bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Punishment Beyond Borders
Authors: Durmuşoğlu Linet R. , van Prooijen Jan-Willem , Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In contrast to domestic societies, second-party punishment—that is, punitive action by the victim of a transgression or a party close to the victim—remains a common practice in international politics. This chapter discusses two experimental studies that examined citizens’ responses to second- and institutional third-party punishment in international and interpersonal relations in order to learn about the public legitimacy of punitive force in international relations. It was found that citizens consider the delegation of punishment to a third party more legitimate than second-party punishment not only in the context of the nation-state but also internationally. Even so, the difference in support between second- and third-party punishment is more pronounced at the individual level than at the international level. Confidence in punitive institutions appears to be an important factor in citizens’ support for punishment across settings.
Why Sanctioning?
Authors: Onderco Michal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The mainstream international relations scholarship on sanctions overwhelmingly concludes that if the success of sanctions is measured by the change of the target’s behavior, then sanctions do not work. But if sanctions “do not work,” why are they increasingly popular? This chapter seeks to answer this question with the help of interdisciplinary scholarship on punishment, with the goal of connecting the political science insights on sanctions with broader scholarship on punishment. The practice of sanctioning countries reflects three contributions of the punitive lens on international politics: It shows which norms are at the core of international order (and deserve to be protected by the punitive responses), it demonstrates structures of power and authority (and the right to sanctions), and it shows where the potential for cooperation is in international politics.
Supporting the Punishment of Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Christensen Mikkel Jarle 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter contributes a critical analysis of elites active in the field of atrocity crimes justice. It demonstrates how the support of punishment as the core technology to deal with perpetrators of these crimes is rooted in a broad coalition of elites who work in the field of international criminal justice. However, the analysis also shows how this coalition of elites is populated by a narrow group of well-educated, mostly male professionals who have been trained in and have most of their professional ties to the Global North. This can affect the ways in which punishment is understood, interpreted, and implemented in this field, including where its institutions and organizations direct their gaze and legal technologies. Ultimately, this can impact the way in which international criminal justice develops as well as the perceived legitimacy of its project to end impunity for atrocity crimes.
Introduction to the Economics of Cooperation
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the 19th century the theorists of the British cooperative movement built an alternative to classical political economy. They called it a social science. The present volume describes, often restates, and in places, reconstructs their thought. We consider cooperative theorists from Robert Owen to G. D. H. Cole. Most all of them explore the interactions of an enlarged self-interest with a rich set of institutions: communal property, self-governance, voluntarism, and equality. To realize their vision, the cooperative theorists propose a range of radical new systems: cooperative villages, cooperative stores, and guild workshops. They argue that the new cooperative mode will yield material superabundance, happiness, and human development for all. Fundamental to the stability of their cooperative systems is the claim of a powerful social psychological feedback mechanism. Experiencing the attractive outcomes of superabundance, happiness, and human development reinforces and strengthens individuals’ enlarged self-interest and institutional commitments.
To Owen’s Left
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Owen’s new social science resonates with a range of followers. The most notable theorists in this group are the Benthamite philosopher William Thompson, and feminist coauthor Anna Doyle Wheeler. They posit that while self-interest drives human beings, institutions determine whether that drive translates into selfishness or the pursuit of wellbeing for the larger community. Thompson and Wheeler insist that the following principled institutions are key: equality, voluntarism, and security. Under such institutions the cooperative commonwealth generates unprecedented superabundance and an expansion of happiness which in turn feedback and support the energy of the community. We call this mutual reinforcement the Thompson-Wheeler theorem. Gender equality is a key component of equality. As pioneering feminists, Thompson and Wheeler argue that gender equality is necessary for the achievement of the greatest good and that cooperations is necessary for gender equality.
Profit Sharing
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In its weak form, the argument for profit sharing offers a reform to lessen the conflict between capital and labor. In its strong form it offers an alternative transition mechanism to the cooperative commonwealth. Starting with Charles Babbage, advocates emphasize its ability to raise productivity. Some, like Sedley Taylor and William Thornton, argue that profit sharing is most appropriate to labor-intensive industries. Several advocates, most notably William Stanley Jevons, insist that decision-making not be shared with workers. Alfred Marshall, however, argues that profit sharing can be seen as an important step toward true cooperation. He also offers suggestive theoretical insights on the implicit profit sharing in more traditional firms.
Introduction
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter lays out the main puzzle under examination: How has China tried to build power and influence over the past thirty years? What factors have determined the strategies Beijing has pursued? This chapter presents the conventional wisdom behind power accumulation in international politics and advances a new explanation for China’s rise—the “upstart” strategy. The chapter describes the empirical evidence that will be used to examine the viability of this argument. It then situates this study within the broader literature on rising powers and great power competition, and provides a road map for the remaining chapters ahead.
Emulation and Exploitation in Chinese Military Strategy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how China managed to build a military befitting a great power without provoking the United States to strangle its modernization efforts early on. Empirically, this chapter focuses on China’s attempts to emulate the United States in pursuing the ability to fight wars in the information age, pursuing “legitimate” military activities like humanitarian or peacekeeping missions, and participating in arms control regimes. It also covers one case of failed emulation—China’s aircraft carrier program. Furthermore, this chapter discusses how China targets US military vulnerabilities with its anti-access and area denial (A2/AD) strategy.
Emulation and Exploitation in Chinese Economic Policy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
How has China used economic tools to attract other countries and cultivate leverage? This chapter looks at the first and second components of China’s upstart strategy—emulation and the exploitation of gaps—to show how China has built and exercised economic power. China emulated the US approach in pursuing economic power through free trade. China also exploited gaps in its search for preferential trade arrangements, gaining power positions in international economic institutions and expanding its market share in the developing world. China has also taken the US approach of using economic sanctions to shape the policies of other countries, but it does so via distinctive methods that exploit the vulnerabilities and gaps in the system. The chapter also includes a case study of largely failed emulation: China’s attempt to internationalize the renminbi to undermine the dominance of the US dollar.
American News in the 21st Century
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the vulnerabilities of the American media system to propaganda through a discussion of media norms, laws, ownership, and journalistic standards. America has a virtually unique media system, in that there is almost no state funding of the mass media and relatively little regulation. As a result, media remain particularly wedded to traditional corporate structures that are vulnerable to economic pressures in the digital age. While the commercial basis of the U.S. media has traditionally been seen as healthy for American journalists by most analysts, newsmaking had been under significant financial pressure for decades. Some outlets, such as Fox News, have come to favor sensation and commentary over hard news to attract and engage audiences. It is against this background that Russian propaganda has found an environment in which to flourish, especially as Trump spent much of his term in office attacking the media as an institution as well as through his constant reliance on falsehoods that were covered as news.
Conclusions
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 offers conclusions to show how to disentangle the threads of Russian disinformation from the crowded media system in the United States. By defining Russian strategic narratives and deploying automated coding seeded by human insight, the analysis codes and tracks how Russian messages migrate through Western media systems. President Donald Trump was a pivot around which both Russian disinformation and far-right news were oriented in the United States. Although their communicative aims are different, Fox News, RT, and Sputnik have echoed each other through the crises in U.S. democracy in the 2020 election and its aftermath. While nascent Russian strategic narratives about the war in Ukraine have found a fainter echo in U.S. news, there is worrying evidence that elite U.S. newspapers amplify Russian propaganda narratives about NATO.
Introduction
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The book’s introduction begins with an overview of how musical theatre performers and fans began making TikTok videos of them performing the iconic opening choreography to “I Hope I Get It” from A Chorus Line in spring 2020. As theatres across the world remained dark because of the COVID-19 pandemic, musical theatre lovers took to TikTok as a site to perform their love of musicals, stay connected and build community. The story of the A Chorus Line TikTok phenomenon serves as an entry-point into a conversation about how musical theatre is thriving on TikTok. As TikTok has grown in international importance, so too has the myriad ways that TikTok intersects with musical theatre fan communities. The introduction continues with an overview of the TikTok platform as well as the relationship between social media and musical theatre.
Marketing Musicals the TikTok Way
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Beetlejuice. The musical’s journey from critical failure to commercial success is closely tied to its rise and perseverance as a TikTok commodity. Indeed, as the musical opened to lukewarm reviews and a tepid box-office advance, a legion of digital musical theatre fans began engaging with the musical’s dramaturgy on TikTok, facilitating the musical’s rise to the top of the app’s For You Page, creating a robust body of Beetlejuice afterlives, and, ultimately, rendering the musical’s Broadway production a commercial success. Beetlejuice as a case study facilitates a discussion of how fans can claim agency through TikTok, even holding the power to make a musical turn a profit and perhaps become a long-running show. As such, this chapter unpacks the relationship among digital fan performances, the dramaturgical world of a musical on TikTok, and the thing that makes Broadway tick—turning a profit.
Interlude
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The second interlude explores how the dance call for The Muny’s summer 2022 production of Legally Blonde went viral. The dance call become a micro trend among musical theatre fans on TikTok. It eventually spilled over into Facebook and Twitter and became the talk of the theatre community. The Legally Blonde dance call’s unexpected virality speaks to how video dance auditions align with TikTok’s dance-challenge culture. As such, The Muny dance call blurred lines between TikTok challenges and actual auditions, with many dancers even commenting that they weren’t sure if they were actually auditioning for the production (spoiler alert: they weren’t).
Interlude
Authors: Boffone Trevor 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Interlude Three shifts the focus to another role-playing culture—cosplay, or the fan practice of dressing in character costumes. This interlude explores how the Mamma Mia! fandom uses TikTok as a virtual playground to display their love for all things ABBA. As a silly place to cosplay, TikTok is a virtual answer to traditional cosplay sites like Comic-Con (or, in the case of musical theatre, BroadwayCon). Accordingly, TikTok expands the breadth of opportunities that musical theatre fans have to cosplay. Via TikTokian cosplay, musical lovers can imagine themselves as their favorite musical characters.
Language and Community
Authors: Sarti Laury 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the use of Greek in the west and the role of Latin in the east to explore the role of language in shaping medieval identities and the relations between the Frankish and the Byzantine world. It argues that in the west, interest in Greek was mainly intellectual and used to explore religious scripture. Communication with the Byzantines was important at the court, where Greek was taught orally. Although Latin had come out of use in the Byzantine east, it remained a defining feature of imperial Romanness: despite Greek having become the common language, Latin was defined as the “language of the Romans” until the tenth century. While Latin thus retained some of its significance as a reference to Roman and imperial identity in the east, Greek was only marginally related to the Roman imperial legacy in the west.
Orthodoxy and the oikumene
Authors: Sarti Laury 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies the role of the Church, the significance of Christian belief, and doctrinal controversy as a factor characterizing the relationship between east and west. The sources focus on religious disputes, a topic that also dominates modern scholarship, mainly concerned with the gradual divergence and alienation. This chapter argues that the basis of these medieval controversies was a strong desire for religious consensus and unity. It was the pretension to uniformity, inherent to Christian belief, that was likely to cause dissent, as the aspired orthodoxy was fragile, entailing that even details could cause discord. The Byzantines and the Franks considered themselves united by a shared Christian world and its Church until the ninth century. East and west still met on eye level when discussing questions of faith and the often-claimed allegation of a largely overextended Frankish world confronted with the sophistication of Byzantine eruditeness is not supported by the evidence.
Roman Cultural Heritage
Authors: Sarti Laury 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter shows that late Roman and Byzantine features were virtually ubiquitous, at least among the Frankish elite. They were not mere appropriations and copies introduced as alien features but belonged to the western culture inside which they evolved. The analysis therewith confirms the authenticity of Roman elements in the Frankish culture, which did not rely on poor imitations of superior ancient and eastern models or “originals” but adopted, adapted, and advanced preexisting and current examples and concepts to serve western ideas and needs. Roman culture thus remained a living feature evolving in exchange and in consideration of the Roman heritage and the Byzantine present. The first section focuses on cultural elements related to politics and the exertion of power, followed by a discussion of aspects of Roman culture in the early medieval material heritage and a final section on nonmaterial aspects of Roman culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Sarti Laury 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The conclusion of this study discusses the implications of the research on the Franks’ relationship with the Roman world. It challenges modern concepts and argues that the Franks, despite their distinctiveness, continued to belong to the Roman world. The connection of the Carolingians to the Byzantines on political and cultural levels is emphasized, challenging conventional scholarship. The study urges a nuanced understanding of terms like “Roman” or references to “imitation” and highlights the complexities of historical realities often oversimplified by existing paradigms. The Franks, emerging from within the Roman empire, maintained a multifaceted identity that incorporated elements of Roman heritage and Christian identity. The chapter concludes that the association of the Franks with the Roman world persisted until the gradual dissociation, marked by periods of alienation and silence, possibly culminating between the late ninth and early tenth centuries. The study therewith promotes a historical approach devoid of anachronistic concepts and calls for a reevaluation of the evidence from an early medieval perspective.
Neuropsychological Evaluation
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 20 provides details about the components of a neuropsychological evaluation. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a cognitive disorder, and careful and thorough testing of thinking skills is necessary for diagnosing MCI. A neuropsychological evaluation provides this thorough cognitive testing, and examines whether performance is typical—that is, within expectations—by comparing the individual’s test scores to data from a group of other people of a similar age and educational background. This chapter describes what kinds of questions the neuropsychologist will ask and provides information about each kind of thinking skill examined. A diagram to show how a person with MCI might perform on the thinking skills tested is provided.
Making Change for the Better
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 28 provides practical advice to motivate people to make change for the better by helping them evaluate the personal costs and the personal benefits of change. Doing this type of evaluation can help you feel more confident in the path you choose going forward. It can also help you with sticking to your decision when you find making a positive change to be a challenge. The idea of self-efficacy, which is your belief in your ability to do something, is explored. Also reviewed is evidence that people with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) are capable of learning new things and of developing good memory habits that can benefit their everyday memory function. In other words, people with MCI are capable of making positive change to benefit their brain health and wellbeing.
Planning for Current and Future Support Needs
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 30 describes the importance of making the most of where you live. The place you choose to live can help you live well with mild cognitive impairment. Aging in place refers to the home environment that best allows you to live as independently as possible. It also has a lot to do with personal preference and values. This chapter explores different options related to staying put or moving, and what types of supports are available in different living situations to support the idea of aging in place. There are health benefits associated with planning for the future. Older adults who feel prepared for the future also have a brighter mood and feel more able to cope with health problems that come their way.
Making Sense of the Diet Buzz
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 35 explains that there is no single wonder food, vitamin, or mineral. It’s not helpful to focus on a particular food; rather, it is important to get a variety of nutrients. Having nutrient-rich foods benefits health because some nutrients work to prevent cell damage. Brightly colored fruits and vegetables have the most nutrients. Omega-3 fatty acids in our diet can prevent heart disease by lowering cholesterol. The types of fats we eat are very important. Saturated fat will raise our bad cholesterol, which can cause a narrowing of blood vessels and arteries. Transfats, a type of saturated fat found in a lot of processed foods and fast foods, are especially bad because they raise our bad cholesterol and lower our good cholesterol. The differences between good and bad fats are described, along with evidence showing that older adults who eat more fruits and vegetables do better on tests of learning and memory and have reduced risk of dementia.
How to Achieve Healthy Eating Habits
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 36 aims to provide practical advice on how to keep a healthy diet. The chapter reviews food guide recommendations and helps you learn how to check if you are getting the right balance between protein, fruits and vegetables, grains, and dairy or dairy substitutes. Drinking enough fluids is emphasized as important for health, and ideas to help get enough fluids into your body throughout the day are provided. Grocery shopping tips and information about how to identify healthy foods that are low in salt and sugar and high in vitamins and minerals are also included in the chapter.
Education, social work, and anti-capitalism
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A challenge for social work is how to teach this discipline in the first place. As social work emerges from a body of knowledge along with requisite degrees, it must confront ideas about pedagogy. If social work claims to be on the side of those oppressed, how do you teach in a way that does not replicate the same in the classroom? This is a similar conundrum that anarchism has faced. After all, if authority is rejected, what role does a teacher play? This chapter explores critical pedagogy along with attempts by anarchism to resolve a seeming paradox in education. While this chapter focuses on teaching social work, it has further application for students, as one role for social work is that of educating or providing education in the helping profession. This is a timely topic given the concerns of the neoliberal impact on education and the rise of uncritical right-wing populism.