bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coverage and Framing of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities in US Newspapers, 1996–2005
Authors: Kim Annice E. , Kumanyika Shiriki , Shive Daniel , Igweatu Uzy , Kim Son-Ho 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We examined how causes of and solutions to racial/ethnic health disparities are covered and framed in newspapers over time.Methods. We used LexisNexis to identify articles on racial/ethnic health disparities published from 1996 through 2005 in 40 US newspapers. We coded articles for diseases and racial/ethnic groups mentioned; whether causes and solutions were framed as genetic, behavioral, health care, or societal responsibility; and whether a social-justice rationale for eliminating racial/ethnic health disparities was invoked.Results. We identified 3823 racial/ethnic health disparity articles. Coverage peaked in 1998 and has declined since. Disparities in HIV/AIDS, cardiovascular disease, and cancer generated the most coverage. Articles focused primarily on African Americans. Only 30% of articles provided causal or solution explanations, with academic researchers providing the most causal explanations and advocacy groups providing the most solutions. For both causes and solutions, behavioral explanations dominated the discourse, followed by societal, health care, and genetic explanations. Only 4% of articles invoked a social-justice rationale.Conclusions. The dominance of behavioral explanations may limit public support for policy solutions to eliminate racial/ethnic health disparities. Future research should examine the design and dissemination of effective messages about the social determinants of health.
Racial Disparities in Receipt of Influenza and Pneumococcus Vaccinations Among US Nursing-Home Residents
Authors: Li Yue , Mukamel Dana B. 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We examined racial disparities in receipt and documentation of influenza and pneumococcus vaccinations among nursing-home residents. Methods. We performed secondary analyses of data from a nationally representative survey of White (n = 11 448) and Black (n = 1174) nursing-home residents in 2004. Bivariate and multivariate analyses determined racial disparities in receipt of influenza vaccination in 2003 and 2004, receipt of pneumococcus vaccination ever, and having a documented history for each vaccination. Results. The overall vaccination rate was 76.2% for influenza and 48.5% for pneumococcus infection. Compared with Whites, Blacks showed a 13% lower vaccination rate and a 5% higher undocumentation rate for influenza, and a 15% lower vaccination rate and a 7% higher undocumentation rate for pneumococcus. For influenza, the odds ratio (OR) for Blacks being unvaccinated was 1.84 (P ≤ .001), and the OR for Blacks having undocumented vaccination was 1.85 (P = .001). For pneumococcus infection, the OR for Blacks being unvaccinated was 1.70 (P ≤ .001), and the OR for Blacks having undocumented vaccination was 1.95 (P ≤ .001). Stratified analyses confirmed persistent racial disparities among subpopulations. Conclusions. Racial disparities exist in vaccination coverage among US nursing-home residents. Targeted interventions to improve vaccination coverage for minority nursing-home residents are warranted.
Decline in US Breast Cancer Rates After the Women's Health Initiative: Socioeconomic and Racial/Ethnic Differentials
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Chen Jarvis T. , Waterman Pamela D. 
Published: March 2010

Objectives. We investigated whether there were socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in recent reported declines in overall US breast cancer incidence rates attributed to post-2002 declines in hormone therapy use following publication of the Women's Health Initiative study. Methods. We analyzed 1992–2005 US breast cancer incidence data from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) 13 Registries Database, stratified by race/ethnicity, county income level, age, and estrogen receptor (ER) status. Results. As we hypothesized, between 1992 and 2005, the temporal pattern of rising and then falling US breast cancer incidence rates occurred only among White non-Hispanic women who lived in high-income counties, were aged 50 years and older, and had ER-positive tumors. No such trends were evident—regardless of county income level, ER status, or age—among Black non-Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, or—where numbers were sufficient to conduct meaningful analyses—American Indian/Alaska Native women. Conclusions. The recent decline in US breast cancer incidence was not equally beneficial to all women, but instead mirrored the social patterning of hormone therapy use. Joint information on socioeconomic resources and race/ethnicity is vital for correctly understanding disease distribution, including that of breast cancer.
Community-Based Participatory Research Contributions to Intervention Research: The Intersection of Science and Practice to Improve Health Equity
Authors: Wallerstein Nina , Duran Bonnie 
Published: March 2010

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has emerged in the last decades as a transformative research paradigm that bridges the gap between science and practice through community engagement and social action to increase health equity.CBPR expands the potential for the translational sciences to develop, implement, and disseminate effective interventions across diverse communities through strategies to redress power imbalances; facilitate mutual benefit among community and academic partners; and promote reciprocal knowledge translation, incorporating community theories into the research.We identify the barriers and challenges within the intervention and implementation sciences, discuss how CBPR can address these challenges, provide an illustrative research example, and discuss next steps to advance the translational science of CBPR.
Sour Gas Gathering In Alberta
Authors: Berry A.L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Seventy percent of all natural gas going to market from, Alberta is produced from sour gas fields. Without the recent advances in design, construction and operation of gathering systems to collect this sour gas for treating at central points prior to transmission in large diameterlines, this potential would not have been realized. The Canadian Standards Association draft gas pipe line code contains requirements for material and equipment, design, installation, inspection, operation and control of these systems.

Introduction
In 1952 Alberta's first central gas treating plant, capable of producing elemental sulphur from hydrogen sulphide in the raw natural gas commenced operation with a capacity of 30 long tons of sulphur per day. During the past 15 years, because of the demand for -clean dry gasfor domestic fuel and the world demand for elemental sulphur, nineteen major treating plants capable of producing elemental sulphur have been built in Alberta with total production in excess of 5,000 long tons ofsulphur per day. The total maximum day delivery to main transmission lines is now in excess of 2 billion cubic feet with some 70% of this coming from the sour gas fields.

METHODS
In general there are two main methods by which sour gas is gathered in the fields; one method is by removal of water at the well and the other is by transporting the whole well stream. The major problems are hydrate control and corrosion control which are much more critical in a sour gassystem than in a sweet gas system.
DRY SOUR GAS GATHERING – In a dry system the sour gas is dehydrated at the wellhead to remove sufficient water to lower the hydrate formation temperature to less than the lowest flowing temperature in the system. The most common methods are as follows:
Glycol Dehydration – Usually used where operating pressures are in the order of'1200 psig or less. If the gas being collected is not too sour, the standard glycol dehydration unit may be used and the regeneration fuel is taken from the well stream. Where the well stream is very sour, the use of well stream gas for fuel creates problems in pollution control and therefore sweet fuel gas is returned from the central treating plant through a separate system usually in the same ditch as the sour gas gathering system. In some cases the rich glycol is piped to the central plant for treating and the lean glycol returned in a separate line.
Dry Desiccant Dehydration – This type of system has been used for operating pressures in the 2000 psi range where it has been considered necessary to effect almost complete removal of water fromthe system.
WET SOUR GAS GATHERING – In a wet system it is necessary to provide sufficient heat to maintain the gathering system temperature at all points above the hydrate point of the sour gas being transmitted. The most common methods are as follows:
Heater Systems – This is the most common installation in Alberta for wet systems.
The Tangleflags North Pilot A Horizontal Well Steamflood
Authors: Jespersen P.J. , Fontaine T.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Primary production from the Tangleflags North Lloydminster sand in the steamflood project area commenced in 1982. Despite encouraging initial oil rates, rapid water coning rendered operations uneconomic with recoveries of less than 1% of oil-in-place. The area is underlain by an extensive aquifer and oil viscosity is 13,000 mPa.s. This paper describes preliminary feasibility investigations and the results of a steamflood field pilot which commenced operation in late 1987. Discussion of operating experience including well design considerations, is included. The project has recently been expanded Gild now includes two horizontal producing wells and Jive steam injectors. Performance to date is encouraging and agrees well with early numerical model predictions.

Introduction
The Tanglenags North field is located twenty-two miles northeast of the city of L1oydminster, as shown in Figure 1, and has been producing heavy oil since 1977. Development of the Lloydminster sand reservoir initially took place in the vicinity of the discovery well at BlO-1O-52-25 W3M. Drilling to confirm an extension of the channel sand trend to lands north of the North Saskatchewan River was carried out during the period 1982 to 1985, delinealing what is now designated as the steamflood project area. Despite generally good initial oil productivity, primary recovery has been poor due to rapid coning in of water from the underlying aquifer. High water cut and resulting poor economics have resulted in the suspension or abandonment of all but one vertical primary producing well in the steamflood project area. Recovery to date by the vertical wells has amounted to only 0.6% of the original oil-in-place. Well performance and recovery status for the project area wells is summarized in Table 1.
Excellent pay thickness and reservoir quality in the Lloydminster zone led to consideration of steam injection methods to improve recovery efficiency, although the presence of a bottom water zone and a gas cap represented significant obstacles. Preliminary work in the form of a cyclic steam injection test, laboratory core floods and numerical reservoir simulation, led to the drilling of a horizontal producing well in the fall of 1987. Steam injection through an array of vertical wells commenced in June of 1988 and a second horizontal producing well was added in the fall of 1990. By the end of May 1991, cumulative oil production from the project was 151,200 m3 (951 MSTB) and a peak monthly oil rate of 370 m3/d (2330 B/D) had been achieved.
Training Phrase-Based Machine Translation Models on the Cloud: Open Source Machine Translation Toolkit Chaski
Authors: Gao Qin , Vogel Stephan 
Published: March 2010

Training Phrase-Based Machine Translation Models on the Cloud: Open Source Machine Translation Toolkit Chaski
In this paper we present an opensource machine translation toolkit Chaski which is capable of training phrase-based machine translation models on Hadoop clusters. The toolkit provides a full training pipeline including distributed word alignment, word clustering and phrase extraction. The toolkit also provides an extended error-tolerance mechanism over standard Hadoop error-tolerance framework. The paper will describe the underlying methodology and the design of the system, together with instructions of how to run the system on Hadoop clusters.
Long-Term Stability and Minimal Detectable Change of the Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test
Authors: Hall Toby , Briffa Kathy , Hopper Diana , Robinson Kim 
Published: March 2010

Study Design Reliability of clinical measurements over time. Objectives To determine the long-term stability and minimal detectable change (MDC) of the flexion-rotation test (FRT) measurements over days in subjects with cervicogenic headache (CGH). Background The FRT is used by physical therapists to assist in identifying upper cervical movement impairment, as well as to gauge treatment effectiveness. Test-retest reliability for the FRT has been reported, but the stability of range-of-motion measures taken during the FRT over time and the MDC have not been investigated. Methods Fifteen subjects with CGH were evaluated on headache-free days using the FRT by a blinded examiner at baseline, 2, 4, and 14 days later. An additional 10 asymptomatic subjects were included for blinding purposes. On each occasion, the examiner measured range of motion and determined whether the FRT was positive or negative. Results For subjects with CGH, there was no significant change in FRT range of motion over days (P>.05). Intraclass correlation coefficients for intratester reliability were 0.95 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.98) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94 to 0.99) for right and left rotation, respectively. MDC90 was 4.7° for right rotation and 7° for left rotation. Examiner interpretation of the FRT was consistent over time, with κ= 0.92. Conclusion This study provides evidence that FRT measurements are stable over time, and the MDC90 indicates that a change in FRT range of motion of at least 7° is required to be confident that a change has occurred due to an intervention rather than measurement error. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther2010;40(4):225–229. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3100
Reducing Impact Loading During Running With the Use of Real-Time Visual Feedback
Authors: Crowell Harrison Philip , Milner Clare E. , Hamill Joseph , Davis Irene S. 
Published: March 2010

Study Design Single-subject with repeated measures. Objectives To determine if runners can use real-time visual feedback from an accelerometer to achieve immediate reductions in tibial acceleration and vertical-force loading rates. Background Stress fractures are a common injury among runners. Previous studies suggest that runners with higher than normal tibial acceleration and vertical-force loading rates are at increased risk for tibial stress fractures. If these runners can be trained to reduce the loading on their lower extremities, it may reduce their risk of stress fractures. Methods Five subjects participated in this study. All subjects ran on a treadmill, instrumented with force transducers, during a single 30-minute session that was divided into warm-up, feedback, no-feedback, and cool-down periods. During running, the subjects also wore an accelerometer taped to their distal right tibia. Peak positive acceleration of the tibia, vertical force impact peak, and average and instantaneous vertical-force loading rates were assessed at the end of the warm-up, feedback, and no-feedback periods. Results Single-subject analysis revealed that 4 of the 5 subjects had significant reductions in their peak positive acceleration at the end of the no-feedback period compared to the warm-up. In addition, all of the subjects had significant decreases in impact peak and vertical ground reaction force loading rates at the end of the no-feedback period. Conclusions In a single session of training with real-time visual feedback, it appears that most runners can reduce the types of lower extremity loading associated with stress fractures. This may lead to training programs that reduce the risk of stress fractures for runners. Level of Evidence Prevention, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(4):206–213. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3166
Outcome and survival following primary and repeat surgery for World Health Organization Grade III meningiomas
Authors: Sughrue Michael E. , Sanai Nader , Shangari Gopal , Parsa Andrew T. , Berger Mitchel S. , McDermott Michael W. 
Published: March 2010

Object
Despite an increased understanding of the biology of malignant meningioma tumor progression, there is a paucity of published clinical data on factors affecting outcomes following treatment for these lesions. The authors present the largest case series to date dealing with these tumors, providing analysis of 63 patients.

Methods
The authors identified all patients undergoing resection of WHO Grade III tumors at their institution over a 16-year period. They analyzed clinical data from these patients, and performed Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to determine the impact of different clinical characteristics and different treatment modalities on survival following initial and repeat surgery for these lesions.

Results
Sixty-three patients met inclusion criteria and were analyzed further. The median clinical follow-up time was 5 years (range 1–22 years). The 2-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates following initial operation were 82, 61, and 40%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated a marked survival benefit with repeat operation (53 vs 25 months, p = 0.02). Interestingly, patients treated with near-total resection experienced improved overall survival when compared with patients treated with gross-total resection at initial (p = 0.035) and repeat operations (p = 0.005). Twelve (19%) of 63 patients experienced significant neurological morbidity referable to the resection of their tumors.

Conclusions
Surgery is an effective treatment for WHO Grade III meningiomas at presentation and recurrence; however, aggressive attempts to achieve gross-total resection can be associated with significant neurological risk.
Clinical evaluation of flat-panel detector compared with multislice computed tomography in 65 patients with acute intracranial hemorrhage: initial results
Authors: Struffert Tobias , Eyupoglu Ilker Y. , Huttner Hagen B. , Engelhorn Tobias , Doelken Marc , Saake Marc , Ganslandt Oliver , Doerfler Arnd 
Published: March 2010

Object
The goal in this study was to compare flat-panel detector (FD) CT with multislice (MS) CT in the visualization of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intraventricular hemorrhage, and external ventricular drains (EVDs) to evaluate the diagnostic quality and limitations of the new FD CT imaging modality.

Methods
Neuroimages obtained in 65 patients, including 24 with EVDs, were reviewed by 2 independent, experienced clinicians. Lesions in all patients were investigated with FD CT and MS CT. The numbers of slices positive for ICH and SAH were counted, and for ICH the diameter and area of the lesion was measured. The positioning of drains was assessed. The presence of ventricular blood was noted. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) to evaluate the level of inter- and intraobserver agreement, and linear regression analysis was done to visualize the results of the numbers of ICH- and SAH-positive slices.

Results
The authors found high interobserver agreement regarding the number of slices with evidence of ICH (r = 0.89 for MS CT, r = 0.78 for FD CT) and SAH (r = 0.88 for MS CT, r = 0.9 for FD CT). Thin layers of blood in the ventricles were not detected on FD CT in 36.4% of cases. Six of 7 perimesencephalic SAHs were not seen on FD CT scans. The EVDs could be assessed with both modalities in 83.3% of cases, but the position of the drain could not be determined with FD CT in 16.7% (4 of 24 cases).

Conclusions
In some respects, FD CT is of limited use for the visualization of intracranial hemorrhage. However, despite limited contrast resolution, ICH and EVDs can be reliably demonstrated. Perimesencephalic SAH and thin layers of blood in the occipital horns may not be detected using FD CT. Further evaluation and improvement of the image quality is necessary before FD CT will provide identical quality in comparison with MS CT.
The role of radical microsurgical resection in multimodal treatment for skull base meningioma
Authors: Ichinose Tsutomu , Goto Takeo , Ishibashi Kenichi , Takami Toshihiro , Ohata Kenji 
Published: March 2010

Object
Because resection followed by timely stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is becoming a standard strategy for skull base meningiomas, the role of initial surgical tumor reduction in this combined treatment should be clarified.

Methods
This study examined 161 patients with benign skull base meningiomas surgically treated at Osaka City University between January 1985 and December 2005. The mean follow-up period was 95.3 months. Patients were categorized into 3 groups based on the operative period and into 4 groups based on tumor location. Maximal resection was performed as first therapy throughout all periods. In the early period (1985–1994), in the absence of SRS, total excision of the tumor was intentionally performed for surgical cure of the disease. In the mid and late periods (1995–2000 and 2001–2005), small parts of the tumor invading critical neurovascular structures were left untouched to obtain good functional results. Residual tumors with high proliferation potential (Ki 67 index > 4%) or with progressive tendencies were treated with SRS. The extent of initial tumor resection, recurrence rate, Karnofsky Performance Scale score, and complication rate were investigated in each group.

Results
The mean tumor equivalent diameter of residual tumors was 3.67 mm in the no-recurrence group and 11.7 mm in the recurrence group. The mean tumor resection rate (TRR) was 98.5% in the no-recurrence group and 90.1% in the recurrence group. A significant relationship was seen between postoperative tumor size, TRR, and recurrence rate (p < 0.001), but the recurrence rate showed no significant relationship with any other factors such as operative period (p = 0.48), tumor location (p = 0.76), or preoperative tumor size (p = 0.067). The mean TRR was maintained throughout all operative periods, but the complication rate was lowest and postoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale score was best in the late period (p < 0.001 each). Late-period results were as follows: mean TRR, 97.9%; mortality rate, 0%; and severe morbidity rate, 0%. Stereotactic radiosurgery procedures were added in 27 cases (16.8%) across all periods. Throughout all follow-up periods, 158 tumors were satisfactorily controlled by maximal possible excision alone or in combination with adequate SRS.

Conclusions
The combination of maximal possible resection and additional SRS improves functional outcomes in patients with skull base meningioma. A TRR greater than 97% in volume can be achieved with satisfactory functional preservation and will lead to excellent tumor control in combined treatment of skull base meningioma.