bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Speech Rhythm Abnormalities in the Dysarthrias
Authors: Liss Julie M. , White Laurence , Mattys Sven L. , Lansford Kaitlin , Lotto Andrew J. , Spitzer Stephanie M. , Caviness John N. 
Published: August 2009

PurposeIn this study, the authors examined whether rhythm metrics capable of distinguishing languages with high and low temporal stress contrast also can distinguish among control and dysarthric speakers of American English with perceptually distinct rhythm patterns.MethodsAcoustic measures of vocalic and consonantal segment durations were obtained for speech samples from 55 speakers across 5 groups (hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, flaccid-spastic, ataxic dysarthrias, and controls). Segment durations were used to calculate standard and new rhythm metrics. Discriminant function analyses (DFAs) were used to determine which sets of predictor variables (rhythm metrics) best discriminated between groups (control vs. dysarthrias; and among the 4 dysarthrias). A cross-validation method was used to test the robustness of each original DFA.ResultsThe majority of classification functions were more than 80% successful in classifying speakers into their appropriate group. New metrics that combined successive vocalic and consonantal segments emerged as important predictor variables. DFAs pitting each dysarthria group against the combined others resulted in unique constellations of predictor variables that yielded high levels of classification accuracy.ConclusionsThis study confirms the ability of rhythm metrics to distinguish control speech from dysarthrias and to discriminate dysarthria subtypes. Rhythm metrics show promise for use as a rational and objective clinical tool.
Phonological Awareness and Types of Sound Errors in Preschoolers With Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Preston Jonathan , Edwards Mary Louise 
Published: August 2009

Purpose
Some children with speech sound disorders (SSD) have difficulty with literacy-related skills, particularly phonological awareness (PA). This study investigates the PA skills of preschoolers with SSD by using a regression model to evaluate the degree to which PA can be concurrently predicted by types of speech sound errors.

Method

Preschoolers with SSD (
n
= 43) participated in PA and speech sound production assessment. Errors from a 125-item picture naming task were coded in 2 ways: (a) considering all consonant errors equally (percentage of consonants correct [PCC]) and (b) using a 3-category system that captures component features of sound errors (typical sound changes, atypical sound changes, and distortions). PA tasks included rhyme matching, onset matching, onset segmentation and matching, and blending.

Results
Variance in a PA composite score could be predicted partly by vocabulary and age (33%). Atypical sound changes accounted for an additional 6% of variance in PA, but distortions and typical errors did not account for significant variance. When the same consonant errors were analyzed using PCC, speech errors did not predict significant variance in PA.

Conclusions
Poorer PA is associated with lower receptive vocabularies and more atypical sound errors. Results are interpreted in the context of the accuracy of phonological representations.
Thickness-dependent bending modulus of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets
Authors: Li Chun , Bando Yoshio , Zhi Chunyi , Huang Yang , Golberg Dmitri 
Published: August 2009

Bending modulus of exfoliation-made single-crystalline hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) with thicknesses of 25–300 nm and sizes of 1.2–3.0 µm were measured using three-point bending tests in an atomic force microscope. BNNSs suspended on an SiO2trench were clamped by a metal film via microfabrication based on electron beam lithography. Calculated by the plate theory of a doubly clamped plate under a concentrated load, the bending modulus of BNNSs was found to increase with the decrease of sheet thickness and approach the theoreticalC33value of a hexagonal BN single crystal in thinner sheets (thickness<50 nm). The thickness-dependent bending modulus was suggested to be due to the layer distribution of stacking faults which were also thought to be responsible for the layer-by-layer BNNS exfoliation.
ANCHOR: web server for predicting protein binding regions in disordered proteins
Authors: Dosztányi Zsuzsanna , Mészáros Bálint , Simon István 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Summary: ANCHOR is a web-based implementation of an original method that takes a single amino acid sequence as an input and predicts protein binding regions that are disordered in isolation but can undergo disorder-to-order transition upon binding. The server incorporates the result of a general disorder prediction method, IUPred and can carry out simple motif searches as well.
Availability: The web server is available at http://anchor.enzim.hu. The program package is freely available for academic users.
Contact: zsuzsa@enzim.hu
Effects of the 2002 Sniper Attacks on the Homeless Population in Washington, DC
Authors: Fullerton Carol S. , Gifford Robert K. , Flynn Brian W. , Peterson Karen M. , Ahearn Frederick L. , Donaldson Linda Plitt , Ursano Robert J. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTObjective:Despite the prevalence of homelessness, this population has rarely been included in disaster and terrorism planning. To better understand the mental health needs of the homeless during a terrorist event and to highlight the need to address methodological limitations in research in this area, we examined responses to the October 2002 Washington, DC, sniper attacks.Methods:We interviewed 151 homeless individuals 1 year after the Washington, DC, sniper attacks.Results:The majority (92.7%) was aware of the sniper events; 84.1% stayed informed through the media and 72.7% had someone to turn to for emotional support. Almost half (44%) reported identification with victims and 41% increased substance use during the attacks. More than half (61.7%) felt extremely frightened or terrified and 57.6% reported high perceived threat. Females, nonwhites, and participants with less than a high school education experienced greater threat. Women, nonwhites, and younger (<43 years old) participants were more likely to have decreased more activities and 32.7% increased confidence in local law enforcement; however, 32.7% became less confident.Conclusions:During a terrorist attack the homeless population may be difficult to reach or reluctant to comply with public health programs. Addressing barriers to health care in vulnerable groups is critical to effective public health disaster response. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:163–167)
ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 Repress SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 Expression to Negatively Regulate Plant Innate Immunity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Chen Huamin , Xue Li , Chintamanani Satya , Germain Hugo , Lin Huiqiong , Cui Haitao , Cai Run , Zuo Jianru , Tang Xiaoyan , Li Xin , Guo Hongwei , Zhou Jian-Min 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Pathogen/microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) trigger plant immunity that forms the first line inducible defenses in plants. The regulatory mechanism of MAMP-triggered immunity, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factors ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 (EIL1), previously known to mediate ethylene signaling, also negatively regulate PAMP-triggered immunity. Plants lacking EIN3 and EIL1 display enhanced PAMP defenses and heightened resistance to Pseudomonas syringae bacteria. Conversely, plants overaccumulating EIN3 are compromised in PAMP defenses and exhibit enhanced disease susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. Microarray analysis revealed that EIN3 and EIL1 negatively control PAMP response genes. Further analyses indicated that SALICYLIC ACID INDUCTION DEFICIENT2 (SID2), which encodes isochorismate synthase required for pathogen-induced biosynthesis of salicylic acid (SA), is a key target of EIN3 and EIL1. Consistent with this, the ein3-1 eil1-1 double mutant constitutively accumulates SA in the absence of pathogen attack, and a mutation in SID2 restores normal susceptibility in the ein3 eil1 double mutant. EIN3 can specifically bind SID2 promoter sequence in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data provide evidence that EIN3/EIL1 directly target SID2 to downregulate PAMP defenses.
The Arabidopsis CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 Protein Is a Jasmonate Receptor
Authors: Yan Jianbin , Zhang Chi , Gu Min , Bai Zhiyan , Zhang Weiguo , Qi Tiancong , Cheng Zhiwei , Peng Wen , Luo Haibin , Nan Fajun , Wang Zhao , Xie Daoxin 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Jasmonates play a number of diverse roles in plant defense and development. CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), an F-box protein essential for all the jasmonate responses, interacts with multiple proteins to form the SCFCOI1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and recruits jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. To determine which protein directly binds to jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile)/coronatine (COR) and serves as a receptor for jasmonate, we built a high-quality structural model of COI1 and performed molecular modeling of COI1–jasmonate interactions. Our results imply that COI1 has the structural traits for binding JA-Ile or COR. The direct binding of these molecules with COI1 was further examined using a combination of molecular and biochemical approaches. First, we used the immobilized jasmonate approach to show that the COI1 protein in crude leaf extracts can bind to the jasmonate moiety of JA-Ile. Second, we employed surface plasmon resonance technology with purified COI1 and JAZ1 protein to reveal the interaction among COI1, JA-Ile, and JAZ1. Finally, we used the photoaffinity labeling technology to show the direct binding of COR with purified insect-expressed COI1. Taken together, these results demonstrate that COI1 directly binds to JA-Ile and COR and serves as a receptor for jasmonate.
Differential Recruitment ofWOXTranscription Factors for Lateral Development and Organ Fusion in Petunia andArabidopsis
Authors: Vandenbussche Michiel , Horstman Anneke , Zethof Jan , Koes Ronald , Rijpkema Anneke S. , Gerats Tom 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPetal fusion in petunia (Petunia × hybrida) results from lateral expansion of the five initially separate petal primordia, forming a ring-like primordium that determines further development. Here, we show that MAEWEST (MAW) and CHORIPETALA SUZANNE (CHSU) are required for petal and carpel fusion, as well as for lateral outgrowth of the leaf blade. Morphological and molecular analysis of maw and maw chsu double mutants suggest that polarity defects along the adaxial/abaxial axis contribute to the observed reduced lateral outgrowth of organ primordia. We show that MAW encodes a member of the WOX (WUSCHEL-related homeobox) transcription factor family and that a partly similar function is redundantly encoded by WOX1 and PRESSED FLOWER (PRS) in Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating a conserved role for MAW/WOX1/PRS genes in regulating lateral organ development. Comparison of petunia maw and Arabidopsis wox1 prs phenotypes suggests differential recruitment of WOX gene function depending on organ type and species. Our comparative data together with previous reports on WOX gene function in different species identify the WOX gene family as highly dynamic and, therefore, an attractive subject for future evo-devo studies.
The Trihelix Transcription Factor GTL1 Regulates Ploidy-Dependent Cell Growth in theArabidopsisTrichome
Authors: Breuer Christian , Kawamura Ayako , Ichikawa Takanari , Tominaga-Wada Rumi , Wada Takuji , Kondou Youichi , Muto Shu , Matsui Minami , Sugimoto Keiko 
Published: August 2009

AbstractLeaf trichomes in Arabidopsis thaliana develop through several distinct cellular processes, such as patterning, differentiation, and growth. Although recent studies have identified several key transcription factors as regulating early patterning and differentiation steps, it is still largely unknown how these regulatory proteins mediate subsequent trichome development, which is accompanied by rapid cell growth and branching. Here, we report a novel trichome mutation in Arabidopsis, which in contrast with previously identified mutants, increases trichome cell size without altering its overall patterning or branching. We show that the corresponding gene encodes a GT-2-LIKE1 (GTL1) protein, a member of the trihelix transcription factor family. GTL1 is present within the nucleus during the postbranching stages of trichome development, and its loss of function leads to an increase in the nuclear DNA content only in trichomes that have completed branching. Our data further demonstrate that the gtl1 mutation modifies the expression of several cell cycle genes and partially rescues the ploidy defects in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor mutant siamese. Taken together, this study provides the genetic evidence for the requirement of transcriptional regulation in the repression of ploidy-dependent plant cell growth as well as for an involvement of GTL trihelix proteins in this regulation.
Childhood growth hormone deficiency, bone density, structures and fractures: scrutinizing the evidence
Authors: Högler Wolfgang , Shaw Nick 
Published: August 2009

SummaryChildhood‐onset growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is frequently perceived to cause low bone density, fractures and osteoporosis. This article critically reviews the evidence behind these perceptions. Inherent limitations of current bone imaging techniques have caused many artefacts and misconceptions about bone density and structure. Using appropriate size‐corrections, bone density is normal in children and adults with isolated GHD. Cortical density, trabecular density and trabecular volume are normal when measured by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography and histomorphometry. The only verifiable deficit affects cortical thickness (periosteal expansion), both in human and animal studies. However, short limb bones cannot be expected to have an average‐sized shaft, as bone elongation and widening could be proportionally impaired in GHD. In addition, GH and IGF‐1 have indisputable anabolic actions not only on bone, but also on muscle tissue. In fact, compared with all other bone‐related variables, muscle size is the lowest at diagnosis of GHD. During GH therapy, muscle enlargement precedes and exceeds any gain in bone mass. The mechanostat theory suggests that the GHD‐induced deficit in muscle force secondarily causes low cortical thickness. There is no evidence that isolated childhood‐onset GHD, or severe GH resistance, causes an increased fracture risk in children or adults. Only adults with organic hypopituitarism appear to have a slightly greater risk of fractures. Using current transition guidelines, short children and adults with GHD are at risk of being misdiagnosed with low bone mass and may consequently receive inappropriate treatment. As neither reports of increased fracture risk nor low bone density can stand up against scrutiny, these misconceptions should no longer influence clinical practice. In this respect, GHD should not be listed as a cause of osteoporosis in children and there is a need to review current transition guidelines.
Aberrant G‐protein coupled receptor expression in relation to adrenocortical overfunction
Authors: Lacroix André , Bourdeau Isabelle , Lampron Antoine , Mazzuco Tânia L. , Tremblay Johanne , Hamet Pavel 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe aberrant adrenal expression and function of one or several G‐protein coupled receptors can lead to cell proliferation and abnormal regulation of steroidogenesis in unilateral adenomas, carcinomas or in ACTH‐independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH). Excess cortisol secretion leading to either sub‐clinical or overt Cushing’s syndrome is the most prevalent phenotype reported to date. In a few patients, aberrant regulation of androgen excess has been reported. More recently, initial studies suggest that similar mechanisms are involved in the renin‐independent regulation of aldosterone secretion in primary aldosteronism. In recent years, cases of familial AIMAH have been identified, and specific aberrant hormone receptors are functional in the adrenal of affected members. The identification of aberrant receptors can offer specific pharmacological approach to prevent disease progression and control abnormal steroidogenesis; alternatively, unilateral or bilateral adrenalectomy remains the treatment of choice.
Chloroplast‐generated reactive oxygen species play a major role in localized cell death during the non‐host interaction between tobacco and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Authors: Zurbriggen Matias D. , Carrillo Néstor , Tognetti Vanesa B. , Melzer Michael , Peisker Martin , Hause Bettina , Hajirezaei Mohammad‐Reza 
Published: August 2009

SummaryAttempted infection of plants by pathogens elicits a complex defensive response. In many non‐host and incompatible host interactions it includes the induction of defence‐associated genes and a form of localized cell death (LCD), purportedly designed to restrict pathogen advance, collectively known as the hypersensitive response (HR). It is preceded by an oxidative burst, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are proposed to cue subsequent deployment of the HR, although neither the origin nor the precise role played by ROS in the execution of this response are completely understood. We used tobacco plants expressing cyanobacterial flavodoxin to address these questions. Flavodoxin is an electron shuttle present in prokaryotes and algae that, when expressed in chloroplasts, specifically prevents ROS formation in plastids during abiotic stress episodes. Infiltration of tobacco wild‐type leaves with high titres of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), a non‐host pathogen, resulted in ROS accumulation in chloroplasts, followed by the appearance of localized lesions typical of the HR. In contrast, chloroplast ROS build‐up and LCD were significantly reduced in Xcv‐inoculated plants expressing plastid‐targeted flavodoxin. Metabolic routes normally inhibited by pathogens were protected in the transformants, whereas other aspects of the HR, including the induction of defence‐associated genes and synthesis of salicylic and jasmonic acid, proceeded as in inoculated wild‐type plants. Therefore, ROS generated in chloroplasts during this non‐host interaction are essential for the progress of LCD, but do not contribute to the induction of pathogenesis‐related genes or other signalling components of the response.
Role of WRINKLED1 in the transcriptional regulation of glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Baud Sébastien , Wuillème Sylvie , To Alexandra , Rochat Christine , Lepiniec Loïc 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe WRINKLED1 (WRI1) protein is an important regulator of oil accumulation in maturing Arabidopsis seeds. WRI1 is a member of a plant‐specific family of transcription factors (AP2/EREBP) that share either one or two copies of a DNA‐binding domain called the AP2 domain. Here, it is shown that WRI1 acts as a transcriptional enhancer of genes involved in carbon metabolism in transgenic seeds overexpressing this transcription factor. PKp‐β1 and BCCP2, two genes encoding enzymes of the glycolysis and fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, respectively, have been chosen to investigate the regulatory action exerted by WRI1 over these pathways. Using the reporter gene uidA, it was possible to demonstrate in planta that WRI1 regulates the activity of both PKp‐β1 and BCCP2 promoters. Electrophoretic mobility‐shift assays and yeast one‐hybrid experiments showed that WRI1 was able to interact with the BCCP2 promoter. To further elucidate the regulatory mechanism controlling the transcription of these genes, functional dissections of PKp‐β1 and BCCP2 promoters were performed. Two enhancers, of 54 and 79 bp, respectively, have thus been isolated that are essential to direct the activity of these promoters in oil‐accumulating tissues of the embryo. A consensus site is present in these enhancers as well as in other putative target promoters of WRI1. Loss of this consensus sequence in the BCPP2 promoter decreases both the strength of the interaction between WRI1 and this promoter in yeast and the activity of the promoter in planta.
Inflammation in ischaemic brain injury: Current advances and future perspectives
Authors: Xia Weiliang , Han Jin , Huang Gang , Ying Weihai 
Published: August 2009

Summary1. Numerous studies have indicated that inflammation plays a key role in ischaemic brain injury. Brain ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced inflammatory responses include increased microglial and astrocyte activity, increased production of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and metalloproteinases and the infiltration of monocytes and leucocytes into injured brain regions.2. Although a significant proportion of the inflammatory response appears to exacerbate ischaemic brain injury, certain inflammatory responses are beneficial to ischaemic brains. It is necessary to further identify the detrimental and beneficial inflammatory responses so that therapeutic strategies can be designed for stroke patients to selectively inhibit detrimental responses while enhancing beneficial responses.3. Increasing evidence also indicates significant changes in the peripheral immune system of stroke patients and animals that undergo cerebral ischaemia. It is worth elucidating the effects of these changes in ischaemic brain damage.4. There are complex interactions in the ischaemic brain between microglia and other cell types, including neurons, astrocytes, endothelial cells and stem cells. It is of particular interest to determine the mechanisms underlying the roles of high‐mobility group box‐1, advanced glycation end‐products receptors (RAGE), S100B and NADPH oxidase in these interactions.5. Because brain ischaemia‐induced inflammation is a relatively long‐lasting event with profound effects on brain injury, it is of considerable importance to further investigate the mechanisms underlying inflammation in ischaemic brains.