bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Environmental Initiatives Adopted At BPC Mumbai Refinery- A case study
Authors: Vyawahare Atul Dattatray 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) operates a fuels refinery at Mumbai. BPCL refinery was commissioned in 1955 by the then Burma Shell Refineries Limited, with a design capacity to process 2.2 million metric tones per annum (MMTPA) of crude oil. Currently, refinery has a crude processing capacity of 12.0 MMTPA and can process various types of indigenous and imported crudes. One of the most vital issues for BPCL has been the concern for the conservation of environment. During 55 years of refining, BPCL Mumbai Refinery has witnessed rapid changes in complexity & adaptation of latest technologies from time to time. The various environmental innovations / improvisations have been carried out at BPCL.
Innovative approaches are essential to deal with challenging environment. Refinery has been certified to ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 18025 and OHSAS 18001 reflecting the continuing commitment towards Quality, Environment, and Health & Safety. A well-established Environment Management System is in place in ensuring that all activities are carried out with minimum or no impact on environment. This paper attempts to analyze various benefits accrued under innovative projects implemented.

1.0 Introduction
In its quest for excellence in environmental conservation, Bharat Petroleum has been one of the fore-runners in initiating several environmental protection strategies in refining sector in India. Following is the gist of innovative initiatives adopted at BPC Refinery:1. Air Improvement, Emission Reduction & Vapour Recovery1.1 Refinery upgraded by installing Hydrocracker unit under Refinery Modernization Project for production of Euro lll Grade High Speed Diesel to produce clean automotive fuels in the year 2005. The objective of this project was to produce environment friendly products in line with future requirements and also for reducing source emissions (SO2) from the Refinery. The project improved distillate yield and energy efficiency of the main processes and enhanced the crude oil processing capacity to 12 MMTPA. The project cost was Rs. 11750 Million. The process consists of an integrated Hydrocracker (HCU), integrated Crude & Vacuum Distillation units (CDU / VDU) & Associated Hydrogen, Sulphur Recovery Unit, utilities, LOBS unit to manufacture high performance grade II Lube base oil and offsite facilities. The capacity of HCU is 1.75 MMTPA and has been licensed by M/s. Chevron Lummus Global (CLG). BPC MR is carrying out revamp of Hydrocracker unit, Diesel-Hydrodesulphurisation unit and installation of Continuous Catalytic Reformer unit for production of Euro-IV grade of High Speed Diesel and Motor spirit, facilities for manufacture of Euro IV quality of MS/HSD with lower sulphur content in line with Auto fuel policy.
Success and spontaneous pregnancy rates following systemic methotrexate versus laparoscopic surgery for tubal pregnancies: A randomized trial
Authors: KRAG MOELLER LARS BO , MOELLER CHARLOTTE , THOMSEN STEN GROVE , ANDERSEN LARS FRANCH , LUNDVALL LENE , LIDEGAARD ØEJVIND , KJER JENS JOERGEN , INGEMANSSEN JENS LINDGREN , ZOBBE VIBEKE , FLORIDON CHARLOTTE , PETERSEN JANNE , OTTESEN BENT 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. To determine which treatment should be offered to women with a non‐ruptured tubal pregnancy: a single dose of methotrexate (MTX) or laparoscopic surgery. Design. Prospective, randomized, open multicenter study. Setting. Seven Danish departments of obstetrics and gynecology. Sample. A total of 106 women diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy (EP). Methods. Between March 1997 and September 2000, 1,265 women were diagnosed with EP, 395 (31%) were eligible, 109 (9%) were randomized of whom 106 had an EP. The study was originally powered to a sample size of 422 patients. The women were randomized to either medical (MTX; 53) or surgical (laparoscopic salpingotomy; 53) treatment. Follow‐up by questionnaire and through national patient databases for a maximum of 10 years. Main outcome measures. Uneventful decline of plasma‐human chorionic gonadotropin to less than 5 IU/L, rates of spontaneous, subsequent intrauterine, and recurrent ectopic pregnancies. Results. The success rates were 74% following MTX treatment and 87% after surgery (n.s.); the subsequent spontaneous intrauterine pregnancy rate was 73% after MTX and 62% after surgery; and the EP rate was 9.6% after MTX and 17.3% following surgery (n.s.). Conclusions. In women with an EP, who are hemodynamically stable and wishing to preserve their fertility, medical treatment with single dose MTX tends to be equal to treatment with laparoscopic surgery regarding success rate, complications, and subsequent fertility. Although the two treatment modalities seemed to be similar in outcome, it is crucial that the diagnosis is based on a high‐quality ultrasonographic evaluation, as two patients had intrauterine pregnancies despite fulfilling the diagnostic algorithm for EP.
Social support after stillbirth for prevention of maternal depression
Authors: SURKAN PAMELA J. , RÅDESTAD INGELA , CNATTINGIUS SVEN , STEINECK GUNNAR , DICKMAN PAUL W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. To study how social support is associated with ensuing maternal depression following stillbirth. Design. Data from a population‐based national postal questionnaire. Setting. Sweden. Population. A total of 314 (83%) of all 380 Swedish‐speaking women who gave birth to singleton stillborn infants in Sweden during 1991, identified through the Swedish Medical Birth Register. Methods. Postal questionnaires addressing maternal social support and demographics were completed three years following the stillbirth. The association between support‐related factors and later maternal depression was assessed using multivariable regression models. Main outcome measure. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results. In adjusted analyses, a father's refusal to talk about a stillborn baby with the mother was associated with an almost five‐fold risk of later maternal depressive symptoms [adjusted risk ratio (RR) 4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–14.5]. The mother's belief that she could talk with the infant's father about the child was associated with a reduced risk (adjusted RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.1–0.9). Conclusions. Unwillingness of the father to discuss a stillborn infant with the mother was related to subsequent maternal depressive symptomatology.
Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in women presenting with decreased fetal movements in late pregnancy
Authors: HOLM TVEIT JULIE VICTORIA , SAASTAD ELI , STRAY‐PEDERSEN BABILL , BØRDAHL PER E , FRØEN J FREDERIK 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective. ‘Normal’ fetal activity is recognized as a sign of fetal well‐being and concerns for decreased fetal movements is a frequent cause of non‐scheduled antenatal visits. The aim of this study was to identify maternal characteristics in women presenting decreased fetal movements in a total population, to identify the risk of adverse outcomes and assess the management provided. Design. Prospective population‐based cohort. Setting. Fourteen delivery units in Norway. Population. A total of 2,374 pregnancies presenting with a perception of decreased fetal movements and 614 control/referent cases. Methods. All singleton third trimester pregnancies presenting with a perception of decreased fetal movements were registered from June 2004 through October 2005. Pregnancies never examined for this condition were collected as a cross‐sectional sample from the same population. Main outcome measures. Fetal growth restriction, preterm birth and stillbirth. Results. Mothers with decreased fetal movements were more often smokers, overweight and primiparous. Of the women, 32% presented with perceived absence of fetal movements, of whom 25% waited for more than 24 hours without any movements. Abnormal findings were identified in 16% of examinations. Decreased fetal movements were associated with adverse pregnancy outcome in 26%, including preterm birth and fetal growth restriction. An intervention or repeated consultations were performed in 41% of cases, including 14% admissions to maternity ward. None of the included hospitals had written guidelines for management. Conclusions. A perception of decreased fetal movements is significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcome such as preterm birth, fetal growth restriction and stillbirth. Guidelines for management and information to pregnant women are needed.
Results of the Treatment of Carcinoma of the Cervix Uteri
Authors: Nieminen Usko , Pöllänen Leo 
Published: December 2009

A series of 640 cases of carcinoma of the cervix uteri collected in 1959–63 from the First and Second Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Central Hospital, Helsinki, was analysed.The treatment for 461 (73%) of the patients was radiologic. Their 5 year cure rate was 39.1%. Combined therapy (surgery ± radiation) was the treatment for 173 (27%) patients and the 5 year cure rate was 82.1%. The total 5 year cure rate was 50.1%.The 5 year cure rate for stage I (226 patients) was 81.4%; for stage II (243 patients) 44.9%; for stage III (148 patients) 16.9%, and for stage IV (17 patients) 5.9%. The series included 6 patients with carcinoma of the cervix and corpus of whom one was alive after 5 years.
A New Method for Studying the Motility of the Fallopian Tubes
Authors: Fernström Ingmar 
Published: December 2009

A new method for investigating the motility of the Fallopian tubes is described. A few droplets of iodized oil are injected into one tube and their pattern of behaviour is studied by X‐ray fluorography, using both a television picture and a cine‐film.It was found that the behaviour of the droplets appears to follow a specific pattern, but that some variations occur.Technically the technique is relatively simple and does not cause much discomfort to the patient. It permits a reasonable assessment of the peristaltic activity of the tubes to be made.
Morphology of the Fetal Adrenal Cortex, and Maternal Urinary Oestriol Excretion in Pregnancy
Authors: Bech Karine 
Published: December 2009

A morphological examination of the fetal zone of the adrenal cortex has been carried out in 562 controls and 58 pathological cases, and maternal urinary oestriol excretion has been determined during the pregnancies, in order to elucidate the role of the fetal adrenals. The pathological cases consisted of infants of mothers with Rh‐immunization, diabetes mellitus and toxaemia, together with a small group without any common features other than low oestriol excretion.The adrenal weight was found to be correlated to the normal urinary oestriol excretion, and to a lesser degree to reduced excretion.Both in Rh‐immunization and diabetes mellitus the degree of necrosis in the fetal zone was increased, while the amount of haemorrhage did not differ from the controls. Moreover, in Rh‐immunization an accumulation of lipid in the fetal zone was found. The morphological changes were related to the maternal oestriol excretion, and to the concentration of haemoglobin in infants of mothers with Rh‐immunization, but not to the severity of the maternal diseases.In toxaemia only cases with reduced maternal oestriol excretion differed from the controls, and both increased haemorrhage and necrosis were found, without any relation to the degree of toxaemia. In three toxaemic cases the width of the foetal zone was reduced. This was not found in any of the other groups. The rest showed massive necrosis of the foetal zone in three cases, lipid accumulation in one, and hypoplastic adrenals in one.The importance of the morphological findings in the fetal adrenals of infants of mothers with Rh‐immunization, diabetes mellitus and toxaemia is discussed.
Perfusion of the Isolated Human Uterus
Authors: Tojo Shimpei , Sakai Takashi , Kanazawa Seiichi , Mochizuki Matsuto 
Published: December 2009

The authors developed a new machine for organ perfusion and by using this succeeded in preserving an isolated human uterus in a condition of normal body temperature and humidity of 100 percent.Moreover, the authors succeeded in preserving a trophoblastic tumor in utero.1. Concerning the machine, (a) The use of a fluid amplifier gives long durability and allows long operation of the machine, (b) Blood destruction is negligible with the diaphragm‐pump, (c) The flow rate and pressure of the perfusate can be controlled easily by changing the supply‐pressure and the stroke of pump, (d) The wave form of the pulse can be made to approximate that in the living body, (e) The temperature of the perfusate is controlled automatically to normal body temperature. (f) The input and output of the perfusate are balanced by a control mechanism.2. Concerning the experimental results (a), the authors succeeded in preserving an isolated human uterus for more than 5 hours at normal body temperature, (b) The most useful tests of uterine function are the electromyogram, the lactate‐, pyruvate concentration and ratio, (c) The authors also succeeded in preserving a trophoblastic tumor in an isolated uterus. In this experiment, it was also useful to test the HCG and HPL concentration in the perfusate and to study tritiated thymidine radio‐autograms of the tumor cells. (d) Prostaglandin F2α is very useful for the study of the activity of the isolated human uterus.
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance, Insulin Response, Fasting Blood Glucose and Serum Insulin During Short‐Term Administration of a Combined Oral Contraceptive
Authors: Nielsen F. Hassing 
Published: December 2009

A series of 25 healthy women, 13 of whom had a tendency to diabetes, was studied for 5 consecutive menstrual cycles, with regard to the effect of a combined oral contraceptive containing O.S mg norgestrel and 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol (Eugynon®) on the carbohydrate metabolism. The following tests were performed on these women at midcycle in the cycle prior to, in the two cycles during, and in the second cycle after administration of the drug: Fasting blood sugar, i.v. glucose‐tolerance, fasting insulin and insulin response to i.v. glucose injection. The drug was administered daily from the fifth to twenty‐fifth day of cycles two and three. Thus each subject served as her own control.The statistical analysis of the results showed no alteration in the fasting blood sugar or difference between those with a diabetic tendency and those without. Glucose assimilation was significantly improved during the second cycle of administration and the follow‐up cycle, this was not dependent on the tendency to diabetes. The women with a tendency to diabetes had a significantly slower assimilation than those with no such tendency. However, this difference remained constant throughout the period under study. The results of the fasting insulin test remained unchanged during the investigation, no difference was seen between the two groups of women, those with the tendency to the disease and those without. The insulin response test showed slightly higher values during the two cycles of administration, this increase was significant, and was seen to occur in both groups. The women with a diabetic tendency had slightly higher values in the insulin response test than those of the women belonging to the other group, the difference was not significant except in the second cycle of drug intake.
EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL DATA ON CYCLABIL®*
Authors: Schneider W. H. F. , Spona J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The effects of a 2‐phase preparation on the parameters of cycle function were studied in 14 normally menstruating women. The preparation, Cyclabil®, administered in a series of 11 tablets with 2.0 mg oestradiol valerate and 10 tablets with 2.0 mg oestradiol valerate in combination with 0.5 mg D,L‐norgestrel. The cervical function, the spinnbarkeit of the cervical mucus and its crystallisability and, by means of RIA, FSH, LH, 17ß‐oestradiol and the progesterone serum levels were determined continuously in a control cycle before the treatment, in the first and third treatment cycles and in a subsequent control cycle. The results show that no impairment of the normal cycle function were found during cyclical administration of the 2‐phase preparation in 13 women. Two pregnancies occurred during the therapy. The process of ovulation was inhibited in one subject during the medication.20 other women with pronounced premenopausal deficiency symptoms and cycle irregularities were treated with the 2‐phase preparation for 6 months. Apart from the good cycle regulation. the deficiency symptoms were eliminated completely in 19 women and almost completely in I woman. Checks of the FSH, LH, 17ß‐oestradiol and oestrone serum levels conducted at random during a medication cycle showed only a slight influence on the gonadotropin level. During the medication, E2 can be demonstrated in comparison to E1 at a ratio of 1:10.
DIAGNOSTIC SUCTION CURETTAGE WITHOUT ANESTHESIA
Authors: LUBBERS J. A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. The purpose of this work is

to answer the question whether the procedure of the Vabra aspiration curettage without anesthesia is well tolerated by the patients;
to asses the reliability of the Vabra curettage and to compare it with the conventional curettage in the diagnosis of various endometrial disorders.

262 patients were submitted to the procedure of fractional suctioncurettage without anesthesia; the method succeeded in 261 cases. In 205 cases the histological diagnosis was compared to the diagnosis from a conventional curettage or from a hysterectomy specimen. The method gives histologically reliable results. The tolerance by the patients was good. There were no complications.
Amniotic fluid phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol: I. Normal pregnancies
Authors: Skjáraasen J. , Stray‐Pedersen S. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) appear normally in the amniotic fluid during the last weeks of pregnancy. The present study indicated as have previous studies (5, 6, 8, 10) that these phospholipids are linked to the surfactant system in the fetal lung.The concentrations of lecithin (L), PI, PG and sphingomyelin (S) were measured in 207 samples from 165 normal pregnancies. The augmentation in PI was found to parallel that in lecithin, and the PI/S ratios reached maximum values at about 36 weeks of gestation. The augmentation in PG appeared about two weeks later.Eleven premature infants who contracted respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) had significantly lower PG concentrations than 15 premature infants with no RDS (p < 0.01). No correlation to the PI concentrations could be observed. All but one of the 11 affected infants had low L/S ratios.
PLASMA PROGESTERONE, SERUM ESTRIOL AND PLASMA HPL DETERMINATIONS DURING THE LAST TRIMESTER TO DETECT CHANGES BEFORE SPONTANEOUS LABOR
Authors: Ottesen B. , Lebech P. E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. Conflicting results have been published regarding changes in plasma progesterone during the last trimester of pregnancy. Some have demonstrated a fall in plasma progesterone before labor, and this has been taken as a possible explanation of the onset of labor. It has been suggested that the various results could be due to differences in methods for progesterone determination.In this study the progesterone levels were determined by both RIA and CPB. In 11 women the plasma progesterone, human placenta lactogen, and serum estriol were measured weekly during the last trimester of normal pregnancies and immediately after delivery. All samples were analysed radioimmunologically. In order to compare the radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding techniques (RIA and CPB), the progesterone levels were determined by both methods. This was also done for 80 successive plasma progesterone routine samples drawn from women who were not pregnant or who were in the early stages of pregnancy.Both methods showed a significant rise in the plasma progesterone level during the last 6 weeks before spontaneous labor. However, the values obtained were lower when assayed by CPB than by RIA, presumably because of a higher specificity and a cross reaction in RIA.Serum estriol exhibited increasing values throughout pregnancy, but without a significant rise during the last few weeks.Plasma HPL settled at a constant level during the last few weeks before labor.
Prophylactic Salpingo‐Oophorectomy in Cancer of the Cervix
Authors: Bremme Katarina , Einhorn Nina 
Published: December 2009

Abstract. It is considered that the presence of infection during the course of treatment for cancer of the cervix can have a bearing of the prognosis (3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 14, 22). In a number of series the survival rate has been lower for such patients suffering from pelvic infection than it has for those without such infection. That agressive treatment of infection during the therapy can greatly improve the survival rate was observed by Heyman (9) and Kottmeier (14). Irrespective of the stage reached in the treatment of the cervical cancer, Kottmeier recommended immediate salpingo‐oophorectomy in patients with acute salpingitis (15). He reported that this measure improved the 5‐year survival rate for these patients from 14 to 66% (15). He also reported 5‐year survival rates of 21 and 56% for patients with and without infection, respectively (14).It has been debated whether, in view of the supposed hormonal dependence of cervical cancer (8, 19), the improvement of the survival rate for patients undergoing elective salpingo‐oophorectomy might be due to the hormonal consequences of removing the ovaries (15). Arising out of these discussions, an investigation was undertaken in 1958 of the effect of prophylactic salpingo‐oophorectomy. This operation was performed in all patients less than 60 years of age with cancer of the cervix, starting in 1959. It was carried out prior to their admission to the Department of Gynaecological Radiotherapy (15). The measure was discontinued in 1961 because an increase was observed in the incidence of intestinal complications.Since the introduction of antibiotic therapy the incidence of severe pelvic infections has diminished. Still it was considered that an analysis of this logically designed series might throw light on infection prophylaxis and possibly also on a hormonal influence in carcinoma of the cervix.The prognosis for cancer of the cervix is held to be poorer in younger women (2, 4, 10, 18, 21) and the explanation may lie in the hormonal activity of the ovaries. If this is the case the survival rate would presumably be higher for patients undergoing oophorectomy than in a control group where the ovaries had not been removed. It was also considered that an analysis of the case material might show whether, and to what extent, the incidence of radiation reactions is influenced by the fact that surgery has been performed prior to radiotherapy.