bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil and Plant Parameters Associated with Grass Tetany of Cattle in Kansas1
Authors: Karlen D. L. , Ellis R. , Whitney D. A. , Grunes D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFew researchers in the United States have attempted to correlate the soil and plant parameters related to the grass tetany problem. To investigate those correlations, we identified areas in Kansas where outbreaks of grass tetany had been diagnosed, and collected forage and soil samples from fields where grass tetany had occurred in grazing cattle. Forage samples were analyzed for K, Ca, and Mg; soil samples were analyzed for pH, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg, cation exchange capacity and cation activities. Forage K, Ca, and Mg concentrations and equivalent ratios (Mg/K) were correlated with soil‐test parameters and soil exchangeable Mg/K ratios. Chemical analyses indicated forage samples had enough K and Ca for proper nutrition of lactating beef cows, but Mg concentrations were generally less than the 0.2% level essential to maintain normal blood serum Mg concentrations. Low Mg concentrations in the forage resulted in the equivalent ratios [K/(Ca+Mg)] that exceeded 2.2. The soil was fairly high in K and adequate in Ca. Magnesium saturation of the surface and the subsoils ranged from 3 to 45% and, except in a few locations, a response to fertilizer Mg would be highly unlikely. Ion activities showed that Ca was the predominant cation in the soil; Mg activity was about one‐third that of Ca and twice that of K. Potassium activity was most closely correlated to the forage K concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), whereas, Mg concentrations in wheat forage were most highly correlated with the subsoil Mg saturation percentages and the subsoil exchangeable Mg/K ratio. Magnesium concentrations in fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) correlated most highly with surface soil Mg activity and exchangeable Mg measurements. The correlation coefficients indicated that none of the soil‐test parameters were entirely successful in identifying soil characteristics important in the tetany syndrome. We feel that in Kansas, environmental and management factors are more important in the incidence of grass tetany than the soil's characteristics.
Measuring Sod Strength with an Instron Universal Testing Instrument
Authors: Burns Robert E. , Futral J. Gordon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSod strength is an important factor in sod production. To aid in determining the strength accurately and consistently a method was developed using the Instron Universal Testing Instrument which provides for a preset rate of stretching of a uniform length of sod. The pull is in a controlled direction and the force applied is recorded on a chart that not only yields the force required to break the sod but also the amount the sod stretched prior to breaking and the pattern of breakage. The cost of the equipment, other than the Instron tester, is reasonable and can be constructed in most shops.
Aluminum Toxicity, Nodulation, and Growth of Stylosanthes Species1
Authors: de Carvalho Margarida M. , Edwards D. G. , Andrew C. S. , Asher C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAluminum toxicity is an important limitation to legume growth on many acid soils. Stylosanthes species are often grown on such soils, but effects of A1 on their growth are poorly understood. Effects of four solution Al concentrations (0, 25, 75, and 125 µM) on the growth of six Stylosanthes species was examined on plants supplied with 500 µM NH4NO3 and on plants inoculated with Rhizobium CB 756.Aluminum toxicity depressed growth more severely in those plants dependent on symbiotic N2 fixation than in those supplied with combined N. At 25 µM Al, S. hamata (L.) Taub. and S. fruticosa (Retz) Alston exhibited high tolerance when dependent on symbiotic N2 fixation, while the other four species were less tolerant. Yield of all six species was strongly depressed at 125MµM Al, irrespective of the N source.The greater sensitivity of the inoculated plants to Al toxicity was associated with a strong reduction in nodulation f all species. Aluminum delayed nodulation in all species except S. hamata, reduced the number of plants which nodulated in S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., S. scabra Vog., and S. viscosa Swartz, and reduced the number and dry weight of nodules in all six species. Greater effects of Al on nodule weight than on root weight were observed particularly in the more poorly nodulated species S. guianensis, S. scabra, and S. viscosa. Tolerance to Al by the various species thus appears to be dependent on their ability to nodulate and develop an effective symbiosis in the presence of Al, and on the inherent sensitivity of the host plant to Al.
Continuous Cultivation and Soil Productivity in the Semi‐Arid Savannah: The Influence of Crop Rotation1
Authors: Lombin L. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith continuous cultivation replacing the traditional bush‐fallowing system in the West African savannah zone, farming is becoming more fertilizer‐dependent for high yields. It is imperative that cheaper means of augmenting soil fertility be explored to supplement the use of mineral fertilizers. A rational rotation scheme will enable the crops to utilize the limited amount of fertilizers in a complementary manner. The present study evaluated the effects of nine sequences of growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) on soil productivity and crop nutrition at Samaru in northern Nigeria.The 8‐year study was conducted on a sandy loam soil (Typic Ustropept isohyperthermic family). The sequence treatments were: continuous sorghum, cotton, and groundnuts; sorghum followed by groundnuts or cotton; groundnuts followed by sorghum or cotton; and cotton followed by sorghum or groundnuts. All crops were supplied with adequate amounts of the appropriate basal fertilizers each year. Rotation effects on the yield of each crop were measured over 7 years and in the final year the whole field was ploughed, treated with uniform N and P fertilizers, and seeded to maize (Zea mays L.). Earleaf samples were taken at 50% silking stage for chemical analysis.Sorghum yielded consistently higher when preceded by groundnuts than when preceded by cotton. Continuous sorghum significantly depressed yield. On the average, groundnuts performed just as well when preceded by sorghum as when preceded by cotton but yielded significantly less when continuously cropped. Cotton following sorghum consistently and, on the average, significantly outyielded cotton following groundnuts or cotton following cotton. However, continuous cotton yielded just as well as when preceded by groundnuts. The sequences which included groundnuts gave the best maize yields with the highest, 4,480 kg/ha, from the continuous groundnuts, compared to 3,570 kg/ha from continuous cotton and 2,500 kg/ha from the continuous sorghum plots. Plant tissue analysis indicated greater N availability after groundnuts followed by cotton and sorghum in that order.Most of the rotational effects especially on sorghum were most attributable to residual soil N. A continuous monoculture of any of the three crop appears inadvisable. For maximum yields, the best sequence would be groundnuts followed by sorghum and cotton in that order.
Corn Grain Yield and Nutrient Response to Foliar Fertilizer Applied during Grain Fill1
Authors: Harder H. J. , Carlson R. E. , Shaw R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecently there has been renewed interest in foliar fertilization of field crops, but little work with foliar application of nutrients on corn (Zea mays L.) during the grain filling period has been reported. This study was conducted to observe the effect of foliar fertilizer on corn grain yield, yield components, and nutrient content in the grain at harvest, while plants were subjected to moisture stress imposed after silking in one, two, or three successive stress periods.Experiments were conducted in the movable rain shelter facility at Ames, Ia., in 1976 and 1977. In this facility corn plants were grown in containers containing 100 liters of a Nicollet loam soil (an Aquic Hapludoll, fine‐loamy mixed mesic). Foliar fertilizer was applied three times in the post‐silking period with a pressurized hand sprayer.In 1976, foliar fertilizer application commenced 4 weeks after silking, and no significant effect of foliar fertilizer on yield, or yield components was measured. In 1977, foliar‐fertilizer application commenced as early as 2 weeks after silking, and a significant, 6.4% yield reduction occurred in foliar‐fertilizer treatments. This decrease occurred in both hybrids used and in all moisture‐stress treatments. There was no evidence for an interaction between post‐silking moisture stress and foliar‐fertilizer application. In 1977, the effect of foliar fertilizer was to reduce mass/kernel in one hybrid, while in the other, neither mean mass/kernal nor kernels/plant were significantly reduced, but total grain yield was reduced. This difference was related to the number of days after silking when foliar fertilizer was first applied. Foliar fertilizer seemingly produced a stress on these plants, and the deleterious effect of this stress was expressed by the yield component being primarily determined at the time the stress occurred. Foliar fertilizer applications resulted in a significant increase in the percent N (10%) and in the percent P (4.7%) in the grain at harvest. There was, also, an increase in N yield (5.1%) in the grain despite a grain yield decrease in one hybrid.
Consumptive Water Use by Sub‐irrigated Turfgrasses under Desert Conditions1
Authors: Kneebone William R. , Pepper Ian L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIrrigation is essential for turfgrass growth in the arid southwest. Water conservation is equally essential. To irrigate properly, levels of consumptive water use and the factors which affect them must be known. This study evaluated effects of management, local climate, species, and cultivars upon water use. Three bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), a zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.), St. Augustinegrass [Stenotophrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze], and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were grown in a local washed mortar sand in percolation lysimeters with measured subirrigation at Tucson, Ariz. There were no significant differences in consumptive water use among the bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass at either of two managements. Raising the water table 10 cm and overseeding with annual ryegrass in winter significantly increased consumptive use. St. Augustinegrass and tall fescue used significantly more water than the bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass. Consumptive water use varied with evaporative demand as measured by Class A pan. Consumptive use values expressed as percentage of evaporative pan losses ranged from 42 to 80% depending upon management and grass. Mean annual percentages were 46 for bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass, 58 for St. Augustinegrass, and 64 for tall fescue grown with the same water table. The same percentage was 58 for bermudagrasses and zoysiagrass overseeded with ryegrass in winter and maintained with a 10 cm higher water table.
Allelopathic Effects of Tall Fescue on Birdsfoot Trefoil as Influenced by N Fertilization and Seasonal Changes1
Authors: Luu K. T. , Matches A. G. , Peters E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifficulties in obtaining successful establishment of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in sods of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cannot be fully explained by competition for water, nutrients, and light. The difficulty may be due to allelopathy that has been shown to exist in tall fescue. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted at Columbia, Mo., to characterize the influence of N fertilization and seasonal changes on the intensity of allelopathic effects of tall fescue on birdsfoot trefoil. Trefoil seeds were germinated in water extracts of fescue herbage (15 g herbage/100 ml H2O) applied to filter paper in a 23.3 C germination chamber and also in sand or soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Udollic Ochraqualf) media in the greenhouse. Extracts of fresh herbage caused inhibition of germination and seedling growth, but ashing of the fresh herbage prior to extraction eliminated the inhibition. Previous N fertilization of tall fescue increased inhibition of germination and seedling growth. Percent germination and root and hypocotyl lengths of birdsfoot trefoil seedlings treated with the June through September extracts were 10, 13, and 7 times greater, respectively, than were those obtained from herbage sampled from January through May. Soil reduced the inhibitory effects of extracts, but root growth was still suppressed 54.7% in soil + extract as compared with the soil + water control. Growth of trefoil roots were reduced more by allelopathic substances than either germination or hypocotyl growth.
Immobilization, Nitrification, and Losses of Fall‐applied, Labeled Ammonium‐Nitrogen during Growth of Winter Wheat1
Authors: Olson R. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to follow immobilization, nitrification, movement, and loss of fall‐applied N during growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). On 4 Oct. 1979, small plots on a Pachic Argiustoll soil received 80 kg N/ha broadcast as (NH4)2SO4 containing 5.97 atom % 15N. Plants and soil samples (to a depth of 150 cm) were removed from four randonly selected plots at each of four samplings. Leaching to depths below 150 cm was calculated from N contents of soil water and drainage values derived from an evapotranspiration equation.Of the applied N, 26% was immobilized by 6 Dec. 1979 and 40% by 21 May 1980. Amounts of inorganic N from fertilizer declined steadily as a result of immobilization, plant uptake, and losses. At maturity, 81.9% of the fertilizer N remaining in the 150‐cm profile was immobilized. The surface 10‐cm layer contained more than 70% of the fertilizer N in the soil profile at each sampling time. Amounts of fertilizer N as NO−3 were greatest 6 December and were always less than amounts as NH+4 −N.Concentrations of fertilizer N in inorganic forms decreased with time in the 0‐ to 10‐cm and 10‐ to 20‐cm layers. Between 20 and 110 cm, concentrations peaked in April, whereas amounts below 110 cm peaked in May. Unusually high precipitation for this location in late March resulted in the leaching of 6.5% of the fertilizer N below 150 cm. Losses of 10 to 18%, apparently from denitrification, occurred soon after the fertilizer was applied. The crop used 41.6% of the applied N. At maturity, more than half of the applied N remained in the soil and crop residue. Because that was largely in organic forms, only slight additional loss would he expected as the N was slowly mineralized.
Surface Area Measurement of Corn Root Systems1
Authors: Smika D. E. , Klute A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe density or amount of roots per unit of soil is important when evaluating the use of soil water and nutrients by plants. The most commonly used measurement of roots is mass, but more recently root length measurements have been reported. We believe root surface area is of critical importance in assessing water and nutrient uptake. We are presenting a method whereby this characteristic can be determined using roots washed from soil cores which are photographed followed by the developed film being scanned with an Image Analyzer to determine the area. This value is multiplied by π assuming the roots are cylindrical to give the total surface area of the roots. The accuracy of the technique was checked by calculating the root length using an average root diameter of 0.05 cm. The calculated lengths were comparable to published values giving credibility to the technique.
Survival of Rhizobium phaseoli in Six Carrier Materials1
Authors: Sparrow S. D. , Ham G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeat is the most commonly used base material for Rhizobium sp. (rhizobia) inoculants; however, suitable sources of peat are not available in many developing countries. Other materials have been evaluated as alternatives to peat as carriers of rhizobia, but few of these studies have included Rhizobium phaseoli. In this study, survival of three strains of R phaseoli was evaluated in peat, ground peanut hulls, ground corn cohs, charcoal, vermiculite, and polyacrylamide gel at 4, 25, and 45 C. Numbers of viable cells of rhizobia were determined in the carrier materials by the plate count procedure at time zero and periodically up to 30 weeks. Survival of each strain was much better in peat, charcoal, and vermiculite than in peanut hulls or corn cohs. Die‐off in polyacrylamide gel was rapid for strain CIAT 75 survival was better for strains 3644 and 650R, but bacterial contamination was a severe problem. For peat, charcoal, and vermiculite, survival was good at 4 and 25 C for strain 3644; for CIAT 75 and 650R survival was good in these carriers at 25C but not at 4 C. Survival was very poor in all carriers at 45 C; no viable cells were detected after 3 days. None of the materials tested was superior to peat as carriers of R phaseoli, but the results indicate that charcoa and vermiculite can be used as inoculant carriers with relative success. Storage of inoculants in these carriers is feasible at room temperature.
Effect of Folicote Antitranspirant Application on Field Grain Yield of Moisture‐Stressed Corn1
Authors: Fuehring H. D. , Finkner M. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle has been done on the practical use of antitranspirants to increase the yield of field crops. The objective of this study was to determine the yield response of moisture‐stressed corn to the application of an antitranspirant. Folicote, a hydrocarbon film‐type antitranspirant, was foliarly applied on moisture‐stressed field corn (Zea mays L.) grown on Pullman silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) soil. Single seasonal applications (foliar spray with ground rig just prior to tasseling) resulted in average yield increases of 11 and 17 %. Fields where both the upper and lower leaf surfaces were sprayed required 1.93 L/ ha for maximum yield response, 42 % less than required where spraying was from the top only. The response was curvilinear with definite yield depression when rates were too great, indicating the need to determine optimum application rates according to the method of application. It was concluded that antitranspirant application is a feasible method of increasing corn yield under the conditions of this study.
Heat Tolearance Screening of Field‐Grown Cultivars of Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass1
Authors: Minner D. D. , Dernoeden P. H. , Wehner D. J. , McIntosh M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe quality of cool‐season turfgrasses frequently declines during periods of high temperature stress. Simple tests are needed to rapidly identify heat tolerant germplasm for incorporation into breeding programs. Facilitative screening tests have been devised, however, in the few studies that have been performed only immature and greenhouse or growth chamber‐grown plants have been evaluated. To be of practical value, results of screening tests, employing plants grown under artificial conditions, should correlate closely with results of tests involving field grown plants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the heat tolerance of several cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in the field under four different regimes of N fertilization (0, 98,148, or 196 kg ha−1 yr−1) in a Typic Hapludults, fine silty, mixed mesic soil for comparison with published results in which greenhouse and growth chamber‐grown material was used. On six sampling dates, plants representing all cultivar and N combinations were exposed to 42, 44, and 46 °C by immersion in a water bath. Heat tolerance of the cultivars was compared using the mean percent recovery weight for the three temperatures. The Kentucky bluegrass cvs. Sydsport, Vantage, and Pennstar were more heat tolerant than the perennial ryegrass cvs. Pennfine, Citation, and Caravelle. When data were averaged over 2 years, it was shown that Sydsport was significantly more heat tolerant than all other genera and cultivars tested. Pennfine had higher recovery weights than the other two ryegrasses on four of six sampling dates. When data were averaged, however, no significant heat tolerance differences among the ryegrasses were discerned. The results from the screening of field grown material followed the same trends as published results using greenhouse or growth chamber‐grown samples. This investigation therefore provides strong evidence that laboratory screening tests may be used to identify accurately and rapidly heat tolerant cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass and possibly perennial ryegrass. The overall heat tolerance of the cultivars on each sampling date correlated with the amount of precipitation (r=−0.91) and the average high temperature (r=0.93) for the period just prior to and during sampling. The moderate N fertility regimes imposed had little effect on the heat tolerance of the grasses.
Evapotranspiration and Yield Estimation of Spring Wheat from Canopy Temperature1
Authors: Diaz R. A. , Matthias A. D. , Hanks R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCanopy temperature indices have been shown to be related to evapotranspiration (ET) and grain yield (Y) for many crops at various locations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three indices at a location different from where the indices were developed. The indices were the stress‐degree‐day (SDD), temperature‐stress‐day (TSD), and the crop‐water‐stress index (CWSI), and were tested at Logan, Utah on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. var. Fieldwin). Planting dates were 14 Apr., 28 Apr., and 19 May 1980. Canopy temperatures in differentially irrigated plots (36 × 3 m) were measured by infrared thermometry at midday from growth stages of heading to maturity. Net radiation, wind speed, humidity, and air temperature data were collected. Neutron meter measurements were used to calculate ET. Summations of SDD (∑SDD) and TSD (∑TSD) and mean values of CWSI were calculated. Linear regression analysis for each planting showed large goodness of fit (r2 ≥ 0.93) for ET vs. ∑TSD, and for ET vs. ∑SDD (r2 ≥ 0.86). Large r2 values were obtained with Y vs. ∑TSD and Y vs. ∑SDD data. For the combined data from all plantings, r2 ranged from 0.90 for the ET vs. ∑SDD data to 0.21 for the Y vs. ∑TSD data. Slopes and intercepts of individual regression lines were significantly (α = 0.05) different. Goodness of fit of relative ET deficit with mean CWSI for the combined plantings was r2 = 0.86, and for relative Y decrease with mean CWSI, r2 = 0.78. Results indicate that SDD may be most suitable for wheat yield assessment and water management in northern Utah.