bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which insect pests can be controlled by application of neem seed kernel extracts under field conditions?
Authors: SCHMUTTERER H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeem seed extracts are promising natural pesticides which are effective under field conditions against a broad spectrum of insect pests. The main target insects are larvae of Lepidoptera, which feed freely on the leaves and other parts of their host plants. Larvae of some Coleoptera, for instance Chrysomelidae and phytophagous Coccinellidae, are also very sensitive. Satisfactory results were obtained against sawflies (Tenthredinidae), mining flies (Agromyzidae) and mosquitoes (Culicidae). Some Orthoptera (Locustidae) are deterred from feeding on treated plants, which is also observed in other hemimetabolous and a number of holometabolous insects.Neem seed extracts are non‐toxic to warm‐blooded organisms and show no or only very moderate side‐effects on natural enemies of insect pests. Consequently, they appear to be very suitable insecticides for pest management, especially in developing countries.ZusammenfassungWelche Schadinsekten können durch Einsatz von Niemsamenextrakten unter Feldbedingungen bekämpft werden?Niemsamenextrakte sind vielversprechende natürliche Insektizide, die gegen ein breites Spektrum von Schadinsekten auch unter Feldbedingungen erfolgreich eingesetzt werden können. Die wichtigsten Zielorganismen sind Lepidopterenraupen, die frei an den Nährpflanzen fressen. Auch einige Coleopterenlarven, wie Chrysomeliden und phytophage Coccinelliden, erweisen sich als empfindlich. Gute Ergebnisse sind überdies gegen Blattwespenlarven, Minierfliegen und Stechmücken erzielt worden. Bei Orthopteren (Heuschrecken) treten fraßbschreckende Effekte auf, die auch bei einigen anderen hemimetabolen und verschiedenen holometabolen Insekten zu verzeichnen sind.Niemsamenextrakte sind für Warmblüter nicht toxisch und zeigen keine oder nur sehr geringe Nebenwirkungen auf natürliche Feinde von Schadinsekten. Sie erscheinen deshalb vor allem für die Entwicklungsländer als solche Insektizide, die für den integrierten Pflanzenschutz besonders geeignet sind.
The parasite‐host relationship between Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: NOLDUS L. P. J. J. , RUMEI XU , VAN LENTEREN J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the movement of adult greenhouse whiteflies,Trialeurodes vaporariorum, on their host plant tomato, between the moment of emergence and the moment of settling down. No emergence and hardly any movement occurs during the night. During the day a distinct correlation exists between the temperature and the rate of movement.Whitefly movement has two components: vertical within‐plant movement and horizontal movement towards neighbouring plants.Most insects emerged in the early morning on leaves 7–9 (counted from the top). After about 8 LH (Light Hours) the adults left the leaflet on which they had emerged. The actual upward movement started at an age of about 9 LH, when they departed from the leaf of emergence. Then the insects continued moving upwards until having reached a preferred leaf, in this case at an age of 40 LH (i.e. towards the end of the third day after emergence), after which the average position stabilized at 2.5 leaves from the top of the plant.The majority of the insects left the plant of emergence within a few days. After 50 LH only 7% of the animals was still present on the plant of emergence.ZusammenfassungZur Parasit‐Wirt‐Beziehung zwischen Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae) und Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). XVII. Die Bewegung von erwachsenen Weißen Fliegen an der WirtspflanzeDie Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Bewegung von erwachsenen Weißen Fliegen,Trialeurodes vaporariorum, auf ihrer Wirtspflanze, der Tomate, vom Moment des Schlüpfens bis zum Moment der Ansiedlung. Während der Nacht erfolgt kein Schlüpfen und kaum Bewegung. Am Tage besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Temperatur und dem Ausmaß der Bewegung.Die Bewegung der Weißen Fliege hat zwei Komponenten: eine senkrechte an der Pflanze und eine waagerechte zwischen den Pflanzen. Die meisten Insekten schlüpften am frühen Morgen auf den Blättern 7‐9 (von der Spitze gezählt). Nach ungefähr 8 LH (Light Hours) verließen die erwachsenen Tiere das Blättchen, auf dem sie geschlüpft waren. Im Alter von 9 LH, nach Verlassen des Blattes, begann die eigentliche senkrechte Bewegung. Die Tiere bewegten sich aufwärts, bis sie nach ungefähr 40 LH (d. h. am Ende des 3. Tages nach dem Schlüpfen) das bevorzugte Blatt erreichten. Die durchschnittliche stabilisierte Position war 2,5 Blätter von der Spitze entfernt.Die meisten Tiere verließen die Pflanzen, auf denen sie geschlüpft waren, innerhalb weniger Tage. Nach 50 LH befanden sich noch 7 % der Tiere auf den Schlüpfpflanzen.
Invasive ants in Australia: documented and potential ecological consequences
Authors: Lach Lori , Thomas Melissa L 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA growing number of species are being transported and introduced by humans to new locations and are establishing self‐sustaining populations outside their native ranges. Since ants play many ecological roles, introduction of an invasive ant species, and subsequent disruption of Australia's rich and abundant native ant fauna, has the potential for numerous adverse consequences. Over 6700 ants representing 105 species from 73 genera have been intercepted at Australian ports of entry in the last 20 years and all six of the world's most destructive invasive ants have become established in the country. Here we review the current and potential consequences of these ants on Australia's natural and agricultural environments. To date, several studies, most involving the big‐headed ant,Pheidole megacephala, and the Argentine ant,Linepithema humile, have documented a decline in native ant species richness. The displacement of native ants by these invaders could have multiple consequences for the native flora and fauna. Since few of these have been investigated in Australia, we combine knowledge from invasions elsewhere, the ecology of the interactions, and data on current and predicted geographic ranges of introduced ants to hypothesise about likely indirect effects of invasive ants in Australia. Further investigations that are aimed at testing these predictions will also aid in justifying and prioritising national prevention and control efforts, and will contribute to some of the long‐standing questions about ant invasions globally.
Myopathy and neurogenic muscular atrophy in unexpected cardiopulmonary arrest
Authors: Kawashima Hisashi , Ishii Chiako , Yamanaka Gaku , Ioi Hiroaki , Nishimata Shigeo , Kashiwagi Yasuyo , Takekuma Kouji , Miyajima Tasuku , Hoshika Akinori , Nishino Ichizo , Nonaka Ikuya 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground:  Neuromuscular disorders can be the cause of sudden death of infants because of their weakness and gastroesophageal reflux (GER).Methods:  Muscle biopsy and genetic studies were performed by usual method.Results:  In this report four cases of infants with neuromuscular disorders (two cases of congenital myopathy and two cases of spinal muscular atrophy) who had unexpected cardiopulmonary arrest on arrival (CPAOA) are presented. Two of the cases did not show any symptoms, such as muscle weakness prior to CPAOA. The diagnosis was based on the results of the muscle biopsy and genetic examination.Conclusion:  These results suggest that sudden infant death caused by neuromuscular disorders should be considered.
Forelimb dyskinesia mediated by high‐frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is linked to rapid activation of the NR2B subunit ofN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors
Authors: Quintana Adrien , Melon Christophe , Goff Lydia Kerkerian‐Le , Salin Pascal , Savasta Marc , Sgambato‐Faure Véronique 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDyskinesia is a major side‐effect of chronicl‐DOPA administration, the reference treatment for Parkinson’s disease. High‐frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN‐HFS) alleviates parkinsonian motor symptoms and indirectly improves dyskinesia by decreasing thel‐DOPA requirement. However, inappropriate stimulation can also trigger dyskinetic movements, in both human and rodents. We investigated whether STN‐HFS‐evoked forelimb dyskinesia involved changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission as previously reported forl‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesias, focusing on the role of NR2B‐containingN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NR2B/NMDARs). We applied STN‐HFS in normal rats at intensities above and below the threshold for triggering forelimb dyskinesia. Dyskinesiogenic STN‐HFS induced the activation of NR2B (as assessed by immunodetection of the phosphorylated residue Tyr1472) in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus, entopeduncular nucleus, motor thalamus and forelimb motor cortex. The severity of STN‐HFS‐induced forelimb dyskinesia was decreased in a dose‐dependent manner by systemic injections of CP‐101,606, a selective blocker of NR2B/NMDARs, but was either unaffected or increased by the non‐selectiveN‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor antagonist, MK‐801.
An appreciation of Robert Moors Smith MD, an icon of pediatric anesthesiology
Authors: HOLZMAN ROBERT S. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryRobert Moors Smith M.D. passed away recently at the age of 97. During his chairmanship of the Department of Anesthesiology at Children’s Hospital Boston from 1946 to 1980 he gained world prominence for his contributions to the anesthetic care of children and the education of generations of pediatric anesthesiologists. His dedicated and earnest approach, reflected in tribute and in his own words, provide a window on pediatric anesthesia during its development into a recognized subspecialty in the 20th century.
A heuristic blunder: Notes on an ethnographic situation in southwest China
Authors: Gros Stéphane 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring long‐term fieldwork the increasing involvement of the ethnographer in the lives of others raises a series of methodological and ethical issues. These can become even more pronounced when one is working with ethnic minorities in a socialist country. Yet, a seldom acknowledged reality of ethnographic fieldwork experience are the ‘little failures’ that occur along the way, alongside ethnographic blunders. I argue that these are difficult to avoid and can be part of an important learning process, oftentimes for both researcher and researched. Through the detailed description of a blunder that the author made during his research in southwest China with members of the Drung ethnic minority, this article advocates for the heuristic value of such mishaps, suggesting that one can learn a lot from accidents and unexpected events while undertaking in‐depth ethnographic fieldwork. In this case, this helped to shed light on the micropolitics of Drung village life in southwest Yunnan, and the place of a ‘minority nationality’ in wider Chinese society.
Navigating fieldwork politics, practicalities and ethics in the upland borderlands of northern Vietnam
Authors: Bonnin Christine 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article, I detail and evaluate the negotiations I had to broker to conduct ethnographic research on marketplace vendors and trade in the upland borderlands of northern Vietnam. Working with the analogy of the numerous ‘lines’ I was constrained by, had to manoeuvre around, and at times crossed over, I begin with a discussion of the ‘official lines’ or state regulations imposed upon my research and how I worked with, or negotiated these limitations. I then reveal the important ‘border guards’ or gatekeepers, such as local state actors and also field assistants, who enabled or constrained access to informants in numerous different ways. I also highlight the logistical and practical lines that I had to accept and indeed, often draw, to accomplish my study. I conclude with a consideration of how friendships in the field drew me beyond the lines I had originally drawn around my research. These relationships furthered my anxiety over the possibilities for conducting research that ultimately contributes towards social justice in a constrained political setting such as that which presently characterises Vietnam.
Research Note: The silenced assistant. Reflections of invisible interpreters and research assistants
Authors: Turner Sarah 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGiven the increased attention in anthropology and human geography to the positionality and reflexivity of researchers completing fieldwork in foreign countries, it is surprising that we still know relatively little about how research assistants and interpreters are positioned in the field and their own concerns, constraints and coping mechanisms. This article, based on in‐depth interviews with local interpreters/research assistants in Vietnam and China, working alongside Western doctoral students researching upland ethnic minority populations, provides space for the assistants' voices. While reflecting upon their own time in the field, we see how the positionalities of these individuals can have rather unexpected consequences. Furthermore, the assistants' analyses of particular events, as well as their take on the best way to proceed in specific circumstances can be at odds with that of their employers, and negotiated coping strategies have to be found. The article concludes with advice from these assistants regarding how future assistants can make the best of their position, and what foreign researchers need to consider in fostering constructive working relationships.
Treatment of vitiligo in children and adolescents by autologous cultured pure melanocytes transplantation with comparison of efficacy to results in adults
Authors: Hong WS , Hu DN , Qian GP , McCormick SA , Xu AE 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackground  Transplantation of autologous cultured pure melanocytes is a well‐established procedure for the treatment of refractory and stabilized vitiligo. However, there was no report specifically comparing the efficacy with the regard to defined age groups (children‐adolescence‐adult).Objective  We analysed the efficacy of this procedure in the treatment of vitiligo in children and adolescents and compare it with the results in adults treated during the same period and using identical procedures.Methods  Melanocytes were isolated from the roof of suction blister, cultured and expanded with Hu16 medium in vitro, and transplanted to laser‐denuded receipt area. A total of 12 children (8–12 years), 20 adolescents (13–17 years) and 70 adults with vitiligo were treated using this procedure.Results  The patients obtained satisfactory results (repigmentation of 50% or more) results in children, adolescents and adults were 83.3%, 95.0% and 84.0% respectively. The mean extent of repigmentation in children, adolescents and adults was 80.7%, 78.9% and 76.6% respectively. There was no statistical difference in repigmentation among these three groups. After adjusting for all factors (gender, type of vitiligo, period of stability, location of the lesion or transplanted cell density) individually or totally using multiple regression analysis, age still did not correlate to the extent of repigmentation.Conclusions  The satisfactory results obtained in the treatment of vitiligo in children and adolescents by transplantation of cultured autologous pure melanocytes are comparable with the results in adults. Therefore, this procedure can be considered in refractory and stable vitiligo in children and adolescents, especially in patients with large vitiliginous lesions.
MONOAMINES AS POSSIBLE MEDIATORS IN THE REGULATION OF FAST AXOPLASMIC FLOW
Authors: Boegman R. J. , Wood P. L. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—The effect of drugs which have been shown to alter monoamines in the CNS on the rate of fast axoplasmic flow of [3H]leucine labelled material in the rat sciatic nerve was examined. Drugs which deplete monoamines led to a decrease while those which increase the level of monoamines led to an increase in the rate of fast axoplasmic flow. Monoaminergic drugs were also found to alter the amount of [3H]leucine incorporated into spinal cord.
INFLUENCE OF DIVALENT CATIONS ON REGULATION OF CYCLIC GMP AND CYCLIC AMP LEVELS IN BRAIN TISSUE
Authors: Ferrendelli J. A. , Rubin E. H. , Kinscherf Dorothy A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—Depolarizing concentrations of K+elevate levels of both adenosine 3′,5′monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3′,5′monophosphate (cyclic GMP) in incubated slices of mouse cerebellum. Calcium is an essential requirement for the K+‐induced accumulation of cyclic GMP. Barium and Sr2+, but not Mn2+or Co2+, can substitute for Ca2+in this process. Relatively high concentrations of Mg2+inhibit the effect of Ca2+on K+‐induced accumulation of cyclic GMP. In contrast, depolarizing concentrations of K+are capable of elevating cyclic AMP levels in brain slices suspended in media containing Mg2+and no other divalent cations. High concentrations of Ca2+(1 mmor greater) augment this Mg2+‐dependent, K+‐induced accumulation of cyclic AMP, however. Strontium and Mn2+, but not Ba2+or Co2+, can substitute for Ca2+in this process, and high concentrations of Mg2+are not inhibitory. The divalent cation ionophore, A‐23187 (10 μm), in the presence of extracellular Ca2+elevates the level of cyclic GMP, but not cyclic AMP, in incubated mouse cerebellum slices.The results of this study indicate that intracellular Ca2+concentration is a major factor regulating cyclic GMP levels in brain. In addition the present results suggest that, in brain tissue, depolarization‐induced accumulation of cyclic GMP, but not cyclic AMP, is closely linked to some Ca2+‐dependent mechanism(s) mediating release of intracellular substances.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE BY SUPERFUSED SLICES OF RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Richter Judith A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract—A superfusion system has been used to examine the effects of choline and the utilization of [3H]choline during resting and potassium‐stimulated release of ACh from rat cerebrum slices. The rate of ACh release from unstimulated tissue, 0·25 nmol/g per min, increased 8‐fold when the concentration of KCl in the superfusing medium was increased from 5 to 50 mm. This rate was not maintained, however, but gradually declined to one‐half the peak rate after approx. 30 min. After an initial washout period, choline was released at a rate of 2·5‐5 nmol/g per min, which was equal to 1‐2 × 10−6min the superfusate. The addition of 1 × 10−5m‐choline to the superfusing medium was required to maintain the stimulated ACh release at near peak rates for 90 min. When hemicholinium‐3 was added to the 50 mm‐KCl medium, the release of ACh reached a peak as usual but then declined to prestimulation rates.After introducing a pulse of radioactive choline in the superfusing medium, the specific radioactivity of choline and ACh in the superfusate was determined before and during stimulation with 50 mm‐KCl. The specific radioactivity of released ACh was always greater than that of released choline; it decreased rapidly at the onset of stimulation, and then more gradually as stimulation proceeded. The specific radioactivity of ACh released in the initial minutes of stimulation was higher than that of ACh in the tissue before stimulation. In the last 10‐20 min of stimulation the specific radioactivity of the released ACh was lower than that of the tissue ACh at the end of stimulation. The relative contributions of old and newly synthesized ACh to the releasable transmitter pool are discussed.
Analysis of Cyclic AMP‐Dependent Changes in Intermediate Filament Protein Phosphorylation and Cell Morphology in Cultured Astroglia
Authors: Pollenz Richard S. , McCarthy Ken D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReceptor agonists that increase cyclic AMP levels in cultured astroglia have been shown to increase32P‐labeling of the intermediate filament proteins glial fi‐brillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin in these cells. Experiments were designed to determine (1) if the increase in32P‐labeling resulted from either an increase in the turnover or net number of phosphates associated with the intermediate filament proteins and (2) if the phosphorylation of these proteins causally affected astroglial morphology. Time course experiments indicated that 6–8 h were required to reach steady‐state32P‐labeling of both GFAP and vimentin. Treatment with forskolin (10 μM) after steady‐state32P‐labeling increased GFAP and vimentin phosphorylation fourfold and twofold, respectively, and also induced a morphological change from polygonal to process‐bearing cells within 20–30 min of drug addition. Cells incubated in media containing brain extract (30%) for 24 h at 37°C and then 3 h at 23°C under went changes from polygonal to process‐bearing cells with no apparent increase in the phosphorylation of either GFAP or vimentin. Treatment of process‐bearing cells (induced by brain extract) or polygonal cells with 10 μMforskolin at 23°C resulted in a three‐ to fourfold increase in GFAP phosphorylation without significant morphological changes. These results suggest that forskolin stimulation of GFAP and vimentin increases net number of phosphates associated with these intermediate filament proteins and that the resulting increase in phosphorylation can be dissociated from morphological changes.
Effects of Hypoxia on the Activities of Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Neurons in the Rat Brain
Authors: Miwa Soichi , Fujiwara Motokazu , Inoue Masafumi , Fujiwara Motohatsu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of hypoxia (10% O2, 90% N2) on the content, biosynthesis, and turnover of noradrenaline (NA) and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyIethylamine (dopamine, DA) in the rat brain were examined. Up to 24 h following exposure to hypoxia, NA content in the whole brain was decreased, whereas DA content remained unchanged. The accumulation of 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) after central decarboxylase inhibition was decreased. The turnover rate of DA after synthesis inhibition was markedly decreased up to 8 h and returned to the control level within 24 h. In contrast, the turnover rate of NA was all but unchanged, except for a 4‐h exposure. The 2‐h exposure to the hypoxic environment resulted in a significant decrease in NA content and DOPA accumulation in all brain regions tested, but no significant change was observed in DA content. The turnover rate of DA was remarkably decreased in all brain regions tested, whereas the rate of NA was slightly decreased only in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest that although hypoxia decreases the biosynthesis of both NA and DA, the effects of oxygen depletion on the functional activities of NA neurons differ considerably from those of DA neurons: Only in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus are the NA neurons slightly sensitive to hypoxia, whereas the DA neurons are most sensitive in all brain regions.
Effect of Chronic Desipramine Treatment on Dihydroalprenolol, Imipramine, and Desipramine Binding Sites: A Quantitative Autoradiographic Study in the Rat Brain
Authors: Biegon Anat 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDesmethylimipramine (DMI) administered once daily for 10 days caused a significant decrease in P‐adrenergic receptor binding, as measured by quantitative autoradiography in discrete brain regions. The decrease was observed 72 h after the last injection throughout the cortex and in hippocampus but not in other regions, much richer in p‐receptors, such as the caudate, olfactory tubercle, superior colliculus, dorso‐medial thalamus, substantia nigra, or pineal. The same paradigm did not affect imipramine (IMI) binding in the cortex or in regions with high concentrations of IMI binding sites. DMI binding was not decreased, either. Significant increases in DMI binding were observed in frontal cortex and in the ventral aspect of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. We conclude that a reduction in tricyclic binding is not a general phenomenon following chronic treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, and changes in binding, when they do occur, are not correlated with areas of high binding site density.