4 h after β‐estradiol treatment on the 14th to 18th day. The concentration of β‐estradiol in the embryonic bursa increased. These results suggest that this stage of embryogenesis is critical in B cell development in the bursa in connection with the effect of estrogen treatment. Our findings also showed that the mRNA expression of five steroidogenic enzymes occurred in the bursa of chick embryos. These results suggest that estrogen is synthesized in the embryonic bursa and estrogen acts on the bursal cells in a paracrine fashion.
Towards a comprehensive picture of the star cluster age–metallicity relationship in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Piatti Andrés E. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
We present the results on the age and metallicity estimates of 11 Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) clusters obtained from CCD Washington CT1T2 photometry. The 11 clusters reproduce the ∼2 Gyr bursting formation paradigm when entering them into the age–metallicity relationship (AMR). Once these clusters were added to the largest known SMC cluster sample with ages and metallicities put into an homogeneous scale, we found that a comprehensive picture of the cluster AMR can be obtained, which includes the following components: two enhanced formation processes at t∼ 2 and 5–6 Gyr, which have taken place throughout the entire body of the galaxy; the absent of a metallicity gradient and a relative spread in metallicity for clusters older than ∼7 Gyr. Furthermore, such picture should not significantly change due to incompleteness in the number of studied clusters. Indeed, based on the statistics of catalogued and studied clusters, we found that a total of seven relatively old/old clusters have not yet studied, and even a smaller number is obtained if the cluster spatial distribution is considered.