bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroscopic Parity-Violating Effects
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe chiral anomaly phenomenon in relativistic quantum field theory can also be mapped to the angular momentum paradox in 3He-A, which has possibly a common origin with the anomaly in the spin structure of hadrons. To relate the chiral anomaly and angular momentum paradox in 3He-A, it is necessary to consider the parity effects which occur for the system of chiral fermions under rotation. This chapter discusses macroscopic parity violation, mixed axial gravitational Chern–Simons term, parity-violating current, parity-violating action in terms of gravimagnetic field, orbital angular momentum in 3He-A, and the odd current in 3He-A — sensitivity of the normal component density to the direction of rotation, which is the counterpart of the parity-violating effects in relativistic theories with chiral fermions. There is no real parity violation in 3He-A. However, a non-zero expectation value of the axial vector of the orbital angular momentum indicates a spontaneously broken reflectional symmetry, and an inner observer living in 3He-A would consider this effect as true parity violating.
Quantization Of Physical Parameters
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe dimensional reduction of the 3+1 system with Fermi points brings the anomaly to the (2+1)-dimensional systems with fully gapped fermionic spectrum. The most pronounced phenomena in these systems are related to spin and quantum statistics of the topological objects in 2+1 systems — skyrmions and to the quantisation of physical parameters, such as Hall and spin-Hall conductivity and fermionic charge. This quantization is determined by the integer valued momentum-space topological invariant expressed via the Green's function, which is discussed in Chapter 11, and demonstrates the interplay of p-space and r-space topologies. The Chern–Simons term is the r-space invariant (such as the Hopf invariant), while its prefactor is expressed in terms of p-space invariant. In general case the mixed Chern–Simons term composed of different effective gauge fields has the prefactor in terms p-space invariant supported by symmetry. Such Chern–Simons terms give rise to different types of intrinsic Hall and spin-Hall effect. The fully gapped vacua with different values of physical parameters are separated by topological quantum phase transition with gapless intermediate states.
Edge States and Fermion Zero Modes on Soliton
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter opens the part of the book devoted to fermions living in the core of topological objects. If fermions in bulk are fully gapped, then at low temperature they are frozen out, and only gapless fermions living in the low dimensional world of the core of topological object survive. This reproduces the popular idea that we live on a membrane (brane) embedded in higher-dimensional space. In this view, our 3+1 space-time spans the extended coordinates of the brane, while the other (extra) dimensions are of the order of the core size. This chapter discusses fermion zero modes — gapless fermions, which live inside solitons and domain walls separating vacua with different values of topological invariants in 2+1 and 4+1 dimensions. The index theorem is demonstrated which expresses the number of fermion zero modes at the interface via the difference of topological invariants of gapped vacua on two sides of the interface. The index theorem is derived using topology in combined (p,r) space and dimensional reduction. The fermion zero modes living at the interface embedded in 4+1 space represent chiral 3+1 fermions, which belong to universality class of Fermi point.
Spectral Flow in The Vortex Core
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere are four forces acting on a vortex moving with respect to normal and superfluid components of the liquid: three reactive forces (Magnus, Iordanskii, and Kopnin forces) and the Stokes friction force. The Iordanskii force comes from the analog of the gravitational Aharonov–Bohm effect and are discussed later in the book. The Kopnin or spectral flow force appears only in fermionic superfluids. This chapter discusses the Kopnin force acting on a singular vortex. The origin of this force is the phenomenon of chiral anomaly, but as distinct from the force acting on continuous vortex discussed in Chapter 18, the Adler–Bell–Jackiw equation for chiral anomaly is not applicable. The anomaly is now related to the spectral flow of fermion zero modes in the vortex core, which is caused by motion of the vortex with respect to the normal component. The spectral flow leads to generation of linear momentum by a vortex core, which is then transferred to the normal component. This process is similar to the generation of baryonic charge by the cores of cosmic strings and serves as the analog of Callan–Harvey mechanism of cancellation of anomalies. The temperature dependence of the spectral flow force is obtained from solution of kinetic equation for fermion zero modes. The resulting force acting on a vortex has been measured in experiments on vortex dynamics in 3He-B. Existence of two forces in addition to conventional Magnus and friction forces — Iordanskii and Kopnin forces – has been verified.
Landau Critical Velocity
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter opens the part of the book devoted to the nucleation of excitation of the vacuum — quasiparticles and topological defects. The superfluid vacuum flows with respect to environment (the container walls) without friction until the relative velocity becomes so large that the Doppler-shifted energy of excitations becomes negative in the frame of the environment, and these excitations can be created from the vacuum. The threshold velocity at which excitations of a given type acquire for the first time the negative energy is called the Landau critical velocity. In terms of the effective metric in superfluids, the region where the quasiparticle energy is negative represents the ergoregion, and in some geometry of flow — the event horizon. Nucleation of quasiparticles is also similar to electron-positron pair production in strong electric fields. The chapter also discusses thermal nucleation of vortices, which corresponds to sphaleron in high-energy physics, vortex nucleation by hydrodynamic instability and by macroscopic quantum tunnelling (the vortex instanton). The macroscopic action for vortices is used, which is topological and leads to quantization of particle number in quantum vacuum.
Vortex Formation By Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses nucleation of vortices due to instability of the interface between two superfluids moving with different velocities. The classical counterpart of this instability is the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. In quantum liquids, there are two thresholds. The motion of superfluids with respect to the normal component becomes unstable when the Landau critical velocity for the surface excitations — ripplons — is reached and the ripplon energy becomes negative. In the shallow water limit, when ripplons acquire relativistic spectrum and obey the effective metric discussed in Chapter 32, the region with negative energy becomes analog of ergoregion or event horizon, and nucleation of ripplons at the Landau threshold becomes equivalent to Hawking radiation. However, if this process is sufficiently slow the second threshold can be reached, which is equivalent to Kelvin–Helmholtz criterion and corresponds to singularity in the centre of the black hole in the effective gravity for ripplons. In experiments with the interface between 3He-A and 3He-B, the onset of the Landau instability is marked by the appearance of the vortex lines in 3He-B, which are monitored in NMR measurements. Vortices appear at the non-linear stage of the growth of instability.
Vortex Formation in Ionizing Radiation
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the vortex formation during a rapid phase transition from the normal to superfluid state. The formation of topological defects in non-equilibrium phase transitions is a very generic phenomenon, called the phase ordering, which reflects the process of the establishment of the homogeneous order parameter state after quench. In cosmology this process is known as the Kibble–Zurek mechanism of formation of a network of cosmic strings when the cosmological phase transition is crossed in the expanding universe. In superfluid 3He-B, vortices are formed by neutron radiation. The decay products from the neutron absorption reaction generate ionization tracks, which cause heating in a small volume of 3He above the superfluid transition. Subsequently the heated bubble cools back below the transition temperature into the broken-symmetry state, and vortices are formed according to the Kibble–Zurek scenario. This chapter also discusses formation of vortices behind the propagating front of the second-order transition and due to instability of the non-topological vortex sheet.
Topological Defects As Source Of Non-Trivial Metric
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTopological defects in 3He-A represent the topologically stable configurations of the order parameter. Since some components of the order parameter serve as the metric field of effective gravity, one can use the defects as the source of the non-trivial metric. This chapter considers two such defects in 3He-A, the domain wall, and disclination line. In general relativity, these defects correspond respectively to planar and linear singularities in the field of vierbein, at which the metric is degenerate. The static domain wall is analogous to the surface of infinite red shift in general relativity. The quantum mechanical communication between the worlds on two sides of the wall is considered. Disclination gives rise to the effective conical space for quasiparticles, with curvature concentrated on the disclination. The effective space outside the disclination core is flat, but the proper length of the circumference of radius R around the axis depends on the type of disclination and can be smaller or larger than 2πR. In the latter case the disclination is analogous to the anti-gravitating cosmic string.
Vacuum Under Rotation and Spinning Strings
Authors: GRIGORY E. VOLOVIK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter deals with the properties of the quantum vacuum in superfluids in the presence of the analog of a gravimagnetic field. Such an effective field arises either in the presence of conventional U(1)-vortices, or under rotation which is equivalent to the constant in the space gravimagnetic field. A quantized vortex in 3He-A is another example of linear topological defects in the vierbein field at which the metric is degenerate. Vortices in superfluid 4He serve as analog of the spinning cosmic string, whose rotational angular momentum is concentrated in the string core. Effective gravimagnetic field concentrated in the core of the vortex produces the Aharonov–Bohm tube with gravimagnetic flux. It gives rise to the Iordanskii force acting on a vortex and to effective frame dragging for quasiparticles. The phenomenon of frame dragging by a rotating body is known as the Lense–Thirring effect. Rotation of or in the vacuum gives rise to Sagnac effect and to quantum friction experienced by a body rotating in the superfluid vacuum. The latter is analog of the Zel'dovich–Starobinsky effect, in which any body rotating in quantum vacuum, including the rotating black hole, radiates and looses its angular momentum. Emission of phonons and rotons from a body rotating in superfluid 4He occurs by quantum tunnelling of these quasiparticles from a body into the ergoregion.
Novel combination treatment for colorectal cancer using Nek2 siRNA and cisplatin
Authors: Suzuki Kazushi , Kokuryo Toshio , Senga Takeshi , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Nagino Masato , Hamaguchi Michinari 
Published: January 2010

Nek2 (NIMA‐related kinase 2) is involved in cell division and mitotic regulation by centrosome splitting. We previously reported that Nek2 depletion causes growth suppression and cell death in cholangiocarcinoma and breast cancer cells. In this report, we examine the effect of a combination treatment using Nek2 siRNA with the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin (CDDP) on colorectal cancer. Nek2 was overexpressed in all colorectal cancer cell lines examined (HCT‐15, DLD‐1, Colo205, and Colo320). Nek2 short‐interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in vitro. Nek2 siRNA suppressed tumor growth compared to control siRNA in a xenograft mouse model. To investigate the potential utility of Nek2 siRNA for clinical cancer therapy, we examine the effect of a combination treatment using Nek2 siRNA with CDDP on colorectal cancer. The combined administration of both Nek2 siRNA and CDDP inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptotic cell death in vitro. Furthermore, the combined administration of both Nek2 siRNA and CDDP suppressed tumor growth compared to either the single administration of Nek2 siRNA or the combined administration of control siRNA and CDDP. Our results suggest that combination treatment using Nek2 siRNA and chemotherapeutic agents may be an effective therapeutic option for colorectal cancer.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1163–1169)
Fc‐engineered EGF‐R antibodies mediate improved antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against KRAS‐mutated tumor cells
Authors: Schlaeth Martin , Berger Sven , Derer Stefanie , Klausz Katja , Lohse Stefan , Dechant Michael , Lazar Greg A. , Schneider‐Merck Tanja , Peipp Matthias , Valerius Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Oncogenic mutations of the KRAS gene have emerged as a common mechanism of resistance against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF‐R)‐directed tumor therapy. Mutated KRAS leads to ligand‐independent activation of signaling pathways downstream of EGF‐R. Thereby, direct effector mechanisms of EGF‐R antibodies, such as blockade of ligand binding and inhibition of signaling, are bypassed. Thus, a humanized variant of the approved EGF‐R antibody Cetuximab inhibited growth of wild‐type KRAS‐expressing A431 cells, but did not inhibit KRAS‐mutated A549 tumor cells. We then investigated whether killing of tumor cells harboring mutated KRAS can be improved by enhancing antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Protein‐ and glyco‐engineering of antibodies’ Fc region are established technologies to enhance ADCC by increasing antibodies’ affinity to activating Fcγ receptors. Thus, EGF‐R antibody variants with increased affinity for the natural killer (NK) cell‐expressed FcγRIIIa (CD16) were generated and analyzed. These variants triggered significantly enhanced mononuclear cell (MNC)‐mediated killing of KRAS‐mutated tumor cells compared to wild‐type antibodies. Additionally, cells transfected with mutated KRAS were killed as effectively by ADCC as vector‐transfected control cells. Together, these data demonstrate that KRAS mutations are not sufficient to render tumor cells resistant to ADCC. Consequently Fc‐engineered EGF‐R antibodies may prove effective against KRAS‐mutated tumors, which are not susceptible to signaling inhibition by EGF‐R antibodies.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1080–1088)
Cost effectiveness of mass screening for coeliac disease is determined by time‐delay to diagnosis and quality of life on a gluten‐free diet
Authors: HERSHCOVICI T. , LESHNO M. , GOLDIN E. , SHAMIR R. , ISRAELI E. 
Published: January 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 901–910SummaryBackground  Coeliac disease is frequently diagnosed after a long delay resulting in increased morbidity and mortality.Aims  To define the parameters which have the highest impact on the cost‐effectiveness of mass screening for coeliac disease.Methods  A Markov model examined a coeliac disease screening programme of the healthy young‐adult general population compared with a no‐screening strategy. The main outcome measures were quality adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER). Effects of variables were examined using sensitivity analyses.Results  The screening strategy resulted in a gain of 0.0027 QALYs. The ICER of screening vs. no‐screening strategy was US$48 960/QALYs. The variables with the largest impact on cost effectiveness were: the time delay from symptom onset to diagnosis, the utility of adherence to a gluten‐free diet (GFD) and the prevalence of coeliac disease. Screening would be cost‐effective if the time delay to diagnosis is longer than 6 years and utility of GFD adherence is greater than 0.978.Conclusions  Our model suggests that mass screening for coeliac disease of the young‐adult general population is associated with improved QALYs and is a cost effectiveness strategy. Shortening of the time‐delay to diagnosis by heightened awareness of health‐care professionals may be a valid alternative to screening.
Predation cues do not affect the induction and termination of diapause in small‐bodied cladocerans
Authors: SANTANGELO JAYME M. , BOZELLI REINALDO L. , ESTEVES FRANCISCO de A. , TOLLRIAN RALPH 
Published: January 2010

Summary1. Prey usually benefit from the early recognition of potential predators by changing their behaviour, morphology and life history. Some cladocerans even shift from the production of parthenogenetic to resting eggs when facing the risk of predation. This would be particularly beneficial if resting eggs could detect predation risk and hatch appropriately.2. Here, we evaluated the responses of small‐bodied, tropical cladocerans to fish kairomones and alarm signals. Life‐history changes (including the production of resting eggs) in active females of Moina and the hatching responses of Moina and Diaphanosoma resting eggs were evaluated in the presence of predation cues.3. Predation cues did not induce diapause in Moina. However, active Moina females reacted to the presence of fish by changing other life‐history parameters. The net reproductive rate of Moina increased in the presence of predation cues, clutch size increased, and neonates were released earlier, but the size at primipara was less (under low food conditions).4. Resting eggs from lake sediments were not sensitive to fish cues, as hatching rates and the time to hatching were not affected. So, hatchlings may face a dangerous environment.5. The life history of active individuals clearly responds to fish in an adaptive way. Shifts in resource allocation from somatic growth to reproduction are adaptive responses even in small‐bodied cladocerans.6. Predation cues do not seem to play a role in the induction of diapause in Moina nor for its termination in Moina and Diaphanosoma.
Managing cardiovascular risks with Tai Chi in people with coronary artery disease
Authors: Park In Sook , Song Rhayun , Oh Kyong Ok , So Hee Young , Kim Dal Sook , Kim Jong Im , Kim Tae Sook , Kim Hyun Li , Ahn Suk Hee 
Published: January 2010

park i.s., song r., oh k.o., so h.y., kim d.s., kim j.i., kim t.s., kim h.l. & ahn s.h. (2010) Managing cardiovascular risks with Tai Chi in people with coronary artery disease. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(2), 282–292.AbstractTitle.  Managing cardiovascular risks with Tai Chi in people with coronary artery disease. Aim.  The paper is a report of the study to determine the effects of the cardiovascular risk management programme with Tai Chi on cardiovascular risks, health behaviours and quality of life in individuals with coronary artery disease.Background.  Many eligible patients with coronary artery disease do not participate in programmes for cardiovascular risk management, mainly because of lack of motivation, high cost or limited accessibility. Tai Chi has been introduced by health professionals to promote cardiovascular functioning and quality of life.Methods.  A quasi‐experimental design with a non‐equivalent control group was used. Eighty‐five people with a mean age of 66 years completed pretest and 6‐month follow‐up measures in the following three groups: Tai Chi with education (n = 33), Tai Chi only (n = 19) and control (n = 33). Analysis of covariance was used to compare outcome variables with pretest variables as covariates to adjust for baseline differences. The data were collected in 2005–2006.Results.  In the Tai‐Chi‐with‐education group there were statistically significant reductions in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (F = 3·49, P = 0·035) and improvements in health behaviours (F = 6·12, P = 0·003), mental scores (F = 3·96, P = 0·023), and in the role‐emotional (F = 7·30, P = 0·001) and vitality (F = 3·81, P = 0·026) dimensions of quality of life.Conclusion.  Tai Chi was safely implemented as an alternative form of exercise in a cardiovascular risk management programme. Whether the beneficial effects of Tai Chi in cardiovascular risk management are comparable with those induced by other types of aerobic exercise requires further investigation.
Benchmarks for effective primary care‐based nursing services for adults with depression: a Delphi study
Authors: McIlrath Carole , Keeney Sinead , McKenna Hugh , McLaughlin Derek 
Published: January 2010

mcilrath c., keeney s., mckenna h. & mclaughlin d. (2010) Benchmarks for effective primary care‐based nursing services for adults with depression: a Delphi study. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(2), 269–281.AbstractTitle.  Benchmarks for effective primary care‐based nursing services for adults with depression: a Delphi study. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to identify and gain consensus on appropriate benchmarks for effective primary care‐based nursing services for adults with depression.Background.  Worldwide evidence suggests that between 5% and 16% of the population have a diagnosis of depression. Most of their care and treatment takes place in primary care. In recent years, primary care nurses, including community mental health nurses, have become more involved in the identification and management of patients with depression; however, there are no appropriate benchmarks to guide, develop and support their practice.Method.  In 2006, a three‐round electronic Delphi survey was completed by a United Kingdom multi‐professional expert panel (n = 67).Findings.  Round 1 generated 1216 statements relating to structures (such as training and protocols), processes (such as access and screening) and outcomes (such as patient satisfaction and treatments). Content analysis was used to collapse statements into 140 benchmarks. Seventy‐three benchmarks achieved consensus during subsequent rounds. Of these, 45 (61%) were related to structures, 18 (25%) to processes and 10 (14%) to outcomes.Conclusion.  Multi‐professional primary care staff have similar views about the appropriate benchmarks for care of adults with depression. These benchmarks could serve as a foundation for depression improvement initiatives in primary care and ongoing research into depression management by nurses.