bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of motivational interviewing in smoking cessation at nurse‐led chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clinics
Authors: Efraimsson Eva Österlund , Fossum Bjöörn , Ehrenberg Anna , Larsson Kjell , Klang Birgitta 
Published: July 2011

efraimsson e.ö., fossum b., ehrenberg a., larsson k. & klang b. (2011) Use of motivational interviewing in smoking cessation at nurse‐led chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clinics. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(4), 767–782.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study to describe to what extent Registered Nurses, with a few days of education in motivational interviewing based communication, used motivational interviewing in smoking cessation communication at nurse‐led chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clinics in primary health care.Background.  For smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the most crucial and evidence‐based intervention is smoking cessation. Motivational interviewing is often used in healthcare to support patients to quit smoking.Method.  The study included two videotaped consultations, the first and third of three at the clinic, with each of 13 smokers. Data were collected from March 2006 to April 2007. The nurses’ smoking cessation communication was analysed using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity scale. To get an impression of the consultation, five parameters were judged on a five‐point Likert‐scale, with five indicating best adherence to Motivational Interviewing.Results.  Evocation’, ‘collaboration’, ‘autonomy‐support’ and ‘empathy’ averaged between 1·31 and 2·23 whereas ‘direction’ scored five in all consultations. Of communication behaviours, giving information was the most frequently used, followed by ‘closed questions’, ‘motivational interviewing non–adherent’ and ‘simple reflections’. ‘Motivational interviewing adherent’, ‘open questions’ and ‘complex reflections’ occurred rarely. There were no important individual or group‐level differences in any of the ratings between the first and the third consultations.Conclusion.  In smoking cessation communication the nurses did not employ behaviours that are important in motivational interviewing.
Cardiogenic oscillations in spontaneous breathing airway signal reflect respiratory system mechanics
Authors: SCHUMANN S. , MESSMER F. , LICHTWARCK‐ASCHOFF M. , HABERTHUER C. , GUTTMANN J. 
Published: July 2011

Background: Heartbeat‐related pressure oscillations appear at the airway opening. We investigated whether these cardiogenic oscillations (COS) – extracted from spontaneous breathing signals – reflect the compliance of the respiratory system.
Methods: Fifteen volunteers breathed spontaneously at normal or reduced chest wall compliance, i.e. with and without thorax strapping, and at normal or reduced lung compliance, induced by positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP). COS‐related signals were extracted by averaging the flow and pressure curve sections, temporally aligned to the electrocardiogram signal.
Results: COS‐related airway pressure and flow curves correlated closely for each subject (r2=0.97±0.02, P<0.0001). At the unstrapped thorax, the oscillation's amplitudes were 0.07±0.03 cmH2O (pressure) and 22±10 ml/s (flow). COS‐related pressure amplitudes correlated closely with the ratio of tidal volume divided by pressure amplitude (r2=0.88, P<0.001) and furthermore increased with either thorax strapping (P<0.001) or with increasing PEEP (P=0.049).
Conclusion: We conclude that COS extracted from the pressure and flow signal reflect the compliance of the respiratory system and could potentially allow estimating respiratory system mechanics during spontaneous breathing.
Evaluation of T‐stresses in multiple crack problems of finite plate
Authors: CHEN Y. Z. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a solution for T‐stresses for multiple cracks in a finite plate. The results for stress intensity factors (SIFs) are also presented. The case of two cracks in a rectangular plate is taken as an example. In the problem, the crack faces are applied by some loadings, and tractions are free along edges of a rectangular plate. The whole stress field is considered as a superposition of three particular stress fields. The first and second stress fields are initiated by loadings on the first and second crack faces in an infinite plate. The third field is chosen in a polynomial form of complex potentials. After discretization, the loadings on two cracks and the undetermined coefficients in the complex potentials become the unknowns. The relevant algebraic equations are formulated. The solution of algebraic equations will lead to the results of SIFs and T‐stresses at the crack tips. Several numerical examples are presented, which were not reported previously.
The natural history of metastatic progression in men with prostate‐specific antigen recurrence after radical prostatectomy: long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Antonarakis Emmanuel S. , Feng Zhaoyong , Trock Bruce J. , Humphreys Elizabeth B. , Carducci Michael A. , Partin Alan W. , Walsh Patrick C. , Eisenberger Mario A. 
Published: July 2011

Study Type – Prognosis (cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Patients with biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy often develop subsequent metastases. However, the natural history of metastatic progression in men who have not received subsequent therapies before developing metastases has been understudied.Here, we describe the largest known cohort of men with PSA‐recurrent prostate cancer after prostatectomy who have not received additional treatments before metastasis. We characterize metastatic risk based on clinical variables, and we show that Gleason score and PSA doubling time are the strongest predictors of metastasis‐free survival. We present tables stratifying metastatic risk by these two variables.OBJECTIVE
To describe metastasis‐free survival (MFS) in men with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence following radical prostatectomy, and to define clinical prognostic factors modifying metastatic risk.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
We conducted a retrospective analysis of 450 men treated with prostatectomy at a tertiary hospital between July 1981 and July 2010 who developed PSA recurrence (≥0.2 ng/mL) and never received adjuvant or salvage therapy before the development of metastatic disease.
We estimated MFS using the Kaplan–Meier method, and investigated factors influencing the risk of metastasis using Cox proportional hazards regression.
RESULTS
Median follow‐up after prostatectomy was 8.0 years, and after biochemical recurrence was 4.0 years. At last follow‐up, 134 of 450 patients (29.8%) had developed metastases, while median MFS was 10.0 years.
Using multivariable regressions, two variables emerged as independently predictive of MFS: PSA doubling time (<3.0 vs 3.0–8.9 vs 9.0–14.9 vs ≥15.0 months) and Gleason score (≤6 vs 7 vs 8–10).
Using these stratifications of Gleason score and PSA doubling time, tables were constructed to predict median, 5‐ and 10‐year MFS after PSA recurrence. In different patient subsets, median MFS ranged from 1 to 15 years.
CONCLUSIONS
In men undergoing prostatectomy, MFS after PSA recurrence is variable and is most strongly influenced by PSA doubling time and Gleason score. These parameters serve to stratify men into different risk groups with respect to metastatic progression.
Our findings may provide the background for appropriate selection of patients, treatments and endpoints for clinical trials.
Uniform Versus Discriminatory Tariffs
Authors: Hashimzade Nigar , Khodavaisi Hassan , Myles Gareth D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe analyze the non‐cooperative interaction between two exporting countries producing differentiated products and one importing country when governments use optimal policies to maximize welfare. The analysis includes product differentiation, asymmetric costs, and Bertrand competition. For identical exporting countries we demonstrate that the importing country always prefers a uniform tariff regime while both exporting countries prefer a discriminatory tariff regime for any degree of product differentiation. If countries are asymmetric in terms of production cost then the higher‐cost exporter always prefers the discriminatory regime but the lower‐cost exporter prefers the uniform regime if there is a significant cost differential. With cost asymmetry the announcement of a uniform tariff regime by the importer is not a credible strategy since there is an incentive to deviate to discrimination. This implies an international body can play a role in ensuring that tariff agreements are respected.
Do Potential Skilled Emigrants Care about Political Stability at Home?
Authors: Dutta Nabamita , Roy Sanjukta 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the role of political stability in the source country as a potential reason for skilled emigration. We control for all prospective source country characteristics, and yet skilled emigration is seen to be driven by a relatively better situation of political stability in the home country. Our research clearly shows that government stability, socioeconomic conditions, investment profiles, democratic accountability, internal conflict, and ethnic tensions in source nations have significant impacts on the rate of skilled emigration for a sample of developed and developing countries. The results retain robustness even for a subset of only developing nations.
Do Natural Resources Depress Income Per Capita?
Authors: Arezki Rabah , van der Ploeg Frederick 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMost evidence for the resource curse comes from cross‐country growth regressions suffers from bias originating from the high and ever‐evolving volatility in commodity prices. These issues are addressed by providing new cross‐country empirical evidence for the effect of resources in income per capita. Natural resource dependence (resource exports) has a significant negative effect on income per capita, especially in countries with bad rule of law or bad policies, but these results weaken substantially once we allow for endogeneity. However, the more exogenous measure of resource abundance (stock of natural capital) has a significant negative effect on income per capita even after controlling for geography, rule of law and de facto or de jure trade openness. Furthermore, this effect is more severe for countries that have little de jure trade openness. These results are robust to using alternative measures of institutional quality (expropriation and corruption instead of rule of law).
A Note on Banking Reform and Poverty: Revisiting the Indian Social Banking Experiment
Authors: Platschorre Brenda , Bulte Erwin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRecent empirical work demonstrates that state‐led bank expansion in rural India has contributed to a reduction in the number of poor people. In this note it is shown that the social banking policies have not simultaneously decreased the rural poverty gap. This suggests a potential trade‐off for policy makers, hinted at by earlier theoretical modeling: while opening new bank branches in “unbanked locations” might lift some people out of poverty, it may increase the depth of poverty of others. The result also illustrates the value added of combining complementary poverty measures to achieve a more complete picture of the impact of policies on livelihoods.
Bean husks as a supplemental fiber for ruminants: Potential use for activation of fibrolytic rumen bacteria to improve main forage digestion
Authors: NGWE Tin , NUKUI Yoko , OYAIZU Shinya , TAKAMOTO Genki , KOIKE Satoshi , UEDA Koichiro , NAKATSUJI Hiroki , KONDO Seiji , KOBAYASHI Yasuo 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the suitability of easily digested fiber sources as a supplemental fiber to improve overall fiber digestion in ruminants. First, the degradation of five fibrous feedstuffs and the stimulatory effects on rumen bacteria were examined in situ. Chickpea and lablab bean husks were selected for their potential use due to their large degradable fraction (> 94%), which had a stimulatory effect on fibrolytic rumen bacteria such as Fibrobacter succinogenes. Second, a possible improvement in the digestibility of rice straw diet by husk supplementation was monitored in vivo. Four dietary treatments comprising RS (rice straw and concentrate), CHM (RS supplemented with Myanmar chickpea husk), CHE (RS with Egyptian chickpea husk) and LH (RS with lablab bean husk) were allocated to four wethers. The digestibility of acid detergent fiber was 3.1–5.5% greater in CHM and LH than RS. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher in LH than other treatments. Acetate proportion was higher in LH than RS. Ruminal abundance of F. succinogenes was 1.3–1.5 times greater in CHM and LH than RS. These results suggest that bean husk supplementation, especially lablab bean husk, might improve the nutritive value of rice straw diet by stimulating fibrolytic bacteria.
Xenografting of gonadal tissues into mice as a possible method for conservation and utilization of porcine genetic resources
Authors: KIKUCHI Kazuhiro , NAKAI Michiko , KASHIWAZAKI Naomi , KANEKO Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT In vitro production of embryos, including in vitro maturation, fertilization of oocytes and their subsequent culture to the embryo stage, has become the most popular method of studying gametogenesis and embryogenesis in pigs. As well as their utility for basic studies, these procedures now enable us to generate viable embryos and offspring as a means of conserving genetic resources and rare animal breeds. Recently, more advanced technologies such as xenografting of gonadal (testicular and ovarian) tissues into immunodeficient experimental animals have been developed. In combination with in vitro embryo production techniques, this approach may provide many benefits. We have been carrying out studies to acquire basic information about the application of this method to porcine species, and to improve the existing techniques. Recently, we obtained oocytes from ovarian tissue xenografted and grown in nude mice that had the capacity to be fertilized and the ability to develop into early‐stage embryos. We also obtained spermatozoa from the xenografted testicular tissues and injected them intracytoplasmically into in vitro‐matured oocytes to produce piglets. Here we discuss the further possibilities of conservation and utilization of porcine gonadal tissue by xenografting into immunodeficient mice.
Experimental Study of
Surface Roughness Effects on a Turbine Airfoil in a Linear Cascade— Part II: Aerodynamic
Losses
Authors: Lorenz M. , Schulz A. , Bauer H.-J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The present experimental study is part of a comprehensive analysis accounting for heat transfer and aerodynamic losses on a highly loaded low pressure turbine blade with varying surface roughness. Whereas Part I focuses on heat transfer measurements at airfoil midspan with different deterministic surface roughnesses, Part II investigates surface roughness effects on aerodynamic losses of the same airfoil. A set of different arrays of deterministic roughness (the same as used in Part I) is investigated in these experiments. The height and eccentricity of the roughness elements are varied, showing the combined influence of roughness height and anisotropy on the losses produced in the boundary layers. It is shown that the boundary layer loss is dominated by the suction side. Therefore, the investigations focus on measurements of the suction side boundary layer thickness at midspan directly upstream of the trailing edge. The experiments are conducted at several freestream turbulence levels (Tu1=1.4–10.1%) and different Reynolds numbers. The measurements reveal that suction side boundary layer thickness is increased by up to 190% if surface roughness shifts the transition onset upstream. However, in some cases, at low Reynolds numbers and freestream turbulence, surface roughness suppresses boundary layer separation and decreases the trailing edge boundary layer thickness by up to 30%.
The association of current hormonal contraceptive use with type-specific HPV detection
Authors: Ghanem Khalil G , Datta S Deblina , Unger Elizabeth R , Hagensee Michael , Shlay Judith C , Kerndt Peter , Hsu Katherine , Koutsky Laura A 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundIncreased duration of hormonal contraceptive (HC) use may be positively associated with the risk of invasive cervical cancer.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis from the HPV Sentinel Surveillance Study. The authors examined the association between type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and current HC use among 7718 women attending 26 sexually transmitted disease, family planning and primary care clinics in the USA.ResultsThere was an association between HC use and HPV-16 detection (adjusted prevalence rate ratio 1.34 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.71) for oral contraceptive users and 1.41 (1.01 to 2.04) for depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate users); there was no association between HC use and detection of other HPV types or any HPV overall.ConclusionsLongitudinal studies are needed to better define this type-specific association and its clinical significance.
The ‘Outsiders of Islam’
Authors: Bidar Abdennour 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper deals with the question whether muslims who live in the West might be considered as the future outsiders of the Islamic world. It suggests that the muslims of the West might become those through whom, in a totally unexpected and unforeseen fashion, could come the progress – even the salvation – of an Islamic civilization that the author considers as currently locked into a state of moral, social, intellectual and spiritual stagnation. To this effect, the author focuses mainly on the notion of individual and of human rights, and discusses how the Islamic and Western traditions might be brought together. The concept of God, in its relation to the human, plays here an essential role, which is discussed with reference, among others, to the work of mohammad Iqbal.
A multiple biomarker risk score for guiding clinical decisions using a decision curve approach
Authors: Hughes Maria F , Saarela Olli , Blankenberg Stefan , Zeller Tanja , Havulinna Aki S , Kuulasmaa Kari , Yarnell John , Schnabel Renate B , Tiret Laurence , Salomaa Veikko , Evans Alun , Kee Frank ,   (for the MORGAM project)
Published: July 2011

Aims: We assessed whether a cardiovascular risk model based on classic risk factors (e.g. cholesterol, blood pressure) could refine disease prediction if it included novel biomarkers (C-reactive protein, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, troponin I) using a decision curve approach which can incorporate clinical consequences. Methods and results: We evaluated whether a model including biomarkers and classic risk factors could improve prediction of 10 year risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD; chronic heart disease and ischaemic stroke) against a classic risk factor model using a decision curve approach in two prospective MORGAM cohorts. This included 7739 men and women with 457 CVD cases from the FINRISK97 cohort; and 2524 men with 259 CVD cases from PRIME Belfast. The biomarker model improved disease prediction in FINRISK across the high-risk group (20⊟40%) but not in the intermediate risk group, at the 23% risk threshold net benefit was 0.0033 (95% CI 0.0013−0.0052). However, in PRIME Belfast the net benefit of decisions guided by the decision curve was improved across intermediate risk thresholds (10⊟20%). At pt = 10% in PRIME, the net benefit was 0.0059 (95% CI 0.0007⊟0.0112) with a net increase in 6 true positive cases per 1000 people screened and net decrease of 53 false positive cases per 1000 potentially leading to 5% fewer treatments in patients not destined for an event. Conclusion: The biomarker model improves 10-year CVD prediction at intermediate and high-risk thresholds and in particular, could be clinically useful at advising middle-aged European males of their CVD risk.
Risk factors and mortality associated with an elevated tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity measured by Doppler-echocardiography in thalassemia: a Thalassemia Clinical Research Network report
Authors: Morris Claudia R. , Kim Hae-Young , Trachtenberg Felicia , Wood John , Quinn Charles T. , Sweeters Nancy , Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Thompson Alexis A. , Giardina Patricia J. , Boudreaux Jeanne , Olivieri Nancy F. , Porter John B. , Neufeld Ellis J. , Vichinsky Elliott P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAn elevated tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV) is associated with hemolysis and early mortality in sickle cell disease, yet risk factors, clinical parameters, and mortality associated with this biomarker in thalassemia are poorly defined. This report summarizes the prevalence of an elevated TRV in 325 patients screened by Doppler echocardiography in the Thalassemia Clinical Research Network. A documented TRV was reported in 148 of 325 (46%) of patients. Average age was 25.9 years (range, 5-56 years) and 97% were transfusion-dependent. Mean TRV was 2.3 ± 0.4 m/s (range, 0.2-3.5 m/s). An abnormal TRV ≥ 2.5 m/s was identified in 49 of 148 (33%) of patients with a documented TRV, 5% (8/148), with a TRV ≥ 3.0 m/s, suggesting significant PH risk. Older age was strongly associated with a high TRV; however, 16% of children had a TRV ≥ 2.5 m/s. A history of splenectomy, hepatitis C, smoking, or high white blood cell count was associated with TRV elevation. In summary, an elevated TRV is noted in one-third of transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients with a documented value and develops in both children and adults. Age, splenectomy, hepatitis C, and smoking are significant univariate risk factors, with splenectomy surfacing as the dominant risk factor over time. Mortality was low in this cohort. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed. This study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00661804.
Effectiveness of treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin in an unselected population of patients with chronic hepatitis C: A Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hansen Nanna , Obel Niels , Christensen Peer B , Kjær Mette , Laursen Alex L , Krarup Henrik B , Møller Axel , Schlichting Poul , Bukh Jens , Weis Nina ,   the Danish Database for Hepatitis B and C (DANHEP)- group
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
The effect of peginterferon and ribavirin treatment on chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been established in several controlled clinical studies. However, the effectiveness of treatment and predictors of treatment success in routine clinical practice remains to be established. Our aim was to estimate the effectiveness of peginterferon and ribavirin treatment in unselected HCV patients handled in routine clinical practice. The endpoint was sustained virological response (SVR), determined by the absence of HCV RNA 24 weeks after the end of treatment.

Methods
We determined the proportion of SVR in a nationwide, population-based cohort of 432 patients with chronic HCV infection who were starting treatment, and analyzed the impact of known covariates on SVR by using a logistic regression analysis.

Results
The majority of treated patients had genotype 1 (133 patients) and genotype 2/3 (285 patients) infections, with 44% and 72%, respectively, obtaining SVR. Other than genotype, the predictors of SVR were age ≤ 45 years at the start of treatment, completion of unmodified treatment, the absence of cirrhosis and non-European origin.

Conclusions
The effectiveness of peginterferon and ribavirin treatment for chronic hepatitis C in a routine clinical practice is comparable to that observed in controlled clinical trials, with a higher SVR rate in genotype 2 and 3 patients compared to genotype 1 patients. Our data further indicate that age at start of treatment is a strong predictor of SVR irrespective of HCV genotype, with patients 45 years or younger having a higher SVR rate.