bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the ‘Orphan Burden’: Understanding Care for and by AIDS‐affected Children in Africa
Authors: Abebe Tatek 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlthough African children have long been acknowledged as making meaningful contributions in processes of social and economic reproduction, orphans due to AIDS are viewed as simple ‘burdens’, mere objects of pity and charity appeals. Existing studies on the care of AIDS‐affected children by extended families are also highly polarized, focusing either on how the traditional system of childcare has collapsed (the ‘social rupture thesis’) or how it is coping well (the ‘theory of social resilience’). This article reviews current research on orphanhood in the context of AIDS in sub‐Saharan Africa. It critically examines debates on care for and by AIDS‐affected children, analyzing the complex ways in which these children seek spaces of care within and make contributions to the interdependent livelihoods of extended families in which they play an active part. The article goes beyond the ‘orphan burden’ to draw analytical attention into the ways in which care can be conceptualized as a multi‐dimensional phenomenon involving children’s capacity to reciprocate resources of care (economic, emotional and psychosocial) with their families rather than being a one‐dimensional process whereby they are simply placed in the receiving end of the care continuum.
Agent‐based Models and the Spatial Sciences
Authors: Torrens Paul M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAgent‐based models (ABMs) are used in the spatial sciences as building‐blocks for computer simulation. ABMs have a range of advantageous attributes, not least of which is their flexibility in representing dynamic and highly adaptive physical or human phenomena. ABMs facilitate the exploration of ideas about the myriad of ways that geographical systems develop, behave, interact and evolve, often supporting experimentation with geographical systems in ways that are simply not possible in the real world. Indeed, in many cases, ABMs are developed from the bottom up, pedagogically, as a tool in building theory. Geographers’ work with ABMs has helped to strengthen existing ties with related disciplines such as computer science and informatics, ecology, sustainability science, economics, anthropology, political science and the earth sciences. Primarily because of the value placed on spatial science and behavioral geography in agent‐based modeling, work of this kind is helping to infuse geographical perspectives and ‘spatial thinking’ into these fields. This article reviews the development of agent‐based modeling in the spatial sciences, its current uses and applications in physical and human geography and potential future trends in its research and development.
Geographies of Architecture: The Multiple Lives of Buildings
Authors: Kraftl Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractArguably, cultural geography began with the study of architectural forms. The first half of this article traces the geographical study of buildings as a relatively small but significant sub‐field of cultural geography. It summarises three approaches that characterise this work. First, the study of everyday, vernacular buildings, found especially (but not exclusively) in North American cultural geography. Second, radical critiques of the political–economic imperatives that are built into particular architectural forms such as the skyscraper and the related interpretation of buildings as signs, symbols or referents for dominant socio‐cultural discourses or moralities. Third, what can broadly (but not unproblematically) be termed non‐representational or ‘critical’ methods that stress practice, materiality and affect. The second half of the article highlights the productive connections between these three approaches. It stresses that recent research on the geographies of architecture has adopted elements of each approach to make a number of contributions to the study of cultural geography. Two key themes are considered: movement/stasis; the politics of architectural design and practice. Consideration of these themes anticipates a conclusion with some broad suggestions for future geographical research on architecture.
Predictors of Hypertension Control in a Diverse General Cardiology Practice
Authors: DeVore Adam D. , Sorrentino Matthew , Arnsdorf Morton F. , Ward R. Parker , Bakris George L. , Blankstein Ron 
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich). 2010;12:570–577. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Factors influencing hypertension (HTN) control in the United States are not well understood. The authors utilized a newly designed survey instrument to interview patients presenting to a diverse, general cardiology practice at a tertiary care center in order to identify factors associated with HTN control. The study was completed in 154 participants, and 121 (78.6%) had HTN. Of those, 111 (91.7%) had awareness of HTN, and 72 (59.5%) had HTN control, defined as <140/90 mm Hg. In a multivariate analysis, race/ethnicity was not associated with HTN control, but private insurance (odds ratio [OR] 3.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–9.28), nonsmoker status (OR 4.36, CI 1.22–15.51), and number of medications used (OR 1.32, CI 1.12–1.56) were associated with HTN control. Correct recognition of systolic blood pressure goal and knowledge of one’s current state of HTN control were also associated with control. In conclusion, in a general cardiology practice where patients had a high degree of healthcare access, race/ethnicity was not associated with HTN control, while type of insurance, nonsmoker status, and increased number of medications used were associated. In addition, 2 novel predictors of HTN control, recognition of systolic blood pressure goal and knowledge of HTN control, were identified that can be utilized in creating new HTN treatment interventions.
Urine Albumin Excretion, Within Normal Range, Reflects Increasing Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Essential Hypertension
Authors: Vyssoulis Gregory , Karpanou Eva , Spanos Pangiotis , Kyvelou Stella‐Maria , Adamopoulos Dionysios , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens(Greenwich). 2010;12:597–602. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Microalbuminuria is a prognostic marker of cardiovascular disease and is related to metabolic syndrome (MetS). For this purpose, the authors examined the relationship of low grade albuminuria to MetS, using 4 current definitions and a MetS score. They studied 6650 consecutive, nondiabetic, hypertensive patients with normal microalbumin excretion. MetS was defined by Adult Treatment Panel III, American Heart Association, World Heart Organization, International Diabetes Federation criteria, and MetS Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell’Infarcto Miocardico (GISSI) score. Urine microalbumin concentration was measured after a 24‐hour urine collection by immunonephelometry. By all definitions, hypertensive patients with MetS had higher microalbumin levels. Significantly higher microalbumin levels were observed as the number of metabolic components rose. After adjustment for systolic blood pressure, the strength of this association was reduced to a nonsignificant level. Microalbumin levels, within normal range, are increased in patients with MetS, irrespective of the definition criteria.
Aspirin Resistance in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Ozben Beste , Tanrikulu Azra M. , Ozben Tomris , Caymaz Oguz 
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:714–720. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Aspirin resistance is associated with poor clinical prognosis. The authors investigated aspirin resistance in 200 hypertensive patients (111 men, age: 68.3±11.4 years) by the Ultegra Rapid Platelet Function Assay‐ASA (Accumetrics Inc., San Diego, CA). Aspirin resistance was defined as an aspirin reaction unit ≥550. Aspirin resistance was detected in 42 patients. Aspirin resistance was present in 25.6% of the patients with poor blood pressure control, while in 17.8% of the patients with controlled blood pressure (P=.182). Female gender and creatinine levels were significantly higher (P=.028 and P=.030, respectively), while platelet count was significantly lower (P=.007) in aspirin‐resistant patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender (odds ratio [OR], 2.445; P=.045), creatinine levels (OR, 1.297; P=.015) and platelet count (OR, 0.993; P=.005) were independent predictors of aspirin resistance. The frequency of aspirin resistance is not low in hypertensive patients. Female hypertensive patients, especially, with higher creatinine levels and lower platelet count are at higher risk for aspirin resistance.
Clinical Predictors of Stress‐Induced Transient Left Ventricular Dilatation in Patients With Nonsignificant Coronary Disease
Authors: Brodov Yafim , Guetta Victor , Di Segni Elio , Chouraqui Pierre 
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:693–697. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Left ventricular transient dilatation (TD) during stress myocardial perfusion imaging has been associated with extensive and severe coronary artery disease (CAD). The authors investigated the clinical predictors of TD in patients with nonsignificant CAD. The authors retrospectively studied 134 consecutive patients with exercise (n=59) or dipyridamole (n=75) stress‐induced TD who had undergone coronary angiography within 6 months of the test. Significant CAD was defined as diameter stenosis ≥70% in at least one major coronary artery, and significant left main disease as >50% diameter stenosis. Angiographically‐significant CAD was found in 126 patients (94%), and nonsignificant CAD in the remaining 8 patients (6%). No differences in gender, history of smoking, hyperlipidemia, family history of CAD, body mass index, and left ventricular ejection fraction were found between patients with significant and nonsignificant CAD. All 8 nonsignificant CAD patients had a history of either hypertension (7/8) or electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (1/8), compared with 58% of the hypertensive patients in the significant CAD group (P=.02). Nonsignificant CAD patients were also characterized by lack of diabetes mellitus (P=.05) or prior myocardial infarction (P=.05). Hypertension seems to be an important clinical predictor of TD in patients with nonsignificant CAD.
Health Social Movements in the United States: An Overview
Authors: Archibald Matthew E. , Crabtree Charity 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the literature on health social movements (HSMs) and provides an overview of their main conceptual, theoretical and empirical underpinnings. Health social movements is not a single paradigm but spans several decades’ worth of theoretical and research activity in the areas of social movements, medical sociology and social studies in science. Case studies of HSMs have been accumulating for years, and several new collections of papers attempt to systematize the various strands of health social movements research to answer questions about their origins, different strategic and political approaches to social change, their trajectories and consequences. We provide a selective overview of the literature on health social movements that explore these questions, while distinguishing between health social movements seeking greater access to healthcare, those focusing on health disparities and inequality, and those challenging the underlying science of health and healthcare. We conclude with some suggestions for the direction of future studies.
Sociology and the Two Faces of Human Rights
Authors: Morris Lydia 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article begins with a reference to Turner and Water’s debate over a foundational versus constructionist approach to human rights. Noting some scope for complementarity between the two, it moves on to consider a different divide; human rights discourse as the driver of expressive and expansive social movements; and human rights practice as deployed in the interests of power and control. The former is explored in relation to rights, recognition and ‘cosmopolitanisation’, and the latter in relation to closure, deficit and false universals. A return to the classics is suggested as one route to furthering analysis and understanding of both perspectives.
Mothering, Guilt and Shame
Authors: Sutherland Jean‐Anne 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEven as research continues to explore mothering experiences and social psychologists consider the costs of guilt and shame, few empirical works have examined the relationships among mothering, guilt and shame. The idea that guilt and shame are necessary components of mothering is widespread. A few sources take seriously the emotions of guilt and shame nor has considerable thought been given to the social nature of guilt and shame. Rather than accept a purely psychological explanation of guilt and shame, I investigate the institutional and interactional dynamics that fuel women’s drives to perform as ‘the good mother’. In particular, I explore the ‘good mothering’ ideology that places mothers at risk of guilt and shame and then two social and institutional spaces where guilt and shame are likely to be prevalent.
Apoptosis initiation and angiogenesis inhibition: melanoma targets for nanosecond pulsed electric fields
Authors: Chen Xinhua , Kolb Juergen F. , Swanson R. James , Schoenbach Karl H. , Beebe Stephen J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMany effective anti‐cancer strategies target apoptosis and angiogenesis mechanisms. Applications of non‐ionizing, nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) induce apoptosis in vitro and eliminate cancer in vivo; however in vivo mechanisms require closer analysis. These studies investigate nsPEF‐induced apoptosis and anti‐angiogenesis examined by fluorescent microscopy, immunoblots, and morphology. Six hours after treatment with one hundred 300 ns pulses at 40 kV/cm, cells transiently expressed active caspases indicating that caspase‐mediated mechanisms. Three hours after treatment transient peaks in Histone 2AX phosphorylation coincided with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling positive cells and pyknotic nuclei, suggesting caspase‐independent mechanisms on nuclei/DNA. Large DNA fragments, but not 180 bp fragmentation ladders, were observed, suggesting incomplete apoptosis. Nevertheless, tumor weight and volume decreased and tumors disappeared. One week after treatment, vessel numbers, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD‐ECGF), CD31, CD35 and CD105 were decreased, indicating anti‐angiogenesis. The nsPEFs activate multiple melanoma therapeutic targets, which is consistent with successes of nsPEF applications for tumor treatment in vivo as a new cancer therapeutic modality.
Clinical outcomes of laparoscopic colonic resection for diverticular disease in Japanese patients
Authors: Akagi T , Inomata M , Etoh T , Yasuda K , Shiraishi N , Kitano S 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIntroduction: Indications for laparoscopic surgery for colonic diverticular disease have not been established in Japan despite this being a relatively common disease. We studied surgical outcomes of laparoscopic colon resection (LCR) versus open colon resection (OCR) for diverticular disease.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed surgical outcomes of 21 patients with colonic diverticulitis.Results: Of these 21 patients, 11 underwent OCR, and 10 underwent LCR. There were no differences in age, sex, and BMI between the groups. Diverticulitis in the LCR group, compared to the OCR group, was characterized as being of the uncomplicated type with a right‐side location (P<0.01). Volume of blood loss and duration of postoperative hospital stay were less in the LCR group than in the OCR group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in operative times, duration to start of solid food intake, and rate of postoperative complications.Conclusion: These results suggest that LCR for diverticulitis can be performed safely and less invasively without increased morbidity for uncomplicated diverticulitis. Further studies will be needed to determine the benefits of LCR for complicated diverticulitis.
Intestinal hyperammonaemia in horses
Authors: Dunkel B. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryIntestinal hyperammonaemia in horses is a syndrome putatively caused by increased intestinal production and/or absorption of ammonia that clinically manifests as severe neurological abnormalities often in conjunction with signs of gastrointestinal dysfunction but without evidence of hepatic compromise. Ingestion of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) is a novel primary condition that may predispose to development of the syndrome as described in this issue. Treatment of the condition is symptomatic and aimed at decreasing blood ammonium concentrations by reducing further production and absorption, reducing brain oedema and preventing self‐inflicted trauma. Prognosis for survival is guarded, particularly in cases with severe gastrointestinal lesions, and is influenced by the ability to control clinical signs.
Mantle heterogeneities and their significance: results from Lithoprobe seismic reflection and refraction – wide-angle reflection studiesThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the themeLithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.Lithoprobe Contribution 1486.
Authors: Clowes Ron M. , White Don J. , Hajnal Zoltan 
Published: May 2010

Within Lithoprobe’s 10 transects, data from more than 20 000 km of multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection profiling and 12 refraction – wide-angle reflection (R/WAR) surveys were acquired. While the main results related to crustal structure, the data also indicated substantial heterogeneity in the lithospheric mantle. Images of fossilized subduction zones from the Eocene to the Neoarchean demonstrate that current plate tectonic processes have been active for more than 2.6 Ga. The Canadian Cordillera has a thin (50–60 km) lithosphere that is likely receiving some dynamic support from the asthenosphere below. Vestiges of the last stage of accretionary tectonic processes that formed the Archean Superior craton are indicated by an unusual anisotropic high velocity layer that may represent relic oceanic lithosphere. Within the Paleoproterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen, a restricted region of upper mantle P-wave velocity anisotropy is identified with the continental collision between the bounding Hearne and Superior cratons. In the Archean Hearne and Wyoming provinces, two dipping structures within the sub-crustal lithosphere are interpreted as subduction features related to the assembly of the two cratons. Finite-difference modeling of long-offset data (over 1300 km) reveals fine-scale heterogeneities within a layer between 90 and 150 km in the continental lithosphere, perhaps formed through lateral flow or deformation within the upper mantle. Based on Lithoprobe data, heterogeneities within the lithospheric mantle are reasonably common. They have a wide range of seismic signatures, include many different types and show differing scales. Nevertheless, their extent in the lithospheric mantle is considerably less than in the crust.
MODELING MULTILAYER ANTIREFLECTION COATING SYSTEMS BASED ONLiNbO3
Authors: KARAOMERLIOGLU FILIZ 
Published: May 2010

Antireflection coatings have had the greatest impact on optics. The antireflection (AR) coating is the critically important technology in obtaining high performance of optoelectronic devices. In the present paper, characteristics of the ferroelectric based multilayered antireflection coating systems are investigated. Multilayer antireflection coatings consisting of insulator thin films have been modeled in the region between the 400 nm and 800 nm visible bands of electromagnetic spectrum to reduce reflectance from ferroelectric based substrate.In this type of antireflection coating we can regulate the optical properties of a system by external electric (or thermal field) and design a broadband low reflection coating system for optoelectronic devices. In order to design and simulate the normal incidence wideband visible multilayer AR coatings, we have developed a Fortran software program based upon Fresnell equations. Different types of layers which are two-different materials like ZnSe and ZrO2for even-folded multilayer (two-, four-, six-, eight-, ten-, and twelve-layer) antireflection coatings are used. Ferroelectric material, LiNbO3is used as the substrate. The optical thicknesses of each layer are equal to a quarter-wave thick at a certain wavelength.
WEAKLY ITERATED BLOCK PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS TO LOGIC AND COMPLEXITY
Authors: STRAUBING HOWARD , TESSON PASCAL , THÉRIEN DENIS 
Published: May 2010

Unlike the wreath product, the block product is not associative at the level of varieties. All decomposition theorems involving block products, such as the bilateral version of Krohn–Rhodes' theorem, have always assumed a right-to-left bracketing of the operands. We consider here the left-to-right bracketing, which is generally weaker. More precisely, we are interested in characterizing for any pseudovarieties of monoids U, V the smallest pseudovariety W that contains U and such that W □ V = W. This allows us to obtain new decomposition results for a number of important varieties such as DA, DO and DA * G. We apply these results to characterize the regular languages definable with generalized first-order sentences using only two variables and to shed new light on recent results on regular languages recognized by bounded-depth circuits with a linear number of wires and regular languages with small communication complexity.
Three-Dimensional Cell Growth Confers Radioresistance by Chromatin Density Modification
Authors: Storch Katja , Eke Iris , Borgmann Kerstin , Krause Mechthild , Richter Christian , Becker Kerstin , Schröck Evelin , Cordes Nils 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Cell shape and architecture are determined by cell-extracellular matrix interactions and have profound effects on cellular behavior, chromatin condensation, and tumor cell resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. To evaluate the role of chromatin condensation for radiation cell survival, tumor cells grown in three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures as xenografts and monolayer cell cultures were compared. Here, we show that increased levels of heterochromatin in 3D cell cultures characterized by histone H3 deacetylation and induced heterochromatin protein 1α expression result in increased radiation survival and reduced numbers of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and lethal chromosome aberrations. Intriguingly, euchromatin to heterochromatin–associated DSBs were equally distributed in irradiated 3D cell cultures and xenograft tumors, whereas irradiated monolayer cultures showed a 2:1 euchromatin to heterochromatin DSB distribution. Depletion of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1/2/4 or application of the class I/II pharmacologic HDAC inhibitor LBH589 induced moderate or strong chromatin decondensation, respectively, which was translated into cell line–dependent radiosensitization and, in case of LBH589, into an increased number of DSBs. Neither growth conditions nor HDAC modifications significantly affected the radiation-induced phosphorylation of the important DNA repair protein ataxia telangiectasia mutated. Our data show an interrelation between cell morphology and cellular radiosensitivity essentially based on chromatin organization. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which chromatin structure influences the processing of radiation-induced DNA lesions is of high relevance for normal tissue protection and optimization of cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 70(10); 3925–34. ©2010 AACR.