bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reziproker Interessenausgleich in internationalen Verhandlungssystemen und Konkordanzdemokratien
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungDer Aufsatz bietet in seinem ersten Teil eine spieltheoretische Erklärung für jenes Muster der “zeitverschobenen gegenseitigen Kompensationen” (Sartori 1992), das sich als häufiges Einigungsmuster sowohl in nationalen Verhandlungsdemokratien beziehungsweise Konkordanzdemokratien als auch in zwischenstaatlichen Verhandlungssystemen findet. In seinem zweiten Teil diskutiert der Aufsatz die Rationalität von "zeitverschobenen Kompensationen" im Kontext der Mehr‐Ebenen‐Problematik, die für das Verständnis von politischen Verhandlungen zentral ist – seien es Verhandlungen innerhalb des Nationalstaats zwischen wichtigen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen, oder seien es Verhandlungen zwischen den souveränen Nationalstaaten. Der Aufsatz bietet auch für den Mehr‐Ebenen‐Charakter nationaler oder supranationaler Verhandlungssysteme eine einheitliche spieltheoretische Formulierung. Mit ihr lässt sich insbesondere die Frage nach demokratischer Authentizität und wohlfahrtstheoretischer Effektivität von Verhandlungssystemen (Scharpf 1970) diskutieren.
La Lega dei Ticinesi: Vers l'intégration?
Authors: Mazzoleni Oscar 
Published: January 2011

RésuméL'objectif de cet article est de rendre compte du processus d'intégration de la Lega dei Ticinesi dans la démocratie de concordance. Le processus d'intégration de ce mouvement populiste se manifeste au niveau organisationnel, des formes d'action, mais aussi sur le plan de la participation au système politique et des rapports qu'elle établit avec le premier parti du canton. Ainsi, à l'intérieur de la Ligue, une aile pragmatique s'est développée à côté de l'aile radicale originaire. Toutefois, ce processus d'intégration présente ses limites dans la structure du parti qui laisse toujours beaucoup de marge d'action au président de la Lega, dans la nature de la coalition gouvernementale et dans les incertitudes liées à perception de la crise économique du canton.
Reformulating the Commons
Authors: Ostrom Elinor 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe western hemisphere is richly endowed with a diversity of natural resource systems that are governed by complex local and national institutional arrangements that have not, until recently, been well understood. While many local communities that possess a high degree of autonomy to govern local resources have been highly successful over long periods of time, others fail to take action to prevent overuse and degradation of forests, inshore fisheries, and other natural resources. The conventional theory used to predict and explain how local users will relate to resources that they share makes a uniform prediction that users themselves will be unable to extricate themselves from the tragedy of the commons. Using this theoretical view of the world, there is no variance in the performance of self‐organized groups. In theory, there are no self‐organized groups. Empirical evidence tells us, however, that considerable variance in performance exists and many more local users self‐organize and are successful than is consistent with the conventional theory. Parts of a new theory are presented here.
“Boundary Delineation” in grenzüberschreitenden Policy‐Netzwerken: Primat der “Policies” oder der “Polity”? Das Fallbeispiel des Policy‐Netzwerks zur 28‐Tonnen‐Limite
Authors: Sager Fritz , Meyrat Michael , Imbach Markus 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungZur Analyse neuer Verhandlungssysteme der Politikformulierung hat sich seit Mitte der 1980er Jahre das Konzept der Policy‐Netzwerke herausge‐bildet. Verschiedentlich wurde diesen Netzwerkkonzepten in der Literatur vorgeworfen, dass bei dynamischen networking‐Prozessen nicht zwischen inhaltlichen und institutionell geprägten Aktivitäten unterschieden werden kann. Inwiefern sich diese These aufrecht erhalten lässt und welche Implikationen sie für die Ausdifferenzierung von grenzüberschreitenden Netzwerken birgt, ist Gegenstand des vorliegenden Beitrags. Die quantitative Netzwerkanalyse der schweizerischen Schwerverkehrspolitik im europäischen Umfeld über drei Phasen hinweg stützt die Institutionalismus‐These, wonach sich das grenzüberschreitende Netzwerk entlang der staatsrechtlich‐institutionellen Dimensionen Schweiz‐EU sowie staatlich‐parastaatlich/privat ausdifferenzierte. Die Sektorzugehörigkeit dagegen wirkte in dieser Konstellation erst innerhalb formal‐institutionell definierter Strukturen differenzierend.
Edmund Burke's Moral Traditionalism
Authors: Haller Markus 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEdmund Burke's defense of moral traditionalism is shown to rest upon two controversial premises regarding the effects of cultural and legal traditions: first, that the observation of traditions is necessary in order to preserve civil peace and freedom, and second, that the observation of traditions is necessary if political or institutional changes are to be made according to the common interest of citizens. A critical examination of the evidence in support of these premises suggests, however, that the observation of traditions is not morally required though it may sometimes be recommended by prudence.
From Divergence to Convergence: Shifts in the Science and Technology Policy of Japan and Switzerland
Authors: Braun Dietmar 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis contribution analyses recent developments in science and technology policy in two countries ‐ Japan and Switzerland ‐ that are often assumed to be of very different traditions and structures: politically, economically and culturally. The main argument is to demonstrate that despite of these differences we find an astonishing convergence of science and technology policies since the 90s, though their basic organisational features remain, of course, very different. This is due to major changes in the perception of how innovation comes about, to the rise of generic technologies and a new philosophy in state action. The article elucidates how the two countries have changed their structure of guidance and implementation in research.
Staatsbürgerverständnis und politische Mobilisierung: Einbürgerungen in Schweizer Gemeinden
Authors: Helbling Marc , Kriesi Hanspeter 
Published: January 2011

ZusammenfassungSeit längerer Zeit kommt es in der Schweiz immer wieder zu heftigen Debatten über das schweizerische Einbürgerungsverfahren und die Diskriminierung gegenüber Gesuchstellern aus gewissen Herkunftsländern. Dieser Artikel präsentiert erste Resultate einer Umfrage in 207 Schweizer Gemeinden zu den Ursachen unterschiedlicher Ablehnungsquoten von Ein­bürgerungsgesuchen auf lokaler Ebene. In der Schweiz spielen die Gemeinden eine zentrale Rolle im Einbürgerungswesen. Es soll aufgezeigt werden, dass die jeweils verfolgte lokale Einbürgerungspolitik auf kulturelle und politische Faktoren zurückgeführt werden kann. Die zentralen Hypothesen besagen, dass Einbürgerungsverfahren politische Entscheidungspro­zesse darstellen und sowohl von kulturellen und institutionellen Strukturen wie dem vorherr­schenden Staatsbürgerverständnis und den Entscheidungsmodi wie auch von mobilisierenden politischen Akteuren abhängt. Die Erteilung der Staatsbürgerschaft soll dabei als Instrument sozialer Schliessung betrachtet werden, welches in den Gemeinden unterschiedlich eingesetzt wird und das dominierende Verständnis der Staatsbürgerschaft sowie aktuelle politische Kräfteverhältnisse widerspiegelt
Enzymatic membrane reactors: the determining factors in two separate phase operations
Authors: Agustian Joni , Kamaruddin Azlina Harun , Bhatia Subhash 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA two separate phase‐enzymatic membrane reactor is an attractive process since it has a large interfacial area and exchange surfaces, simultaneous reaction and separation and other benefits. Many factors influence its successful operation, and these include characteristics of the enzyme, membrane, circulating fluids and reactor operations. Although the operating conditions are the main factor, other factors must be considered before, during or after its application. At the initial stage of reactor development, the solubility of substrates and products, type of operation, membrane material and size, enzyme preparation and loading procedure, and cleanliness of the recirculated fluids should be specified. The immobilization site, reactor arrangement, dissolved or no‐solvent operation, classic or emulsion operation and immobilized or suspended enzyme(s) are determined later. Some factors still need further studies. Utilization of the technology is described for use from multigram‐ to plant‐scale capacity to process racemic and achiral compounds. The racemates were resolved primarily by kinetic resolution, but dynamic kinetic resolution has been exploited. The technology focused on hydrolytic reactions, but esterification processes were also exploited. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
On the multi‐colored Ramsey numbers of cycles
Authors: Łuczak Tomasz , Simonovits Miklós , Skokan Jozef 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFor a graph L and an integer k≥2, Rk(L) denotes the smallest integer N for which for any edge‐coloring of the complete graph KN by k colors there exists a color i for which the corresponding color class contains L as a subgraph.Bondy and Erdos conjectured that, for an odd cycle Cn on n vertices,
equation image
They proved the case when k = 2 and also provided an upper bound Rk(Cn)≤(k+ 2)!n. Recently, this conjecture has been verified for k = 3 if n is large. In this note, we prove that for every integer k≥4,
equation image
When n is even, Sun Yongqi, Yang Yuansheng, Xu Feng, and Li Bingxi gave a construction, showing that Rk(Cn)≥(k−1)n−2k+ 4. Here we prove that if n is even, then
equation image
© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 69: 169‐175, 2012
Pilzfarbstoffe, 491) Synthese der Grevilline und verwandter 2H‐Pyran‐2,5(6H)‐dione
Authors: Lohrisch Hans‐Joachim , Kopanski Lothar , Herrmann Rupert , Schmidt Holger , Steglich Wolfgang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEine konvergente Synthese der Grevilline 1 geht von Diazoketonen 6 aus, die über die Bromketone 7 in Oxalsäure‐(3‐aryl‐2‐oxopropyl)(ethyl)ester 4 verwandelt werden. Cyclisierung mit Basen ergibt Pyrandione 2, die mit aromatischen Aldehyden zu 4‐Aryl‐6‐benzyliden‐3‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐2,5(6H)‐dionen 1 kondensiert werden. Die nach Demethylierung erhaltenen Verbindungen 1a, b, c und d erweisen sich als identisch mit den natürlichen Grevillinen A, B, C und D.
Impact of Lateglacial cold events on the northern Aegean region reconstructed from marine and terrestrial proxy data
Authors: Kotthoff Ulrich , Koutsodendris Andreas , Pross Jörg , Schmiedl Gerhard , Bornemann André , Kaul Christian , Marino Gianluca , Peyron Odile , Schiebel Ralf 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMarine palynomorph data paired with other indicators of sea‐surface hydrography (planktic foraminiferal assemblages and oxygen isotopes) were used to decipher the impact of cold events on the northern Aegean region during the last glacial to interglacial transition. The data, which were derived from marine sediment cores GeoTü SL152 and GeoTü SL148, point to a strong impact of the Heinrich 1 and Younger Dryas cold events on surface‐water conditions in the northern Aegean Sea. Shifts in marine palynomorph assemblages correlate with changes in terrestrial vegetation and climate (i.e. precipitation and temperature reconstructions based on pollen assemblages) in the northern borderlands of the Aegean Sea. The climate responses of the Aegean region to Heinrich event 1 (H1, ca. 17.5 to ca. 15.7 cal ka BP) and Younger Dryas (ca. 12.6 to ca. 11.7 cal ka BP) events appear similar in magnitude (with mean annual temperatures between ∼6 and 10°C and mean annual precipitation between ∼300 and ∼450 mm). However, the annual temperature decline during the H1 relative to the preceding already cold conditions was minor (<3°C). The transition from the relatively warm and humid local equivalent of the Allerød interstadial to the Younger Dryas, on the other hand, witnessed an annual temperature decline of 6°C and an annual precipitation decrease of 300 mm, the latter occurring abruptly within only ca. 150 a. The return to warmer conditions in the northern Aegean region after the Younger Dryas was completed at ca. 11.6 cal ka BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notch1 is an independent prognostic factor for patients with glioma
Authors: Li Jiang , Cui Ying , Gao Guodong , Zhao Zhenwei , Zhang Hua , Wang Xuelian 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectivesNotch signaling plays a complex role in human malignancy. It can affect cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis either positively or negatively, depending on cell type.MethodsClinical gliomas from 274 patients who had not received chemotherapy were collected, and the expression of Notch1 protein was assessed by immunochemistry assays. Staining evaluation results were analyzed statistically in relation to various clinicopathological characters. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression methods were used to assess associations of Notch1 expression with glioma survival.ResultsWe found that the levels of expression of Notch1 protein were higher in glioma than control normal brain tissue. Moreover, the expression of Notch1 was associated closely with glioma progression, since expression levels increased from grades I to IV glioma. The overall survival rate was significantly lower for patients with Notch1 positive than those with Notch1 negative tumors. Multivariate analysis showed that Notch1 was an independent prognostic factor for patients with glioma.ConclusionsThese findings we confirm that Notch1 expression is up‐regulated in glioma and related to tumor progression. Notch1 might also serve as a novel prognostic marker that is independent of, and additive to, the WHO grade. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:813–817. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prognostic impact of the ratio of positive lymph nodes on survival of epithelial ovarian cancer patients
Authors: Mahdi Haider , Thrall Melissa , Kumar Sanjeev , Hanna Rabbie , Seward Shelly , Lockhart David , Morris Robert T. , Swensen Ron , Munkarah Adnan R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo study the prognostic significance of ratio of positive to examined lymph nodes (LNR) on survival of patients with node positive epithelial ovarian cancer (NPEOC).MethodsData were obtained from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) from 1988 to 2006, and analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox regression proportional hazard methods. Patients were divided into: stage IIIC group 1 (no macroscopic peritoneal disease), stage IIIC group 2 (macroscopic peritoneal disease), and stage IV.ResultsA total of 6,310 women were included. The 5‐year survival for stage IIIC groups 1, 2, and stage IV was 55.4%, 35.5%, and 20.3%, respectively (P < 0.001). Increasing LNR (<10%, 10–50%, and >50%) was associated with decreased survival from 51.5% to 38.1% to 27.0%, respectively, (P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, LNR was an independent prognostic factor for survival after adjusting for extent of peritoneal disease, stage, grade, race, age, extent of lymphadenectomy and absolute number of positive nodes.ConclusionsThe impact of increasing LNR was strongly related to survival, especially in patients with no macroscopic peritoneal disease. Stratification of this subpopulation of node positive EOC based on nodal burden provides a significant prognostic value that may be considered in future staging and aid in management decisions. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:724–729. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements in ultrasonic navigated resection of malignant brain tumors
Authors: Richter Johan C.O. , Haj‐Hosseini Neda , Andersson‐Engel Stefan , Wårdell Karin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveGlioblastoma multiforme is a highly malignant primary brain tumor. It has no border but at best a marginal zone, however, invisible to the surgeon. An optical touch pointer (OTP) enabling differentiation of healthy and tumor tissue by means of fiber‐optic fluorescence spectroscopy has been developed. In combination with an ultrasonic navigation system, the OTP may be used for demarcation of resectable tumor tissue. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical performance of OTP during surgery of malignant brain tumors.Study Design/Materials and MethodsNine patients were operated on with the standard surgical procedure, including white light microscopy and navigation. A total of 5 mg/kg bodyweight of 5‐amino‐levulin acid was orally administrated before surgery. The OTP was calibrated into the ultrasound‐based navigation system and measurements were performed in tumor core and along the tumor border. The ratio between the protoporphyrin IX fluorescence at 635 nm and the autofluorescence was used for quantifications of data. Biopsies (n = 20), ultrasound images (n = 30), and visual inspection (n = 180) were compared to the fluorescence ratio.Results/ConclusionHealthy and tumor tissue could be identified and differentiated with the OTP (P < 0.001). The fluorescence ratio in average was 0 outside the tumor and low in the gliotic edema zone around the tumor. It increased in the marginal zone and was highest in the solid tumor tissue. In the necrotic tissue, in the center of the tumor, the ratio in average was 0. The OTP can be used in combination with ultrasound‐based navigation and may help to determine whether to resect otherwise not identifiable tissue. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:8–14, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of a novel boronated porphyrin (H2OCP) as a dual sensitizer for both PDT and BNCT
Authors: Hiramatsu Ryo , Kawabata Shinji , Miyatake Shin‐Ichi , Kuroiwa Toshihiko , Easson Michael W. , Vicente M. Graça H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveBoronated porphyrins have emerged as promising dual sensitizers for use in both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), by virtue of their known tumor affinity, low cytotoxicity in dark conditions, and easy synthesis with high boron content. Octa‐anionic 5,10,15,20‐tetra[3,5‐(nido‐carboranylmethyl)phenyl] porphyrin (H2OCP) is a boronated porphyrin having eight boron clusters linked to the porphyrin ring. To evaluate H2OCP's applicability to both PDT and BNCT, we performed an in vitro and ex vivo study using F98 rat glioma cells.Materials and MethodsWe examined the time‐dependent cellular uptake of H2OCP by measuring the boron concentration over time, and compared the cellular uptake/clearance of boron after exposure to H2OCP in conjunction with boronophenylalanine (BPA) and sodium borocaptate (BSH), both of which are currently used in clinical BNCT studies. We evaluated the cytotoxicity of H2OCP‐mediated PDT using a colony‐forming assay and assessed the tumorigenicity of the implantation of pre‐treated cells using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Fluorescence microscopy was also performed to evaluate the cellular uptake of H2OCP.ResultsH2OCP accumulated within cells to a greater extent than BPA/BSH, and H2OCP was retained inside the cells to approximately the same extent as BSH. The cell‐surviving fraction following laser irradiation (8 J/cm2, 18 hours after exposure to 10 µg B/ml H2OCP) was <0.05. The median survival times of the pre‐treated cell‐implanted rats were longer than those of the untreated group (P < 0.05). The fluorescence of H2OCP was clearly demonstrated within the tumor cells by fluorescence microscopy.ConclusionsH2OCP has been proven to be a promising photosensitizer for PDT. H2OCP has also been proposed as a potentially effective replacement of BPA or BSH, or as a replacement of both BPA/BSH. Our study provides more evidence that H2OCP could be an effective novel dual sensitizing agent for use in both PDT and BNCT. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:52–58, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bismuth‐Triflate‐Catalyzed Polymerizations of ε‐Caprolactone
Authors: Lahcini Mohammed , Qayouh Hicham , Yashiro Takao , Weidner Steffen M. , Kricheldorf Hans R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractεCL was polymerized using the triflates of lanthanum, samarium, magnesium, aluminum, scandium, and bismuth as catalysts. Bismuth triflate proved to be extraordinarily reactive, and catalyzed polymerizations of εCL even at 20 °C. Adding DTBMP reduced the polymerization rate only slightly. Furthermore, no evidence of a cationic mechanism was found by end‐group analyses. Polymerization at 20 °C either in bulk or in solution only yielded polyesters of low or medium molecular weights ($\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ up to 30 000 Da). Yet addition of alcohols allowed for a proper control of molecular weight and end‐groups. Additionally, low catalyst concentrations and low temperature resulted in narrow molecular weight distributions and polylactones almost free of cyclic compounds. magnified image
LIM kinases are attractive targets with many macromolecular partners and only a few small molecule regulators
Authors: Manetti Fabrizio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe LIM kinases 1 and 2 (LIMK1 and LIMK2) are dual specificity (serine/threonine and tyrosine) kinases. Although they show significant structural similarity, LIMK1 and LIMK2 show different expression, subcellular localization, and functions. They are involved in many cellular functions, such as migration, cycle, and neuronal differentiation and also have a role in pathological processes, such as cancer cell invasion and metastatis, as well as in neurodevelopmental disorders (namely, the William's syndrome). LIM kinases have a relevant number of known partners that are able to induce or limit the ability of LIMK1 and LIMK2 to phosphorylate and inactivate their major substrate, cofilin. On the contrary, only a limited number of small molecules that interact with the two proteins to modulate their kinase activity have been identified. In this review, the most important partners of LIM kinases and their modulating activity toward LIMKs are described. The small compounds identified as LIMK1 and LIMK2 modulators are also reported, as well as their role as possible therapeutic agents for LIMK‐induced diseases.
Metastasis suppressors in human benign prostate, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer: their prospects as therapeutic agents
Authors: Khamis Zahraa I. , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Sang Qing‐Xiang Amy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDespite advances in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, development of metastases remains a major clinical challenge. Research efforts are dedicated to overcome this problem by understanding the molecular basis of the transition from benign cells to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), localized carcinoma, and metastatic cancer. Identification of proteins that inhibit dissemination of cancer cells will provide new perspectives to define novel therapeutics. Development of antimetastatic drugs that trigger or mimic the effect of metastasis suppressors represents new therapeutic approaches to improve patient survival. This review focuses on different biochemical and cellular functions of metastasis suppressors known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and progression. Ten putative metastasis suppressors implicated in prostate cancer are discussed. CD44s is decreased in both PIN and cancer; Drg‐1, E‐cadherin, KAI‐1, RKIP, and SSeCKS show similar expression between benign epithelia and PIN, but are downregulated in invasive cancer; whereas, maspin, MKK4, Nm23 and PTEN are upregulated in PIN and downregulated in cancer. Moreover, the potential role of microRNA in prostate cancer progression, the understanding of the cellular distribution and localization of metastasis suppressors, their mechanism of action, their effect on prostate invasion and metastasis, and their potential use as therapeutics are addressed.