bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tail bounds for the height and width of a random tree with a given degree sequence
Authors: Addario‐Berry L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFix a sequence c = (c1,…,cn) of non‐negative integers with sum n − 1. We say a rooted tree T has child sequence c if it is possible to order the nodes of T as v1,…,vn so that for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, vi has exactly ci children. Let
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{amsmath}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\mathcal T}$\end{document}
be a plane tree drawn uniformly at random from among all plane trees with child sequence c. In this note we prove sub‐Gaussian tail bounds on the height (greatest depth of any node) and width (greatest number of nodes at any single depth) of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{amsmath}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\mathcal T}$\end{document}. These bounds are optimal up to the constant in the exponent when c satisfies \documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs}\usepackage{amsmath}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\sum_{i=1}^n c_i^2=O(n)$\end{document}; the latter can be viewed as a “finite variance” condition for the child sequence. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2012
Closing the gap: symbolic reparations and armed groups
Authors: Dudai Ron 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe question of whether non-state armed groups could and should provide reparations to their victims has been largely overlooked. This article explores this gap, with a particular focus on symbolic reparations, such as acknowledgement of the truth and apologies. It argues that, while the question is fraught with legal, conceptual, and practical difficulties, there are some circumstances in which armed groups are capable of providing measures of reparations to their victims. The article identifies the issue of attacks on informers as one potential area for armed groups to provide such measures, and demonstrates that in a few cases armed groups have already engaged in actions that could be seen as analogous to symbolic reparations. The article's main case study is provided by recent actions by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in relation to its past attacks against suspected informers.
Biological and physical forcing of carbonate chemistry in an upwelling filament off northwest Africa: Results from a Lagrangian study
Authors: Loucaides Socratis , Tyrrell Toby , Achterberg Eric P. , Torres Ricardo , Nightingale Philip D. , Kitidis Vassilis , Serret Pablo , Woodward Malcolm , Robinson Carol 
Published: June 2012

The Mauritanian upwelling system is one of the most biologically productive regions of the world's oceans. Coastal upwelling transfers nutrients to the sun‐lit surface ocean, thereby stimulating phytoplankton growth. Upwelling of deep waters also supplies dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), high levels of which lead to low calcium carbonate saturation states in surface waters, with potentially adverse effects on marine calcifiers. In this study an upwelled filament off the coast of northwest Africa was followed using drifting buoys and sulphur hexafluoride to determine how the carbonate chemistry changed over time as a result of biological, physical and chemical processes. The initial pHtot in the mixed layer of the upwelled plume was 7.94 and the saturation states of calcite and aragonite were 3.4 and 2.2, respectively. As the plume moved offshore over a period of 9 days, biological uptake of DIC (37 μmol kg−1) reduced pCO2 concentrations from 540 to 410 μatm, thereby increasing pHtot to 8.05 and calcite and aragonite saturation states to 4.0 and 2.7 respectively. The increase (25 μmol kg−1) in total alkalinity over the 9 day study period can be accounted for solely by the combined effects of nitrate uptake and processes that alter salinity (i.e., evaporation and mixing with other water masses). We found no evidence of significant alkalinity accumulation as a result of exudation of organic bases by primary producers. The ongoing expansion of oxygen minimum zones through global warming will likely further reduce the CaCO3 saturation of upwelled waters, amplifying any adverse consequences of ocean acidification on the ecosystem of the Mauritanian upwelling system.
The effects of relaxing music for anxiety control on competitive sport anxiety
Authors: Elliott Dave , Polman Remco , Taylor Julie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis investigation examined the effects of relaxing music for anxiety control on measures of competitive state anxiety and the performance of a simple motor skill. Seventy‐two undergraduate students volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were informed that they would be required to partake in a sport competition, possibly with an audience present, and possibly whilst being filmed. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three intervention conditions, listening to relaxing music for anxiety control, listening to non‐relaxing music or a no music control. During the 10‐minute intervention period, measures of anxiety (CSAI‐2R, subjective relaxation and HR) were taken on three occasions (baseline, pre‐intervention and post‐intervention). Repeated measures MANOVA showed that all three interventions provoked significant reductions in competitive state anxiety. Condition had no impact upon any of the DVs. These results suggest that listening to relaxing music for anxiety control was no more effective at reducing competitive state anxiety than non‐relaxing music or a period of silence. ES, mean difference and 90% CI data did however provide some support for the application of relaxing music for anxiety control. There were no between‐condition differences in motor task performance.
Associating microbiome composition with environmental covariates using generalized UniFrac distances
Authors: Chen Jun , Bittinger Kyle , Charlson Emily S. , Hoffmann Christian , Lewis James , Wu Gary D. , Collman Ronald G. , Bushman Frederic D. , Li Hongzhe 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The human microbiome plays an important role in human disease and health. Identification of factors that affect the microbiome composition can provide insights into disease mechanism as well as suggest ways to modulate the microbiome composition for therapeutical purposes. Distance-based statistical tests have been applied to test the association of microbiome composition with environmental or biological covariates. The unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances are the most widely used distance measures. However, these two measures assign too much weight either to rare lineages or to most abundant lineages, which can lead to loss of power when the important composition change occurs in moderately abundant lineages.
Results: We develop generalized UniFrac distances that extend the weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances for detecting a much wider range of biologically relevant changes. We evaluate the use of generalized UniFrac distances in associating microbiome composition with environmental covariates using extensive Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show that tests using the unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances are less powerful in detecting abundance change in moderately abundant lineages. In contrast, the generalized UniFrac distance is most powerful in detecting such changes, yet it retains nearly all its power for detecting rare and highly abundant lineages. The generalized UniFrac distance also has an overall better power than the joint use of unweighted/weighted UniFrac distances. Application to two real microbiome datasets has demonstrated gains in power in testing the associations between human microbiome and diet intakes and habitual smoking.
Availability: http://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/GUniFrac
Contact: hongzhe@upenn.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Bluues server: electrostatic properties of wild-type and mutated protein structures
Authors: Walsh Ian , Minervini Giovanni , Corazza Alessandra , Esposito Gennaro , Tosatto Silvio C. E. , Fogolari Federico 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Electrostatic calculations are an important tool for deciphering many functional mechanisms in proteins. Generalized Born (GB) models offer a fast and convenient computational approximation over other implicit solvent-based electrostatic models. Here we present a novel GB-based web server, using the program Bluues, to calculate numerous electrostatic features including pKa-values and surface potentials. The output is organized allowing both experts and beginners to rapidly sift the data. A novel feature of the Bluues server is that it explicitly allows to find electrostatic differences between wild-type and mutant structures.
Availability: The Bluues server, examples and extensive help files are available for non-commercial use at URL: http://protein.bio.unipd.it/bluues/.
Contact: silvio.tosatto@unipd.it
Improved response with post‐ASCT consolidation by low dose thalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone as first line treatment for multiple myeloma
Authors: Rabin Neil , Percy Laura , Khan Iftekhar , Quinn John , D'Sa Shirley , Yong Kwee L. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe use of consolidation or maintenance to improve disease response, and hence clinical outcome, following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains the subject of intense clinical research. We carried out a single‐arm study to assess the toxicity and efficacy of a short block of consolidation therapy with cyclophosphamide, low dose thalidomide and dexamethasone (CTD) in patients within 6 months following ASCT, as part of frontline therapy for symptomatic multiple myeloma. Forty‐five patients who had not progressed were enrolled on the study, and 43 completed treatment on protocol. This regimen was well tolerated soon after ASCT, with only grade 1/2 toxicity apart from neutropenia, and no long‐term sequelae. Importantly, CTD consolidation improved the depth of response in treated patients, increasing the complete/very good partial response rate from 44% at 3 months, to 72% at 12 months, which was significantly higher compared with a historical group of control patients (P = 0·002). There was a trend to longer progression‐free survival that favoured the study group. Consolidation therapy did not adversely affect subsequent disease response to salvage therapies at relapse. We conclude that CTD consolidation may be a useful, non‐toxic and cost‐effective strategy to deepen disease response following ASCT, and deserves further study in a randomized trial.
Associations between testosterone, bone mineral density, vitamin D and semen quality in fertile and infertile Chinese men
Authors: Yang B. , Sun H. , Wan Y. , Wang H. , Qin W. , Yang L. , Zhao H. , Yuan J. , Yao B. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryTestosterone (T) and vitamin D (VD) interact in androgen deficient men, however, this interaction and subsequent semen quality and bone mineral density (BMD) status is not clear in infertile men. Our objective was to investigate T, VD, semen quality, BMD and their relationships in Chinese infertile men. We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 559 men aged 20–40 years, including 195 fertile men, 9 infertile men with known risk factors for osteoporosis (WR) and 355 infertile men without known risk factors for osteoporosis (WOR). WOR infertile men constituted 314 oligo‐, astheno‐, teratospermic or normospermic infertile men (OATN men) and 41 non‐obstructive azoospermic men (NOA men). Differences of parameters were assessed, and the relationships were adjusted by multiple linear regression. WOR infertile men had significantly lower T, lumbar spine and total hip BMD than fertile men (all p < 0.05). Bioavailable T (Bio‐T) and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were independent determinants of BMD in WOR infertile men (all p < 0.01) but not in fertile men. After stratifying Bio‐T, WOR infertile men had lower BMD than fertile men (all p < 0.05) in low Bio‐T subgroups (Bio‐T ≤ 11.6 nmol/L), but not high Bio‐T subgroups (Bio‐T > 11.6 nmol/L). 25(OH)D was an independent determinant of sperm motility and morphology in WOR OATN men (all p < 0.05), with only borderline significance in fertile men(motility: p = 0.047; morphology: p = 0.056). T determined sperm concentration (square root) and morphology in WOR OATN men (all p < 0.001). No correlations between T and 25(OH)D were found in all groups. We suggest that infertile men have lower T and BMD than fertile men. 25(OH)D and T were associated with low BMD and poor semen quality in infertile men.
Identification of a novel HLA‐C*01:61 allele by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing in a Chinese leukemia patient
Authors: Tao S.‐D. , Zhang W. , He J. , Zhu F.‐M. , Lv H.‐J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHLA‐C*01:61 allele was different from HLA‐C*01:02:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 303 C>A.
Functional Morphology of the Aardvark Tail
Authors: Endo H. , Mori K. , Koyabu D. , Kawada S. , Komiya T. , Itou T. , Koie H. , Kitagawa M. , Sakai T. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe musculoskeletal system of the aardvark (Orycteropus afer) tail was morphologically examined in two adult specimens. The tail musculature comprised three muscular groups, viz. a dorsal sacrocaudal system that consisted of the irregularly oriented Musculus sacrocaudalis dorsalis medialis and M. sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis, a lateral inter‐vertebral connecting system, and a ventral sacrocaudal system characterized by the thick M. sacrocaudalis ventralis lateralis and M. sacrocaudalis ventralis medialis. Both the dorsal and ventral systems possessed large tendon groups that strengthened the tail structure. Computed tomography (CT) examination showed the presence of large but homogeneous cartilaginous inter‐vertebral discs, whereas V‐shaped bones were situated at the ventral aspect of the caudal vertebrae at the level of the inter‐vertebral discs. CT visualization of the tendons and V‐shaped bones in various tail positions suggested that these structures contribute to the tunnel digging action by bearing the trunk weight and lending force when the aardvark are displacing the soil by means of the forelimbs.
Significance of endothelial dysfunction in sleep‐related breathing disorder
Authors: LUI MACY MEI‐SZE , LAM DAVID CHI‐LEUNG , IP MARY SAU‐MAN 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe endothelium functions not only as a semi‐selective barrier between body tissue and circulation; it also plays an active role in the maintenance of a healthy vasculature. Endothelial dysfunction is increasingly found to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Impaired endothelium‐dependent vasodilation, as a marker of endothelial dysfunction, predates and predicts cardiovascular disease. Endothelial dysfunction is thought to result from oxidative stress, inflammatory gene activation and cytokine cascade, as well as impairment of endothelial repair mechanisms. In the context of sleep‐related breathing disorders, obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is postulated to contribute independently to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Thus, endothelial dysfunction is an important target of research in vascular pathogenesis and also serves as an intermediary outcome indicator in clinical trials evaluating cardiovascular sequelae in OSA. Basic or translational studies have identified cellular and molecular mechanisms of potential relevance to endothelial dysfunction in OSA, while epidemiological or clinical studies have shown endothelial dysfunction attributable to sleep‐disordered breathing, which could improve with effective treatment of OSA. Endothelial dysfunction is poised to serve as a call for timely intervention with possibility of halting or even reverting vascular injury in sleep‐related breathing disorders. Much remains to be explored about the complex pathways of endothelial dysfunction and its clinical manifestations in subjects with OSA, which are likely to involve multiple contributing factors. Evidence‐based information will allow us to construct the framework for guiding individualized clinical management and public health strategies for OSA, as well as cardiometabolic diseases.
Cortical circuit dysfunction and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia – implications for preemptive interventions
Authors: Lewis David A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSchizophrenia is a devastating disorder that is common, usually chronic, frequently associated with substantial co‐morbidity for addictive and medical disorders and, as a consequence, very costly in both personal and economic terms. At present, no proven means for preventing or modifying the course of the illness exist. This review discusses evidence supporting the ideas that: (i) impairments in certain cognitive processes are the core feature of schizophrenia; (ii) these cognitive impairments reflect abnormalities in specific cortical circuits; and (iii) these circuitry abnormalities arise during childhood–adolescence. The implications of these findings for the development and implementation of safe, preemptive, disease‐modifying interventions in individuals at high risk for a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia are considered.
Cognitive dysfunction and depression in Parkinson’s disease: what can be learned from rodent models?
Authors: Lindgren Hanna S. , Dunnett Stephen B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) has for decades been considered a pure motor disorder and its cardinal motor symptoms have been attributed to the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and to nigral Lewy body pathology. However, there has more recently been a shift in the conceptualization of the disease, and its pathological features have now been recognized as involving several other areas of the brain and indeed even outside the central nervous system. There are a corresponding variety of intrinsic non‐motor symptoms such as autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbances and neuropsychiatric problems, which cannot be explained exclusively by nigral pathology. In this review, we will focus on cognitive impairment and affective symptoms in PD, and we will consider whether, and how, these deficits can best be modelled in rodent models of the disorder. As only a few of the non‐motor symptoms respond to standard DA replacement therapies, the quest for a broader therapeutic approach remains a major research effort, and success in this area in particular will be strongly dependent on appropriate rodent models. In addition, better understanding of the different models, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the available behavioural tasks, will result in better tools for evaluating new treatment strategies for PD patients suffering from these neuropsychological symptoms.
Microbiology and proteomics, getting the best of both worlds!
Authors: Armengaud Jean 
Published: June 2012

SummaryHigh‐throughput identification of proteins with the latest generation of hybrid high‐resolution mass spectrometers is opening new perspectives in microbiology. I present, here, an overview of tandem mass spectrometry technology and bioinformatics for shotgun proteomics that make 2D‐PAGE approaches obsolete. Non‐labelling quantitative approaches have become more popular than labelling techniques on most proteomic platforms because they are easier to carry out while their quantitative outcome is rather robust. Parameters for recording mass spectrometry data, however, need to be chosen carefully and statistics to assess the confidence of the results should not be neglected. Interestingly, next‐generation sequencing methodologies make any microbial model quickly amenable to proteomics, leading to the documentation of a wide range of organisms from diverse environments. Some recent discoveries made using microbial proteomics have challenged some biological dogma, such as: (i) initiation of the translation does not occur predominantly from ATG codons in some microorganisms, (ii) non‐canonical initiation codons are used to regulate the production of specific but important proteins and (iii) a gene may code for multiple polypeptide species, heterogeneous in terms of sequences. Microbial diversity and microbial physiology can now be revisited by means of exhaustive comparative proteomic surveys where thousands of proteins are detected and quantified. Proteogenomics, consisting of better annotating of genomes with the help of proteomic evidence, is paving the way for integrated multi‐omic approaches in microbiology. Finally, meta‐proteomic tools and approaches are emerging for tackling the high complexity of the microbial world as a whole, opening new perspectives for assessing how microbial communities function.
Global marine yield halved as fishing intensity redoubles
Authors: Watson Reg A , Cheung William W L , Anticamara Jonathan A , Sumaila Rashid U , Zeller Dirk , Pauly Daniel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere is widespread concern and debate about the state of global marine resources and the ecosystems supporting them, notably global fisheries, as catches now generally stagnate or decline. Many fisheries are not assessed by standard stock assessment methods including many in the world's most biodiverse areas. Though simpler methods using widely available catch data are available, these are often discounted largely because data on fishing effort that contributed to the changes in catches are mostly not considered. We analyse spatial and temporal patterns of global fishing effort and its relationship with catch to assess the status of the world's fisheries. The study reveals that fleets now fish all of the world's oceans and have increased in power by an average of 10‐fold (25‐fold for Asia) since the 1950s. Significantly, for the equivalent fishing power expended, landings from global fisheries are now half what they were a half‐century ago, indicating profound changes to supporting marine environments. This study provides another dimension to understand the global status of fisheries.
KEYNES' WAGE–PRICE DYNAMICS
Authors: Dos Santos Ferreira Rodolphe , Michel Philippe 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe paper presents a simple loglinear macroeconomic model designed to discuss the essentials of Keynes' dynamic analysis in the General Theory and in the Treatise on Money. The model has a conventional static Aggregate Demand—Aggregate Supply block plus a three‐dimensional dynamic system involving the money wage and the expected level and rate of change of the output price. It illustrates Keynes' ideas, in particular on the nature of unemployment and on the stabilizing nature of money (as opposed to real) wage stickiness. It also allows to reconcile with empirical observations Keynes' (false) conjecture on the negative correlation of money and real wages.
Interaction of mineral salts with the skin: a literature survey
Authors: Polefka T. G. , Bianchini R. J. , Shapiro S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThere is growing scientific evidence that the health, well‐being and the attractiveness of the skin are strongly influenced by nutrition. Consumers recognize this and have supported the creation of a global cosmeceuticals market estimated in 2010 at $27.2 billion. Early in 2011, the US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture issued the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Twelve vitamins and nine minerals were recognized as essential. The minerals include calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, potassium and sodium. Although the topical benefits of several minerals such as zinc, magnesium and iron are recognized and, in some cases, approved by the FDA, the topical benefits of the others to the skin are largely unexplored and unexploited. This review attempts to summarize what has been published in the literature on the interactions of the eight of the nine essential elements with the skin.