bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Root Canal Morphology and Variations of Mandibular Premolars by Clearing Technique: An in vitro Study
Authors: Taluja Chirag , Shah Nimisha , Joshi Hardik 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives
The aim of this study was to compare internal anatomy between first and second mandibular premolars and to study different percentage variations of root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in Gujarat population based on Vertucci's classification by clearing technique.

Methodology
A total of 80 extracted intact permanent mandibular premolars (40 each mandibular first premolar and mandibular second premolar) with fully formed apices were collected. Access cavity was prepared with endo access kit, all samples were placed in 2.5% sodium hypochlorite for 48 hours, after that all samples were washed in running water for 2 hours. After washing, all samples were transferred to 5% nitric acid, for decalcification, for 72 hours, with the acid being changed every 24 hours and stirred once every 8 hours. All samples were washed in running water and dehydrated using ascending grades (70%, 80%, 90% and 100%) of isopropyl alcohol for 2 days. Finally, they were rendered transparent by immersion in methyl salicylate for 15 minutes and then India ink dye was injected into the access cavity. The anatomy of the root canal was observed and classified based on the Vertucci's classification.

Statistical analysis
Parametric Z-test was used to compare the variation between mandibular first and second premolars.

Results
In mandibular first premolar, type 1 was found in 20%, type 2 was 5%, type 3 was 5%, type 4 was 25%, type 5 was 12.5% and type 6 was 2.5% of total samples. Whereas, in mandibular second premolar, type 1 was found in 80% out of all samples, type 4 was 2.5%, type 5 was 17.5%. Type 2, type 3, type 6, type 7 and type 8 were not found in this study.

Conclusion
Mandibular first premolar showed higher variation (75%) compared to mandibular second premolar (37.5%).

Clinical significance
The knowledge of variations in the root canal morphology of the mandibular premolars can enhance the level of endodontic treatment of mandibular premolars.

How to cite this article
Parekh V, Shah N, Joshi H. Root Canal Morphology and Variations of Mandibular Premolars by Clearing Technique: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(4):318-321.
The times of of London. THE Russian Press, and the programs of 1881-1882
Authors: Klier John 
Published: December 2011

With the rise of the mass nediain the nineteenth century;educated Russians began to manifest a special fascinaticn with the attitudes of foreigners towards all things Russian. (Where but in Russia would a major newspaper offer readers a regular section devoted to "What the foreign press says about Russia?") Consequently, the extremely hostile reaction of foreign journalisn to the pograns; the anti-jewish riots which broke out in Southern Russia in April 1881, was especially painful for Russian intellectuals. Russian discanfi ture was re-enforced by the fear that these journalistic assaults presaged fioreign diplomatic initiatives directed against the Russian state.
Government in the Soviet Countryside in the Stalinist Thirties: The Case of Belyi Raion in 1937
Authors: Manning Roberta T. 
Published: December 2011

The Soviet political system of the 1930s is generally regarded as a personal dictatorship par excellence, presided over by a ruler with historically unprecedented powers to control events and shape society to suit his political ambitions and personal whims. Focusing almost exclusively upon the persona of Joseph Stalin as the prime mover in the Soviet system, mainstream Western scholarship on the thirties has tended to attribute Stalin's power to a consciously fostered personality cult and the indiscriminate use of political terror. Laws, institutions, the policymaking process, the economy, the population at large, and other political leaders, both local and national, are usually dismissed by scholars as passive tools or victims in the hands of the all-powerful Stalin. None of these factors are deemed capable of serving as independent historical forces or agencies in their own right.~ An entire epoch of Russian history has been reduced essentially to biography.
Influence of different types of UV absorber/UV stabilizer combination on the photodegradation of PC/ABS blend
Authors: Rajan Vipin V. , Wäber Roy , Wieser Jürgen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) blends, (PC/ABS), are mainly degraded by sunlight known as photodegradation when exposed to outdoor conditions. It is the ultraviolet (UV) radiation that is responsible for the degradation of the blend. To stabilize against the harmful UV radiation and to scavenge the radical species which arise from UV or thermally induced degradation of the PC or the ABS, UV absorbers, and UV stabilizers are used. In this article three different UV absorbers namely, Tinuvin 1577—hydroxyphenyl triazine type, Cyasorb 5411—benzotriazole type, Uvinul 3030—cyanoacrylate type, and two different UV stabilizers, Tinuvin 765—monomeric hindered amine type, Tinuvin 622—oligomeric hindered amine were compounded in different combinations with PC/ABS blend at 240°C using a twin screw extruder. Accelerated aging of the compounded sample was done by Atlas Suntest apparatus. The photodegradation studies were done using UV–vis, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, and Yellowing index measurement. The molecular weight of the compounded sample before aging was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). It was found that samples protected with hydroxyphenyl triazine type UV absorber and oligomeric hindered amine show the best result for decreasing the degradation products, oxidation rate, and yellowing of the PC/ABS blend. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Impact of antimony trioxide on the physico‐mechanical and flammability properties of irradiated recycled rubber powder and waste polyethylene composites
Authors: Aly Raouf O. , Hassan Medhat M. , Hasanen Jehan A. , El Sayed El Sayed F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe physicomechanical behavior and flammability properties of waste polyethylene and recycled waste rubber powder blend (WPE/RWRP/MA) filled with antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), at different contents 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt %, and irradiated with different gamma radiation doses, namely 50, 75, 100, and 150 kGy, were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements. Tensile strength, elongation at break, elastic modulus, hardness, swelling properties, and electric conductivity behaviors were also investigated. Experimental results emphasized that Sb2O3 particles retard degradation and flammability of the composite. The LOI increases from 16 to 20.9 with 20 wt % Sb2O3 specimen irradiated with 150 kGy. Improvement in thermal stability at conditions of 15 wt % Sb2O3 and a dose of 75 kGy was demonstrated by TGA.DSC measurements showed that Tm significantly increased in the presence of the filler. Mechanical characterization tests showed a significant increase in tensile strength within the range 5–10 wt % Sb2O3. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Synthesis and evaluation of hexafluoroisopropanol‐functionalized polysiloxane as a new coating material for sensors
Authors: Wei Dongwei , Wang Lishuo , Ma Jinyi , Jiang Hongmin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new polysiloxane polymer as a coating material for surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors was synthesized. The polymer was a linear polysiloxane functionalized with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) groups, poly{methyl [4‐(hexafluoroisopropanol) phenylethyl] siloxane}. The polymer was spin‐coated on a 200‐MHz SAW sensor for the detection of a 2,4‐dinitrotoluene vapor. A fast response time of 30 s and good reproducibility were achieved. It was found that the frequency shift decreased as the polymer concentrations decreased. The new polysiloxane coatings showed excellent properties, such as a high sensitivity, high permeability, and low glass‐transition temperature (−40.5 ± 1°C). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and performance evaluation of tetracycline hydrochloride loaded wound dressing mats based on electrospun nanofibrous poly(lactic acid)/poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) blends
Authors: Zahedi Payam , Karami Zeinab , Rezaeian Iraj , Jafari Seyed‐Hassan , Mahdaviani Parvin , Abdolghaffari Amir Hossein , Abdollahi Mohammad 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn this article, we present the drug‐release rate, water uptake, water permeability, morphology, and mechanical properties of a series of active wound dressing nanofibrous mats prepared via an electrospinning process of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL), and their (50/50) blends loaded with different doses of tetracycline hydrochloride antibiotic. The performance of these active wound dressings in terms of a sustained and suitable drug‐release rate, adequate water uptake and water permeability, and antibacterial activities were compared with those of a commercial wound dressing (Comfeel Plus). The results show that the dressings made from PCL and PLA/PCL blends showed better performance compared with the commercial wound dressing sample as far as these properties were concerned. The improved performance could be explained on the basis of the nanofibrous structure of the mats and the hydrophilicity of PCL and PLA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Multifunctional cotton fabric: Antimicrobial and durable press
Authors: Cerkez Idris , Kocer Hasan B. , Worley S. D. , Broughton R. M. , Huang T. S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract2‐Amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (AMP) was coated onto cotton fabric with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) as a crosslinking agent to simultaneously impart antimicrobial and durable‐press functionalities. The coatings were characterized and confirmed by attenuated total reflectance–IR and thermogravimetric analysis. The coated fabrics were rendered biocidal upon exposure to dilute household bleach, and the chlorinated swatches exhibited about 6 log reductions of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus within 5 min of contact time. A concentration of 1.5 wt % AMP was sufficient to produce this biocidal efficacy. Increasing the BTCA content of the coating improved the wrinkle recovery angle. The coatings were very stable toward repeated laundering, and they exhibited sufficient halogen storage stabilities for industrial applications. A photolytic decomposition was observed when the coatings were exposed to UVA light. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Crack initiation of natural rubber under high temperature fatigue loading
Authors: Weng Gengsheng , Huang Guangsu , Lei Hangxin , Qu Liangliang , Zhang Peng , Nie Yijing , Wu Jingrong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVulcanized natural rubber (NR) under quiescent thermal oxidation aging and high temperature fatigue loading with small strain amplitude was investigated by the infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy measurements. IR results demonstrated the thermal oxidation degradation process of vulcanized NR at 85°C. During high temperature fatigue loading, nanoscale cracks and voids that are generated by the combined impact of thermal oxidation and cyclic loading were detected. Further investigation suggests that the nucleation effect of dissolved vapor and gas in the low molecular weight domains of the NR under fatigue loading accounts for the appearance of nanocracks. This work provides some new insight into the crack initiation mechanism of NR during high temperature fatigue loading, which has not been clearly understood. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cannabinoid receptor 1 mediates glucocorticoid‐induced bone loss in rats by perturbing bone mineral acquisition and marrow adipogenesis
Authors: Ko Jih‐Yang , Wu Re‐Wen , Kuo Shu‐Jui , Chen Ming‐Wen , Yeh Da‐Wei , Ke Huei‐Ching , Wu Shin‐Long , Wang Feng‐Sheng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveProlonged glucocorticoid treatment increases the risk of osteopenic disorders. Bone loss and marrow fat accumulation are prominent features of glucocorticoid‐induced skeletal destruction. Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) has been found to regulate energy expenditure and adipose tissue lipogenesis. We undertook this study to investigate whether CB1 signaling regulates glucocorticoid‐induced bone loss.MethodsRats were administered glucocorticoid, CB1 antisense oligonucleotide, CB1 sense oligonucleotide, or the CB1 antagonist AM251. Bone mineral density, microstructure, biomechanical strength, and signaling transduction were assessed by dual x‐ray absorptiometry, micro–computed tomography, material testing, and immunoblotting, respectively. Primary bone marrow stromal cells were isolated for assessment of ex vivo osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation.ResultsGlucocorticoid administration accelerated bone deterioration and fatty marrow formation in association with up‐regulation of CB1 expression. Genetic and pharmacologic blockade of CB1 by CB1 antisense oligonucleotide and AM251 attenuated the deleterious effects of glucocorticoid treatment on bone mineral density, trabecular microarchitecture, and mechanical properties. CB1 antagonism improved osteoblast survival, osteoblast surface, and bone mineral acquisition, but abrogated marrow adiposity. Knockdown of CB1 restored osteogenic differentiation capacity and attenuated the promoting effects of glucocorticoid on adipogenic differentiation in primary bone marrow mesenchymal cells. CB1 signaling modulated ERK, JNK, and Akt activation as well as runt‐related transcription factor 2 and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ2 signaling. Adiponectin signaling was activated by CB1 regulation of bone formation and fatty marrow.ConclusionCB1 mediates glucocorticoid‐induced suppression of bone formation and marrow fat homeostasis. CB1 antagonism reduces adipogenic and apoptotic reactions in bone microenvironments, thereby abrogating the deleterious effects of glucocorticoid treatment on bone integrity. Modulation of CB1 signaling has therapeutic potential for preventing glucocorticoid‐induced osteopenic disorders.
Prevention of cartilage degeneration and gait asymmetry by lubricin tribosupplementation in the rat following anterior cruciate ligament transection
Authors: Jay Gregory D. , Elsaid Khaled A. , Kelly Karen A. , Anderson Scott C. , Zhang Ling , Teeple Erin , Waller Kimberly , Fleming Braden C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate whether cartilage degeneration is prevented or minimized in a rat model of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury following a single dose‐escalated intraarticular injection of lubricin derived from human synoviocytes in culture.MethodsUnilateral ACL transection (ACLT) of the right hind limb was performed in Lewis rats (n = 56). Control animals underwent a capsulotomy alone, leaving the ACL intact (n = 11). Intraarticular injections (50 μl/injection) of phosphate buffered saline (PBS; n = 14 rats) and human synoviocyte lubricin (1,600 μg/ml; n = 14 rats) were performed on day 7 postsurgery. Animals were killed on day 70 postsurgery. Histologic specimens were immunoprobed for lubricin and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Urinary C‐telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX‐II) levels were measured on days 35 and 70 postsurgery. Hind limb maximum applied force was determined using a variable resistor walkway to monitor quadruped gait asymmetries.ResultsIncreased immunostaining for lubricin in the superficial zone and on the surface of cartilage was observed in lubricin‐treated and control animals but not in PBS‐treated or untreated animals with ACLT. On days 35 and 70 after surgery, urinary CTX‐II levels in human synoviocyte lubricin–treated animals were lower than in untreated and PBS‐treated animals (P < 0.005 and P < 0.001, respectively). Animals with ACLT treated with human synoviocyte lubricin and control animals distributed their weight equally between hind limbs compared to PBS‐treated or untreated animals (P < 0.01).ConclusionOur findings indicate that a single intraarticular injection of concentrated lubricin following ACLT reduces type II collagen degradation and improves weight bearing in the affected rat joint. These findings support the practice of tribosupplementation with lubricin for retarding cartilage degeneration and possibly the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.
Association of cartilage‐specific deletion of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ with abnormal endochondral ossification and impaired cartilage growth and development in a murine model
Authors: Monemdjou Roxana , Vasheghani Faezeh , Fahmi Hassan , Perez Gemma , Blati Meryem , Taniguchi Noboru , Lotz Martin , St‐Arnaud René , Pelletier Jean‐Pierre , Martel‐Pelletier Johanne , Beier Frank , Kapoor Mohit 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveLong bones develop through the strictly regulated process of endochondral ossification within the growth plate, resulting in the replacement of cartilage by bone. Defects in this process can result in skeletal abnormalities and a predisposition to degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Studies suggest that activation of the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is an important therapeutic target in OA. To devise PPARγ‐related therapies in OA, it is critical to identify the role of this transcription factor in cartilage biology. Therefore, this study sought to determine the in vivo role of PPARγ in endochondral ossification and cartilage development, using cartilage‐specific PPARγ–knockout (KO) mice.MethodsCartilage‐specific PPARγ–KO mice were generated using the Cre/loxP system. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess the patterns of ossification, proliferation, differentiation, and hypertrophy of chondrocytes, skeletal organization, bone density, and calcium deposition in the KO mice.ResultsPPARγ‐KO mice exhibited reductions in body length, body weight, length of the long bones, skeletal growth, cellularity, bone density, calcium deposition, and trabecular bone thickness, abnormal organization of the growth plate, loss of columnar organization, shorter hypertrophic zones, and delayed primary and secondary ossification. Immunohistochemical analyses for Sox9, 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine, p57, type X collagen, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 revealed reductions in the differentiation, proliferation, and hypertrophy of chondrocytes and in vascularization of the growth plate in mutant mice. Isolated chondrocytes and cartilage explants from mutant mice showed aberrant expression of Sox9 and extracellular matrix markers, including aggrecan, type II collagen, and matrix metalloproteinase 13. In addition, chondrocytes from mutant mice exhibited enhanced phosphorylation of p38 and decreased expression of Indian hedgehog.ConclusionThe presence of PPARγ is required for normal endochondral ossification and cartilage development in vivo.
Epirubicin potentiates recombinant adeno‐associated virus type 2/5–mediated TRAIL expression in fibroblast‐like synoviocytes and augments the antiarthritic effects of rAAV2/5‐TRAIL
Authors: Shi Juan , Diao Zhijuan , Zhou Jiansuo , Zhu Jieqing , Yuan Haiqin , You Xin , Liu Yanxin , Zheng Dexian 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveSynovial cells in rheumatoid synovium display abnormal proliferation, which leads to joint destruction. TRAIL has been described as a proapoptotic factor in fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS). This study was undertaken to investigate the functions of rAAV2/5‐TRAIL in human FLS and in arthritic mice.MethodsPrimary human FLS were infected with rAAV2/5‐TRAIL in the presence or absence of epirubicin. Transgene expression was monitored by both enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. The disease‐modulating activity of epirubicin plus rAAV2/5‐TRAIL was investigated in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).ResultsSubtoxic doses of epirubicin potentiated rAAV2/5‐mediated TRAIL expression in FLS and simultaneously enhanced the sensitivity of FLS to TRAIL. Epirubicin treatment up‐regulated death receptor 4 (DR‐4) and DR‐5 expression and down‐regulated FLIP expression, thereby enhancing the activation of procaspase 3, procaspase 8, and procaspase 9. An in vivo study showed that the combination of rAAV2/5‐TRAIL gene therapy and epirubicin chemotherapy provided augmented antiarthritic effects in a mouse model of CIA. The intraarticular injection of rAAV2/5‐TRAIL combined with epirubicin treatment significantly reduced the severity and incidence of CIA and joint swelling in the animals. Histologic evaluations revealed that inflammatory cell infiltration, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion were significantly reduced in the joints of the mice receiving the synthetic treatment. Results of a viral genome copy number assay indicated that epirubicin dramatically augmented the expression of rAAV2/5‐TRAIL without altering its tissue distribution.ConclusionThese results suggest that epirubicin enhances the antiarthritic effect of rAAV2/5‐TRAIL and that combination treatment might be an important therapeutic alternative, with practical significance for rheumatoid arthritis.
Brewer's spent grain: Characterization and standardization procedure for the enzymatic hydrolysis by Bacillus cereus strain
Authors: Kotlar Catalina E. , Belagardi Mariela , Roura Sara I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn important way to reuse agroindustrial by‐products and to produce added‐value products consists of the production of protein hydrolysates. In the current study, we used Brewer's spent grain (BSG), mainly because of its availability and cost, as a substrate for the enzymatic hydrolysis by Bacillus cereus. First, the physicochemical and microbiological characterization of BSG batches from three varieties was carried out. Furthermore, the optimal fermentation upstream processes for enzymatic hydrolysis by B. cereus were defined. Finally, the ability of B. cereus to hydrolyze different fractions of BSG was analyzed and possible synergistic effects of this bacterium along with other proteolytic bacteria were also investigated. Results showed that the naturally associated microflora was predominantly thermophilic aerobic bacteria and the drying process was the better alternative for BSG preservation. Water, lipids, and ash content differed significantly among the three varieties; however, no statistically significant differences were found in the protein content among them. After BSG characterization studies, the following protocol was set to obtain the fermentation substrate (FS): drying at 60°C for 24–48 H; sieving, grinding, and polyphenol extraction with an alcohol–water solution; and finally autoclaving. A synergistic effect was observed when B. cereus was inoculated with Pseudomonas strains in FS.
First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Isoaspinonene through a Baylis–Hillman/Olefin Cross‐Metathesis Protocol
Authors: Radha Krishna Palakodety , Alivelu Munagala , Prabhakar Rao Tadikamalla 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe first stereoselective and efficient total synthesis of isoaspinonene by using Baylis–Hillman reaction, chelation‐controlled vinyl Grignard reaction, Wittig olefination, and olefin cross‐metathesis reaction of a hitherto unreported substrate as the key steps is described.