bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Salt-Mines of St. Domingo
Authors: Ruschhaupt F. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
author described the Cerro de Sal, or Salt-mountain of St. Domingo*, as subordinate to the main chain of mountains running in a S.E. and N.W. direction, its own direction being E.S.E. and W.N.W. The eastern part of the Cerro de Sal is very rugged and steep, rising to 550 or 600 feet; towards the W. it becomes lower, and forms a chain of irregular hills.

The rocks of which the mountain is composed are referred by the author to the “Red-Sandstone class.” Below, where the chief visible salt-deposits occur, the rocks are chiefly gypsum-schists, sometimes very argillaceous, rarely calcareous. The salt is generally surrounded by an ash-like mass, consisting of gypsum and clay. The higher part of the mountain is formed of gypseous rock not forming connected layers; this is compared by the author to the gypsum of the Keuper.
The salt-bearing beds are said by the author to be thrown up into a perpendicular position, and this upheaval is described by him as occurring for miles both in the hills and on the low savanas. Numerous salt-springs occur at considerable distances around the mountain.
About eighty holes have been opened by the natives upon the ridge of the mountain in order to get the salt. On the north side an immense ledge of salt is exposed, the soil having been washed away from it. The part exposed is from 250 to 300 feet broad, and is about 200 feet from the base of the mountain.
By an examination
On the Lignite Mines of Podernuovo, near Volterra
Authors: Beor E. J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author stated that the deposit of Lignite at Podernuovo, near Volterra, is of lacustrine origin, and consists of two parallel strata of compact coal about 2.5 (=8 feet 4 in.) in thickness, separated by a thin stratum of marl, with marsh-shells. The lower coal-bed lies on a bed of marl with marsh-shells, and the upper bed is covered by a marine formation belonging to the Upper Miocene. The lignite comes to the surface near the Alberese, where it is thrown up in a large mass and extends for a considerable distance. In the Monterufoli valley, where the lignite is worked, its inclination is found to be about 42° at a depth of 40 metres, where it is intersected by an adit-level driven from the surface of the hill for the removal of the lignite. Two galleries have been driven at right angles to this to a distance of 120 metres right and left through the lignite. Some shifts occur bringing the upper bed down nearly to the level of the lower one; the inclination of the beds diminishes gradually; and the intervening stratum of marl decreases in thickness, and probably at last thins out altogether. The coal in the upper bed is better than that in the lower one. The author remarked that this lignite deposit differs from those of the neighbouring valleys (such as the Val di Bruno, Val di Pecora, Yal di Cornia, and Val di Cecina), in being purely of marsh origin, while they are estuarine.
On Beds of supposed Rothliegende Age, near Knaresborough
Authors: Ward J. Clifton 
Published: October 2009

By permission of the Director-General of the Geological Survey I am enabled to lay before the Society a brief outline of some observations made during the past summer in the course of my professional duties.
In the neighbourhood of Knaresborough occur certain very well-marked and distinctive grits of a red or purplish-red colour; for the most part these rocks are coarse, frequently quite conglomeratic; oftentimes, however, they are mere sandstones, while in some places they pass into sandy shales. In some localities, as near Plumpton, the proportion of red felspar in the grit is very great, while in others white specks of decomposed mineral matter are scattered profusely through the mass. The quartz-pebbles are very often as large as pigeons' eggs, and form well-marked layers, generally at the base of the separate beds of grit.
The grit in the neighbourhood of Plumpton, near Knaresborough, forms most picturesque weathered masses. Between Spofforth and Plumpton, on the slope immediately below the magnesian-limestone escarpment, stand numerous detached pillars and masses of rock, some rising 15 feet above the level of the surrounding ground, others but barely protruding, their surfaces presenting all those curiosities of atmospheric action, in the shape of perforations, basin-holes, honeycombing along the planes of bedding, &c., which, although in many cases difficult to explain fully, yet seem still to be in process of forming. The soil of the fields in which these detached and picturesque rocks rise consists, as one would expect, of the decomposed grit, and seems of a
On a new Labyrinthodont from Bradford
Authors: Huxley T. H. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
specimen which Mr. Miall has been so good as to send for my examination is without doubt a Labyrinthodont Amphibian. This is proved by the character of the vertebræ, of the ribs, and of the ventral armour. But the state of the fossil is such that it is not easy to discover points in which it can be strictly compared with those forms of Labyrinthodonts which are already known.

For example, nothing remains of the skull but some fragments of the upper and lower jaws. The piece of bone which represents the right upper jaw is 7 inches long, and has, like a fragment of the left upper jaw which lies below it, a pitted sculpture. A part of the right ramus of the mandible, with its symphysial end entire, is about 6 inches long, and about half an inch deep at the symphysis. Both upper and lower jaws bear close-set, even-sized teeth, nearly circular in section and somewhat recurved at their apices, which are rather obtusely pointed. Parallel longitudinal folds are indicated upon the basal halves of some of these teeth, the largest of which is not more than 0·5 in. long, by 0·15 in. thick at the base (Pl. XI. fig. 1). An impression of a conical acutely pointed tooth, much larger than any of these (seeing that it must have had a length of nearly an inch when it was entire), is seen upon the matrix, 2 inches below the ramus of the mandible.
These features
On the Caratal Gold-Field
Authors: Foster C. Le Neve 
Published: October 2009

T
he
Caratal goldfield, for our knowledge of which we are indebted to Dr. Plassard, is situated in Venezuela, about 160 miles in a straight line east-south-east of Ciudad Bolivar or Angostura, the capital of the State of Guayana. It lies about 100 miles south of the River Orinoco, about seventy-five miles up from the principal mouth.

Before entering upon a description of the various kinds of gold-deposits, I must give a short general sketch of the geology of the district.
The country between Ciudad Bolivar and Pastora consists almost entirely of gneiss, with some mica-schist and hornblende-schist, and a little granite. All three varieties of rock are seen at Ciudad Bolivar itself. From Ciudad Bolivar to the Caroni there is a gently undulating savannah showing outcrops of gneiss as far as the neighbourhood of the Arasiama ridge, which is formed of itaberite. About Arasiama, and on both sides of the Caroni near Guri, the strike of the gneiss is, roughly speaking, east and west.
Beyond Charapo there is some hornblende-schist striking E. 15° N. in some of the land which forms the watershed between the basin of the Orinoco and that of the Essequibo. Where the road crosses it, the watershed is not more than about 1100 feet above the sea-level.
Further east, at Limones, I saw granite; but the greater part of the country consists of gneiss, which now gets a strike of N. 18° W. to N. 15° E. Both east and west of the Oronato I found
On the Nature and Cause of the Glacial Climate
Authors: Murphy Joseph John 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the present paper I purpose to show how far I agree with, and where I differ from, Mr. Croll as to the views on the cause of the glacial climate set forth in his paper in the ‘Philosophical Magazine’ for August 1864.

Mr. Croll's conclusions may be stated in the three following propositions :—

1.
A glacial period occurs when the excentricity of the earth's orbit is at a maximum, and the solstices fall when the earth is in perihelio and in aphelio.

2.
Only one hemisphere, the northern or the southern, has a glacial climate at the same time.

3.

The glaciated hemisphere is that of which the
winter
occurs in aphelio.

I agree with Mr. Croll as to the first two propositions, but differ as to the third. I believe that the glaciated hemisphere is that of which the
summer
occurs in aphelio. The following propositions are self-evident when stated:—

When the excentricity of the earth's orbit is very considerable, and the winter of either hemisphere occurs in perihelio and its summer in aphelio, the nearness of the sun in winter will cause a mild winter, and his remoteness in summer will cause a cool summer.
Conversely, in the opposite hemisphere at the same time, the winter will occur in aphelio and the summer in perihelio: the remoteness of the sun in winter will cause a cold winter, and his nearness in summer will cause a hot summer.
Suppose, for instance, that when the excentricity of the earth’s orbit is
On the Graphite of the Laurentian of Canada
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author described the modes of occurrence of great quantities of graphite in the Laurentian limestones of Canada. It occurs both in beds and veins, the latter generally not true fissures, but shrinkage-cracks or segregation-veins. It is also disseminated, in scales &c., through the substance of the rocks. The graphitiferous rocks are widely spread, both in Canada and the neighbouring portion of the United States. The author discusses the origin of this graphite, which he ascribes to the conversion of the remains of plants into bituminous matter, from which the graphite has in its turn been derived. In some cases he has found traces of fibres which he thought might be the remains of terrestrial plants. In conclusion the author referred to the interest attaching to this matter in connexion with the study of the conditions prevailing at the time of the deposition of these limestones, and especially as furnishing evidence of an abundance of vegetable life in the “Eozoic” period.
Rodentia of the Somerset Caves
Authors: Sanford W. Ayshford 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

T
he
author has examined the Rodents from the caves of Somersetshire contained in the Taunton Museum, and found that many of them cannot be referred to species hitherto regarded as belonging to the fauna contemporary with the Mammoth in Britain. He enumerates species of
Arvicola
(including
A. glareola
, Schreb., and
A. ratticeps
, Blas.=
Lemmus medius
, Nilsson, and a species which may be new, and for which he proposed the provisional name of
A. Gulielmi
),
Lemmus
(
L. norvegicus
, Desm.),
Lagomys
(
L. spelœus
, Owen),
Lepus
(
L. diluvianus
, Pict.,
L. timidus
, Linn.,
L. hibernicus
, Bell, and
L. cuniculus
, Linn.),
Spermophilus
(
S. erythroganoides
, Falc.: the citation of
S. citillus
by the author and Mr. Boyd Dawkins is founded on a mistake), and
Cricetus
(
C. songarus
, Pall.).
Letter on Aërolites from Greenland
Authors: Wyke C. L. 
Published: October 2009

Copenhagen, Oct. 10, 1871.
My Lord,—Two Swedish-Government vessels have lately visited this port, having on board a scientific commission which has just returned from an expedition to the coast of Greenland. They brought with them a number of aërolites which had been found on the coast upon the surface of the ground. These aërolites are all of the iron class, and consist of masses of what is called meteoric iron, of various sizes, the largest weighing no less than 25 tons.
As these curiosities were discovered in Greenland, one of them, the second in size, has been presented by the discoverers to the Danish Government, and has been placed in the arsenal in this city.
I have, &c.

(Signed)
Charles Lennox Wyke
.

Discussion
.

Mr.
David Forbes
having recently returned from Stockholm, where he had the opportunity of examining these remarkable masses of native iron, took the opportunity of stating that they had been first discovered last year by the Swedish arctic expedition, which brought back several blocks of considerable size, which had been found on the coast of Greenland. The expedition of this year, however, has just succeeded in bringing back more than twenty additional specimens, amongst which two were of enormous size. The largest, weighing more than 49,000 Swedish pounds, or about 21 tons English, with a maximum sectional area of about 42 square feet, is now placed in the hall of the Royal Academy of Stockholm; whilst, as a compliment to Denmark, on whose territory they were found
Notes on the Geology of the Plain of Morocco, and the Great Atlas
Authors: Maw George 
Published: October 2009

Of the geology of Barbary, nothing has heretofore been put on record excepting a few cursory remarks on the Morocco Plain by Dr. Hodgkin, in his account of Sir Moses Montefiore's ‘Mission to Morocco in 1864,’ and a short paper, by Mr. G. B. Stacey, on the subsidence of the coast near Benghazi, published in the 23rd volume of the Quarterly Journal. Barbary, with the exception of the immediate neighbourhood of a few of the ports, has been almost inaccessible to Europeans; and the extreme jealousy of the Moorish Government with reference to the mineral riches of the country has hitherto prevented any geological investigation.
During the spring of the present year I had the advantage of accompanying Dr. Hooker to Morocco and the Great Atlas, permission for our visit having been obtained from the Sultan through representations made to the Moorish Government by Lord Granville through Sir John D. Hay, our Ambassador at Tangier.
The object of the journey was mainly botanical; and as an engagement was given by Dr. Hooker that we should not collect minerals, the opportunities for geological investigation were very limited.
The observations I was able to make on the structure of the great chain, which had not been previously ascended by a European, and of the Plain of Morocco, are embodied in the accompanying section (Pl. III. fig 1). Stopping for about a fortnight at Tangier, we made several excursions in the neighbourhood. The western part of the northern promontory of Morocco, facing the
Appendix. On some Bivalve Entomostraca from the Lias (“Infralias”) of Yorkshire
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: October 2009

1.
Bairdia (?) ellipsoidea
, G. S. Brady, MS.

Carapace ovato-trigonal; somewhat compressed; highest (broadest) in the anterior third. Valves smooth, thick; right valve the largest, overlapping the other on the dorsal and ventral borders, and marked with a furrow within each of those edges for the reception of the fellow valve. Length
1/48
inch. Four specimens.

This somewhat resembles
Bairdia ovata
, Bosquet, sp. (‘Mém. Commission descr. Carte Géol. Néerlande,’ vol. ii. p. 73, pl. 5. Fig. 6), and probably belongs rather to
Pontocypris
than to
Bairdia
, both of which are marine members of the family
Cypridœ
. See G. S. Brady's “Monograph of the Recent British Ostracoda,” Linn. Trans. vol. xxvi. p. 360, &c.

2.
Cythere Moorei
, G. S. Brady, MS.

Carapace tumid; egg-shaped, with terminal lipsa nd flattened ventral surface; somewhat like a peach-tone in shape and ornament. Surface of the valves reticulate; the meshes rather coarse on the middle, but having a tendency to become longitudinal and parallel on the sides and towards the extremities.
Length
1/32
inch. Three specimens.

In general form this approaches
C. striatopunctata
(Römer) and
C. concentrica
(Reuss); but the reticulation differs. It takes its name after Mr. Charles Moore, F.G.S., one of the most enthusiastic of geologists, and a successful among Lias fossils.

3.
Cythere Blakei
, sp. nov.

Carapace oblong, subcylindrical, with marginal lips at the ends, obliquely rounded in front, contracted and rounded behind, somewhat compressed dorsally at the median third. Surface rough, with faint
On the Glacial Phenomena of the Yorkshire Uplands
Authors: Dakyns J. R. 
Published: October 2009

The Carboniferous hills that form the central axis and backbone of Northern England sink beneath the Triassic plain near the town of Derby. Between Derby in the south and Wensleydale in the north, this line of hills is broken through by the valleys of the Wye, in Derbyshire, and of the Calder and the Aire, in Yorkshire.
In Derbyshire and the part of Yorkshire south of the Aire basin, no glacial drift has been found on the eastern slope of the chain, save where the latter is broken through by the above-named valleys. Thus in Derbyshire plenty of drift occurs in the valley of the Wye and in that of the Derwent below its junction with the Wye, as if some of the drift that is so plentiful on the western slope of the Pennine chain had come eastward through the Wye valley; but north of the Wye none is found in Derbyshire on the eastern slope of the china. Again, some boulders of transported rocks, granite, and other foreigners are said to have been found in the bed of Calder; but no drift-deposits have been found in the Calder basin east of the anticlinal axis, save one patch of Boulder-clay at Mixenden, some miles above Halifax, quite at the edge of the driftless area. The boulders above mentioned would seem to have been washed out of the drift of Lancashire. On the other hand, the western slope of the Pennine range is everywhere thickly covered with drift nearly up
On the Discovery of Palæolithic Implements in Association with
Elephas primigenius
in the Gravels of the Thames Valley at Acton
Authors: Fox A. Lane 
Published: October 2009

The gravels and brick-earths of this part of the Thames valley have been classed by Mr. Prestwich† and Mr. Whitaker into two principal groups:—1st, the high-level gravels of Mr. Prestwich, occupying the summits of the hills above the valley; and, 2ndly, the valley-gravels, occupying the sides and bottom of the valley itself.
With respect to the former, or high-level gravels, some slight difference of opinion appears at one time to have existed between the two authorities whom I have quoted—Mr. Prestwich including the gravels upon Wimbledon, Wandsworth, and Clapham Commons amongst the high-level gravels, whilst Mr. Whitaker considers the gravels of Wandsworth and Clapham Commons to belong to the valley-gravels. He, indeed, if I understand rightly his memoir on Sheet 7 of the Geological Survey Map‡, appears to think it possible that the whole of the high-level gravel of Mr. Prestwich may be nothing1 more than higher terraces of the valley-gravel.
To enable the reader to understand at a glance the positions of the gravels I am about to describe, I have drawn a map of this part of the Thames valley, with contour lines of 10-feet levels strongly marked. A portion only of this map is given in the accompanying illustration (fig. 1), showing the part of the valley between Acton and the Thames. The margin of the London Clay is here shown by a dark tint, that of the gravel by a light one, and, for the sake of clearness, no distinction is made between the gravel and
On the Evidence for the Ice-sheet in North Lancashire and adjacent parts of Yorkshire and Westmoreland
Authors: Tiddeman R. H. 
Published: October 2009

The materials on which the remarks are founded which I now have the honour of submitting to the Society, have been collected by my for several years past whilst carrying on the work of the Geological Survey. The process has been necessarily slow; for the direct evidences do not generally obtrude themselves upon one's notice, and they are so sparingly scattered over the ground, and so affected by the form of the ground and other local causes, that any generalization from a mere partial examination of the district would be worthless. It has been my privilege to go over the greater part of the area acre by acre; and although objects of more practical utility have been the chief aim of this examination, I have always been on the look-out for any records of the Glacial period which are graven on the rocks themselves. I believe that very few such which are exposed have escaped my notice; and those found I have endeavoured to register impartially, leaning as little as may be towards one theory or another.
I intend, first, very briefly to describe the physical features of the district.
The region lies between latitude 53° 38′ and 54° 18′, and extends from the great watershed of England on the east to Morecambe Bay and the Irish Sea on the west. To the N.N.W. are the Lake mountains, and to the south the plains of Cheshire and South Lancashire. The accompanying map (Pl. XXX.) will explain better than words the
Observations on some of the Recent Tin-ore Discoveries in New England, New South Wales
Authors: Ulrich G. H. F. 
Published: October 2009

The discovery of tin-ore (cassiterite) in the province of New England, New South Wales, was brought under the Society's notice by a letter from Mr. G. Milner Stephen, F.G.S., of Sydney, read at the December meeting, 1871; and finding from the discussion thereon, that the subject is not without interest to the Society, I beg to offer the following further observations made during a recent visit to that stanniferous country.
The district to which these remarks refer forms, as as it were, a hilly high plateau of the Australian Alps, of which Mount Ben Lomond represents here the highest point, with an elevation of nearly 4000 ft. above the sea-level. According to my observation, the predominant rocks are granite and basalt, enclosing subordinate areas composed of metamorphic slate and sandstone, which latter show in places intrusions of greenstone of very limited extent. The basalt has mostly broken through the highest crests and points of the ranges and spread in extensive streams, the surface of which is now more or less decomposed, over the country at the foot. Thus we see fine valleys, with fertile basaltic soils several feet in depth, bounded by well-wooded granite ranges, not perhaps exceeding 300 ft. in height, a beautiful park-like country, well watered by extensive creeks and small rivers, and with a climate similar to that of Central Europe; for the summer temperature rarely exceeds 80° F. in the shade, whilst during the winter months, June and July, there is frequently snow and ice.
Perhaps
On an extensive Landslip at Glenorchy, Tasmania
Authors: Wintle S. H. 
Published: October 2009

On the 4th of June last this colony was visited by a very heavy rainfall, which continued without intermission for twenty-four hours, when one-half inches of rain fell, causing most disastrous floods in many parts of the island. While the citizens of Hobart Town were actively employed in trying to save life and property from the raging torrent that rushed through the heart of the city, news arrived of a most extensive landslip having occurred during the night at Glenorchy, five miles distant from Hobart Town, which had entirely altered the physical features of a considerable portion of that district, besides causing loss of life and wide-spread desolation.
Upon the cessation of the storm, I at once started for the scene of the catastrophe; and, upon arriving at O'Brien's Bridge, I found that rumour had not in this instance travelled on the wings of exaggeration. From this point, distant five miles from Mount Wellington, it could be seen that a large portion of the northern face of that mountain had given way, and, descending to a depth of nearly 2000 feet into the bed of the rivulet which takes its rise at that point, had carried destruction and desolation on either hand. This mountain-torrent, after pursuing a very tortuous course, and having a mean descent of 9° for about six miles from its source, empties itself into the river Derwent, about one mile from the township of Glenorchy.
The scene which presented itself at this locality was one that could