bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF DIETARY FRUCTOSE IN INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES OF ADULTS
Authors: Pelkonen Risto , Aro Antti , Nikkilä Esko A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The metabolic effect of an isocaloric replacement of 75 grams of dietary starch by fructose was studied in 10 insulin‐dependent diabetic patients. Body weight, urinary excretion of glucose, diurnal variation of blood glucose, plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and plasma immunoreactive growth hormone (IRGH) and fasting levels of plasma cholesterol and triglyceride were determined during three successive dietary periods. During the first and third period starch was the main carbohydrate given while during the second period 75 grams of starch was replaced by fructose. Fructose feeding did not alter diurnal blood glucose or urinary output of glucose but a tendency to an increase of plasma triglyceride and FFA levels was observed during the fructose period. Plasma levels of cholesterol and IRGH were unaffected by fructose.The results suggest that in controlled insulin‐dependent diabetes moderate amounts of fructose can be included in the diet without any adverse effects on the glucose balance. However, it seems likely that triglyceride metabolism of diabetics is influenced by dietary fructose even in moderate doses.
Permanent Pacemaker Treatment at Gentofte Hospital
Authors: BERNING JENS , LARSEN BJØRN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Results of a follow‐up study of 125 patients treated with permanent pacemakers at Gentofte Hospital during the years 1962–1973 are presented. Complications with endocardial electrodes are reported and longevity curves of pacemaker units are given.The series shows a high frequency of electrode displacement in the first three months and battery exhaustion from the 18th to the 42nd month.The appearence of complications correlates with the frequences of check‐up intervals.In order to predict pacing failure due to battery exhaustion, there would seem to be some merit in carrying out an oscilloscopic display of the pulse artifact in addition to the usual measurement of pulse frequency.The aim of this retrospective report is, by analysing a pacemaker series for sudden electrode failures and battery longevity, to comment on the value of check‐up procedures in an outpatient pacemaker clinic.
SEVENTY‐YEAR‐OLD PEOPLE IN GOTHENBURG A POPULATION STUDY IN AN INDUSTRIALIZED SWEDISH CITY
Authors: Svanborg A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe prospective longitudinal population study of elderly individuals in Gothenburg started in 1971/72 with an investigation of a representative sample (about 3/10) of the 70‐year‐olds. This wide population study concerns the nature and manifestations of normal ageing processes, the incidence and prevalence of disease at higher ages and the occurrence and the nature of infirmity in old age. This paper is a general description of some of the social and medical observations obtained during the first study of the probands and concerns migration in the population, housing, dwelling conditions, mobility and transportations, social contacts, need of help, results of the general, othological, ophthalmological, psychiatric, psychological and odontological examinations as well as of certain laboratory analyses. The results showed that “underdiagnosis” was common in this age group, i.e. that previously unknown disease often was present. The results also indicate that “overdiagnosis” is rather common due to the fact that the border zone between normal ageing and disease is only a very vague presentiment in the higher age groups. More advanced handicaps were rather uncommon and only about 3 per cent of the 70‐year‐olds suffered from handicaps or diseases to such an extent that care within institutions was necessary. The 70‐year‐olds rather commonly are living under social conditions that from a medical point of view might be subjected to critizism. It should, however, also be emphasized that a majority of the 70‐year‐olds in Gothenburg were living a very comfortable life in rather good physical and mental condition.
INTAKE OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENTS AND MEAL HABITS IN 70‐YEAR‐OLD MALES AND FEMALES IN GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN A POPULATION STUDY
Authors: Steen B. , Isaksson B. , Svanborg A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this substudy within the population study “70‐year‐old people in Gothenburg, Sweden” were to survey the dietary habits of the probands including meal habits and intake of energy and nutrients. The subsample comprised 191 males and 199 females, of whom 182 males and 188 females took part in the complete dietary interview examination, comprising a 24‐hour recall interview and a dietary history interview. The examined subsample was considered representative of the 70‐year‐old population in Gothenborg. The dietary history method was found to be more valid than the 24‐hour recall method. On an average 1.8 hot meals and 0.9 meals of type beverages and sandwich with slices of meat, cheese etc. were consumed daily. The intakes of energy and nutrients were on average satisfactory but showed a fairly great variation. Examples of intakes calculated from the dietary history interview are (M±SD, males and females, respectively): Energy 9.8±2.4 MJ and 8.1±2.3 MJ, protein 74±18.7 g and 63±16.5 g, calcium 1033±414.0 mg and 927±368.0 mg and potassium 79±22.2 mmol and 68±25.1 mmol, respectively. Examples of significant associations between social data and data of the intake of energy and nutrients are that probands with an education higher than elementary school showed a higher proportion of energy intake from protein than other probands and that males living alone showed a lower iron intake than other males. A comparison between this study and cross‐sectional studies on e.g. middle‐aged women in Gothenburg showed that the energy intake and the body composition in females was of the same order of magnitude in these two groups. More definite conclusions concerning possible changes by age in intake of energy and nutrients presuppose, however, longitudinal studies. The present cross‐sectional data will be used as a basis for a prospective longitudinal geriatric/ gerontological study.
Left ventricular function after myocardial infarction: Relation between systolic time intervals and quantitative ischaemic ECG changes
Authors: Godtfredsen John , Kryger Peter , Lublin Henrik 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwentyfour male patients with sustained myocardial infarction (MI) were studied with 12‐lead ECG and systolic time intervals (STI) 5 months after the acute episode. From the ECGs were calculated the summed voltages of the R wave (σR), the Q wave (σQ), and the ST segment deviation (σST). These ischaemic ECG variables were correlated with the STI parameters of left ventricular function: LVETI, PEP and PEP/LVET. Statistically significant regression equations relating the ECG changes to the STI variables were found in anterior MI, for σST in the entire series, but not in inferior MI. Thus a simple and rapid inspection of the resting 12‐lead ECG gives an indirect but reliable quantitative estimate of left ventricular function in patients with a sustained myocardial infarction.Experimental studies have shown a relation between QRS changes in the ECG and the size of myocardial infarction (MI) (11, 21). As the extent of myocardial damage after MI determines the impairment of left ventricular (LV) function (14, 20, 25), a correlation between QRS changes and the LV performance would be expected. Linear correlation between the summed R wave voltages (σR) and the number of Q waves (Q index), and the angiographically determined LV ejection fraction has been reported in patients with chronic ischaemic heart disease (2, 4). This study looked for a quantitative correlation between the LV performance, as reflected by various systolic time intervals (STI), and ischaemic ECG changes (σR, σQ, and σST) in a group of patients with previous MI.
Accurate determination of serum ASAT isoenzymes
Authors: Konttinen Aarne , Ojala Kaarina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn improved electrophoretic modification for measuring aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) isoenzymes is presented. This method fulfils the clinical requirements for sensitivity and allows the detection of 1 U/1 mitochondria ASAT activity at 25°C. The procedure is relatively simple, requiring about one hour for a series of 8 determinations. Mitochondrial ASAT activity was found in all patients suffering from acute myocardial infarction pathological activity was observed for several days longer than that of total serum ASAT enzyme. None of the 25 healthy people studied had mitochondrial ASAT in their serum.
THE CROSS‐SECTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAM IN CLINICAL CARDIOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND RELATIONSHIP TO THE M‐MODE TECHNIQUE.
Authors: WEYMAN A.E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYUntil recently M‐mode echocardiography has been the standard in clinical practice. Although the M‐mode systems provide rapidly acquired, high resolution data concerning regional cardiac interface position and motion, the limited area encompassed by the narrow M‐mode beam and failure to provide spatial orientation may be a significant limitation in selected clinical areas.Cross‐sectional echocardiography expands the area of the heart which is available for study and displays the acoustic images in a dynamic spatially oriented format allowing the moving cross‐sectional anatomy of the heart to be visualized. This variation in method of display provides more extensive information concerning valvular heart disease by permitting analysis of the morphology and motion patterns of the cardiac valves, direct visualization of valvular orifices, and appreciation of valvular movement in relationship to surrounding cardiac chambers. In patients with ischemic heart disease the cross‐sectional systems increase the area of the ventricle which is available for ultrasonic study by adding the cardiac apex and the medial and lateral walls of the ventricle to the recorded data. In addition the systems permit localized distortion in left ventricular shape and function to be evaluated. Finally, in congenital heart disease the cross‐sectional systems permit the orientation of the great vessels and cardiac chambers to be determined. In this report we have presented examples of the applications of cross‐sectional echocardiography in each of these areas in the hope that the reader can gain from these isolated examples an overall appreciation of the potential of this type of instrumentation and its relationship to be more conventional M‐mode display.
CROSS‐SECTIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF AORTIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: WEYMAN A.E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYCross‐sectional echocardiographic features of aortic obstruction occurring at multiple levels of the left ventricular outflow tract are discribed. Specific pathologic entities considered include coarctation of the aorta, supravalvular, valvular, and discrete subvalvular aortic stenosis, as well as functional or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. At each of these levels the cross‐sectional method permits direct visualization of the obstructing lesion, it's morphologic characteristics, and extent. In addition the relationship of the area of obstruction to more normal surrounding areas of the outflow tract can be assessed. Studies at the supravalvular and valvular levels indicate the direct imaging of the stenotic area may permit estimation of severity.At the subvalvular level the patterns of development of functional obstruction can be examined and the mechanisms of this type of obstruction further illucidated. Finally in addition to direct visualization of individual areas of obstruction it is possible to detect or exclude areas of concommittant obstruction at other levels of the outflow tract. Cross‐sectional echocardiography therefore represents a rapid, non‐invasive method for visualizing the location, extent, severity, and dynamic nature of lesions producing obstruction to left ventricular outflow.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN ATRIOVENTRICULAR CANAL MALFORMATION: A DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
Authors: DRAULANS‐NOË H.A.Y. , VOOGD P.J. , LIGTVOET C.M. , RIDDER J. , WENINK A.C. G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTwo‐dimensional echocardiographic studies were performed in 20 children with various forms of atrio‐ventricular canal malformation. Both sagittal and transverse cross‐sections were evaluated. The most typical finding in all patients was the visualization of the cleft anterior mitral leaflet (AML) represented by a diastolic break of AML echoes in the sagittal cross‐section. ‐ In cases where the AML is attached to the interventricular septum, varying degrees of left ventricular outflow tract narrowing and elongation were observed.In the transverse cross‐section mitral‐tricuspid alignment could be observed at the level of the aortic root. The ventricular septal defect in complete AVC was visualized as an echo‐free space between the common anterior leaflet and the interventricular septum.
Platelet Taurine in Patients with Arterial Hypertension, Myocardial Failure or Infarction
Authors: Paasonen M. K. , Penttilä O. , Himberg J. J. , Solatunturi E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. The content of taurine in the hypertrophied left ventricle is increased in congestive heart failure and in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats. In SH rats the taurine content of and taurine uptake by the platelets are also increased. The present results indicate that, as in the heart, the taurine content may also increase in the platelets of those patients with congestive heart failure. The taurine content and uptake are not increased in the platelets of hypertensive patients as they are in the platelets of SH rats. It is likely that in acute myocardial infarction, a considerable amount of taurine is released from the heart into the plasma. However, there is no simultaneous increase in the platelet taurine content.From this work one can only conclude that platelets may reflect taurine changes in the heart in some pathological states, e.g. congestive heart failure.
Platelets, Intravascular Coagulation and Fibrinolysis in Hyperlipidaemias: Relationship to Thrombo‐Embolic Complications
Authors: Carvalho Angelina C. A. , Lees Robert S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Platelet function, intra‐vascular coagulation (IVC) and fibrinolysis were studied in 85 patients with Type II hyperlipo‐proteinaemia, 36 with Type IV hypertriglyce‐ridaemia and 36 normal subjects. The effects of clofibrate and nicotinic acid therapy on their plasma lipid concentrations, platelet behaviour, IVC and fibrinolysis were also evaluated. Untreated Type II patients had platelet hyperreactivity to aggregating agents and increased nucleotide release. Their platelet phospholipid content was quantitatively and qualitatively altered. The mechanism of platelet hyperreactivity appears to be related to their ability to convert AA to cyclic endoperoxides and thromboxanes. Although both groups of common hyperlipidaemias had accelerated activation of the blood coagulation systems, the Type II patients had worse blood alterations than the Type IV patients did. Furthermore, our data also suggests that in hypercholesterolaemia platelets appear to mediate these blood changes. Clofibrate treatment in Type II patients improved the platelet reactivity, reversed IVC and stimulated fibrinolysis without altering their plasma lipid levels. In contrast, in Type IV patients, clofibrate therapy significantly lowered plasma triglycerides but did not alter the blood coagulation changes nor did it stimulate fibrinolysis. Thrombo‐embolic complications were common in both groups of hyperlipida etnias but more so in Type II patients. A correlation therefore appears to exist between laboratory evidence of platelet reactivity and IVC and increased incidence of thromboembolic complications.Taken together, these observations suggest that anti‐platelet drugs may be useful in the prevention of thrombo‐embolic complications in Type II patients. In contrast, in hypertriglyceridaemia, impairment of the fibrinolytic system is the likely mechanism by which these thrombotic events occur. Unfortunately, simple preventive treatments to stimulate fibrinolysis are not yet available.
ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY IN HYPERTENSIVE AND NORMOTENSIVE SUBJECTS DURING INNER‐ AND OUTER‐DIRECTED ATTENTION
Authors: Fredrikson Mats , Dimberg Ulf , Frisk‐Holmberg Marianne 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTArterial blood pressure (BP), skin conductance level (SCL) and spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance (SFs) were monitored in 14 subjects with essential hypertension (HT), and 14 matched normotensive (NT) controls during a letter identification task (L) and mental arithmetic (MA). During both tasks, the groups displayed different reponse patterns such that SFs and BP tended to be negatively correlated in the HT group but were positively correlated in the NT group. No correlation between BT and SCL was obtained in any group during either task. SFs and SCL were positively correlated in the NT group during both tasks whereas no correlation was found in the HT group. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that an increased BP is associated with the rejection of the environment.
The Heart Cell: Some Metabolic Aspects of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Nayler Winifred G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe maintenance of normal electrical activity in the myocardium is an ATP‐dependent process. Consequently failure to maintain the tissue reserves of ATP above a critical level, as occurs during ischaemia and post ischaemic reperfusion, results in the development of ionic imbalance. The ions involved include Na+, K+, Mg2+. Under conditions of low flow ischaemia an accumulation of K+ in the T‐tubules may account for the genesis of some of the arrhythmias that occur during the ischaemic episode. Electrical uncoupling, another late event in an ischaemic episode, is probably due to an intracellular accumulation of Ca+.The contribution of an altered pattern of electrolyte distribution to the genesis of arrhythmias during myocardial ischaemia is discussed, with reference to the mechanisms whereby these ionic imbalances can be minimized or prevented.
The Effect of Diuretics on Lymphocyte Magnesium and Potassium
Authors: Ryan Michael P. , Ryan Michael F. , Counihan Timothy B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLymphocytes have advantages over other tissues, such as erythrocytes and muscle, for assessing intracellular magnesium and potassium. During experimental magnesium deficiency in rats, the magnitude of the magnesium loss from lymphocytes was similar to that of cardiac and skeletal muscle. During experimental potassium deficiency, cardiac muscle retained potassium more effectively than skeletal muscle. The magnitude of the potassium loss from lymphocytes was of similar magnitude to that of cardiac muscle.Chronic congestive heart failure patients being treated with the loop‐blocking diuretic, furosemide, were found to have significantly reduced lymphocyte magnesium (p < 0.05) and potassium (p < 0.01) compared to values obtained in 20 control subjects. The effects of acute administration of the potassium‐sparing diuretic, amiloride, were investigated in 10 congestive heart failure patients. Each patient was studied over a 6‐day period comprising a 3‐day control period involving furosemide administration, followed immediately by a 3‐day test period when amiloride (10 mg twice daily) was added to the therapeutic regimen. Amiloride reduced urinary potassium and magnesium, and increased both plasma and lymphocyte potassium and magnesium. Under these conditions, amiloride exerted magnesium‐sparing actions in addition to its well‐established potassium‐sparing actions. The magnesium‐sparing actions may be beneficial in that many experimental studies have shown that magnesium is required for maintenance and restoration of cell potassium.
THE ‘BORDER ZONE’ AND MYOCARDIAL PROTECTION: a time for reassessment?
Authors: Hearse D.J. , Yellon D. M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe rather static concept of a potentially salvageable ‘border zone’ of intermediate injury surrounding an area of regional ischemia would no longer seem tenable. This model, which has formed the basis for many approaches to therapeutic infarct size reduction, fails to take adequate account of a number of important factors including the dynamic nature of the ischemic process, the anatomy of the coronary microcirculation and the practical realities of tissue salvage. There is considerable evidence, from a number of species, that spatially identifiable border zones of intermediate injury do not exist, at least in the lateral plane. The apparent absence of a zone of target tissue does not necessitate the abandonment of concepts of myocardial protection but may require a major reappraisal.
METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS IN THE DESIGN OF SECONDARY PREVENTION TRIALS
Authors: Wilhelmsson Claes , Vedin Anders , Wedel Hans 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of a secondary preventive trial is to produce results that may serve as a basis for therapeutic recommendations to other patients.The natural history of a disease studied including the mortality and reinfarction rate must be known and taken into consideration. The patients should be recruited without selection. By comparing the placebo mortality with expected levels the representativeness of patients can be assessed.One type of treatment can be expected to give different results in different groups of patients with the same disease, thus, prognostic prospective stratification may increase the value of comparisons and conclusions. The registration of end‐points should preferably be done by a separate independent organisation. Carefully classified specific mortality may be used as a major end‐point in addition to total mortality. Similarly, different modes of deaths, e.g. sudden death, may be used if reliable definitions are used.Confounding factors are often difficult to isolate and identify and may have profound effects on the interpretation of a study. In all studies it is mandatory that the patient characteristics on entry do not differ between the different treatment groups. Concomitant treatment should be administered according to standardized criteria. The drop‐out rate should be kept at a minimum. The possibility of generalization decreases with increasing drop‐out rate.If the follow‐up time becomes too long it is likely that at some time the relative benefit becomes less. Since the proportion of non‐cardiovascular deaths increases with follow‐up time and age it may be critical to decide on the relevant follow‐up time.