bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
B1 mapping with selective pulses
Authors: Bouhrara Mustapha , Bonny Jean‐Marie 
Published: January 2012

AbstractKnowledge of B distribution is crucial for many applications, such as quantitative MRI. A novel method has been developed to improve the accuracy of the conventionally applied double‐angle method for B mapping. It solves the remaining issues raised by the use of selective pulses for slice selection to accelerate the acquisition process. A general approach for reconstructing B maps is presented first. It takes B‐induced slice profile distortions over off‐resonance frequencies into account. It is then shown how the ratio between the prescribed flip angles can be adjusted to reach a compromise between the level of noise propagated onto B maps and the width of the range in which the field can be mapped. Lastly, several solutions are proposed for reducing the B‐dependent pollution of regions distal to the image slice which participates significantly in the inaccuracy of B mapping. These methods were experimentally tested by comparison with gold standard B maps obtained on a phantom using a non‐selective and thus much slower technique. As they are independent and lead to significant improvements, these solutions can be combined to achieve high precision and fast B mapping using spin‐echo DAM. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early in vivo MR spectroscopy findings in organophosphate‐induced brain damage—potential biomarkers for short‐term survival
Authors: Shrot Shai , Anaby Debbie , Krivoy Amir , Makarovsky Igor , Rosman Yossi , Bloch‐Shilderman Eugenia , Lazar Shlomi , Bar‐shir Amnon , Cohen Yoram 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOrganophosphates are highly toxic substances, which cause severe brain damage. The hallmark of the brain injury is major convulsions. The goal of this study was to assess the spatial and temporal MR changes in the brain of paraoxon intoxicated rats. T2‐weighted MRI and 1H‐MR‐spectroscopy were conducted before intoxication, 3 h, 24 h, and 8 days postintoxication. T2 prolongation mainly in the thalami and cortex was evident as early as 3 h after intoxication (4–6% increase in T2 values, P < 0.05). On spectroscopy,
N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA)/creatine and NAA/choline levels significantly decreased 3 h postintoxication (>20% decrease, P < 0.005), and 3 h lactate peak was evident in all intoxicated animals. On the 8th day, although very little T2 changes were evident, NAA/creatine and choline/creatine were significantly decreased (>15%, P < 0.05). Animals who succumbed had extensive cortical edema, significant higher lactate levels and a significant decrease in NAA/creatine and NAA/choline levels compared to animals which survived the experiment. Organophosphates‐induced brain damage is obvious on MR data already 3 h postintoxication. In vivo spectroscopic changes are more sensitive for assessing long‐term injury than T2‐weighted MR imaging. Early spectroscopic findings might be used as biomarkers for the severity of the intoxication and might predict early survival. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Element agglomeration coarse Raviart–Thomas spaces with improved approximation properties
Authors: Lashuk I.V. , Vassilevski P.S. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYWe propose a new technique based on element agglomeration for constructing coarse subspaces of the lowest‐order tetrahedral Raviart–Thomas finite element space. The coarse spaces are spanned by local basis functions associated with each coarse face (i.e., with an interface between two agglomerated elements). Each such face is associated with up to four coarse basis functions. The support of these functions extends into the neighboring agglomerated elements, and the construction of these functions involves solution of certain local mixed finite element problem on each neighboring agglomerated element. In contrast to some previous work, the thus constructed coarse subspace exhibits improved approximation properties because under certain conditions, it locally contains (i.e., interpolates exactly) all vector constants. Our construction is general; in particular, we do not assume that the coarse faces are planar. Possible applications of the coarse Raviart–Thomas spaces are in constructing multigrid methods for the H(div) bilinear forms and (on the basis of the approximation properties of these spaces) in upscaling of mixed formulation of diffusion problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile design of biomaterials by ‘click’ chemistry
Authors: Hvilsted Søren 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe advent of the so‐called ‘click chemistry’ a decade ago has significantly improved the chemical toolbox for producing novel biomaterials. This review focuses primarily on the application of Cu(I)‐catalysed azide–alkyne 1,3‐cycloadditon in the preparation of numerous, diverse biomaterials and biomedical materials and concepts. In addition, the thiol–ene ‘click’ reaction is addressed in the same manner, and the possibility of using both click reactions orthogonally is highlighted. A strategy for the preparation of novel intriguing poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐based nanobiomaterials by orthogonal click chemistry is elaborated. The present state of creating functional and biologically active surfaces by click chemistry is presented. Finally, conducting surfaces based on an azide‐functionalized polymer with prospective biological sensor potential are introduced. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Chromium distribution in multicrystalline silicon: comparison of simulations and experiments
Authors: Schön Jonas , Habenicht Holger , Warta Wilhelm , Schubert Martin C. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWe studied the precipitation of chromium in multicrystalline silicon during the crystallization process and temperature treatments typical for solar cell processing. A model which was already successfully used for simulating heterogeneous precipitation of iron is transferred to chromium, allowing two‐dimensional simulations of dissolved chromium and precipitate density. The observed accordance with spatially resolved measurements demonstrates the similarity of chromium to iron precipitation and the ability of our model to predict the dissolved chromium concentration in multicrystalline silicon. After the crystallization process, a high impact of chromium on the carrier lifetime of wafers originating from an ingot intentionally contaminated with 20 ppma chromium in the melt was observed. The concentration of dissolved chromium was significantly reduced by phosphorus diffusion gettering or oxidation at 815°C. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissecting cell death with proteomic scalpels
Authors: Wang Li‐Shun , Xia Li , Shen Shao‐Min , Zheng Ying , Yu Yun , Chen Guo‐Qiang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractProgrammed cell deaths (PCD), including apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis, are genetically determined, complex processes in multi‐cellular organisms. Problems with the regulation of PCD have been implicated in a number of diseases including myocardial infarction, cancer and autoimmune disease. As a result, the investigation on PCD regulation has stirred considerable interest. In the past decades, many PCD‐involved proteins had been identified as being modulated by post‐translational mechanisms, including post‐translational modification, protein‐protein interactions and protein cleavage, which fall precisely within the range of proteomic analysis. Contemporary quantitative proteomics, interactomics, PTMomics, degradomics, chemical proteomics and pharmacoproteomics have been quickly applied in the field of PCD research, and possess the potential to be the driving forces of the field. This review attempts to highlight some of the major achievements in the application of proteomics in PCD research to trigger further thinking and application.
10‐GHz 4.69‐W/mm InAlN/GaN HFET on sapphire substrate
Authors: Feng Zhihong , Liu Bo , Yin Jiayun , Wang Jinjin , Gu Guodong , Dun Shaobo , Cai Shujun 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA high‐performance InAlN/GaN heterojunction ﬁeld effect transistor with a nominal gate length of 0.25 μm was fabricated on a sapphire substrate. Low defect density and low sheet resistance were obtained for the heterostructure under tests. The fabricated device exhibited a negligible current collapse, and remarkable RF characteristics, i.e. a maximum output power density of 4.69 W/mm at 10 GHz, a linear gain of 11.8 dB, and a peak power‐added efﬁciency of 48%, suggesting the extraordinary performances reachable by InAlN based technology. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extended X‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure Investigation of Annealed Carbon Expanded Austenite
Authors: Oddershede Jette , Christiansen Thomas L. , Ståhl Kenny , Somers Marcel A. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCarbon expanded austenite synthesized through carburizing of austenitic stainless steel powder at 380°C was annealed at 470°C and investigated with extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and synchrotron powder diffraction (SPD). SPD showed that the samples consisted of carbon expanded austenite and Hägg carbide, χ‐M5C2. EXAFS showed that the Cr atoms were mainly present in environments similar to the carbides Hägg χ‐M5C2 and M23C6. The environments of the Fe and Ni atoms were concluded to be largely metallic austenite.
Canopy characteristics affect reproductive success of golden‐cheeked warblers
Authors: Klassen Jessica A. , Morrison Michael L. , Mathewson Heather A. , Rosenthal Gil G. , Wilkins R. Neal 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe golden‐cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as endangered in 1990 due primarily to habitat loss and fragmentation, is a Neotropical migrant songbird that breeds exclusively in mature juniper–oak (Juniperus–Quercus) woodlands in central Texas, USA. Previous studies suggested suitable breeding habitat consists of >35% canopy closure (with 50–70% cover optimal), and ≥10% oak composition. However, little is known about this species' habitat relationships at the southwestern edge of its breeding range. Therefore, within this portion of the species' breeding range, we investigated influences of canopy closure and tree species composition on pairing and reproductive success of golden‐cheeked warblers during 2009 and 2010. We used remote sensing and ground sampling to acquire variables to describe habitat characteristics, and we estimated pairing for breeding and reproductive success by golden‐cheeked warblers. We found successfully breeding pairs in areas with >20% canopy cover, 35% juniper composition, and only 3% oak composition. A logistic model for pairing success retained juniper, oak, and the interaction between these 2 variables, and the model for reproductive success retained juniper, canopy closure, study area, and the interaction between canopy closure and study area. Our results expand our knowledge of habitat conditions that warblers use for breeding, thus expanding the range of habitat management options available for this species during breeding season. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Amputation du gland après circoncision
Authors: Mseddi M. A. , Chabchoub K. , Bouasida M. , Rebai N. , Hadjslimen M. , Bahloul A. , Mhiri M. N. 
Published: January 2012

RésuméIntroductionSous nos climats, la circoncision reste l’intervention la plus couramment pratiquée chez le garçon. Elle est souvent réalisée par un personnel paramédical non qualifié, ou même en dehors du milieu médical dont les notions de chirurgie et d’asepsie sont aléatoires. Elle est réputée comme chirurgie bénigne, mais des complications majeures parfois très graves, engageant le pronostic sexuel, voire vital, peuvent survenir. Le but de ce travail était de rapporter les amputations du gland secondaires à la circoncision et reçues en milieu hospitalier urologique.Patients et méthodeNous rapportons huit cas d’amputation du gland suite à une circoncision en milieu extrahospitalier selon les méthodes traditionnelles.RésultatsL’âge moyen des enfants est de six ans (trois à huit ans). L’amputation du gland était faite lors de la circoncision dans quatre cas, dont deux avec section complète. Dans les autres cas, il s’agissait d’une nécrose du gland à cause d’un arc électrique lors de l’utilisation inadéquate du bistouri électrique. Une reconstruction urgente du gland n’avait pu être réalisable que dans trois cas. Le gland sectionné dans le quatrième cas était de mauvaise qualité. On n’a noté qu’un seul succès de revascularisation du gland. Le délai de consultation en cas de nécrose du gland était de trois jours en moyenne. Le traitement n’avait consisté qu’en la réalisation d’une méatoplastie pour obtenir un méat urétral satisfaisant avec réfection de la peau pénienne.ConclusionLa section du gland demeure une complication, certes rare de la circoncision mais très grave, engageant le pronostic sexuel ultérieur de l’enfant. Cela rend cette intervention non anodine et doit inciter à ne la réaliser qu’en milieu spécialisé par un personnel compétent.
Aktive Gesundheitsförderung bei älteren Menschen - Erfahrungen aus dem Kinzigtal
Authors: Mnich Eva , Hofreuter-Götgens Kerstin , Knesebeck Olaf von dem 
Published: January 2012

Einleitung
Das Programm „Aktive Gesundheitsförderung im Alter“ (AGil) zielt auf Veränderungen in den Bereichen körperliche Aktivität, Ernährung und soziale Teilhabe. Das bereits in einem städtischen Kontext (Hamburg) erfolgreiche Programm wurde im ländlichen Raum (Kinzigtal) erprobt. Für die Prozessevaluation wurden die Zielgruppenerreichung, die Akzeptanz, förderliche und hemmende Faktoren der Durchführung sowie die Transferierbarkeit des Programms untersucht. Gegenstand der Ergebnisevaluation war ein Vorher-Nachher-Vergleich im Hinblick auf Zielbereiche der Intervention und den Gesundheitszustand.
A randomized study comparing plasma concentration of ropivacaine after local infiltration analgesia and femoral block in primary total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Affas Fatin , Stiller Carl-Olav , Nygårds Eva-Britt , Stephanson Niclas , Wretenberg Per , Olofsson Christina 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is difficult to control. A recently developed and increasingly popular method for postoperative analgesia following knee and hip arthroplasty is Local Infiltration Analgesia (LIA) with ropivacaine, ketorolac and epinephrine. This method is considered to have certain advantages, which include administration at the site of traumatized tissue, minimal systemic side effects, faster postoperative mobilization, earlier postoperative discharge from hospital and less opioid consumption. One limitation, which may prevent the widespread use of LIA is the lack of information regarding plasma concentrations of ropivacaine and ketorolac.
The aim of this academically initiated study was to detect any toxic or near-toxic plasma concentrations of ropivacaine and ketorolac following LIA after TKA.

Methods
Forty patients scheduled for primary total knee arthroplasty under spinal anaesthesia, were randomized to receive either local infiltration analgesia with a mixture of ropivacaine 300 mg, ketorolac 30mg and epinephrine or repeated femoral nerve block with ropivacaine in combination with three doses of 10mg intravenous ketorolac according to clinical routine. Plasma concentration of ropivacaine and ketorolac were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS).

Results
The maximal detected ropivacaine plasma level in the LIA group was not statistically higher than in the femoral block group using the Mann–Whitney U-test (p = 0.08). However, the median concentration in the LIA group was significantly higher than in the femoral block group (p < 0.0001; Mann–Whitney U-test).
The maximal plasma concentrations of ketorolac following administration of 30mg according to the LIA protocol were detected 1 h or 2 h after release of the tourniquet in the LIA group: 152–958 ng/ml (95% CI: 303–512 ng/ml; n = 20). The range of the plasma concentration of ketorolac 2–3 h after injection of a single dose of 10mg was 57–1216 ng/ml (95% CI: 162–420 ng/ml; n = 20).

Conclusion
During the first 24 h plasma concentration of ropivacaine seems to be lower after repeated femoral block than after LIA. Since the maximal ropivacaine level following LIA is detected around 4–6 h after release of the tourniquet, cardiac monitoring should cover this interval. Regarding ketorolac, our preliminary data indicate that the risk for concentration dependent side effects may be highest during the first hours after release of the tourniquet.

Implication
Femoral block may be the preferred method for postoperative analgesia in patients with increased risk for cardiac side effects from ropivacaine. Administration of a booster dose of ketorolac shortly after termination of the surgical procedure if LIA was used may result in an increased risk for toxicity.
Transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of major depression: a meta-analysis
Authors: Kalu U. G. , Sexton C. E. , Loo C. K. , Ebmeier K. P. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundSo far, no comprehensive answer has emerged to the question of whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can make a clinically useful contribution to the treatment of major depression. We aim to present a systematic review and meta-analysis of tDCS in the treatment of depression.MethodMedline and Embase were searched for open-label and randomized controlled trials of tDCS in depression using the expressions (‘transcranial direct current stimulation’ or ‘tDCS’) and (‘depression’ or ‘depressed’). Study data were extracted with a standardized data sheet. For randomized controlled trials, effect size (Hedges' g) was calculated and the relationships between study variables and effect size explored using meta-regression.ResultsA total of 108 citations were screened and 10 studies included in the systematic review. Six randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis, with a cumulative sample of 96 active and 80 sham tDCS courses. Active tDCS was found to be more effective than sham tDCS for the reduction of depression severity (Hedges' g=0.743, 95% confidence interval 0.21–1.27), although study results differed more than expected by chance (Q=15.52, df=6, p=0.017, I2=61.35). Meta-regression did not reveal any significant correlations.ConclusionsOur study was limited by the small number of studies included, which often had small sample size. Future studies should use larger, if possible representative, health service patient samples, and optimized protocols to evaluate the efficacy of tDCS in the treatment of depression further.
Evidence for 13‐carbon enrichment in oxalic acid via iron catalyzed photolysis in aqueous phase
Authors: Pavuluri Chandra Mouli , Kawamura Kimitaka 
Published: January 2012

To investigate the effect of photochemical aging on the stable carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) of oxalic acid (OxA), a dominant organic species in atmospheric aerosols, we conducted a laboratory photolysis of OxA under H2O2‐Fe3+(Fe2+)‐UV system in aqueous phase and measuredδ13C of remaining OxA. Our results showed that a significant photolysis of OxA occurred with OH radical but the isotopic fractionation of OxA was insignificant. In contrast, in the presence of Fe3+ (Fe2+), we found a significant enrichment of 13C in remaining OxA. We also found that kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of OxA largely depends on photochemical age (irradiation time) and concentration ratios of OxA to iron; 3.20 ± 0.49‰ (2.18 ± 1.18‰) and 21.62 ± 5.41‰ in 90 min and 180 min irradiation, in which OxA and Fe3+ (Fe2+) ratios were 50:1 and 200:1, respectively. The enrichment of 13C in remaining OxA was more significant during the photolysis catalyzed by Fe3+ (7‰) than by Fe2+ (3‰) in 90 min irradiation when OxA and iron ratios are the same (50:1). This study provides a laboratory evidence for the isotopic enrichment of 13C in OxA with photochemical aging. This approach is useful for better interpretation of atmospheric isotopic measurements in terms of the extent of atmospheric processing of aerosols.
High resolution three‐dimensional X‐ray diffraction study of dislocations in grains of MgGeO3 post‐perovskite at 90 GPa
Authors: Nisr Carole , Ribárik Gábor , Ungár Tamás , Vaughan Gavin B. M. , Cordier Patrick , Merkel Sébastien 
Published: January 2012

MgGeO3 post‐perovskite (pPv) is a lower pressure analogue of MgSiO3‐pPv, which is believed to be the main constituent of the Earth's D″ layer. Understanding the physical properties of this phase is critical to explain seismological observations as seismic anisotropy is likely linked to lattice preferred orientation in post‐perovskite, which is governed by the motion of defects such as dislocations. Here, we apply in‐situ three‐dimensional X‐ray diffraction to a polycrystalline sample of MgGeO3‐pPv at 90 GPa. We demonstrate how the method can be used to follow individual grains within the material, including their individual orientations, positions, and strain tensors. We then use X‐ray line profile analysis to characterize dislocations in the grains. The most probable slip systems are
〈110〉 gliding on
or (001) and [110](001), with a smaller contribution of [100](001) and [001] dislocations. These slip systems are shown to be consistent with observations of seismic anisotropy in D″.
Dinitrogen fixation in a unicellular chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium
Authors: Pfreundt Ulrike , Stal Lucas J , Voß Björn , Hess Wolfgang R 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Marine cyanobacteria of the genus Acaryochloris are the only known organisms that use chlorophyll d as a photosynthetic pigment. However, based on chemical sediment analyses, chlorophyll d has been recognized to be widespread in oceanic and lacustrine environments. Therefore it is highly relevant to understand the genetic basis for different physiologies and possible niche adaptation in this genus. Here we show that unlike all other known isolates of Acaryochloris, the strain HICR111A, isolated from waters around Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, possesses a unique genomic region containing all the genes for the structural and enzymatically active proteins of nitrogen fixation and cofactor biosynthesis. Their phylogenetic analysis suggests a close relation to nitrogen fixation genes from certain other marine cyanobacteria. We show that nitrogen fixation in Acaryochloris sp. HICR111A is regulated in a light–dark-dependent fashion. We conclude that nitrogen fixation, one of the most complex physiological traits known in bacteria, might be transferred among oceanic microbes by horizontal gene transfer more often than anticipated so far. Our data show that the two powerful processes of oxygenic photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation co-occur in one and the same cell also in this branch of marine microbes and characterize Acaryochloris as a physiologically versatile inhabitant of an ecological niche, which is primarily driven by the absorption of far-red light.