bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stare radar views polar ionosphere
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The ionosphere serves as a closure path for electrical currents flowing from one part of the magnetosphere to another. How this happens is shown in detail by recent work of R. A. Greenwald at the Max Planck Institute, using the Scandinavian twin auroral radar experiment (Stare). Built in northern Scandinavia as part of the ground‐based program of the International Magnetospheric Study, Stare is producing measurements that are a significant advance in the study of the ionospheric current systems in the auroral zones.Explaining that electric fields which drive currents build up in the ionosphere in response to influences such as changes in solar activity, Greenwald says that the nature of these currents changes with the time of day. On the evening side of the earth these currents flow generally eastward, driven by a northward electric field; on the morning side they flow westward under the influence of a southward electric field. These auroral electrojets can extend over hundreds of kilometers north‐south and flow for thousands of kilometers east‐west. Where they flow, the electrons moving through the ions create plasma instabilities that can be observed by the radars.
The beginning: Serene process or chaotic bang?
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Contrary to the ‘Big Bang’ theory, our cosmos may have started more serenely—with a powerful but tightly controlled and completely uniform expansion. That is the scenario deduced by a team of NASA scientists, who used ultrasensitive radio equipment aboard a U‐2 aircraft to measure the cosmic microwave background left over from the initial universe‐forming event.Richard Muller, George Smoot, and graduate student Marc Gorensten concluded that this initial event was a very smooth, almost serene, process, with matter and energy uniformly distributed and expanding at an equal rate in all directions. The radiation left over from the universe‐forming event, about 15 billion years ago, is so uniform that it provides a universal reference for measuring our galaxy's headlong dash, at more than a million miles an hour, through space toward the constellation Hydra.
Meteorites offer cosmochemical clues
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

‘One of the pleasant ironies of the Apollo program was that it took a trip to the moon to teach us how to uncover the secrets contained in primitive meteorites.’ That is Robert N. Clayton's way of saying that he believes techniques originally developed to analyze lunar material in minute amounts are at least partly responsible for the new resurgence in meteoritic research.Clayton, chairman of the Department of Geophysical Sciences and professor in the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago, uses an ion microprobe to study anomalous magnesium in tiny extraterrestrial dust grains. The ion microprobe bombards samples with a finely focused beam of charged particles to remove material to be analyzed. The instrument is unique in its capability to measure isotopic ratios in specks of matter as fine as 10 fim across; more than 2500 mineral grains this size would have to be placed end to end to span a single inch.
The U.S. educational effort in unsaturated zone hydrology
Authors: Davidson James M. , Hornberger George M. , Molz Fred J. 
Published: October 2011

The region of the earth below the land surface and above the water‐saturated zone plays a major role in determining the behavior of hydrologic systems. To help educators and other interested individuals evaluate and continue molding the U.S. educational effort in the hydrology of the unsaturated zone, the AGU Hydrology Section Committee on Water in the Unsaturated Zone conducted a study of the number and level of university educational programs involved in unsaturated zone hydrology.The basis for this report was the questionnaire shown here as Figure 1. A total of 189 questionnaires were sent to departments in schools of engineering, earth science, and agriculture. Nine of the 114 returns were rejected because of mistakes or duplication. The remaining 105 could be divided almost half and half into those from departments in schools of engineering and schools of earth science (58) and those from schools of agriculture (47).
New mooring design allows deepwater floating breakwaters
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A mooring system that makes floating breakwaters possible in deepwater harbors has been designed by Tokuo Yamamoto at Oregon State University (OSU) as a by‐product of his fundamental investigations of the interaction of waves and floating objects.Yamamoto found that the waveweakening ability of circular floating breakwaters is almost independent of the type of mooring and that round breakwaters are consistently effective for smaller waves. However, his research has shown that the waveweakening capability of rectangular or elliptical breakwaters is strongly dependent on the type of mooring.
USGS gathering offshore data for OCS
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

During the 1977 fiscal year the U.S. Geological Survey acquired offshore geophysical and geological data from nearly 160,000 km of tracking in the Atlantic, the Pacific, offshore Alaska, and the Gulf of Mexico in direct support of the outer continental shelf (OCS) oil and gas resource evaluation program.Geophysical data, which include common depth point and high‐resolution seismic data, some gravity and magnetic data, and geologic data, are acquired by the USGS for use in selecting and evaluating promising tracts to be offered by the Bureau of Land Management for lease and in identifying geologic features which could be hazardous to subsequent drilling or production operations. Such data are obtained by surveys made from ships that follow a predetermined criss‐cross pattern and tow special signal‐generating and recording equipment.
AGU Midwest Meeting Report
Authors: Hinze William J. , Braile Lawrence W. 
Published: October 2011

Approximately 150 Midwestern geophysicists attended the third annual AGU Midwest Meeting, which was held at Purdue University, September 26–28, 1977. The majority of the 75 papers presented were related to topical special sessions arranged by seven sections of the Union to be of particular, current importance to Midwestern geophysics. The interest shown in the meeting indicates not only the vigor of current geophysical research in the Midwest but also the desirability of continuing these meetings.The majority of the papers presented were in the area of solid‐earth geophysics, and these primarily were concerned with the paleogeodynamics and contemporary geodynamics of the Midwest. They reflect the growing interest in deciphering the complex evolutionary history of the continental interior by utilizing a wide range of methodologies and the concepts of plate tectonics which have generally emphasized oceanic and continental margin features. The papers in the session on Geology and Geophysics of the Precambrian Basement Rocks of the Midcontinent Region demonstrated that geophysical data can be used to clarify and amplify our understanding of the basement geology in poorly exposed regions. By extension of the data base to include buried portions of the basement, it soon may be possible to determine the major structural, lithologic, and chronologic provinces of the basement in the Midwest fairly accurately. The session dealing with Geodynamics of Plate Interiors demonstrated that the structures present in the midcontinent reflect a long and complex midplate tectonism which is not completely understood. The 15 papers of the sessions on the New Madrid Seismic Zone, the 38th Parallel Lineament, and the Seismicity of the Midwest illustrate the rapidly broadening interest in and knowledge of the tectonic framework of the seismically active New Madrid area and environs. It was emphasized that this area is an excellent example of reactivation of ancient structures during the Phanerozoic and locally into the present. Interpretation of surface, air, and satellite geophysical and geological data suggests the presence of an ancient easterly striking rift south of the 38th Parallel Lineament and a northeast‐trending graben lying along the axis of the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Microearthquakes together with historical seismicity are being used to delineate active faults of this area and estimate earthquake recurrence rates and the local stress state.
AGU Pacific Northwest Meeting Report
Authors: Johnson Ansel G. 
Published: October 2011

The twenty‐fourth annual meeting of the Pacific Northwest Region was held at Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, on September 29 and 30, 1977. The meeting attracted 101 registered attendants, and 46 papers were given.The program featured special sessions and a panel discussion on Problems in Low Flow Years. Both sections on water were prompted by the low rainfall, so they were very topical. In addition to the special sessions, sessions were held in oceanography, experimental tectonophysics, geomagnetism, volcanology, seismology, hydrology, and general geophysics.
OES solicits suggestions
Authors: Oliver Jack E. 
Published: October 2011

The Office of Earth Sciences (OES) and its Advisory Board, Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Research Council, are again anxious to have the assistance of earth scientists in assuring that their responsibilities are fully met. These responsibilities include continued awareness and active concern for the health of the earth sciences, identification of opportunities for the earth sciences in meeting national needs, and fostering awareness of scientific advances that may help resolve national problems. Atmospheric, oceanographic, and solid earth scientists are invited to suggest activities at the national level to the OES and its Advisory Board.In making such suggestions, individual earth scientists have an opportunity to affect science and technology related to national problems. For example, proposals submitted in 1977 covered a variety of topics including geologic processes and climate, physical and chemical properties of geologic materials, resource management for U.S. coastal oceans, disposal of industrial waste on land, new technology for mapping, and weather and climate forecasts with societal implications. These proposals have been incorporated with ongoing studies or are being considered for separate actions. Scientists are encouraged to submit proposals on subjects that may not be receiving sufficient attention at the national level.
Last winter chilled Gulf Stream System to unusual depth
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Last year's severe winter in the eastern United States caused the Gulf Stream system to give off unusually large quantities of heat to the atmosphere, according to a recent report by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration oceanographer Ants Leetmaa.Last year, the Gulf Stream system seems to have given up more heat than usual, leaving the northwestern Sargasso Sea chilled to depths as much as 100 m deeper than in more moderate years. ‘The main surprise here is that a single severe winter could so disrupt recent warming trends,’ Leetmaa said, describing the results of an exploratory cruise to the northwestern Sargasso Sea last spring.
Ocean current meeting proceedings available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Proceedings of the Current Measurement Working Conference, a 3‐day meeting of 150 marine specialists, are available from the Sea Grant Office at the University of Delaware. The first two days of the meeting were devoted to presentations by invited speakers describing activities in scientific research, ocean engineering, environmental impact assessment, operational surveys, and current measurement system testing and development. Among the participants were Nicholas Fofonoff, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; George Z. Forristall, Shell Development Company; J . Dungan Smith, University of Washington; Paul Teleki, U.S. Geological Survey; and David Halpern, NOAA/Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory.An ad hoc group was formed at the meeting to investigate the possibility of creating a permanent committee on procedures and standards affiliated with an appropriate professional society.
USGS metric maps are on the way
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Geological Survey National Mapping Program is being shifted to metric as rapidly as possible. John I. Roney, Branch of Cartography, USGS, explained that ‘due consideration’ is being given to states and other map users who want some conventional‐scale mapping completed before the metric changeover.‘The USGS policy provides that all new and completely revised small‐scale maps (1:250,000 and smaller) and intermediate‐scale maps (1:100,000 and 1:50,000) will be prepared in the metric system. Completely revised 1:24,000 scale maps (the basic large‐scale maps by the USGS) formerly published in the U.S. customary system will now be prepared and published in the metric system at 1:25,000 scale. ‘New standard quadrangle maps will be prepared in either system or a combination of the systems for the time being,’ he added, ‘depending on the particular situation in each state.’
Fossil pollen reveals ancient weather
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Natural records trapped in fossilized pollen are revealing the first detailed picture of changing climatic conditions in the northeastern United States over the past 2,500 years.Studying fossil pollen contained in lake sediments, J. C. Bernabo of the Environmental Data Service, NOAA, determined that recent decades are the warmest in the upper Midwest since 1200 A.D. Long‐term trends in the same area showed that annual rain and snowfall since 600 B.C. have increased 50% with some overall cooling. Reporting on his work at the 1978 AGU Spring Meeting, Bernabo said that his initial Research in Michigan shows that the past 30 years in this region have been warmer than any similar period in the last 775 years.
PAM System used in winter
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Portable Automated Mesonet (PAM) system, developed by the NCAR Field Observing Facility, was successfully used to support a Colorado State University (CSU) weather modification study. Under the direction of Lewis Grant and Donald Cobb, the CSU scientists conducted a series of studies to examine the transport and dispersion of cloud seeding materials over a large area. In addition to measurements taken by the PAM stations, CSU scientists measured snowfall, ice nucleus counts, and silver iodide in the atmosphere.The entire PAM system consists of 30 remote stations capable of measuring such atmospheric parameters as pressure, wet‐and dry‐bulb temperature, rainfall, and wind speed and direction. The stations are battery‐powered; once a minute, each station transmits data by radio to a minicomputer in a base station trailer.
NOAA monitoring deep ocean mining tests
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Operational test mining of the deep ocean floor in the central Pacific Ocean is underway. Manganese nodules are being pumped from the seabed at a depth of more than 3 mi. Ocean Mining, Inc., a group of U.S., Canadian, West German, and Japanese companies, is testing a system by which the nodules are collected, separated from other ocean floor material, and lifted up to a converted ocean oil‐well drilling ship.During the early stages of the test period, the NOAA ship Oceanographer worked nearby to observe the effect of the plume of materials along the ocean floor generated as the collector draws in and separates the nodules and other materials, and the effect of a surface plume caused by shipside disposal of excess materials brought to the surface along with the nodules. Previously placed ocean bottom instruments did the former, while the latter was done by sampling the surface discharge.
Water Data Committee meets
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Interior Department's Advisory Committee on Water Data for Public Use met in Houston, Texas, from November 29 to December 1, 1977, to consider methods for obtaining information to solve current and future water problems. The committee represents the interests of the nonfederal sector, advising the department and the U.S. Geological Survey on plans and policies relating to water data programs and needs.The program included a review of the progress made over the past year in implementing Office of Management and Budget Circular A‐67, which provides guidelines for coordinating federal water data acquisition activities. Reports by working groups formed at the meeting recommended that the USGS move as rapidly as possible toward use of SI metric units in its reports, starting with data reports for international boundary stations; that a national groundwater quality monitoring program be immediately implemented and a standing nonfederal working group on groundwater quality assessment be organized; and that the USGS expand its water use data system, especially in developing guidelines for quality control of collected data, and inform the public about the system by cosponsoring with some appropriate professional organization(s) a symposium on the National Water Use Data Program.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The 1978 Spring Meeting was held April 17–21 in Miami Beach, Florida, at the Deauville and Carillon hotels. Approximately 1220 papers were presented. Total registration was 1632, of whom 1127 were members, 242 were students, and 263 were non‐members.The meeting program and the abstracts of papers were published in the April 1978 issue of EOS, pages 215–418. This report includes program changes and postdeadline and revised abstracts.
Fellowships available for graduate women
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The American Association of University Women through the Educational Foundation has been giving fellowships to both American and international graduate women since 1888 and will be continuing the program for the 1979–1980 academic year.For women in the United States the AAUW Educational Foundation awards dissertation and postdoctoral fellowships to those individuals who have achieved distinction or promise of distinction in their fields of scholarly work. There are no restrictions on the age of the applicant, the academic field, or the place of study. However, great importance is attached to the project on which the applicant wishes to work, its probable significance as a contribution to knowledge, and the applicant's qualifications to pursue it. There are approximately 70 dissertation fellowships available and several awards for postdoctoral fellowships; stipends range from $3500 to $6000 (up to $9000 for postdoctoral fellowships). Applicants must be citizens of the United States or hold permanent resident status at the time of application and must intend to pursue their professional careers in the United States.
Abstracts [Spring Meeting: Postdeadline Abstracts, 1978]
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The 1978 Spring Meeting was held April 17–21 in Miami Beach, Florida, at the Deauville and Carillon hotels. Approximately 1220 papers were presented. Total registration was 1632, of whom 1127 were members, 242 were students, and 263 were non‐members.The meeting program and the abstracts of papers were published in the April 1978 issue of EOS, pages 215–418. This report includes program changes and postdeadline and revised abstracts.
Abstracts [Geophysical Abstracts in Press, 1978]
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The 1978 Spring Meeting was held April 17–21 in Miami Beach, Florida, at the Deauville and Carillon hotels. Approximately 1220 papers were presented. Total registration was 1632, of whom 1127 were members, 242 were students, and 263 were non‐members.The meeting program and the abstracts of papers were published in the April 1978 issue of EOS, pages 215–418. This report includes program changes and postdeadline and revised abstracts.
Heliohistory is HAO seminar topic
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Heliohistory experts are meeting at the High Altitude Observatory (HAO) this month to explore ways to recover the history of solar variability from indirect data. The organizing committee sought scientific participation from a variety of disciplines, including geophysics, geochemistry, and dendrochronology. The 40 selected participants will be looking at the indirect evidence of the sun's past behavior, especially during the Quaternary period, or since the last ice age (approximately 20,000 years ago).Indirect, or ‘proxy,’ evidence includes auroral and geomagnetic records and evidence from isotopes found in meteorites. Isotopic abundances and flare particle tracks in moon rocks have also been useful. Other indirect evidence is provided by observations of comet tails and of changes in the brightness of the moon at eclipse, of the planets, and of zodiacal light. The best secondary evidence is provided by the radiocarbon abundances derived from tree rings. Other secondary evidence may be found in ice cores taken from the earth's Polar Regions. A knowledge of terrestrial paleoclimate establishes bounds on solar change. Finally, the history of the sun can be deduced from observations of other stars of solar type.
Gametag flights yield new data
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The ongoing Global Atmospheric Measurements Experiment on Tropospheric Aerosols and Gases (Gametag) is beginning to produce some unexpected results. One result is the observation that ozone levels differ greatly at different heights and locations over the Pacific Ocean. Another is that carbon monoxide concentrations in the troposphere do not change as much from the northern to the southern hemisphere as had been suspected from earlier measurements.Gametag, a cooperative effort among nine institutions, has now completed two series of observational flights aimed at acquiring a detailed accurate picture of the global distribution of many gases. Data processing from the second Gametag flight should be completed by the end of the year.
James T. Wilson Memorial Fund
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Immediately after the untimely death in May 1978 of James T. Wilson, well‐known geologist and seismologist and Director of the University of Michigan Institute of Science and Technology, a memorial fund was established through the Department of Geology and Mineralogy of the University of Michigan to perpetuate his memory and spirit within the university and the larger community of geophysicists.Contributions should be made to the James T. Wilson Memorial Fund, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Satellite rainfall monitoring
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Imagery from earth‐orbiting satellites can be used to estimate rainfall from convective clouds according to researchers at NOAA. William L. Woodley and Cecilia Griffith see this as a possible method of monitoring rainfall constantly around the world.The technique, developed for estimating rainfall from convective weather systems in the tropics for NOAA's cloud‐seeding experiments in south Florida, differentiates young, rain‐producing clouds from dying, rainless systems.
Alan T. Waterman Award
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

In August of 1975, Congress established the Alan T. Waterman Award to mark the twenty‐fifth anniversary of the National Science Foundation and to honor the first director of the foundation, Alan T. Waterman.This annual award recognizes an outstanding young scientist. In addition to a medal and other recognition, the recipient receives a grant of up to $50,000 per year for a period of up to 3 years for scientific research or advanced study in mathematical, physical, medical, biological, engineering, social, or other sciences at the institution of the recipient's choice.