bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrafine Grained Steels with Improved Ductility Fabricated by Repetitive Thermo‐Mechanical Processing
Authors: Lan Huifang , Du Linxiu , Wang Xiaonan , Liu Xianghua 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUltrafine grained (UFG) steels with bimodal grained microstructure consisting of ultrafine grains in the size of 400 nm and micrometer‐sized grains were obtained by repetitive thermo‐mechanical processing. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties were studied. It was revealed that the formation of the bimodal grained microstructure is attributed to the combination of continuous and discontinuous recrystallization. Compared with the uniform UFG steel with average grain size of about 400 nm, the ductility was remarkably improved by introducing micrometer‐sized grains into the UFG microstructure, providing better strength‐ductility balance.
Integration of the Blast Furnace Route and the FINEX®‐Process for Low CO2 Hot Metal Production
Authors: Thaler Christoph , Tappeiner Tamara , Schenk Johannes L. , Kepplinger Werner L. , Plaul Jan Friedemann , Schuster Stefan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe blast furnace is the most important process for the production of hot metal. An integral part of this process route is the coking of coal and sintering of fine ore. The FINEX®‐process is a new technology for hot metal production which uses untreated fine ores and coal instead of sinter and coke. This paper deals with the investigation of integration concepts of the blast furnace and FINEX®. Low reduced iron (LRI) and/or reducing gas are/is produced in FINEX® and are/is considered as substitute/s of burden and fuel in the blast furnace, respectively. In the article the overall fuel demand and CO2 emissions for the integration of the blast furnace and FINEX® are shown. For that reason two case studies for the integration are carried out and compared with the base case, that is, the two‐independent processes. The CO2 emissions are calculated considering the fuel and electric power consumption of the different cases.
Earthquake behavior of a 150‐m thermal power plant reinforced concrete stack
Authors: Nateghi‐A Fariborz , Rezaei‐Tabrizi Ali 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYSeismic evaluation of power plants is an extremely vital task in Iran. Iran is a seismically active region, and experience of major earthquakes in recent years has created an environment that requires special attention to all major and important structures throughout the country. In this project, a 150‐m reinforced concrete stack in a thermal power plant in the western province of Hamedan was investigated. This study of course included all different sections of the power plant; however, in this paper, only the seismic behavior of this tall stack will be presented. The main document used for the evaluation of this stack was ACI 307. According to the recommendation of this manual, bar elements and concentrated mass were utilized for the analysis. Also, to further investigate the true behavior and compare the results by the recommendations, a finite element analysis was performed. In finite element analysis, due to modeling capabilities, all of the openings were considered. In this study, by using both methods, periods, displacements, modal participation factors, base shear and overturning moments were studied and compared. This paper is to present the procedures used, comparisons made and results obtained. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear finite element analysis of behaviors of steel beam–continuous compound spiral stirrups reinforced concrete column frame structures
Authors: Li Wei , Li Qing‐Ning , Jiang Wei‐Shan 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYMany tests and numerical research for RCS frame consisted of reinforced concrete (RC) column and steel (S) beam have been conducted in the USA and Japan over the past decades; they showed that the performance of the RCS system is superior to traditional concrete frame and steel frame. Up to the present, no research reports on composite CCSHRCS frame structure consisted of high‐strength concrete columns confined with continuous compound spiral stirrups (CCSHRC) and steel (S) beam. Herein, an accurate finite element model of composite CCSHRCS frame is developed; the finite element model is investigated in order to fully include important factors such as local buckling of steel beam and nonlinear behavior of confined concrete; the validity of the proposed models is examined by comparing with the results of cyclic loading experiments on the RCS frame in reference. With the proposed model, the effect of composite CCSHRCS frame is discussed in detail. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IEEE 802.11 medium access control enhancements based on simultaneous multiple‐input multiple‐output bandwidth sharing
Authors: Ashtaiwi Abduladhim , Sulyman Ahmed Iyanda , Hassanein Hossam S. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe demand for higher data rate has spurred the adoption of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) transmission techniques in IEEE 802.11 products. MIMO techniques provide an additional spatial dimension that can significantly increase the channel capacity. A number of multiuser MIMO system have been proposed, where the multiple antenna at the physical layer are employed for multiuser access, allowing multiple users to share the same bandwidth. As these MIMO physical layer technologies further evolve, the usable bandwidth per application increases; hence, the average service time per application decreases. However, in the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function‐based systems, a considerable amount of bandwidth is wasted during the medium access and coordination process. Therefore, as the usable bandwidth is enhanced using MIMO technology, the bandwidth wastage of medium access and coordination becomes a significant performance bottleneck. Hence, there is a fundamental need for bandwidth sharing schemes at the medium access control (MAC) layer where multiple connections can concurrently use the increased bandwidth provided by the physical layer MIMO technologies. In this paper, we propose the MIMO‐aware rate splitting (MRS) MAC protocol and examine its behavior under different scenarios. MRS is a distributed MAC protocol where nodes locally cooperate with one another to share bandwidth via splitting the spatial channels of MIMO systems. Simulation results of MRS protocol are obtained and compared with those of IEEE 802.11n protocol. We show that our proposed MRS scheme can significantly outperform the IEEE 802.11n in medium access delay and throughput. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance modeling and analysis of emergency message propagation in vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Zhang Jinsong , Ma Xiaomin , Wu Tong 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTReliability and timeliness are two critical requirements of vehicle safety‐related communication services in VANETs. In this paper, we develop an analytical model to analyze the packet reception rate and end‐to‐end delay of emergency message delivery operation in a VANET environment when multihop broadcast communications are used. The model is applied to derive closed‐form expressions of the end‐to‐end delay of two popular multihop message propagation methods, that is, the farthest‐distance method and the counter‐based method. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the correctness of the theoretic results and compare the performance of the two message propagation methods. Observations are provided for the design of efficient and robust emergency message propagation methods for vehicular wireless communication networks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of wireless communication failures on group behavior of mobile sensors
Authors: Zheng Jianying , Huang Yan , Wang Yiming , Xiao Yang 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn social groups, complex group behavior often emerges from the local interaction among simple individuals. Throughout this study, we assume that individuals can access information by way of wireless communication. In this case, individuals are able to exchange accurate information with each other as long as wireless communication links between them are allowed. Subsequently, we propose a consensus decision‐making model for studying the consistency of group behavior considering both the wireless communication range and the probability of successful communication. Our simulation results show the following conclusions: (i) consistency of the group behavior is absolutely achieved, when the wireless communication range is large enough and the probability of successful communication p = 1; (ii) when the wireless communication range is large enough, the consistency of the group behavior is still achieved as long as p is bigger than some small constant; and (iii) the law in (iii) remains applicable when the number of individuals in the group changes. Therefore, one may infer that consistency of group behavior in mobile sensors is much more related to the extent of distribution of obtainable information than the amount of information, where the extent of distribution of obtainable information means that each individual can obtain information from wider area or from those individuals who are not only in its local area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An implicit algorithm to verify creep and TRIP behavior of steel using uniaxial experiments
Authors: Wolff M. , Böhm M. , Bökenheide S. , Lammers D. , Linke T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCreep is a complex material feature occurring in mechanical structures under moderate stresses and relatively high temperatures. Transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) is a macroscopic phenomenon of steel behavior. If phase transformations occur under deviatoric stress, a permanent inelastic strain is obtained even if the yield stress is not reached. Thus, creep and TRIP do not have a yield stress like plasticity and visco‐plasticity. Sometimes, during heat treatment of steel, creep and TRIP appear together. In order to determine creep or TRIP behavior it is necessary to verify concrete material laws and to determine corresponding material parameters. For this reason, often uniaxial experiments with small probes are performed in special devices. It is the main purpose of this study, to develop a procedure for the verification of possible laws for creep and TRIP and for determining material parameters, using experimental data. Therefore, an implicit algorithm in two variants will be developed: strain‐driven and stress‐driven. These algorithms can also be applied to simulations of (spatially homogenous) uniaxial experiments. Based on these algorithms, an optimization scheme will be developed for finding material parameters which realize a best approximation. Finally, the developed procedure will be applied for the investigation of creep and TRIP during heating of the bearing steel 100Cr6 (SAE 52100).
The measurement of urinary Δ1‐piperideine‐6‐carboxylate, the alter ego of α‐aminoadipic semialdehyde, in Antiquitin deficiency
Authors: Struys Eduard A. , Bok Levinus A. , Emal Dina , Houterman Saskia , Willemsen Michel A. , Jakobs Cornelis 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe assessment of urinary α‐aminoadipic semialdehyde (α‐AASA) has become the diagnostic laboratory test for pyridoxine dependent seizures (PDS). α‐AASA is in spontaneous equilibrium with its cyclic form Δ1‐piperideine‐6‐carboxylate (P6C); a molecule with a heterocyclic ring structure. Ongoing diagnostic screening and monitoring revealed that in some individuals with milder ALDH7A1 variants, and patients co‐treated with a lysine restricted diet, α‐AASA was only modestly increased. This prompted us to investigate the diagnostic power and added value of the assessment of urinary P6C compared to α‐AASA. Urine samples were diluted to a creatinine content of 0.1 mmol/L, followed by the addition of 0.01 nmol [2H9]pipecolic acid as internal standard (IS) and 5 μL was injected onto a Waters C18 T3 HPLC column. Chromatography was performed using water/methanol 97/3 (v/v) including 0.03 % formic acid by volume with a flow rate of 150 μL/min and detection was accomplished in the multiple reaction monitoring mode: P6C m/z 128.1 > 82.1; [2H9]pipecolic acid m/z 139.1 > 93.1. Due to the dualistic nature of α‐AASA/P6C, and the lack of a proper internal standard, the method is semi quantitative. The intra‐assay CVs (n = 10) for two urine samples of proven PDS patients with only modest P6C increases were 4.7% and 8.1%, whereas their inter‐assay CVs (n = 10) were 16 and 18% respectively. In all 40 urine samples from 35 individuals with proven PDS, we detected increased levels of P6C. Therefore, we conclude that the diagnostic power of the assessments of urinary P6C and α‐AASA is comparable.
Ionic Liquid‐Assisted Solubilization for Improved Enzymatic Esterification of Phenolic Acids
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Guo Zheng , Xu Xuebing 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLipophilic derivatives of phenolic acids could greatly extend their applications in the lipophilic bio‐environment and food processing, therefore, developing an efficient lipophilization reaction system constitutes an interesting topic of biocatalysis. Low solubility of phenolic acids in most enzyme‐benign solvents represents the main reason for the inefficiency of enzymatic production of lipophilic phenolic derivatives. This work reports a novel approach to improve Candida antartica lipase B (Novozym 435) catalyzed lipophilization of phenolic acids by means of ionic liquids (IL), trioctylmethylammonium trifluoroacetate (tOMA.TFA) assisted solubilization of the substrate. In this approach, the IL plays two major roles, namely, to dissolve phenolic acids at high concentration so as to create a homogeneous system with another substrate—1‐octanol, and to be benign to the enzyme to keep the biocatalyst active; which is proved itself to be a correct strategy as improved conversion and volumetric productivity are obtained. The results showed that dosage of IL (denoted as the volume ratio of 1‐octanol/tOMA.TFA), concentration of dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) and temperature are the key parameters governing the reaction efficiency. A maximum conversion of DHCA was achieved at the ratio of 1‐octanol/tOMA.TFA 12:1 (v/v) (1‐octanol/DHCA, 38:1 (mol/mol)). A temperature of 70 °C was correct to obtain optimal conversion of DHCA. Even though the conversion of DHCA was higher at lower concentrations of DHCA, the overall volumetric productivity (reaction rate) was much higher when a high concentration of DHCA (1.6 M) was applied, due to IL‐assisted solubilization of DHCA. Remarkable enhancement of the conversions of ferulic and caffeic acids were achieved, when the same reaction approach (tOMA.TFA assisted solubilization) was applied to these two phenolic acids, indicating the general applicability of this novel approach.
Changing pattern of femoral fractures in osteogenesis imperfecta with prolonged use of bisphosphonates
Authors: Nicolaou N. , Agrawal Y. , Padman M. , Fernandes J. A. , Bell M. J. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) has been treated with bisphosphonates for many years, with some clear clinical benefits. In adults, there are reports of a new pattern of atraumatic subtrochanteric fractures with bisphosphonate treatment. This study assesses if bisphosphonate treatment leads to an altered pattern of femoral fractures. Methods Retrospective review of imaging for a cohort of 176 bisphosphonate-treated OI patients to identify the locations of femoral fractures over a two-year period, as compared to a historical control group managed pre-bisphosphonates. Results Sixteen femoral fractures were identified in this time period in the bisphosphonate-treated group. All but two were within the subtrochanteric region. In comparison, the historical group—composed of 26 femoral fractures—had a more widespread fracture pattern, with the most frequent location being the mid-diaphysis. Many of the subtrochanteric fractures in the treatment group occurred with minimal trauma. Conclusions It appears that concerns over the treatment of the adult osteoporotic population with bisphosphonates are amplified and mirrored in OI. It is possible that the high bending moments in the proximal femur together with altered mechanical properties of cortical bone secondary to the use of this group of drugs increase the risk of this type of injury, which warrants further modification of surgical management of the femur.
Modeling Disability Trajectories and Mortality of the Oldest-Old in China
Authors: Zimmer Zachary , Martin Linda G. , Nagin Daniel S. , Jones Bobby L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This article uses a group-based modeling approach to jointly estimate disability and mortality trajectories over time based on data from the population aged 80 and older in China, and explores relations of demographic, socioeconomic, and early-life characteristics to membership in gender-specific trajectory groups. A three-group model best fits the data for both males and females. For most groups, predicted numbers of limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) increase with age, but the pace is gradual in some cases and rapid in others. For each gender, the estimated mortality probability trajectories for the three groups follow a hierarchy that is related to the predicted ADL counts at age 80. Only a few characteristics predict trajectory-group membership. Prior nonagricultural occupation is associated with less favorable disability trajectories for both genders. For females, rural residence, a greater number of children ever born, and having a father who did not work in agriculture are associated with more favorable trajectories. For a small group of males who received education, disability is moderate but changes little with age. Findings may reflect heterogeneity of survival among the least advantaged, as well as a possible expansion of morbidity among a small advantaged group.
Educational Attainment and Adult Mortality in the United States: A Systematic Analysis of Functional Form
Authors: Montez Jennifer Karas , Hummer Robert A. , Hayward Mark D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA vast literature has documented the inverse association between educational attainment and U.S. adult mortality risk but given little attention to identifying the optimal functional form of the association. A theoretical explanation of the association hinges on our ability to describe it empirically. Using the 1979–1998 National Longitudinal Mortality Study for non-Hispanic white and black adults aged 25–100 years during the mortality follow-up period (N = 1,008,215), we evaluated 13 functional forms across race-gender-age subgroups to determine which form(s) best captured the association. Results revealed that the preferred functional form includes a linear decline in mortality risk from 0 to 11 years of education, followed by a step-change reduction in mortality risk upon attainment of a high school diploma, at which point mortality risk resumes a linear decline but with a steeper slope than that prior to a high school diploma. The findings provide important clues for theoretical development of explanatory mechanisms: an explanation for the selected functional form may require integrating a credentialist perspective to explain the step-change reduction in mortality risk upon attainment of a high school diploma, with a human capital perspective to explain the linear declines before and after a high school diploma.
Risk factors for eclampsia in Japan between 2005 and 2009
Authors: Morikawa Mamoru , Cho Kazutoshi , Yamada Takashi , Yamada Takahiro , Sato Shoji , Minakami Hisanori 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine risk factors for eclampsia among Japanese women with singleton pregnancies.MethodsA retrospective observational study was carried out among patients with and those without eclampsia who were registered on the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology registry system and who gave birth to singleton infants at 22 weeks or more between 2005 and 2009. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine independent risk factors for eclampsia.ResultsOne‐third (75/225) of eclampsia patients developed the condition in the absence of hypertension. Maternal age, nulliparity, and pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH) were all independent risk factors for eclampsia. The risk of eclampsia decreased by 3.0% per 1‐year increase in maternal age, and increased 2.6‐fold and 35.4‐fold in nulliparous women and women with PIH, respectively. Among teenaged girls with hypertension, the prevalence of eclampsia was 1 case per 28 teenagers.ConclusionHypertension alone was not a reliable predictor of eclampsia. More intensified monitoring of nulliparous women and teenaged girls with hypertension is needed in order to prevent eclampsia.
Transvaginal laparoscopic surgery for ovarian cysts
Authors: Bae Jaeman , Lee Sun‐Joo , Kim Soo‐Nyung 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of transvaginal laparoscopic surgery (TLS) using endoscopic instruments for management of ovarian cysts.MethodsIn a retrospective study, data from 140 patients with benign ovarian cysts who underwent TLS at Konkuk University Hospital between June 2007 and December 2008 were evaluated. The preoperative characteristics of patients, operative time, blood loss, complications, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 38 years (range, 16–82 years). TLS was accomplished in 136 women (97.1%). The more common pathology findings included 35 dermoid cysts, 28 endometriotic cysts, 23 mucinous cysts, 21 serous cysts, and 13 functional ovarian cysts. The median operative time was 35 minutes (range 15–110 minutes). The maximum diameter of the ovarian cysts ranged from 3 to 20 cm (mean 6 cm). The median estimated blood loss was 38 mL (range 10–80 mL). No patients received a blood transfusion. All of the patients were discharged within 24 hours of surgery. No major complications occurred.ConclusionTransvaginal laparoscopic surgery was found to be a feasible and cosmetically beneficial surgical technique for managing selected patients with benign ovarian cysts.
Reproducibility of a food menu to measure energy and macronutrient intakes in a laboratory and under real-life conditions
Authors: McNeil Jessica , Riou Marie-Ève , Razmjou Sahar , Cadieux Sébastien , Doucet Éric 
Published: January 2012

Given the limitations associated with the measurement of food intake, we aimed to determine the reliability of a food menu to measure energy intake (EI) and macronutrient intake within the laboratory and under free-living conditions. A total of eight men and eight women (age 25·74 (sd5·9) years, BMI 23·7 (sd2·7) kg/m2) completed three identical in-laboratory sessions (ILS) and three out-of-laboratory sessions (OLS). During the ILS, participants hadad libitumaccess to a variety of foods, which they chose from a menu every hour, for 5 h. For the OLS, the foods were chosen from the menu at the start of the day and packed into containers to bring home. There were no significant differences in total EI (6118·6 (sd2691·2), 6678·8 (sd2371·3), 6489·5 (sd2742·9) kJ; NS) between the three ILS and three OLS (6816·0 (sd2713·2), 6553·5 (sd2364·5), 6456·4 (sd3066·8) kJ; NS). Significant intraclass correlations (ICC) for total energy (r0·77,P < 0·0001), carbohydrate (r0·81,P < 0·0001), dietary fat (r0·54,P < 0·0001) and protein (r0·81,P < 0·0001) intakes for the ILS and significant ICC for total energy (r0·85,P < 0·0001), carbohydrate (0·85,P < 0·0001), dietary fat (0·72P < 0·0001) and protein (0·80,P < 0·0001) intakes for the OLS were noted. The average within-subject CV for total EI was 18·3 (sd10·0) and 16·1 (sd10·3) % for the ILS and OLS, respectively, with a pleasantness rating for foods consumed of 124 (sd14) mm out of 150 mm (83 %). Overall, the food menu produces a relatively reliable measure of EI inside and outside the laboratory. The results also underscore the difficulties in capturing a representative image of food intake given the relatively high day-to-day variation in the amount and composition of foods consumed.