bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IJCM_162A: Evidence on the Influence of Economic Variables on Breast and Cervical Cancer Treatment in South Asia: Implications for Healthcare Strengthening - A Scoping Review
Authors: Dhar Redolen Rose , Rajkhowa Priyobrat , Reshmi Bhageerathy , Holla Ramesh 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Cancer, a leading cause of death globally, imposes a substantial economic burden to the family and family members. This study focuses on the financial aspects of breast and cervical cancer treatments in South Asia, aiming to identify both the direct and indirect costs patients face and the financial barriers and enablers to accessing care. Utilizing the Arksey and O’Malley framework, a scoping review of literature from 2006 onward was conducted, examining costs associated with treatment modalities like radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery for breast and cervical cancer.

Results:
Analysis of 192 records led to 12 studies being reviewed in detail. Results showed that treatment costs for cervical cancer ranged from INR 19,494 to 41,388 (USD 291 – 617), with about 62% of patients incurring catastrophic health expenditures. Breast cancer treatment also proved costly, with expenses ranging widely but averaging around Rs. 48,477. Such high out-of-pocket costs not only pose a significant financial challenge for patients but also threaten the effectiveness of international health initiatives aimed at cancer treatment and management.

Conclusion:
The study concludes that the financial burden of breast and cervical cancer treatments in South Asia is significant, highlighting the urgent need for healthcare systems to mitigate these costs. Enhancing support for both medical and non-medical expenses is essential for reducing financial strain on patients, ensuring equitable access to treatments, and advancing towards the goals of global healthcare initiatives.
IJCM_166A: A cross sectional study to assess knowledge, attitude and practices about dietary supplements among gym going medical students.
Authors: Sankar Kiran K , Khan Mudassir Azeez , Venugopal  
Published: April 2024

Background:
Nutrition plays equal role as physical activity in maintaining good health and improving fitness. According to FDA, Dietary supplements are products intended to supplement the diet. They are not medicining and are not intended to treat, diagnose, mitigate, prevent, or cure diseases. Adolescents may be vulnerable to misleading nutritional information and adopt unhealthy food habits. Food habits of the youth could be influenced by specific features related to physical training, either aimed to improve fitness or to comply with sport demands. Use of protein supplementation without professional guidance can cause adverse effects on kidney and liver functions.

Objectives:
1) To assess knowledge about dietary supplements among gym going medical students. 2) To assess the attitude and practices about dietary supplements among gym going medical students.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 gym going medical students of Mysore Medical College and Research Institute from October to November 2023 using a predesigned and pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Subjects were selected using convenient sampling method. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and was analyzed using SPSS trial version 29.

Results:
The study included 150 participants who completed the questionnaire. More than 70% of the participants were males and around 30 % of the study population used at least 1 dietary supplement. More than 95% of them knew about the dietary supplements. Most commonly used dietary supplements were whey protein and creatine powder. Only 10% of participants consuming dietary supplements have taken a dietician’s or expert’s opinion.

Conclusion:
The study showed that significant number of participants were using dietary supplements. But majority does not take an expert’s opinion before consuming dietary supplements. Both users and non-users of dietary supplements would benefit from improved understanding of the health effects of dietary supplements through health education.
IJCM_169A: Correlation of sonographic renal dimensions with anthropometric measurements among individuals without renal disorders
Authors: Jagadish Swathi , Kalaria Keshavi M , Bhat Nagaraj , Harshita M R , Shetty Monisha , Holla Ramesh , Mithra Prasanna , Kumar Nithin , Motappa Rohith , Rao Mithun 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Normal kidney dimensions are suggestive of normal kidney function. Degree of kidney function has a positive correlation with ultrasonic renal measurements. Co-morbid conditions affect the renal size. Therefore it becomes necessary to establish normal values of kidney dimensions for the diagnosis, prognosis and also as an early indication of renal diseases in order to prevent them.

Objectives:
To study the renal dimensions and association with socio- demographic conditions among the outpatient attendees in the study hospital.

Methodology:
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done among the attendees of KMC Hospitals, Mangalore. Data extraction sheet included the socio-demographic details, Anthropometric measurements, personal history, history of comorbidities and sonographic dimensions of Kidney and laboratory findings of Renal Function Test. Data was entered and analyzed by using statistical software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 29.0.

Results:
Out of 194 participants, 118(60.8%) were males. The difference between corresponding kidney lengths of males and females is found to be statistically significant. The length and anteroposterior dimension of left kidney is greater than right kidney and the difference is statistically significant. When the kidney lengths and the heights of the individual were correlated a positive correlation was obtained, (0.278) in case of right kidney and (0.245) in case of left kidney.

Conclusion:
Kidney length had positive correlation with height and BMI. Female kidney length was significantly smaller than the male kidney length. There was significant variation between right and left kidney lengths.
IJCM_170A: Exploring 10-year cardiovascular risk assessment through the utilization of the Framingham Risk Score(FRS): A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Saini Mohit , Bano Tanveer , Jain Seema , Singh Ganesh , Kumar Sanjeev , Gautam Neelam 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, causing significant morbidity and mortality. A joint report by the Harvard School of Public Health and World Economic Forum highlights a substantial economic burden of $47 trillion due to CVD from 2010-2030. Predictions suggest 23.6 million deaths from CVD by 2030. Identifying individuals at CVD risk is crucial for prevention. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a key tool for estimating 10-year CVD risk.

Objective:
To estimate the ten-year risk of developing cardiovascular disease using Framingham heart risk assessment score.

Methodology:
In the period from January to July 2023, a cross-sectional study spanning six months was conducted at the Community Medicine OPD of LLRM Medical College, Meerut. Adult residents were interviewed, and data, comprising anthropometric measurements and blood investigations (fasting blood sugar and lipid profile), were gathered using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. The Framingham Risk Score, a gender-specific algorithm, was employed to assess the 10-year cardiovascular risk for each individual.

Results:
Among 298 participants, 13.3% had an intermediate risk, and 4.2% had a high risk of cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years. Higher prevalence of intermediate and high risk was observed in males. Urban adults exhibited prevalent cardiovascular risk factors, projecting a 2.8% high-risk prediction.

Conclusion:
In this study, males exhibited a higher prevalence of intermediate and high risk than females. The projected high-risk prediction for CVD in the next 10 years among participants was 2.8%.
IJCM_174A: Lifestyle risk factors among homeless adults in Chennai- A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Jamir Jongshina , Sudharshini S 
Published: April 2024

Background:
India defines ‘homeless’ as those who do not live in Census houses, but rather stay on pavements, roadsides, railway platforms, staircases, temples, streets, in pipes, or other open spaces. According to 2018 GCC enumeration of urban homeless, there are 3764 men and 2962 women, in total 6726 adult population. As they have a relatively different lifestyle, it is essential to know about their lifestyle risk factors and their accessibility to healthcare. In order to attain our Sustainable Development goals, in particular SDG 3- it is essential to target the well being of the homeless population.

Objective:
To estimate the lifestyle risk factors among homeless population in Chennai.

Methodology:
All adults who were 18 years and above and who fit in the criteria for homeless where taken for the study and an Interviewer administered pre-designed questionnaire, under the following Socio Demographic Details, Behavioural Measurements which included tobacco use, alcohol consumption, diet, lifestyle advice and physical activity was used to ascertain the lifestyle risk factors among the homeless. Data was entered in MS excel and analyzed using SPSS-21.

Results:
Out of 341 participants, 70.7% were females,27.3% males and 2.1% transgender. 27.6% had a habit of smoking daily and among that 24.9% were using smokeless tobacco. 15% had a habit of drinking alcohol. In the past one year 57.2% had visited the hospital and 44% had visited a government facility. 27.3% did moderate work and 14.4% vigorious work. 1.5% had a habit of doing moderate exercise on a daily basis.76.8% and 54.8% had undergone screening for hypertension and diabetes mellitus respectively.

Conclusion:
Spreading awareness to the homeless population on lifestyle risk factors is essential to ensure their healthy living.
IJCM_18A: A Cross-sectional study on prevalence of pregnancy related anxiety among antenatal mothers attending Rural Primary Health Center, Kancheepuram
Authors: Priyadharshini S , Chitra  
Published: April 2024

Background:
With declining rates of maternal mortality worldwide, its time to recognize the importance of addressing morbidity as well. When compared with general anxiety, pregnancy-related anxiety appears to be a stronger determinant for poor obstetric consequences. Complications include miscarriage, low birth weight, impaired cognitive and physical fetal development, and possibly death.

Objectives:
To assess the prevalence of pregnancy related anxiety with severity and the associated factors.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional on was conducted among 113 antenatal mothers attending antenatal clinic (Tuesdays)in Kundrathur Rural Primary Health Centre by consecutive sampling. Data was collected by interviewer administering a validated and structured questionnaire PRAQ R2(Pregnancy Related Anxiety Questionnaire Revised 2) and statistical analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 25.

Results:
Among 113 antenatal mothers mean age was 25.19+4.2 years, 69.9% are primi gravida, 50.4% said that current pregnancy is planned. All of the mothers having complications in current pregnancy (22.1%) had pregnancy related anxiety. The mean scores of pregnancy related anxiety domains were 7.6 out of 15 for fear of giving birth, 4.9 out of 15 for concern of own appearance, and 10.9 out of 12 for worries about bearing a handicapped child. Nearly 89.4% of mothers have pregnancy-related anxiety with most of them having low severity anxiety (44.2%). The factors associated with pregnancy related anxiety (p < 0.05) were primi gravida and those in second and third trimester.

Conclusion:
A majority of the participants are experiencing pregnancy related anxiety with most of them having low severity anxiety worrying about outcome of birth. It’s predictors included Primigravida and those in second and third trimester. Pregnancy-related anxiety should be diagnosed early during routine antenatal mothers for better maternal and fetal outcomes
IJCM_181A: Health behavioral change and Associated factors among patients diagnosed with non-communicable diseases in the Rural areas of Southern India
Authors: Kumar C. Sunil , Chandrasekhar C. , Madhu T. 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributed to 71% of the global mortality and affect the ageing population with variable proportions. NCD diagnosis gives an opportunity for patients to change their health behaviors. Secondary prevention strategies like diet modification, physical activity and smoking cessation after NCD diagnosis are important and should be emphasized particularly for middle-aged and older adults.

Objectives:
1. To assess the level of health behavioral change adopted by the patients diagnosed with NCDs registered under Rural field practice area. 2. To evaluate the factors influencing the health behavioral change in NCD patients.

Methodology:
This is a Cross-sectional study design conducted at Rural Health & Training Centre, Government Medical College, Ananthapuramu, from August 2023 to October 2023. Simple random sampling was used to select 150 registered NCD cases from the RHTC data-base. We included participants who were diagnosed with either diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic lung disease, or cancer after recruitment. Data were collected by using pre-designed semi-structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25.0. Associations were tested using chi-squares and for all comparisons p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
In total 48 (32%) NCD cases have adopted suggested behavioral change instructed by the physician. Factors such as females, graduates, Class III & above SES, diagnosed between 5 to 10 years, not having any other co-morbidities were significantly associated with good health behavioral change.

Conclusion:
Around two third of the diagnosed NCD cases were not compliant to health behavioral change. Hence, health care providers need to provide behavioral change communication related to health behaviors in addition to standard medical care.
IJCM_198A: Effectiveness of a video assisted awareness program on knowledge and practices of road safety among Medical students of Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh: An Interventional Study.
Authors: Jonnakuti Sandeep Kumar , Madhavi B. Devi , Davis B. Mercy 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Road safety is an issue of great concern across the world. In the last year 1,354,840 road users have died equivalent to 3712 deaths per day in the world. It is crucial to create awareness about the road safety to instill responsible behavior among citizens.

Objectives:
To assess baseline knowledge and practices of road safety among medical students. To compare the change in knowledge and practices assessed one month after a video assisted awareness program.

Methodology:
An interventional study was conducted among medical students from 1st professional year to final year, interns at Rangaraya medical college, Kakinada. Considering prevalence of 58.3% from previous study, allowable error 10%, sample size is calculated by using 4PQ/L2 as 287. Out of 1450 medical students, 287 were selected using Probability Proportionate to size sampling and 40, 50, 50, 48, 50, 49 from 2018-2023 batches using Simple Random Sampling. Students who gave written consent were included; non-drivers were excluded. Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was prepared and google form was shared to the study participants. A pilot study was done among 30 students. The study was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. Data was analyzed using SPSS software Version 21. After baseline study, intervention will be done using a video assisted awareness program. Post-intervention results will be presented at the conference.

Results:
Among the participants, males and females were 46.5%, 53.5% respectively. Majority of them (77.7%) drive a two-wheeler. 70.3% have poor knowledge regarding airbag deployment during a crash, poor knowledge about vehicle maintenance (70.7%). About 77.7% do not use helmet, 44.9% do not use seat belt, 45.3% had distracted driving.

Conclusion:
The knowledge of participants was found to be fair and the practices were found to be poor.
IJCM_210A: Assessment of Outdoor Patients Waiting Time and Consultation Time in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata
Authors: Datta Mousumi 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Waiting and consultation times affect patient satisfaction and the managerial capacity of the health system. Whereas waiting time is mainly attributed to organizational processes, consultation time is characterized by health demands, concerns, and protocols followed by service providers, which vary between individuals. Therefore, periodic evaluation of the entire process is necessary to achieve continuing health service improvement.

Objectives:
1. To measure the waiting time and consultation time for each participant 2. To find out the variation of waiting and consultation time according to the departments visited.

Methodology:
A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care medical college hospital in Kolkata, between May-June 2023. A systematic sampling design was followed. Data collection was conducted for two weeks for the entire OPD duration (9 AM-3 PM). Waiting Time was defined as the time taken from registration to chamber entry. Consultation Time was defined for the study as the time taken from chamber entry to exit. Timing record was maintained by giving a time-indicated note to the patient at the time of registration. Exit interviews were conducted after completing consultations.

Results:
Total number of participants was 432, with 74.8% female and mean age of 28.7 years. There were 22% participants who had 10 or more years of schooling and 80.1% resided in rural areas. Mean waiting time was 98.6 minutes (SD 45.4) and the consultation time was 6.5 (SD 13.7) minutes. Waiting time was maximum for general medicine OPD (mean-122 min) and minimum for pediatric medicine OPD (mean 43 min), while consultation time was maximum for surgery OPD (mean 6.8 min).

Conclusion:
The study shows an imbalance between waiting time and consultation time. Walk-in patients for minor illnesses and unnecessary referrals should be reduced to prevent overcrowding of tertiary institutes and compromising quality of care.
IJCM_226A: Bridging the Gap: Model Immunization Centers in Urban Bihar - A Study on Factors Shaping Community Acceptance and Utilization for Improved Immunization Coverage
Authors: Rauny Rahul , Sinha N.K. , Dhalaria Pritu , Agrawal Ayushi , Verma Anupam , Singh Ajeet , JSI Syed Hassan 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Despite significant strides in immunization coverage, Full Immunization coverage in urban areas of India lags behind rural regions, with Urban India recording 75.5% compared to 76.8% in rural areas. Additionally, the prevalence of zero-dose children is higher in Urban India (7.5%) compared to rural counterparts (6.3%). Urbanization introduces a complex dynamic marked by poverty, migration, and growing disparities in health access, social services, and economic resources that necessitate innovative strategies to address immunization inequities in urban settings. In this direction, the Government of Bihar in 2017 introduced the concept of Model Immunization Centers (MICs) to provide high-quality immunization services to urban poor and marginalized to improve coverage and build trust, confidence and motivation for public immunization services.

Objectives:
The primary objective of the study was to assess and identify the factors that shape the community’s acceptance and utilization of immunization services at MICs in Patna and Siwan.

Methodology:
A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data analysis of immunization records and demographic information with qualitative assessments of community perceptions through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The study site i.e., Patna and Siwan Districts of Bihar was purposively selected.

Results:
The study found that the effectiveness of MICs was significantly influenced by family, community, and social norms. Additionally, MICs played a pivotal role in enhancing people’s trust, confidence, and motivation through the provision of a favourable environment, hygiene maintenance, the availability of free vaccines, reduced waiting times, and courteous staff behaviour. These factors have collectively led to improved immunization coverage, increased footfall, and improved rates of full immunization.

Conclusion:
The success of MIC in gaining people’s trust and confidence has been a driving force behind the increase in footfall coverage at session sites and high Full Immunization Coverage in Patna and Siwan
IJCM_230A: Obstacles Faced by Medical Undergraduates Wearing Spectacles In A Medical College In Mangalore
Authors: Garg Yug , Abraham Roche Varghese , Samhitha D , Sneha J , Holla Ramesh , Motappa Rohith , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Rekha T , Mithra Prasanna , Kumar Nithin , Rao Mithun 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Spectacle compliance is vital among the young population to combat visual impairment arising from untreated refractive errors. Encouraging spectacle use is crucial, despite the challenges they present, such as fogging, scratches, and discomfort when prescribed wrong

Objectives:
1. To study the obstacles faced by medical undergraduates while using spectacles. 2. To find out the various factors associated with the obstacles faced by undergraduates while wearing spectacles.

Methodology:
The study protocol was submitted for the approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. After obtaining the approval from ethics committee, permission was obtained from the Dean of Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore and data collection was done after receiving informed consent from the participants. A semi- structured questionnaire was distributed to the participants

Results:
72.7% faced obstacle of dependency on spectacles and 71.5% faced difficulty of adjusting spectacles with gloved hands. Â· Out of 60(34.9%) study participants who ride two-wheeler, 21(35%) participants faced difficulties while riding due to spectacle use and wearing helmet(42.8%), glaring(19.1%) and fogging(14.2%) were the major difficulties faced. Â· Among 54(32%) study participants who drive 4-wheeler, 9(16.6%) participants faced difficulties while driving due to spectacle use and the major difficulties encountered were glaring(55.5%) and restricted field of vision(22.2%). Â· A statistically significant association with P value of 0.001 was established between duration of spectacle usage and dependency on spectacles

Conclusion:
Based on our study, we have found that most of the participants have been using spectacles for 1-10 years mainly for correction of refractive errors like myopia and thus use spectacles throughout the day.