bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hexaplaric Materials in Ecclesiastes and the Rôle of the Syro-Hexapla
Authors: Gentry Peter 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Some marginal notes in the Syro-Hexapla of Ecclesiastes,as represented by the Codex Ambrosianus, indicate that Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion are identical to the text of the Seventy in Origen's Fifth Column. Careful scrutiny reveals that these notes derive from a different manuscript than the one from which the lemma text of the Syro-Hexapla was translated. The evidence also suggests that the term oμoíως is used when identity with the lemma but not the o′ text is in view, and oμoíως τoις o′ when identity not only with the lemma but also the o′ text obtains. This results in a proposed text for α′ σ′ ϑ′ which differs from that given in Field's Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt.
A New Introduction to the Peshitta of the Old Testament
Authors: Koster Marinus 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The first part of this review article gives a full summary of Michael Weitzman's The Syriac Version of the Old Testament. It is agreed that this book is a masterpiece. Yet, as it will probably serve as the standard introduction to the Peshitta for many years to come, some critical notes are in order. These concern some methodological questions, the evaluation of the 'three-stages model' for the text history of the Peshitta, the precise role of scribes, Weitzman's multidimensional maps, and the overrated position of translation technique as an explanation of differences between the Peshitta and the Masoretic text.
The Relationship of Aquila and Theodotion to the Old Greek of Ecclesiastes in the Marginal Notes of the Syro-Hexapla
Authors: Gentry Peter 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Careful investigation of the marginal notes in the Syro-Hexapla of Ecclesiastes indicates that the notes originated from a manuscript which did not have a Hexaplaric text. The excerptor was concerned about agreements between the Old Greek Text of Ecclesiastes and the Three and from this perspective, careful scrutiny of the notes indicates the relation between the Old Greek of Ecclesiastes and Theodotion is closer than that between the Old Greek and Aquila.
The So-called Cuthean Words in the Samaritan Aramaic Vocabulary
Authors: Tal Abraham 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Samaritan Targum abounds in incomprehensible words, with no reasonable etymology. According to the dysphemistic name given to the new inhabitants of the Northern Kingdom in Rabbinic Judaism, scholars characterized the words in question as 'Cuthean' (cf. 2 Kgs 17). It is argued in this paper that many of these words are intentional changes that emanate from euphemistic reasons. Two ways in which the Samaritan Targum euphemizes are: (1) the use of foreign words, borrowed for this purpose, (2) intentional distortion of embarrassing words. Nevertheless, the term 'Cuthean words' might not have been coined entirely gratuitously: a small number of words might be called 'Mesopotamian', since the corresponding terms occur in Akkadian.
Propaedeutic to a Lexicon of the Three: The Priority of a New Critical Edition of Hexaplaric Fragments
Authors: Gentry Peter 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This investigation of the marginal notes in the Syro-Hexapla of Ecclesiastes delineates the role of the text history of the O(ld) G(reek) in determining the text of the Three (Aquila, Symmachus, and Theodotion), the relation of the Three and the Old Latin in the text history of the OG, and the role of the Three in determining the text of the OG. The implications for a new critical edition of the Three are elaborated as well as for the lexicography of the Three.
Indications of the Faith of the Translator in the Peshitta to the 'Servant Songs' of Deutero-Isaiah
Authors: Greenberg Gillian 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Peshitta of Deutero-Isaiah includes several passages relevant to the question of the faith of the translator: Jewish or Christian? There are inconsistencies: some differences between MT and P suggest a Christian or messianic nuance; one blunts an anti-Jewish phrase; in another an opportunity to introduce a Christian theme is resisted. The cumulative weight of examples suggests Christian input. The inconsistency could be explained by postulating a Jewish-Christian translator who attempted to play fair by his Vorlage, putting his own convictions and religious literature to the back of his mind, but occasionally failed.
Inhibition response of Pinus densiflora clones to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus systemic dispersal and their resistance to pine wilt disease
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Maezono Hiroko , Matsunaga Koji , Tamaki Satoshi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo determine the relationship between resistance to pine wilt disease and the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal in Pinus densiflora, a suspension of 200 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was placed on the upper cut end of 5-cm-long, living or boiled branch sections of 17 clones of pine that had different resistance levels. Significantly more nematodes passed through boiled sections than living sections during 24 h. Living branches of the resistant P. densiflora clone group significantly suppressed the dispersal of B. xylophilus compared with those of the susceptible group, suggesting that the inhibition of nematode systemic dispersal was involved in the resistance mechanism of selected disease-resistant pine clones. However, there was no significant correlation between the resistance class and the mean number of nematodes passing through live branch sections within the resistant clone group. The reason for the lack of correlation is discussed in relation with the resistance mechanism.
Systematic affinity of the sea urchin parasite, Echinomermella matsi Jones & Hagen (Enoplida: Echinomermellidae)
Authors: Poinar George , Lewis Samantha , Hyman Bradley , Hagen Nils 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMorphological and molecular studies were used to determine the systematic affinity of the sea urchin parasite, Echinomermella matsi. The absence of somatic ornamentation and external openings in the parasitic juveniles and adults, aside from a small non-functional mouth and male reproductive opening, shows a striking degree of morphological reduction in Echinomermella as an adaptation to a parasitic life style. A phylogenetic analysis of E. matsi by the maximum likelihood (ML) and neighbour-joining (NJ) methods places it within the Order Enoplida. This indicates that Echinomermella evolved from free-living marine enoplids and is not closely related to the Mermithidae as previously thought. The absence of a vulva and male genital supplements, coupled with the modified spicule tips, suggest that traumatic insemination is the standard method of mating. The morphological modifications in Echinomermella indicate a long period of co-evolution with sea urchins, possibly extending back to the Palaeozoic.
Targum, Biblia Hebraica Quinta, And Jewish Bible Interpretation
Authors: Hayward Robert 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Publication of the first fascicle (Megillot) of a new critical edition of the Hebrew Bible, Biblia Hebraica Quinta, invites comment on the use of Targum by its editors. This short survey outlines the contents of BHQ, noting provision of introductions to the ancient versions of each biblical book; along with commentaries on the critical apparatus. Unlike earlier critical editions, BHQ makes extensive use of Targumim of the Megillot: several examples are set out and discussed. Despite some minor weaknesses in the presentation of Targumic material, BHQ represents a major change of attitude towards Targum, which specialists will welcome.
The Aramaic 'Fugitive' Decree: A New Interpretation
Authors: Bhayro Siam 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a new interpretation of the so-called 'Fugitive' Decree, suggesting that it is concerned with setting migrants to work rather than apprehending a miscreant. It is based on an attempt to take into account the underlying Akkadian (Neo-Assyrian) terminology, to appreciate the overall structure and syntax of the text and to reflect the socio-political situation in Babylonia during the Neo-Assyrian period. It also makes a tentative claim that the text's terminology reflects the different settlement patterns of the agriculturalist Chaldeans and pastoralist Aramaeans.
An Analysis of the Dialect and Early Jewish Mystical Lore in a Targumic Tosefta to Ezekiel 1.1 (Ms Gaster 1478)
Authors: Damsma Alinda 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCodex Manchester Gaster 1478 contains an extensively aggadic Targumic Tosefta to Ezekiel 1:1, the prelude to the prophet's vision of the divine 'throne-chariot'. This study focuses on the unique mystical lore that is preserved in this Targum. It transpires that this material sheds light on a relatively dark chapter in the reception history of early Jewish mysticism, being closely related to Hekhalot literature, and to the Shi'ur Qomah tradition in particular, with implications for the latter's dating. It is furthermore established that the intriguing mixture of Aramaic dialect use that characterizes this Tosefta-Targum bears resemblances with Late Jewish Literary Aramaic.
Non-Active Participles in the Aramaic of Daniel
Authors: Li Tarsee 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAt first sight, Aramaic appears to have two forms to express the passive of the active participle. That is, not only do the active stems possess both an active and a passive participle, but the t-stems, which can express the passive voice, also possess a participle. This article proposes that, at the diachronic stage of the language attested in the Aramaic of Daniel, the so-called passive participle is primarily a verbal adjective that is developing into a resultative participle, whereas t-stem participles are the true passive (and reflexive) counterparts to the active participle.
Sin, Iniquity, Wickedness, and Rebellion in the Peshitta to Isaiah and Jeremiah
Authors: Greenberg Gillian 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Peshitta is considered a fairly literal translation. However, the attitude of the translator (using the singular here for simplicity) of Isaiah and Jeremiah to his Hebrew Vorlage was complex: he almost always preserved the original message, but exercised literary initiative, selecting lexical equivalents sometimes inconsistently, sometimes with great precision, sometimes disrupting rhetorical structure, sometimes making additions to render opaque Hebrew clearly. He did not see his text as 'sacred' at any point, nor did later scribes who introduced further small additions and modifications. The range of Syriac vocabulary employed is wide: there is no evidence of poverty.
The Authorial Spirit? Biblical Citations in Jacob of Edessa's Hexaemeron
Authors: Salvesen Alison 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Syrian Orthodox bishop and polymath Jacob of Edessa (c. 630–708 CE) produced his own Syriac version of the Old Testament which combined the Peshitta and Greek traditions. Similarly composite citations of Scripture appear in his other works, raising the question of their relationship to his own biblical version. This article analyses some examples of citations of the book of Job that appear in Jacob's first treatise in his Hexaemeron, on the nature of angels.
Redating TR and BTR. The Three Stages at Stake?
Authors: Koster Marinus 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
As the third and final type of text of the Old Testament Peshitta (TR, the later standard text) already appears with an eighth-century author (Theodore bar Koni) and in an eighth-century manuscript (8j1), it did not originate in the ninth, but already in the eighth century. The whole scheme of three consecutive stages in the development of the mainstream of the transmission of the Peshitta text could be moved one century backwards without running the risk of being unsettled. As this scheme is concerned first and foremost with types of text, there is no need to suggest direct (linear) dependence between all manuscripts involved.
A Puzzling Verb in the Syriac Version of Gregory of Nyssa's De Anima et Resurrectione
Authors: McCollum Adam 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This article examines possible solutions to a passage in the sixth-century Syriac translation of Gregory of Nyssa's De anima et resurrectione, in which the Greek μενει stands behind the Syriac verb. The established meaning of this verb does not match the Syriac context considered in itself, nor the underlying Greek word. The possibility of an Arabic loanword is considered, but the sixth-century date of the translation makes that unlikely, and it is concluded that the original text must have been, which was then miscopied as by a later scribe under Arabic influence.
A Note on Determination and Countability in Targumic Aramaic
Authors: Wesselius Jan-Wim 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The unexpected occurrence of the determined state (the noun with article in postposition) in the singular in the Aramaic of the classical Targums of Onqelos and Jonathan, as well as the ending -ē to m. pl. nouns, used to be explained from supposed linguistic influence of Eastern Aramaic. It can be observed, however, that in all or nearly all of these cases these endings indicate the non-countedness of the nouns, uniqueness or amorphousness in the singular or collectives in the plural. The picture is especially clear when the noun is found with cardinal numbers. It is proposed that the noun in Targumic Aramaic had, beside absolute, construct, and determined states, a fourth state which can be designated as the uncounted state. This characteristic linguistic trait of the Targumic dialect probably sets it apart from most other Aramaic dialects, also has a number of consequences in the exegetical field, and may explain the origin of certain grammatical characteristics of Eastern Aramaic.
In Search of Late Samaritan Aramaic
Authors: Tal Abraham 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Although abandoned as vernacular, Aramaic was not completely disregarded by Samaritan writers during the first centuries of Muslim rule in Palestine. Their literary product, poor in style and thematic when compared with the compositions of the Byzantine period, is written in what we may designate as 'Late Samaritan Aramaic'. Leaning on literary patterns borrowed from ancient poetry it is a kind of conventional Aramaic, marked by a rather limited respect for grammatical rules, with heavy traces of Hebrew and, at times, Arabic. In this it resembles the language dominant in Jewish contemporary Aramaic liturgy (except Arabic influence), which also characterizes Zoharic Aramaic.
Giving Priority to Sex Crime Prosecutions: The Philosophical Foundations of a Feminist Agenda
Authors: deGuzman Margaret 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn light of serious resource constraints, international criminal courts are required to select a small number of crimes for prosecution, leaving others to national courts or, more often, impunity. In recent years, feminists have advocated that such courts give priority to prosecuting sex crimes even at the expense of other serious crimes, including those involving killing. Many international prosecutors have heeded this call, placing special emphasis on the prosecution of sex crimes. At the same time, empirical evidence shows that many people consider sex crimes less serious than crimes resulting in death. There is thus a need to ground the selection of sex crimes for prosecution in the purposes of international criminal law. This essay examines the four primary philosophical bases advanced for international prosecutions – retribution, deterrence, expressivism, and restorative justice – to determine how they inform decisions whether to give priority to sex crime prosecutions. It concludes that retribution and deterrence support such selections at least some of the time, and expressivism and restorative justice provide an even stronger foundation for giving priority to sex crimes.
Women, Art and Post-Conflict Justice
Authors: Mani Rama 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article addresses the creative agency of women within the context of post-conflict or transitional justice (TJ). Specifically it seeks to underscore the diverse ways in which women in societies emerging from violent conflict and its attendant gender-based violations and atrocities use art and creative media to pursue the objectives of justice. The aims of this article are twofold: first, this article draws attention to the need for local stakeholders in war-affected communities and their international supporters to go beyond official mechanisms of transitional justice; to integrate cultural justice by recognising and encouraging aesthetic and creative means of pursuing justice after violent transitions, and women's particular capacities in this domain. Second, alongside the drive to treat women as more than victims by recognising their political agency in shaping peace and justice, this article draws attention to the need to recognise the creative agency of women and its valuable albeit intangible benefits for TJ and peacebuilding.
Maiden Voyage
Authors: De Santis Dario 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe scientific debate which developed during the eighteenth century, proposed and diffused new theories on the generation not only within the scientific community. Microscopic investigation and various experimental campaigns fostered daring models attempting to unveil the natural phenomena from which life originates. Besides the famous scientific and philosophical works that marked the age, in the second part of the century two pamphlets appeared that well represent the importance of the querelle about embryological systems defining the concept of generation as a voyage within the human body. Lucina sine concubitu and Juno abortans, respectively published in England and in Germany between 1750 and 1760, narrate the odd and imaginary adventures of two doctors who are trying to interrupt and modify the embryos' journey towards the body of the mother.
"Scientific Peep Show" The Human Body in Contemporary Science Museums
Authors: Canadelli Elena 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe essay focuses on the discourse about the human body developed by contemporary science museums with educational and instructive purposes directed at the general public. These museums aim mostly at mediating concepts such as health and prevention. The current scenario is linked with two examples of past museums: the popular anatomical museums which emerged during the 19th century and the health museums thrived between 1910 and 1940. On the museological path about the human body self-care we went from the emotionally involving anatomical Venuses to the inexpressive Transparent Man, from anatomical specimens of ill organs and deformed subjects to the mechanical and electronic models of the healthy body. Today the body is made transparent by the new medical diagnostics and by the latest discoveries of endoscopy. The way museums and science centers presently display the human body involves computers, 3D animation, digital technologies, hands-on models of large size human parts.
Exploring the Brain, Looking for Thoughts: On Asimov's Second Fantastic Voyage
Authors: Cassou-Nogus Pierre 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate various concerns which appear in Isaac Asimov's Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain. I will disregard his first voyage inside a human body in Fantastic Voyage I, which the author disavows as not being his own work. In contrast, the second voyage is intricate, suggesting problems drawn from a variety of sources. In a nutshell, Asimov's explorers enter the body of a comatose man in order to read his thoughts. The story can be related both to philosophical thought-experiments, such as those of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and of Herbert Feigl, as well as to personal anxieties peculiar to Asimov.
The Body Voyage as Visual Representation and Art Performance
Authors: Olsn Jan Eric 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper looks at the notion of the body as an interior landscape that is made intelligible through visual representation. It discerns the key figure of the inner corporeal voyage, identifies its main elements and examines how contemporary artists working with performances and installations deal with it. A further aim with the paper is to discuss what kind of image of the body that is conveyed through medical visual technologies, such as endoscopy, and relate it to contemporary discussions on embodiment, embodied vision and bodily presence. The paper concludes with a recent exhibition by the French artist Christian Boltanski, which gives a somewhat different meaning to the idea of the body voyage.
A Model for Scale Interaction in the Madden–Julian Oscillation*
Authors: Wang Bin , Liu Fei 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is an equatorial planetary-scale circulation system coupled with a multiscale convective complex, and it moves eastward slowly (about 5 m s−1) with a horizontal quadrupole vortex and vertical rearward-tilted structure. The nature and role of scale interaction (SI) is one of the elusive aspects of the MJO dynamics. Here a prototype theoretical model is formulated to advance the current understanding of the nature of SI in MJO dynamics. The model integrates three essential physical elements: (a) large-scale equatorial wave dynamics driven by boundary layer frictional convergence instability (FCI), (b) effects of the upscale eddy momentum transfer (EMT) by vertically tilted synoptic systems resulting from boundary layer convergence and multicloud heating, and (c) interaction between planetary-scale wave motion and synoptic-scale systems (the eastward-propagating super cloud clusters and westward-propagating 2-day waves). It is shown that the EMT mechanism tends to yield a stationary mode with a quadrupole vortex structure (enhanced Rossby wave component), whereas the FCI yields a relatively fast eastward-moving and rearward-tilted Gill-like pattern (enhanced Kelvin wave response). The SI instability stems from corporative FCI or EMT mechanisms, and its property is a mixture of FCI and EMT modes. The properties of the unstable modes depend on the proportion of deep convective versus stratiform/congestus heating or the ratio of deep convective versus total amount of heating. With increasing stratiform/congestus heating, the FCI weakens while the EMT becomes more effective. A growing SI mode has a horizontal quadrupole vortex and rearward-tilted structure and prefers slow eastward propagation, which resembles the observed MJO. The FCI sets the rearward tilt and eastward propagation, while the EMT slows down the propagation speed. The theoretical results presented here point to the need to observe multicloud structure and vertical heating profiles within the MJO convective complex and to improve general circulation models’ capability to reproduce correct partitioning of cloud amounts between deep convective and stratiform/congestus clouds. Limitations and future work are also discussed.