bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate and Oxine in the Differentiation of Brucella Species
Authors: Cruickshank J. C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe effect of two chelating agents, sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and 8-hydroxy-quinoline (oxine), on 70 strains of brucellae (24Br. abortus, 22Br. melitensisand 28Br. suis) has been examined.The pattern of growth and inhibition of the three species as it appears in the carbamate test described by Renoux is of some value in the differentiation of species.Br. suisis more resistant to carbamate than the other two species.The three species also differ in their sensitivity to oxine, and strains ofBr. suisfrom various sources were consistently more resistant than the other species. This observation may be of use in the identification ofBr. suis.My thanks are due to Prof. Adrian Albert and Dr J. H. Marshall for helpful discussion of the chemical aspects of this work, and to Mr B. Madge, A.I.M.L.T., for technical assistance.
The Effect of Particle Size on the Toxicity of α-Naphthyl Thiourea (Antu) to Albino Rats
Authors: Bentley E. W. , Larthe Yvonne , Taylor A. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Particles of antu of 5 μ diameter were significantly less toxic to domestic rats than particles of 50–55 μ.2. In each of three bio-assays they were less toxic than particles of antu of 100–110 μ.3. It is concluded that the specification for antu for use in poison baits against R. norvegicus should not require it to be in the form of fine particles.This work was initiated at the suggestion of Dr E. E. Turtle of this Division, and his advice during its progress is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Mr L. E. Hammond for much help in the preparation of the test doses, and to Dr H. Egan and Mr E. I. Johnson of the Government Chemist's staff who carried out a number of the many micro-weighings involved.
The Effect of Local Antibiotic on Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Pyogenes
Authors: Gould J. C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryLanoline-water cream containing 1% of antibiotic was applied for 7–14 days to the anterior nares of 124 carriers of antibiotic sensitive staphylococci. Nose swab cultures, examined during the administration of the cream, were negative for Staph. pyogenes in all carriers who received oxytetracycline, and in 80, 75, 70 and 67% of those who received penicillin, chlortetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol respectively.Seventy per cent of carriers gave nose-swab cultures negative for at least 2 weeks, 50% for at least 4 weeks and 25% for at least 20 weeks after the cessation of treatment. Over the same period only 1% of a control group ceased to be carriers.The nares of 20% of carriers receiving antibiotic were temporarily colonized with antibiotic-resistant strains, but in only one case (0·8%) did the resistant organism persist throughout the period of examination.The use of this method of controlling staphylococcal carriage in preventing staphylococcal infection is discussed.I wish to thank Prof. T. J. Mackie for his advice.
Observations on the Survival ofLeptospira AustralisA in Soil and Water
Authors: Smith D. J. W. , Self H. R. M. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySoil from a sugar-cane farm in North Queensland was infected with leptospirae. In some instances a culture ofLeptospira australisA was added to the soil; in others it was infected by rats,Rattus rattus, known to be excreting leptospirae in their urine.After periods ranging from 8 to 43 days, the soil was flooded with rain water which was subsequently examined for leptospirae by treating guinea-pigs according to the ‘subcutaneous stream’ technique.Leptospirae survived in culture-infected soil for 43 days and in urine-infected soil for 15 days prior to the addition of the rain water. They were recovered from the water at intervals ranging up to 24 days after the flooding of the soil.The infected soil was of pH 6·1–6·2, its moisture content where determined was 34 and 37%, and the prevailing temperature 20–29° C. The reaction of the infected water samples ranged from pH 6·6 to 7·6.The possible significance of these findings in relation to the epidemiology of leptospirosis in North Queensland is briefly discussed.
An Improved Method of constructing Shortened Life-Tables
Authors: Hayward T. E. 
Published: May 2009

The following is an addendum to a paper which appeared in the last number of this Journal.The primary object of the paper was to give working formulae for the construction of a shortened Life-Table, set forth with sufficient clearness to enable them to be practically used by anyone who understands ordinary arithmetic and the use of logarithms, without any necessary comprehension of the principles of the differential or of the integral calculus, by means of which the formulae have been deduced.
On the Relationship between Bacillus pestis and Bacillus pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer)
Authors: MacConkey Alfred T. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Morphologically and culturally the Bacillus pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer) bears a strong resemblance to B. pestis.(2) The filtrate from an autolysed agar culture of B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer) and a similar filtrate from a B. pestis culture both gave a precipitin reaction with pest serum.(3) It has been found possible to immunise both guinea-pigs and rats against plague by means of inoculations of cultures of B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium (Pfeiffer), and this immunity lasted in many cases at least six months.
The Mechanism of Phagocytosis from the Adsorption Point of View
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G. 
Published: May 2009

The two processes involved in the phagocytosis of bacilli (B. typhosus) by polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the presence of a sensitising fluid, viz. (1) the sensitisation of the micro-organism, and (2) the phagocytosis of the sensitised micro-organism, have been separately investigated. A single guinea-pig end-piece acted as the sensitising fluid throughout all the experiments.The removal of opsonin by bacillary emulsions was found to run the course of an adsorption process as evidenced by the numerical relations found to subsist between the bound and free opsonin in equilibrium.Also the actual phagocytosis of sensitised or partially sensitised micro-organisms suspended in a neutral fluid (physiological saline) was found, on analysis by similar numerical methods, to proceed as an adsorption process.
On the Inhibition of the Cholera-Red Reaction by certain Nitrite-Destroying Organisms and on the Mutual Inhibition of B. dysenteriae (Flexner) and V. cholerae when grown together
Authors: Logie W. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. It has been shown that certain nitrite-destroying organisms when grown along with V. Cholerae prevent the appearance of the cholera-red reaction. This is not due to the non-formation of nitrite, but to its rapid destruction by the enitrite-destroying organisms.2. Certain nitrite-destroying organisms fail to prevent the cholera-red reaction.3.It has been shown in the case of the B. dysenteriae (Flexner) that the failur to prevent the cholera-red reaction is due to an inhibition of the growth of both organisms when grown together.
Gaertner Group Bacilli in Rats and Mice
Authors: Savage William G. , Read W. J. 
Published: May 2009

Forty-one rats examined—internal organs and intestinal contents—for presence of Gaertner group bacilli. Bacilli identical with B. enteritidis isolated from five rats in each case from the spleen (in two from liver also). No members of this group isolated from the intestinal contents.Several of the rat sera were capable of agglutinating Gaertner group bacilli in high dilution. These facts point to the view that old infection with Gaertner group bacilli had taken place.The general result of the investigation is in favour of the view that while rats are lible to be infected with Gaertner group bailli and to be ill in consequence these bailli are not natural intestnal inhabitants. If this be accepted it may be stated that this group of bacilli are not natural intestinal inhabitants, of any known animal species.Rats infected with Gaertner group bacilli may serve as a means of infecting meat with these bacilli and may possibly in this way be a cause of meat poisoning outbreaks.
The Blood Volume in Ankylostomiasis. With some Biological Notes Relating to the Disease
Authors: Nicoll Willim 
Published: May 2009

In these experiments the hook-worm anaemia of dogs does not appear to be exactly analogous to the corresponding disease in man, but differs from it in two essential particulars, namely, that only young animals suffer and that in them its course progresses much more rapidly to a fatal termination.Older dogs, although not altogether insusceptible, acquire infection only to a moderate extent, which gives rise to a minor degree of anaemia. From this they gradually recover, even in spite of repeated and continued attempts at re-infection.The anaemia in young dogs was characterised by great loss of weight, emaciation, prostration and intestinal haemorrhage, but in no case was expistaxis observed.The blood volume of dogs suffering from the minor degree of hookworm anaemia is not materially altered, but if anything is somewhat diminished. The oxygen capacity of the blood per unit of body weight is also, on the average, somewhat decreased.Infection is generally accompanied by distinct though not profuse haemorrhage, which is most marked in the early stages, but tends to disappear.Eosinophilia was not a constant sign either of infection or of disease.Evidence of blood regeneration was furnished by the appearance of large numbers of erythroblasts (normoblasts) which increased with the progress of the disease.Cats are much less easily infected than dogs, and monkeys are altogether insusceptible. Man, also, were found to be insusceptible to infection with the dog hook-worm.
A Note on the Lag-Phase in the Growth of Micro-Organisms
Authors: Slator Arthur 
Published: May 2009

Ledingham and Penfold have shown that during the lag-phase of growth ofB. coliin a nutrient medium the time and bacilli are connected by an equation of the formXn=KlogYwherenandkare constants (the initial seeding = 1). It has been pointed out in this communication that there is a relationship betweennandk, and that the above equation can be put in the formThe advantage of this new equation is thatKremains of the same value throughout the whole series of experiments.In the case investigated by Ledingham and Penfold the constant of unrestricted growth is approximately equal to 2K.The equation can also be put in the formwhereZis the “constant” of growthat a timeX. By suitably adjustingnandathis equation can be made to represent not only the lag-phase of growth but also the logarithmic phase, and the special phase of retarded growth when theX−Ycurve is rectilinear. When cell-death occurs the bacteria usually perish at such a rate that theX−Ycurve is logarithmic; the general equation therefore also covers this case.
Observations on the Bacteriology of an Epidemic of Diphtheria in a School, with Special Reference to the Virulence of the Organisms which were Isolated from the Cases
Authors: Arkwright J. A. 
Published: May 2009

(1) A localised epidemic of diphtheria of a clinically mild type (both as regards local and general symptoms) was associated with the prevalence in the fauces of patients and contacts of strains of B. diphtheriae of low pathogenicity for animals; 35% of these strains possessed moderate virulence for guinea-pigs, 30% low virulence and 35% were non-virulent.(2) Prolonged nasal discharge after moderately severe diphtheria was in one case associated with a strain of B. diphtheriae which was non-virulent for guinea-pigs.(3) Acid production in various carbohydrate media proved a valuable means of differentiating diphtheria-like bacilli, but the exact composition of the medium is of importance. Peptone water appears to be especially suitable for the basis as being least liable to variation.(4) The agglutination test gave a fairly uniform result with most of the strains of virulent B. diphtheriae, but three virulent strains did not give a decided positive reaction to this test. Of the non-virulent strains half gave a slight, the remainder a negative result.Bacillus pseudo-diphtheriae (Hofmann) and certain acid producing diphtheroids gave no reaction.(5) B. fusiformis and spirochaetes occurred in large numbers on the fauces in this epidemic of diphtheria, in association with the B. diphtheriae.(6) After all the boys had received prophylactic infections of antitoxin and after the carriers had been isolated the epidemic promptly ceased.I have to thank Lieut.-Col. Sir Joseph Fayrer, Medical Officer of the Duke of York's School, who was at the time Acting Commandant, for his permission to publish this account.I am very much indebted to Dr Boycott and Dr Marshall for the very large amount of help which they gave me, and to Dr Dean for his assistance throughout the investigation.
The Standardization of killed Agglutinable Cultures of B. dysenteriae
Authors: Gardner A. D. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Killed agglutinable broth cultures of the various dysentery bacilli may be prepared by the formalin and cold storage process and may be standardized by the method elaborated by Prof. Dreyer for the typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli.(2) Since formalin (0·1 %) usually causes a gradual loss of sensitiveness to agglutination during the early life of the emulsion, a certain period (two months) must be allowed to elapse before the emulsion can be used as standard.(3) After such a period the sensitiveness of the emulsions remains unaltered for at least ten months, and probably much longer.(4) By none of the other methods of preparation investigated could satisfactory standard agglutinable cultures be made.
Report of Experiments on the Cold Storage of Herrings carried out at North Shields (June and July, 1919)
Authors: Green Ione H. 
Published: May 2009

THE following experiments form part of the general scheme of research undertaken with the object of providing a sound scientific basis for methods of fish preservation and storage.The bacteriological part of the investigation was first undertaken by the author a year ago and the time has been spent in endeavouring to become acquainted with the peculiarities and characteristics of herring bacteria. There is still a large amount of work to be done in this field before practical experiments on a large scale can be carried out to yield really satisfactory results.
The Distribution of Malaria in South Africa and a Mosquito Survey of Military Hospital Areas
Authors: Pratt-Johnson Major J. 
Published: May 2009

The following information in regard to the distribution of malaria in South Africa has been compiled chiefly from the reports of Government Medical Officers and Health Officials who were circularised by courtesy of the Union Public Health Department in March, 1918, in regard to the following points:(1) The areas affected in each district.(2) The type or types of malaria existing.(3) The incidence of the disease, whether endemic or epidemic; and(4) The types of anopheline mosquitoes identified.The information available from these sources indicates the necessity for a considerable amount of further work to provide a more complete and accurate knowledge of the incidence of malaria in South Africa.
Duration of Passive Immunity Part IV
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Hopkins Barbara E. 
Published: May 2009

1. There is some evidence that an injection of 0·00001 c.c. of horse serum causes an appreciable degree of active immunity to horse serum in rabbits.2. Rabbits actively immune to horse serum receiving a series of injections of antitoxic horse serum at intervals of three to ten weeks eliminated the antitoxin at rapidly increasing rates.3. An intravenous injection of antitoxic horse serum given six weeks after the second of a series of 0·5 c.c. in a rabbit already actively immune to horse serum was eliminated so rapidly owing to excess precipitin that less than 1/1000th remained 24 hours after injection.4. Another rabbit which, six days after a previous injection, was givenserum intravenously, lost over 99 per cent. of the antitoxin within 15 minutes of the injection.5. The maximum of circulating antitoxin detected after the second subcutaneous injection into a sensitised rabbit was only 1/15,000th of the amount injected.6. Antitoxic horse serum injected intravenously into rabbits at weekly intervals was rapidly eliminated and less than 2 per cent. could be detected 24 hours after each injection.7. After 12 daily intravenous injections of antitoxic horse serum into a rabbit, the antitoxic content was only one-half of that after the first injection; later injections were not eliminated so quickly and precipitin formation gradually ceased.8. The rate of elimination of antitoxic horse serum in a rabbit may be greatly delayed by daily injections of normal horse serum.
Plague and the Regulation of Numbers in Wild Mammals.
Authors: Elton C. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. A short account is given of the occurrence of plague epidemics in wild mammals other than “domestic” rats and mice. Enough is now known to show that such epidemics are often of great practical importance.2. The method by which most rodents regulate their numbers is as follows: increase in numbers over several years up to a point at which an epidemic of some sort occurs, which kills off a large proportion of the population. Increase then takes place again, and is followed by another epidemic, and so on indefinitely.3. These periodic fluctuations are probably controlled by widespread climatic fluctuations, the best evidence for this being that in certain cases the former run synchronously in widely separated countries.4. There appears to be a dominant short period in fluctuation of three to four years, and a larger movement of period ten to eleven years, both in North America and Europe. The fact that the 11-year sunspot cycle roughly corresponds with the larger movement is significant.5. The data available from Eastern Asia suggest that there too, small mammals fluctuate periodically in numbers, and with similar periods to those of North America and Europe. There is also some evidence that the maxima of the 10–11-year fluctuations coincide in Eastern Asia and in North America, just as those of the 3–4-year period coincide in Northern Canada, Greenland and Norway.6. Evidence is given that the plague marmot (Arctomys bobac), and other rodents carrying plague, are liable to these fluctuations. If this proves to be true, it may be possible, when fuller data are available, to forecast with some accuracy the years of epidemics among these animals, and if this can be done we shall have some means of gauging the likelihood of the occurrence of plague outbreaks in the human population of those regions.7. The available data are admittedly fragmentary, but it is probable that between the years 1931 and 1934 epidemics amongA. bobacin Transbaikalia and Mongolia will be severe, and that these events will lead to an increase of plague mortality in man.
The Specific Toxigenic Properties of Haemolytic Streptococci from Scarlatina and other Sources
Authors: McLachlan D. G. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Without exception, ninety-eight strains of haemolytic streptococci isolated from scarlet fever cases have been found to produce a toxic principle which in high dilutions is capable of evoking a cutaneous reaction in sus ceptible persons.2. A certain proportion of haemolytic streptococci from other sources possess a similar toxigenic property. In the majority of such cases this property is only weakly developed as judged by quantitative tests. In a few instances a “toxin” is produced which is equally active with that of scarlatina strains.3. Certain non-scarlatina strains produce “toxins” which evoke a cutane ous reaction both in known positive reactors and also in persons who do not react to a standard toxin from a scarlatina strain.4. In the majority of cases the toxins produced by scarlatina strains are neutralised by the scarlatina antitoxic sera at present being used for therapeutic purposes, but a certain proportion of such toxins are not in the neutralised5. The “toxins”produced by non-scaralation strains are in the majority of cases neutralised by the antitoxic sera.
Studies in Anti-rabies Immunisation
Authors: Stuart G. , Krikorian K. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Statistical evidence and animal experiment have alike proved carbolised killed anti-rabies vaccine to be of undoubted efficacy in both pre-infectional and post-infectional treatment. Statistical evidence is furnished by the results of treatment of 90,000 patients, while experimental proof rests partly on the resistance shown by immunised animals to artificial infections with street virus, and partly on an estimation of degree and duration of rabicidal properties in their sera.2. The Bordet-Gengou reaction is of no value as a qualitative or quantitative test for the estimation of anti-rabies immunity.3. The efficacy of killed carbolised vaccine and probably of other antirabies vaccines is largely dependent on the concentration of the dosage and the period within which it is administered. Better results follow the giving of small doses over a number of days than the giving of larger doses over a shorter period.4. It is impossible to reduce below a certain limit the time over which the total quantity of vaccine ordinarily sufficient for complete immunisation can be usefully administered.5. The effect on rabbits of the subcutaneous injection of fresh-fixed virus is dependent on the quantity of virus introduced and on the duration of its period of administration. Few inoculations are more likely to cause death than several; repeated inoculations ordinarily confer immunity. Immunity thus acquired must have been produced within 11 or 12 days.
The Shaw-Mackenzie Test for Cancer
Authors: Watchorn Elsie 
Published: May 2009

(1) Of 71 cases of malignant growths the Shaw-Mackenzie test was positive in 49, doubtful in 5 and negative in 17. Epitheliomata of the skin all gave negative results, and some cases which had been treated with lead, X-rays or radium, and some cases of advanced inoperable carcinoma in old people also gave negatives.(2) In 102 cases of various diseases other than growths (malignant or otherwise) negatives were obtained in 65 cases while 19 were doubtful and 18 were definitely positive. The chief conditions likely to give wrong "positives" are venereal disease, heart cases, nephritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pregnancy and menstruation.(3) Cloudy sera do not always clear on incubation with co-enzyme of pancreatic lipase, and unless such clearing takes place they should be discarded, as a high percentage of false positive results occurs in these instances.(4) A 1 per cent, solution of cholin hydrochloride gave very similar results to the carcinoma extract.I am deeply indebted to the following for supplying me with material, either serum or tumours, and without whose kind co-operation the work could not have been carried out: Dr Cooke, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge; Dr Varrier-Jones and Dr L. Stott, Papworth Hall, Cambridge; Dr L. King, Cancer Hospital, Fulham Road; Dr Piney, Charing Cross Hospital; Dr Perrin, Dr J. R. Marrack and Dr Sybil Robinson, London Hospital; Professor McIntosh, Middlesex Hospital; Professor F. R. Fraser and Professor G. E. Gask, St Bartholomew's Hospital; Dr Alport, St Mary's Hospital; Professor Maclean and Dr Osmond, St Thomas' Hospital; Professor Choyce, University College Hospital.I also have to thank Professor Ellis, of the London Hospital, for kindly allowing me to work in the research laboratory on several occasions.
Vitamin A Deficiency and Resistance against a Specific Infection. Preliminary Report
Authors: Lassen H. C. A. 
Published: May 2009

Young normal rats are put on vitamin A-free diet and, after development of pronounced xerophthalmic symptoms, inoculated by mouth and by subcutaneous injection with Breslau bacilli (paratyphoid). The course of infection and bacteriological autopsy findings show a marked decrease in the resistance of these animals to this infection as compared with the findings in rats on adequate diet.The experiments do not show any change in themechanism of infectionin pronounced vitamin A deficiency.