bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric Assessment of Pod Disease in Peanuts: Comparison with Visual Methods and Efficacy of Use in Selection1
Authors: Parker Gregory B. , Smith Olin D. , Grichar W. James 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Colorimetry was evaluated as a method to assess pod disease in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused primarily by Pythium myriotylum Drechs., Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. Data analyzed were from nineteen replicated tests conducted from 1982 to 1987, exclusive of 1985, in three South Texas locations. Each plot was scored for pod disease colorimetrically and visually. A negative linear relationship (R2&gt;96%) was found between Hunter color values (L and b) and percent infection measured visually for samples hand selected to approximate eleven disease levels varying from 0-100%. Variability among readings was less at extremes of infection. Correlation both between visual ratings and between visual and colorimetric ratings was affected by soil differences, pathogens infecting the pods, pod genotype, and level of infection present. Correlation among visual raters was generally higher than that between color value ratings. Two-thirds of the lines in these tests classified visually as being in the best 50% for pod disease were also in the best 50% according to colorimetric scores. Use of colorimetry in conjunction with a single visual rating was estimated to increase efficiency and reduce costs of evaluation compared to multiple visual ratings.
Peanut Weed Control Systems Utilizing RE-408851
Authors: Mueller T. C. , Banks P. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
RE-40885 (5-(methylamino)-2-phenyl-4-3-(trifluoromethyl phenyl)-3(2H)-furanone), a newly developed herbicide with soil and foliar activity, was evaluated for weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogea L.). RE-40885 applied to the soil or foliage provided excellent Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum (Sw.) DC.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.) control at rates of 0.56 to 1.12 kg ai/ha. Sequential applications of RE-40885 were needed to achieve &gt; 90% sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) control. Texas panicum (Panicum texanum Buckl.) was not adequately controlled by any of the RE-40885 treatments evaluated. Peanuts were not injured by RE-40885 at any of the evaluated rates or application times. The combination of RE-40885 and 2,4-DB applied early postemergence improved sicklepod control 8 weeks after planting when compared to either RE-40885 or 2,4-DB applied alone. The combination of R E-40885 and alachlor applied at peanut emergence improved morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) control 8 weeks after planting and increased peanut yield when compared to either applied alone. All treatments containing RE-40885 resulted in peanut yields that were significantly better than nontreated weedy control plots.
Intrarow Seed Spacing Effects on Morphological Characteristics, Yield, Grade and Net Value of Five Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Mozingo R. W. , Steele J. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) producers in the Virginia-Carolina production area have not adopted row spacings closer than the conventional 91.4 cm. Seeding rates at this row width must be adequate, but not excessive, to maximize net value. With the recent development of new cultivars with different growth habits, this study was conducted to determine the effect of intrarow seed spacing on morphological characteristics, yield, grade, gross value, and net value for five cultivars currently available to growers. The cultivars Florigiant, NC 6, NC 7, Virginia 81 Bunch (VA 81B), and NC 9 were seeded at intrarow spacings of 5.1, 7.6, 10.2, and 15.2 cm in a 3-year field study at the Tidewater Agricultural Experiment Station, Suffolk, Virginia, from 1984 to 1986. Plots consisted of two rows 3.0 m long with interrow spacing of 91.4 cm for all treatments. A split plot design with five replications was used. Generally, main stems were taller and cotyledonary lateral branches were longer with closer intrarow seed spacings. The number of pods/plant decreased and number of pods/m of row increased with closer intrarow spacings. Seed spacings had little effect on the grade characteristics of the five cultivars, except that NC 6 had the greatest percentages of sound mature kernels and total meat at the 10.2-cm spacing, while Florigiant had the greatest percentage of total meat at the 15.2-cm spacing. For the spacings studies, pod yield increased with closer intrarow seed spacings. All cultivars had significantly greater yields at the 5.1-cm spacing than the 15.2-cm spacing. Net value (gross value minus seed cost) was not significantly different among intrarow seed spacings for four of the five cultivars studied. The exception was VA 81B which had a significantly greater net value at 5.1- and 7.6-cm seed spacings than at wider spacings. This study showed that yields generally increase with closer intrarow seed spacing; however, net value may not increase.
Soil Temperature Effects on Free Carbohydrate Concentrations in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seed1
Authors: McMeans J. L. , Sanders T. H. , Wood B. W. , Blankenship P. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Research has indicated that variation in the mean soil temperature of only a few degrees results in quality differences of peanut seed. The importance of the carbohydrate-amino acid interaction in the development of roasted peanut flavor and color is well documented. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of controlled field soil temperatures on free carbohydrates in commercially sized peanut seed. Florunner peanuts were grown in 5.48 × 12.19 m plots. Soil temperatures were modified from 28 days after planting to produce mean temperatures warmer (28.8 C) and cooler (21.7 C) than ambient (24.5 C) at the 5.0 cm depth in 1982 and 28.2, 22.5, and 25.8 C, respectively, in 1983. Carbohydrates were determined by gas chromatography. Sucrose concentrations decreased significantly as accumulated heat units and seed size increased. In general, fructose, glucose, and raffinose concentrations followed the same trends. The carbohydrate differences found in sized seed were similar to those found among maturity stages from each soil temperature treatment. The data indicate that seed carbohydrate concentrations decrease with higher soil temperature.
Apparent Sap Velocity in Peanut Genotypes Under Control and Stress Conditions1
Authors: Ketring D. L. , Erickson P. I. , Stone J. F. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In order to sustain plant growth and hydration, water must be continuously supplied to the leaf as it is lost by transpiration. This becomes especially difficult under low soil moisture conditions. The objective of this investigation was to compare peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for their ability to maintain water supply to leaves by measuring apparent sap velocity (Va) under water stress conditions. Va was determined by the thermoelectric heat pulse method. Three genotypes (Chico, Florunner, and PI 355993) that differed in rooting traits were studied in the greenhouse. Plants were grown in fritted clay in PVC tubes (10.2 cm inside diameter and 76.2 cm in length). Six genotypes, including Chico and PI 355993, were studied in the field. Soil type was Teller sandy loam (fine, mixed, thermic, Udic Argiustoll). Under control conditions in the greenhouse and irrigated conditions in the field, Va ranged from about 0.8 to 1.1 cm/min for all genotypes. As water was withheld, Va declined with time in the greenhouse and was significantly lower under rainfed (-0.25 MPa soil potential) than irrigated (-0.10MPa soil potential) conditions in the field. Significant genotypic differences were found in both greenhouse and field experiments. Chico maintained the highest Va ratio (stress Va/control Va) in the greenhouse. PI 404021, Chico, and PI 355993 showed the least reduction (20, 26, and 29%, respectively) in Va under rainfed conditions in the field. Thus, the data are indicative of differences among peanut genotypes in maintaining Va under stress conditions. Knowledge of Va could be useful in determining relationships between root activity, soil water content, and water uptake and in selecting genotypes for inclusion in breeding programs to develop cultivars that avoid drought stress.
Utility of Early Generation Diallel Analysis for Predicting Parental Potential for Yield and Yield Components in Peanuts1
Authors: Holbrook C. Corley 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Accurate identification of promising parents is crucial for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar development. The objectives of this study were to (1) determine the combining ability for yield and yield components of six genetically diverse peanut cultivars, (2) examine the relationship between F1 diallel analysis predictions and performance in subsequent generations, and (3) determine if parental performance per se could be used to identify desirable parents. Six peanut cultivars were selected to represent a wide range of genetic diversity and intermated using a half-diallel mating design. The cultivars included two Spanish market-types, Dixie Spanish and Spancross; two runner market-types, Southeastern Runner 56–15 and Tifrun; and two Virginia market-types, Virginia Runner G26 and Georgia 119–20. Parents and progenies were field evaluated each year at Tifton, GA. The F2 and F3 generations were tested in 1986 and 1987, respectively. Combining ability analysis showed that general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were significant (P &lt; 0.05) for all variables measured. Although SCA remained a significant source of variation in the F3 generation, it accounted for a relatively small portion of the total variation. Tifrun had the greatest GCA effects for plot yield, pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant and seed number per plant. GCA estimates from F1 progeny were not effective in predicting performance in subsequent generations. Parental performance per se was highly correlated with performance across cross combinations in the F2 and F3 generations. GCA estimates from F2 and F3 progeny provided little information not available from simply examining parental performance.
Ovipositional Preference and Larval Establishment of the Indian Meal Moth and Almond Moth on Selected Peanut Genotypes1
Authors: Kashyap R. K. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Thirty-nine selected peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes from a diverse germplasm collection with known resistance and susceptibility to preharvest insects were tested in the laboratory for postharvest resistance to the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and the almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker). After the initial test the number of genotypes was reduced to 20 to reduce duplication of pedigree and omit some of the genotypes with intermediate resistance. Additional data were collected from the 20 genotypes on ovipositional preference and larval establishment on shelled and unshelled (farmers stock) peanuts.
Genotypes with resistance to moth species included NC 6, GP-NC 343 × NC 5, PI 467307, NC 7 × NC 10247, GP-NC 343 × NC 17367 and breeding line 10-P10-B1-B1-B1-B1-B2. Resistance to preharvest and postharvest insect complexes suggest some common chemicals may be present in the green crop and the harvested seed that elicit ovipositional response.
Inheritance of Fatty Acid Content in Peanut Oil1
Authors: Mercer L. C. , Wynne J. C. , Young C. T. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The stability or shelf-life of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) oil is related to the fatty acid content of the oil, with the major factor being the ratio of oleic (C18:1) to linoleic (C18:2) acid (O/L ratio). To obtain information needed for development of cultivars with improved oil quality, eight parents representing a range in oleic and linoleic content were crossed in diallel. Individual F1 seeds (F1 embryos) from the greenhouse and F2 bulk seed from the 56 crosses grown in the field were analyzed to determine levels of the eight major fatty acids. General combining ability (GCA) was consistently more important than specific combining ability (SCA) in both generations, suggesting that additive effects are important in the inheritance of fatty acid composition. Maternal effects were significant in the F1 but dissipated in the F2; thus the differences in the environment provided by the maternal parent was more critical to oil composition than heritable extranuclear factors. Reciprocal effects were significant in both generations suggesting an interaction between nuclear and extranuclear factors. Correlations between GCA effects and self means for O/L ratio were nonsignificant. Since no significant correlations were found between percent oil and any of the fatty acids or related variables, selection for improved fatty acid composition should not affect the oil content of seed. Of the lines studied, NC 7, NC-Fla 14, and 73–30 should be used as parents in a breeding program for oil quality.
Hand-Tripped Flowers Promote Seed Production in Arachis lignosa, a Wild Peanut1
Authors: Banks Donald J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In trials conducted in the greenhouse, growth chamber, and outdoors, no pegs or pods were produced when A. lignosa (Chod. et Hassl.) Krap. et Greg. nom. nud. plants were allowed to pollinate naturally. However, hand tripping flowers, especially in the greenhouse, resulted in significant increases in pod production. The results suggest that the high degree of reproductive sterility usually noted for A. lignosa in culture is due to pollination failure rather than to physiological self incompatibility. The somewhat truncated shape of the stigma and its elevated position relative to the anthers probably restricts natural self-pollination without the aid of pollinating vectors such as bees.
Relationship of Seed Mass to Oil and Protein Contents in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)1
Authors: Dwivedi S. L. , Jambunathan R. , Nigam S. N. , Raghunath K. , Shankar K. Ravi , Nagabhushanam G. V. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seed mass, oil and protein contents are important quality traits in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Sixty-four genotypes were grown for four seasons to study genetic variation and character association between these three traits. Graded seed samples of 33 genotypes were further studied for possible variation within genotype among grades for oil and protein contents. No significant association of seed mass with percent oil or protein contents was observed among the 64 genotypes. However, oil and protein contents were significantly negatively associated. Oil content variation within a genotype showed a significant linear increase as the seed mass increased in the graded samples, but no such relationship was observed with protein content. Genotypes with desirable traits for confectionery and/or oil types were identified and may be used for germplasm enhancement.
Interaction of Curing Temperature and Inherent Maturity Distributions on Descriptive Flavor of Commercial Grade Sizes of Florunner Peanuts1
Authors: Sanders Timothy H. , Blankenship Paul D. , Vercellotti John R. , Crippen Karen L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Windrow-dried Florunner peanuts were harvested and then cured with ambient air (maximum 35 C), ambient +8.4 C increase, and ambient +16.8 C increase in commercial drying operations. Peanuts from the drying wagons were stored inshell as farmers stock or shelled and then cold stored approximately five months before sensory evaluation. A panel trained in peanut flavor descriptive analysis evaluated peanuts from all commercial grade sizes which had been roasted to similar color. Differences between cold- and farmers stock-stored peanuts were not statistically significant and data were thus combined. Curing treatments produced differences in descriptive terms roasted peanutty, fruity fermented and sour. Fruity fermented intensity was noticeably higher in the medium and No. 1 grade sizes from the higher curing temperatures and roasted peanutty decreased in the No. 1 grade with increasing temperature. Significant differences in intensity of seven descriptors were consistently found among the grades within each curing treatment. For each of these descriptors as size decreased, intensity of desirable flavor descriptors decreased and intensity of off-flavor descriptors increased.
Computerized System to Quantify Aflatoxin Using Thin Layer Chromatography1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Slate A. B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A microcomputer was interfaced to an instrument (spotmeter) previously designed to measure the fluorescent intensity of aflatoxin spots on thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates. Software was developed that uses a cubic regression equation to describe the relationships between the spotmeter readings and the known quantities of aflatoxin in standard spots on TLC plates. The regression technique also provides methods to detect spotting and/or measurement errors. Based on the regression equation and measurements of sample extract spots on the same TLC plate, the system computes and records the amount of aflatoxin in the sample extract spots and the concentration of aflatoxin that was in the extracted sample. The percent error associated with computed amounts of aflatoxin in sample extract spots is affected by the amount of aflatoxin in the sample extract spots and standard spots on the plate. The average percent error ranged from 14.9% for a 2.6 ng spot of 4.1% for a 13 ng spot.
Characterization of the Resistance to Meloidogyne arenaria in an Interspecific Arachis Spp. Hybrid1
Authors: Starr J. L. , Schuster G. L. , Simpson C. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Seedlings of TP-135, an interspecific hybrid derived from four Arachis spp. and resistant to Meloidogyne arenaria race 1, and the susceptible cultivar Tamnut 74 were inoculated with 2,500 freshly hatched juveniles of M. arenaria. Plants were harvested at 7, 14, 21, and 35 days after inoculation (DAI) and the roots treated with acid fuchsin to stain infecting nematodes. Adult females with eggs were detected in roots of Tamnut 74 at 21 DAI, producing 1,395 eggs/g roots at 35 DAI. Most nematodes remained as second-stage juveniles and no nematode was observed to develop beyond the third or fourth juvenile stage in roots of TP-135 by 35 DAI. In other experiments, seedlings of Tamnut 74 and root cuttings of TP-135 were each inoculated separately with 3,000 eggs of 10 geographically diverse populations of M. arenaria race 1. All populations of the nematode had greater (P = 0.01) reproduction on Tamnut 74 than on TP-135. Based on these data, we conclude that although the mechanism of resistance in TP-135 to M. arenaria is most similar to that of the wild species A. cardenasii, it is not identical to that of any of the nematode-resistant parental species. Furthermore, we believe that the resistance will be effective against a range of populations of the nematode.
Influence of Maturity and Fruit Yield on Susceptibility of Peanut to Cercosporidium personatum (Late Leafspot Pathogen)1
Authors: Miller I. L. , Norden A. J. , Knauft D. A. , Gorbet D. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A positive relationship between both low pod yield and late maturity of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with resistance to leafspot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk & Curt.) Deighton) has been observed in breeding material and germplasm. To study this association, three peanut genotypes (Early Bunch, Florunner, and Dixie Runner) varying in maturity and yield potential were grown both with and without fungicide spray. Lower yield and later maturity treatments were further imposed on these genotypes through floral bud removal. Removal of floral buds resulted in less leafspot injury, as measured by lesion number per leaf or by a leaf retention score. There was a significant cultivar × treatment interaction. Removal of floral buds significantly reduced pod yield for Early Bunch. The use of chlorothalonil improved yields for Early Bunch and Florunner, but not for Dixie Runner. The proportion of sound mature kernels was increased in Florunner and decreased in Early Bunch by the floral bud removal treatment with no fungicide. Trends for yield of sound mature kernels were similar to those of pod yields. The improved resistance, delayed maturity, and lower yield of treatments with floral bud removal may explain the association noted among three traits in breeding material.
Characterization of Lesser Cornstalk Borer Injury to the Root-Hypocotyl Region of Peanut Plants1
Authors: Mack T. P. , Buckelew L. D. , Peterson C. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), larval injury to the root-hypocotyl region of greenhouse-reared ‘Florunner’ peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., plants was investigated by determining the size and distribution of feeding sites. The percent injury to periderm, cortex, phloem, and xylem tissues also was estimated. Tissue loss due to insect feeding was measured for only the most prominent of several wound sites on each stem axis. Percent injury to principal tissues was estimated by planimetric methods.
The lesser cornstalk borer caused significant injury to the periderm, cortex, and the phloem on mainstems of peanut plants. Mean percent injury was 31.67% for the periderm and cortex, 16.78% for phloem, and only 0.19% for the xylem. Approximately 91% of all feeding sites occurred on the mainstem or were contiguous with the mainstem and a branch. The frequently of plants with feeding sites declined linearly with increasing number of sites. These data support the hypothesis that root growth declines with increasing larval injury to phloem and xylem (food and water conducting tissues, respectively) in the root-hypocotyl region.
Sensitivity of Rhizoctonia solani isolates to fungicides and evaluation of peanut cultivars to Rhizoctonia limb rot1
Authors: Barnes J. S. , Csinos A. S. , Branch W. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Twenty-one isolates were made from typical Rhizoctonia limb rot lesions of Florunner peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and one each from a peanut pod and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.). Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were characterized for sensitivity to three sterol-inhibiting fungicides, PCNB and chlorothalonil. Diniconazole, cyproconazole, and tebuconazole were the most effective inhibitors of radial growth, with a mean EC50 of 0.028, 0.056, and 0.166 μg/μL, respectively. EC50s for PCNB and chlorothalonil were 4.06 and 4.85 μg/mL, respectively. A technique to reproduce the disease in the greenhouse was developed and used to evaluate 18 peanut cultivars for resistance to limb inoculation with R. solani. NC 6, NC 7, New Mexico Valencia A, and Florunner were the most susceptible cultivars based on lesion length. Wounding before inoculation resulted in significantly increased lesion length for 15 of 18 cultivars. In a three-year (1986–88) field trial, NC 6, Florigiant, and NC 7 were the most susceptible cultivars, while VA 81B and Toalson appeared to be the most resistant.