bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experiment in Polynesian Navigation
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: January 2010

Dr. David Lewis, after completing the single-handed transatlantic race in 1964, sailed his catamaran Rehu-Moana through the Magellan Strait to Valparaiso and on to Easter Island and Tahiti. From Tahiti he sailed to New Zealand.In an earlier paper published in the Journal (17, 278) Dr. Lewis reviewed the background to and evidence for various theories about early Polynesian navigation. One of his conclusions was that they must have been able to determine both course and, in effect, latitude with sufficient accuracy to make a landfall within the area of known groups of islands and so to proceed to any intended destination. This paper aroused considerable interest and was the subject of numerous contributions to the Journal, in particular from Andrew Sharp (18, 244) and Brett Hilder (18, 246).In a series of communications written on board during the voyage to Tahiti, Dr. Lewis discusses the objections raised to some of his hypotheses. These cannot be dealt with here. On the voyage from Tahiti to New Zealand, via the Cook Islands, however, Dr. Lewis attempted to demonstrate, by navigating without instruments, that the methods used by the ancient Maoris were sufficiently accurate to make the voyages attributed to them navigationally feasible. It is this voyage that is related here.
The Use of Computers in Merchant Ships
Authors: Hugon P. 
Published: January 2010

This paper gives an account of a study carried out by the Institut Français de Navigation for the Administration de la Marine Marchande. The object of the study was to investigate the possibilities of introducing automation into the navigation of merchant ships. In addition to examining projects already underway in France and other countries, the Institut Français de Navigation sought the cooperation of numerous companies working in the electronics and computer fields and notably the Compagnie Générale d'Automatisme (C.G.A.), Compagnie Européenne d'Automatisme Électronique (C.A.E.) and Compagnie Générale de T.S.F. (C.S.F.).Only the main features of this study are described here. Professor Hugon is Secretary-General of the French Institute.
‘The Impact of Radar on the Rule of the Road’
Authors: Kemp J. F. 
Published: January 2010

Commander Clissold (19, 109) has produced a very well considered argument to demonstrate that the Steering and Sailing Rules are inadequate for present-day use and that in the future they are likely to fall well short of traffic requirements.I agree entirely with this assessment and I agree in general with his proposed solution. His suggested Rule requires action to be taken by both parties to every encounter where there is risk of collision, and the most important objection to this is that it implies dual responsibility for manœuvre. This is something which many people consider highly undesirable despite the fact that it apparently succeeds in the case of Rule 18, and to proceed directly from the present Rules to Commander Clissold's Rules would, I believe, be too large a step to be generally acceptable.
The Pair Rule and the Collision Problem
Authors: García-Frías J. 
Published: January 2010

In my recent paper I proposed a set of manœuvring rules intended to solve the operational aspect of the collision problem. These rules are simple, but they are different if the bearing is lesser or greater than 90°. The object of this paper is to present a simpler rule valid for every bearing between 0° and 180°.The Pair Rule. Except for the singular situation of both vessels meeting head-on or head-to-stern, every encounter involving danger of collision is characterized by the fact that the heading of both vessels is on the same side of the sight line. Close-quarter situations also involve, in general, those standing head-on, except for some situations with the heading on opposite sides of the sight line when one or both of them heads close to this line. Consequently, the evading manœuvre must be such that both headings are on opposite sides of the sight line and opening enough to ensure a safe passing.
Parallel-route Systems for Supersonic Traffic
Authors: Attwooll V. W. 
Published: January 2010

This is the third article of a series of three describing the methods developed at the Royal Aircraft Establishment for costing the effect of air traffic control deviations in long range systems. The first two discussed the general principles of costing and their application to the current and future systems for subsonic aircraft over the North Atlantic. The present paper considers systems for the S.S.T.The characteristics and mode of operation of the supersonic transport are untested, and it will operate at an altitude for which information is relatively scanty. This means that the results obtained for the cost penalties in a supersonic traffic system must be regarded as tentative. On the other hand, because we are considering traffic systems for aircraft at such an early stage of development, the situation can be analysed in a more fundamental way, with particular emphasis on the effect of the system on the aircraft design.
Visual Indication of Direction for Ships
Authors: Parmiter G. V. 
Published: January 2010

I was very interested in the recent correspondence regarding a direction indicator to be fitted to ships and while I note the experiments now being carried out by our Dutch friends there are several points which must be borne in mind.In the first place, whilst sophisticated arrangements like illuminated arrows may be very satisfactory from the operational point of view, this sort of apparatus is just one more piece of expensive equipment that the shipowner must provide and I foresee reluctance on his part if it is intended that this should come into general use.
Navigation, Traffic and the Community
Authors: Stratton Andrew 
Published: January 2010

In many critical areas today navigation is more concerned with maintaining the flow of traffic than with finding the way. In his Presidential Address, which was presented at the Annual General Meeting of the Institute in London on 14 October 1970, Mr. Stratton discusses some of the characteristics of sea and air traffic systems and how they interact with the costs and benefits to the community as a whole.In my previous address I concentrated on the way in which new scientific principles have been applied to determining the basic quantities of position, course and speed as inputs to the navigation process and with some of the technological problems encountered. The science and technology of navigation, however, are but the means by which navigation fulfils an operational task which itself is directed at the safe and expeditious movement of passengers and goods or to some military ends. In this address I will concentrate on some of the current and future operational tasks for navigation on the sea and in the air in fulfilment of the commercial need to transport goods and passengers and of the personal use of the vehicle for transport and leisure.
A Fully Automatic Marine Radar Data Plotter
Authors: Herther J. C. , Coolbaugh J. S. 
Published: January 2010

Digiplot is a marine radar aid for automatic anti-collision navigation which processes signals from conventional radar and presents computed information on a separate screen to give at-a-glance situation appreciation. The company's origin is touched on and conception and design are described as they evolved to meet operational requirements.The majority of sophisticated radar equipments and devices available today have evolved from successive shipborne radar developments over a considerable period of years. With Digiplot it is otherwise. The Iotron Corporation was established in 1969 by a few men whose background had been information technology in the realms of fire control and navigational systems for submarines, aircraft, missiles and spacecraft, and reconnaissance systems using electronic and optical techniques; in all these systems digital electronics played a key role. The choice of the navigational functions of marine radar as the most appropriate subject for attention by the group was made after a general study of the commercial field, because of the revolution apparent in ships, their equipment and their operations.
Small Craft in Gales
Authors: Coles K. Adlard 
Published: January 2010

Before turning attention to the problems of heavy weather sailing in yachts it is useful to attempt to define what a yachtsman considers to be a gale.When I first took up ‘going foreign’ in my own boats cones were hoisted at signal stations when winds of Force 7 or above were anticipated. Thus it may be said that gales started at Force 7, but skippers of commercial craft such as Brixham trawlers (in which I occasionally sailed), barges and other coasters did their own forecasting and used their own judgment of what constituted a gale without bothering too much about the Beaufort notation. Amateurs followed suit in this matter and when wind or sea rose too high for their own particular yachts they would describe the conditions as a gale. It was not until the radio became a commonplace in yachts that a more scientific approach came to be made. Of recent years few yachtsmen will make even a cross-Channel passage without first receiving a weather forecast and the tendency is to rely entirely on forecasts. In passing, I would comment that the vagaries of the weather are such that some of the severest gales have occurred with only very short warning.
Experience with a Computer in Oceanographic Research at Sea
Authors: Crease J. 
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the application of an IBM 1800 computer installed in R.R.S. Discovery to the processing of oceanographical data, and in particular the navigational aspects of the system.It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the development of computer applications in oceanographical research, for which a number of quite advanced systems have been projected or are already in operation. Factors affecting the choice of the computer system adopted for use by the National Institute of Oceanography may be listed as follows:(i) Data logging, typically to punched tape, was becoming more complex with every cruise of the R.R.S. Discovery
Manœuvring Large Tankers in the Approach Channels to Europoort
Authors: Koelé L. A. , Don C. 
Published: January 2010

In discussing certain aspects of the manœuvring of large tankers it is necessary to consider the navigational circumstances, and especially the hydrographic and meteorological conditions that obtain in the Europoort-area which can be divided into three zones (Fig. 1):(i) the approach route through the English Channel and the southern part of the North Sea to the outer approach channel;(ii) the approach channels—the outer channel (bearing 82° 30′) and inner channel (bearing 112°)—to the harbour mouth near the Hook of Holland;(iii) from the harbour moles through the temporary mouth to the Europoort basin, ending in the berthing manœuvres alongside the jetty.
Collision Avoidance by Manœuvre
Authors: Calvert E. S. 
Published: January 2010

In the Interim Report of the Institute's Collision Regulations Working Party (Journal, 23, 448), it was stated in the preliminary that Dr. Calvert was not able to subscribe entirely to propositions (1)to (19). Dr. Calvert here states his views.My disagreement with the interim report is concerned only with the propositions and principles at the end. The body of the report I regard as masterly in the circumstances.
A System of Rules for Preventing Collisions at Sea
Authors: García-Frías J. 
Published: January 2010

The following proposed system of rules was presented to the Collision Regulations Working Party of the Institute by Admiral García-Frías and is referred to in the January issue of the Journal (24, 56–9).IT is evident that the revision of the Collision Regulations would only be effective with a system of Rules able to cope with all situations that may arise at sea. The system must include all that it is necessary and sufficient to solve the collision problem in the easiest and most effective way and consequently it must apply both in clear weather and in restricted visibility using radar; differences between these situations being defined, if necessary, in every Rule.
Navigating in the Offshore Powerboat Race
Authors: Coote J. O. 
Published: January 2010

When the Offshore Powerboat Race was first held in 1961, navigators made the painful discovery that conventional methods of coastal pilotage were useless in a comparatively light, high-performance powerboat being driven to its limit.Taking part in the race is like driving a Mini-Cooper over a frozen ploughed field in intermittent fog from London to York, the same distance as the course from Cowes to Torquay. Chart-work is out of the question. It is physically impossible to lay off a bearing or read a course. Furthermore, the figures and symbols are too small to be read, and, as often as not, the chart gets blown overboard. Radio bearings are unobtainable over the engine interference. A hand-bearing compass cannot be held steadily enough. Parallel rulers, dividers, pencils and the navigator's notebook end up in the bilges.
Navigation and the Aircraft Industry
Authors: Watson-Watt Robert 
Published: January 2010

I remember that on V-J Day in 1945 a heroic band of Common-wealth delegates, greatly reinforced by the cooperative presence of colleagues from the United States, decided that they would not rise in celebration of victory but would continue their work, which included an estimate of the probable air-traffic density at the world's great airports in or about this year 1950. We made the best estimate we could of the numbers in which aircraft would in this present year be likely to be moving in and out of Heathrow (as it was then called), of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris. Looking back through the mist of five years I detect a band of enthusiastic and starry-eyed optimists.In this year of 1950 the British aircraft industry has an absolute and undisputed lead in the design and manufacture of civil turbo-jet and turbo-propeller aircraft. This time again I look forward, but I warn myself that we are another group of starry-eyed optimists if we think that another five years hence Britain will hold that undisputed lead, or will be comfortably established in a position of monopoly in the sale of jet-propelled civil aircraft.
Diagrammatic Solutions for Astronomical Navigation
Authors: Freiesleben H. C. 
Published: January 2010

This paper discusses the possibilities of using diagrammatic solutions for accurate astronomical navigation and gives a detailed description of two methods of doing so that have been put into effect in Germany. These methods, the ARG1 and the Astronomischer Rechenatlas, have previously been described in German publications and referred to in numerous reports and memoranda written in this country and the United States. So far as is known no authoritative description of these two aids to navigation has yet been published in English, and it is appropriate that this, the first, should have been written by Dr. Freiesleben, who played a prominent part in their development.—Ed.The development of radio aids to navigation has not made astronomical navigation redundant, but it has given more force to earlier demands for the simplification of methods of reduction. No longer is it acceptable to have a large variety of alternative methods, and it is probable that attempts will be made to select a single method that is both simple and universally applicable.
Astro-fix by Ranges
Authors: Collins Oliver C. 
Published: January 2010

This paper describes two methods by which lines of position may be obtained by observation of stars (in pairs) without the use of instrumental scale readings either for altitude or for azimuth. These lines of position represent arcs of great circles of the Earth. An instantaneous observation is proposed.Great circles determined by star positions form, on the celestial sphere, a lattice which is not deformed by precession. Whether or not he be at rest relative to the rotating Earth, the observer's zenith traverses this lattice, which thus may serve in celestial navigation precisely as does a well-marked terrain in contact flying over land, or as do ranges and markers in coastal and harbour navigation. Observation of the zenith-transit of an element of this lattice is akin to the process of noting the moment when an aircraft crosses a coastal line or other visible terrestrial mark or to the recognition of when a vessel near shore is on a certain range. Observation of this type is as rapid as the navigator may be able to make it since it is the observation of the occurrence of an instantaneous situation.
An Investigation into Air Traffic Control by a Simulation Method
Authors: Coulson R. B. , Burgmann V. D. 
Published: January 2010

It is now generally recognized that, under instrument conditions, traffic congestion at busy airports is already bad and any further increase in traffic density would be unmanageable without improvements in methods of air traffic control. A study of the problems of air traffic control by full-scale tests is prohibitively expensive and a practical alternative is required. This paper describes a series of investigations into air traffic control problems by simulation methods.Laboratory equipment suitable for such experiments is described briefly and has been shown to give a reliable quantitative assessment of the effect of changes in a control system. A number of possible control systems were studied in detail.
Proposals for a New Air Navigation Chart
Authors: Freer B. , Irwin K. J. 
Published: January 2010

Because of the greater speed of modern aircraft and the increasing complexity of air-traffic systems, air navigation is changing and breaking away more surely from its marine counterpart. This divergence means that navigational equipment designed for marine navigation is becoming less and less suitable for use in the air, and the special needs of air navigation are slowly gaining recognition. This paper concerns air navigation charts; its aim is to show the shortcomings of the charts at present in use, and to suggest a specification for a new style of chart that will meet modern requirements.At the beginning it is well to define exactly what is meant by the word ‘Chart’. In I.C.A.O. terminology it is widely defined and includes amongst other things maps; but maps are a special case and their use is limited to visual flight. In this paper, therefore, the word is used in its older sense of a sheet upon which the actual navigation is performed.
Assessing the potential of labelling schemes forin situlandrace conservation: an example from India
Authors: KRISHNA VIJESH V. , PASCUAL UNAI , ZILBERMAN DAVID 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the potential ofin situcrop landrace conservation, employing market-based instruments, which pre-requires that (1) consumers hold positive use-value for the landrace attribute and (2) their willingness to pay covers both the transaction cost of implementing these instruments and the opportunity cost of landrace cultivation. The empirical examination is based on two closely related analyses of eggplant production and consumption sectors of India. At present, the vegetable markets of south India provide the landrace cultivators with a price premium adequate enough to cover the opportunity cost of not opting for high-yielding modern varieties. However, we detect an underutilized consumer demand for landrace products. The wide margin that exists between the price premium farmers currently obtain for the landrace attribute and what consumers are willing to pay for it is indicative of the unexploited potential of labelling and certification schemes as an emerging agrobiodiversity conservation strategy.
Visualization of Localization Microscopy Data
Authors: Baddeley David , Cannell Mark B. , Soeller Christian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLocalization microscopy techniques based on localizing single fluorophore molecules now routinely achieve accuracies better than 30 nm. Unlike conventional optical microscopies, localization microscopy experiments do not generate an image but a list of discrete coordinates of estimated fluorophore positions. Data display and analysis therefore generally require visualization methods that translate the position data into conventional images. Here we investigate the properties of several widely used visualization techniques and show that a commonly used algorithm based on rendering Gaussians may lead to a 1.44-fold loss of resolution. Existing methods typically do not explicitly take sampling considerations into account and thus may produce spurious structures. We present two additional visualization algorithms, an adaptive histogram method based on quad-trees and a Delaunay triangulation based visualization of point data that address some of these deficiencies. The new visualization methods are designed to suppress erroneous detail in poorly sampled image areas but avoid loss of resolution in well-sampled regions. A number of criteria for scoring visualization methods are developed as a guide for choosing among visualization methods and are used to qualitatively compare various algorithms.
Spatial Resolution in Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Gault Baptiste , Moody Michael P. , De Geuser Frederic , La Fontaine Alex , Stephenson Leigh T. , Haley Daniel , Ringer Simon P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article addresses gaps in definitions and a lack of standard measurement techniques to assess the spatial resolution in atom probe tomography. This resolution is known to be anisotropic, being better in-depth than laterally. Generally the presence of atomic planes in the tomographic reconstruction is considered as being a sufficient proof of the quality of the spatial resolution of the instrument. Based on advanced spatial distribution maps, an analysis methodology that interrogates the local neighborhood of the atoms within the tomographic reconstruction, it is shown how both the in-depth and the lateral resolution can be quantified. The influences of the crystallography and the temperature are investigated, and models are proposed to explain the observed results. We demonstrate that the absolute value of resolution is specimen specific.
Neural Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells at the Ultrastructural Level
Authors: Mumaw Jennifer L. , Machacek Dave , Shields John P. , Dodla Mahesh C. , Dhara Sujoy K. , Stice Steve L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNeurodegerative disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Neural cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC) have the potential for cell therapies and/or compound screening for treating affected individuals. While both protein and gene expression indicative of a neural phenotype has been exhibited in these differentiated cells, ultrastuctural studies thus far have been lacking. The objective of this study was to correlate hESC to neural differentiation culture conditions with ultrastructural changes observed in the treated cells. We demonstrate here that in basic culture conditions without growth factors or serum we obtain neural morphology. The addition of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serum to cultures resulted in more robust neural differentiation. In addition to providing cues such as cell survival or lineage specification, additional factors also altered the intracellular structures and cell morphologies. Even though the addition of BDNF and serum did not increase synaptic formation, altered cellular structures such as abundant polyribosomes and more developed endoplasmic reticulum indicate a potential increase in protein production.