bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Visual Field Thresholds using Humphrey Field Analyzer Program 60–4 in Normal Eyes
Authors: Berezina Tamara L. , Khouri Albert S. , Kolomeyer Anton M. , Clancy Patrick S. , Fechtner Robert D. 
Published: January 2011

Purpose Various methods have been used for testing peripheral visual field disturbances such as defects caused by drug toxicity. Static threshold perimetry with Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) is widely available. The aim of this study was to better define the normal thresholds for peripheral visual field (PVF) sensitivity and to refine analysis strategies. Methods Automated PVF testing was performed with HFA 60–4 program in 33 normal subjects. Test locations were organized into inner, middle, and outer eccentricity rings and divided into 4 zones: nasal, temporal, superior, and inferior. The threshold visual sensitivity (TVS) in decibels was established for each point. Results The majority of points with the lowest TVS and highest between-subject variability were located within the nasal area of the outer ring. Points with the highest TVS and least variability were detected in the inner ring and in the temporal area of the middle and outer rings. Mean zone TVS decreased and variability increased with increasing eccentricity. Conclusions The areas that demonstrate the highest between-subject consistency and thus might best reveal peripheral visual abnormalities with HFA 60–4 are the inner ring, inferior and temporal zone of the middle ring, and temporal zone of the outer ring. These observations may be useful for developing strategies to detect peripheral field loss at an early stage when central vision is not yet affected.
Forced fabrication versus interviewer suggestions: Differences in false memory depend on how memory is assessed
Authors: Ackil Jennifer K. , Zaragoza Maria S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMany studies show that witnesses can develop false memories for suggested misinformation provided by an interviewer. The forced fabrication effect extends this finding by demonstrating that witnesses can also develop false memories for events they were forced to fabricate themselves. In two experiments we compared the incidence of false memory following forced fabrication and interviewer provided suggestion under various conditions (pre‐test warning/no warning; one‐week/two‐week delay) and type of test (source recognition vs. narrative recall). Whereas interviewer suggestions resulted in more false memories than forced fabrications on source recognition tests when participants overtly resisted fabricating and were warned at test, tests of narrative recall showed the opposite pattern even with pre‐test warnings: Fabrications generated following overt resistance led to more false recall than interviewer provided suggestions. This dissociation between suggestive interview type and test type indicates that predictions about the deleterious consequences of interviews are dependent on the way memory is assessed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gait alterations in healthy carriers of the LRRK2 G2019S mutation
Authors: Mirelman Anat , Gurevich Tanya , Giladi Nir , Bar‐Shira Anat , Orr‐Urtreger Avi , Hausdorff Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTo test for an association between the LRRK2‐G2019S mutation and gait, we studied 52 first‐degree relatives of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) who carry this mutation. An accelerometer quantified gait during usual‐walking, fast‐walking, and dual‐tasking. Noncarriers (n = 27) and carriers (n = 25) were similar with respect to age, gender, height, and gait speed during all conditions. During dual‐tasking and fast‐walking, gait variability and the amplitude of the dominant peak of the accelerometer signal were significantly altered among the carriers. These findings support the possibility of previously unidentified, presymptomatic motor changes among relatives who have an increased risk of developing PD. Ann Neurol 2010
Arterial ischemic stroke risk factors: The international pediatric stroke study
Authors: Mackay Mark T. , Wiznitzer Max , Benedict Susan L. , Lee Katherine J. , deVeber Gabrielle A. , Ganesan Vijeya ,   on behalf of the International Pediatric Stroke Study Group
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe presumptive risk factors (RFs) for childhood arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) and explore their relationship with presentation, age, geography, and infarct characteristics.MethodsChildren (29 days–18 years) were prospectively enrolled in the International Pediatric Stroke Study. Risk factors, defined conditions thought to be associated with childhood AIS, were divided into 10 categories. Chi‐square tests were used to compare RFs prevalence across regions and age; logistic regression was used to determine whether RFs were associated with particular features at presentation or infarct characteristics.ResultsA total of 676 children were included. No identifiable RFs was present in 54 (9%). RFs in others included arteriopathies (53%), cardiac disorders (CDs) (31%), infection (24%), acute head and neck disorders (AHNDs) (23%), acute systemic conditions (ASCs) (22%), chronic systemic conditions (CSCs) (19%), prothrombotic states (PTSs) (13%), chronic head and neck disorders (CHNDs) (10%), atherosclerosis‐related RFs (2%), and other (22%). Fifty‐two percent had multiple RFs. There was lower prevalence of arteriopathy in Asia, lower prevalence of CSCs in Europe and Australia, higher prevalence of PTSs in Europe, and higher prevalence of ASCs in Asia and South America. Prevalence of CDs and ASCs was highest in preschoolers, arteriopathies in children 5 to 9 years old, and CHNDs were highest in children aged 10 to 14 years. Arteriopathies were associated with focal signs and ASCs, CHNDs, and AHNDs with diffuse signs. Arteriopathies, CSCs, and ASCs were associated with multiple infarcts and CDs with hemorrhagic conversion.InterpretationRFs, especially arteriopathy, are common in childhood AIS. Variations in RFs by age or geography may inform prioritization of investigations and targeted preventative strategies. Ann Neurol 2011;69:130–140.
No evidence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency at multiple sclerosis onset
Authors: Baracchini Claudio , Perini Paola , Calabrese Massimiliano , Causin Francesco , Rinaldi Francesca , Gallo Paolo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveAn impaired cerebrospinal venous drainage, defined as chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), has been recently hypothesized to be the possible cause of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated this hypothesis by studying the occurrence of CCSVI in clinically isolated syndromes (CISs) suggestive of MS.MethodsFifty consecutive patients presenting with a CIS and evidence of dissemination in space of the inflammatory lesions (ie, possible MS [pMS]) underwent a detailed diagnostic workup, including extracranial and transcranial venous echo‐color Doppler sonography (ECDS‐TCDS). Those with CCSVI underwent selective venography. Fifty healthy subjects (HCs) age‐matched and gender‐matched with pMS patients (HC1); 60 patients with transient global amnesia (TGA); and 60 healthy subjects age‐matched and gender‐matched with TGA patients (HC2) constituted the control groups and underwent ECDS‐TCDS.ResultsMean age of pMS patients was 33.0 ± 8.5 years (range, 14–50); 35 (70%) were female (female:male ratio, 2.3). TCDS was normal in all pMS patients. One or more abnormal ECDS findings were observed in 26 of 50 (52.0%) pMS patients, in 35 of 110 (31·8%) HCs (HC1+HC2), and in 41 of 60 (68.3%) TGA patients. Eight (16%) pMS patients fulfilled the diagnosis of CCSVI. Selective phlebography performed in 7 of these patients (1 denied consent) did not show venous anomalies.InterpretationOur findings do not support a cause‐effect relationship between CCSVI and pMS. Further studies are warranted to clarify whether CCSVI is associated with later disease stages and characterizes the progressive forms of MS. Ann Neurol 2011;69:90–99.
MicroRNA expression profiles as biomarkers of minor salivary gland inflammation and dysfunction in Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Alevizos Ilias , Alexander Stefanie , Turner R. James , Illei Gabor G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveMicroRNA reflect physiologic and pathologic processes and may be used as biomarkers of concurrent pathophysiologic events in complex settings such as autoimmune diseases. We generated microRNA microarray profiles from the minor salivary glands of control subjects without Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and patients with SS who had low‐grade or high‐grade inflammation and impaired or normal saliva production, to identify microRNA patterns specific to salivary gland inflammation or dysfunction.MethodsMicroRNA expression profiles were generated by Agilent microRNA arrays. We developed a novel method for data normalization by identifying housekeeping microRNA. MicroRNA profiles were compared by unsupervised mathematical methods to test how well they distinguish between control subjects and various subsets of patients with SS. Several bioinformatics methods were used to predict the messenger RNA targets of the differentially expressed microRNA.ResultsMicroRNA expression patterns accurately distinguished salivary glands from control subjects and patients with SS who had low‐degree or high‐degree inflammation. Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we validated 2 microRNA as markers of inflammation in an independent cohort. Comparing microRNA from patients with preserved or low salivary flow identified a set of differentially expressed microRNA, most of which were up‐regulated in the group with decreased salivary gland function, suggesting that the targets of microRNA may have a protective effect on epithelial cells. The predicted biologic targets of microRNA associated with inflammation or salivary gland dysfunction identified both overlapping and distinct biologic pathways and processes.ConclusionDistinct microRNA expression patterns are associated with salivary gland inflammation and dysfunction in patients with SS, and microRNA represent a novel group of potential biomarkers.
Carotid atherosclerosis predicts incident acute coronary syndromes in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Evans Matthew R. , Escalante Agustín , Battafarano Daniel F. , Freeman Gregory L. , O'Leary Daniel H. , del Rincón Inmaculada 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe role of atherosclerosis in the acute coronary syndromes (ACS) that occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has not been quantified in detail. We undertook this study to determine the extent to which ACS are associated with carotid atherosclerosis in RA.MethodsWe prospectively ascertained ACS, defined as myocardial infarction, unstable angina, cardiac arrest, or death due to ischemic heart disease, in an RA cohort. We measured carotid atherosclerosis using high‐resolution ultrasound. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between ACS and atherosclerosis, adjusting for demographic features, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and RA manifestations.ResultsWe performed carotid ultrasound on 636 patients whom we followed up for 3,402 person‐years. During this time, 84 patients experienced 121 new or recurrent ACS events, a rate of 3.5 ACS events per 100 patient‐years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.0–4.3). Among the 599 patients without a history of ACS, 66 incident ACS events occurred over 3,085 person‐years, an incidence of 2.1 ACS events per 100 person‐years (95% CI 1.7–2.7). The incidence of new ACS events per 100 patient‐years was 1.1 (95% CI 0.6–1.7) among patients without plaque, 2.5 (95% CI 1.7–3.8) among patients with unilateral plaque, and 4.3 (95% CI 2.9–6.3) among patients with bilateral plaque. Covariates associated with incident ACS events independent of atherosclerosis included male sex, diabetes mellitus, and a cumulative glucocorticoid dose of ≥20 gm.ConclusionAtherosclerosis is strongly associated with ACS in RA. RA patients with carotid plaque, multiple CV risk factors (particularly diabetes mellitus or hypertension), many swollen joints, and a high cumulative dose of glucocorticoids, as well as RA patients who are men, are at high risk of ACS.
Analyzing cellulose degree of polymerization and its relevancy to cellulosic ethanol
Authors: Hallac Bassem B. , Ragauskas Arthur J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe degree of polymerization (DP) of cellulose in cellulosic biomass and how it changes during enzymatic and chemical transformations has remained a fundamental property of interest to numerous researchers. Currently, with increased interest in cellulosic biofuels, more attention is being focused on determining changes in cellulose DP before and during pre‐treatment, as well as the effect of DP on enzymatic deconstruction of cellulose to glucose. Different sources of celluloses from woody and non‐woody biomass have been isolated and the DP has been frequently examined as a key parameter contributing to efficient biomass deconstruction. The isolation and derivatization/dissolution of cellulose are crucial steps in determining cellulose DP. This review summarizes approaches to measuring DP developed over the past six decades and highlights opportunities for further improvements. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A real‐time and hands‐on research course in protein purification and characterization: Purification and crystal growth of human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase
Authors: Kreiling Jodi L. , Brader Kerry , Kolar Carol , Borgstahl Gloria E. O. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new lecture/laboratory course to offer advanced biochemical training for undergraduate and early graduate students has been developed in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Nebraska at Omaha. This unique course offers students an opportunity to work hands‐on with modern instrumentation not normally found in a predominately undergraduate institution, and to complete an entire research project in a realistic timeframe via a time‐intensive curriculum as a special summer session. The course content gives a strong background in protein structure/chemistry, purification principles, protocol development, optimization strategies, use and programming of an automated chromatography instrument, and characterization strategies with an emphasis on X‐ray crystallography. The laboratory portion offers students the chance to purify a protein (human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase) from start to finish, program and use an ÄKTA fast protein liquid chromatography instrument, and to grow and analyze their own protein crystals using their purified protein. This innovative laboratory experience gives the participating students the opportunity to complete a miniresearch project in real time and enhances their overall understanding of important biochemical research techniques and the instrumentation involved, fostering a better understanding of the research process all within a classroom setting. Evaluations and feedback concerning this course indicated a positive learning environment, a retention of knowledge and skills, a belief that the skill set learned continues to be useful in current endeavors, and a sense of accomplishment in the completion of an actual research project within the confines of a class setting. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 28–37, 2011
Using research to teach an “introduction to biological thinking”
Authors: Bell Ellis 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA course design for first‐year science students is described, where the focus is on the skills necessary to do science. The course uses original research projects, designed by the students, to teach a variety of skills including reading the scientific literature, hypothesis development and testing, experimental design, data analysis and interpretation, and quantitative skills and presentation of the research in a variety of formats.Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 10–16, 2011
Enhancing student interactions with the instructor and content using pen‐based technology, youtube videos, and virtual conferencing
Authors: Cox James R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis report describes the incorporation of digital learning elements in organic chemistry and biochemistry courses. The first example is the use of pen‐based technology and a large‐format PowerPoint slide to construct a map that integrates various metabolic pathways and control points. Students can use this map to visualize the integrated nature of metabolism and how various hormones impact metabolic regulation. The second example is the embedding of health‐related YouTube videos directly into PowerPoint presentations. These videos become a part of the course notes and can be viewed within PowerPoint as long as students are online. The third example is the use of a webcam to show physical models during online sessions using web‐conferencing software. Various molecular conformations can be shown through the webcam, and snapshots of important conformations can be incorporated into the notes for further discussion and annotation. Each of the digital learning elements discussed in this report is an attempt to use technology to improve the quality of educational resources available outside of the classroom to foster student engagement with ideas and concepts. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 4–9, 2011
Special‐study modules in a problem‐based learning medical curriculum: An innovative laboratory research practice suppporting introduction to research methodology in the undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Guner Gül Akdogan , Cavdar Zahide , Yener Nilgün , Kume Tuncay , Egrilmez Mehtap Yuksel , Resmi Halil 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe describe the organization of wet‐lab special‐study modules (SSMs) in the Central Research Laboratory of Dokuz Eylül Medical School, Izmir, Turkey with the aim of discussing the scientific, laboratory, and pedagogical aspects of this educational activity. A general introduction to the planning and functioning of these SSMs is given, along with specific examples. The wet‐lab SSMs incorporate several innovative pedagogies: problem‐based learning, research‐based learning, practical laboratory education, team‐based learning, and project‐based learning. Oral and written evaluations show that the students find this activity rewarding. The wet‐lab SSM model applied in the Research‐Lab of Dokuz Eylül School of Medicine represents a format which is effective in training the students in research methodology, practical laboratory work, and independent learning. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 47–55, 2011
Problem‐solving test: Catalytic activities of a human nuclear enzyme
Authors: Szeberényi József 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTerms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: ion exchange chromatography, polynucleotides, oligonucleotides, radioactive labeling, template, primer, DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, helicase, nucleoside triphosphates, nucleoside diphosphates, nucleoside monophosphates, nucleosides, 5′‐end and 3′‐end, bacteriophage, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, urea, autoradiography, proofreading, telomerase, endonucleases, exonucleases, primase, topoisomerases, and excinuclease. Biochemistry and Molecular biology Education Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 58–60, 2011
Vacuum Microwave Treatment of Potato Starch and the Resultant Modification of Properties
Authors: Mollekopf Norbert , Treppe Konrad , Fiala Petra , Dixit Onkar 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe study focuses on the vacuum microwave treatment of low‐moisture potato starch. Typical temperature and drying profiles are presented and explained with the help of other process parameters such as sample weight, pressure, incident and absorbed microwave power. Subsequently water absorption capacity of vacuum microwave treated and conduction heated samples was investigated at 55 °C. During vacuum microwave treatment, 50 g samples were treated with incident powers of 460, 500 and 750 W at 3800 Pa for durations between 30 and 300 s. Water absorption capacity increased exponentially with the net absorbed energy but could not be functionally correlated to end temperature and incident power. During conduction heating, starch samples were treated at temperature values of 120, 130, 140, 150 and 160 °C, till constant weight. The water absorption capacity was observed to increase with increase in treatment temperature.
Pharmaceutical Product Design: Tailored Dissolution of Drugs by Different Extrusion Techniques
Authors: Kleinebudde Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBeim Design pharmazeutischer Produkte ist die Freisetzung nicht allein wichtig, aber von besonderer Bedeutung. Je nach Eigenschaften der zu verarbeitenden Wirkstoffe und Therapieziel beinhaltet die gezielte Freisetzung unterschiedliche Aufgabenstellungen. Es werden drei Techniken der pharmazeutischen Extrusion, die Feuchtextrusion, die Festfettextrusion und die Schmelzextrusion, vorgestellt und deren Möglichkeiten und Grenzen zur Beeinflussung der Freisetzung beschrieben. Das größte Potenzial zum Freisetzungsdesign bietet die Schmelzextrusion. Je nach Auswahl der Matrixbildner und der Verarbeitung lassen sich alle Aufgabenstellungen hinsichtlich der Freisetzung lösen.
Gold‐Catalysed Activation of Epoxides: Application in the Synthesis of Bicyclic Ketals
Authors: Balamurugan Rengarajan , Kothapalli Raveendra Babu , Thota Ganesh Kumar 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGold‐catalysed generation of diol equivalents from epoxides and their intramolecular reaction with C≡C bonds to generate bicyclic ketals is presented. This reaction essentially involves the formation of an acetonide, which subsequently cyclises on the alkyne intramolecularly under gold catalysis conditions. This method could be extended to make optically pure bicyclic ketals. Deuterium incorporation experiments were carried out to ascertain the mechanism of the reaction.
A conceptual model outline for integrated exposure assessment of waste disposal sites
Authors: Butt T.E. , Ingles A.J.D. , Baloch M.I. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThere are generic elements in environmental risk assessments, which are independent of the subject to which risk analysis is applied. Examples of these elements are as follows: baseline study, hazard identification, hazards' concentration assessment, risk quantification, etc. Another important example of such generic elements is exposure assessment, which is required in a risk analysis process for landfill leachate as it would in any other environmental risk issue. Furthermore, computer models are also being developed to assist risk analysis in different fields. However, in the literature review of risk assessment approaches in general and risk analysis regarding landfills in particular, it was discovered that a comprehensive risk assessment methodology addressing all relevant modules and submodules for landfill leachate does not exist. A range of knowledge deficiencies and models' limitations has been uncovered in the literature reviewed to date. One of which is the absence of a holistic exposure assessment framework aided with a corresponding computer model specifically for quantitative risk analysis of landfill leachate. The same is the case for landfill gas and degraded landfill waste (although both are not the focus of this article). From the perspective of landfill leachate, this article attempts to outline an integrated and holistic framework of the exposure assessment accompanied with a computer model, thereby bridging knowledge gaps. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011