bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Models of Human Language
Authors: Black Peter McL. , Black Sandra E. , Droge Janet A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Three models of human language processing can be discerned in contemporary neurobiology: the Wernicke-Broca model, primarily derived from studies of stroke and other brain lesions; the model developed by Dr. George Ojemann from electrical stimulation mapping of the cerebral cortex; and the linguistic model, evolved from Noam Chomsky's linguistic theories. The Wernicke-Broca model employs a posterior-sensory anterior-motor conception of brain language processing that is substantially different from the more modular conception developed from electrical stimulation mapping. The linguistic model attempts to explain language in terms of hierarchical mental function.
Operative Stabilization of the Posttraumatic Thoracic and Lumbar Spine: A Comparative Analysis of the Harrington Distraction Rod and the Modified Weiss Spring
Authors: Benzel Edward C. , Larson Sanford J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
To assess the efficacy of operative stabilization techniques, a retrospective study of Harrington distraction rod (HDR) and modified Weiss spring instrumentation was performed in 90 patients. An operation was performed for one or both of two indications: persistent spine instability or the presence of a neurological deficit in patients with incomplete neurological injuries and myelographic evidence of spinal cord or cauda equina compression. The lateral extracavitary operative approach to the spine for decompression and anterior interbody fusion was performed with an accompanying HDR (47 patients) or modified Weiss spring placement (43 patients). Eight HDRs failed, resulting in gross instability (17 per cent) that either resulted in further neurological injury (1 patient), further surgery (2 patients), or increased morbidity secondary to prolonged bed rest (5 patients). One Weiss spring failed, requiring further surgery (2.3 per cent). Nonsurgical complications were similar in both groups and appeared to be unrelated to the type of instrumentation utilized. The modified Weiss spring instrumentation technique, which offers a dynamic compression fixation of the spine, was clearly superior to the HDR technique, which offers a rigid distraction fixation. The biomechanics of distraction versus compression and rigid versus nonrigid spine stabilization are discussed.
Is Computed Tomographic Scanning Necessary in Patients with Tentorial Herniation?
Authors: Andrews Brian T. , Pitts Lawrence H. , Lovely Mary P. , Bartkowski Henry 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Computed tomographic (CT) scans are performed on virtually all patients with severe head injury at the time of admission. Because of the time involved in obtaining these studies, the evacuation of significant intracranial mass lesions is delayed. To avoid such delays, the authors performed burr-hole exploration for the diagnosis of intracranial hematomas before CT scans were obtained in 100 consecutive head-injured patients with clinical signs of tentorial herniation or upper brain stem dysfunction upon admission to the emergency room. Patients in whom a hematoma was discovered had a craniotomy for evacuation of the clot: those in whom the exploration was negative had a CT brain scan immediately after operation. Burr-hole exploration revealed extracerebral mass lesions in 56 patients. In 38 patients, the exploration was negative, and postoperative CT scanning showed no significant hematoma. Of 6 patients in whom the CT scan demonstrated extraaxial hematomas requiring surgical evacuation, 4 had subdural hematomas that were missed because the exploration was incomplete: 1 patient had an epidural hematoma and 1 had a subdural hematoma contralateral to a craniotomy on the side of a positive initial burr-hole exploration. Our results indicate that the relatively small subgroup of head-injured patients with early tentorial herniation or upper brain stem compression have a high incidence of immediate extraaxial hematomas and a low incidence of intracerebral hematomas. This is particularly true of patients over 30 years of age and those who suffer low speed trauma, such as falls and vehicle-pedestrian accidents.
Primary Intraspinal Fibrosarcoma
Authors: Malat Jan , Virapongse Chat , Palestro Christopher J. , Richman Alan H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Fibrosarcomas of dura mater are very rare tumors representing only 0.5% of all central nervous system sarcomas. A higher incidence of dural fibrosarcomas has been reported in patients with neurofibromatosis. We present a case of spinal dura mater fibrosarcoma in a patient without neurofibromatosis. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in the clinical management is discussed.
High Thoracic Disc Herniation
Authors: Alberico Anthony M. , Sahni Singh K. , Hall James A. , Young Harold F. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A case of T-1, T-2 disc herniation is reported. The patient presented with diminished hand strength, medial arm and shoulder pain, and medial arm, forearm, and hand paresthesias. After surgical decompression and removal of a disc fragment, the patient made a complete recovery. Routine cervical myelography was considered inadequate in view of this patient's symptoms. High thoracic myelography followed by computed tomographic scanning should be considered for patients with this presentation. Improved diagnosis with myelography and computed tomography is discussed.
Microvascular Relations of the Trigeminal Nerve: An Anatomical Study
Authors: Klun Boris , Prestor Borut 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The neurovascular relationships in the trigeminal root entry zone were studied in 130 trigeminal root entry zones of 65 cadavers. No history of facial or trigeminal pain had been obtained during life in these subjects. The technique of intravascular injection, which allowed good visualization and evaluation of the neurovascular relationships, is described. A total of 42 examples of contact with the root entry zone and 10 examples of compression were identified. In 30 of the examples of contact, the finding could be related to an artery; in the other examples, it appeared to be due to veins. Of the arterial compressions, the superior cerebellar artery was responsible in 53.8%, the anterior inferior cerebellar artery was responsible in 25.6%, and pontine branches of the basilar artery were responsible for the remaining 20.6%. Only one instance of unequivocal compression by a vein was found. Other anatomical observations of interest are reported. The absence of a history of trigeminal neuralgia in the 7% of examined nerves in which root entry zone showed arterial compression is in marked contrast to the finding of 80% or more in the operative series for trigeminal neuralgia. It seems that vascular compressions may be the predominant but not the sole cause of trigeminal neuralgia.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Multiagent Chemotherapy with Drug Delivery Enhancement by Blood-Brain Barrier Modification in Glioblastoma
Authors: Neuwelt E.A. , Howieson J. , Frenkel E.P. , Specht H. David , Weigel R. , Buchan Colin G. , Hill S.A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Reversible osmotic blood-brain barrier (BBB) modification was used in 38 patients with glioblastoma to enhance the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. The patients ranged in age from 14 to 70 years (mean, 43), and all had prior surgery and radiation; 5 had also received systemic chemotherapy. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scores ranged from 60 to 100% (mean, 79) on admission to the treatment program. Barrier modification was achieved by intracarotid or intravertebral artery infusion of mannitol, and a chemotherapy regimen of methotrexate, cytoxan, and procarbazine was given in conjunction with barrier modification. The 38 glioblastoma patients were compared to two control groups of patients with glioblastoma; these encompassed 14 patients treated with surgery and radiation and 8 treated with surgery, radiation, and systemic chemotherapy. Survival analysis using the Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model (corrected for age, sex, presence or absence of necrosis, and functional status) showed that patients receiving chemotherapy with BBB modification had a statistically significant (P = 0.0006) longer expected survival (17.5 months) than the control groups (12.8 and 11.4 months, respectively). Presently 16 patients of the barrier-enhanced treatment group are alive at 5 to 42 months from diagnosis (median, 20) with KPS scores ranging from 40 to 90% (median, 65). The neurological complications seen included a stroke-like syndrome in 3 patients (1 with decreased motor movement in the hand, 1 with marked hemiparesis, and 1 with hemiplegia), transient exacerbation of preexisting neurological deficits lasting 2 to 3 days, and a 15% incidence of seizures during or within 24 hours of the BBB modification. In 2 of the 38 patients, radiographic documentation of central nervous system tumor regression concurrent with the development of new tumor nodule(s) in portions of the brain distant from the region of osmotic BBB opening was seen. These studies indicate that chemotherapeutic drug delivery to tumors (as well as surrounding brain) can be augmented by osmotic BBB modification and that such therapy can result in a prolongation of survival.
Myofascial Pain May Present Clinically as Occipital Neuralgia
Authors: Graff-Radford Steven B. , Jaeger Bernadette , Reeves John L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Three case presentations illustrate that the clinical signs and symptoms of occipital neuralgia may be produced by myofascial pain. Assessment of myofascial trigger points is needed before making a diagnosis of occipital neuralgia. Myofascial trigger points can be effectively treated with minimally invasive procedures, thereby avoiding irreversible surgical interventions.
Spinal Arteriovenous Malformation Presenting at Birth: Case Report
Authors: Morgan Michael K. , Chaseling Raymond , Johnston Ian , de Silva M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A newborn with paraplegia and evidence of a subarachnoid hemorrhage was found to have a spinal arteriovenous malformation. The arteriovenous malformation was managed by direct surgical obliteration. This patient is the youngest ever reported to have this disorder and the youngest so treated.
Cystic Cavernous Hemangioma of the Cerebellopontine Angle: Case Report
Authors: IplikÇioĞlu Celal A. , Benli Kemal , Bertan Vural , Ruacan Sevket 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A case of cystic cavernous hemangioma of the cerebellopontine angle is described. The clinical findings, location of the tumor, and computed tomographic findings were unusual. This rare lesion must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cystic infratentorial masses.
Balloon Occlusion of a Recurrent Carotid-Cavernous Fistula Previously Treated by Carotid Ligations
Authors: Gerald V. O'Reilly , Shillito John , Haykal Hani A. , Kleefield Jonathan , Ay-Ming Wang , Rumbaugh Calvin L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A carotid-cavernous fistula recurred 16 years after a Hamby procedure. The recurrence was manifested by subarachnoid hemorrhage originating from dilated draining pial veins. The fistula was closed with a balloon catheter introduced through a patent remnant of the cervical carotid artery. Patients who have previously undergone Hamby trapping and embolization should be reassessed for an occult fistula that could predispose them to intracranial bleeding.
Microsurgical Anatomy and Operative Approaches to the Lateral Ventricles
Authors: Erdener Timurkaynak , Albert L. Rhoton , Margaret Barry 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The anatomy needed to plan microoperative approaches to the lateral ventricles was examined in 20 cadaveric cerebral hemispheres. The neural, arterial, and venous structures in the walls of the lateral ventricles and the relationship of the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle and basal cisterns were examined. The operative approaches to the lateral ventricle are reviewed.
Neglect Induced by Thalamotomy in Humans: A Quantitative Appraisal of the Sensory and Motor Deficits
Authors: Francisco Velasco , Marcos Velasco , Carmiña Ogarrio , Alfredo Olvera 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Stereotactic lesions for the treatment of tremor and rigidity in patients with Parkinson's disease are occasionally followed by neglect of the use of contralateral extremities for spontaneous movement when there are no specific sensory or motor deficits. A group of patients with neglected extremities was compared with a group of patients in which thalamotomy did not produce neglect. Neglect was shown by changes in motor performance, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and electroencephalographic frequency induced by the lesion, as well as radiological evidence of brain atrophy and place and extension of lesions. Reaction time to both auditory and somatosensory stimuli was significantly increased only in the extremities contralateral to the lesion of patients with neglect; tremor decreased equally in both groups, and other motor abilities remained unchanged. P-200 component of SEP decreased in amplitude and increased in latency only in cases with neglect, particularly ipsilateral to the lesion; early components and mean electroencephalographic frequency remained unchanged. Brain atrophy was significant in patients with neglect, particularly for the posterior portion of the 3rd ventricle. No differences in size and location of the lesions were found between the groups. Results indicate that this type of neglect is not secondary to lesions in specific sensory of motor pathways, but to lesions of structures coupling sensorimotor functions and the process of attention and that midline thalamic nuclei atrophy precipitates the neglect, perhaps by critically decreasing the amount of reticulothalamocortical projections engaged in selective attention.
Serum Immunocomplexes in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Luigi Pellettieri , Bo Nilsson , Carl-Axel Carlsson , Ulf Nilsson 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Immunocomplexes (IC) in serum were analyzed in 54 patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from ruptured arterial aneurysms. A previous study had shown that patients with SAH and vasospasm had a significantly higher incidence of ICs in the blood than patients without vasospasm. The aim of the present study was to study how the IC content varied with time and compare this pattern with the clinical picture. Forty-two patients presented clinical or radiological signs of cerebral vasospasm during their hospital stays, whereas 12 patients showed no such signs. The patients with vasospasm had a significantly higher amount of ICs in serum than those without vasospasm. In 37 patients with vasospasm, the changes of IC content during the 1st weeks after SAH correlated well with the clinical course. Data indicated that a high IC content preceded the onset of vasospasm and a low content preceded clinical improvement. This observation supports the idea that the presence of ICs might be the cause and not the result of vasospasm.
Transtemporal Approach to the Skull Base: An Anatomical Study
Authors: Laligam N. Sekhar , Rodrigo Estonillo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The surgical anatomy of a transtemporal approach to the structures of the clivus was defined with the aid of dissections in 10 cadaver heads. The steps in the dissection consisted of first exposing the cervical internal carotid artery (ICA), the internal jugular vein, and the caudal cranial nerves, each at the skull base; then performing small retromastoid and temporal craniotomies; and, finally, drilling away the petrous and tympanic bone to expose the intratemporal parts of the facial nerve, the petrous ICA, the sigmoid sinus, and the jugular bulb. To expose the structures of the lower clivus, the sigmoid sinus was ligated and divided, the facial nerve was displaced anterosuperiorly, and the inner ear structures were preserved. Dural opening exposed the anterolateral and anterior surfaces of the medulla, the pontomedullary junction, and the spinomedullary junction. The ipsilateral vertebral artery and often the contralateral vertebral artery and the vertebrobasilar junction, the caudal cranial nerves, and the origin of the 6th, 7th, and 8th cranial nerves were well exposed. To expose the structures of the middle clivus, we drilled away the labyrinth, the cochlea, and a portion of the clival bone. The facial nerve was displaced posteroinferiorly. Dural opening exposed the ipsilateral anterior surface of the pons, the midbasilar artery, and the ipsilateral 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th cranial nerves. A portion of the contralateral anterior surface of the pons was also exposed at times. The superior limit of this exposure was just above the origin of the trigeminal nerve. The exposure of the upper clival structures was limited with this approach, and required medial temporal lobe retraction. Two case reports are included to illustrate the application of the transtemporal approach to the exposure and clipping of aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed.
Recovery of Nerve Root Function after Complete Quadriplegia from Cervical Spine Fractures
Authors: Edward C. Benzel , Sanford J. Larson 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Thirty-five patients with complete myelopathies secondary to cervical spine fractures from C-4 to C-7 underwent spinal decompressions and fusions between 1975 and 1981. Twenty-five of these patients underwent simultaneous nerve root decompressions, 23 with an accompanying anterior decompression and fusion and 2 with an accompanying posterior fusion. Substantial recovery of nerve root function occurred in 15 of these patients. A posterior reduction and fusion without nerve root decompression was performed in each of the remaining 10 patients. None of these patients demonstrated a significant improvement neurologically. Operation for nerve root decompression is indicated in selected victims of spinal cord injury.
Cranial Metastases from Prostate Cancer Simulating Meningioma: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Scott M. Lippman , Antonio C. Buzaid , Robert P. Iacono , Del V. Steinbronn , Thomas H. Stanisic , Margaret A. Rennels , Peter J. Yang , Harinder S. Garewal , Frederick R. Ahmann 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Two cases of prostatic carcinoma metastatic to the cranium that presented with clinical and radiographic features simulating meningioma are described. The literature was reviewed, and 13 similar cases were identified. From the data gathered, we conclude that metastatic prostate cancer should be considered in the differential diagnosis of elderly males who present with characteristic clinical and radiological features of meningioma and that the classical description of meningioma is not specific.
Staphylococcus epidermidis Ventriculitis Treated with Vancomycin and Rifampin
Authors: Jeffrey S. Osborn , Stanley Sharp , Jerome E. Hanson , Edwin MacGee , Joseph H. Brewer 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Two cases of ventriculitis with Staphylococcus epidermidis that failed on therapy with an antistaphylococcal penicillin are presented. Both infections responded to a combination of intravenous and intraventricular vancomycin and rifampin. Vancomycin and rifampin represent an important antibiotic regimen for the management of resistant infections of the central nervous system, especially with those due to S. epidermidis or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Unusual Metastasis to the Cauda Equina: Case Report
Authors: Hargraves LCDR Ronald W. , Cotelingam CDR James D. , Harris CAPT Robert D. , Pulliam CDR Morris W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A case of intradural metastasis from endometrial carcinoma to the cauda equina is presented. The clinical presentation and radiographic findings were misleading and suggested a herniated nucleus pulposus. Findings at operation were most suggestive of an ependymoma, but final pathological diagnosis revealed endometrial carcinoma. This has never been reported. Once again it demonstrates that surgeons managing lumbar disc disease must be prepared for possible intradural exploration with an appropriate team.
Supra- and Infratentorial Arteriovenous Malformations with an Aneurysmal Dilatation: A Case Report
Authors: Tsuyoshi Tada , Kenichiro Sugita , Shigeaki Kobayashi , Noriaki Watanabe 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We report a rare case of supra- and infratentorial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), which were separate and consisted of ancurysmal dilatations with two or three afferent arteries and efferent veins. Surgical resections were performed without the occurrence of additional neurological deficits. We discuss the treatment of multiple AVMs and stress that size and the structures involved are more important factors in the prognosis than the multiplicity of the lesions.
Eosinophilia of the Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Case of Shunt Infection: Case Report
Authors: Seiichiro Mine , Akira Sato , Akira Yamaura , Seiichi Tamachi , Hiroyasu Makino , Hisao Tomioka 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A very rare case of eosinophilic granulocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF eosinophilia) due to drug allergy caused by the intraventricular administration of gentamicin sulfate is presented with a review of the pertinent literature. An unusual clinical course and clinicoimmunological examination are also described.
Pediatric Central Nervous System Tumors: A Cell Kinetic Study with Bromodeoxyuridine
Authors: Murovic Judith A. , Nagashima Tadashi , Hoshino Takao , Edwards Michael S. B. , Davis Richard L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), 150 to 200 mg/m2, was administered at the time of operation to 20 pediatric patients with neuroectodermal tumors to label tumor cells in the S phase. Immunocytochemical techniques were used on excised tumor specimens to detect cells containing BrdU, and the BrdU labeling index (LI) was calculated as the number of BrdU-labeled cells divided by the total number of cells counted. Four medulloblastomas, three glioblastomas multiforme, and two highly anaplastic astrocytomas had average BrdU LIs of 13.0 ± 3.0% (SE), 12.7 ± 4.3%, and 14.6 ± 6.7%, respectively. Three of nine moderately anaplastic astrocytomas had BrdU LIs of greater than 1% (average, 6.5 ± 2.4%), whereas six had LIs of less than 1%. In two juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas, which are considered slow-growing, the BrdU LIs were unexpectedly high, averaging 6.5 ± 1.4%. Thus, pediatric medulloblastomas, glioblastomas multiforme, highly anaplastic astrocytomas, and a minority of moderately anaplastic astrocytomas had high proliferative potentials, whereas most of the moderately anaplastic astrocytomas had low proliferative potentials. Although the number of cases in this study is still too small to yield statistically significant comparisons, the results indicate that some pediatric tumors have considerably higher LIs than histologically similar adult tumors studied previously.