bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations of the efficacy of European HINI‐ and H3N2‐based swine influenza vaccines against the novel HI N2 subtype
Authors: Van Reeth K. , Van Gucht S. , Pensaert M. 
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of a commercial swine influenza vaccine based on A/New Jersey/8/76 (Hi N1) and A/Port Chalmers/i /73 (H3N2) strains was tested against challenge with an HI N2 swine influenza virus. Influenza virus‐seronegative pigs were vaccinated twice with the vaccine when they were four and eight weeks old, or with the same vaccine supplemented with an Hi N2 component. Control pigs were left unvaccinated. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all the pigs were challenged intratracheally with the swine influenza strain Sw/Gent/7625/99 (Hi N2). The commercial vaccine induced cross‐reactive antibodies to Hi N2, as detected by the virus neutralisation (VN) assay, but VN antibody titres were 18 times lower than in the pigs vaccinated with the HIN2‐supplemented vaccine. The challenge produced severe respiratory signs in nine of 10 unvaccinated control pigs, which developed high HIN2 virus titres in the lungs 24 and 72 hours after the challenge. Vaccination with the commercial vaccine resulted in milder respiratory signs, but Hi N2 virus replication was not prevented. Mean virus titres in the pigs vaccinated with the commercial vaccine were 1‐5 logio lower than in the controls at 24 hours but no different at 72 hours. In contrast, the HI N2‐supplemented vaccine prevented respiratory disease in most pigs. There was a 4‐5 log10 reduction in the mean virus titre at 24 hours in the pigs vaccinated with this vaccine, and no detectable virus replication at 72 hours. These data indicate that the commercial swine influenza vaccine did not confer adequate protection against the H1 N2 subtype.
Outbreak of equine herpesvirus type 1 myeloencephalitis: new insights from virus identification by PCR and the application of an EHV‐1 ‐specific antibody detection ELISA
Authors: Studdert M. J. , Hartley C. A. , Dynon K. , Sandy J. R. , Slocombe R. R , Charles J. A. , Milne M. E. , Clarke A. F. , El‐Hage C. 
Published: October 2010

Five of 10 pregnant, lactating mares, each with a foal at foot, developed neurological disease. Three of them became recumbent, developed complications and were euthanased; of the two that survived, one aborted an equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1)‐positive fetus 68 days after the first signs were observed in the index case and the other gave birth to a healthy foal on day 283 but remained ataxic and incontinent. The diagnosis of EHV‐1 myeloencephalitis was supported by postmortem findings, PCR identification of the virus and by serological tests with an EHV‐1 ‐specific ELISA. At the time of the index case, the 10 foals all had a heavy mucopurulent nasal discharge, and PCR and the ELISA were used to detect and monitor EHV‐1 infection in them. The status of EHV‐1 infection in the five in‐contact mares was similarly monitored. Sera from three of the affected mares, taken seven days after the index case were negative or had borderline EHv‐1 ‐specific antibody titres. In later serum samples there was an increase in the titres of EHv‐1 ‐specific antibody in two of the affected mares. In contrast, sera from the five unaffected in‐contact mares were all EHv‐1 ‐antibody positive when they were first tested seven or 13 days after the index case.
Plasma aldosterone concentrations and plasma renin activity in healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Javadi S. , Kooistra H. S. , Mol J. A. , Boer P. , Boer W. H. , Rijnberk A. 
Published: October 2010

The mean (se) basal plasma aldosterone concentrations were significantly lower in 31 dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) (75 [9] pmol/litre) than in 12 healthy dogs (118 [14] pmol/litre), whereas in five dogs with hyperadrenocorticism due to an adrenocortical tumour they were significantly higher (205 [109] pmol/litre). The mean basal renin activity was not significantly different between the dogs with PDH (303 [48] fmol/litre/second), the dogs with an adrenocortical tumour (141 [63] fmol/litre/second), and the control dogs (201 [25] fmol/litre/second). At three and four hours after the intravenous administration of 0.1 mg/kg dexamethasone, the concentrations of aldosterone decreased significantly to about 60 per cent of their initial values in the control dogs but did not change in the dogs with PDH or an adrenocortical tumour. In the dogs with PDH the renin activity increased significantly after the administration of dexamethasone.
Retrospective study of 25 young weimaraners with low serum immunoglobulin concentrations and inflammatory disease
Authors: Foale R. D. , Herrtage M. E. , Day M. J. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐five weimaraners with recurrent infections or inflammatory disease were investigated; their median age was four months (range two to 36 months), and 11 of them were male and 14 female. Twenty of them showed signs of lethargy, anorexia or pyrexia, 13 had been vomiting or had diarrhoea, 12 had shown signs of pain in the joints or bones and been lame, five had had reactions at the site of an injection, five had generalised lymphadenopathy, three had urinary tract infections and two had recurrent or severe pyoderma. They all had a lower concentration of one or more classes of serum immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM and IgA) than the standard control ranges, and their mean concentration of IgG was significantly lower (P&#60;0.005) than the mean concentration of IgG in 15 clinically normal weimaraners. Of 10 cases for which a complete vaccination history was available, nine had developed clinical signs within five days of being vaccinated. Follow‐up data were available from 21 of the 25 dogs for a median period of 24.5 months. One dog died during a symptomatic episode, three were euthanased, six were alive at follow‐up but had continued to show clinical signs and 11 had made a full recovery.
Incidence of quinolone resistance in strains of Salmonella isolated from poultry. cattle and pigs in Germany between 1998 and 2001
Authors: Malorny B. , Schroeter A. , Guerra B. , Helmuth R. 
Published: October 2010

This paper reports the susceptibility to the quinolone nalidixic acid and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin of 14,514 strains of Salmonella isolated in Germany from poultry, cattle and pigs between 1998 and 2001. Quinolone‐resistant salmonellae were most frequently isolated from poultry, with a prevalence of 10.2 to 16‐8 per cent. Poultry‐associated serotypes, such as Salmonella Paratyphi B (d‐tartrate positive), Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Virchow, had the highest prevalence of quinolone resistance, ranging between 35 and 74 per cent. All the nalidixic acid‐resistant strains also had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICS) of 0.125 to 2 μg/ml. A comparison of the Mics for ciprofloxacin of the strains of these poultry‐associated serotypes and Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 isolated in 1998/99 and 2000/01 indicated that there had been a shift towards higher Mic values of up to 2 μg/mI. The quinolone resistance‐determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene and the homologue region of the parC gene of 31 selected strains were sequenced. Several different amino acid changes were observed in gyrA of the quinolone‐resistant isolates at positions 83 and 87, but no substitutions were observed in parC.
Observational Evidence for Oceanic Controls on Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Lloyd Ian D. , Vecchi Gabriel A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The influence of oceanic changes on tropical cyclone activity is investigated using observational estimates of sea surface temperature (SST), air–sea fluxes, and ocean subsurface thermal structure during the period 1998–2007. SST conditions are examined before, during, and after the passage of tropical cyclones, through Lagrangian composites along cyclone tracks across all ocean basins, with particular focus on the North Atlantic. The influence of translation speed is explored by separating tropical cyclones according to the translation speed divided by the Coriolis parameter. On average for tropical cyclones up to category 2, SST cooling becomes larger as cyclone intensity increases, peaking at 1.8 K in the North Atlantic. Beyond category 2 hurricanes, however, the cooling no longer follows an increasing monotonic relationship with intensity. In the North Atlantic, the cooling for stronger hurricanes decreases, while in other ocean basins the cyclone-induced cooling does not significantly differ from category 2 to category 5 tropical cyclones, with the exception of the South Pacific. Since the SST response is nonmonotonic, with stronger cyclones producing more cooling up to category 2, but producing less or approximately equal cooling for categories 3–5, the observations indicate that oceanic feedbacks can inhibit intensification of cyclones. This result implies that large-scale oceanic conditions are a control on tropical cyclone intensity, since they control oceanic sensitivity to atmospheric forcing. Ocean subsurface thermal data provide additional support for this dependence, showing weaker upper-ocean stratification for stronger tropical cyclones. Intensification is suppressed by strong ocean stratification since it favors large SST cooling, but the ability of tropical cyclones to intensify is less inhibited when stratification is weak and cyclone-induced SST cooling is small. Thus, after accounting for tropical cyclone translation speeds and latitudes, it is argued that reduced cooling under extreme tropical cyclones is the manifestation of the impact of oceanic conditions on the ability of tropical cyclones to intensify.
Quality Control and Calibration of the Dual-Polarization Radar at Kwajalein, RMI
Authors: Marks David A. , Wolff David B. , Carey Lawrence D. , Tokay Ali 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The dual-polarization weather radar on the Kwajalein Atoll in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (KPOL) is one of the only full-time (24/7) operational S-band dual-polarimetric (DP) radars in the tropics. Through the use of KPOL DP and disdrometer measurements from Kwajalein, quality control (QC) and reflectivity calibration techniques were developed and adapted for use. Data studies in light rain show that KPOL DP measurements are of sufficient quality for these applications. While the methodology for the development of such applications is well documented, the tuning of specific algorithms to the particular regime and observed raindrop size distributions requires a comprehensive testing and adjustment period. Presented are algorithm descriptions and results from five case studies in which QC and absolute reflectivity calibration were performed and assessed. Also described is a unique approach for calibrating the differential reflectivity field when vertically pointing observations are not available. Results show the following: 1) DP-based QC provides superior results compared to the legacy Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) QC algorithm (based on height and reflectivity thresholds), and 2) absolute reflectivity calibration can be performed using observations of light rain via a published differential phase–based integration technique; results are within ±1 dB compared to independent measurements. Future extension of these algorithms to upgraded Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) polarization diverse radars will benefit National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA’s) Precipitation Measurement Missions (PMM) validation programs.
Can Fully Accounting for Clouds in Data Assimilation Improve Short-Term Forecasts by Global Models?
Authors: Pincus Robert , Patrick Hofmann Robert J. , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Raeder Kevin , Collins Nancy , Whitaker Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper explores the degree to which short-term forecasts with global models might be improved if clouds were fully included in a data assimilation system, so that observations of clouds affected all parts of the model state and cloud variables were adjusted during assimilation. The question is examined using a single ensemble data assimilation system coupled to two present-generation climate models with different treatments of clouds. “Perfect-model” experiments using synthetic observations, taken from a free run of the model used in subsequent assimilations, are used to circumvent complications associated with systematic model errors and observational challenges; these provide a rough upper bound on the utility of cloud observations with these models. A series of experiments is performed in which direct observations of the model’s cloud variables are added to the suite of observations being assimilated. In both models, observations of clouds reduce the 6-h forecast error, with much greater reductions in one model than in the other. Improvements are largest in regions where other observations are sparse. The two cloud schemes differ in their complexity and number of degrees of freedom; the model using the simpler scheme makes better use of the cloud observations because of the stronger correlations between cloud-related and dynamical variables (particularly temperature). This implies that the impact of real cloud observations will depend on both the strength of the instantaneous, linear relationships between clouds and other fields in the natural world, and how well each assimilating model’s cloud scheme represents those relationships.
An Analytic Vortex Initialization Technique for Idealized Tropical Cyclone Studies in AGCMs
Authors: Reed Kevin A. , Jablonowski Christiane 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The paper discusses the design of idealized tropical cyclone experiments in atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The evolution of an initially weak, warm-core vortex is investigated over a 10-day period with varying initial conditions that include variations of the maximum wind speed and radius of maximum wind. The initialization of the vortex is built upon prescribed 3D moisture, pressure, temperature, and velocity fields that are embedded into tropical environmental conditions. The initial fields are in exact hydrostatic and gradient-wind balance in an axisymmetric form. The formulation is then generalized to provide analytic initial conditions for an approximately balanced vortex in AGCMs with height-based vertical coordinates. An extension for global models with pressure-based vertical coordinates is presented. The analytic initialization technique can easily be implemented on any AGCM computational grid.
The characteristics of the idealized tropical cyclone experiments are illustrated in high-resolution model simulations with the Community Atmosphere Model version 3.1 (CAM 3.1) developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The finite-volume dynamical core in CAM 3.1 with 26 vertical levels is used, and utilizes an aquaplanet configuration with constant sea surface temperatures of 29°C. The impact of varying initial conditions and horizontal resolutions on the evolution of the tropical cyclone–like vortex is investigated. Identical physical parameterizations with a constant parameter set are used at all horizontal resolutions. The sensitivity studies reveal that the initial wind speed and radius of maximum wind need to lie above a threshold to support the intensification of the analytic initial vortex at horizontal grid spacings of 0.5° and 0.25° (or 55 and 28 km in the equatorial regions). The thresholds lie between 15 and 20 m s−1 with a radius of maximum wind of about 200–250 km. In addition, a convergence study with the grid spacings 1.0°, 0.5°, 0.25°, and 0.125° (or 111, 55, 28, and 14 km) shows that the cyclone gets more intense and compact with increasing horizontal resolution. The 0.5°, 0.25°, and 0.125° simulations exhibit many tropical cyclone–like characteristics such as a warm-core, low-level wind maxima, a slanted eyewall-like vertical structure and a relatively calm eye. The 0.125° simulation even starts to resolve spiral rainbands and reaches maximum wind speeds of about 72–83 m s−1 at low levels. These wind speeds are equivalent to a category-5 tropical cyclone on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. It is suggested that the vortex initialization technique can be used as an idealized tool to study the impact of varying resolutions, physical parameterizations, and numerical schemes on the simulation and representation of tropical cyclone–like vortices in global atmospheric models.
The Effects of the RAW Filter on the Climatology and Forecast Skill of the SPEEDY Model
Authors: Amezcua Javier , Kalnay Eugenia , Williams Paul D. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
In a recent study, Williams introduced a simple modification to the widely used Robert–Asselin (RA) filter for numerical integration. The main purpose of the Robert–Asselin–Williams (RAW) filter is to avoid the undesired numerical damping of the RA filter and to increase the accuracy. In the present paper, the effects of the modification are comprehensively evaluated in the Simplified Parameterizations, Primitive Equation Dynamics (SPEEDY) atmospheric general circulation model. First, the authors search for significant changes in the monthly climatology due to the introduction of the new filter. After testing both at the local level and at the field level, no significant changes are found, which is advantageous in the sense that the new scheme does not require a retuning of the parameterized model physics. Second, the authors examine whether the new filter improves the skill of short- and medium-term forecasts. January 1982 data from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis are used to evaluate the forecast skill. Improvements are found in all the model variables (except the relative humidity, which is hardly changed). The improvements increase with lead time and are especially evident in medium-range forecasts (96–144 h). For example, in tropical surface pressure predictions, 5-day forecasts made using the RAW filter have approximately the same skill as 4-day forecasts made using the RA filter. The results of this work are encouraging for the implementation of the RAW filter in other models currently using the RA filter.
A Change in the Climate: New Interpretations and Perceptions of Climate Change through Artistic Interventions and Representations
Authors: Duxbury Lesley 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The uncertainties concerning climate change debated daily in the media polarize political leaders and the general public alike. While daily weather is something that can be experienced by everyone and changes in the weather can be accounted for within the timeframe of a human lifetime, climate change is more difficult to comprehend or connect with in an appreciable way because of its remoteness in time and unpredictability. General populations can be alienated by the overwhelming proliferation of scientific data and statistics and, in the face of potentially cataclysmic events, feel paralyzed and incapable of action. Scientific evidence alone may not be working to encourage or initiate changes in behaviors with the potential to curtail the perceived changes to life as we know it.
This paper sets out to explicate alternative ways of comprehending and addressing some of the complex problems of climate change through art by focusing on the ways people perceive and sense the changing world around them. It contends that artists have the potential to engage society in emotional and experiential ways to promote behavioral and cognitive change. Drawing on the work of certain artists and art commentators, this paper argues that, far from being a purely imaginative or aesthetic activity, art is integral to meaningful communication between humans and the changing world.
Outcome of Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow in 1281 Athletes
Authors: Cain E. Lyle , Andrews James R. , Dugas Jeffrey R. , Wilk Kevin E. , McMichael Christopher S. , Walter James C. , Riley Renee S. , Arthur Scott T. 
Published: October 2010

Background The anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) is the primary anatomical structure providing elbow stability in overhead sports, particularly baseball. Injury to the UCL in overhead athletes often leads to symptomatic valgus instability that requires surgical treatment. Hypothesis Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction with a free tendon graft, known as Tommy John surgery, will allow return to the same competitive level of sports participation in the majority of athletes. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Ulnar collateral reconstruction (1266) or repair (15) was performed in 1281 patients over a 19-year period (1988—2006) using a modification of the Jobe technique. Data were collected prospectively and patients were surveyed retrospectively with a telephone questionnaire to determine outcomes and return to performance at a minimum of 2 years after surgery. Results Nine hundred forty-two patients were available for a minimum 2-year follow-up (average, 38.4 months; range, 24-130 months). Seven hundred forty-three patients (79%) were contacted for follow-up evaluation and/or completed a questionnaire at an average of 37 months postoperatively. Six hundred seventeen patients (83%) returned to the previous level of competition or higher, including 610 (83%) after reconstruction. The average time from surgery to the initiation of throwing was 4.4 months (range, 2.8-12 months) and the average time to full competition was 11.6 months (range, 3-72 months) after reconstruction. Complications occurred in 148 patients (20%), including 16% considered minor and 4% considered major. Conclusion Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction with subcutaneous ulnar nerve transposition was found to be effective in correcting valgus elbow instability in the overhead athlete and allowed most athletes (83%) to return to previous or higher level of competition in less than 1 year.
Anterior Laxity, Slippage, and Recovery of Function in the First Year After Tibialis Allograft Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Smith Conrad K. , Howell Stephen M. , Hull Maury L. 
Published: October 2010

Background: The increase in anterior laxity and slippage is greater with metal interference screw fixation of a hamstring anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft than a bone-patellar tendon-bone graft. Hypothesis: When slippage-resistant fixation is used with a soft tissue graft, early recovery of function does not result in a clinically important increase in anterior laxity and slippage Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Nineteen subjects were treated with a single-tunnel, single-looped, tibialis allograft with slippage-resistant, cortical fixation. An examiner, different from the treating surgeon, used stereophotogrammetric analysis to compute the increase in anterior laxity at a 150 N anterior force and slippage between the day of surgery and each monthly follow-up interval, and determined recovery of function and motion. Results: Anterior laxity did not increase between the day of surgery and 1 year ( P = .23). Total slippage plateaued after 1 month, but increased 1.5 mm between the day of surgery and 1 month ( P < .05). Extension and flexion plateaued after 2 months ( P < .0001 and P < .02, respectively); activity level (Tegner score) plateaued after 3 months ( P < .05), function (Lysholm score) plateaued after 4 months ( P < .002), and subjective satisfaction (International Knee Documentation Committee score) plateaued after 6 months ( P < .02). Conclusion: Early recovery of function after ACL reconstruction with a soft tissue allograft did not result in a clinically important increase in anterior laxity and slippage at 1 year. We believe the avoidance of an increase in anterior laxity was related to the use of a transtibial technique designed to place the femoral and tibial tunnels without roof and posterior cruciate ligament impingement, the use of cortical fixation devices designed to resist slippage, the use of an aseptically harvested fresh-frozen tibialis allograft that was not irradiated or chemically processed, and the use of a self-administered rehabilitation program designed to encourage an early return of motion and function.