bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Lost and altered consciousness” – a headache for many
Authors: Sandford Paul , Cooper Ed , Shepherd Jim 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThis is the second instalment of a two‐part paper that aims to consider the assessment criteria for incapacity benefit (IB) and employment and support allowance (ESA) and to analyse how this benefit applies to claimants who are unable to work because they experience episodes of lost or altered consciousness.Design/methodology/approachIn the first part of the paper, which featured in Social Care and Neurodisability, Vol. 2 No. 1, the authors considered the legal meaning of lost or altered consciousness and explained how the IB/ESA appraisal and appeals system operates. This second instalment gives practical guidance to advisers who are assisting their clients in applying for ESA and appealing negative decisions to the tribunal (given its ever increasing importance, this paper focuses on ESA; however, the same considerations apply to IB cases).FindingsThe paper highlights the complexities and limitations of the benefit system for those suffering with lost and altered consciousness.Practical implicationsAdvisers need to think laterally when assisting their clients.Originality/valueThe paper should provide a useful reference point for advisers.
Substance misuse among offenders in a forensic intellectual disability service
Authors: Plant Amie , McDermott Emily , Chester Verity , Alexander Regi T. 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThere have been few studies about the prevalence of substance abuse and links to offending behaviour among those with intellectual disabilities. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis baseline audit describes: the prevalence of alcohol and substance misuse in patients within a forensic intellectual disability service; and the introduction of a Drug and Alcohol Awareness Course. In total, 74 patients were included in the audit.FindingsRoughly half of the patients audited had co‐morbid harmful use or dependence with the problem being equally prevalent in men and women. Whilst alcohol and cannabis were the commonest drugs of abuse, cocaine, stimulants and opiates were abused by a small but significant number. Of those with harmful use or dependence, 35 per cent had used the drug in the immediate lead up to their index offence. A diagnosis of personality disorder and past history of convictions for violent offences was significantly more likely to be present in the group with harmful use or dependence. There were no differences on major mental illnesses or pervasive developmental disorders.Practical implicationsThe high prevalence of substance abuse makes it an important risk factor that could determine treatment outcomes. Forensic intellectual disability units need replicable substance abuse targeted treatment programmes that can be formally audited and evaluated.Originality/valueFindings are discussed in relation to service planning and treatment outcomes from forensic intellectual disability services.
The Good Thinking! course – developing a group‐based treatment for people with learning disabilities who are at risk of offending
Authors: Goodman Wendy , Leggett Janice , Bladon Emily , Swift Charlotte , Treasure Teresa , Richardson Mike 
Published: October 2011

PurposeMainstream offender treatment programmes are mainly inaccessible to offenders who have learning disabilities, which may mean those convicted of offences either receive inappropriate treatment or no offender treatment at all. There is developing, but patchy, provision of community‐based specialist offender treatment for people who have learning disabilities. This paper seeks to describe the evolving process of developing the Good Thinking! course, a group‐based offender treatment programme which aims to help address this need.Design/methodology/approachThe Good Thinking! course comprises 23 two‐hour sessions run once a week in a community setting. It is based on the premise that people who commit offences are often trying to meet ordinary life goals through anti‐social means. It aims to help participants identify and understand their goals, develop the social skills necessary to attain them and teaches a problem‐solving strategy for more complex problems.FindingsThis paper describes the process of developing the course material, providing the course and adapting it in light of feedback from participants, referrers and carers. A description of the course and a case study are provided. Insufficient data have been produced to enable a formal evaluation of the effectiveness of the Good Thinking! course; as more data are generated, the team plan to achieve this.Originality/valueThe paper aims to inform and encourage clinicians and commissioners working in this field to increase the availability of specialist community‐based treatments for offenders who have learning disabilities.
Corrections Victoria: ensuring responsive practices for offenders with complex needs
Authors: Famularo Jo 
Published: October 2011

PurposeRather than emphasising the earlier disadvantages that Corrections Victoria (CV) Australia, the world's first acquired brain injury (ABI) program, has experienced, this paper aims to highlight how this clinical position has improved best practice outcomes and solutions for offenders in the Victorian forensic system.Design/methodology/approachOver the past three years, CV Australia has made a commitment towards better meeting the needs of offenders with a disability. Specific research has been undertaken to identify the prevalence of acquired brain injury among Victoria's male and female population. This world‐first research for CV by its research partners, arbias Ltd and La Trobe University, has identified new challenges particularly evidence concerning the large‐prisoner cohort with acquired brain injury.FindingsThe acquired brain injury clinician within CV is a new position, an innovative service for prisoners and offenders with an ABI in the North West Metropolitan Region, Melbourne. What has emerged in the first 18 months of the ABI program is the presence of co‐morbidities, including mental health and substance use issues in addition to the prisoner/offender's cognitive impairment. This complex profile confirms the need for a specialist response. The role of the clinician is multi‐functional, including consultation, capacity building, information, education, intervention planning and staff training.Practical implicationsThe practical implications of this case study include a treatment plan; however, there are issues with implementing this approach as it requires a long‐term commitment from the correctional services system.Originality/valueIn recent months, a number of strategies have been implemented to better support the prisoners who have cognitive impairment. Success of these strategies can make lasting changes to not only the offenders, but also CV staff. The CV staff noted that while resources (time spent) have been heavily invested in the individual learning, this has been an effective strategy. This case study highlights how CV is responding to the research into prisoners/offenders with an acquired brain injury.
The “forensicisation” of challenging behaviour: the perils of people with learning disabilities and severe challenging behaviours being viewed as “forensic” patients
Authors: Douds Fergus , Bantwal Ashwin 
Published: October 2011

PurposeIn Scotland, following the closure of long stay learning disability hospitals in 2005, focus has shifted on to developing robust community services/resources to cater for the healthcare needs of people with learning disabilities. In the absence of robust in‐patient services, a small number of individuals with learning disabilities and associated severe challenging behaviours, despite not being regarded as “forensic” cases, do inappropriately get referred and sometimes admitted to forensic learning disability services. This study aims to explore this area of clinical practice in the context of referrals to the high secure forensic setting of The State Hospital, Carstairs, Scotland and in light of key UK and Scottish Government policies.Design/methodology/approachAll referrals made to the State Hospital's forensic learning disability service between August 2005 and July 2010, which met the criteria, were reviewed (n=5) and common determinants leading to these referrals identified and thematically analysed.FindingsThe identified determinants leading to the making of these referrals were broadly classifiable into psychiatric, environmental and staffing themes.Practical implicationsIn Scotland, there does appear to be a requirement for a specialist in‐patient service to meet the needs of this complex and challenging group of patients. There is a need for effective supra‐regional planning to meet the needs of similar “high cost, low volume” patient groups.Originality/valueThis study highlights the wider issue of “gaps” within services in Scotland for individuals with severe challenging behaviours and autism and the requirement for a national specialist service.
The 7 Cs of rural credit in China
Authors: Turvey Calum G. , He Guangwen , Kong Rong , Ma Jiujie , Meagher Patrick 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the farm and rural credit system in China. To do this the authors use the so‐called “7 Cs” of credit (these include: Credit, Character, Capacity, Capital, Condition, Capability, and Collateral) and for each “C” provide some aspect of importance related to agricultural finance.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is largely based on a survey of 897 farm households in Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, and extensive interviews of agricultural lenders conducted in the summer and fall of 2009. These data are used in simple form and in regression form to explain a variety of credit issues in China.FindingsA number of key factors related to credit delivery and demand are found. First, using the 7 Cs as a guide proved to be very fruitful for disentangling the many institutional and cultural facets affecting rural credit in China. Under “Character” the authors discuss the cultural characteristics of the Chinese farmer in terms of informal lending and borrowing; under “Capacity” the authors discuss the challenges of delivering credit to farms with limited resources; under “Condition” the authors discuss group guarantees and credit worthy villages, credit rationing and insurance and incomplete markets; under “Capability” the authors discuss income inequality and challenges in economies of scale and size; and for “Collateral” the authors discuss the implications of lack of collateral and limitations on farm economic growth due to the collectivization of land and the potential for agricultural lending from the transferability and mortgagability of land or forestry use rights.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the assessment provides a great deal of breadth and depth across many credit‐related issues in China, it is not an exhaustive study. Agricultural and rural credit in China is very complex and in many instance under developed. The survey results from Shaanxi and Gansu tell a story that is consistently told throughout China, but the authors would caution against using the data to characterize farm credit across China as a whole.Social implicationsLarge swaths of China have either no or very rudimentary credit services. Even in areas where credit is in supply there are issues of poverty that could be aided with credit access and delivery. In order to improve livelihoods through credit institutions, it is important to understand rural credit in many dimensions. This paper takes a step in that direction.Originality/valueDespite the importance of rural credit in China, it is largely understudied and not well understood. This paper makes progress in providing such an understanding. Our reasoning for using our unique approach is that by understanding the 7 Cs of credit one comes to understand the elemental characteristics of the credit decision from the lender's point of view but in a way that takes into account conditions at the farm level. The 7 Cs provide an objective approach to credit assessment that balances both the supply of and demand for credit.
China's feed industry in transition: the case of New Hope Group – an industry perspective
Authors: Fu Wenge 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to review the development of the processed feed industry in China through the lens of one of its most successful and earliest entrants, the Hope Group's “New Hope” enterprise. With the feed industry in China now facing a transition phase, the paper looks at the root causes of the problems facing China's feed industry, analyzes the transition strategy undertaken by New Hope and others, and discusses the opportunities for industry growth in the world's most populous country, where urbanization and standards of living are still on the rise and per capita use of feeds is still low by world standards (e.g. one‐fifth of that in the USA). The case also addresses the potential industry impact of mandates outlined in China's Twelfth Five‐Year Plan, such as the imperative to modernize agriculture and improve peasants’ economic well‐being.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on expert knowledge of the CEO of New Hope Group's sister agribusiness company, West Hope Group, as well as New Hope Group annual reports and global economic data.FindingsThe study reveals future challenges to China's processed feed industry as being price of labor, raw materials, and energy rises; companies undergoing integration; and established companies shifting from product marketing to service marketing models.Practical implicationsThis paper is useful for academics interested in industry perspectives, policymakers, practitioners, and business people considering investment in China.Social implicationsHow China's processed feed and breeding industries modernize will impact the economic well‐being of each link in the nation's agribusiness chain (from small producers to conglomerates), the cost and quality of animal‐based proteins, and the world's “food vs. fuel” conflicts.Originality/valueThe paper offers a rare insider's look at one of China's largest private companies and a global player in agribusiness.
Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated with protein‐losing enteropathy: A case report and review of the published works
Authors: AWAZAWA Ryoko , YAMAMOTO Yu‐ichi , MINE Yoshiko , NAKAMURA Ikumi , KISHIMOTO Kazuto , KINJYO Fukunori , HAGIWARA Keisuke , FUJITA Jiro , UEZATO Hiroshi , TAKAHASHI Kenzo 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTA 45‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital with a history of multiple erythematous skin lesions of several months’ duration. Blood examination revealed extreme hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia, as well as the presence of antinuclear antibodies. A skin biopsy specimen showed liquefaction degeneration at the dermoepidermal junction and dense lymphocyte and neutrophil infiltration around the vessels and appendages in the upper and middle dermis. Chest X‐ray and computed tomography showed a pleural effusion and thoracic paracentesis revealed a mononuclear cell‐dominant cell infiltration, suggestive of serositis. Technetium‐99m (99mTc)‐labeled human serum albumin scintigraphy and α1‐antitrypsin clearance revealed protein leakage along the digestive tracts from the stomach to the jejunum. From the above findings, the patient was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complicated by protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE). Treatment with oral prednisolone significantly improved his clinical symptoms and hypoalbuminemia. This case highlighted the utility of 99mTc‐labeled human serum albumin scintigraphy and α1‐antitrypsin clearance in the diagnosis of PLE. We also present a published work review on PLE associated with connective tissue disease revealing a relatively higher prevalence in patients of Asian ethnicity, including Japanese.
Efficacy of the addition of salicylic acid to clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide combination for acne vulgaris
Authors: AKARSU Sevgi , FETIL Emel , YÜCEL Filiz , GÜL Eylem , GÜNEŞ Ali T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractClindamycin phosphate (CDP), benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and salicylic acid (SA) are known to be effective acne therapy agents depending on their anti‐inflammatory and comedolytic properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of the addition of SA treatment to CDP and BPO (SA and CDP + BPO) and compare it with CDP + BPO in patients with mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris. Forty‐nine patients were enrolled in a 12 week prospective, single‐blind, randomized, comparative clinical study. Efficacy was assessed by lesion counts, global improvement, quality of life index and measurements of skin barrier functions. Local side effects were also evaluated. Both combinations were effective in reducing total lesion (TL), inflammatory lesion (IL) and non‐inflammatory lesion (NIL) counts. There were statistically significant differences between treatment groups for reductions in NIL counts beyond 2 weeks, IL counts and TL counts throughout the all study weeks, and global improvement scores evaluated by patients and investigator at the end of the study in favor of SA and CDP + BPO treatment when compared to CDP + BPO treatment. Both combinations significantly decreased stratum corneum hydration, although skin sebum values decreased with SA and CDP + BPO treatment. These combinations were also well tolerated except significantly higher frequency of mild to moderate transient dryness in patients applied SA and CDP + BPO. The addition of SA to CDP + BPO treatment demonstrated significantly better and faster results in terms of reductions in acne lesion counts and well tolerated except for higher frequency of mild to moderate transient dryness.
Quantitative study of stratum corneum ceramides contents in patients with sensitive skin
Authors: CHO Hee Jin , CHUNG Bo Young , LEE Hee Bong , KIM Hye One , PARK Chun Wook , LEE Cheol Heon 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTPeople with sensitive skin (SS) are those who state their skin is more sensitive than that of average persons. The stratum corneum is responsible for maintaining skin barrier function. Ceramides, major constituents of stratum corneum lipids, have been shown to predominantly contribute to the role. It has been suggested that barrier function in SS is decreased. However, we could find very few reports about stratum corneum ceramides in SS. This study was done to find out differences in stratum corneum ceramides between SS and non‐SS groups. Fifty individuals (20 with SS and 30 with non‐SS) were recruited. Lactic acid sting test (LAST) was performed on the left cheek. On six sites including the right cheek, arm, thigh, leg, back and palm, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema index (EI) were measured. On the above six sites, stratum corneum sheets were obtained by stripping with cyanoacrylate resin and stratum corneum lipids were extracted, then, analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. LAST scores were higher in the SS group, but not statistically significant. There were no differences in TEWL and EI values between the two groups. The mean value of the quantity of stratum corneum ceramides on the face was significantly lower in the SS group. On other sites, mean values were also lower in the SS group, but not statistically significant. The quantity of ceramides was significantly decreased in the face of the SS group compared to that of the non‐SS group. These results suggest that the decrease in stratum corneum ceramides on facial skin could be related to SS development.
Health‐related quality of life assessed by the effect of bepotastine besilate in patients with pruritus: Importance of emotions score in atopic dermatitis
Authors: KAWAKAMI Tamihiro , KIMURA Satoko , HAGA Tsuneo , DOI Risako , KYOYA Mikiko , NAKAGAWA Keiko , SOMA Yoshinao 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Skindex‐16 questionnaire was recently developed as a measure of dermatological health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), including symptoms, emotions and functional aspects. Bepotastine besilate is a selective histamine H1‐receptor antagonist and a second‐generation non‐sedating antihistamine to treat various dermatological disorders. We assessed changes of the HRQoL instrument (Skindex‐16) on patients with pruritus, including those with atopic dermatitis (AD) over bepotastine treatment period. The patients’ personal assessment of the intensity of pruritus was determined using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pruritus. Patients answered the Skindex‐16 at baseline and at week 4. Forty‐eight of 51 enrolled dermatological patients completed the Skindex‐16. Of the 48 patients, 11 had AD and 37 had other conditions. Improvement in the clinical evaluation and VAS score was significant in all patients, the AD group and the other disorders group between baseline and week 4. Skindex‐16 showed significantly lower scores for each of the three scales (symptoms, emotions and functioning) and the global score at baseline compared to that at week 4 in all patients and the other disorders. In contrast, there was a significant reduction in the emotions and global score among the AD patients. We found a significant correlation between falls in emotions score of Skindex‐16 and falls in VAS scores for pruritus in the AD group. Bepotastine could be effective in the management of patients’ HRQoL and useful in patients suffering with pruritus. We suggested that pruritus of AD patients could exert a stronger emotional effect due to the skin condition compared to the symptomatic or functional effects.
Profiles of family needs of children and youth with cerebral palsy
Authors: Almasri N. , Palisano R. J. , Dunst C. , Chiarello L. A. , O'Neil M. E. , Polansky M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground  To identify profiles of family needs of families of children and youth with cerebral palsy (CP), and determine whether profile membership is related to child, family and service characteristics.Methods  Participants were mostly mothers (80%) of 579 children and youth with CP. A family member completed modified version of the Family Needs Survey and questionnaires about their child, family and services. Research assistants determined the Gross Motor Function Classification System levels. K‐means cluster analysis identified profiles of needs. Cluster membership was analysed to examine differences in clusters based on selected characteristics.Results  Four profiles of needs were identified: Low needs, Needs related to community and financial resources, Needs related to child health condition and High needs. Profile membership was differentiated based on child/youth gross motor function, adaptive behaviour, family relationships, family income, access and effort to co‐ordinate services.Conclusion  Despite heterogeneity among individuals with CP and their families, four profiles of family needs were identified. In total, 51% of families had low needs suggesting that they are effectively managing their children's health conditions while 11% of families had high needs that may require high levels of services and supports. Service providers are encouraged to partner with families, provide anticipatory guidance and co‐ordinate services.
Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: glycolipids as targets for tumour immunotherapy
Authors: Durrant L G , Noble P , Spendlove I 
Published: October 2011

SummaryOTHER THEMES PUBLISHED IN THIS IMMUNOLOGY IN THE CLINIC REVIEW SERIESMetabolic Diseases, Host Responses, Allergies, Autoinflammatory Diseases, Type 1 diabetes and viruses.Research into aberrant glycosylation and over-expression of glycolipids on the surface of the majority of cancers, coupled with a knowledge of glycolipids as functional molecules involved in a number of cellular physiological pathways, has provided a novel area of targets for cancer immunotherapy. This has resulted in the development of a number of vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that are showing promising results in recent clinical trials.