bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non rainfall moisture interception by dwarf succulents and their relative abundance in an inland arid South African ecosystem
Authors: Matimati Ignatious , Musil Charles F. , Raitt Lincoln , February Edmund 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTDwarf succulents persist in the arid Succulent Karoo despite the low‐water storage capacities of their contracted leaves and stems that are inadequate for enduring severe and prolonged drought. We examined the contribution of non‐rainfall moisture (fog, dew, water vapour) to the water budgets and relative abundance of two endemic dwarf succulents Agyroderma pearsonii and Cephalophyllum spissum. Non‐rainfall moisture was measured with automated lysimeters containing bare quartz‐gravel soils and introduced A. pearsonii and C. spissum individuals at hourly intervals spanning an 8‐month wet winter to dry summer period. Total non‐rainfall atmospheric moisture intercepted by the bare quartz‐gravel substrate of 137·6 mm, of which water vapour adsorption contributed 56·2 mm, fog 78·2 mm and dew 3·4 mm, was virtually equivalent to the rainfall amount of 142·7 mm. Agyroderma pearsonii intercepted 228·4 mm of non‐rainfall moisture of which water vapour adsorption contributed 117·1 mm, fog 104·4 mm and dew 6·9 mm. This was nearly three times the non‐rainfall amount of 88·7 mm y−1 intercepted by C. spissum, of which water vapour contributed 44·3 mm, fog 41·3 mm and dew 3·1 mm. The greater quantity of non‐rainfall moisture intercepted by A. pearsonii corresponded with its threefold greater leaf abundance and twofold greater canopy cover than that of C. spissum. We conclude that non‐rainfall moisture, especially the absorption of atmospheric water vapour by soils and its uptake by the extensive network of superficial roots of dwarf quartz‐field succulents are vital in sustaining their growth and survival and in determining their distributions and relative abundance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legitimacy Analysis of Multi‐Level Governance of Biodiversity: Evidence from 11 Case Studies across the EU
Authors: Suškevičs Monika 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTLegitimacy is one critical aspect of effective biodiversity governance. However, multi‐level governance contexts can pose several challenges to achieving legitimate governance solutions. This paper reviews some legitimacy challenges in multi‐level governance contexts, and analyzes eleven biodiversity governance case studies from different EU countries in the light of these challenges. Four legitimacy criteria – rule compatibility, accountability, inclusion, and transparency – serve as a framework for the theoretical review and for the empirical analysis. The results indicate that several legitimacy challenges can be observed in the cases: specifically the poor inclusion of relevant concerns in certain phases of decision‐making processes; difficulties in being simultaneously accountable to parties representing different governance levels; or the weak visibility of the decision‐making process either to the general public or to the immediate participants. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis and Characterization of fac‐Re(CO)3‐aspartic‐N‐monoacetic Acid: Structural Analogue of a Potential Renal Tracer, fac‐99mTc(CO)3(ASMA)
Authors: Klenc Jeffrey , Lipowska Malgorzata , Taylor Andrew T. , Marzilli Luigi G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe reaction of an aminopolycarboxylate ligand, aspartic‐N‐monoacetic acid (ASMA), with [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ was examined. The tridentate coordination of ASMA to this ReI(CO)3 precursor yielded fac‐Re(CO)3(ASMA) as a mixture of diastereomers. The chemistry is analogous to that of the TcI(CO)3 complex, which yields fac‐99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) under similar conditions. The formation, structure, and isomerization of fac‐Re(CO)3(ASMA) products were characterized by HPLC, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography. The two major fac‐Re(CO)3(ASMA) diastereomeric products each have a linear ONO coordination mode with two adjacent five‐membered chelate rings, but they differ in the endo or exo orientation of the uncoordinated acetate group, in agreement with expectations based on previous studies. Conditions have been identified for the expedient isomerization of fac‐Re(CO)3(ASMA) to a mixture consisting primarily of one major product. Because different isomeric species typically have different pharmacokinetic characteristics, these conditions may prove useful for the practical isolation of a single 99mTc(CO)3(ASMA) species, thus allowing the isolation of the isomer that has optimal imaging and pharmacokinetic characteristics. This information will aid in the design of future 99mTc radiopharmaceuticals.
Evolution of a Synthetic Strategy for the Variecolortides
Authors: Kuttruff Christian A. , Mayer Peter , Trauner Dirk 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe variecolortides are a family of unusual natural products that combine motifs from a variety of biosynthetic streams. Herein, we present the gradual evolution of a convergent synthetic strategy that ultimately culminated in a reaction cascade featuring a hydrogen shift and a cycloaddition followed by a spontaneous air oxidation. Attempts to link an anthrone building block with an exo‐methylene diketopiperazine using radical chemistry were ultimately unsuccessful, but led to interesting observations that shaped our successful strategy. The total synthesis of variecolortide C is presented for the first time.
Developing a new stream metric for comparing stream function using a bank–floodplain sediment budget: a case study of three Piedmont streams
Authors: Schenk Edward R. , Hupp Cliff R. , Gellis Allen , Noe Greg 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTA bank and floodplain sediment budget was created for three Piedmont streams tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. The watersheds of each stream varied in land use from urban (Difficult Run) to urbanizing (Little Conestoga Creek) to agricultural (Linganore Creek). The purpose of the study was to determine the relation between geomorphic parameters and sediment dynamics and to develop a floodplain trapping metric for comparing streams with variable characteristics. Net site sediment budgets were best explained by gradient at Difficult Run, floodplain width at Little Conestoga Creek, and the relation of channel cross‐sectional area to floodplain width at Linganore Creek. A correlation for all streams indicated that net site sediment budget was best explained by relative floodplain width (ratio of channel width to floodplain width). A new geomorphic metric, the floodplain trapping factor, was used to compare sediment budgets between streams with differing suspended sediment yields. Site sediment budgets were normalized by floodplain area and divided by the stream's sediment yield to provide a unitless measure of floodplain sediment trapping. A floodplain trapping factor represents the amount of upland sediment that a particular floodplain site can trap (e.g. a factor of 5 would indicate that a particular floodplain site traps the equivalent of 5 times that area in upland erosional source area). Using this factor we determined that Linganore Creek had the highest gross and net (floodplain deposition minus bank erosion) floodplain trapping factor (107 and 46, respectively) that Difficult Run the lowest gross floodplain trapping factor (29) and Little Conestoga Creek had the lowest net floodplain trapping factor (–14, indicating that study sites were net contributors to the suspended sediment load). The trapping factor is a robust metric for comparing three streams of varied watershed and geomorphic character, it promises to be a useful tool for future stream assessments. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Using body sensor networks for motion detection: a cluster‐based approach for green radio
Authors: Lan Kun‐chan , Chou Chien‐Ming , Wang Tzu‐nung , Li Mei‐Wen 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTBody sensor networks (BSN) are an emerging application that places sensors on the human body. Given that a BSN is typically powered by a battery, one of the most critical challenges is how to prolong the lifetime of all sensor nodes. In addition, there is an increased interest in ‘green radio’ networks that aim to reduce the energy consumption for wireless communications to cut emissions of CO 2. Recently, using clusters to reduce the energy consumption of BSN has shown promising results. One of the important parameters in these cluster‐based algorithms is the selection of cluster heads. Most prior works selected cluster heads either probabilistically or on the basis of nodes’ residual energy. In this work, we first discuss the efficiency of cluster‐based approaches for saving energy. We then propose a novel cluster head selection algorithm to maximise the lifetime of a BSN for motion detection. Our results show that we can achieve above 90% accuracy for the motion detection, while keeping energy consumption as low as possible. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of soft‐coded and hard‐coded relaying
Authors: Molu Mehdi M. , Goertz Norbert 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACT‘Amplify and forward’ and ‘decode and forward’ are two main relaying functions that have been proposed since the advent of cooperative communications. ‘Soft decode and forward’ is a recently introduced relaying principle that employs a soft‐input, soft‐output (SISO) Bahl–Cocke–Jelinek–Raviv (BCJR) encoder in the relay; the intention is to combine the benefits of the classical two relaying algorithms. To compare the performance of a SISO BCJR encoder with a conventional hard convolutional encoder, we establish a suitable framework of two cooperative scenarios employing soft and hard coding in the relay. A novel approach, the mutual information loss due to data processing, is proposed for analysis. We also introduce a new approach to estimate the bit error rate and the equivalent channel signal‐to‐noise ratio for the relaying techniques considered in the paper, involving both the hard and soft encoders. The results reveal new aspects of soft/hard encoding, and we discuss the usefulness of SISO BCJR encoding compared with conventional hard encoding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dementia care costs and outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Knapp Martin , Iemmi Valentina , Romeo Renee 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveWe reviewed evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of prevention, care and treatment strategies in relation to dementia.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of available literature on economic evaluations of dementia care, searching key databases and websites in medicine, social care and economics. Literature reviews were privileged, and other study designs were included only to fill gaps in the evidence base. Narrative analysis was used to synthesise the results.ResultsWe identified 56 literature reviews and 29 single studies offering economic evidence on dementia care. There is more cost‐effectiveness evidence on pharmacological therapies than other interventions. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for mild‐to‐moderate disease and memantine for moderate‐to‐severe disease were found to be cost‐effective. Regarding non‐pharmacological treatments, cognitive stimulation therapy, tailored activity programme and occupational therapy were found to be more cost‐effective than usual care. There was some evidence to suggest that respite care in day settings and psychosocial interventions for carers could be cost‐effective. Coordinated care management and personal budgets held by carers have also demonstrated cost‐effectiveness in some studies.ConclusionFive barriers to achieving better value for money in dementia care were identified: the scarcity and low methodological quality of available studies, the difficulty of generalising from available evidence, the narrowness of cost measures, a reluctance to implement evidence and the poor coordination of health and social care provision and financing. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telomerase‐specific oncolytic adenoviral therapy for orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma in HBx transgenic mice
Authors: Lin Wei‐Hsiang , Yeh Shiou‐Hwei , Yang Wan‐Jen , Yeh Kun‐Huei , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi , Nii Aisuke , Chang Stanley Shi‐Chung , Chen Pei‐Jer 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe telomerase‐specific replication‐competent oncolytic adenovirus, Telomelysin, was developed for virus‐mediated preferential lysis of tumor cells. Its selectivity is derived from a human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter‐driven active viral replication, which occurs in cancer cells with high telomerase activity but not in normal cells lacking such activity. Because the TERT activity is elevated in most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the current study aims to investigate whether Telomelysin can be used for treatment of HCC. The oncolytic effect of Telomelysin has been investigated both in vitro using cell culture and in vivo using an immunocompetent in situ orthotopic HCC model. In this model, HCC developed spontaneously in the liver of HBx transgenic mice, which is pathologically and genetically similar to human HCC. In cell culture assay, Telomelysin lyses HCC cell lines at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), ranging 0.77–6.35 (MOI [PFU/cell]). In the orthotopic HCC model, Telomelysin showed a potent oncolytic effect on HCC but spared normal liver tissue. Dose escalation analysis identified a safety dose of 1.25 × 108 PFU for this model. The effect of multiple injections of Telomelysin was also evaluated in this immunocompetent HCC model. We found that the virus replicates in HCC after a second intratumoral injection despite an immune response induced by the previous injection. This preclinical study shows that Telomelysin can be used for treatment of human HCC at an appropriate dosage and that its tumor‐killing activity persists after multiple injections.
Numerical analysis of electrical logging‐while‐drilling tool using propagator matrix method
Authors: Liu Guo‐Sheng , Yang Hai‐Dong 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, a propagator matrix method applied to logging‐while‐drilling tools is introduced and extended to deal with the anisotropic and radially inhomogeneous earth formations. This method expands the Maxwell's equations in the transverse direction, constructs the relationship between propagator matrix and reflection matrix, and obtains the solution by using the reflection matrix. We systematically derived the formulas of propagator matrix method in isotropic media, uniaxially anisotropic media, fully anisotropic media, and radially inhomogeneous media respectively. In order to obtain the propagator matrix in complex media, we used the fourth‐order Runge–Kutta scheme. Numerical experiments show that, compared with traditional methods, the propagator matrix method has wide range of applications while maintaining low computational costs and high accuracy. All algorithms presented in the paper have been parallelized and implemented on a high‐performance computing platform. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The study of packaging miniaturization effect on the characteristics of an active planar circuit by using the iterative method
Authors: Ziar Toufik , Zaabat Mourad , Baudrand Henri 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe aim of this manuscript is to present the application of an iterative method based on the concept of transverse wave to analyze the packaging (passive element and substrate) miniaturization effect on the characteristics of an active planar circuit structure. This approach consists in the substitution of the active element by one auxiliary source, and connection is assumed by microstrip line as passive element deposited on one unique substrate. An implementation of the presented theory is shown by extraction of S‐parameters and impedances of the active circuit using MATLAB program codes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential physiological responses to prey availability by the great egret and white Ibis
Authors: Herring Garth , Gawlik Dale E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn long‐lived species, the balance between the benefits of reproduction and the costs from reduced survival or productivity is particularly challenging in dynamic environments like wetlands, where food levels vary greatly year to year. Some wetland species exhibit changes in reproductive strategies in response to food availability but whether physiological responses function in a similar manner is unclear. We compared the pre‐breeding physiological responses (fecal corticosterone [FCORT], heat shock protein 60 [HSP60], and mass) of 2 species of wading birds with contrasting foraging strategies (great egret [Ardea alba], an exploiter, and white ibis [Eudocimus albus], a searcher) during years with contrasting levels of prey availability. Both species were in good physiological condition, with low levels of HSP60 and FCORT, during a year with high prey availability (2006). In a contrasting year with lesser prey availability (2007), HSP60 and FCORT concentrations indicated that ibis physiological condition was reduced, whereas egrets showed little change. Egrets and male ibis increased body mass, whereas female ibis decreased mass, in the year with low prey availability. Although poorly understood, we hypothesize that the differential response between female ibis and the others is associated with differential investment strategies based on long‐term costs of reproduction. Model results identified prey availability and the 2‐week water recession rate as the primary habitat variables that were associated with the physiological condition of white ibises, whereas great egret physiological condition was influenced mostly by 2‐week water recession rate. Our results support the hypothesis that prey availability and hydrological factors play crucial roles in regulating populations of wading birds in the Florida Everglades. The results of this study show a more complete pathway by which hydrologic patterns affect wading birds, and it suggests that ibis are more sensitive to habitat conditions than are egrets. This information can be used to refine species models designed to evaluate water management scenarios and will improve our ability to manage and restore wetland ecosystems © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
The boundary value problems for the scalar Oseen equation
Authors: Medkova Dagmar , Skopin Emma , Varnhorn Werner 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe scalar Oseen equation represents a linearized form of the Navier Stokes equations, well‐known in hydrodynamics. In the present paper we develop an explicit potential theory for this equation and solve the interior and exterior Oseen Dirichlet and Oseen Neumann boundary value problems via a boundary integral equation method in spaces of continuous functions on a C2‐boundary, extending the classical approach for the isotropic selfadjoint Laplace operator to the anisotropic non‐selfadjoint scalar Oseen operator. It turns out that the solution to all boundary value problems can be presented by boundary potentials with source densities constructed as uniquely determined solutions of boundary integral equations.
Controlled ROP of β‐Butyrolactone Simply Mediated by Amidine, Guanidine, and Phosphazene Organocatalysts
Authors: Jaffredo Cédric G. , Carpentier Jean‐François , Guillaume Sophie M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBasic organocatalysts of the guanidine (1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene, TBD), amidine (1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]‐undec‐7‐ene, DBU), and phosphazene (2‐tert‐butylimino‐2‐diethylamino‐1,3‐dimethylperhydro‐1,3,2diazaphosphorine, BEMP) type do effectively polymerize β‐butyrolactone (BL). Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)s (PHBs) with controlled molecular features, that is, controlled molar masses, narrow molar mass distributions, and well‐defined functional end groups are thus formed at 60 °C from bulk monomer, with $ \overline{M}_{\rm n,NMR}$ up to 21 500 g mol−1. The formation of α,ω‐guanidine/amidine/phosphazene,crotonate functionalized PHBs, as demonstrated by NMR, SEC, and MALDI–ToF mass spectrometry analyses, mechanistically suggests the formation of N‐acyl‐α,β‐unsaturated propagating species that originate from 1:1 guanidine/amidine/phosphazene:BL adducts.
Age at onset and symptom spread in primary adult‐onset blepharospasm and cervical dystonia
Authors: Martino Davide , Berardelli Alfredo , Abbruzzese Giovanni , Bentivoglio Anna Rita , Esposito Marcello , Fabbrini Giovanni , Guidubaldi Arianna , Girlanda Paolo , Liguori Rocco , Marinelli Lucio , Morgante Francesca , Santoro Lucio , Defazio Giovanni 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground:The site of dystonia onset is known to affect the risk of spread in primary adult‐onset focal dystonia, but other factors possibly influencing spread are unknown. This study explored the relationship between age and spread of dystonia in primary adult‐onset focal dystonia.Methods:Two survival models analyzed spread of dystonia in a large cohort of patients with primary blepharospasm (BSP) and cervical dystonia. The first model was based on time interval between onset and spread of dystonia, and the second model was based on age at spread.Results:Patients presenting with BSP had a 2‐fold higher rate of spread than those presenting with cervical dystonia, regardless of the survival model used. However, survival analysis, based on age at spread, showed that spread develops at a similar age period in both groups, with most spread events occurring after the age of 50.Conclusions:The convergent age of spread in BSP and cervical dystonia is a novel finding indicating age as a factor modulating spread of dystonia. These findings may assist in informing prognostication for patients with primary adult‐onset focal dystonia. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Are male and female responses to social phobia diagnostic criteria comparable?
Authors: Crome Erica , Baillie Andrew , Taylor Alan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFemales typically report higher social phobia levels than males in community samples, and this may be due to sex bias in assessment measures. This study aims to establish whether patterns of responding to social phobia diagnostic criteria in the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) are comparable across males and females. A subsample of participants in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (1997) reporting at least one social fear were selected (n = 1755). Analyses were conducted using a series of multi‐group confirmatory factor analyses for categorical data, with unique steps to model invariance of residual variances. Partial, but not full, invariance was established, as males and females differed in their responses to items assessing physical anxiety symptoms at low levels of social fear. Whilst these differences were statistically significant, they are likely not to affect clinical practice or rates of social phobia diagnosis. This supports differences on this measure being interpreted as genuine, and strengthens findings females are more vulnerable to social phobia than males. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.