bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of brine addition on effluent toxicity and marine toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) manipulations
Authors: Ho Kay T. , Mitchell Kyran , Zappala Matthew , Burgess Robert M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLittle information is available concerning the effect of salinity adjustment on effluent storage and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) performance. These factors are important for accurate assessments of potential toxicity to marine organisms. The objective of this study was to determine (a) the effect of salinity adjustment (to 30 ppt), using hypersaline brine (100 ppt), on the toxicity of effluents stored up to 40 d, and (b) to determine the effect of salinity adjustment on TIE manipulations. Changes in effluent toxicity over time were examined by using a municipal and an industrial effluent. A toxicity time series was performed for 16 d for the industrial effluent and 40 d for the municipal effluent. Toxicity was measured with modified 48-h acute Mysidopsis bahia and Menidia beryllina tests Results indicate that, compared to day 0 test results, effluent stored with brine had fewer significant changes in toxicity than did effluent stored without brine To determine the effects of brine addition on TIE manipulations, we conducted a series of manipulations in which one aliquot of an effluent had brine added prior to the TIE manipulations and the other aliquot had brine added after the TIE manipulation The manipulations conducted were EDTA addition, sodium thiosulfate addition, C18 extraction, aeration, filtration, and graduated pH manipulations Toxicity was measured with the modified 48-h acute mysid test. Addition of brine had no effect on the outcome of TIE manipulations. We have concluded that it is operationally easier to add brine as soon as possible after sampling and that effluent tests should be conducted as soon as practical
Impact of sediment partitioning methods on environmental safety assessment of surfactants
Authors: Orth Robert G. , Powell Rebecca L. , Kutey Greg , Kimerle Richard A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Selection of laboratory methods for partitioning and toxicity tests of sediments has a significant impact on interpretation of aquatic safety of surfactants. This is the case for the assessment of the sediment toxicity of C12 linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, LAS. In this study, the batch-equilibrium partition coefficient (Kd) was measured as a function of organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, and quantity of sediments. The quantity of sediment was varied from a low of 5 g per 1,000 ml of water to a level of 500 g to 500 ml of water. The measured Kd decreased by an order of magnitude when the ratio of water to sediments increased to 1:1, and as a consequence of this observation, LAS on suspended solids was included in the quantitaton of LAS in the water phase. When measured Kd values were then used to predict the toxicity (based on known aquatic toxicity concentrations of LAS using Ceriodaphnia dubia), LAS was calculated to be an order of magnitude less toxic by the low-solids test compared to the high-solids test system. This work reaffirms that selection of a laboratory test to assess environmental safety must be made on the basis of its correlation to the real-world behavior of the surfactant.
Computer-Automated predictions of aerobic biodegradation of chemicals
Authors: Klopman Gilles , Zhang Zhutian , Balthasar Donald M. , Rosenkranz Herbert S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A computer program has been developed that can predict the most probable metabolites formed from aerobic biodegradation of chemicals. Predictions are based on an expert evaluation of the parent chemical's molecular structure. The program was designed to recognize molecular fragments within complete chemical structures that are sites of microbial attack. The system is based on a dictionary of transformation rules, consisting of a compilation of molecular transformation operators relevant to microbial attack. The user inputs chemical structures, and the output is a visual or printed display of the potential metabolites resulting from the appropriate metabolic pathways. New chemicals can be evaluated, since the program recognizes structural fragments rather than complete molecular structures.
Use of a freshwater sediment quality database in an evaluation of sediment quality criteria based on equilibrium partitioning and screening-level concentrations
Authors: Hoke Robert A. , Ankley Gerald T. , Peters John F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A sediment quality database was developed for sediments from the Great Lakes and surrounding watersheds. Database file structure was based on commercially available database-management software and is relational in nature Database inputs include sample identification information, whole-sediment and pore-water chemical data, benthic macroinvertebrate species abundances, toxicity test results, and, when available, organism-specific chemical residue data. The database functions as both a laboratory data archival system and as a source of information on the fate and effects of contaminants in freshwater sediments. Database information was used to evaluate two alternative methods for developing sediment quality criteria for dieldrin, endrin, acenaphthene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene. Sediment quality criteria developed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency based on equilibrium partitioning theory were compared to sediment quality criteria or guidelines based on screening-level concentrations calculated by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment and from the database developed in this study. Data from the sediment quality database were also used to determine the frequency with which sediment quality criteria were exceeded in recently (&lt;20 years) collected sediment samples. Excesses beyond the proposed equilibrium partitioning-derived sediment quality criteria were observed in less than 10% of the samples in the database for which chemical concentrations of dieldrin, endrin, acenaphthene, fluoranthene, and phenanthrene were available. Based on the results of this study, sediment quality criteria based on equilibrium partitioning theory and final chronic water-quality criteria are consistent with sediment quality criteria based on screening-level concentrations determined from field samples.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin
Authors: Bishop Christine A. , Koster Margie D. , Chek Andrew A. , Hussell David J. T. , Jock Ken 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn 1991, we collected red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) eggs and tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs and nestlings, and sediment samples from 12 wetland sites in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin. We analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbons and total mercury and found that biota contained contaminant concentrations which were one to two orders of magnitude above those in sediments. Maximum concentrations (wet weight) of contaminants were found in Akwesasne, St. Lawrence River (PCBs = 18,558.8 ng/g in red-winged blackbird eggs, oxychlordane = 58.8 ng/g and mirex = 40.1 ng/g in tree swallow eggs); Mud Creek, Lake Erie (total mercury = 0.079 μg/g; p,p′-DDE = 4,376.2 ng/g in tree swallow eggs); and Cootes Paradise (211.4 ng/g dieldrin and 115.6 ng/g heptachlor epoxide in tree swallow nestlings). Despite the migratory habits of red-winged blackbirds and tree swallows, agreement among biota and sediment in geographic variation of contaminant concentrations supports the use of these animals as biomonitors of persistent chemicals. Although chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in red-winged blackbird eggs were significantly correlated with sediment contamination, the local nature of the tree swallow chick diet suggests that nestlings would be the best indicator of local contaminant trends.
Biological and chemical degradation of ionic ethyllead compounds in soil
Authors: Ou L.-T. , Jing W. , Thomas J. E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Degradation rates and formation of organolead metabolites of ionic triethyllead (TREL) and diethyllead (DEL) in nonsterile and autoclaved surface and subsurface soil samples of Arredondo fine sand were determined using 14C-labeled chemicals. Both [14C]TREL and [14C]DEL in nonsterile and autoclaved soils initially declined rapidly, and both chemicals initially disappeared more rapidly from the surface samples (0 to 15 cm depth) than from the subsurface samples (30 to 45 cm depth), with the exception of the surface sample treated with [14C]DEL. In this soil, [14C]DEL in the autoclaved sample disappeared more rapidly than that in the nonsterile sample. The [14C]DEL was briefly detected in [14C]TREL-treated soil samples, and [14C]DEL remained in the autoclaved samples longer than in the nonsterile samples. Both [14C]TREL and [14C]DEL in nonsterile surface and subsurface samples were initially mineralized rapidly, and at the end of 31 and 28 d of incubation, 15 to 16% and 18 to 19% of the applied 14C was mineralized, respectively. Mineralization was not observed in autoclaved soil samples. It was concluded that both biological and chemical degradation of TREL and DEL in soil occurred, and chemical degradation was probably the major factor contributing to the disappearance of TREL and DEL in soil. The exact extent of chemical degradation is not known. Chemical and physical properties of soil could be altered significantly by autoclaving, and may account for the increase in chemical degradation rates.
Nondegraded metabolites arising from the biodegradation of commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactants in a laboratory trickling filter
Authors: Kölbener Pius , Baumann Urs , Leisinger Thomas , Cook Alasdair M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The degradation of a commercial linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) surfactant was examined kinetically in a trickling filter, which allowed simultaneous chemical determinations in the aqueous phase (e.g., DOC) and in the gas phase (CO2). About 60% of the carbon applied as LAS was released as CO2, whereas 15% remained as DOC in the eluate of acclimated trickling filters. The biomass was analysed after the experiment, and it was found to have sorbed about 23 mg LAS/g of dry biomass; this represented about 3% of the LAS applied to the filter. The LAS and the eluates from the trickling filter were further analysed by HPLC and UV and IR spectrometry. The residual carbon from acclimated filters contained no LAS-like material (HPLC), which was obviously subject to quantitative biotransformation. The residual material comprised &gt;50 polar metabolites, some of whose UV spectra differed from that of LAS, and most or all of which were sulfonated. These nondegraded metabolites included carboxylated dialkyltetralinesulfonates and sulfophenylcarboxylates. These residual materials showed no detectable toxicity to algae or Daphnia, and did not significantly lower the surface tension of water.
Biomagnification of organochlorines in lake erie white bass
Authors: Russell Ronald W. , Lazar Rodica , Haffner G. Douglas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Biomagnification of HCB and PCBs was measured in a natural fish population of white bass (Morone chrysops) and their prey, emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides). It was observed that biomagnification occurred only for chemicals with an octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) greater than 6.1. Hexachlorobenzene and PCB 52 did not biomagnify while PCBs 87, 138, and 180 showed significant biomagnification in Lake Erie white bass. Biomagnification factors increased proportionately with Kow, and it was concluded that high Kow chemicals were more important in the biomagnification process. Lipid proportions and chemical concentrations in prey fish (emerald shiner) and white bass intestinal contents were consistent with a fugacity model of chemical assimilation from food.
Distribution and biomagnification of selenium in a restored upland grassland contaminated by selenium from agricultural drain water
Authors: Wu Lin , Chen Jianguo , Tanji Kenneth K. , Banuelos Gary S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Kesterson Reservoir was a wetland contaminated with selenium (Se)-enriched agricultural drainage water. As part of the remediation of the selenium contamination, evaporation ponds at Kesterson were dried out and the selenium-contaminated wetlands were transformed into an upland grassland. The distribution of Se in both the soil and vegetation was monitored in these upland grasslands for 5 years. From May 1989 to September 1993 the distribution of soil Se in the sediment did not change significantly, and the soil Se inventory was not remobilized. Biomagnification of selenium in seven sites representing a gradient of soil Se concentrations was examined for three food-chain trophic levels. The pattern of Se bioaccumulation shows that there was a considerable increase from the water-extractable soil Se concentration (source) to the plant (producer) tissue Se concentration and from the grasshopper (primary consumer) tissue Se concentration to praying mantis (secondary consumer) tissue Se concentration. No consistent pattern of increase in Se concentration from the plant to the grasshopper level was apparent. The absolute values of Se bioaccumulation in the insects reflect the available Se concentrations in the soil of the habitat. This relationship indicates that the insects were not actively moving from their local habitat. This discovery suggests that, indeed, a Se biomagnification process did occur in this upland grassland ecosystem. In comparison with the previous state of Kesterson wetland, the upland grassland had Se bioaccumulations less than 10% of those found in the wetland. The upland grassland appears to provide a safer habitat than the wetland with respect to the elevated soil Se concentrations. However, some existing high soil Se concentration sites in the grassland may produce toxic levels of Se in the food chain. Additional research is needed to restore this deteriorated habitat and ensure the safety of wildlife and humans.
Acute effects of chlorinated resin acid exposure on juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Kennedy Christopher J. , Sweeting Ruston M. , Farrell Anthony P. , McKeown Brian A. , Johansen Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of an acute exposure to either 14–monochlorodehydroabietic acid (MCDHAA) or 12,14–dichlorodehydro-abietic acid (DCDHAA) were examined in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The experimentally determined 96–h LC50 values (and their 95% confidence limits) were 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) and 0.91 (0.70, 1.21) mg/L, for MCDHAA and DCDHAA, respectively. To measure effects on several biochemical parameters, swimming performance, and disease resistance, juvenile trout were exposed for 24 h to sublethal concentrations of one or the other resin acid in an intermittent-flow respirometer. Hematocrit, plasma lactate, and liver protein were significantly affected by exposure to the highest dose (80% of the 96-h LC50 value) of either of the resin acids. Plasma cortisol levels were 14-and 3-fold higher than were controls. Resistance to infection by Aeromonas salmonicida was significantly reduced; the cumulative percent mortalities due to furunculosis in fish exposed to MCDHAA or DCDHAA reached 20 and 26%, respectively. Swimming performance, measured as critical swimming speed (mean values 6.32 ± 0.20 and 5.93 ± 0.15 body lengths per second for MCDHAA and DCDHAA, respectively), was not significantly affected by resin acid exposure.
Action of tributyltin on enzymes of four bacteria
Authors: Tseng Ruey-Kuang , Cooney Joseph J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of tributyltin (TBT) was examined on six enzymes in intact cells and in cytosol and wall/membrane fractions of four bacteria. The organisms′ TBT resistance varied over 2,400-fold: Pseudomonas putida TBT-6 &gt; Pseudomonas sp. BP-4 &gt; Bacillus sp. Me-I &gt; Bacillus sp. MC-24S. TBT is not a general toxicant for enzymes since β-galactosidase, glucose dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were not affected by it. ATPase was detected in cells of all four organisms but not in their cell fractions; it was inhibited by TBT in cells of Bacillus sp. MC-24S. In intact cells and the membrane fraction, TBT stimulated NADH oxidase at low levels and inhibited it at higher levels, and the more resistant organisms had a higher threshold concentration. In Pseudomonas sp. BP-4, TBT had no effect on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in cells, but inhibited it in the cytosol fraction. TBT did not affect the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase, which was present in the two Pseudomonas spp. The results support the conclusion that the cell membrane is a site of action of TBT, but that it can also act in the cytoplasm, for the cytosolic enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was stimulated in cells of Bacillus sp. MC-24S. Enzymes requiring free sulfhydryl groups were inhibited. The patterns of enzyme sensitivity to TBT suggest there may be two resistance mechanisms among these four organisms.
Accumulation and loss of arsenic and boron, alone and in combination, in mallard ducks
Authors: Pendleton Grey W. , Whitworth Molly R. , Olsen Glenn H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Arsenic and boron are common in the environment, and wildlife can be exposed to toxic concentrations through both natural and human-influenced processes. We exposed adult male mallard ducks to dietary concentrations of 300 ppm arsenic as sodium arsenate, 1,600 ppm boron as boric acid, or both and estimated the tissue accumulation and loss rates when the ducks were returned to uncontaminated food. Both elements were accumulated rapidly; equilibrium levels were reached for arsenic in 10 to 30 d and for boron in 2 to 15 d. Accumulation of each element was slowed by the presence of the other in the diet. Boron was eliminated by mallards very rapidly, with few detectable residues ≥ 1 d after removal of boron from the diet; arsenic was also rapidly lost with half-lives of 1 to 3 d (half-lives were not constant throughout the loss period). Arsenic loss rate was not affected by the presence of boron. Arsenic accumulated to the highest level in liver tissue, with blood and brain levels lower; concentrations in the liver and blood were proportional but affected by the presence of boron. Boron concentrations were highest in the blood, followed by the brain and liver; concentrations in the blood and liver were proportional.
Sediment sorption coefficient measurements for four phthalate esters: Experimental results and model theory
Authors: Williams Mark D. , Adams William J. , Parkerton Thomas F. , Biddinger Gregory R. , Robillard Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sediment partition coefficients were measured for four commercial phthalate esters: dihexyl phthalate (DHP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and ditridecyl phthalate (DTDP). The experimental procedure was based on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Test Guideline 796.2750, “Sediment and Soil Adsorption Isotherm.” Three sediments were used: EPA 8 (0.15% organic carbon), EPA 18 (0.66% organic carbon), and EPA 21 (1.88% organic carbon). The Freundlich equation was used to calculate organic carbon-normalized sediment/water partition coefficients (Koc), which averaged 5.26 × 104 ± 4.54 × 103; 4.82 × 105 ± 3.52 × 105; 2.86 × 105 ± 2.74 × 105; and 1.82 × 106 ± 1.05 × 106 for DHP, DEHP, DIDP, and DTDP, respectively. In general, these Koc values did not correlate well to either sediment or chemical properties. This lack of correlation suggested that the measured Koc values are suppressed, potentially as a function of experimental conditions. On the basis of these data, it was decided to investigate the dependence of Koc on sediment solids concentration and dissolved organic carbon. Analysis of these and earlier reported partition coefficient data indicated that measured Koc values for phthalate esters obtained in shake-flask experiments exhibited an inverse dependence on solids concentration. These results were consistent with partitioning models that are discussed. Depending on compound hydrophobicity, the particle-corrected Koc values were from one to three orders of magnitude higher than the measured Koc values. Therefore, if partition coefficient values obtained by using Test Guideline 796.2750 or similar shake-flask procedures are not corrected for solids effect, the estimates of the sediment pore-water concentration of the chemical is likely to be overestimated.
Stimulation of increased short-term growth and development of mayflies by pulp mill effluent
Authors: Lowell Richard B. , Culp Joseph M. , Wrona Frederick J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To determine the food-dependent effects of biologically treated, bleached-kraft pulp mill effluent on mayfly (Baetis tricaudatus Dodds) growth and development, mayflies were exposed to effluent for 2 weeks within artificial streams arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial design (two periphyton food levels - low, high; three concentrations - control river water, 1% effluent, 10% effluent). Although survival was not affected, the effluent had a significant stimulatory effect on growth (resulting in 20 to 50% greater body weights) and development of the wing pads. Furthermore, the initial growth and development trajectories suggest that effluent-exposed mayflies may emerge sooner and at a larger size than nonexposed individuals. A key result was that the stimulatory effects occurred within both the low- and high-food treatments. Thus, the effluent-exposed mayflies grew-faster than even the high-food control animals, which already had access to more food than they could eat throughout the experiment. This shows that the stimulatory effect of the effluent on the mayflies involved more than just an increase in food-availability due to enhanced algal growth in response to nutrients in the effluent. Three possible mechanisms for this growth-enhancement effect are that the effluent (a) increased the nutritive value of the food, (b) enhanced the palatability of the periphyton, inducing increased mayfly feeding, and/or (c) directly stimulated increased mayfly growth via hormonal or other growth-stimulation effects. Further work is required to determine whether the growth stimulation occurred at the expense of future reproductive output.
Avian consumption of blank pesticide granules applied at planting to Iowa cornfields
Authors: Fischer David L. , Best Louis B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Consumption of pesticide granules by free-ranging birds was quantified by applying blank (untreated silica granules to Iowa cornfields at rates varying from 3.9 to 17.3 kg/ha and examining the gizzards of birds collected from these fields for the presence of granules. One or more granules were found in the gizzards of 39% of 256 birds collected. Counts of gizzard granules averaged 0.6 to 0.9 for the three avian groups collected (horned larks, blackbirds, and sparrows). More than 95% of the specimens contained ≤3 granules; the maximum count was 6. On the basis of granule voiding experiments, we estimate that gizzard examinations detected 24% of the granules consumed per day. Median daily consumption for birds in general was estimated to be 2.4 granules, with 95% of individuals estimated to consume ≤18 granules. For the species with the highest consumption rate, the savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), median consumption was 11 granules per day, with 95% of individuals estimated to consume ≤23 granules per day. Granule availability on the soil surface was highly correlated with the application rate. Counts within the application band immediately after application averaged 15 granules/ft2 for every 1 kg/ha applied, or about 6% of the granules applied. Our results suggest that when granular pesticides are applied to cropland, many birds may ingest granules, but the numbers ingested will generally be low.