bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multisensory design: Reaching out to touch the consumer
Authors: Spence Charles , Gallace Alberto 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTouch plays an important, if often underacknowledged, role in our evaluation/appreciation of many different products. It is unsurprising, therefore, that there has been such a recent growth of interest in “tactile branding” and tactile marketing. This article reviews the evidence from the fields of marketing, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience, demonstrating just how important the feel of a product, not to mention the feel of its packaging, can be in determining people's overall product evaluation. Problems for tactile design associated with the growth of the aging population, and the growth of Internet‐based shopping, are highlighted. The critical role that touch can play in multisensory product design, appreciation, and marketing is also discussed, as is the increasingly frequent use by marketers of synesthetic correspondences to evoke tactile sensations via the visual and auditory modalities. We put forward the argument that tactile stimulation may influence multisensory product evaluation by means of affective ventriloquism: Our suggestion is that the hedonic attributes of a product perceived via one modality (such as touch) can “pull” (or bias) a person's estimates of the quality and pleasantness of the product derived from other sensory modalities into alignment, and by so doing, modulate a person's overall (multisensory) product experience. What is more, powerful mathematical modeling approaches now exist to predict the magnitude of this kind of intersensory (or crossmodal) interaction effect, hence offering the promise of a more scientific approach to tactile design/marketing in the coming years. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of the Temperature and UV Radiation on the Antimicrobial Action of Bactericidal Wood Polymer Composite (BWPC)
Authors: Júnior Jair Fiori , Piletti Raquel , Barichello Tatiana , Quadri Mara G.N. , Riella Humberto G. , Angioletto Elídio , da Silva Luciano , Paula Marcos M. S. , Fiori Márcio A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of the influences of temperature and UV radiation on the antimicrobial properties of Bactericide Wood Polymer Composite (BWPC). The composite was formulated with polypropylene (PP), wood flour from Pinus elliotis and a triclosan compound. The BWPC was exposed to different time periods and to UV radiation at 100 °C. Microbiological tests were conducted with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. These results showed that the bactericide action is strongly affected by the time of exposure of the composite to high temperature and UV radiation.
Characterization of Natural and Modified Clays to the Development of Polymeric Nanocomposites
Authors: Jarek Flavia , Reis Dayane M. , Mauler Raquel S. , Barbosa Ronilson V. , Kloss Juliana R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBentonite is a technical term applied to layered silicates of very thin granulation, mainly composed by minerals of the smectites group. Montmorillonite, a phylossilicate with layers as thick as 1 nm, is the most common structure in the bentonite clay. The polarity of these materials is incompatible with most of the usual polymers and in order to overcome this problem, chemical modifications are often necessary. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the chemical and physical characteristics of different bentonites by comparing their product data sheets, their performance in the water Foster swelling and their response to chemical modifications of their surfaces structures. The samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. All bentonite samples showed effective intercalations of the modifying agent on their surface structures. This behavior showed the possibility of usage of these materials in the polymer layered silicates nanocomposites preparations.
Enzymatic Treatment as a Pre‐Step to Remove Cellulose Films from Sensors
Authors: Silva Deusanilde J. , Rojas Orlando J. , Hubbe Martin A. , Park Song W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this work an enzymatic treatment is proposed as a preparative, cleaning protocol to remove cellulose films from resonators and sensors. Quartz crystal and surface plasmon gold sensors, coated with ultrathin films of cellulose are used in studies of molecular (for example, polymer and surfactant) adsorption. The sensors are usually recycled after removal of the film, with limited success, after one of two treatments, either hot acid or ammoniac solutions. In the proposed, improved protocol a mixture of cellulases from Aspergillus species, are used as a pre‐treatment to facilitate the release of the cellulose film from the surfaces of the sensors. Two concentrations of NaCl solutions were considered in the enzymatic treatment, 1 and 10 mM, at given enzyme solution concentration, temperature and pH. It was found that after 80 min, the water contact angle after treatment with both salt concentration conditions reached a plateau. The average water contact angle after integration of the enzymatic and ammoniac treatments was found to be low enough, between 6.4 and 7.1 deg to allow reuse the sensors. It is concluded that the use of the ammoniac cleaning solution after the enzymatic treatment is a very convenient, safe and less time consuming way to remove the cellulose films from the sensors to be recycled.
Oxidation and N‐Alkylation at the C‐6 Position of Galactomannan Extracted from Caesalpinia ferrea var. ferrea Seeds
Authors: de Souza Clayton F. , Lucyszyn Neoli , Ferraz Fernando A. , Sierakowski Maria Rita 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCarboxyl (GMOX) and carboxyl‐aminoalkylated derivatives (GMOXD) of galactomannan (GM), extracted from the seeds of Caesalpinia ferrea (Pau‐ferro; Brazilian Ironwood), were synthesised by selective modification of the polysaccharide at the C‐6 position in the presence of TEMPO reagent (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl) and dodecylamine, with high yields (77 and 94% for GMOX and GMOXD, respectively). The chemical modifications were confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR) spectroscopy. Analysis by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled to refractive index (RI), light‐scattering (LS) and viscometer detectors revealed a decrease in molar‐mass values and the intrinsic viscosity and an increase in polydispersity. Modification of galactomannan with a primary amine led to an interesting anionic water‐soluble polymeric surfactant, as determined by interfacial tension values at 24 °C. The critical aggregation and micellar concentration values of amphiphilic GMOXD were determined to be 0.48 and 0.89% (w/v), respectively. The development of polyelectrolyte and amphiphilic derivatives of GM and their physicochemical characterisation can contribute to numerous product applications such as nano‐structured films, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Bulk Ring Opening Polymerization of L‐Lactide with Calcium methoxide
Authors: Dias Marcos Lopes , Palermo Luiz Carlos , Silvino Alexandre C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSummary: Bulk ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L‐lactide (LA) initiated by calcium methoxide (Ca(OMe)2) was investigated in LA/Ca molar ratio from 100 to 5000 and reaction times up to 3h at 180 °C. Ca(OMe)2 showed good activity as ROP catalyst, particularly at high catalyst concentration. The polymerization shows a linear relationship between $\overline {{\rm M}} $n and reaction time, typical of a controlled process. The increase of LA/Ca molar ratio decreases the conversion which was maximum (66%) when the polymerization was carried out at 180 °C and LA/Ca = 100. Semicrystalline poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) with moderate $\overline {{\rm M}} $n varying from 8,500 to 19,500 and polydispersities from 1.20 to 1.44 were obtained. The increase of LA/Ca molar ratio decreased $\overline {{\rm M}} $n, increased the degree of crystallinity and decreased racemization processes which can be controlled by the polymerization condition. Racemization could be reduced by using low catalyst concentration.
Preparation and Characterization of PVC/Natural Filler Composites
Authors: Iulianelli Gisele Cristina V. , Maciel Paula de M.C. , Tavares Maria Inês B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe main purpose of the present work is to use a renewable material obtained from fruit seed to prepare a reinforced polymer composite with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The characterization of the composites was based on the determination of the molecular motion and of mechanical and thermal properties. The thermal properties were characterized through thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The mechanical properties were characterized through tensile tests. The molecular dynamic behavior of the polymer matrix was studied by proton spin‐lattice relaxation, using low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It is shown that the thermal properties do not depend on the filler content, although mechanical properties are improved with the addition of filler. Despite that, no strong interaction between the filler and the PVC matrix could be detected.
Effectiveness of the Transesterification Catalyst on the Thermal, Dynamic‐Mechanical and Rheological Properties of PET/PC Reactive Melting Blends
Authors: Mendes Luis C. , Pereira Patrícia S. C. , Ramos Valéria D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractReactive poly(ethylene terephthalate) / polycarbonate (PET/PC) melting blends were prepared with different cobalt catalyst and polymer compositions. The presence of catalyst increased the miscibility of the 20/80 (wt%) blend, according to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic‐mechanical analyses (DMA). The catalyst also promoted the amorphisation of the PET chains. Besides, the catalyst caused drastic lowering of both moduli (storage and loss) and melt flow rate (MFR) of some blends. The best mechanical and processing properties were achieved for blends without catalyst, indicating that transesterification reactions prejudice mechanical properties.
Development of Maleated Starches Using an Internal Mixer
Authors: Dias Fernanda T.G. , Souza Roberta C.R. , Andrade Cristina T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSummary: Novel maleated starches (MSt) were prepared by chemical modification of cornstarch with maleic anhydride (MA), using an internal mixer as a reactor. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was chosen as initiator. Physico‐chemical parameters were given by the process, recorded at different MA contents, under the same reaction conditions. Processing was carried out at 50 °C, 30 rpm for 8 min. Torque developed during processing was given by the digital display of the rheometer, and the total specific mechanical energy (SME) input was estimated. FTIR measurements confirmed the successful incorporation of MA into the starch backbone. X‐ray diffractograms obtained for the products revealed disruption of the crystalline structure of native starch. The results indicated that the MA content had a significant effect on the characteristics of the resulting modified starches.
Thermal and Rheological Properties of Polyethylene Composites Based on Poly(diphenylsiloxanes)/Organoclay Hybrids Obtained from Two Different Silanes
Authors: Monasterio Fernanda , Pita Victor Rodriguez , Dias Marcos Lopes , Erdmann Eleonora , Destéfanis Hugo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPoly(diphenylsiloxanes) (PDPhS) were synthesized in presence of organophilic clay in order to modify its nanostructure. Two silane monomers were used: dimethoxydiphenylsilane and dichlorodiphenylsilane. The following characterizations were performed for all clays: XRD, FTIR, TG/DTG and SEM. These siloxane‐modified clays were more hydrophobic and had enhanced thermal stability. Solvent extraction was carried out in the siloxane‐modified clays and the PDPhS soluble fraction analyzed according the molecular weight via GPC. The presence of free and grafted oligomers on clay surface was identified. The modified clays were added to high density polyethylene (HDPE) by melt processing to obtain HDPE/hybrid clay composites which exhibited marked differences on macroscopic properties when compared with neat HDPE.
In‐Reactor Stabilization of Poly(propylene) with Natural Antioxidants
Authors: Oliveira Renato J.B. , Forrester Amanda M.S. , Marques Maria F.V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPoly(propylene) is one the polymers with the widest range of commercial applications, though as all polymers, it is susceptible to degradation reactions. The addition of antioxidants to polymers is the main way to prevent or retard the degradation process. Extrusion is the most used industrial process to mix additives to the polymer, but this technique involves processing under high temperatures and shear, which causes polypropylene to degrade. Therefore, a Ziegler‐Natta catalyst system based on MgCl2/TiCl4 was prepared with morphology control and the antioxidant was added directly in the polymerization medium, thereby producing spherical and stabilized PP.
Effect of Essential Oils in the Properties of Cellulosic Active Packaging
Authors: Espitia Paula J.P. , Soares Nilda De F.F. , Botti Laura C.M. , Silva Washington A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe use of essential oils (EO) as antifungal agents is an alternative to synthetic fungicides. In the present work, active packaging in the form of cellulosic films and paper coated with a cellulosic emulsion incorporated with 20% cinnamon, oregano or lemongrass EO was developed. The mechanical properties (maximum load‐at‐break and elongation at break), the water‐vapor‐barrier properties and the microscopic characterization of the packaging materials were evaluated. The EO added to the packages significantly affected the maximum load at break of the active films and their elongation at break. The EO incorporated in the films and coated paper did not affect the water‐vapor barrier. However, this parameter was significantly modified when the uncoated paper and coated paper with and without EO were evaluated. The incorporation of EO altered the microstructures of the active films and coated paper.
Development of an Alternative Route for Production of Glassy Polymeric Carbon Electrodes in Laboratorial Scale
Authors: Oiye Érica Naomi , de Andrade José Fernando , Balbo Valdir Roberto , dos Santos André Luiz , de Oliveira Marcelo Firmino 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA complete alternative and cheaper route for production of glassy polymeric carbon electrodes in laboratorial scale is described. Two kinds of polyphenolic resins were synthesized by mixing the precursors phenol and formaldehyde with 1) ammonium or 2) sodium hydroxide as catalyst. A shorter treatment time of 3.5 days (from 25 to 1000 °C) was employed for preparation of the electrodic material compared with the 5–7 day period proposed in the literature. The obtained materials were inserted into conventional hollow plastic bodies and electrically contacted with copper wire. After proper polishing, the electrodic materials were tested as working electrodes by cyclic voltammetry technique. The data demonstrated that the use of sodium hydroxide causes peculiar problems such as alkaline residues in the electrodic materials and subsequent fading of final product. On the other hand, the materials obtained by the ammonium hydroxide route presented good results in terms of mechanical resistance, glassy appearance, conductivity and voltammetric response, allowing for application of such materials in electrochemistry.
Surface Modification of Synthetic Polymers Using UV Photochemistry in the Presence of Reactive Vapours
Authors: Rajajeyaganthan Ramanathan , Kessler Felipe , de Mour Leal Pedro Henrique , Kühn Sidiney , Weibel Daniel Eduardo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPolystyrene (PS), Polyurethane (PU), Polysulfone (PSU) and Polypropylene (PP) were surface modified using UV assisted treatment in the presence of acrylic acid (AA) vapour. In this context, PU and PSU were also modified using vapour of trimethoxy propyl silane (TMPSi). The surface changes were characterized by water contact angle measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy – Attenuated total reflection and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Permanent hydrophilic surface was obtained by UV assisted treatment in the presence of AA vapour on all polymers studied. After 65 days of treatment, the polymer surfaces had the original degree of hydrophilicity as obtained immediately after treatment. By using vapour of TMPSi with UV radiation, the surface hydrophobicity of PU and PSU was increased after thermal treatment. The surface modification methodology used was simple and did not require any extensive set‐up compared to traditional surface modification techniques.
Synthesis of Poly(propylene)/Graphite Nanocomposites by in Situ Polymerization
Authors: Montagna Larissa Stieven , Fim Fabiana de Carvalho , Galland Griselda Barrera , Basso Nara Regina de Souza 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis work presents the synthesis of polypropylene/graphite nanocomposites by in situ polymerization using the catalytic system C20H16Cl2Zr (rac‐ethylenebis (indenyl)zirconium(IV)) dichloride/Methyoluminoxane (MAO). 60 nm graphite nanosheets (GNS) were obtained by means of the chemical exfoliation, thermal and ultrasound treatment. GNS previously treated with MAO were added into the reactor at percentages of 0.3, 1.0 and 2.2% (w/w) in relation to nanocomposite yields. The morphology of graphite nanosheets and nanocomposites was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the structural properties of natural graphite flake (NGF), graphite nanosheets (GNS) and nanocomposites were observed through the X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).
Polyaniline/Graphite Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Gheno Grasiela , de Souza Basso Nara Regina , Hübler Roberto 
Published: February 2011

AbstractGraphite nanosheet (GNS) was prepared by physical/chemical method. The polyaniline (PANI)/graphite nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer using different amounts (1 to 5 wt%) of graphite nanosheets. The formation of graphite nanosheets was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and X‐ray Diffraction (XRD). The surface morphology of exfoliated graphite and PANI/GNS nanocomposites were studied by the Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). A device for electrical conductivity measurements was developed in this work and the results show that the conductivity of PANI/GNS is dependent of the GNS contents.
PEX Synthesized via Peroxide for Oil Pipes, Starting from Different Commercial Polyethylenes: Influence of Comonomer and Catalyst Type
Authors: de Melo Renato P. , Marques Maria F.V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the present work, crosslinked polyethylene (PEX) was obtained by adding dicumyl peroxide (DCP) to polyethylene. High‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) were used as starting polymers, synthesized by Ziegler‐Natta or metallocene catalysts. Also, the effect of the comonomer type (butene or hexane) in the LLDPE was investigated. Materials were processed with increasing amounts of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). Samples were pressed with suitable amounts of these components. The efficiency of the crosslinking reaction was evaluated by gel content and thermal properties, and the melting temperature and degree of crystallinity were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The microstructure of the starting polyethylene was correlated with the effectiveness of crosslinking and the resultant thermal and mechanical properties of the PEX. A new crosslinking coagent was also evaluated, along with the resistance of PEX samples in oil.
Incorporation of PMMA and PS in Styrene and Methyl methacrylate Miniemulsion Homopolymerization
Authors: Colmán M. Magdalena E. , Moreira Rodrigo P. Muniz , Amaral Marcelo do , Araújo Pedro H.H. , Sayer Claudia 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this work, the effect of adding different polymer types, such as polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), with different molecular weight and variable concentrations on the kinetics and the nucleation mechanisms of styrene and methyl methacrylate miniemulsion homopolymerizations was evaluated. Results showed that higher amounts of predissolved polymer increases the fraction of blend (PMMA and PS) particles formed, indicating that it favors the mechanism of droplet nucleation. However, there is a limit to the incorporation of predissolved polymers as very high viscosities of the organic phase lead to poor dispersion of monomer droplets. It was also noted that other nucleation mechanisms besides monomer droplets nucleation were less important in the miniemulsion homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate than in the styrene homopolymerization.
In‐Line Monitoring of Vinyl Acetate/Acrylic Acid Batch Copolymerizations through Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Pereira Helder Luciano , Machado Fabricio , Lima Enrique Luis , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNear infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used for determination of polymer properties through in line and real time monitoring of polymerization reactions. Experimental runs were performed to evaluate whether NIRS can be used to monitor vinyl acetate/acrylic acid (VAc/AA) copolymerizations carried out in suspension reactors. It is shown that NIRS can be used successfully to monitor the evolution of VAc/AA suspension copolymerizations and that very good calibration models can be developed for monitoring of composition trajectories along the batch. Therefore, NIRS can be employed for real time monitoring and control of copolymer composition in VAc/AA copolymerizations performed in suspension reactors.
Synthesis of Spherical Core‐Shell PVAc‐co‐PMMA/PVA Particles for Use in Vascular Embolization
Authors: Peixoto Luciana S. , Cordeiro Felipe B. , Melo Príamo A. , Nele Márcio , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPrevious published works described suspension polymerization processes for the production of spherical core‐shell poly(vinyl acetate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAc/PVA) particles with regular morphology for use as embolic agents in vascular embolization procedures. Although the clinical performance of the produced particles was regarded as excellent, the produced PVAc/PVA particles were prone to agglomeration during storage. For this reason, methyl methacrylate is now used as comonomer in order to increase the glass transition temperature of the final product and prevent agglomeration of polymer particles. The final expansion of particles, intended to control the density of the polymer beads, also exerts a beneficial effect on the rate of particle agglomeration. Therefore, a methodology to obtain spherical poly(vinyl acetate)‐co‐poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAc‐co‐PMMA/PVA) particles with core‐shell structure is presented in this work.
Effects of Accelerated Ageing in a PTFE Matrix Polymer Composite
Authors: Martins Silvana , Borges Lavinia , D'Almeida José Roberto 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe objective of this work is to present a comparative study of the behaviour of a polymer composite before and after accelerated ageing with exposure to UVB radiation and water vapour. The goal is to propose a methodology to characterise material ageing by observing its phenomenological behaviour without taking into account chemical or physical changes that result from ageing. With this objective, tensile and creep tests were performed and the experimental results were used in an inverse approach to identify the material parameters in a three‐parameter rheological model. A silica‐polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix reinforced composite was investigated. It was verified that significant differences in the composite behaviour only occurred after a long time. In particular, the strength of the composite increased significantly.