bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple-Shot Ultraviolet Laser Damage Resistance of Nonquarterwave Reflector Designs for 248 nm
Authors: Newnam BE , Foltyn SR , Jolin LJ , Carniglia CK 
Published: March 2009

The damage resistance of multilayer dielectric reflectors designed for 248 nm has been substantially increased by use of nonquarterwave (QW) thicknesses for the top few layers. These designs minimize the peak standing-wave electric field in the high-index layers, which have proven to be weaker than the low-index components.
Previous damage tests of infrared- and visible-wavelength reflectors based on these designs have produced variable results. However, at the ultraviolet wavelength of 248 nm, 99% reflectors of Sc2O3, MgF2, and SiO2 strongly demonstrated the merit of non-QW designs. Four sets of reflectors of each of four designs (all QW thickness; one modified-pair substitution; two modified-pair substitution; one modified pair plus an extra half-wave layer of Sc2O3) were tested for damage resistance with a KrF laser operating at 35 pps with a pulsewidth of 8 ns and spot-size diameter of 0.6 mm. Each of 50 sites were irradiated for 1000 shots or until damage occurred.
On the average, the reflectors with one-modified-thickness pair had a 50% higher threshold (10 of 10 sites survived) than the all-quarterwave design. Addition of a second modified-layer pair resulted in no further increase in threshold but the saturation fluence (10 of 10 sites damage) was 110% higher. Reflectors with an additional half-wave of Sc2O3 had lower thresholds of the order of 10% as expected. The thresholds correlated best with the peak-field model, whereas the best model correlating the saturation fluences involved the sum of the upper two scandia layer thicknesses.
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Films: Preparation, Characterization, Absorption, and Laser-Damage Resistance
Authors: Donovan TM , Ashley EJ , Franck JB , Porteus JO 
Published: March 2009

Evaporated Si films in combination with oxide materials such as SiOx form promising multilayer mirror coatings for chemical laser applications. However, high infrared absorption and relatively low damage threshold of the Si films presently limit the effectiveness of these multilayer designs.Lower absorption values and higher damage thresholds have been obtained with sputtered Si films; this improvement apparently results from better film morphology and lower contamination levels in the sputtered films. Other work has shown that hydrogenation of as-deposited Si films can effectively passivate large numbers of bonding-type defects, and this results in further marked reductions in the infrared absorption.In this paper, we discuss the preparation and absorption optimization of hydrogenated Si films and the formation of SiO2, Si/SiO2, and SiH/SiO2 coatings by reactive sputtering. The morphology and composition of optimally prepared films will be described, and the results of absorption and chemical laser damage measurements are discussed.
Experimental Observations of Environmental Contributions to Fatigue Crack Growth
Authors: Bowles Quinton C , Schijve J 
Published: March 2009

Aluminum 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 center-cracked panels were fatigued in a dry air environment of 10 ppm water vapor. Blocks of 100 cycles having 1, 3, or 5 cycles at 0.02 Hz and the remainder at 20 Hz were employed. Fractographic observations at crack lengths between a = 4 mm and a = 12 mm revealed striation formation corresponding to the slow cycles followed by a transient region containing approximately 15 additional striations formed at 20 Hz. These striation bands were then separated by a flat featureless region. For crack lengths less than a = 4 mm extensive striation formation was found, while for crack lengths greater than a = 12 mm only striations corresponding to slow cycles were found.
An analysis of the experimental results supports a mechanism of adsorption of water vapor, disassociation to produce free hydrogen, and subsequent surface migration of hydrogen to the crack tip. It is felt that diffusion of hydrogen into the plastic zone ahead of the crack tip does not adequately explain the environmental effect as represented by the presence of striations. A more plausible explanation appears to be the lowering of δcritical required for bond rupture of atoms at the crack-tip surface.
Corrosion-Fatigue Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V in a Sodium Chloride Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ebara R , Yamada Y , Goto A 
Published: March 2009

To clarify the influence of NaCl aqueous solution on corrosion-fatigue crack initiation of mill-annealed Ti-6Al-4V, rotating-bending fatigue tests of notched specimens with stress concentration factors in the range of 1.5 to 3.5 were conducted in aerated and deaerated 3% NaCl aqueous solutions at 80°C. Ultrasonic fatigue tests up to 1010 cycles were also conducted in aerated 3% NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature.
Fatigue limits in air and corrosion-fatigue strength at 108 cycles decreased with increases in the stress concentration factor. The reduction in fatigue strength of the notched specimen (Kt = 3.5) by the environments at 5 × 107 cycles was at most 20%. No influence of dissolved oxygen content was observed. Corrosion pits were not observed at crack initiation sites.
In the propagation area, striation predominantly appeared regardless of environment. It was concluded that corrosion-fatigue crack initiation of the notched Ti-6Al-4V was predominantly influenced by the stress concentration factor and not by Cl− ions or dissolved oxygen content in the NaCl aqueous solution. It was also concluded that fatigue crack initiation of Ti-6Al-4V was not significantly influenced by the NaCl aqueous solution at room temperature even in long fatigue life (up to 1010 cycles).
Some Electrochemical and Microstructural Aspects of Corrosion Fatigue
Authors: Congleton J , Craig IH , Olieh RA , Parkins RN 
Published: March 2009

The initiation of corrosion-fatigue cracks in pure aluminum single crystals, polycrystalline aluminum, and in a BS4360 50D steel has been investigated. Experiments were performed in 3.5% sodium chloride solution, and measurements of the rate of nucleation and early growth of cracks were obtained by quantitative metallography. Initiation occurred at persistent slip bands or grain boundaries in aluminum but at inclusions in the steel.
The role of microstructure in corrosion fatigue crack initiation is discussed. It is suggested that the growth rate of short cracks may be controlled by chemical dissolution. Results from straining electrode experiments on high yield strength steels are described that support this conclusion.
Implementing Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Data for Engineering Applications
Authors: Bamford WH 
Published: March 2009

Fatigue has often been described as the most common cause of failure in engineering structures, and designers have incorporated fatigue considerations for many years. As the state of the art has advanced, the capability has been developed for allowing for the presence of a crack by predicting its growth and calculating the size which could lead to failure. The crack growth testing and analysis procedures are now well developed, and there is little question as to which data are appropriate for use in such an analysis in a dry environment, for any material.
Prediction of the behavior of fatigue cracks in other environments requires many more considerations, and in fact a multidisciplinary approach is called for, involving chemistry, mechanics, and metallurgy. This paper will discuss some of the possible ways in which information from each of these disciplines can be synthesized into an engineering approach to corrosion-fatigue crack growth predictions. Such an approach would require more than simple data collection from tests, because the relationship of the test environment to the actual environment must be established and proper allowance made for any differences. Moreover, since all the environmental and loading conditions that exist in the application are not always possible to address in testing, some consideration of the mechanisms operating in the material and environment of concern is essential to a good engineering approach.
Ferroalloys and Other Additives to Liquid Iron and Steel
Authors: Lampman JR , Peters AT 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication provides a review of less well-known aspects of ferroalloys and other additives. A special feature in this publication broadly lists the alloys and other additives used in the ferrous and nonferrous industries; the second lists densities and thermal effects of addition of a number of common ferroalloys.
Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials
Authors: Schafer EW , Walker CR 
Published: March 2009

Description
The book presents test methods on evaluation procedures for chemicals. Devices, and other techniques used to control aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. The areas of major interest to the reader are methods of reducing potential hazards of pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and microbial agents; pesticide hazard to aquatic environments; research methodologies devised primarily for small and large mammals, and practically of developing valid test methods for field use in developing countries.
Laser Induced Damage In Optical Materials: 1980
Authors: Bennett HE , Glass AJ , Guenther AH , Newnam BE 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Proceedings contain the papers presented at the Twelfth Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers held at the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, Colorado, on September 30 - October 1, 1980. The Symposium was jointly sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards, the American Society for Testing and Materials, the Office of Naval Research, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The Symposium was attended by over 150 scientists from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, and West Germany. It was divided into sessions devoted to the following topics: Materials and Measurements, Mirrors and Surfaces, Thin Films, and finally Fundamental Mechanisms. The Symposium Co-Chairmen were Dr. Harold E. Bennett of the Naval Weapons Center, Dr. Alexander J. Glass of the Lawrence Livermore Laboratories, Dr. Arthur H. Guenther of the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, and Dr. Brian E. Newnam of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. They also served as editors of this report.
Laser Induced Damage in Optical Materials: 1981
Authors: Bennett HE , Guenther AH , Milam D , Newnam BE 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Proceedings contain the papers presented at the Thirteenth Symposium on Optical Materials for High Power Lasers held at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Boulder, Colorado, on November 17–18, 1981. The Symposium was jointly sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards, the American Society for Testing and Materials, the Office of Naval Research, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Department of Energy, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The Symposium was attended by approximately 200 scientists from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, West Germany, the Peoples Republic of China, Sweden, and the USSR. It was divided into sessions devoted to the following topics: Materials and Measurements, Mirrors and Surfaces, Thin Films, and finally Fundamental Mechanisms. The Symposium Co-Chairmen were Dr. Harold E. Bennett of the Naval Weapons Center, Dr. Arthur H. Guenther of the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Dr. David Milam of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and Dr. Brian E. Newnam of the Los Alamos National Laboratory. They also served as editors of this report. Dr. Alexander J. Glass of KMS Fusion acts as Conference Treasurer with Aaron A. Sanders of the National Bureau of Standards as the Conference Coordinator.
Medical Devices: Measurements, Quality Assurance, and Standards
Authors: Caceres CA , Yolken HT , Jones RJ , Piehler HR 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication provides physicians, scientists, and members of industry and government with a comprehensive overview of the role and impact of medical standards and measurements on health care. The insights, discussions, and recommendations presented in this text are representative of many individuals' contributions. However, coordination of this endeavor is due to joint participation by three primary organizations: the National Bureau of Standards, the American Medical Association, and ASTM. One central theme of this book addresses the need to integrate the physician's views with business and standards development organizations.
Fatigue Mechanisms: Advances in Quantitative Measurement of Physical Damage
Authors: Lankford J , Davidson DL , Morris WL , Wei RP 
Published: March 2009

Description
There are two major categories that serve to divide the book’s contents of 19 papers: Early Stages of Damage and Fatigue Crack Growth. The goal of STP 811 is to explore continuing advances in technology, which now permit more detailed quantitative measurement of fatigue damage.
Electrochemical Behavior of the Ce4+ / Ce3+ Couple in the Novel Ce- V Redox Flow Cell
Authors: Liu Yang , Xia Xi 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA novel Ce4+/Ce3+- V2+/V3+ redox flow cell has been investigated. It was composed of the Ce4+/Ce3+ couple, which replaced the V5+/V4+ couple of the all6vanadium redox flow cell, and the V2+/V3+ couple. The normal potential and the kinetic parameters for anodic oxidation of Ce3+ and cathodic reduction of Ce4+ were measured. The results showed that the surface of platinum electrode was fully covered with type I oxide that inhibited the reduction of Ce4+. The reversibility of the Ce4+/Ce3+ couple improved with the increase of H2SO4 concentration, but both higher energy efficiency and coulombic efficiency were observed in 0.5 mol/dm3 H2SO4 solution. Different electrochemically active substances were found to exist at various state of charge (SOC) and the reversibility of the Ce4+/Ce3+ couple at the carbon electrode was found to be superior to platinum electrode. Periodic charge6discharge measurements were conducted under constant current and constant load with the proposed Ce6V redox flow cell. The results indicated that the coulombic efficiency remained around 90% and the discharge voltage stabilized between 1.5 and 1.2 V. But as the cycle numbers increased, the discharge capacity declined a bit and a better result might be expected by improving the separator materials and increase the concentration of electro6active materials. By comparison with the existing Fe6Cr, Fe6Ti and all6vanadium redox flow cell, the Ce6V system has a higher open6circuit voltage (OCV). And results from this preliminary study suggest that the novel Ce6V redox flow cell is a promising energy storage system and is worthy of further studies.
Single Wall Carbon Nanotube – LiCoO2 Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Landi Brian J. , Ganter Matthew J. , Schauerman Christopher M. , DiLeo Roberta A. , Cress Cory D. , Raffaelle Ryne P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe electrochemical cycling performance of high purity single wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) paper electrodes has been measured for a series of electrolyte solvent compositions. The effects of varying the galvanostatic charge rate and cycling temperature on lithium ion capacity have been evaluated between 25-100 °C. The measured reversible lithium ion capacities for SWCNT anodes range from 600-1000 mAh/g for a 1M LiPF6 electrolyte, depending on solvent composition and cycling temperature. The solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) formation and first cycle charge loss are also shown to vary dramatically with carbonate solvent selection and illustrate the importance of solvent alkyl chain length and polarity on SWCNT capacity. SWCNT anodes have also been incorporated into full battery designs using LiCoO2 cathode composites. An electrochemical pre-lithiation sequence, prior to battery assembly, has been developed to mitigate the first cycle charge loss of SWCNT anodes. The pre-lithiated SWCNT anodes show reversible cycling at varying charge rates and depths of discharge with the cathode system. The summary of data shows that the structural integrity of individual SWCNTs is preserved after cycling, and that free-standing SWCNT paper electrodes represent an attractive material for lithium ion batteries.
Hot-die Forging of a β-stabilized γ-TiAl Based Alloy
Authors: Wallgram Wilfried , Clemens Helmut , Kremmer Sascha , Otto Andreas , Güther Volker 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBecause of the small “deformation window” hot-working of γ-TiAl alloys is a complex and difficult task and, therefore, isothermal forming processes are favoured. In order to increase the deformation window a novel Nb and Mo containing γ-TiAl based alloy (TNM™ alloy) was developed. Due to a high volume fraction of β-phase at elevated temperatures the alloy can be hot-die forged under near conventional conditions, which means that conventional forging equipment with minor and inexpensive modifications can be used. With subsequent heattreatments balanced mechanical properties can be achieved. This paper summarizes our progress in establishing a “near conventional” forging route for the fabrication of γ-TiAl components. The results of lab scale compression tests and forging trials on an industrial scale are included. In addition, the mechanical properties of forged and heat-treated TNM™ material are presented.
Reduction of vitellogenin synthesis by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist in the white sturgeon (Acipenser Transmontamus)
Authors: Palumbo Amanda J. , Denison Michael S. , Doroshov Serge I. , Tjeerdema Ronald S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMigrating white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontamus) may be subject to agricultural, municipal, and industrial wastewater effluents that likely contain different classes of endocrine-disrupting contaminants. Concern is mounting about the negative effects of environmental estrogens on fish reproduction; however, in environmental mixtures, the affects from estrogenic compounds may be suppressed by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands. Indeed, reductions in 17p-estradiol-induced (0.01 and 1 mg/kg) vitellogenin (VTG) levels were observed in white sturgeon coinjected with β-naphthoflavone (BNF; 50 mg/kg), a model for contaminants that activate the AhR. Variation in the time of injection was used to attempt to correlate VTG inhibition to ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase activity. No evidence was found to suggest that the inhibition of VTG is a direct result of enhanced estrogen metabolism by BNF-induced enzymes. Results of the present study are relevant for monitoring programs that measure VTG, because these results show that AhR-active environmental contaminants can repress VTG synthesis, which commonly is used as an indicator of estrogen-mimicking contaminants. Furthermore, suppression of natural estrogen signaling by AhR agonists may have significant effects on fish reproduction.
Beyond the Technical Limit: Turbodrilling—A Paradigm Shift to World Class Horizontal Well Construction
Authors: Mushovic Todd , Shuler David , Morlock Raymond J. , Conroy David 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Drilling horizontal gas wells in a mature area of southeastern Oklahoma's Arkoma Basin recently has become operationally feasible. This was achieved as a result of a systematic approach to identifying the best combinations of technology and operating procedures to reduce flat time as a means of minimizing the well's overall cost and improving drilling efficiencies. This efficiency initiative was considered an urgent issue because the project was in its infancy, and drilling engineers needed to quickly prove feasibility. Horizontals in one Middle Atokan formation are now clearly feasible but lateral drilling in another Middle Atokan formation produced marginal results and requires additional optimization.
To achieve the efficiency goal, the Team outlined the following application objectives
➢ Reduce BHA troubles/problems and PDM failures ➢ Reduce the need to trip for bit dulls and roller cone bit drilling hour limitations ➢ Eliminate fishing for lost cones ➢ Produce a smoother wellbore ➢ Eliminate reamer trip for liner run
To meet these objectives, the Team discussed alternative drilling system approaches, and the drilling team concluded that the use of turbodrilling and impregnated bit technologies offered the most promising approach. The new higher RPM drilling system was run with outstanding results. Since the initial implementation of the impreg bit/turbodrill, the drilling team has completed the entire lateral with one bit, thereby eliminating up to six trips for replacing bits and/or tool failures. The reduction in tripping is due to using a turbine-powered drive system with substantially longer downhole life compared to a PDM and the impregnated bit's ability to finish the hole section and still have an intact cutting structure. This solved the bit trip problems resulting from the limited numbers of hours per bit and the lost cone issues with 6-1/8" TCI bits (30 hrs) and short PDC bit runs due to excessive cutter wear. Additionally, the turbine's smooth drilling action and resulting vibration reduction have significantly reduced the failure rate of expensive downhole tools. With the new turbodrill/impreg combination, 10-day runs have become the new benchmark, performance that PDMs with PDC bits could rarely achieve.
Increasing Sakhalin Extended Reach Drilling and Completion Capability
Authors: Walker Michael W. , Veselka Andrew J. , Harris Shane A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExtended reach drilling (ERD) and completion capability at the Chayvo field, Sakhalin Island, has evolved in well design and operational practices to increase well reach to over 10.5 kilometers. This is a result of disciplined redesign based on learnings acquired throughout the program and has resulted in the successful drilling of world record measured depth ERD wells. The learnings and design changes will be discussed in this paper using a recent record well, the Chayvo Z–12, as a case study.Implementation of the operator's drilling performance management process and integrated hole quality (IHQ) technology has enabled continuous improvement in overall rate of penetration (ROP) and hole quality. Impediments to higher ROP have been systematically engineered out of the drilling system while minimizing the level of risk. Bottomhole assembly (BHA) designs and operational practices have been modified to reduce vibration effects leading to poor borehole patterning and micro-doglegs, thus enabling a higher ROP with a better quality borehole. Detailed torque and drag modeling, engineering surveillance, and lubricants have also led to improved hole cleaning, lower equivalent circulating densities (ECD), and reduced friction effects required to drill and complete these wells.Chayvo completion design incorporates the use of pre-drilled liners, standalone screens, swell packers, and inflow control devices (ICDs), allowing effective zonal isolation, prevention of sand production, and flow profile control. Management of ICD placement and configuration provides the flexibility for early well life zonal isolation while maintaining cost effective non-rig intervention options for the future.The ability to effectively capture and transfer lessons learned has been a driver to the success at Chayvo. Work process and technology best practices can be rapidly integrated into operations, thereby facilitating improvement in all aspects of the drilling process.