bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PATTERNS OF DERMAL BONES IN PRIMITIVE VERTEBRATES
Authors: PARRINGTON F. R. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

It has been assumed that, in accordance with experimental evidence, the initial patterns of dermal bones result from the relative positions and manner of growth of their rudiments.
The sutural patterns resulting from freely growing bones have been examined for different initial arrangements, even or elliptical bone growth, and uniform or uneven growth of the embedding dermis.
It has been shown that the bones of the “parietal shield” of osteolepid fishes form a pattern consistent with elliptical bone growth according to the known centres of ossification, and that when additional interparietal bones are present the suture pattern conforms to the same assumption.
It has been shown that the bones of the “parietal shield” of holoptychiid fishes also conform to the assumption of elliptical bone growth, and differ from those of the osteolepids only in the more anterior position of the centres of ossification of the interparietals.
The sutural. pattern of the temporal region of normal labyrinthodonts has been shown to conform to the assumption of elliptical bone growth, and the absence of an intertemporal bone in later forms is consistent with its loss and the invasion of its territory by the prefrontal and supratemporal bones.
The occupation of the region of the intertemporal bone by a lappet formed from the parietal is shown to be consistent with the loss of the bone in the presence of evenly growing neighbouring bones. It is pointed out that this occurred apparently in holoptychiid fishes, Elpistostege, the Ichthyostegalia, and in reptiles.
It is shown that the reduction of the supratemporal bone to a splinter is consistent with the assumption of its appearance only at a late stage of growth of the parietal.
It is claimed that since the outstanding variations in the dermal bone patterns of early vertebrates can be accounted for quite closely by simple assumptions concerning the manner of growth and relative positions of their rudiments, assumptions of bone fusions without direct evidence are unjustified.
It is pointed out that the analyses of the “parietal shields” of osteolepids and holoptychiids by the methods adopted in this account imply that lateral line canals are not constant in their relations to dermal bones.
It is suggested that the examination of dermal bone patterns with their probable manner of development in mind emphasizes similarities and differences which are likely to be of taxonomic value.
AN ABNORMAL SPECIMEN OF SYNODONTIS MEMBRANACEUS (TELEOSTEI, SILUROIDEA), WITH A DISCUSSION ON THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE ADIPOSE FIN IN FISH
Authors: SANDON H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA group of typical bony rays associated with a bony mass representing fused radial bones was found in the middle of the adipose fin of an otherwise normal, fully‐grown Synodontis membranaceus.A discussion of the evolution of the adipose fin leads to the conclusion that this structure was probably not derived from an ordinary rayed fin. The present abnormality cannot therefore be regarded as a reversion to an ancestral condition.Bony rays and spines occur normally in the second dorsal fin of some siluroids. They differ from the rays in the present specimen both in their position in the fin and in having no accompanying radial bones. It is therefore concluded that the factors which led to the production of this abnormality are not closely related to those which brought about the evolution of these other bony structures.It is suggested that the abnormality represents a type of homöosis not previously recorded in vertebrates.
THE FOSSIL SUIDS OF THE TRANSVAAL CAVES
Authors: EWER R. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYAll the fossil suid material available from the deposits at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans and Kromdraai has been examined. Only the two species previously described by Broom occur: Tapinochoerus meadowsi (Broom) at Sterkfontein and Swartkrans as well as at the nearby deposit of Bolt's Farm, and Phacochoerus antiquus Broom at Swartkrans and Kromdraai.On the basis of new material some further details of the anatomy of these species are given, and their relationships to other species are discussed. Differences in cranial structure between Phacochoerus antiquus and P. africanus are considered to be of sufficient importance to warrant placing the former in a separate subgenus, which has been named Potamochoerops.
A NEW SPECIES OF CLARIALLABES (PISCES, CLARIIDAE), FROM THE NILE
Authors: GREENWOOD P. H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

A new species of Clariallabes is described; this species represents the first record of the genus in East Africa.
The apparently neotenic characters of Cl. Petricola are discussed and compared with the larval, post‐larval and juvenile characters of three Clarias species.
Hypotheses regarding the adaptive value of neoteny in Clariallabes are considered.
It is suggested that the “genus”Clariallabes may be of polyphyletic origin.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAPSULE AND THE HATCHING PROCESS IN UROSALPINX CINEREA (SAY)
Authors: HANCOCK D. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe structure of the capsule of Urosalpinx is described and discussed in relation to the normal hatching process.Experiments have shown that development and the hatching process are inhibited at a temperature of 5°C, but only the egg stage is killed at this temperature. Normal hatching appears to result from the liberation of some enzyme‐like substance which dissolves the cementing attachment of the operculum. It is suggested that capsules found ready to hatch before the normal spawning season were deposited at the beginning of the previous winter and have survived winter temperatures in a state of inhibited development.
THE CRANIAL SUTURE CLOSURE IN MONKEYS*
Authors: Chopra S. R. K. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A study of the age changes in the skull, as represented by the ecto‐and endocranial suture closure, has been made.
The material investigated consists of 1500 monkey crania belonging to ten different genera of the Old and New world.
The methods of study are described and the existing literature on the suture closure is reviewed.
From an investigation of a large series of monkeys it has been possible to report in detail the relative ages and the sequence of cranial suture closure typical for each genus studied.
It is recorded that the sutures close at a comparatively earlier age in apes than in monkeys or in man.
Generally speaking the sutures close at a later stage in most platyrrhines than in catarrhines.
The variability of cranial suture closure is discussed.
study of the behaviour of the sutures in monkeys no major species or sex differences could be found.
The occurence of Inca bones, divided parietals and cases of metopism, encountered in monkeys during the course of the present investigation, have been described with special attention to its comparative frequency.
THE MAXILLARY NERVE IN THE CEBOIDEA
Authors: Oxnard C. E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The relative proportions and distribution of the zygomatic and infraorbital branches of the maxillary nerve have been examined in twenty‐one New World Monkeys, representing eight genera.
In the subfamilies Aotinae and Pitheciinae the infraorbital nerve is bigger than the zygomatic, and twigs of its lateral branch form a plexus with filaments of the facial nerve.
In the Atelinae and Cebinae, the zygomatic nerve is the bigger and some of its fibres are fasciculated with those of the seventh nerve.
This variation in relative proportions is not correlated with any gross anatomical differences with facial structures in these monkeys.
THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HEAD IN THE NEMATODE FAMILY HETERAKIDAE
Authors: INGLIS WILLIAM G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A comparative account of the structure of the head in the nematode family Heterakidae is given and the basic structure of the head is shown to be constant throughout the family.
The cordons which occur in the genera Aspidodera, Ansiruptodera, Sexansodera, Pseudaspidodera and Spinaspidodera are shown to be homologous with the interlabial grooves of Odontoterakis. Their derivation from inter labia is discussed.
Aspidoderidae fam. nov. has been erected for those genera which are restricted to marsupials, edentates and true mammals in South America.
This family contains two subfamilies; Aspidoderinae Skrjabin and Schikhobalova, 1947 for the genera Aspidodera, Ansiruptodera, Sexansodera. which have cephalic cordons and Paraspidoderinae subfam. nov. in which the type, and only genus, Paraspidodera does not have such structures.
The genus Gireterakis is shown to be distinct from the genus Heterakis in the presence of straight tubular cordons on the head and in the structure of the tail.
The systematic position of the genus Paraspidodera is discussed and it is considered to be a valid genus closely related to the genera placed in the subfamily Aspidoderinae.
Paraspidodera sellsi is considered, provisionally, to be a species incertae sedis.
A NEW SPECIES OF SOLENOPODIUM (STOLONIFERA: OCTOCORALLIA) FROM THE RED SEA
Authors: BROCH HJALMAR , HORRIDGE ADRIAN 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Solenopodium violaceum was found creeping on upright alga stems in shallow water at Ghardaqa, Red Sea. The polyps are bright green; the stolon is purplish‐brown. The responses to stimuli and the co‐ordination of the polyp retraction are described. The anthocodia are devoid of spicules, which distinguishes the new material from S. contortum Kükenthal. The verrucae are not laterally compressed and many of the spicules are purplish violet, which distinguish it from S. excavatum Nutting. Branched spicules are infrequent and the horny substance of the basal lamella is less pronounced than in previously known species; both of these characters approach the condition found in Erythropodium. The new species is therefore an intermediate between the Briareidae and the Anthothelidae according to Verseveldt's classification. A discussion of the systematic position of these groups, intermediate between the Stolonifera and the Scleraxonia, is given.
A COLLECTION OF HELMINTHS FROM THE GREAT BUSTARD, OTIS TARDA FROM SPAIN, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF OXYSPIRURA (NEMATODA).
Authors: LIANG‐SHENG YEH 
Published: August 2010

Summary.In a collection of helminths from a great bustard, Otis tarda from Spain which died in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London, three species of helminths were found. They are Oxyspirura hispanica sp. nov., a spirurid from the orbital socket; Aprocta orbitalis Linstow, 1901, a filariid, also from the orbital socket, and a new host record for the parasite; and Idiogenes otidis Krabbe, 1867, a davaineid tapeworm in which the scolex is described for the first time.
CAROTENOID PIGMENTS IN THE INTEGUMENT OF THE STARFISH MARTHASTERIAS GLACIALIS (L)
Authors: VEVERS H. G. , MILLOTT N. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The carotenoids of the aboral integument of Marthasterias glacialis were separated by phase partition and chromatography. Their light absorption was examined spectrophotometrically.
Eight fractions were isolated, three epiphasic and five hypophasic. The epiphasic fractions were identified as β‐carotene, esterified astaxanthin and a pigment with a single absorption maximum at 451/52 mμ. (in n‐hexane) which was probably a keto‐carotenoid. The hypophasic pigments were lutein, free astaxanthin and three fractions which were not identified, but whose chromatographic behaviour and light absorption suggest that they might be derivatives of astaxanthin.
No vitamin A was found.
The results are discussed in relation to the distribution of carotenoid pigments and photosensitivity among starfishes.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD CANAL AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN THE HOLOTHURIAN HOLOTHURIA FORSKALI DELLE CHIAJE
Authors: STOTT F. C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A simpler nomenclature is suggested for the parts of the holothurian gut. The rete mirabile of Holothuria forskali showed three regions, namely, a relatively unpigmented region attached to the dorsal edge of the stomach which connected by a single strand to a yellowish‐brown region alongside the intestine which had a brownish‐black edge to it filled with melanin granules. Feeding with iron carbonate saccharated showed that some amoebocytic ingestion took place in the stomach and intestine and clumps of amoebocytes containing iron appeared in the haemal canals, lumen of the rete mirabile and in the walls of the respiratory trees, where it was probably egested. Injection of trypan blue into the body cavity resulted in its phagocytosis by the agranulocytes and their clumping together with the granulocytes in all the soft‐skinned organs within the cavity especially on the respiratory trees, gonads and intestine. Migration into the lumen of the latter was observed. Melanin granules were identified within granulocytes in the lumen and walls of the rete mirabile as well as in the cells of the rete wall.
CHILOPODA AND DIPLOPODA FROM CAERNARVONSHIRE
Authors: EASON E. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Sixteen species of Chilopoda and nineteen species of Diplopoda are recorded from Caernarvonshire.
The distribution and ecology of the species in the county is discussed, with special reference to the Creuddyn peninsular.
The status of Lithobius aulacopus Latzel in Europe is discussed.
Variation in Lithobius lapidicola Meinert is described and the identity of this species with Lithobius borealis Meinert is tentatively suggested.
Variations in Lithobius crassipes L. Koch and Lithobius curtipes C. Koch are described with special reference to their bearing on the differential diagnosis between these two species.
Lithobius duboscqui var. caernensis is described as new to science and the nature of variation in this species is discussed.
Microchordeuma gallicum (Latzel) is added to the British fauna.
A MASS DYING OF CRABEATER SEALS, LOBODON CARCINOPHAGUS (GRAY)
Authors: LAWS R. M. , TAYLOR R. J. F. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.In 1955 some 3000 Crabeater Seals Lobodon carcinophagus wintered on the sea‐ice of the Crown Prince Gustav Channel. The seals, most of which were young, were ten times more numerous in 1955 than is normal in winter. Most of the animals died in the spring from a contagious disease whose effect was probably increased by crowding and partial starvation. Its exact nature was not elucidated, but a virus infection is likely. The average mortality was 85 per cent but in places the figure was 97 per cent.Although the population was observed before, during and after the normal pupping season, no live births but only abortions were recorded. Some abortions were found three weeks before any adult mortality or any sign of disease. It is unlikely that the epidemic had any appreciable effect on the total number of Crabeater Seals in Antarctica.The disease did not spread to the intermingled Weddell Seals Leptonychotes weddelli; diseased meat was eaten by dogs and by man with no ill effects.
AERIAL STUDIES OF A BREEDING COLONY OF GREY SEALS, HALICHOERUS GRYPUS (FAB.), AT GASKER, OUTER HEBRIDES, IN 1955 AND 1956
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The breeding colony of Grey Seals on the islet of Gasker, Harris, is the only major colony of the species in the Hebrides which has not been visited by expeditions extending over several weeks of the breeding season. In 1955 and 1956, a series of aerial photographs of the colony on Gasker were taken, between mid‐September and mid‐November, by the pilot of a passenger aircraft. From these photographs it has been possible to map accurately the breeding grounds, and the distribution of calves and adults throughout the latter part of the breeding season. Information about the size of the colony, and the disappearance of calves from the breeding grounds, is also obtained from the photographs. Comparisons in the lay‐out of the breeding ground and in numbers, at various stages of the breeding season, are drawn with the neighbouring colony on Shillay, Harris and that on North Rona, both of which have been described in greater detail.
THE GROWTH OP CONFINED COLONIES OF THE WILD HOUSE‐MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS L.)
Authors: CROWCROFT PETER , ROWE F. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The growth of four confined populations of wild house mice (Mus musculus L.) was studied for approximately eighteen months. Each colony was started with one male and two females and constantly provided with excess food and water. Censuses were carried out fortnightly at first, and later monthly.
The variation in the rate of increase was greatest in the early stages, but all four colonies contained comparable numbers after eighteen months.
The main factor limiting population growth was the low fecundity rate of the females. Reproduction ceased altogether after ten months in the colony which grew most rapidly and had the most stable social structure.
Most females with closed or partly closed vulvae were found at postmortem to have inactive ovaries, thread‐like uteri and excessive fat deposits. Most adult males remained fecund at all stages of population growth.
The survival rates of infants, juveniles, and adults of both sexes, were not significantly affected by increased total numbers.
THE OCCIPITAL CREST AND ANTERIOR SPINAL NERVES IN THE LARVAL URODELE, HYNOBIUS NEBULOSUS.
Authors: FOX H. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The larval Hynobius nebulosus during its ontogeny possesses a pair of hypoglossal foramina like Cryptobranchus.
A hypoglossal nerve comprising a dorsal and ventral root and a ganglino emerges through this foramen. It is thus a true spinal nerve, serially homologous with the more posterior ones which have been described.
The evidence supports the view that the posterior part of the urodele skull is composed of spinal segments.
THE STRIDULATORY MECHANISMS IN TERRESTRIAL SPECIES OF HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA
Authors: LESTON DENNIS 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYFrom re‐examination of known or suspected stridulatory organs in terrestrial Heteroptera and the discovery of new ones the following conclusions are reached:

The so‐called “stridulatory” organs of Saldidae are male grasping organs, those of Nabidae are also non‐stridulating structures.
Stridulation in Pentatomomorpha is of intra‐specific type and has arisen at least sixteen times independantly.
Stridulation in Cimicomorpha is of extra‐specific type, has arisen once and is confined to Reduvioidea.
The stridulating organs of Pentatomidae (excluding Mecideinae) and some Coreidae are unknown but sounds have been heard from them.
The commonest strigil‐and‐plectrum organ is a ventral strigil and leg plectrum; a wing strigil and dorsal plectrum has evolved more than once. Single examples are known of other types of strigil‐and‐plectrum organ.
The systematic distribution of stridulatory organs suggests that Cyminae auctt. is polyphyletic. The “strigil” supports placement of Aepophilidae within Saldidae.
The distribution of intra‐specific communication in Hemiptera suggests that the earliest bugs (? lower Permian) were able to “perceive” sounds.
THE AFFINITIES OF PLAGIAULAX (MULTITUBERCULATA)
Authors: RIDE W. D. L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

After examination of the Plagiaulax mandible 47728, Friant concluded that the structure of the masseteric fossa indicates that Plagiaulax is a diprotodont marsupial (phalangeroid).
The holotype of P. becklesii, a right mandibular ramus, has been prepared by the acetic‐acid technique so that the posterior half is free from matrix. Its structure is compared with that of mandible 47728.
It is shown that the structures which, in mandible 47728, were interpreted by Friant as indicating particular marsupial affinities are all the result of post‐mortem crushing and that there is no evidence whatever of such affinities.
Further preparation has revealed that the mandible of P. becklesii possesses a wide masseteric shelf which is apparently similar to those found in Taeniolabis and some Ptilodontidae.
THE LIFE‐HISTORIES OF TWO SUMMER SPECIES OF DRAGONFLY (ODONATA: COENAGRIIDAE)
Authors: CORBET PHILIP S. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The life‐histories of two dragonflies, Coenagrion mercuriale (Charp.) and Ceriagrion tenellum (Villers) have been determined by taking regular larval samples from populations in Hampshire and Glamorganshire.
Both species are semivoltine. Eggs are usually laid in June and July and hatch about a month later. Larvae spend the first winter at a length of about 4–5 mm. Most individuals pass the second winter in the penultimate instar, which they enter in autumn. Ecdysis to the final instar occurs abruptly in spring, and is followed closely by metamorphosis and emergence.
A facultative diapause may exist in the penultimate instar, but a synchronizing factor operates between resumption of growth in spring and emergence. A mechanism is suggested whereby synchronization of emergence could be achieved by a rising series of lower temperature thresholds for successive developmental stages in spring. Some ecological implications of this mechanism are discussed. It is concluded that their high thermal coefficient for larval growth would deny univoltine species the economic use of such a system, and that there are ecological grounds for a sub‐division of summer species on this basis.
THE LIFE‐HISTORY OF THE BULLHEAD OR MILLER'S THUMB (COTTUS GOBIO L.)
Authors: SMYLY W. J. P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

1,555 Bullheads (Cottus gobio L.) from Windermere, 771 from the river Brathay and 542 from other waters, 2,868 in all, were caught between January 1951 and December 1955.
The fish lives on the margins of lakes and in rivers under stones where there is a sandy or gravelly bottom.
Differences in behaviour of breeding and non‐breeding fish are described.
Males mature earlier in the year than females and large females lay eggs earlier in the breeding season than small ones. In the river Brathay, most fish do not breed before they are two years old, but in Windermere fast‐growing fish breed when one year old. Fish from Windermere have a greater fecundity than those from the river Brathay.
Age was found from otoliths. Male fish grow faster than females in both the river Bray and Windermere and fishes of both sexes grow faster in the lake than they do in the river.
The food, which is mainly invertebrate bottom fauna, varies more with season and place than with size of fish or year of capture. In both Windermere and the river Brathay the fish feeds mostly on nymphs of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera and larvae of Trichoptera, but in Windermere, unlike the river Brathay, Gammarus and Sialis are also commonly eaten.
The fish has many parasites, of which only one in the urinary bladder (Phyllodistomum folium) has been identified, and apparently no serious predators.