bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aluminum, Iron, and pH in Relation to Lime Induced Manganese Deficiencies
Authors: Mehlich A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of freshly precipitated Al‐ and Fe‐oxide hydrates on Mn solubility and uptake by plant roots in relation to pH has been studied. Precipitation of Mn (as Mn (OH)3 or Mn2O3 · XH2O) from MnSO4, by the addition of Ca(OH)2, began at about pH 8.5, while in the presence of Al3+ and Fe3+ salts precipitation began at pH 5.8 and with Fe2+ salts at pH 6.8. Manganese in solution decreased with increasing pH and increasing cation/Mn ratios. In this regard, Fe3+ and Al3+ had a greater effect than Fe2+ while Zn2+ and Cu2+ had the least effect. It was concluded that freshly precipitated sesquioxide hydrates are effective in supplying OH ions for the precipitation of Mn at the lower pH values.Acid washed H‐roots of soybeans and wheat adsorbed Mn and Al from freshly precipitated Mn‐ and Al‐oxide hydrates. With increasing Al/Mn ratios adsorption of Mn decreased and that of Al increased. Solubilization of Mn and Al was thought to be the result of H ions on roots reacting with the OH groups of the Mn‐ and Al‐oxide hydrates.Measurement of the nutrient content of soybean and corn tops of varying degrees of chlorosis showed Al and Fe to increase greatly with increasing chlorosis and increasing soil pH. Manganese content was not directly related to either severity of chlorosis or acid soluble soil‐Mn. The Mn content in itself cannot be used, therefore, as a criterion for Mn‐deficiency. It is concluded that excessive amounts of sesquioxide hydrates in soil may contribute to disturbances in the absorption and functional pattern of Mn as well as Ca in plants.
The Effect of Soil Characteristics on the Growth of Quaking Aspen in Northern Minnesota
Authors: Voigt G. K. , Heinselman M. L. , Zasada Z. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the relationship between soil properties and the growth of quaking aspen on 16 sample plots in northern Minnesota. The soils of this region show wide variations in their levels of replaceable bases and other associated fertility factors. The average annual growth of aspen on soils with high levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and nitrogen was over 4 times greater than the average annual growth on soils having a lower base status and nitrogen content. Analyses of foliar samples and aspen litter showed a close relationship between the supply of exchangeable bases in the soil on which the trees had grown and the level of calcium, magnesium, and potassium in the tissues of quaking aspen. Although the purposes of the study was primarily reconnaissance, the results show quite conclusively the extreme importance of soil characteristics in determining the quality of a site for aspen growth.
The Residual Effects of Lime Added for the Growth of Various Conifers in Minnesota
Authors: Pawluk Steve , Arneman Harold F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe liming of sandy soils for the growth of various conifers was studied at the Cloquet Forest Experiment Station in northeastern Minnesota. The soil on which the applications were made belonged to the Omega series which is a Brown Podzolic soil developed from red sandy outwash.Applications were made prior to planting the tree seedlings, and careful growth records were kept for the following 18 years. The residual effects of the various treatments upon the pH of the soils were also established.The application rates varying from 4 to 20 tons per acre had no noticeable effect on the rate of growth of the trees. The residual effects of lime upon the pH of the soil varied with the amount applied and the length of time after application. The pH remained higher for longer periods of time in the upper horizons with heavier applications of lime.
Oxygen Sorption by Moist Soils and Vermiculite
Authors: Runkles J. R. , Scott A. D. , Nakayama F. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA standard method of measuring gas adsorption was used to measure the oxygen sorbed by soils and vermiculite that contained varying amounts of water.The amount of oxygen sorbed by the air‐dry soils was 5 to 8 times that which could be accounted for by solubility in the water alone. Thus, some adsorption of oxygen occurred in the presence of 2 to 6% water. When the soils were oven‐dried at 105°C. for 48 hours, much more oxygen was sorbed. Vermiculite, on the other hand, sorbed a constant amount of oxygen when the moisture content, based on oven drying at 105°C. for 48 hours, was decreased from 50 to 0%. Upon further heating, the vermiculite sorbed less oxygen.At high moisture contents (50 to 300%), the oxygen sorbed by the vermiculite‐water system was essentially equivalent to the theoretical solubility of oxygen in free water. The oxygen sorbed by the Edina subsoil‐water system at moisture contents between 10 and 25%, on the other hand, was less than the solubility of oxygen in free water.
Calcium Phosphate Fertilizers: I. Availability to Plants and Solubility in Soils Varying in pH
Authors: Terman G. L. , Bouldin D. R. , Lehr J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAvailabilities of the phosphorus in six pure crystalline calcium phosphates to ryegrass and Sudangrass were determined in the greenhouse. The crops were grown on three acid soils, Clarksville silt loam, Hartsells fine sandy loam, and Edina silt loam; and on two alkaline soils, Rosebud loam and Webster silty clay loam. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate was appreciably more available than anhydrous dicalcium phosphate on all soils. Monocalcium phosphate was slightly more available than the dicalcium phosphates on the alkaline soils but was less available on the acid soils. Alpha tricalcium phosphate was nearly as available as anhydrous dicalcium phosphate on the acid soils, but was of very low availability on the alkaline soils. Hydroxyapatite was of very low availability on all soils. Availability of octocalcium phosphate was less than for the dicalcium phosphates and decreased with increasing liming rates on Hartsells fine sandy loam. A significant correlation was found between the phosphorus extracted by 0.5N NaHCO3 and the phosphorus uptake by the two crops from the various phosphates. Placing the phosphates in a layer 1½ inches below the surface markedly increased availability to the crops grown in low‐phosphorus Clarksville and Hartsells soils, while mixing with the soil was equally effective in the higher‐phosphorus Edina, Rosebud, and Webster soils.
Replacement of Adsorbed Sodium in Soils by Hydrolysis of Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Bower C. A. , Goertzen J. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction 2Naadsorbed + CaCO3 + H2O ⇆ Caadsorbed + 2Na+ + HCO3‐ + OH‐ has been studied from the standpoint of describing the replacement of adsorbed Na in calcareous soils subjected to leaching by rainfall. It has been found for the reaction in soils that the equilibrium between solution and adsorbed Na at various water contents can be expressed by the Langmuir equation: Naad = (k1k2Na+)/(1 + k1Na+) where k1 and k2 are constants, and Naad and Na+ are the adsorbed and solution concentrations of Na, respectively. As a consequence of this finding, it has been shown that the concentrations of solution and adsorbed Na at any depth in soil columns after a known amount of leaching with salt‐free water can be satisfactorily predicted by simplified, approximate solutions of equations derived by Thomas, Hiester, and Vermeulen. The results should be especially useful where calcareous soils, which have been affected by sea water, are subsequently leached by rain‐fall.
The Influence of Nitrogen on the Uptake of Phosphorus by a Tomato Test Crop from Three Crop Residues
Authors: Fuller W. H. , Hannapel Ray 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe uptake of phosphorus from wheat straw, tomato vine, and lettuce residues by a tomato test crop as influenced by different rates of nitrogen additions was studied under greenhouse conditions. The residues were grown in sand‐nutrient cultures at different levels of phosphorus containing the radiophosphorus. The residues were then incorporated into two calcareous soils in greenhouse pots at rates equivalent to 50 and 100 pounds of P2O5 per acre. Nitrogen was applied at rates ranging from 0 to 400 pounds of N per acre 6 inches. The tomato test crop was grown for 9 weeks before harvesting and analyzing.The results indicated that the percentage of P in the tomato test crop derived from the different residues was not significantly affected by the rate of application of nitrogen to the soil. This circumstance occurred despite the fact that the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the dry weight of the test crop was influenced by the rate of application of nitrogen fertilizer. The percentage of P in the test crop derived from the crop residues was not affected by nitrogen additions either in a soil deficient in plant‐available phosphorus or one adequately supplied with indigenous available phosphorus. However, the total uptake of plant residue phosphorus by the test crop was significantly influenced by the concentration of phosphorus in the residue.
The Correlation of a Phosphorus Soil Test with the Response of Wheat Through a Modified Mitscherlich Equation
Authors: Bray Roger H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVariations in soil, season, and variety were found not to change the relative response of wheat to a soluble phosphate. But the difference in distribution pattern between the applied and native sorbed phosphorus varied their efficiencies such that the response to the applied phosphorus followed a c log x form of the Mitscherlich equation. Values of c for log x and c1 for b1 were established. When easily acid‐soluble forms are absent these constants can, through soil tests, be used to calculate approximate fertilizer needs and percentage responses obtainable with wheat for a broadcast and double‐disced application of soluble phosphate. The results obtained are in agreement with the writer's nutrient mobility concept.
Soybean Yields as a Function of the Soil Phosphorus Level
Authors: Kamprath E. J. , Miller E. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA survey was conducted to determine the relationship between the yield of soybeans and the nutrient level of the soil. The yield of soybeans was related to the soil phosphorus level and the soil pH. When the yields of soybeans were placed into the various soil test categories for phosphorus, it was found that the lowest average yield was in the low soil phosphorus category and the highest average yield in the high soil phosphorus range.Studies in the greenhouse also showed that the yields of soybeans were related to the soil phosphorus level. The response of soybeans to the addition of phosphorus was dependent upon the soil phosphorus level.A much better evaluation of the effect of the phosphorus level of the soil on the yield of soybeans was obtained by placing the soils into categories ranging from low to very high than was obtained by use of rank correlation.
Ion Exchange in Soil‐Plant Root Environments: III. The Use of Mg28 for the Measurement of Magnesium Absorption by Plants
Authors: Brown D. A. , Wells Joe P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe availability of the Mg28 isotope having a half‐life of 21.3 hours has presented the possibility of its use in the measurement of the available magnesium in soils. Data are presented to show the relative proportions of fertilizer and soil magnesium adsorbed by cation‐exchange resin sheets over time periods up to 96 hours. The percentage of magnesium adsorbed from the tagged magnesium fertilizer remained relatively constant for exchange periods from 48 to 96 hours; being of the order of 76.6, 57.8, and 53.9% for soils with 50, 150, and 250 pounds per acre of exchangeable magnesium, respectively.Four‐week‐old corn plants adsorbed adequate Mg28 during a 96‐hour period for radioactive analysis of the nonadsorbed, adsorbed magnesium on corn roots, and permitted the analysis of the absorbed magnesium in the roots and tops. Increasing the rate of magnesium fertilizer increased the percentage of magnesium derived from the fertilizer in each of the different stages of nutrient uptake. Conversely, at any one fertilization rate, increasing the level of soil magnesium reduced the percentage of magnesium derived from the applied fertilizer.These data indicate that the Mg28 isotope is usable up to periods of at least 7 half‐lives for nutrient uptake and cation‐exchange studies.
Studies of Phosphorus Availability in Organic Soils
Authors: Larsen J. E. , Warren G. F. , Langston Ruble 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted on the phosphorus status of organic soils by correlating the phosphorus solubility in various extractants with percentage yields of tomato, peppermint, and onion. Seven different extractants, including water, were compared using four ratios of soil volume to extractant volume. Distilled water extracts gave the most accurate estimates of plant‐available phosphorus in a ratio of soil volume to extracting solution of 1:20 for the organic soils and 1:10 for the mineral soil.The threshold value at which yields were not increased with additional applications of phosphorus under greenhouse conditions was established at 10 and 16 pounds per acre of water‐soluble phosphorus when the soil and the water was shaken for 2 minutes and 30 minutes, respectively.
Compaction Tests as a Means of Soil Structure Evaluation
Authors: Kawano Y. , Holmes W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCompaction test data from the surface horizons and subsoils of 15 soils were analyzed to evaluate the most suitable data for correlations with percent carbon and percent clay. Percent pore space at maximum bulk density when correlated with either percent carbon or percent clay yielded correlation coefficients of greater statistical significance than did maximum bulk density when so correlated. This is probably because of the variations in particle (mineral) densities of the soils investigated. The particle densities will to some extent influence the maximum bulk densities attained with any compaction test, but percent pore space at maximum bulk density is not so influenced. It was concluded that unless the soils undergoing investigation have essentially the same particle densities, percent pore space at maximum bulk density is a better choice of data for correlation studies than is the maximum bulk density.Percent pore saturation at maximum density was not found to be a suitable correlation variable. A statistical highly significant correlation coefficient was obtained when optimum moisture (standard Proctor test) was correlated with plastic limit.Compaction test data from 5 montmorillonitic clay soils were compared to those from 5 kaolinitic clay soils. These comparisons failed to indicate that the montmorillonitic clay soils were more susceptible to compaction from mechanical forces than were the kaolinitic clays. Montmorillonitic clays did, however, have significantly higher liquid limits and plastic indices.
Effect of Drying Cycles on Changes in Resistance of Soil Moisture Units
Authors: Cannell Glen H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral different types of electrical resistance units were tested for displacement of calibration curves using a wetting‐drying regime. The experiment was carried out in a temperature‐light controlled growth chamber, and was designed to simulate field conditions with respect to moisture treatments; (1) excessive‐leaching, and (2) slight‐leaching.A cover crop of oats was used as a means to reduce the moisture content to near the wilting percentage in each drying cycle. Growth of the crop was controlled by clipping which permitted drying periods with intervals of nearly 7 days. Changes in moisture content during the drying cycle were obtained by use of a solution balance. Block resistance readings were recorded at the time weights were taken.Statistical analyses were made at several soil suctions for the 1st, 6th, and 11th drying cycles. The differences between drying cycles were statistically significant.Analyses of variability were calculated and comparisons made between blocks of a given type and between different block types at various soil suctions. In general, variability between blocks of one type increased with soil suction. However, the increase was not always consistent between different types of blocks.
Aluminum in Soils: I. Extraction Methods and Magnitudes in Clays and Ohio Soils
Authors: McLean E. O. , Heddleson M. R. , Bartlett R. J. , Holowaychuk N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious procedures were used for extraction of Al from Ohio soils representing a wide range in extractable Al. One normal NH4OAc at pH 4.8 was selected as an extracting solution because of its superiority over Ba(OAc)2 and BaCl2. One normal NH4OAc plus 0.2 N BaCl2 was no better than NH4OAc alone. At this pH it extracts enough Al from most soils for accurate measurement with little possibility of damage to the clay crystal.Eight Ohio soils were electrodialyzed and resaturated to various levels with K and/or Ca. Extractable Al was determined in these soils after equilibration. At the zero‐base added level, the extracted Al ranged from 4.7 me. per 100 g. of soil in the Wooster to 19.8 in the Hoytville. Increased saturation with K and/or Ca decreased the amount of Al extracted. Somewhat more Al was obtained from K‐soils than from Ca‐soils even though the pH values of the former were higher. Comparable studies with illite, bentonite, kaolinite, Putnam subsoil clay, vermiculite, and chlorite were also made.The importance of Al at the magnitudes found in the field and laboratory soils is discussed. The general failure of existing soil tests for lime requirement to adequately account for the Al in acid soils was considered. The possibility of Al interfering in various chemical and biological studies is mentioned.
Replaceability of Ammonium in Vermiculite with Acid Solutions
Authors: Scott A. D. , Hanway J. J. , Edwards A. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNH4‐saturated samples of Montana vermiculite were extracted with 1N Na, 1N K, and 0.1N acid solutions that varied in pH. In some cases, successive and continuous extractions with boiling solutions were used. In others, the vermiculite samples were leached or distilled with solutions at room temperature.More NH4 was removed by the Na solutions as the pH of the extracting solution increased or decreased from neutrality. When the accumulation of replaced NH4 in the extracting solution was reduced by using alkaline solutions or by using the successive extraction method with the acid solutions there was an increase in the amount of NH4 removed. In a given extraction period the amount of NH4 removed by acid Na solutions increased linearily as the solution pH decreased.More NH4 was removed by the K solutions as the pH of the extracting solution decreased. In the presence of a high concentration of a nonvolatile fixable cation (K) the alkaline solutions removed the least amount of NH4.There was little effect of pH on the amount of NH4 removed by 0.1N acid solutions when the solution pH was above 3. When the pH of the acid solutions was decreased below 3, there was a rapid increase in the amount of NH4 removed.
The Apparent Mobilities of Exchangeable Alkali Metal Cations in Bentonite‐Water Systems
Authors: Low Philip F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA direct current conductivity method was devised for determining the mobilities of exchangeable cations on close‐packed clays in water. The method was applied to the determination, at several temperatures, of the apparent mobilities of K, Na, and Li ions on the respective, homoionic bentonites. The apparent mobilities were in the order Na > Li > K.An Arrhenius type equation was used to calculate the activation energies for movement of the adsorbed ions. The observed activation energies were larger than those for the same ions in solution and were in the order Na > Li > K. The reasons for these observations were discussed and it was concluded that, in each case, the activation energy was due largely to the energy required to form a hole, into which the ion could move, in the adsorbed water.
Response of Corn in Superphosphate Placement Experiment
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Hutton Curtis E. , Thompson L. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphorus was placed 2, 8, 14, and 20 inches deep in Norfolk loamy fine sand and Red Bay fine sandy loam.In dry years the deeper treatments gave significantly more corn than the shallow treatments when the surface soil had residual fertilizer phosphorus, except on the Red Bay fine sandy loam where placement in the 8‐inch level gave a lower yield than the 2‐inch level. This was probably because the placement was in the plow sole area which was so compact that roots could not develop. When no residual phosphorus was present on Red Bay soil, the 2‐inch treatment gave the best yields. This was because there was not enough phosphorus in the surface soil to promote growth of roots to the fertilizer band and the corn receiving the deeper placements was not stimulated.In wet years corn was able to et sufficient phosphorus from residual fertilizer to promote root penetration, and subsoiling alone was as effective in increasing corn yields as was applied phosphorus.
The Effect of Soil Phosphorus Compounds on Soil Test Correlation
Authors: Bishop William D. , Barber Stanley A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwenty soils representing the level upland and the depressional soils in the hydromorphic sequence of profiles of the upland and lake plain catenas were characterized by the determination of pH, organic matter, clay content, acid‐soluble phosphorus, water‐soluble phosphorus, alkali‐soluble phosphorus, organic phosphorus, and iron content.When the above variables were included in a multiple correlation analysis using yield of phosphorus as the dependent variable, a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.931 was obtained. The elimination of all variables except acid‐soluble and alkali‐soluble phosphorus gave a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.851. The simple correlation coefficient for acid‐soluble phosphorus was 0.557 and for alkali‐soluble phosphorus 0.675. The increase in correlation where both acid‐soluble and alkali‐soluble phosphorus were used over the correlation for either one alone was significant at the 1% level. Hence, the use of both acid‐soluble and alkali‐soluble phosphorus were required to explain the contribution of the different soil phosphorus compounds to yield.Solubility curves of the 20 soils indicated that the soils were heterogeneous with respect to soil phosphorus compounds. The depressional soils from the lake plain catena contained more calcium phosphate and less iron and aluminum phosphate compounds than their counterpart in the upland catena.Solubility curves for calcium phytate and other organic phosphorus compounds indicate that they are partially acid‐soluble, suggesting that an acid extraction contains phosphorus from both organic and inorganic sources. This was supported by the fact that a significant correlation was obtained between organic matter and acid‐soluble phosphorus.