bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of nutrition in early life on growth and development of the pig 3. Effects of energy intake prior and subsequent to 10 kg on growth and development to 30 kg live weight
Authors: Campbell R. G. , Dunkin A. C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT1. Forty-two piglets were used to study the effects of a low, medium or high level of energy intake (1·0, 1·4 and 1·9 MJ gross energy per kg W0·75per day respectively) from 1·8 to 10 kg live weight and a low or high level of energy intake (1·4 and 1·8 MJ digestible energy per kg W075 per day respectively) subsequent to 10 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue to 30 kg live weight. During both live-weight periods all pigs received the same daily intake of crude protein.2. Raising energy intake in the period prior to 10 kg live weight increased (P< 0·-05) growth rate, body fat content and fat cell size but reduced food conversion efficiency, body protein and water (P< 0·05) and muscle deoxyribonucleic acid. These effects on body composition and muscle deoxyribonucleic acid at 10 kg live weight were still evident at 30 kg live weight.3. Subsequent to 10 kg live weight, pigs previously given the lowest energy intake deposited protein and fat at a faster rate and exhibited more rapid and efficient growth (P< 0·05) than pigs previously given the high energy intake.4. At 30 kg live weight pigs given the two higher levels of energy intake before 10 kg live weight contained less deoxyribonucleic acid (P< 0·05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue and had larger (P< 0·05) fat cells than those given the lowest energy intake before 10 kg live weight.5. The effects of energy intake subsequent to 10 kg live weight on growth performance, body composition and the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue were qualitatively the same as those for the period 1·8 to 10 kg live weight.
The development of solid food intake in calves 3. The relation between solid food intake and the development of the alimentary tract
Authors: Hodgson J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Jersey calves were fed on milk substitute at the rate of 10% of live weight per day for 5 weeks and were offered either chopped dried grass or ground, pelleted dried grass to appetite. Calves were slaughtered at birth and after 5, 6, 7, 9 and 12 weeks on experiment, and the weights of the component parts of the alimentary tract and their contents were measured.2. There were close correlations between the weights of the sections of the alimentary tract or their contents and the solid food intake at slaughter, total solid food intake, or empty body weight of the calves. There were no consistent changes with age in the DM concentration or the density of the digesta in any section of the alimentary tract except the abomasum, or in the digestibility or mean retention time of the diets.3. Grinding and pelleting the diet increased the DM concentration but did not affect the density of the digesta. The increase in the weight of rumen contents per unit increase in dry-matter intake was much greater for chopped than for pelleted diets. The reverse was true for the contents of the abomasum and small intestine. There were relatively small variations between diets in the predicted weight of rumen contents, total digesta, or the volume of organs in the abdomen, at the within-diet mean levels of dry-matter intake.
Effects of nutrition in pregnancy and in lactation on milk yield in ewes
Authors: Treacher T. T. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Dorset Horn ewes were fed individually to make high (H) and low (L) gains in weight in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy. The gains were 20% (H) and 10% (L) of the live weight in week 14 of pregnancy for ewes with twin foetuses, and 16% (H) and 6% (L) for ewes with a single foetus. Three levels of intake imposed during lactation were denned as low (L) 15·0, medium (M) 22·5, and high (H) 30·0 g of feed dry matter/kg of ewe live weight in week 14 of pregnancy. The lambs were removed 12 to 16 hours after parturition and the ewes were machine-milked twice daily for the first 6 weeks of lactation.2. Ewes making low gains in pregnancy produced lambs with slightly lower birth weights but the difference was not significant for either twins or singles. Pregnancy treatment had no effect on milk yield or live-weight change in lactation, but fat content was increased in milk from ewes on the H treatment in pregnancy (8·06% v. 7·46%).3. Level of feeding during lactation did not significantly affect milk yields. The total yields in the first 6 weeks of lactation were (L) 49·4 kg, (M) 60·8 kg and (H) 62·7 kg. However, there were significant effects on milk composition. The treatment means for fat content were (L) 8·34%, (M) 8·05% and (H) 6·84% and for solids-not-fat content were (L) 10·04%, (M) 10·37% and (H) 10·82%.4. Live-weight losses in lactation were (L) 9·1 kg, (M) 6·3 kg and (H) 3·2 kg.
Cycles of wool follicle activity in some shetland sheep
Authors: Ryder M. L. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe wool growth cycle in three rams and three ewes was studied by taking monthly wool and skin samples for periods up to 3 years. The percentage of inactive follicles and of medullated fibres was recorded, fleece length was measured and change in fibre diameter and pigmentation between summer and winter was investigated.Casting of the fleece appeared to depend more on the thinning of fibres than on the proportion with brush ends, casting in some instances taking place with only 30% brush ends, while not in others with as much as 70% follicle inactivity.Follicles began to become inactive in both sexes in September following the autumnal equinox. The secondary follicles had a greater proportion of inactivity (mean of 45% compared with 20% in the primaries) but tended to regrow earlier, and regrowth in the rams tended to begin before that in the ewes. Regrowth as a whole began from January to March. Subsidiary cycles of inactivity of about 2 months' duration were evident.Maximum growth in length occurred between April and October. A difference in mean diameter of only a few microns could be detected between summer and winter. Maximum medullation occurred in July in the rams and August in the ewes. Decrease in pigmentation in winter was brought about by a lowering of the density of pigment granules within the fibres.
The effect of food restriction on subsequent voluntary intake of pigs
Authors: Owen J. B. , Ridgman W. J. , Wyllie D. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA total of 64 nine-week-old pigs were used in two experiments to study the influence on feed intake, growth and carcass quality of dietary restriction at various ages or live weights. Two diets of different energy content were given throughout each experiment, which was divided into four periods on either an age or weight basis. Feed was restricted or offered ad libitum during each of the first three periods, all pigs being fed ad libitum during the last period.Compensatory intake following a period of feed restriction occurred at most stages of growth but was most marked in the early stages. Compensation when it occurred took several weeks to develop fully and persisted for some time, often after an intervening period of ad libitum feeding. Increased gains resulted from increased intake although some of the early compensatory gains could not be fully explained by increased intake.There were few appreciable differences between the pigs on the highand those on the low-energy diets. However, in the early stages the latter did not show the same response in intake following restriction as did the former (but in experiment I the latter were considerably lighter).No effects on carcass quality were demonstrated under the conditions of these experiments.
The effect on litter size of increased feed intake during the oestrus period in the sow
Authors: Brooks P. H. , Cole D. J. A. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA field trial was conducted at 13 centres to investigate the effect of increasing feed intake on the day of mating on litter size of sows. From weaning to mating, control animals received 1·8, 2·3 or 2·7 kg food/day depending on the managemental procedure of the centre. Flushed animals were fed in the same way except on the day of mating when their feed allocation was doubled. Flushing did not significantly affect litter size when the overall results of all centres were considered (447 sows). Results for individual centres were also examined. A significant response to ‘flushing’ was obtained at only one of the 13 centres, where increasing feed intake from 2·7 to 5·4 kg on the day of mating significantly (P < 0·05) increased litter size by 1·3 ±0·52 pigs born.
A note on the effect of castration upon the development of the skin in the pig
Authors: Vold E. , Moen R. A. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe macroscopically measured thickness of the skin of bacon-weight pigs has been found to differ between entire boars and castrates. The histological analysis showed that this difference can be attributed to a significantly stronger development of the dermis in the boars compared with the castrates.
A note on the growth and carcass characteristics of castrated male pigs fed on a ration containing diethylstilboestrol and methyltestosterone
Authors: Walker N. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA control diet was compared with a diet containing 2 mg diethylstil-boestrol (DES) plus 2 mg methyltestosterone (MT) per kg air-dry feed, the hormone treatment extending either from 20 to 84 kg live weight or from 50 to 84 kg live weight. The experiment contained 20 blocks, each of 3 littermate castrated male pigs individually penned and fed to a restricted scale. Hormone supplementation had no effect on growth performance and significantly affected car-cass characteristics only when given for the longer period. Killing-out percentage, backfat thickness and percentage subcutaneous fat plus skin in the gammon joint were reduced and carcass length, percentage bone and percentage lean in the gammon joint were increased when the supplement was given over the longer period.
Effect of deliberate dietary mismanagement upon the incidence of diarrhoea in homebred calves
Authors: Burt A. W. A. , Irvine Sheila M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe effects of dietary treatments designed to increase the incidence of diarrhoea were studied in two experiments with Ayrshire calves. In the first experiment, as a control a normal milk replacer was fed to calves at a rate of 170 g powder in 1·71 litre of water given twice daily. When the amount of powder was increased to 425 g in 1·71 litre of water, faeces consistency and intake of dry concentrates, decreased. When the amount of water was increased to 2·85 litre with 170 g of milk replacer each feed, the consistency of the faeces decreased. Inclusion of 2 % sodium citrate or 50% whey powder in the milk replacer tended to reduce live-weight gain in the period 0 to 32 days but did not increase the incidence of diarrhoea.In the second experiment, the normal milk replacer and the replacer containing 50% whey powder were both given at 425 g powder in 1·71 litre water each feed without adverse effects upon performance. Clinical diarrhoea was virtually absent in both experiments and it was concluded that the homebred calf reared carefully in a good environment and given antibiotics prophylactically for 3 days is relatively resistant to substantial changes in the composition and methods of feeding of milk replacers.
Ground and pelleted straw and hay for fattening Israeli-Friesian male calves
Authors: Levy D. , Amir S. , Holzer Z. , Neumark H. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe performance of Israeli-Friesian male calves on six rations, including two levels (15% and 30%) of ground wheat straw and oatvetch hay in pelleted mixtures, and the same two levels of ground straw in non-pelleted mixtures, was examined.Daily live-weight and carcass gain were higher on the lower level of both roughages. The differences in performance on hay and straw were insignificant. Feed intake was higher on the 15% level of both roughages when pelleted but the energy conversion ratio was higher on pelleted rations of both levels of straw.The dressing percentage was higher for animals on pelleted rations. There was no significant difference in percentage fat trim, percentage bone or percentage saleable meat in the carcasses. There was 20% more kidney, pelvic and cod fat on the lower level of roughage.The digestibility of organic matter was higher on rations with the lower level of roughage, and on the pelleted rations compared with the non-pelleted at equal level of roughage. This was not the case for the digestibility of crude fibre. Nitrogen retention was significantly higher on the lower levels of straw and on the pelleted rations of a similar level, and was higher on hay rations than on straw rations. Ration differences in the molar proportions of volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor were detected.Pelleting appeared to improve the nutritive value of straw.
The influence of supplements of energy and protein on the intake and performance of cattle fed on cereal straws
Authors: Andrews R. P. , Escuder-Volonte J. , Curran M. K. , Holmes W. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn two experiments the effects of several levels of supplementary energy and of protein on the voluntary intake of long straw by young cattle of 200 to 300 kg weight were studied.In Experiment 1, 40 cattle were used to compare 4 protein levels and 5 energy levels. At the lowest protein level (diets containing 6·6% crude protein or less) intake of straw was low at all energy levels and the live-weight gain of the cattle was not increased by the energy supplements. There was no difference in performance between the other 3 protein levels, which gave whole diets containing 8·8% crude protein or more in the dry matter. Supplements of 5 to 9 g concentrates per kg live weight reduced straw intake only a little, and increased gains.In Experiment 2, 40 cattle were used to compare barley and oat straw alone and with 2 levels of protein and 2 levels of energy supplement; one of the latter was higher, 12 g concentrate per kg live weight, than any in Experiment 1. The digestibility of the diets was determined. The results showed no difference in animal performance between oat and barley straw and agreed in general with Experiment 1. The low-protein, high-energy combination (6·4% crude protein in the whole diet) was frequently refused and gains on this treatment were low; at the higher protein level, when protein supply was adequate, straw intakes were less than on the lower energy level with adequate protein. Long straw could supply 35 to 45% of the daily energy requirements of young growing cattle.
The availability and absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the young growing pig
Authors: Whittemore C. T. , Smith W. C. , Thompson A. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe availability of Ca and P in the young growing pig was determined by the use of a radioisotopic technique. Eighteen Large White barrows of 25 kg mean body weight were used in the study, 10 being fed 1·20 kg per day of a cereal-based diet and the remainder half of this amount. At the higher dietary level the intake of Ca was 9·4 g/day, and that of P was 9·7 g/day. The mean availabilities of Ca and P were 41·5% and 78·1% respectively. At the lower level of intake there was no significant change in the availability of either element, mean values being 39·6% for Ca and 82·5% for P. These values contrast markedly with the 67% for Ca and 50% for P currently used in the calculation of dietary requirements for the elements by the factorial approach.
Prediction of the energy requirements for growth in beef cattle 3. Body weight and heat production in Hereford × British Friesian bulls and steers
Authors: Webster A. J. F. , Smith J. S. , Mollison G. S. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. A total of 74 energy balance trials was made with five Hereford × British Friesian bulls and five steers raised intensively on a barley/protein diet to a slaughter weight of about 450 kg.2. Predicted basal metabolism (F′) was calculated for each trial by extrapolation to zero intake of measurements made on animals in positive energy balance. Logarithmic and linear equations are presented for F′ for bulls and steers throughout growth. Bulls had F′ values about 20% higher than steers.3. Values for fasting metabolism (F) in young cattle are reviewed and compared with values for F′ It is concluded that observed differences within and between different estimates of F and F′ can be attributed to the impetus for growth in young animals. Thus, at a stated body weight and intake of metabolizable energy, heat production is influenced by class and breed, bulls being higher than steers and large breeds higher than small breeds.
The accumulation of copper in the liver of lambs on diets containing dried poultry waste
Authors: Suttle N. F. , Munro C. S. , Field A. C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT(1) Eight groups of newly weaned lambs were given diets containing 15, 30, 45 or 60% dried poultry waste (DPW) from battery or broiler units in a 4x2 factorial experiment lasting 16 weeks. The Cu content of the diets increased from 12·7 to 35·5 and from 16·1 to 47·1 mg/kg DM with increasing levels of battery and broiler waste, respectively.(2) As inclusion rates increased, final liver Cu concentrations were 269, 318, 379 and 441 with battery waste and 686, 1009, 877 and 874 mg/kg DM with broiler waste. Total liver Cu accumulation, though higher on broiler than on battery waste, was not proportional to inclusion rate and reached a plateau at the 30% level for both sources.(3) Mean hepatic Cu retention was constant at 4·8 % of Cu intake with battery waste but decreased from 8·3 to 3·2% as level of broiler waste increased.(4) Plasma asparate amino transferase (PAAT) levels were highest in groups given broiler waste and final PAAT concentrations were correlated with liver Cu concentration, reaching levels associated with Cu toxicosis in some individuals. The effect of DPW on PAAT was not proportional to inclusion rate.(5) The factors responsible for the observed variations in liver Cu accumulation between sources and inclusion rates and the possibility of Cu toxicity occurring in sheep given DPW are discussed.
A note on red clover silage for cattle finishing
Authors: Day N. , Harkess R. D. , Harrison D. M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTrials were carried out over two winters to compare red clover and grass silage for cattle finishing.The silages were mixed to give rations containing 0,25,50,75 or 100% red clover dry-matter and were offered ad libitum to individually fed British Friesian-type steers. Significant differences in dry-matter intake occurred but the effect of silage type on animal performance was not significant. Barley supplementation had a significant effect on both total dry-matter intake and daily live-weight gain.
The effects of forage digestibility and concentrate supplementation on the nutritive value of the diet and performance of finishing cattle
Authors: Vadiveloo J. , Holmes W. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTHays varying from 58 to 75% organic matter digestibility (OMD) were offered ad libitum to steers weighing approximately 400 kg, together with concentrates at rates varying from 0·0 to 8·5 g organic matter (OM)/kg live weight per day. Total digestible OM intake (DOMI) increased linearly by 0·75 g/g concentrate OM intake (OMI) for a hay of 58% OMD, but by only 0·26 to 0·36 g/g concentrate OMI for hays above 70% OMD. With hays above 70% OMD, supplementary feeding had little effect on the overall OMD of the diet but significantly depressed the cellulose digestibility of the diet. With the hays of lower digestibility, supplementary feeding increased the OMD of the diet by an average of 0·90% units/unit concentrate OMI, and had no significant effect on the cellulose digestibility of the diet. Live-weight gain increased with increasing digestibility of the hay and with increasing level of supplement.In multiple regression equations, variations in hay digestibility and concentrate intake accounted for from 77 to 91% of the variation in hay intake, diet digestibility and total DOM intake.
Comparison of seven ultrasonic techniques for in vivo estimation of beef carcass composition with special reference to performance testing
Authors: Porter S. J. , Owen M. G. , Page S. J. , Fisher A. V. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTForty-nine bulls, 27 Limousin × Friesian and 22 Charolais × Friesian, were evaluated and slaughtered in four batches of about equal size over 4 weeks. Each batch was of one breed. Age, live weight at evaluation and subjective assessments of fatness and conformation were recorded together with fat and muscle measurements by the Delphi, Meritronics, Scanogram, Vetscan, Kaijo Denki, Warren and the Velocity of Sound ultrasonic machines. Experienced operators were used to assess the performance of machine/operator combinations likely to be achieved in bull performance testing in the field. Fat thicknesses and areas, and m. longissimus areas were taken at the 10th rib and 13th rib, and 3rd lumbar regions by most machines. For the Delphi and Meritronics machines, fat thicknesses only were taken; for the Velocity of Sound machine, time interval measurements and anatomical distances were taken at the shoulder, mid back, lumbar and hind limb regions. The left side of each carcass was fully separated into lean, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, bone and waste. All measurements were examined as potential predictors of carcass composition in step-wise regression in a model which included week of evaluation, breed and live weight at evaluation as the first independent variable. On the whole, scanning machines had a higher precision than A-mode machines, with the Velocity of Sound machine achieving the highest precision for carcass lean (g/kg) (residual s.d. = 13·0) and fat (g/kg) (residual s.d. = 14·1). None of the linear and area measurements taken on the carcass achieved the degree of precision of the Velocity of Sound, Scanogram and Vetscan machines.
Changes in plasma cortisol and β-endorphin concentrations and behaviour in sheep subjected to a change of environment
Authors: Fordham D. P. , Al-Gahtani S. , Durotoye L. A. , Rodway R. G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTChanges in plasma cortisol and B-endorphin concentrations and behaviour in sheep subjected to a change in environment have been studied. Three male and three female sheep were transferred from pasture to indoor crates for a 9-week period. Behaviour was observed by scan sampling for 1-h periods morning and afternoon 5 days/week. Blood samples were taken hourly for 24-h periods on days 1, 5, 30 and 60, and assayed for β-endorphin and cortisol.Plasma cortisol concentration decreased significantly between days 30 and 60 (P < 0·001) but there was no significant change in plasma B-endorphin concentration over the experimental period. After an initial period of ‘withdrawal’ in weeks 2 and 3, when the amount of time spent resting increased, the occurrence of active behaviours increased with length of confinement. The results suggest that animals had not fully acclimatized to the new surroundings within the 9-week period. This raises important welfare issues concerning experimental animals.