bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Description of Tylenchulus musicola sp. n. (Nematoda: Tylenchulidae) from banana in Iran with molecular phylogeny and characterisation of species of Tylenchulus Cobb, 1913
Authors: Tanha Maafi Zahra , Amani Majid , Stanley Jason D. , Inserra Renato N. , Van den Berg Esther , Subbotin Sergei A. 
Published: March 2012

During a survey conducted on banana plantations in Sistan and Blouchestan province, south-east Iran, a new species of Tylenchulus was extracted from the soil and roots of banana plants. This species, named Tylenchulus musicola sp. n., is characterised by mature females having a swollen, hook-shaped body with a conical and elongate post-vulval portion ending in a round terminus, males having a weak stylet and a cylindrical and thick tail ending in a bluntly rounded and smooth terminus, and by second-stage juveniles having a slender body and a posterior body portion ending in a finely pointed or mucronate terminus. The results of glasshouse host tests indicated that the new species does not parasitise sugarcane ratoons or sour orange seedlings. Tylenchulus musicola sp. n. is distinguished from other known Tylenchulus species by the sequences of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA and ITS rRNA genes. Phylogenetic relationships within Tylenchulus were reconstructed based on rRNA gene sequences using Bayesian inference. Diagnostic PCR-ITS-RFLP profiles are presented for T. musicola sp. n., T. furcus, T. graminis, T. palustris, T. semipenetrans and Trophotylenchulus floridensis. PCR with species-specific primers and genus-specific primer are tested and developed for rapid identification of five Tylenchulus species. An identification key to Tylenchulus species is provided.
Muslim Values in Islamic and Non-Islamic Societies
Authors: Marsh Robert M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractValues are conceptions of the desirable in various domains of life. This study tests the hypotheses that (1) when Muslims are a minority living in a non-Islamic society (e.g., India, Singapore, Uganda), their values are more similar to those of the non-Muslim majority religion in their society than to those of Muslims in Muslim-majority Islamic societies (e.g., Iran, Morocco, Pakistan); and (2) this tendency toward value assimilation is more pronounced when the Muslim minority is socially included, rather than excluded, by the non-Muslim majority. Data from representative samples of the population of nine Muslim-majority societies and nine Muslim-minority societies in the 2000 (fourth) wave of the World Values Surveys are used to construct scales for three domains of cultural values: religious values, family values, and gender values, and measures of social exclusion. The findings largely confirm hypothesis 1 and lend some support to hypothesis 2.
Liberal States and Print Media Coverage of Global Advocacy Events: The Case of the UN Beijing Conference for Women
Authors: Mueller Carol , Mueller Carol , Restifo Salvatore J. , Mueller Carol , Restifo Salvatore J. , Restifo Julie Fox 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
UN conferences and summits have played a critical role in bringing local activists’ claims to international audiences. One might assume that UN conferences, like other fora of “information politics,” rely on the global media to convey advocates’ messages. Yet, extensive research on U.S. media portrayals of UN women’s conferences, 1975–1995, have not found this to be the case. To the contrary, U.S. press coverage of these conferences follows a seemingly universal pattern of negative representations of female political candidates and public officials in the media. However, since there are sharp national differences in social policies related to women, we question whether media in other liberal democracies follow the U.S. pattern for covering UN women’s conferences or reflect the more variable pattern of diverse national policies. Comparing elite media from the United States, Canada, and Britain, we find evidence suggesting variable coverage across countries.
Models of Public Theology*
Authors: Jacobsen Eneida 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In this article, different models of public theology are characterized according to the reasons given for the importance of and need for a public theology (foundational models) and the ways proposed for its realization (action models). There are three emphases of identified foundations: the first understands public theology as a task driven by God (model of disclosure); the second anchors the need for public theology in religious questions that affect all of humanity (universal model); the third bases itself on the finding of the public presence of religious discourse in contemporary society (factual model). With regards to the prospects for action, three principal ways are identified, which affirm the possibility of the publicization of theology: addressing different audiences, such as the academy and the church (model of the audience); articulating itself through a style and an accessible form of argument (apologetic model); addressing contextual challenges (contextual model).
Public Theology in Brazil: The Political and Institutional Aspects*
Authors: Passos João Décio 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This article analyses the situation of higher education courses in theology in Brazil, from a political and institutional point of view. It notes the need to adopt the epistemological status of theology itself as a parameter of institutionalization, in order to overcome the exclusively political criteria that have governed the process of accreditation of those courses, as well as the construction of curriculum guidelines. It affirms the ‘public’ aspect as inherent to theological reflection. Theology being a logos of faith structured originally within the university may, in the same space, be recognized as legitimate and established knowledge, according to the academic rules of the scientific community.
From the Sacristy to the Public Square The Public Character of Theology*
Authors: Zabatiero Júlio Paulo Tavares 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This article is a study of the public role of Christian theology in contemporary democratic societies. It focuses on the role of theologians as intellectuals in the public square, as defenders of values like justice, democracy and peace. After a brief reflection on Brazilian experiences of the presence of Christians in public debates, it discusses the role of intellectuals such as Habermas, Bourdieu, Said, Bauman and others.
Pentecostalism and Citizenship in Brazil: Between Escapism and Dominance
Authors: von Sinner Rudolf 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Brazil is, today, the most Catholic, but also the most Pentecostal country in the world. The Pentecostal churches, namely the Assemblies of God, have been particularly successful among the poorest of the poor. There is little discourse on citizenship in Pentecostal churches, and its theological bases still seem to foster escapism; yet, believers regain a sense of dignity and respect for themselves and for others as they discover themselves as bearers of the Holy Spirit. In addition, contrary to the general perception, there are signs of a sense of responsibility for the whole human being, the environment and the common good. However, the relatively recent principle of ‘brother votes for brother’ tends to narrow down internal and external attention in terms of politics to the election of Pentecostal politicians, with all its ambivalences and a danger to seek dominance. This article argues that a third way between escapism and dominance, guided by a public theology, is possible.
Rectification Feedback of High-Frequency Atmospheric Variability into Low-Frequency Zonal Flows in the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Ham Yoo-Geun , Kug Jong-Seong , Lim Mi-Jung 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In this study, the rectification process of high-frequency (HF) zonal-wind variability on the low-frequency (LF) zonal wind is investigated through an idealized experiment using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Through an idealized AGCM experiment with a fixed SST boundary forcing, it is shown that there is positive (negative) correlation between HF (2–90-day period) zonal-wind variance and LF (3-month average) zonal wind where the HF zonal-wind variance is positively (negatively) skewed because the stronger HF westerly (easterly) wind events than HF easterly (westerly) wind events induce a residual westerly (easterly), and it results in an additional rectified LF westerly (easterly) anomaly. This means that, over regions with positively skewed HF zonal winds, LF westerly anomalies are generated due to the residuals of the HF zonal winds. It implies that the LF zonal wind can be generated through internal processes of the atmosphere without external forcing and the interaction between LF and HF is not a one-way process from LF to HF but, rather, a two-way interaction process.
An Investigation of the Consistency of TAO–TRITON Buoy-Mounted Capacitance Rain Gauges*
Authors: Morrissey Mark L. , Diamond Howard J. , McPhaden Michael J. , Freitag H. Paul , Greene J. Scott 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The common use of remotely located, buoy-mounted capacitance rain gauges in the tropical oceans for satellite rainfall verification studies provides motivation for an in situ gauge bias assessment. A comparison of the biases in rainfall catchment between Pacific island tipping-bucket rain gauges and capacitance rain gauges mounted on moored buoys in the tropical Pacific is conducted using the relationship between the fractional time in rain and monthly rainfall. This study utilizes the widespread spatial homogeneity of this relationship in the tropics to assess the rain catchment of both types of gauges at given values for the fractional time in rain. The results indicate that the capacitance gauges are not statistically significantly biased relative to the island-based tipping-bucket gauges. In addition, given the relatively small error bounds about the bias estimates any real bias differences among all the tested gauges are likely to be quite small compared to monthly rainfall totals. Underestimates resulting from wind biases, which may be substantial, are not documented in this paper.
Sensitivity of a Simulated Midlatitude Squall Line to Parameterization of Raindrop Breakup
Authors: Morrison Hugh , Tessendorf Sarah A. , Ikeda Kyoko , Thompson Gregory 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This paper describes idealized simulations of a squall line observed on 20 June 2007, in central Oklahoma. Results are compared with measurements from dual-polarization radar and surface disdrometer. The baseline model configuration qualitatively reproduces key storm features, but underpredicts precipitation rates and generally overpredicts median volume raindrop diameter. The sensitivity of model simulations to parameterization of raindrop breakup is tested under different low-level (0–2.5 km) environmental vertical wind shears. Storm characteristics exhibit considerable sensitivity to the parameterization of breakup, especially for moderate (0.0048 s−1) shear. Simulations with more efficient breakup tend to have higher domain-mean precipitation rates under both moderate and higher (0.0064 s−1) shear, despite the smaller mean drop size and hence lower mass-weighted fall speed and higher evaporation rate for a given rainwater content. In these runs, higher evaporation leads to stronger cold pools, faster propagation, larger storm size, greater updraft mass flux (but weaker convective updrafts at mid- and upper levels), and greater total condensation that compensates for the increased evaporation to give more surface precipitation. The impact of drop breakup on mass-weighted fall speed is also important and leads to a nonmonotonic response of storm characteristics (surface precipitation, cold pool strength, etc.) to changes in breakup efficiency under moderate wind shear. In contrast, the response is generally monotonic at higher wind shear. Interactions between drop breakup, convective dynamics, cold pool intensity, and low-level environmental wind shear are also described in the context of “Rotunno–Klemp–Weisman (RKW) theory,” which addresses how density currents evolve in sheared environments.
The fluctuating default risk of Australian banks
Authors: Allen David E , Powell Robert 
Published: March 2012

Australian banks are widely considered to have fared far better during the Global Financial Crisis than their global counterparts, continuing to display solid earnings, good capitalization and strong credit ratings. Nonetheless, Australian banks experienced significant deterioration in the market values of assets. We use the KMV/Merton structural methodology, which incorporates market asset values, to examine default probabilities of Australian banks, making extensive international comparisons. We also modify the model to incorporate conditional probability of default, which measures extreme credit risk. We find that, during the Global Financial Crisis, based on extreme asset value fluctuations, Australian bank default probabilities fare only slightly better than their global counterparts. JEL Classification: G01, G21, G28
The surface properties of clay minerals
Authors: Schoonheydt Robert A. , Johnston Cliff T. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Clay minerals have interlayer surfaces and edge surfaces, the former being the most important, especially in the case of swelling clays or smectites. Water is by far the most important adsorbed molecule in the interlayer space, where it interacts with the exchangeable cations and with the siloxane surface. Transition metal ion complexes are selectively ion-exchanged in the interlayer space of smectites. Polyamine complexes easily lose their axial ligands to adopt a square planar configuration. The more stable and bulky tris(bipyridyl) and tris(phenanthroline) complexes in the interlayer space give chiral clay mineral composites that can be used in columns for chiral chromatography, in asymmetric catalysis and in non-linear optics. The formation of clay mineral-dye complexes is a two-step process: instantaneous adsorption of the dye molecules, mainly as aggregates, followed by a slower redistribution process over the clay-mineral surface. With careful choice of dye molecules, non-linear optical materials can be prepared which exhibit properties such as second harmonic generation and two-photon absorption. Ion exchange of cationic proteins is a three-step process: (1) instantaneous adsorption at the edges; (2) adsorption in the interlayer space, followed by; (3) weak adsorption in excess of the cation exchange capacity. The extent to which these three processes occur depends on (1) the kind of exchangeable cation in the interlayer; and (2) the molecular weight, shape and charge of the protein molecules.
Modelling of X-ray diffraction profiles
Authors: Lanson Bruno 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Layered minerals and materials are ubiquitous and characterized by the frequent occurrence of stacking defects. In particular, interstratification (or mixed layering), which corresponds to the intimate intergrowth of layers differing in terms of their layer thickness and/or internal structure, and stacking faults, both random and well defined, are especially common. These defects impact heavily on the reactivity of the lamellar structures. In addition, they may record the conditions of mineral (trans)formation. Determining their nature, abundance and possibly their distribution is thus an essential step in their structural characterization leading to an understanding of their reactivity. Over recent decades, modelling of X-ray diffraction profiles has proved to be an important tool which allows detailed structural identification of defective lamellar structures. The present chapter will review the basic concepts of such identification and review the literature to outline how our understanding of defective structures and mixed layers has improved over the last decade or so and to describe some of the new perspectives opened by this improvement.
Applications of computational atomistic methods to
phyllosilicates
Authors: Sainz-Díaz C. Ignacio 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A review of the main computational methods applied to layered silicates and other oxides is described from an atomistic point of view. Every macroscopic phenomenon is the result of a complex junction of many nanoscopic phenomena based on interactions between atoms and molecules. Different methods are presented below in order of theory-level complexity, starting from methods of experimental data analysis including simulated annealing methods. Several classic mechanics force fields, based on empirical interatomic potentials, are presented. More sophisticated methods based on quantum mechanics are described, applying molecular cluster models and crystal periodic systems. Molecular dynamics simulations are also included. Applications of all these methods to the study of phyllosilicates and layered oxides are reviewed, focusing on structural, crystallographic and spectroscoic properties, reactivity, surface interactions, adsorption of organic molecules and water interactions.
Interaction of organic molecules with layer silicates, oxides and
hydroxides and related surface-nano-characterization techniques
Authors: Valdrè Giovanni , Moro Daniele , Ulian Gianfranco 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Knowledge of the surface properties of layered minerals is of great importance to understand both fundamental and applied technological issues, such as, for example, liquid–surface interactions, microfluidity, friction or tribology and biomolecule self-assembly and adhesion.
Recent developments in Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) have widened the spectrum of possible investigations that can be performed at a nanometric level at the surfaces of minerals. They range from physical properties such as surface potential and electric field topological determination to chemical and spectroscopic analysis in air, in liquid or in a gaseous environment.
After a brief introduction to new technological developments in SPM, we present recent achievements in the characterization and application of nanomorphology, surface potential and cleavage patterns of layer silicates, in particular chlorite.
Two general research directions will be presented: interaction of organic molecules with layer silicates and synthetic substrates, and mineral hydrophilicity/phobicity and friction/adhesion issues. SPM is used to assess the force-curve, force-volume, adhesion and surface potential characteristics of layer silicates by working in Electric Force Microscopy (static and dynamic EFM) and in Kelvin probe modes of operation. For instance, EFM allows us to measure the thickness of silicate layers and, from frequency, amplitude, phase modulation and Kelvin analysis, to derive the electrostatic force experienced by the probe. We can relate these measurements directly to the electrostatic force gradient at the mineral surface.
Transverse dynamic force microscopy, also known as shear force microscopy is introduced here and examples of the investigation of attractive, adhesive and shear forces of water on layer silicates will be presented. The study of water in confined geometries is very important because it can provide simple models for fluid/mineral interactions.
The ability to control the binding of biological and organic molecules to a crystal surface is fundamental, especially for biotechnology, catalysis, molecular microarrays, biosensors and environmental sciences. For instance, recent studies have shown that DNA molecules have different binding affinities and assume different conformations when adsorbed to different layer silicate surfaces. On certain crystals the electrostatic surface potential anisotropy is able to order and stretch the DNA filament and induce a natural change in its conformation. The active stretching of DNA on extensive layer silicates is a clear indication of the basic and technological potential carried by these minerals when used as substrates for biomolecules. Other examples including amino acids, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids and cells are discussed here. Finally, a comparison between experimental data and simulation is presented and discussed.
Functional STAT3 deficiency compromises the generation of human T follicular helper cells
Authors: Ma Cindy S. , Avery Danielle T. , Chan Anna , Batten Marcel , Bustamante Jacinta , Boisson-Dupuis Stephanie , Arkwright Peter D. , Kreins Alexandra Y. , Averbuch Diana , Engelhard Dan , Magdorf Klaus , Kilic Sara S. , Minegishi Yoshiyuki , Nonoyama Shigeaki , French Martyn A. , Choo Sharon , Smart Joanne M. , Peake Jane , Wong Melanie , Gray Paul , Cook Matthew C. , Fulcher David A. , Casanova Jean-Laurent , Deenick Elissa K. , Tangye Stuart G. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are critical for providing the necessary signals to induce differentiation of B cells into memory and Ab-secreting cells. Accordingly, it is important to identify the molecular requirements for Tfh cell development and function. We previously found that IL-12 mediates the differentiation of human CD4+ T cells to the Tfh lineage, because IL-12 induces naive human CD4+ T cells to acquire expression of IL-21, BCL6, ICOS, and CXCR5, which typify Tfh cells. We have now examined CD4+ T cells from patients deficient in IL-12Rβ1, TYK2, STAT1, and STAT3 to further explore the pathways involved in human Tfh cell differentiation. Although STAT1 was dispensable, mutations in IL12RB1, TYK2, or STAT3 compromised IL-12–induced expression of IL-21 by human CD4+ T cells. Defective expression of IL-21 by STAT3-deficient CD4+ T cells resulted in diminished B-cell helper activity in vitro. Importantly, mutations in STAT3, but not IL12RB1 or TYK2, also reduced Tfh cell generation in vivo, evidenced by decreased circulating CD4+CXCR5+ T cells. These results highlight the nonredundant role of STAT3 in human Tfh cell differentiation and suggest that defective Tfh cell development and/or function contributes to the humoral defects observed in STAT3-deficient patients.
Anti-CD20 (rituximab) therapy for anti–IFN-γ autoantibody–associated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection
Authors: Browne Sarah K. , Zaman Rifat , Sampaio Elizabeth P. , Jutivorakool Kamonwan , Rosen Lindsey B. , Ding Li , Pancholi Minjal J. , Yang Lauren M. , Priel Debra Long , Uzel Gulbu , Freeman Alexandra F. , Hayes Carlton E. , Baxter Roger , Cohen Stuart H. , Holland Steven M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Patients with anti–IFN-γ autoantibodies have impaired IFN-γ signaling, leading to severe disseminated infections with intracellular pathogens, especially nontuberculous mycobacteria. Disease may be severe and progressive, despite aggressive treatment. To address the underlying pathogenic IFN-γ autoantibodies we used the therapeutic monoclonal rituximab (anti-CD20) to target patient B cells. All subjects received between 8 and 12 doses of rituximab within the first year to maintain disease remission. Subsequent doses were given for relapsed infection. We report 4 patients with refractory disease treated with rituximab who had clinical and laboratory evidence of therapeutic response as determined by clearance of infection, resolution of inflammation, reduction of anti–IFN-γ autoantibody levels, and improved IFN-γ signaling.