bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Junctions between intraepithelial carcinoma and non‐neoplastic tissue of the esophagus
Authors: Takubo Kaiyo , Nishimura Hiroshi , Taniguchi Yoshiro , Sasajima Koji , Nakagawa Hitoshi , Miyamoto Hiroyasu , Fujita Kichishiro 
Published: January 2011

This report describes light and electron microscopic observations in 11 patients with intraepithelial carcinomas concomitant with invasive squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus. The junctions between the intraepithelial carcinomas and non‐neoplastic tissues were examined using an electron microscope. Vertical sections through the basal laminae revealed intraepithelial carcinomas with bulky outgrowths and simple replacement histological patterns. The bulky outgrowths contained many pseudopodial cytoplasmic projections from the tumor cells through the basal laminae, while the simple replacement patterns included rare small breaks in the basal laminae. Horizontal sections parallel to the basal laminae showed that the cells of the poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were readily distinguishable from the non‐neoplastic cells in the surface layer of the esophageal epithelia and distinctly smaller and darker than the normal prickle cells. At most of the junctions, mesenchymal cells, degenerated cells, and amorphous material separated the tumor cells from the non‐neoplastic epithelial cells. However, tumor cells were occasionally attached directly to normal epithelial cells with well‐developed desmosomes. Ductal involvement of the carcinomas was found in the submucosal esophageal gland proper. The tumor cells invaded between the ductal cells and basal laminae, and neoplastic cells were also directly attached to the benign ductal cells by poorly‐developed desmosomes. The host‐tumor junctions in the intraepithelial carcinomas of the human esophagus consisted of basal laminae with hemidesmosomes and pseudopodial projections, mesenchymal cell accumulations and direct attachments with desmosomes.Acta pathol. jpn. 34: 785∼796, 1984.
Extracellular polymeric substances from Shewanella sp. HRCR‐1 biofilms: characterization by infrared spectroscopy and proteomics
Authors: Cao Bin , Shi Liang , Brown Roslyn N. , Xiong Yijia , Fredrickson Jim K. , Romine Margaret F. , Marshall Matthew J. , Lipton Mary S. , Beyenal Haluk 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Shewanella sp. HRCR‐1 biofilms was investigated using infrared spectroscopy and proteomics to provide insight into potential ecophysiological functions and redox activity of the EPS. Both bound and loosely associated EPS were extracted from Shewanella sp. HRCR‐1 biofilms prepared using a hollow‐fibre membrane biofilm reactor. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the presence of proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, membrane lipids and fatty acids in the EPS fractions. Using a global proteomic approach, a total of 58 extracellular and outer membrane proteins were identified in the EPS. These included homologues of multiple Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 proteins that potentially contribute to key physiological biofilm processes, such as biofilm‐promoting protein BpfA, surface‐associated serine protease, nucleotidases (CpdB and UshA), an extracellular lipase, and oligopeptidases (PtrB and a M13 family oligopeptidase lipoprotein). In addition, 20 redox proteins were found in extracted EPS. Among the detected redox proteins were the homologues of two S. oneidensis MR‐1 c‐type cytochromes, MtrC and OmcA, which have been implicated in extracellular electron transfer. Given their detection in the EPS of Shewanella sp. HRCR‐1 biofilms, c‐type cytochromes may contribute to the possible redox activity of the biofilm matrix and play important roles in extracellular electron transfer reactions.
Metabolic syndrome and leptin are associated with adverse pathological features in male colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Healy L. A. , Howard J. M. , Ryan A. M. , Beddy P. , Mehigan B. , Stephens R. , Reynolds J. V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim  Metabolic syndrome (MetS) describes a clustering of factors including central obesity, hypertension and raised plasma glucose, triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Central obesity is associated with a risk for colorectal cancer, but the impact of MetS on colorectal cancer biology and outcomes is unclear.Method  A prospective observational study of colorectal cancer patients was carried out in an Irish population. Patients underwent metabolic and anthropometric assessment before treatment, including measurement of serum hormones and adipokines and CT measurement of visceral fat. MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation definition3.Results  One‐hundred and thirty consecutive colorectal cancer patients (66 men and 64 women) were recruited. MetS was diagnosed in 38% patients compared with the population norms reported at 21%21. Male patients had a significantly greater visceral fat area compared with female patients. MetS was associated with node‐positive disease (P = 0.026), percentage nodal involvement (P = 0.033) and extramural vascular invasion (P = 0.049) in male patients but no significant association was observed in female patients. HDL cholesterol was also significantly associated with a more advanced pathological stage (P = 0.014) and node‐positive disease (P = 0.028). Leptin was associated with nodal status (P = 0.036), microvascular invasion (P = 0.054), advanced pathological stage (P = 0.046) and more advanced Dukes stage (P = 0.042).Conclusion  We report a high prevalence of MetS and visceral obesity in a colorectal cancer population. MetS and plasma leptin are associated with a more aggressive tumour phenotype in male patients only.
Allometric Scaling for Character Design
Authors: McGraw T. , Kawai T. , Richards J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGeometric scaling transformations do not respect the biological processes which govern the size and shape of living creatures. In this paper, we describe an approach to scaling which can be related to biological function. We use known biological laws of allometry which are expressed as power laws to control the mesh deformation in the frequency domain. This approach is motivated by the relation between fractal biological systems and their underlying power‐law spectra. We demonstrate our approach to biology‐aware character scaling on triangle meshes representing quadrupedal mammals.
The Civilizing Process of Trust: Developing Quality Mechanisms which are Local, Professional‐led and thus Legitimate
Authors: Brown Patrick R. , Calnan Michael 
Published: January 2011

Abstract‘Quality’ and ‘performance’ have become defining concepts for policymakers and health‐care systems alike. Yet whilst these principles are of fundamental importance, their practical implementation and assurance are far from straightforward. This commentary analyses the difficulties faced in enhancing quality and performance in the English NHS. Many recent initiatives have been driven through incentives and external auditing of the professionals providing health care on the frontline. Drawing on recent literature and research findings, we argue that this checking‐based ‘audit culture’ is fundamentally flawed in driving quality and performance. Many targets and measures are too crude to reflect important aspects affecting patient outcomes and therefore these frameworks lack legitimacy amongst professionals. An alternative, trust‐based model is proposed – one more capable of acknowledging the meaning, complexity and specificities inherent to professional work. Quality mechanisms developed locally by professionals are able to produce the legitimacy crucial for their effectiveness. It is argued that the normative obligation of approaches based on conditional trust is a more compelling incentive towards good practice than targets and sanctions. This governance by ‘the social’ is able to motivate a more holistically enlightened and consistent reflexivity towards practice, though it is only able to flourish in the absence of purposive‐rational systems.
Scientific Explanation and Moral Explanation*
Authors: Leibowitz Uri D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMoral philosophers are, among other things, in the business of constructing moral theories. And moral theories are, among other things, supposed to explain moral phenomena. Consequently, one's views about the nature of moral explanation will influence the kinds of moral theories one is willing to countenance. Many moral philosophers are (explicitly or implicitly) committed to a deductive model of explanation. As I see it, this commitment lies at the heart of the current debate between moral particularists and moral generalists. In this paper I argue that we have good reasons to give up this commitment. In fact, I show that an examination of the literature on scientific explanation reveals that we are used to, and comfortable with, non‐deductive explanations in almost all areas of inquiry. As a result, I argue that we have reason to believe that moral explanations need not be grounded in exceptionless moral principles.
Spotty Scope and Our Relation to Fictions*
Authors: Button Tim 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhatever the attractions of Tolkein's world, irrealists about fictions do not believe literally that Bilbo Baggins is a hobbit. Instead, irrealists believe that, according to The Lord of the Rings {Bilbo is a hobbit}. But when irrealists want to say something like “I am taller than Bilbo”, there is nowhere good for them to insert the operator “according to The Lord of the Rings”. This is an instance of the operator problem. In this paper, I outline and criticise Sainsbury's (2006) spotty scope approach to the operator problem. Sainsbury treats the problem as syntactic, but the problem is ultimately metaphysical.
Confronting Many‐Many Problems: Attention and Agentive Control
Authors: Wu Wayne 
Published: January 2011

AbstractI argue that when perception plays a guiding role in intentional bodily action, it is a necessary part of that action. The argument begins with a challenge that necessarily arises for embodied agents, what I call the Many‐Many Problem. The Problem is named after its most common case where agents face too many perceptual inputs and too many possible behavioral outputs. Action requires a solution to the Many‐Many Problem by selection of a specific linkage between input and output. In bodily action the agent perceptually selects, and in this way perceptually attends to, relevant information so as to guide the execution of specific movements. Since perceptual attention is a necessary part of solving the Many‐Many Problem, it is a necessary part of bodily action. Indeed, the process of implementing a solution to the Many‐Many Problem, as constrained by the agent's motivational state, just is the agent's performing an intentional bodily action in the relevant way.
Long‐term beneficial effects of adrenal medullary autografts supported by nerve growth factor in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Sydow O. , Hansson P. , Young D. , Meyerson B. , Backlund E‐O. , Ebendal T. , Farnebo L.O. , Freedman R. , Hamberger B. , Hoffer B. , Seiger Å. , Strömberq I. , Olson L. 
Published: January 2011

Parkinson's disease has been the object of several therapeutic strategies based upon replacement of the degenerating dopaminergic neurons. Adrenal medullary transplants were tried initially, because of the biochemical relationship between chromaffin cells of the medulla and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Compared to transplant of fetal neurons, autologous grafts of adrenal medullary tissue has the advantage of using a readily available source of tissue without the problems of immunosuppression. However, these cells have not proven to be as effective as fetal neurons, probably because they do not fully differentiate into neurons. In animal models, brief treatment with nerve growth factor can facilitate such differentiation. This study is a clinical evaluation of the efficacy of adrenal medullary cell transplantation, combined with nerve growth factor infusion.Two patients were selected who were moderately to severely affected (Hoehn–Yahr stage 2 in on‐phase and stage 4 in off‐phase). After adrenalectomy, small pieces of medulla were prepared and implanted stereotactically into the dorsal putamen on one side of the brain. A catheter filled with mouse beta‐nerve growth factor (NGF) was placed close to the grafts. Infusion of NGF was continued for one month.Despite a progressively deteriorating course prior to surgery, both patients showed improvement on the rating scales postoperatively. There was also significant improvement in timed motor tests. Motor readiness evoked potentials showed increased voltage over the operated hemisphere.The study points to methods and feasibility of supplying nerve growth factor intraparenchymally to the human brain. Possible implications with respect to other growth factors, particularly Glial cell‐line Derived Neurotrophic factor (GDNF) are discussed.
Movement disorders in ischemic stroke: clinical study of 22 patients
Authors: D'Olhaberriague L. , Arboix A. , Martí‐Vilalta J.L. , Moral A. , Massons J. 
Published: January 2011

Movement disorders (bemichorea‐hemiballismus, hemidystonia and isolated tremor) are an uncommon clinical manifestation in ischemic stroke (IS), and their anatomical basis is poorly understood. We analyzed the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of 22 consecutive patients who bad movement disorders associated with cerebral infarction (MDCI), studied at four institutions over 8 years. In one institution (from the La Alianza‐Central Hospital of Barcelona Stroke Registry) nine patients with MDCI were identified among 1099 consecutive first ever stroke patients (0.8%) (908 with IS, 1%).Fifteen out of 22 patients (68%) had hemichorea‐hemiballismus, five (23%) hemidystonia and two (9%) isolated tremor. MDCI were more often left sided (n = 15, 68%), being bilateral in one patient (4.5%). A lesion was found on neuroimaging (CT and/or MRI) in 15 patients (68%), in the territory of the posterior cerebral artery (n = 8) and middle cerebral artery (six deep and one superficial). The most commonly involved structure was the thalamus (n = 8, 36.5%). IS subtypes were; presumed lacunar infarcts in 14 patients (64%), atherothrombotic infarcts in two patients (9%), cardioembolic infarcts in two patients (9%) and infarcts of unknown etiology in four patients (18%).Hemichorea‐hemiballismus was the most common type of MDCI in our study, usually being the result of a thalamic infarction. The thalamus was the most frequently damaged structure underlying all types of MDCI. There was a striking propensity of MDCI which resulted from nondominant deep hemispheric small vessel infarctions.
Cerebrospinal fluid‐filtration reduces TNF alpha in bacterial meningitis‐CSF
Authors: Pfausler B. , Grubwieser G. , Bösch S. , Vollert H. , Herald M. , Schmutzhard E. 
Published: January 2011

A 37 year old male was admitted with the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis. Pneumococci were seen in the Gram stain of the cerebrospinal fluid. The clinical condition did not suggest severely raised intracranial pressure, there were no localizing signs and symptoms. CSF was turpid, with 20.100/3/mm3, mainly polymorphonuclear cells. Tumor necrosis factor alpha in CSp was greatly increased with 813 pg/ml. Parallel to the application of intravenous Penicillin G a CSF filtration was carried out. Within 214 h 225 ml CSF were filtrated through a Pall‐filter, using a bidirectional pump. Cell count dropped to 720/3 cells/mm3, TNF‐alpha to 39 pg/ml. The clinical course was uneventful, on day 12 the patient could be discharged without sequelae.CSF filtration may be a highly effective method to reduce from the CSF pathogenetically important cytokines, such as TNF‐alpha, being responsible for intrathecal/meningeal inflammatory processes and triggered by cell‐wall components of bacteria, e.g. pneumococci.
The Problem of Counterfactuals in Substituted Judgement Decision‐Making
Authors: WRIGLEY ANTHONY 
Published: January 2011

abstractThe standard by which we apply decision‐making for those unable to do so for themselves is an important practical ethical issue with substantial implications for the treatment and welfare of such individuals. The approach to proxy or surrogate decision‐making based upon substituted judgement is often seen as the ideal standard to aim for but suffers from a need to provide a clear account of how to determine the validity of the proxy's judgements. Proponents have responded to this demand by providing the truth‐conditions for the substituted judgement in terms of counterfactual reasoning using a possible worlds semantics. In this paper, I show how these underpinnings fail to support the substituted judgement approach as a reasonable standard for decision‐making. Firstly, I show how this counterfactual element has been poorly interpreted. I then explain how various accounts have failed to reflect problems and limitations associated with providing an interpretation of their truth‐conditions using counterfactuals. Finally, I argue that, even when we attend to the initial problems of providing a counterfactual analysis, it still deeply problematic as a means of determining the validity of substituted judgements for two main reasons. Firstly, making determinate judgements as to the truth‐value of these judgements will often not be possible and, secondly, there is a strong requirement when interpreting many counterfactual claims to charitably accede to their being true. I conclude that substituted judgements, as interpreted through counterfactual reasoning and possible worlds semantics, do not therefore provide an adequate standard for surrogate decision‐making.
Feasibility of Using the Omaha System to Represent Public Health Nurse Manager Interventions
Authors: Monsen Karen A. , Newsom Eric T. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Objective: To test the feasibility of representing public health nurse (PHN) manager interventions using a recognized standardized nursing terminology.
Design and Sample: A nurse manager in a Midwest local public health agency documented nurse manager interventions using the Omaha System for 5 months.
Analytic Strategy: The data were analyzed and the results were compared with the results from a parallel analysis of existing PHN intervention data.
Results: Interventions for 79 “clients” (projects, teams, or individuals) captured 76% of recorded work hours, and addressed 43% of Omaha System problems. Most problems were addressed at the “community” level (87.1%) versus the “individual” level (12.9%).
Conclusions: Nursing practice differed between the 2 knowledge domains of public health family home visiting nursing and public health nursing management. Standardized nursing terminologies have the potential to represent, describe, and quantify nurse manager interventions for future evaluation and research.
The effects of long‐term storage of human red blood cells on the glutathione synthesis rate and steady‐state concentration
Authors: Whillier Stephney , Raftos Julia E. , Sparrow Rosemary L. , Kuchel Philip W. 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND: Banked red blood cells (RBCs) undergo changes that reduce their viability after transfusion. Dysfunction of the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant system may be implicated. We measured the rate of GSH synthesis in stored RBCs and applied a model of GSH metabolism to identify storage‐dependent changes that may affect GSH production.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBC units (n = 6) in saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (SAGM) solution were each divided into four transfusion bags and separate treatments were applied: 1) SAGM (control), 2) GSH precursor amino acids, 3) aminoguanidine, and 4) glyoxal. RBCs were sampled during 6 weeks of storage. Rejuvenated RBCs were also analyzed.RESULTS: After 6 weeks, the ATP concentration declined to 50 ± 5.5% (p < 0.05) of that in the fresh RBCs. For control RBCs, the GSH concentration decreased by 27 ± 6.5% (p < 0.05) and the rate of GSH synthesis by 45 ± 8% (p < 0.05). The rate of GSH synthesis in rejuvenated and amino acid–treated RBCs was unchanged after 6 weeks. Modeling identified that the decline in GSH synthesis was due to decreased intracellular substrate concentrations and reduced amino acid transport, secondary to decreased ATP concentration.CONCLUSION: This study has uniquely shown that the glutathione synthesis rate decreased significantly after 6 weeks in stored RBCs. Our results have identified potential opportunities for improvement of banked blood storage.
The Effect of Team‐Based Learning on Student Attitudes and Satisfaction
Authors: Reinig Bruce A. , Horowitz Ira , Whittenburg Gerald E. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTWe examined student attitudes toward a team‐based learning method known as the readiness assurance process encompassing team exams to model how student satisfaction is initially shaped and subsequently changed over time as a function of scholastic performance and perceived development of professional skills (PS). We found that students were generally positively disposed toward the learning method and recognized its benefits in terms of developing teamwork skills. A regression analysis of student responses to an instrument distributed directly after each of four quizzes given over the course of a semester leads to the inferences that satisfaction with the method depends minimally upon the immediate feedback provided by student performance on a quiz and more critically upon student perceptions of how it has enhanced their PS. There is also shown to be a strong carryover effect in satisfaction with the method in successive uses. The results suggest that student attitudes are shaped by multiple, high‐level goals, and not just scholastic performance. The study also evidences the need to study learning interventions over multiple uses rather than through a one‐shot design.
Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia
Authors: Carreau Aude , Hafny‐Rahbi Bouchra El , Matejuk Agata , Grillon Catherine , Kieda Claudine 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Oxygen partial pressure measurement
What does tumour hypoxia mean?
Small molecules and hypoxia
What does physioxia mean?
Cellular and molecular consequences of physioxia versus normoxia and hypoxia
Conclusion

Oxygen supply and diffusion into tissues are necessary for survival. The oxygen partial pressure (pO2), which is a key component of the physiological state of an organ, results from the balance between oxygen delivery and its consumption. In mammals, oxygen is transported by red blood cells circulating in a well‐organized vasculature. Oxygen delivery is dependent on the metabolic requirements and functional status of each organ. Consequently, in a physiological condition, organ and tissue are characterized by their own unique ‘tissue normoxia’ or ‘physioxia’ status. Tissue oxygenation is severely disturbed during pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, etc., which are associated with decrease in pO2, i.e. ‘hypoxia’. In this review, we present an array of methods currently used for assessing tissue oxygenation. We show that hypoxia is marked during tumour development and has strong consequences for oxygenation and its influence upon chemotherapy efficiency. Then we compare this to physiological pO2 values of human organs. Finally we evaluate consequences of physioxia on cell activity and its molecular modulations. More importantly we emphasize the discrepancy between in vivo and in vitro tissue and cells oxygen status which can have detrimental effects on experimental outcome. It appears that the values corresponding to the physioxia are ranging between 11% and 1% O2 whereas current in vitro experimentations are usually performed in 19.95% O2, an artificial context as far as oxygen balance is concerned. It is important to realize that most of the experiments performed in so‐called normoxia might be dangerously misleading.