bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistent and Stable Silyl Radicals
Authors: Tumanskii Boris , Karni Miriam , Apeloig Yitzhak 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRecent developments in the study of silyl radicals have been spectacular. Two decades ago, only short‐lived silyl radicals were known and only a few were spectroscopically characterized. Since then, many new types of persistent and stable silyl radicals were synthesized, isolated, and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and several also by X‐ray crystallography. These exciting developments are reviewed in this article.The review consist of five sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Tris(silyl) substituted silyl radicals; 3. Bis(silyl) silicon‐centered radicals X(R3Si)2Si·, where X is a nonsilyl substituent; 4. Anion radicals and metal‐substituted silyl radicals; 5. Conclusions and outlook. The article overviews the methods for the generation and synthesis of silyl radicals, the factors that control their stability and structure, and their EPR parameters. The isolation of stable silyl radicals, anion radicals, and diradicals opens new opportunities for their application as new materials with unique chemical, photophysical, and magnetic properties.
Unusual Radical Acceptors
Authors: Spagnolo Piero , Nanni Daniele 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This article deals with three particular classes of unusual radical traps, namely, azides, isonitriles, and heterocumulenes. It aims at showing that not only are these compounds easily accessible and much more stable and hazard‐free than expected, contrary to many prejudices, but they allow outstanding radical synthetic procedures that can give access to an extensive assortment of compounds. Azides are easy‐to‐make, extraordinarily versatile products for assembly of both cyclic and acyclic nitrogen compounds through the intermediacy of a variety of nitrogen‐centered radicals (triazenyl, aminyl, and even iminyl radicals). Likewise, isonitriles are key intermediates for the synthesis of assorted nitrogen heterocycles and other remarkable derivatives via generation of imidoyl radicals, often through multicomponent procedures. Even the more unusual heterocumulenes have shown their potential in free‐radical‐mediated organic synthesis, especially as a route to cyclic and polycyclic compounds. The employment of the above moieties as radical acceptors in organic synthesis shows once more that radical reactions can be applied to a really huge range of substrates and are definitely one of the most widespread tools in organic chemists' hands.
A novel template‐based automatic rigging algorithm for articulated‐character animation
Authors: Pantuwong Natapon , Sugimoto Masanori 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTRigging is a process for creating skeletons used to animate articulated characters. In conventional computer‐animation software, this process must be performed manually. Although several automatic rigging algorithms have been proposed, these methods still require user intervention. This paper proposes an automatic algorithm that generates an inverse kinematic skeleton for a character by locating an appropriate template skeleton on the extracted curve skeleton of the input 3D character model. After the curve skeleton is extracted, it is analyzed and classified into an appropriate category. The classification conditions are developed from the characteristics of each kind of real animal. We also develop an algorithm to extract the anatomical meaning of each skeleton segment. On the basis of the classification result, a suitable template skeleton is retrieved from the database. Each bone of the template skeleton can then be located on the appropriate skeleton segment of the input skeleton graph by using the extracted anatomical meanings. In contrast to previous methods, the algorithm does not require the input 3D character models to have certain poses or orientations. Moreover, all processes can be completed without user intervention. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biciliated ependymal cell proliferation contributes to spinal cord growth
Authors: Alfaro‐Cervello Clara , Soriano‐Navarro Mario , Mirzadeh Zaman , Alvarez‐Buylla Arturo , Garcia‐Verdugo Jose Manuel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTwo neurogenic regions have been described in the adult brain, the lateral ventricle subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus subgranular zone. It has been suggested that neural stem cells also line the central canal of the adult spinal cord. Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy and immunostaining, we describe here the organization and cell types of the central canal epithelium in adult mice. The identity of dividing cells was determined by 3D ultrastructural reconstructions of [3H]thymidine‐labeled cells and confocal analysis of bromodeoxyuridine labeling. The most common cell type lining the central canal had two long motile (9+2) cilia and was vimentin+, CD24+, FoxJ1+, Sox2+, and CD133+, but nestin‐ and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)−. These biciliated ependymal cells of the central canal (Ecc) resembled E2 cells of the lateral ventricles, but their basal bodies were different from those of E2 or E1 cells. Interestingly, we frequently found Ecc cells with two nuclei and four cilia, suggesting they are formed by incomplete cytokinesis or cell fusion. GFAP+ astrocytes with a single cilium and an orthogonally oriented centriole were also observed. The majority of dividing cells corresponded to biciliated Ecc cells. Central canal proliferation was most common during the active period of spinal cord growth. Pairs of labeled Ecc cells were observed within the central canal in adult mice 2.5 weeks post labeling. Our work suggests that the vast majority of postnatal dividing cells in the central canal are Ecc cells and their proliferation is associated with the growth of the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:3528–3552, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A simple multicolor flow cytometry protocol for detection and molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in epithelial cancers
Authors: Hristozova Tsvetana , Konschak Robert , Budach Volker , Tinhofer Ingeborg 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCirculating tumor cells (CTCs) might not only serve as prognostic marker but could also be useful for monitoring treatment efficacy. A multicolor flow cytometry protocol for their detection and molecular characterization in peripheral blood was developed which consisted of erythrocyte lysis followed by staining of cells with fluorochrome‐labeled antibodies against CD45 and the epithelial markers EpCam and cytokeratin 7/8. For reducing the number of events acquired by flow cytometry, an electronic threshold for the fluorescent signals from the epithelial markers was applied. After establishment of the protocol by using spiking experiments, its suitability to determine the absolute number of CTCs as well as their expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its phosphorylated form (phospho‐EGFR) in blood samples from patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) was validated. Spiking experiments demonstrated an excellent recovery (mean 85%) and a linear performance (R2 = 0.98) of the protocol. Sensitivity and specificity were comparable to our former protocol using immunomagnetic CTC pre‐enrichment. The analysis of 33 SCCHN patient samples revealed the presence of CTCs in 33.3% of cases with a mean ± SD of 1.5 ± 0.5 CTCs per 3.75 ml blood. EGFR was expressed in 100% and phospho‐EGFR in 36.4% of the CTC+ cases. We have established a simple and sensitive multicolor flow cytometry protocol for detection of CTCs in patients with epithelial cancers including SCCHN which will allow their detailed molecular characterization. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Anodic bonding between LTCC wafer and Si wafer with Sn‐Cu‐based electrical connection
Authors: Matsuzaki Sakae , Tanaka Shuji , Esashi Masayoshi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper describes electrical connection simultaneously established with anodic bonding between an LTCC (low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic) wafer and a Si wafer. The metal bonding pads were composed of Sn on Cu. Sn melts during anodic bonding, absorbing the height margin of the bonding pads to ensure entire contact between the LTCC and Si surfaces. This study first investigated formic acid vapor pretreatment before anodic bonding to remove Sn surface oxide on the bonding pads. The removal of the surface oxide proceeds at a process temperature of 150 °C or higher. By pretreatment at 250 °C, the Sn surface is smoothed due to the reflow effect, but the metal multilayer structure of the bonding pads does not significantly change after 5 minutes of pretreatment. The bonded metal pad was almost entirely uniform in both structure and composition throughout the thickness. The composition of the bonded pads was approximately Sn:Cu = 1:1 in atomic ratio, and might have a remelting temperature of ca. 415 °C, which is much higher than the solder reflow temperature in the device mounting process. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(4): 49–56, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10401
Block of Kv1.7 potassium currents increases glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion
Authors: Finol‐Urdaneta Rocio K. , Remedi Maria S. , Raasch Walter , Becker Stefan , Clark Robert B. , Strüver Nina , Pavlov Evgeny , Nichols Colin G. , French Robert J. , Terlau Heinrich 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) relies on repetitive, electrical spiking activity of the beta cell membrane. Cyclic activation of voltage‐gated potassium channels (Kv) generates an outward, ‘delayed rectifier’ potassium current, which drives the repolarizing phase of each spike and modulates insulin release. Although several Kv channels are expressed in pancreatic islets, their individual contributions to GSIS remain incompletely understood. We take advantage of a naturally occurring cone‐snail peptide toxin, Conkunitzin‐S1 (Conk‐S1), which selectively blocks Kv1.7 channels to provide an intrinsically limited, finely graded control of total beta cell delayed rectifier current and hence of GSIS. Conk‐S1 increases GSIS in isolated rat islets, likely by reducing Kv1.7‐mediated delayed rectifier currents in beta cells, which yields increases in action potential firing and cytoplasmic free calcium. In rats, Conk‐S1 increases glucose‐dependent insulin secretion without decreasing basal glucose. Thus, we conclude that Kv1.7 contributes to the membrane‐repolarizing current of beta cells during GSIS and that block of this specific component of beta cell Kv current offers a potential strategy for enhancing GSIS with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia during metabolic disorders such as Type 2 diabetes.
Daily patterns of clock and cognition‐related factors are modified in the hippocampus of vitamin A‐deficient rats
Authors: Golini Rebeca S. , Delgado Silvia M. , Navigatore Fonzo Lorena S. , Ponce Ivana T. , Lacoste María G. , Anzulovich Ana C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe circadian expression of clock and clock‐controlled cognition‐related genes in the hippocampus would be essential to achieve an optimal daily cognitive performance. There is some evidence that retinoid nuclear receptors (RARs and RXRs) can regulate circadian gene expression in different tissues. In this study, Holtzman male rats from control and vitamin A‐deficient groups were sacrificed throughout a 24‐h period and hippocampus samples were isolated every 4 or 5 h. RARα and RXRβ expression level was quantified and daily expression patterns of clock BMAL1, PER1, RORα, and REVERB genes, RORα and REVERB proteins, as well as temporal expression of cognition‐related RC3 and BDNF genes were determined in the hippocampus of the two groups of rats. Our results show significant daily variations of BMAL1, PER1, RORα, and REVERB genes, RORα and REVERB proteins and, consequently, daily oscillating expression of RC3 and BDNF genes in the rat hippocampus. Vitamin A deficiency reduced RXRβ mRNA level as well as the amplitude of PER1, REVERB gene, and REVERB protein rhythms, and phase‐shifted the daily peaks of BMAL1 and RORα mRNA, RORα protein, and RC3 and BDNF mRNA levels. Thus, nutritional factors, such as vitamin A and its derivatives the retinoids, might modulate daily patterns of BDNF and RC3 expression in the hippocampus, and they could be essential to maintain an optimal daily performance at molecular level in this learning‐and‐memory‐related brain area. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breast hemangiomas: Correlation between imaging and pathologic findings
Authors: Tilve Amara , Mallo Rosa , Pérez Alberto , Santiago Paz 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHemangiomas are benign vascular tumors that are rare in the breast. A high percentage of hemangiomas are diagnosed incidentally during imaging examinations. They have mammographic, sonographic, and pathologic characteristics that allow radiologists and pathologists to diagnose them. We present four different cases of breast hemangiomas showing their mammographic and sonographic features. Two were diagnosed with an 18‐gauge core needle biopsy and they underwent surgical excision. The other two cases were diagnosed with a 14‐gauge core needle biopsy and their radiologic and pathologic appearances were concordant with breast hemangiomas, so they did not need surgical excision and are being followed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 40:512–517, 2012
Axillary nerve neurotization with the anterior deltopectoral approach in brachial plexus injuries
Authors: Jerome J. Terrence Jose , Rajmohan Bennet 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCombined neurotization of both axillary and suprascapular nerves in shoulder reanimation has been widely accepted in brachial plexus injuries, and the functional outcome is much superior to single nerve transfer. This study describes the surgical anatomy for axillary nerve relative to the available donor nerves and emphasize the salient technical aspects of anterior deltopectoral approach in brachial plexus injuries. Fifteen patients with brachial plexus injury who had axillary nerve neurotizations were evaluated. Five patients had complete avulsion, 9 patients had C5, six patients had brachial plexus injury pattern, and one patient had combined axillary and suprascapular nerve injury. The long head of triceps branch was the donor in C5,6 injuries; nerve to brachialis in combined nerve injury and intercostals for C5‐T1 avulsion injuries. All these donors were identified through the anterior approach, and the nerve transfer was done. The recovery of deltoid was found excellent (M5) in C5,6 brachial plexus injuries with an average of 134.4° abduction at follow up of average 34.6 months. The shoulder recovery was good with 130° abduction in a case of combined axillary and suprascapular nerve injury. The deltoid recovery was good (M3) in C5‐T1 avulsion injuries patients with an average of 64° shoulder abduction at follow up of 35 months. We believe that anterior approach is simple and easy for all axillary nerve transfers in brachial plexus injuries. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Structure, nonisothermal crystallization behavior, and thermal property study of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/cellulose acetate butyrate blends
Authors: Wang Liyan , Li Guang , Chen Yanming , Li Shan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPoly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT)/cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) blends were prepared by melting blending through a co‐rotating twin screw extruder. The structures of PTT/CAB blends were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and the results showed that CAB phase dispersed homogeneously in the PTT matrix and there existed evident phase interface between PTT and CAB. The nonisothermal crystallization behavior was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and was described with modified Avrami equation of Jeziorny and Mo equation, respectively. The results indicated that the half crystallization time (t1/
2) is much shorter, the nonisothermal crystallization kinetic rate constant (Zc) is bigger at a given cooling rate, the cooling rate [Fz(T)] is smaller at a given relative crystallinity (X
t) of PTT/CAB blends than those of PTT, which proved that the addition of CAB improved the crystallization of PTT and made PTT crystallize more perfect and faster than pure PTT. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of PTT and PTT/CAB blends showed that effects of CAB content on the thermal decomposition of PTT/CAB blends were little. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Beta phase in polypropylene induced by shear in a single‐screw extruder
Authors: Lozano T. , Laria J. , Lafleur P.G. , Sánchez‐Valdés S. , Rodríguez‐González F. , Morales‐Cepeda A.B. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe β‐phase in polypropylene (PP) induced by shear rate in a single‐screw extruder was studied. PP samples were extruded with and without a breaker plate at the exit of the extruder at five different screw rotational speeds: 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 rpm. Differential scanning calorimeter was used to observe the melting behavior of the samples. The β‐phase was quantified by wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Extruded samples with a breaker plate showed higher values of β‐phase of PP than those extruded without a breaker plate. With a breaker plate, the maximum percentage of β‐phase was observed at 60 rpm (19.9%), whereas the maximum β‐phase content without breaker plate was observed at 40 rpm (13.6%). The higher level of β‐phase with the breaker plate was attributed to the shear rate induction and to the orientation by shear of the polymer chains through the orifices of the breaker plate. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Using the Interactive Systems Framework in Understanding the Relation Between General Program Capacity and Implementation in Afterschool Settings
Authors: Halgunseth Linda C. , Carmack Chakema , Childs Sharon S. , Caldwell Linda , Craig Amanda , Smith Emilie Phillips 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe present study uses the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) to understand how general capacity influences the implementation of prevention programs in afterschool settings. Eight afterschool sites received the Good Behavior Game (GBG) intervention, a program designed to foster supportive behavioral management and positive youth behavior. In line with the Prevention Support System component of ISF, the intervention afterschool staff were trained and received weekly on‐site support from coaches in implementing the GBG. It was found that GBG implementation scores were greatest in afterschool programs that rated high on both organizational‐ and community‐levels of general capacity; high scores on only one level of general capacity resulted in lower implementation scores. Thus, afterschool sites that were more organized, maintained adequate facilities, and developed strong linkages to individuals or organizations in the community scored highest in implementation fidelity and quality. This study highlights the importance of considering interactions among multiple levels of general capacity in efforts to promote evidence‐based practices in afterschool settings. Caution should be taken in generalizing findings due to the small sample in this study.Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
Effect of multidisciplinary pre‐dialysis education in advanced chronic kidney disease: Propensity score matched cohort analysis
Authors: CHO EUN JIN , PARK HAYNE CHO , YOON HYUN BAE , JU KYUNG DON , KIM HWAJUNG , OH YUN KYU , YANG JAESEOK , HWANG YOUNG‐HWAN , AHN CURIE , OH KOOK‐HWAN 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTAim:  The mortality and morbidity of end‐stage renal failure patients remains high despite recent advances in pre‐dialysis care. Previous studies suggesting a positive effect of pre‐dialysis education were limited by unmatched comparisons between the recipients and non‐recipients of education. The present study aimed to clarify the roles of the multidisciplinary pre‐dialysis education (MPE) in chronic kidney disease patients.Methods:  We performed a retrospective single centre study, enrolling 1218 consecutive pre‐dialysis chronic kidney disease patients, between July 2007 and Feb 2008 and followed them up to 30 months. By using propensity score matching, we matched 149 recipient‐ and non‐recipient pairs from 1218 patients. The incidences of renal replacement therapy, mortality, cardiovascular event and infection were compared between recipients and non‐recipients of MPE.Results:  Renal replacement therapy was initiated in 62 and 64 patients in the recipients and non‐recipients, respectively (P > 0.05). The MPE reduced unplanned urgent dialysis (8.7% vs 24.2%, P < 0.001) and shortened hospital days (2.16 vs 5.05 days/patient per year). MPE recipients had a better metabolic status at the time of initiating renal replacement therapy. Although no significant survival advantage from MPE was exhibited, MPE recipients had lower incidence of cardiovascular events (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.08 to 0.78; P = 0.017), and a tendency toward a lower infection rate (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.17 to 1.11; P = 0.083).Conclusion:  MPE was associated with better clinical outcomes in terms of urgent dialysis, cardiovascular events and infection.
The neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine is enhanced in postpartum compared to virgin rats
Authors: Xu Fei , Zhang Bingxi , Li Tianzuo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDuring the perinatal period, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs may be altered. Data about the neurotoxicity of intrathecal local anesthetics in the peripartum period are lacking. So we hypothesized that the neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine during perinatal period may be changed. Therefore, we designed the present study to determine whether the neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine in postpartum rats would be different from that in nonpregnant, virgin rats. Postpartum and nonpregnant rats randomly received an intrathecal infusion of lidocaine 50 mg/mL in saline, lidocaine 20 mg/mL in saline, or saline for 1 h at a rate of 1 μL/min. Four days after drug infusion, the rats were assessed for persistent impairment of sensory and motor function (MF) using the tail‐flick (TF) test, paw pressure test, and MF score. Spinal cords and nerve roots were obtained for light and electron microscopic examinations, and the injury scores were compared between groups. The TF latencies and the mean nerve injury scores of the postpartum group were significantly higher than those of nonpregnant group. Lidocaine induced a dose‐dependent impairment in TF latencies and nerve injury scores. There was no significant interaction between postpartum and the drug. Our results suggest that the neurotoxicity of intrathecal lidocaine is enhanced in rats during the early postpartum period compared with nonpregnant, virgin rats.