bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstructive sleep apnea surgery practice patterns in the United States: 2000 to 2006
Authors: Kezirian Eric J. , Maselli Judy , Vittinghoff Eric , Goldberg Andrew N. , Auerbach Andrew D. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVETo determine obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) surgical volume, types, costs, and trends. To explore whether specific patient and hospital characteristics are associated with the performance of isolated palate versus hypopharyngeal surgery and with costs.STUDY DESIGNCross‐sectional study.SETTINGInpatient and outpatient medical facilities in the United States.SUBJECTS AND METHODSOSA procedures were identified in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 2000, 2004, and 2006 and from State Ambulatory Surgery Databases and State Inpatient Databases for 2006 from four representative states (California, New York, North Carolina, and Wisconsin). National combined inpatient and outpatient surgery estimates for 2006 were generated using a combination of databases. Chi‐square and regression analysis examined procedure volume and type and inpatient procedure costs.RESULTSIn 2006, an estimated 35,263 surgeries were performed in inpatient and outpatient settings, including 33,087 palate, 6561 hypopharyngeal, and 1378 maxillomandibular advancement procedures. The odds of undergoing isolated palate surgery were higher for younger (18–39 yrs) and black patients. Outpatient procedures were more common than inpatient procedures. Inpatient surgical volume declined from 2000 to 2006, but it was not possible to evaluate trends in total volumes. In 2006, mean costs were approximately $6000 per admission. For inpatient procedures in 2004 and 2006, costs were higher for hypopharyngeal (vs isolated palate) surgery, in rural hospitals, and for patients who were younger, with greater medical comorbidity, and with primary Medicaid coverage.CONCLUSIONSurgical treatment is performed in 0.2 percent of all adults with OSA annually. Validation of the exploratory findings concerning procedure type and cost requires additional studies, ideally including adjustment for clinical factors.© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Primary care perceptions of otolaryngology
Authors: Domanski Mark C. , Ashktorab Samaneh , Bielamowicz Steven A. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVETo identify diseases of the head and neck for which primary care physicians may underappreciate the role of the otolaryngologist.STUDY DESIGNCross‐sectional analysis.SETTINGWith increasing subspecialization in the world of medicine, there is the potential for confusion about the scope of practice for different specialties by primary care physicians. These clinicians are often faced with patients who have disease processes in which otolaryngologist are trained but may end up referring patients to other specialists.SUBJECTS AND METHODSA brief, web‐based survey was administered via e‐mail to resident physicians of family medicine, pediatrics, and internal medicine programs in the United States. The survey asked responders which specialist they believed was an expert for particular clinical entities: allergies, oral cancer, restoring a youthful face, sleep apnea, thyroid surgery, and tracheostomy. Respondents could choose from a dermatologist, general surgeon, ophthalmologist, oral maxillofacial surgeon, orthopedic surgeon, otolaryngologist, and plastic surgeon. The responder was able to choose more than one specialist for each question.RESULTSA total of 1064 completed surveys were analyzed. The percentage of primary care residents who picked otolaryngologists as experts was 13.8 percent for allergies, 73.6 percent for oral cancer, 2.7 percent for restoring a youthful face, 32.4 percent for sleep apnea, 47.2 percent for thyroid surgery, and 72.5 percent for tracheostomy.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates that many primary care residents are not aware of the scope of expertise that an otolaryngologist may offer. Increased exposure to otolaryngology during primary care residency training may increase understanding of the specialty among primary care physicians.© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Development and preliminary validation of the Lip Reanimation Outcomes Questionnaire
Authors: de Almeida John R. , Alexander Ashlin J. , Shrime Mark G. , Gilbert Ralph W. , Goldstein David P. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVELip paralysis is associated with eating, speaking, and appearance impairments. The lip reanimation outcome questionnaire is designed to assess these functional impairments after lip reanimation.STUDY DESIGNCross‐sectional validation study.SETTINGTertiary care academic center.SUBJECTS AND METHODSPatients who underwent lip reanimation and control subjects. A disease‐specific instrument was created by systematic literature review and expert opinion. The 15‐item patient completed subscale was administered to 20 lip reanimation patients. Photographs of 19 patients and three control subjects were taken in four poses and rated by six raters (2 surgeons, 2 residents, and 2 novices) by the use of a external rater subscale, and reliability was determined by the use of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Content and construct validity were assessed.RESULTSInternal consistency (ICC range 0.813‐0.915 for each domain), test—retest reliability (ICC range 0.616‐0.981 for each item) for the patient completed subscale, and interrater (ICC = 0.852) and interlevel reliability (ICC = 0.929) for the external rater subscale were substantial to excellent. The content validity index was 0.87. Construct validity was demonstrated by poorer scores in patients with transected nerves versus intact nerves for appearance (P = 0.04) and oral competence (P = 0.011). Photographs of control patients had lower asymmetry scores (P < 0.001), and the instrument detected greater asymmetry in patients with progressively more exaggerated smile (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONThe lip reanimation outcome questionnaire has promising reliability and validity in this preliminary study, but additional psychometric testing with larger samples is required before the survey can be recommended for clinical use.© 2010 American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Haemocytes play a commensal rôle in the synthesis of the dihydroxybenzoate required as a precursor for sclerotization of the egg case (ootheca) in the cockroachPeriplaneta americana(L)
Authors: Whitehead D.L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe secretions of the two colleterial glands give rise to the walls of the ootheca which, when hardened, serve to protect fertilised eggs in the cockroachP. americana. The larger left gland (LCG) secretes a β-D-glucoside of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, several proteins (oothecins), calcium oxalate crystals and a latent phenoloxidase enzyme. The smaller right gland (RCG) secretes a β-glucosidase. When the two secretions mix in the genital vestibulum, the glucoside is hydrolyzed to glucose and free dihydroxybenzoate, which is then oxidized by the phenoloxidase to the o-benzoquinone, which cross-links the oothecins Scanning and thin section electron microscopy (EM) showed haemocytes adhering to the LCG. The haemocytes were obtained by washing the gland with insect saline; and, when they were incubated with labelled tyrosine, they showed an enhanced ability to decarboxylate L-p-tyrosine to tyramine and then deaminate and oxidize tyramine to give p-hydroxyphenylacetate. After removal of adhering haemocytes, the LCG was no longer able to decarboxylate tyrosine. Injection of α-ecdysone into the abdomens of recently emerged adult females inhibited synthesis of a phenolic glucoside in the developing LCG but not of β-glucosidase produced by RCG. Furthermore, injecting inhibitors of the decarboxylase and monoamineoxidase enzymes partly closed down synthesisin vivoof the phenolic glucoside by LCG. Therefore, in the adult female cockroach, tyramine was converted to p-hydroxyphenylacetate in the haemocytes and then transferred to the gland where it was hydroxylated to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate, which gave rise to a dihydroxybenzoate. Evidence suggested that biosynthesis of the oothecal sclerotizing agent could be controlled by juvenile hormone (JH) acting on the LCG or on haemocytes adhering to the gland.
Adaptation to increasing severity of phoma stem canker on winter oilseed rape in the UK under climate change
Authors: BARNES A. P. , WREFORD A. , BUTTERWORTH M. H. , SEMENOV M. A. , MORAN D. , EVANS N. , FITT B. D. L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYVarious adaptation strategies are available that will minimize or negate predicted climate change-related increases in yield loss from phoma stem canker in UK winter oilseed rape (OSR) production. A number of forecasts for OSR yield, national production and subsequent economic values are presented, providing estimates of impacts on both yield and value for different levels of adaptation. Under future climate change scenarios, there will be increasing pressure to maintain yields at current levels. Losses can be minimized in the short term (up to the 2020s) with a ‘low’-adaptation strategy, which essentially requires some farmer-led changes towards best management practices. However, the predicted impacts of climate change can be negated and, in most cases, improved upon, with ‘high’-adaptation strategies. This requires increased funding from both the public and private sectors and more directed efforts at adaptation from the producer. Most literature on adaptation to climate change has had a conceptual focus with little quantification of impacts. It is argued that quantifying the impacts of adaptation is essential to provide clearer information to guide policy and industry approaches to future climate change risk.
Mixed regimes and political violence in Africa
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPolitical violence in sub-Saharan Africa is down. The number of military dictatorships and one-party states is also down. Are the two trends related? Conventional democratic peace theory says the answer is yes, because the relationship between democracy and peace is linear and positive. A revisionist view, however, raises questions. The majority of Africa's new regimes are not full democracies but mixed regimes that some studies find to have the greatest propensity to violent behaviour. Using statistical analysis of a trichotomous classification of African regimes from 1960 to 2008, this article suggests that neither argument fits the facts. Autocracies and partial democracies in this region appear to have similar exposure to conflict, with both types of systems suffering more conflict than full democracies. Variables other than regime type appear to be the driving forces behind these trends.
Angola's southern border: entrepreneurship opportunities and the state in Cunene
Authors: Rodrigues Cristina Udelsmann 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSanta Clara, on Angola's southern border with Namibia, is now a very dynamic urban hub, both economically and socially. It stands out in the remote province of Cunene, recording greater growth in the last five years than the provincial capital, Ondjiva. Its recent transformation into a thriving trading centre was mostly due to massive migration and an intensification of trade between Angola and Namibia at the beginning of this century, although the region's history in the last hundred years is a very different one. While local traders and entrepreneurs have developed their own strategies within this context, national and local administrative structures of the recently pacified country are trying to regulate trading and settlement. These forces in action produce both more sustainable and organised urban growth and at the same time influence social and economic development in the region. The main boom seems to be over, due to relatively successful regulation, which makes the region less attractive to business activity. Traders and entrepreneurs operating locally now have to find new strategies and opportunities. This article, based on empirical research and combined surveys, conducts an analysis of these dynamics and contributes to an understanding of regulation impacts, the way in which local traders cope with them, and the strategies they have developed.
New low-frequency waves and negative mass instability in dusty plasmas
Authors: RESENDES D. P. , BINGHAM R. , MOTA S. , TSYTOVICH V. N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLow-frequency dusty plasma waves with frequencies much smaller than the frequency of charging collisions of plasma particles with dust particles are considered taking into account elastic and charging collisions of plasma particles with dust and neutrals. The usual dust sound waves with an upper frequency equal to the dust plasma frequency are found to be present only for wavelengths much smaller than the plasma particle effective mean free path due to the effective collision frequency. The effectice collision frequency is found to be inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the charging frequency and the frequency of particle momentum losses, involving processes due to elastic plasma particle–dust collisions and collisions with neutrals. It is shown that when the wavelength of the wave is much larger than the mean free path for effective collisions, the properties of the waves are different from those considered previously. A negative mass instability is found in this domain of frequencies when the effective mean free path of ions is larger than the effective mean free path of electrons. In the absence of neutrals, this appears to be possible only if the temperature of ions exceeds the electron temperature. This can occur in laboratory experiments and space plasmas but not in plasma-etching experiments. In the absence of instability, a new dust oscillation, a dust charging mode, is found, whose frequency is almost constant over a certain range of wave numbers. It is inversely proportional to the dust mass and charging frequency of the dust. A new dust electron sound wave is found for frequencies less than the frequency of the dust charging mode. The velocity of the dust electron sound wave is determined by the electron temperature but not the ion temperature, as for the usual dust sound waves, with the electron temperature substantially exceeding the ion temperature.
Shifting voices with participant roles: Voice qualities and speech registers in Mesoamerica
Authors: Sicoli Mark A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough an increasing number of sociolinguistic researchers consider functions of voice qualities as stylistic features, few studies consider cases where voice qualities serve as the primary signs of speech registers. This article addresses this gap through the presentation of a case study of Lachixío Zapotec speech registers indexed though falsetto, breathy, creaky, modal, and whispered voice qualities. I describe the system of contrastive speech registers in Lachixío Zapotec and then track a speaker on a single evening where she switches between three of these registers. Analyzing line-by-line conversational structure I show both obligatory and creative shifts between registers that co-occur with shifts in the participant structures of the situated social interactions. I then examine similar uses of voice qualities in other Zapotec languages and in the two unrelated language families Nahuatl and Mayan to suggest the possibility that such voice registers are a feature of the Mesoamerican culture area. (Voice quality, register, performance, metapragmatics, Mesoamerica, Zapotecan, Mayan, Nahuatl)*
Contrasting approaches to old-age income protection in Korea and Taiwan
Authors: CHOI YOUNG JUN , KIM JIN WOOK 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOld-age income security has become one of the most important social policy issues in two East Asian emerging welfare states, South Korea and Taiwan, as they transform at a remarkable pace into societies with a representation of older people approaching that of western countries. During the last two decades, the two countries have developed different forms of social protection for older people. South Korea has expanded social insurance pensions with means-tested benefits, whereas Taiwan has introduced flat-rate old-age allowance programmes that exclude the rich rather than target the poor. much has been written about these programmes, but their actual performance in reducing old-age poverty has not been thoroughly examined. This paper analyses the anti-poverty effect of these programmes, firstly by describing recent developments in the two countries, and secondly by examining headcount poverty rates and the size and incidence of the ‘poverty gap’ using nationally-representative micro-household datasets. We argue that while the programmes have increasingly reduced old-age income security, the different policy choices have resulted in distinctive welfare outcomes in the two countries. In the final section of the article, we discuss the long-term implications of the recent policy reforms.
The unequal lag in Latin American schooling since 1900: follow the money
Authors: Lindert Peter H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFocusing on education–income anomalies, in which a richer country delivers less education than a poorer country, seems a promising way to harvest a part of the rich history that does not lend itself to econometrics. To test the chain of alleged causation from unequal power and wealth to poor schooling, one must follow the public money, or lack of it, in as many contexts as the data will allow. Public funding for mass schooling is the hitherto untested middle link in the chain. The key to Latin America’s poor schooling was the failure to supply tax money, not gender discrimination or any shortfall in market demand for skills. The most glaring anomalies were the Venezuelan and Argentine failures to supply the levels of tax support for mass schooling that their high income could have afforded.
An optimization method for the reference trajectory of parametric excitation walking
Authors: Taji Kouichi , Banno Yoshihisa , Harata Yuji 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn parametric excitation walking, up-and-down motion of the center of mass restores mechanical energy and sustainable gait is generated. Not only walking performance but also walking ability strongly depends on the reference trajectory of the center of mass. In this paper, we propose an optimization method for the reference trajectory, in which the reference trajectory is confined to the quartic spline curves and the parameters of spline curves are optimized by a local search method usually used in combinatorial optimization. We apply the proposed method to a kneed biped robot and find some remarkably interesting results by numerical simulations.
Researchers Focus on Fire Clouds That Reach to the Stratosphere
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: August 2010

Volcanic eruptions are not the only violent events that can inject smoke‐colored and cauliflower‐textured clouds into the stratosphere. Pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCB) storms can, too. These recently discovered phenomena are storms caused or aided by fire; they have many characteristics similar to thunderstorms, including lightning, hail, and extreme vertical height through the troposphere and into the lower stratosphere.Common wisdom had held that “the only event that can explosively pollute the stratosphere is a volcanic eruption,” Michael Fromm, a meteorologist with the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., said at a 9 August press briefing at the 2010 Meeting of the Americas in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. “Now we know that pyroCBs can do a version of this, thanks to the heat from fire.”
International Physical Activity Questionnaire: Reliability and validity in a Spanish population
Authors: Roman‐Viñas Blanca , Serra‐Majem Lluis , Hagströmer Maria , Ribas‐Barba Lourdes , Sjöström Michael , Segura‐Cardona Ramon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough questionnaires are useful for evaluating patterns of physical activity in populations, they need to be validated. The objective of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in a Spanish population. The participants wore a uniaxial MTI Actigraph (Computer Science and Application, Inc.) accelerometer for 7 days and self‐completed the IPAQ questionnaire twice, to assess its reliability. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing data from the IPAQ and data from the MTI. The final sample included 54 adults for the validity analysis and 66 adults for the reliability analysis. The correlations (r) between the IPAQ and the accelerometer were 0.29 (P<0.05) for total physical activity (MET · min−1 · day−1) versus total counts per minute, 0.30 (P<0.05) for time spent in vigorous activity, and 0.34 (P<0.05) for time spent sitting. The IPAQ showed a good reliability coefficient for total physical activity (r=0.82, P<0.05), vigorous activity (r=0.79, P<0.05), moderate activity (r=0.83, P<0.05), and time spent walking (r=0.73, P<0.05). Total time spent on work‐related physical activities (r=0.92, P<0.05), on household‐related activities (r=0.86, P<0.05), and leisure‐time physical activities (excluding walking) (r=0.82, P<0.05) showed good reliability coefficients. Bland Altman analysis showed that discrepancies between the two methods increased with the amount of moderate and vigorous physical activity undertaken. In conclusion, the long version of the IPAQ has acceptable validity for the measurement of total and vigorous physical activity, and good reliability coefficients for application in the Spanish population studied here. The questionnaire showed poor validity for reporting moderate‐intensity activity in this Spanish population.
Reliability of two metabolic systems during sport‐specific upper‐body ergometry
Authors: Sealey Rebecca M. , Leicht Anthony S. , Spinks Warwick , Sinclair Wade 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this study, we assessed the reliability of the portable Cosmed K4b2 and the laboratory‐based Powerlab 8M gas analysis systems for measuring peak physiological variables during sport‐specific upper‐body exercise, to determine the error associated with repeated physiological performance tests. Ten trained female outrigger canoeists completed two 1000‐m ergometer time trials using each gas analysis system. Peak physiological responses were analysed using a two‐way repeated‐measures analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey HSD tests. Reliability and within‐participant variability of peak responses were assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and measurement bias/ratios with 95% limits of agreement (LOA), respectively. Performance and peak physiological responses were similar across trials for each individual system, although the Powerlab 8M reported significantly higher (13.6%) carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and non‐significantly higher (7.4%) oxygen consumption (VO2) than the Cosmed K4b2. Reliability of the Cosmed K4b2 was high for VCO2 (0.98) and moderate for ventilation (0.85), whereas that for the Powerlab 8M was high for VCO2 (0.97) and tidal volume (0.94) and moderate for VO2 (0.87). Overall, the two systems report similar VO2 variability (8–9%) with the Powerlab 8M reporting higher VO2 and VCO2 values than the Cosmed K4b2. Therefore, while each system is reliable, results from each of the systems should not be used interchangeably.