bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REIMAGINING ROMAN PORTS AND HARBOURS: THE PORT OF ROMAN LONDON AND WATERFRONT ARCHAEOLOGY
Authors: ROGERS ADAM 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThis paper explores some theoretically informed ways in which to use the rich evidence relating to ports, harbours and other waterfront installations in archaeology. It argues that studies of waterfront structures within the specialisms of nautical/maritime and wetland archaeology are extremely important in their own right, but they could also be used to explore broader issues connected with their use and context. These include the cultural and religious significance of water and its dangers, the symbolic significance of landscape change, the relationship between people and their environment and the negotiation of the land/water interface. Examining the evidence of the port of Roman London as a case study, this paper explores the archaeology in its local setting and addresses a number of subjects relating to both its temporal and spatial position. It focuses on the religious significance of water and the implications of altering waterscapes through artificial construction.
Vehicle routing problems with split deliveries
Authors: Archetti C. , Speranza M. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper is a survey on the vehicle routing problems with split deliveries, a class of routing problems where each customer may be served by more than one vehicle. Starting from the most classical routing problems, we introduce the split delivery vehicle routing problem (SDVRP). We review a formulation, the main properties and exact and heuristic solution approaches for the SDVRP. Then, we present a general overview of several variants of the SDVRP and of the literature available.
Microeconomics After Keynes: Post Keynesian Economics and Public Policy
Authors: PRESSMAN STEVEN 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPost Keynesian economics has mainly focused on macroeconomic issues and ignored microeconomic policy issues. This paper begins to remedy this gap. It outlines the main principles of the Post Keynesian approach, distinguishes them from neoclassical economics, explains how these principles can be applied to microeconomic issues, and then draws out some policy implications that differ markedly from neoclassical theory on the issues of health care and productivity growth.
Lineages of Embeddedness: On the Antecedents and Successors of a Polanyian Concept
Authors: DALE GARETH 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSince the 1980s, much debate has revolved around Karl Polanyi's concept of the “dis/embedded economy,” generating some light and not a little heat. This paper looks at three reasons that account for part of the “heat.” It begins by tracing the sources upon which Polanyi drew. They include Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies, and Max Weber, along with anthropology of the inter‐war period, and German and American Institutionalist economics. After exploring the differing ways in which these varying currents conceptualize the relationship between economy and society, I explore the different interpretations of what Polanyi means by embeddedness, and the different purposes to which contemporary economic sociologists have put the term. For some, he is held up as the originator of a line of sociological analysis that treats “the economy” as a subsystem “embedded in” a social system. In this reading the emphasis is upon the moral underpinnings of market behavior, in contrast to the naturalism of Ricardo, Malthus and their heirs. For others, his “disembedding” thesis contains a more radical tale: of the market economy coming to dominate “society,” bringing forth a sorcerer's apprentice world of untrammeled market forces that, although human creations, lie beyond conscious human control.
Ultraviolet B light–exposed human platelets mediate acute lung injury in a two‐event mouse model of transfusion
Authors: Gelderman Monique P. , Chi Xuan , Zhi Li , Vostal Jaroslav G. 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet B (UVB) light has been used alone on platelet (PLT) transfusion products to prevent alloimmunization or with chemical sensitizers to reduce pathogens. Such processing can damage PLTs and potentiate their storage lesion. Transfusion‐related acute lung injury (ALI) has occurred in patients whose underlying condition led to an inflamed endothelium and who were transfused with products that contained either HLA or HNA antibodies or biologic modifiers such as lipids or antigens from stored cells. Clinical trials of UV‐treated PLTs in patients with thrombocytopenia generated controversy regarding association of these cells with respiratory distress. We evaluated whether UVB PLTs could mediate ALI in an animal model of ALI.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We used a two‐event animal model where the sensitizing event was lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the second event was infusion of human PLTs or UVB human PLTs (2.4 J/cm2). Infused human PLTs were followed with whole animal imaging, lung histology, confocal microscopy, lung water, and changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) related to ALI.RESULTS: In LPS‐treated mice UVB human PLTs accumulated in the lungs and were associated with ALI manifested by increased protein and white blood cells (WBCs) in BALF. Untreated human PLTs did not accumulate in the lungs or increase BALF protein or WBC counts.CONCLUSIONS: We provide a proof of principle that UVB human PLTs can accumulate in lungs of LPS‐primed animals and mediate ALI. PLTs exposed to high doses of UVB could potentially mediate similar effects in patients predisposed with sepsis or other causes of endothelial cell inflammation.
Effectiveness and cost analysis of “just‐in‐time” salvage plerixafor administration in autologous transplant patients with poor stem cell mobilization kinetics
Authors: Li Jie , Hamilton Ellie , Vaughn Louette , Graiser Michael , Renfroe Heather , Lechowicz Mary Jo , Langston Amelia , Prichard Jefferson Mark , Anderson Darlene , Gleason Charise , Lonial Sagar , Flowers Christopher R. , Kaufman Jonathan L. , Waller Edmund K. 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: Plerixafor is a recently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved CXCR4 antagonist, which is combined with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) to facilitate stem cell mobilization of lymphoma and myeloma patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To evaluate the effectiveness and the related costs of a “just‐in‐time” strategy of plerixafor administration, we performed a retrospective cohort study comparing 148 consecutive lymphoma and myeloma patients in whom mobilization was attempted during 2008 before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of plerixafor with 188 consecutive patients mobilized during 2009 after FDA approval.RESULTS: Plerixafor was administered to 64 of 188 patients considered to be at risk for mobilization failure due to either their medical history (“high risk,” n = 23) or the occurrence of peripheral blood CD34+ count of fewer than 15 × 106 cells/L with a white blood cell count of greater than 10 × 109 cells/L after at least 5 days of G‐CSF administration (just‐in‐time, n = 41). The success rates of collecting a minimum transplant CD34+ cell dose (≥2 × 106 cells/kg) or target cell dose (≥5 × 106 lymphoma or ≥10 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg myeloma) in the just‐in‐time patients compared favorably with the 36 poor mobilizers collected with G‐CSF alone: 93% versus 72% and 42% versus 22%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: The use of plerixafor in selected high‐risk patients and poor mobilizers did not increase the total charges associated with stem cell collection when compared with poor mobilizers treated with G‐CSF alone. The targeted use of plerixafor increased the overall success rate of mobilizing a minimum number of CD34+ cells from 93% to 98% in patients with hematologic malignancies scheduled for autotransplant and increased the overall charges associated with stem cell collection in all patients by an average of 17%.
Successful resuscitation from bupivacaine‐induced cardiovascular collapse with intravenous lipid emulsion following femoral nerve block in an emergency department
Authors: Harvey Martyn , Cave Grant , Chanwai Giles , Nicholson Tonia 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe report a case of a 69‐year‐old woman with femoral neck fracture undergoing bupivacaine femoral nerve block for preoperative analgesia in an ED. Seizure and cardiovascular collapse developed immediately after instillation of local anaesthetic. Resuscitation including 20% lipid emulsion was successful in achieving normalization of haemodynamic parameters and ECG QRS duration. No adverse sequelae of lipid administration were observed. We recommend the immediate availability of lipid emulsion in emergency room settings where local anaesthetics are used.
Pneumocephalus and Brown‐Sequard syndrome caused by a stab wound to the back
Authors: Musker Paul , Musker Ginette 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis report describes a case of Brown‐Sequard syndrome in a man who presented to the ED after a stabbing to the left scapula region. The incidental finding of pneumocephalus found on CT scan during workup lead to cervical MRI that revealed the spinal cord pathology associated with Brown‐Sequard syndrome.
Stercoral perforation of the rectum
Authors: Oakenful Cindy , Lambrianides Andreas L 
Published: April 2011

AbstractStercoral perforation of the rectum is an uncommon complication of chronic constipation and is therefore often not considered as a differential in patients presenting to primary health‐care facilities. Unfortunately, until awareness of this rare but potentially life‐threatening disorder is raised patients will continue to be misdiagnosed and potentially suffer from poorer outcomes. We review the literature and discuss a case of rectal perforation and its management.
Female Genital Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery: A Review
Authors: Goodman Michael P. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This review studies rationale and outcome of vulvovaginal aesthetic surgery.

Aim
Discuss procedures designed to alter genital appearance and function; investigate sexual, philosophical, and ethical issues; examine outcomes.

Methods
(i) Medline search of the existing literature utilizing terms labiaplasty, clitoral hood reduction, hymenoplasty (HP), vaginoplasty (VP), perineoplasty (PP), female genital surgery, sexual satisfaction/body image, and anterior/posterior colporrhaphy; (ii) references from bibliographies of papers found through the literature search and in the author's reading of available literature.

Main Outcome Measures
(i) Demographics and psychosexual dynamics of women requesting female genital plastic/cosmetic surgery; (ii) overall and sexual satisfaction of subjects undergoing these procedures.

Results
The majority of studies regarding patient satisfaction and sexual function after vaginal aesthetic and functional plastic procedures report beneficial results, with overall patient satisfaction in the 90–95% range, sexual satisfaction over 80–85%. These data are supported by outcome data from nonelective vaginal support procedures. Complications appear minor and acceptable to patients. There are little data available regarding outcomes and satisfaction of HP, or function during the rigors of subsequent vaginal childbirth, although the literature contains no case reports of labiaplasty disruption during parturition.

Conclusion
Women requesting labiaplasty and reduction of their clitoral hoods do so for both cosmetic and functional (chafing, interference with coitus, interference with athletic activities, etc.) reasons, while patients requesting VP and/or PP do so in order to increase friction and sexual satisfaction, occasionally for aesthetic reasons. Patients appear generally happy with outcomes. The majority of patients undergoing genital plastic surgery report overall satisfaction and subjective enhancement of sexual function and body image, but the literature is retrospective. Female genital plastic surgery procedures appear to fulfill the majority of patient's desires for cosmetic and functional improvement, as well as enhancement of the sexual experience. Little information is available regarding HP outcomes.
Efficacy and Safety Study of 1.62% Testosterone Gel for the Treatment of Hypogonadal Men
Authors: Kaufman Joel M. , Miller Michael G. , Garwin Jeffrey L. , Fitzpatrick Sherahe , McWhirter Cecilia , Brennan John J. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Male hypogonadism is a significant and growing problem that can be successfully treated with testosterone replacement therapy. A new formulation of testosterone gel (1.62%) was developed with increased viscosity, reduced volume of application, and increased skin permeation compared with other currently available testosterone gels.

Aim
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of titrated doses of 1.62% testosterone gel after daily application to the skin of hypogonadal men for 182 days.

Methods
This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in hypogonadal men (234 active; 40 placebo), 18 to 80 years of age with average serum total testosterone concentrations &lt;300 ng/dL and prostate-specific antigen &lt;2.5 ng/mL. Topical testosterone gel (1.62%), 1.25 g, 2.5 g, 3.75 g, and 5.0 g, or placebo gel was applied once daily to either upper arms/shoulders or abdomen. Dose adjustments were made on days 14, 28, and 42.

Main Outcome Measures
The percentage of subjects with serum total testosterone average concentrations (Cav) within the normal range of 300–1,000 ng/dL on study days 14, 56, 112, and 182.

Results
Following titration, significantly (P &lt; 0.0001) more subjects receiving active treatment had testosterone Cav values (range 81.6% to 82.5%) within the eugonadal range compared with placebo (range 28.6% to 37.0%) on all study days. The 1.62% gel was safe and well tolerated.

Conclusions
In this study, treatment with 1.62% testosterone gel was safe and efficacious, resulting in an acceptable percentage of hypogonadal males achieving eugonadal serum testosterone levels.
Prevalence and Correlates of Premature Ejaculation in a Primary Care Setting: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Tang Wei Shuong , Khoo Ee Ming 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIntroductionPremature ejaculation (PE) is common. However, it has been underreported and undertreated.AimsTo determine the prevalence of PE and to investigate possible associated factors of PE.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at a primary care clinic over a 3-month period in 2008. Men aged 18–70 years attending the clinic were recruited, and they completed self-administered questionnaires that included the Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), International Index of Erectile Function, sociodemography, lifestyle, and medical illness. The operational definition of PE included PE and probable PE based on the PEDT.Main Outcome MeasurePrevalence of PE.ResultsA total of 207 men were recruited with a response rate of 93.2%. There were 97 (46.9%) Malay, 57 (27.5%) Chinese, and 53 (25.6%) Indian, and their mean age was 46.0 ± 12.7 years. The prevalence of PE was 40.6% (N = 82) (PE: 20.3%, probable PE: 20.3% using PEDT). A significant association was found between ethnicity and PE (Indian 49.1%, Malay 45.4%, and Chinese 24.6%; χ2 = 8.564, d.f. = 2, P = 0.014). No significant association was found between age and PE. Multivariate analysis showed that erectile dysfunction (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 4.907, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.271, 10.604), circumcision (adjusted OR 4.881, 95% CI 2.346, 10.153), sexual intercourse ≤5 times in 4 weeks (adjusted OR 3.733, 95% CI 1.847, 7.544), and Indian ethnicity (adjusted OR 3.323, 95% CI 1.489, 7.417) were predictors of PE.ConclusionPE might be frequent in men attending primary care clinics. We found that erectile dysfunction, circumcision, Indian ethnicity, and frequency of sexual intercourse of ≤5 times per month were associated with PE. These associations need further confirmation.
Inhibition of Interleukin-6 Attenuates Erectile Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Yamashita Shinichi , Kato Ryuichi , Kobayashi Ko , Hisasue Shin-ichi , Arai Yoichi , Tsukamoto Taiji 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Introduction
The precise mechanisms underlying erectile dysfunction (ED) occurring after cavernous nerve (CN)-sparing surgery remain to be determined.

Aim
To evaluate the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) after CN injury, and the effect of inhibiting IL-6 bioactivity on nerve injury-related ED.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham operation; bilateral CN dissection without crushing or cutting; and bilateral CN resection. In the interventional experiment, male rats underwent bilateral CN dissection, and anti-rat IL-6 antibody in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or vehicle alone was injected intraperitoneally immediately and 24 hours after CN dissection.

Main Outcome Measures
One, 3, 7, 28, and 56 days after surgery, the expression of IL-6 and IL-6R in the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) was examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. In the interventional experiment, erectile function was assessed by determining intracavernous pressure divided by arterial pressure (ICP/AP) during electrical pelvic nerve stimulation at 4 weeks after surgery in the anti-IL-6-injected rats and PBS-injected rats. The degree of nerve injury was also evaluated by retrograde dye tracing with Fluorogold.

Results
The expression levels of IL-6 and IL-6R were increased in the early period of CN injury, as compared with the sham group. IL-6 expression on day 1 was particularly enhanced. Four weeks after CN dissection, the anti-IL-6 group had greater ICP/AP and more FG-positive cells than the PBS group.

Conclusions
Expression levels of IL-6 in the MPG were increased in the acute phase following CN injury. Inhibition of IL-6 bioactivity attenuated ED following CN dissection. Thus, the suppression of excess inflammatory responses in the acute phase may lead to improvements in ED occurring after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy.
GC‐MS Based Metabolomics for Rapid Simultaneous Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Muenchen, and Salmonella Hartford in Ground Beef and Chicken
Authors: Cevallos‐Cevallos Juan Manuel , Danyluk Michelle D. , Reyes‐De‐Corcuera José I. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  A metabolomic‐based method for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Hartford, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Muenchen in nonselective media was developed. All pathogenic bacteria were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 37 °C followed by metabolite quantification at 2‐h intervals for 24 h. Results were compared with the metabolite profiles similarly obtained with E. coli K12, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Saccharomyces cereviseae, and Aspergillus oryzae grown individually or as a cocktail under the same conditions. Principal component analysis (PCAS) discriminated pathogenic microorganisms grown in TSB. Metabolites responsible of PCAS classification were dextrose, cadaverine, the aminoacids L‐histidine, glycine, and L‐tyrosine, as well as the volatiles 1‐octanol, 1‐propanol, 1butanol, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, and 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine. Partial least square (PLS) models based on the overall metabolite profile of each bacteria were able to detect the presence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. at levels of approximately 7 ± 2 CFU/25 g of ground beef and chicken within 18 h.Practical Application:  Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens is critical to reduce food‐related disease outbreaks and product recalls. This research proposes an alternative approach to rapidly detect 2 major pathogens based on detecting changes in the metabolite profile during incubation in nonselective culture media. Although not directly transferable to an industrial environment, this proof of concept research provides evidence of potential application.
Changes of Hydrogen Peroxide and Radical‐Scavenging Activity of Raspberry during Osmotic, Convective, and Freeze‐Drying
Authors: Novaković Miroslav M. , Stevanović Snežana M. , Gorjanović Stanislava Ž. , Jovanovic Predrag M. , Tešević Vele V. , Janković Miodrag A. , Sužnjević Desanka Ž. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different drying treatments on antioxidant (AO) activity and phenolic content of raspberry (Rubus idaeus), cultivar Willamette. Whole raspberry fruits were dried convectively (air‐drying), osmotically, and freeze‐dried. Acetone‐water extracts of fresh and dried raspberries were assessed for total phenolic content by standard Folin–Ciocalteau method. Two AO assays were applied, a recently developed direct current (DC) polarographic assay based on decrease of anodic oxidation current of hydrogen peroxide and widely used radical scavenge against the 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Strong correlation has been obtained between both AO assays and total phenolic content. In addition, some individual phenolic compounds present in raspberry have been assessed using DPPH and DC polarographic assay. Comparison and evaluation of drying methods has been based on preservation of AO activity and total phenolic content. Obtained results confirmed superiority of freeze‐drying; convective drying caused slight changes while osmotic dehydration showed a significant decrease of phenolic compounds and AO activity.Practical Application:  Optimization of drying process could be based on surveying of AO activity.
Detection of Melamine and Cyanuric Acid in Vegetable Protein Products Used in Food Production
Authors: Levinson Lawrence R. , Gilbride Kimberley A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The multitude of food recalls in 2007 clearly demonstrated that total nitrogen‐content (ΣN) determination by means of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and Kjeldahl‐based measurements can be deceived, and should no longer be regarded as a complete quality assurance program for nutritive‐protein evaluations. Furthermore, contemporary Canadian‐employed analytical tools are precariously limited in their ability to effectively assure a product where there is no a priori knowledge of the environmental toxin(s) involved. In light of these challenges, this study explored a number of analytical techniques used to assess and furthermore assure the quality of vegetable protein products (VPPs). Using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technologies, a combination of VPP‐based samples was analyzed for the presence of nitrogen‐bearing environmental toxicants. Of the 52 samples tested, involving an assortment of matrices, melamine and cyanuric acid were positively identified (>1 ng/mL) in 22 and 17 samples, respectively. Subsequent high pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible (HPLC‐UV) amino acid profiling further confirmed the adulteration of those materials contaminated with melamine and melamine‐related compounds. Based on the evidence presented herein, LC/MS/MS in combination with HPLC‐UV provides for a reliable food safety detection system as applied to VPPs. Moreover, HPLC‐UV is indispensable as a stand‐alone 1st level of screening to assess the integrity of a VPP or any nutritive protein‐based sample.Practical Application:  Based on the evidence presented herein, LC/MS/MS in combination with HPLC‐UV can provide a reliable food safety monitoring program as applied to VPPs. HPLC‐UV is indispensable as a stand‐alone 1st level of screening to assess the integrity of a VPP or any nutritive protein‐based sample. Future research and development is required to bring the associated instrumentation costs down to a level where they can be adopted on a widespread basis.