bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speaker commitment: Back to the speaker. Evidence from Spanish alternations
Authors: Cornillie Bert , Delbecque Nicole 
Published: May 2012

This paper proposes an alternative cognitive account of the notion of speaker commitment in terms of speaker involvement and processing. The focus will be on the role of the speaker as conceptualizer. Invoking conceptualizer-related processing instead of speaker commitment has the advantage of avoiding reliance on non-speakerrelated dimensions to determine degrees of speaker commitment for introducing some propositional content. Our theoretical claim is based on two case studies from Spanish.
First, canonical direct que ‘that’-clauses and oblique de que ‘of that’-clauses present an occasional switch to the alternate oblique and non-oblique construction, known as dequeísmo and queísmo, respectively. Dequeísmo has hitherto been related to notions such as doubt, hearsay, or distancing, i.e., to weak speaker commitment. Context analysis, however, shows that this approach is descriptively inadequate and that the phenomenon can best be accounted for in terms of speaker involvement: the speaker-conceptualizer is highly involved in selective information retrieval. Queísmo, by contrast, minimizes stage-managing, thus yielding low speaker involvement. In both cases, the relative strength of the speaker’s commitment is to be inferred on other grounds.
Second, the Spanish modals poder, deber and tener que have been described in terms of weak, intermediate and strong speaker commitment. Yet, it will be shown that speaker involvement in downplaying the force structure decreases from poder to tener que. The more the deontic background can be subjectified the more the speaker is involved in the subjective construal. Here, weak commitment thus correlates with strong speaker involvement, and vice versa.
‘A path in the woods’: Child psychotherapists’ participation in a large randomised controlled trial
Authors: Henton Isabel , Midgley Nick 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Much literature is devoted to the gap between clinical practice and research, particularly outcome research in the form of the randomised controlled trial (RCT). However, the RCT's central role in health services policy has increasingly led to calls for psychotherapists of all theoretical backgrounds to participate in RCT research. Aims: This study explored how actual participation in outcome research may change clinicians’ attitudes towards this type of research. The specific focus is on psychoanalytic child psychotherapists’ experiences of participation in a large‐scale RCT in the UK studying the effectiveness of treatments for adolescent depression. Method: Five child psychotherapists were interviewed towards the end of the planning stage of the trial, and transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Findings: Many child psychotherapists found their experience of participation in outcome research transformative, and the study identified six key ‘stages’ in the story of their evolving attitudes to outcome research. Discussion: The contribution of this study to ongoing debates about the relationship between psychotherapy research and practice is discussed.
Noxious Stimulation Attenuates Ketamine-induced Neuroapoptosis in the Developing Rat Brain
Authors: Liu Jia-Ren , Liu Qian , Li Jing , Baek Chongwha , Han Xiao Hui , Athiraman Umeshkumar , Soriano Sulpicio G. 
Published: May 2012

Background
Ketamine induces neuroapoptosis in neonatal rodents. However, these experimental paradigms were performed without concurrent noxious stimulation, a condition that does not reflect the interaction of anesthesia and surgical stimulation. Noxious stimulation with and without concurrent analgesic drugs has been shown to have divergent patterns of neuronal activation and cell death. We hypothesized that concurrent noxious stimulation would attenuate ketamine-induced caspase-3 activation.

Methods
Postnatal day 7 Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomized to a 6-h exposure to ketamine with and without peripheral noxious stimulation by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. A cohort of naïve rat pups with and without complete Freund's adjuvant injections served as control subjects. Neuroapoptosis was measured by cleaved caspase-3 expression and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling staining. In order to determine if concurrent noxious simulation altered the expression of cell survival and cell cycle proteins, levels of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3β and cyclin D1 were measured.

Results
Ketamine induced a significant increase in cleaved caspase-3 expression and terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase mediated 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nick end labeling staining with increases in cyclin D1 levels. Concurrent noxious stimulation with ketamine attenuated caspase-3 activation and maintained cyclin D1 levels. Phosphorylation of protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3β was not definitively altered under these conditions.

Conclusion
The administration of ketamine with concurrent noxious stimulation results in the attenuation of the neuroapoptotic response. These findings suggest that concurrent surgery and procedural pain attenuates ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis.
Peptic ulcer bleeding in patients with or without cirrhosis: different diseases but the same prognosis?
Authors: Rudler M. , Rousseau G. , Benosman H. , Massard J. , Deforges L. , Lebray P. , Poynard T. , Thabut D. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackgroundPhysiopathology and prognosis of peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) have never been described in cirrhotic patients.AimTo assess risk factors and outcome of PUB in two groups of patients with PUB with or without cirrhosis.MethodsWe included prospectively all patients with PUB referred to our ICU of Hepatology and Gastroenterology between January 2008 and March 2011. All patients were treated according to international recommendations. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was based on clinical, biological and morphological exams. Aetiologies, characteristics and outcomes of PUB were compared in cirrhotic vs. noncirrhotic patients.ResultsA total of 203 patients with PUB were included prospectively. Twenty‐nine patients had cirrhosis (group Cirr+), and 174 patients had no cirrhosis (group Cirr−). Demographic data were similar between the two groups except for age and alcohol consumption. Aetiology of cirrhosis was alcohol in 97% of cirrhotic patients. Characteristics of PUB were not different between the two groups. Ninety‐three per cent of patients with cirrhosis had endoscopic portal hypertension. Aetiology of PUB was different between the group Cirr+ and Cirr− (Helicobacter pylori = 10.3% vs. 48.8%, P < 0.0001; NSAID's = 17.2% vs. 54.0%, P < 0.0001; idiopathic PUB = 79.3% vs. 23.8%, P < 0.0001). Outcome was comparable concerning re‐bleeding (7.0% vs. 6.9%, P = 0.31), need for arterial embolisation (10.3 vs. 8.6%, P = 0.76), need for salvage surgery (0 vs. 1.7%, P = 0.31) and mortality (3.0% vs. 1.1%, P = 0.87).ConclusionsPhysiopathology of PUB seems to be different in patients with cirrhosis. In cirrhotic patients, PUB occurs almost only in alcoholics. In our series, prognosis was similar to general population. PUB in cirrhosis might be related to portal hypertension and/or alcohol.
Single oral doses of netazepide (YF476), a gastrin receptor antagonist, cause dose‐dependent, sustained increases in gastric pH compared with placebo and ranitidine in healthy subjects
Authors: Boyce M. , David O. , Darwin K. , Mitchell T. , Johnston A. , Warrington S. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackgroundNonclinical studies have shown netazepide (YF476) to be a potent, selective, competitive and orally active gastrin receptor antagonist.AimTo administer to humans for the first time single oral doses of netazepide, to assess their tolerability, safety, pharmacokinetics and effect on 24‐h gastric pH.MethodsWe did two randomised double‐blind single‐dose studies in healthy subjects. The first (n = 12) was a six‐way incomplete crossover pilot study of rising doses of netazepide (range 0.5–100 mg) and placebo. The second (n = 20) was a five‐way complete crossover study of netazepide 5, 25 and 100 mg, ranitidine 150 mg and placebo. In both trials we collected frequent blood samples, measured plasma netazepide and calculated pharmacokinetic parameters. In the comparative trial we measured gastric pH continuously for 24 h and compared treatments by percentage time gastric pH ≥4.ResultsNetazepide was well tolerated. Median t
max and t
½ for the 100 mg dose were about 1 and 7 h, respectively, and the pharmacokinetics were dose‐proportional. Netazepide and ranitidine each increased gastric pH. Onset of activity was similarly rapid for both. All netazepide doses were more effective than placebo (P ≤ 0.023). Compared with ranitidine, netazepide 5 mg was as effective, and netazepide 25 and 100 mg were much more effective (P ≤ 0.010), over the 24 h after dosing. Activity of ranitidine lasted about 12 h, whereas that of netazepide exceeded 24 h.ConclusionsIn human: netazepide is an orally active gastrin antagonist, and gastrin has a major role in controlling gastric acidity. Repeated‐dose studies are justified. NCT01538784 and NCT01538797.
Elevated circulating tissue factor procoagulant activity, factor VII, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 in childhood obesity: evidence of a procoagulant state
Authors: Singh Anamika , Foster Gary D. , Gunawardana Jay , McCoy Tara Alexis , Nguyen Tina , Vander Veur Stephanie , Komaroff Eugene , Rao Angara Koneti 
Published: May 2012

SummaryChildhood obesity is rapidly increasing in prevalence. We compared circulating membrane‐bound tissue factor (FIII, F3) procoagulant activity (TF‐PCA) and plasma markers of coagulation, fibrinolysis and endothelial dysfunction in 21 obese (10·1 ± 1·5 years, mean ± standard deviation) and 22 healthy weight children (9·9 ± 1·6 years), classified by Body Mass Index (BMI). TF‐PCA and factor VII coagulant activity (FVII:C), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI‐1, SERPINE1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM1) were higher in obese children. BMI correlated positively with TF‐PCA, FVII:C, and PAI‐1. Childhood obesity is associated with a procoagulant state and endothelial dysfunction. Studies are needed to assess whether weight reduction reverses these abnormalities.
Prenatal and postnatal probiotics reduces maternal but not childhood allergic diseases: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Ou C.‐Y. , Kuo H.‐C. , Wang L. , Hsu T.‐Y. , Chuang H. , Liu C.‐A. , Chang J.‐C. , Yu H.‐R. , Yang K. D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of atopic diseases has increased rapidly in recent decades globally. The administration of probiotics to reduce gastrointestinal inflammation has been popular, but its role in the prevention or treatment of allergic disease remains controversial. This study evaluated the effectiveness of prenatal and postnatal probiotics in the prevention of early childhood and maternal allergic diseases.MethodsIn a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, pregnant women with atopic diseases determined by history, total immunoglobulin (Ig)E > 100 kU/L, and/or positive specific IgE were assigned to receive either probiotics (Lactobacillus GG; ATCC 53103; 1 × 1010 colony‐forming units daily) or placebo from the second trimester of pregnancy. Both of clinical evaluation performed by questionnaires concerning any allergic symptoms and plasma total IgE, and allergen‐specific IgE were obtained in high‐risk parents and children at 0, 6, 18, and 36 months of age. The primary and secondary outcomes were the point and cumulative prevalence of sensitization and developing of allergic diseases, and improvement of maternal allergic symptom score and plasma immune parameters before and after intervention, respectively.ResultsIn total, 191 pregnant women (LGG group, n = 95; control group, n = 96) were enrolled. No significant effects of prenatal and postnatal probiotics supplementation on sensitization, development of allergic diseases, and maternal IgE levels between placebo and LGG groups. Symptoms of maternal allergic scores improved significantly in the LGG group (P = 0.002). Maternal allergic diseases improvement was more prominent in pregnant women with IgE > 100 kU/L (P = 0.01) and significantly associated with higher interleukin‐12p70 levels (P = 0.013).ConclusionsLGG administration beginning at the second trimester of pregnancy reduced the severity of maternal allergic disease through increment of Th1 response, but not the incidence of childhood allergic sensitization or allergic diseases (ClinicalTrials.govnumber, IDNCT00325273).
Physiological significance of alternatively spliced exon combinations of the single‐copy gene class A chitin synthase in the insect Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Qu M. , Yang Q. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInsect chitin synthase is an essential enzyme involved in chitin biosynthesis in insects. Chitin synthase A (CHSA) is expressed in different insect tissues during different developmental stages. CHSA contains alternative‐splicing exons that allow tissue‐ and development‐specific chitin synthesis. Here, we report that OfCHSA from the lepidopteran Ostrinia furnacalis contains two alternative‐splicing exons, exons 2a and 2b and exons 19a and 19b. Although four combinations of these exons are theoretically possible, we found that transcripts containing exon 2a were dominant during most developmental stages, including embryonic development, larval−larval moulting, the larval−pupal transition and pupal−adult metamorphosis. Unexpectedly, 2b‐containing transcripts were much more responsive to 20‐hydroxyecdysone regulation than 2a‐containing ones, suggesting that although OfCHSA isoforms encoded by 2b‐containing transcripts are normally expressed at very low levels, they play unique roles. Spliced exons 2a and 2b have also been observed in Bombyx mori; therefore, this work provides new insights into the regulation of insect chitin synthase, particularly in lepidopteran insects.
Fluorescence excitation and imaging of single molecules near dielectric‐coated and bare surfaces: a theoretical study
Authors: AXELROD DANIEL 
Published: May 2012

SummaryMicroscopic fluorescent samples of interest to cell and molecular biology are commonly embedded in an aqueous medium near a solid surface that is coated with a thin film such as a lipid multilayer, collagen, acrylamide, or a cell wall. Both excitation and emission of fluorescent single molecules near film‐coated surfaces are strongly affected by the proximity of the coated surface, the film thickness, its refractive index and the fluorophore's orientation. For total internal reflection excitation, multiple reflections in the film can lead to resonance peaks in the evanescent intensity versus incidence angle curve. For emission, multiple reflections arising from the fluorophore's near field emission can create a distinct intensity pattern in both the back focal plane and the image plane of a high aperture objective. This theoretical analysis discusses how these features can be used to report film thickness and refractive index, and fluorophore axial position and orientation.
Clinical and polysomnographic determinants of snoring
Authors: KOUTSOURELAKIS IOANNIS , PERRAKI ELENI , ZAKYNTHINOS GEORGIOS , MINARITZOGLOU ALIKI , VAGIAKIS EMMANOUIL , ZAKYNTHINOS SPYROS 
Published: May 2012

SummarySnoring is considered one of the hallmarks of sleep‐disordered breathing, but its determinants remain obscure in both obstructive sleep apnoea (apnoeic) and non‐apnoeic snorers. We aimed to document positional dependency of snoring along with its association with clinical and polysomnographic variables. Seventy‐seven apnoeic and 27 non‐apnoeic snorers who complained for every‐night loud snoring and slept in supine and lateral positions in all sleep stages during overnight polysomnography were included. Snoring (i.e. sound intensity > 40 dB) was quantified by measuring the mean and maximum sound intensity, and snoring frequency. In apnoeic and non‐apnoeic snorers, mean snoring intensity and snoring frequency were higher in supine than in lateral positions irrespective of sleep stage, and were also usually higher in N3 in comparison to rapid eye movement and/or N2 sleep stage in any given position. Positional change in snoring intensity as expressed by the ratio of mean intensity in the supine to lateral positions was independently and positively correlated with body mass index, tonsils size and age in the total of patients. Snoring is more prominent in the supine position and in N3 sleep stage in apnoeic and non‐apnoeic snorers. Snoring positional dependence is determined by body mass index, tonsils size and age.
Cooperativity of peptidoglycan synthases active in bacterial cell elongation
Authors: Banzhaf Manuel , van den Berg van Saparoea Bart , Terrak Mohammed , Fraipont Claudine , Egan Alexander , Philippe Jules , Zapun André , Breukink Eefjan , Nguyen‐Distèche Martine , den Blaauwen Tanneke , Vollmer Waldemar 
Published: May 2012

SummaryGrowth of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan sacculus requires the co‐ordinated activities of peptidoglycan synthases, hydrolases and cell morphogenesis proteins, but the details of these interactions are largely unknown. We now show that the Escherichia coli peptidoglycan glycosyltrasferase‐transpeptidase PBP1A interacts with the cell elongation‐specific transpeptidase PBP2 in vitro and in the cell. Cells lacking PBP1A are thinner and initiate cell division later in the cell cycle. PBP1A localizes mainly to the cylindrical wall of the cell, supporting its role in cell elongation. Our in vitro peptidoglycan synthesis assays provide novel insights into the cooperativity of peptidoglycan synthases with different activities. PBP2 stimulates the glycosyltransferase activity of PBP1A, and PBP1A and PBP2 cooperate to attach newly synthesized peptidoglycan to sacculi. PBP2 has peptidoglycan transpeptidase activity in the presence of active PBP1A. Our data also provide a possible explanation for the depletion of lipid II precursors in penicillin‐treated cells.
Exceptional inheritance of plastids via pollen in Nicotiana sylvestris with no detectable paternal mitochondrial DNA in the progeny
Authors: Thyssen Gregory , Svab Zora , Maliga Pal 
Published: May 2012

SummaryPlastids and mitochondria, the DNA‐containing cytoplasmic organelles, are maternally inherited in the majority of angiosperm species. Even in plants with strict maternal inheritance, exceptional paternal transmission of plastids has been observed. Our objective was to detect rare leakage of plastids via pollen in Nicotiana sylvestris and to determine if pollen transmission of plastids results in co‐transmission of paternal mitochondria. As father plants, we used N. sylvestris plants with transgenic, selectable plastids and wild‐type mitochondria. As mother plants, we used N. sylvestris plants with Nicotiana undulata cytoplasm, including the CMS‐92 mitochondria that cause cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) by homeotic transformation of the stamens. We report here exceptional paternal plastid DNA in approximately 0.002% of N. sylvestris seedlings. However, we did not detect paternal mitochondrial DNA in any of the six plastid‐transmission lines, suggesting independent transmission of the cytoplasmic organelles via pollen. When we used fertile N. sylvestris as mothers, we obtained eight fertile plastid transmission lines, which did not transmit their plastids via pollen at higher frequencies than their fathers. We discuss the implications for transgene containment and plant evolutionary histories inferred from cytoplasmic phylogenies.
Cutaneous sporotrichosis: a six‐year review of 19 cases in a tertiary referral center in Malaysia
Authors: Tang Min Moon , Tang Jyh Jong , Gill Priya , Chang Choong Chor , Baba Roshidah 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground  Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous fungal infection caused by a thermally dimorphic aerobic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii. It results from traumatic inoculation or contact with animals. Most cases were reported mainly in the tropics and subtropics.Objective  The objective of our study is to assess the clinical characteristic of cutaneous sporotrichosis among our patients.Methodology  We performed a retrospective review of all cases diagnosed with cutaneous sporotrichosis from July 2004 to June 2010. Patients’ medical records were retrieved and analyzed according to demography, preceding trauma, sites of lesions, clinical subtypes, treatment, and clinical response.Results  Nineteen cases were diagnosed with cutaneous sporotrichosis with a male/female ratio of 9 : 10. Thirteen cases (68.4%) were able to recall preceding trauma, and seven of them reported cat scratches or cat bites. Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was observed in 13 cases (68.4%) followed by four cases of fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis and two cases of disseminated sporotrichosis. Histologically, 11 cases (57.8%) demonstrated a granulomatous reaction. Sporothrix schenckii was cultured in 12 cases (63.2%). Thirteen cases (68.4%) were successfully treated with oral itraconazole alone for a mean duration of 15.6 weeks. Two cases with disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis were treated with intravenous amphotericin B.Conclusion  Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis was the most common subtype of cutaneous sporotrichosis in our series, with cat scratches or bites being the most common preceding trauma. Oral itraconazole was highly effective for the localized subtypes, whereas intravenous amphotericin B was required in disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis.
Climate change and skin disease: a review of the English‐language literature
Authors: Andersen Louise K. , Hercogová Jana , Wollina Uwe , Davis Mark D. P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractClimate change describes variation in regional or global climates over time. The question of how climate change affects skin disease remains largely unanswered. We reviewed the English‐language literature describing the influence of climate change on skin. Relatively few publications detail aspects of how climate change affects skin. Direct effects include the effects of extreme weather events, and indirect effects include the effects of longer‐term changes in patterns of infections and infestations worldwide. The effect of climate change on skin is unclear, and more studies on this topic are needed.
Eyelash trichomegaly: review of congenital, acquired, and drug‐associated etiologies for elongation of the eyelashes
Authors: Paul Laura J. , Cohen Philip R. , Kurzrock Razelle 
Published: May 2012

AbstractEyelash trichomegaly is defined as eyelashes which are found to be of increased length, thickness, and pigmentation. This unique finding can be present at birth as part of a variety of congenital syndromes or as a benign familial trait. There are also acquired conditions and drugs that are known to cause these changes. Case reports and clinical studies in the medical literature concerning eyelash trichomegaly were investigated and summarized to compile a comprehensive review of the etiology of eyelash trichomegaly. Previously published reviews and studies that report on the finding of increased generalized hair growth and which do not specifically mention eyelashes were not included. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes may occur as a key feature among rare congenital syndromes, develop in association with certain acquired diseases, or present as an intended or treatment‐related adverse drug effect. Eyelash trichomegaly may be present from birth or manifest later in life in association with acquired diseases or drug therapy. The relevance of this finding may be benign, however eyelash trichomegaly in some individuals can be a symptom for immune dysfunction or a clinical measure of response to drug therapy.