bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infectious Agents
Authors: MUELLER NANCY E. , BIRMANN BRENDA M. , PARSONNET JULIE , SCHIFFMAN MARK H. , STUVER SHERRI O. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThere is substantial evidence that infectious agents play a causal role in a variety of human malignancies. These cancers include the liver, cervix, stomach, nasopharynx, bladder, and bile duct as well as Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and several lymphomas. This chapter summarizes the biological and epidemiologic features of each of the major oncogenic infections, beginning with the viruses, followed by H. pylori, and with a brief summary of the relevant parasites.
Immunologic Factors
Authors: MORGAN GARETH J. , LINET MARTHA S. , RABKIN CHARLES S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the immunologic factors in cancer. Topics covered include structure and function of the immune system, immune variation and cancer risk, and age-related changes in immune function. Experience with a wide range of immune deficient conditions indicates that loss of immune competence does not globally increase cancer incidence. Limited sets of malignancies are increased that are specific to the underlying immune abnormalities. A common feature is the prominent excess of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in many of these disorders.
Hereditary Neoplastic Syndromes
Authors: LINDOR NORALANE M. , LINDOR CARL J. , GREENE MARK H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe recent clinical availability of germ-line mutation testing for susceptibility genes related to the hereditary forms of common tumors such as breast, ovary, colorectum, and melanoma has served as a powerful catalyst for diverse research activities. Laboratory research, which has been propelled forward by access to carefully annotated biological samples obtained from cancer-prone families, is now challenged by an increasingly complex regulatory environment related to the ethical use of such specimens. Practitioners are being confronted by a host of new clinical issues, including those related to predictive risk assessment, genetic counseling, and germ-line mutation testing for clinical decision-making; the duty to warn at-risk relatives versus their high-risk patient's right to privacy and confidentiality; and, most importantly, the need for evidence-based, safe, and effective management recommendations for high-risk individuals. This chapter touches briefly upon some of these issues then provides a thumbnail description of selected hereditary cancer syndromes. It considers only some disorders for which a Mendelian mode of inheritance has been established and for which at least one germ-line susceptibility gene has been identified.
Cancers of the Vulva and Vagina
Authors: MADELEINE MARGARET M. , DALING JANET R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractVulvar and vaginal cancers are rare throughout the world. In Africa and Asia the age-adjusted incidence rates of vulvar and vaginal cancer vary from 0.1 to 1.4 per 100,000 women. Higher rates for invasive vulvar cancer were reported in Europe and the Americas. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of vulvar and vaginal cancers. Topics covered include classification, molecular genetic characteristics, demographic patterns, environmental factors, host factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Renal Cancer
Authors: MCLAUGHLIN JOSEPH K. , LIPWORTH LOREN , TARONE ROBERT E. , BLOT WILLIAM J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMalignant tumors of the kidney account for about 2% of all new cancer cases in the United States and worldwide, with 38,890 cases and 12,840 deaths estimated for 2006 in the United States. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of renal cancer. Demographic patterns and risk factors are discussed.
Bladder Cancer
Authors: SILVERMAN DEBRA T. , DEVESA SUSAN S. , MOORE LEE E. , ROTHMAN NATHANIEL 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn the United States, an estimated 57,400 cases of cancer of the urinary bladder are diagnosed and 12,500 deaths from the disease occur each year. These account for 6% of all new cases of cancer among men and 2% of cases among women, as well as 3% of cancer deaths among men and 1% among women. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of bladder cancer. Topics covered include demographic patterns, risk factors, biological markers of exposure, tumor markers, and preventive measures.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: PLATZ ELIZABETH A. , GIOVANNUCCI EDWARD 
Published: March 2010

AbstractProstate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men and its incidence is rising internationally. Although intensively studied, little is known conclusively about its causes, with the exception of older age, African-American racial group, and family history of prostate cancer. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of prostate cancer. Topics covered include classification, demographic patterns, environmental and host risk factors, pathogenesis, and preventive measures.
Cutaneous and Ocular Melanoma
Authors: GRUBER STEPHEN B. , ARMSTRONG BRUCE K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the epidemiology of cutaneous and ocular melanomas. Cutaneous melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer. There were an estimated 160,000 new cases diagnosed worldwide in 2002, more than 80% in developed countries, and 41,000 deaths, 66% in developing countries. Sun exposure is its major cause, although a variety of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics contribute substantially to the risk of this complex disease. Ocular melanoma is globally much less significant than cutaneous melanoma and shows little current evidence of uptrend in incidence, in contrast to the continuing uptrend in melanoma. Melanocytes that give risk to ocular melanomas lie principally in pigmentary epithelia that extend continuously from the choroid, a vascular membrane that separates the neural elements of the retina from the fibrous outer covering of the eye (the sclera), anteriorly to the ciliary body and iris.
Multiple Primary Cancers
Authors: SCHOTTENFELD DAVID , BEEBE-DIMMER JENNIFER L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on multiple primary cancers. Approximately 200,000 new cancers each year in the United States are multiple primary cancers, or about 16% of the annual incidence of invasive cancers. Epidemiological research on multiple primary cancers, and the risk mechanisms and patterns of multiple primary cancers are discussed.
Regulating Carcinogens
Authors: SAMET JONATHAN M. , BURKE THOMAS A. , GOLDMAN LYNN 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a broad overview of governmental regulatory approaches to controlling exposures to carcinogens. It focuses specifically on statutes related to the United States, while giving lesser coverage to approaches in Europe. The focus is at the federal level, even though states may also promulgate regulations. Topics discussed include the identification of carcinogens, principles underlying regulations for carcinogens, and carcinogen regulation outside the United States.
Useful Biomarkers in Pediatric Eosinophilic Duodenitis and Their Existence: A Case‐control, Single‐blind, Observational Pilot Study
Authors: Neilan Nancy A , Dowling Paul J , Taylor Debra L , Ryan Pam , Schurman Jennifer V , Friesen Craig A 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether screening for food hypersensitivity could be a clinically useful biomarker for eosinophilic duodenitis in the pediatric population.Patients and Methods:Twenty‐two patients with functional dyspepsia and 19 controls with no significant history of gastrointestinal or allergic disorders were enrolled. Participants underwent skin prick, atopy patch, and serum‐specific (S)‐IgE, ‐IgG, and ‐IgG4 testing to corn, wheat, soy, peanut, milk, and egg. Participants in the patient group also underwent endoscopy with biopsies as part of standard care.Results:Three participants in the patient group did not exhibit duodenal eosinophilia on biopsy and were excluded from data analyses. The patient group consisted of 13 females and 6 males, 8 to 17 years of age. The control group consisted of 10 females and 9 males, 8 to 17 years of age. Seven patients had at least 1 positive reaction to food by skin prick, atopy patch, or SIgE testing compared with 7 controls; odds ratio 1; 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 3.7. Receiver operating characteristics curves showed SIgG and SIgG4 performed poorly or no better than chance for predicting group assignment.Conclusions:Allergy screening for the foods tested was not useful as a biomarker for eosinophilic duodenitis in this small study. A higher rate of positive reactions to patch testing was observed in the control group than previous studies have reported. The incidence of a positive food patch test in nonselected subjects needs further investigation. Method standardization and establishment of reference intervals are needed for atopy patch tests, SIgG, and SIgG4 to better evaluate the clinical value of these measures.
Can finger‐prick sampling replace venous sampling to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of oral paracetamol?
Authors: Mohammed Baba S. , Cameron Garry A. , Cameron Lindsay , Hawksworth Gabrielle H. , Helms Peter J. , McLay James S. 
Published: March 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THE SUBJECT • Finger‐prick blood samples are increasingly used for the clinical and biomedical measurement of drugs and endogenous substance concentration.• The use of different sampling sites can give rise to different drug concentration measurements. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • During the absorption phase, the paracetamol concentration in finger‐prick blood samples is significantly greater than that in venous blood samples, following oral administration.• Finger‐prick and venous blood samples will result in equivalent pharmacokinetic parameters of oral paracetamol only after distribution equilibrium is attained.The drive to increase the availability of paediatric pharmacokinetic data with minimum blood loss has led to the development of micro‐sampling techniques. However studies have suggested that pharmacokinetic data from venous or capillary blood samples may not be directly comparable.AIMThe aim of this study was to determine whether paracetamol demonstrates concentration differences between finger‐prick and venous blood samples.METHODSPaired finger‐prick and venous blood samples were taken at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min following 1 g oral paracetamol, from 12 male adult subjects. Paracetamol concentration was determined using HPLC and UV detection with a LLOQ of 2200 pg on column. Intra‐assay coefficient of variation for paracetamol at the LLOQ was 3%.RESULTSAt 15, 30, and 60 min post dose the median finger‐prick paracetamol concentration was 349%, 72%, and 9.3% greater than the equivalent venous concentrations, respectively. Regression analysis confirmed a significant relationship between finger‐prick and venous paracetamol concentrations at 15 min (r2 = 0.81, P = 0.006), at 30 min (r2 = 0.82, P < 0.0001) and at 60 min (r2 = 0.87, P < 0.0001) post dose. The regression equation for venous and finger‐prick blood concentrations at 15, 30 and 60 min post dose were Venous15 = Finger15 − 3.4, Venous30 = Finger30 − 3.4 and Venous60 = 0.68Finger60 + 3.06, respectively.CONCLUSIONSParacetamol demonstrates an arteriovenous difference in concentration, and the use of finger‐prick samples may give rise to results which differ from those obtained with traditional venous sampling especially during the first 1 h following drug ingestion.
Warfarin and vitamin K intake in the era of pharmacogenetics
Authors: Lurie Yael , Loebstein Ronen , Kurnik Daniel , Almog Shlomo , Halkin Hillel 
Published: March 2010

The considerable variability in the warfarin dose–response relationship between individuals, is explained mainly by genetic variation in its major metabolic (CYP2C9) and target (VKORC1) enzymes. Despite the predominance of pharmacogenetics, environmental factors also affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin, and are often overlooked. Among these factors, dietary and supplemental vitamin K consumption is a controllable contributor to within‐, and between‐patient variability of warfarin sensitivity. In this commentary we review the current role of vitamin K in warfarin anticoagulation therapy, with emphasis on the following:1 The effect of dietary and supplemental vitamin K on warfarin anticoagulation, beyond the impact of genetic variability in CYP2C9 and VKORC1. We deal separately with the effects of vitamin K on warfarin dose requirements during the induction of therapy, as opposed to its effect on stability of anticoagulation control during maintenance therapy.2 The role of vitamin K supplementation in warfarin treated patients with vitamin K deficiency as well as in patients with unstable warfarin anticoagulation, and3 The role of therapeutic vitamin K in cases of warfarin over‐anticoagulation.
The ‘apparent clearance’ of free phenytoin in elderlyvs.younger adults
Authors: Wright Daniel F. B. , Begg Evan J. 
Published: March 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The clearance of many drugs is reduced in the elderly, but the data regarding phenytoin are conflicting. Most studies have estimated phenytoin metabolic clearance using total drug concentrations (bound plus unbound), which may be confounded by protein binding effects. Free phenytoin concentrations are independent of protein binding and should more accurately reflect true metabolic clearance changes in elderly patients.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The two studies reported in this paper suggest a trend towards reduced free phenytoin ‘apparent clearance’ in the elderly, although statistically significant results were not found. Other published studies have largely found similar trends, suggesting an age effect.AIMSTo test the hypothesis that the ‘apparent clearance’ of free phenytoin is reduced in elderly patients.METHODSTwo separate studies were conducted comparing free phenytoin ‘apparent clearance’ in elderlyvs.younger adults. The first study was a retrospective analysis of free phenytoin concentrations measured at Christchurch Hospital from 1997 to 2006. In the second study free phenytoin concentrations were measured prospectively in ambulatory subjects who were taking phenytoin regularly.RESULTSIn the retrospective study (n= 29), free phenytoin ‘apparent clearance’ was 0.27 ± 0.04 l kg−1day−1(95% CI 0.19, 0.34) in the elderly cohortvs.0.37 ± 0.06 l kg−1day−1(95% CI 0.22, 0.52) in younger adults, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the prospective study, free phenytoin ‘apparent clearance’ showed a non‐significant trend to being reduced in the elderly patients (0.12 ± 0.02 l kg−1day−1, 95% CI 0.07, 0.17) compared with the younger cohort (0.18 ± 0.07 l kg−1day−1, 95% CI 0.09, 0.26) in those not taking interacting drugs (n= 21).CONCLUSIONSThis research does not prove the hypothesis that the ‘apparent clearance’ of free phenytoin is reduced in the elderly. However, the trends found in these two studies are supported by trends in the same direction in other published studies, suggesting an age effect.
Dosing and monitoring of enoxaparin (Low molecular weight heparin) therapy in children
Authors: Ignjatovic Vera , Najid Siti , Newall Fiona , Summerhayes Robyn , Monagle Paul 
Published: March 2010

SummaryLow molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are commonly used in paediatric tertiary institutions for primary prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic events. Despite this widespread use, the therapeutic and prophylactic guidelines for LMWH therapy in children are extrapolated from adult guidelines. In fact, there is very little information regarding the pharmacokinetics, clinical effectiveness, adverse event profile and optimal dose schedule for LMWH therapy in children. This study was designed to determine whether paediatric‐specific dosage requirements for LMWH are justified, by investigating the doses required to achieve target therapeutic ranges. Patients who were treated with enoxaparin between October 2003 and July 2007 were identified for inclusion in this study. One hundred forty patients had an anti‐activated factor X assay result with a total of 55 (39%) patients achieving therapeutic levels 4–6 h post dose. Children younger than 1 year required the highest dose of enoxaparin/kg and highest number of dose changes to achieve the target therapeutic range. Major bleeding occurred in one patient, equating to 0·7%, with complete clot resolution recorded in 16 (11%) patients. This study demonstrated a 2–3‐fold variation in individual dose requirements for LMWH in children ≤5 years of age, and further mandates the need for age‐specific dosage requirements in children receiving enoxaparin.
A clinical study of a microfilled composite resin for labial veneers
Authors: WELBURY R. R. 
Published: March 2010

Summary. Two‐hundred and eighty‐nine composite resin‐full labial veneers were placed after labial enamel reduction in children and adolescents and reviewed after periods of up to 3 years. The median (±S.E.) survival time was 35.6 ± 0.8 months with 42 (14%) of the veneers considered to have failed. There was a small incidence of marginal staining, no deterioration in gingival health, and patient satisfaction was high.Résumé. Une totale de 289 facettes veneers vestibulaires en résine posées, après réduction de l'émail vestibulaire chez des enfants et des adolescents, ont été étudiés pendant 3 années. Le temps moyen de maintien en bouche a été de 35,6 mois et 42 facettes (14%) ont été considérées comme des échecs. La coloration marginale était faible; il n'y a pas eu de détérioration parodontale et les patients étaient très satisfaits.Zussamenfassung. Zwei‐hundert neun und achtzig labiale Komposit‐Schalen welche, nach einer Schmelzreduktion bei Kinder und Jugendlichen eingegliedert wurden hat man während 3 Jahren untersucht. Die mittlere Haftdauer war 35,6 Monate (S.E. 0,8 Monate). Zwei und vierzig Schalen (14%) wurden als Misserfolg angesehen. Es zeigt sich ein kleiner Anteil von marginaler Verfärbungen. Gingivale Gesundheit und Patientenzufriedenheit wurden als gut befunden.Resumen. Un total de 289 frentes en veneer con resina composite fueron colocadas despues de reducir el esmalte vestibular en niños y adolescentes y fueron examinados por períodos de hasta tres años. El tiempo medio de duración de los frentes de composite fue de 35.6 meses (Error Standard 0.8 meses) con 42 (14%) de los veneers considerados como fracasos. Hubo una pequeña incidencia de tinción marginal, ho hubo deterioro de la salud gingival y la satisfacción por parte del paciente fue muy alta.
Inversion, rotation and ectopic eruption of a mandibular second premolar
Authors: BURNS SARAH J. 
Published: March 2010

Summary. This case illustrates complete inversion, rotation and ectopic extra‐oral eruption of a mandibular right second premolar and the congenital absence of the contralateral tooth. As far as can be ascertained, the simultaneous expression of these four abnormalities in one patient has not been reported before.Résumé. Ce cas illustre l'inversion complète, la rotation, l'éruption en position ectopique d'une seconde prémolaire mandibulaire droite et l'absence congénitale de la dent contra‐latérale. Pour autant que nous le sachions, l'expression simultanée de ces quatre anomaies chez le même patient n'a jamais été rapportée jusqu'à maintenant.Zusammenfassung. Dieser Fall wird die Inversion, Rotation und der ektopische Durchbruch eines zweiten Prämolars im Unterkiefer beschreiben sowie die congenitale Nichtanlage des kontralateralen Zahnes. Soweit bekannt wurden das simultane Auftreten von diesen vier Abnormalitäten an einem Patienten bis anhin nicht beschrieben.Resumen. Este caso ilustra la inversión completa, rotación, y erupción ectópica del segundo premolar mandibular derecho y la ausencia congénita del diente contralateral. Por lo que se puede determinar, la expresión simultanea de estas cuatro anormalidades en un solo paciente no ha sido reportado.
Dental caries and dental anomalies in children treated by chemotherapy for malignant disease: a study in the north of England
Authors: NUNN J. H. , WELBURY R. R. , GORDON P. H. , KERNAHAN J. , CRAFT A. W. 
Published: March 2010

Summary: Fifty‐two children in remission from childhood cancer and 41 siblings underwent a full clinical and radiographic dental examination. All the children had received chemotherapy. The leukaemic patients had received radiotherapy also, but not involving the jaws. There was no significant difference in dental caries experience between the treated children and the siblings, but significantly more dental anomalies were detected radiographically in the treated group.Résumé. Nous avons examine 52 enfants en remission de cancer infantile, et 41 de leurs freres et soeurs, par examen dentaire clinique et radiologique complets. Tous ces enfants avaient étè sous Chimiotherapie les lencemiques sous radiotherapie mais non aux machoises, Nous n'avons trouve aucune difference significative de caries dentaires entre les enfants traites et non traites (freres et soeurs), mais plus d'anomalies dentaires radiographiques dans le groupe traite (statistiquement) significatif).Zusammefassung. 52 Krebskranke Kinder in der Remissionsphase und 41 weitere Kinder wurden klinisch und röntgologisch zahnärztlich untersucht. Alle Kinder erhielten Chemotherapie. Die Leukemie Patienten wurden auch bestrahlt aber nicht die Kiefer. In Bezug der Kariesanfälligkeit wurde kein Unterschied festgestellt zwischen der behandelten und der nicht behandelten Gruppe, aber eine signifikante grössere Anzahl von Zahna‐nomalien wurden röntgologisch bei der behandelten Gruppen gefunden.Resumen. Un total de 52 niños en remisión de cancer y 41 hermanos(as) recibieron un examen clínico y radiográfico completo. Todos los niños habían recibido quimioterapia. Los pacientes leucémicos tambien recibieron radioterapia, pero no en los maxilares. No hubo diferencia significativa en la experiencia de caries dental entre los niños tratados y los hermanos(as), pero significativamente, más anomalías dentales feuron radigráficamente detectadas en el grupo tratado.