bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral microcirculation is impaired during sepsis: an experimental study
Authors: Taccone Fabio Silvio , Su Fuhong , Pierrakos Charalampos , He Xinrong , James Syril , Dewitte Olivier , Vincent Jean-Louis , De Backer Daniel 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of brain dysfunction due to sepsis remains poorly understood. Cerebral microcirculatory alterations may play a role; however, experimental data are scarce. This study sought to investigate whether the cerebral microcirculation is altered in a clinically relevant animal model of septic shock.

Methods
Fifteen anesthetized, invasively monitored, and mechanically ventilated female sheep were allocated to a sham procedure (n = 5) or sepsis (n = 10), in which peritonitis was induced by intra-abdominal injection of autologous faeces. Animals were observed until spontaneous death or for a maximum of 20 hours. In addition to global hemodynamic assessment, the microcirculation of the cerebral cortex was evaluated using Sidestream Dark-Field (SDF) videomicroscopy at baseline, 6 hours, 12 hours and at shock onset. At least five images of 20 seconds each from separate areas were recorded at each time point and stored under a random number to be analyzed, using a semi-quantitative method, by an investigator blinded to time and condition.

Results
All septic animals developed a hyperdynamic state associated with organ dysfunction and, ultimately, septic shock. In the septic animals, there was a progressive decrease in cerebral total perfused vessel density (from 5.9 ± 0.9 at baseline to 4.8 ± 0.7 n/mm at shock onset, P = 0.009), functional capillary density (from 2.8 ± 0.4 to 2.1 ± 0.7 n/mm, P = 0.049), the proportion of small perfused vessels (from 95 ± 3 to 85 ± 8%, P = 0.02), and the total number of perfused capillaries (from 22.7 ± 2.7 to 17.5 ± 5.2 n/mm, P = 0.04). There were no significant changes in microcirculatory flow index over time. In sham animals, the cerebral microcirculation was unaltered during the study period.

Conclusions
In this model of peritonitis, the cerebral microcirculation was impaired during sepsis, with a significant reduction in perfused small vessels at the onset of septic shock. These alterations may play a role in the pathogenesis of septic encephalopathy.
Bedside quantification of dead-space fraction using routine clinical data in patients with acute lung injury: secondary analysis of two prospective trials
Authors: Siddiki Hassan , Kojicic Marija , Li Guangxi , Yilmaz Murat , Thompson Taylor B , Hubmayr Rolf D , Gajic Ognjen 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Dead-space fraction (Vd/Vt) has been shown to be a powerful predictor of mortality in acute lung injury (ALI) patients. The measurement of Vd/Vt is based on the analysis of expired CO2 which is not a part of standard practice thus limiting widespread clinical application of this method. The objective of this study was to determine prognostic value of Vd/Vt estimated from routinely collected pulmonary variables.

Methods
Secondary analysis of the original data from two prospective studies of ALI patients. Estimated Vd/Vt was calculated using the rearranged alveolar gas equation:

Vd
/
Vt
=
1
−
[
(
0.
86
×

V
˙

CO

2est

)
/

(

VE
×

PaCO

2

)

]

where

V
˙

CO

2
est

is the estimated CO2 production calculated from the Harris Benedict equation, minute ventilation (VE) is obtained from the ventilator rate and expired tidal volume and PaCO2 from arterial gas analysis. Logistic regression models were created to determine the prognostic value of estimated Vd/Vt.

Results
One hundred and nine patients in Mayo Clinic validation cohort and 1896 patients in ARDS-net cohort demonstrated an increase in percent mortality for every 10% increase in Vd/Vt in a dose response fashion. After adjustment for non-pulmonary and pulmonary prognostic variables, both day 1 (adjusted odds ratio-OR = 1.07, 95%CI 1.03 to 1.13) and day 3 (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.18) estimated dead-space fraction predicted hospital mortality.

Conclusions
Elevated estimated Vd/Vt predicts mortality in ALI patients in a dose response manner. A modified alveolar gas equation may be of clinical value for a rapid bedside estimation of Vd/Vt, utilizing routinely collected clinical data.
Characteristics and discrimination of five types of wood-plastic composites by FTIR spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis
Authors: Lee Chia-Huang , Wu Tung-Lin , Chen Yong-Long , Wu Jyh-Horng 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The analytical potential of attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been tested on the following wood-plastic composites (WPCs): high and low density polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and a recycled plastic (rHDPE). The data set of ATR-FTIR spectra has been analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and the studied samples could be grouped according to their polymeric matrixes. Additionally, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy proved to be a useful tool for determining the distribution profile of wood and plastic materials within different types of WPCs. Accordingly, the plastic content of the surface layers of HDPE, rHDPE, and PP composites was significantly higher than that of the core layer, whereas homogenous dispersion was observed in the LDPE composite. Among all WPCs, the PS composite displayed the worst dispersion.
Salinity‐Fertility Interactions in Relation to the Growth and Composition of Beans. II. Varying Levels of N and P1
Authors: Lunin J. , Gallatin M. H. 
Published: July 2010

SynopsisYields increased with increasing P fertilization but decreased with increasing salinity. At the highest saline level vine yields at the high P level were twice those of the no‐P treatment, and pod yields were 2½ times greater. Evapotranspiration per unit weight of leaves decreased with increasing salinity and increasing P fertilization. Decreases in pod yields with increasing N were attributable to the increased salinity caused by the nitrate fertilizer added. N had no effect on evapotranspiration. Salinity significantly affected both the N and P contents of the plant.
Nutritive Value of Nitrogen‐Fertilized Orchardgrass Pasture at Different Periods of the Year1
Authors: Reid R. L. , Jung G. A. , Kinsey C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of the nutritive quality of orchardgrass fertilized at four nitrogen levels (0, 56, 168, and 504 kg/ha) and either free‐grazed or zero‐grazed by sheep at four periods of the year (May, June, September, March). Effects of fertilization and growth period on nitrogen, fiber, and mineral components of the herbage were noted. In trials with cut herbage fed ad libitum to sheep indoors, level of fertilization had a significant effect on protein digestibility but little effect on dry matter and cellulose digestibility or on intake. Consumption levels of the harvested grass were higher in June than in May or September, and there was a marked decline in both the digestibility and intake of frost‐killed herbage in March. A hay cutting made from first growth grass at the end of the grazing trials in May showed decreases of approximately 15% in digestible dry matter and 40 to 45% in intake when compared to cut herbage.Regressions calculated between dry matter digestibility and percentage of fecal nitrogen in the indoor trials were found to have a seasonal bias. The differences between digestibility coefficients as measured directly with cut herbage and as estimated by regression for grazing animals were most marked in the May and March trials, with approximate increases of 8 to 15 percentage units due to selection. Differences with regrowth herbage in June and in September were minor. The estimated consumption of orchardgrass by grazing sheep tended to decline from period to period, and there were significant effects of level of nitrogen fertilization on intake. An increase in intake associated with nitrogen fertilization was most evident in the May and March growth periods. Nitrogen fertilization also improved the relative acceptance of herbage as measured in palatability experiments with grazing sheep. A comparison of the intake of digestible dry matter by sheep under the free‐grazing or the zero‐grazing systems indicated significantly higher values for the grazing animals in the May, September, and March growth periods. No differences were apparent on regrowth herbage in June.
Quality and Yield of Corn Plants and Component Parts when Harvested for Silage at Different Maturity Stages1
Authors: Cummins D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of maturity and rainfall distribution on quality of component parts (ear, leaf, and stalk) and whole plants of corn (Zea mays, L.) harvested as silage was studied over a 3‐year period at Experiment, Georgia. Seven harvests were made at weekly intervals from the late milk to mature stage of the grain. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and total available carbohydrate (TAC) content of ears increased with maturity then leveled off, and IVDMD reached a maximum later (dough stage) than did carbohydrate content (early dough stage). The time of maximum ear IVDMD was delayed when adequate rainfall was received during the harvest period. Leaf IVDMD and TAC content generally decreased with maturity. Both IVDMD and TAC content of the stalks were closely related to the rainfall received during the maturing period, decreasing with maturity when rainfall was limited, increasing when rainfall was received after a drought period, or remaining constant when rainfall was well distributed. The changes noted in ear and stalk quality were reflected in whole plant quality. Green forage yields generally decreased with maturity, but when adequate rainfall was received before the dough stage this decrease was delayed. Dry forage yields increased until the fourth harvest then decreased with maturity. Ear content increased until the dough stage then leveled off, while stalk content decreased to this stage then leveled off. Leaf content generally decreased with maturity.
Ionic Balance and Growth of Five Plant Species in Four Soils1
Authors: Watanabe F. S. , Olsen S. R. , Cole C. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concentration of organic anions or organic salts in plants was determined as the difference between the concentration of cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and the concentration of inorganic anions (Cl−, NO3−, H2PO4−, SO42−). The organic anion concentration in plants has been related with yield and the nutrient status of the plant in previous investigations. These reports suggested that a given plant species regulated the organic salt content within a narrow range of values at optimal growth rates. A normal organic salt content, the value observed at optimal growth, was postulated as one of the conditions for good growth. A low organic salt content was never accompanied by an optimal growth rate.In this study five plant species were grown in four soils at three levels of phosphorus in order to test these concepts for a wider range of conditions. The plants were grown in the greenhouse with presumably adequate levels of N, K, Fe, and Zn. A major interest was to compare the relation between yield and organic salt content of each species on the four soils at the highest nutrient level. With barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) the yield of dry matter increased as the organic anion concentration increased. With cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) (with one exception) the yields and organic anion concentration were constant on the four soils. With sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) the lowest yields were associated with the highest organic anion concentrations, which were above the normal values apparently because of some nutritional imbalance. With sorghum the nutrient imbalance appeared to be connected with low ratios of K/Ca and possibly with the lime content of the soils.
Alkaloids and Palatability of Phalaris arundinacea L. Grown in Diverse Environments1
Authors: Marten G. C. , Barnes R. F. , Simons A. B. , Wooding F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe grew 15 clones of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) of varying palatability in Indiana and Minnesota and nine clones in Pennsylvania and Alaska over a 2‐year period to determine whether diverse environments would influence alkaloid type, alkaloid concentration, and palatability. We also determined the repeatability of a previously‐established correlation between palatability and total basic alkaloids in reed canary.Major alkaloid types and relative total basic alkaloid concentrations of clones were very repeatable among locations, even though heat units and daylength varied greatly. Of the nine clones grown in all 11 environments, three always contained gramine (3‐dimethylaminomethyl‐indole), two contained N,N‐dimethyltryptamine, and four contained 5‐methoxy‐N,N.dimethyltryptamine. Total basic alkaloid concentrations of clones were highly correlated (r = 0.90 or higher) between all combinations of environments.Palatability ratings of clones grazed by sheep were highly correlated between Minnesota and Indiana (r = 0.91 or 0.96) and between harvests within locations (r = 0.97 or 0.99). Therefore, palatability was a function of plant rather than of animal differences.Total alkaloid concentrations and palatability ratings of clones were highly correlated (r = 0.87 to 0.94) when palatability was rated on a scale of 1 (completely consumed) to 10 (completely rejected). These results confirmed previous findings and substantiated the conclusion that determination of total alkaloids is a valid method of screening for palatability in reed canary.
Chemical Changes Occurring in Three Bermudagrass Turf Cultivars in Relation to Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Dunn J. H. , Nelson C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSusceptibility to winter injury has limited the use of bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) to a few hardy cultivars in the “upper” South which is an environmental transition area for turfgrass species. An understanding of the nature of winter hardening and the basis for winter injury in bermudagrass would give turf breeders a key to the development of winter‐hardy cultivars which are adapted for use as turf in transition areas where winter injury is like to occur. The purpose of this study was to compare three bermudagrass cultivars differing in winter survival morphologically and by chemical composition. The ‘U‐3’ cultivar was less cold hardy under conditions of the artificial freeze test than the ‘Midway’ and ‘Westwood’ cultivars at several sampling dates during the fall and winter. Midway had more rhizome and stolon tissue per unit area than the other cultivars which may give it some advantage for winter survival. Rhizomes of Westwood were thicker than those of Midway or U‐3. Total carbohydrates and sucrose increased in rhizomes and stolons during fall as hardening occurred. During winter sucrose increased slightly and reducing sugars remained constant while starch and total carbohydrate decreased. Carbohydrate differences among cultivars were slight and not related to winter survival. Stolons appeared to be the principal overwintering storage organ for carbohydrates and source of energy for regrowth in spring. Concentrations of total nitrogen, αNH2‐N, and nitrate N in overwintering tissue appeared to be dependent on the growth activity of the plants during fall and the date of the first killing frost. The U‐3 cultivar had higher total N, αNH2‐N and NO3‐N than the other cultivars. Ranking of cold hardiness of bermudagrass cultivars may be possible by combining morphological and chemical composition features into an index.
Winter Tall Fescue Yield and Quality with Different Accumulation Periods and N Rates1
Authors: Rayburn E. B. , Blaser R. E. , Wolf D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTall fescue (Festuca arundinacea shreb.) is used extensively for pasture, hay, and accumulated after midsummer (stockpiled) for winter grazing. The stockpiled canopies are suitable for winter grazing because of high yield, and the erect leaves remain green after several freezes, causing rather high protein contents and feeding values. More information is needed on yield and quality; hence, this investigation was planned to measure the quality [crude protein (CP) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC)] and yield of stockpiled growth as influenced by June, July, August, and September dates of applying N and stockpiling the growth. Winter influence on the quality and yield of the stockpiled forage was also measured by sampling the accumulated canopies in early (December) and late winter (February). Summer regrowth yields were also measured and the soil is classified as Groseclose loam (Typic Hapludults, clayey mixed, mesic).As the age of the tall fescue stockpiled canopies harvested in December decreased from the June to September, stockpiling dates (SD), the dry matter (DM) yields decreased from 3,920 to 840 kg/ha, TNC increased from 15.6 to 23.0%, CP increased from 9.4 to 11.3%, and the chlorophyl index (CI) increased from 32 to 45. When N application was delayed from the June to the September dates, the DM decreased from 3,990 to 3,350 kg/ha, TNC increased from 17.4 to 23.8%, CP increased from 9.0 to 13.2%, and CI increased from 31 to 61. However, a stockpiling date ✕ N interaction occurred because the stock‐piled yields tended to decrease with delayed N applications for the June and July SD but increased for the August and September SD. Total DM yields (stockpiled plus summer growth) were highest for the earliest N applications. Dates of starting stockpiling affected the distribution of grazable forage with the highest summer production being 2,880 kg/ha with the September SD. The early June SD does not provide summer pasture, but would reduce the area needed for winter grazing because of the highest yield.The quality and yields of stockpiled tall fescue declined as the winter season advanced. DM, CP, and TNC values of stockpiled tall fescue in February were lower than in December, but highly, and positively correlated to the December values: DM (r = 0.95), TNC% (r = 0.88), TNC yield (r = 0.92), CP% (r = 0.99), CP yield (r =0.95), and CI (r = 0.89). As compared to no N, and N fertilized forage lost more yield and quality in absolute terms, but continued to be higher in DM and quality in February due to high initial levels.
Yield and Nutrient Accumulation of Tifway Bermudagrass and Overseeded Ryegrass as Influenced by Applied Nutrients1
Authors: Sartain J. B. , Dudeck A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was initiated to evaluate the effect of N fertilization rate on the P, K, and Mg requirements of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. X Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy) and to determine the N fertilization requirements of the two turfgrasses. Information gained through this research will be of particular benefit to producers of cool and warmseason turfgrasses on golf courses of the southeastern USA. During the fall ‘Medalist II’ (a mixture of Pennfine and NK100 cultivars) perennial ryegrass was seeded over ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass growing on a loamy fine sand (Typic Quartzipsamment). Treatments were applied in a split‐plot arrangement in plots 1.83 ✕ 2.73 m and replicated five times. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate at 2.5 g N/m2 every 1, 4, and 8 weeks to establish the rates of 20, 5 and 2.5 g N/m2/8 weeks, respectively. Four subplot treatments were applied every 12 weeks using 5, 10, and 5 g/m2 of P, K, and Mg, respectively, as a complete treatment. The three additional treatments were established by excluding one of the three nutrients, respectively. The turfgrasses were mowed at 3‐day intervals. Harvests for yields occurred biweekly and consisted of 3‐day growth of the grasses. Ten harvests were collected per grass species per growing period. The study extended over two growing periods for each grass species and a total of 40 harvests. The two lower N rates (2.5 and 5.0 g/m2/8 weeks) were not adequate to maintain acceptable turfgrass quality. A higher incidence of disease and a lower quality turf resulted from these treatments. Tifway bermudagrass had a higher dry matter yield rate than Medalist II ryegrass at a given N percentage and grew faster at each level of N applied. Ryegrass responded to P on this soil which contained a minimum of 82 ppm double‐acid (0.025N H2SO4 in 0.05N HCl) extractable P. Contrarily, bermudagrass produced the highest yield when P was excluded. Both grasses were reduced in yield by exclusion of K at the high N rate. The minimum double‐acid extractable K level was 33 ppm. Ryegrass accumulated more N, P, K and Mg at each level of N fertilization than bermudagrass. Excluding P tended to reduce the N percentage in ryegrass tissue, but increased the N percentage in bermudagrass. A level of 60 ppm double‐acid extractable Mg was adequate for growth of both grasses even though the Ca:Mg ratio in some cases exceeded 20:1.
Critical Levels of Manganese in Soybean Leaves at Various Growth Stages1
Authors: Mascagni H. J. , Cox F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese deficiency in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a common problem in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Leaf Mn concentration may be used to diagnose this disorder. For plant analyses to be effective, critical levels need to be established at different growth stages. Data from 38 experiment‐year field rate studies were used to relate leaf Mn concentration at the R2 growth stage to yield response to fertilization. In three of the experiments, leaf samples were also taken at the V4 and V10 growth stages. The critical Mn concentration varied from 16 to 22 mg kg−1 over the three sampling dates. With a severe Mn deficiency, the critical Mn concentration remained relatively constant at 17 mg kg−1 at the V4, V10, and R2 growth stages. With a less severe deficiency, however, the leaf Mn became greater over the season, and the critical level increased to 22 mg kg−1 at the R2 growth stage. It appears that the R2 growth stage is the most reliable time for plant sampling in order to predict a yield response. The critical Mn concentration may range from 17 to 22 mg kg−1 at that time. Sampling prior to the R2 stage is less reliable. The critical Mn concentration at the V4 growth stage was estimated to be 16 to 17 mg kg−1, but plants with even lower values did not always remain deficient.
Potential of Japanese Millet as an Initial Crop in a No‐Till Forage Renovation Program
Authors: Koch D. W. , Mitchell J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNo‐till seeding is the only practical method of improving many pastures and fields, yet direct seeding of perennial forages often results in failure. Japanese millet [Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.], an annual, was evaluated following seedings into herbicide‐treated sod for establishment, yield compared to other annuals and to perennial forages, the enhancement of subsequent perennial establishment, and usefulness in a grazing program. Japanese millet was successfully established by sod seeding, with herbicide, in all four locations years. On a Paxton fine sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiochrepts) with low initial fertility, dry matter yields of Japanese millet seeded directly into sod were 8.62 and 9.74 Mg ha−1 in 1981 and 1982, respectively. These yields were three to five times greater the seeding year than those of perennial forages seeded into the same herbicide‐treated sod. Birdsfoot trefoil‐timothy (Lotus corniculatus L.‐Phleum pratense L.) establishment, with tillage, was enhanced by a previous crop of Japanese millet. Japanese millet was no‐till seeded into a permanent pasture with a Sutton loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Aquic Dystrochrepts). Lamb (Oris aries) daily gain was less on Japanese millet than on perennial grasses, but total lamb gain per hectare was similar. Forage availability in July and August increased, compared to the unseeded control. The ease of establishment, competitive ability, yield potential, and mid‐ to late‐summer production of forage makes Japanese millet a promising initial crop in a no‐till forage improvement program in which the goal is to establish improved perennials.