bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prepaid tickets to the New World: the New York Continental Conference and transatlantic steerage Fares 1885–1895
Authors: Feys Torsten 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENEste artículo examina la situación de los cárteles del transporte naviero (conferencias) que regularon el transporte migratorio transatlántico del continente europeo a los Estados Unidos. El objetivo del artículo es identificar las presiones internas y externas subyacentes a estos acuerdos, así como las estrategias empleadas para neutralizar estas presiones. El autor llega a la conclusión de que un acuerdo sobre la división del mercado en quatos (market shares) era esencial para la eficacia de la Conferencia, que era al mismo tiempo una forma de integración horizontal que regulaban la competencia entre las compañías de transporte naviero, así como una integración vertical para obtener el control sobre la red de agentes transatlánticos de venta de billetes a la emigración. El autor correlaciona también la eficacia de los acuerdos con las tarifas para emigrantes y los costes de la migración.
Constituciones y crecimiento económico en la Colombia Del Siglo XIX
Authors: Kalmanovitz Salomón 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENEn este ensayo analizo el impacto de las numerosas constituciones que se redactaron en la Colombia del siglo xix sobre su desarrollo económico. Se escogen algunas constituciones prototípicas como piezas importantes de la estructura legal que se va conformando en el país. Se trata de demostrar que la inestabilidad constitucional y legal fue más importante que el propio legado hispánico en explicar el retraso económico de Colombia. Mientras que los monopolios comerciales, políticos y religiosos fueron heredados y estuvieron a la base de la ideología conservadora, muchos de ellos lograron ser desmantelados por los reformistas liberales. La pérdida del orden político que España supo mantener por tres siglos fue seguida por la búsqueda tortuosa de un nuevo ordenamiento político, de lo cual fueron responsables las elites criollas. Los excesos de concentración o difusión de poderes marcaron los movimientos pendulares entre centralismo y federalismo, que fueron de la esencia del desorden político del siglo XIX, freno importante a su vez del desarrollo económico del país.
Diplomacia económica y balanza de pagos. Los pactos Hispano-Estadounidenses de 1918
Authors: Montero Jiménez José Antonio 
Published: January 2010

RESUMENEste artículo examina las conexiones existentes entre la evolución de la balanza de pagos española y la diplomacia económica hispano-estadounidense a lo largo de 1917 y 1918. El devenir de estas relaciones puede servir para explicar una parte sustancial de la desaceleración del comercio exterior de España que tuvo lugar en el último año de la Primera Guerra Mundial. El endurecimiento de la política comercial de los Estados Unidos tras su entrada en la contienda obligó a los españoles a trabajar seriamente para mantener tanto el nivel de sus intercambios mercantiles como la libertad de su marina mercante. Los contactos entre los dos países afectaron igualmente al proceso de repatriación de la deuda externa de España y al uso de sus beneficios extraordinarios para efectuar préstamos a las naciones aliadas. Finalmente, las negociaciones bilaterales produjeron la firma de dos acuerdos bilaterales en marzo y agosto de 1918, cuya gestación y repercusiones pueden seguirse a través de las cifras mensuales del comercio entre Norteamérica y la Península Ibérica.
El impacto exterior de las revistas españolas de economía
Authors: Fabregat Daniel A. Tirado , Novell Jordi Pons 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEn este trabajo se elaboran indicadores de impacto de las revistas españolas de economía teniendo en cuenta el número de ocasiones que los artículos publicados en las mismas son citados en las revistas internacionales incluidas en el ISI. La disponibilidad de estos indicadores de impacto permitirá determinar el impacto internacional de las revistas españolas, así como establecer una nueva ordenación de las mismas a partir de su impacto internacional, aspecto no considerado en los artículos publicados hasta el momento en los que se construían factores de impacto computando el número de citas que recibían las revistas españolas en otras revistas de carácter estatal. Finalmente, la comparación de estos resultados con los obtenidos por las revistas alemanas, francesas o italianas permite identificar qué factores han sido clave para la internacionalización de estas revistas de economía.
Un siglo y medio de velocidad de circulación del dinero en españa: Estimación y determinantes
Authors: Carreras Albert , García-Iglesias Concepción , Kilponen Juha 
Published: January 2010

ResumenPresentamos una serie temporal de la velocidad de circulación del dinero en España usando la M2 y explicamos su comportamiento en el siglo y medio que va de 1850 a 2000. La velocidad de circulación del dinero en España presenta un declive secular hasta 1973 y apunta la forma de U en el último cuarto del siglo XX. Existe un retraso en los cambios de tendencia con respecto a otros países industrializados, explicable por el atraso económico español. Estimamos los determinantes de la velocidad de circulación de dinero —la inversa de la demanda de dinero— para todo el período de 1850 a 1997. Un análisis de cointegración y un mecanismo de correción de errores nos permiten afirmar que existe una función estable para todo el período donde las variables institucionales son importantes para explicar el comportamiento de la velocidad en España en el largo plazo.
El perfil económico de la elite de Buenos Aires en las décadas centrales del siglo XIX
Authors: Hora Roy 
Published: January 2010

ResumenTradicionalmente se ha afirmado que los grandes terratenientes dominaron el estrato superior de la elite económica argentina en el medio siglo que sucedió a la emancipación. Según esta versión, la crisis de independencia obligó a la elite colonial a desplazar sus negocios desde el comercio hacia la actividad rural, que pronto se convirtió en la base de las principales fortunas del país. A partir de un análisis de los inventarios sucesorios de los de los mayores contribuyentese de Buenos Aires para fines de década de 1830, este trabajo sugiere que, lejos de limitarse a invertir en el sector rural, una parte importante de los grandes capitalistas de mediados del siglo XIX incursionaron en distintas esferas de actividad. El trabajo sugiere que la diversificación de activos fue resultado de los esfuerzos de los capitalistas rioplatenses para enfrentar la inestabilidad económica y política que caracterizó a esas décadas.
«La paradisíaca estabilidad de la anteguerra». Elaboración de un índice de precios de consumo en España, 1830–1936
Authors: de Motes I Bernet Jordi Maluquer 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEste artículo expone los aspectos básicos de la elaboración de un nuevo y auténtico Índice de Precios de Consumo de España para el período 1830–1936. Los distintos apartados en que está organizado se dedican a definir el campo de observación y el ámbito analizados, las fuentes empleadas y la metodología utilizada, así como las similitudes y diferencias con otros índices actualmente disponibles. Contiene, asimismo, un primer y breve análisis de los resultados. La característica más sobresaliente desde la perspectiva de las tendencias de largo plazo del nuevo IPC es una gran estabilidad, quebrada de forma importante, tan sólo, durante los años 1914–1920 bajo la influencia de la Primera Guerra Mundial. La tasa de crecimiento para el conjunto del período no alcanzó siquiera el 1 por cien anual, pese al cambio de nivel registrado enaquel breve brote inflacionista.
The spanish economic «miracle»: a disaggregated approach to productivity growth, 1958–1975
Authors: Llopis M.ª Teresa Sanchís 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEn este trabajo se analizan las fuentes del crecimiento español durante 1958–1975 desde una perspectiva sectorial, siguiendo una metodología similar a la desarrollada por Jorgenson, Gollop y Fraumeni (1987). Para ello se mide la contribución de los inputs intermedios, el capital, el trabajo y la productividad total de los factores al crecimiento del output total para 25 ramas productivas. Los resultados atribuyen más de la mitad del crecimiento del output al crecimiento de la Productividad Total de los Factores. Este crecimiento de la productividad fue de alcance general aunque no estuvo uniformemente repartido y se apoyó en una potente contribución de algunas industrias manufactureras compartida conavances significativos en los transportes y en las comunicaciones.
Variaciones regionales de los precios de consumo y de las dietas en España, en los inicios de la transición demográfica
Authors: Nicolau-Nos Roser , Pujol-Andreu Josep 
Published: January 2010

ResumenLas estadísticas de precios y, en particular, las de alimentos son mucho más abundantes que las de consumo. Este artículo propone uti-lizar estas estadísticas para analizar las variaciones cualitativas en el consumo y, más concretamente, la composición de la dieta, una variable de difícil observación, pero con notables implicaciones en la evolución de las condiciones de vida, salud y mortalidad de las poblaciones. Concretamente, se han escogido los años comprendidos entre 1910 y 1912, en un periodo de importantes cambios en la mortalidad española, para analizar la variación provincial en los niveles y en las estructuras de precios al consumo. Los índices de precios relativos estimados sugieren que las diferencias regionales en la composición de las dietas eran muy significativas y que se deben tener en cuenta en los análisis de los nive-les de vida y de mortalidad.
Entre Castilla y Francia: Comercio y comerciantes en Bilbao a mediados del siglo XVI
Authors: Bilbao Luis María , García Ramón Lanza 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTOn the basis of a new quantitative data set which is varied, accurate and representative, today it is possible to correct previous shortcomings in order to obtain a solid historical picture of the Atlantic trade passing through the port of Bilbao in the mid-sixteenth century. In this paper we aim to explore both the macroeconomic and microeconomic aspects of Spanish-French trade, analysing, on the one hand, the volume, composition and «balance of trade» and, on the other, the scope and nature of trading enterprises of merchants operating in Bilbao, measurable by the size of their business, the concentration of trade and the amount of business carried out by traders on their own account, in association with other merchants or on behalf of these. We also highlight, once again, the enormous value of judicial sources in the study of trade in the Modern Age.
Military Expenditure, Spending Capacity and Budget Constraint in Eighteenth-Century Spain and Britain
Authors: Sánchez José Jurado 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTUsing new public spending statistics for Spain and other various indicators we show that Spain and Britain suffered larger increases in public expenditure in the periods in which they fought each other and other countries. The British Exchequer spent much more than its Spanish counterpart, especially on the Army and Navy and debt repayment. This situation helps to explain why Britain emerged victorious against Spain in the majority of these wars and was a consequence of the political and institutional changes made in England from 1688 onwards, reducing budget constraint and allowing Britain to mobilise the necessary resources to become the leading world power. In Spain, however, the changes required to eliminate the country's history of bankruptcies and increase its spending capacity were not made.
Free Trade, Political Economy and the Birth of a New Economic Nation: Brazil, 1808–1810
Authors: Cardoso José Luís 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTIn late 1807, Brazil was still a part of the Portuguese empire. As a consequence of the outbreak of the Peninsular War, the Prince Regent and the court moved to Brazil, an amazing voyage planned as a way of safeguarding Portugal's sovereignty over her vast territories. When the royal ships arrived in Brazil, the first measure to be taken was the decree which opened up Brazilian ports to British commercial vessels, thus putting an end to the old system of exclusive colonial trading between Brazil and Portugal. This was indeed the very first sign of a much larger process of economic liberalisation that was shortly to follow. In this process, a special role was to be played by the science of political economy used as a rationale for economic change and ultimately serving as an instrument for political independence.
War and Foreign Debt Settlement in Early Republican Spanish America
Authors: Sicotte Richard , Vizcarra Catalina 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTUpon gaining independence, most Spanish American countries had accumulated a substantial external debt, and by 1829 each defaulted. It took decades for these countries to settle their debts and even longer for them to access new loans. We argue that a major factor influencing the pattern of debt service was the incidence of war. War created incentives for governments to channel scarce resources to «emergency» spending and domestic debt service, rather than to the repayment of the foreign debt. Interestingly, we detect an asymmetry between countries long in good standing with creditors and those that had only recently settled. Countries that had established a longer record of continuous debt service were far less likely to default in times of war. We also find that international wars were responsible for the largest effects.
The Expansion of Mass Education in Twentieth Century Latin America: A Global Comparative Perspective
Authors: Frankema Ewout 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the expansion of mass education in Latin America in the twentieth century from a global comparative perspective. The paper argues that expansion in terms of enrolment and attainment levels was quite impressive. A comparative analysis of the grade enrolment distribution demonstrates, however, that the rapid expansion of primary school enrolment did not correspond with an equally impressive improvement in educational quality. The persistently large tertiary education bias in public education spending suggests that part of the poor quality performance is related to a lack of fscal support for primary education and that the political economy explanation for educational underdevelopment, as advanced by Engerman, Mariscal and Sokoloff for the 19thcentury, still applied to Latin America during most of the 20thcentury.
Producción y Productividad Agrícolas en la Isla de Mallorca, 1590–1860
Authors: Avellà Gabriel Jover , Erbina Carles Manera 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes a detailed measurement of the agricultural development of the island of Majorca from the late sixteenth century to the midnineteenth century, with an emphasis on the products which made up the bulk of the island's agricultural production. The authors have organized most of the existing databases in the island's archives and have also incorporated quantitative and qualitative material from their own research and that of other colleagues. Due to their quality and regularity, the data are among the richest known for pre-industrial Europe. These sources lead to some conclusions which link with recent debates in European economic history concerning the calculation of economic growth in economies for periods before statistics were kept. The text presents a methodological analysis covering almost 80 per cent of agricultural production of the island of Majorca and leaves conclusions to be supplemented by further studies of the manufacturing and service sectors.
Construction of syndromic surveillance using a web-based daily questionnaire for health and its application at the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit meeting
Authors: SUGIURA H. , OHKUSA Y. , AKAHANE M. , SUGAHARA T. , OKABE N. , IMAMURA T. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYWe constructed a syndromic surveillance system to collect directly information on daily health conditions directly from local residents via the internet [web-based daily questionnaire for health surveillance system (WDQH SS)]. This paper considers the feasibility of the WDQH SS and its ability to detect epidemics. A verification study revealed that our system was an effective surveillance system. We then applied an improved WDQH SS as a measure against public health concerns at the G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit meeting in 2008. While in operation at the Summit, our system reported a fever alert that was consistent with a herpangina epidemic. The highly mobile WDQH SS described in this study has three main advantages: the earlier detection of epidemics, compared to other surveillance systems; the ability to collect data even on weekends and holidays; and a rapid system set-up that can be completed within 3 days.
Echogenic mass in the right atrium after surgical ventricular septal defect closure: thrombus or tumour?
Authors: de Winkel Nicole , Becker Karen , Vogt Manfred 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe describe a neonate who presented with an echogenic mass in the right atrium 8 weeks after closure of ventricular and atrial septal defects. On a routine post operative check up after discharge, a mass was detected in the right atrium on echocardiography. As a thrombotic formation was suggested, lysis was started, in combination with the administration of unfractioned heparin. As there was no change in echogenicity or size of the mass, it was surgically excised. Histopathological examination revealed a myofibroblastic inflammatory tumour.
Myocardial performance after successful intervention for native aortic coarctation
Authors: Tavli Vedide , Saritas Turkay , Guven Baris , Okur Faik , Saylan Berna Cevik , Tavli Talat , Uyanik Bekir Sami , Ari Zeki , İsbilen Banu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCoarctation of the aorta is associated with increased risk for hypertension in adulthood, despite successful repair. The intrinsic mechanisms underscoring hypertension and left ventricular performance in these patients, however, remains to be determined. Our objective was to evaluate left ventricular performance by means of echocardiographic and biochemical parameters at midterm follow-up in normotensive children who have had undergone successful surgical or catheter interventional treatment of coarctation with a residual gradient of less than 20 mmHg at rest. We studied prospectively 14 patients with native aortic coarctation who underwent surgery or balloon angioplasty, the cohort made up of equal numbers of boys and girls, and having a mean age of 8.5 plus or minus 4 years. We also studied 30 age-matched healthy subjects, measuring mitral inflow pulsed wave signals, isovolumic relaxation and contraction times, myocardial performance index parameters, and levels of B-type natriuretic peptide and endothelin-1 in both groups. We found no differences in systolic blood pressure at rest between the patients and their controls. The ventricular septal diastolic dimensions, left ventricular posterior wall dimensions, mitral valve E wave, deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, isovolumic contraction time and myocardial performance index were all significantly increased in the patients. Levels of plasma B-type natriuretic peptide and endothelin-1 were also significantly higher in the patients when compared to the control group. We conclude that aortic coarctation is a chronic disease characterized by persistency of myocardial and vascular alterations. The elevated levels of plasma b-type natriuretic peptide and endothelin-1 may be indicative of late onset hypertension after successful treatment of native coarctation in early childhood.
A nonlinear model of age and size-structured populations with applications to cell cycles
Authors: Chapman S. J. , Plank M. J. , James A. , Basse B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Sharpe-Lotka-McKendrick (or von Foerster) equations for an age-structured population, with a nonlinear term to represent overcrowding or competition for resources, are considered. The model is extended to include a growth term, allowing the population to be structured by size or weight rather than age, and a general solution is presented. Various examples are then considered, including the case of cell growth where cells divide at a given size.
Deblurring and denoising of images with minimization of variation and negative norms
Authors: Cherid A. , El-Gebeily M. A. , O′Regan Donal , Agarwal Ravi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA method based on the minimization of variation is presented for the identification of a completely unknown blur operator. We assume the knowledge of a blurred image and its original version. The class of blurring operators is identified in the class of compact operators. A variational method with negative norms is then used for the restoration of a blurred and noised image. The restoration method works for a wide class of blurring operators and we do not assume that the blur operator commutes with the Laplacian.
The best Sobolev trace constant in domains with holes for critical or subcritical exponents
Authors: Fernandezbonder J. , Orive R. , Rossi J. D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper we study the best constant in the Sobolev trace embedding H1 (Ω) →Lq(∂Ω) in a bounded smooth domain for 1 < q < 2+ = 2(N - 1)/(N - 2), that is, critical or subcritical q. First, we consider a domain with periodically distributed holes inside which we impose that the involved functions vanish. There exists a critical size of the holes for which the limit problem has an extra term. For sizes larger than critical the best trace constant diverges to infinity and for sizes smaller than critical it converges to the best constant in the domain without holes. Also, we study the problem with the holes located on the boundary of the domain. In this case another critical exists and its extra term appears on the boundary.
The phonology and grammar of Galo “words”
Authors: Post Mark W. 
Published: January 2010

“Words” may be independently defined and identified in Galo (Tibeto-Burman > Western Tani) in terms of relatively consistent and functionally well-motivated sets of phonological and grammatical criteria. However, these criteria very often fail to converge upon identification of the same formal unit; instead, we frequently find phonological “words” which consist of two grammatical “words”, and grammatical “words” which consist of two phonological “words”, etc. The resulting “mismatch” between “phonological words” and “grammatical words” in Galo is argued to be theoretically non-trivial, in that its existence is capable of explaining a variety of otherwise seemingly disparate facts in the synchronic and diachronic organization of Galo grammar. The facts from Galo thus support a view of language in which “word” is independently defined in phonological and grammatical terms, and in which neither type of “word” necessarily corresponds to (or is projected by) the other. Although there might be said to exist a very generalized functional pressure towards “unification” of “phonological words” and “grammatical words”, such a pressure would not be expressible as a formal constraint on language grammar.