bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural pathways of somatic and visceral reflexes of the external urethral sphincter in female rats
Authors: Pastelín C.F. , Juárez R. , Damaser M.S. , Cruz Y. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe external urethral sphincter (EUS) plays a crucial role in maintaining urinary continence. The activity of the EUS is modulated by bladder and urethra sensory neurons. However, a complete understanding of the somatic or visceral sources that modulate the EUS is lacking. The aims of the present study were to characterize the response of the EUS to perineal skin, genital, rectal, and urethral mechanical stimulation, as well as to determine the peripheral neural pathways of the reflex. EUS reflex electromyographic activity (EMG), innervation of pelvic and perineal structures, and the anatomy of afferent and efferent nerves were determined in anesthetized female rats. The EUS responds to cutaneous as well as genital and rectal stimuli. However, the EUS EMG response is significantly larger when induced by genital stimulation. The dorsal nerve of the clitoris and the cavernous nerve both innervate the distal urethra and the distal vagina, as well as the clitoris and perigenital skin and are the main afferent pathways for the genito‐sphincteric reflex. Efferent axons travel through the pudendal nerve and the lumbosacral trunk and converge in the motor branch of the lumbosacral plexus, which innervates the EUS. Because the nerves are located on the vaginal walls, they are susceptible to damage during childbirth. Physiology and anatomy of the different neural pathways that regulate EUS activity are important to consider when inducing nerve damage to create models of urinary incontinence. J. Comp. Neurol., 520:3120–3134, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DIN EN 1996‐1‐2 und NA – heiße Bemessung nach EC 6
Authors: Hahn Christiane 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDer Entwurf (“Gelbdruck“) des deutschen NA zu DIN EN 1996‐1‐2 ist im April 2012 veröffentlicht worden. Die Regelungsinhalte werden brandaktuell unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse der Einspruchssitzung Anfang Juli d. J. vorgestellt.DIN EN 1996‐1‐2 and NA – Structural Fire Design according to EC 6. The draft (“Yellowprint”) of the German NA to DIN EN 1996‐1‐2 was published in April 2012. The enclosed rules are late‐breaking presented by considering the results of the meeting discursing objections in July this year.
DIN 4102‐4 – Restnorm‐Regelungen für Mauerwerk
Authors: Hahn Christiane 
Published: August 2012

AbstractDer Entwurf (“Gelbdruck“) zur Restnorm DIN 4102‐4 erscheint voraussichtlich im September 2012. Im Beitrag wird der Regelungsinhalt für Mauerwerk der Fachöffentlichkeit zur Diskussion vorgestellt.DIN 4102‐4 – Residual Regulations for Masonry. The draft (“Yellowprint”) to the residual standard will be published as planned in September 2012. In this article the rules for masonry are presented for a discussion in the expert public.
Optical Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis for Biodosimetry and Monitoring of Radiation Injury to the Skin
Authors: Levitskaia Tatiana G. , Bryan Samuel A. , Creim Jeffrey A. , Curry Terry L. , Luders Teresa , Thrall Karla D. , Peterson James M. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing
Postmarketing Phase IV

In the event of an intentional or accidental release of ionizing radiation in a densely populated area, timely assessment and triage of the general population for radiation exposure is critical. In particular, a significant number of victims may sustain cutaneous radiation injury, which increases mortality and worsens the overall prognosis of victims from radiation trauma. Diagnosis of cutaneous radiation injury is challenging, and established methods largely rely on visual manifestations, presence of skin contamination, and a high degree of event recall by the victim. Availability of a high‐throughput noninvasive in vivo biodosimetry tool for assessing the radiation exposure of skin is of particular importance for timely diagnosis of cutaneous injury. In this report, we describe the potential of optical reflectance spectroscopy in evaluating radiation injury to skin. This approach is technically attractive because optical spectroscopy relies on well‐established and routinely used instrumentation and methods for various applications, one example being pulse oximetry, which uses selected wavelengths for the quantification of blood oxygenation. Our method relies on a broad spectral region ranging from locally absorbed, shallow‐penetrating ultraviolet and visible wavelengths (200–800 nm) to more deeply penetrating near‐infrared light (800–2500 nm), allowing the monitoring of multiple physiological changes in skin upon irradiation. Chemometrics is a multivariate data treatment technique that allows information from entire spectral regions to be used to generate predictive regression models. Herein we demonstrate that a simple spectroscopic method, such as optical reflectance spectroscopy, in combination with multivariate data analysis, promises rapid and noninvasive in vivo diagnosis and monitoring of cutaneous radiation exposure. Moreover, our data show that this approach accurately predicts the dose and time of exposure in a rodent model.
Synthesis and Myorelaxant Activity of Fused 1,4‐Dihydropyridines on Isolated Rabbit Gastric Fundus
Authors: Şafak Cihat , Gündüz Miyase Gözde , İlhan Sevil Özger , Şimşek Rahime , İşli Fatma , Yıldırım Şeniz , Fincan Gökçe Sevim Öztürk , Sarıoğlu Yusuf , Linden Anthony 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Preclinical Research

In the present study, 25 novel condensed 1,4‐dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives bearing cyclopentane, cyclohexane, or tetrahydrothiopene ring with a bulky and lipophilic moiety (3‐pyridylmethyl) in the ester group were synthesized via a modified Hantzsch reaction, and their calcium channel modulator activities were assayed on isolated rabbit gastric fundus smooth muscle strips. To evaluate the myorelaxant effects of the compounds, the maximum relaxant response (Emax) and pD
2 values were calculated. The results indicated that all compounds produced concentration‐dependent relaxation and the introduction of five‐ or six‐membered rings to the DHP nucleus and 3‐pyridiylmethyl moiety to the ester group led to potent calcium antagonists.
N–N‐Coupled Indolo‐sesquiterpene Atropo‐Diastereomers from a Marine‐Derived Actinomycete
Authors: Zhang Qingbo , Mándi Attila , Li Sumei , Chen Yuchan , Zhang Wenjun , Tian Xinpeng , Zhang Haibo , Li Huixian , Zhang Weimin , Zhang Si , Ju Jianhua , Kurtán Tibor , Zhang Changsheng 
Published: August 2012

AbstractFour new indolo‐sesquiterpenes – dixiamycins A (1) and B (2), oxiamycin (3), and chloroxiamycin (4) – were isolated from a marine‐derived Actinomycete and characterized, together with the known compound xiamycin A (5). Dixiamycins A (1) and B (2) are the first examples of atropisomerism of naturally occurring N‐N‐coupled atropo‐diastereomers, with a dimeric indolo‐sesquiterpene skeleton and a stereogenic N‐N axis between sp3‐hybridized nitrogen atoms. Solution TDDFT ECD calculations were utilized to ascertain the axial chirality of 1 and 2, and rotational barriers and transitions states of the inversion were calculated. Oxiamycin (3) contains a seven‐membered 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydrooxepine ring. The two dimeric compounds 1 and 2 showed better antibacterial activities than the monomers 3–5.
A demonstration of the importance of bedload transport for fluvial bedrock erosion and knickpoint propagation
Authors: Cook Kristen L. , Turowski Jens M. , Hovius Niels 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWe provide field evidence for the role of bedload in driving fluvial incision and knickpoint propagation. Using aerial photographs, field surveys, and hydrological data, we constrain the incision history of a bedrock gorge 1200 m long and up to 20 m deep cut by Da'an River in western Taiwan. This reach of the river experienced 10 m of uplift during the 1999 Chi‐Chi earthquake. For five years following the earthquake, bedload was prevented from entering the uplift zone, the knickpoint was static and little incision took place. Bedload transport across the uplift zone resumed in 2004, initiating extremely rapid incision, with 620 m of knickpoint propagation and up to 20 m of downcutting by 2008. This change highlights the relative inefficiency of suspended sediment and the dominant role of bedload as a tool for fluvial erosion and knickpoint propagation. Once bedload tools became available, knickpoint propagation was influenced by geological structure, lithology, and drainage organization. In particular, a change in dip of the sandstone beds at the site caused a decrease of knickpoint propagation velocity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporary glacigenic inputs to the dust cycle
Authors: Bullard Joanna E. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe importance of glacigenic dust in the Earth's system during glacial periods is widely acknowledged. Under contemporary conditions, the world's largest dust sources are in low‐lying, hot, arid regions and this is where most aeolian research is focused. However the processes of dust production and emissions are still operating in cold climate regions, particularly in proglacial areas. This paper assesses current understanding of the relationship between glacierised landscapes and dust emissions and inputs to the global dust cycle. It focuses on how elements in the glacial and aeolian geomorphic sub‐systems interact to determine the magnitude, frequency and timing of aeolian dust emissions, and on feedback mechanisms between the systems. Where they have been measured, dust emission intensity and deposition rates in glacierised catchments are very high, in some cases far exceeding those in lower latitudes, however, few studies span long time scales. The impact of future glacier retreat on the balance between sediment supply, availability and aeolian transport capacity and implications for glacigenic dust emissions is also considered. This balance depends on relative spatial and temporal changes in meltwater suspended sediment concentration and wind strengths, which promote dust emissions, and patterns and rates of soil development and vegetation succession on recently‐deglaciated terrain which protect sediments from deflation. Retreat of the Antarctic ice sheet could mean that in future glacigenic contributions to the dust cycle exceed those of non‐glacigenic sources in the southern hemisphere. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diorganotin(IV) complexes of polyaromatic azo‐azomethine ligand derived from salicylaldehyde and ortho‐aminophenol: Synthesis, characterization, and molecular structures
Authors: Basu Smita , Masharing Cheerfulman , Das Babulal 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe diorganotin(IV) complexes of methyl 2‐{4‐hydroxy‐3‐[(2‐hydroxy‐phenylimino)‐methyl]‐phenylazo}‐benzoate (H2L) were obtained by the reaction of ortho‐aminophenol, R2SnO (R = Me, nBu, or Ph) and methyl 2‐[(E)‐(3‐formyl‐4‐hydroxy)diazenyl]benzoate (H2PL2) in ethanol, which led to diorganotin(IV) compounds of composition [Me2SnL]2 (1), nBu2SnL (2), and Ph2SnL (3) in good yield. The 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR, IR, the mass spectrometry along with elemental analyses allowed establishing the structure of ligand (H2L) and compounds 1–3. In all the three cases, 119Sn chemical shifts are indicators of five‐coordinated Sn atoms in a solution state. The crystal structures of ligand H2L and complexes 1 and 2 were determined by a single crystal X‐ray diffraction study. In the solid state, the ligand H2L exists as a keto‐enamine tautomeric form. The molecular structure of complex 1 in the solid state shows a distorted octahedral geometry around a tin atom due to additional coordination with an oxygen atom from a neighboring molecule leading to a four‐membered ring with Sn‐O···Sn‐O intermolecular coordination, leading to a dimeric species. On the other hand, complex 2 is a monomer with trigonal bipyramidal geometry surrounding the tin atom. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:457–465, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21037
Coffee consumption and risk of gastric and pancreatic cancer—A prospective cohort study
Authors: Bidel Siamak , Hu Gang , Jousilahti Pekka , Pukkala Eero , Hakulinen Timo , Tuomilehto Jaakko 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOnly few prospective studies have examined the association between coffee consumption and risk of gastric and pancreatic cancer. This study is designed to evaluate this relationship among Finns, whose coffee consumption is the highest in the world. A total of 60,041 Finnish men and women who were 26–74 years of age and without history of any cancer at baseline were included in the present analyses. Coffee consumption and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements. Participants were prospectively followed up for onset of gastric and/or pancreatic cancer, emigration, death or until June 30, 2006. During a mean follow‐up period of 18 years, 299 cases of gastric cancer and 235 cases of pancreatic cancer were found. There was a nonsignificant inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of gastric cancer among men but not in the women. The multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratio of stomach and pancreatic cancer incidence for ≥10 cups of coffee per day compared with nondrinkers were 0.75 (95% CI, 0.40–1.41) (Pfor trend = 0.19) and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.38–1.76) (Pfor trend = 0.95) for the combined population of men and women, respectively. We did not find a significant association between coffee consumption and the risk of gastric and/or pancreatic cancers.
Infant Mental Health Intervention for Preterm Infants in Japan: Promotions of Maternal Mental Health, Mother–Infant Interactions, and Social Support by Providing Continuous Home Visits until the Corrected Infant Age of 12 Months
Authors: Cho Yukiko , Hirose Taiko , Tomita Naoko , Shirakawa Sonoko , Murase Kimiko , Komoto Keiko , Nagayoshi Michie , Okamitsu Motoko , Omori Takahide 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the Japanese Infant Mental Health Program (JIMHP) for preterm mother–infant dyads until the infants reached 12 months of corrected age. Mothers in the JIMHP group (n = 26) received one hospital visit in addition to standard care in the Growing Care Unit (GCU) and five home visits based on the principles of infant mental health (IMH) after discharge from the hospital, until the infant reached 12 months of corrected age. In contrast, mothers in the control program group (n = 40) received standard care in the GCU and three conventional home visits during the same period. The dyads were then compared across groups, revealing that the JIMHP dyads showed less maternal depressive symptoms, better maternal interaction, increased social support by medical workers and healthcare professionals, a high persistence rate for attending the program, and a more positive perception toward the program (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in the impact of parenting stress or in child development. These results are discussed in terms of their significance and the practical/clinical availability of IMH principles and the JIMHP as a new support model for preterm infants in Japan.
Predictive value of FRAX for fracture in obese older women
Authors: Premaor Melissa , Parker Richard A , Cummings Steve , Ensrud Kris , Cauley Jane A , Lui Li-Yung , Hillier Theresa , Compston Juliet ,   for the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) Research Group
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that obesity is not protective against fracture in postmenopausal women and increases the risk of fracture at some sites. Risk factors for fracture in obese women may differ from those in the nonobese. We aimed to compare the ability of FRAX with and without bone mineral density (BMD) to predict fractures in obese and nonobese older postmenopausal women who were participants in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Data for FRAX clinical risk factors and femoral neck BMD were available in 6049 women, of whom 18.5% were obese. Hip fractures, major osteoporotic fractures, and any clinical fractures were ascertained during a mean follow-up period of 9.03 years. Receiving operator curve (ROC) analysis, model calibration, and decision curve analysis were used to compare fracture prediction in obese and nonobese women. ROC analysis revealed no significant differences between obese and nonobese women in fracture prediction by FRAX, with or without BMD. Predicted hip fracture risk was lower than observed risk in both groups of women, particularly when FRAX + BMD was used, but there was good calibration for FRAX + BMD in prediction of major osteoporotic fracture in both groups. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that both FRAX models were useful for hip fracture prediction in obese and nonobese women for threshold 10-year fracture probabilities in the range of 4% to 10%, although in obese women FRAX + BMD was superior to FRAX alone. For major osteoporotic fracture, both FRAX models were useful in both groups of women for threshold probabilities in the range of 10% to 30%. For all clinical fractures, the FRAX models were not useful at threshold probabilities below 30%. We conclude that FRAX is of value in predicting hip and major osteoporotic fractures in obese postmenopausal women, particularly when used with BMD. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Protective effects of thymol on altered plasma lipid peroxidation and nonenzymic antioxidants in isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarcted rats
Authors: Nagoor Meeran Mohamed Fizur , Stanely Mainzen Prince Ponnian 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study evaluates the protective effects of thymol on altered plasma lipid peroxidation products and nonenzymic antioxidants in isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced myocardial infarcted rats. Male albino Wistar rats were pre and cotreated with thymol (7.5 mg/kg body weight) daily for 7 days. ISO (100 mg/kg body weight) was subcutaneously injected into rats on 6th and 7th day to induce myocardial infarction (MI). Increased activity/levels of serum creatine kinase‐MB (CK‐MB), plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides, and conjugated dienes with decreased levels of plasma reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, and vitamin E were observed in ISO‐induced myocardial infarcted rats. Pre and cotreatment with thymol (7.5 mg/kg body weight) showed normalized activity of serum CK‐MB and near normalized levels of plasma lipid peroxidation products, reduced GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E in myocardial infarcted rats. Furthermore, the in vitro study on reducing power of thymol confirmed its potent antioxidant action. Thus, thymol protects ISO‐induced MI in rats by its antilipid peroxidation and antioxidant properties. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:368–373, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21431
Peer‐comparison overconfidence: Does it measure bias in self‐evaluation?
Authors: Bi Yan‐Ling , Du Xue‐Lei , Li Shu 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOverconfidence is generally regarded as one of the most robust findings in the psychology of judgment. A precise method for evaluating overconfidence is essential if researchers are to validate these findings. Although peer‐comparison questions are a convenient tool for measuring overconfidence, their validity has been questioned. We employed a specific paradigm to verify the validity, and the respondents were asked to predict a verifiable future event in a real‐world setting that allowed empirical checking and comparison between the actual result and the prediction. Studies 1 and 2 found that the actual percentile of overconfidence could be accurately predicted using our initial calculation of participants’ peer‐comparison overconfidence in answering questions about academic performance. Study 3 found a similar effect when using questions related to job hunting. All studies indicated that peer‐comparison questions are valid for measuring bias in self‐evaluation. Thus, future studies could employ peer‐comparison questions to investigate the domain specificity versus the domain generality of overconfidence.
Pathways to hostile collective action: The roles of general attitudes toward the advantaged group and situational anger
Authors: Zhou Jie , Wang Erping 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCollective action is a group behavior that aims to improve the status, power, or influence of an entire group. The present study focused on hostile collective action performed for releasing negative emotions, and explored a pathway including the roles of general attitudes toward the advantaged group and situational group‐based anger in predicting the disadvantaged groups’ hostile collective action. Group‐level data were collected via a laboratory experiment. The results obtained using multiple regression analysis suggested that general attitudes toward the advantaged group formed before the trigger event predicted hostile collective action indirectly through the mediating effects of situational group‐based anger and collective action tendencies, which were both produced after that trigger event. In addition, situational group‐based anger predicted hostile collective action fully through collective action tendencies. These pathways provided a continuous process of hostile collective action in which general attitudes toward the advantaged group that were formed before the trigger events would influence situational group‐based anger when the trigger events occurred, and then affected hostile collective action for responding to these events. Thus, hostile collective action could be predicted before the trigger events by monitoring the disadvantaged groups’ attitudes toward the advantaged group. Moreover, reducing destructive collective action by improving intergroup attitudes through some effective interventions was discussed in this study.
Defect engineering for modern power devices
Authors: Job Reinhart , Laven Johannes G. , Niedernostheide Franz‐Josef , Schulze Hans‐Joachim , Schulze Holger , Schustereder Werner 
Published: August 2012

AbstractRadiation‐induced defects are a common tool in the manufacturing of modern power semiconductor devices. Hydrogen‐related doping is a feasible method to introduce deep doping profiles with a low thermal budget. The hydrogen‐related donors (HDs) require radiation damage and hydrogen, which can be induced by different methods, e.g., proton implantation, helium and proton co‐implantation, or an implantation followed by a hydrogen‐plasma step. The choice of these methods significantly affects the introduction efficiency of the donors and the necessary post‐implantation thermal budget. By controlling the hydrogen‐to‐damage ratio, the manufacturing process of the HD profiles may be moved on a trade‐off between the activation efficiency and the necessary thermal budget. A low hydrogen‐to‐damage ratio leads to an increased activation of the HDs, whereas a high hydrogen‐to‐damage ratio reduces the necessary diffusion time of the hydrogen during the post‐implantation anneal. For the technical usage of hydrogen‐related doping, knowledge of an efficient process window is desirable. In this paper, we consider proton implantation, helium and proton co‐implantation, and a proton implantation followed by a hydrogen‐plasma step as different introduction methods of HD profiles with regard to the activation efficiency of the HDs and the necessary thermal budget.