bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical computation of solitary waves in a two-layer fluid
Authors: Woolfenden H. C. , Pǎrǎu E. I. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe consider steady two-dimensional flow in a two-layer fluid under the effects of gravity and surface tension. The upper fluid is bounded above by a free surface and the lower fluid is bounded below by a rigid bottom. We assume the fluids to be inviscid and the flow to be irrotational in each layer. Solitary wave solutions are found to the fully nonlinear problem using a boundary integral method based on the Cauchy integral formula. The behaviour of the solitary waves on the interface and free surface is determined by the density ratio of the two fluids, the fluid depth ratio, the Froude number and the Bond numbers. The dispersion relation obtained for the linearized equations demonstrates the presence of two modes: a ‘slow’ mode and a ‘fast’ mode. When a sufficiently strong surface tension is present only on the free surface, there is a region, or ‘gap’, between the two modes where no linear periodic waves are found. In-phase and out-of-phase solitary waves are computed in this spectral gap. Damped oscillations appear in the tails of the solitary waves when the value of the free-surface Bond number is either sufficiently small or large. The out-of-phase waves broaden as the Froude number tends towards a critical value. When surface tension is present on both surfaces, out-of-phase solitary waves are computed. Damped oscillations occur in the tails of the waves when the interfacial Bond number is sufficiently small. Oppositely oriented solitary waves are shown to coexist for identical parameter values.
Magnetohydrodynamic convectons
Authors: Lo Jacono David , Bergeon Alain , Knobloch Edgar 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNumerical continuation is used to compute branches of spatially localized structures in convection in an imposed vertical magnetic field. In periodic domains with finite spatial period, these branches exhibit slanted snaking and consist of localized states of even and odd parity. The properties of these states are analysed and related to existing asymptotic approaches valid either at small amplitude (Cox and Matthews, Physica D, vol. 149, 2001, p. 210), or in the limit of small magnetic diffusivity (Dawes, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 570, 2007, p. 385). The transition to standard snaking with increasing domain size is explored.
Direct numerical simulation of the flow over a sphere at Re = 3700 – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Rodriguez Ivette , Borrell Ricard , Lehmkuhl Oriol , Perez Segarra Carlos D. , Oliva Assensi 
Published: November 2011

In the published article Rodriguez et al. (2011) one of the author’s names was misspelled and should have read Ricard Borrell.
Simulation of total dietary iodine intake in Flemish preschool children
Authors: Vandevijvere Stefanie , Lin Y. , Moreno-Reyes R. , Huybrechts I. 
Published: November 2011

The aim of the present study was to calculate the distribution of total iodine intake among Flemish preschoolers and to identify the major sources contributing to iodine intake. A simulation model using a combination of deterministic and probabilistic techniques was utilised. Scenario analyses were performed to assess iodine intake via dairy products, industrially added iodised salt in bread and discretionarily added iodised household salt. Relevant data from 3-d estimated dietary records of 696 preschoolers 2·5–6·5 years old were used. Usual iodine intakes were calculated using the Iowa State University method. With a more generalised utilisation of iodised salt in bread (44 % of the bakers in 2011 instead of 12 % in 2002), mean iodine intake increased from 159 to 164 μg/d using the McCance and Widdowson's food composition table and from 104 to 109 μg/d using the German food composition table. The percentage of preschoolers with an iodine intake below the estimated average requirement (65 μg/d) decreased from 5–12 to 4–9 %, while the percentage of preschoolers with an iodine intake above the tolerable upper intake level (300 μg/d) remained constant (0·3–4 %). Mean iodine intake via food supplements was 4·2 μg/d (total population) and 16·9 μg/d (consumers only). Both in 2002 and 2011, sugared dairy products, milk and iodised salt (21·4, 13·1, and 8·7 %, respectively in 2011) were the main contributors to total iodine intake. In conclusion, dietary iodine intake could still be improved in Flemish preschoolers. The use of adequately iodised household salt and the more generalised use of iodised salt by bakers should be further encouraged.
THE GREEK-PLAY BISHOP: POLEMIC, PROSOPOGRAPHY, AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY PRELATES
Authors: BURNS ARTHUR , STRAY CHRISTOPHER 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTDiscussions of classical scholarship and of the Anglican church in Victorian England have both at times identified an ‘age of the Greek-play bishop’ during which there was a close relationship between classical distinction and episcopal promotion. Closer investigation reveals few prelates fitting the description. This article explains this paradox by tracing the idea of the ‘Greek-play bishop’ across a variety of nineteenth-century literatures, in the process suggesting the significance more generally of the migration of ideas between overlapping Victorian print cultures. The article demonstrates how the concept originated in the radical critique of Old Corruption around 1830, before in the 1840s and 1850s satirists (notably Sydney Smith) adopted it in ad personam assaults on two bishops, J. H. Monk and C. J. Blomfield. In the 1860s, the concept became a less polemical category in the context of more wide-ranging analyses of the composition of the episcopate, gradually acquiring an elegiac aspect as new intellectual challenges arose to Victorian Christianity. By 1900, the ‘Greek-play bishop’ had begun to find the place in the conceptual armoury of historians of the nineteenth-century church that it would hold for much of the twentieth century, its polemical origins long forgotten.
AFRICAN AMERICANS AND PAROLE IN DEPRESSION-ERA NEW YORK
Authors: CAMPBELL JAMES 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn the first half of the twentieth century, parole in the Deep South of the United States was part of a nexus of penal mechanisms providing white employers with a pliant black labour force. By contrast, in New York, which was at the forefront of innovations in parole policy, there was a surprising interracial consensus among white parole administrators and politicians, civil rights activists, and black prisoners themselves that the African American community was integral to parole administration and success. This article explores why different constituencies supported this consensus through debates on parole in the black press and via the desperate, and invariably futile, letters that prisoners wrote to the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). These sources also indicate that, for black prisoners in New York, African American influence over the parole system was routinely constrained by widespread black poverty, racial segregation, and discrimination in employment.
‘MACMILLAN, VERWOERD, AND THE 1960 ‘WIND OF CHANGE’ SPEECH
Authors: DUBOW SAUL 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTJust over fifty years ago, Prime Minister Macmillan made an extensive tour of Africa, culminating in his ‘wind of change’ speech in Cape Town, 1960. This article traces Macmillan's progress through Africa with particular emphasis on his intervention in South African politics. It offers a novel reading of the ‘wind of change’ speech, arguing that the message was far more conciliatory with respect to white South African interests than is usually assumed. Pragmatism rather than principle was always the prime consideration. Far from being cowed by Macmillan's oratory or his message, Verwoerd stood up to Macmillan and, at least in the eyes of his supporters, gave as good as he got. The shock of the ‘wind of change’ speech was more evident in Britain and in British settler regions of Africa than in South Africa. Macmillan's advisers had an inflated view of the import of the speech and in many ways misread Verwoerd's brand of Afrikaner nationalism. One of the consequences of the speech was to embolden Verwoerd politically, and to prepare him for the declaration of republican status in 1961 and departure from the commonwealth.
A SUBSTITUTE END FOR SOCIALISM? F. A. HAYEK AND KEYNESIAN FULL-EMPLOYMENT POLICY
Authors: FARRANT ANDREW , McPHAIL EDWARD 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a caveat to Ben Jackson's article ‘At the origins of neo-liberalism’. Though agreeing with Jackson that many early market liberals did not particularly object to Keynesian policy and the nascent welfare state, we make use of archival and published material to help shed light on F. A. Hayek's assessment of Keynesian policy. In particular, we argue that Hayek had adopted a negative view of Keynesian policy and the welfare state as early as the mid- to late 1940s.
Course trajectories of unipolar depressive disorders identified by latent class growth analysis
Authors: Rhebergen D. , Lamers F. , Spijker J. , de Graaf R. , Beekman A. T. F. , Penninx B. W. J. H. 
Published: November 2011

BackgroundCurrent classification of unipolar depression reflects the idea that prognosis is essential. However, do DSM categories of major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder (Dysth) and double depression (DD=MDD+Dysth) indeed adequately represent clinically relevant course trajectories of unipolar depression? Our aim was to test DSM categories (MDD, Dysth and DD) in comparison with empirically derived prognostic categories, using a prospectively followed cohort of depressed patients.MethodA large sample (n=804) of out-patients with unipolar depression were derived from a prospective cohort study, the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA). Using latent class growth analysis (LCGA), empirically derived 2-year course trajectories were constructed. These were compared with DSM diagnoses and a wider set of putative predictors for class membership.ResultsFive course trajectories were identified, ranging from mild severity and rapid remission to high severity and chronic course trajectory. Contrary to expectations, more than 50% of Dysth and DD were allocated to classes with favorable course trajectories, suggesting that current DSM categories do not adequately represent course trajectories. The class with the most favorable course trajectory differed on several characteristics from other classes (younger age, more females, less childhood adversity, less somatic illnesses, lower neuroticism, higher extraversion). Older age, earlier age of onset and lower extraversion predicted poorest course trajectory.ConclusionsMDD, Dysth and DD did not adequately match empirically derived course trajectories for unipolar depression. For the future classification of unipolar depression, it may be wise to retain the larger, heterogeneous category of unipolar depression, adopting cross-cutting dimensions of severity and duration to further characterize patients.
Assessing the Added Value of an EU Agency for Aviation Safety
Authors: Schout Adriaan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIrrespective of the level of government, public officials increasingly face the challenge of evaluating and making choices between more instruments. Agencies are intended to be a new and different type of governance instrument offering prospects for stronger input from experts, greater transparency and depoliticised decisions. Using ‘legitimacy’ as the framework, this study compares an agency (European Aviation Safety Agency) to comitology and its predecessor (a sui generis intergovernmental regulatory network). Although EASA is often heralded as a major change, the conclusions here are that its predecessor was quite effective and that comitology has been greatly improved and could have been explored as alternative instrument. Therefore, the agency solution was neither unavoidable nor necessarily better.
Fuzzy Rule Based Classification and Quantification of Graphite Inclusions from Microstructure Images of Cast Iron
Authors: Prakash Pattan , Mytri V.D. , Hiremath P.S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe quantification of three classes of graphite inclusions in cast iron, namely, nodular, flake, and irregular, is the most important process in the foundry industry. This classification is based on the ISO 945 proposed morphology of graphite inclusions. This work presents a novel solution for automatic quantitative analysis of graphite inclusions into the three mentioned classes. The proposed work comprises three stages, namely, preprocessing of micrographs, classification of graphite inclusions, and then quantification of inclusions in each class. An effort has been made in this work to propose a minimum set of features to represent graphite inclusion morphology. The method employs just two geometric shape descriptors: the diameter ratio and the area ratio. A fuzzy rule based classifier is built using known feature values that are efficient in the classification of the three classes of graphite inclusions. The proposed method is automatic, fast, and provides the basis for determining many more morphological parameters that can be determined with the least effort. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared with the manual method. It is observed that the results obtained from the proposed method are useful in the optimization of cast iron manufacturing in the foundry industry.
Profitability of organic and conventional soybean production under ‘green payments’ in carbon offset programs
Authors: Singerman Ariel , Delate Kathleen , Chase Craig , Greene Catherine , Livingston Michael , Lence Sergio , Hart Chad 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEmphasis on reducing emissions from the greenhouse gases (GHG), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) has increased in recent years in the USA, primarily for industry, transportation, energy and agricultural sectors. In this study, we utilized on-farm data collected by the USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS), secured under an agreement with the USDA-Economic Research Service (ERS) to analyze the profitability of organic and conventional soybean production, based on changes that ‘green payments’ in a cap-and-trade system would introduce in agricultural markets in the USA. In particular, the analysis focused on establishing whether organic producers would be better positioned to sequester carbon (C) and reap the benefits of the C-offset scheme compared to conventional producers, given the differences in costs, management practices and environmental benefits between organic and conventional production methods. We estimated several changes in profitability of soybean producers according to management practices, incentives for the generation of offset credits, and increase in energy input prices that a potential cap-and-trade system may introduce in future agricultural markets in the USA. Survey data suggested that even with lower yields, conventional producers could profit from converting to organic agriculture, given organic price premiums. In addition, taking into consideration both direct and indirect costs, average cost for conventional-till (CT) organic soybean production was approximately 9% lower than no-till (NT) conventional production. With a C market and payments for soil C sequestration through potential Clean Energy legislation, additional profit could be accrued by organic producers, because organic production would have 28% greater ton CO2 eq. acre−1 yr−1 sequestration than conventional NT. Thus, the environmental benefits from GHG reduction could incentivize increased conversion from conventional to organic production across the USA.
The growth effects of institutional instability
Authors: BERGGREN NICLAS , BERGH ANDREAS , BJØRNSKOV CHRISTIAN 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:We study the effects of institutional instability on growth. Using principal components analysis, we construct measures of institutional quality and instability from the political risk index of the International Country Risk Guide. A panel-data analysis of 132 countries during 1984–2004 reveals that institutional quality, especially with regard to the legal system and the protection of property rights, is positively linked to growth. As for institutional instability, we find evidence of a positive relationship in rich countries but a negative link in poor countries, suggesting that instability may reduce problems of institutional sclerosis in the former and that instability primarily entails an increase in transactions costs and uncertainty in the latter.
Food Physical Chemistry and Biophysical Chemistry (v2)
Authors: Baianu I. C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFood Physical Chemistry is considered to be a branch of Food Chemistry^1,2^ concerned with the study of both physical and chemical interactions in foods in terms of physical and chemical principles applied to food systems, as well as the applications of physical/chemical techniques and instrumentation for the study of foods^3,4,5,6^. This field encompasses the "physiochemical principles of the reactions and conversions that occur during the manufacture, handling, and storage of foods"^7^. Two rapidly growing, related areas are Food Biotechnology and Food Biophysical Chemistry.
Application of Phase Diagrams in Co-crystal Search and Preparation
Authors: Rager Timo , Hilfiker Rolf 
Published: November 2011

Typical selection criteria for co-crystal formers include toxicological considerations, physico-chemical properties such as water solubility, and the functional groups that are available for interaction with the substance to be co-crystallized (e.g., a drug substance). Some degree of predictability for the formation of a crystalline multi-component compound is often claimed for certain combinations of functional groups. The expression crystal engineering has been coined for this strategy and combined with the concept of synthons from organic chemistry. Computer modeling may further improve the predictive potential based on interaction energies and steric aspects.
Thermodynamic considerations offer a complementary approach for targeted co-crystal search and development. They can provide selection criteria for suitable co-crystal formers and can also help to predict the most promising preparation conditions. This includes the potential to reduce experimental effort in co-crystal search and crystallization optimization significantly. Phase diagrams are the method of choice for visualizing the thermodynamic relationships and simplifying their application. Phase diagrams are thus a powerful and intuitive tool for planning co-crystal screenings and crystallization optimizations.
Fostering social competence in translation studies
Authors: Krajcso Zita 
Published: November 2011

Social competence for translators? Is social competence not a privilege for students of medicine, pedagogy and economics? Is translation not a course of studies preferred by students who are shy and introverted? By students lacking self-confidence? Hiding themselves as translators behind the computer, isolated from the outside world? Obviously this image of the translation profession belongs to the past, before the information age. Globalization and worldwide competition influence the language mediation market, which is programmed for perpetual change. But, to what extent are translation education programmes ready to meet the ongoing, changing needs of the market, which call for able and well-qualified translators?<p>Indeed, if translation education wants to succeed, it should keep up with the current market and equip students not only with strong skills but also with social competence to meet the needs of society. But can social competence be taught? And which methods are appropriate in translation studies to convey it? These questions will be discussed in this paper.<p>While social competence is now commonly employed in the fields of economy and pedagogy, there has not yet been any significant movement to introduce this approach in the area of translation training programmes. I will present some recommendations based on the results of an empirical study. As the study was carried out in the course “oral communication” at the Centre for Translation Studies, University of Vienna, the attention is focused on the German-speaking environment, especially on the Austrian context.<p>
A comparative study of English translations of Lu Xun’s works
Authors: Xiaomin Xu 
Published: November 2011

This paper compares three translators, Chi-chen Wang, the Yangs, and William A Lyell, who translated Lu Xun, the most important and a canonized Chinese writer in the twentieth century, so as to examine how non-linguistic factors affect translation.<p>Beginning from the introduction of the divergence of the translators’ identities, motivations and socio-cultural background, the paper analyzes the reasons of their preferences in selections of originals, different translation strategies and different translation products.<p>To introduce real China to the Americans in the 1920s, Wang translated the best stories of Lu Xun into fluent American English, with the difficult and unimportant cultural terms simplified or omitted. The Yangs worked for a nation-sponsored publishing house on mainland China and their translations of Lu Xun in the 1960s were attached with much political significance, which partly explained the closeness and literalness of their translation. While Lyell, an American scholar translating Lu Xun in the 1990s, is more scholarly in his translation, containing very detailed explanations and notes of cultural elements.<p>This paper is not to judge but to find out how translations are like what they are under certain circumstances and in certain historical periods.