bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bait location by ground foraging ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in mopane woodland selectively sprayed to control tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Zimbabwe
Authors: Tingle C.C.D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFood-baited dishes were used to monitor the impact of ground-sprayed DDT (4% WP @ approx. 200 g/ha) and deltamethrin (0.05% SC @ 2.6 g/ha) for tsetse fly (Glossinaspp.) control, on epigeal ants in mopane woodland in north-western Zimbabwe. Twenty species of ants were recorded at dishes baited with various types of food.Pheidolespp. andMonomorium opacumForel (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) were predominant, both in the number of baits attended and in the number of workers present at individual baits. Season apparently had a greater effect on the composition and activity of the ground foraging ant assemblage than did either pesticide. There was a decline in the rate at which baits were found and in species richness of the ant assemblage as the dry season progressed and several species also showed changes in their ability to locate baits. There was no major pesticide induced disruption of the species richness or food finding ability of the diurnal ground foraging ant assemblage sampled. However, foraging success byPlatythyrea cribrinodis(Gerstaecker) (Formicidae: Ponerinae) was reduced immediately after spraying with deltamethrin. Subtle effects of either insecticide on rarer species cannot be discounted from the results of this study.
Aqueous gum-chloral slide mounting media: an historical review
Authors: Upton Murray S 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn account is given of the development of aqueous gum-chloral mounting media used for mounting small arthropods on microscope slides. Berlese’s fluid is shown to have never been used by Berlese and other formulae are shown to have been randomly attributed to various authors, often incorrectly. Erroneous formulae and modifications to formulae have been followed by subsequent workers without reference to their origin. Details of the five formulae currently recommended in the literature are given and serious problems are shown to have been encountered with all of them by many workers. In many collections throughout the world gum-chloral slides are steadily deteriorating and specimens becoming irretrievably lost. Those workers advocating the use of gum-chloral aqueous media continue to propose alternative techniques in an attempt to overcome the problems they admit still occur. It is recommended that these media be used only for temporary mounts and never for specimens of taxonomic significance.
Revision of the Australian and South African species ofHalotydeus(Acarina: Penthaleidae)
Authors: Qin T.K. , Halliday R.B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe present paper revises the Australian and South African species ofHalotydeusBerlese. The redlegged earth miteH. destructor(Tucker) is redescribed, and four new species are described (H. anthropus, H. bakerae, H. castellusandH. spectatus). A key to species is provided.Halotydeus destructoris an important pest of leguminous pasture and other crop plants, but the three Australian species (H. bakerae, H. castellusandH. spectatus)occur in native vegetation and are not believed to be of any economic significance. The pest status of the South African speciesH. anthropushas not yet been determined.
A new Species of Apanteles (Hym. Brac.) bred from Carposina adreptella attacking Raspberry in New Zealand
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Apanteles carposinae, sp. n.♀. Black; the front legs entirely (save for the black feet and for some occasional slight darkening on femora above and below, on tibiae above, and on coxae and tarsi), middle legs entirely (save for the black feet and for femora darkened above and below and for some occasional slight darkening on tibiae and coxae), hind coxae at apex below, hind trochanters and trochantines, hind femora (save above and below extensively), hind tibiae, hind tarsi (save for black feet and some darkening), and palpi, red testaceous; tibial spurs pale; wings infumated evenly throughout and the setae coloured; stigma, metacarp, and all veins, brown; stigma uniformly opaque.♂. Black; front coxae (save at base), front trochanters and trochantines, front femora (save for darkening above and below, which is sometimes strong), front tibiae (save for strong darkening above), front tarsi (save for some darkening and the black feet), middle coxae (save at base or even basal half), middle trochanters and trochantines largely, middle femora (save for extensive strong darkening above and below), hind coxae at apex below to some extent in the lighter but not in the darker examples, hind femora (save for extensive strong darkening above and below), and palpi, red testaceous; the four posterior tibiae and tarsi, and the hind trochanters and trochantines, largely darkened throughout save perhaps in an occasional lighter example; tibial spurs pale; wings infumated evenly throughout and the setae coloured; stigma, metacarp, and all veins, brown; stigma uniformly opaque.
A Study of the natural Control of the Pea Moth, Cydia nigricana, Steph.
Authors: Cameron Ewen 
Published: July 2009

1. The moth—Cydia nigricana—whose larvae bore into the pods of developing peas and render most of the contained seeds unfit for human consumption is considered by some authorities to be one of the principal insect pests of agriculture in Canada. It is particularly destructive in the Maritime Provinces and British Columbia, while in Ontario it increased to such proportions that the farmers of that province had to give up growing mid-season peas altogether.2. This state of affairs is attributed to the fact that the pea moth was accidentally introduced from Europe in 1893 without the insect parasites which attack and check it in its native home. At any rate no parasites have emerged from the representative collections of pea moth material made by the Canadian entomologists in the affected areas, while three species with a combined parasitism of up to 60 per cent. have been reared by the writer from cocoons of the moth in England. Furthermore, in Canada, where parasites of this particular pest are absent, 10–50 per cent. of the pea crop and sometimes as much as 75 per cent. or more, is said to be destroyed annually by the moth larvae, whereas in England, where they are present, the attack is usually comparatively slight.3. The paper opens with a general account of the biology of the pea moth including systematic descriptions of the adult and developmental stages, and notes on the host-plants and distribution of the insect.
A new genus and species of Erythroneurini (Homoptera, Cicadelloidea) and a key to the African genera
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractZanjoneura kenyana gen. et sp.n. is described from specimens collected on Caesalpinia spinosa in Kenya, and two species are transferred to Zanjoneura from Frutioidia. A key is given to the 18 genera of the Erythroneurini found in Africa.
The distance of attraction of a human bait to Lutzomyia verrucarum (Diptera: Psychodidae) in crops
Authors: Davies C.R. , Cameron M.M. , Llanos-Cuentas E.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLutzomyia verrucarum (Townsend) is an abundant anthropophilic phlebotomine sandfly in the Peruvian Andes between 1500 m and 3000 m asl, where it has been incriminated as a vector of both Leishmania peruviana (cutaneous leishmaniasis) and Bartonella bacilliformis (bartonellosis). Previous studies of this vector demonstrated that sandfly activity, measured by sticky traps, was related to crop type. In this paper, we report the results of a field experiment in Peru (Department of Ancash) which show that a single human host in a crop does not attract Lu. verrucarum from distances of 5 m or more, and that there is a positive correlation between the number of Lu. verrucarum collected by sticky traps and the number attracted to a human host in the same field. The results imply that variation in sandfly activity between crop types could lead to differential risk of both leishmaniasis and bartonellosis for humans working at night in different crops.
Studies of host location behaviour in the black fly Simulium arcticum (IIS-1O.11) (Diptera: Simuliidae): aspects of close range trap orientation
Authors: Sutcliffe James F. , Steer David J. , Beardsall David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies of orientation responses of the IIS-10.11 sibling of Simulium arcticum Malloch species complex and other simuliid species to host-mimicking cattle silhouette traps (CSTs) were carried out in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada. Simuliids were attracted to CSTs from downwind by a CO2 bait but very few were attracted to an unbaited CST. Passively searching simuliids tended to fly at lower levels than actively host seeking ones. Simuliids appeared to fly at lower levels when within visual range of the CST than when outside of it. Higher flight levels may improve chances of eventually making visual contact with the host or CST. Experiments in which a CO2 outlet was separated by increasing distances from a CST indicated that simuliids see the 1.1 m long CST at a range of approximately 8 m. Simuliids landing on the CST, whether CO2-baited or not, showed a strong preference for the trap's ends followed by the downwind side, followed by the upwind side. Species composition of collections from CST collections differed significantly from the species composition of cattle sweeps taken at the same times. Simulium vittatum was over-represented in collector catches in comparison to cattle sweeps. This bias may be due to species-specific differences in responses after landing on the CST since sweeps taken around CSTs had compositions similar to cattle sweeps. Results are discussed in terms of host orientation in biting flies in general and the suitability of CST-type traps as components of attractant-based control strategies and in simuliid population monitoring.
Genetic differentiation and relationships in five taxa of theBactrocera dorsaliscomplex (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Yong H. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult flies from five taxa (Bactrocera carambolaeDrew & Hancock (formerly ‘Malaysian A’),B. dorsalis(Hendel)sensu stricto, B. melastomatosDrew & Hancock,B. papayaeDrew & Hancock (formerly ‘Malaysian B’) andB. propinqua(Hardy & Adachi) of theBactrocera dorsaliscomplex were analysed at 17 enzyme loci using horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. Eleven loci—aAdh, Ald, Gpd, Ldh, aMdh, cMdh, Me, Pgm, Pgd, Sod-F, Sod-S—were represented by the most common allele in the five taxa. Of these 11 loci, seven showed intraspecific variation in one or more taxa. Among the five taxa,B. melastomatoscould be distinguished from the rest by two loci (AcpandGpi), whileB. propinquacould be separated by four loci (Acp, Est-D, Idh90, Pep-C).Bactrocera dorsalis, B. carambolaeandB. papayaedid not possess any species-characteristic locus/allele, butB. carambolaecould be distinguished from the other two taxa byIdh. The proportion of polymorphic loci in the Malaysian taxa ranged from 0.41 to 0.53.Bactrocera propinquahad the lowest average heterozygosity (H=0.05), while that inB. carambolae, B. melastomatosandB. papayaeranged from 0.09 to 0.11. The genetic identity values indicate closest affinity between B. dorsalis andB. papayae(I=0.99), followed byB. caramboiae(I=0.92),B. melastomatos(I=0.84) andB. propinqua(I=0.69).Bactrocera melastomatosshowed closest affinity toB. carambolae(I=0.87) and was most distant fromB. propinqua(I=0.64).
Responses of ragwort flea beetleLongitarsus jacobaeae(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to signals from host plants
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Qiang , McEvoy Peter B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResponses of adult flea beetlesLongitarsus jacobaeae(Waterhouse), to signals from ragwort plants (Senecio jacobaeaLinnaeus) were studied by recording their directions of movement in a wind tunnel and their colonization of host-plants in the field. Starved beetle individuals, irrespective of gender, orientated toward upwind host-plants over a distance of 60 cm in the wind tunnel, whereas satiated beetles did not. In the absence of upwind host-plants, all beetles moved randomly in all directions, regardless of whether they were starved or satiated. Starved beetle individuals did not show directed movement towards hosts when plants were downwind in the wind tunnel, nor when in the presence of host-plants when the wind was absent. Groups of starved beetles orientated to upwind host-plants in the wind tunnel, as did individual beetles. In the field, plants over 60 cm upwind of the released beetles were found and colonized by more beetles than downwind plants, in spite of the presence of background vegetation. This confirms the result of laboratory experiments thatL. jacobaeaecan orient to upwind host-plants.
The spatio-temporal pattern of Delphacodes kuscheli (Homoptera: Delphacidae) abundance in central Argentina
Authors: Grilli Mariano P. , Gorla David E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDelphacodes kuscheli Fennah is the vector of maize rough dwarf virus, that affects maize production in central Argentina. The spatial and temporal abundance pattern of the insect vector was studied from October 1992 to November 1994, within endemic and non-endemic areas of the crop disease. Insect density was estimated every 7–15 days during spring and summer (maize season) or monthly during autumn and winter from high (6 m) and low (1.5 m) sticky traps placed at eight sampling stations along a 300 km transect. Each year, D. kuscheli density increased from October, peaked in December, to decrease afterwards and disappear in May. Density was lower in the nonendemic area and higher in the endemic one. The average absolute difference of density between sampling station pairs increased with the distance between the sampling stations (R2=0.85), and the correlation of density changes decreased with the distance between the sampling stations (R2=0.78), suggesting that the population dynamics were affected more by local than by regional factors. There was a significant correlation (with a 36 days lag) between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (calculated from 15 days maximum value composites images of NOAA-11 meteorological satellites) and D. kuscheli abundance. Based on this regression model, and using the time series of the satellite derived NDVI values, maps of the distribution and abundance of D. kuscheli within the study area for the spring and summer of 1992 were produced.
Seasonal variation of Haematobia irritans (Diptera: Muscidae) in a recently infested region of central Argentina
Authors: Guglielmone A. A. , Anziani O. S. , Mangold A. J. , Giorgi R. E. , Volpogni M. M. , Flores S. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe seasonal variation of adult populations of Haematobia irritans Linnaeus was monitored at Santa Fe, Argentina from August 1992 to August 1994 by weekly counts of flies on grazing heifers. Each year, flies were recorded at a density of more than two flies per heifer from August/September to the following June, with peaks of abundance in mid to late spring and late summer to mid autumn. The seasonal trend of fly numbers was best correlated with the mean temperature 4 weeks prior to each fly count (correlation indices of P<0.01 in six of the nine fly periods) followed by the previous 4 week mean saturation deficit. Rainfall and relative humidity correlated poorly with the seasonality of H. irritans. Temperature appeared crucial at the beginning (late winter) and at the end (early-mid autumn) of the fly season while its relevance diminished in the middle of the season. The percentage of heifers that were infested decreased from 80–100% in the fly season to 0–55% between fly seasons but H. irritans never disappeared from the heards, indicating that if diapause occurs at the latitude of the study area, part of the fly population was not sensitive to diapause inducing factors.
The influence of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) provenance on the development and survival of larvae of the pine beauty moth Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Leather S. R. , Fellowes M. D. E. , Hayman G. R. F. , Maxen J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLarvae of the pine beauty moth Panolis flammae (Denis & Schiffermüller) were reared in sleeve cages on five different seed origins (provenances) of pole stage Pinus contorta in the field in each of four years from 1985 to 1988. Survival varied significantly between the years. In those years when survival was high, Significant differences between tree provenance were not found. However, between provenance significant differences were found in larval weight and stage of development. In the years when survival was low, the results seen in good years were reversed. significant differences attributable to provenance were found but these were not reflected in significant differences between larval weight or development. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the proportion surviving and larval weight, which was not the case in those years where larval survival was high. The results are discussed in light of the pest status of P. flammea in Britain and in view of current silvicultural policies. The use of trees resistant to insect attack as part of an integrated pest management programme is highlighted and the need to coordinate laboratory and field studies so as to control for environmental variation discussed.
Insects injurious to Cacao plants in the Belgian Congo
Authors: Distant W. L. 
Published: July 2009

Pendulinus devastans, sp. nov.Above with the head, pronotum, scutellum and corium ochraceous, thickly darkly punctate; narrow margins to the pronotum and scutellum and the margins and venation to corium pale ochraceous and impunctate; membrane shining bronzy-brown; body beneath and legs pale ochraceous; head beneath and sternum thickly but not darkly punctate, a small shining black spot on each side near outer margins of posterior coxae; tibiae sometimes moderately roseate in hue; antennae reddish-ochraceous, apical joint either paler in hue, or testaceous with the bases and apices paler, basal joint moderately thickened and a little curved outwardly, its apical area somewhat incrassate, first and second joints almost subequal in length, second and third joints slender, second longer than third, fourth incrassate, subequal in length to third; head above centrally longitudinally incised; lateral pronotal angles subprominent; venation of corium robust.
The Ecological Distribution of some South American Grass and Sugar-cane Borers (Diatraea spp., Lep., Pyralidae)
Authors: Myers J. G. 
Published: July 2009

1. The survey of Diatraea spp. in their primitive habitats has been extended to cover the interior Guiana plateau, the Rio Branco, the lower Rio Negro and the lower Amazon.2. The greatest practical result has been the discovery and introduction into British Guiana of the Amazon fly parasite (Metagonistylum minense) of D. saccharalis.3. The most interesting ecological result was the finding of several Diatraea spp. as original members of a true savannah association.4. The twelve species considered are grouped as forest, riparian, savannah and domestic species.5. The two forest species are D. bellifactella and D. brunnescens.6. Riparian grass associations are developed over huge areas on the lower Amazon, where they may be divided roughly into three main zones, dominated by Paspalum repens, Echinochloa polystachya and Paspalum fasciculatum, respectively.7. The chief, and in fact only Diatraea of the first and second zones, is D. saccharalis, which is occasionally abundant.8. The P. fasciculatum zone is colonised by D. amazonica and D. myersi.9. The pure savannah species are D. canella, D. impersonatella, D. savannarum and D. cayennella.10. D. lineolata is practically confined to maize, and no wild host-plants, either naturalised or indigenous, are known.11. Five species attack cane, namely, saccharalis, busckella, impersonatella, canella and albicrinella, and all except the latter are major pests over considerable areas.
The Lily Thrips (Liothrips vaneeckei, Priesner)
Authors: Hodson W. E. H. 
Published: July 2009

1. Attention is drawn to the presence of Liothrips vaneeckei upon lilies in this country and reference is made to its known distribution and host plants.2. The various stages of the thrips are described and figured.3. The life-history and habits, together with the injury caused, are discussed.4. Control measures are considered. A method of fumigation with paradichlorbenzene is described, and the necessary apparatus to employ and technique to observe when fumigating upon a commercial scale are outlined.
Phase Variation in non-swarming Grasshoppers
Authors: Rubtzov I. A. 
Published: July 2009

1. All the species of Siberian grasshoppers that have been studied in sufficient detail consist of a series of races exhibiting parallel coloration, structure and behaviour characters.2. Every race ofChorthippus albomarginatus, Zett.,Aeropus sibiricus, L., and of other species, has in its hopper and adult stage a series of colour forms analogous in their characters to the phasessolitaria, transiensandgregariaof swarming locusts.3. These colour forms are very unstable and undergo changes during the individual life due to the conditions of breeding.4. Breeding in crowded conditions results in the predominance of dark-coloured forms, with black and sometimes with orange spots. Breeding in isolation, on the contrary, results in light forms of various colours.5. No complete transformation of all the individuals in a population is observed in Siberian grasshoppers, and the intermediate forms represent a considerable portion of every population.6. These colour forms, which can be considered as phases, differ also in their structural characters. Phasegregariais larger and more long-winged than phasesolitaria.7. The phases differ further in their behaviour, ph.gregariabeing more mobile and inclined to migrations, than ph.solitaria.8. Every species and every race which have been studied exhibit a potential ability to produce phases, but this ability is not equal in all species and races. Those species and races which, owing to their habits and to the conditions of their habitats, can multiply in masses in restricted areas are more inclined to phase variability.
A Method of Marking Isolated Adult Locusts in Large Numbers as an Aid to the Study of their Seasonal Migrations
Authors: Davey J. T. 
Published: July 2009

A method of marking adult locusts, particularly useful when numbers are low and hand marking would be difficult, is described. It involves the use of a small hand spray gun from which a jet of paint can be directed at the locusts in spurts at ranges up to about 15 ft. The paints tested consisted of suspensions of pigments in light oil.The paints are of low toxicity and the marks remain visible for many weeks. By the use of this method far more locusts can be marked in a given time than could be marked by hand. The efficiency of the method is reduced by high winds and dense vegetation, and it is more costly than hand marking. Most of the marked locusts cannot be recognised as such without being captured.Some results obtained with this method in the French Sudan are given. In two months more than 50,000 locusts, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. & F.), were marked with a red paint; four were recovered 60 kilometres or more from the area in which they were marked, and the paint was clearly visible after five weeks.Ways of improving the technique, and other possible methods of marking, are discussed.