bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asset-Related and Project Financing
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the various types of lending that are based on the value of assets underlying trade financing, international leasing, and infrastructure financing. Each has its own unique characteristics and poses unique challenges to banks hoping to compete effectively. Infrastructure financing techniques and large-scale capital-intensive ventures are inseparable. The latter could not be carried out with the same degree of effectiveness and efficiency without access to global financial markets and the economic discipline imposed on such ventures by the funding approaches developed in infrastructure financing.
Derivatives and Swaps Markets
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Few events have stimulated international capital market activity as much as the development of derivative securities. Derivatives, which include futures and options, are contracts whose values reflect changes in the price of underlying assets such as stocks, bonds, commodities, or foreign currency. Swaps, which are over-the-counter instruments involving the exchange of one stream of payment liability for another, are presented, including credit default swaps and collateralized debt obligations. Derivatives are intended as a tool to manage the various risks associated with financial assets and liabilities, the market values of which can fluctuate widely. However, derivatives tend to be complicated, and understanding the full spectrum of their risks can be difficult. During financial turmoil, the risks can become exaggerated, as evidenced by the part they played in the global financial crisis that began in 2007.
Mergers, Acquisitions, and Corporate Advisory Services
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
For the leading international wholesale banks, providing international merger and acquisitions (M&A) advisory services has been a natural extension of providing the same services domestically. Whether the client is a buyer, a reluctant seller, or a willing target, tapping the international market for better terms is often advisable and sometimes imperative. Banks with a strong local M&A team and an international presence—primarily U.S. investment houses—have been well positioned to take advantage of this aspect of globalization. As globalization continues, a convergence of market conditions for M&As will occur. The evolving environment will have more of the transparent Anglo-Saxon characteristics than the continental European or Japanese.
Strategy and Strategic Positioning
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the generic processes and linkages that comprise global financial intermediation, the basic financial “hydraulics” that ultimately drive efficiency in the financial system and its impact on real-sector resource allocation and economic growth. Maximum economic welfare demands a high-performance financial system. Some of the structural changes that have occurred in both national and global financial systems are discussed. Sequentially, financial channels that exhibit greater dynamic efficiency have supplanted less effiient ones. Competitive distortions can retard this process, but they usually extract significant economic costs and, at the same time, divert financial flows into other venues, either domestically or elsewhere. Next, the consequences of this process in terms of financial services industry reconfiguration are examined, both within and among the four major segments of the industry—commercial banking, securities and investment banking, insurance, and asset management—as well as within and between national financial systems. Finally, the Client-Arena-Product model is presented, which outlines the strategy of financial firms: How should they decide what to do, for which clients, and in which markets?
Vowels
Authors: Labrune Laurence 
Published: May 2012

AbstractChapter 2 presents the five vowels /a, i, u, e, o/ and their corresponding long vowels in Tôkyô Japanese, with a look at other modern dialectal systems and the ancient Kyôto language. The special status of the high vowels /i/ and /u/, which undergo frequent elisions or insertions, and are the locus of devoicing, a phenomenon of major relevance in the phonology of Japanese, is discussed in detail. This chapter also provides a detailed description of prosodic lengthening and shortening, and proposes a discussion and analysis on the status of the so-called diphthongs.
Accent
Authors: Labrune Laurence 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTôkyô Japanese has been described as a pitch accent system which contains tonic and atonic words,and has been extensively described and analysed both in and outside Japan. After presenting the basic mechanism of present day Tôkyô Japanese accentuation and offering a summary of two theoretical treatments of it, the chapter enters into the details of each word type accentuation: simplex vs. compound, native vs. Sino-Japanese vs. Western, nouns vs. verbs and -i adjectives, numeral compounds, and so on. A new formal account within the framework optimality theory of the accentuation of Western loans and of that of compound nouns is offered. After exploring the dialectal and sociological variation of accent, the chapter concludes with a discussion on the status of the Japanese word-prosodic system from a typological point of view, since a number of features of this system could be interpreted as tonal rather than accentual.
Crisis, Reform, and Constitutionalization
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the impact of the resignation of the Santer Commission, which had profound significance for EU administration, and the controls to which it was subject. The resignation received front-page attention in the press, proof for those minded to believe it of the malaise which had long existed within that organization. Its downfall was prompted by the First Report of the Committee of Independent Experts. This was followed in quick succession by reforms instituted by Romano Prodi as the new President of the Commission, by the Committee of Independent Experts' Second Report, by the White Paper on Reform of the Commission and implementation of these reforms. An understanding of these developments is crucial in order to appreciate the current pattern of EU administration. The chapter charts these developments leading to administrative reform, including the Financial Regulation of 2002, which established a constitutional framework for Union administration of the kind that had not existed hitherto.
Centralized Management
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Chapter 2 charted the reforms made in the aftermath of the fall of the Santer Commission, including the emergence of a constitutional framework for Union administration embodied in the Financial Regulation of 2002. The divide between centralized and shared administration was central to the reform initiatives and also to the structure of the new Financial Regulation. This chapter takes the story forward by considering the regime that governs centralized EU administration. The discussion begins with a brief overview of the rationale for centralized administration and the problems encountered in the past. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the regime for centralized administration found in the Financial Regulation and related instruments. Thereafter follows an examination of the use of executive agencies in specific areas of EU policy, with a particular focus on the energy sector. The discussion concludes with reflections on the role of law within centralized EU administration.
Shared Management
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Shared management has been central to the implementation of EU policy. This includes areas where the EU expends funds, such as the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Structural Funds, and areas where the EU intervenes through regulatory policy such as utilities, financial services, and consumer protection. This chapter explores various issues in the context of the CAP and the Structural Funds. A number of related conclusions can be drawn concerning the role of law in the administration of the CAP and the Structural Funds. First, sharing the administration of complex activities is difficult. Secondly, the interplay between Member States and the EU in the design of the rules governing these two regimes was never going to be straightforward. Thirdly, it is clear that legislative design is crucial for the successful delivery of these policies. Finally, we should be careful about the ascription of blame when things go wrong.
Comitology
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Comitology and the making of secondary norms, which normally take the form of rules. The chapter is organized as follows. It begins with analysis of the nature of the problem presented by rulemaking, and the necessity for any polity, including the EU, to administer an area through secondary norms of a legislative nature. This is followed by a historical overview of rulemaking in the EU and the role of Comitology therein. The focus then shifts to detailed evaluation of the approach to rulemaking in the Lisbon Treaty.
Social Partners
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which the social partners are involved in the making of EU policy. The discussion begins with the emergence of the social dialogue. This is followed by analysis of the Treaty articles, with more specific elaboration of the ways in which the social partners can participate in the making of social policy. The focus then turns to the role of the social partners in the making of agreements that can be transformed into formal law, the problems associated with this process and the justifications offered for this privileged position. The ensuing discussion shifts to consideration of what are now known as autonomous agreements concluded by the social partners, which do not have the formal status of law, but which are important nonetheless. The chapter concludes by looking at less formal texts produced by the social partners through sectoral social committees, and the efforts that have been made to render these more effective than hitherto.
Foundations
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The discussion thus far has considered the different ways in which the EU delivers policy. The focus has been on administration and law. The second part of the book shifts the focus to law and administration, and an evaluation of the judicial doctrine that is of principal significance for EU administration and for the Member States where the latter act within the scope of EU law. It is important to pause and reflect on themes that cut across and are equally pertinent to the analysis of particular aspects of review. This chapter seeks to lay the groundwork for the ensuing discussion. It begins with the justification for judicial review. This is followed by the sources of EU administrative law and the grounds on which judicial review is available. The focus then turns to the way in which these have been shaped by background principles and the range of acts that are amenable to judicial review. The final section considers whether it would be desirable for there to be a general code of administrative law in the EU.
Transparency
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Transparency is an important principle in all democratic polities. This chapter begins by considering the different values served by transparency. The focus then shifts to the status of transparency in the pre-Lisbon world and the way in which the concept was accorded greater prominence in the last decade of the previous millennium. This is followed by consideration of the various ways in which transparency is protected in the Lisbon Treaty. The analysis then turns to an examination of an important facet of transparency concerned with access to documents.
Competence and Subsidiarity
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The previous chapters were concerned with access, process, and transparency. This chapter turns to substantive review and it is natural to begin with competence and subsidiarity, more especially so because lack of competence is one of the specific grounds of judicial review in Article 263(2) TFEU. The EU is based on attributed power. The general principle is, and always has been, that the EU only has the competence conferred on it by the Treaties. Prior to the Lisbon Treaty, it was however difficult to decide on the limits of that competence. The existence and scope of EU competence were therefore key elements in the reforms that culminated in the Lisbon Treaty. There are now categories of competence specified in the Lisbon Treaty: the EU may have exclusive competence, shared competence, or competence only to take supporting, co-ordinating, or supplementary action. Legal consequences flow from this categorization, which are examined. There are, however, certain areas of EU competence that do not fall within these categories. The chapter considers the extent to which the new regime clarifies the scope of EU competence and contains EU power.
Proportionality II: Member States
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers proportionality and the legality of Member State action. The discussion begins with positive law and analysis of the principal areas in which proportionality is used to contest the legality of Member State action. The application of proportionality and the four freedoms is considered, followed by examination of the case law on proportionality and equality, with the focus then shifting to the way in which proportionality constrains Member States' implementation and application of EU legislation. The remainder of the chapter is normative in orientation. It looks at the intensity of review and the justification for the close judicial scrutiny when applying proportionality to Member State action. It shows that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) is nonetheless willing to apply proportionality in a way that is tolerant of differences in Member State values. The chapter concludes by considering the allocation of responsibility between the ECJ and the national courts when deciding on the application of proportionality.
Remedies II: Member States
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter considers the remedies available against Member States. This is in certain respects a more complex topic than remedies against the EU because relief against Member States that violate EU law will normally be sought in national courts. The action will prima facie have to conform to national procedural and remedial rules concerning matters such as time limits, quantum of recovery, and the like. This raises the issue of the extent to which EU law imposes constraints on such national rules. This complex jurisprudence is analysed in the first half of the chapter. The EU courts have also developed an EU cause of action for damages that is applicable against all Member States. This is examined in the second half of the chapter, with consideration being given to its conceptual foundations, subsequent modification, and the relationship between the Union courts and national courts in the application of the criteria for recovery.
1954: The Challenge of Technical Identity
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence of the so-called technical identity in Great Britain in 1954. It argues that the changing relations between the middle and working classes encouraged amongst the former both a rejection of the gentlemanly embrace, which was seen to be out of keeping with the meritocratic tenor of post-war Britain, and a new interest in rational planning, which was to prove receptive to the social sciences. The chapter contends that the social sciences were shaped by a managerial concern, strongly indebted to cultures of war, mobilization, and demobilization, and suggests that the social sciences did not merely respond to a changing external environment but are themselves implicated in new forms of governmentality, regulation, and social imaginary.
1941: The Sample Survey and the Modern Rational Nation
Authors: Savage Mike 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the remarkable proliferation of social survey research in Great Britain from the 1950s and shows how it created a distinctive politics of the abstracted individual articulated as member of a modern rational nation. It explores the dramatic rise of the sample survey as an instrument of modern rational governance, highlighting its central role in producing knowledge fit for governance, and also suggests that this form of research eliminated women as major subjects of social research, even though they had been highly visible in earlier periods.
Phonons and their participation in optical phenomena
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDescription of phonons and their participation in optical phenomena deals with the electron–phonon and exciton–phonon interactions, effects being crucial for understanding the luminescence processes in solids. First, basic notions related to vibrations of an ideal solid‐state lattice are reviewed, and specific properties of optical, acoustic longitudinal and transversal phonons are emphasized. Phonon dispersion curves are discussed. Then various types of the electron–phonon and exciton–phonon interactions are treated: the deformation potential, the piezoelectric mechanism, and the Fröhlich mechanism. The concept of polaron is mentioned. After characterizing briefly vibrations of a lattice containing point defects (luminescence centres), the configurational coordinate model is introduced. In its framework, the shape of absorption and emission spectra are discussed, terms Huang–Rhys factor, Debye–Waller factor, no‐phonon line, and Stokes shift are explained. The concept of thermal quenching is put in more precise terms.
Electroluminescence
Authors: Pelant Ivan , Valenta Jan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractElectroluminescence of inorganic semiconductors, as one of the principal application directions of luminescence phenomena, is treated in detail. At first, a short historical note is given. Two basic types of electroluminescence are distinguished: High-field electroluminescence and injection electroluminescence. Experimental conditions for and microscopic mechanisms of the high-field electroluminescence are explained (Schottky effect, Poole–Frenkel effect, impact excitation, and ionization). Typical intensity, spectral and temporal characteristics of the emitted luminescence radiation are illustrated. As for injection electroluminescence, basic electric properties of a p-n (homo)junction are reviewed. Representative intensity, spectral and temporal characteristics of light-emitting diodes, made of various semiconductors, are presented. A particular note is devoted to electroluminescence of a p-n junction biased in the reverse direction.
7 Old and New in Roman Foreign Affairs: The Case of 197
Authors: Potter David 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAt the end of the third century bc, the Roman Republic had no coherent plan of imperial expansion or roadmap for transforming conquered territories into provinces. The year 197 is notable as one in which two different models of imperialism collide — a traditional model employed at the end of the third Macedonian war in Greece, and an experimental model, the arrival of praetors to govern new provinces in Spain. The lack of coherence may be explained by the structures of the Roman state, and the specific models for making peace and war that had been current at Rome in the previous centuries. Attention is given to the evidence for treaties and provincialization.
9Decem Legati: A Flexible Institution, Rigidly Perceived
Authors: Yarrow Liv Mariah 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter considers the evidence for the use of boards of ten commissions in the period after 146 bc and compares these later instances with those better know legations of the late third and early second centuries. It concludes that there is no strong break in Roman constitutional practice, but instead that the institution was adapted throughout its history to suit individual circumstances. The evidence from Cicero, Plutarch, and Cassius Dio regarding the legates sent to Lucullus during the Mithridatic War is central to the arguement. The lex Rupilia as presented in Cicero's Verrines further illustrates the Romans own conception of the institution.
10 Kings and Regime Change in the Roman Republic
Authors: Hekster Olivier 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter analyses the ways in which political circumstances in Republican Rome were exploited by foreign kings to strengthen their positions. It argues that kings consciously used the increasingly public lack of cohesion within the Roman senate to boost their own standing, but that the lack of cohesion also made it more difficult to anticipate how Rome would react. Taking Numidia and Egypt as diachronic case studies, it highlights the importance of personal patronage in Republican foreign policy, and suggests that the clarity of obligations which client kings had towards Rome became more problematic as 'Rome' was increasingly difficult to define. Finally, it notices the somewhat biased position of Cicero in describing this process in the Late Republic.
12 Honorific Statues and Hellenistic History
Authors: Ma John 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter asks: Why, and how to, say thank you with a statue? To survey this practice allows us to visit various issues of Hellenistic history. The chapter first looks at the role of political history: the relationship between cities and kings, then Rome (illustrated by various examples, notably the statue of a Scipio at Amphipolis), the weaving of relations between cities, and the resourcefulness of the cities in the terrible first century bc. Second, it examines the role of internal history: the relationship between cities and elites; family display within public space. Finally, statues help us probe a history of space, place, and memory in the Hellenistic city.
The Trade and Development Relationship during the GATT Years and the Genesis of the WTO
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The public international law approach to development attempted to incorporate development at the core of the trade regime. The ITO embodied that philosophy, as did Part IV of the GATT, non-reciprocity, the Enabling Clause and, more recently, the reference to sustainable development in the Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO. By contrast, the technical approach to trade regulation and development translated into ad hoc or limited carve-outs from general disciplines, such as GATT Article XVIII, trade preferences, “special and differential treatment” clauses in the Uruguay Round agreements, and the Doha Decision on Public Health. Such instruments often predetermine and limit the ability of developing countries to devise their own development policies. It is in part in reaction that the notion of “policy space” emerged as a rallying cry for those who wanted to reclaim more control over domestic economic policy.