bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite-Amplitude Wave Activity and Mean Flow Adjustments in the Atmospheric General Circulation. Part I: Quasigeostrophic Theory and Analysis
Authors: Nakamura Noboru , Solomon Abraham 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A diagnostic relationship between finite-amplitude wave activity and the associated adiabatic adjustments to the zonal-mean zonal wind and temperature is developed in the quasigeostrophic (QG) framework and is applied to a 23-yr segment (1979–2001) of the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. Wave activity is defined in terms of an instantaneous areal displacement of QG potential vorticity (PV) from zonal symmetry. Unlike previous forms, the tendency of wave activity equals exactly the negative of the eddy PV flux (Eliassen–Palm flux divergence) in the conservative limit, even at finite amplitude. This allows one to integrate the transformed Eulerian mean (TEM) theory in time and quantify the departure (adiabatic adjustment) of the zonal-mean state from an eddy-free reference state in terms of the observed wave activity. The structure of wave activity identifies synoptic eddies in the extratropics and planetary waves in the high latitudes of winter-to-spring stratosphere. In addition, a thin layer of high wave activity is found at the top of the lowermost stratosphere (∼17 km) in the summer extratropics. The reference state is constructed by “zonalizing” the PV contours conservatively (preserving area) on the isobaric surface and by inverting the resultant PV gradient for the mean flow. The adjustment associated with wave activity depends on the assumed surface boundary condition for the reference state. With a no-slip condition, the observed zonal-mean temperature is on average ∼33 (90) K higher than the reference state in the troposphere (stratosphere) of the Arctic winter, while the zonal-mean zonal wind is ∼30 m s−1 slower in the upper stratosphere. Since the reference state filters out the advective eddy–mean flow interaction, it fluctuates less than the zonal-mean state, potentially improving the signal-to-noise ratio for climate diagnosis.
Sedimentation-Induced Errors in Bulk Microphysics Schemes
Authors: Milbrandt J. A. , McTaggart-Cowan R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe computation of hydrometeor sedimentation in one-moment, two-moment, and three-moment bulk microphysics parameterizations is examined in the context of a 1D model, with no other microphysical processes active. The solution from an analytic bin model is used as a reference against which the bulk model simulations are compared. Errors in the computed (nonprognostic) moments from 0 to 7 from the bulk model runs are examined. In addition to the commonly used predicted variables (number concentration, mass, and reflectivity), bulk scheme configurations with alternative combinations of prognostic moments are considered.While the extra degree of freedom in a two-moment scheme adds realism to the simulation of sedimentation over a one-moment scheme, the standard practice of imposing a constant relative dispersion in the particle size distribution results in considerable errors in some of the computed moments. The error can be shifted to different moments by selecting different prognostic moments. For three-moment schemes, the error is considerably reduced over a wide range of computed moments and there is much less sensitivity to the choice of prognostic variables.Two alternative approaches are proposed for modifying the computation of sedimentation in two-moment schemes to reduce problems associated with excess size sorting. The first approach uses a diagnostic relative dispersion (shape) parameter, generalized for any pair of prognostic moments. The second involves progressively reducing the differential fall velocities between the moments and is therefore applicable for schemes that hold the shape parameter constant. Both approaches greatly reduce the errors in the computed moments, including those on which microphysical process rates depend, and are easily applied to existing two-moment schemes.
GiST: A Stochastic Model for Generating Spatially and Temporally Correlated Daily Rainfall Data
Authors: Baigorria Guillermo A. , Jones James W. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Weather generators are tools that create synthetic daily weather data over long periods of time. These tools have also been used for downscaling monthly to seasonal climate forecasts, from global and regional circulation models to daily values for use as inputs for crop and other environmental models. One main limitation of most weather generators is that they do not take into account the spatial structure of weather. Spatial correlation of daily rainfall is important when one aggregates, for example, simulated crop yields or hydrology in a watershed or region. A method was developed to generate realizations of daily rainfall for multiple sites in an area while preserving the spatial and temporal correlations among sites. A two-step method generates rainfall events at multiple sites followed by rainfall amounts at sites where generated rainfall events occur. The generation of rainfall events was based on a new orthogonal Markov chain for discrete distributions. For generating rainfall amounts, a vector of random numbers (from a uniform distribution), of order equal to the number of locations with rainfall events that were generated to occur in a day, was matrix-multiplied by the corresponding factorized correlation matrix to create spatially correlated random numbers. Elements from the resulting vector were transformed to a gamma distribution using cumulative probability functions for each location and rescaled to rainfall amounts. One study area was located in north-central Florida, where correlated rainfall data were generated for seven weather stations to evaluate its performance versus a widely used single-site weather generator. A second area was in North Carolina, where rainfall was generated for 25 weather stations to evaluate the effects of a larger number of stations in other regions. One thousand yearlong replications of daily rainfall data were generated for each area. Monthly spatial correlations of generated daily rainfall events and amounts among all pairs of weather stations closely matched their observed counterparts. For daily rainfall amounts the correlation coefficients between the observed pairwise correlation coefficients and the ones estimated from synthetic data among weather stations were 0.977 for Florida and 0.964 for North Carolina. The performance of the geospatial–temporal (GiST) weather generator was also analyzed by comparing the distributions of lengths of dry and wet spells, joint probabilities, Markov transitional probabilities, distance decay of correlation functions, and regionwide days without rainfall at any station. Multiannual mean and standard deviation of the number of rainy days per month and mean monthly rainfall were also calculated. All comparisons between observed and generated rainfall events and amounts using the GiST weather generator were highly correlated. The root-mean-square errors of pairwise correlation values ranged from 0.05 to 0.11 for rainfall events and from 0.03 to 0.06 for amounts.
Reconstructing the NH Mean Temperature: Can Underestimation of Trends and Variability Be Avoided?
Authors: Christiansen Bo 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
There are indications that hemispheric-mean climate reconstructions seriously underestimate the amplitude of low-frequency variability and trends. Some of the theory of linear regression and error-in-variables models is reviewed to identify the sources of this problem. On the basis of the insight gained, a reconstruction method that is supposed to minimize the underestimation is formulated. The method consists of reconstructing the local temperatures at the geographical locations of the proxies, followed by calculating the hemispheric average. The method is tested by applying it to an ensemble of surrogate temperature fields based on two climate simulations covering the last 500 and 1000 yr. Compared to the regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) truncated total least squares (TTLS) method and a composite-plus-scale method—two methods recently used in the literature—the new method strongly improves the behavior regarding low-frequency variability and trends. The potential importance in real-world situations is demonstrated by applying the methods to a set of 14 decadally smoothed proxies. Here the new method shows much larger low-frequency variability and a much colder preindustrial temperature level than the other reconstruction methods. However, this should mainly be seen as a demonstration of the potential losses and gains of variability, as the reconstructions based on the 14 decadally smoothed proxies are not very robust.
Atmospheric Blocking and Mean Biases in Climate Models
Authors: Scaife Adam A. , Woollings Tim , Knight Jeff , Martin Gill , Hinton Tim 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Models often underestimate blocking in the Atlantic and Pacific basins and this can lead to errors in both weather and climate predictions. Horizontal resolution is often cited as the main culprit for blocking errors due to poorly resolved small-scale variability, the upscale effects of which help to maintain blocks. Although these processes are important for blocking, the authors show that much of the blocking error diagnosed using common methods of analysis and current climate models is directly attributable to the climatological bias of the model. This explains a large proportion of diagnosed blocking error in models used in the recent Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change report. Furthermore, greatly improved statistics are obtained by diagnosing blocking using climate model data corrected to account for mean model biases. To the extent that mean biases may be corrected in low-resolution models, this suggests that such models may be able to generate greatly improved levels of atmospheric blocking.
Short- and Medium-Range Prediction of Tropical and Transitioning Cyclone Tracks within the NCEP Global Ensemble Forecasting System
Authors: Buckingham Christian , Marchok Timothy , Ginis Isaac , Rothstein Lewis , Rowe Dail 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The NCEP Global Ensemble Forecasting System (GEFS) is examined in its ability to predict tropical cyclone and extratropical transition (ET) positions. Forecast and observed tracks are compared in Atlantic and western North Pacific basins for 2006–08, and the accuracy and consistency of the ensemble are examined out to 8 days. Accuracy is quantified by the average absolute and along- and cross-track errors of the ensemble mean. Consistency is evaluated through the use of dispersion diagrams, missing rate error, and probability within spread. Homogeneous comparisons are made with the NCEP Global Forecasting System (GFS). The average absolute track error of the GEFS mean increases linearly at a rate of 50 n mi day−1 [where 1 nautical mile (n mi) = 1.852 km] at early lead times in the Atlantic, increasing to 150 n mi day−1 at 144 h (100 n mi day−1 when excluding ET tracks). This trend is 60 n mi day−1 at early lead times in the western North Pacific, increasing to 150 n mi day−1 at longer lead times (130 n mi day−1 when excluding ET tracks). At long lead times, forecasts illustrate left- and right-of-track biases in Atlantic and western North Pacific basins, respectively; bias is reduced (increased) in the Atlantic (western North Pacific) when excluding ET tracks. All forecasts were found to lag behind observed cyclones, on average. The GEFS has good dispersion characteristics in the Atlantic and is underdispersive in the western North Pacific. Homogeneous comparisons suggest that the ensemble mean has value relative to the GFS beyond 96 h in the Atlantic and less value in the western North Pacific; a larger sample size is needed before conclusions can be made.
The generalized sousveillance society
Authors: Ganascia Jean-Gabriel 
Published: August 2010

This article is based on the notion of ‘sousveillance’, which was invented by Steve Mann to describe the present state of modern technological societies where anybody may take photos or videos of any person or event, and then diffuse the information freely all over the world. The article shows how sousveillance can be generalized both to the real world and to the virtual world of the Infosphere using modern information technologies. As a consequence, the separation between public and private spheres tends to disappear. We believe that generalized sousveillance may transform the overall society, e.g. modern public transportation like the Paris subway might have to change the way it disseminates information due to the impossibility of managing the flow of information coming from its infrastructures. To attempt to elucidate a society based on generalized sousveillance, the article introduces the notion of the ‘Catopticon’, derived from Bentham’s Panopticon: while the architecture of the Panopticon was designed to facilitate surveillance by prohibiting communication and by installing surveyors in a watchtower, the architecture of the ‘Catopticon’ allows everybody to communicate with everybody and removes surveyors from the watchtower. The article goes on to explore the opportunities the Catopticon might offer if extended to the whole planet. It also shows the limitations of the extended Catopticon; some are extrinsic: they consist of various resistances which restrict access to the Internet; others are intrinsic: for instance, we can exchange simultaneously only with a few people, while we may have millions of contacts. As a consequence, the various new ‘regimes of distinction’ mentioned above play a key role in modern societies.
Capter et transférer le savoir incorporé dans un geste professionnel
Authors: Le Bellu Sophie , Lahlou Saadi , Nosulenko Valery 
Published: August 2010

Les savoirs experts dans le monde professionnel sont difficiles à capter en raison de leur nature en grande part tacite (difficilement verbalisable). On détaille ici un ensemble de méthodes et techniques (capture numérique du geste en vue subjective et en vue externe; protocole de verbalisation guidé par les buts en situation; entretiens d’auto-confrontation et de reconstruction) qui permettent de récupérer ces savoir-faire en coopération entre l’analyste et l’expert-geste. Le protocole vise: (1) à reconstruire avec l’expert la logique intentionnelle du geste, son modèle mental; et (2) à le montrer au mieux au travers de la vidéo, pour que d’autres puissent le comprendre et l’internaliser à leur tour. Ce protocole de capture aboutit à la réalisation d’un support multimédia pour la représentation et la transmission du savoir-faire métier. L’approche s’inscrit dans une perspective de gestion des connaissances (approche globale, du point de vue de l’organisation, souci pédagogique), adopte une posture proche de celle de l’ergonomie (sympathie pour l’acteur, observation détaillée in situ), et utilise des théories et méthodes issues de la psychologie cognitive et de l’ethnographie numérique. Les principaux cadres théoriques mobilisés sont les théories de l’activité et de la qualité perçue.
Synthesis of a Highly Hydrophobic Cationic Lipid and Structural and Thermodynamic Studies for Interaction with DNA
Authors: Nishimura Tomoki , Cho Takeshi , Kelley Andrew M , Powell Magdalena E , Fossey John S , Bull Steven D , James Tony D , Masunaga Hiroyasu , Akiba Isamu , Sakurai Kazuo 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Synthetic DNA-transfection reagents can overcome safety issues raised by use of viral DNA vectors. One of these candidates is a cationic lipid that can form a supramolecular complex with DNA. We have been working in a series of aromatic diamine lipids with different tail length from C6 to C18: [N-(3,5-dialkylbenzyl)ethane-1,2-diamine, denoted DA] as such a lipid. The present paper describes the synthesis and the fundamental properties of DA. SAXS from DA solution showed bilayer vesicle formation, while it showed lamellar formation after the complexation with DNA. When we measured the N/P ratio (molar ratio of the amine groups (N) in DA to phosphate groups (P) in the DNA) dependence of SAXS, the lamellar peak (spacing = 5.0 nm) increased proportionally to the added DNA concentration at N/P ≥ 8. On the other hand, in the range of N/P &lt; 8, the spacing was increased to 5.5 nm and the area decreased as DNA increased. These different features between N/P ≥ 8 and N/P &lt; 8 suggest that the lamellar supramolecular structures differ according to the composition.
Manganese(II), Nickel(II), and Palladium(II) Complexes of a Terpyridine-Like Ligand Containing a Sulfur Linkage, and an Analogous NCN Pincer Palladium(II) Complex: Synthesis, Characterization, and Pd-Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Hirotsu Masakazu , Tsukahara Yuhei , Kinoshita Isamu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Coordination properties of new polypyridines containing a single sulfur linkage, 6-(2′′-pyridylthio)-2,2′-bipyridine (L1) and 1-(2′-pyridyl)-3-(2′′-pyridylthio)benzene (HL2), are described. The manganese(II) and nickel(II) complexes of the terpyridine-like ligand L1, [MnCl2(L1)] (1), [NiCl(μ-Cl)(L1)]2 (2), and [Ni(L1)2](SbF6)2 (3), were prepared and characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The palladium(II) complex [PdCl(L1)]Cl (4) was synthesized from L1 and Li2[PdCl4] at room temperature, while the corresponding NCN pincer complex of L2, [PdCl(L2)] (5), was synthesized in DMSO at 150 °C by cyclopalladation of the ligand precursor HL2. The crystal structures of 4 and 5 revealed similar coordination geometries around Pd except for the longer Pd–Cl distance in 5, which is induced by the strong trans influence of the Pd–C bonding. The NMR spectra of 4 showed partial dissociation of L1 in DMSO-d6, which was not observed for L2 in 5. Catalytic activities of 4 and 5 for the Mizoroki–Heck reaction were investigated, and the lower activity of 5 can be related to the strong σ-donating character of L2.
Spin-Carrying Naphthalenediimide and Perylenediimide Derivatives
Authors: Nakatsuji Shin’ichi , Aoki Kazunori , Akutsu Hiroki , Yamada Jun-ichi , Kojima Takahiro , Nishida Jun-ichi , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A couple of naphthalenediimide 4 and 5 and series of perylenediimide derivatives 6–9 carrying TEMPO radical were prepared and their redox, FET, and magnetic properties were investigated. The radical compounds 4 and 6–9 were found to show antiferromagnetic interactions obeying the Curie–Weiss model, while the naphthalenediimide derivative 5 exhibited a singlet–triplet magnetic behavior and it could be well understood by the short oxygen-to-oxygen distance between the spin centers observed in its crystal structure. Owing presumably to their appropriate reduction potentials and structural motifs, exhibitions of n-type FET properties were disclosed in these radical compounds with mobilities of the order from 10−5 to 10−8 cm2 V−1 s−1 and apparent increase of mobilities was observed in the radical compounds 5 and 7 by the surface treatment with HMDS.
Briarenolide D, a New Hydroperoxybriarane Diterpenoid from a Cultured Octocoral Briareum sp.
Authors: Sung Ping-Jyun , Lin Mei-Ru , Chiang Michael Y , Huang I-Chu , Syu Siou-Ming , Fang Lee-Shing , Wang Wei-Hsien , Sheu Jyh-Horng 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Chemical investigation on a cultured octocoral identified as Briareum sp. has led to the isolation of a new 12-hydroperoxybriarane, briarenolide D (1) and a known briarane, 2β-acetoxy-2-(debutyryloxy)stecholide E (2). The structure of briarane 1 was established by spectroscopic methods and the structure of 2 was further confirmed by X-ray data analysis for the first time. Cytotoxicity of hydroperoxybriarane 1 toward various tumor cell lines is also described.
An Effective Synthesis of a (Pyridin-3-yl)isoxazole via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Using ZnCl2: Synthesis of a (2-Aminopyridin-3-yl)isoxazole Derivative and Its Antifungal Activity
Authors: Tanaka Keigo , Inoue Satoshi , Murai Norio , Shirotori Syuji , Nakamoto Kazutaka , Abe Shinya , Horii Takaaki , Miyazaki Mamiko , Hata Katsura , Watanabe Naoaki , Asada Makoto , Matsukura Masayuki 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We described a rare example of an effective isoxazole synthesis via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition using ZnCl2, which allowed us to synthesize novel (2-aminopyridin-3-yl)isoxazole derivatives effectively. In addition, these compounds demonstrated potent antifungal activity in vitro against both Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus.
Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Imines to Homoallylic Alcohols
Authors: Tanaka Katsuyoshi , Kato Tomomitsu , Fujinami Shuhei , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine imines to homoallylic alcohols was achieved by utilizing diisopropyl (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to give the corresponding optically active trans-pyrazolidines with excellent regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselectivities. The catalytic use of diisopropyl (R,R)-tartrate was also effective in the presence of MgBr2.
Controlled Cell Adhesion onto Photochemically Micropatterned Perfluoroalkyl Isocyanate Monolayer on Oxidized Aluminum
Authors: Saito Takao , Goto Hiromu , Yagihashi Makoto , Hozumi Atsushi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A superhydrophobic surface of a perfluoroalkyl isocyanate (RF-NCO) layer on oxidized aluminum (BWAlAl2O3) was photolithographed using masked 172-nm vacuum ultraviolet light to fabricate a superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic micropattern. Cell-adhesion experiments revealed complete cell repellency on the superhydrophobic region of the RF-NCO layer and cell adhesiveness on the superhydrophilic region of BWAlAl2O3 surface.
Titanium Tetraiodide-promoted Tandem Prins Reaction of Alkynes with Acetals: Synthesis of (Z,Z)-1,5-Diiodo-1,3,5-triarylpenta-1,4-dienes
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Okura Kanako , Arai Takuya , Hachiya Iwao 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In the presence of titanium tetraiodide, a tandem Prins reaction of alkynes proceeded with acetals to give (Z,Z)-1,5-diiodo-1,3,5-triarylpenta-1,4-dienes in good yields, where an intriguing reversal of the stereoselectivity was observed among titanium tetrahalides.
Besugárzás utáni angiosarcoma emlőben
Authors: Vertse Gergely , Svastics Egon , Iványi András 
Published: August 2010

AbsztraktAz emlőbesugárzást követő másodlagos angiosarcoma ritka betegség, mégis az emlőmegtartó kezelések arányának növekedésével számítani lehet gyakoribbá válására. Az igen malignus, gyorsan progrediáló daganat diagnózisában a szövettani minta immunhisztokémiai feldolgozása segít. Sikeres kezelést az időben elvégzett radikális sebészi beavatkozás biztosíthat. A szerzők egy 56 éves nőbeteg esetét ismertetik, akinél 10 évvel a jobb mamma csökkentett radikalitású műtétje és radioterápiája után alakult ki szekunder angiosarcoma a maradék emlőben.