bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Runoff from Fescuegrass Plots Treated with Poultry Litter and Inorganic Fertilizer
Authors: Edwards D. R. , Daniel T. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent application of either organic or inorganic fertilizers can promote increased runoff concentrations of nutrients, organic matter, and/or suspended sofids. This experiment assessed the impacts of fertilizer treatment (control, poultry litter, and inorganic fertilizer) and simulated rainfalls (four events, one each at 7, 14, 36, and 68 d after application) on quality of runoff from fescuegrass (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) plots. Runoff was produced by simulated rainfall (50 mm h−1) and sampled at 0.08‐h intervals during runoff. Composite runoff samples from each plot were analyzed for NO3‐N, NH3‐N, total Kjeldahl (TKN), ortho‐P (PO4‐P), total P, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS). For the first simulated rainfall event, runoff concentrations of NO3‐N, NH3‐N, TKN, PO4‐P, and total P were highest from the plots that received inorganic fertilizer, while the highest concentrations of COD and TSS occurred in runoff from plots treated with poultry litter. Mean concentrations of NO3‐N, NH3‐N, TKN, PO4‐P, and total P in runoff from the litter‐treated plots during the second simulated rainfall were not significantly different than observed in runoff from the control plots. Runoff quality from the plots receiving poultry litter and inorganic fertilizer did not significantly differ from background (control) levels during the third simulated rainfall (with natural runoff occurring twice between the second and third simulated rainfalls). Runoff losses of parameters investigated were generally highest for the first simulated rainfall. Losses of N and P from the treated plots summed over all four simulated rainfalls were very small proportions of amounts applied (≈1.4 and 2.7%, respectively).
A White Clover System to Estimate Effects of Tropospheric Ozone on Plants
Authors: Heagle Allen S. , Miller Joseph E. , Sherrill Dorothy E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn ozone‐sensitive (NC‐S) and an ozone‐resistant (NC‐R) clone of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) were tested to determine the feasibility of using them to indicate concentrations of tropospheric ozone (O3) and potential effects of O3 on plants. Plants of each clone were exposed daily in open‐top field chambers to O3 concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 times the ambient concentrations for three summer seasons near Raleigh, NC. Foliar injury, foliar chlorophyll, and forage production of both clones were related directly to the O3 concentration. Ozone routinely injured leaves, suppressed foliar chlorophyll, and decreased growth of NC‐S more than that of NC‐R. Forage production was highly variable over a wide range of weather conditions, but the relative forage production rate of both clones under such conditions was similar and the seasonal O3 response relationship between NC‐S and NC‐R was relatively stable. The level of response of NC‐S to O3 routinely increased from growth period to growth period suggesting an effect of previous exposure. More work is needed to calibrate the system over a wider range of ambient O3 levels and climatic conditions.
Uranium and Thorium Decay Series Radionuclides in Human and Animal Foodchains—A Review
Authors: Linsalata Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman exposures along plant and animal pathways to isotopes of U, Th, Ra, Pb, and Po are reviewed. The range and variability of intakes among human populations resulting from dietary sources are presented. Also discussed are the sources of intake among farm animals reared for consumption. Under most circumstances, the soil‐plant‐human pathway is the predominant route of intake for humans and livestock. Radionuclide distributions within livestock and human tissues, and the transfer factors used to model intakes along various food chain pathways are summarized. Bone is the major site of deposition in livestock and humans. Where possible, summary data and conclusions from previous reviews are considered along with some notable gaps in the data base for natural series radionudides.
Radium‐226 and Calcium Uptake by Crops Grown in Mixtures of Sand and Clay Tailings from Phosphate Mining
Authors: Million J. B. , Sartain J. B. , Gonzalez R. X. , Carrier W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRadium‐226 is a naturally occurring radionuclide found in reclaimed clay and sand tailings from phosphate mining. Field studies were conducted to investigate the effects of sand/clay ratio (SCR), Ca supplement, and organic amendments on the 226Ra concentration in turnip (Brassica rapa L.), banana pepper (Capsicum annum L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss.] and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). For vegetables, treatment effects included SCR (2:1, 4:1, 6:1, and 8:1), phosphogypsum (PG) (0, 22, and 134 Mg ha−1), and peat (0, 100, 200 Mg ha−1). For alfalfa grown in a 1:1 SCR mixture, treatments included organic amendments (control, peat, sewage sludge, sawdust, composted sewage sludge, composted garbage and humate) applied at 44.8 Mg ha−1 (2.2 Mg ha−1 for humate). Plant 226Ra concentration tended to be higher in the 4:1 than in the 2:1 SCR mix but this depended on the crop and the season. Organic amendments and PG had no effect (p < 0.05) on the 226Ra concentration in vegetables and alfalfa. Mean 226Ra concentration in plant tissues ranged from 3.4 Bq kg−1 in banana pepper fruit to 31.1 Bq kg−1 in turnip leaf. Sand‐clay mixtures contained 289 to 592 Bq 226Ra kg−1. A quadratic relationship based on 631 observations was observed between 226Ra and Ca concentration in plant tissues. The 226Ra/Ca ratio in plant tissues ranged from 0.85 to 2.13 kBq 226Ra kg−1 Ca and decreased with increasing plant 226Ra. Results indicated that wide differences in plant 226Ca concentration were related more to differences in plant Ca levels than to soil factors.
Plant Cover and Water Balance in Gravel Admixtures at an Arid Waste‐Burial Site
Authors: Waugh W. J. , Thiede M. E. , Bates D. J. , Cadwell L. L. , Gee G. W. , Kemp C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsolation of radioactive waste buried in unsaturated zones will require long‐term control of recharge and erosion. Soil covers control recharge at arid sites by storing rainwater close enough to the surface to be removed by evapotranspiration. Surface layers of rock or gravel control erosion at sites with sparse vegetation, but can also alter plant habitat and cause recharge through interred waste. As an alternative, gravel mixed into the uppermost soil layer may control erosion over the long‐term better than surface gravel layers. We postulated that gravel admixtures also would not influence plant establishment or soil water balance in waste‐site covers. We measured the interactive effects of gravel admixture concentration, vegetation, and precipitation on soil water content and plant cover at the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site in Washington state. Our results support the use of a combination of vegetation and gravel admixtures for erosion control. Vegetation seasonally depleted rootzone water storage to about 6.5 volume % regardless of precipitation amount or the presence of gravel admixture amendments. In contrast, yearly increases in soil water storage as deep as 225 cm in plots without vegetation may be a leading indicator of recharge. The composition and abundance of vegetation changed over time and in response to precipitation amount, but was not influenced by gravel amendments. Seeded wheatgrasses [Agropyron sibericum Wilde and Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn.] established only when irrigated with twice average precipitation (32 cm/yr), but persisted after the irrigation ceased. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Russian thistle (Salsola kali L.) colonized areas that received both irrigation and ambient precipitation. Stands with wheatgrasses extracted water more rapidly and depleted soil water to lower levels than cheatgrass‐dominated stands. Increases in gravel cover and near‐surface gravel concentrations after 5 yr were evidence of the formation of a protective gravel veneer.
Acidic Fog and Temperature Effects on Stigmatic Receptivity in Two Birch Species
Authors: Hughes R. N. , Cox R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFactorial assays were performed to determine the effects of simulated acid fog (SAF) and temperature on stigmatic receptivity in two birch species. Excised reproductive branches were sampled from representative individuals of mountain paper birch (Betula cordifolia Regel.) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) in populations adjacent to the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Since 1979 these trees have exhibited branch dieback in association with abnormal foliar browning symptoms. This browning has been linked with acidity and nitrate deposited by fog, which is frequent in the area. In general, experimental results indicated that pollen germination increased with temperature, but pH effects were less obvious. Similarly, pollen tube growth responded positively to temperature and was little affected by fog acidity. ANOVA tests indicated a significant difference (P < 0.05) between species in their pollen germination response only at 12°C, and not at the other three temperatures tested. For pollen tube growth, significant differences between species (P < 0.05) were demonstrated at 12 and 22°C. A significant pH effect was demonstrated at 27°C for germination, while pH effects on tube growth were significant at 27 and 12°C (P < 0.01). A response surface regression analysis indicated that acidity significantly affected pollen germination in mountain paper birch (P < 0.001) but not in paper birch. Temperature was not a significant factor for in vivo pollen germination in either species. For pollen tube growth, however, temperature was more important than pH and produced highly significant effects in both species (P < 0.001). Acidity was also a significant factor in pollen tube growth for paper birch.
Phytotoxicity of a Chemical Weapon Simulant, Triethyl Phosphate
Authors: Sikora F. J. , Harper S. S. , Giordano P. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTriethyl phosphate (TEP) is proposed to be used as a chemical weapon simulant in missile testing at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. Studies were conducted to determine the phytotoxicity of TEP using sorghum‐sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum Mill.), and glossy privet (Ligustrum lucidum Ait.) as test plants grown on Mimbres‐Glendale (MG) and Nickel‐Tencee (NT) soil associations obtained from White Sands Missile Range. Triethyl phosphate was applied to soil and foliar tissue at rates of 0, 4, 400, and 40 000 mg m−2 soil surface. Triethyl phosphate also was applied in a thickened formulation, as used in missile testing, at an application rate of 40 000 mg m−2 on both soil and foliar tissue. Toxicity was only observed at the highest application rate with pure and thickened TEP. The method of TEP application to soil or foliar tissue did not affect the dry matter weight of tomato or glossy privet growth. There were inconsistent effects of TEP application method on sorghum‐sudangrass dry matter weight, depending on soil type. Triethyl phosphate affected the test plants differently with resistance to TEP toxicity increasing in the order: tomato ≃ sorghum‐sudangrass on NT soil < sorghum‐sudangrass on MG soil < glossy privet. A seedling emergence study using sorghum‐sudangrass, tomato, and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) resulted in similar conclusions from the whole plant studies showing TEP toxicity only at the highest application rate of 40 000 mg m−2. There were indications from sorghum‐sudangrass growth and cucumber seedling emergence that TEP toxicity may be less on soil having a higher clay and organic matter content, which may have been due to TEP sorption in soil and decreased TEP bioavailability to plant roots. The absence of phytotoxicity symptoms indicated plants would not be harmed if application rates were at or below 400 mg TEP m−2.
The Effects of Zinc Fertilization on Cadmium Concentration in Wheat Grain
Authors: Oliver D. P. , Hannam R. , Tiller K. G. , Wilhelm N. S. , Merry R. H. , Cozens G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the effect of Zn in soil on Cd uptake by plants has been studied extensively, there appears to be no consensus in the literature about the interactions. Furthermore, the majority of investigations have studied soils containing elevated concentrations of Cd or Zn as a result of pollution, e.g., the application of sewage sludge to the soil. The accumulation of Cd by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain grown at nine sites across South Australia was investigated. Applications of low rates of Zn fertilizer (up to 5.0 kg Zn ha−1) were found to markedly decrease the Cd concentration in wheat grain grown in areas of marginal to severe Zn deficiency. No further significant decreases in Cd concentration in grain occurred at higher rates of applied Zn. Effectiveness of applied Zn on grain Cd concentration decreased with tune since application. Grain Cd concentrations decreased with fresh and residual applications of Zn fertilizer (up to 5.0 kg Zn ha−1). Soil tests may provide useful guides to situations where Cd concentrations in grain may be beneficially decreased by Zn applications.
Forms of Phosphorus in Sediments Eroded from Burnt Soils
Authors: Saá A. , Trasar‐Cepeda M. C. , Soto B. , Gil‐Sotres F. , Díaz‐Fierros F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWildland fires can increase erosion and nutrient loss in runoff by loss of vegetative cover and changes in soil structure and chemical composition. Thus, we investigated the effect of vegetation burning intensity on the loss of particulate P forms in eroded sediments by using a sequential fractionation method that distinguishes organic and inorganic P forms of different lability. Moderate burns, while not affecting P form distribution in the soil, led to high levels of inorganic P (largely Bic‐Pi, NaOH‐Pi, and HCl‐P) in eroded sediments, with phosphorus enrichment ratios ranging from 3.36 to 5.04. Severe burns modified P form distribution in the soil, and led to the almost complete disappearance of extractable organic P from the soil. Phosphorus form distribution in sediments eroded from the severely burnt plot was similar to that in the surface layer of the soil of that plot (0–2.5 cm). Within 10 mo of burning, and independently of burn intensity, sediments eroded from both the moderately and severely burnt plots had the same P form content and distribution as sediments eroded from control plots. As a consequence of burning, the annual total P losses due to removal of particulate matter in runoff increased from 1.42 kg ha−1 (control plot) to 4.35 kg ha−1 (moderately burnt plot) and 9.10 kg ha−1 (severely burnt plot). The results of the P fractionation reveal that burning leads to a 2‐ to 11‐fold increase in rapid‐turnover inorganic and organic P contents in eroded sediments. This implies greatly increased risks of eutrophication of receiving waters.
Comparison of Amendments and Management Practices for Long‐Term Reclamation of Abandoned Mine Lands
Authors: Pichtel J. R. , Dick W. A. , Sutton P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAbandoned mine lands containing pyritic spoil may become toxic due to production of sulfuric acid and subsequent high levels of heavy metals. A field study was initiated to compare the long‐term (10 yr) effectiveness of digested municipal sewage sludge (224 Mg ha−1), powerplant fly ash (448 Mg ha−1), papermill sludge composted with either coarse or line wood bark (67, 90, and 112 Mg ha−1), and limed topsoil (20‐cm depth) in maintaining a grass‐legume mixture on toxic abandoned mine spoil (initial pH 3.4). Management of reclaimed plots included an additional one‐time application of N, P, and K according to soil test 1 yr after reclamation and annual cutting of vegetation that was either removed from the plot or left on the surface. Soil was sampled at depths of 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm, with the lower sample representing soil (except for the topsoil treatment) to which the amendments had not been mixed. These soil samples were analyzed for pH and plant nutrients. Dry matter production declined sharply after 3 yr and then recovered the last 2 yr due to favorable weather, although to only two‐thirds of the initial levels. The topsoil and sewage sludge amendments maintained overall highest yields and highest percent vegetative cover (93 and 91%, respectively). Amended spoil experienced a gradual pH increase over the study period with the topsoil amendment exhibiting the highest pH (7.0) and fly ash the lowest pH (5.1) after 10 yr. The topsoil and sewage sludge amendments generally maintained the highest soil K, Ca, and Mg concentrations, while the sewage sludge and fly ash amendments had the highest P concentrations. pH values and P, K, Ca, and concentrations in the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil horizon were higher than in the 10‐ to 20‐cm horizon. Management did not result in differences in plant uptake of nutrients and metals, but a one‐time addition of lime and fertilizer did increase vegetative yields. We conclude that the papermill sludge and sewage sludge amendments were roughly equivalent to limed topsoil for the successful long‐term reclamation of toxic mine spoil. The fly ash amendment was least successful due to its inability to provide pH and nutrient levels sufficient for the maintenance of good vegetative growth.
Earthworm Macropores and Preferential Transport in a Long‐Term Manure Applied Typic Hapludalf
Authors: Munyankusi E. , Gupta S. C. , Moncrief J. F. , Berry E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeep burrowing earthworm species have been found to be present in soils with a history of manure application. This study was designed to quantify the effects of long‐term application of liquid dairy manure and inorganic fertilizer on the distribution of earthworm macropores and in turn on the preferential transport of water and tracer through a typical soil of the karst area of the upper mid‐western USA. Large (≈ 30 cm diam. by 90 cm long) undisturbed soil columns were taken from plots where liquid dairy manure or inorganic fertilizers had been applied continuously for 8 yr. The number and size distribution of macropores in soil columns were nearly the same for both inorganic and manure treatments, however, visible surface macropores were continuous to much deeper depth in soil columns taken from manure than from the inorganic fertilizer plot. Identification of the earthworms a year later showed the presence of Apporectodea tuberculata, A. trapezoides, and Lumbricus rubellus, subsurface burrowers, as well as, L. terristris, a deeper burrowing species in the manure applied plot. Apporectodea tuberculata was the only species present in the inorganic fertilizer plot. Number of macropores and macroporosity varied with soil depth. The maximum macroporosity was <2.5% and it occurred at 2‐cm depth. The predominant macropore sizes were between 1‐ and 2‐mm radii for both treatments. During breakthrough experiments, Cl− appeared earlier in soil columns taken from the manure plot thereby indicating a greater continuity of macropores in the manure compared with the inorganic fertilizer treatment. Thearly appearance of Cl− in the manure treatment, however, was much slower than one would expect based on the number of macropores and their continuity estimated from the serial sectioning. This suggests that intrusive serial sectioning and image analysis techniques probably overestimate the continuity of macropores possibly due to vacuuming of the earthworm casts and other debris that plugs the macropore channels. Based on macropore size distribution with depth and related breakthrough curves, it is likely that most existing models of water and contaminant transport that simulate macropore flow, will not accurately predict the transport of water and contaminant because of their assumption that surface visible macropores are continuous to deeper soil depths. Data from this study showed that macropore size distribution could be described by a normal or log‐normal distribution function. These functions in combination with information on continuity and tortuosity of macropores may be sufficient, when used in some current macropore models, to adequately describe the conducting efficiency of macropores in soils.
Displacement of Soil Pore Water by Trichloroethylene
Authors: Wershaw R. L. , Aiken G. R. , Imbrigiotta T. E. , Goldberg M. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLS) are important pollutants because of their widespread use as chemical and industrial solvents. An example of the pollution caused by the discharge of DNAPLs is found at the Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey, where trichloroethylene (TCE) has been discharged directly into the unsaturated zone. This discharge has resulted in the formation of a plume of TCE‐contaminated water in the aquifer downgradient of the discharge. A zone of dark‐colored groundwater containing a high dissolved organic C content has been found near the point of discharge of the TCE. The colored‐water plume extends from the point of discharge at least 30 m (100 feet) downgradient. Fulvic acids isolated from the colored‐waters plume, from water from a background well that has not been affected by the discharge of chlorinated solvents, and from soil pore water collected in a lysimeter installed at an uncontaminated site upgradient of the study area have been compared. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the fulvic acids from the colored waters and from the lysimeter are very similar, but are markedly different from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the fulvic acid from the background well. The three‐dimensional fluorescence spectrum and the DOC fractionation profile of the colored groundwater and the soil pore water are very similar to each other, but quite different from those of the background water. It is proposed from these observations that this colored water is soil pore water that has been displaced by a separate DNAPL liquid phase downward to the saturated zone.