bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfer of Fallout Cesium‐137 from Soil to Dairy Cattle Feeds
Authors: Johnson James E. , Wilson Daniel W. , Lindsay Willard L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Sorghum vulgare) seedlings were grown in a greenhouse in the upper 5 cm of soil taken from a permanent pasture containing a cumulative fallout deposition of Cs137 of 80,000 pc/m2. No detectable Cs137 (< 10 pc/kg) was found in the plants. On the other hand, corn plants growing in local fields contained 1,500 pc/kg of Cs137. It was concluded from these studies that the Cs137 content of dairy cattle feeds resulted largely from direct foliar contamination, and that uptake from the soil reservoir was unimportant. Further, the comparable alfalfa hay crops in years since 1963 have been decreasing in Cs137 level, while the top soil Cs137 concentration has increased steadily during this period.
Determination of Mg with 1‐azo‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐(2,4‐dimethylcarboxanilido)‐naphthalene‐1′‐(2‐hydroxybenzene)
Authors: Peaslee D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reagent 1‐azo‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐(2,4‐dimethylcarboxanilido)‐naphthalene‐1′‐(2‐hydroxybenzene forms a soluble red complex with Mg and tolerates high concentrations of Ca. These properties suggested its usefulness as a reagent for determining Mg in soil extracts. Successful masking of interferences due to Al, Fe, Mn, and Cu permitted its use in precise spectrophotometric and rapid colorimetric determination of Mg.The spectrophotometric method will determine 1–10 µg of Mg and tolerates the following µg quantities of diverse ions: Ca+, 1,000; Al4+3 100; Mn2+, 150; Fe3+, 150; Zn2+, 65; Cu2+, 10; 10 µg P as PO43‐ plus 300 µg N as NH4+. Analyses of soil extracts had a coefficient of variation of 1.5%. The colorimetric procedure is designed for soil extracts containing 5–85 µg Mg/ml and tolerates the following concentrations of diverse ions expressed as µg/ml in the extract: Ca2+, 1,000; Al3+, 150; Mn2+, 60; Fe3+, 15; Fe2+, 15; Zn2+, 65; Cu2+, 15. These methods have the advantages of sensitivity, stability, and freedom from interferences compared to most “lake” and titration methods. A semiquantitative spot test is also described.
The Relationship Between Soil Tests for Available Nitrogen and Nitrogen Uptake by Various Irrigated Crops in the Western States
Authors: Spencer W. F. , MacKenzie A. J. , Viets F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil tests for available N were evaluated by determining the relationship between N uptake from a non‐N fertilized plot, as a direct measure of the amount of N available to a crop, and available N as measured by various laboratory methods. Field experiments were conducted with four irrigated crops, corn (Zea mays), sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.), sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) on neutral to calcareous soils in California, Nebraska, or Washington. Initial nitrate N, nitrifiable N released on incubation for 2‐ and 4‐week periods, and total N in soil samples from 0‐ to 6‐ and 6‐ to 12‐inch depths were combined to give 14 measures of available N for correlation with N uptake.Highly significant correlations were obtained between N uptake from no‐N plots and all soil test values, with the exception of NO3‐N released on incubation for 4 weeks. Nitrogen uptake by corn was most highly correlated with initial NO3‐N, 6–12 inches; initial NO3‐N plus N released on incubation for 2 weeks; and total N, 0–12 inches. The coefficient of determination for these relationships indicated that variations in soil test values were associated with approximately 50% of the variation in N uptake from no‐N plots. Combining the effects of initial NO3‐N and total N in a multiple‐regression analyses slightly improved the prediction of N uptake by corn and sugar beets growing in Nebraska. With cotton growing on desert soils low in organic matter, initial NO3‐N, 0–12 inches, was most highly correlated with N uptake, and combining the effect of initial NO3‐N and total N did not improve the prediction of N uptake.The data for corn indicated that N test correlations for crops following legumes should be established separately.
Effect of Surface Coatings on the Dissolution Rate of Limestone Particles
Authors: Barrows Harold L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh‐purity, 12‐ to 14‐mesh calcitic limestone was mixed into acid soils containing relatively large amounts of either P, Al, or Mn. These mixtures were equilibrated for 12 months, undergoing wetting and partial drying cycles. Samples of each mixture were withdrawn periodically and the limestone particles were recovered, examined, and their rates of solution determined. The surface of the particles equilibrated in the high‐P soil developed a porous, white granular coating that was associated with a 31% reduction in the dissolution rate.Limestone and calcite crystals were treated in the laboratory with solutions containing Fe, Al, and P. Particles treated with phosphate solutions developed visible coatings, and their average dissolution rates were reduced by 27%.It was concluded that limestone particles react with phosphates in the soil solution, resulting in the formation of a coating on the surface of the particle. This coating reduces the efficiency of the limestone by reducing the rate of dissolution of the particles.
Weathering in Surface Horizons of Illinois Soils
Authors: Jones Robert L. , Beavers A. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLines analogous to isohyets were drawn with respect to molar ratios of CaO, K2O, and Fe2O3 to ZrO2. The resulting maps demonstrate the close relationship of loess thickness to intensity of soil development and identify a north‐south band of soils in southern Illinois that are the most intensely weathered soils in the state. The youngest or least developed soils identified by the lines occur in thick loess deposits of extreme northwestern Illinois. Isoweathering lines cannot be drawn in the area of Wisconsin drift because of the penecontemporaneity of loess on the drift and many local sources within the drift sheet area.
Exchangeable Potassium as Affected by Mica Specific Surface in Some Soils of North Central United States
Authors: Milford M. H. , Jackson M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMineralogical analyses of samples from 16 surface soil horizons and 9 subsoil horizons, representing 15 soil series, revealed that differences in the content of clay sized mica were closely related to the wide differences in the content of exchangeable K in ovendried samples before and after cropping. The specific surface of mica in the clay fraction was significantly correlated with the content of exchangeable K in oven‐dried samples before cropping (r = 0.63), after cropping (r = 0.74), and after fertilization and cropping (r = 0.68). After being cropped and oven dried, for example, a sample of Wabash silt loam surface soil contained 466 pp2m exchangeable K, but a sample of Bates silt loam surface soil contained only 78 pp2m exchangeable K. These samples had 3.3 m2/g and 0.5 m2/g, respectively, of mica specific surface area. No significant relationship occurred between the content of exchangeable K in field moist samples and the content of mica in the soils.The wedge‐zone concept of mica weathering in crystal edges and in crystallographic (hk0) fractures normal to (001) crystal faces was used to explain the relationships between specific surface of mica and content of exchangeable K in oven‐dried samples. The existence of an equilibrium between exchangeable K in the open part of the wedge with nonexchangeable K at the mica weathering side of the wedge was indicated.
Stability of Chlorite in Dilute Acid Solutions
Authors: Brydon J. E. , Ross G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix chlorites representing 5 species were suspended in 0.01M MgCl2 solutions with different concentrations of HCl. In 10‐4N HCl solutions a final steady pH of 8 to 9 was reached quickly with the Mg‐rich chlorites and more slowly with Fe‐rich species. The evidence showed that Mg‐Al and Mg‐Fe double hydroxides controlled the pH in these suspensions.In 10‐2N HCl solutions, the chlorites remained at pH values of 3 to 4 for periods up to 6 months. On the basis of direct titrations it was concluded that precipitation of Fe‐ and Al‐hydroxides buffered the pH at 3 to 5 and that the precipitate impeded H uptake and Mg release.
Chemical Properties of the Coastal Alluvial Soils of the Republic of Guinea
Authors: Horn M. E. , Hall V. L. , Chapman S. L. , Wiggins M. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTides along the coast of the Republic of Guinea in West Africa and in estuaries, have influenced most coastal soils by salt water intrusion. The soils are mostly clays and poor drainage is general. Some leaching of salts from surface layers occurs during wet seasons in higher‐lying soils while in lower areas fresh‐water flooding causes surface flushing or dilution of saline ground water. Laboratory studies of 129 samples representing 34 soil profiles show wide ranges in salinity (electrical conductivities of < 1 to > 50 mmhos/cm). Acid‐sulfate or “cat‐clay soils” occur that have pH values of 2.6 to 4.0, and up to more than 500 ppm KCl‐extractable Al. Their subsoils contain segregations of a yellowish Fe‐S compound (identified as a mixture of jarosite and natrojarosite). High organic matter and S contents combined with low Ca contents in some unreclaimed soils point to potentially severe acidity upon drainage.
A Casting Method for the Preparation of Sintered Glass Plates
Authors: Ripple Charles D. , Day Paul R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSintered glass plates, as usually prepared in the laboratory, are frequently inhomogeneous and require machining to the desired final dimensions. A new method makes it possible to produce homogeneous plates which require little or no machining. Water and two additives are mixed with the glass beads, the resulting mixture is cast, and then dried. The product is a coherent, homogeneous glass bead sheet. This sheet may be easily carved to the desired size and shape before sintering. Alternatively, complex shapes may be cast directly. Refractory materials other than glass beads may also be used.
Temperature Effects in a Tensiometer‐Pressure Transducer System
Authors: Watson K. K. , Jackson R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA tensiometer‐pressure transducer system using nylon hydraulic leads was found to be sensitive to small temperature fluctuations. A suitable model to describe the effect was developed, and the appropriate differential equation was solved in terms of the pressure variation occurring in the system for a sinusoidal pattern of temperature change. Experiments are described in which the measuring system is subjected to a sinusoidal temperature variation and the induced pressure changes recorded. From such records the amplitude and phase shift of the pressure are determined and compared with those obtained from the model solution.
Forms of Occurrence of Inorganic Phosphorus and Its Chemical Availability in the Limestone Soils of Barbados
Authors: Ahmad N. , Jones Robert L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the coral island of Barbados the soils at higher elevations where there is greater rainfall are like Terra Rossas and those in lower and drier parts are like Grumusols. There are also soils formed from lagoonal deposits on coral at low elevations which have properties similar to Grumusols. The soils do not respond to phosphorus fertilization. They have about the same level of total phosphorus on the surface, although the level for the Grumusols is slightly higher. In the Terra Rossas total P decreases sharply with depth to less than half the surface values; in comparison there is an increase with depth in the Grumusols.All the soils are alkaline but the Terra Rossas have many times more free Fe2O3 than the grumuso's and this difference seems to determine the chemical forms in which phosphorus occurs. The Terra Rossas have most of the inorganic phosphorus associated with iron, the reductant‐soluble fraction being greater than the alkali‐extractable fraction; in this respect they resemble highly weathered tropical soils. The Grumusols have most of their phosphorus bonded by calcium and aluminum.Four chemical methods were used to estimate available phosphorus. Troug's and Bray's reagents were found to be unsuitable since they dissolved free CaCO3 releasing associated phosphorus, thus giving a false indication of availability. For the Grumusols and soils high in CaCO3 but low in iron oxides, Morgan's reagent is recommended; for the Terra Rossas where iron phosphates are important, Olsen's method appears to be more suitable. As a result of this study no immediate phosphate fertilization is suggested for the Grumusols but for the Terra Rossas fertilization should be practiced if only to the extent of replacing losses by the crop. Strict antierosion measures are also recommended since most of the soil phosphorus is concentrated on the surface.
Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer N by Oats in Relation to the Available N Status of Soils
Authors: Legg J. O. , Stanford George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of rates of NaN15 O3 on the amounts of N derived by plants from soil and fertilizer in relation to the N and organic matter status of soils were determined. The 12 soils ranged more than fourfold in relative capacity to supply N to the crops. A values, with few exceptions, were independent of N level applied and were highly correlated with dry matter yields (r = 0.939) and total N uptake (r = 0.981) from zero‐N pots. The uptake of soil N increased with level of N applied. This was attributed primarily to reactions involving rhizosphere microorganisms.
Characterization and Genesis of a Sharpsburg‐Wymore Soil Sequence in Southeastern Nebraska
Authors: Al‐Janabi Abdul M. , Drew James V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMajor belts of Sharpsburg and Wymore soils in southeastern Nebraska are related to a gradient of loess which varies from a continuous mantle adjacent to the Missouri river valley to a thin, discontinuoan mantle with increasing distance toward the southwest. Sharpsburg with a silty clay loam subsoil occurs where loess is relatively continuous, whereas Wymore with a silty clay subsoil occurs in thin and discontinuous loess farther from the river valley. Within these belts, soils with well‐developed sub‐soils frequently occupy high, relatively stable positions on interfluves, whereas soils with less well‐developed subsoils occur on the beveled, younger surfaces of interfluve slopes.In a transition zone between major belts of Sharpsburg and Wymore, however, a reverse situation exists. Here Sharpsburg occurs on the highest positions of interfluves and gives way to Wymore on beveled slopes at lower elevations. Morphological, particle size, and mineralogical data indicate that a sequence of soils within this transition zone increases in degree of development from the top to the side of an interfluve in the order Sharpsburg‐Wymore. Hypotheses presented to explain the distribution of these soils on the landscape involve differences in soil moisture regime or rate of loess accumulation as influenced by slope characteristics.
Gibbsite‐Kaolinite Equilibria
Authors: Kittrick J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to help determine if the equilibria reached by soil mineral mixtures is that predicted on the basis of single minerals, two kaolinite samples were equilibrated individually and also with gibbsite of known stability. One set of samples was equilibrated from undersaturation, the other from supersaturation. Samples were analyzed periodically and equilibrium values obtained by extrapolation to infinite time. The solution ion compositions found were those predicted on the basis of the solubilities of the individual minerals.
Uses of Metalizable Dyes to Minimize the Phosphate Sorption of Cecil Soil
Authors: LaFleur K. S. , Craddock G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNative phosphate and added water‐soluble phosphate are “immobilized” to a high degree by Cecil soil. Addition of high‐affinity anions (e.g., citrate and humate ions) which compete with the phosphate anion for cationic soil sites reduces the amount of phosphate immobilized by Cecil soil and increases the amount of phosphate in the soil solution.Quercetin, Gallein, and Mordant Violet 39 (anionic metalizable dyes) are more effective competing agents for Cecil soil sites than either citrate or humate. They are particularly effective phosphate freeing compounds when used at molar concentrations 10 to 20 times that of added phosphate. Under comparable conditions, Quercetin, Gallein, and Mordant Violet 39 appear to have higher affinity than phosphate for Cecil soil. Mordant Violet 39 is sorbed more rapidly than phosphate by Cecil surface soil.The hypothesis which arises from these sorption‐desorption experiments is that addition of a high‐affinity, metalizable anionic dye to Cecil soil should make soil phosphate more available for plant consumption.
Sulfate Movement, Adsorption, and Desorption in Three Costa Rican Soils
Authors: Bornemisza E. , Llanos R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement, adsorption, and desorption of sulfate was studied, using samples from the A and B horizons of three soils from Costa Rica. Water, equivalent to 509 mm, was applied to small lysimeters and the distribution of radiosulfate in the columns was determined for untreated soils and samples previously incubated with one of the following substances: (NH4)2SO4, K2SO4, simple, or triple superphosphate. Little sulfate movement was observed. This was enhanced slightly by phosphates.Sulfate adsorption from solutions containing 100 to 1,000 ppm sulfate fit Freundlich isotherms. Very concentration‐dependent adsorption was indicated for alluvial soils but little concentration‐dependent adsorption was noted for latosols. Sulfate desorption by water depended greatly on soil type but was less variable when phosphate solutions were used as desorbants. Higher phosphate concentration increased desorption but the latosols retained appreciable sulfate amounts even against extraction by a 1,000‐ppm phosphate solution. Some hydroxyl displacement on sulfate adsorption occurs as shown by higher pH values for K2SO4, soil suspensions in comparison with soil suspensions in KCl of equal normality.
Cation Exchange Reactions of Soil and Specimen Vermiculites
Authors: Rhoades J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMagnesium‐calcium and sodium‐calcium ion‐exchange isotherms and potassium‐sorption properties were determined for two vermiculitic materials isolated from soils as well as for three specimen vermiculites and four montmorillonitic materials. The soil vermiculites differed considerably from the specimen vermiculites in their ion‐exchange and K‐sorption properties. The soil vermiculites did not demonstrate the strong preference for Mg over Ca, the tendency to form interstratified layers upon K‐sorption, as marked a temperature dependence in their exchangeable sodium ratio—sodium absorption ratio (ESR‐SAR) relations, or as great an affinity for Na as was observed for specimen vermiculites. Their behavior deviated considerably from the ESR‐SAR relation commonly used as a reference for Na‐Ca, Mg exchange in soils. Soil montmorillonites, on the other hand, reacted the same as specimen montmorillonites in the ion‐exchange reactions studied and followed the usual ESR‐SAR relation quite closely.
Nitrogen Gradients and Nitrification Associated with Decomposing Corn Plants and Barley Straw in Soil
Authors: Smith J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmmonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations and pH were measured in 5‐mm increments of soil over a 50‐mm distance from decomposing layers of corn plants (Zea mays L.) and barley straw (Hordeum vulgare L.) that contained from 1.00 to 2.10% N. During 16 days of incubation, corn plants containing 2.05% N produced an ammonia concentration of 1.3 meq/100 g of soil in the layer near the plant material and inhibited nitrification. At 1.78% N the maximum ammonia concentration was approximately 0.55 meq/100 g of soil and nitrification proceeded almost without inhibition. At 1.27% N, a nitrogen deficiency existed and nitrate moved from the soil into the plant material. Similar gradients of a lesser magnitude were found in soil near decomposing layers of barley straw. Plant materials with the higher N contents increased adjacent soil pH, whereas those with lower N contents had less influence.
Effect of Soil pH on the Availability of Magnesium to Corn (Zea mays L.) from Magnesium Sulfate and High Magnesium Liming Materials
Authors: Usherwood Noble R. , Miller James R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of soil pH on the availability of Mg to corn from magnesium sulfate and several high Mg liming materials was studied in the greenhouse using a Keyport fine sandy loam soil. The soil pH was adjusted from 4.4 to 5.3, 5.7, 6.2, and 6.7 with CaCO2 containing less than 0.005% Mg. Magnesium was applied at rates of 0, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 ppm of Mg as magnesium sulfate (9.9% Mg), coarse dolomitic limestone (12.0% Mg, 24% through a 100‐mesh sieve), fine dolomitic limestone (12.4% Mg, 80% through a 100‐mesh sieve), hydrated lime (18.7% Mg), and burnt lime (21.0% Mg). Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown for 30 days after emergence and the dry matter yields were determined. The plant tissue was analyzed for Mg.With the exception of coarse dolomitic limestone the application of 7.5 to 15 ppm of Mg to the soil significantly (5% level) increased the dry matter yield of the corn, regardless of the Mg source of soil pH level. Higher Mg rates caused no further significant yield increase. In most cases, fine dolomitic limestone, hydrated lime, and burnt lime were as effective as magnesium sulfate for increasing corn yields, while coarse dolomitic lime‐stone was often inferior to the other sources studied.An increase in soil pH from 5.3 to 6.7 significantly decreased the uptake of Mg by corn from soil treated with coarse and fine dolomitic limestone but in most cases had no significant effect on Mg uptake from magnesium sulfate. Total Mg uptake from fine dolomitic limestone was significantly greater than from coarse dolomitic limestone applied at rates of 15, 30, and 60 ppm of Mg to soil of pH 5.3 to 6.7, but was usually significantly lower than Mg uptake from magnesium sulfate, hydrated lime, or burnt lime. Very little difference in total Mg uptake existed between magnesium sulfate and hydrated or burnt lime.
The Occurrence of Carbazole in a Peat Soil
Authors: Braids O. C. , Himes F. L. , Volk G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA sample of Rifle peat soil was extracted with benzene‐methanol (10:1). The yield of extracted material was 1.5% (dry soil weight). This material was fractionated according to solubility in petroleum ether and ethanol. Carbazole was identified in the fraction soluble in both solvents.
Layer Thickness Changes in a Clay‐Rich Soil in Relation to Soil Water Content Changes
Authors: Jamison V. C. , Thompson G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in soil water content and layer thickness of a soil with clay‐enriched horizons will depend upon the rooting depth and seasonal growth characteristics of the plant cover, as well as the nature of the soil itself. Soil anchors fitted with sleeves were turned to different depths in Mexico silt loam under bluegrass and alfalfa. Elevation measurements were made at each location with respect to benchmarks consisting of 3.7‐meter, sleeve‐fitted rods driven into the soil. Soil water measurements were made with a neutron meter. High corre'ations were found between water content and layer thickness of the clay‐rich layers. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) proved to be much more effective in water removal from the claypan and deep subsoil than bluegrass (Ppoa pratensis). Disregarding expansion in the surface layer due to freezing, the greatest shrinking‐swelling effects were in the claypan. About one‐fourth of the magnitude of soil water change in the claypan of Mexico silt loam was manifested as a change in soil layer chiekness.