bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rainfall Reinforcement Associated with Landfalling Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Dong Meiying , Chen Lianshou , Li Ying , Lu Chungu 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) often bring about heavy rainfall, which typically decreases with the weakening of the TCs. However, some TCs may suddenly be reinvigorated after they become remnants over land. Such TCs may produce even stronger rains than those at the time of their landfall. This reinvigorating phenomenon is known as “rainfall reinforcement associated with landfalling tropical cyclones” (RRLTC). The TCs triggering rainfall reinforcement account for 9.7% of the total number of TCs that make landfall on mainland China and often cause problems and surprises for forecasters. The TCs with rainfall reinforcement mostly make landfall in the area of the southeastern coast of China and move primarily along two tracks, spreading northward or westward. RRLTC often occurs in the remnant of a tropical depression that has already been downgraded from typhoon intensity, particularly in a period when the remnant has slowed down or even stagnated. The highest frequency of RRLTC occurrence is during the third day after landfall and in the northeast quadrant of a TC moving northward and the southwest quadrants of a TC moving westward.
Diagnostic analysis shows that an RRLTC with a northward track can be mainly attributed to the interaction between westerly troughs and the tropical cyclone. In this way, a remnant gains baroclinic energy from the midlatitude trough. Such an interaction does not appear for northward track TCs without rainfall reinforcement. Rainfall reinforcement for TCs with a westward track is mainly due to the interaction between monsoon surge cloud clusters and tropical cyclones, which is favorable for moisture and latent heat gain. Analyses show that the westward TCs would not have rainfall reinforcement without such an interaction. RRLTC requires new energy transport into TCs. The results of the present study indicate that baroclinic potential energy and latent heat are the two major energy sources that will trigger the remnant revival and rainfall reinforcement. Land surface topography also plays an important role in increasing the rainfall of TCs.
Direct Observations of Coherent Backscatter of Radar Waves in Precipitation
Authors: Jameson A. R. , Kostinski A. B. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In previous work, it was argued that a source of radar coherent scatter occurs in the direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation because of the presence of grids of enhanced particle concentrations with spatial periodicities in resonance with the radar wavelength. While convincing, the evidence thus far has been indirect. In this work the authors now present direct observations of radar coherent backscattered signals in precipitation in the direction of wave propagation.
The theory is developed for the cross-correlation function of the complex amplitudes in the direction of propagation calculated for nearest neighbor range bins. Data are analyzed in snow and in rain. The results agree with the earlier conclusions in the previous work, namely that coherent scatter occurs in both rain and snow, that it is larger in snow than it is in rain, and that it can be significant at times.
An Evaluation of Rainfall Frequency and Intensity over the Australian Region in a Global Climate Model
Authors: Brown Josephine R. , Jakob Christian , Haynes John M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Observed regional rainfall characteristics can be analyzed by examining both the frequency and intensity of different categories of rainfall. A complementary approach is to consider rainfall characteristics associated with regional synoptic regimes. These two approaches are combined here to examine daily rainfall characteristics over the Australian region, providing a target for model simulations. Using gridded daily rainfall data for the period 1997–2007, rainfall at each grid point and averaged over several sites is decomposed into the frequency of rainfall events and the intensity of rainfall associated with each event. Daily sea level pressure is classified using a self-organizing map, and rainfall on corresponding days is assigned to the resulting synoptic regimes. This technique is then used to evaluate rainfall in the new Australian Community Climate and Earth-System Simulator (ACCESS) global climate model and separate the influence of large-scale circulation errors and errors due to the representation of subgrid-scale physical processes. The model exhibits similar biases to many other global climate models, simulating too frequent light rainfall and heavy rainfall of insufficient intensity. These errors are associated with particular synoptic regimes over different sectors of the Australian continent and surrounding oceans. The model simulates only weak convective rainfall over land during the summer monsoon, and heavy rainfall associated with frontal systems over southern Australia is also not simulated. As the model captures the structure and frequency of synoptic patterns, but not the associated rainfall intensity or frequency, it is likely that the source of the rainfall errors lies in model physical parameterizations rather than large-scale dynamics.
Circulation, Heat, and Freshwater Transport at 36°N in the Atlantic
Authors: McDonagh Elaine L. , McLeod Paula , King Brian A. , Bryden Harry L. , Valdés Sinhué Torres 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In May and June 2005, a transatlantic hydrographic section along 36°N was occupied. A velocity field is calculated using inverse methods. The derived 36°N circulation has an overturning transport (maximum in the overturning streamfunction) of 16.6 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) at 1070 m. The heat transport across the section, 1.14 ± 0.12 PW, is partitioned into overturning and horizontal heat transports of 0.75 and 0.39 PW, respectively. The horizontal heat flux is set by variability at the gyre rather than by mesoscale. The freshwater flux across the section is 1.55 ± 0.18 Sv southward based on a 0.8-Sv flow from the Pacific through the Bering Strait at a salinity of 32.5 psu. The oceanic divergence of freshwater implies a net input of freshwater to the ocean of 0.75 Sv over the North Atlantic and Arctic between 36°N and the Bering Strait. Most (85%) of the recently ventilated upper North Atlantic Deep Water (water originating in the Labrador Sea) transport across the section occurs in the deep western boundary current rather than being associated with an interior pathway to the west of the mid-Atlantic ridge.
Bias Correction and Multiensemble in the NAEFS Context or How to Get a “Free Calibration” through a Multiensemble Approach
Authors: Candille Guillem , Beauregard Stéphane , Gagnon Normand 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the raw combination (i.e., the combination of the direct output model without any postprocessing procedure) of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) ensemble prediction systems (EPS) improves the probabilistic forecast both in terms of reliability and resolution. This combination palliates the lack of reliability of the NCEP EPS because of the too small dispersion of the predicted ensemble and the lack of probabilistic resolution of the MSC EPS. Such a multiensemble, called the North American Ensemble Forecast System (NAEFS), especially shows bias reductions and dispersion improvements that could only come from the combination of different forecast errors. It is then legitimate to wonder whether these improvements in terms of biases and dispersions, and by extension the skill improvements, are only due to the balancing between opposite model errors.
In the NAEFS framework, bias corrections “on the fly,” where the bias is updated over time, are applied to the operational EPSs. Each model of the EPS components (NCEP/MSC) is individually bias corrected against its own analysis with the same process. The bias correction improves the reliability of each EPS component. It also slightly improves the accuracy of the predicted ensembles and thus the probabilistic resolution of the forecasts. Once the EPSs are combined, the improvements due to the bias correction are not so obvious, tending to show that the success of the multiensemble method does not only come from the cancellation of different biases. This study also shows that the combination of the raw EPS components (NAEFS) is generally better than either the bias corrected NCEP or MSC ensembles.
The Vulnerability of Mobile Home Residents in Tornado Disasters: The 2008 Super Tuesday Tornado in Macon County, Tennessee
Authors: Chaney Philip L. , Weaver Greg S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMobile home residents are known to be highly vulnerable to tornadoes and account for a considerable portion of tornado-related fatalities. The problem is partially related to the limited protection provided by the structure; however, shortcomings in preparedness and response to warnings may also play a role. This study investigated mobile home resident preparedness and responses to warnings for identifying areas where they might be more vulnerable than permanent home residents (brick and wood-frame houses). The study site was Macon County, Tennessee, which reported the highest number of fatalities during the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak. A post-disaster survey was conducted within days of the disaster, and the study group included 127 local residents: 35% mobile home (MH) residents, 61% permanent home (PH) residents, and 4% other. An unconditional exact test was used to test for statistical significance (0.05 level) because the sample was nonrandom. The MH residents were less prepared than the PH residents in all six categories evaluated. The difference was significant in having participated in a tornado drill, having a tornado-resistant shelter on the premises, and having an emergency response plan for seeking shelter. The MH residents were also less likely to follow the plan, and the difference was significant. Furthermore, the MH residents were much less likely to take shelter in a safe location. Preparedness factors that promoted higher evacuation rates among MH residents included having participated in a tornado drill, understanding the definition of a tornado warning, and having a plan for seeking shelter.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and severe hypoxemic respiratory failure from silicone embolism
Authors: Mongero LB , Brodie D. , Cunningham J. , Ventetuolo C. , Kim H. , Sylvin E. , Bacchetta MD 
Published: June 2010

Liquid silicone is an inert material that may be used for cosmetic procedures by physicians as well as illegally by non-medical personnel. The use of silicone may result in severe complications, disfigurement, and even death. In addition, the indications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support have been increasing as a salvage therapy for a variety of life-threatening conditions. The patient is a 27-year-old woman with no significant medical conditions who developed silicone emboli, and subsequent diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after being injected with silicone in her gluteal region without medical supervision. She became profoundly hypoxemic and suffered a brief asystolic cardiac arrest in this setting. The patient was placed on veno-venous ECMO support for 14 days. Medical care during ECMO was complicated by pulmonary hemorrhage, hemothorax, pneumothorax, and blood clot, resulting in oxygenator change-out. A modified adult ECMO circuit (Jostra QuadroxD, Maquet Cardiopulmonary, Rastatt, Germany) was used to transport the patient from a nearby community affiliate hospital and then reconfigured for the medical intensive care unit on a standard HL-20 heart-lung console. Although the use of ECMO for severe hypoxemic respiratory failure has been widely reported, to our knowledge, this is the first reported successful use of ECMO for silicone embolism syndrome associated with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and severe hypoxemic respiratory failure.
Iron chelation therapy with deferasirox in patients with aplastic anemia: a subgroup analysis of 116 patients from the EPIC trial
Authors: Lee Jong Wook , Yoon Sung-Soo , Xiang Shen Zhi , Ganser Arnold , Hsu Hui-Chi , Habr Dany , Domokos Gabor , Roubert Bernard , Porter John B. ,   on behalf of the EPIC study investigators
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe prospective 1-year Evaluation of Patients' Iron Chelation with Exjade (EPIC) study enrolled a large cohort of 116 patients with aplastic anemia; the present analyses evaluated the efficacy and safety of deferasirox in this patient population. After 1 year, median serum ferritin decreased significantly from 3254 ng/mL at baseline to 1854 ng/mL (P < .001). Decreases occurred in chelation-naive (3229-1520 ng/mL; P < .001, last-observation-carried-forward analysis), and previously chelated (3263-2585 ng/mL; P = .21, last-observation-carried-forward analysis) patients and were reflective of dose adjustments and ongoing iron intake. Baseline labile plasma iron levels were within normal range despite high serum ferritin levels. The most common drug-related adverse events were nausea (22%) and diarrhea (16%). Serum creatinine increases more than 33% above baseline and the upper limit of normal occurred in 29 patients (25%), but there were no progressive increases; concomitant use of cyclosporine had a significant impact on serum creatinine levels. The decrease in mean alanine aminotransferase levels at 1 year correlated significantly with reduction in serum ferritin (r = 0.40, P < .001). Mean absolute neutrophil and platelet counts remained stable during treatment, and there were no drug-related cytopenias. This prospective dataset confirms the efficacy and well characterizes the tolerability profile of deferasirox in a large population of patients with aplastic anemia. This study was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00171821.
Drug-induced thrombocytopenia: development of a novel NOD/SCID mouse model to evaluate clearance of circulating platelets by drug-dependent antibodies and the efficacy of IVIG
Authors: Liang Simon X. , Pinkevych Mykola , Khachigian Levon M. , Parish Christopher R. , Davenport Miles P. , Chong Beng H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDrug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP) is an adverse drug effect mediated by drug-dependent antibodies. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is frequently used to treat DITP and primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Despite IVIG's proven beneficial effects in ITP, its efficacy in DITP is unclear. We have established a nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mouse model of DITP in which human platelets survive for more than 24 hours, allowing platelet clearance by DITP/ITP antibodies to be studied. Rapid human platelet clearance was uniformly observed with all quinine-induced thrombocytopenia (QITP) patient sera studied (mean platelet lifespans: QITP 1.5 ± 0.3 hours vs controls 16.5 ± 4.3 hours), consistent with the clinical presentation of DITP. In contrast, clearance rates with ITP antibodies were more variable. IVIG treatment partially prevented platelet clearance by DITP and ITP antibodies. Our results suggest that the NOD/SCID mouse model is useful for investigating the efficacy of current and future DITP therapies, an area in which there is little experimental evidence to guide treatment.
Gel point and fractal microstructure of incipient blood clots are significant new markers of hemostasis for healthy and anticoagulated blood
Authors: Evans Phillip A. , Hawkins Karl , Morris Roger H. K. , Thirumalai Naresh , Munro Roger , Wakeman Lisa , Lawrence Matthew J. , Williams P. Rhodri 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHere we report the first application of a fractal analysis of the viscoelastic properties of incipient blood clots. We sought to ascertain whether the incipient clot's fractal dimension, Df, could be used as a functional biomarker of hemostasis. The incipient clot is formed at the gel point (GP) of coagulating blood, the GP demarcating a functional change from viscoelastic liquid to a viscoelastic solid. Incipient clots formed in whole healthy blood show a clearly defined value of Df within a narrow range that represents an index of clotting in health, where Df = 1.74 (± 0.07). A significant relationship is found between the incipient clot formation time, TGP, and the activated partial thromboplastin time, whereas the association of Df with the microstructural characteristics of the incipient clot is supported by its significant correlation with fibrinogen. Our study reveals that unfractionated heparin not only prolongs the onset of clot formation but has a significant effect on its fractal microstructure. A progressive increase in unfractionated heparin concentration results in a linear decrease in Df and a corresponding prolongation in TGP. The results represent a new, quantitative measure of clot quality derived from measurements on whole blood samples.
Changes in creatine transporter function during cardiac maturation in the rat
Authors: Fischer Alexandra , ten Hove Michiel , Sebag-Montefiore Liam , Wagner Helga , Clarke Kieran , Watkins Hugh , Lygate Craig A , Neubauer Stefan 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
It is well established that the immature myocardium preferentially utilises non-oxidative energy-generating pathways. It exhibits low energy-transfer capacity via the creatine kinase (CK) shuttle, reflected in phosphocreatine (PCr), total creatine and CK levels that are much lower than those of adult myocardium. The mechanisms leading to gradually increasing energy transfer capacity during maturation are poorly understood. Creatine is not synthesised in the heart, but taken up exclusively by the action of the creatine transporter protein (CrT). To determine whether this transporter is ontogenically regulated, the present study serially examined CrT gene expression pattern, together with creatine uptake kinetics and resulting myocardial creatine levels, in rats over the first 80 days of age.

Results
Rats were studied during the late prenatal period (-2 days before birth) and 7, 13, 21, 33, 50 and 80 days after birth. Activity of cardiac citrate synthase, creatine kinase and its isoenzymes as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes demonstrated the well-described shift from anaerobic towards aerobic metabolism. mRNA levels of CrT in the foetal rat hearts, as determined by real-time PCR, were about 30% of the mRNA levels in the adult rat heart and gradually increased during development. Creatine uptake in isolated perfused rat hearts increased significantly from 3.0 nmol/min/gww at 13 days old to 4.9 nmol/min/gww in 80 day old rats. Accordingly, total creatine content in hearts, measured by HPLC, increased steadily during maturation (30 nmol/mg protein (-2 days) vs 87 nmol/mg protein (80 days)), and correlated closely with CrT gene expression.

Conclusions
The maturation-dependant alterations of CK and LDH isoenzyme activities and of mitochondrial oxidative capacity were paralleled by a progressive increase of CrT expression, creatine uptake kinetics and creatine content in the heart.
Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification
Authors: Brown Katherine J , Rüber Lukas , Bills Roger , Day Julia J 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundLake Tanganyika (LT) is the oldest of the African Rift Lakes and is one of the richest freshwater ecosystems on Earth, with high levels of faunal diversity and endemism. The endemic species flocks that occur in this lake, such as cichlid fishes, gastropods, catfish and crabs, provide unique comparative systems for the study of patterns and processes of speciation. Mastacembelid eels (Teleostei: Mastacembelidae) are a predominately riverine family of freshwater fish, occurring across Africa and Asia, but which also form a small species flock in LT.MethodsIncluding 25 species across Africa, plus Asian representatives as outgroups, we present the first molecular phylogenetic analysis for the group, focusing particularly on the evolutionary history and biodiversity of LT mastacembelid eels. A combined matrix of nuclear and mitochondrial genes based on 3118 bp are analysed implementing different phylogenetic methods, including Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood.ResultsLTMastacembelusare recovered as monophyletic, and analyses reveal the rapid diversification of five main LT lineages. Relaxed molecular clock dates provide age estimates for the LT flock at ~7-8 Myr, indicating intralacustrine diversification, with further speciation events coinciding with periods of lower lake level. Our analyses also reveal as yet undescribed diversity of lacustrine and riverine species. A Southern-Eastern African clade, that is younger than the LT flock, is also recovered, while West African taxa are basal members of the African mastacembelid clade.ConclusionsThat the LT species flock of mastacembelid eels appears to have colonised and immediately diversified soon after the formation of the lake, supports the view of LT as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification. We find evidence for biogeographic clades mirroring a similar pattern to other ichthyological faunas. In addition, our analyses also highlight a split of African and Asian mastacembelid eels at ~19 Myr that is considerably younger than the split between their associated continents, suggesting a dispersal scenario for their current distribution.
Comparative genomics reveals conservative evolution of the xylem transcriptome in vascular plants
Authors: Li Xinguo , Wu Harry X , Southerton Simon G 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Wood is a valuable natural resource and a major carbon sink. Wood formation is an important developmental process in vascular plants which played a crucial role in plant evolution. Although genes involved in xylem formation have been investigated, the molecular mechanisms of xylem evolution are not well understood. We use comparative genomics to examine evolution of the xylem transcriptome to gain insights into xylem evolution.

Results
The xylem transcriptome is highly conserved in conifers, but considerably divergent in angiosperms. The functional domains of genes in the xylem transcriptome are moderately to highly conserved in vascular plants, suggesting the existence of a common ancestral xylem transcriptome. Compared to the total transcriptome derived from a range of tissues, the xylem transcriptome is relatively conserved in vascular plants. Of the xylem transcriptome, cell wall genes, ancestral xylem genes, known proteins and transcription factors are relatively more conserved in vascular plants. A total of 527 putative xylem orthologs were identified, which are unevenly distributed across the Arabidopsis chromosomes with eight hot spots observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that evolution of the xylem transcriptome has paralleled plant evolution. We also identified 274 conifer-specific xylem unigenes, all of which are of unknown function. These xylem orthologs and conifer-specific unigenes are likely to have played a crucial role in xylem evolution.

Conclusions
Conifers have highly conserved xylem transcriptomes, while angiosperm xylem transcriptomes are relatively diversified. Vascular plants share a common ancestral xylem transcriptome. The xylem transcriptomes of vascular plants are more conserved than the total transcriptomes. Evolution of the xylem transcriptome has largely followed the trend of plant evolution.