bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Pleural Plaques
Authors: Anton H. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The radiological features of 12 cases of multiple pleural plaques are presented. Some of their chest radiographs show, instead of the usual holly leaf calcified plaque, a multinodular type of calcification which may be confused with tuberculosis. Only part of a plaque may be calcified, and some plaques show only a soft tissue density. Serial films of one case show only soft tissue density plaques at one stage, but subsequently linear calcification develops. In another case with no apparent calcification a pre-operative radiological diagnosis of multiple pleural plaques such as occur in asbestosis was confirmed at thoracotomy performed for an apical tumour. This is believed to be the first recorded pre-operative diagnosis in a case showing soft tissue density plaques only. The faintness of such lesions helps to distinguish them from intra-pulmonary nodules; this may be called the “faint shadow sign”. The relationship to asbestos inhalation and the significance of the plaques are discussed.
A Pulse Generator for Use with the Picker MagnaScanner Colour Printer
Authors: McCready V. R. , Beechey P. 
Published: July 2009

Since its introduction in 1959, the use of colour as an aid to the detection of small changes in radioactivity has become an accepted technique in radioisotope scanning. The original colour scanner (Mallard and Peachey, 1959) had a regular tapping action controlled by a microswitch and cam driven by an electric motor.
More recent scanners (including the Picker MagnaScanner) have a tapper which is driven by the pulses from the scintillation detector, this system having the advantage that black-and-white carbon copies of the colour scan (Mallard, Duggan, Myers and Wilks, 1964) can be produced.
However, this advantage is outweighed by the poor colour density in areas of low counting rates where the number of dots is few and the changes in colour are difficult to pick out. In this situation the colour scan is more satisfactory if a constant dot rate is used making differences in colour more obvious. The constant rate pulse generator described in this note is inexpensive and can be attached directly to the Picker MagnaScanner Colour Printer without any modification.
The origin of deep vein thrombosis: a venographic study
Authors: Nicolaides A. N. , Kakkar V. V. , Field E. S. , Renney J. T. G. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A venographic technique has been described which demonstrates the soleal veins in addition to the rest of the deep veins of the lower limb consistently in the presence or absence of thrombosis. In 127 consecutive patients, the soleal veins were demonstrated in all but three. In 97 surgical and medical patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis, the presence of thrombi was confirmed by venography only in 51 (52 per cent); the remainder had normal deep veins. In nine patients the soleal veins were the only site of thrombosis. Only one patient was found with thrombosis proximally and normal soleal veins. In the remaining patients whenever there were thrombi proximally they were also present in the soleal and intervening veins. It is concluded that in the majority of patients thrombi start in the soleal veins in the calf. It has also been shown that the clinical diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis is unreliable and no patient should be given anticoagulant therapy without first confirming the diagnosis with venography.
Subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum in diabetic keto-acidosis
Authors: Ruttley M. , Mills R. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two cases of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum in diabetic keto-acidosis are presented. The mechanism of production of pneumomediastinum from alveolar rupture in ketosis is reviewed. The association is of importance as some of the clinical features of severe diabetic keto-acidosis, together with free mediastinal and subcutaneous gas, may simulate oesophageal rupture.
The design of a practical fast neutron therapy equipment for routine clinical use
Authors: Lundberg D. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A 14 MeV neutron therapy equipment, incorporating a sealed tube neutron generator with an output of 1 × 1012 neutrons per second, is under construction and will be installed at the Christie Hospital, Manchester. The machine is designed for clinical use and has all the features normally provided on radiation therapy equipment. The neutron shield is 0·5 m thick and comprises an iron core surrounded by a layer of hydrogenous material. It provides a dose attenuation factor of 99 per cent. The treatment head can be rotated about a horizontal axis 0·8 m from the neutron source. At this distance the machine delivers a dose-rate of 4·5 rads/minute.
An important feature of the design is the reduction to acceptable levels of γ dose-rates from neutron-induced radioactivity. A movable tungsten plug in front of the neutron source reduces the exposure rate at 1 m from the source from 157 mR/hour to 1 mR/hour. The surface exposure rate on the shield is reduced from 61 mR/hour to less than 4 mR/ hour by the use of pure iron rather than a standard grade of steel, for the shield core. Similar precautions in the construction of the treatment table and the treatment room ensure that the total activity levels in the room are such that radiographers using the equipment will not receive excessive doses.
Considerations on the use of 14 MeV neutrons for radiotherapy
Authors: Duncan W. , Greene D. , Meredith W. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An experimental arrangement for shielding a Services Electronic Research Laboratory sealed tube neutron source is briefly decribed, and the properties of the resultant neutron beams are summarized. At 55 cm from the target a dose-rate of 5 rads/minute is obtained and the percentage depth dose at 10 cm deep to a 10 × 10 cm field is 40 per cent.
The beam will be used in the first instance to study skin reactions during treatment of advanced pelvic cancer. The principles involved in setting up a clinical trial for fast neutron radiotherapy are discussed.
A 14 MeV neutron tube for radiotherapy
Authors: Hillier M. , Lomer P. D. , Stark D. S. , Wood J. D. L. H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A sealed tube is being developed as a neutron source for radiotherapy. Essential features of such a source for clinical use are an output of at least 1012 neutrons/second to ensure a reasonably short treatment period and a life of several hundred hours to minimize maintenance. The design principles and performance of this and earlier tubes are outlined.
The device contains an ion source which provides a mixture of deuterium and tritium ions in equal proportions. These are accelerated to 250 keV, with which energy they strike a thick target film where they generate 14 MeV neutrons according to the reaction:
The use of this mixture of deuterium and tritium atoms which constantly recirculate between the target and ion source avoids the usual progressive decrease in output due to isotopic dilution in the target. This, together with the development of a high-capacity gas replenisher and very thick target films, provides very long operational lives at high neutron output rates. At the time of presentation of this paper, outputs in excess of 3 × 1011 neutrons/second were achieved and extrapolation of the tube performance data indicated that the design output and life would be achieved.
Macroradiography in severe congenital heart disease in neonates
Authors: Pierce J. W. , Simon G. 
Published: July 2009

With the availability of an X-ray tube with a focal spot of 0·3 mm, macroradiography, or image enlargement, can be undertaken as a routine procedure. Its use was described by Ablow, Greenspan and Gluck (1969). Using a similar technique, a series of babies with very severe congenital heart disease was examined and the radiographs compared with conventional ones taken at the same time.
At first a conventional radiograph was taken with the 1 mm focus and the 0·3 mm focus, at 6 ft. sitting up. Since the film with the fine focus gave more information, all the conventional films were then taken with this, and only these were used to compare with the macrofilms.
Book reviews
Authors: Adams J. E. 
Published: July 2009

The authors are experts in their field and have already published widely on the topic of CT of the head and neck, and this expertise and experience is reflected in their book.
The format of the book is based on the same teaching principles as those of Lucy Squire in the Exercises in Diagnostic Radiology series. There are nine chapters covering various anatomical structures in the head and neck, including orbit, temporal bones, sinuses and larynx, amongst others.
Magnetic resonance (MR) cine imaging of the human heart
Authors: Waterton J. C. , Jenkins J. P. R. , Zhu X. P. , Love H. G. , Isherwood I. , Rowlands D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A novel approach has been developed for MR cine imaging of the human heart by a modified ECG-gated 2DFT method. A pulse sequence has been devised to minimise the effects of saturation which can be anticipated in sequences that require rapid pulsing. Five frames are produced at the same anatomical level at predetermined intervals during the cardiac cycle. The total time taken to achieve this data is 8 minutes. Additional frames can be interleaved by repeating the sequence with an ECG-gated delay. The anatomical sections, which can be in any orthogonal plane, are then displayed as a cine loop. Cine display in the coronal plane has been used to examine 10 volunteers and 12 patients. In addition to the morphological feature displayed in single slice ECG-gated imaging, areas of dyskinesia can be detected and subjective estimates have been made of left ventricular function.
The role of breast scintigraphy in detecting breast masses
Authors: Khayat Gina , Achram Mitri , Rizk Ghassan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
127 breast scans were performed on 83 female patients using technetium-99m diphosphonate. 46 out of 48 patients with breast cancer had positive breast scans manifested by a focal increased uptake in 37 patients and a diffuse increased uptake in the remaining 9 patients. Benign breast lesions such as fibrocystic disease, fibroadenoma and fat necrosis may also concentrate the radioactive agent in a focal or a diffuse pattern. So breast scanning is a sensitive though nonspecific modality to detect malignant breast lesions and it is worthwhile performing it on all women referred for bone scan.
Measurement of blood flow, oxygen utilisation, oxygen extraction ratio, and fractional blood volume in human brain tumours and surrounding oedematous tissue
Authors: Lammertsma Adriaan A. , Wise Richard J. S. , Cox Timothy C. S. , Thomas David G. T. , Jones Terry 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The blood flow, oxygen utilisation, oxygen extraction ratio, and fractional blood volume were measured in brain tumours and the surrounding cerebral tissues. A total of 21 patients were studied. These included 10 primary tumours, eight secondary and three with unknown histology. Measurements were performed using the oxygen-15 steady state inhalation technique and positron emission tomography. Within the tumours no relation between blood flow, oxygen utilisation and blood volume was found. In all tumours oxygen supply was in excess of the oxygen demand of the tissues as reflected in oxygen extraction ratios that were lower than those of normal brain tissue. No indication of local ischaemia in peritumour oedema was found.
Effect of hyperthermia on the radiation response of Chinese hamster small intestine
Authors: Milligan A. J. , Metz J. A. , Leeper D. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Chinese hamster small intestine was surgically exteriorised from the ligament of Trietz to the ileocaecal junction and heated for 8 min at 44.3°C (a non-lethal dose) at various intervals before or after whole-body 60Co irradiation. Hyperthermia exposure immediately after irradiation reduced the LD50/7 from the control of 1,230 cGy to 798 cGy (thermal enhancement ratio, TER, of 1.5). At an interval between irradiation and hyperthermia of 2 h the LD50/7 was 935 cGy, and it remained at that value for intervals of 2–24 h. The increase in the LD50/7 by 2 hours after irradiation probably represents the repair of radiation damage that can interact with hyperthermia, and after two hours the two modalities interact independently.When the small intestine was exposed to 44.3°C hyperthermia immediately prior to irradiation, the LD50/7 was reduced to 658 cGy (TER = 1.8). As hyperthermia and radiation treatments were separated the LD50/7 returned to the control value by 24 h and was unchanged over 24–72 h. This indicates that by 24 h, recovery from hyperthermia damage that could interact with radiation damage was complete.For the sequence hyperthermia → radiation, 33% of the hyperthermia damage was repaired by 1 h; whereas for radiation → hyperthermia, 85% of the radiation damage was repaired by 1 h. The sequence-dependent interaction of hyperthermia and radiation damage in normal tissues is complex, but the kinetics of interaction for the sequence radiation → hyperthermia seem to be predictable for several normal tissues in different species.
Dose rate dependence of response of mouse lung to irradiation
Authors: Lehnert Shirley , Rybka Witold B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The dose-rate dependence of lung damage in mice has been studied using LD50/50–180 as an index of the incidence of radiation pneumonitis. Mean lethal doses for 60Co γ radiation to the thorax delivered at 100, 25 and 6 cGy/min were 1403, 1923 and 2488 cGy respectively. There were statistically significant differences between values obtained at 6 and 25 cGy/min and between those obtained at 25 and lOOcGy/min.
An isoeffect plot of this data on a log-log graph shows the sparing effect of dose rate reduction to be greater for the lung than for more rapidly responding systems (colony forming units of small intestine and Chinese hamster cells in culture).
Hepatic artery aneurysm following pancreatitis diagnosed by ultrasound
Authors: Wolinski A. P. , Gall W. J. , Dubbins P. A. 
Published: July 2009

Aneurysms of the hepatic artery are rare. If untreated, aneurysms of the extra-hepatic portion of the artery frequently rupture and this is nearly always fatal. Although the diagnosis may be made clinically or radiographically some cases of ruptured aneurysm are only discovered post mortem. We describe a case in which an hepatic artery aneurysm complicating pancreatitis was diagnosed by real-time and Doppler ultrasound.
A 70-year-old woman presented with acute onset of epigastric pain. Physical examination revealed epigastric tenderness with absent bowel sounds. A serum amylase of 8000 + IU (normal ≤ 300 IU) confirmed a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and the patient received supportive therapy.
Radium as a Therapeutic Agent—The Case for National Control
Authors: Lee Viscount 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
One of my predecessors in the alarmingly erudite succession of Silvanus Thompson lecturers commenced his paper as follows:—
“For the privileged position I occupy to-night I can at least claim one qualification.”
I am in a regrettably different position, for I can claim no qualification, unless it be the entirely vicarious one of having presided—as a layman—over the National Radium Commission for the past three and a half years, i.e., since its inception.
The Clatterbridge high-energy neutron therapy facility: measurements of beam parameters for clinical use
Authors: Shaw J. E. , Bonnett D. E. , Blake S. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMeasurements have been performed on the 62 MeV proton cyclotron at the Douglas Cyclotron Centre, Clatterbridge Hospital, to determine the variation in beam parameters necessary for clinical use of the neutron therapy facility. These measurements are of total (neutron and γ) doses, and include: depth doses for wedged and unwedged fields at various treatment distances; profile measurements and the production of associated isodose charts; calibration of the dosimetry system of the cyclotron; and determination of variations in calibration associated with changes in field size, wedge and focus-skin distance. Measurements have also been performed to estimate the degree of long-term stability of both calibration and field uniformity.
Stress changes of the wrist in adolescent gymnasts
Authors: Carter S. R. , Aldridge M. J. , Fitzgerald R. , Davies A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The radiographic appearances are reported of chronic stress to the wrist joints of eight adolescent males, seven gymnasts and one roller skater. These consist of bilateral, asymmetrical widening and irregularity of the distal radial growth plates with an ill-defined cystic appearance, sclerosis and flaring of the metaphyses in all eight cases. Similar but less marked changes were present in the distal ulnar growth plates in five cases. The aetiology is thought to be that of a Salter Type I stress fracture of the growth plate due to chronic repetitive shear forces applied to the hyperextended wrist joint. Rapid healing of the stress fracture will occur with cessation of the sporting activity but continued strenuous use of the wrists will result in further widening and irregularity of the growth plate. The differential diagnosis of the radiographic appearances and previous literature are discussed.
Aneurysm of an aberrant right subclavian artery
Authors: Poon F. W. , Stewart I. S. 
Published: July 2009

Although an aberrant right subclavian artery is the most common congenital anomaly of the aortic arch, with an incidence of one in 200 (Grainger & Allison, 1986), aneurysmal dilatation of this aberrant vessel is quite uncommon. In this report we describe one case which presented initially with a diagnosis of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta.
A 72-year-old man was admitted to another hospital for transurethral resection of the prostate. His medical history was unremarkable and he had no other symptoms apart from those relating to his urinary tract. A pre-operative chest radiograph (Fig. 1) showed a bilateral but asymmetrical superior mediastinal mass lying mainly to the left of the midline. The outline of the aortic knuckle was lost and a small curvilinear fleck of calcium was noted in the left lateral margin of the mass (arrowed, Fig. 1). A lateral radiograph of the chest confirmed that the mass did not lie in the posterior mediastinum and a diagnosis of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta was thought most likely. The patient was then referred to our hospital for further investigation, including angiography.
Changes of cerebral air embolism shown by computed tomography
Authors: Hirabuki Norio , Miura Takashi , Mitomo Masanori , Kozuka Takahiro , Kitatani Takashi , Terashima Takeshi , Okagawa Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2009

A case of cerebral air embolism, probably caused by air passed through a central venous catheter, is presented. The first computed tomography (CT) scans performed 1 h after the onset of symptoms, showed multiple air densities in the brain. Follow-up CT showed brain swelling and low densities consistent with infarction. Although CT is evidently useful in the diagnosis of cerebral air embolism (Hwang et al, 1983; Kearns et al,1984; Voorhies & Fraser, 1984; Jensen & Lipper, 1986),there are very few reports on the evolution of findings on CT. We stress that the appearance of cerebral air embolism on CT changes with time and that a normal initial CT scan cannot exclude air embolism.
A 72-year-old man was admitted for treatment of gastric cancer. The patient underwent total gastrectomy in March 1985 and had a central venous line placed for parenteral nutrition. After surgery he suffered from a left-sided empyema and a drainage tube was inserted on March 28.
The effects of radiotherapy on the immune system of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: De-en Hu , Xiang-song Ling , Jie Hu , Bai-ling Li , Xiao-feng Wang , Yi-gao Shen , Jia Ye 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We report on 123 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma whose immune statuswas measured at the time of diagnosis, the day radiotherapy was completed, and then 2–3 months and 6–8 months after completion of radiotherapy. Immunological tests performed included the lymphocyte transformation test, the erythrocyte-rosette formation test (ERFT), the 29°C erythrocyte-rosette formation test (29°C ERFT), lymphocyte counts (lymphocytes/mm3and percentage of lymphocytes), levels of serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), complement (C3) and circulating immune complexes (CIC), the antinuclear antibody test and a skin test using phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). There were statistically significant differences in all tests (except C3) between patients and normal controls. Marked differences were seen in the lymphocyte count, ERFT, and 29°C ERFT after radiotherapy (p&lt;0.01). The diameters of induration of the PHA skin tests were less than those before radiotherapy (p&lt;0.01). There were higher incidences of recurrence and metastases in the patients with high levels of CIC and low numbers of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood after radiotherapy. Cellular immunity remained at a low level 8 months after radiotherapy.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the parotid glands using inversion–recovery sequences at 0.08 T
Authors: Smith Francis W. , Deans Heather E. , McLay Kenneth A. , Rayner Colin W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
One hundred and eight examinations on 103 patients with suspected disease of the salivary glands were studied using a 0.08 T resistive magnet and inversion–recovery pulse sequences. Sixty-eight patients who had a mass lesion within a salivary gland later had surgery, and specimens were obtained for histological diagnosis. The remaining 35 patients were diagnosed on clinical grounds. In all cases the clinical findings were compared with the appearances on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The use of inversion–recovery pulse sequences allowed accurate localization of all tumour masses and, because of the clarity with which blood vessels were displayed, the precise relationship of any parotid mass to the retromandibular vessels and hence the facial nerve was possible. Whilst MRI did not display any pathognomonic features to allow the differentiation of malignant cell types or the differentiation of invasive malignant tumours from chronic inflammatory disease, it was possible to differentiate parotitis from Mikulicz's disease and to diagnose cysts and pleomorphic adenomas by their appearances on MRI.
An unusual case of otorrhoea due to parotid salivary fistula
Authors: Janke P. G. , Rivron R. P. 
Published: July 2009

Most salivary fistulae of the parotid gland open on to the skin surface and are a consequence of trauma to the main duct (Hemenway & Bergstrom, 1971) or to the gland itself (Joffe, 1967) or following surgical procedures. Despite the close proximity of the parotid gland to the external auditory meatus, post-surgical and traumatic fistulae into the external auditory meatus are extremely rare. Richards (1960) reported a case produced by an endaural incision for mastoid surgery. Even rarer is the formation of a spontaneous parotid salivary fistula into the external auditory meatus. A search of the English literature revealed only one previous report (Sharma & Dawkins, 1984) who postulated a patent foramen of Huschke and the repeated trauma of jaw movement on the parotid as the cause of the abnormal connection. However, investigation, including sialography, could not confirm this. We report a case of salivary fistula in which sialography was confirmatory, and both conventional and computed tomography (CT) of the external auditory meatus were helpful.
A 58-year-old woman presented with a 9-month history of recurrent discharge from the right ear. Examination revealed typical otitis externa with accumulated squamous debris and red, oedematous canal skin. The tympanic membrane was seen to be intact. The left ear was normal. The condition settled with topical antibiotic drops but over the next 2 years she was seen repeatedly for further episodes of this unilateral otitis externa which settled each time with the same treatment.