bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manfred Mayrhofer’s Studies on Indo-Aryan and the Indo-Aryans in the Ancient Near East: A Retrospective and Outlook on Future Research
Authors: Raulwing Peter 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Around 100 years ago, the surprising discovery of linguistic traces of an older stage of the Vedic language in the ancient Near East caused an increasing amount of interest in various academic disciplines such as Indo-European linguistics, oriental studies (Assyriology), and Egyptology, among others. In default of a historical name, this language became known as “Indo-Aryan” in the ancient Near East over the course of the 20th century. Its relatively small text corpus, documented in cuneiform archives across the Eastern Mediterranean cultures, contains about two or three dozen termini technici; among them divine names, personal names, legal terms and—proportionally high in comparison to the overall number of the Indo-Aryan textual evidence—terms related to horses and chariots. The scholarly interest circled around linguistically possible Indo-Aryan influences on non-Indo-Aryan languages and cultures in the eastern Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, including Anatolia, and Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period and the New Kingdom; among them, the hypothesis of the introduction of horses and chariots into the ancient Near East. During the 1930s and 1940s political and ideological developments, especially in German-speaking countries, influenced perspectives and results of studies on Indo-Aryan in the ancient Near East by introducing non-linguistic approaches and methodologies. Manfred Mayrhofer has dedicated a significant part of his long and successful academic career to the linguistic and bibliographical research of Indo-Aryan and its reception in scholarly studies. This retrospective attempts to review specific aspects of Mayrhofer’s studies on Indo-Aryan and the Indo-Aryans in the ancient Near East and adjacent areas and to provide an outlook on further tasks and research deriving from his legacy.
Imperialism and Racial Geography in James Henry Breasted’s Ancient Times, a History of the Early World
Authors: Ambridge Lindsay J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
James Henry Breasted (1865–1935), founder of the Oriental Institute at the University of Chicago, was a prolific writer of popularizing books on the ancient Near East. This article presents a critical analysis and historical contextualization of one of his most widely read books: Ancient Times, a History of the Early World. Published as a high school textbook in 1916 and revised in 1935, it serves as a reference point from which to investigate the effects of political and cultural variables on ancient historiography. Changes between the first and second editions of the book indicate that Breasted increasingly relied on scientific vocabulary to map the geo-racial boundaries of early civilization. Combining this with a model of enlightened exploitation, Breasted constructed a vision of the ancient past that was ultimately a commentary on the socio-political conditions of his own time.
A Robust Error-Based Rain Estimation Method for Polarimetric Radar. Part II: Case Study
Authors: Pepler Acacia S. , May Peter T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRainfall estimation using polarimetric radar involves the combination of a number of estimators with differing error characteristics to optimize rainfall estimates at all rain rates. In Part I of this paper, a new technique for such combinations was proposed that weights algorithms by the inverse of their theoretical errors. In this paper, the derived algorithms are validated using the “CP2” polarimetric radar in Queensland, Australia, and a collocated rain gauge network for two heavy-rain events during November 2008 and a larger statistical analysis that is based on data from between 2007 and 2009. Use of a weighted combination of polarimetric algorithms offers some improvement over composite methods that are based on decision-tree logic, particularly at moderate to high rain rates and during severe-thunderstorm events.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Evapotranspiration and Energy Exchange over Different Land Surfaces in a Semiarid Area of China
Authors: Huizhi Liu , Jianwu Feng 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSeasonal and interannual variations of evapotranspiration (ET) and energy exchange were estimated over degraded grassland and cropland land surfaces in a semiarid region of northeastern China using the eddy covariance technique from 2003 to 2008. The peak daily ET, which occurred in August, was 1.5–4.5 mm day−1for the degraded grassland and 1.5–5.5 mm day−1for the cropland land surface. Annual cumulative ET was roughly equal to annual precipitation at both sites. However, the annual cumulative ET at the cropland site was slightly larger (about 10–30 mm) than it was at the grassland at the end of each year. More water might come from irrigation at seedtime and from the soil. With the factor analysis technique, the results revealed that the atmospheric water demand was the most important factor in the ET process on a half-hour time scale in this semiarid area. On a seasonal time scale, ET was greatly constrained by surface conductance and precipitation; on an annual time scale, ET was greatly constrained by the total amount of precipitation at both sites. The accuracy of ET estimation using the Penman–Monteith formula in this semiarid area was also discussed.
Weakly Forced Mock Walker Cells
Authors: Kuang Zhiming 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Mock Walker cells driven by weak sea surface temperature (SST) forcing are studied using planetary-scale cloud system–resolving simulations and a simplified framework that represents convection with its linear response functions and parameterizes the large-scale flow based on the gravity wave equation. For sinusoidal SST forcings of the same amplitude, as the horizontal domain size increases, the mock Walker cells strengthen substantially and shorter vertical scales in the vertical velocity profile diminish. This is explained by the fact that temperature anomalies required to sustain a vertical velocity profile of given amplitude are stronger in cases of larger horizontal and smaller vertical scales. Such temperature anomalies become significant at planetary scales so that properly accounting for the horizontal momentum balance, including convective momentum transport (CMT), becomes necessary, while a weak temperature gradient approach that neglects horizontal momentum balance is no longer adequate. The downward advection component of the CMT in particular is important for capturing a number of features of the mock Walker cells. The extent of convective organization also affects the mock Walker cell through its effects on the sensitivities of convective heating and moistening to temperature and moisture anomalies. For strongly organized convection with deep inflows, these sensitivities are consistent with a layer mode of convective overturning, instead of the parcel mode as in unorganized convection, resulting in a weaker second baroclinic component in the mock Walker cells.
Weak Pressure Gradient Approximation and Its Analytical Solutions
Authors: Romps David M. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A weak pressure gradient (WPG) approximation is introduced for parameterizing supradomain-scale (SDS) dynamics, and this method is compared to the relaxed form of the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation in the context of 3D, linearized, damped, Boussinesq equations. It is found that neither method is able to capture the two different time scales present in the full 3D equations. Nevertheless, WPG is argued to have several advantages over WTG. First, WPG correctly predicts the magnitude of the steady-state buoyancy anomalies generated by an applied heating, but WTG underestimates these buoyancy anomalies. It is conjectured that this underestimation may short-circuit the natural feedbacks between convective mass fluxes and local temperature anomalies. Second, WPG correctly predicts the adiabatic lifting of air below an initial buoyancy perturbation; WTG is unable to capture this nonlocal effect. It is hypothesized that this may be relevant to moist convection, where adiabatic lifting can reduce convective inhibition. Third, WPG agrees with the full 3D equations on the counterintuitive fact that an isolated heating applied to a column of Boussinesq fluid leads to a steady ascent with zero column-integrated buoyancy. This falsifies the premise of the relaxed form of WTG, which assumes that vertical velocity is proportional to buoyancy.
A Frictional Skeleton Model for the Madden–Julian Oscillation*
Authors: Liu Fei , Wang Bin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is a multiscale system. A skeleton model, developed by Majda and Stechmann, can capture some of planetary-scale aspects of observed features such as slow eastward propagation, nondispersive behavior, and quadrupole-vortex structure. However, the Majda–Stechmann model cannot explain the source of instability and the preferred planetary scale of the MJO. Since the MJO major convection region is leaded by its planetary boundary layer (PBL) moisture convergence, here a frictional skeleton model is built by implementing a slab PBL into the neutral skeleton model. As a skeleton model allowing the scale interaction, this model is only valid for large-scale waves. This study shows that the PBL frictional convergence provides a strong instability source for the long eastward modes, although it also destabilizes very short westward modes. For the long waves (wavenumber less than 5), the PBL Ekman pumping moistens the low troposphere to the east of the MJO convective envelope, and sets up favorable moist conditions to destabilize the MJO and favor only eastward modes. Sensitivity experiments show that a weak PBL friction will enhance the instability slightly. The sea surface temperature (SST) with a maximum at the equator also prefers the long eastward modes. These theoretical analysis results encourage further observations on the PBL regulation of mesosynoptic-scale motions, and exploration of the interaction between PBL and multiscale motions, associated with the MJO to improve the MJO simulation in general circulation models (GCMs).
An Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events
Authors: Ren Fumin , Cui Donglin , Gong Zhiqiang , Wang Yanjiao , Zou Xukai , Li Yiping , Wang Shigong , Wang Xiaoling 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
An extreme weather and climate event does not only mean that an extreme occurs at an individual point (station), but more generally it has a certain impacted area and duration, which means that it is a regional extreme event (REE). How to identify a REE is the basis for studies in this area. An objective identification technique for REE (OITREE), which is based on the model of “the string of candied fruits,” is proposed in this study. This technique consists of five steps: to select a daily index for individual points (stations), to partition natural daily abnormality belts, to distinguish the event’s temporal continuity, to establish an index system for regional events, and to judge extremity for regional events. In the index system developed specially for regional events, there are five single indices, namely extreme intensity, accumulated intensity, accumulated area, maximum impacted area and duration, as well as an integrated index and the spatial location. In this study, the proposed method was first applied to examine four types of REEs in China: heavy precipitation, drought, high temperature, and low temperature. Results show that the technique is skillful in identifying REEs, demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed method in detecting and studying of REEs and operational application.
Nonlinear, Intraseasonal Phases of the East Asian Summer Monsoon: Extraction and Analysis Using Self-Organizing Maps
Authors: Chu Jung-Eun , Hameed Saji N. , Ha Kyung-Ja 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe hypothesis that regional characteristics of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) result from the presence of nonlinear coupled features that modulate the seasonal circulation and rainfall at the intraseasonal time scale is advanced in this study. To examine this hypothesis, the authors undertake the analysis of daily EASM variability using a nonlinear multivariate data classifying algorithm known as self-organizing mapping (SOM).On the basis of various SOM node analyses, four major intraseasonal phases of the EASM are identified. The first node describes a circulation state corresponding to weak tropical and subtropical pressure systems, strong upper-level jets, weakened monsoonal winds, and cyclonic upper-level vorticity. This mode, related to large rainfall anomalies in southeast China and southern Japan, is identified as the mei-yu–baiu phase. The second node represents a distinct circulation state corresponding to a strengthened subtropical high, monsoonal winds, and anticyclonic upper-level vorticity in southeast Korea, which is identified as the changma phase. The third node is related to copious rain over Korea following changma, which we name the postchangma phase. The fourth node is situated diagonally opposite the changma mode. Because Korea experiences a dry spell associated with this SOM node, it is referred to as the dry-spell phase.The authors also demonstrate that a strong modulation of the changma and dry-spell phases on interannual time scales occurs during El Niño and La Niña years. Results imply that the key to predictability of the EASM on interannual time scales may lie with analysis and exploitation of its nonlinear characteristics.
Assessing Temporal Aliasing in Satellite-Based Surface Salinity Measurements
Authors: Vinogradova Nadya T. , Ponte Rui M. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The Aquarius/Satelite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-D (SAC-D) salinity remote sensing mission is intended to provide global mapping of sea surface salinity (SSS) fields over the next few years. Temporal and spatial averages of the satellite salinity retrievals produce monthly mean fields on 1° grids with target accuracies of 0.2 psu. One issue of relevance for the satellite-derived products is the potential for temporal aliasing of rapid fluctuations into the climate (monthly averaged) values of interest. Global daily SSS fields from a data-assimilating, eddy-resolving Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) solution are used to evaluate whether the potential aliasing error is large enough to affect the accuracy of the SSS retrievals. For comparison, salinity data collected at a few in situ stations over the tropical oceans are also used. Based on the HYCOM daily series, over many oceanic regions, a significant part of the total salinity variability is contributed by rapid fluctuations at periods aliased in the satellite retrievals. Estimates of the implicit aliasing error in monthly mean salinity estimates amount to 0.02 psu on average and &gt;0.1 psu in some coastal, tropical, western boundary current, and Arctic regions. Comparison with in situ measurements suggests that HYCOM can underestimate the effect at some locations. While local aliased variance can be significant, the estimated impact of aliasing noise on the overall Aquarius system noise is negligible on average, when combined with effects of other instrument and geophysical errors. Effects of aliased variance are strongest at the shortest periods (&lt;6 months) and become negligible at the annual period.
Partial CO2 Column-Averaged Dry-Air Mixing Ratio from Measurements by Coherent 2-μm Differential Absorption and Wind Lidar with Laser Frequency Offset Locking
Authors: Ishii Shoken , Mizutani Kohei , Baron Philippe , Iwai Hironori , Oda Ryoko , Itabe Toshikazu , Fukuoka Hirotake , Ishikawa Takayoshi , Koyama Mizuki , Tanaka Tomoaki , Morino Isamu , Uchino Osamu , Sato Atsushi , Asai Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A coherent 2-μm differential absorption and wind lidar (Co2DiaWiL) with a 2-μm single-frequency Q-switched laser with laser frequency offset locking was used for long-range CO2 measurement. The frequency stabilization of the single-frequency λ on pulsed laser was 1.0 MHz. Experimental horizontal CO2 measurement over a column range of 2.6–5.6 km and 900 shot pairs (1-min integration time) was conducted on 22 October 2009 to examine the detection sensitivity of the Co2DiaWiL. The achieved precision was less than 2.1%. The root-mean-square of the differences between the 30-min CO2 averages measured by the Co2DiaWiL and a ground-based in situ instrument was 0.9% (3.5 ppm). Experimental vertical CO2 measurements were conducted in February 2010 and January and February 2011. The partial CO2 column-averaged dry-air mixing ratios (XCO2) for an altitude between 0.4 and 1.0 km in 2010 and 2011 were 403.2 ± 4.2 and 405.6 ± 3.4 ppm, respectively. In the paper, the Co2DiaWiL results were well validated carefully against those of the airborne in situ instrument; they agreed well within the margin of error. The values of XCO2 measured in presence of cirrus clouds near the tropopause (hard target cases) show a difference of less than 4.1 ppm with the airborne measurements performed on 14 February 2010. This result demonstrates the capability of the Co2DiaWiL to measure XCO2 within a precision better than 1%.
A Velocity Dealiasing Scheme for Synthetic C-Band Data from China’s New Generation Weather Radar System (CINRAD)
Authors: He Guangxin , Li Gang , Zou Xiaolei , Ray Peter Sawin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A velocity dealiasing algorithm is developed for C-band (5-cm wavelength) Doppler radars. With the shorter wavelength, C-band radars operating in a single PRF mode have a Nyquist interval about one-half that of S-band radars. As a proxy for C-band radar data, S-band Doppler data were sampled to produce radial velocity patterns as they would have been observed by a C-band Doppler radar. This algorithm includes six modules, some of which are modifications to previously existing methods. The modules (i) remove weak signals and determine the reference radials and dealias the radial wind field with a continuity constraint, (ii) perform a bulk continuity check, (iii) perform a “box” check to provide local consistency, (iv) perform a linear consistency fit in the radial direction, (v) provide quadratic least squares fit in the azimuthal direction, and (vi) perform quadratic least squares fit for elevation angle above 6.0° only for data from typhoons. The proposed dealiasing algorithm was tested on data from four typhoons and one squall line observed in China. When compared to the dealiasing results of the synthetic C-band data by the existing Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) algorithm, it was consistently better, particularly with smaller Nyquist cointervals. The algorithm correctly dealiased 91.56% of the aliased radial velocity data in all test cases.
Rapid Intensification of a Sheared, Fast-Moving Hurricane over the Gulf Stream
Authors: Nguyen Leon T. , Molinari John 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Hurricane Irene (1999) rapidly intensified from 65 to 95 kt (~33.4 to 48.9 m s−1) in 18 h. During the rapid intensification (RI) period, the northeastward storm motion increased from 10 to 18 m s−1, the ambient southwesterly vertical wind shear increased from 6–7 to 10–13 m s −1, and the downshear tilt of the inner core vortex increased. The azimuthal wavenumber-1 asymmetric convection that developed was consistent with a superposition of shear-induced and storm motion–induced forcing for vertical motion downshear and ahead of the center. Although the diabatic heating remained strongly asymmetric, it was of sufficient intensity to dramatically increase the azimuthally averaged heating. This heating occurred almost entirely inside the radius of maximum winds, a region known to favor rapid warm core development and spinup of the vortex. It is hypothesized that asymmetric forcing from the large vertical wind shear and rapid storm motion were responsible for RI. An unanswered question is what determines whether the heating will develop within the radius of maximum winds. Extraordinarily deep cells developed in the inner core toward the end of the RI period. Rather than causing RI, these cells appeared to be an outcome of the same processes noted above.
BMP9 and BMP10 are critical for postnatal retinal vascular remodeling
Authors: Ricard Nicolas , Ciais Delphine , Levet Sandrine , Subileau Mariela , Mallet Christine , Zimmers Teresa A. , Lee Se-Jin , Bidart Marie , Feige Jean-Jacques , Bailly Sabine 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
ALK1 is a type I receptor of the TGF-β family that is involved in angiogenesis. Circulating BMP9 was identified as a specific ligand for ALK1 inducing vascular quiescence. In this work, we found that blocking BMP9 with a neutralizing antibody in newborn mice significantly increased retinal vascular density. Surprisingly, Bmp9-KO mice did not show any defect in retinal vascularization. However, injection of the extracellular domain of ALK1 impaired retinal vascularization in Bmp9-KO mice, implicating another ligand for ALK1. Interestingly, we detected a high level of circulating BMP10 in WT and Bmp9-KO pups. Further, we found that injection of a neutralizing anti-BMP10 antibody to Bmp9-KO pups reduced retinal vascular expansion and increased vascular density, whereas injection of this antibody to WT pups did not affect the retinal vasculature. These data suggested that BMP9 and BMP10 are important in postnatal vascular remodeling of the retina and that BMP10 can substitute for BMP9. In vitro stimulation of endothelial cells by BMP9 and BMP10 increased the expression of genes involved in the Notch signaling pathway (Jagged1, Dll4, Hey1, Hey2, Hes1) and decreased apelin expression, suggesting a possible cross-talk between these pathways and the BMP pathway.
Prediction of protein-protein interactions between viruses and human by an SVM model
Authors: Cui Guangyu , Fang Chao , Han Kyungsook 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background
Several computational methods have been developed to predict protein-protein interactions from amino acid sequences, but most of those methods are intended for the interactions within a species rather than for interactions across different species. Methods for predicting interactions between homogeneous proteins are not appropriate for finding those between heterogeneous proteins since they do not distinguish the interactions between proteins of the same species from those of different species.

Results
We developed a new method for representing a protein sequence of variable length in a frequency vector of fixed length, which encodes the relative frequency of three consecutive amino acids of a sequence. We built a support vector machine (SVM) model to predict human proteins that interact with virus proteins. In two types of viruses, human papillomaviruses (HPV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), our SVM model achieved an average accuracy above 80%, which is higher than that of another SVM model with a different representation scheme. Using the SVM model and Gene Ontology (GO) annotations of proteins, we predicted new interactions between virus proteins and human proteins.

Conclusions
Encoding the relative frequency of amino acid triplets of a protein sequence is a simple yet powerful representation method for predicting protein-protein interactions across different species. The representation method has several advantages: (1) it enables a prediction model to achieve a better performance than other representations, (2) it generates feature vectors of fixed length regardless of the sequence length, and (3) the same representation is applicable to different types of proteins.