bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gestational weight gain as a predictor of birth and placenta weight according to pre‐pregnancy body mass index
Authors: Zhou Weijin , Olsen Jørn 
Published: April 2011

Objective. To study the association between gestational weight gain and different birth weight indicators considering the pre‐pregnancy body mass index. It was hypothesized that a high body mass index (BMI) would modify the effect of gestational weight gain and support the advice of keeping gestational weight gain at a moderate level in case of obesity.Study design. A follow‐up study of consecutively recruited women in two well defined geographical areas in Denmark. The recruitment lasted from 1984 to 1987 and 11,850 pregnant women and newborns were included in the study. The remaining analyses were restricted to non‐diabetic women who gave birth between weeks 37 and 42 of gestation for whom weight gain was reported – altogether 7,122 women.Results. Birth and placenta weight were associated with gestational weight gain but with lower regression coefficients at higher BMI. The proportion of newborns with a birth weight of 4,500 grams or more increased with increasing gestational weight gain, especially in women with a BMI above 26.Conclusion. The potential benefit of a high gestational weight gain in obese patients should be balanced by the higher risk of giving birth to babies with a birth weight of more than 4,500 grams and the risk of exaggerating a pre‐existing state of obesity.
Neonatal herpes in Denmark 1977–1991
Authors: Fonnest Gert , Fonnest Isabel de la Fuente , Weber Tom 
Published: April 2011

Background. To prevent neonatal herpes, women in labor with genital herpes infection are still delivered by Cesarean section. This policy is currently being debated. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of neonatal herpes in Denmark and to evaluate the prevention practice.Methods. All newborns with perinatal herpes in Denmark 1977–1991 were identified from hospital‐records.Results. Of 862,298 deliveries 136 possible cases were found but only 30 (22%) fulfilled the criteria for neonatal herpes.The incidence increased from 2.36 to 4.56 per 100,000 live births during 1977–1984 through 1984–1991. Three mothers (10%) had recurrent herpes at delivery, three (10%) had primary herpes, and five (17%) had oral herpes. Seven infants (23%) were delivered by Cesarean section. Nine (30%) only had cutaneous herpes, four (13%) had CNS herpes, nine (30%) had disseminated disease. Six (20%) did not have any sequelae. Four (13%) died. Six (20%) had serious neurological sequelae. Seven (23%) only had cutaneous recurrences. In seven cases (23%) information was insufficient.Conclusions. During a 15 year period in Denmark only one neonate had serious sequelae following a recognized maternal herpes recurrence. Four infants had a serious infection in spite of Cesarean section. This study does not support a policy of Cesarean section in case of maternal recurrent herpes simplex infection at delivery.
High‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer — initial experience in Uppsala and Turku
Authors: Grenman Seija , Tholander Bengt , Remes Kari , Kauppila Marjut , Rajamäki Allan , Pelliniemi Tarja‐terttu , Rantanen Virpi , Salmi Toivo , Carlsson Kristina , Höglund Martin , ÖBerg Gunnar , Simonson Bengt , Salmi Tuula 
Published: April 2011

Background. With current standard‐dose chemotherapy ovarian cancer is a chemosensitive but not chemocurable disease in the majority of cases. The widely used first‐line chemotherapy including a platinum analogue combined with cyclophosphamide results in response rates of 60–80%. However, only 10–20% of patients with advanced disease are alive 5 years after the diagnosis. The efficacy of high‐dose chemotherapy supported by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is currently under intensive investigation.Methods. We report here our initial experiences of the use of high‐dose chemotherapy supported by ASCT for patients with high‐risk ovarian cancer. Two patients were treated at Uppsala University Hospital in 1992 and four patients at Turku University Central Hospital in 1994.Results. The first four patients treated either after heavy previous chemotherapy or recurrent disease relapsed within 5–10 months. Two patients received high‐dose therapy as part of firstline treatment. One of them had a relapse 18 months after therapy, the other one has been disease free for 28 months. No toxic deaths occurred, but the patients had neutropenic febrile episodes and moderate to severe gastrointestinal toxicity.Conclusions. Coordinated efforts in Nordic countries are indicated to evaluate the usefulness of high‐dose therapy supported by ASCT in the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer.
Variability in movement dynamics of topminnow (Fundulus notatusandF. olivaceus) populations
Authors: Alldredge Patsy , Gutierrez Melissa , Duvernell David , Schaefer Jacob , Brunkow Paul , Matamoros Wilfredo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract – Movement and dispersal patterns are key biological processes across a range of organisational levels. TheFundulus notatusspecies complex includes several species with similar ecological niches that exhibit broadly overlapping ranges. We conducted a mark–recapture study on two of the most widely distributed members of this species complex to improve our understanding of their movement and habitat use. A population ofF. notatuswas studied between June and August of 2008 and 2009 in Cahokia Creek, a small tributary of the Mississippi River in Illinois, along with a parallel study ofFundulus olivaceusbetween May and July of 2009 in Big Creek, a tributary of the Pascagoula River in Mississippi. Fish were recaptured approximately weekly, and habitat variables were measured. Estimated daily movement rates varied significantly both between locations and between years.Fundulus olivaceusin Big Creek moved <1 m per day, whileF. notatusin Cahokia Creek in 2009 moved nearly 23 m per day. The distribution of movements was strongly leptokurtic in all three data sets. Differences in movement rates were attributed to significant differences in population size and habitat characteristics. Our data did not support the hypothesis that populations consist of distinct mobile and resident components. Instead, individual fish went through periods of little or no movement followed by extensive movement (consistent with the home range shift model of fish movement). We discuss the implications these results have for contact zone dynamics between these two species.
Subsampling Herbarium Collections to Assess Geographic Diversity Gradients: A Case Study with Endemic Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae in Cameroon
Authors: Droissart Vincent , Hardy Olivier J. , Sonké Bonaventure , Dahdouh‐Guebas Farid , Stévart Tariq 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe compiled herbarium specimen data to provide an improved characterization of geographic patterns of diversity using indices of species diversity and floristic similarity based on rarefaction principles. A dataset of 3650 georeferenced plant specimens belonging to Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae endemic to Atlantic Central Africa was assembled to assess species composition per half‐degree or one‐degree grid cells. Local diversity was measured by the expected number of species (Sk) per grid cell found in subsamples of increasing size and compared with raw species richness (SR). A nearly unbiased estimator of the effective number of species per grid cell was also used, allowing quantification of ratios of ‘true diversity’ between grid cells. Species turnover was measured using a presence/absence‐based similarity index (Sørensen) and an abundance‐based index that corrects for sampling bias (NNESS). Our results confirm that the coastal region of Cameroon is more diverse in endemic species than those more inland. The southern part of this coastal forest is, however, as diverse as the more intensively inventoried northern part, and should also be recognized as an important center of endemism. A strong congruence between Sørensen and NNESS similarity matrices lead to similar delimitations of floristic units. Hence, heterogeneous sampling seems to confer more bias when measuring patterns of local diversity using raw species richness than species turnover using Sørensen index. Overall, we argue that subsampling methods represent a useful way to assess diversity gradients using herbarium specimens while correcting for heterogeneous sampling effort.Abstract in French is available in the online version of this article.
Influence of Grazing on Soil Seed Banks Determines the Restoration Potential of Aboveground Vegetation in a Semi‐arid Savanna of Ethiopia
Authors: Tessema Zewdu K. , de Boer Willem F. , Baars Robert M. T. , Prins Herbert H. T. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTSpecies composition, number of emerging seedlings, species diversity and functional group of the soil seed banks, and the influence of grazing on the similarity between the soil seed banks and aboveground vegetation, were studied in 2008 and 2009 in a semi‐arid savanna of Ethiopia. We tested whether the availability of persistent seeds in the soil could drive the transition from a degraded system under heavy grazing to healthy vegetation with ample perennial grasses. A total of 77 species emerged from the soil seed bank samples: 21 annual grasses, 12 perennial grasses, 4 herbaceous legumes, 39 forbs, and 1 woody species. Perennial grass species dominated the lightly grazed sites, whereas the heavily grazed sites were dominated by annual forbs. Heavy grazing reduced the number of seeds that can germinate in the seed bank. Species richness in the seed bank was, however, not affected by grazing. With increasing soil depth, the seed density and its species richness declined. There was a higher similarity in species composition between the soil seed bank and aboveground vegetation at the lightly grazed sites compared with the heavily grazed sites. The mean similarity between the seed banks and aboveground vegetation was relatively low, indicating the effect of heavy grazing. Moreover, seeds of perennial grasses were less abundant in the soil seed banks under heavy grazing. We concluded that restoration of grass and woody species from the soil seed banks in the heavily grazed areas could not be successful in semi‐arid savannas of Ethiopia.
The Game of Health©: An innovative lifestyle change program implemented in a family practice
Authors: Courtney Maureen (Reni) , Conard Scott E. , Dunn Pat , Scarborough Kristen 
Published: April 2011

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this clinical pilot project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12 week lifestyle change program targeted to patients with chronic disease. Data sources: Data were collected weekly from participants using individual and group feedback and body composition analysis. Conclusions: The Game of Health was well received by patients and was effective in modifying behaviors to achieve a healthier lifestyle and to improve body composition. Primary care providers need to consider how to make lifestyle change programs available to their patients to complement clinical interventions.
Shamanism and Charisma: Reflections on the Problem of Enchantment in Modernity
Authors: Reddekop Jarrad 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article investigates the ways in which South American shamanism might be analysed in terms of the Weberian concept of charisma, and to ask what is at stake in doing so. It is suggested that this problem might be more rigorously approached by way of a detour through Weber's account of disenchantment, which poses questions about the theological heritage with which our contemporary philosophical and methodological thought is interwoven, and about the particularity of that heritage. As a consequence, it is suggested that contemporary modulations of shamanism can productively problematise customary accounts of the meaning and structure of charisma and of the ways it must be thought to relate to politics in modernity.
Symbolic Charisma and the Creation of Nations: The Case of the Sámi
Authors: Elenius Lars 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe cultural charisma of the Sámi people has served to inscribe them in the nation myths of the Scandinavian states. This charisma was also built into the self‐image of the Nordic countries when they established as a political organisation in the 1950s. While this charisma was to some extent created by leaders of the majority population, its symbolic value has also been used by the Sámi movement as a tool for political mobilisation. The global resistance by indigenous people towards colonialism resulted in a shift of the Sámi people's strategy from national to global action, and in the redefinition from a ‘nature people’ within the nation‐state to an ‘indigenous people’ in a global legalistic discourse. At the same time, Sámi politicians strive to unite the different Sámi groups through a common homeland, Sápmi, which crosses the nation‐state borders. The political territory of Sápmi can culturally be regarded as an imagined nation in the same way as a nation‐state, even if it is scattered across four countries. The creation of a Sámi nation also faces the same kind of inter‐ethnic problems as the nation‐state.
CogSketch: Sketch Understanding for Cognitive Science Research and for Education
Authors: Forbus Kenneth , Usher Jeffrey , Lovett Andrew , Lockwood Kate , Wetzel Jon 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSketching is a powerful means of working out and communicating ideas. Sketch understanding involves a combination of visual, spatial, and conceptual knowledge and reasoning, which makes it both challenging to model and potentially illuminating for cognitive science. This paper describes CogSketch, an ongoing effort of the NSF‐funded Spatial Intelligence and Learning Center, which is being developed both as a research instrument for cognitive science and as a platform for sketch‐based educational software. We describe the idea of open‐domain sketch understanding, the scientific hypotheses underlying CogSketch, and provide an overview of the models it employs, illustrated by simulation studies and ongoing experiments in creating sketch‐based educational software.
Assessing the reliability of fatty acid–specific stable isotope analysis for trophic studies
Authors: Bec Alexandre , Perga Marie‐Elodie , Koussoroplis Apostolos , Bardoux Gérard , Desvilettes Christian , Bourdier Gilles , Mariotti André 
Published: April 2011

Summary1. Fatty acid–specific stable isotope analysis (FA‐SIA) is expected to encompass most of the limits encountered when using more classical trophic markers such as bulk tissue stable isotope or fatty acid analyses. However, an essential premise for using FA‐SIA for trophic studies is that the individual FA δ13C values of the consumer reflect those of its diet. Field studies using FA‐SIA have so far made this assumption, which is not necessarily supported by the rare experimental tests.2. A feeding experiment was conducted on Daphnia to test whether the δ13C values of individual fatty acids in Daphnia were actually related to those of its food.3. Only the stable isotope composition of polyunsaturated (PUFA) and branched fatty acids (BrFA) was globally transmitted from the diet to Daphnia lipids, with however a significant isotope fractionation that varied depending on the considered diet source.4. A model was constructed to evaluate how such variability may affect the reliability of FA‐SIA to track the dietary sources of consumers’ PUFA and BrFA in the field. Results suggest that provided the endmembers are substantially isotopically different, FA‐SIA could provide valuable insights into the pathways conveying these particular FA to consumers in the field.
Palthé Senna as an Adulterant of Indian Senna Leaves
Authors: Forsdike J L 
Published: April 2011

Summary
The principal characters which serve to differentiate Palthé senna from the official sennas, particularly in the broken or powdered condition, are:–
The trichomes, which are about three times as long as those of genuine senna and lack a conspicuously warty cuticle. The presence of two layers of palisade cells on the upper side of the leaf and none on the lower. The cluster crystals being usually along the main veins, whereas the clusters of genuine senna are not found in the neighbourhood of the veins. The presence of occasional prisms of calcium oxalate on the smaller veinlets, where they are lacking in the official sennas. The palisade ratio, stomatal index and vein-islet number. The colours produced by 80 per cent. v/v sulphuric acid and chloral hydrate. The absence of anthraquinone derivatives, resulting in the leaf giving a negative result with Bornträger’s reaction.
PharmacopæIas and Formularies: The British Pharmacopæia, 1948: The Assay of Alkaloidal Salts
Authors: van Os D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In the control of the purity of alkaloidal salts and similar compounds the question arises whether it is necessary to estimate the physiologically active base, or if it is sufficient to determine the other part of the compound molecule. In general, the estimation of the active base gives the best control of purity, but the methods are often laborious and troublesome. It is often difficult to find a good method for the estimation of the active substance, whereas a simple and quick method for the estimation of the other part of the molecule is readily available.
The Effect of Drugs on the Motility of Isolated Strips of Human Stomach Muscle
Authors: Graham J D P 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Strips of longitudinal muscle were obtained from the anterior and posterior wall of the human stomach removed at gastrectomy for duodenal ulceration. The preparations were mounted in an isolated organ bath and movements recorded. Spontaneous movement included periods of relative quiescence, periods of slow wave changes in tonus, and periods of active contraction. Periods of tetanic spasm could be induced by drugs. Acetylcholine, carbaminoylcholine, eserine, barium and histamine stimulated the muscle, and adrenaline, ephedrine and amphetamine inhibited it. Atropine, pavatrine, benadryl and neoantergan (2786 RP) inhibited spontaneous and drug induced contractions. Small doses of atropine (concentration of 10−7) occasionally had a motor effect on the muscle strip. Morphine had no effect on the quiescent or actively contracting muscle, but increased the tone of the slow wave of tonus change. Irregularity of spontaneous activity and response to drugs was a marked feature of the preparation.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Stuart R G , Stuckey R E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
For some time it has been known that warming with concentrated sulphuric acid caused condensation of several natural æstrogens with the production of coloured solutions with varying fluorescence effects. Boscott1 has recently developed the phosphoric acid reaction of Finkelstein, Hestrin, and Koch2 for the detection and estimation of steroid and synthetic æstrogens. The need for a reaction to distinguish between tablets containing small amounts of the various steroid and synthetic hormones in general has led us to investigate the possibility of extending Boscott’s technique for this purpose, since it is known that the presence of small amounts of tablet disintegrants and lubricants interferes with certain colour reactions for these substances (cf. Cocking3). The basic technique described by Boscott was followed after preliminary extractions (when necessary) of the crushed tablets with ether and evaporation of the solvent. It is not certain in cases where extraction had to be used what accompanying tablet constituent was interfering with the fluorescence reaction; starch interfered with the dienæstrol reaction but in other cases merely caused a slight alteration of the fluorescence colour. The results given by a number of steroid hormones not previously examined are also recorded.
The Determination of Amino-Compounds Occurring as Impurities in Pharmaceutical Chemicals: Part II.: 3-Amino-4-Hydroxyphenylarsonic Acid in Acetarsol
Authors: Ballard C W 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method has been evolved for the determination of small amounts of 3-amino-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid in acetarsol. The official limit test has been examined by photoelectric methods and the actual limit determined. A more satisfactory test is proposed.
The Pharmacology of Curare and Curarising Substances
Authors: Paton W D M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Historical: Eighty years have now elapsed since Crum Brown and Fraser1,2 in a paper still worth close study, laid the foundations of our knowledge of the relation between the chemical structure and the pharmacological action of quaternary salts. Even at that early date, they referred to the therapeutic possibilities of the new compounds they had described, and to their advantages over curare in being “readily obtained in a state of perfect purity, and, therefore, of constant strength.” It is only in recent years, however, that either a natural alkaloid or a synthetic curarising substance has emerged in good supply and of the required properties. This rapid progress has been greatly stimulated by King’s determination of the structure of d-tubocurarine chloride3,4,5 by the success of Bennett6 in softening therapeutic convulsions with a curare extract prepared by MacIntyre and standardised by Holaday’s rabbit head-drop method; by Griffith and Johnson’s pioneer demonstrations of the usefulness of curare in anæsthesia7; by Wintersteiner and Dutcher’s isolation8 of a potent curarising extract (intocostrin) rich in d-tubocurarine chloride, from a known botanical species (Chondrodendron tomentosum); and by the discovery of Bovet and his colleagues of synthetic compounds with a potency comparable to that of the natural alkaloids9,10,11,12,13. As a result of this and other work, the clinician now commands a choice of reliable and well-studied compounds, and the pharmacologist has been enriched by many stimulating (and often bewildering) additions to his knowledge.
The Chemistry of Anti-Pernicious Anæmia Factors: Part I: The Liberation of Phosphorus as Phosthate From Vitamin B12 by Acid Hydrolysis
Authors: Ellis B , Petrow V , Snook G F 
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions
Phosphate is found in acid hydrolysates of vitamin B12. Such hydrolysates are deeply coloured and, in order to determine phosphate in them colorimetrically, it has been necessary to develop a new application of the unidimensional paper-strip partition chromatogram technique. The atomic ratio of cobalt: phosphorus in vitamin B12 is found to be 1:1. From a comparison of this result (3 above) with the values recorded by Smith for the anti-pernicious anæmia factor of Smith and Parker6, it is concluded that the latter compound is not identical with vitamin B12.