bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between hyoid and laryngeal displacement and swallowing impairment
Authors: Steele C.M. , Bailey G.L. , Chau T. , Molfenter S.M. , Oshalla M. , Waito A.A. , Zoratto D.C.B.H. 
Published: October 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 30–36Objectives:  Reduced range of hyoid and laryngeal movement is thought to contribute to aspiration risk and pharyngeal residues in dysphagia. Our aim was to determine the extent to which movements of the hyoid and larynx are correlated in the superior and anterior directions in swallowing, and whether movement range is predictive of penetration–aspiration or pharyngeal residue.Design:  Prospective, single‐blind study of penetration–aspiration and pharyngeal residue with objective frame‐by‐frame measures of hyoid and laryngeal excursion from videofluoroscopy.Setting:  Tertiary hospital and rehabilitation teaching hospital.Participants:  Twenty‐eight participants referred for videofluoroscopy: 13 women, aged 57–77; 15 men, aged 54–70. Individuals with known neurodegenerative diseases or prior surgery to the neck were excluded. Each swallowed three boluses of 40% w/v thin liquid barium suspension.Outcomes:  Two speech‐language pathologists independently rated penetration–aspiration, vallecular and pyriform sinus residue. Cervical spine length, hyoid and laryngeal displacement were traced frame‐by‐frame. Predictive power was calculated.Results:  Cervical spine length was significantly greater in men. Hyoid displacement ranged from 34–63% of the C2–4 distance. Arytenoid displacement ranged from 18–66%, with significantly smaller anterior displacement in men. Positive hyoid–laryngeal movement correlations in both axes were the most common pattern observed. Participants with reduced displacement ranges (≤first quartile) and with abnormal correlation patterns were more likely to display penetration–aspiration. Those with reduced anterior hyoid displacement and abnormal correlation patterns had a greater risk of post‐swallow pharyngeal residues.Conclusions:  It is difficult for clinicians to make on‐line appraisals of the extent to which hyoid and laryngeal movement may be contributing to functional swallowing consequences during videofluoroscopy. This study suggests that it is most important for clinicians to discern whether reduced anterior displacement of these structures is contributing to a patient’s swallowing impairment. Measures of structural displacement in thin liquid swallowing should be corrected for variations in participant height. Reductions in anterior hyoid and laryngeal movement below the first‐quartile boundaries are statistically associated with increased risk for penetration–aspiration and post‐swallow residues.
Deactivation of Excited States of Kynurenine Covalently Linked to Nitroxides
Authors: Tsentalovich Yuri P. , Yanshole Vadim V. , Polienko Yuliya F. , Morozov Sergey V. , Grigor’ev Igor A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDue to ability of stable nitroxides to interact with free radicals, they are used as antioxidants for therapeutic and research goals in biology and medicine. A modern trend in medical chemistry is the design of multifunctional molecules such as UV absorbers covalently bound to nitroxides, which provides both UV protection and antioxidant properties combined in the same molecule. In the present work, we report the synthesis of conjugates of a natural UV filter kynurenine (KN) with nitroxides (KN‐RNO• conjugates) and the study of their photochemical properties in aqueous and methanol solutions. Due to the spin‐exchange interaction between KN and nitroxide moieties, the triplet lifetimes in conjugates are much shorter than in KN molecule, but the triplet quantum yields are significantly higher. The reaction of intramolecular electron transfer between photoexcited KN and nitroxide moieties is the main factor determining the quantum yield of KN‐RNO• conjugates photodecomposition. Consequently, KN‐RNO• conjugates in aqueous solution are photochemically less stable than the parent KN molecule. Nevertheless, the photostability of KN‐RNO• conjugates is much higher than that of cinnamates which are widely used as UV absorbers in modern sunscreen formulations. Thus, the combination of the endogenous chromophore KN with nitroxides is very promising for medical applications.
Global mismatch between research effort and conservation needs of tropical coral reefs
Authors: Fisher Rebecca , Radford Ben T. , Knowlton Nancy , Brainard Russell E. , Michaelis Frances B. , Caley M. Julian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTropical coral reefs are highly diverse and globally threatened. Management to ensure their persistence requires sound biological knowledge in regions where coral reef biodiversity and/or the threats to it are greatest. This paper uses a novel text analysis approach and Google Maps™ to examine the spatial coverage of scientific papers on coral reefs listed in Web of Science®. Results show that research is highly clumped spatially, positively related to per capita gross domestic product, negatively related to coral species richness, and unrelated to threats to coral reefs globally; indicating a serious mismatch between conservation needs and the knowledge required for effective management. Greater research effort alone cannot guarantee better conservation outcomes, but given some regions of the world (e.g., Central Indo‐Pacific) remain severely understudied, priority allocation of resources to fill such knowledge gaps should support greater adaptive management capacity through the development of an improved knowledge base for reef managers.
Beyond stochastic dynamic programming: a heuristic sampling method for optimizing conservation decisions in very large state spaces
Authors: Nicol Sam , Chadès Iadine 
Published: October 2010

Summary1. When managing endangered species the consequences of making a poor decision can be extinction. To make a good decision, we must account for the stochastic dynamic of the population over time. To this end stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) has become the most widely used tool to calculate the optimal policy to manage a population over time and under uncertainty.2. However, as a result of its prohibitive computational complexity, SDP has been limited to solving small dimension problems, which results in SDP models that are either oversimplified or approximated using greedy heuristics that only consider the immediate rewards of an action.3. We present a heuristic sampling (HS) method that approximates the optimal policy for any starting state. The method is attractive for problems with large state spaces as the running time is independent of the size of the problem state space and improves with time.4. We demonstrate that the HS method out‐performs a commonly used greedy heuristic and can quickly solve a problem with 33 million states. This is roughly 3 orders of magnitude larger than the largest problems that can currently be solved with SDP methods.5. We found that HS out‐performs greedy heuristics and can give near‐optimal policies in shorter timeframes than SDP. HS can solve problems with state spaces that are too large to optimize with SDP. Where the state space size precludes SDP, we argue that HS is the best technique.
A unified analysis of niche overlap incorporating data of different types
Authors: Geange Shane W. , Pledger Shirley , Burns Kevin C. , Shima Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2010

Summary1. Competition theory predicts that community structure may be shaped by resource partitioning between co‐occurring species. As such, quantifying the degree of resource partitioning (i.e., niche overlap) is a key component of studies examining community structure and species coexistence.2. For many organisms, multiple resource axes quantify niche space. Each axis may be described by a different type of data (e.g. categorical, continuous, count or binary data, as well as electivity scores), with different data types requiring different statistical treatments. Therefore, incorporating multiple axes into a single measure of niche space is problematic.3. Here, we propose general methods for combining multiple niche axes, each characterized by different data types, within a unified analysis of niche overlap. Using appropriate transformations and probability models, we show that each data type can give rise to directly comparable measures of niche overlap, with the overlap statistic between two species defined as the overlapping area between the distributions for each species.4. Measurements derived from different types of data can be combined into a single unified analysis of niche overlap by averaging over multiple axes.5. We then describe null model permutation tests that assess statistical differences in niche overlap, which can address questions commonly posed by population ecologists (e.g. do two species occupy different niche space?) and community ecologists (e.g. are multiple species evenly distributed across niche space?).6. To illustrate the use of these newly devised indices, we use an example from reef fishes that combines ratio, categorical and electivity data, and an example from alpine plants that combines continuous and ratio data.7. The methods described in this article are relevant to a wide variety of ecological projects, including the investigation of invasive species, relative abundance distributions, global change, species coexistence and evolutionary diversification.
On the Dimension of Certain Graded Lie Algebras Arising in Geometric Integration of Differential Equations
Authors: Iserles Arieh , Zanna Antonella 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMany discretization methods for differential equations that evolve in Lie groups and homogeneous spaces advance the solution in the underlying Lie algebra. The main expense of computation is the calculation of commutators, a task that can be made significantly cheaper by the introduction of appropriate bases of function values and by the exploitation of redundancies inherent in a Lie-algebraic structure by means of graded spaces. In many Lie groups of practical interest a convenient alternative to the exponential map is a Cayley transformation, and the subject of this paper is the investigation of graded algebras that occur in this context. To this end we introduce a new concept, a hierarchical algebra, a Lie algebra equipped with a countable number of m-nary multilinear operations which display alternating symmetry and a ‘hierarchy condition’. We present explicit formulae for the dimension of graded subspaces of free hierarchical algebras and an algorithm for the construction of their basis. The paper is concluded by reviewing a number of applications of our results to numerical methods in a Lie-algebraic setting.
A Domain-Theoretic Approach to Integration in Hausdorff Spaces
Authors: Howroyd J. D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this paper we generalize the construction of a domain-theoretic integral, introduced by Professor Abbas Edalat, in locally compact separable Hausdorff spaces, to general Hausdorff spaces embedded in a domain. Our main example of such spaces comprises general metric spaces embedded in the rounded ideal completion of the partially ordered set of formal balls. We go on to discuss analytic subsets of a general Hausdorff space, and give a sufficient condition for a measure supported on an analytic set to be approximated by a sequence of simple valuations. In particular, this condition is always satisfied in a metric space embedded in the rounded ideal completion of its formal ball space. We finish with a comments section, where we highlight some potential areas for future research and discuss some questions of computability.
On the Structure of Integral Group Rings of Sporadic Groups
Authors: Bleher Frauke M. , Kimmerle Wolfgang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe object of this article is to examine a conjecture of Zassenhaus and certain variations of it for integral group rings of sporadic groups. We prove the ℚ-variation and the Sylow variation for all sporadic groups and their automorphism groups. The Zassenhaus conjecture is established for eighteen of the sporadic simple groups, and for all automorphism groups of sporadic simple groups G which are different from G. The proofs are given with the aid of the GAP computer algebra program by applying a computational procedure to the ordinary and modular character tables of the groups. It is also shown that the isomorphism problem of integral group rings has a positive answer for certain almost simple groups, in particular for the double covers of the symmetric groups.
An Intranasally Delivered Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist Elicits Robust Systemic and Mucosal Responses to Norwalk Virus-Like Particles
Authors: Velasquez Lissette S. , Hjelm Brooke E. , Arntzen Charles J. , Herbst-Kralovetz Melissa M. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTNorwalk virus (NV) is an enteric pathogen from the genusNorovirusand a major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. NV virus-like particles (VLPs) are known to elicit systemic and mucosal immune responses when delivered nasally; however, the correlates of immune protection are unknown, and codelivery with a safe and immunogenic mucosal adjuvant may enhance protective anti-NV immune responses. Resiquimod (R848), an imidazoquinoline-based Toll-like receptor 7 and/or 8 (TLR7/8) agonist, is being evaluated as an adjuvant in FDA-approved clinical vaccine trials. As such, we evaluated the adjuvant activity of two imidazoquinoline-based TLR7 and TLR7/8 agonists when codelivered intranasally with plant-derived NV VLPs. We also compared the activity of these agonists to the gold standard mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin (CT). Our results indicate that codelivery with the TLR7 agonist, gardiquimod (GARD), induces NV VLP-specific serum IgG and IgG isotype responses and mucosal IgA responses in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts that are superior to those induced by R848 and comparable to those induced by the mucosal adjuvant CT. This study supports the continued investigation of GARD as a mucosal adjuvant for NV VLPs and possible use for other VLP-based vaccines for which immune responses at distal mucosal sites (e.g., respiratory and reproductive tracts) are desired.
Fast Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds from Bacterial Cultures by Secondary Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Jiangjiang , Bean Heather D. , Kuo Yin-Ming , Hill Jane E. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

We propose a novel application of secondary electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) as a real-time clinical diagnostic tool for bacterial infection. It is known that volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced in different combinations and quantities by bacteria as metabolites, generate characteristic odors for certain bacteria. These VOCs comprise a specific metabolic profile that can be used for species or serovar identification, but rapid and sensitive analytical methods are required for broad utility. In this study, the VOC profiles of five bacterial groups from four genera,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Escherichia coli
,
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium, and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Pullorum, were characterized by SESI-MS. Thirteen compounds were identified from these bacterial cultures, and the combination of these VOCs creates a unique pattern for each genus. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for the purpose of species or serovar discrimination. The first three principal components exhibit a clear separation between the metabolic volatile profiles of these five bacterial groups that is independent of the growth medium. As a first step toward addressing the complexity of clinical application,
in vitro
tests for mixed cultures were conducted. The results show that individual species or serovars in a mixed culture are identifiable among a biological VOC background, and the ratios of the detected volatiles reflect the proportion of each bacterium in the mixture. Our data confirm the utility of SESI-MS in real-time identification of bacterial species or serovars
in vitro
, which, in the future, may play a promising clinical role in diagnosing infections.
The Liposome PCR Assay Is More Sensitive than the
Vibrio cholerae
Enterotoxin and
Escherichia coli
Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Reversed Passive Latex Agglutination Test at Detecting Cholera Toxin in Feces and Water
Authors: Evers David L. , He Junkun , Mason Jeffrey T. , O'Leary Timothy J. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Practical detection of cholera toxin (CT) by a liposome PCR (LPCR) immunoassay was compared to that of an established
V. cholerae
enterotoxin and
Escherichia coli
heat-labile enterotoxin reversed passive latex agglutination (VET-RPLA) assay. LPCR detected CT in the range of 10 pg/ml to 100 ng/ml in simulated feces and environmental water. Detection by VET-RPLA required at least 4 to 19 ng/ml CT.
Chikungunya Virus Induces IPS-1-Dependent Innate Immune Activation and Protein Kinase R-Independent Translational Shutoff
Authors: White Laura K. , Sali Tina , Alvarado David , Gatti Evelina , Pierre Philippe , Streblow Daniel , DeFilippis Victor R. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthritogenic mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is undergoing reemergence in areas around the Indian Ocean. Despite the current and potential danger posed by this virus, we know surprisingly little about the induction and evasion of CHIKV-associated antiviral immune responses. With this in mind we investigated innate immune reactions to CHIKV in human fibroblasts, a demonstrable
in vivo
target of virus replication and spread. We show that CHIKV infection leads to activation of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and subsequent transcription of IRF3-dependent antiviral genes, including beta interferon (IFN-β). IRF3 activation occurs by way of a virus-induced innate immune signaling pathway that includes the adaptor molecule interferon promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1). Despite strong transcriptional upregulation of these genes, however, translation of the corresponding proteins is not observed. We further demonstrate that translation of cellular (but not viral) genes is blocked during infection and that although CHIKV is found to trigger inactivation of the translational molecule eukaryotic initiation factor subunit 2α by way of the double-stranded RNA sensor protein kinase R, this response is not required for the block to protein synthesis. Furthermore, overall diminution of cellular RNA synthesis is also observed in the presence of CHIKV and transcription of IRF3-dependent antiviral genes appears specifically blocked late in infection. We hypothesize that the observed absence of IFN-β and antiviral proteins during infection results from an evasion mechanism exhibited by CHIKV that is dependent on widespread shutoff of cellular protein synthesis and a targeted block to late synthesis of antiviral mRNA transcripts.
Macaque Long-Term Nonprogressors Resist Superinfection with Multiple CD8
+
T Cell Escape Variants of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Weinfurter Jason T. , May Gemma E. , Soma Taeko , Hessell Ann J. , León Enrique J. , MacNair Caitlin E. , Piaskowski Shari M. , Weisgrau Kim , Furlott Jessica , Maness Nicholas J. , Reed Jason , Wilson Nancy A. , Rakasz Eva G. , Burton Dennis R. , Friedrich Thomas C. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals can be superinfected with different virus strains. Individuals who control an initial HIV infection are therefore still at risk for subsequent infection with divergent viruses, but the barriers to such superinfection remain unclear. Here we tested long-term nonprogressors' (LTNPs') susceptibility to superinfection using Indian rhesus macaques that express the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) allele
Mamu-B*17
, which is associated with control of the pathogenic AIDS virus SIVmac239. The Mamu-B*17-restricted CD8
+
T cell repertoire is focused almost entirely on 5 epitopes. We engineered a series of SIVmac239 variants bearing mutations in 3, 4, or all 5 of these epitopes and used them to serially challenge 2
Mamu-B*17-
positive LTNPs. None of the escape variants caused breakthrough replication in LTNPs, although they readily infected
Mamu-B*17-
negative naive macaques.
In vitro
competing coculture assays and examination of viral evolution in hosts lacking
Mamu-B*17
suggested that the mutant viruses had negligible defects in replicative fitness. Both LTNPs maintained robust immune responses, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8
+
and CD4
+
T cells and neutralizing antibodies. Our results suggest that escape mutations in epitopes bound by “protective” MHC-I molecules may not be sufficient to establish superinfection in LTNPs.
Hepatitis C Virus NS2 Protein Serves as a Scaffold for Virus Assembly by Interacting with both Structural and Nonstructural Proteins
Authors: Ma Yinghong , Anantpadma Manu , Timpe Jennifer M. , Shanmugam Saravanabalaji , Singh Sher M. , Lemon Stanley M. , Yi MinKyung 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Many aspects of the assembly of hepatitis C virus (HCV) remain incompletely understood. To characterize the role of NS2 in the production of infectious virus, we determined NS2 interaction partners among other HCV proteins during productive infection. Pulldown assays showed that NS2 forms complexes with both structural and nonstructural proteins, including E1, E2, p7, NS3, and NS5A. Confocal microscopy also demonstrated that NS2 colocalizes with E1, E2, and NS5A in dot-like structures near lipid droplets. However, NS5A did not coprecipitate with E2 and interacted only weakly with NS3 in pulldown assays. Also, there was no demonstrable interaction between p7 and E2 or NS3 in such assays. Therefore, NS2 is uniquely capable of interacting with both structural and nonstructural proteins. Among mutations in p7, NS2, and NS3 that prevent production of infectious virus, only p7 mutations significantly reduced NS2-mediated protein interactions. These p7 mutations altered the intracellular distribution of NS2 and E2 and appeared to modulate the membrane topology of the C-terminal domain of NS2. These results suggest that NS2 acts to coordinate virus assembly by mediating interactions between envelope proteins and NS3 and NS5A within replication complexes adjacent to lipid droplets, where virus particle assembly is thought to occur. p7 may play an accessory role by regulating NS2 membrane topology, which is important for NS2-mediated protein interactions and therefore NS2 function.