bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Parasitization and Envenomation by the Endoparasitic Wasp Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on Hemocyte Numbers, Morphology, and Viability of Its Host Galleria mellonella Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Er Aylin , Uçkan Fevzi , Rivers David B , Ergin Ekrem , Sak Olga 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Venom from the pupal endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) contains a mixture of biologically active components, which display potent paralytic, cytotoxic, and cytolytic effects toward hosts. Here, we further investigate whether parasitism or envenomation by P. turionellae alters hemocyte numbers of its host Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Total hemocyte counts declined sharply in pupae and larvae of G. mellonella exposed to P. turionellae. These same cellular responses occurred when wasp venom was artificially injected into hosts, suggesting that venom alone induces cytotoxicity in hemocytes. Analysis of the differential hemocyte counts in untreated pupae and larvae revealed that more than half of the circulating hemocytes were granular cells followed by plasmatocytes. Parasitism reduced the number of granular cells while increasing the number of plasmatocytes. This trend was most evident at 4 h postparasitism, and a similar trend was observed with the artificial injection of high (but not low) doses of venom. When isolated larval hemocytes were exposed to a LC99 dose of venom, a differential response was observed for granular cells versus plasmatocytes. Both types of cells displayed some formation of vacuoles within the cytoplasm within 15 min posttreatment. However, the degree of vacuole formation was much more extensive in granular cells at later time points than for plasmatocytes, and granular cells seemed much more susceptible to venom as evidenced by cell death.
Phytoseiid Mite Species from Croatia, with Description of a New Species of the Genus Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus)
Authors: Tixier M-S , Klaric V , Kreiter S , Duso C 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study reports the results of a survey carried out in the Ucka Nature Park in the northeastern part of Croatia. It reports for the first time a list of species belonging to the family Phytoseiidae from Croatia, as until now, only one species was known from this country. Seventeen species are reported, one of them being new to science. This species belongs to the genus Typhlodromus subgenus Typhlodromus in the subfamily Typhlodrominae: Typhlodromus (Typhlodromus) octogenipilus.
Quality Testing of Three Species of Tephritid Fruit Flies After Embryo Cryopreservation
Authors: Leopold Roger A , Rajamohan Arun , Shelly Todd E , Handler Alfred M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study evaluates characteristics commonly used to define insect quality or fitness by using a complement of three species of tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) obtained from cryopreserved embryos. Anastrepha ludens (Loew), Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) were used to assess embryo to adult emergence and adult longevity, flight ability, mating ability, fecundity, and genetic variability after cryopreservation. With the three species tested, embryo survival was reduced by 50–70% whereas adult eclosion seemed unaffected by cryogenic treatment. Laboratory cage survival of cryopreserved A. ludens paralleled that of controls when tested with or without food and water posttreatment. With C. capitata, field cage survival was also similar when the adult progeny of cryopreserved parents was compared with that of untreated flies of the same age. Assessment of flight ability of cryopreserved A. ludens over a 19-d period by using a flight mill showed no statistical difference when compared with the untreated groups over the same time period. Flight ability within field cages for newly emerged progeny of cryopreserved C. capitata also mirrored that of the controls. Observed matings occurring within laboratory cages containing equal numbers of A. ludens males and females did not differ from comparable control groups. Furthermore, male progeny obtained from cryopreserved C. capitata parents competed equally with untreated males for mates while housed in field cages. A laboratory analysis of fertility and fecundity of A. suspensa revealed that males mated with control females were unaffected by cryopreservation as embryos, whereas cryopreserved females exhibited a significantly reduced fecundity when mated with control males. The fecundity of C. capitata progeny of cryopreserved parents also did not differ from control levels while caged under laboratory conditions. A random amplified polymorphic DNA assay of the genetic diversity of A. ludens comparing cryopreserved males with control males showed that the coefficient of similarity was ≥85%. This study indicates that embryo cryopreservation had little or no effect on the reproduction, longevity and flight of the species tested and can be used to support maintenance of insect stocks and control programs supported by the mass-rearing process.
Spatiotemporal Variation in Cicada Diversity and Distribution, and Tree Use by Exuviating Nymphs, in East Asian Tropical Reef-Karst Forests and Forestry Plantations
Authors: Lee Ya-Fu , Lin Yu-Hsiu , Wu Shu-Hui 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Spatiotemporal variation in the species composition, relative abundance, and plant use by cicada nymphs were studied among continuous and fragmented forests and human-modified forestry plantations upon an uplifted reef-karst substrate in tropical East Asia. Nymphal emergence was concentrated in the rainy season but tended to begin earlier, end later, or both, on plantations. Species abundances fluctuated over time and among the types of forests, with greater variation in plantations and fragmented forests. Seven cicada species were present, but the overall similarity in species composition was low among the forest types. Higher mean numbers of species and mean abundances occurred on plantations than in fragmented and continuous forests, but the species heterogeneity was higher in continuous forests and lowest on plantations. Exuviae were found at various heights that were correlated positively with the abundance of exuviae and negatively with the diameter at breast height of trees, whereas coefficients of variation in the height distribution among trees were not correlated with the abundance of exuviae. The plant-use breadth was widest in the cicadas Chremistica ochracea (Walker) and narrowest in Cryptotympana takasagona. Kato, Phtypleura takasagona Matsumura, and Euterpnosia koshunensis Kato, with the other species intermediate, corresponding with their relative abundance. Among-species overlap was generally higher in the continuous forests but declined in forest fragments and plantations. Our results indicated that fragmenting tropical primary forests and creating plantations may generate higher richness and abundance of annual cicadas, but risk the loss of rare or endemic species that show a greater preference for tree species of the primary forests.
Three Remarkable New Fungus-Growing Ant Species of the GenusMyrmicocrypta(Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Reassessment of the Characters That Define the Genus and Its Position within the Attini
Authors: Sosa-Calvo J , Schultz T R 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThree new species of the fungus-growing ant genus Myrmicocrypta Fr. Smith are described from Brazil and Peru, all unique within the genus due to their shared character state of erect pilosity. Myrmicocrypta erectapilosa sp. nov. and Myrmicocrypta bucki sp. nov. are otherwise typical for the genus in their small size and effaced, tuberculate sculpture, whereas Myrmicocrypta camargoi sp. nov. is also unique in its large size and pronounced sculpture. M. erectapilosa and M. bucki are closely related but can be distinguished by differences in the frontoclypeal and hypostomal teeth, frontal lobes, mesonotal sculpture, and propodeal spines. All castes (workers, gynes, and males) are described for M. camargoi, workers and gynes are described for M. erectapilosa, and only workers are described for M. bucki. Because the erect pilosity encountered in these species contradicts the state previously considered diagnostic for the genus, that of appressed, spatulate or squamiform pilosity found in all other Myrmicocrypta species, we necessarily discuss the characters that define the genus Myrmicocrypta and review its phylogenetic position within the tribe Attini.
Stage-Specific Defensive Strategies of Three Mantid Species, Tenodera aridifolia, Hierodura patellifera, and Statilia maculata, Against a Natural Enemy, Takydromus tachydromoides
Authors: Watanabe H , Yano E 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Three mantid species, Tenodera aridifolia (Stoll), Hierodura patellifera (Serville), and Statilia maculata Thunberg, of varying body size and habitats, exhibited defensive reactions when faced with a natural enemy, the Japanese skink, Takydromus tachydromoides (Schlegel). Defensive reactions were analyzed as primary or secondary defenses for all stages. Of the primary defenses, the cryptic reaction was the main defensive reaction: mantids lowered the prothorax and simultaneously stretched the prothoracic legs, the antennae were arranged forward, and the abdomen was sometimes extended posteriorly. The frequency of the subcryptic reaction as a primary defense tended to increase with more advanced developmental stage. The primary defensive strategy switched at specific developmental stage and also depended on the distance between the prey mantid and the natural enemy. In some instars, T. aridifolia and H. patellifera displayed the cryptic reaction when the mantid—foe distance was long, whereas they displayed the subcryptic reaction when the mantid—foe distance was short. However, S. maculata did not switch defense strategies based on the mantid—foe distance. The secondary defenses of young instar nymphs of T. aridifolia and H. patellifera were primarily defensive reactions, whereas the frequency of aggressive reactions tended to increase with developmental stage. S. maculata did not display aggressive reactions during any stage. We concluded that the primary and secondary defenses used by mantids depend on the developmental stage and mantid—foe distance. Moreover, three mantid species that vary in both body size and habitat showed different defensive reactions when faced with a natural enemy.
Biology of the Armored ScaleRhizaspidiotus donacis(Hemiptera: Diaspididae), a Candidate Agent for Biological Control of Giant Reed
Authors: Moran Patrick J , Goolsby John A 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe development, survival, and reproductive output of the armored scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis Leonardi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) were determined as part of an evaluation of this scale for biological control of giant reed, Arundo donax L. Scale crawlers produced by females collected in southern France and Spain lived for less than two d in the absence of a host. On A. donax shoots held under a diurnally variable temperature regime (15–26°C), crawlers settled on leaf collars and axillary stem bases and completed the first instar within 14 d. Winged adult males emerged within six wk and lived 1.7 d in vials. Immobile adult females were observed 75 d after crawler release. Development time to adult was reduced 15% in males and 28% in females when scales were reared at a constant temperature of 26°C. Survival from crawler to adult was 20–25%. The generation time for laboratoryreared females was 170d and their average life span was 203 d. Females from field collections produced an average of 85 live crawlers, 2.7-fold more than did colony-reared females. Across 31 field collections, female size was correlated to the percentage of scales that were reproductive. However, among eight collections from two Spanish sites, size varied but was not correlated to reproductive success. Peak reproduction from field collections occurred between November and March, and the scale completed two generations per year. Biological information about R. donacis will aid production, release, and field evaluation of this scale for biological control of invasive A. donax in North America.
Reproductive Refractoriness in the Western Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Brent C S 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Adult Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae), major crop pests of the south-western United States, can mate repeatedly during their lives, potentially enhancing the lifetime fitness of both sexes. However, the periodicity of mating and its regulation in this species is poorly understood. In this study the postmating refractory period for both sexes is described. Males were found to have a median delay of 24 h, which seems to be the minimum time needed to refill the accessory glands and produce another viably sized spermatophore. The median refractory period in mated females was 5 d, but sometimes lasted longer than 2 wk. The loss of sexual receptivity in mated females, at least for the first 24 h, seems to be induced by males; spermatophore homogenates injected directly into the abdomen of virgin females reduced their sexual receptivity. The total duration of female refractoriness may be dictated by the starting size of a spermatophore and the rate at which it degrades.
Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with the Trait of Varroa Sensitive Hygiene Remove Brood with All Reproductive Stages of Varroa Mites (Mesostigmata: Varroidae)
Authors: Harris Jeffrey W , Danka Robert G , Villa José D 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) is a trait of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), which supports resistance to Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman. VSH is the hygienic removal of mite-infested pupa. Bees selectively bred for VSH produce colonies in which the fertility of mites decreases over time. In addition, mite fertility decreases after infested brood is exposed to VSH bees for 1 wk. The purpose of this study was to decide whether the reduction in mite fertility is caused by selective removal of mites that produce offspring. Initially, we monitored changes in a small patch of capped brood during exposure to VSH bees at 2-h intervals through 60 h, which provided a reference for the subsequent experiment. The first test showed that VSH bees uncapped, recapped, and began to remove many pupae in ≈2 h. The approach in the second experiment was to compare the percentage of fertile mites from brood exposed to VSH bees for a 3-h period to the percentage of fertile mites in brood that was protected from hygiene by a screen. There were no significant differences in fertility between mites on pupae that were being removed by the bees and mites on protected pupae. These results suggest that neither egg-laying by foundress mites nor mite offspring are the stimuli that trigger hygienic removal of mite-infested pupae by VSH bees. It may be that hygienic activities such as the uncapping of brood cells inhibits or disrupts reproduction by varroa mites.
Chemoradiation in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Literature Review
Authors: Roy Rajarshi , Maraveyas Anthony 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Adenocarcinoma of the exocrine pancreas has an annual incidence of 7,400 cases in the U.K. In comparison with other common cancers of solid organs, namely, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer has a high morbidity and mortality. Radical resection is possible in only 15%–20% of patients, and only 3%–4% of all patients presenting with this condition achieve long-term control and cure. Various strategies in the form of neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment have been employed over the years to improve outcome, with limited success. Systemic chemotherapy remains the gold standard in the metastatic setting in good performance status patients, and adjuvant chemotherapy after resection of localized and locally advanced cancer has been found to improve outcome. The role of radiotherapy, however, remains controversial and is an area that merits further investigation in well-conducted multicenter trials at various stages of the disease in combination with systemic agents and exploiting recent advances in the delivery of radiotherapy. In this article, we review the published literature on the use of chemoradiation as a modality in various stages of pancreatic adenocarcinoma and highlight areas that future trials in this field should target for a way forward in this malignancy.
Predicting Response to Treatment in Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinomas: Combining Clinical, Imaging, and Molecular Biomarkers
Authors: Bain Gillian H. , Petty Russell D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Contrast the subtypes of gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma in order to select optimal therapeutic approaches for given subtypes.Compare the various tools (CT, MRI, PET, PET-CT, etc.) for evaluating response to therapy in order to determine whether to initiate new therapy.Evaluate response to neoadjuvant therapy, utilizing imaging, histopathogy of resected specimens, and biomarkers, to plan postoperative treatment.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The incidence of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) is rapidly rising, and even in early-stage locoregional confined disease the 5-year survival rate rarely exceeds 25%–35%. Randomized trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated a benefit with neoadjuvant or perioperative chemotherapy and with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. However, the optimal approach in individual patients is not clear and remains controversial. A consistent finding is that patients who have a histopathological response to neoadjuvant therapy are more likely to receive a survival benefit. These clinical data provide a strong argument for the urgent development of methods to predict histopathological response to neoadjuvant therapies for GEJ adenocarcinoma. Published data demonstrate that clinicopathological features (tumor location), imaging (fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography “metabolic response”), and tissue/molecular biomarkers may all have a predictive value for neoadjuvant therapies. However, it is uncertain from published data whether or not they will be useful for clinical decision making in individual patients. Existing candidate biomarkers need to be properly qualified and validated and novel biomarkers are required; and an optimal approach should involve the combination and integration of clinical, imaging, and molecular biomarkers. This review presents the evidence base and discusses novel experimental approaches for the combination of biomarker modalities to allow optimization of an individualized treatment approach in GEJ adenocarcinoma patients that may be relevant to other tumor types as well.
Continuous Sunitinib Treatment in Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Swiss Group for Clinical Cancer Research (SAKK) and Swiss Association for the Study of the Liver (SASL) Multicenter Phase II Trial (SAKK 77/06)
Authors: Koeberle Dieter , Montemurro Michael , Samaras Panagiotis , Majno Pietro , Simcock Mathew , Limacher Andreas , Lerch Stefanie , Kovàcs Katalin , Inauen Roman , Hess Vivianne , Saletti Piercarlo , Borner Markus , Roth Arnaud , Bodoky György 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background.
Sunitinib (SU) is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. The objective of this trial was to demonstrate antitumor activity of continuous SU treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Patients and Methods.
Key eligibility criteria included unresectable or metastatic HCC, no prior systemic anticancer treatment, measurable disease, and Child-Pugh class A or mild Child-Pugh class B liver dysfunction. Patients received 37.5 mg SU daily until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 12 weeks (PFS12).

Results.
Forty-five patients were enrolled. The median age was 63 years; 89% had Child-Pugh class A disease and 47% had distant metastases. PFS12 was rated successful in 15 patients (33%; 95% confidence interval, 20%–47%). Over the whole trial period, one complete response and a 40% rate of stable disease as the best response were achieved. The median PFS duration, disease stabilization duration, time to progression, and overall survival time were 1.5, 2.9, 1.5, and 9.3 months, respectively. Grade 3 and 4 adverse events were infrequent. None of the 33 deaths were considered drug related.

Conclusion.
Continuous SU treatment with 37.5 mg daily is feasible and has moderate activity in patients with advanced HCC and mild to moderately impaired liver dysfunction. Under this trial design (&gt;13 PFS12 successes), the therapy is considered promising. This is the first trial describing the clinical effects of continuous dosing of SU in HCC patients on a schedule that is used in an ongoing, randomized, phase III trial in comparison with the current treatment standard, sorafenib (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT00699374).
Life history allometries and production of small fauna
Authors: Reiss Julia , Schmid-Araya Jenny M. 
Published: March 2010

The production of heterotrophic biomass is an important aspect of overall ecosystem functioning. However, single‐celled organisms or microscopic metazoans are often ignored in studies of secondary production, despite being very abundant and possessing high mass‐specific population growth rates, relative to the more widely studied larger taxa.Here, we focused on how life history parameters scale with body size of ciliates and meiofauna (body mass range from ∼0.001 to 90 mg C/individual) and integrated experimental and survey data to calculate secondary production of these groups. First, we derived a single allometric scaling relationship between the intrinsic rate of population increase and body mass in a laboratory experiment. We then used this relationship to calculate secondary production for over 260 of these small species in the field, using survey data from two contrasting streams; one of which was nutrient rich, the other nutrient poor.Results from laboratory cultures showed that the scaling relationship between body mass and both daily intrinsic rate of population increase and generation time followed a power law. The relationship between body mass and annual secondary production was consistent in both streams, but the number of taxa was greater in the more productive site. Both ciliates and meiofauna had high rates of biomass production, with annual P/B ratios (production divided by biomass) for the whole assemblage exceeding 11 in both streams. We conclude that a large fraction of benthic production is overlooked when protozoans and microscopic metazoans are excluded from estimates of biomass turnover.