bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bulk mineralogy and three‐dimensional structures of individual Stardust particles deduced from synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and microtomography analysis
Authors: Nakamura Tomoki , Tsuchiyama Akira , Akaki Takeshi , Uesugi Kentaro , Nakano Tsukasa , Takeuchi Akihisa , Suzuki Yoshio , Noguchi Takaaki 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— During preliminary examination of particles released from 81P/Wild 2 short‐period comet, we analyzed 28 particles by nondestructive means, high‐sensitive X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution X‐ray tomography, in order to characterize bulk mineralogy and three‐dimensional structures of individual particles. The analyses were performed at synchrotron facilities, KEK and SPring‐8 in Japan. Twenty‐eight particles from 5 to 25 μm in size, including 25 particles from Track 35 and 3 particles from Track 44, were first analyzed by X‐ray diffraction and then 4 out of 28 particles were analyzed by X‐ray tomography.All particles are classified into two groups based on silicate crystallinity: crystalline type and amorphous‐rich type. The abundance of the former is approximately 10% of the particles investigated. Crystalline type shows very sharp reflections of olivine and low‐Ca pyroxene, while amorphous‐rich type shows no or very weak silicate reflections, suggesting that silicates are mostly amorphous. Broad reflections of Fe sulfides and Fe silicides are detected from most of amorphous‐rich type particles. Subsequent tomography analysis revealed that the crystalline type is non‐porous material consisting of coarse silicate crystals larger than 1 μm in size, while the amorphous‐rich type is very porous aggregates with amorphous silicates and small Fe sulfide and Fe metallic grains. All characteristics of amorphous‐rich type particles indicate that most of them are melted and rapidly solidified during capture in the silica aerogel. On the other hand, the crystalline type is indigenous cometary particle formed through high‐temperature heating episodes that have taken place prior to formation of comet Wild 2. One of the crystalline‐type particles (C2054,0,35,6,0) consists of Mg‐rich olivine, pyroxene, and kamacite and exhibits porphyritic or poikilitic texture very similar to chondrules.
Northwest Africa 2526: A partial melt residue of enstatite chondrite parentage
Authors: KEIL Klaus , BISCHOFF Addi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract— NWA 2526 is a coarse‐grained, achondritic rock dominated by equigranular grains of polysynthetically twinned enstatite (˜85 vol%) with frequent 120° triple junctions and ˜10–15 vol% of kamacite + terrestrial weathering products. All other phases including troilite, daubreelite, schreibersite, and silica‐normative melt areas make up <˜1 vol% of the rock Oxygen isotopic analyses are well within the range of those for enstatite chondrites and aubrites. We show that the “enstatite achondrite” (Russell et al. 2005) Northwest Africa (NWA) 2526 is actually a partial melt residue of an enstatite chondrite‐like lithology that experienced ˜20 vol% partial melting. We suggest that the heat source was internal to the parent body. The FeS‐Fe,Ni and plagioclase‐enstatite partial melts were removed from the parent lithology, leaving NWA 2526 as a residue highly depleted in troilite and lacking plagioclase. Sub‐solidus slow cooling and annealing is responsible for the coarsegrained, recrystallized texture of the rock. We also suggest that the parent lithology of NWA 2526, prior to partial melting, experienced a shock event which formed the curvilinear trails of blebs of minor troilite and rare metal that are enclosed in enstatite crystals; thus, these represent relicts. After partial melting and annealing, NWA 2526 experienced a second, relatively mild impact event (<˜20 GPa) that caused formation of the polysynthetic twinning in the enstatite.We suggest that the meteorite Zaklodzie, which has been referred to as a “primitive enstatite achondrite” (Przylibski et al. 2005), did not form from a magma of internal origin, but that it is an impact‐melt breccia of enstatite chondrite‐like parentage, as previously discussed by Burbine et al. (2000) and Keil (2007).Finally, the “metal‐rich enstatite meteorite with achondritic texture” Itqiy (Patzer et al. 2001) formed by processes very similar to those responsible for formation of NWA 2526 and is also the residue of ˜20 vol% partial melting of an enstatite chondrite‐like parent lithology, with the FeS‐Fe,Ni and plagioclase‐enstatite partial melts having been removed from the residue. It also experienced an impact event after partial melting that was responsible for the formation of the mixed Mg‐Mn‐Fe‐sulfides and the shock stage S3 features of the enstatite. These similarities indicate that NWA 2526 and Itqiy may have formed on the same parent body. This body was different from the EH, EL, Shallowater and aubrite parent bodies, and NWA 2526 and Itqiy may represent samples from yet another, fifth enstatite meteorite parent body.
Characteristic foliation on a hypersurface of general type in a projective symplectic manifold
Authors: Hwang Jun-Muk , Viehweg Eckart 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA foliation on a non-singular projective variety is algebraically integrable if all leaves are algebraic subvarieties. A non-singular hypersurface X in a non-singular projective variety M equipped with a symplectic form has a naturally defined foliation, called the characteristic foliation on X. We show that if X is of general type and dim M≥4, then the characteristic foliation on X cannot be algebraically integrable. This is a consequence of a more general result on Iitaka dimensions of certain invertible sheaves associated with algebraically integrable foliations by curves. The latter is proved using the positivity of direct image sheaves associated to families of curves.
Opacity Proteins Increase
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Fitness in the Female Genital Tract Due to a Factor under Ovarian Control
Authors: Cole Jessica G. , Fulcher Nanette B. , Jerse Ann E. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT

The neisserial opacity (Opa) proteins are a family of antigenically distinct outer membrane proteins that undergo phase-variable expression. Opa
+
variants of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
strain FA1090 are selected in a cyclical pattern from the lower genital tract of estradiol-treated mice. Here we show that cyclical recovery of Opa
+
gonococci does not occur in ovariectomized mice; therefore, the reproductive cycle plays a role in the selection kinetics
in vivo
. As predicted by the selection pattern shown by wild-type gonococci, we demonstrated that a constitutive Opa-expressing strain was more fit than an Opa-deficient mutant in the early and late phases of infection. We found no evidence that Opa-mediated colonization selects for Opa
+
variants during murine infection based on adherence assays with cultured murine epithelial cells. We also tested the hypothesis that complement selects for Opa protein expression during infection. Although some Opa
+
variants of a serum-sensitive derivative of strain FA1090 were more resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum, selection for Opa expression was not abrogated in C3-depleted mice. Finally, as previously reported, Opa
+
gonococci were more sensitive to serine proteases. Thus, proteases or protease inhibitors may contribute to the observed
in vivo
selection pattern. We concluded that Opa proteins promote persistence of
N. gonorrhoeae
in the female genital tract and that
opa
gene phase variation allows gonococci to evade or capitalize upon unidentified host factors of the mammalian reproductive cycle. This work revealed an intimate interaction between pathogen and host and provides evidence that hormonally related factors shape bacterial adaptation.
Loss of Ability To Self-Heal Malaria upon Taurine Transporter Deletion
Authors: Delić Denis , Warskulat Ulrich , Borsch Elena , Al-Qahtani Saad , Al-Quraishi Saleh , Häussinger Dieter , Wunderlich Frank 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTDeletion of the taurine transporter gene (taut) results in lowered levels of taurine, the most abundant amino acid in mammals. Here, we show thattaut−/−mice have lost their ability to self-heal blood-stage infections withPlasmodium chabaudimalaria. Alltaut−/−mice succumb to infections during crisis, while about 90% of the controltaut+/+mice survive. The latter retain unchanged taurine levels even at peak parasitemia. Deletion oftaut, however, results in the lowering of circulating taurine levels from 540 to 264 μmol/liter, and infections cause additional lowering to 192 μmol/liter. Peak parasitemia levels intaut−/−mice are approximately 60% higher than those intaut+/+mice, an elevation that is associated with increased systemic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, as well as with liver injuries. The latter manifest as increased systemic ammonia levels, a perturbed capacity to entrap injected particles, and increased expression of genes encoding TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NF-κB, and vitamin D receptor (VDR). Autopsy reveals multiorgan failure as the cause of death for malaria-infectedtaut−/−mice. Our data indicate thattaut-controlled taurine homeostasis is essential for resistance toP. chabaudimalaria. Taurine deficiency due totautdeletion, however, impairs the eryptosis ofP. chabaudi-parasitized erythrocytes and expedites increases in systemic TNF-α, IL-1β, and ammonia levels, presumably contributing to multiorgan failure inP. chabaudi-infectedtaut−/−mice.
On the Convergence for an Iterative Method for Quasivariational Inclusions
Authors: Li Yu , Wu Changqun 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe introduce an iterative algorithm for finding a common element of the set of solutions of quasivariational inclusion problems and of the set of fixed points of strict pseudocontractions in the framework Hilbert spaces. The results presented in this paper improve and extend the corresponding results announced by many others.
SOX9 Elevation in the Prostate Promotes Proliferation and Cooperates with PTEN Loss to Drive Tumor Formation
Authors: Thomsen Martin K. , Ambroisine Laurence , Wynn Sarah , Cheah Kathryn S.E. , Foster Christopher S. , Fisher Gabrielle , Berney Daniel M. , Møller Henrik , Reuter Victor E. , Scardino Peter , Cuzick Jack , Ragavan Narasimhan , Singh Paras B. , Martin Francis L. , Butler Christopher M. , Cooper Colin S. , Swain Amanda ,   on behalf of the Transatlantic Prostate Group
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Dysregulation of tissue development pathways can contribute to cancer initiation and progression. In murine embryonic prostate epithelia, the transcription factor SOX9 is required for proper prostate development. In this study, we examined a role for SOX9 in prostate cancer in mouse and human. In Pten and Nkx3.1 mutant mice, cells with increased levels of SOX9 appeared within prostate epithelia at early stages of neoplasia, and higher expression correlated with progression at all stages of disease. In transgenic mice, SOX9 overexpression in prostate epithelia increased cell proliferation without inducing hyperplasia. In transgenic mice that were also heterozygous for mutant Pten, SOX9 overexpression quickened the induction of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia. In contrast, Sox9 attenuation led to a decrease proliferating prostate epithelia cells in normal and homozygous Pten mutant mice with prostate neoplasia. Analysis of a cohort of 880 human prostate cancer samples showed that SOX9 expression was associated with increasing Gleason grades and higher Ki67 staining. Our findings identify SOX9 as part of a developmental pathway that is reactivated in prostate neoplasia where it promotes tumor cell proliferation. Cancer Res; 70(3); 979–87
The Stoning of a Pregnant Adulteress from Juhayna: The Early Evolution of a Muslim Tradition
Authors: Pavlovitch Pavel 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article is devoted to a tradition about the stoning of a pregnant woman from Juhayna said to have voluntarily confessed to adultery before the Prophet Muhammad. In my analysis I follow the internal development of the tradition and try to uncover the earliest authorities who put it into circulation. Insofar as the tradition about the woman from Juhayna refers to external narratives, I attempt to establish a relative dating of the tradition with respect to other instances of voluntary confession to adultery found in various legal corpora. In terms of methodology I follow the method of isnād and matn analysis, which, in my view, is a useful tool for tracing the development of Muslim traditions. As appropriate, isnād analysis is supported by information derived from a number of biographical dictionaries, ranging from Ibn Sa'd (d. 230/845) to Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalāī (d. 852/1449).
Comparison of the effects of freezing and thawing on the cysts of the two potato cyst nematode species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida, using differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Devine Kenneth 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry was used to examine and to compare the effect of freezing and thawing on the eggs of the two potato cyst nematode (PCN) species, Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. No thermal events were recorded for either PCN species when dry cysts were cooled to –45°C and thawed to +5°C. The cyst walls of hydrated cysts of both species were found to contain ice-nucleating agents that significantly increased the temperature at which external and internal water in contact with the cyst wall froze compared with control water droplets. The freezing of hydrated eggs of both species of PCN eggs produced a very broad exotherm ranging from –30°C to –42°C. A significant positive correlation between cyst weight and supercooling point for G. pallida eggs was identified, indicating that cyst size and egg location within the cyst may influence the freezing of PCN eggs on an individual level. Integration of these egg exotherms identified a supercooling point of –37.45°C and –39.05°C for G. pallida and G. rostochiensis, respectively. The supercooling points of eggs of G. pallida but not G. rostochiensis were found to increase significantly on the second freeze cycle of a freeze-thaw-freeze programme. Rehydration of these G. pallida cysts restored the supercooling point to its original level when the cysts were re-analysed, indicating that water was lost from the egg complex of G. pallida during the initial freeze-thaw-freeze programme. The results of this study indicate that the ability of eggs of both species of PCN to supercool appears to be a trait that was developed prior to divergence of the two species.
The Vertical Stratification of Air Temperature in the Center of Athens
Authors: Georgakis C. , Santamouris M. , Kaisarlis G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The intraurban temperature variation in the center of Athens, Greece, was investigated in relation to urban geometry. This paper describes two main tasks: 1) Air temperature was recorded in the center of Athens and at the Meteorological Service Station at the University of Athens. Experimental data were collected through extensive monitoring at four different heights inside five different urban canyons in the center of Athens during the summer period. A measurement uncertainty analysis was carried out to estimate critical threshold values of air temperature below which differences were not significant. 2) The correlation between urban–suburban air temperature differences was assessed, using the geometrical characteristics of each urban street canyon. Urban–rural air temperature differences were considered to be not important if they were below the threshold value of 0.3°C. It was concluded that the major factor controlling urban–suburban air temperature differences was the geometry of the urban area. Other factors were the orientation of the observational sites, the current weather conditions, and the inversion of air masses adjacent to the ground level. An increase in the value of aspect ratios leads to a decrease in the difference between air inside the canyons and at the suburban station. The air temperature profile in an open-space area was the most important defining factor for the stratification of the urban–rural air temperature differences.
Copy number variation in the genomes of twelve natural isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Maydan Jason S , Lorch Adam , Edgley Mark L , Flibotte Stephane , Moerman Donald G 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundCopy number variation is an important component of genetic variation in higher eukaryotes. The extent of natural copy number variation inC. elegansis unknown outside of 2 highly divergent wild isolates and the canonical N2 Bristol strain.ResultsWe have used array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to detect copy number variation in the genomes of 12 natural isolates ofCaenorhabditis elegans. Deletions relative to the canonical N2 strain are more common in these isolates than duplications, and indels are enriched in multigene families on the autosome arms. Among the strains in our study, the Hawaiian and Madeiran strains (CB4856 and JU258) carry the largest number of deletions, followed by the Vancouver strain (KR314). Overall we detected 510 different deletions affecting 1136 genes, or over 5% of the genes in the canonical N2 genome. The indels we identified had a median length of 2.7 kb. Since many deletions are found in multiple isolates, deletion loci were used as markers to derive an unrooted tree to estimate genetic relatedness among the strains.ConclusionCopy number variation is extensive inC. elegans, affecting over 5% of the genes in the genome. The deletions we have detected in natural isolates ofC. eleganscontribute significantly to the number of deletion alleles available to researchers. The relationships between strains are complex and different regions of the genome possess different genealogies due to recombination throughout the natural history of the species, which may not be apparent in studies utilizing smaller numbers of genetic markers.
Association of HIV infection with distribution and viral load of HPV types in Kenya: a survey with 820 female sex workers
Authors: Luchters Stanley MF , Broeck Davy Vanden , Chersich Matthew F , Nel Annalene , Delva Wim , Mandaliya Kishor , Depuydt Christophe E , Claeys Patricia , Bogers John-Paul , Temmerman Marleen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV are each responsible for a considerable burden of disease. Interactions between these infections pose substantial public health challenges, especially where HIV prevalence is high and HPV vaccine coverage low.

Methods
Between July 2005 and January 2006, a cross-sectional community-based survey in Mombasa, Kenya, enrolled female sex workers using snowball sampling. After interview and a gynaecological examination, blood and cervical cytology samples were taken. Quantitative real-time PCR detected HPV types and viral load measures. Prevalence of high-risk HPV was compared between HIV-infected and -uninfected women, and in women with abnormal cervical cytology, measured using conventional Pap smears.

Results
Median age of the 820 participants was 28 years (inter-quartile range [IQR] = 24-36 years). One third of women were HIV infected (283/803; 35.2%) and these women were y more likely to have abnormal cervical cytology than HIV-negative women (27%, 73/269, versus 8%, 42/503; P < 0.001). Of HIV-infected women, 73.3% had high-risk HPV (200/273) and 35.5% had HPV 16 and/or 18 (97/273). Corresponding figures for HIV-negative women were 45.5% (229/503) and 15.7% (79/503). After adjusting for age, number of children and condom use, high-risk HPV was 3.6 fold more common in HIV-infected women (95%CI = 2.6-5.1). Prevalence of all 15 of the high-risk HPV types measured was higher among HIV-infected women, between 1.4 and 5.5 fold. Median total HPV viral load was 881 copies/cell in HIV-infected women (IQR = 33-12,110 copies/cell) and 48 copies/cell in HIV-uninfected women (IQR = 6-756 copies/cell; P < 0.001). HPV 16 and/or HPV 18 were identified in 42.7% of LSIL (32/75) and 42.3% of HSIL (11/26) lesions (P= 0.98). High-risk HPV types other than 16 and 18 were common in LSIL (74.7%; 56/75) and HSIL (84.6%; 22/26); even higher among HIV-infected women.

Conclusions
HIV-infected sex workers had almost four-fold higher prevalence of high-risk HPV, raised viral load and more precancerous lesions. HPV 16 and HPV 18, preventable with current vaccines, were associated with cervical disease, though other high-risk types were commoner. HIV-infected sex workers likely contribute disproportionately to HPV transmission dynamics in the general population. Current efforts to prevent HIV and HPV are inadequate. New interventions are required and improved implementation of existing strategies.
Synthesis of a C3 Symmetric Host Molecule for C60 Bearing a Bicyclic Triarylphosphate Framework
Authors: Kobayashi Junji , Domoto Yuya , Kawashima Takayuki 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A fluorescent host molecule bearing a bicyclic triarylphosphate framework was synthesized. Its inclusion behavior to C60 was revealed by fluorescent titration. Cocrystallization of the host and C60 resulted in the formation of an inclusion complex in the crystalline state.
Identification of a Discrete Peroxide Dianion, O22−, in a Two Sodium–(1,6-Anhydro-β-maltose)2–Peroxide Complex
Authors: Kato Takayuki , Fujimoto Takashi , Tsutsui Ayumi , Tashiro Mitsuru , Mitsutsuka Yoshihiro , Machinami Tomoya 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A complex formed by two 1,6-anhydro-β-maltoses with peroxide and two sodium ions has been isolated and determined to be [Na2(1,6-anhydro-β-maltose)2(H2O)3]O2 by X-ray crystallography. The O2 moiety, 1.496(2) Å for the O–O distances in the complex was identified as a discrete peroxide dianion, whereas two sodium and two carbohydrate molecules constitute a binuclear complex counter cation.The complex containing the discrete peroxide dianion was proven to be a useful oxidizing agent, which successfully oxidized α,β-unsaturated ketone to epoxyketone.
Mood volatility with rumination but neither attentional nor interpretation biases in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Martin Maryanne , Alexeeva Iana 
Published: January 2010

Objectives. This study tested whether (1) chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) individuals have a bias in the initial orientation of attention to illness‐related information, which is enhanced by rumination. (2) CFS individuals have an illness interpretation bias (IB) in their early automatic processing of ambiguous information. (3) CFS individuals experience a greater degree of mood fluctuation following rumination and distraction inductions.Design. Thirty‐three CFS participants who had received a medical practitioner's diagnosis of CFS were compared to 33 healthy matched controls on an exogenous cueing task and a lexical decision task.Method. All participants underwent either a rumination or distraction induction. They then completed an exogenous cueing task to assess bias to illness and social threat compared with neutral stimuli, as well as a lexical decision task to assess their interpretation of ambiguous words having illness, social threat, or neutral interpretations.Results. Reaction time data revealed that CFS individuals did not have an attentional bias (AB) in the initial orientation of attention to illness‐related material. Nor was there an IB towards illness in CFS individual's automatic response to ambiguous information. However, as hypothesized, CFS individuals showed a greater degree of mood fluctuation following the rumination/distraction induction.Conclusion. Rumination and distraction lead to greater mood volatility in CFS individuals than in controls, but not to attentional nor interpretation biases in the early automatic stages of information processing in CFS individuals.