bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palaeodistribution modelling does not support disjunct Pleistocene refugia in several Central American plant taxa
Authors: Poelchau Monica F. , Hamrick J. L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim  We combine evidence from palaeoniche modelling studies of several tree species to estimate the extent of Central American forest during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In particular, we ask whether the distributions of these species are likely to have changed since the LGM, and whether LGM distributions coincide with previously proposed Pleistocene refugia in this area.Location  Central American wet and seasonally dry forests.Methods  We developed ecological niche models using two simulations of Pleistocene climate and occurrence data for 15 Neotropical plant species. We focused on palaeodistribution models of three ‘focal’ tree species that occur in wet and seasonally dry Central American forests, where recent phylogeographic data suggest Pleistocene differentiation coincident with previously proposed refugia. We added predictions from six wet‐forest and six seasonally dry‐forest obligate plant species to gauge whether Pleistocene range shifts were specific to habitat type. Correlation analyses were performed between projected LGM and present distributions, LGM distributions and previously proposed refugia. We also asked whether modelled palaeodistributions were smaller than their current extents.Results  According to our models, the ranges of the study species were not reduced during the LGM, and did not correlate with refugial models, regardless of habitat type. Relative range sizes between present and LGM distributions did not indicate significant range changes since the LGM. However, relative range sizes differed overall between the two palaeoclimate models.Main conclusions  Many of the modelled palaeodistributions of study species were not restricted to refugia during the LGM, regardless of forest type. While constrained from higher elevations, most species found suitable habitat at coastal margins and on newly exposed land due to lowered sea levels during the LGM. These results offer no corroboration for Pleistocene climate change as a driver of genetic differentiation in the ‘focal’ species. We offer alternative explanations for genetic differentiation found in plant species in this area.
Multiple Pleistocene refugia and post‐glacial colonization in the European chub (Squalius cephalus) revealed by combined use of nuclear and mitochondrial markers
Authors: Seifertová Mária , Bryja Josef , Vyskočilová Martina , Martínková Natália , Šimková Andrea 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAim  To analyse patterns of nuclear and mitochondrial genetic variation in the European chub, Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), in order to understand the evolutionary history of this species and to test biogeographical hypotheses for the existence of co‐distributed European freshwater fish species.Location  Rivers in Europe (Finland, Poland, Czech Republic, France, Bulgaria, Spain, Italy).Methods  We genotyped 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers derived from 310 individuals collected from across the distribution of S. cephalus in Europe (including a total of 15 populations) and sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from a subset of 75 individuals. Sequences of mtDNA cytochrome b were analysed using both phylogenetic (median‐joining networks) and population genetic methods (tests for demographic history, mismatch distributions, Bayesian coalescent analysis). Geographical structure in microsatellite loci was examined using a distance method (FST), factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) and a Bayesian clustering method (structure).Results  The mtDNA network showed a clear split into four different haplogroup lineages: Western (separated into Atlantic and Danubian sublineages), Eastern, Aegean (occurring in two distinct sublineages in the Balkans and in Spain) and Adriatic. Our results indicate recent population expansion in the Eastern and Western Atlantic lineages and the admixture of two previously separate sublineages (Atlantic and Danubian) in the Western lineage. Bayesian structure analysis as well as FCA results roughly corresponded to the mtDNA‐based structure, separating the sampled individuals into almost non‐overlapping groups.Main conclusions  Our results support hypotheses suggesting origins of extant lineages of freshwater fishes in multiple refugia and the subsequent post‐glacial colonization of Europe via different routes. We confirmed the previously proposed two‐step expansion scenario from the Danube refuge, the existence of a secondary (Atlantic) refuge during the last glaciation (probably in the Rhone River) and population expansion of this lineage. Conspicuous divergences among Mediterranean populations reflect their different origin, as well as their low contribution to the recent genetic pool of chub in central Europe.
Clinical study of psoriasis occurring over the age of 60 years: is elderly‐onset psoriasis a distinct subtype?
Authors: Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Kwon In Ho , Youn Jai Il 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Previous studies demonstrated clinical differences of early‐ and late‐onset psoriasis. However, epidemiological data and clinical characteristics of psoriasis occurring in geriatric patients have been rarely studied.Objective  Assessment of epidemiology and clinical features of psoriasis first occurring over the age of 60 years, so‐called elderly‐onset psoriasis, based on clinical data.Materials and methods  Among 4049 patients visiting our psoriasis clinic for the last 27 years, patients were first divided into early‐ (onset age before 30 years) and late‐onset psoriasis (onset age after 30 years) based on our previous studies. Then, patients of late‐onset psoriasis were further divided into middle age‐onset group (onset age between 30 and 60 years) and elderly‐onset group (onset age over 60 years). Clinical characteristics of elderly‐onset psoriasis were compared with early‐ and middle age‐onset groups. We acquired the data both by physician’s assessments and patients’ responses.Results  Elderly‐onset patients comprised 3.2% of total patients, 129 out of 4049. They have shown a lower incidence of family history (P < 0.05). The severity assessed by PASI score, body surface extent, and activity of individual lesions demonstrated that psoriasis of the elderly‐onset group was generally milder compared with early‐ and middle age‐onset groups (P < 0.05). In clinical phenotypes, the proportion of guttate type and generalized pustular psoriasis type decreased remarkably, while that of erythroderma type increased (P < 0.05). There was a significant change in the body part of origin comparing early‐ and middle age‐onset groups (P < 0.05). The proportion of scalp increased, while that of knee–elbow and trunk decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Patients’ subjective sensation of disease course improved statistically comparing early‐ and middle age‐onset groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant change in the degree of pruritus on psoriatic lesions and nail involvement (P > 0.05).Conclusion  The elderly‐onset group demonstrated milder disease courses and some changes in clinical phenotypes and body part of origin compared with early‐ and middle age‐onset groups. Therefore, it seems that patients whose onset of psoriasis was over the age of 60 years might have distinct clinical features in some clinical aspects.
Narrowband ultraviolet B (311 nm, TL01) phototherapy in chronic ordinary urticaria
Authors: Aydogan Kenan , Karadogan Serap Koran , Tunali Sukran , Saricaoglu Hayriye 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Chronic ordinary urticaria (COU) can severely reduce quality of life and be difficult to control. Ultraviolet (UV) A and UVB phototherapy has been reported to decrease the release of histamine from either mast cells and/or basophils. Previous small studies have suggested that UVB phototherapy is a good alternative treatment for COU.Objectives  The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of narrow‐band UVB (NB‐UVB) phototherapy for COU.Materials and methods  Twenty‐two patients (three male, 19 female) received NB‐UVB phototherapy. These patients had not responded to at least two H1 antihistamines, and most had been treated with a variety of antihistamine combinations. Clinical responses were assessed according to an outcome scoring scale. During both visits, patients were administered the following: the visual analogue scale (VAS) on present pruritus and/or whealing; chronic urticaria impact on patients’ quality of life according to the interference with daily activities, quality of sleep, and flare‐up rates.Results  The median number of treatments was 31.4 (9–44), and the mean top dose was 9.46 J/cm2 (1.1–16.4 J/cm2). NB‐UVB treatment led to clearance in 10 patients (45%), marked improvement in five (22%), and moderate improvement in seven (31%) patients according to an outcome scoring scale. Mild side effects were observed in two patients. Six patients who cleared or observed marked improvement remained clear at follow‐up for a period of six months to one year, and other patients had a few recurrent lesions that did not need retreatment. For VAS scores and total chronic urticaria impact on patients’ quality of life scores, the differences between baseline and after treatment scores were significantly lower (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively).Conclusion  Narrow‐band UVB (NB‐UVB) therapy is an effective, well‐tolerated treatment option in second‐line therapy for COU. This therapy can lead to subjective relief of pruritus and whealing and objective reduction of whealing. Further larger studies with longer follow‐up periods are necessary to determine the proper clinical response and long‐term complications of this therapy in COU.
A season‐ and gap‐detection mechanism regulates seed germination of two temperate forest pioneers
Authors: Vranckx G. , Vandelook F. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe survival of seedlings in temperate climate habitats depends on both temporal and spatial factors. The interaction between an internal seed dormancy mechanism and the ruling environmental conditions allows accurate cueing of germination. We analysed how environmental signals interact in seeds of temperate forest pioneer species, increasing the seed’s chances of germinating in the right place at the right time. Digitalis purpurea and Scrophularia nodosa are two small‐seeded herbaceous species that typically grow in vegetation gaps in European temperate forests. Seeds of both species are partially dormant at the time of dispersal in summer. This primary dormancy is released in autumn and early winter, resulting in a minimal level of physiological dormancy by late winter and early spring. We observed that physiological dormancy was induced again in seeds exhumed in late spring and in summer. Experiments in laboratory conditions revealed that primary dormancy in seeds of S nodosa was broken by cold stratification, whereas primary dormancy in D. purpurea seeds was broken by both a cold and a warm stratification. The two species differed in their response to the tested gap‐detection signals, as light was the most important factor stimulating germination of D. purpurea, and seeds of S. nodosa germinated best when subjected to daily fluctuating temperatures. This study clearly indicates that the ability to germinate in response to gap‐detection signals changes seasonally in temperate forest pioneers. Additionally, seeds of both species responded differently to these environmental signals, probably reflecting differences in the regeneration niche.
Cytogenetic and phylogenetic studies of diploid and polyploid members of Tribe Anemoninae (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Mlinarec J. , Šatović Z. , Mihelj D. , Malenica N. , Besendorfer V. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe ancestry, phylogenetic differentiation and systematic classification of the worldwide‐distributed genus Anemone have been debated for many years. In this paper 11 Anemone, three Pulsatilla species and Hepatica nobilis were subjected to detailed karyotype analysis with the aim of obtaining new cytogenetic data that will contribute to karyotype evolutionary studies of the tribe Anemoninae. The results are interpreted in a phylogenetic context, established from the intergenic nontranscribed spacer (NTS) of 5S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of 35S rDNA. One to three 35S and one to three 5S rDNA loci are present in diploid and polyploid taxa. The 35S rDNA loci are located terminally on the short arm of acrocentric chromosomes, while for 5S rDNA there is no preferential chromosomal position as it exhibits terminal, subterminal, interstitial or pericentromeric positions, and is located either on acrocentric or metacentric chromosomes. The karyotype of hexaploid A. baldensis (2n = 6x = 48) is presented for the first time, and A. sylvestris is proposed as one of its putative parental species. Chromosome fusion/translocation is proposed as the key mechanism involved in reduction of the basic chromosome number from 8 in the Anemone subgenus to 7 in the Anemonidium subgenus. The cytogenetic data obtained are mainly supported by ITS and NTS phylogeny. Diversification of the genus Anemone was accompanied by a large reduction of heterochromatin, from the Mediterranean anemones that have large amounts of heterochromatin to the New World anemones without any detectable heterochromatic blocks.
Photosynthesis, water use efficiency and stable carbon isotope composition are associated with anatomical properties of leaf and xylem in six poplar species
Authors: Cao X. , Jia J. B. , Li H. , Li M. C. , Luo J. , Liang Z. S. , Liu T. X. , Liu W. G. , Peng C. H. , Luo Z. B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough fast‐growing Populus species consume a large amount of water for biomass production, there are considerable variations in water use efficiency (WUE) across different poplar species. To compare differences in growth, WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem and to examine the relationship between photosynthesis/WUE and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem, cuttings of six poplar species were grown in a botanical garden. The growth performance, photosynthesis, intrinsic WUE (WUEi), stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) and anatomical properties of leaf and xylem were analysed in these poplar plants. Significant differences were found in growth, photosynthesis, WUEi and anatomical properties among the examined species. Populus cathayana was the clone with the fastest growth and the lowest WUEi/δ13C, whereas P. × euramericana had a considerable growth increment and the highest WUEi/δ13C. Among the analysed poplar species, the highest total stomatal density in P. cathayana was correlated with its highest stomatal conductance (gs) and lowest WUEi/δ13C. Moreover, significant correlations were observed between WUEi and abaxial stomatal density and stem vessel lumen area. These data suggest that photosynthesis, WUEi and δ13C are associated with leaf and xylem anatomy and there are tradeoffs between growth and WUEi. It is anticipated that some poplar species, e.g. P. × euramericana, are better candidates for water‐limited regions and others, e.g. P. cathayana, may be better for water‐abundant areas.
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora multivora to Eucalyptus gomphocephala and Eucalyptus marginata
Authors: Scott P. M. , Jung T. , Shearer B. L. , Barber P. A. , Calver M. , Hardy G. E. St. J. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryPhytophthora multivora is associated with the rhizosphere of declining Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Eucalyptus marginata and Agonis flexuosa. Two pathogenicity experiments were conducted. The first experiment examined the pathogenicity of five P. multivora isolates and one Phytophthora cinnamomi isolate on the root systems of E. gomphocephala and one P. multivora isolate on the root system of E. marginata. In the second experiment, the pathogenicity of P. multivora to E. gomphocephala and E. marginata saplings was measured using under‐bark stem inoculation. In Experiment 1, the P. cinnamomi isolate was more aggressive than all P. multivora isolates causing significant loss of fine roots and plant death. Two P. multivora isolates and the P. cinnamomi isolate caused significant losses of E. gomphocephala fine roots 0–2 mm in diameter and significantly reduced the surface area of roots 0–1 mm in diameter. One P. multivora and the P. cinnamomi isolate significantly reduced the surface area of roots 1–2 mm in diameter. Two of the P. multivora isolates significantly reduced the number of E. gomphocephala root tips. In E. marginata, the length and surface area of roots 0–1 mm in diameter and number of root tips were significantly reduced by P. multivora infestation. Rhizosphere infestation with the P. multivora isolates and P. cinnamomi isolate on E. gomphocephala, and one P. multivora isolate on E. marginata, did not significantly influence the foliar nutrient concentrations. In Experiment 2, under‐bark inoculation with P. multivora caused significant lesion extension in E. gomphocephala and E. marginata saplings, compared to the control. We propose that P. multivora is inciting E. gomphocephala and E. marginata decline by causing fine root loss and subsequently interfering with nutrient cycling throughout the plant. The impact of fine root loss on the physiology of plants in sites infested with P. multivora requires further research.
Effect of pre‐partum supplementation of vitamin E to Murrah buffaloes on immune functions and viability of calves
Authors: Singh A. K. , Pandita S. , Pampoori Z. A. , Huozha R. , Ashutosh M. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThis study was undertaken in buffalo neonates born to vitamin E (dl‐alpha‐tocopherol acetate)‐supplemented and non‐supplemented Murrah buffaloes. Calves from vitamin E‐supplemented buffaloes (n = 10; vitamin E ‐supplemented calves [VeC]) and non‐supplemented buffaloes (n = 10; control calves [CC]) constituted the treatment and control groups respectively. Two colostrum samples were taken at the first post‐partum milking and again after 12 h from dams for IgG estimation. Sampling of blood was performed on days 0 (before colostrum feeding), 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126 post‐birth and analysed for apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG and various immune parameters. Colostral IgG level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in vitamin E‐supplemented buffaloes. The calves in both groups were born hypogammaglobulinemic with IgG level <5 g/l. However, first colostrum feeding resulted in significantly elevated IgG levels (>10 g/l) in calves of both groups at 24 h, which remained high afterwards. Apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG at 24 h was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in VeC than in CC. Plasma Nitric Oxide (NO) levels were significantly elevated in the calves of either group at birth, which declined significantly (p < 0.01) afterwards. Vitamin E feeding to dams had no added effect on NO levels in experimental calves. Total leucocyte counts did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts changed significantly between groups (p < 0.01) and days (p < 0.01), with lymphocytes increasing and neutrophils declining with age. This study revealed that the calves were immunologically immature at birth. Ante‐partum supplementation of vitamin E did not influence plasma NO or IgG but had a significant effect on colostral IgG (p < 0.05). It also improved the apparent efficiency of absorption (%) of IgG at 24 h in VeC as compared to CC.
Relationship between non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and pulmonary function
Authors: Jung D.‐H. , Shim J.‐Y. , Lee H.‐R. , Moon B.‐S. , Park B.‐J. , Lee Y.‐J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground:  It has been observed that non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance. Pulmonary function is also known to be related with cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome.Aims:  The objective of this study was to investigate the association between NAFLD and pulmonary function.Methods:  We performed a cross‐sectional study to examine the association of NAFLD based on abdominal sonographic findings and pulmonary function in 2119 Korean men between the ages of 30 and 75. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were compared according to the presence of NAFLD. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship of NAFLD with FVC and FEV1 as pulmonary function tests.Results:  The subjects with NAFLD had lower FVC and FEV1 than their non‐steatotic counterparts, and FVC and FEV1 gradually decreased according to the grade of hepatic steatosis. After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking status, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes, triglyceride and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, the FVC and FEV1 were found to be inversely associated with the presence of NAFLD.Conclusion:  NAFLD was independently associated with reduced pulmonary function, and the severity of NAFLD was inversely correlated with pulmonary function.
Wittgenstein on Grammar, Theses and Dogmatism
Authors: Hacker Peter M. S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is sometimes argued that Wittgenstein's conception of grammar and the role he allocated to grammar (in his sense of the term) in philosophy changed between the Big Typescript and the Philosophical Investigations. It is also held that some of the grammatical propositions Wittgenstein asserted prior to his writing of the Philosophical Investigations are theses, doctrines, opinions or dogmatism, which he abandoned by 1936/37. The purpose of this paper is to show these claims to be misunderstandings and misinterpretations. On all important matters, his conception of grammar and of grammatical investigations, of grammatical statements or propositions and of grammatical clarification did not change between the Big Typescript and the Investigations. Grammatical propositions (e.g. the meaning of a word is its use; a sample in an ostensive definition belongs to the means of representation; belief is not a mental state) are no more theses, doctrines or opinions than is “a bachelor is an unmarried man.” Nor are they in any way dogmatic.