bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meeting in the middle – desirable but not easy
Authors: Allan Catherine , Wilson Ben P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSome form of adaptive management is needed to address complex, uncertain and wicked natural resource management situations. Adaptive management is dependent on learning, in particular social learning. We reflect on some practical constraints on social learning by reference to a recent local scale project in south‐eastern Australia. The ‘Meeting in the Middle’ project aimed to facilitate the development and sharing of knowledge about soil health among farmers, advisors and scientists. The project was successful when measured against traditional extension criteria, but the creation and maintenance of an acceptable space for continuous knowledge creation and sharing is proving elusive. This appears to be related to the quite different paradigms within which the various individual and institutional players operate. Understanding how to recognize, manage and ultimately benefit from the juxtaposition of different world views is challenging but necessary for adaptive management, so we conclude with some reflections on this challenge. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Climate proofing Scottish river basin planning – a future challenge
Authors: Blackstock Kirsty , Dunglinson Jill , Dilley Rachel , Matthews Keith , Futter Martyn , Marshall Keith 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDue to its cyclical planning process, River Basin Management Planning (RBMP) offers a route for adaptive management of a complex human–environment system. Considering how stakeholders speak about climate change provides a lens to examine social learning within RBMP. The paper explores how climate change emerged as a topic during our research and the trajectory of the social learning process. Participants were aware of the challenges that climate change might pose for achieving Good Ecological Status (GES), but as the deadline for the plans drew nearer the focus shifted from long‐term issues to the current state of the environment and delivery of objectives. The degree of ‘climate proofing’ in RBMP depends on choices in future planning phases. We reflect on the potential for this to occur, putting our findings into the context of literature on social learning and adaptive management processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Jumping off Arnstein's ladder: social learning as a new policy paradigm for climate change adaptation
Authors: Collins Kevin , Ison Ray 
Published: November 2009

AbstractParticipation of citizens, groups, organizations and businesses is now an essential element to tackle climate change effectively at international, European Union, national and local levels. However, beyond the general imperative to participate, major policy bodies offer little guidance on what this entails. We suggest that the dominance of Arnstein's ladder of citizen participation in policy discourses constrains the ways we think about, and critically the purposes we ascribe to, participation in a climate change context. We suggest an alternative framing of climate change, where no single group has clear access to understanding the issue and its resolution. Thus adaptation is fundamentally dependent on new forms of learning. Drawing on experiences of social learning approaches to natural resource managing, we explore how a commitment to social learning more accurately embodies the new kinds of role, relationship, practice and sense of purpose required to progress adaptive climate change agendas and practices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Adapting to climate change in land management: the role of deliberative workshops in enhancing social learning
Authors: McCrum Gillian , Blackstock Kirsty , Matthews Keith , Rivington Mike , Miller Dave , Buchan Kevin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper explores how deliberative workshops might enhance social learning about climate change adaptation among land managers in northwest Europe (Scotland). To date, methods for enhancing social learning in the context of adaptation and climate change have been neglected. In this study, location specific agro‐meteorological indicators for both observed and future climate data were produced. The indicators were used as a basis for discussion in four deliberative workshops. The workshops sought to raise awareness of climate change issues, ensure the validity and utility of the indicators, stimulate thinking about adaptive responses and increase land managers' capacity to adapt. Land managers' adaptations to climate change fell into four broad categories: changing what they do, how they do it, when they do it or the frequency with which they do it. This paper therefore reflects on the use of deliberative workshops as an effective technique to enhance social learning regarding adapting to climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Nucleophilic Addition of Water and Alcohols to Dicyanonitrosomethanide: Ligands with Diverse Bonding Modes in Magnetically Coupled d‐Block Complexes
Authors: Chesman Anthony S. R. , Turner David R. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S. , Deacon Glen B. , Batten Stuart R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLigands resulting from the transition‐metal‐promoted nucleophilic addition of water or an alcohol to dicyanonitrosomethanide ions (dcnm) have been utilised in the formation of a large series of polynuclear complexes. Addition of water to dcnm results in formation of carbamoylcyanonitrosomethanide (ccnm); deprotonation of this ligand gives amidocarbonyl(cyano)nitrosomethanide (acnm), which has been incorporated into the trinuclear complex [Cu3(acnm)2(dmae)2(H2O)2] [dmae = 2‐(dimethylamino)ethoxide] (1) which shows strong antiferromagnetic coupling with an exchange coupling constant, J = –500 cm–1. [Cu(acnm)(NH3)2]∞ (2) marks the first instance of acnm facilitating the formation of a coordination polymer, namely a 1D chain with intramolecular hydrogen bonding. Attempts to synthesise 2 through different reaction conditions instead resulted in the mononuclear [Cu(acnm)(NH3)2(py)] (py = pyridine) (3). The addition of ethanol to dcnm results in cyano[imino(ethoxy)methyl]nitrosomethanide (cenm) which features in the mononuclear [Cu(cenm)2(H2O)2] (4) and polymeric {[Cu(cenm)2]2·H2O}∞ (5). The latter is the first example of the cenm ligand in a coordination polymer and has a highly unusual coordination mode through the nitrile groups and extremely weak antiferromagnetic coupling. {[Mn3(ccnm)2(EtOH)2(OAc)4]·2EtOH}∞ (6) and (Et4N)2[Cu(ccnm)4] (7) contain previously unobserved coordination modes of the ccnm ligand while the complex [Mn(cmnm)3Mn(bipy)(MeOH)](ClO4) (8) {cmnm = cyano[imino(methoxy)methyl]nitrosomethanide, bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine} displays weak antiferromagnetic coupling between manganese atoms with J = –1.44 cm–1. A change in the solvent systems used in the synthesis of 7 results in the formation of the mononuclear complexes [Mn(bipy)2(dcnm)2] (9) or [Mn(bipy)2(H2O)(dcnm)](dcnm)·H2O (10) and [Mn(bipy)2(dcnm)(H2O)](dcnm) (11). The addition of ethlyene glycol monomethyl ether to dcnm gives cyano[imino(2‐methoxyethoxy)methyl]nitrosomethanide (cgnm) and the formation of [Cu(cgnm)2(H2O)2] (12).
Synthesis of 3,4‐Fused Bicyclic β‐Lactams and Their Transformation into Methyl cis‐3‐Aminotetrahydrofuran‐2‐carboxylates
Authors: Leemans Erika , D'hooghe Matthias , Dejaegher Yves , Törnroos Karl W. , De Kimpe Norbert 
Published: November 2009

Abstractcis‐3‐Benzyloxy‐4‐(2‐bromo‐1,1‐dimethylethyl)azetidin‐2‐ones were transformed into the corresponding 3‐hydroxy‐β‐lactams through hydrogenolysis of the benzyl ether substituent, followed by formation of novel cis‐2‐oxa‐6‐azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐7‐ones by intramolecular nucleophilic substitution utilizing triethylamine in benzene. The conversion of the latter cis‐2‐oxa‐6‐azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐7‐ones into cis‐3‐aminotetrahydrofuran‐2‐carboxylates was accomplished by means of acidic methanolysis. In this paper, the first straightforward transformation of cis‐azetidin‐2‐ones into cis‐3‐aminotetrahydrofuran‐2‐carboxylates via bicyclic β‐lactams is reported.
Cyclic tests of four two‐story narrow steel plate shear walls. Part 2: experimental results and design implications
Authors: Li Chao‐Hsien , Tsai Keh‐Chyuan , Lin Chih‐Han , Chen Pei‐Ching 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper is the second part of a two‐part paper presenting the cyclic tests of four two‐story narrow steel plate shear walls (SPSWs). The first paper introduces the analytical studies and the specimen designs. This paper describes the test results. Some design implications including the capacity design for the first story column and the width‐to‐thickness ratio check for the beam web are discussed based on key observations from the tests. Test results confirm that the simplified strip model can accurately predict the inelastic responses of the specimens. Test results also confirm that the proposed capacity design method is effective in ensuring the plastic hinge formation at the bottom end of the first story column for SPSW with or without restrainers. Test results also show that the horizontal restrainers are effective in reducing the member forces in the boundary beam and column elements. Comparing the test results of the typical SPSW with those of the restrained SPSW (R‐SPSW) specimens, it is found that the R‐SPSW possesses an improved cyclic performance and reduced material weight. Analytical results predict the compressed column moments at the onset of the column plastic hinge formation well. The analytical hysteretic energy distribution in the first story column agrees very well with the observed inelastic actions developed in the four specimens. The detailed frame response analyses and the test results confirm that the assumptions made in developing the proposed column capacity design method are reasonable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural characterization of intact antibodies by high‐resolution LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Jennifer , Liu Hongbin , Katta Viswanatham 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecombinant monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) can be heterogeneous due to modifications that can occur during expression, purification or during storage. These large multichain proteins (∼150 kDa) are structurally challenging for detailed characterization to identify the sites of modifications. We report the use of LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometry to accurately measure the average masses of individual glycoforms by direct infusion of an intact antibody. To identify the site‐specific modification of methionines in the antibody caused by forced oxidation, we used a ‘middle‐down’ approach. The antibody was subjected to limited digestion using the endoproteinase Lys‐C and reduced to generate Fab heavy chain, single chain Fc and light chain fragments (∼25 kDa each). These species were subjected to on‐line liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis using an LTQ Orbitrap, where these large precursors were dissociated by higher‐energy collisions in the C‐trap. High resolution and accuracy achieved for resulting fragments allowed us to show in a site‐specific manner that only the methionines in the Fc heavy chain were oxidized under the studied conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral differentiation of some cyclic β‐amino acids by kinetic and fixed ligand methods
Authors: Hyyryläinen Anna R. M. , Pakarinen Jaana M. H. , Forró Enik , Fülöp Ferenc , Vainiotalo Pirjo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDifferentiation of β‐amino acid enantiomers with two chiral centres was investigated by kinetic method with trimeric metal‐bound complexes. Four enantiomeric pairs of β‐amino acids were studied: cis‐(1R,2S)‐, cis‐(1S,2R)‐, trans‐(1R,2R)‐ and trans‐(1S,2S)‐2‐aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acids (cyclopentane β‐amino acids), and cis‐(1R,2S)‐, cis‐(1S,2R)‐, trans‐(1R,2R)‐, and trans‐(1S,2S)‐2‐aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acids (cyclohexane β‐amino acids). The results showed that the choice of metal ion (Cu2+, Ni2+) and chiral reference compound (α‐ and β‐amino acids) had an effect on the enantioselectivity. Especially, aromaticity of the reference compound was noted to enhance the enantioselectivity. The fixed‐ligand kinetic method, a modification of the kinetic method, was then applied to the same β‐amino acids, with dipeptides used as fixed ligands. With this method, dipeptide containing an aromatic side chain enhanced the enantioselectivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New constraints on the age of the last ice sheet glaciation in NW England using optically stimulated luminescence dating
Authors: Telfer Matt W. , Wilson Peter , Lord Tom C. , Vincent Peter J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOptically stimulated luminescence (OSL) has been used to date silts, interpreted as either primary or colluviated loess, deposited in karstic depressions at three sites on the Carboniferous limestone of NW England. Two of the ages presented here constrain the onset of the last (Late Devensian) ice in this region to later than ca. 27 ± 2 ka, and the other two date initial deglaciation prior to ca. 19 ± 2 ka in the Morecambe Bay area and ca. 17 ± 2 ka in the karst of the Yorkshire Dales. While these ages are broadly consistent with existing estimates from lacustrine and speleothem evidence, they offer the tightest constraints yet published on the presence of the last ice sheet from northern England. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orbital‐ and millennial‐scale fluctuations in late Quaternary marine pollen records from the Japan Sea
Authors: Ikehara Ken , Oshima Hideaki 
Published: November 2009

AbstractQuaternary surface water conditions within the Japan Sea change with eustatic sea‐level changes and fluctuations in the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), influencing regional climate and vegetation through the delivery of heat and moisture. Our marine pollen data suggest overall cooling from the Last Interglacial (ca. 125 ka) to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), a cold climate during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2, gradual warming from 12 ka and rapid warming after 10 ka. These stages are concordant with published palaeoceanographic changes in the Japan Sea. During mid MIS 5 to MIS 3, marine sediments in the Japan Sea are characterised by fine alternations of dark‐ and light‐coloured layers that formed under the influence of fluctuations in the EASM, possibly correlated with Dansgaard–Oeschger cycles. During the deposition of dark layers, high levels of precipitation are inferred from the abundance of Cryptomeria. In contrast, a cool and dry climate is interpreted for the light layers, based on an abundance of subarctic conifer pollen. The palaeoclimate of the Japan Sea region appears to have been influenced by orbital‐scale changes in global climate and millennial‐scale fluctuations in the EASM. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Pleistocene stratigraphy and palaeoceanographic implications in northern Bering Sea slope sediments: evidence from the radiolarian species Cycladophora davisiana
Authors: Itaki Takuya , Uchida Masao , Kim Sunghan , Shin Hye‐Son , Tada Ryuji , Khim Boo‐Keun 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA high‐resolution abundance curve of the radiolarian species, Cycladophora davisiana, was obtained from a Late Pleistocene sediment core, PC‐23A, which was obtained from the northern slope of the Bering Sea. The abundance pattern of this species was high during the glacial period and low during the Holocene. This general stratigraphic pattern was correlated with a previously reported pattern for the subarctic Pacific Ocean. However, planktonic foraminifera‐based accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dating revealed that a significant peak in the C. davisiana curve during the glacial period correlates to 15.5 ka, which is younger than that previously estimated as being the Last Glacial Maximum. The higher abundance of this species implies that there was well‐ventilated water with a large amount of organic matter in the intermediate‐water layer. An unusually high propagation of C. davisiana during the earliest Holocene period, Bølling–Allerød (B‐A) and Dansgaad–Oescheger interstadial event # 12, was most likely related to a significant increase in the amount of organic matter released into the intermediate‐water depths by a brine pump system via ventilation. In addition, centennial‐scale variations in the abundance of C. davisiana during the B‐A period suggest that the intermediate‐water ventilation was sensitively affected by brine rejection during sea ice formation as well as large‐scale atmospheric circulations such as the Arctic Oscillation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced marine productivity in the Kuroshio region off Shikoku during the last glacial period inferred from the accumulation and carbon isotopes of sedimentary organic matter
Authors: Ikehara Minoru , Akita Daisaku , Matsuda Ayuri 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe obtained marine primary production records from cores MD01‐2422 and KH06‐3‐PC8 in the modern Kuroshio flow region in the western North Pacific for the last 35 ka. The organic carbon content of marine sediments is commonly used as a proxy for export production from the surface ocean. Most sedimentary organic carbon was derived from marine organisms, because carbon isotopes of organic matter (δ13Corg) in sediments were approximately −21‰, which is close to the typical marine δ13Corg value. The quantities of marine and terrestrial organic matter were reconstructed from the mass balance of δ13Corg in bulk total organic carbon. The accumulation of marine organic carbon, and presumably marine production, was enhanced during the latter half of the last glacial period in the subtropical gyre in the western North Pacific. Terrestrial organic matter varied synchronously with marine organic carbon changes, suggesting that both increased in late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2. We conclude that in addition to aeolian dust supplied by the East Asia monsoon, the lateral transport of nutrients from the East China Sea to the subtropical gyre as a result of a sea‐level rise at the last deglaciation played an essential role in enhancing palaeoproductivity during the last glacial period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Organization of Three‐Arm‐Star PIB–PEO Block Copolymers at the Air/Water Interface: Langmuir‐ and Langmuir–Blodgett Film Investigations
Authors: Rother Marko , Barqawi Haitham , Pfefferkorn Dirk , Kressler Jörg , Binder Wolfgang H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of three‐arm‐star (PIB–PEO) block copolymers (BCPs) via azide/alkyne “click” reaction and their behavior at the air/water interface are reported. Starting from a three‐arm‐star allyl‐telechelic PIB (1) prepared by living cationic polymerization, the three‐arm‐star PIB–(CH2N3)3 (2c) was generated via borane addition/oxidation PIB–(CH2OH)3, (2a) followed by reaction with CBr4/PPh3 furnishing PIB–(CH2Br)3 (2b) and then the PIB–(CH2N3)3 (2c) after reaction with trimethylsilyl‐azide/tetrabutylammonium fluoride. The final three‐arm‐star (PIB–PEO) BCPs (4a, 4b) were then generated by azide/alkyne “click” reaction of the PIB–(CH2N3)3 (2c) with alkyne‐telechelic PEOs (3a, 3b) in a biphasic water/toluene mixture, using copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate/sodium ascorbate as the Cu(I)‐regenerative system and microwave irradiation. NMR spectroscopy and MALDI investigations proved the final structure of the three‐arm‐star PIB–PEO BCPs. Subsequent Langmuir‐ and Langmuir–Blodgett films investigations of 4a and 4b reveal the absence of a pancake‐to‐brush transition. Compared to PIB54–(PEO3–OCH3)3 4a, the collapse of PIB54–(PEO16–OCH3)3 4b occurs at higher surface pressures and lower mean molecular area values indicative of stronger anchoring of the PIB block to the air/water interface. Addition of iron‐oxide nanoparticle (Rh = 83 Å) leads to a stabilization of the hydrophobic layer of 4a, thus shifting the collapse to higher surface pressures.magnified image
Simulation of Propylene Polymerization in Industrial Reactors Using Ziegler‐Natta Catalysts in the Presence of Electron Donors
Authors: Alshaiban Ahmad , Soares João B. P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHeterogeneous Ziegler‐Natta catalysts are still the most important catalysts for the industrial production of polyolefins, despite the discovery of high‐activity metallocene systems in the eighties. Despite of their huge commercial importance, several aspects of Ziegler‐Natta catalysts are still poorly understood from both qualitative and quantitative points of view. Especially for polypropylene, a very important factor controlling product quality is the effect of the electron donor used to modify the catalyst. In this manuscript we present, for the first time, a quantitative mathematical model that describes the effect of electron donors on the tacticity of polypropylene made with multiple‐site type catalysts.
Do body proportions among Jomon foragers from Hokkaido conform to ecogeographic expectations? evolutionary implications of body size and shape among northerly hunter‐gatherers
Authors: Temple Daniel H. , Matsumura Hirofumi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study documents and interprets adaptive postcranial morphology among prehistoric Jomon period foragers from Hokkaido, Japan (HKJ). The Hokkaido climate is differentiated from other Japanese islands by freezing winters with sea‐ice accumulation in the northern regions. Increased brachial and crural indices are, however, observed among HKJ foragers, while body mass (BM) has not yet been estimated for these groups. Based on previous observations and paleoclimatic reconstructions, it was predicted that increased BM and increased distal relative to proximal limb lengths would typify HKJ foragers. Similar BM was observed between HKJ foragers and groups from colder environments. Intralimb indices do, however, suggest similarity between HKJ foragers and groups from high‐latitude, warm environments. It is likely that HKJ foragers retained cold‐derived BM in association with Pleistocene migrations to Hokkaido via Northeast Asia. That is, enlarged BM among HKJ foragers is associated with long‐term evolution in a colder environment. Relatively elongated distal limbs may represent morphological response to a slightly warmer environment. Following migration to Japan from a colder environment, elongation of distal limb segments resulted in elevated brachial and crural indices. Relatively elongated distal appendages may also reflect positive nutritional status as HKJ people experienced lesser rates of systemic stress than other Jomon groups. It is also possible that elongated distal relative to proximal limbs are associated with neutral mutation and genetic drift. This interpretation suggests a neutral mutation associated with relative limb length in some HKJ ancestor with subsequent spread of this allele through isolation and drift. Ontogenetic and temporal studies of intralimb indices among Jomon people are necessary to further evaluate these interpretations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lower‐semicontinuity result for the two‐scale convergence
Authors: Boukrouche Mahdi , Ciuperca Ionel 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLet (m, n) ∈ ℕ2, Ω an open bounded domain in ℝm , Y = [0, 1]m ; uε in (L2(Ω))n which is two‐scale converges to some u in (L2(Ω × Y))n . Let φ: Ω × ℝm × ℝn → ℝ such that: φ(x, ·, ·) is continuous a.e. x ∈ Ω φ(·, y, z) is measurable for all (y, z) in ℝm × ℝn , φ(x, ·, z) is 1‐periodic in y, φ(x, y, ·) is convex in z. Assume that there exist a constant C1 > 0 and a function C2 ∈ L2(Ω) such that
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Then we have
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(© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)