bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Focusing on Questions
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter first discusses the origin of the work then presents the aims of this book that are addressed to the students of the sciences — philosophers, historians, and sociologists. It suggests a shift in focus to the questions and answers posed by science, arguing that this shift makes it possible to overcome long-standing obstacles to the understanding of sciences and opens up new fields of inquiry. Then, the chapter raises some questions regarding the philosophy of science, which is almost always focused on scientific doctrines. Lastly, the chapter presents a plan of the work and an outline of the topics arranged according to chapters.
Scenes of Natural History
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the notion of transformation of a scientific discipline, a major change in the range of questions real for certain communities of its practitioners. The opening sections present an account of the agenda of natural history in the mid-18th century and indications of the natural historical controversies of the latter half of that century. Then it looks into a specific framework that was widely adopted in the German lands for the pursuit of natural history set out by Immanuel Kant and J. F. Blumenbach around 1800. This framework defines the range of concerns of natural historians. The following sections consider the other schemes of Goethe, Schelling, and Oken. The final section illustrates an interpretation of the changes in terms of shifts of inquiry.
Local Reality and Interpretation
Authors: Jardine Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins with an account of the reality of questions in a community of inquirers. It evaluates this account on the basis of presupposition, relevance, communal acknowledgement, and evidential considerations. It follows with a discussion on the relations between local reality and the understanding of the questions by exploring the notions of reality and intelligibility. The chapter concludes with general reflections upon historical analysis, and explores the similarities between Hans-Georg Gadamer's Truth and Method and this chapter's angle of the interpretative understanding of past works. The two essential components of Gadamer's interpretation are his two theses: the ‘enabling power of prejudice’ and ‘fusion of horizons’.
Eliminativism and the Problem of Epiphenomenalism
Authors: Steward Helen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn Chapter 8 it was argued that the token identity theory is not only false, but proves ultimately to be unintelligible, when it is conceived of as a general theory of the nature of mind, i.e., as a theory which is intended to encompass such psychological ‘states’ as beliefs, desires, intentions, and so on. This chapter traces two lines of thought which can be seen to be rooted in the token identity theory, in the sense that both, in their different ways, arose out of the perception that that theory was not satisfactory, despite its attractive simplicity, as an attempt to provide a physicalistically respectable understanding of the nature of psychological states. The first line of thought led to a radical conclusion and to what might justly be called a new position in the philosophy of mind — eliminativism; the second has not really resulted in the emergence of a new philosophical position, as such, since its end-point — the conclusion that mental properties have no causal relevance to anything (a conclusion referred to as ‘epiphenomenalism’) — has (rightly) normally been regarded as a reductio ad absurdum of its presuppositions.
Conclusion
Authors: Flegg Columba Graham 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the Catholic Apostolic Church. It describes the Catholic Apostolic Church in its historical, social, and religious contexts, its strengths and weaknesses, and its ethos and tradition. It also discusses the significance of the Catholic Apostolic apocalyptic philosophy for the modern charismatic movement and its ecumenism for the uniqueness and the comprehensiveness of Catholic Apostolic's witness.
Words: A Paradigm
Authors: HARRISON CAROL 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines how the very darkness and obscurity of man's temporal life, and especially of the revelation of God recounted in Scripture, becomes a positive quality for Augustine. It is treated as sacramental, as inspiring man's desire and love, as demanding of him an intuitive, imaginative, symbolic, image-making apprehension of God's Word. Owing to his former profession as a rhetor, and his continuous and sustained reflection, as a bishop, upon the task of communicating divine truth as embodied in Scripture, Augustine had much cause to reflect upon the nature of language and communication. His philosophical and theological reflections, and his personal experience in these matters, serve to illustrate his attitude to the spiritual apprehension of truth and beauty within, and the perception of them by outward means; in this case, by spoken or written words.
The Hellenistic Schoolroom
Authors: SCOTT ALAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores a variety of sources to provide a philosophical background of Origen and discusses the changes in astronomy during the Hellenistic age. During this age, great strides were made in astronomy. In the philosophical schoolrooms, there was a broad consensus on the nature of the cosmos. The earth is a sphere, remaining motionless at the centre of the universe, surrounded by all the other heavenly bodies which were likewise spheres. Aside from the Epicureans, all the major philosophical schools in the Hellenistic era believed in the divinity of the stars. The concept of the stars' activity was partly shaped by older ideas on the place of heaven controlling generation and daily occurrences such as the weather, and was strengthened by the growing importance of astrology in the Hellenistic period.
‘Conversion’, Initiation, and Succession
Authors: Johansen Julian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to an examination of two instances in which the tension between the Sufis and their hostile critics has been overcome, and individuals once critical of a particular Sheikh, or of Sufism in general, realize and acknowledge a radical change in their views. This phenomenon is called ‘conversion’. The practical aspects of the initiation of blessing are explained. A discussion on succession is then provided. One single reference to the question of succession by Sheikh Muṭammad is addressed. In attempting to draw any conclusions about individual and institutionalized taṣwwuf, one encounters the problem of speaking meaningfully about that which ‘by definition’ defies description. This study has gone some way to describing the language and content of the Islamic religious discourse, as well as pointing out the dangers of relying on narrowly defined conceptions of ideas, individuals and groups. It has also offered an impression of recent change in the parameters of controversy.
The Bible
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
If there is a God who acts in the world, and if these acts can be seen by humans, then one would expect the divine voice to somehow be heard through human articulations and writings. These writings, some say, contain the divine truth. This chapter addresses whether a scientific approach to the text of the Bible can prove that it can be a means of attaining divine revelation. It looks at how modern methods of biblical criticism can take a scientific viewpoint, and whether conclusions made can be accepted as though they have undergone scientific processes. Important points include viewing the Bible as having substantial stylometrical literature, and looking into the historical compliance with the events in the Bible.
Towards the Age of Coal
Authors: Hatcher John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the rising use of coal and growth of the coal industry from the 16th century onwards. Between the mid-16th century and the later 17th century coal was transformed from an occasional or specialized source of heat into the habitual fuel of much of the nation. By the dawn of the 18th century coal output in Britain was many times greater than that in the whole of the rest of the world, and the firm foundations which were to underpin the fuelling of the industrial revolution had been laid.
Management
Authors: Hatcher John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA venturer, having decided to mine coal, was presented with a number of choices of how to manage his enterprise. Basically, the alternatives lay between managing directly, with a high degree of personal involvement, or indirectly, by delegating managerial functions to subcontractors and agents. This chapter discusses the priorities of colliery management, the management of small collieries, the management of larger collieries, and accounting procedures.
The Consumption of Coal
Authors: Hatcher John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses coal consumption for domestic and industrial purposes. It is probable that more than half of all the coal which was produced in Britain before 1700 was burnt in the home, to warm the inhabitants and to cook their meals. Yet the adoption of coal for domestic heating in place of wood, turf, or any other combustible vegetation, was not simply a matter of price or even of preference, it was a matter also of the design and technology of grates, hearths, flues, and chimneys, and the ventilation of rooms and houses. Manufacturing and processing were very substantial consumers of fuel. In the food and drink trades, for example, high temperatures were required in the brewing of ale and beer, the boiling of salt, the refining of sugar, and in distilling and baking. The production of bricks, tiles, and glass for the building industry depended upon kilns and furnaces, as did the firing of pottery and the burning of lime for use in both building and husbandry.
Sales and Transport
Authors: Hatcher John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe carriage of coal eclipsed by weight and bulk that of all other commodities. It is probable that more than two million tons each year in this period had to be transported; of which a million tons or so was carried by sea, and a quarter of a million tons by river. The carriage of coal was by far the most important stimulus to the growth of England's merchant marine in the 17th century, and it also exerted a prime influence over the size and design of ships. This chapter discusses landsales and transport, riversales and transport, shipping, and the economics of shipping.
Rationality, the Body, and the World: From Production to Regeneration
Authors: Apffel-Marglin FrÉdÉrique 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter believes it is important that we extend the initial explanation regarding the historical summary of Cartesian rationality and how this rationality has been able to proliferate within society, influence the pursuit of knowledge, and affect everyday practices and the way experiences are constructed. Since Western epistemic knowledge is often associated with universal validity and application, this historical work asserts how implications of the Western episteme entail an approach to contemporary reality adopted by many non-Western people. Since development, whether it be expressed through either practice or knowledge, relies immensely on knowledge, specifically in the field of economics and other such social sciences, anthropology is increasingly gaining attention as a field of study which establishes character.
Footnotes to Vavilov: An Essay on Gene Diversity
Authors: Visvanathan Shiv 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Although Russian scientist Nikolai Vavilov contributed greatly to the field of genetics, as he was one of the prominent geneticists of the Soviet Union and he served as the director of the Research Institute of Plant Breeding, he was arrested in 1940 because his works and contributions seemed to advocate Lysenkoism. Vavilov suffered much torture and over 400 interrogation sessions because of his contributions. Although his sentence was changed, Vavilov died in 1943 after falling ill due to the suffering he had experienced. Vavilov became the focus of two different debates, the first concerned the death of diversity while the other revolved around the Lysenko affair. This chapter looks into issues regarding science and various ideologies.
Expertise and Innovation
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book explores information technology (IT)-based innovations in the particular setting of commercial computing in the retail financial services industry. It examines how software is produced in large-scale commercial projects, as well as the patterns of change in industries such as banking and insurance. It is interested in how sector-level constructs influence and contribute to the development of innovative projects. It focuses on the management of expertise as a critical moment in the appropriation of technology, bracketing strategy and technology as joint aspects of innovation rather than viewing them as discrete variables. The book is divided into three parts: a discussion of the problematic nature of IT strategy, an analysis of the relevant aspects of the development of information technologies, and an examination of expertise and its management.
The Negotiation of the Sector
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDuring the period of research, financial services were undergoing sweeping legal and regulatory changes that were challenging institutional demarcations. Information technology systems had important effects on the interface between the organization and its customers. All of the case firms studied depended to some degree on supplier networks and occupational links that traversed the sector. This chapter examines the relationship between firm and sector, focusing on the role of the social construction of knowledge in connecting organizational action and environmental change. It examines long-term interaction between the key competencies in firms and the emergence of major sectoral structures. The technology of remote banking provides a good illustration of the way in which sectoral and competitive relations could enhance the status of well-placed expert groups. In Scotland, banks had particular reasons for an interest in this technology. Projects emerged from a process of negotiation between firm and sector that reflected the competition between different forms of expertise.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe main problem in bargaining, the choice between individual and collective exchange, is rooted on the structural asymmetry evident in organizations since actual bargaining involves exchanges even if two parties are not of the same status. To arrive at collective bargaining, the state has to encourage an organized mode of labor relations (Crouch 1994) and labour must reach a point where the costs and benefits of bargaining appeal to the employers and to the state. This chapter compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of single-employer bargaining with those of multi-employer bargaining. This chapter differentiates individual bargaining from collective bargaining in terms of power, domain, and the control capacity to prevent free-riders.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn analysing the impact of labour relations, particularly on issues regarding efficiency, employment, inflation, and economic growth need to be considered. This approach however does not take the dual-link causality of the possible effects of labour relations on performance into account. The first chain in this dual-link considers how differences in the degrees of organization have corresponding differences in the ability to associate labour costs with economic requirements. The second chain, coming from mainstream economics, asserts how ‘excessive’ increases in wages result in a decrease in performance levels. Aside from using ‘technical’ controls to see effects exclusive to certain periods, four control variables — the monetary regime, trade-offs between employment and wages, the increasing exposure to competition in the world market, and real output growth — can be observed in testing the impact of labour relations on labour costs.
Wage Regulation
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhile there is no definite relationship between the organization of interests and the system of wage regulation, these labour relation dimensions may have different effects on performance. The differentiation between collective bargaining, coverage, centralization, bargaining coordination, and its government capacity are simplified as follows: centralization and coordination do not co-vary but performance values coordination more. Along with this notion, horizontal coordination — bargaining on behalf of different jobs and sectors — should be differentiated with vertical coordination which involves ranking. The distinction between horizontal and vertical coordination lies in the difference between macroeconomic coordination and bargaining governability. Governability or state action on procedural regulation may also affect performance through the bargaining process.
Corporate Strategy and Environmental Regulation: Baptist-Bootlegger Coalitions
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this chapter, we look into how environmental regulatory protectionism also expands to the operations of ‘baptist–bootlegger’ coalitions. These coalitions are said to provide the initial indication that a trade-restricting environmental regulation was implemented by the government for the protection of industry interests instead of environmental interests. A list of criteria is provided to demonstrate how to differentiate between situations in which the relative costs of produce are affected by environmental regulation and situations in which cross-border issues develop from environmental regulations. The chapter also offers a historical perspective of the trade–environment disputes, while giving emphasis to the institutional opportunities brought about during the NAFTA era through presenting ten cases from 1982 to the present.
Trade and Environment Institutions: The NAFTA Regime
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThrough their legally based mechanisms for settling various disputes, trade agreements play no small part in affecting corporate strategic behaviour. NAFTA, because of its provisions, has been able to improve in terms of dispute settlements, since foreign nationals and corporations are enabled to act against government measures for breach of treaty obligation. It is important to note that NAAEC's Articles 14–15 have also allowed firms to correspondingly act over the failure of the government to implement the said regulations. Trade agreements are also capable of avoiding and preventing disputes since these entail institutions and rules for environmental regulation application, the operations of regulatory systems, and establishing the content of the regulations. Companies may be provided with knowledge, not only about foreign regulations, but about how these foreign systems work as well.
Knowledge Capitalism
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book looks at how the shift to a knowledge-based economy is redefining firms, empowering individuals, and reshaping the links between learning and work using economic, management and knowledge-based theories, supported by empirical data, illustrations, and trends. The book argues that industrial-era models of firm-market boundaries, work arrangements, and ownership and control are inhibiting firms and individuals success in the emerging knowledge economy. New models are proposed based on knowledge-centred organisation, knowledge-led growth, and knowledge supply as distinct from labour supply or flexible employment. Continuous learning is shown to be critical to firms as integrators of disparate knowledge resources, and the only practical route for individuals to become free agents. The book illuminates the new business landscape and provides a practical tool-set for business practitioners and theorists to interpret and manage change in a rapidly deconstructing economic environment.
Transitional Recession: Expectations, Reality, Interpretations
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn order to examine the conditions where equilibrium between demand and supply takes place, this chapter establishes the connection of individual expectations and the understanding of the implementation of trade liberalisation and structural stabilisation, which resulted in the widespread financial depression and political chaos in the 1990s. Also, shortcomings in policy planning and execution as well as drawbacks of ineffective execution of the ‘shock therapy’ and the ‘creative destruction’ are taken into consideration. Legal practitioners, government officials, and other concerned individuals took relief methods to counteract these consequences through collaboration of the strengths and resolution of the flaws of planned systems and free market. Another technique is the alteration on the regulations about property rights and production means and results.
Transition from Plan to Market: Concept and Implementation
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the course of presenting arguments pertaining to socialism, reforms and capitalism, this chapter conducts comparative studies of private ownership and management as well as state ownership and management. Transfer of possession and utility rights of capitals and establishments from an administration to a privately owned entity is believed to elicit better production, enhanced efficiency, and improved standards of living. Discovery of the private sectors is made possible under two assumptions: first, as the market undertakes its usual processes, there is an innate tendency toward the growth of current establishments and the entry of new competitors; and second, property privileges are reassigned from the state to private entities in the context of transition economies. The emergence and prevalence of privatisation are discussed here in relation to the realization of government's roles and the affirmation of the position of this institution in society.
Marketization and Democratization
Authors: Kolodko Grzegorz W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter cites from various countries successful accounts specifically regarding national output, where democracy is perceived to be absent. But, it is irrational to conclude that autocracy and growth have a direct relationship with each other and that, inverse associations exists between development and democracy. To support this notion, the chapter elaborates on the three justifications on how democratic practices and organisations positively contribute to economic activities that eventually foster growth. First it refers to the idea that the term itself means freedom to enter into any field of business given a free market system; and consequently, entrepreneurs acquire returns, which then influence nationwide output. Second is the assertion that democracy puts forward a basis for an efficient economic guiding principle. And lastly, democracy augments the propensity for growth if and only if politics does not overrule economics. In the latter part of this chapter, these reasons are integrated into the general argument. The chapter provides an identification of possible resolutions using the feedback loop paradigm.