bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei publicae vincat. Zur Historizität der vierten Catilinaria
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This paper proposes a reading of Cicero’s Fourth Catilinarian as a consistent and historically realistic attempt at urging the senate to punish the conspirators. Cicero struggles against the senators’ inclination to postpone a decision out of fear of the consequences which a severe sentence might have. The speech does not show signs of substantial revision or even contamination of several addresses Cicero made at different stages of the meeting on 5 December 63; nor may the extended passages in which Cicero talks about himself be read as subsequent additions in the light of Clodius’ assaults. They rather fit into the exhortative strategy of the speech, forming part of the refutation of any grounds which would allow for a delay of the decision. The extended space they take up is to be explained as a strategy that prevents further discussion of dangers by an argumentum a maiore.
Zum Autor der Schrift ,Über die Kriegsführung gegen die Parther‘
Authors: Schulze Christian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Johannes Lydos quotes a passage from a lost military work on warfare against the Parthers in De magistratibus 3, 34. The author of this work, which dates from 63 AD, is said to be Κέλσος ὁ Ῥωμαῖος τακτικός, who has repeatedly been identified as Marius Celsus in several research studies. This article, however, depicts the encyclopedist and medical practitioner Aulus Cornelius Celsus as the author of this military writing. It first provides a retrospective of the research done. Secondly it shows that two military writings are likely to exist in the works of Celsus and in a third step it puts forward a decisive argument against Marius Celsus. Finally, some further reflections on his interests and lifetime hint at Aulus Cornelius Celsus being the author.
Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Psychological Distress: A Regional Census of High School Students
Authors: Schneider Shari Kessel , O'Donnell Lydia , Stueve Ann , Coulter Robert W. S. 
Published: November 2011

Objectives. Using data from a regional census of high school students, we have documented the prevalence of cyberbullying and school bullying victimization and their associations with psychological distress. Methods. In the fall of 2008, 20 406 ninth- through twelfth-grade students in MetroWest Massachusetts completed surveys assessing their bullying victimization and psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, self-injury, and suicidality. Results. A total of 15.8% of students reported cyberbullying and 25.9% reported school bullying in the past 12 months. A majority (59.7%) of cyberbullying victims were also school bullying victims; 36.3% of school bullying victims were also cyberbullying victims. Victimization was higher among nonheterosexually identified youths. Victims report lower school performance and school attachment. Controlled analyses indicated that distress was highest among victims of both cyberbullying and school bullying (adjusted odds ratios [AORs] were from 4.38 for depressive symptoms to 5.35 for suicide attempts requiring medical treatment). Victims of either form of bullying alone also reported elevated levels of distress. Conclusions. Our findings confirm the need for prevention efforts that address both forms of bullying and their relation to school performance and mental health.
Evaluating the Safety Effects of Bicycle Lanes in New York City
Authors: Chen Li , Chen Cynthia , Srinivasan Raghavan , McKnight Claire E. , Ewing Reid , Roe Matthew 
Published: November 2011

Objectives. We evaluated the effects of on-street bicycle lanes installed prior to 2007 on different categories of crashes (total crashes, bicyclist crashes, pedestrian crashes, multiple-vehicle crashes, and injurious or fatal crashes) occurring on roadway segments and at intersections in New York City. Methods. We used generalized estimating equation methodology to compare changes in police-reported crashes in a treatment group and a comparison group before and after installation of bicycle lanes. Our study approach allowed us to control confounding factors, such as built environment characteristics, that cannot typically be controlled when a comparison group is used. Results. Installation of bicycle lanes did not lead to an increase in crashes, despite the probable increase in the number of bicyclists. The most likely explanations for the lack of increase in crashes are reduced vehicular speeds and fewer conflicts between vehicles and bicyclists after installation of these lanes. Conclusions. Our results indicate that characteristics of the built environment have a direct impact on crashes and that they should thus be controlled in studies evaluating traffic countermeasures such as bicycle lanes. To prevent crashes at intersections, we recommend installation of “bike boxes” and markings that indicate the path of bicycle lanes across intersections.
Traditional Urinary Biomarkers in the Assessment of Hospital-Acquired AKI
Authors: Perazella Mark A. , G. Coca Steven 
Published: November 2011

Summary
Traditional biomarkers, such as urine chemistries and urine microscopic elements, are used in the diagnosis and care of patients with AKI. Urine chemistries, such as fractional excretion of sodium and fractional excretion of urea, are useful for differentiating prerenal AKI from acute tubular necrosis only in select patients. Urine microscopy using a quantitative evaluation of the urine sediment for renal tubular epithelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cell casts, and granular casts has recently been shown to differentiate prerenal AKI from acute tubular necrosis and also provide prognostic information. Urine microscopy has also been noted to compare favorably with new urine biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of AKI. Thus, current information on urine diagnostics suggests that urine chemistries have a limited role in differential diagnosis of AKI, whereas urine microscopy and new urine biomarkers may be used together to differentiate prerenal AKI from acute tubular necrosis and predict such outcomes as worsened AKI, acute dialysis, and death.
New Virgulid Cercaria (Trematoda, Lecithodendroidea) from Freshwater Mollusk Melanopsis Praemorsa (Melanopsidae) from Azerbaijan Water Bodies. Morphology of Cercaria agstaphensis 27
Authors: Manafov A. 
Published: November 2011

New Virgulid Cercaria (Trematoda, Lecithodendroidea) from Freshwater Mollusk Melanopsis Praemorsa (Melanopsidae) from Azerbaijan Water Bodies. Morphology of Cercaria agstaphensis 27
Illustrated morphological description and differential diagnosis of a new virgulid cercaria, Cercaria agstaphensis 27, from the freshwater prosobranchial mollusk Melanopsis praemorsa (Linneus, 1758) are given. Special attention is paid to the arming of tegument, the structure of glandular apparatus, excretory system, digestive system and other individual morphological characters important for taxonomy.
Absolute Pitch and Its Frequency Range
Authors: Rakowski Andrzej , Rogowski Piotr 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper has two distinct parts. Section 1 includes general discussion of the phenomenon of "absolute pitch" (AP), and presentation of various concepts concerning definitions of "full", "partial" and "pseudo" AP. Sections 2-4 include presentation of the experiment concerning frequency range in which absolute pitch appears, and discussion of the experimental results. The experiment was performed with participation of 9 AP experts selected from the population of 250 music students as best scoring in the pitch-naming piano-tone screening tests. Each subject had to recognize chromas of 108 pure tones representing the chromatic musical scale of nine octaves from E0 to D#9. The series of 108 tones was presented to each subject 60 times in random order, diotically, with loudness level about 65 phon. Percentage of correct recognitions (PC) for each tone was computed. The frequency range for the existence of absolute pitch in pure tones, perceived by sensitive AP possessors stretches usually over 5 octaves from about 130.6 Hz (C3) to about 3.951 Hz (B7). However, it was noted that in a single case, the upper boundary of AP was 9.397 Hz (D9). The split-halves method was applied to estimate the reliability of the obtained results.
Toward a Single Reed Mouthpiece for the Oboe
Authors: Carral Sandra , Vergez Christophe , Nederveen Cornelis 
Published: November 2011

AbstractReed woodwind instruments differ in both their geometry (mainly cylindrical or mainly conical) and their excitation mechanism (single or double reed). How much of the resulting sound is due to the single/double reed, and how much to the geometry of the instrument? Measurements done by Almeidaet al.(J. Acoust. Soc. Am.,121, 1, 536-546, 2007) show that the flow vs pressure characteristic curve of an oboe reed is not that different from that of a clarinet reed, the only difference probably being due to pressure recovery inside the conical staple. Is it possible to make a single reed mouthpiece for an oboe, while keeping the conical staple, that would still give the oboe its characteristic sound? To find it out, a mouthpiece with the following characteristics was made: A standard clarinetBb reed can be attached to it, its volume is approximately that of the missing part of the instrument cone, and a standard French oboe staple can be inserted to it, so that it can be inserted in the usual way in any french oboe. In this paper, the first prototype of the mouthpiece is shown. Also, a sound comparison of the oboe sounds played with this mouthpiece and a standard double reed by a professional player is presented.
Rare and endangered species in communities of the Adenostylion alliariae alliance in the Carpathian Mountains
Authors: Stachurska-Swakoń Alina 
Published: November 2011

Rare and endangered species in communities of the Adenostylion alliariae alliance in the Carpathian Mountains
The Adenostylion alliariae alliance (Mulgedio-Aconitetea class) comprises plant communities which grow optimally in the subalpine zone of the European mountain ranges. The flora of these communities consists of more than four hundred taxa of vascular plants. Some of the diagnostic species are valuable and rare, either in the Carpathians as a whole or in the countries in which the Carpathians lie. In the flora of the plant communities studied, five taxa are indexed in the Polish Red Book of Endangered Plant Species, thirteen taxa are endemic to the Carpathians, and fourteen represent the eastern biogeographical element in the Polish flora. Two taxa are listed in the Annex II of the Habitats Directive.
New records of Anthomyzidae and Stenomicridae (Diptera) from Turkey
Authors: Roháček Jindřich 
Published: November 2011

New records of Anthomyzidae and Stenomicridae (Diptera) from Turkey
Three species of the family Anthomyzidae, viz. Amygdalops thomasseti Lamb, 1914, Anagnota coccinea Roháček & Freidberg, 1993 and Typhamyza bifasciata (Wood, 1911) and one species of Stenomicridae (Diptera), viz. Stenomicra cogani Irwin, 1982 are recorded from southern Turkey (Antalya province). All but Anagnota coccinea represent new faunal additions to this country and S. cogani (first member of Stenomicridae in Turkey) a new finding in Asia and easternmost known record. New and/or additional biological information with photographs of habitat are provided on these species and their distributions are reviewed.
Early Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Improve Quadriceps Muscle Strength After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Stevens-Lapsley Jennifer E. , Balter Jaclyn E. , Wolfe Pamela , Eckhoff Donald G. , Kohrt Wendy M. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundThe recovery of quadriceps muscle force and function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is suboptimal, which predisposes patients to disability with increasing age.ObjectiveThe purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of quadriceps muscle neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), initiated 48 hours after TKA, as an adjunct to standard rehabilitation.DesignThis was a prospective, longitudinal randomized controlled trial.MethodsSixty-six patients, aged 50 to 85 years and planning a primary unilateral TKA, were randomly assigned to receive either standard rehabilitation (control) or standard rehabilitation plus NMES applied to the quadriceps muscle (initiated 48 hours after surgery). The NMES was applied twice per day at the maximum tolerable intensity for 15 contractions. Data for muscle strength, functional performance, and self-report measures were obtained before surgery and 3.5, 6.5, 13, 26, and 52 weeks after TKA.ResultsAt 3.5 weeks after TKA, significant improvements with NMES were found for quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, functional performance, and knee extension active range of motion. At 52 weeks, the differences between groups were attenuated, but improvements with NMES were still significant for quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength, functional performance, and some self-report measures.LimitationsTreatment volume was not matched for both study arms; NMES was added to the standard of care treatment. Furthermore, testers were not blinded during testing, but used standardized scripts to avoid bias. Finally, some patients reached the maximum stimulator output during at least one treatment session and may have tolerated more stimulation.ConclusionsThe early addition of NMES effectively attenuated loss of quadriceps muscle strength and improved functional performance following TKA. The effects were most pronounced and clinically meaningful within the first month after surgery, but persisted through 1 year after surgery.
Law and Learning “from the Field”: The Pedagogical Relevance of Collaborative Teacher-Student Empirical Legal Research
Authors: Richardson Sarah Berger , Campbell Angela 
Published: November 2011

Le présent article explore la valeur pédagogique et la pertinence de faire de la recherche empirique en éducation juridique. Les auteures sont une professeure et une étudiante en droit qui ont collaboré dans une étude empirique sur les femmes et la polygamie. Chaque auteure raconte : (1) ses attentes et ses expériences concernant ce projet de recherche; (2) comment la collaboration dans la recherche empirique a modifié la structure de la relation étudiante-professeure; et (3) sa perception de la façon dont l'importance de la recherche empirique peut être reconnue dans le cadre de l’éducation juridique. L'analyse met en lumière le fait que des phénomènes similaires peuvent donner lieu à une compréhension et à des interprétations différentes, selon la perspective et la situation de chacun et de chacune. De plus, elle souligne l'importance d'intégrer les idées et les opinions des étudiants et des étudiantes dans la conception et l'exercice de l'enseignement.
A Tale of Two Cultures: Intimate Femicide, Cultural Defences, and the Law of Provocation
Authors: Dick Caroline 
Published: November 2011

L'idée de soulever des arguments culturels dans les affaires criminelles a été critiquée par un groupe diversifié d'universitaires. Tandis que de nombreuses féministes soutiennent qu'en recourant à la culture comme moyen de défense, on risque de voir passer « la race devant le sexe » à la cour, les universitaires qui se penchent sur les questions de races maintiennent que les minorités culturelles deviendront des victimes avec les discours colonialistes qui émergeront à coup sûr, là où les tribunaux acceptent les arguments culturels. Par ailleurs, les critiques libérales soutiennent que ce mouvement viole le principe du traitement égal devant la loi en fournissant des arguments culturels à certains citoyens, mais pas à d'autres, et en succombant au relativisme culturel. Le présent article explore ces hypothèses en examinant la jurisprudence limitée certes, mais importante, dans laquelle on a soulevé des arguments culturels à l’égard de causes de provocation sexuelle où l'acte soi-disant provocateur était l'infidélité d'une femme ou son rejet d'un homme. Cette jurisprudence peut fort bien servir à analyser les propositions divergentes parce que la provocation est une défense basée sur le sexe et parce que les changements récents à la loi ont ouvert la voie à l'argumentation basée sur la culture. Les résultats de cet examen sont mitigés. La théorie libérale selon laquelle le fait de ne pas tenir compte de la culture de l'accusé entraînera une application égale de la loi n'est pas étayée; pas plus que ne l'est la théorie féministe voulant que l'introduction de la culture dans la salle d'audience mette la race devant le sexe. Au lieu de cela, la jurisprudence canadienne est mieux représentée par un autre principe organisateur, celui qui met le colonialisme devant le patriarcat.
The constant flow ventricular infusion test: a simple and useful study in the diagnosis of third ventriculostomy failure
Authors: Aquilina Kristian , Pople Ian K. , Sacree Jenny , Carter Michael R. , Edwards Richard J. 
Published: November 2011

Object
The evaluation of third ventriculostomy function in hydrocephalic patients is challenging. The utility of the constant flow infusion test in predicting response to shunt insertion in normal-pressure hydrocephalus, as well as in identifying shunt malfunction, has been previously demonstrated. The object of this study was to evaluate its usefulness in determining whether a revision CSF diversion procedure was indicated in patients presenting with recurring symptoms and persisting ventriculomegaly after endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV).

Methods
The authors conducted a prospective study of all patients who, after undergoing ETV at their institution, presented postoperatively with recurring symptoms and persisting ventriculomegaly.

Results
Forty-six patients (mean age 40.7 years, including 11 patients younger than 18 years) underwent 56 constant flow ventricular infusion tests (VITs) at a mean of 24.7 months post-ETV. Thirty-three patients with resistance to CSF outflow (Rout) less than 13 mm Hg/ml/min underwent follow-up (median 17 months) and experienced resolution of symptoms. In 10 episodes Rout was greater than 13 mm Hg/ml/min; the patients in these cases underwent revisional CSF diversion. Two patients demonstrated high and frequent B (slow) waves despite a low Rout; these patients also underwent successful revisions. Patients who improved after surgery had increased B wave activity in the plateau phase of the VIT (p = 0.01). Thirty-four patients underwent MR imaging at the same time; 4 had high Rout despite evidence of flow across the stoma. These 4 patients underwent surgery and experienced resolution of symptoms. Of 9 patients without flow, Rout was less than 13 mm Hg/ml/min in 4; these patients were successfully treated conservatively.

Conclusions
The VIT is a useful and safe adjunct to clinical and MR imaging evaluation when ETV failure is suspected.
A Site-Specific Literature Review of Policy and Environmental Interventions That Promote Physical Activity and Nutrition for Cardiovascular Health: What Works?
Authors: Matson-Koffman Dyann M. , Brownstein J. Nell , Neiner Jennifer A. , Greaney Mary L. 
Published: November 2011

Objective. To review the literature to determine whether policy and environmental interventions can increase people's physical activity or improve their nutrition. Data Sources. The following databases were searched for relevant intervention studies: Medline, Chronic Disease Prevention File, PsychInfo, Health Star, Web of Science, ERIC, the U.S. Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Study Selection. To be included in the review, studies must have (1) addressed policy or environmental interventions to promote physical activity and/or good nutrition; (2) been published from 1970 to October 2003; (3) provided a description of the intervention; and (4) reported behavioral, physiological, or organizational change outcomes. Studies that had inadequate intervention descriptions or that focused on determinants research, individual-level interventions only, the built environment, or media-only campaigns were excluded. Data Extraction. We extracted and summarized studies conducted before 1990 (n = 65) and during 1990–2003 (n = 64). Data Synthesis. Data were synthesized by topic (i.e., physical activity or nutrition), by type of intervention (i.e., point-of-purchase), and by setting (i.e., community, health care facility, school, worksite). Current studies published during 1990–2003 are described in more detail, including setting and location, sample size and characteristics, intervention, evaluation period, findings, and research design. Findings are also categorized by type of intervention to show the strength of the study designs and the associations of policy and environmental interventions with physical activity and nutrition. Conclusions. The results of our review suggest that policy and environmental strategies may promote physical activity and good nutrition. Based on the experimental and quasi-experimental studies in this review, the following interventions provide the strongest evidence for influencing these behaviors: prompts to increase stair use (N = 5); access to places and opportunities for physical activity (N = 6); school-based physical education (PE) with better-trained PE teachers, and increased length of time students are physically active (N = 7); comprehensive work-site approaches, including education, employee and peer support for physical activity, incentives, and access to exercise facilities (N = 5); the availability of nutritious foods (N = 33), point-of-purchase strategies (N = 29); and systematic officer reminders and training of health care providers to provide nutritional counseling (N = 4). Further research is needed to determine the long-term effectiveness of different policy and environmental interventions with various populations and to identify the steps necessary to successfully implement these types of interventions.
Relationships among Community Characteristics and Walking and Bicycling for Transportation or Recreation
Authors: Zlot Amy I. , Schmid Tom L. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Compare walking and bicycling for transportation and recreation with the percentage of the community devoted to parklands. Methods. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 206,992), Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (N = 409,025), and Trust for Public Land (N = 55) data were used to estimate recreational walking and bicycling, utilitarian walking and bicycling, and parkland as a percentage of city acreage. Data were linked at the metropolitan statistical area or city level (N = 34). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the associations among recreational and utilitarian walking and bicycling and parkland acreage. Results. Utilitarian walking and bicycling and parkland acreage were significantly correlated (r = .62, p < .0001). No significant relationships were observed for leisure time walking or bicycling. Discussion. Communities with more parks had significantly higher levels of walking and bicycling for transportation. Urban design features associated with leisure time physical activity might differ from those associated with transportation-related physical activity. Further studies are needed to articulate the relationships among community attributes and purposes of physical activity.