bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract B1: Deciding between ethic standards for cancer screening
Authors: Eisinger Francois 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The underfunding of upstream interventions (prevention and screening) is often seen as a mistake, for the least. However, whatever your moral theory might be, reallocation in favor of very early detection is questionable. From a deontological perspective and according to the rule of rescue described by Al Jonsen in its contribution “Bentham in the Box” a society should look first at helping the threatened ones (the affected ones) whether it is cost-effective or not. Spending “more” money for treatment would therefore be the result of a self-imposed moral duty. In contrast screening and even more prevention, appear to be, in this perspective less mandatory. However for utilitarian advocates, looking for the “best” allocation is looking for the most cost-effective one and prevention, screening and care be assessed/compared without that kind of moral bias.
In this perspective, it is useful to make a clear distinction between early diagnosis and screening. According to the quantitative relationship between stages and survival, more than the 2/3 of what could be gained lay in a shift from stage II to stage I, and not a in a shift from stage I to an earlier state. This latter attempt would be costly with few returns (the standard neoclassical production function with decreasing returns). Therefore, allowing every stage II case to be diagnosed at stage I, will yield more benefits and more equity (distributive justice). Even more, if we can be confident in expecting that almost every tumor of 2 cm will grow and spread, in contrast the natural history of a very small tumor will be more heterogeneous. Which screened small prostate cancers will be threatening (or not) is a key question. I believe that new biological markers will give us that critical information, and for that matter, that biological paradigm of cancer (the kind of the tumor) will overcome the anatomical paradigm (the size of the tumor).
Lastly, even if the pace of discovery for screening tools might be fast and full of promises, to understand the growing interest in screening programs it would be useful to have also a sociological perspective considering the rise of a surveillance medicine (M. Foucault and D. Armstrong).
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B1.
Abstract B10: Factors predicting decisional conflict and p53 genetic testing intention among those at risk of Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Authors: Hovick Shelly R. , Pentz Rebecca , Jackson Michelle A. , Bojadzieva Jasmina , Strong Louise C. , Peterson Susan K. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare genetic condition that increases lifetime risk for a variety of cancers in children and adults. LFS is due to an inherited mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. While genetic testing may help LFS families better understand their cancer risks, decisions to undergo testing may be difficult given the psychosocial implications of testing and the lack of clarity about screening and surveillance methods that are most appropriate for LFS-related cancers. Previous research has shown decisional conflict, or one's perceived difficulty in making decisions about genetic testing, to be a strong predictor of p53 testing intention. However, little is known generally or specifically among LFS-affected families about the factors that predict decisional conflict. We tested a theoretical model of factors (Hall, Manne, Winkel et al., 2011) that contribute to decisional conflict, including genetic testing self-efficacy, genetics knowledge and testing pros and cons. Additionally, we expanded upon the model by assessing the contribution of risk perceptions and worry and the extent to which the model also predicts p53 genetic testing intentions.
Methods: Participants (N=139) in this study were from 27 LFS-affected families enrolled in a longitudinal study offering p53 genetic counseling and testing, including those affected (N=29) and unaffected (N=110) by cancer.
Results: Analysis using generalized estimating equations shows higher testing self-efficacy is associated with lower levels of decisional conflict (B=0.09, p&lt;.01). Worry is also shown to moderate the effect of risk perception on decisional conflict (B=0.04, p&lt;.01) whereby higher risk perceptions predict lower decisional conflict when worry is also high. Lower decisional conflict in turn, is associated with higher p53 genetic testing intention (B=1.04, p&lt;.01). Those with more knowledge about genetics also had lower intentions to test (B=-0.10, p&lt;.01).
Conclusions: These findings support previous research showing decisional conflict to be an important predictor of genetic testing intention among those at-risk of LFS and suggest decisional conflict may help further explain how psychological factors (e.g. perceived risk, self-efficacy, worry) impact genetic testing intention. Thus, these findings offer support for the development of decision aids for p53 genetic testing and suggest these aids should communicate risk and build self-efficacy in order to reduce uncertainty surrounding testing decisions. Additionally, results suggest that those with strong cognitive and emotional responses to risk will have more confidence in their decisions whether to test.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B10.
Abstract B102: Serum compounds involved in the one-carbon metabolism and urothelial cell carcinoma risk: A nested case-control study within EPIC
Authors: Ros Martine M. , Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas , Aben Katja KH , Kampman Ellen , Buchner Frederike L. , Jansen Eugene H.J.M. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Introduction: Folate is, in combination with vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and homocysteine, involved in one-carbon-metabolism affecting DNA synthesis and methylation which may play a role in carcinogenesis. This nested case-control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) is the first prospective study that investigated associations between prediagnostic serum folate, homocysteine, vitamin B6 and vitamin B12 and the risk of urothelial cell carcinomas (UCC).
Methods: 847 UCC first incident cases were matched to 847 controls for gender, age at baseline, study center, date of blood collection, time of day of blood collection, and fasting status. Serum concentrations of folate and vitamin B12 were determined with an immuno-analyser. Serum vitamin B6 concentrations were measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and serum homocysteine concentrations by an enzyme cycling assay. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated with conditional logistic regression with detailed adjustment for smoking status, smoking duration and smoking intensity. All analyses were conducted for total UCC and for two prognostic subgroups of UCC, defined by tumor stage and grade. Ta grade 1 or 2 tumors were defined as non-aggressive (n=377) while all other grade and stage combinations were defined as aggressive (n=395).
Results: A reduced risk of UCC was found for higher levels of serum folate (IRR highest vs. lowest quartile 0.73; 95%CI 0.52–1.01, p-trend=0.04), although this was apparent only for current smokers. Serum folate was inversely associated with aggressive UCC risk (IRR highest vs. lowest quartile 0.59; 95%CI 0.37–0.95, p-trend=0.04), but not with the risk of non-aggressive UCC. No associations were observed between serum homocysteine, vitamin B6 and B12 and UCC risk.
Conclusion: This large European cohort study shows that high serum concentrations of folate may reduce the risk of UCC, in particular the risk of aggressive UCC. However, residual confounding by smoking can not be excluded.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B102.
Abstract B106: Coffee consumption and the risk of skin cancer
Authors: Song Fengju , Qureshi Abrar , Han Jiali 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Objective: An association between caffeine intake and the risk of skin cancer has been suggested in animal studies, but has not been well established in epidemiologic studies. The objective of this study is to prospectively examine the association between coffee consumption and the risk of skin cancer.
Materials and Methods: Using data from two large cohorts in the U.S., the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), we prospectively examined the risks of basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma according to coffee consumption. In the NHS, 72,921 participants were followed up from June 1984 to June 2008. In the HPFS, 39,976 participants were followed up from June 1986 to June 2008. We documented 25,480 incident skin cancer cases in the two cohorts, which comprised 22,786 BCC, 1,953 SCC, and 741 melanoma cases. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for confounding variables and skin cancer risk factors.
Results: A significantly inverse association was found between coffee consumption and BCC risk. The dose-response relationship was significant (P trend &lt; 0.0001 in women, and P trend = 0.005 in men). Compared with people who consumed coffee &lt; 1 cup/month, those who consumed &gt; 3 cups/day had a RR of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.85) in women, and 0.91 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.02) in men. The amount of caffeine consumption was also inversely associated with BCC risk. The highest quintile had the lowest risk (in women RR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.78, 0.87, and in men RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94, both P trend &lt; 0.0001). Decaffeinated coffee consumption was not associated with a decreased risk of BCC. Neither SCC nor melanoma was found to be inversely associated with coffee consumption.
Conclusion: Coffee consumption is inversely associated with BCC risk in women and men, likely through the effect of caffeine. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanism.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B106.
Abstract B115: A pooled analysis of smoking and alcohol drinking and risk of multiple myeloma in the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium
Authors: Andreotti Gabriella , Benhaim-Luzon Veronique , Brennan Paul , de Sanjose Silvia , Caudet Laura Costas , Costantini Adele Seniori , Cocco Perluigi , Becker Nikolaus , Foretova Lenka , Maynadie Mark , Nieters Alexandra , Birmann Brenda , Staines Anthony , Miliken Kevin , Weisenburger Dennis , Baris Dalsu , Baris Dalsu , Purdue Mark , DeRoos Anneclaire , Spinelli John , Cozen Wendy , Camp Nicola , Moysich Kirsten , Chiu Brain , Boffetta Paolo 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Risk of multiple myeloma (MM), a highly fatal cancer, is increased in older age, men, African Americans, and persons with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Modifiable risk factors for MM remain obscure. Tobacco and alcohol use findings are inconsistent. To further assess the etiologic role of these lifestyle factors, the International Multiple Myeloma Consortium (IMMC) pooled individual-level questionnaire data from 6 case-control studies with alcohol data (n: cases=1,484, controls=6,542) and 9 case-control studies with smoking data (n: cases=2,662, controls=11,890). A pooled multivariable logistic regression analysis using a random effects model and adjusting for age, race, and study center location showed a decreased MM risk among men who reported ever drinking alcohol regularly compared with non-drinkers [odds ratio (OR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–0.87], while results among women were null (OR 0.98, 0.76–1.26). Frequency, duration, and cumulative lifetime consumption of alcohol use were not linearly associated with MM risk among men or women. Neither a history of cigarette smoking compared to never smokers, nor any quantification of dose or duration of smoking was associated with MM risk in the pooled study population. Our findings are very similar to those reported from a pooled analysis of smoking and alcohol use conducted among case-control studies of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a collection of lymphoid malignancies that are predominatly B-cell in origin, like MM (1, 2). Prospective studies may provide further insight into the association between alcoholic beverage consumption and MM risk.
References:
1. Morton LM, Zheng T, Holford TR, Holly EA, Chiu BC, Costantini AS, Stagnaro E, Willett EV, Dal Maso L, Serraino D, Chang ET, Cozen W, Davis S, Severson RK, Bernstein L, Mayne ST, Dee FR, Cerhan JR, Hartge P; InterLymph Consortium. Alcohol consumption and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis. Lancet Oncol 2005;6:469–76.
2. Morton LM, Hartge P, Holford TR, Holly EA, Chiu BC, Vineis P, Stagnaro E, Willett EV, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C, Hughes AM, Cozen W, Davis S, Severson RK, Bernstein L, Mayne ST, Dee FR, Cerhan JR, Zheng T. Cigarette smoking and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a pooled analysis from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (interlymph). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14:925–33.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B115.
Abstract B24: Common and persistent adverse outcomes following prostate cancer treatment: Findings from the Michigan Prostate Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Yassine May Darwish , Copeland Glenn , Wei John T. , Demers Raymond Y. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Context: Advances in screening and treatment of prostate cancer have dramatically increased the number of survivors in the U.S. population. Previous studies have typically only reported outcomes of treatment and symptoms within a short time following treatment, leaving a need for a study of long-term, post-treatment symptoms experienced by survivors because the persistence of such symptoms over time necessitates an improvement of survivor care.
Objective: To perform a population based survey of prostate cancer survivors in the Michigan Cancer Registry to identify treatment side effect rates and assess areas of need in survivors' care.
Design, Setting, and Patients: Linking case files of the Michigan Cancer Registry with records from the National Death Index, we identified prostate cancer patients diagnosed between 1985 and 2004 and alive on December 31, 2005. Participants were selected using a stratified cross-sectional sampling strategy to ensure adequate inclusion of survivors based upon race and ethnicity, urban versus rural location, and number of years since diagnosis of prostate cancer. A total of 2,499 surveys were completed and returned.
Main Outcome Measures: Rates of bowel, sexual, urinary, and vitality symptoms by treatment (prostatectomy monotherapy, external beam radiation monotherapy); level of problem posed by symptom as rated by patient.
Results: Median duration between prostate cancer diagnosis and survey response was 9 years. 80% of study population was diagnosed at early stage. Patient-reported outcomes of “moderate” to “big” problems in the four weeks prior to survey completion: sexual symptoms, 51.6%; vitality, 24.1%; urinary, 19.7%; bowel, 14%.
Conclusion: Persistent symptoms subsequent to prostate cancer treatment suggest a gap in symptom management. Future research should support long-term studies of active surveillance vs. active treatment outcomes to understand the feasibility of minimizing the burden of long-term physical symptoms arising from prostate cancer treatment.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B24.
Abstract B25: Cancer survival by stage among Koreans
Authors: Shim Young Mog , Shin Myung-Hee 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background: Five-year relative survival rates (5y-RSRs) calculated from the Korean National Cancer Registry (KNCR) data have been reported recently, but the stage distribution among the registered patients is still unknown. We aim to calculate stage-specific 5y-RSRs using a large cancer registry data from one hospital that has contributed 7.1% of the KNCR data between 1999 and 2008.
Method: Samsung Medical Center Cancer Registry System has been established since 1994. We identified all cancer patients diagnosed between Nov. 1, 1994 and Dec. 31, 2006 and followed them up through Dec. 31, 2008. We calculated 5y-RSRs using Ederer II expected survival rates. Stage-specific 5y-RSRs were calculated for those cancers that had stage information for more than 50% of the patients.
Results: A total of 82,038 cancer records were analyzed. Five-year-RSR had improved with time periods. Five-year-RSR for all cancer was 52.6 % in 1994–1999 and 60.3 % in 2000–2004. During 1999–2006, the highest 5y-RSR was obtained from thyroid, breast and prostate cancers and the lowest from pancreas, gallbladder, and lung cancers. Five-year-RSR for stage I, II, III, and IV cancers were 0.95, 0.80, 0.58, and 0.18, respectively. Site specific 5y-RSR of stomach, liver and lung cancer was 0.99, 0.65, and 0.79, respectively, in stage I, and 0.09, 0.07, and 0.04, respectively, in stage IV.
Conclusions: Stage-specific 5y-RSRs among Koreans were comparable to other developed countries, and fairly good for common cancers in Korea such as stomach, liver, and lung cancers.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B25.
Abstract B29: Screening and communication with physicians for women with Lynch syndrome: Findings from a qualitative study
Authors: Burton Allison M. , Sun Charlotte C. , Daniels Molly S. , Boyd-Rogers Stephanie , Lynch Patrick M. , Lu Karen H. , Peterson Susan K. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Background: Lynch syndrome, which is also known as hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome that confers women with a 40–60% lifetime risk of endometrial cancer (EC) and a 12% lifetime risk of ovarian cancer (OC). Consensus statements recommend annual EC and OC screening for women with Lynch syndrome, initiated at age 30–35 or 10 years younger than the earliest known case in the family. This study evaluated the prevalence of EC and OC screening behaviors among women at risk for Lynch syndrome, and communication with their physicians about EC and OC risk and screening needs.
Methods: Women age &gt; 25 years who were at risk for Lynch syndrome-related cancers, and who had not had both a hysterectomy and oophorectomy, completed a semi-structured interview either in person or over the phone. The domains covered included demographics and medical history, knowledge of screening recommendations, screening for Lynch-syndrome associated gynecological cancers, and physician-patient communication. SPSS and NVivo™ were used for data analysis.
Results: Fifty-two women (mean=40.6 years old) participated. They were mostly white, married, well-educated, and had children. Approximately 70% were Lynch-syndrome mutation carriers while the remaining 30% met the Amsterdam II criteria. Approximately 70% reported a family history of EC or OC. All but five had received genetic counseling regarding their risk for Lynch syndrome. Half of the participants correctly answered questions about the appropriate age to begin screening, while approximately 75% correctly assessed the recommended screening frequency. Approximately half of the women reported never having had asymptomatic gynecological screening. Between 15 and 38% were currently adherent to screening recommendations because they received screening as part of a research study. Women who were seeing non-oncology gynecologists were not offered appropriate EC or OC screening, although they uniformly expressed a high level of trust and value in the care provided by these physicians and believed that their physicians were doing the best job possible to manage their health needs. Approximately 33% of the women report that cost and lack of insurance might prevent their screening adherence in the future.
Conclusions: Lynch syndrome-affected families and their primary care physicians may lack accurate knowledge of EC and OC risks. Women who are at risk for Lynch syndrome may not receive appropriate EC or OC screening from their community physicians, and new prevention-communication strategies may be needed. Participation in research studies may improve adherence to screening for gynecologic cancers in Lynch syndrome.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B29.
Abstract B31: Knowledge of cervical cancer screening among market women in sub-Saharan Africa: Nigerian experience
Authors: Gold Yemisi Cecilia 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This study focuses on knowledge of cervical cancer screening among market women in selected markets in Ibadan, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to ascertain the knowledge of market women on cervical cancer. One hundred participants were selected from four markets in Ibadan, Nigeria to respond to a multi-choice–free response questionnaire designed to obtain information on their knowledge of cervical cancer screening. For this study, a non-experimental design was used to find out the level of knowledge of cervical screening method among the market women in Ibadan. The research design adopted for this study was purely descriptive. The research study was carried out in four major markets which are Bodija, Sango, Gate, and Gbagi markets in Ibadan. The sampling technique adopted in the study was the simple random sampling. The respondents were assured of the confidentiality of the data. On the respondent awareness of cervical cancer screening before, only 26 (26%) of the respondents strongly agreed that they have heard about cervical cancer screening while 15 (15%) were undecided and 59 (59%) have never heard about it, which means that majority of the respondents were not aware of cervical cancer screening. Furthermore, an importance of cervical screening was identified among 94 (94%) of women who were educated but 96 (96%) of these educated women have not been screened before, and 74 (74%) of the women were ready to be screened whether it is free or not. In addition, 97 (97%) of the women have a positive attitude that screening will help in detection of cervical cancer and only 48 (48%) are aware that early treatment of minor cervical cancer can prevent its reoccurrence. 92 (92%) agreed that it will be very good if the Government should campaign especially on mass media just like HIV (AIDs) for all to know about cancer of the cervix and also that there is treatment for it if it is detected on time, while 7 (7%) are undecided and 1(1%) disagreed. Considering whether the awareness of cervical cancer screening is low, 79 (79%) agreed that the awareness is very low and it will be good if the primary, secondary, and tertiary institutions can pass the information across to the community, while 18 (18%) were undecided and 3 (3%) disagreed. Nigerian government and policy makers need to sensitive the general public about cervical cancer screening and make the service widely available.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B31.