bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical mask placement over N95 filtering facepiece respirators: Physiological effects on healthcare workers
Authors: ROBERGE Raymond J. , COCA Aitor , WILLIAMS W. Jon , PALMIERO Andrew J. , POWELL Jeffrey B. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Filtering facepiece respirators (‘N95 Masks’) may be in short supply during large‐scale infectious outbreaks. Suggestions have been made to extend their useful life by using a surgical mask as an outer barrier, but the physiological impact of this added barrier upon the wearer has not been studied.Methods:  A surgical mask was worn over an N95 filtering facepiece respirator by 10 healthcare workers for 1 h at each of two work rates. Heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide levels and respirator dead space gases were monitored and compared with controls (N95 filtering facepiece respirator without a surgical mask). Subjective perceptions of exertion and comfort were assessed by numerical rating scales.Results:  There were no significant differences in physiological variables between those who used surgical masks and controls. Surgical masks decreased dead space oxygen concentrations of the filtering facepiece respirators at the lesser work rate (P = 0.03) and for filtering facepiece respirators with an exhalation valve at the higher work rate (P = 0.003). Respirator dead space oxygen and carbon dioxide levels were not harmonious with Occupational Safety and Health Administration workplace ambient atmosphere standards. Exertion and comfort scores were not significantly impacted by the surgical mask.Conclusions:  Use of a surgical mask as an outer barrier over N95 filtering facepiece respirators does not significantly impact the physiological burden or perceptions of comfort and exertion by the wearer over that experienced without use of a surgical mask.
A rare case of amniotic fluid embolism with massive platelet aggregations in pulmonary capillaries
Authors: Furukawa Seishi , Urabe Hirotoshi , Nagai Yoshio , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ikenoue Tsuyomu , Sato Yuichiro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA 30‐year‐old woman at 37 weeks of gestation died during labor induction with oxytocin shortly after an episode of abrupt drop of fetal heart rate. Autopsy showed extensive microvascular plugging of the pulmonary capillaries by massive platelet aggregations. Aside from platelet aggregations, the keratinized substances and granulocytes were also shown in the capillary of pulmonary arterioles. These findings were not observed in other systemic organs (heart, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, alimentary canal and pancreas). In general, the postmortem histological diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism consisted of demonstrating mucus, leukocytes, squamous, amorphous, and fatty cells in the arteries of the lung. To our knowledge, there have not been any reports regarding massive platelet aggregations shown at pulmonary capillaries in case of acute amniotic fluid embolism except for an experimental model. This is a rare case of amniotic fluid embolism in which massive platelet aggregations were confirmed in pulmonary capillaries by autopsy.
Effect of psychosocial stress and physical activity on low birthweight: A cohort study
Authors: Abeysena Chrishantha , Jayawardana Pushpa , Seneviratne Rohini de A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  To determine the effect of physical activity and psychosocial stress on low birthweight (LBW).Methods:  A prospective study was carried out in a district of Sri Lanka between May 2001 and April 2002. A total of 885 pregnant mothers were recruited at ≤16 weeks of gestation and followed up until partus. Trimester‐specific exposure statuses along with potential confounding factors were gathered on average at the 12th, 28th, and 36th weeks of gestation. Physical activities were assessed by inquiring about the duration of specific postures adopted per day by housewives during each trimester at home and both at home and during working hours for those who were engaged in paid employment. Psychosocial stress was assessed using the Modified Life Events Inventory and the General Health Questionnaire 30. LBW was defined as a birthweight of less than 2500 g. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied for controlling confounders and the results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).Results:  Standing > 2.5 h/day (OR 2.26; 95%CI 1.10, 4.69) during the second trimester and sleeping 8 h or less/day (OR 2.84; 95%CI 1.49, 5.40) either during the second, third or both trimesters together, an increase in maternal age in years (OR 0.92; 95%CI 0.87, 0.98), and body mass index < 19.8 kg/m2 (OR 2.2; 95%CI 1.17, 4.22) had a statistically significant association with LBW. Psychosocial stress was not associated with LBW.Conclusions:  Standing > 2.5 h/day and sleeping ≤8 h/day were risk factors for LBW, whereas psychosocial stress was not.
Does brucellosis in human pregnancy increase abortion risk? Presentation of two cases and review of literature
Authors: Karcaaltincaba Deniz , Sencan Irfan , Kandemir Omer , Guvendag‐Guven Emine Seda , Yalvac Serdar 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBrucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases that can be encountered during pregnancy. We present two pregnant women with brucellosis. One of them delivered normally and the other patient had an abortion. We reviewed the literature regarding the clinical course of brucellosis in pregnant women. Brucellosis during pregnancy can be associated with abortion, congenital and neonatal infections and infection of the delivery team. Therefore treatment with a combination of rifampicin and trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole should be started as soon as it is diagnosed to prevent possible complications.
Plant‐specific glycosylation patterns in the context of therapeutic protein production
Authors: Gomord Véronique , Fitchette Anne‐Catherine , Menu‐Bouaouiche Laurence , Saint‐Jore‐Dupas Claude , Plasson Carole , Michaud Dominique , Faye Loïc 
Published: March 2010

SummaryWhile N‐glycan synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is relatively well conserved in eukaryotes, N‐glycan processing and O‐glycan biosynthesis in the Golgi apparatus are kingdom specific and result in different oligosaccharide structures attached to glycoproteins in plants and mammals. With the prospect of using plants as alternative hosts to mammalian cell lines for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins, significant progress has been made towards the humanization of protein N‐glycosylation in plant cells. To date, successful efforts in this direction have mainly focused on the targeted expression of therapeutic proteins, the knockout of plant‐specific N‐glycan‐processing genes, and/or the introduction of the enzymatic machinery catalyzing the synthesis, transport and addition of human sugars. By contrast, very little attention has been paid until now to the O‐glycosylation status of plant‐made therapeutic proteins, which is surprising considering that hundreds of human proteins represent good candidates for Hyp‐O glycosylation when produced in a plant expression system. This review describes protein N‐ and O‐linked glycosylation in plants and highlights the limitations and advantages of plant‐specific glycosylation on plant‐made biopharmaceuticals.
Plant‐made vaccines for humans and animals
Authors: Rybicki Edward P. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe concept of using plants to produce high‐value pharmaceuticals such as vaccines is 20 years old this year and is only now on the brink of realisation as an established technology. The original reliance on transgenic plants has largely given way to transient expression; proofs of concept for human and animal vaccines and of efficacy for animal vaccines have been established; several plant‐produced vaccines have been through Phase I clinical trials in humans and more are scheduled; regulatory requirements are more clear than ever, and more facilities exist for manufacture of clinic‐grade materials. The original concept of cheap edible vaccines has given way to a realisation that formulated products are required, which may well be injectable. The technology has proven its worth as a means of cheap, easily scalable production of materials: it now needs to find its niche in competition with established technologies. The realised achievements in the field as well as promising new developments will be reviewed, such as rapid‐response vaccines for emerging viruses with pandemic potential and bioterror agents.
Does Maternal Age Affect Children's Test Scores?
Authors: Leigh Andrew , Gong Xiaodong 
Published: March 2010

Abstract We estimate the relationship between maternal age and child outcomes, using indices aimed at measuring overall outcomes, learning outcomes and social outcomes. In all cases, we find evidence that children of older mothers have better outcomes. Not only do children born to mothers in their twenties do better than children born to teen mothers, but children born to mothers in their thirties do better than children born to mothers in their twenties. However, when we control for other socioeconomic characteristics, such as family income, parental education and single parenthood, the coefficients on maternal age become small and statistically insignificant. The only exception is an index of social outcomes, which is positively associated with maternal age, even controlling for socioeconomic factors. For cognitive outcomes, young motherhood appears to be a marker, not a cause, of poor child outcomes.
Technological Change in Australian Manufacturing
Authors: Bloch Harry 
Published: March 2010

Abstract In the modern era, the extent and character of technical change features prominently in discussions of productivity growth and movements in the competitiveness of manufacturing. While technical change is pervasive in modern manufacturing, it occurs unevenly. In this study, technical change is estimated by fitting dual cost functions for each of 38 sectors of Australian manufacturing over the 32 year period, 1968–69 to 1999–2000. The estimates show that technical change is heavily labour‐saving in all industries, but that the overall rate of change, as measured by a rate of cost diminution, and the degree of bias towards saving labour, rather than capital or material, varies substantially across industries.
Income Redistribution and Direct Taxes and Transfers in New Zealand
Authors: Creedy John , Enright Jamas , Gemmell Norman , McNabb Nick 
Published: March 2010

Abstract This article examines the redistributive effects of direct taxes and transfers in New Zealand. First, it reports summary measures of the income tax‐and‐transfer system using the NZ Household Economic Survey. Second, the article examines the characteristics of low‐income NZ taxpayers. A decomposition by individual and household characteristics shows that different groups of low‐income taxpayers can be affected quite differently by various aspects of the tax‐and‐transfer system. In particular, reforms involving tax‐free zones do not appear to be well targeted to help those most in need.
Elastic Tubes: Modeling Elastic Deformation of Hollow Tubes
Authors: Li H. , Leow W. K. , Chiu I.‐S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract The Cosserat theory of elastic rods has been used in a wide range of application domains to model and simulate the elastic deformation of thin rods. It is physically accurate and its implementations are efficient for interactive simulation. However, one requirement of using Cosserat rod theory is that the tubular object must have rigid cross‐sections that are small compared to its length. This requirement make it difficult for the approach to model elastic deformation of rods with large, non‐rigid cross‐sections that can change shape during rod deformation, in particular, hollow tubes. Our approach achieves this task using a hybrid model that binds a mesh elastically to a reference Cosserat rod. The mesh represents the surface of the hollow tube while the reference rod models bending, twisting, shearing and stretching of the tube. The cross‐sections of the tube may take on any arbitrary shape. The binding is established by a mapping between mesh vertices and the rod's directors. Deformation of the elastic tube is accomplished in two phases. First, the reference rod is deformed according to Cosserat theory. Next, the mesh is deformed using Laplacian deformation according to its mapping to the rod and its surface elastic energy. This hybrid approach allows the tube to deform in a physically correct manner in relation to the bending, twisting, shearing, and stretching of the reference rod. It also allows the surface to deform realistically and efficiently according to surface elastic energy and the shape of the reference rod. In this way, the deformation of elastic hollow tubes with large, non‐rigid cross‐sections can be simulated accurately and efficiently.
Bayesian Forecasting of Immigration to Selected European Countries by using Expert Knowledge
Authors: Bijak Jakub , Wiśniowski Arkadiusz 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe aim of the paper is to present Bayesian forecasts of immigration for seven European countries to 2025, based on quantitative data and qualitative knowledge elicited from country-specific migration experts in a two-round Delphi survey. In line with earlier results, most of the immigration processes under study were found to be barely predictable in the long run, exhibiting non-stationary features. This outcome was obtained largely irrespectively of the expert knowledge input, which nevertheless was found useful in describing the predictive uncertainty, especially in the short term. It is argued that, under the non-stationarity of migration processes, too long forecasts horizons are inadequate, which is a serious challenge for population forecasts in general.
Estimation of International Migration Flow Tables in Europe
Authors: Abel Guy J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA methodology is developed to estimate comparable international migration flows between a set of countries. International migration flow data may be missing, reported by the sending country, reported by the receiving country or reported by both the sending and the receiving countries. For the last situation, reported counts rarely match owing to differences in definitions and data collection systems. We report counts harmonized by using correction factors estimated from a constrained optimization procedure. Factors are applied to scale data that are known to be of a reliable standard, creating an incomplete migration flow table of harmonized values. Cells for which no reliable reported flows exist are then estimated from a negative binomial regression model fitted by using an expectation–maximization (EM) type of algorithm. Covariate information for this model is drawn from international migration theory. Finally, measures of precision for all missing cell estimates are derived by using the supplemented EM algorithm. Recent data on international migration between countries in Europe are used to illustrate the methodology. The results represent a complete table of comparable flows which can be used by regional policy makers and social scientists to understand population behaviour and change better.
Using Administrative Data to Improve the Estimation of Immigration to Local Areas in England
Authors: Boden Peter , Rees Phil 
Published: March 2010

Summary
International migration is now a significant driver of population change across Europe but the methods that are available to estimate its true effect on subnational areas remain inconsistent, constrained by inadequate systems of measurement and data capture. In the absence of a population register for England, official statistics on immigration and emigration are derived from a combination of survey and census sources. The paper demonstrates how administrative data systems such as those which capture registrations of recent migrants with a local doctor, national insurance number registrations by workers from abroad and the registration of foreign students for higher education can provide data to understand patterns and trends in international migration better. The paper proposes a model for the estimation of immigration at a local level, integrating existing national estimates from the UK Office for National Statistics with data from these administrative sources. The model attempts to circumvent conceptual differences between data sets through the use of proportional distributions rather than absolute migrant counts in the estimation process. The model methodology and the results that it produces provide alternative estimates of immigration for consideration by the Office for National Statistics as it develops its own programme of improvement to subnational migration statistics.
THE SOCIAL ARTICULATION OF TIME IN EUGEN ROSENSTOCK‐HUESSY
Authors: LEITHART PETER J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSociologists and theologians have both devoted considerable attention and energy to time, but the two rarely speak to one another. Sociologists investigate the effects of clock time, railway schedules, and calendars on culture, while theologians examine God's relation to time, usually the time of physics. The neglected German‐American thinker Eugen Rosenstock‐Huessy can help to bridge this gap. In his historical work, he paid particular attention to the role of rituals and calendars in shaping time, but he was also a Christian thinker who confessed that Jesus Christ brought in the “fullness of time.” This article considers some aspects of Rosenstock‐Huessy's rich account of time in the hopes that both theologians and sociologists, but especially theologians with sociological interests, will find his insights fruitful and mine them further for the productive possibilities.
ON BEING HEARD BUT NOT SEEN: MILBANK AND LASH ON AQUINAS, ANALOGY AND AGNOSTICISM
Authors: De HART PAUL 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe article investigates an important recent dispute within systematic theology over the interpretation of Thomas Aquinas. John Milbank has defended the view that the doctrine of analogy in Aquinas is peculiarly implicated with his entire ontology, that it cannot be understood in merely semantic terms, and that it involves a less “agnostic” position on knowledge of God than is often assumed. The article critically engages this position in two ways. It offers an archaeology of the prior polemical context out of which the claim arose, for the meaning and purpose of Milbank's claim are illuminated once it is seen as the vigorous repudiation of a “grammatical” or “linguistic” interpretation of Thomas on analogy which had been proffered earlier by Nicholas Lash. It will also provide a close investigation of the citations and interpretations of Aquinas texts that Milbank uses to ground his position, in order to adjudicate the dispute with Lash. The result will be to call strongly into question the plausibility of Milbank's readings of Aquinas. The article also indicates at several points the way in which those readings are shaped by an overriding anti‐Kantian thrust in Milbank's entire approach to the discussion. In conclusion, it adumbrates the larger and older question which subtends the entire dispute: to what degree is some kind of vision or intuitive grasp of being as such, or of God's being, granted human beings in this life?
Stories Baptismal Registers Told: Private Baptism in Seventeenth‐Century England
Authors: TJONDROWARDOJO YUDHA THIANTO 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEven though non‐emergency private baptism became a debated issue in seventeenth‐century England, the practice, as has been commonly believed, did not become a trend all over the country. By taking a close look at several seventeenth‐century baptismal registers of churches in and outside London, this article shows that non‐emergency private baptism was the choice taken mostly by well‐to‐do families living in London. As a contrast, rural parishes still adhered strictly to the Prayer Book, by administering private baptism only in emergency. Therefore, this article maintains that non‐emergency private baptism was more of an exception than the common practice.
Robert Southey, Benjamin Disraeli and Young England
Authors: SPECK W. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough the ideology of the Young England movement has been traced to a variety of sources, the influence of Robert Southey on it has largely gone unnoticed. Yet he shared with the Young England group a penchant for the middle ages. Like them, he was not nostalgic for the medieval era just for its own sake but wished to revive its alleged sense of community to offset the perceived social alienation of the new industrial age. While a leader of the movement such as Lord John Manners openly acknowledged his intellectual debt to Southey, Benjamin Disraeli rarely did so. Yet, as this article shows, there was a link in that Disraeli and Southey were acquainted through Benjamin's father Isaac, and Southey's ‘radical Tory’ views can be detected in Disraeli's ‘Young England’ novels.
Education of the Laity and Advocacy of Violence in Print during the French Wars of Religion
Authors: RACAUT LUC 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAt the turn of the seventeenth century King Henri IV of France sought to reconcile his Catholic and Protestant subjects by blaming the violent excesses of the French Wars of Religion on religious radicalism. In particular, Catholic preachers and pamphleteers were accused retrospectively of having poured oil on the fire of religious violence through vitriolic sermons and pamphlets. Historians have tended to reproduce this charge while at the same time emphasizing the ‘modernity’ of Protestantism, particularly in view of religious education. A review of books printed in the sixteenth century enables historians to test empirically the extent to which violence was fuelled by religious polemic. From the beginning of the Reformation the Catholic Church had been torn between educating the laity in correct doctrine on one hand and denouncing heresy on the other. A closer look at the book trade reveals that these concerns were reflected in the kinds of books that were published in the vernacular in the second half of the sixteenth century. While the clergy increasingly saw the merits of educating the laity, it had to compete with the public's taste for polemic that printers were keen to cater for.
The Battle of Chester and Warfare in Post‐Roman Britain
Authors: DAVIES SEAN 
Published: March 2010

AbstractArchaeological work at Heronbridge near Chester has recently uncovered the earliest identifiable site of a major British battlefield and investigated a related seventh‐century fortification on the site. This article uses the new evidence to help interpret the battle of Chester's political background, the make‐up of the forces on the day, their motivations, the equipment used and the course of the conflict, suggesting that the construction of the remarkable fortification was a key factor in the decision to engage in a battle that contravened the usual tactical principles of the age. The clash is set in the wider context of warfare in post‐Roman Europe, providing insights into the development of both the Anglo‐Saxon and British kingdoms that had emerged in the former imperial province of Britannia.