bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The familial association of tourette's disorder and ADHD: The impact of OCD symptoms
Authors: O'Rourke Julia A. , Scharf Jeremiah M. , Platko Jill , Stewart S. Evelyn , Illmann Cornelia , Geller Daniel A. , King Robert A. , Leckman James F. , Pauls David L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTourette's disorder (TD) frequently co‐occurs with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). While the relationship between TD and OCD suggests that they share etiological factors, the exact relationship between TD and ADHD is less clear. The goal of the current analyses was to understand better the familial relationship between DSM‐IV ADHD and TD. Direct interview diagnostic data from a case–control study of 692 relatives of 75 comorbid TD and ADHD (TD + ADHD), 74 TD without ADHD (TD Only), 41 ADHD without TD (ADHD Only), and 49 control probands were analyzed. Hierarchical loglinear modeling was used to explore association patterns between TD, ADHD, and OCD or sub‐clinical OCD (OCD/OCDsub) diagnoses among the 190 affected probands and their 538 relatives. The presence of OCD or OCDsub diagnosis in a proband was associated with a significantly increased risk of comorbid TD + ADHD in his/her relatives. The finding of an association between TD, ADHD and a proband OCD/OCDsub diagnosis was unexpected. The current results suggest that TD, ADHD, and OCD symptoms have overlapping neurobiology when occurring in families of TD and/or ADHD probands. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesoporous silicas prepared from sodium silicate using gelatin templating
Authors: Setyawan Heru , Balgis Ratna 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTGelatin was employed as a templating agent for the preparation of mesoporous silica materials starting from sodium silicate solutions using a sol‐gel method. The silicate anions were first transformed into silicic acid by passing the solution through an H+ ion‐exchange resin, then mixed with acidic gelatin solution prior to adjustment of the pH to approximately 9–10. Gelatin was removed by solvothermal Soxhlet extraction to form pores. We show that gelatin can serve as a structure‐directing agent resulting in silica structures with pores spanning a range of 3–12 nm depending on gelatin concentration. Increasing gelatin concentration resulted in a larger pore size and a wider pore‐size distribution. This dependence was also observed for the surface area and pore volume but only at low gelatin concentration (<0.4 wt%). The surface area and the pore volume tended to decrease with increasing gelatin concentration at high gelatin concentration (>0.4 wt%). Mesoporous silica with a high specific surface area (426.6 m2 g−1), high pore volume (0.9 cm3 g−1) and large pore diameter (8.4 nm) was obtained at a gelatin concentration of 0.41 wt%. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thoughts on uncitedness: Nobel laureates and Fields medalists as case studies
Authors: Egghe Leo , Guns Raf , Rousseau Ronald 
Published: May 2011

AbstractContrary to what one might expect, Nobel laureates and Fields medalists have a rather large fraction (10% or more) of uncited publications. This is the case for (in total) 75 examined researchers from the fields of mathematics (Fields medalists), physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine (Nobel laureates). We study several indicators for these researchers, including the h‐index, total number of publications, average number of citations per publication, the number (and fraction) of uncited publications, and their interrelations. The most remarkable result is a positive correlation between the h‐index and the number of uncited articles. We also present a Lotkaian model, which partially explains the empirically found regularities.
Determination of clomipramine by flow‐injection analysis with acidic potassium permanganate–formic acid chemiluminescence detection
Authors: Ji Zhongling , Yao Xun , Li Jianguo 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTA sensitive and simple chemiluminescent (CL) method for the determination of clomipramine has been developed by combining the flow‐injection analysis (FIA) technique, which is based on the CL intensity generated from the redox reaction of potassium permanganate (KMnO4)–formic acid in sulphuric acid (H2SO4) medium. Under the optimum conditions, the linear range for the determination of clomipramine was 0.04–4 µg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9988 (n = 10) and a detection limit of 0.008 µg/mL (3σ), and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for 2.0 µg/mL clomipramine (n = 11) is 1.26%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of the studied clomipramine in pharmaceutical preparations. The possible reaction mechanism is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of electro‐coagulation–flocculation for harvesting marine and freshwater microalgae
Authors: Vandamme Dries , Pontes Sandra Cláudia Vieira , Goiris Koen , Foubert Imogen , Pinoy Luc Jozef Jan , Muylaert Koenraad 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAlthough microalgae are considered as a promising feedstock for biofuels, the energy efficiency of the production process needs to be significantly improved. Due to their small size and low concentration in the culture medium, cost‐efficient harvesting of microalgae is a major challenge. In this study, the use of electro‐coagulation–flocculation (ECF) as a method for harvesting a freshwater (Chlorella vulgaris) and a marine (Phaeodactylum tricornutum) microalgal species is evaluated. ECF was shown to be more efficient using an aluminum anode than using an iron anode. Furthermore, it could be concluded that the efficiency of the ECF process can be substantially improved by reducing the initial pH and by increasing the turbulence in the microalgal suspension. Although higher current densities resulted in a more rapid flocculation of the microalgal suspension, power consumption, expressed per kg of microalgae harvested, and release of aluminum were lower when a lower current density was used. The aluminum content of the harvested microalgal biomass was less than 1% while the aluminum concentration in the process water was below 2 mg L−1. Under optimal conditions, power consumption of the ECF process was around 2 kWh kg−1 of microalgal biomass harvested for Chlorella vulgaris and ca. 0.3 kWh kg−1 for Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Compared to centrifugation, ECF is thus more energy efficient. Because of the lower power consumption of ECF in seawater, ECF is a particularly attractive method for harvesting marine microalgae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2320–2329. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A pseudo steady‐state model for galacto‐oligosaccharides synthesis with β‐galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Vera Carlos , Guerrero Cecilia , Illanes Andrés , Conejeros Raúl 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA pseudo steady‐state model for the kinetically controlled synthesis of galacto‐oligosaccharides (GOS) with Aspergillus oryzae β‐galactosidase is presented. The model accounts for the dynamics of lactose consumption and production of galactose, glucose, di, tri, tetra, and penta‐oligosaccharides during the synthesis, being able to describe the total GOS content in the reaction medium at the experimental conditions evaluated. Experimental results show that the formation of GOS containing only galactose residues is significant at high conversions of substrate, which was taken into account in the model. The formation of enzyme transition complexes was considered and reasonable assumptions were made to reduce the number of parameters to be determined. The model developed has 8 parameters; 2 of them were experimentally determined and the other 6 were estimated by fitting to the experimental data using multiresponse regression. Temperature effect on kinetic and affinity constants was determined in the range from 40 to 55°C, and the data were fitted to Arrhenius type equation. Parameters of the proposed model are independent from the enzyme load in the reaction medium and, differently from previously reported models, they have a clear biochemical meaning. The magnitude of the kinetic and affinity constants of the enzyme suggests that the liberation of galactose from the galactosyl–enzyme complex is a very slow reaction and such complex is driven into GOS formation. It also suggests that the affinity for sugars of the galactosyl–enzyme complex is higher than that of the free enzyme. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2270–2279. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flow dynamics within a bioreactor for tissue engineering by residence time distribution analysis combined with fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging to investigate forced permeability and apparent diffusion coefficient in a perfusion cell culture chamber
Authors: Dubois Justin , Tremblay Luc , Lepage Martin , Vermette Patrick 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study reveals that residence time distribution (RTD) analysis with pH monitoring after acid bolus injection can be used to globally study the flow dynamics of a perfusion bioreactor, while fluorescence microscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to locally investigate mass transport within a hydrogel scaffold seeded or not with cells. The bioreactor used in this study is a close‐loop tubular reactor. A dispersion model in one dimension has been used to describe the non‐ideal behavior of the reactor. From open‐loop experiments (single‐cycle analysis), the presence of stagnant zones and back mixing were observed. The impact of the flow rate, the compliance chamber volume and mixing were investigated. Intermediate flows (30, 45, 60, and 90 mL min−1) had no effect over RTD function expressed in reduced time (θ). Lower flow rates (5 and 15 mL min−1) were associated to smaller extent of dispersion. The compliance chamber volume greatly affected the dynamics of the RTD function, while the effects of mixing and flow were small to non‐significant. An empirical equation has been proposed to localize minima of the RTD function and to predict Per. Finally, cells seeded in a gelatin gel at a density of 800,000 cells mL−1 had no effect over the permeability and the apparent diffusion coefficient, as revealed by fluorescent microscopy and MRI experiments. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2488–2498. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Submersible microbial fuel cell sensor for monitoring microbial activity and BOD in groundwater: Focusing on impact of anodic biofilm on sensor applicability
Authors: Zhang Yifeng , Angelidaki Irini 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA sensor, based on a submersible microbial fuel cell (SUMFC), was developed for in situ monitoring of microbial activity and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in groundwater. Presence or absence of a biofilm on the anode was a decisive factor for the applicability of the sensor. Fresh anode was required for application of the sensor for microbial activity measurement, while biofilm‐colonized anode was needed for utilizing the sensor for BOD content measurement. The current density of SUMFC sensor equipped with a biofilm‐colonized anode showed linear relationship with BOD content, to up to 250 mg/L (∼233 ± 1 mA/m2), with a response time of <0.67 h. This sensor could, however, not measure microbial activity, as indicated by the indifferent current produced at varying active microorganisms concentration, which was expressed as microbial adenosine‐triphosphate (ATP) concentration. On the contrary, the current density (0.6 ± 0.1 to 12.4 ± 0.1 mA/m2) of the SUMFC sensor equipped with a fresh anode showed linear relationship, with active microorganism concentrations from 0 to 6.52 nmol‐ATP/L, while no correlation between the current and BOD was observed. It was found that temperature, pH, conductivity, and inorganic solid content were significantly affecting the sensitivity of the sensor. Lastly, the sensor was tested with real contaminated groundwater, where the microbial activity and BOD content could be detected in <3.1 h. The microbial activity and BOD concentration measured by SUMFC sensor fitted well with the one measured by the standard methods, with deviations ranging from 15% to 22% and 6% to 16%, respectively. The SUMFC sensor provides a new way for in situ and quantitative monitoring contaminants content and biological activity during bioremediation process in variety of anoxic aquifers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2339–2347. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a composite endpoint for randomized controlled trials in liver surgery
Authors: van den Broek M A J , van Dam R M , van Breukelen G J P , Bemelmans M H , Oussoultzoglou E , Pessaux P , Dejong C H C , Freemantle N , Olde Damink S W M 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
The feasibility of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in liver surgery using a single-component clinical endpoint is low as such endpoints require large sample sizes owing to their low incidence. A liver surgery-specific composite endpoint (CEP) could solve this problem. The aim of this study was to develop a liver surgery-specific CEP with well-defined components.

Methods
Components of a liver surgery-specific CEP were selected based on a systematic literature search and consensus among 28 international hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgeons. As an example, two prospective cohorts of patients who had undergone liver surgery in high-volume HPB centres were used to assess the event rate and effect of implementing a liver surgery-specific CEP.

Results
Components selected for the liver surgery-specific CEP were ascites, postresectional liver failure, bile leakage, intra-abdominal haemorrhage, intra-abdominal abscess and operative mortality, all with a Clavien–Dindo grade of at least 3 and occurring within 90 days after initial surgery. The incidence of this liver surgery-specific CEP was 19·2 per cent in one cohort and 10·7 per cent in the other. These rates led to an approximately twofold reduction in the theoretical sample size required for an adequately powered RCT in liver surgery using the CEP as primary endpoint.

Conclusion
The proposed liver surgery-specific CEP consists of ascites, postresectional liver failure, bile leakage, intra-abdominal haemorrhage, intra-abdominal abscess and operative mortality. It has a considerably higher event rate than any of its components. Its use as the primary endpoint will increase the feasibility and comparability of RCTs in liver surgery.
Determination of N‐acetylaspartic acid concentration in the mouse brain using HPLC with fluorescence detection
Authors: Song Ziyu , Ge Dan , Ishii Kana , Yamada Hiroshi , Toriumi Kazuya , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Nabeshima Toshitaka , Fukushima Takeshi 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe concentration of brain N‐acetylaspartic acid (NAA) in mice was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection after pre‐column derivatization with 4‐N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl‐7‐N‐(2‐aminoethyl)amino‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (DBD‐ED). Six different brain parts, namely, the prefrontal cortex, olfactory bulb, nucleus accumbens, striatum, cerebellum and hippocampus, of male C57BL6/J mice, were investigated. The NAA concentration (nmol/mg protein) was highest in the olfactory bulb (58.2 ± 4.0, n = 8) and lowest in the hippocampus (42.8 ± 1.6, n = 8). The proposed HPLC method with fluorescence detection was successfully used to determine the NAA concentration in each investigated brain area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of asenapine and three metabolites in human plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with automated solid‐phase extraction: application to a phase I clinical trial with asenapine in healthy male subjects
Authors: de Boer Theo , Meulman Erik , Meijering Henri , Wieling Jaap , Dogterom Peter , Lass Holger 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe development and validation of methods for determining concentrations of the antipsychotic drug asenapine (ASE) and three of its metabolites [N‐desmethylasenapine (DMA), asenapine‐N+‐glucuronide (ASG) and 11‐O‐sulfate‐asenapine (OSA)] in human plasma using LC‐MS/MS with automated solid‐phase extraction is described. The three assessment methods in human plasma were found to be acceptable for quantification in the ranges 0.0250–20.0 ng/mL (ASE), 0.0500–20.0 ng/mL (DMA and OSA) and 0.250–50.0 ng/mL (ASG). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layered Structure of Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids in Microemulsions by Multinuclear NMR Spectroscopic Studies
Authors: Falcone R. Dario , Baruah Bharat , Gaidamauskas Ernestas , Rithner Christopher D. , Correa N. Mariano , Silber Juana J. , Crans Debbie C. , Levinger Nancy E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMicroemulsions form in mixtures of polar, nonpolar, and amphiphilic molecules. Typical microemulsions employ water as the polar phase. However, microemulsions can form with a polar phase other than water, which hold promise to diversify the range of properties, and hence utility, of microemulsions. Here microemulsions formed by using a room‐temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) as the polar phase were created and characterized by using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. 1H, 11B, and 19F NMR spectroscopy was applied to explore differences between microemulsions formed by using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) as the polar phase with a cationic surfactant, benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride (BHDC), and a nonionic surfactant, Triton X‐100 (TX‐100). NMR spectroscopy showed distinct differences in the behavior of the RTIL as the charge of the surfactant head group varies in the different microemulsion environments. Minor changes in the chemical shifts were observed for [bmim]+ and [BF4]− in the presence of TX‐100 suggesting that the surfactant and the ionic liquid are separated in the microemulsion. The large changes in spectroscopic parameters observed are consistent with microstructure formation with layering of [bmim]+ and [BF4]− and migration of Cl− within the BHDC microemulsions. Comparisons with NMR results for related ionic compounds in organic and aqueous environments as well as literature studies assisted the development of a simple organizational model for these microstructures.
Controllable Synthesis of Y2O3 Microstructures for Application in Cataluminescence Gas Sensing
Authors: Zhang Lichun , Hou Xiaoling , Liu Ming , Lv Yi , Hou Xiandeng 
Published: May 2011

AbstractY2O3 dumbbells, microspheres, and nanosheets were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal procedure followed by calcination. Electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and N2 adsorption measurements were used to characterize the yttrium oxide microstructures. On the basis of a time‐dependent study of nanostructure evolution and the effect of other processing parameters, a kinetic “homogeneous nucleation–self assembly–anisotropic growth” mechanism is proposed to explain the growth of these microstructures under hydrothermal conditions. The sensitivity of as‐prepared Y2O3 structures to a series of gaseous chemicals was examined by using a homemade cataluminescence sensing system. The designed cataluminescence sensor based on the yttrium oxide dumbbells shows good sensing performance for 16 common volatile organic compounds.
Chiral Ionic Liquid/ESI‐MS Methodology as an Efficient Tool for the Study of Transformations of Supported Organocatalysts: Deactivation Pathways of Jørgensen–Hayashi‐Type Catalysts in Asymmetric Michael Reactions
Authors: Maltsev Oleg V. , Chizhov Alexander O. , Zlotin Sergei G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe deactivation pathways of Jørgensen–Hayashi‐type organocatalysts modified with an ionic liquid fragment in asymmetric Michael reactions of α,β‐enals with C‐ (nitromethane, dimethylmalonate) or N‐nucleophiles (N‐carbobenzyloxyhydroxylamine) that involved an iminium‐ion formation step were studied for the first time by the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). “Parasitic” side reactions and undesirable cation intermediates that poisoned the catalysts were identified in accordance with their m/z values as well as their relation to the reported mechanisms of Michael reactions in the presence of O‐TMS‐α,α‐diarylprolinol (TMS=trimethylsilyl) derivatives. The proposed approach may be useful for the study of transformations of other types of organocatalysts modified with ionic groups in various organocatalytic reactions and for the development of novel robust catalysts and processes that would be suitable for large‐scale industrial applications.
Strategy for Carrier Control in Carbon Nanotube Transistors
Authors: Yu Woo Jong , Lee Young Hee 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCarbon nanotubes exhibit remarkable mechanical and electronic properties and are, therefore, being regarded as a new functional material for next generation electronics. Nevertheless, several obstacles still exist for an application in industry. The control of carriers in carbon nanotubes is of critical importance prior to an industrial application in transistors. As carbon nanotubes exhibit p‐type behavior under ambient conditions, it is difficult to convert them from a p‐ to an n‐type transistor. Also, doping control is a critical issue for applying traditional CMOS technology. Here, we discuss various approaches for preparing operating carbon nanotube transistors: i) impurity doping that employs conventional and interstitial insertion of group III or V materials, ii) chemical doping that induces charge transfer between chemicals and CNTs, iii) carrier control that utilizes the work function difference between metal and CNTs, iv) electrostatic doping that controls the carrier type by using a gate bias, and v) ambipolarity that does not use chemical doping. Advantages and drawbacks of these approaches will be discussed extensively in the text.
A simplified Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology using only four categories improves intra‐ and inter‐observer diagnostic agreement and provides non‐overlapping estimates of malignancy risks
Authors: Walts Ann E. , Bose Shikha , Fan Xuemo , Frishberg David , Scharre Karen , de Peralta‐Venturina Mariza , Zhai Jing , Marchevsky, Alberto M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOur previous study utilizing the 2008 NCI six‐category system (also known as The Bethesda System) for reporting thyroid fine‐needle aspirations (FNA) identified considerable overlap in diagnosis and in assigned malignancy risk estimates for the “follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS)” and “follicular neoplasm (FN)” categories and for the “suspicious for malignancy (Susp)” and “malignant” categories. We proposed a simplified Bethesda System for reporting thyroid FNAs that provided four non‐overlapping, statistically significant, and more clinically relevant diagnostic categories: unsatisfactory, benign, FLUS/FN, and Susp/malignant. In the current study, six cytopathologists participated in a blinded retrospective review of 60 thyroid FNAs and kappa statistics were utilized to compare the intra‐ and inter‐observer diagnostic agreements obtained using the six‐category and the simplified four‐category schemes. Surgical follow‐up was used to determine which scheme provided more discrete malignancy risk estimates. Use of the simplified four‐category scheme significantly improved intra‐ and inter‐observer diagnostic agreement levels, significantly increased the sensitivity of FNA for a diagnosis of carcinoma in the subsequently resected thyroid glands, and provided non‐overlapping malignancy risk estimates for each diagnostic category. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:E62–E68. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.