bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workload pressure among recently qualified pharmacists: An exploratory study of intentions to leave the profession
Authors: Eden Martin , Schafheutle Ellen I , Hassell Karen 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the reasons why recently qualified pharmacists had chosen to follow non-standard career paths, or were thinking of doing so.

Methods
Participants in a nationwide longitudinal cohort study examining pharmacy careers who were either working in non-standard roles (i.e. not primarily employed in community, primary care or hospital pharmacy), or who had expressed a likelihood of leaving the profession in the near future, were invited to participate in a follow-up qualitative study. After pilot work to inform the design of a semi-structured interview schedule 12 telephone interviews were conducted with pharmacists who had qualified within the last 5 years.

Key findings
Regardless of the sector in which these early career pharmacists had gained work experience, there was a common occurrence of workload pressures influencing career decisions. Pressures in community pharmacy were often related to the need to meet certain targets in a business environment. Community pharmacists also bemoaned a lack of resources, such as support staff, which often meant that their day-to-day routines became monotonous and unfulfilling. A feeling of being undervalued and underutilised was the main concern voiced by all pharmacists and represented the views of those with experience of working in both the community and hospital sectors. This situation arose because participants felt that they had been highly trained to deliver new pharmaceutical services yet the opportunities to use their skills did not materialise, partly due to the nature of their workloads.

Conclusions
Early career pharmacists can become disillusioned because the pressure to perform routine tasks often results in a lack of time to provide new pharmaceutical services. Increased job satisfaction levels are seen when more opportunities for clinical input are afforded to pharmacists. This could be achieved through the use of clear guidelines on staffing levels and, more importantly, the provision of adequate support staff.
The feasibility of providing community pharmacy-based services for alcohol misuse: A literature review
Authors: Watson Margaret C , Blenkinsopp Alison 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Excessive consumption of alcohol is a major public health concern. The use of community pharmacies and pharmacists as sources of public health information and services is gaining greater recognition. The objective of this review was to provide an overview of the evidence on the feasibility, effectiveness and acceptability of providing community pharmacy-based services to address the excessive consumption of alcohol.

Methods
Electronic databases were searched for the period 1996–2007 to identify relevant evidence. Searches were also conducted of relevant pharmacy and addiction journals. Information was sought from key contacts in pharmacy and alcohol research. Studies were included if they were conducted in a community pharmacy setting.

Key findings
The review comprised three feasibility studies which included 14 pharmacies and 500 customers. Non-significant reductions in alcohol consumption were reported with two studies following brief interventions by pharmacists. Between 30% and 53% of pharmacy customers were identified as having hazardous or harmful drinking behaviour. Customer opinion of the pharmacy-based alcohol services was not reported.

Conclusions
There has been little empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of community pharmacy-based services for alcohol misuse. The evidence presented in this review suggests that community pharmacy-based screening is feasible. Organisations and individuals involved with tackling excessive alcohol consumption should consider the inclusion of community pharmacies and pharmacists as part of their strategies to address this problem. Large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the short- and long-term effects and cost-effectiveness of community pharmacy-based interventions to reduce excessive alcohol consumption, as well as to explore the acceptability of the service to users.
Non-prescription medicines: Current issues in Australian community pharmacy
Authors: Tan Amy Chen Wee , Emmerton Lynne 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
This qualitative research aimed to improve understanding of the perceptions, experiences and attitudes of community pharmacists regarding developments in the non-prescription medicines market.

Method
Qualitative data were collected via in-depth interviews with 20 community pharmacists in Brisbane, Australia. Pharmacists-in-charge were randomly telephoned from a list generated from online pharmacy-locator services and invited to participate in a face-to-face semi-structured interview based on six themes. The data collected were transcribed verbatim and analysed for prominent themes, major issues, differences and unique individual responses.

Key findings
The topic commonly of concern to participants was the descheduling of non-prescription medicines (including ibuprofen and nicotine-replacement therapy) for availability via non-pharmacy medicine retailers. Other key findings and common themes related to the current scheduling of non-prescription medicines as Pharmacist Only Medicines and Pharmacy Medicines (largely favoured), the importance of pharmacists' advice on non-prescription medicines and the online system for control of pseudoephedrine sales (Project STOP; widely commended).

Conclusions
Despite some variability in opinions and the potential for professionally desirable responses, the findings generally supported professional initiatives to preserve non-prescription medicines as a domain of community pharmacies. The involvement of pharmacists in medicine sales was largely favoured as an opportunity to maintain control over supply and to advise on appropriate medicines usage. These data may inform the quality supply of non-prescription medicines, and are of significance to countries operating or debating similar scheduling systems for non-prescription medicines.
How do pharmacists manage acute diarrhoea in an 8-month-old baby? A simulated client study
Authors: Driesen Annelies , Vandenplas Yvan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesCommunity pharmacists claim a role in health care based on their added value as counsellors and providers of pharmaceutical care. The aim of this study was to assess to what extent they fulfil this role with respect to the management of acute diarrhoea in an 8-month-old baby.MethodsIn February 2008, two female simulated clients of 55 and 35 years old visited 101 Belgian pharmacies. Both entered the pharmacy and said: ‘I'm here for my grandchild/my sister's baby. She has diarrhoea.’ They only provided more information if the pharmacist asked for it. All the questions and the verbal advice provided by the pharmacist were audio-recorded and the suggested medicines were registered.Key findingsOne pharmacist did not ask any questions. All the other pharmacists asked the age of the child, 19% asked how long the symptoms had been on-going, 27% asked whether the baby had a fever and 24% inquired about vomiting. Seventy-five per cent of the pharmacists emphasized the importance of sufficient fluid intake and/or the risk of dehydration, while 4% described how to recognize such dehydration symptoms. Oral rehydration solution was suggested by 30% of the pharmacists, while 86% suggested the yeast probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii. Of the 28% spontaneously giving dietary advice, no-one said that normal feeding should restart ‘as soon as possible’. Thirty-one per cent advised consulting a doctor, either immediately or in the case of the symptoms not improving after a while.ConclusionsApart from inquiring about the child's age, the majority of pharmacists asked too few questions to be able to analyse the situation properly. Ample information was provided on the risk of dehydration, but counselling on the suggested medicines was insufficient.
Ask, advise and refer: Hypothesis generation to promote a brief tobacco-cessation intervention in community pharmacies
Authors: Patwardhan Pallavi D , Chewning Betty A 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
A preliminary qualitative study was conducted to identify key facilitators and barriers for pharmacists' adoption of a brief tobacco-cessation protocol, Ask-Advise-Refer (AAR).

Methods
Ten community pharmacists were interviewed using semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with open-ended questions. Purposive and saturation sampling techniques were applied to identify participants and determine sample size respectively. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Using thematic analysis, two reviewers independently coded all transcripts to identify prominent themes. Appropriate measures were taken to ensure study rigor and validity.

Key findings
All facilitators and barriers identified were grouped into nine distinct themes. Pharmacists' fear of negative patient reaction was the most prominent barrier to initiating tobacco-cessation discussions with patients. Other themes identified in decreasing order of prevalence were pharmacists perceiving a rationale for initiating tobacco cessation, pharmacy environment, pharmacists' perception of/prior knowledge of patients' willingness to discuss tobacco cessation/to quit, patient initiation of tobacco-cessation or worsening-health discussion, pharmacists' perceptions of AAR characteristics, length of pharmacist-patient relationship/rapport with patients, low expectations of pharmacy patrons and pharmacists' communication ability.

Conclusions
This study highlights the potential fear among pharmacists about negative reactions from patients in response to initiating tobacco cessation discussions. Based on the results of this study it is hypothesized that the following strategies would facilitate adoption of AAR: (1) train pharmacists to initiate cessation discussions; (2) initially target discussions with patients who have a disease or medication adversely affected by tobacco use; (3) encourage patient enquiry about pharmacy cessation services through visual cues; and (4) help pharmacists set up a workflow system compatible with the AAR protocol.
Hospital trust engagement with a new vocational learning programme for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in England
Authors: Schafheutle Ellen I , Noyce Peter R , Cutts Christopher 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to explore hospital trusts' uptake of Learning@Lunch (L@L), a new vocational learning programme for hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians in acute and mental health trusts in England, recently introduced by the Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education (CPPE).

Methods
The CPPE's ordering database for the first eight L@L modules, with addition of hospital trust and pharmacy characteristics, was analysed using SPSS, providing simple frequencies and X2 cross-tabulations.

Key findings
The CPPE database contained data for 168 acute and 73 mental health trusts, about a third of each being foundation trusts. One-third (33.3%) of acute trusts were teaching, and the majority of them (91.1%) offered pre-registration places for 2009, the mean number being 3.39; only three mental health trusts offered places. L@L uptake by specialist and mental health trusts was lower than by those providing general services. Uptake was highest in the North and South, and lowest in London. Acute trusts with zero to two pre-registration places had a higher uptake than those offering three or more.

Conclusions
Despite limitations of the database, analysis provides interesting insights into the uptake of this new learning programme, which are of interest to CPPE, as well as pharmacy academics and educationalists. L@L uptake by specialist and mental health trusts was significantly lower than that by acute trusts providing general services. Reasons for this need to be explored further to ensure that CPPE and other learning providers can meet the needs of hospital pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in specialist areas, thus ensuring refresher training in core clinical areas.
The introduction of repeat dispensing for 600 patients in one general practice
Authors: Holden John , Brown Graham 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to survey the introduction of repeat dispensing in one general practice to discover any generalisable lessons.

Methods
Serial repeat-prescribing workload (GPs and receptionists) surveys were performed each day for whole, non-holiday weeks five times in the year and a patient satisfaction survey was undertaken mid-way through the year. The opinions of the community pharmacist were sought and prescribing costs were checked at the start and end of the year.

Key findings
There were substantial savings of time for the practice once the initial increases in effort had been overcome. These were estimated to be equivalent to a week saved annually for each general practitioner, as well as substantial amounts of staff time.

Conclusions
Repeat dispensing offers clear benefits to patients, practices and pharmacists. In this practice 45% of items were repeat-dispensed after one year, in comparison to less than 1% nationally. There is potential for the scheme to be much more actively promoted.
An exploration of work-related stress in Northern Ireland community pharmacy: a qualitative study
Authors: McCann Laura , Adair Colin G , Hughes Carmel M 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was, through qualitative methodology, to explore the factors which contribute to job-related stress in community pharmacy in Northern Ireland.MethodsAll community pharmacists in Northern Ireland were invited to participate in one-to-one semi-structured interviews. Interview schedules explored pharmacists' attitudes to job-related stress and the situations that may contribute to stress. All interviews took place at participants' work sites between December 2007 and April 2008, were audio-taped, transcribed verbatim, read independently by the authors and analysed using thematic analysis.Key findingsSeventeen pharmacists participated in the interviews. The main themes that emerged in relation to job-related stress were workplace issues, issues regarding professional expansion, recognition and responsibility, and a demanding public. Although there was general support for development in community pharmacy, this was tempered by concerns as to how expectations would be met and how all services would be delivered.ConclusionsThe themes that emerged from this work reflect what was reported from a survey conducted in 2007 and reinforce the tension between developments in practice and the ability to deliver. Developments in professional practice can be positive; however, commissioners and policy-makers need to consider whether community pharmacists have the infrastructure in terms of environment, personnel and multi-professional support to deliver what is required of them.
Safer pharmacy practice: a preliminary study of significant event analysis and peer feedback
Authors: Bradley Nicholas A , Power Ailsa , Hesselgreaves Hannah , McMillan Fiona , Bowie Paul 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of significant event analyses (SEAs) undertaken by pharmacists as judged by a new system of independent peer feedback.

Method
The setting was a convenience sample of 37 pharmacists working in community pharmacy, secondary care and academic settings in NHS Scotland. Preliminary study involved the content analysis of pharmacists' SEAs and written feedback reports, which were generated by pharmacists trained in using a validated instrument to facilitate peer feedback. The content of reports and feedback letters were systematically coded and categorised by identifying and quantifying key words and phrases. Data collected included the range and severity of significant events identified; the reported reasons for the events occurring; types of learning needs identified; action(s) taken; and learning issues raised by peer feedback.

Key findings
A total of 37 pharmacists submitted 43 SEA reports during the study period. All events submitted were classified as having a negative impact on the quality and safety of patient care. Most events related to prescribing, dispensing, administration, communication and patient-/relative-centred issues. Patients reportedly came to harm in 13% of cases. Sixty-three per cent of reported learning needs related to personal awareness/ responsibilities when undertaking work tasks, and 58% of implemented change involved amending existing protocols or introducing new procedures. Seventy per cent of SEAs were judged to be ‘satisfactory’ by the peer reviewers. The effectiveness of change implementation and providing a clear description of an event were highlighted as key issues which required improvement in those event analyses judged to be ‘unsatisfactory’.

Conclusions
The findings demonstrate that most pharmacists in this study were able to apply SEA in a satisfactory manner by demonstrating reflective learning, undertaking insightful analyses and implementing necessary change. SEA and peer feedback may have a potential role to play in enhancing the quality and safety of pharmacy practices.
Audit of parenteral nutrition use in Guernsey
Authors: Harbottle Lynn , Brache Elmarie , Clarke Janine 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
This audit was precipitated by a huge increase in the local prescribing of parenteral nutrition (PN) in Guernsey and concomitant burden on pharmacy/sterile services unit staff. It aimed to establish whether PN was being used appropriately and the extent to which feeding prescriptions followed UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and local Guernsey guidelines with regard to the initiation, monitoring and cessation of feeding.

Method
All PN patients at the Princess Elizabeth Hospital in Guernsey during a 1 year period (November 2006-December 2007) were subject to audit. A data-collection form was designed to ascertain exclusion of other feeding options, risk of re-feeding complications, suitability of PN regime, compliance with monitoring guidelines and patient outcomes. Copies of the form were completed by pharmacists/dietitians.

Key findings
Eighteen men and 12 women were included (average age 67 years). PN was initiated appropriately, with the most common indication being gastrointestinal surgery. Assessment of re-feeding risk and use of low-calorie starter regimes with full micronutrient and electrolyte additions was routinely carried out, except in the case of two patients admitted at weekends. Five patients were not given appropriate supplementary intravenous Pabrinex. The duration of PN ranged from 2 to 62 days (average 14 days). The majority of patients were fed continuously but three longer-term PN patients were fed cyclically (12–16 h). Only 13 patients had accurate daily fluid-balance charts kept. Seventeen had a planned cessation of PN, of whom only 11 were weaned off appropriately. Two patients were re-admitted for feeding problems within 28 days of discharge.

Conclusions
The audit findings demonstrated that PN at the Princess Elizabeth Hospital was generally being initiated, monitored and stopped with a high level of consideration to local guidelines. The main problem identified was with PN started at or immediately prior to the weekend when appropriate assessment and initiation could not be guaranteed.
The extent and characteristics of United Kingdom hospital pharmacists keeping, or not keeping, a professional development portfolio
Authors: Kostrzewski Andrzej J , Dhillon Soraya , Goodsman Danë , Taylor Kevin M G , Weinman John A 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the use of continuing professional development (CPD) portfolios by hospital pharmacists. The objectives were to assess the extent to which pharmacists use portfolios in CPD and to examine the attitudes/beliefs which differentiate those who do and do not keep a portfolio.

Method
Participants completed two questionnaires: (1) personality traits were examined using the Big-Five questionnaire and (2) a new Pharmacist Portfolio-Engaging Behaviour Questionnaire (PPEBQ) examined the attitudes and beliefs. What constitutes a portfolio was left to the interpretation of the participants, but it was specified that the survey was about participants' views of producing written records of their professional practice for CPD. The setting was hospital pharmacists based in the London area in December 2004.

Key findings
Overall, 134 pharmacists (78%) returned both questionnaires, and 80 stated that they kept a portfolio and 52 stated that they did not (two questionnaires were returned spoilt). There was no significant difference in the age or number of years qualified between those with and without a portfolio. Three personality traits were linked to keeping a portfolio (conscientiousness, agreeableness and emotional stability). Pharmacists with a portfolio scored highly on the perceived behavioural control and behavioural intention scales of the PPEBQ.

Conclusions
The Big-Five personality questionnaire is a useful tool to investigate pharmacists' use of a portfolio. Results of the PPEBQ suggested that hospital pharmacists who had a portfolio were concerned with having control over its production. However, the PPEBQ requires further development to improve its reliability. These findings have implications for the educational support of CPD.
Supply of over-the-counter weight-loss products from community pharmacies
Authors: Andronicou Anna-Maria , Krska Janet , Hackett Allan , Richards Jacqueline 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to ascertain the availability of over-the-counter (OTC) weight-loss products from community pharmacies and other retail outlets in a large conurbation, and to determine the knowledge and practices of pharmacy staff in the supply of OTC weight-loss products.

Method
The setting was one primary care trust in England. We used a cross-sectional survey of 123 community pharmacies, 12 health stores and 64 supermarkets, plus telephone interview of the pharmacists.

Key findings
Over two-thirds of community pharmacies (69%) and health stores (67%) but few supermarkets (8%) stocked one or more OTC weight-loss products. In total, 73 different products were available from pharmacies, most of which (50) were claimed by manufacturers to be appetite suppressants. Seventy-eight pharmacists were interviewed, of whom 57 stocked OTC weight-loss products. Of these 57, only two claimed to undertake any measurements before supplying the products and 33 had no supporting materials/information about the products, although 38 claimed to provide advice. None of the 57 pharmacists had undertaken any specific training in relation to weight loss. Only 44% of all those interviewed considered OTC weight-loss products to be useful, with even fewer (35%) considering them to be safe.

Conclusions
Community pharmacies are a major distributor of OTC weight-loss products, despite the lack of evidence of their efficacy and concerns about their safety. Many pharmacists had limited knowledge of the products, placed few restrictions on their supply and viewed training in weight loss as unnecessary. Pharmacists should consider the appropriateness of supplying these products and utilize the opportunities presented to support weight reduction by more effective means.