bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'opérateur intensionnel "savoir"
Authors: Martin Robert 
Published: October 2010

Robert. Martin: The Intensional operator «savoir» (to know).

It is undertaken to explain that the following forms
* Je ne sais pas que p (I do not know that p) * Je sais si p (I know if p),
which present difficulties of reception, may however be used under certain conditions, notably in connection with the verb «dire» (to say):
Je ne sais pas que p = «Je dirai/tu diras que je ne sais pas que p») (1 do not know that p = «I will say /You will say that I do not know that p»)
Je sais si p = «Je le sais, mais je ne le dirai pas» (I know if p = «I know it, but I will not say it»).
The notion which is used is that of the universe of belief, and it is attempted to demonstrate that it is more advantageous in linguistics than a plurality of epistemic worlds. The difference between (ne pas) savoir/ dire que p «not) to know/ to say that p) and (ne pas) savoir/ dire si p «not) to know/ to say if p) lies essentially in the fact that the conjunction que (that) signifies the explication of p in at least one universe of belief (either taken into account or rejected) whereas the indirect interrogative
si (if) leaves the value of p inexplicated.
Grammaire et logique à Port-Royal
Authors: Pariente Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2010

JEAN-CLAUDE PARIENTE: Grammar and Logic at Port-Royal
Grammar and logic make their appearance at Port-Royal within a system of relationship that were at once anthropological and technical; it is the latter which are examined here. Grammar is subjected to the principle of the reference of facts of language to thought. But this principle does not suffice in resolving all problems and sorne are thus referred to logic which, for its part, analyses the syllogism by basing itself on the theory of parenthetical clauses, and assimilates the results of grammar in order to transcend the level of simple syllogisms. The web of relationships thus woven between logic and grammar seems to encourage the joint development of the two disciplines; however, it in fact constitutes an obstacle to this development, for it imposes on each the constraint of respecting the limits of the other.
Un quart de siècle de grammaire générative : de l'énumération à la restriction
Authors: Grunig Blanche-Noëlle 
Published: October 2010

BLANCHE-NOËLLE GRUNIG: A Quarter Century of Generative Grammar: : from Enumeration to Restriction
The author shows how in the course of the last quarter century Chomsky has veered from his original exercise the essential aim of which was the enumeration of the grammatical sentences of a language, to another where actual enumeration is overshadowed by the search for constraints that so limit the power of operations that they be compatible with neuronal reality. The author tries to identify the few principles that can, in her eyes, be candidates for the construction of such constraints: in particular, she picks out principles of formally-remarkable category, of critical distance, uniqueness, maximality and identity.
Langue primitive et comparatisme dans le système de Carlo Denina
Authors: Marazzini Claudio 
Published: October 2010

Nowadays, La clef des langues (1804) of C. Denina is known to scholars: it has been presented in Historiographia linguistica,
1983-1/ 2. My new intervention considers the characteristics of Denina's comparativism. He was guided by a strong sense of history; in fact Denina would found the inquiry on the research of concrete data. The problem of the primitive language was irrelevant. For Denina, it is necessary to compare only the languages that have a sure commun origine During this comparison he researched the constant mIes (or «clefs») of every language; these mIes are one of his principal objects of research, because they permit to recognize the foreseeable changes that differentiate the languages of commun origine So Denina (like Turgot) elaborated a theory similar to the sound laws, free from every universalism and from every explanation bound up with simbology of the sound.
Ramisme et post-ramisme : la répartition des "arts" au XVI s.
Authors: Clerico Geneviève 
Published: October 2010

AB8TRACT: The Renaissance witnesses a new apportionment of the different. disciplines within the trivium and a new definitionof the tasks assigned to rhetoric, dialectics and grammar. Agricola first, then Ramus, propose a new conception of dialectics incorporating. the,. inventio and
dispositio of the rhetoric of yore, reducing the latter to. an analysis of patterns rather than contents. Ramus organises his grammatical works and his dialectics according to visual classifYing criteria, with a constant aim at making the study of grammar autonomous by excluding the semantic · point of view from his classification. His successor, Sanctius, extends his undertaking through his De Arte dicendi (1556) and his
Organum Dialecticum et Rhetoricum (1579) on the one · hand significant works though little known; through his Minerva (1562-1587) above aIl, which presents syntactic · developments that are partly grounded in Ramist postulates but · systematized by a transfer to the grammatical sphere of the notion of «figures of construction» •. Ellipsis, constantly resorted to by Sanctius, allows him to reduce the gap between the rational status of the languag~ (its «causes»), and the multiple aspects of usage.
Les Grammaires des dames en France & l'apprentissage des langues à la fin du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Reuillon-Blanquet Madeleine 
Published: October 2010

RÉSUME : Dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle en France, tout le monde, philosophes, littérateurs, femmes, prêtres ou mondains, ne cesse de dénoncer l'éducation frivole et routinière donnée à la jeune fille. Traités et Préceptes qui lui sont consacrés foisonnent, et limitent ou élargissent plus ou moins l'éventail des sciences qu'elle peut aborder.
Si la Grammaire est toujours considérée comme indispensable, l'étude des langues, vivantes ou mortes, est très controversée. Les Grammaires à l'usage des Dames ou des demoiselles sont fort nombreuses : peu de grammairiens se consacrent à l'apprentissage des langues. Parmi eux, Bencirechi, Nicolas Adam, ou Levizac, dont les origines et les expériences pédagogiques sont très diverses, offrent des méthodes plus ou moins ambitieuses ou exigeantes dans le but poursuivi.
Petite histoire de la Metabasis
Authors: Ildefonse Frédérique 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : I will try to illustrate the dynamics of the passage as described by metabasis in a few stoic texts and several grammatical analysis of Apollonius Dyscolus. I believe the concept of « décrochement », which I borrow from Claude Lévi-Strauss, helps to clarify it. The adjective metabatikos qualifies the type of human representation, logical representation, which, in as much as it is « transitive », allows an information to open into another, as well as their mutual articulation, therefore founding the conception of the sign « if this, then this » and the possibility of the conditional « if it is day, there is light ». According to the grammarian Apollonius Dyscolus, metabasis intervenes in the analysis of the transitive diathesis and in the definition of the person. I will procède to show the part played by metabasis in the grammatical treatment of conjunction and how it allows to throw some light upon the
obscure part of the definition of conjunction
in the Technè Grammatikè attributed to
Dionysus the Thrax.
II corpo vivente della Léxis e le sue parti annotazioni sulla linguistica di Aristotele
Authors: Lo Piparo Franco 
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : La comparaison entre les parties du discours dont discute Aristote dans la Poétique et celles définies par Denys le Thrace dans sa Grammaire, montre leur radicale diversité. Les résultats d'une analyse de la notion aristotélicienne de lexis sont les suivants : 1) la lexis ne peut être rapprochée des notions modernes de signifiant ou d'expression mais plutôt des speech acts de Austin ; 2) la lexis est saisie par Aristote avec le même appareil théorique employé dans la Physique et dans les ouvrages biologiques pour étudier les corps vivants, l'une et les autres étant composés de parties hiérarchiquement organisées et finalisées à leurs propres
activités spécifiques. Il en résulte que la
syllabe joue un rôle de modèle de la
composition des substances naturelles.
César et l’aphabet : un fragment du De Analogia
Authors: Garcea Alessandro 
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ: Dans une discussion sur < x> •consonne double’, le grammairien latin Pompée (GL 5,108,7-13) insère deux citations, l’une appartenant au De analogia
de César, l’autre au De antiquitate litterarum
de Varron, sur les lettres de l’alphabet latin primitif. Varron distingue seize caractères anciens entre les vingt-trois employés à l’âge classique; César se borne à onze caractères primitifs. Cette dernière opinion a suscité la perplexité des éditeurs et des interprètes de César, qui pour la plupart corrigent le texte transmis par Pompée. L’examen des paramètres auxquels Varron avait recouru et la comparaison entre le fragment de César et celui de Varron permettent d’envisager une autre possibilité: les deux groupes de signes ne se situent pas sur le même plan et la liste de César semble se référer seulement aux éléments consonantiques du répertoire varronien.
Les langues baltiques et la question balto-slave
Authors: Petit Daniel 
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ: L’objet du présent article est d’offrir un panorama des principales contributions consacrées depuis le
XVIe siècle au problème des relations linguistiques entre les langues baltiques et les langues slaves. Jusqu’au XIXe siècle la question était seulement de déterminer si les langues baltiques appartiennent à la famille slave ou forment un groupe indépendant; avec les débuts de la linguistique indo-européenne moderne, une fois admise définitivement l’indépendance des deux familles, la question s’est posée de savoir s’il était possible de postuler l’existence d’une étape de communauté linguistique, le «balto-slave», sur la base des ressemblances frappantes partagées par le baltique et le slave.
Ectomycorrhizas of Cercocarpus ledifolius (Rosaceae)
Authors: McDonald Kelly R. , Pennell Jason , Frank Jonathan L. , Southworth Darlene 
Published: October 2010

• Premise of the study: Woody species in the Rosaceae form ectomycorrhizal associations, but the fungal symbionts are unknown. The species of fungi determine whether host plants are isolated from other ectomycorrhizal species in the plant community or linked with other trees through mycorrhizal networks. In this study we identified the fungi that form ectomycorrhizas with Cercocarpus ledifolius (curl‐leaf mountain mahogany).• Methods: Soil samples were collected under canopies of C. ledifolius. Ectomycorrhizas were described by morphology and by DNA sequences of the ITS region. Host species were confirmed by rbcL sequences.• Key results: Sixteen species of fungi were identified from ectomycorrhizas of Cercocarpus ledifolius. The ectomycorrhizal community was distinguished by the presence of a Geopora species situated in the G. arenicola clade and by the absence of Rhizopogon, suilloids, and Sebacinales. Of the species on C. ledifolius, two also occurred on trees of Quercus garryana var. breweri and four on Arctostaphylos sp.• Conclusions: The presence of fungal species in common with other ectomycorrhizal hosts shows that C. ledifolius, Q. garryana var. breweri, and Arctostaphylos species could be linked by a mycorrhizal network, allowing them to exchange nutrients or to share inoculum for seedling roots and new fine roots. Single‐host fungi limited to C. ledifolius may improve resource acquisition and reduce competition with other ectomycorrhizal hosts. The finding of a Geopora species as a frequent mycobiont of C. ledifolius suggests that this fungus might be appropriate for inoculating seedlings for habitat restoration.
Molecular phylogenetics of suborder Cactineae (Caryophyllales), including insights into photosynthetic diversification and historical biogeography
Authors: Ocampo Gilberto , Columbus J. Travis 
Published: October 2010

• Premise of the study: Phylogenetic relationships were investigated among the eight families (Anacampserotaceae, Basellaceae, Cactaceae, Didiereaceae, Halophytaceae, Montiaceae, Portulacaceae, Talinaceae) that form suborder Cactineae (= Portulacineae) of the Caryophyllales. In addition, photosynthesis diversification and historical biogeography were addressed.• Methods: Chloroplast DNA sequences, mostly noncoding, were used to estimate the phylogeny. Divergence times were calibrated using two Hawaiian Portulaca species, due to the lack of an unequivocal fossil record for Cactineae. Photosynthetic pathways were determined from carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) and leaf anatomy.• Key results: Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were consistent with previous studies in that the suborder, almost all families, and the ACPT clade (Anacampserotaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, Talinaceae) were strongly supported as monophyletic; however, relationships among families remain uncertain. The age of Cactineae was estimated to be 18.8 Myr. Leaf anatomy and δ13C and were congruent in most cases, and inconsistencies between these pointed to photosynthetic intermediates. Reconstruction of photosynthesis diversification showed C3 to be the ancestral pathway, a shift to C4 in Portulacaceae, and five independent origins of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Cactineae were inferred to have originated in the New World.• Conclusions: Although the C3 pathway is inferred as the ancestral state in Cactineae, some CAM activity has been reported in the literature in almost every family of the suborder, leaving open the possibility that CAM may have one origin in the group. Incongruence among loci could be due to internal short branches, which possibly represent rapid radiations in response to increasing aridity in the Miocene.
New microsatellite loci in the dwarf yams Dioscorea group Epipetrum (Dioscoreaceae)
Authors: Viruel Juan , Catalán Pilar , Segarra‐Moragues José Gabriel 
Published: October 2010

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from enriched genomic libraries of two taxa of the Chilean Epipetrum group of Dioscorea to assess their levels of genetic diversity and population differentiation.• Methods and Results: Eleven microsatellite loci were identified. Six out of nine microsatellites from D. biloba amplified in D. humilis, and the two microsatellites from D. humilis amplified in both taxa. Two different sets of eight loci amplified in each of the two tested taxa, D. biloba and D. humilis. The average number of alleles was 5.75 and 5 for D. biloba and D. humilis, respectively. Higher levels of mean genetic diversity were found in D. biloba (HE = 0.639) than in D. humilis (HE = 0.414).• Conclusions: These microsatellite primers will be useful in population genetic studies and to establish conservation strategies in the endangered taxa of the Epipetrum group of Dioscorea.
Identification of Noncytotoxic and IL-10–Producing CD8+AT2R+ T Cell Population in Response to Ischemic Heart Injury
Authors: Curato Caterina , Slavic Svetlana , Dong Jun , Skorska Anna , Altarche-Xifró Wassim , Miteva Kapka , Kaschina Elena , Thiel Andreas , Imboden Hans , Wang Jianan , Steckelings Ulrike , Steinhoff Gustav , Unger Thomas , Li Jun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests a cardioprotective role of the angiotensin AT2R, albeit the underlying cellular mechanisms are not well understood. We aimed in this article to elucidate a potential role of cardiac angiotensin AT2R in regulating cellular immune response to ischemic heart injury. Seven days after myocardial infarction in rats, double-immunofluorescence staining showed that AT2R was detected in a fraction of CD8+ T cells infiltrating in the peri-infarct myocardium. We developed a method that allowed the isolation of myocardial infiltrating CD8+AT2R+ T cells using modified MACS, and further characterization and purification with flow cytometry. Although the CD8+AT2R− T cells exhibited potent cytotoxicity to both adult and fetal cardiomyocytes (CMs), the CD8+AT2R+ T cells were noncytotoxic to these CMs. The CD8+AT2R+ T cells were characterized by upregulated IL-10 and downregulated IL-2 and INF-γ expression when compared with CD8+AT2R− T cells. We further showed that IL-10 gene expression was enhanced in CD8+ T cells on in vitro AT2R stimulation. Importantly, in vivo AT2R activation engendered an increment of CD8+AT2R+ T cells and IL-10 production in the ischemic myocardium. In addition, intramyocardial transplantation of CD8+AT2R+ T cells (versus CD8+AT2R−) led to reduced ischemic heart injury. Moreover, the CD8+AT2R+ T cell population was also demonstrated in human peripheral blood. Thus, we have defined the cardioprotective CD8+AT2R+ T cell population, which increases during ischemic heart injury and contributes to maintaining CM viability and providing IL-10, hence revealing an AT2R-mediated cellular mechanism in modulating adaptive immune response in the heart.
Enhanced Activation of T Lymphocytes by Urease-Deficient Recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Producing Heat Shock Protein 70-Major Membrane Protein-II Fusion Protein
Authors: Mukai Tetsu , Maeda Yumi , Tamura Toshiki , Matsuoka Masanori , Tsukamoto Yumiko , Makino Masahiko 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTo activate naive T cells convincingly using Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), recombinant BCG (BCG-D70M) that was deficient in urease, expressed with gene encoding the fusion of BCG-derived heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and Mycobacterium leprae-derived major membrane protein (MMP)-II, one of the immunodominant Ags of M. leprae, was newly constructed. BCG-D70M was more potent in activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets of naive T cells than recombinant BCGs including urease-deficient BCG and BCG-70M secreting HSP70–MMP-II fusion protein. BCG-D70M efficiently activated dendritic cells (DCs) to induce cytokine production and phenotypic changes and activated CD4+ T cells even when macrophages were used as APCs. The activation of both subsets of T cells was MHC and CD86 dependent. Pretreatment of DCs with chloroquine inhibited both surface expression of MMP-II on DCs and the activation of T cells by BCG-D70M–infected APCs. The naive CD8+ T cell activation was inhibited by treatment of DCs with brefeldin A and lactacystin so that the T cell was activated by TAP- and proteosome-dependent cytosolic cross-priming pathway. From naive CD8+ T cells, effector T cells producing perforin and memory T cells having migration markers were produced by BCG-D70M stimulation. BCG-D70M primary infection in C57BL/6 mice produced T cells responsive to in vitro secondary stimulation with MMP-II and HSP70 and more efficiently inhibited the multiplication of subsequently challenged M. leprae than vector control BCG. These results indicate that the triple combination of HSP70, MMP-II, and urease depletion may provide a useful tool for inducing better activation of naive T cells.
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Activation of the Angiotensin-(1–7) Receptor, Mas, in Experimental Models of Arthritis
Authors: da Silveira Kátia Daniela , Coelho Fernanda Matos , Vieira Angélica Thomáz , Sachs Daniela , Barroso Lívia Corrêa , Costa Vivian Vasconcelos , Bretas Thales Lages Bicalho , Bader Michael , de Sousa Lirlândia Pires , da Silva Tarcília Aparecida , dos Santos Robson Augusto Souza , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina , Teixeira Mauro Martins 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Activation of the renin-angiotensin (Ang) system induces inflammation via interaction between Ang II and type 1 receptor on leukocytes. The relevance of the new arm of the renin-Ang system, namely Ang-converting enzyme-2/Ang-(1–7)/Mas receptor, for inflammatory responses is not known and was investigated in this study. For this purpose, two experimental models were used: Ag-induced arthritis (AIA) in mice and adjuvant-induced arthritis (AdIA) in rats. Male C57BL/6 wild-type or Mas−/− mice were subjected to AIA and treated with Ang-(1–7), the Mas agonist AVE 0991, or vehicle. AdIA was performed in female rats that were given AVE 0991 or vehicle. In wild-type mice, Mas protein is expressed in arthritic joints. Administration of AVE 0991 or Ang-(1–7) decreased AIA-induced neutrophil accumulation, hypernociception, and production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and CXCL1. Histopathological analysis showed significant reduction of inflammation. Mechanistically, AVE 0991 reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion, even when given after Ag challenge. Mas−/− mice subjected to AIA developed slightly more pronounced inflammation, as observed by greater neutrophil accumulation and cytokine release. Administration of AVE 0991 was without effect in Mas−/− mice subjected to AIA. In rats, administration of AVE 0991 decreased edema, neutrophil accumulation, histopathological score, and production of IL-1β and CXCL1 induced by AdIA. Therefore, activation of Mas receptors decreases neutrophil influx and cytokine production and causes significant amelioration of arthritis in experimental models of arthritis in rats and mice. This approach might represent a novel therapeutic opportunity for arthritis.
Differential Requirement of Histone Acetylase and Deacetylase Activities for IRF5-Mediated Proinflammatory Cytokine Expression
Authors: Feng Di , Sangster-Guity Niquiche , Stone Rivka , Korczeniewska Justyna , Mancl Margo E. , Fitzgerald-Bocarsly Patricia , Barnes Betsy J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRecent evidence indicates a new role for histone deacetylases (HDACs) in the activation of genes governing the host immune response. Virus, along with other pathogenic stimuli, triggers an antiviral defense mechanism through the induction of IFN, IFN-stimulated genes, and other proinflammatory cytokines. Many of these genes have been shown to be regulated by transcription factors of the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family. Recent studies from IRF5 knockout mice have confirmed a critical role for IRF5 in virus-induced type I IFN expression and proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α; yet, little is known of the molecular mechanism of IRF5-mediated proinflammatory cytokine expression. In this study, we show that both HDACs and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) associate with IRF5, leading to alterations in its transactivation ability. Using the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A, we demonstrate that ISRE, IFNA, and IL6 promoters require HDAC activity for transactivation and transcription, whereas TNFα does not. Mapping the interaction of corepressor proteins (HDAC1, silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid receptor/nuclear corepressor of retinoid receptor, and Sin3a) and HATs to IRF5 revealed distinct differences, including the dependence of IRF5 phosphorylation on HAT association resulting in IRF5 acetylation. Data presented in this study support a mechanism whereby virus triggers the dynamic conversion of an IRF5-mediated silencing complex to that of an activating complex on promoters of target genes. These data provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, of a tightly controlled transcriptional mechanism whereby IRF5 regulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in conjunction with HATs and HDACs.