bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergism between Different Germinant Receptors in the Germination of Bacillus subtilis Spores
Authors: Yi Xuan , Liu Jintao , Faeder James R. , Setlow Peter 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Rates of commitment to germinate and germination of
Bacillus subtilis
spores with mixtures of low concentrations of germinants acting on different germinant receptors (GRs) were much higher than the sums of the rates of commitment and germination with individual germinants alone. This synergism with mixtures of nutrient germinants was not seen with spores lacking GRs responsible for recognizing one or several components of the germinant mixtures and was not eliminated by either a
gerD
mutation or overexpression of one of the GRs involved in this synergism. This synergism was also not seen between the germinant
l
-valine, which acts via a GR, and the germinant dodecylamine, which does not act via any GR. These results indicate that spores not only integrate but can also amplify signals from multiple germinants and multiple GRs in determining rates of commitment and overall spore germination. This amplification can be explained by a simple mechanism in which a single signal integrator triggers germination above an accumulation threshold. Direct cooperative action between GRs may further add to the synergism seen in germination triggered by multiple GRs. Further experiments and modeling are required to determine the relative contributions of these different mechanisms.
Escherichia coliNucleoside Diphosphate Kinase Mutants Depend on Translesion DNA Synthesis To Prevent Mutagenesis
Authors: Nordman Jared , Wright Andrew 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase mutants have an increased frequency of spontaneous mutation, possibly due to uracil misincorporation into DNA. Here we show that NDP kinase mutants are dependent on translesion DNA synthesis, often a mutagenic form of DNA synthesis, to prevent mutagenesis.
Neighbourhood street connectivity and injury in youth: a national study of built environments in Canada
Authors: Mecredy Graham , Janssen Ian , Pickett William 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThe influence of the built environment on health is of contemporary societal interest. The design of streets in neighbourhood settings may contribute positively to the health of populations through increased physical activity, but it may also have injury consequences.MethodsWe conducted a national cross-sectional study to describe the injury experiences of 9021 students from 180 Canadian schools that participated in the 2006 Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. Street designs surrounding each school (5 km circular buffer) were estimated via geographic information systems for three established measures of connectivity (intersection density, average block length and connected node ratio). A composite scale of connectivity was derived using factor analysis. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between the composite connectivity measure and students' reports of physical activity injuries occurring in the street (street injuries).ResultsStudents living in neighbourhoods with low versus high street connectivity reported possible increases in the occurrence of street injuries (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.84 to 2.26). This relationship was mainly attributable to the occurrence of bicycle injuries (52% of all street injuries; OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.28 to 4.25). The population attributable risk was 20% for street injuries potentially caused by living in an area with low connectivity.ConclusionThe design of streets, as a measure of the built environment, is related to the occurrence of youth injury. Positive effects of poorly connected street designs that are likely in terms of physical activity were offset by negative injury outcomes, although the injuries observed were mostly minor in nature.
PAI-1 expression and its regulation by promoter 4G/5G polymorphism in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Choi Jung-Woo , Lee Ju-Han , Park Hong Seok , Kim Young-Sik 
Published: July 2011

AimsTo characterise patients with high plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression as oral PAI-1 antagonists are currently in preclinical trials, and to determine whether thePAI-1promoter 4G/5G polymorphism regulates PAI-1 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC).MethodsPAI-1 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 69 CCRCC specimens. In addition, the promoter 4G/5G polymorphism was investigated by both allele-specific PCR and direct DNA sequencing.ResultsPAI-1 was overexpressed in 25/69 (36.2%) patients with CCRCC. PAI-1 staining was intense in tumour cells with a high Fuhrman nuclear grade and in spindle-shaped tumour cells. PAI‐1 expression was significantly associated with older age at diagnosis (p=0.027), high nuclear grade (p<0.001), advanced clinical stage (p=0.030) and distant metastasis (p=0.009). In survival analyses, PAI-1 expression was correlated with disease-free survival in Kaplan–Meier curves (p=0.015) but was not significant in the Cox hazards model (p=0.527). The frequencies of the promoter polymorphism were 24.6% (17/69) 4G/4G, 43.5% (30/69) 4G/5G and 31.9% (22/69) 5G/5G. The homozygous 4G/4G or 5G/5G group showed a tendency for a high nuclear grade (p=0.05) but the 4G/5G polymorphism was not related to other prognostic parameters. PAI-1 expression was poorly correlated with its promoter 4G/5G polymorphism (Spearman ρ=0.088).ConclusionsCCRCC with high PAI-1 expression is characterised by older age, high nuclear grade, advanced stage, distant metastasis and/or shortened disease-free survival. PAI-1 expression is not affected by the promoter 4G/5G polymorphism.
Assessment of long-term and recent pesticide exposure among rural school children in Nicaragua
Authors: Rodríguez Teresa , van Wendel de Joode Berna , Lindh Christian H , Rojas Marianela , Lundberg Ingvar , Wesseling Catharina 
Published: July 2011

ObjectiveThis study assessed pesticide exposure of children in rural Nicaragua in relation to parental pesticide use, from around conception to current school age, as part of an epidemiological evaluation of neurodevelopment effects.MethodsWe included 132 children whose parents were subsistence farmers or plantation workers, or had an agricultural history. As proxies for children's long-term exposures, we constructed cumulative parental pesticide-specific use indices for periods before and after the child's birth from data obtained using an icon-calendar-based questionnaire, of application hours (h) for plantation workers and subsistence farmers, and of kilograms of active ingredients (ai) only for subsistence farmers. Pesticide residues of TCPY, 3-PBA and 2,4-D were analysed in children's urine as indicators for current exposures.ResultsLife-time indices were highest for the organophosphates chlorpyrifos (median 114 h (min 2; max 1584), 19.2 kg ai (min 0.37; max 548)) and methamidophos (84 h (6; 1964), 12.2 kg ai (0.30; 780)). The P50 values of children's urinary residues were 3.7 μg/g creatinine for TCPY, 2.8 for 3-PBA and 0.9 for 2,4-D; TCPY values are comparable with those in other countries, but 3-PBA and 2,4-D are considerably higher. The maximum levels for all three pesticides are the highest reported for children. Residues increased on days after application, but most high residue levels were unrelated to parental pesticide applications.ConclusionUrinary pesticide residues reveal high environmental exposure among children in rural Nicaragua. The quantitative parental pesticide use indices as proxies for children's exposures during different periods may be useful for the evaluation of developmental health effects.
Trapezus in the Crimea: A Re-examination of the Sources*
Authors: Charalampakis Pantelis 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe author examines the question of the place name Trapezus recorded by ancient sources as being located north of the Black Sea. This toponym indicates a mountain which bears no relation to the Pontic city of Trapezus. According to the written sources only, this place name cannot be identified. On the contrary, as suggested by archaeological evidence and the testimony of Procopius about the Goths Trapezitae, the predominant opinion of Chatÿr Dag appears to provide the most satisfactory solution for the identification of Mount Trapezus. This mountain was never known as Hermonassa and is not related to the Taman peninsula.
‘ΠΡΟΤΑΣΙΣ’ in Aristotle’s Prior Analytics
Authors: Charles David , Crivelli Paolo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIt has often been claimed that (i) Aristotle’s expression ‘protasis’ means ‘premiss’ in syllogistic contexts and (ii) cannot refer to the conclusion of a syllogism in the Prior Analytics. In this essay we produce and defend a counter-example to these two claims. We argue that (i) the basic meaning of the expression is ‘proposition’ and (ii) while it is often used to refer to the premisses of a syllogism, in Prior Analytics 1.29, 45b4-8 it is used to refer to the conclusion of a syllogism. In our view, the best explanation of Aristotle’s use of the expression ‘protasis’ is that it means proposition throughout but is frequently used without change of meaning (in certain specific contexts) to refer to the premisses from which a conclusion follows. In Prior Analytics 1.29, 45b4-8 he uses ‘protasis’ to refer to the conclusion when he needs a single expression to refer to both the conclusion and one of the premisses of the syllogism that constitutes the core of a syllogism through the impossible. If we are correct, we have shown that the view that the expression ‘the final protasis’ in EN 7.3, 1147b9ff must mean ‘the final premiss’ and so cannot refer to the conclusion of the relevant syllogism is mistaken.
Aristotle’s Criticism of Non-Substance Forms and its Interpretation by the Neoplatonic Commentators
Authors: d’Hoine Pieter 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAristotle’s criticism of Platonic Forms in the Metaphysics has been a major source for the understanding and developments of the theory of Forms in later Antiquity. One of the cases in point is Aristotle’s argument, in Metaphysics I 9, 990b22-991a2, against Forms of non-substances. In this paper, I will first provide a careful analysis of this passage. Next, I will discuss how the argument has been interpreted ‐ and refuted ‐ by the fifth-century Neoplatonists Syrianus and Proclus. This interpretation has played an important role in the broader context of the Neoplatonic debates on the range of Plato’s theory of Forms, which was one of the traditional problems discussed about the Forms in later Platonism.
Pragmatic Trust in a World of Strangers: Trustworthy Actions
Authors: Weigert Andrew J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPragmatically, concepts serve as tools in reconstructive responses to emerging issues. Philosophers suggest we now live in a world of strangers and sociologists speak of a second modernity of risk. Theorists of trust need to address this emerging new context. With primacy in social action, new modes of trust arise from fitting together lines of action addressing new risks. An attendant development is the emergence of cosmopolitan identities appropriate to relationships among strangers. Trust is likely to underwrite future cooperation among strangers if global dynamics reduce inequalities and trustworthy actions generate functional trust. Consider the tale of the owl.
Trust Working in Interpersonal Relationships:A Comparative Cultural Perspective with a Focus on East Asian Culture
Authors: Choi Sang-Chin , Han Gyuseog 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSociological analysis of interpersonal trust has focused primarily on general trust, neglecting the role of particular trust. Some analysis of social capital in Asian countries, however, reveals that activities in voluntary associations are grounded on particular trust, posing an important question to Putnam’s thesis linking general trust to democracy and economic development. In order to understand the working of particular trust, we took a comparative cultural perspective to trust. Based on the cultural psychology of Korean trust, trust is characterized as a corollary to the intimacy of relationship. Different degrees of interpersonal trust work through the mediating process of caring mind (maum in Korean vernacular) which is afforded when we see social acts directed upon us. Granting an innate bias of granting trust toward close others, we postulate that human beings engage in activities of trust working. Four types of tactics typically employed in forming trust were provided. Subsequently, a comparative cultural analysis of trust was presented by analyzing indigenous concepts (trust, guanxi, amae, & woori) characteristically representing cultural aspects of trust in different cultures with emphasis on East Asian countries. This comparative analysis characterizes that trust in East Asia is laden heavily with relational affective properties, while trust in theWest relies on cognitive properties. Despite these differences, common features allow meaningful understanding of how trust is constructed and maneuvered in each culture.
Figuring Eros in Byzantine Fiction: Iconographic Transformation and Political Evolution
Authors: Christoforatou Christina 
Published: July 2011

AbstractEros’s conniving nature in conjunction with his sadistic temperament is the single most important attribute of his character—indeed, it remains intact after some 800 years of iconographic and literary evolution. In medieval Byzantium Eros emerges as a formidable sovereign, toying with his subjects’ desires as he asserts his cosmic dominion from the grounds of his utopian castle. This remarkable transformation reveals a rich discourse on the merits of sovereignty—a discourse that raises significant questions about the dynamics of Byzantine imperial commissions and the paradoxical role of court intellectuals as sovereign propagandists and political critics. In linking the role of Byzantine intellectuals in the aftermath of political upheaval to the figurations of sovereignty showcased in Byzantine fiction, the author reveals an ambitious interplay of literary and political interests that calls into question the view of Byzantine intellectuals as dutiful followers of powerful patrons.
Mediation, Signification and Exemplary Narrative in Ramon Llull’s Libre De Sancta Maria
Authors: Berlin Henry 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this essay, I explore the relationship between the exemplary narrative of Ramon Llull’s Libre De Sancta Maria and the concepts of signification and mediation articulated in Llull’s famous Art. In particular, I analyze the narrative implications of Ramon Llull’s attribution to Mary of an active role in the Incarnation: in establishing concordance between the divine and the human, Mary serves as a model for a series of dialectical exempla meant to inspire devotional dialogue among Christians. Finally, I seek to show how Mary’s mediating role in the “recreation” of the world inspires in this text a narrative exploration of the Art’s system of signification, which makes divine knowledge possible and underlies much of Llull’s openly disputational writing.
Use of the Dead Body in Healthcare and Medical Training: Mapping and Balancing the Legal Rights and Values
Authors: Herrmann Janne Rothmar 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBy exploring the central legal principles and issues regarding usage of the dead body in healthcare and especially in medical training, this article aims at drawing some general conclusions on the legal status of the dead body and the protection of the deceased’s integrity, dignity and autonomy. The article demonstrates that the use of the cadaveric body for scientific and educational purposes involves a redrawing of the traditional boundaries between the decent and the indecent, making these acts acceptable that would otherwise be regarded as assaults on the sanctity of bodily boundaries. This is made possible by the fact that the underlying principle of dignity is not perceived to be of an absolute nature when applicable to deceased persons.
Access to Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products in the EU: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Mahalatchimy A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe European Union has a public health strategy and will generally ensure in all its policies and activities a “high level of human health protection”. The new Regulation (EC) no 1394/2007 on advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP), stems from this global policy and aims to harmonise access to the ATMP market. A real will for the harmonisation is clearly expressed in legal texts and enforced in the implementable procedures and requirements. However, several barriers remain. On the one hand, the scope of the ATMP Regulation is limited. On the other hand, Member States benefit from a wide margin of action.
Caterpillar Fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) Production and Sustainability on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himalayas
Authors: Winkler Daniel 
Published: July 2011

Caterpillar fungus (
Ophiocordyceps = Cordyceps sinensis
) is an entomophagous fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas. It has become the most important source of cash income in wide areas of the Tibetan Plateau, where it is known as
yartsa gunbu
, ‘summer grass winter worm’. The market is driven by Chinese consumers, who refer to it as
dongchong xiacao
. The value of this myco-medicinal has increased by 900% between 1997 and 2008, creating a globally-unique rural fungal economy. However, actual annual production data is still not available for many areas of the Tibetan Plateau in China as well as the Himalayan production areas of India, Nepal and Bhutan. This paper analyses available production data and estimates the total annual production in the range of 85 to 185 tons for all production areas. Current availability of multi-annual production figures is limited and allows only for provisional estimates regarding the sustainability of current harvesting quantities. Centuries of collection indicate that caterpillar fungus is a resilient resource. Still, unprecedented collection intensity, climate change and the recent economic dependence of local economies on caterpillar fungus calls for sustainable resource management. Absence of long-term field studies indicating best management practices—at best in their infancy in some production areas—necessitate a degree of improvisation in designing resource management strategies. The development of easily implementable approaches that can rely on community support will be crucial for successful management. Most promising from a socio-economic, administrative and also mycological perspective is the establishment of an end date of the collection season, which might allow for sufficient spore dispersal to guarantee sustainability.
Self-Motion Reproduction Can Be Affected by Associated Auditory Cues
Authors: von Hopffgarten Anna , Bremmer Frank 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSuccessful locomotion through space requires precise estimation of the direction and distance travelled. Previous studies have shown that humans can use velocity information arising from visual, vestibular and somatosensory signals to reproduce passive linear displacements. In the present study we investigated whether also associated auditory velocity cues are used for distance estimation. Subjects had to reproduce (active condition) the distance of a previously seen sequence of simulated linear motion (passive condition) across a ground plane. During both, the passive and active displacement, they heard a tone with a frequency being proportional to the simulated speed (test trials). In some trials the relationship between optical velocity and tone frequency was differently scaled during the active displacements, i.e., the frequency of the tone was either higher or lower than in the passive displacement (catch trials). In test trials, subjects reproduced distances quite accurately. In catch trials, however, subjects' performance was disturbed: when the frequency was lower subjects used higher speeds, resulting in a substantial overshoot of travelled distance, whereas a higher frequency resulted in an undershoot of travelled distance. Our results clearly show that during self-motion tone frequency can be used as a velocity cue and helps to update positional information over time.
Printing for Prestige? Publishing and Publications by Ming Princes
Authors: Kerlouégan Jérôme 
Published: July 2011

AbstractScattered throughout the realm in a great number of provincial courts, Ming imperial clansmen did not wield political or military power. Some among them therefore used their energies to publish books; indeed, the publishing activities of the Ming princes constitute one of many elements of what can be termed “princely culture.” Even though princely imprints formed an insignificant proportion of Ming publications, a large number of them have survived to our day. Based on the examination of approximately 240 such editions, this essay explores the relationships between the princes and the literati who assisted them. It raises questions central to princely publishing: How learned were the princes? What books did they publish? For which audiences and with what objectives? What are the main characteristics of princely publications? Did princes have well-defined publishing strategies? The last section of the essay addresses the heritage of Ming princely publications in the Qing dynasty.
This essay will be published in several installments in East Asian Publishing and Society.

The bibliography for the whole essay will be published with the last installment.
No gender differences in prognosis and preventive treatment in patients with AMI without significant stenoses
Authors: Hansen Kim Wadt , Hvelplund Anders , Abildstrøm Steen Zabell , Prescott Eva , Madsen Mette , Madsen Jan Kyst , Jensen Jan Skov , Thuesen Leif , Thayssen Per , Tilsted Hans Henrik , Jørgensen Erik , Galatius Søren 
Published: July 2011

Objective: To investigate possible gender differences in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and without significant stenoses on coronary angiography (CAG) regarding prognosis and use of secondary preventive medication.Design: Nationwide register-based cohort study.Patients: By compiling data from Danish registries, we identified 20,800 patients hospitalized with AMI during 2005–2007. We included the 834 women and 761 men without significant stenoses on CAG who were discharged and alive after 60 days.Main outcome measures: All-cause mortality, recurrent AMI, and redeeming a prescription for a lipid-lowering drug, beta-blocker, clopidogrel, or aspirin within 60 days of discharge.Results: During follow-up, 97 women and 60 men died, resulting in a crude female/male hazard ratio (HR) of 1.51 (95% CI 1.09–2.08). After adjustment for age, time-period, and comorbidity, the gender difference was attenuated (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.86–1.72). AMI recurrence was experienced by 28 women and 29 men with a female/male HR 0.88 (95% CI 0.52–1.48). After multivariable adjustment results were similar (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.50–1.43). More women than men redeemed a prescription for lipid-lowering drugs with no differences in other medication. In the adjusted models lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers, clopidogrel, and aspirin were all redeemed equally with odds ratio (OR) 1.25 (95% CI 0.99–1.59), OR 1.10 (95% CI 0.88–1.37), OR 1.09 (95% CI 0.88–1.34), and OR 1.13 (95% CI 0.90–1.42), respectively.Conclusion: Our study shows that in a population of patients with a first admission for AMI and no significant stenoses on CAG, women share the same prospects as men regarding long-term prognosis and the extent of secondary preventive medical treatment.