bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RECENT HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SEXUALITY IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY GERMANY
Authors: FENEMORE MARK 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis article sets out to explore the extent and to test the limits of the history of sexuality in twentieth-century Germany. It examines the ways in which sexuality can be explored from above and below. Drawing on medical-legal definitions of sexuality, feminist debates about sexuality, the science of sexology, and advice literature, the article sets out the state of debate together with ways that it might develop in the future. Arguing in favour of a milieu-specific history of sexuality, it suggests ways that the study of youth cultures and teenage magazines together with everyday, oral history and biographical approaches might help to arrive at this. It then goes on to chart new approaches, particularly with regard to sexuality in the Third Reich, and suggests ways that these reshape our understanding of sexuality in post-war Germany, East and West. Arguing against a reductive emphasis on a society being either ‘pro-’ or ‘anti-sex’ and calling for a clearer definition of what is meant by ‘sexual liberalization’, the article points to a more multi-layered and contradictory understanding of sexuality, which is still in the process of being written.
BIGAMOUS MARRIAGE IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND
Authors: CAPP BERNARD 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThough divorce followed by remarriage was illegal in early modern England, a considerable number of people whose marriage had failed or whose spouse had deserted ventured to marry again, either uncertain of the law or choosing to defy it. Bigamy, traditionally a spiritual offence, came to be seen as a significant social problem and was made a felony in 1604. Drawing on ecclesiastical and secular court records and a variety of other sources, this article examines the legal framework, offers a typology of bigamists, and explores the circumstances surrounding their actions. It finds that offenders, predominantly male, ranged from the unlucky or feckless to the cynically manipulative, among them a small number of serial bigamists. It also asks how such offences might come to light in an age of relatively poor communications, and examines the plight of those who had married a bigamist in good faith. Finally it examines the likelihood of conviction, and the punishment of those who confessed or were convicted.
LABOUR'S BRITAIN, FIGHT FOR IT NOW!
Authors: BEERS LAURA 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThis article argues for the central role of publicity and propaganda in the Labour party's 1945 landslide election victory. While the ‘swing to the left’ in the first years of the war provided an opportunity for Labour, popular radicalism did not automatically translate into support for the party. The following discussion shows how the national party leadership made use of the BBC, print media, and visual propaganda to associate itself in the popular mind with the successes of the coalition government and the promises of the Beveridge report. While the Conservatives' propaganda machinery fell into abeyance during the war, Labour deftly exploited new means of mass communication which had grown up during the interwar period to build a broad national constituency in favour of its return to power. In order properly to understand the link between ‘high politics’ and popular opinion, political historians need to consider not only the languages through which elite policies were translated and communicated to the public, but also the media of communication. This article argues that, contrary to common perceptions, Labour was successful in 1945 in part because of its ability to embrace and exploit the new mass media to its political advantage.
On the frequency of partial quotients of regular continued fractions
Authors: FAN AI-HUA , LIAO LINGMIN , MA JI-HUA 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe consider sets of real numbers in [0, 1) with prescribed frequencies of partial quotients in their regular continued fraction expansions. It is shown that the Hausdorff dimensions of these sets, always bounded from below by 1/2, are given by a modified variational principle.
Predictors and consequences of anaemia among antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children in Tanzania
Authors: Chatterjee Anirban , Bosch Ronald J , Kupka Roland , Hunter David J , Msamanga Gernard I , Fawzi Wafaie W 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectivePredictors and consequences of childhood anaemia in settings with high HIV prevalence are not well known. The aims of the present study were to identify maternal and child predictors of anaemia among children born to HIV-infected women and to study the association between childhood anaemia and mortality.DesignProspective cohort study. Maternal characteristics during pregnancy and Hb measurements at 3-month intervals from birth were available for children. Information was also collected on malaria and HIV infection in the children, who were followed up for survival status until 24 months after birth.SettingDar es Salaam, Tanzania.SubjectsThe study sample consisted of 829 children born to HIV-positive women.ResultsAdvanced maternal clinical HIV disease (relative risk (RR) for stage ≥2v. stage 1: 1·31, 95 % CI 1·14, 1·51) and low CD4 cell counts during pregnancy (RR for <350 cells/mm3v. ≥350 cells/mm3: 1·58, 95 % CI 1·05, 2·37) were associated with increased risk of anaemia among children. Birth weight <2500 g, preterm birth (<34 weeks), malaria parasitaemia and HIV infection in the children also increased the risk of anaemia. Fe-deficiency anaemia in children was an independent predictor of mortality in the first two years of life (hazard ratio 1·99, 95 % CI 1·06, 3·72).ConclusionsComprehensive care including highly active antiretroviral therapy to eligible HIV-infected women during pregnancy could reduce the burden of anaemia in children. Programmes for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and antimalarial treatment to children could improve child survival in settings with high HIV prevalence.
Vitamin D status and attitudes towards sun exposure in South Asian women living in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: von Hurst Pamela R , Stonehouse Welma , Coad Jane 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the vitamin D status of women of South Asian origin living in Auckland, New Zealand, and to investigate their attitudes and behaviours with regard to sun exposure.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingAuckland, New Zealand.SubjectsWomen of South Asian origin (n235) aged 20 years and older were tested for serum 25(OH)D, and 228 were included in these analyses. Of these, 140 completed a questionnaire about attitudes and behaviours to sun exposure, and health motivation. Exclusion criteria included high dose (>1000 IU/d) supplementation with 25(OH)D3, or any supplementation with 1,25(OH)2D3.ResultsAs serum vitamin D concentrations were not normally distributed, data are reported as median (25th, 75th percentile). Median serum 25(OH)D3was 27·5 (18·0, 41·0) nmol/l. Adequate concentrations (>50 nmol/l) were observed in only 16 % of the subjects. Concern about skin cancer and the strength of the New Zealand sun were the most prevalent reasons given for sun avoidance, with 65 % saying they did avoid the sun. However, a seasonal variation was observed, with concentrations reducing significantly (P< 0·001) from summer through to early spring by 19·5 nmol/l.ConclusionsThe results of the present study suggest that South Asian women are at high risk of hypovitaminosis D, due, in part, to deliberate sun avoidance and an indoor lifestyle, and that they are especially vulnerable in winter and spring.
CORETRACTABLE MODULES
Authors: AMINI B. , ERSHAD M. , SHARIF H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn R-module M is called coretractable if HomR(M/K,M)≠0 for any proper submodule K of M. In this paper we study coretractable modules and their endomorphism rings. It turns out that if all right R-modules are coretractable, then R is a right Kasch and (two-sided) perfect ring. However, the converse holds for commutative rings. Also, for a semi-injective coretractable module MR with S=EndR(M), we show that u.dim(SS)=corank(MR).
ESTIMATES FOR SINGULAR INTEGRALS ALONG SURFACES OF REVOLUTION
Authors: SATO SHUICHI 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe prove certain Lp estimates (1<p<∞) for nonisotropic singular integrals along surfaces of revolution. The singular integrals are defined by rough kernels. As an application we obtain Lp boundedness of the singular integrals under a sharp size condition on their kernels. We also prove a certain estimate for a trigonometric integral, which is useful in studying nonisotropic singular integrals.
A Formal Ontology of Sequences
Authors: Hoehndorf Robert , Kelso Janet , Herre Heinrich 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Sequence Ontology is an OBO Foundry ontology that provides categories of sequences and sequence features that are applied to the annotation of genomes. To facilitate interoperability with other domain ontologies and to provide a foundation for automated inference, we provide here an axiom system for the Sequence and Junction categories in first- and second-order predicate logics.
Morphology and Husbandry of the Large Milkweed Bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus
Authors: Liu Paul , Kaufman Thomas C. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe Hemiptera, or “true bugs,” are the most successful group of hemimetabolous (lacking a pupal stage) insects. The large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus fulfills many of the criteria often used when choosing a laboratory model system, including phylogenetic position, interesting character state, and practicality of care. Oncopeltus has a history of usefulness in the analysis of segmentation and cell polarity that precedes the more molecular approaches that are currently applied. This article presents an introduction to Oncopeltus as a laboratory model system.
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) In Vitro Fertilization
Authors: Khattak Shahryar , Tanaka Elly M. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONBreeding of axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) can be accomplished by natural or artificial methods. Although natural matings are a very easy way of obtaining axolotl embryos, in vitro fertilization can have other advantages. For example, through in vitro fertilization, it is possible to know the exact time of fertilization. This protocol describes preparation of a sperm suspension and in vitro fertilization of axolotl eggs after injection of females with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
Generation of Transgenic Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum): Figure 1.
Authors: Khattak Shahryar , Richter Tobias , Tanaka Elly M. 
Published: August 2009

INTRODUCTIONInjection of RNA, DNA, or morpholinos into amphibian and fish embryos is a standard technique used to test gene function during development or to make transgenic animals. The techniques used to inject axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) embryos are very similar to those used for Xenopus embryos, with a few modifications to account for the larger egg size and “softer” cytoplasm. For example, amphibian embryos must be “dejellied” prior to injection. Chemical treatments used to remove the jellycoat for Xenopus eggs are not reliable for axolotl eggs; thus, dejellying is performed manually. In addition, greater injection volumes (typically 50 nL) are used with axolotl embryos, with correspondingly larger total amounts of DNA and RNA, as compared with Xenopus. Injection of plasmid DNA into the axolotl egg results in varying frequencies of integration (depending on the plasmid DNA) within one of the first few cell divisions. The integration efficiency is significantly increased if the plasmid DNA contains SceI meganuclease sites and is coinjected with SceI meganuclease, as described in this protocol.
Test–re‐test reliability of DSM‐IV adopted criteria for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence: a cross‐national study
Authors: Cottler Linda B. , Leung Kit Sang , Abdallah Arbi Ben 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  This study evaluated the prevalence and reliability of DSM‐IV adopted criteria for 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence with a purpose to determine whether it is best conceptualized within the category of hallucinogens, amphetamines or its own category.Design  Test–re‐test study.Participants  MDMA users (life‐time use >5 times) were recruited in St Louis, Miami and Sydney (n = 593). The median life‐time MDMA consumption was 50 pills at the baseline.Measurements  The computerized Substance Abuse Module for Club Drug (CD‐SAM) was used to assess MDMA abuse and dependence. The Discrepancy Interview Protocol (DIP) was used to determine the reasons for the discrepant responses between the two interviews. Reliability of diagnoses, individual diagnostic criteria and withdrawal symptoms was examined using the kappa coefficient (κ).Findings  For baseline data, 15% and 59% met MDMA abuse and dependence, respectively. Substantial test–re‐test reliability of the diagnoses was observed consistently across cities (κ = 0.69). ‘Continued use despite knowledge of physical/psychological problems’ (87%) and ‘withdrawal’ (68%) were the two most prevalent dependence criteria. ‘Physically hazardous use’ was the most prevalent abuse criterion. Six dependence criteria and all abuse criteria were reported reliably across cities (κ: 0.53–0.77). Seventeen of 19 withdrawal symptoms showed consistency in the reliability across cities. The most commonly reported reason for discrepant responses was ‘interpretation of question changed’. Only a small proportion of the total discrepancies were attributed to lying or social desirability.Conclusion   The adopted DSM‐IV diagnostic classification for MDMA abuse and dependence was moderately reliable across cities. Findings on MDMA withdrawal support the argument that MDMA should be separated from other hallucinogens in DSM.
Expression and regulation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum necrosis and ethylene‐inducing peptides (NEPs)
Authors: DALLAL BASHI ZAFER , HEGEDUS DWAYNE D. , BUCHWALDT LONE , RIMMER S. ROGER , BORHAN MOHAMMED H. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYSuccessful host colonization by necrotrophic plant pathogens requires the induction of plant cell death to provide the nutrients needed for infection establishment and progression. We have cloned two genes encoding necrosis and ethylene‐inducing peptides from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which we named SsNep1 and SsNep2. The peptides encoded by these genes induce necrosis when expressed transiently in tobacco leaves. SsNep1 is expressed at a very low level relative to SsNep2 during infection. The expression of SsNep2 was induced by contact with solid surfaces and occurred in both the necrotic zone and at the leading margin of the infection. SsNep2 expression was dependent on calcium and cyclic adenosine monophosphate signalling, as compounds affecting these pathways reduced or abolished SsNep2 expression coincident with a partial or total loss of virulence.
The impact of intra‐operative transoesophageal echocardiography on cardiac surgical practice
Authors: Klein A. A. , Snell A. , Nashef S. A. M. , Hall R. M. O. , Kneeshaw J. D. , Arrowsmith J. E. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe use of transoesophageal echocardiography during cardiac surgery has increased dramatically and it is now widely accepted as a routine monitoring and diagnostic tool. A prospective study was carried out between September 2004 and September 2007, and included all patients in whom intra‐operative echocardiography was performed, 2 473 (44%) out of a total of 5 591 cases. Changes to surgery were subdivided into predictable (where echocardiographic examination was planned specifically to guide surgery) and unpredictable (new pathology not diagnosed pre‐operatively). A change in the planned surgical procedure was documented in 312 (15%) cases. In 216 (69%) patients the changes were predictable and in 96 (31%) they were unpredictable. The number of predictable changes increased between 2004–5 and 2006–7 (8% vs 13%, p = 0.025). In these cases, intra‐operative echocardiography was specifically requested by the surgeon to help determine the operative intervention. This has implications for consent and operative risk, which have yet to be fully determined.
The role of genetic variation in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): an original case–control study followed by systematic review and meta‐analysis of existing evidence
Authors: San‐Millán José L. , Escobar‐Morreale Héctor F. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryObjective  To study the association of polymorphisms in the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Design  Case–control study and meta‐analysis of published evidence.Patients  One hundred and sixty‐one polycystic ovary syndrome patients and 113 non‐hyperandrogenic women.Measurements  Genotyping for PPAR‐γ coactivator‐1 gene (PPARGC1A) Gly482Ser, PPAR‐α Leu162Val, PPAR‐δ rs2267668A/G, PPAR‐δ−87T/C, PPAR‐γ2 Pro12Ala and PPAR‐γ2 −681C/G variants and systematic review of the literature using the Entrez‐PubMed search engine, followed by meta‐analysis whenever possible.Results  Polycystic ovary syndrome patients carried the Gly482Ser variant in PPARGC1A more frequently than controls (72%vs. 58%, χ2 = 5·54 P = 0·019), whereas carriers of the PPAR‐α Leu162Val, PPAR‐δ rs2267668A/G, PPAR‐δ−87T/C, PPAR‐γ2 Pro12Ala and PPAR‐γ2 −681C/G variants were distributed similarly among both groups. The interaction between the PPARGC1A Gly482Ser and PPAR‐δ−87T/C variants was also associated with PCOS (OR = 1·24, 95% CI 1·05–1·50, P = 0·008). The systematic review identified 31 studies addressing associations between PPARs variants and PCOS; meta‐analysis was possible for nine studies focusing on the PPAR‐γ2 Pro12Ala variant. Although the individual studies did not reveal any statistically significant association, meta‐analysis uncovered that carrying the PPAR‐γ2 Pro12Ala variant was associated with a reduced probability of having PCOS (OR = 0·77, 95% CI 0·61–0·96, P = 0·025), and that this association may be mediated by an effect on insulin sensitivity.Conclusions  Common polymorphisms in the PPARGC1A, PPAR‐δ and PPAR‐γ2 loci are associated with PCOS.
Warming leads to higher species turnover in a coastal ecosystem
Authors: HILLEBRAND HELMUT , SOININEN JANNE , SNOEIJS PAULINE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe responses of ecological communities and ecosystems to increased rates of environmental change will be strongly influenced by variation in the diversity of community composition. Yet, our understanding of how diversity is affected by rising temperatures is inconclusive and mainly based on indirect evidence or short‐term experiments. In our study, we analyse the diversity and species turnover of benthic epilithic communities within the thermal flume of a nuclear power plant at the Swedish coast. This flume covers the range of predicted future temperature rises. Species composition was significantly different between control sites and sites with higher temperatures. We found that temperature had little effect on the number of species in three functional groups (macroinvertebrates, benthic diatoms, and macrophytes, which here comprise multicellular algae and macroscopic colonies of unicellular algae and cyanobacteria), neither at single sampling dates nor summed for the entire observation year. However, species turnover significantly increased with increasing temperature for diatoms, macrophytes and invertebrates. Different temperature regimes resulted in significantly different species composition and indicator species. Thus, increasing temperatures in the thermal flume increased temporal beta‐diversity and decreased compositional stability of communities, although observed richness did not change at any point in time. We highlight the need to investigate the consequences of such declines in compositional stability for functional stability of ecosystem processes.
Bacterial lipopeptide triggers massive albuminuria in murine lupus nephritis by activating Toll‐like receptor 2 at the glomerular filtration barrier
Authors: Pawar Rahul D. , Castrezana‐Lopez Liliana , Allam Ramanjaneyulu , Kulkarni Onkar P. , Segerer Stephan , Radomska Ewa , Meyer Tobias N. , Schwesinger Catherine‐Meyer , Akis Nese , Gröne Hermann‐Josef , Anders Hans‐Joachim 
Published: August 2009

SummaryWhat are the molecular mechanisms of bacterial infections triggering or modulating lupus nephritis? In nephritic MRLlpr/lpr mice, transient exposure to bacterial cell wall components such as lipopeptide or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased splenomegaly, the production of DNA autoantibodies, and serum interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐12 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) levels, and aggravated lupus nephritis. Remarkably, bacterial lipopeptide induced massive albuminuria in nephritic but not in non‐nephritic mice. This was associated with down‐regulation of renal nephrin mRNA and redistribution from its normal localization at foot processes to the perinuclear podocyte area in nephritic MRLlpr/lpr mice. Bacterial lipopeptide activates Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2), which we found to be expressed on cultured podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells. TNF and interferon (IFN)‐γ induced TLR2 mRNA and receptor expression in both cell types. Albumin permeability was significantly increased in cultured podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells upon stimulation by bacterial lipopeptide. LPS also induced moderate albuminuria. In summary, bacterial lipopeptide and LPS can aggravate glomerulonephritis but only lipopeptide potently induces severe albuminuria in MRLlpr/lpr mice.
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 negatively regulates anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10 for lipopolysaccharide‐induced iNOS/NO biosynthesis and RANTES production in microglial cells
Authors: Huang Wei‐Ching , Lin Yee‐Shin , Wang Chi‐Yun , Tsai Cheng‐Chieh , Tseng Hsiang‐Chi , Chen Chia‐Ling , Lu Pei‐Jung , Chen Po‐See , Qian Li , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Lin Chiou‐Feng 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe inflammatory effects of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) have been identified; however, the potential mechanism is still controversial. In this study, we investigated the effects of GSK‐3‐mediated interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation. Treatment with GSK‐3 inhibitor significantly blocked LPS‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production as well as inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in BV2 murine microglial cells and primary rat microglia‐enriched cultures. Using an antibody array and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, we found that GSK‐3‐inhibitor treatment blocked LPS‐induced upregulation of regulated on activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and increased IL‐10 expression. The time kinetics and dose–response relations were confirmed. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction showed changes on the messenger RNA level as well. Inhibiting GSK‐3 using short‐interference RNA, and transfecting cells with dominant‐negative GSK‐3β, blocked LPS‐elicited NO and RANTES expression but increased IL‐10 expression. In contrast, GSK‐3β overexpression upregulated NO and RANTES but downregulated IL‐10 in LPS‐stimulated cells. Treating cells with anti‐IL‐10 neutralizing antibodies to prevent GSK‐3 from downregulating NO and RANTES showed that the anti‐inflammatory effects are, at least in part, IL‐10‐dependent. The involvement of Akt, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and nuclear factor‐κB that positively regulated IL‐10 was demonstrated. Furthermore, inhibiting GSK‐3 increased the nuclear translocation of transcription factors, that all important for IL‐10 expression, including CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein beat (C/EBPβ), C/EBPδ, cAMP response binding element protein and NF‐κB. Taken together, these findings reveal that LPS induces iNOS/NO biosynthesis and RANTES production through a mechanism involving GSK‐3‐mediated IL‐10 downregulation.