bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which reforms for a fair and sustainable pension system?
Authors: Castanheira Micael , Galasso Vincenzo 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le poids des retraites sur la sécurité sociale est appelé à devenir insoutenable en l’absence de réforme. Deux types de réformes sont typiquement considérés : le passage à un régime de capitalisation et celui à un régime de comptes notionnels. Nous évoquons ici les forces et avantages principaux des trois régimes : le système actuel permet d’assurer une plus forte redistribution mais tend à générer un déficit chronique. La capitalisation assure que la pension de chacun correspond bien à son investissement mais est soumise aux risques des marchés financiers. La solution semble donc passer par le régime des comptes notionnels, qui reste proche du système actuel, si ce n’est que le calcul de la pension est lié à une logique d’épargne virtuelle sur un compte pensions notionnel, contrôlé par le gouvernement. Cette réforme doit cependant être menée en parallèle avec une réforme du marché du travail pour s’assurer que le chômage des jeunes est réduit et n’est pas concentré sur certaines franges de la population, qui verraient alors la facture des années sans emploi leur être présentée une deuxième fois lors du passage à la pension. JEL : H55, I38, J18
« Li chivalier se desportoient / Lai ou dames les apeloient. » Exemples de circulation des premiers vers d’Yvain ou le Chevalier au lion
Authors: Lodén Sofia , Obry Vanessa 
Published: October 2011

Cet article propose une réflexion sur le premier folio du manuscrit de Lyon de la Chanson de Roland, où le récit de la bataille de Roncevaux est précédé des dix premiers vers d’Yvain ou le Chevalier au lion de Chrétien de Troyes. Le passage mettant en scène le roi Arthur et sa cour sert d’introduction à ce qui suit et influence la lecture de la chanson de geste. En observant ces mêmes vers dans les adaptations allemande, norroise et suédoise du Chevalier au lion, ainsi que dans une version française du xvie siècle, on voit que le prologue de Chrétien s’adapte à chaque nouveau contexte, alors que le besoin d’en référer à une autorité royale reste inchangé. Dans les adaptations nordiques, Charlemagne est le point de référence de la présentation d’Arthur, ce qui témoigne d’un besoin d’introduire le roi breton à un public qui ne le connaît pas. Dans le manuscrit de Lyon, la situation est inverse : la cour arthurienne constitue une mise en contexte de Charlemagne et des batailles épiques, pour un public qui a de nouvelles attentes. Dans les deux cas, c’est le roi – Charlemagne ou Arthur – qui sert d’autorité à l’autre roi et aux textes eux-mêmes. Dans le manuscrit de Lyon, l’image d’une cour où l’on raconte des histoires remplace l’oralité de la chanson de geste et le prologue, atypique dans la production de son auteur, se trouve doté d’un rôle nouveau, celui de prologue-type.
The Plasticity of Regulatory T Cell Function
Authors: Pillai Meenu R. , Collison Lauren W. , Wang Xiaohua , Finkelstein David , Rehg Jerold E. , Boyd Kelli , Szymczak-Workman Andrea L. , Doggett Teresa , Griffith Thomas S. , Ferguson Thomas A. , Vignali Dario A. A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress a wide variety of cell types, in diverse organ sites and inflammatory conditions. Whereas Tregs possess multiple suppressive mechanisms, the number required for maximal function is unclear. Furthermore, whether any interrelationship or cross-regulatory mechanisms exist to orchestrate and control their utilization is unknown. In this study, we assessed the functional capacity of Tregs lacking the ability to secrete both IL-10 and IL-35, which individually are required for maximal Treg activity. Surprisingly, IL-10/IL-35 double-deficient Tregs were fully functional in vitro and in vivo. Loss of IL-10 and IL-35 was compensated for by a concurrent increase in cathepsin E (Ctse) expression, enhanced TRAIL (Tnfsf10) expression, and soluble TRAIL release, rendering IL-10/IL-35 double-deficient Tregs functionally dependent on TRAIL in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, whereas C57BL/6 Tregs are normally IL-10/IL-35 dependent, BALB/c Tregs, which express high levels of cathepsin E and enhanced TRAIL expression, are partially TRAIL dependent by default. These data reveal that cross-regulatory pathways exist that control the utilization of suppressive mechanisms, thereby providing Treg functional plasticity.
The Sensory Profile: The Performance of a National Sample of Children Without Disabilities
Authors: Dunn Winnie , Westman Kay 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to obtain data about a national sample of children without disabilities on the 125-item revision of the Sensory Profile, a tool derived from sensory history items reported in the literature and designed to evaluate children’s responses to commonly occurring sensory events.
Method. Parents of 1,115 children completed the Sensory Profile. The children were 3 to 10 years of age and did not have disabilities. Parents used a 5-point Likert scale to report the percentage of time their children engaged in each behavior Researchers then analyzed the data, using multivariate methods to identify trends in performance and age and gender differences.
Results. Ninety-one (73%) of the profile’s 125 items were found to be uncommon behaviors for this national sample of children without disabilities. Although age and gender differences were significant (p &lt; .001), effect sizes were so small (i.e., below .2) that differences were not meaningful for clinical application (i.e., mean differences less than .5 points). Only two items in the visual category approached a 1-point difference when comparing younger and older children.
Conclusion. There were no meaningful gender differences on the revised Sensory Profile, and only 2 items approached a meaningful difference related to age. Nearly three fourths of the items on the profile were uncommon for children without disabilities. If children with various disabilities display these behaviors, the Sensory Profile can be useful in evaluation and program planning for children with disabilities.
The Use of Service Learning in Client Environments To Enhance Ethical Reasoning in Students
Authors: Greene David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the effects of two service learning experiences on the psychosocial and moral reasoning development of occupational therapy students. The assumption was that ethical reasoning ability can be facilitated through participation in value-laden experiences.
Method. Participants visited older adults in nursing homes (n = 19) or interacted with persons with disabilities in community settings (n = 33). All participants reflected on their experiences through weekly journals. Psychosocial and moral reasoning development were measured at the beginning and end of the experiences with the Student Development Task and Lifestyle Inventory and the Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short Form.
Results. Participants in both groups exhibited a significant time-related increase in psychosocial development but no increase in moral reasoning. Participants interacting with persons with disabilities exhibited a decrease over time in moral reasoning compared with the participants interacting with older adults.
Conclusion. Service learning effected a change in the participants’ psychosocial development indicative of developing an appreciation for dignity, equality, and justice. These are core concepts in occupational therapy and are viewed as important in ethical reasoning. The lack of advancement and current level of moral reasoning in these undergraduate students raises a question as to their readiness to engage in ethical reasoning as entry-level practitioners.
Tactile Defensiveness and Stereotyped Behaviors
Authors: Baranek Grace T. , Foster Laura G. , Berkson Gershon 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. This study explores the constructs of stereotyped behaviors (e.g., repetitive motor patterns, object manipulations, behavioral rigidities) and tactile defensiveness as relevant to occupational therapy theory and practice and attempts to test their purported relationships in children with developmental disabilities.
Method. Twenty-eight children with developmental disabilities and autism were assessed on eight factors of stereotyped behavior via a questionnaire and by four measures of tactile defensiveness. The subjects’ scores from the questionnaire were correlated with their scores on the tactile defensiveness measures to see what, if any, relationship among these behaviors exists.
Results. Significant relationships emerged from the data, indicating that subjects with higher levels of tactile defensiveness were also more likely to evidence rigid or inflexible behaviors, repetitive verbalizations, visual stereotypies, and abnormal focused affections that are often associated with autism. No significant association was found between motor and object stereotypies and tactile defensiveness. These relationships could not be explained solely by maturational factors.
Conclusion. The results suggest that clinicians should include observations of stereotyped behaviors, particularly behavioral rigidities, in conjunction with assessments of sensory defensiveness because these are related phenomena that may pose unique challenges for children with developmental disabilities and autism. Further study is needed to determine the causal mechanisms responsible for these relationships.
Understanding the Transition to Community Living After Discharge From an Acute Care Hospital: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Gage Marie , Cook Joanne Valiant , Fryday-Field Karen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. This study was conducted to obtain patients’ experiences in making the transition from an acute care hospital to their homes in the community.
Method. Data were gathered through group and telephone interviews with a volunteer sample of 27 discharged patients. Analysis involved two stages: categorization of shared themes and interpretation of individual occupational experiences.
Results. Informants described their experiences of transition in terms that were analytically categorized as Perceived Self-Efficacy, Resources, Dimensions of Occupation, and Environmental Constraints and Opportunities. Analysis of individual patient transcripts suggests the presence of an hierarchical ordering of desired occupations.
Conclusion. Understanding patients’perceptions of enabling and disabling experiences has implications for predischarge and postdischarge practice in occupational therapy.
The Efficacy of an Early Prevention Program Facilitated by Occupational Therapists: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Parush Shula , Hahn-Markowitz Jeri 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the long-term effect of an early prevention program on mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to their children’s development. The prevention program focused on increasing the mothers’ sensitivity to their children’s needs and their awareness of the importance of their role in their children’s early development.
Method. Fifty-five mothers and their infants received approximately .5 hours of intervention once every 8 weeks during the infants’ first year of life. A control group of 54 mothers and their infants did not receive the intervention. Subjects’ knowledge of their children’s sensory, motor, and language abilities; their beliefs in their ability to influence their children’s development; and an indication of whether they implemented their knowledge were all measured with the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Questionnaire (KAP) 1.5years to 2 years after completion of the prevention program.
Results. KAP scores of the intervention group were higher than the scores of the control group, suggesting that the prevention program helped mothers acquire greater knowledge and more appropriate attitudes and practices about child development.
Conclusion. This study supports the theory that the effect of a primary prevention program during the first year of a child’s life can be sustained for 1 year to 2 years.
The Mechanisms for Adult-Onset Apraxia and Developmental Dyspraxia: An Examination and Comparison of Error Patterns
Authors: Poole Janet L. , Gallagher Jere , Janosky Janine , Qualls Clifford 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine whether persons with developmental dyspraxia and apraxia make similar errors during the performance of four types of tasks.
Method. Three groups of subjects with dyspraxia or apraxia (i.e., children with learning disabilities and dyspraxia, young adults with learning disabilities and dyspraxia, older adults with left-hemisphere brain damage with apraxia) and three groups of age-matched control subjects (i.e., children, young adults, older adults) were observed performing transitive, intransitive, verbal command and imitation tasks. Performance was scored on the basis of the types of errors made. Errors were classified as conceptual (nonrelated, unrecognizable, sequencing) or production (omission, perseveration, related, internal configuration, external configuration, incorrect movement, body part as object).
Results. No significant difference was found between conceptual and production error patterns for any group. In addition, there was no significant difference between the dyspraxia and apraxia groups or among the control groups on the specific types of production errors made. However, the dyspraxia and apraxia groups differed in the type of conceptual error made on the intransitive task. The body-part-as-object error was the most frequently made error on the transitive, verbal command, and imitation tasks, whereas the movement error was the most frequently made error on the intransitive task.
Conclusion. Subjects with dyspraxia or apraxia make similar errors, suggesting that the praxis behaviors are similar.
Teaching Diagnostic Reasoning: Using a Classroom-as-Clinic Methodology With Videotapes
Authors: Neistadt Maureen E. , Smith Ruth E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a “classroom-as-clinic ”format, using videotaped occupational therapy evaluations, on students’ diagnostic reasoning skills. In the classroom-as-clinic format, students write a problem list on the basis of preliminary client information before viewing the videotape.
Method. A post-hoc experimental design was used to compare the accuracy of treatment plan problem lists for two groups of senior occupational therapy students—one group viewed two videotapes of client-therapist interactions without a classroom-as-clinic format (n = 82), and one group viewed the same videotapes within the context of a classroom-as-clinic format (n = 45). Both groups viewed the same two videotapes. Videotape 1 was of a client with a brain stem infarct, and Videotape 2 was of a client with traumatic brain injury.
Results. Subjects experiencing a classroom-as-clinic format identified significantly more occupational therapy problems for Videotape 1 than those who did not have preevaluation information. There was no significant difference between the two subject groups in the accuracy of their problem lists for Videotape 2. Only subjects in the non-classroom-as-clinic group showed a significant improvement from Videotape 1 to Videotape 2 in occupational therapy problem identification.
Conclusion. This study suggests that to be truly effective when used with videotapes, the classroom-as-clinic methodology needs to be combined with explicit coaching in problem sensing and problem definition.
Evaluation of Daily Living Tasks: The Home Care Advantage
Authors: Rogers Joan C. , Holm Margo B. , Stone Ronald G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Occupational therapists working in home care have an advantage over those working in other settings because they can observe the influence of the naturalistic context on task performance. However, to use this advantage, therapists working in home care must use an evaluation approach that enables them to capture the client-task-context transaction. In this article, we discuss the ability of four “ evaluation approaches”—norm-referenced, criterion-referenced, dynamic, informal—to provide information about the client-task-context transaction that therapists need in order to plan effective intervention. The potential of each approach for identifying clients’ performance problems, suggesting etiologies, determining rehabilitation potential, and guiding intervention is analyzed, and the appropriateness of each approach for application in the home is appraised. This analysis highlights the utility of combining the criterion-referenced and dynamic assessment approaches for use in home care. A sequential process for integrating these two approaches is provided, and the proposed outcomes to be obtained from this process are identified.
OTR–COTA Collaboration in Home Health: Roles and Supervisory Issues
Authors: Glantz Coralie H. , Richman Nancy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article describes the registered occupational therapist (OTR)-certified occupational therapy assistant (COTA) team within the home health setting. It reviews regulations and guidelines for supervision, team interactions, and collaboration with other health care professionals and paraprofessionals. With the complexities of providing treatment in a client’s home, the team members must combine their resources to successfully achieve desired outcomes. The article addresses various areas in which quality OTR-COTA collaboration enhances therapy effectiveness in reaching established treatment goals in a realistic and creative manner.
The Use of Low-Load Prolonged Stretch Devices in Rehabilitation Programs in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Nuismer Barbara A. , Ekes Ann M. , Holm Margo B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This retrospective study examined the use of low-load prolonged stretch (LLPS) orthoses for contracture management.
Method. The records of 17 patients from skilled nursing facilities, hand clinics, and hospitals were reviewed. There was a total of 18 contractures (2 wrist, 12 elbow, 4 knee) secondary to neurological and orthopedic pathologies. Chart review focused on patient demographic information, range of motion (ROM) and functional outcomes, and wear schedules.
Results. The use of LLPS orthoses significantly increased ROM for the whole sample, which in turn significantly improved the subjects functional outcomes. When the sample was divided into two pathology groups to compare a predominately geriatric population with neurological pathologies to a somewhat younger population with a history of musculoskeletal pathology, both groups showed a significant gain in ROM with the use of the LLPS orthoses.
Conclusion. Use of LLPS orthoses for contracture management can mediate the losses in ROM and function that occur with joint contractures.
Understanding the Potential of Occupation: A Qualitative Exploration of Seniors’ Perspectives on Activity
Authors: Rudman Deborah Laliberte , Cook Joanne Valiant , Polatajko Helene 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article presents the results of a qualitative study that explored the characteristics and potential of occupation. Semistructured interviews with 12 seniors who live in the community followed by member-checking groups were used to explore informants’ perspectives on the importance and role of occupation in their lives by asking them about their activities. Themes pertinent to the characterization of activity, the contributions of activity, and a condition allowing for the potential of activity emerged from the inductive analysis. These themes provide information about how occupation naturally functions in the lives of seniors and suggest a tentative conceptualization of the characteristics and potential of occupation. The findings have implications for research regarding occupation and for clinical practice aimed at enabling occupation.
“Doing” in Mental Health Practice: Therapists’ Beliefs About Why It Works
Authors: Moll Sandra , Cook Joanne Valiant 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to explore the beliefs of occupational therapists working in mental health regarding the therapeutic value of “doing” as a treatment modality. Doing was defined as any activity or action-oriented approach that was identified and used by the participating therapists.
Method. Eleven occupational therapists working in a variety of mental health areas were observed as they conducted 3 to 6 regularly scheduled therapy sessions. They were then interviewed about their activity-related beliefs. Audiotapes of the 44 treatment sessions and 11 interviews were transcribed and then coded to identify emergent themes and categories of beliefs about activity.
Results. Participants used a variety of activities in both task-based and verbally based treatment sessions. Multiple reasons for activity use were cited, particularly in relation to the task-based sessions. Two main themes related to the value of activity were (a) benefits of activity for the client and (b) benefits in facilitating the process of therapy. Categories of client-related benefits included skill development; impairment reduction; self-awareness; positive self-concept; interaction or connection with others; healthy, balanced routines; pleasure; and enhancement of occupational role performance. Perceived effects on the therapeutic process included creating a therapeutic context, enhancing client readiness, facilitating communication, and providing an organizing framework.
Conclusion. Occupational therapists working in mental health hold diverse beliefs about the value of doing in treatment. Basing practice on clearly identified and evidence-based beliefs will assist in ensuring a viable and valued future for the profession in this important domain of health services.
The Use of Microwave Ovens by Elderly Persons With Disabilities
Authors: Kondo Tomoko , Mann William C. , Tomita Machiko , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the effectiveness of microwave ovens in assisting elderly persons with disabilities with cooking food.
Method. The participants were five elderly persons who had gross motor, fine motor, or vision impairments but no cognitive impairments. Before the study, none of the participants owned or operated a microwave oven. In this single-subject design off our phases (ABAB), training in microwave oven use was provided between the first A (baseline) and first B (intervention) phases. Participants had access to the microwave oven in their homes only during the B phases. Each phase lasted for 3 weeks, for a total of 12 weeks. The frequency of using cooking appliances, the number of food items prepared, and the time spent preparing meals were recorded through daily self-reports.
Results. All participants showed an increase in the frequency of using cooking appliances for at least one of the two B phases, although they showed different patterns. The number of food items prepared increased in the B phases, except for two participants who were ill. With the introduction of the microwave oven, time spent preparing meals decreased for all five participants, and their participation in meal preparation increased. Although not measured as a study variable, results suggest that the quality of diet also improved with microwave oven use.
Conclusion. Occupational therapy practitioners who serve elderly clients might consider recommending microwave ovens for those who do not have cognitive impairments but who are having difficulty with cooking because of vision impairments or physical disabilities.