bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery approach to the care of people with dementia: decision making and ‘best interests’ concerns
Authors: MARTIN G. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

Dementia and decision making.
Relevance of the Mental Capacity Act 2005.
Recovery approach applied to people with dementia.
A model for change.

AbstractThe concept of ‘recovery’ has been central to the discussion of the care of people with mental health problems in recent years, in this paper these ideas will be applied to the care of people with dementia in an attempt to focus nursing practice on the notion that it is possible to involve this group of patients in their own decision‐making processes. It is acknowledged that this is not always possible without support and advocacy by nurses and other carers who must take on board the need to arrive at solutions to problems or change that are in the person's best interests. The provisions of the Mental Capacity Act in 2005 are key to this discussion, and ways forward are recommended, which include a nursing model for change, in an effort to bring together the concepts addressed in this paper. The conclusion reached is that the recovery approach has some difficulties when applied to people with dementia but it remains an essential aspect of the care process which, together with the provisions of the Mental Capacity Act, could bring about radical improvements to the lives of this group of vulnerable people.
The nurse and the use of narrative: an approach to caring
Authors: ALOI J. A. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

Nurses at all levels of nursing practice can utilize the principles of narrative in the nurse–patient relationship.
The nurse can help patients discard negative story lines and rewrite the story with a preferred outcome.
This can be accomplished through the use of three main techniques: deconstruction, externalization and re‐authoring.

AbstractThe use by the nurse of the principles of narrative therapy to help patients re‐author their personal narrative, and change it from a problem‐saturated story to one that is more preferred, is explored. Three main narrative techniques: deconstruction, externalization and re‐authoring are described. Examples of these techniques are provided to help nurses at all levels of nursing practice assume the role of collaborator in the re‐authoring process.
Families' experiences of interaction with the public health nurse at the child health clinic in connection with mother's post‐natal depression
Authors: TAMMENTIE T. , PAAVILAINEN E. , TARKKA M.‐T. , ÅSTEDT‐KURKI P. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

Mother's postnatal depression affects the functioning of the entire family.
Families felt lack of holistic cooperation at the child health clinics.

AbstractThe birth of a new family member causes many changes in the way a family functions. Annually some 10% of mothers giving birth suffer from post‐natal depression. This depression affects the mother herself, the baby and the functioning of the entire family. The healthcare personnel are faced with an important task in supporting the family in the course of changes occasioned by the birth of a baby. According to earlier studies, families with small children are fairly satisfied with the service provided by the child health clinics. The purpose of the present study was to form a theory of interaction with the public health nurse in the child health clinic when the mother is suffering from post‐natal depression from the viewpoint of family. The data for the study were gathered by interviewing nine families (nine mothers and five fathers) where the mother had displayed symptoms of post‐natal depression. The data were analysed using continuous comparative analysis of grounded theory. The concepts of the theory emerged as a lack of continuing relationship, a need to be equal partners, a lack of individuality and a lack of family care. The relationships between categories were lack of discussing, lack of being confidential and lack of getting help enough. The core category emerging was lack of holistic cooperation with unique family. In spite of the emphasis placed on family centeredness in the operating principles of the work in child health clinics, its implementation in practical work cannot be taken for granted. Because of the limited resources available to the clinics, it is the experience of depressed mother in particular that they are not treated sufficiently as individuals and that they are subjected to adjudication in the clinics. The parents felt that the personality of the public health nurse was crucial to how they felt about the service they obtained from the clinic.
The role of intrusive and other recent life events on symptomatology in relapses of schizophrenia: a community nursing investigation
Authors: FALLON P. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

Increasing numbers of people with psychotic illnesses experienced life events, especially moderately threatening life events, in the last 4 weeks prior to relapse.
However, life events in general or specifically intrusive life events were not found to influence the type of psychotic symptoms people experienced.
People with established psychotic illnesses still experienced life events before relapse suggesting that chronic illness is not associated with absence of mild or moderately severe life events or with diminished sensitivity to them.

AbstractThis study aimed to identify the impact of life events on psychotic relapse in individuals with an established diagnosis of schizophrenia to explore their proneness to experience life events, to examine if any effect of life events was cumulative or triggering in nature and to explore if specific types of events influence subsequent symptom formation. An association between adverse life events and relapse in people with schizophrenia has been reported in several studies; however, the nature of the association remains unclear. Some studies suggest that intrusive events promote the formation of paranoid psychotic symptoms. Using well‐validated semi‐structured interview schedules the author interviewed participants during or shortly after relapse. The severity and intrusiveness of life events was rated and relationships between events and symptoms were explored. Increasing numbers of patients experienced life events especially moderately threatening life events in the last 4 weeks prior to relapse; however, no relationship was discovered between life events in general or specifically intrusive life events and the specific content of psychotic symptoms. An increased frequency of milder life events occurred in the 2 months prior to relapse, suggesting that chronic illness is not associated with absence of mild or moderately severe life events or with diminished sensitivity to them.
Aggressive behaviour in adolescent psychiatric settings: what are risk factors, possible interventions and implications for nursing practice? A literature review
Authors: HAGE S. , VAN MEIJEL B. , FLUTTERT F. , BERDEN G. F. M. G. 
Published: June 2009

Accessible summary

The aim of this literature review is to identify the risk factors of aggressive behaviour in adolescents and to describe available intervention strategies.
The risk factors comprise personal and environmental risk factors. Some risk factors can be influenced by nursing intervention strategies.
The most effective intervention programmes focus on interpersonal skills training in combination with parent management training.
There is a need for specific nursing intervention programmes to deal with aggressive behaviour in adolescent psychiatric settings.

AbstractThis study was aimed to identify the risk factors of aggressive behaviour in adolescents (13–18 years), and to describe available intervention strategies. The findings are evaluated on the basis of their implications for nursing practice. Aggressive behaviour in adolescent psychiatric settings is a neglected research area. The consequences of aggressive behaviour on nurses, other patients and the therapeutic environment can be profound. For the development and implementation of innovative intervention strategies aimed at preventing aggressive behaviour in adolescent psychiatric patients, knowledge of risk factors and evidence‐based interventions for aggressive behaviour are of the utmost importance. A systematic search of PubMed, Cinahl, PsychINFO and Cochrane Systematic Reviews (1991–2007) was employed. The risk factors for aggressive behaviour comprise personal and environmental risk factors. Some risk factors can be influenced by nursing intervention strategies. Available intervention programmes range from interpersonal skills training to massage therapy, parent management training, functional family therapy and multi‐systemic therapy. The most effective programmes combine interpersonal skills training with parent management training. No specific nursing intervention programmes were found for dealing with aggressive behaviour in adolescent patients. Nursing staff can assist in achieving a systematic improvement in the treatment outcomes of existing intervention programmes for the prevention of aggression. There is a need for specific nursing intervention programmes to deal with aggressive behaviour in adolescent psychiatric settings.
Endophagy of biting midges attacking cavity‐nesting birds
Authors: VOTÝPKA J. , SYNEK P. , SVOBODOVÁ M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.Feeding behaviour, host preferences and the spectrum of available hosts determine the role of vectors in pathogen transmission. Feeding preferences of blood‐feeding Diptera depend on, among others factors, the willingness of flies to attack their hosts either in the open (exophagy) or in enclosed places (endophagy). As far as ornithophilic blood‐feeding Diptera are concerned, the biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are generally considered to be strictly exophagous. We determined which blood‐sucking Diptera enter nest cavities and feed on birds by placing sticky foil traps inside artificial nest boxes. A total of 667 females of eight species of biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Latreille, 1809) were captured on traps during 2006‐2007, with Culicoides truncorum (Edwards, 1939) being the dominant species. DNA blood analyses of blood‐engorged females proved that midges actually fed on birds nesting in the boxes. Three species were identified as endophagous: Culicoides truncorum, Culicoides pictipennis (Staeger, 1839), and Culicoides minutissimus (Zetterstedt, 1855). Our study represents the first evidence that ornithophilic biting midges are endophagous. The fact that we caught no blackflies in the bird boxes supports the exophagy of blackflies. We believe that our findings are important for surveillance programmes focusing on Diptera that transmit various bird pathogens.
Assessment of gene flow across a hybrid zone in red‐tailed chipmunks (Tamias ruficaudus)
Authors: HIRD SARAH , SULLIVAN JACK 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe role of hybridization in animal speciation is controversial and recent research has challenged the long‐standing criterion of complete reproductive isolation to attain species status. The speciation‐with‐gene‐flow model posits that the genome is semi‐permeable and hybridization may be a phase in the process of divergence. Here, we apply these concepts to a previously identified zone of mtDNA introgression between the two strongly morphologically differentiated subspecies of red‐tailed chipmunk (Tamias ruficaudus) in the US Inland Northwest. Using multilocus genotype data from the southern, older contact zone, we demonstrate that neutral gene flow is unusually low between the subspecies across the Lochsa River. This is geographically congruent with the discontinuity in bacular morphology, indicating that the cline of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes is displaced. Furthermore, we elucidate the evolutionary forces responsible by testing hypotheses of lineage sorting and hybridization. We determined that introgressive hybridization is the cause of mtDNA/morphology incongruence because there are non‐zero levels of migration and gene flow. Although our estimate of the age of the hybrid zone has wide credibility intervals, the hybridization events occurred in the Late Pleistocene and the divergence occurred in the Middle Pleistocene. Finally, we assessed substructure within and adjacent to the hybrid zone and found that the hybrid zone constitutes a set of populations that are genetically differentiated from parental sets of populations; therefore, hybridization in this system is not likely an evolutionary sink, but has generated novel combinations of genotypes.
Single‐queen introductions characterize regional and local invasions by the facultatively clonal little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata
Authors: MIKHEYEV A. S. , BRESSON S. , CONANT P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractClonal reproduction may facilitate the spread of invasive species by reducing the minimum population size necessary for successful establishment. We used microsatellite markers to reconstruct the composition of founding populations in two regional (Central Africa and Hawaii) and 23 local (near a Gabonese oilfield) invasions of the facultatively parthenogenetic little fire ant. Central Africa had a single dominant queen clone, which appears to have initiated the regional infestation, and then produced numerous other clones by rare sexual reproduction. This interpretation of the data was also supported by the genotype of a worker from the first collection in Africa (Gabon 1913). We found only a single queen clone in Hawaii, likewise indicating a single‐clone introduction, most likely from an earlier infestation in Florida. Single‐clone introductions also gave rise to the vast majority (92%) of local infestations at our oilfield study site. These results suggest the unusual, largely clonal, reproductive strategy of the little fire ant may enhance its success as an invasive species. However, the occasional sexual production of novel genotypes after the initial introduction may provide genetic flexibility that overcomes shortcomings of pure clonality.
Climate and agricultural context shape reproductive mode variation in an aphid crop pest
Authors: GILABERT A. , SIMON J.‐C. , MIEUZET L. , HALKETT F. , STOECKEL S. , PLANTEGENEST M. , DEDRYVER C.‐A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn aphids, reproductive mode is generally assumed to be selected for by winter climate. Sexual lineages produce frost‐resistant eggs, conferring an advantage in regions with cold winters, while asexual lineages predominate in regions with mild winters. However, habitat and resource heterogeneities are known to exert a strong influence on sex maintenance and might modulate the effect of climate on aphid reproductive strategies. We carried out a hierarchical sampling in northern France to investigate whether reproductive mode variation of the aphidRhopalosiphum padiis driven by winter climate conditions, by habitat and resource heterogeneities represented by a range of host plants or by both factors. We confirmed the coexistence inR. padipopulations of two genetic clusters associated with distinct reproductive strategies. Asexual lineages predominated, whatever the surveyed year and location. However, we detected a between‐year variation in the local contribution of both clusters, presumably associated with preceding winter severity. No evidence for host‐driven niche differentiation was found in the field on six Poaceae among sexual and asexual lineages. Two dominant multilocus genotypes (∼70% of the sample), having persisted over a 10‐year period, were equally abundant on different plant species and locations, indicating their large ecological tolerance. Our results fit theoretical predictions of the influence of winter climate on the balance between sexual and asexual lineages. They also highlight the importance of current agricultural practices which seem to favour a small number of asexual generalist genotypes and their migration across large areas of monotonous environments.
Divergence with gene flow and fine‐scale phylogeographical structure in the wedge‐billed woodcreeper,Glyphorynchus spirurus, a Neotropical rainforest bird
Authors: MILÁ B. , WAYNE R. K. , FITZE P. , SMITH T. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDetermining the relative roles of vicariance and selection in restricting gene flow between populations is of central importance to the evolutionary process of population divergence and speciation. Here we use molecular and morphological data to contrast the effect of isolation (by mountains and geographical distance) with that of ecological factors (altitudinal gradients) in promoting differentiation in the wedge‐billed woodcreeper,Glyphorynchus spirurus, a tropical forest bird, in Ecuador. Tarsus length and beak size increased relative to body size with altitude on both sides of the Andes, and were correlated with the amount of moss on tree trunks, suggesting the role of selection in driving adaptive divergence. In contrast, molecular data revealed a considerable degree of admixture along these altitudinal gradients, suggesting that adaptive divergence in morphological traits has occurred in the presence of gene flow. As suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequence data, the Andes act as a barrier to gene flow between ancient subspecific lineages. Genome‐wide amplified fragment length polymorphism markers reflected more recent patterns of gene flow and revealed fine‐scale patterns of population differentiation that were not detectable with mitochondrial DNA, including the differentiation of isolated coastal populations west of the Andes. Our results support the predominant role of geographical isolation in driving genetic differentiation inG. spirurus, yet suggest the role of selection in driving parallel morphological divergence along ecological gradients.
Microsatellite variation and population structure of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) in Scandinavia
Authors: KNOPP THERESA , MERILÄ JUHA 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSeveral recent studies have found amphibian populations to be genetically highly structured over rather short geographical distances, and that the rate of genetically effective dispersal may differ between the sexes. However, apart from the common frog (Rana temporaria) little is known about the genetic structuring and sex‐biased dispersal in northern European amphibians. We investigated the patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation within and among Scandinavian populations of the moor frog (Rana arvalis) using microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity within local R. arvalis populations was not a simple linear negative function of latitude but a convex one: genetic diversity peaked in mid‐latitude populations, and declined thereafter dramatically towards the north. The average degree of genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.14) was lower than that observed for the common frog (FST = 0.21), though the pattern of isolation by distance was similar for both species. Contrary to common frogs, no evidence for female‐biased dispersal was found. The results reinforce the view that amphibian populations are—in general—highly structured over relatively small geographical distances, even in comparatively recently colonized areas.
Microarray analysis reveals transcriptional plasticity in the reef building coral Acropora millepora
Authors: BAY LINE K. , ULSTRUP KARIN E. , NIELSEN H. BJØRN , JARMER HANNE , GOFFARD NICOLAS , WILLIS BETTE L. , MILLER DAVID J. , VAN OPPEN MADELEINE J. H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe investigated variation in transcript abundance in the scleractinian coral, Acropora millepora, within and between populations characteristically exposed to different turbidity regimes and hence different levels of light and suspended particulate matter. We examined phenotypic plasticity by comparing levels of gene expression between source populations and following 10 days of acclimatization to a laboratory environment. Analyses of variance revealed that 0.05% of genes were differentially expressed between source populations, 1.32% following translocation into a common laboratory and 0.07% in the interaction (source population‐dependent responses to translocation). Functional analyses identified an over‐representation of differentially expressed genes associated with metabolism and fluorescence categories (primarily downregulated), and environmental information processing (primarily upregulated) following translocation to a lower light and turbidity environment. Such metabolic downregulation may indicate nonoxidative stress, hibernation or caloric restriction associated with the changed environmental conditions. Green fluorescent protein‐related genes were the most differentially expressed and were exclusively downregulated; however, green fluorescent protein levels remained unchanged following translocation. Photophysiological responses of corals from both locations were characterized by a decline when introduced to the common laboratory environment but remained healthy (Fv/Fm > 0.6). Declines in total lipid content following translocation were the greatest for inshore corals, suggesting that turbid water corals have a strong reliance on heterotrophic feeding.
Short‐term Administration of Ethanol in Mice Deviates Antigen Presentation Activity Towards B Cells
Authors: Andrade M. C. , Albernaz M. J. S. , Araújo M. S. S. , Santos B. P. , Teixeira‐Carvalho A. , Faria A. M. C. , Martins‐Filho O. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAlcohol has a variety of short‐ and long‐term effects on cell‐mediated and humoral immune response. Herein, we have characterized the impact of high‐dose EtOH administration on phenotypic and functional features of murine APC subsets, including dendritic cell (DC), macrophages and B cells. Impaired cytokine synthesis and Leishmania‐phagocytosis was observed in peritoneal macrophages following EtOH administration. Moreover, EtOH exposure led to decreased levels of splenic myeloid DC and increased percentage of macrophages with no changes in splenic lymphoid DC and B cells. Adverse effects of short‐term EtOH administration also resulted in impaired OVA‐endocytosis by DC and macrophages. In contrast, EtOH consumption upregulates OVA‐internalization by B cells. These changes on APC hierarchy may play a role shifting the fate of the immune response after EtOH ingestion. In addition to an overall downregulation of Toll‐like receptor‐TLR‐4 expression by splenic APC, a downregulation of TLR‐2 expression in macrophages was observed. Moreover, EtOH exposure altered the expression of co‐signalling molecules on splenic APC, downregulating CD40 on macrophages and upregulating CD80 on B cells, with no impact on DC subsets. The net result of changes in TLR‐mediated and co‐stimulatory signals may determine the altered immunological status induced by acute consumption of alcohol. A direct impact of high‐dose EtOH administration in the activation status of splenic CD4+ T cells was observed. Together, our results demonstrated that short‐term high‐dose EtOH administration has differential impact on APC populations, downregulating splenic macrophages and DC activity but up‐regulating B lymphocyte function as APC, and ultimately yielding a micro‐environment that led to increased activation of CD4+ T cells.