bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Likelihood-Based Procedures for Threshold Diagnostics and Uncertainty in Extreme Value Modelling
Authors: Wadsworth J. L. , Tawn J. A. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryFor extreme value modelling based on threshold techniques, a well-documented issue is the sensitivity of inference from the model to the choice of threshold. The threshold above which we assume a non-homogeneous Poisson process, or equivalently generalized Pareto representation, to be a reasonable approximation to the distribution is traditionally selected before analysis and subsequently treated as fixed and known. In doing so, the analyst cannot account for the subjective judgement that has already taken place before formal inference begins. We propose an asymptotically motivated model to account for uncertainty in choice of threshold, under assumptions generated by a penultimate form of extreme value theory. To assess the sensitivity of the conclusions to these assumptions, we additionally present a purely likelihood-based diagnostic for the choice of threshold, developing a non-standard likelihood ratio test which supplements the current suite of tools. We show that the likelihood ratio procedure quantifies evidence derived from traditional threshold diagnostic plots, and that the full model for threshold uncertainty identifies the same features as the diagnostic. We apply our procedures to both simulated data, and a data set of flow rates from the River Nidd.
FACTOR SHARES, BUSINESS CYCLES AND THE DISTRIBUTIVE LOOP
Authors: Jackson William A. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper looks at how factor shares vary over the business cycle and how their movements fit into Kaleckian analysis. Heterodox accounts of factor‐share movements include both profit‐squeeze arguments (procyclical wage share) and underconsumption arguments (countercyclical wage share). Empirical evidence gives no decisive support for either account: factor shares may be procyclical and countercyclical at different stages of the business cycle. If factor shares vary in such a complex way, then Kaleckian models cannot have a stable distributive curve. The economy instead follows a distributive loop, with different adjustment paths during an upswing and a downswing.
Constitutionalising the Market, Marketising the Constitution, and to Tell the Difference: On the Horizontal Application of the Free Movement Provisions in EU Law
Authors: Schepel Harm 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEver since the Court's judgment in Walrave, there has been a concerted effort in caselaw and doctrine to limit the horizontal direct effect of free movement provisions to exceptional circumstances. This article suggests that this effort has always been incoherent, and is simply untenable after Viking and Laval. The implications are far reaching, especially in the sphere of the free movement of capital and corporate governance where the Court is well on its way of imposing a model of shareholder primacy on European company law. Full direct horizontal effect will also have important repercussions for private law and its ability to resolve conflicts between economic freedoms and fundamental rights. Given the nature of the free movement provisions, their horizontal effect will sometimes lead to a constitutionalised market and sometimes to a marketised constitution, without there being any principled way of distinguishing between the two. In that light, horizontal direct effect is very unlikely to enhance the effectiveness of internal market law—whichever model of the social market economy it is thought to embody—and is best abandoned.
Developing Administrative Principles in the EU: A Foundational Model of Legitimacy?
Authors: Smith Melanie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper argues that administrative legitimacy has been neglected as having the potential to provide a foundation for the legitimacy of the EU institutions. The development of the administrative law‐type mechanisms within the EU is almost exclusively focused on the activities of the Member States as the main implementers of Union law. This has left an administrative gap at the level of the EU institutions, with little evidence of determinative horizontal administrative principles to be found in either the Treaties or the case‐law of two European courts. Where the courts have acted, they have adopted a sectoral and highly circumscribed approach to the development of administrative norms. The paper examines whether administrative principles can be harnessed as a mechanism for increasing the EU's legitimacy and, if so, how these principles fit with the institutions' approach to the legitimacy question. Post Lisbon, can evidence be found within the Treaties that the administrative route to legitimacy has not been entirely foreclosed? This paper proposes a model of administrative legitimacy for the EU level of administration that provides a foundation for the interconnected concepts of good governance and political legitimacy.
Issues in Anti‐Corruption Law: How Can Code of Conduct Laws Be Drafted in Order to Reduce Corruption in a Public Sector like Romania's
Authors: Michael Bryane 
Published: February 2012

AbstractInternational organisations, like the UN and EU, have encouraged their Member States for years to increase civil servants' compliance with particular codes of conduct. Romania represents probably one of the most advanced countries in attempting to legislate on civil servant ethics through its Code of Conduct Law. Yet, the Romanian Code of Conduct Law possesses significant weaknesses, emanating both from the inherent difficulties of using hard law in a soft law area (like civil servants' ethics) and the Law's silence as to specific procedures, which government agencies should use in implementing the Law. Given these weaknesses, Romanian government agencies should adopt regulatory instruments that compensate for these weaknesses at the legislative level. In this paper, we present the provisions—particularly related to the establishment of agency‐level ethical doctrines—which regulatory drafters can use to implement these codes of conduct in a civil law system without running afoul of the basic requirements of civil law jurisprudence for clarity and predictability. We discuss the legal basis in Romanian administrative law for the elaboration of specific ethics‐related doctrines and the ways in which such a ‘doctrinal approach’ to administrative ethics can help achieve the objectives of the flawed Code of Conduct Law. We specifically discuss the ways in which Romanian governments can adopt such regulatory instruments and the types of provisions that should be included in order to help overcome the flaws of the Code of Conduct Law.
The Impact of Migration on Social Capital: Do Migrants Take Their Bowling Balls with Them?
Authors: LESAGE JAMES P. , HA CHRISTINA L. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTQuestions surrounding the impact of population migration on social capital is the focus of this study. Putnam observed that “for people as for plants, frequent repotting disrupts root systems. It takes time for a mobile individual to put down new roots.” However, because of a trending decrease in mobility over time, Putnam rules out migration as an explanation for the long‐term decline in social capital that was the subject of his widely read 1995 book Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. This study undertakes an empirical examination of the impact of migration on county‐level social capital, which in tribute to Putnam one might view as an attempt to answer the question—do migrants take their bowling balls with them when they move?The potential for county‐level migration of population to impact social capital levels at particular locations in space arises from the conventional argument that social capital promotes trust and cooperation among agents. This trust increases socially efficient collective action but requires investment in relationships and commitment of scarce resources to build social capital. It seems plausible that migration of population might have a negative impact on the stock of social capital by interfering with trust and cooperation among agents. However, it is also possible that migrants may take their social capital with them to new places of residence. In other words, the propensity to join social and civic organizations might reflect inherent traits of individuals who are willing to make commitments of their resources to building social capital in any community where they reside.
Neoliberalism and the Urban Economy in Ghana: Urban Employment, Inequality, and Poverty
Authors: OBENG‐ODOOM FRANKLIN 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTGhana is one of a few African countries where more people now reside in cities than in the countryside. What is not as well‐known are the changes that have taken place in the economic base of Ghanaian cities. This paper tells that story. It focuses particularly on jobs, incomes, inequality, and poverty, and their characteristics in an era when neoliberal policies have been implemented. It draws on census reports, national surveys, and published reports in order to overcome the dearth of information about the urban and national economies. The paper shows that, on the one hand, the increasing prominence of the private sector in the urban economy has impacted positively on capital formation and job creation. On the other hand, urban and national inequality levels have dramatically increased. Whether these changes are favourable to the majority of urban citizens is contestable.
Comparative Analysis of the Total Factor Productivity of Manufacturing in Northeast Asian Metropolitan Areas
Authors: BYUN TAEGEUN , KIM KABSUNG , CHOI HYEJIN 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTWe compare and analyze the total factor productivity of the manufacturing industries in the major metropolitan areas of South Korea, China, and Japan. This study can contribute to the economic cooperation among these countries by analyzing their productivity growth and evaluating their relative competitiveness. Statistical data from manufacturing industries are used to analyze five metropolitan areas. The manufacturing industries are classified into 10 sectors, and two different time periods (before and after 1997, when the foreign currency crisis began in Korea) are examined. The results in terms of the development and competitiveness of the manufacturing industries in Korea, China, and Japan will be useful in establishing promotional strategies.
Coming Home? Patterns and Characteristics of Return Migration in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Thieme Susan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Kazakhstan are all major destinations for labour migrants from rural areas of southern Kyrgyzstan. Along with searching for better income, younger men and women also migrate for educational purposes; children and elderly people stay behind. While older migrants often regard this separation from their families as temporary, younger people start to put down roots in places other than their homes and this has long‐term consequences for development in rural areas. The paper therefore looks into families’ multi‐local settings and why young migrants fail to return home. It also considers the potential impact on rural development including remittance dependency, an increasing shortage of qualified labour and new conditions of social care. The paper concludes with an assessment of the policy implications.
Professional Identities in Transit: Factors Shaping Immigrant Labour Market Success
Authors: Remennick Larissa 
Published: February 2012

AbstractImmigrant professionals comprise a growing segment within current migration waves, but the determinants of successful transnational skill transfer are poorly understood. In this paper, I offer a framework for the evaluation of these determinants, drawing upon three empirical studies among immigrant professionals from the former Soviet Union in Israel. I start by describing the social context of immigrant integration, including policies aimed at assisting skilled immigrants to get a fresh start on the local labour market. Next, I reflect on the nature of various professions in terms of their cultural and linguistic dependency, with the ensuing adaptive potential upon migration. I also tap into the main macro‐economic and institutional characteristics of the host society that may facilitate or hinder the initial entry and subsequent mobility of immigrant professionals within local organizations. I apply this analytical frame to the discussion of Israeli studies among immigrant professionals who represent three different points on the scale of cultural dependency: engineers (technical occupation), physicians (combining standard medical training with cultural skills) and schoolteachers (most dependent on language and local cultural codes). In every case, the resulting success or failure of occupational continuity reflects a complex interplay of context‐bound and individual factors, aggravated by the small size and rapid saturation of the local labour market.
Assessing the sexual knowledge of women in secure settings: the development of a new screening measure
Authors: Long Clive G. , Krawczyk Kirsten M. , Kenworthy Nathalie E. 
Published: February 2012

Accessible summary

This article addresses the need for more appropriate sexual health assessment materials for use with women with a learning disability.

It gives a summary of other assessment measures that have been developed and why they are not suitable for women with a learning disability.

It describes the development of a new assessment measure that can be used to assess the sexual knowledge needs of women in secure settings, with a learning disability.

This research is important because it acknowledges that people with a learning disability have the same rights as others with regard to information about sexual health matters. As such people with a learning disability should be asked the questions about the sexual knowledge in an easy and straightforward way that allows them to discuss concerns.

SummaryLittle research has been published on the need for sexual education for women in secure psychiatric facilities when patients present with a combination of learning disability, mental illness and personality disorder. The development of a brief, feasible, gender‐specific sexual knowledge questionnaire is described, which has validity and reliability and which is comprehensible by 95% of adults. Results of a pilot study show significant sexual knowledge deficits in learning disability and mentally ill women along with risk and vulnerability factors. Ways of addressing these issues are discussed.
‘I want to stay over’: a phenomenographic analysis of a short break/extended stay pilot project for children and young people with Autism
Authors: Hallett Fiona , Armstrong David 
Published: February 2012

Accessible summary This paper stems from a pilot project offering residential experiences for young people with Autism. The project aimed to offer residential experiences to the young people and help them to develop life skills that would aid their transition to adulthood. The primary purpose of this paper is to analyse the viewpoints of the young people, their parents/carers and the educational and care professionals involved in order to understand the potential impact of projects of this nature.SummaryLaying the foundations for an effective transition into independent adulthood is widely perceived as a key priority for practice with children/young people who have Autistic Spectrum Conditions. However, theory and research indicate that, for those children affected, autism often prevents the acquisition, development and expression of key life‐skills which might assist their inclusion in the wider community. In exploring these issues, the authors of this paper report on the Phenomenographic analysis of a Residential Project, involving 16 children per young people who had Autistic Spectrum Conditions, at a Special School in the North West of England. The primary conclusion from this study is that provision for many children and young people with Autistic Spectrum Conditions is most meaningful if it is enabled by practice which: supports the wider human rights and needs of their family; realistically prepares the individual for a life outside of school and the home; and also enriches the unique lifeworld of each young person.
Retinal histogenesis and cell differentiation in an elasmobranch species, the small‐spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Bejarano‐Escobar Ruth , Blasco Manuel , Durán Ana Carmen , Rodríguez Cristina , Martín‐Partido Gervasio , Francisco‐Morcillo Javier 
Published: February 2012

AbstractHere we present a detailed study of the major events in the retinal histogenesis in a slow‐developing elasmobranch species, the small‐spotted catshark, during embryonic, postnatal and adult stages using classical histological and immunohistological methods, providing a complete neurochemical characterization of retinal cells. We found that the retina of the small‐spotted catshark was fully differentiated prior to birth. The major developmental events in retinal cell differentiation occurred during the second third of the embryonic period. Maturational features described in the present study were first detected in the central retina and, as development progressed, they spread to the rest of the retina following a central‐to‐peripheral gradient. While the formation of both plexiform layers occurs simultaneously in the retina of the most common fish models, in the small‐spotted catshark retina the emergence of the outer plexiform layer was delayed with respect to the inner plexiform layer. According to the expression of the markers used, retinal cell differentiation followed a vitreal‐to‐scleral gradient, with the exception of Müller cells that were the last cell type generated during retinogenesis. This vitreal‐to‐scleral progression of neural differentiation seems to be specific to slow‐developing fish species.
Calling All Students!!!
Authors: Marshall Audrey 
Published: February 2012

Abstract‘Dissertations into Practice’ is a new regular feature in the Health Information and Libraries Journal, which aims to encourage students to write for publication. The idea is that students will write an extended abstract of their health‐related dissertations, outlining the methods used and commenting on the implications for practice. Co‐written with their dissertation or workplace supervisor, this feature will provide a safe environment for students to see their writing in print, possibly for the first time, while ensuring that invaluable research reaches a wider audience than might otherwise be the case.
Nurses' Experiences of the Encounter With Elder Neglect
Authors: Winterstein Tova‐Band 
Published: February 2012

Abstract Purpose: Nurses are on the front line in encounters with elder neglect. In spite of their significant role, they are not always aware of this. The purpose of this paper was to understand the meanings that nurses ascribe to elder neglect through their perceptions and professional experience with older people and to throw light on nurses' significant role in this encounter.Design and Methods: An integrated review of the current literature was completed and 30 Israeli professional nurses working in long‐term geriatric care facilities were interviewed using a semistructured interview guide. Interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was performed according to the phenomenological method.Findings and Conclusions: Four major themes emerged: (a) neglect from the outside or neglect from within; (b) between professional and personal; (c) whose responsibility is this? and (d) professional values and ethics in the face of a neglecting reality. Findings are discussed in relation to the nurses' experiences of the encounter with elder neglect and the consequences of the phenomenon, such as increasing ageist perceptions and behavior.Clinical Relevance: As the world experiences higher life expectancy, nursing education should be challenged with elder mistreatment in general, and elder neglect in particular. Training and educational programs should provide a platform on which to raise dilemmas concerning the encounter with this subject.Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2011; XX:X, XXX–XXX. ©2011 Sigma Theta Tau International.
Intercellular Communication in the Vascular Wall: A Modeling Perspective
Authors: NAGARAJA SRIDEVI , KAPELA ADAM , TSOUKIAS NIKOLAOS M. 
Published: February 2012

Please cite this paper as Nagaraja S, Kapela A, Tsoukias NM. Intercellular communication in the vascular wall: a modeling perspective. Microcirculation 19: 391‐402, 2012.AbstractMovement of ions (Ca2+, K+, Na+, and Cl−) and second messenger molecules like inositol 1, 4, 5‐trisphosphate inside and in between different cells is the basis of many signaling mechanisms in the microcirculation. In spite of the vast experimental efforts directed toward evaluation of these fluxes, it has been a challenge to establish their roles in many essential microcirculatory phenomena. Recently, detailed theoretical models of calcium dynamics and plasma membrane electrophysiology have emerged to assist in the quantification of these intra and intercellular fluxes and enhance understanding of their physiological importance. This perspective reviews selected models relevant to estimation of such intra and intercellular ionic and second messenger fluxes and prediction of their relative significance to a variety of vascular phenomena, such as myoendothelial feedback, conducted responses, and vasomotion.
Does Immunotherapy for Treatment of Reproductive Failure Enhance Live Births?
Authors: Coulam Carolyn B. , Acacio Brian 
Published: February 2012

Before effective treatment for reproductive failure can be instituted, the cause of the failure must be determined. A search of PubMed was made to identify the published data regarding diagnosis and treatment of reproductive failure. Results were compared with the frequency of antiphospholipid antibodies (APA) in 2995 women with histories of unexplained infertility, recurrent implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss, and fertile women. In addition, pregnancy outcomes among 442 women experiencing reproductive failure and elevated NK cell activity after treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) (N = 242) or intralipids (N = 200) were compared. The prevalence of APA was the same among women with the diagnosis of unexplained infertility, recurrent implantation failure, and recurrent miscarriage. Heparin and aspirin are successful in the treatment of elevated APA among women with recurrent miscarriage but not with recurrent implantation failure. IVIg has been successful in the treatment of recurrent miscarriage and recurrent implantation failure among women with elevated APA and/or NK cell activity. When the pregnancy outcomes of women with a history of reproductive failure and elevated NK cell cytotoxicity treated with intralipid were compared with women treated with IVIg, no differences were seen. Immunotherapy for treatment of reproductive failure enhances live birth but only in those women displaying abnormal immunologic risk factors.