bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4QSa (4Q255)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSa of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSe (4Q259 & 4Q319)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSe of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
4QSi (4Q263)
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on 4QSi of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
11Q29
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a transcription, translation, notes, and commentary on 11Q29 of the Rule of the Association. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.
Wales in England, 1914-1945
Authors: Ugolini Wendy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Wales in England 1914–1945: A Social, Cultural, and Military History unearths a vast array of English people with parental, ancestral, diasporic, affinity, affective, and elective connections with Wales in the first half of the twentieth century for whom a sense of ‘Welshness’ held meaning. It considers the ways in which Welshness was imagined, performed, and self-fashioned in England in the period from 1914 to 1945 and argues that this diasporic construction of Welshness held a wide urban appeal which had significant implications for military enlistment, cultural production, suburban transculturality, and commemorative practices. In particular, it addresses the heightened expression of dual identifications with both Wales and England during the First World War and Second World War, making use of individual English Welsh case studies from the worlds of art, literature, politics, and soldiering. It argues that, for English men and women of Welsh origin, the idea of being in some part ‘Welsh’ both informed and reaffirmed their own understanding of what it meant to ‘be British.’
Welshness as Masquerade
Authors: Ugolini Wendy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
‘Welshness as Masquerade’ addresses the notion of masquerade, or the use of Welshness to mask Englishness, with the life story of the author Richard Llewellyn providing the primary case study. It also engages with other examples of elective Welshness: Owen Rhoscomyl, Naomi Royde-Smith, and William Emrys Williams, who, at various moments, masked their English roots, by implying that they were born in Wales. Rather than dismissing these cultural figures as imposters, this chapter explores the intersections between their assertions of Welsh identity and understandings of the authentic self. These case studies serve to underline the historical tensions between understandings of Welshness as a ‘territorialised assumption of identity’ and as a pluralist diasporic identity upon which claims of authenticity and belonging could be made. Finally, this chapter argues that Llewellyn was embraced as a cultural representative of transnational Welshness within a wider British imperial nation during the Second World War.
Environment and Climate Change
Authors: Al-Sarihi Aisha 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the early stages of environmental protection were mainly focused on enhancing agricultural production and water management. Economic advancement, increasing standards of living, and low prices of electricity, water, and fuel provisions resulted in unintended consequences of unsustainable patterns of energy consumption, making Saudi Arabia not only affected by the impacts of climate change but a contributor to it, being one of the world’s top emitters of carbon emissions on a per capita basis. The author reveals that a tangible alignment between economic development, the environment, and climate change requires an enhancement of human, technical, and financial resources. The chapter concludes that, despite the ongoing efforts, the Kingdom still performs below the world average in terms of air quality, pollution emissions, biodiversity and habitats, water resources, and climate action, and faces substantial challenges in implementing its environment- and climate-related Sustainable Development Goals.
The Puzzle
Authors: Siniver Asaf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out the main questions of the book. It starts by asking why arbitration is significantly understudied and under-utilized despite its superior record of success compared mediation—the most popular method of peaceful third-party intervention in territorial dispute. This chapter introduces the reasons for the recourse to arbitration and the motivations of states to comply with the arbitration award or defy it. The chapter also introduces the main argument of the book—the reclaiming of the sui generis of arbitration as the only peaceful method of dispute settlement which allows for the consideration of non-legal matters (e.g., historical, political, equity) within a legally binding framework. In other words, it combines the political and the judicial in a unique process that maximizes state choice and autonomy but yields a binding decision. The remaining of the chapter sets out the qualitative comparative methodology applied in the book, and outlines structure of main contributions of the remaining chapters.
The Somewhat Alien
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the somewhat alien. This is what is alien in the present sense but not very different from the familiar. One way in which a language might be alien is simply through having alien tools in addition to the familiar ones: it need not eschew familiar linguistic tools altogether. One way to come up with examples of the somewhat alien is through considering false theories of familiar linguistic phenomena. Such theories may still provide correct descriptions of other phenomena. One example discussed at some length concerns the possibility of alternative reference relations. Toward the end, the chapter discusses how ideas from the discussion of quantifier variance show how languages can be somewhat alien.
Alien Structure and Natural Languages
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
It may be thought that some natural languages are so different from the Western languages that tend to inform theorizing in analytic philosophy that attention to them provides important lessons regarding what alien languages may be like. In his chapter some relevant research and its potential implications are discussed. Special attention is paid to the work of David Gil. The chapter also presents and discusses various attempted characterizations of the major word classes, with an eye to the question of whether these characterizations may be helpful when it comes to the issue of what alien kinds of expressions might be like.
Alien Structure, Language, and Maps
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the relevance of ideas in the philosophy of language and linguistics to the topic of alien languages. The chapter discusses Paul Pietroski’s rejection of standard truth-conditional semantics. It discusses the project of natural language metaphysics, as carried out by for example Friederike Moltmann. It discusses Elisabeth Camp’s claim that maps have a different kind of content from ordinary linguistic representations and do not involve predication. One general point is that what may seem to be differences in content often can turn out to be mere differences in the kind of representational vehicle employed. The chapter also addresses the question of what it is for a language to presuppose a given metaphysics.
This Volcanic Isle
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This Volcanic Isle: The Violent Processes that Forged the British Landscape tells the story of the tectonic and volcanic processes that have formed the British Isles and Ireland since the era of the dinosaurs. The original Albion, which was raised out of the Chalk Sea around 65 million years ago, was a Honshu-sized, densely forested island surrounded by chalk cliffs, with two lines of great volcanoes, which became the site of two trial ‘spreading ridge’ plate boundaries. As southern England became the foothills of the great Pyrenees mountain range and tectonics short-circuited between the Alpine and Norwegian Sea plate boundaries, Devon’s Sticklepath Fault saw several kilometres of displacement and thousands of major earthquakes. While exploring the forging of the British landscape, there are diversions to visit materials formed along the way, from the sarsens used to construct Stonehenge to the Olympic curling stones harvested from a remote Scottish island. Our tour of the evidence also sees several appearances from Charles Darwin in the less familiar role as a geologist, the science-poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, and the mathematician who made a fractal icon out of the west coast of Britain: Benoit Mandelbrot.
Gauge field theory
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we introduce a concept of gauge symmetry, where the symmetry transformation is allowed to depend on a space-time point. The gauge potential is promoted to a dynamical variable. It corresponds to a gauge boson which in the case of electrodynamics is identified with a photon. We shall focus on non-abelian gauge theories which admit finite action solutions: Yang–Mills instantons in four dimensions, and BPS monopoles in three dimensions
Gravitational instantons
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Gravitational instantons are solutions to the four-dimensional Einstein equations in Riemannian signature which give complete metrics and asymptotically ‘look-like’ flat space, in a sense made precise in the chapter. Gravitational instantons cannot usually be analytically continued to Lorentzian signature. They are nevertheless physically relevant as they can allow a semi-classical description of the as-yet-unknown theory of quantum gravity. Our discussion in this chapter focuses on examples of ALF and ALE instantons, and the connection with hyper-Kähler geometry
From the Right to Science as an Epistemic-Cultural Human Right to the Right to Expertise
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
I discuss the Right to Science originally recognised by the United Nations (UN) Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) in 1948 and subsequently embedded in the International Covenant for Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) in 1966 (henceforth abbreviated as REBSP). My aim is twofold. First, I give the philosophical arguments for taking REBSP as an epistemic-cultural human right, namely a right concerning scientific knowledge (episteme in ancient Greek) qua part of wider cultural practices. Second, I articulate a notion of expertise that can do the philosophical heavy-lifting for interpreting REBSP as an epistemic-cultural human right. Drawing on my work on perspectival realism, I present two varieties of inter-perspectival expertise and show how they underpins a Right to Expertise that—I contend—is a natural supplement to the REBSP understood as an epistemic-cultural human right.
Humility for Experts
Authors: Zagzebski Linda 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this paper I investigate the responsibilities of experts towards non-experts. Trust is the critical element in the relationship between experts and the lay public, but there has been a serious decline in public trust in experts in certain fields. In this paper I look at some of the failures of responsibility among experts that damage public trust in them. I then look at recent work on the virtue of intellectual humility, focusing on the work of Whitcomb et al. (2017), who define intellectual humility as the virtue of owning one’s intellectual limitations. They maintain that this virtue underlies a series of behaviors that can be empirically tested. I argue that most of these behaviors directly connect to the responsibilities of experts and their success in reaching the goals of their expert testimony. If it can be demonstrated empirically that these behaviors are linked to a common virtue, we would have good evidence that intellectual humility is a fundamental virtue for the expert.
Expertise-in-Action
Authors: Lavazza Andrea , Giordano James , Farina Mirko 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this essay, we propose the importance of, and need for what we call “expertise in action,” which obligates: (1) explicit and specific epistemic and responsibilist expertise in informing public decisions, and (2) relative transparency about the extent, role, and contribution of any such expertise and guidance. Operating within a structural and functional model of ethics, we assert that specific virtues should be considered as valuable to the exercise of this new kind of expertise. We define and discuss these virtues—including benevolence, fidelity to trust, veracity, intellectual humility, pathos, fortitude, and practical wisdom; and provide a general framework for the education and training of experts-in-action.
Themes and Controversies
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies the key principles and policies which affect the operation and structure of the Law of Restitution and also how their application varies depending on the principle upon which the restitutionary claim is founded. It considers the relevance of fault to restitutionary claims, when risk-taking bars a claim in restitution, the importance of respecting party autonomy, the relevance of the relationship between the parties to restitutionary claims, the principle against fictions, the relationship between the Common Law and Equity insofar as this impacts on the Law of Restitution, and the significance of discretion.
Enrichment
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning of enrichment for the purposes of the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It considers the significance of the distinction between enrichment and benefit. It identifies the tests for the objective identification of an enrichment, with regard to the objective value and the market value of an enrichment and the relevance of receipt. It considers subjective devaluation and the circumstances when the defendant cannot rely on this defence, namely where the enrichment was requested, where it was incontrovertibly beneficial, and where it has been freely accepted. Different types of enrichment are considered, namely money (both exchange value and opportunity value), goods, and services. Exceptional circumstances where restitution might be awarded without enrichment are analysed. Finally, principles relating to the valuation of the enrichment are considered.
Legally Effective Bases
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the circumstances within the Law of Unjust Enrichment where the claimant transfers a benefit to the defendant pursuant to a transaction which is legally effective, which means that the claimant is unable to obtain restitution from the defendant. Various legally effective bases are considered. The most significant is contract, where, by virtue of the principle of subsidiarity, the contract generally prevails over a claim in unjust enrichment, although sometimes, where the contract is not considered to have provided for all risks eventuating, a claim in unjust enrichment will succeed despite the continuation of the contractual regime. Other legally effective bases include the discharge of a debt, discharge of a statutory liability, res judicata, and gifts.
Compulsion
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the grounds of restitution which are founded on the principle of compulsion. It examines duress of the person, duress of property, and economic duress. The extent to which a lawful act can constitute duress is considered. The relationship between lawful act economic duress and the equitable doctrine of undue pressure is considered. The principle of legal compulsion is then examined, involving pressure arising by operation of law as a result of which the claimant discharges the defendant’s liability. When a debt will be discharged is considered. A distinction is drawn between cases where the defendant is primarily liable (where the claimant can seek reimbursement from the defendant) and cases where the parties are jointly liable (where the claimant can seek contribution).
Restitution for Breach of Contract
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which gain-based remedies can be available for breach of contract. First, the remedy of negotiation of damages is analysed to determine whether it can ever be classified as a gain-based remedy or whether it is always compensatory. The chapter assesses different bases for awarding gain-based remedies where there has been a breach of contract, and it also analyses the extent to which account of profits is available for breach of contract. The chapter goes on to consider justifications for the award of gain-based remedies for breach of contract, particularly where the contract is specifically enforceable.
Fundamental Principles
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter identifies the principles which underpin the general defences to all, or almost all, restitutionary claims. It clarifies the use of terminology by distinguishing between defences and denials, defences and bars, and by clarifying matters of timing involved with these, and why these elements matters. The distinction between interpersonal justice and external justice is considered, as are a variety of different ways of characterizing the general defences, such as enrichment and unjust-related, public and private, rule-based and discretionary, personal and proprietary defences. At the end of the chapter, the particular defences of subjective devaluation, stultification of statutory policy, and counter-restitution are examined.
Illegality
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the general defence of illegality to restitutionary claims. It identifies the key principles and policies underpinning the defence and defines illegality. It examines the ex turpi causa principle and the not in pari delicto principle. The old approach to the defence is surveyed, including the no reliance on illegality and the withdrawal principles. The new approach to illegality is examined, with particular reference to the trio of considerations. The implications of this new approach for the Law of Restitution are then examined, and the nature of the newly reformed defence is assessed with particular reference to whether a rule or a discretion is preferable.
Heart Rate Variability in Mental Health and Psychotherapy
Authors: Wendt Julia , Thayer Julian F. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of heart rate variability (HRV) in the phenomenology, scientific study, and treatment of mental disorders. To this end, the chapter starts with a review of the empirically determined association between HRV and mental health, followed by an introduction to the physiological underpinnings of HRV. Next, the main part focuses on the neurovisceral integration model as a theoretical explanation for the observed HRV–mental health association. Following this is an overview of various applications of HRV in psychotherapy research, diagnostics, and treatment with a special focus on HRV biofeedback. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research that may enable more targeted use of HRV-related interventions in psychotherapy.
Compassion Focused Therapy and Heart Rate Variability
Authors: Sherwell Chase S. , Kirby James N. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
As an integrative biopsychological approach, compassion focused therapy (CFT) emphasizes the dynamic and reciprocal relationship between psychological and physiological processes as an important target for therapeutic intervention. In particular, CFT focuses on the role of parasympathetic control of cardiac function as reflected in vagally mediated heart rate variability (HRV). Mounting evidence supports the view that HRV reflects clinically relevant processes such as emotion regulation, responses to threats and stressors, and interpersonal processes such as compassion. Over the last decade, researchers have become increasingly interested in the potential of HRV metrics as biomarkers of self-regulatory capabilities and clinical outcomes. This chapter outlines the theoretical, psychological, and physiological basis of compassion science and CFT, reviews empirical research evaluating the physiological outcomes of CFT and related compassion-focused interventions, and considers future challenges and goals of research in this field. With advances in the accessibility and mobility of biometric recording devices, we argue that understanding how the parasympathetic nervous system reflects, responds to, and regulates psychological mechanisms underlying psychopathology will greatly improve client outcomes through enhanced clinical diagnosis and outcome assessment.