bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial selection on flowering time: influence on reproductive phenology across natural light environments
Authors: Galloway Laura F. , Burgess Kevin S. 
Published: March 2012

Summary1. Flowering time is frequently under selection due to a combination of abiotic, biotic and intrinsic factors. Evolution in response to this selection is likely to have broad effects, altering not only flowering time but reproductive phenology and, potentially, traits throughout the life cycle. We know little about the broader phenotypic changes associated with evolutionary shifts in flowering time, and the extent to which expression of these changes depends on local environmental conditions.2. After three generations of selection for early‐ and late‐flowering, we grew plants of the herbCampanulastrum americanumin contrasting light environments (light gap and understorey) in its home population.3. Response to selection on flowering time and correlated responses in reproductive phenology were expressed across light environments with the reproduction of early‐flowering lines being over 2 weeks ahead of late‐flowering lines. Plants in the understorey delayed initiation of flowering but accelerated flower deployment, fruit maturation and the end of reproduction, resulting in a condensed reproductive period.4. Timing of seed dispersal influences whether offspring grow as annuals or biennials inC. americanum. Because evolution of flowering time shifted reproductive phenology, it is likely to alter life history frequency. In contrast, understorey habitats both delayed flowering and accelerated reproductive phenology, yielding no expected life history change.5. Synthesis. Evolution of flowering time altered the phenology of all subsequent reproductive traits and is also likely to affect offspring traits. This ripple effect of changes in flowering time indicates that it is essential to recognize genetic and functional linkages among traits to understand potential life cycle consequences of selection on a single character.
Adaptation with gene flow across the landscape in a dune sunflower
Authors: ANDREW ROSE L. , OSTEVIK KATHERINE L. , EBERT DANIEL P. , RIESEBERG LOREN H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIsolation by adaptation increases divergence at neutral loci when natural selection against immigrants reduces the rate of gene flow between different habitats. This can occur early in the process of adaptive divergence and is a key feature of ecological speciation. Despite the ability of isolation by distance (IBD) and other forms of landscape resistance to produce similar patterns of neutral divergence within species, few studies have used landscape genetics to control for these other forces. We have studied the divergence of Helianthus petiolaris ecotypes living in active sand dunes and adjacent non‐dune habitat, using landscape genetics approaches, such as circuit theory and multiple regression of distance matrices, in addition to coalescent modelling. Divergence between habitats was significant, but not strong, and was shaped by IBD. We expected that increased resistance owing to patchy and unfavourable habitat in the dunes would contribute to divergence. Instead, we found that landscape resistance models with lower resistance in the dunes performed well as predictors of genetic distances among subpopulations. Nevertheless, habitat class remained a strong predictor of genetic distance when controlling for isolation by resistance and IBD. We also measured environmental variables at each site and confirmed that specific variables, especially soil nitrogen and vegetation cover, explained a greater proportion of variance in genetic distance than did landscape or the habitat classification alone. Asymmetry in effective population sizes and numbers of migrants per generation was detected using coalescent modelling with Bayesian inference, which is consistent with incipient ecological speciation being driven by the dune habitat.
Temperature treatments during larval development reveal extensive heritable and plastic variation in gene expression and life history traits
Authors: KVIST JOUNI , WHEAT CHRISTOPHER W. , KALLIONIEMI EVELIINA , SAASTAMOINEN MARJO , HANSKI ILKKA , FRILANDER MIKKO J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractLittle is known about variation in gene expression that affects life history traits in wild populations of outcrossing species. Here, we analyse heritability of larval development traits and associated variation in gene expression in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) across three ecologically relevant temperatures. We studied the development of final‐instar larvae, which is greatly affected by temperature, and during which stage larvae build up most of the resources for adult life. Larval development time and weight gain varied significantly among families sampled from hundreds of local populations, indicating substantial heritable variation segregating in the large metapopulation. Global gene expression analysis using common garden‐reared F2 families revealed that 42% of the >8000 genes surveyed exhibited significant variation among families, 39% of the genes showed significant variation between the temperature treatments, and 18% showed a significant genotype‐by‐environment interaction. Genes with large family and temperature effects included larval serum protein and cuticle‐binding protein genes, and the expression of these genes was closely correlated with the rate of larval development. Significant expression variation in these same categories of genes has previously been reported among adult butterflies originating from newly established versus old local populations, supporting the notion of a life history syndrome put forward based on ecological studies and involving larval development and adult dispersal capacity. These findings suggest that metapopulation dynamics in heterogeneous environments maintain heritable gene expression variation that affects the regulation of life history traits.
Acotiamide, a new orally active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, stimulates gastrointestinal motor activity in conscious dogs
Authors: Nagahama K. , Matsunaga Y. , Kawachi M. , Ito K. , Tanaka T. , Hori Y. , Oka H. , Takei M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  Acotiamide hydrochloride (acotiamide), a novel selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, has proven significantly effective in treating functional dyspepsia (FD) in clinical trials, particularly in alleviating meal‐related symptoms. In the present study, we examined the gastrointestinal prokinetic effects of acotiamide administered orally or intraduodenally in conscious dogs and investigated in vivo and ex vivo anti‐AChE activity of acotiamide to clarify its mechanism of prokinetic action.Methods  Gastrointestinal motility was measured in conscious dogs with chronically implanted force transducers.Key Results  Oral administration of acotiamide stimulated postprandial gastroduodenal and colonic motor activities. Measurement of gastrointestinal motility showed that acotiamide, like itopride and mosapride, enhanced gastric antral motility. Further, acotiamide markedly improved clonidine (an α2‐adrenoceptor agonist)‐induced hypomotility in a dog model of gastric motor dysfunction. The postprandial gastric antral motility enhanced by acotiamide was completely abolished on treatment with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine. Results of an in vivo experiment on anti‐AChE activity showed clearly increased acetylcholine‐induced gastric motility on intraduodenal administration of acotiamide, just as observed with the AChE inhibitor neostigmine. Further, in ex vivo experiment, intraduodenal administration of acotiamide significantly inhibited AChE activity in canine gastric antrum.Conclusions & Inferences  Our findings revealed that acotiamide administered through the alimentary tract exerts gastroprokinetic action via cholinergic pathways by inhibiting AChE activity. These results may also confirm the mechanism of action in clinical efficacy of acotiamide on FD.
Heat shock‐induced biphasic Ca2+ signature and OsCaM1‐1 nuclear localization mediate downstream signalling in acquisition of thermotolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: WU HUI‐CHEN , LUO DAN‐LI , VIGNOLS FLORENCE , JINN TSUNG‐LUO 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTWe investigated heat shock (HS)‐triggered Ca2+ signalling transduced by a Ca2+ sensor, calmodulin (CaM), linked to early transcriptome changes of HS‐responsive genes in rice. We observed a biphasic [Ca2+]cyt signature in root cells that was distinct from that in epicotyl and leaf cells, which showed a monophasic response after HS. Treatment with Ca2+ and A23187 generated an intense and sustained increase in [Ca2+]cyt in response to HS. Conversely, treatment with Ca2+ chelator, L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker and CaM antagonist, but not intracellular Ca2+ release inhibitor, strongly inhibited the increased [Ca2+]cyt. HS combined with Ca2+ and A23187 accelerated the expression of OsCaM1‐1 and sHSPC/N genes, which suggests that the HS‐induced apoplastic Ca2+ influx is responsible for the [Ca2+]cyt response and downstream HS signalling. In addition, the biphasic response of OsCaM1‐1 in the nucleus followed the Ca2+ signature, which may provide the information necessary to direct HS‐related gene expression. Overexpression of OsCaM1‐1 induced the expression of Ca2+/HS‐related AtCBK3, AtPP7, AtHSF and AtHSP at a non‐inducing temperature and enhanced intrinsic thermotolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. Therefore, HS‐triggered rapid increases in [Ca2+]cyt, together with OsCaM1‐1 expression and its nuclear localization, are important in mediating downstream HS‐related gene expression for the acquisition of thermotolerance in rice.
Coseismic and postseismic crustal deformations of the Korean Peninsula caused by the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake, Japan, from global positioning system data
Authors: Baek Jeongho , Shin Young‐Hong , Na Sung‐Ho , Shestakov Nikolay V. , Park Pil‐Ho , Cho Sungki 
Published: March 2012

Terra Nova, 24, 295–300, 2012AbstractWe present the first analysis on the crustal deformation in the Korean peninsula by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The great Mw 9.0 earthquake extended the Korean peninsula along E–W direction even though it is at a distance longer than one thousand kilometres from the epicentre. The coseismic surface displacements from 1.0 cm (in the southwestern part) to 5.4 cm (in the eastern part) were detected by continuous GPS observation. The estimated coseismic strains from the displacements correspond to approximately 6–28 years of accumulated strains in the Korean peninsula. The postseismic displacements during 162 days after the earthquake showed 43–48% of the coseismic displacements. The results imply that the contractional strains of the Korean peninsula have been accumulated by the locked subduction zone off, and a part of accumulated strains has been released by the mainshock and the afterslip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
Morphea‐like lesion following topical endectocide application in a cat
Authors: Seixas Gustavo , Taboada Priscyla 
Published: March 2012

Background –  Scleroderma is a rare chronic disease of connective tissues that may affect the skin in humans. Although still unclear, its aetiology may be related to drug reactions. To date, scleroderma has been reported in only a few dogs and one cat.Case report –  Localized (morphea‐like) scleroderma was diagnosed in a 3‐year‐old intact male Persian cat that developed a nonpruritic, well‐demarcated alopecic plaque a few days after topical application of a ‘spot‐on’ solution containing praziquantel and emodepside. The lesion occurred at the site of application at the dorsal cervical region, and was characterized histologically by fibrosing dermatitis. There was no response to systemic treatment with pentoxifylline. Following topical therapy with minoxidil 5% for 30 days, hair regrowth occurred, and the lesion had completely disappeared after 60 days.Conclusions and clinical importance –  The relationship between the alopecic plaque and the topical application of the spot‐on solution cannot be proved; however, according to the Naranjo scale, which estimates the probability of adverse drug reactions, this case could be classified as a ‘possible’ reaction to one of the components of the product. Sclerodermoid reactions have not been described as a cutaneous drug eruption in veterinary medicine, so this case may possibly represent the first such idiosyncratic reaction to one of the applied substances. Furthermore, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the second report of a morphea‐like lesion in a cat.
The impact of perioperative transfusion of blood products on survival after pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Nacoti M. , Cazzaniga S. , Lorusso F. , Naldi L. , Brambillasca P. , Benigni A. , Corno V. , Colledan M. , Bonanomi E. , Vedovati S. , Buoro S. , Falanga A. , Lussana F. , Barbui T. , Sonzogni V. 
Published: March 2012

Nacoti M, Cazzaniga S, Lorusso F, Naldi L, Brambillasca P, Benigni A, Corno V, Colledan M, Bonanomi E, Vedovati S, Buoro S, Falanga A, Lussana F, Barbui T, Sonzogni V. The impact of perioperative transfusion of blood products on survival after pediatric liver transplantation.Abstract:  Intraoperative transfusion of red blood cells (RBC) is associated with adverse outcome after LT in adult patients. This relationship in pediatric patients has not been studied in depth, and its analysis is the scope of this study. Forty‐one variables associated with outcome, including blood product transfusions, were studied in a cohort of 243 pediatric patients undergoing a cadaveric LT between 2002 and 2009 at the General Hospital of Bergamo. Multivariate stepwise Cox proportional hazards models were adopted with adjustment by propensity scores to minimize factors associated with the use of blood products. Median age at transplant was 1.37 yr. In uni‐ and multivariate analyses, perioperative transfusion of FFP and RBC was an independent risk factor for predicting one‐yr patient and graft survival. The effect on one‐yr survival was dose‐related with a hazard ratio of 3.15 for three or more units of RBC (p = 0.033) and 3.35 for three or more units of FFP (p = 0.021) when compared with 1 or no units transfused. The negative impact of RBC and FFP transfusion was confirmed by propensity score–adjusted analysis. These findings may have important implications for transfusion practice in the LT pediatric recipients.
Split‐leg comparison of low fluence diode laser and high fluence intense pulsed light in permanent hair reduction in skin types III to IV
Authors: Chen Jian , Liu Xiu‐Jun , Huo Meng‐Hua 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTBackground/Objectives:  All the standard light‐based techniques for permanent hair reduction, like laser and intense pulsed light (IPL) employ the highest tolerable fluence with a single pass. As opposed to standard techniques, a new diode laser technique employs low fluence with multiple passes. Here we evaluate and compare the efficacy, treatment time, comfort and safety of the low fluence multiple pass diode laser with high fluence single pass IPL for permanent hair reduction in Type III to IV Asian patients.Methods:  Thirty Asian patients with Type III to IV black hair were enrolled and received three sessions of treatments at 6‐weekly to 8‐weekly intervals. A split‐leg study was performed in which the IPL was applied to one leg of each patient while the laser was applied to the other. The patients were followed up for 12 months.Results:  All patients were satisfied with the results of the long‐term hair reduction without long‐term side effects. There was no statistically significant difference in hair reduction and treatment time between the laser (76.85%, 21.39 min) and the IPL (74.53%, 22.17 min) (P > 0.05). The visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score of the IPL (5.96) was higher than that of the laser (3.10) (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  A series of high fluence single pass IPL and low fluence multiple pass diode laser treatments were performed with similar efficacy, speed and safety for permanent hair reduction. However, low fluence multiple pass diode laser treatment was less painful than high fluence single pass IPL.
Perspective: what does the term functional mean in the context of epiphora?
Authors: Chan WengOnn , Malhotra Raman , Kakizaki Hirohiko , Leibovitch Igal , Selva Dinesh 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe term ‘functional block’ is used to encompass the concept of lacrimal drainage dysfunction in the presence of anatomical patency. There is significant variability in the nomenclature, clinical and investigative criteria used in the literature to define this entity. This has led to confusion and lack of comparability of studies looking at this group. The clinical features, investigative findings and treatment options in this group of patients are described. In addition, the need to differentiate between nasolacrimal stenosis and ‘functional block’ is emphasized, as evidence suggest patients with nasolacrimal duct stenosis have better outcomes with dacryocystorhinostomy. To better define the disease entity and enable comparability of future studies, it was proposed that this entity be replaced by the term functional epiphora with no delay, pre‐ or post‐sac delay.
Recent advances in Toll‐like receptors and anterior uveitis
Authors: Chang John H , McCluskey Peter J , Wakefield Denis 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUveitis involves acute, recurrent or chronic inflammation of the uvea, and occurs when the normal state of ocular immune privilege has broken down. Accumulating evidence implicates the role of microbial triggers in the development of various forms of immune‐mediated uveitis in addition to its causative role in infectious uveitis. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the most important pattern‐recognition receptors of the innate immune system that recognize pathogen‐associated molecular patterns of microbes. Activation of TLRs by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns leads to the induction of an inflammatory cascade and activation of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune response. TLRs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases, including uveitis. This review provides an update on recent progress in TLR research and uveitis, specifically summarizing new evidence for the role of TLRs in anterior uveitis. There have been important observations from studies involving human ocular tissue, clinical uveitis and from experimental animal models of uveitis, such as endotoxin‐induced uveitis. The ‘Toll rush’ has certainly gained momentum, and future advances in this field have the potential for selectively targeting the TLR pathway and ultimately translating into better therapies for patients with sight‐threatening uveitis.
Bleb vascularity following post‐trabeculectomy subconjunctival bevacizumab: a pilot study
Authors: Chua Brian E , Nguyen Dan Q , Qin Queena , Ruddle Jonathan B , Wells Anthony P , Niyadurupola Nuwan , Gupta Viney , Wong Tina T , Coote Michael A , Crowston Jonathan G 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:  To determine whether postoperative subconjunctival bevacizumab significantly alters bleb vascularity.Design:  A randomized, prospective interventional study.Participants:  Forty‐three eyes from 39 patients were recruited, with 21 eyes randomized to subconjunctival injections of 5‐fluorouracil, and 22 eyes to combined 5‐fluorouracil/bevacizumab.Methods:  All patients who underwent uncomplicated primary antimetabolite augmented trabeculectomy who subsequently required postoperative subconjunctival 5‐fluorouracil injection within 4 weeks of surgery were eligible. Patients were randomized to receive subconjunctival 5‐fluorouracil only (7.5 mg/0.15 mL) or 5‐fluorouracil plus bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 mL).Main Outcome Measures:  Primary outcome was bleb vascularity with secondary endpoints including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, bleb morphology, complications and total numbers of 5‐fluorouracil injections were recorded at baseline, week 12 and 18 months.Results:  At week 12, there was no significant difference between groups for visual acuity, intraocular pressure, bleb vascularity and morphology, or total number of 5‐fluorouracil injections. By 18 months, 47.4% of the 5‐fluorouracil/bevacizumab group exhibited central bleb avascularity compared with 21.1% of the 5‐fluorouracil group (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.17). Two bleb complications (one blebitis; one suture abscess) recorded in the 5‐fluorouracil/bevacizumab group.Conclusions:  After a single combined injection, a trend for increased central bleb avascularity was observed, although this effect was not sufficient to reach statistical significance. This, in addition to the occurrence of two bleb‐related complications in the bevacizumab group, suggests the need for a larger clinical trial to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of bevacizumab as a modulating agent in glaucoma filtration surgery.
Anterior segment fluorescein angiography of the normal canine eye using a dSLR camera adaptor
Authors: Alario Anthony F. , Pirie Christopher G. , Pizzirani Stefano 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose  To describe anterior segment fluorescein angiography (ASFA) of the normal canine eye using two different sedation/anesthetic protocols and a digital single lens‐reflex (dSLR) camera adaptor.Methods  Dogs free of ocular and systemic disease were used for this study. Dogs received maropitant citrate (1.0 mg/kg SQ) and diphenhydramine (2.0 mg/kg SQ) 20 min prior to butorphanol [n = 6] (0.2 mg/kg IV) or propofol [n = 6] (4 mg/kg IV bolus, 0.2 mg/kg/min CRI). Standard color and red‐free images were obtained prior to administration of 10% sodium fluorescein (20 mg/kg IV). Image acquisition was performed using a dSLR camera (Canon 7D), dSLR camera adaptor, camera lens (Canon EF‐S 60 mm f/2.8 macro), and an accessory flash (Canon 580EXII). Imaging occurred at a rate of 1/s immediately following bolus for a total of 30 s, then at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 min.Results  Twelve dogs with a combined mean age of 5.1 years and various iris colors were imaged. Arterial, capillary, and venous phases were identified and time sequences recorded. Visibility of the vascular pattern was inversely related to iris pigmentation. Complete masking of blood flow was noted with heavily pigmented irises. Vessel leakage was noted in some eyes. Proper patient positioning and restricted ocular movements were critical in acquiring quality images. No adverse events were noted.Conclusion  This study demonstrated that quality high resolution ASFA images were obtainable using a novel dSLR camera adaptor. ASFA of the normal canine eye is limited to irises, which are moderately to poorly pigmented. Use of general anesthesia produced higher quality images and is recommended for ASFA in the dog.