bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some New Species of Crustacea from the Upper Silurian Rocks of Lanarkshire &c.; and further observations on the Structure of
Pterygotus
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: October 2009

A
mong
the rich collection of fossil Crustacea from Logan Water, exhibited by Mr. Robert Slimon at the Meeting of the British Association at Dundee, in September last, were several new forms belonging to the order Merostomata, which have since been acquired by the British Museum.

1. The first new form is represented (Pl. IX. fig. 1) by (1) an almost entire individual, measuring 11 inches in length and 5 inches in breadth, having one entire swimming-foot and three pairs of palpi
in situ
, and presenting the dorsal aspect of the body to view.

(2) I met with a second example of this species in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street (see Pl. X. fig. 2). It consists of the anterior part of an individual about the same size as that first mentioned, exhibiting,
in situ
, the ventral aspect with the postoral plate or metastoma (
m
), the bases of the swimming-feet (
e, e
), three pairs of perfect palpi (
b, b
), and the basal joints of what may perhaps prove to be two anterior organs corresponding, in position, to the antennæ (
a, a
).

(3) I consider the detached organs and fragmentary remains figured on plates x., xi., and xiii. of Monograph I. of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey to be, in great part, referable to a species very closely allied to that from Logan Water.
(4) I am enabled to figure a very fine lip-plate, obligingly left for my examination some time since by Mr. J. W. Salter, F.G.S., which
On the Coniston Group
Authors: Harkness R. , Nicholson H. A. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
‘Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society’ for 1865-66 (vol. xxii. p. 480) contains a memoir by the authors, titled “Additional Observations on the Geology of the Lake-Country.” In this memoir, after alluding to some new fossils from the Skiddaw-Slate group, and the occurrence of a fossiliferous ash-bed in the green slates and the porphyries in the Lake-country proper, the existence of several faults among the old rocks of this portion of England is indicated, and the total absence of strata containing characteristic Upper-Llandovery and Wenlock fossils is pointed out. The Kendal flags, the highest member of the Silurian series in the Lake-district, were also referred to as showing no distinct connexion with the older rocks lying to the north of them; and it was stated that these Kendal flags are probably brought against the older members of the Silurian rocks by means of faults.

The object of the present communication is to point out the occurrence in the Lake-country of a new and unique horizon containing a rich Graptolite fauna in that portion of the Silurian series which has been termed by Prof. Sedgwick “the Coniston Flags,” to describe in detail these flags, to point out their relations, both physically and palæontologically, with the Coniston limestone below them and the Coniston grits above them, and by this means to add a great thickness of strata to the highest member of the Lower Silurian rocks as this member is represented in the British isles.
The range of the Coniston limestone
On the Affinities and probable Habits of the extinct Australian Marsupial,
Thylacoleo carnifex
, Owen
Authors: Flower William Henry 
Published: October 2009

T
he
late Dr. Falconer, in a paper published in the Quarterly Journal of this Society for November 1862*, has given a masterly and detailed statement of the arguments which led him to infer that the small oolitic mammal,
Plagiaulax
, known only by its lower jaw, was a phytophagous or mixed-feeding animal, having its nearest allies among the recent
Hypsiprymni
, or Rat-kangaroos. This paper was written in consequence of Professor Owen having published his conclusion, from precisely the same data, that
Plagiaulax
was a “carnivorous marsupial,” its teeth being fitted to “pierce, retain, and kill,” and “cut and divide soft substances such as flesh.”

As justly stated by Dr. Falconer, the interests involved in the case are important. “Are the indications of palæontology,” he inquires, if more especially in its great stronghold in the mammalia—the teeth and correlated organs—so unstable and so obscure that, of two palæontologists, the same dental and mandibular materials shall lead the one to infer that the fossil form was a vegetable feeder, and the other that it was a predaceous carnivore? Or does the conflict of opinion arise from different methods having been followed by the observers in dealing with the evidence?” He concludes that the question will not rest in its present disputed state. “Other palæontologists will examine the evidence, and give their verdict.”
For my part, I cannot hesitate to express my full conviction of the soundness of Dr. Falconer's views, as far as may be deduced from the evidence before us. There is
On the Thickness of the Carboniferous Rocks of the Pendle Range of Hills, Lancashire, as illustrating the Author's views regarding the “South-easterly Attenuation of the Carboniferous Sedimentary Strata of the North of England”
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the following paper I purpose bringing forward some new facts recently ascertained in the district of Burnley and the Pendle Range, in confirmation of certain views advanced on a previous occasion, regarding the relative distribution of the “sedimentary” and “calcareous” strata of the Carboniferous series in the North of England. These views are published in the Journal of this Society†; and as introductory to the matter in the present communication I must ask permission very briefly to recapitulate them.

In the paper referred to, I endeavoured to prove that to the north of an old neck of land, or “barrier,” which stretched across the centre of England from Shropshire, and which was formed of Silurian and Cambrian rocks, the Carboniferous strata were deposited originally upon the following plan:—On the one hand, the calcareous member (the Mountain-limestone) attained its greatest vertical development along the northern flanks of this barrier in Derbyshire, and thence thinned away northward and westward, and, as had been long since pointed out by older geologists, became intercalated with sandstones, shales, and beds of coal in the North of England and Scotland, where it appears in its most debased and attenuated form; on the other hand, the sedimentary beds of sandstone, shale, &c. were deposited in greatest force towards the north-west, diminishing in thickness towards the south-east of England,—the development of the one set of strata being in the inverse ratio of that of the other.
This plan of relative distribution was illustrated on the map of
Observations on the Relative Ages of the Leading Physical Features and Lines of Elevation of the Carboniferous District of Lancashire and Yorkshire
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

T
he
approach to completion of the Geological Survey of South and Mid-Lancashire enables me to draw up the following observations on the ages of its physical features. This district, it may be observed, lies immediately to the south-west of that which has been so faithfully illustrated by Professor Phillips in his well-known ‘Geology of Yorkshire.’

The most prominent feature of the tract now to be considered is Pendle Hill (1831 feet); and as this hill is but the culminating point of a long range of parallel escarpments, physically one, stretching through a distance of 30 miles from W.S.W. to E.N.E. in Lancashire, and continued into Yorkshire, I shall take the liberty of applying the term “Pendle Ranger,rd to the whole of this line of hills.
This range commences at Parbold Hill, near Ormskirk, on the south-west, takes a straight course into Yorkshire by Hoghton Tower, Blackburn, and Whalley, and, forming the south-easterly side of the Vale of Clitheroe, continues its course towards Colne and Skipton. It generally consists of a double group of ridges, often rocky and serried, ranging in parallel lines, with intervening valleys.
The chain, when cut through transversely near its centre, presents in structure the segment of a great arch (see fig. 1) of which the axis passes by Clitheroe, and along which the Carboniferous Limestone reaches the surface. This axis may be traced from the banks of the river Darwen, near Roach Bridge, through Mellor, Clitheroe, by Skipton and Bolton Abbey into Knaresborough Forest, as indicated
On a Saliferous Deposit in St. Domingo
Authors: Hatch D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
salt-mountain is situated about 15 miles from the fine harbour of Benahona, and
about halfway from there to the great salt lake Emiquilla. It is 7 or 8 miles long, about 600 feet
in the highest part, and varies from 1½ to 2 miles in width. The people of that vicinity and the interior have drawn their supplies from these mines for ages, all from the upper surface. There is a coating of earth on the top, varying from 10 to 30 feet. As they have no means of disposing of the earth, they work but a short time in one place, for fear of the falling earth. They have, therefore, made holes down to the salt, hut a short distance apart, nearly the entire length of the mountain. As they remove the earth from the upper surface, they frequently find masses of large crystals, some of them 8 or 10 inches square; but the great body of it is like conglomerate of West-India salt, and nearly of the same purity.

In the salt-mountain there are ledges of pure and almost transparent Gypsum, some nearly white.
On some Carboniferous Corals
Authors: Thomson James 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
the ‘History of Rutherglen and East Kilbride’ by the Rev. D. Ure, Parish Minister of East Kilbride, in Clydesdale, there is figured a cup-coral, the description of which refers only to the external form, and the name given to it was simply
Fungites
. Since then it has received various names from the following writers:—

Fungites
, Rev. D. Ure, Hist. of Ruth. & East Kilb. p. 327, pl. 20. fig. 6: 1793.

Turbinolia fungites
, Flem. Brit. Anim. p. 510: 1828. S. Woodward, Syn. Tab. of Brit. Org. Rem. p. 7: 1830.

Cyathophyllum fungites
, Geinitz, Grund. der Verst. p. 571: 1845–6.

Clisiophyllum prolapsum
, M'Coy, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. vol. iii. p. 3: 1849.

Aulophyllum prolapsum
, Edw. & Haime, Brit. Foss. Corals, Introduction, p. 70: 1850.

Aulophyllum fungites
, Edw. & Haime, Pol. Eoss. des Terr. Paléoz. p. 413: 1851.

Clisiophyllum prolapsum
, M'Coy, Brit. Palæoz. Foss. p. 95, Pl. 3C, fig. 5: 1851.

Recent investigations into the internal structure warrant us in dissociating it from any of the generic names it has received, and raising it to the rank of an independent genus with a descriptive title.

The author then gave descriptions of the genera
Cyathophyllum, Clisiophyllum
, and
Aulophyllum
, and of the new genus,
Cyclophyllum
(Duncan and Thomson).

The characteristics of each of these genera are sufficiently marked to warrant their generic distinction.

The ascending convex vesicular dissepiments in the middle area, the mesial columella in the vertical section, and consequently the exserted conical boss in the centre of the calice separate the genus
Clisiophyllum
from the other genera of Cyathophyllidæ.

It differs from
Cyathophyllum
in the latter having no columella, the columellar space being filled up by closely set tabulæ.

In
Aulophyllum
the tube-like mass in the centre of the corallum is occupied by minute tabulæ.
Note accompanying some Fossils from Port Santa Cruz, Patagonia
Authors: Baker Thomas 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
entrance to the river Santa Cruz, which is about 134 miles north of the Straits of Magellan, lies between a high steep cliff on the south and a low shingle point on the north. The estuary of the river runs in a north-westerly direction for a few miles, and then divides into two branches:—a northern, which is a sluggish shallow stream abounding in shoals; and a western, which is of more importance to navigation, and is the true river Santa Cruz. From the estuary the western arm takes a south-westerly course, and then bends sharply to the west, flowing between cliffs from 200 to 300 feet in height, which at present are not washed by the river, being bordered by a sloping beach about 300 feet in width. The lowest stratum in the cliff is a blue rock, upon which is a bed, 4 feet thick, largely composed of a gigantic species of oyster (
Ostrea Patagonica
, D'Orb.*); upon this rests a shelly conglomerate, composed almost entirely of shells, and rendered hard and coherent by a calcareous cement. The upper portion of the cliff, from the top of this conglomerate to the summit, consists of a blue sandy clay containing pebbles and small shells. The actual height of the cliff at this point is 280 feet.
On a true Coal-plant (
Lepidodendron
) from Sinai
Authors: Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

S
ome
years ago Sir R. I. Murchison received from an officer travelling in Arabia some sandstone specimens, picked up in the desert of Sinai. One of these was a portion of a
Lepidolendron
(indicating the existence there of the true Coal-formation), preserved in thin-bedded sandstone, harder than Coal-sandstones usually are.

It cannot be identified with any known European species. The scars are peculiar in form, the leaf-attachment being placed very far forward, and the ridge arched.
Mr. Salter describes it as follows:—

L
epidodendron mosaicum
, spec. nov.

Scars rather square, not more than a quarter of an inch in length, and about the same in width, arched in front, bluntly acuminate behind. The leaf-attachment placed on the anterior portion, very much arched, lunulate, and narrow, with distinct but not very prominent edges.
On some Fossils from the Menevian Group
Authors: Hicks H , Salter J. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
authors, after describing the localities and stratigraphical relations of the Menevian group, proceed to describe the following species:—

Paradoxides aurora
, Salter, represented by a few imperfect heads, unattached pleuræ, &c. Localities, Porth-y-rhaw and St. David's.

P. Hicksii
, Salter. This species presents a singularly intermediate character, reminding us equally of
Paradoxides
and
Anapolenus
.

Conocoryphe bufo
, Hicks, represented by a few separate heads, and one with six body-rings attached. Localities, Perth-y-ihaw and St. David's.

C. applanata
, Salter. Young specimens show all the metamorphoses observed by Barrande. The characters of such genera as
Agnostus
and
Microdiscus
are as clearly seen in the embryo of
Conocoryphe
as in the adult state of those genera. Localities, Porth-y-rhaw, St. David's, Maentwrog, and Dolgelly.

C. (?) numerosa
, Salter. Of this species, a part of the head and six thoracic rings have been found. These, however, show characters sufficient to indicate that it is specifically, if not generically, distinct from the others. Localities, Porth-y-rhaw and St. David's.
Report of recent Earthquakes in Northern Formosa
Authors: Holt H. F. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
first shock felt in the northern end of the island took place on the morning of the 18th of December, 1867, and lasted about fifteen seconds. Many buildings were destroyed, and many lives lost, in Tamsuy. About fourteen minor shocks were felt during the same day, and on the 20th another violent shock occurred.

At Kelung the whole harbour was left dry for a few moments; and the water returning in one vast wave, rushed into the town itself. Large landslips have taken place, and several villages between Kelung and Tamsuy have been destroyed.
Memorandum on the Coal-mines of Iwanai, Island of Jesso, Japan
Authors: Mitford A. B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
coal-mines lie two miles inland from a village called Kaianoma, about seven miles across Strogonoff Bay. Four seams of coal have been discovered; two of them are from 4 to 6 feet thick, one is about 3 feet thick, and the fourth, which has not yet been thoroughly examined, is about 1 foot thick. The coal is soft, yields from 10 to 12 per cent. of ash, and from 30 to 35 per cent. of gas. On first being lighted it sends out a thick black smoke, but soon bums with a clear strong flame, and leaves no clinker.

An experiment was made with some of the coal picked out from the surface of the seams, in the galley-fire of H.M.S. ‘Salamis,’ under the superintendence of the chief engineer. 79 lb. of coal yielded 17·27 per cent. of ash, 1·5 per cent. of clinker, an average volume of smoke, and a strong and durable flame.
Notes to Accompany a Section of the Strata from the Chalk to the Bembridge Limestone at Whitecliff Bay, Isle of Wight
Authors: Codrington T. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
section is drawn from measurements made on the shore at low water during the autumn of 1867. In consequence of the dip of the beds being nearly vertical, the horizontal section exposed on the shore at low water is a section nearly at right angles to the stratification; and advantage was taken of favourable tides to measure a continuous section from the basement-bed of the London Clay to the Bemhridge Limestone, always exactly at right angles to the strike of the beds.

The dip of the lower part, or the London Clay, is in a direction parallel to the line of the cliffs, so that the section exhibited in the cliff is at right angles to the beds; but the alteration in the direction of the dip, and in the line of the coast, both tend to make the section seen in the cliff more oblique in the higher beds; and in the Headon beds the obliquity is as much as 45°.
In bed VII † of the Bracklesham series the junction of a bed of compact clay with a bed of shaly laminated clay was observed, which indicated a denudation of the laminated clay before the deposition of the compact clay on its edges.
No detailed examination of the fossils was attempted, except in the case of the Headon beds, where, at the suggestion of Mr. Jenkins (Assistant Secretary of the Geological Society), fossils were carefully sought for, in order to verify the opinion expressed by the Rev.
On the “Waterstone Beds” of the Keuper, and on Pseudomorphous Crystals of Chloride of Sodium
Authors: Ormerod G. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Between Salcomb Mouth and the River Sid, and between Budleigh Salterton and Littleham Bay, several beds of ripple-marked “Waterstone” occur, and also pseudomorphous crystals of chloride of sodium. One small fragment of Waterstone exhibits apparently traces of reptilian remains. In conclusion, the author draws attention to the fact that pseudomorphs occur over the greater part of the Triassic area in England.
On the Amiens Gravel
Authors: Tylor A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author refers first to the prevalent views respecting the gravels of the Valley of the Somme, namely: (1) that there are two deposits of distinct age—the upper and the lower valley-gravels; (2) that the former of these is the older; (3) that the Valley of the Somme has been excavated to the depth of 40 or 50 feet since its deposition; (4) that both gravels contain bones of extinct animals, and implements of human manufacture, the lower gravels, however, containing the greater number of species of Mollusca, and the upper the greater number of flint implements; and (5) that the height (70 feet) of the gravels at St. Acheul above the present level of the Somme is much beyond the limit of floods, and that, therefore, they could only have been deposited before the river-channel was cut down to its present level. He then points out that the general effect of these views is to refer back the remains of man found at St. Acheul to an indefinite date, separated from the historical period by an interval during which the valley was excavated.

In former papers Mr. Tylor stated his belief that the upper and lower valley-gravels of the Somme are continuous and of the same age, which he considered to be close to the historical period. In this paper he states facts which appear to him to demonstrate the truth of his views, and describes a number of sections near Amiens, in which the levels were laid down from an exhaustive survey by M. Guillom, Chief Engineer of the Northern Railway of France.
The conclusions he has thus been able to arrive at are the following:—(1) That the surface of the chalk in the Valley of the Somme had assumed its present form prior to the deposition of any of the gravel or loess now to be seen there; (2) that the whole of the Amiens valley-gravel is of one formation, of similar mineral character, contains nearly similar organic remains, and belongs to a date not much antecedent to the historical period; (3) that the gravel in the valley of the Somme at Amiens is partly composed of débris brought down by the river Somme and by the two rivers the Celle and the Arve, and partly of material from the higher grounds washed in by land-floods; (4) that the Quaternary gravels of the Somme are not separated into two divisions by an escarpment of chalk parallel to the river, as has been stated; (5) that the evidence of river-floods extending to a height of at least 80 feet above the present level of the Somme is perfectly proved by the gradual slope and continuity of the gravels deposited by them; and (6) that many of the Quaternary deposits in all countries, clearly posterior to the formation of the valleys in which they lie, are of such great dimensions and elevation that they indicate a pluvial period just as clearly as the Northern Drift indicates a glacial. This Pluvial period must have immediately preceded the true Historical period.
Note comparing the Geological Structure of North-western Siberia with that of Russia in Europe
Authors: Murchison Roderick I. 
Published: October 2009

M
y
old associate, Count A. von Keyserling, who, with M. de Verneuil, cooperated with me in producing the work entitled ‘Russia and the Ural Mountains,’ has recently acquainted me with some phenomena relating to countries beyond the limits of our researches, Which are, it seems to me, of sufficient importance to be laid before the Geological Society.

In the expedition undertaken by M. Lahost, to discover the remains of Mammoths in situ and other objects on the banks of the Lena, it was clearly ascertained that, besides those comparatively modern deposits in which bones of these animals are found, a vast tract of country lying between the rivers Lena and Jenissei is occupied by Upper Silurian rocks, which, judging from their organic remains, are of the same type as those collected by Keyserling on the river Vachkina, in the region of the Petchora, and described by him in our joint work.
Among the formations younger than the Silurian are Carboniferous rocks, some of which contain beds of coal several fathoms thick, whilst cupriferous schists and graphite also occur.
In alluding to the highly important researches of that good palæontologist Schmidt, who has been exploring several parts of Siberia, Count Keyserling states that he is of opinion that the chief masses of the Secondary deposits which have been observed in Northern Siberia are not, as Eichwald supposes, of Cretaceous age, but that on closer examination their fossils will be found to agree with those of Oolitic or Jurassic type, of which
On Floods in the Island of Bequia
Authors: Browne G. M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

O
n
the 17th of March, at 8 o'clock p.m., a steady strong wave was seen bearing down upon Admiralty Bay; it had no perceptible crest, and was 3 feet in height; it encroached upon the land to distances varying from 70 to 350 feet. A second, smaller wave followed. No shock of an earthquake was felt.