bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special Article: Chronic granulomatous disease in the United Kingdom and Ireland: a comprehensive national patient-based registry
Authors: Jones L B K R , McGrogan P , Flood T J , Gennery A R , Morton L , Thrasher A , Goldblatt D , Parker L , Cant A J 
Published: July 2010

Summary
There are no epidemiological studies from the British Isles of chronic granulomatous disease, characterized by recurrent, life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections and inflammatory sequelae. Patients were enrolled in a national registry and medical records were analysed. Of 94 subjects, 69 had X-linked disease, 16 had autosomal recessive disease and nine were unknown. Prevalence was 7·5/million for 1990–99 and 8·5/million for 1980–89. Suppurative adenitis, abscesses and pneumonia presented commonly. Twenty-three of 30 patients who underwent high resolution computerized tomography had chronic respiratory disease. Inflammatory sequelae included bowel stricture and urogenital tract granulomata. Growth failure was common; 75% of those measured were below the population mean. All patients received prophylactic antibiotics and 93% anti-fungal prophylaxis. Interferon gamma was used to treat infection, but rarely as prophylaxis. Despite prophylaxis, estimated survival was 88% at 10 years but 55% at age 30 years. Morbidity remains significant, severe infectious complications common. Curative treatments including stem cell transplantation should be considered for patients with frequent or serious complications.
Effects of moderate and severe malnutrition in rats on splenic T lymphocyte subsets and activation assessed by flow cytometry
Authors: Cortés-Barberena E , González-Márquez H , Gómez-Olivares J L , Ortiz-Muñiz R 
Published: July 2010

SummaryMalnutrition is distributed widely throughout the world and is a particular problem in developing countries. Laboratory animals have been very useful in studying the effects of varying levels of malnutrition because non-nutritional factors that affect humans may be controlled. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of moderate and severe malnutrition on lymphocyte proportions and activation markers of T cells in experimentally malnourished rats during lactation by flow cytometry. Lower absolute (total) and relative (%) numbers of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocyte subpopulations were observed in moderately (second degree) and severely (third degree) malnourished rats compared with well-nourished rats (P &lt; 0·05). Both groups of malnourished rats showed a significant decrease in the percentage of CD71+ cells at 24 h post-activation with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). After 24 h activation of spleen cells with PHA, a lower percentage of CD25+ cells was observed in malnourished than well-nourished rats (P &lt; 0·05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicated an altered expression of CD71 and CD25 during activation of T lymphocytes in malnourished rats and may partially explain increased susceptibility to infection associated with malnutrition. Moreover, these results demonstrated that moderate malnutrition affects the response of T lymphocytes as much as severe malnutrition.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell responses to non-typeableHaemophilus influenzae
Authors: King P T , Ngui J , Farmer M W , Hutchinson P , Holmes P W , Holdsworth S R 
Published: July 2010

SummaryCytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells have a key role in host defence against infectious pathogens, but their response to bacteria is not well characterized. Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae is a major cause of respiratory tract infection including otitis media, sinusitis, tonsillitis and chronic bronchitis (especially in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis). This bacterium is also present in the pharynx of most healthy adults. The primary factor that may determine whether clinical disease occurs or not is the nature of the lymphocyte response. Here we examined the CTL cell and NK cell responses to nontypeable H. influenzae in healthy control subjects and in subjects who had bronchiectasis and recurrent bronchial infection with this bacterium. Cells were stimulated with live H. influenzae and intracellular cytokine production and release of cytotoxic granules measured. Control subjects had significantly higher levels of interferon gamma production by both CTL and NK cells, while levels of cytotoxic granule release were similar in both groups. The main lymphocyte subsets that proliferated in response to H. influenzae stimulation were the CTL and NK cells. The results suggest that CTL and NK cell responses may be important in preventing disease from nontypeable H. influenzae infection.
99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Immune therapies of type 1 diabetes: new opportunities based on the hygiene hypothesis
Authors: Chatenoud L , You S , Okada H , Kuhn C , Michaud B , Bach J-F 
Published: July 2010

SummaryInsulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes is a prototypic organ-specific autoimmune disease resulting from the selective destruction of insulin-secreting β cells within pancreatic islets of Langerhans by an immune-mediated inflammation involving autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes which infiltrate pancreatic islets. Current treatment is substitutive, i.e. chronic use of exogenous insulin which, in spite of significant advances, is still associated with major constraints (multiple daily injections, risks of hypoglycaemia) and lack of effectiveness over the long term in preventing severe degenerative complications. Finding a cure for autoimmune diabetes by establishing effective immune-based therapies is a real medical health challenge, as the disease incidence increases steadily in industrialized countries. As the disease affects mainly children and young adults, any candidate immune therapy must therefore be safe and avoid a sustained depression of immune responses with the attendant problems of recurrent infection and drug toxicity. Thus, inducing or restoring immune tolerance to target autoantigens, controlling the pathogenic response while preserving the host reactivity to exogenous/unrelated antigens, appears to be the ideal approach. Our objective is to review the major progress accomplished over the last 20 years towards that aim. In addition, we would like to present another interesting possibility to access new preventive strategies based on the ‘hygiene hypothesis’, which proposes a causal link between the increasing incidence of autoimmune diseases, including diabetes, and the decrease of the infectious burden. The underlying rationale is to identify microbial-derived compounds mediating the protective activity of infections which could be developed therapeutically.
99th Dahlem Conference on Infection, Inflammation and Chronic Inflammatory Disorders: Viruses, autoimmunity and immunoregulation
Authors: Filippi C M , Von Herrath M G 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBased on studies in animal models, viral infections, in particular by enteroviruses, can accelerate or halt type 1 diabetes (T1D) development. Among factors that determine the outcome are the degree of viral replication in the target organ (viral titres), the tropism of the virus for β cells, and the precise time-point of infection in relation to the diabetogenic process. Mechanisms underlying these phenomena have been assessed in mouse studies and should now be verified for human T1D. For enhancement of diabetes development, up-regulation of interferon pathways, expression of class-I major histocompatibility complexes and Toll-like receptor-dependent immunity appear important. In contrast, prevention of T1D involves pathways that the immune system usually invokes to shut down anti-viral responses to limit immunopathology, and which can ‘clean out’ autoreactive memory effector T cells as a bystander phenomenon: up-regulation of inhibitory molecules and invigoration of regulatory T cell (Treg) function. Importantly, these immunoregulatory processes also appear to foster and sustain persistent viral infections. Induction of immunoregulatory mechanisms, and in particular the phenotype and function of Tregs, is of interest therapeutically and will be discussed.
Diffusion of carbon dioxide in tomato fruits during cold storage in modified atmosphere
Authors: BERTOLA N. , CHAVES A. , ZARITZKY N. E. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTreatments with 20% CO2 of tomato fruit produced a beneficial extension of storage life. The diffusion of CO2 in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Platense was measured chromatographically and the concentration profiles in the internal gaseous atmosphere of the fruit were determined for non‐steady state conditions to establish minimum treatment times that can ensure adequate penetration of the gas.The effective diffusivity of CO2 in the tissue was determined by fitting concentration data, obtained from experiments with whole fruit without skin, to the non‐steady state solution of the diffusion equation, assuming negligible external mass transfer resistance. The diffusivity was modelled using Maxwell‐Eucken expressions, taking account of the heterogeneous structure of the tissue.The resistance of the fruit skin was evaluated using whole fruits with the stem scar covered with paraffin and fitting experimental data to the solution in terms of mass Biot number; the specific resistance of the peel was some 200 times greater than that of the stem scar.
Contextual evaluation of canned lagers using repertory grid method
Authors: GAINS N. , THOMSON D. M. H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe contexts in which 20 consumers typically consumed a range of 17 canned lagers were investigated using the repertory grid method, and three principal axes were found to describe the perceptual dimensions common to most people. Super‐strength and premium canned lagers were considered more self‐indulgent, whilst ordinary lagers were considered more appropriate for refreshment. Premium canned lagers were considered appropriate for drinking away from the home, whilst super‐strength canned lagers are more typically drunk at home. The investigation demonstrates the use of this method to identify contrasting contexts of use in a narrow range of highly branded products, and provides information which has implications for advertising and marketing.
Effect of irradiation and packaging type on sensory quality of chill‐stored turkey breast fillets
Authors: LYNCH J. A. , MACFIE H. J. H. , MEAD G. C. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA panel of experienced assessors was used to test the effect of irradiation at 2.5kGy (250krad) on the sensory quality of 1‐day and 21‐day‐old turkey breast fillets stored at 1°C in either oxygen‐permeable polythene or an oxygen‐impermeable barrier film. In the application of Free Choice Profiling and Generalized Procrustes Analysis, assessors used their own terms to describe the appearance, odour and flavour of the samples.The irradiated samples showed negligible growth of micro‐organisms across 21 days of storage. Radiation treatment resulted in an intense pink colour in the raw and cooked samples, which was maintained during storage in oxygen‐impermeable film, but decreased in samples exposed to oxygen during storage. Radiation also produced a set of unpleasant raw odour notes variously described as sour, rancid, mature, bad meat or putrid in the samples stored in oxygen‐impermeable film. These notes were unlike the sulphurous notes previously associated with protein denaturation in irradiated chicken and were apparently distinct from the odour notes that developed in corresponding non‐irradiated samples.
Biochemical and functional characterization ofHelicobacter pylorivesicles
Authors: Olofsson Annelie , Vallström Anna , Petzold Katja , Tegtmeyer Nicole , Schleucher Jürgen , Carlsson Sven , Haas Rainer , Backert Steffen , Wai Sun Nyunt , Gröbner Gerhard , Arnqvist Anna 
Published: July 2010

SummaryHelicobacter pylorican cause peptic ulcer disease and/or gastric cancer. Adhesion of bacteria to the stomach mucosa is an important contributor to the vigour of infection and resulting virulence.H. pyloriadheres primarily via binding of BabA adhesins to ABO/Lewis b (Leb) blood group antigens and the binding of SabA adhesins to sialyl‐Lewis x/a (sLex/a) antigens. Similar to most Gram‐negative bacteria,H. pyloricontinuously buds off vesicles and vesicles derived from pathogenic bacteria often include virulence‐associated factors. Here we biochemically characterized highly purifiedH. pylorivesicles. Major protein and phospholipid components associated with the vesicles were identified with mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. A subset of virulence factors present was confirmed by immunoblots. Additional functional and biochemical analysis focused on the vesicle BabA and SabA adhesins and their respective interactions to human gastric epithelium. Vesicles exhibit heterogeneity in their protein composition, which were specifically studied in respect to the BabA adhesin. We also demonstrate that the oncoprotein, CagA, is associated with the surface ofH. pylorivesicles. Thus, we have explored mechanisms for intimateH. pylorivesicle–host interactions and found that the vesicles carry effector‐promoting properties that are important to disease development.
What is the mechanism of ParA‐mediated DNA movement?
Authors: Howard Martin , Gerdes Kenn 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe stable maintenance of low‐copy‐number plasmids requires active partitioning, with the most common mechanism in prokaryotes involving the ATPase ParA. ParA proteins undergo intricate spatiotemporal relocations across the nucleoid, dynamics that function to position plasmids at equally spaced intervals. This spacing naturally guarantees equal partitioning of plasmids to each daughter cell. However, the fundamental mechanism linking ParA dynamics with regular plasmid positioning has proved difficult to dissect. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Vecchiarelli et al. report on a time‐delay mechanism that allows a slow cycling between the nucleoid‐bound and unbound forms of ParA. The authors also propose a mechanism for plasmid movement that does not rely on ParA polymerization.
A tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 from kinetoplastid parasite Leishmania donovani (LdTdp1) capable of removing topo I–DNA covalent complexes
Authors: Banerjee Bijoylaxmi , Roy Amit , Sen Nilkantha , Majumder Hemanta K. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryTyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase 1 (Tdp1) is a member of phospholipase D superfamily, which cleaves a broad range of 3′‐DNA adducts, the best characterized of which is the phosphodiester bond formed between DNA and topoisomerase IB. This study describes cloning and functional characterization of the enzyme, termed as LdTdp1 in the kinetoplastid parasite Leishmania donovani. Sequence analysis confirmed conservation of the active site motifs typical for all Tdp1 proteins. LdTdp1 activity was detected in the parasite nucleus as well as in the kinetoplast. The enzyme harbours a nuclear localization signal at its C‐terminus. Overexpression of the active enzyme protected the parasites against topoisomerase IB inhibitor camptothecin (CPT) and oxidative agent H2O2‐mediated cytotoxicity and its downregulation rendered the parasites hypersensitive to CPT. Trapping of mutant LdTdp1 on DNA takes place following CPT treatment in L. donovani cells. The expression level and associated activity of LdTdp1 were found to be higher in CPT‐resistant L. donovani parasites. Altogether, this is the first report of Tdp1 from the kinetoplastid parasite L. donovani, which actively participates in topoisomerase I‐mediated DNA damage repair process and thereby counteracts the cytotoxic effect of topoisomerase I inhibitors.
LD Typing in Man using Cells Frozen and Stored in Microtiter Plates*
Authors: NETZEL B. , GROSSE‐WILDE H. , BAUMANN P. , MEMPEL W. 
Published: July 2010

A method of freezing LD typing cells in microtiter plates was developed. Two × 105 lympho‐cytes in a small volume (15 μl) with a low DMSO concentration (5%) were directly frozen in a — 70° C freezer. These cells were used in the mixed lymphocyte culture after thawing by diluting step‐by‐step with serum and culture medium without washing.The kinetics obtained with cells frozen in microtiter plates were comparable to those with fresh cells.Typing for LD determinants was performed in a group of unrelated persons and in a family study using the LD homozygous reference cell Pi frozen in microtiter plates.
Effect of paracetamol and coxib with or without dexamethasone after laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: TIIPPANA E. , BACHMANN M. , KALSO E. , PERE P. 
Published: July 2010

Background:Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCC) is multifactorial. Effective post‐operative pain control is necessary in LCC performed as day‐case surgery. We studied the efficacy of paracetamol or valdecoxib with or without dexamethasone after LCC.Methods:One hundred sixty patients were randomized to four groups of 40 patients. Groups 1 and 3 received parecoxib 40 mg intravenously (IV) during surgery and valdecoxib 40 mg × 1 per os (PO) for 7 post‐operative days. Groups 2 and 4 received paracetamol 1 g × 4 IV during surgery and 1 g × 4 PO for 7 days. In addition, Groups 3 and 4 were given dexamethasone 10 mg IV intra‐operatively. Propofol and remifentanil were used during surgery. The patients were given oxycodone 0.05 mg/kg IV in phase 1 post‐anaesthesia care unit (PACU 1) or 0.15 mg/kg PO in phase 2 post‐anaesthesia care unit (PACU 2) as needed to keep visual analogue scale <3/10. The patients were supplied with the study drugs for 7 post‐operative days.Results:Pain intensity, nausea and the need of oxycodone in phase 1 PACU were similar in all groups. Dexamethasone reduced the need of oral oxycodone in phase 2 PACU (7.0 ± 1.0 mg vs. 9.1 ± 1.0 mg,P<0.05). Pain intensity was similar in all groups at home. More patients in the parecoxib/valdecoxib groups needed rescue medication on the 1st post‐operative day (P<0.001) than paracetamol‐treated patients.Conclusion:Paracetamol was as effective as parecoxib/valdecoxib for pain after LCC. Dexamethasone decreased the need of oxycodone in phase 2 PACU. The effect of dexamethasone was similar in paracetamol and parecoxib/valdecoxib patients.
Children in day surgery: clinical practice and routines. The results from a nation‐wide survey
Authors: SEGERDAHL M. , WARRÉN‐STOMBERG M. , RAWAL N. , BRATTWALL M. , JAKOBSSON J. 
Published: July 2010

Background:Day surgery is common in paediatric surgical practice. Safe routines including parental and child information in order to optimise care and reduce anxiety are important. Most day surgery units are not specialised in paediatric care, which is why specific paediatric expertise is often lacking.Methods:We studied the practice of paediatric day surgery in Sweden by a questionnaire survey sent to all hospitals, obtaining an 88% response rate. Three specific paediatric cases were enquired for in more detail.Results:The proportion of paediatric day surgery vs. in‐hospital procedures was 46%. Seventy‐one out of 88 responding units performed paediatric day surgery. All units had anxiolytic pre‐medication as a routine in 1–6‐year‐olds, and in 7–16‐year‐olds at 60% of the units. Most units performed circumcision and adenoidectomy, while 33% performed tonsillectomy. Anaesthesia induction was intravenous in older children, and also in 1–6‐year‐olds at 50% of the units. Parental presence at induction was mandatory. Post‐operatively, 93% of units routinely assessed pain. Paracetamol and NSAIDs were the most common analgesics, as monotherapy or combined with rescue medication in the recovery as IV morphine. At 42% of units, take‐home bags of analgesics were provided, covering 1–3 days of treatment. Pain was the most frequent complaint on follow‐up. Micturition difficulties were common after circumcision, nausea after adenoidectomy and nutrition difficulties after tonsillectomy.Conclusions:In Sweden, most day surgery units perform paediatric surgery, most children receive pre‐medication, anaesthesia is induced IV and take‐home analgesics paracetamol and or NSAIDs are often provided. Still, pain is a common complaint after discharge.
Über die pathogenen Eigenschaften einiger geophiler Dermatophyten, die in Bodenproben aus Rumänien f estgestellt wurden
Authors: ALTERAS R. EVOLCEANU u. I. 
Published: July 2010

ZusammenfassungEs wird über die Erzeugung einer oberflächlichen, kurzdauernden experimentellen Mykose beim Menschen durch Chrysosporium keratinophilum (Frey) (Carmichael), Trichophyton indicum (Randhawa u. Sandhu) und Trichophyton evolceanui (Randhawau u. Sandh) berichtet.
Biotypes of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have differing effects on the germination and growth of their legume hosts
Authors: Fox Charles W. , Bush Marsha L. , Messina Frank J. 
Published: July 2010

Populations of the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) exhibit considerable differences in body size and larval behaviour. We examined whether such variation modifies the relationship between beetle infestation and host plant performance.
Larvae from African and Asian biotypes were reared in seeds of four hosts that represented an almost four‐fold variation in seed mass. We estimated mass lost to larval consumption, and compared germination rates and seedling growth between infested and control seeds.
In seeds bearing a single larva, the larger‐bodied, contest‐competing larvae of the Asian biotype caused a 38–47% greater reduction in seed mass compared with the smaller‐bodied, scramble‐competing larvae of the African biotype. The amount of seed mass lost per larva remained similar in seeds with one or two scramble‐competing larvae but decreased significantly in seeds bearing two contest‐competing Asian larvae.
Differences in larval consumption and behaviour produced striking differences in the frequency of germination. Germination of singly‐infested mung bean (i.e. the smallest host) was 71% for African‐infested seeds versus 11% for Asian‐infested seeds. In cowpea (i.e. the largest host), 76% of Asian‐infested seeds germinated, whereas the germination rate of African‐infested cowpeas (92%) was similar to that of uninfested seeds.
Effects of beetle origin persisted after germination. Seedlings derived from Asian‐infested seeds had greater cotyledon damage 7 days after germination, and displayed lower height and less biomass 15 days after germination. Cotyledon damage was a good predictor of seedling performance (i.e. better than seed mass consumed) 15 days after germination.
Previous studies have suggested that population differences in larval size and burrowing behaviour (‘centripetal tendency’) reflect adaptation to different‐sized seeds. The present study demonstrates that these differences in turn influence the impact of larval feeding on host viability. Strong biotypic variation makes it difficult to generalize about pest impacts at the level of pest species.
Dental Hygiene Regulation and Access to Oral Healthcare: Assessing the Variation across the US States
Authors: Wanchek Tanya 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRegulations in many US states prevent dental hygienists (DHs) from fulfilling their potential to improve oral healthcare. Wing et al. found that stringent practice regulations lower DH wages and reduce access to care. We add licensure regulations to the analysis and estimate the simultaneous effect of licensure and practice restrictions on the DH labour market and access to care. The results are consistent with licensure restrictions reducing employment, practice restrictions reducing wages, and wage and employment rates jointly influencing the prevalence of dental office visits. These results suggest that in order to significantly improve access to oral healthcare, states need to consider how their entry and practice regulations interact to influence outcomes.