bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Kowalski Robin M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Although most people like to be alone at times, most also choose to spend the majority of their time involved in relationships with other people. So important are relationships that, when asked about the factors that give their life meaning, participants in one study rated most highly their interpersonal relationships with others (Klinger, 1977). The nature of these relationships can take a number of different forms, including casual acquaintances, friendships, family relationships, working relationships, and romantic relationships. The duration of these relationships may be short‐term or long‐term. People's intense desire to affiliate and form relationships with others stems from an innate need to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995). Much of people's behavior is driven by their desire to be included by others and to avoid being excluded by them. As anyone who has ever been ostracized or excluded can attest, the consequences of being excluded from important interpersonal relationships can be severe and include both psychological and physical problems.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Johnson Susan K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex, multidetermined syndrome involving altered gut reactivity, altered pain perception, and brain‐gut dysregulation that is modulated by psychosocial and biological factors (Palsson & Drossman, 2005). The symptomatology of IBS is a combination of abdominal pain or discomfort, rectal distension, and altered bowel habit (i.e., diarrhea or constipation).
Isomorphism
Authors: Wertheimer Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In psychology, the term “isomorphism” is identified with the classical Berlin school of Gestalt psychology, which used the word to characterize the Gestaltists' approach to the mind/brain problem. They argued that the objective brain processes underlying and correlated with particular phenomenological experiences are isomorphic with (that is, have functionally the same form and structure as) those subjective experiences.
Israel, Psychology in
Authors: Tibon Shira 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
With repeated experiences of warfare and terror threats and a wide range of social problems, psychology in Israel might be described as linking together general and country‐specific science and practice. This description can be found in documents dating back to 1935, when Kurt Lewin negotiated his candidacy for establishing the first academic psychology department in what was then Palestine, at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Japan, Psychology in
Authors: Tanaka‐Matsumi Junko 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Japan is located in the Pacific Ocean in East Asia, off the east coast of China, Korea, and Russia. Japan's population reached 127,777,000 in 2005. Nearly 76% of high school graduates attend a post‐secondary institution of some kind. About 32% of individuals in that age group attend a university. Psychology is one of the most popular majors for both undergraduate and graduate students.
J
ones,
M
ary
C
over (1896–1987)
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Mary Cover Jones was an undergraduate at Vassar and graduated in 1919. She received a PhD from Columbia in 1926. Most of her career was spent at the Institute of Human Development of the University of California at Berkeley. Much of her later work on longitudinal studies of development was in collaboration with her husband, Harold E. Jones, whom she met and married (1920) during graduate school at Columbia. Although best known for her early work on fear conditioning in children, her most lasting contribution was as a pioneer in the design and completion of developmental psychology.
J
ung,
C
arl (1875–1961)
Authors: Haynie N. A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst and the founder of analytical psychology. Born and raised in Switzerland in an unhappy family, he learned early to depend upon his own inner resources for guidance and encouragement. He graduated in 1900 with a medical degree from the University of Basel. He was appointed to the University of Zurich psychiatric clinic to work under Eugene Bleuler, noted for his interest in schizophrenia. Jung also studied with Pierre Janet, the French psychiatrist known for his work in hysteria and multiple personality. In 1905, Jung was lecturer in psychiatry at the University of Basel, but after several years he resigned to concentrate on private practice, research, and writing. From 1932 to 1942 he was professor at the Federal Polytechnical University of Zurich. Illness forced his resignation; his last years were spent in writing and publishing books about analytic psychology.
Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Schoeny Michael E. , Tolan Patrick H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Juvenile delinquency generally refers to acts committed by a child or adolescent that would lead to prosecution if committed by an adult (e.g., theft, battery, homicide). Status offenses, which are acts that are illegal for minors but not for adults (e.g., tobacco use, truancy, curfew violations) are often included in research definitions of delinquency. Despite the broad range of delinquent behaviors, a particular emphasis has been placed on addressing the problem of more serious forms of juvenile delinquency, especially youth violence.
Jealousy
Authors: Hepburn James M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Jealousy is typically defined as an emotional response to the threat of losing a valued relationship to a rival. Although it is not considered to be a primary emotion, such as fear, sadness or joy, jealousy reflects a vital emotional process that is clinically and socially relevant to psychologists. Jealousy is found in every culture and has been recorded throughout history as an integral component to human relationships. Although it is neither desired nor essential for healthy relationships, it is nevertheless a common, even ubiquitous response. All people experience jealousy at some point in their lives. Unfortunately, some people's experience of jealousy involves intense psychological turmoil that can lead to aggressive or maladaptive responses. A majority of violent crime involving intimate partners—including murder, stalking or domestic abuse—can be attributed to feelings of jealousy.
Language Comprehension
Authors: Clifton Charles , Ashby Jane 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The ability to comprehend language comprises a fascinating collection of uniquely human skills. These include our ability to recognize speech and read words, our ability to understand sentences by combining the meanings of the words they contain, and our ability to relate the meanings of sentences to one another in texts, to our beliefs, and to the world around us. We exercise these skills quickly and seemingly effortlessly, but in doing so we use an immense amount of information about the structure of our language, the structure of our recent discourse, and the state of the world.
Late‐Life Forgetting
Authors: Abeles Norman 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOn the basis of a recent literature review of the relationship between subjective memory complaints in older adults and quality of life (Mol et al., 2006), it was concluded that forgetfulness is a serious concern that negatively impacts quality of life. APA guidelines for the evaluation of dementia and age‐related cognitive decline (1998) note that the consequences of aging include declines in memory and cognitive abilities. The guidelines suggest that these normal, developmental changes should be labeled as age‐consistent memory decline.
Latin Square Design
Authors: Kirk Roger E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

A Latin square of order
p
is a
p
×
p
array of ordered letters or symbols in which each letter or symbol appears once in each row and once in each column. An example of a 3 × 3 Latin square is shown here.

urn:x-wiley:9780470479216:media:corpsy0499:xm1
Learned Helplessness
Authors: Peterson Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Learned helplessness was discovered when researchers immobilized a dog and exposed it to electric shocks that could neither be avoided nor escaped. Twenty‐four hours later, the dog was placed in a situation in which electric shock could be terminated by a simple response. The dog did not make this response; instead, it just sat passively. This behavior was in marked contrast to dogs in a control group that reacted vigorously to the shock and learned to turn it off.
Likert Scales
Authors: Nicholls Michael E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
On a scale of 1 to 5, is this encyclopaedia very useful? Surveys containing questions like this one play a pivotal role in conducting research and making decisions. Likert scales are important to a broad range of disciplines and are used to assess everything from the taste of wine to the efficacy of new anaesthetic techniques. Typically, Likert scales contain five levels of response, ranging from (1) strongly agree, (2) agree, (3) neither agree nor disagree, (4) disagree and (5) strongly disagree. The number of response categories within a question can vary from 5 and 10, apparently with little effect on the construct validity of the question (Dawes, 2008). Sometimes a visual analogue scale is used on which respondents are free to place a mark anywhere along a line between the response extremes.
Linear Regression
Authors: Aiken Leona S. , Coxe Stefany 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Linear regression characterizes the relationship of a set of independent variables or
predictors X
1
,
X
2
,
…X

p

to a single dependent variable or
criterion Y
. The goals of linear regression are (1) to characterize the overall strength of the relationship of the set of predictors to the criterion and (2) to identify those individual predictors or subsets of predictors that contribute to this overall relationship. Through a multiple regression analysis, all the predictors are combined into a composite
predicted score
Ŷ (“Y hat”) that has the highest possible linear correlation with the observed criterion
Y
. The square of this correlation, termed the
squared multiple correlation

, is the overall effect size measure for a regression analysis and measures the proportion of variation in the criterion accounted for by the set of predictors. In general, regression analysis, of which linear regression analysis is one example, can be used for (1) description (i.e., to summarize the relationship of predictors to the criterion); (2) prediction (i.e., to make judgments about the future based on the predicted score of an individual); or (3) theory testing (i.e., to examine whether relationships predicted by theory are, in fact, supported).
Loneliness
Authors: Lavelle Leah , Hawkley Louise C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Loneliness is a feeling of distress that accompanies perceived deficiencies in social relationships. Loneliness often occurs in conjunction with social isolation, but a person can be socially isolated without feeling lonely and can feel lonely without being socially isolated. In contrast with social isolation, loneliness is more closely related to the perceived quality than quantity of social relationships. Historically, emotional loneliness, defined as deficiencies in relationships with a close other such as a spouse, has been distinguished from social loneliness, defined as deficiencies in social networks or feelings of belonging (Weiss, 1973). Recent empirical evidence supports three distinct dimensions of loneliness reflecting perceived deficits in intimate, relational, and collective connections. Thus, not being married, having few friends and relatives and/or little contact with them, and not taking part in any voluntary groups are examples of specific risk factors for intimate, relational, and collective loneliness, respectively (Hawkley, Browne, & Cacioppo, 2005).
Long‐Term Potentiation
Authors: Eichenbaum Howard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Virtually all notions about memory hold dear the central notion that learning relies on the modification of synaptic function. In recent years considerable attention has focused on one particular form of use‐dependent synaptic plasticity known as long‐term potentiation (LTP). LTP was first discovered by Terje Lomo, who observed that repetitive high‐frequency electrical stimulations of the pathway from the cortex to the hippocampus resulted in a steeper rise time of the excitatory synaptic potential as well as recruitment of spike activity from a greater number of cells. Moreover, these changes in synaptic and cellular responses to subsequent single shocks lasted several hours, suggesting the possibility of a lasting memory mechanism.
Malingering
Authors: Payne Joshua W. , Rogers Richard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Evaluations of mental disorders rely extensively on the assumption of accurate symptom reporting. However, intentional distortions of symptoms by examinees are common during psychological evaluations. The assumption of genuine disclosures becomes particularly questionable in forensic contexts, given the far‐reaching consequences of their legal outcomes. The base rates of malingering are substantial but highly variable in forensic evaluations (Rogers, 2008). In civil forensic contexts, base rates of one third are possible when malingering is broadened to include lesser cases of symptom exaggeration.
Marital Discord
Authors: Beach Steven R. H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The large volume of research on marital discord and the related constructs of marital conflict and marital dissatisfaction attest to the perceived importance of understanding the problems that sometimes arise in marriage. Of the various terms used in this area of inquiry, “marital satisfaction” is the best defined, referring to an evaluation of the relationship or the partner. Because of their clarity and brevity, measures of marital satisfaction play a prominent role in all areas of marital research.
Maslow, Abraham (1908–1970)
Authors: Lundin Ralph W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Abraham Maslow studied with two of the leading Gestalt psychologists, Max Wertheimer and Kurt Koffka, at the New School for Social Research. From these men he got the idea for a holistic psychology. He received all three of his academic degrees from the University of Wisconsin, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1934 along with Carl Rogers, Rollo May, and Charlotte Buhler. His most important books, presenting his humanistic position, include
Motivation and Personality
and
Toward a Psychology of Being.
Masochism
Authors: Rathbone June 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It is doubtful whether an increased tolerance for sadism and masochism (S&M) in the sexual behavior of daily life has led to any greater understanding of the phenomenon of masochism. A rather simplistic definition in a medical encyclopedia runs as follows: a glandular insufficiency, especially of the gonads and adrenals, demanding the stimulation of pain before the subject is able to react to sexual stimuli.
Mate Selection
Authors: Cason Margaret J. , Li Norman P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife”—so wrote Jane Austen in
Pride and Prejudice.
From classic literature to contemporary screenplays, from the latest celebrity news to office gossip, it is nearly impossible to escape the pervasive topic of romantic relationships. Indeed, the pursuit of mates consumes a significant portion of our time and energy, and for good reason—mates give us companionship, pleasure, comfort, security, and even health benefits. As we discuss in this article, there are two major theoretical perspectives for understanding mate selection. Although these perspectives have different explanations for people's mate choices, both agree that who one selects as a mate depends largely on the type of relationship one seeks and the characteristics one desires.
McNaughton Rule
Authors: Hess Allen K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

On January 20, 1843, Daniel McNaughton shot Edmund Drummond. That McNaughton shot the secretary of Sir Robert Peel, the
actus reus
, is indisputable.
Mens rea
, or the concept that an evil mind must be present for criminal culpability, became crystallized in this case. Thus, a guilty person will have an evil mind, but that same mind must be a mind that is free from mental disease or defect.
Mental Retardation
Authors: Glidden Laraine Masters 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMental retardation, also known as intellectual disability, is characterized by subaverage general intellectual functioning and impairments in adaptive behavior, both manifested during the developmental years of childhood and adolescence (American Association on Mental Retardation, 2002; American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Intellectual functioning is measured by the Intelligence Quotient (IQ), and, in most instances, an IQ score of lower than 70 meets the criterion for subaverage general intellectual functioning. Definitions of adaptive behavior usually include skills of communication, socialization, and daily living as well as gross and fine motor abilities. Both IQ and adaptive behavior tests are available, have satisfactory reliability and validity, and yield scores that compare individuals with others of the same age. Nevertheless, controversy about their measurement exists, and some critics believe that essential components of intellectual functioning are complex, multidimensional, and not adequately measured by current instruments (Switzky & Greenspan, 2006).
Mexico, Psychology in
Authors: HernÁNDEZ‐GuzmÁN Laura 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychology has been taught in Mexico since the late nineteenth century, but professional training did not begin until the 1960s, and licenses were initially issued in the early 1970s. Professional training programs prepare psychologists at the licentiate level. Licentiate level students take courses exclusively in psychology for approximately five years. Although there was only one training program in 1960, at Mexico's National University, there has been a proliferation of training programs during subsequent decades. In Mexico there are several agencies with the authority to open a professional training program: the president of the country or a state governor, state autonomous universities, private universities by incorporating their programs with an autonomous university, and private universities asking for recognition by the federal government. Autonomous universities make their own legal decisions, and the government cannot intervene in those decisions.
Military Psychology
Authors: Zillmer Eric A. , Kennedy Carrie Hill 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Military psychology is defined as the science and application of human behavior as it relates to the military. The field of military psychology integrates the professional and scientific literature with practical requirements of the military in order to meet the needs of the armed forces and military personnel (Kennedy & Zillmer, 2006). Much of the thinking in the field of military psychology, stimulated by the situational demands of the military, has had a dramatic impact on the overall field of psychology itself, particularly psychological testing, personnel selection, clinical psychology education, aviation psychology, understanding of the human response to trauma, and head‐injury rehabilitation. Thus, the origins, history, and development of military psychology and its relationship to the general field of psychology are intertwined.
M
iller,
N
eal
E
. (1909–2002)
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Neal Elgar Miller (born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, August 3, 1909), was Professor Emeritus of Rockefeller University from 1981 until his death in 2002 and research affiliate at Yale University from 1985 to 2002. He was the first psychologist to receive the National Medal of Science, the nation's highest award for scientific achievement. On February 8, 1965, President Lyndon Johnson presented Miller with the medal, citing him for sustained and imaginative research on principles of learning and motivation and illuminating behavioral analysis of the effects of direct electrical stimulation on the brain.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent
Authors: Archer Robert P. , Krishnamurthy Radhika 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Adolescent (MMPI‐A; Butcher et al., 1992) is an adolescent‐specific revision of the original, broadband personality instrument, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; Hathaway & McKinley, 1943). The original MMPI, designed primarily for adult clinical assessment, had been applied to evaluate adolescents from the time of its release. The revision to the MMPI‐A was prompted by several considerations. First, the passage of nearly five decades since the original test's release made it necessary to develop contemporary adolescent norms. Second, it was apparent that MMPI items did not provide sufficient coverage of adolescent experiences. The accumulated research on adolescent MMPI profiles indicated that adolescent response patterns were quite distinct from those of adults, therefore warranting a developmentally appropriate instrument to achieve interpretive accuracy. The revision effort was undertaken with the goals of updating and refining item content, reducing test length and reading‐level demands, developing a uniform set of contemporary adolescent norms, and developing scales to measure adolescent‐relevant difficulties such as school‐ and family‐related problems (Archer, 2005; Butcher et al., 1992).
Mob Psychology
Authors: Greenberg Martin S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCrowds are defined as “co‐acting, shoulder‐to‐shoulder, anonymous, casual, temporary, and unorganized collectivities” (Brown, 1954, p. 840). According to Floyd Allport (1924), “A crowd is a collection of individuals who are all attending and reacting to some common object, their reactions being of a simple prepotent sort and accompanied by strong emotional responses” (p. 292). Crowds can be subdivided according to whether they are active or passive, the former being amoband the latter anaudience. Mobs are further classified according to the dominant behavior of participants, whether aggressive, escapist, acquisitive, or expressive.
Motion Perception
Authors: Meteyard Lotte , Bahrami Bahador 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There have been substantial advances in our understanding of motion perception over the last few decades. These advances include exciting developments in motion perception research within neurophysiology, functional imaging, psychophysics, and computational modeling. To go beyond the overview provided in this article, readers are encouraged to consult detailed summaries available elsewhere (Blake, Sekuler, & Grossman, 2003; Sekuler, Watamaniuk & Blake, 2002).
Motivation
Authors: Ferguson Eva Dreikurs 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Motivation leads to the instigation, persistence, energizing, and directing of behavior. Motivation refers to the energizing and directive states of animals and humans. The term
arousal
is used to describe the energizing aspect of motivation. The directing or steering aspect is related to goals. Thirsty animals look for water, or a person in a stressful job tries to escape from an unpleasant work situation. For humans, motivation largely involves complex, learned, social states. These states, like the beliefs associated with them, are continuously modified through many experiences.