bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nature, frequency and course of psychiatric disorders in the first year after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study
Authors: Gould K. R. , Ponsford J. L. , Johnston L. , Schönberger M. 
Published: August 2011

BackgroundPsychiatric disorders are common following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, few studies have examined the course of disorder development and the influence of pre-injury psychiatric history. The present study aimed to examine the frequency of, and association between, psychiatric disorders occurring pre- and post-injury, and to examine the post-injury course of disorders.MethodParticipants were 102 adults (75.5% male) with predominantly moderate-severe TBI. Participants were initially assessed for pre-injury and current disorders, and reassessed at 3, 6 and 12 months post-injury using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders (SCID).ResultsOver half of the participants had a pre-injury psychiatric disorder; predominantly substance use, mood, and anxiety disorders. In the first year post-injury, 60.8% of participants had a psychiatric disorder, commonly anxiety and mood disorders. Post-injury disorders were associated with the presence of a pre-injury history (p<0.01), with 74.5% of participants with a pre-injury psychiatric history experiencing a post-injury disorder, which commonly presented at initial assessment or in the first 6 months. However, 45.8% of participants without a pre-injury history developed a novel post-injury disorder, which was less likely to emerge at the initial assessment and generally developed later in the year.ConclusionsDespite evidence that most post-injury psychiatric disorders represent the continuation of pre-existing disorders, a significant number of participants developed novel psychiatric disorders. This study demonstrates that the timing of onset may differ according to pre-injury history. There seem to be different trajectories for anxiety and depressive disorders. This research has important implications for identifying the time individuals are most at risk of psychiatric disorders post-injury.
Integrating Bayesian analysis and mechanistic theories in grounded cognition
Authors: Barsalou Lawrence W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGrounded cognition offers a natural approach for integrating Bayesian accounts of optimality with mechanistic accounts of cognition, the brain, the body, the physical environment, and the social environment. The constructs ofsimulatorandsituated conceptualizationillustrate how Bayesian priors and likelihoods arise naturally in grounded mechanisms to predict and control situated action.
Mechanistic curiosity will not kill the Bayesian cat
Authors: Borsboom Denny , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan , Romeijn Jan-Willem 
Published: August 2011

AbstractJones & Love (J&L) suggest that Bayesian approaches to the explanation of human behavior should be constrained by mechanistic theories. We argue that their proposal misconstrues the relation between process models, such as the Bayesian model, and mechanisms. While mechanistic theories can answer specific issues that arise from the study of processes, one cannot expect them to provide constraints in general.
More varieties of Bayesian theories, but no enlightenment
Authors: Bowers Jeffrey S. , Davis Colin J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe argue that Bayesian models are best categorized as methodological or theoretical. That is, models are used as tools to constrain theories, with no commitment to the processes that mediate cognition, or models are intended to approximate the underlying algorithmic solutions. We argue that both approaches are flawed, and that the Enlightened Bayesian approach is unlikely to help.
Survival in a world of probable objects: A fundamental reason for Bayesian enlightenment
Authors: Edelman Shimon , Shahbazi Reza 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe only viable formulation of perception, thinking, and action under uncertainty is statistical inference, and the normative way of statistical inference is Bayesian. No wonder, then, that even seemingly non-Bayesian computational frameworks in cognitive science ultimately draw their justification from Bayesian considerations, as enlightened theorists know fully well.
Relating Bayes to cognitive mechanisms
Authors: Herschbach Mitchell , Bechtel William 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe support Enlightenment Bayesianism's commitment to grounding Bayesian analysis in empirical details of psychological and neural mechanisms. Recent philosophical accounts of mechanistic science illuminate some of the challenges this approach faces. In particular, mechanistic decomposition of mechanisms into their component parts and operations gives rise to a notion of levels distinct from and more challenging to accommodate than Marr's.
Cognitive systems optimize energy rather than information
Authors: Markman Arthur B. , Otto A. Ross 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCognitive models focus on information and the computational manipulation of information. Rational models optimize the function that relates the input of a process to the output. In contrast, efficient algorithms minimize the computational cost of processing in terms of time. Minimizing time is a better criterion for normative models, because it reflects the energy costs of a physical system.
Is everyone Bayes? On the testable implications of Bayesian Fundamentalism
Authors: Speekenbrink Maarten , Shanks David R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA central claim of Jones & Love's (J&L's) article is that Bayesian Fundamentalism is empirically unconstrained. Unless constraints are placed on prior beliefs, likelihood, and utility functions, all behaviour – it is proposed – is consistent with Bayesian rationality. Although such claims are commonplace, their basis is rarely justified. We fill this gap by sketching a proof, and we discuss possible solutions that would make Bayesian approaches empirically interesting.
Post hoc rationalism in science
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn advocating Bayesian Enlightenment as a solution to Bayesian Fundamentalism, Jones & Love (J&L) rule out a broader critique of rationalist approaches to cognition. However, Bayesian Fundamentalism is merely one example of the more general phenomenon of Rationalist Fundamentalism: the tendency to characterize human judgments as rational and optimal in a post hoc manner, after the empirical data are already known.
Mutations in ZIC3 and ACVR2B are a common cause of heterotaxy and associated cardiovascular anomalies
Authors: Ma Lijiang , Selamet Tierney Elif Seda , Lee Teresa , Lanzano Patricia , Chung Wendy K. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackgroundHeterotaxy syndrome is caused by left–right asymmetry disturbances and is associated with abnormal lateralisation of the abdominal and thoracic organs. The heart is frequently involved and the severity of the abnormality usually determines the outcome.MethodsWe performed a direct sequence analysis of the coding sequence of genes includingZinc Finger Protein of the Cerebellum 3, Left–Right Determination Factor 2, Activin A Receptor Type IIB, and Crypticin 47 patients with laterality defects and congenital cardiac disease.ResultsOf the 47 patients, 31 (66%) had atrioventricular septal defects, 34 (72%) had abnormal systemic venous return, 25 (53%) had transposed or malposed great arteries, and 20 (43%) had pulmonary venous abnormalities. We identified two novel genetic changes inZinc Finger Protein of the Cerebellum 3, and these variants were not present in 100 ethnically matched control samples. One previously reported missense mutation inActivin A Receptor Type IIBwas identified in two unrelated subjects. The genetic changes identified in this study are all located in conserved regions and are predicted to affect protein function in left–right axis formation and cardiovascular development.ConclusionsMutations inZinc Finger Protein of the Cerebellum 3andActivin A Receptor Type IIBwere identified in 4 of the 47 patients with heterotaxy syndrome for a yield of approximately 8.5%. Our results expand the mutation spectrum of monogenic heterotaxy syndrome with associated cardiac anomalies and suggest that there are other causes of heterotaxy yet to be identified.
The genome of the obligate endobacterium of an AM fungus reveals an interphylum network of nutritional interactions
Authors: Ghignone Stefano , Salvioli Alessandra , Anca Iulia , Lumini Erica , Ortu Giuseppe , Petiti Luca , Cruveiller Stéphane , Bianciotto Valeria , Piffanelli Pietro , Lanfranco Luisa , Bonfante Paola 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
As obligate symbionts of most land plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a crucial role in ecosystems, but to date, in the absence of genomic data, their adaptive biology remains elusive. In addition, endobacteria are found in their cytoplasm, the role of which is unknown. In order to investigate the function of the Gram-negative Candidatus Glomeribacter gigasporarum, an endobacterium of the AMF Gigaspora margarita, we sequenced its genome, leading to an ∼1.72-Mb assembly. Phylogenetic analyses placed Ca. G. gigasporarum in the Burkholderiaceae whereas metabolic network analyses clustered it with insect endobacteria. This positioning of Ca. G. gigasporarum among different bacterial classes reveals that it has undergone convergent evolution to adapt itself to intracellular lifestyle. The genome annotation of this mycorrhizal-fungal endobacterium has revealed an unexpected genetic mosaic where typical determinants of symbiotic, pathogenic and free-living bacteria are integrated in a reduced genome. Ca. G. gigasporarum is an aerobic microbe that depends on its host for carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen supply; it also expresses type II and type III secretion systems and synthesizes vitamin B12, antibiotics- and toxin-resistance molecules, which may contribute to the fungal host's ecological fitness. Ca. G. gigasporarum has an extreme dependence on its host for nutrients and energy, whereas the fungal host is itself an obligate biotroph that relies on a photosynthetic plant. Our work represents the first step towards unraveling a complex network of interphylum interactions, which is expected to have a previously unrecognized ecological impact.
Apoptosis by aloe‐emodin is mediated through down‐regulation of calpain‐2 and ubiquitin‐protein ligase E3A in human hepatoma Huh‐7 cells
Authors: Jeon Won , Jeon Young Keul , Nam Myeong Jin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNatural flavonoids are associated with anti‐proliferation of cancer growth. However, the antioxidant and anti‐proliferation effects of AE (aloe‐emodin) have not been well studied. We have investigated how AE affects the proliferation of hepatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells and exerts an anti‐cancer effect. The cytotoxic effect of AE was demonstrated using an MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide] assay and Huh‐7 cells were inhibited by AE treatment in both dose‐ and time‐dependent manners. The IC50 level of AE was ∼75 μM. AE also has anti‐proliferative effects via induction of DNA damage and apoptosis. 2‐DE (two‐dimensional electrophoresis) revealed that several proteins were related to the anti‐cancer effects of AE. CAPN2 (calpain‐2) and UBE3A (ubiquitin‐protein ligase E3A), which are associated with the apoptosis signalling pathway, were verified by Western blotting. AE exhibited potent anti‐proliferative effects on Huh‐7 cells via down‐regulation of CAPN2 and UBE3A. The findings support the possibility of AE being a chemopreventative agent.
Effect of angiotensin receptor blockade on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function in abdominally obese hypertensive patients with impaired fasting glucose
Authors: Perlstein Todd S. , Henry Robert R. , Mather Kieren J. , Rickels Michael R. , Abate Nicola I. , Grundy Scott M. , Mai Yabing , Albu Jeanine B. , Marks Jennifer B. , Pool James L. , Creager Mark A. 
Published: August 2011

AngII (angiotensin II) may contribute to cardiovascular risk in obesity via adverse effects on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function. In the present study, we examined the effects of ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker) therapy (losartan, 100 mg/day) on insulin sensitivity and endothelial function in 53 subjects with stage I hypertension, abdominal obesity and impaired fasting glucose. The study design was a randomized double-blinded parallel design placebo-controlled multi-centre trial of 8 weeks duration. We used the hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp technique to measure insulin sensitivity (expressed as the ‘M/I’ value) and RH-PAT (reactive hyperaemia-peripheral arterial tonometry) to measure endothelial function. Additional measures included HOMA (homoeostasis model assessment)-B, an index of pancreatic β-cell function, and markers of inflammation [e.g. CRP (C-reactive protein)] and oxidative stress (e.g. F2-isoprostanes). ARB therapy did not alter insulin sensitivity [5.2 (2.7) pre-treatment and 4.6 (1.6) post-treatment] compared with placebo therapy [6.1 (2.9) pre-treatment and 5.3 (2.7) post-treatment; P value not significant], but did improve the HOMA-B compared with placebo therapy (P=0.05). ARB therapy also did not change endothelial function [RH-PAT, 2.15 (0.7) pre-treatment and 2.11 (0.7) post-treatment] compared with placebo therapy [RH-PAT, 1.81 (0.5) pre-treatment and 1.76 (0.7) post-treatment; P value not significant]. Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were not significantly changed by ARB therapy. In conclusion, ARB therapy did not alter peripheral insulin sensitivity or endothelial function in this cohort of patients with essential hypertension, abdominal obesity and impaired fasting glucose, but did improve pancreatic β-cell function.
The rotational spectra, potential function, Born–Oppenheimer breakdown, and hyperfine structure of GeSe and GeTe
Authors: Giuliano Barbara M. , Bizzocchi Luca , Sanchez Raquel , Villanueva Pablo , Cortijo Vanessa , Sanz M. Eugenia , Grabow Jens-Uwe 
Published: August 2011

The pure rotational spectra of 18 and 21 isotopic species of GeSe and GeTe have been measured in the frequency range 5–24 GHz using a Fabry–Pérot-type resonator pulsed-jet Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. Gaseous samples of both chalcogenides were prepared by a combined dc discharge/laser ablation technique and stabilized in supersonic jets of Ne. Global multi-isotopologue analyses of the derived rotational data, together with literature high-resolution infrared data, produced very precise Dunham parameters, as well as rotational constant Born–Oppenheimer breakdown (BOB) coefficients (δ01) for Ge, Se, and Te. A direct fit of the same datasets to an appropriate radial Hamiltonian yielded analytic potential-energy functions and BOB radial functions for the X1Σ+ electronic state of both GeSe and GeTe. Additionally, the electric quadrupole and magnetic hyperfine interactions produced by the nuclei 73Ge, 77Se, and 125Te were observed, yielding much improved quadrupole coupling constants and first determinations of the spin–rotation parameters.
Life History and Seasonal Stock‐Specific Ocean Migration of Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Tucker S. , Trudel M. , Welch D. W. , Candy J. R. , Morris J. F. T. , Thiess M. E. , Wallace C. , Beacham T. D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe ocean feeding grounds of juvenile Pacific salmonOncorhynchusspp. range over several thousand kilometers in which ocean conditions, prey quality and abundance, and predator assemblages vary greatly. Therefore, the fate of individual stocks may depend on where they migrate and how much time they spend in different regions. Juvenile (n= 6,266) and immature (n= 659) Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschawere collected from coastal Washington to Southeast Alaska in coastal trawl surveys from February to November 1998–2008, which allowed us to reconstruct changes in stock composition for seasons and regions by means of DNA stock identification techniques. Individuals were allocated to 12 regional stocks. The genetic stock assignments were directly validated by showing that 96% of the 339 known‐origin, coded‐wire‐tagged fish were accurately allocated to their region of origin. Overall, the analyses performed in this study support the main findings of previous work based on tagging. However, given that the sample sizes for all stocks were larger and additional stocks were analyzed, we can extend those results; coastal residency of local stocks in their first year at sea with differences between smolt classes for southern stocks. Notably, yearling Chinook salmon moved quickly into waters north of the west coast of Vancouver Island, including Southeast Alaska. Furthermore, subyearling salmon were found over shallower bottom depths than yearling fish. Summer catches in all regions were dominated by Columbia River yearling fish, which suggests a rapid northward migration. In contrast, very few Columbia River subyearling fish were recovered north of Vancouver Island. Columbia River fish were a minor component of the catches in fall and winter, as fish originating from other southern stocks dominated catches off the west coast of Vancouver Island while northern British Columbia and Southeast Alaska stocks dominated northern regions during these time periods. In addition, we found no effect of hatchery origin on the distribution of fish.
Mode of Production in Medieval Iran
Authors: Shaugannik Hassan 
Published: August 2011

This essay has two purposes. One is to compare the agrarian mode of production in Iran during the 7th through 12th centuries with the mode of production in European feudalism, searching for clues as to why Europe--but not Iran--developed a capitalist mode of production. The second, accompanying purpose is to evaluate the theory of the Asiatic Mode of Production, a theory developed mainly within the Marxist tradition, in the context of medieval Iran.A few Persian writers of the 1960s and 1970s dealt with the question of why non-European societies failed to experience a transition to capitalism, but their writings were not convincing. If the transformation from a feudal mode to a capitalist mode is due to feudal evolution, then a rigorous comparative approach is necessary in order to see why such an evolution took place in one society and not in another.
Storytelling Techniques in theMasnavī‐yi Maᶜnavīof Mowlana Jalal al‐Din Rumi: Wayward Narrative or Logical Progression?
Authors: Hamid Farooq 
Published: August 2011

baᶜd az samāᶜ gūyī k-ān shūr-hā kujā shudyā khud na-būd chizī yā būd va ān fanā shudConfounded, after thesamāᶜyou inquire, “What became of that tumult?”I say, “Either it wasn't anything or maybe it was and simply ceased to be.”This Paper Shall Deal with the Formal Aspects of the Storytelling technique employed by Mowlana Jalal al-Din Rumi (1207-73 C.E.) in hisManavī-yi Maᶜnavī(henceforthManavī).I shall begin with the assumption that there is some kind of form to this work and shall try to investigate the nature of that form.To the casual observer theManavī,as a whole, seems to have no narrative sequence with its plethora of apparently unconnected and disjointed stories. Moreover, the narrative order of a particular story may be interrupted by other stories, sermons, expositions of Qurᶜanic verses,aḥādīth,stories of prophets(qiṣaṣ al-anbiyāᵓ),popular Islamic lore and glosses, etc. Throughout this entire exercise Rumi's goal is to drive home various precepts of Sufism via the use of these means.
Biosynthesis of the Major Tetrahydroxystilbenes in Spruce, Astringin and Isorhapontin, Proceeds via Resveratrol and Is Enhanced by Fungal Infection
Authors: Hammerbacher Almuth , Ralph Steven G. , Bohlmann Joerg , Fenning Trevor M. , Gershenzon Jonathan , Schmidt Axel 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Stilbenes are dibenzyl polyphenolic compounds produced in several unrelated plant families that appear to protect against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Stilbene biosynthesis has been well described in economically important plants, such as grape (Vitis vinifera), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), and pine (Pinus species). However, very little is known about the biosynthesis and ecological role of stilbenes in spruce (Picea), an important gymnosperm tree genus in temperate and boreal forests. To investigate the biosynthesis of stilbenes in spruce, we identified two similar stilbene synthase (STS) genes in Norway spruce (Picea abies), PaSTS1 and PaSTS2, which had orthologs with high sequence identity in sitka (Picea sitchensis) and white (Picea glauca) spruce. Despite the conservation of STS sequences in these three spruce species, they differed substantially from angiosperm STSs. Several types of in vitro and in vivo assays revealed that the P. abies STSs catalyze the condensation of p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A and three molecules of malonyl-coenzyme A to yield the trihydroxystilbene resveratrol but do not directly form the dominant spruce stilbenes, which are tetrahydroxylated. However, in transgenic Norway spruce overexpressing PaSTS1, significantly higher amounts of the tetrahydroxystilbene glycosides, astringin and isorhapontin, were produced. This result suggests that the first step of stilbene biosynthesis in spruce is the formation of resveratrol, which is further modified by hydroxylation, O-methylation, and O-glucosylation to yield astringin and isorhapontin. Inoculating spruce with fungal mycelium increased STS transcript abundance and tetrahydroxystilbene glycoside production. Extracts from STS-overexpressing lines significantly inhibited fungal growth in vitro compared with extracts from control lines, suggesting that spruce stilbenes have a role in antifungal defense.
Genome Sequence of the Halotolerant Marine Bacterium Myxococcus fulvus HW-1
Authors: Li Zhi-Feng , Li Xia , Liu Hong , Liu Xin , Han Kui , Wu Zhi-Hong , Hu Wei , Li Fei-fei , Li Yue-Zhong 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

Myxococcus fulvus
HW-1 (ATCC BAA-855) is a halotolerant marine myxobacterium. This strain exhibits complex social behaviors in the presence of low concentrations of seawater but adopts an asocial living pattern under oceanic conditions. The whole genome of
M. fulvus
HW-1 will enable us to further investigate the details of its evolution.
Draft Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus zeae KCTC 3804
Authors: Kim Dong-Wook , Choi Sang-Haeng , Kang Aram , Nam Seong-Hyeuk , Kim Dae-Soo , Kim Ryong Nam , Kim Aeri , Park Hong-Seog 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

We announce the draft genome sequence of the type strain
Lactobacillus zeae
KCTC 3804 (3,110,326 bp, with a G+C content of 47.8%), which is one of the most prevalent lactic acid bacteria present during the processing of raw cow's milk. The genome consists of 113 large contigs (>100 bp). All of the contigs were assembled by Newbler Assembler 2.3 (454 Life Science).
Complete Genome Sequence of the Chloromethane-Degrading Hyphomicrobium sp. Strain MC1
Authors: Vuilleumier Stéphane , Nadalig Thierry , Farhan Ul Haque Muhammad , Magdelenat Ghislaine , Lajus Aurélie , Roselli Sandro , Muller Emilie E. L. , Gruffaz Christelle , Barbe Valérie , Médigue Claudine , Bringel Françoise 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

Hyphomicrobium
sp. strain MC1 is an aerobic methylotroph originally isolated from industrial sewage. This prosthecate bacterium was the first strain reported to grow with chloromethane as the sole carbon and energy source. Its genome, consisting of a single 4.76-Mb chromosome, is the first for a chloromethane-degrading bacterium to be formally reported.