bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TIDE AND STORM SURGE OBSERVATIONS IN TIIE CHUKCHI SEA1
Authors: Hunkins Kenneth L. 
Published: March 2010

Sea level heights were recorded with a tide gauge at Fletcher’s Ice Island (T‐3) while it was aground in the Chukchi Sea at 71°55′ N lat, 160°20′ W long. Harmonic analyses of the data were made for five tidal components. The tidal hour (M2) was 9.11 at this location, in good agreement with the cotidal chart of Sverdrup (1926). Mean spring tide range was 12.5 cm.Storm surges at this location on the continental shelf had a range of about 40 cm. During relatively stationary atmospheric conditions, the storm surge heights tended to follow the inverted barometer. However, under moving pressure systems, the storm surge heights developed an asymmetry that deviated from the inverted barometer. A one‐dimensional flow model with characteristics similar to a profile through the storm provides some understanding of these asymmetric storm surge heights.
UPTAKE AND RETENTION OF CESIUM 137 AND ZINC 65 BY SEAWEEDS1
Authors: Gutknecht John 
Published: March 2010

Uptake and retention of Cs137 and Zn by seaweeds were observed under various environmental conditions. Concentration factors and biological half‐lives varied widely among species, Zn65 showing generally higher levels of uptake and retention. No significant relationship between growth rate and either concentration factor or biological half‐life was found among the species tested.Both uptake and loss of Cs137 were stimulated by light, but some Cs137 movements occurred in the dark. Both exogenous substrate (glutamate) and previous exposure to light stimulated Cs137 uptake in the dark. Exposure to nitrogen in the dark inhibited both influx and efflux of Cs137. Neither darkness nor anoxia caused appreciable net loss of absorbed Cs137. Cs137 was not extensively adsorbed by cell walls or killed tissue. Influx and efflux of Cs were proportional, respectively, to the external and internal Cs concentrations. Intracellular Cs appears to be largely ionic, with Cs movements being closely related to metabolism.Zn65 was highly concentrated by living and killed algae and by cell walls. Light had a variable effect on Zn65 movements. Zinc uptake at different external Zn concentrations agreed with the Freundlich adsorption equation. Adsorption exchange appears to be an important mechanism of Zn movements in seaweeds.
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS IN ARTIFICIAL STREAMS1
Authors: Kevern N. R. , Ball R. C. 
Published: March 2010

The productivity of algal communities was investigated in two recirculating artificial streams. Emphasis was placed on a study of the effects of various factors on energy flow and on the characterization of artificial streams as a research tool. Productivity was measured by pH and carbon dioxide changes, upstream‐downstream oxygen changes, and the biomass of algae collected on artificial substrata.A temperature increase caused a small, but insignificant, increase in net productivity, while increased light intensity caused an increase in net productivity. A higher current velocity caused an increase in net productivity, significant as shown by riffle vs. pool communities, but not significant between a fast and a slow stream. A shorter, but more frequent photoperiod did not change the rate of production significantly. High chelate concentration caused a reduction in net productivity.Estimates of net productivity by the carbon dioxide and oxygen methods were in agreement for two out of five studies, while estimates by the biomass of algae on substrata were consistently lower than estimates by the gas methods. Net production varied from 2,815 to 5,565 cal m−2 day−1, resulting in efficiencies from 3.8 to 9.8%. Efficiencies of gross productivity varied from 6.4 to 16.1%.
FEEDING RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS IN DIFFERENT FOODS LABELED WITH RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS1
Authors: McMahon J. W. , Rigler F. H. 
Published: March 2010

The feeding rate of Daphnia magna was studied by measuring the radioactivity of animals fed on pure cultures of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Chlorella vulgaris, and Tetrahymena pyriformis labeled with radioactive phosphorus. Below a certain concentration of each food, the feeding rate is proportional to concentration of food. Above that concentration, feeding rate is independent of concentration. Starved animals, when placed in a nonlimiting concentration of food, behave temporarily as if it were limiting and for a few minutes filter at the maximum rate. Although the maximum volume of the various foods eaten in unit time is not the same, it is probably determined more by digestibility than by size of the food cells.Filtering efficiency of Daphnia magna is independent of the size of food cells between 0.9µ3 and 1.8×104µ3.Log‐phase Chlorella vulgaris was not observed to inhibit feeding, but senescent cells caused Daphnia magna to decrease the filtering rate and its maximum feeding rate.
HERBIVOROUS INSECT POPULATIONS IN OIL REFINERY EFFLUENT HOLDING POND SERIES1
Authors: Tubb Richard A. , Dorris Troy C. 
Published: March 2010

Oil refinery effluent holding pond populations of bottom‐dwelling midge fly larvae, family Tendipedidae, were sampled monthly from November 1960 until November 1961. Population fluctuations were related to effluent toxicity. Life histories were studied for three species of tendipedids that occurred in the pond system. Estimates were made of average life‐spans, survival fractions, and emergence of adults. Effects of filter‐feeding larvae upon effluent turbidity were evaluated. Caloric contents of standing crops were determined, and the amount of energy lost by adult emergence was calculated.Larval midge fly populations generally increased in successive holding ponds during summer. Winter populations were small and concentrated in ponds near the center of the pond system. Larval populations of Tendipes plumosus predominated during spring. IIarnischia tenuicaudata was the most abundant species in summer, and large numbers of Tanypus stellatus were present in fall and winter. Emergence of adult tendipedids removed about 62,500 kcal/year from the system. Filter‐feeding midge larvae decreased effluent turbidity significantly.
PHYTOPLANKTON‐ZOOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIPS IN ARRAGANSETT BAY1
Authors: Martin John H. 
Published: March 2010

Zooplankton samples collected every other week in upper and lower Narraganset Bay, Rhode Island, were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The seasonal occurrence and abundance of the various species identified and enumerated in the present study are presented in tabular form.Analysis of the relative abundance of the principal grazers in the zooplankton population (Acartia tonsa, A. clausi, and Oithona spp.) and of the dominant phytoplankton species, Skeletonema costatum, upon which these copepods are believed to graze preferentially, shows that the seasonal changes in phytoplankton abundance are to a considerable extent attributable to differential grazing pressures.Concentrations of plant nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, and silicate) were compared with zooplankton numbers. It is believed that the large summer‐fall zooplankton population contributes to the phosphate maximum and possibly indirectly to the nitrate maximum as well.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXIDIZING AND REDUCING CONDITIONS UPON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ELEMENTS IN LAKE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Gorham Eville , Swaine Dalway J. 
Published: March 2010

Analyses for Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Co, P, Mo, Ba, Sr, Ti, Li, Rb, Na, K, Be, Cr, V, Y, Ag, Cu, C, S, Sn, Ni, Ga, Zr, and La have been carried out on some oxidate crusts, oxidized surface muds, reduced subsurface muds, and glacial clays collected in Windermere and Esthwaite Water in the English Lake District. The relatively organic lake muds exhibit the highest concentrations of C, S, Cu, Sn, and Ni. Many of the oxidate crusts exhibit strong enrichment in Mn, Fe, Ba, Sr, Pb, and Zn. Ti, Li, Rb, Co, P, and Mo are also enriched in some crusts. S, Sn, and Ni reach their highest levels in the reducing subsurface muds, but Mn, and to a lesser extent Fe and Mo, are higher in the oxidized than in the reduced muds.Relations between the elements in the various sediments are examined, and the English oxidate crusts are compared with lake and stream ores in Sweden and Finland, and with marine manganese nodules. These marine nodules are frequently enriched in Cu, Ni, Co, Mo, V, Ag, and Sn to a far higher degree than the freshwater ferromanganese concretions. Some freshwater crusts exhibit enrichments in Pb, Zn, and Ba of the same order as those observed in marine manganese nodules.
FORAMINIFERAL TRENDS, HYPERION OUTFALL, CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Bandy Orville L. , Ingle James C. , Resig Johanna M. 
Published: March 2010

Foraminifera are from 5 to 50 times more abundant in the general Hyperion outfall region than in unaffected areas of the shelf. Large live/dead ratios occur in central and outer areas of the shelf where the accumulation of authigenic minerals suggests little deposition; small ratios occur in basin areas where sediments are accumulating at the rate of from 38 to 145 cm/1,000 yr. Hyaline foraminifera are more than 8 times as abundant as arenaceous forms in the inner shelf area, on the outer edge of the shelf, and in the bathyal zone.Planktonic foraminiferal tests are most abundant in the bathyal zone, near the heads of submarine canyons, and near the Hyperion outfall system of Los Angeles. The area of major development on the outer edge of the shelf marks the entry way of incoming waters onto the shelf. Inshore benthic species are not influenced by the outfall; four dominant open shelf species exhibit marked increases in productivity, recorded in the accumulation of abundant tests under the main tracks of the effluent. A Bolivina acuminata group appears and shows a dramatic increase in abundance in going from the edge of the shelf into deeper waters. A Bolivina argentea group appears and becomes dominant below depths of about 400 m.
TOWING CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANKTON SAMPLING GEAR
Authors: Aron W. , Ahlstrom E. H. , Bary B. McK. , Bé A. W. H. , Clarke W. D. 
Published: March 2010

Data on the towing characteristics of the Gulf III, Bary high‐speed plankton catcher, Clarke Jet Net, one‐meter ring net, Bé multiple plankton sampler, and Isaacs‐Kidd midwater trawl, the kite‐otter depressor, and Isaacs‐Kidd depressor are presented.The influence of towing speed and cable length on sampling depth was examined. Depth information was telemetered up a single‐conductor towing cable from an electronic depth sensor installed between the end of the cable and the device being studied. These data were continuously recorded on deck. Tow paths for each of the devices are illustrated and curves showing the relationship between towing speed, length of cable, and sampling depth are presented for the Gulf III, Jet Net, and Isaacs‐Kidd midwater trawl.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON METABOLISM OF PERIPHYTON COMMUNITIES DEVELOPED IN LABORATORY STREAMS1
Authors: Phinney Hawy K. , McIntire C. David 
Published: March 2010

The effect of short‐term variations in temperature on metabolism of periphyton communities developed in laboratory streams was investigated with a 50‐liter respirometer chamber. The range of temperatures used was from 6 to 21C, similar to the range normally recorded in the laboratory streams during the year.In an experiment the temperature was increased from 6.5 to 16.6C during a 5‐hr period, and the rate of community respiration increased from 41 to 132 mg O2 m−2 hr−1. When the temperature was decreased from 17.5 to 9.4C during a 5‐hr period, the rate of community respiration decreased correspondingly from 105 to 63 mg O2 m−2 hr−1. An increase in temperature from 11.9 to 20.0C was accompanied by an increase in gross oxygen evolution from 335 to 447 mg O2 m−2 hr−1 when the intensity of illumination was approximately 22,000 lux. The rate of oxygen production was not affected significantly at illumination intensities below 11,100 lux.
PELAGIC PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN ANTARCTIC WATERS1
Authors: Correll David L. 
Published: March 2010

Eleven large quantitative samples of the particulate material in Antarctic and subantarctic surface waters were obtained with a continuous flow system. Each sample was divided into those particles which were retained by a No. 20 plankton net with a pore size of about 30 µ (class I) and those which passed through the net but were retained by a Sharples Supercentrifuge (class II). Total phosphorus and organic nitrogen were determined on aliquots of class I and II samples, and the remaining material was chemically fractionated into acid‐soluble organic phosphorus, phospholipids, orthophosphate, oligopolyanions, and ribonucleic acid‐polyphosphates.About two‐thirds of the nonparticulate phosphorus was orthophosphate. From 3 to 7.5% of total phosphorus was particulate. Over half of the particulate phosphorus was in class II; 32P‐phosphate experiments indicated that these particles incorporated phosphate at least six times as rapidly as class I particles. In class II particles orthophosphate and RNA‐polyphosphate constitute 80 to 85% of the total phosphorus; in class I the phospholipids are also a large fraction. RNA‐polyphosphate was the most rapidly labeled fraction from the class II particles.
SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT AND FORAMINIFERAL PARAMETERS: NANTUCKET BAY, MASSACHUSETTS1
Authors: Lidz Louis 
Published: March 2010

Sediments of Nantucket Bay, Massachusetts, are composed of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and shell debris. The mean diameter of most of the bay’s sediments is less than 500 µ but where the current energy of incoming tides is in excess of that of outgoing tides, shell debris accumulates, and mean diameters are 1,000 µ or more. Such zones are at the east end of the bay in the lee of Bass, Wyers, and Pocomo points. Coarse sediments with mean diameters greater than 1,000 µ are found on many of the beaches and in the channels connecting different parts of the bay. Fine sediments with mean diameters ranging from 250 < 8 µ occur in water deeper than 4 m.In some areas deeper than 5 m, the calcium carbonate content of fine sediments is 10% or more, due to large foraminiferal concentrations. In regions of coarse sediments, calcium carbonate content ranges from 5 to 15%, depending upon varying amounts of shell debris. Organic content is highest, 17% organic carbon, in sediments with mean diameters less than 32 µ. These areas are generally deeper than 5 m, corresponding with the zones of high foraminiferal population. Beaches and channels have organic contents that are extremely low.Foraminiferal facies present include an arenaceous beach fauna, porcelaneous forms on the sand flats, and hyaline species in water deeper than 2 m. Foraminiferal numbers are highest, 500 or more, in the latter areas, and decrease rapidly toward shore, where the numbers arc 5 or less. Abnormal foraminiferal tests may account for as much as 30% of foraminiferal samples from the west end of the bay. This feature may be due to changing water conditions or pollution.
UPTAKE AND LOSS OF ZINC‐65 IN THE DRAGONFLY PLATHEMIS LYDIA
Authors: Kormondy Edward J. 
Published: March 2010

Study of uptake and loss of zinc‐65 in the dragonfly Plathemis lydia employed concentrations of 0.005 to 0.5 µc 65Zn Cl2/ml water on 200 early, middle, and late instar larvae.Rate and amount of uptake are independent of temperature (10, 20, and 30C); equilibrium is attained in 24‐48 hr. Loss rate is significantly greater at 10C than at 20 and 30C. Uptake and loss rates are independent of body size (= age), but the amount concentrated is inversely related to body size, the coefficient of accumulation being 68 in small larvae, 28 in larger ones. Total uptake is directly proportional to isotope availability in the medium; owing to experimental error, it could not be determined whether rate of uptake is affected by concentration. Loss rates in the field and the laboratory do not differ. Feeding experiments are inconclusive. Loss rate in dead animals is the same as in live larvae, and 95% of initial activity remains on the cast exuvium at molting and final metamorphosis.Uptake is concluded to be by surface adsorption or cation exchange thereby imposing difficulty in using 65Zn as an indicator of metabolic activity in energy flow studies. Odonata may function significantly in redistributing zinc, the bulk of which localizes in the upper sediments.
INFLUENCE OF MARINE PROTOZOA ON NUTRIENT REGENERATION1
Authors: Johannes R. E. 
Published: March 2010

Per unit weight, marine protozoa excrete dissolved phosphorus one to two orders of magnitude faster than marine microcrustaceans and several orders of magnitude faster than marine macrofauna. Protozoa may therefore be responsible for a major fraction of faunal nutrient excretion even though present only as a minor fraction of the faunal biomass.Regeneration of dissolved inorganic phosphate from organic detritus proceeds faster and more completely in the presence of bacteria and ciliates or colorless flagellates than in the presence of bacteria alone. An increased consumption of organic detritus in the presence of protozoa is performed by bacteria, which are kept in a prolonged state of “physiological youth” by grazing protozoa. Present results indicate that it is the protozoa that produce, via excretion, the greater regeneration of nutrients from organic detritus. By constituting a nutrient source for protozoa, bacteria are indirectly involved in this increased regeneration.
WIND‐DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN UNSTRATIFIED LAKES
Authors: Bye John A. T. 
Published: March 2010

Observations of the wind‐driven circulation in the vertical plane of unstratified lakes, including some new results indicating a logarithmic current profile near the lake surface, are presented.A theoretical velocity profile that is in fair agreement with a stress‐driven laboratory flow, and that may approximate to the steady circulation in the central section of lakes of nearly uniform depth, is also developed. From this profile, an estimate is made of the effect on the wind setup of a gently sloping lake bottom.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE FLOTATION OF MARINE DIATOMS. I. THALASSIOSIRA CF. NANA, THALASSIOSIRA ROTULA AND NITZSCHIA SERIATA
Authors: Smayda Theodore J. , Boleyn Brenda J. 
Published: March 2010

The influence of cell age, size, and shape and mode of colony formation on diatom sinking rates was investigated in 25 experiments with Thalassiosira cf. nana Lohmann, Thalassiosira rotula Meunier and Nitzschia seriata Cleve. The settling experiments were conducted in 45 ml of 32‰ seawater at 15C using a glass settling tube in which the water column height varied from 74 to 79 mm. The mean sinking rates of T. cf. nana and T. rotula increased with age of the culture: from 0.10 to 0.28, and from 0.41 to 2.10 m/day, respectively. The absolute minimum and maximum rates were 0.05 and 5.40 m/day for T. cf. nana and 0.18 and 44.93 m/day for T. rotula. An increase in cell size due to incompleted cell division accompanied increased culture age in T. cf. nana, and may partly account for the increased mean sinking rate accompanying senescence of this species. Regulation of both colony size and the distance between cells occurred in the chain‐forming T. rotula, but no persistent relationships with mean sinking rate were found.The mean sinking rate of N. seriata remained more or less constant with culture age and ranged from 0.26 to 0.50 m/day. The absolute minimum and maximum sinking rates were 0.18 and 2.96 m/day. A decrease in colony size accompanied increased culture age in N. seriata; there was a general tendency for the mean sinking rate to increase with colony size.At the absolute maximum sinking rates observed, from 2 to 34 days would be required by the species to descend 100 m, while from 556 to 2,000 days would be required at the absolute minimum rates. The data suggest that during vigorous growth an increased buoyancy adequate to ensure prolonged retention within the euphotic zone occurs and is independent of species morphological characteristics. Morphological changes in cell size and colony size appear to influence the increased sinking rate accompanying senescence, however. Changes in ratios of pigment absorbance at various wavelengths (352 : 474 mµ, 382 : 474 mµ, 404 : 474 mµ, 434 : 474 mµ, 414 : 352 mµ) were found to accompany changes in the rate of sinking, suggesting that the latter might also be influenced by changes in adaptive physiological mechanisms of flotation.
STRATIFICATION IN TROPICAL AFRICAN LAKES AT MODERATE ALTITUDES (1,500 TO 2,000 m)
Authors: Baxter R. M. , Prosser M. V. , Talling J. F. , Wood R. B. 
Published: March 2010

Examples of stratification from nine tropical upland lakes, two in Uganda and seven in Ethiopia, arc described. Strong thermal gradients were often developed from diurnal warming in the 0–5‐m layer. In some productive lakes, these gradients frequently trapped photosynthetic oxygen to form well‐defined maxima. They sometimes also delimit deeper, oxygen‐poor layers in some highly productive lakes. One lake showed nocturnal mixing with complete deoxygenation, followed by a superficial restratification and photosynthetic reoxygenation by day.Deeper thermal gradients often determined the course of oxygen depletion at lower levels, and in some lakes also determined other aspects of chemical stratification, including the deep accumulation of Ca++ and HCO3− ions. Considerable variation of the stratification was found in the Ethiopian Lake Awassa, both in time and horizontally over the lake basin, with some evidence that the deeper layer was formed by down‐streaming from locally cooled margins.Comparison is made with other lakes at similar altitudes in equatorial Africa. Although seasonal changes arc inadequately known, the incidence of complete mixing probably varies from very frequent (polymictic lakes) to very infrequent (oligomictic or meromictic lakes), and is determined by both depth and shape of the lake basin.
THE SUMMER STANDING CROP OF SUBLITTORAL AND PROFUNDAL BENTHOS IN LAKE ITASCA, MINNESOTA1
Authors: Cole Gerald A. , Underhill James C. 
Published: March 2010

Lake Itasca, Minnesota, is eutrophic with a clinograde oxygen profile. The profundal and sublittoral bottom fauna is dominated by Chironomus plumosus and Chaoborus punctipennis. Procladius sp. and Palpomyia sp. are next in abundance. Pisidium and oligochaetes, especially, are rare.From 27 Ekman dredge samples taken from depths of 5.5–10.2 m in the north arm during the period 10–22 July 1964, a total macrobenthic fauna of 16,165,300/ha in the sublittoral zone and 14,843,570/ha in the profundal zone was estimated. The total formalin weights were 418.8 kg/ha and 265.3 kg/ha in the sublittoral and profundal zones, respectively; for the entire area sampled this amounted to 300.3 kg/ha. The peak of the biomass was 567.5 kg/ha at the sublittoral‐profundal boundary. Over 90% of the weight was contributed by C. plumosus. Lake Itasca may be the third richest lake in the United States in bentbic standing crop.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND EXCRETION IN VARIOUS PLANKTONIC ALGAE
Authors: Nalewajko C. 
Published: March 2010

Twenty‐four species of planktonic algae, including 16 Chlorophyceae, seven Bacillariophyceae, and one Cyanophyceae, were found to liberate a part of their photosynthetic products into the medium. This excretion was less than 2% of the total carbon fixed during photosynthesis in short‐term experiments with dilute cell suspensions under conditions of abundant CO2 supply and limiting or saturating light intensities.Excretion was increased at high population density, under conditions of limiting CO2 levels and at light intensities sufficient to inhibit photosynthesis.Excretion values in Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. were usually lower than in other species under the same environmental conditions.