bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No. 4  Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 226–230, 2008  Development of longwearing lipstick using inorganic‐organic hybrid aggregate
Authors: Baba Y. , Kawamukai H. , Matsui Y. , Igarashi T. , Nakamura F. , Shibata M. 
Published: May 2009

As a popular method for longwearing lipsticks, self‐organizing polymers [e.g. glyceryl ether modified dimethicone (GE)], which can form a gel with a small amount of water are used. However, these polymers have the defect that they tend to inhibit the dispersibility of pigments, especially in a lipstick containing a large amount of liquid isoparaffin that has high moisturizing properties. In this study, the compatibility of the longwearing property and the high dispersibility of pigments in isoparaffin‐rich lipstick has been investigated. The introduction of alkyl chain moieties to the GE structure markedly improved the pigment dispersibility. However, random copolymerization type structure inhibited the longwearing properties. On the other hand, the introduction of an alkyl chain to the both ends of GE did not affect the longwearing properties. For further improvement of the pigment dispersibility, fine silica particles were investigated as a dispersant. The compatibility of longwearing properties and good dispersibility of pigments was achieved with silica particles. TEM observation and 1H‐NMR measurement revealed that GE was absorbed on silica particles and the silica formed a network in the lipstick composition. We assume that this organic‐inorganic hybrid aggregate has no adverse effect on the properties of pigments in the lipstick, hence no flocculation of pigments occurs.Keywords:  longwearing lipstick, polymer, pigment, dispersibility, fine particle silica, glyceryl ether modified dimethicone, moisturizing properties, organic‐inorganic hybrid aggregate, alkyl chain
No. 5  Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 231‐236, 2008  Establishment of ex vivo stratum corneum lipid ordering analysis by electron spin resonance
Authors: Yagi E. , Nakagawa K. , Sakamoto K. 
Published: May 2009

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra have been used for studying stratum corneum (SC) lipid ordering. Order parameter S obtained from ESR spectra is a good index for evaluating the fluidity of SC lipids in vitro. However, the method for evaluation of ex vivo SC lipids has not been established. A glass plate using a cyanoacrylate resin was used to strip the SC lipids. A single‐chain aliphatic spin probe, 5‐Doxylstearic acid (5‐DSA), was used. The SC samples were incubated in the 0.001% 5‐DSA in a 0.1% ethanolic aqueous solution for 60 min at 37°C. After the incubation, the excess spin probe was removed with distilled water, and then an ESR glass holder with the incubated SC sample was mounted in the ESR cavity. The newly designed ESR glass holder improved accuracy and reproducibility of sample preparations as well as ESR measurements. In conclusion, we have optimized the preparation method of ex vivo SC specimen and established accurate ex vivo ESR analyses of SC lipid ordering.Keywords:  stratum corneum, lipid ordering, electron spin resonance, ESR, 5‐Doxylstearic acid, 5‐DSA, order parameter, SC, spin probe
Efficacy of oral naltrexone on pruritus in atopic eczema: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Malekzad F , Arbabi M , Mohtasham N , Toosi P , Jaberian M , Mohajer M , Mohammadi MR , Roodsari MR , Nasiri S 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim  The intent of our study was to determine the efficacy of oral naltrexone, an opiod antagonist, in the treatment of pruritus in patients with chronic eczema.Methods  This double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study recruited 38 patients with eczema complaining from pruritus. Pruritus scores were evaluated. Patients were given placebo (n = 20) or naltrexone 50 mg (n = 18) for 2 weeks period. During the study, pruritus scores based on visual analogue scale system (VAS) were assessed three times: at the start of study, after 1 week, and after 2 weeks.Results  In both groups, decreased VAS scores were observed, but naltrexone showed to be significantly more effective than placebo in decreasing VAS score after 1 week (P < 0.005) and 2 weeks (P < 0.001).Conclusion  Naltrexone is more effective than placebo in the treatment of pruritus in patient with eczema. Naltrexone might be considered as an adjunct treatment in the treatment of pruritus. However, further studies in this aspect are highly fostered.Conflicts of interestThis study and the authors were not supported by any company with a vested interest in the product being studied and the project was funded by Skin Research Center.
Soil alteration due to erosion, ploughing and levelling of vineyards in north east Spain
Authors: Martínez‐Casasnovas J. A. , Concepción Ramos M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSince the 1970s and 1980s, the vineyard areas in the Mediterranean region of north east Spain have undergone profound transformation to allow greater mechanization. This has involved land levelling, deep ploughing and the elimination of traditional soil conservation measures. Recently the EU Common Agricultural Policy encourages this through the vineyard restructuring and conversion plans (Commission Regulation EC No 1227/2000 of 31 May 2000) by subsidizing up to 50% of the cost of soil preparation such as soil movement and land levelling. A clear example of the problems that this causes is in the Penedès vineyard region (Catalonia, north east Spain), and the present research analyses the changes in soil properties caused by erosion, deep ploughing and land levelling. The study was carried out in an area of 30 000 ha for which a Soil Information System at a scale of 1:50 000 was developed based on 394 field observations (89 soil profiles and 251 auger hole samples down to 120 cm). The results show that 74% of the described soil profiles are disturbed with evidence of soil mixing and/or profile truncation due to erosion, deep ploughing and/or land levelling. The evidence from the topsoils is mainly the presence of fragments of calcic or petrocalcic horizons, marls and sandstones. Other important properties for crops such as organic matter (OM) content and soil depth show statistically significant differences between disturbed soils and undisturbed soils (22.3–33.3% OM content depletion and 35.1% soil depth reduction). These results confirm that the soils of the region are significantly altered by mechanical operations which also influence soil erosion and contribute to global warming effect through depletion of soil OM.
Phytoremediation of selenium‐contaminated soils: the efficiency of different cropping systems
Authors: Dhillon S. K. , Dhillon K. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractField experiments were conducted at two locations in the seleniferous region of northwestern India from 2001 to 2006 to evaluate the efficiency of four cropping systems in removing Se from contaminated soil containing 2843–4345 μg Se per kg in the surface layer (0–15 cm). Rapeseed (Brassica napus) followed by arhar (Cajanus cajan), sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) or cotton (Gossypium arboretum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) followed by rice (Oryza sativa) were the four cropping systems. The total biomass generated by Brassica‐based systems ranged from 16 to 21 t/ha when harvested at maturity. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice sequence were 22–26 t/ha. Among the different crops at both the experimental sites, the highest Se content was recorded in leaves (157–209 mg/kg), grains (64–201 mg/kg) and stems (42–93 mg/kg) of Brassica and the lowest in the shoots (10–27 mg/kg), grains (5–13 mg/kg) and straw (13–20 mg/kg) of the rice crop. Except for S and P, concentrations of other nutrients (Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe) were not significantly affected by variations in the Se content of plants. Significant correlation coefficients were observed between Se and S (r = 0.838, P ≤ 0.001), Se and P (r = 0.817, P ≤ 0.001) at the peak flowering stage (n = 16), and r = 0.743, P ≤ 0.001 and r = 0.498, P ≤ 0.05, respectively, at the maturity stage (n = 16). Total Se removal through harvested biomass of rapeseed‐based cropping sequences varied from 716 to 1374 g/ha/yr at peak flowering and 736–949 g/ha/yr at the maturity stage. Corresponding values for a wheat–rice system were 435–492 and 370–517 g/ha/yr, respectively. The amount of Se recycled through leaf senescence ranged from 255 to 500 g/ha/yr for Brassica‐based cropping systems. In the wheat–rice system, Se addition through irrigation varied from 170 to 243 g/ha/yr and was three to four times more than that added in Brassica‐based systems. On completion of the phytoremediation experiments at site I, Se removal through harvested biomass at maturity was 1.7–5.1% of total Se in the soil down to a depth of 120 cm and 4.8–13.2% at site II. Analysis showed that Se losses under different crop rotations were 18.5–24.5% at site I and 21–33% at site II of total soil Se. Thus, at both sites 16–20% of total Se lost from the soil was unexplained. Results show that Brassica‐based cropping systems lead to significant reductions in Se capital of contaminated soil over 2–3 years. Although a long‐term commitment is required, adoption of Brassica‐based systems as a regular agricultural practice must lead to sustainable management of seleniferous soils.
Estimation and analysis of soil hydraulic properties through infiltration experiments: comparison of BEST and DL fitting methods
Authors: Xu X. , Kiely G. , Lewis C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe BEST method (Beerkan estimation of soil transfer parameters through infiltration experiments) appears promising and easy to estimate not only saturated hydraulic conductivity but also water retention and hydraulic characteristics. However, few tests have been conducted to test the methodology. This study involved field BEST infiltration experiments for three layers (surface, 15 and 30 cm) for each of three soils with different soil textures under grassland. By comparing BEST with DL (differentiated linearization method), we found that the DL method did not produce a good estimate of the soil hydraulic properties and neither did it identify the transient flow state. The BEST method resulted in reasonable results and is therefore promising. However, with BEST we encountered some anomalies when calculating hydraulic properties in some cases with too few data points under the transient flow state. We show that the application of BEST field experiments requires a wide range of soil water content from initial to saturated states so as to include sufficient transient flow. The soil hydraulic properties determined using the BEST method showed contrasting characteristics between different soil textures with higher saturated hydraulic conductivity under coarse texture and lower values under loam textures, especially with highly compacted soils. Vertical variation in soil hydraulic properties was significant, and the surface layer had a lower saturated hydraulic conductivity partly caused by compaction (high bulk density) or by remnants of grass plants. Further research on the effects of compaction and grass plants on soil hydraulic properties is needed.
Carbon stocks in Scottish peatlands
Authors: Chapman S. J. , Bell J. , Donnelly D. , Lilly A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractVarious estimates have suggested that the peatlands of Scotland are a significant deposit of fixed carbon. However, these have been based upon rather imprecise estimates of peat depth. Using previously unused archived data, we have mapped peat depth across the country and then used these values to obtain an improved value of the total carbon stock within peatlands, as well as indicating their spatial distribution. We included peat deposits that occur in combination with other soils in soil map units other than ‘blanket’ or ‘basin’ peat. We obtained an area‐weighted mean peat depth of 2.0 m, which is slightly shallower than previous estimates. Using values of bulk density and % carbon from the Scottish soils database, the total peatland carbon stock came to 1620 Mt, which represents 56% of the total carbon in all Scottish soils.
VEGFR2+PDGFRβ+ circulating precursor cells participate in capillary restoration after hyperoxia acute lung injury (HALI)
Authors: Jones Rosemary , Capen Diane E. , Jacobson Margaretha , Cohen Kenneth S. , Scadden David T. , Duda Dan G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe in vivo morphology and phenotype of circulating cells that spontaneously contribute to new vessel formation in adults remain unclear. Here, we use high‐resolution imaging and flow cytometry to characterize the morphology and phenotype of a distinct population of circulating mononuclear cells contributing to spontaneous new vessel formation after hyperoxia acute lung injury (HALI). We identify a subpopulation of myeloid (CD11b/Mac1+) haematopoietic cells co‐expressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ). Moreover, we show that these CD11b+VEGFR2+PDGFRβ+ circulating precursor cells (CPCs) contribute structurally to the luminal surface of capillaries re‐forming 2 weeks post‐HALI. This indicates that these myeloid CPCs may function, at least transiently, as putative vascular precursors, and has important implications for capillary growth and repair in injury and in pathologies of the lung and other organs.
The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm
Authors: Rasooli I , Shayegh S , Astaneh SDA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Objectives:  To assess the antimicrobial effects of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes, with a particular focus on in vitro and in vivo biofilm formation.Methods:  The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial and biofilm preventing activities of the oils were studied.Results:  Fifteen and 21 compounds were identified in the essential oils of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis respectively. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils were found to be 4 and 2 mg ml−1, and those of chlorhexidine (2%) were 8 and 1 mg ml−1 for both S. mutans and S. pyogenes respectively. Decimal reduction time of S. mutans by M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils at their MBC levels was 2.8 min, while that of cholrhexidine was 12.8 min. D‐value of S. pyogenes exposed to the MBC levels of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils and of chlorhexidine were 4.3, 3.6 and 2.8 min respectively. Antibacterial and in vivo biofilm preventive efficacies of all the concentrations of eucalyptus oil were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that of M. spicata oil and chlorhexidine. In conclusion, essential oils are capable of affecting biofilm formation.Conclusion:  The essential oils from E. camaldulensis and M. spicata significantly retard biofilm formation that can contribute to the development of novel anticaries treatments.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of home fortification of complementary foods
Authors: Dewey Kathryn G. , Yang Zhenyu , Boy Erick 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe reviewed the efficacy and effectiveness of home fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders (e.g. Sprinkles®), crushable tablets and lipid‐based or soy‐based products. Sixteen studies (5 anaemia treatment trials, 11 prevention trials) met the inclusion criteria. The treatment trials indicate that Sprinkles were as effective as iron drops, and were better accepted and had fewer side effects. In the prevention trials, the risk of anaemia was cut in half. The effect of home fortification with multiple micronutrients on plasma zinc and vitamin A levels was mixed. The impact on child growth of home fortification using only micronutrients was not significant. However, with products containing both micronutrients and a small amount of energy (including fat and protein), the pooled data from two efficacy trials in Africa suggest an effect size of ∼0.4 for both weight and height. Home fortification with products that include some energy also showed positive effects on indices of child development in two studies. There was a beneficial impact of home fortification on morbidity in high‐risk populations in some studies, but most showed no significant impact. Acceptability of home fortification by caregivers and young children is high, and side effects are rare. The safety of home fortification using ‘bolus’ doses of iron, particularly in malarial areas, needs further investigation. In one study of Sprinkles in a low‐income country, the estimates of cost per disability‐adjusted life year regained compared favourably with other approaches, but more data on operational and cost considerations for the various home fortification products are needed.
Associations Between School Recreational Environments and Physical Activity
Authors: Nichol Marianne E. , Pickett William , Janssen Ian 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  School environments may promote or hinder physical activity in young people. The purpose of this research was to examine relationships between school recreational environments and adolescent physical activity.Methods:  Using multilevel logistic regression, data from 7638 grade 6 to 10 students from 154 schools who participated in the 2005/06 Canadian Health Behaviour in School‐Aged Children Survey were analyzed. Individual and cumulative effects of school policies, varsity and intramural athletics, presence and condition of fields, and condition of gymnasiums on students’ self‐reported physical activity (≥2 h/wk vs <2 h/wk) were examined.Results:  Moderate gradients in physical activity were observed according to number of recreational features and opportunities. Overall, students at schools with more recreational features and opportunities reported higher rates of class‐time and free‐time physical activity; this was strongest among high school students. Boys’ rates of class‐time physical activity were 1.53 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12‐1.80) times as high at high schools with the most recreational features as at schools with the fewest. Similarly, girls’ rates of free‐time physical activity at school were 1.62 (95% CI: 0.96‐2.21) times as high at high schools with the most opportunities and facilities as compared to schools with the fewest. Modest associations were observed between individual school characteristics and class‐time and free‐time physical activity.Conclusions:  Taken together, the cumulative effect of school recreational features may be more important than any one characteristic individually.
Demographic, Environmental, Access, and Attitude Factors That Influence Walking to School by Elementary School‐Aged Children
Authors: Rodríguez Ariel , Vogt Christine A. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  Walking to school has been identified as an activity that contributes to children’s daily exercise requirements. The purpose of this study was to better understand factors that influence walking to school by elementary school–aged children.Methods:  A sample of 1,897 elementary school–aged children (84% response rate; 3rd‐5th graders) throughout Michigan completed the Michigan Safe Routes to School Student Survey. The survey measures environmental, access, and attitudinal perceptions toward school routes and transportation methods.Results:  Using logistic regression, the results indicate that the odds of walking to school increase the older children are (odds ratio (OR) =  1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20‐2.70) and if students perceive that walking to school saves time (OR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.44‐7.66) or is safe (OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.06‐6.39). The odds of a student walking to school decrease the farther a student lives from his or her school (OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.04‐0.37), if his or her parents have a car (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.02‐0.22), and if the student has access to a school bus (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.03‐0.18). These factors are significant (p < .05) predictors of walking to school after controlling for other demographic, environmental, access, and attitude factors.Conclusions:  The study results support research indicating that environmental and access factors influence whether elementary school–aged children walk to school. In addition, when children perceive walking to school to be convenient (ie, saves time), their odds of walking to school increase. Future school‐ and community‐based programs promoting walking to school should continue to focus on making walking to school not only safer, but also more convenient.
A Work Sampling Study of Provider Activities in School‐Based Health Centers
Authors: Mavis Brian , Pearson Rachel , Stewart Gail , Keefe Carole 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  The purpose of this study was to describe provider activities in a convenience sample of School‐Based Health Centers (SBHCs). The goal was to determine the relative proportion of time that clinic staff engaged in various patient care and non‐patient care activities.Methods:  All provider staff at 4 urban SBHCs participated in this study; 2 were in elementary schools, 1 in a middle school, and 1 in a school with kindergarten through grade 8. The study examined provider activity from 6 days sampled at random from the school year. Participants were asked to document their activities in 15‐minute intervals from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. A structured recording form was used that included 35 activity categories.Results:  Overall, 1492 records were completed, accounting for 2708 coded activities. Almost half (48%) of all staff activities were coded as direct patient contact, with clinic operations the second largest category. Limited variations in activities were found across clinic sites and according to season.Conclusions:  A significant amount of provider activity was directed at the delivery of health care; direct patient care and clinic operations combined accounted for approximately 75% of clinic activity. Patient, classroom, and group education activities, as well as contacts with parents and school staff accounted for 20% of all clinic activity and represent important SBHC functions that other productivity measures such as billing data might not consistently track. Overall, the method was acceptable to professional staff as a means of tracking activity and was adaptable to meet their needs.
School Psychologists’ Perceived Competence and Training Needs for Student Substance Abuse*
Authors: Burrow‐Sanchez Jason , Call Megan E. , Adolphson S. Lillian , Hawken Leanne S. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:  School psychologists are some of the most likely personnel to deliver mental health services, including substance abuse, in school settings, but there is limited research on the perceived competence of school psychologists to address student substance abuse concerns. The 3 aims of this study were to determine how school psychologists perceive their training in 9 competence areas related to student substance abuse and to identify which training areas they indicate as being most needed to address student substance and which substances they perceive as being the most common in their schools.Methods:  A descriptive survey study was conducted with a national sample of 210 school psychologists working in high schools. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance to test for differences between competency areas; descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were employed to determine key training areas for school psychologists.Results:  Findings indicated that school psychologists varied in their ratings of perceived competence to address student substance abuse concerns. Participants identified screening and assessment, consultation, and individual interventions as the most important areas for future training.Conclusions:  School psychologists need and want more training for working with students who use or abuse substances. Implications for pre‐service and in‐service training are discussed and directions for future research are provided.