bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of jellyfish stings reported to summer health centres in the Salento peninsula (Italy)
Authors: De Donno Antonella , Idolo Adele , Bagordo Francesco 
Published: May 2009

Background:  The presence of jellyfish along coasts constitutes a potentially serious public health problem because of the toxic effects of contact with them.Objective:  To determine the epidemiology of jellyfish stings in the Province of Lecce, Italy, in 2007.Methods:  The study involved the gathering and processing of data on patients seeking medical treatment at summer first aid centres and hospitals along the coast of Salento following contact with jellyfish.Results:  In 2007, 446 bathers sought medical assistance following contact with jellyfish. The spatial distribution indicates a greater frequency of stings sustained along the Adriatic coast, while the time analysis shows patterns related to wind direction. Most of the injuries were seen in persons aged between 1 and 10 years and in females. In 24% of cases, injuries were sustained to several parts of the body, while single injuries were mainly to the lower limbs (33%). In 4.9% of cases, there were complications, including one case of anaphylactic shock.Conclusion:  In the light of the significant level of medical assistance provided, there is a need to identify suitable strategies that will guarantee the best response in terms of both prevention and treatment.
Long‐term Administration of Rapamycin Reduces Adiposity, but Impairs Glucose Tolerance in High‐Fat Diet‐fed KK/HlJ Mice
Authors: Chang Geng‐Ruei , Wu Ying‐Ying , Chiu Yi‐Shin , Chen Wen‐Ying , Liao Jiunn‐Wang , Hsu Hong‐Ming , Chao Te‐Hsin , Hung Siu‐Wan , Mao Frank Chiahung 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Rapamycin is an immunosuppressant drug used to prevent organ rejection in transplant patients. In this study, we investigated the metabolic effects of rapamycin in an obese animal model, KK/HlJ mice. Mice were treated with a daily intraperitoneal injection of rapamycin at 2 mg/kg or vehicle for 42 days on a high‐fat diet. Treated mice lost body weight and adiposity, reduced weight gain and retroperitoneal and epididymal fat pads/body weight, decreased serum leptin and plasma triglyceride levels and had lower liver fat concentration. However, treated mice had higher serum insulin levels and food intake. Dissection of rapamycin‐treated mice revealed a marked reduction in fatty liver scores and fat cell size in retroperitoneal and epididymal adipocytes. Moreover, Western blot analysis revealed that rapamycin treatment resulted in decreasing adipophilin expression, as a marker of lipid accumulation, and reducing phosphorylation of mTOR downstream targets S6K1 compared to control group. Unfortunately, rapamycin‐treated animals showed a marked decline in glucose tolerance as judged by the 180‐min. area under the curve for plasma glucose levels, paralleled by increased generation of plasma reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that continual rapamycin administration may help to prevent diet‐induced obesity, while prolonged use of rapamycin may exacerbate glucose intolerance.
Effects of Embelin on Lipid Peroxidation and Free Radical Scavenging Activity against Liver Damage in Rats
Authors: Singh Dharmendra , Singh Ruchi , Singh Pahup , Gupta Radhey S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract: The study aimed to evaluate the hepatic antioxidant capacity of embelin (from Embelia ribes) using different antioxidant tests, free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation in albino rats. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treatment to rats has been more susceptible to peroxidative damage through production of reactive metabolites, namely trichloromethyl‐free radicals (CCl?3 and/or CCl3OO?) as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive species. After the induction of liver damage by CCl4 intoxication to rats, the concentration of lipid peroxidation was significantly (P ≤ 0.001) higher in liver and serum, along with concomitant decrease in the levels of antioxidants and cytochrome P450 enzyme in liver as compared to vehicle controls. The activities of marker enzymes – transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) – along with the total bilirubin and total protein levels were altered significantly (P ≤ 0.001) in the serum of CCl4‐treated rats. When these rats received embelin orally (25 mg/kg) from day 1 to day 15, peroxidative damage was minimal in both liver and serum along with effectively inducing the antioxidant potential in CCl4‐treated rats. The biochemical results were compared with the standard drug silymarin – a combination of flavonolignans of Silybum marianum and histology of liver sections. In conclusion, this study suggests that embelin acts as a natural antioxidant against hepatotoxicity induced in rats.
Poor Glycemic Control is a Significant Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Tsujimoto Yoshihiro , Ishimura Eiji , Tahara Hideki , Kakiya Ryuusuke , Koyama Hidenori , Emoto Masanori , Shoji Tetsuo , Inaba Masaaki , Kishimoto Hiroshi , Tabata Tsutomu , Nishizawa Yoshiki 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe investigated the impact of glycemic control on the emergence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetic patients who were on maintenance hemodialysis in a prospective observational study. One hundred and thirty‐four diabetic hemodialysis patients (63 ± 10 years‐old, hemodialysis duration of 4.5 ± 3.9 years) at a single dialysis center were enrolled. The cohort was observed prospectively for 5 years, and the emergence of fatal and non‐fatal CVD was recorded. Patients were categorized into two groups; good (mean hemoglobin (Hb) A1C <7.0%, N = 65) and poor HbA1C (mean HbA1C ≥7.0%, N = 69). The relationship between glycemic control and CVD emergence was evaluated by Kaplan‐Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazard models. During the follow‐up period, 50 CVD events were observed. The cumulative CVD incidence in the poor HbA1C group was significantly higher than that of the good HbA1C group, as determined by Kaplan‐Meier estimation (P = 0.0250, log‐rank test). After adjustment for gender, age, duration of dialysis, and past history of CVD, a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model showed that poor HbA1C was a significant predictor of CVD events (hazards ratio [HR] 1.828 [95% CI, 1.008–3.314], P = 0.0470). When ischemic heart disease, cerebral infarction, and arteriosclerosis obliterans were determined as an endpoint, both HbA1C levels and the poor HbA1C group were significant predictors for the emergence of CVD (HR 1.269 per 1% HbA1C [95%CI, 1.022–1.574], P = 0.0307,and HR 2.816 [95% CI, 1.377–5.759], P = 0.0046, respectively). In diabetic hemodialysis patients, poor glycemic control is a significant, independent predictor of the emergence of CVD, indicating the importance of careful management of glycemic control in hemodialysis patients.
Housing Wealth, Financial Wealth and Consumption in China
Authors: Chen Jie , Guo Feng , Zhu Aiyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe paper investigates the relationship between changes in asset wealth and the trend movements of household consumption in urban China. Using the vector error correction cointegration model, we demonstrate that there is a unique long‐run cointegrating relationship between household consumption, disposable income, financial wealth and housing wealth in urban China. We find that housing wealth is the only factor that restores the long‐run equilibrium relationship when the cointegrated system is disturbed by an external shock. In addition, our permanent–transitory variance decomposition analysis indicates that nearly all variance in the movement of consumption is permanent, supporting the classical random walk hypothesis of consumption behavior. However, a large proportion of variance in the short‐run movements of housing wealth is found to be transitory.
Impact of Foreign Bank Entry on the Performance of Chinese Banks
Authors: Shen Chung‐Hua , Lu Chin‐Hwa , Wu Meng‐Wen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study investigates how foreign bank/investor penetrations influence local bank performance in China. At the country level, foreign bank penetration is proxied by MacroFP, measured by the percentage of banks with foreign strategic investors (FSI) among total banks. At the bank level, foreign bank penetration is proxied by MicroFP, measured by the percentage shareholding of FSI in a bank. When foreign bank penetration is proxied by MacroFP, it is found to improve the profitability of local banks but not to reduce costs. Next, when foreign bank penetration is proxied by MicroFP, it is found to affect neither profitability nor costs. In sum, the present study demonstrates that the opening‐up policy is correct from a macro perspective. However, for banks that have introduced FSI, determining the reasons for improvements in performance being inhibited is more important than releasing more shares to foreign investors.
Quality assurance audit: A prospective non‐randomised trial of chemotherapy and radiotherapy for osteolymphoma (TROG 99.04/ALLG LY02)*
Authors: Christie D , Le T , Watling K , Cornes D , O’Brien P , Hitchins R 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA quality assurance (QA) audit of the Trans Tasman Radiation Oncology Group and Australasian Lymphoma and Leukaemia Group trial (TROG 99.04/ALLG LY02) began after accrual of 25 patients. The trial is a prospective non‐randomized study of standard treatment for osteolymphoma. Data relating to informed consent, eligibility, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were reviewed. The audit showed a relatively low level of major variations from the protocol, with an overall rate of 3.6%. As this trial has accrued slowly over a long period, the concept of QA has also developed. Amendments were made to the protocol accordingly. In the future, QA procedures should be predetermined, conducted rapidly in real time, and appropriately funded in order to be relevant to the ongoing conduct of the trial.
The dental application of electroformed pure gold. I. Porcelain jacket crown technique*
Authors: Rogers Olbert W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— the use of gold electroforms provides (1) a porcelain jacket crown and adaptable gold margin; (2) a matrix for porcelain inlays; (3) an adaptable margin for cast ceramic bonded to metal crowns or abutments.Further, by the application of electrodeposited tin to the gold, excellent bonding of porcelain occurs. This system can be used advantageously as a substrate for bonding porcelain to metals.
The strength of fifteen amalgam alloys
Authors: Bryant Roland W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— —The compressive and tensile (by diametral compression) strengths of amalgams prepared from fifteen conventional and higher copper alloys are compared and the rate at which these amalgams develop strength is investigated.Alloys of the single melt high copper type generally possess the greatest strength at all times of testing. The amalgams tend to achieve maximum tensile strength more rapidly than maximum compressive strength. The major increase in strength takes place between one hour and one day.
The treatment of some disorders of the maxillo‐mandibular apparatus. II. Osteo‐arthritis
Authors: Griffin C. J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the diagnosis and treatment of three cases of osteo‐arthritis and one case of potential osteo‐arthritis of the temporomandibular joint complex. Diagnosis was based on tomography of the joint, radiology of the nasal fossae, and in certain cases electrodiagnosis. All cases showed asymmetrically positioned or displaced condyles. Electrodiagnosis showed inordinately long open‐close‐clench (OCC) cycles, suppressed or incomplete jaw opening reflexes, and an inordinately prolonged duration of elevator muscle contraction prior to initial tooth contact (DMC). Signs of the maxillo‐septal syndrome were present in three, and it is emphasized that this syndrome usually formed the basis for TMJ pathosis. Treatment consisted of occlusal splints to reposition the mandibular condyles, and in one case rapid maxillary expansion (RME) to unlock the bite.
Xerostomia—a complication of ageing*
Authors: Ettinger Ronald L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews the physiological and histological changes in salivary glands associated with ageing and concludes that there is no evidence to show that xerostomia is likely to result from the ageing process alone. The signs and symptoms of xerostomia are discussed. The four main factors causing xerostomia are presented and it can be seen that the condition is a side effect of diseases and the drugs used to treat these diseases. A multifaceted approach to treating xerostomia is presented and illustrated with case histories.
Silica bonded investment and diatomite
Authors: Stevens L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSome effects of the addition of a diatomite product to a silica bonded investment were investigated. The expansion of moulds made from the diatomite product was compared with that of gypsum bonded cristobalite investment moulds. Attention is drawn to the possible use of diatomite as a source of cristobalite for investments.
The rationale for the indication and design off the MOD inlay
Authors: Kayser A. F. , Battistuzzi P. G. F. C. M. , Snoek P. A. , Spanauf A. J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractModern preventive measures enable an occlusion based approach in the design of an MOD inlay. Treatment planning should require control of the caries problem and institution of sound oral hygiene before any permanent cast restoration is provided. Because of stress developing from occlusal forces being translated into a wedge action fracture of the crown weakened by cavity preparation is enhanced. When inlay restorations are indicated preference should be given to partial coverage of the crown.
Dental health of children in Australia 1977–1980
Authors: Carr L. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An extensive programme was begun in 1977 to assess annually the dental health of school children aged four to thirteen years examined by the school dental services in each State and Territory. This report is based on 1,858,439 dental examinations.In the period 1977 to 1980, the number of DIMF teeth per child was reduced by 26.9 per cent while the oral hygiene index was reduced by 15 per cent. An association was demonstrated between dental caries and oral hygiene. The continuing and substantial reduction in dental caries highlights the need for long‐term manpower planning.
Infant feeding patterns1
Authors: Hocking B. M. , Campbell M. J. A. , Storey E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The feeding patterns of 437 infants, aged less than 1 month to 12 months, were studied by interview and questionnaire in 11 Maternal Child Health Centres of the Melbourne City Council.Ninety‐nine mothers had never breast fed, 146 breast fed for less than 5 months. The major additives to formula, drinks and to dummies were a wide range of sweetening agents including sucrose, honey, syrups, and vitamin C preparations. Some mothers tasted the drinks and food to adjust to their own taste. Older mothers consumed less sugar themselves and gave less to the child. Lone mothers used more additives than married ones. With the introduction of solid foods, salt or salt‐containing preparations increased to form 60 per cent of the additives used. There was a trend to more sweetened additives in some ethnic groups. Most mothers were aware of the dental hazards of sugar.
The dental health of children eight and fifteen years of age living in Bunbury, Western Australia
Authors: Medcalf G. W. , O'Grady M. J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The City of Bunbury (population 22 000) is the only major centre in Western Australia which is not fluoridated. Unsupplemented eight‐year‐old children had on average 2.7 more deciduous teeth affected by caries than students of the same age from fluoridated areas and those aged fifteen years had 2.2 more permanent surfaces affected.Their restorative treatment need was 43 per cent greater than that of children of the same age living in fluoridated areas.
The effect of long‐wave ultraviolet radiation on gingival Langerhans cells
Authors: Hogarth Anne‐Maree , Newcomb Guy M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— This study shows that the use of ultraviolet light polymerizing devices in dentistry does have some affect upon the gingiva.The labial gingiva and alveolar mucosa of albino rats were subjected to a single 5 min dose of radiation from either a polymerizing device which emits some ultraviolet irradiation or one which emits only visible light. In both cases a total dose of 20 J/cm2 was used. The tissue was then examined histologically at various time intervals after irradiation.Negligible changes could be detected in H & E sections, however ATPase activity and Langerhans cell morphology were considerably altered in the Uvio‐Visio specimens in comparison to the Prisma and control specimens. The changes appeared to be reversible although they had not completely returned to normal after one week.It is also shown in this study that the use of rubber dam reduced the exposure of the soft tissues to ultraviolet light by 90 per cent.
γ2 phase in conventional dental amalgams — discrete clumps or continuous network? A review
Authors: Bryant R. W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Six different types of sources of evidence are examined to study the controversy of whether the γ2 phase in conventional dental amalgams occurs in discrete clumps or as a continuous network.Evidence obtained from corrosion studies, volume‐fraction analysis studies and amalgam microstructure studies and evidence associated with the alloy type, the structure of the γ2 phase and manipulative techniques are investigated.Although, under certain conditions, the γ2 phase may form a continuous network there is evidence to indicate that, using a conventional Ag3Sn‐based alloy and techniques providing adequate mercury removal, the γ2 phase occurs in discrete clumps.
Australian dental practice surveys 1961–1981
Authors: Barnard P. D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The paper presents a summary of trends at intervals over the years 1961–1981 from information collected by surveys with mailed questionnaires of dental practice in Australia. Responses represented approximately 40 per cent of the membership of the Australian Dental Association.The major trends have been an increase in the relative number of dentists, with a wider distribution in the community; increases in the proportions of women, of specialists, partnerships, or salaried dentists in private practice; decrease in the number of working hours and patient appointments per dentist; relative increases in practice expenses; and relative reduction of net incomes of dentists.
The utilization of dental hygienists' services in South Australia
Authors: McIntyre John M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Since their introduction to South Australia in 1971, there has been a steady increase in numbers of dental hygienists, resulting in 59 being registered with the Dental Board in 1980. The means whereby this auxiliary was progressively introduced into the local dental scene are discussed.Dentists who employed hygienists, and the nine hygienists who graduated from the first local training course in 1976, were sent questionnaires designed to investigate the utilization of this auxiliary's skills, their level of job satisfaction, their influence on a practice, and factors influencing their employment.Answers indicate that the introduction of hygienists to South Australia has proceeded very satisfactorily. Furthermore, it is considered that demand for this auxiliary will continue to rise over the next decade.
A mathematical model for the progression of approximal carious lesions through enamel
Authors: Darvell B. W. , Pitts N. B. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Despite many previous studies, no satisfactory account for the progression of approximal enamel caries has been developed to date. A mathematical model is now presented which takes into account the age of the subject as well as the observation period in predicting the proportion of lesions remaining in the enamel. This was developed from an analysis of data from some earlier studies which used radiographic diagnoses.The model has the form of a negative exponential, where the slope term is itself an exponential, second order in age. This fitted equation indices a ‘peak rate’ of progression around 11–13 years of age and an estimated half‐life of about 2.7 years at this peak rate.
Electron microprobe analysis of the γ2 phase in dental amalgam
Authors: Bryant R. W. , Wing G. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The microstructure and composition of the γ2 phase in four conventional lathe‐cut or spherical amalgams were investigated using an electron microprobe.In addition to its presence in the matrix, γ2 phase was found, in lathe‐cut amalgams, in contact with ε (Cu3Sn) phase, separated from γ (Ag‐Sn) phase by a thin band of γ1 phase and, rarely, in direct contact with γ phase, and, in spherical amalgams, within the relict of partly reacted spherical particles. Inclusions of γ, γ1 and Cu‐Sn phase were occasionally identified within regions of γ2 phase. The major element composition of the γ2 phase was similar in all amalgams (83.0 to 83.2 per cent Sn, 17.0 to 16.8 per cent Hg).
Projected grid facial photography
Authors: Fricker John P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A method of analysis of the face is presented incorporating a projected grid with bilateral illumination.The subject is positioned using the natural head position. A mirror is used in front of the camera to establish the visual axis and the subject is then supported in this position using a specially designed head stabilizer.The mirror is then swung away and a photograph taken: a contour photograph results.This may then be used to quantify facial morphology in three dimensions.
Asymmetry of caries attack on the occlusal surfaces of first permanent molar teeth
Authors: Wood P. F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In a retrospective study of the records of 510 final‐grade primary school children, caries experience in the occlusal surfaces of homologous right‐left pairs of first permanent molar teeth was analysed. It was 44.4 per cent of maxillary, and 32.6 per cent of mandibular pairs of surfaces showed unilateral caries experience.The initial caries attack in pairs of surfaces with bilateral caries experience occurred at a significantly earlier age than in the group with unilateral caries experience (p<0.001). In addition, the interval following the initial attack during which the remaining tooth in each pair remained sound was analysed. Highly significant differences were found between the groups with unilateral and bilateral caries experience (p < 0.001). The findings have implications for the design of investigations using the half‐mouth technique.
Pattern of dental caries in 12‐year‐old Sydney schoolchildren
Authors: Craig Graham G. , Burton V. Jean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A determination of the caries pattern in 178 children, 12 years of age, from two high schools in the Northern Metropolitan Health Region in Sydney was made from clinical and radiological examinations. The mean decayed and filled (DF) surfaces score for the group was 2.14 (SD 3.06). No children had teeth missing due to caries.The intra‐oral distribution of DF surfaces was markedly influenced by the caries and restoration status of pits and fissures, particularly those in first permanent molars. When assessed on the basis of surfaces involved, pit and fissure lesions in first permanent molars alone represented 70 per cent of the total DF surfaces score, while pit and fissure lesions overall represented almost 76 per cent of the total.The need for a greater emphasis on the prevention of pit and fissure lesions, including the wider use of pit and fissure sealants, is discussed.