bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contact allergy to corticosteroids and Malassezia furfur in seborrhoeic dermatitis patients
Authors: Ljubojevic S , Lipozencic J , Basta‐Juzbasic A 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Seborrhoeic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic skin disease, requiring long‐term treatment, which might promote sensitization. Malassezia furfur (Mf) plays an important role in seborrhoeic dermatitis.Objectives  The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of contact sensitivity in SD patients.Patients and methods  A total of 100 patients and 20 healthy controls (HC) were investigated: 50 suffering from SD with no previous local corticosteroid treatment (SDN), 50 SD patients treated with local corticosteroids (SDC). Mycological examination for Mf was performed. All patients were patch tested with the baseline standard, corticosteroid series, with 12 commercial corticosteroid preparations frequently used in Croatia; and also with Mf.Results  Malassezia furfur was found in 44 (88%) SDN, 37 (74%) SDC, and in 4 (20%) HC; patch test reaction to Mf was positive in one SDN and in three SDC. Positive patch tests to standard allergens were observed in 17 (34%) SDN, 33 (66%) SDC and 2 (10%) HC. Patch tests to the corticosteroid series revealed positive reactions in 4 SDC and to commercial corticosteroids in seven patients, i.e. 2 SD and 5 SDC.Conclusions  Patch tests to the baseline series and to both individual corticosteroid and commercial corticosteroid preparations should be performed in SD patients with persistent dermatitis, as contact‐allergic reactions may complicate their dermatitis. Sensitization to Mf was found to be infrequent.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mediates sulphonylurea block of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir6.1
Authors: Ishida‐Takahashi Ayako , Otani Hideo , Takahashi Chiaki , Washizuka Takashi , Tsuji Keiko , Noda Makoto , Horie Minoru , Sasayama Shigetake 
Published: September 2010

Recombinant ATP‐sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) were heterologously expressed in the NIH3T3 mouse cell line, and the electrophysiological properties were studied using patch‐clamp techniques.
The NIH3T3 cell lines transfected with the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir6.1 alone or with both Kir6.1 and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) exhibited time‐independent K+ currents with weak inward rectification. In contrast, no measurable K+ conductance was observed in mock‐transfected cells or in cells transfected with CFTR alone. Regardless of co‐transfection with Kir6.1, the transfection with CFTR produced a Cl− conductance that was activated by cell dialysis with cAMP (1 mM). The conductance was reversibly suppressed by glibenclamide (30 μM).
Whole‐cell currents at +60 mV were blocked in a concentration‐dependent manner by Ba2+ ions with similar IC50 values: 89.3 ± 23.3 μM (Kir6.1 alone) and 67.3 ± 24.9 μM (Kir6.1‐CFTR).
The currents recorded from Kir6.1‐transfected cells were not affected by glibenclamide, whereas glibenclamide did inhibit the conductance expressed in cells co‐transfected with CFTR (IC50= 35.9 ± 6.6 μM).
In the cell‐attached mode with a 150 mM K+ pipette solution, both Kir6.1‐ and Kir6.1‐CFTR‐transfected cells displayed a class of K+ channels showing weak inward rectification and a slope conductance of 50.7 ± 1.0 and 52.4 ± 4.9 pS, respectively.
In the inside‐out mode, the single‐channel currents recorded from both types of cells were not inhibited by intracellular ATP (1 mM). However, glibenclamide was found to block the single‐channel activities in the co‐transfected cells.
Characterization of 5‐HT‐sensitive potassium conductances in neonatal rat facial motoneurones in vitro
Authors: Larkman P. M. , Kelly J. S. 
Published: September 2010

The properties of the 5‐HT‐sensitive K+ conductance of neonatal rat facial motoneurones were examined in brainstem slices using whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques.
In a small proportion of motoneurones, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) evoked an inward current mediated solely by a decrease in K+ conductance. The reversal potential (V5‐HT) was dependent on the external K+ concentration and the 5‐HT‐evoked current (I5‐HT) displayed a linear current‐voltage (I‐V) relationship.
In the remaining motoneurones, the 5‐HT‐evoked decrease in K+ conductance could only be observed in isolation once a concomitant 5‐HT‐mediated enhancement of the hyperpolarization‐activated current, Ih, had been abolished with the Ih blocker, ZD‐7288.
External Cs+ also abolished the Ih‐mediated component of I5‐HT but, in addition, blocked part of the 5‐HT‐sensitive K+ current. At potentials hyperpolarized to V5‐HT, Cs+ voltage dependently blocked I5‐HT while at potentials depolarized to V5‐HT, I5‐HT was largely unaffected. Ba2+ and Rb+ had identical actions to Cs+ on the 5‐HT‐sensitive K+ current.
The Ba2+‐, Rb+‐ and Cs+‐sensitive component of the 5‐HT‐sensitive K+ current inwardly rectified with a reversal potential that was dependent on the K+ equilibrium potential (EK).
Replacing external Na+ with N‐methyl‐D‐glucamine, blocking Ca2+ entry, or preventing an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] with BAPTA, all failed to alter I5‐HT at potentials depolarized to EK.
I
5‐HT at depolarized potentials was reversibly blocked by 4‐aminopyridine (4 mM) but not tetraethylammonium chloride (30 mM) and did not show inactivation during depolarizing voltage pulses (1.5 s duration).
The results suggest that, in addition to enhancing Ih, 5‐HT modulates two distinct K+ conductances in neonatal rat facial motoneurones. The actions of Cs+, Ba2+ and Rb+ support the involvement of a member of the inwardly rectifying family of K+ channels while the other K+ channel may belong to the voltage‐gated family.
Temperature‐dependent changes in the viscoelasticity of intact resting mammalian (rat) fast‐ and slow‐twitch muscle fibres
Authors: Mutungi G. , Ranatunga K. W. 
Published: September 2010

The tension and sarcomere length responses induced by ramp stretches (at amplitudes of 1‐3 % fibre length (Lo) and speeds of 0.01‐12 Lo s−1) were examined at different temperatures (range, 10‐35 °C) in resting intact muscle fibre bundles isolated from the soleus (a slow‐twitch muscle) and extensor digitorum longus (a fast‐twitch muscle) of the rat. Some observations are also presented on the effects of chemical skinning on passive viscoelasticity at 10 °C.
As previously reported, the tension response to a ramp stretch, in different preparations and under various conditions, could be resolved into a viscous (P1), a viscoelastic (P2) and an elastic (P3) component and showed characteristic differences between slow and fast muscle fibres.
Chemical skinning of the muscle fibres led to a decrease in the amplitude of all three tension components. However, the fast‐slow fibre differences remained after skinning. For example, the viscosity coefficient derived from P1 tension data decreased from 0.84 ± 0.06 before skinning to 0.44 ± 0.06 kN s m−2 after skinning in fast fibres; the corresponding values in slow fibres were 2.1 ± 0.08 and 0.87 ± 0.09 kN s m−2, respectively.
Increasing the experimental temperature from 10 to 35 °C led to a decrease in all the tension components in both fast and slow muscle fibre bundles. The decrease of P1 (viscous) tension was such that the viscosity coefficient calculated using P1 data was reduced from 0.84 ± 0.1 to 0.43 ± 0.05 kN s m−2 in fast fibres and from 2.0 ± 0.1 to 1.0 ± 0.1 kN s m−2 in slow fibres (Q10 of ≈1.3 in both).
In both fast and slow muscle fibre preparations, the plateau tension of the viscoelastic component (P2) decreased by 60‐80 % as the temperature was increased from 10 to 35 °C giving P2 tension a Q10 of ≈1.4 in slow fibres and ≈1.7 in the fast fibres. Additionally, the relaxation time of the viscoelasticity decreased from 11.9 ± 1 ms (fast) and 43.1 ± 1 ms (slow) at 10 °C to 3 ± 0.5 ms (fast) at 25 °C and 8.7 ± 0.6 ms (slow) at 35 °C (Q10 of ≈2.0 in slow and ≈2.5 in fast fibres).
The fast‐slow fibre differences in passive viscoelasticity remained at the high physiological temperatures. The physiological significance of such fibre‐type differences and their possible underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Cardiac output distribution in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo in the second half of the incubation time
Authors: Mulder A. L. M. , van Golde J. C. , Prinzen F. W. , Blanco C. E. 
Published: September 2010

The fetus develops cardiovascular adaptations to protect vital organs in situations such as hypoxia and asphyxia. These include bradycardia, increased systemic blood pressure and redistribution of the cardiac output. The extent to which they involve maternal or placenta influences is not known. The objective of the present work was to study the cardiac output distribution in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo, which is independent of the mother.
Fertilized eggs were studied at three incubation times (10‐13 days, 14‐16 days and 17‐19 days of a normal incubation time of 21 days). Eggs were placed in a Plexiglass box in which the oxygen concentration could be changed. Eggs were opened at the air cell and a chorioallantoic vein was catheterized. Cardiac output distribution was measured with 15 μm fluorescent microspheres injected during normoxia, during the last minute of a 5 min period of hypoxia and after 5 min of subsequent reoxygenation.
Hypoxia caused a redistribution of the cardiac output in favour of heart (+17 to +160 % of baseline) and brain (+21 to +57 % of baseline) at the expense of liver (‐3 to ‐65 % of baseline), yolk‐sac (‐46 to ‐77 % of baseline) and carcass (‐6 to ‐33 % of baseline).
The magnitude of the changes in cardiac output distribution to the heart, brain, liver and carcass in response to hypoxia increased with advancing incubation time.
The data demonstrate the development of a protective redistribution of the cardiac output in response to hypoxia in the chick embryo from day 10 of incubation.
Activation patterns of mono‐ and bi‐articular arm muscles as a function of force and movement direction of the wrist in humans
Authors: van Bolhuis B. M. , Gielen C. C. A. M. , van Ingen Schenau G. J. 
Published: September 2010

In order to explain the task‐dependent activation of muscles, we have investigated the hypothesis that mono‐ and bi‐articular muscles have a different functional role in the control of multijoint movements. According to this hypothesis, bi‐articular muscles are activated in a way to control the direction of external force. The mono‐articular muscles are thought to be activated to contribute to joint torque mainly during shortening movements.
To investigate this hypothesis, surface electromyographic (EMG) recordings were obtained from several mono‐ and bi‐articular arm muscles during voluntary slow movements of the wrist in a horizontal plane against an external force. The direction of force produced at the wrist and the direction of movement of the wrist were varied independently.
The results revealed distinct differences between the activation patterns of mono‐ and bi‐articular muscles. The activation of the bi‐articular muscles was not affected by movement direction, but appeared to vary exclusively with the direction of force.
The mono‐articular muscles showed significantly more EMG activity for movements in a specific direction, which equalled the movement direction corresponding to the largest shortening velocity of the muscle. The EMG activity decreased gradually for movements in other directions. This direction‐dependent activation appeared to be independent of the direction of the external force.
PERCEPTUAL MODE AND CARDIAC CONDITIONING
Authors: Hein P. L. , Cohen Sanford I. , Shmavonian B. M. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTConditional heart rate responses were measured for field‐dependent and field‐independent subjects. The conditional stimulus (CS) was a colored light and the unconditional stimulus (US) was an electric shock delivered to the finger. The CS‐US interval was 10 sec. The field‐independent subjects demonstrated an initial cardiac acceleration followed by a cardiac deceleration, whereas the field‐dependent subjects showed only the cardiac deceleration. When these data are compared with the previously reported galvanic skin response (GSR) data, a model of sympathetic‐parasympathetic reactivity is evolved wherein the field‐independent group shows both conditioned sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic activity, while the field‐dependent group shows only parasympathetic activity.
COMMENTS REGARDING MULTIPLE RESPONSE PHENOMENA IN LONG INTERSTIMULUS INTERVAL CONDITIONING
Authors: Lockhart Russell A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWhen the CS‐US interval is longer than the latency of an autonomic response, multiple responses are obtained both during and after the CS‐US interval on acquisition test or extinction trials. Certain terminologic, methodologic and conceptual problems concerning this multiple response phenomenon are outlined. A nontheoretical and, we hope, unambiguous terminology is presented. Methodologic problems concerning multiple‐response measurement, between‐ and within‐ subject designs, trace and delay paradigms, intramodal and intermodal paradigms, and incompleteness of data presentation are discussed. It is felt that empirical analysis of the multiple response phenomenon will have important ramifications for our understanding of autonomic behavior in the classical conditioning situation.
THE ROLE OF THE PREPARATORY INTERVAL IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EEG α‐BLOCKINGAND REACTION TIME
Authors: Thompson Larry W. , Botwinick Jack 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe association between α‐blocking and improved reaction times (RTs) has not been consistently demonstrated in past studies. The possible importance of the preparatory interval (PI) in this relationship has not been totally assessed, and it was felt that further exploration of this variable would help to explain the discrepancies. RTs were measured in two experiments, each using different types of stimuli and different PI durations. In the first, 4 PIs, 0.5‐, 3.0‐, 6.0‐, and 15.0‐sec, were used in a regular and irregular series. The warning signal was a 400‐cps tone; the stimulus, a 1000‐cps tone. In the second. PIs were 0.50‐, 0.75‐, 1.00‐, and 1.50‐sec; the stimulus was a single flash from a photo stimulator. EEGs were recorded simultaneously from the parieto‐occipital region. Both peak‐to‐peak amplitude measures and subjective ratings of α‐activity were made prior to the onset of the warning signal and the stimulus. The results did not support earlier findings of a relationship between α‐blocking and RT. However, RT and α‐blocking were each (independently) a function of the PI.
A COMPARISON OF AC AND DC EYE MOVEMENT RECORDING
Authors: Tursky Bernard , O'Connell Donald N. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis study demonstrates the distortions introduced into the electro‐oculographic record as a function of choice of recorder time constant. Controlled waking eye movements were simultaneously recorded on five separate channels from the same pair of nonpolarizable Ag/AgCl electrodes. Time constants for these channels were DC, 3 sec, 1 sec, 0.3 sec, and 0.1 sec. Results indicate that eye movement recorded through short time constants cannot differentiate between rapid eye movement and saccadic components of slow eye movements, cannot follow slow smooth eye movements, and cannot show the position of the eyes when they are not in motion. The use of DC coupling makes it possible to record these three classes of events faithfully.
OPERANT CONDITIONING OF HEART RATE SLOWING
Authors: Engel Bernard T. , Hansen Stephen P. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to see if heart rate (HR) slowing could be operantly conditioned. Ten experimental Ss and five yoked‐control Ss were studied. Experimental Ss were positively reinforced for slowing their HR on a beat‐by‐beat basis, whereas yoked‐control Ss were reinforced in a pattern based on the performance of paired experimental Ss. The data showed that: some Ss can be taught to slow their HR by means of an operant conditioning procedure; Ss appear to learn better when they do not infer correctly what the response is that they are controlling; the conditioned HR response is apparently not mediated by changes in breathing; and reinforcement, per se, is not adequate to lower HR.
THE USE OF ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAPHY FOR IDENTIFYING PHASES OF COGNITIVE PROCESS
Authors: Rosen Sidney , Czech Donald 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe present investigators were partly concerned with possible uses of electro‐oculography for studying the cognitive process in decision‐making situations involving nonneutral visual stimuli. S was faced with receiving an electric shock if on critical trials he correctly reported (manually) the identity of the visual stimulus, or with escaping shock by incorrect reporting. Electrooculogram responses were ascertained to identify eye movements. The first study employed slit geometric figures as critical stimuli and nonslit figures as noncritical stimuli. The second study differed only in using blanks as critical and nonblanks (figures) as noncritical stimuli.The 80 males in the first study showed longer ocular latency, then greater ocular avoidance (narrower excursions) but longer stimulus viewing, then longer poststimulus viewing on critical compared to noncritical trials. The 25 males in the second study showed relatively greater ocular latency, then greater ocular avoidance and briefer stimulus viewing, then briefer poststimulus viewing on critical trials. Discrepancies between the two studies were discussed.The results clearly indicate the applicability of electrooculography for identifying phases of cognitive process.
DIFFERENTIAL CARDIAC RESPONSE TO VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULATION IN THE YOUNG CHILD
Authors: Lewis Michael , Spaulding Sara Jane 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn this study, 24 infants, 6 months old, each received a series of visual and auditory stimuli. An analysis of their cardiac response indicates that onset of stimulus presentation results in a monophasic response of cardiac deceleration. Further, their response to onset of presentation was compared to their response to onset of visual orientation, and the data reveal that is it important for E to differentiate the cardiac response to presentation (E operation) from the onset of orientation (S operation). These results were used to explain the discrepancy between the cardiac responses of neonates and 6‐month‐old infants to stimulus presentation. (M. Lewis.)
NOCTURNAL EEG‐GSR PROFILES: THE INFLUENCE OF PRESLEEP STATES
Authors: Lester B. K. , Burch N. R. , Dossett R. C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe number of nocturnal galvanic skin responses‐(GSRs) varied widely between the electroencephalograph (EEG) stages of sleep as well as from night to night and from person to person. As others have found, non‐specific GSRs occurred much more frequently during stage IV than other EEG stages, and were rare in stage REM. However, night‐to‐night variation and individual differences were related to the presleep state of the person. In general, electrodermal activity increased in all EEG stages as daytime stress increased, being especially great on nights preceding important school examinations.The nocturnal EEG profile was also related to the presleep state, the percentage of stage IV decreasing as daytime stress increased. The percentage of stage REM showed no systematic relation to stress.The occurrence of GSR “storms” during slow‐wave sleep is consistent with the notion of release of cortical or other inhibitory influences during this state, but another mechanism is needed to explain the fact that presleep stress increases the frequency of GSRs in all stages of sleep, while simultaneously decreasing the percentage of slow‐wave sleep.
RESPIRATORY CHANGES AT AUDITORY AND VISUAL THRESHOLDS
Authors: Rousey Clyde L. , Reitz Willard E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTLength of respiratory cycles was monitored while Ss were presented with (1) auditory and (2) visual stimuli varying in intensity. The phenomenon of greatest slowing in respiration occurring at the S's auditory threshold was demonstrated. However, no consistent relationship was demonstrated between length of the respiratory cycle and visual threshold.
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONAL CORRELATES OF THE TRANSCEPHALIC DC CIRCUIT
Authors: Cowen Murray A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA brief general theory is proposed linking the transcephalic DC potential, which is recorded on the midline surface of the head over the frontal and occipital emissary veins, with a certain functional organization of the brain. From this it is proposed that interoceptive or protopathic afferents—carotid sinus, carotid body, vestibular, and visceral—should produce a positive frontal deflection, while exteroceptive or epicritic afferents—tactile, auditory, proprioceptive, gustatory, visual, and olfactory—should produce a negative frontal DC shift. It is proposed that hunger promotes a negative frontal base line, satiety a positive one, and anxiety increases the base‐line variance of a group. A relationship is proposed between frontal negativity and body metabolic peaks. It is proposed that a noxious exteroceptive stimulus produces a positive frontal shift, despite its cortical projection. The hypotheses were tested using normal adult male Ss and good agreement between results and predictions was found.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PAROTID SALIVATION IN MAN: I. STIMULUS INTENSITY AND SALIVARY OUTPUT
Authors: Brown Clinton C. , Katz Ruth a. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis study was concerned with the relationship between stimulus intensity (concentration of citric acid) and parotid salivary response in man as reflected in four measures. Although this relationship varied with the measure employed, it was in no case linear. It was concluded that optimum concentration of citric acid for stimulating parotid salivary secretion in man was 1.0% and that the measure which differentiated best between the weakest acid stimulus and water as a control and between the two lowest concentrations of acid was the average quantity of evoked saliva per trial.
DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY OF TWO PALMAR SWEAT MEASURES
Authors: McNair Douglas M. , Droppleman Leo F. , Pillard Richard C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTwo techniques for measuring palmar sweating were tested for their sensitivity to a standard anticholinergic agent. The finger sweat‐print and palmar sweatweight methods were compared in a double‐blind, crossover study by determining their relative sensitivity in detecting the antisweating effects of 0.5 mg of atropine sulfate. The sweat‐print method was significantly superior in detecting drug‐induced sweat reduction and hypothesized sex differences.
THE RELATION OF PALMAR SWEAT GLAND ACTIVITY TO LEVEL OF SKIN POTENTIALAND CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Venables P. H. , Martin Irene 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe role of sweat gland activity in the mediation of skin potential and skin conductance levels was investigated. l‐Hyoscyamine was introduced into the fingertips by iontophoresis to eliminate sweat gland activity, and d‐hyoscyamine, an inert analog of the l‐isomer, was used as a control for ion size. Neostigmine was used to potentiate sweating. l‐Hyoscyamine significantly decreased skin conductance level and the number of active sweat glands and reduced the negativity of skin potential level, but neostigmine, which promoted sweating and skin conductance, did not increase the negativity of skin potential. The lowering of skin potential on the denervated hand of a hemi‐sympathectomized patient was found to be similar in magnitude to the decrease in skin potential due to pharmacological elimination of sweat gland activity. The results are discussed in relation to hypotheses concerning the mechanism of skin potential.