bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) landing rates on a human subject and numbers captured using CO2-baited light traps
Authors: Barnard D.R. , Knue G.J. , Dickerson C.Z. , Bernier U.R. , Kline D.L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCapture rates of insectary-reared femaleAedes albopictus(Skuse),Anopheles quadrimaculatusSay,Culex nigripalpusTheobald,Culex quinquefasciatusSay andAedes triseriatus(Say) in CDC-type light traps (LT) supplemented with CO2and using the human landing (HL) collection method were observed in matched-pair experiments in outdoor screened enclosures. Mosquito responses were compared on a catch-per-unit-effort basis using regression analysis with LT and HL as the dependent and independent variables, respectively. The average number of mosquitoes captured in 1 min by LT over a 24-h period was significantly related to the average number captured in 1 min by HL only forCx. nigripalpusandCx. quinquefasciatus. Patterns of diel activity indicated by a comparison of the mean response to LT and HL at eight different times in a 24-h period were not superposable for any species. The capture rate efficiency of LT when compared with HL was ≤15% for all mosquitoes exceptCx. quinquefasciatus(43%). Statistical models of the relationship between mosquito responses to each collection method indicate that, except forAe. albopictus, LT and HL capture rates are significantly related only during certain times of the diel period. Estimates of mosquito activity based on observations made between sunset and sunrise were most precise in this regard forAn. quadrimaculatusandCx. nigripalpus, as were those between sunrise and sunset forCx. quinquefasciatusandAe. triseriatus.
Significance, progress and prospects for research in simplified cultivation technologies for rice in China
Authors: HUANG M. , IBRAHIM MD. , XIA B. , ZOU Y. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYSimplified cultivation technologies for rice have become increasingly attractive in recent years in China because of their social, economical and environmental benefits. To date, several simplified cultivation technologies, such as conventional tillage and seedling throwing (CTST), conventional tillage and direct seeding (CTDS), no-tillage and seedling throwing (NTST), no-tillage and direct seeding (NTDS) and no-tillage and transplanting (NTTP), have been developed in China. Most studies have shown that rice grown under each of these simplified cultivation technologies can produce a grain yield equal to or higher than traditional cultivation (conventional tillage and transplanting). Studies that have described the influences of agronomic practices on yield formation of rice under simplified cultivation have demonstrated that optimizing agronomy practices would increase the efficiencies of simplified cultivation systems. Further research is needed to optimize the management strategies for CTST, CTDS and NTST rice which have developed quickly in recent years, to strengthen basic research for those simplified cultivation technologies that are rarely used at present (such as NTTP and NTDS), to select and breed cultivars suitable for simplified cultivation and to compare the practicability and effectiveness of different simplified cultivation technologies in different rice production regions.
Estimating the impact of climate change on the occurrence of selected pests at a high spatial resolution: a novel approach
Authors: KOCMÁNKOVÁ E. , TRNKA M. , EITZINGER J. , DUBROVSKÝ M. , ŠTĚPÁNEK P. , SEMERÁDOVÁ D. , BALEK J. , SKALÁK P. , FARDA A. , JUROCH J. , ŽALUD Z. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe present study is focused on the potential occurrence of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say 1824), an important potato pest, and the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hübner 1796), the most important maize pest, during climate change. Estimates of the current potential distribution of both pest species as well as their distribution in the expected climate conditions are based on the CLIMEX model. The study covers central Europe, including Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and parts of Germany, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, Slovenia, the northern parts of Serbia, parts of Croatia and northern Italy. The validated model of the pests’ geographical distribution was applied within the domain of the regional climate model (RCM) ALADIN, at a resolution of 10 km. The weather series that was the input for the CLIMEX model was prepared by a weather generator (WG) which was calibrated with the RCM-simulated weather series (for the period of 1961–90). To generate a weather series for two future time periods (2021–50 and 2071–2100), the WG parameters were modified according to 12 climate change scenarios produced by the pattern scaling method. The standardized scenarios derived from three global climate models (HadCM, NCAR-PCM and ECHAM) were scaled by low, middle and high values of global temperature change estimated by the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change (MAGICC) model (assuming three combinations of climatic sensitivity and emission scenarios). The results of present study suggest the likely widening of the pests’ habitats and an increase in the number of generations per year. According to the HadCM-high scenario, the area of arable land affected by a third generation per season of Colorado potato beetle in 2050 is c. 45% higher, and by a second generation of the European corn borer is nearly 61% higher, compared to present levels.
Metabolizable protein and energy supply in lambs fed annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) supplemented with sources of protein and energy
Authors: AMARAL G. A. , KOZLOSKI G. V. , SANTOS A. B. , CASTAGNINO D. S. , FLUCK A. C. , FARENZENA R. , ALVES T. P. , MESQUITA F. R. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYTen Polwarth×Texel lambs (26±2·1 kg live weight (LW)), housed in metabolism cages and offered ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)ad libitum, were used in a 5×5 Latin Square experiment to evaluate the effect of supplement type on digestion processes and on amino acid and energy supplies. Five of the 10 lambs were fitted with a rumen catheter and duodenal cannulae. Treatments included no supplement (control); 7 g/kg LW daily of cassava meal (Manihot esculenta, high-starch low-nitrogen (HS-LN)), cassava meal plus corn gluten meal (2:1, high-starch high-undegradable N (HS-UN)), cassava meal plus calcium caseinate (2·8:1, high-starch high-degradable N (HS-DN)) or corn gluten feed (low-starch high-degradable N (LS-DN)). Total intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and N, as well as digestible OM intake were increased with HS-UN, HS-DN and LS-DN (P⩽0·050). Forage DM intake was reduced by HS-LN (P=0·030). Apparent digestibility of DM and OM was increased by HS-LN and HS-DN (P⩽0·038). Digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and OM true digestibility were similar for all treatments. Supplementation with HS-LN decreased duodenal flux of total N, amino acid N, ammonia N and feed residual N (P⩽0·023). None of the supplements affected rumen microbial protein entering the small intestine, whereas the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) was reduced by HS-LN and HS-DN (P⩽0·036). Ruminal degradability of dietary N (RDN) was increased by HS-LN, HS-DN and LS-DN (P⩽0·050). In conclusion, supplementing lambs fed ryegrass with degradable or undegradable high-protein concentrate increased the amino acid supply without affecting the supply of digestible energy, regardless of either the starch content or the degree of ruminal degradability of the protein source. These results indicate that supplementation of ryegrass-based diets should include both starch and protein sources.
THE CATEGORIES OF EVIDENCE RELATING TO THE HYPOTHESIS THAT MAMMALIAN SEX RATIOS AT BIRTH ARE CAUSALLY RELATED TO THE HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS OF BOTH PARENTS AROUND THE TIME OF CONCEPTION
Authors: JAMES WILLIAM H. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThis note categorizes the evidence for the hypothesis that mammalian offspring sex ratios (proportions male) are causally related to the hormone levels of both parents around the time of conception. Most of the evidence may be acknowledged to be correlational and observational. As such it might be suspected of having been selected; or of having been subject to other forms of bias or confounding; or, at any rate, of being inadequate as a firm basis for causal inference. However, there are other types of evidence that are not vulnerable to these types of criticism. These are from the following sources: (1) previously neglected data from Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia; (2) fulfilled predictions; (3) genetics; and (4) a network of logically (mathematically) related propositions, for some of which there is overwhelming empirical evidence. It is suggested that this variety of evidence confers greater overall credibility on the hypothesis than would be the case if all the evidence were of the same observational/correlational status. This observational/correlational evidence is tabulated to illustrate its consistency.
DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM BIRTHS AMONG NATIVES AND IMMIGRANTS IN GREECE: AN ANALYSIS USING NATIONWIDE VITAL REGISTRATION MICRO-DATA
Authors: TSIMBOS CLEON , VERROPOULOU GEORGIA 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe present study makes use of nationwide individual-level vital registration data on the single live births occurring in Greece in 2006 to explore associations of socio-demographic factors with adverse pregnancy outcomes, using multinomial logistic regression models. The findings indicate that important risk factors associated with low birth weight preterm and intra-uterine growth retarded births (IUGR) include female sex, primiparity, age of mother over 35, illegitimacy and prior history of stillbirths, infant and child deaths. These constitute risk factors for normal weight preterm births as well, though associations with sex and primiparity in this case point to the opposite direction. Residing in large metropolitan areas is related to a greater risk of an IUGR birth. Among Greek women, educational attainment has a protective effect while housewife status is linked to higher chances of an IUGR birth. For immigrant mothers however, the opposite holds. The study also shows that normal weight preterm births form a distinct group.
Influence of petroleum hydrocarbons on the endoparasitic helminths of the common eider, Somateria mollissima, from Newfoundland
Authors: Khan R.A. , Chandra C.V. , Earle P.J. , Robertson G.J. , Ryan P. , Jamieson S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA comparison of commonly occurring metazoan parasites in the digestive tract was made between common eiders, Somateria mollissima, that were contaminated with oil and reference birds confiscated from illegal hunting. There was a greater number of commonly occurring parasites and their abundance in reference than in oiled eiders. Except for an acanthocephalan, Polymorphus botulus, which was embedded in the wall of the intestinal tract, most of the other taxa of parasites, including trematodes, cestodes and nematodes, were probably voided from the birds following ingestion of oil. Reference eiders harboured fewer species and a substantially lower mean abundance of parasites than those studied in Newfoundland and Labrador more than four decades ago; this may be a signal of a changing prey base or an increase in prey availability as winter ice cover continues to decline.
A combination of twoBrugia malayifilarial vaccine candidate antigens (BmALT-2 and BmVAH) enhances immune responses and protection in jirds
Authors: Anand S.B. , Kodumudi K.N. , Reddy M.V. , Kaliraj P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this study filarial recombinant protein or DNA vaccine constructs encoding BmALT-2 and BmVAH as single or as cocktail antigens were evaluated. Male jirds were immunized intramuscularly with DNA vaccine constructs or were immunized intraperitoneally with protein vaccine. The single and bicistronic DNA constructs induced substantial interferon-γ responses in spleen cells; antigen-specific responses were higher following immunization with the bicistronic cocktail construct and evoked a significant protective response of 57% in jirds challenged withBrugia malayithat was similar in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay and micropore chamber experiment. The cocktail protein vaccines induced a mixture of IgG2a (Th1) and IgG1 (Th2) responses with 80% protective response when challenged withB. malayiinfective larvae. However, the single protein vaccine rALT-2 induced Th2 (IgG1/IgG3) with a 70% protective response and rVAH induced Th1 (IgG2a) with a lower proliferative response with 60% protection following challenge withB. malayiinfective larvae. These results suggest that filarial cocktail protein vaccines are able to elicit substantial immune and protective responses when compared with single antigen vaccination in suitably vaccinated jirds.
Role of the image force in charging of dust grains in complex plasmas
Authors: SODHA M. S. , SRIVASTAVA S. , MISHRA S. K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical study of the impact of image force on the kinetics of an irradiated complex plasma. The formulation is based on the average charge theory and includes both the number and energy balance of electrons/ions along with the charge neutrality condition. The dependence of reduction in the potential energy surface barrier (and work function) on the number density of dust particles has been investigated and its impact on the charging of dust grains and other physical plasma parameters has been discussed. An interesting conclusion is the fact that the image force consideration leads to larger magnitude of negative charge on the dust particles and the effective work function approaches the value for plane surface with increasing size and number density of dust grains.
Age and growth of the sandpaper skate,Bathyraja kincaidii,using vertebral centra, with an investigation of caudal thorns
Authors: Perez Colleena R. , Cailliet Gregor M. , Ebert David A. 
Published: January 2011

The sandpaper skate,Bathyraja kincaidii, is one of four skate species commonly taken in trawl fisheries off central California although very little is known about its life history. In this study, age and growth were evaluated from 187 vertebrae using a common growth band counting method. An attempt to use marginal increment analysis and centrum edge analysis failed to validate the annual periodicity of growth band formation; however, it is a valid assumption based on structural similarity from other studies. Assuming annual band formation, von Bertalanffy growth parameters were determined for females (L∞ = 537.3 mm; k = 0.237; to = –1.629; N = 99) and males (L∞ = 580.2 mm; k = 0.185; to = –2.530; N = 88). Maximum likelihood ratios indicated no significant difference (P > 0.05) between male and female von Bertalanffy growth parameters, thus data were combined (L∞ = 557.8 mm; k = 0.207; to = –2.147; N = 187). Age estimates from band counts in vertebral centra indicated a minimum longevity of 17 and 18 years for female and maleB. kincaidii, respectively. Caudal thorns were also assessed for age analyses, but were deemed unreliable and could not be used to verify age estimates from vertebral centra.
To Choose or Not to Choose: Locke and Lowe On the Nature and Powers of the Self
Authors: Hannan Barbara 
Published: January 2011

AbstractI compare Locke's views on the nature and powers of the self with E. J. Lowe's view, ‘non-Cartesian substance dualism’. Lowe agrees with Locke that persons have a power to choose or not to choose. Lowe takes this power to be non-causal. I argue that this move does not obviously succeed in evading the notorious interaction problem that arises for all forms of substance dualism, including those of Locke and Descartes. However, I am sympathetic to Lowe's attempt to give a metaphysical account of a robust sort of agency that would explain how human beings might be genuinely autonomous.
Managing predators, managing reindeer: contested conceptions of predator policies in Finland's southeast reindeer herding area
Authors: Heikkinen Hannu I. , Moilanen Outi , Nuttall Mark , Sarkki Simo 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPreserving biodiversity and establishing healthy and thriving populations of predator animals are the expressed aims of many wildlife and ecosystem conservation projects and initiatives. However, such conservation strategies are often in conflict with the traditions, practices and land-use priorities of local communities. This article concentrates on the situation concerning the predation of reindeer (mainly by wolves) in Finland's southeast reindeer herding area and its immediate vicinity, but makes reference to the broader situation of predation and reindeer herding in Finland. Based on analysis of statistics and interviews with local stakeholders, the research findings refer to the intermingled contradictions related to conceptual, statistical and other management relevant knowledge and resulting problems, for example, in conservation hunting licensing. The article concludes that the wolf comprises a complex case for nature conservation initiatives and sustainable reindeer husbandry and that, in practice, it has particular implications compared to other policy approaches to dealing with the problem of animal predators. The article ends with some theoretical considerations as to whether we can improve our understanding of modern human-environment relations by deriving ideas from the actor-network theory debates.
Records of white-rumped sandpiper (Calidris fuscicollis) on the South Shetland Islands
Authors: Korczak-Abshire Malgorzata , Angiel Piotr J. , Wierzbicki Grzegorz 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTA programme to monitor non-breeding bird species in the vicinity of Arctowski Station, King George Island, South Shetlands, Antarctica, has been conducted over the past 30 years. The white-rumped sandpiperCalidris fuscicollis(Vieillot 1819) seems to occur now as a vagrant in South Shetlands area more frequently than previously. This trend, and the annual variation in numbers that have been observed could be a result of short term and longer term variation in weather and climate conditions during the austral spring and summer months when this species is observed. A higher air temperature, which is a result of predominant northern winds bringing relatively warm and moist air, would probably result in more open habitats and better food resources that would allow the birds to persist or survive.
Access of emotional information to visual awareness in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Sterzer P. , Hilgenfeldt T. , Freudenberg P. , Bermpohl F. , Adli M. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundAccording to cognitive theories of depression, negative biases affect most cognitive processes including perception. Such depressive perception may result not only from biased cognitive appraisal but also from automatic processing biases that influence the access of sensory information to awareness.MethodTwenty patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 20 healthy control participants underwent behavioural testing with a variant of binocular rivalry, continuous flash suppression (CFS), to investigate the potency of emotional visual stimuli to gain access to awareness. While a neutral, fearful, happy or sad emotional face was presented to one eye, high-contrast dynamic patterns were presented to the other eye, resulting in initial suppression of the face from awareness. Participants indicated the location of the face with a key press as soon as it became visible. The modulation of suppression time by emotional expression was taken as an index of unconscious emotion processing.ResultsWe found a significant difference in the emotional modulation of suppression time between MDD patients and controls. This difference was due to relatively shorter suppression of sad faces and, to a lesser degree, to longer suppression of happy faces in MDD. Suppression time modulation by sad expression correlated with change in self-reported severity of depression after 4 weeks.ConclusionsOur finding of preferential access to awareness for mood-congruent stimuli supports the notion that depressive perception may be related to altered sensory information processing even at automatic processing stages. Such perceptual biases towards mood-congruent information may reinforce depressed mood and contribute to negative cognitive biases.
Does kinship terminology provide evidence for or against universal grammar?
Authors: Behme Christina 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJones introduces an intricate machinery of kin classification that overcomes limitations of previous accounts. I question whether such a machinery is plausible. Because individuals never need to learn the entire spectrum of kin terminology, they could rely on data-driven learning. The complexity of Jones's machinery for kin classification casts doubt on the existence of innate structures that cover the complete linguistic domain.
Will Optimality Theory colonize all of higher cognition?
Authors: Biró Tamás 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTo establish Optimality Theory as a framework in anthropology, or as a general model of higher human cognition, researchers have to demonstrate OT is convincing in a number of ways. This commentary summarizes some of them – based on experience obtained in contemporary linguistic OT – including factorial typologies, exact formulation of candidate sets and constraints, and computational plausibility.
Why do we need to coordinate when classifying kin?
Authors: Gerkey Drew , Cronk Lee 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe suggest that there are two coordination games when it comes to understanding kin terminology. Jones' article focuses on the linguistic coordination inherent in developing meaningful kin terminologies, alluding briefly to the benefits of these kin terminologies for coordination in other domains. We enhance Jones' discussion by tracing the links between the structure of kin terminologies and their functions.
Kin term diversity is the result of multilevel, historical processes
Authors: Jordan Fiona M. , Dunn Michael 
Published: January 2011

AbstractExplanations in the domain of kinship can be sought on several different levels: Jones addresses online processing, as well as issues of origins and innateness. We argue that his framework can more usefully be applied at the levels of developmental and historical change, the latter especially. A phylogenetic approach to the diversity of kinship terminologies is most urgently required.
Pragmatic and positivistic analyses of kinship terminology
Authors: Leaf Murray J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJones' article suggests that the anthropological analysis of kinship has followed a single line of development based on a single underlying conception of meaning and method. In fact, there have been two opposed lines of development. Jones' conception is positivistic. The other is pragmatic. Pragmatic theory is superior on every recognized criterion. This briefly describes the differences.
Kinship, optimality, and typology
Authors: Musgrave Simon , Dowe David L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJones uses a mechanism from the linguistic theory, Optimality Theory, to generate the range of kin systems observed in human cultures and human languages. The observed distribution of kinship systems across human societies suggests that some possibilities are preferred over others, a result that would indicate Jones' model needs to be refined, especially in its treatment of markedness.
Kinship terminology: polysemy or categorization?
Authors: Hogeweg Lotte , Legendre Géraldine , Smolensky Paul 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe target article offers an analysis of the categorization of kin types and empirical evidence that cross-cultural universals may be amenable to OT explanation. Since the analysis concerns the structuring of conceptual categories rather than the use of words, it differs from previous OT analyses in lexical semantics in what is considered to be the input and output of optimization.