bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More to teamwork than knowledge, skill and attitude
Authors: Siassakos D , Draycott TJ , Crofts JF , Hunt LP , Winter C , Fox R 
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Siassakos D, Draycott T, Crofts J, Hunt L, Winter C, Fox R. More to teamwork than knowledge, skill and attitude. BJOG 2010;117:1262–1269.Objective  To assess whether team performance in simulated eclampsia is related to the knowledge, skills and attitudes of individual team members.Design  Cross‐sectional analysis of data from the Simulation and Fire Drill Evaluation randomised controlled trial.Setting  Six secondary and tertiary maternity units in south‐west England.Participants  One hundred and fourteen maternity professionals in 19 teams of six members; one senior and one junior obstetrician; two senior and two junior midwives.Methods  We validated a team performance ranking scheme with respect to magnesium administration (Magnesium Administration Rank, MAR) by expert consensus (face validity) and correlation with clinical measures (construct validity). We tested for correlation between MAR and measures of knowledge, skills and attitudes.Main outcome measures  Correlation between team performance (MAR) and scores in validated multiple‐choice questionnaires (MCQs) (knowledge), a measure of individual manual skill to manage an obstetric emergency (skill) and scores in a widely used teamwork/safety attitude questionnaire (attitude).Results  There was no relationship between team performance and cumulative individual MCQs, skill or teamwork/safety attitude scores.Conclusions  The knowledge, manual skills and attitudes of the individuals comprising each team, measured by established methods, did not correlate in this study with the team’s clinical efficiency in the management of simulated eclampsia. The inference is that unidentified characteristic(s) play a crucial part in the efficiency of teams managing emergencies. Any emphasis of training programmes to promote individual knowledge, skills and attitudes alone may have to be re‐examined. This highlights a need to understand what makes a team efficient in dealing with clinical emergencies.
Effects of trimetazidine, a partial inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, on ventricular function and survival after myocardial infarction and reperfusion in the rat
Authors: Mouquet Frederic , Rousseau Delphine , Domergue‐Dupont Valerie , Grynberg Alain , Liao Ronglih 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrimetazidine (TMZ), a partial inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, has been effective in treating chronic angina, but its effects on the development of post‐myocardial infarction (MI) left ventricular remodeling are not defined. In this study, we tested whether chronic pre‐MI administration of TMZ would be beneficial during and after acute MI. Two‐hundred male Wistar rats were studied in four groups: sham + TMZ diet (n = 20), sham + control diet (n = 20), MI + TMZ diet (n = 80), and MI + control diet (n = 80) splitted into one short‐term and one long‐term experiments. Sham surgery consisted of a thoracotomy without coronary ligation. MI was induced by coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. Left ventricle (LV) function and remodeling were assessed by serial echocardiography throughout a 24‐week post‐MI period. LV remodeling was also assessed by quantitative histological analysis of post‐MI scar formation at 24 weeks post‐MI. During the short‐term experiment, 10/80 rats died after MI, with no difference between groups (MI + control = 7/40, MI + TMZ = 3/40, P = 0.3). In the long‐term experiment, the deaths occurred irregularly over the 24 weeks with no difference between groups (MI + control = 16% mortality, MI + TMZ = 17%, P = 0.8). There was no difference between groups as regard to LV ejection fraction (MI + control = 36 ± 13%, MI + TMZ = 35 ± 13%, P = 0.6). In this experimental model, TMZ had no effects on the post‐MI occurrence of LV dysfunction or remodeling. Further investigations are warranted to assess whether the partial inhibition of fatty acid oxidation may limit the ability of the heart to respond to acute severe stress.
Effects of repeated maprotiline and fluoxetine treatment on gene expression of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes in adrenal medulla of unstressed and stressed rats
Authors: Spasojevic N. , Gavrilovic L. , Dronjak S. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1 Repeated maprotiline (a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) and fluoxetine (a serotonin reuptake inhibitor) treatment on gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes were examined in adrenal medulla of unstressed control and chronic unpredictable mild stressed rats. 2 Maprotiline did not change gene expression of catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes in control and stressed rats. 3 Fluoxetine increased gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH), but did not phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase in both unstressed and chronic unpredictable mild stressed animals. 4 In conclusion, we have demonstrated that repeated administration of fluoxetine enhanced gene transcription of TH and DBH and subsequently stimulates noradrenaline synthesis in adrenal medulla of control and stressed rats.
Over‐expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase‐2 enhances adhesion molecule expression and protects against apoptosis in human endothelial cells
Authors: Al‐Mutairi Mashael , Al‐Harthi Sameer , Cadalbert Laurence , Plevin Robin 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We assessed the effects of over‐expressing the dual‐specific phosphatase, mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase‐2 (MKP‐2), in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on inflammatory protein expression and apoptosis, two key features of endothelial dysfunction in disease.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES We infected HUVECs for 40 h with an adenoviral version of MKP‐2 (Adv.MKP‐2). Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α‐stimulated phosphorylation of MAP kinase and protein expression was measured by Western blotting. Cellular apoptosis was assayed by FACS.KEY RESULTS Infection with Adv.MKP‐2 selectively abolished TNF‐α‐mediated c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation and had little effect upon extracellular signal‐regulated kinase or p38 MAP kinase. Adv.MKP‐2 abolished COX‐2 expression, while induction of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), two NFκB‐dependent proteins, was not affected. However, when ICAM and VCAM expression was partly reduced by blockade of the NFκB pathway, Adv.MKP‐2 was able to reverse this inhibition. This correlated with enhanced TNF‐α‐induced loss of the inhibitor of κB (IκB)α loss, a marker of NFκB activation. TNF‐α in combination with NFκB blockade also increased HUVEC apoptosis; this was significantly reversed by Adv.MKP‐2. Protein markers of cellular damage and apoptosis, H2AX phosphorylation and caspase‐3 cleavage, were also reversed by MKP‐2 over‐expression.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Over‐expression of MKP‐2 had different effects upon the expression of inflammatory proteins due to a reciprocal effect upon JNK and NFκB signalling, and also prevented TNF‐α‐mediated endothelial cell death. These properties may make Adv.MKP‐2 a potentially useful future therapy in cardiovascular diseases where endothelial dysfunction is a feature.
Participation of nuclear factor (erythroid 2‐related), factor 2 in ameliorating lithocholic acid‐induced cholestatic liver injury in mice
Authors: Tan KP , Wood GA , Yang M , Ito S 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lithocholic acid (LCA), the most toxic bile acid, induces cholestatic liver injury in rodents. We previously showed that LCA activates the oxidative stress‐responsive nuclear factor (erythroid‐2 like), factor 2 (Nrf2) in cultured liver cells, triggering adaptive responses that reduce cell injury. In this study, we determined whether Nrf2 protects the liver against LCA‐induced toxicity in vivo.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Nrf2 disrupted (Nrf2−/−) and wild‐type mice were treated with LCA (125 mg·kg−1 body weight) to induce liver injury. Levels of mRNA, protein and function of important Nrf2 target genes coupled with liver histology and injury biomarkers of mice were examined.KEY RESULTS In 4 day LCA treatments, we observed a significantly higher hepatic induction of Nrf2 target, cytoprotective genes including thioredoxin reductase 1, glutamate cysteine ligase subunits, glutathione S‐transferases, haeme oxygenase‐1 and multidrug resistance‐associated proteins 3 and 4 in the wild type as compared with the Nrf2−/− mice. Moreover, basal and LCA‐induced hepatic glutathione and activities of glutathione S‐transferases and thioredoxin reductases were higher in wild‐type than in Nrf2−/− mice. This reduced production of cytoprotective genes against LCA toxicity rendered Nrf2−/− mice more susceptible to severe liver damage with the presence of multifocal liver necrosis, inflamed bile ducts and elevation of lipid peroxidation and liver injury biomarkers, such as alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Nrf2 plays a crucial cytoprotective role against LCA‐induced liver injury by orchestrating adaptive responses. The pharmacological potential of targeting liver Nrf2 in the management of cholestatic liver diseases is proposed.
Curcumin prevents leptin raising glucose levels in hepatic stellate cells by blocking translocation of glucose transporter‐4 and increasing glucokinase
Authors: Tang Youcai , Chen Anping 
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hyperleptinemia is commonly found in obese patients, associated with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the most relevant effectors during hepatic fibrogenesis. We recently reported that leptin stimulated HSC activation, which was eliminated by curcumin, a phytochemical from turmeric. This study was designed to explore the underlying mechanisms, focusing on their effects on intracellular glucose in HSCs. We hypothesized that leptin stimulated HSC activation by elevating the level of intracellular glucose, which was eliminated by curcumin by inhibiting the membrane translocation of glucose transporter‐4 (GLUT4) and inducing the conversion of glucose to glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Levels of intracellular glucose were measured in rat HSCs and immortalized human hepatocytes. Contents of GLUT4 in cell fractions were analysed by Western blotting analyses. Activation of signalling pathways was assessed by comparing phosphorylation levels of protein kinases.KEY RESULTS Leptin elevated the level of intracellular glucose in cultured HSCs, which was diminished by curcumin. Curcumin suppressed the leptin‐induced membrane translocation of GLUT4 by interrupting the insulin receptor substrates/phosphatidyl inositol 3‐kinase/AKT signalling pathway. Furthermore, curcumin stimulated glucokinase activity, increasing conversion of glucose to G‐6‐P.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Curcumin prevented leptin from elevating levels of intracellular glucose in activated HSCs in vitro by inhibiting the membrane translocation of GLUT4 and stimulating glucose conversion, leading to the inhibition of HSC activation. Our results provide novel insights into mechanisms of curcumin in inhibiting leptin‐induced HSC activation.
The First Teleautomatic Low‐Voltage Prosthesis With Multiple Therapeutic Applications: A New Version of the German Artificial Sphincter System
Authors: Ruthmann Olaf , Richter Sabine , Seifert Gabriel , Karcz Wojciech , Goldschmidboing Frank , Lemke Thomas , Biancuzzi Gionvanni , Woias Peter , Schmidt Thomas , Schwarzbqch Stefan , Vodermayer Bernahard , Hopt Ulrich , Schrag Hans‐Jurgen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo date, there are no artificial sphincter prostheses for urinary or fecal incontinence that may be implemented elsewhere instead, for example, in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Conventional systems are conceptually similar but are constructed specifically for distinct applications and are manual in operation. The German Artificial Sphincter System (GASS) II is the evolution of a highly integrative, modular, telemetric sphincter prosthesis with more than one application. Redesigning and integrating multilayer actuators into the pump allows us to reduce the input voltage to −10 to +20 V (VPP = 30 V). This provides for a flow rate of 2.23 mL/min and a counterpressure stability of 260 mbar. Furthermore, multiple applications have become feasible due to our standardized connection system, therapy‐specific compression units, and application‐specific software. These innovations allow us to integrate not only severe fecal and urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction, and therapy‐resistant reflux disease, but also morbid adiposity into the gamut of therapeutic GASS applications.
Measuring Selection Incentives in Managed Care: Evidence From the Massachusetts State Employee Insurance Program
Authors: Eggleston Karen , Bir Anupa 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCapitation gives insurers incentive to manipulate their offerings to attract the healthy and deter the sick. We calculate the incentives for such service‐specific quality distortions using managed care medical and pharmacy spending data for fiscal years 2001 and 2002 from the Massachusetts State Employee Insurance Program. Services most vulnerable to stinting are cardiac care, diabetes care, and mental health and substance abuse services. Empirically, the financial temptation to distort service quality increases nonlinearly with supply‐side cost sharing. Our empirical results highlight how selection incentives work at cross‐purposes with efforts to reward excellent chronic disease management. Initiatives coupling pay‐for‐performance with risk adjustment and mixed payment hold promise for aligning incentives with quality improvement.
Six‐ and Twelve‐Month Clinical Outcomes after Implantation of Prokinetic BMS in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: BERLIN TATIANA , ROZENBAUM ELIEZER , ARBEL JOEL , REGES ORNA , EREL JACOB , SHETBOUN ISRAEL , LEIBOVITCH MORTON , MOSSERI MORRIS 
Published: July 2010

Aims:
To evaluate the Prokinetic bare metal stent implanted in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).
Methods:
We retrospectively studied ACS patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a Prokinetic stent implantation. Excluded were patients presenting with cardiogenic shock, undergoing PCI to left main coronary artery (LM), or having implantation of additional stents other than Prokinetic. Six and 12 months clinical follow‐up was obtained by phone.
Results:
A total of 140 Prokinetic stents were implanted in 117 patients (age 64±13.0 years, 78% men). Thirty two percent of the patients had unstable angina, 36% had non ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 33% had ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Forty two percent of lesions were categorized as B2 and 21% as C type. Procedural success was achieved in 99.1% of lesions. Clinical success was achieved in 97.4% of patients. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rate was 8.5% and 11.1% at 6 and 12 months follow‐up, respectively. The incidence of cardiac death, MI and TLR was 2.6%, 3.4% and 2.6%, respectively at 6 months, and 4.3%, 4.3%, 2.6% respectively at 12 months.
Conclusions:
Clinical outcomes at 6 and 12 months after Prokinetic stent implantation are excellent and may be attributable to its unique combination of composition, design and coating. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:377–381)
Left Atrial Dysfunction in Patients with Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Aneurysm Scheduled for Transcathter Closure May Play a Role in Aura Genesis
Authors: RIGATELLI GIANLUCA , DELL’AVVOCATA FABIO , CARDAIOLI PAOLO , RONCO FEDERICO , GIORDAN MASSIMO , BRAGGION GABRIELE , AGGIO SILVIO , CHINAGLIA MAURO , CHENG JACK P. , NANJUNDAPPA ARAVINDA 
Published: July 2010

Background:
It has been suggested that a left atrial (LA) dysfunction induced by large shunt and large atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) may act as a concurrent mechanism of arterial embolism in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and prior stroke. We aimed to evaluate the potential contribution of this mechanism as trigger of migraine in patients with PFO.
Methods:
From January 2007 to September 2009, we prospectively enrolled subjects with migraine who underwent percutaneous PFO closure. Echocardiographic parameter of LA dysfunction was evaluated: pre‐ and postoperative values were compared to values of different sex and heart rate matched populations: 30 healthy patients, 21 migraine patients without PFO (MwoPFO), and a group of 25 PFO patients without migraine (PFOwoM). The Migraine Disability Assessment Score (MIDAS) was used to assess the incidence and severity of migraine.
Results:
Forty‐five patients (38 females, mean age 38 ± 6.7 years, mean MIDAS 35.8 ± 4.7, and 28 patients with migraine with aura) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After successful percutaneous closure (mean follow‐up of 18.2 ± 4.8 months), PFO closure remained complete in 95%; 35 of 45 patients reported resolution or amelioration of migraine (mean MIDAS score 12.3 ± 8.8, P < 0.03). All patients with aura reported aura resolution. Preclosure values demonstrated significantly greater LA dysfunction, when compared with healthy and MwoPFO groups. Among patients in the study group, only patients with migraine with aura showed LA dysfunction comparable to PFOwoM patients.
Conclusion:
This study suggests that LA dysfunction probably does not contribute to migraine itself but may play a role in the genesis of aura symptoms. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:370–376)
Predictor of Stent Thrombosis in Patients Treated with Turbostratic Carbon‐Coated Stent Implantation for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: MIGLIORINI ANGELA , VALENTI RENATO , MOSCHI GUIA , PARODI GUIDO , CERISANO GIAMPAOLO , BUONAMICI PIERGIOVANNI , CARRABBA NAZARIO , ANTONIUCCI DAVID 
Published: July 2010

Background:
Stent thrombosis is a major complication after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is associated with reinfarction and increased risk of death.
Methods:
Patients treated with the turbostratic carbon‐coated stent (CID, Saluggia, Italy) for AMI were identified from a prospective primary PCI database. Primary end‐point was stent thrombosis within 6 months. Forward stepwise Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify independent predictors of stent thrombosis.
Results:
Between 2001 and 2008, 746 patients underwent turbostratic carbon‐coated stent implantation for AMI. Patients had a mean age of 65 ± 12 years, 9% had cardiogenic shock on admission, 48% had multivessel coronary disease, 78% had baseline target vessel TIMI grade 0–1. Multiple stent implantation was performed in 26% of patients. The majority of patients (78%) received abciximab treatment and a postprocedural TIMI grade 3 flow was achieved in 98% patients. Definite stent thrombosis occurred in 10 patients (1.3%), while three patients (0.4%) had possible stent thrombosis. No probable stent thrombosis occurred. There were no procedural stent thromboses. In patients who received abciximab stent thrombosis the rate was 1%, while it was 4.3% in patients not receiving abciximab treatment. After adjusting for all clinical, angiographic, and procedural variables, abciximab treatment (HR 0.17; 95% CI 0.05–0.56, P = 0.003) and major bleedings (HR 14.2; 85% CI 2.79–72.44, P = 0.001) were the only two predictors related to stent thrombosis.
Conclusions:
Patients with AMI treated with turbostratic carbon‐coated stent implantation and abciximab treatment have a low incidence of stent thrombosis. Abciximab treatment along with major bleeding complications are the only predictors related to stent thrombosis. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:554–559)
The Role of Explanation in Discovery and Generalization: Evidence From Category Learning
Authors: Williams Joseph J. , Lombrozo Tania 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch in education and cognitive development suggests that explaining plays a key role in learning and generalization: When learners provide explanations—even to themselves—they learn more effectively and generalize more readily to novel situations. This paper proposes and tests a subsumptive constraints account of this effect. Motivated by philosophical theories of explanation, this account predicts that explaining guides learners to interpret what they are learning in terms of unifying patterns or regularities, which promotes the discovery of broad generalizations. Three experiments provide evidence for the subsumptive constraints account: prompting participants to explain while learning artificial categories promotes the induction of a broad generalization underlying category membership, relative to describing items (Exp. 1), thinking aloud (Exp. 2), or free study (Exp. 3). Although explaining facilitates discovery, Experiment 1 finds that description is more beneficial for learning item details. Experiment 2 additionally suggests that explaining anomalous observations may play a special role in belief revision. The findings provide insight into explanation’s role in discovery and generalization.
Bootstrapping the Mind: Analogical Processes and Symbol Systems
Authors: Gentner Dedre 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman cognition is striking in its brilliance and its adaptability. How do we get that way? How do we move from the nearly helpless state of infants to the cognitive proficiency that characterizes adults? In this paper I argue, first, that analogical ability is the key factor in our prodigious capacity, and, second, that possession of a symbol system is crucial to the full expression of analogical ability.
Gender Stereotypes: An Explanation to the Underrepresentation of Women in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Pelaccia Thierry , Delplanq Hervé , Triby Emmanuel , Bartier Jean‐Claude , Leman Cécile , Hadef Hysham , Pottecher Thierry , Dupeyron Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:775–779 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Women are underrepresented in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs in comparison with many other specialties. The reasons for this are unclear. One hypothesis is that negative gender stereotypes about EM careers might exist among female medical students. In the field of education, negative gender stereotypes are known to lead to career avoidance, because they tend to decrease self‐efficacy perception. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of negative gender stereotypes about EM practice among medical students and to measure the effects of these stereotypes on females’ self‐efficacy perception toward EM learning.Methods:  A survey was conducted of the 255 third‐year medical students from three medical schools who attended a mandatory EM academic program in France. They completed an anonymous questionnaire exploring their gender stereotypes about EM practice and their self‐efficacy perception toward EM learning.Results:  Gender stereotypes are common among medical students, especially in women. Self‐efficacy perception is negatively correlated to female students’ belief that EM careers are better suited for men (p < 0.05).Conclusions:  Negative gender stereotypes among female medical students may lead to EM career avoidance, because of the decrease in their self‐efficacy perception toward EM learning.