bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling sandwich‐structure of PET microcellular foams using coupling of CO2 diffusion and induced crystallization
Authors: Li Dachao , Liu Tao , Zhao Ling , Yuan Weikang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractControlling sandwich‐structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) microcellular foams using coupling of CO2 diffusion and CO2‐induced crystallization is presented in this article. The intrinsic kinetics of CO2‐induced crystallization of amorphous PET at 25°C and different CO2 pressures were detected using in situ high‐pressure Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and correlated by Avrami equation. Sorption of CO2 in PET was measured using magnetic suspension balance and the diffusivity determined by Fick's second law. A model coupling CO2 diffusion in and CO2‐induced crystallization of PET was proposed to calculate the CO2 concentration as well as crystallinity distributions in PET sheet at different saturation times. It was revealed that a sandwich crystallization structure could be built in PET sheet, based on which a solid‐state foaming process was used to manipulate the sandwich‐structure of PET microcellular foams with two microcellular or even ultra‐microcellular foamed crystalline layers outside and a microcellular foamed amorphous layer inside. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2512–2523, 2012
Taxonomy and conservation of Vietnam's primates: a review
Authors: Blair Mary E. , Sterling Eleanor J. , Hurley Martha M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractVietnam has the highest number of primate taxa overall (24–27) and the highest number of globally threatened primate taxa (minimum 20) in Mainland Southeast Asia. Conservation management of these species depends in part on resolving taxonomic uncertainties, which remain numerous among the Asian primates. Recent research on genetic, morphological, and acoustic diversity in Vietnam's primates has clarified some of these uncertainties, although a number of significant classification issues still remain. Herein, we summarize and compare the major current taxonomic classifications of Vietnam's primates, discuss recent advances in the context of these taxonomies, and suggest key areas for additional research to best inform conservation efforts in a region crucial to global primate diversity. Among the most important next steps for the conservation of Vietnam's primates is a new consensus list of Asian primates that resolves current differences between major taxonomies, incorporates recent research advances, and recognizes units of diversity at scales below the species‐level, whether termed populations, morphs, or subspecies. Priority should be placed on recognizing distinct populations, regardless of the species concept in use, in order to foster the evolutionary processes necessary for primate populations to cope with inevitable environmental changes. The long‐term conservation of Vietnam's primates depends not only on an accepted and accurate taxonomy but also on funding for on‐the‐ground conservation activities, including training, and the continued dedication and leadership of Vietnamese researchers and managers. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1093–1106, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation of the cresol isomers by stripping crystallization
Authors: Shiau Lie‐Ding , Huang Chih‐Hao , Liu Keng‐Fu 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA new separation technique, called stripping crystallization (SC), is applied here in the purification of the cresol isomer. Basically, SC combines distillation and crystallization to produce pure crystals because of the three‐phase equilibrium. The experiments show that the SC operation can be applied to purify p‐cresol from the cresol isomer whereas it is rather difficult to purify m‐cresol. In the purification of p‐cresol using SC, the recovery rate increases with increasing operating pressure whereas the final purity of the product decreases with increasing operating pressure. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A kinetic study of ultrasonic degradation of carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Taghizadeh Mohammad Taghi , Rad Helen , Abdollahi Reza 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this study, the effect of power of ultrasound, temperature, and concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) solution on the rate of ultrasonic degradation were investigated, and a kinetic model based on viscometry data was used to calculate the rate constants in different conditions. To investigation of effect of ultrasonic power on the degradation of CMC, the power of ultrasound was increased and observed that the viscosity of the CMC solution was decreased with an increase in the power of ultrasound, but the extent of the degradation in a constant power was found to decrease with an increase in concentration or temperature. The ultrasonic degradation of CMC solutions was carried out at different temperatures to investigate the effect of the temperature on the rate of degradation. The calculated rate constants indicated that the degradation rate of the CMC solutions decreased as the temperature increased. The degraded CMCs were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, and average molecular weights of ultrasonicated CMCs were compared in different reaction conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Biodegradable poly(L‐lactic acid)/TiO2 nanocomposites: Thermal properties and degradation
Authors: Buzarovska Aleksandra , Grozdanov Anita 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPoly(L‐lactic acid)‐titanium dioxide nanocomposites (with various loadings of TiO2: 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 wt %) were produced by solution casting method. The influence of TiO2 on thermal properties and crystallinity of PLA was investigated by DSC and FTIR spectroscopy. The TiO2 nano filler has no significant influence on the characteristic temperatures (Tg, Tc, and Tm), but has high impact on the crystallinity of these systems. The degree of crystallinity Xc significantly increases for PLA nanocomposites loaded with up to 5 wt % of TiO2, while for 10 wt % load of TiO2 it drops below Xc of the pure resin. The degradation of the prepared composites was evaluated hydrolytically in 1N NaOH, enzymatically in α‐amylase solutions, and under UV irradiation. The catalytic effect of TiO2 nano particles on the degradation processes under UV light exposure (λ = 365 nm) and hydrolytic degradation was confirmed with the increase of the filler content. The opposite effect was identified in enzymatic degradation experiments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation and characterization of dual responsive sodium alginate‐g‐poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel
Authors: Xia Cunping , Xiao Congming 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was chosen as a controllable gelator to prepare sodium alginate (SA)‐based physically cross‐linked dual‐responsive hydrogel by three steps. First, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was grafted onto SA via radical copolymerization. Then, the copolymer was subsequently converted into SA‐g‐poly(vinyl alcohol) (SAPVA) by alcoholysis reaction. PVA content of SAPVA was tailored by controlling the graft percentage of PVAc, i.e. through varying the amount of vinyl acetate during copolymerization. Finally, SAPVA hydrogels were formed by freezing‐thawing cycles. The structure of the graft copolymers was verified with FTIR spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction analysis results revealed that the crystallinity of SAPVA hydrogels depended on the PVA content of SAPVA. The swelling test showed that SAPVA hydrogels were pH‐responsive, and the swelling was reversible. SAPVA hydrogels also behaved electric‐responsive. In addition, the pH‐sensitivity of SAPVA hydrogels was able to be controlled with the composition of the hydrogels. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Using FTIR to predict saccharification from enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali‐pretreated biomasses
Authors: Sills Deborah L. , Gossett James M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFourier transform infrared, attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression accurately predicted 72‐h glucose and xylose conversions (g sugars/100 g potential sugars) and yields (g sugars/100 g dry solids) from cellulase‐mediated hydrolysis of alkali‐pretreated lignocellulose. Six plant biomasses that represent a variety of potential biofuel feedstocks—two switchgrass cultivars, big bluestem grass, a low‐impact, high‐diversity mixture of 32 species of prairie biomasses, mixed hardwood, and corn stover—were subjected to four levels of low‐temperature NaOH pretreatment to produce 24 samples with a wide range of potential digestibility. PLS models were constructed by correlating FTIR spectra of pretreated samples to measured values of gluose and xylose conversions and yields. Variable selection, based on 90% confidence intervals of regression‐coefficient matrices, improved the predictive ability of the models, while simplifying them considerably. Final models predicted sugar conversions with coefficient of determination for cross‐validation (Q2) values of 0.90 for glucose and 0.89 for xylose, and sugar yields with Q2 values of 0.92 for glucose and 0.91 for xylose. The sugar‐yield models are noteworthy for their ability to predict enzymatic saccharification per mass dry solids without a priori knowledge of the composition of the solids. All peaks retained in the final regression coefficient matrices were previously assigned to chemical bonds and functional groups in lignocellulose, demonstrating that the models were based on real chemical information. This study demonstrates that FTIR spectroscopy combined with PLS regression can be used to rapidly estimate sugar conversions and yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated plant biomass. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:353–362. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Venous reconstruction based on virtual liver resection to avoid congestion in the liver remnant
Authors: Mise Y , Hasegawa K , Satou S , Aoki T , Beck Y , Sugawara Y , Makuuchi M , Kokudo N 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Background
Hepatic vein (HV) reconstruction may prevent venous congestion following resection of liver tumours that encroach on major HVs. This study aimed to identify criteria for venous reconstruction based on preoperative evaluation of venous congestion.

Methods
A volumetric analysis using image-processing software was performed in selected patients with liver tumours suspected on preoperative imaging of major HV invasion. The size of the non-congested liver remnant (NCLR) was calculated by subtracting the congested area from the liver remnant. Venous reconstruction was scheduled in patients who met the following criteria: normal liver function (indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICGR15) of less than 10 per cent) with a NCLR smaller than 40 per cent of total liver volume (TLV), or liver dysfunction (ICGR15 10–20 per cent) with a NCLR smaller than 50 per cent of TLV. Surgical outcomes and liver regeneration were investigated.

Results
A total of 55 patients with suspected HV invasion were enrolled. Sacrifice of one or more HVs was deemed possible in 37 patients. Venous reconstruction was scheduled in 18 patients. At operation, there was seen to be no venous involvement in 11 patients. The HV was sacrificed in 29 patients, and preserved or reconstructed in 24. Volume restoration ratios at 3 months were similar in the sacrifice (88 per cent) and preserve (87 per cent) groups. Operating time was shorter (465 min) and blood loss was lower (580 ml) in the sacrifice than in the preserve group (523 min and 815 ml respectively).

Conclusion
The HV can be sacrificed safely according to the proposed criteria, reducing surgical invasiveness without influencing the postoperative course.
Stannylium Ions, a Tin(II) Arene Complex, and a Tin Dication Stabilized by Weakly Coordinating Anions
Authors: Schäfer Annemarie , Winter Florian , Saak Wolfgang , Haase Detlev , Pöttgen Rainer , Müller Thomas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe reactivity of aryl‐substituted stannylenes, Ar2Sn (4), towards silylarenium borates, [R3SiArH][B(C6F5)4] (3), was investigated. The reaction with 2,3,4‐trimethyl‐6‐tert‐butylphenyl (mebp)‐substituted stannylene gave silyl‐substituted stannylium ions2 a,b, which were characterized by NMR spectroscopy supported by the results of quantum‐mechanical computations of molecular structures and magnetic properties. The tri‐iso‐propylphenyl‐substituted stannylium ions2 c,dundergo a decomposition reaction in toluene to give the dicationic tin–arene complex [Sn(C7H8)3]2+(5) in the form of the [B(C6F5)4] salt in high yields. The5[B(C6F5)4]2salt was identified by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The bonding situation was investigated by using natural bond orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations. The substitution of the weakly coordinating borate anion by the carboranate [CB11H6Br6]−results in replacement of the toluene ligands and formation of tin(II) carboranate with only weak Sn2+–anion interactions as suggested by the solid‐state structure of the isolated salt.
Considerations concerning the Energy Demand and Energy Mix for Global Welfare and Stable Ecosystems
Authors: Jess Andreas , Kaiser Philipp , Kern Christoph , Unde Rajabhau Bajirao , von Olshausen Christian 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSocial indicators show that an annual energy consumption of 2 t of oil equivalent per capita (toe pc) should be enough to ensure a sufficient global average level of welfare and happiness. Hence, rich countries with currently up to 8 toe pc should reduce and poor should legitimately increase their energy demand until 2 toe pc are reached. At today's global energy mix with 80 % fossil fuels, even this optimistic scenario will inevitably lead to a conflict between welfare and stable ecosystems. The population will be 9 billion by 2050 and the ecological footprint would rise from today 1.5 in 2010 to 2 planet Earths. The only option to reach the desired footprint of one planet Earth is a complete shift from fossil fuels to renewables, presumably to solar power. One option is a technology based on four steps: separation of CO2 from flue gases (in the long run from air), H2 production by water electrolysis driven by solar power or other renewables, CO production by reverse water gas shift, and finally synthesis of renewable liquid fuels (gasoline and diesel oil) by Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis.
Impact of preexisting tumor necrosis on the efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastases in women with breast cancer
Authors: Xu Zhiyuan , Marko Nicholas F. , Angelov Lilyana , Barnett Gene H. , Chao Samuel T. , Vogelbaum Michael A. , Suh John H. , Weil Robert J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Breast cancer is the second most common source of brain metastasis. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) can be an effective treatment for some patients with brain metastasis (BM). Necrosis is a common feature of many brain tumors, including BM; however, the influence of tumor necrosis on treatment efficacy of SRS in women with breast cancer metastatic to the brain is unknown.METHODS:A cohort of 147 women with breast cancer and BM treated consecutively with SRS over 10 years were studied. Of these, 80 (54.4%) had necrosis identified on pretreatment magnetic resonance images and 67 (46.4%) did not. Survival times were computed using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Log‐rank tests were used to compare groups with respect to survival times, Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to perform univariate and multivariate analyses, and chi‐square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare clinicopathologic covariates.RESULTS:Neurological survival (NS) and survival after SRS were decreased in BM patients with necrosis at the time of SRS compared with patients without necrosis by 32% and 27%, respectively (NS median survival, 25 vs 17 months [log‐rank test, P = .006]; SRS median survival, 15 vs 11 months [log‐rank test, P = .045]). On multivariate analysis, HER2 amplification status and necrosis influenced NS and SRS after adjusting for standard clinical features, including BM number, size, and volume as well as Karnofsky performance status.CONCLUSION:Neuroimaging evidence of necrosis at the time of SRS significantly diminished the efficacy of therapy and was a potent prognostic marker. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Numerical simulation of red blood cell behavior in a stenosed arteriole using the immersed boundary–lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Vahidkhah Koohyar , Fatouraee Nasser 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYBecause of their deformability and tendency to form aggregates, red blood cells (RBCs) immensely affect the hydrodynamic properties of blood flow in microcirculation. In this paper, RBCs' two‐dimensional deformation and motion in Poiseuille flow and in a stenosed arteriole is numerically investigated by the immersed boundary–lattice Boltzmann method. The RBCs are modeled as suspended capsules of fluid in plasma flow. A neo‐Hookean elastic model with bending resistance is utilized for the RBC membrane. Also, the suspending plasma is modeled as an incompressible Newtonian fluid. To take the effects of aggregation and dissociation of RBCs into account, intercellular interaction is modeled by the Morse potential. The effects of essential parameters namely, mechanical resistance of the RBC membrane, plasma viscous forces, and cell membrane adhesion strength on RBC behavior are presented. Motions and deformations of RBCs in a stenosis and the effects of the stenosed zone on the behavior of cell aggregates were also simulated and analyzed in this study. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renewable Chemicals: Dehydroxylation of Glycerol and Polyols
Authors: ten Dam Jeroen , Hanefeld Ulf 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe production of renewable chemicals is gaining attention over the past few years. The natural resources from which they can be derived in a sustainable way are most abundant in sugars, cellulose and hemicellulose. These highly functionalized molecules need to be de‐functionalized in order to be feedstocks for the chemical industry. A fundamentally different approach to chemistry thus becomes necessary, since the traditionally employed oil‐based chemicals normally lack functionality. This new chemical toolbox needs to be designed to guarantee the demands of future generations at a reasonable price. The surplus of functionality in sugars and glycerol consists of alcohol groups. To yield suitable renewable chemicals these natural products need to be defunctionalized by means of dehydroxylation. Here we review the possible approaches and evaluate them from a fundamental chemical aspect.
On the other hand: Overflow movements of infants' hands and legs during unimanual object exploration
Authors: Soska Kasey C. , Galeon Margaret A. , Adolph Karen E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMotor overflow is extraneous movement in a limb not involved in a motor action. Typically, overflow is observed in people with neurological impairments and in healthy children and adults during strenuous and attention‐demanding tasks. In the current study, we found that young infants produce vast amounts of motor overflow, corroborating claims of symmetry being the default state of the motor system. While manipulating an object with one hand, all 27 of the typically developing 4.5‐ to 7.5‐month‐old infants who we observed displayed overflow movements of the free hand (on 4/5 of unimanual actions). Mirror‐image movements of the hands occurred on 1/8 of unimanual actions, and the hands and legs moved in synchrony on 1/3 of unimanual acts. Motor overflow was less frequent when infants were in a sitting posture and when infants watched their acting hand, suggesting that upright posture and visual examination may help to alleviate overflow and break obligatory symmetry in healthy infants. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:372–382, 2012.
Tcf7l1 is required for spinal cord progenitor maintenance
Authors: Kim Hyung‐Seok , Dorsky Richard I. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNeural progenitor cells must be maintained during development in order to produce the full complement of neuronal and glial derivatives. While molecular pathways have been identified that inhibit progenitor differentiation, it is unclear whether the progenitor state itself is actively maintained. In this study, we have investigated the role of Tcf7l1 (formerly named Tcf3) in maintaining spinal progenitor characteristics and allowing the continued production of neurons and glia following primary neurogenesis. We find that spinal cord progenitor markers are progressively lost in embryos lacking Tcf7l1, and that the number of proliferative progenitors decreases accordingly. Furthermore, we show that the production of both neuronal and glial secondary derivatives of the pMN progenitor pool requires Tcf7l1. Together, these results indicate that Tcf7l1 plays an important role in spinal cord progenitor maintenance, indicating that this core function is conserved throughout multiple epithelial cell populations. Developmental Dynamics 240:2256–2264, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Uncatalyzed Direct Amide Formation Reaction – Mechanism Studies and the Key Role of Carboxylic Acid H‐Bonding
Authors: Charville Hayley , Jackson David A. , Hodges George , Whiting Andrew , Wilson Mark R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCalorimetric studies of the mixing of a series of carboxylic acids and amines have been carried out to measure heat output, which has been compared with their ability to react to form carboxylate ammonium salts and amides. In order to identify which species (salt or H‐bonded species) were formed, 1H NMR studies were also carried out by mixingcarboxylic acids and amines in [D8]toluene and monitoring the resulting reactions. These experiments were also compared to DFT computational studies, from which the relative merits of different mechanistic schemes for direct amide formation could be assessed. A reaction mechanism involving zwitterionic intermediates could be eliminated on the basis of calculated energies in toluene, however, a neutral intermediate pathway, involving carboxylic acid dimerization by mutual hydrogen bonding was found to be accessible and may explain how the direct amide formation reaction occurs. Such a mechanism is not inconsistent with kinetic modelling of direct amide formation under different reactions conditions.