bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Patterns and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Men and Women
Authors: Odegaard Andrew O. , Koh Woon-Puay , Butler Lesley M. , Duval Sue , Gross Myron D. , Yu Mimi C. , Yuan Jian-Min , Pereira Mark A. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
To empirically derive dietary patterns and examine their association with incident type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, including 43,176 Chinese men and women (aged 45–74 years), free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline (1993–1998) and followed up through 2004. Two major dietary patterns were identified using principal components analysis: a vegetable, fruit, and soy-rich pattern (VFS) and a dim sum and meat-rich pattern (DSM). Pattern scores for each participant were calculated and examined with type 2 diabetes risk using Cox regression.

RESULTS
The associations of the two dietary patterns with diabetes risk were modified by smoking status. Neither pattern was associated with risk of diabetes in ever smokers. In never smokers, the VFS dietary pattern was inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Compared with the lowest quintile of the VFS dietary pattern score, the hazard ratios (HRs) for quintiles 2–5 were 0.91, 0.82, 0.73, and 0.75 (P = 0.0005 for trend). The DSM dietary pattern was positively associated with risk of type 2 diabetes in never smokers, with HRs for quintiles 2–5 of 1.07, 1.25, 1.18, and 1.47 (P &lt; 0.0001 for trend).

CONCLUSIONS
A dietary pattern with higher intake of vegetables, fruits, and soy foods was inversely associated with risk of incident type 2 diabetes, and a pattern with higher intake of dim sum, meat and processed meat, sweetened foods and beverages, and fried foods was associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese men and women in Singapore.
Spring-block model for a single-lane highway traffic
Authors: Járai-Szabó Ferenc , Sándor Bulcsú , Néda Zoltán 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A simple one-dimensional spring-block chain with asymmetric interactions is considered to model an idealized single-lane highway traffic. The main elements of the system are blocks (modeling cars), springs with unidirectional interactions (modeling distance-keeping interactions between neighbors), static and kinetic friction (modeling inertia of drivers and cars) and spatiotemporal disorder in the values of these friction forces (modeling differences in the driving attitudes). The traveling chain of cars correspond to the dragged spring-block system. Contrary to most of the studies in the field of highway traffic here we focus on a measure characteristic for one car in the row. Our statistical analysis for the spring-block chain predicts a non-trivial and rich complex behavior. As a function of the disorder level in the system a dynamic phase-transition is observed. For low disorder levels uncorrelated slidings of blocks are revealed while for high disorder levels correlated avalanches dominates.
Amplification of radiation in atomic vapor induced by a linearly polarized laser radiation
Authors: Movsisyan Marina , Shmavonyan Svetlana , Papoyan Aram 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We present the results of spectroscopic and polarization studies of dilute rubidium vapor exposed to a single-frequency linearly polarized diode laser radiation in a spectral range of atomic D2 line. We report the origin of a circularly polarized radiation on V-type transitions of 87Rb F
g = 2 → F
e = 3 and 85Rb F
g = 3 → F
e = 4, and amplification of this radiation in backward direction caused by a partial population inversion among magnetic sublevels of the ground and excited levels. This is confirmed experimentally by high directivity of backward radiation, absence in its spectrum of 85Rb F
g = 2 → F
e = 1 (Λ-type) radiation, as well as by different nature of intensity dependences of backward and fluorescence radiations.
School eye survey in rural population in UP, India
Authors: Gupta Y , Sukul RR , Gupta M , Phougat A , Jain R , Varshney A 
Published: February 2011

Objective: To find out the prevalence of refractive errors and pattern of ocular morbidity amongst the school children of a rural village. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in children of age group 3 – 12 years in a rural village of Hathras, Uttar Pradesh, India. All the children were examined including visual acuity measurement using Snellen’s E chart, retinoscopy and refraction under cycloplegia. Examination of the anterior segment, media, and fundii was also done. Myopia was defined as spherical/cylindrical equivalent refractive error of at least -0.50 D and hypermetropia as +0.50 D or more (Dandona et al 2002). Results: In the survey 220 eyes of 110 children were examined, majority of them were in 5-10 year age group. The prevalence of uncorrected visual acuity of 6/6 was 85.40%. Refractive error was the cause in 6.81% of eyes with vision impairment, out of which myopia and hypermetropia were present in 26.67% of eyes. Blepharo-conjunctivitis was present in 15.45% of children and Bitot’s spots were present in 0.90% of them. Colour blindness was found in one child. Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive error in rural school is 6.81 %. Blepharitis is the commonest cause of ocular morbidity. DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v3i1.4282Nepal J Ophthalmol 2011;3(5):78-79
Coccygectomy for chronic refractory coccygodynia: clinical case series and literature review
Authors: Kerr Edward E. , Benson Daniel , Schrot Rudolph J. 
Published: February 2011

Object
Coccygodynia is disabling pain in the coccyx and is usually provoked by sitting or rising from sitting. The diagnosis can be missed by neurosurgeons likely to encounter the disorder, and surgical treatment for coccygodynia has historically been viewed with caution. The authors conducted a retrospective review of 62 successive coccygectomy surgeries for coccygodynia performed at their institution.

Methods
Sixty-two consecutive cases of coccygectomy for coccygodynia in 61 unique patients were identified from the surgical database; they had been treated between 1997 and 2009. The authors succeeded in contacting 26 patients for follow-up (42.6%). A retrospective chart review was performed, and a telephone questionnaire was administered to these patients. Data collected included cause, pre- and postoperative visual analog scale, a graded outcome measure, and patient satisfaction. The median follow-up time was 37 months (range 2–133 months).

Results
The clinical results among the 26 patients with follow-up were as follows: 13 excellent, 9 good, 2 fair, and 2 poor. The overall favorable (excellent and good) outcome after coccygectomy was 84.6%. There were 3 wound infections (11.5%). There were no rectal injuries. An overwhelming majority of patients were satisfied with the procedure.

Conclusions
The authors report the results of their clinical case series, which to date is the largest in North America. The results closely concur with previously published case series from Europe. Coccygectomy for chronic intractable coccygodynia is simple and effective, with a low complication rate. A comprehensive literature review and discussion of coccygectomy is provided.
Utility of minimum clinically important difference in assessing pain, disability, and health state after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis
Authors: Parker Scott L. , Adogwa Owoicho , Paul Alexandra R. , Anderson William N. , Aaronson Oran , Cheng Joseph S. , McGirt Matthew J. 
Published: February 2011

Object
Outcome studies for spine surgery rely on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) to assess treatment effects. Commonly used health-related quality-of-life questionnaires include the following scales: back pain and leg pain visual analog scale (BP-VAS and LP-VAS); the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI); and the EuroQol-5D health survey (EQ-5D). A shortcoming of these questionnaires is that their numerical scores lack a direct meaning or clinical significance. Because of this, the concept of the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) has been put forth as a measure for the critical threshold needed to achieve treatment effectiveness. By this measure, treatment effects reaching the MCID threshold value imply clinical significance and justification for implementation into clinical practice.

Methods
In 45 consecutive patients undergoing transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) for low-grade degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis-associated back and leg pain, PRO questionnaires measuring BP-VAS, LPVAS, ODI, and EQ-5D were administered preoperatively and at 2 years postoperatively, and 2-year change scores were calculated. Four established anchor-based MCID calculation methods were used to calculate MCID, as follows: 1) average change; 2) minimum detectable change (MDC); 3) change difference; and 4) receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for two separate anchors (the health transition index [HTI] of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36], and the satisfaction index).

Results
All patients were available at the 2-year follow-up. The 2-year improvements in BP-VAS, LP-VAS, ODI, and EQ-5D scores were 4.3 ± 2.9, 3.8 ± 3.4, 19.5 ± 11.3, and 0.43 ± 0.44, respectively (mean ± SD). The 4 MCID calculation methods generated a range of MCID values for each of the PROs (BP-VAS, 2.1–5.3; LP-VAS, 2.1–4.7; ODI, 11–22.9; and EQ-5D, 0.15–0.54). The mean area under the curve (AUC) for the receiver operating characteristic curve from the 4 PRO-specific calculations was greater for the HTI versus satisfaction anchor (HTI [AUC 0.73] vs satisfaction [AUC 0.69]), suggesting HTI as a more accurate anchor.

Conclusions
The TLIF-specific MCID is highly variable based on calculation technique. The MDC approach with the SF-36 HTI anchor appears to be most appropriate for calculating MCID because it provided a threshold above the 95% CI of the unimproved cohort (greater than the measurement error), was closest to the mean change score reported by improved and satisfied patients, and was least affected by the choice of anchor. Based on the MDC method with HTI anchor, MCID scores following TLIF are 2.1 points for BP-VAS, 2.8 points for LP-VAS, 14.9 points for ODI, and 0.46 quality-adjusted life years for EQ-5D.
Neurological outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury and its relationship with computed tomography patterns of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Wong George K. C. , Yeung Janice H. H. , Graham Colin A. , Zhu Xian-lun , Rainer Timothy H. , Poon Wai S. 
Published: February 2011

Object
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a poor prognostic factor for traumatic brain injury. The authors aimed to further investigate neurological outcome among head injury patients by examining the prognostic values of CT patterns of traumatic SAH, in particular, the thickness and distribution.

Methods
The study was conducted using a database in a regional trauma center in Hong Kong. Data had been prospectively collected in consecutive trauma patients between January 2006 and December 2008. Patients included in the study had significant head injury (as defined by a head Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] score of 2 or more) with traumatic SAH according to admission CT.

Results
Over the 36-month period, 661 patients with significant head injury were admitted to the Prince of Wales Hospital in Hong Kong. Two hundred fourteen patients (32%) had traumatic SAH on admission CT. The mortality rate was significantly greater and a 6-month unfavorable outcome was significantly more frequent in patients with traumatic SAH. Multivariate analysis showed that the maximum thickness (mm) of traumatic SAH was independently associated with neurological outcome (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7–0.9) and death (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2–1.5) but not with the extent or location of hemorrhage.

Conclusions
Maximum thickness of traumatic SAH was a strong independent prognostic factor for death and clinical outcome. Anatomical distribution per se did not affect clinical outcome.
Cytological Effect of Herbicides on Hexaploid Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)
Authors: Akhter A , Rani R , Munira S , Ud-Deen MM , Kabir G 
Published: February 2011

Context: In order to control weeds many chemicals are being used. It is well known that the chromosomal constitution of the cells may be changed as a result of herbicide treatment.Objectives: This investigation was made to study the cytological effects of herbicides on somatic and germ cells of hexaploid wheat. Materials and Methods: Two herbicides namely, Fielder and Ronstar were used with three different concentrations along with control. Treatment duration was 12 hours for each of the concentrations. Seeds of hexaploid wheat were treated and the roots emerged from them were studied for mitotic study. A part of the treated seeds were sown in earthen pots and pollen mother cells along with pollen grain were studied from the plants aroused from these treated seeds. Results: Mitotic index were high as well as low in most of the treatments compared to that of control but did not show any clear relationship based on increasing or decreasing of the doses of herbicides. Interphase chromosome volume was found to decrease in case of Fielder however, increased in case of Ronstar with increasing the concentration of herbicides. Percentage of pollen sterility was found to increase with increasing the concentration of both herbicides. Main chromosomal irregularities were chromosome fragments, bridges, laggards, single and multiple chromatid bridges etc. Conclusion: Generally it is reported that any chemical might have effect on the plant cells. Mainly investigations have evidenced that the chromosomal anomalies caused by radiation and chemical mutagen is very much common matter now. The herbicides used in the present study showed similar type of radiomimetic effect in the plant cells. Therefore it may be suggested that herbicides should be used in agricultural field maintaining their proper concentration. Key words: Herbicides; Cytological effect; Wheat.DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7095J. bio-sci. 17: 21-26, 2009
Insecticidal Activities of Stem Bark Extracts from <i>Vitex negundo</i> L. against <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst)
Authors: Chowdhury NY , Islam W , Khalequzzaman M 
Published: February 2011

Context: Medicinal plants contains some pesticidal activities that may control stored product insects.Objectives: To elucidate the insecticidal activity from the stem bark extracts of nishinda (Vitex negundo L.) and their toxicity against red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae).Materials and Methods: The powdered stem bark (250 g) was extracted with methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), acetone and chloroform sequentially. Solvents were evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtained dry extract, weighed and re-dissolved in the same solvent from which they were extracted for bioassay. Red flour beetles were reared for the experiment in 500 ml beakers containing food medium and kept in a control temperature room (30 ± 0.50C). Residual film bioassay was used to evaluate the toxicity. The adult mortality of T. castaneum (CTC-12, FSS-II and KANO strains) was recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h, but for larvae, the mortality was recorded on 12th and 20th larval day after treatment. The mortality percentages were subjected to probit analysis.Results: The LD50 values for first through fourth instar larvae were more or less similar whereas, LD50 for fifth instar larva and adults were the lowest. Among the solvents, methanolic extracts elucidated more toxicity on both adult and larval insects. The degree of toxicity of the extracts according to solvents was MeOH>Pet spt.>acetone>EtOAc. The susceptibility order according to insect strains was FSS-II>CTC-12>KANO. Conclusion: The results suggest the presence of active toxic substances of nishinda acting after consumption or topical application on T. castaneum. Methanolic extracts of the plant provided the most potent and reliable control of the flour beetle.Key words: Vitex negundo; sovent extracts; toxicity; Tribolium castaneum DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7103J. bio-sci. 17: 63-70, 2009
Antibacterial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Three Lectins Purified from Drumstick (<i>Moringa oleifera</i> Lam.) Leaves
Authors: Khatun Shahanaz , Khan MMH , Ashraduzzaman M , Pervin Farzana , Bari Luthfunnessa , Absar N 
Published: February 2011

Context: Plant materials contain glycoproteins (phytolectins) that are toxic in nature may play a key role in the control of various normal and pathological processes in living organisms and have diverse biochemical and diagnostic applications. Objectives: Screening of three lectins SLL-1, SLL-2 and SLL-3 purified from Drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves for their antibacterial activities and brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Materials and Methods: Three bioactive lectins were purified from Drumstick leaves by conventional chromatographic methods. The lectins were tested for their antibacterial activities against three pathogenic bacteria- Escherichia coli (gram-negative) Shigella dysenteriae (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) using the standard disc-diffusion method. Mortality of the brine shrimp naupli was assessed by hality bioassay. Results: All the lectins showed antibacterial activity against E. coli, Sh. dysenteriae and St. aureus. They also showed cytotoxic effect in brine shrimp (Artemia salina L.) lethality bioassay. The LC50 values of SLL-1, SLL-2 and SLL-3 were found to be 15.8, 17.78 and 14.12 μg/ml respectively. The experimental results revealed that SLL-3 is more cytotoxic than other lectins. The lectin SLL-3 showed lowest activity whereas SLL-1 showed highest activity against the three bacteria. Conclusion: Results suggest that the extracts from M. oleifera leaf can be a source of natural antimicrobials with potential applications in pharmaceutical industry to control coliform bacteria.Key words: Drumstick; Moringa oleifera; lectins; antibacterial activity; brine shrimp; bioassayDOI: 10.3329/jbs.v17i0.7112J. bio-sci. 17: 89-94, 2009
Excavations on the Cist Cemetery at Poltalloch, Argyll: 1960–62
Authors: Cregeen Eric R , Harrington Peter 
Published: February 2011

Summary In the course of gravel working at Poltalloch, Argyll,four Early Bronze Age graves were discovered. Grave 1 was largely destroyed but Graves 2–4 produced a beaker, two food vessels and a plano-convex knife, all of which were associated with inhumation burials. The excavations were carried out as part of a larger project, not described here, which revealed an extensive occupation area, with first millennium be and later levels.
Archaeological implications of a new palaeoenvironmental model for part of the Ayrshire coast
Authors: Boyd W 
Published: February 2011

SummaryNew evidence suggests that in part of Ayrshire the old shore-line of the post-glacial high sea level was nearer the present coast than was previously supposed. Some finds of Mesolithic flints from near Shewalton are now seen to be the debris of coast dwellers during the high sea period rather than, as they used to be, interpreted as anomalously late.
Towards a Geography of Shetland Brochs
Authors: Fojut Noel 
Published: February 2011

Summary A variety of simple techniques based upon the distribution, location and siting of Shetland's brochs, when used in conjunction with data from excavated sites, allows a partial reconstruction of the forces behind the observed patterns of broch-period settlement. The various spatial influences are examined at a number of scales, and the results used to construct a model of settlement location in relation to the physical environment. The process of model-formation demonstrates the potential of fieldwork as a source of illumination where excavation evidence is scanty.
A Statue of Mars from Balmuildy
Authors: Keppie L JF , Arnold Beverly J , Ingham J K 
Published: February 2011

Summary Fragments of a statue of the war god Mars, found during excavation at Balmuildy Roman fort in 1912–14, have been reassembled, with the missing portions restored. The statue, of about half life size, is now on display in the Hunterian Museum.
Environmental change and Iron Age land management in the area of the Antonine Wall, central Scotland: a summary
Authors: Boyd W E 
Published: February 2011

Summary Palaeoenvironmental evidence from two Roman sites in central Scotland indicates that by the time of the Agricolan and Antonine Roman presence in this area, much of the landscape was already open. Forest clearance appears to have been pre-Roman in origin, and was principally associated with pastoral agricultural practices. By the time the Antonine Wall was being constructed, this agricultural landscape was in decay, with evidence for a decline in grazing intensity and the spread of heathland, although some elements of the agricultural landscape, such as hedges, may still have been present.
The Excavation of Dun Flodigarry, Staffin, Isle of Skye
Authors: Martlew R 
Published: February 2011

SummaryDun Flodigarry, on the north-east coast of Skye, is a badlyruined Iron Age stone structure on a low rock knoll and having a plan like an open-sided ring. Two-thirds of the double wall remains, two or three courses high, and a C-14 date suggested that it was built in the 1 st century A. D. The interior was full of unstratified earth, with no trace of a floor level; this, and the presence of a deposit of rubble diagnosed as bulling material, suggests that the site is an unfinished ground-galleried broch rather than a D-shaped semi-broch. The finds were relatively few, and the pottery is mainly incised ware, analogous to the ‘native’ wares found at Dun Mor Vaul, Tiree.
EXCAVATIONS AT THE ROMAN FORT OF BAR HILL, 1978-82
Authors: Keppie L J F 
Published: February 2011

SummaryExcavation of this Antonine Wall fort, previously explored by Sir George Macdonald and Mr Alexander Park in 1902-05, has exposed the bathhouse and headquarters building (principia) for permanent public view. The sequence of rooms in the bathhouse is now better understood; set into one wall of its main furnace was a small pottery kiln, from which came some 900 sherds in a distinctive fabric, showing strong influences from N Africa. In the headquarters building, a dais was recognised at the SW corner of the crosshall, and a strongbox in the floor of a room in the rear range. In a secondary phase the W half of the courtyard was converted to house a timber-framed storebuilding. The defences and part of the interior of the underlying ‘fortlet’ were examined; its clay rampart was located, and several possible cooking areas. Most probably, despite the recovery of some native finds, the ‘fortlet’ should be seen as a Roman labour-camp associated with the building of the Antonine Wall hereabouts. From its ditch came hawthorn twigs and branches, which along with blocks of turf had served to pack the ditch when the fort was built on top.
The excavation of a cist-group at Upper Largie quarry, Kilmartin, central Argyll 1982-1983
Authors: Mercer R J , Rideout J , Barnetson L , Barlow A J , Cowie T G , MacCullagh R P J 
Published: February 2011

SummaryA rescue excavation at a quarry site uncovered the remains of a cist-cemetery including three cists and several cist-features containing fragments of urns and cremation remains. Three radiocarbon dates were obtained from charcoal from a cist (1645bc) and from a cist-feature containing cremated human remains and urn shards (1020bc and 1050bc).
Excavations at Miltown of Clava, Inverness-shire
Authors: Sharples Niall M 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThis report presents the results of the excavation of a cairn at Miltown of Clava, Inverness District, Highland Region. The excavations were superficial but revealed that underneath a large spread of more recent field clearance was a prehistoric cairn probably of Clava type. The cairn was circular with an estimated diameter of 12m. To the SW of the cairn is a large standing stone and lying on the cairn was a large slab decorated with small cup marks. The presence of both these features is characteristic of Clava type cairns.