bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Models of Manhood
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A survey of the domestic conduct literature and advice on marriage, this chapter re-examines the ways in which manhood was defined along the axis of gender. Although stark male/female dichotomies were frequently invoked in order to uphold assertions of patriarchal superiority (particularly in discussions of the duties of wives), they were considerably qualified by discussions of husbands' duties that primarily emphasised mutuality and the limits of their authority. Normative models of manhood in domestic advice were also drawn from comparing two further sets of male stereotype – the unmarried and the married, and the good and the bad husband – with conduct writers often conceding that bad husbands were more prevalent than good. As with the other works discussed in Part I of the book, the chapter concludes that while maleness as a cultural category was automatically celebrated in terms of superiority, men as a group of people were far less confidently endorsed.
Youthful Excess and Fraternal Bonding
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The boldest resistance to patriarchal concepts of order was performed by young men in the blatant rejection of ideals of manhood rooted in thrift, moderation, and self-control, in preference for a culture of excess. Youthful rioting, drinking, gambling, and sexual prowess was largely performed for, and validated by, their peers, and this chapter focuses on the fraternal bonds that facilitated young men's inversions of patriarchal norms. While these links were sufficiently important to overcome distinctions of social status, they were also brittle and fleeting because of fears surrounding male intimacy. It is argued that an element of competition was therefore present between men, even at this most homosocial phase of the life course.
The Violence of Manhood
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Violence was both a tool for enforcing the patriarchal imperatives of household and social order and one of the primary means of undermining them, either by lending weight to counter-codes of manhood, or, more commonly, featuring in assertions of manhood claimed independently of a patriarchal agenda. Violence was a form of discipline, a demonstration of male strength and authority, and a method of territorial demarcation. This chapter attempts to chart the boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable violence, using cases of assault in order to show how male honour codes both bolstered and countered patriarchal codes of order, depending on the context of the dispute and the status of those involved.
Respectability, Sex, and Status
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter revisits debates about the gendered components of reputation in early modern England in order to question the extent to which male and female honour was incommensurable in line with the sexual double standard. The defamation litigation heard by the Cambridge University courts provides a good case study, since their jurisdiction was far broader than that of the church courts, which have been the previous focus of historians' debates on this issue. While the insults alleged in defamation suits suggest that reputation was more multifaceted for men than for women, there was nonetheless a considerable degree of overlap in their respective concerns, with the substance of suits depending on age and status as well as gender. It is also clear that male litigants were less concerned with proving their honesty in either sexual or economic terms than with disputing their social standing through various points of comparison with other men.
Credit, Provision, and Worth
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Focusing on debt litigation, this chapter confirms the extent to which male status was competitively gauged. Patriarchal imperatives of male provision and self-sufficient mastery were regularly invoked, demonstrating that appraisals of manhood rooted in economic independence, and heading and maintaining a household, were commonplace. However, evidence of women and children's extensive (and sometimes primary) contributions to the household economy suggests that patriarchal manhood in these terms was a privilege which many men could not afford, if not a chimera. In addition, from the late sixteenth century, increasing numbers of men and women were either excluded from householding positions or chose to adopt alternative family strategies. For these men and women patriarchal behavioural codes were irrelevant, except as the substance of social critiques levelled by their ‘betters’, suggesting the emergence of deepening fissures between concepts of manhood along class lines.
Judicial Deliberations
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l'E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book compares how and why the European Court of Justice, the French Cour de cassation, and the United States Supreme Court offer different approaches for generating judicial accountability and control, judicial debate and deliberation, and ultimately judicial legitimacy. Examining the judicial argumentation of the U.S. Supreme Court and the French Cour de cassation, the book first reorders the traditional comparative understanding of the difference between French civil law and American common law judicial decision-making. It then uses this analysis to offer the first detailed comparative examination of the interpretive practice of the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The book shows that the judicial system of France rests on a particularly unified institutional and ideological framework founded on explicitly republican notions of meritocracy and managerial expertise. Law-making per se may be limited to the legislature, but significant judicial normative administration is entrusted to state selected, trained, and sanctioned elites who are policed internally through hierarchical institutional structures. The American judicial system, by contrast, employs a more participatory and democratic approach that reflects a more populist vision and generates its legitimacy primarily by argumentative means. American judges engage in extensive debates that subject them to public scrutiny and control. The ECJ hovers delicately between the institutional/argumentative and republican/democratic extremes. On the one hand, the ECJ reproduces the hierarchical French discursive structure on which it was originally patterned. On the other, it transposes this structure into a transnational context of fractured political and legal assumptions.
The American Unification
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
By looking at the decisions of the United States Supreme Court, this chapter argues that what characterises American judicial discourse is precisely the fact it integrates its formalist and its policy-oriented discourses in a single discursive space: the judicial opinion. This characteristic American discursive integration is illustrated by analysing two particularly clear and recurrent series of examples: Supreme Court decisions that establish and apply multi-pronged judicial tests, and those that engage in ‘plain meaning’ judicial debates. This chapter examines the discursive mechanisms by which American judicial argument integrates or fuses its more formalist and its more policy-oriented discourses in the single space of the judicial opinion, and presents the significant argumentative tensions and distrust that are produced by this somewhat forced discursive coexistence. U.S. Supreme Court opinions almost never use either the term ‘formalism’ or the term ‘policy’ except to denounce them as inappropriate modes of judicial interpretation. American judicial discourse therefore walks a narrow argumentative tightrope: it must simultaneously promote and critique the two modes of discourse that it deploys side-by-side in its judicial opinions.
Similarity and Difference
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks at the underlying similarities and differences in judicial argumentation between the Cour de cassation of France, the United States Supreme Court, and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). What characterises the French and ECJ judicial systems is not their formalism, but their respective bifurcation into two relatively distinct discursive spheres. For both courts, the official judicial decisions constitute magisterial discursive spheres in which the courts write collegially and offer relatively deductive forms of argument and reasoning. For both courts, conversely, the Report of the Reporting Judges and the Conclusions/Opinions of the Advocates General constitute relatively unceremonious discursive spheres in which the judicial magistrates write individually and offer relatively non-deductive and purposive forms of argument and reasoning. This chapter also looks at traditional American accounts of French civil law and American common law difference.
France: How is the Discursive Bifurcation Maintained?
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explains the functions of France's civil judicial system on the basis of a radical discursive bifurcation, one in which only public legislative pronouncements can officially make law, but in which high-ranking, state-trained and state-sanctioned jurists, judges, and attorneys are fully understood and expected to play an important collective role in the establishment and development of legal norms. It describes the operation of the high French civil judiciary as defined by a particular theory of law and legal interpretation that functions in a particularly centralised, hierarchical, and meritocratically elitist procedural context. It seeks to explain how the radical French discursive dualism/bifurcation can be maintained both practically and conceptually in good faith. The views of Mirjan Damaska, John Dawson, and John Merryman regarding institutional structure are also considered, along with the Cour de cassation and its magistrates.
The Sliding Scales
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyses the Cour de cassation of France, the Supreme Court of the United States, and the European Court of Justice based on a couple of clear and concise comparative theses. These theses place the judicial argumentation of the three courts on sliding scales of greater or lesser interpretive formality or open-endedness, and of greater or lesser public disclosure of their controlling arguments and reasoning. Somewhere between the formalism of the official French judicial syllogism and the more pragmatic, open-ended, and purpose/policy oriented American judicial opinions are to be found the official judicial decisions of the ECJ. It seems to make more sense to classify ECJ decisions as more formalist than U.S. Supreme Court decisions, and this for one primary reason. Despite the fact that divisive interpretive disagreement lies visible on or just below the surface of the ECJ decision, the ECJ's response to that disagreement remains perfectly univocal and rather deductive in form, and distinctly magisterial and authoritative in tone.
The Impact of Increasing Food Supply on Human Nutrition: Implications for Commodity Priorities in Agricultural Research and Policy
Authors: Pinstrup‐Andersen Per , de Londoño Norha Ruiz , Hoover Edward 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA procedure is developed to estimate the nutritional implications of alternative commodity priorities in agricultural research and policy. The model estimates the distribution of supply increases among consumer groups, the related adjustments in total food consumption, and implications for calorie and protein nutrition. Findings from an empirical application of the model to the population of Cali, Colombia, suggest that relative increase in total nutrient supply is a poor indicator of relative nutritional impact because both nutritional waste and consumer adjustment in total food consumption are a function of the commodity from which the additional nutrients are obtained.
Can simple be useful and reliable? Using ecological indicators to represent and compare the states of marine ecosystems
Authors: Shin Yunne-Jai , Bundy Alida , Shannon Lynne J. , Simier Monique , Coll Marta , Fulton Elizabeth A. , Link Jason S. , Jouffre Didier , Ojaveer Henn , Mackinson Steven , Heymans Johanna J. , Raid Tiit 
Published: January 2010

AbstractShin, Y-J., Bundy, A., Shannon, L. J., Simier, M., Coll, M., Fulton, E. A., Link, J. S., Jouffre, D., Ojaveer, H., Mackinson, S., Heymans, J. J., and Raid, T. 2010. Can simple be useful and reliable? Using ecological indicators to represent and compare the states of marine ecosystems. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 717–731. Within the IndiSeas WG, the evaluation of exploited marine ecosystems has several steps, from simple binary categorization of ecosystems to a more-complex attempt to rank them and to evaluate their status using decision-tree analyses. With the intention of communicating scientific knowledge to the public and stakeholders, focus is on evaluating and comparing the status of exploited marine ecosystems using a set of six ecological indicators and a simple and transparent graphic representation of ecosystem state (pie charts). A question that arose was whether it was acceptable to compare different types of marine ecosystems using a generic set of indicators. To this end, an attempt is made to provide reference levels to which ecosystems can be objectively compared. Unacceptable thresholds for each indicator are determined based on ecological expertise derived from a questionnaire distributed to a group of scientific experts. Analysis of the questionnaires revealed no significant difference in the thresholds provided for different ecosystem types, suggesting that it was reasonable to compare states directly across different types of ecosystem using the set of indicators selected.
Corporate Responsibility and Its Constituents
Authors: Goodpaster Kenneth E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines corporate responsibility, an issue that has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. It explains that corporate responsibility can be seen in terms of relationships to various specific stakeholders and the morality of those relationships is certainly an important part of business ethics. It evaluates stockholder and stakeholder views of corporate responsibility and suggests that both views are inadequate and in need of supplementation by a comprehensive moral thinking that makes for a better model of corporate responsibility.
Just Access to Health Care and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Menzel Paul T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines why access to health care has become a subject of interest to business and its employees, particularly in the U.S. It discusses consumer concerns about the alleged obligations of health insurance companies and pharmaceutical companies to their consumers and evaluates whether such obligations exist. It explores just access to health care and pharmaceuticals from a society-wide perspective and expresses optimism about the possibility of finding common moral ground on today's contentious issues about health care access.
Business and Human Rights: A Principle and Value‐Based Analysis
Authors: Cragg Wesley 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article aims to track and evaluate evolving views about the human rights obligations of corporations. It investigates whether corporations have direct, morally grounded human rights obligations and examines the character and scope of those obligations. It evaluates three models that dominate contemporary debates regarding our understanding of the human rights obligations of corporations and proposes a hybrid model that allocates human rights responsibilities to business organizations based upon the contexts in which a business is active.
Deception and Information Disclosure in Business and Professional Ethics
Authors: Carson Thomas L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article addresses the moral questions about deception and disclosure of information in the context of business and professional ethics. It contends that there are issues that are relevant and argues for the wrongness of a wide range of deceptive business and professional practices. It also suggests that even salespeople and other business and professional people who do not have fiduciary obligations also have substantial duties to offer information and give warnings. It proposes the application of Golden Rule tests for the permissibility of actions.
Informational Privacy
Authors: Spinello Richard A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article looks at the issues of informational privacy or data privacy. It discusses the problems brought about by the arrival of cybertechnology, which created many business opportunities but threatened personal privacy. It proposes a definition for information privacy and suggests that the restricted access/limited control theory best captures the concept of informational privacy. It argues that privacy is also a moral right and in protecting these rights, policy makers should be guided by principles of transparency and informed consent so that users can properly control access to their data.
Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: De George Richard T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article examines the complex notion of intellectual property rights and describes the crucial features of trademarks, patents, copyrights, and trade secrets. It evaluates three different justifications of intellectual property rights and discusses the relations of legal and ethical considerations regarding intellectual property. It concludes that although there is general moral justification for the legal protection of intellectual property rights, ethics alone does not decide the issue in many disputes about intellectual property. Ethics can only be of use whether some legislation goes so far as to be unethical but most legislation concerning copyright and patent falls into the range of the morally acceptable.
Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Norman Wayne , MacDonald Chris 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article highlights the importance of the concept of conflict of interest to our ethical thinking about business. It describes the progress made on settling various disputes regarding this concept and suggests that the next state in the development of our understanding of conflicts of interest should merge micro- and macrolevel studies with a middle realm. It outlines an agenda of empirical and normative questions that deserve attention in future research.
Organizational Integrity and Moral Climates
Authors: Bowie Norman E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines organizational integrity and moral climates in business. It argues that an organization with integrity has several characteristics that distinguish it from individual integrity and that some central characteristics of individual integrity are less important for organizational integrity. It identifies the norms and values that contribute to a moral climate and considers the role of incentives as they support or inhibit organizational integrity. It also evaluates whether for-profit organizations can still have organizational integrity and remain profitable.
Moral and Political Aims of Education
Authors: Brighouse Harry 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the moral and political aspects of the educational system. It describes the three categories of moral and political aims of education. The first of these is the aims goals in which goals describe the proper aims of education in the sense that they draw on ideals of what the educated person would be like and identify the values that underlie those ideals. The second is the distributive goals which describe how educational opportunities should be distributed. The final category is constraints which refer to possible disagreement about the extent to which it is permissible for the government to override the preferences of parents to achieve those goals or the degree of coercion schools can use to get children to comply with discipline.
Thinking, Reasoning, and Education
Authors: Feldman Richard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article discusses epistemological aspects of thinking and reasoning as they are manifested in the educational context. It describes two key features that ought to be included in courses teaching the essential reasoning and thinking skills to students. The first feature concerns the nature and purpose of arguments while the second concerns the objectivity of morality. It highlights the importance of teaching students to reason on issues about moral claims and suggests that students do not discuss the so-called informal fallacies.
Why Fallibility Has Not Mattered and How It Could
Authors: Adler Jonathan E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article offers an account of the nature of fallibility and its educational significance based on recent work in cognitive science and epistemology. It explains that fallibilism is the dominant epistemology in education and explains that the doctrine of fallibilism is an anti-dogmatic intellectual stance or attitude. It criticizes a type of fallibility that can only maintain its antiskepticism by introducing specialized usages for “certain” and “possibility”.
Philosophy and Developmental Psychology
Authors: Matthews Gareth B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article questions the contributions of developmental psychology to the philosophical understanding of the various cognitive dimensions of education. It discusses Jean Piaget's theory about childhood and evaluates how philosophical thinking might fit into the Piagetian picture of cognitive development. It suggests that we should not allow developmental psychology to structure completely our conception of our children or our relationship with them. It stresses the need to get beyond a deficit conception of childhood by learning to hear what our children have to say and engaging with them in genuinely philosophical discussions.
Caring, Empathy, and Moral Education
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article argues in defence of the application of an empathy-based approach to moral education. It describes the nature of care ethics as it has developed in recent years in the work of many authors and shows the relevance of empathy to care ethics and to moral education based on such ethics. It discusses Carol Gilligan's In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development and Nel Noddings recent work to highlight some ways in which the relevance of caring to moral education may be relatively independent of questions of empathy.
Kantian Moral Maturity and the Cultivation of Character
Authors: Baron Marcia W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article argues in favour of the application of a Kantian approach in character education. It elaborates on Fitzwilliam Darcy's concept of truth which means that to be good, it is not enough to follow good principles and to follow them from duty. It explains the compatibility of Darcy's truth with Kantian ethics and suggests that being good involves having the rights attitudes, feelings, and ways of viewing oneself and others.
Values Education
Authors: Oddie Graham 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article offers a metaphysical account of value as part of a general approach to values education. Value endorsements and their transmission are unavoidable in educational settings, as they are everywhere. The question, then, is not whether to teach values but which values to teach, in what contexts and how to teach them effectively. This article discusses the contestedness of value endorsements, the place for noncognitive value endorsements in education and the role of inculcating beliefs in education. The article also describes the rationalist and empiricist response problem of intrinsic motivation.