bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential for abiotic organic synthesis and biosynthesis at seafloor hydrothermal systems
Authors: SHOCK E. , CANOVAS P. 
Published: March 2010

Geofluids (2010) 10, 161–192AbstractCalculations are presented of the extent to which chemical disequilibria are generated when submarine hydrothermal fluids mix with sea water. These calculations involve quantifying the chemical affinity for individual reactions by comparing equilibrium compositions with the compositions of mixtures in which oxidation–reduction reactions are inhibited. The oxidation–reduction reactions that depart from equilibrium in these systems provide energy for chemotrophic microbial metabolism. Methanogenesis is an example of this phenomenon, in which the combination of carbon dioxide, hydrogen and methane induced by fluid mixing is far from equilibrium, which can be approached if more methane is generated. Similarly, the production of other organic compounds is also favorable under the same conditions that permit methanogenesis. Alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids and amino acids are among the compounds that, if formed, would lower the energetic state of the chemical composition generated in mixed fluids. The resulting positive values of chemical affinity correspond to the thermodynamic drive required for abiotic organic synthesis. It is also possible that energy release accompanies biosynthesis by chemotrophic organisms. In this way, hydrothermal ecosystems differ radically from familiar ecosystems at Earth’s surface. If captured, the energy released may be sufficient to drive biosynthesis of carbohydrates, purines, pyrimidines and other compounds which require energy inputs.
Fluids in the upper continental crust
Authors: BUCHER KURT , STOBER INGRID 
Published: March 2010

Geofluids (2010) 10, 241–253AbstractThe brittle upper continental crust predominantly consists of granite and gneiss. Fractures form an interconnected network of water‐conducting structures with an appreciable permeability also providing substantial fluid‐saturated fracture porosity. The chemical composition of fluids in the fracture porosity of granite and gneiss changes with depth. Near the surface Ca–Na–HCO3 waters dominate. With increasing depth, water contains increasing amounts of alkalis and sulfate and grade into chloride‐rich waters at greater depth. Total dissolved solids (TDS) of 105 mg l−1 are common at 5‐km depth in most basement rocks. All reported deep fluids from the upper crust contain predominantly NaCl and CaCl2. The brines vary from NaCl‐rich in granites to CaCl2‐rich in mafic reservoir rocks such as amphibolites and gabbros. In regions of the crust with strong topography, fluid flow is important and recharge water may have flushed the basement efficiently, thereby removing old brine components from the granites. Water samples from the new Gotthard Rail Base Tunnel of the Alps represent this type of basement fluid. Analyzed fluids from up to 2.5‐km depth differ from basement fluids from areas with less‐extreme topography in the following ways. Such waters have relatively low TDS of some 100 mg l−1 and are typically of the Na2CO3–Na2SO4 type. pH tends to be high and varies from 9 to more than 10. Low Ca and ultra‐low Mg of such waters result from efficient deposition of secondary Ca–Mg minerals as coatings on fracture walls. Reduction of CO2 to CH4 provides the oxidation capacity for sulfate production from primary rock sulfides. The composition of fluids in fractured continental crust at depths below 1–2 km depends strongly on the topography of the erosion surface. In crust with rugged alpine topography fluids at this depth are low‐TDS high‐pH waters that derive its composition from fluid–rock interaction alone. In crust with low‐to‐moderate topography, basement fluids are normally near neutral high‐TDS Na–Ca chloride brines that derive the solutes not only from the rock matrix but also from external sources.
Early childhood malnutrition predicts depressive symptoms at ages 11–17
Authors: Galler J.R. , Bryce C.P. , Waber D. , Hock R.S. , Exner N. , Eaglesfield D. , Fitzmaurice G. , Harrison R. 
Published: March 2010

Background:  We examined the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Barbadian youth with histories of infantile malnutrition and in a healthy comparison group and the extent to which the effect of malnutrition was mediated/moderated by maternal depression.Methods:  Depressive symptoms were assessed using a 20‐item scale administered to youths (11–17 years of age) who had experienced an episode of protein‐energy malnutrition (marasmus or kwashiorkor) during the first year of life and in a comparison group of healthy youths without a history of malnutrition. Their mothers completed the same questionnaire on the same test on three occasions when their children were 5–17 years of age at 2–5‐year intervals.Results:  The prevalence of depressive symptoms was elevated among previously malnourished youth relative to healthy comparison children (p  <  .001). When youth depression scores were subjected to a longitudinal multiple regression analysis, adjusting for the effect of maternal depressive symptoms, significant effects due to the history of early childhood malnutrition remained and were not discernibly attenuated from an unadjusted analysis. We also found significant independent effects of maternal depressive symptoms on youth depressive symptoms.Conclusion:  Early childhood malnutrition contributed independently to depressive symptoms in youths who experienced a significant episode of malnutrition in the first year of life. This relationship was not mediated or moderated by the effects of maternal depression. Whether the later vulnerability to depression is a direct effect of the episode of malnutrition and related conditions early in life or whether it is mediated by the more proximal neurobehavioral effects of the malnutrition remains to be determined.
Biological stoichiometry of plant production: metabolism, scaling and ecological response to global change
Authors: Elser J. J. , Fagan W. F. , Kerkhoff A. J. , Swenson N. G. , Enquist B. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBiological stoichiometry theory considers the balance of multiple chemical elements in living systems, whereas metabolic scaling theory considers how size affects metabolic properties from cells to ecosystems. We review recent developments integrating biological stoichiometry and metabolic scaling theories in the context of plant ecology and global change. Although vascular plants exhibit wide variation in foliar carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios, they exhibit a higher degree of ‘stoichiometric homeostasis’ than previously appreciated. Thus, terrestrial carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus stoichiometry will reflect the effects of adjustment to local growth conditions as well as species’ replacements. Plant stoichiometry exhibits size scaling, as foliar nutrient concentration decreases with increasing plant size, especially for phosphorus. Thus, small plants have lower nitrogen : phosphorus ratios. Furthermore, foliar nutrient concentration is reflected in other tissues (root, reproductive, support), permitting the development of empirical models of production that scale from tissue to whole‐plant levels. Plant stoichiometry exhibits large‐scale macroecological patterns, including stronger latitudinal trends and environmental correlations for phosphorus concentration (relative to nitrogen) and a positive correlation between nutrient concentrations and geographic range size. Given this emerging knowledge of how plant nutrients respond to environmental variables and are connected to size, the effects of global change factors (such as carbon dioxide, temperature, nitrogen deposition) can be better understood.

Contents

Summary
593

I.
Introduction
594

II.
Variation in plant C : N : ratios: how much and what are the sources?
595

III.
The growth rate hypothesis in terrestrial plants and the scaling of whole‐plant N : P stoichiometry and production
597

IV.
Scaling from tissues to whole plants
599

V.
Applications: large‐scale patterns and processes associated with plant stoichiometry
601

VI.
Global change and plants: a stoichiometric scaling perspective
603

VII.
Synthesis and summary
604

Acknowledgements
605

References
605
Sonic Hedgehog signaling in the mammalian brain
Authors: Traiffort Elisabeth , Angot Elodie , Ruat Martial 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 113, 576–590.AbstractThe discovery of a Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway in the mature vertebrate CNS has paved the way to the characterization of the functional roles of Shh signals in normal and diseased brain. Shh is proposed to participate in the establishment and maintenance of adult neurogenic niches and to regulate the proliferation of neuronal or glial precursors in several brain areas. Consistent with its role during brain development, misregulation of Shh signaling is associated with tumorigenesis while its recruitement in damaged neural tissue might be part of the regenerating process. This review focuses on the most recent data of the Hedgehog pathway in the adult brain and its relevance as a novel therapeutic approach for brain diseases including brain tumors.
Stroke patients’ delay of emergency treatment
Authors: Hjelmblink Finn , Holmström Inger , Kjeldmand Dorte 
Published: March 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 307–311

Stroke patients’ delay of emergency treatment Treatment of stroke victims with fibrinolysis should take place within a time limit of 3 hours. In spite of comprehensive endeavours to reduce hospital arrival time, too many patients still delay arrival beyond this time limit. This qualitative case study explored the meaning of acute stroke and treatment to four patients with more than 24‐hour delayed arrival. The setting of the study was the catchment area of a university hospital. Semi‐structured interviews were analysed through the empirical psychological, phenomenological method. An essence was found which was constituted by four themes. The essence of stroke symptoms and treatment was: ‘Threatened control of bodily function, autonomy and integrity’. When the patients fell ill they acted as if nothing had happened. They treated their body like a defective device. In encounters with physicians they demanded to be met as a person by a person; otherwise they rejected both the physician and her or his prescriptions. They did not involve their near ones in decision‐making. The conclusions were the following: Health care information about how to act in cases of early stroke symptoms may need to imbue people with an understanding of how early treatment of neurological symptoms and preserved control of life are intimately connected. Furthermore emergency care of acute stroke patients might need to take place in an organisation where patients are sure to be met by physicians as a person by a person.
Dependency in autonomous caring – night nurses’ working conditions for caring in nursing
Authors: Gustafsson Christine , Fagerberg Ingegerd , Asp Margareta 
Published: March 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 312–320

Dependency in autonomous caring – night nurses’ working conditions for caring in nursing Few research studies have focused on nurses’ working conditions for caring provided at night, and these studies have mainly described nurses’ work in hospital settings, not in a municipal, social‐care context. In Swedish municipal care, nurses have responsibility for hundreds of older people in need of care. This working condition compromises caring encounters; instead the nurses’ caring is mainly mediated through care staff (or relatives). In considering that caring based on caring encounters is fundamental to ethical nursing practice questions leads to the aim: to explore Swedish municipal night nurses’ experiences of their working conditions for caring in nursing. All municipal night‐duty nurses (n = 7) in a medium‐sized community in Sweden participated in interviews, while six of them also wrote diaries. Thematic content analysis has been used in analysing the data. The findings revealed that the nurses experienced their working conditions for caring in nursing in the themes of Dependency in the Organisation and Other Staff, Vocational Responsibility, Deficiency in Conditions for Caring and Autonomous Caring. The findings illustrate privileged, as well as, poor working conditions for caring in nursing. The nurses’ role as consultants emerge as their main function. The consultant function implies that nurses do not participate in ordinary bed‐side caring, which makes it easier for them to find time for caring in situations that arise when nurses’ skills, expertise and authority are called upon. Conversely the consultancy function entails short‐term solution of complex caring problems, which can signify deficient caring due to prevailing working conditions. The findings also point to nurses’ possible problems in fulfilling their own and vocational demands for ethics in the practice of caring in nursing related to existing working conditions.
Positive life orientation–an inner health resource among older people
Authors: Fagerström Lisbeth 
Published: March 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2010; 24; 349–356

Positive life orientation–an inner health resource among older people As pertains to life orientation, the study's conceptual framework demonstrates the importance of close relationships, meaning in life, and the strength of individuals to look forward and make plans for future. The aim of this study is to discover, in relation to background factors such as language, living situation, and culture, how people aged 65 and 75 experience life orientation. The study is a population‐based cross‐sectional survey with its material taken from 3,370 questionnaires which included the six‐question Life Orientation scale. The SPSS static program, version 14.0, was used for all calcuations and the Chi‐squared test was applied to determine if any significant differences between the groups existed. As seen in this study, most respondents aged 65 (85%) and 75 (73.2%) experienced a high degree of positive life orientation, clearly expressing a zest for life (93.5%), overall satisfaction with their lives (88.4%), and feelings of being needed (83.7%). Lower scores were given for never/seldom being depressed/sad (55.3%) and never/seldom feeling lonely (71.8%). Approximately every second respondent (51.9%) had plans for the future. A clear decreasing trend was seen in all questions for respondents aged 75 in comparison to those aged 65: only ``are you satisfied with life?'' showed no significant differences. Language/culture seems to clearly affect experiences of life orientation and well‐being. Additionally, older people living alone reported significantly more negative response to all dimensions of life orientation. Positive life orientation is an important inner health resource for older. Accordingly, health promotion for older people should focus on facilitating the maintenance of important and close relationships and should include supporting older people's need to be needed.
Moral Hazard Matters: Measuring Relative Rates of Underinsurance Using Threshold Measures
Authors: Abraham Jean Marie , DeLeire Thomas , Royalty Anne Beeson 
Published: March 2010

Objective. To illustrate the impact of moral hazard for estimating relative rates of underinsurance and to present an adjustment method to correct for this source of bias.Data Sources/Study Setting. Secondary data from the 2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) are used in this study. We restrict attention to households that report having employer‐sponsored insurance (ESI) for all members during the entire 2005 calendar year.Study Design. Individuals or households are often classified as underinsured if out‐of‐pocket spending on medical care relative to income exceeds some threshold. In this paper, we show that, without adjustment, this common threshold measure of underinsurance will underestimate the number with low levels of insurance coverage due to moral hazard. We propose an adjustment method and apply it to the specific case of estimating the difference in rates of underinsurance among small‐ versus large‐firm workers with full‐year ESI.Data Collection/Extraction. Data were abstracted from the MEPS website. All analyses were performed in Stata 9.2.Principal Findings. Applying the adjustment, we find that the underinsurance rate of small‐firm households increases by approximately 20 percent with the adjustment for moral hazard and the difference in underinsurance rates between large‐firm and small‐firm households widens substantially.Conclusions. Adjusting for moral hazard makes a sizeable difference in the estimated prevalence of underinsurance using a threshold measure.
The EU and the Welfare State are Compatible: Finnish Social Democrats and European Integration
Authors: Raunio Tapio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article examines how the Finnish Social Democratic Party has adapted to European integration. The analysis illustrates that the Social Democrats have successfully argued to their electorate that the objectives of integration are compatible with core social democratic values. Considering that Finland was hit by a severe recession in the early 1990s, discourse about economic integration and monetary stability facilitating the economic growth that is essential for job creation and the survival of domestic welfare state policies sounded appealing to SDP voters. Determined party leadership, support from trade unions and the lack of a credible threat from the other leftist parties have also contributed to the relatively smooth adaptation to Europe. However, recent internal debates about the direction of party ideology and poor electoral performances – notably in the European Parliament elections – indicate that not all sections within the party are in favour of the current ideological choices.
Effect of Aging on Rheological Properties of Lime Putty
Authors: Atzeni Cirillo , Farci Alessio , Floris Deborah , Meloni Paola 
Published: March 2010

The increasingly wider application of lime‐based materials for the conservation and restoration of historical buildings has led to a revival of interest in lime putty. One of the most well‐known and highly regarded properties of lime putty is its plasticity/workability.This paper describes the results of a rheological investigation conducted on putties having identical water content but aged for different times, with the aim of providing an objective and quantitative evaluation of plasticity. Rheological measurements have demonstrated that, all other conditions being equal, shear stress increases with aging. We propose here to consider some parameters derived from Tattersall and Bingham models that can be used as a quantitative measure of plasticity directly correlated with aging.
Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment: Rationale, Design, and Baseline Characteristics
Authors: Simons‐Morton Denise G. , Goff David C. , Osganian Stavroula , Goldberg Robert J. , Raczynski James M. , Finnegan John R. , Zapka Jane , Eisenberg Mickey S. , Proschan Michael A. , Feldman Henry A. , Hedges Jerris R. , Luepker Russell V. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objectives: Early reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) can reduce morbidity and mortality, yet there is often delay in accessing medical care after symptom onset. This report describes the design and baseline characteristics of the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT) community trial, which is testing community intervention to reduce delay. Methods: Twenty U.S. communities were pair‐matched and randomly assigned within pairs to intervention or comparison. Four months of baseline data collection was followed by an 18‐month intervention of community organization and public, patient, and health professional education. Primary cases were community residents seen in the ED with chest pain, admitted with suspected acute cardiac ischemia, and discharged with a diagnosis related to coronary heart disease. The primary outcome was delay time from symptom onset to ED arrival. Secondary outcomes included delay time in patients with Ml/unstable angina, hospital case‐fatality rate and length of stay, receipt of reperfusion, and ED/emergency medical services utilization. Impact on public and patient knowledge, attitudes, and intentions was measured by telephone interviews. Characteristics of communities and cases and comparability of paired communities at baseline were assessed. Results: Baseline cases are 46% female, 14% minorities, and 73% aged ≥55 years, and paired communities have similar demographics characteristics. Median delay time (available for 72% of cases) is 2.3 hours and does not vary between treatment conditions (p > 0.86). Conclusions: REACT communities approximate the demographic distribution of the United States and there is baseline comparability between the intervention and comparison groups. The REACT trial will provide valuable information for community educational programs to reduce patient delay for AMI symptoms.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 1998; 5:726–738
Low‐frequency Sonophoresis: Pathologic and Thermal Effects in Dogs
Authors: Singer Adam J. , Homan Clark S. , Church Adam L. , McClain Steve A. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT Objective: Low‐frequency sonophoresis has recently been shown to significantly facilitate transdermal permeability of various substances (e.g., insulin) in animal models, thus eliminating the need to inject such agents. Prior to human trials, the authors studied the safety profile of low‐frequency sonophoresis in dogs by evaluating microscopic and temperature changes in the skin after sonophoresis. Methods: An evaluator‐blinded canine study of sonophoresis using different energy intensities and probe diameters was performed. Low‐frequency ultrasound was applied for 60 seconds to the clipped abdominal skin of 3 anesthetized adult mongrel dogs using a sonicator operating at a frequency of 20 KHz with a maximal energy output of 400 W. The sonicator was immersed in normal saline, and intensities of 4%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% were applied during 600 msec of every second (pulsed mode). Three probes, 1‐cm cylindrical, 5‐cm cylindrical, and 10‐cm disc‐shaped, were evaluated. Each experimental condition was performed twice. Subcutaneous temperatures were measured by temperature probe before and after sonophoresis. At 30 minutes post‐sonophoresis, full‐thickness skin biopsies were taken for blinded histopathologic evaluation. Results: Minimal urticarial reactions were noted with the 1‐cm probe at intensities of ≤20% and with the 5‐cm probe at 4% intensity. With higher intensity, thermal injuries were observed grossly with erythema and vesicles. The microscopic correlates were papillary and dermal edema with neutrophils and telangiectasia. The conditions producing vesicles grossly had foci of epidermal necrosis, subepidermal vesicles, and degeneration of papillary dermal collagen. With still higher intensities, confluent epidermal necrosis became apparent. Use of the 10‐cm probe did not result in any injury. Conclusions: Low‐frequency ultrasound at low intensities appears safe for use to enhance the topical delivery of medications, producing only minimal urticarial reactions. Higher‐intensity conditions resulted in second‐degree burns, most likely attributable to localized heating.