bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of training in the use and generation of evidence on episiotomy practice and perineal trauma
Authors: Ho Jacqueline J. , Pattanittum Porjai , Japaraj Robert P. , Turner Tari , Swadpanich Ussanee , Crowther Caroline A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo examine episiotomy practices before and after a multi‐component intervention designed to support the use and generation of research evidence in maternal and neonatal health care.MethodsSet in 9 centers across 4 Southeast Asian countries, a retrospective survey was performed for 12 recommended pregnancy/childbirth practices and 13 outcomes of women in each center before and after intervention. Qualitative interviews were conducted to assess staff awareness and experience in evidence‐based practice.ResultsThere were significant decreases in the rate of episiotomy, from 64.1% to 60.1% (risk difference [RD] –4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], –5.8 to –2.2) for all women and from 92.2% to 80.7% (RD –11.5; 95% CI, –13.4 to –9.6) for nulliparous women. Severe trauma decreased from 3.9% to 1.9% (RD –2.0; 95% CI, –2.7 to –1.4) for all women and from 6.7% to 3.0% (RD –3.7; 95% CI, –4.9 to –2.5) for nulliparous women. The frequency of intact perineum increased from 12.4% to 15.6% (RD 3.2; 95% CI, 1.9–4.6) for all women and from 1.7% to 8.0% (RD 6.3; 95% CI, 5.0–7.5) for nulliparous women.ConclusionAn intervention based on understanding and using the best available evidence can result in significant improvements in care and health outcomes.
Prevention of nausea and vomiting during termination of pregnancy
Authors: Fujii Yoshitaka 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is common in women undergoing dilatation and curettage under general anesthesia for pregnancy termination, and many studies suggest treating these women prophylactically for PONV.ObjectivesReviewing the antiemetics used over the past 20 years for this indication and comparing their efficacy.Search strategyWe performed MEDLINE and EMBASE searches for articles published from January 1980 through June 2009. The search terms were complications, nausea, vomiting, antiemetics, anesthetics, surgery, dilatation, curettage, pregnancy, and women.Selection criteriaWe selected the studies of the antiemetics droperidol, metoclopramide, hydroxyzine, propofol, dexamethasone, ondansetron, and ramosetron when used for the stated indication. When assessing drug efficacy, we compared the antiemetics used at the time the article was written.Data collection and analysisWe reviewed the selected studies, presented the reported incidence rates of PONV for each drug, and presented and interpreted the P values reported for the different comparisons.Main resultsAlthough all antiemetics assessed decreased the incidence of PONV, the combination of dexamethasone and droperidol seems to be the most effective in preventing PONV.ConclusionsAll antiemetics used in the last 20 years to prevent PONV are effective (some more than others) in women undergoing dilatation and curettage for pregnancy termination. However, there is a need for benefit and risk analyses of the different treatments.
Patientenmanipulation durch Patienteninformationen
Authors: Mühlhauser Ingrid 
Published: July 2010

Einleitung
Irreführende Patienteninformationen sind die Regel. Sie werden systematisch genutzt, um gesundheitsorientierte Maßnahmen umzusetzen. Sie können zu schwerwiegenden Trugschlüssen führen. Irreführung entsteht durch Unvollständigkeit der Information und missverständliche Präsentation von Daten. Den Bürgern fehlt die notwendige kritische Gesundheitsbildung die Botschaften gezielt zu hinterfragen. Die Folgen sind Fehleinschätzungen von Risiken und des Nutzen-Schaden Verhältnisses von Interventionen.
Incidence and Identification of Intrathecal Baclofen Catheter Malfunction
Authors: Dvorak Eric M. , McGuire John R. , Nelson Mary Elizabeth S. 
Published: July 2010

ObjectiveA retrospective chart review was undertaken of cases of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) pump/catheter malfunction and the diagnostic tests performed to identify the problem. An internal review was performed to develop a diagnostic flow chart to have a systematic method for identifying ITB pump and catheter complications.DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingTertiary care hospital.ParticipantsA total of 167 adult patients currently followed in outpatient clinic with intractable spasticity and ITB pump implanted between January 1994 and May 2009.InterventionsNone.Main Outcome MeasuresCatheter malfunction was identified either by anterior/posterior and lateral thoracic/lumbar radiographs, fluoroscopic guided side port access, contrast agent injection followed by CT (fluoro/CT) scan, or indium radionuclide studies.ResultsDuring the study period, 33 patients had 37 catheter revisions. Radiographs were obtained in all cases; fluoro/CT studies in 22, and indium studies in 6. Four cases had both fluoro/CT and indium studies. A total of 13 cases (35.1%) were diagnosed with radiographs; 9 cases (24.3%) were diagnosed by inability to withdraw cerebral spinal fluid from the side port; 13 cases (35.1%) were diagnosed with fluoro/CT studies; and 2 cases (5.4%) were diagnosed with indium studies. Fluoro/CT studies demonstrated subdural catheter location in 7 cases. A total of 2 of 4 cases with both fluoro/CT and indium studies had normal‐appearing indium scans and an abnormal fluoro/CT study confirming subdural catheter placement.ConclusionsOn the basis of an internal review of the diagnostic studies used to identify patients with suspected ITB pump/catheter malfunction, a troubleshooting flow chart was developed. Timely identification and correction of potential ITB complications could improve the clinical effectiveness of ITB and may reduce unnecessary health‐care costs.
Accuracy of Ultrasound‐Guided versus Unguided Pes Anserinus Bursa Injections
Authors: Finnoff Jonathan T. , Nutz David J. , Henning Philip T. , Hollman John H. , Smith Jay 
Published: July 2010

ObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of ultrasound (US)‐guided versus unguided pes anserinus bursa injections in a cadaveric model.DesignSingle blind, prospective study.SettingAcademic institution procedural skills laboratory.ParticipantsTwenty‐four unembalmed, unpaired adult cadaveric lower extremity specimens.MethodsA single investigator performed 12 US‐guided and 12 unguided pes anserinus bursa injections using colored liquid latex into 24 unembalmed adult cadaveric lower extremity specimens. The order of the injection techniques was randomized. The specimens were subsequently dissected by a co‐investigator blinded to the injection technique used for each injection.Main Outcome MeasuresThe injections were graded for accuracy as follows: accurate (all injectate contained within the pes anserinus bursa), accurate with overflow (injectate within the pes anserinus bursa, but also located in adjacent structures), or inaccurate (injectate not within the pes anserinus bursa). The accuracy of the 2 approaches was compared using Pearson χ2 test with Williams' correction for the small sample size (P = .05).ResultsThe accuracy rate was 92% (11 of 12 specimens) in the US‐guided condition and 17% (2 of 12 specimens) in the unguided condition. One US‐guided injection was considered accurate with overflow, whereas 4 unguided injections were accurate with overflow. The US‐guided injection technique was significantly more accurate than the unguided technique (Williams‐corrected χ2 = 12.528, P < .01).ConclusionsDespite its superficial location, unguided pes anserinus bursa injections rarely place the injectate within the pes anserinus bursa, whereas US‐guided pes anserinus bursa injections have a high degree of accuracy. Therefore, clinicians should consider using US‐guidance for diagnostic or therapeutic pes anserinus bursa injections when indicated.
Non-equilibrium effects in capillarity and interfacial area in two-phase flow: dynamic pore-network modelling
Authors: JOEKAR-NIASAR V. , HASSANIZADEH S. M. , DAHLE H. K. 
Published: July 2010

Current macroscopic theories of two-phase flow in porous media are based on the extended Darcy's law and an algebraic relationship between capillary pressure and saturation. Both of these equations have been challenged in recent years, primarily based on theoretical works using a thermodynamic approach, which have led to new governing equations for two-phase flow in porous media. In these equations, new terms appear related to the fluid–fluid interfacial area and non-equilibrium capillarity effects. Although there has been a growing number of experimental works aimed at investigating the new equations, a full study of their significance has been difficult as some quantities are hard to measure and experiments are costly and time-consuming. In this regard, pore-scale computational tools can play a valuable role. In this paper, we develop a new dynamic pore-network simulator for two-phase flow in porous media, called DYPOSIT. Using this tool, we investigate macroscopic relationships among average capillary pressure, average phase pressures, saturation and specific interfacial area. We provide evidence that at macroscale, average capillary pressure–saturation–interfacial area points fall on a single surface regardless of flow conditions and fluid properties. We demonstrate that the traditional capillary pressure–saturation relationship is not valid under dynamic conditions, as predicted by the theory. Instead, one has to employ the non-equilibrium capillary theory, according to which the fluids pressure difference is a function of the time rate of saturation change. We study the behaviour of non-equilibrium capillarity coefficient, specific interfacial area, and its production rate versus saturation and viscosity ratio.A major feature of our pore-network model is a new computational algorithm, which considers capillary diffusion. Pressure field is calculated for each fluid separately, and saturation is computed in a semi-implicit way. This provides more numerical stability, compared with previous models, especially for unfavourable viscosity ratios and small capillary number values.
Patterns of polychaete communities in relation to environmental perturbations in a subtropical wetland of Hong Kong
Authors: Shen Ping-Ping , Zhou Hong , Gu Ji-Dong 
Published: July 2010

Benthic polychaetes in the largest intertidal mudflat of Hong Kong were analysed for potentially stressed environmental conditions from pollution. Over a two-year period, a total of 14 species were recorded with the species diversity (H′(log2)) ranged from 0.54 to 2.4. The community was dominated by two large polychaetes (Neanthes glandicincta and Potamilla acuminata) and a number of small pollution tolerant species (Tharyx, Capitella capitata and Prionospio cirrifera). It was also characterized by both temporal and spatial variations in terms of abundance and species composition with the lowest species number observed at onshore Station B in August and the highest at offshore Station D in February. Two distinct polychaete communities were formed along the intertidal towards subtidal mudflat, particularly the assemblage at onshore Station B showing a significant difference from those at the other three stations (P < 0.05, N = 32). Results of the abundance–biomass comparison (ABC) indicated a typical impacted community at the whole study area, especially at Station B which was close to the Shenzhen River mouth and mangrove forest. The total organic carbon had a significant positive effect on the abundance of Capitella capitata (P = 0.037, N = 8) while sedimentary compositions were statistically related to the abundance of Potamilla acuminata, Tharyx and total abundance of polychaetes (P < 0.05, N = 8). In conclusion, both the polluted Shenzhen River and nearby mangrove may be responsible for the decline in species richness and diversity as well as changes in community structure. Polychaetes can be used as the appropriate indicators in habitat ecological condition assessment instead of the whole benthic community.
Abundance, size and habitat relation of reef fish on biogenic structures (structure-forming invertebrates) at Anacapa Island, southern California
Authors: Zalmon Ilana Rosental , McCrea Merit , Love Milton Stevens 
Published: July 2010

A biogenic structure ecosystem of extensive worm tubes of Chaetopterus sp. harbouring different fish species was investigated at Anacapa Island, southern California to determine the numerical abundance, species composition, body size, and seasonality of the ichthyofauna associated, and their relation with the worm patch size. Bimonthly, a 30-m swimming transect and a quadrat-based survey estimated the length of each fish, the type of habitat it occupied, and the worm tube patch size-class. Larger worm mats harboured higher densities of fish, mainly the dominants Rhinogobiops nicholsii and Chaenopsis alepidota, which live inside the worm tube patches. Fish population density varied between the ‘inside’ and ‘edge’ of Chaetopterus beds as smaller and younger individuals were hindered from reaching the middle of the patch by larger, older and territorial individuals. The prevalence of positive and significant correlations between the abundance of smaller individuals of R. nicholsii and specific habitat features (e.g. edge) suggests that the abundance and distribution of juveniles might be habitat-dependent besides intraspecific competition between older and younger individuals. There was a decreasing density of R. nicholsii at greater than 20 cm away from worm tubes and there were no individuals beyond 6 m away from structure. Chaenopsis alepidota was not recorded when the patch size was less than 50% tube coverage. Our results revealed that complex habitat structure had a positive influence on the abundance of juvenile and adult of C. alepidota and R. nicholsii, and suggest that these structured areas are preferentially utilized, which contributes to its patchy distribution pattern. The presence of biological structures in low-relief sedimentary habitats can have critical functional significance even for reef fish. These important habitat features may need to be identified and protected.
Interactions between immunity and metabolism – contributions from the metabolic profiling of parasite-rodent models
Authors: SARIC J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA combined interdisciplinary research strategy is even more crucial in immunology than in many other biological sciences in order to comprehend the closely linked interactions between cell proliferation, molecular signalling and gene rearrangements. Because of the multi-dimensional nature of the immune system, an abundance of different experimental approaches has developed, with a main focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms. The role of metabolism in immunity has been underexplored so far, and yet researchers have made important contributions in describing associations of immune processes and metabolic pathways, such as the central role of thel-arginine pathway in macrophage activation or the immune regulatory functions of the nucleotides. Furthermore, metabolite supplement studies, including nutritional administration and labelled substrates, have opened up new means of manipulating immune mechanisms. Metabolic profiling has introduced a reproducible platform for systemic assessment of changes at the small-molecule level within a host organism, and specific metabolic fingerprints of several parasitic infections have been characterized by1H NMR spectroscopy. The application of multivariate statistical methods to spectral data has facilitated recovery of biomarkers, such as increased acute phase protein signals, and enabled direct correlation to the relative cytokine levels, which encourages further application of metabolic profiling to explore immune regulatory systems.
Legionary Tile Production in Britain
Authors: Warry Peter 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThere are over two thousand legionary stamped tiles incorporating some two hundred different dies now admirably collated and listed inRoman Inscriptions of Britain. Dates have been tentatively suggested for a minority of these dies, but some of these are inconsistent with the other evidence. Inter alia, by using dating derived from the different forms of tegulae on which these stamps have been impressed, revised dating is proposed. Linking these dates with the distribution of the stamped tiles sheds new light on legionary practices and movements, particularly on Hadrian’s Wall and in post-Antonine Scotland, as well as the relationship between the legions and the auxiliary units. The multiplicity of different dies could be explained by each cohort having its own stamp and stamping every one of the tiles they produced, a practice that all the British legions seem to have followed. The discovery oflegio XXstamped tiles referring to Viducius at a rural tile-works in Merseyside confirms him as a legionary contractor; close examination of tile sizes shows that contractors appear to have played a significant part in the production for at least two of the legions.
‘Horrible, Speculative, Nasty, Dangerous’: Assessing the Value of Roman Iron
Authors: Bray Lee 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe economic aspects of metallurgy in the distant past have been relatively little studied, largely owing to the absence of detailed records for periods preceding medieval times. This paper takes advantage of a rare survival, an account from the Vindolanda tablets in which a price for iron is recorded, to explore some of the economic characteristics of the metal during the first and second centuriesa.d.in Britain. The inherent difficulties in employing evidence of this kind are examined before looking at the price information from the rest of the Vindolanda tablets to assess the value of iron relative to other commodities at the fort. The value of the metal is then examined compared with that of labour, thus illuminating the potential economic opportunities that became available to iron producers following the establishment of Roman rule in Britain.
An Inscription from Bavai and the Fifth-Century Christian Epigraphy of Britain
Authors: Knight Jeremy K. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe consular dated memorial of a military accountant (scrinarius) ofa.d.404 with a chi-rho monogram from Bavai (France, Nord), previously thought to be a forgery, is reconsidered. Geographically close to Britain and well-dated, it is relevant to the origins of post-Roman insular epigraphy and to the possibility of recognising specifically Christian tombstones in Roman Britain. The insular series derives from a late antique tradition introduced to Britain via the Christian Church at an uncertain date. There is little sign of continuity with claimed Romano-British Christian tombstones, but an early phase of the insular series can be recognised. Literacy and perhaps the ‘epigraphic habit’ survived in other media.
Problem-solving abilities and frontal lobe cortical thickness in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: SÁNCHEZ-BENAVIDES G. , GÓMEZ-ANSÓN B. , QUINTANA M. , VIVES Y. , MANERO R.M. , SAINZ A. , BLESA R. , MOLINUEVO J.L. , PEÑA-CASANOVA J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMild cognitive impairment (MCI) is considered a transitional state between normal aging and Alzheimer disease. Most MCI subjects present disturbances in multiple neuropsychological domains, including executive function. This study aimed at exploring frontal lobe cortical thinning in MCI and healthy controls, and its relationship with problem-solving abilities. Twenty-three MCI patients and 30 elderly controls underwent MRI and neuropsychological assessment. Cortical thickness was measured by means of FreeSurfer. Problem-solving was assessed by means of the Tower of London (TOL) task. MCI showed a global thinning of the cortex. With regard to specific regions of interest, a thinning in the left frontal lobe and the bilateral posterior cingulate gyri was found. Partial correlations, after controlling for age, education, Mini-Mental Status Examination, and non-frontal mean thickness revealed negative significant correlations between frontal lobe thickness and executive outcomes in the control group. This counterintuitive relationship was not observed in the MCI group, suggesting that the frontal cortical atrophy observed in MCI entails a specific pathology-related relationship with high-level executive outcomes that is qualitatively different from that observed in healthy aging. (JINS, 2010, 16, 836–845.)
Aberration Correction and Electron Holography
Authors: Lichte Hannes , Linck Martin , Geiger Dorin , Lehmann Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElectron holography has been shown to allow a posteriori aberration correction. Therefore, an aberration corrector in the transmission electron microscope does not seem to be needed with electron holography to achieve atomic lateral resolution. However, to reach a signal resolution sufficient for detecting single light atoms and very small interatomic fields, the aberration corrector has turned out to be very helpful. The basic reason is the optimized use of the limited number of “coherent” electrons that are provided by the electron source, as described by the brightness. Finally, quantitative interpretation of atomic structures benefits from the holographic facilities of fine-tuning of the aberration coefficients a posteriori and from evaluating both amplitude and phase.
Automatic lexical classification: bridging research and practice
Authors: Korhonen Anna 
Published: July 2010

Natural language processing (NLP)—the automatic analysis, understanding and generation of human language by computers—is vitally dependent on accurate knowledge about
words
. Because words change their behaviour between text types, domains and sub-languages, a fully accurate static lexical resource (e.g. a dictionary, word classification) is unattainable. Researchers are now developing techniques that could be used to automatically acquire or update lexical resources from textual data. If successful, the automatic approach could considerably enhance the accuracy and portability of language technologies, such as machine translation, text mining and summarization. This paper reviews the recent and on-going research in automatic lexical acquisition. Focusing on lexical classification, it discusses the many challenges that still need to be met before the approach can benefit NLP on a large scale.
Toward a theory of behavioral finance: implications from the natural sciences
Authors: Olsen Robert A. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify common inclusive concepts that might help define the boundaries of a general theory of behavioral finance.Design/methodology/approachA cross disciplinary review of relevant natural and social sciences is conducted to identify common foundational concepts.FindingsThe overall findings are that a general theory must include assumptions of subjective perception, indeterminacy, and a financial decision process that is both logical and affective.Practical implicationsOptimal financial decisions are not possible and significant market unpredictability will continue because of the dynamic complexity associated with disequilibrium.Social implicationsThe current financial paradigm is based upon radically incorrect assumptions and a general theory of behavioral finance cannot arise from minor corrections to the current financial paradigm.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to attempt identifying foundational attributes of a behavioral financial paradigm.
A VIEW OF NEURAL NETWORKS AS DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: CESSAC B. 
Published: July 2010

We present some recent investigations resulting from the modeling of neural networks as dynamical systems, and deal with the following questions, adressed in the context of specific models. (i) Characterizing the collective dynamics; (ii) Statistical analysis of spike trains; (iii) Interplay between dynamics and network structure; (iv) Effects of synaptic plasticity.