bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment bioassessment in Halifax Harbour
Authors: Tay Kok-Leng , Doe Kenneth G. , Wade Suzanne J. , Vaughan David A. , Berrigan Rita E. , Moore Michael J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Halifax Harbour sediments contain heavy metals and organic contaminants. To assess the biological effects of these compounds in the sediment, seven sites spanning a range of known sediment types, water depths, metal levels, and organic contaminant levels were chosen for assessment by a series of tests. Sediment toxicity was measured by the reduction of microbial luminescence (Photobacterium phosphoreum) in three Microtoxr̀ tests (pore water, solvent extract, and solid phase), by the percentages of survival and reburial in two amphipod species (Rhepoxynius abronius and Corophium volutator), and by the survival and change in biomass of juvenile polychaete (Neanthes sp.). Uptake of contaminants from sediment was assessed by a bioaccumulation test, using a bivalve mollusc (Macoma balthica). The chronic effects of the sediment on bottom-dwelling fish were assessed by histopathological studies on winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collected from the harbor. The results of this study showed detectable biological effects of the Halifax sediments on two (Photobacterium phosphoreum and Rhepoxynius abronius) of the four species of tested organisms. These effects were associated with high concentrations of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the harbor sediments. The order of sensitivity for the various sediment toxicity tests was Microtox solvent extract = Microtox solid phase &gt; Rhepoxynius abronius &gt; Microtox pore water &gt; Corophium volutator = Neanthes sp. Mortality in Macoma was increased, although no significant uptake of contaminants was detected in the bioaccumulation test. Hepatic lesions were observed in winter flounder collected from the harbor, suggesting a chronic effect of the contaminated harbor sediment.
Effects of fenitrothion on survival, behavior, and brain cholinesterase activity of white-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis)
Authors: Forsyth Douglas J. , Martin Pamela A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
White-throated sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) were fed six concentrations of dietary fenitrothion (0, 25, 40, 60, 90, and 200 ppm) for 5 d to determine effects on survival, behavior, and brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity. Each bird was observed for 5 min/d for 5 d before, during, and 3 d after exposure, and activities were categorized. Brain ChE activity of birds dying during exposure and of birds surviving 3 d after exposure was measured. The 5-d LC50 was 49.8 ppm, with 100% mortality occurring in the 90- and 200-ppm groups. All birds dying during the exposure period had brain ChE activities depressed more than 2 sd below control activity, and level of inhibition was positively related to dietary concentration (p = 0.04). ChE activities of birds surviving exposure were inhibited from 41 to 58% of control activity. The 25-, 40-, 60-, and 90-ppm groups increased time spent foraging during the exposure period over pretreatment rates, whereas the 200-ppm group showed a decrease. Birds that died during the 5-d treatment period weighed 30% less than survivors. There was also a trend for decreased time spent hopping in all fenitrothion-treated groups. Frequency of singing declined in all groups, including controls, throughout the exposure period and increased slightly during the recovery period. Fenitrothion residues available to birds in spruce bud-worm larvae were only 0.7 to 1.2 ppm wet weight 3 h after aerial application at 210 g active ingredient per hectare.
Use of the stream mayfly Cloeon triangulifer as a bioassay organism: Life history response and body burden following exposure to technical chlordane
Authors: Sweeney Bernard W. , Funk David H. , Standley Laurel J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The stream mayfly Cloeon triangulifer is well suited as a bioassay organism because it has a relatively short egg and larval stage and can be readily cultured under laboratory conditions. Moreover, the species is widely distributed and reproduces as parthenogenetic clones. Nineteen distinct clones have been isolated from natural populations with Nei's genetic distance between clones ranging from 0.004 to 0.183. Clonal reproduction gives research scientists the option of including or excluding genetic variation from the experimental design. The present study involved exposing individuals from a single clone to initial technical chlordane levels ranging between 4.3 and 56.3 μg/L. No effect of chlordane was observed for the egg stage; eggs required 9 d to hatch at 20°C, and &gt;95% of the eggs hatched in all controls and treatments. Egg hatch success was also tested at higher concentrations (89.0 and 158.3 μg/L), with no effect being observed. In contrast, larval survivorship decreased significantly from about 80% for control groups to 18.0 and &lt;0.6% when larvae were exposed to initial chlordane levels of 4.3 μg/L and 9.4 μg/L, respectively. All larvae died when initial concentrations of chlordane were &gt;15.4 μg/L. Sublethal effects on larvae exposed to 4.3 μg/L of chlordane included significantly longer developmental time (37 vs. 34.8 d) and larger adult size (1.5 vs. 1.1 mg) relative to controls. Body burdens of chlordane in adult tissue for individuals reared in the 4.3-μg/L treatment ranged from 51 to 140 ppb. Chlordane-related compounds found in adult mayfly tissue were cis-nonachlor (6%), trans-nonachlor (45%), cis-chlordane (4%), trans-chlordane (5%), oxychlordane (21%), and heptachlor epoxide (18%).
Tributyltin levels in bivalve mollusks from the east and west coasts of the United States: Results from the 1988–1990 national status and trends mussel watch project
Authors: Uhler A.D. , Durell G.S. , Steinhauer W.G. , Spellacy A.M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Three years of extensive monitoring for tributyltin (TBT) and its degradation products in tissue of sentinel bivalve mollusks at 69 East Coast and 42 West Coast sites of the United States suggests that the tissue levels of organotins are decreasing systematically at some sites and remaining static or fluctuating at others. Local effects driving input of TBT and influencing the overall health of the organisms are suggested as responsible for these observations. The ratio of TBT to its principal degradation product dibutyltin (DBT) in bivalve mollusk tissues appears to be species specific and constant over a wide range of butyltin concentrations in the animals. The TBT/DBT ratios (mean ± one standard deviation) were determined for the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (2.6 ± 1.0), the California mussel Mytilus californianus (6.2 ± 4.0), and the Eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (6.2 ± 3.4).
Determinants of the short-term dynamics of PCB uptake by plankton
Authors: Richer Guylaine , Peters Robert Henry 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Many studies relate the ecological fate of a contaminant to its chemical structure, but few combine quantitative structure-activity relationships with environmental properties that may modulate those effects, so the modulating role of such properties remains unquantified. This study determines the effects of variations in suspended biomass, dissolved and colloidal organic carbon, and pH on the time course of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl uptake by laboratory cultures of Selenastrum capricornutum Printz. Variations in pH had no effect, but uptake increased with biomass and decreased at higher levels of organic carbon, measured as absorbance at 440 nm (Abs, per meter). Coefficients for these effects combined with existing relations based on simple first-order molecular connectivity (χ) or capacity ratio (K′) yielded semi-empirical equations to predict the instantaneous rate of uptake and bioconcentration factor (BCF) of organic contaminants: log rate = −3.30 + 0.32χ + 1.1 log biomass - 0.42 log Abs; log BCF = 4.11 + 0.86 log K′ - 0.87 log biomass — 0.22 log Abs. These equations, entirely based on pure laboratory cultures, were assessed by comparing predicted uptake with the time courses of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) uptake by plankton in water from 11 Quebec lakes and proved to be more effective than predictions based on contaminant properties alone.
Monitoring organochlorines in blood of sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) migrating through the great lakes
Authors: Elliott John E. , Shutt Laird 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Blood samples from sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus) were collected from 1985 to 1989 during the fall migration at Hawk Cliff, Ontario, and during the spring migration at Whitefish Point, Michigan, and analyzed for organochlorine contaminants. The study was designed to investigate the potential of using blood samples from birds of prey trapped by banders as a means of estimating the organochlorine exposure of migrant birds on their breeding and wintering grounds. Mean plasma levels averaged over the entire sample were highest for p,p′-DDE (0.28 mg/kg, wet weight), followed by total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (0.08 mg/kg, wet weight). Mean levels of DDE, mirex, oxychlordane, heptachlor expoxide, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, and PCBs increased significantly in hatch-year birds from their first southward migration to their return flight the following spring as second-year birds. Thereafter, mean residue levels of the more persistent chemicals, including DDE, oxychlordane, and PCBs, did not change significantly between seasons in adult age classes. In contrast, dieldrin and heptachlor epoxide, which have a shorter half-time in the body, increased significantly in the blood of all age classes after each winter and decreased significantly after each breeding season. The results were interpreted in terms of the clearance rates of the compounds as well as the diet of the birds on the breeding grounds. The sharp-shinned hawk is a useful indicator species for contaminant-monitoring programs involving birds of prey.
Use of the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus for assessing the toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants
Authors: Phipps Gary L. , Ankley Gerald T. , Benoit Duane A. , Mattson Vincent R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In this paper we describe test methods utilizing the aquatic oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus to assess the acute and chronic toxicity and the presence of bioaccumulatable compounds in contaminated sediments. Lumbriculus variegatus was chosen as a test species because (a) it represents an ecologically relevant component of freshwater ecosystems (i.e., oligochaetes); (b) it is suitable for long-term testing and evaluation of chronic toxicity end points (e.g., growth, reproduction); (c) it is exposed via all important routes of concern, including ingestion of contaminated particles; and (d) it has sufficient biomass to assess bioaccumulation of contaminants. Also, Lumbriculus variegatus is easily cultured and handled. Described herein are culturing procedures and test protocols (e.g., test length, sample size, feeding, etc.) for Lumbriculus variegatus, as well as two examples of the types of experimental data generated when using the oligochaete in tests with contaminated sediments.
Effects of the organophosphate pesticide Counter® on laboratory deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)
Authors: Block Elizabeth K. , Kendall Ronald J. , Lacher Thomas E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Laboratory deer mice (Peromyscus manniculatus) received a single oral dose of the organophosphate (OP) pesticide COUNTER® at four dose levels (2.48, 1.69, 0.92, and 0.0 mg active ingredient per kilogram body weight). The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, and 96 h after dosing to determine brain cholinesterase inhibition and recovery over time. Brain cholinesterase of treated mice was depressed in a dose-dependent fashion but showed no detectable change over time and did not recover over 96 h. Brain cholinesterase measurement is probably not appropriate for determining COUNTER-induced death; mice that died did not have lower cholinesterase activity than sacrificed mice. Brain cholinesterase depression may not be a direct cause of death due to COUNTER exposure. Sublethal effects of exposure at the two highest doses included reduction in food consumption and body weight, and behavioral signs indicating intoxication for at least 24 h after dosing. Residue was detected in only one out of 67 brain tissue samples. Response of brain cholinesterase to COUNTER exposure is atypical relative to other OPs.
Herbicide dissipation studies in southern forest ecosystems
Authors: Michael Jerry L. , Neary Daniel G. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Results of research on the movement of hexazinone, imazapyr, picloram, and sulfometuron in first-order watersheds in the southern United States are presented. Herbicides contaminate surface waters to varying degrees, depending on application rate, method of application, product formulation, and site-specific characteristics. Highest concentrations are observed in streams in ephemeral pulses during the first three storm events after application. Streamside management zones greatly reduce the amount of herbicide entering streams from forestry applications. Soil persistence of herbicides is highly variable and a function of many site characteristics. Plant residues have been monitored and found to dissipate rapidly, with half-lives &lt; 40 d.
Fate, dissipation and environmental effects of pesticides in southern forests: A review of a decade of research progress
Authors: Neary Daniel G. , Bush Parshall B. , Michael Jerry L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Ten years of watershed-scale research has been conducted on the fate of forestry-use pesticides in forested catchments under mainly operational conditions throughout the southern United States. Studies have evaluated chemicals such as hexazinone, picloram, sulfometuron methyl, metsulfuron methyl, azinphosmethyl, triclopyr, carbofuran, lindane, malathion, fenvalerate, copper-chromium-arsenic, and pentachlorophenol. Off-site movement in stream flow, leaching to ground water, and thermal combustion have been examined. Model verifications of pesticide fate and dissipation and risk analyses have been conducted using simulation models such as GLEAMS, CREAMS, and PRZM. Field study data indicate that movement is controlled by the main hydrologic pathways (e.g., surface runoff, infiltration, interflow, and leaching below the root zone). Peak residue concentrations tend to be low (&lt; 500 μg/L), except where direct applications are made to perennial streams or to ephemeral channels, and where buffer strips are not used and do not persist for extended periods of time. Indirect effects noted from the use of pesticides in forested watersheds include temporarily increased nitrate nitrogen losses, reduced sediment yields, temporal changes in terrestrial invertebrate abundance, reduced plant diversity, and changes in particulate organic matter transport in streams. Very limited cumulative effects research has been conducted. The effects of increasing watershed size on herbicide concentrations and the impact of nonforestry pesticides on fish have been examined. Analyses conducted in regional environmental impact statements indicate that the low concentrations and short persistence of forestry pesticides in surface and ground water do not pose a significant risk to water quality, aquatic biota, or human health.
FSCBG: An aerial spray dispersion model for predicting the fate of released material behind aircraft
Authors: Teske Milton E. , Bowers James F. , Rafferty James E. , Barry John W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The development of the aerial spray dispersion model FSCBG (Forest Service, Cramer, Barry and Grim) by the USDA Forest Service and the U.S. Army is reviewed. FSCBG predicts the behavior of spray material released through nozzles into the wake of a spray aircraft (helicopter or fixed-wing), traveling through idealized atmospheric effects, penetrating a canopy and depositing on the ground. FSCBG contains simplified models for the complex flow structure behind aircraft and the mechanisms that affect the fate of aerially released material: downwind drift, evaporation, canopy penetration, and ground and canopy deposition. Model development efforts encompass the areas of spray behavior, aircraft wake effects, meteorological influences, canopy interaction, and deposition. These efforts are supplemented by model validation with field tests. The ability of the model to quantify off-target spray drift is particularly important.
Do aquatic effects or human health end points govern the development of sediment-quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals?
Authors: Parkerton T.F. , Connolly J.P. , Thomann R.V. , Uchrin C.G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe equilibrium partitioning theory may be used to describe the partitioning of nonionic organic chemicals between water, sediment, and aquatic biota. This paradigm was employed to compare the relative magnitudes of organic carbon-normalized sediment-quality criteria that are intended to protect either benthic organisms from the direct toxic effects of sediment-associated chemicals or humans from the indirect health effects posed by the ingestion of contaminated aquatic animals. Comparison of calculated sediment-quality criteria for a variety of hydrophobic chemicals suggests that human health-based end points often result in more restrictive criteria than aquatic effects-based values. Review of published field data indicates that the equilibrium partitioning paradigm may, depending on contaminant class, either over- or underestimate the extent to which sediment associated contaminations are bioaccumulated. Despite the limitations of adopting this simple theory for criteria development, calculations reveal that regulatory decisions involving sediments contaminated with such chemicals may be dictated by human health concerns if current risk assessment methodologies are applied.
Effect of dietary selenium on the reproductive success of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus)
Authors: Coyle James J. , Buckler Denny R. , Ingersoll Christopher G. , Fairchild James F. , May Thomas W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of dietary and waterborne selenium on the reproductive success of adult bluegills were evaluated in a chronic toxicity study. Before spawning, two-year-old bluegills were exposed for 60 d to six combinations of dietary and waterborne selenium. Mean seleno-L-methionine (as selenium) concentrations measured in the diet were 0.8 (control), 4.6, 8.5, 16.8, and 33.3 μg/g (dry weight). Waterborne selenium was supplied as a 6:1 mixture of selenate and selenite. Nominal waterborne selenium exposure concentration was 10 μg/L in all exposures except the control. Morphological measurements of adult fish, including length, weight, condition factor, and Gonado Somatic Index, were measured at days 60 and 140 of exposure. Reproductive indicators, including spawning frequency, number of eggs per spawn, percentage of hatch, and survival of resulting fry for 30 d after hatch were monitored during the 11-week spawning period. Selenium concentrations were determined in adult fish, eggs, and 30-d-old fry.
Only fry were significantly affected. Survival was severely reduced in fry of parents exposed to 10 μg/L waterborne selenium in combination with dietary exposure of 33.3 μg/g (dry weight) seleno-L-methionine. These results support field observations that indicate food-chain accumulation of selenium can severely reduce reproductive success of bluegills.
Development of a chronic sublethal bioassay for evaluating contaminated sediment with the marine polychaete wormNereis (Neanthes) arenaceodentata
Authors: Dillon Tom M. , Moore David W. , Gibson Alfreda B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDevelopment of a chronic sublethal sediment bioassay with the polychaete Nereis (Neanthes) arenaceodentata is described. The sublethal test end point was estimated individual somatic growth rate (milligrams dry weight per day). The test was initiated with two- to three-week-old post-emergent juvenile worms and continued for 28 d. The potential bias due to selected nontreatment factors on polychaete survival and growth was evaluated. For example, grain size had no significant effect, whereas the number of worms placed in each exposure vessel was critical. Direct transfer from 30%0 seawater to salinites ≤15%0 had a highly significant and adverse effect on survival and growth. Both survival and growth of juvenile worms may be adversely affected if test conditions involve exposures to ≥ 0.7 mg/L un-ionized ammonia or ≥ 5 mg/L hydrogen sulfide. Survival of juvenile worms to concentrations of the reference toxicant, cadmium chloride, approximating the 96-h LC50 (5 mg/L) was used as a quality control measure. Results are expressed in control chart format analogous to methods used in analytical chemistry.
Physical and chemical parameters of sediment extraction and fractionation that influence toxicity, as evaluated by microtox®
Authors: Ho Kay T.Y. , Quinn James G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSeveral physical and chemical parameters of sediment extraction and fractionation of organic compounds that influence bioassay results were evaluated. Each parameter was evaluated with a photoluminescent bacterial bioassay (Microtoxr̀) as an end point. Three solvents (acetonitrile, acetone, and methanol) were studied for their ability to extract toxic organic components from marine sediments. Acetone extracted the most toxicity, with no difference between acetonitrile and methanol. Two methods of fractionating sediment extracts (silica-gel-column chromatography [SGCC] and acid-base fractionation) were compared. SGCC was more useful because it resulted in a wider range of responses and was faster to perform than acid-base fractionation. Microtox was used to rank four marine sediments with respect to toxicity and to determine if one chemical class (or fraction) was consistently more toxic among different sediments. With some caveats, Microtox results agreed with general chemical concentration trends and other bioassay results in distinguishing between contaminated and noncontaminated sediments. Although results indicated there was not a consistently most toxic fraction among sediments, there was a consistently least toxic fraction. The effect of sediment storage time on toxicity was also evaluated. Results indicated that the most stable chemical fraction (containing nonpolar hydrocarbons) did not change toxicologically for 30 weeks, whereas the more chemically active fraction (containing ketones, quinones, and carboxyls) changed as soon as one week.
Hexachloroethane obscurant: Assessing tree foliage injury
Authors: Sadusky M. C. , Simini M. , Skelly J. M. , Checkai R. T. , Wentsel R. S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Open-top chambers were used to determine the relationships between a hexachloroethane (HC) obscurant, zinc deposition, and foliar injury of tree species indigenous to military training facilities. Eight eastern U.S. tree species were exposed four times to three exposure regimens (0x, 1x, 2x) of the obscurant, measured as Zn, during the 1990 growing season. Plots received ambient or charcoal-filtered air for comparison purposes. Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) were the most sensitive species, exhibiting significant (p &lt; 0.05) necrotic leaf spot, chlorotic mottle, and marginal necrosis of leaves at the 2x levels throughout the season. Defoliation was also greater (p &lt; 0.05) in exposed vs. unexposed plots. Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) injury was different among exposure regimens (p &lt; 0.05) only near the end of the season. Sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) were asymptomatic. Charcoal filtration did not affect severity of symptoms. Zinc deposition was positively correlated (p &lt; 0.05) with most of the symptoms on black locust and black cherry. The HC obscurant in the concentrations used in this study adversely affected these species.