bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processes driving deep convection over complex terrain: a multi‐scale analysis of observations from COPS IOP 9c
Authors: Corsmeier U. , Kalthoff N. , Barthlott C. , Aoshima F. , Behrendt A. , Di Girolamo P. , Dorninger M. , Handwerker J. , Kottmeier C. , Mahlke H. , Mobbs S.D. , Norton E.G. , Wickert J. , Wulfmeyer V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe ‘Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study’ (COPS) analyses the processes driving deep convection over complex terrain. Convection initiation (CI) is mainly not only expressed by a single process, but by a variety of them, which interact on different scales in time and space and finally can lead to deep convection. A study of such a case over inhomogeneous terrain is presented in this article. Data from the COPS network of stations are taken to identify the time and location of CI. In many cases this is not the same location as the first convective clouds, showers or even thunderstorms. It is shown that the interaction of the CI processes on multiple scales locally leads to either deep convection and severe storms or calm weather. The boundary conditions between the different outcomes are narrow.During IOP 9c (20 July 2007), a mesoscale convective system (MCS) embedded in a surface low over eastern France propagated north‐eastward and a gust front of the MCS reached the COPS area. During the passage of the gust front through the Rhine valley, convective activity was significantly reduced. The gust front reached the slope of the Black Forest, and the warm and humid air above the mountain range prior to the gust front was lifted up to 2000 m within a short time period. Within the air prior to the gust front aloft from the surface, CI started along a north–south oriented line above the crest. Due to insolation ahead of the gust front, a convergence line developed. The interaction of local‐scale orographic winds, the regional‐scale gust front, the mesoscale convergence line, and the synoptic‐scale cold front led to a squall line. Finally, individual severe convective cells formed along the outer section of the synoptic‐scale cold front. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Observation of convection initiation processes with a suite of state‐of‐the‐art research instruments during COPS IOP 8b
Authors: Behrendt A. , Pal S. , Aoshima F. , Bender M. , Blyth A. , Corsmeier U. , Cuesta J. , Dick G. , Dorninger M. , Flamant C. , Di Girolamo P. , Gorgas T. , Huang Y. , Kalthoff N. , Khodayar S. , Mannstein H. , Träumner K. , Wieser A. , Wulfmeyer V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the afternoon of 15 July 2007, a thunderstorm was initiated within a line of cumulus clouds which formed parallel to the crest of the Black Forest mountains during the Intensive Observation Period (IOP) 8b of the Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study (COPS). This paper extends the analysis of processes that led to convection initiation (CI), i.e. the transition from shallow to deep convection, on this day with the data from several COPS instruments that have not been considered in previous studies. In particular, the boundary‐layer structure, lids and the water‐vapour field in the pre‐convective environment of the event are discussed. For this purpose, we investigated measurements of water‐vapour lidars, temperature lidars and wind lidars, profiles from radiosondes, in situ aircraft data and gridded data of weather stations as well as GPS integrated‐water‐vapour data and satellite imagery. Thermally driven circulation systems formed over both the Black Forest and the Vosges mountain ranges which resulted in local convergence zones. These superimposed with the large‐scale convergence in the Black Forest area. In the presence of sufficient moisture and updraught, clouds formed close to the mountain crests. The related latent‐heat release allowed larger thermals to be produced, which may have had a positive feedback on stabilizing these convergence zones as a whole. We believe that differences in the moisture field explain why convection remained shallow and sparse over the Vosges mountains because these differences were responsible for differences in convective inhibition (CIN). The stationary location of the convergence zone over the southern Black Forest was probably decisive for CI because it constantly transported sensible and latent heat into the area in which CI took place. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Soil moisture variability and its influence on convective precipitation over complex terrain
Authors: Hauck Christian , Barthlott Christian , Krauss Liane , Kalthoff Norbert 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSoil moisture monitoring data from the Convective and Orographically‐induced Precipitation Study (COPS) 2007 are combined with operational and high‐resolution simulations with the weather forecast system GME/COSMO‐DE to analyse the discrepancies between observed and modelled soil moisture fields and their potential impacts on convective precipitation forecasts. We use data from the newly installed soil moisture monitoring network comprising 47 stations with soil moisture sensors installed at three different depths within the COPS area in southwest Germany. The obtained soil moisture fields are compared to their related representation within the global model GME interpolated with high‐resolution soil and surface data to a 2.8 km resolution yielding soil moisture values on the same grid as the high‐resolution model COSMO‐DE. Systematic differences between modelled and measured soil moisture values are found and used to determine the potential impact of large soil moisture biases for the modelling of convective processes. This is achieved by conducting sensitivity tests using COSMO‐DE, in which the initialisation fields of soil moisture are varied. Results show a general mean bias towards too dry soil conditions, both in GME during the whole COPS period, as well as in the high‐resolution modelling of specific COPS IOPs with COSMO‐DE. The influence of this bias on simulated precipitation is significant and non‐trivial and depends on the specifics of the analysed case study. The results presented in this study demonstrate that soil moisture has a considerable impact on convection‐related parameters over complex and heterogeneous terrain, but that no simple relationship regarding the sign of the soil moisture–precipitation feedback could be identified due to a complex interplay between various factors that favour or inhibit convection initiation. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Increasing the output length of zero‐error dispersers
Authors: Gabizon Ariel , Shaltiel Ronen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLet
$\cal{C}$
be a class of probability distributions over a finite set Ω. A function $D : \Omega \mapsto\{0,1\}^{m}$
is a disperser for $\cal{C}$
with entropy threshold
$k$
and error
$\epsilon$
if for any distribution X in $\cal{C}$
such that X gives positive probability to at least $2^{k}$
elements we have that the distribution $D(X)$
gives positive probability to at least $(1-\epsilon)2^{m}$
elements. A long line of research is devoted to giving explicit (that is polynomial time computable) dispersers (and related objects called “extractors”) for various classes of distributions while trying to maximize m as a function of k. For several interesting classes of distributions there are explicit constructions in the literature of zero‐error dispersers with “small” output length m.In this paper we develop a general technique to improve the output length of zero‐error dispersers. This strategy works for several classes of sources and is inspired by a transformation that improves the output length of extractors (which was given by Shaltiel (CCC'06; Proceedings of the 21st Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity, (2006) 46–60.) building on earlier work by Gabizon, Raz and Shaltiel (SIAM J Comput 36 (2006) 1072–1094). Our techniques are different than those of Shaltiel (CCC'06; Proceedings of the 21st Annual IEEE Conference on Computational Complexity (2006) 46–60) and in particular give non‐trivial results in the errorless case.Using our approach we construct improved zero‐error 2‐source dispersers. More precisely, we show that for any constant
$\delta >0$
there is a constant $\eta >0$
such that for sufficiently large n
there is a poly‐time computable function $D :\{0,1\}^{n}\times\{0,1\}^{n}\mapsto\{0,1\}^{\eta n}$
such that for every two independent distributions $X_1,X_2$
over $\{0,1\}^{n}$
each with support size at least $2^{\delta n}$, the output distribution $D(X_1,X_2)$
has full support. This improves the output length of previous constructions by Barak, Kindler, Shaltiel, Sudakov and Wigderson (Proceedings of the 37th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (2005) 1–10) and has applications in Ramsey theory and in improved constructions of certain data structures from the work of Fiat and Naor [SIAM J Comput 22 (1993)].We also use our techniques to give explicit constructions of zero‐error dispersers for bit‐fixing sources and affine sources over polynomially large fields. These constructions improve the best known explicit constructions due to Rao (unpublished data) and Gabizon and Raz [Combinatorica 28 (2008)] and achieve
$m=\Omega(k)$
for bit‐fixing sources and $m=k-o(k)$
for affine sources over polynomial size fields. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
Design and implementation of an adaptive Web2.0 QoS‐based home appliance control service platform
Authors: Huang Chung‐Ming , Ku Hao‐Hsiang , Chao Yu‐Chang , Lin Cheng‐Wei , Chen Yen‐Wen 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYThe rapid progress of information techniques enables people to have a relatively convenient environment and life. This study designs and develops the Web2.0‐based Home Appliances controL sErvice platform (WHALE) for users to easily control home appliances. WHALE is a three‐tier architecture, which consists of Device Detection and Registration Service Platform (DDRSP), Web2.0 Service Platform (WSP), and Common Service Platform (CSP). WHALE is based on the standards of Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS), Open Services Gateway initiative (OSGi), and Web2.0 techniques. Users can use many kinds of handheld devices to get services from WSP. When DDRSP finds a new home appliance, this home appliance will be registered into CSP. CSP records the related information and services which are provided by this home appliance. WSP not only integrates and shows the related services of all home appliances but also provides controlling interfaces to control the actions of all home appliances. All delivered messages are based on Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) and Web Services Description Language (WSDL). Furthermore, for the Web QoS (Quality of Service) strategy, this study designs and proposes an Intelligent Web qualIty of Service‐aware maTching (iWIST) model to satisfy different characteristics of the user's requirements. iWIST consists of Components Classifier, Admission Controller, and Dynamic Content Adaptor. Component Classifier can classify users' requesting components with different QoS constraints. Admission Controller determines the maximum available components for the user. Dynamic Content Adaptor dynamically delivers component information to users. Experiment results illustrate that WHALE can provide appropriate contents with low response time to users. Finally, WHALE has integrity, scalability, operability, adaptivity, and extensibility functions. It can be a reference model for developing home appliance controllers in the future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells for Skeletal Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Levi Benjamin , Longaker Michael T. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
As the average age of the population grows, the incidence of osteoporosis and skeletal diseases continues to rise. Current treatment options for skeletal repair include immobilization, rigid fixation, alloplastic materials, and bone grafts, all which have significant limitations, especially in the elderly. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) represent a readily available abundant supply of mesenchymal stem cells, which demonstrate the ability to undergo osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo, making ASCs a promising source of skeletal progenitor cells. Current protocols allow for the harvest of over one million cells from only 15 ml of lipoaspirate. Despite the clinical use of ASCs to treat systemic inflammatory diseases, no large human clinical trials exist using ASCs for skeletal tissue engineering. The aim of this review is to define ASCs, to describe the isolation procedure of ASCs, to review the basic biology of their osteogenic differentiation, discuss cell types and scaffolds available for bone tissue engineering, and finally, to explore imaging of ASCs and their potential future role in human skeletal tissue engineering efforts.
Conditional Activation of Bmi1 Expression Regulates Self-renewal, Apoptosis, and Differentiation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Yadirgi Gokhan , Leinster Veronica , Acquati Serena , Bhagat Heeta , Shakhova Olga , Marino Silvia 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Polycomb group protein Bmi1 is a key regulator of self-renewal of embryonic and adult central nervous system stem cells, and its overexpression has been shown to occur in several types of brain tumors. In a Cre/LoxP-based conditional transgenic mouse model, we show that fine-tuning of Bmi1 expression in embryonic neural stem cell (NSC) is sufficient to increase their proliferation and self-renewal potential both in vitro and in vivo. This is linked to downregulation of both the ink4a/ARF and the p21/Foxg1 axes. However, increased and ectopic proliferation induced by overexpression of Bmi1 in progenitors committed toward a neuronal lineage during embryonic cortical development, triggers apoptosis through a survivin-mediated mechanism and leads to reduced brain size. Postnatally, however, increased self-renewal capacity of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPC) is independent of Foxg1 and resistance to apoptosis is observed in neural progenitors derived from NSC-overexpressing Bmi1. Neoplastic transformation is absent in mice-overexpressing Bmi1 aged up to 20 months. These studies provide strong evidence that fine tuning of Bmi1 expression is a viable tool to increase self-renewal capacity of NSCs both in vitro and in vivo without eliciting neoplastic transformation of these cells.
Reprogramming of Trophoblast Stem Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells by Oct4
Authors: Wu Tong , Wang Haitao , He Jing , Kang Lan , Jiang Yonghua , Liu Jinchao , Zhang Yu , Kou Zhaohui , Liu Lijun , Zhang Xuehong , Gao Shaorong 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
ESCs and trophoblast stem (TS) cells are both derived from early embryos, yet these cells have distinct differentiation properties. ESCs can differentiate into all three germ layer cell types, whereas TS cells can only differentiate into placental cells. It has not been determined whether TS cells can be converted into ES-like pluripotent stem (PS) cells. Here, we report that overexpression of a single transcription factor, Oct4, in TS cells is sufficient to reprogram TS cells into a pluripotent state. These Oct4-induced PS (OiPS) cells have the epigenetic characteristics of ESCs, including X chromosome reactivation, elevated H3K27 me3 modifications, and hypomethylation of promoter regions in Oct4 and Nanog genes. Meanwhile, methylation of promoter region in the Elf5 gene occurred during reprogramming of TS cells. The gene expression profile of OiPS cells was very similar to ESCs. Moreover, OiPS cells can differentiate into the three germ layer cell types in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, chimeric mice with germline transmission could be efficiently produced from OiPS cells. Our results demonstrate that one single transcription factor, Oct4, could reprogram the nonembryonic TS cells into PS cells.
Progesterone influences postischemic synaptogenesis in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in rats
Authors: Zhao Yuanzheng , Wang Jianping , Liu Chunling , Jiang Chao , Zhao Chunyan , Zhu Zhongjun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSynaptogenesis is considered necessary for learning and memory. Recently, it has been suggested that progesterone (PROG) effects synaptogenesis of the cerebellar Purkinje cell, helps alleviate symptoms of multiple sclerosis and helps arrest spinal cord neurodegeneration. However, it is unclear whether PROG influences synaptic plasticity in central nervous system neurons after global cerebral ischemia. The purpose of the present study was to reveal PROG's influence on postischemic synaptogenesis in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in rats. Global cerebral ischemia was induced in male Sprague‐Dawley rats by the 4‐vessel occlusion (4‐VO) method. To determine the amount of synaptogenesis, growth‐associated protein 43 (GAP‐43) and synaptophysin (SYP) expression were examined by immunohistochemical, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blot techniques. Histological and behavioral tests were used to indicate the effect of PROG on global cerebral ischemia. Recovery times were 3, 7, 14, 21, and 35 days after surgery. We found that PROG increased the expression of GAP‐43 and SYP. In addition, there was a significant increase in neuronal cell density and improvement ability to remain on an accelerating rotarod observed in the 4‐VO rats treated with PROG compared to vehicle. We propose that PROG helped enable synaptogenesis in the CA1 region of therat hippocampus after global cerebral ischemia in rats. Synapse, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging of gynecological disease (6): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of ovarian dysgerminoma
Authors: Guerriero S. , Testa A. C. , Timmerman D. , Van Holsbeke C. , Ajossa S. , Fischerova D. , Franchi D. , Leone F. P. G. , Domali E. , Alcazar J. L. , Parodo G. , Mascilini F. , Virgilio B. , Demidov V. N. , Lipatenkova J. , Valentin L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the clinical history and ultrasound findings in patients with ovarian dysgerminoma.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of patients with a histological diagnosis of ovarian dysgerminoma who had undergone preoperative ultrasound examination. The patients were identified from the databases of 11 ultrasound centers. The tumors were described by the principal investigator at each contributing center on the basis of ultrasound images, ultrasound reports and research protocols (when applicable) using the terms and definitions of the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) group. In addition, three authors reviewed all available electronic ultrasound images (gray‐scale images and color/power Doppler images were available for 18 patients and 14 patients, respectively) and described them using subjective evaluation of gray‐scale and color Doppler ultrasound findings (here called pattern recognition).ResultsTwenty‐one patients with ovarian dysgerminoma were identified (including one woman with bilateral masses). Twenty patients had a primary ovarian dysgerminoma (including the one with bilateral masses) and one patient had a recurrence of dysgerminoma in her retained ovary. One of the 21 patients was pregnant. All tumors except one were pure dysgerminomas, one being a mixed germinal cell tumor with 30% dysgerminoma component. Median age was 20 (range, 16–31) years. Information on clinical symptoms was available for 18 patients. In four patients, the tumor was detected incidentally, whereas 14 patients presented with one or more of the following symptoms: acute pain (n = 4), chronic pain (n = 8), bloating (n = 8), menstrual disorders (n = 5) and infertility problems (n = 1). One (5%) patient had ascites. Using the IOTA terms and definitions, all but one dysgerminoma were moderately (43%) or very well (50%) vascularized solid tumors. One tumor was multilocular–solid. According to pattern recognition, most dysgerminomas were highly vascularized, purely solid tumors with heterogeneous internal echogenicity divided into several lobules, had a smooth and sometimes lobulated contour and were well‐defined relative to the surrounding organs.ConclusionThe ultrasound finding of a highly vascularized, large, solid, lobulated adnexal mass with irregular internal echogenicity in a woman 20–30 years old should raise the suspicion of ovarian dysgerminoma. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal cardiac dimensions at 14–40 weeks' gestation obtained using cardio‐STIC‐M
Authors: Luewan S. , Yanase Y. , Tongprasert F. , Srisupundit K. , Tongsong T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo establish normative reference ranges of fetal cardiac dimensions derived from volume datasets acquired using spatiotemporal image correlation with M‐mode display (cardio‐STIC‐M).MethodsA cross‐sectional study was undertaken on singleton pregnancies with normal fetuses and accurate gestational ages. Cardio‐STIC volume datasets were acquired by experienced operators using a high‐resolution ultrasound machine; these were maneuvered to obtain a four chamber‐view with exactly horizontal interventricular septum (IVS). Cardiac dimensions were measured in STIC‐M‐mode using 4D View software.ResultsA total of 657 measurements, at a rate of between 15 and 37 per week, were obtained. Normal reference ranges for biventricular outer diameter, left and right ventricular inner diameter, left and right ventricular wall thickness, IVS thickness, left to right ventricular diameter ratio and left and right ventricular shortening fractions were constructed based on best‐fit equations as a function of gestational age, fetal head circumference and biparietal diameter. Thirty‐four volume datasets of abnormal fetal hearts were also separately assessed, many of which showed abnormal cardiac dimensions.ConclusionsThis is the first report on normal ranges of fetal cardiac dimensions constructed using the new cardio‐STIC‐M technology. Preliminary evaluation suggests that these reference ranges may be a useful tool in the assessment of fetal cardiac abnormalities. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A generalisation of the Rayleigh distribution with applications in wireless fading channels
Authors: Gómez‐Déniz E. , Gómez‐Déniz L. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe signal received in a mobile radio environment exhibits rapid signal level fluctuations which are generally Rayleigh‐distributed. These result from interference by multiple scattered radio paths between the base station and the mobile receptor. Fading‐shadowing effects in wireless channels are usually modelled by means of the Rayleigh–Lognormal distribution (RL), which has a complicated integral form. The K‐distribution (K) is similar to RL but it has a simpler form and its probability density function admits a closed form; however, due to the Bessel function, parameter estimates are not direct. Another possible approach is that of the Rayleigh‐inverse Gaussian distribution (RIG). In this paper, an alternative is presented, a generalisation of the Rayleigh distribution which is simpler than the RL, K and RIG distributions, and thus more suitable for the analysis and design of contemporary wireless communication systems. Closed‐form expressions for the bit error rate (BER) for differential phase‐shift keying (DPSK) and minimum shift keying (MSK) modulations with the proposed distribution are obtained. Theoretical results based on statistically well‐founded distance measurements validate the new distribution for the cases analysed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.