bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new scenario for the evolutionary origin of hair, feather, and avian scales
Authors: Dhouailly Danielle 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn zoology it is well known that birds are characterized by the presence of feathers, and mammals by hairs. Another common point of view is that avian scales are directly related to reptilian scales. As a skin embryologist, I have been fascinated by the problem of regionalization of skin appendages in amniotes throughout my scientific life. Here I have collected the arguments that result from classical experimental embryology, from the modern molecular biology era, and from the recent discovery of new fossils. These arguments shape my view that avian ectoderm is primarily programmed toward forming feathers, and mammalian ectoderm toward forming hairs. The other ectoderm derivatives – scales in birds, glands in mammals, or cornea in both classes – can become feathers or hairs through metaplastic process, and appear to have a negative regulatory mechanism over this basic program. How this program is altered remains, in most part, to be determined. However, it is clear that the regulation of the Wnt/beta‐catenin pathway is a critical hub. The level of beta‐catenin is crucial for feather and hair formation, as its down‐regulation appears to be linked with the formation of avian scales in chick, and cutaneous glands in mice. Furthermore, its inhibition leads to the formation of nude skin and is required for that of corneal epithelium. Here I propose a new theory, to be further considered and tested when we have new information from genomic studies. With this theory, I suggest that the alpha‐keratinized hairs from living synapsids may have evolved from the hypothetical glandular integument of the first amniotes, which may have presented similarities with common day terrestrial amphibians. Concerning feathers, they may have evolved independently of squamate scales, each originating from the hypothetical roughened beta‐keratinized integument of the first sauropsids. The avian overlapping scales, which cover the feet in some bird species, may have developed later in evolution, being secondarily derived from feathers.
Origin and evolution of the integumentary skeleton in non‐tetrapod vertebrates
Authors: Sire Jean‐Yves , Donoghue Philip C. J. , Vickaryous Matthews K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMost non‐tetrapod vertebrates develop mineralized extra‐oral elements within the integument. Known collectively as the integumentary skeleton, these elements represent the structurally diverse skin‐bound contribution to the dermal skeleton. In this review we begin by summarizing what is known about the histological diversity of the four main groups of integumentary skeletal tissues: hypermineralized (capping) tissues; dentine; plywood‐like tissues; and bone. For most modern taxa, the integumentary skeleton has undergone widespread reduction and modification often rendering the homology and relationships of these elements confused and uncertain. Fundamentally, however, all integumentary skeletal elements are derived (alone or in combination) from only two types of cell condensations: odontogenic and osteogenic condensations. We review the origin and diversification of the integumentary skeleton in aquatic non‐tetrapods (including stem gnathostomes), focusing on tissues derived from odontogenic (hypermineralized tissues, dentines and elasmodine) and osteogenic (bone tissues) cell condensations. The novelty of our new scenario of integumentary skeletal evolution resides in the demonstration that elasmodine, the main component of elasmoid scales, is odontogenic in origin. Based on available data we propose that elasmodine is a form of lamellar dentine. Given its widespread distribution in non‐tetrapod lineages we further propose that elasmodine is a very ancient tissue in vertebrates and predict that it will be found in ancestral rhombic scales and cosmoid scales.
The anatomy and development of the claws of Xenopus laevis (Lissamphibia: Anura) reveal alternate pathways of structural evolution in the integument of tetrapods
Authors: Maddin Hillary C. , Eckhart Leopold , Jaeger Karin , Russell Anthony P. , Ghannadan Minoo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDigital end organs composed of hard, modified epidermis, generally referred to as claws, are present in mammals and reptiles as well as in several non‐amniote taxa such as clawed salamanders and frogs, including Xenopus laevis. So far, only the claws and nails of mammals have been characterized extensively and the question of whether claws were present in the common ancestor of all extant tetrapods is as yet unresolved. To provide a basis for comparisons between amniote and non‐amniote claws, we investigated the development, growth and ultrastructure of the epidermal component of the claws of X. laevis. Histological examination of developing claws of X. laevis shows that claw formation is initiated at the tip of the toe by the appearance of superficial cornified cells that are dark brown. Subsequent accumulation of new, proximally extended claw sheath corneocyte layers increases the length of the claw. Histological studies of adult claws show that proliferation of cornifying claw sheath cells occurs along the entire length of the claw‐forming epidermis. Living epidermal cells that are converting into the cornified claw sheath corneocytes undergo a form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by degradation of nuclear DNA. Subsequently, the cytoplasm and the nuclear remnants acquire a brown colour by an as‐yet unknown mechanism that is likely homologous to the colouration mechanism that occurs in other hard, cornified structures of amphibians such as nuptial pads and tadpole beaks. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the cornified claw sheath consists of parallel layers of corneocytes with interdigitations being confined to intra‐layer contacts and a cementing substance filling the intercorneocyte spaces. Together with recent reports that showed the main molecular components of amniote claws are absent in Xenopus, our data support the hypothesis that claws of amphibians likely represent clade‐specific innovations, non‐homologous to amniote claws.
Evolutionary and developmental origins of the vertebrate dentition
Authors: Huysseune Ann , Sire Jean‐Yves , Witten P. Eckhard 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAccording to the classical theory, teeth derive from odontodes that invaded the oral cavity in conjunction with the origin of jaws (the ‘outside in’ theory). A recent alternative hypothesis suggests that teeth evolved prior to the origin of jaws as endodermal derivatives (the ‘inside out’ hypothesis). We compare the two theories in the light of current data and propose a third scenario, a revised ‘outside in’ hypothesis. We suggest that teeth may have arisen before the origin of jaws, as a result of competent, odontode‐forming ectoderm invading the oropharyngeal cavity through the mouth as well as through the gill slits, interacting with neural crest‐derived mesenchyme. This hypothesis revives the homology between skin denticles (odontodes) and teeth. Our hypothesis is based on (1) the assumption that endoderm alone, together with neural crest, cannot form teeth; (2) the observation that pharyngeal teeth are present only in species known to possess gill slits, and disappear from the pharyngeal region in early tetrapods concomitant with the closure of gill slits, and (3) the observation that the dental lamina (sensu Reif, 1982) is not a prerequisite for teeth to form. We next discuss the progress that has been made to understand the spatially restricted loss of teeth from certain arches, and the many questions that remain regarding the ontogenetic loss of teeth in specific taxa. The recent advances that have been made in our knowledge on the molecular control of tooth formation in non‐mammalians (mostly in some teleost model species) will undoubtedly contribute to answering these questions in the coming years.
FOOD SAFETY BEHAVIORS OF ADULT/ELDERLY CAREGIVERS IN NEVADA
Authors: WILSON MARY P. , BABU ARUNA SURENDERA , OMAYE STANLEY T. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT As a prelude to developing food safety educational modules for Nevada adult/elderly caregiver facilities, we assessed the extent of such behavior through questionnaires, i.e., we assessed the behavior, attitudes and food safety practices of supervisors in adult/elderly care facilities. Our questionnaire was based on a validated consumer food behavior questionnaire, modified to better assess the needs of the target audience. The questionnaire was tested and revised before being distributed to the targeted group. Mailing lists were obtained from a variety of state, local and personal resources. Data were collected from 390 adult/elderly licensed caregiver facilities located throughout urban and rural areas of Nevada. Findings showed that although caregivers have a basic understanding of food safety, specific concerns exist, e.g., we found only 39% have Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point guidelines, and up to 44 and 34% exhibited risky food preferences and cleanness behavior, respectively. Thus, we were able to determine some gaps in food safety knowledge for adult/elderly care facilities in Nevada, where future educational strategies will be targeted. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWe found in this Nevada survey study that managers at adult/elderly caregiver facilities have some basic understanding about food safety; however, knowledge gaps do exist, such as the lack of understanding Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point. Comparing among northern, southern and rural Nevada, we found that risky food preferences and behavior concerns may be attributed to the gaps, and that there were regional differences. Our findings may be applied to other regions across the U.S.A. as the need for adult/elderly caregiver facilities increases due to the aging of the population. In the future, we will utilize this information to develop educational food safety training modules targeting the specific needs of these adult/elderly caregiver facilities.
A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR HIGH‐PRESSURE CARBON DIOXIDE INACTIVATION OF MICROORGANISMS
Authors: BUZRUL S. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT The Weibull model, which is commonly used for thermal inactivation of microorganisms in literature, was used to describe microbial inactivation by high‐pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD). The number of parameters of the model was reduced from two to one in order to avoid interrelationship of these parameters with a slight loss of goodness‐of‐fit. A second‐order polynomial function fulfilling a number of constraints was proposed for the secondary modeling of the time‐constant parameter of the reduced Weibull model. This function consists of both pressure and temperature and therefore can be used for HPCD treatments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe application of any new technology in food preservation requires a reliable model that accurately describes and predicts the inactivation data of microorganisms. In principle, the methodology presented here could be used to describe and predict the survival data for high‐pressure carbon dioxide inactivation of microorganisms at least for some pressure and temperature ranges if the isobaric/isothermal survival curves of these microorganisms are linear, concave upward or downward.
USE OF MALIC ACID AND OTHER QUALITY STABILIZING COMPOUNDS TO ASSURE THE SAFETY OF FRESH‐CUT “FUJI” APPLES BY INACTIVATION OFLISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES,SALMONELLAENTERITIDIS ANDESCHERICHIA COLIO157:H7
Authors: RAYBAUDI‐MASSILIA ROSA M. , MOSQUEDA‐MELGAR JONATHAN , SOBRINO‐LÓPEZ ANGEL , SOLIVA‐FORTUNY ROBERT , MARTÍN‐BELLOSO OLGA 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of malic acid in combination with physicochemical quality stabilizing compounds to inactivateListeria monocytogenes, SalmonellaEnteritidis andEscherichia coliO157:H7 inoculated in fresh‐cut “Fuji” apples packaged in air and stored at 5C was evaluated. Apple pieces were immersed for 1 min in solutions containing 1% w/v N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, 1% w/v glutathione and 1% w/v calcium lactate with and without 2.5% w/v D‐L malic acid to control apple browning, softening and reduce the populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Fresh‐cut apples dipped in each solution were then inoculated withL. monocytogenes, S.Enteritidis orE. coliO157:H7.The use of malic acid in combination with physicochemical quality stabilizing compounds caused more than 5 log10 cfu/g ofL. monocytogenes, S.Enteritidis andE. coliO157:H7 counts. The results obtained in this work pointed out the potential use of malic acid in combination with physicochemical quality stabilizing compounds as a good alternative for safety assurance of fresh‐cut apples.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe use of organic acids such as malic acid, as well as physicochemical quality stabilizing compounds such as N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine, glutathione and calcium lactate on fresh‐cut fruits can benefit the fresh‐cut products industry, since they can assure the safety and quality of these products. The main reason for their suitability is their natural origin, thus resulting in fruits that are both attractive and healthy for the consumers who demand fresh‐like products.
QUALITY DECAY OF FRESH PROCESSED FISH STORED UNDER REFRIGERATED CONDITIONS
Authors: BARBUZZI G. , GRIMALDI F. , DEL NOBILE M.A. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT The ability of commercial fresh fish to be processed to produce fresh‐fish based hamburger was assessed in this work. In particular, four commercially important fish species, i.e., hake (Merluccius merluccius), mackerel (Scomber scombrus), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) were packed in an aluminium/plastic laminated film, stored at 4C, and studied for changes in trimethylamine (TMA) and biogenic amines such as histamine, cadaverine, putrescine and spermidine. In terms of TMA content, results suggest that sea bass and sea bream resulted into species suitable to be fresh processed having a TMA acceptability limit of 5.5 and 10 days, respectively, whereas in the same conditions, hake and mackerel resulted highly perishable products with a TMA acceptability limit of 2.2 and 1.7 days, respectively. Concerning food safety related to histamine content, for the entire period of observation all species showed an amount lower than the maximum content allowed (100 ppm).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work is an interesting investigation on the possibility to process fresh fish. The results of the research can be advantageously used by fish industry. The fish‐based hamburger represents a strategic solution to overcome the barrier to fish consumption that is subjected to many influences among which one is the consideration of fish as time‐consuming meal.
THERMAL RESISTANCE, SURVIVAL AND INACTIVATION OF ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII (CRONOBACTER SPP.) IN POWDERED AND RECONSTITUTED INFANT FORMULA
Authors: AL‐HOLY M.A. , LIN M. , ABU‐GHOUSH M.M. , AL‐QADIRI H.M. , RASCO B.A. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTEnterobacter sakazakii has recently been recognized as an opportunistic foodborne pathogen, and dry infant formula serves as the mode of transmission. The objectives of this study were to investigate the heat resistance, survival and inactivation under room and refrigeration temperatures storage of dry and reconstituted infant formula milk (IFM). E. sakazakii strains (eight strains) showed a wide variability in heat resistance at different temperatures (55, 60 and 63C). The D‐values at 55C ranged from 1.51 to 14.83 min, at 60C from 0.17 to 2.71 min and at 63C from 0.05 to 0.88 min. The calculated z values for the studied E. sakazakii strains ranged from 3.76–10.11C. Microwave oven heating of 60‐mL portions of reconstituted IFM for 40–50 s was effective in eradicating inoculated E. sakazakii. Storing powdered IFM for 15 days at 4C resulted in at least a 1‐log reduction in E. sakazakii strains, whereas storing reconstituted IFM at 4C for 2 weeks resulted in more than a 2‐log reduction in E. sakazakii.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study shows that E. sakazakii strains differ widely in their heat resistance. No differences were observed between biofilm formers and nonformers in terms of heat‐resistance in thermal inactivation kinetics experiments. Conventional high temperature short‐time pasteurization processes are considered sufficient to inactivate all E. sakazakii strains, and a household microwave oven (40–50 s for 60‐mL portions) can be used to inactivate E. sakazakii if present in reconstituted infant formula milk (IFM). Growth of E. sakazakii can be inhibited in powdered and reconstituted IFM by refrigeration. Also, it is recommended that reconstituted IFM be discarded or refrigerated if not immediately consumed. The probiotic L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 was not effective in inhibiting E. sakazakii in powdered or reconstituted IFM.
Does Multidisciplinary Stroke Care Improve Outcome in A Secondary-Level Hospital in South Africa?
Authors: Villiers Linda de , Kalula Sebastiana Zimba , Burch Vanessa Celeste 
Published: April 2009

Background and Purpose The improved outcome (survival and function) of stroke patients admitted to multidisciplinary stroke units (SU) in developed countries has not been replicated in developing countries in sub-Saharan Africa. This study documents the outcome of patients admitted to the first multidisciplinary SU opened at a secondary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods Patient outcomes including in-hospital mortality, resource utilization (length of hospital stay, CT brain scans performed, and tertiary hospital referral), and access to inpatient rehabilitation were recorded for all patients admitted to the hospital for 3 months before initiating multidisciplinary stroke care and for 3 months after implementing multidisciplinary stroke care. Results One hundred and ninety-five patients were studied; 101 of these were managed in the SU. Inpatient mortality decreased from 33% to 16% after initiating multidisciplinary stroke care ( P = 0·005). The length of hospital stay increased from a mean (SD, 95% CI) of 5·1 (6·5, 3·8–6·4) days to 6·8 (4·5, 5·9–7·6) days ( P = 0·01). Referral to inpatient rehabilitation increased from 5% to 19% ( P = 0·04) for those who survived to discharge. The number of CT brain scans performed and the number of referrals to the tertiary academic hospital did not increase significantly. Conclusions Multidisciplinary stroke care was successfully implemented in a resource-constrained secondary-level hospital in South Africa and despite the limitations of the study, the significant reduction in inpatient mortality and increase in referral for inpatient rehabilitation would suggest an improvement in stroke care. Resource utilization in terms of length of hospital stay increased by a mean of 2 days but the number of CT brain scans performed and referral to a tertiary hospital did not increase significantly.
Systematic Review of Process Indicators: Including Early Rehabilitation Interventions Used to Measure Quality of Acute Stroke Care
Authors: Purvis T. , Cadilhac D. , Donnan G. , Bernhardt J. 
Published: April 2009

Background Stroke is a leading cause of disease burden. The quality of care provided in hospitals can affect outcome. Therefore, examining adherence to clinically important processes of care can help improve care delivery and patient outcomes. However, knowing which process indicators to measure is essential. Aim Systematically review process indicators used to evaluate acute stroke services, including early rehabilitation interventions, and assess whether published indicators conform to clinical guidelines. Methods Publications (1985-2006) were identified by systematically searching databases (e.g. Medline and Cochrane Library), and the internet using free text terms: ‘stroke unit’, ‘process’, ‘quality’, ‘mobilisation’, ‘acute’, and ‘early rehabilitation’. Publications describing process indicators relating to the first 2 weeks of in-patient stroke care were included. Process indicators were categorised according to six clinical process domains covering the acute stroke admission. Commonly cited indicators (≥6 publications) were then mapped to the 2003 Australian clinical guidelines. Results Sixty potential studies were found from title and abstract. Following full text review, 32 publications were retained. Of the 161 process indicators identified, 43 were commonly cited. Seventy-nine per cent of commonly cited indicators were found in the guidelines. The level of evidence underpinning each indicator ranged from low ‘expert opinion’ (59%), to high, ‘level 1’ (12%) evidence. Indicators related to rehabilitation were rare. Conclusion Many acute stroke process indicators have been published. However, a quarter did not align with current clinical guidelines. Developing an ‘ideal set’ of process indicators to reflect the evidence base seems sensible and should include rehabilitation interventions.
Feces Production and Ammonia Excretion of Pacific Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, Fed Kelp, Laminaria japonica, in Relation to Water Temperature and Shell Length
Authors: Park Jeonghwan , Kim Hyung‐Bae , Kim Pyong‐Kih , Jo Jae‐Yoon 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Nitrogen excreted by aquatic animals mainly takes the form of metabolic wastes such as feces and ammonia, which is accumulated in the intensive aquaculture system and causes serious environmental contamination. So it is very important to determine the waste excretion characteristics of aquatic animals for the development of practical and nonpolluting land‐based aquaculture. Abalone has a unique feeding habit and feeding regime, different from those of finfish; abalone gnaw feed seaweed to produce feces and ammonia continuously. In this study, the rates of feces production and ammonia excretion of pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, of three shell lengths (3, 5, and 7 cm) were investigated under three different temperature conditions (12, 16, and 20 C). All experiments were performed in triplicate in a semirecirculating aquaculture system. Feces were collected for 5 d, and ammonia concentrations (total ammonia nitrogen [TAN]) in the tank inlet and outlet were monitored every 4‐h interval for 24 h at the fourth day of the feces collection. The regressions for the weight‐specific feces production rate (g feces/kg abalone/d) and the weight‐specific TAN excretion rate (mg TAN/kg abalone/d) in relation to water temperature (T, C) and shell length (L, cm) were weight‐specific feces production rate = exp(1.575 − 281.2/T2 – 0.142L), r2 = 0.9550, and weight‐specific TAN excretion rate = exp(5.052 − 277.1/T2 − 0.136L), r2 = 0.9598. Pacific abalone produced 108.3–111.7 g feces and excreted 3.83 g TAN/kg seaweed ingested (dry weight).