bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPECIALIZATION, WAGE BARGAINING AND TECHNOLOGY IN A MULTIGOODS GROWTH MODEL
Authors: Cimoli Mario , Porcile Gabriel 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper develops the Ricardian multigoods model in several directions with a view to studying the relationship between the technology gap, the pattern of specialization and the institutional framework that organizes technological learning and wage bargaining. The interaction between the technology gap and relative real wages endogenously defines the pattern of specialization, which is related to economic growth through the condition of equilibrium in current account (external constraint).
Fiscal Effects of Minimum Wages: An Analysis for Germany
Authors: Bauer Thomas K. , Schaffner Sandra , Kluve Jochen , Schmidt Christoph M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Against the background of the current discussion of statutory minimum wages in Germany, this paper analyzes the potential employment and fiscal effects of such a policy. Based on estimated labor demand elasticities obtained from a structural labor demand model, the empirical results imply that minimum wages in Germany will be associated with significant employment losses among marginal and low- and semi-skilled full-time workers. Even though minimum wages will lead to increased public revenues from income taxes and social security benefits, they will result in a significant fiscal burden, due to increased unemployment benefits and decreased revenues from corporate taxes.
Standardizing the World Income Inequality Database*
Authors: Solt Frederick 
Published: April 2009

Objective. Cross‐national research on the causes and consequences of income inequality has been hindered by the limitations of existing inequality data sets: greater coverage across countries and over time is available from these sources only at the cost of significantly reduced comparability across observations. The goal of the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) is to overcome these limitations.Methods. A custom missing‐data algorithm was used to standardize the U.N. University's World Income Inequality Database; data collected by the Luxembourg Income Study served as the standard.Results. The SWIID provides comparable Gini indices of gross and net income inequality for 153 countries for as many years as possible from 1960 to the present, along with estimates of uncertainty in these statistics.Conclusions. By maximizing comparability for the largest possible sample of countries and years, the SWIID is better suited to broad cross‐national research on income inequality than previously available sources.
Who REALLY Wants to be a Millionaire? Gender Differences in Game Show Contestant Behavior Under Risk*
Authors: Johnson Daniel K. N. , Gleason Tracy R. 
Published: April 2009

Objective. On the popular game show Who Wants to be a Millionaire men appear to average higher winnings than women. This article investigates potential reasons, including different uses of information sources (lifelines) and different perceptions of risk.Method. We analyzed the decisions and resultant winnings of 164 contestants (95 men and 69 women) over 42 episodes of the show.Results. Gender‐based tests of Kahneman and Tversky's prospect theory demonstrated evidence of gender differences in the certainty effect and suggested the counterintuitive conclusion that men are rewarded for acting slightly more cautiously than do women.Conclusions. These gender differences may be owing to self‐selection of contestants, particularly for women, and to different goals: whereas men play to maximize their winnings, women may be less concerned with profit than with the experience as a whole. These findings suggest that examination of gender‐related behavior in other risky, high‐profile contexts may be worthwhile.
Con Job: An Estimate of Ex‐Felon Voter Turnout Using Document‐Based Data*
Authors: Haselswerdt Michael V. 
Published: April 2009

Objective. Ex‐felon voter turnout was estimated for the first time using government records rather than statistical models. Statistical models have estimated that 25–35 percent of eligible ex‐felons would vote in federal elections.Methods. Six‐hundred‐sixty recently released ex‐felons in Erie County, NY, who would have been legally eligible to register and vote in 2004 or 2005, were compared with data from the Erie County Board of Elections to determine whether they registered and voted in either 2004 or 2005.Results. Five percent this population of ex‐felons voted in either 2004 or 2005.Conclusions. Single‐digit turnout among ex‐felons raises questions about the assumptions underlying statistical estimates, and it also suggests that elections would have to be very close for ex‐felons to have an impact on the results.
Same‐Sex Marriage and Negative Externalities*
Authors: Langbein Laura , Yost Mark A. 
Published: April 2009

Objectives. Conventional theory regarding externalities and personal choices implies that in the absence of negative externalities, there is no economic rationale for government to regulate or ban those choices. We evaluate whether legally recognizing (or prohibiting) same‐sex marriage has any adverse impact on societal outcomes specifically related to “traditional family values.”Methods. Using data from 1990 to 2004 in the U.S. states, with statistical controls appropriate for the particular model, and with fixed effects, we test the claim of the Family Research Council that same‐sex marriage will have negative impacts on marriage, divorce, abortion rates, the proportion of children born to single women, and the percent of children in female‐headed households.Results. We find no statistically significant adverse effect from allowing gay marriage. Bans on gay marriage, when they are not overturned, appear to be associated with a lower abortion rate and a lower percentage of children in female‐headed households. However, allowing gay marriage also shows the same or stronger associations.Conclusions. The argument that same‐sex marriage poses a negative externality on society cannot be rationally held. Although many might believe that this conclusion is so obvious that it does not warrant testing, many politicians use this argument as a fact‐based rationale to legitimize bans on same‐sex marriage.
Political Culture, Public Opinion, and Policy (Non)Diffusion: The Case of Gay‐ and Lesbian‐Related Issues in Arkansas*
Authors: Barth Jay , Parry Janine 
Published: April 2009

Objectives. Just after three in four Arkansas voters endorsed a state constitutional amendment barring state recognition of same‐sex marriages, a comprehensive state‐level survey allowed a closer look into the attitudes of Arkansans on a variety of gay‐ and lesbian‐related issues. When placed in the context of Arkansas's political culture and ideological patters, this serves as a case study of the relationship between public opinion, specific policy issues, and the diffusion (or nondiffusion) of policies in an individual state.Methods. The 2005 Arkansas Poll included a battery of questions gauging citizens' attitudes on gay/lesbian individuals and the morality of same‐sex relations, same‐sex partner recognition, bans on gay adoption and foster parenting, bans on gays openly serving in the U.S. military, and expansion of civil rights laws to bar discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, among other policies. This article reports those survey results and employs regression/logistic analysis in analyzing them.Results. The results reveal that while Arkansans are uncomfortable with homosexuality, they are surprisingly hesitant to prescribe state‐sanctioned discrimination.Conclusions. This tightrope between libertarianism and angst about homosexuality that resulted in policy nondiffusion until three years after the data reported here is reflective of the state's political culture, which combines traditionalistic and individualistic elements.
Currents in a Stream: College Student Identities and Ethnic Identities and Their Relationship with Self‐Esteem, Efficacy, and Grade Point Average in an Urban University*
Authors: Jaret Charles , Reitzes Donald C. 
Published: April 2009

Objectives. We investigate how college student identities and ethnic identities vary among black, white, and Asian students and among immigrant, second‐, and third‐generation students at a large public urban university (in counterpoint to recent studies at highly selective schools). In addition, we explore how those identities are related to college students' sense of self‐esteem and efficacy and their academic performance.Methods. We use survey data from a sample (N=652) of students attending a large diverse public urban university to create new indexes for several dimensions of college identity and ethnic identity and use existing self‐esteem and efficacy indexes to compare black, white, and Asian students, as well as immigrant, second‐generation, and third‐generation students.Results. Among several significant identity differences, we find: (1) whites are lower than blacks on college identity indexes, and immigrant students are higher than subsequent‐generation students on college student identity measures; (2) whites are lower than blacks and Asians on ethnic identity measures; only the ethnic activities index declines linearly from immigrant to second‐ to third‐generation students; (3) blacks have higher self‐esteem and efficacy than whites or Asians; whites have higher GPAs than blacks or Asians, while immigrant students have higher GPAs than third‐generation students; and (4) at least one college student identity dimension and one ethnic identity dimension is related to self‐esteem, efficacy, and GPA.Conclusions. How young adults conceive of themselves as college students and the way they formulate their own racial‐ethnic identities is related to their self‐esteem, efficacy, and academic performance. Moreover, the pattern that these relationships take is somewhat different at a large diverse public urban university than at highly selective universities.
Sources of Support for Mandatory Military Service in the Context of the War on Terrorism: Survey Evidence Pre‐ and Post‐September 11, 2001*
Authors: Simon Christopher A. , Lovrich Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2009

Objectives. The advent of the War on Terrorism raises the question of the short‐term impacts on public opinion of terrorist attacks with respect to the idea of universal military service in the United States. Previous studies indicate that international crises tend to produce a polarizing effect on public opinion with respect to military service.Methods. Multinomial logistic regression analysis is used here to analyze an archival data set featuring survey data collected among 18,000+ citizens in 18 major U.S. metropolitan areas in 2000, 2001, and 2002.Results and Conclusions. This article offers further support for previous analyses into the principal sources of support for military service. However, the analysis also indicates that the initial impact of the War on Terrorism may have been to produce a decline in support for mandatory military service and a mild unifying effect on the distribution of attitudes rather than the expected polarization. Attitudes toward military service were more polarized in 2000 and 2001 than in the post‐9/11 2002 studies.
Linking Society and Environment: A Multilevel Model of Shifting Wildlife Value Orientations in the Western United States*
Authors: Manfredo Michael J. , Teel Tara L. , Henry Kimberly L. 
Published: April 2009

Objective. Studies of attitudes and values can make important contributions to emerging multi‐level, interdisciplinary approaches to environmental problems. We test a multi‐level model using data from a 19‐state study on public thoughts toward wildlife in the western United States.Methods. Data were collected via mail survey administered to residents in each state.Results. Data support (1) a micro model that proposes values are oriented by two contrasting ideologies—domination versus mutualism—and that these different value orientations lead to different attitudes and behaviors toward wildlife; and (2) a macro model that links forces of modernization (income, education, urbanization) to a population‐level shift from domination to mutualism value orientations.Conclusions. Such a shift would stimulate behavioral, ecological, and institutional effects that are critical in shaping society‐environment interactions. Findings suggest that examining human thought processes in relation to broader social and environmental factors holds great promise in extending the application of the social sciences.
The Culture of Academic Disciplines and the Sociopolitical Attitudes of Students: A Test of Selection and Socialization Effects*
Authors: Elchardus Mark , Spruyt Bram 
Published: April 2009

Objective. Using cross‐sectional and panel data, this article estimates to what extent the association between students' choice of academic discipline and their sociopolitical attitudes is due to socialization and selection effects.Methods. This is done on the basis of seven incoming cohorts of students and one panel of students. Changes in the panel are controlled for contextual influences by comparing them to a control group.Results. Both selection and socialization effects are observed. The first are, however, much stronger than the second.Conclusions. Although the literature, and particularly the more popular literature, highlights socialization effects, these turn out to be very modest. Future research should address the questions of how and why students select academic disciplines in a way that establishes strong relations between those disciplines and their sociopolitical attitudes.
Fresh‐frozen vs. embalmed bone: is it possible to use formalin‐fixed human bone for biomechanical experiments on implants?
Authors: Cömert Ayhan , Kökat Ali Murat , Akkocaoğlu Murat , Tekdemir İbrahim , Akça Kιvanç , Çehreli Murat Cavit 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPurpose: As formalin is an extremely reactive electrophilic chemical that reacts with tissues, the purpose of this study was to explore whether formalin fixation could potentially alter the mechanical properties of bone tissue and have an effect on the primary stability measurements of implants.Material and methods: ∅3.3 × 8 mm, ∅4.1 × 8 mm, and ∅4.8 × 8 mm implants were placed on sockets prepared into the anterior surface of the radius of two fresh‐frozen human cadavers. The insertion torque of each implant was quantified using a strain‐gauged torque‐wrench connected to a data acquisition system at a sample rate of 10 KHz, and resonance frequency analysis measurements were also undertaken for each implant. The cadavers were then subjected to embalment with 10% formalin for 3 months, and the same experiments were undertaken on the contra lateral radius of the cadavers.Results: The insertion torques before and after chemical fixation were similar for ∅3.3 mm (P>0.05), and higher values were obtained for ∅4.1 mm and ∅4.8 mm implants after chemical fixation (P<0.05). The resonance frequency analysis values before and after chemical fixation were similar for all implants (P>0.05).Conclusions: Implants have higher insertion torque values in formalin‐fixed bone than fresh‐frozen human bone, but similar implant stability quotients in both cases. The insertion torque technique can detect the difference between formalin‐fixed and fresh‐frozen human bone, but resonance frequency analysis cannot.
Ridge preservation with the use of Bio‐Oss® collagen: A 6‐month study in the dog
Authors: Araújo Maurício G. , Lindhe Jan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground: In previous short‐term studies, it was observed that while the placement of biomaterial in alveolar sockets may promote bone formation and ridge preservation, the graft may in fact also delay healing.Aim: The objective of the present experiment was to evaluate the more long‐term effect on hard tissue formation and the amount of ridge augmentation that can occur by the placement of a xenogeneic graft in extraction sockets of dogs.Material and methods: Five beagle dogs were used. The third mandibular premolars were hemi‐sected. The distal roots were carefully removed. A graft consisting of Bio‐Oss® collagen was placed in one socket while the contra‐lateral site was left without grafting. After 6 months of healing, the dogs were euthanized and biopsies were sampled. From each experimental site, four ground sections – two from the mesial root and two from the healed socket – were prepared, stained and examined under a microscope.Results: The placement of Bio‐Oss® collagen in the fresh extraction socket served as a scaffold for tissue modeling but did not enhance new bone formation. In comparison with the non‐grafted sites, the dimension of the alveolar process as well as the profile of the ridge was better preserved in Bio‐Oss®‐grafted sites.Conclusion: The placement of a biomaterial in an extraction socket may modify modeling and counteract marginal ridge contraction that occurs following tooth removal.
A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of implant supported fixed dental prostheses with cantilever extensions after an observation period of at least 5 years
Authors: Aglietta Marco , Siciliano Vincenzo Iorio , Zwahlen Marcel , Brägger Urs , Pjetursson Bjarni E. , Lang Niklaus P. , Salvi Giovanni E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective: The aim of this systematic review was to assess the survival rates of short‐span implant‐supported cantilever fixed dental prostheses (ICFDPs) and the incidence of technical and biological complications after an observation period of at least 5 years.Material and methods: An electronic MEDLINE search supplemented by manual searching was conducted to identify prospective or retrospective cohort studies reporting data of at least 5 years on ICFDPs. Five‐ and 10‐year estimates for failure and complication rates were calculated using standard or random‐effect Poisson regression analysis.Results: The five studies eligible for the meta‐analysis yielded an estimated 5‐ and 10‐year ICFDP cumulative survival rate of 94.3% [95 percent confidence interval (95% CI): 84.1–98%] and 88.9% (95% CI: 70.8–96.1%), respectively. Five‐year estimates for peri‐implantitis were 5.4% (95% CI: 2–14.2%) and 9.4% (95% CI: 3.3–25.4%) at implant and prosthesis levels, respectively. Veneer fracture (5‐year estimate: 10.3%; 95% CI: 3.9–26.6%) and screw loosening (5‐year estimate: 8.2%; 95% CI: 3.9–17%) represented the most common complications, followed by loss of retention (5‐year estimate: 5.7%; 95% CI: 1.9–16.5%) and abutment/screw fracture (5‐year estimate: 2.1%; 95% CI: 0.9–5.1%). Implant fracture was rare (5‐year estimate: 1.3%; 95% CI: 0.2–8.3%); no framework fracture was reported. Radiographic bone level changes did not yield statistically significant differences either at the prosthesis or at the implant levels when comparing ICFDPs with short‐span implant‐supported end‐abutment fixed dental prostheses.Conclusions: ICFDPs represent a valid treatment modality; no detrimental effects can be expected on bone levels due to the presence of a cantilever extension per se.
Dental fear and adult oral health in Australia
Authors: Armfield Jason M. , Slade Gary D. , Spencer A. John 
Published: April 2009

Abstract–  Objective:  This study aimed to investigate the association between dental fear and both dental caries and periodontal indicators.Methods:  A three‐stage stratified clustered sample of the Australian adult population completed a computer‐assisted telephone interview followed by a clinical examination. Oral health measures were the DMFT index and its components, periodontitis and gingivitis. A total of 5364 adults aged 18–91 years were dentally examined.Results:  Higher dental fear was significantly associated with more decayed teeth (DT), missing teeth (MT) and DMFT. There was an inverted ‘U’ association between dental fear and the number of filled teeth (FT). Periodontitis and gingivitis were not associated with dental fear. The association between dental fear and DMFT was significant for adults aged 18–29 and 30–44 years, but not in older ages. Dental fear was significantly associated with more DT, MT, and DMFT but with fewer FT after controlling for age, sex, income, employment status, tertiary education, dental insurance status and oral hygiene.Conclusion:  This study helps reconcile some of the conflicting results of previous studies and establishes that dental fear is associated with more decayed and missing teeth but fewer FT. That people with higher dental fear have significantly more caries experience underlines the importance of identifying and then reducing dental fear as important steps in improving adult oral health.
Symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder among people presenting for cosmetic dental treatment: a comparative study of cosmetic dental patients and a general population sample
Authors: De Jongh A. , Aartman I. H. A. , Parvaneh H. , Ilik M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract –  Objectives:  To determine appearance concerns of patients presenting for cosmetic treatment.Methods:  This cross‐sectional comparative study included consecutive patients of six different cosmetic clinics (n = 170), and a sample of the general population (n = 878). A study‐specific self‐report questionnaire was administered to document demographic and appearance concerns. Presence of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) was assessed based on DSM‐IV criteria.Results:  Cosmetic dental patients did not differ from the reference sample with regard to happiness and satisfaction as regards their appearance. However, differences were found with regard to frequency of previous general cosmetic (16.5% versus 5.9%) and cosmetic dental (47.9% versus 24.8%) procedures. Furthermore, a significantly higher proportion of the cosmetic dental patients sufficed for the two key screening criteria of BDD (9.5% versus 5.5%), and for the full diagnostic screening of BDD (4.2% versus 1.5%) compared with the respondents of the reference group.Conclusions:  The results suggest that symptoms of BDD are relatively common among patients attending cosmetic clinics. It is important to assess the long‐term effects of comprehensive cosmetic procedures, particularly in patients with disproportionate appearance concerns.