bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C allocation to the fungus is not a cost to the plant in ectomycorrhizae
Authors: Corrêa A. , Gurevitch J. , Martins‐Loução M. A. , Cruz C. 
Published: September 2011

Mycorrhizal benefit to plants is most frequently evaluated through growth differences between mycorrhizal (M) and non‐mycorrhizal (NM) plants. These growth differences are often considered to be due to differences in belowground C expenditure, or in cost efficiency, i.e. amount of nutrients acquired per C expended.We searched published reports for relations between plant growth and belowground C allocation, C use efficiency, or nutrient uptake, in ectomycorrhizal (ECM) versus non‐mycorrhizal plants. We found a similar number of cases of negative, null or positive effects of ECM on plant growth. These effects were not correlated with differences on belowground C allocation or C use efficiency between M and NM plants. In contrast, they were very strongly correlated with mycorrhizal effects on plant N gain.A comprehensive analysis of the published data therefore provided evidence that C is an excess, rather than a costly, resource, and that the outcome of the symbiosis depends only on whether mycorrhizae result in increased or decreased nutrient acquisition compared with NM plants, and not on cost efficiency differences between M and NM plants. Consequences of this finding for the regulation of resource exchange between symbionts and the nature of the symbiosis are discussed.
The preliminary study of the relationship between facial movements and wrinkle formation
Authors: Fujimura Tsutomu , Hotta Mitsuyuki 
Published: September 2011

BackgroundAs facial wrinkles develop particularly in areas of the skin that are subject to repeated facial movements, the degree of facial movements may be related to the degree of facial wrinkles, although no data have been reported.MethodsWrinkles were graded on the faces of Japanese female subjects when they made strong voluntary facial movements (eyes closed tightly, raised eyebrows, and frowns) and also when they were at rest using a set of photos (a photo scale) obtained from subjects with different degrees of wrinkles in the static and dynamic states. Scores obtained were compared between the dynamic and static states, and were analyzed in relation to age and to facial region.ResultsWe found that the levels of wrinkles in both states showed a significant positive correlation with age. Further, the distribution of wrinkles in the dynamic state was found to be similar to those in the static states. Finally, the correlations between static and dynamic wrinkles in the same facial sites were higher than those in different facial sites.ConclusionFacial movements cause wrinkling in both the dynamic and the static states and also that static wrinkles may work at the kinetic origins of dynamic wrinkles.
Development and characterization of a human dermal equivalent with physiological mechanical properties
Authors: Rolin Gwenaël , Placet Vincent , Jacquet Emmanuelle , Tauzin Hélène , Robin Sophie , Pazart Lionel , Viennet Celine , Saas Philippe , Muret Patrice , Binda Delphine , Humbert Philippe 
Published: September 2011

Background/aimsDifferent models of reconstructed skin are available, either to provide skin wound healing when this process is deficient, or to be used as an in vitro model. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the mechanical properties of skin equivalent. Indeed, human skin is naturally under tension. Taking into account these features, the purpose of this work was to obtain a cellularized dermal equivalent (CDE), composed of collagen and dermal fibroblasts.MethodsTo counteract the natural retraction of CDE and to maintain it under tension, different biomaterials were tested. Selection criteria were biocompatibility, bioadhesion properties, ability to induce differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and mechanical characterization, considering that of skin in vivo. These assays led to the selection of honeycomb of polyester. CDE constructed on this biomaterial was further characterized mechanically using tensile tests.ResultsThe results showed that mechanical features of the obtained dermal equivalent, including myofibroblasts, were similar to skin in vivo.ConclusionThe original model of dermal equivalent presented herein may be a useful tool for clinical use and as an in vitro model for toxicological/pharmacological research.
Paradigm shift in consciousness research: the child′s self‐awareness and abnormalities in autism, ADHD and schizophrenia
Authors: Lou Hans C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSelf‐awareness is a pivotal component of any conscious experience and conscious self‐regulation of behaviour. A paralimbic network is active, specific and causal in self‐awareness. Its regions interact by gamma synchrony. Gamma synchrony develops throughout infancy, childhood and adolescence into adulthood and is regulated by dopamine and other neurotransmitters via GABA interneurons. Major derailments of this network and self‐awareness occur in developmental disorders of conscious self‐regulation like autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia.Conclusion:  Recent research on conscious experience is no longer limited to the study of neural ‘correlations’ but is increasingly lending itself to the study of causality. This paradigm shift opens new perspectives for understanding the neural mechanisms of the developing self and the causal effects of their disturbance in developmental disorders.
Comparison of two clinical scoring systems for emergency department risk stratification of suspected acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Macdonald Stephen PJ , Nagree Yusuf , Fatovich Daniel M , Flavell Helen L , Loutsky Francis 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective: To compare two methods of risk stratification for suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in the ED.Methods: A prospective observational multicentre study was undertaken of patients undergoing evaluation in the ED for possible ACS. We compared the National Heart Foundation of Australia/Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (NHF/CSANZ) guideline and the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score for differentiating high‐ and low‐risk patients. Composite outcome was all cause death, myocardial infarction or coronary revascularisation within 30 days.Results: Of 1758 enrolments, 223 (13%) reached the study outcome. Area under the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was 0.79 (95% CI 0.76–0.81) for the NHF/CSANZ group and 0.71 (0.68–0.75) for TIMI score based on initial troponin result (P < 0.001), and 0.82 (95% CI 0.80–0.84) and 0.76 (0.73–0.79) respectively when the 8–12 h troponin result is included (P = 0.001). Thirty day event rates were 33% for NHF/CSANZ high‐risk vs 1.5% for combined low/intermediate risk (P < 0.001). For TIMI score, 30 day event rates were 23% for a score ≥2 and 4.8% for TIMI < 2 (P < 0.001). The NHF/CSANZ guideline identified more patients as low risk compared with the TIMI risk score (61% vs 48%, P < 0.001).Conclusions: The NHF/CSANZ guideline is superior to the TIMI risk score for risk stratification of suspected ACS in the ED.
Sedation assessment tool to score acute behavioural disturbance in the emergency department
Authors: Calver Leonie A , Stokes Barrie , Isbister Geoffrey K 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective: The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the sedation assessment tool (SAT) in assessing patient response to treatment for acute behavioural disturbance (ABD).Methods: The SAT is a simplified version of the altered mental status score (AMSS) and is a 7‐point scale assessing levels of agitation and sedation using only two descriptors. To assess the SAT we firstly compared plots of the SAT and the AMSS versus time in patients with ABD recruited to a clinical trial. AMSS were converted to the SAT for this comparison. Second, the sensitivity and specificity were calculated for an increase in the SAT to +2 or +3 as a predictor of whether additional sedation was required in a prospective cohort of 138 patients. Third, interrater reliability was assessed using two individuals to score the same patient at two different time points and finally the time to record the score was measured.Results: Plots of AMSS and SAT for 91 patients in the clinical trial illustrated similar trends in agitation/sedation. Seventeen of 138 patients in the second cohort had an increase in the SAT. Fifteen of 17 (88%) received additional sedation. The sensitivity and specificity of the SAT for additional sedation was 100% (95% CI 75–100%) and 98% (95% CI 94–100%), respectively. The median time for staff to assign the SAT was 10 s (range 3–15 s). Interrater reliability was high with a kappa of 0.87.Conclusion: The SAT is a simple, rapid and useful measure of the level of agitation/sedation in patients with ABD. Increases in the score reliably indicated the need for further sedation.
PG 1211+143: probing high-frequency lags in a high-mass active galactic nucleus
Authors: De Marco B. , Ponti G. , Uttley P. , Cappi M. , Dadina M. , Fabian A. C. , Miniutti G. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
We present the timing analysis of the four archived XMM–Newton observations of PG 1211+143. The source is well-known for its spectral complexity, comprising a strong soft excess and different absorption systems. Soft energy band (0.3–0.7 keV) lags are detected over all the four observations, in the frequency range ν≲ 6 × 10−4 Hz, where hard lags, similar to those observed in black hole X-ray binaries, are usually detected in smaller mass active galactic nuclei (AGN). The lag magnitude is energy-dependent, showing two distinct trends apparently connectable to the two flux levels at which the source is observed. The results are discussed in the context of disc- and/or corona-reprocessing scenarios, and of disc wind models. Similarities with the high-frequency negative lag of 1H 0707−495 are highlighted, and, if confirmed, they would support the hypothesis that the lag in PG 1211+143 represents the signature of the same underlying mechanism, whose temporal characteristics scale with the mass of the central object.
Light‐activated Antibacterial Surfaces Comprise Photosensitizers
Authors: Cahan Rivka , Schwartz Ronen , Langzam Yakov , Nitzan Yeshayahu 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAntibacterial surfaces were prepared using a base polyethylene sheet topped with a layer containing a mixed powder of poly (vinylidene fluoride) and photosensitizers (PSs). A crimpled stamp was placed on the mixed powder, and then it was passed through a heating and pressing device. The three chosen PSs were rose bengal, toluidine blue O and methylene blue. Scanning electron microscope analysis showed that the PS surface texture was coarse and highly developed. Measurement of the apparent contact angles of the droplets deposited on the PS surfaces using goniometry showed that all three surfaces were hydrophobic. Photodynamic analysis of the surfaces into which the PSs were incorporated indicated significant reactive oxygen species formation after illumination with light fluency rate of 1.46 mW cm−2 for 30 min. Photodynamic inactivation assays performed in nutrient broth demonstrated more than 4 log reduction of the attached Escherichia coli after illumination (1.46 mW cm−2) for 24 h when the inoculum was 103 CFU mL−1. However, more than 4 log reduction of Staphylococcus aureus occurred even when the cultures were illuminated for only 6 h. Our results provide an inexpensive, simple, state‐of‐the‐art method for preparing antibacterial surfaces that may help prevent infections in hospital surroundings and in some medical devices.
Effect of Laser Dose and Treatment Schedule on Excision Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Hegde Vishal N. , Prabhu Vijendra , Rao Satish B.S. , Chandra Subhash , Kumar Pramod , Satyamoorthy Kapaettu , Mahato Krishna K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to evaluate a He‐Ne laser (632.8 nm; 7 mW; 4.02 mW cm−2; 15 mm spot size) dose and the treatment schedule on diabetic wound healing in a mouse model. Circular wounds of 15 mm diameter were created on streptozotocin induced diabetic Swiss albino mice, and were uniformly illuminated with the single exposure of various He‐Ne laser doses of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 J cm−2 respectively. Further, the treatment schedule was also optimized by exposing the wounds with 3 J cm−2 at 0, 24 h, 48 h postwounding. Contraction kinetics, mean area under the curve and the mean healing time of the wounds were computed along with the collagen and the glucosamine levels in the wound ground tissues at various postwounding treatment schedules. Results of this study indicated that the single exposure of 3 J cm−2 laser dose applied immediately after the wounding caused a significant reduction in the mean area under the curve and the mean healing time along with the elevated levels of collagen and glucosamine contents in the tissue compared to the controls. In conclusion, He‐Ne laser dose of 3 J cm−2 applied immediately after the wounding has demonstrated optimum wound healing compared to the other doses and treatment schedules.
Photosensitization Reactions In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Kruft Bonnie I. , Greer Alexander 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis review of Photochemistry and Photobiology summarizes articles published in 2010, and highlights progress in the area of photosensitization. The synthesis of conjugated photosensitizers is an area of interest where increasing water solubility has been a goal. Targeting infrared sensitizer absorption has been another goal, and relates to the practical need of deep tissue absorption of light. Photodynamic techniques for inactivating microbes and destroying tumors have been particularly successful. Biologically, singlet oxygen [1O2(1Δg)] is an integral species in many of these reactions, although photosensitized oxidations tuned to electron and hydrogen transfer (Type I) give rise to other reactive species, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. How photoprotection against yellowing, oxygenation and degradation occurs was also an area of topical interest.
Photooxidation of Alkaloids: Considerable Quantum Yield Enhancement by Rose Bengal‐sensitized Singlet Molecular Oxygen Generation
Authors: Görner Helmut , Miskolczy Zsombor , Megyesi Mónika , Biczók László 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe photooxidation of sanguinarine, coralyne and berberine was studied in oxygenated alkaline methanol solutions. Rose bengal as photosensitizer significantly accelerates the process, indicating the importance of singlet molecular oxygen in the reaction mechanism. The quantum yield of sensitized oxidation was found to increase significantly with pH and reaches 0.4 for berberine at pH 13.8. The direct oxidation of alkaloids is less efficient, the quantum yield does not exceed 0.01 even in oxygen‐saturated solutions. The photoinduced electron ejection does not play a role in the oxidation. The uncharged pseudobase forms, which are present in alkaline medium, are oxidized much more easily than the alkaloid cations.
Plasma protein oxidation is correlated positively with plasma iron levels and negatively with hemolysate zinc levels in sickle‐cell anemia patients
Authors: OZTAS Y. , DURUKAN I. , UNAL S. , OZGUNES N. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  Sickle‐cell anemia (SCA) is a disease of high oxidative stress. The oxidative medium of SCA was evaluated by protein oxidation parameters and their correlation with lipids and ions were investigated both in the plasma and in the erythrocyte.Methods:  Blood samples were obtained from 15 steady‐state patients with SCA, 10 carriers, and 10 controls. Plasma protein carbonyl, total sulfhydryl, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, and bilirubin levels were determined by spectrophotometric methods. Plasma copper, zinc, and iron levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, and ions were also determined in the hemolysate lipid extract.Results:  Patients had increased protein carbonyl and decreased total sulfhydryl levels compared with controls. Plasma cholesterol levels were lower than controls, and triglyceride levels were higher than carriers in patients with SCA. Plasma iron and hemolysate copper were higher in patients than carriers and controls. Plasma protein carbonyl levels were found to be correlated with plasma iron and hemolysate zinc levels in the patient group.Conclusion:  Alterations of proteins, lipids, and ions in the plasma and erythrocyte of steady‐state patients with SCA were demonstrated. Some of these alterations are related with each other and with the oxidative stress observed in the disease.
Quantification of hemoglobin Constant Spring in heterozygote and homozygote by a capillary electrophoresis method
Authors: PORNPRASERT S. , PANYASAI S. , WANEESORN J. , KONGTHAI K. , SINGBOOTTRA P. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a high‐resolution method for detection of hemoglobin Constant Spring (Hb CS).Methods:  The levels of Hb CS quantified by CE were compared among three groups of samples including heterozygote and homozygote of Hb CS as well as Hb H‐CS disease classified by DNA molecular diagnosis. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of red blood cells was also analyzed among these three groups.Results:  Mean ± SD of Hb CS level of the homozygote was not significantly different from that of the Hb H‐CS disease (1.9 ± 1.8 vs. 2.8 ± 1.3, P = 0.13), but it was significantly higher than that of the heterozygote (1.9 ± 1.8 vs. 0.4 ± 0.2, P = 0.007). The MCV <70 fL was found in Hb H‐CS disease only.Conclusion:  CE is the preferable method for screening of heterozygote and homozygote of Hb CS. Moreover, in conjunction with a lower MCV (<70 fL), this approach provided a high resolution to identify Hb H‐CS disease.
Determinants of Blood Pressure Response to Low‐Salt Intake in a Healthy Adult Population
Authors: Montasser May E. , Douglas Julie A. , Roy‐Gagnon Marie‐Hélène , Van Hout Cristopher V. , Weir Matthew R. , Vogel Robert , Parsa Afshin , Steinle Nanette I. , Snitker Soren , Brereton Nga H. , Chang Yen‐Pei C. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Mitchell Braxton D. 
Published: September 2011

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:795–800. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Although the beneficial effects of lowering salt intake in hypertensive patients are widely appreciated, the impact of promoting dietary salt restriction for blood pressure (BP) reduction at the population level remains controversial. The authors used 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring to characterize the determinants of systolic BP (SBP) response to low‐salt intake in a large, relatively healthy Amish population. Patients received a high‐ and low‐sodium diet for 6 days each, separated by a 6‐ to 14‐day washout period. Variance component analysis was used to assess the association of several variables with SBP response to low‐salt diet. Mean SBP was 0.7±5.8 mm Hg and 1.3±6.1 mm Hg lower on the low‐salt compared with the high‐salt diet during daytime (P=.008) and nighttime (P<.0001), respectively. SBP response to a low‐salt diet was significantly associated with increasing age and pre‐intervention SBP, in both daytime and nighttime, while the association with female sex and SBP response to cold pressor test (CPT) was significant only during nighttime. Our results suggest that salt reduction may have greater BP‐lowering effects on women, older individuals, individuals with higher SBP, and individuals with higher SBP response to CPT.
Growth phase‐associated changes in the proteome and transcriptome of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in industrial‐type whey medium
Authors: Laakso Kati , Koskenniemi Kerttu , Koponen Johanna , Kankainen Matti , Surakka Anu , Salusjärvi Tuomas , Auvinen Petri , Savijoki Kirsi , Nyman Tuula A. , Kalkkinen Nisse , Tynkkynen Soile , Varmanen Pekka 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe growth phase during which probiotic bacteria are harvested and consumed can strongly influence their performance as health‐promoting agents. In this study, global transcriptomic and proteomic changes were studied in the widely used probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG during growth in industrial‐type whey medium under strictly defined bioreactor conditions. The expression of 636 genes (P ≤ 0.01) and 116 proteins (P < 0.05) changed significantly over time. Of the significantly differentially produced proteins, 61 were associated with alterations at the transcript level. The most remarkable growth phase‐dependent changes occurred during the transition from the exponential to the stationary growth phase and were associated with the shift from glucose fermentation to galactose utilization and the transition from homolactic to mixed acid fermentation. Furthermore, several genes encoding proteins proposed to promote the survival and persistence of L. rhamnosus GG in the host and proteins that directly contribute to human health showed temporal changes in expression. Our results suggest that L. rhamnosus GG has a highly flexible and adaptable metabolism and that the growth stage during which bacterial cells are harvested and consumed should be taken into consideration to gain the maximal benefit from probiotic bacteria.
Identification of a melanocyte‐specific, microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor‐dependent regulatory element in the intronic duplication causing hair greying and melanoma in horses
Authors: Sundström Elisabeth , Komisarczuk Anna Z. , Jiang Lin , Golovko Anna , Navratilova Pavla , Rinkwitz Silke , Becker Thomas S. , Andersson Leif 
Published: September 2011

SummaryGreying with age in horses is an autosomal dominant trait, characterized by hair greying, high incidence of melanoma and vitiligo‐like depigmentation. Previous studies have revealed that the causative mutation for this phenotype is a 4.6‐kb intronic duplication in STX17 (Syntaxin 17). By using reporter constructs in transgenic zebrafish, we show that a construct containing two copies of the duplicated sequence acts as a strong enhancer in neural crest cells and has subsequent melanophore‐specific activity during zebrafish embryonic development whereas a single copy of the duplicated sequence acts as a weak enhancer, consistent with the phenotypic manifestation of the mutation in horses. We further used luciferase assays to investigate regulatory regions in the duplication, to reveal tissue‐specific activities of these elements. One region upregulated the reporter gene expression in a melanocyte‐specific manner and contained two microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF) binding sites, essential for the activity. Microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor regulates melanocyte development, and these binding sites are outstanding candidates for mediating the melanocyte‐specific activity of the element. These results provide strong support for the causative nature of the duplication and constitute an explanation for the melanocyte‐specific effects of the Grey allele.