bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enemies of the Godly
Authors: HAIGH CHRISTOPHER 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The preceding chapters used dialogues and other texts as tools towards an investigation of grass-roots religious attitudes in post-Reformation England. It has shown that the views expressed by literary characters replicated in the real world of English parishes, and the arguments and hostilities of the texts repeated in streets, shops, and alehouses — and in churches. This chapter argues that the authors of the texts were not anthropologists or sociologists, trying to describe the thoughts and habits of the people around them. They were evangelists and polemicists: they wrote at particular times, in particular contexts, and for particular purposes. The books have political contexts and objectives, as well as their more obvious religious purposes — and their characters were deliberately created to serve political ends.
Conclusion: Pathways to Heaven
Authors: HAIGH CHRISTOPHER 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents some concluding thoughts from the author. This book is about how Theologus, Asunetus, Philagathus, Antilegon, and the Papist saw their own and each other's religion, and how they got along together, in the seventy years or so before the war came. Usually they managed to rub along together, and sometimes they rowed together — and the rows between the professors and the profane could be just as disruptive as the rows between the Protestants and the papists, but normally life went on, and religious differences were facts of daily life.
Numbers
Authors: HARRISON DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The situation on the west coast main road was typical of national highways in most of medieval England. There were also bridges on secondary roads where they crossed large and small rivers. Many of the main conclusions regarding the number of bridges in medieval England are based on a study of bridges across twenty-four English rivers in three periods — the early 16th century, the third quarter of the 18th century, and the early 19th century. The data are summarised in tables, which show the number of bridges standing circa 1540; those recorded on the first large-scale county maps, most of which were published in the third quarter of the 18th century; and those on the first edition of the Ordnance Survey maps of the first half of the 19th century. The information for the 18th and 19th centuries is based on relatively accurate surveys made for mapping.
Stability: Bridges and the Road System After 1250
Authors: HARRISON DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
After more than 500 years of change, when the major river crossings were bridged and a new road system established, there followed almost 500 years of stability. The stock of bridges changed little. The dense pattern of bridges which existed in the 18th century would have been recognisable to Englishmen five centuries earlier. Similarly, the routes established by the time of the Gough Map survived almost unchanged. One of the principal characteristics of the English road system in this period is clear: travellers on major roads could be sure of dry and safe river crossings, provided that the bridges had been kept in repair. It is no exaggeration to say that where a national highway met a river there was invariably a bridge. On secondary roads, bridges were also the norm, except on the downstream sections of rivers, where ferries were common. On minor roads, while bridges across major rivers were unusual, there were numerous bridges over streams and small water courses, as well as countless fords and ferries.
Challenges, Options, Sources
Authors: HARRISON DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the challenges involved in maintaining bridges in medieval England, as well as options and sources for their design and construction. Floods often destroyed bridges during this period, and the devastation has continued into the 20th century. The main reason why bridges collapse during floods is the scouring of the river bed. Structures suitable for these varying conditions could be built in several ways. All involved the use of timber or stone, and occasionally brick, or a combination of them. Many medieval bridges have been demolished, but a large number of them are known from illustrations, descriptions, observations made when bridges were taken down or repaired, and a few modern archaeological investigations. In addition, more than 200 bridges built before 1600 were able to survive.
The Golden Age of Stone Bridges: From the Late Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century
Authors: HARRISON DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the golden age of stone bridges from the late middle ages to the 19th century. In the early 16th century, the most striking characteristic of major bridges was that most were vaulted and constructed of stone. A large minority were of timber trestle construction. The remaining structures were either brick bridges, or bridges with stone piers and a timber deck. Brick bridges, like most brick buildings, were confined to the south and east of the limestone belt and, in particular, to the east-coast counties. The effects of centuries of constructing bridges with stone vaults can readily be seen by looking at the situation on the River Nene, which rises in the Northamptonshire hills where there is access to good building stone. Masons in pre-industrial England built bridges which, within their technical competence, met the needs of the site. The crucial test of all of these types of bridges is how effectively they performed their function.
Costs
Authors: HARRISON DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The building, rebuilding, repair, and maintenance of the network of bridges in medieval England was a huge task. Aside from large labour forces, enormous quantities of stone, timber, lime, chalk, iron, and lead were used in construction, and very large sums of money spent. Ten thousand piles were found in the river bed at Rochester when the medieval bridge was demolished in the mid-19th century. The largest bridges were among the most expensive projects of their age. Once a bridge was built, spending did not end. Expenditure on their maintenance was probably greater than on any other type of building. Timber bridges required constant attention. Even stone bridges had to be regularly repaired and maintained. A few required very heavy, continuous expenditure, and more when major repairs had to be carried out. This was the same as the annual income of some members of the lay peerage.
Women, Social Leadership, and the Second World War
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The associational life of middle-class women in 20th-century England has been largely ignored by historians. During the Second World War women's clubs, guilds, and institutes provided a basis for the mobilization of up to a million women, mainly housewives, into unpaid part-time work. Women's Voluntary Services (WVS) — which was set up by the government in 1938 to organize this work — generated a rich archive of reports and correspondence which provide the social historian with a unique window into the female public sphere. Questioning the view that world war two served to democratize English society, the book shows how the mobilization enabled middle-class social leaders to reinforce their claims to authority. Displaying ‘character’ through their voluntary work, the leisured women at the centre of this study made themselves indispensable to the war effort. The book delineates these ‘continuities of class’, reconstructing intimate portraits of local female social leadership in contrasting settings across provincial England, tracing complex and often acerbic rivalries within the voluntary sector, and uncovering gulfs of mutual distrust and incomprehension dividing publicly active women along gendered frontiers of class and party. Britain's wartime mobilization relied on an uneasy balance between voluntarism and the expanding power of the state, calling on a Victorian ethos of public service to cope with the profoundly un-Victorian problems of total war. It was not until the 1950s and 1960s that these female social leaders finally found themselves marginalized by bureaucracy and professionalization.
Introduction
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter focuses on the voluntary work of middle-aged, middle-class women and serves to challenge ‘optimistic’ accounts of the impact of war on class and gender inequalities. It critiques anti-socialist narratives of middle-class decline; discusses the extent of wartime voluntary work; explains the book's strategy of placing the history of the WVS in the wider context of female associational life in provincial England; and sets out some theoretical propositions on the relationships between class, gender, politics, and voluntary work.
Lady Reading and Women's Voluntary Services
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
To a degree unusual among social institutions, WVS was the creation of a single individual — Lady Reading. For this reason, this chapter explores her belief in the importance of ‘character’, the highly-charged, mystical language with which she inspired her followers, and her autocratic and hierarchical style of leadership. It also deals with her dismissive attitude to the claims of domesticity on women's time — ‘put nation before husband!’ — and contemporary discussion of the relationship between the supply of domestic servants and volunteering by middle-class women.
Colonizing the Urban Public Sphere
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the shape and nature of the female public sphere as it existed in the late 1930s, arguing that the women's organizations which burgeoned in the inter-war years did much to sustain middle-class social leadership in urban Britain. As WVS colonised this world, it took on many of its middle-class contours, in particular by seeking to build the new organization around the prestige of established female social leaders. Organizations discussed include Townswomen's Guilds, Business and Professional Women's Clubs, Soroptimists and the National Council of Women, all of which contributed to WVS' local leadership, as did the Conservative Party whose activists migrated wholesale into WVS when their local branches largely ceased to function due to the wartime electoral truce.
Coalfield
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the pit villages of County Durham, the WVS became a site of open class struggle as Labour women used it to challenge the paternalistic hold traditionally exercised by middle-class social leaders over the associational life of the miners' wives. This chapter provides a detailed account of one such conflict, centred on the mining district of Easington, where the WVS was for a time formally disowned by the national leadership after being captured by Labour activists from the middle-class (and mainly Conservative) women whose voluntary work among the miners' wives had previously provided a social counterweight to the political dominance of Labour and the miners' union in the county.
Rural England
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the shire counties as in the towns, the WVS built on existing women's networks, notably the Women's Institutes which, despite their formally democratic structures, usually served to uphold middle and upper-class social leadership in rural England. In the absence of any rural equivalent to the challenge represented by the urban labour movement, the WVS hierarchy had little need to intervene in established structures of authority. The major rural trauma of wartime and the invasion of evacuees from the towns tended to reinforce existing assumptions, shared across class boundaries, about the distinctness of rural life. In handling the problems thrown up by evacuation, established social leaders reaffirmed their right to speak on behalf of country folk as a whole. The need to defend the rural community against the depredations threatened by the urban invasion provided, in the traumatic autumns of 1939 and 1940, powerful new cement for the old social order.
Home Helps
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks closely at one example of the marginalisation of philanthropic forms of authority as social work became increasingly professionalized in the welfare state. The establishment of local authority home help services was pioneered in the 1940s by the organizer of the Oxford WVS. While this could be understood within a Whiggish narrative of voluntary work operating as an advance guard of an expanding welfare state, the chapter argues that this would be to underestimate the degree to which WVS leaders sought to resist the professionalisation of the service and experienced its eventual take-over by trained social workers, not as a vindication of the pioneering role of voluntarism, but as a defeat for their attempt to uphold the social leadership of leisured women as an integral part of the welfare state.
Women's Voluntary Services and the Voluntary Sector
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter returns to the antagonism between the WVS and other women's organizations, a relationship further embittered by an ill-conceived government attempt to force an amalgamation of WVS with the National Council of Social Services. The WVS survived because largely Lady Reading succeeded in convincing Whitehall that it could provide effective auxiliary services for the statutory authorities. Its hierarchical structure, which so offended leaders of established voluntary organizations, was crucial to its effectiveness as a handmaiden of the planning state: ‘an organized service with a proper chain of command’ as Labour's Home Secretary put it.
Conclusion
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Lady Reading believed her creation had found the key to reconciling voluntary work and state expansion. In fact the WVS did not provide a model for the future. The welfare state certainly enabled middle-class people to sustain their dominance, but as trained professionals rather than amateur volunteers. This was especially true for the middle-aged and often rather poorly educated women who had found so much fulfilment in the WVS during the war. By the 1960s, when renewed growth took the voluntary sector in new and more radical directions, the continuing selfless work of middle-aged women delivering meals-on-wheels or serving in hospital canteens embodied only an echo of the WVS during its Second World War prime.
The Mechanics and Regulation of Market Abuse
Authors: Avgouleas Emilios E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Economic theory implies that financial markets play a prominent role in the efficient allocation of resources in the modern world. Financial markets can fulfil this role if they enjoy the confidence of investors and are free of abuse. The financial frauds associated with the collapse of Enron and the major crises in world leading corporations such as WorldCom, Adelphia, Tyco, and the ‘Wall Street financial scandals’ have shown that fraud, manipulation, and insider dealing retain a catastrophic presence in modern financial markets. Proper deterrence of market abuse is necessary not only for the effective operation of modern financial markets, but also for regaining investor confidence. This book analyses the mechanics and regulation of two of the most harmful market practices in the modern financial world: insider dealing and market manipulation, which together comprise the offence of market abuse. This book examines the United Kingdom and European Union regimes from an interdisciplinary perspective, also making extensive and critical use of United States case law. It emphasises the economic analysis of anti-fraud manipulation regulations and their effects upon market welfare and explores the possible deterrent benefits of civil law remedies.
Modern Financial Markets and Finance Theory
Authors: AVGOULEAS EMILIOS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses modern financial markets as well as modern and ‘post-modern’ finance theory. The discussion sheds light on the economic theories and assumptions used in this book for the exploration of the function of market manipulation and insider dealing as forms of economic behaviour, and especially of their mechanics: techniques, devices, and tools used to perpetrate them. A sound understanding of modern financial markets and of economic theory concepts used to explain them is indispensable in the study of market abuse. It also underpins the analysis of the economic efficiency rationales that support its regulation. The chapter draws extensively on the relevant works of eminent economists such as Modigliani, Akerlof, Scholes, and Stiglitz, and from leading finance textbooks.
Deconstructing and Reconceptualizing Market Abuse
Authors: AVGOULEAS EMILIOS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The identification of the link between insider dealing and market manipulation and the exploration of their conceptual and causal relationship with ‘bubbles’ and corporate governance failures should be seen as an inextricable part of any analysis of the two practices. This chapter discusses the mechanics of insider dealing as a form of economic behaviour. It attempts to chart the effect of insider dealing on market efficiency and aims to deconstruct the almost metaphysical dimensions that the discussion of the practice has taken, especially regarding its impact on market efficiency. The link between failures in corporate governance systems and the occurrence of market abuse, the relationship between insider dealing and market manipulation, and the extent to which bubbles foster and facilitate the perpetration of manipulations are also explored. In addition, a very large number of conceptual loans from what is considered as the legal analysis of market abuse are utilised in this chapter.
The Mechanics of Market Manipulation
Authors: AVGOULEAS EMILIOS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with the economic analysis of market manipulation and explains its mechanics, that is, the most common methods, devices, and techniques used by manipulators to perpetrate their abusive schemes, and the economic results of the various species of market manipulation. The most common definitions of market manipulation are considered to present a new, synthetic, and workable definition of market manipulation. This definition strives to reflect the realities of modern financial markets. It incorporates, in a conceptual mode, the findings of modern finance theory, in order to facilitate the gathering and interpretation of evidence that affirms the perpetration of market manipulation. The chapter also offers a systematic classification of the various forms of market manipulation, making constant reference to the definitions and illustrations of market manipulation contained in the Market Abuse Directive and in sections 397(1), (2) (misleading statements and practices), 397(3) (misleading conduct) and 118 (market abuse) of the UK’s Financial Services and Markets Act 2000.
The Emerging EU Regime for the Regulation of Market Abuse
Authors: AVGOULEAS EMILIOS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the emerging European Commission (EC) regulatory framework dealing with market abuse. The EC market abuse regime comprises a coherent body of rules offered in the Market Abuse Directive and its Level 2 Implementing Measures, and a disparate collection of provisions that may be found in the new Public Offers and Admissions Prospectus Directive, the Directive on Transparency Obligations of Traded Companies, and the far-reaching Directive on Markets in Financial Instruments. These provisions aim both to protect investors and to maintain the integrity of European financial markets. This chapter also considers the new EU regime for the production and dissemination of investment recommendations and the disclosure of conflicts of interests in the same context, as well as the provisions of the Commission Regulation on the conduct of share buy-backs and stabilisations in the EU.
Market Abuse Deterrence Under a Civil Liability Regime
Authors: AVGOULEAS EMILIOS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the deterrent force of private enforcement in cases of insider dealing and market manipulation. Private enforcement in the present context means actions in damages by investors who have incurred losses as a result of the perpetration of an abusive scheme involving insider dealing and/or market manipulation. The main focus of the relevant discussion is on the economic analysis of criminal, regulatory, and private means of enforcement in the case of market abuse and the evaluation of their effectiveness in providing investor compensation, administering retribution (offenders’ punishment), and enhancing deterrence. The chapter argues that the accent of any protective regime in the case of insider dealing and market manipulation should be on deterrence, and the objectives of investor compensation and malfeasant’s punishment should primarily serve this purpose. It proposes the introduction of a civil right of action for the offences of insider dealing and market manipulation, as prescribed in Article 1(2) and Articles 2 to 4 of the Market Abuse Directive.
Concluding Remarks and Proposals for Action
Authors: AVGOULEAS EMILIOS 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book offers a modern, analytical, and systematic study of market abuse that incorporates into the relevant discussion recent advancements in economic theory and legal and market developments. In this respect, the mechanics of insider dealing and market manipulation as forms of economic behaviour, their impact on market welfare, and the rationales of their regulation are examined. Undertaking this study meant exploring the most important theoretical approaches to the regulation of these practices/offences. The corporate frauds of Enron, WorldCom, and others, and the mechanics of the ‘stock market bubble’ of the 1990s and of older bubbles were extensively analysed in order to draw conclusions about the causes of market abuse, the linkages between its different forms, and the relationship of interdependence that may be observed between bubbles and market manipulation. This book also explores the emerging EC market abuse regime, along with the ever-fluctuating UK legal and regulatory framework dealing with market abuse.
Sterne, the Moderns, and the Novel
Authors: Keymer Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The author of Tristram Shandy (1759-67) is often seen as an anachronism — either a belated exponent of learned-wit satire whose kinship is with Montaigne, or a proto-modernist whose narrative pyrotechnics anticipate Joyce. Yet to many contemporaries Sterne's writing was emphatically of its immediate time, a voguish compound of all things modern that seemed to typify, if not indeed constitute, a ‘Shandy-Age’. This book demonstrates the self-conscious imbrication of Tristram Shandy in the diverse literary culture of its extended moment. Not only absorbing but also updating Swift's Tale of a Tub, Sterne's text turns the satirical resources of Scriblerian writing on the post-Scriblerian literary marketplace, and above all on that quintessentially modern genre, the novel itself. For all its anticipation of later trends, Sterne's play on narrative representation, linguistic indeterminacy, the unruliness of reading, and the materiality of text turns out to be firmly grounded in the conventions and tropes of mid-18th-century fiction. Through the mechanisms of improvisatory serialization and literary intertextuality, he could also engage with other new texts and trends as they continued to emerge, including ‘Nonsense Club’ satire, the Ossianic vogue, and debates about the Seven Years War.