bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Zosterophyll Plant, Ramoferis gen. nov., from the Posongchong Formation of Lower Devonian (Pragian) of Southeastern Yunnan, China
Authors: HAO Shougang , XUE Jinzhuang 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:A new genus and species, Ramoferis amalia gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Early Devonian (Pragian) Posongchong Formation, Wenshan district of southeastern Yunnan, China. This plant has isodichotomous major axes, which also divide anisotomously distally to produce closely spaced lateral branches, often within fertile regions. The stalked round to reniform sporangia, borne laterally and spirally over several levels of branches, are distantly to moderately spaced or aggregated into distinct spikes. The stalks increase in width from the base to the sporangial junction resulting in a gradual transition between sporangium and stalk. Comparison with known zosterophylls shows that this plant is most similar to the genera Zosterophyllum and Wenshania, differing in the character combinations of sporangial shape, sporangium/stalk junction, stalk dimensions and orientation, and especially in both sterile and fertile branchlets being borne within the fertile zone. In addition, the observation and comparison indicate distinct variety in structure of sporangial border and suggest that the two‐layered sporangium wall characterized by outer anticlinal layer and inner periclinal layer might represent potential synapomorphies, while the different dehiscence mechanism is an autapomorphy for each taxon in zosterophylls.
Ages of the Laocheng Granitoids and Crustal Growth in the South Qinling Tectonic Domain, Central China: Zircon U‐Pb and Lu‐Hf Isotopic Constraints
Authors: YANG Pengtao , LIU Shuwen , LI Qiugen , ZHANG Fan , WANG Zongqi , WANG Dongsheng , WANG Ruiting , YAN Quanren , YAN Zhen 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:The Laocheng granitoid pluton is located in the South Qinling tectonic domain of the Qinling erogenic belt, southern Shaanxi Province, and consists chiefly of quartz diorite, granodiorite and monzogranite. A LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb isotopic dating, in conjunction with cathodoluminescence images, reveals that the quartz diorite and granodiorite were emplaced from 220 Ma to 216 Ma, while the monzogranite was emplaced at ∼210 Ma. In‐situ zircon Hf isotopic analyses show that the εHf(t) values of the quartz diorite and granodiorite range from –8.1 to +1.3, and single‐stage Hf model ages from 809 Ma to 1171 Ma, while the εHf(t) values of the monzogranite are –14.5 to +16.7 and single‐stage Hf model ages from 189 Ma to 1424 Ma. These Hf isotopic features reveal that the quartz diorite, granodiorite and monzogranite were formed from the mixing of the magmas derived from partial melting of the depleted mantle and the lower continent crustal materials, and there were two stages of continental crust growth during the Neoproterozoic (∼800 Ma) and Indosinian (∼210 Ma) eras, respectively, in the south Qinling tectonic domain of the Qinling orogrnic belt, Central China.
Kinetic Model of Gaseous Alkanes Formed from Coal in a Confined System and Its Application to Gas Filling History in Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Authors: LIU Quanyou , ZHANG Tongwei , JIN Zhijun , QIN Shengfei , TANG Yongchun , LIU Wenhui 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:Based on the pyrolysis products for the Jurassic low‐mature coal under programmed temperature, and chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas from the Kuqa Depression, the genetic origin of natural gas was determined, and then a gas filling model was established, in combination with the geological background of the Kuqa Depression. The active energy of CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 was gotten after the data of pyrolysis gas products under different heating rates (2°C/h and 20°C/h) were fitted by the Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) Isotope Model soft. When the frequency factor (Af) was chosen as 1×1014, the active energy of CH4, C2H6 and C3H8 was 58 kcal/mol, 57 kcal/mol and 54 kcal/mol, respectively. The distributive ranges of the δ13C1, δ13C2 and δ13C3 values for the pyrolysis gas products are –35.9‰ to –30.7‰, –26.2‰ to –21.3‰ and –26.4‰ to –22.7‰, respectively. All of the natural gases from the Kuqa Depression are dominated by hydrocarbon gases, with the high gas dryness (C1/C1–4) at the middle and northern parts of the depression and the low values at both east and west sides and the southern part. The carbon isotopes of methane and its homologs as a typical coal‐type gas are enriched in 13C, and the distributive range of the δ13C1, δ13C2 and, δ13C3 value is –32‰ to –38‰, –22‰ to –24‰ and –20‰ to –22‰, respectively, with the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes being less negative with the carbon number. With the ethane being enriched in 13C the increasing tendency of the geological reserve of natural gas in the Kuqa Depression is observed. This observed change is consistent with the results of pyrolysate gas yield of coal as a potential gas source in the Kuqa Depression, suggesting natural gas was thermally derived from the humic organic matters and the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes would coarsely predict the geological reserve of gas in the Kuqa Depression. Through the simulation of kinetic processes of gas generation for the Jurassic coal in the Kuqa Depression, the gas in the Kela 2 gas field would get the threshold of gas expulsion after 27 Ma, be expelled out of source rocks as “pulse action”, and then filled in the gas reservoir. The peak gas‐filling history took place during the past 2 Ma.
Production Characteristics and the Control Factors of Surface Wells for Relieved Methane Drainage in the Huainan Mining Area
Authors: XU Hongjie , SANG Shuxun , FANG Liangcai , HUANG Huazhou 
Published: August 2011

Abstract:Based on the production data of a large number of surface drainage wells in the Huainan mining area, the present study shows that four types of typical production characteristics for relieved methane wells are recognized, of which the stable type for production and gas concentration is the most dominate, as determined by a comprehensive study on the volume and concentration of drained gases, as well as the stress changes of rocks influenced by mining. Some influence factors for the productive differences of the drainage wells were also been discussed. The results indicate that protective coal‐seam mining has a significant effect on overlying strata, which promotes the development of pores and fractures of coal reservoirs for methane desorption and migration; however, the production and the stability of drainage wells are affected by deformation and damage of the overlying strata. The second distribution of strata stress is caused by mining engineering, and if the stress load is larger than the carrying capacity of the extraction well, the gas production would be influenced by the drainage well that has been damaged by rock movement. Furthermore, the case damage occurs first in the weak, lithologic interface by its special mechanical properties. The stability of drainage wells and the production status are also influenced by the different drilling techniques, uneven distribution of gas concentration, and combination of gob gas and methane from the protected layer.
Towards a practical psychology of work
Authors: HELLER FRANK A. 
Published: August 2011

The argument is put forward that the congruence of scientific standards and social relevance should be positively sought. Such an endeavour will lead to a practical psychology of work in tune with rapid and possibly discontinuous changes in our society. Four major hindrances to such objectives are identified and discussed.There is some evidence that a growing number of psychologists are prepared to advocate a change in philosophy, a wider experimentation with different methods, and a redefinition of our legitimate scientific‐professional concern.
Are women peers?
Authors: MOHR E. SUE , DOWNEY RONALD G. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTLeadership potential was studied as a function of the sex of the rater and/or ratee. Data collected on a sample of ten female and 30 male Army officers included peer ratings, self‐ratings, and achievement and attitude measures. Males and females evaluated female peers significantly lower than male peers on leadership potential. Also, females evaluated themselves lower on self‐ratings of leadership potential, as well as scoring lower on some achievement and attitude measures.
A 30‐year follow‐up of the CSSB procedure, with lessons for the future
Authors: ANSTEY EDGAR 
Published: August 2011

The Civil Service Selection Board (CSSB) was introduced in 1945 and used during the ‘Reconstruction’ period until 1948 as the main instrument for filling vacancies which had accumulated during the war in the Home Civil Service and the Foreign Service. Using rank attained 30 years later as the criterion, a follow‐up of the 301 entrants remaining in post has shown high predictive validity for the CSSB/Final Selection Board procedure. Nearly all these entrants did well, but there was a high correlation between initial selection marks and rank attained.Combining these with other follow‐up results, certain broad conclusions emerge, namely, interviews have greater predictive validity at the higher end of the scale and written tests at the lower end of the scale; it is better for an elaborate selection procedure to be integrative rather than additive; there is advantage in combining a personal interview with a Board interview. Increasing recognition needs to be paid to managerial qualities, and it is to improvements in career planning and development, rather than selection, that occupational psychologists could make their greatest contribution during the coming years.
Alternatives in the typographic design of questionnaires
Authors: HARTLEY JAMES , DAVIES LINDSEY , BURNHILL PETER 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTFour layouts for a questionnaire were designed and a comparison made between them in terms of cost of production, ease of completion, and speed of data retrieval and coding. The results indicated no significant differences in terms of speed of completion and coding, but that cost‐benefits would emerge for different layouts, particularly if traditional printing methods of production were employed.
An empirical test of a leadership contingency model for teaching behavioural science concepts to managers
Authors: ROSEN NED A. , GEORGIADES NICHOLAS J. , McDONALD GAIL 
Published: August 2011

This study tests the assumption that classroom training dynamics characteristic of many management training programmes (in this case concerned with teaching behavioural science concepts) closely parallel leadership‐group process dynamics in organizational settings outside the classroom. Accordingly, a situational leadership model incorporating three categories of variables is proposed and operationalized. The variable categories include: Traditional Instructor Qualifications; the Technological Favourableness of the Teaching Situation for the Instruction; and the Initial Motivational Favourableness of the Training Situation for the Instructor. Data are presented on 39 diverse groups of managers exposed to a specific but not atypical behavioural science training system. A total of 832 managers were involved, of whom approximately 20 per cent were female.The findings support the argument that a situational leadership/influence model may be usefully applied to the teaching processes in the industrial classroom. The findings also indicate that it may not be necessary in all cases to consider instructor differences in style or personality as vital to group effectiveness.
On the nature of higher‐order skills
Authors: WELFORD A. T. 
Published: August 2011

Skill is discussed in terms of efficient ‘strategies’ for relating demands of jobs to human physical and mental capacities. Strategies differ between individuals and within individuals on different occasions. Also, for most normal tasks, not one but several strategies are employed to map different aspects of demand on to corresponding capacities, performance being limited by the capacity most fully used. Strategies tend to be organized hierarchically, with longer‐term strategies coordinating shorter‐term. It is the former which constitute what are commonly regarded as higher‐order skills. Similar principles appear to underlie both shop‐floor skills and those involved in management, intellectual and other non‐manual activities.Much laborious research is needed to determine the basic capacities important in various types of work and how far training can be given which is general rather than specific to particular jobs. However, present knowledge already provides important implications for training flexibility of skill, and for the selection of personnel.
Investigating the employment interview: A consideration of counselling skills
Authors: LEWIS CHRISTOPHER 
Published: August 2011

Research into interviews has largely been ignored by organizations, perhaps because the findings are fragmented and difficult to translate into meaningful improvements. The initial research concern was with the outcome of the interview, which was superseded by an interest in its content, with little attention being paid to the interview process. This has led to erroneous assumptions by researchers concerning the nature of the interview, assumptions that have ‘dehumanized’ the process.Considering the ‘good’ interviewer as one who possesses some of the attributes of the ‘good’ counsellor might be fruitful. If this is the case, organizations wishing to improve their interview efficiency would at least have an identifiable solution at their disposal: they could either recruit only interviewers believed to possess these attributes, or develop them in their existing selection staff.
A facet structure for nurses' evaluations of ward designs
Authors: KENNY CHERYL , CANTER DAVID 
Published: August 2011

In order to provide an understanding of the contribution made by the design of hospital wards to the well‐being of nurses at work a model is proposed for the structure of ward evaluations. Use is made of facet theory to generate the model. A questionnaire is developed on the basis of the model by combining elements of the facets to create the questions. The model also predicts a pattern of correlations between questionnaire items on the basis of the facet elements of which they are composed. The predicted structure contains a facet concerning levels of interaction, which is axial to two further facets. One of these, dealing with the objects of the nurses' interaction, plays a polarizing role, being modulated by the third facet which concerns whether the object being interacted with provides patient care and comfort directly or indirectly. Taken together the three facets provide the hypothesis of a cylindrex for nurses' evaluations.Clear empirical evidence for the cylindrex is provided as a result of a three‐dimensional smallest space analysis carried out on the responses given by 1921 nurses in 144 wards in 23 hospitals throughout England, to a 93 item questionnaire developed as the result of a series of three pilot questionnaires. The implications of the cylindrex for future research and the development of design proposals are discussed.
Self theory: An integrative theory of work motivation
Authors: SNYDER ROBERT A. , WILLIAMS RONALD R. 
Published: August 2011

Recent criticisms have resulted in a broad‐based scepticism about need satisfaction theories of occupational psychology. The present paper presents and describes a need satisfaction theory which is a molar and integrated formulation of the various self‐referent constructs found in the literature.This theory, self theory, is based on the premise that human beings have a fundamental need to maintain or enhance the phenomenal self. It is argued that self theory is relatively robust against the common criticisms of other need satisfaction theories, provides plausible rival explanations for phenomena that have conventionally been interpreted as support for other need satisfaction theories, and is a useful mechanism for integrating the traditionally diverse approaches to the study of work motivation.Self theory is critically compared with the currently most popular theories used to explain behaviour in work organizations. Implications of self theory for the study of occupational psychology are discussed.
A contingency model of participative decision making: An analysis of 56 decisions in three Dutch organizations
Authors:   DIO INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH TEAM
Published: August 2011

This article presents and discusses some results from a study of different forms of participative decision making. The report describes the model used in the study as related to the relevant literature. Decision making is seen as a longitudinal process in which several phases can be distinguished. Moreover, even within complex decisions, which have been studied in this research, a further distinction between medium‐term/tactical and long‐term/strategic decisions seemed fruitful. The model underlying the decision‐making research is a ‘contingent model’, implying that there is no one best way of decision making.The independent variable in the model is the participative style of decision making. A number of outcome variables, including efficiency, achievement, satisfaction with the process and with the outcome, have been selected as dependent variables. Nature of the decision, phase of the decision‐making process and a number of factors such as clarity of goal, conflict and meta power, have served as contingent factors.The study shows that the phase of the decision‐making process in an important contingency variable. Phase‐specific analysis gave better insight into the nature and effects of participative decision making. Moreover, the other contingency variables also proved quite effective. A number of interesting relations could be found within subgroups classified on the basis of the contingent factors, whereas in the total group very few relationships could be established. Effectiveness and satisfaction with process and outcome resulting from participative decision making were found only for tactical and for strategic decisions. A similar contingency was found under conditions of low clarity of goal, and high level of conflict.
Correspondence between occupational rewards and occupational needs and work satisfaction: A canonical redundancy analysis
Authors: TZINER AHARON 
Published: August 2011

The following hypothesis was derived from a general theory of work adjustment: the better the correspondence between occupational rewards and individual occupational needs, the greater will be employee satisfaction at work. Two samples of social workers were studied: one to obtain the occupational rewards levels, and the second to gauge individual occupational needs levels and satisfaction ratings with different work aspects. Then, vectors of difference scores between occupational needs and occupational rewards were computed for each of the subjects in the second sample, as a measure of the above correspondence.The canonical correlation analysis method was employed to ascertain the strength of association between these difference score vectors and satisfaction ratings among the subjects in the second sample. A canonical correlation of 0.84 (P<0.01) was revealed, indicating that a strong association exists. A canonical redundancy analysis was also taken as a precautionary measure. The conceptual implications of this analysis were discussed.
The role of personality, occupation and organization in understanding the relationship between job stress, performance and absenteeism
Authors: ARSENAULT ANDRÉ , DOLAN SHIMON 
Published: August 2011

The relationship between job content and job context sources of stress and selected behavioural and attitudinal outcomes, absenteeism and perceived performance, was empirically examined, while controlling for differences in personality, occupation and organizational culture. Twelve hundred hospital workers were administered an occupational stress questionnaire and attendance records were collected from personnel files.Job content stress was found to reduce absenteeism but not to influence perceived performance, while job context stress increases absenteeism and reduces perceived performance. Personality was found to have a significant effect on performance but not on absenteeism; occupation influences absenteeism but not performance; and organizational culture contributes to the explanation of both absenteeism and performance. A significant interaction between job context stress and personality types was documented for the two outcomes.
Feedback from video display terminals, performance control and stress in text preparation in the printing industry
Authors: KALIMO RAIJA , LEPPÄNEN ANNELI 
Published: August 2011

The study investigated the impact of computer technology on work content, feedback, performance control, and mental strain involved in text preparation in printing shops. A total of 218 perforator typesetters, video display typesetters, proofreaders and photocompositors were surveyed with a questionnaire including scales on work characteristics, job satisfaction and perceived symptoms. A subsample of 90 persons was then submitted to measurements of vigilance, made with the critical flicker frequency technique three times a day, and to an evaluation of psychomotor performance (Bourdon‐Wiersma Vigilance Test) twice a day. The subjects assessed their state on a rating scale at the end of the workday.The employees applying computer technology assessed the challenge, self‐determination and satisfaction of their work as higher than those applying traditional methods. Vigilance was significantly lowered during a day only among the perforator typesetters. Their daily self‐ratings were also the most negative. It seems likely that, in text preparation tasks with minimal variety, stress is diminished by the use of visual display terminals, which make feedback and control over performance possible. Although the groups did not differ with respect to perceived chronic symptoms, on the whole the use of computer technology seems to influence the process of text preparation favourably.
Perceptions regarding standards for evaluating pay equity and their determinants
Authors: DORNSTEIN MIRIAM 
Published: August 2011

The paper reports the results of a research study dealing with perceptions regarding standards and norms of pay equity evaluation. The research was carried out among a sample of blue‐collar and white‐collar industrial employees in Israel.The major aims were to investigate what standards of evaluation are perceived as relevant and how they are scaled, what normative frameworks guide these perceptions, and what factors account for the variances in these variables.The findings reveal the existence of considerable variances in perceptions and indicate that a number of variables specified in the hypotheses explain a substantial amount of the variances. Occupational status was found to be the most important of these variables. The implications of these findings are discussed.