bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) and trisilanol phenyl POSS for fuel cell applications
Authors: Chhabra Pooja , Choudhary Veena 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolymer nanocomposite membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) (degree of sulfonation 60%) containing varying amounts of open cage trisilanol phenyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) ranging from 0.5 to 5 phr (parts per hundred parts of the polymer resin) were prepared and characterized. The composite membranes were characterized by water uptake, proton conductivity, methanol permeability, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The presence of nanofillers in the composite films was confirmed by XRD and SEM‐EDX. The domain size of POSS (for 0.5 phr sample) as determined by SEM was in the range of 50–100 nm. Thermal stability of SPEEK remained unaffected by the addition of varying amounts of POSS. Equilibrium water uptake of all the composite membranes (maximum 42%) was higher than that of pure SPEEK membrane (23%) at 80°C. Proton conductivity of SPEEK as measured by two probe method increased upon incorporation of POSS and maximum value was obtained when the POSS content was 2 phr (w/w), that is, 4.5 mS/cm, which was higher when compared with SPEEK (1.5 mS/cm) and Nafion (3.4 mS/cm) at 90°C. Methanol permeability of composite membranes was lower than that of SPEEK/Nafion membrane. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of nano‐TiO2 dispersion on PEO polymer electrolyte property
Authors: Singh Pramod K. , Bhattacharya B. , Nagarale R.K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolymer electrolyte membranes based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) doped with TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by simple solution cast technique. Mesoporous TiO2 film was prepared by doctor‐blade method. The modified polymer membranes and the mesoporous films were characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, ionic conductivity, and J‐V measurements. Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have been fabricated in which PEO‐polymer electrolyte doped with and without nano‐TiO2 were sandwiched between porous TiO2 and counter electrodes. The DSSC with nano‐TiO2 doped polymer electrolyte shows better performance (1.68%) in comparison with pristine polymer electrolyte (1.07%), which is due to improved ionic conductivity value in polymer electrolyte system by nano‐TiO2 doping. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Efficient, large‐scale archaeological prospection using a true three‐dimensional ground‐penetrating Radar Array system
Authors: Trinks Immo , Johansson Bernth , Gustafsson Jaana , Emilsson Jesper , Friborg Johan , Gustafsson Christer , Nissen Johan , Hinterleitner Alois 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Swedish UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site of the Birka and Hovgården Iron Age settlements is well suited for the testing of high‐resolution archaeological prospection methods. In May 2006 ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetometer test measurements were conducted at Birka, resulting in data of outstanding quality and new archaeological discoveries, but also demonstrating the need for increased spatial sampling regarding GPR prospection at complex Scandinavian sites. Therefore Birka was selected as a testing ground for a pilot study investigating the suitability of the novel multichannel GPR array system MIRA (MALÅ Imaging Radar Array) for efficient, large‐scale GPR surveys with very dense spatial sampling. The study was conducted in May 2008 by MALÅ Geoscience AB in collaboration with the archaeological prospection unit of the Swedish National Heritage Board. The very high‐resolution three‐dimensional GPR pilot survey demonstrated that it is possible to survey 1 ha and more per day with 8 cm cross‐line spacing, mapping archaeological structures in unprecedented resolution, such as postholes of only 25 cm diameter. This paper describes the tested technology and methodology as well as the fieldwork and the results of the study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of interactions of glutathione S‐transferase T1, M1, and P1 and HMOX1 gene promoter polymorphisms with heavy smoking on the risk of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Keenan Brendan T. , Chibnik Lori B. , Cui Jing , Ding Bo , Padyukov Leonid , Kallberg Henrik , Bengtsson Camilla , Klareskog Lars , Alfredsson Lars , Karlson Elizabeth W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveGlutathione S‐transferase (GST) genes as well as heme oxygenase 1 gene (HMOX1) encode enzymes that detoxify carcinogens and protect against oxidative stress. This study was undertaken to examine the impact of gene–smoking interactions on susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsCaucasian patients with RA and matched control subjects (n = 549 each) were selected from the Nurses' Health Study. Genotyping of the patients' blood by TaqMan and BioTrove assays identified homozygous deletions at the M1 and T1 loci of GST (GSTM1‐null and GSTT1‐null, respectively) as well as alleles for GSTP1 (rs1695) and HMOX1 (rs2071746). In addition, the effect of gene–smoking interactions on the risk of all RA and RA serologic phenotypes was studied in separate logistic models that were adjusted for covariates. Multiplicative interactions were assessed by including a product term in a logistic model, and additive interactions were assessed using the attributable proportion (AP) due to interaction. For replication of the results, analyses revealing significant interactions were repeated in an independent case–control cohort from the Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis study.ResultsFor the risk of all RA, multiplicative (P = 0.05) and additive (AP = 0.53, P = 0.0005) interactions between the GSTT1‐null polymorphism and smoking and multiplicative interactions (P = 0.05) between HMOX1 and smoking were observed. For the risk of seropositive RA, multiplicative (P = 0.01) and additive (AP = 0.62, P < 0.0001) interactions between GSTT1‐null and smoking and additive interactions (AP = 0.41, P = 0.03) between HMOX1 and smoking were observed. After correction for multiple comparisons, the additive interactions between GSTT1‐null and smoking remained significant. The M1‐null and P1 variants of GST did not show significant interactions, and no associations with seronegative RA were observed. In replication analyses, significant multiplicative interactions (P = 0.04) and additive interactions (AP = 0.32, P = 0.02) were observed between GSTT1‐null and smoking in the risk of anti–citrullinated protein antibody–positive RA.ConclusionSignificant gene–environment interactions between the GSTT1‐null polymorphism and heavy smoking were observed when assessing the risk of RA. Future studies are needed to assess the impact of these interactions on RA prediction.
Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Supercarboranes
Authors: Zhang Jian , Xie Zuowei 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemistry of boron clusters has been dominated by icosahedral carboranes for over half a century. Only in recent years has significant progress been made in the chemistry of supercarboranes (carboranes with more than 12 vertices). A number of CAd (carbon‐atoms‐adjacent) 13‐ and 14‐vertex carboranes, and CAp (carbon‐atoms‐apart) 13‐vertex carboranes as well as their corresponding 14‐ and 15‐vertex metallacarboranes have been successfully prepared and structurally characterized. This breakthrough relied on the use of CAd nido‐carborane dianions as starting materials. These supercarboranes can undergo single‐electron reduction to give stable supercarborane radical monoanions with [2n+3] framework electrons, and electrophilic substitution reaction to afford hexasubstituted supercarboranes. They can react with nucleophiles to offer monocarba‐closo‐dodecaborate monoanions from cage‐carbon extrusion reactions. Their unique chemical properties make the chemistry of supercarboranes distinct from that of their 12‐vertex analogues. These studies open up new possibilities for the development of polyhedral clusters of extraordinary size. This focus review offers an overview of recent advances in this growing research field.
Bus rapid transit operation analysis using the Downs–Thomson paradox
Authors: Lee Seungjae , Ryu Seungkyu , Lee Shinhae 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to analyze effectiveness before and after implementation of the bus rapid transit operation. The paper includes a speed analysis based on the Downs–Thomson paradox, and a reliability analysis based on variance analysis of arrival time. According to the speed analysis, some road sections are now under phase 2 in the Downs–Thomson paradox, which is a state in which the bus speeds are greater than the auto speeds. In the future, it is predicted that autos and buses will reach an equilibrium speed which is in phase 3 of the multi‐modal equilibrium theory. According to the reliability analysis of arrival time at each bus stop, in roads of median arterial bus lanes, the variance of arrival time is generally smaller than after the scheme implemented in 8 months later. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The illusion of courage in self‐predictions: Mispredicting one's own behavior in embarrassing situations
Authors: Van Boven Leaf , Loewenstein George , Welch Edward , Dunning David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeople exhibit an “illusion of courage” when predicting their own behavior in embarrassing situations. In three experiments, participants overestimated their own willingness to engage in embarrassing public performances in exchange for money when those performances were psychologically distant: Hypothetical or in the relatively distant future. This illusion of courage occurs partly because of cold/hot empathy gaps. That is, people in a relatively “cold” unemotional state underestimate the influence on their own preferences and behaviors of being in a relative “hot” emotional state such as social anxiety evoked by an embarrassing situation. Consistent with this cold/hot empathy gap explanation, putting people “in touch” with negative emotional states by arousing fear (Experiments 1 and 2) and anger (Experiment 2) decreased people's willingness to engage in psychologically distant embarrassing public performances. Conversely, putting people “out of touch” with social anxiety through aerobic exercise, which reduces state anxiety and increases confidence, increased people's willingness to engage in psychologically distance embarrassing public performances (Experiment 3). Implications for self‐predictions, self‐evaluation, and affective forecasting are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical scanning for rapid intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel node metastases in breast cancer
Authors: Keshtgar M R S , Chicken D W , Austwick M R , Somasundaram S K , Mosse C A , Zhu Y , Bigio I J , Bown S G 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Intraoperative diagnosis of sentinel node metastases enables an immediate decision to proceed to axillary lymph node dissection, avoiding a second operation in node-positive women with breast cancer.

Methods
An optical scanner was developed that interrogated the cut surface of bivalved, but otherwise unprocessed, sentinel lymph nodes with pulses of white light by elastic scattering spectroscopy (ESS). The scattered light underwent spectral analysis, and individual spectra were initially correlated with conventional histology to develop a diagnostic algorithm. This algorithm was used to create false colour-coded maps of scans from an independent set of nodes, and the optimal criteria for discriminating between normal and cancer spectra were defined statistically.

Results
The discriminant algorithm was developed from a training set of 2989 spectra obtained from 30 metastatic and 331 normal nodes. Subsequent scans from 129 independent nodes were analysed. The scanner detected macrometastases (larger than 2 mm) with a sensitivity of 76 per cent (69 per cent including micrometastases) and specificity of 96 per cent.

Conclusion
In this proof-of-principle study, the ESS results were comparable with current intraoperative diagnostic techniques of lymph node assessment.
Cognitive obstacles against organ donation: The influence of negative attitudes, norms, and traditional beliefs on Chinese people's intention to donate organs after death
Authors: Wu Anise M. S. , Lu Lu‐sha 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn China, the organ supply is severely insufficient to cover all people on the waiting list for donated organs, and numerous patients die awaiting transplant. To achieve a better understanding of cadaveric organ donation in Chinese culture, this study examined 300 Chinese adults, in both Fujian Province and Macao, regarding attitudes towards organ donation, subjective norms about organ donation and traditional beliefs about the body and death, examining the influences of these factors on respondents' donation intentions. Multiple hierarchical regression results suggest that more negative attitudes, unfavourable norms and traditional beliefs lead to lower donation intentions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ouch! – a logotherapeutic discourse of butch and tattooed in China
Authors: Liu Wing‐sun , Liu Nam‐kai , Elliott Richard 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This is a study of a small group of self‐identified butch lesbians in their consumption of tattoos. The emotion‐laden experience of negotiating social symbolism and self‐identity (Elliott, 1997) in the context of hyperrealism (Baudrillard, 1983) has given rise to what Frankl (1984) has described as “existential vacuums.” Frankl suggested that these “existential vacuums” can be filled with a higher level of meaning. An artifact of consumption, the tattoo, is used by the informants in this study as a component of bricolage in the DIY process of constructing a new self (Elliott, 1997), with the entire process of being tattooed – particularly the hyper‐stimulation and pain of the procedure – further “existentializing” a new existence of “imagined masculinity.” This new existence that transcends suffering and assigns new meaning to life is the principle idea of Frankl's logotherapy (Frankl, 1984; Barnes, 2000; Blair, 2004).
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Message framing of products causes a preference shift in consumers' choices
Authors: Gamliel Eyal 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Using two experiments, this paper demonstrates that framing causes a preference shift when consumers choose between a better and more expensive product and an inferior and cheaper alternative product. In Experiment 1, car owners chose between original parts and non‐original parts to replace parts they were told had broken down. Participants could either save money by choosing a cheaper and inferior non‐original part (positive framing) or lose money by choosing a better and more expensive original part (negative framing). Consumers preferred the original parts in the positive framing condition relative to the negative framing condition. Experiment 2 replicated this finding using other products – an expensive well known, international brand of high quality vs. a cheaper private brand of lower quality. Experiment 2 included an additional two experimental groups in which the quality characteristic of these products was framed positively (gain quality) or negatively (lose quality). The results showed that participants chose the better and more expensive product more when presented with negative framing relative to positive framing of the quality. The results of both experiments can be explained using Kahneman and Tversky's (1979) value function presented in their Prospect Theory: Because losses are experienced more intensely than gains of similar objective magnitude, consumers exhibit a preference shift regarding the two products. The significance of these findings for both retailers and consumers considering two alternative products that differ in price and quality are discussed.
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Single‐Electrode, Dual‐Potential Ferrocene–PNA Biosensor for the Detection of DNA
Authors: Hüsken Nina , Gębala Magdalena , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Metzler‐Nolte Nils 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Fc–PNA biosensor (Fc: ferrocenyl, C10H9Fe) was designed by using two electrochemically distinguishable recognition elements with different molecular information at a single electrode. Two Fc–PNA capture probes were therefore synthesized by N‐terminal labeling different dodecamer PNA sequences with different ferrocene derivatives by click chemistry. Each of the two strands was thereby tethered with one specific ferrocene derivative. The two capture probes revealed quasi‐reversible redox processes of the Fc0/+ redox couple with a significant difference in their electrochemical half‐wave potentials of ΔE1/2=160 mV. A carefully designed biosensor interface, consisting of a ternary self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of the two C‐terminal cysteine‐tethered Fc–PNA capture probes and 6‐mercaptohexanol, was electrochemically investigated by square wave (SWV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The biosensor properties of this interface were analyzed by studying the interaction with DNA sequences that were complementary to either of the two capture probes by SWV. Based on distinct changes in both peak current and potential, a parallel identification of these two DNA sequences was successful with one interface design. Moreover, the primary electrochemical response could be converted by a simple mathematical analysis into a clear‐cut electrochemical signal about the hybridization event. The discrimination of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was proven with a chosen single‐mismatch DNA sequence. Furthermore, experiments with crude bacterial RNA confirm the principal suitability of this dual‐potential sensor under real‐life conditions.
Optimisation of epsomite transformation into periclase using experimental design methodology
Authors: Behij S. , Djebali K. , Hammi H. , Hamzaoui A. H. , M'nif A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this work, the experimental design methodology is applied to optimise MgO production from magnesium sulphate salt. This is a two‐step process through an intermediate product (Brucite: Mg(OH)2). For the first step, a fractional factorial design and a centred composite one are used in order to establish appropriate experimental conditions for Mg(OH)2 obtention. The most favourable conditions for the second step to obtain MgO were determined using only a fractional factorial design. The decomposition of the optimal precipitated Mg(OH)2 was analysed by DTA/TGA and the crystallisation process was observed by XRD. The morphological properties of the MgO agglomerates were examined by SEM. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold Catalysis: In Situ EXAFS Study of Homogeneous Oxidative Esterification
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Lothschütz Christian , Ackermann Martin , Doepp René , Anantharaman Sankaran , Marchetti Benjamin , Bertagnolli Helmut , Rominger Frank 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGold complexes were prepared and investigated as catalysts for the oxidative esterification of aldehydes. Stabilisation by pyridine ligands gave good conversions and the in situ extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) study of the reactions indicated that the reaction mixtures contained only mononuclear gold species. Thus, this is the first proof for a homogeneous gold‐catalysed oxidation reaction; the presence of nanoparticles could be excluded experimentally.
Modification of Luminescent Iridium(III) Polypyridine Complexes with Discrete Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) Pendants: Synthesis, Emissive Behavior, Intracellular Uptake, and PEGylation Properties
Authors: Li Steve Po‐Yam , Liu Hua‐Wei , Zhang Kenneth Yin , Lo Kenneth Kam‐Wing 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report the synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of a new class of luminescent cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridine poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) complexes [Ir(N^C)2(N^N)](PF6) (HN^C=Hppy (2‐phenylpyridine), N^N=bpyCONHPEG1 (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine; 1 a), bpyCONHPEG3 (1 b); HN^C=Hpq (2‐phenylquinoline), N^N=bpyCONHPEG1 (2 a), bpyCONHPEG3 (2 b); HN^C=Hpba (4‐(2‐pyridyl)benzaldehyde), N^N=bpyCONHPEG1 (3)) and their PEG‐free counterparts (N^N=bpyCONHEt, HN^C=Hppy (1 c); HN^C=Hpq (2 c)). The cytotoxicity and cellular uptake of these complexes have been investigated by the MTT assay, ICPMS, laser‐scanning confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. The results showed that the complexes supported by the water‐soluble PEG can act as biological probes and labels with considerably reduced cytotoxicity. Because the aldehyde groups of complex 3 are reactive toward primary amines, the complex has been utilized as the first luminescent PEGylation reagent. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) have been PEGylated with this complex, and the resulting conjugates have been isolated, purified, and their photophysical properties studied. The DNA‐binding and gene‐delivery properties of the luminescent PEI conjugate 3‐PEI have also been investigated.
Molecular Recognition of Vesicles: Host–Guest Interactions Combined with Specific Dimerization of Zwitterions
Authors: Voskuhl Jens , Fenske Tassilo , Stuart Marc C. A. , Wibbeling Birgit , Schmuck Carsten , Ravoo Bart Jan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aggregation of β‐cyclodextrin vesicles can be induced by an adamantyl‐substituted zwitterionic guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole carboxylate guest molecule (1). Upon addition of 1 to the cyclodextrin vesicles at neutral pH, the vesicles aggregate (but do not fuse), as shown by using UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, ζ‐potential measurements, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Aggregation of the vesicles is induced by a twofold supramolecular interaction. First, the adamantyl group of 1 forms an inclusion complex with β‐cyclodextrin. Second, at neutral pH the guanidiniocarbonylpyrrole carboxylate zwitterion dimerizes through the formation of hydrogen‐bonded ion pairs. Because the dimerization of 1 depends on the zwitterionic protonation state of 1, the aggregation of the cyclodextrin vesicles is also pH dependent; the cyclodextrin vesicles do not interact at pH 5 or 9, at which 1 is either cationic or anionic and, therefore, not self‐complementary. These observations are consistent with molecular recognition of the vesicles through a combination of two different supramolecular interactions, that is, host–guest inclusion and dimerization of zwitterions, at the bilayer membrane surface.
Nano‐Cu2O‐Catalyzed Formation of CC and CO Bonds: One‐Pot Domino Process for Regioselective Synthesis of α‐Carbonyl Furans from Electron‐Deficient Alkynes and 2‐Yn‐1‐ols
Authors: Cao Hua , Jiang Huanfeng , Yuan Gaoqing , Chen Zhengwang , Qi Chaorong , Huang Huawen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe formation of carbon–carbon and carbon–oxygen bonds continues to be an active and challenging field of chemical research. Nanoparticle catalysis has attracted considerable attention owing to its environmentally benign and high activity toward the reactions. Herein, we described a novel and effective nano‐Cu2O‐catalyzed one‐pot domino process for the regioselective synthesis of α‐carbonyl furans. Various electron‐deficient alkynes with 2‐yn‐1‐ols underwent this process smoothly in moderate to good yields in the presence of air at atmospheric pressure. It is especially noteworthy that a novel 2,4,5‐trisubstituted 3‐ynylfuran was formed in an extremely direct manner without tedious stepwise synthesis. Additionally, as all of the starting materials are readily available, this method may allow the synthesis of more complex α‐carbonyl furans. An experiment to elucidate the mechanism suggested that the process involved a carbene intermediate.