bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vigilant Minds, Thoughtless Brains
Authors: Pettit Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the breakdown of the cool, computational understanding of cognition as the sequential processing of information. It uses the case study of the Applied Psychology Unit (APU) in the United Kingdom to trace the rise of theories of automatic, parallel, unconscious processes localized in the brain. The APU advanced a series of influential models of memory and attention, each of which is grounded in a historically shifting set of different experimental participants: (1) the competent naval recruit of the 1950s; (2) the “unskilled,” female technology worker of the 1960s; and (3) the amnesiac neuropsychological patient of the 1970s. Starting in the late 1980s, psychologists in the English-speaking world began adopting this latter model of “implicit memory” activated by subtle “priming” cues beyond immediate attention, seeing everyone as running on automatic and acting without much conscious thought.
Conclusion
Authors: Pettit Michael 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The conclusion reviews the general themes of the book. It traces the transformation of American psychology in the years after World War II, with special attention to changes since the 1970s. It identities three overlapping trends driving changes in psychology. The first was a shift in psychology’s identity to that of a health science. Second, psychologists devoted more of their energies to cultivating different publics and intervening in policy. Finally, there was an intellect shift at the level of general theory from cognitive science to affect theory. These three transformations, driven by a new political economy for psychology, fundamentally transformed how members of the discipline understood the person and intervened in daily life.
“Calamities from Abroad”
Authors: Reeder Tyson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
It is now common to take for granted that white Americans eventually would divide and usurp Indian land. In the 1780s, however, most Americans worried that Europeans and Indians would divide and usurp American land. They feared that foreign agents such as Creek leader Alexander McGillivray or Spanish diplomat Diego de Gardoqui might dissolve their fragile confederacy. Madison worried with the rest. As he plunged into history, he realized that most past confederacies shared the same fate: Foreign powers had exploited their internal divisions to destroy their sovereignty. He began to devise a constitution that he believed would help America avoid the same fate. The Constitution synchronized Madison’s ambitious vision of a politically diverse nation with a strong central government that would protect liberty without succumbing to foreign scheming.
“A Vile Underhand Game”
Authors: Reeder Tyson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
More than any other issue, the Jay Treaty caused foreign policy disagreements in the United States to devolve into accusations of disloyalty. Before the treaty, Federalists and Republicans viewed each other with suspicion. After the treaty, they began to consider each other an existential threat to the republic, aided by a foreign power that sought America’s ruin. With his blistering attacks on the treaty and Federalists who supported it, Madison helped turn a budding two-party rivalry into full-fledged partisan combat. As they accused each other of corruption, Federalists and Republicans widened the chasm in which foreign agents could operate. British diplomat George Hammond exploited that chasm by cooperating with Federalists to oust Republican-leaning secretary of state Edmund Randolph from George Washington’s cabinet. By doing so, Hammond helped remove a final obstacle to the ratification of the Jay Treaty.
“India and China”
Authors: Guenther Genevieve 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
“India and China” examines the fossil-fuel propaganda that says because emissions are rising in India and China, decarbonizing America would be futile. The chapter argues that this propaganda deflects attention from US obstructionism in international climate negotiations and ignores both the high rates of clean-energy deployment in China and the comprehensiveness of Chinese climate policy. The chapter describes the UNFCCC climate regime. It narrates how under both Democratic and Republican administrations the United States has weakened international climate change agreements. It analyzes the Chinese “1+N” climate policy documents in the context of current Chinese energy policy, the import of political promises in China, and Xi’s ambitions for the twenty-first century. It argues that the United States must lead on climate, whether or not China implements the “1+N” documents, in order to protect American hegemony. It recommends messages and actions that can be used by American citizens to demand such leadership from their elected representatives.
The Indigenous Languages of the Americas
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Indigenous Languages of the Americas: History and Classification is about the American Indian languages, all the Indigenous languages of the Americas. It takes stock of what is known about the history and classification of these languages and language families. It identifies the gaps in knowledge and puts them into perspective, and it assesses differences of opinion. It also resolves some issues and makes new contributions of its own. The book deals incisively with the major themes involving these languages, with the classification and history of the Indigenous languages of North America, Middle America (Mexico and Central America), and South America; with difficulties involving names of the languages; origins of the languages of the New World; unclassified, phantom, fake, and spurious languages in the Americas; recent hypotheses of remote linguistic relationships; the linguistic areas of the Americas; contact languages, including pidgins, lingua francas, and mixed languages; and loanwords and other new words in the native languages of the Americas.
Indigenous Languages of South America
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4, Indigenous languages of South America, presents what is known of the history and classification of the Indigenous languages of South America. At the same time it discusses the difficult and controversial history of efforts to classify many of these languages. South America is home to 100 language families (including 52 language isolates). While there are circa 326 South American languages still spoken today, there are literally hundreds of unclassified languages in South America; circa 210 that we know something about are dormant. The historical linguistics of South American Indigenous languages has advanced at a remarkably rapid pace in the last couple of decades, aided especially by the vast number of new descriptions of the grammar and vocabulary of many formerly very poorly known languages of this area.
Balancing Military Power in Asia
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the military aspect of the Pivot and America’s broader approach to China. Defense, much more than diplomatic and economic considerations, poses stark trade-offs for policymakers. The United States began the decade enmeshed in wars across the greater Middle East, with a military designed for counterinsurgency and stabilization operations. It ended the period trying to refashion itself for great power conflict with China. Despite these efforts, Washington has faced a slew of setbacks—including severe budget cuts and global crises that demanded dedicating limited defense resources in Europe and the Middle East. As a result, the United States has not yet materially pivoted from any other region to Asia.
Conclusion
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by summarizing the key reasons why the Pivot to Asia did not succeed. The United States underestimated the China challenge, it was faced with competing global crises, and the policy lacked a clear strategic articulation and sufficient presidential support. The Obama administration attempted a grand strategic shift in the absence of any external crises, an exceedingly difficult undertaking. Across the Obama and Trump administrations, inadequate responses to rising Chinese power, and insufficient focus on Asia, together amounted to a “Lost Decade.” This chapter makes the case for a new Pivot and offers four principles to guide it. The authors then provide nine policy recommendations in a selective “to do list” for the United States to pivot American grand strategy, at long last, to Asia. For the sake of its security, prosperity, and freedom, it must.
Mundane multilingualism
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that teachers at Dutch-medium schools in Brussels displayed habitual views about language in interviews about their work, but these views were contradictory: multilingualism was as mundane for them as monolingualism was. It will be shown that contrary to the idea that teachers have a unidimensional monolingual habitus, teachers in interviews recruited both monolingualism and multilingualism to defend or criticize the suitability of a monolingual school policy. Teachers thus possessed the ideological ingredients of reproduction as much as those of criticism and change. The chapter reveals, moreover, that these teachers commonly placed multilingualism above monolingualism, in keeping with now widespread discourses about language. The concept of the monolingual habitus is thus partially confirmed by the data discussed in this chapter but also revealed as one-sided. This raises questions about other settings where a monolingual habitus is attributed to teachers.
How Fundamentals Shape Evaluations of Candidates and Campaigns
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at how respondents say they feel about their party and its candidates and the opposing party and its candidates. Partisans are no more (nor much less) happy about their own party and its candidates than they have been for decades but are much more negative about the opposition. This tendency peaked in the last two presidential elections. It has changed how the public approaches presidential campaigns even in January, as the primary season begins. It also applies to traits of the candidates. While candidates provide the dynamism of national elections and are very strongly related to the vote, they are increasingly related to the fundamentals, and the effect of the fundamentals is increasingly due to how they shape evaluations of the candidates, which in turn shape the vote. But does this mixture of substantive and emotive politics matter beyond understanding how people vote?
From Milton Keynes to Ayodhya
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter illustrates that another key political episode in India’s recent history had global dimensions and repercussions. The Ramjanmabhoomi (Ram birthplace) movement was a major Hindu nationalist campaign to build a temple on the site of a 16th century mosque in the north Indian city of Ayodhya. This culminated, in 1992, with the destruction of the Babri Masjid and some of India’s worst communal violence since Partition. The chapter illustrates how this superficially domestic issue was a key moment for the engagement of the diaspora. This coincided with India’s late-20th century “saffron wave,” which ultimately led to the election of the first BJP government. The chapter focuses partly on a watershed moment for Hindu nationalism in Britain, the 1989 Virat Hindu Sammelan--a festival attended by c. 100,000 Hindus in Milton Keynes--the product of the long diasporic development of Hindu nationalism. It engaged a wide range of global Hindutva leaders and gurus, and developed the organizational skills of dedicated local organizers. They would continue to be key figures in UK Hindu nationalism in subsequent years. The chapter also explores the global significance of the Vishwa Hindu Parishad, one of the leading Hindutva organizations which was at the forefront of the Ram temple movement.
Charity, Sewa (Service), and the ‘Model Minority’
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The fifth chapter considers the centrality of charity and sewa (service) to the Hindu nationalist movement, in India and beyond. The chapter explains how charitable activities--specifically fundraising by diasporic groups associated with Hindutva--led to controversy in the early 2000s. But rather than focusing on transnational philanthropy, the chapter considers how different forms of charity and sewa in Britain reflect not just connectivities with India--cultural, emotional, political, and financial--but also a desire to perform a version of multicultural citizenship. This is connected to Hindutva’s ecumenism, but also the projection of Hindus as the “model minority”--a core trope of diasporic Hindutva. The chapter focuses on Sewa Day--an annual, multi-location, multi-event day of charitable activities and voluntary projects. Despite appearing aligning with “interfaith” and “cohesion” narratives, these forms of publicly-facing social service can also be inflected with Hindutva. Sewa Day also represents a diversifying of Hindu nationalism beyond the “traditional” spaces of the Sangh Parivar network (“neo-Hindutva”), a blurring of its edges, and an adaptation to local conditions and stimuli that provides a platform for the diasporic vernacularization of Hindutva. The chapter also considers the relationship between British multiculturalism, interfaith relations, and the Hindu nationalist imperative of ecumenism.
‘Neo-Hindutva’
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The final chapter explores ways in which Hindu nationalism has outgrown the ideological and institutional boundaries of the Sangh Parivar. This builds upon Anderson’s previous work on “neo-Hindutva.” Existing research on Hindutva has tended to focus on the core organizations of the RSS family. This fails to recognise the innovative, dynamic Hindu nationalism of organizations outside, on the periphery of, or indirectly linked with, the institutional and ideological framework of the Hindu nationalist movement (as it is conventionally understood). Neo-Hindutva is increasingly prevalent in transnational articulations of Hindu identity, and is often successful in negotiating multicultural spaces. Various inflections of Hindutva are to be found within representative, ostensibly “mainstream” Hindu organisations and umbrella groups. This kind of Hindu(tva) representation--and thereby the mainstreaming of Hindu nationalism--operates within a multiculturalism milieu that permits, even incentivizes, the construction of a public ethnic identity. The chapter explores how British Hindu-ness has become increasingly politicized and increasingly conflated with Indian diasporic identity. Hindutva, moreover, has become normalized in the mainstream representation of Hindu identity, and has entered British politics, at various levels, through a range of strategies and channels.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The conclusion brings together various strands of the book’s arguments on Hindu nationalism in the Indian diaspora, and considers a range of further issues. The chapter explores different forms of dissent and resistance to Hindutva outside India. It discusses digital activism of varying kinds, and global campaigning for the BJP. The conclusion also considers ways in which those who have challenged Hindutva have been counteracted and dismissed. The chapter notes that diasporic Hindutva is not simply “long-distance nationalism”--rather, it is a vernacularized form of Hindu nationalism, and serves as an expression of multivalent diasporic identity. As a form of activism, its rhetoric of assertive Hindu pride--often manifested in performative moments of outrage and offence--is both connected to, and distinct from, Indian politics and nationalism. It considers how different modes and levels of interaction with the homeland are continually being developed and renegotiated. The ways in which the diaspora has influenced the homeland, in the context of global Hindu nationalism, is much more profound than simply a one-way flow of nostalgia, funds, and even political support. Indeed, the diaspora has emerged as an increasingly important, but also distinctive, facet of the Hindu nationalist movement itself.
Grounding and Unity
Authors: Fisher Naomi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter situates Schelling’s philosophical projects in terms of the characteristic aims of post-Kantian philosophy and presents his manner of fulfilling these aims as inspired by Platonism. It argues that such aims were inadvertently set by Jacobi in his Spinoza-Letters, were later developed and articulated by Reinhold and Fichte, and are as follows. Philosophy ought to (1) possess unity, provided by a single grounding principle, (2) be a discursive system and (3) avoid the repellent conclusions of Spinozism, such as denial of the independent existence of finite things. This chapter further argues that in his conception of these aims, Schelling departs from his contemporaries in various ways. Schelling offers a nondiscursive notion of grounding unity, according to which individual things participate in the absolute, but cannot be derived from the absolute; hand-in-hand with this notion of grounding unity comes altered conceptions of systematicity and derivation. This chapter presents these distinctive features of Schelling’s approach as consonant with his Platonism.
Living Together Across Borders
Authors: Arnold Lynnette 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Living Together Across Borders: Separated Salvadoran Families and the Power of Everyday Conversation presents a multisited ethnography of communication in extended families living stretched between El Salvador and the United States. The book examines seemingly mundane conversational practices—such as sending greetings, negotiating remittances, and reminiscing together—that are central to family life across borders. It underscores the consequentiality of these linguistic practices by tracing how they are shaped by and reshape gendered and generational norms of family care, as well as how they are tied to Salvadoran histories of migration, violence, and poverty, which are powerfully influenced by US economic and foreign policy. The book demonstrates that these communicative practices bring inequities between Global North and South into family life by continually reproducing distinctions between relatives in El Salvador and those living in the United States. At the same time, however, transnational families use cross-border communication to forge convivencia (living-together) at-a-distance. Although these relational moments of cross-border connection are fleeting, their impacts endure, laying the foundation for the ongoing material and economic provisioning necessary to family survival. Through cross-border conversations, families nurture intergenerational relations that sustain the family over the years despite ongoing separation.
Transnational Care in Multigenerational Households
Authors: Arnold Lynnette 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides an ethnographic account of transnational care-at-a-distance. Against the simplistic model of cross-border care advanced by the state, transnational families themselves envision and enact care as a multidirectional process in which all relatives participate. These engagements are understood as fundamentally differentiated, both by gendered and generational hierarchies as well as by pervasive distinctions between migrants and nonmigrants. This chapter highlights the role of communication in transnational care, suggesting that language is a powerful resource that often reproduces hierarchy even as it can be used to renegotiate the multiple inequalities that shape family care. As communicative care generates social life, it also introduces incremental change. Through communication, families implicitly push back against dominant imaginaries in ways that at least partially recover family care from neoliberal state co-optation.
Communicative Memory
Authors: Arnold Lynnette 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores how transnational families remember together across borders. The chapter situates this communicative practice within the context of memory work in postwar El Salvador, where long-standing institutional silencing makes remembering a deeply political act. Inspired by local theories of memory in struggles for memoria histórica (historical memory) and in the rituals of Día de los Difuntos (Day of the Dead) celebrations, remembering is understood as a collective form of care that stitches together social relations. By remembering together, transnational families forge new ways of living-together at-a-distance by building connections from past to present. They thereby resist dominant discourses that depict migration as inevitably rupturing family ties, refusing the imaginaries imposed upon them, and instead insisting on their continued togetherness despite long-term separation.
Dealing with Steve
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the manifold benefits and considerable challenges of having the formidable and ubiquitous Stephen Sondheim as a friend and mentor. A widely read 1994 New York magazine article asked provocatively, “Is Stephen Sondheim God?” Maltby tried to imitate Sondheim’s intricate rhyming (the song “I’m a Little Bit Off” is cited), until he realized that he would never be able to “out-Steve Steve” and that what he himself had to offer was enough. Sondheim’s brilliant song “Please Hello” from Pacific Overtures, an extended musical sequence introducing multiple characters from different countries, exerted a lasting musical influence. Shire was hired to write dance music for the “Tick-Tock” sequence from Sondheim’s Company during what was supposed to be his honeymoon with new bride Talia Shire in 1970. That year, Maltby succeeded Sondheim as the creator of cryptic crossword puzzles for New York magazine, and since 1976, he has contributed them to Harper’s magazine.
Lynne
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a profile of Lynne Meadow, longtime artistic director of the multiple-award-winning Manhattan Theatre Club (MTC). Meadow first encountered Maltby and Shire when she was a twelve-year-old local New Haven girl, appearing in the cast of the team’s musical Grand Tour at the Yale Dramat, written and produced during their senior year at Yale. That show was directed by Bill Francisco, whom Meadow cites as an important influence. Meadow later attended the Yale School of Drama, which rarely admitted female directors at the time. Early in her tenure as artistic director at MTC, Meadow had the brainstorm of putting together an evening of Maltby/Shire songs as a revue, which resulted in Starting Here, Starting Now. “She’s the one who brought us back together,” Shire affirms, thus ending the team’s informal “divorce” period.
French Is a Language That Doesn’t Scan
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After Baby, Maltby is hired by British producer Cameron Mackintosh to adapt Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Song and Dance for an American audience and to direct the Broadway production. This important relationship with Mackintosh leads to Maltby’s being hired to write the English lyrics for Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil’s megahit Miss Saigon, an adaptation of the Madame Butterfly story set amid a backdrop of the Vietnam War. Later, Maltby is also called upon to revise the lyrics for the Boublil/Schönberg Broadway flop The Pirate Queen, in a failed attempt to fix the production. In the meantime, Maltby and Shire are collecting fragments, sketches, and ideas for new songs in what they call the “Urban File.” Many of these numbers will end up in their revue Closer Than Ever.