bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sanctifying Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Catholic response to the challenge of the French Revolution and the wider process of modernization that followed suit. This response included the popes’ condemnation of the principles of 1789, and a very critical stance towards liberal modernity adopted by the church throughout most of the nineteenth century. However, the chapter also discusses the hesitant yet crucial emergence of lay Catholic politics. During the nineteenth century Catholic positions slowly but surely started to come to terms with modern politics, carving out an ideological and semantic space which sought to direct and shape modernization—a space that over time would only grow. Following the 1870 conquest of Rome by the new-born Italian state, the Vatican forced Catholics to stay out of Italian politics. However, during the second half of the nineteenth century, Catholic responses to modernity started to soften. Many believed that the church must somehow domesticate democratic forms of politics and that alignment rather than rejection was the strategy to follow.
Popular Democracy
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the experience of World War I resulted decisive for Catholic politics, paving the way for the “first generation” of Christian Democrats. In 1919, Pope Benedict XV lifted the ban on Catholics to participate in national political life. Shortly after, the Catholic priest Luigi Sturzo founded the Italian Popular Party (Partito Popolare Italiano, PPI), soon to enter the Italian parliament—Catholics’ first sustained experiment in mass politics. The word “popular” points to a significant shift during the first two decades of the twentieth century, rethinking the roots of democracy in a Catholic vein. In 1926 the PPI was outlawed by the Fascist regime. However, as subsequent chapters will show, the seeds for a Christian Democratic platform had been sown.
Death and Resurrection
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the complex and changing relationship between Fascism and Catholicism, regime and church. The chapter shows how on the one hand there was a functional convergence of interests between the Holy See and the regime (sanctioned by the Lateran Pacts in 1929) as well as ideological affinities, but at the same time also profound contrasts and tensions. The chapter goes into detail with the role played by FUCI (Federation of Catholic University Students) and the Azione Cattolica (Catholic Action). The latter continued to function as essentially the only non-fascist organization in Mussolini’s state, despite il Duce’s repeated efforts to restrict its activities. The chapter discusses how the 1930s resulted a crucial, formative period for what would later be dubbed the “second generation” of Christian Democrats. For this second generation, Fascism became more and more of a problem during the 1930s, as they started to thirst for new cultural inspiration. Part of this came from their reading of French personalist philosophers Emmanuel Mounier and Jacques Maritain who became a fundamental moral and intellectual compass, liberating Italian Catholicism from its provincialism, and paving the way toward a democratic Catholic culture.
Inter-State Benefit-Sharing as Scientific and Technological Cooperation
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses international regimes in which the sharing of scientific information, capacity building, and technology transfer have been identified as forms of fair and equitable benefit-sharing. The content of the duty to cooperate in this connection, and the underlying partnership model, remain vague. This chapter reflects on relevant practice under international biodiversity law and law of the sea, with international benefit-sharing institutions increasingly playing a proactive and brokering role in developing and administering integrated approaches to scientific cooperation and information sharing, and financial and technology solidarity. The chapter then focuses on the specific example of the 2023 international Agreement on marine biodiversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. The chapter considers the opportunity and limitations of framing existing financial, technological, and capacity-building obligations under the international climate change regime as fair and equitable benefit-sharing.
Intra-State Benefit-Sharing
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on intra-State benefit-sharing in relation to the human rights of Indigenous peoples connected to their territories and the natural resources traditionally used by them. These obligations have emerged with regard to extractive activities, fisheries, nature conservation, freshwater management, and climate change response measures in areas that Indigenous peoples traditionally use or where these activities might impact them. It analyses the degree of cross-fertilization across the Convention on Biological Diversity and international human rights law with regard to benefit-sharing in the specialized context of natural resources and protected areas governance. Further supportive interpretation between these two areas of international law is then suggested, to move beyond a defensive approach that conceptualizes benefit-sharing as a mere procedural safeguard in the context of a pre-determined set of development options. The proposed interpretation rather supports a potentially transformative collaboration across different worldviews and knowledge systems, seeking to address multiple dimensions of justice.
Intra-State and Transnational Benefit-Sharing with Local Knowledge Holders
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter clarifies State obligations to fairly and equitably share benefits with certain sectors of society beyond Indigenous peoples: local communities, farmers, legitimate tenure right holders, small-scale fishing communities, and peasants. The chapter also reflects on international legal materials on intra-community benefit-sharing, focusing on women’s human rights. Transnational dimensions of benefit-sharing related to the traditional knowledge of Indigenous peoples and local communities are also discussed, focusing on the interface of inter- and intra-State benefit-sharing obligations under regimes on access to genetic resources and in the context of scientific cooperation, information sharing, and technology. Following an assessment of the progressive development of international law in these areas, the chapter identifies potential paths for advancing the theorization of benefit-sharing on the basis of a mutually supportive interpretation with procedural human rights, natural resource-related substantive rights, and the human right to science.
The Intervention
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Capra and Graziosi outline their intervention: Settembrini helps them discuss the new nationalisms, as well as other forms of identity politics, and their impact on classical scholarship. Because Settembrini’s legacies were split between the nationalist revolutions of 1848 and the sexual revolutions of the 1970s, Capra and Graziosi begin by reuniting different aspects of his thought. Then, making use of Cassin on the dedicated comparative, Latour on postcritique, Haraway on care, and Sedgwick on reparative reading, they comment on their own situatedness and their trust in what remains of the past in the present. In response to Murnaghan’s question whether, when we study how antiquity was received, ‘reception gets sole credit for determining meaning, with no contribution from the ancient object being received’, they argue for the authentic presence of classical antiquity in our world—even in the case of an anachronistic fake like The Neoplatonists.
Luigi Settembrini, According to His Wife
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Settembrini’s wife, Raffaella (‘Gigia’) Faucitano, played a crucial role in establishing Settembrini’s public persona, as well as supporting him through his long incarceration and, probably, saving his life. This chapter offers a moving portrait of their relationship and shows that they, in turn, established excellent relationships with a wide range of other actors: fellow revolutionaries, Piedmontese aristocrats, Black sailors, British statesmen, classical scholars, and common criminals. Classical scholarship often provided a link: Settembrini’s connection to William Ewart Gladstone is important in this regard—and is also relevant to current debates in postcolonial criticism. Settembrini, Faucitano, and other subaltern figures affected shifts in imperial British politics at a level of power very far removed from their conditions. Overall, this chapter places Settembrini’s autobiographical writing and Faucitano’s own writing and shaping of his life within a complex network of relationships, showing how autobiography was used for the purposes of revolution and, later, nation-building.
Revolutionary Heroes and Italian Men
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Capra and Graziosi ask why Settembrini never completed his Memoirs, preferring to devote his post-revolutionary life to public service and scholarship. They argue that he could fit neither himself nor his wife into the pattern of heroic, virile, revolutionary biography that was becoming canonical. More specifically, Settembrini’s conception of equality and reciprocity in love between men and women, as well as among men, did not conform to emerging notions of Italian masculinity. The revolutionaries and romantics who freed Italy from foreign rule were (and are) held up as examples of virility, not least in an attempt to disprove northern European clichés about Italian sensuality and effeminate weakness, which were used to advance foreign interests in Italy. Settembrini was dismissed as ‘a kind rather than a great man’, in the words of Benedetto Croce, because foreign discourse was internalized and inspired a definition of Italian masculinity that, this chapter argues, limited the impact of Settembrini’s legacies, as both a revolutionary and a classical scholar.
The Neoplatonists
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
After establishing a mode of reading Settembrini’s works of Platonic fiction by paying attention to planted allusions and clues in chapter 6, Capra and Graziosi apply the same approach to The Neoplatonists and discover a passage that was, up to now, taken to be a misquotation or invention but which, they show, is a precise allusion to a specific sentence in Plato. This key insight shows the connections between a fiction set in ancient Greece, an intellectual disagreement with ascetic Platonism, and a firm commitment to embodied happiness. It is also a precise recollection of the most dramatic episode in Settembrini’s own life. Beyond the influence of Plato, this chapter demonstrates the importance of Cuoco’s Plato in Italy for Settembrini: that work suggested a specific mode of engagement with classical literature and a path towards the political and intellectual emancipation of the Italian south—via the legacies of Greece.
Secession and Constitutional Law
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines different responses by constitutional democracies that have faced secessionist challenges, and the organization of referendums on independence, or at least attempted to organize these. It will focus mainly on the US (as the classic paradigm), Canada (the new paradigm), UK and Spain, and briefly Italy, Germany, and Belgium. It will be seen that there are some common trends. Such trends enable us to talk about lawful and unlawful secessions according to constitutional legal precepts. At maximum, one finds acceptance of consensual secession, as in the cases of Canada and the UK. It will be shown that the strict Spanish response, which does not allow for a referendum on secession (unless there is a constitutional amendment), is not unique. Although the circumstances vary, since none of them faces the same type of secessionist challenge, the US, Italian, and German constitutional legal orders have similar strict responses to secession.
EU Law in Relation to States Emerging out of Secession
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter will explore the legal situation that arises when a new State has emerged and has been recognized by the EU and EU Member States. It will be argued that the rump State will continue with its EU membership, while the seceded new State will have to ask for EU membership. The chapter notes the limited relevance of accession routes before addressing the debate about EU citizenship. It will be argued that EU Member States still hold an important degree of autonomy when it comes to defining nationality. Finally, the chapter will address the hypothetical scenarios of an independent Scotland and the possibility of Irish reunification and the EU position towards both situations.
The Evidence
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by providing two detailed case studies from El Salvador and Hungary to illustrate the full arc of the book’s argument. Next, it presents empirical tests linking ruling party personalism to an elevated risk of democratic backsliding. It first shows that the election of leaders supported by personalist parties leads to greater repression of freedoms of expression and association. It then looks at its consequences for democratic backsliding, more broadly, demonstrating that ruling party personalism increases the chance of backsliding, whether this concept is measured incrementally, sharply, or by total democratic collapse and transition to dictatorship. Lastly, it shows that party personalism matters most when ruling parties have legislative majorities; under these conditions opposition parties are too weak to stop leaders, making the ruling party the most consequential constraint on executive-led power grabs. The overall message is clear: ruling party personalism is detrimental to the health of democracy.
Societal Pathways
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows personalist leaders’ behaviour while in office has far-reaching consequences, ultimately lessening the chance that they will face checks on their actions from voters. It argues that leadership groups shape citizens’ beliefs about political opponents and norms of acceptable behaviour, focusing on two mutually re-enforcing explanations for why citizens condone anti-democratic power grabs. The first is polarization, which incentivizes voters to accept democratic subversion to prevent their opponents from securing control. Though some argue that polarization enables the success of anti-democratic leaders, this chapter demonstrates that leaders themselves endogenously drive polarization by attacking state institutions. The second is a shift in their supporters’ view of what acceptable behaviours in democracy look like, which weakens their own commitment to adhere to them. To illustrate this, this chapter shows that ruling party personalism increases the chance that supporters will justify the use of violence in elections in which they lose.
Personalist Politics, Democracy, and the Path Ahead
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s key findings. The analyses show that ruling party personalism erodes democracy, even raising the risk of democratic collapse. Because key actors in personalist political parties lack the incentive and capacity to restrain the leadership, these leaders succeed in loosening executive constraints. This in turn triggers political polarization and reduces supporters’ commitment to democratic norms of behaviour, all of which sets the stage for personalist leaders to push the countries they rule towards authoritarianism. The message of the book is clear: the rise of personalist politics and the elected strongmen that lead them poses a serious challenge for democracy. The chapter closes by discussing the path ahead. It identifies the major policy implications to emerge from the book’s findings, suggesting that efforts to strengthen programmatic party building and disincentivize party personalization will be critical to protecting democracy from the new threat it faces from within.
Introduction
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the importance of examining the prioritization of global responsibilities. It delineates the soft (largely political) and hard (largely economic) feasibility constraints on states, which mean that tough choices have to be made about how to allocate resources amongst numerous global challenges. It also introduces a two-level framework of ideal and nonideal just prioritization. The former considers how states should prioritize optimally, as if they are free from soft feasibility constraints. The latter considers how states should prioritize, given both the hard and soft constraints that they face. The chapter then presents the main prioritization principles considered in this book, including principles of effectiveness, urgency, disadvantage, culpability, and national interest. The final section provides a summary of the overall book.
Prevention or Reaction? On Urgency
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the principle of urgency, considering whether states should prioritize the longer-term prevention of extreme poverty, mass atrocities, and forced displacement, or whether they should prioritize reacting to urgent crises. It defends the case for prevention as the ideal: it argues that prevention is typically cheaper, less risky, and often less controversial. In doing so, the chapter rejects three versions of the ‘Rule of Rescue’, which is a principle commonly advanced to defend prioritizing the assistance of those in urgent need. The chapter also considers whether states should focus their efforts on preventing existential risks in the far future at the expense of preventing more immediate but lesser threats—and concludes that they should not.
Climate Change: On Diversification
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the case for diversification, applying this to the issue of climate change. Given the seriousness of the threat posed by climate change, should this be the sole focus of states’ efforts to fulfil their global responsibilities or is it important for states to diversify their responses so as to ‘spread their bets’? The chapter defends significant, but not overwhelming, prioritization of climate change at the expense of other global issues. In doing so, it argues that there should be some, moderate diversification and rejects two central arguments for strong diversification: empirical and moral uncertainty about the seriousness of potential crises and the potential wrongness of withdrawing assistance from people currently receiving it.
War: On Opportunity Costs
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whether the enormous opportunity costs of wars and military interventions render them impermissible means of discharging global responsibilities. Should the funds spent by the United States on the war in Afghanistan, for example, have been spent instead on tackling infectious diseases, given that this could have saved a far greater number of lives? In considering this issue, the chapter rejects the worries that it can be necessary to resort to force to fight evil and tackle intentional killing, to stand up for collective values of sovereignty and communal autonomy, and to address the broader effects of conflicts. It also argues, however, that war might be justified nonideally, if the alternative is no action to discharge global responsibilities.
Conclusion
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s two-level account of the ideal and nonideal just prioritization of global responsibilities. In doing so, it presents some general conclusions about which crises states should focus on and emphasizes that, above all else, climate change and global health should be the main focus of states’ efforts. The chapter then goes on to examine how states can facilitate just prioritization domestically and internationally, through the establishment of societal norms, institutions, and laws. Finally, it emphasizes that states have both positive and negative duties to overcome the feasibility constraints that require them to prioritize in the first place.
Why Old Poetry?
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Why bother with early poetry? This chapter presents some possible answers: that the verse we think of as ‘early’ in fact makes up the majority of the history of English; that since Middle English was not even the most prestigious language in England in its own time, it offers a unique space in which to unthink present-day English’s ubiquity and to refine literary theories; and that early English and Scots poetry has influenced many modern and present-day poets. The sophistication and playfulness of Middle English verse-craft is illustrated, and the chapter presents approaches useful for reading poems with which we might disagree.
Stanzas
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Poetry can be stichic, in one continuous flow, or stanzaic, in repeated patterns of lines. Like regular rhyme, stanzaic English verse began in the Middle English period. The chapter lays out the tradition of stanzas subdivided into a fronsand a cauda, the tradition from which the unique stanza of Sir Gawain and the Green Knightemerged: though often understood as one ‘bob and wheel’ model, this tradition was a set of options from which poets could select at will. Tail rhyme stanzas are explained, as are the iconic Chaucerian stanzas, rhyme royal and the Monk’s Tale stanza. In closing, the chapter notes the division of some alliterative-verse poems into four-line, or in one case twenty-four-line, syntactic units.
Manuscripts, Texts, Editions
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Readers today meet early poetry in modern editions, but the poetry itself usually survives in hand-copied books: manuscripts. As lyric and dramatic examples show, editions often change the layout and presentation of poetry. Some poems survive in manuscript forms integrated with images in ways a printed edition would struggle to capture. And, most of all, different manuscript copies of a text differ in what the text itself says. This chapter shows how editions and manuscripts can serve the close reading of poetry. Examples include Sir Orfeo, Piers Plowman, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the South English Legendary, and Chaucer’s Canterbury Talesand Parliament of Fowls. Ultimately, the challenges of editing early literature do not separate that literature out from more modern writings; rather, they let us see how even modern works are subject to the same forces of variation during publication and transmission.